,,beautiful ,,f]ns4                     
,,f                ,,orig9al            
,,wat]-,,color ,,draw+s ,,aft] ,,nature1
                     ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,faxon
 & ,j4 ,h4 ,,em]ton4                    
,descriptive ,text by ,daniel ,cady     
,eaton1                    ,,pr(essor   
,,( ,,botany ,,9 ,,yale ,,college4      
,,bo/on3                                
,,e/es ,,& ,,lauriat4                   
#ahhf4                                  
,copyright1 #ahhe1                      
,by ,h4 ,b4 ,nims & ,company4           
,,illu/rations4        ,am]ican         
,maid5-,hair    ,o/ri*-,f]n    ,alp9e   
,bee*-,f]n            ,fragrant         
,wood-,f]n    ,goldie's ,wood-,f]n      
,webby ,lip-,f]n            ,eaton's    
,lip-,f]n    ,male ,f]n    ,trifoliate  
,cliff-,brake            ,clayton's     
,cliff-,brake            ,sl5d]         
,cliff-,brake    ,ev]gre5 ,wood-,f]n    
,walk+-,leaf            ,p9natifid      
,sple5wort    ,s5sitive ,f]n            
,,am]ican ,,maid5-,,hair4               

,illu/ration3                           
,,adiantum ,,p$atum1 ,l9nu4             
,am]ican ,maid5-hair4      ,adiantum    
p$atum3--,root-/ock creep+1 scaly1 &    
copi\sly root+2  /alks scatt]$1 a foot  
or m high1 d>k-br[n & poli%$1 =k$ at  ! 
top2 fronds six to fifte5 in*es broad1  
membranace\s1 smoo?1  spread+ ne>ly     
horizontally1 compos$ ( sev]al 7six to  
f\rte57  sl5d] divisions radiat+ f !    
out] side ( ! recurv$ bran*es  ( ! /alk1
 & be>+ num]\s oblong or                
triangul>-oblong  %ort-/alk$ p9nules    
hav+ ! l[] m>g9 entire & (t5 slightly   
concave1 ! base p>allel ) ! poli%$      
hairlike ra*is1 ! upp]  m>g9 lob$ or    
cleft & be>+ a few oblong-lunate or     
transv]sely  l9e> reflex$ involucres2   
sporangia on ! inn] surface ( !         
involucres 7z 9 all ,adianta71 borne on 
! ext5d$ apices ( !  free =k+ ve9lets1  
:i* proce$ f a pr9cipal ve9 closely     
p>allel to ! l[] m>g9 ( ! p9nule4       
,adiantum p$atum1 ,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4  
#aeeg4--,?unb]g1 ,flora ,japonica1      

p4 #cci4--,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4       
#aba4--,s*kuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ajg1 
t4        #aae4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41   
v41 p4 #dch4--,mi*aux1 ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am41 
ii41 p4        #bfc4--,pur%1 ,fl4 ,am4  
,sept41 ii41 p4 #fgj4--,torrey1 ,fl4 (  
,n4 ,y41 ii41        p4 #dhg4--;,gray1  
,manual4--,rupre*t1 ,di/rib4 ,crypt4    
,vasc41 9 ,imp4        ,ross41 p4       
#di4--;,hook]1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4      
#bh4--;,brack5ridge1 ,filices        ( !
 ,u4 ,s4 ,expl4 ,exp$41 p4              
#ajj4--;,eaton1 9 ,p>ry's ,exp$4 to     
,japan1 ii41 p4 #cbi4--,maxim[icz1      
,primiti ,fl4 ,amur5sis1 p4             
#cda4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41  
p4 #dg2 ,prolusio ,fl4 ,japon4 9        
,ann4 ,mus4 ,bot4 ,lugd4-,batav41 iii41 
p4 #aga4--;,hook]  ,bak]1 ,syn4         
,fil41 p4 #abe4--,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 et 
,atl41 p4 #ca4--,keys]l+1 ,g54          
,adiantum1 9 ,mem4 ,acad4 ,petrop41 s]4 
vii41 xxii41 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #e1           
#bh4    ,adiantum ,am]icanum1 ,cornutus1
 ,canad4 ,pl4 ,hi/41 p4 #g1 t4 #f       

7#afce74    ,maid5 ,hair1 or ,cappellus 
v5]is v]us1 ,josselyn1 ,new ,engl&s     
,r>ities ,discov]$1 p4 #ee 7#afgb74     
,adiantum fronde supra-decomposita      
bip>tita1 foliis p>tialibus             
alt]nis1 foliolis trapezi=mibus obtusis1
 ,gronovius1 ,flora        ,virg9ica    
7#agci71 p4 #abc4 7,= o!r anci5t        
ref]5ces see        ,l9nu1 z quot$      
above47    ,adiantum boreale1 ,presl1   
,t5t4 ,pt]id41 p4 #aeh4      ,hab4--,9  
ri*1 moi/ woods1 especially among rocks4
 ,common f ,new    ,brunswick & ,canada 
s\?w>d to ,c5tral ,alabama1 ,pr(essor   
,eug5e ,a4    ,smi?1 & we/w>d to ,lake  
,sup]ior1 ,wiscons91 & ,arkansas4 ,also 
9    ,utah1 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,briti% 
,columbia1 ! isl&s ( ,alaska1           
,kamts*atka1 ,japan1 ,mant*ooria1 & !   
,himalayan prov9ces ( ,india4           
,rupre*t speaks ( specim5s f ,newf\ndl&1
 & ,pr(essor ,gray    in=ms me t x exi/s
 9 ,de ,la ,pylaie's collection f t     
isl&4    ,description4--,! root-/ock is 
elongat$ & creep+4 ,x is ab\t !  diamet]

 ( a goose-quill1 is cov]$ ) m9ute ovate
 scales1 roots  copi\sly f b5ea? & along
 ! sides1 & produces fronds f !  "r &   
left sides alt]nately4 ,! /alks are     
usually f a foot to  fifte5 in*es high1 
& f half a l9e to a l9e 9 ?ickness4 ,:5 
v "y1 !y be> a few scatt]$ n>r[ scales2 
b ^! soon fall  (f1 leav+ m9ute po9t$   
sc>s4 ,! mature /alk is r\ndi% 9        
section1 ! convexity be+ greate/ on !   
side :i* corresponds to  ! "u surface ( 
! frond4 ,! two convexities1 ant]ior &  
po/]ior1 are sep>at$ by two obscure     
angles or ridges1 :i* ext5d  ! :ole l5g?
 ( ! /alk4 ,! ant]ior1 or flatt]1 convex
 surface  is ne>ly black1 :ile ! o!r    
side is a d>k purpli% br[n4 ,!          
fibro-vascul> bundle is ,u-%ap$ ne> !   
base ( ! /alk2 b high]  up x is m l a   
broad1 op5 ,v2 & j bel[ ! =k+ ( !  /alk 
x sep>ates into two portions4 ,! two    
bran*es ( ! /alk  div]ge at an angle (  
ab\t fifty degrees1 & rise obliquely1   
gracefully recurv+ till !y ne>ly meet   
aga94 ,f ! out] side (  ! curve ea*     

bran* s5ds out f two to sev5 sl5d]      
div]g+  bran*lets1 :i* are ! ra*ises ( !
 p9n4 ,! bran*lets ne>e/  ! =k+ ( ! /alk
 are f f\r to fifte5 in*es long1 ^? m   
remote successively %ort]4 ,?us ! :ole  
frond is f five or six to  fifte5 or    
eighte5 in*es broad1 &1 :ile some:at    
funnel-=m 9 !  c5tre1 radiates ne>ly    
horizontally t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,a    
press$  specim5 c give b little idea (  
its graceful position4    ,! p9nules1 or
 leaflets1 are f six to twelve l9es     
long1 & ?ree  or f\r broad1 & are plac$ 
alt]nately on ! ra*ises ( ! p9n4  ,!y   
are v num]\s1 seldom few] ?an twelve on 
ea* side ( "o (  ! middle 7or l[]7      
ra*ises1 & 9 l>ge fronds sometimes z _m 
z  =ty on ea* side4 ,! out] ra*ises be> 
few] & few] p9nules1 &  ! out]mo/ ( ev5 
a v l>ge frond w n h m ?an eight or  t5 
on ea* side4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! ra*is  
by a v %ort &  sl5d] /alk4 ,_! usual =m 
is dimidiate-oblong2 t is1 !y appe>  z  
if cut 9 two longitud9ally1 & ! l[] half
 remov$1 s t !  l[] edge is entire1 &   

/raight1 or (t5 slightly holl[$2 ! base1
  or edge ne>e/ ! ra*is1 is also /raight
 & entire2 x is p>allel  ) ! ra*is1 or  
ev5 ov]laps x a little2 ! upp] edge is m
 or  less lob$ or incis$1 b 9 g5]al     
ne>ly p>allel ) ! l[]1 &  ! end is r\nd$
 & slightly lob$4 ,! po9t ( atta*m5t is1
 (  c\rse1 at ! angle betwe5 ! l[] &    
basal edges4 ,! t]m9al  p9nule ( ea*    
p9na1 & ! basal "o1 :i*1 inde$1 v (t5   
proce$s f "o ( ! recurv$ bran*es j bel[ 
! orig9 ( !  p9na1 are broadly cuneate  
or transv]sely oblong 9 %ape1 ! two     
sides  :i* meet at ! po9t ( atta*m5t be+
 equal2 & ! few p9nules  ne> ! basal "o 
are %ort] & m triangul> ?an ! middle    
ones4  ,! texture is delicately         
membranace\s1 b ela/ic2 ! color is a    
lively gre51 & bo? surfaces are v smoo?4
 ,! upp] surface  appe>s to be de/itute 
( /omata2 & ?is may be ! reason :y wat] 
w n adh]e to ! p9nules1 b ei!r falls (f1
 or /&s 9  sph]oids ready to fall4 ,!   
ve9s are free3 9 ! symmetrical basal &  
apical p9nules ! ve9lets =k repeat$ly f 

! v base2 b 9  ! oblong middle p9nules  
!re is a fa9t pr9cipal ve9 runn+ close  
to ! l[] edge2 & f ?is ! ve9lets div]ge 
obliquely1 & =k  ab\t ?ree times be=e   
rea*+ ! sup]ior m>g94 ,! incisions (  ! 
sup]ior m>g9 are usually v n>r[1 & ext5d
 only to ab\t  "o-?ird ( ! bread? ( !   
p9nule2 b 9 "s specim5s f  ,cali=nia &  
,oregon !y are wid] & consid]ably deep]4
 ,! lobes  are f f\r to six or sev5 9   
numb]3 9 /]ile fronds !y are  m9utely   
too!d at ! end2 b 9 ! common] f]tile    
fronds !y are  reflex$ & *ang$ 9 "*1 s z
 to =m some:at cresc5t-%ap$  or         
transv]sely elongat$ involucres ( a     
pale-br[ni% color4 ,! tips  ( ! ve9lets 
ext5d into ^! involucres1 & be> !       
sporangia on  ! "u or inn] surface4 ,9  
?is peculi>ity is ! ess5tial g5]ic  "* (
 ,adiantum4 ,! spores ( ?is species are 
sph]oid-tetrah$ral1 ! ?ree radiat+      
angles m>k$ ) sl5d]  vitt1 or b&s4 ,!y  
are mature 9 ! latt] "p ( summ]2 b !    
fronds rema9 until fro/1 (t5 *ang+ f    
gre5 to v>iegat$ %ades  ( br[n4    ,!re 

d n seem to be any well-m>k$ v>iations 9
 ?is f]n4 ,rupre*t  has a 8v>4          
,aleuticum10 ! ,ad4 boreale ( ,presl1   
sep>at$ ma9ly on  acc\nt ( its small]   
size & few] p>ts4    ,! g5us ,adiantum  
conta9s eighty-?ree species1 accord+ to 
,mr4  ,bak]'s e/imate2 b ?is numb] is   
r$uc$ to sixty-sev5 by ! m  rec5t & v   
c>eful rec5sion ( ,keys]l+4 ,! species  
v>y 9 =m  f a simple & r5i=m frond an   
in* or two 9 diamet] to o!rs  ) ample   
trip9nate & ev5 quadrip9nate fronds4 ,! 
species )  di/9ctly bip>tite & radiat$  
fronds are ,ad4 pat5s1 hispidulum1  &   
fiabellulatum4 ,a4 pat5s is f\nd 9      
,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4  ,x is a     
small] plant ?an ,a4 p$atum1 & has      
deeply-sunk5 r5i=m  involucres4 ,! o!r  
two occur 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,asia1 !         
hispidulum  ext5d+ to ,africa & to ,new 
,zeal&1 & ! flabellulatum to ,japan3  ! 
=m] has hispid surfaces & small r\ndi%  
involucres2 & !  latt] has              
ru/y-fibrillose ra*ises1 coriace\s      
p9nules1 &  transv]sely oblong          

sub-conflu5t involucres4 ,ad4 pat5s     
foll[s !  =m & bran*+ ( our f]n v       
closely2 b ! two ,old-,_w  species (t5  
dep>t f x1 & %[ a t5d5cy to develop     
bran*es on  "o or o!r ( ! longe/ p9n1   
?us indicat+ an approa* t[>ds a         
pyramidal /ructure ( ! frond4    ,!     
rema9+ ,adianta ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are   
,ad4 ,capillus-,v5]is  7,l9nu71 f\nd f  
,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,cali=nia2 ,ad4        
em>g9atum  7,hook]71 :i* is ! ,ad4      
,*il5se ( ,am]ican botani/s1 b n (      
,kaulfuss1 f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon2 &
 ,ad4 tri*olepis 7,fe71  :i* occurs 9   
,texas & ,cali=nia1 & ext5ds s\?w>ds to 
,c5tral  ,am]ica4    ,! ,am]ican        
,maid5-hair is easily cultivat$1 & w gr[
 v freely  ei!r 9 a %ad$ corn] ( a g>d5 
or 9 ! h\se1 & is p]haps  m elegant &   
graceful ?an any o!r ( our f]ns1 !      
climb+-f]n  sc>cely except$4 ,josselyn  
evid5tly mi/ook x = ! ,v5us-hair1 "o  ( 
! *ief +r$i5ts 9 a syrup :i* 0 =m]ly a  
fam\s rem$y  = ne>ly all ailm5ts1 &     
said1 8,! ,apo!c>ies = %ame n[ w        

sub/itute ,wall-,rue no m = ,maid5      
,hair1 s9ce x gr[s 9  abundance 9       
,new-,engl&1 f :5ce !y may h good /ore40
      ,mr4 ,em]ton's figure is tak5 f a 
liv+ plant1 & %[s ! frond    z x appe>s 
be=e x has be5 flatt5$ 9 a collector's  
portfolio4                              
,,o/ri*-,,f]n4      ,illu/ration3       
,,onoclea ,,/ru?iopt]is1 ,h(fmann4      
,o/ri*-,f]n4      ,onoclea              
,/ru?iopt]is3--,caudex %ort1 ?ick1      
erect1 emitt+ sl5d]  subt]ranean /olons2
 /alks /\t1 a few in*es to a foot long1 
*affy  at ! base2 fronds /&+ 9 a vase-l 
cr[n1 dimorph\s2 /]ile  ones "o to t5   
feet high1 h]baceo-membranace\s1 broadly
 lanceolate1  n>r[$ f ! middle to !     
base1 abruptly %ort-acum9ate1 p9nate2   
p9n v _m1 sessile1 ! l[e/ ones s9uate & 
deflex$1 ! re/  ?ree to eight in*es     
long1 five to n9e l9es wide1            
l9e>-lanceolate1  acum9ate1 deeply      
p9natifid into num]\s close-plac$ oblong
 obtuse  entire segm5ts provid$ ) a     
midve9 & sev]al simple ve9lets on  ea*  

side2 f]tile fronds 9 ! middle ( ! cr[n 
or vase1 mu*  %ort] ?an ! /]ile1 rigid1 
contract$1 n>r[$ at ! base1  p9nate2 p9n
 "o to two in*es long1 cr[d$1 obliquely 
asc5d+1  l9e>1 obtuse1 sub-entire or    
p9nately lob$1 ! lobes "o or two l9es   
long & broad1 ! m>g9s mu* recurv$1 & !  
:ole p9na =m+ a  some:at articulat$     
pod-l body2 ve9lets ( ! f]tile segm5ts  
few1  sorif]\s on ! back2 receptacle    
elevat$2 indusium v delicate1           
lac]ate-too!d1 half surr\nd+ ! sorus2   
sporangia at l5g?  conflu5t & fill+ !   
f]tile p9n4    ,onoclea ,/ru?iopt]is1   
,h(fmann1 8,deuts*l&s ,flora1 p4 #aa    
7#agie740--,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4      
#aaa4--,web]  ,mohr1 ,tas*5bu*1 p4      
#dg1 t4 iv41 f4 #c1 #d4--,s*kuhr1       
,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ig1 t4               
#aje4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41  
p4 #ig1 t4 xvii41 f4 #aa-ae4--,milde1   
,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atlant41 p4 #aed4       
,onoclea nodulosa1 ,s*kuhr1 ,krypt4     
,gew41 p4 #ig1 t4 #ajd 7,p]haps also (  
,mi*aux1 b ?is is /ill unc]ta974        

,onoclea ,g]manica1 ,hook]1 ,sp4 ,fil41 
iv41 p4 #afa4--;,hook]  ,bak]1 ,syn4    
,fil41 p4 #df4    ,osmunda ,/ru?iopt]is1
 ,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aebb4            
,/ru?iopt]is ,g]manica1 ,willd5[1       
8,enum1 p4 #ajga20 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4    
#bhh4--,l9k1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,b]ol41 p4    
#ch4--;,hook]1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 
#bfb4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4
 #dhf4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4     
#fbc1 etc4--,ko*1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,g]m4 et   
,helv41 ed4 iii41 p4                    
#gci4--,williamson1 ,f]n-,et*+s1 t4 #dd4
    ,/ru?iopt]is ,p5nsylvanica1         
,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4             
#bhi4--,pur%1        ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41  
ii41 p4 #bff4--,torrey1 ,comp5dium1 p4  
#che4--;,bigel[1        ,fl4 ,bo/on41   
ed4 iii41 p4 #dba4    ,/ru?iopt]is1 !   
g5us only1 ,willd5[1 9 ,b]l4 ,mag41     
#ahji1 p4 #afj4      ,hab4--,l[ gr\nds1 
especially 9 f9e alluvial soil subject  
to !    ov]fl[ ( riv]s2 f ! ,saskat*ewan
 & ,lake ,w9nipeg to ,new    ,brunswick1
 & s\?w>d to ,p5nsylvania & ,ill9ois4   

,m5tion$ by    ,alex&] ,braun z com+ f  
,arkansas4 ,f ,lapl& to ,sicily1 &      
ea/w>d to ! ,amoor region1 ,sa*al9 &    
,kamts*atka4 ,n kn[n 9    ! we/]n p>ts (
 ei!r ,europe or ,am]ica4               
,description3--,! o/ri*-f]n is "o ( our 
f9e/ f]ns1 be+ surpass$  9 gr&eur only  
by ,acro/i*um aureum1 ,woodw>dia        
radicans1 &  p]haps ,osmunda regalis4 ,!
 plant is propagat$ *iefly by long &    
sl5d] /olons1 be>+ appress$ rudim5t>y   
/alk-bases4 ,^! /olons  are said by     
,sa*s to orig9ate f buds =m$ on ! /alks 
ne> !  base3 !y run und]gr\nd = sev]al  
in*es or a foot1 & at ! end  rise to !  
surface & !re ?ick5 into a %ort erect   
caudex1 cov]$  by imbricat+ /alk-bases1 
& ?r[+ up f ! apex a gr&  vase-l circle 
( foliage1 :i* is (t5 high] ?an a man's 
head1 &  sometimes ext5ds above 8 utmo/ 
rea*4    ,! /alks are seldom ov] a foot 
long3 !y are flatt5$1 blacki%1 &  *affy 
at ! base1 b above gr\nd !y are gre51   
dry+ dull-br[n1  some:at f\r-sid$1 &    
deeply *annell$ 9 front1 :5 dri$ furr[$ 

on ! sides also4 ,!y conta9 two flatt5$ 
fibro-vascul> bundles4 ,!  /alks ( !    
/]ile fronds are r long] ?an ! o!rs1 b m
  rigid1 & rema9 erect till ! second    
ye>4    ,! /]ile fronds are             
oblong-lanceolate 9 outl9e1 gradually   
n>r[$  to ! base f ne> ! middle &       
abruptly %ort acum9ate4 ,! p9n  are     
usually ( ne>ly equal bread? f ! base to
 beyond ! middle4  ,!y are p9natifid to 
)9 a l9e ( ! midrib into num]\s oblong  
& obtuse segm5ts1 ! ve9s ( :i* are free1
 simple & p9nately  arrang$ on a midve94
    ,! f]tile fronds are produc$ late 9 
! summ]1 & are contract$1  mu* %ort] ?an
 ! o!rs1 & v rigid4 ,! p9n are sometimes
  ne>ly entire1 & 9 o!r examples        
p9nately lob$4 ,! m>g9s are  v mu*      
recurv$1 s t ! p9n are pod-l1 & ei!r    
sub-cyl9drical or some:at monili=m4 ,!  
v5ation is free1 & !  sori are dorsal on
 ! ve9s4 ,mr4 ,faxon writes3 8,!        
indusium c be  detect$ only :5 ! f]tile 
frond is v "y1 & appe>s z a v  delicate1
 lac]ate membrane1 atta*$ at ! base ( ! 

receptacle1 &  s]v+ to sep>ate ! sorus f
 its neighbors4 ,i h n f\nd x 9  any    
case hood-l z 9 ,o4 s5sibilis4 ,! sori  
are quickly conflu5t1  & all trace ( !  
indusium is soon lo/4 ,! membranace\s   
edge ( !  trans=m$ f]tile p9na is atta*$
 ne> ! bases ( ! inf]ior sori  & a fold 
is usually f\nd press$ aga9/ ! sori z   
se5 9 !  draw+ 7,fig4 #c74 ,?is is      
usually ruptur$1 s z to leave a portion 
atta*$ at ! base ( ! sorus1 & mu/ n be  
mi/ak5 = ! true  indusium1 :i* is )940  
,! sporangia h tw5ty-six or tw5ty-eight 
articulations ( ! r+4  ,! spores are    
d>k-color$ & ovoid4    ,imp]fectly      
f]tile fronds are (t5 f\nd1 :i* are     
analog\s to !  8obtusilobata0 condition 
( ,o4 s5sibilis4                        
,,alp9e ,,bee*-,,f]n4                   
,,fragrant ,,wood-,,f]n4                
,illu/ration3                           
,,phegopt]is ,,alpe/ris1 ,mett5ius4     
,alp9e ,bee*-,f]n4      ,phegopt]is     
alpe/ris3--,root-/ock %ort & ?ick1 erect
 or oblique2  /alks sub-t]m9al1 f\r to  

t5 in*es long1 be>+ a few br[n  spread+ 
scales ne> ! base2 fronds "o to two feet
 long1  oblong-lanceolate1 membranace\s1
 smoo?1 p9nate ) delicately             
bi-p9natifid deltoid-lanceolate p9n1 !  
l[] ones di/ant1 &  decreas+ mod]ately2 
p9nules ovate-oblong or                 
oblong-lanceolate1 d\bly  incis$ &      
too!d2 sori small1 r\nd$1 nak$1 usually 
copi\s on all  or all b ! l[e/ p9n4     
,phegopt]is alpe/ris1 ,mett5ius1 ,fil4  
,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #hc2 ,phegopt]is1     
p4 #aj4    ,polypodium alpe/re1 ,hoppe1 
89 ,spr5g4 ,sy/4 ,veg41 iv41 p>4 ii41 p4
        #cbj40--,ko*1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,g]m41 
8ed4 #b1 p4 #igd20 ed4 #c1 p4           
#gca4--,moore1        ,nat4 ,pr4 ,brit4 
,f]ns1 t4 vii4--,hook]  ,arnott1 ,brit4 
,fl41 ed4 #g1 p4        #ehb4--;,hook]1 
,brit4 ,f]ns1 t4 vi42 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41  
p4 #bea4--;,hook]         ,bak]1 ,syn4  
,fil41 p4 #caa4    ,aspidium alpe/re1   
,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #dba4--,s*kuhr1 
,krypt4 ,gew41 p4        #eh1 t4 #fj4   
,aspl5ium alpe/re1 ,mett5ius1 ,aspl5ium1

 p4 #aih1 t4 vi41 figs4 #a-f4           
,pseuda?yrium alpe/re1 ,newman1         
8,phytologi/1 iv41 p4 #cgj20 ,hi/4      
,brit4        ,f]ns1 ed4 iii41 p4 #bjj4 
,a?yrium alpe/re1 8,nyl&]20 ,milde1     
,fil4 ,eu4  ,atl41 p4 #ec4              
,polypodium rhticum1 ,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,pl41  
p4 #aeeb1 fide ,s*kuhr1 l4 c42        b 
,moore ?9ks ! plant n ! same4           
,aspidium rhticum1 ,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 
p4 #ei4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4    
#bhj4      ,hab4--,among rocks at high  
elevations2 on ,lass5's ,peak1 ,m\nt    
,%a/a1    ,pyramid ,peak1 ,m\nt ,rose1 &
 o!r high po9ts 9 ! ,si]ra (            
,cali=nia1 ,brew]1 ,lemmon1 ,muir2      
,cascade ,m\nta9s ( ,briti%             
,columbia1 ,lyall4 ,9 ! ,alps & !       
m\nta9s ( ,nor!rn ,europe2 also    9 !  
,caucasus1 & 9 ,asia ,m9or4             
,description4--,! root-/ock is r %ort1 b
 bran*+1 & seems to  =m great entangl$  
masses4 ,! fronds /& 9 a cr[n or circle1
  ris+ f ! end ( ! root-/ock1 :i* is    
made ?ick & heavy )  ! *affy bases ( =m]

 /alks4 ,mr4 ,lemmon writes ?us3 8,x    
gr[s 9 a  limit$ locality1 s f> z ,i "k1
 ne> ! summit ( ,m\nt ,rose1 ne>  ,webb]
 ,lake1 & say at an elevation ( #g1jjj  
feet2 lat4 #ci ,n4 ,fronds  collect$    
into a l>ge mass f\r feet across1 %ort  
at ! circumf]5ce1  9 ! c5tre ?ree feet  
high2 mo/ ( !m f]tile1 & d5sely s1 z  9 
! specim5 s5t40    ,! /alks are usually 
b a few 7f\r to six7 in*es long1 & 9 !  
dri$ specim5s ( a br[ni% /raw-color1    
becom+ ne>ly black at !  base4 ,!y be> a
 few l>ge f]rug9\s *affy scales1 & are  
deeply  *annell$ & furr[$4 ,!           
fibro-vascul> sy/em ( ! /alk is  alt]$  
by contraction 9 dry+1 b app>5tly agrees
 ) ,dr4 ,milde's  description (         
,a?yrium3 8,!re are two oblong p]iph]ic 
bundles 9  ! base ( ! /alk1 :i*1 at !   
base ( ! lam9a1 are unit$  into "o ( a  
horse-%oe %ape by an arc p>allel to !   
back ( !  /alk40 ,9 ! middle ( a /alk f 
"o ( ! ,cali=nia specim5s ,i  f9d two   
sy/ems ( ducts1 "o on ea* side ( ! /alk1
 & ! two  unit$ by a curv$ & contort$   

bord] ( firm blacki% tissue             
7scl]5*yma74    ,! fronds are f "o to   
two feet long1 & f ?ree to six in*es    
wide4 ,9 g5]al %ape !y are              
oblong-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 &  slightly
 n>r[$ at ! base4 ,! texture is s(tly   
membranace\s1 &  bo? surfaces are smoo?4
 ,! prim>y p9n are num]\s1 ! l[] ones   
gradually f>!r ap>t3 _! %ape is         
lanceolate f a broad base4  ,!y are     
usually twice p9natifid1 ! p9nules be+  
connect$ by a v  n>r[ foliace\s bord]   
along ! midribs4 ,! ultimate segm5ts are
  %>ply too!d4 ,! fruit-dots are v      
abundant1 & usually are f\nd  on all !  
p9n4 ,!y are plac$ on ! back ( ! free   
ve9lets1 &  are app>5tly devoid (       
indusium2 ?\gh ,dr4 ,mett5ius has       
discov]$ on  "y fronds an exce$+ly      
delicate & fugitive indusium1 resembl+ 9
  "s degree t ( ,aspl5ium  ,a?yrium4    
,accord+ly1 9 8 lat]  "w1 he ref]r$ !   
species to ! g5us ,aspl5ium1 plac+ x    
next  to ,a4 ,filix-fm9a4 ,milde1 9 8 "w
 on ! f]ns ( ,europe &  ,atlantis1 s\ght

 to re-e/abli% ,a?yrium z a g5us1 &     
plac$ ?is  f]n 9 x1 say+ 8sori 444      
rotundi1 primum brevit] oblongi indusio 
fugaci m9utissimo ciliato in/ructi40 ,! 
spores are ovoid1 &  app>5tly cov]$ )   
ana/omos+ rais$ l9es4 ,^? ,i h exam9$   
are fusc\s-br[n1 b ,milde says 8sub-nigr
 v]rucos40    ,!re is a ,european v>4   
flexilis1 ) v n>r[1 ne>ly sessile       
fronds1 & ! p9n (t5 deflex$1 :i* has n  
be5 obs]v$ 9  ,am]ica4    ,und\bt$ly !  
greate/ resemblance ( ?is f]n is to !   
lady-f]n1  ,aspl5ium ,filix-fm9a2 b t   
species has a v well-develop$  indusium1
 :ile ! m9ute objects del9eat$ by       
,mett5ius sc>cely  des]ve ! "n4    ,!   
/alks are cle>ly cont9u\s ) ! root-/ock2
 & = ?is  reason ! plant is pla9ly n a  
,polypodium1 :atev] else x may  f9ally  
be det]m9$ to be4                       
,,aspidium ,,fragrans1 ,sw>tz4          
,fragrant ,wood-,f]n4      ,aspidium    
fragrans3--,root-/ock %ort & /\t1 v     
*affy1 ) ample  bright-br[n glossy      
scales1 :i* also ab\nd on ! %ort clu/]$ 

/alks1 & ext5d1 dim9i%+ 9 size1 ne>ly to
 ! top ( ! frond2  fronds               
rigid-membranace\s1 gl&ul>1 aromatic1   
f\r to t5 in*es long1  six to tw5ty-f\r 
l9es wide1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 n>r[$ f
 !  middle to ! base1 bip9nate2 p9n     
num]\s1 oblong-lanceolate2  p9nules _m1 
"o to two l9es long1 oblong1 obtuse1    
adnate by a  decurr5t base1 p9nately    
incis$ ) v m9ute cr5at$ tee?1 or 9      
small] fronds ne>ly entire1 ! back ne>ly
 hidd5 by ! l>ge ?9  imbricat+ indusia1 
:i* are orbicul> ) a n>r[ s9us1 & m or  
less too!d & gl&ul> ar\nd ! m>g94       
,aspidium fragrans1 ,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41
 p4 #ea4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4   
#bec4--;,hook]1 9 8,p>ry's #b;d ,voy41  
,app41 p4 #daj20 ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am41 p4    
#daj4--,rupre*t1 ,di/r4 ,crypt4 ,vasc4  
,imp4 ,ross41 p4 #ce4--,mett5ius1       
,aspid41 p4 #ef4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4  
#b1 p4 #eih4--,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 et    
,atlant41 p4 #aag4    ,polypodium       
fragrans1 ,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aeej4   
,poly/i*um fragrans1 ,l$eb\r1 8,fl4     

,ross41 iv41 p4 #ead40--,maxim[icz1     
,prim4 ,fl4 ,amur41 p4 #cci4            
,dryopt]is fragrans1 ,s*ott1 ,g54 ,fil41
 ,obs]v4 sub ,poly/i*o4    ,nephrodium  
fragrans1 ,ri*>dson1 8,app4 to ,frankl4 
,j\rn41 p4        #gec40--;,hook]       
,greville1 ,ic4 ,fil41 t4 lxx4--,hook]1 
,sp4 ,fil41 iv41        p4              
#abb4--;,hook]  ,bak]1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4  
#bge4    ,dryopt]is rubum idum spirans1 
,ammann1 8,ru?41 p4 #bea40              
,hab4--,9 crevices ( %ad$ cliffs1 & on  
mossy rocks1 especially ne>    cascades 
& rivulets1 f ,nor!rn ,new ,engl& to    
,wiscons91 &    nor?w>d to ,arctic      
,am]ica4 ,also 9 ! ,caucasus1 & 9       
,sib]ia1    ,mant*ooria1 & ,kamts*atka4 
,special ,am]ican localities are ,m\nt  
,k9eo1 ,ma9e1 ,a4 ,h4 & ,c4 ,e4 ,smi?2  
at ,b]l9 ,falls1 ! 8,alp9e    ,cascade10
 & ! 8,gul*10 all ne> ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 
,h4 ,willey2    ,m\nt ,mansfield1       
,v]mont1 ,c4 ,g4 ,pr+le2 ,lake          
,avalan*e1 ,adirondack    ,m\nta9s1 ,new
 ,york1 ,c4 ,h4 ,peck2 ,falls ( ,/4     

,croix1 ,wiscons91 ,c4 ,c4    ,p>ry1 &  
on ! ,p5okee ,iron ,range1 9 ! same     
,/ate1 ,lapham2    ,sagu5ay ,riv]1      
,canada1 ,d4 ,a4 ,watt4 ,x is app>5tly m
 common    f>!r nor?3 ,sitka1 ,iliuliuk1
 ,unalaska1 ,arakamt*et*5e1 ,kotzebue   
,bay1 ,igloolik1 ,ritt5b5k 9 ,gre5l&1 & 
sev]al o!r places1 are    record$ z     
/ations = x4    ,description4--,!       
root-/ock is r /\t1 asc5d+ or erect2 &  
its  app>5t ?ickness is mu* increas$ by 
! p]si/5t bases ( /alks1  :i* also give 
x a d5se cov]+ ( broad bright-br[n *affy
 scales4  ,! fronds1 frequ5tly to !     
numb] ( six or eight1 besides old &     
%rivell$ ones1 /& 9 a cr[n at ! upp] end
 ( ! root-/ocks1  re/+ on /alks f "o to 
f\r in*es long1 :i* are usually v       
*affy1 ! *aff cont9u$ along ! ra*is &   
midribs1 ?\gh compos$  ( small] scales  
?an ^? l[] d[n4 ,! fronds are f ?ree or 
f\r to t5 in*es 9 l5g?2 & ! greate/     
bread?1 j above !  middle1 is f "o-fif? 
to "o-six? ( ! l5g?4 ,! outl9e is       
exactly lanceolate1 z ! apex is acute1 &

 ! l[] "p gradually  tap]+ to a some:at 
n>r[$ base4 ,! fronds are delicately1 b 
d5sely1 bip9nate4 ,9 a frond n9e in*es  
long !re are ab\t ?irty  prim>y p9n on  
ea* side1 & 9 "o ( ! middle p9n ab\t t5 
oblong-ovate obtuse p9nately-incis$     
p9nules on ea* side4 ,! p9nules  are f a
 l9e to two l9es long1 & are adnate to !
 second>y ra*is  by a m or less decurr5t
 base4 ,9 l>ge fronds ! tee? ( !        
p9nules are aga9 cr5ately too!d2 b 9    
small specim5s ! p9nules  !mselves are  
entire1 or b slightly too!d4 ,two /]ile 
fronds  collect$ by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,w4   
,h>r+ton1 9 ,iliuliuk1 ,alaska1 are     
broadly  ovate-lanceolate 9 outl9e1 & h 
acute prim>y p9n2 & o!r  specim5s1 "s f 
,ea/]n ,canada1 collect$ by ,mr4 ,watt1 
& "s f  ,nor!rn ,wiscons91 collect$ by  
,mr4 ,lapham1 are mu* sl5d]] & less     
scaly ?an usual4 ,?is is ! v>4  (       
,hook]4 ,usually ! fronds are  r rigid1 
full-gre5 above1 a little pal] b5ea?1 & 
bo?  surfaces1 toge!r ) ! ra*is1        
especially ! canal along ! upp]  side ( 

! ra*is1 are dott$ ) v m9ute pellucid   
pale  amb]-color$ gl&s4 ,! fronds       
commonly fruit v fully1 ev5 !  l[e/ p9na
 be>+ sporangia4 ,! indusia are v l>ge1 
?91  orbicul>1 ) a n>r[ s9us1 m or less 
ragg$ or too!d &  gl&-be>+ at ! m>g91 & 
are s d5se z to ov]lap ea* o!r1  & ne>ly
 conceal ! back ( ! p9nules4 ,! spores  
are ovoid1 &  h a m9utely v]rucose or   
w>ty surface4    ,! pleasant odor ( !   
plant rema9s _m ye>s 9 ! h]b>ium4 ,!    
e>ly writ]s comp>e ! fragrance to t (   
raspb]ries1 & ,milde  repeats !         
obs]vation4 ,hook] & ,greville ?\ght x  
8n unlike t  ( ! common primrose40      
,maxim[icz /ates t ! odor is sometimes  
lack+4 ,milde quotes ,r$[sky z say+ t ! 
,yakoots ( ,sib]ia use  ! plant 9 place 
( tea2 &1 hav+ tri$ ! exp]im5t myself1  
,i c  te/ify to ! n unpleasant & v      
fragrant a/r+5cy ( !  infusion4      ,! 
illu/ration is tak5 f a plant collect$  
by ,mr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,watt on    ! ,sagu5ay  
,riv]1 9 ,canada4                       
,,goldie',s ,,wood-,,f]n4               

,illu/ration3                           
,,aspidium ,,goldianum1 ,hook]4         
,goldie's ,wood-,f]n4      ,aspidium    
,goldianum3--,root-/ock /\t1 asc5d+1    
*affy2 /alks ab\t a  foot long1 *affy at
 ! base ) l>ge ovate-acum9ate f]rug9\s  
or  deep-lu/r\s-br[n scales2 fronds /&+ 
9 a cr[n1 "o to two & a  half feet long1
 broadly ovate1 or ! f]tile ones        
oblong-ovate1  *>taceo-membranace\s1    
ne>ly smoo?1 bright-gre5 above1 a little
  pal] b5ea?1 p9nate2 p9n broadly       
lanceolate1 five to eight in*es  long1  
"o to two & a half broad1 usually1      
especially ! l[e/ ones1  n>r[] at ! base
 ?an 9 ! middle1 p9natifid almo/ to !   
midrib2  segm5ts num]\s1 oblong-l9e>1   
(t5 slightly falcate1 cr5ate1 or  s]rate
 ) %>p incurv$ tee?2 ve9s free1 mo/ly ) 
?ree  ve9lets1 ! l[e/ sup]ior ve9lets   
be>+ ne> _! base ! l>ge  sori v ne> !   
midve92 indusium l>ge1 flat1 smoo?1     
orbicul> )  a n>r[ s9us4    ,aspidium   
,goldianum1 ,hook]1 9 ,goldie's ,acc4 ( 
r>e ,canad4 ,pl4 9        ,ed9b4 ,phil4 

,j\rn41 vi41 p4 #ccc2 ,fl4 ,am4-,bor41  
ii41 p4        #bfj4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new
 ,york1 ii41 p4 #die4--;,gray1 ,manual1 
ed4 ii41 p4        #eih1 ed4 v41 p4     
#fff4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41  
p4 #ib2 ,aspid41 p4                     
#ef4--,williamson1 ,f]ns ( ,k5tucky1 p4 
#ie1 t4 xxxiv4    ,nephrodium           
,goldianum1 ,hook]  ,greville1 ,ic4     
,fil4 t4 cii4--,hook]1 ,sp4             
,fil41 iv41 p4 #aba4--;,hook]  ,bak]1   
,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #bgb4    ,la/rea        
,goldiana1 ,presl1 ,t5t4 ,pt]id41 p4    
#gf4--,lawson1 9 ,canad4 ,nat4          
i41 p4 #bhb4    ,dryopt]is ,goldiana1   
,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4 #fca4        
,aspidium ,filix-mas1 ,pur%1 ,fl4 ,am4  
,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffb4      ,hab4--,deep1
 rocky woods1 f ,canada & ,ma9e to      
,indiana1 ,virg9ia &    ,k5tucky4 ,x is 
also nam$ 9 local catalogues ( ! flora (
    ,wiscons9 & ,kansas4 ,n kn[n 9 !    
,old ,_w4    ,description3--,! root-/ock
 is creep+ or asc5d+1 sev]al in*es      
long1 & ne>ly an in* ?ick4 ,?is ?ickness

 is made up1 9  consid]able "p1 by !    
adh]5t bases ( old /alks2 ! /alks be+   
p]fectly cont9u\s ) ! root-/ock1 & s mu*
 cr[d$ z to  ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,:5 fre% ! 
root-/ock is fle%y1 & a  longitud9al    
section ( x %[s t its sub/ance passes s 
gradually  into t ( ! /alk-bases1 t no  
po9t ( sep>ation or di/9ction  betwe5 ! 
two c be select$4 ,?is k9d ( root-/ock  
is f\nd also 9  ,aspidium sp9ulosum &   
its allies1 9 ,a4 ,filix-mas1 ,a4       
cri/atum1  ,a4 m>g9ale1 ,a4 ,nevad5se1  
,a4 fragrans1 & ,a4 rigidum1 & 9  v _m  
exotic species1 & x is v unlike !       
root-/ocks ( ,a4  ,!lypt]is1 ,a4        
,noveborac5se1 & ,a4 unitum1 species :i*
 h  be5 already describ$ & figur$ 9 !   
pres5t "w4 ,!  p>5*ymat\s portion ( !   
root-/ock is load$ ) />* 9 v  m9ute     
gra9s1 z may be easily prov$ by add+ a  
drop ( alcoholic  solution ( iod9e to a 
?9 slice ( ! root-/ock plac$ "u a       
microscope1 :5 ! gra9s w be pres5tly se5
 to turn blue1 !  recogniz$ sign ( />*4 
,?is abundance ( nutritive mat]ial 9 !  

root-/ock enables x to s5d up a f9e     
circle ( l>ge fronds 9 !  prop] season (
 ! ye>4    ,! /alks are f n9e to fifte5 
in*es long1 r /\t1 gre5 :5  liv+1 b     
/raw-color :5 dri$ = ! h]b>ium1 9 :i*   
condition  !y are furr[$ 9 front & along
 ! two sides4 ,at ! base !y are  cov]$ )
 l>ge ovate-acum9ate br[n or sometimes  
d>k & %9+  scales4 ,mix$ 9 ) ^! are     
small] & n>r[] *affy scales1 :i*  also  
are f\nd along ! :ole l5g? ( ! /alk & ! 
ra*is4 ,!  cross-section ( ! /alk %[s   
two r l>ge r\ndi% fibro-vascul>  bundles
 on ! ant]ior side1 & ?ree1 ! middle "o 
l>ge/1 at !  back4    ,sev]al fronds are
 usually se5 gr[+ f a root-/ock1 ^?     
produc$  e>ly 9 ! season commonly /]ile1
 & %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,!  full-gr[n &    
f]tile fronds are (t5 two feet or two & 
a half feet  long1 & ab\t "o foot broad4
 ,! g5]al outl9e is oblong-ovate1 !     
l[e/ p9n be+ sc>cely1 if at all1 %ort]  
?an ^? 9 ! middle  ( ! frond4 ,!re are  
usually ab\t eight or t5 full-siz$ p9n  
ea*  side ( ! ra*is1 besides ! gradually

 dim9i%+ p9n ne> !  acute p9natifid     
apex4 ,! l>g] p9n are f five to eight   
in*es  long1 ! middle ones an in* or an 
in* & a half wide1 b ! l[e/  ones two   
in*es & a half broad4 ,! greate/ bread? 
( ! p9n is  usually ne> ! middle or ev5 
a little above ! middle1 s t !y  are    
slightly n>r[$ t[>ds ! base2 & 9 ?is "* 
lies "o (  ! readie/ di/9ctions betwe5  
?is f]n & ^? l>ge =ms ( ,a4  cri/atum1  
:i* h occasionally be5 mi/ak5 = ,a4     
,goldianum2 =  9 t o!r species ! greate/
 bread? ( ! p9n is uni=mly at  ! base4  
,! segm5ts ( ! p9n are f fifte5 to tw5ty
 ea* side !  midrib3 ! incisions d n    
ext5d q to ! midrib1 s t !  latt] is    
n>r[ly w+$1 & ! p9n are p9natifid r ?an 
p9nate4 ,! segm5ts are f n9e to eighte5 
l9es long1 & ab\t  ?ree l9es wide3 !y   
are set r obliquely on ! midrib1 & are  
(t5 slightly curv$ upw>ds1 or falcate4  
,!y are obtuse or some:at  acute1 & h ! 
edges cr5ate1 or m or less di/9ctly     
s]rate  ) %>p incurv$ tee?4    ,! ve9s  
are free1 & are p9nately =k$ into f ?ree

 to five  sl5d] oblique ve9lets1 ( :i* !
 l[e/ "o on ! upp] side is  ! longe/1 & 
be>s a fruit-dot ne> its base4 ,!       
fruit-dots are  seldom or nev] f\nd on !
 two or ?ree l[e/ p9n1 b on ! re/  !y   
are arrang$ 9 a r[ ea* side ! midve9s ( 
! segm5ts1 &  mu* ne>] ! midve9s ?an !  
m>g9s4 ,!re are 9 all f t5 to  tw5ty to 
a segm5t4    ,! indusia are l>g] ?an 9  
mo/ ( ! relat$ species1 flat1  p]fectly 
smoo?1 orbicul> ) a v n>r[ s9us1 &      
slightly  erose-cr5ulate on ! m>g94 ,9 !
 second edition ( ,gray's ,manual x  is 
said t ! indusium is 8(t5 orbicul> )\t a
 di/9ct s9us1  z 9 ,poly/i*um20 & x is  
sometimes difficult to see ! s9us1 b  ,i
 ?9k x is r because ! sides ( x ov]lap  
?an because !re  is none4 ,! sporangia h
 a r+ ( f fifte5 to tw5ty               
articulations4 ,! spores are ovoid1 &   
some:at r\gh5$ on !  surface4    ,?is   
f]n is "o ( ! v f9e/ & l>ge/ ( ! species
 ( !  ,ea/]n ,/ates1 be+ surpass$ 9 ^!  
respects only by ! osmundas  & !        
o/ri*-f]n4 ,! fronds are smoo?1         

deep-gre5 9 color1  slightly pal] b5ea?1
 & ( a r firm pap]y texture4 ,unlike ,a4
  ,filix-mas & ,a4 cri/atum ! fronds )] 
9 ! fall ( ! ye>1  & are n              
8half-ev]gre540    ,x 0 collect$ by     
,pur% on 8 visit to ,am]ica 9 ! e>ly "p 
(  ?is c5tury1 ! precise locality n     
kn[n1--9 ! ,flora he says 8,new  ,j]sey 
to ,virg9ia10--& 0 by him ref]r$ to ,a4 
,filix-mas4 ,8  specim5s1 pres]v$ 9 !   
h]b>ium at ,kew1 are p>tly ,a4          
,goldianum  & p>tly ,a4 cri/atum4 ,mr4  
,john ,goldie's discov]y 0 made ne>     
,montreal1 ab\t ! ye> #ahah1 & !        
excell5t figure 9 ,hook]   ,greville's  
,icones ,filicum 0 probably tak5 f "o ( 
8 specim5s1  or p]haps f live plants    
orig9ally br\ght by him to ! ,botanic   
,g>d5 at ,glasg[4    ,?\gh n "o ( our   
commone/ ,f]ns1 ?is is v abundant 9     
c]ta9  localities3--,mrs4 ,roy s5ds x f 
,ow5 ,s\nd1 ,canada2 ,dr4 ,bum/ead got  
x 9 ,smuggl]'s ,not*1 ,mt4 ,mansfield1  
,v]mont2 ,mr4 ,fro/ has a f9e  /ation on
 ,mt4 ,wanta/iquet1 ,new ,hamp%ire2 ,i  

f9d x pl5tiful & f9e  9 ! deep rav9e    
call$ ,ro>+ ,brook1 9 ,*e%ire1          
,connecticut2  ,pr(essor ,port] has x f 
,burgoon's ,gap1 9 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s
 (  ,p5nsylvania2 ,mrs4 ,mc,call1 ne>   
,madison1 ,ohio2 ,mr4 ,williamson 8f\nd 
x  9 great abundance ne> ! ,little      
,rockca/le ,riv]1 9 ,laurel ,c\nty10    
,k5tucky1 & ,mr4 ,curtis has twice s5t  
me f9e specim5s1 ) v d>k  scales at !   
base ( ! /alks1 f ! ,peaks ( ,ott]1     
,virg9ia4    ,! "n is sometimes writt5  
,goldieanum2 ,i give ! "n z x occurs  9 
,goldie's orig9al pap] 9 ! ,ed9burgh    
,philosophical ,j\rnal4      ,! specim5 
drawn by ,mr4 ,faxon is f ,v]mont1 & is 
repres5t$    ab\t two-?irds ( ! natural 
size4                                   
,,webby ,,lip-,,f]n4                    
,,eaton',s ,,lip-,,f]n4                 
,illu/ration3                           
,,*eilan!s ,,tom5tosa1 ,l9k4            
,webby ,lip-,f]n4      ,*eilan!s        
tom5tosa3--,root-/ock %ort1 *affy )     
glossy subulate  scales2 /alks tuft$1   

f\r to eight in*es long1 erect1 r /\t1  
clo!d ) s(t woolly pale-f]rug9\s hairs1 
int]mix$ ) o!rs  :i* are flatt5$ &      
decid$ly paleace\s2 fronds eight to     
fifte5  in*es long1 oblong-lanceolate1  
webby-tom5tose ) sl5d]  br[ni%-:ite     
obscurely articulat$ hairs1 especially  
b5ea?1  trip9nate2 prim>y & second>y p9n
 oblong or ovate-oblong2 ultimate       
p9nules closely plac$1 b di/9ct1        
r\ndi%-obovate1 sessile1 or  adnate to !
 t]ti>y ra*is1 "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( a
 l9e long1  ! t]m9al ones twice long]2  
involucres :iti%1 cont9u\s r\nd !       
p9nule & v n>r[4    ,*eilan!s tom5tosa1 
,l9k1 8,hort4 ,b]ol41 ii41 p4           
#db40--;,fil4 ,hort4        ,b]ol41 p4  
#fe4--,kunze1 9 ,sill4 ,j\rn41 ,july1   
#ahdh1 p4 #hg2 9        ,l9na1 xxiii41  
p4 #bde4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 ii41 p4  
#eib4--,mett5ius1        ,fil4 ,hort4   
,lips41 p4 #ej2 ,*eilan!s1 p4           
#cg4--;,eaton1 9 ,*apman's              
,flora1 p4 #eij2 ,f]ns ( ! ,s\?-,we/1 p4
 #cad4--;,bak]1 ,syn4 ,fil41        p4  

#adj4--,williamson1 ,f]ns ( ,k5tucky1 p4
 #di1 t4 xi4    ,myriopt]is tom5tosa1   
,fe1 ,g54 ,fil41 p4 #adi1 t4 xii41 ,a41 
f4 #b 7a        p9nule74--,f\rni]1 ,pl4 
,mex41 ,crypt41 p4 #abe 7species        
exclusa74    ,no?olna tom5tosa1 ,j4     
,smi?4    ,*eilan!s ,bradburii1 ,hook]1 
,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4 #ig1 t4 cix41       
,b4--,mett5ius1 ,*eilan!s1 p4 #cg4      
,hab4--,s&/one rocks along ! ,fr5*      
,broad ,riv]1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a    &      
,ea/]n ,t5nessee1 ,pr(essor ,gray1 ,mr4 
,canby1 ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,%oop1            
,pr(essor ,bradley1 etc4 ,texas1        
,l9dheim]1 ,no4 #gdc4 ,m\nta9s (        
,virg9ia 787 & ,k5tucky1 accord+ to     
,gray's ,manual1 b ,mr4    ,williamson  
has hi!rto fail$ to f9d x 9 ! la/ nam$  
,/ate4 ,!    ,kew h]b>ium conta9s1      
besides ,l9dheim]'s plant1 a v imp]fect 
specim5 m>k$ 8,manit\ ,rocks1 #bej miles
 up ! ,miss\ri1 ,bradbury10    & good   
specim5s f ,texas collect$ by ,drummond4
 ,kunze /ates t    x 0 rais$ at !       
,leipzig g>d58 f ,mexican spores1 & t   

,rugel collect$ a few specim5s 9 ,nor?  
,c>ol9a2 b ,f\rni] rejects    x z a     
,mexican species4    ,description3--,?is
 is decid$ly ! l>ge/ plant among all our
 ,nor?  ,am]ican species ( ,*eilan!s1 "s
 ( ! talle/ specim5s measur+  ne>ly two 
feet 9 total l5g?4 ,! root-/ock is %ort1
 & dispos$ to  bran*4 ,x is ?ickly clad 
) f9e subulate *aff1 _m ( ! scales  ) a 
d>k & rigid midn]ve1 & o!rs             
light]-color$ & )\t  midn]ve4 ,! plant  
evid5tly gr[s 9 d5se masses4 ,! /alks   
are  clu/]$1 ea* root-/ock s5d+ up a    
l>ge numb] ( !m4 ,!y are  rigid1 wiry1  
t]ete & cov]$ ) grayi%-tawny spread+ s(t
 woolly  hairs1 int]mix$ ) a few :i* are
 broad] & decid$ly paleace\s1           
especially t[>ds ! base4 ,! section is  
r\nd1 & %[s a firm  ext]ior scl]5*ymat\s
 %ea?1 )9 :i* is a broad circle (       
br[ni% p>5*yma1 & 9 ! middle a s+le     
fibro-vascul> bundle  obtusely triangul>
 9 %ape1 b ) ! sides slightly holl[$ 94 
,! fronds v>y f a few in*es to ov] a    
foot 9 l5g?2 _! g5]al  %ape is          

ovate-lanceolate1 or oblong-lanceolate2 
!y are 9 g5]al ( a  grayi% color f !    
abundance ( a f9e entangl$ tom5tum1 :i* 
cov]s bo? surfaces1 ?\gh x is a little  
?9n] & :it] on !  upp] surface4 ,! l>ge 
fronds are fully trip9nate4 ,! prim>y   
p9n  are oblong-ovate1 %ort-/alk$1 "o to
 ne>ly two in*es long1 & a  half to     
?ree-f\r?s ( an in* broad at ! base4 ,!y
 are ei!r  opposite or alt]nate1 ! l[]  
ones1 z usual1 m sep>at$ ?an  ^? t are  
high] up on ! frond4 ,! second>y p9n are
  close-plac$1 oblong1 obtuse1 & aga9   
p9nat$ into f two to five  m9ute r\nd$  
or r\nd$-obovate sessile or             
adnate-decurr5t p9nules on  ea* side1   
besides a t]m9al oval p9nule :i* is     
twice z l>ge z !  lat]al ones4 ,^!      
ultimate p9nules are innum]able1 & x is 
9  allusion to _! v great numb] 9 ?is & 
! alli$ species t  ! g5]ic "n           
,myriopt]is 0 propos$ by ,fe = ! gr\p4  
,! :ole m>g9 ( ! p9nule is recurv$1 & f 
! edge ( x is  produc$ a v delicate     
:iti% involucre1 ! :ole =m+ a sort (    

p\*1 z is admirably repres5t$ 9 ! figure
 giv5 by ,fe4 ,!  sporangia h a r+ (    
ab\t tw5ty articulations3 ,fe says !re  
are  vittate or knott$ hairs gr[+ among 
!m4 ,! spores are r l>ge1  amb]-color$1 
globose1 & delicately trivittate4       
,accord+ to ,fe1 :5  plac$ 9 wat] !y    
bur/ & dissolve into excessively m9ute  
sporules4    ,!re c be no d\bt t our    
plant is ! ,*eilan!s tom5tosa (  ,l9k4  
,kunze1 :o knew ,l9k's plant p]fectly   
well1 ref]r$ ! ,nor?  ,c>ol9a specim5s  
to x2 & ,dr4 ,mett5ius1 :o succe$$ to ! 
c>e (  ! ,leipzig g>d51 favor$ me )     
specim5s :i* are precisely !  same ?+ z 
! plant "h describ$4 ,b none ( !        
,mexican  collectors seem to h f\nd !   
species1 & x may be legitimately  qu]i$ 
:e!r ! commonly report$ orig9 ( ,l9k's  
specim5s is !  true "o4 ,! ,*eilan!s    
tom5tosa ( ! ,species ,filicum is p>tly 
?is plant1 b ma9ly ! species next to be 
describ$4                               
,,*eilan!s ,,eatoni1 ,bak]4             
,eaton's ,lip-,f]n4      ,*eilan!s      

,eatoni3 ,root-/ock %ort1 *affy ) r long
 sl5d]ly  acum9ate glossy scales2 /alks 
clu/]$1 f\r to eight in*es long1  erect1
 wiry1 cov]$1 z are ! ra*is & its       
divisions1 ) n>r[  %9+ pale-f]rug9\s    
scales & paleace\s hairs int]mix$2      
fronds  f\r to n9e in*es long1          
oblong-lanceolate1 pubesc5t above )     
:iti%  entangl$ woolly hairs1 b5ea?     
cov]$ ) a heavy matt$ f]rug9\s  tom5tum1
 & m or less scaly1 especially :5 "y1   
trip9nate2  p9n ovate-oblong1 l[] ones r
 di/ant1 upp] ones cr[d$2  ultimate     
p9nules contigu\s1 half a l9e long1     
r\nd$1 b n>r[$ at  ! base1 ! t]m9al ones
 (t5 twice l>g] & m decid$ly  obovate2  
m>g9 ( ! p9nules cont9u\sly recurv$1 !  
edge slightly  membranace\s4            
,*eilan!s ,eatoni1 ,bak]1 ,syn4 ,fil41  
p4 #adj4--,port]  ,c\lt]1               
,synopsis ( ! ,flora ( ,colorado1 p4    
#aec4--;,eaton1 ,f]ns ( !               
,s\?-,we/1 p4 #cae4    ,*eilan!s        
tom5tosa1 ,hook]1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4   
#if 7description &        ,texas plant71

 t4 cix41 ,a4--,eaton1 9 ,botany ( ! ,u4
 ,s4 &        ,mexican ,b\nd>y ,survey1 
p4 #bcd4      ,hab4--,texas & ,new      
,mexico1 ,wright1 ,no4 #haf2 ,f5dl]1    
,no4 #ajaf2 ,indian    ,t]ritory1 betwe5
 ,=t ,cobb & ,=t ,arbuckle1 ,palm]2 ne> 
,caon    ,city1 ,colorado1 ,br&egee2 f !
 ,rio ,gr&e we/w>d along ! ,gila    to !
 ,colorado ,riv]1 ,collectors ( ,mexican
 ,b\nd>y ,survey4 ,! k9d    ( place :]e 
?is f]n has be5 collect$ is n record$1 b
 x    probably gr[s 9 ! clefts ( rocks  
along ! sides & edges (    caons4       
,description3--,?is f]n be>s s close a  
resemblance to ,*eilan!s  tom5tosa1 t x 
is n at all surpris+ t !re has be5 m or 
less ( confusion betwe5 ! two4 ,x w\ld  
seem t :5 writ+ 8  acc\nt ( ! g5us      
,*eilan!s = ! ,species ,filicum1 ,sir   
,w4 ,j4  ,hook] _h1 9 8 collection1 no  
examples ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,c4          
tom5tosa1 & c\ld id5tify x only by      
,l9k's r imp]fect  description &        
,kunze's rem>ks 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal4  
,hav+ ,wright's  specim5s ( ! plant "h  

describ$1 & ,gordon's f]n f ! ,ratt5e   
,m\nta9s--a plant n yet satisfactorily  
id5tifi$--he ref]r$ !m to  ! species    
nam$ by ,l9k2 & !n p]ceiv+ ) 8 accu/om$ 
delicate discrim9ation t ,l9dheim]'s &  
,bradbury's plant 0  di/9ct f ,wright's1
 he gave ! =m] ! "n ( ,c4 ,bradburii4 ,x
  0 n until #ahfj1 :5 ! ,f]ns =         
,*apman's ,flora 7 be+  prep>$1 t any "o
 suspect$ t ! ,c4 ,bradburii 0 ! true   
,c4  tom5tosa4 ,9 #ahff1 ,i _h an       
opportunity ( expla9+ ! matt] to ,mr4   
,bak]1 !n at "w on ! ,synopsis ,filicum1
 & n long aft]1 ,i 0  surpris$1 & ,i ne$
 n say pleas$1 by f9d+ t he _h giv5 to  
,hook]'s ,c4 tom5tosa ! "n x n[ be>s4   
,! root-/ock is %ort1 assurg5t1 & *affy 
) r rigid  sl5d]-po9t$ scales1 mo/ ( !m 
furni%$ ) a d>k midn]ve4 ,!  /alks are  
tuft$1 & are p]haps a little sl5d]] ?an 
^? ( ,c4  tom5tosa4 ,!y are *affy       
?r\gh\t1 b m especially at ! base1  )   
n>r[ pale f]rug9\s scales1 int]mix$ )   
/ill sl5d]]  paleace\s hairs4 ,! section
 is slightly flatt5$ on ! ant]ior side4 

,! ext]ior %ea? is firm2 inside ( x is  
br[ni% p>5*yma1 & 9  ! middle a         
semicircul> fibro-vascul> bundle1 !     
ducts 9 ! c5tre  ( x arrang$ 9 a figure 
mu* l a lett] ,x4    ,! fronds are      
consid]ably small] ?an 9 ,c4 tom5tosa4  
,!y are  simil>ly oblong-lanceolate &   
trip9nate1 ! ultimate p9nules be+  v    
num]\s & r m closely cr[d$ ?an 9 ! o!r  
species  j ref]r$ to4 ,! pubesc5ce is   
h>%] & n s webby on ! upp]  side1 & is  
decid$ly heavi] & m matt$ on ! "u       
surface4 ,!  scales ( ! bran*es1 or     
second>y ra*ises1 are broad] & %ort]    
?an ^? ( ! /alk & are v conspicu\s 9 "y 
fronds4 ,9  old] fronds !y fall away1 to
 "s ext5t1 & are !n less abundant4    ,!
 p9nules are r r\nd] & less oval ?an 9  
,c4 tom5tosa1 &  ?\gh !y are some:at    
purse-%ap$1 ! involucre consi/s almo/   
entirely ( ! recurv$ h]bace\s m>g91 !   
prop] :iti% &  delicately membran\s     
involucre be+ ne>ly suppress$4    ,!    
spores are sub-globose1 amb]-color$1    
fa9tly trivittate1 & h a  f9ely pu/ulat$

 or granul> surface4    ,9 respect to ! 
n>r[ h]bace\s involucre ?is f]n comes   
ne>e/ to  ,*eilan!s lanug9osa1 (        
,nuttall1 figur$ 9 8,f]ns ( ,nor?       
,am]ica40 ,x has1 h[ev]1 mu* l>g]       
fronds2 & ! copi\s1 ?\gh  n>r[ scales ( 
! /alk1 z well z ! scales ( ! ra*ises1 w
  readily di/+ui% x4    ,x is among !   
,f]ns :i* h be5 cultivat$ by ,hon4 ,j4  
,w>r5  ,m]rill1 ?\gh ,i am n in=m$ :at  
are its special ne$s 9 ! way  ( soil1   
moi/ure1 etc4                           
,,male ,,f]n4      ,illu/ration3        
,,aspidium ,,filix-,,mas1 ,sw>tz4       
,male ,f]n4      ,aspidium              
,filix-mas3--,root-/ock %ort1 /\t1      
asc5d+ or erect2 /alks  r>ely ov] a foot
 long1 v *affy ) l>ge                   
lanceolate-acum9ate  scales & small]    
ones int]mix$2 fronds /&+ 9 a cr[n1 "o  
to  ?ree feet long1 half-ev]gre51       
firm-membranace\s1 broadly              
oblong-lanceolate1 slightly n>r[$ t[>d !
 base1 p9nate or  sub-bip9nate2 p9n     
lanceolate-acum9ate f a broad base1     

p9natifid  almo/ or r>ely q to ! midrib2
 segm5ts smoo? & full-gre5  above1      
slightly pal] & be>+ a few little *affy 
scales b5ea?1  normally oblong1 obtuse  
or ev5 truncate1 slightly too!d1 9 ano!r
  =m ovate-lanceolate1 acuti% & p9nately
 incis$2 ve9s free1 =k$  or p9nately    
bran*$ into f two to five ve9lets2 sori 
r l>ge1  ne>] ! midve9 ?an ! m>g91      
commonly occurr+ only on ! l[]  half or 
two-?irds ( ea* segm5t2 indusia convex  
:5 "y1 r  firm1 smoo? or m9utely gl&ul>1
 orbicul>-r5i=m4    ,aspidium           
,filix-mas1 ,sw>tz1 9 ,s*rad]s ,j\rnal1 
ii41 7#ahjj7 p4 #ch2        ,syn4 ,fil41
 p4 #ee4--,s*kuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4    
#de1 t4 #dd4--,willd5[1        ,sp4     
,pl41 v41 p4 #bei4--,l9k1 ,fil4 ,hort4  
,b]ol41 p4 #aje4--,rupre*t1             
,di/r4 ,krypt4 ,vasc1 9 ,imp4 ,ross41 p4
 #ce4--,kunze1 9 ,sill4 ,j\rn41         
,july1 #ahdh1 p4 #hc4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4 
,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ib2 ,aspidium1 p4    
#ee4--;,eaton1 9 ,gray's ,manual1 ed4   
v41 p4 #fff4--,milde1 9 ,nov4 ,act4     

,acad4 ,nat4 ,cur41 xxvi41 ii41 p4 #ejg2
 ,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atl41 p4               
#aah4--,miquel1 ,prolusio ,fl4 ,jap41 p4
 #aag4    ,polypodium ,filix-mas1 ,l9nu1
 ,sp4 ,pl4 p4 #aeea4    ,poly/i*um      
,filix-mas1 ,ro?1 8,fl4 ,g]m41 iii41 p4 
#hb40--,ko*1 ,syn4 ,fl4        ,g]m1 et 
,helv41 ed4 iii41 p4 #gcc4              
,nephrodium ,filix-mas1 ,ri*>d1 89      
,desvaux1 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,l9n41 vi41 p4     
#fj40--;,hook]1 ,brit4 ,f]ns1 t4 #ae2   
,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #aag4--;,hook]      
,bak]1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #bgb 7excl4 v>s4 
& 74    ,dryopt]is ,filix-mas1 ,s*ott1  
,g54 ,fil4--,newman1 ,hi/4 ,brit4 ,f]ns1
 ed4        iii41 p4 #ahd4    ,la/rea   
,filix-mas1 ,presl1 ,t5t4 ,pt]id41 p4   
#gf4--,moore1 ,brit4 ,f]ns1        ,nat4
 ,pr41 t4 xiv1 xv1 xvi1 xvii4    ,v>4   
incisum1 ,mett5ius3--,frond ample1 two  
to ?ree feet long1 scantily        *affy
 on ! ra*is2 segm5ts r di/ant1          
lanceolate1 tap]+        to a sub-acute 
po9t1 incis$ on ! m>g9s ) s]rat$        
lobules2        indusium r delicate1 9  

age %rivell+ or fall+                   
(f4--,aspidium1 p4 #ee2 ,milde1 ,fil4   
,eur4 et ,atl41 p4 #abj4--,la/rea       
,filix-mas1 v>4 incisa1 ,moore1         
l4c4--,nephrodium ,filix-mas1 v>4       
aff9e1 ,hook]  ,bak]4 l4c4    ,v>4      
paleaceum1 ,mett5ius3--,frond ample1 two
 to ?ree feet long1 /alk        & ra*is 
v *affy ) f]rug9\s or blacki% scales2   
segm5ts oblong1 truncate1 ne>ly entire  
on ! m>g9s2 indusium        coriace\s1 !
 edges mu* incurv$1 sometimes splitt+ 9 
two4--,aspidium1 p4 #ee2 ,milde1 ,fil4  
,eur4 ,atl41 p4 #aba4--,la/rea          
,filix-mas1 v>4 paleacea1 ,moore1       
l4c4--,aspidium paleaceum1 ,don1        
8,prodr4 ,fl4 ,nepal41 p4 #d20 ,f\rni]1 
,pl4 ,mex41 ,crypt41 p4 #ib4            
,aspidium p>allelogrammum1 ,kunze1 9    
,l9na1 xiii41 p4 #adf1                  
etc4--,nephrodium ,filix-mas1 v>4       
p>allelogrammum1 ,hook]1 ,sp4           
,fil41 iv41 p4 #aaf4--;,di*asium        
p>allelogrammum & ,d4                   
pat5tissimum1 ,fe1 ,g54 ,fil41 p4 #cjb1 

t4 xxiii1 ,b4--,la/rea        truncata1 
,brack5ridge1 ,fil4 ( ,u4 ,s4 ,expl4    
,exp$41 p4 #aie1 t4 #bg                 
7admirable74#a      ,hab4--,9 "o =m or  
ano!r1 ?is species occurs 9 ,am]ica f   
,gre5l& to ,p]u1 ?r\gh\t ,europe &      
,asia1 9 p>ts ( ,africa1 &    9 _m isl&s
 ( ! ocean4 ,! ord9>y ,european =m      
correspond+    to ,moore's plate ,,xiv  
has be5 collect$ 9 ,briti% ,columbia by 
,dr4    ,lyall1 9 ,kewe5aw ,p59sula (   
,nor!rn ,mi*igan by ,dr4 ,robb9s1 &    9
 ! m\nta9s ( ,colorado by ,messrs4 ,hall
  ,h>b\r & ,mr4    ,br&egee4 ,v>4       
incisum 0 f\nd at ! base ( calc>e\s     
rocks at    ,roy/on ,p>k1 ,ow5 ,s\nd1   
,ont>io1 ,canada1 by ,mrs4 ,roy1 & 9 !  
m\nta9s ( ,colorado by ,dr4 ,scovill1 = 
"o ( ^: specim5s ,i am    indebt$ to ,d4
 ,a4 ,watt1 ,esq41 ( ,montreal4         
,fragm5ts ( app>5tly !    same =m h be5 
receiv$ f ,dakota4 ,! ,cali=nian plant  
m5tion$ 9 ,plant ,h>twegian1 p4 #cdb1 is
 bett] reg>d$ z a =m    ( ,aspidium     
rigidum4 ,v>4 paleaceum has n be5 f\nd 9

 ei!r    ,canada or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b  
is well kn[n 9 ,mexico1 9 ,europe1 9    
,s\!rn ,asia1 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 etc4
    ,description3--,?is f]n has a /\t1  
usually asc5d+1 b sometimes  erect1 v   
*affy root-/ock1 v mu* l t ( ! species  
la/  describ$4 ,x sometimes rises a     
little above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1  =m+ a
 %ort trunk4    ,! /alks seem to v>y a  
good deal 9 l5g?1 be+ sometimes only two
  or ?ree in*es long1 & at o!r times ov]
 a foot4 ,!y are clu/]$  at ! gr[+ end (
 ! root-/ock1 & _! bases1 :i* rema9 long
  aft] ! re/ has p]i%$1 are consolidat$ 
) ! root-/ock4 ,!  /alks are always m or
 less *affy1 ! *aff ma9ly conf9$ to !   
l[e/ portion 9 "s plants1 & 9 o!rs      
foll[+ ! /alk & !  ra*is to ! apex ( !  
frond4 ,! l>ge/ scales are sometimes    
fully  an in* long4 ,!y are n>r[ly      
lanceolate-acum9ate1 di/antly           
ciliate-d5ticulate on ! m>g91 & compos$ 
( n>r[ b some:at  s9u\s cells4 ,mix$ 9 )
 !m are small] scales1 f two to f\r     
l9es long1 & m di/9ctly ciliate-too!d4  

,! color ( ! scales  is diff]5t 9       
diff]5t specim5s1 v>y+ f bright         
gold5-br[n to  f]rug9\s-br[n ) a d>k]   
spot at ! base1 & f ?is to ne>ly  black1
 especially 9 ! sub-tropical & tropical 
=ms ( v>4  paleaceum4 ,su* specim5s are 
sometimes fairly %aggy ) !  abundance ( 
scales1 :i* are also f\nd1 decreas+ 9   
numb] & 9  size1 on ! midribs ( ! p9n1 &
 ev5 on ! l[] surface ( !  segm5ts4 ,!  
usual numb] ( fibro-vascul> bundles is  
sev54    ,! fronds are broadly          
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate 9       
outl9e1  usually n>r[$ a little1 or ev5 
conspicu\sly n>r[$1 at ! base1  & acute 
or acum9ate at ! apex4 ,!y are ( a full 
h]bace\s gre5  above1 a little pal]     
b5ea?1 & ( a r firmly membranace\s1 or1 
9 tropical =ms1 ( a sub-coriace\s       
texture4 ,_! av]age l5g? is  f "o to two
 feet1 b fronds ?ree feet long are      
occasionally se52  & "o v f9e example ( 
v>4 paleaceum1 collect$ 9 ,*iapas1      
,mexico1 by ,dr4 ,ghiesbreght1 is ?ree  
feet & a half long1 exclusive (  ! /alk4

    ,! p9n are sometimes v num]\s2 z _m 
z =ty on ea* side h  be5 c\nt$ on v l>ge
 fronds1 b ! numb] is m commonly less   
?an tw5ty4 ,!y are lanceolate-acum9ate 9
 %ape1 tap]+ f a  broad base to a sl5d] 
po9t2 9 ! common =m _! av]age bread?  at
 ! base is half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*1 
b 9 v>4 incisum  !y are (t5 fully two   
in*es broad at ! base4 ,_! l5g? is f    
?ree or f\r in*es 9 ! common =m to six  
or sev5 in*es 9 !  l>ge/ specim5s ,i h  
se54 ,! midrib ( ! p9n is always m or   
less w+$1 s t ! p9n may be said to be   
p9natifid1 & !  segm5ts to be connect$  
by a n>r[ w+4    ,! %ape ( ! segm5ts    
diff]s 9 ! sev]al v>ieties2 9 ! type  !y
 are v close toge!r1 oblong1 ) a r\nd$  
apex1 & n v  deeply too!d3 9 v>4        
paleaceum !y are also closely-plac$1 &  
oblong1 b mo/ly truncate at ! apex2 & 9 
v>4 incisum !y are  mu* l>g] & less     
closely-plac$1 ovate-lanceolate 9 %ape1 
&  incis$ ) too!d lobes along ! sides4  
,! ve9s are free1 & are =k$ or          
alt]nately divid$ into f two  to five   

ve9lets4 ,! sori are r l>ge1 plac$ ne>] 
! midve9  ?an ! m>g91 & are r>ely       
produc$ t[>ds ! apex ( !  segm5ts4    ,!
 indusium is orbicul>-r5i=m1 & almo/    
always smoo?4 ,its edges  are turn$     
d[nw>d1 enclos+ ! sporangia1 :5 !y are  
"y1 &  sometimes ?is convexity is       
p]man5t4 ,r>ely ! s9us is s deep t  !   
indusium at la/ becomes divid$4 ,!      
spores are ovoid1 & h a  muricately     
r\gh5$ surface4    ,! rhizomes h be5 us$
 = ages z an an!lm9tic1 b probably  h no
 great] virtue 9 ?is direction ?an ^? ( 
_m o!r common  species4                 
,,trifoliate ,,cliff-,,brake4           
,,clayton',s ,,cliff-,,brake4           
,,sl5d] ,,cliff-,,brake4                
,illu/ration3                           
,,pell,a ,,t]nifolia1 ,l9k4             
,trifoliate ,cliff-,brake4      ,pella  
t]nifolia3--,root-/ock %ort1 ?ick1      
nodose1 *affy ) v  n>r[ d>k-br[n scales2
 /alks clu/]$1 purpli%-black & poli%$1  
?ree to six in*es long2 fronds z long z 
or long] ?an ! /alks1  oblong-l9e>2 p9n 

f f\r to fifte5 pairs1 all b a few ( !  
highe/ ones deeply trip>tite2 segm5ts   
elongat$-oval or  l9e>-obovate1         
sub-coriace\s1 some:at glauc\s b5ea?1   
gre5 above1  slightly mucronate1 !      
middle "o 9 l>ge fronds indi/9ctly      
petiolulate2 f]tile ones ) ! edges mu*  
recurv$2 involucre broad1  ! edge only  
membranace\s4    ,pella t]nifolia1 ,l9k1
 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,b]ol41 p4 #ei4--;,fe1    
,g54 ,fil41 p4        #abi4--;,hook]1   
,sp4 ,fil41 i41 p4 #adb2 ,fil4 ,exot41  
t4 xv4--,f\rni]1 ,pl4        ,mex41     
,crypt41 p4 #aah4--;,eaton1 ,f]ns ( !   
,s\?we/1 p4 #cba4    ,pt]is t]nifolia1  
,cavanilles1 8,prl4 #ahja1 ,no4         
#feg40--;,hook]         ,greville1 ,ic4 
,fil41 t4 #abf4    ,platyloma           
t]nifolium1 ,j4 ,smi?4--,brack5ridge1   
,fil4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ex4 ,exp$41        p4    
#id4    ,allosorus t]nifolius1 ,kunze1 9
 ,l9na1 xxiii41 p4 #bbj4    ,pt]is      
subv]ticillata1 ,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 
#ajc4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41        v41  
p4 #cge4      ,hab4--,texas1 ,trcul1    

,no4 #accd1 accord+ to ,f\rni]4 ,new    
,mexico1    ,wright1 accord+ to ,hook] 9
 ,filices ,exotic4 ,! only specim5s    f
 ,texas :i* ,i h ( ?is species 7        
collect$ by ,dr4 ,sutton    ,hayes1 ne> 
! headwat]s ( ! ,rio ,colorado ( ,texas4
 ,x is a common    ,mexican species2 x  
is f\nd z f> ,s\? z ,p]u1 & reap pe>s 9 
! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4                     
,description3--,?is belongs to ! same   
gr\p ( species z ,p4  ,wrightiana1      
bra*ypt]a & ,orni?opus4 ,x has ! same   
nodose &  scaly root-/ock1 d>k & poli%$ 
/alk1 glaucesc5t frond &  mucronulate   
p9nules4 ,9 ,mexico1 ,s\? ,am]ica & !   
,hawaiian ,isl&s  x nev] occurs ) m ?an 
trifoliolate p9nules1 & ?is is p]haps  !
 be/ reason = consid]+ ,p4 ,wrightiana a
 di/9ct species4 ,!  p9n are trip>tite r
 ?an trifoliolate1 :ile 9 ! o!r f]n  j  
ref]r$ to1 :5 trifoliolate ! odd p9nule 
is m di/9ct &  usually /alk$1 a         
di/9ction indicat$ by ,hook]1 b = :i* ,i
 am  m indebt$ to ! accurate            
discrim9ation ( ,mr4 ,faxon4 ,9 m  s\!rn

 localities ! fronds are consid]ably    
l>g] ?an ,dr4 ,hayes'  specim5s1 & !    
segm5ts ( ! p9n ampl]4 ,9 v dry seasons 
!  p9n are consid]ably deflex$4 ,!      
spores are trivittate z 9 !  relat$     
species4                                
,,pell,a ,,atropurpurea1 ,l9k4          
,clayton's ,cliff-,brake4      ,pella   
atropurpurea3--,root-/ock %ort1 knott$1 
*affy ) v n>r[  long-po9t$ s(t          
c9namon-br[n scales2 /alks f\r to eight 
in*es  high1 t]ete1 wiry1 d>k-purple or 
r$di%-black1 poli%$ or m or  less       
pubesc5t ) paleace\s hairs2 fronds six  
to twelve in*es long1  ovate or         
oblong-lanceolate 9 outl9e1 ev]gre51    
sub-coriace\s1  p9nate1 usually twice   
p9nate ne> ! base2 ra*ises smoo? or     
hairy2  p9n f\r to twelve pairs1 ! l[]  
ones long-/alk$1 & divid$ into  five to 
n9e p9nules2 upp] p9n & ! p9nules ne>ly 
sessile2 oval  to l9e>-oblong1 at ! base
 truncate or sub-cordate or sometimes   
ha/ate1 obtuse or obtusely mucronulate1 
t]m9al ones longe/2 ve9s  obscure1 mo/ly

 twice =k$2 involucre r broad1 =m$ ( !  
cont9u\sly recurv$ m>g91 pal] &         
membranace\s on ! edge1 n  fully cov]+ !
 rip5$ sporangia4    ,pella             
atropurpurea1 ,l9k1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,b]ol41
 p4 #ei4--;,fe1 ,g54 ,fil41 p4          
#abi4--;,hook]1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4     
#ach4--;,eaton1 9 ,*apman's ,flora1 p4  
#ehi2 ,gray's ,manual1 ed4 v41 p4 #ffj2 
,f]ns ( ! ,s\?-,we/1 p4                 
#cai4--,lawson1 9 ,canad4 ,naturali/1   
i41 p4 #bgb4--;,hook]  ,bak]1 ,syn4     
,fil41 p4 #adg4--;,f\rni]1 ,pl4 ,mex41  
,crypt41 p4 #aai4--,williamson1 ,f]ns   
( ,k5tucky1 p4 #eb1 t4 #ab4    ,pt]is   
atropurpurea1 ,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4      
#aecd4--,mi*aux1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41       
ii41 p4 #bfa4--,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4  
#ajf4--,s*kuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4       
#ic1 t4 #aja4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 
p4 #cge4--,pur%1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41      
ii41 p4 #ffh4    ,platyloma             
atropurpureum1 ,j4 ,smi?4--,torrey1 ,fl4
 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #dhh4    ,allosorus
 atropurpureus1 ,kunze1 9 ,sill4 ,j\rn41

 ,july1 #ahdh1 p4 #hf2        ,l9na1    
xxiii41 p4 #bah4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4  
ii41 p4 #eia4--,mett5ius1        ,fil4  
,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #dd4    ,pella        
mucronata1 ,fe1 #ime ,mm41 p4 #h4       
,pella glabella1 ,mett5ius  ,kuhn1 9    
,l9na1 xxxvi41 p4 #hg4    ,pt]is        
spiculata1 ,s*kuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4   
#ib1 t4 #ajj4    ,pt]is ,adianti facie1 
caule ramulis petiolisque politiore     
nitore        nigricantibus1 etc41      
,gronovius1 ,fl4 ,virg9ica1 ed4 i41 p4  
#aig4      ,hab4--,crevices ( %ad$      
calc>e\s rocks2 f ,canada to ! ,rocky   
,m\nta9s ( ,briti% ,am]ica1 & s\?w>d to 
,alabama1 ,arkansas1    ,indian         
,t]ritory & ,arizona4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 
sev]al p>ts (    ,mexico1 & ev5 9 ,s\?  
,am]ica 78,&es ( ,mecoya1 ,pe>ce10      
accord+    to ,synopsis ,filicum74 ,x 0 
collect$ by ,john ,clayton ab\t #agcf1  
8on ! %ore ( ! riv] ,rappahannock 9 a   
%ady place by ! root (    a junip] ne> !
 promontory call$ ,po9t ,look\t10 & ,i  
take    pleasure 9 giv+ x an ,engli% "n 

9 8 honor4    ,description3--,!         
root-/ock ( ?is f]n is r %ort1 usually  
some:at nodose1 & d5sely *affy ) v n>r[ 
long-po9t$ s(t  bright-br[n scales1 :i* 
9 ! specim5s exam9$ are de/itute (      
midn]ve4    ,! /alks are rigid & wiry1  
t]ete1 ne>ly black 9 color1 b ) a       
slight r$di% t+e1 & usually m or less   
pubesc5t ) v n>r[  *affy hairs1 :i* are 
(t5 m abundant & h>%] along !  ra*ises1 
mak+ !m almo/ hirsute4 ,pella glabella 0
 f\nd$ on  specim5s f ,miss\ri & !      
,nor?-,we/1 :i* _h ! /alk p]fectly      
smoo?1 & ! *aff ( ! root-/ock a trifle  
wid] ?an usual4 ,!  section ( ! /alk %[s
 a s+le ,u-%ap$ fibro-vascul> bundle1 & 
a  /rong out] scl]5*ymat\s %ea?4    ,!  
fronds are develop$ late 9 ! ,spr+1 &   
rema9 gre5 ?r\gh !  next ,w9t]4 ,!y are 
almo/ coriace\s 9 texture1 smoo? &      
d>k-blui%-gre5 above1 pal]1 & sometimes 
slightly *affy b5ea?4  ,!y are f a few  
in*es to ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 & v>y 9    
outl9e  f ovate to oblong-lanceolate4 ,9
 se$l+ plants ! e>lie/ fronds  are      

r\nd-cordate1 ! next cordate-ovate1 & !n
 foll[ trifoliate1  p9nate1 & f9ally    
mature bip9nate fronds4 ,! l>ge/ fronds 
h  ab\t five pairs ( comp\nd p9n1 ea* ) 
f ?ree to elev5  p9nules1 & above ^! are
 f f\r to six pairs ( simple p9n1       
besides ! t]m9al "o1 :i* is (t5 ! longe/
 ( all4    ,! p9nules & ! simple p9n ( !
 /]ile fronds are commonly  oval1 & n m 
?an half an in* long1 b ^? ( ! f]tile   
fronds are n>r[] & long]1 sometimes     
ne>ly two in*es long4 ,!  base is ei!r  
truncate or slightly cordate2 sometimes 
:]e !re is a  transition f comp\nd to   
simple p9n1 a p9na w be f\nd            
conspicu\sly auricl$ on bo? sides1 or on
 ! upp] side only4 ,=k$  p9nules are    
occasionally se54    ,! m>g9 is         
cont9u\sly recurv$ to =m a r broad      
involucre1 &  ! v edge is some:at ?9n] &
 :it]4 ,! ve9s are p9nately  arrang$ on 
bo? sides ( ! midve91 & =k ab\t twice   
be=e  rea*+ ! m>g94 ,! upp] "p ( !      
ve9lets is cov]$ )  sporangia1 :i* z !y 
rip5 pu% out f b5ea? ! involucre4 ,!    

spores are obscurely tetrah$ral &       
trivittate1 z 9 ! o!r species  ( ! g5us4
    ,?is f]n v (t5 gr[s 9 company )     
,camptosorus rhizophyllus1  & its       
root-/ock is (t5 hidd5 b5ea? mosses ( ! 
g5us  ,anomodon3 x takes k9dly to       
cultivation1 especially if x be plant$  
9 ! crevices ( calc>e\s rock-"w4 ,x may 
occur on o!r ?an  calc>e\s rock1 b ,i h 
nev] se5 x on ei!r granite1 s&/one or   
basalt4    ,names = v>ieties ( ?is      
species h be5 propos$ by ,pur%1 & by    
,f\rni]1 b ! *>act]s assign$ d n seem   
suffici5tly  di/9ctive4                 
,,pell,a ,,gracilis1 ,hook]4            
,sl5d] ,cliff-,brake4      ,pella       
gracilis3--,root-/ock sl5d]1 creep+1    
cord-l1 scantily  furni%$ ) little ovate
 appress$ scales2 /alks scatt]$1 sl5d]1 
a span long or less1 br[ni%-/ram9e\s1   
some:at %9+1 d>k] &  slightly *affy at !
 base2 fronds two to f\r in*es long1 ?9 
&  t5d]1 smoo?1 ovate or ovate-oblong1  
p9nate2 p9n few1 ! l[] two  to f\r pairs
 once or twice p9natifid1 ! upp]mo/     

simple2 segm5ts (  ! /]ile fronds       
adnate-decurr5t1 r\ndi%-obovate1        
cr5ately lob$  & too!d2 ^? ( ! tall]    
f]tile fronds lanceolate or             
l9e>-oblong1 & m di/9ct1 entire or      
auricl$1 t]m9al ones  longe/2 ve9s r    
di/ant1 mo/ly once =k$2 involucre broad 
&  cont9u\s1 delicately membranace\s4   
,pella gracilis1 ,hook]1 ,sp4 ,fil41    
ii41 p4 #ach1 t4 cxxxiii1 ,b4--,eaton1  
9 ,gray's ,manual1 ed4 v41 p4 #fei2     
,f]ns ( ! ,s\?-,we/1 p4                 
#cai4--;,hook]  ,bak]1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4  
#ade4--,port]  ,c\lt]1 ,syn4 ,fl4       
,colorado1 p4 #aec4    ,pt]is gracilis1 
,mi*aux1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4       
#bfb4--,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41        p4   
#ii4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4       
#cgf4--,pur%1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41    
p4 #ffh4--;,hook]1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41
 p4 #bfd4    ,allosorus gracilis1       
,presl1 ,t5t4 ,pt]id41 p4               
#aec4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1        
ii41 p4 #dhf4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 
p4 #fbd2 ed4 ii41 p4 #eia1 t4           

ix4--,p>ry1 9 ,ow5's ,geol4 ,surv4 (    
,wiscons91 etc41 p4                     
#fba4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41  
p4 #dd4    ,*eilan!s gracilis1          
,kaulfuss1 ,enum4 ,fil41 p4 #bji4       
,pt]is ,/ell]i1 ,gmel91 8,nov4 ,com4    
,petrop41 xii41 p4 #eai1 t4 #ab1 f4     
#a40    ,allosorus ,/ell]i1 ,rupre*t1   
,di/r4 ,crypt4 ,vasc4 9 ,imp4 ,ross41 p4
        #dg4--,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 iv41
 p4 #ebf4--,moore1 ,ind4 ,fil41 p4      
#df4--,lawson1 9 ,canad4 ,naturali/1 i41
 p4 #bgb4    ,allosorus m9utus  ,pt]is  
m9uta1 ,turczan9[1 fide ,moore4         
,hab4--,crevices ( damp & %ad$ calc>e\s 
rocks1 especially 9 deep    gl5s2       
,labrador1 ,butl]1 to ,briti% ,columbia1
 & s\?w>d to ,i[a1    ,p>ry1 ,wiscons9 &
 ,p5nsylvania4 ,also 9 ,colorado1 ne>   
,breck9ridge    ,city1 ,br&egee4        
,sib]ia1 ,tibet & ! ,himalayas4 ,x is   
f\nd 9    ,sund]l&1 ,massa*usetts2 at   
,tr5ton ,falls1 ,*itt5ango ,falls1 &    
o!r deep gl5s 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york2 9   
,lycom+ & ,sullivan    ,c\nties1        

,p5nsylvania1 & 9 o!r simil> places 9   
,v]mont1    ,mi*igan1 etc41 b is by no  
means a common plant4                   
,description3--,?is is ! mo/ delicate ( 
all ! ,pellz1 & has  fronds a good deal 
l ^? ( ,cryptogramme acro/i*oides1 b    
t5d]]1 & ) sub-m>g9al fructification4 ,!
 root-/ock is v  sl5d]1 sc>cely m ?an   
half a l9e 9 ?ickness1 & sometimes two  
or ?ree in*es long4 ,x is s hidd5 9 !   
crevices ( ! rocks t  x is seldom secur$
 by collectors4 ,! scales are m9ute1    
appress$ to  ! root-/ock1 & almo/ filmy 
9 _! delicacy4    ,! /alks are scatt]$  
along ! root-/ock1 & are g5]ally ab\t   
five or six in*es long1 ^? ( ! f]tile   
fronds long]1 /\t] &  ( a d>k] color ?an
 ! o!rs4 ,!y are smoo? & some:at poli%$1
  b light] 9 color & f> m t5d] 9        
consi/5cy ?an 9 mo/ (  our o!r species (
 ?is g5us4    ,! f]tile & ! /]ile fronds
 are unlike1 ?\gh bo? are v  delicately 
membranace\s1 & p9nate ) once or twice  
p9natifid  p9n4 ,! ra*is is n w+$ 9 its 
l[] half1 except 9 v small  fronds1 b   

above ! middle x is n>r[ly w+$1 z are   
also its  divisions4 ,! l[e/ "o or two  
pairs ( p9n are twice p9natifid 9  !    
l>ge/ specim5s1 b m commonly b once     
p9natifid4 ,9 !  /]ile fronds ! segm5ts 
( ! p9n are v pla9ly adnate to !        
second>y midrib1 & are r\ndi% or        
r\ndi%-obovate 9 %ape4 ,!y are  f ?ree  
to six l9es long & ab\t two-?irds z     
broad4 ,_! m>g9  is m or less lob$ &    
cr5ately too!d4 ,9 ! f]tile fronds !    
segm5ts are m di/9ct1 long] & n>r[]1    
measur+ (t5 six to  t5 l9es 9 l5g? & "o 
or two 9 wid?4 ,! t]m9al p9na ( !  frond
 & ! t]m9al segm5ts ( ! p9n are         
consid]ably long] ?an  ! o!rs4 ,! ve9s  
are conspicu\s1 & di/ant1 mu* m s ?an 9 
our o!r species ( ,pella4 ,!y =k once   
ab\t midway betwe5 !  midve9 & ! m>g91 &
 sometimes1 especially 9 f]tile fronds1 
a  second "t j )9 ! m>g94    ,!         
involucre is cont9u\s1 broad1 & ev5 m   
delicate ?an ! frond  itself4 ,!        
sporangia are comp>atively scanty1 & are
 fully cov]$ by  ! involucre4 ,! spores 

are sph]oid-tetrah$ral & obscurely      
trivittate4    ,mr4 ,moore & "s o!r     
au?ors are dispos$ to insi/ on ! "r (   
priority belong+ to ! specific "n       
,/ell]i4 ,b ! "n  gracilis has be5 us$  
by ne>ly e writ] on ,am]ican ,f]ns s9ce 
! "t ( ,mi*aux1 & w mo/ probably be kept
 up r ?an !  o!r4    ,x %\ld be not$ t  
,rupre*t consid]$ 8 ,allosorus ,/ell]i  
to  be di/9ct f our plant1 & m5tions    
sev]al po9ts ( diff]5ce 9  8 "w on !    
,di/ribution ( ,vascul> ,cryptogamia 9 !
 ,russian  ,empire4      ,! figure is   
tak5 f specim5s collect$ 9 ,sund]l&1    
,hamp%ire    ,c\nty1 ,massa*usetts1 by !
 late ,rev4 ,david ,peck4               
,,ev]gre5 ,,wood-,,f]n4                 
,illu/ration3                           
,,aspidium ,,m>g9ale1 ,sw>tz4           
,ev]gre5 ,wood-,f]n4      ,aspidium     
m>g9ale3--,root-/ock asc5d+1 /\t1 %aggy 
) long  %9+-br[n *affy scales2 /alks r  
/\t1 a few in*es to a foot  long1 m or  
less *affy ) %9+ scales2 fronds /&+ 9 a 
cr[n1 "o to two feet long1 ev]gre51     

sub-coriace\s1 ovate-lanceolate1        
sc>cely n>r[$ at ! base1 p9nate or      
sub-bip9nate2 p9n almo/  sessile1 ! l[e/
 ones broade/1 unequally                
triangul>-lanceolate1 !  middle ones    
lanceolate-acum9ate1 slightly broad]    
above ! base2  p9nules or segm5ts smoo? 
& d>k-blui%-gre5 above1 pal] &          
sometimes slightly *affy b5ea?1 adnate  
to ! n>r[ly w+$  second>y ra*is1 oblong 
or oblong-lanceolate1 (t5 sub-falcate1  
v>y+  f cr5ately-too!d to p9nately-lob$ 
) cr5ulate lobes1 obtuse or  sub-acute1 
^? next ! ma9 ra*is sometimes di/9ct1   
%ort-/alk$1  sub-cordate at ! base & )  
r\nd$ auricles2 ve9s free1 =k$ or       
p9nately bran*$ into f two to five curv$
 & usually conspicu\s  ve9lets2 sori r  
l>ge1 plac$ close to ! m>g9 ( ! segm5ts2
  ! orbicul>-r5i=m indusia firm 9       
texture1 convex1 smoo?1 (t5  lead       
color$4    ,aspidium m>g9ale1 ,sw>tz1   
,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ej4--,s*kuhr1 ,krypt4  
,gew41 p4        #aie1 t4 #de1          
b4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4         

#bei4--,pur%1 ,fl4 ,am4        ,sept41  
ii41 p4 #ffb4--,l9k1 ,fil4 ,hort4       
,b]ol41 p4 #ajg4--;,hook]1 ,fl4         
,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #afj4--,torrey1 ,fl4
 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #die4--;,gray1     
,manual1 ed4 ii41 p4 #eih4--,mett5ius1  
,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ib2            
,aspidium1 p4 #ee4--;,eaton1 9 ,*apman's
 ,flora1 p4 #eie4--,rob9son1 ,f]ns      
( ,essex ,co41 9 ,bull4 ,essex ,in/41   
vii41 ,no4 #c1 p4 #ej4--,williamson1    
,f]ns ( ,k5tucky1 p4 #ig1 t4            
xxxv4--,dav5port1 ,catal41 p4 #cb4      
,polypodium m>g9ale1 ,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,pl41  
p4 #aeeb4    ,nephrodium m>g9ale1       
,mi*aux1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4       
#bfg4--;,hook]1 ,sp4        ,fil41 iv41 
p4 #abb4--;,hook]  ,bak]1 ,syn4 ,fil41  
p4 #bgc4    ,la/rea m>g9alis1 ,presl1   
,t5t4 ,pt]id41 p4 #gg4--;,j4 ,smi?1     
,f]ns1 ,brit4        & ,=eign1 p4       
#aeg4--,lawson1 9 ,canad4 ,naturali/1   
i41 p4 #bha4    ,dryopt]is m>g9alis1    
,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4              
#fcb4--;,d>l+ton1 ,fl4        ,ce/rica1 

ed4 iii41 p4 #cif4      ,hab4--,rocky   
hill-sides 9 ri* woods1 especially :]e  
black leaf-mold    has ga!r$ betwe5     
masses ( rock2 "o ( our mo/ abundant &  
*>act]i/ic f]ns1 conf9$ to ,nor?        
,am]ica1 b ext5d+ f ,new    ,brunswick  
to ,c5tral ,alabama1 ,pr(essor ,eug5e   
,a4 ,smi?2 we/w>d to    ,arkansas1      
,pr(essor ,f4 ,l4 ,h>vey2 ,wiscons91    
,p>ry1 ,t4 ,j4 ,hale2 &    br\ght f !   
,saskat*ewan & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s (      
,briti%    ,am]ica by ,drummond4        
,description3--,pr(essor ,rob9son has   
rem>k$ ( ?is species3--8,?is comes  ne>]
 be+ a tree f]n ?an any o!r ( our       
species2 ! caudex1  cov]$ by ! bases (  
fronds ( previ\s seasons1 sometimes re/+
 on  b>e rocks = f\r or five in*es )\t  
roots or fronds40 ,!  root-/ock is mu* l
 t ( ,a4 ,filix-mas1 be+ v /\t-closely  
cov]$ ) p]si/5t /alk-bases & v *affy4 ,!
 *aff really  gr[s ma9ly on ! bases ( ! 
/alks1 or cov]s ! closely coil$  buds   
:i* cr[n ! root-/ock4 ,x is compos$ (   
%9+  f]rug9\s-br[n ?9 lanceolate        

acum9ate scales fully an in* 9  l5g?1 & 
de/itute ( a ?ick5$ midn]ve4 ,! fronds  
gr[ 9 elegant  cr[ns f ! apex ( !       
root-/ock1 "s six or eight or p]haps t5 
to a plant4 ,! /alks v>y 9 l5g?1 b are  
seldom m ?an a foot  long4 ,!y are r    
/\t1 r\nd1 b ) a slight furr[ 9 front1  
commonly r$di%-br[n 9 color1 fad+ :5 dry
 to /raw-color1 &  conta9 five or sev5  
r\ndi% fibro-vascul> bundles1 ( :i* !   
two  ant]ior ones are l>ge/1 & ! next   
two ! smalle/4    ,! outl9e ( ! fronds  
is ovate-lanceolate1 v>y+ to            
oblong-lanceolate4 ,! frond is commonly 
n q s wide at ! base z  9 ! middle1 ?\gh
 9 small specim5s ! base is (t5 ! wide/4
  ,! texture is ?ick] ?an 9 any o!r (   
our ,wood-f]ns1 & !  fronds are fairly  
ev]gre51 n )]+ until ! next ye>'s fronds
  beg9 to uncoil4 ,9 cutt+1 ! fronds v>y
 f p9nate1 )  p9natifid p9n & %ort ne>ly
 entire lobes1 to twice p9nate1 )       
p9nately-lob$ segm5ts4 ,9 ! example     
select$ = our plate !  p9nules are      
oblong1 obtuse & cr5ulate1 or at mo/1   

cr5ately-too!d4  ,o!r1 & p]haps no l>g]1
 fronds w h mo/ ( ! p9nules twice  or   
ev5 ?rice z long z ^!1 ovate-lanceolate 
& po9t$1 n>r[$  to a sub-cordate &      
obscurely-/alk$ base1 & deeply          
p9nately-lob$4  ,?is is v>4 elegans (   
,pr(essor ,rob9son4 ,pr(essor ,lawson   
has a v>4  ,traill1 :i* has 8v l>ge     
bip9nate fronds1 all ! p9nules          
p9natifid40 ,a v common =m notic$ by    
,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,und]wood 9  ,bullet9 ( !  
,torrey ,botanical ,club1 has fronds    
only f\r or five  in*es long1 ! l[] p9n 
only p9natifid & ! upp] ones lob$1  !   
sori mo/ly solit>y on ! lobes4    ,!    
ve9s & ve9lets ( ! frond are v di/9ct1  
be+ m>k$ by  depressions 9 ! upp]       
surface 9 ! liv+ fronds1 & visible z    
d>k l9es 9 ! dri$ specim5s4 ,! ve9s =k  
ne> ! midve92 !  upp] bran* may be      
f]tile at its tip2 ! l[] bran* is ei!r  
simple1 or =ks a second1 & p]haps a ?ird
 "t4 ,all ! ve9lets are  curv$4 ,on     
acc\nt ( ! v5ation ,presl ref]r$ ?is    
plant to 8  section ,ar?robotrys4    ,! 

sori are close to ! m>g9 ( ! lobes1 &   
v>y f "o to  twelve to a lobe4 ,!y are v
 l>ge & prom95t1 & h firm  lead-color$  
orbicul>-r5i=m indusia1 :i* are slightly
 incurv$  r\nd ! edge1 & depress$ at !  
s9us4 ,z ! fronds mature !  indusia     
become br[ni%4 ,! spores are ovoid-r5i=m
 & h a n>r[  cr5ulate w+4               
,,walk+-,,leaf4                         
,,p9natifid ,,sple5wort4                
,illu/ration3                           
,,camptosorus ,,rhizophyllus1 ,l9k4     
,walk+-,leaf4      ,camptosorus         
rhizophyllus3--,root-/ock %ort1 creep+  
or asc5d+2 /alks  tuft$1 sl5d]1 flaccid1
 gre51 b becom+ br[n ne> ! base2 fronds 
a few in*es to a foot long1             
sub-coriace\s1 ev]gre51 smoo?1 gradually
  n>r[$ f a deeply cordate & auricl$    
base to a long & v  sl5d] prolongation1 
decumb5t & (t5 root+ at ! end2 ve9s     
reticulat$ ne> ! midrib1 & hav+ free    
apices along ! m>g92  sori elongat$1    
v>i\sly plac$ on ei!r side ( ! ve9s1 (t5
 face  to face 9 pairs1 or ext5d+ ar\nd 

! upp] "p ( ! me%es2  indusium delicate4
    ,camptosorus rhizophyllus1 ,l9k1    
,hort4 ,b]ol41 ii41 p4 #fi2 ,fil4 ,sp4  
,hort4 ,b]ol41 p4 #hc4--,presl1 ,t5t4   
,pt]id41 p4 #aba1 t4 #d1 fig4           
#h4--;,hook]1 ,g54 ,fil41 t4 #eg1 ,c2   
,fil4 ,exot41 t4 #he4--;,gray1          
,manual4--,d>l+ton1 ,flora ,ce/r41 ed4  
iii41 p4 #cic4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4        
,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #fg1 t4 #e1 fig4 #f4  
,aspl5ium rhizophyllum1 ,l9nu1 ,sp4     
,pl41 p4 #aecf4--,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41   
p4 #gd4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4    
#cje4--,mi*aux1 ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am41 ii41   
p4 #bfd4--;,bigel[1 ,fl4 ,bo/on4        
,antigramma rhizophylla1 ,j4 ,smi?1 9   
,hook4 ,j\rn4 ,bot41 iv41 p4 #agf2      
,f]ns1 ,briti% & ,=eign1 p4             
#bbf4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4
        #did1 t4 #aei 7,aspl5ium74      
,scolop5drium rhizophyllum1 ,endli*]1   
,g54 ,pl41 ,suppl4 i41 p4               
#acdh4--;,hook]1 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4    
#d4--;,hook]  ,bak]1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4    
#bdh4      ,hab4--,on mossy rocks1      

especially lime/one4 ,n uncommon f      
,canada to    ,virg9ia & ,alabama1 &    
we/w>d to ,wiscons9 & ,kansas4 ,x occurs
    9 _m places 9 ,we/]n ,new ,engl&1 b 
is r>e to ! ea/4 ,x has    lately be5   
f\nd a few miles f ,bo/on2 b !re is a   
d\bt :e!r    ! /ation is truly natural4 
,description4--,! walk+-leaf is usually 
f\nd 9 pat*es ( consid]able  ext5t4 ,x  
seems to pref] mossy calc>e\s rocks1 & !
 f9e/  specim5s are usually firmly root$
 9 ! crevices4 ,9 ,*e%ire1              
,connecticut1 x gr[s freely on moi/     
cliffs ( s&/one bord]+ a  deep rav9e2 & 
9 ,orange1 9 ! same ,/ate1 x is f\nd on 
scatt]$  l$ges ( s]p5t9e4 ,! root-/ock  
is v %ort1 b creep+3 x  be>s a few      
d>k-fusc\s scales1 & is cov]$ ) ! rema9s
 (  decay$ /alks4 ,a few fronds gr[ f ! 
end ( ! root-/ock1 & are  support$ on   
sl5d] h]bace\s /ems a few in*es long4 ,a
 transv]se  section ( ! l[] "p ( ! /alk 
is semicircul>1 & %[s a v  sl5d]        
triangul> c5tral ?read ( d>k scl]5*yma1 
) two some:at  r\ndi% fibro-vascul>     

bundles close b5ea? or beh9d x4 ,a      
section  high] up %[s t ! /alk is !re   
n>r[ly w+$ on ea* side1 &  ! two        
fibro-vascul> bundles h coalesc$ into "o
 ( a  r\ndi%-triangul> %ape4 ,! frond is
 long & n>r[1 & r>ely rises  erect1 b   
usually is decumb5t or recl9$ 9         
position4    ,! w+s ( ! /alk wid5 out   
into a w$ge-%ap$ base1 :i* is  sunk5 9 a
 s9us betwe5 two basal auricles ( !     
frond4 ,^! auricles  are scantily       
develop$ 9 small fronds2 b 9 l>g] ones  
!y are m  or less prom95t1 mak+ ! base (
 ! frond ei!r cordate or  ha/ate4 ,9    
specim5s f ,*e%ire1 ,connecticut1 & 9 "s
 f  ,indiana1 ! auricles are drawn out  
into sl5d] po9ts1 9 "o in/ance  fully   
f\r in*es long4 ,! fronds are deep-gre5 
9 color1 &  sub-coriace\s 9 texture4 ,! 
fronds ( mature plants are f six to     
twelve1 or ev5 fifte51 in*es long2 & _! 
greate/ wid?1 measur$  j above !        
auricles1 is ab\t "o-twelf? ( ! l5g?1 or
 f six  to fifte5 l9es4 ,! midrib is a  
little pal] ?an ! re/ ( !  frond1 & is r

 prom95t on ! "u surface4 ,! m>g9 ( !   
frond is g5tly undulat+ or entire1 r>ely
 incis$4#b ,! upp] "p  ( ! frond is     
sc>cely wid] ?an ! /alk1 & commonly     
produces a  prolif]\s bud at ! apex1 :]e
 x v frequ5tly takes root1 &  develops a
 new plant4 ,9 ?is way a s+le plant 9 a 
favorable position  w become a :ole     
colony 9 a few ye>s' "t4    ,! v5ation  
is peculi>1 & ! disposition ( ! sori    
dep5ds ma9ly  on ! peculi>ities ( !     
v5ation4 ,dr4 ,endli*]'s description (  
!m  is s cle>1 t x is well to repeat x  
"h3 8,ve9s ana/omos+  i4e41 reticulat+ 9
 two s]ies ( hexagonal areoles me%es1 ! 
angles ( ! m>g9al areoles s5d+ out free1
 simple or =k$1  ve9lets4 ,sori l9e>1   
solit>y 9 ! co/al areoles ^? ne>e/ !    
midrib & on ! m>g9al ve9lets3 ! indusium
 ( ! latt] free  t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! frond2 
( ! =m]1 t[>d ! co/a4 ,9 !  areoles ( ! 
second s]ies ! sori are opposite3 !     
indusium ( !  l[] "o free t[>d ! co/a2 (
 ! o!r1 9 ! opposite  direction40 ,to   
?is x may be add$1 t 9 "s ( ! areoles ! 

two  sori meet & are conflu5t at ! out] 
angle ( ! areole2 & 9 ?is  case ! two   
indusia are sometimes1 ?\gh n always1   
unit$ into "o4  ,! indusia ( ! areoles  
next ! midrib are also (t5 b5t at an    
angle1 & ! two portions pla9ly unit$4 ,x
 0 f ?is condition (  "s ( ! sori t !   
g5us 0 nam$ ,camptosorus 7b5t           
fruit-dot72  & x is only on ?is         
peculi>ity t ! g5us c be kept sep>ate4  
,! indusium is ?9 & delicate1 compos$ ( 
s9u\s-m>g9$ cellules1  & is m or less   
wavy along ! free edge4 ,! spores are   
ovoid1 &  h a cr5at$ pellucid w+-l m>g94
    ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook] ref]r$ !        
,camptosorus1 toge!r ) ! species (      
,antigramma1 & ! v peculi> ,mexican f]n 
,s*affn]ia1 to !  g5us ,scolop5drium2   
mak+ ! di/9ctive "* ( ! g5us to  re/ on 
! sori be+ 89 pairs1 opposite to ea*    
o!r1 "o orig9at+  on ! sup]ior side ( a 
ve9let1 ! o!r on ! inf]ior side ( !     
opposite ve9let or bran*40 ,9 ?is he 0  
ess5tially anticipat$  tw5ty ye>s by    
,dr4 ,endli*]2 to :om1 h[ev]1 ,s*affn]ia

 0  unkn[n4    ,x is by no means        
impossible t future botani/s w ref] all 
^!  species to ! old ,l9nan g5us        
,aspl5ium2 = x is n[ pretty  g5]ally    
admitt$ t diff]5ces 9 v5ation d n       
con/itute valid  g5]ic di/9ctions1 & a  
radicant bud on ! frond is common 9 _m  
und5iably g5u9e ,aspl5ia3 & s9ce        
,diplazium1 ) d\ble  involucres plac$   
back to back on ! same ve91 is          
insep>able f  ,aspl5ium1 x is by no     
means impossible t ,scolop5drium &      
,camptosorus %\ld be ?\ght to h no bett]
 claim to rank z  g5]a4    ,probably !  
e>lie/ notice ( ! walk+-leaf is 9 ,ray's
 8,hi/oria  ,plant>um10 vol4 ii41 p4    
#aibg1 publi%$ 9 #afhh4 ,x is !re call$ 
8,phyllitis p>va saxatilis p] summitates
 folii prolif]a40 ,o!r e>ly  acc\nts may
 be f\nd 9 ! 8,species ,plant>um0 (     
,l9nu & (  ,willd5[1 & 9 ! second       
edition ( ,gronovius's 8,flora          
,virg9ica40 ,9  ! latt] "w x may be se5 
t ,gov4 ,cold5 long ago describ$ !      
auricles z be+ 8also (t5 acum9ate40     

,a second species1 ) membranace\s fronds
 acute at ! base 7,c4  ,sibiricus71     
occurs 9 ,nor!rn ,asia1 b is app>5tly v 
r>e4                                    
,,aspl5ium ,,p9natifidum1 ,nuttall4     
,p9natifid ,sple5wort4      ,aspl5ium   
p9natifidum3--,root-/ock %ort1 creep+1  
bran*$2 /alks  num]\s1 clu/]$1 br[ni%   
ne> ! base1 gre5 high] up2 fronds six   
to n9e in*es high1 h]bace\s or          
sub-coriace\s1 mo/ly erect1             
lanceolate-acum9ate f a broad &         
sub-ha/ate base1 p9natifid2 l[]  lobes  
r\ndi%-ovate or r>ely caudate1 sometimes
 di/9ct1 ! m>g9  cr5at$1 ! upp] ones    
gradually small] & m & m adnate to  !   
w+$ midrib2 ! upp]mo/ v %ort1 & pass+   
into !  s9u\s-m>g9$ long acum9ation ( ! 
frond2 ve9s di*otom\s or  sub-p9nate &  
=k+1 free2 sori few on ! l[] lobes1     
solit>y on  ! upp]mo/1 ^? next ! midrib 
occasionally diplazioid4    ,aspl5ium   
p9natifidum1 ,nuttall1 ,g5]a ( ,n4 ,am]4
 ,plants1 ii41 p4        #bea4--,kunze1 
9 ,sill4 ,j\rn41 ,july1 #ahdh1 p4       

#he4--;,gray1        ,manual4--,eaton1 9
 ,*apman's ,flora ( ,s\!rn ,u4 ,s41 p4  
#eib4--;,hook]1 ,icones ,plant>um1 t4   
#ibg2 ,sp4 ,fil41 iii41 p4              
#ia4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4
 #gb1 t4 #aj1 figs4 #a1 #b2             
,aspl5ium1 p4 #abf4--;,hook]  ,bak]1    
,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #aid4    ,aspl5ium      
rhizophyllum1 v>4 p9natifidum1          
,muhl5b]g1 ,catalogus        ,plant4    
,am4 ,sept41 ed4 ii41 p4 #ajb4--;,b>ton1
 ,comp5dium ,flor        ,philad41 ii41 
p4 #baj4--;,eaton1#c ,manual ( ,botany1 
ed4 iii41 p4 #ahh1        etc4--,torrey1
 ,comp5dium1 p4 #chc4                   
,hab4--,discov]$ by ,?omas ,nuttall 9   
crevices ( rocks along !    ,s*uylkill  
,riv]1 ne> ,philadelphia2 also f\nd     
along ! ,wissahickon    ,creek 9 ! same 
vic9ity4 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 
,pr(4    ,?omas ,c4 ,port]4 ,on moi/    
cliffs ( s&/one 9 ! ,cumb]l&            
,m\nta9s1 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4 
,bradley4 ,hancock ,c\nty1    ,alabama1 
,hon4 ,t4 ,m4 ,pet]s4 ,m9e-la-,motte1   

,s\!rn ,miss\ri1 on    s&/one rocks1    
,dr4 ,engelmann4    ,description4--,!   
root-/ocks ( ?is little f]n are creep+1 
bran*$  & (t5 entangl$1 & *affy ) n>r[  
lance-acum9ate d>k-fusc\s  scales4 ,!   
cellul> /ructure ( ^! scales is simil>  
to t ( !  scales ( ,a4 eb5eum1 ! cells  
be+ oblong-rectangul>1 & arrang$  9     
/raight longitud9al r[s4 ,! /alks are f 
two to f\r in*es  long1 & slightly *affy
 :5 "y3 !y are br[n & %9+ at !  base1 b 
gre5 high] up1 except t a n>r[ l9e (    
br[n is  cont9u$ up ! "u side ( ! /alk  
ne>ly or q to ! base (  ! frond4 ,a     
section made ne> ! l[] extremity ( !    
/alk is ne>ly  semicircul>1 & discloses 
two r\ndi% fibro-vascul> bundles side by
  side ne> ! middle1 & a m9ute ?read (  
scl]5*yma1 or h>d d>k  tissue1 on ! inn]
 side ( ea* bundle4 ,a section j bel[ ! 
frond  %[s ! two fibro-vascul> bundles  
unit$ into "o1 & ! angles (  ! /alk     
slightly ext5d$1 =m+ v n>r[ w+-l bord]s4
 ,!  m9ute inn] filam5ts ( scl]5*yma are
 nev] cont9u$ f> up !  /alk1 & are      

sometimes want+ altoge!r4    ,! frond is
 f ?ree to six in*es long1 & usually    
half an in* to  an in* broad at ! base1 
f :i* ! g5]al outl9e tap]s to a  long & 
sl5d] po9t1 n s long z ! prolongation ( 
!  walk+-leaf1 & v r>ely1 if ev]1 root+ 
at ! apex4#d ,!  fronds are mo/ly erect1
 sub-coriace\s or firmly membranace\s1  
smoo?  above1 b ) a few m9ute setulose  
scales b5ea?1 deeply p9natifid  9 ! l[] 
& middle portion1 & s9uately lob$ above1
 ! long  t]m9al portion undulate on !   
m>g9s4 ,! midrib is broad & well  def9$3
 x is w+$ ?r\gh\t its l5g?2 ! w+ n>r[ at
 ! base  ( ! frond1 b con/antly wid5+   
upw>ds4    ,! lobes are irregul>ly      
r\ndi%-ovate1 s9uate1 cr5ate or slightly
  too!d2 ! l[e/ ones occasionally drawn 
out into an acum9ate po9t  an in* long4 
,mo/ ( ! lobes are atta*$ to ! w+ ( !   
midrib by  a broad base3 ! l[] ones     
sometimes h a %ort /alk4    ,! ve9s are 
ev]y:]e free3 9 ! l[] lobes1 if ^! are  
acum9ate1 ! ve9s are p9nately bran*$ f a
 mid-ve92 else:]e  !y are =k$ or        

di*otom\s4 ,! sori are mo/ly s+le1 ?\gh 
"h  & !re "o w be diplazioid1--mo/      
commonly ! l[e/ "o on !  sup]ior side ( 
! lobe4 ,! indusia are v delicate2 & !  
free  edge is direct$ t[>d ! middle ( ! 
lobe1 except+ ! indusia (  ! sori ne>e/ 
! midrib1 & ^! op5 t[>d ! midrib4 ,!    
sori  are usually v full ( sporangia1 &1
 :5 ripe1 ne>ly cov] ! back  ( ! frond3 
ev5 ! n>r[ acum9ation be>s a sorus at   
ea*  undulation ( ! m>g94 ,spores       
ovoid-bean-%ap$1 ) reticulat+  ridges & 
an irregul> w+$ bord]4    ,?is is n[    
admitt$ by all pt]idologi/s to be a     
di/9ct species2  ?\gh x 0 =m]ly conf\nd$
 ) ! ,camptosorus1 f :i* x  is cle>ly   
di/+ui%$ by ! free ve9s1 ! mo/ly s+le   
indusia1  & ! usual abs5ce ( a prolif]\s
 bud at ! apex ( ! frond4 ,"s  ( ! less 
comp\nd & m att5uat$ =ms ( ,a4 montanum 
come mu*  ne>] to x2 b 9 its simple/ =m 
?is o!r species always has !  fronds    
fairly p9nate1 & its m comp\nd =ms      
resemble ! ,a4  p9natifidum v little4   
,i take occasion to express my ?anks to 

,hon4 ,?omas ,m4 ,pet]s ( ,m\lton1      
,alabama1 :o has s5t me abundant & f9e  
specim5s ( ?is f]n & (  o!r r>e species 
:i* are f\nd 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,alabama4  
,,s5sitive ,,f]n4      ,illu/ration3    
,,onoclea ,,s5sibilis1 ,l9nu4           
,s5sitive ,f]n4      ,onoclea           
s5sibilis3--,root-/ock creep+1 elongat$2
 /alks scatt]$1  ne>ly *affless1 a few  
in*es to ov] a foot high2 fronds        
dimorph\s2  /]ile ones triangul>-ovate1 
foliace\s1 smoo?1 quickly )]+ :5        
pluck$1 deeply p9natifid into sev]al    
oblong-lanceolate entire or  s9uate or  
s9uately p9natifid segm5ts1 ! l[e/ pair 
sometimes  di/9ct1 ! re/ connect$ by a  
w+ :i* wid5s upw>ds2 ! ve9s  reticulat$ 
& =m+ n>r[ p>aco/al areoles1 &1 outside 
( ^!1  copi\s oblong or hexagonal me%es2
 f]tile fronds %ort]1 contract$1  rigid1
 closely bip9nate2 ! p9nules roll$ up   
into b]ry-l bodies2  ve9s free1 simple  
or =k$1 sorif]\s on ! back2 sporangia   
borne on  an elevat$ receptacle1 half   
surr\nd$ by a v delicate some:at  hood-l

 indusium atta*$ at ! base ( !          
receptacle4    ,onoclea s5sibilis1      
,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aeag4--,mi*aux1   
,fl4 ,bor4-,am41        ii41 p4         
#bgb4--,sw>tz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4          
#aaj4--,s*kuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4       
#ie1 t4 #ajb4--,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 
p4 #bhg4--,pur%1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41      
ii41 p4 #ffe4--;,hook]1 ,g54 ,fil41 t4  
lxxxii2 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4        
#bfb2 ,sp4 ,fil41 iii41 p4              
#afj4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4
        #dii4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 
p4 #deg2 ed4 ii41 p4 #eii1 t4 xii2 ed4  
v41        p4 #ffh1 t4 xviii2 ,botany ( 
,japan1 9 ,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 7n4 s47    
vi41        p4 #dba4--,mett5ius1 ,fil4  
,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ig4--,maxim[icz1     
,prim4 ,fl4        ,amur41 p4           
#ccg4--;,eaton1 9 ,*apman's ,flora1 p4  
#eif4--;,hook]  ,bak]1        ,syn4     
,fil41 p4 #df4--,miquel1 ,prolus4 ,fl4  
,jap41 9 ,ann4 ,mus4 ,bot4              
,lugd4-,batav41 iii41 p4 #agi4--,milde1 
,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atlant41 p4             

#aeg4--,r$field1 9 ,bullet9 ( ,torrey   
,botan4 ,club1 vi41 p4                  
#d4--,williamson1 ,f]ns ( ,k5tucky1 p4  
#aji1 t4 xli2 ,f]n-,et*+s1 t4           
xlv4    ,onoclea obtusilobata1 ,s*kuhr1 
,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ie1 t4 #ajc4--,pur%1 
,fl4        ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffe4  
,onoclea obtusiloba1 ,l9k1 ,fil4 ,hort4 
,lips41 p4 #cg4    ,osmunda frondibus   
p9natis foliolis sup]ioribus basi       
coadunatis1        omnibus lanceolatis1 
p9nato-s9uatis1 ,l9nu1 ,hort4 ,cliff41  
p4        #dgb4--;,gronovius1 ,fl4      
,virg9ica1 p4 #aif2 ed4 ii41 p1         
#afc4--7,o!r        anci5t names are    
repeat$ by ,l9nu & ,willd5[47           
,hab4--,wet mead[s & ?ickets1 f ,new    
,brunswick to ! ,saskat*ewan1    ext5d+ 
s\?w>d ?r\gh ,dacotah1 ,kansas1 &       
,arkansas to ,l\isiana1    & ea/w>d to  
,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,florida1 "o ( our        
commone/ & mo/    abundant f]ns1 (t5    
occupy+ l>ge portions ( l& to ! p>tial  
exclusion ( o!r plants4 ,n f\nd 9 we/]n 
,am]ica or 9 ,europe1    b occurr+ 9    

,japan1 ,mant*ooria & ea/]n ,sib]ia4    
,description3--,! root-/ock is ab\t     
"o-?ird ( an in* ?ick1 &  irregul>ly    
r\ndi% 9 section4 ,x creeps widely bel[ 
! surface (  ! gr\nd1 root+ freely & (t5
 =k+1 s t 9 cultivation x  is v         
difficult to conf9e ! plant to "o spot4 
,! root-/ock  conta9s six or eight      
r\ndi% or flatt5$ fibro-vascul> bundles 
arrang$ 9 a circle ne> ! out] surface4  
,x be>s no *aff4 ,!  /alks are scatt]$  
along its l5g?1 ! apex be+ cov]$ ) !    
?ick5$ /alk-bases ( next ye>'s fronds1 &
 ! /alks = !  pres5t ye> ris+ a few     
in*es back ( ! apex4    ,! fronds are   
truly dimorph\s1 ! f]tile ones be+ s    
unlike !  /]ile1 t no "o :o is          
unacqua9t$ ) ! plant w\ld suppose  !y _h
 any?+ to d ) ea* o!r4    ,! /]ile      
fronds v>y 9 l5g? f "o or two in*es to  
fifte5 or  eighte51 & are support$ on   
/alks usually r long] /ill1 s  t1 :ile !
 smalle/ plants may be conceal$ 9 !     
grass1 !  talle/ ones are (t5 fully ?ree
 feet high4 ,! bases ( ! /alks are      

flatt5$1 discolor$ & v sp>+ly *affy2 !  
upp] "p is gre5  9 ! liv+ plant1        
br[ni%-/ram9e\s :5 dri$1 smoo? & nak$1  
r\nd$ at ! back1 & slightly furr[$ 9    
front4 ,x conta9s two  obliquely-plac$  
/rap-%ap$ fibro-vascul> bundles1 :i*    
unite bel[  ! base ( ! frond & =m "o    
hav+ a ,u-%ap$ section4 ,! outl9e  ( !  
/]ile fronds is triangul> or            
triangul>-ovate4 ,! midrib is  w+$1 ei!r
 f ! v base1 or f ! second pair (       
segm5ts2  ! w+ at its l[] extremity v   
n>r[1 b gradually wid5+  t[>ds ! apex1 s
 t its greate/ wid? is b little less ?an
 t  ( ! t]m9al segm5t4 ,! numb] (       
segm5ts 9 ! smalle/ fronds is  two or   
?ree on ea* side2 9 ! l>ge/ fronds      
twelve or ?irte5 on  ea* side4 ,! l[e/  
segm5ts are r m ?an half z long z !     
:ole frond2 ! next segm5ts usually a    
little small]1 b sometimes a  little    
long] ?an ! fir/ pair1 & ! rema9+ ones  
rapidly  decreas+4 ,! segm5ts are       
broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate1
  n>r[$ at ! base1 especially ! l[]     

ones1 & ei!r r\nd$ or  sub-acute at !   
apex4 ,! s9uses betwe5 !m are r\nd$1 &  
are  gradually n>r[$ t[>ds ! apex ( !   
frond4 ,! segm5ts are v  m9utely        
s]rulate on ! edges2 ! smalle/ ones     
o!rwise entire1 &  ! l>g] ones ei!r )   
s9u\s m>g9s or1 9 l>ge fronds1 deeply   
s9u\s-p9natifid4 ,! texture is h]bace\s1
 ! surfaces p]fectly  smoo?1 ! color ( !
 upp] surface grass-gre51 ( ! l[]       
surface  pal] & slightly glaucesc5t4 ,! 
fronds wilt v soon aft] pluck+  !m1 & 9 
wilt+ !re is a slight disposition to    
fold ! segm5ts  toge!r1 face to face1 = 
:i* reason ! plant has receiv$ ! "n  (  
8,s5sitive-,f]n40 ,! fir/ fro/ ( autumn 
de/roys ! /]ile  fronds2 & a late fro/ 9
 ,may or ,june does ! same4 ,! midribs  
are  prom95t1 & ! ve9s conspicu\s2 !    
latt] be+ copi\sly  reticulat$ into     
areoles :i* enclose no free ve9lets4    
,along ! sides  ( ! midribs & midve9s   
are v long & n>r[ areoles1 & outside  ( 
^! are obliquely-plac$ oblong areoles 9 
sev]al irregul> r[s4    ,! f]tile fronds

 are n v common1 & a "y botani/ may se>*
  9 va9 = !m = a long "t4 ,!y /& only   
ab\t half z high z  ! /]ile fronds1 &   
are v rigid4 ,!y are ne>ly black 9      
color3  9 w9t] !y dry up1 b rema9 erect 
?r\gh ! next summ]1 s t  a fruit+ plant 
(t5 has f]tile fronds /&+ ( two ye>s'   
gr[?4  ,! frond is only a few 7usually  
f\r to six7 in*es long1 & consi/s  ( f  
f\r to t5 pairs ( appress$ fle%y or     
c>tilag9\s p9n1  :i* are divid$ into a  
d\ble r[ ( sub-globose bead-l segm5ts or
  p9nules2 ! :ole look+ l a small & n>r[
 b d5se clu/] (  dim9utive grapes4 ,ea* 
p9nule has its edges s mu* recurv$ t !  
:ole =ms a sort ( p\*1 app>5tly fill$ ) 
sporangia4    ,mr4 ,faxon has made a    
c>eful /udy ( ! sori1 & has v k9dly     
furni%$ ! acc\nt giv5 bel[4#e    ,!     
articulations ( ! sporangia are said by 
,fe to be tw5ty-eight to  ?irty-two1 & m
 num]\s ?an 9 any o!r f]n4 ,i h c\nt$   
only  ?irty at mo/1 & m frequ5tly only  
tw5ty-eight4 ,! spores are  ovoid & v   
d>k-color$4    ,v>4 obtusilobata1       

,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #dii1 
t4 clx 7,onoclea  obtusilobata1         
,s*kuhr71 is n a p]man5t v>iation ( !   
species1 b  is bas$ on a n infrequ5t    
condition ( ! plant1 9 :i* ! p9n  ( "s (
 ! foliace\s fronds become deeply       
p9natifid into obovate  segm5ts1 :i* h  
mo/ly free ve9s & imp]fectly develop$   
sori4  ,! indusia appe> z little :iti%  
scales on ! back ( ! ve9s4 ,x  occurs 9 
almo/ all places :]e ! plant is common1 
is (t5 produc$  f root-/ocks :i* be>    
also normal fronds1 & pres5ts all       
gradations f ! usual /]ile frond to !   
prop] f]tile "o4  ,ragiopt]is           
onocleoides ( ,presl is f\nd$ on a "y   
f]tile frond (  ?is species plac$ ) a   
/]ile "o ( :at ,milde judges to be a    
mon/r\s =m ( ,aspidium ,filix-mas4      
,maxim[icz describes a v>4  int]rupta1 f
 ! ,amoor region1 9 :i* ! f]tile frond  
ne>ly  equals ! /]ile1 & has elongat$   
p9n1 ) remote segm5ts4 ,?is  condition  
is also sometimes se5 9 ,am]ican        
specim5s1 & is h>dly a  true v>iety4    

,9 an article on 8,! late ,ext9ct       
,floras ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 :i*  appe>$ 9 
,vol4 ix ( ! ,annals ( ! ,new ,york     
,lyceum ( ,natural  ,hi/ory1 9 ,april1  
#ahfh1 ,pr(essor ,newb]ry describes     
c]ta9 fossil  specim5s ( f]ns occurr+ 9 
,mioc5e argillace\s lime/one at ,=t     
,union1 ,dacotah1 & ref]s !m ) little   
hesitation to ?is species4 ,i  h n se5 !
 specim5s1 b1 z simil> v5ation & n v    
dissimil> fronds are se5 9 ,woodw>dia & 
,pt]is1 "o may p]haps  d\bt ! absolute  
c]ta9ty ( ! id5tification4              
,footnotes      #a,milde indicates      
sev]al o!r unimportant v>iations2 &     
,hook]       ,bak] h z v>ieties ( ?is   
species ! ,ea/ ,indian ,aspidium        
co*leatum1 & ,aspidium elongatum1 f     
,madeira & ! ,can>y      ,isl&s4 ,!     
latt] !y give z occurr+ also 9 ! s\!rn  
,unit$ ,/ates1 evid5tly suppos+ x to be 
! long-lo/ ,a4      ,ludovicianum (     
,kunze4 ,= abundant synonymy ( ,aspidium
 ,filix-mas      ! /ud5t is ref]r$      
especially to ! works ( ,hook]1 ,milde1 

,mett5ius & ,moore1 z quot$ above4      
#b,see ! 8,flora ( ,new ,york0 = "s     
figures ( lac9iat$ & =k+      fronds4   
#c,pr(4 ,amos ,eaton1 gr&fa!r ( ! pres5t
 writ]4 ,eaton's 8,manual      (        
,botany0 w5t ?r\gh eight editions f     
#ahag to #ahda4    #d;,i f9d "o or two  
in/ances ( a slight enl>gem5t ( ! apex1 
z if      !re 7 an attempt to =m a      
prolif]\s bud4    #e8;,9 ,o4 s5sibilis !
 sori are borne on ! middle ( ! ve91 &  
consi/ ( a t\gh cyl9drical receptacle1  
?ree or f\r diamet]s 9      height1 be>+
 sporangia ?ickly all ov] its surface1 &
 cov]$      :5 "y by a delicate hood-l  
indusium1 atta*$ half-way or      m     
ar\nd ! base ( ! receptacle on ! inf]ior
 side1 &      hav+ ! cr5ulate-m>g9$ op5+
 t[>d ! apex ( ! segm5t4      ,at an    
e>ly /age ! blackb]ry-%ap$ sorus is     
almo/ entirely      cov]$ by ! indusium1
 :i* resembles a closely drawn c[l1 b   
) ! gr[? ( ! sporangia x is ?r[n back1  
or r5t1 & soon      disappe>s1 ! sori   
becom+ conflu5t4 ,! receptacle is v     

p]si/5t1 & may be se51 cov]$ ) ! /alks (
 !      sporangia1 9 ! dri$ la/-ye>'s   
f]tile fronds1 :i* are always      f\nd 
:]e ! plant gr[s40                      
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,copyright  
notice provid$ z 9 ! orig9al--?is e-text
 is public    doma9 9 ! c\ntry (        
publication4    --,sil5tly correct$     
palpable typos2 left non-/&>d spell+s & 
dialect un*ang$4    --,only 9 ! text    
v]sions1 delimit$ italiciz$ text 9      
und]scores    7! ,,html v]sion          
reproduces ! font =m ( ! pr9t$ book47   
--,only 9 ! ,,ascii text v]sion1        
delimit$ translat$ ,greek lett]s 9      
braces 7! ,,utf text & ,,html v]sions   
pres]ve ! ,greek lett]s47