,,beautiful ,,ferns4 ,,from ,,original ,,water-,,color ,,drawings ,,after ,,nature1 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,faxon and ,j4 ,h4 ,,emerton4 ,descriptive ,text by ,daniel ,cady ,eaton1 ,,professor ,,of ,,botany ,,in ,,yale ,,college4 ,,boston3 ,,estes ,,and ,,lauriat4 #ahhf4 ,copyright1 #ahhe1 ,by ,h4 ,b4 ,nims and ,company4 ,,illustrations4 ,american ,maiden-,hair ,ostrich-,fern ,alpine ,beech-,fern ,fragrant ,wood-,fern ,goldie's ,wood-,fern ,webby ,lip-,fern ,eaton's ,lip-,fern ,male ,fern ,trifoliate ,cliff-,brake ,clayton's ,cliff-,brake ,slender ,cliff-,brake ,evergreen ,wood-,fern ,walking-,leaf ,pinnatifid ,spleenwort ,sensitive ,fern ,,american ,,maiden-,,hair4 ,illustration3 ,,adiantum ,,pedatum1 ,linnus4 ,american ,maiden-hair4 ,adiantum pedatum3--,root-stock creeping1 scaly1 and copiously rooting2 stalks scattered1 a foot or more high1 dark-brown and polished1 forked at the top2 fronds six to fifteen inches broad1 membranaceous1 smooth1 spreading nearly horizontally1 composed of several 7six to fourteen7 slender divisions radiating from the outer side of the recurved branches of the stalk1 and bearing numerous oblong or triangular-oblong short-stalked pinnules having the lower margin entire and often slightly concave1 the base parallel with the polished hairlike rachis1 the upper margin lobed or cleft and bearing a few oblong-lunate or transversely linear reflexed involucres2 sporangia on the inner surface of the involucres 7as in all ,adianta71 borne on the extended apices of the free forking veinlets1 which proceed from a principal vein closely parallel to the lower margin of the pinnule4 ,adiantum pedatum1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aeeg4--,thunberg1 ,flora ,japonica1 p4 #cci4--,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #aba4--,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ajg1 t4 #aae4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #dch4--,michaux1 ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am41 ii41 p4 #bfc4--,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #fgj4--,torrey1 ,fl4 of ,n4 ,y41 ii41 p4 #dhg4--;,gray1 ,manual4--,ruprecht1 ,distrib4 ,crypt4 ,vasc41 in ,imp4 ,ross41 p4 #di4--;,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4 #bh4--;,brackenridge1 ,filices of the ,u4 ,s4 ,expl4 ,exped41 p4 #ajj4--;,eaton1 in ,parry's ,exped4 to ,japan1 ii41 p4 #cbi4--,maximowicz1 ,primiti ,fl4 ,amurensis1 p4 #cda4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #dg2 ,prolusio ,fl4 ,japon4 in ,ann4 ,mus4 ,bot4 ,lugd4-,batav41 iii41 p4 #aga4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #abe4--,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atl41 p4 #ca4--,keyserling1 ,gen4 ,adiantum1 in ,mem4 ,acad4 ,petrop41 ser4 vii41 xxii41 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #e1 #bh4 ,adiantum ,americanum1 ,cornutus1 ,canad4 ,pl4 ,hist41 p4 #g1 t4 #f 7#afce74 ,maiden ,hair1 or ,cappellus veneris verus1 ,josselyn1 ,new ,englands ,rarities ,discovered1 p4 #ee 7#afgb74 ,adiantum fronde supra-decomposita bipartita1 foliis partialibus alternis1 foliolis trapeziformibus obtusis1 ,gronovius1 ,flora ,virginica 7#agci71 p4 #abc4 7,for other ancient references see ,linnus1 as quoted above47 ,adiantum boreale1 ,presl1 ,tent4 ,pterid41 p4 #aeh4 ,hab4--,in rich1 moist woods1 especially among rocks4 ,common from ,new ,brunswick and ,canada southward to ,central ,alabama1 ,professor ,eugene ,a4 ,smith1 and westward to ,lake ,superior1 ,wisconsin1 and ,arkansas4 ,also in ,utah1 ,california1 ,oregon1 ,british ,columbia1 the islands of ,alaska1 ,kamtschatka1 ,japan1 ,mantchooria1 and the ,himalayan provinces of ,india4 ,ruprecht speaks of specimens from ,newfoundland1 and ,professor ,gray informs me that it exists in ,de ,la ,pylaie's collection from that island4 ,description4--,the root-stock is elongated and creeping4 ,it is about the diameter of a goose-quill1 is covered with minute ovate scales1 roots copiously from beneath and along the sides1 and produces fronds from the right and left sides alternately4 ,the stalks are usually from a foot to fifteen inches high1 and from half a line to a line in thickness4 ,when very young1 they bear a few scattered narrow scales2 but these soon fall off1 leaving minute pointed scars4 ,the mature stalk is roundish in section1 the convexity being greatest on the side which corresponds to the under surface of the frond4 ,the two convexities1 anterior and posterior1 are separated by two obscure angles or ridges1 which extend the whole length of the stalk4 ,the anterior1 or flatter1 convex surface is nearly black1 while the other side is a dark purplish brown4 ,the fibro-vascular bundle is ,u-shaped near the base of the stalk2 but higher up it is more like a broad1 open ,v2 and just below the forking of the stalk it separates into two portions4 ,the two branches of the stalk diverge at an angle of about fifty degrees1 and rise obliquely1 gracefully recurving till they nearly meet again4 ,from the outer side of the curve each branch sends out from two to seven slender diverging branchlets1 which are the rachises of the pinn4 ,the branchlets nearest the forking of the stalk are from four to fifteen inches long1 those more remote successively shorter4 ,thus the whole frond is from five or six to fifteen or eighteen inches broad1 and1 while somewhat funnel-form in the centre1 radiates nearly horizontally towards the circumference4 ,a pressed specimen can give but little idea of its graceful position4 ,the pinnules1 or leaflets1 are from six to twelve lines long1 and three or four broad1 and are placed alternately on the rachises of the pinn4 ,they are very numerous1 seldom fewer than twelve on each side of one of the middle 7or lower7 rachises1 and in large fronds sometimes as many as forty on each side4 ,the outer rachises bear fewer and fewer pinnules1 and the outermost of even a very large frond will not have more than eight or ten on each side4 ,they are attached to the rachis by a very short and slender stalk4 ,their usual form is dimidiate-oblong2 that is1 they appear as if cut in two longitudinally1 and the lower half removed1 so that the lower edge is entire1 and straight1 or often slightly hollowed2 the base1 or edge nearest the rachis1 is also straight and entire2 it is parallel with the rachis1 or even overlaps it a little2 the upper edge is more or less lobed or incised1 but in general nearly parallel with the lower1 and the end is rounded and slightly lobed4 ,the point of attachment is1 of course1 at the angle between the lower and basal edges4 ,the terminal pinnule of each pinna1 and the basal one1 which1 indeed1 very often proceeds from one of the recurved branches just below the origin of the pinna1 are broadly cuneate or transversely oblong in shape1 the two sides which meet at the point of attachment being equal2 and the few pinnules near the basal one are shorter and more triangular than the middle ones4 ,the texture is delicately membranaceous1 but elastic2 the color is a lively green1 and both surfaces are very smooth4 ,the upper surface appears to be destitute of stomata2 and this may be the reason why water will not adhere to the pinnules1 but either falls off1 or stands in spheroids ready to fall4 ,the veins are free3 in the symmetrical basal and apical pinnules the veinlets fork repeatedly from the very base2 but in the oblong middle pinnules there is a faint principal vein running close to the lower edge2 and from this the veinlets diverge obliquely1 and fork about three times before reaching the superior margin4 ,the incisions of the superior margin are usually very narrow1 and extend only to about one-third of the breadth of the pinnule2 but in some specimens from ,california and ,oregon they are wider and considerably deeper4 ,the lobes are from four to six or seven in number3 in sterile fronds they are minutely toothed at the end2 but in the commoner fertile fronds they are reflexed and changed in character1 so as to form somewhat crescent-shaped or transversely elongated involucres of a pale-brownish color4 ,the tips of the veinlets extend into these involucres1 and bear the sporangia on the under or inner surface4 ,in this peculiarity is the essential generic character of ,adiantum4 ,the spores of this species are spheroid-tetrahedral1 the three radiating angles marked with slender vitt1 or bands4 ,they are mature in the latter part of summer2 but the fronds remain until frost1 often changing from green to variegated shades of brown4 ,there do not seem to be any well-marked variations in this fern4 ,ruprecht has a 8var4 ,aleuticum10 the ,ad4 boreale of ,presl1 separated mainly on account of its smaller size and fewer parts4 ,the genus ,adiantum contains eighty-three species1 according to ,mr4 ,baker's estimate2 but this number is reduced to sixty-seven by the more recent and very careful recension of ,keyserling4 ,the species vary in form from a simple and reniform frond an inch or two in diameter to others with ample tripinnate and even quadripinnate fronds4 ,the species with distinctly bipartite and radiated fronds are ,ad4 patens1 hispidulum1 and fiabellulatum4 ,a4 patens is found in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,it is a smaller plant than ,a4 pedatum1 and has deeply-sunken reniform involucres4 ,the other two occur in ,south-eastern ,asia1 the hispidulum extending to ,africa and to ,new ,zealand1 and the flabellulatum to ,japan3 the former has hispid surfaces and small roundish involucres2 and the latter has rusty-fibrillose rachises1 coriaceous pinnules1 and transversely oblong sub-confluent involucres4 ,ad4 patens follows the form and branching of our fern very closely2 but the two ,old-,world species often depart from it1 and show a tendency to develop branches on one or other of the longest pinn1 thus indicating an approach towards a pyramidal structure of the frond4 ,the remaining ,adianta of the ,united ,states are ,ad4 ,capillus-,veneris 7,linnus71 found from ,north ,carolina to ,california2 ,ad4 emarginatum 7,hooker71 which is the ,ad4 ,chilense of ,american botanists1 but not of ,kaulfuss1 found in ,california and ,oregon2 and ,ad4 tricholepis 7,fe71 which occurs in ,texas and ,california1 and extends southwards to ,central ,america4 ,the ,american ,maiden-hair is easily cultivated1 and will grow very freely either in a shaded corner of a garden or in the house1 and is perhaps more elegant and graceful than any other of our ferns1 the climbing-fern scarcely excepted4 ,josselyn evidently mistook it for the ,venus-hair1 one of the chief ingredients in a syrup which was formerly a famous remedy for nearly all ailments1 and said1 8,the ,apothecaries for shame now will substitute ,wall-,rue no more for ,maiden ,hair1 since it grows in abundance in ,new-,england1 from whence they may have good store40 ,mr4 ,emerton's figure is taken from a living plant1 and shows the frond as it appears before it has been flattened in a collector's portfolio4 ,,ostrich-,,fern4 ,illustration3 ,,onoclea ,,struthiopteris1 ,hoffmann4 ,ostrich-,fern4 ,onoclea ,struthiopteris3--,caudex short1 thick1 erect1 emitting slender subterranean stolons2 stalks stout1 a few inches to a foot long1 chaffy at the base2 fronds standing in a vase-like crown1 dimorphous2 sterile ones one to ten feet high1 herbaceo-membranaceous1 broadly lanceolate1 narrowed from the middle to the base1 abruptly short-acuminate1 pinnate2 pinn very many1 sessile1 the lowest ones sinuate and deflexed1 the rest three to eight inches long1 five to nine lines wide1 linear-lanceolate1 acuminate1 deeply pinnatifid into numerous close-placed oblong obtuse entire segments provided with a midvein and several simple veinlets on each side2 fertile fronds in the middle of the crown or vase1 much shorter than the sterile1 rigid1 contracted1 narrowed at the base1 pinnate2 pinn one to two inches long1 crowded1 obliquely ascending1 linear1 obtuse1 sub-entire or pinnately lobed1 the lobes one or two lines long and broad1 the margins much recurved1 and the whole pinna forming a somewhat articulated pod-like body2 veinlets of the fertile segments few1 soriferous on the back2 receptacle elevated2 indusium very delicate1 lacerate-toothed1 half surrounding the sorus2 sporangia at length confluent and filling the fertile pinn4 ,onoclea ,struthiopteris1 ,hoffmann1 8,deutschlands ,flora1 p4 #aa 7#agie740--,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #aaa4--,weber ,mohr1 ,taschenbuch1 p4 #dg1 t4 iv41 f4 #c1 #d4--,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ig1 t4 #aje4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ig1 t4 xvii41 f4 #aa-ae4--,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atlant41 p4 #aed4 ,onoclea nodulosa1 ,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ig1 t4 #ajd 7,perhaps also of ,michaux1 but this is still uncertain74 ,onoclea ,germanica1 ,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #afa4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #df4 ,osmunda ,struthiopteris1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aebb4 ,struthiopteris ,germanica1 ,willdenow1 8,enum1 p4 #ajga20 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #bhh4--,link1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,berol41 p4 #ch4--;,hooker1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #bfb4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #dhf4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4 #fbc1 etc4--,koch1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,germ4 et ,helv41 ed4 iii41 p4 #gci4--,williamson1 ,fern-,etchings1 t4 #dd4 ,struthiopteris ,pennsylvanica1 ,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #bhi4--,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #bff4--,torrey1 ,compendium1 p4 #che4--;,bigelow1 ,fl4 ,boston41 ed4 iii41 p4 #dba4 ,struthiopteris1 the genus only1 ,willdenow1 in ,berl4 ,mag41 #ahji1 p4 #afj4 ,hab4--,low grounds1 especially in fine alluvial soil subject to the overflow of rivers2 from the ,saskatchewan and ,lake ,winnipeg to ,new ,brunswick1 and southward to ,pennsylvania and ,illinois4 ,mentioned by ,alexander ,braun as coming from ,arkansas4 ,from ,lapland to ,sicily1 and eastward to the ,amoor region1 ,sachalin and ,kamtschatka4 ,not known in the western parts of either ,europe or ,america4 ,description3--,the ostrich-fern is one of our finest ferns1 being surpassed in grandeur only by ,acrostichum aureum1 ,woodwardia radicans1 and perhaps ,osmunda regalis4 ,the plant is propagated chiefly by long and slender stolons1 bearing appressed rudimentary stalk-bases4 ,these stolons are said by ,sachs to originate from buds formed on the stalks near the base3 they run underground for several inches or a foot1 and at the end rise to the surface and there thicken into a short erect caudex1 covered by imbricating stalk-bases1 and throwing up from the apex a grand vase-like circle of foliage1 which is often higher than a man's head1 and sometimes extends above his utmost reach4 ,the stalks are seldom over a foot long3 they are flattened1 blackish1 and chaffy at the base1 but above ground they are green1 drying dull-brown1 somewhat four-sided1 and deeply channelled in front1 when dried furrowed on the sides also4 ,they contain two flattened fibro-vascular bundles4 ,the stalks of the sterile fronds are rather longer than the others1 but more rigid1 and remain erect till the second year4 ,the sterile fronds are oblong-lanceolate in outline1 gradually narrowed to the base from near the middle and abruptly short acuminate4 ,the pinn are usually of nearly equal breadth from the base to beyond the middle4 ,they are pinnatifid to within a line of the midrib into numerous oblong and obtuse segments1 the veins of which are free1 simple and pinnately arranged on a midvein4 ,the fertile fronds are produced late in the summer1 and are contracted1 much shorter than the others1 and very rigid4 ,the pinn are sometimes nearly entire1 and in other examples pinnately lobed4 ,the margins are very much recurved1 so that the pinn are pod-like1 and either sub-cylindrical or somewhat moniliform4 ,the venation is free1 and the sori are dorsal on the veins4 ,mr4 ,faxon writes3 8,the indusium can be detected only when the fertile frond is very young1 and appears as a very delicate1 lacerate membrane1 attached at the base of the receptacle1 and serving to separate the sorus from its neighbors4 ,i have not found it in any case hood-like as in ,o4 sensibilis4 ,the sori are quickly confluent1 and all trace of the indusium is soon lost4 ,the membranaceous edge of the transformed fertile pinna is attached near the bases of the inferior sori and a fold is usually found pressed against the sori as seen in the drawing 7,fig4 #c74 ,this is usually ruptured1 so as to leave a portion attached at the base of the sorus1 and must not be mistaken for the true indusium1 which is within40 ,the sporangia have twenty-six or twenty-eight articulations of the ring4 ,the spores are dark-colored and ovoid4 ,imperfectly fertile fronds are often found1 which are analogous to the 8obtusilobata0 condition of ,o4 sensibilis4 ,,alpine ,,beech-,,fern4 ,,fragrant ,,wood-,,fern4 ,illustration3 ,,phegopteris ,,alpestris1 ,mettenius4 ,alpine ,beech-,fern4 ,phegopteris alpestris3--,root-stock short and thick1 erect or oblique2 stalks sub-terminal1 four to ten inches long1 bearing a few brown spreading scales near the base2 fronds one to two feet long1 oblong-lanceolate1 membranaceous1 smooth1 pinnate with delicately bi-pinnatifid deltoid-lanceolate pinn1 the lower ones distant1 and decreasing moderately2 pinnules ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate1 doubly incised and toothed2 sori small1 rounded1 naked1 usually copious on all or all but the lowest pinn4 ,phegopteris alpestris1 ,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #hc2 ,phegopteris1 p4 #aj4 ,polypodium alpestre1 ,hoppe1 8in ,spreng4 ,syst4 ,veg41 iv41 par4 ii41 p4 #cbj40--,koch1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,germ41 8ed4 #b1 p4 #igd20 ed4 #c1 p4 #gca4--,moore1 ,nat4 ,pr4 ,brit4 ,ferns1 t4 vii4--,hooker ,arnott1 ,brit4 ,fl41 ed4 #g1 p4 #ehb4--;,hooker1 ,brit4 ,ferns1 t4 vi42 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #bea4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #caa4 ,aspidium alpestre1 ,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #dba4--,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #eh1 t4 #fj4 ,asplenium alpestre1 ,mettenius1 ,asplenium1 p4 #aih1 t4 vi41 figs4 #a-f4 ,pseudathyrium alpestre1 ,newman1 8,phytologist1 iv41 p4 #cgj20 ,hist4 ,brit4 ,ferns1 ed4 iii41 p4 #bjj4 ,athyrium alpestre1 8,nylander20 ,milde1 ,fil4 ,eu4 ,atl41 p4 #ec4 ,polypodium rhticum1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aeeb1 fide ,schkuhr1 l4 c42 but ,moore thinks the plant not the same4 ,aspidium rhticum1 ,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ei4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #bhj4 ,hab4--,among rocks at high elevations2 on ,lassen's ,peak1 ,mount ,shasta1 ,pyramid ,peak1 ,mount ,rose1 and other high points in the ,sierra of ,california1 ,brewer1 ,lemmon1 ,muir2 ,cascade ,mountains of ,british ,columbia1 ,lyall4 ,in the ,alps and the mountains of ,northern ,europe2 also in the ,caucasus1 and in ,asia ,minor4 ,description4--,the root-stock is rather short1 but branching1 and seems to form great entangled masses4 ,the fronds stand in a crown or circle1 rising from the end of the root-stock1 which is made thick and heavy with the chaffy bases of former stalks4 ,mr4 ,lemmon writes thus3 8,it grows in a limited locality1 so far as ,i know1 near the summit of ,mount ,rose1 near ,webber ,lake1 and say at an elevation of #g1jjj feet2 lat4 #ci ,n4 ,fronds collected into a large mass four feet across1 short at the circumference1 in the centre three feet high2 most of them fertile1 and densely so1 as in the specimen sent40 ,the stalks are usually but a few 7four to six7 inches long1 and in the dried specimens of a brownish straw-color1 becoming nearly black at the base4 ,they bear a few large ferruginous chaffy scales1 and are deeply channelled and furrowed4 ,the fibro-vascular system of the stalk is altered by contraction in drying1 but apparently agrees with ,dr4 ,milde's description of ,athyrium3 8,there are two oblong peripheric bundles in the base of the stalk1 which1 at the base of the lamina1 are united into one of a horse-shoe shape by an arc parallel to the back of the stalk40 ,in the middle of a stalk from one of the ,california specimens ,i find two systems of ducts1 one on each side of the stalk1 and the two united by a curved and contorted border of firm blackish tissue 7sclerenchyma74 ,the fronds are from one to two feet long1 and from three to six inches wide4 ,in general shape they are oblong-lanceolate1 acuminate1 and slightly narrowed at the base4 ,the texture is softly membranaceous1 and both surfaces are smooth4 ,the primary pinn are numerous1 the lower ones gradually farther apart3 their shape is lanceolate from a broad base4 ,they are usually twice pinnatifid1 the pinnules being connected by a very narrow foliaceous border along the midribs4 ,the ultimate segments are sharply toothed4 ,the fruit-dots are very abundant1 and usually are found on all the pinn4 ,they are placed on the back of the free veinlets1 and are apparently devoid of indusium2 though ,dr4 ,mettenius has discovered on young fronds an exceedingly delicate and fugitive indusium1 resembling in some degree that of ,asplenium ,athyrium4 ,accordingly1 in his later work1 he referred the species to the genus ,asplenium1 placing it next to ,a4 ,filix-fmina4 ,milde1 in his work on the ferns of ,europe and ,atlantis1 sought to re-establish ,athyrium as a genus1 and placed this fern in it1 saying 8sori 444 rotundi1 primum breviter oblongi indusio fugaci minutissimo ciliato instructi40 ,the spores are ovoid1 and apparently covered with anastomosing raised lines4 ,those ,i have examined are fuscous-brown1 but ,milde says 8sub-nigr verrucos40 ,there is a ,european var4 flexilis1 with very narrow1 nearly sessile fronds1 and the pinn often deflexed1 which has not been observed in ,america4 ,undoubtedly the greatest resemblance of this fern is to the lady-fern1 ,asplenium ,filix-fmina2 but that species has a very well-developed indusium1 while the minute objects delineated by ,mettenius scarcely deserve the name4 ,the stalks are clearly continuous with the root-stock2 and for this reason the plant is plainly not a ,polypodium1 whatever else it may finally be determined to be4 ,,aspidium ,,fragrans1 ,swartz4 ,fragrant ,wood-,fern4 ,aspidium fragrans3--,root-stock short and stout1 very chaffy1 with ample bright-brown glossy scales1 which also abound on the short clustered stalks1 and extend1 diminishing in size1 nearly to the top of the frond2 fronds rigid-membranaceous1 glandular1 aromatic1 four to ten inches long1 six to twenty-four lines wide1 lanceolate1 acuminate1 narrowed from the middle to the base1 bipinnate2 pinn numerous1 oblong-lanceolate2 pinnules many1 one to two lines long1 oblong1 obtuse1 adnate by a decurrent base1 pinnately incised with very minute crenated teeth1 or in smaller fronds nearly entire1 the back nearly hidden by the large thin imbricating indusia1 which are orbicular with a narrow sinus1 and more or less toothed and glandular around the margin4 ,aspidium fragrans1 ,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ea4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #bec4--;,hooker1 in 8,parry's #b;d ,voy41 ,app41 p4 #daj20 ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am41 p4 #daj4--,ruprecht1 ,distr4 ,crypt4 ,vasc4 ,imp4 ,ross41 p4 #ce4--,mettenius1 ,aspid41 p4 #ef4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 #b1 p4 #eih4--,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atlant41 p4 #aag4 ,polypodium fragrans1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aeej4 ,polystichum fragrans1 ,ledebour1 8,fl4 ,ross41 iv41 p4 #ead40--,maximowicz1 ,prim4 ,fl4 ,amur41 p4 #cci4 ,dryopteris fragrans1 ,schott1 ,gen4 ,fil41 ,observ4 sub ,polysticho4 ,nephrodium fragrans1 ,richardson1 8,app4 to ,frankl4 ,journ41 p4 #gec40--;,hooker ,greville1 ,ic4 ,fil41 t4 lxx4--,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #abb4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #bge4 ,dryopteris rubum idum spirans1 ,ammann1 8,ruth41 p4 #bea40 ,hab4--,in crevices of shaded cliffs1 and on mossy rocks1 especially near cascades and rivulets1 from ,northern ,new ,england to ,wisconsin1 and northward to ,arctic ,america4 ,also in the ,caucasus1 and in ,siberia1 ,mantchooria1 and ,kamtschatka4 ,special ,american localities are ,mount ,kineo1 ,maine1 ,a4 ,h4 and ,c4 ,e4 ,smith2 at ,berlin ,falls1 the 8,alpine ,cascade10 and the 8,gulch10 all near the ,white ,mountains1 ,h4 ,willey2 ,mount ,mansfield1 ,vermont1 ,c4 ,g4 ,pringle2 ,lake ,avalanche1 ,adirondack ,mountains1 ,new ,york1 ,c4 ,h4 ,peck2 ,falls of ,st4 ,croix1 ,wisconsin1 ,c4 ,c4 ,parry1 and on the ,penokee ,iron ,range1 in the same ,state1 ,lapham2 ,saguenay ,river1 ,canada1 ,d4 ,a4 ,watt4 ,it is apparently more common farther north3 ,sitka1 ,iliuliuk1 ,unalaska1 ,arakamtchetchene1 ,kotzebue ,bay1 ,igloolik1 ,rittenbenk in ,greenland1 and several other places1 are recorded as stations for it4 ,description4--,the root-stock is rather stout1 ascending or erect2 and its apparent thickness is much increased by the persistent bases of stalks1 which also give it a dense covering of broad bright-brown chaffy scales4 ,the fronds1 frequently to the number of six or eight1 besides old and shrivelled ones1 stand in a crown at the upper end of the root-stocks1 resting on stalks from one to four inches long1 which are usually very chaffy1 the chaff continued along the rachis and midribs1 though composed of smaller scales than those lower down4 ,the fronds are from three or four to ten inches in length2 and the greatest breadth1 just above the middle1 is from one-fifth to one-sixth of the length4 ,the outline is exactly lanceolate1 as the apex is acute1 and the lower part gradually tapering to a somewhat narrowed base4 ,the fronds are delicately1 but densely1 bipinnate4 ,in a frond nine inches long there are about thirty primary pinn on each side1 and in one of the middle pinn about ten oblong-ovate obtuse pinnately-incised pinnules on each side4 ,the pinnules are from a line to two lines long1 and are adnate to the secondary rachis by a more or less decurrent base4 ,in large fronds the teeth of the pinnules are again crenately toothed2 but in small specimens the pinnules themselves are entire1 or but slightly toothed4 ,two sterile fronds collected by ,professor ,m4 ,w4 ,harrington1 in ,iliuliuk1 ,alaska1 are broadly ovate-lanceolate in outline1 and have acute primary pinn2 and other specimens1 some from ,eastern ,canada1 collected by ,mr4 ,watt1 and some from ,northern ,wisconsin1 collected by ,mr4 ,lapham1 are much slenderer and less scaly than usual4 ,this is the var4 of ,hooker4 ,usually the fronds are rather rigid1 full-green above1 a little paler beneath1 and both surfaces1 together with the rachis1 especially the canal along the upper side of the rachis1 are dotted with very minute pellucid pale amber-colored glands4 ,the fronds commonly fruit very fully1 even the lowest pinna bearing sporangia4 ,the indusia are very large1 thin1 orbicular1 with a narrow sinus1 more or less ragged or toothed and gland-bearing at the margin1 and are so dense as to overlap each other1 and nearly conceal the back of the pinnules4 ,the spores are ovoid1 and have a minutely verrucose or warty surface4 ,the pleasant odor of the plant remains many years in the herbarium4 ,the early writers compare the fragrance to that of raspberries1 and ,milde repeats the observation4 ,hooker and ,greville thought it 8not unlike that of the common primrose40 ,maximowicz states that the odor is sometimes lacking4 ,milde quotes ,redowsky as saying that the ,yakoots of ,siberia use the plant in place of tea2 and1 having tried the experiment myself1 ,i can testify to the not unpleasant and very fragrant astringency of the infusion4 ,the illustration is taken from a plant collected by ,mr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,watt on the ,saguenay ,river1 in ,canada4 ,,goldie',s ,,wood-,,fern4 ,illustration3 ,,aspidium ,,goldianum1 ,hooker4 ,goldie's ,wood-,fern4 ,aspidium ,goldianum3--,root-stock stout1 ascending1 chaffy2 stalks about a foot long1 chaffy at the base with large ovate-acuminate ferruginous or deep-lustrous-brown scales2 fronds standing in a crown1 one to two and a half feet long1 broadly ovate1 or the fertile ones oblong-ovate1 chartaceo-membranaceous1 nearly smooth1 bright-green above1 a little paler beneath1 pinnate2 pinn broadly lanceolate1 five to eight inches long1 one to two and a half broad1 usually1 especially the lowest ones1 narrower at the base than in the middle1 pinnatifid almost to the midrib2 segments numerous1 oblong-linear1 often slightly falcate1 crenate1 or serrate with sharp incurved teeth2 veins free1 mostly with three veinlets1 the lowest superior veinlets bearing near their base the large sori very near the midvein2 indusium large1 flat1 smooth1 orbicular with a narrow sinus4 ,aspidium ,goldianum1 ,hooker1 in ,goldie's ,acc4 of rare ,canad4 ,pl4 in ,edinb4 ,phil4 ,journ41 vi41 p4 #ccc2 ,fl4 ,am4-,bor41 ii41 p4 #bfj4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #die4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 ii41 p4 #eih1 ed4 v41 p4 #fff4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ib2 ,aspid41 p4 #ef4--,williamson1 ,ferns of ,kentucky1 p4 #ie1 t4 xxxiv4 ,nephrodium ,goldianum1 ,hooker ,greville1 ,ic4 ,fil4 t4 cii4--,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #aba4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #bgb4 ,lastrea ,goldiana1 ,presl1 ,tent4 ,pterid41 p4 #gf4--,lawson1 in ,canad4 ,nat4 i41 p4 #bhb4 ,dryopteris ,goldiana1 ,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4 #fca4 ,aspidium ,filix-mas1 ,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffb4 ,hab4--,deep1 rocky woods1 from ,canada and ,maine to ,indiana1 ,virginia and ,kentucky4 ,it is also named in local catalogues of the flora of ,wisconsin and ,kansas4 ,not known in the ,old ,world4 ,description3--,the root-stock is creeping or ascending1 several inches long1 and nearly an inch thick4 ,this thickness is made up1 in considerable part1 by the adherent bases of old stalks2 the stalks being perfectly continuous with the root-stock1 and so much crowded as to overlap each other4 ,when fresh the root-stock is fleshy1 and a longitudinal section of it shows that its substance passes so gradually into that of the stalk-bases1 that no point of separation or distinction between the two can be selected4 ,this kind of root-stock is found also in ,aspidium spinulosum and its allies1 in ,a4 ,filix-mas1 ,a4 cristatum1 ,a4 marginale1 ,a4 ,nevadense1 ,a4 fragrans1 and ,a4 rigidum1 and in very many exotic species1 and it is very unlike the root-stocks of ,a4 ,thelypteris1 ,a4 ,noveboracense1 and ,a4 unitum1 species which have been already described and figured in the present work4 ,the parenchymatous portion of the root-stock is loaded with starch in very minute grains1 as may be easily proved by adding a drop of alcoholic solution of iodine to a thin slice of the root-stock placed under a microscope1 when the grains will be presently seen to turn blue1 the recognized sign of starch4 ,this abundance of nutritive material in the root-stock enables it to send up a fine circle of large fronds in the proper season of the year4 ,the stalks are from nine to fifteen inches long1 rather stout1 green when living1 but straw-color when dried for the herbarium1 in which condition they are furrowed in front and along the two sides4 ,at the base they are covered with large ovate-acuminate brown or sometimes dark and shining scales4 ,mixed in with these are smaller and narrower chaffy scales1 which also are found along the whole length of the stalk and the rachis4 ,the cross-section of the stalk shows two rather large roundish fibro-vascular bundles on the anterior side1 and three1 the middle one largest1 at the back4 ,several fronds are usually seen growing from a root-stock1 those produced early in the season commonly sterile1 and shorter than the others4 ,the full-grown and fertile fronds are often two feet or two and a half feet long1 and about one foot broad4 ,the general outline is oblong-ovate1 the lowest pinn being scarcely1 if at all1 shorter than those in the middle of the frond4 ,there are usually about eight or ten full-sized pinn each side of the rachis1 besides the gradually diminishing pinn near the acute pinnatifid apex4 ,the larger pinn are from five to eight inches long1 the middle ones an inch or an inch and a half wide1 but the lowest ones two inches and a half broad4 ,the greatest breadth of the pinn is usually near the middle or even a little above the middle1 so that they are slightly narrowed towards the base2 and in this character lies one of the readiest distinctions between this fern and those large forms of ,a4 cristatum1 which have occasionally been mistaken for ,a4 ,goldianum2 for in that other species the greatest breadth of the pinn is uniformly at the base4 ,the segments of the pinn are from fifteen to twenty each side the midrib3 the incisions do not extend quite to the midrib1 so that the latter is narrowly winged1 and the pinn are pinnatifid rather than pinnate4 ,the segments are from nine to eighteen lines long1 and about three lines wide3 they are set rather obliquely on the midrib1 and are often slightly curved upwards1 or falcate4 ,they are obtuse or somewhat acute1 and have the edges crenate1 or more or less distinctly serrate with sharp incurved teeth4 ,the veins are free1 and are pinnately forked into from three to five slender oblique veinlets1 of which the lowest one on the upper side is the longest1 and bears a fruit-dot near its base4 ,the fruit-dots are seldom or never found on the two or three lowest pinn1 but on the rest they are arranged in a row each side the midveins of the segments1 and much nearer the midveins than the margins4 ,there are in all from ten to twenty to a segment4 ,the indusia are larger than in most of the related species1 flat1 perfectly smooth1 orbicular with a very narrow sinus1 and slightly erose-crenulate on the margin4 ,in the second edition of ,gray's ,manual it is said that the indusium is 8often orbicular without a distinct sinus1 as in ,polystichum20 and it is sometimes difficult to see the sinus1 but ,i think it is rather because the sides of it overlap than because there is none4 ,the sporangia have a ring of from fifteen to twenty articulations4 ,the spores are ovoid1 and somewhat roughened on the surface4 ,this fern is one of the very finest and largest of the species of the ,eastern ,states1 being surpassed in these respects only by the osmundas and the ostrich-fern4 ,the fronds are smooth1 deep-green in color1 slightly paler beneath1 and of a rather firm papery texture4 ,unlike ,a4 ,filix-mas and ,a4 cristatum the fronds wither in the fall of the year1 and are not 8half-evergreen40 ,it was collected by ,pursh on his visit to ,america in the early part of this century1 the precise locality not known1--in the ,flora he says 8,new ,jersey to ,virginia10--and was by him referred to ,a4 ,filix-mas4 ,his specimens1 preserved in the herbarium at ,kew1 are partly ,a4 ,goldianum and partly ,a4 cristatum4 ,mr4 ,john ,goldie's discovery was made near ,montreal1 about the year #ahah1 and the excellent figure in ,hooker ,greville's ,icones ,filicum was probably taken from one of his specimens1 or perhaps from live plants originally brought by him to the ,botanic ,garden at ,glasgow4 ,though not one of our commonest ,ferns1 this is very abundant in certain localities3--,mrs4 ,roy sends it from ,owen ,sound1 ,canada2 ,dr4 ,bumstead got it in ,smuggler's ,notch1 ,mt4 ,mansfield1 ,vermont2 ,mr4 ,frost has a fine station on ,mt4 ,wantastiquet1 ,new ,hampshire2 ,i find it plentiful and fine in the deep ravine called ,roaring ,brook1 in ,cheshire1 ,connecticut2 ,professor ,porter has it from ,burgoon's ,gap1 in the ,alleghany ,mountains of ,pennsylvania2 ,mrs4 ,mc,call1 near ,madison1 ,ohio2 ,mr4 ,williamson 8found it in great abundance near the ,little ,rockcastle ,river1 in ,laurel ,county10 ,kentucky1 and ,mr4 ,curtis has twice sent me fine specimens1 with very dark scales at the base of the stalks1 from the ,peaks of ,otter1 ,virginia4 ,the name is sometimes written ,goldieanum2 ,i give the name as it occurs in ,goldie's original paper in the ,edinburgh ,philosophical ,journal4 ,the specimen drawn by ,mr4 ,faxon is from ,vermont1 and is represented about two-thirds of the natural size4 ,,webby ,,lip-,,fern4 ,,eaton',s ,,lip-,,fern4 ,illustration3 ,,cheilanthes ,,tomentosa1 ,link4 ,webby ,lip-,fern4 ,cheilanthes tomentosa3--,root-stock short1 chaffy with glossy subulate scales2 stalks tufted1 four to eight inches long1 erect1 rather stout1 clothed with soft woolly pale-ferruginous hairs1 intermixed with others which are flattened and decidedly paleaceous2 fronds eight to fifteen inches long1 oblong-lanceolate1 webby-tomentose with slender brownish-white obscurely articulated hairs1 especially beneath1 tripinnate2 primary and secondary pinn oblong or ovate-oblong2 ultimate pinnules closely placed1 but distinct1 roundish-obovate1 sessile1 or adnate to the tertiary rachis1 one-half to three-fourths of a line long1 the terminal ones twice longer2 involucres whitish1 continuous round the pinnule and very narrow4 ,cheilanthes tomentosa1 ,link1 8,hort4 ,berol41 ii41 p4 #db40--;,fil4 ,hort4 ,berol41 p4 #fe4--,kunze1 in ,sill4 ,journ41 ,july1 #ahdh1 p4 #hg2 in ,linna1 xxiii41 p4 #bde4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 ii41 p4 #eib4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ej2 ,cheilanthes1 p4 #cg4--;,eaton1 in ,chapman's ,flora1 p4 #eij2 ,ferns of the ,south-,west1 p4 #cad4--;,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #adj4--,williamson1 ,ferns of ,kentucky1 p4 #di1 t4 xi4 ,myriopteris tomentosa1 ,fe1 ,gen4 ,fil41 p4 #adi1 t4 xii41 ,a41 f4 #b 7a pinnule74--,fournier1 ,pl4 ,mex41 ,crypt41 p4 #abe 7species exclusa74 ,notholna tomentosa1 ,j4 ,smith4 ,cheilanthes ,bradburii1 ,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4 #ig1 t4 cix41 ,b4--,mettenius1 ,cheilanthes1 p4 #cg4 ,hab4--,sandstone rocks along the ,french ,broad ,river1 in ,north ,carolina and ,eastern ,tennessee1 ,professor ,gray1 ,mr4 ,canby1 ,rev4 ,d4 ,r4 ,shoop1 ,professor ,bradley1 etc4 ,texas1 ,lindheimer1 ,no4 #gdc4 ,mountains of ,virginia 787 and ,kentucky1 according to ,gray's ,manual1 but ,mr4 ,williamson has hitherto failed to find it in the last named ,state4 ,the ,kew herbarium contains1 besides ,lindheimer's plant1 a very imperfect specimen marked 8,manitou ,rocks1 #bej miles up the ,missouri1 ,bradbury10 and good specimens from ,texas collected by ,drummond4 ,kunze states that it was raised at the ,leipzig garden8 from ,mexican spores1 and that ,rugel collected a few specimens in ,north ,carolina2 but ,fournier rejects it as a ,mexican species4 ,description3--,this is decidedly the largest plant among all our ,north ,american species of ,cheilanthes1 some of the tallest specimens measuring nearly two feet in total length4 ,the root-stock is short1 and disposed to branch4 ,it is thickly clad with fine subulate chaff1 many of the scales with a dark and rigid midnerve1 and others lighter-colored and without midnerve4 ,the plant evidently grows in dense masses4 ,the stalks are clustered1 each root-stock sending up a large number of them4 ,they are rigid1 wiry1 terete and covered with grayish-tawny spreading soft woolly hairs1 intermixed with a few which are broader and decidedly paleaceous1 especially towards the base4 ,the section is round1 and shows a firm exterior sclerenchymatous sheath1 within which is a broad circle of brownish parenchyma1 and in the middle a single fibro-vascular bundle obtusely triangular in shape1 but with the sides slightly hollowed in4 ,the fronds vary from a few inches to over a foot in length2 their general shape is ovate-lanceolate1 or oblong-lanceolate2 they are in general of a grayish color from the abundance of a fine entangled tomentum1 which covers both surfaces1 though it is a little thinner and whiter on the upper surface4 ,the large fronds are fully tripinnate4 ,the primary pinn are oblong-ovate1 short-stalked1 one to nearly two inches long1 and a half to three-fourths of an inch broad at the base4 ,they are either opposite or alternate1 the lower ones1 as usual1 more separated than those that are higher up on the frond4 ,the secondary pinn are close-placed1 oblong1 obtuse1 and again pinnated into from two to five minute rounded or rounded-obovate sessile or adnate-decurrent pinnules on each side1 besides a terminal oval pinnule which is twice as large as the lateral ones4 ,these ultimate pinnules are innumerable1 and it is in allusion to their very great number in this and the allied species that the generic name ,myriopteris was proposed by ,fe for the group4 ,the whole margin of the pinnule is recurved1 and from the edge of it is produced a very delicate whitish involucre1 the whole forming a sort of pouch1 as is admirably represented in the figure given by ,fe4 ,the sporangia have a ring of about twenty articulations3 ,fe says there are vittate or knotted hairs growing among them4 ,the spores are rather large1 amber-colored1 globose1 and delicately trivittate4 ,according to ,fe1 when placed in water they burst and dissolve into excessively minute sporules4 ,there can be no doubt that our plant is the ,cheilanthes tomentosa of ,link4 ,kunze1 who knew ,link's plant perfectly well1 referred the ,north ,carolina specimens to it2 and ,dr4 ,mettenius1 who succeeded to the care of the ,leipzig garden1 favored me with specimens which are precisely the same thing as the plant here described4 ,but none of the ,mexican collectors seem to have found the species1 and it may be legitimately queried whether the commonly reported origin of ,link's specimens is the true one4 ,the ,cheilanthes tomentosa of the ,species ,filicum is partly this plant1 but mainly the species next to be described4 ,,cheilanthes ,,eatoni1 ,baker4 ,eaton's ,lip-,fern4 ,cheilanthes ,eatoni3 ,root-stock short1 chaffy with rather long slenderly acuminate glossy scales2 stalks clustered1 four to eight inches long1 erect1 wiry1 covered1 as are the rachis and its divisions1 with narrow shining pale-ferruginous scales and paleaceous hairs intermixed2 fronds four to nine inches long1 oblong-lanceolate1 pubescent above with whitish entangled woolly hairs1 beneath covered with a heavy matted ferruginous tomentum1 and more or less scaly1 especially when young1 tripinnate2 pinn ovate-oblong1 lower ones rather distant1 upper ones crowded2 ultimate pinnules contiguous1 half a line long1 rounded1 but narrowed at the base1 the terminal ones often twice larger and more decidedly obovate2 margin of the pinnules continuously recurved1 the edge slightly membranaceous4 ,cheilanthes ,eatoni1 ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #adj4--,porter ,coulter1 ,synopsis of the ,flora of ,colorado1 p4 #aec4--;,eaton1 ,ferns of the ,south-,west1 p4 #cae4 ,cheilanthes tomentosa1 ,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4 #if 7description and ,texas plant71 t4 cix41 ,a4--,eaton1 in ,botany of the ,u4 ,s4 and ,mexican ,boundary ,survey1 p4 #bcd4 ,hab4--,texas and ,new ,mexico1 ,wright1 ,no4 #haf2 ,fendler1 ,no4 #ajaf2 ,indian ,territory1 between ,fort ,cobb and ,fort ,arbuckle1 ,palmer2 near ,caon ,city1 ,colorado1 ,brandegee2 from the ,rio ,grande westward along the ,gila to the ,colorado ,river1 ,collectors of ,mexican ,boundary ,survey4 ,the kind of place where this fern has been collected is not recorded1 but it probably grows in the clefts of rocks along the sides and edges of caons4 ,description3--,this fern bears so close a resemblance to ,cheilanthes tomentosa1 that it is not at all surprising that there has been more or less of confusion between the two4 ,it would seem that when writing his account of the genus ,cheilanthes for the ,species ,filicum1 ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hooker had1 in his collection1 no examples of the ,north ,carolina ,c4 tomentosa1 and could identify it only by ,link's rather imperfect description and ,kunze's remarks in ,silliman's ,journal4 ,having ,wright's specimens of the plant here described1 and ,gordon's fern from the ,rattene ,mountains--a plant not yet satisfactorily identified--he referred them to the species named by ,link2 and then perceiving with his accustomed delicate discrimination that ,lindheimer's and ,bradbury's plant was distinct from ,wright's1 he gave the former the name of ,c4 ,bradburii4 ,it was not until #ahfj1 when the ,ferns for ,chapman's ,flora were being prepared1 that any one suspected that the ,c4 ,bradburii was the true ,c4 tomentosa4 ,in #ahff1 ,i had an opportunity of explaining the matter to ,mr4 ,baker1 then at work on the ,synopsis ,filicum1 and not long after1 ,i was surprised1 and ,i need not say pleased1 by finding that he had given to ,hooker's ,c4 tomentosa the name it now bears4 ,the root-stock is short1 assurgent1 and chaffy with rather rigid slender-pointed scales1 most of them furnished with a dark midnerve4 ,the stalks are tufted1 and are perhaps a little slenderer than those of ,c4 tomentosa4 ,they are chaffy throughout1 but more especially at the base1 with narrow pale ferruginous scales1 intermixed with still slenderer paleaceous hairs4 ,the section is slightly flattened on the anterior side4 ,the exterior sheath is firm2 inside of it is brownish parenchyma1 and in the middle a semicircular fibro-vascular bundle1 the ducts in the centre of it arranged in a figure much like a letter ,x4 ,the fronds are considerably smaller than in ,c4 tomentosa4 ,they are similarly oblong-lanceolate and tripinnate1 the ultimate pinnules being very numerous and rather more closely crowded than in the other species just referred to4 ,the pubescence is harsher and not so webby on the upper side1 and is decidedly heavier and more matted on the under surface4 ,the scales of the branches1 or secondary rachises1 are broader and shorter than those of the stalk and are very conspicuous in young fronds4 ,in older fronds they fall away1 to some extent1 and are then less abundant4 ,the pinnules are rather rounder and less oval than in ,c4 tomentosa1 and though they are somewhat purse-shaped1 the involucre consists almost entirely of the recurved herbaceous margin1 the proper whitish and delicately membranous involucre being nearly suppressed4 ,the spores are sub-globose1 amber-colored1 faintly trivittate1 and have a finely pustulated or granular surface4 ,in respect to the narrow herbaceous involucre this fern comes nearest to ,cheilanthes lanuginosa1 of ,nuttall1 figured in 8,ferns of ,north ,america40 ,it has1 however1 much larger fronds2 and the copious1 though narrow scales of the stalk1 as well as the scales of the rachises1 will readily distinguish it4 ,it is among the ,ferns which have been cultivated by ,hon4 ,j4 ,warren ,merrill1 though ,i am not informed what are its special needs in the way of soil1 moisture1 etc4 ,,male ,,fern4 ,illustration3 ,,aspidium ,,filix-,,mas1 ,swartz4 ,male ,fern4 ,aspidium ,filix-mas3--,root-stock short1 stout1 ascending or erect2 stalks rarely over a foot long1 very chaffy with large lanceolate-acuminate scales and smaller ones intermixed2 fronds standing in a crown1 one to three feet long1 half-evergreen1 firm-membranaceous1 broadly oblong-lanceolate1 slightly narrowed toward the base1 pinnate or sub-bipinnate2 pinn lanceolate-acuminate from a broad base1 pinnatifid almost or rarely quite to the midrib2 segments smooth and full-green above1 slightly paler and bearing a few little chaffy scales beneath1 normally oblong1 obtuse or even truncate1 slightly toothed1 in another form ovate-lanceolate1 acutish and pinnately incised2 veins free1 forked or pinnately branched into from two to five veinlets2 sori rather large1 nearer the midvein than the margin1 commonly occurring only on the lower half or two-thirds of each segment2 indusia convex when young1 rather firm1 smooth or minutely glandular1 orbicular-reniform4 ,aspidium ,filix-mas1 ,swartz1 in ,schraders ,journal1 ii41 7#ahjj7 p4 #ch2 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ee4--,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #de1 t4 #dd4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #bei4--,link1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,berol41 p4 #aje4--,ruprecht1 ,distr4 ,krypt4 ,vasc1 in ,imp4 ,ross41 p4 #ce4--,kunze1 in ,sill4 ,journ41 ,july1 #ahdh1 p4 #hc4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ib2 ,aspidium1 p4 #ee4--;,eaton1 in ,gray's ,manual1 ed4 v41 p4 #fff4--,milde1 in ,nov4 ,act4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,cur41 xxvi41 ii41 p4 #ejg2 ,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atl41 p4 #aah4--,miquel1 ,prolusio ,fl4 ,jap41 p4 #aag4 ,polypodium ,filix-mas1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl4 p4 #aeea4 ,polystichum ,filix-mas1 ,roth1 8,fl4 ,germ41 iii41 p4 #hb40--,koch1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,germ1 et ,helv41 ed4 iii41 p4 #gcc4 ,nephrodium ,filix-mas1 ,richard1 8in ,desvaux1 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,linn41 vi41 p4 #fj40--;,hooker1 ,brit4 ,ferns1 t4 #ae2 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #aag4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #bgb 7excl4 vars4 and 74 ,dryopteris ,filix-mas1 ,schott1 ,gen4 ,fil4--,newman1 ,hist4 ,brit4 ,ferns1 ed4 iii41 p4 #ahd4 ,lastrea ,filix-mas1 ,presl1 ,tent4 ,pterid41 p4 #gf4--,moore1 ,brit4 ,ferns1 ,nat4 ,pr41 t4 xiv1 xv1 xvi1 xvii4 ,var4 incisum1 ,mettenius3--,frond ample1 two to three feet long1 scantily chaffy on the rachis2 segments rather distant1 lanceolate1 tapering to a sub-acute point1 incised on the margins with serrated lobules2 indusium rather delicate1 in age shrivelling or falling off4--,aspidium1 p4 #ee2 ,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atl41 p4 #abj4--,lastrea ,filix-mas1 var4 incisa1 ,moore1 l4c4--,nephrodium ,filix-mas1 var4 affine1 ,hooker ,baker4 l4c4 ,var4 paleaceum1 ,mettenius3--,frond ample1 two to three feet long1 stalk and rachis very chaffy with ferruginous or blackish scales2 segments oblong1 truncate1 nearly entire on the margins2 indusium coriaceous1 the edges much incurved1 sometimes splitting in two4--,aspidium1 p4 #ee2 ,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 ,atl41 p4 #aba4--,lastrea ,filix-mas1 var4 paleacea1 ,moore1 l4c4--,aspidium paleaceum1 ,don1 8,prodr4 ,fl4 ,nepal41 p4 #d20 ,fournier1 ,pl4 ,mex41 ,crypt41 p4 #ib4 ,aspidium parallelogrammum1 ,kunze1 in ,linna1 xiii41 p4 #adf1 etc4--,nephrodium ,filix-mas1 var4 parallelogrammum1 ,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #aaf4--;,dichasium parallelogrammum and ,d4 patentissimum1 ,fe1 ,gen4 ,fil41 p4 #cjb1 t4 xxiii1 ,b4--,lastrea truncata1 ,brackenridge1 ,fil4 of ,u4 ,s4 ,expl4 ,exped41 p4 #aie1 t4 #bg 7admirable74#a ,hab4--,in one form or another1 this species occurs in ,america from ,greenland to ,peru1 throughout ,europe and ,asia1 in parts of ,africa1 and in many islands of the ocean4 ,the ordinary ,european form corresponding to ,moore's plate ,,xiv has been collected in ,british ,columbia by ,dr4 ,lyall1 in ,keweenaw ,peninsula of ,northern ,michigan by ,dr4 ,robbins1 and in the mountains of ,colorado by ,messrs4 ,hall ,harbour and ,mr4 ,brandegee4 ,var4 incisum was found at the base of calcareous rocks at ,royston ,park1 ,owen ,sound1 ,ontario1 ,canada1 by ,mrs4 ,roy1 and in the mountains of ,colorado by ,dr4 ,scovill1 for one of whose specimens ,i am indebted to ,d4 ,a4 ,watt1 ,esq41 of ,montreal4 ,fragments of apparently the same form have been received from ,dakota4 ,the ,californian plant mentioned in ,plant ,hartwegian1 p4 #cdb1 is better regarded as a form of ,aspidium rigidum4 ,var4 paleaceum has not been found in either ,canada or the ,united ,states1 but is well known in ,mexico1 in ,europe1 in ,southern ,asia1 in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 etc4 ,description3--,this fern has a stout1 usually ascending1 but sometimes erect1 very chaffy root-stock1 very much like that of the species last described4 ,it sometimes rises a little above the surface of the ground1 forming a short trunk4 ,the stalks seem to vary a good deal in length1 being sometimes only two or three inches long1 and at other times over a foot4 ,they are clustered at the growing end of the root-stock1 and their bases1 which remain long after the rest has perished1 are consolidated with the root-stock4 ,the stalks are always more or less chaffy1 the chaff mainly confined to the lowest portion in some plants1 and in others following the stalk and the rachis to the apex of the frond4 ,the largest scales are sometimes fully an inch long4 ,they are narrowly lanceolate-acuminate1 distantly ciliate-denticulate on the margin1 and composed of narrow but somewhat sinuous cells4 ,mixed in with them are smaller scales1 from two to four lines long1 and more distinctly ciliate-toothed4 ,the color of the scales is different in different specimens1 varying from bright golden-brown to ferruginous-brown with a darker spot at the base1 and from this to nearly black1 especially in the sub-tropical and tropical forms of var4 paleaceum4 ,such specimens are sometimes fairly shaggy with the abundance of scales1 which are also found1 decreasing in number and in size1 on the midribs of the pinn1 and even on the lower surface of the segments4 ,the usual number of fibro-vascular bundles is seven4 ,the fronds are broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline1 usually narrowed a little1 or even conspicuously narrowed1 at the base1 and acute or acuminate at the apex4 ,they are of a full herbaceous green above1 a little paler beneath1 and of a rather firmly membranaceous1 or1 in tropical forms1 of a sub-coriaceous texture4 ,their average length is from one to two feet1 but fronds three feet long are occasionally seen2 and one very fine example of var4 paleaceum1 collected in ,chiapas1 ,mexico1 by ,dr4 ,ghiesbreght1 is three feet and a half long1 exclusive of the stalk4 ,the pinn are sometimes very numerous2 as many as forty on each side have been counted on very large fronds1 but the number is more commonly less than twenty4 ,they are lanceolate-acuminate in shape1 tapering from a broad base to a slender point2 in the common form their average breadth at the base is half to three-fourths of an inch1 but in var4 incisum they are often fully two inches broad at the base4 ,their length is from three or four inches in the common form to six or seven inches in the largest specimens ,i have seen4 ,the midrib of the pinn is always more or less winged1 so that the pinn may be said to be pinnatifid1 and the segments to be connected by a narrow wing4 ,the shape of the segments differs in the several varieties2 in the type they are very close together1 oblong1 with a rounded apex1 and not very deeply toothed3 in var4 paleaceum they are also closely-placed1 and oblong1 but mostly truncate at the apex2 and in var4 incisum they are much larger and less closely-placed1 ovate-lanceolate in shape1 and incised with toothed lobes along the sides4 ,the veins are free1 and are forked or alternately divided into from two to five veinlets4 ,the sori are rather large1 placed nearer the midvein than the margin1 and are rarely produced towards the apex of the segments4 ,the indusium is orbicular-reniform1 and almost always smooth4 ,its edges are turned downward1 enclosing the sporangia1 when they are young1 and sometimes this convexity is permanent4 ,rarely the sinus is so deep that the indusium at last becomes divided4 ,the spores are ovoid1 and have a muricately roughened surface4 ,the rhizomes have been used for ages as an anthelmintic1 but probably have no greater virtue in this direction than those of many other common species4 ,,trifoliate ,,cliff-,,brake4 ,,clayton',s ,,cliff-,,brake4 ,,slender ,,cliff-,,brake4 ,illustration3 ,,pell,a ,,ternifolia1 ,link4 ,trifoliate ,cliff-,brake4 ,pella ternifolia3--,root-stock short1 thick1 nodose1 chaffy with very narrow dark-brown scales2 stalks clustered1 purplish-black and polished1 three to six inches long2 fronds as long as or longer than the stalks1 oblong-linear2 pinn from four to fifteen pairs1 all but a few of the highest ones deeply tripartite2 segments elongated-oval or linear-obovate1 sub-coriaceous1 somewhat glaucous beneath1 green above1 slightly mucronate1 the middle one in large fronds indistinctly petiolulate2 fertile ones with the edges much recurved2 involucre broad1 the edge only membranaceous4 ,pella ternifolia1 ,link1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,berol41 p4 #ei4--;,fe1 ,gen4 ,fil41 p4 #abi4--;,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 i41 p4 #adb2 ,fil4 ,exot41 t4 xv4--,fournier1 ,pl4 ,mex41 ,crypt41 p4 #aah4--;,eaton1 ,ferns of the ,southwest1 p4 #cba4 ,pteris ternifolia1 ,cavanilles1 8,prl4 #ahja1 ,no4 #feg40--;,hooker ,greville1 ,ic4 ,fil41 t4 #abf4 ,platyloma ternifolium1 ,j4 ,smith4--,brackenridge1 ,fil4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ex4 ,exped41 p4 #id4 ,allosorus ternifolius1 ,kunze1 in ,linna1 xxiii41 p4 #bbj4 ,pteris subverticillata1 ,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ajc4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #cge4 ,hab4--,texas1 ,trcul1 ,no4 #accd1 according to ,fournier4 ,new ,mexico1 ,wright1 according to ,hooker in ,filices ,exotic4 ,the only specimens from ,texas which ,i have of this species were collected by ,dr4 ,sutton ,hayes1 near the headwaters of the ,rio ,colorado of ,texas4 ,it is a common ,mexican species2 it is found as far ,south as ,peru1 and reap pears in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,description3--,this belongs to the same group of species as ,p4 ,wrightiana1 brachyptera and ,ornithopus4 ,it has the same nodose and scaly root-stock1 dark and polished stalk1 glaucescent frond and mucronulate pinnules4 ,in ,mexico1 ,south ,america and the ,hawaiian ,islands it never occurs with more than trifoliolate pinnules1 and this is perhaps the best reason for considering ,p4 ,wrightiana a distinct species4 ,the pinn are tripartite rather than trifoliolate1 while in the other fern just referred to1 when trifoliolate the odd pinnule is more distinct and usually stalked1 a distinction indicated by ,hooker1 but for which ,i am more indebted to the accurate discrimination of ,mr4 ,faxon4 ,in more southern localities the fronds are considerably larger than ,dr4 ,hayes' specimens1 and the segments of the pinn ampler4 ,in very dry seasons the pinn are considerably deflexed4 ,the spores are trivittate as in the related species4 ,,pell,a ,,atropurpurea1 ,link4 ,clayton's ,cliff-,brake4 ,pella atropurpurea3--,root-stock short1 knotted1 chaffy with very narrow long-pointed soft cinnamon-brown scales2 stalks four to eight inches high1 terete1 wiry1 dark-purple or reddish-black1 polished or more or less pubescent with paleaceous hairs2 fronds six to twelve inches long1 ovate or oblong-lanceolate in outline1 evergreen1 sub-coriaceous1 pinnate1 usually twice pinnate near the base2 rachises smooth or hairy2 pinn four to twelve pairs1 the lower ones long-stalked1 and divided into five to nine pinnules2 upper pinn and the pinnules nearly sessile2 oval to linear-oblong1 at the base truncate or sub-cordate or sometimes hastate1 obtuse or obtusely mucronulate1 terminal ones longest2 veins obscure1 mostly twice forked2 involucre rather broad1 formed of the continuously recurved margin1 paler and membranaceous on the edge1 not fully covering the ripened sporangia4 ,pella atropurpurea1 ,link1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,berol41 p4 #ei4--;,fe1 ,gen4 ,fil41 p4 #abi4--;,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4 #ach4--;,eaton1 in ,chapman's ,flora1 p4 #ehi2 ,gray's ,manual1 ed4 v41 p4 #ffj2 ,ferns of the ,south-,west1 p4 #cai4--,lawson1 in ,canad4 ,naturalist1 i41 p4 #bgb4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #adg4--;,fournier1 ,pl4 ,mex41 ,crypt41 p4 #aai4--,williamson1 ,ferns of ,kentucky1 p4 #eb1 t4 #ab4 ,pteris atropurpurea1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aecd4--,michaux1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #bfa4--,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ajf4--,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ic1 t4 #aja4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #cge4--,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffh4 ,platyloma atropurpureum1 ,j4 ,smith4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #dhh4 ,allosorus atropurpureus1 ,kunze1 in ,sill4 ,journ41 ,july1 #ahdh1 p4 #hf2 ,linna1 xxiii41 p4 #bah4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 ii41 p4 #eia4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #dd4 ,pella mucronata1 ,fe1 #ime ,mm41 p4 #h4 ,pella glabella1 ,mettenius ,kuhn1 in ,linna1 xxxvi41 p4 #hg4 ,pteris spiculata1 ,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ib1 t4 #ajj4 ,pteris ,adianti facie1 caule ramulis petiolisque politiore nitore nigricantibus1 etc41 ,gronovius1 ,fl4 ,virginica1 ed4 i41 p4 #aig4 ,hab4--,crevices of shaded calcareous rocks2 from ,canada to the ,rocky ,mountains of ,british ,america1 and southward to ,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,indian ,territory and ,arizona4 ,it has been found in several parts of ,mexico1 and even in ,south ,america 78,andes of ,mecoya1 ,pearce10 according to ,synopsis ,filicum74 ,it was collected by ,john ,clayton about #agcf1 8on the shore of the river ,rappahannock in a shady place by the root of a juniper near the promontory called ,point ,lookout10 and ,i take pleasure in giving it an ,english name in his honor4 ,description3--,the root-stock of this fern is rather short1 usually somewhat nodose1 and densely chaffy with very narrow long-pointed soft bright-brown scales1 which in the specimens examined are destitute of midnerve4 ,the stalks are rigid and wiry1 terete1 nearly black in color1 but with a slight reddish tinge1 and usually more or less pubescent with very narrow chaffy hairs1 which are often more abundant and harsher along the rachises1 making them almost hirsute4 ,pella glabella was founded on specimens from ,missouri and the ,north-,west1 which had the stalk perfectly smooth1 and the chaff of the root-stock a trifle wider than usual4 ,the section of the stalk shows a single ,u-shaped fibro-vascular bundle1 and a strong outer sclerenchymatous sheath4 ,the fronds are developed late in the ,spring1 and remain green through the next ,winter4 ,they are almost coriaceous in texture1 smooth and dark-bluish-green above1 paler1 and sometimes slightly chaffy beneath4 ,they are from a few inches to about a foot in length1 and vary in outline from ovate to oblong-lanceolate4 ,in seedling plants the earliest fronds are round-cordate1 the next cordate-ovate1 and then follow trifoliate1 pinnate1 and finally mature bipinnate fronds4 ,the largest fronds have about five pairs of compound pinn1 each with from three to eleven pinnules1 and above these are from four to six pairs of simple pinn1 besides the terminal one1 which is often the longest of all4 ,the pinnules and the simple pinn of the sterile fronds are commonly oval1 and not more than half an inch long1 but those of the fertile fronds are narrower and longer1 sometimes nearly two inches long4 ,the base is either truncate or slightly cordate2 sometimes where there is a transition from compound to simple pinn1 a pinna will be found conspicuously auricled on both sides1 or on the upper side only4 ,forked pinnules are occasionally seen4 ,the margin is continuously recurved to form a rather broad involucre1 and the very edge is somewhat thinner and whiter4 ,the veins are pinnately arranged on both sides of the midvein1 and fork about twice before reaching the margin4 ,the upper part of the veinlets is covered with sporangia1 which as they ripen push out from beneath the involucre4 ,the spores are obscurely tetrahedral and trivittate1 as in the other species of the genus4 ,this fern very often grows in company with ,camptosorus rhizophyllus1 and its root-stock is often hidden beneath mosses of the genus ,anomodon3 it takes kindly to cultivation1 especially if it be planted in the crevices of calcareous rock-work4 ,it may occur on other than calcareous rock1 but ,i have never seen it on either granite1 sandstone or basalt4 ,names for varieties of this species have been proposed by ,pursh1 and by ,fournier1 but the characters assigned do not seem sufficiently distinctive4 ,,pell,a ,,gracilis1 ,hooker4 ,slender ,cliff-,brake4 ,pella gracilis3--,root-stock slender1 creeping1 cord-like1 scantily furnished with little ovate appressed scales2 stalks scattered1 slender1 a span long or less1 brownish-stramineous1 somewhat shining1 darker and slightly chaffy at the base2 fronds two to four inches long1 thin and tender1 smooth1 ovate or ovate-oblong1 pinnate2 pinn few1 the lower two to four pairs once or twice pinnatifid1 the uppermost simple2 segments of the sterile fronds adnate-decurrent1 roundish-obovate1 crenately lobed and toothed2 those of the taller fertile fronds lanceolate or linear-oblong1 and more distinct1 entire or auricled1 terminal ones longest2 veins rather distant1 mostly once forked2 involucre broad and continuous1 delicately membranaceous4 ,pella gracilis1 ,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 ii41 p4 #ach1 t4 cxxxiii1 ,b4--,eaton1 in ,gray's ,manual1 ed4 v41 p4 #fei2 ,ferns of the ,south-,west1 p4 #cai4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ade4--,porter ,coulter1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,colorado1 p4 #aec4 ,pteris gracilis1 ,michaux1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #bfb4--,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ii4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #cgf4--,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffh4--;,hooker1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #bfd4 ,allosorus gracilis1 ,presl1 ,tent4 ,pterid41 p4 #aec4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #dhf4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4 #fbd2 ed4 ii41 p4 #eia1 t4 ix4--,parry1 in ,owen's ,geol4 ,surv4 of ,wisconsin1 etc41 p4 #fba4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #dd4 ,cheilanthes gracilis1 ,kaulfuss1 ,enum4 ,fil41 p4 #bji4 ,pteris ,stelleri1 ,gmelin1 8,nov4 ,com4 ,petrop41 xii41 p4 #eai1 t4 #ab1 f4 #a40 ,allosorus ,stelleri1 ,ruprecht1 ,distr4 ,crypt4 ,vasc4 in ,imp4 ,ross41 p4 #dg4--,ledebour1 ,fl4 ,ross41 iv41 p4 #ebf4--,moore1 ,ind4 ,fil41 p4 #df4--,lawson1 in ,canad4 ,naturalist1 i41 p4 #bgb4 ,allosorus minutus ,pteris minuta1 ,turczaninow1 fide ,moore4 ,hab4--,crevices of damp and shaded calcareous rocks1 especially in deep glens2 ,labrador1 ,butler1 to ,british ,columbia1 and southward to ,iowa1 ,parry1 ,wisconsin and ,pennsylvania4 ,also in ,colorado1 near ,breckinridge ,city1 ,brandegee4 ,siberia1 ,tibet and the ,himalayas4 ,it is found in ,sunderland1 ,massachusetts2 at ,trenton ,falls1 ,chittenango ,falls1 and other deep glens in ,central ,new ,york2 in ,lycoming and ,sullivan ,counties1 ,pennsylvania1 and in other similar places in ,vermont1 ,michigan1 etc41 but is by no means a common plant4 ,description3--,this is the most delicate of all the ,pellas1 and has fronds a good deal like those of ,cryptogramme acrostichoides1 but tenderer1 and with sub-marginal fructification4 ,the root-stock is very slender1 scarcely more than half a line in thickness1 and sometimes two or three inches long4 ,it is so hidden in the crevices of the rocks that it is seldom secured by collectors4 ,the scales are minute1 appressed to the root-stock1 and almost filmy in their delicacy4 ,the stalks are scattered along the root-stock1 and are generally about five or six inches long1 those of the fertile fronds longer1 stouter and of a darker color than the others4 ,they are smooth and somewhat polished1 but lighter in color and far more tender in consistency than in most of our other species of this genus4 ,the fertile and the sterile fronds are unlike1 though both are very delicately membranaceous1 and pinnate with once or twice pinnatifid pinn4 ,the rachis is not winged in its lower half1 except in very small fronds1 but above the middle it is narrowly winged1 as are also its divisions4 ,the lowest one or two pairs of pinn are twice pinnatifid in the largest specimens1 but more commonly but once pinnatifid4 ,in the sterile fronds the segments of the pinn are very plainly adnate to the secondary midrib1 and are roundish or roundish-obovate in shape4 ,they are from three to six lines long and about two-thirds as broad4 ,their margin is more or less lobed and crenately toothed4 ,in the fertile fronds the segments are more distinct1 longer and narrower1 measuring often six to ten lines in length and one or two in width4 ,the terminal pinna of the frond and the terminal segments of the pinn are considerably longer than the others4 ,the veins are conspicuous1 and distant1 much more so than in our other species of ,pella4 ,they fork once about midway between the midvein and the margin1 and sometimes1 especially in fertile fronds1 a second time just within the margin4 ,the involucre is continuous1 broad1 and even more delicate than the frond itself4 ,the sporangia are comparatively scanty1 and are fully covered by the involucre4 ,the spores are spheroid-tetrahedral and obscurely trivittate4 ,mr4 ,moore and some other authors are disposed to insist on the right of priority belonging to the specific name ,stelleri4 ,but the name gracilis has been used by nearly every writer on ,american ,ferns since the time of ,michaux1 and will most probably be kept up rather than the other4 ,it should be noted that ,ruprecht considered his ,allosorus ,stelleri to be distinct from our plant1 and mentions several points of difference in his work on the ,distribution of ,vascular ,cryptogamia in the ,russian ,empire4 ,the figure is taken from specimens collected in ,sunderland1 ,hampshire ,county1 ,massachusetts1 by the late ,rev4 ,david ,peck4 ,,evergreen ,,wood-,,fern4 ,illustration3 ,,aspidium ,,marginale1 ,swartz4 ,evergreen ,wood-,fern4 ,aspidium marginale3--,root-stock ascending1 stout1 shaggy with long shining-brown chaffy scales2 stalks rather stout1 a few inches to a foot long1 more or less chaffy with shining scales2 fronds standing in a crown1 one to two feet long1 evergreen1 sub-coriaceous1 ovate-lanceolate1 scarcely narrowed at the base1 pinnate or sub-bipinnate2 pinn almost sessile1 the lowest ones broadest1 unequally triangular-lanceolate1 the middle ones lanceolate-acuminate1 slightly broader above the base2 pinnules or segments smooth and dark-bluish-green above1 paler and sometimes slightly chaffy beneath1 adnate to the narrowly winged secondary rachis1 oblong or oblong-lanceolate1 often sub-falcate1 varying from crenately-toothed to pinnately-lobed with crenulate lobes1 obtuse or sub-acute1 those next the main rachis sometimes distinct1 short-stalked1 sub-cordate at the base and with rounded auricles2 veins free1 forked or pinnately branched into from two to five curved and usually conspicuous veinlets2 sori rather large1 placed close to the margin of the segments2 the orbicular-reniform indusia firm in texture1 convex1 smooth1 often lead colored4 ,aspidium marginale1 ,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #ej4--,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #aie1 t4 #de1 b4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #bei4--,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffb4--,link1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,berol41 p4 #ajg4--;,hooker1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #afj4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #die4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 ii41 p4 #eih4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ib2 ,aspidium1 p4 #ee4--;,eaton1 in ,chapman's ,flora1 p4 #eie4--,robinson1 ,ferns of ,essex ,co41 in ,bull4 ,essex ,inst41 vii41 ,no4 #c1 p4 #ej4--,williamson1 ,ferns of ,kentucky1 p4 #ig1 t4 xxxv4--,davenport1 ,catal41 p4 #cb4 ,polypodium marginale1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aeeb4 ,nephrodium marginale1 ,michaux1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #bfg4--;,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #abb4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #bgc4 ,lastrea marginalis1 ,presl1 ,tent4 ,pterid41 p4 #gg4--;,j4 ,smith1 ,ferns1 ,brit4 and ,foreign1 p4 #aeg4--,lawson1 in ,canad4 ,naturalist1 i41 p4 #bha4 ,dryopteris marginalis1 ,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4 #fcb4--;,darlington1 ,fl4 ,cestrica1 ed4 iii41 p4 #cif4 ,hab4--,rocky hill-sides in rich woods1 especially where black leaf-mold has gathered between masses of rock2 one of our most abundant and characteristic ferns1 confined to ,north ,america1 but extending from ,new ,brunswick to ,central ,alabama1 ,professor ,eugene ,a4 ,smith2 westward to ,arkansas1 ,professor ,f4 ,l4 ,harvey2 ,wisconsin1 ,parry1 ,t4 ,j4 ,hale2 and brought from the ,saskatchewan and the ,rocky ,mountains of ,british ,america by ,drummond4 ,description3--,professor ,robinson has remarked of this species3--8,this comes nearer being a tree fern than any other of our species2 the caudex1 covered by the bases of fronds of previous seasons1 sometimes resting on bare rocks for four or five inches without roots or fronds40 ,the root-stock is much like that of ,a4 ,filix-mas1 being very stout-closely covered with persistent stalk-bases and very chaffy4 ,the chaff really grows mainly on the bases of the stalks1 or covers the closely coiled buds which crown the root-stock4 ,it is composed of shining ferruginous-brown thin lanceolate acuminate scales fully an inch in length1 and destitute of a thickened midnerve4 ,the fronds grow in elegant crowns from the apex of the root-stock1 some six or eight or perhaps ten to a plant4 ,the stalks vary in length1 but are seldom more than a foot long4 ,they are rather stout1 round1 but with a slight furrow in front1 commonly reddish-brown in color1 fading when dry to straw-color1 and contain five or seven roundish fibro-vascular bundles1 of which the two anterior ones are largest1 and the next two the smallest4 ,the outline of the fronds is ovate-lanceolate1 varying to oblong-lanceolate4 ,the frond is commonly not quite so wide at the base as in the middle1 though in small specimens the base is often the widest4 ,the texture is thicker than in any other of our ,wood-ferns1 and the fronds are fairly evergreen1 not withering until the next year's fronds begin to uncoil4 ,in cutting1 the fronds vary from pinnate1 with pinnatifid pinn and short nearly entire lobes1 to twice pinnate1 with pinnately-lobed segments4 ,in the example selected for our plate the pinnules are oblong1 obtuse and crenulate1 or at most1 crenately-toothed4 ,other1 and perhaps no larger1 fronds will have most of the pinnules twice or even thrice as long as these1 ovate-lanceolate and pointed1 narrowed to a sub-cordate and obscurely-stalked base1 and deeply pinnately-lobed4 ,this is var4 elegans of ,professor ,robinson4 ,professor ,lawson has a var4 ,traill1 which has 8very large bipinnate fronds1 all the pinnules pinnatifid40 ,a very common form noticed by ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,underwood in ,bulletin of the ,torrey ,botanical ,club1 has fronds only four or five inches long1 the lower pinn only pinnatifid and the upper ones lobed1 the sori mostly solitary on the lobes4 ,the veins and veinlets of the frond are very distinct1 being marked by depressions in the upper surface in the living fronds1 and visible as dark lines in the dried specimens4 ,the veins fork near the midvein2 the upper branch may be fertile at its tip2 the lower branch is either simple1 or forks a second1 and perhaps a third time4 ,all the veinlets are curved4 ,on account of the venation ,presl referred this plant to his section ,arthrobotrys4 ,the sori are close to the margin of the lobes1 and vary from one to twelve to a lobe4 ,they are very large and prominent1 and have firm lead-colored orbicular-reniform indusia1 which are slightly incurved round the edge1 and depressed at the sinus4 ,as the fronds mature the indusia become brownish4 ,the spores are ovoid-reniform and have a narrow crenulate wing4 ,,walking-,,leaf4 ,,pinnatifid ,,spleenwort4 ,illustration3 ,,camptosorus ,,rhizophyllus1 ,link4 ,walking-,leaf4 ,camptosorus rhizophyllus3--,root-stock short1 creeping or ascending2 stalks tufted1 slender1 flaccid1 green1 but becoming brown near the base2 fronds a few inches to a foot long1 sub-coriaceous1 evergreen1 smooth1 gradually narrowed from a deeply cordate and auricled base to a long and very slender prolongation1 decumbent and often rooting at the end2 veins reticulated near the midrib1 and having free apices along the margin2 sori elongated1 variously placed on either side of the veins1 often face to face in pairs1 or extending around the upper part of the meshes2 indusium delicate4 ,camptosorus rhizophyllus1 ,link1 ,hort4 ,berol41 ii41 p4 #fi2 ,fil4 ,sp4 ,hort4 ,berol41 p4 #hc4--,presl1 ,tent4 ,pterid41 p4 #aba1 t4 #d1 fig4 #h4--;,hooker1 ,gen4 ,fil41 t4 #eg1 ,c2 ,fil4 ,exot41 t4 #he4--;,gray1 ,manual4--,darlington1 ,flora ,cestr41 ed4 iii41 p4 #cic4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #fg1 t4 #e1 fig4 #f4 ,asplenium rhizophyllum1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aecf4--,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #gd4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #cje4--,michaux1 ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am41 ii41 p4 #bfd4--;,bigelow1 ,fl4 ,boston4 ,antigramma rhizophylla1 ,j4 ,smith1 in ,hook4 ,journ4 ,bot41 iv41 p4 #agf2 ,ferns1 ,british and ,foreign1 p4 #bbf4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #did1 t4 #aei 7,asplenium74 ,scolopendrium rhizophyllum1 ,endlicher1 ,gen4 ,pl41 ,suppl4 i41 p4 #acdh4--;,hooker1 ,sp4 ,fil41 iv41 p4 #d4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #bdh4 ,hab4--,on mossy rocks1 especially limestone4 ,not uncommon from ,canada to ,virginia and ,alabama1 and westward to ,wisconsin and ,kansas4 ,it occurs in many places in ,western ,new ,england1 but is rare to the east4 ,it has lately been found a few miles from ,boston2 but there is a doubt whether the station is truly natural4 ,description4--,the walking-leaf is usually found in patches of considerable extent4 ,it seems to prefer mossy calcareous rocks1 and the finest specimens are usually firmly rooted in the crevices4 ,in ,cheshire1 ,connecticut1 it grows freely on moist cliffs of sandstone bordering a deep ravine2 and in ,orange1 in the same ,state1 it is found on scattered ledges of serpentine4 ,the root-stock is very short1 but creeping3 it bears a few dark-fuscous scales1 and is covered with the remains of decayed stalks4 ,a few fronds grow from the end of the root-stock1 and are supported on slender herbaceous stems a few inches long4 ,a transverse section of the lower part of the stalk is semicircular1 and shows a very slender triangular central thread of dark sclerenchyma1 with two somewhat roundish fibro-vascular bundles close beneath or behind it4 ,a section higher up shows that the stalk is there narrowly winged on each side1 and the two fibro-vascular bundles have coalesced into one of a roundish-triangular shape4 ,the frond is long and narrow1 and rarely rises erect1 but usually is decumbent or reclined in position4 ,the wings of the stalk widen out into a wedge-shaped base1 which is sunken in a sinus between two basal auricles of the frond4 ,these auricles are scantily developed in small fronds2 but in larger ones they are more or less prominent1 making the base of the frond either cordate or hastate4 ,in specimens from ,cheshire1 ,connecticut1 and in some from ,indiana1 the auricles are drawn out into slender points1 in one instance fully four inches long4 ,the fronds are deep-green in color1 and sub-coriaceous in texture4 ,the fronds of mature plants are from six to twelve1 or even fifteen1 inches long2 and their greatest width1 measured just above the auricles1 is about one-twelfth of the length1 or from six to fifteen lines4 ,the midrib is a little paler than the rest of the frond1 and is rather prominent on the under surface4 ,the margin of the frond is gently undulating or entire1 rarely incised4#b ,the upper part of the frond is scarcely wider than the stalk1 and commonly produces a proliferous bud at the apex1 where it very frequently takes root1 and develops a new plant4 ,in this way a single plant in a favorable position will become a whole colony in a few years' time4 ,the venation is peculiar1 and the disposition of the sori depends mainly on the peculiarities of the venation4 ,dr4 ,endlicher's description of them is so clear1 that it is well to repeat it here3 8,veins anastomosing i4e41 reticulating in two series of hexagonal areoles meshes1 the angles of the marginal areoles sending out free1 simple or forked1 veinlets4 ,sori linear1 solitary in the costal areoles those nearest the midrib and on the marginal veinlets3 the indusium of the latter free toward the margin of the frond2 of the former1 toward the costa4 ,in the areoles of the second series the sori are opposite3 the indusium of the lower one free toward the costa2 of the other1 in the opposite direction40 ,to this it may be added1 that in some of the areoles the two sori meet and are confluent at the outer angle of the areole2 and in this case the two indusia are sometimes1 though not always1 united into one4 ,the indusia of the areoles next the midrib are also often bent at an angle1 and the two portions plainly united4 ,it was from this condition of some of the sori that the genus was named ,camptosorus 7bent fruit-dot72 and it is only on this peculiarity that the genus can be kept separate4 ,the indusium is thin and delicate1 composed of sinuous-margined cellules1 and is more or less wavy along the free edge4 ,the spores are ovoid1 and have a crenated pellucid wing-like margin4 ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hooker referred the ,camptosorus1 together with the species of ,antigramma1 and the very peculiar ,mexican fern ,schaffneria1 to the genus ,scolopendrium2 making the distinctive character of the genus to rest on the sori being 8in pairs1 opposite to each other1 one originating on the superior side of a veinlet1 the other on the inferior side of the opposite veinlet or branch40 ,in this he was essentially anticipated twenty years by ,dr4 ,endlicher2 to whom1 however1 ,schaffneria was unknown4 ,it is by no means impossible that future botanists will refer all these species to the old ,linnan genus ,asplenium2 for it is now pretty generally admitted that differences in venation do not constitute valid generic distinctions1 and a radicant bud on the frond is common in many undeniably genuine ,asplenia3 and since ,diplazium1 with double involucres placed back to back on the same vein1 is inseparable from ,asplenium1 it is by no means impossible that ,scolopendrium and ,camptosorus should be thought to have no better claim to rank as genera4 ,probably the earliest notice of the walking-leaf is in ,ray's 8,historia ,plantarum10 vol4 ii41 p4 #aibg1 published in #afhh4 ,it is there called 8,phyllitis parva saxatilis per summitates folii prolifera40 ,other early accounts may be found in the 8,species ,plantarum0 of ,linnus and of ,willdenow1 and in the second edition of ,gronovius's 8,flora ,virginica40 ,in the latter work it may be seen that ,gov4 ,colden long ago described the auricles as being 8also often acuminate40 ,a second species1 with membranaceous fronds acute at the base 7,c4 ,sibiricus71 occurs in ,northern ,asia1 but is apparently very rare4 ,,asplenium ,,pinnatifidum1 ,nuttall4 ,pinnatifid ,spleenwort4 ,asplenium pinnatifidum3--,root-stock short1 creeping1 branched2 stalks numerous1 clustered1 brownish near the base1 green higher up2 fronds six to nine inches high1 herbaceous or sub-coriaceous1 mostly erect1 lanceolate-acuminate from a broad and sub-hastate base1 pinnatifid2 lower lobes roundish-ovate or rarely caudate1 sometimes distinct1 the margin crenated1 the upper ones gradually smaller and more and more adnate to the winged midrib2 the uppermost very short1 and passing into the sinuous-margined long acumination of the frond2 veins dichotomous or sub-pinnate and forking1 free2 sori few on the lower lobes1 solitary on the uppermost1 those next the midrib occasionally diplazioid4 ,asplenium pinnatifidum1 ,nuttall1 ,genera of ,n4 ,amer4 ,plants1 ii41 p4 #bea4--,kunze1 in ,sill4 ,journ41 ,july1 #ahdh1 p4 #he4--;,gray1 ,manual4--,eaton1 in ,chapman's ,flora of ,southern ,u4 ,s41 p4 #eib4--;,hooker1 ,icones ,plantarum1 t4 #ibg2 ,sp4 ,fil41 iii41 p4 #ia4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #gb1 t4 #aj1 figs4 #a1 #b2 ,asplenium1 p4 #abf4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #aid4 ,asplenium rhizophyllum1 var4 pinnatifidum1 ,muhlenberg1 ,catalogus ,plant4 ,am4 ,sept41 ed4 ii41 p4 #ajb4--;,barton1 ,compendium ,flor ,philad41 ii41 p4 #baj4--;,eaton1#c ,manual of ,botany1 ed4 iii41 p4 #ahh1 etc4--,torrey1 ,compendium1 p4 #chc4 ,hab4--,discovered by ,thomas ,nuttall in crevices of rocks along the ,schuylkill ,river1 near ,philadelphia2 also found along the ,wissahickon ,creek in the same vicinity4 ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 ,prof4 ,thomas ,c4 ,porter4 ,on moist cliffs of sandstone in the ,cumberland ,mountains1 ,east ,tennessee1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley4 ,hancock ,county1 ,alabama1 ,hon4 ,t4 ,m4 ,peters4 ,mine-la-,motte1 ,southern ,missouri1 on sandstone rocks1 ,dr4 ,engelmann4 ,description4--,the root-stocks of this little fern are creeping1 branched and often entangled1 and chaffy with narrow lance-acuminate dark-fuscous scales4 ,the cellular structure of these scales is similar to that of the scales of ,a4 ebeneum1 the cells being oblong-rectangular1 and arranged in straight longitudinal rows4 ,the stalks are from two to four inches long1 and slightly chaffy when young3 they are brown and shining at the base1 but green higher up1 except that a narrow line of brown is continued up the under side of the stalk nearly or quite to the base of the frond4 ,a section made near the lower extremity of the stalk is nearly semicircular1 and discloses two roundish fibro-vascular bundles side by side near the middle1 and a minute thread of sclerenchyma1 or hard dark tissue1 on the inner side of each bundle4 ,a section just below the frond shows the two fibro-vascular bundles united into one1 and the angles of the stalk slightly extended1 forming very narrow wing-like borders4 ,the minute inner filaments of sclerenchyma are never continued far up the stalk1 and are sometimes wanting altogether4 ,the frond is from three to six inches long1 and usually half an inch to an inch broad at the base1 from which the general outline tapers to a long and slender point1 not so long as the prolongation of the walking-leaf1 and very rarely1 if ever1 rooting at the apex4#d ,the fronds are mostly erect1 sub-coriaceous or firmly membranaceous1 smooth above1 but with a few minute setulose scales beneath1 deeply pinnatifid in the lower and middle portion1 and sinuately lobed above1 the long terminal portion undulate on the margins4 ,the midrib is broad and well defined3 it is winged throughout its length2 the wing narrow at the base of the frond1 but constantly widening upwards4 ,the lobes are irregularly roundish-ovate1 sinuate1 crenate or slightly toothed2 the lowest ones occasionally drawn out into an acuminate point an inch long4 ,most of the lobes are attached to the wing of the midrib by a broad base3 the lower ones sometimes have a short stalk4 ,the veins are everywhere free3 in the lower lobes1 if these are acuminate1 the veins are pinnately branched from a mid-vein2 elsewhere they are forked or dichotomous4 ,the sori are mostly single1 though here and there one will be diplazioid1--most commonly the lowest one on the superior side of the lobe4 ,the indusia are very delicate2 and the free edge is directed toward the middle of the lobe1 excepting the indusia of the sori nearest the midrib1 and these open toward the midrib4 ,the sori are usually very full of sporangia1 and1 when ripe1 nearly cover the back of the frond3 even the narrow acumination bears a sorus at each undulation of the margin4 ,spores ovoid-bean-shaped1 with reticulating ridges and an irregular winged border4 ,this is now admitted by all pteridologists to be a distinct species2 though it was formerly confounded with the ,camptosorus1 from which it is clearly distinguished by the free veins1 the mostly single indusia1 and the usual absence of a proliferous bud at the apex of the frond4 ,some of the less compound and more attenuated forms of ,a4 montanum come much nearer to it2 but in its simplest form this other species always has the fronds fairly pinnate1 and its more compound forms resemble the ,a4 pinnatifidum very little4 ,i take occasion to express my thanks to ,hon4 ,thomas ,m4 ,peters of ,moulton1 ,alabama1 who has sent me abundant and fine specimens of this fern and of other rare species which are found in the northern part of ,alabama4 ,,sensitive ,,fern4 ,illustration3 ,,onoclea ,,sensibilis1 ,linnus4 ,sensitive ,fern4 ,onoclea sensibilis3--,root-stock creeping1 elongated2 stalks scattered1 nearly chaffless1 a few inches to over a foot high2 fronds dimorphous2 sterile ones triangular-ovate1 foliaceous1 smooth1 quickly withering when plucked1 deeply pinnatifid into several oblong-lanceolate entire or sinuate or sinuately pinnatifid segments1 the lowest pair sometimes distinct1 the rest connected by a wing which widens upwards2 the veins reticulated and forming narrow paracostal areoles1 and1 outside of these1 copious oblong or hexagonal meshes2 fertile fronds shorter1 contracted1 rigid1 closely bipinnate2 the pinnules rolled up into berry-like bodies2 veins free1 simple or forked1 soriferous on the back2 sporangia borne on an elevated receptacle1 half surrounded by a very delicate somewhat hood-like indusium attached at the base of the receptacle4 ,onoclea sensibilis1 ,linnus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 p4 #aeag4--,michaux1 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #bgb4--,swartz1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #aaj4--,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ie1 t4 #ajb4--,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 v41 p4 #bhg4--,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffe4--;,hooker1 ,gen4 ,fil41 t4 lxxxii2 ,fl4 ,bor4-,am41 ii41 p4 #bfb2 ,sp4 ,fil41 iii41 p4 #afj4--,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #dii4--;,gray1 ,manual1 ed4 i41 p4 #deg2 ed4 ii41 p4 #eii1 t4 xii2 ed4 v41 p4 #ffh1 t4 xviii2 ,botany of ,japan1 in ,mem4 ,amer4 ,acad4 7n4 s47 vi41 p4 #dba4--,mettenius1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #ig4--,maximowicz1 ,prim4 ,fl4 ,amur41 p4 #ccg4--;,eaton1 in ,chapman's ,flora1 p4 #eif4--;,hooker ,baker1 ,syn4 ,fil41 p4 #df4--,miquel1 ,prolus4 ,fl4 ,jap41 in ,ann4 ,mus4 ,bot4 ,lugd4-,batav41 iii41 p4 #agi4--,milde1 ,fil4 ,eur4 et ,atlant41 p4 #aeg4--,redfield1 in ,bulletin of ,torrey ,botan4 ,club1 vi41 p4 #d4--,williamson1 ,ferns of ,kentucky1 p4 #aji1 t4 xli2 ,fern-,etchings1 t4 xlv4 ,onoclea obtusilobata1 ,schkuhr1 ,krypt4 ,gew41 p4 #ie1 t4 #ajc4--,pursh1 ,fl4 ,am4 ,sept41 ii41 p4 #ffe4 ,onoclea obtusiloba1 ,link1 ,fil4 ,hort4 ,lips41 p4 #cg4 ,osmunda frondibus pinnatis foliolis superioribus basi coadunatis1 omnibus lanceolatis1 pinnato-sinuatis1 ,linnus1 ,hort4 ,cliff41 p4 #dgb4--;,gronovius1 ,fl4 ,virginica1 p4 #aif2 ed4 ii41 p1 #afc4--7,other ancient names are repeated by ,linnus and ,willdenow47 ,hab4--,wet meadows and thickets1 from ,new ,brunswick to the ,saskatchewan1 extending southward through ,dacotah1 ,kansas1 and ,arkansas to ,louisiana1 and eastward to ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida1 one of our commonest and most abundant ferns1 often occupying large portions of land to the partial exclusion of other plants4 ,not found in western ,america or in ,europe1 but occurring in ,japan1 ,mantchooria and eastern ,siberia4 ,description3--,the root-stock is about one-third of an inch thick1 and irregularly roundish in section4 ,it creeps widely below the surface of the ground1 rooting freely and often forking1 so that in cultivation it is very difficult to confine the plant to one spot4 ,the root-stock contains six or eight roundish or flattened fibro-vascular bundles arranged in a circle near the outer surface4 ,it bears no chaff4 ,the stalks are scattered along its length1 the apex being covered with the thickened stalk-bases of next year's fronds1 and the stalks for the present year rising a few inches back of the apex4 ,the fronds are truly dimorphous1 the fertile ones being so unlike the sterile1 that no one who is unacquainted with the plant would suppose they had anything to do with each other4 ,the sterile fronds vary in length from one or two inches to fifteen or eighteen1 and are supported on stalks usually rather longer still1 so that1 while the smallest plants may be concealed in the grass1 the tallest ones are often fully three feet high4 ,the bases of the stalks are flattened1 discolored and very sparingly chaffy2 the upper part is green in the living plant1 brownish-stramineous when dried1 smooth and naked1 rounded at the back1 and slightly furrowed in front4 ,it contains two obliquely-placed strap-shaped fibro-vascular bundles1 which unite below the base of the frond and form one having a ,u-shaped section4 ,the outline of the sterile fronds is triangular or triangular-ovate4 ,the midrib is winged1 either from the very base1 or from the second pair of segments2 the wing at its lower extremity very narrow1 but gradually widening towards the apex1 so that its greatest width is but little less than that of the terminal segment4 ,the number of segments in the smallest fronds is two or three on each side2 in the largest fronds twelve or thirteen on each side4 ,the lowest segments are rather more than half as long as the whole frond2 the next segments usually a little smaller1 but sometimes a little longer than the first pair1 and the remaining ones rapidly decreasing4 ,the segments are broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate1 narrowed at the base1 especially the lower ones1 and either rounded or sub-acute at the apex4 ,the sinuses between them are rounded1 and are gradually narrowed towards the apex of the frond4 ,the segments are very minutely serrulate on the edges2 the smallest ones otherwise entire1 and the larger ones either with sinuous margins or1 in large fronds1 deeply sinuous-pinnatifid4 ,the texture is herbaceous1 the surfaces perfectly smooth1 the color of the upper surface grass-green1 of the lower surface paler and slightly glaucescent4 ,the fronds wilt very soon after plucking them1 and in wilting there is a slight disposition to fold the segments together1 face to face1 for which reason the plant has received the name of 8,sensitive-,fern40 ,the first frost of autumn destroys the sterile fronds2 and a late frost in ,may or ,june does the same4 ,the midribs are prominent1 and the veins conspicuous2 the latter being copiously reticulated into areoles which enclose no free veinlets4 ,along the sides of the midribs and midveins are very long and narrow areoles1 and outside of these are obliquely-placed oblong areoles in several irregular rows4 ,the fertile fronds are not very common1 and a young botanist may search in vain for them for a long time4 ,they stand only about half as high as the sterile fronds1 and are very rigid4 ,they are nearly black in color3 in winter they dry up1 but remain erect through the next summer1 so that a fruiting plant often has fertile fronds standing of two years' growth4 ,the frond is only a few 7usually four to six7 inches long1 and consists of from four to ten pairs of appressed fleshy or cartilaginous pinn1 which are divided into a double row of sub-globose bead-like segments or pinnules2 the whole looking like a small and narrow but dense cluster of diminutive grapes4 ,each pinnule has its edges so much recurved that the whole forms a sort of pouch1 apparently filled with sporangia4 ,mr4 ,faxon has made a careful study of the sori1 and has very kindly furnished the account given below4#e ,the articulations of the sporangia are said by ,fe to be twenty-eight to thirty-two1 and more numerous than in any other fern4 ,i have counted only thirty at most1 and more frequently only twenty-eight4 ,the spores are ovoid and very dark-colored4 ,var4 obtusilobata1 ,torrey1 ,fl4 ,new ,york1 ii41 p4 #dii1 t4 clx 7,onoclea obtusilobata1 ,schkuhr71 is not a permanent variation of the species1 but is based on a not infrequent condition of the plant1 in which the pinn of some of the foliaceous fronds become deeply pinnatifid into obovate segments1 which have mostly free veins and imperfectly developed sori4 ,the indusia appear as little whitish scales on the back of the veins4 ,it occurs in almost all places where the plant is common1 is often produced from root-stocks which bear also normal fronds1 and presents all gradations from the usual sterile frond to the proper fertile one4 ,ragiopteris onocleoides of ,presl is founded on a young fertile frond of this species placed with a sterile one of what ,milde judges to be a monstrous form of ,aspidium ,filix-mas4 ,maximowicz describes a var4 interrupta1 from the ,amoor region1 in which the fertile frond nearly equals the sterile1 and has elongated pinn1 with remote segments4 ,this condition is also sometimes seen in ,american specimens1 and is hardly a true variety4 ,in an article on 8,the late ,extinct ,floras of ,north ,america10 which appeared in ,vol4 ix of the ,annals of the ,new ,york ,lyceum of ,natural ,history1 in ,april1 #ahfh1 ,professor ,newberry describes certain fossil specimens of ferns occurring in ,miocene argillaceous limestone at ,fort ,union1 ,dacotah1 and refers them with little hesitation to this species4 ,i have not seen the specimens1 but1 as similar venation and not very dissimilar fronds are seen in ,woodwardia and ,pteris1 one may perhaps doubt the absolute certainty of the identification4 ,footnotes #a,milde indicates several other unimportant variations2 and ,hooker ,baker have as varieties of this species the ,east ,indian ,aspidium cochleatum1 and ,aspidium elongatum1 from ,madeira and the ,canary ,islands4 ,the latter they give as occurring also in the southern ,united ,states1 evidently supposing it to be the long-lost ,a4 ,ludovicianum of ,kunze4 ,for abundant synonymy of ,aspidium ,filix-mas the student is referred especially to the works of ,hooker1 ,milde1 ,mettenius and ,moore1 as quoted above4 #b,see the 8,flora of ,new ,york0 for some figures of laciniated and forking fronds4 #c,prof4 ,amos ,eaton1 grandfather of the present writer4 ,eaton's 8,manual of ,botany0 went through eight editions from #ahag to #ahda4 #d;,i find one or two instances of a slight enlargement of the apex1 as if there were an attempt to form a proliferous bud4 #e8;,in ,o4 sensibilis the sori are borne on the middle of the vein1 and consist of a tough cylindrical receptacle1 three or four diameters in height1 bearing sporangia thickly all over its surface1 and covered when young by a delicate hood-like indusium1 attached half-way or more around the base of the receptacle on the inferior side1 and having the crenulate-margined opening toward the apex of the segment4 ,at an early stage the blackberry-shaped sorus is almost entirely covered by the indusium1 which resembles a closely drawn cowl1 but with the growth of the sporangia it is thrown back1 or rent1 and soon disappears1 the sori becoming confluent4 ,the receptacle is very persistent1 and may be seen1 covered with the stalks of the sporangia1 in the dried last-year's fertile fronds1 which are always found where the plant grows40 ,transcriber's ,notes --,copyright notice provided as in the original--this e-text is public domain in the country of publication4 --,silently corrected palpable typos2 left non-standard spellings and dialect unchanged4 --,only in the text versions1 delimited italicized text in underscores 7the ,,html version reproduces the font form of the printed book47 --,only in the ,,ascii text version1 delimited translated ,greek letters in braces 7the ,,utf text and ,,html versions preserve the ,greek letters47