,! ,libr>y ( ,lib]al ,arts              
,,osk> ,,pie/1 ,g5]al ,editor           
,,numb] ,,eight                         
,,epictetus                             
,! ,en*iridion                          
,! ,en*iridion                          
,by                                     
,,epictetus                             
,translat$ by                           
,,?omas ,w4 ,,higg9son                  
,) an ,introduction by                  
,,alb]t ,,salomon                       
,pr(essor ( ,sociology                  
,new ,s*ool = ,social ,rese>*           
,,! ,,lib]al ,,arts ,,press             
,,new ,,york                            
,,copyright1 #aidh                      
,,! ,,lib]al ,,arts ,,press1 ,,inc4     
,fir/ ,edition1 ,octob]1 #aidh          
,repr9t$                      ,decemb]1 
#aiej2 ,augu/1 #aied                    
,second ,edition1 ,novemb]1 #aiee       
,publi%$ at #aec ,we/ #gbnd ,/reet1 ,new
 ,york #bc1 ,n4 ,y4                     
,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica      

,,cont5ts        ,note on ! ,text       
,introduction    ,select$ ,bibliography 
,! ,en*iridion                          
,,note ,,on ,,! ,,text      ,! text ( ! 
second edition is a repr9t ( ! fir/     
edition except  = a few m9or corrections
 9 /yle1 punctuation1 & spell+1 :i*  h  
be5 revis$ to con=m to curr5t ,am]ican  
usage4    ,! editorial /aff ( ! publi%]s
 has add$ a few explanatory notes  :i*  
are set 9 brackets & m>k$ 8,ed40        
,o4,p4                                  
,,introduction      ,! little book by   
,epictetus call$ ,en*iridion or 8manual0
 has play$  a disproportionately l>ge   
role 9 ! rise ( mod]n attitudes &  mod]n
 philosophy4 ,z soon z x _h be5         
translat$ into ! v]nacul>  languages1 x 
became a be/sell] among indep5d5t       
intellectuals1 among  anti-,*ri/ian     
?9k]s1 & among philosoph]s ( a          
subjective ca/4  ,montaigne _h a copy ( 
! ,en*iridion among 8 books4 ,pascal    
viol5tly reject$ ! megalomaniac pride ( 
! ,/oic philosoph]4  ,fr$]ick ! ,great  

c>ri$ ! book ) him on all campaigns4 ,x 
0 a  s\rce ( inspiration & enc\ragem5t  
to ,an?ony1 ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1  9 !    
s]i\s illness :i* end$ only 9 8 dea?2 _m
 pages ( 8  di>ies conta9 passages copi$
 f ! ,en*iridion4 ,x has be5  /udi$ &   
widely quot$ by ,scotti% philosoph]s l  
,francis  ,hut*eson1 ,adam ,smi?1 &     
,adam ,f]guson :o valu$ ,/oic moral     
philosophy = its reconciliation ( social
 dep5d5cy & p]sonal  indep5d5ce4    ,t  
!re 0 a rebir? ( ,/oicism 9 ! c5turies (
 rebir? :i*  m>k$ ! em]g5ce ( ! mod]n   
age 0 n m]e *ance4  ,philosophical1     
moral1 & social conditions ( ! "t unit$ 
to cause  x4 ,roman ,/oicism _h be5     
develop$ 9 times ( despotism z a        
philosophy ( lonely & c\rage\s s\ls :o  
_h recogniz$ !  r$eem+ p[] (            
philosophical reason 9 all ! moral &    
social  purposes ( life4 ,philosophy z a
 way ( life makes m5 free4 ,x is !  la/ 
dit* /& ( lib]ty 9 a _w ( s]vitude4 ,_m 
elem5ts 9 !  new age l$ to ?\ght :i* _h 
/ructural aff9ity ) ,roman ,/oicism4    

,mod]n times _h creat$ ! indep5d5t ?9k]1
 ! free intellectual  9 a secul>        
civilization4 ,mod]n times _h de/roy$   
m$ieval lib]ties  & _h e/abli%$ ! new   
despotism ( ! absolute /ate support$ by 
ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,mod]n          
philosophies cont9u$ ! basic tr5d  9    
,/oicism 9 mak+ ! subjective            
consci\sness ! f\ndation (  philosophy4 
,! ,/oic emphasis on moral problems 0   
also appeal+ 9 an  era ( rapid          
transition :5 all ! values :i* _h       
previ\sly be5  tak5 = grant$ 7 que/ion$ 
& reconsid]$4    ,:ile x is int]e/+ to  
obs]ve h[ v>i$ 7 ! effects produc$  by  
?is small volume1 ?is epitome ( ! ,/oic 
sy/em ( moral  philosophy1 ^! effects   
seem /ill m rem>kable :5 we consid]  t x
 0 n int5d$ to be a philosophical       
treatise on ,/oicism =  /ud5ts4 ,x 01 r1
 to be a guide = ! advanc$ /ud5t (      
,/oicism to %[ him ! be/ roads t[>d !   
goal ( becom+ a true  philosoph]4 ,?us  
,epictetus & 8 ,en*iridion h a unique   
position  9 ,roman ,/oicism4 ,s5eca &   

,m>cus ,aurelius _h select$ ,/oic       
philosophy z ! mo/ adequate sy/em =     
express+ _! exi/5tial  problems (       
indep5d5ce1 solitude1 & hi/ory4 ,9 ?is  
ent]prise1  ,s5eca made trem5d\s /rides 
t[>d ! insights ( social psy*ology  z a 
by-product ( 8 consci\sness ( decad5ce  
79 ?is he 0 close  to ,nietzs*e71 b he 0
 n prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! unity ( !  ,/oic
 sy/em4 ,m>cus ,aurelius *ang$ !        
philosophical doctr9e into !  regim5 ( !
 lonesome rul]4 ,9 contra/ to bo?1      
,epictetus 0  tea*+ ,/oic philosophy z a
 doctr9e & z a way ( life4 ,!           
,en*iridion is a summ>y ( !oretical &   
appli$ ,/oicism4    ,epictetus 0 ! son (
 a woman slave1 born betwe5 #ej & #fj   
,a4,d4 at  ,hi]opolis 9 ,phrygia4 ,we d 
n "k h[ he came to ,rome4 ,he 0 !re  z  
slave to "o ( ,n]o's di/+ui%$ fre$m5 :o 
s]v$ z !  ,emp]or's secret>y4 ,:ile /ill
 9 s]vice1 ,epictetus took c\rses )     
,musonius ,rufus1 ! fa%ionable ,/oic    
philosoph]1 :o 0 impress$ by  ! s9c]e & 
dynamic p]sonality ( ! "y slave & tra9$ 

him to  be a ,/oic philosoph]4          
,epictetus became a free man & began    
tea*+  philosophy on /reet corn]s1 9 !  
m>ket1 b he 0 n successful4  ,dur+ !    
rule ( ,domitian1 ,epictetus ) _m o!r   
philosoph]s 0  exil$ f ,rome1 probably  
betwe5 #hi & #ib ,a4,d4 ,he w5t to      
,nicopolis1  across ,actium 9 ,epirus1  
:]e he conduct$ 8 own s*ool4 ,he 0 s    
well reg>d$ & highly e/eem$ t he        
e/abli%$ ! reputation (  ! place z ! t[n
 ( ,epictetus' s*ool4 ,/ud5ts came f    
,a!ns &  ,rome to att5d 8 classes4      
,private citiz5s came to ask 8 advice & 
guidance4 ,"s ( 8 /ud5ts return$ to _!  
homes to ent] !  traditional c>e]s to   
:i* !y 7 socially obligat$4 ,o!rs assum$
  ! philosophic way ( life 9 ord] to    
escape into ! sph]e ( ,/oic  fre$om4    
,among ! /ud5ts 0 a "y ,roman1 ,flavius 
,arrian1 :o took c\rses at  ,nicopolis  
:5 ,epictetus 0 already old4 ,flavius1  
:o 0 born 9 #ajh  ,a4,d41 0 "o ( !      
intimates ( ,hadrian1 :o made him consul
 9 #acj  ,a4,d4 ,he probably /udi$ )    

,epictetus betwe5 ! ye>s #abc & #abf    
,a4,d4 ,! in=mal philosophical talks :i*
 ,epictetus _h ) 8  /ud5ts fasc9at$ him4
 ,ne$less to say !re 7 also sy/ematic   
c\rses 9 ! fields ( philosophy4 ,b x 0 !
 in=mal disc\rses  :i* conv9c$ ,arrian t
 he _h f9ally discov]$ a ,/oic ,socrates
 or  a ,/oic ,diog5es1 :o 0 n m]ely     
tea*+ a doctr9e1 b also liv+  ! tru?4   
,arrian record$ _m ( ! disc\rses &      
in=mal  conv]sations ( ,epictetus ) 8   
intimate /ud5ts4 ,he took !m d[n  9     
%or?& 9 ord] n to lose ! ineffable      
livel9ess1 grace1 &  wit ( ! belov$     
tea*]4 ,arrian retir$ into private life 
aft] !  dea? ( ,hadrian 9 #ach ,a4,d4 & 
d$icat$ himself to 8 lit]>y "w4  ,he    
publi%$ 8 notes on ,epictetus' tea*+ "u 
! title3  ,disc\rses 9 ,f\r ,books4 ,!  
,en*iridion1 :i* 0 also arrang$ by      
,arrian1 is a brief summ>y ( ! basic    
ideas ( ,/oic philosophy & an           
introduction to ! te*niques requir$ to  
trans=m ,/oic philosophy  into a way (  
life4    ,?us we d n h any orig9al      

writ+s ( ,epictetus4 ,l ,g4 ,h4 ,mead  9
 rec5t times1 he 0 completely d$icat$ to
 ! human &  intellectual problems ( 8   
/ud5ts4 ,he left x = !m to pres]ve  :at 
!y consid]$ to be ! la/+ message ( !    
tea*]4 ,9  contra/ to ,s5eca & ,m>cus   
,aurelius1 ,epictetus _h no subjective  
approa* to ! ,/oic doctr9es4 ,moral     
philosophy 0 ! c5t] ( 8  tea*+1 &       
epi/emology 0 only in/rum5tal4 ,x is ev5
 p]missible  to say t he took physics or
 cosmology too lightly4 ,if ?is is      
grant$1  we mu/ admit t he is completely
 absorb$ by ! fundam5tals ( ,/oic  ?\ght
 z pres5t$ 9 ! ,en*iridion4 ,epictetus' 
p]sonality is  totally integrat$ 9 ! act
 ( reason+ :i* e/abli%es con=mity  )    
nature4    ,a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 
! ,disc\rses & ! ,en*iridion  %\ld be   
m5tion$4 ,! ,disc\rses are a liv+ image 
( ! tea*]  9 action2 !y pres5t ! process
 ( philosophiz+1 n ! f9i%$  product4 ,!y
 %[ ! en?usia/ic & sob]1 ! reali/ic &   
pa!tic  morali/ 9 con/antly *ang+       
p]spectives det]m9$ by ! *ang+  /ud5ts )

 _! v>i\s conc]ns1 problems1 & que/ions2
 8  tea*+s1 8 =mulations1 h direct      
ref]5ce to ! v>i\s life  situations 9   
:i* ! /ud5ts %\ld apply & practice !    
ma/]'s  ,/oic tea*+4 ,no human situation
 is omitt$2 z a guide to conduct1       
philosophy has relevance = all4 ,:e!r ! 
/ud5ts h to att5d a  d9n] p>ty1 :e!r !y 
are among competitors 9 a /adium or 9 a 
swimm+ pool1 :e!r !y h to pres5t        
!mselves at c\rt or 9 an  (fice1 :e!r !y
 are 9 ! company ( _! mo!rs & si/]s or  
( girl fri5ds1 9 all human situations ! 
philosoph] kn[s !  correct advice = !   
philosophical appr5tice4 ,?us1 9 !      
,disc\rses1 ,arrian pres5ts ! unique    
individuality ( ! philosoph]  & ( 8     
appli$ moral me?od 9 liv+ contact )     
v>i\s /ud5ts  9 concrete situations4    
,epictetus z tea*] anticipates v mod]n  
educational me?ods 9 8 reg>d = !        
/ructure ( situations & !  *ang+        
p]spectives 9 human relation%ips4       
,no?+ l ?is is reveal$ 9 ! ,en*iridion4 
,gone is ! ,/oic  philosoph] z liv+ _s4 

,:at rema9s is ! liv+ _s (  ,/oicism4 ,!
 ,en*iridion is a manual = ! combat     
(fic]4 ,?is  analogy %\ld be tak5       
s]i\sly4 ,! ,roman ,/oics co9$ ! =mula3 
,viv]e milit>e6 7,life is be+ a soldi]47
 ,! /ud5t ( philosophy  is a private1 ! 
advanc+ ,/oic is a non-commission$      
(fic]1 & !  philosoph] is ! combat      
(fic]4 ,= ?is reason all ,roman ,/oics  
apply  metaphors & images d]iv$ f       
milit>y life4 ,appr5tice /ud5ts (       
,/oicism are describ$ z mess5g]s1 z     
sc\ts ( ,god1 z  repres5tatives ( div9e 
nature4 ,! advanc+ /ud5t :o is close to 
! goal ( be+ a philosoph] has ! rank (  
an (fic]4 ,he is already  able to       
e/abli% inn] fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,he   
und]/&s !  basic ,/oic tru? ( subjective
 consci\sness1 :i* is to di/+ui%  :at is
 9 our p[] f :at is n 9 our p[]4 ,n 9   
our p[] are  all ! elem5ts :i* con/itute
 our environm5t1 su* z weal?1  heal?1   
reputation1 social pre/ige1 p[]1 ! lives
 ( ^? we love1  & dea?4 ,9 our p[] are  
our ?9k+1 our int5tions1 our desires1   

our decisions4 ,^! make x possible = u  
to control ourselves & to  make (       
ourselves elem5ts & p>ts ( ! univ]se (  
nature4 ,?is  k ( ourselves makes u free
 9 a _w ( dep5d5cies4 ,?is  sup]iority (
 our p[]s enables u to live 9 con=mity )
 nature4  ,! rational philosophy (      
control ( ,self & ( adju/m5t to ! ,:ole 
implies an asceticism ( ! emotional & ! 
s5sitive life4 ,!  philosoph] mu/ exam9e
 & control 8 passions1 8 love1 8        
t5d]ness at all times 9 ord] always to  
be ready = ! inevitable  mom5t (        
f>ewell4 ,! ,/oics practic$ a ,jesuitism
 avant la lettre4  ,!y 7 able to live 9 
! _w z if !y did n live 9 x4 ,to !      
,/oic1 life is a milit>y camp1 a play on
 ! /age1 a banquet to :i*  we are       
invit$4 ,! ,en*iridion briefly indicat$ 
! te*niques :i*  ! philosoph] %\ld apply
 9 act+ well ! div]se roles :i* ,god    
might assign to ^? :om he loves1 ! ,/oic
 philosoph]s4 ,f !  rules ( social      
conduct to ! recomm5dations ( sexual    
asceticism  be=e m>riage1 & ! me?od (   

true ?9k+1 ! advanc$ ,/oic w  f9d all   
pr9ciples ( p]fection & all precepts =  
realiz+  philosophical pr9ciples 9 8    
conduct 9 ?is t9y volume4    ,?us !     
,en*iridion 0 lib]at+ = all             
intellectuals :o le>n$  f x t !re are   
philosophical ways ( self-r$emption4 ,f 
its  "t1 ! secul> ?9k] c\ld feel        
jubilant because he 0 n 9 ne$  ( a div9e
 grace4 ,epictetus _h taught him t      
philosophical reason  c\ld make him free
 & t he 0 capable ( r$eem+ himself by   
s\nd  reason+4    ,9 ! ,/oic di/9ctions 
( p]sonality & _w1 ( ,i & m9e1 (        
subjective consci\sness & ! _w (        
objects1 ( fre$om &  dep5d5ce1 we f9d   
implicit ! basic elem5ts ( mod]n        
philosophies (  rationalism & (         
objective idealism or pan!ism4 ,= ?is   
reason !re  is a cont9u\s r5asc5ce (    
,/oicism f ,desc>tes1 ,grotius1 &       
,bi%op ,butl]1 to ,montesquieu1 ,adam   
,smi?1 & ,kant4 ,9 ?is long  developm5t 
9 mod]n times1 ! t9y ,en*iridion (      
,epictetus play$ a  rem>kable "p4    ,! 

translations ( ,epictetus & ( all o!r   
,/oics _h ! wide/  effect on            
philosoph]s1 !ologians1 & lay ?9k]s4 ,!y
 7 /udi$  by ! cl]gy ( ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian 
d5om9ations1 by ! sci5ti/s  :o 7 /riv+ =
 a natural religion1 & by ! indep5d5t   
philosoph]s :o 7 eag] to sep>ate        
philosophy f religion4 ,!re  7 _m out/&+
 bi%ops 9 ! ,ca?olic & ,anglican ,*ur*es
 :o  7 eag] to trans=m ! traditions (   
,roman ,/oicism into ,*ri/ian  ,/oicism4
 ,among ! ,calv9i/ic d5om9ations 7 _m   
?9k]s :o 7  9 sympa?y ) ,/oic moral     
pr9ciples because ( _! praise ( !       
au/]ity ( life & ( ! control ( passions4
 ,likewise ! adh]5ts  ( natural religion
 7 propagat+ ,/oicism z ! ideal patt]n (
  univ]sally valid & intelligible       
religion4 ,r5asc5t ,/oicism _h ?ree     
functions 9 ! rise ( ! mod]n _w4 ,fir/1 
x reconcil$ ,*ri/ian  traditions to     
mod]n rationali/ic philosophies2        
secondly1 x e/abli%$  an ideal patt]n ( 
natural religion2 &1 ?irdly1 x op5$ !   
way =  ! autonomy ( morals4             

,,alb]t ,,salomon      ,! ,new ,s*ool   
= ,social ,rese>*    ,july1 #aidh       
,,select$ ,,bibliography                
,epictetus3 ,life & ,"w    ,arnim1 ,hans
 ,v41 8,epictetos0 9 ,pauli-,wiss[a     
7ed71 ,real-,encyclopa$ie          d]   
classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ,,vi1    
col4 #abf-aca4    ,arnold1 ,e4 ,v41     
8,epictetus0 9 ,ha/+s1 ,encyclop$ia (   
,religion &          ,e?ics1 #aiab4     
,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #cbc1 #cbd4    ,bonhoeff]1
 ,a41 ,epiktet und die ,/oa4 ,/uttg>t1  
#ahij4    ----1 ,e?ik des ,/oik]s       
,epiktet4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahid4    ----1     
,epiktet und das ,neue ,te/am5t4        
,giess51 #aiaa4    ,bruns1 ,ivo1 ,de    
s*ola ,epicteti4 ,kiel1 #ahig4          
,bultmann1 ,rudolf1 8,das religise      
,mom5t 9 d] e?is*5 ,unt]weisung des     
,epiktets und das ,neue ,te/am5t10      
,zeits*rift fr die                      
neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft und die      
,kunde des ,ur*ri/5tums1          ,vol4 
,,xiii1 #aiab2 pp4 #ig-aaj2 #agg-aia4   
,col>deau1 ,?41 ,etude sur ,epictte4    

,p>is1 #aijc4    ,h>tmann1 ,k41 8,arrian
 und ,epiktet10 ,neue ,jahrb*] fr das   
klassis*e          ,alt]tum1 ,vol4 ,,xv1
 #aije4    ,jagu1 ,am&1 ,epictte et     
,platon4 ,p>is1 #aidd4    ,lagrange1 ,m4
 ,j41 8,la philosophie religieuse       
d',epictte et le          ,*ri/ianisme10
 ,revue ,biblique1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 #aiab2   
pp4 #e-ba1          #aib-bab4           
,oldfa!r1 ,w4 ,a41 8,introduction0 to   
,epictetus1 8,loeb ,classics10 ,vol4 ,i4
    ,s\ilh1 ,j41 8,introduction0 to     
,entreti5s4 ,p>is1 #aidc4    ,web]1     
,l\is1 8,la morale d',epictte et les    
beso9s prs5ts de          l'enseignm5t  
moral10 ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de    
,morale1 #aije1          pp4 #hcj-heh2  
#aijf1 pp4 #cdb-cfj2 #aijg1 pp4         
#cbg-cdg2 #aiji1 pp4          #bjc-cbf4 
,ma9 ,works on ,/oicism & ,relat$       
,problems    ,arnold1 ,e4 ,v41 ,roman   
,/oicism4 ,cambridge1 ,e41 #aiaa4       
,bevan1 ,e41 ,/oics & ,sceptics4 ,ox=d1 
#aiac4    ,bro*>d1 ,v41 ,etudes de      
philosophie anci5ne et de philosophie   

mod]ne1          ,p>is1 #aiab4          
,hicks1 ,r4 ,d41 ,/oic & ,epicurean4    
,new ,york1 #aiaj4    ,m>?a1 ,c41 ,les  
morali/es sur l',empire ,roma94 ,p>is1  
#ahhf4    ,murray1 ,gilb]t1 ,/oic1      
,*ri/ian1 ,humani/4 ,london1 #aidj4     
,rob91 ,l41 ,la morale antique4 ,p>is1  
#aich1 pp4 #eg1 #acj1 #aeb1 #afg4       
,w5dl&1 ,paul1 ,philo und die           
cynis*-/ois*e ,diatribe4 ,b]l91 #ahie4  
----1 ,die hell5i/is*e ,kultur 9 ihr5   
,beziehung5 zum ,jud5tum und            
,*ri/5tum4 ,tb+51 #aiab4    ,zanta1 ,l41
 ,la r5aissance du ,/oicisme au         
,x,v,iime sicle4 ,p>is1 #aiad4          
,zell]1 ,e41 ,! ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 &  
,sceptics4 ,london1 #ahib4              
,influ5ce ( ,/oicism    ,busson1 ,h5ry1 
,la p5se religieuse ,franaise de ,*>ron 
,pascal4          ,p>is1 #aicc4 ,*ap4   
,,viii3 ,/oici5s et ,epicuri5s1 pp4     
#cgi-dbi4    ,dil!y1 ,wilhelm1          
,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 8,e9fluss
 d] ,/oa auf die          ,ausbildung   
des natrli*5 ,sy/ems d]                 

,gei/eswiss5s*aft510          pp4       
#aec-afb2 8,an?ropologie1 ,/oa und      
natrli*es ,sy/em im ,,xvii4             
,jahrhund]t10 pp4 #dci-deg4             
,groe?uys51 ,b]n>d1 ,philosophis*e      
,an?ropologie4 ,mn*51 #aibh4            
7,*ap4 8,die rmis*-grie*is*e            
,leb5sphilosophie407    ,r&1 ,b41 ,!    
,life1 ,lett]s1 etc4 ( ,an?ony1 ,e>l (  
,%aftesbury4          ,london1 #aijj4   
,saund]s1 ,jason ,l41 ,ju/us ,lipsius4  
,! ,philosophy ( ,r5aissance            
,/oicism4 ,new ,york1 #aiee4    ,w5ley1 
,r4 ,m41 ,/oicism & ,its ,influ5ce4 ,new
 ,york1 #aibg4                          
,,! ,,en*iridion                        
,i    ,!re are ?+s :i* are )9 our p[]1 &
 !re are ?+s :i*  are beyond our p[]4   
,)9 our p[] are op9ion1 aim1 desire1    
av]sion1 &1 9 "o ^w1 :atev] affairs are 
our own4 ,beyond our  p[] are body1     
prop]ty1 reputation1 (fice1 &1 9 "o ^w1 
:atev]  are n prop]ly our own affairs4  
,n[ ! ?+s )9 our p[] are by nature free1
 unre/rict$1  unh9d]$2 b ^? beyond our  

p[] are weak1 dep5d5t1 re/rict$1  ali54 
,rememb]1 !n1 t if y attribute fre$om to
 ?+s by nature  dep5d5t & take :at      
belongs to o!rs = y\r own1 y w be       
h9d]$1 y w lam5t1 y w be di/urb$1 y w   
f9d fault  bo? ) gods & m54 ,b if y take
 = y\r own only t :i* is  y\r own & view
 :at belongs to o!rs j z x really is1 !n
 no  "o w ev] compel y1 no "o w re/rict 
y2 y w f9d fault  ) no "o1 y w accuse no
 "o1 y w d no?+ aga9/ y\r  w2 no "o w   
hurt y1 y w n h an enemy1 nor w y  suff]
 any h>m4    ,aim+1 !re=e1 at su* great 
?+s1 rememb] t y mu/ n all[  y\rself any
 incl9ation1 h[ev] slight1 t[>d !       
atta9m5t ( !  o!rs2 b t y mu/ entirely  
quit "s ( !m1 & = ! pres5t  po/pone !   
re/4 ,b if y w\ld h ^!1 & possess p[] & 
weal? likewise1 y may miss ! latt] 9    
seek+ ! =m]2 & y  w c]ta9ly fail ( t by 
:i* alone happ9ess & fre$om are         
procur$4    ,seek at once1 !re=e1 to be 
able to say to e unpleas+ semblance1    
8,y are b a semblance & by no means !   
real ?+40 ,& !n  exam9e x by ^? rules   

:i* y h2 & fir/ & *iefly by ?is3  :e!r x
 conc]ns ! ?+s :i* are )9 our own p[] or
 ^?  :i* are n2 & if x conc]ns any?+    
beyond our p[]1 be prep>$  to say t x is
 no?+ to y4                             
,,ii    ,rememb] t desire dem&s !       
atta9m5t ( t ( :i* y are  desir\s2 &    
av]sion dem&s ! avoidance ( t to :i* y  
are  av]se2 t he :o fails ( ! object ( 8
 desires is disappo9t$2  & he :o incurs 
! object ( 8 av]sion is wret*$4 ,if1 !n1
 y  %un only ^? undesirable ?+s :i* y c 
control1 y w nev]  incur any?+ :i* y    
%un2 b if y %un sickness1 or dea?1 or   
pov]ty1 y w run ! risk ( wret*$ness4    
,remove ! habit (  av]sion1 !n1 f all   
?+s t are n )9 our p[]1 & apply  x to   
?+s undesirable :i* are )9 our p[]4 ,b =
 ! pres5t1  altoge!r re/ra9 desire2 = if
 y desire any ( ! ?+s n  )9 our own p[]1
 y mu/ necess>ily be disappo9t$2 & y are
  n yet secure ( ^? :i* are )9 our p[]1 
& s are legitimate  objects ( desire4   
,:]e x is practically necess>y = y to   
pursue or  avoid any?+1 d ev5 ?is )     

discretion & g5tl5ess &  mod]ation4     
,,iii    ,) reg>d to :atev] objects ei!r
 delight ! m9d or contribute to  use or 
are t5d]ly belov$1 rem9d y\rself ( :at  
nature !y are1  beg9n+ ) ! m]e/ trifles3
 if y h a favorite cup1 t x is  b a cup 
( :i* y are fond (--= ?us1 if x is      
brok51 y c  be> x2 if y embrace y\r *ild
 or y\r wife1 t y embrace a  mortal--&  
?us1 if ei!r ( !m dies1 y c be> x4      
,,iv    ,:5 y set ab\t any action1 rem9d
 y\rself ( :at nature ! action  is4 ,if 
y are go+ to ba!1 repres5t to y\rself ! 
incid5ts usual  9 ! ba?--"s p]sons p\r+ 
out1 o!rs pu%+ 91 o!rs scold+1  o!rs    
pilf]+4 ,& ?us y w m safely g ab\t ?is  
action if  y say to y\rself1 8,i w n[ g 
to ba! & keep my own w 9  h>mony )      
nature40 ,& s ) reg>d to e o!r action4  
,= ?us1  if any imp$im5t arises 9 ba?+1 
y w be able to say1 8,x 0 n  only to ba!
 t ,i desir$1 b to keep my w 9 h>mony ) 
nature2  & ,i %all n keep x ?us if ,i am
 out ( humor at ?+s t happ540           
,v    ,m5 are di/urb$ n by ?+s1 b by !  

views :i* !y take (  ?+s4 ,?us dea? is  
no?+ t]rible1 else x w\ld h appe>$ s to 
,socrates4 ,b ! t]ror consi/s 9 our     
notion ( dea?1 t x is  t]rible4 ,:51    
!re=e1 we are h9d]$ or di/urb$1 or      
griev$1 let  u nev] impute x to o!rs1 b 
to ourselves--t is1 to our own views4   
,x is ! action ( an un9/ruct$ p]son to  
reproa* o!rs = 8 own  mis=tunes2 ( "o   
ent]+ ^u in/ruction1 to reproa* himself2
 &  "o p]fectly in/ruct$1 to reproa*    
nei!r o!rs nor himself4                 
,,vi    ,be n elat$ at any excell5ce n  
y\r own4 ,if a horse %\ld be  elat$1 &  
say1 8,i am h&some10 x might be         
endurable4 ,b :5 y are  elat$ & say1 8,i
 h a h&some horse10 "k t y are elat$    
only  on ! m]it ( ! horse4 ,:at !n is   
y\r own8 ,! use ( !  ph5om5a ( exi/5ce4 
,s t :5 y are 9 h>mony ) nature 9  ?is  
respect1 y w be elat$ ) "s reason2 = y w
 be elat$  at "s good ( y\r own4        
,,vii    ,z 9 a voyage1 :5 ! %ip is at  
an*or1 if y g on %ore to get  wat]1 y   
may amuse y\rself ) pick+ up a %ellfi%  

or a truffle 9  y\r way1 b y\r ?\ghts   
ought to be b5t t[>d ! %ip1 &           
p]petually att5tive1 le/ ! capta9 %\ld  
call1 & !n y mu/  leave all ^! ?+s1 t y 
may n h to be c>ri$ on bo>d !  vessel1  
b\nd l a %eep2 ?us likewise 9 life1 if1 
in/ead ( a  truffle or %ellfi%1 su* a ?+
 z a wife or a *ild be grant$ y1  !re is
 no objection2 b if ! capta9 calls1 run 
to ! %ip1 leave  all ^! ?+s1 & nev] look
 beh9d4 ,b if y are old1 nev] g f>  f ! 
%ip1 le/ y %\ld be miss+ :5 call$ =4    
,,viii    ,dem& n t ev5ts %\ld happ5 z y
 wi%2 b wi% !m to happ5  z !y d happ51 &
 y w g on well4                         
,,ix    ,sickness is an imp$im5t to !   
body1 b n to ! w unless itself  pleases4
 ,lam5ess is an imp$im5t to ! leg1 b n  
to ! w2 &  say ?is to y\rself ) reg>d to
 ev]y?+ t happ5s4 ,= y w  f9d x to be an
 imp$im5t to some?+ else1 b n truly to  
y\rself4                                
,x    ,^u e accid5t1 rememb] to turn    
t[>d y\rself & inquire :at  faculty y h 
= its use4 ,if y enc\nt] a h&some p]son1

 y  w f9d cont95ce ! faculty ne$$2 if   
pa91 !n =titude2 if  revil+1 !n pati5ce4
 ,& :5 ?us habituat$1 ! ph5om5a (       
exi/5ce w n ov]:elm y4                  
,,xi    ,nev] say ( any?+1 8,i h lo/ x10
 b1 8,i h re/or$ x40 ,has  y\r *ild di$8
 ,x is re/or$4 ,has y\r wife di$8 ,%e is
 re/or$4 ,has  y\r e/ate be5 tak5 away8 
,t likewise is re/or$4 8,b x 0 a bad    
man :o took x40 ,:at is x to y by ^: h&s
 he :o gave x has  dem&$ x aga98 ,:ile  
he p]mits y to possess x1 hold x z      
some?+ n y\r own1 z d travel]s at an    
inn4                                    
,,xii    ,if y w\ld improve1 lay aside  
su* reason+s z ^!3 8,if ,i neglect  my  
affairs1 ,i %all n h a ma9t5ance2 if ,i 
d n puni% my  s]vant1 he w be good =    
no?+40 ,= x 7 bett] to die (  hung]1    
exempt f grief & fe>1 ?an to live 9     
afflu5ce )  p]turbation2 & x is bett] t 
y\r s]vant %\ld be bad ?an y  unhappy4  
,beg9 !re=e ) little ?+s4 ,is a little  
oil spill$ or a little  w9e /ol58 ,say  
to y\rself1 8,?is is ! price paid =     

peace &  tranquillity2 & no?+ is to be  
_h = no?+40 ,& :5 y call  y\r s]vant1   
consid] t x is possible he may n come at
 y\r call2  or1 if he does1 t he may n d
 :at y wi%4 ,b x is n at all  desirable 
= him1 & v undesirable = y1 t x %\ld be 
9 8  p[] to cause y any di/urbance4     
,,xiii    ,if y w\ld improve1 be cont5t 
to be ?\ght fooli% & dull )  reg>d to   
ext]nals4 ,d n desire to be ?\ght to "k 
any?+2 &  ?\gh y %\ld appe> to o!rs to  
be somebody1 di/ru/ y\rself4 ,=  be     
assur$1 x is n easy at once to keep y\r 
w 9 h>mony )  nature & to secure        
ext]nals2 b :ile y are absorb$ 9 ! "o1  
y mu/ ( necessity neglect ! o!r4        
,,xiv    ,if y wi% y\r *ildr5 & y\r wife
 & y\r fri5ds to live =ev]1  y are      
fooli%1 = y wi% ?+s to be 9 y\r p[] :i* 
are n  s1 & :at belongs to o!rs to be   
y\r own4 ,s likewise1 if y wi%  y\r     
s]vant to be )\t fault1 y are fooli%1 = 
y wi% vice n  to be vice b some?+ else4 
,b if y wi% n to be disappo9t$ 9  y\r   
desires1 t is 9 y\r own p[]4 ,ex]cise1  

!re=e1 :at is 9  y\r p[]4 ,a man's ma/] 
is he :o is able to conf] or remove     
:atev]  t man seeks or %uns4 ,:oev] !n  
w\ld be free1 let him wi%  no?+1 let him
 decl9e no?+1 :i* dep5ds on o!rs2 else  
he mu/  necess>ily be a slave4          
,,xv    ,rememb] t y mu/ behave z at a  
banquet4 ,is any?+ br\ght r\nd  to y8   
,put out y\r h& & take a mod]ate %>e4   
,does x pass by y8  ,d n /op x4 ,is x n 
yet come8 ,d n ye>n 9 desire t[>d x1 b  
wait till x rea*es y4 ,s ) reg>d to     
*ildr51 wife1 (fice1  ri*es2 & y w "s "t
 or o!r be wor?y to fea/ ) ! gods4  ,&  
if y d n s mu* z take ! ?+s :i* are set 
be=e y1  b are able ev5 to =ego !m1 !n y
 w n only be wor?y to  fea/ ) ! gods1 b 
to rule ) !m also4 ,=1 by ?us do+1      
,diog5es & ,h]aclitus1 & o!rs l !m1     
des]v$ly became div9e1  & 7 s recogniz$4
                                        
,,xvi    ,:5 y see anyone weep+ = grief1
 ei!r t 8 son has gone  abroad or t he  
has suff]$ 9 8 affairs1 take c>e n to be
  ov]come by ! app>5t evil1 b           

discrim9ate & be ready to say1  8,:at   
hurts ?is man is n ?is occurr5ce        
itself--= ano!r man might  n be hurt by 
x--b ! view he *ooses to take ( x40 ,z  
f> z  conv]sation goes1 h[ev]1 d n      
disda9 to accommodate y\rself to him  &1
 if ne$ be1 to groan ) him4 ,take he$1  
h[ev]1 n to groan  inw>dly1 too4        
,,xvii    ,rememb] t y are an actor 9 a 
drama ( su* sort z ! ,au?or  *ooses--if 
%ort1 !n 9 a %ort "o2 if long1 !n 9 a   
long "o4 ,if x  be 8 pleasure t y %\ld  
enact a poor man1 or a cripple1 or a    
rul]1 or a private citiz51 see t y act x
 well4 ,= ?is is y\r  bus9ess--to act   
well ! giv5 "p1 b to *oose x belongs to 
ano!r4                                  
,,xviii    ,:5 a rav5 happ5s to croak   
unluckily1 be n ov]come by appe>ances1  
b discrim9ate & say1 8,no?+ is port5d$  
to me1 ei!r to my  paltry body1 or      
prop]ty1 or reputation1 or *ildr51 or   
wife4 ,b to  me all port5ts are lucky if
 ,i w4 ,= :atsoev] happ5s1 x belongs  to
 me to d]ive advantage !refrom40        

,,xix    ,y c be unconqu]able if y ent] 
into no combat 9 :i* x is n  9 y\r own  
p[] to conqu]4 ,:51 !re=e1 y see anyone 
em95t 9  honors or p[]1 or 9 high e/eem 
on any o!r acc\nt1 take he$ n to  be    
bewild]$ by appe>ances & to pron\nce him
 happy2 = if !  ess5ce ( good consi/s 9 
?+s )9 our own p[]1 !re w be no  room = 
envy or emulation4 ,b1 = y\r "p1 d n    
desire to be a  g5]al1 or a s5ator1 or a
 consul1 b to be free2 & ! only way to  
?is is a disreg>d ( ?+s :i* lie n )9 our
 own p[]4                               
,,xx    ,rememb] t x is n he :o gives   
abuse or bl[s1 :o affronts1 b  ! view we
 take ( ^! ?+s z insult+4 ,:51 !re=e1   
anyone  provokes y1 be assur$ t x is y\r
 own op9ion :i* provokes y4  ,try1      
!re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 n to be bewild]$ 
by appe>ances4  ,= if y once ga9 "t &   
respite1 y w m easily comm&  y\rself4   
,,xxi    ,let dea? & exile1 & all o!r   
?+s :i* appe> t]rible1 be daily  be=e   
y\r eyes1 b dea? *iefly2 & y w nev]     
ent]ta9 an  abject ?\ght1 nor too eag]ly

 covet any?+4                           
,,xxii    ,if y h an e>ne/ desire t[>d  
philosophy1 prep>e y\rself f  ! v fir/  
to h ! multitude laugh & sne]1 & say1   
8,he is  return$ to u a philosoph] all  
at once02 &1 8,:5ce ?is sup]cili\s      
look80 ,n[1 = y\r "p1 d n h a sup]cili\s
 look inde$1 b  keep /eadily to ^? ?+s  
:i* appe> be/ to y1 z "o appo9t$  by    
,god to ?is p>ticul> /ation4 ,= rememb] 
t1 if y are  p]si/5t1 ^? v p]sons :o at 
fir/ ridicul$ w aft]w>ds  admire y4 ,b  
if y are conqu]$ by !m1 y w incur a     
d\ble  ridicule4                        
,,xxiii    ,if y ev] happ5 to turn y\r  
att5tion to ext]nals1 = ! pleasure  (   
anyone1 be assur$ t y h ru9$ y\r s*eme (
 life4 ,be  cont5t1 !n1 9 ev]y?+1 ) be+ 
a philosoph]2 & if y wi%  to seem s     
likewise to anyone1 appe> s to y\rself1 
& x w suffice  y4                       
,,xxiv    ,let n su* consid]ations z ^! 
di/ress y3 8,i %all live 9  discr$it &  
be nobody any:]e40 ,= if discr$it be an 
evil1 y c  no m be involv$ 9 evil ?r\gh 

ano!r ?an 9 bas5ess4 ,is x any  bus9ess 
( y\rs1 !n1 to get p[] or to be admitt$ 
to an  ent]ta9m5t8 ,by no means4 ,h[ !n1
 aft] all1 is ?is discr$it8 ,&  h[ x is 
true t y w be nobody any:]e :5 y ought  
to be  somebody 9 ^? ?+s only :i* are )9
 y\r own p[]1 9 :i*  y may be ( !       
greate/ consequ5ce8 8,b my fri5ds w be  
unassi/$40 ,:at d y mean by 8unassi/$08 
,!y w n h money  f y1 nor w y make !m   
,roman citiz5s4 ,:o told y1 !n1 t  ^!   
are among ! ?+s )9 our own p[]1 & n r ! 
affairs ( o!rs8 ,& :o c give to ano!r ! 
?+s :i* he  himself has n8 8,well1 b get
 !m1 !n1 t we too may h a  %>e40 ,if ,i 
c get !m ) ! pres]vation ( my own honor 
&  fidelity & self-respect1 %[ me ! way 
& ,i w get !m2 b if  y require me to    
lose my own prop] good1 t y may ga9 :at 
is no  good1 consid] h[ unreasonable &  
fooli% y are4 ,besides1 :i* w\ld  y r h1
 a sum ( money or a fai?ful & honorable 
fri5d8  ,r assi/ me1 !n1 to ga9 ?is "*  
?an require me to d  ^? ?+s by :i* ,i   
may lose x4 ,well1 b my c\ntry1 say y1 z

  f> z dep5ds ^u me1 w be unassi/$4 ,"h1
 aga91 :at assi/ance  is ?is y mean8 ,x 
w n h porticos nor ba?s ( y\r provid+8  
,& :at signifies t8 ,:y1 nei!r does a   
smi? provide x ) %oes1  nor a %oemak] ) 
arms4 ,x is en\gh if ev]yone fully p]=ms
 8  own prop] bus9ess4 ,& 7 y to supply 
x ) ano!r fai?ful &  honorable citiz51  
w\ld n he be ( use to x8 ,yes4 ,!re=e   
nei!r  are y y\rself useless to x4 8,:at
 place1 !n10 say y1 8%all ,i  hold 9 !  
/ate80 ,:atev] y c hold ) ! pres]vation 
( y\r  fidelity & honor4 ,b if1 by      
desir+ to be useful to t1 y lose  ^!1 h[
 c y s]ve y\r c\ntry :5 y h become      
fai?less &  %ameless8                   
,,xxv    ,is anyone pref]r$ be=e y at an
 ent]ta9m5t1 or 9 c\rtesies1 or  9      
confid5tial int]c\rse8 ,if ^! ?+s are   
good1 y ought to  rejoice t he has !m2 &
 if !y are evil1 d n be griev$ t  y h !m
 n4 ,& rememb] t y _c be p]mitt$ to     
rival  o!rs 9 ext]nals )\t us+ ! same   
means to obta9 !m4 ,= h[  c he :o w n   
haunt ! door ( any man1 w n att5d him1 w

  n praise him1 h an equal %>e ) him :o 
does ^! ?+s8 ,y  are unju/1 !n1 &       
unreasonable if y are unwill+ to pay !  
price  = :i* ^! ?+s are sold1 & w\ld h  
!m = no?+4 ,= h[  mu* are lettuces sold8
 ,an obulus1 = in/ance4 ,if ano!r1 !n1  
pay+  an obulus1 takes ! lettuces1 & y1 
n pay+ x1 g )\t !m1  d n imag9e t he has
 ga9$ any advantage ov] y4 ,= z he has  
! lettuces1 s y h ! obulus :i* y did n  
give4 ,s1 9 !  pres5t case1 y h n be5   
invit$ to su* a p]son's ent]ta9m5t      
because y h n paid him ! price = :i* a  
supp] is sold4 ,x is  sold = praise2 x  
is sold = att5dance4 ,give him1 !n1 !   
value if  x be = y\r advantage4 ,b if y 
w\ld at ! same "t n pay !  "o1 & yet    
receive ! o!r1 y are unreasonable &     
fooli%4 ,h  y no?+1 !n1 9 place ( !     
supp]8 ,yes1 inde$1 y h--n to  praise   
him :om y d n l to praise2 n to be> !   
insol5ce (  8 lackeys4                  
,,xxvi    ,! w ( nature may be le>n$ f  
?+s ^u :i* we are all  agre$4 ,z :5 our 
neighbor's boy has brok5 a cup1 or ! l1 

we are  ready at once to say1 8,^! are  
casualties t w happ502 be  assur$1 !n1 t
 :5 y\r own cup is likewise brok51 y    
ought to be  affect$ j z :5 ano!r's cup 
0 brok54 ,n[ apply ?is to great]  ?+s4  
,is ! *ild or wife ( ano!r dead8 ,!re is
 no "o :o w\ld  n say1 8,?is is an      
accid5t ( mortality40 ,b if anyone's own
 *ild  happ5s to die1 x is imm$iately1  
8,alas6 h[ wret*$ am ,i60 ,x %\ld  be   
always rememb]$ h[ we are affect$ on    
he>+ ! same ?+  conc]n+ o!rs4           
,,xxvii    ,z a m>k#a is n set up = !   
sake ( miss+ ! aim1 s nei!r  does !     
nature ( evil exi/ 9 ! _w4              
,,xxviii    ,if a p]son _h deliv]$ up   
y\r body to "s pass]-by1 y w\ld  c]ta9ly
 be angry4 ,& d y feel no %ame 9 deliv]+
 up y\r own  m9d to any revil]1 to be   
disconc]t$ & conf\nd$8                  
,,xxix#b    ,9 e affair consid] :at     
prec$es & :at foll[s1 & !n  und]take x4 
,o!rwise y w beg9 ) _s1 inde$1 c>eless (
  ! consequ5ces1 & :5 ^! are develop$1 y
 w %amefully  desi/4 8,i w\ld conqu] at 

! ,olympic ,games40 ,b consid] :at      
prec$es & :at foll[s1 & !n1 if x be =   
y\r advantage1 engage  9 ! affair4 ,y   
mu/ con=m to rules1 submit to a diet1   
refra9 f  da9ties2 ex]cise y\r body1    
:e!r y *oose x or n1 at a /at$  h\r1 9  
heat & cold2 y mu/ dr9k no cold wat]1 & 
sometimes no  w9e--9 a ^w1 y mu/ give   
y\rself up to y\r tra9] z to a          
physician4 ,!n1 9 ! combat1 y may be    
?r[n into a dit*1 dislocate  y\r arm1   
turn y\r ankle1 swall[ an abundance (   
du/1 receive /ripes  = neglig5ce1 &1    
aft] all1 lose ! victory4 ,:5 y h       
reckon$ up all ?is1 if y\r incl9ation   
/ill holds1 set ab\t !  combat4         
,o!rwise1 take notice1 y w behave l     
*ildr5 :o  sometimes play wre/l]s1      
sometimes gladiators1 sometimes bl[ a   
trumpet1  & sometimes act a trag$y1 :5  
!y happ5 to h se5 & admir$  ^! %[s4 ,?us
 y too w be at "o "t a wre/l]1 & ano!r a
  gladiator2 n[ a philosoph]1 n[ an     
orator2 b no?+ 9 e>ne/4 ,l  an ape y    
mimic all y see1 & "o ?+ aft] ano!r is  

sure to  please y1 b is out ( favor z   
soon z x becomes famili>4 ,= y  h nev]  
ent]$ ^u any?+ consid]ately2 nor aft]   
hav+ survey$  & te/$ ! :ole matt]1 b    
c>elessly1 & ) a halfway zeal4  ,?us "s1
 :5 !y h se5 a philosoph] & he>d a man  
speak+  l ,euphrates#c--?\gh1 inde$1 :o 
c speak l him8--h a m9d to  be          
philosoph]s1 too4 ,consid] fir/1 man1   
:at ! matt] is1 & :at  y\r own nature is
 able to be>4 ,if y w\ld be a wre/l]1   
consid]  y\r %\ld]s1 y\r back1 y\r      
?ighs2 = diff]5t p]sons are made  =     
diff]5t ?+s4 ,d y ?9k t y c act z y d & 
be a  philosoph]1 t y c eat1 dr9k1 be   
angry1 be discont5t$1 z y  are n[8 ,y   
mu/ wat*1 y mu/ labor1 y mu/ get ! bett]
 (  c]ta9 appetites1 mu/ quit y\r       
acqua9tances1 be despis$ by y\r  s]vant1
 be laugh$ at by ^? y meet2 come (f     
worse ?an o!rs 9  ev]y?+--9 (fices1 9   
honors1 be=e tribunals4 ,:5 y h fully   
consid]$ all ^! ?+s1 approa*1 if y      
please--t is1 if1 by  p>t+ ) !m1 y h a  
m9d to pur*ase s]5ity1 fre$om1 &        

tranquillity4 ,if n1 d n come hi!r2 d n1
 l *ildr51 be n[ a  philosoph]1 !n a    
publican1 !n an orator1 & !n "o (       
,caes>'s  (fic]s4 ,^! ?+s are n         
consi/5t4 ,y mu/ be "o man1 ei!r  good  
or bad4 ,y mu/ cultivate ei!r y\r own   
reason or else ext]nals2  apply y\rself 
ei!r to ?+s )9 or )\t y--t is1 be ei!r  
a philosoph] or "o ( ! mob4             
,,xxx    ,duties are univ]sally measur$ 
by relations4 ,is a c]ta9 man y\r  fa!r8
 ,9 ?is are impli$ tak+ c>e ( him1      
submitt+ to him 9 all  ?+s1 pati5tly    
receiv+ 8 reproa*es1 8 correction4 ,b he
 is a  bad fa!r4 ,is y\r natural tie1   
!n1 to a good fa!r8 ,no1 b to a  fa!r4  
,is a bro!r unju/8 ,well1 pres]ve y\r   
own j relation t[>d  him4 ,consid] n :at
 he does1 b :at y are to d to keep y\r  
own w 9 a /ate con=mable to nature1 =   
ano!r _c hurt y  unless y please4 ,y w  
!n be hurt :5 y cons5t to be hurt4 ,9   
?is mann]1 !re=e1 if y accu/om y\rself  
to contemplate !  relations ( neighbor1 
citiz51 comm&]1 y c d$uce f ea* !       

correspond+ duties4                     
,,xxxi    ,be assur$ t ! ess5ce ( piety 
t[>d ! gods lies 9 ?is--to =m  "r       
op9ions conc]n+ !m1 z exi/+ & z gov]n+ !
 univ]se  ju/ly & well4 ,& fix y\rself 9
 ?is resolution1 to obey !m1 &  yield to
 !m1 & will+ly foll[ !m amid/ all ev5ts1
 z be+  rul$ by ! mo/ p]fect wisdom4 ,= 
?us y w nev] f9d fault )  ! gods1 nor   
accuse !m ( neglect+ y4 ,& x is n       
possible =  ?is to be affect$ 9 any o!r 
way ?an by )draw+ y\rself f  ?+s :i* are
 n )9 our own p[]1 & by mak+ good or    
evil to  consi/ only 9 ^? :i* are4 ,= if
 y suppose any o!r ?+s to  be ei!r good 
or evil1 x is inevitable t1 :5 y are    
disappo9t$  ( :at y wi% or incur :at y  
w\ld avoid1 y %\ld reproa* &  blame _!  
au?ors4 ,= e creature is naturally =m$  
to flee &  abhor ?+s t appe> hurtful & t
 :i* causes !m2 & to  pursue & admire ^?
 :i* appe> b5eficial & t :i* causes  !m4
 ,x is impracticable1 !n1 t "o :o       
supposes himself to be hurt  %\ld       
rejoice 9 ! p]son :o1 z he ?9ks1 hurts  

him1 j z x is  impossible to rejoice 9 !
 hurt itself4 ,h5ce1 also1 a fa!r is    
revil$ by 8 son :5 he does n imp>t ! ?+s
 :i* seem to be  good2 & ?is made       
,polynices & ,eteocles#d mutually       
enemies--t  empire seem$ good to bo?4   
,on ?is acc\nt ! husb&man reviles !     
gods2 & s d ! sailor1 ! m]*ant1 or ^? :o
 h lo/ wife  or *ild4 ,= :]e our int]e/ 
is1 !re1 too1 is piety direct$4 ,s  t   
:oev] is c>eful to regulate 8 desires & 
av]sions z he ought  is ?us made c>eful 
( piety likewise4 ,b x also becomes     
incumb5t on  ev]yone to (f] libations & 
sacrifices & fir/ fruits1 accord+ to  ! 
cu/oms ( 8 c\ntry1 purely1 & n he$lessly
 nor neglig5tly2  n av>ici\sly1 nor yet 
extravagantly4                          
,,xxxii    ,:5 y h rec\rse to div9ation1
 rememb] t y "k n :at !  ev5t w be1 & y 
come to le>n x ( ! div9]2 b ( :at       
nature x is y knew be=e com+2 at lea/1  
if y are ( philosophic  m9d4 ,= if x is 
among ! ?+s n )9 our own p[]1 x c by  no
 means be ei!r good or evil4 ,d n1      

!re=e1 br+ ) y to !  div9] ei!r desire  
or av]sion--else y w approa* him        
trembl+--b fir/ cle>ly und]/& t e ev5t  
is indiff]5t  & no?+ to y1 ( :atev] sort
 x may be2 = x w be 9 y\r  p[] to make a
 "r use ( x1 & ?is no "o c h9d]4 ,!n    
come  ) confid5ce to ! gods z y\r       
c\nselors2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 any  c\nsel is
 giv5 y1 rememb] :at c\nselors y h      
assum$1 &  ^: advice y w neglect if y   
disobey4 ,come to div9ation z  ,socrates
 prescrib$1 9 cases ( :i* ! :ole        
consid]ation relates to  ! ev5t1 & 9 :i*
 no opportunities are af=d$ by reason or
 any  o!r art to discov] ! matt] 9 view4
 ,:51 !re=e1 x is our duty  to %>e !    
dang] ( a fri5d or ( our c\ntry1 we     
ought n to  consult ! oracle z to :e!r  
we %all %>e x ) !m or n4 ,=  ?\gh !     
div9] %\ld =ew>n y t ! auspices are     
unfavorable1  ?is means no m ?an t ei!r 
dea? or mutilation or exile is  port5d$4
 ,b we h reason )9 u2 & x directs u1 ev5
 )  ^! haz>ds1 to /& by our fri5d & our 
c\ntry4 ,att5d1 !re=e1  to ! great]     

div9]1 ! ,py?ian ,god1 :o once ca/ out (
 ! temple  him :o neglect$ to save 8    
fri5d4#e                                
,,xxxiii    ,beg9 by prescrib+ to       
y\rself "s "* & demeanor1 su* z y  may  
pres]ve bo? alone & 9 company4    ,be   
mo/ly sil5t1 or speak m]ely :at is      
ne$ful1 & 9 few words4 ,we  may1 h[ev]1 
ent] sp>+ly into disc\rse sometimes1 :5 
occasion  calls = x2 b let x n run on   
any ( ! common subjects1 z  gladiators1 
or horse races1 or a?letic *ampions1 or 
food1 or dr9k--!  vulg> topics (        
conv]sation--& especially n on m51 s z  
ei!r to  blame1 or praise1 or make      
comp>isons4 ,if y are able1 !n1 by y\r  
own  conv]sation1 br+ ov] t ( y\r       
company to prop] subjects2 b if  y happ5
 to f9d y\rself among /rang]s1 be sil5t4
    ,let n y\r laught] be l\d1 frequ5t1 
or abundant4    ,avoid tak+ oa?s1 if    
possible1 altoge!r2 at any rate1 s f> z 
y  are able4    ,avoid public & vulg>   
ent]ta9m5ts2 b if ev] an occasion calls 
y  to !m1 keep y\r att5tion ^u ! /ret*1 

t y may n  imp]ceptibly slide into      
vulg>ity4 ,= be assur$ t if a p]son be  
ev] s pure himself1 yet1 if 8 companion 
be corrupt$1 he :o  conv]ses ) him w be 
corrupt$ likewise4    ,provide ?+s      
relat+ to ! body no fur!r ?an absolute  
ne$  requires1 z meat1 dr9k1 clo?+1     
h\se1 ret9ue4 ,b cut (f  ev]y?+ t looks 
t[>d %[ & luxury4    ,be=e m>riage gu>d 
y\rself ) all y\r ability f unlawful    
int]c\rse ) wom52 yet be n un*>itable or
 sev]e to ^? :o  are l$ into ?is1 nor   
boa/ frequ5tly t y y\rself d o!rwise4   
,if anyone tells y t a c]ta9 p]son      
speaks ill ( y1 d n make  excuses ab\t  
:at is said ( y1 b answ]3 8,he 0        
ignorant ( my  o!r faults1 else he w\ld 
n h m5tion$ ^! alone40    ,x is n       
necess>y = y to appe> (t5 at public     
spectacles2 b if  ev] !re is a prop]    
occasion = y to be !re1 d n appe> m     
solicit\s = any o!r ?an = y\rself--t is1
 wi% ?+s to be  only j z !y are1 & only 
! be/ man to w92 = ?us no?+  w g aga9/  
y4 ,b ab/a9 entirely f acclamations &   

d]ision  & viol5t emotions4 ,& :5 y come
 away1 d n disc\rse a great  deal on :at
 has pass$ & :at contributes no?+ to y\r
 own  am5dm5t4 ,= x w\ld appe> by su*   
disc\rse t y 7 dazzl$ by  ! %[4    ,be n
 prompt or ready to att5d private       
recitations2 b if y d  att5d1 pres]ve   
y\r gravity & dignity1 & yet avoid mak+ 
y\rself  disagreeable4    ,:5 y are go+ 
to conf] ) anyone1 & especially ) "o :o 
seems y\r sup]ior1 repres5t to y\rself  
h[ ,socrates or ,z5o#f w\ld  behave 9   
su* a case1 & y w n be at a loss to meet
 prop]ly  :atev] may occur4    ,:5 y are
 go+ be=e anyone 9 p[]1 fancy to y\rself
 t y may  n f9d him at home1 t y may be 
%ut out1 t ! doors may n be  op5$ to y1 
t he may n notice y4 ,if1 ) all ?is1 x  
be y\r  duty to g1 be> :at happ5s & nev]
 say to y\rself1 8,x 0 n  wor? s mu*02 =
 ?is is vulg>1 & l a man bewild]$ by    
ext]nals4    ,9 company1 avoid a frequ5t
 & excessive m5tion ( y\r own actions  &
 dang]s4 ,= h[ev] agreeable x may be to 
y\rself to allude to !  risks y h run1 x

 is n equally agreeable to o!rs to he>  
y\r  adv5tures4 ,avoid likewise an      
endeavor to excite laught]1 = ?is may   
readily slide y into vulg>ity1 &1       
besides1 may be apt to l[] y  9 ! e/eem 
( y\r acqua9tance4 ,approa*es to indec5t
 disc\rse are  likewise dang]\s4 ,!re=e1
 :5 any?+ ( ?is sort happ5s1 use  ! fir/
 fit opportunity to rebuke him :o makes 
advances t way1 or1  at lea/1 by sil5ce 
& blu%+ & a s]i\s look %[ y\rself to be 
displeas$ by su* talk4                  
,,xxxiv    ,if y are dazzl$ by !        
semblance ( any promis$ pleasure1 gu>d  
y\rself aga9/ be+ bewild]$ by x2 b let !
 affair wait y\r  leisure1 & procure    
y\rself "s delay4 ,!n br+ to y\r m9d bo?
  po9ts ( "t--t 9 :i* y %all enjoy !    
pleasure1 & t 9  :i* y w rep5t & reproa*
 y\rself1 aft] y h enjoy$  x--& set be=e
 y1 9 opposition to ^!1 h[ y w rejoice &
  applaud y\rself if y ab/a94 ,& ev5    
?\gh x %\ld appe> to y  a seasonable    
gratification1 take he$ t its enticem5ts
 &  allurem5ts & s$uctions may n subdue 

y1 b set 9 opposition to  ?is h[ mu*    
bett] x is to be consci\s ( hav+ ga9$ s 
great a  victory4                       
,,xxxv    ,:5 y d any?+ f a cle> judgm5t
 t x ought to be done1  nev] %r9k f be+ 
se5 to d x1 ev5 ?\gh ! _w %\ld          
misund]/& x2 = if y are n act+ rightly1 
%un ! action  itself2 if y are1 :y fe>  
^? :o wrongly c5sure y8                 
,,xxxvi    ,z ! proposition1 8ei!r x is 
day or x is night10 has mu* =ce 9  a    
disjunctive argum5t1 b none at all 9 a  
conjunctive "o1 s1 at a  fea/1 to *oose 
! l>ge/ %>e is v suitable to ! bodily   
appetite1 b utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! social
 _s ( !  ent]ta9m5t4 ,rememb]1 !n1 :5 y 
eat ) ano!r1 n only !  value to ! body (
 ^? ?+s :i* are set be=e y1 b also !    
value ( prop] c\rtesy t[>d y\r ho/4     
,,xxxvii    ,if y h assum$ any "* beyond
 y\r /r5g?1 y h bo?  demean$ y\rself ill
 9 t & quitt$ "o :i* y might h          
support$4                               
,,xxxviii    ,z 9 walk+ y take c>e n to 
tread ^u a nail1 or turn y\r foot1  s   

likewise take c>e n to hurt ! rul+      
faculty ( y\r m9d4 ,& if  we 7 to gu>d  
aga9/ ?is 9 e action1 we %\ld ent] ^u   
action m safely4                        
,,xxxix    ,! body is to ev]yone ! prop]
 measure ( its possessions1 z !  foot is
 ( ! %oe4 ,if1 !re=e1 y /op at ?is1 y w 
keep !  measure2 b if y move beyond x1 y
 mu/ necess>ily be c>ri$  =w>d1 z d[n a 
precipice2 z 9 ! case ( a %oe1 if y g   
beyond  its fitness to ! foot1 x comes  
fir/ to be gild$1 !n purple1 &  !n /udd$
 ) jewels4 ,= to t :i* once exce$s ! fit
 measure  !re is no b\nd4               
,,xl    ,wom5 f f\rte5 ye>s old are     
flatt]$ by m5 ) ! title (  mi/resses4   
,!re=e1 p]ceiv+ t !y are reg>d$ only z  
qualifi$ to give m5 pleasure1 !y beg9 to
 adorn !mselves1 & 9  t to place all _! 
hopes4 ,x is wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to try t 
!y may p]ceive !mselves honor$ only s f>
 z !y appe> beautiful  9 _! demeanor &  
mode/ly virtu\s4                        
,,xli    ,x is a m>k ( want ( intellect 
to sp5d mu* "t 9 ?+s relat+  to ! body1 

z to be immod]ate 9 ex]cises1 9 eat+ &  
dr9k+1  & 9 ! dis*>ge ( o!r animal      
functions4 ,^! ?+s %\ld be  done        
incid5tally & our ma9 /r5g? be appli$ to
 our reason4                            
,,xlii    ,:5 any p]son does ill by y1  
or speaks ill ( y1 rememb] t he  acts or
 speaks f an impression t x is "r = him 
to d s4 ,n[  x is n possible t he %\ld  
foll[ :at appe>s "r to y1 b  only :at   
appe>s s to himself4 ,!re=e1 if he      
judges f false  appe>ances1 he is !     
p]son hurt1 s9ce he1 too1 is ! p]son    
deceiv$4 ,= if anyone takes a true      
proposition to be false1 !  proposition 
is n hurt1 b only ! man is deceiv$4     
,sett+ out1 !n1  f ^! pr9ciples1 y w    
meekly be> ) a p]son :o reviles  y1 = y 
w say ^u e occasion1 8,x seem$ s to     
him40                                   
,,xliii    ,ev]y?+ has two h&les3 "o by 
:i* x may be borne1 ano!r by  :i* x _c4 
,if y\r bro!r acts unju/ly1 d n lay hold
 on !  affair by ! h&le ( 8 inju/ice1 = 
by t x _c be borne1  b r by !           

opposite--t he is y\r bro!r1 t he 0     
br\ght  up ) y2 & ?us y w lay hold on x 
z x is to be borne4                     
,,xliv    ,^! reason+s h no logical     
connection3 8,i am ri*] ?an y1  !re=e ,i
 am y\r sup]ior40 8,i am m eloqu5t ?an  
y1 !re=e ,i  am y\r sup]ior40 ,! true   
logical connection is r ?is3 8,i am     
ri*] ?an y1 !re=e my possessions mu/    
exce$ y\rs40 8,i am m  eloqu5t ?an y1   
!re=e my /yle mu/ surpass y\rs40 ,b y1  
aft]  all1 consi/ nei!r 9 prop]ty nor 9 
/yle4                                   
,,xlv    ,does anyone ba! ha/ily8 ,d n  
say t he does x ill1 b ha/ily4  ,does   
anyone dr9k mu* w9e8 ,d n say t he does 
ill1 b t he  dr9ks a great deal4 ,=     
unless y p]fectly und]/& 8 motives1 h[  
%\ld y "k if he acts ill8 ,?us y w n    
risk yield+ to any  appe>ances b su* z y
 fully compreh5d4                       
,,xlvi    ,nev] proclaim y\rself a      
philosoph]1 nor make mu* talk among !   
ignorant ab\t y\r pr9ciples1 b %[ !m by 
actions4 ,?us1 at an  ent]ta9m5t1 d n   

disc\rse h[ p ought to eat1 b eat z y   
ought4 ,= rememb] t ?us ,socrates also  
univ]sally avoid$ all  o/5tation4 ,& :5 
p]sons came to him & desir$ to be       
introduc$ by  him to philosoph]s1 he    
took !m & introduc$ !m2 s well did he   
be> be+ ov]look$4 ,s if ev] !re %\ld be 
among ! ignorant any  discussion (      
pr9ciples1 be = ! mo/ "p sil5t4 ,= !re  
is great  dang] 9 ha/ily ?r[+ out :at is
 undige/$4 ,& if anyone tells  y t y "k 
no?+1 & y are n nettl$ at x1 !n y may be
  sure t y h really ent]$ on y\r "w4 ,= 
%eep d n ha/ily  ?r[ up ! grass to %[ ! 
%eph]ds h[ mu* !y h eat51 b1  inw>dly   
dige/+ _! food1 !y produce x outw>dly 9 
wool &  milk4 ,?us1 !re=e1 d y n make an
 exhibition be=e ! ignorant  ( y\r      
pr9ciples1 b ( ! actions to :i* _!      
dige/ion gives  rise4                   
,,xlvii    ,:5 y h le>n$ to n\ri% y\r   
body frugally1 d n pique  y\rself ^u x2 
nor1 if y dr9k wat]1 be say+ ^u e       
occasion1  8,i dr9k wat]40 ,b fir/      
consid] h[ mu* m frugal are ! poor  ?an 

we1 & h[ mu* m pati5t ( h>d%ip4 ,if at  
any "t y w\ld  inure y\rself by ex]cise 
to labor & privation1 = y\r own sake &  
n = ! public1 d n attempt great feats2 b
 :5 y are  viol5tly ?ir/y1 j r9se y\r   
m\? ) wat]1 & tell nobody4              
,,xlviii    ,! condition & *>act]i/ic ( 
a vulg> p]son is t he nev]  looks = ei!r
 help or h>m f himself1 b only f        
ext]nals4 ,!  condition & *>act]i/ic ( a
 philosoph] is t he looks to himself  = 
all help or h>m4 ,! m>ks ( a pr(ici5t   
are t he c5sures no  "o1 praises no "o1 
blames no "o1 accuses no "o2 says no?+  
conc]n+ himself z be+ anybody or kn[+   
any?+4 ,:5 he is 9  any in/ance h9d]$ or
 re/ra9$1 he accuses himself2 & if he is
  prais$1 he smiles to himself at !     
p]son :o praises him2 & if he is        
c5sur$1 he makes no def5se4 ,b he goes  
ab\t ) ! caution ( a  convalesc5t1      
c>eful ( int]f]5ce ) any?+ t is do+ well
  b n yet q secure4 ,he re/ra9s desire2 
he transf]s 8 av]sion  to ^? ?+s only   
:i* ?w>t ! prop] use ( our own w2 he    

employs 8 en]gies mod]ately 9 all       
directions2 if he appe>s /upid  or      
ignorant1 he does n c>e2 &1 9 a ^w1 he  
keeps wat* ov]  himself z ov] an enemy &
 "o 9 ambu%4                            
,,xlix    ,:5 anyone %[s himself va9 on 
be+ able to und]/& & int]pret  ! works (
 ,*rysippus1#g say to y\rself3 8,unless 
,*rysippus _h  writt5 obscurely1 ?is    
p]son w\ld h _h no?+ to be va9 (4 ,b    
:at d ,i desire8 ,to und]/& nature1 &   
foll[ h]4 ,i ask1 !n1 :o  int]prets h]2 
& he>+ t ,*rysippus does1 ,i h rec\rse  
to him4  ,i d n und]/& 8 writ+s4 ,i     
seek1 !re=e1 "o to int]pret  !m40 ,s f> 
!re is no?+ to value myself ^u4 ,& :5 ,i
 f9d an  int]pret]1 :at rema9s is to    
make use ( 8 in/ructions4 ,?is alone  is
 ! valuable ?+4 ,b if ,i admire m]ely ! 
int]pretation1 :at d  ,i become m ?an a 
gramm>ian1 in/ead ( a philosoph]1       
except1  inde$1 t in/ead ( ,hom] ,i     
int]pret ,*rysippus8 ,:5 anyone1  !re=e1
 desires me to read ,*rysippus to him1  
,i r blu% :5 ,i  _c exhibit actions t   

are h>moni\s & consonant ) 8  disc\rse4 
,l    ,:atev] rules y h adopt$1 abide by
 !m z laws1 & z if y  w\ld be impi\s to 
transgress !m2 & d n reg>d :at anyone   
says  ( y1 = ?is1 aft] all1 is no conc]n
 ( y\rs4 ,h[ long1 !n1 w  y delay to    
dem& ( y\rself ! noble/ improvem5ts1 & 9
 no  in/ance to transgress ! judgm5ts ( 
reason8 ,y h receiv$ !  philosophic     
pr9ciples ) :i* y ought to be conv]sant2
 & y  h be5 conv]sant ) !m4 ,= :at o!r  
ma/]1 !n1 d y wait  z an excuse = ?is   
delay 9 self-re=mation8 ,y are no long] 
a boy  b a gr[n man4 ,if1 !re=e1 y w be 
neglig5t & slo?ful1 &  always add       
procra/9ation to procra/9ation1 purpose 
to purpose1 &  fix day aft] day 9 :i* y 
w att5d to y\rself1 y w  ins5sibly      
cont9ue to accompli% no?+ &1 liv+ & dy+1
 rema9  ( vulg> m9d4 ,?is in/ant1 !n1   
?9k y\rself wor?y ( liv+ z a  man gr[n  
up & a pr(ici5t4 ,let :atev] appe>s to  
be ! be/ be to  y an inviolable law4 ,& 
if any in/ance ( pa9 or pleasure1 glory 
or  disgrace1 be set be=e y1 rememb] t  

n[ is ! combat1 n[ !  ,olympiad comes   
on1 nor c x be put (f2 & t by "o failure
 &  defeat honor may be lo/ or--won4    
,?us ,socrates became p]fect1 improv+   
himself by ev]y?+1 foll[+ reason alone4 
,& ?\gh y are n yet  a ,socrates1 y     
ought1 h[ev]1 to live z "o seek+ to be a
 ,socrates4                             
,,li    ,! fir/ & mo/ necess>y topic 9  
philosophy is ! practical  application (
 pr9ciples1 z1 ,we ought n to lie2 !    
second is t  ( demon/rations z1 ,:y x is
 t we ought n to lie2 ! ?ird1  t :i*    
gives /r5g? & logical connection to !   
o!r two1 z1  ,:y ?is is a demon/ration4 
,= :at is demon/ration8 ,:at is a       
consequ5ce8 ,:at a contradiction8 ,:at  
tru?8 ,:at falsehood8 ,! ?ird  po9t is  
!n necess>y on acc\nt ( ! second2 & !   
second on  acc\nt ( ! fir/4 ,b ! mo/    
necess>y1 & t :]eon we ought  to re/1 is
 ! fir/4 ,b we d j ! contr>y4 ,= we sp5d
 all our  "t on ! ?ird po9t & employ all
 our dilig5ce ab\t t1 &  entirely       
neglect ! fir/4 ,!re=e1 at ! same "t t  

we lie1 we  are v ready to %[ h[ x is   
demon/rat$ t ly+ is wrong4    ,^u all   
occasions we ought to h ^! maxims ready 
at h&3      ,conduct me1 ,zeus1 & ?\1 ,o
 ,de/9y1    ,:]ev] y\r decrees h fix$ my
 lot4    ,i foll[ *e]fully2 &1 did ,i n1
    ,wick$ & wret*$1 ,i mu/ foll[       
/ill4#h      ,:o'er yields prop]ly to   
,fate is deem$    ,wise among m51 & kn[s
 ! laws ( ,heav54#i    ,& ?is ?ird3     
8,o ,crito1 if x ?us pleases ! gods1 ?us
 let x be40#aj      8,anytus & ,melitus 
may kill me inde$2 b hurt me !y _c40#aa 
,footnotes      #a;,happ9ess1 ! effect (
 virtue1 is ! m>k :i* ,god has set up = 
u to aim at4 ,our miss+ x is no "w ( ,82
 nor s prop]ly     any?+ real1 z a m]e  
negative & failure ( our own4           
#b;,*apt] ,,xv ( ! ?ird book ( !        
,disc\rses1 :i*1 ) !     exception ( "s 
v trifl+ diff]5ces1 is ! same z *apt]   
,,xxix ( ! ,en*iridion4--,ed4           
#c;,euphrates 0 a philosoph] ( ,syria1  
^: "* is describ$1     ) ! highe/       
encomiums1 by ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,lett]s   

,i4 #aj4    #d,! two inimical sons (    
,o$ipus1 :o kill$ ea* o!r 9             
battle4--,ed4    #e,?is ref]s to an     
anecdote giv5 9 full by ,simplicius1 9 8
     comm5t>y on ?is passage1 ( a man   
assault$ & kill$ on 8 way     to consult
 ! oracle1 :ile 8 companion1 des]t+ him1
 took refuge     9 ! temple till ca/ out
 by ! ,deity4--,tr4    #f,ref]5ce is to 
,z5o ( ,cyprus 7#cce-bfc ,b4,c471 !     
f\nd] ( !     ,/oic s*ool4--,ed4        
#g;,*rysippus 7c4 #bhj-bjg ,b4,c47 0 a  
,/oic philosoph] :o became     head ( ! 
,/oa aft] ,clean!s4 ,8 works1 :i* are   
lo/1 7 mo/     influ5tial & 7 g5]ally   
accept$ z ! au?oritative                
int]pretation ( or?odox ,/oic           
philosophy4--,ed4    #h;,clean!s1 9     
,diog5es ,la]tius1 quot$ also by ,s5eca1
 ,epi/le #ajg4    #i;,euripides1        
,fragm5ts4    #aj,plato1 ,crito1 ,*ap4  
,,xvii4    #aa,plato1 ,apology1 ,*ap4   
,,xviii4                                
,! ,libr>y ( ,lib]al ,arts              
,aes*ylus3 ,prome!us ,b\nd4 ,tr4 ,e4 ,b4

 ,br[n+4 7,,lla #bd7        4#dj        
99,alemb]t1 d'3 ,introduction to !      
,encyclopdie ( #agea4 ,tr4 ,t4          
,d4 ,lockwood4 7,,lla #hh7              
4#hj    99,ari/otle3 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4
 ,tr4 ,m4 ,o/wald4 7,,lla #ge7          
4#hj    ----3 ,on ! ,art ( ,poetry4 ,tr4
 ,s4 ,h4 ,but*]4 7,,lla #f7             
4#ej    99----3 ,on ,poetry & ,/yle4    
,tr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,a4 ,grube4 7,,lla #fh7    
4#ge    ,augu/9e3 ,on ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e4
 ,tr4 ,d4 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 ,jr4 7,,lla    
#hj7                                    
4#ie    99,bacon3 ,! ,new ,organon4     
7,,lla #ig7                             
#a4jj    99,becc>ia3 ,( ,crimes &       
,puni%m5ts4 ,tr4 ,h4 ,paolucci  ,v4     
,caporale4 7,,lla #ajg7                 
4#fj    ,b]gson3 ,an ,introduction to   
,metaphysics4 ,tr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,hulme4      
7,,lla            #aj7                  
4#dj    99,b]keley3 ,an ,essay ,t[>d a  
,new ,!ory ( ,vision  ,! ,!ory          
( ,vision ,v9dicat$4 7,,lla #hc7        
4#hj    ----3 ,a ,treatise ,conc]n+ !   

,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k4                 
7,,lla #ec7                             
4#ge    ----3 ,?ree ,dialogues betwe5   
,hylas & ,philon\s4 7,,lla #ci7         
4#ge    ,boccaccio on ,poetry4 ,tr4 ,c4 
,g4 ,osgood4 7,,lla #hb7     cl4 #c4ej  
#a4be    99,boe?ius3 ,! ,consolation (  
,philosophy4 ,tr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,gre54 7,,lla 
#hf7                                    
4#ie    ,bonav5tura3 ,! ,m9d's ,road to 
,god4 ,tr4 ,g4 ,boas4 7,,lla #cb7       
4#ej    ,b[man3 ,! ,absurdity (         
,*ri/ianity & ,o!r ,essays4 7,,lla      
#ef7                                    
4#ge    ,bradley3 ,e?ical ,/udies       
7,select$ ,essays74 7,,lla #bh7 cl4     
#b4jj 4#he    99,burke3 ,on ! ,sublime &
 ,beautiful4 7,,lla #ii7                
4#ij    ----3 ,reflections on !         
,revolution 9 ,france4 7,,lla #df7      
cl4 #c4ej #a4be    ,butl]3 ,five        
,s]mons4 7,,lla #ba7                    
4#fj    ,calv93 ,on ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4   
7,,lla #ic7                         4#ie
    ----3 ,on ,god & ,political ,duty4  

7,,lla #bc7                             
4#fj    99,! ,cid4 ,tr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,m>kley4
 7,,lla #gg7                            
4#ge    ,corn=d3 ,plato & ,p>m5ides4    
7,,lla #ajb7                       #a4fj
    ----3 ,plato's ,cosmology4 7,,lla   
#aja7                                   
#a4ge    ----3 ,plato's ,!ory ( ,k4     
7,,lla #ajj7                      #a4ge 
99,dante3 ,de vulg>i eloqu5tia4 ,tr4 ,w4
 ,t4 ,h4 ,jackson4 7,,lla #he7    4#fj  
----3 ,on ,_w-,gov]nm5t 7,de ,mon>*ia74 
,tr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,s*neid]4            7,,lla
 #ae7                                   
4#fj    ,desc>tes3 ,disc\rse on ,me?od4 
,tr4 ,l4 ,j4 ,lafleur4 7,,lla #ai7      
4#ej    99----3 ,disc\rse on ,me?od &   
,m$itations4 ,tr4 ,l4 ,j4 ,lafleur4     
7,,lla #hi7                             
4#ij    ----3 ,m$itations4 ,tr4 ,l4 ,j4 
,lafleur4 7,,lla #bi7                   
4#fj    ,do/oevski3 ,! ,gr& ,inquisitor 
on ! ,nature ( ,man4 ,tr4 ,c4           
,g>nett4 7,,lla #fc7                    
4#dj    99,dryd53 ,an ,essay ( ,dramatic

 ,poesy4 7,,lla #ajd7                   
4#fj    ,em]son3 ,nature4 7,,lla #b7    
4#dj    ,epictetus3 ,! ,en*iridion4 ,tr4
 ,t4 ,w4 ,higg9son4 7,,lla #h7          
4#dj    ,erasmus3 ,t5 ,colloquies (     
,erasmus4 ,tr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,?ompson4 7,,lla 
#dh7                                    
cl4 #c4jj 4#ij    ,euripides3 ,electra4 
,tr4 ,m4 ,hadas4 7,,lla #bf7            
4#dj    ,fi*te3 ,! ,vocation ( ,man4    
,tr4 ,w4 ,smi?4 7,,lla #ej7             
4#ge    ,goe!3 ,fau/ ,i4 ,tr4 ,b4 ,q4   
,morgan4 7,,lla #cc7          cl4 #b4ej 
4#ge    ,grotius3 ,prolegom5a to ! ,law 
( ,w> & ,peace4 ,tr4 ,f4 ,w4            
,kelsey4 7,,lla #fe7                    
4#ej    ,hanslick3 ,! ,beautiful 9      
,music4 7,,lla #de7           cl4 #b4ej 
4#hj    ,h>r+ton3 ,! ,political ,writ+s 
( ,james ,h>r+ton4 7,,lla               
#ch7                                    
cl4 #c4jj 4#ij    ,hegel3 ,reason 9     
,hi/ory4 ,tr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,h>tman4 7,,lla   
#ce7                                    
cl4 #b4ge 4#ge    ,hesiod3 ,!ogony4 ,tr4

 ,n4 ,o4 ,br[n4 7,,lla #cf7             
4#ej    ,hobbes3 ,levia?an ,i-,,ii4     
7,,lla #fi7                             
#a4jj    99,hume43 ,david ,hume's       
,lit]>y ,essays4 7,,lla #hd7            
4#ij    ----3 ,david ,hume's ,political 
,essays4 7,,lla #cd7          cl4 #c4jj 
4#ij    ----3 ,an ,inquiry ,conc]n+     
,human ,und]/&+4 7,,lla #di7            
4#hj    ----3 ,an ,inquiry ,conc]n+ !   
,pr9ciples ( ,morals4 7,,lla #fb7       
4#ge    99,kant3 ,critique ( ! ,ae/hetic
 ,judgm5t4 ,tr4 ,w4 ,c]f4 7,,lla        
#gc7                                    
#a4be    ----3 ,critique ( ,practical   
,reason4 ,tr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,beck4 7,,lla #eb7
       4#ij    ----3 ,fundam5tal        
,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals4   
,tr4 ,t4            ,k4 ,abbott4 7,,lla 
#af7                                    
4#fj    ----3 ,p]petual ,peace4 ,tr4 ,m4
 ,c4 ,smi?4 7,,lla #c7                  
4#de    ----3 ,p]petual ,peace4 ,tr4 ,l4
 ,w4 ,beck4 7,,lla #ed7                 
4#ej    99----3 ,p]petual ,peace & !    

,idea ( a ,univ]sal ,commonweal?4       
,tr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,beck4 7,,lla #if7         
4#ge    99----3 ,philosophy ( ,"r4 ,tr4 
,j4 ,ladd4 7,,lla #gb7                  
#a4be    ----3 ,prolegom5a to ,any      
,future ,metaphysics4 ,tr4              
,mahaffy-,c>us2            rev4 ,l4 ,w4 
,beck4 7,,lla #bg7                      
cl4 #b4jj 4#he    99----3 ,religion )9 !
 ,limits ( ,reason4 ,tr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,gre54 
7,,lla #ajh7                            
cl4 #c4ej #a4jj    ,klei/3 ,! ,pr9ce (  
,homburg4 ,tr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,passage4 7,,lla 
#fj7       4#ge    99,le ,bon3 ,mass    
,psy*ology 7,! ,cr[d74 7,,lla #ij7      
4#hj    99,leibniz3 ,monadology & ,o!r  
,philosophical ,essays4 ,tr4 ,p4        
,a4 ,s*reck]4 7,,lla #id7               
4#ij    99,less+3 ,laocon4 ,tr4 ,e4 ,a4 
,mc,cormick4 7,,lla #gh7                
4#ie    ,! ,life ( ,laz>illo de ,tormes4
 ,tr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,m>kley4 7,,lla #cg7      
4#ej    ,locke3 ,a ,lett] ,conc]n+      
,tol]ation4 7,,lla #bb7                 
4#dj    ----3 ,! ,second ,treatise (    

,gov]nm5t4 7,,lla #ca7      cl4 #b4ej   
4#hj    ,long9us3 ,on ,great ,writ+ 7,on
 ! ,sublime74 ,tr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,a4          
,grube4 7,,lla #gi7                     
4#fj    ,ma*iavelli3 ,m&ragola4 ,tr4 ,a4
  ,h4 ,paolucci4 7,,lla #eh7            
4#fj    ,mill1 ,j43 ,an ,essay on       
,gov]nm5t4 7,,lla #dg7                  
4#ej    ,mill1 ,j4 ,s43 ,autobiography4 
7,,lla #ia7                             
4#ij    99----3 ,nature & ,utility (    
,religion2 ,two ,essays4 7,,lla #ha7    
4#fj    ----3 ,on ,lib]ty4 7,,lla #fa7  
4#fe    ----3 ,consid]ations on         
,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 7,,lla #ga7   
4#ij    ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 7cont'd73 ,!ism4 
7,,lla #fd7                             
4#ge    ----3 ,utilit>ianism4 7,,lla #a7
                                        
4#ej    99,moli]e3 ,t>tuffe4 ,tr4 ,r4   
,w4 ,h>tle4 7,,lla #hg7                 
4#ej    ,nietzs*e3 ,! ,use & ,abuse (   
,hi/ory4 7,,lla #aa7                4#ej
    ,pa9e3 ,! ,age ( ,reason4 7,,lla #e7
                                4#ej    

,plato3 ,eu?yphro1 ,apology1 ,crito4    
,tr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,*ur*4 7,,lla #d7      4#ej
    ----3 ,gorgias4 ,tr4 ,w4 ,c4        
,helmbold4 7,,lla #bj7                  
4#ge    ----3 ,m5o4 ,tr4 ,b4 ,j[ett4    
7,,lla #ab7                             
4#dj    ----3 ,pha$o4 ,tr4 ,f4 ,j4      
,*ur*4 7,,lla #cj7                      
4#ej    ----3 ,pha$rus4 ,tr4 ,w4 ,c4    
,helmbold  ,w4 ,g4 ,rab9[itz4 7,,lla    
#dj7    4#fj    99----3 ,philebus4 ,tr4 
,k4 ,h]b]t4 7,,lla #da7                 
4#ge    ----3 ,protagoras4 ,tr4 ,b4     
,j[ett4 7,,lla #ei7                     
4#ge    ----3 ,/atesman4 ,tr4 ,j4 ,b4   
,skemp4 7,,lla #eg7                     
4#ge    ----3 ,symposium4 ,tr4 ,b4      
,j[ett4 7,,lla #g7                      
4#dj    99----3 ,!aetetus4 ,tr4 ,f4 ,m4 
,corn=d4 7,,lla #aje7                   
4#hj    ----3 ,timaeus4 ,tr4 ,f4 ,m4    
,corn=d4 7,,lla #ajf7                   
4#hj    ,plautus3 ,! ,haunt$ ,h\se      
7,mo/ell>ia74 ,tr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,copley4     
7,,lla #db7                             

4#de    ----3 ,! ,m5ae*mi4 ,tr4 ,f4 ,o4 
,copley4 7,,lla #ag7                    
4#de    ----3 ,! ,rope 7,rud5s74 ,tr4   
,f4 ,o4 ,copley4 7,,lla #dc7            
4#de    99,pope3 ,essay on ,man4 7,,lla 
#ajc7                                   
4#ej    ,po/3 ,significant ,cases 9     
,briti% ,con/itutional ,law4 7,,lla #ff7
                                        
cl4 #c4ej #a4be    99,r\sseau3 ,two     
,disc\rses4 ,tr4 ,v4 ,g\revit*4 7,,lla  
#aji7          4#hj    99,russell3      
,select$ ,essays4 7,,lla #gd7           
4#ij    ,s*neid]3 ,s\rces ( ,contempor>y
 ,philosophical ,realism 9              
,am]ica4 7,,lla #ib7                    
4#fj    99,s*op5hau]3 ,essay on !       
,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,tr4 ,k4                
,kol5da4 7,,lla #gj7                    
4#hj    ,s5eca3 ,m$ea4 ,tr4 ,m4 ,hadas4 
7,,lla #ee7                             
4#de    ----3 ,o$ipus4 ,tr4 ,m4 ,hadas4 
7,,lla #dd7                             
4#de    ----3 ,?ye/es4 ,tr4 ,m4 ,hadas4 
7,,lla #gf7                             

4#de    99,%elley3 ,def5ce ( ,poetry4   
7,,lla #ih7                             
4#ej    ,sophocles3 ,electra4 ,tr4 ,r4  
,c4 ,jebb4 7,,lla #be7                  
4#dj    ,sp9oza3 ,on ! ,improvem5t ( !  
,und]/&+4 ,tr4 ,j4 ,katz4               
7,,lla #fg7                             
4#ej    ,t]5ce3 ,phormio4 ,tr4 ,f4 ,o4  
,copley4 7,,lla #ie7                    
4#de    ----3 ,! ,woman ( ,&ros4 ,tr4   
,f4 ,o4 ,copley4 7,,lla #ah7            
4#de    99,tol/oy3 ,:at ,is ,art8 ,tr4  
,a4 ,maude4 7,,lla #ea7                 
4#ij    ,:itman3 ,democratic ,vi/as4    
7,,lla #i7                              
4#ej                      7,complete    
catalogue s5t ^u reque/7    99 ,9       
prep>ation4                             
,,! ,,lib]al ,,arts ,,press1 ,,inc4     
#aec ,w4 #gbnd ,/reet1 ,new ,york #bc1  
,n4 ,y4