,transcrib]s' ,note3 ,greek translit]ations 7 add$ by ! transcrib]s & enclos$ 9 curly braces4 ,,great ,,facts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,ea/]n ,,/eam%ip1 ,,laun*$ #aheh4 ,,great ,,facts3 ,a ,,popul> ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,rem>kable ,,inv5tions ,,dur+ ,,! ,,pres5t ,,c5tury4 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,c4 ,,bakewell1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,philosophical ,,conv]sations1 ,,manual ,,( ,,electricity1 ,,etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,num]\s ,,engrav+s4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #cdf #cdh ,,broadway4 #ahfj4 ,,preface4 ,! conv5i5ces1 ! com=ts1 & luxuries conf]r$ on ,society by ! _m important ,inv5tions ( ! pres5t c5tury1 mu/ naturally excite a desire to "k ! orig9 & progress ( ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples1 by :i* su* advantages h be5 ga9$4 ,practically consid]$1 ^? ,inv5tions are ( mu* great] value ?an ! discov]ies ( ,sci5ce on :i* mo/ ( !m dep5d2 & ! sci5tific inquir] :o conf9es 8 views to ab/ract pr9ciples1 )\t look+ beyond !m to ! v>i$ me?ods ( _! application to useful purposes1 may be comp>$ to a travell] :o1 hav+ toil$ ardu\sly to ga9 ! top ( a m\nta91 !n %uts 8 eyes on ! prospect t lies be=e him4 ,to ! inquir+ y\?1 m p>ticul>ly1 x is desirable t he %\ld be enabl$ to satisfy 8 wi% to "k by :at means su* wond]s z ,/eam ,navigation1 ,locomotion on ,railways1 ! ,electric ,telegraph1 & ,photography h be5 gradually develop$2 & 9 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! successive /eps by :i* !y h advanc$ t[>ds _! pres5t p]fection1 he w at ! same "t le>n a useful lesson ( p]sev]ance "u difficulties1 & w h 8 m9d impress$ ) _m valuable sci5tific tru?s4 ,! k to be ga9$ by su* inquiry is em95tly practical1 & ( a k9d :i* ^? engag$ 9 any ( ! pursuits ( life c sc>cely fail to require4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions almo/ necess>ily implies a description ( ! me*anisms & processes by :i* !y are effect$2 s f>1 at lea/1 z to r5d] ! pr9ciples on :i* _! actions dep5d und]/ood4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 h[ev]1 9 a "w ( ?is limit$ size to ent] m9utely into explanations ( me*anisms1 & into ! applications ( sci5tific discov]ies1 :i* w\ld require a sep>ate treatise = ea*2 b x has be5 ! ,au?or's endeav\r to give a succ9ct1 intelligible acc\nt1 free f te*nicalities1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y op]ate1 s z to be compreh5sible to all classes ( read]s4 ,by ?us giv+ a popul> "* to ! "w1 to make x acceptable to ! "y1 x is hop$ t x w n be f\nd less wor?y1 on t acc\nt1 ! p]usal ( ^? m advanc$ 9 life4 ,:5 ,beckman wrote 8 ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 t[>ds ! close ( la/ c5tury1 sc>cely any ( ! wond]ful discov]ies & contrivances t n[ =m p>ts ( our social sy/em 7 kn[n2 & ! table ( cont5ts ( 8 two l>ge volumes af=ds a curi\s insight to ! nature & limit$ ext5t ( su* contrivances z 7 !n consid]$ mo/ important4 ,! introduction into 8 hi/ory ( su* subjects z can>y birds1 c>p1 ! adult]ation ( w9e1 apo!c>ies1 cock-fight+1 & juggl+1 lead u to inf] t ! ,hi/orian ( ,inv5tions at t "t mu/ h _h "s difficulty to f9d appropriate matt] :]e) to fill 8 volumes4 ,! opposite difficulty n[ pres5ts itself4 ,! num]\s important1 wond]ful1 & curi\s accompli%m5ts ( human skill & +5uity dur+ ! pres5t c5tury r5d] pref]5ce p]plex+1 :]e s _m des]ve description4 ,f among ! numb] t press = notice1 ! ,au?or has endeav\r$ to select ^? t are ei!r ! mo/ important1 ! mo/ rem>kable1 or t seem to possess ! g]ms ( future progress2 & he tru/s t ! selection he has made1 & ! mode 9 :i* ! subjects h be5 treat$1 w r5d] ?is volume int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 #f ,hav]/ock ,t]race1 ,hamp/ead1 ,novemb]1 #aheh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,inv5tion #a ,,/eam ,,navigation #f ,,/eam ,,c>riages ,,& ,,railways #cb ,,! ,,air ,,eng9e #fj ,,photography #fg ,,dissolv+ ,,views #hf ,,! ,,kaleidoscope #ib ,,! ,,magic ,,disc #ih ,,! ,,diorama #ajc ,,! ,,/]eoscope #aab ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph #abd ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,clocks #agb ,,electro-,,metallurgy #agi ,,gas ,,light+ #ahh ,,! ,,electric ,,light #bji ,,in/antane\s ,,lights #bad ,,pap] ,,mak+ ,,ma*9]y #bba ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9es #bcj ,,li?ography #bdi ,,a]at$ ,,wat]s #beh ,,revolv]s ,,& ,,m9i ,,rifles #bff ,,c5trifugal ,,pumps #bge ,,tubul> ,,bridges #bhb ,,self-,,act+ ,,eng9es1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,nasmy? ,,/eam ,,hamm] #bie ,,great ,,facts4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,inv5tion4 ,! inv5tive faculty ( man t5ds m directly ?an any o!r intellectual p[] he possesses to raise him 9 ! scale ( creation above ! brutes4 ,ne>ly e advance he makes beyond ! ex]cise ( 8 natural in/9cts is caus$ by inv5tion--by t p[] ( ! m9d :i* comb9es kn[n prop]ties 9 diff]5t ways to obta9 new results4 ,:5 an ,indian clo!s himself ) ! sk9s ( animals1 & :5 he collects ! dri$ leaves ( ! =e/ = 8 b$1 he is ei!r an orig9al inv5tor1 or he is pr(it+ by ! inv5tions ( o!rs4 ,^? simple contrivances--! fir/ /eps 9 ! progress ( inv5tion--are succe$$ by ! m labor$ ef=ts ( inv5tive g5ius1 su* z contriv+ means ( %elt] f ra91 or f ! heat ( ! sun1 :5 caves _c be f\nd to creep into1 or ! ov]hang+ foliage fails to af=d suffici5t cov]+4 ,! con/ruction ( places ( %elt] is an imitation ( ! protection =m$ by ,nature2 & ! rude/ hut & ! mo/ magnific5t palaces h _! prototypes 9 cav]ns & 9 ! int]lac+ bran*es ( trees4 ,nature also supplies k ( ! means by :i* inv5tors are enabl$ to "w4 ,! savage :o seizes hold ( a brok5 b\gh is 9 possession ( ! lev]1 ! uses ( :i* he le>ns by ! facility x af=ds 9 mov+ o!r objects4 ,he asc5ds to ! top ( a precipice by walk+ up ! slop+ hill beh9d1 & he ?us becomes practically acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciple ( ! incl9$ plane4 ,! elem5ts ( all ! me*anical p[]s are !n at 8 comm&1 to be appli$ by degrees 9 adm9i/]+ to 8 wants1 z 8 inv5tive faculties1 guid$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 sugge/4 ,an accid5tal kick aga9/ a loose /one %[s ! action ( propulsive =ce2 & ! /one t he has /ruck ) 8 foot1 he le>ns to ?r[ ) 8 h&4 ,! b5d+ ( ! b\ghs ( trees to & fro by ! w9d tea*es ! action ( spr+s2 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! b[ is b5t by a /rip ( hide1 & ! relaxation ( ! spr+1 aft] f>!r b5d+1 propels ! arr[4 ,obs]vation & imitation ?us lead to inv5tion1 & e new inv5tion =ms ! f\ndation ( fur!r progress4 ,x has be5 s ) e inv5tion at pres5t kn[n1 & mu/ s cont9ue to ! end ( "t3--,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,gas light+1 ,/eam locomotion1 & ! ,electric ,telegraph h ea* sprung f "s s\rce old z ! hills1 ?\gh s modifi$ by gradually progressive *anges1 t ! giant we n[ see be>s no resemblance to ! infant ( ages pa/4 ,! obs]vation t light p>ticles float+ 9 ! air are attract$ by amb] :5 rubb$1 :i* 0 made kn[n six c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 ! orig9 ( ! inv5tion by :i* communications are n[ transmitt$1 ) ! rapidity ( lightn+1 f "o "p ( ! _w to ano!r4 ,!re is no app>5t relation betwe5 effects s dissimil>2 yet ! /eps ( progress c be di/9ctly trac$1 f ! attraction ( a fea!r to ! developm5t ( ! electric telegraph4 ,:5ev] ! hi/ory ( an inv5tion c be ?us track$ backw>d to its s\rce1 x w be f\nd to h advanc$ to its pres5t /ate by progressive /eps1 ea* additional advance hav+ be5 dep5d5t on ! help giv5 by ! progress be=e made4 ,sometimes ^! onw>d movem5ts are great] & m rem>kable ?an o!rs1 & ! p]sons :o made !m h become di/+ui%$ = _! inv5tive g5ius1 & are consid]$ ! b5efactors ( mank9d2 yet !y 7 b ! foll[]s ( ^? :o _h gone be=e & %[n ! way4 ,_m ( ! mo/ rem>kable inv5tions are attributable to accid5ts not$ by obs]v+ & inv5tive m9ds4 ,n unfrequ5tly also h important discov]ies ( tru? be5 made 9 endeav\r+ to e/abli% error2 & new light is be+ con/antly ?r[n on ! pa? ( inv5tion by unsuccessful exp]im5ts4 ,?is view ( ! means by :i* inv5tions orig9ate & are br\ght to p]fection may appe> to detract f ! m]it ( inv5tors1 s9ce x reg>ds !m z f\nd+ _! conceptions altoge!r on ! works ( o!rs1 or on *ance4 ,b in/ead ( dim9i%+ _! claims to approbation & rew>d1 x places ^? claims on a m sub/antial f\ndation ?an t ( ab/ract orig9al ideas4 ,! man :o has ! faculty to p]ceive t by a diff]5t application ( well-kn[n pr9ciples he c produce useful effects be=e unkn[n1 directly b5efits mank9d f> m ?an ! discov]] ( ! pr9ciples :i* _h till !n la9 dormant2 & ! num]\s difficulties :i* ev] arise be=e an inv5tion c be practically op]ative1 frequ5tly af=d ex]cise = reason+ p[]s ( ! highe/ k9d1 :i* may develop new arrangem5ts1 t exhibit z mu* orig9ality & rese>* z 7 display$ by ! discov]]s ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ! inv5tion dep5ds4 ,! dep5d5ce ( e inv5tion on prec$+ ones produces v frequ5tly conflict+ claims among inv5tors1 :o1 =gett+ h[ mu* !y 7 indebt$ to o!rs1 d n hesitate to *>ge ^?1 :o make /ill fur!r improvem5ts1 ) imitation & piracy4 ,x is1 inde$1 sometimes difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! alt]ations made 9 well-kn[n contrivances are1 or are n1 ( suffici5t importance to con/itute inv5tions2 & !re c be no d\bt t !re is too great facility af=d$1 by ! indiscrim9ate grant ( lett]s pat5t1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( monopolies t (t5 s]ve to ob/ruct fur!r improvem5ts4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t a v trifl+ addition or *ange occasionally gives practical value to an inv5tion1 :i* _h be5 useless )\t x4 ,9 su* cases1 ?\gh ! individual m]it ( ! inv5tor is small1 ! b5efit conf]r$ may be important1 & may op]ate influ5tially 9 promot+ ! progress ( civilization4 ,sci5tific discov]y goes h& 9 h& ) inv5tion1 & !y mutually assi/ ea* o!r's progress4 ,e discov]y 9 sci5ce may be applicable to "s new purpose1 or give great] effici5cy to :at is old4 ,^? new & improv$ in/rum5ts & processes provide sci5ce ) ! means ( ext5d+ its rese>*es into o!r fields ( discov]y2 & ?us1 z e tru? reveal$1 supplies inv5tive g5ius ) fre% matt] to m\ld into new =ms1 ^? creations become 9 _! turn ag5ts 9 promot+ fur!r discov]ies4 ,! action & reaction ?us con/antly at "w1 t5d to give accel]at+ impulse to inv5tion1 & are cont9ually enl>g+ its sph]e ( op]ations4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( suppos+1 z "s d1 t inv5tion & discov]y h ne>ly rea*$ _! limits1 !re is m reason to inf] t !y are only at ! comm5cem5t ( _! c>e]s2 & t1 great z h be5 ! wond]s accompli%$ by ! applications ( sci5ce dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 !y w be at lea/ equall$1 if n surpass$1 by ^? to be a*iev$ be=e its close4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,%ips1 propell$ by "s my/]i\s p[] aga9/ w9d & aga9/ tide1 cutt+ _! ways ?r\gh ! wat] )\t app>5t impulse & l ?+s ( life1 7 n unfrequ5tly se5 glid+ along 9 ! regions ( fancy1 ages be=e ! realization ( su* objects on geographical seas & riv]s 0 look$ ^u z 9 ! slighte/ degree possible4 ,ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 x seem$ to be m probable t man w\ld be able to navigate ! air at w1 ?an t he %\ld be able1 )\t w9d or curr5t1 & 9 opposition to bo?1 to propel & /e] l>ge %ips ov] ! waves2 yet1 )9 tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,/eam ,navigation _h ceas$ to be a wond]4 ,if we look back into ! records ( pa/ ages1 we f9d t inv5tive g5ius 0 active 9 ! e>lie/ times1 9 endeav\r+ to f9d o!r means ( propell+ boats ?an by manual lab\r & ! unc]ta9 w9d1 "s ( :i* contrivances po9t to ! me?od subsequ5tly adopt$ by ! con/ructors ( /eam-vessels4 ,to enable u to appreciate prop]ly ! gradual advances t h be5 made 9 p]fect+ any inv5tion1 x is necess>y to consid] its di/+ui%+ features1 & ! difficulties :i* inv5tors h _h successively to cont5d aga9/4 ,on tak+ ?is view ( ! progress ( ,/eam ,navigation1 x w be f\nd t ! am\nt ( novelty to :i* ea* inv5tor has a claim is v small1 & t 8 pr9cipal m]it consi/s 9 ! application ( o!r inv5tions to accompli% 8 special object4 ,! same rem>k w inde$ apply to mo/ o!r inv5tions2 = ! utmo/ t inv5tive g5ius c accompli%1 is to put toge!r 9 new =ms1 & ) diff]5t applications1 prec$+ contrivances & discov]ies1 :i* 7 also ! results ( antec$5t k1 lab\r1 & skill4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we look ^u an ord9>y /eam-boat1 ! mo/ rem>kable & ! mo/ important feature is ! paddle-:eel1 by ! action ( :i* aga9/ ! wat] ! boat is propell$4 ,yet t me?od ( propell+ boats 0 practis$ by ! ,egyptians hundr$s ( ye>s be=e /eam p[] 0 ?\ght (2 & ! anci5t ,romans made use ( simil> :eels1 work$ by h&1 z sub/itutes = o>s4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to be only a small /ep 9 inv5tive progress1 aft] ! discov]y ( ! /eam eng9e1 to apply t motive p[] to turn ! paddle-:eels :i* _h be5 previ\sly us$2 & n[ t we see ! p]fect$ inv5tion1 x may surprise ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! difficulties :i* att5d any new appliance1 t ,/eam ,navigation did n soon] become an accompli%$ fact4 ,9 a book call$ ,inv5tions & ,devices1 by ,william ,b\rne1 publi%$ 9 #aegh1 x 0 propos$ to make a boat g by paddle-:eels1 to be turn$ by "s provision4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 9 8 ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 also speaks vaguely ( a mode ( propell+ %ips4 ,b ,capt4 ,sav]y1 ! inv5tor ( ! e>lie/ work+ /eam eng9e1 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ ! application ( /eam to navigation2 & ,dr4 ,pap91 :o cont5d$ ) ,sav]y = priority ( ! inv5tion1 also sugge/$ ab\t ! same "t ! application ( ! ela/ic =ce ( /eam to t purpose4 ,^! crude notions1 h[ev]1 d n des]ve to be consid]$ z inv5tions1 ?\gh !y probably assi/$ 9 sugge/+ ! idea ( ! plan propos$ by ,mr4 ,jona?an ,hulls1 :o 9 #agcf took out a pat5t = a /eam-boat1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> publi%$ a description ( 8 inv5tion1 illu/rat$ by a draw+1 entitl$1 ,a description & draught ( a new-inv5t$ ma*9e = c>ry+ vessels or %ips out ( or into any h>b\r1 port1 or riv]1 aga9/ w9d or tide1 or 9 a calm4 ,! great] "p ( ?is publication is occupi$ ) answ]s to objections t he suppos$ might be rais$ to ! s*eme1 & 9 ! preface he makes ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! treatm5t inv5tors 7 expos$ to 9 8 day1 :i* we fe> w apply equally at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re is1 he says1 "o great h>d%ip lies too commonly on ^? :o purpose to advance "s new ?\gh useful s*eme = ! public b5efit4 ,! _w ab\nd+ m 9 ra% c5sure ?an 9 c&id & unprejudic$ e/imation ( ?+s1 if a p]son does n answ] _! expectations 9 e po9t1 in/ead ( fri5dly treatm5t = 8 good int5tions1 he too (t5 meets ) ridicule & contempt4 ,illu/ration ,at ! "t ( ,mr4 ,hulls' inv5tion1 ,watt _h n made 8 improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e1 & ! k9d ( eng9e ,hulls employ$ 0 simil> to ,newcom5's1 9 :i* ! /eam 0 cond5s$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on1 aft] be+ =c$ d[n by ! direct pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 0 drawn upw>ds aga9 by a weight4 ,! paddle1 or vanes1 z he call$ !m1 7 plac$ at ! /]n1 betwe5 two :eels1 :i* 7 turn$ by ropes pass+ ov] _! p]iph]ies4 ,! alt]nate motion ( ! pi/on 0 +5i\sly conv]t$ into a cont9u\s rot>y movem5t1 by connection ) o!r ropes atta*$ to ! pi/on & to ! weight1 ! backw>d movem5t be+ prev5t$ by a cat* or click4 ,! woodcut :i* lays be=e y is a r$uc$ copy ( ,hulls' draught ( 8 /eam-boat1 z giv5 9 8 book1 a copy ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! utmo/ application ( /eam p[] to navigation contemplat$ by ,hulls 0 to t[ l>ge vessels into or out ( h>b\r1 9 calm wea!r1 by means ( a sep>ate /eam tug-boat1 z he consid]$ ! cumb]some me*anism w\ld be f\nd objectionable on bo>d ! %ips to be ?us propell$4 ,x does n appe> t ?is plan 0 effectually tri$1 nor 0 ! arrangem5t ( ! me*anism1 nor ! imp]fect condition ( ! /eam eng9e at t p]iod1 calculat$ to make ! ef=t successful4 ,= "s ye>s aft] ,mr4 ,hulls' plan _h be5 publi%$1 & _h prov$ abortive1 no fur!r attempt seems to h be5 made1 until ! improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e1 by ,watt1 r5d]$ x m applicable = ! purpose ( navigation4 ,! ,fr5* claim = ! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ :o successfully appli$ /eam p[] to propel boats1 9 #aghb2 ?\gh ano!r ,fr5* nobleman1 ! ,comte d',auxiron1 & ,m4 ,p]i]1 _h eight ye>s previ\sly made "s exp]im5ts ) /eam-boats on ! ,se9e4 ,! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy's /eam-boat1 :i* 0 #ade feet long1 0 tri$ on ! ,soane1 ne> ,lyons1 ) good promise ( success4 ,! m>quis 01 h[ev]1 oblig$ to leave ,france by ! fury ( ! ,revolution1 & :5 he return$ 9 #agif1 he f\nd t a pat5t _h be5 grant$ to ,m4 le ,blanc1 = build+ /eam-boats 9 ,france4 ,he prote/$ aga9/ ! monopoly1 b ! pat5t rema9$ 9 =ce1 & ! plan receiv$ no fur!r developm5t1 ei!r f ! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy1 or ! pat5tee4 ,ab\t five ye>s lat]1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,mill]1 ( ,dalsw9ton1 9 ,scotl&1 direct$ 8 att5tion to ! propulsion ( boats by me*anical means1 & contriv$ diff]5t k9ds ( paddles1 & o!r propell]s to be work$ by h&1 :i* 7 tri$ on boats on ,dalsw9ton ,lake4 ,! great lab\r requir$ to "w ^! ma*9es induc$ ,mr4 ,james ,taylor1 a tutor 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s family1 to sugge/ ! use ( /eam p[] to turn !m1 & he recomm5d$ ,mr4 ,mill] to obta9 ! assi/ance ( ,william ,sym+ton1 an eng9e]1 :o 0 at t "t endeav\r+ to make a /eam locomotive c>riage4 ,among ! fir/ difficulties t sugge/$ !mselves1 0 ! dang] ( sett+ fire to ! boat by ! eng9e furnace4 ,?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ,mr4 ,taylor1 & ! arrangem5ts 7 complet$1 & ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ 9 #aghh4 ,! /eam eng9e & me*anism 7 appli$ to a d\ble pleasure-boat2 ! eng9e be+ plac$ on "o side1 ! boil] on ! o!r1 & ! paddle-:eel 9 ! c5tre4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ! /eam eng9e 7 only f\r in*es 9 diamet]2 b ) ?is eng9e ! boat 0 propell$ across ,dalsw9ton ,lake at a spe$ ( five miles an h\r4 ,! success ( ?is exp]im5t induc$ ,mr4 ,mill] to h a l>g] boat built1 expressly adapt$ = ! introduction ( a /eam eng9e4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,sym+ton1 & 0 tri$ successfully on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal 9 #aghi1 :5 x 0 propell$ at ! rate ( sev5 miles an h\r4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! me*anism ( ?is boat1 ! cyl9d] 0 plac$ horizontally1 = ! purpose ( mak+ connection betwe5 ! paddle-:eel & ! pi/on1 )\t ! work+ beam4 ,! pi/on 0 support$ 9 its position by friction :eels1 & communicat$ motion to ! paddles by a crank4 ,! paddles 7 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! boat1 ne> ! /]n2 & !re 0 a d\ble rudd]1 connect$ toge!r by rods :i* 7 mov$ by a w9* at ! head ( ! vessel4 ,x is n v cle> :y ,mr4 ,mill] did n foll[ up ?is success4 ,objection1 inde$1 0 made by ! proprietors ( ! canal on acc\nt ( ! agitation ( ! wat]1 :i* x 0 fe>$ w\ld injure ! banks4 ,x w\ld appe> also t a misund]/&+ took place betwe5 ,mill] & ,sym+ton1 :i* gave ! =m] a di/a/e to ! und]tak+2 & hav+ %[n t su* a plan 0 practicable1 he left o!rs to c>ry x into practical effect4 ,sev]al me?ods ( propell+ boats1 o!rwise ?an by paddles1 _h "s ye>s previ\sly be5 sugge/$2 among :i* 7 two t h be5 aga9 & aga9 tri$ by succe$+ inv5tors1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,"o ( ^! is an imitation ( ! duck's foot1 :i* exp&s :5 x /rikes ! wat]1 & collapses :5 x is )drawn4 ,! o!r is ! ejection ( a /ream ( wat] at ! /]n1 or on bo? sides ( ! boat1 s z to produce a =w>d movem5t by reaction4 ,bo? ^! plans ( propulsion seem feasible 9 design2 b !y h hi!rto fail$ 9 practice4 ,a pa/or at ,b]ne1 nam$ ,j4 ,a4 ,g5evois1 has ! cr$it ( hav+ inv5t$ ! duck-feet propell] 9 #agee2 & 9 #agie1 six ye>s aft] ,mr4 ,mill]'s successful exp]im5ts1 ,e>l ,/anhope _h a /eam-boat built on t pr9ciple4 ,x 0 s f> a failure1 t x 0 n propell$ fa/] ?an ?ree miles an h\r4 ,! o!r me?od ( propulsion1 ?\gh ( old] date1 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahjj by ,mr4 ,l9nak]1 :o propos$ to draw ! wat] 9 at ! head ( ! vessel1 & eject x at ! /]n1 & ?us to obta9 a d\ble action on ! wat] = propell+2 b ! plan 0 n f\nd to answ]4 ,9 #ahja1 ,"l ,dundas reviv$ ,mr4 ,mill]'s project1 & avail$ himself ( ,mr4 ,sym+ton's increas$ exp]i5ce & ! fur!r improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e1 to con/ruct a mu* m p]fect /eam-boat ?an any t _h be5 made4 ,he sp5t #c1jjj 9 ! exp]im5ts1 & 9 ,m>*1 #ahjb1 8 vessel1 call$ ! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 0 tri$ on ! same sc5e ( action1 ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal4 ,?is boat1 accord+ to ,sym+ton's report1 t[$ two vessels1 ea* ( sev5ty tons bur!n1 a di/ance ( n9ete5 miles & a half 9 six h\rs1 aga9/ a /rong w9d4 ,! ?reat5$ injury to ! banks ( ! canal by ! great agitation ( ! wat] prev5t$ ! use ( ?is boat1 :i* 0 consequ5tly laid aside2 = ! views ( ! inv5tors ( /eam-boats 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7 limit$ to _! employm5t to drag boats along canals4 ,we n[ approa* a p]iod :5 m decid$ advances & m rapid progress 7 made t[>ds realiz+ /eam navigation z a practical fact4 ,mr4 ,fulton1 an ,am]ican1 resid+ 9 ,france1 aft] mak+ a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 "u ! sanction & ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,liv+/one1 ! ,am]ican ,ambassador1 laun*$ a small /eam-boat on ! ,se9e 9 #ahjc1 b ! weight ( ! eng9e prov$ too great = ! /r5g? ( ! boat1 :i* broke 9 ! middle1 & imm$iately w5t to ! bottom4 ,n di%e>t5$ by ?is failure he built ano!r "o1 long] & /rong]1 & ?is he succe$$ 9 propell+ by /eam p[]1 ?\gh v sl[ly4 ,x 01 inde$1 a mu* less successful ef=t ?an ! attempts ( ,mr4 ,mill] & ,"l ,dundas4 ,hav+ be5 ?reat5$ ) opposition by ,m4 le ,blanc1 ! pat5tee ( /eam-boats 9 ,france1 ,fulton det]m9$ to return to 8 native c\ntry1 :]e ! l>ge navigable riv]s & lakes (f]$ ample scope = ! developm5t ( /eam navigation4 ,hav+ he>d ( ! success ( ,sym+ton's boats1 he visit$ ,scotl& = ! purpose ( pr(it+ by 8 exp]i5ce2 & he induc$ ,sym+ton1 by promises ( great advantages if ! inv5tion succe$$ 9 ,am]ica1 to %[ him ! ,*>lotte ,dundas at "w1 & to ent] into full explanations ( e "p4 ,?us prim$ ) ! facts1 & ) ! fur!r sugge/ions ( ,sym+ton1 ,fulton repair$ to ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,liv+/one1 :o _h assi/$ ,fulton 9 8 exp]im5ts1 0 himself an inv5tor ( sev]al plans ( propell+ vessels by /eam1 & 9 #agih he obta9$ a pat5t 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 = tw5ty ye>s1 on condition t he %\ld produce a /eam-boat by ! #g? ( ,m>*1 #agii1 t w\ld g at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r4 ,hav+ fail$ to fulfil t condition1 ! pat5t privilege 0 left op51 & 0 promis$ to ! fir/ inv5tor :o succe$$ 9 propell+ a boat by /eam p[] at ! propos$ spe$ ( f\r miles an h\r4 ,fulton1 :o _h ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,mr4 ,liv+/one1 possess$ advantages 9 ! con/ruction ( ! vessel he built 9 ,am]ica1 f> great] ?an any previ\s inv5tor4 ,he _h n only ga9$ k by 8 =m] failures1 b he 0 able to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 & he _h secur$ a sup]ior /eam eng9e1 manufactur$ by ,b\lton & ,watt1 ( tw5ty-horse p[]4 ,?is 0 a mu* m p[]ful eng9e ?an any t _h be5 us$ 9 any =m] exp]im5t2 ! "o employ$ by ,mr4 ,liv+/one hav+ _h only five-horse p[]4 ,?is /eam-vessel 0 laun*$ at ,new ,york 9 #ahjg1 & 0 call$ ! ,cl]mont1 ! "n ( ,mr4 ,liv+/one's resid5ce on ! banks ( ! ,hudson4 ,its l5g? 0 #acc feet1 dep? #g feet1 & bread? #ah feet4 ,! boil] 0 #bj feet long1 #g feet deep1 & #h feet broad4 ,!re 0 only "o /eam cyl9d]1 :i* 0 #b feet 9 diamet]1 ) a l5g? ( /roke ( #d feet4 ,! paddle-:eels 7 #ae feet 9 diamet]1 & #e feet broad2 & ! bur!n ( ! vessel 0 #afj tons4 ,cr[ds ( spectators assembl$ to see ! boat />t on its fir/ exp]im5tal voyage4 ,! g5]al impression1 ev5 ( ^? :o 7 fri5dly to ,fulton1 0 t x w\ld fail1 & an accid5t :i* occurr$ :5 ! vessel 0 "u way confirm$ ?is op9ion4 ,! =ebod]s ( evil exclaim$ imm$iately t !y _h =ese5 some?+ ( ! k9d2 & obs]v$ x 0 a pity s mu* exp5se _h be5 incurr$ = no?+6 ,! requir$ repairs 71 h[ev]1 soon made4 ,! vessel :5 aga9 tri$ cut h] way bravely ?r\gh ! wat]1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all1 & ! d\bts1 & fe>s1 & lam5tations 7 quickly *ang$ into congratulations4 ,z ! ,cl]mont urg$ its way up ! ,hudson1 its *imney emitt+ innum]able sp>ks f ! dri$ p9e wood us$ z fuel1 x excit$ great al>m among ^? :o 7 n prep>$ = su* an app>ition4 ,an ,am]ican pap] ( t day ?us describ$ ! effect produc$ on ! crews ( o!r %ips 9 ! riv]3--,not)/&+ ! w9d & tide 7 adv]se to its approa*1 !y saw ) a/oni%m5t t x 0 rapidly com+ t[>ds !m2 & :5 x came s ne> t ! noise ( ! ma*9]y & paddles 0 he>d1 ! crews1 9 "s in/ances1 %runk b5ea? _! decks f ! t]rific sight1 or left _! vessels to g on %ore2 :il/ o!rs pro/rat$ !mselves & bes\ght ,provid5ce to protect !m f ! approa* ( ! horrible mon/] :i* 0 m>*+ on ! waves1 & light+ its pa? by ! fires :i* x vomit$4 ,dur+ ! "t t ,fulton 0 build+ 8 /eam-boat ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5s1 ( ,hobok51 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1 0 also engag$ 9 a simil> und]tak+4 ,?\gh 8 "n is comp>atively little he>d ( 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/eam ,navigation1 8 ef=ts 7 m successful ?an any t _h be5 made previ\sly1 & b = ! =tunate *ance to ,fulton t he 0 able to laun* & put 8 boat 9 action a few days be=e ,/ev5s _h complet$ 81 all1 & m ?an all1 ! m]it t is n[ ascrib$ to ! =m] w\ld h be5 attribut$ to ,/ev5s4 ,! previ\s successful exp]im5t ( ,fulton hav+ fulfill$ ! conditions impos$ by ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 he obta9$ ! exclusive "r ( /eam navigation on ! riv]s & along ! coa/ ( t ,/ate2 !re=e1 aft] ,/ev5s _h laun*$ 8 boat on ! ,hudson1 he 0 unable to employ x !re4 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t he v5tur$ on ! haz>d\s exp]im5t ( tak+ 8 /eam-vessel by sea1 & successfully accompli%$ 8 voyage f ,new ,york to ,delaw>e4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ attempt to put to sea 9 a /eam-boat4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s introduc$ _m important improvem5ts4 ,he increas$ ! l5g? ( /roke ( ! eng9es2 he appli$ upright guides = ! pi/on-rod1 to supply ! place ( ! p>allel motion2 & he divid$ ! paddle-:eel by bo>ds1 by :i* means a m uni=m motion 0 obta9$4 ,by ^! improvem5ts he succe$$ 9 rais+ ! spe$ ( /eam-vessels to ?irte5 miles an h\r4 ,:il/ ,/eam ,navigation 0 mak+ su* progress 9 ,am]ica1 x 0 n neglect$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,bell1 ( ,glasg[1 a man ( great +5uity1 _h = "s "t direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject1 & _h giv5 "s useful h9ts to ,fulton4 ,see+1 z he aft]w>ds said1 no reason :y o!rs %\ld pr(it by 8 plans )\t 8 p>ticipation 9 ! fame & ! pr(its1 he det]m9$ to build a /eam-boat himself1 :i* 0 complet$ & laun*$ 9 #ahaa4 ,bell call$ 8 boat ! ,comet1 9 commemoration ( ! rem>kable ecc5tric lum9>y :i* 0 at t "t fright5+ ,europe f its propriety4 ,! boat 0 #be tons bur!n1 ) an eng9e ( ab\t #c-;horse p[]4 ,x pli$ on ! ,fri? ( ,=? = a di/ance ( #bg miles1 :i* 9 ord9>y wea!r x accompli%$ 9 #c h\rs4 ,! ,comet is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ /eam-boat t pli$ regul>ly 9 ,europe2 & its con/ruction 0 s p]fect1 t no boat built = _m ye>s aft]w>ds surpass$ x1 tak+ into consid]ation its size & ! small p[] ( its eng9e4 ,bell1 ?\gh he _h done s mu* to advance ,/eam ,navigation 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 all[$ to suff] neglect & p5ury 9 8 old age1 till ! t[n ( ,glasg[ grant$ him a small annuity = 8 s]vices4 ,a claim has be5 pref]r$ on behalf ( ,messrs4 ,furnace & ,a%ton1 ( ,hull1 to priority 9 build+ ! fir/ /eam-vessel t 0 work$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is /at$1 t ab\t ! ye> #aghg1 exp]im5ts 7 made on ! riv] ,hull1 by ,furnace & ,a%ton1 on ! propulsion ( vessels by /eam p[]4 ,furnace & ,a%ton built a boat1 :i* pli$ on ! riv]1 betwe5 ,hull & ,bev]ley1 = "s "t1 & answ]$ exce$+ly well4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! good results ( _! exp]im5ts1 !y built a mu* l>g] vessel & eng9e1 & s5t ! :ole to ,london1 to be put toge!r & f9i%$2 aft] :i* x 0 subject$ to ! sev]e/ te/s1 & gave ! greate/ satisfaction4 ,! vessel 0 b\ght by ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t 7aft]w>ds ,george ,,iv471 :o _h x fitt$ & furni%$ z a pleasure ya*t2 b x 0 soon aft]w>ds burnt1 hav+1 x is suppos$1 be5 wilfully set on fire by p]sons :o 7 afraid t su* an inv5tion w\ld be injuri\s to _! call+4 ,! ,pr9ce 0 s mu* pleas$ ) ! inv5tion & +5uity ( ,furnace & ,a%ton1 t he grant$ !m a p5sion = _! lives ( #gj a ye> ea*4#a ,?is /eam] 0 on ! paddle-:eel pr9ciple1 propell$ by a /eam eng9e1 to :i* 0 atta*$ a copp] boil]4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ! progress ( ,/eam ,navigation 0 v rapid4 ,/eam-%ips 7 built long] & l>g]1 & ) m p[]ful eng9es2 & ! mo/ skilful build]s rivall$ ea* o!r 9 ! con/ruction & adaptation ( _! vessels & eng9es1 s z to atta9 ! highe/ possible spe$4 ,! locality 9 :i* ,/eam ,navigation may be said to h _h its bir? cont9u$ = a long "t to be pre-em95t1 & /eam-boats built on ! ,clyde /ill rank v high1 if n ! highe/1 9 ! scale ( excell5ce4 ,! ord9>y l& /eam eng9e requir$ consid]able alt]ations to adapt x to m>9e purposes2 nor 0 x till great exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$ 9 propell+ vessels by /eam p[]1 t ! m ess5tially requisite modifications 7 adopt$4 ,x 0 f\nd important1 9 ! fir/ place1 to r$uce ! space occupi$ by ! ma*9]y z mu* z possible4 ,! boil]s 7 consequ5tly made ( less dim5sions1 b m ext5sive 9 _! heat+ surface4 ,x 0 also f\nd desirable to employ two eng9es in/ead ( "o1 ! pi/ons be+ made to rise & desc5d alt]nately4 ,by ?is means ! motion 0 r5d]$ m equable1 & by plac+ ! cranks ( ! common %aft at "r angles1 ! dead po9ts 7 pass$ m readily1 & ! want ( a fly :eel 0 ?us comp5sat$4 ,! /eam-boats employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry 71 almo/ f ! fir/1 & cont9ue ) few exceptions to be1 on ! l[-pressure cond5s+ pr9ciple2 ! :ole ( ! ma*9]y be+ plac$ bel[ ! deck4 ,?is r5d]s x necess>y to dim9i% ! height ( ! eng9es z mu* z possible2 & 9 all m>9e /eam eng9es1 till )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 in/ead ( hav+ a work+ beam ov] ! cyl9d]s1 a cross-head 0 plac$ at ! top ( ! pi/on-rod1 ! action ( :i* 0 convey$ by p>allel motions to cross beams on ea* side1 :i* 7 situat$ at ! bottom "p ( ea* eng9e4 ,! motion1 comp>$ ) t ( an ord9>y l& eng9e1 0 ?us inv]t$4 ,! proportions ( ! cyl9d]s 7 also diff]5t2 ! l5g? ( /roke be+ %ort]1 to dim9i% ! height1 & ! diamet] consequ5tly great]4 ,! valves1 & ! ge>+ connect$ ) !m1 ! air pump1 ! cond5s]1 & o!r subsidi>y p>ts1 d n diff] ess5tially f ^? ( l& eng9es2 b ! gov]nor is omitt$1 z x is f\nd impracticable to "w a m>9e eng9e ) great regul>ity4 ,latt]ly1 _m eng9e]s h introduc$1 ) mu* success1 arrangem5ts = communicat+ ! action directly f ! pi/on-rod to ! crank1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! beam & p>allel motions4 ,?is is g5]ally done by caus+ ! pi/on-rod to "w betwe5 guides1 & a jo9t$ arm connects x ) ! crank4 ,"o me?od ( produc+ ! same effect is to make ! cyl9d]s oscillate on pivots1 z contriv$ by ,mr4 ,murdo*1 9 ! fir/ model /eam c>riage1 made 9 #aghd4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 successfully c>ri$ into op]ation by ,messrs4 ,p5n1 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,! oscillat+ cyl9d]s accommodate !mselves to ! v>y+ directions ( ! cranks1 & ! /ra9 occasion$ by guide rods is dim9i%$2 b :5 v l>ge cyl9d]s are requir$1 ! friction & ! pressure on ! pivots mu/ t5d to c\nt]balance ! advantage o!rwise obta9$4 ,9 ! ord9>y paddle-:eel /eam-boats1 ! floats ( ! paddle-:eels are fix$ at equal di/ances r\nd ! rim1 radiat+ f ! c5tre2 !re=e !y ent] & come out ( ! wat] obliquely4 ,!re is1 consequ5tly1 a consid]able loss ( p[] att5d+ ! use ( su* paddle-:eels1 z only "o float at a "t c be act+ v]tically on ! wat]1 & ex]t+ ! propell+ =ce 9 a direct l9e4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to rem$y ?is defect1 & to produce :at is call$ fea!r+ floats1 e "o ( :i* w act aga9/ ! wat] at "r angles4 ,! me*anism requir$ = mak+ ?is adju/m5t is1 h[ev]1 liable to get out ( ord]1 & ! introduction ( v]tically act+ floats has consequ5tly be5 v limit$4 ,! l>ge project+ paddle-boxes are objectionable 9 sea-go+ %ips1 z !y pres5t s l>ge a surface to ! action ( ! w9d1 & ei!r imp$e ! c\rse ( ! %ip1 or make x unwea!rly4 ,?is inconv5i5ce 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! e>ly progress ( ,/eam ,navigation1 & _m attempts 7 made to ov]come x1 by sub/itut+ a diff]5t k9d ( propell]4 ,rec\rse 0 _h to ! inv5tions ( ! anci5ts1 f :om ! paddle-:eel 0 tak51 to f9d "s o!r means ( propulsion4 ,a me?od ( propulsion1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! action ( sculls at ! back ( a boat1 _h be5 contriv$ long be=e ! inconv5i5ce ( paddle-:eels 9 ,/eam ,navigation 0 exp]i5c$4 ,9 #aghd1 ,mr4 ,bramah obta9$ a pat5t = a propell] simil> 9 its =ms to ! vanes ( a w9dmill1 :i* by act+ obliquely on ! wat] z x revolv$1 pu%$ ! boat =w>d4 ,t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 an aquatic propell] 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,william ,lyttleton1 a m]*ant 9 ,london4 ,x consi/$ ( a s+le convolution ( a ?ree-?read$ screw1 & may be consid]$ to be ! fir/ screw propell] inv5t$4 ,num]\s o!r +5i\s p]sons1 among :om 7 ,tr$gold1 ,treve?ick1 ,mac]oni1 & ,mill+ton1 aft]w>ds inv5t$ propell]s on ! screw pr9ciple2 b none ( !m 7 suffici5tly satisfactory 9 _! results to come into practical use4 ,9 #ahcf1 ,mr4 ,smi? & ,mr4 ,ericsson obta9$ a pat5t = a screw propell]1 :i* ne>ly resembl$ ,mr4 ,lyttleton's orig9al contrivance2 & by p]sev]ance 9 /ruggl+ aga9/ ! _m ob/acles ) :i* he _h to cont5d1 ,mr4 ,smi? succe$$1 ?\gh all previ\s ef=ts _h fail$4 ,8 p>tn]1 h[ev]1 became di%e>t5$ by ! ob/acles ?r[n 9 _! way1 & left ?is c\ntry = ,am]ica be=e ! success ( ! screw 0 e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ %ip fitt$ ) ! screw propell] 0 call$ ! ,ar*im$es4 ,x 0 a vessel ( #bcg tons bur!n1 ) a draught ( wat] ( #i feet #d in*es4 ,! screw project$ at ! /]n1 & be+ turn$ rapidly r\nd by ! /eam eng9e1 ! oblique action ( ! ?read ( ! screw aga9/ ! wat] impell$ ! vessel =w>d4 ,! ,ar*im$es 0 orig9ally fitt$ ) a s+le-?read$ screw1 ! ?reads ( :i* 7 #h feet ap>t1 & !re 7 two convolutions ( ! screw r\nd ! %aft4 ,"o convolution ( ! screw hav+ be5 accid5tally brok5 (f1 ! %ip 0 f\nd to g fa/] 9 consequ5ce2 &1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( inve/igation sugge/$ by ! accid5t1 ,mr4 ,smi? at la/ adopt$ a d\ble-?read$ screw1 ) only half a convolution4 ,! av]age p]=mance ( ! eng9es 0 #bf /rokes p] m9ute1 & ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! screw 9 ! same "t 0 #ach4 ,! pit* ( ! screw 0 #h feet2 t is1 ! space across "o entire convolution ( ! ?read w\ld h measur$ #h feet2 consequ5tly1 _h x be5 act+ aga9/ a solid body1 z a cork-screw :5 ent]+ a cork1 "o revolution ( ! %aft w\ld h advanc$ ! vessel #h feet1 & ! spe$ w\ld h be5 #ab miles an h\r2 b ! utmo/ spe$ ! ,ar*im$es obta9$ 0 #i nautical miles4 ,! diff]5ce 0 ow+ to ! screw slipp+ 9 ! wat]1 because ! fluid yield$ to ! oblique action ( ! blades4 ,illu/ration ,! results ( ! work+ ( t exp]im5tal %ip 7 s satisfactory1 t o!r %ips 7 soon built1 ) modifications ( ! =m ( ! propell]4 ,x 0 f\nd disadvantage\s to h an entire convolution ( ! ?read ( ! screw2 = "o "p ( x work$ 9 ! wake ( ! o!r1 & resi/ance 0 produc$ by ! backwat]4 ,aft] num]\s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! dim5sions ( ! screw 7 successively dim9i%$1 ! propell] 0 at l5g? r$uc$ to two oblique blades4 ,exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale 7 conduct$ by ,capta9 ,c>p5t]1 to det]m9e ! size & angle ( incl9ation be/ adapt$ = ! purpose ( propulsion2 & ne>ly all ! %ips n[ built = ! ,royal ,navy are fitt$ ) propell]s on 8 pr9ciple4 ,! annex$ diagram repres5ts on a scale ( "o-eigh? ( an in* to a foot1 ! =m ( ! propell] ( ! ,agamemnon1 ( #fjf-;horse p[]1 :i* 0 rec5tly engag$ 9 successfully lay+ d[n ! ,atlantic ,telegraph cable4 ,! diamet] ( ! screw is #ah feet1 & ! pit* #bj feet4 ,! screw propell] possesses great advantages 9 %ips ( w>1 z x is n expos$ to damage by %ot1 & x leaves ! entire deck cle> = m\nt+ guns4 ,x has also ! fur!r advantage ( n int]f]+ ) ! work+ ( sails1 & is1 !re=e1 admirably adapt$ = sea-go+ %ips t economize fuel by alt]nately /eam+ & sail+1 z ! w9d is adv]se or fav\rable4 ,! commotion 9 ! wat] made by paddle-:eels1 :i* is an objection to _! use 9 n>r[ riv]s1 is avoid$ by screw propell]s1 :i* be+ imm]s$ "u ! wat]1 make little agitation on ! surface1 & ! %ips move along )\t any app>5t impell+ p[]4 ,! spe$ ( %ips ) ! be/ con/ruct$ screw propell]s is fully equal to t ( paddle-:eel vessels2 & :5 two vessels ( ! same size1 & ) eng9es ( equal p[]1 "o fitt$ ) paddles1 & ! o!r ) ! screw1 are fa/5$ /em & /]n toge!r1 9 a trial ( /r5g?1 ! screw propell] has be5 f\nd to h ! advantage1 & to pull its antagoni/ along at ! rate ( "o or two miles an h\r4 ,! difficulty at fir/ exp]i5c$ 9 ! application ( ! screw propell] 0 to communicate a suffici5tly rapid motion to ! %aft to :i* x is fix$2 b1 by ! employm5t ( direct-act+ eng9es1 ?is difficulty has be5 = ! mo/ "p ov]come4 ,! p[] is g5]ally fir/ appli$ to drive a l>ge cog-:eel1 ! tee? ( :i* take into ! tee? ( a small] cog-:eel fix$ to ! propell] %aft1 & 9 ?is mann] ! velocity is suffici5tly increas$4 ,9 #aheb ! proportion ( screw to paddle-:eel vessels build+ 9 ! ,clyde 0 z #dc to #cj4 ,! advantages ( ! propell] are becom+ e ye> m appreciat$1 & x is rapidly sup]s$+ ! paddle-:eel4 ,9 ! /eam-boats ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! eng9es are con/ruct$ on ! high-pressure pr9ciple2 & by work+ ) /eam ( ! pressure ( #ajj p\nds on ! squ>e in*1 & ) l>g] paddle-:eels1 _! boats atta9 a spe$ exce$+ sixte5 miles an h\r4 ,b num]\s explosions ( boil]s on ! ,nor? ,am]ican riv]s h op]at$ z a caution aga9/ ! introduction ( high-pressure eng9es 9 /eam-boats 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! dread ( high-pressure /eam 0 e>ly impress$ by ! de/ructive explosion ( ! boil] ( a /eam-vessel at ,norwi* 9 #ahag1 :i* l$ to a long p>liam5t>y inquiry into ! subject2 & ! subsequ5t loss ( life by ! explosion ( ! ,cricket on ! ,?ames1 has t5d$ to /r5g!n ! appreh5sion ( high-pressure /eam eng9es4 ,= riv] use1 h[ev]1 :5 fre% wat] is always at comm& = g5]at+ ! /eam1 !re appe>s to be no m cause = fe> ( high-pressure eng9es 9 boats ?an on railways1 provid$ ! boil]s are con/ruct$ ) suffici5t c>e4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,fairbairn on ! /r5g? ( boil]s1 ! results ( :i* 7 communicat$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahec1 prove1 t by increas+ ! numb] & /r5g? ( ! /ays1 or int]nal supports1 ( ! boil]s1 !y may be made1 if suffici5tly /rong1 to resi/ any possible pressure2 & t ! squ>e %ape1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be ! weake/1 (f]s1 on ! contr>y1 peculi> facilities = giv+ increas$ /r5g?4 ,9 "o ( ^! exp]im5ts made to det]m9e ! ultimate /r5g? ( ! flat surfaces ( boil]s1 :5 divid$ into squ>es ( sixte5 in*es area1 ! boil] did n give way until x _h su/a9$ ! enorm\s pressure ( #a1fbe p\nds on ! squ>e in*4 ,x might be desirable1 9 ! con/ruction ( /eam boil]s1 to adopt ! same pr9ciple t is introduc$ 9 ! build+ ( gunp[d] mills1 "o-half ( :i* is built 9 /rong masonry1 :il/ ! o!r is made ( wood4 ,by ?is means1 :5 an explosion does occur1 mu* less damage is done1 = ! light] "p only is bl[n away1 :i* does little injury4 ,9 ! same mann]1 /eam eng9e boil]s might be con/ruct$ ) a small portion comp>atively weak]1 s t if x gave way !re w\ld n be mu* damage done4 ,safety-valves are int5d$ to act 9 t mann]2 & if !y 7 prop]ly con/ruct$1 !y w\ld suffici5tly answ] ! purpose1 & gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( dang]2 b ! num]\s accid5ts t occur ) boil]s provid$ ) imp]fect safety-valves1 %[ t !re is a necessity = "s m effectual protection4 ,eng9e]s are n suffici5tly alive to ! importance ( improvem5ts 9 ?is respect4 ,!y supply an eng9e ) safety-valves1 :i* w\ld answ] ! purpose if kept 9 prop] condition2 b !y d n make effectual provision aga9/ c>eless managem5t & reckless misconduct4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 a g5tleman 9 ,am]ica s5t to ! au?or a description1 ) draw+s1 ( a safety-valve t comb9$ ! pr9ciples ( ! safety-plug )\t its inconv5i5ce2 x be+ s contriv$ t :5 ! boil] became too hot1 x melt$ "s fusible metal :i* previ\sly held d[n ! valve1 & !n a weight pull$ x op5 to all[ an ample escape ( /eam2 b :5 ! heat 0 l[]$1 ! valve aga9 clos$4 ,?is 0 %[n to an em95t eng9e] = 8 op9ion4 ,he pron\nc$ x to be v +5i\s1 & t x w\ld1 no d\bt1 answ] ! purpose2 b he said1 ,an improv$ safety-valve is n want$1 ^? 9 use be+ q suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,9 /eam-%ips1 :]e salt wat] is us$ = g5]at+ ! /eam1 ! incru/ation on ! sides ( ! boil]s becomes a s]i\s annoyance4 ,x ob/ructs ! communication ( heat f ! furnace to ! wat]1 & ! metal is ?us liable to become r$-hot4 ,num]\s plans h be5 adopt$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! accumulation ( salt on ! sides ( ! boil]1 ! mo/ common ( :i* is to all[ ! wat]1 :5 saturat$ ) sal9e matt]1 to escape1 & !n to fill ! boil] afre%4 ,among o!r contrivances = effect+ ! same purpose1 )\t ! wa/e ( heat+ p[] :i* ! *ange ( wat] occasions1 is ,mr4 ,hall's plan ( cond5s+ ! /eam 9 dry cond5s]s1 cool$ ext]nally1 s t ! di/ill$ wat] may be us$ aga9 & aga94 ,?is plan ?\gh !oretically good1 is n mu* adopt$2 = ! cond5sation ( /eam _c be s well accompli%$ by t means z :5 a jet ( cold wat] is ?r[n directly into ! cond5s]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! dry cond5s] has1 h[ev]1 be5 lately made available 9 a new k9d ( eng9e1 :]e9 ! comb9$ action ( /eam & ( _s vap\r is appli$ z ! propell+ p[]4 ,/eam-boats _h be5 = _m ye>s 9 ext5sive use on ! riv]s & seas ( ,europe & ,am]ica be=e x 0 ?\ght practicable to make voyages 9 !m across ! ,atlantic4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,liv]pool 9 #ahcg1 t subject 0 br\ght =w>d = consid]ation1 & x 0 !n attempt$ to be %[n1 by calculations ( ! quantities ( coal requisite = su* a voyage1 t /eam communication ) ,am]ica w\ld n be pr(itable1 if x c\ld be accompli%$1 z ! coal w\ld occupy s mu* ( ! tonnage z to leave sc>cely any space = pass5g]s & goods4 ,)9 a few mon?s aft]w>ds ^? calculations 7 set at n\ght by ! ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n1 :i* successfully cross$ ! ,atlantic ) pass5g]s & c>go1 ! =m] 9 n9ete5 days f ,cork1 & ! latt] 9 sixte54 ,at ! pres5t "t1 /eam-packets are con/antly cross+ f ,new ,york to ,liv]pool 9 elev5 days4 ,/eam-%ips n[ f9d _! way to ,india & ev5 to ,au/ralia1 ?\gh ! necessity ( tak+ 9 coals at depts suppli$ f ,engl& n only prolongs ! "t1 b adds s mat]ially to ! co/1 z to r5d] /eam communication ) ^? di/ant places sc>cely practicable ) pr(it1 s9ce no freight c pay = ! exp5se ( coal+ "u su* circum/ances4 ,to ov]come t difficulty1 x 0 propos$ to build %ips l>ge en\gh to c>ry a supply ( coals suffici5t = ! voyage !re & back4 ,"o ( ^? %ips has be5 built = ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company by ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 f ! plans ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 :i* is #fge feet long1 #hc feet broad1 & #fj feet deep4 ,x is adapt$ to c>ry #f1jjj tons bur!n1 9 addition to ! eng9es & requisite quantity ( fuel1 & to accommodate #b1jjj pass5g]s4 ,?is mon/] %ip has be5 built on :at is call$ ! wave pr9ciple ( %ip-build+1 ) long concave b[s4 ,x is to be propell$ by ! comb9$ p[]s ( ! paddle-:eel & ! screw4 ,! eng9es = ! =m] consi/ ( #d oscillat+ cyl9d]s1 #af feet long & #gd in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! screw is to be work$ by #d sep>ate eng9es1 ) cyl9d]s ( #hd in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! spe$ :i* ! ,great ,ea/]n is e/imat$ to atta9 is #bd miles an h\r1 & x is calculat$ t ! voyage to ,au/ralia w be accompli%$ 9 #cj days4 ,!re seems1 at pres5t1 b small prospect ( ^? calculations be+ realiz$1 = ! great co/ incurr$ 9 laun*+ ! vessel & o!r exp5ses h exhau/$ ! funds ( ! company by :om ! %ip 0 con/ruct$4 ,ano!r company has1 h[ev]1 be5 =m$ = ! purpose ( complet+1 if possible1 ?is great exp]im5t 9 ,/eam ,navigation2 & ! op9ion s /rongly express$ by ,mr4 ,fairbairn at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,le$s1 ( ! /r5g? ( ! mon/] %ip1 w give additional /imulus to _! ex]tions4 ,! %ip is built on ! same pr9ciple ( con/ruction z ! ,britannia ,bridge ov] ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 & x 0 /at$ by ,mr4 ,fairbairn t x might be support$ out ( wat]1 ei!r 9 ! c5tre or at ea* end1 )\t injury4 ,,/eam ,,c>riages ,,& ,,railways4 ,no inv5tion ( ! pres5t c5tury has produc$ s great a social *ange z ,/eam ,locomotion on railways4 ,n only h places t 7 =m]ly m ?an a day's j\rney f ea* o!r be5 made accessible 9 a few h\rs1 b ! co/ ( travell+ has be5 s mu* r$uc$1 t ! exp5se has 9 a great degree ceas$ to op]ate z a b> to communication by railway = bus9ess or pleasure4 ,?\gh ! coa*+ sy/em 9 ?is c\ntry _h atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 a j\rney f ,london to ,liv]pool1 previ\sly to ! =mation ( railways1 0 consid]$ a s]i\s und]tak+4 ,! fa/ coa*1 :i* left ,london at "o o'clock 9 ! day1 did n pr(ess to arrive 9 ,liv]pool till six o'clock ! foll[+ ev5+1 & sometimes x did n rea* !re till t5 o'clock at night2 & ! f>e inside 0 f\r gu9eas1 besides fees to coa*m5 & gu>ds4 ,! same di/ance is n[ p]=m$ 9 six h\rs1 at "o-?ird ! exp5se1 & at "o-f\r? ! fatigue & inconv5i5ce4 ,railway ,locomotion1 h[ev]1 =ms no exception to ! rule1 t mo/ mod]n inv5tions h _! prototypes 9 ! contrivances ( ages pa/4 ,!y 7 us$ upw>ds ( two hundr$ ye>s be=e locomotive eng9es 7 kn[n1 or be=e ! /eam eng9e itself 0 inv5t$4 ,! manife/ advantage ( an ev5 track = ! :eels long ago sugge/$ ! idea ( lay+ d[n wood & o!r h>d1 smoo? surfaces = c>riages to run ^u4 ,!y 7 fir/ appli$ to facilitate ! traffic ( ! heavily lad5 waggons f ! coal pits2 ! tramways1 z !y 7 call$1 be+ =m$ ( timb] ab\t six in*es squ>e & six feet long1 fix$ to transv]se timb]s or sleep]s1 :i* 7 laid on ! road4 ,^! orig9al railways 7 made suffici5tly wide = ! :eels ( ! waggons to run ^u )\t slipp+ (f2 ! plan ( hav+ edg+s to ! rails1 or flanges to ! :eels1 n hav+ be5 adopt$ till a lat] p]iod4 ,to protect ! wood f we>+ away1 broad plates ( iron 7 aft]w>ds fix$ on ! tramways4 ,ca/ iron plate rails 7 fir/ us$ 9 #agfg4 ,! flat plates on :i* ! :eels ran 7 made ab\t ?ree in*es wide1 ) edges two in*es high1 ca/ on ! ne> side1 to keep ! :eels ( ! trams on ! tracks4 ,^! iron plates 7 usually ca/ 9 l5g?s ( six feet1 & !y 7 secur$ to transv]se wood5 sleep]s by spikes & oak5 pegs4 ,! tramways 7 laid d[n on ! surface ( ! c\ntry )\t mu* reg>d to hills & valleys1 ! horses t drew ! tra9s be+ :ipp$ to extra ex]tion :5 !y came to a hill1 & 9 desc5d+ "s ( ! /eep incl9es1 ! animals 7 remov$1 & ! load$ waggons 7 all[$ to desc5d ! hills by _! own gravity1 ! velocity be+ *eck$ by a break put on by a man :o accompani$ !m4 ,! *ief use ( ! tramways 0 to facilitate ! conveyance ( coals f ! pits to ! boats2 & z ! level ( ! pit's m\? 0 high] ?an t ( ! wat]1 x 0 an object1 9 lay+ d[n a tramway1 to make a cont9u\s desc5t1 if possible1 = ! load$ tra9s to run d[n1 ! dragg+ back ( ! empty ones be+ comp>atively easy4 ,?us1 ?\gh eng9e]+ difficulties 7 n mu* consid]$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ^? e>ly railways1 eng9e]+ contrivances 7 adopt$ to dim9i% ! draught1 by mak+ ! gradi5ts incl9e 9 "o direction4 ,soon aft] ! inv5tion ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e _h be5 practically appli$ to m9+ purposes1 its p[] 0 direct$ to draw ! coal waggons on railways4 ,?is 0 done ab\t ! ye> #ahjh2 &1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! application ( /eam p[] 0 limit$ to draw+ ! load$ waggons up /eep incl9es4 ,a /ation>y eng9e 0 erect$ at ! top ( ! incl9e1 & ! waggons 7 drawn up by a rope w\nd r\nd a l>ge drum4 ,?is mode ( traction 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$1 9 _m in/ances1 along ! :ole railway1 s z to sup]s$e ! use ( horse p[]4 ,! employm5t ( /ation>y eng9es 9 ?is mann] 0 cont9u$1 ev5 aft] ! inv5tion ( locomotive /eam eng9es1 to draw ! tra9s up incl9es t 7 too /eep = ! p[] ( ! small locomotives at fir/ us$ to surm\nt2 nor has ?is plan be5 yet altoge!r ab&on$4 ,! application ( /eam to ! direct propulsion ( c>riages 0 a comp>atively sl[ process4 ,x 01 inde$1 contemplat$ by ,watt1 z a sub/itute = horse p[] on common roads1 ?\gh he does n seem to h contriv$ any means by :i* x might be done4 ,! fir/ kn[n application ( ! k9d 0 made by ,mr4 ,murdo*1 an eng9e] 9 ! employm5t ( ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt1 :o 9 #aghd con/ruct$ a work+ model ( a /eam c>riage1 /ill pres]v$1 & :i* =m$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects 9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,! boil] ( ?is model locomotive is made ( a %ort l5g? ( brass tube1 clos$ ) flat ends4 ,! furnace to g5]ate ! /eam consi/s ( a _s lamp4 ,! /eam is conduct$ directly f ! boil] to a s+le cyl9d]1 :i* is m\nt$ on a pivot ne> ! c5tre1 s t by ! movem5t ( ! cyl9d] ! pi/on-rod may adapt itself to ! v>y+ positions ( ! crank4 ,! two h9d :eels are fix$ to ! axle1 & on ! latt] is ! crank1 atta*$ to ! pi/on-rod4 ,a s+le :eel 9 front s]ves to guide ! c>riage1 :i* is propell$ by ! rotation ( ! two h9d :eels4 ,! ela/ic =ce ( ! /eam is directly appli$ z ! mov+ p[]2 & aft] x has done its "w 9 ! cyl9d]1 x is all[$ to escape into ! air4 ,?is fir/ kn[n application ( /eam z a locomotive p[] is m p]fect 9 its g5]al arrangem5ts ?an _m /eam c>riages t 7 subsequ5tly br\ght into op]ation2 & 9 ! plan ( balanc+ ! cyl9d] on pivots1 we p]ceive ! orig9 ( ! oscillat+ eng9es1 :i* h be5 rec5tly introduc$ ) mu* success 9 ,/eam ,navigation4 ,by t arrangem5t !re is atta9$ ! mo/ direct application ( ! pi/on-rod to ! crank1 ) ! lea/ loss ( p[]4 ,mr4 ,murdo*'s int5tion 0 to employ su* c>riages on common roads1 b he did n proce$ to put 8 plan into op]ation4 ,sev]al o!r eng9e]s1 among :om 0 ,sym+ton--:o1 z we h be=e se51 took an active "p 9 ! inv5tion ( ,/eam ,navigation--aft]w>ds endeav\r$ to realize ,mr4 ,murdo*'s ideas on a work+ scale2 b ! fir/ :o succe$$ 9 mak+ a locomotive eng9e1 t ran ) any success1 7 ,messrs4 ,treve?ick & ,vivian4 ,9 #ahjd !y con/ruct$ a locomotive eng9e1 :i* 0 employ$ on a m9]al railway at ,m]?yr ,tydvil1 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,! boil] ( _! eng9e resembl$ ! "o 9 ,mr4 ,murdo*'s model1 9 hav+ circul> flat ends2 b1 to increase ! heat+ surface1 a flue 0 introduc$ 9 ! middle ( ! boil]1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh x & back aga91 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,u4 ,! l[] "p ( ! tube =m$ ! furnace1 & ! upp] "p return$ ?r\gh ! boil] into ! *imney4 ,! /eam 0 admitt$ into & escap$ f ! cyl9d] by ! work+ ( a f\r-way cock1 ! contrivance ( ! slide-valve be+ !n unkn[n4 ,on ! axle ( ! crank a cog-:eel 0 fix$1 &1 by means ( ! usual ge>+1 x communicat$ motion to ! h9d :eels1 :i* 7 fix$ to ! axle1 s t :5 ! :eels revolv$ ! c>riage 0 propell$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ?is eng9e ( ,mr4 ,treve?ick's pres5ts ! fir/ practical application ( high-pressure /eam z a motive p[]4 ,watt _h1 inde$1 sugge/$ ! application ( ! impulsive p[] ( /eam1 & ,mr4 ,murdo*'s model locomotive 0 necess>ily con/ruct$ on t pr9ciple2 b until ,mr4 ,treve?ick's locomotive eng9e 0 9 action1 no application ( high-pressure /eam _h be5 made on a work+ scale4 ,! projectors ( locomotive eng9es 7 = _m ye>s possess$ ) ! notion t x 0 necess>y to h "s contrivance to prev5t ! :eels f slipp+ on ! road1 z x 0 suppos$ t o!rwise ! :eels w\ld be turn$ )\t mov+ ! c>riage4 ,num]\s plans 7 devis$ = ov]com+ ?is imag9>y difficulty2 & ?\gh exp]i5ce prov$ t ev5 on railways ! adhesion ( ! :eels 01 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 suffici5t1 yet v>i\s s*emes cont9u$ to be tri$ = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! asc5t ( hills4 ,! imitation ( ! action ( horses' ho(s 0 "o ( ! means attempt$1 b su* additional aids 7 ev5tually f\nd to be ( no avail1 & 7 discont9u$4 ,all ! endeav\rs t 7 made1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to apply /eam p[] to locomotion1 _h 9 view ! propulsion ( c>riages on common roads1 ! idea ( con/ruct+ level railways ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 = facilitat+ ! g5]al traffic1 be+ look$ ^u z too vision>y a project to be realiz$4 ,! inv5tors ( locomotive eng9es consequ5tly direct$ _! att5tion almo/ exclusively to ! arrangem5t t w\ld be/ apply /eam p[] to ov]come ! v>y+ ob/acles & undulations ( common roads4 ,x is v curi\s & int]e/+1 9 trac+ ! progress ( an inv5tion1 to obs]ve ! diff]5t phases ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 be=e x has be5 br\ght into ! /ate 9 :i* x is ultimately appli$4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t ! orig9al purpose s9ks into insignificance1 & is almo/ lo/ sight (1 z ! inv5tion becomes m fully develop$4 ,o!r objects1 t 7 n p]ceiv$1 or 7 consid]$ altoge!r impracticable1 pres5t !mselves1 & are !n pursu$2 & ! inv5tion1 :5 p]fect$1 is v diff]5t f its orig9al design4 ,?us ! endeav\rs ( ! fir/ inv5tors ( ,/eam ,navigation 7 conf9$ to ! con/ruction ( /eam-tugs t w\ld propel ! boats along canals1 or take a %ip into h>b\r1 ! notion ( fitt+ a /eam eng9e into a %ip to propel x across ! sea n hav+ be5 ?\ght (4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! inv5tion ( ,/eam locomotion on railways 0 ei!r n contemplat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 or 0 consid]$ v subord9ate to ! con/ruction ( c>riages to be propell$ by /eam p[] on common roads4 ,among ! mo/ successful ( ^? eng9e]s1 :o con/ruct$ /eam c>riages to run on roads1 7 ,mr4 ,gurney1 ,mr4 ,bir/all1 ,mr4 ,treve?ick1 ,mr4 ,h&cock1 & ,colonel ,mac]oni4 ,mr4 ,gurney 0 "o ( ! fir/ on ! road4 ,8 /eam c>riage complet$ sev]al j\rneys v successfully1 & prov$ ! practicability ( employ+ /eam p[] 9 locomotive eng9es _m ye>s be=e ! fir/ pass5g] railway 0 br\ght into op]ation4 ,?is1 l all o!r new inv5tions1 01 h[ev]1 beset ) difficulties1 among :i* ! mo/ annoy+ 0 ! det]m9$ ob/ruction ! plan met ) f ! tru/ees ( public roads1 :o levi$ heavy tolls on ! c>riages1 & laid loose /ones on ! roads to /op !m f runn+1 z ! driv+ :eels 7 f\nd to be de/ructive to ! roads4 ,!re 0 also consid]able dang] 9 runn+ /eam c>riages on ! same roads on :i* ord9>y traffic 0 conduct$1 because ! /range appe>ance ( ! eng9es1 _! noise1 & ! issu+ /eam1 fright5$ ! horses4 ,not)/&+ ^! difficulties1 ! importance ( apply+ /eam z a locomotive p[] = pass5g] traffic became s app>5t1 t a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahca1 to consid] :e!r ! plan c\ld be adopt$ ) safety on common roads1 & :e!r x %\ld n be enc\rag$ by pass+ an ,act ( ,p>liam5t = regulat+ ! tolls *>geable on su* c>riages1 & = prev5t+ ! ob/ructions to :i* !y _h be5 expos$4 ,! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,committee 0 greatly 9 favor ( /eam c>riages1 & t5d$ to %[ t !re 0 no insup]able difficulty to ! g5]al adoption ( !m4 ,! ,committee accord+ly report$ z foll[s3-- ,suffici5t evid5ce has be5 adduc$ to conv9ce y\r ,committee-- #a/4 ,t c>riages c be propell$ by /eam on common roads at an av]age spe$ ( t5 miles an h\r4 #bnd4 ,t at t rate !y h convey$ upw>ds f\rte5 pass5g]s4 #crd4 ,t _! weight1 includ+ eng9es1 fuel1 wat]1 & att5dants1 may be "u ?ree tons4 #d?4 ,t !y c asc5d & desc5d hills ( consid]able elevation1 ) facility & safety4 #e?4 ,t !y are p]fectly safe = pass5g]s4 #f?4 ,t !y are n 7or ne$ n be1 if prop]ly con/ruct$7 nuisances to ! public4 #g?4 ,t !y w become a spe$i] & *eap] mode ( conveyance ?an c>riages drawn by horses4 #h?4 ,t z !y admit ( great] bread? ( tire ?an o!r c>riages1 & z ! roads are n act$ ^u s injuri\sly z by ! feet ( horses 9 common draught1 su* c>riages w cause less we> ( roads ?an coa*es drawn by horses4 #i?4 ,t rates ( toll h be5 impos$ on /eam c>riages :i* w\ld prohibit !m be+ us$ on sev]al l9es ( roads1 7 su* *>ges p]mitt$ to rema9 unalt]$4 ,9 defiance ( ?is fav\rable report1 exp]i5ce prov$ t !re 7 defects 9 t sy/em ( locomotion great] ?an its advocates 7 dispos$ to admit1 & t ! me*anism 0 frequ5tly brok5 or dis>rang$ by ! con/ant j>r+ caus$ by ! r\ghness ( ! road4 ,! al>m ( ! horses draw+ o!r c>riages 0 also calculat$ to produce fe>ful accid5ts4 ,s f>1 inde$1 z reg>d$ ! p[] ( locomotion1 ! /eam c>riages 7 successful4 ,! au?or 0 witness ( ?is success dur+ a %ort excursion 9 ,colonel ,mac]oni's c>riage1 :i* asc5d$ hills & ran ov] r\gh roads ) great ease1 & at a spe$ ( twelve miles an h\r4 ,! practical difficulties1 h[ev]1 7 s great1 t /eam c>riages h n be5 able to compete ) horse p[]2 = ! orig9al co/ ( ! boil] & eng9e1 ! necess>y repairs1 & ! exp5se ( fuel1 am\nt$ to m ?an ! co/ & keep ( horses4 ,! plan 0 practically tri$ = sev]al weeks1 9 #ahca1 by runn+ a /eam c>riage = hire f ,padd+ton to ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,! c>riage1 ( :i* ! annex$ diagram is an outl9e1 0 "o ( ^? con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,h&cock4 ,! eng9e 0 plac$ beh9d ! c>riage1 :i* 0 capable ( conta9+ sixte5 p]sons1 besides ! eng9e] & guide4 ,! latt] 0 seat$ 9 front1 & guid$ ! c>riage by means ( a h&le1 :i* turn$ ! =e :eels4 ,! c>riage 0 "u p]fect control1 & c\ld be turn$ )9 ! space ( f\r y>ds4 ,) ?is c>riage1 ,mr4 ,h&cock /at$ he accompli%$ "o mile up hill at ! rate ( sev5te5 miles an h\r4 ,! c>riage load$ v well at f>es :i* w\ld n[ be consid]$ exorbitant1 b ! frequ5t necessity = repairs r5d]$ ! ent]prise unsuccessful1 & ! /eam c>riage 0 tak5 (f ! road4 ,illu/ration ,! successful e/abli%m5t ( railways1 & ! great advantages aris+ f !m comp>$ ) ! ord9>y means ( conveyance1 /ill fur!r r$uc$ ! *ance ( e/abli%+ ,/eam ,locomotion on roads1 & ! plan is n[ 9 abeyance1 at lea/1 if x has n be5 ab&on$4 ,x is v possible1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! progress ( inv5tion1 modifications may be made 9 ! /eam eng9e1 to adapt x m successfully to ! purpose2 or m suitable motive p[]s may be discov]$1 t may br+ me*anical locomotion on roads aga9 into fav\r4 ,! successful application ( ,/eam ,locomotion on railways _c be dat$ m ?an ?irty ye>s ago2 yet 9 t %ort p]iod its progress has be5 s rapid1 t b few traces ( ! old mode ( travell+ by /age coa*es are n[ to be se54 ,"s locomotive /eam c>riages _h1 inde$1 be5 introduc$ on ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton coal railway1 by ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son1 9 #ahbe1 b _! results 7 n s satisfactory z to induce ! ext5sion ( ! plan to ! o!r railways t 7 !n laid d[n 9 ! coal di/ricts ( ,engl&4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ^? eng9es 7 v]tical1 & ea* ( ! f\r :eels act$ propulsively on ! rails by means ( an endless *a9 runn+ along cog-:eels fix$ on ! axles4 ,! utmo/ spe$ t c\ld be obta9$ by ?is means 0 eight miles an h\r2 & s little 7 ^! eng9es calculat$ to solve ! problem ( ! practicability ( /eam locomotive eng9es1 t :5 ! fir/ pass5g] railway 0 project$1 f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 x 0 propos$ to propel ! c>riages by ! traction ( ropes1 put 9 motion by /ation>y /eam eng9es4 ,! directors1 be=e f9ally det]m9+ on ! sy/em ( locomotion to be adopt$1 (f]$ a premium ( #ejj = ! be/ locomotive eng9e to run on t l9e4 ,! /ipulations propos$1 & ! conditions :i* ! requir$ eng9es 7 to fulfil1 may be reg>d$ z a curi\s exposition ( ! limit$ views !n tak5 ( ! capabilities ( ,/eam ,locomotion on railways4 ,! eng9e 0 to consume its own smoke2 to be capable ( draw+ ?ree times its own weight at #aj miles an h\r1 ) a pressure on ! boil] n exce$+ #ej p\nds on ! squ>e in*2 ! :ole to be prov$ to be> ?ree times its work+ pressure--a pressure guage to be provid$2 to h two safety-valves1 "o lock$ up2 ! eng9e & boil] to be support$ on spr+s1 & re/$ on six :eels1 if ! weight %\ld exce$ #d tons2 height to ! top ( ! *imney n to exce$ #ae feet2 weight1 includ+ wat] 9 boil]1 n to exce$ #f tons1 or less1 if possible2 ! co/ ( ! eng9e n to exce$ #eej4 ,an eng9e1 call$ ! ,rocket1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,boo? & ,/eph5son1 0 ! successful competitor = ! prize4 ,x s f> exce$$ ! requir$ conditions z to spe$1 t1 :5 unatta*$ to any c>riages1 x ran at ! rate ( #cj miles an h\r4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( its successful action 0 ! introduction ( a boil] p]=at$ l5g?wise by _m tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! heat$ air ( ! furnace pass$ to ! *imney1 & by ?is means a mu* l>g] evaporat+ surface 0 obta9$ ?an 9 ! boil]s previ\sly employ$1 ) a s+le flue pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,! tubes 7 ( copp]1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 "o end ( ea* communicat+ ) ! *imney1 & ! o!r ) ! furnace4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-five ( ^! tubes pass+ ?r\gh ! boil]1 & fix$ wat]-tight at ea* end4 ,! boil] 0 #c feet #d in*es 9 diamet]1 & #f feet long2 & x expos$ a heat+ surface ( #aag squ>e feet4 ,!re 7 two cyl9d]s1 plac$ 9 a diagonal position1 ) a /roke ( #af in*es1 & ea* work$ a :eel #d feet #h in*es diamet]1 ! pi/on-rod be+ atta*$ ext]nally to spokes ( ! driv+ :eels4 ,! draught ( ! *imney1 aid$ by ! escap+ /eam f ! cyl9d]s1 :i* 0 admitt$ into x1 s]v$ to keep ! fuel 9 active combu/ion4 ,! ,rocket weigh$ #da tons2 ! t5d]1 ) wat] & coke1 #c tons #d cwt42 & two load$ c>riages atta*$1 #i tons2 s t ! eng9e & tra9 toge!r weigh$ ab\t #ai tons4 ,! boil] evaporat$ #aad gallons ( wat] 9 ! h\r1 & consum$1 9 ! same "t1 #bag p\nds ( coke4 ,! av]age velocity ( ! tra9 0 #ad miles p] h\r4 ,! accompany+ woodcuts repres5t an elevation ( ! ,rocket1 & a section ( its boil]4 ,9 ^! figures1 a is ! fire-box or furnace1 surr\nd$ on all sides ) wat]1 ) ! exception ( ! side p]=at$ = ! reception ( ! tubes2 b is ! boil]2 d1 "o ( ! /eam cyl9d]s2 e1 ! *imney2 h & i1 safety-valves2 f1 "o ( ! connect+ rods = communicat+ motion to ! driv+ :eels4 ,illu/ration ,?ree o!r eng9es compet$ ) ! ,rocket1 two ( :i* _h atta9$ great spe$ on previ\s trials4 ,^! 7 ! ,novelty1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,brai?waite & ,ericsson1 :i* weigh$ only #b tons2 & ! ,sans ,p>eil1 manufactur$ by ,mr4 ,arkwor?1 :i* weigh$ #d tons4 ,on ! day ( trial1 ! #f? ( ,octob]1 #ahbi1 ^! two locomotive eng9es 7 disabl$ by ! bur/+ ( "s ( _! pipes1 & ?us ! field 0 left cle> to ! ,rocket1 = ! f\r? eng9e _h no *ance ( w9n+ ! prize4 ,! ,rocket1 inde$1 m ?an fulfill$ all ! conditions requir$ by ! directors ( ! railway1 :o !reupon decid$ on employ+ locomotive eng9es = ! traffic on ! l9e4 ,! ,rocket has =m$ ! model on :i* all subsequ5t locomotive eng9es h be5 con/ruct$2 =1 ?\gh num]\s alt]ations & improvem5ts h be5 made 9 details1 & ?\gh ! size ( ! eng9es has be5 greatly enl>g$1 ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction rema9s ess5tially ! same4 ,among ! improvem5ts t h be5 introduc$ by diff]5t inv5tors1 is an increase 9 ! numb] ( ! tubes 9 ! boil]1 s z to facilitate ! g5]ation ( /eam1 "s ( ! eng9es n[ made hav+ upw>ds ( #ajj tubes1 ?\gh ( small] diamet] ?an ^? ( ! ,rocket4 ,! boil]s h also be5 elongat$1 to enl>ge ! evaporat+ surface & economize fuel4 ,! cyl9d]s are plac$ horizontally1 & !y are g5]ally fix$ inside ! boil]1 to prev5t ! cool+ ( ! /eam4 ,! pi/on-rods are atta*$ to cranks on ! axle1 plac$ at "r angles to ea* o!r2 & ! eng9es are g5]ally m\nt$ on six :eels1 f\r ( :i* are driv+ :eels1 made ( l>g] size ?an ! two o!rs1 & !y are c\pl$ toge!r by connect+ arms4 ,! l>ge & p[]ful eng9es on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway h1 h[ev]1 only two driv+ :eels1 :i* are #h feet 9 diamet]4 ,^! eng9es weigh z mu* z #ca tons1 :i* is sev5 times m ?an ! weight ( ! ,rocket4 ,!y are capable ( tak+ a pass5g] tra9 ( #abj tons at an av]age spe$ ( #fj miles an h\r on easy gradi5ts2 & ! effective p[]1 z measur$ by a dynamomet]1 is /at$ to be equal to #gdc horses4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ ( "o ( ! rec5tly con/ruct$ eng9es on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway pres5ts a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 po9t ( size & g5]al arrangem5t to ! orig9al prototype1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x does n mat]ially diff] 9 ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction4 ,illu/ration ,! complete success ( ! ,rocket hav+ settl$ ! "q ( ! mode ( traction1 ! ,directors ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway made increas$ ef=ts to complete ! l9e1 & to op5 x = g5]al traffic4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahcj1 all 0 ready = ! op5+1 :i* x 0 det]m9$ %\ld take place ) a c]emony indicative ( ! importance ( ! great ev5t4 ,! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t cons5t$ to take "p 9 ! inauguration ( ! railway1 & ! utmo/ int]e/ 0 excit$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = ! success ( an und]tak+ t promis$ to be ! comm5cem5t ( a new era 9 travell+4 ,! #ae? ( ,septemb] 0 ! day appo9t$1 & !re 7 eight locomotive eng9es provid$ to propel ! same numb] ( tra9s ( c>riages1 :i* 7 to =m ! procession4 ,all along ! l9e !re 7 cr[ds ( p]sons collect$ to witness ! c]emony4 ,! tra9s />t$ f ! ,liv]pool end ( ! railway2 &1 z !y pass$ along1 !y 7 greet$ by ! *e]s ( ! a/oni%$ & delight$ spectators4 ,on arriv+ at ,p>kside1 sev5te5 miles f ,liv]pool1 ! eng9es /opp$ to take 9 fre% supplies ( fuel & wat]4 ,! pass5g]s alight$ & walk$ ^u ! l9e1 congratulat+ "o ano!r on ! delightful treat !y 7 enjoy+1 & on ! success ( ! great exp]im5t4 ,all he>ts 7 b\nd+ ) joy\s excitem5t1 :5 a disa/r\s ev5t occurr$1 :i* ?rew a deep gloom ov] ! sc5e4 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 & ,mr4 ,huskisson 7 among ^? :o 7 walk+ on ! railway1 :5 "o ( ! eng9es 0 recklessly put 9 action1 & propell$ along ! l9e4 ,!re 0 a g5]al ru% to ! c>riages1 & ,mr4 ,huskisson1 9 try+ to ent] 8 c>riage1 slipp$ backw>ds & fell ^u ! rails4 ,! :eels ( ! eng9e pass$ ov] 8 leg & ?igh1 & he 0 s sev]ely injur$1 t he expir$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,not)/&+ ?is lam5table occurr5ce1 ! j\rney 0 cont9u$ to ,man*e/]1 & ! c>riages return$ to ,liv]pool ! same ev5+4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ! regul> tra9s comm5c$ runn+1 & !y 7 cr[d$ ) pass5g]s1 no?+ daunt$ by ! fatal calamity on ! op5+ day4 ,! imm5se advantages ( ?is mode ( travell+ 7 at once app>5t1 & l9es ( railway 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry 7 quickly project$4 ,! railway f ,london to ,birm+ham 0 ! fir/ "o comm5c$ aft] ! completion ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] l9e1 & a connect+ l9k ) ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool 0 also begun by a sep>ate company4 ,! ,birm+ham ,railway 0 op5$ ?r\gh\t on ! #ag? ,septemb]1 #ahch4 ,railway ent]prise 0 n *eck$ by ! great co/ ( ! und]tak+s1 nor by ! miscalculations ( ! eng9e]s1 :o1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 frequ5tly greatly "u-e/imat$ ! exp5diture requisite = ! cutt+s1 embankm5ts & tunnels1 :i* 7 ?\ght necess>y to atta9 z p]fect a level z possible4 ,! orig9al e/imate = ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 #cjj1jjj1 b ! am\nt exp5d$ on ! works at ! "t ( op5+ 0 ne>ly #hjj1jjj4 ,! orig9al e/imate ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 includ+ ! pur*ase ( l&1 & ! locomotives & c>riages1 0 #b1ejj1jjj1 :il/ ! actual co/ am\nt$ to #e1fjj1jjj1 ! co/ ( ! works & /ations be+ ab\t #ch1jjj p] mile4 ,! ,gr& ,junction ,railway1 f ,birm+ham to ,liv]pool1 0 m economically con/ruct$1 because ! difficulties to be surm\nt$ 7 n s great1 & less att5tion 0 paid to ma9ta9 a level l9e4 ,x 0 e/imat$ to co/1 includ+ all *>ges1 #ac1cjj p] mile1 ?\gh ! actual co/ 0 #bc1bjj4 ,! plan adopt$ = lay+ d[n & fix+ ! rails on all ! railways 9 ,engl&1 ) ! exception ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 is ne>ly simil> to t on :i* ! orig9al coal-pit railways 7 con/ruct$4 ,pieces ( timb]1 call$ sleep]s1 are laid at %ort di/ances across ! road1 & on to ^! sleep]s are fix$ ca/ iron *airs1 into :i* ! rails are fa/5$ by w$ges1 ! sleep]s be+ aft]w>ds cov]$ ) gravel or o!r simil> mat]ial1 call$ balla/1 to make ! timb]s lie solidly1 & to keep ! road dry4 ,! railway sy/em ( ,great ,brita9 0 comm5c$ )\t suffici5t att5tion to ! det]m9ation ( ! be/ wid? ap>t ( ! rails4 ,9 =m+ ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 ! guage ( ! railways 9 ! colli]ies 0 adopt$1 & ! wid? betwe5 ! rails 0 made #d feet #h in*es4 ,! same wid? ( rails 0 adopt$ on ! ,london & ,birm+ham & ,gr& ,junction ,railways2 & z uni=mity ( guage 0 ess5tial to enable ! eng9es & c>riages on "o l9e to travel on ano!r1 ! o!r railways connect$ ) ! gr& trunk l9e 7 made ( ! same wid? ( guage4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 dep>t$ f t uni=mity1 & laid d[n ! rails #g feet ap>t4 ,! increas$ wid? ( guage possesses _m advantages1 ( :i* great] /ead9ess ( motion & great] atta9able spe$1 )\t risk1 are ! mo/ important2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! additional space incurs a great] exp5se 9 lay+ out ! l9e4 ,z bran*es f ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway spread into ! di/ricts :]e ! n>r[ guage railways _h be5 laid d[n1 mu* inconv5i5ce has aris5 f ! break ( guage1 z x occasions ! necessity = a *ange ( c>riages4 ,on "s railways1 to avoid ?is inconv5i5ce1 n>r[ & broad guage rails h be5 laid d[n on ! same l9e4 ,if ! railway sy/em ( ,great ,brita9 7 to be recomm5c$1 aft] ! exp]i5ce t has n[ be5 acquir$1 ! m$ium guage w\ld mo/ probably be adopt$2 & 9 comm5c+ to lay d[n railways 9 ,irel&1 ! ,iri% ,railway ,commission]s recomm5d$ #f feet #b in*es z ! mo/ desirable wid?1 & t /&>d has be5 advantage\sly adopt$ 9 ! si/] c\ntry4 ,travell+ exp]i5ce tells greatly 9 fav\r ( ! broad gauge4 ,!re is no railway out ( ,london :]eon ! c>riages run s smoo?ly1 & on :i* ! pass5g]s are s conv5i5tly accommodat$1 z on ! ,great ,we/]n4 ,! spe$ atta9$ on t railway also surpasses t on any o!r4 ,! express tra9 runs f ,london to ,bri/ol1 a di/ance ( #abj miles1 9 less ?an ?ree h\rs4 ,! au?or accompani$ an exp]im5tal tra91 :5 "o ( ! l>ge eng9es 0 fir/ put ^u ! l9e1 & dur+ "s portion ( ! j\rney a rate ( #gj miles an h\r 0 accompli%$ )\t any inconv5i5t oscillation4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 ) reg>d to ! action ( locomotive eng9es1 t z ! pi/on-rods are atta*$ directly to cranks on ! axle1 ea* pi/on makes a d\ble /roke = e revolution ( ! driv+ :eels2 consequ5tly1 :5 ! eng9e is runn+ at great spe$1 ! movem5t ( ! pi/on is s rapid1 t !re is nei!r "t = ! free emission ( ! wa/e /eam1 nor = ! full action ( ! high-pressure /eam admitt$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a great wa/e ( p[] occasion$ by ! admitt$ /eam hav+ to act aga9/ ! /eam t is escap+2 & an eng9e1 calculat$ to h ! p[] ( #gjj horses1 w n ex]t a tractive =ce ne>ly equal to t am\nt4 ,) a driv+ :eel #f feet 9 diamet]1 a locomotive eng9e w be propell$ #ah feet by ea* d\ble /roke ( ! pi/on1 if !re be no slipp+ on ! rails2 consequ5tly1 9 ! space ( a mile1 ! pi/on mu/ make #cjj d\ble /rokes4 ,:5 runn+1 !re=e1 at ! spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 ! pi/on makes #aej d\ble /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! success ( ! great exp]im5tal railway f ,man*e/] to ,liv]pool n only /imulat$ simil> works 9 ?is c\ntry1 und]tak5 by private ent]prise2 b ! ,cont95tal ,gov]nm5ts quickly p]ceiv$ ! importance ( t means ( communication1 & comm5c$ ! =mation ( railways at ! national co/1 & plac$ !m "u gov]nm5tal control4 ,belgium 0 peculi>ly adapt$1 by ! g5]al level /ate ( ! c\ntry1 = ! =mation ( railways2 & long be=e any connect$ sy/em 0 complet$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! *em9s de f] =m$ a complete net-"w 9 t k+dom1 & ! sy/em ( conduct+ ! traffic 0 br\ght to a mu* high] /ate ( p]fection ?an 0 atta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! rate ( travell+1 h[ev]1 0 sl[]4 ,x is a "q t has be5 (t5 moot$1 :e!r x is bett] to all[ ! sy/em ( communication ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to be conduct$ by indep5d5t companies ( ent]pris+ individuals1 or to place x entirely "u ! control ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! want ( sy/em manife/$ 9 ! =mation ( ! railways 9 ,engl& has prov$ a s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 & has occasion$ wa/eful exp5diture1 besides hav+ l$ to a fe>ful de/ruction ( life1 ow+ to ! want ( c>eful att5tion to ! means ( safety1 & to ill-judg$ p>simony 9 ! managem5t ( ! traffic4 ,!re c be no d\bt t if ! ,gov]nm5t _h und]tak5 ! "w zeal\sly1 & ) ! view ( e/abli%+ a complete sy/em ( railway communication1 _m ( ! inconv5i5ces n[ exp]i5c$ might h be5 avoid$1 & ! railways might h be5 laid d[n & work$ at consid]ably less co/1 & ) a l>ge addition to ! national rev5ue4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 s /rong a dis9cl9ation 9 ?is c\ntry to ! c5tralization ( ,gov]nm5t p[]1 & to ! ext5sion ( ,gov]nm5t influ5ce1 t ! p g5]ally _h r submit to consid]able inconv5i5ce & exp5se1 ?an tol]ate ! sy/em ( railway managem5t :i* has be5 adopt$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,! necessity ( int]f]5ce1 to protect ! int]e/s ( ! public1 has nev]!less compell$ ! ,gov]nm5t1 ?\gh late1 to adopt measures = controll+ ! managem5t ( ! railway companies1 & /r+5t regulations are n[ impos$ ) a view to prev5t unnecess>y dang] to railway pass5g]s4 ,! railway sy/em ( ,great ,brita91 ?\gh e/abli%$ entirely by private ent]prise1 repres5ts an am\nt ( capital equal to "o-?ird ( ! national debt1 & ne>ly #ajj1jjj individuals are directly employ$ 9 conduct+ ! traffic on ! v>i\s railways 9 ?is k+dom4 ,an idea ( ! va/ness ( ^! und]tak+s1 & ! important int]e/s involv$ 9 !m1 may be =m$ f ! foll[+ facts1 /at$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s3-- ,! railways ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 complet$ at ! beg9n+ ( #ahef1 ext5d$ #h1jed miles1 & m ?an en\gh ( s+le rails 7 laid to make a belt r\nd ! globe4 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ ^! railways _h be5 #bhf1jjj1jjj4 ,! work+ /ock compris$ #e1jjj locomotive eng9es & #aej1jjj c>riages & trucks2 & ! coal consum$ annually by ! eng9es am\nt$ to #b1jjj1jjj tons1 s t 9 e m9ute #d tons ( coal fla%$ into /eam #bj tons ( wat]4 ,9 #ahed !re 7 #aaa millions ( pass5g]s convey$ on railways1 ea* pass5g] travell+ an av]age ( #ab miles4 ,! receipts dur+ #ahed am\nt$ to #bj1bae1jjj2 & !re 0 no in/ance on record 9 :i* ! receipts ( a railway _h n be5 ( cont9u\s gr[?1 ev5 :]e portions ( ! traffic _h be5 ab/ract$ by new l9es4 ,! we> & te> ( ! railways 01 at ! same "t1 enorm\s4 ,= in/ance1 #bj1jjj tons ( iron rails requir$ to be annually replac$1 & #bf millions ( wood5 sleep]s p]i%$ 9 ! same "t4 ,to supply ?is numb] ( sleep]s1 #cjj1jjj trees 7 fell$1 ! gr[? ( :i* w\ld require little less ?an #e1jjj acres ( =e/ l&4 ,! co/ ( runn+ 0 ab\t fifte5 p5ce p] mile1 & an av]age tra9 w c>ry #bjj pass5g]s4 ,)\t railways1 ! p5ny po/ c\ld n h be5 e/abli%$1 because ! old mail coa*es w\ld h be5 unable to c>ry ! mass ( lett]s & newspap]s t are n[ transmitt$4 ,e ,friday night1 :5 ! weekly pap]s are publi%$1 eight or t5 c>ts are requir$ = ,po/ ,(fice bags on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway alone1 & w\ld h5ce require #ad or #ae mail coa*es4 ,adv]t+ to o!r advantages d]iv$ f railway locomotion1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son notic$ ! comp>ative safety ( t mode ( travell+4 ,railway accid5ts occurr$ to pass5g]s 9 ! fir/ half ( #ahed 9 ! proportion ( only "o accid5t to e #g1aid1cdc travell]s4 ,z reg>ds ! sav+ ( "t1 he e/imat$ t on e j\rney1 av]ag+ #ab miles 9 l5g?1 an h\r 0 sav$ to #aaa millions ( pass5g]s p] annum1 :i* 0 equal to #ch1jjj ye>s1 reckon+ eight work+ h\rs p] day2 & all[+ ea* man an av]age ( #cs4 a day = 8 "w1 ! sav+ ( "t might be valu$ at #b1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,!re 7 #ij1jjj p]sons employ$ directly1 & #dj1jjj collat]ally1 on railways2 & #acj1jjj m51 ) _! families1 repres5t #ejj1jjj s t #a 9 #ej ( ! entire population ( ! k+dom might be said to be dep5d5t = _! subsi/5ce on railways4 ,e ye> adds to ! ext5t ( ! railway sy/em1 & to ! increase ( ! traffic1 s t consid]able addition %\ld be made to ! am\nts /at$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5son to repres5t ! /ate ( railway ent]prise & railway traffic at ! pres5t day4 ,! traffic returns = ! week end+ ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #aheh1 am\nt$ to #ejb1gbj2 & ! gross receipts ( ! railways 9 #aheg 7 #bd1agd1faj4 ,! railways n[ op5 = traffic 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& ext5d$ to upw>ds ( #i1jjj miles1 & ! l9es report$ to be 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction am\nt to "o-n9? ! l5g? ( ^? complet$4 ,9 e/imat+ ! importance & advantage ( railway travell+1 !re mu/ n be omitt$ its *eapness & com=t1 comp>$ ) travell+ by /age coa*4 ,!re are "s p]sons1 inde$1 :o look back ) regret to ! old coa*+ days2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t railways h tak5 away ne>ly all ! romance ( travell+1 & mu* ( ! exhil>at+ pleasure t 0 exp]i5c$ :5 pass+ ?r\gh a beautiful c\ntry on ! top ( a well-hors$ coa* 9 f9e wea!r4 ,! _m incid5ts & adv5tures t gave v>iety to ! j\rney 7 pleasant en\gh = a %ort di/ance2 b two days & a night on ! top ( a coa*1 expos$ to cold & ra91 or cramp$ up inside1 ) no room to /ir ! body or ! legs1 0 accompani$ ) an am\nt ( suff]+ :i* ^? :o h exp]i5c$ x w\ld will+ly ex*ange = a seat1 ev5 9 a ?ird-class railway c>riage4 ,9 a national & 9 a social po9t ( view1 also1 railways h produc$ important improvem5ts4 ,!y t5d to equalize ! value ( l& ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 by br++ di/ant s\rces ( supply ne>] ! po9ts ( consumption2 !y h giv5 extraord9>y /imulus to manufactur+ indu/ry2 & by connect+ all p>ts ( ! c\ntry m closely toge!r1 railway communication has conc5trat$ ! en]gies ( ! p1 & has ?us add$ mat]ially to _! weal?1 _! com=ts1 & to social int]c\rse4 ,nor mu/ we1 9 notic+ ! gr& inv5tion ( locomotion on railways1 omit to m5tion "s ( ! _m subsidi>y works :i* h be5 creat$ dur+ its progress t[>ds p]fection1 & :i* h contribut$ to its success4 ,tunnels1 ( a size nev] be=e contemplat$1 h p5etrat$ = miles ?r\gh h>d rocks1 or ?r\gh %ift+ clays & s&s2 embankm5ts & viaducts h be5 rais$ & erect$1 on a scale ( magnitude t surpasses any =m] simil> works2 bridges ( v>i\s novel k9ds1 inv5t$ & con/ruct$ = ! special occasions1 c>ry ! railways ov] /raits ( ! sea1 ?r\gh gigantic tubes2 across riv]s1 susp5d$ f rods support$ by +5i\sly devis$ pi]s & gird]s2 & ov] slant+ roads1 on iron beams or on brick ar*es built askew4 ,z to ! locomotive eng9es1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction rema9s ! same1 ! num]\s pat5ts t h be5 obta9$ atte/ t inv5tion has be5 active 9 introduc+ v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! details ( con/ruction1 to facilitate _! work+1 & to increase _! p[]4 ,! v>i\s plans t h be5 contriv$ = improv+ ! /ructure ( ! :eels & axles1 = ! application ( breaks1 = dead5+ ! effect ( collisions1 = mak+ signals1 = ! =ms ( ! rails1 & = ! modes ( fa/5+ !m to ! road1 are f> too _m to be enum]at$4 ,9 addition to ! innum]able contrivances t h be5 inv5t$ = ! improvem5t ( ! work+ ( ord9>y railways1 sev]al di/9ct sy/ems ( railway locomotion h be5 introduc$ to public notice1 "s ( :i* seem$ v feasible1 ?\gh !y h ne>ly all gradually disappe>$4 ,( ^!1 ! ,atmosph]ic railway 0 ! mo/ promis+1 & = a "t x bid fair to sup]s$e ! use ( locomotive eng9es4 ,! propulsion ( ! c>riages1 by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e act+ on an atta*$ pi/on work+ 9 a vacuum tube1 possess$ _m !oretical advantages1 & if x c\ld be appli$ economically1 railway travell+ w\ld become m pleasant & m free f dang] ?an x is4 ,on sev]al l9es ( railway ! atmosph]ic plan 0 put into op]ation1 b ow+ to ! exp5se ( work+1 x 0 gradually ab&on$4 ,! %ort l9e f ,k+/on to ,dalky1 9 ,irel&1 up a /eep incl9e1 0 fav\rable to ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic railway1 & !re x cont9u$ to l+] = "s "t aft] x _h be5 ab&on$ else:]e4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! atmosph]ic railway %\ld h fail$ 9 economical work+1 = x possess$ great] advantages = g5]al traffic ?an ! ord9>y locomotive railway tra9s2 & x is probable t if ! same am\nt ( inv5tive p[] & indu/ry1 :i* h be5 be/[$ 9 improv+ locomotive eng9es1 _h be5 direct$ to ov]come ! difficulties ( atmosph]ic traction1 x might h prov$ economically successful4 ,! facility ( travell+ by railway has excit$ a _s ( locomotion be=e undream$ (4 ,in/ead ( ! dim9i%$ dem& = horses :i* 0 appreh5d$ :5 railways displac$ /age coa*es1 public conveyances h increas$ a hundr$fold4 ,we c n[ sc>cely conceive ! "t :5 !re 0 n an omnibus 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 yet1 sc>cely m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 !y 7 unkn[n1 & travell+ by /age c>riages f "o "p ( ! t[n to ano!r 0 prohibit$ by law6 ,on _! fir/ introduction1 omnibuses 7 consid]$ absurdities1 & 7 ridicul$ z pa9t$ he>ses4 ,! pres5t omnibus traffic 9 ,london alone am\nts to ne>ly #bj1jjj p] week4 ,,! ,,air ,,eng9e4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to sup]s$e /eam z a motive p[]1 ) ! view to avoid ! loss ( heat by its absorption 9 ! /eam 9 a lat5t /ate4 ,m]cury vap\r & _s vap\r h be5 tri$1 9 ! expectation t z !y possess mu* less capacity = heat1 an equal pressure might be obta9$1 ) a dim9i%$ loss ( heat+ p[]4 ,sev]al gase\s ag5ts h be5 appli$ to ! same purpose1 ( :i* c>bonic acid gas seem$ to pres5t ! be/ prospect ( success1 because x becomes exp&$ ) a comp>atively small increase ( temp]ature4 ,none ( ^! attempts to produce a motive p[] sup]ior to /eam h yet prov$ successful4 ,!y h all1 aft] a %ort season ( promise1 dropp$ out ( notice2 & ! only "o t is /ill 9 ! field1 /ruggl+ = sup]iority1 is ! air eng9e4 ,! fir/ kn[n air eng9e 0 inv5t$ by ,sir ,george ,cayley1 9 #ahjc4 ,9 8 eng9e ! air 0 heat$ by pass+ directly ?r\gh ! hot coals ( ! furnace1 :i* "s eng9e]s yet consid] to be ! be/ mode ( expansion2 b its op]ation did n answ] expectations4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,/irl+1 ( ,dundee1 aft]w>ds improv$ on ,sir ,george ,cayley's plan1 & introduc$ a me?od ( rega9+ ! heat f ! exp&$ air1 aft] x _h done its "w 9 ! cyl9d]1 & ( apply+ x to exp& ! air aga94 ,eng9es on ?is con/ruction h be5 = "s ye>s work+ 9 ,scotl&1 & 9 #ahej ,mr4 ,/irl+ took out a pat5t = an improvem5t 9 ! arrangem5t1 :i* is /at$ to h be5 v successful4 ,?\gh ,sir ,george ,cayley & ,mr4 ,/irl+ 7 ! fir/ 9 ! field z inv5tors ( air eng9es1 ! "n ( ,mr4 ,ericsson1 an ,am]ican1 is m closely associat$ ) ! inv5tion1 z he has = _m ye>s be5 conduct+ exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale1 & has tri$ 8 caloric eng9e on l&1 & on a %ip ( l>ge bur!n1 built = ! purpose4 ,! pr9ciple & ! work+ ( ,mr4 ,ericsson's caloric eng9e is ne>ly ! same z ,mr4 ,/irl+'s2 b z x has be5 br\ght mo/ prom95tly into notice1 we %all direct att5tion m p>ticul>ly to its con/ruction & p]=mances4 ,mr4 ,ericsson obta9$ a pat5t = 8 caloric eng9e 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahcc1 & a subsequ5t pat5t = improvem5ts on x 0 tak5 out 9 #ahea4 ,dur+ ^? ye>s1 & to a late p]iod1 he 0 indefatigably work+ out ! pr9ciple1 & num]\s highly fav\rable reports h f "t to "t be5 made ( ! results ( ! exp]im5ts2 b ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! air eng9e rema9 nev]!less v que/ionable4 ,! object attempt$ to be ga9$ is to make ! same heat+ p[] d its "w aga9 & aga94 ,atmosph]ic air1 aft] be+ exp&$ by pass+ ov] an ext5sive hot surface1 ex]ts ! =ce ?us acquir$ to raise ! pi/on ( a l>ge cyl9d]1 & x is !n attempt$ to ab/ract ! heat z ! air issues out1 & to apply x to ! expansion ( a fur!r quantity4 ,! practicability ( ?is plan has und]gone mu* discussion2 its fri5ds & foes be+ equally confid5t 9 _! op9ions4 ,! =m] pron\nce x to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable inv5tions ( ! age1 be+ calculat$ to economize heat1 & to give greatly additional impulse to navigation2 :il/ its oppon5ts decl>e t ! calculations are errone\s1 ! exp]im5ts fallaci\s1 & t ! exp&$ air consumes m heat+ p[] ?an /eam4 ,9 "o ( ! fav\rable notices ( ,mr4 ,ericsson's eng9e 9 an ,am]ican publication1 x is ?us describ$3--,two caloric eng9es h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ,new ,york1 "o ( #e-;horse p[]1 ! o!r ( #fj4 ,! latt] has f\r cyl9d]s2 two ( #f feet diamet]1 plac$ side by side1 surm\nt$ by two ( mu* small] size4 ,)9 are pi/ons1 s connect$ t ^? 9 ! l[] & upp] cyl9d]s move toge!r4 ,a fire is plac$ "u ! bottom ( ! l>ge cyl9d]s1 call$ ! work+ cyl9d]s2 ^? above are call$ ! supply cyl9d]s4 ,z ! pi/on 9 ! supply cyl9d] moves d[n1 valves at ! top admit ! air4 ,z !y rise1 ^? valves close1 & ! air passes into a receiv] & reg5]ator1 :]e x is heat$ to ab\t #dej1 & ent]+ ! next work+ cyl9d]1 x is fur!r heat$ by a fire und]nea? to #dhe4 ,! air is ?us exp&$ to d\ble its volume2 & suppos+ ! supply cyl9d] to be half ! size ( ! o!r1 ! air1 :5 exp&$1 w completely fill ! l>g] cyl9d]4 ,z ! area ( ! pi/on ( ! small] cyl9d] w be only half t ( ! l>g]1 & z ! air w be ( ! same pressure 9 bo?1 ! total pressure on ! pi/on ( ! l>ge cyl9d] w be d\ble t on ! small "o4 ,?is surplus furni%es ! work+ p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,aft] ! air 9 ! work+ cyl9d] has =c$ up ! pi/on )9 x1 a valve op5s2 & z ! air passes out1 ! pi/on desc5ds by gravity1 & cold air ru%es 91 & fills ! supply cyl9d]4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! reg5]ator4 ,x is compos$ ( wire net1 plac$ toge!r to a ?ickness ( ab\t #ab in*es4 ,! side ( ! reg5]ator1 ne> ! work+ cyl9d]1 is heat$ to a high temp]ature4 ,! air passes ?r\gh x be=e ent]+ ! work+ cyl9d]1 & becomes heat$ to #dej4 ,! additional heat ( #cj is communicat$ by ! fire und]nea? to ! l>ge cyl9d]4 ,! exp&$ air =ces ! cyl9d] upw>ds1 valves op51 & x passes f ! cyl9d]1 & aga9 ent]s ! reg5]ator4 ,"o side ( ! reg5]ator is kept cool by ! air on its ent]+ 9 ! opposite direction at ea* /roke ( ! pi/on2 consequ5tly1 z ! air ( ! work+ cyl9d] passes out1 ! wires ab/ract its heat s effectually1 t :5 x leaves ! reg5]ator1 x has be5 robb$ ( all except ab\t #cj4 ,9 o!r words1 z ! air passes into ! work+ cyl9d]1 x gradually receives f ! reg5]ator ab\t #dej ( heat2 & z x passes out1 ?is is return$ to ! wires1 & x is ?us us$ ov] & ov] aga92 ! only purpose ( ! fires b5ea? ! cyl9d]s be+ to supply ! #cj ( heat :i* are lo/ by radiation & expansion4 ,! reg5]ator 9 ! #fj-;horse eng9e measures #bf in*es 9 height & wid?4 ,ea* disc ( wire compos+ x conta9s #fgf sup]ficial squ>e in*es1 & ! net has #aj me%es to ! in*4 ,ea* sup]ficial in*1 !re=e1 conta9s #ajj me%es1 & !re are #fg1fjj 9 ea* disc2 & z #bjj discs are employ$1 ! reg5]ator conta9s #ac1ebj1jjj me%es1 ) an equal numb] ( small spaces betwe5 ! discs z !re are me%es2 !re=e1 ! air is di/ribut$ into #bg1jjj1jjj ( m9ute cells4 ,! wire 9 ea* disc is #a1adj feet long2 & ! total l5g? ( wire 9 ! reg5]ator is #da miles1 or equal to ! surface ( f\r /eam boil]s1 ea* #dj feet long & #d feet diamet]4 ,! acc\nts receiv$ f ,am]ica ( ! great success t _h att5d$ ! work+ ( ,mr4 ,ericsson's air eng9e1 on ! %ip ,ericsson1 attract$ mu* att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry1 & =m$ ! subject ( two ev5+s' discussion 9 ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,! mo/ preval5t op9ion 01 t x is impossible to rega9 ! heat+ p[] )\t correspond+ loss ( me*anical =ce or ! addition ( heat1 & t !re mu/ h be5 "s fallacy 9 ! reports ( ! "w done & ( ! quantity ( fuel consum$4 ,x is1 inde$1 evid5t t no?+ approa*+ ! am\nt ( heat said to h be5 recov]$ c\ld be rega9$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! reg5]ator2 = z ! app>atus becomes heat$ by ! fir/ portions ( air pass+ ?r\gh x1 ! temp]ature ( ! quantity t aft]w>ds pass$ mu/ at lea/ be equal to t ( ! heat$ wires1 & ! la/ portions ( air w\ld consequ5tly sc>cely "p ) any caloric to ! reg5]ator1 previ\sly heat$ to ne>ly its own temp]ature4 ,exp]i5ce has s9ce prov$ t ! notion ( rega9+ ! heat by ! reg5]ator 0 fallaci\s1 = 9 ! la/ improvem5ts 9 ,mr4 ,ericsson's eng9e1 x is /at$ t ! reg5]ator has be5 ab&on$1 & ! plan has be5 adopt$ ( cool+ ! air z x issues f ! l>ge cyl9d]1 by pass+ x ?r\gh tubes surr\nd$ by cold wat]1 & !n us+ ! same air ov] aga94 ,"o great practical inconv5i5ce 9 ! use ( ! air eng9e 0 ! necessity ( hav+ enorm\sly l>ge cyl9d]s to atta9 ! requir$ p[]1 ) ! l[ am\nt ( pressure t c be procur$ by ! expansion ( ! air4 ,! consequ5t friction increas$ ! loss ( p[]1 & ! difficulty ( lubricat+ ! pi/ons add$ to ! practical objections to ! air eng9e4 ,to ov]come ^! objections1 ! air 9 ,mr4 ,/irl+'s eng9e is compress$ be=e x is heat$1 by :i* means an equal am\nt ( pressure is obta9$ on a small] pi/on4 ,! air eng9e w\ld 9 _m respects possess advantages ov] ! /eam eng9e1 if x c\ld be work$ economically4 ,! space occupi$ by ! boil]s w\ld be sav$1 & ! dang] ( explosions w\ld be avoid$2 = hot air does n scald1 & ! quantity at any "t exp&$ w\ld be too small to d mu* injury4 ,a pat5t has s9ce be5 obta9$ by ,messrs4 ,napi] & ,rank9e1 = improvem5ts 9 ! air eng9e1 :i* !y anticipat$ w\ld remove ! objections t h be5 rais$ to ! eng9es ( ,/irl+ & ,ericsson4 ,! heat+ surface has be5 greatly increas$ by employ+ tubes2 & o!r defects 9 ! =m] eng9es1 to :i* _! want ( complete success is attribut$1 h be5 rem$i$1 s t ,mr4 ,rank9e1 9 8 description ( ! improvem5ts at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,liv]pool1 confid5tly anticipat$ to effect a great sav+ ( heat+ p[]1 comb9$ ) ! o!r advantages ( ! air eng9e4 ,he e/imat$ ! consumption ( fuel by a !oretically p]fect air eng9e on ,mr4 ,/irl+'s pr9ciple at #jcg lbs4 p] horse p[] p] h\r2 :il/ a !oretically p]fect /eam eng9e w\ld consume #ahf lbs4 ,! actual av]age consumption ( a /eam eng9e is1 h[ev]1 #d lbs4 ( fuel p] horse p[] p] h\r1 & ! actual consumption ( ,/irl+'s eng9e is /at$ by ,mr4 ,rank9e to h be5 #bbj lbs1 & t ( ,ericsson's #bhj lbs4 ,x appe>s f ?is /atem5t1 !re=e1 t ! air eng9es ( ,messrs4 ,/irl+ & ,ericsson are sup]ior 9 po9t ( economy ( fuel to /eam eng9es2 & if ,mr4 ,rank9e's anticipations ( ! sup]iority ( 8 air eng9e be realiz$1 x w effect /ill great] economy4 ,9 ,messrs4 ,napi] & ,rank9e's eng9e1 ! air is compress$ be=e expansion1 s t ! size ( ! cyl9d]s may be r$uc$ to ev5 small] dim5sions ?an ! cyl9d]s ( /eam eng9es ( equal p[]4 ,,photography4 ,! p[] we n[ possess ( fix+ ! transi5t impression ( ! rays ( light1 & ( reta9+ ! beautiful images ( ! cam]a obscura1 is p]haps ! mo/ a/oni%+ ( ! pres5t age ( wond]s4 ,effects simil> to ^? ( ! electric telegraph1 ( /eam navigation1 ( dissolv+ views1 & ( o!r wondr\s realizations ( inv5tive g5ius1 _h be5 anticipat$ 9 gr[+ tales ( ,ea/]n romance c5turies ago2 b ! mo/ fanciful imag9ation _h n conceiv$ ! possibility ( mak+ ,nature h] own arti/1 & ( produc+1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 a p]man5t repres5tation ( all ! objects compreh5d$ )9 ! range ( vision4 ,su* an idea c\ld sc>cely h occurr$ until aft] ! inv5tion ( ! cam]a obscura2 b :5 look+ at ! beautiful pictures focus$ on ! scre5 ( t in/rum5t1 x became an object ( long+ desire to fix !m !re4 ,to trace ! hi/ory ( ,photography f its e>lie/ beg9n+s1 we mu/ g back to ! days ( ! al*emi/s1 :o 7 ! discov]]s ( ! influ5ce ( light 9 d>k5+ ! salts ( silv]1 on :i* all photographic processes on pap] dep5d4 ,t prop]ty ( light 0 notic$ 9 #aeff1 & x induc$ ! speculative philosoph]s ( t day to conceive t lum9\s rays conta9$ a sulphur\s pr9ciple :i* transmitt$ ! =ms ( matt]4 ,homb]g1 m ?an a c5tury aft]w>ds1 misl$ by ?is action ( ! sun's rays1 suppos$ t !y ins9uat$ !mselves into ! p>ticles ( bodies1 & increas$ _! weight2 & ,sir ,isaac ,newton also ent]ta9$ a simil> op9ion4 ,! influ5ce ( ! sol> rays 9 facilitat+ ! cry/allization ( saltpetre & sal ammoniac1 0 %[n by ,petit 9 #agbb2 & 9 #aggg1 ! di/+ui%$ *emi/ ,s*eele discov]$ t ! violet rays ( ! spectrum possess great] p[] 9 produc+ ^? *anges ?an any o!r4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 !n call$ ! acid ( silv]1 0 kn[n to be peculi>ly susceptible to ! action ( ^? rays4 ,! exp]im5t by :i* x 0 illu/rat$ consi/$ 9 p\r+ ! solution on *alk1 :i* became black5$ by exposure to light4 ,^! discov]ies 7 made by ,s*eele 9 8 endeav\rs to f9d 9 light ! s\rce ( phlogi/on--t ignis fatuus ( ! *emi/s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,we ?us p]ceive1 9 ! fir/ /eps t[>ds ! inv5tion ( ,photography1 "o ( ! _m in/ances ( ! discov]y ( tru? 9 ! se>* aft] error4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,mr4 ,w$gwood1 ! celebrat$ porcela9 manufactur]1 und]took a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to fix ! images ( ! cam]a1 assi/$ by ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,humphry7 ,davy4 ,!y s f> succe$$ z to impress ! images on ! scre51 b un=tunately !y _h n ! p[] ( pres]v+ ! pap] f be+ black5$ all ov] :5 expos$ = a %ort "t to ! light4 ,no?+1 said ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 8 acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts1 b a me?od ( prev5t+ ! un%ad$ p>ts ( ! del9eation f be+ col\r$ by exposure to light is want+ to r5d] ?is process z useful z x is elegant4 ,x 0 9 ,june1 #ahjb1 t ,mr4 ,t4 ,w$gwood publi%$ an acc\nt ( a me?od ( copy+ pa9t+s on glass1 & ( mak+ pr(iles by ! ag5cy ( light2 ) obs]vations by ,h4 ,davy4 ,mr4 ,w$gwood made use ( :ite pap] or :ite lea!r1 moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! process1 contribut$ to ! ,j\rnals ( ! ,royal ,in/itution by ,davy1 w be read ) int]e/1 z %[+ h[ closely ^! exp]im5ts approximat$ to ! photog5ic process1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,talbot ?irty-six ye>s aft]w>ds3-- ,:ite pap] or :ite lea!r moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv] und]goes no *ange 9 a d>k place2 b on be+ expos$ to daylight1 x spe$ily *anges col\r1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t %ades ( grey & br[n1 becomes at l5g? ne>ly black2 ! alt]ations ( col\r take place m spe$ily 9 proportion z ! light is m int5se4 ,9 ! direct rays ( ! sun1 two or ?ree m9utes are suffici5t to produce ! full effect4 ,9 ! %ade1 sev]al h\rs are requir$2 & light transmitt$ ?r\gh diff]5t col\r$ glasses acts on x ) diff]5t degrees ( int5sity4 ,?us x is f\nd t r$ rays1 or ! common sunbeams pass$ ?r\gh r$ glass1 h v little action on x4 ,yell[ or gre5 are m efficaci\s2 b blue & violet light produce ! mo/ decid$ & p[]ful effects4 ,:5 ! %ad[ ( any figure is ?r[n on ! prep>$ surfac$1 ! "p conceal$ by x rema9s :ite1 & ! o!r p>ts spe$ily become d>k4 ,= copy+ pa9t+s on glass1 ! solution %\ld be appli$ on lea!r1 & 9 ?is case x is m readily act$ on ?an :5 pap] is us$4 ,:5 ! col\r has be5 once fix$ on lea!r or pap]1 x _c be remov$ by ! application ( wat]1 or wat] & soap1 & x is 9 a high degree p]man5t4 ,! copy ( a pa9t+ or a pr(ile1 imm$iately aft] be+ tak51 mu/ be kept 9 a d>k place4 ,x may1 inde$1 be exam9$ 9 ! %ade1 b 9 ?is case ! exposure %\ld only be = a few m9utes2 by ! light ( c&les or lamps1 x is n s5sibly affect$4 ,no attempts t h be5 made to prev5t ! uncol\r$ p>ts ( ! copy or pr(ile f be+ act$ ^u by light1 h z yet be5 successful4 ,!y h be5 cov]$ ) a coat+ ( f9e v>ni%1 b ?is has n de/roy$ _! susceptibility ( becom+ col\r$2 & ev5 aft] repeat$ wa%+s1 suffici5t ( ! active "p ( ! sal9e matt] w /ill adh]e to ! :ite p>ts ( ! lea!r or pap]1 to cause !m to become d>k :5 expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! woody fibres ( leaves1 & ! w+s ( insects1 may be pretty accurately copi$2 & 9 ?is case x is only necess>y to cause ! direct sol> light to pass ?r\gh !m1 & to receive ! %ad[s on prep>$ lea!r4 ,images =m$ by means ( ! cam]a obscura h be5 f\nd too fa9t to produce1 9 any mod]ate "t1 an effect on nitrate ( silv]4 ,to copy ^? images 0 ! fir/ object ( ,mr4 ,w$gwood 9 8 rese>*es on ?is subject1 & = ?is purpose he fir/ us$ ! nitrate ( silv]1 :i* 0 m5tion$ to him by a fri5d z a sub/ance v s5sible to ! influ5ce ( light2 b all 8 num]\s exp]im5ts1 z to _! prim>y end1 prov$ unsuccessful4 ,x w be se51 f ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! results ( _! exp]im5ts1 t ,mr4 ,w$gwood's process & ! e>ly processes ( ,mr4 ,talbot 7 ne>ly alike2 & if he _h possess$ ! means :i* ! comp\nd salt hyposulphite ( soda af=d$ to subsequ5t photograph]s1 ( de/roy+ ! s5sibility ( ! prep>$ pap] to fur!r impressions ( ! rays ( light1 !re c be little d\bt t ! inv5tion w\ld h atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,z x 01 ! failure ( ,mr4 ,w$gwood to accompli% ! object he 0 s ne>ly atta9+ appe>s to h disc\rag$ attempts by o!rs1 & tw5ty ye>s elaps$ )\t any advance hav+ be5 made t[>ds its realization4 ,m4 ,niepce1 ( ,*alons on ! ,saone1 :o 0 ! fir/ to succe$ 9 obta9+ p]man5t repres5tations ( ! images ( ! cam]a1 comm5c$ exp]im5t+ on ! subject 9 #ahad1 at lea/ t5 ye>s be=e ,m4 ,dagu]re direct$ 8 att5tion to ,photography4 ,9 #ahbf ^! two g5tlem5 became acqua9t$1 & conjo9tly prosecut$ ! inve/igations :i* l$ to ! beautiful result ( ! ,dagu]reotype4 ,m4 ,niepce hav+ previ\sly succe$$ 9 obta9+ durable repres5tations ( ! pictures focus$ 9 ! cam]a1 he came to ?is c\ntry 9 #ahbg1 & exhibit$ sev]al ( ! results ( 8 process1 & communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society an acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,^! photographs1 :i* may be consid]$ ! fir/ durable ones t _h be5 obta9$1 71 ) "o exception1 tak5 on plates made ( pewt]4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ 0 #e in*es long & #d in*es wide4 ,x 0 tak5 f a pr9t #b feet 9 l5g?1 repres5t+ ! ru9s ( an abbey4 ,:5 se5 9 a prop] light1 ! impression appe>$ v di/9ct4 ,ano!r "o1 :i* 0 /at$ to h be5 ! fir/ successful attempt1 0 a view tak5 f nature1 repres5t+ a c\rt-y>d4 ,its size 0 #g in*es by #f in*es1 b x 0 n s di/9ct z ! prec$+ "o4 ,a ?ird specim5 0 an impression on pap]1 pr9t$ f a photograph on metal1 ! picture hav+ be5 et*$ into ! plate by nitric acid1 & !n pr9t$ f4 ,all ^! specim5s1 ?\gh extremely curi\s z ! fir/ successful attempts to pres]ve ! images ( ! cam]a1 7 m or less imp]fect1 & 7 f> f pres5t+ ! beautiful results ( ,photography n[ atta9$4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t ! orig9al process ( et*+ ! picture on a metal plate1 & pr9t+ f x1 has n[1 9 ! p]fect$ /ate ( ! art1 become ! mo/ rec5t improvem5t2 & ! pr9ts f photographic plates pres5t "s ( ! mo/ beautiful effects hi!rto produc$4#b ,m4 ,niepce communicat$ ! p>ticul>s ( 8 process to ,m4 ,dagu]re 9 ,decemb]1 #ahbi4 ,!y !n ent]$ into an agreem5t to pursue _! inve/igations jo9tly1 b x 0 n until t5 ye>s aft]w>ds t ! inv5tion ( ! ,dagu]reotype by ,m4 ,dagu]re 0 made kn[n4 ,to ,m4 ,niepce mu/1 !re=e1 be aw>d$ ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/ discov]$ ! means ( r5d]+ p]man5t ! transi5t images ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,! plan he adopt$ 0 to cov] a plate ( :ite metal ) asphalte v>ni%1 & expose x to ! action ( light 9 a cam]a1 :5 ! p>ts :]eon ! light 0 conc5trat$ became h>d5$1 & ! o!r p>ts rema9$ unalt]$1 & c\ld be wa%$ away4 ,9 ,m4 ,niepce's acc\nt ( ! process1 aft] describ+ ! prep>ation ( ! asphalte v>ni%1 he says3--,a tablet ( plat$ silv]1 or well-clean$ & w>m glass1 is to be highly poli%$1 on :i* a ?9 coat+ ( v>ni% is to be appli$ cold1 ) a light roll ( v s(t sk94 ,?is w imp>t to x a f9e v]milion col\r1 & cov] x ) a v ?9 & equal coat+4 ,! plate is !n plac$ on heat$ iron1 :i* is wrapp$ r\nd ) sev]al folds ( pap]1 f :i*1 by ?is me?od1 all moi/ure has be5 previ\sly expell$4 ,:5 ! v>ni% has ceas$ to simm]1 ! plate is )drawn f ! heat & left to cool & dry 9 a g5tle temp]ature1 & protect$ f a damp atmosph]e4 ,! plate1 ?us prep>$1 may be imm$iately subject$ to ! action ( ! lum9\s fluid 9 ! focus ( ! cam]a2 b ev5 aft] hav+ be5 ?us expos$ a l5g? ( "t suffici5t = receiv+ ! impressions ( ext]nal objects1 no?+ is app>5t to %[ t ^! impressions exi/4 ,! =ms ( ! future picture rema9 /ill invisible4 ,! next op]ation !n is to dis5gage ! %r\d$ image1 & ?is is accompli%$ by a solv5t4 ,! solv5t employ$ 0 a mixture ( "o "p ( oil ( lav5d]1 & t5 p>ts ( oil ( petroleum4 ,! solv5t 0 p\r$ ov] ! plate1 & all[$ to rema94 ,m4 ,niepce cont9ues3 ,! op]ator1 obs]v+ x by reflect$ light1 beg9s to p]ceive ! images ( ! objects to :i* x has be5 expos$ gradually unfold+ _! =ms1 ?\gh /ill veil$ by ! sup]natant fluid1 cont9ually becom+ d>k] f saturation ) ! v>ni%4 ,! "t requir$ = ! exposure ( ! plates 9 ! cam]a 0 six or eight h\rs4 ,= ! purpose ( d>k5+ ! pictures1 ,m4 ,niepce us$ iod9e1 & x has be5 suppos$ t ! use ( iod9e = t purpose sugge/$ ! employm5t ( x to 8 p>tn]4 ,! process adopt$ by ,m4 ,dagu]re 01 to deposit a film ( iod9e on a highly poli%$ silv] plate1 by expos+ ! plate to ! vap\r ( iod9e 9 a d>k box4 ,! prep>$ plate 0 !n plac$ 9 ! cam]a1 & aft] an exposure ( t5 m9utes or m1 accord+ to ! brightness ( ! day1 an impression 0 made on ! iodis$ silv]1 b too fa9t to be visible4 ,to br+ out ! image ?us invisibly impress$1 ! plate 0 expos$ to ! vap\r ( m]cury1 9 a clos$ box4 ,! m]cury adh]$ to ! p>ts on :i* ! light _h act$1 & left ! o!r p>ts ( ! plate unt\*$2 & by ?is means a beautiful repres5tation 0 produc$1 9 :i* ! deposit$ m]cury repres5t$ ! lights ( ! picture1 & ! poli%$ silv] ! %ad[s4 ,! iodis$ silv] rema9+ on ! plate n act$ on by light1 0 wa%$ away by a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda1 & ! picture c\ld !n be expos$ )\t injury4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! delicacy ( del9eation by su* a ,dagu]reotype2 = ! f9e surface ( ! highly poli%$ silv] seems to exhibit ! impressions ( ! smalle/ objects t emit rays ( light4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ to produce an impression 01 h[ev]1 a s]i\s ob/acle to ! use ( ! process1 z orig9ally inv5t$1 = tak+ portraits4 ,num]\s attempts 7 consequ5tly made to obta9 a m s5sitive mat]ial4 ,brom9e 0 tri$1 9 addition to iod9e1 & ) su* complete success1 t a few seconds 7 suffici5t to effect an impression on ! plate1 :i* c\ld be =cibly br\ght out by ! vap\r ( m]cury4 ,x 0 9 #ahdj t portraits 7 fir/ tak5 by ! ,dagu]reotype process 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a concave mirror 0 employ$ to conc5trate ! rays ( light on ! plate1 in/ead ( a l5s2 & ! au?or has n[ 9 8 possession a portrait tak5 9 ?is mann]1 by ,wolcott's reflect+ app>atus4 ,! object ( us+ a concave mirror 0 to be able to conc5trate a great] numb] ( ! rays ( light ?an c\ld be done by a l5s1 & ?us to =m a bright] image4 ,at ! "t t portrait 0 tak51 ! means _h n be5 discov]$ ( mak+ ! m]cury adh]e to ! plate1 & a fea!r w\ld bru% x away4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,fizeau +5i\sly contriv$ to fix ! images on ! plate by gild+ x4 ,?is 0 done by p\r+ on to ! plate a few drops ( a dilut$ solution ( muriate ( gold1 & hold+ x horizontally ov] ! flame ( a _s lamp2 by :i* means ! gold 0 deposit$ & =m$ a ?91 beautiful film ( ! metal ov] ! surface1 & ?us n only made ! picture m durable1 b gave x increas$ effect4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 fully appreciat+ ! importance ( ! inv5tion1 det]m9$ to pur*ase x f ! pat5tee1 & to ?r[ x op5 to ! public4 ,an acc\nt ( ! inv5tion 0 publi%$ 9 ,june1 #ahci2 & 9 ! foll[+ mon? an arrangem5t 0 ent]$ into1 to ! effect t1 9 consid]ation ( ,m4 ,dagu]re mak+ ! process fully kn[n1 a p5sion ( #f1jjj francs %\ld be grant$ to him = life1 & a p5sion ( #d1jjj francs to ,m4 ,isidore ,niepce1 ! nephew ( ! orig9al inv5tor ( ,photography1 8 uncle hav+ di$ be=e ! f9al success 0 atta9$4 ,x 0 g5]ally suppos$ at ! "t1 t by ! grant ( ^? p5sions ! inv5tion 0 ?r[n op5 to ! :ole _w1 z repres5t$ by ! ,fr5* ,m9i/]2 b1 nev]!less1 ,m4 ,dagu]re pat5t$ ! process 9 o!r c\ntries1 & ,france alone reap$ ! b5efit ( a free use ( ! inv5tion4 ,:il/ ,m4 ,dagu]re 0 ?us successfully work+ out to p]fection ! plan ( produc+ beautiful naturally-impress$ pictures on iodis$ silv] surfaces1 ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot 0 at ! same "t ne>ly atta9+ ! same results4 ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt giv5 by himself ( 8 rese>*es3#c--;,hav+ 9 ! ye> #ahcd discov]$ ! pr9ciples ( ,photography on pap]1 ,i "s "t aft]w>ds made "s exp]im5ts on metal plates2 & 9 #ahch ,i discov]$ a me?od ( r5d]+ a silv] plate s5sitive to light1 by expos+ x to iod9e vap\rs4 ,i 0 at t "t1 !re=e1 tread+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,m4 ,dagu]re1 )\t kn[+ t he1 or inde$ any o!r p]son1 0 pursu+1 or _h comm5c$ or ?\ght (1 ! art :i* we n[ call ,photography4 ,b z ,i 0 n aw>e ( ! p[] ( m]curial vap\r to br+ out ! lat5t impressions1 ,i f\nd my plates ( iodis$ silv] defici5t 9 s5sibility1 & !re=e cont9u$ to use 9 pref]5ce my photog5ic draw+ pap]4 ,?is 0 9 #ahch4 ,"s "t aft]--9 ,augu/1 #ahci--,m4 ,dagu]re publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 p]fect$ process1 :i* rea*$ u dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association2 & ,i took ! opportunity to lay be=e ! ,section ! facts :i* ,i _h myself asc]ta9$ 9 ,metallic ,photography4 ,:il/ to ,m4 ,dagu]re mu/ be aw>d$ ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/ br\ght to p]fection ! me?od ( r5d]+ p]man5t ! images ( ! cam]a on metal plates1 ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot may claim to be ! fir/ :o p]fect$ simil> images on pap]1 :i* ! comp>ative r\ghness ( ! surface alone prev5t$ f be+ z delicately beautiful z ! pictures ( ! ,dagu]reotype4 ,he comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,photography 9 #ahcd2 & on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahci1 he read a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society1 entitl$1 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,art ( ,photog5ic ,draw+2 or1 a process by :i* natural objects may be made to del9eate !mselves )\t ! aid ( ! arti/'s p5cil4 ,mr4 ,talbot _h n !n succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! impressions ( images focus$ 9 ! cam]a2 :at he _h succe$$ 9 do+ 0 to fix ^u pap] ! %ad[s ( objects plac$ ^u x1 & expos$ to ! light ( ! sun4 ,! pap] 0 fir/ dipp$ into a solution ( common salt1 & !n wip$ dry1 to diffuse ! salt uni=mly ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! pap]4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 0 !n spread ov] "o surface ) a s(t bru%1 & dri$ c>efully be=e a fire 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solution 0 regulat$ by fir/ obta9+ a saturat$ solution ( ! nitrate ( silv]1 & aft]w>ds dilut+ x ) six or eight times its volume ( wat]4 ,! objects to be copi$1 su* z leaves1 lace1 or o!r flat surfaces1 7 press$ aga9/ ! prep>$ pap] by a glass fix$ 9 a frame1 & exposure to light quickly d>k5$ all ! p>ts ( ! pap]1 except+ ^? %ad$ by ! objects4 ,! image ?us impress$ 0 :at is t]m$ a negative1 ! d>k p>ts :i* exclud$ ! light be+ left :ite on ! pap]1 & ! p>ts ?r\gh :i* ! light pass$ be+ d>k5$4 ,to produce a picture correspond+ ) ! natural lights & %ades1 ! process 0 repeat$1 sub/itut+ ! picture fir/ obta9$1 on ?9 transp>5t pap]1 = ! orig9al object1 by :i* means ! lights & %ad[s 7 rev]s$4 ,! *loride ( silv]1 =m$ on ! surface ( ! s5sitive pap] by ! comb9ation ( ! common salt & nitrate ( silv]1 be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 wa%+ x away1 s z to prev5t ! :ole surface f aft]w>ds d>k5+ on exposure to light4 ,! application ( hyposulphite ( soda1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! pictures durable1 0 sugge/$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 & x answ]s rem>kably well1 z x dissolves ! *loride ( silv]4 ,a solution ( ammonia is ne>ly equally efficaci\s 9 remov+ ! *loride4 ,! ,calotype process1 by :i* ! images ( ! cam]a c be fix$ ^u pap]1 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,talbot1 9 #ahdj4 ,x is ?us describ$3--,dissolve #ajj gra9s ( cry/alliz$ nitrate ( silv] 9 #f ounces ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,procure "s f9e writ+ pap]1 & wa% "o side ( x ) ! solution1 laid on ) a s(t bru%2 !n dry ! pap] cauti\sly1 by hold+ x at a di/ance f ! fire4 ,:5 dry1 dip ! pap] into a solution ( iodide ( potassium1 conta9+ #ejj gra9s dissolv$ 9 #a p9t ( wat]1 & let x rema9 9 ! solution two or ?ree m9utes4 ,!n dip x into a vessel ( wat]2 remove ! wat] on ! surface by blott+ pap]1 & dry x by a fire1 9 ! d>k or by c&le-light4 ,! pap] ?us prep>$ is call$ iodis$ pap]2 x is n v s5sitive to light1 & may be kept = "s "t )\t spoil+4 ,next dissolve #ajj gra9s ( cry/alliz$ nitrate ( silv] 9 #b ounces ( di/ill$ wat]2 add to ! solution "o-six? ( its volume ( /rong acetic acid1 & call t mixture ,a4 ,!n make a /rong solution ( cry/alliz$ gallic acid 9 cold wat]1 & let t solution be call$ ,b4 ,mix equal volumes ( ,a & ,b toge!r 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,t mixture ,mr4 ,talbot calls gallo-nitrate ( silv]1 & ) x wa% ov] ! surface ( ! iodis$ pap]4 ,all[ ! pap] to rema9 half a m9ute1 & !n dip x into wat]1 & aga9 dry x lightly ) blott+ pap]4 ,! pap] ?us prep>$ is v s5sitive1 & w receive an impression 9 ! cam]a 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,! impression is at fir/ invisible1 b x may be br\ght out by lay+ ! pap] aside 9 ! d>k1 or by wa%+ x once m 9 ! gallo-nitrate ( silv]1 & hold+ x at a %ort di/ance f ! fire4 ,to fix ! picture1 ! pap] is fir/ wa%$ 9 wat] & lightly dri$1 & !n soak$ 9 a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda = a few m9utes1 by :i* means ! iodis$ silv] is remov$1 & aft] be+ aga9 wa%$ 9 wat] & dri$1 ! process is complet$4 ,! picture ?us produc$ is a negative "o1 & requires to be transf]r$ 9 ! mann] be=e /at$4 ,! orig9al ,calotype may1 by t means1 s]ve to produce a great numb] ( pictures4 ,mr4 ,talbot's pat5t 0 seal$ on ! #h? ( ,febru>y1 #ahda4 ,9 8 specification1 he claim$ ! use ( gallic acid1 & he succe$$ 9 en=c+ 8 claim 9 a ,c\rt ( ,law1 ?\gh x appe>$ t on ! #aj? ( ,april1 #ahci1 photographs ( objects tak5 9 ! sol> microscope 9 five m9utes1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,reade1 7 %[n at ! ,london in/itution1 :i* 7 describ$ to h be5 produc$ by an infusion ( galls1 & fix$ ) hyposulphite ( soda4 ,x mu/ be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 to ,mr4 ,talbot's hon\r1 t on a repres5tation to him by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society t ! art ( ,photography 0 imp$$ 9 its progress 9 ?is c\ntry by pat5t monopolies1 he g5]\sly made a pres5t to ! public ( all 8 inv5tions & discov]ies1 res]v+ to himself only ! privilege ( tak+ portraits4 ,! transf] f "o pap] to ano!r ( ! picture obta9$ 9 ! cam]a1 & ! comp>ative r\ghness ( ! surface ( ! pap] itself1 prev5t ,calotypes f exhibit+ t %>pness & delicacy ( def9ition :i* are s admirable 9 a ,dagu]reotype4 ,sev]al attempts 7 !re=e made to obta9 a m smoo? surface = ! reception ( ! image2 b )\t mu* success1 until glass 0 adopt$ = ! purpose4 ,to make t mat]ial available1 x is necess>y to coat x ) "s sub/ance t w absorb ! s5sitive solution4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! :ite ( eggs 0 employ$ ) consid]able success4 ,album5 has1 h[ev]1 be5 supplant$ by collodion--a solution ( gun-cotton 9 e!r--:i* is f\nd to be peculi>ly suitable = ! reception ( ! s5sitive prep>ation ( silv]4 ,9 conduct+ ! collodion process1 ! collodion is fir/ iodis$ by add+ to x iodide ( potassium & iodide ( silv]1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,! iodis$ collodion is !n p\r$ ov] a plate ( glass t has be5 c>efully clean$1 & is mov$ ab\t horizontally until a p]fectly uni=m film is spread ov] ! surface1 to :i* x adh]es firmly4 ,! plate is aft]w>ds dipp$ into a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 :i* r5d]s x s highly s5sitive to impressions ( light1 t x w receive an image 9 less ?an a second4 ,! image is lat5t1 until x is develop$ by p\r+ ov] ! plate a mixture ( pyro-gallic acid 9 di/ill$ wat]1 acetic acid1 & nitrate ( silv]4 ,! impression is fix$ ) hyposulphite ( soda4 ,! pictures produc$ by ! collodion process are negatives1 :i* s]ve admirably = transf]r+ positive pictures on to s5sitive pap]4 ,b1 if requir$1 ! negative picture c be readily *ang$ into a positive "o1 by conv]t+ ! d>k5$ silv] into :ite metallic silv]1 by a mixture ( protosulphate ( iron & pyro-gallic acid4 ,9 a %ort "t a :ite metallic image is obta9$1 :i*1 :5 reliev$ by a backgr\nd ( black velvet or black v>ni%1 equals 9 delicacy ( f9i% ! mo/ beautiful ,dagu]reotypes4 ,_m attempts h be5 made1 b hi!rto )\t success1 to obta9 photographs col\r$1 z well z %ad$1 by nature4 ,! op9ions ( ^? :o h mo/ /udi$ ! subject diff] z to ! possibility ( ev] atta9+ t desir$ object4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has s f> %[n t x is n impossible1 z to h impress$ ! col\rs ( ! sol> spectrum on pap]1 by ! m]e action ( light2 & p>ts ( ! images ( objects fix$ on ! scre5 ( ! cam]a are also sometimes col\r$4 ,^! facts induce u to hope t 9 ! progress ( discov]y "s means may be f\nd ( obta9+ naturally-col\r$ photographs1 not)/&+ x has be5 pron\nc$1 by good au?orities1 to be an absolute impossibility4 ,specim5s ( col\r$ photographs 7 exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,m]c] at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 :i* %[$ t by ! use ( v>i\s *emical prep>ations t are s5sitive to light1 photographs may be %ad$ 9 col\rs4 ,! pr9cipal re-ag5ts employ$ 7 salts ( iron1 & by imm]s+ ! pap] 9 suitable m5/rua1 aft] ! image _h be5 impress$ 9 ! cam]a1 ! picture 0 develop$ 9 any col\r requir$2 ! same t9t be+ spread ov] ! :ole4 ,"o purpose to :i* x 0 sugge/$ ?is col\r$ photographic process is applicable1 is pr9t+ on wov5 fabrics1 ! action ( light s]v+ z a mordant to fix ! col\rs4 ,photography has be5 already appli$ to v>i\s uses1 & x is capable ( be+ r5d]$ mu* m valuable4 ,to ! meteorologi/ x af=ds ! means ( regi/]+ ! rise & fall ( ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] & !rmomet]1 &1 by a self-regi/]+ app>atus1 ! *anges ( temp]ature & ( atmosph]ic pressure are m>k$ ^u pap] t records ! "t at :i* ! *anges occur4 ,x may also be appli$1 9 ! same mann]1 to regi/] ! directions ( ! w9d1 & ! times ( its *anges4 ,! sun impresses 8 own image ^u pap]2 & ! spots on 8 surface1 ?us correctly del9eat$1 c be comp>$ ) ^? se5 9 pictures ( ! sun at o!r times2 & ! f\ndation is laid = m correct k ( ! nature ( ^? appe>ances1 & ( ! motion ( ! sun himself4 ,photographs ( ! moon & planets pres5t exact repres5tations ( ^? heav5ly bodies1 z se5 ?r\gh ! mo/ p[]ful telescope2 &1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! /]eoscope1 ! figure ( ! moon is %[n 9 its true globul> =m1 z x c be se5 by no o!r means4 ,x has be5 propos$1 inde$1 by ! aid ( ,photography1 to ext5d our k ( ! />s f> beyond ! rea* ( telescopic vision2 = z ! image focus$ on ! scre5 ( ! cam]a is compos$ ( rays f e object on ! body ( a />1 x might be possible to see ^? objects by greatly magnify+ ! image4 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 = ! fur!r progress ( discov]y & inv5tion1 to arrive at s delicate a del9eation by photographic processes1 z to obta9 l&scapes ( ! moon1 & portraits ( ! inhabitants ( ,jupit]6 ,"o ( ! late/ advances 9 ! art ( ,photography has be5 ! engrav+ on /eel-plates by ! action ( light1 by :i* means m =cible effects h be5 obta9$ ?an by ! impressions ( light ^u pap]4 ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot has di/+ui%$ himself 9 ?us fix+ ! images on /eel1 z he 0 ! fir/ to impress !m ^u pap]4 ,9 8 me?od ( do+ s1 he cov]s ! /eel plate ) a solution ( is+lass & bi*romate ( potass1 & plac+ a collodion negative picture ^u x1 he exposes x to ! action ( light4 ,:5 ! picture is suffici5tly impress$1 he et*es x into ! plate by means ( bi*loride ( plat9um4 ,m4 ,niepce1 ! nephew ( ! orig9al inv5tor ( ,photography1 has produc$ ! same effect by reviv+ ! fir/ processes adopt$ by 8 uncle2 us+1 z he did1 bitum51 dissolv$ 9 ess5tial oil ( lav5d]1 to cov] ! plates4 ,two o!r =eign photograph]s1 ,m4 ,poitev9 & ,m4 ,prets*i1 h also successfully direct$ _! att5tion to engrav+ ! images ( ! cam]a1 :i* has n[ obta9$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,x is well wor? notice t ^! mo/ rec5t improvem5ts 9 ,photography are b fur!r developm5ts ( ! orig9al designs ( ,m4 ,niepce1 :o n only succe$$ 9 et*+ ! pictures impress$ by ! light ( ! sun on 8 metal tablets1 b made use ( a glass surface1 on :i* ! n[ g5]ally adopt$ collodion process dep5ds4 ,,dissolv+ ,,views4 ,!re are no optical illusions m extraord9>y ?an ^? %[n 9 ! exhibition ( ,dissolv+ ,views4 ,! effects ( ! *anges 9 ! diorama are only su* z are se5 9 nature1 ! same sc5e be+ repres5t$ "u diff]5t circum/ances1 & ! m>vel 9 t case is t su* beautiful & natural effects c be produc$ on ! same canvas4 ,b ,dissolv+ ,views set nature at defiance1 & exhibit metamorphoses z great z c be conceiv$ by ! wilde/ fancy4 ,:il/1 = in/ance1 ! spectator is look+ at ! int]ior ( a *ur*1 he sees ! objects gradually assum+ diff]5t appe>ances4 ,! columns t support ! vault$ ro( beg9 to fade away1 & _! places are occupi$ by o!r =ms1 :i* gradually become bett] def9$ & /rong]1 & a tree1 a h\se1 or1 x may be1 a rock1 ?ru/s ! columns out ( view1 & ! ro( dims into blue sky1 *equ]$ ) cl\ds4 ,! orig9al view ?us entirely disappe>s1 & ! sc5e is *ang$ f ! int]ior ( a *ur* to op5 c\ntry1 or to a rocky valley4 ,?is is done1 n by *ang+ at once "o sc5e into ano!r1 b by sub/itut+ diff]5t individual objects1 :i* at fir/ appe> l fa9t %ad[s1 & !n1 becom+ m & m vivid1 at l5g? altoge!r supplant _! pr$ecessors on ! field ( view1 & w1 9 _! turn1 be ext+ui%$ by o!rs4 ,x sometimes happ5s t "s /rongly m>k$ object resi/s app>5tly ! ef=ts made to dispossess x1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a m\nta9\s sc5e w be obs]v$ ! =m ( a *&eli] or ( a /atue1 t occupi$ a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! *ur* t has j vani%$4 ,9 a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 ^! relics disappe>1 & ! m\nta91 ! valley1 & ! lake are fre$ f ! incongru\s images ( ! =m] sc5e4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,^! effects are produc$ 9 a mann] z simple z !y are extraord9>y4 ,all t is requisite is to h two magic lant]ns fitt$ on to a /&1 ) _! tubes incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 s t bo? discs ( light may exactly co9cide1 & =m on ! scre5 a s+le disc4 ,if pa9t+s on glass1 repres5t+ diff]5t views1 be !n plac$ 9 ea* lant]n1 ) ! l5ses adju/$ to br+ ! rays to a focus on ! scre51 ! two images w be s m+l$ toge!r z to pres5t only a confus$ mixture ( col\rs4 ,suppose "o ( ! views to be ! int]ior ( a *ur*1 & ! o!r to be a m\nta9 sc5e2--! pill>s ( ! *ur* w be m+l$ ) trees & rocks1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! confusion !re may p]haps be disc]n$ a /rongly pa9t$ *&eli] or an alt> piece4 ,:5 an opaque %ade is plac$ be=e ! l5s ( ei!r ( ! lant]ns1 to prev5t ! light f rea*+ ! scre51 ! previ\s confusion becomes in/antly cle> & di/9ct1 & ! *ur* or ! l&scape is se5 )\t any int]f]+ images4 ,if ! opaque scre5 be gradually )drawn f "o l5s1 & at ! same "t drawn 9 an equal degree ov] ! o!r1 ! diff]5t objects w aga9 be m+l$1 & ^? 9 ! "o sc5e w pr$om9ate ov] ^? 9 ! o!r 9 proportion to ! relative quantities ( light p]mitt$ to issue f ea* lant]n to ! scre54 ,! two fir/ ( ! accompany+ draw+s are ?us bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! ?ird1 :5 ! scre5 is half )drawn f ea*4 ,illu/ration ,x is usual to fix ! opaque %ade1 :i* alt]nately cov]s & exposes ! two magic lant]ns1 on to a c5tral p91 s t x may be mov$ v]tically up or d[n4 ,! %ade is s arrang$1 t 9 rais+ ! end to cov] ! l5s ( "o lant]n1 ! f>!r end desc5ds1 & exposes1 9 an equal degree1 ! o!r l5s4 ,dur+ ! "t t ei!r ( ! views is altoge!r conceal$1 ! pa9t+ is *ang$2 & 9 ?is mann] an unlimit$ numb] ( metamorphoses may be effect$4 ,x requires no exp5sive app>atus to %[ ! effect ( ,dissolv+ ,views on a small scale4 ,two common magic lant]ns are q suffici5t = ! purpose ( private exhibition1 & ! angle at :i* !y %\ld be fix$ on _! /& may be readily asc]ta9$ aft] a few trials4 ,to make ! trans=mation m extraord9>y1 a man's face may be pa9t$ on "o glass & a l&scape on ! o!r2 &1 :5 ! *ange is made f ! face to ! l&scape1 a /rongly pa9t$ eye or nose may be se5 occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! view1 long aft] ! o!r features h disappe>$1 until all ! rays ( light f t pa9t+ h be5 exclud$4 ,! *ange f y\? to age1 f beauty to ugl9ess1 may also be %[n ) /rik+ effect4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pr9ciple1 on :i* ! metamorphoses ( ,dissolv+ ,views dep5d1 is simil> to t :i* produces ! v>iations 9 ! diorama4 ,9 bo? cases !re are two pa9t+s on ! same space1 ei!r ( :i* may be %[n at pleasure by diff]5t dispositions ( ! light2 ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ t ! ,dissolv+ ,views are se5 altoge!r by reflect$ light1 :il/ 9 ! diorama ! pa9t+s at ! back & front are %[n alt]nately by reflect$ & by transmitt$ light4 ,,! ,,kaleidoscope4 ,no inv5tion1 on be+ fir/ br\ght out1 creat$ s g5]al a s5sation z ! ,kaleidoscope4 ,e p]son1 :o c\ld buy or make "o1 _h a ,kaleidoscope4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5--ri* & poor2 9 h\ses or walk+ 9 ! /reets2 9 c>riages1 or on coa*es--7 to be se5 look+ into ! wond]-work+ tube1 admir+ ! beautiful patt]ns x produc$1 & ! magical *anges :i* ! lea/ movem5t ( ! glass occasion$4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ahad t ,sir ,david ,brew/] discov]$ ! pr9ciple on :i* ! effects ( ! ,kaleidoscope dep5d1 :il/ he 0 engag$ 9 exp]im5ts on ! pol>ization ( light by successive reflections betwe5 plates ( glass4 ,! reflectors 7 9 "s cases incl9$ to ea* o!r1 & he rem>k$ ! circul> arrangem5t ( ! images ( a c&le r\nd a c5tre4 ,9 aft]w>ds repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,biot on ! action ( fluids on light1 he plac$ ! fluids 9 a tr\gh =m$ by two plates ( glass cem5t$ toge!r at an angle4 ,! eye be+ plac$ at "o end1 "s ( ! cem5t :i* press$ ?r\gh betwe5 ! plates appe>$ to be arrang$ 9 a circul> figure4 ,! symmetry ( ?is figure be+ v rem>kable1 ,sir ,david ,brew/] und]took to inve/igate ! cause ( ! ph5om5on1 & ! result ( 8 inve/igations 0 ! inv5tion ( ! in/rum5t to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,kaleidoscope1 f ! ,greek words kalos1 beautiful1 eidos1 a =m1 & skope1 to see4#d ,! ,kaleidoscope 9 its simple/ =m consi/s ( two equal /rips ( plate glass1 ab\t #h in*es long & #b in*es wide1 silv]$ on "o side1 to act z reflectors4 ,^! glasses are plac$ "o ov] ! o!r exactly1 & !n ! edges on "o side be+ sep>at$1 :il/ ! two o!r edges are kept close toge!r1 !y are fix$ by means ( sep>at+ pieces ( wood & /r+ at ! angle requir$4 ,! glasses are !n fitt$ into a metal tube1 :i* has an eye-hole at "o end1 & at ! o!r end ( ! tube !re is fix$ a small cell ( gr\nd glass1 to conta9 pieces ( diff]5tly /a9$ glass or o!r objects1 t are to be multipli$ by reflections into beautiful symmetrical figures4 ,9 ! bett] k9d ( ,kaleidoscopes1 ! cell conta9+ ! objects may be turn$ r\nd1 by :i* means ! pieces ( glass %ift _! positions1 & ! figures in/antly *ange4 ,! same effect is produc$1 ?\gh 9 a less agreeable mann]1 9 ! common k9d ( in/rum5ts1 by turn+ ! tube4 ,to =m by ! comb9$ reflections f ! two glasses a p]fectly symmetrical figure1 ! sector compris$ betwe5 ! incl9$ sides ( ! glasses may consi/ ( any ev5 aliquot "p ( a circle4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagram1 ! ends ( ! flat silv]$ glasses a c1 b c1 are incl9$ at an angle ( #fj degrees2 !re=e ! circle is complet$ by ! junction ( six sectors4 ,9 su* a ,kaleidoscope1 ! circul> figure w be =m$ by ?ree reflections f ea* glass4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,to make ! =mation ( ! circul> figure by repeat$ reflections m intelligible1 we w consid] x z compos$ ( ! smalle/ possible numb] ( equal divisions1 z 9 ! second diagram1 9 :i* ! circle is divid$ into quadrants4 ,9 su* an arrangem5t ( ! reflectors1 ! figure se5 on look+ ?r\gh ! c5tral ap]ture w consi/ ( f\r p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! objects includ$ 9 ! space a b c1 betwe5 ! incl9$ glasses1 w be se5 directly by rays ( light f ! objects !mselves2 viz41 ! small cross d1 & ! triangle e4 ,! same field ( view w be reflect$ f bo? mirrors1 by :i* reflection ! cross on "o side w seem to be d\bl$1 & ! triangle on ! o!r w h ano!r simil> "o add$ to x1 to make a complete rhomb4 ,! cross w also be reflect$ by ! mirror on ! "r side1 & ! triangle by ! "o on ! left4 ,! images ( ! objects conta9$ )9 ! space a b c1 be+ ?us pres5t$ by reflection on bo? sides1 !y become ! objects = fur!r reflections f p>ts ( ! mirrors /ill ne>] ! spectator4 ,?us ! images d on bo? sides are reflect$ to =m ! s+le image d1 & ! images e are 9 ! same mann] reflect$ to =m ! second image e4 ,:5 ! angle =m$ by ! incl9ation ( ! mirrors divides ! circle into a great] numb] ( sectors1 ! reflections ( ! images are repeat$1 f po9ts ne>] & ne>] to ! eye1 & ! circle is ?us complet$1 h[ev] num]\s ! sectors may be2 b at ea* repetition ( ! reflection1 ! images w become m dim1 s9ce1 ow+ to ! imp]fection ( reflect+ surfaces1 a portion ( ! light is absorb$ at ea* reflection4 ,9 ! fir/ in/rum5ts t 7 con/ruct$1 ! objects 7 fix$ 9 ! field ( view1 !re=e sc>cely any *ange ( patt]n 0 obta9able4 ,x 0 n until "s "t aft]w>ds t ! idea occurr$ to ,sir ,david ,brew/] ( produc+ endless *anges ( ! figures1 by mak+ ! objects movable 9 a cell ( glass at ! end ( ! in/rum5t4 ,he aft]w>ds introduc$ o!r improvem5ts 9 ! ,kaleidoscope1 = ext5d+ its range ( objects1 = v>y+ ! angles ( incl9ation1 & = project+ ! figures on a scre54 ,9 ! in/rum5t1 z ord9>ily made1 ! objects to be se5 prop]ly mu/ be plac$ close to ! end ( ! reflectors2 b by ! addition to ! in/rum5t ( a tube conta9+ a l5s1 ! rays f di/ant objects are br\ght to a focus ne> ! mirrors1 & ! image =m$ !re is repeat$ by ! reflectors 9 ! same mann] z a solid object4 ,! projection ( ! figures on a scre51 by an app>atus simil> to a magic lant]n1 gives great additional pleasure to ! effects ( ! ,kaleidoscope1 z ! figures are n only se5 by sev]al p]sons at ! same "t1 b !y are pres5t$ 9 a magnifi$ =m4 ,! projection ( ! figures also increases ! use ( ! in/rum5t 9 design+ patt]ns1 = :i* purpose x has be5 employ$ ) great advantage4 ,a pat5t = ! ,kaleidoscope 0 tak5 out 9 #ahag1 b ! high prices *>g$ by ! opticians :o 7 au?oriz$ by ! inv5tor to sell ! in/rum5t1 & ! facility ) :i* x c\ld be made1 occasion$ a g5]al violation ( ! pat5t "r1 & x 0 n long be=e ! claim ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 z ! orig9al inv5tor1 0 disput$4 ,9 ! indignant v9dication ( 8 claim1 he obs]ves3--,!re nev] 0 a popul> inv5tion :i* ! lab\rs ( envi\s individuals did n attempt to trace to "s remote p]iod2 & ! ,kaleidoscope 0 n an exception4 ,x 0 f\nd t ,kir*] _h describ$ ! effects ( repeat$ reflections z f> back z #afcj2 & t ,mr4 ,bradley _h1 9 #agag1 made a philosophical toy1 consi/+ ( two small mirrors1 t op5$ l a book1 :i*1 :5 p>tially op5$1 repeat$ ! reflections ( objects plac$ ne> x 9 ! same mann] z ! ,kaleidoscope4 ,b ?is in/rum5t 0 s diff]5t 9 its con/ruction1 & 9 ! effects x produc$1 f ! ,kaleidoscope1 t ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s claim to be ! inv5tor may be freely admitt$4 ,! fact t x took ! _w by surprise1 & creat$ a s5sation great] ?an any o!r inv5tion _h done be=e1 is suffici5t to e/abli% its title z an orig9al inv5tion4 ,,! ,,magic ,,disc4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( illu/rat+ ! ret5tion by ! ret9a ( ! eye ( ! images ( objects aft] !y h be5 )drawn f sight1 b none is s curi\s z ! philosophical toy call$ ! ,magic ,disc1 :i*1 f ! optical pr9ciples involv$ 9 its extraord9>y effects1 des]ves to be notic$ z "o ( ! rem>kable inv5tions ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ me?ods ( exhibit+ ! ret5tive prop]ty ( ! ret9a1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! ,magic ,disc1 0 to pa9t diff]5t objects at ! back & on ! front ( a c>d1 & by !n giv+ rapid rotation to ! c>d1 bo? objects 7 se5 toge!r4 ,?us1 :5 ! figure ( a bird is pa9t$ on "o side1 & an empty cage on ! o!r1 by rapidly turn+ ! c>d1 ! bird appe>s to be 9 ! cage4 ,9 ! ,magic ,disc ! objects are pa9t$ on ! same side ( a circul> piece ( c>d-bo>d1 & bo? are expos$ to view dur+ _! rapid rotation4 ,! disc is divid$ into eight or t5 comp>tm5ts1 9 ea* "o ( :i* ! same figures are repeat$1 ?\gh ! positions ( "o or m ( !m are *ang$4 ,a fav\rite subject repres5t$ is a cl[n leap+ ov] ! back ( a pantaloon1 :i* af=ds a simple illu/ration ( ! app>5t relative movem5ts ( two bodies1 & w s]ve to expla9 h[ ! effect is produc$4 ,illu/ration ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a disc ( /iff c>d-bo>d1 ab\t n9e in*es diamet]1 m\nt$ on a horizontal pivot 9 ! c5tre1 on :i* x may be freely turn$4 ,betwe5 ea* ( ! comp>tm5ts ( ! disc !re is an elongat$ ap]ture1 ab\t "o in* long & a qu>t] ( an in* wide1 = ! eye to look ?r\gh4 ,suppose ! disc to be divid$ into eight comp>tm5ts1 by radial l9es4 ,9 ! comp>tm5t ,no4 #a1 ! pantaloon is repres5t$ 9 a /oop+ po/ure1 & ! cl[n is on ! gr\nd ready to make a spr+4 ,9 ,no4 #b ! pantaloon is 9 ! same attitude1 b ! cl[n has comm5c$ 8 leap1 & is rais$ a little way f ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! ?ird division he is %[n /ill high] 9 ! air2 & 9 ! f\r? he is m\nt$ above ! %\ld]s ( pantaloon1 :o reta9s ! same po/ure z at fir/4 ,! fif? comp>tm5t repres5ts ! cl[n z hav+ jump$ ov] pantaloon's head1 & com+ d[n to ! gr\nd2 & 9 ea* succe$+ division 8 f>!r desc5t is %[n1 till1 9 ,no4 #h1 he has rea*$ ! gr\nd aga91 & is ready to recomm5ce ! leap4 ,:5 ! disc is turn$ rapidly r\nd on its pivot1 ! figures pa9t$ ^u x are m+l$ toge!r1 & pres5t a confus$ m$ley ( l9es & col\rs1 9 :i* no object c be di/9ctly def9$4 ,?is m+l+ ( ! objects is caus$ by ! ret5tion ( ! images by ! ret9a1 s t if ! eye be direct$ to any po9t1 ! impression ( ! l9es & col\rs t pass rapidly be=e x is n effac$ be=e ano!r & ano!r appe> to produce fre% impressions1 & !y m+le toge!r 9 confusion4 ,if1 = in/ance1 !re 7 a circle =m$ ( dots m>k$ on ! disc1 ! impression ( ea* dot on ! ret9a w\ld be prolong$2 & z1 by ! rotation1 o!r dots w\ld come into ! field ( view be=e ! impression ( ! fir/ 0 remov$1 x w\ld =m an unbrok5 r+4 ,b if ! disc 7 scre5$ f sight1 at int]vals ( ne>ly equal duration to t ( ! cont9u\s impression1 s z to efface ! image ( "o dot be=e ! rays ( ano!r 7 admitt$ to ! eye1 !n ! r+ w\ld be se5 to be compos$ ( dots1 z di/9ctly z :5 ! disc 0 /ation>y4 ,! effect ( scre5+ ! objects f ! eye at %ort int]vals is produc$ by look+ ) "o eye ?r\gh ! op5+s at ! image ( ! disc1 reflect$ f a mirror4 ,! figures are !n se5 only :5 ! ap]tures come opposite ! eye2 b z ! impression ( "o view rema9s till x is r5ew$ by ! light admitt$ ?r\gh ! next ap]ture1 !re is cont9u\s vision ( ! objects pa9t$ on ! disc4 ,x is ?us t ! figures ( pantaloon & cl[n become visible1 & _! app>5t relative movem5ts are occasion$4 ,= in/ance2 ea* "t t ! impression ( ! figure ( ! pantaloon is r5ew$1 he is se5 9 ! same place & 9 ! same attitude2 !re=e he appe>s to be /ation>y1 ?\gh ! successive pictures t compose 8 figure to ! eye are 9 rapid rot>y motion4 ,! figure ( ! cl[n1 h[ev]1 is se5 9 a diff]5t position ea* "t t he comes into view1 !re=e he appe>s to be 9 motion relatively to pantaloon1 ?\gh /ation>y z reg>ds 8 absolute position on ! disc4 ,! same effect w\ld be produc$ if ! disc1 dur+ its rotation1 7 se5 by successive electric sp>ks4 ,! electric sp>k is s mom5t>y 9 its duration1 t ! mo/ rapidly mov+ objects appe> /ation>y2 !re=e ea* sp>k w\ld %[ a seem+ly /ation>y disc1 on :i* ! figure ( ! cl[n w\ld appe> 9 diff]5t relative positions2 & ! illusion w\ld be z p]fect z :5 ! rays ( light are int]rupt$ at int]vals4 ,! electric sp>k is s in/antane\s t a cannon ball might be se5 9 its rapid flight1 if illum9at$ by a fla% ( lightn+1 & w\ld seem to be /ation>y4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday m5tion$1 9 "o ( 8 lectures1 ! extraord9>y appe>ance :i* a man1 :o 0 jump+ ov] a /ile1 pres5t$ :5 se5 by lightn+ on a d>k night4 ,! man seem$ to be re/+ horizontally 9 ! air1 ) "o h& t\*+ ! /ile4 ,! duration ( ! impression ( an object on ! ret9a is capable ( illu/ration by means ( ! ,magic ,disc 9 a great v>iety ( designs1 ea* "o ( :i* may repres5t _m movem5ts4 ,! turn+ ( ! :eels ( ma*9]y1 ! toss+ ( balls1 ! danc+ figures ( m5 & wom5 may ?us be %[n1 ! designs = :i* af=d ample scope = ex]cis+ ! p5cil ( an +5i\s arti/4 ,,! ,,diorama4 ,^? :o are old en\gh to rememb] ! ,reg5t's ,p>k be=e !re 7 any h\ses nor?w>d ( ! ,new ,road1 may recollect t among ! fir/ build+s erect$1 on :at is n[ call$ ,p>k ,squ>e1 0 a /range-look+1 p>tly semi-circul> erection1 provid$ ) ample light+ space1 :i* attract$ great att5tion dur+ its progress1 & 0 ! cause ( mu* speculation z to its probable purpose4 ,t build+ 0 int5d$ = ! exhibition ( ! ,diorama4 ,m4 ,dagu]re1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,dagu]reotype1 _h1 9 conjunction ) ,m4 ,b\ton1 a %ort "t previ\sly op5$ a simil> exhibition 9 ,p>is1 :]e ! beauty ( ! pa9t+s1 aid$ by ! extraord9>y effects ( newly contriv$ dispositions ( ! light1 _h excit$ a great s5sation4 ,! ,diorama 0 op5$ 9 ,london on ! #f? ( ,octob]1 #ahbc1 & = a long "t x 0 equally popul> 9 ?is metropolis4 ,! visitors1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a gloomy ant]oom1 7 u%]$ into a circul> *amb]1 app>5tly q d>k4 ,"o or two small %r\d$ lamps plac$ on ! floor s]v$ dimly to light ! way to a few desc5d+ /eps1 & ! voice ( an invisible guide gave directions to walk =w>d4 ,! eye soon became suffici5tly accu/om$ to ! d>kness to di/+ui% ! objects ar\nd1 & to p]ceive t !re 7 sev]al p]sons seat$ on b5*es opposite an op5 space1 resembl+ a l>ge w9d[4 ,?r\gh ! w9d[ 0 se5 ! int]ior ( a ca!dral1 und]go+ p>tial repair1 ) ! figures ( two or ?ree workm5 re/+ f _! lab\r4 ,! pill>s1 ! ar*es1 ! /one floor & /eps1 /a9$ ) damp1 & ! planks ( wood /rewn on ! gr\nd1 all seem$ to /& out 9 bold relief1 s solidly z n to admit a d\bt ( _! sub/antiality1 :il/ ! floor ext5d$ to ! di/ant pill>s1 tempt+ly invit+ ! tread ( explor+ foot/eps4 ,few c\ld be p]suad$ t :at !y saw 0 a m]e pa9t+ on a flat surface4 ,?is impression 0 /r5g!n$ by p]ceiv+ ! light & %ad[s *ange1 z if cl\ds 7 pass+ ov] ! sun1 ! rays ( :i* occasionally %one ?r\gh ! pa9t$ w9d[s1 ca/+ col\r$ %ad[s on ! floor4 ,!n %ortly ! brightness w\ld disappe>1 & ! =m] gloom aga9 obscure ! objects t _h be5 mom5t>ily illum9at$4 ,! illusion 0 r5d]$ m p]fect by ! excell5ce ( ! pa9t+1 & by ! s5sitive condition ( ! eye 9 ! d>kness ( ! surr\nd+ *amb]4 ,:il/ gaz+ 9 wrapt admiration at ! ar*itectural beauties ( ! ca!dral1 ! spectator's att5tion 0 di/urb$ by s\nds und]gr\nd4 ,he became consci\s t ! sc5e be=e him 0 sl[ly mov+ away1 & he obta9$ a glimpse ( ano!r & v diff]5t prospect1 :i* gradually advanc$ until x 0 completely develop$1 & ! ca!dral _h disappe>$4 ,:at he n[ saw 0 a valley1 surr\nd$ by high m\nta9s capp$ ) sn[4 ,?is m\nta9 valley seem$ sc>cely less real ?an ! ar*$ ro( & columns ( ! ca!dral1 :il/ a foam+ cascade1 da%+ d[n ! rocks1 & ! s\nd ( ru%+ wat]s1 add$ to ! illusion4 ,aft] look+ = "s "t at ?is beautiful valley1 ! cl\ds 7 se5 to ga!r on ! m\nta9 tops1 & a /orm imp5d$4 ,a gleam ( sun-light1 /ill re/+ on ! edge ( ! cl\ds1 exhibit$ a /range contra/ betwe5 ! silv]y brightness & ! d5se black vap\r t %r\d$ ! hills1 & c\ld almo/ be felt4 ,x 0 b a pass+ ?und]/orm4 ,pres5tly ! d>k cl\ds rose f ! valley1 & disp]s$2 ! sun aga9 %one on cottage1 v9ey>d1 & m\nta91 *>m+ ! spectator z mu* by ! beauty ( ! sc5e z he 0 a/oni%$ by ! wond]ful *ange4 ,su* 0 ! ,diorama z x 0 fir/ exhibit$ 9 ,london to admir+ cr[ds4 ,9 subsequ5t ye>s great] *anges 7 made 9 ! v>iations ( light & %ade2 & by ! introduction ( me*anical contrivances1 ) m or less success1 ! magical effects 7 increas$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 add+ to ! app>5t reality ( ! objects4 ,a *ur* or ca!dral 0 always ! subject ( "o view1 & sometimes ( bo?4 ,! int]ior ( an empty *ur* w\ld be %[n by ev5+ twilight4 ,! %ades ( ev5+ gradually d>k5$ into ! obscurity ( night1 & !n ! glimm] ( c&les w\ld be se5 spread+ m & m widely1 until ! *ur* 0 light$ up1 & x 0 occupi$ by a cr[d$ congregation at midnight mass4 ,"s views repres5t$ ! ext]ior ( a ru9 or ( a ca!dral aft] sunset1 & z night advanc$1 ! />s tw9kl$ 9 ! blue sky1 & ! moon rose & ?rew its silv]y light on wat]1 build+s1 & cl\ds1 contra/+ 9 "s cases ) ! r$ gl>e ( lamps f ! w9d[s ( h\ses & %ops4 ,! disc ( ! moon exactly resembl$ t ( ! real lum9>y1 & all ar\nd be+ s d>k1 ! rays f its surface ca/ %ad[s ( int]v5+ objects4 ,9 "o picture a /ill m a/oni%+ appe>ance 0 produc$1 by ! *ange ( ! int]ior ( a beautifully pa9t$ & decorat$ *ur* into a mass ( *>r$ ru9s4 ,! means pr9cipally adopt$ = ! production ( ^! magical *anges 9 a pa9t+ on a flat surface1 & = giv+ su* seem+ reality to ! objects repres5t$1 7 = "s "t kept secret2 nor d we ?9k !y are ev5 yet mu* kn[n4 ,z 9 _m o!r clev] inv5tions1 ! effects are produc$ 9 a v simple mann]4 ,! picture is pa9t$ on bo? sides ( a transp>5t scre51 & ! *ange ( sc5e is occasion$ almo/ entirely by exhibit+ ! picture at "o "t by reflect$ light1 f ! surface ne>e/ ! spectator1 & aft]w>ds by transmitt$ light1 aft] exclud+ ! light f ! front4 ,let u take = illu/ration ! int]ior ( a *ur*1 at fir/ se5 empty1 & aft]w>ds fill$ ) p1 & illum9at$ by c&les4 ,! empty *ur* is pa9t$ on ! front on f9e canvas or silk1 9 transp>5t col\rs1 & at ! back are ! figures & c&les1 & o!r objects int5d$ to appe> ) !m4 ,! arrangem5ts = illum9at+ ! picture are s contriv$1 t ! light may be ?r[n entirely on ! front or on ! back1 or p>tly on bo?4 ,:5 ! light is on ! front1 ! empty *ur* only is visible4 ,x is !n gradually d>k5$1 & ! back ( ! picture is illum9at$1 by :i* means ! figures & c&les are se52 & ! =m ( ! build+ be+ pres]v$1 ! same *ur*1 :i* 0 be=e empty1 becomes occupi$ by a cr[d$ congregation4 ,x may be m5tion$1 z an illu/ration ( ! p]fect illusion ( ! ,diorama1 t a lady :o on "o occasion accompani$ ! au?or to ! exhibition1 0 s fully conv9c$ t ! *ur* repres5t$ 0 real1 t %e ask$ to be conduct$ d[n ! /eps to walk 9 ! build+4 ,illu/ration ,! effect ( *ang+ ! direction ( ! light may be readily p]ceiv$ by mak+ a draw+ on bo? sides ( a %eet ( pap]1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+4 ,! side back+ ?is page repres5ts ! int]ior ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral :5 empty1 & on ! back sev]al figures are drawn4 ,^? figures are invisible until ! leaf is held up aga9/ ! light1 & :5 ! draw+ is se5 z a transp>5cy1 ! objects on ! back1 z well z ^? 9 front1 come into view1 & ! build+ appe>s to be occupi$4 ,illu/ration ,any "o :o has a ta/e = draw+1 & a little +5uity1 may ?us produce _m pleas+ & a/oni%+ effects4 ,x w be desirable to procure1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a box1 s contriv$ t x w hold ! pa9t+1 & af=d ! means ( ?r[+ ! light on ! front or on ! back at pleasure4 ,! diagram %[s ! =m ( su* a box4 ,! lett]s a1 b1 c1 d m>k ! outside2 ! ap]ture1 at c d1 be+ enl>g$ to p]mit sev]al p]sons to look into x at ! same "t4 ,! box may be ( any requir$ dim5sions1 to suit ! size ( ! draw+1 :i* is to be fitt$ into a groove at a b1 & ! int]ior mu/ be black5$4 ,! lid1 e1 :5 op51 z 9 ! diagram1 admits ! light to ! front ( ! picture1 ! back be+ cov]$ ) an opaque scre54 ,z ! lid is clos$1 ! picture becomes d>k5$1 & by ! gradual removal ( ! scre5 at ! same "t1 x is *ang$ into a transp>5cy4 ,?is portable ,diorama c be mo/ conv5i5tly %[n by lamplight1 ! flame ( an arg& lamp1 ! wick ( :i* c be height5$ & l[]$1 be+ be/ adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,! effect by daylight is1 h[ev]1 sup]ior1 b ! room mu/ !n be d>k5$1 & ! admission ( light conf9$ to ! picture4 ,illu/ration ,! mov+ wat]1 & ! motion ( smoke & cl\ds1 :i* 7 frequ5tly introduc$ 9 ! ,diorama1 7 me*anical additions1 ! effects be+ produc$ by giv+ motion to bodies beh9d1 ! =ms ( :i* 7 se5 by transmitt$ light4 ,! introduction ( su* me*anical aids1 h[ev]1 detract f ! arti/ic "* ( ! ,diorama1 ! pr9cipal m]it ( :i* consi/s 9 exhibit+ ! *anges occasion$ by v>iations 9 ! mode ( ?r[+ ! light on ! two-fac$ picture4 ,x is to be regrett$ t exhibitions ( a l>g] & m %[y k9d %\ld h sup]s$$ ! ,diorama 9 public e/imation2 & t1 f ! want ( support1 _! *>m+ & m>vell\s pictorial repres5tations1 :i* =m$1 9 days gone by1 "o ( ! pr9cipal sights ( ,london1 %\ld be n[ clos$4 ,,! ,,/]eoscope4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful z well z ! mo/ rem>kable pictorial illusions is produc$ by ! comb9ation ( two views into "o by ! rec5tly inv5t$ in/rum5t call$ ! ,/]eoscope4 ,9 ! ,diorama1 9 ! ,magic ,disc1 & 9 ! ,dissolv+ ,views1 sep>ate pa9t+s comb9e to produce diff]5t effects2 b 9 ! ,/]eoscope ! two pictures unite into "o to give additional effect to ! same view1 & to make t :i* is a flat surface1 :5 se5 s+ly1 appe> to project l a solid body4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,/]eoscope dep5ds on ! diff]5t appe>ance :i* ne> objects pres5t :5 se5 by ! "r or by ! left eye4 ,= in/ance1 on look+ at a book plac$ edgewise1 ) ! "r eye1 ! back & "o side ( ! book w be p]ceiv$2 & on clos+ ! "r eye & op5+ ! left1 ! back & ! o!r side ( ! book w be se51 & ! "r-h& side w be invisible4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( bo? ^! views by vision ) two eyes t produces ! impression ( solidity ( objects on ! m9d2 & if ! diff]5t appe>ances :i* ! book pres5ts to ea* eye be copi$ 9 sep>ate draw+s1 & !y c aft]w>ds be plac$ 9 su* a position z to =m a unit$ image on ! ret9 ( ! eyes1 ! same effect is produc$ z if ! book itself 7 look$ ^u4 ,illu/ration ,?is diagram repres5ts ! outl9es ( a ne> object1 z se5 by ea* eye sep>ately4 ,! "o on ! "r h& %[s x z se5 ) ! "r eye1 & ! o!r z x looks ) ! left eye2 & if bo? draw+s be comb9$ into "o image1 x /&s out 9 bold relief4 ,?is may be done )\t any in/rum5t1 by squ9t+ at !m2 b ! effect is m readily & f> m agreeably produc$ by ! ,/]eoscope1 s nam$ f ! ,greek words /]os1 solid1 & skope1 to see4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one claims to be ! fir/ :o contriv$ an in/rum5t to illu/rate ?is effect ( b9ocul> vision1 & he also claims to be ! fir/ :o br\ght to notice ! diff]5t appe>ances ( objects se5 ) ea* eye sep>ately4 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 h[ev]1 disputes1 on behalf ( ,mr4 ,elliot1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's claim to ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ /]eoscopic in/rum5t2 & he has %[n t ! diff]5ce ( vision ) ea* eye 0 rem>k$ by ,gal51 #a1gjj ye>s ago2 t x 0 notic$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 #aejj1 & =m$ ! subject ( a treatise by a ,jesuit1 nam$ ,francis ,aquilonius1 9 #afac2 & t x 0 a well-kn[n ph5om5on ( vision long be=e x 0 m5tion$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one4#e ,mr4 ,elliot1 ?\gh he conceiv$ ! idea1 9 #ahcd1 ( con/ruct+ an in/rum5t = unit+ two dissimil> pictures1 did n c>ry x into effect until #ahci1 ! ye> aft] ,mr4 ,:eat/one _h exhibit$ 8 reflect+ ,/]eoscope to ! ,royal ,society1 & at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,mr4 ,elliot's contrivance1 to :i* ,sir ,david ,brew/] is incl9$ to give prec$5ce 9 po9t ( date1 0 v inf]ior 9 its effects to ! reflect+ ,/]eoscope4 ,x 0 )\t l5ses or mirrors1 & consi/$ ( a wood5 box #ah in*es long1 #g in*es broad1 & #d deep1 & at ! end ( x 0 plac$ ! dissimil> pictures1 z se5 by ea* eye1 t 7 to be unit$ into "o4 ,! view he drew = ! purpose compris$ ! moon1 a cross1 & ! /ump ( a tree1 at diff]5t di/ances2 & :5 look$ at 9 ! box1 ! cross & ! /ump ( ! tree appe>$ to /& out 9 relief4 ,! accompany+ woodcut repres5ts ! orig9al /]eoscopic pictures1 copi$ f ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s book2 & by look+ t[>ds ! picture on ! left ) ! "r eye1 & on ! "r-h& picture ) ! left eye1 ! two w be se5 unit$1 & ! cross & ! /ump ( ! tree w appe> to /& out solidly4 ,illu/ration ,! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus1 z describ$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 9 8 pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 consi/s ( two plane mirrors1 ab\t #d in*es squ>e1 plac$ at "r angles2 & ! draw+s1 made on sep>ate pieces ( pap]1 7 reflect$ to ! eyes look+ into ! mirrors at _! junction4 ,! diagram is a sket* ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 ! middle ( a n>r[ slip ( wood1 d e1 ab\t #ab in*es long1 ! two mirrors1 a b1 are fix$1 incl9$ at ! requir$ angle f _! l9e ( junction at c4 ,upright pieces ( wood1 d h1 e f1 at ea* end1 are furni%$ ) slides or clips to hold ! draw+s1 :i* are reflect$ f ! incl9$ mirrors1 & se5 9 !m by ea* eye sep>ately4 ,?us1 ! left eye sees only ! picture fix$ on d h1 & ! "r eye sees ! "o plac$ at e f2 & ! two images1 be+ comb9$ at ! seat ( vision1 produce ! same impression z a solid body4 ,illu/ration ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to describe ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! l5ticul> in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 & expla9$ by him at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdi4 ,9 ! be/ k9d ( in/rum5ts ! glasses1 ?r\gh :i* ! pictures are se51 are compos$ ( a s+le l>ge d\ble-convex l5s1 divid$ 9 ! middle1 ! ?9 edges be+ set t[>ds ea* o!r1 ab\t #b in*es ap>t4 ,! m improv$ in/rum5ts1 inde$1 are made f l5ses upw>ds ( #c in*es 9 diamet]1 :i*1 be+ cut into two1 & ! ?9 p>ts be+ gr\nd flat1 are set edge to edge1 & f an ap]ture suffici5tly l>ge = bo? eyes to look ?r\gh4 ,by ?is means ! in/rum5t suits all eyes1 )\t requir+ adju/m5t1 & ! field ( view is increas$4 ,a diaphragm1 or p>tition1 plac$ at ! junction ( ! two l5ses1 conf9es ! vision ( ea* eye to its appropriat$ picture1 & ?us t5ds to prev5t ! confusion ( images t might o!rwise arise4 ,! object ( us+ semi-l5ses is to facilitate ! union ( ! two pictures into "o1 by look+ ?r\gh ! l5s t[>ds its edge1 in/ead ( ?r\gh ! c5tre1 ! image be+ ?us refract$ to a diff]5t position4 ,?is may be easily exemplifi$ by look+ at an object /eadily ?r\gh diff]5t p>ts ( ! same l5s4 ,aft] look+ at x ) ! "r eye ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & :il/ keep+ ! axis ( ! eye 9 ! same direction1 move ! l5s sl[ly t[>ds ! "r1 s z to br+ ! edge ( ! l5s opposite ! pupil4 ,?is movem5t ( ! l5s t[>ds ! "r h& w be accompani$ by an app>5t movem5t ( ! image t[>ds ! left1 s z to br+ x to a po9t betwe5 ! two eyes4 ,if ! exp]im5t be repeat$ ) ! left eye1 ! image w be remov$ t[>ds ! "r h&2 & ?us1 by look+ at ! two /]eoscopic pictures ?r\gh ! ?9 p>ts ( two l5ses1 ! images are sup]pos$ & =m a s+le "o4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] atta*$ mu* importance to ! semi-l5ses1 :i* h ! effect ( prisms 9 refract+ ! rays ( light2 b t =m ( l5s is n ess5tial to give app>5t solidity to ! images2 & _m ( ! common] k9d ( in/rum5ts are n[ made ) ord9>y d\ble-convex l5ses1 & )\t any p>tition4 ,) ! semi-l5s1 h[ev]1 !re is less difficulty 9 unit+ ! two pictures into "o ?an :5 an ord9>y l5s is employ$4 ,9 tak+ photographic pictures = ! ,/]eoscope ) a s+le cam]a1 x is necess>y to alt] ! angle ( ! in/rum5t aft] hav+ tak5 "o picture1 to direct x to ! same object 9 ! angle ( vision z se5 by ! o!r eye4 ,?is me?od ( produc+ /]eoscopic pictures ) ! same cam]a is v objectionable :5 any mov+ objects are 9 ! field2 = !y w be 9 a diff]5t position 9 ea*1 & sometimes disappe> altoge!r f ! second picture4 ,! plan adopt$ by ! be/ photograph]s is to h two cam]as set at ! requisite angle to ea* o!r1 s t bo? pictures or portraits may be tak5 at ! same "t4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahec1 ,m4 ,claudet endeav\r$ to e/abli% "s rules = ! angle at :i* photographic pictures mu/ be tak51 9 ord] to produce ! be/ effect ( relief & di/ance )\t exagg]ation4 ,he obs]v$1 t 9 look+ at a s+le picture ) two eyes1 !re is less relief & less di/ance ?an :5 look+ at x ) "o eye1 because 9 ! latt] case we h ! same effect we are accu/om$ to feel :5 we look at ! natural objects ) "o eye2 :ile1 if we look at ! s+le picture ) two eyes1 we h on ! two ret9 ! same image ) ! same p]spective1 :i* is n natural1 & ! eyes h n to make ! usual ef=t = alt]+ _! conv]g5ce accord+ to ! plane on :i* ! object obs]v$ is situat$4 ,?is inaction ( ! conv]g5ce ( ! eyes dim9i%es ! illusion ( ! picture1 because ! same conv]g5ce = all ! objects repres5t$ gives an idea t !y are all plac$ on ! same plane4 ,! photographic image be+ ! repres5tation ( two diff]5t p]spectives1 we mu/1 :5 we look at !m 9 ! ,/]eoscope1 z :5 look+ at ! natural objects !mselves1 conv]ge1 m or less1 ! axes ( ! eyes4 ,!re=e we make ! same ef=t1 & h ! same s5sation 9 reg>d+ ! comb9$ photographic pictures1 z :5 we look at ! objects repres5t$4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] has sugge/$ v>i\s applications ( ! ,/]eoscope2 viz41 to pa9t+1 to sculpture & eng9e]+1 to natural hi/ory1 to education1 & to purposes ( amusem5t4 ,! latt] is ! pr9cipal purpose to :i* ! in/rum5t is at pres5t appli$2 & "s ( ! _m ways 9 :i* x may contribute to delight ! spectator are po9t$ out 9 ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s book4 ,= ! purpose ( amusem5t1 he obs]ves1 ! photograph] might c>ry u ev5 into ! regions ( ! sup]natural4 ,8 art enables him to give a spiritual appe>ance to "o or m ( 8 figures1 & to exhibit !m z '?9 air1' amid ! solid realities ( ! /]eoscopic picture4 ,:ile a p>ty are engag$ ) _! :i/ or _! gossip1 a female figure appe>s 9 ! mid/ ( !m ) all ! attributes ( ! sup]natural4 ,h] =m is transp>5t2 e object or p]son beyond h] be+ se5 9 %ad[y b di/9ct outl9e4 ,%e may occupy m ?an "o place 9 ! sc5e1 & diff]5t portions ( ! gr\p might be made to gaze ^u "o or o!r ( ! visions be=e !m4 ,9 ord] to produce su* a sc5e1 ! p>ties :i* are to compose ! gr\p mu/ h _! portraits ne>ly f9i%$ 9 ! b9ocul> cam]a1 9 ! attitude :i* !y may be suppos$ to assume if ! vision 7 real4 ,:5 ! p>ty h ne>ly sat ! prop] l5g? ( "t1 ! female figure1 suitably attir$1 walks quickly to ! place assign$ to h]1 & aft] /&+ a few seconds 9 ! prop] attitude1 retires quickly1 or takes z quickly a second1 or ev5 a ?ird1 place 9 ! picture1 if x is requir$1 9 ea* ( :i* %e rema9s a few seconds1 s t h] picture 9 ^! diff]5t positions may be tak5 ) suffici5t di/9ctness 9 ! negative photograph4 ,if ^! op]ations h be5 well p]=m$1 all ! objects imm$iately beh9d ! female figure1 hav+ be5 previ\s to h] introduction impress$ ^u ! negative surface1 w be se5 ?r\gh h]1 & %e w h ! appe>ance ( an arial p]sonage1 unlike ! o!r figures 9 ! picture4 ,x is 9 ! =ego+ mann] t ! rem>kable /]eoscopic effect ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s gho/ is produc$1 a repres5tation ( :i* is giv5 9 ! next page4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] m5tions _m o!r curi\s applications ( ! ,/]eoscope1 among :i* are ! dioramic effects ( pictures se5 alt]nately by reflect$ & by transmitt$ light2 a daylight view be+ app>5tly light$ up artificially 9 ! night1 by see+ x at "o "t ) ! light reflect$ f ! surface1 & !n exclud+ ! light f ! front1 & view+ x z a transp>5cy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ effects ( ! ,/]eoscope has be5 rec5tly produc$ by ,mr4 ,de la ,rue1 :o has contriv$ ! means ( giv+ app>5t rotundity to ! surface ( ! moon1 z view$ ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope4 ,! disc ( ! full moon1 h[ev] highly magnifi$1 pres5ts1 z is well-kn[n1 ! appe>ance ( a flat surface1 ) ! lights & %ad[s m>k$ seem+ly on a plane4 ,ow+ to ! great di/ance ( t lum9>y1 !re is no v>iation 9 its appe>ance1 :e!r x be look$ at ) "o eye or ) ! o!r1 !re=e x seems remov$ beyond ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y cause ( /]eoscopic effects4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,de la ,rue has tak5 photographs ( ! moon :i*1 :5 plac$ 9 ! ,/]eoscope1 comb9e to =m a solid-look+ globe1 on :i* all ! lights & %ad[s are di/9ctly & beautifully del9eat$4 ,he has produc$ ?is effect by tak+ 8 photographs at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>1 :5 !re is a slight v>iation 9 ! direction ( ! moon's face to ! e>?2 & by comb9+ ^! sep>ate photographs into "o image 9 ! ,/]eoscope1 ! =m ( ! moon appe>s z convex z ! surface ( an artificial globe4 ,illu/ration ,m4 ,claudet1 :o is "o ( ! mo/ successful photograph]s 9 ! metropolis1 has contriv$ an arrangem5t :i* he calls a ,/]eomonoscope1 by :i* ! appe>ance ( solidity is communicat$ to a s+le image =m$ on a scre5 ( gr\nd glass4 ,! scre5 ( gr\nd glass has a black back1 & is plac$ 9 ! focus ( a l5s 9 an ord9>y cam]a obscura1 :]e9 ! image may be se5 by look+ d[n ^u x4 ,! p>ticles ( ! r\gh5$ glass reflect to ea* eye diff]5t p>ts ( ! image focus$ on ! scre51 & by ?is means a simil> effect is produc$ z :5 two dissimil> pictures are look$ at ?r\gh a /]eoscope in/rum5t4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is arrangem5t is t sev]al p]sons may look at ! image at ! same "t4 ,mr4 ,john ,sang1 ( ,kirkaldy1 has v rec5tly imp>t$ /]eoscopic effect to copies ( pa9t+s & engrav+s1 ! flat surfaces ( :i* 7 previ\sly ?\ght to defy any su* application ( ! ,/]eoscope4 ,! means he employs ( do+ s are at pres5t kept secret1 b he has %[n its practicability by copy+1 on wood engrav+s1 ,mr4 ,george ,cruik%ank's s]ies ( ,! ,bottle4 ,9 "s respects ?is process seems almo/ m wond]ful ?an ! orig9al ,/]eoscope1 = x gives solid =m & app>5t sub/antiality to ! m]e creations ( ! arti/'s p5cil4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,no application ( sci5ce has s completely realiz$ ! visions ( fancy z ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,s closely1 inde$1 does ! real ( ! pres5t day approa* to ! ideal ( ages pa/1 t x might be suppos$ ! n>ratives 9 ! tales ( fary l& 7 true records ( ! inv5tions ( =m] times1 & t ! comb9$ ef=ts ( inv5tive g5ius dur+ ! la/ half c5tury 7 b imitations & reproductions ( :at _h be5 successfully accompli%$ once ^u a "t4 ,!re is also an int]m$iate p]iod--betwe5 ! indef9ite ( fary tales & ! positive ( sci5tific hi/ory--9 :i* sympa!tic tablets & magical load/ones1 sc>cely less my?ical1 are /at$ to h be5 inv5t$2 & ! individuals are nam$ :o ?us pav$ ! way = in/antane\s communication betwe5 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,jesuits ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies took ! place ( ! magicians ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! seclusion ( _! mona/]ies1 !y speculat$ on ! my/]i\s p[]s ( ,nature1 !n p>tially reveal$ to !m1 & %ad[$ =? images ( _! possible applications4 ,x is to a vague speculation ( ?is k9d t we may attribute ! notice giv5 by ,/rada1 9 8 ,prolusiones ,academic1 ( ! sympa!tic magnetic ne$les1 by :i* two fri5ds at a di/ance 7 able to communicate2 ?\gh ! !n fanciful idea has be5 lit]ally realiz$4 ,a /ill m extraord9>y =e%ad[+ ( "o ( ! mo/ rec5t improvem5ts ( ! ,electric ,telegraph 0 ! transf]5ce ( writt5 lett]s f "o place to ano!r by electric ag5cy4 ,?is is said to h be5 accompli%$ by ,kir*]1 :o1 9 8 ,prolusiones ,magnetic1 describes1 ?\gh v vaguely1 ! mode ( op]ation4 ,b ev5 admitt+ t !re 7 sub/antial f\ndations = ^! imag9>y phantasms1 t w\ld n 9 ! lea/ detract f ! m]it ( ^? :o1 foll[+ closely ! foot/eps ( sci5tific discov]y1 h successfully appli$ ! pr9ciples unfold$ by ! inve/igations ( o!rs1 & by _! own assidu\s rese>*es4 ,?us1 :il/ /eam navigation 0 facilitat+ ! means ( int]c\rse ov] riv]s & seas1 & :il/ railways & locomotive eng9es s]v$ to br+ di/ant cities )9 a few h\rs' j\rney ( ea* o!r1 ano!r s\rce ( p[]1 inf9itely m rapid 9 its action ?an /eam1 has be5 made to transmit intellig5ce f place to place1 & f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 ) ! spe$ ( lightn+4 ,! plan ( mak+ communications by signals has be5 9 op]ation f "t immemorial2 ! beacon lights on hills hav+ s]v$ 9 anci5t z well z 9 mod]n times to give w>n+ ( dang]1 or to ann\nce tid+s ( joy4 ,su* simple signals 7 n capable ( mu* v>iety ( expression2 b ev5 beacon lights might be made to indicate diff]5t k9ds ( intellig5ce1 by multiply+ ! numb] ( ! fires1 & by alt]+ _! relative positions4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! inv5tion ( telegraphs t any?+ approa*+ to ! means ( hold+ regul> communication by signals 0 atta9$4 ,! semaphore ( ! bro!rs ,*appe1 ( ,france1 inv5t$ by !m 9 #agid1 0 ! mo/ p]fect in/rum5t ( ! k9d1 & 0 g5]ally employ$ = telegraphic purposes1 until x 0 supplant$ by ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,! semaphore consi/$ ( an upright po/1 hav+ arms on ea* side1 t c\ld be readily ext5d$1 at any giv5 angle4 ,! ext5sion ( ^! arms on "o side or ! o!r1 ei!r sep>ately or toge!r1 & at diff]5t angles1 con/itut$ a v>iety ( signals suffici5t = ! purposes ( communication4 ,! semaphores1 erect$ on elevat$ po9ts1 s z to be visible ?r\gh telescopes1 signall$ intellig5ce sl[ly f "o /ation to ano!r1 till x rea*$ its ultimate de/9ation2 & ?us--daylight & cle> wea!r p]mitt+--brief ord]s c\ld be s5t f ! ,admiralty to ,portsm\? 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes4 ,b ! communication 0 liable to be int]rupt$ by fogs1 z well z by nightfall4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! imp]fection ( sight telegraphs occurr$ dur+ ! ,p59sul> ,w>4 ,a telegraphic despat*1 receiv$ at ! ,admiralty f ,portsm\?1 ann\nc$--,"l ,well+ton defeat$2--& !n ! communication 0 int]rupt$ by a fog4 ,?is telegraphic message caus$ great con/]nation1 & ! utmo/ anxiety 0 exp]i5c$ to le>n ! ext5t ( ! suppos$ disa/]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! fog disp]s$1 ! rema9d] ( ! message gave a completely opposite "* to ! news1 :i* 9 its complet$ =m ran ?us3 ,"l ,well+ton defeat$ ! ,fr5*1 c4 ,"s bett] means ( transmitt+ important intellig5ce 0 evid5tly want$2 = n only 0 ! semaphore liable to frequ5t int]ruptions by ! wea!r1 b its action 0 v sl[1 & ! frequ5t repetitions f /ation to /ation increas$ ! risk ( blund]s4 ,! in/antane\s transmission ( an electric %ock sugge/$ ! means ( communicat+ ) greatly increas$ rapidity2 & :5 x 0 asc]ta9$1 by exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,watson at ,%oot]'s ,hill1 9 #agdg1 t ! *>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> c\ld be s5t ?r\gh a circuit ( f\r miles1 ) velocity too great to be appreciable1 ! practicability ( apply+ electricity = convey+ intellig5ce became at once app>5t4 ,( ! _m means by :i* ?is object 0 attempt$ to be accompli%$1 x w be only possible1 9 ?is g5]al survey1 to notice ^? t m>k ! fir/ /eps ( ! inv5tion1 & ! mo/ important ( ^? t h accompani$ its progress to ! pres5t "t4 ,! fir/ me?od t sugge/$ itself 0 to transmit signals by means ( pi?-ball electromet]s4 ,:51 = in/ance1 two pi?-balls are susp5d$ f a wire t is made to =m "p ( an electric circuit1 ! electricity communicat$ to ! balls causes !m to div]ge1 & :5 ! electricity 9 ! wire is dis*>g$1 !y imm$iately collapse4 ,?is action ( pi?-balls1 :5 electrifi$1 0 ! simple/ mode kn[n ( mak+ telegraphic signals1 & x 0 accord+ly adopt$ by sev]al ( ! e>ly inv5tors ( ,electric ,telegraphs4 ,! fir/ p]son :o propos$ to apply x = t purpose 0 ,m4 ,lesage1 ( ,g5eva1 9 #aggd4 ,8 plan 0 to =m #bd electric circuits by z _m sep>ate wires1 insulat$ f ea* o!r 9 glass tubes2 & to place 9 ! circuit1 at ea* communicat+ /ation1 an equal numb] ( pi?-ball electromet]s4 ,ea* electromet] 0 to repres5t a lett] ( ! alphabet1 & !y 7 to be br\ght into action by an excit$ glass rod4 ,:5 a communication 0 to be made1 ! wires connect$ ) ! sep>ate galvanomet]s 7 to be *>g$ alt]nately ) electricity by ! excit$ rod ( glass2 & ! p]son at ! receiv+ /ation1 by notic+ :i* ( ! electromet]s 7 successively put into action1 c\ld spell ! words int5d$ to be communicat$4 ,by ! means ?us propos$1 correspond5ce c\ld h tak5 place at only %ort di/ances1 = ! *>ge ( an excit$ glass rod w\ld h be5 too feeble to produce any s5sible effect on ! electromet]s _h ! l5g? ( ! circuit be5 consid]able4 ,?is difficulty might h be5 ov]come by sub/itut+ ! *>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> = ! excit$ glass2 b ! m s]i\s ob/acle to ! use ( su* a telegraph w\ld h be5 ! co/1 & ! difficulty ( insulat+ ! #bd wires requir$ to "w x4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly telegraphic inv5tors encumb]$ _! inv5tions ) ! same ob/acle1 z !y seem$ to consid] x necess>y to h a sep>ate circuit = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,x 0 n s h[ev]1 ) all2 = ,m4 ,lomond1 a ,fr5*man1 :o ranks second 9 ! li/ ( telegraphic inv5tors1 modifi$ ! pr9ciple ( ,m4 ,lesage1 s z to enable him to "w ) only two wires & "o electromet] at ea* /ation4 ,) ! exp]i5ce s9ce ga9$ 9 ! application ( ! ne$le telegraph1 su* an arrangem5t seems v simple1 & we are incl9$ to wond] t x 0 n g5]ally adopt$1 especially aft] ,m4 ,lomond _h %[n ! way4 ,to produce all ! requisite signals ) a s+le pi?-ball electromet]1 x 0 necess>y to v>y ! durations ( ea* div]g5ce1 & to comb9e sev]al to =m a s+le symbol4 ,?us1 suppose t a s+le div]g5ce ( ! pi?-balls = a second 0 und]/ood to signify ! lett] ,a2 "o div]g5ce1 foll[$ by an imm$iate collapse1 by dis*>g+ ! electricity1 might signify ,b2 two prolong$ div]g5ces might signify ,c1 & two %ort ones ,d2 & by ?us increas+ ! numb] & v>y+ ! div]g5ces ( ! two pi?-balls1 all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet might be indicat$4 ,a /ill m direct me?od ( repres5t+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 0 propos$ by ,m4 ,reiz5 9 #agid1 by ! application ( ! means frequ5tly adopt$ = exhibit+ ! light ( ! electric sp>k4 ,! *>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> 0 s5t ?r\gh /rips ( t9 foil1 pa/$ on to a flat piece ( glass1 s z to =m sev]al l9es1 jo9$ at ! ends alt]nately into a cont9u\s circuit4 ,int]ruptions 7 made 9 ! foil by cutt+ small portions away1 at :i* po9ts brilliant sp>ks appe>$ :5 ! j> 0 dis*>g$4 ,z ! int]ruptions 7 s contriv$ z to =m lett]s1 & ! /rips ( t9 foil 7 all arrang$ sep>ately on a long pane ( glass1 any lett] requir$ c\ld be di/9ctly made visible by dis*>g+ ! j> ?r\gh t p>ticul> circuit4 ,to produce all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 ?is mann]1 a sep>ate circuit 0 requir$ = ea*4 ,ano!r plan1 f> less feasible1 & sc>cely des]v+ ( notice1 except+ = its peculi>ity1 0 propos$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> by ,m4 ,cavallo1 :o sugge/$ ! sett+ fire to combu/ibles1 or ! explosion ( detonat+ sub/ances1 z ! means ( signall+ intellig5ce4 ,ab\t ! same "t sev]al attempts 7 made by electricians 9 ,spa9 to transmit signals by electricity1 b _! plans 7 n m practicable ?an ^? already m5tion$1 & dep5d$ = _! effects on ! dis*>ge ( ,leyd5 j>s4 ,! discov]y ( voltaic electricity at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury 0 an important /ep 9 ! progress ( ! ,electric ,telegraph1 ?\gh sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e ! applicability ( ! discov]y = t purpose became kn[n2 & x 0 n fully appreciat$ till )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! electricity g5]at$ by ! voltaic batt]y is f> great] 9 quantity ?an ! mo/ p[]ful electrical ma*9e c excite1 :il/ its int5sity is s feeble t x _c pass 9 a sp>k ?r\gh ! smalle/ int]val ( air4 ,x pres5ts1 !re=e1 mu* less difficulty 9 ! insulation ( ! wires ?an frictional electricity1 :il/ ! rapidity ( its transmission is = practical purposes equally effici5t4 ,! electricity g5]at$ by ! voltaic batt]y be+ great 9 quantity & feeble 9 int5sity1 x is capable also ( effect+ *emical decomposition & ( imp>t+ magnetism1 bo? ( :i* prop]ties h prov$ em95tly useful 9 p]fect+ ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,! fir/ application ( voltaic electricity to telegraphic purposes 0 made by ,mr4 ,soemm]+ 9 #ahji4 ,! signals ( 8 telegraph consi/$ ( ! bubbles ( gas aris+ f ! decomposition ( wat]1 dur+ ! action ( ! electric curr5t4 ,8 app>atus consi/$ ( a small glass tr\gh1 fill$ ) acidulat$ wat]1 ?r\gh ! bottom "p ( :i* 7 introduc$ sev]al gold wires correspond+ to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! in/ant t an electric curr5t 0 s5t ?r\gh any two ( ! wires1 by mak+ connection ) a voltaic batt]y at ! transmitt+ in/rum5t1 bubbles ( hydrog5 gas rose f "o ( ! gold wires1 & bubbles ( oxyg5 gas f ano!r2 & z ! volume ( hydrog5 gas1 lib]at$ dur+ ! decomposition ( wat]1 exce$s by sixte5 times t ( ! oxyg51 x 0 easy to di/+ui% !m4 ,9 ?is mann] all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet c\ld be indicat$ by us+ #bd wires4 ,! object ( hav+ gold wires 9 ! decompos+ tr\gh 0 to prev5t ! oxidation ( ! metal2 = _h copp]1 or any o!r metal t comb9es ) oxyg51 be5 employ$1 ! po9ts ( ! wires w\ld soon h become corrod$4 ,?is telegraph ( ,soemm]+'s1 ?\gh n adapt$ = practical application 9 ! =m he pres5t$ x1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( wires requir$ = ! purpose1 0 nev]!less sup]ior to any t _h previ\sly be5 inv5t$2 & by a little modification x might h be5 made a p]fect in/rum5t1 capable ( transmitt+ messages by means ( only two wires4 ,su* a modification ( ! in/rum5t 0 propos$ by ,m4 ,s*weigg]1 tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds2 ! only ?+ requir$ be+ ! adoption ( a code ( symbols1 by means ( :i* all ! lett]s might be indicat$ by comb9ations ( ! f\r prim>y signals t are obta9able by two wires1 z is at pres5t done by ! ne$le telegraph 9 common use4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ! discov]y ( ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! electric curr5t1 & o!r improvem5ts 9 ! means ( communicat+1 sup]s$$ = "s ye>s ! use ( signals made by electro-*emical decomposition4 ,! next important /ep 9 ! progress ( telegraphic inv5tion1 aft] t ( ,mr4 ,soemm]+1 0 made by ,mr4 ,ronalds1 :o 9 #ahaf succe$$ 9 mak+ a p]fect app>atus1 t transmitt$ e requisite signal ) ! use ( only a s+le circuit4 ,9 ! ag5t employ$1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a retrogression to frictional electricity & ! pi?-ball electromet]1 = at t "t ! prop]ty :i* a voltaic curr5t possesses ( deflect+ a magnetic ne$le _h n be5 discov]$4 ,mr4 ,ronalds's plan 0 to h1 at ea* communicat+ /ation1 a good clock ) a light pap] disc fix$ on to ! seconds :eel1 on :i* 7 m>k$ all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & ! t5 num]als4 ,only s mu* ( ?is disc 0 expos$ to view z to %[ a s+le lett] at a "t1 ?r\gh a small ap]ture1 z ! seconds :eel revolv$4 ,! clocks at ! correspond+ /ations 7 set exactly toge!r1 s t ! same lett] 0 expos$ to view at ea* in/rum5t at ! same in/ant4 ,a pi?-ball electromet]1 connect$ 9 a s+le circuit ) ! transmitt+ /ation1 0 kept di/5d$ dur+ ! transmission ( a message by *>g+ ! wire f an electrical ma*9e2 & :5 ! lett] requir$ to be indicat$ appe>$ at ! ap]ture ( bo? in/rum5ts1 ! op]ator at ! transmitt+ in/rum5t in/antly dis*>g$ ! electricity ( ! wire by t\*+ x1 & ?us caus$ ! pi?-balls to collapse4 ,9 ?is mann] ! p]son at ! receiv+ /ation1 by att5tively wat*+ ! pi?-balls1 & notic+ ! lett] t appe>$ at ! in/ant ( collapse1 c\ld read ! messages signall$4 ,mr4 ,ronalds s f> p]fect$ 8 inv5tion1 t x work$ accurately1 ?\gh sl[ly1 ?r\gh eight miles ( wire insulat$ 9 glass tubes4 ,hav+ ?us succe$$ 9 putt+ into action 8 s+le wire telegraph1 ,mr4 ,ronalds s\ght ! patronage ( ,gov]nm5t = its practical adoption1 su* a notion z t ( e/abli%+ a telegraph = comm]cial purposes n be+ at t "t ent]ta9$4 ,= a l5g? ( "t 8 application receiv$ no att5tion1 & :5 at l5g? ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty condesc5d$ to answ]1 !y s5t ,mr4 ,ronalds1 z ! rew>d = 8 +5uity1 & z comp5sation = ! "t & money be/[$ 9 p]fect+ ! inv5tion1 ! expression ( _! op9ion--t telegraphs are ( no use 9 "t ( peace1 & t dur+ w> ! semaphore answ]$ all requir$ purposes6 ,?is reply1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,gov]nm5t employs g5]ally reg>d any?+ new to :i* _! att5tion is solicit$1 completely di%e>t5$ ,mr4 ,ronalds4 ,he ab&on$ ! ,electric ,telegraph to its fate2 & hav+ gone abroad1 he return$ "s ye>s lat] to f9d t1 not)/&+ ! dictum ( ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 telegraphs are ( great use 9 "t ( peace z well z ( w>1 & t ! old semaphore _h be5 entirely sup]s$$ by ! means ( transmission he _h indicat$ tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,mr4 ,ronalds has s9ce receiv$ a small p5sion1 n h[ev] z a rew>d = 8 +5i\s telegraph inv5tion1 b = 8 s]vices 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,! discov]y ( ! magnetic prop]ty ( an electric curr5t by ,pr(essor r/$1 9 #ahah1 0 mo/ important 9 ! subsequ5t progress ( telegraphic inv5tion1 ?\gh x 0 n appli$ 9 a practical mann] till ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,9 #ahbj1 inde$1 ,m4 ,ampre submitt$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is a telegraphic in/rum5t = ! transmission ( signals by ! deflection ( ne$les1 b he adopt$ ! impracticable plan ( ! e>lie/ inv5tors1 ( hav+ a sep>ate wire = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,a mu* m important contribution to telegraphic inv5tion by ,m4 ,ampre 0 ! discov]y ( electro-magnets1 :i* act an important "p 9 _m rec5t electric telegraphs4 ,z ! magnetic prop]ties ( a voltaic curr5t are ext5sively appli$ 9 electric telegraphs1 x is desirable briefly to expla9 ! nature ( ! action ( voltaic batt]ies be=e proce$+ f>!r ) ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion4 ,to excite a curr5t ( voltaic electricity1 x is usual to employ a s]ies ( z9c & copp] plates1 arrang$ alt]nately 9 sep>ate j>s2 or1 :at is n[ mo/ common1 9 cells ( gutta p]*a1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 a gutta p]*a tr\gh4 ,! cells are ne>ly fill$ ) dilut$ sulphuric acid1 & a wire is atta*$ to ea* end ( ! tr\gh2 "o be+ connect$ ) ! la/ z9c plate1 & ! o!r ) ! la/ copp] plate ( ! opposite ends ( ! tr\gh4 ,:5 ^! wires are br\ght into contact1 electricity is in/antly g5]at$ by ! action ( ! acid on ! z9c plates4 ,! electricity excit$ by ! action on ! z9c 9 "o cell is c>ri$ on to ! next1 & t aga9 excites & transf]s an additional quantity to ! ?ird cell1 ?us increas+ 9 int5sity to ! la/ pair ( plates 9 ! s]ies4 ,! electric curr5t1 z x is call$1 passes along ! wire1 & :e!r ! wire be "o y>d1 or :e!r x be a hundr$ miles long1 ! g5]ation ( electricity takes place ! in/ant t ! circuit is complet$1 & ends ! in/ant t ! circuit is brok54 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ! transmission ( electricity ?r\gh a long & ?r\gh a %ort circuit1 t 9 ! =m] case ! increas$ resi/ance (f]$ by ! l5g? ( ! wire greatly dim9i%es ! quantity ( electricity transmitt$ ?\gh x does n p]ceptibly ret>d ! velocity4 ,:5 a balanc$ magnetic ne$le is held above a %ort ?ick copp] wire :il/ x is transmitt+ an electric curr5t1 ! ne$le is deflect$ f its natural position1 & incl9es ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! curr5t passes4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le be po9t$ t[>ds ! copp] pole ( ! batt]y1 x w be deflect$ t[>ds ! ea/1 b if ! direction ( ! batt]y curr5t be rev]s$1 ! deflection w be t[>ds ! we/4 ,! effect in/antly ceases :5 ! curr5t is int]rupt$ by break+ connection ) ei!r pole ( ! batt]y4 ,! copp] wire1 ?\gh "u ord9>y circum/ances incapable ( be+ r5d]$ magnetic1 ?us becomes end[$ ) /rong magnetic prop]ties :5 x is transmitt+ an electric curr5t1 & acts on ! magnetic ne$le 9 ! same mann] z if !re 7 an imm5se numb] ( small magnets plac$ along ! wire across its diamet]4 ,! magnetic prop]ty ( an electric curr5t1 fir/ discov]$ by r/$1 0 appli$ by ,m4 ,ampre to imp>t magnetism to iron1 by coil+ a l5g? ( copp] wire r\nd a b> ( iron1 tak+ c>e to cov] ! wire ) an insulat+ sub/ance1 s t :5 an electric curr5t 0 transmitt$ ! electricity might n pass ?r\gh ! iron4 ,coils ( copp] wire1 cov]$ ) cotton or silk1 c ?us imp>t mo/ p[]ful magnetism to a piece ( s(t iron2 b x loses its magnetic p[] ! in/ant t ! electric curr5t is int]rupt$4 ,! effect ( a coil ( insulat$ wire 9 increas+ ! magnetic p[] ( an electric curr5t1 0 appli$ by ,m4 ,s*weigg] 9 #ahcb to increase ! s5sitiv5ess ( a susp5d$ magnetic ne$le4 ,by surr\nd+ a compass ne$le ) sev]al convolutions ( cov]$ wire1 x 0 f\nd t ! deflections ( ! ne$le 7 mu* great] & m active2 & he ?us %[$ ! way to ! con/ruction ( ^? delicate galvanomet]s1 :i* indicate by _! deflections ! slighte/ di/urbance ( electrical equilibrium4 ,s*weigg] may1 !re=e1 be consid]$ ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! ,ne$le ,telegraph2 & z he po9t$ out a me?od ( impress+ symbols on pap] me*anically1 by means ( electro-magnets1 he may be consid]$ also z ! orig9al inv5tor ( ,record+ ,electric ,telegraphs4 ,! fir/ ne> approa* to ! ne$le telegraph1 n[ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 made by ,b>on de ,s*ill+1 :o1 9 #ahcb1 con/ruct$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg an electric telegraph consi/+ ( five magnetic ne$les4 ,?is may be consid]$ z ! precursor ( ! five-ne$le telegraph1 fir/ pat5t$ by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 9 #ahcg4 ,by ! sep>ate deflection ( ^? ne$les to ! "r h& or to ! left1 by rev]s+ ! connections ) ! poles ( ! batt]ies1 t5 prim>y signals c\ld be obta9$2 & by br++ two into action at ! same "t1 _m m signals might be made ?an 7 requir$ = indicat+ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & !y c\ld be appropriat$ to express sev]al words4 ,= ! action ( ?is v effici5t telegraph only five wires 7 requir$1 & ! signals be+ all prim>y ones1 ! messages might h be5 transmitt$ v quickly4#f ,9 a subsequ5t modification ( ! telegraph1 he contriv$ to make all ! signals ) "o magnetic ne$le alone1 by repeat+ ! deflections to ! "r & to ! left1 z done 9 ! ne$le telegraph n[ g5]ally us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,ano!r /ep made by ,b>on de ,s*ill+ 0 ! inv5tion ( an al>um to call att5tion :5 a message 0 ab\t to be s5t4 ,"s contrivance ( ?is k9d 0 consid]$ ess5tial 9 ! e>ly days ( ! practical application ( ! ,electric ,telegraph1 z no "o !n contemplat$ t telegraphic communications w\ld be s frequ5t z to require a p]son to be always ne> ! in/rum5t1 wait+ = ! receipt ( messages4 ,b>on de ,s*ill+'s al>um 0 v simple4 ,"o ( ! magnetic ne$les act$ z a det5t :i* held a weight susp5d$1 & :5 ! ne$le 0 deflect$1 ! weight fell ^u a bell4 ,! al>ums subsequ5tly inv5t$ 7 con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 b in/ead ( employ+ "o ( ! magnetic ne$les z a det5t1 an electro-magnet 0 us$ = ! purpose1 & clock me*anism 0 introduc$ to s\nd a bell cont9u\sly1 z soon z x 0 set 9 action by ! )drawal ( ! det5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t al>ums are n us$ 9 ! regul> /ations ( ! electric telegraph companies2 ! s\nd ( ! ne$les1 z !y /rike aga9/ ! ivory re/s on ea* side1 be+ suffici5t to call ! att5tion ( ! cl]ks1 :o are 9 con/ant att5dance4 ,we h hi!rto be5 enabl$ to trace1 /ep by /ep1 ! advances made at int]vals--ye>s asund]--9 br++ ! ,electric ,telegraph into practical use2 b we are n[ approa*+ a "t :5 x becomes difficult to enum]ate1 & impossible to describe )9 reasonable compass1 ! num]\s inv5tions t 7 pat5t$ & o!rwise made kn[n = giv+ great] effici5cy to t means ( communication4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahcg1 ! electric telegraphs ( ,mr4 ,alex&]1 ( ,ed9burgh1 & ( ,mr4 ,davy1 7 publicly exhibit$ 9 ,london1 & excit$ mu* att5tion2 ?\gh1 at t "t x 0 n suppos$ t x w\ld be possible to make use ( t means ( communication = g5]al purposes4 ,mr4 ,alex&]'s telegraph 0 ! same 9 pr9ciple z ^? ( ,m4 ,ampre & ( ,b>on de ,s*ill+1 ?\gh 9 "s respects n s effici5t z ei!r1 = its action 0 sl[1 & x requir$ a sep>ate wire = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,x 0 consid]$ a great advantage ( ?is telegraph at ! "t1 t x exhibit$ actual lett]s ( ! alphabet1 in/ead ( symbols4 ,?is 0 effect$ by hav+ ! tw5ty-six lett]s pa9t$ on a bo>d1 & conceal$ f view by a numb] ( small pap] scre5s1 :i* 7 atta*$ to magnetic ne$les4 ,:5 any ( ! ne$les 0 deflect$ by s5d+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ coil1 ! scre5 0 )drawn & expos$ ! lett] beh9d4 ,tw5ty-six keys1 resembl+ ^? ( a pian(orte1 7 rang$ 9 connection1 "o ) ea* wire1 & on press+ d[n any "o ( ! keys1 contact 0 made betwe5 ! batt]y & ! wire connect$ ) its associat$ magnetic ne$le2 & 9 ?is mann]1 messages might easily be transmitt$ & read4 ,! objections to ?is telegraph1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 exhibit$1 7 n only ! impracticability ( lay+ d[n & insulat+ s _m wires1 b ! pap] scre5s atta*$ to ! ne$les imp$$ _! action1 & r5d]$ ! transmission a v sl[ process4 ,x is que/ionable1 inde$1 :e!r t telegraph c\ld h be5 work$ at all ?r\gh a circuit ( _m miles4 ,mr4 ,davy's telegraph 0 simil> to t ( ,mr4 ,alex&]'s1 ?\gh mu* m compact & bett] arrang$4 ,! lett]s 7 pa9t$ on gr\nd glass1 light$ beh9d1 s t :5 ! scre5s 7 )drawn ! lett]s 7 se5 9 transp>5cy4 ,illu/ration ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 :o _h = "s previ\s ye>s be5 endeav\r+ to p]fect a practical electric telegraph1 took out 8 fir/ pat5t 9 #ahcg4 ,x closely resembl$ 9 g5]al features ! telegraph ( ,b>on de ,s*ill+4 ,x consi/$ ( five magnetic ne$les1 rang$ side by side on a horizontal l9e t =m$ ! diamet] ( a rhomb4 ,! ne$les 7 susp5d$ p]p5dicul>ly1 be+ kept 9 t position by hav+ ! l[] ends made slightly heavi] ?an ! upp]4 ,! rhomb 0 divid$ into ?irty-six equal p>ts by t5 cross l9es1 & ! ne$les 7 plac$ at ! po9ts :]e ! l9es int]sect$1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,at ea* int]section1 & along ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! rhomb1 lett]s 7 m>k$1 any "o ( :i* might be po9t$ at by ! comb9$ action ( two ( ! ne$les4 ,?us1 if ! two extreme ne$les 7 deflect$ inw>ds1 "o t[>ds ! left & ! o!r t[>ds ! "r1 !y w\ld po9t to ! lett] ,a at ! top ( ! rhomb4 ,if ! extreme ne$le on ! left & ! f\r? "o 7 simil>ly deflect$1 !y w\ld po9t to ! lett] ,b2 & ?us all ! lett]s m>k$ on ! int]sections ( ! l9es c\ld be po9t$ to4 ,a telegraph t c\ld be work$ ) five circuits came )9 ! range ( practicability1 & x 0 put into op]ation on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway z f> z ,sl\gh1 a di/ance ( #ah miles4 ,:5 ! "w ( actually mak+ communication by insulat$ wires betwe5 places f> ap>t came to be done1 mu* difficulty arose z to ! be/ & *eape/ mode ( do+ x4 ,! plan fir/ attempt$ 0 to surr\nd ! wires ) pit*1 & to bury !m 9 a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd4 ,b ?is 0 f\nd to be att5d$ ) great inconv5i5ce1 = ! pit* crack$1 & electric communication 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! adjac5t wires4 ,! me?od ( susp5d+ ! wires on po/s 01 we und]/&1 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o _h se5 wires s susp5d$ = o!r purposes on ! ,cont95t1 & he recomm5d$ x to ,mr4 ,cooke = ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,! plan 0 tri$ ) success1 & 0 g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company 9 ext5d+ _! l9es ov] ! c\ntry4 ,we %all h occasion to rev]t to ?is practical "p ( ! subject1 :5 describ+ m p>ticul>ly ! means ( mak+ communication f "o place to ano!r4 ,9 cont9u+ ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion1 z reg>ds ! diff]5t modes by :i* communications are transmitt$ along ! insulat$ wires1 ! next telegraphs t des]ve notice are ^? ( ,dr4 ,/e9heil1 :i* became kn[n also 9 #ahcg4 ,"o ( 8 telegraphs made ! signals by s\nds1 produc$ by magnetic ne$les /rik+1 :5 deflect$1 aga9/ bells ( diff]5t tones4 ,by ano!r telegraph ( 8 inv5tion ! symbols :]e m>k$ ^u pap] by small tubes hold+ ink1 fix$ to ! ne$les4 ,9 ?is mann] ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 7 indicat$ by dots ^u a /rip ( pap]1 kept sl[ly mov+ by clock me*anism4 ,?is telegraph c\ld be work$ by a s+le circuit2 & x appe>s t ,dr4 ,/e9heil 0 ! fir/ :o discov]$1 or at lea/ :o practically appli$1 ! conduct+ p[] ( ! e>? = ! return curr5t4 ,ea* circuit1 !re=e1 consi/$ ( only a s+le wire2 ! wire t _h be5 previ\sly us$ to complete ! circuit be+ sup]s$$ by bury+ 9 ! e>?1 at ea* t]m9us1 a small copp] plate4 ,dr4 ,/e9heil also introduc$ ! use ( galvaniz$ iron wire4 ,an electric telegraph ( ?is con/ruction 0 put into op]ation at ,muni*1 ?r\gh a di/ance ( #ab miles4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,messrs4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one s f> simplifi$ ! arrangem5ts ( _! ne$le telegraph z to make all ! requisite signals ) two ne$les4 ,) a s+le comb9$ batt]y & two wires six prim>y signals are ?us obta9$2 & by repeat+ ! deflections & comb9+ ! action ( ! two ne$les1 all ! lett]s c be readily & quickly indicat$4 ,a s+le ne$le in/rum5t 0 inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one1 b z !re are only two prim>y signals1 "o to ! "r & "o to ! left1 ! deflections are necess>ily repeat$ m frequ5tly1 & ! transmission is consequ5tly m sl[4 ,! accompany+ diagram repres5ts ! alphabet ( ! s+le ne$le in/rum5t4 ,! deflections = ea* lett] comm5ce 9 ! direction ( ! %ort m>ks1 & end ) ! long ones4 ,?us1 to indicate ! lett] ,r1 ! ne$le is fir/ deflect$ once to ! left & !n once to ! "r2 & ! lett] ,d has ! deflections rev]s$1 beg9n+ ) "o to ! "r & end+ ) "o to ! left4 ,9 no in/ance does x require m ?an f\r deflections to indicate a s+le lett]1 yet ! transmission ) ! d\ble ne$le is f\nd s mu* quick] t ! s+le ne$le in/rum5t is only r>ely us$4 ,at ! end ( ea* ^w1 x is cu/om>y = ! cl]k at ! receiv+ /ation to indicate1 by a deflection ( ! ne$le to ! "r1 t he und]/&s1 or by a deflection to ! left1 t he does n und]/&1 & 9 ! latt] case ! ^w is repeat$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,electric ,telegraph1 ! transmission ( #dj lett]s a m9ute ) ! d\ble ne$le in/rum5t 0 consid]$ quick "w2 b ! practis$ cl]ks w n[ transmit "o hundr$ lett]s 9 t "t1 :i* is z fa/ z any p]son c write ) p5 & ink4 ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! d\ble & s+le ne$le telegraphs !re h be5 _m modifications 9 ! in/rum5ts1 to make !m "w m promptly & ) less vibration2 b 9 all ess5tial p>ts ! telegraphs ( ,messrs4 ,cooke & ,:eat/one rema9 unalt]$1 & cont9ue to be g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,( ! num]\s o!r telegraph in/rum5ts t h be5 inv5t$ s9ce #ahcg1 t ( ,mr4 ,morse is 9 mo/ g5]al use1 especially on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,morse1 inde$1 claims to be ! fir/ inv5tor ( a practical ,electric ,telegraph2 =1 accord+ to 8 /atem5t1 he1 9 #ahcb1 inv5t$ a telegraph1 :i* 0 9 pr9ciple ! same z ! "o n[ 9 use4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ,septemb]1 #ahch1 t he made 8 in/rum5t kn[n 9 ,europe1 by s5d+ a description ( x ) a model to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is4 ,mr4 ,jackson1 an ,am]ican1 disput$ ) ,mr4 ,morse = ! hon\r ( ! inv5tion1 & :5 ! latt] ass]t$ t he _h describ$ 8 telegraph 9 #ahcb1 to "s pass5g]s on bo>d a packet-boat1 ,mr4 ,jackson affirm$ t x 0 he :o describ$ x on t occasion1 & t ,mr4 ,morse1 be+ pres5t1 got ! idea f him4 ,x is pa9ful & difficult to decide :5 we f9d two claimants ?us directly 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 & mutually pref]r+ *>ges ( falsehood & fraud4 ,! only safe guide 9 su* cases is to ref] to ! e>lie/ publi%$ & au!ntic descriptions ( ! inv5tions2 &1 foll[+ t guidance1 ! inv5tion ( :at is call$ ,morse's telegraph mu/ be attribut$ to him ^: "n x be>s2 b we mu/1 accord+ to ! same rule1 date x sev]al ye>s lat] ?an #ahcb4 ,mr4 ,morse's telegraph is a record+ in/rum5t1 t embosses ! symbols ^u pap]1 ) a po9t press$ d[n ^u x by an electro-magnet4 ,! symbols t =m ! alphabet consi/ ( comb9ations ( %ort & long /rokes1 :i* by _! repetitions & v>iations1 are made to /& = diff]5t lett]s4 ,?us a /roke foll[$ by a dot signifies ! lett] ,a2 a /roke prec$$ by a dot1 ! lett] ,b2 a s+le dot1 ! lett] ,e2 & 9 ?is mann] ! :ole alphabet is indicat$1 ! numb] ( repetitions 9 no case exce$+ f\r = ea* lett]4 ,! lett]s & words are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by a long] space be+ left betwe5 !m ?an betwe5 ea* m>k t =ms only a "p ( a lett] or ( a ^w4 ,! annex$ diagram repres5ts ! symbols = ! :ole alphabet4 ,illu/ration ,! me*anism ( ?is telegraph in/rum5t is v simple4 ,! transmitt] is m]ely a spr+ key1 l t ( a musical in/rum5t1 :i*1 on be+ press$ d[n1 makes contact ) ! voltaic batt]y1 & s5ds an electric curr5t to ! receiv+ /ation4 ,! op]ator at ! transmitt+ /ation1 by ?us mak+ contact1 br+s into action an electro-magnet at ! /ation he communicates )1 & t pulls d[n a po9t fix$ to ! s(t iron lev] ^u a /rip ( pap] t is kept mov+ by clockwork sl[ly "u x4 ,! duration ( ! pressure on ! key1 :e!r in/antane\s or prolong$ = a mom5t1 occasions ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g?s ( ! l9es ind5t$ on ! pap]4 ,a s+le circuit is suffici5t = ?is telegraph1 & a boy :o is practis$ 9 ! use ( ! in/rum5t w transmit ne>ly z _m words 9 a m9ute z c be s5t by ! d\ble ne$le telegraph ) two wires4 ,! work+ ( ,mr4 ,morse's telegraph1 x w be obs]v$1 dep5ds altoge!r ^u br++ into action at ! receiv+ /ation an electro-magnet ( suffici5t =ce to me*anically ind5t pap]4 ,n[ ! resi/ance to ! passage ( electricity along ! wires dim9i%es ! quantity transmitt$ s greatly1 t at long di/ances x w\ld be almo/ impossible to obta9 suffici5t p[] = ! purpose1 if x act$ directly4 ,to ov]come t difficulty1 an auxili>y electro-magnet is employ$4 ,! electro-magnet :i* is directly 9 connection ) ! telegraph wire is a small "o1 surr\nd$ by ab\t #ejj y>ds ( v f9e wire1 = ! purpose ( multiply+ z mu* z possible ! effect ( ! feeble curr5t t is transmitt$4 ,! s(t iron keep]1 :i* is attract$ by t magnet1 is also v light1 s t x may be ! m readily attract$4 ,?is highly s5sitive in/rum5t s]ves to make & break contact ) a local batt]y1 :i* br+s into action a l>ge electro-magnet1 & z ! local batt]y & ! magnet are close to ! place :]e ! "w is to be done1 any requir$ =ce may be easily obta9$4 ,by ?is means ! m>ks may be impress$ on ! pap] at di/ances ( #djj miles or m ap>t4 ,?is is a v effici5t & rem>kably simple telegraph1 & z x op]ates ) a s+le wire1 x has completely supplant$ ! ne$le telegraph on ! ,cont95t2 ?\gh ! liability to error1 common to all manipulat$ telegraphs1 is consid]ably increas$ by ?is mode ( transmission1 nor c un9telligible signals be indicat$ & correct$ s readily z by ! ne$le in/rum5t4 ,!re h be5 sev]al modifications ( ,mr4 ,morse's telegraph1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! rapidity ( its action & ! di/9ctness ( ! m>ks4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 0 made by ,mr4 ,ba91 :o 9 #ahdg appli$ = ?is purpose ! me?od ( impress+ ! symbols on pap] by electro-*emical decomposition4 ,mr4 ,davy _h1 9 #ahdc1 tak5 out a pat5t = ! application ( electro-*emical m>ks to telegraphic purposes1 b 8 me?od 0 n suffici5tly practical to be br\ght into use4 ,mr4 ,ba9 adopt$ an alphabet ( %ort & long /rokes1 simil> to t ( ,mr4 ,morse2 b in/ead ( mak+ & break+ contact by a key press$ d[n by ! f+]1 he pun*$ holes 9 a /rip ( pap]1 correspond+ 9 l5g?s & positions to ! m>ks int5d$ to be transmitt$4 ,a small metal spr+1 connect$ ) ! voltaic batt]y1 press$ ^u a metal cyl9d] atta*$ to ! telegraph wire1 & :5 ! spr+ & cyl9d] t\*$1 an electric curr5t 0 transmitt$4 ,! /rip ( pun*$ pap] 0 plac$ ^u ! cyl9d] s z to int]rupt ! circuit1 except+ 9 ! p>ts :]e ! ap]tures all[$ ! spr+ to make contact2 !re=e :5 ! /rip ( pap] 0 mov$ along1 an electric curr5t 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ap]tures1 & x 0 /opp$ :5 ! pap] int]v5$4 ,at ! receiv+ /ation1 pap] well moi/5$ ) a solution ( prussiate ( potass & nitric acid 0 plac$ ^u a correspond+ cyl9d] to receive ! message1 & a piece ( /eel wire 0 kept /eadily press$ ^u x z x mov$ along4 ,! action ( ! electric curr5t at ! p>ts :]e x 0 transmitt$ caus$ ! acid to ent] into comb9ation ) ! /eel1 & ! consequ5t deposition ( iron on ! pap] 0 in/antly conv]t$ by ! prussiate ( potass into ,prussian blue4 ,on ! p>ts :]e ! electric curr5t 0 int]rupt$ no action took place1 & ?us numb]s ( %ort & long m>ks 7 made on ! pap]1 correspond+ to ! l5g?s ( ! ap]tures on ! prep>$ message4 ,a repres5tation ( ! pun*$ pap] = transmitt+ ! ^w ,ba9 is %[n 9 ?is diagram4 ,illu/ration ,z electro-*emical action takes effect mu* m rapidly ?an ! me*anical movem5t ( an ind5t+ po9t1 ,mr4 ,ba9's telegraph c\ld "w mu* fa/] ?an ,mr4 ,morse's4 ,we h be5 in=m$ t z _m z #a1jjj lett]s p] m9ute h occasionally be5 transmitt$ by ?is means f ,man*e/] to ,london4 ,! disadvantage att5d+ t mode ( transmission arises f ! t$i\s process ( pun*+ ! message prep>atory to transmission2 & ?\gh circum/ances may arise 9 :i* x w\ld be ( great importance to adopt ?is rapid sy/em ( transmission ) a s+le wire1 x has be5 yet b little us$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company1 :o pur*as$ ,mr4 ,ba9's pat5t = #aj1jjj4 ,ano!r modification ( ,mr4 ,morse's telegraph1 :i* has be5 m ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 consi/s 9 m]ely sub/itut+ m>ks made on pap] by electro-*emical decomposition = ^? ind5t$ by pressure4 ,x has be5 f\nd desirable 9 practice1 h[ev]1 to introduce an auxili>y electro-magnet1 call$ a pick]1 = mak+ & break+ contact1 by :i* arrangem5t ! dott$ m>ks c be made by a local batt]y1 & any requir$ am\nt ( electric p[] be obta9$4 ,! m>ks produc$ 9 ?is mann] are m di/9ct1 & are m quickly made1 ?an by me*anical pressure4 ,by a m rec5t application ( ,mr4 ,morse's sy/em1 ! m>ks are made on pap] ) ink fl[+ ?r\gh a glass p51 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! telegraph ( ,m4 ,s*weigg]1 already notic$4 ,z ! /rip ( pap] is mov$ along1 a cont9u\s l9e is ?us drawn on ! pap]4 ,:5 no signals are be+ transmitt$ ! l9e is /raight1 b :5 an electric curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! wire1 x br+s into action an electro-magnet1 :i* attracts ! p5hold] on "o side1 & alt]s ! direction ( ! m>k4 ,! transmission is effect$ by mak+ & break+ contact ) a key1 & ! cont9uance ( ! div]g5ce ( ! m>k f its normal direction is regulat$ by ! duration ( pressure on ! key4 ,! symbols are ?us made by deviations f ! /raight l9e1 ( diff]5t l5g?s & ( v>i$ comb9ations4 ,practical application alone c det]m9e :e!r ?is mode ( mak+ ! m>ks possesses any advantage ov] ,mr4 ,morse's orig9al plan4 ,! pat5t = ?is telegraph 0 grant$ to ,mr4 ,wilk9s 9 #ahed1 b a simil> in/rum5t1 appli$ to ! notation ( a/ronomical obs]vations1 0 %[n 9 ! ,am]ican dep>tm5t ( ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,! record+ telegraph in/rum5ts hi!rto notic$ impress on ! pap] only hi]oglyphical symbols1 :i* require long practice to deciph] readily4 ,x has1 f ! fir/ practical application ( ! inv5tion1 be5 consid]$ highly desirable t ! lett]s ( ! alphabet %\ld be indicat$ & pr9t$ 9 _! prop] =ms1 s t ! mom5t>y transmission ( an electric curr5t %\ld leave beh9d a durable impression t c\ld be read )\t difficulty4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,mr4 ,ba9 sep>ately attempt$ to accompli% ?is desir$ object by ! inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ ,telegraphs1 :i* pr9t messages f types4 ,x is a "q 9 dispute :i* ( !m 0 ! fir/ to design a telegraph ( ?is k9d4 ,9 #ahde1 ,mr4 ,ba9 _h a pr9t+ telegraph 9 op]ation exp]im5tally on ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,railway1 = a di/ance ( sev5 miles1 & we are n aw>e t ,pr(essor ,:eat/one ev] succe$$ 9 work+ 8 pr9t+ in/rum5ts :5 sep>at$ at a di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,9 pr9ciple1 bo? inv5tions 7 simil>4 ,a :eel1 into ! p]iph]y ( :i* 7 ins]t$ types ( ! tw5ty-six lett]s1 0 made to rotate 9 close proximity to a piece ( pap]1 ov] :i* 0 plac$ a black5$ surface t w\ld leave a m>k on ! pap] :5 press$ ^u4 ,:5 ! requir$ lett] came opposite ! pap]1 ! type-:eel 0 /opp$ & =c$ aga9/ x1 s t ! lett] 0 impress$1 & ! black f ! int]pos$ surface m>k$ ! =m ( ! type4 ,! pap] 0 !n mov$ =w>d to leave space = ! next lett]1 & ?us a cont9u\s message c\ld be pr9t$4 ,! objection to ^! in/rum5ts 0 ! unc]ta9ty ( /opp+ ! type-:eel at ! prop] po9t1 s z to avoid pr9t+ wrong lett]s2 & :5 ! in/rum5ts became ?us irregul>1 !y cont9u$ s till !y 7 aga9 adju/$4 ,?is difficulty has s9ce be5 ov]come2 & by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,h\se 9 ,am]ica1 & ( ,messrs4 ,brett 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! pr9t+ telegraph has atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,! me*anical arrangem5ts ( ! in/rum5t1 ?\gh v complex1 consi/ ess5tially1 l ^? ( ,mr4 ,ba9 & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 9 hav+ a type-:eel1 :i*1 by ! action ( ! op]ator at ! transmitt+ in/rum5t 9 mak+ & break+ contact1 moves or /ops at ! requir$ po9t1 & ! lett]s are pr9t$ by =c+ ! pap] aga9/ ! type by an electro-magnet4 ,! movem5ts ( ! type-:eel are regulat$ by an electro-magnet1 & "o great improvem5t introduc$ by ,mr4 ,brett prev5ts ! cont9uance ( error1 %\ld any be made dur+ transmission1 by br++ ! type-:eel to its fir/ position aft] pr9t+ ea* lett]1 s t if a wrong lett] be pr9t$1 ! subsequ5t lett]s w n cont9ue errone\s4 ,?is pr9t+ telegraph works ) a s+le wire1 b its op]ation is r sl[4 ,! la/ record+ telegraph we %all notice is ! "o inv5t$ by ! au?or1 :i* transmits copies ( ! h&writ+ ( correspond5ts4 ,! communication to be transmitt$ is writt5 ^u t9 foil1 ?9ly coat$ ) v>ni%1 ) a p5 dipp$ 9 an ink compos$ ( cau/ic soda & col\r+ matt]4 ,! alkali deta*es ! v>ni%1 & :5 ! surface is wa%$ ov] ) a wet sponge1 ! metal is expos$ on ^? p>ts writt5 ^u1 ! writ+ appe>+ metallic on a d>k gr\nd4 ,! message is !n plac$ r\nd a metal cyl9d] t is connect$ ) ! l9e wire f ! receiv+ /ation4 ,a brass po9t1 9 connection ) ! voltaic batt]y1 lightly presses on ! message z ! cyl9d] rotates1 s t ! electric circuit is made & brok5 ?r\gh ! message z x passes "u ! connect+ po9t1 ! coat+ ( v>ni% on ! foil be+ suffici5t to int]rupt ! electric curr5t 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! po9t is re/+ ^u x4 ,on a correspond+ cyl9d] 9 ! electric circuit1 at ! receiv+ /ation1 pap] moi/5$ ) a solution ( prussiate ( potass & nitrate ( soda is plac$ to receive ! message2 & x is press$ ^u by ! po9t ( a /eel wire1 9 connection ) ! communicat+ wire4 ,! accompany+ diagram w assi/ 9 expla9+ ! arrangem5t4 ,! cyl9d] ( ! in/rum5t is %[n at a2 b is ! metal /yle connect$ by ! wire g ) "o ( ! poles ( ! voltaic batt]y2 o is ! arm :i* holds ! /yle & s]ves to insulate x f ! re/ ( ! app>atus2 c is a f9e screw on :i* t arm trav]ses z ! cyl9d] revolves2 d d are cog-:eels to turn ! screw4 ,! spe$ ( ! in/rum5t is regulat$ by ! fan e2 f is ! impell+ weight1 & h ! wire connect$ ) ! di/ant in/rum5t4 ,! receiv+ & ! transmitt+ in/rum5ts are alike1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ t ! /yle ( ! copy+ in/rum5t is /eel in/ead ( brass wire4 ,illu/ration ,z ! cyl9d] a is connect$ by ! wire h ) ! di/ant in/rum5t1 & ?r\gh x ) "o ( ! poles ( ! voltaic batt]y1 ! electric circuit is complet$ by pass+ f g ?r\gh ! t9 foil message1 or ?r\gh ! pap] plac$ on ! cyl9d]4 ,?is w be ! case :5ev] ! /yle ( ! transmitt+ in/rum5t is press+ on ! metallic writ+2 & at ^? times ! electro-*emical action ( ! voltaic curr5t w produce a blue m>k on ! pap] ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 by ! deposition ( iron & its comb9ation ) ! prussiate ( potass4 ,! circuit w 9 l mann] be int]rupt$ :5ev] ! po9t b presses on ^? p>ts ( ! message :]e ! v>ni% is n remov$2 & ?us1 z ! two cyl9d]s revolve1 !re w be a succession ( small blue m>ks on ! p>ts :]e ! writ+ all[s ! electric curr5t to pass4 ,z ! arms t c>ry ! po9ts trav]se on screws1 !y are drawn along z ! cyl9d]s rotate1 s z to press on fre% p>ts ( ! message & ( ! pap] at ea* revolution4 ,! /eel po9t w\ld !re=e draw a s]ies ( spiral l9es on ! pap]1 if ! electric curr5t 7 n int]rupt$2 b ! int]position ( ! v>ni% breaks ^? l9es1 & z ! po9t passes ov] diff]5t portions ( ! lett]s at ea* revolution ( ! cyl9d]1 ! m>ks & ! int]ruptions on ! pap] correspond exactly ) ! =ms ( ! lett]s1 & ?us produce a copy ( ! writ+ plac$ ^u ! receiv+ cyl9d]1 9 blue *>act]s on a yell[i% gr\nd4 ,or ! message may be writt5 on unprep>$ t9 foil ) a p5 dipp$ 9 v>ni%2 9 :i* case ! writ+ w be copi$ 9 :ite *>act]s on a gr\nd ( d>k l9es1 z 9 ! accompany+ specim51 ,a be+ ! writ+ on t9 foil1 & ,b ! message receiv$4 ,x is ess5tial to ! p]fect work+ ( ! copy+ telegraph t ! correspond+ in/rum5ts %\ld rotate exactly toge!r4 ,?is is effect$ by an electromagnetic regulator1 :i* be+ put 9 action by "o in/rum5t1 gov]ns ! movem5ts ( ! di/ant in/rum5t ) ! greate/ exactness1 z prov$ at a di/ance ( #cjj miles4 ,x might be suppos$1 z ! po9ts mu/ trav]se sev]al times ov] ! same l9e ( writ+ to copy x1 t ! process is a sl[ "o2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! cyl9d]s revolve1 ?is is n ! case4 ,! ord9>y spe$ is "o rotation 9 two seconds1 & at t rate ?ree l9es ( writ+1 conta9+ sixty words1 w\ld be copi$ 9 "o m9ute1 :i* is ?ree times z fa/ z an exp$iti\s p5man c write4 ,illu/ration ,! advantages propos$ to be ga9$ by ! copy+ telegraph1 9 addition to its increas$ rapidity ( transmission1 are ! au!ntication ( telegraphic correspond5ce by ! signatures ( ! writ]s1 fre$om f ! errors ( transmission1 & ! ma9t5ance ( secrecy4 ,z a special means ( obta9+ secrecy1 ! messages may be receiv$ on pap] moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( soda alone1 9 :i* case !y w\ld be invisible until bru%$ ov] ) a solution ( prussiate ( potass1 to be appli$ by ! p]son to :om ! communication is address$4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one has rec5tly contriv$ an improvem5t 9 8 index telegraph1 :i* 0 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,f>aday 9 a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,june la/4 ,its *ief m]it1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 ! beauty ( ! me*anism1 = x is ess5tially ! same z ! index telegraphs he & o!rs h previ\sly inv5t$1 ) ! sub/itution ( magneto-electricity = ! mov+ =ce4 ,hav+ n[ trac$ ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! in/rum5ts by means ( :i* messages may be transmitt$1 x becomes necess>y to describe ! me?ods employ$ = mak+ ! electrical connection f "o place to ano!r4 ,?is "p ( ! electric telegraph sy/em is1 aft] all1 ! mo/ ess5tial to its effici5t work+1 & be>s ! same relation to ! transmitt+ in/rum5ts t ! /ructure ( a railroad does to locomotive eng9es 9 ! sy/em ( railway conveyance4 ,! fact t an electric curr5t might be s5t ?r\gh a long circuit _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,dr4 ,watson1 9 conjunction ) o!r ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 #agdg1 :5 !y s5t ! *>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> ?r\gh two miles ( wire1 support$ ^u %ort /icks driv5 into ! gr\nd2 ! wire at ea* t]m9us be+ connect$ ) ! e>? = ! return curr5t4 ,?is me?od ( insulation & conduction fully answ]$ ! purpose1 & s]v$ to det]m9e ! great velocity ) :i* electricity is transmitt$1 = no p]ceptible int]val occurr$ betwe5 ! dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j> at "o end ( ! circuit1 & its effect at ! o!r extremity4 ,mr4 ,ronalds made ! next exp]im5t on an ext5sive scale1 by insulat+ eight miles ( wire 9 glass tubes1 ! wire be+ c>ri$ backw>ds & =w>ds = t di/ance on 8 lawn at ,hamm]smi?4 ,t mode ( insulation 0 f\nd v effici5t4 ,x 01 inde$1 too p]fect1 = ! difficulty arose ( dis*>g+ ! electricity f ! wire aft] ! *>ge _h pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! l5g? ( telegraphic communication e/abli%$ at ,muni*1 9 #ahcg1 by ,dr4 ,/e9heil1 0 an important practical advance 9 ! sy/em ( ext5d+ & insulat+ ! wires1 & des]ves consid]ation1 n only f ! ext5t to :i* x 0 c>ri$ into practical op]ation1 b f ! circum/ance t ! e>? 0 employ$ to =m ! return circuit4 ,! wires appe> to h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! city by ext5d+ !m f ! *ur* t[]s & o!r elevat$ build+s4 ,t plan1 inde$1 pres5ts s _m facilities = pass+ telegraph wires ?r\gh t[ns1 t x is n improbable x may be ultimately adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?\gh ! conduct+ p[] ( ! e>? 0 ?us e>ly made use ( = "o-half ( ! circuit1 ! fact seems to h be5 unkn[n 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( lay+ d[n ! telegraph wires to ,sl\gh 9 #ahde1 = a sep>ate wire 0 !n us$ = ! return curr5t4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds1 inde$1 ,mr4 ,ba9 laid claim to ! discov]y2 b ! fact t ! conduct+ p[] ( ! e>? _h be5 previ\sly appli$ to ! purpose by ,dr4 ,/e9heil has be5 inconte/ably prov$4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! practical application ( electric telegraphs 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,cook took an active "p 9 ov]com+ ! num]\s difficulties att5d+ ! prop] protection & insulation ( ! wires4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! plan ( bury+ ! wires 9 tr5*es 0 tri$1 b ) v indiff]5t success1 z ! asphaltum & o!r res9\s sub/ances ) :i* x 0 attempt$ to insulate !m 7 inadequate = ! purpose1 & all[$ ! electricity to escape f wire to wire4 ,! me?od ( support+ ! wires on tall po/s 0 !n adopt$ by ,mr4 ,cooke1 ! wires be+ insulat$ f ! po/s at ! po9ts ( susp5sion1 by pass+ !m ?r\gh quills4 ,v>i\s improvem5ts h s9ce be5 made 9 ! insulators1 & ! plan mo/ 9 fav\r at pres5t is to pass ! wires ?r\gh globul> e>!nw>e or glass insulators1 atta*$ to ! po/s1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ diagram4 ,! wires !mselves are ab\t "o-six? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 !y are made ( iron coat$ ) z9c1 or galvaniz$1 z x is t]m$1 to protect !m f ru/4 ,illu/ration ,not)/&+ ! great c>e tak5 to insulate ! wires at ! po/s1 a l>ge quantity ( ! electricity escapes 9 wet wea!r1 & returns to ! batt]y )\t hav+ rea*$ ! mo/ di/ant /ations1 & ?us n unfrequ5tly ! communications are int]rupt$4 ,! au?or is ( op9ion t ! loss ( electricity 9 wet wea!r is occasion$ r by communication f "o wire to ano!r ?r\gh ! moi/ atmosph]e1 ?an by defective insulation at ! po/s4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion x may be /at$1 t he has exp]im5tally det]m9$ t a work+ electric curr5t might be transmitt$ f ,london to ,liv]pool1 if all ! po9ts ( atta*m5t 7 connect$ by wat] ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 provid$ t ! re/ ( ! wire 7 insulat$4#g ,! use ( gutta p]*a z an insulat+ cov]+ = wire has giv5 rise to a new era 9 telegraphic communication4 ,gutta p]*a is an excell5t insulator1 & wire cov]$ ) two coat+s ( t mat]ial1 ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* ea*1 is s f> protect$1 t #ajj miles ( x imm]s$ 9 wat] transmits an electric curr5t f a p[]ful voltaic batt]y ) v trifl+ loss4 ,?is p]fection 9 insulation has greatly facilitat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( telegraphic communication betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,cont95t4 ,! fir/ attempt to e/abli% a subm>9e circuit betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais took place on ! #bh? ( ,augu/1 #ahej4 ,a s+le copp] wire1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a common bell wire1 coat$ ?ickly ) gutta p]*a1 0 laid across ! ,engli% ,*annel exp]im5tally1 )\t any protection4 ,x prov$ suffici5t = ! transmission ( an electric curr5t1 & sev]al messages 7 s5t ?r\gh x betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais2 b x 0 f> too feeble to resi/ ! action ( ! waves1 & ! foll[+ day x 0 cut ?r\gh by friction aga9/ ! rocks1 & ! communication 0 /opp$4 ,illu/ration ,! plan aft]w>ds adopt$ = a p]man5t subm>9e l9e 0 to enclose five simil> wires 9 a holl[ iron wire cable4 ,! wires 7 fir/ slightly twi/$1 to prev5t !m f be+ brok5 :5 /ret*$4 ,!y 7 !n cov]$ ) hemp5 y>n1 to protect ! gutta p]*a f attrition1 & !y 7 ?us introduc$ into ! holl[ cable1 ( :i* !y =m$ ! core4 ,! accompany+ woodcut repres5ts ?is /ructure ( ! cable2 ! five twi/$ wires are %[n at ,c2 ,b repres5ts ! same cov]$ ) hemp y>n2 & ,a a portion ( ! complet$ cable1 con/ruct$ ( ?ick iron wire galvaniz$4 ,?is cable has n[ be5 laid d[n = sev5 ye>s1 & ) p]fect success4 ,its /r5g? has (t5 be5 sev]ely te/$1 z x has be5 sometime drawn up by %ips' an*ors1 & consid]ably /ra9$2 b x has n be5 brok51 & ! insulation is almo/ p]fect4 ,! success ( ?is subm>9e cable has induc$ ! ext5sion ( t means ( communicat+ ) ! ,cont95t1 & simil> subm>9e telegraph cables h be5 laid d[n f ,dov] to ,o/5d1 f ,h>wi* to ! ,hague1 f ,scotl& to ,irel&1 & across ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea z f> z ,malta4 ,! weight & ! co/ ( ^? cables pres5t a s]i\s ob/acle to _! adoption 9 =m+ a telegraphic communication ) ,am]ica2 & :5 x 0 det]m9$ to attempt to e/abli% electrical connection ) ! ,new ,_w1 a diff]5t =m ( cable 0 adopt$4 ,! conductor ( ! electric curr5t 9 ! ,atlantic cable is compos$ ( sev5 /r&s ( f9e copp] wire twi/$ toge!r1 ! aggregate ?ickness ( :i* is n great] ?an ! s+le copp] wire ( o!r subm>9e cables4 ,?is f9e copp] cord is cov]$ c>efully ) gutta p]*a2 x is !n coat$ ) t>r$ hemp1 & is protect$ ext]nally by an iron wire rope1 compos$ ( num]\s /r&s ( f9e wire4 ,! =m & exact size ( ! cable are %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+ & section4 ,! c5tral dots 9 ! section are ! conduct+ wires r\nd :i* are ! gutta p]*a & hemp1 & ! out] rim repres5ts ! iron wire cas+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! successful lay+ d[n ( s frail a cable1 aft] _m failures1 af=ds good gr\nd = hop+ t1 ) ! exp]i5ce already ga9$1 subsequ5t ef=ts w prove m satisfactory & mu* less exp5sive ?an ?is fir/ attempt to e/abli% telegraphic communication ) ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ que/ionable "p ( ! problem has1 inde$1 be5 already solv$2 = ! transmission ( electric signals1 ?r\gh t l5g? ( subm]g$ wire1 0 at "o "t d\bt$2 & ?\gh ! communication ?r\gh ! pres5t cable has ceas$1 x has suffici5tly e/abli%$ ! fact1 t telegraphic communication ) ,am]ica is a practicable und]tak+4 ,! excell5t insulation obta9$ by means ( gutta p]*a cov]$ wires has caus$ a return to ! orig9al plan ( bury+ ! wires 9 tr5*es 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! ,briti% & ,subm>9e ,telegraph ,company make all _! communications by t means2 ! numb] ( coat$ wires requir$ be+ enclos$ 9 iron tubes1 & laid 9 ! gr\nd along ! common roads4 ,t plan is1 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) consid]able disadvantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! co/ ( ! coat$ copp] wire is m ?an quadruple t ( galvaniz$ iron wire2 & ?\gh copp]1 comp>$ ) iron1 (f]s only "o-sev5? "p ! resi/ance to ! transmission ( electricity1 yet ! ?9 wire employ$ is sc>cely equal 9 conduct+ p[] to ! galvaniz$ iron wire usually support$ on po/s4 ,! quantity ( electricity transmitt$ is !re=e less1 & ! comp>ative int5sity ( x is great]4 ,ano!r difficulty att5d+ ! use ( insulat$ wires buri$ 9 ! gr\nd arises f a v peculi> condition ( electrical conduction1 t c\ld sc>cely h be5 anticipat$4 ,! wire1 coat$ ) gutta p]*a1 & surr\nd$ ext]nally ) wat] or ) moi/ e>?1 becomes an elongat$ ,leyd5 j>2 ! gutta p]*a repres5t+ ! glass1 ! wire ! inside coat+1 & ! wat] ! conduct+ surface outside4 ,?us1 :5 electricity is transmitt$ ?r\gh su* a m$ium1 a portion ( ! *>ge is reta9$ aft] connection ) ! batt]y has be5 brok54 ,?is effect increases ) ! l5g? ( ! wire & ! int5sity ( ! curr5t2 & x mat]ially int]f]es ) ! work+ ( _m telegraph in/rum5ts4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts ) ! copy+ telegraph at ! ,gutta ,p]*a ,works 9 ! ,city ,road1 x 0 f\nd t ?r\gh a circuit ( #ej miles ( wire imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! m>k made by electro-*emical decomposition on pap] _h a t5d5cy to become cont9u\s2 s t in/ead ( ceas+ to m>k1 :5 ! v>ni% int]rupt$ ! curr5t1 a l9e 0 drawn cont9u\sly on ! pap]1 ?\gh ! /rong] m>ks :]e ! curr5t pass$ 7 suffici5t to make ! writ+ legible4 ,! ret5tion ( ! *>ge 0 also %[n /ill m rem>kably by ! explosion ( gunp[d] by ! electricity reta9$ 9 ! wire half a m9ute aft] connection ) ! batt]y _h be5 brok54 ,x is ow+ to ! ret5tion ( ! electricity by ! wire t ! sl[ness ) :i* ! messages ?r\gh ! ,atlantic cable 7 transmitt$ is to be attribut$1 & n to ! l5g? ( ! cable4 ,! rate ( "o ^w a m9ute 0 ! av]age spe$ ( transmission :5 ! fir/ messages 7 s5t ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! effect ( ! ret>dation ( ! electric curr5t is comp>atively insignificant & 7 x n = ! peculi> action ( ! surr\nd+ wat]1 ! messages might h be5 transmitt$ twelve times fa/] ?an !y 74 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ a telegraphic l9e has greatly dim9i%$ ) ! increas$ facilities ( insulat+ ! wires1 & s9ce ! expiration ( pat5ts1 :i* conf]r$ a monopoly on c]ta9 plans ( do+ s4 ,! co/ to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company = a l9e ( six wires to ,sl\gh1 0 #aej p] mile1 ) comp>atively l[ & sl5d] po/s & v imp]fect insulation4 ,! co/ ( ! same numb] ( wires at ! pres5t day w\ld n be "o-half t sum1 ) ?ick] wires & bett] insulation4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ,engl& to re/rict ! susp5sion ( telegraphic wires to railways1 f ! notion t ! protection ( railways is necess>y to prev5t wilful damage to ! wires2 & z ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company h made exclusive arrangem5ts ) all ! railway companies out ( ,london1 ! compet+ telegraph companies h pref]r$ to lay _! wires und]gr\nd r ?an incur ! suppos$ risk ( damage to ! wires if susp5d$ f po/s on common roads1 ?\gh by ?is means ! co/ ( con/ruction is at lea/ quadrupl$4 ,! protection :i* railways af=d is1 h[ev]1 m imag9>y ?an real1 = any "o incl9$ to int]rupt ! communication c\ld easily d s2 & if on common roads prop] precautions 7 tak5 9 fix+ ! po/s1 & a heavy p5alty 7 impos$ on wilful (f5d]s1 ! common roads & op5 fields w\ld1 !re c be little d\bt1 (f] z safe a c\rse = ! telegraphic wires z railways4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( ! e>? is n[ employ$ by all electric telegraph companies = "o-half ( e circuit4 ,?us1 :e!r a communication be s5t f ,london to ,liv]pool1 to ,ed9burgh1 ,p>is1 or ,brussels1 ! moi/ e>? s]ves to complete "o-half ( ! communication4 ,9 ! telegraphic circuit betwe5 ,london & ,liv]pool1 = example1 ! insulat$ wire is connect$ at ea* end ) ! e>? by be+ sold]$ to a copp] plate1 :i* is buri$ a few feet und]gr\nd1 s z to insure its be+ always surr\nd$ ) moi/ure4 ,to improve ! connection ( ?is plate ) ! e>?1 x is cu/om>y to bury ) x a quantity ( sulphate ( copp]1 ! solution ( :i* surr\nds ! e>?-plate ) a bett] conduct+ liquid ?an wat]1 & ?us ext5ds ! connect+ surface4 ,! gas pipes or wat] pipes are sometimes employ$ = ! atta*m5t ( ! wires in/ead ( an e>?-plate1 b ! latt] is g5]ally pref]r$4 ,9 arrang+ a telegraphic circuit1 ! voltaic batt]ies & ! in/rum5ts are introduc$ at breaks 9 ! telegraph wire4 ,! c\rse ( ! electric curr5t is f ! copp] end ( ! batt]y ?r\gh ! transmitt+ in/rum5t1 !n along ! wire to ! receiv+ in/rum5t2 f t x passes to ! e>? & is ?us return$ to ! transmitt+ /ation1 :]e x completes ! circuit by be+ conduct$ f ! e>?-plate to ! z9c end ( ! voltaic batt]y4 ,! arrangem5t = complet+ ! circuit w be m cle>ly und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ diagram4 ,illu/ration ,! wire f ,c1 :i* is ! copp] pole ( ! voltaic batt]y1 is connect$ ) ! in/rum5t ,a2 ! electric curr5t is !n transmitt$ along ! wire ,d to ! receiv+ in/rum5t ,b2 !nce x is transf]r$ to ! e>?-plate ,e1 passes ?r\gh ! e>? to ! correspond+ plate ,e1 :i* is connect$ ) ,z1 ! z9c pole ( ! batt]y4 ,:5 a communication is return$ f ,b to ,a1 a simil> arrangem5t is made2 ! wires connect$ ) ! in/rum5ts be+ s arrang$ z to br+ into action a voltaic batt]y at ,b1 & to ?r[ out ( circuit ! "o at ,a2 = ! connection ) ! batt]y is only made :5 ! transmitt+ in/rum5t is work$4 ,s9ce all ! electric telegraphs 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w are connect$ ) ! e>?1 z "o portion ( ! circuit1 x might be suppos$ t ! v>i\s curr5ts w\ld m+le1 & occasion a confusion ( messages2 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t no electric curr5t is =m$ until a communication be made f "o pole ( a voltaic batt]y to ! o!r1 & z su* communication c only be complet$ ?r\gh ! insulat$ wire1 ! e>?-curr5ts _c m+le1 b ea* "o passes to ! prop] t]m9us ( its respective batt]y4 ,! accompany+ diagram & explanation may s]ve to remove ! difficulty ( und]/&+ :y ! two circuits are ma9ta9$ q di/9ct4 ,illu/ration ,! lett]s ,a ,b repres5t ! wires mak+ communications betwe5 ! batt]ies ,d & ,e1 & ! telegraph in/rum5ts ,i ,o at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,! electricity f ! copp] end ( ! batt]y ,d w\ld be conduct$ along ,a ?r\gh ! in/rum5t ,i1 & by ! wire ,k to ! e>?-plate ,h4 ,x w\ld be !n transmitt$ ?r\gh ! e>? on its return to ! batt]y1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 to ! o!r e>?-plate ,g1 & !nce x w\ld f9d its way to ! z9c pole ( ! batt]y ,d1 & complete ! circuit4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! electric curr5t f ! copp] end ( ! batt]y ,e w\ld be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! wire ,b1 & w\ld complete its curr5t also by means ( ! e>?-plates ,g ,h1 & w\ld trav]se ! c\rse indicat$ by ! arr[s1 & return to ! z9c end ( ,e4 ,?\gh bo? electric curr5ts trav]se ! same wire f ! in/rum5ts ,i ,o to ! e>?-plate ,h1 & are !nce transmitt$ ?r\gh ! e>? to a s+le plate1 ,g1 at ! transmitt+ /ation1 !re is no m+l+ ( curr5ts1 ! electric curr5t ( ea* batt]y be+ kept z di/9ct z if sep>ate wires 7 us$ bo? = ! transmitt$ & ! return curr5t4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be z impossible = ! sep>ate curr5ts transmitt$ f ! two batt]ies to be m+l$ toge!r1 z x w\ld be = ! writt5 cont5ts ( two lett]s enclos$ 9 ! same mail-bag to int]mix4#h ,! l5g? ( telegraph l9es at pres5t laid d[n by ! sev]al telegraph companies 9 ,great ,brita91 exce$s #aj1jjj miles4 ,to complete ^? l9es requir$ #dj1jjj miles ( wire1 & !re are #c1jjj p]sons engag$ 9 ! transmission ( telegraphic intellig5ce4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re is a direct communication f ,new ,york to ,new ,orleans1 a di/ance ( #b1jjj miles1 ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( :i* wires messages c be transmitt$ )\t any break4 ,wires h also be5 susp5d$ on l(ty po/s across ! ,indian ,p59sula1 :]e no railways h be5 yet laid d[n4 ,l9es ( insulat$ wire1 p>tly subm]g$ 9 ! sea1 p>tly buri$ und]gr\nd1 & p>tly susp5d$ on po/s 9 ! air1 place ,london & ,vi5na 9 direct communication2 & o!r telegraph l9es are 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction1 :i* w unite ,london ) ,africa3 & a complete net-"w ( telegraph wires is spread+ ov] ! face ( ,europe4 ,x w n be long be=e ?is sy/em ( communication is connect$ ) a simil> "o 9 ,am]ica4 ,! failure ( ! cable already laid d[n has confirm$ ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 express$ 9 pap]s read at meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & 9 8 "w on ,electricity1 t ! conduct+ wire %\ld be suffici5tly /rong to be self-protective1 )\t requir+ an ext]nal coat+ ( iron wire rope4 ,a conduct+ copp] wire1 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) gutta p]*a & t>r$ hemp1 w\ld be m flexible & /rong] ?an ! comb9$ cable2 & x be+ a mu* bett] conductor ( electricity1 ! rapidity ( transmission w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,! effect ( ! e/abli%m5t ( compet+ telegraph companies 9 ,engl& has be5 to dim9i% ! *>ge = transmitt+ messages1 9 "s in/ances to "o-fif? ( ! rate =m]ly dem&$2 & :5 fur!r exp]i5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( telegraphic l9es1 & ! adoption ( m rapidly transmitt+ in/rum5ts1 h facilitat$ & improv$ ! means ( communication1 we may anticipate t correspond5ce by ,electric ,telegraph w 9 a great measure sup]s$e ! transmission ( lett]s by po/4 ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,clocks4 ,! inv5tion ( ,electro-,magnetic ,clocks closely foll[$ ! introduction ( ! electric telegraph2 & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 to :om ! _w is pr9cipally indebt$1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,cooke1 = ! p]fection & application ( ! ne$le telegraphic in/rum5t1 claims also to be ! orig9al inv5tor ( ,electro-,magnetic ,clocks4 ,8 claim is1 h[ev]1 disput$ by ,mr4 ,ba91 :o ass]ts t he 0 ! fir/ :o conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ ! p[] ( electro-magnets to ! regulation & movem5ts ( clocks1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t he br\ght ! inv5tion into a work+ /ate4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( ! inv5tion1 ! object attempt$ to be atta9$ 0 to regulate sev]al clocks1 once an h\r--or (t5]1 if requir$--s t !y might all indicate precisely ! same "t4 ,= ?is purpose ,mr4 ,ba9 took = a /&>d "t-keep] a clock ( ! be/ possible con/ruction1 plac$ 9 circum/ances fav\rable to ma9ta9+ accuracy4 ,! m9ute-h& ( 8 clock1 ! in/ant t x po9t$ to ! h\r1 made connection ) a voltaic batt]y t br\ght into action a s]ies ( electro-magnets atta*$ to ! clocks to be regulat$2 "o ( !m be+ fix$ on ! top ( ea* clock4 ,its mom5t>y action 0 made to collapse a pair ( clipp]s1 :i* 9 clos+ seiz$ ! m9ute-h& ( ! clock to :i* x 0 atta*$1 & br\ght x to ! h\r po9t4 ,?us all ! clocks 9 ! s]ies c\ld be regulat$ e h\r1 = ! collapse ( ! clipp]s pu%$ ! h& =w>d if x 7 too late1 or ?ru/ x back if x _h ga9$4 ,mr4 ,ba9 contemplat$ ! application ( ?is contrivance to all ! public clocks ( a t[n1 by hav+ wires laid d[n 9 ! /reets to connect !m 9 "o voltaic circuit4 ,su* a plan w\ld1 h[ev]1 h involv$ great] exp5se & tr\ble 9 its accompli%m5t ?an ! object seem$ to m]it2 b ! regulation ( any numb] ( clocks 9 a l>ge e/abli%m5t might h be5 practicable by t means4 ,we are n aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ?is mode ( regulat+ clocks by electricity 0 ev] adopt$1 & x has s9ce be5 sup]s$$ by an arrangem5t made by ,mr4 ,%eph]d1 junior1 to be pres5tly notic$4 ,improv+ on ?is fir/ application ( electro-magnetism to ! regulation ( clocks1 ,mr4 ,ba9 aft]w>ds employ$ ! p[] to keep ! clocks 9 action1 s t ea* clock might be propell$ by magnets alone1 )\t any weight1 & )\t ! ord9>y tra9 ( :eels4 ,e "o acqua9t$ ) ! me*anism ( a clock is aw>e t ! weight communicates motion to a tra9 ( :eels1 & t ! movem5t is regulat$ by ! vibration ( a p5dulum1 :i* is act$ on by ! la/ :eel ( ! tra94 ,t :eel1 call$ ! escapem5t1 is s =m$1 t ea* too? cat*es 9 succession into a det5t fix$ on ! p5dulum ne> ! po9t ( susp5sion1 :i* all[s "o too? to pass at ea* d\ble vibration4 ,! p5dulum1 !re=e1 gov]ns ! movem5t ( ! tra9 ( :eels by *eck+ ! escapem5t1 & all[+ ! tee? to pass "o by "o2 & z p5dulums ( giv5 l5g?s vibrate 9 giv5 times1 if _! actions be n int]f]$ )1 ! clocks w keep regul> "t4 ,b ! pressure ( ! escape-:eel aga9/ ! det5t1 & ! consequ5t friction1 prev5t ! p5dulum f act+ freely4 ,9 ! be/ made clocks !re are special contrivances to deta* ! p5dulum z mu* z possible f ! :eels1 & likewise to comp5sate = v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum by *ange ( temp]ature4 ,9 ! clocks actuat$ by electro-magnetism1 ! movem5t ( ! p5dulum is n ma9ta9$ by repeat$ impulses ( ! escape-:eel1 z 9 ord9>y clocks1 b by magnetic attraction2 an electro-magnet be+ s arrang$ z to attract ! bob ( ! p5dulum 9 bo? directions alt]nately4 ,9 ,mr4 ,ba9's arrangem5t1 ! bob ( ! p5dulum is =m$ ( a holl[ coil ( cov]$ copp] wire1 :i*1 on ! transmission ( an electric curr5t1 becomes magnetic1 & x is !n attract$ by sev]al p]man5t magnets fix$ 9 a holl[ horizontal b>1 ov] :i* ! coil ( wire moves4 ,! accompany+ diagram w s]ve to expla9 m cle>ly ! p>ts ( ! clock on :i* ! movem5t ( ! p5dulum dep5ds4 ,! p5dulum rod1 ,b1 is made ( wood1 & ! bob1 ,a1 consi/s ( a holl[ coil ( ?ick copp] wire cov]$ ) cotton1 ?r\gh :i* ! holl[ b>1 ,c ,c1 passes4 ,inside t b> !re are sev]al p]man5t magnets1 pack$ on ea* side ( ! ends ( ! coil ( wire1 ! poles ( ^? on "o side be+ ! opposite ( ^? on ! o!r4 ,9 ! diagram only "o magnet on ea* side is repres5t$1 n & s1 to prev5t confusion4 ,! ends ( ! coil ( wire are atta*$ to ! p5dulum rod1 & !y are conduct$ up x s z to =m connection ) ! wires ( ! voltaic batt]y1 :i* are connect$ ) gold /uds ins]t$ into a horizontal /age fix$ to ! clock-case4 ,a small movable bridge1 =m$ ( wire1 & hav+ ! ends tipp$ ) gold or plat9um1 re/s ^u ! /age1 & is %ift$ f side to side by ! p5dulum4 ,9 ^! movem5ts ! gold po9ts t\* & slide ov] ! gold /uds 9 ! /age1 & !reby make & break contact ) ! voltaic batt]y1 & alt]nately s5d & int]rupt an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! coil ( wire4 ,illu/ration ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! p5dulum is ab\t to rise to ! "r t[>ds s1 at :i* "t ! voltaic circuit is complet$4 ,! coil is1 !re=e1 magnetic1 & is attract$ by ! p]man5t magnet 9 ,c4 ,z ! p5dulum approa*es ! end ( its sw+1 x pu%es ! movable bridge away f ! gold /uds on :i* x re/s1 & ?us breaks connection ) ! voltaic batt]y1 & ! p5dulum desc5ds unre/ra9$ by ! attractive =ce ( ! magnets4 ,z ! p5dulum desc5ds t[>ds its l[e/ po9t1 x %ifts ! bridge on to ! metal /uds on ! o!r side1 :i* are s dispos$ z to s5d a curr5t ?r\gh ! coil 9 a direction opposite to ! =m]1 s t ! poles ( ! voltaic batt]y are rev]s$1 & ! attractive =ce is ex]t$ 9 draw+ ! p5dulum t[>ds ! left h&4 ,9 ?is mann] ! p[] imp>t$ to ! coil1 z ! p5dulum vibrates to & fro1 produces a cont9u\s repetition ( ! attraction on ea* side alt]nately1 & ma9ta9s a con/ant action4 ,! only :eels requir$ 9 a clock ( ?is k9d are ^? :i* turn ! h&s2 & ! motion is communicat$ f ! p5dulum to ! seconds :eel by means ( a small atta*$ lev]1 work+ on a rat*et :eel4 ,! m9ute & ! h\r h&s d]ive _! movem5ts f ! seconds :eel 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! voltaic batt]y employ$ to "w ,mr4 ,ba9's clocks consi/s ( a pair ( l>ge copp] & z9c plates buri$ 9 ! moi/ e>?1 :i* excite a suffici5t am\nt ( electricity to ma9ta9 ! motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,a batt]y ( ?is k9d w rema9 9 action a long "t1 & w s]ve to keep a clock go+ = sev]al mon?s4 ,x is1 inde$1 a ne> approa* to ! atta9m5t ( p]petual motion1 s9ce no?+ b ! we>+ away ( ! mat]ials1 or ! accumulation ( du/ on ! connect+ po9ts1 seems to prev5t ! realization ( t me*anical *im]a4 ,!re is a disadvantage att5d+ ! arrangem5t ( ,mr4 ,ba9's clocks1 aris+ f ! atta*m5t ( ! p5dulum to ! :eels2 & z ! mov+ =ce is d]iv$ directly f voltaic electricity1 any v>iation 9 ! p[] ( ! batt]y causes v>iation 9 ! l5g?s ( ! vibrations1 & produces irregul>ity4 ,= ! purpose ( rem$y+ ^! defects1 ,mr4 ,%eph]d1 junior1 has adopt$ an arrangem5t :i* deta*es ! p5dulum f ! clock movem5t1 & makes its vibrations altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! v>y+ =ce ( voltaic batt]ies4 ,9 ,mr4 ,%eph]d's arrangem5t1 ! impulse ( ! p5dulum is giv5 by successive bl[s f a spr+1 :i* is drawn back & !n lib]at$ at ea* vibration4 ,! h&s ( ! clock are also mov$ by electro-magnets1 by :i* means ! impell+ =ces & ! resi/ances enc\nt]$ by ! p5dulum are always con/ant4 ,by mak+ ! p5dulum ?us indep5d5t ( ! works1 & employ+ x m]ely to make & break contract at regul> int]vals1 any numb] ( clocks 9 ! same e/abli%m5t may be set 9 motion1 & kept exactly toge!r1 by a s+le p5dulum4 ,! l>ge clock ov] ! pr9cipal entrance to ! ,great ,exhibition 0 on ?is con/ruction4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible1 ) any approa* to regul>ity1 to h mov$ h&s ( t size1 expos$ z !y 7 to ! w9d1 unless ! p5dulum _h be5 indep5d5t ( su* resi/ances4 ,electro-,magnetic ,clocks h n yet come into g5]al use1 p>tly ow+ to imp]fections 9 ! batt]y connections1 :i* occasionally put a /op to _! movem5ts1 b pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! high prices *>g$ by ! pat5tees4 ,z no tra9s ( :eels are requisite 9 an ,electro-,magnetic ,clock1 x might be manufactur$ v *eaply2 & :5 ! price is r$uc$ to its prop] /&>d1 & ! trifl+ practical defects are rem$i$1 ^! clocks may possibly sup]s$e o!rs4 ,,electro-,,metallurgy4 ,! electrotype1 electro-gild+ & plat+1 & ! o!r applications ( ! deposition ( metals f _! solutions1 by ! ag5cy ( voltaic electricity1 _h _! orig9 9 ! *ance obs]vation ( peculi>ities 9 frequ5tly repeat$ exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ o!r inv5tions1 !re are cont5d+ claimants = priority2 b !re is little m]it due to any ( ! fir/ discov]]s ( ! process1 :o seem to h be5 guid$ altoge!r by accid5t4 ,x seems /range1 n[1 on obs]v+ ! ext5sive use t is made ( ! deposition ( metals1 t x %\ld h rema9$ s long unappli$ aft] ! pr9ciple _h be5 kn[n4 ,! revivification1 z x 0 call$1 ( metals f _! solutions by voltaic electricity1 0 kn[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury2 =1 9 #ahje1 ,brugnatelli1 an ,italian *emi/1 gild$ a silv] m$al by connect+ x ) ! negative pole ( a voltaic batt]y1 :5 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( ammoniuret ( gold4 ,x did n occur to him1 h[ev]1 t any use c\ld be made ( t mode ( gild+1 & ! exp]im5t _h no result4 ,no?+ fur!r 0 done1 ev5 exp]im5tally1 t[>ds advanc+ ! art ( electrotyp+1 until ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ( ,liv]pool1 :5 exp]im5t+ ) a ,daniell's batt]y1 9 #ahcg1 accid5tally coat$ a p5ny piece ) copp]2 & :5 ! ?9 %eet ( metal 0 remov$1 he f\nd on x an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! head & lett]s ( ! co94 ,ev5 ?is did n sugge/ any useful application2 nor 0 x until1 by a fur!r accid5t1 a drop ( v>ni% fell on ! copp] ( ! negative pole1 & %[$ t no deposition took place on ! "p s cov]$1 t ! idea occurr$ to him ( turn+ ! deposition ( ! copp] to acc\nt4 ,! me?od he adopt$ ( do+ s 0 to cov] a copp] plate ) v>ni% or wax1 & to et* a design ?r\gh ! cov]+4 ,by !n expos+ ! plate to ! action ( a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 :5 9 connection ) ! negative pole ( a voltaic batt]y1 ! metal 0 deposit$ 9 ! l9es drawn ?r\gh ! v>ni%1 & a design 9 relief 0 fix$ to ! copp]4 ,?is slight advance 9 ! art 0 n made kn[n until x 0 ann\nc$1 9 #ahci1 t ,pr(essor ,jacobi1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 _h made application ( ! same process4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 inde$1 0 =e/all$1 ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 by ,mr4 ,jordan1 a pr9t]1 :o publi%$ an acc\nt 9 ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahci1 ( a me?od ( mak+ copp] ca/s by ! deposition ( copp] f its solution4 ,9 ! autumn ( ! same ye>1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] exhibit$ to ! ,briti% ,association sev]al m p]fect specim5s ( electrotyp+1 t %[$ ! process might be r5d]$ valuable2 & f t "t rapid progress 0 made 9 br++ x into practical op]ation 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! deposition ( copp] f its solution1 :5 "u ! action ( voltaic electricity1 is n produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! sulphate ( copp]1 z might be suppos$1 b by ! decomposition ( ! wat] t acts z ! solv5t ( ! metallic salt4 ,?us1 :5 two plat9um wires f ! poles ( a voltaic batt]y are introduc$ into acidulat$ wat]1 hydrog5 gas is dis5gag$ at ! wire connect$ ) ! negative pole1 & oxyg5 at ! o!r2 b :5 a solution ( sulphate ( copp] is sub/itut$ = wat]1 ! hydrog5 t is dis5gag$ comb9es ) ! oxyg5 t held ! copp] 9 solution1 & ! metal is lib]at$4 ,! copp] ?us lib]at$ f its comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 is deposit$1 9 a pure metallic /ate1 on ! surface connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! batt]y4 ,! simple/ illu/ration ( electro-metallic deposition is obta9$ by imm]s+ a silv] spoon & a /rip ( z9c into a solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,s long z ! two metals are kept ap>t1 no *ange takes place on ! silv]1 b on br++ !m into contact1 voltaic action imm$iately comm5ces1 & a coat+ ( copp] is deposit$ ^u ! spoon1 & adh]es firmly to ! metal4 ,if ! action be cont9u$1 & ! supply ( copp] be ma9ta9$ by ! addition ( fre% cry/als ( ! sulphate1 ! coat ( copp] may be increas$ 9 ?ickness to almo/ any ext5t4 ,! fir/ applications ( ! discov]y 7 direct$ to ! copy+ ( m$als & co9s4 ,an impression ( ! metal 0 obta9$ 9 fusible metal1 :i* is an alloy compos$ ( t91 lead1 & bismu?1 melt$ toge!r 9 ! proportions ( two ( ! latt] to "o ea* ( ! =m]4 ,?is alloy exp&s on cool+1 & ?us af=ds a v %>p impression ( ! m$als2 & z x melts at a l[ temp]ature1 x may be easily remov$ aft] ! copp] coat+ has be5 deposit$ ^u x4 ,an electrotype m\ld1 obta9$ directly f ! m$al1 is1 h[ev]1 m %>p 9 its def9ition ?an an impression1 & is !re=e pref]able1 :5 circum/ances admit ( its be+ s tak54 ,= t purpose1 ! surface :]eon ! deposition is to be made is sme>$ ov] ) sweet oil1 or ) black lead4 ,x is !n c>efully wip$ ) cotton wool1 b a m9ute quantity ( ! oil w /ill rema91 suffici5t to prev5t ! metal f adh]+4 ,a simple =m ( app>atus = ! electrotype process is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,an e>!nw>e j>1 a1 s]ves to hold ! solution ( copp]1 :i* %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 a saturat$ /ate by ! addition ( cry/als ( ! salt4 ,a por\s tube1 b1 holds a rod ( amalgamat$ z9c1 to ! top ( :i* a b9d+-screw is sold]$4 ,! copp] m\ld or m$al1 c1 is susp5d$ 9 ! solution by a wire1 :i* is held tight by ! b9d+-screw1 d4 ,! por\s j> is !n fill$ to ! same height z ! copp] solution 9 ! j> ) dilut$ sulphuric acid1 9 ! proportions ( "o ( acid to tw5ty ( wat]4 ,voltaic action imm$iately comm5ces1 & ! copp] w cont9ue to be deposit$ f ! solution z long z ! supply ( fre% cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] is cont9u$4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! coat+ ( copp] w be z ?ick z a ?9 c>d1 & x may be !n remov$4 ,:5 deta*$ f ! m$al1 x w be f\nd to be an exact c\nt]p>t1 9 ! m9ute/ details1 ( ! orig9al2 ^? p>ts ( ! m$al :i* are 9 relief be+1 ( c\rse1 ! rev]se 9 ! m\ld4 ,illu/ration ,! extreme m9ut5ess & delicacy ( ! electrotype process is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 its application to ! transf]5ce ( engrav$ copp]-plates4 ,a highly f9i%$ engrav$ copp]-plate has a film ( metal deposit$ ov] its :ole surface1 :i*1 :5 deta*$1 exhibits all ! l9es t are cut into ! copp]-plate 9 relief4 ,t electrotype ca/ !n s]ves z ! m\ld = fur!r depositions1 9 :i* e l9e 9 ! orig9al engrav+ is s p]fectly develop$1 t x is impossible to detect a diff]5ce 9 ! impressions tak5 f ! two plates4 ,by ?is means any numb] ( ca/s may be made & work$ f1 :il/ ! orig9al is pres]v$ un9jur$4 ,! objection to ?is application is t ! metal deposit$ is n s h>d z ! hamm]$ plates1 & w n1 !re=e1 be> ! we> & te> ( copp]-plate pr9t+ s well z ! plates made by h&4 ,x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t ! deposit+ ( metal on surfaces1 by voltaic action1 might be appli$ to ! manufacture ( num]\s k9ds ( copp] articles )\t manual lab\r4 ,= ?is purpose1 ca/s 7 made ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) black lead1 to give !m ! prop]ty ( conduct+ electricity1 & ! metal 0 !n deposit$ ^u !m4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( ! practical difficulties att5d+ ! op]ation1 x 0 f\nd t ! metal 0 n suffici5tly h>d1 & ! co/ ( ! requisite voltaic batt]ies r5d]$ ! economy ( ! process que/ionable4 ,"o ( ! successful applications ( ,electro-,metallurgy is f\nd$ on ! orig9al application ( x by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,z already /at$1 he cov]$ metal plates ) wax1 & aft] scrat*+ ?r\gh ! coat+1 & expos+ ! metal1 he submitt$ ! plate to voltaic action 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & ?us obta9$ a repres5tation1 9 relief1 ( ! figures cut ?r\gh ! wax2 b he does n seem to h ?\ght ( ! application ( ?is mode ( deposition1 s9ce adopt$1 by :i* engrav+s 9 relief are obta9$1 & pr9t$ f ) ! ord9>y lett]-press1 9 ! same mann] z woodcuts4 ,! "n giv5 to ?is new art is ,glyphography1 & x is us$ ) great advantage :5 ! effect ( copp]-plate engrav+ is requir$2 = cross l9es1 :i* are difficult to cut 9 wood1 c be work$ by ?is me?od ) z great facility z 9 copp]-plate et*+4 ,ano!r application ( ,electro-,metallurgy t promises to be useful1 is ! coat+ ( glass & e>!nw>e vessels ) copp]1 s z to enable !m to be plac$ ov] ! fire )\t be+ crack$4 ,a glass sauce-pan might ?us be made1 :i*1 protect$ by metal cov]+1 w\ld nei!r break nor crack :5 plac$ ^u ! fire1 because ! metal w\ld diffuse ! heat ov] ! :ole surface1 & prev5t ! unequal expansion ( ! vessel1 :i* is ! cause ( ! crack+ ( glass & e>!nw>e :5 plac$ ^u ! fire4 ,a pat5t 0 grant$ la/ ye> = a mode ( coat+ e>!nw>e vessels ) copp] or iron by electro-*emical deposition4 ,! e>!nw>e is fir/ cov]$ ei!r ) copp] leaf or ) bronze p[d]1 to obta9 an electrical conduct+ surface on :i* ! copp] c be deposit$1 & ! vessel is !n plac$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & put 9 connection ) ! negative pole ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,! electrotype is frequ5tly appli$ ) advantage to ! pres]vation & multiplication ( objects ( art & natural productions1 = ev5 ! =ms ( fl[]s may be 9 ?is mann] r5d]$ durable2 b ! mo/ important use t has be5 made ( ! process is 9 plat+ & gild+4 ,to effect t object1 x is necess>y to employ a voltaic batt]y sep>at$ f ! vessel 9 :i* ! decomposition takes place4 ,! annex$ diagram %[s an arrangem5t ( ?is k9d4 ,a s+le cell ( a ,daniell's batt]y1 a1 is connect$ by wires f its positive & negative poles1 ) metal rods plac$ across ! decomposition cell1 b4 ,! articles to be plat$ are susp5d$ by wires f ! metal rod1 f1 & a plate ( silv] is atta*$ to ! rod1 e4 ,?us1 :5 ! vessel is fill$ ) ! silv]+ liquid1 a voltaic curr5t is e/abli%$1 & ! deposition is effect$ on ! articles connect$ ) ! negative pole4 ,illu/ration ,! m5/ruum be/ adapt$ = electro-plat+ is a solution ( silv] 9 cyanide ( potassium4 ,dur+ ! process ( deposition1 ! same quantity ( metal t is deposit$ f ! liquid on ! objects connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! batt]y is re/or$ to x1 by dissolv+ an equal quantity f ! silv] plate connect$ ) ! positive pole1 & 9 ?is mann] ! solution is ma9ta9$ at ! same /r5g?4 ,any ?ickness ( silv] may be deposit$ by cont9u+ ! process1 b ab\t "o ounce & a half to a squ>e foot ( surface is consid]$ a full quantity4 ,^? p>ts on :i* no silv] is requir$ to be deposit$ are cov]$ ) v>ni% or wax1 :i* protects !m f ! voltaic action4 ,:]e ! op]ation ( electro-plat+ is c>ri$ on ext5sively1 decompos+ tr\ghs1 hold+ ne>ly #cjj gallons1 are employ$1 & ! silv] plates 9 a s+le tr\gh expose a surface ( ?irty squ>e feet to ! dissolv+ action ( ! m5/ruum "u ! influ5ce ( ! voltaic batt]y4 ,by ! aid ( electro-plat+ ! mo/ elaborate designs ( ! arti/ 9 metal c be cov]$ ) silv] on e "p2 & a gr\p1 f9ely engrav$ 9 copp]1 may be made to resemble 9 e p>ticul> a "w cut out ( solid silv]4 ,! metal is usually deposit$ 9 a granulat$ /ate1 resembl+ fro/$ silv]1 & ! p>ts requir$ to be bright are subsequ5tly burni%$2 b by ! addition ( a few drops ( ! sulphuret ( c>bon to ! solution1 ! silv] may be precipitat$ p]fectly bright4 ,,gas ,,light+4 ,! inv5tion ( ,gas ,light+ _h its orig9 9 ! e>lie/ times ( hi/ory2 n1 inde$1 z we n[ see x1 burn+ at ! end ( a pipe suppli$ ) gas made artificially1 & /or$ 9 gas-hold]s1 b blaz+ f fissures 9 ! gr\nd1 suppli$ f natural s\rces 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! ,greek fire-alt>s are suppos$ to h be5 suppli$ ) gas1 ei!r issu+ f bitum9\s b$s1 or made artificially by ! prie/s1 by p\r+ oil on heat$ /ones plac$ 9 cavities b5ea?4 ,f\nta9s ( naph?a1 & fires issu+ f ! e>? at ,ecbatana1 9 ,m$ia1 are m5tion$ by ,plut>* 9 8 life ( ,alex&]1 & _m o!r anci5t hi/orians record ! k ( simil> in/ances ( natural gas light+4 ,9 lat] times1 ! inflammable gas issu+ into ! gall]ies ( coal m9es1 & ei!r explod+ :5 mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 or blaz+ z x issu$ f fissures 9 ! coal1 af=d$ in/ances ( ! natural production ( gas1 ! ignition ( :i* too frequ5tly prov$ fatal to ^? 9 ! m9es4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! issue ( inflammable gas into ! %aft ( a coal m9e at ,:itehav51 :i* produc$ a blaze ab\t #c feet diamet] & #f feet long1 is notic$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #agcc4 ,! "p :5ce ! gas issu$ 0 vault$ (f1 & a tube 0 ins]t$ into ! cavity & c>ri$ to ! top ( ! pit1 :]e x escap$ 9 undim9i%$ quantity = ye>s1 & light$ ! c\ntry = a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,_m exp]im5ts 7 made ) ?is l>ge issue ( gas1 & x 0 propos$ to conduct x 9 pipes to ,:itehav51 to light ! /reets ( t t[n1 b ! proposition 0 reject$ by ! local au?orities4 ,9 ,*9a1 naturally produc$ gas is us$ on a l>ge scale1 & 0 s long be=e ! k ( its application 0 acquir$ by ,europeans4 ,b$s ( coal1 ly+ at a great dep?1 are frequ5tly pi]c$ by ! bor]s = salt wat]1 & f ^! wells ! inflammable gas spr+s up4 ,x sometimes appe>s z a jet ( fire f #bj to #cj feet high2 &1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,?see-,lieon-,te+1 ! salt works 7 =m]ly heat$ & light$ by means ( ^! f\nta9s ( fire4 ,bamboo pipes c>ry ! gas f ! spr+ to ! places :]e x is int5d$ to be consum$4 ,^! canes are t]m9at$ by tubes ( pipe-clay1 to prev5t _! be+ burnt1 & o!r bamboo canes conduct ! gas int5d$ = light+ ! /reets1 & into l>ge ap>tm5ts & kit*5s4 ,?us ,nature pres5ts 9 ^! positions a complete e/abli%m5t ( gas-light works4#i ,?\gh ! production ( illum9at+ gas f natural s\rces _h be5 ?us long kn[n1 ! idea ( di/ill+ x artificially f coal1 = ! purpose ( illum9ation1 did n occur until ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,dr4 ,clayton1 inde$1 ne>ly arriv$ at ! practical application ( c>burrett$ hydrog51 9 #agcg1 = he in/itut$ exp]im5ts to prove t coal conta9s gas1 ne>ly simil> to t ( ! fire damp 9 coal m9es1 & t x burns ) a bright flame4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ! nature ( gases 0 s imp]fectly kn[n1 t he 0 unable to d m ?an discov] t coal possesses ! prop]ty ( giv+ out1 :5 heat$1 gas t w burn ) a bright light4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #agci1 ,dr4 ,clayton ?us describes ! effect ( ! _s ( coal1 obta9$ by de/ructive di/illation 9 an iron retort4 ,i kept ?is _s1 he says1 9 bladd]s = a consid]able "t1 & endeav\r$ sev]al ways to cond5se x1 b 9 va92 & :5 ,i _h a m9d to div]t /rang]s or fri5ds1 ,i h frequ5tly tak5 "o ( ^! bladd]s1 & pi]c$ a hole 9 x ) a p91 &1 compress+ g5tly ! bladd] ne> ! flame ( a c&le till x once took fire1 x w\ld !n cont9ue flam+ till all ! _s 0 compress$ out ( ! bladd]2 :i* 0 ! m surpris+1 because no "o c\ld disc]n any diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance betwe5 ^! bladd]s & ^? :i* 7 fill$ ) common air4 ,! fir/ kn[n application ( coal gas to illum9ation 0 made1 9 #agib1 by ,mr4 ,william ,murdo*1 eng9e] at ! ,soho manufactory1 to ^: great +5uity ! _w is also indebt$ = ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ plan ( a /eam locomotive eng9e4#aj ,he 0 at t "t occupi$ 9 sup]9t5d+ ! fitt+ up ( /eam eng9es = ! ,corni% m9es1 & 8 att5tion hav+ be5 direct$ to ! prop]ties ( gas issu+ f coal1 he in/itut$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on c>burrett$ hydrog51 ! practical result ( :i* 0 ! light+ ( 8 h\se & (fices1 at ,r$ru?1 ) coal gas4 ,! m9es at :i* ,mr4 ,murdo* work$ be+ "s miles di/ant f 8 h\se1 he 0 9 ! con/ant practice ( fill+ a bladd] ) coal gas1 9 ! neck ( :i* he fix$ a metallic tube ) a small orifice1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas issu$4 ,! light$ gas issu+ ?r\gh ! tube s]v$ z a lant]n to light 8 way2 & z he ?us proce$$ along ! road ) ! light issu+ f ! bladd]1 ! c\ntry p look$ ^u him z a wiz>d4 ,! gas 0 g5]at$ by ,mr4 ,murdo* 9 an iron retort1 & collect$ 9 a common gasomet]1 f :i* x 0 conduct$ 9 pipes to ! rooms to be light$4 ,he also1 9 an e>ly /age ( ! inv5tion1 contriv$ a means = mak+ ! gas portable1 by compress+ x into /rong vessels2 a plan :i*1 a few ye>s s9ce1 0 adopt$ by ! ,portable ,gas ,company 9 ,london4 ,mr4 ,murdo* hav+ prov$ ! practicability ( illum9ation by gas g5]at$ f coal1 he cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts to facilitate ! manufacture ( ! gas on a l>ge scale1 & = its m p]fect purification4 ,! fir/ public display ( its illum9at+ p[] 0 made at ! rejoic+s = ! peace ( ,ami5s1 9 #ahjb1 on :i* occasion "p ( ! "w-%ops ( ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt1 at ,soho1 0 brilliantly illum9at$ ) coal gas by ,mr4 ,murdo*4 ,9 #ahje1 ,messrs4 ,phillips & ,lee1 ( ,man*e/]1 _h _! ext5sive cotton mill fitt$ up ) gas app>atus1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,murdo*1 & ! quantity ( light giv5 out by ! burn]s 9 all p>ts ( ! cotton mill 0 equal to t ( #c1jjj c&les4#aa ,not)/&+ ^! em95tly successful trials ( gas light+1 ! prejudice aga9/ innovation prev5t$1 = sev]al ye>s1 ! ext5sive adoption ( ! plan4 ,z e e/abli%m5t us+ gas _h to make x1 & z ! app>atus 0 co/ly & imp]fectly manag$1 ! exp5se 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! tr\ble1 & ! noxi\s smell1 pres5t$ great ob/acles to ! introduction ( t mode ( illum9ation4 ,! popul> notion1 also1 t /reams ( flame 7 ru%+ along ! pipes produc$ an impression t gas light+ mu/ be v dang]\s1 :i* x requir$ "t to disprove4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 till sev]al ye>s aft] ! advantages & economy ( gas _h be5 practically e/abli%$1 t a public company 0 =m$ = lay+ d[n pipes to light ! /reets1 & to convey ! gas into h\ses = light+ %ops4 ,! p]son to :om ! _w is *iefly indebt$ = ! practical application ( gas light+ is ,mr4 ,w9sor1 :o _h be5 a m]*ant 9 ,london4 ,be+ v sangu9e z to ! advantages to be d]iv$ f gas light+1 & possess+ an ard5t temp]am5t :i* no opposition c\ld qu5*1 he und]took to introduce x to public notice1 & to =m a company = light+ ! :ole ( ,engl& ) gas4 ,he hir$ ! old ,lyceum ,!atre1 :i* he light$ ) coal gas1 & he !re deliv]$ lectures & exhibit$ exp]im5ts to %[ ! b5efits t w\ld arise f ! univ]sal use ( gas light1 & coke fuel4 ,he publi%$ an extravagant prospectus ( a company to be =m$1 ) ! foll[+ title3--,a ,national ,light & ,heat ,company1 = provid+ our /reets & h\ses ) light & heat1 on simil> pr9ciples z !y are n[ 7#ahaf7 suppli$ ) wat]4 ,demon/rat$ by ! pat5tee at ,no4 #ig1 ,pall ,mall1 :]e x is prov$1 by positive exp]im5ts & decisive calculation1 t ! de/ruction ( smoke w\ld op5 unto ! empire ( ,great ,brita9 new & unp>allel$ s\rces ( inexhau/ible weal? at ?is mo/ port5t\s crisis ( ,europe4 ,! s]i\s p]usal ( ?is publication1 & an att5tive obs]vation ( ! decisive exp]im5ts1 w c>ry conviction to e m9d4 ,9 ?is prospectus ,mr4 ,w9sor attempt$ to make x appe> t by adopt+ 8 plan !re w\ld be a gr& balance ( pr(it = ! :ole realm ( #aae1jjj1jjj1 & ea* %>ehold] ( ! company 0 promis$1 at ! l[e/ calculation1 #egj = e #e deposit4 ,he ent]ta9$ ! notion ( mak+ ! use ( gas & coke compulsory1 by levy+ a tax on all :o ob/9ately refus$ to adopt :at w\ld be s mu* to _! own advantage4 ,?is tax1 he said1 _c be oppressive 9 ! lea/1 because x falls on ! ob/9ate only1 :o %all resi/ ! use ( a f> sup]ior1 *eap]1 & saf] fuel4 ,n cont5t ) ! language ( prose1 ,mr4 ,w9sor v5t$ 8 ?\ghts & feel+s 9 num]\s poetical effusions4 ,! flights ( 8 ,muse1 h[ev]1 7 n into ! regions ( sublimity1 z may be p]ceiv$ by ! foll[+ specim53-- ,mu/ ,britons be condemn$ = ev] to wall[ ,9 fil?y soot1 noxi\s smoke1 tra9 oil1 & tall[1 ,& _! poison\s fumes = ev] to swall[8 ,= ) sp>ky soot1 snuffs & vap\rs1 m5 h con/ant /rife1-- ,^? :o are n burn$ to dea? are smo!r$ dur+ life4 ,mr4 ,w9sor's absurd /atem5ts--9 ! tru? ( :i* he pot5tly believ$--& ! wild1 r&om mann] ( mak+ !m kn[n1 excit$ mu* ridicule & opposition4 ,among 8 oppon5ts 0 ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 ! editor ( ! ,*emical ,review1 :o n only *all5g$ ,mr4 ,w9sor's e/imates1 b ! validity ( 8 pat5t1 on ! gr\nd t ,mr4 ,murdo* 0 ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,mr4 ,w9sor's plans & calculations 7 burlesqu$ 9 a clev]ly writt5 ,h]oic ,poem1 publi%$ 9 a qu>to volume1 :i*1 :il/ pr(ess+ to extol ! virtues ( gas & coke1 quizz$ its h]o mo/ unm]cifully4 ,! poem conclud$ ) ?is address3-- ,& :51 ah1 ,w9sor6--di/ant be ! day6-- ,life's flame no long] %all ignite ?y clay1 ,?y phosphur nature1 active /ill1 & bright1 ,above u %all diffuse po/ obit light4 ,p]haps1 translat$ to ano!r sph]e1 ,?y _s--l ?y light1 ref9$ & cle>-- ,balloon$ ) pure/ hydrog51 %all rise1 ,& add a ,,pat5t ,,planet to ! skies4 ,!n "s sage ,sidrophel1 ) ,h]s*el eye1 ,! bright ,w9sorium ,sidus %all descry2 ,! ,vox ,/ell>um %all record ?y "n1 ,& ?9e outlive ano!r ,w9sor's fame4 ,?\gh we may smile at ,mr4 ,w9sor's extravagant plans & calculations1 obs]ves ! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 we _c b admire ! en?usiasm ) :i* he pursu$ 8 object1 & ultimately succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! fir/ gas company4 ,! light+ ( ,pall ,mall ) gas1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjg1 gave increas$ /imulus to ! project1 & application 0 made to ,p>liam5t to c>ry x into effect4 ,! bill 0 oppos$ by ,mr4 ,murdo* & ?r[n out2 b 9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahaj7 ! application 0 successfully r5ew$4 ,! s*eme1 h[ev]1 z sanction$ by ,p>liam5t1 0 sadly %orn ( its magnific5t proportions2 &1 in/ead ( a ',gr& ,national ,light & ,heat ,company1 = ,light+ & ,heat+ ! ,:ole ,k+dom1' its op]ations 7 limit$ to ,london1 ,we/m9/]1 & ,s\?w>k2 nor 7 any special taxes impos$ on ^? :o %\ld ob/9ately refuse to use ! light & burn ! coke4 ,! ,*>t]$ ,gas ,company1 e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,w9sor's p]sev]+ ef=ts1 has s]v$ z ! guid+ /> to all o!r gas companies 9 ! _w4 ,! illum9at+ prop]ty ( coal gas dep5ds on ! quantity ( c>bon x conta9s4 ,pure hydrog5 gas burns ) a pale blue flame t gives sc>cely any light1 ?\gh x possesses int5se heat+ p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 m9ute p>ticles ( a solid body--p[d]$ *>coal1 = in/ance--be ?r[n into ! flame1 !y become :ite-hot1 & ! inc&esc5ce ( ^? solid p>ticles produces a brilliant light4 ,! same effect is caus$ by ! combu/ion ( ! c>burrett$ hydrog5 gas1 & 9 a m p]fect mann]4 ,t gas conta9s a l>ge portion ( c>bon 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 & :5 a light is appli$ to a jet ( ! gas ! hydrog5 imm$iately inflames1 ! c>bon is deposit$ 9 ! flame1 & ! m9ute p>ticles into :i* x is dissem9at$ become highly heat$ & ignite4 ,!re are two di/9ct /ates ( c>bonization 9 illum9at+ gas4 ,! common] k9d--! ord9>y coal gas--consi/s ( two measures ( hydrog5 mix$ ) "o measure ( c>bon vap\r4 ,! specific gravity ( su* gas is ab\t "o-half t ( atmosph]ic air1 & x is eight times heavi] ?an pure hydrog54#ab ,! be/ k9d ( gas = illum9ation is obta9$ f ! di/illation ( oil4 ,x is call$ olefiant gas1 & conta9s equal measures ( hydrog5 gas & c>bon vap\r2 its specific gravity is #j4ihe1 be+ ab\t fifte5 times heavi] ?an pure hydrog54 ,! rationale ( ! process ( mak+ coal gas consi/s 9 expell+ ! volatile matt]s f ! coal by heat1 9 clos$ vessels or retorts1 & !n sep>at+ ! gas & purify+ x on its passage f ! retort to ! gas-hold]1 :]e x is /or$ = use4 ,! retorts are usually made ( ca/ iron1 & are ab\t #g feet long1 #ad in*es 9 dep?1 & ! same 9 wid?2 ! %ape be+ t ( an ar*4 ,! retorts w hold two hundr$weight ( coal ea*1 b !y are nev] fill$1 because dur+ ! process ( di/illation ! c>bonace\s "p ( ! coal exp&s1 & occupies m space ?an ! orig9al quantity1 ! proportion ( expansion be+ z "o & a qu>t] to "o4 ,!re is a l>ge ap]ture = ! admission ( coal & ! extraction ( coke1 :i* ap]ture is cov]$ ) a lid1 & screw$ to make x air-tight4 ,a tube is ins]t$ into ! m\? ( ! retort1 to c>ry (f ! products ( ! di/illation4 ,t tube rises ab\t twelve feet1 & !n dips into a l>ge horizontal pipe1 "o foot 9 diamet]1 call$ ! hydraulic ma91 9 :i* are collect$ ! t> & ammoniacal liquor t di/il f ! coal4 ,t5 or f\rte5 retorts are usually set back to back 9 brickwork1 to be heat$ by "o fire2 b ! plan has be5 rec5tly introduc$ ( employ+ long clay retorts1 :i* are *>g$ at bo? ends4 ,^! are f\nd to possess consid]able advantage ov] iron1 n only f _! l[] price1 b f ! facility ) :i* ! c>bonace\s deposit is remov$1 & ! full *>ges work$ (f4 ,coke is g5]ally burn$ 9 ! furnaces1 & ! heat is cont9ually ma9ta9$ s z to keep ! retorts r$-hot4 ,z atmosph]ic air _c ga9 access to ! coal 9 ! retorts1 ! gases expell$ d n inflame1 nor c ! p>ts t are n volatile be consum$ )\t a supply ( air4 ,x is entirely a process ( di/illation1 9 :i* all ! products c be collect$4 ,! volatile p>ts are c>ri$ (f by ! pipe1 & ! solid c>bonace\s matt]1 or coke1 is left 9 ! retort4 ,! fir/ effect ( heat on coal1 aft] x is put into ! retort1 is to expel ! moi/ure1 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! air1 issues 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,t> !n di/ils1 ) "s portions ( gas1 consi/+ ( hydrog5 & ammonia4 ,:5 ! retort has atta9$ a bright *]ry-r$ heat1 ! dis5gagem5t ( ! c>burrett$ hydrog5 is mo/ active2 & x is f\nd t ! m quickly ! coal is heat$1 ! great] is ! quantity ( illum9at+ gas g5]at$4 ,! production ( coal gas1 & ! developm5t ( its prop]ties at diff]5t /ages ( di/illation1 may be readily %[n by means ( a common tobacco pipe4 ,fill ! b[l ( ! pipe ) small pieces ( coal1 cov] x ov] ) a lump ( clay1 & !n put x into a hot fire1 ) ! /alk ( ! pipe project+ ?r\gh ! b>s4 ,pres5tly /eam w be se5 to issue f ! pipe1 & aft]w>ds smoke1 &1 if a light be appli$1 a jet ( flame w issue =?1 ! brilliancy ( :i* w increase z ! b[l ( ! pipe becomes m heat$1 until ! be/ "p ( ! gas has be5 di/ill$ f ! coal4 ,! gas is m+l$ ) v>i\s volatile products z x issues f ! retort1 & requires to be purifi$ be=e x is fitt$ = illum9ation4 ,! mo/ abundant matt] t passes ov] ) x is t>4 ,! vap\r ( t sub/ance1 h[ev]1 cond5ses :5 cool$1 & x may ?us be sep>at$ f ! gas v effectually4 ,= t purpose ! gas1 aft] hav+ deposit$ a l>ge portion ( ! t> 9 ! hydraulic ma91 is made to trav]se ?r\gh a numb] ( v]tical pipes1 & 9 pass+ ?r\gh !m a fur!r quantity ( t>1 accompani$ by ammoniacal liquor1 is deposit$1 & collect$ 9 a res]voir at ! bottom4 ,! next process is ! purification ( ! gas f c>bonic acid & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is is commonly done by pass+ x ?r\gh wat] & lime2 ! comb9ation ( ! c>bonic acid ) ! lime be+ facilitat$ by agitation4 ,! me?od ( purify+ by lime 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,clegg2 & by a lat] process1 oxide ( iron is us$ to absorb ! sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! gas1 :5 purifi$1 is convey$ to ! gas-hold]1 :5ce x is =c$ by pressure into ! ma9s & pipes4 ,an app>atus = g5]at+ coal gas on a small scale = private e/abli%m5ts1 remote f s\rces ( ord9>y supply1 is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,! retort1 ,a1 is fitt$ 9 a small furnace4 ,! coal is put 9 at ,f1 & ! products ( di/illation pass ?r\gh ! b5t pipe1 ,e4 ,! m liquid portions ( ! t> pass at once ?r\gh ! tube1 ,b1 into ! receiv]1 ,g2 & z ! gas passes along ! b5t tube1 ,c1 x becomes cool$1 & a fur!r deposit ( t> & ammoniacal liquor is made4 ,! gas is !n convey$ along ano!r tube into ! purifi]1 ,h1 fill$ ) lime & wat]1 & x !nce passes into ! gas-hold]4 ,tubes are ins]t$ into ! latt] = convey+ ! gas to ! burn]s4 ,illu/ration ,! quantity & ! quality ( ! gas yield$ by coal diff] mat]ially accord+ to ! k9d employ$4 ,"o ton ( good ,newca/le coal w yield #i1ejj cubic feet ( gas1 :i*1 :5 burnt 9 ! be/ mann]1 gives a light equal to t ( #dbb lbs4 ( sp]maceti c&les4 ,"o ton ( ,wigan cannel coal yields #aj1jjj cubic feet1 & gives a light equal to #gdg lbs4 ( sp]maceti c&les4#ac ,! price1 9 ,london1 ( good gas f ,newca/le coal1 is #ds4 #f;d4 p] ?\s& cubic feet1 :i* gives a light equal to #gd lbs4 ( sp]maceti1 & equal to #hi lbs4 ( m\ld c&les2 !re=e1 :5 ! latt] are #h;d4 a p\nd1 ! burn+ ( gas is twelve times m economical ?an ! burn+ ( c&les4 ,9 ,liv]pool1 gas f cannel coal is suppli$ at ! l[ price ( #cs4 #i;d4 p] ?\s& feet2 & t gas gives at lea/ "o-?ird m light ?an ! ord9>y ,london gas4 ,! cleanl9ess ( gas1 z comp>$ ) c&les or oil1 is a fur!r recomm5dation2 & = ! purpose ( light+ /reets1 %ops1 factories1 public build+s1 & halls1 x pres5ts important advantages2 b x is n well adapt$ = small sitt+ rooms1 because ! heat ( ! flame makes x unpleasant & injuri\s to ! eyes :5 ne>1 &1 unless v pure1 x det]iorates ! air ( clos$ ap>tm5ts4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 :]e coals are *eap1 & ! price ( gas is consequ5tly less ?an 9 ,london1 x is introduc$ into e room ( ne>ly all private h\ses4 ,! be/ k9d ( gas made f m9]al sub/ances is produc$ by ! di/illation ( a bitum9\s %ale1 call$ ,boghead coal1 :i* 0 discov]$ a few ye>s s9ce 9 ,scotl&4 ,"o ton ( ?is mat]ial yields #ae1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 :i* is equal 9 illum9at+ p[] to #a1icj lbs4 ( sp]m c&les4 ,boghead coal is n[ commonly us$ = mix+ its gas ) t ( inf]ior quality1 to br+ up ! illum9at+ p[] to ! requir$ /&>d4 ,olefiant gas1 made f oil1 burns ) a bright] & pur] light ?an common coal gas1 b x is m co/ly4 ,x is made ne>ly 9 ! same mann]1 by di/illation 9 retorts2 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce consi/+ 9 ! degree & regulation ( ! temp]ature4 ,a dull r$ heat is ! be/1 & 9 ord] to keep ! oil expos$ to ! action ( an inv>iable heat1 x is admitt$ gradually into ! retorts1 into :i* pieces ( brick or coke are ins]t$ to increase ! heat+ surface4 ,"o p\nd ( common oil yields ab\t #ae feet ( olefiant gas4 ,! same k9d ( gas may also be obta9$ 9 small] quantities by ! di/illation ( t>1 ros91 or pit*4 ,twelve cubic feet ( gas may be obta9$ f "o p\nd ( t>1 & t5 f ! same weight ( ros94 ,! brilliancy ( gas-light dep5ds1 9 "s measure1 on ! k9d ( burn] employ$4 ,to obta9 a /eady light1 an arg& burn] is usually adopt$2 ! gas be+ all[$ to escape ?r\gh a numb] ( m9ute holes pi]c$ 9 a holl[ r+ ( metal1 :i* admits a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! middle4 ,to increase ! supply ( air1 ! burn] is cov]$ ) a glass *imney1 :i*1 if n too long1 adds to ! brilliancy ( ! flame2 b a v long *imney produces s /rong a curr5t ( air1 z to cool ! flame1 & dim9i% ! light4 ,a plan is sometimes adopt$ ( plac+ a small metal disc a %ort di/ance above ! jets1 s z to spread ! flame4 ,by ?is means ! brightness is increas$1 by expos+ ! flame m directly to ! curr5t ( air2 & ! metal disc1 by becom+ heat$1 also t5ds to aid ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon4 ,"o ( ! problems to be solv$ on ! orig9al =mation ( gas works 0 ! size ( pipes1 & ! am\nt ( pressure requir$ to =ce ! gas to ! v>i\s burn]s4 ,x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t ! friction aga9/ ! pipes w\ld oppose s mu* resi/ance to ! passage ( ! gas1 t x c\ld n be transmitt$ to great di/ances4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! p]p5dicul> pressure ( a few in*es ( wat] 0 q suffici5t to =ce ! gas ?r\gh ! ma9s & small pipes ( an ext5sive range ( /reets4 ,a bold attempt 0 made at ,birm+ham1 9 #ahbf1 to br+ gas f ! colli]ies1 at a di/ance ( t5 miles f ! t[n4 ,! plan 0 laugh$ at by _m z impracticable1 b x 0 att5d$ ) complete success4 ,! gas be+ made ne> ! m\? ( ! coal-pit1 ! co/ ( conveyance 0 sav$ by ! additional outlay 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t x is extremely difficult 9 practice to avoid ! escape ( gas at ! junctions ( ! pipes2 & by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! gas ma9s1 ! great] w be ! leakage4 ,! loss f ?is cause1 9 "s gas works1 exce$s #bj p] c5t4 ( ! gas manufactur$4 ,! volume ( gas dis*>g$ f a pipe is directly proportional to ! squ>e ( its diamet]1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( its l5g?4 ,?us1 if a pipe requir$ to dis*>ge #bej cubic feet ( gas 9 an h\r1 at a di/ance ( #bjj feet1 mu/ h an int]nal diamet] ( #a in*2 to dis*>ge #b1jjj feet 9 an h\r1 at a di/ance ( #a1jjj feet1 w\ld require a diamet] ( #ddg in*es4 ,! same quantity dis*>g$ at d\ble ! di/ance w\ld require a pipe #ecb in*es 9 diamet]2 at a di/ance ( #d1jjj feet ! diamet] mu/ be increas$ to #fac in*es2 & at a di/ance ( #f1jjj feet ! diamet] %\ld be #g in*es4 ,on ! fir/ introduction ( gas-light1 ! companies :o suppli$ x *>g$ a fix$ sum = ea* burn] ( a giv5 size4 ,?is mode ( *>g+ 01 h[ev]1 v unsatisfactory1 = ! size ( ! burn] is a v unc]ta9 indication ( ! quantity ( gas consum$4 ,p]sons us+ gas desir$ to pay = ! quantity !y actually burn$2 & to enable !m to d ?is1 a special contrivance 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,clegg1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,*>t]$ ,gas ,company1 call$ a gas-met]4 ,t in/rum5t measures1 ) suffici5t accuracy = practical purposes1 ! volume ( gas t passes ?r\gh x to ! burn]s1 & ?us ea* consum] ( gas n[ pays only = ! numb] ( cubic feet consum$4 ,! accompany+ diagrams repres5t sections ( a gas met]1 z se5 9 front & edgewise4 ,! out] case ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* is a flat cyl9d] made ( %eet iron1 is indicat$ by ! lett]s c1 c4 ,inside x !re revolves ano!r cyl9d]1 made also ( ?9 %eet iron1 & divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts1 m>k$ d1 d1 d1 d4 ,?is int]ior cyl9d] readily revolves on an axis1 g1 g1 %[n 9 ! section ( ! in/rum5t z se5 edgewise4 ,! gas ent]s f ! /reet pipe ?r\gh ! op5+1 a1 & x is =c$ out to ! burn]s ?r\gh ! pipe1 b1 ! latt] be+ se5 9 ! n>r[ section only4 ,9 t diagram1 also1 !re is %[n a cog-:eel1 h1 fix$ on to ! axis1 & a small out] case1 9 :i* t :eel rotates4 ,wat] is p\r$ into t ext]nal case until ! gas-met] is r m ?an half fill$1 ! level ( ! wat] be+ %[n at i4 ,illu/ration ,! action ( ! in/rum5t w be readily und]/ood by exam9+ ! two sections4 ,! gas1 on ent]+ ! tube1 a1 presses aga9/ ! upp] surface ( ! comp>tm5t t happ5s to be !n above x1 & t5ds to turn ! inn] cyl9d] r\nd4 ,?is pressure =ces ! gas ?r\gh ! op5+1 b1 to ! burn]2 & z ! comp>tm5t !n 9 communication ) t op5+ is empti$ ( ! gas x conta9s1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 x is gradually =c$ "u ! level ( ! wat]1 & ! o!r comp>tm5t1 :i* has 9 ! meantime be5 fill+ ) gas1 cont9ues ! supply4 ,?us1 suppos+ ea* division ( ! inn] revolv+ cyl9d] to hold #ajh cubic in*es1 a complete revolution w\ld indicate t ! f\r? "p ( a cubic foot _h pass$ ?r\gh ! pipe1 b1 to ! burn]s4 ,sev]al cog-:eels1 arrang$ l clock-"w me*anism1 are connect$ ) ! :eel1 g1 & by ?is means ! numb] ( cubic feet ( gas consum$ is indicat$ by h&s fix$ to ! :eels1 & po9t+ to ! correspond+ figures on a s]ies ( dials4 ,"s inconv5i5ce & irregul>ity hav+ be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! use ( ! wet met]1 ! correctness ( :i*1 x is evid5t1 may be affect$ by v>iations 9 ! height ( ! wat] level1 dry met]s h be5 con/ruct$ = measur+ gas1 by caus+ x to pass ?r\gh a small exp&+ *amb]1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to a pair ( bell[s4 ,! objection to ^! in/rum5ts is t ! lea!r1 or o!r flexible sub/ance t =ms ! sides ( ! exp&+ *amb]s1 becomes rigid by use1 & ! valves are liable to get out ( ord]2 b 9 ! la/ improvem5t ( ! in/rum5t1 by ,mr4 ,croll1 ^! objections are /at$ to be effectually remov$4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to produce illum9at+ gas f o!r sub/ances ?an coal1 b )\t advantage4 ,! plan t promis$ ! mo/ success 0 ! production ( hydrog5 gas by ! decomposition ( wat]1 :i* 0 pass$ ov] heat$ coke 9 retorts1 & by t means ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 comb9$ ) ! inc&esc5t coke & ! hydrog51 0 set free4 ,! gas ?us collect$ possess$ little illum9at+ p[]1 b x 0 aft]w>ds mix$ ) ! ri* gas f cannel coal1 & rais$ to ! requisite illum9at+ /&>d4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 practice1 t ! comp\nd gas ?us =m$ 0 m co/ly ?an ord9>y coal gas1 & ! plan has be5 discont9u$4 ,ano!r me?od ( giv+ illum9at+ p[] to wat] gas 0 to surr\nd ! flame ) plat9um gauze1 :i* 0 r5d]$ inc&esc5t by ! heat1 & became highly lum9\s4 ,b x requir$ twice ! quantity ( gas burn$ 9 ?is mann] to produce a light equal to t ( c>burrett$ hydrog51 & ! combu/ion ( s mu* hydrog5 gas produc$ an am\nt ( vap\r & heat t 7 v unpleasant4 ,t mode ( gas illum9ation1 call$ ! ,gill>d light1 f ! "n ( ! inv5tor1 0 also f\nd m co/ly ?an ! ord9>y mode ( light+ ) coal gas1 :i* has n[ no rival to compete ) x 9 economical illum9ation4 ,no ,act ( ,p>liam5t is n[ requir$1 z orig9ally propos$ by ,mr4 ,w9sor1 to en=ce ! burn+ ( coal gas4 ,its advantages1 9 po9t ( economy1 cleanl9ess1 & ev5 ( safety1 are suffici5tly und]/ood to spread ! use ( coal gas to e "p ( ! k+dom4 ,9 ! metropolis alone !re are twelve gas companies1 :o receive = ! sale ( gas an av]age ( #ajj1jjj p] annum ea*1 ?us mak+ ! sum paid = gas light+ 9 ,london #a1bjj1jjj1 & x has be5 e/imat$ z high z #b1jjj1jjj4 ,tak+ ! av]age price to be #ds4 #f;d4 p] ?\s& cubic feet1 ! quantity ( gas consum$ am\nts to #e1cjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet2 & if we add to t quantity #bj p] c5t4 = leakage ?r\gh ! ma9s & pipes1 ! quantity ( gas manufactur$ 9 ! metropolitian gas works is upw>ds ( #f1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet 9 a ye>4 ,x may1 p]haps1 give a cle>] notion ( ?is imm5se quantity to say1 t a gas-hold]1 capable ( conta9+ x1 w\ld require to be "o mile 9 diamet]1 & ! height ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,! light produc$ by burn+ su* a volume ( gas w\ld be equal to t ( #aej1jjj tons ( m\ld c&les1 :i* w\ld co/ #ac1jjj1jjj4 ,! quantity ( coals requisite = ! production ( ! gas manufactur$ annually 9 ,london is upw>ds ( #fjj1jjj tons4 ,,! ,,electric ,,light4 ,! ,electric ,light is ! brighte/ meteor t has fla%$ across ! horizon ( promise dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,:5 fir/ exhibit$ z a means ( illum9ation1 ab\t twelve ye>s ago1 ! spl5d\r ( ! rays emitt$1 & ! delusive repres5tations ( ! small co/ requir$ to produce su* a brilliant light1 l$ ! public to believe t ! c>e] ( gas-light+ 0 draw+ to a close1 & t night w\ld be turn$ into day by ?is wond]ful demon/ration ( electrical p[]4 ,! light produc$ by *>coal po9ts1 subject$ to ! action ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y1 01 h[ev]1 no novelty at t "t2 = z f> back z #ahaj1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy 0 accu/om$ to exhibit t developm5t ( electrical =ce at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & x =m$ a /&>d exp]im5t 9 mo/ *emical lectures4 ,b x seems n to h be5 ?\ght applicable 9 ^? days to ! purposes ( illum9ation2 & :5 ,mr4 ,/aite br\ght x into notice1 & exhibit$ its effects on ! tops ( "s public build+s1 x 0 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful inv5tions ( ! age4 ,mr4 ,/aite's pat5t1 tak5 out 9 #ahdg1 ?\gh commonly suppos$ to be = ! ,electric ,light g5]ally1 0 limit$ 9 its clauses to ! con/ruction ( a voltaic batt]y & app>atus1 adapt$ = ma9ta9+ con/ancy1 & = giv+ /ead9ess to ! light4 ,! m]ely tempor>y cont9uance ( ! voltaic arc1 z x 0 =m]ly call$1 seem$ inde$ to preclude ! possibility ( its adoption z a means ( illum9ation2 x 0 !re=e a great po9t ga9$ to give /ability & con/ancy to ! light4 ,! difficulty ( accompli%+ ?is w be p]ceiv$ :5 x is kn[n t ! *>coal po9ts1 betwe5 :i* ! action takes place1 are con/antly und]go+ *ange1 ! p>ticles ( c>bon be+ transf]r$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,!re is no actual combu/ion ( ! *>coal1 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! t]m2 ! action is pr9cipally conf9$ to ! transf] ( ! *>coal connect$ ) ! positive pole1 to t connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! voltaic batt]y1 a holl[ be+ =m$ 9 "o1 & a pyramidical accumulation ( p>ticles 9 ! o!r4 ,?is action 0 beautifully %[n by ,pr(essor ,f>aday at ! ,royal ,in/itution la/ ye>1 by project+ ! image ( ! *>coal po9ts on to a scre51 by means ( ! ,electric ,light itself4 ,! image1 magnifi$ by ! l5ses ( ! electric lamp1 c\ld ?us be di/9ctly se5 )\t be+ too brilliant to dazzle ! eyes4 ,! p>ticles ( c>bon1 heat$ to :it5ess1 7 p]ceiv$ to be 9 active motion1 & ! pil+ up ( ! pyramid 9 "o1 & ! holl[ produc$ 9 ! o!r1 7 cont9ually v>y+ ! di/ances betwe5 !m1 & ?us t5d+ to cause un/ead9ess 9 ! light4 ,num]\s contrivances h be5 adopt$ = ! purpose ( keep+ ! po9ts at exactly ! same di/ance1 z ! want ( /ability 0 suppos$ to be ! only ob/acle to ! adoption ( ! ,electric ,light4 ,^! contrivances h s f> succe$$1 t a tol]ably /eady light c be ma9ta9$ = "s "t1 b "u ! mo/ c>eful managem5t ! po9ts occasionally approa* too ne> or are too f> ap>t to ma9ta9 an equable light4 ,among o!r inv5tions to increase ! /ead9ess ( ! light is "o t 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahef1 by ,mr4 ,way1 9 :i* m]cury is sub/itut$ = *>coal1 b ! /ead9ess ( light to be ?us acquir$ mu/ be atta9$ ) a great loss ( illum9at+ p[]1 & ! vap\r aris+ f ! combu/ion ( ! m]cury w\ld be extremely injuri\s to heal?4 ,mr4 ,he>d]1 ( ,plym\?1 has produc$ m brilliant effects ) ! ,electric ,light ?an any o!r p]son4 ,"s rem>kable exhibitions ( ! p[] ( ! light 7 made by him1 9 ,april1 #ahdi1 f ! top ( ! ,devonport ,column1 & sev]al sci5tific g5tlem5 und]took to make obs]vations at diff]5t localities to a di/ance ( five miles4 ,at ,tremeton ,ca/le1 on ! banks ( ! ,tam>1 a di/ance ( ne>ly #c miles2 ! light ca/ a /rong %ad[1 & writ+ c\ld be di/9ctly read by x4 ,! space illum9at$ 0 at lea/ ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile broad4 ,to aid ! effect1 a reflector 0 employ$1 & :5 ! rays 7 direct$ to ! cl\ds1 !y _h ! appe>ance ( a huge comet1 ! reflector be+ ! nucleus4 ,! int5sity ( ! light 0 asc]ta9$ to be equal to t ( #cja1djj m\ld c&les ( six to ! p\nd1 :il/ ! light ( ! ,breakwat] ,ligh?\se 0 equal to only #aej c&les4 ,at a di/ance ( five miles ! light 0 suffici5tly p[]ful to enable p]sons to read a book4 ,! batt]y employ$ by ,mr4 ,he>d] 9 ^! brilliant exp]im5ts consi/$ ( #hj cells ( a ,maynoo? batt]y1 #d in*es squ>e1 & ! c>bon cyl9d]s betwe5 :i* ! light appe>$ 7 =m$ ( p[d]$ coke1 mix$ ) t>1 & ramm$ into a tube ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ^! cyl9d]s are ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t1 ! ,electric ,light appe>s at ! end ( ea* = ! space ( m ?an half an in*4 ,! light1 dur+ ! exp]im5ts at ,plym\?1 0 ma9ta9$ = ?ree h\rs1 & ! mat]ials employ$ am\nt$ to "o p\nd & a-half ( z9c1 #aad fluid ounces ( sulphuric acid1 ! same quantity ( nitric acid1 & six p\nds ( muriate ( ammonia4#ad ,! mo/ s]i\s practical objection to ! introduction ( ! ,electric ,light1 z a means ( g5]al illum9ation1 is its exp5se4 ,:5 ! project 0 fir/ br\ght into notice1 attempts 7 made to %[ t ! batt]y p[] requir$ might be obta9$ at little co/1 & 9 ?is respect "s deceptions 7 practis$ n cr$itable to ! p>ties engag$ 9 promot+ ! s*eme4 ,x has be5 prov$ by ,mr4 ,grove t ! co/ ( ord9>y batt]ies necess>y to ma9ta9 ! light 9 full brilliancy w\ld greatly exce$ ! price ( an equal light f gas4 ,a plan 0 pat5t$ = g5]at+ ! requir$ voltaic p[]1 free f co/1 by apply+ ! residual sulphate ( z9c z pa9t1 & an ,electric ,p[] & ,light ,company 0 =m$ to c>ry out ! project4 ,b ! plan fail$1 & ! affairs ( ! company h rec5tly be5 w\nd up4 ,until "s *eap] mode ( g5]at+ electricity ?an is at pres5t kn[n be inv5t$1 !re is no hope ( ! ,electric ,light becom+ g5]ally available1 b !re are special circum/ances 9 :i* x may be appli$ ) advantage4 ,x is peculi>ly applicable = ligh?\ses1 z its rays w\ld p5etrate ?r\gh a foggy atmosph]e t w\ld obscure ! light ( ord9>y flames1 & 9 su* cases ! extra co/ %\ld n op]ate z an ob/acle to its use4 ,,in/antane\s ,,lights4 ,^? :o are n old en\gh to rememb] ! "t :5 fl9t-&-/eel 7 ! implem5ts employ$ to obta9 a light1 c h no suffici5t appreciation ( ! great conv5i5ce ( ,lucif] mat*es4 ,9 ^? good old times1 x 0 a regul> h\sehold c>e to provide a suffici5cy ( t9d]1 to see t x 0 kept dry1 & t !re 0 a prop] fl9t ) fire 9 x4 ,! /rik+ ( a light1 :5 ! t9d]-box 0 adequately suppli$1 0 no mean accompli%m5t2 & ! unskilful h&1 op]at+ 9 ! d>k1 w\ld ei!r get no sp>ks at all1 or s5d !m 9 a wrong direction1 & n unfrequ5tly /rike ! sk9 (f ! knuckles1 9 ! va9 endeav\r to set light to ! t9d]4 ,or if ! t9d] 7 damp1 ! sp>ks w\ld fall ^u x )\t ignit+1 & m9utes w\ld be sp5t 9 hold+ a po9t$ brim/one mat* to ! delusive sp>k1 & bl[+ at x )\t effect4 ,sometimes ! incauti\s op]ator1 tir$ ) 8 fruitless ef=ts1 w\ld spr9kle gunp[d] ov] ! t9d]1 to make x take fire m readily1 & :il/ puff+ at a long-desir$ sp>k1 ! gunp[d] w\ld explode 9 8 face & ne>ly bl9d him4 ,su* 7 "s ( ! annoyances1 att5d$ by loss ( "t1 t 7 exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ ! same result t is n[ produc$ in/antane\sly1 & mu* m effectively1 by m]ely rubb+ ! mat* aga9/ any r\gh surface4 ,sev]al attempts _h1 inde$1 be5 made _m ye>s ago to supplant ! fl9t-&-/eel & t9d]-box1 & "s ( ! plans adopt$ s closely approa* ! mat*es n[ 9 use1 t we wond] ! inv5tors did n succe$ long s9ce 9 contriv+ ! v facile means ( /rik+ a light t we n[ enjoy4 ,phosphorus & brim/one mat*es 7 fir/ employ$ = ! purpose4 ,! phosphorus 0 conta9$ 9 a bottle plac$ )9 a t9 case1 :i* also held ! po9t$ brim/one mat*es & a piece ( cork4 ,! mat* 0 dipp$ into ! phosphorus bottle1 & !n rubb$ on ! cork2 & ! friction excit$ suffici5t heat to inflame ! small quantity ( phosphorus adh]+ to ! mat* &1 to set fire to ! sulphur4 ,^! phosphorus boxes answ]$ ! purpose v well1 b ! appreh5d$ dang] ( us+ s inflammable a sub/ance prev5t$ _! com+ into g5]al use2 & !y 7 mu* m co/ly ?an a t9d]-box4 ,9 ! next advance1 if x may be s call$1 9 ! inv5tion ( in/antane\s light-produc]s1 phosphorus 0 altoge!r disc>d$1 & a mixture ( *lorate ( potass1 !n call$ oxymuriate ( potass1 & sug> 0 employ$4 ,^? sub/ances1 :5 comb9$1 inflame explosively 9 contact ) sulphuric acid4 ,9 apply+ !m = ! purpose ( obta9+ in/antane\s light1 !y 7 mix$ toge!r 9 an adhesive m5/ruum1 into :i* ! ends ( small rectangul> mat*es 7 dipp$4 ,^! mat*es v ne>ly resembl$ ! ,lucif]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,to ignite !m1 a small bottle conta9+ sulphuric acid & asbe/os 0 provid$1 & !y 7 arrang$ toge!r 9 an ornam5tal tap]-/& = ! *imney-piece4 ,?is app>atus 0 n receiv$ ) mu* fav\r1 p>tly on acc\nt ( injury done by a c>eless use ( ! sulphuric acid1 p>tly because x fail$ to act :5 ! acid _h absorb$ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 b pr9cipally because ( its co/4 ,to obviate ! objection aris+ f ! use ( sulphuric acid 9 op5 bottles1 an +5i\s contrivance 0 adopt$1 by :i* ea* mat* conta9$ its own res]voir ( acid suffici5t = ignit+ ! inflammable comp\nd4 ,small glass globules1 conta9+ sulphuric acid1 7 introduc$ into ! composition ( *lorate ( potass & sug>1 :i*1 :5 brok51 set fire to ! mixture & light$ ! mat*4 ,^! in/antane\s lights1 :i* 7 call$ ,prome!ans1 7 m +5i\s ?an useful1 because ! tr\ble ( manufacture r5d]$ !m exp5sive1 & ! sulphuric acid 0 m likely to injure furniture 9 t =m ?an :5 a bottle ) asbe/os 0 us$4 ,! ,prome!ans1 h[ev]1 possess$ ! advantage ( portability1 & = occasional purposes !y 7 conv5i5t4 ,9 "s ( ! =ms 9 :i* ! ,prome!ans 7 manufactur$1 ! glass globule ( acid1 surr\nd$ by its inflammable comp\nd1 0 atta*$ to ! end ( a small /ick ( seal+-wax1 suffici5tly l>ge to seal a lett]2 b ?is ref9em5t 9 in/antane\s lights 0 n mu* patroniz$4 ,not)/&+ ^! +5i\s attempts to produce light by *emical action1 ! fl9t-&-/eel reta9$ possession ( ! field until a mat* 0 made t ignit$ by friction alone4 ,! fir/ k9d ( friction mat* 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahcb4 ,x consi/$ ( a ?9 spl9t] ( dri$ wood1 ! top ( :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a mixture ( "o "p ( *lorate ( potass1 two ( sulphide ( antimony1 & "o ( gum4 ,to ignite ! mat* x 0 necess>y to draw x briskly ?r\gh s&-pap]4 ,^! mat*es requir$ "s address to light !m1 because mu* m friction 0 requir$ ?an is suffici5t to light ,lucif]s4 ,! next improvem5t 0 ! ,congreve mat*1 9 :i* rec\rse 0 _h to ! mat]ials previ\sly us$1 sep>ately1 = obta9+ in/antane\s lights4 ,congreve mat*es 7 compos$ ( an emulsion ( phosphorus mix$ ) *lorate ( potass1 into :i* ! mat*es1 previ\sly tipp$ ) sulphur1 7 dipp$4 ,^! mat*es 7 ( ! same size & =m z ! ,lucif]s n[ 9 g5]al use1 & !y ignit$ readily by friction on s&-pap] or o!r r\gh surface4 ,_! explosive noise on inflammation1 :i* gave !m _! "n1 0 ! only app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 ,congreves & ,lucif]s1 & _! introduction completely supplant$ ! fl9t-&-/eel4 ,! noiseless mat*1 or ,lucif]1 has1 9 its turn1 driv5 ! ,congreve almo/ out ( use1 ?\gh = practical purposes ! latt] 0 z effective1 & x 0 less dang]\s4 ,! ,lucif] mat*es dep5d altoge!r on phosphorus = _! inflammability4 ,_! composition is an emulsion ( phosphorus ) glue1 nitre1 & "s col\r+ matt]s4 ,! sulphur mat*es1 aft] hav+ be5 tipp$ ) t composition1 are expos$ 9 a w>m room until a suffici5t quantity ( ! phosphorus is evaporat$ by sl[ combu/ion1 to leave a film ( glue on ! surface to protect ! rema9d] f ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! usual proportions = ! comp\nd are1 phosphorus f\r p>ts1 nitre t51 glue six1 r$ o*re five1 & smalt two4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! action ( ,lucif] mat*es dep5ds1 is ! /rong aff9ity ( phosphorus = oxyg51 ( :i* ! nitre ) :i* x is mix$ conta9s an abundant supply2 & by draw+ ! mat* across s&-pap]1 suffici5t heat is excit$ by ! friction to ignite ! phosphorus1 & ! nitre supplies ! oxyg5 to ma9ta9 rapid combu/ion4 ,! manufacture ( ,lucif] mat*es is conduct$ on a v l>ge scale 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t4 ,x requires sev]al %ip loads ( wood to supply ! requirem5ts ( ,lucif]-mat* mak]s2 & +5i\s contrivances h be5 pat5t$ = cutt+ x up into spl9ts ( ! prop] size4 ,= t purpose1 aft] ! wood has be5 r$uc$ to ! requir$ l5g?s by circul> saws1 x is cut up into spl9ts by a numb] ( lancet po9ts1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r z f> ap>t z ! ?ickness ( a mat*1 :i* pass ov] ! wood & divide x ) great rapidity4 ,! spl9ts are collect$ into bundles ( "o ?\s&1 & ea* end hav+ be5 dipp$ into melt$ sulphur1 !y are divid$ 9 ! middle by a circul> saw4 ,! ,reports ( ! ,juries ( ! ,great ,exhibition supply a v>iety ( /ati/ical details respect+ ! manufacture ( *emical mat*es1 f :i* x appe>s t ! quantity made 9 ,au/ria1 9 #ahdi1 am\nt$ to #ej1jjj cwt42 & t 9 ,france1 9 #ahej1 ! phosphorus consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( mat*es1 am\nt$ ye>ly to #eij cwt42 & ! consumption has rapidly increas$ s9ce t "t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 x is calculat$ t eight tons ( phosphorus are ye>ly us$ 9 mak+ mat*es1 ! numb] ( :i* is /at$ to be #dj1jjj1jjj a day4 ,l>ge quantities are also import$ f ,g]many1 :]e !y are manufactur$ s *eaply1 t fifty boxes ea* conta9+ #ajj mat*es1 are sold = f\rp5ce4 ,! late/ improvem5t 9 *emical mat*es is ! ,ve/a1 :i* consi/s ( small wax1 or /e>9e tap]s1 ) an ignit+ composition at ! end1 consi/+ ( *lorate ( potass & phosphorus4 ,^! ,in/antane\s ,lights are made )\t sulphur1 consequ5tly ! disagreeable smell ( ! common ,lucif] is avoid$4 ,! conv5i5ce ( smok]s has also be5 consult$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,in/antane\s ,lights4 ,! fusees1 n[ s frequ5tly us$ = light+ cig>s1 are compos$ ( ?9 c>d-bo>d cut half ?r\gh1 /eep$ 9 nitre & ) a small quantity ( phosphorus2 & ! te>+ ( ! pap] across produces suffici5t heat to ignite ! inflammable c>d4 ,?\s&s ( p]sons1 pr9cipally *ildr51 are n[ employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *emical mat*es4 ,! occupation1 z at pres5t conduct$1 is v unheal?y1 = ! fumes ( ! phosphorus produce a disease ( a rem>kable k9d 9 ! jaw-bone1 :i* (t5 proves fatal4 ,no cure has yet be5 f\nd = ?is peculi> disease1 occasion$ by ! phosphorus 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is commonly us$4 ,a prep>ation ( t sub/ance has1 h[ev]1 be5 made :i* may be us$ )\t injury1 & :i* possesses ! advantage also ( be+ less dang]\sly inflammable2 b z ! r$ amorph\s phosphorus1 z x is call$1 is r m co/ly1 ! manufactur]s ( ,lucif] mat*es object to use x4 ,,pap] ,,mak+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,*eap lit]ature & ! l>ge developm5t ( newspap]s are pr9cipally attributable to ! improvem5ts 9 ,pap] ,mak+1 by ! aid ( ma*9]y4 ,9 ! =m] modes ( mak+ pap]1 ! workman held 9 8 h&s a squ>e frame cov]$ ) wires1 :i* he dipp$ into ! prep>$ cotton or l95 pulp1 :i* 0 kept 9 susp5sion by be+ agitat$ 9 wat]1 & tak+ up a quantity suffici5t to cov] ! frame1 he mov$ ! pulp ab\t horizontally1 to spread x ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! wires4 ,ano!r workman transf]r$ ! lay] ( pulp on to felt1 & 9 ?is mann] "o %eet 0 laid ^u ano!r1 ) felt betwe5 ea*4 ,!y 7 next subject$ to great pressure1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! fibr\s p>ticles coh]e suffici5tly to =m %eets ( pap]4 ,! felts 7 !n remov$1 & ! %eets 7 pil$ ^u "o ano!r & aga9 press$1 aft] :i* !y 7 dri$1 siz$1 & f9i%$4 ,pap] ,mak+1 by t process1 0 a sl[ op]ation4 ,! ?ickness & ev5ness ( ! %eets dep5d$ altoge!r on ! judgm5t & skill ( ! workman1 & _! size 0 necess>ily limit$ by ! dim5sions ( ! frame4 ,by ! improv$ me?ods1 ne>ly all ! "w is done by ma*9]y4 ,! s(t fibr\s pulp1 :i* is to be conv]t$ into pap]1 ent]s ! ma*9e at "o end1 & 9 ! c\rse ( two m9utes x is deliv]$ at ! o!r end ( ! ma*9e 9 a cont9u\s %eet1 t may ext5d = miles4 ,by supplem5tal contrivances ! pap] is cut into %eets1 pil$ toge!r1 & pres5t$ 9 a salable =m4 ,! _w is indebt$ to a ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,l\is ,rob]t1 = ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ ma*9e = mak+ pap]4 ,he 0 a workman 9 ,m4 ,didot's pap] mill1 at ,essones1 & = 8 contrivance ( a me?od = mak+ cont9u\s pap]1 he obta9$ f ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 9 #agii1 ! sum ( #h1jjj francs & a pat5t = ! manufacture ( ! ma*9es4 ,! political agitation 9 ,france at t p]iod prev5t$ mu* progress f be+ made ) ! inv5tion1 b aft] ! ,peace ( ,ami5s1 9 #ahjb1 ,m4 ,didot1 jun4 came to ?is c\ntry1 accompani$ by 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,gamble1 = ! purpose ( mak+ arrangem5ts to c>ry x into effect4 ,!y induc$ ,messrs4 ,h4 & ,s4 ,f\rdr9i] to engage ) !m 9 br++ ! ma*9]y to p]fection1 & pat5ts obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ,mr4 ,gamble 7 assign$ to !m 9 #ahjd4 ,! eng9e]+ e/abli%m5t ( ,mr4 ,hall1 at ,d>t=d1 9 ,k5t1 0 select$ z be/ adapt$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! ma*9]y & = c>ry+ ! plans into op]ation4 ,mr4 ,bryan ,donk91 :o 0 engag$ 9 ! manufactory1 pr9cipally assi/$ 9 br++ ! ma*9]y to p]fection4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! completion ( all ! p>ts1 to get !m to "w effectually1 & ! ob/ruction enc\nt]$ 9 introduc+ ! ma*9e-made pap]1 r5d]$ ! ent]prise a ru9\s speculation to ^? :o fir/ engag$ 9 x4 ,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i] hav+ exp5d$ #fj1jjj 9 p]fect+ ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,! app>atus1 ( :i* a repres5tation is giv5 9 ! annex$ woodcut1 0 v complicat$1 b ! ess5tial p>ts may be readily und]/ood4 ,! rags f :i* ! pap] is made und]go a v>iety ( processes be=e !y are prop]ly r$uc$ into a /ate ( pulp4 ,!y are sort$1 du/$1 boil$1 & torn into pieces by pass+ ?r\gh cutt+ roll]s2 !y are !n blea*$ & aga9 submitt$ to ! gr9d+ action ( roll]s1 :i* r$uce !m into a /ate ( f9e pulp1 resembl+ milk 9 appe>ance4 ,! pulp ?us prep>$ is plac$ 9 a l>ge vat1 :]e x is kept con/antly agitat$1 to prev5t ! m solid p>ts f be+ deposit$4 ,f ! vat ! pulp is dis*>g$ into a ci/]n1 ov] ! edge ( :i* x fl[s 9 a cont9u\s /ream ^u an endless wire clo?1 ! me%es ( :i* are s f9e t !re are z _m z #f1jjj holes 9 a squ>e in*4 ,! wire gauze1 on to :i* ! pulp is p\r$1 is ab\t #d feet wide1 & #be feet long1 & x is kept con/antly mov+ onw>ds1 by roll]s at ea* end1 ov] :i* x passes4 ,! gauze is /ret*$ out p]fectly level1 & ! pulp is prev5t$ f fl[+ ov] ! edges by /raps on ea* side1 :i* limit ! wid? ( ! pap]4 ,z ! endless wire clo? moves along1 an agitat+ motion is giv5 to x1 by :i* means ! pulp is spread ev5ly ov] ! surface2 ! wat] is also dra9$ (f ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! gauze1 & ?is "p ( ! process is exp$it$ 9 ! improv$ ma*9es by produc+ a p>tial vacuum und]nea?4 ,be=e ! %eet ( pulp has arriv$ at ! f>!r extremity ( ! wire clo?1 x passes betwe5 two cyl9d]s1 ! "u "o ( :i* is ( metal1 cov]$ ) felt1 & ! upp] "o ( wood4 ,a slight pressure giv5 to ! pulp 9 pass+ betwe5 ^? cyl9d]s imp>ts suffici5t t5acity to x to enable x to be transf]r$ f ! wire gauze on to an endless web ( felt1 by means ( a slice t cle>s ! pulp f ! wire gauze1 & deposits x on ! felt4 ,! latt] is kept mov+ at exactly ! same spe$ z ! wire gauze1 o!rwise !re w\ld be ei!r a r5t or a fold on ! %eet4 ,! pap]1 /ill 9 a v wet /ate1 is c>ri$ betwe5 ca/ iron roll]s1 & its fibres are =cibly press$ toge!r1 :i* op]ation squeezes out ! wat]1 & s f> gives t5acity to ! pulp t x may be h&l$ )\t te>+4 ,! %eet !n passes on to o!r roll]s1 by :i* x is fur!r compress$1 & its surface smoo!n$4 ,! pap] is1 h[ev]1 /ill damp1 & requires to be dri$4 ,?is is done by pass+ x ov] l>ge metal cyl9d]s1 heat$ by /eam4 ,! process ( mak+ ! pap] is !n complet$1 & ! cont9u\s %eet may be w\nd ^u a reel to any l5g?2 b x is n[ usual to cut x up into %eets z soon z x leaves ! dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,! wire clo? moves at ! rate ( f #be to #dj feet p] m9ute1 & su* a ma*9e w\ld consequ5tly make at lea/ #aj y>ds ( pap] 9 t "t1 :i* is equal to a mile 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,! wid? ( ! pap] is usually ab\t #d feet1 !re=e ea* ma*9e w make #aj1dej squ>e y>ds ( pap] 9 twelve h\rs2 & !re are upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ ( su* ma*9es at "w 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! value ( ! pap] ?us produc$ is calculat$ to exce$ two millions /]l+4 ,num]\s improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ,f\rdr9i]'s orig9al ma*9e1 b ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction rema9s ess5tially ! same1 & x is by ?is means t mo/ ( ! pap] n[ us$ = writ+ or pr9t+ is manufactur$4 ,a pap]-mak+ ma*9e1 on a diff]5t pr9ciple1 has1 h[ev]1 be5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,dick9son1 & has be5 c>ri$ by him to great p]fection4 ,in/ead ( all[+ ! pulp to fall on to a flat surface ( wire gauze1 a poli%$ holl[ brass cyl9d]1 p]=at$ ) holes & cov]$ ) wire clo?1 revolves 9 contact ) ! prep>$ pulp1 & a p>tial vacuum be+ produc$ )9 ! cyl9d]1 ! pulp adh]es to ! gauze1 & its fibres coh]e suffici5tly1 be=e ! cyl9d] has complet$ a revolution1 to be turn$ (f on to ano!r cyl9d] cov]$ ) felt1 on :i* x is subject$ to pressure by roll]s1 & is !nce deliv]$ to ! dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,mr4 ,dick9son aft]w>ds obta9$ a pat5t1 9 #ahee1 = mak+ a union pap]1 consi/+ ( a ?9 %eet ( t made by 8 own ma*9e1 & a simil> %eet made by a ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e unit$ toge!r4 ,= ?is purpose ! two %eets 7 br\ght toge!r1 z !y pass$ f ! ma*9es1 :il/ /ill wet & 9 an unf9i%$ /ate1 & 7 press$ toge!r betwe5 roll]s1 by :i* means !y 7 completely incorporat$4 ,! object ( ?is contrivance 0 to comb9e1 9 a s+le %eet1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( surface :i* pap] made by ^? two modes ( manufacture pres5t4 ,x is also employ$ economically = engrav+s1 to give a f9e surface to a ?ick %eet ( co>s] mat]ial4 ,! ?reads 9 po/age envelopes & 9 bank]s' *eques1 are introduc$ by ?is process ( plat+ two surfaces toge!r4 ,! greatly increas$ consumption ( pap] ?reat5$ to exhau/ ! supply ( ! raw mat]ial1 not)/&+ ! l>ge import f abroad & ! enorm\s supply d]iv$ f ! wa/e ( ! cotton mills1 :i*1 :5 mix$ ) rags1 produces good pap]4 ,! quantity ( old rags1 old junk1 & o!r fibr\s mat]ials import$ = ! purpose ( mak+ pap]1 9 #ahej1 is /at$ 9 ! ,jury ,reports ( ! ,great ,exhibition to h am\nt$ to #h1abd tons4 ,?is l>ge importation1 add$ to ! /ock ( rags suppli$ by ! c\ntry itself1 01 h[ev]1 inadequate to meet ! consumption1 & se>* 0 anxi\sly made = o!r fibr\s sub/ances t c\ld be conv]t$ into pap]2--peat1 cocoa-nut fibre1 grass1 /raw1 & ev5 wood h be5 us$ = ! purpose4 ,( ^? sub/ances1 /raw has be5 mo/ successfully appli$1 & /raw pap]--excell5t to write ^u1 ?\gh n bright 9 col\r--is n[ made at v l[ prices4 ,! /raw is fir/ cut up into %ort l5g?s1 ( ab\t half an in*1 by a *aff-cutt+ ma*9e1 & aft] und]go+ v>i\s processes ( trituration & blea*+1 x is r$uc$ into a pulp1 suffici5tly adhesive to make a /rong pap]4 ,! plan ( dry+ ! pap] z x leaves ! roll]s ( ! ma*9e1 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,crompton 9 #ahbj1 & t g5tleman 0 also ! fir/ to introduce a ma*9e = cutt+ ! pap] into %eets z soon z x is dri$4 ,! fir/ inv5tion ( ! k9d 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,crompton1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,mill] & ,pr(essor ,c[p]1 9 #ahbh4 ,! cont9u\s web ( pap] 0 made to pass directly f ! dry+ app>atus to ! cutt+ ma*9e1 by :i* x 0 fir/ slit into b&s ( ! requir$ wid? by means ( a s]ies ( %>p discs ( /eel1 adju/able on two p>allel axes4 ,! b&s ( pap] !n pass$ on to %e>s1 plac$ transv]sely1 t cut x into %eets ( any requir$ l5g?1 :i* 7 laid ^u "o ano!r1 to be divid$ into quires4 ,sev]al o!r cutt+ ma*9es h s9ce be5 inv5t$1 ! simple/ ( :i* is ! "o pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,dick9son1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! woodcut4 ,illu/ration ,! pap] may be tak5 directly f ! dry+ cyl9d]s or f a reel1 z %[n 9 ! diagram at a4 ,! %eet passes ov] a l>ge drum & ?r\gh sev]al guide roll]s1 till x is c>ri$ across ! table a h1 :]e x is cut l5g?wise by knives1 z x passes along4 ,a s]ies ( *isel-edg$ cutt]s are plac$ at regulat$ di/ances b5ea? ! table2 & :il/ ! pap] is /ret*$ ov] x1 sev]al circul> knives1 f f1 fix$ into a sw+ frame1 g g1 at correspond+ di/ances ) ! knives b5ea?1 are swung across ! %eet1 & cut x 9 ! mann] ( a pair ( %e>s4 ,o!r k9ds ( cutt+ ma*9es are contriv$1 by :i* %eets ( writ+ pap]1 :5 collect$ 9 quires1 are squeez$ tightly toge!r1 & _! edges are smoo?ly & ev5ly cut4 ,we mu/ n conclude ?is notice ( ,pap] ,mak+ ,ma*9]y )\t allud+ to ! +5i\s self-act+ me*anisms = mak+ envelopes4 ,9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea !re 7 ?ree diff]5t ma*9es exhibit$ 9 action1 ea* "o produc+1 ) great rapidity1 ^? neat cov]+s = lett]s1 = :i* ! p5ny po/age sy/em has creat$ s great a dem&4 ,! pap]1 cut into ! desir$ =m by a sep>ate ma*9e1 0 pil$ up on "o side ( ! envelope fold]4 ,x 0 tak51 %eet by %eet1 & /ret*$ on a small table1 on ! middle ( :i* !re 0 a trap door1 held up by a spr+ to a level ) ! re/ ( ! table4 ,a plung]1 ( ! same size z ! envelope to be made1 press$ ! trap d[n into a recess1 & rais$ ! f\r corn]s ( ! pap]1 ! edges ( :i* 7 !n gumm$1 & small me*anical f+]s fold$ !m d[n4 ,! complet$ envelope 0 !n ?r[n out into a basket1 or x slid$ out ( ! ma*9e on to ^? be=e made4 ,ea* ( ^? ma*9es1 ) a boy z an att5dant1 w fold #b1gjj envelopes 9 an h\r1 :i* is ne>ly ! same numb] t an exp]i5c$ workman c fold 9 a day ) a fold+ /ick4 ,not)/&+ ! supplant+ ( manual lab\r to s great an ext5t by ^! +5i\s me*anisms1 ! effect ( increas$ facility ( manufacture has be5 to give increas$ employm5t1 & _m m p]sons are n[ engag$ 9 mak+ envelopes ?an 7 s employ$ be=e ! inv5tion ( ! ma*9es4 ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9es4 ,! associat$ inv5tions ( pap] mak+ & pr9t+ h progress$ h& 9 h& toge!r2 ! increas$ facility ) :i* pap] c be made by ma*9]y hav+ be5 equall$1 if n surpass$1 by ! rapidity ) :i* x c be pr9t$4 ,! old wood5 pr9t+ press1 t 0 9 g5]al use at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 is n[ an object ( curiosity1 & a few specim5s ( x are to be se51 ev5 9 c\ntry pr9t+ (fices4 ,! pr9cipal work+ "p ( ! wood5 press consi/$ ( a block ( wood1 hav+ a p]fectly flat & smoo? surface1 half ! size ( an ord9>y %eet ( pr9t+ pap]1 :i* 0 br\ght d[n ^u ! types by means ( a screw t 0 turn$ by a long lev]4 ,! types1 plac$ ^u a flat /one emb$d$ 9 a movable table1 7 ink$ ) l>ge s(t balls cov]$ ) pelts4 ,! damp$ pap] 0 put into a frame1 at ! back ( :i* blankets 7 plac$1 & 0 laid lightly on ! ink$ types4 ,! movable table 0 !n pu%$ "u ! block ( wood1 call$ ! platt51 ! long lev] 0 pull$ ) great /r5g?1 & ! platt5 be+ ?us br\ght =cibly ^u ! blankets & pap]1 "o-half ( ! %eet 0 pr9t$4 ,! lev]1 on be+ releas$1 sprang back to its =m] position1 & ! table ) ! types ^u x 0 pu%$ f>!r "u ! platt51 :i* 0 aga9 pull$ d[n to pr9t ! o!r half ( ! %eet4 ,! table 0 !n pull$ back1 & ! %eet ( pap]1 pr9t$ on "o side1 0 remov$4 ,^! op]ations occupi$ consid]able "t1 & ! regul> "w ( two m51 ) a wood5 press1 0 to pr9t #bej %eets an h\r on "o side4 ,?is orig9al contrivance = pr9t+ 0 supplant$ by ! ,/anhope press1 "o ( ! mo/ admirable arrangem5ts = ! advantage\s application ( ! lev] t is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole range ( me*anical contrivances4 ,! improv$ pr9t+ press1 inv5t$ by ,"l ,/anhope1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 complet$ 9 #ahjj1 is made altoge!r ( iron4 ,! platt5 is ( ! full size ( ! %eet ( pap] to be pr9t$1 & ! "w is done at a s+le pull4 ,! requisite p[] is obta9$ by a comb9ation ( lev]s1 s adju/$ t ! platt5 is br\ght d[n rapidly 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be=e any pressure is requir$1 & :5 x comes to be> ^u ! types1 ! lev]s act ) ! greate/ possible me*anical advantage1 s t ! h&le moves ?r\gh ! space ( a foot1 :il/ ! platt5 desc5ds only ! tw5tie? "p ( an in*4 ,by ?is means a l>ge %eet ( pap] c be pr9t$ (f by a s+le pull1 & ) m impression & great] %>pness ?an by two pulls ) a wood5 press4 ,great z 0 ?is improvem5t 9 ! pr9t+ press1 its action 0 /ill v sl[1 comp>$ ) ! rapidity ( pr9t+ we are n[ accu/om$ to1 x be+ consid]$ quick "w1 ) a small ,/anhope press1 to pr9t #ejj %eets an h\r4 ,! au?or rememb]s to h se5 ! ,globe newspap] pr9t$ by an old wood5 press 9 #ahbj2 &1 ab\t ! same "t1 ! ,london ,c\ri]1 by a ,/anhope press4 ,9 ord] to supply ! l>ge dem& = ! latt] pap]1 x 0 !n cu/om>y to pr9t (f ?ree pages e>ly 9 ! day1 & to set up ! types = ! f\r? page1 conta9+ ! late/ news1 ?ree or f\r times1 & to pr9t x at z _m sep>ate presses4 ,! pressm5 c\ld ?us1 by great ex]tion1 p]fect ! pr9t+1 :5 ?ree presses 7 us$1 at ! rate ( #a1ejj an h\r4 ,! ,times newspap]1 :i* greatly exce$s ! size ( ! ,c\ri]1 is n[ pr9t$ by a ma*9e at ! rate ( #ac1jjj an h\r4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ma*9es 0 prec$$ by ! manufacture ( ink+ roll]s1 to sup]s$e ! pelt balls = di/ribut+ ! ink ov] ! types4 ,e>l ,/anhope _h endeav\r$ 9 va9 to con/ruct ink+ roll]s1 = :i* purpose he tri$ sk9s & pelts ( v>i\s k9ds1 b ! seam prov$ an ob/acle t he c\ld n ov]come4 ,9 #ahjh1 a new ela/ic composition ball = pr9t+1 :i* consi/$ pr9cipally ( treacle & glue1 to s]ve z a sub/itute = pelts1 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,dyas1 a man ( great orig9al g5ius1 ! p>i% cl]k ( ,madeley1 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,^! balls 7 fir/ introduc$ into ! ext5sive pr9t+ (fice ( ! late ,mr4 ,edw>d ,h\l/on1 ( ,well+ton1 :]e !y 7 = "s "t exclusively us$1 & t pr9t+-(fice consequ5tly became celebrat$ = ! excell5ce ( its "w4 ,a simil> composition 0 "s ye>s aft]w>ds ca/ 9 ! =m ( roll]s1 ^u a holl[ core ( wood1 by ! late ,mr4 ,h>rild2 & ^! roll]s h prov$ a f> m cleanly & m exp$iti\s mode ( ink+ ! types ?an ! balls4 ,^! ink+ roll]s suppli$ an ess5tial want 9 ! work+ ( ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es4 ,! inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es und]w5t _m *anges be=e x 0 br\ght to a practical =m4 ,su* a ma*9e 0 fir/ project$ 9 #agij1 by ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 :o propos$ to place ! types & pap] ^u cyl9d]s1 & to di/ribute & apply ! ink also by cyl9d]s4 ,ano!r plan1 m closely approa*+ t ( ! pr9t+ ma*9es aft]w>ds p]fect$ by ,mr4 ,napi] & o!rs1 0 to place ! types ^u a table & ! pap] ^u an impress+ cyl9d]1 & to move ! table backw>ds & =w>ds "u x4 ,9 #ahac1 ,messrs4 ,donk9 & ,bacon propos$ plac+ ! types ^u a prism1 :i* 0 to revolve aga9/ an irregul>ly %ap$ cyl9d]1 on :i* ! pap] 0 to be plac$4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld be effectually done 9 produc+ a prop] work+ pr9t+ ma*9e until ! inv5tion ( ink+ roll]s4 ,9 #ahad1 ,messrs4 ,bau] & ,knig succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ a ma*9e1 :i* 0 erect$ at ! ,times (fice1 t produc$ #a1hjj impressions an h\r2 & x cont9u$ 9 use till #ahbg4 ,?is rapidity ( action1 comp>$ ) t ( ! mo/ improv$ pr9t+ press1 produc$ a revolution 9 ! art ( pr9t+2 att5tion 0 !n direct$ almo/ exclusively to ! fur!r improvem5t ( ! ma*9es1 & ! platt5 press 0 neglect$4 ,9 ! =m ( pr9t+ ma*9es g5]ally us$1 ! types are laid ^u an iron table t is mov$ to & fro by ! turn+ ( a :eel connect$ ) a /eam eng9e4 ,! pap] is plac$ ^u cyl9d]s cov]$ ) flannel1 & ! impression ( ! types is produc$ by ! cyl9d]s be+ fix$ s closely to !m t1 z ! table passes backw>ds & =w>ds1 !re is great pressure4 ,! types are ink$ by a s]ies ( roll]s1 by :i* ! ink is di/ribut$ & ev5ly laid on ! face ( ! types )\t any manual lab\r4 ,! me*anical p[] ga9$ by an arrangem5t ( ?is k9d arises f ! pressure be+ ex]t$ on a small surface at a "t2 consequ5tly ! p[] requir$ = produc+ ! impression ( ! types is n ne>ly s great z :5 ! :ole surface ( ! types makes ! impression at ! same in/ant4 ,! =ce actually press+ on ! types1 f contact ) ! cyl9d]s1 is v mu* less ?an t br\ght to be> on !m by ! platt5 ( ! ,/anhope press2 b z x acts on a small] surface at a "t1 ! am\nt ( pressure on ea* "p1 successively1 greatly exce$s t receiv$ by any simil> portion :5 x is impress$ all at once4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! action ( ! platt5 & ( ! cyl9d] may be comp>$ to ! diff]5t effects produc$ by a knife :5 press$ ) its edge & ) its flat side aga9/ a yield+ surface2 ! pressure on ! flat surface may n be suffici5t to leave any impression1 :il/ a mu* small] pressure on ! edge w produce an ind5tation4 ,illu/ration ,! accompany+ woodcut is a repres5tation ( "o ( ,messrs4 ,applega? & ,c[p]'s ma*9es = pr9t+ bo? sides ( ! pap] at ! same "t4 ,x consi/s ( a ca/-iron frame1 ab\t #ad feet long & #d feet wide1 on :i* ! iron table1 ) ! types ^u x1 slides backw>d & =w>d "u two l>ge ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 cov]$ ) blankets1 :]eon ! pap] is laid4 ,! pages ( type to be pr9t$ on "o side ( ! pap]1 & ^? pages t are to be pr9t$ on ! back1 are w$g$ into iron frames1 call$ *ases1 & ^! *ases are fix$ on ! table at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r1 t !y w pass "u ! two cyl9d]s 9 ! same relative positions4 ,! %eets ( pap] are held on to ! cyl9d]s at _! edges by means ( tapes1 & are s laid on by ! workm51 t ! type may be impress$ on !m ) an equal m>g9 all r\nd4 ,at ea* end ( ! ma*9e is a supply ( ink1 :i* is tak5 f long iron roll]s1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ea* ( :i* turns 9 contact ) a flat iron b>1 t only all[s a small quantity ( ink to pass4 ,a composition ink+ roll] is made to vibrate betwe5 ! ink+ table1 :]e on ! ink is ?9ly & ev5ly spread1 & ! iron fe$+ roll]1 & ?us deliv]s ! requisite quantity ( ink on to ! table4 ,sev]al o!r composition roll]s are plac$ across ! ink+ table1 ) _! axes re/+ 9 not*$ be>+s1 s t z ! ink+ table moves =w>d & backw>d1 ^? roll]s di/ribute ! ink ev5ly ov] x4 ,!re are f\r o!r roll]s 7none ( :i* are %[n 9 ! diagram71 :i* take ! ink f ! table2 & z ! types pass f "u ! cyl9d]s1 aft] pr9t+ a %eet1 & return to !m1 !y pass twice "u ! ink+ roll]s4 ,ea* %eet ( pap] is laid by a boy on a web ( tapes1 by :i* x is c>ri$ r\nd "o pap] cyl9d]1 & !n ov] & "u two wood5 drums to ! o!r pap] cyl9d]4 ,! %eet ( pap]1 9 ! c\rse ( its progress1 is turn$ ov]1 s z to receive ! second impression on ! o!r side2 & z ! tapes t c>ry x along leave ! second cyl9d]1 !y divide1 & ! pr9t$ %eet falls into ! h&s ( a boy4 ,9 ! pr9t+ ma*9e :i* 0 %[n at "w 9 ! ,great ,exhibition1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,applega? & made by ,mr4 ,middleton1 = pr9t+ ! ,times1 ! arrangem5ts diff] mat]ially f ^? ( ! horizontal ma*9es already describ$4 ,! types1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ on a table1 & mov$ to & fro "u ! impress+ cyl9d]s1 are fix$ to a l>ge v]tical cyl9d]1 upw>ds ( #af feet 9 diamet]1 & !re are eight impress+ cyl9d]s rang$ v]tically r\nd x1 ) _! axes fix$4 ,by ?is arrangem5t !re is no loss ( "t 9 )draw+ ! types f "u ! cyl9d] to be aga9 ink$1 b !y move r\nd f "o fix$ cyl9d] to ano!r1 receiv+ _! ink betwe5 ea*1 & ?us produc+ eight impressions 9 succession dur+ "o complete revolution4 ,at ! ,times pr9t+ (fice !re are n[ ?ree ma*9es ( t con/ruction1 two ( :i*1 ) eight cyl9d]s1 pr9t t5 ?\s& an h\r1 & ! o!r "o1 :i* has n9e impress+ cyl9d]s1 ?irte5 ?\s&4 ,! op]ations = pr9t+ t newspap] exhibit m>vell\s ef=ts ( human +5uity & skill1 br\ght to be> 9 produc+ ) ! requisite rapidity a suffici5t numb] ( impressions to supply its enorm\s circulation4 ,aft] ! types h be5 compos$ & correct$1 & rang$ into columns & screw$ up into _! *ases by upw>ds ( "o hundr$ h&s1 ea* page ( type is atta*$ to ! l>ge v]tical cyl9d]--a curv$ =m hav+ be5 giv5 to ! type to adapt x to ! circul> surface4 ,n9e m51 /&+ ea* "o beside a heap ( damp$ pap]1 fe$ ! l>ge/ ma*9e by sep>at+ ! %eets s+ly f ! heap1 & pres5t !m successively to ! action ( small roll]s1 t give ea* %eet a =w>d impulse1 :i* br+s x )9 ! grasp ( a s]ies ( endless tapes4 ,^! tapes cat* hold ( ! %eets ( pap]1 & c>ry !m d[n to ! level ( ! types4 ,!y are !n %ot along horizontally to ! press+ roll]s1 cov]$ ) blankets1 r\nd :i* !y are c>ri$ & press$ aga9/ ! types2 aft] :i* ! endless tapes c>ry !m away1 & deliv] !m pr9t$ to a man bel[1 :o spreads !m "o ov] ! o!r4 ,a l>ge res]voir ( ink at ! top ( ! ma*9e supplies ! ink+ tables1 f :i* x is spread ev5ly ov] ! ink+ roll]s1 &1 at ea* revolution ( ! type cyl9d]1 n9e %eets are pr9t$ on "o side4 ,!y are !n tak5 to a second ma*9e to be pr9t$ on ! back1 or1 z x is call$1 p]fect$4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ %[s ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! ma*9es4 ,few me*anical contrivances pres5t s /rik+ an illu/ration ( ! application ( human +5uity to ! production ( important results1 & to ! sav+ ( lab\r1 z ^! pr9t+ ma*9es4 ,to see ! %eets ( pap] travell+ along ! tapes--to see !m %oot d[nw>ds1 c>ri$ sideways 9 "o direction & back aga91 & deliv]$ ) half a million ( words impress$ ^u !m 9 less ?an ?ree seconds1 seems l ! "w ( magic4 ,to copy t numb] ( words1 ?us pr9t$ 9 ?ree seconds1 w\ld occupy a rapid p5man =ty days1 work+ t5 h\rs a day4 ,illu/ration ,great z are ! pr9t+ p[]s ( ^! ma*9es ( ,mr4 ,applega?'s1 !y h be5 surpass$ m rec5tly by "o plac$ close beside !m1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,hoe1 ( ,new ,york4 ,9 t ma*9e ! type cyl9d] is plac$ horizontally1 by :i* means ! pap] is suppli$ directly to x )\t alt]+ its direction4 ,z _m z tw5ty ?\s& impressions 9 an h\r h be5 produc$ by ! ,am]ican ma*9e1 b x is n yet suffici5tly p]fect$ to be br\ght into regul> use4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! ,times e/abli%m5t !re is an +5i\s ma*9e = wett+ ! pap]1 by :i* contrivance mu* lab\r & "t are sav$4 ,! pap]1 heap$ 9 a pile at "o end ( a table1 is pres5t$ 9 quires at a "t to ! action ( a roll]1 :i* drags x on to a mov+ endless blanket1 t is kept wet by a /ream ( wat]1 & ! upp] surface is wett$ by a long bru%1 plac$ ov] ! blanket4 ,! wett$ pap] is heap$ ^u a truck1 :i* gradually desc5ds1 to keep ! upp] %eets on a level ) ! table1 till ! pap] is pil$ up a y>d 9 ?ickness4 ,! truck is !n rais$1 by hydraulic pressure1 to ! level ( ! floor1 & is :eel$ away & ano!r "o is load$4 ,betwe5 n9e & t5 tons ( pap] are ?us wett$ daily2 & ! %eets ( ! ,times pr9t$ dur+ a ye>1 if spread out & pil$ "o ^u ano!r1 w\ld =m a column z high z ,mont ,blanc4 ,! quantity ( ink daily consum$ 9 ! pr9t+ is upw>ds ( two hundr$weight4 ,! ma*9e is work$ by two /eam eng9es1 ea* ( #af-;horse p[]2 & ! noise ( ! num]\s :eels & rapidly revolv+ cyl9d]s is almo/ deaf5+4 ,! great rapidity & ! comp>ative *eapness ( pr9t+ by ma*9es1 toge!r ) ! great] facility ( mak+ pap] by ma*9]y1 h be5 ! means ( creat+ a dem& = books :i* x w\ld be impossible to supply1 unless ^? means 7 at comm&4 ,?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( copies ( publications1 t spread k among ! p ( ! highe/ int]e/ to ! welf>e ( man1 & replete ) useful in=mation ( e k9d1 are n[ sold at prices :i* w\ld be impossible1 7 x n = ! improvem5ts t h be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 & 9 ! means ( pr9t+4 ,nor %\ld we omit to notice1 z "o ( ! causes t h contribut$ to ! production ( *eap lit]ature1 ! art ( /]eotyp+1 :i* has be5 p]fect$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,e>l ,/anhope1 ! inv5tor ( ! admirable press t be>s 8 "n1 0 prom95t 9 br++ t art to p]fection4 ,num]\s attempts _h be5 made 9 ! la/ c5tury to produce ca/s f pages ( type4 ,s e>ly1 inde$1 z #agjj1 "s almanacks & pamphlets 7 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is f ca/+s2 & an edition ( ,sallu/ 0 pr9t$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #agci1 f /]eotype plates produc$ by ,mr4 ,g$1 a goldsmi?4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 0 n enc\rag$1 & on 8 dea? x 0 n fur!r proce$$ )4 ,! mo/ important advance 9 ! art 0 made by ,m4 ,h(fman1 ( ,alsace1 :o1 9 #aghd1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ /]eotype plates by ca/+ !m 9 m\lds ( clay mix$ ) gelat9e 9 :i* ! pages ( type 7 impress$1 ) :i* he pr9t$ a "w 9 ?ree volumes2 b ! ca/+s 7 imp]fect1 & ! plan 0 soon aft]w>ds ab&on$4 ,among ! _m plans tri$ to obta9 p]fect ca/s ( ! types :5 set up1 0 "o contriv$ by ,m4 ,c>ez1 a pr9t] ( ,t\l1 :o1 9 #agia1 endeav\r$ to obta9 ca/s 9 lead f a page ( type1 by all[+ x to drop on ! fus$ metal :5 x 0 9 a /ate ( sett+4 ,! matrices ?us obta9$ 7 9 l mann] impress$ on a fusible metal1 :i* melt$ at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! lead4 ,good ca/s 7 (t5 ?us procur$1 b ! unc]ta9ty ( ! process1 aris+ f ! frequ5t fusion ( ! lead matrices1 caus$ x to be discont9u$4 ,o!r plans 7 tri$ 9 ,france ) m or less success1 b no?+ 0 done practically until ,"l ,/anhope direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject 9 #ahjj1 & resort$ to ! orig9al me?od ( obta9+ matrices1 by impress+ ! pages ( type 9 a cold pla/ic sub/ance4 ,he employ$ pla/] ( ,p>is = 8 m\ld2 & :5 !y 7 ?or\ghly dri$1 !y 7 plung$ 9 fus$ type-metal2 & 9 ?is mann] a p]fect ca/ 9 metal ( ! orig9al page ( movable type 0 produc$4 ,! process has be5 /ill fur!r p]fect$1 & ca/s f movable types1 & f wood engrav+s1 are n[ made ) great facility1 & ! impressions f !m are q equal to ! orig9als4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to /]eotype a "w1 ! movable types us$ 9 compos+ x are new1 & ! spaces t sep>ate ! words f ea* o!r are long] ?an is cu/om>y :5 ! type is to be pr9t$ f4 ,^! elongat$ spaces rea* ne>ly to ! face ( ! lett]s1 s t ! pla/] may n s9k betwe5 !m4 ,by ?is means ! m\ld is easily remov$ f ! face ( ! page ( type4 ,! metal ca/+ ( ea* page is v ?91 & :5 requir$ to be us$1 x is screw$ on to blocks ( wood to ! same height z ord9>y types4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to apply o!r sub/ances ?an pla/] ( ,p>is & type-metal = /]eotyp+4 ,at ! ,great ,exhibition !re 7 specim5s ( gutta p]*a /]eotypes1 t produc$ excell5t impressions1 & !re 7 also f9e /]eotype ca/+s ( type 9 iron1 f :i* a copy ( ! ,bible _h be5 pr9t$4 ,papi] ma* has be5 f\nd to be a mat]ial peculi>ly applicable = ! purpose1 & x is n[ sup]s$+ ! use ( pla/] ( ,p>is = tak+ ca/s ( ! types4 ,by ! application ( ! art ( /]eotyp+1 ca/s 9 metal ( valuable works c be kept ready at any "t1 to be pr9t$ f :5 m copies are requir$2 & ! exp5se is sav$ ( keep+ on h& l>ge /ocks ( pr9t$ pap]1 or ( hav+ a "w recompos$ :5 a fur!r edition is want$4 ,! inv5tions ( ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es & /]eotyp+ 7 /rongly oppos$ at fir/ by pressm5 & compositors1 z calculat$ to dim9i% ! dem& = _! lab\r4 ,9 ,johnson's ,typographia1 publi%$ 9 #ahbd1 ! new-fangl$ articles are m5tion$ 9 a _s ( great bitt]ness2 & ! writ] ?us p\r$ =? 8 lam5tations at ! prospective ru9 ( ! memb]s ( 8 pr(ession3--,we are mu* surpris$ at ! apa?y & sup95ess %[n by ! body ( ma/] pr9t]s ) respect to ! subject "u discussion2 !y mo/ assur$ly _h good & suffici5t gr\nds = an application to ,p>liam5t = a tax1 t %\ld br+ ! "w s execut$ ^u an equality ) t done by manual lab\r4--,we feel satisfi$ t ! above w\ld n h met ) enc\ragem5t f a ,briti% public1 _h !y be5 aw>e ( ! evils att5dant on x2 !y h n only to pay a full price = ! "w1 b also extra poor's rates1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m5 be+ ?us out ( employ2 likewise !y are c\nt5anc+ ! break+ up & de/ruction ( all ! en]gy & tal5t ( t art :i* 0 ,engl&'s pr\de/ boa/1 & h] %ield aga9/ all ! ?reats ( h] =eign foes4 ,^! pr$ictions ( ru9 h be5 completely falsifi$4 ,x has be5 ) ! ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es z ) mo/ o!r improv$ ma*9]y = ! sav+ ( lab\r3 on _! fir/ introduction "s h&s1 no d\bt1 7 ?r[n out ( employ1 b ! advantages d]iv$ f ! sav+ ( lab\r v soon react$ fav\rably 9 creat+ a great] dem& = lab\r ?an be=e4 ,! numb] ( *eap p]iodicals1 & ! ext5sive issues ( *eap lit]ature 9 e =m1 require a mu* l>g] numb] ( workm5 to supply ! dem&1 ev5 ) ! aid ( ma*9]y1 ?an 0 ne$$ 9 ! be/ days ( ! manual pr9t+ press2 & at no "t 7 s _m compositors & pressm5 employ$ z at pres5t4 ,9 ! ,reports ( ! ,juries ( ! ,great ,exhibition1 "s int]e/+ /ati/ics are giv51 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es 9 ext5d+ ! dem& = books & p]iodicals4 ,! ma*9e1 x is obs]v$1 creat$ a dem&1 & call$ into exi/5ce books :i*1 b = x1 w\ld sc>cely h be5 ?\ght (4 ,z ! ma*9e-"w f type & woodcuts 0 f> bett] ?an ! ord9>y pr9t+ ( ! day1 booksell]s 7 induc$ to pr9t ext5sive editions1 because !y saw ! ma*9e c\ld accompli% all !y requir$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ booksell]s :o avail$ himself ( ?is p[] 0 ,mr4 ,*>les ,knight1 :o project$ ! ',p5ny ,magaz9e1' on a h9t f ,mr4 ,m4 ,d4 ,hill1 ,que5's ,c\nsel4 ,ea* numb]1 publi%$ weekly1 consi/$ ( eight pages ( lett]press1 illu/rat$ ) good wood engrav+s4 ,! public 0 a/oni%$ at ! *eapness & good quality ( ! "w1 b x 0 its imm5se sale :i* r5d]$ x pr(itable2 = "s ye>s x am\nt$ to #ahj1jjj copies weekly4 ,mr4 ,knight1 ^: s]vices 9 ! cause ( educational lit]ature entitle him to ! highe/ praise1 exp5d$ #e1jjj a ye> 9 woodcuts = ?is "w4 ,! ,c[p] ma*9e has be5 ! cause ( ! _m pictorial illu/rations :i* *>act]ize s l>ge a portion ( mod]n publications4 ,! ',saturday ,magaz9e1' ',*amb]s' ,j\rnal1' ! ',magas9 ,pittoresque1' 9 ,france1 & num]\s o!rs1 owe _! exi/5ce to ?is pr9t+ ma*9e4 ,! pr9ciple ( *eap editions & l>ge sales soon ext5d$ to e/abli%$ works ( a high] value4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is 0 ! edition ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,works1 ) notes1 edit$ by himself2 in/ead ( ! old price #ajs4 #f;d41 !y 7 sold at #es4 a volume1#ae & ! dem& creat$ by ?is r$uction 9 price 0 s great1 t1 ?\gh ! pr9t] _h a /rong prejudice aga9/ ma*9es1 he 0 compell$ to h !m1 ! presses ( 8 l>ge e/abli%m5t prov+ totally unable to p]=m ! "w1 :i* am\nt$ to upw>ds ( #a1jjj volumes p] day = ab\t two ye>s4 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,cambridge & ,ox=d h adopt$ ,mr4 ,c[p]'s ma*9es = pr9t+ va/ numb]s ( ,bibles1 pray]-books1 c41 c4 ,a ,bible :i* =m]ly co/ #cs4 may n[ be _h = #as4 ,mr4 ,c[p] recomm5d$ ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society to put aside _! co>se woodcuts1 to h sup]ior wood engrav+s1 & to pr9t ) 8 ma*9e4 ,! ,society adopt$ ^? sugge/ions1 & ! result is1 t by s5d+ =? well-pr9t$ books1 x c\ld n[ support itself by _! sale1 )\t any aid f subscriptions4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! facilities af=d$ by ! inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es 9 produc+ *eap editions ( ! writ+s ( popul> au?ors1 ! foll[+ curi\s facts relat+ to ! ,works ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 addition to ^? furni%$ 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,juries1 may be f\nd int]e/+4 ,9 #ahdb1 a g5]al issue ( ^! ,works1 9 weekly %eets or numb]s1 at twop5ce ea*1 0 comm5c$ by ! late ,mr4 ,rob]t ,cadell1 ( ,ed9burgh1 & complet$ 9 #ahdg4 ,( ?is edition1 up to ! pres5t p]iod 7#aheh71 ! a/oni%+ numb] ( ,,twelve ,,millions ,,( ,,%eets h be5 issu$1 ! weight ( :i* am\nts to upw>ds ( #cce tons6 ,ano!r edition 0 publi%$ simultane\sly by ,mr4 ,cadell 9 mon?ly volumes at #ds41 ea* conta9+ ab\t #cfj pages2 ?is s]ies has rea*$ a sale ( m ?an #ejj1jjj volumes4 ,a ?ird *eap issue1 at eighte5p5ce a novel1 is n[ be+ publi%$ by ! pres5t proprietors1 ,messrs4 ,adam & ,*>les ,black1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,ne>ly #cjj1jjj volumes h already be5 pr9t$ ( ?is edition4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 al?\gh h>dly com+ )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t article1 b z af=d+ a /rik+ example ( :at lit]ature has contribut$ to ! rev5ue ( ! c\ntry 9 ! p]son ( a s+le au?or1 t upw>ds ( #c1ejj tons' weight ( pap]#af h be5 consum$ 9 produc+ ! v>i\s editions ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,writ+s & ,life2 & ! duty paid to ,gov]nm5t on ! pap]1 ev5 at ! pres5t r$uc$ rate1 am\nts to no less a sum ?an #ea1dej6 ,s9ce ! ,juries made _! ,reports1 ! developm5t ( *eap lit]ature has be5 greatly ext5d$4 ,newspap]s1 "s ( :i* conta9 eight full-siz$ pages1 ( six columns ea*1 pr9t$ 9 small type1 are sold = ! m>vell\sly l[ price ( a p5ny1 & are /at$ to issue z _m z #ej1jjj copies daily2 & "s ( ! newspap]s & o!r p]iodicals1 pr9t$ on good pap]1 are issu$ = a halfp5ny4 ,among ! works ( a /&>d "*1 publi%$ at prices :i* no?+ b a v ext5sive scale c\ld make remun]ative1 may be m5tion$ ! popul> s]ies :i* includes ,! ,reason ,:y1 & ,enquire ,)9 ^u ,ev]y?+4 ,( ! eight volumes already issu$1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #cej closely pr9t$ pages = half-a-cr[n1 ne>ly #agj1jjj copies h be5 sold )9 a p]iod ( less ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,,li?ography4 ,! art ( pr9t+ f /one 0 inv5t$ at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury by ,m4 ,aloys ,s5efeld]1 ( ,muni*2 b x 0 n br\ght to su* a /ate ( p]fection z to be practically useful until _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ,li?ography dep5ds is ! diff]5t *emical aff9ities ( wat] = oily & = e>?y sub/ances1 :i* cause x to run (f f ! "o & adh]e to ! o!r4 ,! draw+ or writ+ is made 9 oily ink ^u a smoo? calc>e\s /one t w absorb wat]1 s t1 :5 ! /one is moi/5$1 ! wat] adh]es to x & leaves ! l9es ( ! draw+ trac$ ^u x dry4 ,an ink+ roll]1 *>g$ ) an oily ink1 is !n pass$ ov] ! /one & inks ! draw+1 b leaves all ! o!r p>ts ( ! /one q clean4 ,a damp$ pap] is next laid on1 & :5 subject$ to great pressure1 an exact copy ( ! draw+ or writ+ is produc$4 ,?is simple & +5i\s process has be5 c>ri$ to su* p]fection1 t ! mo/ beautiful arti/ic effects c be produc$ by x f> m economically ?an by any o!r /yle ( engrav+2 & fur!r improvem5ts 9 ! art are be+ cont9ually made4 ,x is satisfactory1 !re=e1 to be able to trace its hi/ory f its v beg9n+s1 ( :i* an int]e/+ acc\nt has be5 publi%$ by ! inv5tor himself4 ,m4 ,s5efeld]'s fa!r 0 an actor at ,muni*1 & 9 8 y\? he foll[$ ! same pr(ession4 ,he turn$ 8 att5tion aft]w>ds to music2 & x 0 9 8 attempts to devise "s means ( pr9t+ 8 compositions economically t he *anc$ to discov] ! art ( ,li?ography4 ,he _h previ\sly made himself acqua9t$ ) ! me?ods ( copp]-plate pr9t+1 & he comm5c$ 8 op]ations by et*+ ! notes ( music on copp]-plates1 cov]$ ) v>ni% 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld require mu* practice to enable him to d ?is prop]ly1 & n be+ able to buy copp]-plates = 8 rude essays1 he ?\ght ( practis+ ^u /ones4 ,=tunately = ! success ( 8 ef=ts1 ! qu>ries at ,sol5h(51 ne> ,muni*1 suppli$ him ) slabs ( /one admirably adapt$ = ! purpose2 & x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 t ! mat]ial :i* ,s5efeld] us$ = 8 exp]im5ts is ! be/ = ! purpose ( ,li?ography t has hi!rto be5 discov]$4 ,8 *ief object 9 mak+ use ( ^! slabs ( /one 0 to practise himself 9 ! manipulation ( writ+ ! notes1 & ( bit+ !m 9 ) aqua-=tis 7nitric acid71 z he suppos$ ! slabs w\ld be too brittle to be> ! action ( ! press4 ,he did n try1 !re=e1 to h ^! et*+s on /one prov$ by ! press1 b he cont5t$ himself ) hold+ !m up to a mirror to obs]ve ! progress he 0 mak+ 9 writ+ backw>ds4 ,hav+ at l5g? be5 suppli$ ) mu* ?ick] slabs ( /one1 to be> ! requisite pressure1 he endeav\r$ to gr9d & poli% !m suffici5tly = ! purpose ( be+ pr9t$ f1 9 ! same mann] z copp]-plates4 ,he succe$$ to "s ext5t 9 do+ s1 by means ( dilut$ nitric acid2 & he contriv$ to obta9 ab\t fifty good impressions f ! /one4 ,9 all ^! attempts at ,li?ography1 ! l9es 7 et*$ into ! /one by ! action ( nitric acid1 & ! only advantages pr(ess$ to be ga9$ by ! process 7 ! que/ionable ones ( comp>ative *eapness ( mat]ial1 & great] facility ( work+4 ,m4 ,s5efeld] admits t !re 0 no?+ new 9 engrav+ ^u /one2 all t he claims 9 t "p ( ! inv5tion is1 ! mann] ( poli%+ ! surface1 & ! composition ( ! ink adapt$ = pr9t+ f x4 ,! mo/ important /ep 9 ! progress ( ! inv5tion ( ,li?ography1 z at pres5t practis$1 0 made by accid5t1 :i* he ?us describes3-- ,i 0 prep>+ a slab ( /one = engrav+1 :5 my "m ask$ me to write a memor&um ( ?+s %e 0 ab\t to s5d to be wa%$4 ,! wa%]woman 0 wait+ impati5tly :il/ we se>*$ 9 va9 = a piece ( pap]1 & ! common writ+ ink 0 dri$ up4 ,hav+ no o!r writ+ mat]ials1 ,i wrote ! wa%+ bill on ! /one ,i 0 ab\t to prep>e = engrav+1 us+ = ! purpose my ink made ( wax1 soap1 & lamp-black1 int5d+ to copy x aft]w>ds on pap]4 ,:il/ look+ at ! lett]s ,i _h writt51 ! idea all at once occurr$ to me h[ x w\ld d to cov] ! /one1 ) ! writ+ ^u x1 ) aqua-=tis1 s z to leave !m 9 relief1 & !n to pr9t f !m 9 ! same mann] z woodcuts1 ) a common lett] press4 ,! attempts ,i _h hi!rto made to engrave ^u /one _h taught me t ! relief ( ! lett]s ?us obta9$ w\ld n be mu*4 ,nev]!less1 ,i made ! attempt4 ,i mix$ "o "p ( aqua-=tis ) five p>ts ( wat]1 & p\r$ x on ! /one to ! height ( two in*es1 hav+ previ\sly wall$ x r\nd ) wax 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! dilut$ aqua-=tis 0 p]mitt$ to re/ on ! /one five m9utes4 ,i !n exam9$ ! effect1 & ,i f\nd t ! lett]s 7 rais$ above ! /one ab\t ! ?ickness ( a c>d4 ,mo/ ( ! l9es 7 un9jur$1 & reta9$ _! orig9al size & ?ickness4 ,?is gave me ! assurance t writ+1 suffici5tly trac$1 especially if ! lett]s 7 9 pr9t$ *>act]s1 w\ld h /ill great] relief4#ag ,?\gh ,m4 ,s5efeld] _h advanc$ ?us f>1 he _h n yet made application ( ! *emical prop]ties ( ink & wat]1 :i* con/itute ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ,li?ography4 ,t 0 res]v$ = a fur!r discov]y1 also br\ght ab\t by accid5t4 ,! difficulty he exp]i5c$ 9 writ+ words on ! /one 9 ! rev]se way1 induc$ him to adopt ! plan ( writ+ ! lett]s on pap] ) a s(t black-lead p5cil1 & !n transf]r+ !m on to ! /one by pressure4 ,he subsequ5tly us$ li?ographic ink = ! purpose2 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts he obs]v$1 t :5 a pap] writt5 on ) li?ographic ink1 & well dri$1 0 dipp$ into wat] on :i* "s oil 0 float+1 ! oil adh]$ to ! writ+1 & left ! re/ ( ! pap] clean1 & t ?is effect 0 mo/ /rik+ :5 ! wat] conta9$ "s gum 9 solution4 ,?is discov]y induc$ him to try ! effect on pr9t$ pap]2 &1 tak+ a pr9t$ page f an old book1 he moi/5$ x ) gum-wat]1 & aft]w>ds spong$ ! :ole surface ) oil col\r4 ,! col\r adh]$ to ! lett]s1 & left ! pap] clean1 & aft] fur!r exp]im5ts he succe$$ 9 pr9t+ z _m z fifty copies f a page ( pr9t$ pap]2 ! lett]s1 ( c\rse1 be+ rev]s$4 ,! idea !n sugge/$ itself ( transf]r+1 on to /one1 lett]s writt5 ) li?ographic ink ^u pap]4 ,! plan succe$$1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! art ( ,li?ography 0 ?us appli$ to practice4 ,m4 ,s5efeld]1 9 8 subsequ5t improvem5ts1 gave a slight relief to ! lett]s by ! orig9al plan ( us+ dilut$ aqua-=tis1 by :i* means ! impressions obta9$ 7 black]4 ,he also contriv$ ! means ( pr9t+ 9 col\rs f /one1 by rev]s+ ! process ( ord9>y li?ographic pr9t+4 ,to produce col\r$ pr9ts1 he left uncov]$ all ! p>ts t 7 to receive ! col\r1 & ! o!r p>ts ( ! /one 7 cov]$ ) an oleag9\s fluid1 t quickly dri$4 ,on apply+ any wat]-col\r to ! /one1 x adh]$ to ! uncov]$ surface1 & n to ! cov]$ p>ts1 & t col\r 0 transf]r$ to pap] by pressure4 ,9 ?is mann]1 by us+ sev]al /ones prop]ly prep>$1 ! diff]5t col\rs requir$ 7 pr9t$1 & ! effect ( a col\r$ draw+ 0 produc$4 ,?us we p]ceive1 t almo/ at ! fir/ inv5tion ( ! art ( ,li?ography1 ! +5i\s inv5tor %[$ ! way ( apply+ x to ! production ( col\r$ pr9ts1 a process :i* has lately be5 c>ri$ to great p]fection4 ,s5efeld] liv$ to see 8 inv5tion ext5sively adopt$1 & to reap b5efit f 8 +5uity4 ,he di$ at ,muni*1 9 #ahcd1 aft] hav+ be5 _m ye>s ! director ( ! ,gov]nm5t li?ographic (fice2 &1 9 ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life he receiv$ a h&some p5sion f ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia4 ,!re is little to be add$ to ! description ( ! process ( ,li?ography1 beyond t giv5 by ! orig9al inv5tor 9 #ahai1 ! pr9cipal advances t h be5 made 9 ! art hav+ consi/$ 9 improv$ me?ods ( manipulat+4 ,! ink n[ g5]ally employ$ = draw+ on ! /one consi/s ( equal p>ts ( tall[1 wax1 %ell-lack1 & soap1 mix$ ) ab\t "o-tw5tie? "p ( lamp-black2 b ! composition is v>i$1 accord+ to ! k9d ( design to be execut$4 ,= writ+ or draw+ ^u pap]1 to be transf]r$ to ! /one1 m wax is add$ to ! ink1 to give x great] t5acity4 ,! draw+ ^u pap]1 to be transf]r$ to /one1 is n att5d$ ) any difficulty1 & may be done by ord9>y arti/s4 ,! ink is appli$ ) a p51 or camel's hair p5cil1 & :5 ! effect ( *alk draw+s is requir$ to be imitat$1 ! ink is %ad$ by means ( /umps1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 *alk draw+s on pap]4 ,"s arti/s pref] to "w directly on ! /one ) a camel's hair p5cil1 or ) a composition call$ li?ographic *alk4 ,to transf] ! draw+ f pap] on to ! /one1 ! pap] is fir/ spong$ ) dilut$ nitric acid1 :i* decomposes ! size1 & r5d]s x bibul\s4 ,aft] be+ plac$ = an in/ant betwe5 blott+ pap]1 to remove sup]flu\s moi/ure1 x is laid ) ! draw+ d[nw>ds on ! /one1 :i* is slightly w>m$4 ,! /one is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! press1 & ! draw+ adh]es firmly to x4 ,to remove ! pap]1 x is wett$ at ! back ) wat]1 &1 :5 q s(t1 x is rubb$ ) ! h&4 ,9 ?is mann] e p>ticle ( ! fibr\s pulp is cle>$ away1 & ! draw+ or writ+ 9 ink rema9s z if x _h be5 drawn directly on ! /one4 ,to prep>e ! /one = tak+ ! ink1 gum wat] is p\r$ ^u x1 & x is rubb$ ov] ) a rag conta9+ pr9t]'s ink1 :i* s]ves to black5 ! writ+ & prep>es ! l9es = aft]w>ds receiv+ ! ink4 ,! li?ograph ?us prep>$ is giv5 to ! pr9t]1 :o fir/ et*es x1 9 ! mann] orig9ally practis$ by ,m4 ,s5efeld]4 ,! nitric acid employ$ = ! purpose is dilut$ ) ab\t ?irty p>ts ( wat]1 & x is p\r$ ov] ! /one :il/ x is incl9$ on "o side4 ,?is process is repeat$ sev]al times1 ! object ( x be+ n s mu* to give relief to ! l9es1 z to r\gh5 ! surface ( ! /one1 & ?us facilitate its absorption ( wat]4 ,! nitric acid also removes ! alkali f ! draw+ ink4 ,9 pr9t+1 gum is add$ to ! wat] ) :i* ! /one is moi/5$1 z an additional prev5tive ( ! ink adh]+ to ^? p>ts n drawn ^u4 ,! pr9t+ ink is appli$ ) l>ge roll]s1 & ! damp$ pap] hav+ be5 plac$ c>efully ^u ! /one1 ) blankets at ! back1 x is pass$ ?r\gh ! press4 ,! li?ographic press some:at resembles 9 =m an iron pr9t+ press1 b diff]s f x greatly 9 its mode ( action4 ,in/ead ( ! l>ge flat plate t 9 a pr9t+ press is pull$ d[n ^u ! :ole surface ( ! types1 a long1 n>r[ arm1 call$ a scrap]1 is br\ght to be> ^u ! /one1 & ! table :]eon ! /one is laid is pu%$ =cibly "u x1 by :i* means a great pressure is ex]t$ on a small] surface at successive times1 in/ead ( be+ br\ght to be> all at once4 ,9 ! pr9ciple ( its action1 inde$1 a li?ographic press is l a pr9t+ ma*9e1 & /eam li?ographic presses h be5 inv5t$ to "w 9 a simil> mann]1 ?\gh ! practical results h n g5]ally be5 v successful4 ,among ! _m applications ( li?ography1 ! transf] ( copp]-plate engrav+s is "o ( ! mo/ useful4 ,an impression ( ! plate is tak5 on pap] t is coat$ ) a comp\nd ( fl\r1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 & glue1 & f ! pap] x is transf]r$ to /one4 ,by ?is plan ! orig9al plate rema9s unt\*$1 & ! pr9t+ f ! /one is mu* *eap] ?an f ! copp]4 ,t9t$ li?ography & *romo-li?ography1 by :i* ! beautiful effects ( col\r$ draw+s are produc$ 9 ! mann] indicat$ by ,m4 ,s5efeld]1 h rec5tly be5 appli$ v successfully4 ,,a]at$ ,,wat]s4 ,! inv5tion ( soda-wat]1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is n[ kn[n1 z an eff]vesc+ bev]age impregnat$ ) ?ree or f\r times its volume ( c>bonic acid gas1 is ( v mod]n date4 ,!re are1 inde$1 to be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! old works on *emi/ry descriptions ( ,noo?'s app>atus = impregnat+ liquids ) c>bonic acid2 b all t 0 attempt$ to be done by t app>atus 0 to produce an impregnation ( ! wat] ) little m ?an ! quantity ( gas x w naturally absorb "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x 0 n until ab\t ! ye> #ahae t me*anical pressure 0 appli$ to =ce a l>g] quantity ( gas into comb9ation ) wat]1 to imitate ! briskly eff]vesc+ m$ic9al wat]s ( ,g]many4 ,mr4 ,s*weppe & ,mr4 ,paul 7 ! fir/ :o introduc$ ! manufacture ( artificial eff]vesc+ wat]s into ,engl&1 & soda-wat] 0 !n consid]$1 z tea 0 on its fir/ introduction1 entirely m$ic9al4 ,inde$1 ! quantity ( soda :i* 0 at t "t usually dissolv$ 9 ! wat] gave x a disagreeable ta/e2 b :5 ! manufactur]s dim9i%$ ! quantity ( alkali1 & increas$ ! volume ( gas =c$ into ! wat]1 !y produc$ a pleasant bev]age1 :i* soon became 9 reque/ = its refre%+1 :olesome qualities4 ,! app>atus = ! manufacture ( soda-wat]1 z x is usually made on a l>ge scale1 consi/s ( a /rong vessel1 furni%$ ) a safety valve1 9 :i* ! wat] is impregnat$ ) gas4 ,?is vessel1 conta9+ ab\t n9e gallons1 is made ( ?ick wood1 well season$ & nicely fitt$1 & b\nd r\nd ) /rong iron hoops1 ! heads ( ! cask be+ well secur$ by means ( iron bolts & screw nuts4 ,x is requisite t ! receiv] %\ld be capable ( be>+ a pressure ( at lea/ six atmosph]es1 :i* is equal to #ij lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! c>bonic acid gas is g5]at$ f *alk or :it+ & dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,! mat]ials are mix$ toge!r 9 a small clos$ wood5 or lead5 vessel1 provid$ ) an agitator1 t c be work$ by a h&le fix$ to a project+ axis at ! top4 ,! gas1 z g5]at$1 ent]s by a b5t tube into a gas-hold]1 ! op5+ ( ! tube be+ "u wat]4 ,by ?is means ! gas is fre$ f ! fumes ( sulphuric acid vap\r1 & f ! f9e p>ticles ( *alk t become m+l$ ) x dur+ its sudd5 lib]ation4 ,! gas sometimes und]goes a fur!r purification1 by pass+ ?r\gh a gas wa%]1 be=e x is =c$ into ! wat]4 ,a small =ce-pump1 work$ by a crank1 ) ! assi/ance ( a fly-:eel1 draws ! c>bonic acid f ! gas-hold]1 & =ces x into ! wat]4 ,! comb9ation ( ! gas & wat] is facilitat$ by an agitator1 ! axle ( :i* projects ?r\gh a /uff+ box1 & x is work$ ei!r by h&1 or is turn$ by means ( a small cog-:eel1 t works into ! tee? ( a l>g] "o fix$ to ! crank axle1 s z to produce rapid rotation4 ,x is f\nd requisite1 9 ! fir/ place1 to expel ! atmosph]ic air 9 ! receiv]2 = :i* purpose ! safety valve is left op5 = a %ort "t aft] ! gas is be+ =c$ 91 o!rwise x w\ld ret>d ! impregnation ( ! wat] by ! gas4 ,:5 ! gas & wat] are well incorporat$1 ! liquid w conta9 z _m volumes ( gas z !re are atmosph]es ( pressure 9 ! air-space above x 9 a /ate ready to eff]vesce1 & "o o!r volume1 ) wat] absorbs "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?us1 :5 !re are ?ree atmosph]es ( gas "u pressure1 ea* bottle ( soda-wat] conta9s f\r bottles full ( gas1 :i* are absorb$ )\t p]ceptibly increas+ its bulk4 ,! p]fect impregnation ( ! wat] ) gas1 h[ev]1 requires "t4 ,! wat] w1 inde$1 become brisk almo/ z soon z two or ?ree atmosph]es ( gas h be5 =c$ 91 b x w n acquire ! flav\r ( good soda-wat] until ! gas & wat] h be5 all[$ at lea/ half an h\r to dige/2 & x is improv$ by rema9+ 9 contact = sev]al h\rs4 ,! temp]ature has consid]able influ5ce 9 ! process ( impregnation1 = 9 hot wea!r ! gas w n comb9e s readily1 nor w ! wat] absorb an equal volume ( gas4 ,9 summ] "t1 !re=e1 soda-wat] %\ld be made be=e ! heat ( ! day1 & ice %\ld be add$ to ! wat]4 ,:5 ! receiv] is fully *>g$1 & ! op]ation ( bottl+ beg9s1 e bottle-full t is drawn (f dim9i%es ! pressure on ! wat] t rema9s2 & if no means 7 tak5 to add m gas1 ! soda-wat] w\ld gradually become weak] & weak] z ea* bottle 0 drawn (f4 ,x is usual1 9 ! be/ arrang$ app>atus1 to h two tubes connect$ ) ! =ce-pump1 "o ( :i* fe$s x ) wat]1 ! o!r ) gas1 by :i* contrivance wat] & gas1 9 _! prop] proportions1 are cont9ually =c$ into ! receiv]1 :i* may ?us be always kept ne>ly full4 ,! process ( bottl+ requires great manual dext]ity4 ,! neck ( ! bottle is press$ by a lev] aga9/ a coll> ( lea!r fix$ to a flange on ! tap1 s t1 :5 ! soda-wat] ru%es 91 no air nor gas c escape4 ,! pressure inside ! bottle !re=e quickly becomes equal to t ( ! receiv]1 & ! wat] ceases to fl[ ?r\gh ! tap1 until "s ( ! air is all[$ to escape4 ,:5 ! bottle is ne>ly full1 ! op]ator quickly )draws x ) "o h&1 & hav+ a cork ready 9 ! o!r1 he puts x 9 be=e ! wat] c ru% out4 ,! cork is !n =c$ 9 fur!r by pressure1 & fa/5$ d[n by wires or /r+s4 ,a bottl+ app>atus has be5 inv5t$ = facilitat+ ! process2 b a man accu/om$ to bottle by h& c d x m quickly1 & ) z little wa/e ( gas & wat] z ) a ma*9e4 ,mu* dep5ds1 h[ev]1 ^u ! /ate ( ! soda-wat] 9 ! receiv]2 = if ! gas be well dige/$1 & ! temp]ature l[1 x ru%es into ! bottle ) mu* less =ce1 ?\gh ! wat] may conta9 a great] quantity ( gas1 ?an :5 x is newly made1 & app>5tly m brisk4 ,! bottles v frequ5tly bur/ dur+ ! op]ation ) great viol5ce1 & unless !y are enclos$ 9 a gu>d1 ! m5 are liable to be sev]ely injur$4 ,glass bottles h n[ g5]ally supplant$ ^? made ( e>!nw>e1 :i* 7 =m]ly us$2 & ?\gh ! glass bottles are mu* /rong] ?an ! e>!nw>e ones1 ! bur/+ ( !m1 :5 x does occur1 is f> m dang]\s4 ,! process ( =c+ gas into ! wat] by me*anical pressure1 9 ! mann] describ$1 requires great lab\r1 = ! pump has to be work$ aga9/ a pressure exce$+ fifty p\nds on ! squ>e in*4 ,) a view to remove t inconv5i5ce1 & to avoid ! use ( co/ly ma*9]y1 s t private individuals might manufacture soda-wat]1 ! au?or contriv$ a modification ( ,noo?'s app>atus1 = :i* he obta9$ a pat5t 9 #ahca4 ,by t means1 ! gas is g5]at$ 9 a clos$ vessel1 & =ces itself into ! wat] by its own ela/icity4 ,any am\nt ( pressure c ?us be obta9$ by *emical action alone4 ,! accompany+ woodcut repres5ts a section ( ! app>atus 9 its improv$ =m4 ,! vessel1 ,a1 is made ( v /rong /one w>e1 inside :i* is ! gas g5]ator b4 ,a few in*es f ! bottom ( ! g5]ator is ! p>tition1 a1 p]=at$ ) holes1 & ne> ! top !re is ins]t$ ! small tube1 c1 :i* conveys ! gas d[n to a p]=at$ expansion ( ! tube1 d1 ?r\gh ! ap]tures ( :i* ! gas issues into ! wat] conta9$ 9 ,a4 ,ano!r tube1 e1 rea*es ne> ! bottom1 & is connect$ ) a /op-cock = ! purpose ( draw+ (f ! a]at$ liquid4 ,9 *>g+ ! app>atus1 ! int]ior1 ,a1 is ne>ly fill$ ) wat]1 or o!r liquid1 ?r\gh ! op5+1 f1 :i* is !n clos$ by cork1 :i* is kept 9 its place by a screw nut4 ,a few ounces ( c>bonate ( soda1 mix$ ) wat]1 are !n p\r$ into ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! op5+ at g4 ,! mixture fl[s ?r\gh ! ap]tures 9 ! p>tition1 & occupies ! l[] "p ( ! g5]ator4 ,a proportionate quantity 7ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! weight ( ! soda7 ( t>t>ic acid 9 cry/als is !n introduc$ ?r\gh g1 :i* lodge on ! top ( ! p>tition )\t t\*+ ! soda4 ,! op5+ be+ !n clos$ by a screw-nut1 ! app>atus1 :i* is m\nt$ on pivots1 ) an appropriate /&1 is swung backw>ds & =w>ds l a p5dulum4 ,! effect ( ?is agitation is to =ce a portion ( ! wat] saturat$ ) c>bonate ( soda ?r\gh ! ap]tures at a1 :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! t>t>ic acid1 & in/antly g5]ates c>bonic acid gas4 ,! gas1 hav+ no o!r escape ?an ?r\gh ! tube1 c1 is =c$ into ! vessel ,a1 & becomes m+l$ ) ! wat] by ! same act ( vibration t br+s ! soda & t>t>ic acid toge!r4 ,! cont9uance ( ! vibratory action = a %ort "t g5]ates suffici5t gas to a]ate ! wat] or o!r liquid conta9$ 9 ! vessel1 ,a4 ,:5 ! a]ation is complet$1 ! soda-wat] may be drawn (f1 z requir$1 ?r\gh ! /op-cock4 ,! app>atus is made ( two sizes1 to hold "o & two gallons4 ,illu/ration ,! t>t>ic acid & soda 9 ! g5]ator d n m+le ) ! wat]1 & ! t>trate ( soda1 result+ f ! comb9ation1 is empti$ aft] ! soda-wat] is drawn (f1 be=e r5ew+ ! *>ge4 ,a ,fr5* modification ( ?is app>atus1 9 glass vessels protect$ by cane nett+1 call$ a gasog5e1 has rec5tly be5 introduc$1 & is ext5sively us$4 ,! mat]ials = g5]at+ ! c>bonic acid gas are put into ! small] vessels1 & kept sep>ate until ! app>atus is inv]t$1 & !n gas is rapidly g5]at$1 & =ces itself ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! p[d]s t are sold = mak+ soda-wat]1 by mix+ !m toge!r1 consi/ ( c>bonate ( soda & t>t>ic acid4 ,:5 br\ght toge!r 9 solution1 a viol5t eff]vesc5ce ensues1 b ! gas is n comb9$ ) ! wat] 9 ! same mann] z :5 x is =c$ 9 & all[$ to rema9 = "s "t ) ! liquid to be a]at$4 ,!re is ! fur!r disadvantage att5d+ su* p[d]s1 t ! t>trate ( soda1 =m$ by ! t>t>ic acid & ! c>bonate ( soda1 employ$ to g5]ate ! gas1 is drunk ) ! wat]4 ,,revolv]s ,,& ,,m9ie ,,rifles4 ,is !re any?+ :]e( x may be said1 ,see1 ?is is new8 x ha? be5 already ( old "t1 :i* 0 be=e u4#ah ,?is obs]vation ( ,solomon1 ! correctness ( :i* we h (t5 se5 v]ifi$ 9 ?is ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 is applicable ev5 to t great app>5t novelty ! =midable ,revolv]--t dea?-deal+ weapon1 :i* w fire six %ots 9 rapid succession by m]ely pull+ ! trigg] s _m times1 z fa/ z x is possible4 ,! ,revolv] 0 almo/ unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry until #ahea1 :5 x 0 br\ght prom95tly into notice at ! ,great ,exhibition1 by ! specim5s %[n !re by ,colonel ,colt1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pi/ols ) six b>rels1 :i* might be fir$ successively ) ! same lock1 by turn+ !m r\nd1 71 inde$1 previ\sly se5 9 gun-%ops2 b _! clumsy =m & _! great weight prev5t$ !m f be+ us$4 ,nor 0 ,colonel ,colt mu* m successful 9 8 e>li] attempts to br+ 8 ,revolv] into public notice4 ,he obta9$ 8 fir/ pat5t 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahce1 & e/abli%$ a manufactory = ! pi/ols at ,pat]son1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e he exp5d$ #ce1jjj 9 attempt+ to br+ ! fire-arm to p]fection1 b ) no b5eficial result to himself beyond ga9+ co/ly exp]i5ce4 ,he made fur!r improvem5ts 9 #ahdi1 & s f> p]fect$ ! weapon t x _h be5 us$ ext5sively 9 ,am]ica be=e x 0 br\ght into notice 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ,colonel ,colt came to ,engl&1 he und]took to inve/igate ! orig9 ( repeat+ fire-arms1 ) a view to asc]ta9 h[ f> he _h be5 anticipat$2 & ! result ( 8 rese>*es 01 t repeat+ fire-arms1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to 8 own ,revolv]1 _h be5 inv5t$ f\r c5turies be=e4 ,he f\nd 9 ! ,arm\ry ( ! ,t[] ( ,london a mat*lock gun1 suppos$ to h be5 made z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* v closely resembles1 9 ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction1 ! ,revolv] ( ! pres5t day4 ,x has a revolv+ bree* ) f\r *amb]s1 m\nt$ on an axis fix$ p>allel to ! b>rel1 & on t axis x may be turn$ r\nd1 to br+ any "o ( ! f\r load$ *amb]s 9 succession 9 a l9e ) ! b>rel1 to be dis*>g$ ?r\gh x4 ,!re are not*es 9 a flange at ! =e end ( ! revolv+ bree* to receive ! end ( a spr+1 :i* is fix$ to ! /ock ( ! gun1 = ! purpose ( lock+ ! bree* :5 a *amb] is br\ght r\nd into ! prop] position4 ,! hamm] is split at ! end1 s z to clasp a mat*1 & to c>ry its ignit$ end d[n to ! prim+ p[d] :5 ! trigg] is pull$4 ,ea* *amb] is provid$ ) a prim+ pan t is cov]$ by a sw+ lid1 &1 be=e fir+1 ! lid is pu%$ aside by ! f+]1 to expose ! prim+ p[d] to ! action ( ! light$ mat*4 ,if ! date ( ?is gun be correctly /at$1 a v rapid advance 9 ! art ( gunn]y mu/ h be5 made aft] ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 :i* took place only "o hundr$ ye>s previ\sly4 ,! want ( a bett] mode ( dis*>g+ ! gun ?an a light$ mat* 0 "o ( ! *ief ob/acles to ! introduction ( ! ,revolv] f\r c5turies ago4 ,!re is also 9 ! ,t[] ,arm\ry a specim5 ( a repeat+ fire-arm ( a m rec5t date1 ?\gh /ill v anci5t1 t pres5ts consid]able improvem5t on ! prec$+ "o4 ,x has six *amb]s 9 ! rotat+ bree*1 & is furni%$ ) a b>ytes lock & "o prim+ pan1 to fire all ! *amb]s4 ,! prim+ pan is fitt$ ) a slid+ cov]1 & a v]tical :eel ) a s]rat$ edge projects into x1 ne>ly 9 contact ) ! p[d] 9 ! pan4 ,to ?is :eel a rapid motion is giv5 by means ( a trigg]-spr+1 act+ ^u a lev] atta*$ to ! axis ( ! :eel2 & ! tee? ( ! :eel /rike aga9/ ! b>ytes1 :i* is br\ght d[n1 previ\sly to fir+1 into contact ) x1 & ! sp>ks ?us emitt$ set fire to ! p[d] 9 ! prim+ pan1 & dis*>ge ! piece4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 also1 ! bree* is rotat$ by h&4 ,a /ill fur!r advance t[>ds p]fection 9 repeat+ fire-arms is to be se5 9 ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum1 :]e !re is a pi/ol1 suppos$ to h be5 made 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i41 ) ! bree* rotat$ by me*anical means4 ,9 ?is pi/ol1 ! act ( pull+ back ! hamm] turns ! bree*1 conta9+ six *amb]s1 "o-six? "p ( a revolution1 & ! prim+ p[d] is ignit$ by a fl9t hamm] /rik+ aga9/ /eel4 ,! manufacture ( ^! fire-arms pres5t$ "s practical difficulties :i* c\ld only be ov]come by great c>e & skill 9 ! con/ruction2 & f ! failure 9 ?is respect !y 7 n patroniz$4 ,x 0 necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! load$ *amb]s %\ld be br\ght into an exact l9e ) ! b>rel1 & be firmly reta9$ !re dur+ ! dis*>ge4 ,x also requir$ great nicety 9 ! fitt+ ( ! bree* to ! b>rel1 to prev5t ! fire f communicat+ to ! o!r *amb]s4 ,a fur!r difficulty 0 to prev5t ! sp9dle1 :]eon ! bree* revolv$1 f becom+ f\l by ! explosion ( ! p[d]2 o!rwise1 aft] fir+ a few times x w\ld /ick fa/1 & ! gun w\ld become useless4 ,! e>lie/ pat5t = repeat+ fire-arms 9 ?is c\ntry 0 obta9$ by ,james ,puckle1 9 #agah1 = a gun ) a rotat+ bree*4 ,!re 7 six *amb]s 9 ! bree*1 :i* 0 turn$ r\nd by a w9*1 &1 :5 ! six 7 fir$1 !re 0 an arrangem5t by :i* ! *amb]$ bree* c\ld be remov$1 & ano!r load$ "o sub/itut$ = x4 ,mr4 ,puckle appe>s to h be5 ( a poetical turn ( m9d1 & ! specification ( 8 pat5t is enliv5$ by ! foll[+ loyal c\plet1 :i* des]ves to be quot$ z a novelty 9 pat5t records3-- ,def5d+ ,k+ ,george1 our c\ntry & laws1 ,is def5d+ y\rselves & ! ,prote/ant cause4 ,! inv5tion ( p]cussion prim+ 9 #ahjj1 by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,=sy?1 0 an important /ep t[>ds ! p]fection ( fire-arms g5]ally1 & ( ,revolv]s 9 p>ticul>2 = until ! *amb]$ bree* c\ld c>ry r\nd ) x 9 a compact =m ! prim+ = ea* *amb]1 ! con/ruction mu/ h be5 clumsy1 & ! action unc]ta94 ,colonel ,colt1 z already /at$1 took out 8 fir/ pat5t 9 #ahce1 & 9 #ahdi he pat5t$ ! improv$ ,revolv]1 :i* he has br\ght into g5]al use4 ,x has six *amb]s 9 ! rotat+ bree*1 & ! nipples to hold ! p]cussion caps are sunk into a recess1 s t ! lat]al fire1 if any1 _c rea* !m2 & at ! o!r end1 ! *amb]s are protect$ f lat]al fire by *amf]+ _! m\?s4 ,by ^! means1 ! dang] ( fir+ ! gunp[d] 9 ! o!r *amb]s is effectually provid$ aga9/4 ,! dem& = ,colt's ,revolv]s became s great aft] ! la/ improvem5ts 7 made1 t at 8 manufactory1 at ,h>t=d1 9 ,am]ica1 he made #ec1jjj ( !m 9 #ahec2 & at 8 manufactory at ,vauxhall1 ne> ,london1 he employs upw>ds ( #cjj workm51 ?\gh by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! "w is done by ma*9]y4 ,sev]al improvem5ts h be5 introduc$ 9 ,revolv]s s9ce ,mr4 ,colt's pat5t ( #ahdi1 among :i* is ! arrangem5t1 made by ,mr4 ,adams 9 #ahea1 = caus+ ! *amb]$ bree* to turn by ! action ( pull+ ! trigg]1 :i* at ! same "t draws back ! hamm]4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! :ole ( ! six load$ *amb]s may be dis*>g$ 9 ?ree seconds1 :il/ ! pi/ol cont9ues pres5t$4 ,! late/ improvem5ts 9 ,revolv]s 7 contriv$ by ,mr4 ,josiah ,ells1 ( ,pittsburg1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z specifi$ 9 a pat5t obta9$ = him by ! au?or1 9 8 own "n1 9 #ahee4 ,! annex$ woodcuts %[ ! figure ( ?is ,revolv]1 ) ! work+ p>ts r\nd ! lock expos$ to view1 toge!r ) ! %ape ( ! revolv+ *amb]$ bree*4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is improv$ ,revolv]1 ! =ce requir$ to pull back ! hamm]1 a1 is regulat$ by a d\ble spr+1 w1 s z to dim9i% z ! hamm] is drawn back2 & at ! mom5t ( fir+ a slight pull ( ! trigg] is suffici5t4 ,ano!r improvem5t consi/s 9 ! addition to ! *amb]$ bree*1 d1 ( a project+ tube1 :i* prev5ts ! sp9dle on :i* x turns f becom+ f\l2 & !re is also a safety bolt add$1 z a protection aga9/ accid5tal fir+4 ,! plan ( mak+ ! m]e action ( draw+ ! trigg] turn ! *amb]$ bree* & pull back ! hamm]1 z orig9ally contriv$ by ,mr4 ,adams1 requir$ s mu* =ce to pull ! trigg] z to int]f]e mat]ially ) ! accuracy ( aim4 ,!re 0 dang]1 also1 9 t mode ( turn+ ! *amb]$ bree*1 aris+ f premature fir+4 ,9 ,mr4 ,ells's ,revolv] ^! objections are 9 a great measure obviat$2 fir/1 by ! action ( ! d\ble spr+1 by :i* ! =ce requir$ is dim9i%$ z ! trigg] is pull$ f>!r back2 & 9 ! second place1 by mak+ ! %\ld] ( ! hamm] cat* into a small not*1 :i* holds x at full cock1 until1 by a fur!r pull ( ! trigg]1 ! pi/ol is fir$4 ,an improvem5t 9 ! art ( w>1 no less important ?an ! ,revolv]1 0 introduc$ ne>ly at ! same "t4 ,! ,revolv] af=ds a =midable means = attack or def5ce at %ort di/ances1 :il/ ! ,m9i ,rifle ext5ds ! de/ructive range ( fire-arms f> beyond ! di/ance to :i* ! ord9>y musket ball c\ld rea*4 ,! pr9ciple ( rifl+ gun b>rels 0 fir/ made kn[n 9 ! specification ( an inv5tion pat5t$ 9 #aghi1 by ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 ! improvem5t he effect$ be+ ?us describ$3--,! gun1 or piece ( ordnance1 aft] be+ bor$ 9 ! usual me?od1 ha? cut !re9 two spiral grooves1 :i* run ! :ole l5g? ( ! bore4 ,^! curves1 accord+ to _! curvature1 w give a circul> motion to ! %ot dur+ its flight4 ,! spiral grooves1 :5 ! bullets are ramm$ d[n1 cause ! ball to (f] great] resi/ance1 !re=e ! explosive =ce ( ! gunp[d] is br\ght to act ^u !m m completely be=e !y leave ! gun b>rel2 & ! rot>y motion imp>ts great] /ead9ess to ! ball4 ,rifl$ b>rels1 !re=e1 c>ry ! balls f>!r1 & increase ! accuracy ( ! aim4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 require increas$ p[] & long] "t to ram d[n ! ball 9 load+1 & ! risk ( bur/+ ! gun is increas$ if ! ball be n ramm$ close ^u ! p[d]4 ,= ^! reasons1 !y 7 consid]$ unfit to be employ$ g5]ally by soldi]s1 & !y 7 entru/$ only to select corps ( rifle %oot]s4 ,! object ( ,capta9 ,m9i's inv5tion 0 to facilitate ! load+ ( rifles1 by contriv+ a bullet :i* might be easily ramm$ 91 & w\ld exp& 9 ! act ( fir+1 s z to fill up ! grooves4 ,:at is commonly call$ ! ,m9i ,rifle is1 9 fact1 only a ,m9i ,rifle ,ball1 = ! b>rels ( ! guns are ne>ly ! same z ! ord9>y groov$ rifles4 ,! ball is an elongat$ "o1 ) a holl[ cone at ! bottom1 into :i* is fix$ an iron button4 ,:5 ! gun is fir$1 ! button is =c$ into ! cone1 & exp&s ! lead1 :i* ?us fills up ! grooves & gives a spiral direction to ! bullet4 ,! ,m9i ball s]ves ! purpose excell5tly = a %ort "t1 b aft] fir+ sev]al r\nds ! iron button is =c$ ?r\gh ! lead1 leav+ a portion ( x beh9d1 :i* clogs up ! b>rel1 & r5d]s x unfit = use4 ,sev]al sub/itutes = iron 7 tri$1 to remove t inconv5i5ce1 & x 0 at l5g? f\nd t ! button might be disp5s$ ) altoge!r1 = ! holl[ cone is ( itself suffici5t to exp& ! lead4 ,! balls are1 !re=e1 n[ made 9 t mann] at ! ,gov]nm5t gun manufactory at ,enfield1 & ! rifl$ guns n[ us$ 9 ! army1 :i* c>ry bullets to ! di/ance ( a mile & m1 are call$ ! ,enfield ,rifle4 ,! co/ ( ea* ( ^! rifles to ! ,gov]nm5t is /at$ to be #c #ds4 #g;d4 ,z ! balls are made to slip into ! b>rels easily1 !y c be load$ z readily z ! common musket3 & !y w c>ry ?ree times ! di/ance1 ) mu* m c]ta9ty4 ,,c5trifugal ,,pumps4 ,_m +5i\s m5 h va9ly attempt$ to apply :at has be5 errone\sly call$ c5trifugal =ce z a motive p[]1 conceiv+ t ! ef=t made by bodies to fly (f :5 :irl$ r\nd 9 a circle 0 occasion$ by a =ce g5]at$ by _! rotation4 ,! exp]im5t ( ! :irl+ table1 :i* is commonly %[n to illu/rate c5trifugal action1 t5ds to confirm ! notion t =ce is g5]at$2 = x is !re se5 t1 :5 ! velocity ( rotation is d\bl$1 ! c5trifugal =ce is quadrupl$1 & t x cont9ues to increase 9 a geometrical ratio4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 conceiv$ t a p[] might be g5]at$ ( indef9ite am\nt2 = z a d\ble velocity c be communicat$ by d\bl+ ! mov+ p[]1 :il/ ! t5d5cy to fly (f at ! circumf]5ce is quadrupl$1 !re appe>$ to be a creation ( p[] :i*1 if prop]ly appli$1 w\ld realize p]petual motion4 ,a work+ eng9e] kn[n to ! au?or 0 s fully possess$ ) ! notion t p[] might ?us be creat$1 & t its application w\ld be ( ! utmo/ b5efit1 t he imag9$ he _h be5 specially appo9t$ to reveal ! pr9ciple to man1 z a boon ( ine/imable value to ! manufactur+ arts4 ,! plan he adopt$ 0 to employ :at he call$ a g5]at+ eng9e1 consi/+ ( a c5trifugal pump2 & ! =ce ) :i* ! wat] 0 project$ f ! ends ( two rotat+ horizontal arms 0 direct$ aga9/ pi/ons work+ 9 cyl9d]s1 z ! =ce ( /eam is 9 a /eam eng9e4 ,hav+ once set ?is ma*9e 9 action1 he expect$ to be able1 by means ( ! self-creat+ c5trifugal =ce1 to g5]ate ! p[] t work$ ! g5]at+ eng9e1 & ?us to h a res]voir ( =ce ( any magnitude con/antly at comm&4 ,s completely satisfi$ 0 he ( ! practicability ( ! plan1 f\nd$1 z he suppos$1 ^u "o ( ,newton's laws ( motion1 & he felt s happy 9 ! ?\ght ( be+ *>g$ ) an important mission = ! b5efit ( mank9d1 t x 0 almo/ cruel to attempt to correct 8 notions ( ! p[] ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,he sp5t all 8 money 9 endeav\r+ to realize ?is impossible project1 & ev5 its failure did n conv9ce him ( 8 error4 ,! simple k9d ( ,c5trifugal ,pump appli$ 9 t *im]ical s*eme 0 kn[n upw>ds ( "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x consi/$ ( a v]tical holl[ %aft1 into :i* 7 ins]t$ two horizontal arms4 ,! %aft 0 support$ on a pivot at ! bottom1 & 0 turn$ by a h&le at ! top1 z repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,! l[] end ( ! v]tical %aft 0 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & :5 rot>y motion 0 giv5 to ! ma*9e1 ! c5trifugal action propell$ ! wat] f ! ends ( ! arms1 & ! wat] rose 9 ! v]tical %aft to supply its place4 ,illu/ration ,! effect 9 a pump ( ?is con/ruction is due to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 = ! outp\r+ ( ! wat] f ! rotat+ arms t5ds to produce a vacuum 9 ! %aft1 9 ! same mann] z ! lift+ ( ! plung] 9 a common pump4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t a ,c5trifugal ,pump ( t con/ruction c\ld n raise a column ( wat] high] ?an ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e w\ld =ce x up1 :i* w\ld be ab\t ?irty feet4 ,illu/ration ,mr4 ,appold's ,c5trifugal ,pump1 :i* con/itut$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ! ,ma*9]y ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,great ,exhibition1 is con/ruct$ on a diff]5t plan1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! rotat+ arms are imm]s$ 9 ! wat] to be rais$1 & to dim9i% ! resi/ance :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! rotation 9 wat] ( two or m expos$ arms1 !y are enclos$ )9 discs ( metal1 ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]1 & ?ree or f\r in*es ap>t4 ,! arms are =m$ by curv$ p>titions betwe5 ! discs1 :i* radiate f ! c5tre to ! out] rim1 t[>ds :i* ! space betwe5 ! discs is contract$4 ,?is pump is fix$ on an axis1 to :i* rapid rot>y motion c be giv52 & x is fitt$ into a case connect$ ) ! pipe t conveys ! wat] to ! dis*>g+ orifice4 ,! wat] ent]s ! rotat+ disc ?r\gh a l>ge ap]ture 9 ! c5tre1 & x is =c$ ?r\gh ! spaces =m$ by ! radical arms ) increas+ velocity1 until x escapes f ! circumf]5ce4 ,sections ( ,mr4 ,appold's pump are %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagrams1 9 :i* ,a is ! c5tral op5+ = ! admission ( wat]2 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ! curv$ radical p>titions :i* =m ! arms by :i* motion is communicat$ to ! wat]1 & ?r\gh ! ends ( :i* x issues into ! ext]nal case1 connect$ ) ! lift-pipe1 ,d4 ,9 ! ,great ,exhibition !re 7 two o!r ,c5trifugal ,pumps %[n 9 action1 "o by ,mr4 ,bessem]1 & "o by ,mr4 ,gwynne1 f ,am]ica2 b nei!r ( !m exhibit$ su* /rik+ effects z ,mr4 ,appold's1 :i* 0 s arrang$ z to ?r[ out a cont9u\s cascade ( wat] f an ap]ture six feet wide1 at a height ( tw5ty-six feet4 ,! ,jury ( ,class ,v41 :o made num]\s exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! practical effici5cy ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps1 & ! relative m]its ( ! ?ree exhibit$1 report$ v fav\rably ( t ( ,mr4 ,appold1 to :om a ,c\ncil ,m$al 0 aw>d$4 ,:5 rotat+ at ! rate ( #ghh revolutions 9 a m9ute1 & lift+ ! wat] #aid feet1 ! greate/ practical effect1 comp>$ ) ! p[] employ$1 0 atta9$4 ,! dis*>ge ( wat] p] m9ute at t height1 ) ! pump rotat+ ) a velocity ( #ghh revolutions1 0 #a1bcf gallons2 & ) a lift ( #h feet1 #b1ajj gallons p] m9ute 7 dis*>g$1 :5 ! rotat+ velocity 0 #hbh revolutions p] m9ute4 ,9 ,mr4 ,gwynne's & ,mr4 ,bessem]'s pumps1 :i* _h /raight vanes1 ! ratio ( p[] to ! effect did n exce$ #jai4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,appold's pumps1 only "o in* 9 diamet] 7! exact size ( ! small diagram71 w dis*>ge t5 gallons p] m9ute4 ,! greate/ height to :i* wat] has be5 rais$ by ! pumps t are "o foot 9 diamet] is #fgg feet1 ) a velocity ( #d1aec feet p] m9ute4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! pump %\ld revolve dep5ds ^u ! height to :i* ! wat] is to be rais$4 ,beyond a c]ta9 height1 ! requir$ velocity is practically unatta9able1 b long be=e t limit is rea*$ ! wa/e ( p[] becomes s great1 t ! pump is ( no value1 = ! pressure on ! circumf]5ce c\nt]acts ! =ce ) :i* ! wat] is expell$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only at comp>atively l[ levels t ! ,c5trifugal ,pump is a useful eng9e4 ,! abs5ce ( all valves r5d]s x v suitable = dra9+ m>%es1 & = o!r simil> purposes1 z ! muddy wat] & susp5d$ matt]s w n ob/ruct its action4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,jury ! influ5ce ( ! curv$ %ape ( ! radial arms is consid]$ v important 9 produc+ ! effects4 ,if ! vanes be /raight1 ! ,report obs]ves1 x is evid5t1 t :atev] may be ! velocity ( ! wat] 9 ! direction ( a radius1 :5 x leaves ! :eel its velocity 9 ! direction ( a tang5t w be t ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 s t ! great] ! velocity ( ! :eel ! great] w be ! am\nt ( vis viva rema9+ 9 ! wat] :5 dis*>g$1 & ! great] ! am\nt ( p[] uselessly exp5d$ to create t vis viva4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! vanes be curv$ backw>ds z reg>ds ! motion ( ! :eel1 s z to h ne>ly ! direction ( a tang5t to ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel at ! po9ts :]e !y int]sect x1 ! velocity due to ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! wat] c>ry+ ov] ! surface ( ! vane 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* ! :eel is mov+1 & ne>ly 9 ! direction ( a tang5t to ! circumf]5ce1 w--if ?is velocity ( ! wat] ov] ! vane 9 ! "o direction be equal to t 9 :i* ! vane is itself mov+ 9 ! o!r--produce a /ate ( absolute re/ 9 ! wat]1 & entire exhau/ion ( vis viva4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion1 t ! curv$ =m 0 =m]ly adopt$ 9 "s ( ! ,am]ican pumps1 & aft]w>ds ab&on$4 ,!re are compet+ claims to ! inv5tion ( ,c5trifugal ,pumps 9 ! =m n[ adopt$4 ,?is k9d ( pump is /at$ to h be5 us$ 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahcj4 ,m4 ,*>les ,combe took out a pat5t 9 ,france = a simil> pump 9 #ahch2 b ?\gh ,mr4 ,appold 0 lat] 9 ! field ) 8 m p]fect ma*9e1 he appe>s to h proce$$ indep5d5tly ( previ\s inv5tors4 ,,tubul> ,,bridges4 ,no soon] _h ! =mation ( railways comm5c$ = c>ry+ pass5g]s 9 long tra9s ( c>riages drawn by heavy locomotive eng9es1 ?an ! want 0 exp]i5c$ ( "s diff]5t k9d ( bridge f any !n exi/+ = cross+ riv]s1 roads1 & valleys4 ,! tra9 c\ld n be turn$ %>ply r\nd a curve to cross a road at "r angles2 & to make ! requisite b5d to enable x to d s w\ld h tak5 ! railway consid]ably out ( its direct c\rse4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty skew bridges 7 design$1 t cross$ roads & canals 9 slant+ directions4 ,iron gird] bridges 7 also con/ruct$1 & ?us ! railway tra9s 7 c>ri$ across roads & n>r[ riv]s at any requir$ incl9ation1 support$ on flat beams ( iron4 ,susp5sion bridges 7 f\nd to be unfitt$1 on acc\nt ( _! oscillation1 = ! passage ( locomotive eng9es2 !re=e1 :5 x became necess>y to c>ry railways across arms ( ! sea1 or wide navigable riv]s1 at heights suffici5t to all[ ! l>ge/ %ips to pass und]nea?1 nei!r gird] bridges nor susp5sion bridges 7 suit$ = ! purpose4 ,!n arose ! necessity ( contriv+ "s =m ( bridge ( ext5sive span t w\ld be suffici5tly /rong & rigid = railway tra9s to pass ov] !m 9 safety4 ,! ,britannia ,bridge1 across ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 0 a triumphant response to ! call = a new k9d ( susp5d$ roadway adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( railways4 ,! tubul> pr9ciple ( con/ruction1 design$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 0 practically te/$ by ,mr4 ,fairbairn2 & ! result ( num]\s exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( iron1 9 diff]5t =ms & comb9ations1 e/abli%$ ! s\ndness ( t pr9ciple4 ,! rigidity & /r5g? ( ! ,britannia ,bridge dep5d on cellul> cavities at ! top & bottom1 :i*1 act+ z s _m tubes1 give /ability to ! rivet$ plates ( iron1 & enable ! bridge to be> ! imm5se pressure & vibration ( a heavy railway tra9 )\t deflect+ m ?an half an in*4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,/eph5son's orig9al int5tion to make a circul> or oval tube1 susp5d$ by *a9s1 = ! tra9s to run ?r\gh2 b ,mr4 ,fairbairn's exp]im5ts prov$ t a rectangul> %ape is /rong]1 provid$ ! top & bottom1 :i* be> ! greate/ "p ( ! /ra91 are made rigid1 ei!r by additional plates ( iron1 or by tubes4 ,! notion ( a circul> tube 01 !re=e1 ab&on$1 & ! rectangul> =m1 ) cells at ! top & bottom1 0 adopt$2 fir/ = ! railway bridge at ,conway1 & aft]w>ds = ! mu* great] "w across ! ,m5ai ,/raits4 ,x has be5 /at$ by ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 t ! idea ( =m+ a tubul> bridge 0 sugge/$ by exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 con/ruct+ ! railway bridge at ,w>e1 :i* consi/$ ( a wr\ght-iron cellul> plat=m2 b a m exact repres5tation ( ! pr9ciple on :i* ! ,britannia ,bridge is con/ruct$ _h be5 long previ\sly se5 across ! ,rh9e1 at ,s*auffhaus51 :]e a rectangul> tube1 or holl[ gird]1 made ( wood1 0 erect$ 9 #ageg4 ,t bridge1 ?\gh ( diff]5t mat]ial1 0 9 its pr9ciple ( con/ruction simil> to ! iron tubul> bridges at ,conway & at ! ,m5ai ,/raits4 ,ano!r simil> bridge1 c>ri$ ov] ! riv] ,limmat1 at ,wett+51 con/ruct$ 9 #aggh1 _h a span ( #cij feet2 & t1 z well z ! =m]1 0 rais$ to its position 9 "o piece1 by means ( p[]ful screw-jaws4 ,^! curi\s & int]e/+ /ructures1 :i* may be consid]$ ! =]unn]s ( ! gigantic iron ,tubul> ,bridges ( ! pres5t day1 7 burnt by ! ,fr5* 9 #agii4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! ,britannia ,bridge1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son took advantage ( a rock midway f %ore to %ore1 :]eon to erect ! c5tral pi]4 ,two o!r pi]s1 at a di/ance1 on ea* side1 ( #dfj feet1 7 built )\t mu* difficulty 9 %all[] wat]1 & betwe5 ^! & ! masonry on ea* side 0 a di/ance ( #bcj feet4 ,!re are eight rectangul> tubes re/+ on ^? pi]s1 to =m two l9es ( railway1 ea* tube be+ #bh feet high & #ad feet wide1 exclusive ( ! cellul> cavities at ! top & bottom4 ,^! cavities are rectangul>1 & ext5d f "o end ( ! bridge to ! o!r1 & may be reg>d$ z long tubes4 ,!re are eight ( !m at ! top1 ea* #a foot #i in*es squ>e1 & !re are six at ! bottom1 ! latt] be+ #b feet #d in*es wide1 & ! same dep? z ^? at ! top4 ,s\nd is convey$ ?r\gh ^! cavities z readily z ?r\gh speak+ tubes1 & conv]sation c be ?us easily c>ri$ on across ! ,/raits4 ,! height ( ! c5tral pi] ( ! ,britannia ,bridge1 f ! f\ndation to ! top1 is #bcj feet2 & ! height ( ! roadway above high wat] m>k is #ajd feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! l>ge tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! railway c>riages pass1 on ea* side ( ! c5tral pi]1 is #dfj feet3 & ! total l5g? f %ore to %ore1 #a1eca feet4 ,! tubes are connect$ toge!r at ! pi]s to give ! bridge additional /r5g?1 & !y are compos$ altoge!r ( #ahf1jjj sep>ate pieces ( iron1 :i* 7 pi]c$ ) sev5 millions ( holes1 & unit$ toge!r by upw>ds ( two millions ( rivets4 ,! :ole mass ( iron employ$ weigh$ #aj1edj tons4 ,! ,britannia ,bridge 0 comm5c$ 9 ,may1 #ahdf1 & ! fir/ ( ! ma9 tubes 0 complet$ 9 ,june1 #ahdi4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ on close to ! bridge1 on ! ,anglesea %ore2 & :5 ! tube 0 ready to be transport$ to its place on ! pi]s1 :i* _h be5 prep>$ to receive x1 eight flat-bottom$ pontoons 7 provid$ to c>ry x1 :i*1 be+ br\ght und]nea?1 float$ ! pond]\s mass on ! wat] z !y rose ) ! tide4 ,! float+ & fix+ 9 its place ( ! tube took place on ! #bg? ( ! same mon?1 9 view ( an imm5se conc\rse ( spectators4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y arrangem5ts = lett+ g _h be5 complet$1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 & o!r eng9e]s1 got on ! tube1 ) ,capta9 ,claxton1 ,r4 ,n41 to :om ! managem5t ( ! float+ 0 entru/$4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news ?us describes ! proce$+1 & its successful result3--,capta9 ,claxton 0 easily di/+ui%$ by 8 speak+ trumpet1 & !re 7 also m5 to hold ! lett]s :i* indicat$ ! diff]5t cap/ans1 s t no mi/ake c\ld occur z to :i* cap/an %\ld be work$2 & flags1 r$1 blue1 & :ite1 signifi$ :at p>ticul> movem5t %\ld be made4 ,ab\t #g4cj p4m4 ! fir/ p]ceptible motion1 :i* indicat$ t ! tide 0 lift+ ! mass1 0 obs]v$1 & at ,mr4 ,/eph5son's desire1 ! dep? ( wat] 0 asc]ta9$1 & ! exact "t not$4 ,9 a few m9utes ! motion 0 pla9ly visible1 ! tube be+ fairly mov$ =w>d "s in*es4 ,?is mom5t 0 "o ( int5se int]e/1 ! huge bulk glid+ z g5tly & easily =w>d z if %e _h be5 b a small boat4 ,! spectators seem$ spellb\nd1 = no %\ts or exclamations 7 he>d1 z all wat*$ anxi\sly ! sil5t c\rse ( ! heavily freight$ pontoons4 ,! only s\nds he>d 7 ! %\ts ( ,capta9 ,claxton1 z he gave directions to 'let g ropes1' to 'haul 9 fa/]1' c42 & 'broadside on1' ! tube float$ maje/ically 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ream4 ,i !n left my /ation1 & ran to ! entrance ( ! works1 :]e ,i got into a boat1 & bade ! m5 pull out z f> z !y c\ld into ! middle ( ! ,/raits4 ,?is 0 no easy task1 ! tide runn+ /rong2 b x af=d$ me sev]al spl5did views ( ! float+ mass1 & "o 0 especially f9e2 ! tube com+ direct on ?r\gh ! /ream--! di/ant hills cov]$ ) trees1 two or ?ree small vessels & a /eam]1 its smoke bl5d+ well ) ! sc5e1 =m+ a capital backgr\nd2 :il/ on "o side1 9 long /ret*+ p]spective1 /ood ! ?ree unf9i%$ tubes1 de/9$ ere long to =m1 ) ! "o !n spe$+ on its j\rney1 "o gr& & unique roadway4 ,x 0 impossible to see ?is gr& & impos+ sight1 & n to feel its s+l5ess1 if we may s speak4 ,any?+ s mighty ( its k9d _h nev] be5 be=e3 aga9 x w\ld assur$ly be2 b x 0 l ! fir/ voyage made by ! fir/ /eam-vessel--some?+ until !n unique4 ,at #h4ce ! tube 0 ne>+ ! ,anglesea pi]1 & at ?is mom5t ! expectation ( ! spectators 0 greatly increas$1 z ! tube 0 s ne> its de/9ation3 & soon all fe>s 7 dispell$1 z ! ,anglesea end ( ! tube pass$ beyond ! pi]1 & !n ! ,britannia pi] end ne>$ its appo9t$ spot1 & x 0 in/antly drawn back close to ! recess1 s z to re/ on ! be>+ int5d$ = x4 ,!re 0 !n a pause = a few m9utes1 :ile wait+ = ! tide to turn3 & :5 t took place1 ! huge bulk float$ g5tly into its place on ! ,anglesea pi]1 re/$ on ! be>+ !re1 & 0 in/antly made fa/1 s t x c\ld n move aga94 ,! *e]+1 till n[ subdu$1 0 l\d & he>ty1 & "s pieces ( cannon on ! %ore gave tok51 by _! l\d boom+1 t ! great task ( ! day 0 done4 ,! tube1 :5 9 position1 0 l[]$ d[n ^u its be>+s on ! pi] by op5+ valves 9 ! pontoons1 :i* ?us sunk suffici5tly to ease !m ( _! load4 ,! "w ( rais+ ! tube to its position1 #ajj feet above high wat] m>k1 0 a mu* sl[] op]ation1 & 0 att5d$ ) s]i\s difficulties4 ,hydraulic presses 7 us$ = ! purpose1 plac$ at ! top ( ! pi]s2 two small] ones1 :i* _h s]v$ to raise ! ,conway ,bridge1 be+ at "o end1 & a mu* l>g] press1 made = ! occasion1 be+ fix$ at ! o!r4 ,! imm5se tube 0 lift$ by *a9s fix$ to ! heads ( ! presses1 & two /eam eng9es1 ( #dj-;horse p[] ea*1 7 employ$ to =ce ! wat] into ! cyl9d]s4 ,! diamet] ( ! ram ( ! l>ge/ hydraulic press 0 #bj in*es1 & ! pressure ^u x 0 equal to #b tons on ea* circul> in*4 ,! tube 0 rais$ by successive lifts ( #f feet ea*1 &1 z x 0 lift$1 ! space 0 built 9 ) masonry = its ultimate be>+4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ( lift+1 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] ( ! l>ge hydraulic press bur/ out1 & fell on ! top ( ! tube1 9 :i* x made a consid]able ind5tation4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son _h provid$ aga9/ ! possibility ( su* accid5t1 by hav+ blocks ( wood1 an in* ?ick1 introduc$ "u ! tube z x 0 elevat$1 & ^! blocks arre/$ its fall1 or x w\ld o!rwise h be5 da%$ to pieces4 ,ev5 ! small fall ( an in* did consid]able injury4 ,?is accid5t caus$ "s delay1 b ! o!r tubes 7 9 ! meantime progress+1 & ! complet$ bridge 0 op5$ = public traffic on ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #ahej4 ,! /r5g? ( ! bridge 0 te/$ be=e pass5g] tra9s 7 all[$ to pass ?r\gh x1 by plac+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! longe/ tubes tw5ty-eight waggons1 load$ ) #bhj tons ( coal1 & two locomotives1 & by aft]w>ds s5d+ ^? heavy tra9s ?r\gh ! bridge at full spe$4 ,! deflection ( ! tubes 9 ! c5tre am\nt$ to only ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ea* cell2 x be+ r less :5 ! tra9s 7 at full spe$ ?an :5 /ation>y4 ,! /ronge/ gu/s ( w9d to :i* ! bridge has be5 expos$ h n caus$ a vibration ( m ?an "o in*4 ,! total co/ ( con/ruction 0 #fja1hfe2 ( :i* sum #c1ihf 0 = exp]im5ts1 & #aeh1gjd = masonry4 ,ano!r ,tubul> ,bridge ( rival magnitude to ! "o across ! ,m5ai ,/raits is n[ 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction by ,mr4 ,brunel across ! ,tam>1 at ,salta%1 = ! ,s\? ,devon & ,cornwall ,railway4 ,z no rock pres5t$ itself conv5i5tly halfway across :]eon to erect ! c5tral pi]1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 oblig$ to "w at a great dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] 9 mak+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge4 ,9 ! plan ( mak+ ! f\ndation1 z well z 9 ! /ructure ( ! bridge itself1 ,mr4 ,brunel adopt$ a c\rse altoge!r orig9al4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to con/ruct a c(f]-dam by piles1 :i* w\ld h be5 almo/ impracticable at su* a dep?1 & v co/ly1 he caus$ a l>ge iron tube to be put toge!r1 ?irty-six feet 9 diamet]1 & n9ety-six feet long1 to rea* to ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,?is mon/] tube 0 l[]$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! middle ( ! riv]1 & ! wat] be+ pump$ out ( x1 ! m5 c\ld "w at ! bottom 9 safety4 ,9 ?is mann]1 aft] mu* lab\r1 ! rock 0 prep>$ to receive ! blocks ( granite1 :i* 7 laid "o on ! o!r1 till !y rose above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,on t granite p$e/al a ca/-iron pi] 0 rais$ to a height ( #ajj feet1 ! level ( ! roadway ( ! rails4 ,! ca/-iron pi] consi/s ( f\r octagon columns1 #aj feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y /& ab\t #aj feet ap>t1 =m+ a squ>e1 & !y are b\nd toge!r by massive lattice-"w ( wr\ght iron1 to prev5t any lat]al movem5t4 ,ea* ( ^! columns weighs #aej tons2 & :5 ! full weight ( ! bridge re/s on ! f\ndation ( ! c5tral pi]1 ! pressure w be equal to #h tons on ! squ>e foot1 or d\ble ! pressure ( ! ,victoria ,t[] on its base4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! bridge1 ,mr4 ,brunel avail$ himself ( ! results ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,fairbairn on ! /r5g? ( iron tubes1 b he adopt$ a v diff]5t plan f t ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son4 ,in/ead ( con/ruct+ a l>ge tube = ! tra9s to pass ?r\gh1 ,mr4 ,brunel made tubul> ar*es1 consi/+ ( iron plates curv$ & rivet$ toge!r1 to s]ve z rigid supports1 f :i* ! roadway is susp5d$ by *a9s & by connect+ iron b>s4 ,! plac+ ( ! fir/ ( ! tubul> ar*es 9 position betwe5 ! pi] ne> ! %ore at ,salta% & ! c5tral pi]1 :i* took place on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #aheg1 excit$ great int]e/1 & at lea/ #ej1jjj p]sons 7 assembl$ f places f> & ne> to witness ! op]ation4 ,! tube1 ) ! roadway & susp5sion *a9s1 0 float$ f ! y>d :]e x 0 put toge!r on f\r pontoons2 & x 0 ?us convey$1 & safely deposit$ on ! pi]s at a height ( #cj feet above high wat] m>k4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds gradually rais$ by hydraulic presses to ! top1 a height ( #ajj feet4 ,! "w ( rais+ x comm5c$ on ! #be? ( ,novemb]1 & 0 complet$ on ! #ai? ( ,may la/4 ,! foll[+ lively description ( ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge1 & its surr\nd+ sc5]y1 extract$ f a rec5t article 9 ! ,times1 gives a v good idea ( ! magnitude ( ! /ructure1 by comp>ison ) well-kn[n objects3--,?\gh1 probably1 our read]s may c>e little & h he>d less ab\t ,salta% prop]1 x is likely h5ce=? to receive a fair %>e ( g5]al att5tion1 & we c safely say1 to ^? :o w j\rney d[n to see ! bridge1 t ! viaduct requires inde$ to be a f9e "o to attract _! att5tion f ! lovely sc5]y ( ! valley ( ! ,tam>1 :i* x crosses4 ,! banks ( ?is noble riv] n>r[ 9 consid]ably z ! /ream rea*es ,salta%1 &1 hemm$ 9 !re to half a mile or s1 sudd5ly wid5s out into z f9e a %eet ( wat] z any ( its k9d 9 ! k+dom1 its di/ant banks cov]$ ) cottages1 & fr+$ ) undulat+ woodl&s d[n to ! v edge4 ,across ?is n>r[ "p ( ! *annel1 :]e ,salta%1 9 picturesque dirt & dis>ray1 /raggles up ! banks on "o side1 & a /eep hill1 cov]$ ) rock & rock-gr[n und]wood1 =ms ! o!r1 ! viaduct /ret*es high 9 air4 ,! briefe/ g5]al way ( describ+ x is to say t x consi/s ( n9ete5 spans or ar*es1 sev5te5 ( :i* are wid] ?an ! wide/ ar*es ( ,we/m9/] ,bridge2 & two1 re/+ on a s+le ca/-iron pi] ( f\r columns 9 ! c5tre ( ! riv]1 span ! :ole /ream at "o gigantic leap ( #iaj feet1 or a long] di/ance ?an ! bread? ( ! ,?ames at ,we/m9/]4 ,! total l5g? ( ! /ructure f end to end is #b1bdj feet1--v ne>ly half a mile1 & #cjj feet long] ?an ! entire /ret* ( ! ,britannia ,bridge4 ,! greate/ wid? is only #cj feet at basem5t2 its greate/ height f f\ndation to summit no less ?an #bfj feet1 or #ej feet high] ?an ! summit ( ! ,monum5t4 ,! ,britannia ,bridge1 bo? 9 size1 purpose1 & eng9e]+ importance1 seems to (f] ! be/ comp>ison ) t ( ,salta%1 b ! simil>ity betwe5 ! /ructures is f> f be+ z great z might be at fir/ suppos$4 ,! ,britannia tube is small]1 & co/ ne>ly f\r times ! price ( ! ,salta% ,viaduct1 ?\gh ! eng9e]s _h natural facilities :i* ,mr4 ,brunel1 = 8 ,corni% bridge1 c]ta9ly _h n4 ,! =m ( ! tubes is an oval1 #ag feet 9 its longe/ diamet]1 & #ab feet 9 its %orte/4 ,!y are b5t into an elliptical curve1 ) a rise 9 ! middle ( tw5ty-eight feet4 ,) ! roadway & susp5sion *a9s atta*$1 ea* tube weighs #a1ajj tons4 ,! total weight ( wr\ght iron 9 ! bridge1 :5 complet$1 w be #b1fej tons2 ( ca/ iron1 #a1bjj2 ( masonry & brickwork !re w be ab\t #ag1jjj cubic y>ds2 & ( timb]1 ab\t #ad1jjj cubic feet4 ,! second tube1 :i* is 9 e respect l ! fir/1 0 complet$ on ! #cj? ( ,june la/1 & on ! #aj? ( ,july 0 successfully plac$ 9 position betwe5 ! c5tral pi] & ! ,devon%ire side ( ! riv]4 ,! op]ation ( elevat+ x began on ! #i? ( ,augu/1 & x has n[ rea*$ ne>ly ! level ( ! fir/ "o1 ! tube be+ rais$ six feet 9 a week4 ,! engrav+ on ! o!r side is a view ( ?is wond]ful /ructure 9 its complet$ =m4 ,its appe>ance is f> m light & elegant ?an t ( ! ,britannia ,bridge1 b x rema9s to be se5 :e!r x w be equally /eady "u a gale ( w9d1 & :e!r any vibration ( ! susp5d$ roadway w int]f]e ) ! rapid motion ( ! tra9s4 ,z ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway has only "o l9e ( rails = ! great] portion ( its l5g?1 b a s+le roadway is provid$ on ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge4 ,! progress ( railway locomotion has n only giv5 rise to ! con/ruction ( new k9ds ( bridges1 b x has direct$ me*anical sci5ce to devise bett] means ( apply+ ! /r5g? ( mat]ials4 ,on ! ,s\? ,devon & ,cornwall ,railways are to be se5 wood5 viaducts1 c>ry+ ! l9e ov] valleys at great heights1 con/ruct$ ) su* sl5d] timb]s1 t1 to an inexp]i5c$ eye1 !y seem frightfully frail = ! support ( heavy railway tra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,royal ,,alb]t ,,bridge1 ,,ov] ,,! ,,tam>1 ,,at ,,salta%4 ,we mu/ n omit to notice1 among ! rem>kable bridge erections connect$ ) railways1 ! viaduct across ! valley ( ! ,boyne1 :i* passes ov] ! riv] close to ! t[n ( ,drogh$a1 at a height ( #ie feet4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! viaduct is support$ on f\r pi]s1 #ij feet above high wat] m>k1 ) a span 9 ! c5tre ( #bej feet1 & on ea* side ( #abe feet4 ,?is elevat$ portion ( ! "w is approa*$ on ! s\!rn side by twelve ar*es1 ( #fj feet span ea*1 & on ! nor? by ?ree simil> ar*es4 ,! viaduct is con/ruct$ ( lime/one & iron lattice-"w1 & is calculat$ to be> #g1bjj tons4 ,dur+ ! erection ( ?is viaduct ! railway tra9s 7 c>ri$ ov] ! valley on a wood5 plat=m1 )\t side rail+s1 support$ by scaffold-poles2 & ! crackl+ ( ! timb]s1 z ! c>riages pass$ ov] x1 & ! dizzy height at :i* !y 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air1 produc$ a s5sation ( t]ror 9 n]v\s pass5g]s1 t 0 fully ju/ifi$ by ! app>5t dang]4 ,,self-,,act+ ,,eng9es4 ,! manufactur+ progress ( ?is c\ntry has dep5d$1 9 a great degree1 on ! facility possess$ ( mak+ ma*9]y ( all k9ds by ! aid ( p[]ful eng9es work$ by /eam p[]4 ,^! eng9es1 mo/ ( :i* appe> to be self-act+1 =ge & roll & cut & bore beams ( iron1 boil] plates1 & cyl9d]s ( imm5se size1 :i* x w\ld be impossible to make by h&2 & !y d ! "w ) a rapidity & me*anical accuracy t w\ld be o!rwise unatta9able4 ,9 ! progress ( manufactur+ inv5tion1 ! small /eam eng9e fir/ made by manual lab\r creat$ ! p[] to make o!r /eam eng9es ( l>ge size2 & ^? m p[]ful eng9es suppli$ ! means ( mak+ /ill l>g] %afts & cyl9d]s = eng9es t 7 to be employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ma*9es ( v>i\s k9ds1 to be work$ by ! p[] ?us accumulat$4 ,! important advantages d]iv$ f ! inv5tion & application ( self-act+ ma*9]y1 n only by ! community at l>ge1 b ev5 by ! workm5 ^: lab\r !y = a "t sup]s$$1 7 =cibly /at$ by ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 9 8 op5+ address at ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahef3--;,i congratulate y1 he obs]v$1 on ! success :i* 9 our "t ! me*anical arts h obta9$1 & ! high consid]ation 9 :i* !y are held4 ,inv5tors are n n[ p]secut$1 z =m]ly1 by ^? :o fanci$ t _! inv5tions & discov]ies 7 prejudicial to ! g5]al int]e/1 & calculat$ to deprive lab\r ( its fair rew>d4 ,"s ( u are old en\gh to rememb] ! ho/ility manife/$ to ! work+ ( ! p[]-loom1 ! self-act+ mule1 ! ma*9]y = %e>+ wooll5 clo?1 ! ?ra%+ ma*9e1 & _m o!rs4 ,n[ ! introduction ( reap+ & m[+ ma*9es1 & o!r improv$ agricultural ma*9]y1 is n oppos$4 ,inde$1 x mu/ be obvi\s1 to reflect+ m9ds1 t ! increas$ luxuries & com=ts :i* all m or less enjoy1 are d]iv$ f ! num]\s rec5t me*anical appliances & ! productions ( our manufactories4 ,t ( our cotton has increas$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s 9 a wond]ful degree4 ,9 #ahbd1 a g5tleman ) :om ,i am acqua9t$ sold on "o occasion #ajj1jjj pieces ( #gd-re$ pr9t+ clo? at #cjs4 #f;d4 p] piece ( #bi y>ds long2 ! same description ( clo? he sold la/ week at #cs4 #i;d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ,i "k ( ! va/ sup]iority ( ma*9]y ov] simple in/rum5ts us$ by h&1 is 9 ! manufacture ( lace1 :5 "o man1 ) a ma*9e1 does ! "w ( #h1jjj lace mak]s on ! cu%ion4 ,9 sp9n+ f9e numb]s ( y>n1 a workman 9 a self-act+ mule w d ! "w ( #c1jjj h&-sp9n]s ) ! di/aff & sp9dle4 ,comp>atively few p]sons1 p]haps1 are aw>e ( ! increase ( production 9 our life-"t4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 ! co/ ( lab\r = turn+ a surface ( ca/ iron1 by *ipp+ & fil+ ) ! h&1 0 #abs4 p] squ>e foot--! same "w is n[ done by ! plan+ ma*9e at a co/ = lab\r ( less ?an "o p5ny p] squ>e foot3 & ?is1 z y "k1 is "o ( ! mo/ important op]ations 9 me*anics2 x is1 !re=e1 well adapt$ to illu/rate :at our progress has be54 ,at ! same "t t ?is increas$ production is tak+ place1 ! fix$ capital ( ! c\ntry is1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 augm5t$2 = 9 ! case ,i h m5tion$1 ( *ipp+ & fil+ by ! h&1 :5 ! co/ ( lab\r 0 #abs4 p] foot1 ! capital requir$ = tools = "o workman 0 only a few %ill+s2 b n[1 ! lab\r be+ l[]$ to a p5ny p] foot1 a capital 9 plan+ ma*9es = ! workman is requir$ :i* (t5 am\nts to #ejj1 & 9 "s cases m4 ,not)/&+ ! great economy ( lab\r by ! self-act+ ma*9es n[ employ$ = do+ all k9ds ( "w1 x is gratify+ to f9d t x has n _h ! effect ( ?r[+ m5 out ( employ2 = ! increas$ dem&1 consequ5t on ! facility ( production1 has m ?an comp5sat$ = ! sub/itution ( automaton me*anism = h&icraft4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to visit a l>ge eng9e]+ factory1 & to witness ! ease ) :i* ! masses ( crude metal are wr\ght 9 v>i\s ways1 & conv]t$ by a numb] ( seem+ly self-act+ eng9es into o!r eng9es & ma*9es :i* are1 9 _! turn1 to become ! ag5ts ( ! fur!r developm5t ( ! skill & +5uity ( man4 ,9 ! new ,gov]nm5t factory at ,keyham1 ne> ,devonport1 :i* we believe to be "o ( ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5ts ( ! k9d 9 ! _w1 mo/ ( ^? p[]ful eng9es ( ! be/ con/ruction may be se5 9 op]ation4 ,! complet5ess ( ! arrangem5ts r$\nds mu* to ! cr$it ( ,mr4 ,trickett1 ! *ief eng9e]1 "u ^: sup]vision !y 7 made2 & a walk ?r\gh ! factory1 :i* is ?r[n op5 to public inspection1 w well repay a j\rney ( _m miles4 ,a detail$ description ( all its ma*9]y w\ld fill a volume1 b we mu/ n[ limit ourselves to a b>e enum]ation ( "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable features4 ,num]\s ma*9es ( ! l>ge/ size1 plac$ "u ! cov] ( an ext5sive & l(ty ro(1 are employ$ 9 do+ ev]y?+ requisite = ! fitt+ out ( ! l>ge/ /eam-%ips 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,%e>s1 put 9 cont9u\s motion by /eam p[]1 are se5 mov+ /eadily up & d[n1 & cutt+ ?r\gh ! ?icke/ boil] plates )\t ! lea/ app>5t ef=t1 ! *isel-%ap$ knives t cut ! metal mov+ j ! same :e!r !y be divid+ ! air or %e>+ iron4 ,pun*+ eng9es1 9 l mann]1 =ce holes ?r\gh iron plates an in* ?ick4 ,%ap+ & plan+ ma*9es p>e (f ! t\gh iron z if x 7 n h>d] ?an *eese4 ,rivet+ ma*9es ( diff]5t k9ds b9d toge!r ! plates ( mon/] boil]s ) m>vell\s rapidity2 :il/ ma*9es = bor+1 = drill+1 = =g+1 & = do+ e v>iety ( small] "w1 are to be se5 9 op]ation 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! factory4 ,among ! small] self-act+ eng9es1 ! =g+ ma*9e = mak+ bolts attracts att5tion by ! rapidity ( its action4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( hamm]s plac$ side by side1 s con/ruct$ z to %ape small b>s ( iron into any requir$ =m1 accord+ to ! m\ld ( ! swages b5ea? !m1 repres5t+ m9iature anvils4 ,x is int]e/+ to wat* h[ readily ! hot iron receives its %ape "u ! action ( ! hamm]s1 :i* make ab\t #gjj /rokes p] m9ute1 ! "w be+ transf]r$ f "o to ano!r to be progressively f9i%$4 ,!re is a circul> saw t cuts ?r\gh b>s ( iron z ?ick z railway rails1 by mak+ upw>ds ( #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,a rivet-mak+ ma*9e =ms ! rivet1 & %apes ! head to ! requisite size1 ) great accuracy & quickness4 ,!re are comp\nd drill+ ma*9es1 9 :i* six drills are act+ simultane\sly2 hydraulic presses1 t =ce p>ts ( ma*9es toge!r1 & a great v>iety ( o!r eng9es = ! sav+ ( "t & lab\r4 ,n ! lea/ curi\s ( ! small] contrivances is an app>atus :i* des]ves notice z a useful application ( magnetism to manufactur+ purposes4 ,sev]al horse-%oe magnets are atta*$ to two endless *a9s1 mov+ ov] suitable :eels1 & incl9$ at an angle ( #cj degrees4 ,^! magnets at ! l[] end ( ! *a91 dip into a tub conta9+ ! mix$ brass & iron turn+s & fil+s f ! la!s & o!r tools1 & ! pieces ( iron1 be+ attract$ by ! magnets1 are c>ri$ away & bru%$ (f into a box1 leav+ ! brass beh9d to be remelt$4 ,9 "o dep>tm5t ( ! build+ are imm5se f\ndry furnaces1 :]e metals are melt$ & ca/1 ! bla/ ( ! fires be+ ma9ta9$ by l>ge rotat+ fans1 kept 9 action by a p[]ful /eam eng9e1 by :i* also ! o!r ma*9es are work$4 ,! f\ndry is mo/ conv5i5tly contriv$ = ca/+ works ( any requir$ size1 fix$ & travell+ cranes be+ s /ation$ & arrang$ z to c>ry ! ladles ( liquid metal to any "p ( ! floor4 ,9 ano!r dep>tm5t is ! smi?y1 :]e ! iron to be wr\ght into %ape is heat$ 9 =ges2 & ne> to ! =ges /& ! ,/eam-,hamm]s--^? gigantic ,cyclops ( mod]n times1 t /rike bl[s1 comp>$ ) ! =ce ( :i* ! bl[s ( ! fabl$ ,cyclops ( antiquity 7 b z ! fall ( a fea!r4 ,rang$ 9 a r[ !re are f\r ( ^! pond]\s eng9es1 ( v>i\s sizes2 ! l>ge/ hamm] be+ s heavy z to require ! p[] ( f\r tons to lift x1 & :5 fall+ f a height ( #f feet no?+ c )/& its cru%+ bl[4 ,yet ! =ce ( ?is mighty giant is s completely "u control1 & may be br\ght to act s g5tly1 z sc>cely to crack a nut plac$ to receive its fall4 ,! inv5tion ( ! /eam-hamm] 0 ! result ( necessity4 ,! %aft ( a /eam eng9e hav+ to be made l>g] ?an usual1 no hamm] !n 9 action by wat] p[] 0 capable ( =g+ x1 & ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy? 0 appli$ to1 to give 8 aid 9 contriv+ ! means ( remov+ ! difficulty4 ,x 0 !n t ! idea ( lift+ ! hamm]-block by ! direct action ( /eam occurr$ to him1 & by a succession ( extremely +5i\s devices1 he at l5g? p]fect$ ! /eam-hamm]1 :i* has be5 pron\nc$ to be "o ( ! mo/ p]fect artificial ma*9es1 & "o ( ! noble/ triumphs ( m9d ov] matt] t mod]n ,engli% eng9e]s h yet develop$4 ,! accompany+ woodcut repres5ts ! l>ge/ ( ! f\r /eam-hamm]s 9 ,keyham factory4 ,! hamm]-block1 a1 weigh+ f\r tons1 is guid$ 9 its asc5t & fall by grooves 9 two massive uprights1 :i* hold ! :ole toge!r4 ,! hamm]-block is lift$ by ! pi/on-rod ( ! /eam cyl9d] above x1 :i* is made ( su* diamet]1 t ! pressure ( ! /eam on ! surface ( ! pi/on may consid]ably ov]balance ! weight ( ! hamm]-block1 & ov]come ! friction ( ! connect+ me*anism4 ,! cyl9d] ( ! l>ge/ /eam-hamm] at ,keyham is #ah in*es diamet]1 :i* gives an area ( #bed squ>e in*es2 & ! pressure ( ! /eam g5]ally us$ be+ fifty p\nds on ! squ>e in*1 ! total /eam pressure t5d+ to =ce ! pi/on up1 :5 ! :ole ( x is br\ght to be>1 is equal to five tons & a half4 ,! =ce ( ! bl[ ( ! hamm]1 :5 fall+ f its greate/ height1 is equal to #add tons4 ,by ! arrangem5ts ( lev]s1 screws1 & pipes & valves1 %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ! /eam is fir/ admitt$ "u ! pi/on1 & ?us acts directly 9 =c+ x up1 ) ! heavy hamm]-block atta*$ to ! pi/on rod4 ,:5 ! block has be5 rais$ to ! requir$ height1 x /rikes aga9/ ! end ( a lev]1 :i* !n %uts (f ! /eam1 & all[s x to escape2 :]eupon ! hamm] falls ) its full =ce v]tically on ! anvil4 ,! end ( ! lev] :i* turns (f ! /eam may be adju/$ at any height1 accord+ to ! requir$ =ce ( ! bl[1 s t ! hamm] may fall f a height ( six feet1 or be m]ely rais$ a few in*es4 ,illu/ration ,! /eam-hamm]1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( its inv5tion1 requir$ an att5dant to turn on ! /eam aga9 at ! end ( ea* /roke1 b ,mr4 ,nasmy? +5i\sly contriv$ ! means ( r5d]+ ! eng9e altoge!r self-act+1 by caus+ ! =ce ( ! collision to release a spr+ t holds d[n ! slide-valve2 & by ?is contrivance a cont9u$ & regul> succession ( bl[s is ma9ta9$ )\t any assi/ance4 ,n only c ! =ce ( ! bl[ be regulat$ by ! height to :i* ! hamm] is lift$1 b ! pond]\s mass may be arre/$ 9 its desc5t by admitt+ ! /eam "u ! pi/on1 s t a skilful manipulator c /op x )9 ! eigh? ( an in* f ! anvil4 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e itself1 by :i* all ! self-act+ me*anisms ( a l>ge factory are put 9 motion1 is1 p]haps1 aft] all1 ! mo/ wond]ful ( inv5tions2 b x does n /rictly come )9 our prov9ce1 = ,watt _h p]fect$ 8 great "w be=e ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n mu* us$1 except+ = m9+ purposes1 until aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t2 & ! inv5tor himself _h b a fa9t idea ( ! value & va/ importance ( ! motive p[] he _h plac$ at ! comm& ( man4 ,s little1 inde$1 0 ! value ( /eam p[] appreciat$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( its application1 t no notice is tak5 ( ! /eam eng9e 9 ,beckmann's ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 ?\gh ,watt _h complet$ 8 cond5s+ eng9es sev]al ye>s be=e t "w 0 publi%$2 & ,newcom5's /eam eng9e _h be5 at "w at lea/ sixty ye>s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! gradual developm5t ( an inv5tion f vague & *im]ical notions1 into an accompli%$ fact ( a/oni%+ magnitude4 ,z 9 ! electric telegraph ! dreams ( ! al*emi/ are fully realiz$ by ! applications ( sci5tific discov]y1 s 9 ! wond]-work+ p[]s ( ! /eam eng9e "o ( ! vision>y s*emes sket*$ 9 ! ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions is practically ext5d$ f> beyond ! conceptions ( its fanciful projector4 ,h[ little c\ld ,beckmann h suppos$ t an inv5tion1 :i* he consid]$ too insignificant to be m5tion$1 w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( fifty ye>s1 h revolutioniz$ ! _w6 ,x may possibly be ! same1 be=e ?is c5tury is clos$1 ) inv5tions t are n[ neglect$ or despis$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! record 9 ! prec$+ pages ( "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable applications ( sci5ce dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 exhibits an am\nt ( intellig5ce1 ( skill1 & ( p[] t seems1 :5 view$ 9 its complet$ =m1 to be sup]human4 ,x is only by trac+ ea* inv5tion to its s\rce1 & by not+ ! /ep by /ep advances by :i* x has arriv$ at its pres5t /ate1 t we c br+ ourselves to believe t ! great developm5t ( p[] & ! display ( +5uity we witness1 c h be5 accompli%$ by ord9>y m54 ,?is feel+ ( admiration1 at ! results ( human indu/ry & inv5tive g5ius1 0 /rongly excit$ on pass+ ?r\gh ! wond]ful collection ( ! works ( all nations 9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,aft] walk+ ?r\gh ! long av5ues1 cr[d$ ) ! mo/ highly f9i%$ manufactur$ goods1 & ) works ( art1 adapt$ to e purpose & capable ( gratify+ e luxuri\s ta/e ( highly civiliz$ life1 we beheld1 9 ano!r "p ( ! build+1 ! self-act+ ma*9es by :i* _m ( ^? productions _h be5 manufactur$4 ,we saw v>i\s me*anisms1 mov+ )\t h&s to guide !m1 produc+ ! mo/ elaborate works2 massive /eam eng9es1--! repres5tatives ( man's p[]1--& exquisite contrivances1 display+ 8 +5uity & p]sev]ance2 & we felt incl9$ to exalt ! attributes ( humanity1 & to ?9k t no?+ c\ld surpass ! productions !re display$4 ,b z if to repress su* va+lori\s ?\ghts1 !re /ood 9 ! transept ( ! build+1 surr\nd$ by & contra/+ ) ! h&iworks ( man1 "o ( ! simple/ productions ( ,nature4 ,e s+le leaf on ! spread+ bran*es ( t magnific5t tree exhibit$ 9 its /ructure1 9 its self-support+ & self-act+ me*anism1 & 9 ! adaptation ( surr\nd+ circum/ances = its ma9t5ance1 an am\nt ( intellig5t design & contrivance & p[]1 ) :i* !re 0 no?+ to comp>e4 ,aft] exam9+ ! intricate ramifications ( art]ies & ve9s = spread+ ! sap ?r\gh\t ! leaf1 & ! innum]able pores = inhal+ & exud+ ! gases & moi/ure necess>y = its cont9u$ exi/5ce2 aft] c>ry+ ! m9d beyond ! beautiful /ructure itself1 to consid] ! provisions ( heat & moi/ure & air1 )\t :i* all t me*anism w\ld h be5 useless2 & hav+ reflect$ on ! pres5ce ( ! my/]i\s pr9ciple :i* actuat$ ! :ole arrangem5t ( fibres1 & gave life to ! crude elem5ts ( matt]1--we c\ld n fail to be impress$ ) ! insignificance ( ! mo/ elaborate productions ( man1 :5 comp>$ ) ! smalle/ "w ( ! ,omnipot5t ,creator4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,briti% ,association ,report = #ahec4 #b ,! orig9al photographs produc$ by ,m4 ,niepce are /ill pres]v$ 9 good condition1 & 7 la/ ye> exhibit$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 #c ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y1 #ahdc4 #d ,brew/]'s ,encyclopdia1 article ,kaleidoscope4 #e ,! ,/]eoscope3 its ,hi/ory1 ,!ory1 & ,con/ruction1 by ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 #f ,prim>y signals are ^? 9 :i* ! lett] indicat$ is repres5t$ by a s+le deflection ( ! ne$les 9 ei!r direction4 ,a s+le ne$le telegraph c h only two prim>y signals1 "o to ! "r & "o to ! left2 all ! o!r lett]s be+ indicat$ by repeat$ deflections4 ,9 sev]al in/ances f\r deflections are requir$ to signal a s+le lett]4 #g ,manual ( ,electricity1 p4 #bea2 & ,reports ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahea & #ahed4 #h ,manual ( ,electricity1 second edition1 p4 #bdg4 #i ,treatise on ,coal ,gas1 by ,samuel ,clegg1 jun4 #aj ,see article1 ,/eam ,c>riages1 page #ce4 #aa ,x is /at$ 9 ,mr4 ,clegg's ,treatise on ,coal ,gas1 t ,mr4 ,clegg1 s541 light$ ! cotton mill ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,lodge1 at ,s[]by ,bridge1 ne> ,halifax1 a =tnight be=e ! mill ( ,messrs4 ,phillips & ,lee 0 s light$4 ,a fri5dly _s ( emulation is said to h exi/$ betwe5 ,mr4 ,murdo* & ,mr4 ,clegg 9 light+ ^? two mills ) gas1 ea* "o endeav\r+ to complete ! "w be=e ! o!r4 #ab ,! facility ) :i* a supply ( c>burrett$ hydrog5 gas c be obta9$ f gas works1 induces a]onauts to fill _! balloons ) x r ?an be at ! tr\ble & exp5se ( mak+ hydrog5 = ! purpose2 b ! asc5d+ p[] ( ! balloon is !reby greatly dim9i%$4 #ac ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 vol4 ii4 #ad ,mr4 ,he>d]1 ( ,plym\?1 af=ds a rem>kable in/ance ( ! successful pursuit ( sci5ce "u difficulties4 ,he lo/ 8 sight 9 8 y\? by an accid5tal explosion dur+ "s *emical exp]im5ts1 b in/ead ( be+ di%e>t5$ by t calamity1 he has cont9u$ to pursue 8 inve/igations ) unabat$ vig\r1 & has succe$$ 9 ?r[+ mu* light on _m ( ! recondite prop]ties ( electricity1 by admirably contriv$ exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 conduct$ ) unremitt+ p]sev]ance at great exp5se4 ,he has be5 9 ! habit ( deliv]+ lectures at ! ,plym\? ,in/itution1 & o!r ,in/itutions 9 ,devon & ,cornwall2 & ^? :o witness ! skilful manipulation ( 8 exp]im5ts c sc>cely suppose t he is bl9d4 #ae ,?is /atem5t does n adequately repres5t ! r$uction 9 price2 = ea* volume1 sold at #es41 conta9$ a volume & a half z orig9ally publi%$1 besides ,sir ,walt] ,scott's notes2 & ! *eap volumes 7 illu/rat$ ) /eel engrav+s4 #af ,if ! numb] ( %eets ( pap] us$ 9 pr9t+ ^! works 7 laid side by side1 !y w\ld ext5d ne>ly fifty ?\s& miles6 #ag ,l',art de la ,li?ographie2 p> ,m4 ,aloys ,s5efeld]1 ,inv5teur de l',art ,li?ographique4 ,muni*1 #ahei4 #ah ,book ( ,ecclesia/es i4 #aj4 ,works on ,*emi/ry4 ,class-book ( ,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,y\mans4 #abmo4 #cdj pages4 ,price #ge c5ts4 ,e page ( ?is book be>s evid5ce ( ! au?or's sup]ior ability ( p]fectly con=m+ 8 /yle to ! capacity ( y\?4 ,?is is a m]it r>ely possess$ by ! au?ors ( sci5tific s*ool-books1 & w be appreciat$ by e discrim9at+ tea*]4 ,:ile ,*emi/ry is almo/ univ]sally reg>d$ by /ud5ts z a dry & repulsive /udy 7ow+ to ! rigid & te*nical mann] 9 :i* x is pres5t$71 ,mr4 ,y\mans' "w w be f\nd pre-em95t 9 cle>ness & simplicity ( diction1 by :i* ! subject is made at once int]e/+ & attractive4 ,x is especially comm5d$ by ! em95tly practical mann] 9 :i* ea* subject is pres5t$4 ,its illu/rations are drawn l>gely f ! ph5om5a ( daily exp]i5ce1 & ! int]e/ ( ! pupil is spe$ily awak5$ by ! consid]ation t ,*emi/ry is n a matt] belong+ exclusively to physicians & pr(essors4 ,f ,,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,bigel[4 ,! em95tly practical "* ( ! ,class-book1 treat+ ( ! famili> applications ( ! sci5ce1 is1 9 my op9ion1 its *ief excell5ce1 & gives x a value f> sup]ior to any o!r "w n[ be=e ! public4 ,f ,,david ,,syme1 ,a4 ,m41 =m]ly ,pr9cipal ( ! ,ma?4 ,dept4 & ,lectur] 9 ,nat4 ,philosophy1 ,*emi/ry1 & ,physiology1 9 ,columbia ,college4 ,,mr4 ,,y\mans3 ,de> ,sir1--,i h c>efully exam9$ y\r ,class-,book on ,*emi/ry1 &1 9 my op9ion1 x is bett] adapt$ = use 9 s*ools & academies ?an any o!r "w on ! subject t has fall5 "u my obs]vation4 ,i hope t ! success ( y\r ,class-,book w be proportionate to its m]its1 & t y\r ef=ts to diffuse ! k ( ,*emi/ry w be duly appreciat$ by ! fri5ds ( education4 ,f ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,,mulligan1 ,pr9cipal ( ,"y ,ladies' ,s*ool1 ,new ,york4 ,we h a l>ge numb] ( s*ool-books = ! purpose ( giv+ elem5t>y in/ruction 9 ,*emi/ry--possess+ v>i\s k9ds & v>i\s degrees ( m]it2 b ( all :i* ,i h exam9$1 ,i %\ld pref] ! ,class-,book ( ,*emi/ry1 z ! mo/ p]spicu\s 9 /yle & me?od1 & z conta9+ ! happie/ selection ( :at is mo/ int]e/+1 & mo/ practically valuable 9 ! va/ field ( *emical sci5ce4 ,f ! ,n4 ,y4 ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,ei!r = s*ools or = g5]al read+1 we "k ( no elem5t>y "w on ,*emi/ry :i* 9 e respect pleases u s mu* z ?is4 ,f ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,su* a book1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( *emical sci5ce1 0 dem&$2 b to pres5t ! subject 9 su* a cle>1 compreh5sive mann]1 9 a "w ( ! size be=e u1 is m ?an we expect$4 ,! au?or has happily succe$$ 9 clo?+ 8 ideas 9 pla9 language--true eloqu5ce--s z to r5d] ! subject bo? int]e/+ & easily compreh5d$4 ,! numb] ( m5 :o c write on sci5ce & write cle>ly1 is small2 b our au?or is among t numb]4 ,*emical ,*>t3 ,,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,y\mans4 ,on ,roll]s1 #e feet by #f 9 size4 ,new ,edition4 ,price #e4 ,?is popul> "w accompli%es = ! fir/ "t1 = ,*emi/ry1 :at maps & *>ts h = geography1 geology1 & a/ronomy1 by pres5t+ a new & valuable mode ( illu/ration4 ,its plan is to repres5t *emical composition to ! eye by color$ diagrams1 s t num]\s facts ( proportion1 /ructure1 & relation1 :i* are ! mo/ difficult 9 ! sci5ce1 are pres5t$ to ! m9d ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! eye1 & may ?us be easily acquir$ & long reta9$4 ,! want ( su* a *>t has long be5 felt by ! ?\ghtful tea*]1 & no o!r sci5tific publication t has ev] emanat$ f ! ,am]ican press has met ) ! univ]sal favor t has be5 accord$ to ?is ,*>t4 ,9 ! language ( a di/+ui%$ *emi/1 ,its appe>ance m>ks an era 9 ! progress ( ! popul>ization ( ,*emi/ry4 ,x illu/rates ! nature ( elem5ts1 comp\nds1 aff9ity1 def9ite & multiple proportions1 acids1 bases1 salts1 ! salt-radical !ory1 d\ble decomposition1 deoxidation1 combu/ion & illum9ation1 isom]ism1 comp\nd radicals1 & ! composition ( ! proximate pr9ciples ( food4 ,x cov]s ! :ole field ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 & is invaluable z an aid to public lectur]s1 to tea*]s 9 class-room recitation1 & = ref]5ce 9 ! family4 ,! mode ( us+ x is expla9$ 9 ! class-book4 ,f ! late ,,horace ,,mann1 ,presid5t ( ,antio* ,college4 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,y\mans is entitl$ to great cr$it = ! prep>ation ( 8 ,*>t1 because its use w n only facilitate acquisition1 b1 :at is ( f> great] importance1 w increase ! exactness & precision ( ! /ud5t's elem5t>y ideas4 ,f ,,dr4 ,,john ,w4 ,,drap]1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,y\mans' ,*>t seems to me well adapt$ to communicate to beg9n]s a k ( ! def9ite comb9ations ( *emical sub/ances1 & z a prelim9>y to ! use ( symbols1 to aid !m v mu* 9 ! recollection ( ! examples x conta9s4 ,x des]ves to be introduc$ into ! s*ools4 ,f ,,james ,b4 ,,rog]s1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,we cordially subscribe to ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,drap] conc]n+ ! value to beg9n]s ( ,mr4 ,y\mans' ,*emical ,*>t4 ,,john ,,torrey1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,college ( ,physicians ,surgeons1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,ellet1 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,columbia ,college1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,james ,b4 ,,rog]s1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,f ,,b5jam9 ,,silliman1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,yale ,college4 ,i h ha/ily exam9$ ,mr4 ,y\mans' ,new ,*emical ,diagrams or ,*>t ( *emical comb9ations by ! union ( ! elem5ts 9 atomic proportions4 ,! design appe>s to be an excell5t "o4 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy3 ,,an ,,epitome4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,alb]t ,,s*wegl]4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,g]man1 ,,by ,,julius ,h4 ,,seelye4 #abmo4 #cfe pages4 ,price #a #be4 ,?is translation is design$ to supply a want long felt by bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts 9 our ,am]ican colleges4 ,we h valuable hi/ories ( ,philosophy 9 ,engli%1 b no manual on ?is subject s cle>1 concise1 & compreh5sive z ! "o n[ pres5t$4 ,s*wegl]'s "w be>s ! m>ks ( great le>n+1 & is evid5tly writt5 by "o :o has n only /udi$ ! orig9al s\rces = su* a hi/ory1 b has ?\ght out = himself ! sy/ems ( :i* he treats4 ,he has ?us seiz$ ^u ! real g]m ( ea* sy/em1 & trac$ its process ( developm5t ) great cle>ness & accuracy4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( speculation1 f ,?ales to ! pres5t "t1 is pres5t$ 9 its consecutive ord]4 ,?is ri* & important field ( /udy1 hi!rto s greatly neglect$1 w1 x is hop$1 receive a new impulse among ,am]ican /ud5ts ?r\gh ,mr4 ,seelye's translation4 ,x is a book1 moreov]1 invaluable = ref]5ce1 & %\ld be 9 ! possession ( e public & private libr>y4 ,f ,l4 ,p4 ,,hickok1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ,union ,college4 ,i h _h opportunity to he> a l>ge "p ( ,rev4 ,mr4 ,seelye's translation ( ,s*wegl]'s ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy read f manuscript1 & ,i d n hesitate to say t x is a fai?ful1 cle>1 & rem>kably precise ,engli% r5d]+ ( ?is invaluable ,epitome ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,x is exce$+ly desirable t x %\ld be giv5 to ,am]ican /ud5ts ( philosophy 9 ! ,engli% language1 & ,i h no expectation ( its m favorable & successful accompli%m5t ?an 9 ?is pres5t attempt4 ,i %\ld imm$iately introduce x z a text-book 9 ! graduate's dep>tm5t "u my own in/ruction1 if x be favorably publi%$1 & _c d\bt t o!r tea*]s w rejoice to avail !mselves ( ! l assi/ance f x4 ,f ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,smi?1 ,pr(essor ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology1 ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x w well rew>d dilig5t /udy1 & is "o ( ! be/ works = a text-book 9 our colleges ^u ?is neglect$ bran* ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,f ,n4 ,,port]1 ,pr(essor ( ,intellectual ,philosophy 9 ,yale ,college4 ,x is ! only book translat$ f ! ,g]man :i* pr(esses to give an acc\nt ( ! rec5t ,g]man sy/ems :i* seems adapt$ to give any intelligible in=mation on ! subject to a novice4 ,f ,,geo4 ,p4 ,,fi%]1 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity 9 ,yale ,college4 ,x is really ! be/ ,epitome ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy n[ accessible to ! ,engli% /ud5t4 ,f ,,joseph ,,hav51 ,pr(essor ( ,m5tal ,philosophy 9 ,amh]/ ,college4 ,z a manual & brief summ>y ( ! :ole range ( speculative inquiry1 ,i "k ( no "w :i* /rikes me m favorably4 ,moral ,philosophy4 ,elem5ts ( ,moral ,philosophy3 ,,analytical1 ,,syn!tical1 ,,& ,,practical4 ,,by ,,hubb>d ,,w9sl[4 #abmo4 #dhj pages4 ,price #a #be4 ,?is "w is an orig9al & ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! fundam5tal laws ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 & ( _! relations to ,*ri/ianity & to practical life4 ,x has already tak5 a firm /& among our highe/ works ( lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,f ! num]\s comm5dations ( x by our mo/ le>n$ & compet5t m51 we h room = only ! foll[+ brief extracts3 ,f ! ,,rev4 ,,?omas ,h4 ,,sk9n]1 ,d4 ,d41 ( ! ,union ,!ol4 ,sem41 ,n4 ,y4 ,x is a "w ( uncommon m]it1 on a subject v difficult to be treat$ well4 ,8 analysis is complete4 ,he has %unn$ no "q :i* 8 purpose requir$ him to answ]1 & he has met no adv]s>y :i* he has n ov]come4 ,f ,,rev4 ,l4 ,p4 ,,hickok1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ,union ,college4 ,i deem ! book well adapt$ to ! ends propos$ 9 ! preface4 ,! /yle is cle>1 ! ?\ghts p]spicu\s4 ,i ?9k x calculat$ to d good1 to promote ! tru?1 to diffuse light1 & imp>t in/ruction to ! community1 9 a dep>tm5t ( /udy ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to mank9d4 ,f ,,rev4 ,,james ,,walk]1 ,d4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,hav+ c>efully exam9$ ! m critical p>ts1 to :i* my att5tion has be5 especially direct$1 ,i am free to express my conviction ( ! great cle>ness1 discrim9ation1 & accuracy ( ! "w1 & ( its admirable adaptation to its object4 ,f ,,rev4 ,,ray ,,palm]1 ,d4 ,d41 ( ,albany4 ,i h exam9$ ?is "w ) great pleasure1 & d n hesitate to say t 9 my judgm5t x is greatly sup]ior to any treatise ,i h se51 9 all ! ess5tial requisites ( a good text-book4 ,f ,,pr(4 ,,r\sseau ,d4 ,,hit*cock1 ,d4 ,d41 ( ,union ,!ol4 ,sem41 ,n4 ,y4 ,! task ( m$iat+ betwe5 sci5ce & ! popul> m9d1 is "o t requires a peculi> gift ( p]spicuity1 bo? 9 ?\ght & /yle2 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 ! au?or possesses 9 an em95t degree4 ,i am pleas$ ) its compreh5siv5ess1 its pla9ness1 & its fidelity to ! ,*ri/ian /&-po9t4 ,f ,,pr(4 ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,smi?1 ,d4 ,d41 ( ! ,union ,!ol4 ,sem41 ,n4 ,y4 ,x comm5ds itself by its cle> arrangem5t ( ! topics1 its p]spicuity ( language1 & its con/ant practical be>+s4 ,i am p>ticul>ly pleas$ ) its views ( consci5ce4 ,its frequ5t & p]t95t illu/rations1 & ! ,scriptural "* ( its explanations ( ! p>ticul> duties1 w make ! "w bo? attractive & valuable z a text-book1 9 imp>t+ in/ruction ^u ?is vital "p ( philosophy4 ,f ,w4 ,d4 ,,wilson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,intellectual & ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,hob>t ,free ,college4 ,i h exam9$ ! "w ) c>e1 & h adopt$ x z a text-book 9 ! /udy ( ,moral ,sci5ce4 ,i consid] x n only s\nd 9 doctr9e1 b cle> & sy/ematic 9 me?od1 & )al p]vad$ ) a prevail+ heal?y tone ( s5tim5t1 :i* _c fail to leave beh9d1 9 addition to ! tru?s x inculcates1 an impression 9 favor ( ^? tru?s4 ,i e/eem ?is "o ( ! greate/ m]its ( ! book4 ,9 ?is respect x has no equal1 s f> z ,i "k2 & ,i d n hesitate to speak ( x z be+ pref]able to any o!r "w yet publi%$1 = use 9 all in/itutions :]e ,moral ,philosophy =ms a dep>tm5t 9 ! c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,transcrib]s' ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,?is text spells gauge z guage 9 all b "o in/ance2 none *ang$ "h4 ,page #cd3 by a break put on p]haps %\ld be brake4 ,page #dj3 convey$ upw>ds f\rte5 probably %\ld be convey$ upw>ds ( f\rte54 ,page #gj3 ! prep>e surfac$ probably is a mispr9t = surface4 ,page #hc3 re-ag5ts 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #aig3 di/il 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #bjh3 metropolitian 0 pr9t$ t way4