,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+4 ,,notes ,,on ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,natural-,,hi/ory ,,objects4 ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,e4 ,f4 ,elw94 ,?os4 ,s\?well1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,dr4 ,knaggs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,rye1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bridgman4 ,pr(essor ,ralph ,tate1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,jas4 ,britt51 ,f4,l4,s4 ,pr(essor ,buckman1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,dr4 ,brai?waite1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,wor?+ton ,g4 ,smi?1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,rev4 ,jas4 ,crombie1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,w4 ,h4 ,grattann4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,ph,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,w4 ,h4 ,,all5 ,,co41 #ac ,,wat]loo ,,place4 ,s4,w4 #ahhc4 7,all rights res]v$47 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ ,essays 7 orig9ally contribut$ to ! pages ( ',sci5ce-,gossip1' by ! v>i\s writ]s ^: names !y be>4 ,f ! con/ant qu]ies relat+ to subjects ( ?is k9d1 x 0 deem$ advisable to furni% "y or int5d+ naturali/s ) su* tru/wor?y in=mation z w\ld enable !m to save "t1 & ga9 by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! articles h be5 collect$ 9 _! pres5t portable =m z a ,h&book = beg9n]s4 ,may1 #ahgf4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,preface v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,geological ,specim5s1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,bones1 by ,e4 ,f4 ,elw9 #af ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,birds' ,eggs1 by ,t4 ,s\?well1 ,f4,z4,s4 #bg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,butt]flies & ,mo?s1 by ,dr4 ,knaggs #dd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,beetles1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,rye1 ,f4,z4,s4 #fg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,hym5opt]a1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,bridgman #ie ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,l& & ,fre%wat] ,%ells1 by ,pr(essor ,ralph ,tate1 ,f4,g4,s4 #ajb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,fl[]+ ,plants & ,f]ns1 by ,j4 ,britt51 ,f4,l4,s4 7,fir/ ,"p7 #aag ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,fl[]+ ,plants & ,f]ns1 by ,j4 ,britt51 ,f4,l4,s4 7,second ,"p7 #aca ,,*apt] ,x4 ,grasses1 c41 by ,pr(essor ,buckman1 ,f4,g4,s #aci ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mosses1 by ,dr4 ,brai?waite1 ,f4,l4,s #ade ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,fungi1 by ,wor?+ton ,g4 ,smi?1 ,f4,l4,s #aei ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,li*5s1 by ,rev4 ,james ,crombie1 ,f4,l4,s #aha ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,seawe$s1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,grattann #aie ,index #bji ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+4 ,i4 ,,geological ,,specim5s4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,! great end ( natural-hi/ory read+ %\ld be ! developm5t ( a love = ! objects dwelt ^u1 & a desire to "k m ab\t !m4 ,?is c only be br\ght ab\t by su* practical acqua9tance z collect+ & pres]v+ !m induces4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld be sorry to see our "y read]s deg5]ate into m]e collectors6 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose1 t because y h a full cab9et ( butt]flies1 mo?s1 or beetles1 !re=e y are a good entomologi/2 or t y may lay claim to a di/+ui%$ position z a geologi/1 on acc\nt ( draw]s full ( fossils & m9]als4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake into :i* "y naturali/s frequ5tly fall4 ,we h se5 p ) decid$ ta/es = ^! /udies nev] get beyond ! m]e collect+4 ,9 t case !y /& on a p> ) collectors ( po/age-/amps4 ,nor is !re mu* ga9$1 ev5 if y become acqua9t$ ) ,engli%1 or ev5 ,lat91 names ( natural-hi/ory objects4 ,_m p c catalogue !m glibly1 & nev] make a slip1 & yet !y are practically ignorant ( ! real k :i* clu/]s r\nd ea* object1 & its relation to o!rs4 ,bo? ,lat9 & ,engli% names are useful & ev5 necess>y2 b :5 y h simply le>nt !m1 & no?+ m1 h[ mu* wis] are y ?an be=e8 ,no1 let ! le>n+ ( names be ! alphabet ( sci5ce--! means by :i* y c acquire a fur!r k ( its my/]ies4 ,x w\ld be j z reasonable to set up = a lit]>y man on ! /r5g? ( accurately kn[+ ! alphabet1 z to imag9e y are a sci5tific man ! mom5t y h le>n$ by he>t a few scores ( ,lat9 names ( plants1 fossils1 or insects6 ,let ea* object repres5t s mu* k1 to :i* ! v m5tion ( its "n w imm$iately conjure up a cr[d ( associations1 relation%ips1 & intimate acqua9tances1 & y w !n see :at a /ore ( real k may be repres5t$ 9 a c>efully-arrang$ cab9et4 ,! head+ ( ! pres5t articles w h indicat$ ! subject *os5 = brief treatm5t4 ,we %all nev] =get ! influ5ce left by read+ su* *>m+ & sugge/ive books z ,mantell's ',m$als ( ,creation1' _m ye>s ago4 ,our m9d _h be5 prep>$ = ! en?usiasm :i* ?is little book produc$ by ! p]usal ( ,page's ',introductory ,text-book1' ,phillips's ',guide to ,geology1' & sev]al o!rs ( a simil> "*4 ,b we "k ( none :i* impels a "y /ud5t to g into ! field & hamm] out fossils = himself1 l ,dr4 ,mantell's works4 ,x is impossible n to cat* ! en?usiasm ( 8 nature4 ,! fir/ place we salli$ out to1 on our maid5 geological trip1 0 a heap ( coal-%ale1 ne> a pit's m\?1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,man*e/]4 ,our only weapon 0 a common h\se hamm]1 = we !n knew no?+ ( ! te*nical =ms :i* geological fancy s (t5 assumes4 ,we _h pass$ t same heap ( coal-%ale hundr$s ( times1 )\t suspect+ x to be any?+ m ?an ev]ybody else consid]$ x viz4 a heap ( rubbi%4 ,:y t p>ticul> spot 0 select$1 we _c n[ say4 ,we _h se5 illu/rations ( c>bonif]\s plants1 %ells1 c41 9 books1 b we seem$ to imag9e _! discov]y c\ld only be effect$ by sci5tific m51 & t x requir$ a good deal ( k be=e "o %\ld attempt to f9d !m4 ,suffice x to say we made ! pilgrimage to ! coal-%ale heap 9 pretty mu* ! same m9d z we %\ld expect to get ! head prize 9 "s f9e-art draw+4 ,! humble hamm] 0 put into use1 = a brief "t )\t mu* effect1 z we c\ld h>dly h comm5c$ on a m b>r5 k9d ( %ale ?an we _h *anc$ to hit ^u4 ,we imag9$ we c\ld p]ceive traces ( leaves & sl5d] /ems1 b 7 afraid to tru/ our eyes4 ,at any rate1 !re 0 no?+ def9ite en\gh to raise our en?usiasm4 ,b by-&-by1 z ! hamm] kept cleav+ op5 ! ?9 leaf-l lay]s ( %ale1 !re appe>$ a l>ge portion ( t mo/ beautiful ( all fossil plants1 ! ,lepidod5dron4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ?is object1 ) its loz5ge-%ap$ m>k+s runn+ spirally up ! /em1 w readily und]/& ! outbur/ ( pleasure :i* escap$ our lips6 ,t 0 ! fir/ real fossil--a pleasure q equival5t to t ( l&+ ! fir/ salmon4 ,h[ c>efully 0 x wrapp$ 9 pap]1 & c>ri$ home 9 ! pocket6 ,!re nev] 01 & nev] w be1 ano!r fossil 9 ! _w z beautiful z t insignificant fragm5t ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,we h se5 a good _m conv]ts made to geology 9 a simil> mann]1 s9ce fir/ we laid op5 to ! light ?is sil5t memorial ( ages :i* h pass$ away4 ,let a man h ev] s slight acqua9tance ) geology1 & give him ! *ance ( hamm]+ out a fossil = himself1 & ! odds are y !reby make him a geologi/ = life4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ romantic 9 ! idea t y are look+ = ! fir/ "t1 & h y\rself dis5tomb$ ! rema9s ( creatures :i* probably liv$ scores ( millions ( ye>s ago6 ,we w\ld /rongly advise our read]s1 !re=e1 n to fall into ! error ( suppos+ t fossil-hunt+ belongs to highly-tra9$ geologi/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is by fossil-hunt+ alone t y c ev] hope to be a geologi/ y\rself4 ,ano!r mi/ake (t5 made1 is t ( suppos+ ^! ri* & int]e/+ geological localities are at a di/ance4 ,x seems s h>d to suppose1 aft] read+ ab\t typical sections1 c41 t "u y\r v feet1 9 ! fields :]e y h s (t5 play$1 !re occur geological ph5om5a ( no less int]e/4 ,b x is actually surpris+ :at evid5ces ( our e>?'s great antiquity1 9 ! %ape ( fossils1 c41 may be /udi$ & obta9$ 9 ! mo/ out-(-!-way & insignificant places4 ,y say y h no rocks 9 y\r neighb\rhood--no?+ b b>r5 s&s1 or b$s ( brick-e>? or clay4 ,well1 g to "s section ( ! latt]1 expos$1 p]haps1 9 "s t>n or /agnant pond 9 a turnip-field4 ,y exam9e ! sides1 & :at d y see8 ,no?+1 b "h & !re a b\ld]-/one /ick+ out4 ,well1 be cont5t ) t4 ,y said y _h no rocks 9 y\r neighb\rhood2 h[1 !n1 has t b\ld]1 :i* is a r\nd$ fragm5t ( a rock brok5 (f f some:]e--h[ has x come !re8 ,"h is a pos] at once4 ,exam9e x1 & y w p]haps see t its h>d surface is poli%$ or scrat*$1 & !n y rememb] ! !ory ( iceb]gs1 & feel a/oni%$ to ?9k t y hold 9 y\r h& an und5iable pro( ( ! tru? ( t !ory4 ,^? v scrat*+s c\ld h be5 produc$ 9 no o!r way2 t =eign fragm5t ( a rock n[ only to be f\nd on "s di/ant m\nta9-side c\ld h be5 convey$ 9 no o!r mann]4 ,n cont5t ) ! ext]ior exam9ation1 y break ! b\ld]-/one op51 :5 y may *ance to f9d x is a portion ( silurian1 c>bonif]\s or oolitic lime/one1 & t x conta9s fossils belong+ to "o ( ^? =mations4 ,"h is a f9d--an object ) a d\ble int]e/ turn+ up :]e y nev] expect$ to discov] ! slighte/ geological incid5t6 ,y exam9e o!r b\ld]s1 & f9d 9 !m g5]al evid5ces ( ice-action 9 _! pres5t re-deposition1 & mo/ in/ructive lessons z to ! nature ( rocks ( v>i\s =mations1 f ! granite & trap s]ies to ! fossilif]\s deposits4 ,9 fact1 !re is no place l "o ( ^! old b\ld]-pits = mak+ oneself acqua9t$ ) petrology1 or ! nature ( /ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,pocket ,trimm+-hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,duck's-head ,hamm]4 ,& n[1 z to ! tools necess>y to ! "y geologi/4 ,fir/ ( all1 he _c take too few6 ,x is a great mi/ake to imag9e t a full set ( sci5tific in/rum5ts makes a sci5tific man4 ,! foll[+ hamm]s1 int5d$ = diff]5t purposes1 ought to be procur$4 ,fig4 #a is an exce$+ly useful weapon1 & "o we commonly use1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,x is h&y = break+ (f fragm5ts ( rock = exam9ation2 &1 if fossils be includ$ 9 !m1 = trimm+ ! specim5s = cab9et purposes4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 field geologi/s are always divid$ ov] ! m]its ( _! hamm]s1 "s pref]r+ "o %ape & "s ano!r4 ,fig4 #b is g5]ally us$ = break+ up h>d rocks1 = :i* ! bevel-%ap$ head is peculi>ly adapt$4 ,x is usually mu* heavi] ?an ! re/1 & is seldom us$ except = specific purposes4 ,if our read]s are incl9$ to /udy sections ( b\ld] clay1 & wi% to extract ! r\nd$ & angul> b\ld] f its /iff matrix1 !y _c d bett] ?an use a hamm] l ,fig4 #c4 ,?is is sometimes call$ ! ,platypus pick4 ,bo? ends c be us$1 & ! pick end is also good = work+ on s(t rocks1 l *alk4 ,a little practice 9 ! field w tea* ! /ud5t h[ to use ^! tools1 & :51 mu* bett] ?an we c describe on pap]4 ,! hamm]s c be obta9$ f any ,sci5tific in/rum5t manufactur]1 or f any ( ! deal]s 9 geological specim5s4 ,we h f\nd t ! be/ hamm]s = usage1 h[ev]1 7 to be made out ( an old file1 s(t5$ & well weld$1 roll$1 & !n hamm]$ into a solid mass4 ,if prop]ly temp]$ a hamm] made 9 ?is fa%ion w la/ y y\r life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,platypus ,pick = clay1 c4 ,s mu* = ! r\gh] weapons ( geological /rife4 ,next1 be sure & provide y\rself ) ?ick-sol$ %oes or boots4 ,geological /udy w take y into a good _m que] places1 wet & dry1 r\gh & smoo?1 & x is absolutely necess>y to be prep>$ = ! wor/4 ,pat5t lea!r boots & kid gloves are r>ely worn by practical geologi/s4 ,& we h he>d x rem>k$ at ! ,briti% ,association meet+s1 t !y c\ld always tell :i* memb]s belong$ to ! ,geological ,section by _! ?ick-sol$ boots4 ,a simil> rem>k applies to clo!s4 ,! /ud5t ne$ n dress = ! qu>ry z he w\ld = ! d9+ room4 ,good1 /rong1 s]viceable mat]ial ought to be _! basis4 ,secondly1 z to ! /ud5t's com=ts & necess>ies4 ,^! are g5]ally ! la/ ?+ an ard5t naturali/ ?9ks ab\t4 ,= ourselves1 h[ev]1 we give him ample leave to provide himself ) pipe & tobacco1 %\ld 8 ta/es lie 9 t direction4 ,we nev] enjoy$ a pipe half s mu* z :5 solit>ily dis9t]r+ organic rema9s :i* _h slumb]$ 9 ! he>t ( ! rock = myriads ( ages4 ,z to ! be]1 we c v\* t x nev] ta/es any?+ l s good z dur+ a geological excursion4 ,we h f\nd ! lea!rn bags sold = s*ool-book purposes to be z h&y to deposit specim5s 91 dur+ a j\rney1 z any?+ else4 ,!y h ! m]it ( be+ *eap1 are /rong1 & easily c>ri$4 ,if n l>ge en\gh1 !n get a /rong1 co>se l95 hav]sack1 l t worn by volunte]s on a field day4 ,pap]1 cotton wadd+ 7n wool71 sawdu/ = fragm5ts ( l>g] fossils1 int5d$ to be repair$ at home1 wood5 pill-boxes1 & a few boxes1 :i* may be obta9$ f any practical naturali/1 ) glass tops1 are suffici5t /ock-9-trade = ! "y geologi/4 ,! wadd+ does n adh]e to ! specim5s z wool does1 & ! glass-topp$ boxes are useful1 z x is n !n necess>y to op5 a box & dis9t] a delicate fossil f its matrix 9 ord] to look at x4 ,add a good /rong pocket l5s1 su* z may be b\ght = half-a-cr[n1 & y\r equipm5t w be complete4 ,if y int5d to /udy any p>ticul> di/rict1 get ! %eets publi%$ by ! ,geological ,survey4 ,^! w give y1 on a l>ge scale1 ! m9ute geology ( ! neighb\rhood1 ! succession ( rocks1 faults1 outcrops1 c4 ,9 fact1 y may save y\rself a _w ( tr\ble by ?us prep>+ y\rself a week or s be=e y make y\r geological excursion4 ,! pi? ( ^! rem>ks applies ) equal =ce if y purpose1 fir/ ( all1 to exam9e ! neighb\rhood 9 :i* y live4 ,don't d s until y h read all t has be5 writt5 ab\t x1 & exam9$ all ! available maps & sections4 ,?is advice h[ev]1 applies m p>ticul>ly to geological exam9ation ( /rata4 ,if y are b5t *iefly on palontological inve/igation1 t is1 on ! /udy ( fossils1 p]haps x w be be/ j to read any publi%$ rem>ks y may h access to1 & !n boldly take ! field = y\rself4 ,9 addition to a hamm]1 we w\ld advise ! "y /ud5t to take a good n>r[-po9t$ /eel *isel1 & a putty-knife4 ,! =m] is v useful = work+ r\nd1 & ev5tually obta9+1 any fossil t may h be5 wea!r$ into relief4 ,! latt] is equally s]viceable = clayey rocks or %ales4 ,9 arrang+ ! spoils ( ^! excursions = ! cab9et1 a little c>e & ta/e are requir$4 ,we w suppose y to possess "o ( ^? _m-draw]$ cab9ets :i* c n[ be obta9$ s *eaply4 ,beg9 at ! bottom1 s t ! l[e/ draw]s repres5t ! l[e/-seat$ & olde/ rocks1 & ! upp]mo/ ! mo/ rec5t4 ,if possible1 h an additional cab9et = local geology1 & nev] =get t ! fir/ duty ( a collector is to h 8 own di/rict well repres5t$6 ,a compass ( a few miles w1 9 mo/ cases1 enable him to get a /ore ( fossils or m9]als :i* _c well be obta9$ else:]e4 ,suppos+ he is desir\s ( hav+ ! geological sy/ems well repres5t$1 he c always d s by ! ins]tion ( su* p>agraphs z ^? :i* appe> 9 ! ,ex*ange columns ( ',sci5ce ,gossip4' ,x is by well & ?or\ghly work+ sep>ate localities 9 ?is fa%ion t ! sci5ce ( geology is be/ advanc$4 ,y he> a good deal ab\t ! miss+ l9ks1 & x is an accept$ fact t we1 p]haps1 d n "k a ti! ( ! organic rema9s t =m]ly enjoy$ life4 ,:o kn[s1 !re=e1 b t if y exhau/ y\r di/rict by ! assidu\s collection ( fossils1 y may n come across su* new =ms z may settle _m moot po9ts 9 anci5t & mod]n natural hi/ory8 ,! g5u9e love ( geological /udy is always pretty fairly manife/$ 9 a /ud5t's cab9et4 ,sci5ce1 l *>ity1 beg9s at home4 ,x impels a man to seek & expla9 t :i* is ne>e/ to him1 be=e he attempts ! elucidation ( :at really lies 9 ano!r man's t]ritory6 ,x is n necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld wa/e "t 9 ! field ab\t nam+ or try+ to rememb] ! names ( fossils1 c41 on ! spot4 ,t c be be/ done at home1 & ! pleasure ( collect+ c ?us be spun to its longe/ l5g?4 ,box !m1 pack !m well 7or all y\r lab\r is lo/71 & "n !m at home4 ,or suppos+ y d n possess books :i* c assi/ y 9 nom5clature1 c>ry y\r fossils or m9]als1 j z y f\nd !m1 to ! ne>e/ & be/ local museum1 :]e y w be sure to see ! majority ( !m 9 _! prop] places & ) _! prop] names4 ,copy ^!1 & :5 y arrange y\r specim5s 9 ! cab9et1 ei!r get pr9t$ c>ds ) ! foll[+ head+s-- ,g5us ,species ,=mation ,locality 7:i* c always be obta9$ at a *eap rate f ! ,london deal]s71 or else set to "w & copy !m y\rself 9 a good pla9 h&1 s t !re is no mi/ak+ :at y write4 ,z f> z possible1 9 ea* draw] or draw]s repres5t+ a geological =mation1 arrange y\r specim5s 9 natural-hi/ory ord]--! l[e/ organisms fir/1 gradually asc5d+ to ! high]4 ,by do+ s1 y pres5t geological & zoological relation%ip1 s t !y c be tak5 9 at a glance4 ,y fur!r make y\rself acqua9t$ ) ! relations ( ! fossils 9 a way y nev] w\ld h done1 _h y be5 cont5t to huddle !m toge!r 9 any fa%ion1 s t y _h !m all toge!r4 ,glass-topp$ boxes1 aga91 are v useful 9 ! cab9et1 especially = delicate or fragile fossils1 z p are s ready to take !m 9 _! h&s :5 !y are %[n1 little ?9k+ h[ soon a *]i%$ r>ity may be de/roy$1 nev] to be replac$4 ,pa/ebo>d trays1 made ( /iff gre5 pap]1 squ>$ by ! /ud5t accord+ to size1 c also be s arrang$ z t ! draw] may be entirely fill$1 & s ! dang] ( %ak+ ! cont5ts ab\t may be remov$4 ,ea* tray ( fossils ought to h ! above-m5tion$ label fa/5$ d[n 9 su* a way z t x _c by accid5t get *ang$ by removal4 ,! spr+ & summ] "t are fa/ approa*+1 & we "k ( no?+ t w s mu* assi/ 9 _! rational enjoym5t z ! adoption ( "s /udy 9 natural sci5ce4 ,botany1 entomology1 orni?ology1 geology1 are all heal?-af=d+1 nature-lov+ pursuits4 ,we h pass$ "s ( ! v happie/ mom5ts ( our lives 9 solit>y qu>ries1 or on gre5 hill-sides1 ,! _w =gett+1 by ! _w =got6 ,!re1 amid ! wreck ( =m] creations1 & ) ! glory ( ! pres5t "o ar\nd u1 we h yield$ to ! delici\s s5se ( rev]ie1 su* z c only be begott5 "u su* circum/ances4 ,! %ady side ( ! qu>ry has scre5$ u f sol> heat1 &1 :il/ ! air has be5 melodi\s ) a ?\s& voices1 we h made p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! num]\s objects ( ,god's creation1 animals & plants4 ,h[ apt are ! ?\ghts ( ! poet ,crabbe1 & h[ well d !y convey ! feel+ ( ! "y geologi/ 9 su* places3 ,x is a lonely place1 & at ! side ,rises a m\nta9 rock 9 rugg$ pride2 ,& 9 t rock are %apes ( %ells1 & =ms ,( creatures 9 old worlds1 & nameless worms2 ,:ole g5]ations liv$ & di$1 ere man1 ,a worm ( o!r class1 to crawl began4 ,,ii4 ,,bones4 ,by ,edw>d ,f5tone ,elw91 ,caius ,college4 ,:y is x t ! /ud5ts ( ,o/eology are s few 9 numb]8 ,x is a bran* ( sci5ce :i* (f]s a wide field = orig9al rese>*1 & "o 9 :i* at e /ep "o's int]e/ mu/ get m & m engross$4 ,x is a bran* ( sci5ce 9 :i* a suffici5t portion ( its elem5ts may be rapidly le>n$1 9 ord] to set ! /ud5t fairly on 8 road4 ,! b>ri]s :i* surr\nd x are few3 t is to say1 ! te*nical b>ri]s are few4 ,_m p :o want to occupy !mselves ) sci5tific /udy are det]r$1 because ( ! feel+ t !re are s _m labori\s prelim9>ies to be gone ?r\gh be=e !y c beg9 to take any real pleasure 9 ! pursuit4 ,n[1 9 ,o/eology x is true t a wide & really almo/ unexplor$ field lies op5 be=e "o1 b ! equipm5ts necess>y to fit "o = "o's j\rney are easily atta9$4 ,! fir/ /ep is to get ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) "s "o typical specim51 z a /&>d ( comp>ison = all future "w4 ,x matt]s little :at species is tak52 :i*ev] comes mo/ conv5i5t4 ,"s famili> mammal ( fair size is ! be/4 ,! dog is z good z any1 & easy to obta94 ,!re ought nev] to be any real difficulty 9 gett+ a suitable specim54 ,if exp5se is no object1 ! simple/ way is to get a prep>ation1 set up s z readily to take to pieces1 at any ( ! bone-pres]v]s' %ops 9 ,london4 ,"o l ?is co/s only a mod]ate sum1 & is1 ( c\rse1 ! lea/ tr\ble1 al?\gh ! mann] 9 :i* pr(essionals prep>e _! bones is n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,b we may reg>d ?is z some?+ 9 ! light ( a luxury2 & x is n h>d to prep>e "o's own specim5s1 provid$ we d n m9d a little manipulation ) unsav\ry objects4 ,i h giv5 h9ts z to ! be/ me?od by :i* ?is may be done 9 v>i\s pages ( ',sci5ce-,gossip4',a ,( c\rse1 z "o's "w gets on1 "o ne$s fur!r specim5s1 b ,i d n ?9k t anyone :o keeps 8 eyes op5 ne$ be at a loss 9 ?is matt]4 ,i h pick$ up sev]al admirable bones ready clean$ by ! w9d & wea!r1 & _m slightly damag$ ones may be got at naturali/s' %ops = small sums1 :i* are almo/ z good z ! p]fect ones = an obs]v]'s purposes4 ,ev5 s+le & isolat$ bones are (t5 v in/ructive4 ,a ',sci5ce-,gossip' = #ahgc1 p4 #ci2 = #ahgd1 p4 #bbf4 ,b ! fir/ ma9 po9t is t ( gett+ ! =ms1 peculi>ities1 names1 & positions ( ! bones ( "o skeleton fully impress$ on ! /ud5t's m9d4 ,z to ! books :i* are to help him to d ?is1 x is v h>d to "k :at to recomm5d4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 !re is no really lum9\s book on o/eology 9 exi/5ce4 ,s f> z le>n+ ! names & peculi>ities ( ! bones1 no?+ c\ld be bett] or m to ! purpose ?an ,fl[]'s ',o/eology ( ! ,mammalia'2 b ?is treats only ( "o class1 & does n get beyond te*nical description4 ,! fir/ & second volumes ( ,ow5's ',comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates' fill ! gap ! be/ ( any1 & yet ^! are by no means :at we really want4 ,!re is a good deal ab\t bones 9 ,huxley's ',anatomy ( ,v]tebrat$ ,animals1' b 9 su* a fragm5t>y & scatt]$ =m z to be ( little use4 ,! fact is1 ! field is yet op5 = an ,o/eological ,manual4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,pages ( precise & accurate description1 beautiful & arti/ic %eets ( plates ( bones )\t numb]1 c be se5 9 any sci5tific libr>y4 ,b ?is is only half ! matt]4 ,we want to advance a /ep f>!r4 ,x is ! relation betwe5 /ructure & function :i* ne$s work+ out4 ,:5 a new bone f9ds its way into ! /ud5t's h&s1 he obs]ves "s peculi>ity 9 %ape or /ructure 9 :i* x diff]s f ! bones he is already acqua9t$ )2 ! "q naturally occurs to him1 ,:y does ?is bone assume "o %ape 9 "o animal1 & 9 ano!r is modifi$ into a diff]5t =m8 ,he may look 9 va9 9 8 books = an answ] to 8 qu]y4 ,& yet x is po9ts l ^! :i*1 9 my op9ion1 make up ! true sci5ce ( ,o/eology4 ,x is ?r\gh c>eful1 con/ant1 & intellig5t obs]vation1 t ^! enigmas are to be solv$4 ,obs]vation1 indoors & out2 close att5tion to ! habits ( ! animal 9 "q1 on ! "o h&1 & c>eful consid]ation ( its anatomical peculi>ities1 on ! o!r4 ,let me give an in/ance ( ?is1 fir/ ( all tak+ x z an axiom t ev]y?+ has be5 done ) a purpose4 ,take1 !n1 ! skull ( a crocodile4 ,:at d we f9d8 ,! orbits ( ! eyes1 ! nasal orifice1 ! passages lead+ to ! auditory app>atus1 all situat$ on a plane1 along ! upp] flatt5$ surface ( ! head4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! cause ( ?is8 ,palpably to all[ ! crocodile to rema9 subm]g$ 9 ! wat]1 ) its nose1 eyes1 & e>s j above ! surface to w>n him ( ! approa* ( enemies or prey1 & ! re/ ( 8 c>case securely hidd5 b5ea? ! wat]s4 ,take ano!r in/ance4 ,obs]ve ! habits ( a mole4 ,) :at rapidity x burr[s und]gr\nd1 %ovell+ away ! e>? ) its =e feet4 ,!n look at its skeleton4 ,we f9d j :at we %\ld h expect$4 ,! bones ( its =e legs ( a/\nd+ /r5g? & bread?1 furni%$ ) deep grooves1 :i*1 toge!r ) its /]num or brea/bone1 :i* is furni%$ ) a keel almo/ l t ( ! /]num ( a bird1 af=d atta*m5t to ! p[]ful muscles4 ,its h9d legs1 be+ simply ne$$ = locomotion1 are ( ! normal size4 ,s1 also1 ) ! birds4 ,! size ( ! keel ( ! /]num v>ies 9 proportion to ! p[]s ( flight :i* ea* species requires1 = x is to ! broad surfaces ( ! /]num t ! great w+-muscles are atta*$4 ,take ! skeleton ( a humm+bird1 :i* sp5ds its life almo/ ^u ! w+4 ,we f9d !re a keel ( s va/ a size1 t ! rema9d] ( ! skeleton is r$uc$ to insignificance 9 comp>ison4 ,( c\rse1 ^! in/ances t ,i h giv5 are all ( ! mo/ obvi\s nature1 b !y s]ve to %[ my mean+2 & ! same l9e ( reason+ c1 ,i am sure1 be ext5d$ to all ! m m9ute po9ts 9 o/eological /ructure4 ,9 ^! rese>*es1 "o is soon /ruck by ! fact t 9 ! modifications 9 v>i\s bones1 or sets ( bones1 9 accordance ) ! habits ( ea* animal1 ! orig9al type is nev] dep>t$ f1 only modifi$4 ,see1 = example1 ! paddle ( a :ale4 ,m l ! f9 ( a fi% 9 g5]al appe>ance1 & yet ! same set ( bones :i* are f\nd 9 ! arm ( a man1 are aga9 f\nd 9 an adapt$ =m 9 ! paddle ( ! :ale4 ,s1 also1 ! =e leg ( a horse pres]ves ! same g5]al plan4 ,:at is g5]ally call$ its knee is 9 reality its wri/4 ,x is !re t we f9d ! little gr\p ( bones :i* =ms ! c>pus4 ,all bel[ x answ]s to our h&--a h& consi/+ ( "o f+]4 ,take ev5 a wid] in/ance4 ,comp>e ! arm ( a man & ! w+ ( a bird4 ,/ill great] adaptations h tak5 place1 & yet ! plan rema9s ! same4 ,we /ill f9d ! clavicle or coll>-bone1 ! scapula or %\ld]-blade1 ! hum]us1 ulna1 & radius1 answ]+ to ! same bones ( our arm1 a small c>pus or wri/1 & f9ally ! phalanges or f+]s1 simplifi$ & l5g!n$ & an*ylos$ to =m b "o s]ies ( bone1 ) ! exception ( a rudim5t>y ?umb4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d a rudim5t>y bone l ?is :i* 9 "s alli$ species is fully develop$4 ,! leg ( ! horse aga9 gives u a v /rik+ example ( ?is4 ,!re is1 s to speak1 only a s+le f+]1 b we f9d1 "o on ea* side ( ?is s+le f+]1 two small bones1 commonly kn[n only z spl9t-bones4 ,^! are ! rudim5t>y traces ( ! same f+]-bones1 :i* 9 ! rh9oc]os are fully develop$4 ,n[ ,o/eology ab\nds 9 wond]ful =ms ( /ructure l ^!4 ,x is a /udy pregnant ) pleasurable results1 & is a real pr(itable /udy1 & "o 9 :i* ea* fre% /ud5t may d real solid "w4 ,x is all ! little facts obs]v$ by naturali/s f "t to "t all ov] ! _w1 :i* on be+ collect$ toge!r =m ! nucleus ( k2 = inde$ all ! sci5tific k :i* we possess is little m ?an a nucleus1 ) :i* we are suppli$4 ,! m]e collector ( curi\s objects 9 no way fur!rs sci5ce4 ,pl5ty ( p h amass$ beautiful collections ( insects int]e/+ 9 _! way1 b ( v transi5t int]e/ if x goes no f>!r4 ,! collector possibly kn[s no?+ at all ( ! wond]ful int]nal /ructure ( ! animals he pres]ves4 ,8 insects are to him simply a mosaic--a collection ( pretty works ( art4 ,s also ! %ell-collector--= ,i _c call su* a "o z ,i describe a con*ologi/--has (t51 ,i believe1 ! mo/ vague ideas ( :at k9d ( animals !y 7 t dwelt 9 ! cases he s c>efully treasures1 & 8 collection is consequ5tly ( a dubi\s wor? to him4 ,n[1 to ^? :o /udy ! anatomy ( ! mollusc z well z its %ell1 su* a collection is full ( ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,he has le>nt f 8 dissections t ! habits ( e v>iety ( mollusc are accompani$ by a v>iety ( /ructure1 :i* occasions a v>iety 9 ! %ape ( ! case :i* envelopes x4 ,x all bl5ds toge!r1 & =ms a h>moni\s :ole4 ,) a real love = sci5ce1 z d\btless "s ( ^! collectors h1 "o is sorry to see s mu* "t & money wa/$ on a pursuit :i* 9 _! h&s yields no fruit ( any wor?4 ,! "w ( ! m]e collector c only be class$ ) t ( ! compil] ( a /amp-album4 ,:]eas1 collections ( natural objects1 comb9$ ) intellig5t /udy1 are invaluable & almo/ indisp5sable to ! naturali/4 ,9 ,mr4 ,*iv]s's note on ,pres]v+ ,animals1 ,no4 #aag ( ',sci5ce-,gossip1' ! foll[+ passage occurs3--,! skeleton mu/ be put 9 an airy place to dry1 b n 9 ! sun or ne> ! fire1 z t w turn ! bones a bad col\r4 ,i _c compreh5d h[ ?is idea %\ld h aris54 ,p]haps ! mo/ indisp5sable assi/ant to ! skeleton prep>] is t v sun :i* ,mr4 ,*iv]s w>ns him aga9/4 ,! blea*+ p[] ( ! rays ( a hot summ] sun is a/\nd+1 & bones ( ! mo/ inf]ior col\r c rapidly be turn$ to a beautiful :ite by ?is means4 ,x is = want ( "t & c>e 9 foll[+ out ?is me?od t ! pr(essional skeleton prep>]s 9 ,london resort to ! aid ( lime1 :i*1 al?\gh x makes !m :ite1 is t]ribly detrim5tal to ! bones !mselves4 ,9 a smoky city l ,london1 ! pr9ciple ( sun-blea*+ w\ld be h>d to foll[2 b s great is its value1 t m ?an once ,i h _h valuable specim5s s5t d[n to me 9 ! c\ntry1 by a comp>ative anatomi/ 9 ,london1 to und]go a c\rse ( sun-blea*+2 & a specim5 :i* ,i h receiv$ /a9$ & blot*$1 ,i h return$ ( a beautiful uni=m :ite1 a *ange entirely due to t sun :i* we are told to bew>e (4 ,! "q1 ,h[ are skeletons to be prep>$8 is "o :i* is repeat$ly ask$4 ,p desire a me?od by :i* ) little tr\ble ! fle% may be remov$ f a specim51 & a beautiful skeleton ( ivory :it5ess left /&+ 9 its natural position4 ,i c assure all su* inquir]s t ?is _c be accompli%$ by any me?od at all4 ,! art ( prep>+ bones is a long1 elaborate1 & difficult "o1 & he :o wi%es to become a pr(ici5t 9 x mu/ be alike reg>dless to ! mo/ unpleasant od\rs1 & to h&l+ ! mo/ repulsive objects4 ,mr4 ,*iv]s's receipt = ! mac]ation ( specim5s is ab\t ! be/ :i* "o c\ld h1 only ,i %\ld n advise s frequ5t a *ange ( ! wat]4 ,:at is ne$$ is z rapid a decomposition ( ! fle% z is possible1 & !n ! clean+ ( ! skeleton j be=e ! h>d] ligam5ts h also dissolv$4 ,b ?is requires v c>eful wat*+1 & ) ! utmo/ pa9s x is almo/ impossible to get a skeleton entirely connect$ by its own ligam5ts4 ,ano!r po9t :i* mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation is ?is3 ,:at use is to be made ( ! specim5s aft] !y are prep>$8 ,are !y = purposes ( real /udy1 or simply z curi\s objects to look at8 ,if ! latt] is ! purpose1 ,i mu/ confess ,i d n ?9k !y are wor? ! tr\ble ( prep>+4 ,if ! =m] is ! object = :i* !y are int5d$1 !n ,i ?9k no c>e or pa9s are ?r[n away4 ,b = ! real /ud5t ( ,o/eology ! sep>at$ bones1 z a rule1 are f> m valuable ?an ^? :i* are connect$4 ,he ne$s "o or two set up = purposes ( ref]5ce1 b ! great bulk ( 8 specim5s %\ld be sep>ate bones4 ,o/eology is "o ( ! mo/ delightful bran*es ( comp>ative anatomy1 & "o n v h>d to ma/]4 ,let anyone try ! exp]im5t by gett+ toge!r a few bones--& ^? f ! rabbit or ! p>tridge we h _h = d9n] are by no means to be despis$--& !n1 by pur*as+ ,fl[]'s ',o/eology ( ! ,mammalia1' :i* is a *eap & fir/-rate book1 he w le>n :at ! /udy ( ! skeleton really is4 ,& !n let him be on ! look-out = specim5s ( all k9ds on all occasions1 br++ home all suitable objects he meets ) 9 8 walks1 h[ev] unsav\ry !y may be1 & he w be a/oni%$ to f9d h[ _m specim5s he w get toge!r 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,i h n[ myself upw>ds ( sev5ty skulls ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) (t5 ! re/ ( ! skeleton z well1 ! great] "p ( :i* 7 gradually collect$1 by keep+ con/antly on ! wat* = !m1 )9 a ye> & a half4 ,,iii4 ,,birds' ,,eggs4 ,by ,?omas ,s\?well1 ,f4,z4,s41 etc4 ,i c imag9e no bran* ( natural hi/ory m fasc9at+ 9 its nature1 or m calculat$ to attract ! att5tion ( ! "y1 ?an ! /udy ( ! ne/s & eggs ( birds2 ! beauty ( ! /ructure ( ! "o1 & ( ! =m & col\r ( ! o!rs1 _c fail to excite wond] & admiration2 & ! int]e/ ?us excit$1 if rightly direct$1 may1 & inde$ has1 9 _m in/ances1 l$ to ! developm5t ( t passionate love = all nature's works1 t c>eful & pati5t _s ( inve/igation1 & t deep love = tru? :i* %\ld all be *>act]i/ics ( ! true naturali/4 ,:o c look back ^u ! days1 p]haps long pass$ away1 :5 z a s*ool-boy he w&]$ ?r\gh ! woods & fields1 almo/ e /ep unfold+ to him "s new wond]1 "s fre% beauty--glimpses ( a _w ( wond]s only wait+ to be explor$--:o c look back to su* a "t )\t feel+ t 9 ^? w&]+s !re dawn$ ^u 8 m9d a s\rce ( happ9ess :i* 9 its purity & int5sity ranks high among/ ^? e>?ly pleasures we are p]mitt$ to enjoy1 & :i* has influ5c$ him = good 9 all ! *anges :i* h s9ce come ^u him1 light5+ ! captivity ( ! sick room1 & add+ fre% brightness to ! enjoym5ts ( heal?4 ,betwe5 ! true naturali/ & ! m]e collector !re is a wide gap1 & ,i tru/ t none = :om ,i am writ+ w all[ !mselves to drift into ! latt] class2 ! incalculable mis*ief wr\ght by ^? :o assi/ 9 ! ext]m9ation ( r>e & local species by buy+ up e egg ( a c]ta9 species :i* c be obta9$1 = ! m]e purpose ( ex*ange1 _c be too mu* deprecat$1 & ,i hope t none ( my read]s w be s guilty2 to !m ! pleasures ( wat*+ ! ne/+ habits ( ! bird1 ! dilig5t se>* & ! successful f9d are unkn[n2 ! eggs 9 su* a cab9et are m]e egg-%ells1 & n objects pregnant ) int]e/1 recall+ _m a happy ramble1 & _m a h>dly-e>n$ rew>d 9 ! discov]y ( facts & habits be=e unkn[n4 ,e naturali/ mu/ be m or less a collector1 b ! naturali/ %\ld always be c>eful ( drift+ into ! collector1 8 note-book & 8 telescope %\ld be 8 con/ant & h>mless companions4 ,:5 ! writ] fir/ comm5c$ 8 collection1 ! mode ( prep>+ ! specim5s = ! cab9et 0 v rude inde$1 & ! me?od ( arrang+ equally bad2 he is sorry to say ! popul> books ^u ! subject :i* he has se5 d n pres5t any v great improvem5t2 9 giv+ ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 & ! plan pursu$ by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ oologi/s ( ! day1 :o h k9dly all[$ him to expla9 ! me?ods !y adopt1 he w1 he tru/s1 save n only mu* useless lab\r1 b _m valuable specim5s4 ,be=e say+ a ^w z to prep>+ specim5s = ! cab9et1 ,i wi% to impress ^u ! "y oologi/ ! absolute necessity = us+ ! greate/ c>e & dilig5ce 9 ord] satisfactorily to id5tify1 beyond possibility ( d\bt1 e specim51 be=e he admits x to 8 collection4 ,)\t su* precautions1 :at might o!rwise be a valuable collection is absolutely wor?less2 & x is bett] to h a small collection ( au!ntic specim5s ?an a mu* l>g] "o1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is n p]fectly satisfactory2 9 fact1 x is a good rule to bani% f ! cab9et e egg :i* is op5 to ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,!re are "s eggs :i*1 :5 mix$1 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ oologi/ w f9d x impossible to sep>ate ) c]ta9ty1 & :i* _c be id5tifi$ :5 once !y are remov$ f ! ne/4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( au!ntication are by no means slight1 b space w n all[ me to dwell ^u !m2 ! mo/ ready means1 h[ev]1 is t ( wat*+ ! old bird to ! ne/1 al?\gh ev5 9 ?is1 z ! collector w f9d by exp]i5ce1 !re is a c]ta9 liability to error4 ,9 collect+ abroad x w be f\nd absolutely necess>y 7h[ev] reluctant we may be to sacrifice life7 to procure "o ( ! p>5ts ) ! ne/ & eggs4 ,z we are writ+ = beg9n]s at home1 we tru/ su* a measure w r>ely be necess>y2 b t an accurate k ( ! appe>ance ( ! bird1 its ne/+ habits1 ! situation1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* ! ne/ is compos$1 w be f\nd amply suffici5t to id5tify ! eggs ( our famili> birds4 ,?is k ( c\rse is only to be obta9$ by pati5t & long obs]vation2 b x is j by su* means t ! /ud5t obta9s ! practical insight into ! habits & peculi>ities ( ! objects ( 8 /udy1 toge!r ) ! c>eful & exact me?od ( record+ 8 obs]vations1 :i* ev5tually enables him to take 8 place among/ ! m sev]ely sci5tific naturali/s :om he desires to emulate4 ,i w fir/ describe ! tools requir$1 & !n proce$ to ! mode ( us+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,drills = p]=at+ ,birds' ,eggs4 ,figs4 #d & #e are drills us$ = mak+ ! hole 9 ! side ( ! egg1 f :i* ! cont5ts are dis*>g$ by means ( ! bl[pipe1 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #d has a /eel po9t1 brass f]rule1 & ebony h&le1 & may be us$ = eggs up to ! size ( ! wood-pigeon's2 ,fig4 #e is all /eel1 ! h&le octagonal1 to give a firm hold to ! f+]s 9 turn+ x1 & may be us$ = eggs f ! size ( ! wood-pigeon's upw>ds4 ,! po9ts ( bo? are f9ely cut l ! tee? ( a file1 z %[n 9 ! woodcut4 ,! bl[pipe1 ,fig4 #f1 is ab\t #e-a_/b in*es 9 l5g? 7measur$ along ! curve71 & is made ( ,g]man silv]1 :i* f its cleanl9ess1 lightness1 & fre$om f corrosion1 w be f\nd ! mo/ suitable3 x %\ld be light & tap]+1 & ) a r+ at ! upp] end to prev5t x f slipp+ out ( ! m\? :5 us$4 ,a piece ( ?9 wire1 ,fig4 #g1 %\ld be kept 9 ! tube :5 n 9 use1 to prev5t x f becom+ /opp$ up by any =eign sub/ance4 ,a common jewell]'s bl[pipe may be us$ = l>ge eggs1 su* z ^? ( gulls & ducks4 ,fig4 #h is a small glass bulb-tube1 :i* may be us$ = suck+ out ! cont5ts ( v delicate eggs1 & o!r purposes1 :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,! small drill & bl[pipe may be c>ri$ inside ! cov] ( ! note-books4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,g]man-silv] ,bl[pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,wire = un/opp+ ditto4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,glass ,bulb-tube1 = suck+ eggs4 ,! soon] a fre% egg is empti$ ( its cont5ts aft] x is tak5 f ! ne/ ! bett]4 ,?is %\ld be done by mak+ a hole 9 ! side ) ! drill 7*oos+ ! side :i* is lea/ conspicu\sly m>k$7 by work+ x g5tly backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb1 & tak+ great c>e n to press too heavily1 or ! egg w bur/ ) ! outw>d pressure ( ! drill3 a v small hole w g5]ally be f\nd suffici5t4 ,:5 ?is is done1 take ! egg 9 ! left h& ) ! hole d[nw>ds1 introduce ! bl[pipe1 by bl[+ g5tly ?r\gh :i*1 ! cont5ts may soon be =c$ out4 ,wat] %\ld !n be introduc$ by means ( a syr+e or ! bulb-tube1 :i* may be fill$ & bl[n into ! egg4 ,aft] %ak+1 bl[ ! wat] out aga9 by means ( ! bl[pipe2 repeat ?is till ! egg is free f any rema9s ( ! yolk or :ite3 %\ld ! egg n be q fre%1 x w require m wa%+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to wet ! surface ( ! egg z little z possible4 ,aft] wa%+ ! int]ior1 lay ! egg1 ) ! hole d[nw>ds1 on a pad ( blott+-pap] to dra9 till x is q dry4 ,%\ld ! eggs be mu* incubat$1 ,i %\ld recomm5d t ! old birds be left to complete _! lab\r ( love2 b a valuable egg may be made available by c>efully cutt+ a piece out ( ! side1 extract+ ! "y "o1 &1 aft] replac+ ! piece ( %ell ) /rong gum-wat]1 cov]+ ! jo9 ) a slip ( v ?9 silk-pap]1 :i* may be t9t$ s z to resemble ! egg1 & w sc>cely be notic$4 ,?is is a v r\gh way ( proce$+1 h[ev]1 comp>$ ) ,pr(essor ,newton's plan ( gumm+ sev]al ?icknesses ( f9e pap] ov] ! side ( ! egg to /r5g!n x1 ?r\gh :i* ! hole is drill$3 ! "y *ick is !n cut into small pieces by means ( suitable in/rum5ts1 & ! pieces remov$ ) o!rs3,b ! pap] is !n damp$ & remov$ f ! egg4 ,b ,sugge/ions = =m+ ,collections ( ,birds' ,eggs4 ,by ,pr(essor ,newton4 ,writt5 = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 & republi%$ by ,newman1 #i1 ,devon%ire ,/reet1 ,bi%opsgate4 ,! old plan ( mak+ two holes 9 ! side ( ! egg is v objectionable3 a hole at ea* end is /ill worse4 ,_m eggs w\ld be completely spoil$ by wa%+2 none improv$4 ,!re is no necessity = wa%+ at all1 except su* z are v fil?y1 & ^! eggs 7:i* y may be sure are n fre%7 are n su* z %\ld be will+ly accept$ z specim5s3 a little dirt only adds to ! natural appe>ance ( ! egg2 wa%+ 9 mo/ cases c]ta9ly does n4 ,nev] use v>ni% to ! %ell2 x imp>ts a gloss :i* is n natural3 all eggs %\ld n h a poli%$ appe>ance l ^? ( ! ,woodpeck]4 ,%\ld ! yolk be dri$ to ! side ( ! egg1 a solution ( c>bonate ( soda %\ld be introduc$3 let x rema9 till ! cont5ts are s(t5$1 !n bl[ out & wa% well4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to all[ ! solution to come 9 contact ) ! outside ( ! egg4 ,hav+ bl[n ! egg1 & all[$ ! inside to become q dry1 procure "s ?9 silk-pap] gumm$ on "o side1 & ) a h>ness-mak]'s pun* cut out a numb] ( little tickets suitable to ! size ( ! hole 9 ! egg1 moi/5 "o ( ^!1 & place x ) ! gum side d[nw>ds ov] ! hole1 s z to q cov] x2 cov] ! ticket ) a coat ( v>ni%1 :i* w r5d] x air-tight & prev5t its be+ affect$ by moi/ure4 ,! egg ?us treat$ w h all ! appe>ance ( a p]fect specim51 & if kept f ! light w suff] v little f fad+4 ,! note-book has be5 m5tion$4 ,?is %\ld be a con/ant companion2 no?+ %\ld be left to memory4 ,:5 an egg is tak51 a tempor>y p5cil numb] %\ld at once be plac$ ^u x1 & ?is numb] %\ld correspond ) ! numb] atta*$ to an entry 9 ! note-book1 describ+ ! ne/ 7if n remov$71 its situation1 numb] ( eggs1 day ( mon?1 & any o!r p>ticul> ( int]e/4 ,:5 ! egg is ready = ! cab9et1 z mu* ( ?is in=mation 7c]ta9ly1 "n1 date1 & locality7 %\ld be indelibly m>k$ ^u x z conv5i5tly c be done 7neatly1 ( c\rse1 & on ! "u side72 also ! numb] ref]r+ to ! collector's g5]al li/ ( 8 collection1 into :i* ! important p>ts ( ! entry f ! note-book %\ld be copi$4 ,nev] tru/ to gumm$ labels1 :i* are always liable to come (f2 by writ+ ! necess>y p>ticul>s ^u ! egg itself !re c be no confusion or mi/ake4 ,mo/ collectors h _! own plan ( catalogu+ _! collection4 ,i h adopt$ ! foll[+1 :i* ,i f9d to answ] v well4 ,obta9 a blank pap] book ! size ( common lett]-pap]1 rule a horizontal l9e across ! c5tre ( ea* page1 & make a complete li/ ( ,briti% birds1 plac+ only two names on ea* page1 "o at ! head ( ea* division1 prefix+ a progressive numb] to ea* "n3 ?is numb] is to agree ) t m>k$ on ! egg ( ! species nam$4 ,!n foll[ ! locality :5ce ! egg came1 by :om tak5 7if n by myself71 or h[ x came into my possession1 ) any o!r p>ticul> wor?y ( note4 ,) all eggs receiv$ 9 ex*ange or o!rwise1 ?is note %\ld1 if possible1 be obta9$ 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! p]son f :om !y are receiv$1 & ! slip on :i* x is writt5 be affix$ 9 ! book "u ! numb]4 ,:5 specim5s ( ! eggs ( ! same species are obta9$ f v>i\s localities1 ^? f ea* locality %\ld be di/+ui%$ by a lett] prefix$ to ! numb]4 ,! plan w be bett] und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! foll[+ extract3 #fb4 ,great ,s$ge-w>bl] 7,sylvia turtoides1 ,mey]74 #fb4 ,receiv$ ( ----1 f ! cab9et ( ,mr4 ----4 a#fb4 ,tak5 by ----1 a s]vant ( ----1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,t\greep1 ne> ,valk5swa>d1 9 ! s\? ( ,holl&1 on ! #i? ( ,june1 #ahee4 ,! birds may be he>d a long way (f by _! incessant ,k>a1 ,k>a1 ,k>a4 ,a few ye>s ago n "o 0 to be f\nd ne> ,valk5swa>d4 ,a4 ,b---- b#fb4 ,b\ght at ,antw]p 9 ,augu/1 #ahfe4 ,x_/ 99 99 99 99 99 #aah4 ,mealy ,r$-pole 7,fr+illa borealis1 ,tem474 #aah4 ,nyborg1 at ! head ( ,msk ,fjord 7"o ( ! two bran*es into :i* ,v>ang] ,fjord divides71 ,ea/ ,f9m>k1 ,norway1 ,july1 #ahee4 ,! birds 7 v pl5tiful1 & only "o species se51 :i* appe>s q id5tical ) t :i* visits ,engl& e w9t]4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e---- ,by means ( ^! entries1 & ! correspond+ numb] on ! egg1 mi/akes are impossible1 & ! "n & hi/ory ( ea* egg w\ld be q z well kn[n to a /rang] z to ! possessor4 ,x ne$s n to be said t ?is catalogue is replete ) ! deepe/ int]e/ to its compil]4 ,9 x he sees ! record ( _m a holiday trip & _m a successful f9d4 ,"s ( ! entries 9 my own regi/]--! e>lie/ date back five-&-tw5ty ye>s--are memorials ( companions long s9ce dead1 or sep>at$ by roll+ oceans1 b on ^: e>ly fri5d%ip x is a pleasure to dwell4 ,no?+ c be m vexati\s & disappo9t+ ?an ! receipt ( a box ( valuable eggs 9 a sma%$ or injur$ condition f want ( c>e or k ( ! prop] me?od ( pack+4 ,a simple me?od is recomm5d$ by ,pr(essor ,newton1 :i*1 f exp]i5ce1 ,i c confid5tly recomm5d3--,roll ea* egg 9 t[1 wool1 or "s ela/ic mat]ial1 & pack !m closely 9 a /\t box1 leav+ no vacant place = !m to %ake2 or a lay] ( s(t mat]ial may be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! box1 & ^u x a lay] ( eggs1 ea* "o wrapp$ loosely 9 old newspap]2 ^u ?is ano!r lay] ( wool or moss1 !n aga9 eggs1 & pack+ alt]nately until ! box is q full4 ,bran1 sawdu/1 c41 %\ld nev] be us$2 & x %\ld be asc]ta9$ t ! box is q fill$1 s t no %ak+ or settlem5t c occur4 ,almo/ e collector has 8 own plan = con/ruct+ 8 cab9et1 & display+ 8 collection4 ,! beg9n]1 if left to himself1 w f9d x a matt] ( no small difficulty1 & _m w be ! *anges be=e he arrives at "o at all satisfactory4 ,mr4 ,osb]t ,salv9 has inv5t$ a plan :i* ,i ?9k z ne> p]fection z x is possible to arrive at1 & ?r\gh 8 k9dness ,i am enabl$ to give a brief description ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 8 cab9ets are s con/ruct$ t ! draw]s1 ( diff]5t dep?s1 are int]*angeable4 ,?is is effect$ by plac+ ! runn]s1 :i* c>ry ! draw]s1 at a fix$ di/ance f ea* o!r & mak+ ! dep? ( ea* draw] a multiple ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! runn]s4 ,= example3 if ! runn]s are ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* (f ea* o!r1 !n let ! draw]s be #a-a_/b1 #b-a_/d1 #c1 #c-c_/d1 #d-a_/b1 c41 in*es deep4 ,all ^! draw]s w be p]fectly int]*angeable1 & a draw] deep en\gh to hold an o/ri*'s egg c 9 a few mom5ts be plac$ among/ ^? conta9+ w>bl]s'3 e requirem5t ( expansion & re>rangem5t w be va/ly facilitat$1 involv+ none ( ^? radical *anges s worry+ to a collector4,c ,mr4 ,salv9's plan ( arrang+ ! eggs is equally simple1 & admits ( any am\nt ( *ange ) v little tr\ble4 ,ea* draw] is divid$ longitud9ally by ?9 slips ( wood into ?ree or m p>ts1 ab\t #d to #f in*es across1 z may be conv5i5t2 a numb] ( slid+ /ages are !n con/ruct$ ( c>dbo>d1 by cutt+ ! c>dbo>d half ?r\gh1 at exactly ! wid? ( ! p>tition1 & b5d+ ! sides d[n to raise ! /age to ! requir$ height4 ,a section ( "o ( ^! /ages w be se5 9 ,fig4 #i1 & ! arrangem5t 9 ! draw] at ,fig4 #aj4 ,a numb] ( oval holes are !n to be cut by h&1 or ) a wadd+-pun* ( suitable size 7alt]$ 9 %ape by hamm]+71 & a ?9 lay] ( cotton-wool gumm$ on ! upp] surface ( ! /age3 ! holes1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be suitable 9 size to ! egg !y are int5d$ to receive4 ,betwe5 ^! /ages slid+ p>titions mu/ be plac$3 ^! %\ld be made ( j suffici5t height t ! horizontal "p may fit closely on ! wool1 z %[n at ,fig4 #i4 ,^! p>titions %\ld be made ( ?9 wood = ! upright "p1 along :i* a horizontal /rip ( c>dbo>d is to be fa/5$ ) glue1 on :i* is to be plac$ a label be>+ ! "n ( ! species ( egg display$ on ! /age1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,all ?is w be bett] und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! figures4 ,c ,( c\rse1 cab9ets ?us con/ruct$ w be f\nd equally conv5i5t = collections ( bird-sk9s1 fossils1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,section ( ,slid+ ,/age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,cab9et ,draw] on ,mr4 ,salv9's plan4 ,fig4 #i repres5ts a longitud9al section ( "o ( ! /ages 9 its place1 ) ! ends ( ! two next2 #a1 %[+ ! c>dbo>d /age2 #b1 ! cotton-wool2 #c1 ! slid+ p>tition2 & #d1 ! horizontal slip ( c>dbo>d to c>ry ! label4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts "o ( ! draw]s on ,mr4 ,salv9's plan3 x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts 7#a1 #b1 #c7 by fix$ p>titions4 ,no4 #a is repres5t$ empty2 ,no4 #b ) ! specim5s arrang$2 ,no4 #c ) two /ages & two ( ! movable p>titions4 ,?is may appe> v complicat$ at fir/ sight1 b a few trials w be suffici5t to ma/] ! details1 & ! result w be v beautiful if neatly c>ri$ out4 ,! eggs are well %[n1 n liable to fall out ( _! places1 & x is v little tr\ble to alt] ! arrangem5t1 e "p be+ movable4 ,ea* draw] %\ld be cov]$ by a %eet ( glass to exclude du/4 ,mr4 ,salv9's cab9et is an excell5t "o = hold+ ! ne/s ( birds1 :i* %\ld be remov$ ) z little damage z possible1 & plac$ 9 ! draw]s1 "u cov] ( glass4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep !m free f mo?1 to :i* !y are v liable2 = ?is purpose !y %\ld be dress$ ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,! "y collector %\ld rememb] t :at is wor? do+ at all is wor? do+ well1 & t ! c>e be/[$ ^u 8 cab9et is n lab\r 9 va92 habits ( exactness & precision ( arrangem5t are absolutely necess>y if he w\ld make ! be/ use ( ! mat]ials :i* come 9 8 way2 &1 above all1 nev] let him deg5]ate into ! m]e collector3 8 collection %\ld be = use1 & n m]ely ornam5tal4 ,,iv4 ,,butt]flies ,,& ,,mo?s4 ,by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,knaggs4 ,! collector ( ,lepidopt]a :o aspires to success mu/ read ! book ( nature z he runs4 ,if he h n ! wit to note & turn to acc\nt ea* little fact :i* may come "u 8 obs]vation1 nei!r he nor sci5ce w be ! bett] = 8 collect+4 ,he %\ld1 :5ev] he makes a capture1 "k ! reason :y1 or he w nev] make a successful hunt]4 ,he %\ld be ev] on ! al]t3 8 motto1 nunquam dormio4 ,"s collect = pr(it1 o!rs = pa/ime2 b ! aim ( our read]s1 ,i take x1 is n only to acquire a collection ( really good specim5s1 b also at ! same "t to improve _! m9ds2 & ! be/ way ( effect+ ?is purpose is to hunt ! p]fect insect1 n s mu* = itself z = ! sake ( ! gold5 eggs1 :i*1 ) prop] c>e & att5tion1 w 9 due c\rse yield ! mo/ satisfactory results 9 ! %ape ( br$ specim5s4 ,?is be+ ! case1 & space be+ limit$1 x seems be/ to simply t\* ^u ! prelim9>y /ages ( insect exi/5ce1 po9t+ out z we g ^? me?ods ( collect+ & pres]v+ :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be ! mo/ successful4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t egg-hunt+ is a v pr(itable occupation1 & f> m remun]ative ?an mo/ p dream (1 p>ticul>ly z a means ( acquir+ ! ,sph+es1 ,bombyces1 & ,pseudo-bombyces4 ,eggs1 speak+ g5]ally1 are to be f\nd on ! plants to :i* ! v>i\s species are atta*$2 & a k ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! species rema9s 9 ! egg /ate1 z well z ! appe>ance ( ! eggs z deposit$ 9 nature1 %\ld if possible be acquir$ previ\s to proce$+ to hunt4 ,! mo/ practical way ( asc]ta9+ ! food & "t is to wat* ! p>5t insect 9 ! act ( deposit+ h] ova2 b :5 ! plant has be5 ?us discov]$1 ! be/ way is to capture h]1 & induce h] to lay at our home4 ,:5 eggs are inconspicu\s1 ( small dim5sions1 or artfully conceal$1 ! use ( a magnify+ glass is invaluable4 ,eggs may be pres]v$ by plung+ !m 9 boil+ wat] or pi]c+ !m ) a v f9e ne$le1 or !y may h _! cont5ts squeez$ out & be refill$ by means ( a f9e bl[pipe1 ) "s coagulable t9t$ fluid2 b ! %ells !mselves1 aft] ! escape ( ! l>v1 =m1 :5 m\nt$1 beautiful objects = ! microscope4 ,! ?ree mo/ successful plans ( obta9+ cat]pill>s are se>*+1 beat+1 & sweep+4 ,! fir/ requires good eyesight & a c]ta9 am\nt ( prep>atory k2 ! o!rs are a sort ( happy-g-lucky way ( collect+1 useful en\gh & pr(itable 9 _! way1 b af=d+ a v limit$ scope = ! ex]cise ( ! wits4 ,9 se>*+ = l>v1 ! *ief ?+ is to obs]ve ! indications ( _! pres5ce4 ,a mutilat$ leaf1 a r\gh5$ b>k1 a tumid twig1 a sickly plant1 an unexp&$ bud1 an abortive fl[]1 or a w9dfall fruit1 %\ld at once set u ?9k+ z to ! cause2 or1 aga91 ! webs1 ! silk5 ?reads1 ! burr[+s & trails1 or ! ca/-(f sk9s ( l>v1 may fir/ call our att5tion to _! proximity4 ,( c\rse1 l>v may be f\nd on almo/ all plants1 z well z 9 ! b>k1 /ems1 or wood ( _m2 b ! collector %\ld =tify himself ) a k ( :at ea* plant is likely to produce1 & hunt accord+ly2 = ?\gh indiscrim9ate collect+ may sometimes be successful1 x does n t5d to improve ! intellectual p[]s4 ,beat+ is ! m applicable me?od ( work+ trees & bu%es4 ,x is c>ri$ out by j>r+ ! l>v f _! positions by ! aid ( a /ick or pole1 9 su* a mann] t !y w fall into an inv]t$ umbrella1 or net2 or a %eet may be spread b5ea? = _! reception4 ,sweep+ ) a /rong net1 pass$ f side to side ) a m[]-l movem5t1 is bett] adapt$ = work+ l[ gr\nd-h]bage4 ,! umbrella net1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 is1 p]haps1 ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,x is con/ruct$ by h++ two l5g?s ( jack-spr+ on two pieces ( brass1 & adapt+ !m to ! /ick ( ! net1 ! upp] piece ( brass be+ fix$1 ! l[] movable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,umbrella ,net4 ,:5 captur$1 l>v %\ld be transf]r$ to *ip boxes1 or else to f9ely & freely p]=at$ t9s1 ! latt] bett] pres]v+ ! food4 ,a v h&y box = ! purpose is =m$ by fitt+ a second lid on to ! bottom ( a *ip box1 & !n cutt+ f ! second lid & bottom a hole1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab 7#b72 l>v may !n be ins]t$ ?r\gh ! hole2 b :5 ! lid is %ift$ r\nd1 & ! holes are n opposite1 ( c\rse !re w be no op5+1 z 9 ,fig4 #ab 7#a71 & ! cont5ts are secur$ f escape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,collect+ ,box = ,l>v4 ,l>va pres]v+ is c>ri$ out by fir/ kill+1 & !n squeez+ & extract+ ! cont5ts ?r\gh ! anal orifice by means ( a cro*et hook4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! sk9 is inflat$1 b n to su* an ext5t z to di/5d ! segm5ts1 & is kept ?us inflat$ :ile x is be+ dri$ 9 a heat$ metal *amb]4 ,aft]w>ds1 if ! col\rs are obs]v$ to h fad$1 !y may be cauti\sly re/or$ by ! application ( pa9t4 ,^! objects1 m\nt$ on suitable artificial leaves1 are !n ready = ! cab9et4 ,*rysalis collect+ is conduct$ accord+ to ! situation ( ! object s\ght4 ,"s are to be f\nd 9 ! *9ks ( b>k or "u loose b>k1 :i* may be deta*$ by means ( a p[]ful lev]4 ,"s are susp5d$ f trees1 bu%es1 cop+s1 hang+ head d[nw>ds1 or gird$ by silk5 ?reads to l[ plants or walls2 o!rs are to be f\nd 9 ! /ems or trunks ( _! food-plants2 _m are conceal$ 9 cocoons ( m or less p]fect con/ruction1 o!rs aga9 among/ fall5 leaves1 b ! majority are to be met ) "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 9 :i* case we %all h to dig = !m by ! aid ( a tr[el or broad *isel4 ,! be/ situations = subt]ranean pup are op5 p>k-l fields1 bord]s ( /reams1 op5 spaces 9 fir woods1 & !y are usually situat$ )9 a foot or s ( ! tree trunks1 at ! dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 ?\gh sometimes consid]ably deep]4 ,( c\rse bo? l>v & pup ( aquatic species w h to be s\ght = 9 _! elem5t1 among ! plants !y frequ5t4 ,*rysalis pres]v+ is a simple matt]3 ! pup may be kill$ by plung+ !m into hot wat] or by bak+2 frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! natural poli% disappe>s ) dea?1 & ?is may be re/or$ by v>ni%+4 ,x is advisable t ! cocoons also1 :]e practicable1 %\ld be pres]v$1 to give a notion ( _! appe>ance 9 nature4 ,mo?s & butt]flies may be s\ght = at re/ or on ! w+4 ,!y may be di/urb$ f _! hid+ places or !y may be attract$ by v>i\s allur+ baits4 ,at re/ on /ems ( grasses & o!r plants butt]flies may be tak5 on dull1 sunless days2 b x requires "s exp]i5ce to detect a butt]fly ) its w+s rais$ up ov] its back3 ! little ,blues may ?us be freely box$ 9 _! localities4 ,aga91 su* butt]flies z hyb]nate may be f\nd 9 old %$s & ou?\ses1 or "u /acks4 ,mo?s may be tak5 at re/ on tree trunks1 pal+s1 & walls1 or among/ foliage & gr\nd h]bage4 ,"s species are to be freely captur$ 9 ?is way aft] _! ev5+ flight is ov]4 ,( c\rse1 = ev5+ "w1 a lant]n to assi/ our vision w be indisp5sable4 ,on ! w+1 "s butt]flies are exce$+ly active1 o!rs comp>atively sluggi%2 "s fly high1 o!rs l[4 ,9 hunt+ !m1 ! *ief po9ts to be rememb]$ are n to al>m1 b r cauti\sly to /alk our game1 & /rike1 :5 we h an opportunity1 ) precision4 ,x is important also to avoid ?r[+ a %ad[ ov] !m1 & x is a good plan to get to w9dw>d ( !m--any?+ l flurry w be fatal to success4 ,mo?s :i* fly by day may be *as$ 9 ! same mann]1 b "s may be obs]v$ disport+ !mselves r\nd trees2 ^! mu/ be wat*$1 & nett$ z !y n[ & !n desc5d4 ,o!rs fly at a v l[ altitude1 & are only br\ght into ! field ( vision by our assumption ( ! recumb5t position4 ,at night aga91 ?\gh we wat* = any?+ /irr+ ! air1 among ! trees or ! h]bage1 our tactics are some:at modifi$2 =1 if ! insect be ( :iti% col\r1 we %\ld s place ourselves t its =m w /& boldly out aga9/ a mass ( d>k foliage1 :]eas1 if x be d+y 9 hue1 we mu/ take ! sky = our backgr\nd4 ,di/urb+ insects1 & ?us caus+ !m to />t =?1 & s r5d] !mselves visible1 is ano!r me?od ( collect+4 ,?is is c>ri$ out 9 v>i\s ways4 ,fir/1 ! occupants ( high trees may be expell$ by j>r+ ! trunk ) a heavily load$ mallet1 or by ?wack+ ! trunk ) a long hazel /ick2 b a %>p look-out mu/ be kept1 = "s %am dea?1 & fall plump d[n1 :ile o!rs make (f z fa/ z !y c4 ,o!r plans are to pelt ! trees ) /ones1 or pump on !m ) a p[]ful g>d5 eng9e1 or beat !m ) a long pole2 & ( all tress ! mo/ pr(itable = ?is purpose is ! yew2 ?\gh firs1 oaks1 bee*es1 & o!r trees are n to be despis$4 ,= beat+ bu%es !re is no?+ bett] ?an a walk+-/ick1 & = l[ h]bage a long swit* pass$ quickly f side to side ) a tapp+ movem5t is be/ adapt$4 ,! t5ants ( tree trunks may be di/urb$ by bru%+ ! surface ) a leafy little b\gh1 or1 bett] /ill1 by ! use ( a /rong fan1 ) :i* a p[]ful bla/ may be driv51 ! net be+ held 9 su* a position z to int]cept su* insects z are bl[n (f4 ,?at*-beat+ 9 ! autumn is a v pr(itable employm5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! matt] ( ,depress>i4 ,sweep+ ne$ only be m5tion$ "h1 = mo?s collect$ by ! process are any?+ b p]fect insects4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( attract+ mo?s & butt]flies4 ,! fir/ is effect$ by conf9+ a virg9 female 9 a musl9 cage1 ! frame ( :i* may be v readily =m$ by b5d+ ?ree pieces ( cane into circles1 & fix+ ^! toge!r at "r angles1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,:5 ?is bait$ cage is plac$ 9 a fav\rable position1 & ! wea!r is propiti\s = ! flight ( ! males1 ! latt] w1 9 "s cases1 congregate1 & may be freely captur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,frame ( ,cage = ,virg9 ,lepidopt]a4 ,!n1 ! food-plant ( ! species is an attraction at :i* we /& ! be/ *ance ( procur+ impregnat$ females4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,lant]n & ,net4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( blooms possess allur+ qualities = insects3 ( ^!1 sall[ & ivy are ! greate/ fav\rites ) collectors4 ,!y %\ld be work$ aft] dusk by means ( a lant]n & net2 b ! comb9ation ( a lant]n fix$ to a long /ick1 ) a %all[ net b5ea? & a little 9 advance ( x1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 is ! app>atus be/ adapt$ = ! purpose2 ! object ( ! net be+ to int]cept any insects :i* may happ5 to fall "u ! /imulus ( light4 ,^! attractions %\ld be fir/ well se>*$ ov]1 & aft]w>ds1 a %eet 7split if necess>y7 hav+ be5 c>efully spread bel[ ! bu%es1 a g5tle %ak+ %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,besides ^! blossoms1 hea!r1 ragwort1 bugloss1 cat*fly1 bramble1 v>i\s grasses1 & a va/ numb] ( o!r fl[]s1 are wond]fully attractive4 ,9 work+ pat*es ( bloom we %\ld rema9 /ation>y & /rike z ! visitors arrive4 ,aga91 ov]-ripe fruit1 ! juicy buds ( c]ta9 trees1 sap exud+ f w\nds 9 trees1 are all m or less attractive4 ,! secretion ( aphides1 commonly call$ honeydew1 obs]vable 9 hot seasons on ! leaves ( nettles & v>i\s o!r plants & trees1 is also well wor? att5tion1 & is at times v productive ( insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,net = sug>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,box ) l95 jo9ts4 ,sug>+ is ! next attraction1 & a v important "o x is4 ,sug> may be prep>$ by boil+ up equal quantities ( co>se foots sug> & treacle 9 a suffici5t quantity ( /ale be]1 a small quantity ( rum be+ add$ previ\s to use1 & also1 if consid]$ advisable1 a flav\r+ ( j>gonelle pe>s1 anise-se$1 or g+]-grass4 ,?is mixture %\ld be appli$ by means ( a small pa9t bru% to ! trunks ( trees1 to foliage1 fl[]s1 tufts ( grass1 or inde$ to any object :i* may pres5t a suitable surface2 = 9 "s localities we are put to %ift to "k :]e to spread our sweets4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ j be=e dusk1 & soon aft]w>ds ! bait$ spots %\ld be visit$ &1 by ! aid ( a lant]n g5tly turn$ on !m1 exam9$1 a net be+ held b5ea? ! :ile4 ,! be/ =m ( net = ! purpose is =m$ by socket+ two p>agon wires into a ,y-piece & connect+ _! div]g+ extremities by a piece ( catgut1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! catgut1 be+ flexible1 w adapt itself 7see ! dott$ l9e7 to ! surface ( a tree trunk :5 press$ aga9/ x4 ,) reg>d to insects captur$ at sug>1 !y are usually rem>kably quiet1 & may be box$ )\t difficulty1 &1 ) a few exceptions1 may be convey$ home 9 ! boxes1 c>e be+ tak5 to let ea* h a sep>ate ap>tm5t4 ,! boxes %\ld be /r5g!n$ ) /rips ( l95 pa/$ r\nd ! jo9ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 o!rwise accid5ts may occur1 p>ticul>ly on wet ev5+s or on r\gh gr\nd4 ,! skitti% individuals may be be/ captur$ by means ( ! sug>+ drum1 ( :i* a cut is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a cyl9d]1 "o end ( :i* is cov]$ ) gauze1 ! o!r provid$ ) a circul> valve1 :i* works 9 a slit4 ,= use1 ! valve is op5$ & ! cyl9d] plac$ ov] ! insect1 :i* naturally flies t[>ds ! gauze2 !n ! valve is clos$1 ! cork$ pi/on1 %[n at ! upp] "p ( ! cut1 plac$ aga9/ x1 ! valve re-op5$1 ! pi/on pu%$ up to ! gauze1 ! insect p9n$ ?r\gh ! gauze1 & ! pi/on )drawn ) ! insect transfix$ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ag4 ,sug>+ ,drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,cyanide ,bottle & ,f]rule4 ,light is ano!r mo/ pr(itable means ( attract+4 ,! simple/ way is to place a p[]ful mod]ator lamp ^u a table 9 front ( an op5 w9d[ :i* faces a good locality1 & !n wait net 9 h& = our visitors1 :i* usually make _! appe>ance late 9 ! ev5+1 & cont9ue to arrive until ! small h\rs4 ,^? :o pref] x c use ! ,am]ican mo?-trap1 :i* is self-act+1 deta9+ su* insects z may ent] its portals1 or ^? :o c af=d ! space may fit up a room on ! same pr9ciple4 ,/reet lamps are v pr(itable c]ta9 localities1 & amply rew>d ! collector :o p]sev]+ly & m9utely exam9es !m4 ,! app>atus depict$ 9 ,fig4 #ah is v useful = tak+ (f su* insects z may be on ! glass ( ! lamp3 x consi/s ( a cyanide bottle atta*$ by a f]rule to ! end ( a suffici5tly long /ick4 ,:5 plac$ ov] an insect1 /upefaction is quickly produc$4 ,a net ( ! %ape repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ai is also v useful = gett+ at ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,lamp ,net4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,*lor(orm ,bottle4 ,! be/ me?ods ( /upefy+ & kill+ insects on ! field is ! cyanide bottle1 prep>$ by plac+ alt]nate lay]s ( cyanide ( potassium & blott+-pap] 9 ! bottom ( a wide-m\!d bottle1 ! m\? ( :i* is accurately /opp$ ) a cov]1 :i* is bett] = ! purpose ?an a bung4 ,! *lor(orm bottle1 :i* is g5]ally made ) a little nipple1 ?r\gh :i* ! fluid fl[s sl[ly out1 & cov]$ ) a screw-tap1 z 9 ! cut #bj1 is also h&y4 ,! *lor(orm %\ld be dropp$ ov] p]=ations 9 ! box conta9+ our pati5t1 ^! p]=ations hav+ be5 previ\sly made by a few /abs ( a p5knife4 ,aft] ! fluid is dropp$1 our ?umb %\ld cov] x1 :5 ! vap\r w quickly ent]1 & ! inmate spe$ily become ins5sible4 ,aft]w>ds ! c\p de grce may be giv5 to ! insect by prick+ x "u ! ?orax ) ! nib ( a /eel p5 dipp$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid4 ,if we are smok]s1 a puff ( tobacco may be bl[n into ! box ) l result4 ,if we are de/itute ( any app>atus1 & brim/one lucif]s = ! purpose ( suffocat+ our captures "u an inv]t$ tumbl] _c be obta9$ at "s roadside inn1 we mu/ fall back on ! b>b>\s practice ( p9*+ ! ?oraces ( su* z _c be c>ri$ home 9 boxes4 ,at home we %all f9d ! laurel j> & ammonia bottle ! mo/ useful4 ,! =m] is made by p>tially fill+ a l>ge wide-m\!d bottle or j> ) cut & bruis$ dry leaves ( "y laurel3 if any dampness hang ab\t !m1 we %all h ! mortification ( see+ our specim5s become mildew$4 ,! latt] consi/s 9 add+ a few lumps ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 or "s drops ( /rong liquid ammonia1 on a sponge1 to ! bottle 9 :i* our captures1 ) ea* box lid slightly op5$1 h be5 plac$4 ,b x mu/ be borne well 9 m9d1 fir/ly1 t ammonia is injuri\s to ! col\rs ( mo/ gre5 insects2 & secondly1 t if ! specim5s be n well air$ aft] hav+ be5 ?us kill$1 ! p9s ) :i* !y are transfix$ w become brittle & break4 ,insects %\ld be left 9 ! ammonia = sev]al h\rs1 & are !n 9 ! mo/ delightful condition = sett+ out4 ,to p9 an insect prop]ly is a mo/ important proc$ure4 ,! mo?1 if ( mod]ate dim5sions may be re/$ or held betwe5 ! ?umb & =e f+] ( ! left h&1 :ile ! correspond+ digits ( ! "r h& op]ate by /eadily pu%+ a p9 ?r\gh ! ?orax1 br++ x out betwe5 ! h9d pair ( cox until suffici5t ( ! p9 is expos$ b5ea? to /eady ! insect 9 ! cab9et ,! direction ( ! p9 %\ld be p]p5dicul> :5 ! insect is view$ f ! front1 z 9 ,fig4 #ba2 b a lat]al view %\ld %[ ! p9 slightly slant+ =w>ds1 z 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,p9s made = ! purpose 9 num]\s sizes are sold by ,mr4 ,cooke1 ( ,new ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,front ,view ( prop]ly p9n$ ,insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,side ,view ( ditto4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,cork ,saddle = sett+ out ,insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,braces = sett+ out4 ,sett+ out mo?s & butt]flies is an op]ation :i*1 if skilfully p]=m$1 adds mu* to ! beauty ( ! future specim5s4 ,! me?od ( sett+ mo/ popul> is c>ri$ out by means ( saddles & braces4 ,^! s-call$ saddles are pieces ( cork r\nd$ z 9 ! sectional figure1 a groove be+ cut out = ! reception ( ! bodies ( ! insects3 !y are g5]ally /r5g!n$ by a /rip ( wood1 ^u :i* !y are glu$4 ,braces are w$ge-%ap$ pieces ( c>d or ?ick note-pap]1 ! ?ick end /r5g!n$1 if necess>y1 ) a disc ( c>d fix$ by %oemak]s' pa/e1 & pi]c$ ) a p9 ?r\gh x1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! mode ( application ( ^! appliances is beautifully %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf;,d4 ,b be=e ^! /raps c be appli$1 ! w+s mu/ fir/ be got into position by means ( ! sett+ ne$le & sett+ bri/le1 :i* are ?us manipulat$ 7! sett+ bri/le1 by ! way1 be+ =m$ by fix+ a cat's :isk] & a p9 into a piece ( cork1 at ! angle %[n 9 ,fig4 #be73--;,aft] ! insect is /raightly p9n$ ^u ! saddle1 & ! legs1 ant5n1 &1 if necess>y1 ! tongue1 got into position1 ! left =e-w+ is to be pu%$ or tilt$ into its place by means ( ! sett+ ne$le1 :i* is m]ely a d>n+ ne$le ) a h&le2 & simultane\sly x is to be held d[n by ! bri/le2 !n a small brace %\ld be appli$ to ! co/a ( ! =e w+4 ,next ! h9d w+ %\ld 9 l mann] be adju/$1 & z _m braces z are consid]$ necess>y to keep ! w+s 9 _! place %\ld be add$4 ,la/ly1 ! "r side ( ! insect %\ld be treat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,d ,figs4 #bf & #bg h be5 k9dly l5t by ,messrs4 ,reeve ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,sett+ ,bri/le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,mo? set out on ,cork ,saddle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,f\r-/rap sett+4 ,a v useful mode ( sett+1 invaluable :5 we are de/itute ( saddles1 is kn[n z f\r-/rap sett+1 & is well expla9$ 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,9 ?is case ! l[] /raps are fir/ put into su* a position1 t :5 ! insect is plac$ ov] !m ! middle ( ea* ( ! co/ w re/ ^u !m2 !n ! w+s are got into position1 & ! second pair ( /raps are appli$ ov] ! w+s1 ! latt] reta9+ _! position ?r\gh ! ela/icity ( _! co/3 two m /raps are g5]ally add$ to secure ! out] bord]s ( ! w+s1 z %[n 9 ! draw+2 b ^!1 ?\gh advantage\s1 are n absolutely necess>y4 ,! saddles1 ) _! cont5ts1 %\ld be kept 9 a dry+ h\se1 :i* is a box adapt$ = _! reception1 & freely v5tilat$1 until ! specim5s are ?or\ghly dry1 :5 ! latt] may be cauti\sly remov$1 & transf]r$ to ! collection4 ,to pres]ve our collection f decay1 consid]able c>e & att5tion is necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place no insect :i* is 9 ! lea/ degree suspect$ ( be+ affect$ by mites1 or m\ld1 or grease1 %\ld on any acc\nt be admitt$ to our collections4 ,x is be/ to be on ! safe side & submit e insect receiv$ f correspond5ts1 :e!r mity or n1 to qu>ant9e1 by :i* is meant _! det5tion = a few weeks 9 a box ! atmosph]e ( :i* is impregnat$ ) "s vap\r de/ructive to insect life2 su* z t ( b5zole4 ,our own specim5s we %\ld kyanize by t\*+ ! bodies ( ea* ) a camel's-hair bru% dipp$ 9 a solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury ( ! /r5g? six gra9s to ! ounce ( spirits ( w9e1--no /rong]4 ,z = m\ld1 x is be/ de/roy$ by ! application ( phnic or c>bolic acid1 mix$ ) ?ree p>ts ( e!r or _s4 ,z prev5tives1 ! specim5s %\ld be kyaniz$ z above4 ,caution 9 ! use ( laurel z a kill+ ag5t mu/ be ex]cis$1 & ! collection mu/ be kept 9 a dry room4 ,grease may be remov$ by soak+ ! insects 9 pure rectifi$ naph?a or b5zole1 ev5 by boil+ !m 9 x if necess>y4 ,:5 ! bodies only are greasy1 !y may be brok5 (f1 numb]$1 & treat$ z above4 ,aft] ! grease is ?or\ghly s(t5$1 ! insects %\ld be cov]$ up 9 p[d]$ pipeclay or ,fr5* *alk1 :i* may be subsequ5tly remov$ by means ( a small sable bru%4 ,z a precaution aga9/ grease1 x is advisable to remove ! cont5ts ( ! abdom9a by slitt+ up ! latt] b5ea? ) a f9ely po9t$ pair ( scissors be=e !y are ?or\ghly dry1 & pack+ ! cavities ) cotton wool4 ,! males1 especially ( su* species z h int]nal fe$+ l>v1 %\ld be ?us treat$4 ,"s pref] to keep _! collections 9 well-made /ore boxes1 :i* possess _m advantages ov] ! cab9et2 = example1 !y may be kept l books 9 a bookcase1 ! upright position r5d]+ ! cont5ts less liable to ! attacks ( mites2 !y are m readily ref]r$ to1 & are m portable1 & !y admit ( our gradually exp&+ our collections to any ext5t4 ,cab9ets1 on ! o!r h&1 are pref]r$ by _m1 = ! reasons t !y are compact & g5]ally =m a h&some article ( furniture2 moreov]1 good cab9ets are made entirely ( mahogany1 :i* is ! be/ wood = ! purpose2 deal1 & o!r woods conta9+ res9\s matt]1 hav+ a decid$ly injuri\s effect on ! specim5s4 ,z a pres]vative1 !re is1 aft] all1 p]haps no?+ bett] ?an camphor2 b x %\ld be us$ sp>+ly1 or its t5d5cy w be to cause greas9ess ( ! specim5s4 ,v4 ,,beetles4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,rye1 ,f4,z4,s41 etc4 ,! g5]al rules1 s ably exp\nd$ by ,dr4 ,knaggs 9 8 in/ructions = collect+ ,lepidopt]a1 z to con/ant al]tness & mak+ ! reason :y ! />t+-po9t ( inve/igation1 apply ) equal =ce to ! collector ( ,coleopt]a1 & ne$ n be "h recapitulat$4 ,b !y d n1 9 ! in/ance ( ! latt]1 require g5]ally to be obs]v$1 except z to ! p]fect /ate ( beetles2 =1 ow+ to ! hidd5 e>li] conditions ( life ( mo/ ( ^? insects1 & to ! long p]iod dur+ :i* ^! conditions exi/1 x is b seldom t ! pursuit ( re>+ !m1 s univ]sally & pr(itably adopt$ by ! ,lepidopt]i/1 is f\nd ( mu* use to ! collector ( beetles4 ,& ?is is v mu* to be regrett$2 because1 9 ! majority ( cases1 if ! latt] succe$ 9 re>+ a beetle f its e>lie/ /age1 & keep prop] notes ( its appe>ance & habits1 he w probably be add+ to ! g5]al /ock ( k1 z ! lives ( comp>atively few1 ev5 ( ! commone/ species1 are record$ f ! beg9n+4 ,x may be1 also1 9 addition to ! reasons above m5tion$1 = ! usual want ( success att5d+ ! re>+ ( beetle l>v1 t ! fact ( br$ specim5s be+ frequ5tly 7f ! artificial conditions att5d+ _! developm5t1 & f _! n be+ all[$ t l5g? ( "t :i*1 9 a /ate ( nature1 !y require aft] _! f9al *ange be=e !y are ready to take an active "p 9 _! la/ /age ( life7 n ne>ly s good z ^? tak5 at l>ge1 militates consid]ably aga9/ ! m g5]al use ( ?is me?od ( add+ to a collection4 ,9 ?is respect1 ( c\rse1 ! ,lepidopt]i/ is actuat$ by precisely opposite motives2 z = him1 a br$ specim5 is immeasurably sup]ior to "o captur$4 ,& ! fact ( s few beetle l>v be+ kn[n at all1 or1 if kn[n1 only to ! possessor ( some:at r>e books1 r5d]s x v likely t a m]e collector1 f9d+ a consid]able exp5diture ( pati5ce & tr\ble result 9 ! re>+ ( a species ( :i* he c\ld at any "t readily procure any numb] ( specim5s1 may v probably ab&on re>+ = ! future4 ,^! obs]vations1 h[ev]1 are n 9 ! lea/ int5d$ to dissuade anyone f bre$+ or endeav\r+ to bre$ beetles4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is obvi\s f !m t x is precisely by att5d+ to ^! e>li] /ages t ! e>ne/ /ud5t 7novice or exp]t7 has ! mo/ *ance ( di/+ui%+ himself1 on acc\nt ( ! m op5 field = discov]y4 ,& 9 ! in/ance ( _m small1 & especially greg>i\s1 beetles1 bre$+ f ! l>v is frequ5tly v easy1 if only ! sub/ances 7fungus1 rott5 wood1 roots1 /ems ( plants1 c47 conta9+ !m be c>efully left 9 precisely ! /ate z :5 f\nd1 & be expos$ to ! same atmosph]ic or o!r important conditions4 ,9 fact1 to ensure success & good specim5s1 x is be/ t 9 _! e>ly /ages beetles %\ld be let alone sev]ely4 ,x may be "h obs]v$ t we h be5 lately 9 ?is c\ntry indebt$ to ! m9ute obs]vations & great tact ( "s ( our be/ /ud5ts ( ,micro-,lepidopt]a 79 :i* bran* ( entomology we are second to none 9 ,europe7 = "s mo/ int]e/+ additions to our k ( habits1 & = long s]ies ( beetles usually r>e 9 collections4 ,dismiss+ !n ! e>li] /ages ( beetles1 ! foll[+ obs]vations w apply only to ! imago1 or beetle prop]4 ,& "h ,i w\ld repeat h[ evid5t x is t ! k ( ! reason :y is especially indisp5sable to ! beetle collector1 judg+ f ! extreme r>ity ( ! occurr5ce ( any new or valuable insect 9 ! /ores ( a m]e r&om collector or a beg9n]4 ,= him1 no old h& detects an equival5t to ,daplidice or ,la?onia 9 8 duplicate boxes2 :]eas1 among ,lepidopt]i/s1 s*ool-boy's luck is prov]bial4 ,i c give no reason = ?is /atem5t1 f\nd$ on my own 7by no means trifl+7 exp]i5ce 9 ! way ( exam9+ specim5s4 ,& 9 ?is idea ,i ?9k ,i am corroborat$ by ! v great r>ity 9 old collections & records ( _m species n[ univ]sally common2 ! directions 9 old] manuals1 z to look+ "u /ones1 on walls1 pa?s1 c41 pretty cle>ly %[+ t ! majority ( captures 9 ! old5 "t 7 :at are n[ irrev]5tly design$ z flukes4 ,/ill1 x is a/oni%+ to :at good acc\nt a %>p obs]v] may turn ^! casual meet+s1 (t5 to him result+ 9 ! discov]y ( ! reason :y z to ! p>ticul> species accid5tally f\nd1 & to ! correlative increase ( 8 collection4 ,&1 ap>t f captures dur+ collect+ exp$itions1 good ?+s w at times occur to ! al]t entomologi/3 "o1 = in/ance1 :o w />tle 8 fri5ds 9 ! /reets by sudd5ly swoop+ ) 8 hat aft] an atom fly+ 9 ! sun%9e1 or :o is n too pr\d to pick up ano!r1 rac+ on ! hot pavem5t1 dur+ ^? days ( e>ly spr+1 :5 ! insect myriads1 revell+ 9 w>m? & light1 aft] _! long w9t]s durance1 may be se5 madly da%+ ab\t1 ev5 9 t[ns3 on su* a day1 = in/ance1 z t :]eon a c]ta9 well-kn[n doctor among ! beetles f\nd t liv+ c>abide\s gem ,an*om5us sexpunctatus1 f> f its native ,sphagnum & hea?1 w&]+ on ! flag/ones ( ! ,w4,c4 di/rict4 ,b1 be=e ref]r+ to special modes ( hunt+1 x may be z well to m5tion ! in/rum5ta belli requir$ = ! equipm5t ( ! ,coleopt]i/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! are b few1 & ( ! simple/ k9d2 inde$1 9 entomology1 z 9 ! g5tle art ( angl+1 x is (t5 ! mo/ r\ghly acc\tr$ t secures ! be/ basket4 ,! umbrella net1 figur$ at p4 #dg1 us$ bo? = beat+ into & sweep+1 _c be disp5s$ )1 & a beat+ /ick c be cut out ( ! ne>e/ h$ge4 ,! net itself %\ld be ( f9e *eese clo?1 or "s /rong fabric t all[s ! passage ( air1 b n ( beetles2 o!rwise1 if ( too close a fibre1 x is apt to bag ) ! inclos$ air1 & reject its cont5ts dur+ ! op]ation ( sweep+4 ,! net be+ ( c\rse us$ ) ! "r h&1 its left top edge especially be>s ! brunt ( ! att5dant friction1 & gets soon worn2 x is consequ5tly advisable to h an out] /rip ( /\t lea!r-clo? sewn /rongly ov] ! rim !re = "s little di/ance1 ext5d+ t protection also to ! "r top edge1 ?\gh n = s long a space4 ,! curv$ h&le ( ! /ick %\ld be sawn (f z soon z possible2 x frequ5tly cat*es 9 ! pockets ( ! sweep]1 caus+ a j]k to ! net1 & disp]sal ( its cont5ts4 ,= a simil> reason1 ! f]rul$ apex may well be remov$4 ,"s collectors keep ! %>p cutt+ edge ( ! spr+ sides ( ! net uncov]$1 sew+ ! net itself to holes drill$ at int]vals on ! l[] side ( ! spr+s3 a net ( ?is k9d cuts v close1 & :]e !re is mu* h]bage soon gets full ( fragm5ts1 tak+ a long "t to exam9e4 ,x w be f\nd h&y if ! bag ( ! net be cut to a po9t f ! front t[>ds ! h&le side3 ?is causes ! cont5ts to gravitate to ! bottom1 z f> z possible f ! po9t :]e ! rim meets ! sub/ance swept4 ,a common umbrella 7easily slung by a /\t /r+ ov] ! back :5 n 9 use7 is an admirable 7"s ?9k1 sup]ior7 sub/itute = ?is net1 z x c be held up high] by ! f]rule1 & tall bu%es & trees 7( :i* ! bran*es ne>] ! top are usually mo/ productive7 c be beat5 into x ) m c]ta9ty ( _! beetle cont5ts be+ caught4 ,! /eel frames w be f\nd 9 ! way :5 ! beetles are be+ bottl$2 consequ5tly1 a good l>ge g+ham may be consecrat$ to collect+1 & its inside 7n m]ely ! out] ribs7 cov]$ all ov] up to ! middle 7leav+ no ap]ture !re if possible7 ) ?9 :ite calico1 /it*$ ov] ! frame4 ,ano!r good =m ( net = sweep+ or dragg+ 9 long grass or h]bage1 is ( ! common fi%+ l&+-net description1 made ( v /\t wr\ght-iron or /eel wire1 ei!r 9 a simple hoop1 if a mod]ate size only be requir$1 or ) a s+le h+e to fold into two1 or ) ?ree su* h+es1 fold+ into f\r1 z may be desir$4 ,i h us$ "o ( ^! f\r-fold+ nets = ye>s1 & nev] f\nd x fail4 ,"o end is hamm]$ out flat & p]=at$1 ! o!r =m+ a male screw 7#a-a_/b in* long71 b5t at "r angles ) ! body ( ! frame1 passes ?r\gh ! hole1 & fits into a female screw 9 a /rong & long f]rule1 fix$ 9 ! usual way to ! end ( a /\t oak5 walk+-/ick4 ,z ! p[] ex]t$ 9 sweep+ ) su* a net is great1 & ! action cont9u\s1 ! simple screw is n en\gh1 & a small screw hole is drill$ "r ?r\gh ! f]rule & ! screw end ( ! net2 a small ?umb-screw1 9 %ape l an old-fa%ion$ clock key1 go+ transv]sely ?r\gh bo?1 & effectually h9d]+ lat]al displacem5t4 ,! framework ( ! net & ! f]rule are bett] made ( ! same metal1 because1 if made ( two metals ( diff]5t d5sity1 ! /rong] soon we>s away ! weak]2 & ! /ick mu/ be ins]t$ deeply into ! f]rule1 & held on ) two deep p9s or small screws on opposite sides 7n on ! same level1 h[ev]1 z ! wood is 9 t case weak5$71 "o be+ insuffici5t to /& ! /ra94 ,! net1 ( ! same sub/ance z t above m5tion$1 is made ) a loose hem to slip on ! frame be=e screw+ x 9 ! f]rule4 ,a lea!r-clo? edg+ all r\nd is advisable1 & ! bag %\ld be cut long en\gh to prev5t ! possibility ( ! cont5ts j]k+ out4 ,ano!r v good plan = secur+ ! frame to ! f]rule is to h bo? ends ( x sold]$ toge!r into a deep squ>e-sid$ plug1 fitt+ into a correspond+ squ>e hole 9 ! f]rule4 ,! small cross-screw or p9 is "h also to be us$2 b ! angles ( ! plug naturally keep a mu* tight] hold ?an ! worm ( a screw4 ,su* a frame z ?is _c1 ( c\rse1 be fold$4 ,= wat] beetles1 a simil> net to t la/ m5tion$ is effective1 b x %\ld be /\t] & ) a flat front1 = dr$g+ closely aga9/ ! sides & bottoms ( ponds4 ,! be/ sub/ance = its bag is f9e sampl] canvas2 & a v l>ge1 /\t bamboo cane is at once light & /rong = its /ick4 ,to avoid friction ! bag may be affix$ to small wire r+s let into holes on ! l[] edge ( ! frame1 or runn+ on ! frame itself4 ,a sieve is "o ( ! mo/ remun]ative implem5ts1 & may be procur$ ei!r simple or fold+4 ,x consi/s ( a /\t wire-fram$ circle1 connect$ by a /rong l95 b&1 six in*es deep1 ) ! bottom ( an ord9>y wire sieve1 ! me%es ( :i* are wide en\gh to all[ any beetle to pass ?r\gh4 ,leaves1 grass1 flood refuse1 ants' ne/s mat]ials1 cut grass1 seawe$1 hay/ack & o!r dbris1 are r\ghly %ak5 9 ?is ov] a %eet ( br[n pap]1 :i* %\ld inv>iably =m "p ( a ,coleopt]i/'s app>atus4 ,a /\t piece ( d\ble wat]pro( mat]ial may be sub/itut$2 &1 9 m>% collect+1 mu/ be us$ z a kneel+ pad4 ,= ord9>y b>k collect+1 a /rong ripp+ *isel 7( :i* ! blade is well coll>$1 s z n to slip7 is z useful a tool z c be procur$2 b = real tree work+1 no ord9>ily portable in/rum5t is ?or\ghly effective4 ,light /eel hamm]s ) a lev] spike may delude ! collector2 b a woodman's axe1 a saw1 a pickaxe or cr[b>1 w (t5 be f\nd n too /rong4 ,= cutt+ tufts1 c41 a /rong g>d5 prun+-knife is good1 & an old fix$-h&l$ d9n]-knife 7c>ri$ 9 a %ea?7 bett]4 ,= hold+ ! results ( ! op]ation ( ^! in/rum5ts1 ! collector ne$s b "o or two collect+ bottles--"o r small & circul>1 ( z cle> & /rong glass 7n ca/7 z c be got1 ) a wide m\? & flat bottom4 ,its neck %\ld n slope1 b be ( ev5 wid?1 or ! cork w (t5 get out ( itself4 ,?is cork %\ld be a deep "o1 & be p]=at$ longitud9ally by a /\t & l>ge r\nd quill1 ! bottom ( :i* %\ld be level ) ! bottom ( ! cork1 ! top project+ "s in* & a half1 ) ! upp] orifice n cut (f /raight1 b slightly slop$ diagonally1 s z m easily to scoop up beetles f ! net or h&4 ,x is clos$ ) an accurately fitt+1 s(t1 wood5 plug1 r long] ?an ! quill1 rea*+ exactly to ! bottom ( x1 b ) its top project+ above ! top ( ! quill1 & broad] ?an x1 s z to be easily pull$ out by ! tee? :5 ! h&s are occupi$4 ,! bottle %\ld be secur$ by /\t tw9e to ! buttonhole1 en\gh play be+ left = x to rea* ! net 9 any ord9>y position4 ,i usually secure ! ext]nal junction ( quill & cork ) r$ seal+-wax1 & h m ?an once f\nd ! bright r$ cat* my eye :5 ,i h lo/ my bottle4 ,n4,b4 ,?is loss w always happ5 to e collector2 g5]ally aft] a peculi>ly lucky day's "w3 s use ! /r+-prev5tive4 ,! body ( ! bottle may usefully be half cov]$ ) :ite pap] gumm$ on4 ,a few /\t1 pla9 glass tubes1 pap]$ 9 l way1 & ) pla9 corks1 %\ld be c>ri$ = special captures2 & a cyanide bottle1,e z m5tion$ at p4 #eg1 or "o conta9+ bruis$ & %r$d$ "y laurel %oots1 w be f\nd useful = safely br++ home l>g] species1 or su* z w\ld dev\r _! fell[-captives4 ,:5 put into ^!1 beetles almo/ in/antly die & become rigid1 ne$+ a /ay ( two days or s to become relax$1 9 :i* condition !y w !n safely rema9 = a consid]able p]iod4 ,9 ! fir/ collect+ bottle a piece ( musl9 %\ld be put1 to give ! cont5ts foo?old3 ^! are br\ght home alive1 & kill$ by bodily imm]sion 9 boil+ wat]1 aft] :i* !y are plac$ on blott+ pap] to dra9 (f sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,e ,kill+ bottles1 conta9+ cyanide ( potassium "u a lay] ( gypsum1 may be b\ght at mo/ natural-hi/ory app>atus deal]s1 & are useful z relax+ dpts4 ,good ?+s %\ld always1 :5 practicable1 be set out at once1 z ! pubesc5ce is apt to get matt$ if !y are consign$ = too long a p]iod to ! laurel or cyanide bottle2 b su* z rema9 unm\nt$ c be put 9 a little musl9 bag1 & deposit$ 9 laurel until a m conv5i5t opportunity4 ,beetles also1 :5 tak5 9 l>ge numb]s dur+ an exp$ition into a productive locality1 may be collect$ indiscrim9ately into a bottle conta9+ sawdu/ 7sift$ to get rid bo? ( l>ge pieces & actual du/71 slightly alcoholiz$1 or ) a small quantity ( c>bolic acid or cyanide ( potassium 9 x4 ,ea* night1 on rea*+ home1 ^! w be f\nd to be dead1 & !y c !n be transf]r$ to a l>g] bottle or air-tight t9 c1 p>tially fill$ ) ! same mat]ials & a little c>bolic acid to *eck undue moi/ure4 ,fill$ up ) sawdu/1 ?is w travel 9 safety = any di/ance1 & almo/ any "t4 ,species ( mod]ate size1 say up to t ( an ord9>y ,h>palus1 are 9 ?is c\ntry usually m\nt$ on c>d4 ,mu* is to be said bo? = & aga9/ ?is practice3 x enables ! proportions & =mation ( limbs to be well appreciat$1 & x pres]ves ! specim5s securely2 b !re c be no d\bt t x prev5ts an inspection ( ! "u side1 except at ! slight tr\ble ( extra manipulation 9 float+ (f 9 cold wat] & rev]s+1 & t ! gum us$ clogs ! small] portions ( ! insect t come 9 contact ) x4 ,specim5s l>g] ?an ^? m5tion$ %\ld be p9n$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! upp] ?ird ( ! "r w+-case 7nev] ?r\gh ! scutellum or ?orax71 & ! limbs ext5d$ 9 position ) p9s on a sett+ bo>d1 made ( a flat /rip ( cork glu$ on deal4 ,bo? ^! & ! m\nt$ examples mu/ be left to dry1 = a week at lea/1 9 ! op5 air3 if ! bo>ds are fitt$ 9 a frame1 !y c be rev]s$ 7z soon z ! gum is dry 9 m\nt$ specim5s71 s t ! specim5s are bottom upw>ds--du/ _c !n collect on !m1 & !re is less *ance ( mites attack+ !m4 ,specim5s dry m rapidly 9 spr+ & summ] ?an at any o!r "t1 & ( c\rse m readily 9 dry wea!r4 ,= m\nt+ specim5s1 five or six small pieces ( ! f9e/ & mo/ transp>5t gum tragacan?1 or gum dragon1 ) r less ?an ! same numb] ( pieces ( cle> gum arabic1 are to be put 9 a wide-m\!d bottle ) ab\t a l>ge w9e-glassful ( cold wat]4 ,9 a %ort "t 7tw5ty-f\r h\rs at mo/7 ! gum absorbs ! fluid & swells2 !n add half z mu* m wat]1 & /ir ! mixture1 :i*1 on be+ left = ano!r tw5ty-f\r h\rs at mo/1 w be ready = use4 ,! mixture %\ld be dull :ite1 ( ev5 texture1 & n q fluid4 ,nev] make a l>ge quantity at "o "t1 or be p]suad$ to put any?+ else into x4 ,c>d = m\nt+ %\ld be ! :ite/1 smoo!/1 & be/ t c be procur$4 ,f\r-%eet ,bri/ol bo>d = l>ge specim5s1 & ?ree-%eet = ord9>y use1 are ab\t ! prop] degrees ( ?ickness4 ,rob]sons1 ( ,long ,acre1 arti/s' col\rm51 h promis$ ! writ] to turn out c>dbo>d ( ?is k9d ) an extra mill+1 to ensure a good surface4 ,^u /rips ( ?is c>d1 p9n$ on a sett+ bo>d1 ! insects to be set out are m\nt$1 "o at a "t1 & n too close to ea* o!r1 ea* on a sep>ate dab ( ! gum1 ! limbs be+ duly set out ) a f9e p9 or ne$le m\nt$ 9 a pa9t-bru% /ick4 ,a p9 ) ! po9t v f9ely turn$1 s z to =m a m9ute hook1 is v useful2 & = extremely m9ute "w a bead-ne$le is valuable4 ,! gum-bru% %\ld n be us$ 9 sett+1 b "o or two v f9e-po9t$ camel's-hair bru%es may be f\nd ( advantage4 ,be=e m\nt+1 rev]se ! specim5 on ! blott+-pap]1 & bru% out its limbs z f> z practicable ) a damp flat bru%4 ,v refractory individuals may require to be gumm$ on _! backs2 z soon z ! gum is dry1 _! limbs c be m easily got into position1 & !y c !n be g5tly damp$ (f _! tempor>y m\nt1 & treat$ z above4 ,a small pair ( brass microscope-=ceps1 gr\nd or cut to a m9ute po9t1 w (t5 mat]ially assi/ 9 gett+ refractory limbs into position4 ,fr5* :ite liquid glue 7n made ( %ell-lac7 is useful = fa/5+ d[n l>g] specim5s1 z x is v /rong & dries readily2 & ) a v small quantity ( x r[s ( specim5s c quickly & securely be r\ghly m\nt$1 9 ! ,cont95tal way1 :i* is pref]able 9 _m cases to leav+ ! insects = a long "t 9 laurel be=e sett+ !m out4 ,su* specim5s c aft]w>ds1 if desir$1 be relax$ by leav+ !m on damp s&1 or 9 ! cyanide or laurel bottle1 & be !n set 9 ! way above indicat$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 9 sett+1 n to put ! specim5 lop-sid$ on ! c>d1 or to di/ort its segm5ts unnaturally by pull+ !m out ( position1 c41 & n to all[ gum to lodge any:]e on ! upp] surface4 ,x is easy1 soon aft] a specim5 is securely m\nt$1 to remove ) clean wat] & bru% any sup]flu\s gum4 ,9 prep>+ su* insects z are liable to run up 9 dry+ 7e4g4 ! ,/aphyl9id71 ! abdom5 %\ld be duly pull$ out by a bead-ne$le ins]t$ at its apex2 & to prev5t ! contraction ( ! int]nal muscles 9 dry+1 ?is "p may be held ) ! liquid glue above m5tion$4 ,usually1 by putt+ ^! insects z soon z m\nt$ into a box & keep+ x clos$ = a few h\rs1 :ile ! fir/ dry+ takes place1 ! prop] dim5sions ( ! abdom5 may be pres]v$1 & ?us ! natural facies ( ! insect reta9$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! bodies ( v l>ge insects may well be remov$1 ei!r by ! anal orifice1 or by an incision on ! l[] side ( ! abdom54 ,! ,oil-beetles 7,melo7 alone require c>eful /uff+4 ,?is is be/ done by sep>at+ ! entire abdom5 f ! meta?orax1 b5ea? ! elytra1 & close to _! po9t ( ins]tion3 ! body is !n easily empti$ & wa%$ out1 & may be fill$ ) cut-up wool1 :i* packs closely2 :5 gumm$ on aga91 ! junction is n visible1 & ! entire insect pres]ves its wond]fully obese appe>ance4 ,to save "t1 9 m\nt+ _m specim5s1 x is bett] to m]ely gum /raight on ! /rip ( c>d z _m specim5s z c be manag$ at a sitt+4 ,! left side ( ea* ( ^! c !n be slightly damp$ ) cle> cold wat]1 & its left limbs set out3 :5 all are ?us done1 ! fir/ "o w be ne>ly1 if n q1 ready to h its "r side treat$ 9 l mann]2 & s on to ! end4 ,v refractory specim5s w sometimes require to be ev5 held d[n ) little braces ( c>d on p9s1 & to h ea* limb damp$ & set out by a sep>ate op]ation4 ,! c>d ( l>ge specim5s w (t5 curl upw>ds 9 dry+1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( damp3 to c\nt]act ?is1 ! l[] face ( ! c>d may be wa%$ ) a wet bru%1 j be=e gumm+ its surface4 ,be=e putt+ insects away1 :5 dry1 ! individual specim5s %\ld be cut (f ! /rips ( c>d by a /raight cut on ea* side1 "o at "r angles to ! sides 9 front1 & ano!r beh9d1 all 7except ! la/7 close to ! tips ( ! limbs z set out1 s t ! :ole c>d =ms a p>allelogram4 ,a v little practice w enable ! op]ator to d ?is bo? c]ta9ly & quickly4 ,no two individuals 7save p]haps a male & female1 ( ^: sexual relations !re c be no d\bt1 or an example m\nt$ on its back1 to %[ its "u side1 along ) a memb] ( ! same species7 %\ld be all[$ to cont9ue on "o c>d2 mu* less %\ld a r[ be left toge!r4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t 9 _m cases species closely resembl+ ea* o!r (t5 get confus$2 & x is1 moreov]1 difficult to get a glass ( any?+ b a v l[ p[] to be> ^u all p>ts ( ! individuals )\t injur+ "s ( !m4 ,ea* specim5 %\ld h suffici5t c>d left beh9d x to all[ ( a glass ( high p[] be+ pass$ betwe5 x ev]y:]e & its p94 ,! p9 %\ld p]=ate ! c>d 9 ! middle (1 & close to1 its h9d] m>g92 & ! :ole c>d be lift$ ?ree-f\r?s up ! p91 to keep x f mites & dirt z mu* z possible4 ,prop] entomological p9s c be obta9$ ( all sizes at ! ag5ts ( ,edel/51 #ag1 ,silv] ,/reet1 ,/4 ,m>t9's-le-,gr&2 also 7) all o!r app>atus7 ( any natural-hi/ory ag5t or deal] 9 ,london2 su* z ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,janson1 #bh1 ,museum ,/reet1 or ,cooke1 ,new ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,no4 #h p9 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ useful size4 ,9 remov+ _m specim5s1 prop] insect =ceps w be f\nd h&y3 ^! c be obta9$ at ! two la/ addresses2 or ( ,buck1 cutl]1 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road4 ,specim5s w occasionally become discol\r$ ) grease1 usually f defective dry+1 ?\gh _m wat] beetles & int]nal fe$]s1 & mo/ autumn-caught specim5s1 are specially liable to ?is defect4 ,b5z9e is an effectual rem$y = x & = mites1 & c be lib]ally appli$ ) a bru%4 ,c>bolic or phnic acid1 dissolv$ 9 t fluid 7or alone1 see p4 #fd71 is an effectual safegu>d aga9/ m\ld f damp2 & :5 9 solution ) wat]1 ?is acid has be5 f\nd useful z a wa% = c>d & boxes1 :i* !n are n attack$ by mites4 ,to re-c>d a specim5 t has become discol\r$ 7:e!r f ei!r ( ^! causes1 or f age71 x is only necess>y t x %\ld be float$ 9 cold wat] = a few m9utes2 ! insect c !n be dri$1 well saturat$ ) b5z9e1 & aga9 m\nt$1 look+ z fre% z ev]4 ,b1 9 re-c>d+ specim5s1 x is necess>y to be v c>eful ) su* z 7 orig9ally kept too long 9 a laurel or cyanide bottle1 z !y are apt to become s rott5 t a little damp w cause a solution ( cont9uity4 ,z to /or+ ! specim5s :5 q dry1 ,i c add no?+ to ! excell5t obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,knaggs1 at p4 #fe2 ! same rem>ks apply+ ) equal =ce to ,coleopt]a2 except1 p]haps1 t1 ev5 :5 ! collector has 7& is satisfi$ )7 a cab9et1 he is likely1 9 proportion to ! real "w done by him1 to e/abli% type-boxes ( all ! difficult gr\ps4 ,= ! exam9ation ( insects1 readily manipulat$ by be+ p9n$ s+ly on a squ>e1 flat1 ?ick piece ( cork or bung1 a pocket glass is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y4 ,9 ?is case1 ! be/ in/rum5t is ! *eape/ 9 ! long run1 :atev] its co/2 & "o by a good mak]1 su* z ,ross1 ) modifications ( f\r p[]s1 w suffice = any ord9>y "w4 ,= v small species1 a ,codd+ton1 ( ! cle>e/ def9ition & highe/ p[] atta9able1 is ( imm5se help4 ,b :5 ! collector f9ds t he ne$s a comp\nd microscope to sep>ate species1 x is ! firm op9ion ( ! pres5t writ] t t collector _h bett] take to "s o!r pursuit ?an /udy+ ,coleopt]a4 ,to anyone1 h[ev]1 ^: rese>*es entail an exam9ation ( ! m9ute cib>ian & o!r organs ( beetles1 :e!r = purposes ( classification or o!rwise1 ! comp\nd is absolutely necess>y2 ?\gh ev5 !n ! l[] p[]s are usually suffici5t4 ,= r\gh dissection1 all t is ne$$ are an oculi/'s v small lance-head$ dissect+-knife & a /\t & f9e ne$le4 ,) ^!1 "u a l5s m\nt$ on a little /age to all[ ! free use ( bo? h&s1 mu* may be done4 ,! writ]1 h[ev]1 has se5 & us$ a v pretty 7& comp>atively inexp5sive7 dissect+-/&1 ) v>i\s p[]s & mu* latitude ( motion1 by ,ross4 ,aft] m5tion+ t1 9 s5d+ m\nt$ beetles by po/ to correspond5ts1 x is f> m practical to use a /rong box1 n too deep1 to fa/5 ! p9s securely1 ) a lay] ( manufactur$ wool 9 ! lid 7glaz$ side t[>ds ! beetles1 s z n to cat* limbs71 & to put m wool outside1 & write ! address & affix ! /amp on a label atta*$1 ?an x is to pack c>elessly1 write ,) c>e outside1,f & !n grumble at ! po/-(fice because ! insects are brok51--,i ?9k ,i _c1 ) use1 say any?+ m ^u beetles 9 _! pres]v$ condition2 & ,i w !re=e n[ give "s h9ts z to _! haunts :5 alive4 ,f ,x is1 h[ev]1 always z well to write ,insects1 signify+ cont5ts t are cavi>e to ! million1 & !re=e n likely to be appropriat$ en r\te4 ,to exhau/ ! accid5tal-capture sy/em above allud$ to1 m5tion mu/ fir/ be made ( s&-pit collect+1 a mo/ pr(itable employm5t1 especially 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,a clean1 /raight-sid$ silv]-s& pit is ! be/1 & if 9 or ne> a wood its attractions w be at _! highe/4 ,beetles1 fly+ ( an ev5+ & by night1 da% aga9/ ! pit sides & fall to ! bottom2 o!rs m]ely crawl 9 = %elt]1 or tumble ov] ! sides1 & _m seem attract$ by ! m]e damp at ! bottom or 9 ! corn]s4 ,old collectors us$ to recomm5d a %eet spread out to attract insects2 & !re is no d\bt t a c]ta9 numb] c be f\nd by su* means1 j z !y c be pick$ up float+ on horse-tr\ghs or on ponds4 ,artificial traps exi/ 9 ! corridors ( ! ,cry/al ,palace1 "s half-inclos$ c\ntry railway /ations1 & su* places2 crawl+ up ! w9d[s ( :i* _m specim5s are to be f\nd4 ,b ^! c only be consid]$ z indications ( :at species occur 9 ! di/rict1 z !y are m]e /raggl]s4 ,delib]ately lay+ traps 9 s& pits1 on commons1 c41 w be f\nd mo/ productive4 ,small dead animals1 fir bran*es1 dead leaves1 c41 c be exam9$ "t aft] "t ) pr(it 9 su* situations4 ,bury+ a /\t bran* ) ! b>k on1 leav+ ! top above ! soil1 & p]iodically exam9+ x :5 damp & ne>ly rott51 has be5 f\nd effective2 _m insects collect+ b5ea? ! loose wet b>k4 ,aft] heavy floods1 z dur+ sev]e dr\ghts1 beetles may be f\nd 9 great pr(usion2 9 ! =m] case1 by sift+ ! refuse left by ! wat]2 9 ! latt]1 by dilig5tly exam9+ ! damp residuum ( =m] ponds1 & if no damp be f\nd1 by ev5 se>*+ bel[ ! surface :]e x la/ occurr$4 ,! wet hay1 (t5 decay$ & m\ldy1 at ! bottoms ( /acks1 :i* bad f>m]s h plac$ directly on ! gr\nd1 w be f\nd to teem ) beetle-life2 z w ! m>g9s ( dung & vegetable-refuse heaps1 wood-/acks1 cut grass1 c42 & _m good ?+s may be tak5 by g5tly wav+ a light gauze net to & fro1 j be=e sunset1 close to su* places1 :i!r ! in/9ct ( nature impels ! flight ( myriads4 ,9 w9t]1 isolat$ tufts ( grass 9 wet places1 on ! m>g9s ( /reams1 ! cre/s ( banks1 c41 mu/ be cut close to ! gr\nd1 & g5tly torn 9 pieces ov] br[n pap]4 ,:]ev] _m insects seem to be f\nd1 x w 9 mo/ ( ^! cases be f\nd advisable to sift ! fragm5ts1 & br+ home ! beetles & small /uff unexam9$ 9 a bag ) a /r+ at ! neck to prev5t _! escape4 ,moss %\ld be treat$ 9 ?is way1 & ! lay]s ( black & rott+ leaves f\nd 9 woods1 especially at _! outskirts4 ,bee* leaves usually produce _m species1 & ! autumn & spr+ are ! be/ times = hunt+ = !m4 ,9 w9t]1 also1 _m species w be f\nd hyb]nat+ 9 grass at ! roots ( trees1 "u b>k1 c41 9 conditions n usual ) !m at o!r times4 ,9 autumn1 fungi1 9 woods especially1 w be f\nd mo/ productive4 ,g5]al sweep+1 except dur+ ! w9t]1 w always be m or less remun]ative4 ,no g5]al rules c be laid d[n = ?is2 9 a good neighb\rhood 7on *alk or s&1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 a di/rict :]e bo? ^! soils are f\nd7 beetles w sw>m almo/ any:]e 9 due season1 & ! mo/ unlikely-look+ spots w frequ5tly be f\nd ! be/ 9 ! end4 ,9 luxuriant h]bage1 among l[ %rubs1 9 ! close-gr[+ vegetation ( hill-sides1 ! sweep+ net may be pli$ ) success2 b ! be/ way1 ) all ,phytophaga at lea/1 is to />t ) a fix$ idea z to cat*+ c]ta9 def9ite species1 & !n1 at ! "r "t1 to hunt = su* plants z ^! are kn[n or suppos$ to frequ5t2 &1 su* fail+ 9 ! di/rict1 to try _! allies4 ,( c\rse1 ! collector w n fail to sweep fl[]s 9 woods & lanes1 :]eon1 9 ! hot sun%9e1 _m %[y beetles bask4 ,_m good ?+s w be f\nd by sweep+ "u fir trees1 especially t[>ds ev5+1 & ev5 by night2 9 _m places1 especially m>%es1 nocturnal fe$]s may be secur$ by ! vague use ( ?is net4 ,by night1 also1 _m species may be f\nd at sug> put on trees = mo?s1 & on ivy or sall[-blossom4 ,beat+ is mo/ productive 9 e>ly summ]1 especially 9 ! second ye>'s gr[? ( "y cutt+s 9 woods2 & ! oak1 hazel1 & popl> w g5]ally yield _m species to ! tap ( ! /ick4 ,good ?ick1 & especially old h$ges1 mu/ also be always c>efully ?ra%$ into ! net2 v _m good ?+s1 o!rwise n procurable1 w rew>d ?is toil4 ,ano!r s*eme = gett+ r>e species is to beat ! tops ( trees ) a long pole1 plac+ b5ea? a %eet or t5t cov]+4 ,break+ away ! extreme edges ( banks1 ?r[+ wat] on !m1 tread+ heavily on ! m>g9s1 dilig5tly exam9+ grass & roots close to ! wat]1 re$s 7especially if cut & on ! gr\nd 9 heaps71 c41 w br+ to light great numb]s ( wet-lov+ beetles4 ,wat] beetles1 pure & simple1 mu/ be dragg$ & dr$g$ =1 especially r\nd wat] plants b5ea? ! surface1 & along ! sides ( ponds1 9 eddies ( runn+ /reams1 9 ! moss on /ones 9 !m1 & on ! /ones !mselves1 c4 ,! ,coprophaga w be f\nd readily 9 ! dropp+s ( v>i\s ,mammalia1 & also 9 holes bor$ 9 ! gr\nd b5ea?1 (t5 to a great dep?4 ,an easy & clean way to secure !m is to ?r[ dropp+s1 gr\nd & all1 into wat]1 ! beetles com+ to ! surface4 ,z to wood beetles1 !y mu/ be s\ght = "u & 9 b>k1 9 solid wood1 9 decay+ bran*es1 & su* places2 a rule to be rememb]$ is1 t mo/ ( ^! occur at ! tops ( trees3 h5ce ! paucity ( s _m species 9 collections4 ,inde$1 to prop]ly hunt = ! majority ( !m1 x is necess>y to obta9 c>te blan*e & a ladd]1 if any success be hop$ =4 ,fell$ trunks are1 ( c\rse1 easy to manipulate2 & _! fre%ly-cut /umps1 exud+ ei!r res9 or a peculi> & (t5 sweet mucor1 are v attractive to _m beetles1 z is fre%ly-cut sawdu/1 & mo/ especially ! 7to u7 fetid & acrid juice result+ f ! attacks ( ! l>va ( ! ,goat-mo?4 ,rott5 fruit1 c41 are also n to be pass$ by )\t exam9ation4 ,_m small species occur 91 or c be obta9$ f1 ! topmo/ twigs ( trees bl[n d[n by ! w9d4 ,dead animals1 z be=e m5tion$1 mu/ be exam9$1 z mu/ ! vegetation & soil ne> !m4 ,a keep]'s tree 9 a wood w always produce some?+ = ! collector1 :o ne$ only hold 8 net b5ea? ! gibbet$ f] & bang _! hides & bones ) 8 beat+-/ick4 ,dur+ diff]5t /ages ( decomposition & desiccation1 beetles ( widely v>i$ aff9ities w result f ?is me?od ( collect+4 ,ants' ne/s w\ld require a special notice1 s productive are !y3 _! mat]ial c be sift$ & _! neighb\r+ runs or pa?s exam9$1 traps laid ne> or on !m1 & p]iodically cle>$ out1 c4 ,bees' & wasps' ne/s also produce good1 ?\gh few] species1 & are1 moreov]1 n q s easy ( access4 ,! ne/s ( birds1 especially if ! latt] are greg>i\s1 &1 inde$1 ! habitations ( any animals1 w be f\nd to h>b\r _m beetles1 among/ o!r insects4 ,9 g>d5s1 ! beetle collector %\ld lay cunn+ traps ( cut grass1 twigs1 planks1 bones1 c42 by a p]iodical exam9ation ( :i* he w secure _m good ?+s4 ,if !re be a ho?\se ab\t ! premises1 x & its belong+s w always act z a bait4 ,l>ge tracts ( wa/e l& & commons1 ?\gh sup]ficially app>5tly unproductive1 (t5 conta9 congregations ( good species1 9 "s little oasis ( damp or vegetation2 moreov]1 on !m sev]al peculi> beetles occur4 ,hills & m\nta9s w (t5 sudd5ly repay ! toil ( ! collector1 :o has despond5tly work$ 8 way up1 turn+ ov] /ones1 & f9d+ comp>atively no?+4 ,! moss1 c41 att5d+ ! *annels ( any /reams 9 su* places %\ld be c>efully se>*$1 & ! /ones on ! top especially n neglect$4 ,riv] banks & salt m>%es are inv>iably frequ5t$ by good insects1 & ! v heaps ( seawe$1 dry or wet1 on ! %ore h>b\r c\ntless beetles4 ,9 su* places small s&-lov+ plants %\ld be pull$ up by ! roots1 &1 ) ! neighb\r+ soil1 %ak5 ov] br[n pap]4 ,! s& itself may 9 _m in/ances be scrap$1 & burr[+ beetles br\ght to light2 b if ! hunt] comes ^u a dead fi% or bird1 a full bottle w be 84 ,?us x w be se5 t almo/ e locality conta9s beetles1 if ! collector c only detect !m 7& x may be z well "h to impress on him t x is bett] to bottle a dubi\s insect & exam9e x at home1 ?an to reject x = be+ app>5tly common74 ,/ill !re c be no d\bt t c]ta9 soils & di/ricts are mu* m productive ?an o!rs2 = in/ance1 mo/ ( ! midl& & we/]n c\nties1 & "s ( ! s\?-we/]n1 are n by any means s prolific z ! ea/]n1 s\!rn1 & _m p>ts ( ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,great ,brita92 clay be+ ! wor/ ( all soils = ! ,coleopt]i/4 ,! collector w d well1 aft] a fir/ hurri$ bur/ at all beetles t come 9 8 way1 to select a special gr\p1 & lay himself out to "w x c>efully1 buy+ or borr[+ ! works ( au?orities ^u x1 & mak+ himself ma/] ( ! botany connect$ ) x1 if x be a gr\p ( plant-frequ5t+ habits4 ,by su* a way ( work+1 he w m quickly1 ?\gh /ep by /ep1 acquire a good collection1 & a /ock ( useful k1 ?an by any o!r4 ,he w ( c\rse keep a regi/] ( ! date & place ( capture1 & any peculi>ity ( habit ( ea* insect he takes4 ,figures ( ! date ( ! ye> 7usually ! la/ two are suffici5t71 foll[$ by ano!r set1 comm5c+ ) #a1 w g5]ally be q en\gh2 correspond+ entries be+ made 9 ! fir/ column ( a rul$ di>y4 ,^! figures may be writt5 9 ink on ! "u side ( ! c>d ( a m\nt$ specim51 or on a circul> disc ( pap]1 pi]c$ by ! p9 ( "o too l>ge to be c>d$4 ,,vi4 ,,hym5opt]a4 ,by ,john ,b4 ,bridgman4 ,hav+ be5 ask$ to give "s in/ructions z to ! me?od ( sett+ & pres]v+ ! aculeate ,hym5opt]a1 x is ) great pleasure ,i comply1 & ,i hope x may be ! means ( induc+ o!rs to collect ^! insects4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 x is almo/ ne$less to /ate t ! females ( all ( !m 7a few ( ! ants except$7 are furni%$ ) /+s1 b ) v little c>e "o ne$ nev] be /ung4 ,z ,mrs4 ,glass says1 ,fir/ cat* y\r h>e3 s fir/ ,i %all give a few in/ructions :]e to look = & h[ to cat* ^! insects4 ,all ! app>atus necess>y is a gauze r+-net1 a cyanide bottle1 & a pocket full ( small c>d pill-boxes2 ! cyanide bottle is be/ made by wrapp+ a small piece ( cyanide ( potassium 9 two or ?ree ?icknesses ( blott+-pap]1 ty+ x r\nd ) cotton to prev5t x %ak+ out1 !n fix+ x to ! bottom ( a wide-m\!d flat bottle ) seal+-wax1 :i* is made to adh]e firmly to ! glass by heat+ ! glass c>efully ov] a lamp1 & !n cork+ x up4 ,! pill-boxes ought to h ! tops & bottoms fa/5$ 9 ) liquid glue 7a prep>ation ( %ell-lac74 ,^! are all t are requir$ to cat* & br+ home ! game2 :i* is to be look$ = at ! fl[]s ( trees1 bu%es1 & plants--"o season's exp]i5ce w tea* ! be/1 z "s species frequ5t "o1 "s ano!r1 & "s almo/ all4 ,! fl[]s ,i h f\nd ! greate/ fav\rites are sall[s1 will[s1 sycamore1 holly1 black?orn1 bramble1 hawkwe$s1 ragwort1 ?i/les1 & umbellif]4 ,"s bore 9 putresc5t wood1 & mu/ be look$ = on or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( old po/s & pal+s2 "s are to be f\nd fly+ ab\t dry banks1 h>d-trodd5 pa?ways1 on hea?s1 :ile old s& pits are fav\rite places2 b !y %\ld be s\ght = 9 any w>m1 r\gh1 we$y spot2 & "s may be obta9$ by digg+ !m out ( _! burr[s ) a tr[el4 ,my plan ( proce$+1 aft] hav+ got "o 9 ! net1 is to cat* hold ( ! net s t ! insect is inclos$ 9 a sort ( sack1 ,i !n uncork ! cyanide1 & introduce t into ! sack1 hold+ ! net firmly r\nd ! neck ( ! bottle1 s t !re is no o!r escape = ! insect f ! net b into ! bottle1 !n gradually "w ! insect into ! bottle & close ! m\? ) sev]al folds ( ! net1 wat* my opportunity & ins]t ! cork3 :5 ! insect is /upefi$1 :i* happ5s 9 a few seconds if ! bottle is slightly w>m1 ,i turn x into ! pill-box4 ,a ^w ( caution3 x is necess>y to be me?odical 9 c>ry+ ! boxes4 ,i always keep ! empty ones 9 my "r-h& pocket1 & ! fill$ ones 9 ! left-h& "o1 z1 if !y are c>ri$ sometimes "o way1 sometimes ano!r1 soon] or lat] a previ\sly fill$ "o w be op5$ to put an insect 91 :i* w result 9 ! =m] t5ant spe$ily mak+ room = ! new com]2 & my exp]i5ce has be51 if y d lose any?+ x is g5]ally y\r be/ capture4 ,hav+ got home ) ! left-h& pocket m or less fill$1 turn ! boxes out1 prep>atory to kill+ ! cont5ts1 :i* mu/ be done ) burnt sulphur4 ,my mode ( proce$+ is z foll[s3--,i /upefy ! cont5ts ( ea* box ) *lor(orm1 9 a mann] ,i w describe f>!r on4 ,hav+ /upefi$ !m1 ,i empty !m all into a %ort1 wide-m\!d1 r\nd bottle1 hav+ a piece ( glass tube put ?r\gh ! cork2 ! m\? ( ! tube is plugg$ ) cotton wool1 n too tight1 to act z a /ra9]4 ,i !n put ?is 9 a ,nabob pickle-bottle 7any o!r bottle w d z well71 ?r\gh ! /opp] ( :i* ,i h drill$ a hole ab\t a sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 9 :i* is fix$ a copp] wire1 hav+ a %all[ t9 cup at ! end4 ,9 ?is t9 cup is plac$ ! sulphur4 ,! t9 cup is !n held ov] ! flame ( a lamp1 gas1 or c&le1 till ! sulphur is burn+1 !n put x into ! bottle & press x d[n4 ,:5 all ! oxyg5 is consum$ ! sulphur goes out4 ,leave !m = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 take !m out1 & put !m into a damp box = twelve or m h\rs3 !y w !n be 9 a spl5did condition = sett+4 ,to /upefy ! insects ,i tip ! lids on "o side1 put !m into ! sulphur bottle1 p\r a drop or two into ! t9 cup1 & put x into ! bottle4 ,be c>eful n to *lor(orm !m too mu*1 z if kill$ s !y become s rigid t x is ) difficulty !y c be set4 ,hav+ kill$ !m1 !re only rema9s to p9 & set !m4 ,!re are v>i\s sizes ( p9s us$2 mo/ collectors h fancies ( _! own on ?is subject2 ,i %all !re=e only say :at is my practice4 ,! p9s ,i use are ,d4 ,f4 ,tayl] ,co4's1 ,new ,hall ,works1 ,birm+ham2 ,no4 #ae = bumble-bees only2 ! o!r sizes ,i f9d mo/ useful are #ae1 #aj1 & #ah4 ,"s p9 ! insects /raight1 & "s ) ! p9 incl9+ =w>d4 ,hav+ p9n$ !m1 ! next ?+ is to set !m4 ,!re are two ways ( do+ ?is2 "o is1 cut an oblong squ>e ( /\t c>dbo>d1 & put a p9 ?r\gh "o end2 aft] ! legs are /ret*$ out1 ?is is put into ! cork1 "o on ea* side1 till ! upp] surface ( cork is j bel[ ! level ( ! w+s1 :i* are !n laid out on ! c>d1 & held !re by a brace ! same %ape z ! table 7see ,fig4 #bh74 ,if ! insect has be5 prop]ly kill$1 ! legs & ant5n w keep set out )\t ! aid ( p9s2 if n1 ?is is done ) b5t or /raight p9s1 z may be necess>y4 ,! o!r way is a hymn ( my own compos+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,insect set ) ,table ,braces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi ,wood1 ) ! ,/rips glu$ on4 ,fir/ take "o ( ! /rips ( cork z sold at ! %ops1 pap] x on bo? sides ) ?9 s(t pap]2 !n take a piece ( wood a little l>g] ?an ! cork1 ab\t half an in* ?ick2 on ?is ,i glue /rips ( c>dbo>d1 or ?9 wood1 accord+ to ! size ( ! insect1 side by side1 & z f> ap>t z necess>y 7see ,fig4 #bi74 ,^! be+ dry1 ,i glue ! %eet ( cork on to ! top ( ! /rips1 :i* leaves x look+ l a succession ( bridges4 ,:5 ?is is dry ! cork mu/ be cut ?r\gh betwe5 ! pieces fir/ fa/5$ on ! wood4 ,^! pieces are !n tak5 out & glu$ to ! wood 7see ,fig4 #cj72 ?is leaves _m sett+ bo>ds1 some?+ simil> to ! s+le r\nd$ ones us$ by ,lepidopt]i/s2 b ^! are flat--!y want to be j deep en\gh = ! insect & wide en\gh to all[ ! legs to be /ret*$ out4 ,a little practice w soon det]m9e ! size4 ,! w+ ,i hold d[n ) small triangul> braces4 ,ea* bo>d w hold ab\t sev5ty or eighty insects2 b5ea? ,i put ! date !y 7 set1 & leave !m on ! bo>d ab\t a mon? to dry1 z if tak5 (f too soon ! w+s spr+4 ,always put a label to ea* specim51 ei!r ) ! date or a numb] correspond+ to "o 9 a book1 9 :i* ent] ! date & locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,ditto1 side view4 ,a1 ! same ) ! cork glu$ on2 ,b1 cork2 ,c1 ! same ) ! cork cut ?r\gh at ! dott$ l9es 9 ,a1 & fa/5$ d[n4 ,"o m obs]vation & ,i h done4 ,sometimes "o comes across an insect ^: rigid w+s seem to defy all attempts to set2 9 su* cases j press firmly at ! back "p ( ! ?orax1 betwe5 t & ! abdom51 t[>ds ! p91 & ! w+s w sometimes fly op5 ( _! own accord1 or w all[ ( _! be+ easily set 9 ! requir$ direction1 :i* %\ld always be set well =w>d4 ,,vii4 ,,l& ,,& ,,fre%wat] ,,%ells1 ,,etc4 ,by ,pr(essor ,ralph ,tate1 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4 ,a "y fri5d1 desir\s ( ent]+ ^u "o ( ! mo/ accessible natural hi/ory pursuits1 t ( ! /udy ( ,l& & ,fre%wat] ,molluscs1 begg$ ( me "s practical h9ts on ! collection & pres]vation ( ^! objects ( our woodl&s1 waysides1 & wat]c\rses4 ,believ+ t ?is k9d ( "w (f]s a good /epp+-/one to ! /udy ( nature 9 its m ext5d$ =ms & complicat$ relations1 ,i 0 mo/ anxi\s to help my tyro naturali/1 & t beyond 8 utmo/ expectations1 z ,i made a few initiatory trips ) him 9 a se>* = ! covet$ treasures4 ,our equipm5t 0 simple & inexp5sive1 consi/+ ( a block-t9 saucepan f9ely p]=at$ at ! bottom1 ab\t six in*es across1 & hav+ a holl[ h&le ( a size to receive firmly ! end ( a common walk+-/ick--su* a dr$ge or a sift] w co/ n9ep5ce or a %ill+ at a t9man's2 secondly1 ( a pocket l5s2 & la/ly1 ( a v>iety ( boxes1 & a bag to conta9 specim5s ( diff]5t sizes4 ,?us provid$1 our fir/ excursion _h = its object an exam9ation ( c]ta9 neighb\r+ ponds & /reams4 ,my pupil1 guess+ ! use ( ! p]=at$ saucepan1 makes 8 way to ! ne>e/ pond1 fixes ! improvis$ h&le1 da%es 9 ! sift] ) impati5t ard\r1 & hav+ br\ght up a quantity ( mud f ! bottom1 look$ ^u ! oozy mass ) despair4 ,pati5ce1 my lad6 ,rememb] t ! pleasure ( success 9 sci5ce is ! high] ! great] ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 obta9+ ! objects ( our se>*4 ,expect failure n[ & aga91 b d n be di%e>t5$4 ,ohne ,ha/ ohne ,ra/1 %\ld be ! motto ( e naturali/4 ,n[1 %ake ! t9 9 ! wat]1 keep+ its rim j out ( ! wat]1 dipp+ x d[n n[ & !n4 ,t is well2 ?us y see t y h cle>$ (f ! mud1 & :at y want is probably left beh9d along ) ! rubbi%4 ,:at1 no?+6 ,come1 try aga92 b ?is "t scrape ! sift] along ! surface ( ! mud1 & ,i am confid5t t y w f9d some?+ to rew>d y1 & ) mu* less tr\ble & display ( temp]4 ,9 ?is way1 aft] repeat$ trials1 a numb] ( %ells 7 secur$ & transf]r$ to ! boxes4 ,!n1 aft] ! fir/ gu% ( excitem5t is ov]1 we retire to an adjo9+ bank to con ov] ! spoils1 & ,i to make m5tion ( ! v>i\s habits ( fre%wat] snails1 & consequ5tly ( ! diff]5t modes ( se>*4 ,my "y fri5d's en?usiasm is ar\s$ by ! m5tion t a few l>ge mussel-l %ells are inhabitants ( our fre% wat]s1 & great is 8 ha/e to be up & aga9 do+1 9 ! hope ( add+ "s ( !m to 8 /ock4 ,b 9 va9 7 8 _m attempts to f9d !m 9 ! pond :i* _h already yield$ u su* a v>iety4 ,d !y live "h8 is at la/ ! anxi\s "q4 ,no2 b let u away to yon sluggi% brook1 = x is 9 su* t we may expect to meet ) !m4 ,n[ ,i see !m4 ,are n ^? _! ends j peep+ above ! mud8 ,& full ( eag]ness he da%es 9 ! dr$ge1 b ) little result1 except+ t ( a dead %ell or two4 ,oh6 h[ c ,i get !m8 ,%all ,i take (f my %oes & socks & wade = !m8 ,well1 y might secure !m t way1 & sometimes x is ! only way1 b on ?is occasion ,i d n ?9k x necess>y4 ,come1 we w move a little high] up1 :]e ! /ream is cle>1 & ! %ellfi% undi/urb$4 ,obs]ve ! gap+ ends ( ! %ell1 & ?us ,i pu% ! end ( ! /\t rod betwe5 ! p>tially-op5 valves2 n[ !y close ^u ! /ick1 & s we br+ our prize hold+ on to ! /ick to ! bank4 ,y w recollect1 address+ my companion1 t 9 ! muddy pond we h j left1 we *iefly got small bivalves & only a few snail %ells4 ,i h already told y t wat] %ells diff] mu* 9 _! habits1 & t consequ5tly our se>* = any p>ticul> species1 or set ( species1 c only be successfully c>ri$ on :5 t k is our guide4 ,^? little bivalves1 & a few ( ! snails t we h ga!r$1 habitually live at ! bottom1 & w ( c\rse be br\ght up 9 ! dr$ge :5 t implem5t is dragg$ ov] x2 b !re are _m %ells :i* live at or ne> ! surface1 & :i* fe$ on ! subm]g$ & float+ plants4 ,!re=e we mu/ seek out a we$y pool if we w\ld increase ! v>iety ( our collection4 ,su* a spot is rea*$2 & ! dr$ge is br\ght into requisition1 anon to snat* up a float+ snail1 or aga9 to sweep ov] & ?r\gh ! plants1 v>y+ our occupation by dragg+ to ! m>g9 ! tangl$ masses ( we$s2 by all ( :i* means a consid]able numb] ( ! class ( air-brea?+ wat] snails 0 obta9$--admoni%+ my "y fri5d t ?is la/ plan does v well :5 ! plants gr[ 9 d5se masses1 because :5 ?us int]lac$ !y =m a natural net to cat* ^? snails :i* on ! slighte/ di/urbance lose _! hold ^u ! we$s1 & :i* w\ld o!rwise fall to ! bottom4 ,yet ano!r plan rema9s to be pursu$1 "o by :i* ! few small %ells hid+ among ! roots ( ! plants may be secur$4 ,obvi\sly ! dr$ge misses su*2 b by pull+ up ! plants by _! roots1 & well %ak+ !m 9 ! half-sunk5 sift]1 we yet aft] all obta9 !m4 ,f causes :i* ne$ n be expla9$ "h1 ! %ells liv+ 9 "s ponds are all mu* erod$1 or coat$ ) a f]rug9\s deposit2 x w be desirable !re=e to f9d out ! localities :]e specim5s are 9 ! be/ condition1 s t y may h typical specim5s = comp>ison be=e an ext5sive collection is made4 ,our exp]i5ce is1 t ?\gh a consid]able numb] ( species may be obta9$ f a dit* or pond1 yet a few are f\nd z ! sole molluscan t5ants ( p>ticul> %eets ( wat]2 t lakes exhibit a de>? ( life1 & t ! greate/ v>iety is (t5 to be met ) 9 canals2 b %\ld a se>* be c>ri$ on 9 !m1 avoid ! t[pa? side1 = reasons t a little ?\ght w readily sugge/4 ,liv+ ne> ! sea1 & )9 a %ort di/ance ( wood$ hill-sides1 we _h )9 a limit$ area su* a v>iety ( physical features t we 7 l$ to inf] ! exi/5ce ( a ri* molluscan fauna = ! neighb\rhood4 ,our second excursion 0 devot$ to a se>* = snails along ! sea m>g9 & %ores ( ! e/u>y4 ,proce$+ along ! l[ s&-dunes--at fir/ sight a mo/ un9t]e/+ spot--,helix cap]ata1 ,h4 virgata1 ,bulimus acutus1 & a few o!r snails1 7 f\nd clu/]+ ^u ! l[ /unt$ vegetation 9 su* numb]s1 t h&fuls might h be5 ga!r$ )9 an area ( a few squ>e feet4 ,leav+ ! sea%ore1 our way l$ u ov] ! =e%ore ( ! m\? ( ! riv]1 cru%+ "u our feet at e /ep %ells ( ,c>dium edule1 ,scrobicul>ia pip]ata1 & a few o!r bivalves :i* f9d a cong5ial habitat 9 su* situations4 ,ga9+ ! muddy m>g9s ( ! high] "p ( ! e/u>y1 ,conovulus 0 look$ =1 & f\nd "u ! /ones along ! high-wat] m>k4 ,high] up ! riv] ! rejectam5tum on its banks 0 c>efully turn$ ov]1 & we 7 successful 9 secur+ a numb] ( l& %ells4 ,! animals1 ( c\rse1 d n live 9 su* places2 b _! empty %ells1 :i* alone 7 f\nd1 _h be5 br\ght d[n f ! l& surface by ! ag5cy ( ! /reams & tribut>ies ( ! riv]4 ,nev]!less su* an omnium ga!rum %\ld dem& att5tion1 z its cont5ts give an insight into ! "* ( ! l& & fre%wat] =ms )9 ! area ( dra9age ( ! riv]4 ,! numb] ( e/u>9e species :i* h a place 9 our works devot$ to ,briti% l& & fre%wat] snails is v few1 & ! majority1 moreov]1 are conf9$ to ! m>g9s ( ! tidal riv]s 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,?us ,assim9ea ,grayana1 ,hydrobia v5trosa1 & ,h4 similis1 live on ! mud banks b5ea? ! %ade ( s$ges & ru%es1 skirt+ ! ,?ames bel[ ,gre5wi*4 ,to ga!r ^! small %ells s+ly is a t$i\s op]ation2 b if a ?9 piece ( flat wood1 or o!r sub/itute z ! +5uity ( ! collector sugge/s1 be us$ to scrape lightly ov] ! surface ( mud1 transf]r+ ! mass to ! dr$g]1 & wa%+ 9 wat]1 a numb] ( specim5s suffici5t to /ock e private cab9et 9 ! c\ntry may be obta9$ 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,= ! ?ird initiatory excursion our /eps 7 direct$ inl&1 & z we proce$$ ! h$g][s1 mossy banks1 & m>g9s ( wat]c\rses 7 dilig5tly se>*$1 f9d+ a ,helix "h1 a ,pupa or a ,succ9ea !re4 ,ga9+ ! woods1 we turn ov] ! damp leaves1 grub "u ! clumps ( f]ns & wood-ru%es = small ,helices1 ,pup1 & ! l2 scan ! trunks ( ! trees = ! climb+ ,clausili1 ,bulimi1 & ,helices1 n unm9dful t ea* little dirt-l mass is probably a ,bulimus obscurus1 :i*1 by cov]+ its %ell ) mud1 ?us exhibits a protective faculty1 & (t5 escapes detection4 ,raise ! rott+ b>k = ,balia2 lift ! /ones at our feet1 or roll away a log = ,helicella1 & o!r small %ells :i* usually live 9 su* situations4 ,f all ?is we le>n t ea* species affects c]ta9 /ations1 & !re=e1 ) ! k ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 we may set out ) "s def9ite idea z to :at we are likely to meet )2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 :5 to collect & :]e to collect are regulat$ by ! unv>y+ habits ( ! objects ( our se>*4 ,n[1 a l>ge portion ( ! life ( mo/ l& snails is pass$ 9 a /ate ( sleep4 ,^? liv+ 9 op5 situations are inactive dur+ ! heat ( a summ]'s day1 & :5 !re is cont9u$ dr\ght2 b on ! fir/ %[]1 or aft] ! fall ( dew at night1 !y recov] & move ab\t 9 se>* ( food4 ,cold acts mu* 9 ! same way z heat1 & ) ! fall ( ! leaf !y retire to w9t] qu>t]s 9 crannies ( rocks1 crevices ( walls1 "u heaps ( decay+ vegetation1 c41 or bury !mselves 9 ! soil1 !re to hyb]nate till ! g5ial %[]s ( spr+ awak5 !m4 ,! be/ "t ( ! ye> = collect+ is 9 ! autumn1 :5 ! %ells are full-gr[n4 ,^? collect$ 9 spr+ h lo/ mu* ( _! orig9al beauty by exposure to ! ra9s & cold ( ! w9t] mon?s4 ,z reg>ds ! p>ticul> "t ( day to collect ) advantage1 x has already be5 impli$ t a se>* 9 an op5 c\ntry %\ld be prosecut$ aft] a %[] ( ra91 or dur+ e>ly morn4 ,9 damp woods1 :]e ?r\gh\t ! day ! air is suffici5tly moi/ to ma9ta9 ! animals 9 full activity1 no su* consid]ations det]m9e ! be/ "t = collect+4 ,9 su* places1 light is usually ! desid]atum1 & consequ5tly ,i h f\nd t a se>* conduct$ at midday 9 a cle> sky has be5 amply rew>d$4 ,l& snails exhibit a p>tiality = calc>e\s soils1 n only by ^? liv+ on d[ns & hill-sides1 b also by ! woodl& species4 ,hav+ sp5t ! =5oons ( ?ree days 9 ga!r+ slugs & snails z be=e detail$1 "o ev5+ 0 devot$ to ! prep>ation ( ! specim5s = ! cab9et4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to remove ! animals1 &1 z all "k1 x is nei!r an easy nor a clean task to sep>ate ! liv+ snail & its h\se2 b kill y\r snail1 & ! muscul> connection ) ! %ell be+ sev]$1 its :ole body is readily tak5 out by means ( a p9--:y1 x is j l pick+ p]iw9kles2 & if ! proclivities ( our *ildhood's days are n entirely oblit]at$1 clean+ out l>g] snails f _! %ells w be a task requir+ no tea*+4 ,b1 ) reg>d to ! small] k9d1 x is ano!r matt]1 & x w be my duty to %[ y h[ to set ab\t ! "w4 ,n[ pick out ^? %ells1 ! ap]tures ( :i* are wide en\gh1 z x seems to y1 to p]mit ! removal ( ! dead body ( ! snail by a p94 ,y may also place ) !m ! l>g] bivalves4 ,all ^! we w boil to kill ! animals2 !n /ra9 (f ! wat]1 & wa% ) cold wat]4 ,by ?is means ! bodies contract1 & be+ firm] are n s liable to be brok5 9 ! process ( removal4 ,%ake ! wat] out ( ! empty %ell1 & place !m be=e ! fire to dry2 d n rub !m1 b p>ticles ( dirt may be g5tly flick$ (f by ! aid ( a camel-hair bru%4 ,?us we treat ! l>g] snails4 ,n[ = ! mussels4 ,d\btless mo/ ( ! dead bodies w h fall5 out betwe5 ! op5 valves :ile 9 ! wat]2 %\ld any rema91 a slight %ak+ ( ! %ell held by ! h& 9 ! wat] w remove ! conta9$ body4 ,tak5 f ! wat]1 ! valves gape widely2 dry ! inside & outside ) a clo?1 & hav+ tape or cotton at h&1 close ! valves by ! pressure ( ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! "o h&1 & ) ! end ( ! ?read betwe5 y\r tee?1 w9d ! ?read two or ?ree times ar\nd ! %ell ) ! o!r2 n[ tie ! ?read z tight z y c4 ,yes1 ,i h done s1 b /ill ! valves are n clos$4 ,true1 ?is is because ( ! ela/icity ( ?read4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y w take ! precaution to wet ! ?read be=e ty+1 y w f9d t ! tie is m secure1 & t !re is less difficulty 9 mak+ ! second knot4 ,) pati5ce & a little skill1 bivalves z small z ,cyclas cornea may be treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,b ! small] ,pisidiums1 & "s ( ! m9ute snails1 z ,c>y*ium m9imum1 may be prep>$ = ! cab9et by g5tly dry+ !m 9 s&2 too great a heat causes a transfusion ( ! c>bonace\s matt] ( ! animal into ! sub/ance ( ! %ell1 :i* is !reby discol\r$4 ,!re /ill rema9 = treatm5t su* %ells z ,clausilia1 ,bulimus1 ,helicella1 "s ,helices1 c41 ! animals ( :i* retreat1 on ! lea/ irritation1 beyond ! rea* ( a p91 & ^: %ells1 inde$1 w h>dly be> ! r\gh h&l+ almo/ necess>y :5 a p9 is us$4 ,_! bodies might be dri$ )9 ! %ells1 b if x be possible to remove "s portion only ( ! animal1 an attempt %\ld be made to d s4 ,l& snails1 :5 plac$ 9 wat]1 d _! be/ to effect an escape f a m$ium s fatal to !m2 _! ef=ts are usually exhibit$ by /ret*+ out _! bodies to ! utmo/1 sway+ !m to & fro z if 9 se>* ( a foo?old4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is prop5sity1 ! snails %\ld be imm]s$ 9 tepid wat]1 because ! majority1 aft] a day or two's conf9em5t 9 ! collect+ boxes1 w be 9 a dormant condition1 & w>m wat] has a great] resuscitat+ effect ?an cold4 ,:5 all ! snails are /ruggl+ to f9d a way out ( _! unpleasant situation1 gradually add hot wat] s z to kill or p>alyze !m :ile 9 an ext5d$ /ate4 ,!y may n[ be ?r[n into boil+ wat]1 ! bett] to relax ! muscul> atta*m5ts1 & ! bodies1 or s mu* z w come away1 dragg$ out by =ceps1 or a p9 pass$ ?r\gh ! foot4 ,! %ells may n[ be dri$ 9 s&1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,9 clean+ ! %ells ( "s species1 great c>e is ne$$1 s z n to remove ! hairs or bri/les :i* clo! ! surface ( ! epid]mis4 ,! %ells ( su* snails z ,palud9a1 ,cyclo/oma1 c41 c41 w\ld be imp]fectly illu/rat$ )\t ! op]cula or lids :i* close ! ap]tures ( _! %ells4 ,ea* "o %\ld be deta*$ f ! foot ( ! snail1 ! int]ior ( ! %ell plugg$ ) cotton wool1 & ! specim5 gumm$ d[n 9 its natural position4 ,! pres]vation ( slugs requires sep>ate treatm5t1 & ,i c give b little additional in=mation to t publi%$ 9 my ',briti% ,l& & ,fre%wat] ,molluscs' an extract f :i* is subjo9$3-- ,z reg>ds ! int]nal %ell1 x may be obta9$ by mak+ a conical incision 9 ! %ield1 tak+ c>e n to cut d[n ^u ! calc>e\s plate1 :i* c !n be remov$ )\t difficulty4 ,! animals c only be cons]v$ by keep+ !m 9 "s pres]vative fluid2 b ! great object to keep 9 view is to h ! slug naturally ext5d$4 ,mo/ fluids contract ! slugs :5 !y are imm]s$ 9 !m4 ,! slugs %\ld be kill$ :il/ crawl+1 by plung+ !m into a solution ( corrosive sublimate1 or into b5z9e4 ,models 9 wax or d\gh are sometimes sub/itut$ = ! animals4 ,a writ] 9 ! ',naturali/' gives a process = ! pres]vation ( slugs1 :i* he /ates to answ] admirably1 & to be v sup]ior to _s1 glyc]9e1 creosote1 & o!r solutions3--',make a cold saturat$ solution ( corrosive sublimate2 put x into a deep wide-m\!d bottle2 !n take ! slug y wi% to pres]ve1 & let x crawl ^u a long slip ( c>d4 ,:5 ! t5tacles are fully ext5d$1 plunge x sudd5ly into ! solution2 9 a few m9utes x w die1 ) ! t5tacles fully ext5d$ 9 ! mo/ life-l mann]2 s mu* s inde$1 if tak5 out ( ! fluid x w\ld be difficult to say :e!r x be alive or dead4 ,! slugs ?us prep>$ %\ld n be m\nt$ 9 _s1 z x is apt to contract & discol\r !m4 ,a mixture ( "o & a half p>ts ( wat] & "o "p ( glyc]9e1 ,i f9d to be ! be/ m\nt+ fluid4 ,x pres]ves ! col\r beautifully1 & its antiseptic qualities are unexceptionable4 ,a good-siz$ te/-tube answ]s bett] ?an a bottle = putt+ !m up1 z x admits ( clos] exam9ation ( ! animal4 ,! only drawback to ?is process is1 t unless ! solution is ( suffici5t /r5g?1 & unless ! t5tacles are extrud$ :5 ! animal is imm]s$1 x g5]ally1 b n inv>iably1 fails4 ,"s slugs appe> to be m susceptible to ! action ( ! fluid ?an o!rs2 & x g5]ally answ]s bett] ) full-gr[n ?an ) "y specim5s4 ,b if successful1 ! specim5s are z satisfactory z c\ld be desir$2 & ev5 if unsuccessful1 !y are a great deal bett] ?an ^? pres]v$ 9 _s2 =1 al?\gh ! t5tacles may n be completely extrud$1 !y are m or less s'4 ,! ,te/acell ,i h treat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 by p>tially dry+ !m 9 s&1 & removal ( ! s(t p>ts ?r\gh a cut 9 ! l5g? ( ! foot1 fill+ up ) cotton wool & a r5ewal ( ! dry+4 ,our l& & fre%wat] snails h o!r /ructures besides _! %ells :i* %\ld claim our att5tion4 ,^!1 :i* include _! jaws1 tongues1 & "s o!r m9ute p>ts1 are n s inaccessible z "o is at fir/ too apt to consid]1 & are des]v$ly 9 fav\r z microscopic objects requir+ a l[ p[]4 ,i %all assume t ! collector has pres]v$ ! bodies or ! heads ( ! snails 9 _s1 :i* he has remov$ f _! %ells 9 ! process ( prep>+ !m = 8 cab9et4 ,he w take c>e to keep sep>ate ! animals ( ea* species4 ,a la/ ^w ^u ! mode ( display+ ! %ells 9 ! cab9et4 ,"h "o has consid]able *oice1 z !y may be kept 9 op5 c>d trays1 or 9 glass-topp$ boxes1 or gumm$ on c>ds1 pap]$ bo>ds1 or glass tablets4 ,loose specim5s admit ( ready exam9ation1 :il/ ! me?od ( m\nt+ p]mits an arrangem5t ( individuals accord+ to size & locality1 & is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,,viii4 ,,fl[]+ ,,plants ,,& ,,f]ns4 ,by ,james ,britt51 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,"p ,i4 ,! k9dr$ subjects ( ! collect+ ( plants & _! arrangem5t 9 ! h]b>ium h be5 treat$ ( ov] & ov] aga91 & x might almo/ seem z ?\gh no?+ fur!r ne$ be said ^u ! matt]4 ,b 9 spite ( all t has be5 writt51 x _c be said t any?+ l uni=m excell5ce has be5 atta9$1 ei!r 9 ! collect+ or dry+ ( specim5s3 on ! contr>y1 mu* c>elessness is /ill exhibit$ 9 bo? p>ticul>s1 & ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! subject may !re=e be useful to "s1 at any rate1 among ! read]s ( ',sci5ce ,gossip4' ,x has be5 f\nd impossible to treat bo? po9ts adequately 9 "o pap]1 s1 on ! pres5t occasion1 we %all devote ourselves to collect+1 leav+ ! arrangem5t & matt]s connect$ !re) = ano!r occasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,"y ,plant ( ,ipoma ,quamoclit 7f ,dec&olle's ',organographie'74 ,! great aim to be kept 9 view 9 collect+ is to obta9 z p]fect & compreh5sive a specim5 z possible2 t is1 "o %[+ e "p ( ! plant--root1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit4 ,x is n always practicable to %[ all ^! ^u "o specim51 & 9 su* cases su* a numb] mu/ be select$ z w c>ry out ?is plan4 ,! wret*$ scraps ) :i* "s collectors cont5t !mselves are n only useless to _! own]s1 b annoyances to ev]yone :o has to d ) !m1 or :o is reque/$ to pron\nce an op9ion ^u !m4 ,anyone :o has _h any?+ to d ) nam+ plants = ',sci5ce ,gossip' or any o!r j\rnal1 :i* 9 ?is mann] supplies in=mation to its subscrib]s1 w be able to te/ify to ! l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o d n scruple to s5d = det]m9ation s+le leaves1 or a t]m9al %oot ( a fl[]+ plant1 or a p9nule ( a f]n )\t fruit2 a proce$+ :i* is unfair to ^? to :om !y are submitt$1 inasmu* z !y ei!r h to risk _! reputation = accuracy1 or to appe> unc\rte\s by refus+ to h any?+ to d ) su* specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,lime 7,tilia ,europa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,bee* 7,fagus sylvatica74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,sycamore 7,ac] pseudo-platanus71 %[+ cotyl$ons & fir/ & second pair ( leaves4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 ,h[ r>ely d we f9d ! embryo ( any species repres5t$ 9 a collection ( dri$ plants8 ,x ought to be !re1 n only z ess5tial to ! complete pres5tm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! species1 b z 9 c]ta9 cases indicat+ relation%ips :i* are n app>5t :5 ! plant is m advanc$4 ,^? :o h n obs]v$ !m w\ld be surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* v>iety ( =m exi/s 9 ! cotyl$ons alone1 f ! fle%y cotyl$ons ( _m ( ! ,legum9os1 ! horse-*e/nut1 c41 to ! foliace\s ones1 or se$-leaves1 ( o!r plants4 ,among ! latt] may be not$ & comp>$ ! lob$ or palmate cotyl$ons ( ! lime 7,fig4 #cb72 ! glossy d>k gre51 some:at kidney-%ap$ ones ( ! bee* 7,fig4 #cc72 & ! p9natifid ones ( ! common g>d5 cress 7,lepidium sativum72 ! obcordate ones ( ! mu/>d or radi%2 ! long1 n>r[1 ?9 ones ( ! sycamore 7,fig4 #cd72 ! s9u\s or corrugat$ & bilob$ ones ( ! walnut1 & _m m :i* w occur to ! obs]vant read]1 or :i* may be collect$ by anyone :o w take ! tr\ble to wat* ! g]m9ation ( plants4 ,& by mak+ su* collections1 unexpect$ discov]ies may arise1 :i* w yet fur!r confirm :at has be5 said ab\t ! v>iety 9 =m & /ructure ev5 9 ^! beg9n+s ( gr[?4 ,plants :i* are1 on acc\nt ( _! g5]al aff9ities1 reckon$ among ! dicotyl$ons1 may be f\nd on inve/igation to h b "o cotyl$on1 z ,dr4 ,dickson obs]v$ to be ! case ) two ( our butt]worts1 ,p+uicula vulg>is & ,p4 gr&iflora1 ! ?ird species1 ,p4 lusitanica1 be+ dicotyl$on\s2 or ev5 to be acotyl$on\s1 z is ! case ) ! dodd] 7,cuscuta74 ,9 ! latt]-nam$ g5us1 x is ( importance to collect "y specim5s1 z %[+ t ! plant1 al?\gh p>asitic z soon z x comes 9 contact ) a suitable fo/]-plant1 is ( indep5d5t orig94 ,a se>* among "y plants w no d\bt lead to ! discov]y ( "s abnormalities1 su* z tricotyl$on\s embryos & o!r irregul>ities4 ,( "s plants1 su* z ! furze1 ! true leaves c only be f\nd at an e>ly /age ( gr[?2 9 o!rs1 mu* v>iation may be not$ 9 _m po9ts betwe5 ! fir/ leaves & ! m p]fect ones :i* succe$ !m2 "s1 z ! holly1 at once develop+ leaves simil> to ^? :i* are produc$ ?r\gh\t ! life ( ! plant1 & o!rs go+ ?r\gh _m modifications be=e ! ultimate %ape is atta9$1 z 9 ! a%1 eld]1 ivy1 maple1 c4 ,! roots or rhizomes also require to be mu* m fully repres5t$ & c>efully collect$ ?an is usually ! case4 ,9 e in/ance :]e ! size ( ! plant does n prev5t1 ! subt]ranean & subaque\s p>ts %\ld be c>efully procur$ & pres]v$4 ,dr4 ,trim5 has lately direct$ att5tion to ! corm-l tub]s ( ! wat] planta9 7,alisma71,g closely resembl+ ^? ( ! arr[head 7,sagitt>ia71 :i* h be5 describ$ & figur$ by ,nolte1 b d n seem to h be5 obs]v$1 or at lea/ prop]ly und]/ood1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are buds rema9+ dormant ?r\gh ! w9t]1 & conta9+ a /ore ( nutrim5t1 to be employ$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! new plant f ! tub] 9 ! next ye>4 ,simil> bulbs are develop$ by ! frogbit 7,hydro*>is74 ,9 det]m9+ _m grasses & ru%es1 x is ( importance to asc]ta9 :e!r ! rhizome is creep+ or cspitose1 & x is !re=e ess5tial to collect good specim5s4 ,9 ! case ( su* plants z ! coral-wort 7,d5t>ia bulbif]a7 & too?wort 7,la?ra squam>ia71 ! root-/ocks are em95tly *>act]i/ic4 ,( su* p>asites z ! broomrapes 7,oroban*e71 "s c>e is requisite 9 obta9+ specim5s 9 :i* ! connection betwe5 ! p>asite & its fo/]-plant may be pres]v$ & %[n4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce ( tub]s %\ld also be not$1 & if pres5t1 !y mu/ be repres5t$4 ,g ',j\rnal ( ,botany1' #ahga1 p4 #cjf4 ,pass+ on to ! leaves1 we may note ! importance ( obta9+ 9 e case ! root-leaves ( ea* species4 ,^! are (t5 v diff]5t 9 =m f ! /em-leaves1 z 9 su* species z ! h>ebell 7,campanula rotundifolia71 ,pimp9ella saxifraga1 ! e>?-nut 7,bunium flexuosum71 & _m m2 9 "s in/ances1 z 9 ! ,j]sey bugloss 7,e*ium plantag9eum71 !y at once *>act]ize ! species4 ,/ill m important are ^! l[] leaves 9 ! case ( wat]-plants3 9 ! arr[head 7,sagitt>ia71 = example1 !y are n>r[1 & resemble ^? ( ! bur-re$ 7,sp>ganium72 & 9 ! wat] planta9 7,alisma plantago71 ! subm]g$ leaves are equally diff]5t f ^? :i* rise out ( ! wat]4 ,?is diff]5ce is /ill m noticeable 9 ! case ( ! aquatic ,ranunculi1 :]e a k ( ! subm]g$ leaves is ess5tial to ! discrim9ation ( ! v>i\s =ms or species4 ,:]e practicable1 ! :ole plant %\ld be collect$ = ! h]b>ium2 b :51 f its size1 ?is _c be accompli%$1 leaves f ! root1 ! c5tre ( ! ma9 /em1 & ! lat]al bran*es1 %\ld be tak54 ,z to ! /em itself1 t mu/ be repres5t$3 9 ! ,rubi1 inde$1 x is ess5tial4 ,to judge prop]ly ( a bramble f a pres]v$ specim51 says ,pr(essor ,bab+ton1 we require a piece ( ! middle ( ! /em ) m ?an "o leaf2 ! base & tip ( ! /em are also desirable1 likewise a piece ( ! old /em ) ! fl[]+ %oot atta*$ to x2 ! panicle ) fl[]s1 & ! fruit4 ,we likewise want to "k ! direction ( ! /em ?r\gh\t1 ( ! leaflets1 & ( ! calyx2 also ! %ape ( ! petals & ! col\r ( ! /yles3 a note ( ^! %\ld be made :5 ! specim5 is ga!r$4 ,pass+ on to ! fl[]s1 we %all f9d x necess>y to repres5t !m 9 almo/ e /age1 f ! bud to ! p]fect+ ( ! fruit4 ,x is ( c\rse 9 mo/ cases possible to select an example 9 su* a /ate z to %[ ^u ! same plant buds1 fl[]s1 & fruits2 b :]e ?is is n ! case1 ea* ( ^! p>ticul>s mu/ be supplem5t$ by additional specim5s4 ,! turn :i* botanical inve/igation has rec5tly tak5 t[>ds ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) f]tilization has giv5 ! collector ano!r subject to :i* 8 att5tion may be pr(itably direct$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t 9 "s plants ! /am5s are develop$ be=e ! pi/ils2 9 o!rs1 ! pi/ils are matur$ be=e ! /am5s2 :ile 9 yet a ?ird set1 /am5s & pi/ils are simultane\sly p]fect$4 ,^! ?ree gr\ps ( plants are t]m$ respectively prot&r\s1 protogyn\s1 & cynacmic1 & a v little obs]vation w %[ t examples ( ea* are suffici5tly common4 ,!n 9 dioeci\s & monoeci\s plants1 bo? male & female fl[]s mu/ be collect$1 & 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! will[s1 f\r specim5s are necess>y to ! complete pres5tm5t ( ! species1 %[+ respectively ! male & female catk9s1 ! leaves1 & ! fruit4 ,"s plants produce two di/9ct =ms ( blossom1 z is noticeable 9 ! violets & ! woodsorrel1 "o be+ conspicu\s & usually b>r51 ! o!r insignificant & (t5 apetal\s1 b produc+ p]fect fruit4 ,! poll5 w af=d occupation to ! microscopi/3 ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,gulliv] & ,mr4 ,*>les ,bailey h demon/rat$ t important di/+ui%+ *>act]s are 9 "s in/ances furni%$ by x4 ,:ile on ?is po9t x may be sugge/$ t x is conv5i5t 9 _m cases to collect sev]al specim5s ( ! fl[]s alone1 :i*1 :5 dri$1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a small envelope or capsule1 & atta*$ to ! %eet on :i* ! plant is repres5t$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( any exam9ation :i* may be requisite aft] ! plant is dri$1 ^! deta*$ blossoms w be f\nd v useful1 & w prev5t ! necessity ( damag+ ! specim54 ,9 ! case ( su* plants z %$ _! corollas v readily1 z ! spe$wells1 x is z well to put !m 9 press z soon z collect$2 & ! col\r ( _m may be reta9$ by ! same means4 ,! fruits & se$s ( plants are too g5]ally neglect$ by amateur collectors1 b are ess5tial to ! complet5ess ( a specim54 ,x may be f\nd practically conv5i5t to keep ^! 9 a sep>ate place1 & deta*$ f ! plant2 & 9 _m cases ( dri$ fruits x is advisable to sort !m into _! places )\t previ\s press+4 ,by ?is means ! modes ( dehisc5ce w readily be se53 pulpy & succul5t fruits %\ld be pres]v$ 9 _s4 ,9 su* plants z ! species ( sea s&wort 7,lepigonum71 & "s ,*5opodia1 important specific *>act]s are drawn f ! se$2 z !y are f ! pods ( ,melilotus & ! fruits ( ,agrimonia4 ,9 collect+ f]ns1 well-fruit$ fronds mu/ be select$1 z x is impossible to det]m9e specim5s )\t fructification4 ,grasses %\ld be select$ :5 9 fl[] & fruit1 b mu/ n be all[$ to atta9 too great an age be=e !y are collect$4 ,we h be5 speak+ s f> ( ! ?+s to be collect$1 & space w n all[ u to dilate at any l5g? ^u ! app>atus necess>y to t end4 ,nor inde$ is ?is necess>y2 a good-siz$ vasculum1 ) "o or two small] boxes = ! pocket1 9 :i* ! m delicate plants may be pres]v$2 a /rong pocket-knife or small tr[el1 = procur+ roots1 & a hook$ /ick :]e) to fi% out wat]-plants1 or pull d[n bran*es1 are ! pr9cipal ?+s requir$4 ,to anyone resid+ = any l5g? ( "t1 or ev5 only = a few days1 9 a di/rict1 a ,london ,catalogue is an important acquisition1 9 :i* %\ld be m>k$ (f all ! species met )2 by ?is means ! flora ( ! neighb\rhood is asc]ta9$ at a v slight exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble4 ,x is n advisable to collect too _m plants at once1 or to cr[d ! vasculum1 unless "u exceptional circum/ances2 nor %\ld ! desire to possess r>e plants t5d1 z is too (t5 ! case1 to ! neglect & exclusion ( common] ones4 ,a c>eful & obs]vant collector w frequ5tly meet ) =ms :i* deviate m or less f ! accept$ type ( a species4 ,:5 ^! appe> to (f] any m>k$ *>act]s1 !y %\ld be not$2 & 9 all cases x is well to pres]ve any =ms :i*1 f ext]nal circum/ances1 h a diff]5t appe>ance f ! normal /ate4 ,! diff]5ces produc$ by soil & situation alone are v consid]able2 & ?\gh ! ess5tial *>act]s are usually to be disc]n$1 ! int]e/ & value ( a h]b>ium are v mu* increas$ by a selection ( examples %[+ ! range ( a species4 ,campanula glom]ata (f]s a good example ( ?is4 ,9 damp mead[s x is f "o to two feet high1 ) a l>ge spread+ t]m9al head ( blossoms1 :ile on *alk d[ns x does n atta9 m ?an z _m in*es1 ) only "o or two fl[]s2 9 ?is /ate x 0 describ$ by ,)]+ z a g5tian1 "u ! "n ( ,g5tiana coll9a2 & ! same au?or gives z ,campanula uniflora a "o-fl[]$ m\nta9 /ate ( ! h>ebell 7,c4 rotundifolia74 ,! collector w also d well to keep a look-out = deviations 9 /ructure1 :i* are (t5 ( great int]e/4 ,9 %ort1 no?+ %\ld be neglect$ :i* c t5d to ! p]fect pres5tm5t ( a species 9 ! h]b>ium3 its utility is comm5surate ) its complet5ess4 ,! m]e collector may be satisfi$ ) scraps ( a r>e plant & ! abs5ce ( common] species2 b ! real work] w pride himself r ^u ! possession ( in/ructive examples1 :i* may be ( assi/ance to himself1 z well z to all ^? :o may consult !m4 ,,ix4 ,,fl[]+ ,,plants ,,& ,,f]ns4 ,by ,james ,britt51 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,we w assume t our collect+ = ! ye> has come to a close2 t ! long ev5+s are beg9n+1 & t our dri$ plants h be5 br\ght toge!r f _! tempor>y re/+-places to be revis$ & select$ f1 s t !y may be int]calat$ 9 _! places 9 ! h]b>ium1 if we already possess "o1 or1 if we are z yet q novices1 t !y may =m a nucleus ar\nd :i* ! :ole ,briti% flora %all be ga!r$ 9 due c\rse4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ make all necess>y prep>ation =-- ,m\nt+1 ! fir/ ess5tial to :i* is pap]4 ,mu* ( ! neatness ( a h]b>ium dep5ds ^u its uni=mity1 s t x is desirable to lay d[n a def9ite plan at ! beg9n+ & to act up to x consi/5tly4 ,amateurs (t5 spoil specim5s :i* !y h collect$ & pres]v$ ) consid]able c>e by transf]r+ !m f "o %eet to ano!r2 f books--b x is only v amateur botani/s :o keep _! plants 9 ?is way6--to loose %eets1 f small pap] to l>ge1 & s on2 ea* *ange be+ att5d$ ) "s slight damage to ! specim5 s treat$4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 ! common practice on ! ,cont95t to keep ! specim5s loose 9 fold$ %eets ( pap]2 b ?is plan is n foll[$ 9 ,engl&1 & al?\gh advantage\s1 z p]mitt+ ! fulle/ exam9ation ( ! plant1 x is att5d$ ) mu* risk to ! specim5s 9 ! way ( breakage2 s t we may consid] x settl$ t we are go+ to fa/5 our plant d[n ^u a %eet ( pap]4 ,?is mu/ be r /\t1 & l>ge en\gh to admit ! full repres5tation ( ! species4 ,! %eets us$ at ! ,kew ,h]b>ium are #af-a_/b in*es long by #aj-a_/c in*es wide2 ^? employ$ at ! ,briti% ,museum are #ag-a_/b in*es by #aa-a_/d in*es2 b ! =m] w be f\nd amply suffici5t = our purpose4 ,! next consid]ation is ! means by :i* ! specim5s are to be secur$1 :i* are m v>i\s ?an might at fir/ be suppos$4 ,"s p]sons sew !m to ! pap]2 o!rs place /raps ov] !m1 :i* are secur$ ) small p9s2 b ! *oice practically lies betwe5 fix+ ! :ole specim5 to ! pap] ) gum1 pa/e1 or glue1 or secur+ x ) /raps ( gumm$ pap]4 ,! =m] plan1 :i* is t adopt$ at our great public h]b>ia1 is c]ta9ly bett] = specim5s :i* are likely to be mu* consult$2 b ! latt] is 9 "s respects m satisfactory1 if some:at t$i\s1 z x admits ! removal ( ! plant to ano!r %eet if necess>y1 & delicate portions1 su* z ?9 petals or leaves1 are n injur$ z !y are :5 gumm$ d[n4 ,at ! ,briti% ,museum & ,kew a mixture ( gum tragacan? & gum-arabic 7! =m] dissolv$ 9 ! latt]71 9 ab\t equal p>ts1 is us$ = ?is purpose2 b v coriace\s specim5s are secur$ ) glue at ! la/-nam$ e/abli%m5t1 :ile 9 ! =m] ! /ems & ends ( bran*es are usually also secur$ ) /raps4 ,:5 ! specim5 is entirely gumm$ d[n1 x is a good plan to keep a few extra fl[]s or fruits 9 a small capsule atta*$ to ! %eet3 ^! w be useful if x is requir$ to dissect su* portions1 & ! specim5 ne$ n be injur$ = su* purpose4 ,poison+4--,"s p]sons are 9 ! habit ( employ+ a solution ( corrosive sublimate = ! purpose ( wa%+ ov] _! plants :5 m\nt$1 & s prev5t+ ! developm5t ( animal life4 ,! solution 9 use at ! ,kew ,h]b>ium is compos$ ( "o p\nd ( corrosive sublimate1 & ! same quantity ( c>bolic acid to f\r gallons ( me?ylat$ _s2 ?is fulfils ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$ v well1 b is some:at disagreeable to use4 ,at ! ,briti% ,museum x is f\nd t ! pres5ce ( camphor1 frequ5tly r5ew$ 9 ea* cab9et1 is suffici5t to prev5t ! attacks ( insects4 ,x w soon be discov]$ t "s plants1 su*1 = example1 z ! ,umbellif] & ,grossul>iace1 are peculi>ly liable to su* attacks2 & ^! ord]s mu/ be inspect$ f "t to "t1 s t any insect ravages may at once be *eck$4 ,damp is to be avoid$ 9 ! situation ( ! h]b>ium1 z x fav\rs ! developm5t n only ( insects b ( m\ld1 & r5d]s ! specim5s rott54 ,! "q ( labell+ is ( "s importance1 especially to ^? :o value neatness & uni=mity 9 ! appe>ance ( _! h]b>ium4 ,"o or two sets ( pr9t$ labels = ?is purpose h be5 issu$1 b !y _c be recomm5d$4 ,!y give m ?an is necess>y1 e4g4 ! ,engli%1 or1 m correctly1 ! book-,engli% names1 ! g5]al habitats1 & def9ite localities ( r>e species1 & all[ v insuffici5t space = fill+ 9 ! date & place ( collect+1 ! "n ( ! collector1 & su* rem>ks z occasionally occur4 ,! plan ( writ+ all necess>y in=mation ^u ! %eet itself is a good "o2 b ^? :o pref] a uni=m s]ies ( labels w f9d t a =m l ! foll[+ is z useful z any :i* !y c adopt1 & includes all necess>y in=mation4 ,! size "h giv5 w be adequate = almo/ all requirem5ts1 & is a happy m$ium betwe5 ! small tickets ^u :i* we h animadv]t$1 & ! enorm\s ones ) :i* "s botani/s ?9k x necess>y to accompany _! specim5s4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid ! possibility ( a misplacem5t ( labels2 _m s]i\s blund]s h aris5 f ! neglect ( due precaution 9 ?is matt]4 ,h]b4 ,john ,smi?4 ,ranunculus acris1 ,l4 ,r4 ,/ev5i1 ,rei*4 ,loc4 ,mead[s ne> ,b>*e/]4 ,date1 ,june #cj1 #ahgd4 ,coll4 ,john ,smi?4 ,arrangem5t4--,! plants1 be+ n[ affix$ to _! respective %eets & duly labell$1 are ready to be plac$ 9 cov]s1 & r5d]$ available = ready ref]5ce4 ,ea* g5us w require a sep>ate cov]1 :i* may well be ( some:at /\t] pap] ?an t on :i* ! plants are m\nt$2 ! "n ( ! g5us %\ld be writt5 at ! left-h& corn]1 foll[$ by a ref]5ce to ! page ( ! manual by :i* ! plants are arrang$1 or to ! numb] :i* x be>s 9 ! ,london ,catalogue1 if t be employ$ 9 _! arrangem5t--a purpose = :i* x is v suitable4 ,%\ld ! species be repres5t$ by m ?an "o %eet1 x is conv5i5t to inclose ea* 9 a cov] ( ?9n] pap]1 :i* may be> ! numb] assign$ to ! plant 9 ! "r-h& corn]2 & x is also conv5i5t to write ! "n ( ! plant at ! bottom ( ea* %eet1 & to numb] x also 9 ! "r-h& corn]4 ,^! details may appe> trivial1 b !y 9 reality affect 9 no small degree ! read9ess ) :i* any species may be ref]r$ to4 ,%\ld ! plants be arrang$ 9 accordance ) ! ,london ,catalogue1 a copy %\ld be kept ) ! h]b>ium1 9 :i* ! plants %\ld be tick$ (f1 s t x may s]ve z a catalogue ( ! species repres5t$4 ,cab9ets4--,x w ( c\rse be necess>y to provide "s accommodation = our specim5s1 & = ?is purpose we %all f9d no bett] model ?an ! cab9ets 9 use 9 ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! accompany+ figure 7drawn to scale7 is an exact repres5tation ( "o ( ^!4 ,! measurem5ts c ( c\rse be modifi$ s z to suit ! size ( ! h]b>ium %eets4 ,ea* %elf is a sep>ate draw]1 :i* ) its cont5ts c be tak5 out & replac$ at w4 ,two cab9ets su* z t figur$ w be f\nd amply suffici5t to conta9 a v good ,briti% h]b>ium4 ,at ,kew ! cab9ets employ$ are some:at simil>1 b _! height is great] & ! %elves are fix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,cab9et = ,h]b>ium ,%eets4 ,! above are ! pr9cipal po9ts connect$ ) ! arrangem5t ( a h]b>ium1 consid]$ z di/9ct f ! "w ( collect+4 ,x is possible t ,i may h omitt$ to t\* ^u c]ta9 details :i* may occur to ! amateur2 %\ld su* be ! case1 ,i may add t ,i %all be happy to supply any additional in=mation1 ei!r by lett] or by ^w ( m\?2 or to %[ ! sy/em adopt$ at ! ,briti% ,museum to anyone :o may call ^u me !re = fur!r h9ts ^u ! subject4 ,x4 ,,grasses1 ,,etc4 ,by ,pr(essor ,buckman1 ,f4,g4,s41 etc4 ,grasses =m su* a di/9ct gr\p ( plants1 & _! /udy is s (t5 und]tak5 = special purposes1 t a few rem>ks ^u _! collection & pres]vation c h>dly be consid]$ z out ( place 9 ?is little manual4 ,delicately z grasses are =m$1 yet x _c be said t _! tissues are s liable to injury1 or _! col\rs s evanesc5t1 z ^? ( ! fl[]+ plants :i* ! botani/ ord9>ily delights 94 ,nor inde$ are ! grasses s succul5t z _m o!r h]bs4 ,9 ?is respect !y may be said to hold a place betwe5 f]ns & ^? plants :i* usually are call$ fl[]s4 ,aga91 9 ! dri$ /ate _! organs are g5]ally s well pres]v$ z to pres5t all t a botani/ c wi% =1 = id5tification z well z arrangem5t2 & ! /ud5t ( grasses ev] f9ds 8 collection to conta9 beauties n only 9 po9t ( r>ity1 b z reg>ds delicacy ( /ructure & grace ( outl9e4 ,view+ !m 9 ?is light alone1 we h (t5 be5 a/oni%$ t s _m /ud5ts ( plants pay s little att5tion to !m1 & ?is feel+ is enhanc$ :5 ! great value ( ! grasses is consid]$4 ,if !n a few simple directions = pres]v+ ^! plants %all h ! effect ( w9n+ a conv]t to ^! views1 we %all be delight$2 & to ?is end we %all make our descriptions z pla9 z our process has ev] be5 easy & simple1 & yet complete4 ,9 collect+ grasses1 z 9 o!r tribes ( plants1 x w be necess>y t our specim5s %\ld be *os5 ) ! view to exhibit e feature ( int]e/4 ,) ?is aim1 !n1 x w be be/ 9 ! g5]al way to obta9 z mu* ( ! plant z possible1 s t x may be necess>y to get !m up by ! roots4 ,/ill1 9 _m species ! root is n ( mu* importance3 b !re are a few :i* possess rhizomata1 or und]gr\nd /ems2 su* z ! ,triticum rep5s1 ,poa prat5sis1 ,p4 compressa1 ,holcus mollis1 ,agro/is /olonif]a1 & o!rs4 ,^! %\ld always exhibit ^! p>ts2 & z su* examples are usually agr>ian1 x is easi] to m>k d[n desirable specim5s & seek a =k at ! neighb\r+ f>m-build+s :]e) to completely get !m out1 ?an to c>ry any sub/itute 9 a small] & less p]fect implem5t4 ,hay+ made ^! rem>ks1 we w suppose t we are n[ ab\t to sally =? 9 se>* ( grasses2 9 :i* case we make ! foll[+ prep>ations4 ,z we d n file our copy ( ! ',times' we make use ( x z collect+-pap] z foll[s3--,ea* side ( ! pap] is cut 9 two1 or1 z a ,cockney w\ld say1 9 half4 ,ea* half is !n fold$ into a d\ble collect+-%eet1 & z _m ( ^! are tak5 z are likely to be useful4 ,9 ea* ( ^! pap]s is put a small slip ( writ+-pap]1 on :i* to note ! locality & any o!r notewor?y fact connect$ ) a specim5 :5 put 9 ! pap]4 ,^! pap]s1 sep>ately fold$1 are plac$ ) ! op5 ends inw>ds 9 a conv5i5t portfolio1 & ! collector is ready to take ! field4 ,( c\rse !re w be ^? :o w advocate ,b5tall's dry+-pap]1 blott+-pap]1 & s on1 & we w\ld n h x suppos$ t we despise ^! luxuries2 b z we h f\nd ! plan advocat$ always to answ] ! purpose = grasses1 we h felt indep5d5t ( ! m ref9$ collect+-pap]s4 ,n[ let u suppose t we h ga!r$ fifty specim5s1 & h return$ home4 ,! next ?+ w be to put !m z soon z may be 9 a position = dry+4 ,our dry+ app>atus !n consi/s ( half-a-doz5 smoo?ly plan$ deal bo>ds1 & = our fir/ collection we take two ( ^!1 & ^u "o we lay "s few folds ( our old ',times' !n a specim5 9 _! pap]s 7hav+ previ\sly improv$ _! arrangem5t1 :5 necess>y71 & !n "s m folds ( pap]1 & proce$ z be=e1 until all ! specim5s h be5 plac$2 !n put a bo>d on ! top %eet1 & ^u t a /one1 or a #g or #ad lb4 weight1 accord+ to ! size & quantity ( ! specim5s4 ,if ano!r day's collection ( specim5s be made be=e ! =ego+ are dry1 !y may be arrang$ 9 ! same way on ! top bo>d1 & ano!r bo>d us$ & ! weight replac$4 ,! object ( ?is is to keep p>tially dri$ f fre% specim5s1 ! putt+ toge!r ( :i* is a f]tile s\rce ( mildew & decay4 ,9 arrang+ our specim5s = ! h]b>ium1 we procure %eets ( c>tridge pap] #ah in*es long by #aa in*es wide1 us+ a fold$ %eet = ea* species4 ,9 ^! pap]s ! specim5s are fa/5$ d[n 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,gum ov] a portion ( ! c>tridge pap] 7s z to h ! same col\r7 ) two consecutive coats ( a clean solution ( gum-arabic4 ,?is c be cut into slips ( any l5g? & bread?1 mak+ !m z n>r[ z possible = ! sake ( neatness1 & :5 ! specim5 is plac$ 9 its pap]1 a few ( ^! slips may be made to conf9e x 9 ! desir$ position4 ,ea* example is !n to be labell$ at ! bottom ( ! %eet1 & ea* label %\ld set =?--a1 ,its botanical "n2 b1 its trivial or local "n2 c1 ! locality :5ce x 0 obta9$2 d1 ! date :5 ga!r$2 add$ to :i*1 if pres5t$1 ! donor's "n4,h ,h ,pr9t$ h]b>ium labels may be got at ,messrs4 ,h>dwicke & ,bogue's1 ! publi%]s4 ,! %eets s prep>$ may be arrang$ 9 gr\ps or g5]a1 ea* be+ fold$ 9 conv5i5t pap] or clo? wrapp]s1 & ! :ole arrang$ 9 volumes ( /iff cov]$ portfolio4 ,?is1 !n1 is all t seems to u necess>y 9 ! collection & pres]vation ( grasses2 b we w\ld recomm5d ! /ud5t1 if an arti/1 to make a typical specim5 ( ea* sit = its portrait4 ,9 ?is way we h made draw+s ( all ! species & v>ieties t h come 9 our way4 ,our draw+s are life-size1 usually l9$ 9 ) ,indian ink ) a f9e li?ographic p54 ,^! we p>tially col\r on ! spot4 ,! anatomical details are mu* enl>g$ & always fully col\r$4 ,to ?is end our imp$im5ta = a day among ! grasses consi/ (1 besides ! collect+ portfolio1 a sket*+ block1 l>ge octavo size1 & a small box ( s(t col\rs4 ,arm$ ) ^! we h made _m a draw+ ( a grass "u ! %ade ( a tree1 or 9 ! p>l\r ( "s contigu\s inn4 ,la/ly1 we w\ld v5ture to rem>k1 if1 besides ! int]e/ :i* grasses %\ld h = ! /ud5t ( botany1 ^! plants be view$1 z !y h ev] be5 by u1 z indicators ( ! nature ( soil & ! value & capabilities ( ! l& on :i* !y gr[1 ! collector %\ld n fail to make notes connect$ ) ! soil1 situation1 & o!r practical facts connect$ ) ! habitats ( ,grasses4 ,,xi4 ,,mosses4 ,by ,dr4 ,brai?waite1 ,f4,l4,s41 etc4 ,9 mak+ a collection ( ! vegetable productions ( a c\ntry we f9d consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( plants1 & 9 ! tissues ( :i* !y are compos$2 & h5ce special manipulation is requisite 9 deal+ ) c]ta9 ord]s4 ,"s are ( s succul5t a nature1 or h a framework s easily dis9tegrat$1 t !y conta9 )9 !mselves ! elem5ts ( de/ruction1 & pres5t ! greate/ difficulty 9 satisfactory pres]vation1 :ile o!rs are s slightly act$ on by ext]nal ag5ts1 t little tr\ble is requir$ to prep>e specim5s ( p]man5t beauty4 ,! ,f]ns & ,lycopods1 be+ g5]ally appropriat$ by ! collector ( fl[]+ plants1 w be treat$ on ) ! latt]1 & foll[+ ^! come ! ,mosses1 to :i* we w n[ direct att5tion1 tak+ ! alliance 9 its broade/ s5se1 z includ+ ! ?ree gr\ps ( ,frondose ,mosses1 ,bog ,mosses1 & ,liv] ,mosses1 or ,hepatic1 all ( :i* are readily collect$ & pres]v$1 & yield an endless fund ( in/ructive ent]ta9m5t to ! microscopi/4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,:]e is ! game to be f\nd8 ,:]e are ! pleasant hunt+-gr\nds 9 :i* !y mo/ d congregate8 ,we answ]1 ev]y:]e may "s species or o!r be met )2 yet1 ?\gh _m are cosmopolitan1 ! majority h _! special habitats1 & "s _! special seasons1 bo? be+ consid]ably influ5c$ by ! pres5ce ( moi/ure4 ,collect+4--,! bryologi/ has "o advantage ov] ! phnogam\s botani/1 = x is n imp]ative t mosses %\ld be laid out & press$ imm$iately2 & h5ce less c>e is requir$ 9 collect+ !m1 ?an is be/[$ on fl[]+ plants2 ! necess>y app>atus is conf9$ to a pocket-knife1 to remove specim5s f /ones or trees1 a /ock ( /\t wa/e pap]1 & a vasculum1 or1 bett] /ill1 a /rong bag1 9 :i* to c>ry ! packets4 ,:5 collect+ ! plants1 x is well to remove any sup]flu\s e>? or /ones1 or to squeeze out ! wat] f ^? f\nd 9 bogs2 & !n ea* is to be wrapp$ sep>ately 9 pap]1 & ! locality m>k$ outside2 or ! m m9ute species may1 = great] safety1 be plac$ 9 *ip boxes4 ,on rea*+ home1 if we d n prep>e ! specim5s at once1 we mu/ n leave ! p>cels pack$ toge!r 9 _! receptacle1 or m\ld w soon attack !m & spoil ! :ole2 b we mu/ spread !m out on ! floor until q dry1 & !n res]ve !m to a conv5i5t opportunity to lay out2 z 9 ! dry /ate !y may be kept = ye>s un*ang$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t our l9e ( /udy is develop$ by "s =tuit\s circum/ance4 ,a neglect$ fl[]pot 9 ! corn] ( ! g>d5 attracts att5tion by its v]dant c>pet ( moss1 or1 peep+ ov] ! wall1 we see ! crevices betwe5 ! bricks bri/l+ ) capsules ( ,tortula muralis1 ! r$ twi/$ p]i/ome fre%ly br\ght to view by ! fall+ away ( ! lid1 &1 tak+ a bit indoors to submit to ! microscope1 we are s captivat$ !re) t we !n & !re det]m9e to become a bryologi/4 ,nor is ?is all t a j\rney r\nd ! g>d5 w disclose3 ! neglect$ pa?s yield o!r species n less wor?y ( exam9ation1 & old apple-trees are n unfrequ5tly t5ant$ by mosses4 ,ext5d+ our walks to ! commons1 lanes1 & woods1 we may f9d on ! gr\nd & banks1 9 bogs & on ! /umps & trunks ( trees1 a numb] ( species greatly ext5d+ our li/2 :ile o!rs aga9 are only met ) on ! clay soil ( /ubble-fields1 z v>i\s species ( ,pottia & ,ephem]um3 appe>+ 9 ,octob]1 _! delicate texture is develop$ by ! con/ant moi/ure ( w9t]1 & ) x also !y vani%1 to appe> no m until ! succe$+ season4 ,travell+ yet f>!r away1 we f9d t ea* locality we visit yields "s novelty3 old walls & rocks ( s&/one or slate1 lime/one di/ricts1 &1 above all1 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 are ri* 9 species we seek 9 va9 else:]e4 ,"h peat bogs1 & rocks dripp+ ) wat]1 ev] suppli$ by ! atmosph]e1 or ! tumbl+ /reams ev]y:]e met )1 are ! *os5 homes ( ^! little plants1 & ?i!r mu/ ! collector resort1 if he w\ld reap 8 ri*e/ h>ve/4 ,w9t] & spr+ 9 ! l[l&s1 & a lat] p]iod 9 ! elevat$ di/ricts1 w be f\nd mo/ productive ( fruit+ plants4 ,prep>ation ( ,specim5s4--,s rapidly does ! cellul> texture ( ! mosses transmit fluid1 t1 :5 soak$ 9 wat]1 we see !m swell up & exp& _! little leaves1 & 9 a %ort "t look z fre% z :5 gr[+2 h5ce a bas9 ( wat]1 a t[el1 & dry+-pap] are all we require to prep>e our specim5s = ! h]b>ium4 ,if ! tufts are l>ge1 we mu/ sep>ate !m into pat*es suffici5tly ?9 to lie flat1 & by repeat$ wa%+1 get rid ( adh]5t e>?1 mud1 or gravel4 ,?is is conv5i5tly accompli%$ by hold+ ! tuft 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 "u a tap1 & all[+ a /ream ( wat] to pass ?r\gh x2 !n by pressure 9 ! fold+ t[el we remove sup]flu\s moi/ure & imm$iately transf] to pap]1 arrang+ ! plants z we wi% !m to lie p]man5tly1 & plac+ ) ea* a ticket be>+ ! "n3 a mod]ate weight is suffici5t to dry !m1 z ) great pressure ! capsules split1 & ?us ! value ( ! specim5 is decreas$4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t two or ?ree species gr[ int]mix$3 ^! mu/ be c>efully sep>at$ at ! "t ( soak+1 & any capsules requir$ to %[ ! p]i/ome mu/ also be remov$ be=e ! plants are submitt$ to pressure4 ,exam9ation ( ,specim5s4--,we h v mu* to le>n ab\t a moss be=e we c become ma/]s ( all ! *>act]s t p]ta9 to x z a specific individual4 ,we mu/ obs]ve its bran*+1 ! mode ( atta*m5t ( ! leaves to ! /em1 & _! direction2 ! =m & /ructure ( a sep>ate leaf1 ! position ( ! male fl[]s1 &1 la/ly1 ! position & /ructure ( ! fruit4 ,= ! effici5t det]m9ation ( ^! we require a microscope 7! simple dissect+ microscope is amply suffici5t71 a c\ple ( %>p-edg$1 triangul> ne$les fix$ 9 h&les1 & a few glass slides & cov]s4 ,hav+ soak$ our specim5 9 wat]1 we lay x on a slide1 & by cutt+ ?r\gh ! /em ) "o ( ! ne$les1 close to ! atta*m5t ( a leaf1 we c readily remove ! leaf entire1 & two or ?ree may be transf]r$ to ano!r slide1 & plac$ 9 a drop ( wat] "u a cov]3 ! same ?+ may be r\ghly accompli%$ by scrap+ ! /em backw>ds ) "o ( ! ne$les2 b 9 ?is way ! leaves are (t5 torn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,tortula muralis4 a4 ,leaf & its areolation4 b4 ,capsule4 c4 ,calyptra4 d4 ,lid4 e4 ,male fl[]4 f4 ,an!ridia & p>aphyses4 ,by exam9ation ( a leaf we notice its =m1 ! condition ( its m>g91 :e!r entire or s]rat$ or bord]$2 ! pres5ce & ext5t ( ! n]ve2 & la/ly1 & mo/ important ( all1 ! =m & condition ( its compon5t cells2 & = ?is a high] p[] is requir$4 ,) a #b_/c-;in* object-glass & ,c eyepiece we c obs]ve _! =m1 & :e!r _! walls are ?ick5$ s z to r5d] !m dot-l2 _! cont5ts1 :e!r *lorophyllose or hyal9e2 & _! surface1 :e!r smoo? or cov]$ ) papill2 = (t5 ^! po9ts are s *>act]i/ic1 t by !m alone we c at once ref] a b>r5 specim5 to its prop] family or g5us4 ,pres]vation ( ,specim5s4--,?is may be discuss$ "u two heads3 #a/1 z microscopic objects2 #bnd1 = ! h]b>ium4 #a4 ,! p>ts requir$ = microscopic exam9ation are ! capsules & p]i/ome1 entire specim5s ( ! small] species1 & deta*$ leaves4 ,! capsules hav+ to be view$ by cond5s$ light1 mu/ be m\nt$ dry z opaque objects2 & = ?is purpose ,i use ,pip]'s wood5 slides1 ) revolv+ bone cov]2 & 9 "o ( ^! we may fix a capsule ) ! lid /ill atta*$1 ano!r laid on its side1 b %[+ ! p]i/ome1 & a ?ird ) ! m\? ( ! capsule look+ upw>d1 a position v useful = ! species ( ,or?otri*um1 z we are ?us enabl$ to see ! inn] p]i/ome2 & ) !m also may be plac$ ! calyptra3 %\ld ! co/ ( ^! be an object1 a *eap] sub/itute may be f\nd 9 %all[ pill-boxes1 black5$ on ! inside4 ,to pres]ve ! leaves 9 an exp&$ /ate we may employ ! fluid m$ia us$ = vegetable tissues1 or1 :5 "t is ( consequ5ce1 ,rimm+ton's glyc]9e jelly is a conv5i5t mat]ial 9 :i* to m\nt !m1 a r+ ( damm> cem5t be+ fir/ plac$ on ! slide1 & )9 ?is ! liquefi$ jelly1 to :i* ! exp&$ specim5 is quickly transf]r$1 & ! cov] securely seal$ by gold size4 ,prep>ations ( ?is k9d are ( ! highe/ value z types = comp>ison ) actual specim5s we may h = det]m9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,c]atodon purpureus4 a4 ,male plant4 #a4 ,leaf & its areolation4 #b4 ,capsule4 #c4 ,calyptra #d4 ,two tee? ( ! p]i/ome4 #b4 ,9 m\nt+ specim5s = ! h]b>ium we mu/ be guid$ by ! limits :i* we h fix$ on = ! ext5t ( ! same2 & ,i may fir/ describe ! me?od adopt$ = my own collection4 ,e species has a sep>ate leaf ( c>tridge-pap] measur+ #ad-a_/b #aj-a_/b in*es1 & on ?is ! specim5s are fix$1 ea* m\nt$ by a little gum on a piece ( ton$ pap]2 ?us #d or #f to #ab specim5s1 accord+ to size1 are atta*$ to ea* leaf1--v>ieties h "o or m additional leaves2 & to ea* is also fix$ a triangul> envelope1 inclos+ loose capsules & leaves = ready transf] to ! microscope1 & also a label indicat+ ! "n1 habitat1 & date ( collection4 ,a p9k cov] = ea* g5us includes ! species1 & a /\t millbo>d cov] embraces ! g5]a ( ea* family1 ) ! "n ( :i* x is labell$ outside1 ! :ole %utt+ up 9 a cab9et4 ,ano!r =m is t se5 9 ,rab5hor/'s ,bryo!ca ,europa1 qu>to volumes ( #ej specim5s1 "o occupy+ ea* leaf1 & s arrang$ t ! specim5s d n come opposite to ea* o!r4 ,o!rs aga9 use loose %eets ( note-pap]1 )9 ea* ( :i* a s+le specim5 is m\nt$2 b ?is1 f _! size1 is v cumb]some4 ,or we may take a s+le well-*os5 typical specim5 & arrange _m species on a page1 z is se5 9 ! beautiful volume ( ,g>d9]'s ',briti% ,mosses' or ,mc,ivor's ',hepatic ,britannic4' ,:atev] plan we adopt1 our specim5s1 once well dri$ & kept 9 a dry place1 are un*angeable1 & are always look$ ^u ) pleasure1 ea* recall+ "s pleas+ associations1 or p]*ance rem9d+ u ( "s long-lo/ fri5d1 9 companion%ip ) :om !y 7 collect$ or /udi$4 ,a /ock ( duplicates mu/ also be res]v$1 f :i* to supply our fri5ds1 or ex*ange ) o!r collectors = desid]ata 9 our own s]ies3 ^! may be kept 9 squ>e cases ( v>i\s sizes1 cut s z to all[ ! edges ( ! top & sides to wrap ov] ! o!r half fold$ d[n on ! specim5s4 ,! ,hepatic ( ! family ,jung]manniace are treat$ precisely z mosses1 ! capsules1 h[ev]1 %[ b little div]sity1 & w n require sep>ate pres]vation2 b ! elat]s1 or spiral ?reads accompany+ ! se$s1 are elegant microscopic objects4 ,! ,m>*antiace mu/ be press$ :5 fre%1 z !y d n revive ) ! same facility z o!r species1 ow+ to _! succul5t nature & num]\s lay]s ( cells4 ,classification4--,on ?is ,i h fully treat$ else:]e 7,! ,moss ,_w1 ',popul> ,sci5ce ,review1' ,oct41 #ahga71 & x may suffice "h simply to indicate ! families ( ,briti% mosses & _! mode ( arrangem5t4 ,! cell-texture ( ! leaf takes an important place 9 ! *>act]s1 & 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple ! ,clei/oc>p\s or ,phascoid gr\p is brok5 up & di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s families4 ,we h two ord]s2 "o inde$1 compris+ only ! g5us ,&rea1 is di/+ui%$ by ! capsule splitt+ into f\r valves unit$ at apex2 ! o!r1 includ+ ! bulk ( ! species1 has 9 mo/ cases a lid1 :i* sep>ates transv]sely1 & usually discloses a p]i/ome ( too?-l processes4 ,! /ructure ( ^! tee? aga9 enables u to =m ?ree divisions4 ,9 ! fir/ !y consi/ ( a mass ( conflu5t cells2 9 ! second1 ( tongue-%ap$ processes1 compos$ ( agglut9at$ filam5ts2 & 9 ! ?ird1 ( a d\ble lay] ( cells1 transv]sely articulat$ to ea* o!r1 ! out] lay] compos$ ( two r[s ( firm col\r$ cells1 ! inn] ( a s+le s]ies ( vesicul> hyal9e cells1 on :i* ! hygroscopic quality ( ! too? dep5ds4 ,sub-,class ,,sphagn94 ,bog ,mosses4 ,fam4 #a4--,sphagnace4 ,sub-,class ,,bry94 ,frondose ,mosses4 ,ord] #a4--,s*i/oc>pi4 ,fam4 #a4--;,&reace4 ,ord] #b4--,/egoc>pi4 ,div4 #a4--;,elasmodontes4 ,fam4 #b4 ,georgiace4 ,div4 #b4--,nematodontes4 ,fam4 #c4--;,buxbaumiace4 ,fam4 #d4--,polytri*ace4 ,div4 #c4--;,ar?rodontes4 ,subdiv4 #a4--;,acroc>pici4 99,di/i*ophylla4 ,fam4 #e4 ,s*i/o/egace4 ,fam4 #f4 ,fissid5tace4 9999,poly/i*ophylla4 ,fam4 #g4 ,dicranace4 ,fam4 #ab4 ,spla*nace4 #h4 ,leucobryace4 #ac4 ,fun>iace4 #i4 ,tri*o/omace4 #ad4 ,bryace4 #aj4 ,grimmiace4 #ae4 ,mniace4 #aa4 ,or?otri*ace4 #af4 ,b>tramiace4 ,subdiv4 #b4--,pleuroc>pici4 ,fam4 #ag4 ,hook]iace4 ,fam4 #bj4 ,leskeace4 #ah4 ,font9alace4 #ba4 ,hypnace4 #ai4 ,neck]ace4 ,sub-,class ,,hepatic94 ,liv] ,mosses4 ,fam4 #a4 ,jung]manniace4 ,fam4 #c4 ,an?oc]otace4 #b4 ,m>*antiace4 #d4 ,ricciace4 ,among species :i* may be g5]ally met ) by beg9n]s on ! look-out = mosses1 we may enum]ate ! foll[+3 ,on ,walls4--,tortula muralis & revoluta1 ,bryum capill>e & cspiticium1 ,grimmia pulv9ata1 ,weisia cirrhata4 ,9 ,clay ,fields4--,phascum acaulon1 ,pottia truncatula & ,/>keana4 ,on ,wa/e ,gr\nd & ,hea?s4--,c]atodon purpureus1 ,fun>ia hygrometrica1 ,campylopus turfaceus1 ,bryum arg5teum1 nutans1 & pall5s1 ,pleuridium subulatum1 ,dicranella het]omalla & v>ia1 ,physcomitrium pyri=me1 ,pogonatum aloides1 ,polytri*um commune1 pilif]um1 & junip]9um1 ,tortula unguiculata & fallax1 ,b>tramia pomi=mis1 ,jung]mannia bicuspidata1 ,lepidozia reptans1 ,ptilidium cili>e1 ,frullania tam>isci4 ,%ady ,banks & ,woods4--,ca?>9ea undulata1 ,weisia viridula1 ,tortula subulata1 ,mnium hornum1 ,dicranum scop>ium1 ,hypnum rutabulum1 velut9um1 cupressi=me1 prlongum1 purum1 & molluscum1 ,plagio!cium d5ticulatum1 ,pleurozium spl5d5s & ,s*reb]i1 ,hylocomium squ>rosum & triquetrum1 ,?uyidium tam>isc9um1 ,fissid5s bryoides1 ,plagio*ila aspl5ioides1 ,jung]mannia albicans1 ,lophocolea bid5tata4 ,9 ,bogs4--,sphagnum cymbifolium & acutifolium1 ,gymnocybe palu/ris1 ,hypnum cuspidatum1 /ellatum1 aduncum1 & fluitans1 ,jung]mannia inflata4 ,rocks & by ,/reams4--,grimmia apoc>pa1 ,tridontium pellucidum1 ,hypnum s]p5s1 filic9um1 commutatum1 & palu/re1 ,scapania nemorosa1 ,metzg]ia furcata1 ,m>*antia polymorpha1 ,pellia epiphylla1 ,fegatella conica4 ,on ,trees4--,ulota crispa1 ,or?otri*um aff9e & diaphanum1 ,crypha het]omalla1 ,homalia tri*omanoides1 ,hypnum s]iceum1 ,iso!cium myurum1 ,frullania dilatata1 ,radula complanata1 ,mado!ca platyphylla4 ,small z ?is li/ is1 x w be f\nd to yield ample /ore = inve/igation1 & if true love = ! /udy be !reby excit$1 ! circle ( =ms w be f\nd to wid5 ) e new locality visit$4 ,if we h contribut$ 9 any way to facilitate ! pursuit1 !n is our object fulfill$1 & we may conclude ) ! words ( ,horace3 ,vive1 vale6 si quid novi/i rectius i/is1 ,c&idus imp]ti1 si non1 8 ut]e mecum4 ,,xii4 ,,fungi4 ,by ,wor?+ton ,g4 ,smi?1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) ! fogs & ra9s ( autumn ! fungologi/'s h>ve/ beg9s4 ,a few fungi 7l>ge & small7 app]ta9 to ! spr+1 & "s species may be f\nd 9 e mon? ( ! ye>2 b x is n till ,septemb] has well set 91 or ,octob] is rea*$1 t ! glut ( fungi is really ^u u4 ,fungi may g5]ally be met ) 9 abundance = ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>2 viz4 f ! latt] half ( ,septemb] till ! middle ( ,decemb]1 ! mon? ( ,octob] tak+ pre-em95ce = produc+ ! greate/ abundance ( species4 ,a season ( mod]ate heat & ra9 is ! mo/ productive1 = an excessive am\nt ( ei!r dryness or moi/ure appe>s to de/roy ! fecundity ( ! mycelium1 :i* x mu/ always be rememb]$ is alive & at "w 7und]gr\nd7 ! :ole ( ! ye>2 =1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ?is ye>'s fungi is produc$ f la/ ye>'s spores4 ,^! spores are set free 9 autumn1 & at once vegetate & =m masses ( mycelium1 f :i* next ye>s crop mu/ spr+2 j z ! se$s ( our wild annuals are self-s[n at ! fall ( ea* ye> & fir/ g]m9ate at t season4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t ,ag>ics & ,boleti wait till ! leaves fall1 s t !y may prey ^u !m2 =1 z a rule1 ! l>g] fungi nev] live ^u ! leaves ( ! same ye> z t 9 :i* !y 7! fungi7 come up2 fungi live ^u ! fall5 leaves ( ! previ\s autumn4 ,! spr+ & summ] mon?s w sometimes prove v productive1 especially aft] /ormy wea!r2 b ! collector mu/ always be> 9 m9d t fungi1 l all o!r ?+s1 h _! seasons4 ,i h kn[n ! fungus h>ve/ q ov] by ! end ( ,augu/1 & ,i h also kn[n x n come 9 be=e ,decemb]3 x dep5ds entirely ^u a c]ta9 am\nt ( atmosph]ic heat & moi/ure4 ,a damp summ] & /ormy ,augu/ w produce ! crop at ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]2 b a dry autumn1 )\t mu* ra9 till ,novemb]1 w delay ! fungus crop till ,*ri/mas4 ,"s species appe> regul>ly twice a ye> f ! same mycelium2 once aft] ! ra9s ( ,m>* & ,april1 & aga9 9 ,octob]4 ,?is is ! case ) ,copr9us atram5t>ius1 :i* ,i h gr[+ 7orig9ally f spores7 9 a b$ ( my own g>d54 ,x is useless to g out specially to collect fungi1 ei!r dur+ ! dry hot wea!r ( summ] or ! fro/s ( w9t]2 x sometimes1 h[ev]1 happ5s t odd fungi may be f\nd "h & !re1 9 out-(-!-way places1 su* z ! sides ( op5 cell>s & sawpits1 "u bridges1 on pro/rate logs 9 /reams1 9 damp ou?\ses1 or ab\t old wat]-butts1 c42 !re=e ,i nev] g out )\t two or ?ree old seidlitz-p[d] boxes1 "s ?9 pap]1 & a /rong knife1 9 case any waifs & /rays %\ld fall 9 my way4 ,i h sometimes f\nd good species 9 a fri5d's du/b9 or ci/]n1 or ^u ! sides ( ! op5 cell> ( a public-h\se4 ,i once f\nd an ag>icus on ! cornice ( ,london ,bridge1 to secure :i* ,i _h to get ov] ! p>apet1 & 0 ne>ly be+ tak5 into cu/ody z "o tir$ ( life2 ano!r "t ,i f\nd a colony ( ,copr9us dome/icus ^u a fri5d's scull]y wall1 & a ,peziza ^u my bro!r's ceil+4 ,moral3 ,fungologi/s' pockets %\ld1 at all times1 conta9 "o or two small boxes = secur+ /ray & erratic memb]s ( ! fungus family4 ,! equipm5t = a fungus =ay diff]s ) ! nature ( ! fungi to be collect$4 ,if ! plants s\ght = are :olly microscopic1 a small vasculum1 knife1 pocket-l5s1 & package ( ?9 pap] w be f\nd suffici5t2 b if ,ag>ics1 ,boleti1 ! l>g] ,polyporei1 c41 are to be br\ght home1 a m complete set ( ?+s w be requir$1 :i* %\ld include a v small g>d5-tr[el or c>p5t]'s g\ge 7any saddl] or bootmak] w make a suitable lea!r case = ! blades = a %ill+ or two71 a /rong knife--su* z g>d5]s use = prun+ trees1 a few %eets ( ?9 pap]1 a l5s1 pocket-compass1 & "s /r+4 ,if truffles are desir$1 a rake is necess>y1 & ! be/ plan is to c>ry ! iron-too!d end sep>ately 9 a lea!r case1 & made to screw on to ! end ( a walk+-/ick2 :5 n 9 use1 ?is end c be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket ) ! tr[el1 c4 ,x is requisite t ! vasculum be l>ge1 ) /raps to c>ry x ov] ! %\ld]s2 & ! collector %\ld be provid$ ) a set ( c>dbo>d boxes1 l>ge & small1 to g inside ! vasculum1 & to conta9 ! m delicate or *oice spoils ( ! day4 ,lea!r gloves & a ?9 great-coat are good ?+s = ! *illy days ( e>ly w9t]--?is coat %\ld be provid$ ) at lea/ f\r l>ge pockets2 &1 if ! wea!r is inclem5t1 /rong boots & wat]pro( legg+s w be f\nd s]viceable4 ,an old felt hat & l>ge cotton umbrella are also desirable1 = x is only a piece ( folly to g into ! wet dripp+ woods ) good clo!s4 ,z = ! umbrella1 x %\ld be "o ( ! ,mrs4 ,gamp patt]n1 ( good size1 & ) a 7removable7 r+ at ! end f>!/ f ! h&le1 s t x may be susp5d$ f bran*es ( trees1 c41 :il/ ! fungi are sort$ or exam9$ bel[1 or a frugal lun*eon is discuss$ 7p]haps dur+ a pass+ /orm ( ra974 ,! /r+ w be f\nd useful = ty+ up ! l>g] ,polyporei2 ^! are frequ5tly ( great size1 & (t5 weigh _m p\nds4 ,9 collect+1 all ,ag>ics %\ld be kept sep>ate z mu* z possible2 = ?is purpose ?9 pap]1 su* z is us$ by /ation]s & mill9]s1 is indisp5sable2 e specim5 %\ld be wrapp$ v lightly 9 a piece ( ?9 pap] be=e box+1 z ! ela/icity ( ! pap] n only prev5ts break+ & bruis+1 b x also prev5ts ! spores ( "o species be+ scatt]$ ov] ano!r4 ,9 c>ry+ fungi ab\t1 or s5d+ fre% specim5s f "o place to ano!r1 no?+ is s good z ?is ?9 pap] int]sp]s$ "h & !re ) fronds ( ! common brack54 ,sawdu/1 hay1 or wool1 %\ld nev]1 on any acc\nt1 be us$3 su* ?+s totally de/roy ! plants2 b ) c>eful pack+ ) pap] & brack5-fronds1 fungi may be transport$ = any di/ance1 by rail or o!rwise1 p]fectly intact & undamag$4 ,9 pack+ ! vasculum1 see t ! heavi] plants are at ! bottom & ! light] ones at ! top2 = if pack$ o!rwise any fragile species w be c]ta9ly de/roy$4 ,i h kn[n a good collection ( ,ag>ics r5d]$ wor?less by a loose puff-ball be+ plac$ ) !m1 :i* has roll$ ab\t ) e movem5t ( ! collector's body1 & damag$ big & little species alike1 :5 a piece ( pap] or a f]n-frond or two1 to prev5t roll+1 w\ld h kept all q safe4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to specify localities1 because fungi ab\nd ev]y:]e4 ,if leaf fungi are s\ght =1 h$ge-sides w produce an abundant crop2 if ! ,ag>ic9i & ,polyporei1 =e/s & woods mu/ be ransack$2 if ! edible species are want$1 ri* op5 pa/ures 7) few exceptions7 mu/ be trav]s$3 ! v>i\s species ( truffles mu/ be look$ = pr9cipally 9 leafy glades--_m pref] a calc>e\s subsoil1 b at times !y may be met ) ev5 9 h$ge-sides1 t[n p>ks1 or else:]e4 ,:5 ! collection ( ! day is complete1 no species mu/ be all[$ to rema9 9 ! collect+-cases all night2 = if ! boxes are n c>efully op5$ & ! cont5ts laid out1 x w probably be f\nd 9 ! morn+ t "s w h dissolv$ into an inky fluid1 o!rs w h got into ! treacle /ate1 :il/ a ?ird lot w be ov]run ) m\ld1 or ! small] ones p]haps entirely eat5 up by slugs or l>v4 ,few ?+s decompose s rapidly z fungi1 especially ! full-gr[n ,boleti2 ^!1 ?\gh app>5tly p]fectly s\nd "o day1 w sometimes be a horrible mass ( foetid treacle ! next4 ,i h sometimes receiv$ l>ge p>cels by rail or po/ :5 ?is horrible /9k+ matt] has be5 dripp+ out1 p]haps all ov] ! c>t]'s h&s or d[n ! po/man's tr\s]s2 = ladies always w s5d ,boleti 9 bonnet-boxes1 ti$ ) ?9 tw9e4 ,%\ld any extra *>ge be dem&$1 on ! gr\nd ( ! insuffici5tly prepaid po/age1 or ! p>cels be unpaid1 ,i inv>iably refuse to take !m 91 to ! disgu/ ( ! p>ties br++ !m4 ,i %all n soon =get an ill-temp]$ po/man :o br\ght me two ( ^! dripp+ treasures at ! same "t la/ autumn1 ) a dem& = extra po/age1 & 8 look ( sil5t disreli% z he walk$ (f ) "o tw9e-susp5d$ bonnet-box 9 ea* h&1 ! fragrant ,boleti-treacle mean:ile manife/+ itself ^u ! pavem5t4 ,ev5 :5 q fre%1 ! od\r ( "s species is disgu/+ 9 ! extreme2 = in/ance1 a s+le specim5 ( ,phallus impudicus 9 ! collect+-box w affect a :ole railway c>riage ) ! mo/ horrible & sick5+ /5*2 :il/ ! curi\s truffle ,melanoga/] ambiguus is p]haps worse /ill1 = its abom9able od\r is p]fectly insuff]able4 ,to dry & pres]ve a collection ( fre% fungi is at times a v difficult task2 = in/ance1 "s species are s entirely cov]$ ) a t5aci\s glut5 t if !y 7 at once put betwe5 dry+-pap]s1 x is c]ta9 !y w\ld nev] come out aga9 ) ! lea/ *ance ( be+ recogniz$ by ev5 ! mo/ acute fungologi/2 o!rs are s deliquesc5t t 9 an h\r or two !y w\ld dissolve into a wat]y mass1 soak ?r\gh all ! pap]1 & leave a m]e dirty /a9 betwe5 ! %eets :]e ! plant 0 orig9ally plac$4 ,z a contra/1 "s ( ! ,polyporei 7z ! "y /ate ( ,polyporus igni>ius7 are s h>d t no?+ b a /eam-hamm] w\ld h any *ance ( flatt5+ !m4 ,!re is consid]able difficulty 9 ridd+ ! plants f ! l>v ) :i* !y are (t5 infe/$4 ,a few drops ( ! oil ( turp5t9e w1 h[ev]1 g5]ally drive !m f ,ag>ics & o!r fle%y fungi2 &1 9 reg>d to ! woody ,polyporei1 a good plan is to place ! plants 9 an ov51 or on a hob = a %ort "t1 :]e ! heat is n too p[]ful to de/roy ! plants1 b /ill suffici5tly pot5t to drive ! l>v f _! holes4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! collector's exp]i5ce w probably be ! same z m9e has m ?an once be52 viz4 on op5+ a package 7:i* %\ld conta9 "s *oice dri$ fungus71 to f9d only a /a91 a few sk9s ( dead maggots1 & a little dirt--9 fact1 "s ( ! species 9 my h]b>ium1 ?\gh mo/ly poison$ ) corrosive sublimate1 get entirely dev\r$ by rapaci\s & poison-pro( l>v1 mites1 & m9ute beetles4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 to ! m]e dry+1 c]ta9 notes & p>ticul>s are requir$1 )\t :i* ! be/ dri$ specim5s are wor?less2 &1 aga91 = ! l>g] fungi to be ( real s]vice1 ! spores ( ea* species mu/ be sep>ately pres]v$4 ,z reg>ds ! dry+ ( ! fle%y fungi !mselves1 ! process to obs]ve is z foll[s3--,lay all ord9>y ,ag>ics out sep>ately 9 a dry place1 or 9 a curr5t ( dry air f six to twelve1 or ev5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 accord+ to ! species1 s t !y may "p ) _! sup]flu\s moi/ure1 & ?us facilitate dry+4 ,9 ! case ( species ) glut9\s pilei1 x w be f\nd t ! glut5 w m or less set1 if c>efully att5d$ to1 9 a dry w>m place4 ,if ! l>g] fle%y fungi are inadv]t5tly plac$ "u a propagat+-glass1 or left on a lawn or grassy place1 or kept 9 damp air f ov]-night till next morn+1 ! *ances are t !y w nev] prop]ly dry at all4 ,:5 ! sup]flu\s moi/ure has evaporat$ !y may be put g5tly betwe5 dry+-pap]s1 b ! weight put ^u !m mu/ at fir/ be ( ! slighte/ k9d2 ord9>y books1 m or less light1 w be f\nd q suffici5t2 & few1 or p]haps no o!r plants1 require su* frequ5t *ang+ z ,ag>ics4 ,an h\r1 or (t5 less1 suffices = ! fir/ pressure1 :5 c>e mu/ be tak5 to supply !m ) fre% & p]fectly dry pap]1 or !y w imm$iately m\ld4 ,x is a good plan1 :5 ! plants are half dry1 to take !m out ( ! pap]s & put !m 9 dry air1 or 9 a sunny place = a %ort "t 7! l5g? ( "t be+ det]m9$ by exp]i5ce & ! nature ( ! species71 to "p ) m ( _! moi/ure3 s1 ) con/ant att5tion & frequ5t *ang+ ( ! pap]s1 v pres5table specim5s may at la/ be obta9$4 ,^! dri$ fungi w n[ be f\nd v useful = %[+ ! m sup]ficial *>act]s ( ! plants2 b )\t sections1 spores1 & prop] notes1 !y w be next to useless4 ,9 ,ag>ics x is ( ! fir/ importance to %[ ! nature ( ! atta*m5t ( ! gills to ! /em3 & %\ld ! /ems be furni%$ ) a volva or annulus1 ?is mu/ be pres]v$ ) ! greate/ c>e--"y specim5s1 too1 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 are (t5 ( great value4 ,if possible1 x is well to h a s]ies ( dri$ specim5s ( ea* species2 "o1 z 9 ,fig4 #ch1 ,a1 to display ! nature ( ! tubes 9 ,boletus & ! gills 9 ! ,ag>ic9i1 :e!r !y are ?ick or ?91 cr[d$ toge!r or di/ant f ea* o!r1 pla9 or s]rat$1 free or annex$2 ano!r1 z at ,b1 to %[ ! pileus1 :e!r smoo? or floccose1 pla91 w>t$1 or zon$1 & ! nature ( ! m>g91 :e!r /riate1 bullate1 or pla92 a ?ird1 z at ,c1 to %[ ! atta*m5t ( pileus to /em 9 infancy2 &1 f\r?ly1 a section or ?9 slice remov$ f ! exact middle ( ! "y plant f top to bottom1 z at ,d3 ?is w %[ ! nature ( ! veil 7if pres5t71 & :e!r univ]sal or n2 & if abs5t1 :e!r ! m>g9 is at fir/ /raight1 incurv$1 or involute4 ,a simil> section ?r\gh ! mature plant is also requir$1 ,e & ,f 7,fig4 #ci73 ?is w give ! atta*m5t ( gills to /ems 7a "* ( great importance71 & ! nature ( ! /em itself1 :e!r solid1 /uff$1 or holl[4 ,great c>e & exp]i5ce are requir$ to cut a ?9 & p]fect slice f ! middle ( a t5d] ,ag>ic or ,boletus2 = !re is (t5 a sort ( articulation at ! po9t ,g1 :i* causes ! slice to fall 9 two4 ,z = pres]v+ fungi 9 fluids1 ,i ?9k x 9 all ways undesirable4 ,x may m or less answ] = s+le or unique specim5s1 or = l>ge museums1 :]e space is ( no consequ5ce2 b = all purposes ( con/ant ref]5ce & private /udy1 any process ( ?is sort is wor?less4 ,few p]sons1 ,i imag9e1 w\ld c>e to h hundr$s 7or ,i might say ?\s&s7 ( tol]ably l>ge glass bottles ( fluids 9 _! h\ses4 ,x is ess5tial t ! spores %\ld be secur$1 z _! col\r & size are v important4 ,!y may be pres]v$ 9 v>i\s ways3 if col\r$1 !y are be/ kept on :ite pap]1 & if :ite1 on black glaz$ pap]1 su* z is suppli$ to photograph]s2 or !y may be at once deposit$ & kept on glass slides & cov]$1 or betwe5 ?9 %eets ( mica1 su* z photograph]s use4 ,i pref] ! spores free on pap]1 z !y c easily be transf]r$ to glass = exam9ation by brea?+ on a corn] ( a glass slide & j t\*+ x on to ! dry spores2 ?\s&s w atta* !mselves to ! glass1 &1 moreov]1 ! supply f "o fungus appe>s to be p]fectly inexhau/ible4 ,to secure a good bat* ( spores1 x is n suffici5t to let ! ,ag>ic m]ely re/ 9 ! position %[n at ,h 7,fig4 #dj71 = ! spores w n prop]ly fall :5 ?is plan is adopt$2 a f> bett] "o is to cut a small hole1 ab\t ! size ( ! diamet] ( ! /em ( ! fungus1 9 ! c5tre ( ! pap] on :i* ! spores are to be deposit$3 slip ! /em ?r\gh ! hole1 c>efully draw up ! pap] coll>1 & support ! fungus 9 a small pot1 glass1 or dry phial 7plac$ "u a propagat+-glass to keep ! plant fre%7 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,if x is wi%$ to fix ! spores1 let ! pap] be fir/ wa%$ ) a ?9 solution ( gum-arabic1 :i* mu/ be all[$ to get p]fectly dry2 ! spores may n[ fall ^u ! dry gumm$ pap]2 & aft] ! deposition ! gumm$ surface mu/ be brea!d ^u to moi/5 ! gum1 & :5 x has dri$ = ! second "t ! spores w be fix$1 & n readily rubb$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,specim5s %[+ ! gills1 r+s1 & /ages ( gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,section cut ?r\gh ,ag>icus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,ag>ic plac$ to cat* spores4 ,x is necess>y to prep>e ! woody specim5s 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,!y mu/ fir/ be p]fectly dri$ be=e ! fire1 or 9 ! sun1 & !n a ?9 slice mu/ be sawn 7or cut ) a p[]ful knife7 out ( ! middle4 ,?is slice may be poison$1 z describ$ h]eaft]1 & m\nt$ on ! h]b>ium %eets at once4 ,if ! ,polyporus is v ?91 x may be m\nt$ 9 company ) ! slice1 b m ?an "o specim5 is desirable1 z x is indisp5sable to h bo? surfaces h&y = exam9ation4 ,if ! specim5s are v l>ge1 !y are be/ kept 9 wood5 boxes1 & labell$ accord+ to ! g5]a & sub-g5]a !y conta92 or !y may be kept 9 draw]s1 ! draw]s be+ divid$ by p>titions if l>ge1 & labell$ outside4 ,if boxes are us$1 !y %\ld all be ! same dep?2 ! height & wid? may be d\bl$ or halv$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! plants3 ! plan w be bett] und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! diagram1 ,fig4 #db4 ,if ?is plan is adopt$1 !re w be no wa/e space1 & ! boxes w /& ev5ly ^u a sidebo>d or aga9/ a wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,cab9et = ,fungi4 ,be=e ! specim5s are transf]r$ to ! h]b>ium !y may or n be poison$1 accord+ to ! wi% or conv5i5ce ( ! collector4 ,"s ( my plants :i* h nev] be5 poison$ rema9 p]fectly un9jur$1 :il/ o!rs1 :i* h be5 treat$ ) a /rong solution ( corrosive sublimate1 h be5 dev\r$ by l>v1 c41 introduc$1 ,i presume1 s9ce ! plants 7 put away4 ,a solution ( corrosive sublimate 9 pyroligne\s naph?a1 c>efully wa%$ ov] ! specim5s1 has be5 recomm5d$2 b ! ord9>y poison is oil ( turp5t9e1 mix$ ) f9ely-p[d]$ sublimate1 well %ak5 be=e appli$4 ,if ! specim5s are to be glu$ d[n1 !y %\ld be m\nt$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ch & #ci1 s z to display all _! *>act]s1 & fix$ ) poison$ gum tragacan?2 b "s botani/s1 & myself among/ ! numb]1 pref] to h ! specim5s free4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h envelopes gumm$ to ! h]b>ium %eets1 & ! specim5s 7includ+ a small pap] conta9+ ! spores7 are free )9 ! envelopes4 ,"s mites are v fond ( ! spores ( c]ta9 fungi1 :il/ !y w n t\* ! spores ( o!rs3 !re=e1 if ! specim5s are to be kept p]fectly intact1 gumm$ pap] mu/ be us$1 or !y may be kept betwe5 little slips ( mica4 ,z to ! labell+ ( ! h]b>ium %eets1 ,i %all n t\* ^u t1 z ! plan univ]sally foll[$ is simil> to ! "o us$ = fl[]+ plants1 & describ$ 9 ?is volume4 ,"s sub-g5]a ( ,ag>icus1 h[ev] 7z ,tri*oloma71 are s num]\s 9 species t x w be f\nd requisite to h sev]al wrapp]s = "o sub-g5us4 ,n[ z to ! necess>y notes to be made on ! %eets3 ! po9ts 9 discrim9at+ fungi diff] consid]ably f ^? us$ 9 nam+ fl[]+ plants4 ,x is presum$ ! spores h be5 pres]v$ by ! collector4 ,n[1 if he has "t1 ! next be/ ?+ is to measure & note !m at once1 9 decimals ( an in* & millimetre3 a second & ess5tial ?+ is a note z to ! ta/e ( ! fungus1 :e!r x is mild1 acrid1 bitt]1 c4 ,?is po9t w be f\nd v useful1 z "s species are ta/eless1 insipid1 or extremely acrid1 bitt]1 or poison\s3 x is only necess>y to ta/e a small piece2 b z s little is really kn[n ( ! qualities ( fungi1 unless ?is is done no advance w be made4 ,i inv>iably ta/e e fungus new to me1 & h notes to ?is effect ( all ! species :i* h pass$ ?r\gh my h&s3 9 "s species ! effect is v peculi>1 sometimes 7z 9 ,ag>icus melleus7 x causes a cold s5sation at ! back ( ! e>s1 & swell+ ( ! ?roat2 at o!rs 7z 9 ,m>asmius caulic9alis71 ! ta/e proves to be int5sely bitt]2 "s are s fi]y 7z 9 ,lact>ius turpis1 bl5nius1 & acris71 t ! smalle/ piece plac$ ^u ! tongue resembles ! contact ( a r$-hot pok]4 ,(t51 :5 ,i h be5 out botaniz+ ) "y m5 & amateurs1 :5 a dubi\s ,russula or ,lact>ius has be5 %[n me to "n1 ,i h reque/$ ! inquir] to ta/e x1 z1 if mild or pung5t1 ! ta/e might at times decide ! species2 ,i h g5]ally f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh c]ta9 p]sons are anxi\s en\gh to acquire names1 !y w n burn _! tongues to secure !m4 ,no fungi t ,i am acqua9t$ ) are really pleasant raw1 unless x is ,hydnum gelat9osum1 ?\gh _m are v good :5 cook$4 ,a v important ?+ to note is ! od\r 9 ! l>g] fungi3 _m are v pleasant1 l meal2 a few are sweet2 "s resemble /9k+ fi% 7z ,ag>icus cucumis72 "o1 mice 7z ,a4 incanus72 ano!r1 camphor1 :il/ ,m>asmius foetidus & impudicus are l putrid c>rion2 o!rs are l burnt flannel1 g>lic1 rott5 beans1 & almo/ e imag9able disagreeable ?+4 ,! habitat is ( great importance3 if ! plant gr[s ^u trees1 ! tree %\ld be nam$2 or if p>asitic ^u any o!r mat]ial1 ! matrix %\ld be nam$ ) ! place4 ,! viscidity1 dryness1 or bibulosity mu/ be giv51 & 9 ! ,ag>ic9i1 any notes t may sugge/ !mselves z to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a veil1 volva1 or trama1 & :e!r ! gills h a habit ( sep>at+ f ! /em1 z at ,j 7,fig4 #ci71 mu/ be c>efully not$4 ,! /udy ( ! l>g] fungi has be5 to me "o ( ! greate/ pleasures ( my life3 :5 all ?+s else h fail$1 ?is has nev] fail$2 x has tak5 me into ! pleasante/ ( places & among/ ! be/ ( p4 ,_h x n be5 = fungi1 ,i %\ld h be5 dead ye>s ago2 (t5 tir$1 jad$1 & h>ass$ ) bus9ess matt]s1 a /roll 9 ! ri* autumn woods has giv5 me a r5ew$ lease ( life4 ,9 ^! fav\rite haunts ,i nev] tire or flag2 ra91 fog1 & mud1 nev] detract f ! pleasures ( ! woods to me--,i am only depress$ 9 ! hot1 dry wea!r ( midsumm]4 ,9 ! autumn ,i con/antly visit ! =e/s1 ) all my collect+ p>aph]nalia2 ,i sometimes take a saw to cut (f ! big1 woody1 fungus excresc5ces ( trees4 ,i 0 once =tunate en\gh to f9d a ladd] 9 a wood1 :i* prov$ invaluable = asc5d+ ! bee*es 9 se>* ( ,ag>icus mucidus1 c4 ,i1 h[ev]1 f9d fungi ev]y:]e3 ,i only g r\nd ! corn]1 & !re !y are4 ,i (t5 visit a neighb\r+ build]'s y>d1 & desc5d ! sawpits1 to ! amazem5t ( ! op]atives3 "s ( ! r>e/ species ( our ,flora1 & _m new ones1 ,i h f\nd )9 a few m9utes' walk ( my own h\se4 ,i once f\nd a r>e ,l5t9us on a log z x 0 be+ c>t$ d[n ,k+ ,william ,/reet1 & a ye> or s ago an undescrib$ ,peziza fl\ri%$ inside my ci/]n4 ,collect+ fungi is n )\t its hum\rs z well z its pleasures1 z ! foll[+ w %[4 ,i once saw a portly1 well-dress$ g5tleman walk+ along ! high road1 ) 8 vasculum ov] 8 %\ld]s1 & c>ry+ home 7"o 9 ea* h&7 a pair ( ca/-(f1 rott5 boots1 disc>d$ by "s vagrant2 ! rott+ lea!r hav+ produc$ a crop ( r>e microscopic fungi4 ,at times abom9able ca/-(f foetid gipsy rags w be lov+ly tak5 f out a dit*1 & *oice pieces cut out & consign$ to ! vasculum ( ! cryptogamic botani/2 at o!r times "s r>e species w be se5 up a tree1 & x has sev]al times happ5$ 9 my pres5ce t "o en?usia/ic botani/ has got on to ! %\ld]s ( ano!r to secure a prize1 or ev5 wad$ into a pond to get at "s pro/rate fungus-be>+ log4 ,! hum\rs ( truffle hunt+ are manifold4 ,i h se5 a g5tleman trespass1 on h&s & knees1 ?r\gh a holly h$ge1 on to a g5tleman's lawn1 & !re dig up ! turf 9 "s promis+ spot1 risk+ an attack f ! h\se-dog1 or a few %ots f ! proprietor2 ! said trespass] mean:ile arm$ ) a rake1 g\ge1 & dang]\s-look+ op5 knife4 ,c\ntry lab\r]s are (t5 sorely puzzl$ by ! acts ( cryptogamic botani/s2 !y /& agape 9 utt] amazem5t to witness poison\s frog-/ools bagg$ by ! score4 ,(ttimes "o gets w>n$ t ! plants are deadly pis92 b collectors are usually look$ ^u z h>mless lunatics1 a climax 9 ?is direction g5]ally be+ rea*$ if a g5tleman 9 se>* ( ,ascoboli & ! dung-borne ,peziz1 sits d[n1 & aft] mak+ a promis+ collection ( horse or c[-dung1 c>efully wraps ^! treasures 9 tissue pap]1 & puts !m 9 8 s&wi*-box4 ,"o ^w ( w>n+ to ! beg9n]--nev]1 on any acc\nt1 amass & put away a lot ( imp]fect mat]ials ) insuffici5t notes1 = 9 ! end !y w prove worse ?an useless4 ,to "n fungi ) c]ta9ty ! fulle/ notes & mo/ complete mat]ials are indisp5sable3 )\t ^! no?+ :atev] c be done4 ,x is f> bett] to labori\sly make out tw5ty species1 & "k !m 9 all _! aspects = c]ta91 ?an to amass imp]fect mat]ials ( two ?\s& )\t any s\nd botanical k4 ,if ! =m] c\rse is pursu$1 ! /udy ( fungi w prove a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( pleasure to ! m9d & ( heal? to ! body4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote a few words writt5 by ! illu/ri\s ,fries 7n[ m ?an eighty ye>s ( age7 9 ! preface to a rec5t "w ( 8 on ,fungi4 ,he says3 ,n[ 9 ! ev5+ ( my life1 ,i rejoice to call to m9d ! abundant pleasures :i* my /udy ( ! m p]fect fungi1 su/a9$ = m ?an half a c5tury1 has ?r\gh\t ?is long "t af=d$ me4444 ,!re=e1 to botani/s1 :o c w&] at w ! c\ntry side1 ,i comm5d ! /udy ( ^! plants z a p]5nial f\nta9 ( delight & admiration = t ,supreme ,wisdom :i* reigns ov] univ]sal nature4 ,,xiii4 ,,li*5s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,jas4 ,crombie1 ,f4,l4,s41 etc4 ,mu* z x is to be regrett$1 x _c be que/ion$ t ( ^? :o h devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( botany1 li*5i/s h always be5 few & f> betwe54 ,:ile fl[]+ plants h _h _! ho/s ( en?usia/ic /ud5ts1 & :ile o!r classes ( cryptogamics h _h due att5tion paid to !m1 ! /udy ( li*5s has1 up ev5 to ! pres5t "t1 be5 b too mu* neglect$4 ,to _m inde$ ! t]m conveys only "s fa9t & confus$ idea1 & ?\gh !y "k t !re are plants s call$1 !y are at ! same "t utt]ly ignorant ( _! nature4 ,) fl[]+ plants1 f]ns1 mosses1 seawe$s1 & ev5 fungi1 !y h at lea/ "s acqua9tance1 m or less accurate2 b li*5s !y g5]ally pass by ) indiff]5ce1 reg>d+ !m m]ely z "t-/a9s on ! trees1 ! walls1 & ! rocks :]e !y gr[4 ,nay1 we h ev5 met ) "s pr(ess$1 & o!rwise well-in=m$ botani/s1 :o1 :ile recogniz+ c]ta9 ( ! l>g] & m conspicu\s species z li*5s1 yet fanci$ t _m ( ! small] & m obscure species 7 m]ely inorganic discolorations4 ,x is c]ta9ly v difficult to acc\nt = su* a /ate ( matt]s at ! pres5t day1 :5 s mu* att5tion is be+ paid to almo/ e o!r class ( plants4 ,va9ly h ,i s\ght ei!r 9 ! nature ( ! case itself or 9 my conv]sations ) botani/s1 = any intelligible solution ( su* apa?y & neglect3 ?\gh _m good & suffici5t reasons h pres5t$ !mselves to my m9d :y !y %\ld be reg>d$ 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,x _c ) any %[ ( propriety be object$ t li*5s are an un9t]e/+ class ( plants1 & consequ5tly undes]v+ ( s]i\s /udy4 ,s f> f ?is1 !y are 9 v>i\s respects z int]e/+ n only z any o!r class ( cryptogamics1 b also z _m o!r plants1 :i* occupy a high] & m conspicu\s place 9 ! scale ( vegetation4 ,be+ z x 7 ! pione]s ( all o!r plant life1 = :i* !y s]ve to prep>e ! soil on ! coral islet & ! b>r5 rock1--con/itut+ ! mo/ g5]ally diffus$ class ( t]re/rial plants on ! surface ( ! globe1 f arctic l&s to tropical climes1--pres5t+ ess5tial simplicity ( /ructure1 be+ compos$ entirely ( an aggregation ( cells1 ?\gh at ! same "t ?is is amply comp5sat$ = by endless v>iety ( =m1--adorn+ z !y d1 ) _! v>i\sly col\r$ ?alli & apo!cia1 ! mo/ romantic & ! mo/ dre>y situations1--af=d+ 9 "s cases valuable mat]ial = ! dy] & ! p]fum]1 nay1 ev5 = m$ic9al purposes1--supply+1 z "s ( !m d1 m or less1 nutriti\s food = man & bea/1 "u circum/ances & 9 regions :]e no o!r c be _h1--x is v evid5t t ! prevail+ neglect ( !m _c arise f _! be+ 9 any way un9t]e/+1 & de/itute ei!r ( beauty or utility4 ,nor does ?is1 z might be inf]r$1 result f any peculi> difficulty att5d+ _! /udy4 ,!re inde$ seems to be a notion preval5t1 n only among/ ! /ud5ts ( phnogamic1 b also among/ ^? ( cryptogamic plants1 t !re are1 someh[ or o!r1 almo/ insup]able difficulties connect$ ) ! pursuit ( ,li*5ology4 ,n[1 x is q true t ! correct /udy ( ^! plants is by no means an easy "o1 & t an accurate k ( !m is n to be obta9$ 9 a day or an h\r2 b ! same may1 ) equal tru?1 be said ( any o!r bran* ( ,phytology1 :i* requires m9ute rese>* & microscopical exam9ation4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 !re is no royal road to le>n+1 & ! difficulties :i* lie 9 ! way mu/ be boldly fac$4 ,if ! /ud5t c only mu/] up suffici5t c\rage to cross ! ?re%old & prosecute 8 inve/igations ) zeal & /eady p]sev]ance1 he w f9d 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 t ! difficulties :i* look$ s =midable at a di/ance1 w1 "o by "o1 be successfully surm\nt$4 ,b to :atev] cause ! paucity ( li*5i/s1 bo? 9 our own & o!r c\ntries1 is to be attribut$1 x c]ta9ly does n orig9ate 9 any difficulty connect$ ) _! collection & pres]vation4 ,9 fact1 !re is no o!r class ( plants1 :]e ^!1 & m especially ! latt]1 c be s easily effect$1 at a little exp5diture ( "t & tr\ble4 ,a few simple directions are1 !re=e1 all t are necess>y to be giv5 on ^! po9ts4 ,z to ! collect+ ( li*5s1 x has already be5 intimat$ t !y are almo/ univ]sally di/ribut$1 ?\gh ( c\rse 9 ?is respect subject to ! same laws z ! high] ord]s ( vegetation4 ,9 our own c\ntry we h n[ a li/ ( ab\t eight hundr$ species1 con/itut+ by f> ! great] proportion ( ! ,li*5 ,flora ( ,europe4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 a v fair numb] ( ^! may readily be ga!r$1 capable1 z !y are1 ( exi/+ 9 almo/ e situation :]e !y c d]ive requisite n\ri%m5t f ! atmosph]e4 ,on ! rocks & b\ld]s ( ! sea%ore & ! m\nta9-side1 on ! trunks & bran*es ( trees 9 woods & =e/s1 on peaty soil ( b>e moorl&s1 & on /one f5ces 9 upl& tracts1 nay1 ev5 on old pales & walls 9 suburban di/ricts1 a goodly h>ve/ may g5]ally be reap$4 ,few localities inde$ !re are1 )9 ! area ( ^! isl&s 7,london & its environs1 :]e ! atmosph]e is s impregnat$ ) smoke1 be+ ! *ief exception71 9 :i* ! li*5i/ w f9d 8 occupation gone4 ,true1 x is only 9 "s m fav\r$ tracts1 *iefly m>itime & montane1 t he c expect to meet ) _m ( our r>] species2 b ev5 9 mo/ l[l& di/ricts1 especially su* z are well wood$1 he may1 ) pr(it1 pursue 8 rese>*es1 & collect v>i\s ( ! m common species4 ,^! w j be z useful 9 mak+ him acqua9t$ ) ! /ructure & physiology ( li*5s z ?\gh he _h ga!r$ ! r>e/ t gr[ on ,b5 ,law]s or by ,kill>ney's lake4 ,! app>atus requisite = collect+ is nei!r complicat$ nor exp5sive4 ,a t9 japann$ vasculum1 or :at is p]haps bett] /ill1 a black lea!r hav]sack1 ( l>g] or small] dim5sions z ! case may be1 susp5d$ ov] ! %\ld] by a /rap1 is ( c\rse indisp5sable = hold+ ! specim5s ga!r$4 ,! latt] ( ^! we h f\nd to be m g5]ally conv5i5t1 z we c take x ) u also = a %ort ramble1 )\t its attract+ s mu* att5tion f curi\s ru/ics1 z ! less-kn[n & m s+ul>-look+ vasculum4 ,two sets ( in/rum5ts are also necess>y = remov+ ! plant f ! sub/ratum on :i* x gr[s1 z well z = break+ (f 9 _m cases a ?9 portion ( ! latt] along !re)4 ,^! are a geologi/'s hamm] & *isel = su* z gr[ on rocks1 b\ld]s1 & /ones2 a g>d5]'s prun+-knife = su* z gr[ on trees1 pales1 & ! gr\nd2 z also an ord9>y table-knife = deta*+1 by ins]tion "u !m1 su* foliace\s species z c ?us be sep>at$ f ! sub/ratum4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ sev]al %eets ( s(t & mod]ately ?ick pap]1 cut into diff]5t sizes 7"s newspap]s suit rem>kably well71 9 :i* to wrap up ! individual specim5s & prev5t !m rubb+ aga9/ ea* o!r2 a few c>d-boxes also1 ( v>i\s sizes1 9 :i* = great] safety to place any ( ! m brittle species1 or fragm5ts ( ! r>] ones1 by !mselves2 & a pocket-l5s ( good magnify+ p[]1 by :i* we may be able to detect on ! spot ^? m9ut] species :i* ! nak$ eye c ) difficulty di/+ui%4 ,) ^! ! li*5i/ is fully equipp$ = an excursion1 :e!r ne> at h& or f> away1 &1 ) wat]pro( & umbrella1 is ready to take ! field ev5 9 ?reat5+ wea!r4 ,a good deal ( discrim9ation mu/ be us$ 9 ! selection ( specim5s = removal1 :i*1 9 all cases :]e su* c be obta9$1 ought to be f]tile1 ) bo? apo!cia & sp]magones fully develop$4 ,h5ce1 su* z are too old or too "y1 may be pass$ by1 z nei!r ! spores nor sp]matia1 by :i* alone1 9 _m in/ances1 !y c be det]m9$1 w be f\nd 9 a normal condition1 any m ?an ! ?allus itself4 ,! specim5s ga!r$ ought 9 e case to be ( suffici5t size to %[ di/9ctly ! "* ( ! ?allus & ( ! fructification4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! ?allus1 z x frequ5tly does1 spreads v ext5sively ov] ! sub/ratum1 x w be suffici5t to break (f su* a portion f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tre1 z w give an adequate idea ( ! m important *>act]i/ics ( ! plant4 ,?is is a po9t ( consid]able consequ5ce2 = %\ld a portion be tak5 (f f ! circumf]5ce alone1 or f ! c5tre alone1 x w (t5 be entirely unsuitable = %[+ ! real nature ( ! plant1 & be q useless = purposes ( description4 ,a little exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 w s]ve to prev5t ! commission ( a mi/ake1 into :i*1 judg+ f ! numb] ( imp]fect specim5s :i* are s5t me to be nam$1 beg9n]s are v apt to fall4 ,practice w also 9 "t enable ! tyro to use ! hamm] & *isel 9 su* a way z to obta9 neat specim5s ( saxicole species--a matt] ( importance ) respect to _! subsequ5t m\nt+4 ,z to ! be/ season = collect+1 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem9d ! read] t li*5s are p]5nial plants1 rem>kable = _! longevity1 & t dur+ ! :ole ye> r\nd !y may be f\nd 9 fruit4 ,! li*5i/ has n to wait = any p>ticul> mon? or mon?s1 z o!r botani/s h to d1 be=e he c collect ! objects ( 8 se>* 9 a fully-develop$ condition4 ,spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & ev5 w9t]1 except :5 ! sn[ conceals all vegetation b5ea? its :ite mantle1 are all alike to him1 & 9 ea* he w f9d e species ( li*5 9 p]fection4 ,at ! same "t1 he w be mo/ successful aft] a %[] ( ra9 or a slight fro/ has fall51 inasmu* z1 becom+ swoll5 ) ! moi/ure !n imbib$1 _m ( ! m9ut] species :i* might o!rwise be ov]look$1 are m readily p]ceiv$1 & ! foliace\s species m easily remov$ f ! sub/ratum to :i* !y are m or less closely affix$4 ,no?+ m ne$ be said on ! collect+ ( li*5s1 z a %ort exp]i5ce w be m useful ?an fur!r details4 ,we proce$1 !re=e1 to give a few h9ts on _! subsequ5t pres]vation4 ,?is is a v easy process1 pres5t+ no difficulty :atev]1 & occupy+ b little "t4 ,we %all suppose t ! collector has return$ f a successful exp$ition1 ) 8 vasculum or hav]sack well fill$ ) specim5s f all sorts ( habitats4 ,op5+ ! pap]s 9 :i* !y h be5 wrapp$ up1 he w take !m out "o by "o1 & place !m sep>ately ^u a table1 ov] :i* a newspap] has previ\sly be5 spread4 ,if ga!r$ 9 wet wea!r1 !y ought n to be left long 9 ! pap]s1 z 9 ?is case !y are v apt to become cov]$ ) m\ld4 ,aft] all[+ !m to rema9 9 ?is position till !y are ?or\ghly dry1 he may at once proce$ ) hamm] & *isel1 or ) knife & scissors1 to r$uce to a suitable size su* ( !m z he c\ld n conv5i5tly ?us manipulate 9 ! field4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !y may !n be affix$ ) gum1 ( a r ?ick consi/5cy1 to slips ( :ite pap]1 ) ! locality & date ( _! collection writt5 b5ea?4 ,!re w be no difficulty felt 9 ?us affix+ saxicole1 corticole1 & lignicole species1 ?\gh :]e ! nature ( ! /one or wood is m absorb5t1 sev]al applications ( ! gum may be necess>y be=e !y prop]ly adh]e4 ,) t]ricole species1 h[ev]1 a some:at m l5g!n$ process is necess>y1 ow+ to ! brittle nature ( ! sub/ratum1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 if n prop]ly pres]v$1 !y (t5 crumble into du/ 9 ! h]b>ium4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ,m4 ,norman1 ( ,trmsoe1 ,norway1 has rec5tly prescrib$ a solution ( is+lass 9 spirits ( w9e1 :i*1 :5 liquefi$ 9 a vessel plung$ 9 wat] ( ! temp]ature ( #be-cj;,c41 is gre$ily imbib$ by ! e>?1 & becomes inspissat$ into a solid gelat9e at a temp]ature bel[ #ae4 ,?is solution may be appli$ until ! e>? becomes ?or\ghly saturat$1 & aft] x is p]fectly dry1 ! specim5s w possess suffici5t h>dness & t5acity1 & may !n be m\nt$ l ! o!rs4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z my own exp]i5ce goes1 ,i h f\nd a weak solution ( gum-arabic1 frequ5tly repeat$1 & appli$ to ! "u surface & edges ( ! specim5s1 to be q z efficaci\s2 & if aft] becom+ ?or\ghly dry1 !y be fir/ affix$ by a ?ick] solution to slips ( ?9 tissue-pap]1 !y w be equally ready = be+ m\nt$ z above4 ,ei!r ( ^! two me?ods may also ) advantage be appli$ to su* species z gr[ ^u decay$ mosses4 ,slight pressure may be appli$ to ! ?allus ( fruticulose1 filam5tose1 & foliace\s species1 9 ord] t !y may lie bett] 9 ! h]b>ium2 b ?is %\ld be done only to a v limit$ degree1 s z n to oblit]ate ! normal appe>ance ( ! bran*es or lobes4 ,z ! "* ( ! "u surface ( ! ?allus is frequ5tly ( great importance1 at lea/ 9 foliace\s & fruticulose plants1 a portion ( ?is1 n necess>ily deta*$1 %\ld be turn$ ov]1 = facility ( inspection1 & press$ d[n on ! pap]1 be=e ! specim5s h become q dry & rigid4 ,9 ord] to de/roy any insects t may be ^u ! plants :5 ga!r$1 or by :i* !y may aft]w>ds be infe/$1 li*5i/s at "o "t 7 9 ! habit ( poison+ !m ) corrosive sublimate4 ,frequ5t exposure1 h[ev]1 to ! air 9 dry wea!r1 & ! pres5ce ( a little camphor1 w be q suffici5t to prev5t any mis*ief f ?is s\rce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,section ( ,physcia p>iet9a4 a4 ,p>aphyses4 b4 ,asci ) spores4 c4 ,hypo!cium4 d4 ,section ( apo!cium4 e4 ,spore4 ,b hav+ ?us arrang$1 ?\gh ! arrangem5t is b tempor>y1 ! specim5s ga!r$1 on slips ( :ite pap]1 ! next & mo/ important po9t is _! due exam9ation & det]m9ation4 ,?is1 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( ,li*5ology1 is unque/ionably1 9 _m cases1 a task ( consid]able difficulty1 & 9 ! %ort space at our disposal x w\ld be q impossible to give any?+ l an adequate explanation ( ! mode 9 :i* ?is is to be effect$4 ,suffice x at pres5t to say t sections mu/ be made ( ! ?allus to asc]ta9 ! "* ( its diff]5t lay]s1 z also sections ( ! apo!cia & sp]magones to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! spores & sp]matia4 ,= bo? purposes a good microscope1 ) #a_/d-;in* object-glass1 is absolutely indisp5sable to ! /ud5t4 ,! exam9ation ( ! spores1 ^u :i*1 9 s _m cases1 ! det]m9ation ( ! species *iefly dep5ds1 %\ld pres5t little or no difficulty1 at lea/ to ! fungologi/4 ,x may be readily effect$ by moi/5+ ! apo!cium ) wat]1 & !n1 ) a dissect+-knife1 mak+ a ?9 v]tical section ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,putt+ ?is on a glass slide1 or 9 a compressorium1 9 a drop ( hydrate ( pota%1 & !n plac+ x "u ! microscope1 a view w be obta9$ ( ! asci1 spores1 p>aphyses1 hypo!cium1 c41 ea* ( :i* may aft]w>ds be insulat$ & exam9$ m m9utely 9 detail4 ,take1 = example1 ! well-kn[n beautiful yell[ li*5 7,physcia p>iet9a71 s common ev]y:]e on walls1 rocks1 & trees1 & treat a v ?9 section ( ! mature apo!cium z be=e m5tion$4 ,"u ! microscope x w appe> z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,9 ! same way ! sp]magones may be exam9$1 :5 ! nature ( ! /]igmata & sp]matia w be app>5t4 ,by cutt+ across ! ?allus ( ! above species1 we c p]ceive ev5 by ! nak$ eye t x consi/s ( ?ree diff]5t lay]s1 :i* :5 microscopically exam9$ pres5t ! appe>ance %[n 9 ! above figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,section ( ,physcia p>iet9a4 a4 ,cortical /ratum4 b4 ,gonidic /ratum4 c4 ,m$ull>y /ratum4 ,b 9 addition to ?is microscopical exam9ation1 x is also requisite to obs]ve ! diff]5t *emical reactions produc$ on ! asci or ! hym5eal gelat9e ) iod9e 7,i71 :i* w t+e ^! ei!r blui% or r$di% w9e-col\r$1 or else leave !m uncol\r$4 ,simil>ly ! ?allus1 includ+ bo? ! cortical lay] & ! m$ulla1 may be te/$ ) hydrate ( pota% 7,k71 & hypo*lorite ( lime 7,c71 ! latt] be+ appli$ ei!r by itself or add$ to ,k :5 wet4 ,9 "s cases no reaction w be produc$ by ^! ei!r ^u ! cortical /ratum or ! m$ulla2 9 o!rs !y w be t+$ yell[i% or r$di%4 ,! =mul = ! prep>ation ( ^! reag5ts are3 = iod9e1 iod9e1 gr4 j2 iodide ( pota%1 gr4 iij1 di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b oz42 = hydrate ( pota%1 equal weights ( cau/ic pota% & wat]2 = hydro*lorite ( lime1 *loride ( lime & wat] ( any /r5g?4 ,aft] correctly asc]ta9+ ! specific "n ( ! specim5s collect$1 ?is is to be writt5 on ! slips ( pap] to :i* !y are affix$1 above ! locality & date1 & ! be/ ( !m1 includ+ all v>ieties & =ms1 select$ = subsequ5t m\nt+ 9 ! h]b>ium4 ,?is may be effect$ ei!r 9 ! same way z ! m\nt+ ( phan]ogamic plants1 or by affix+ ! specim5s to pieces ( millbo>d cov]$ ) :ite pap]1 & arrang+ !m accord+ to ! ord] ( ! g5]a & species 9 ! sy/em ( classification :i* may be adopt$4 ,= facility ( ref]5ce ! latt] is und\bt$ly ! pref]able me?od2 & if ! c>ds are dispos$ 9 a cab9et ) %all[ draw]s1 !y w n1 s f> at lea/ z our ,briti% species are conc]n$1 be f\nd to occupy too mu* space4 ,,xiv4 ,,seawe$s4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,grattann4 ,9 "s articles publi%$ 9 ',sci5ce-,gossip' a few ye>s ago1 ,i gave "s directions = collect+ & pres]v+ ,m>9e ,alg1 or seawe$s1 & al?\gh1 ,i ?9k1 x w be difficult to simplify ^? directions1 or ev5 to add mu* t w\ld be really s]viceable to "y beg9n]s 9 ?is delightful pursuit1 x is my int5tion1 9 go+ ov] ! gr\nd once m1 to be z explicit z ,i possibly c2 & "h1 on ! ?re%old ( ! subject1 ,i h a few words to say to "o or two occasional contributors to t j\rnal1 :o1 9 call+ att5tion to ! beauty ( m>9e vegetation1 & urg+ "y p]sons to collect & pres]ve ,alg1 h advis$ !m to ignore books on ! subject1 & g to ! %ore1 use _! own eyes1 & collect = !mselves1 c4 ,i am sorry v greatly to diff] f su* advice4 ,collect+ 9 ?is way may be amus+ en\gh to ^? :o c>e n = sci5ce1 b :5 x leads to p>cels ( seawe$s1 pick$ up at r&om1 be+ s5t to botani/s ) a reque/ t ! names ( su* plants %\ld be s5t to ! writ]1 x is ! rev]se ( pleasure to ! sci5tific botani/1 = x gives him inf9ite tr\ble1 & enables him to convey b v imp]fect in=mation to 8 applicant4 ,! editor ( t j\rnal has (t5 be5 ?us appeal$ to1 & packages ( decay$ rubbi% h frequ5tly be5 s5t to me = exam9ation1 conta9+ species or r fragm5ts ( plants1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 7 utt]ly wor?less & defi$ id5tification4 ,almo/ all collectors comm5ce by m\nt+ plants :i* a little exp]i5ce proves to be really :at ! old poet t]m$ alga projecta vilior2 b z seawe$-ga!r+1 l ev]y?+ else1 requires practice1 beg9n]s mu/ n be disappo9t$ because !y d n f9d r>ities or f9e specim5s :5ev] & :]ev] !y may seek = !m4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! difficulties ,i exp]i5c$ at ! outset ( my /udy ( m>9e botany1 especially 9 ! collect+ & dry+ ( seawe$s1 ,i feel /rongly incl9$ to urge all beg9n]s to obta9 "s in=mation conc]n+ ,m>9e ,alg be=e !y g to ! %ore to collect = !mselves4 ,a v few h\rs ( /udy ) an exp]i5c$ algologi/1 or ev5 a p]usal ( "s illu/rat$ "w on ,briti% alg1 w save mu* tr\ble & mat]ially assi/ ! unpractis$ eye 9 select+ specim5s = ! h]b>ium4 ,i may "h m5tion z highly useful to incipi5t algologi/s ,dr4 ,l&sbor\gh's ',briti% ,seawe$s' & ,pr(essor ,h>vey's ',manual1' ei!r ( :i* may be obta9$ = a few %ill+s2 b if my read]s are resid5t 9 ,london1 ,i advise !m to pay a few visits to ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & !re inspect ,dr4 ,h>vey's ',phycologia ,britannica4' ,9 ?is magnific5t "w !y w f9d col\r$ figures ( ne>ly e ,briti% seawe$1 ) draw+s f magnifi$ portions1 & v>i\s /ructural details ( ! highe/ value to /ud5ts2 & ,i once m impress on all collectors ! importance ( "s degree ( book-le>n+ ere !y sally =?1 bag or vasculum 9 h&1 to cull ! lovely fl[]s ( ! ocean1 or ga!r :at be/ may please !m f ! rejectam5ta on ! %ore4 ,if ! collector wi%es to le>n1 n m]ely ! names ( plants1 b to di/+ui% species1 he w d well to provide himself ) a copy ( ,h>vey's little volume ! ',synopsis ( ,briti% ,seawe$s1' & a ,/anhope or ,codd+ton l5s1 by means ( :i* he c exam9e portions ( delicate plants z he f9ds !m1 & comp>e !m ) ! descriptions giv5 9 ! ',synopsis'2 9 ?is way1 if he h any success dur+ 8 excursions1 he w quickly become famili> ) mo/ ( ! plants :i* are ca/ a%ore or gr[ )9 tide-m>ks4 ,"t w n admit (1 nei!r is space at pres5t available =1 a s+le l9e beyond :at may be practically s]viceable to my y\?ful read]s2 !re=e ,i w ha/5 to describe ! c\rse ( action 9 seawe$-collect+ z ,i h practis$ x = _m ye>s4 ,at once1 !n1 to ! %ore1 b n to ! s&y %ore1 = only useless decay$ rubbi%1 or "h & !re "s /raggl+ plants ( ,zo/]a m>9a1 or grass-wrack1 w be met ) !re4 ,! collector mu/ away to ! rocks1 & se>* c>efully e pool he meets )1 f a little di/ance bel[ high-wat] m>k1 & s on d[n to ! wat]'s edge1 always rememb]+ t x is bett] to collect :ile ! tide is rec$+ ?an z x is com+ 94 ,presum+ t few p]sons w ?9k ( collect+ seawe$s mu* e>li] ?an ! mon? ( ,may1 let me obs]ve t mo/ ( ! accessible species ( olive & gre5 plants :i* gr[ on rocky %ores & 9 tide-pools1 w be f\nd f ,may to ,june 9 pretty fair condition1 b v few r$ plants1 except ^? :i* gr[ on ! %ady sides ( rock-pools1 or "u ! %elt] ( ! l>g] olive we$s1 w be met ) until a consid]able space is laid b>e by ! rec$+ wat] at ! l[ spr+ tides1 ab\t a day or two be=e & aft] ! full moon4 ,z ne>ly all ! r>e r$ we$s gr[ 9 deep wat]1 !y are seldom tak5 9 any degree ( p]fection unless !y are dr$g$2 b 9 ! summ] mon?s1 say f ,june to ! end ( ,augu/1 _m f9e plants are occasionally ?r[n up f deep wat]1 & o!rs are f\nd gr[+ on ! /ems ( ! great o>-we$s1 portions ( :i* are ca/ a%ore1 beautifully fr+$ ) "o or m species ( ,deless]ia & o!r r>e ,rhodosp]ms--9 fact1 dur+ ! ris+ tide1 dilig5t collectors may secure _m a lovely deep-wat] plant z x comes float+ 91 b :i*1 if all[$ to rema9 long expos$ to ! action ( sunlight1 w fade 9 col\r & decompose be=e x c be m\nt$4 ,?is is especially ! case ) all ! s(t gelat9\s r$ plants1 su* z ! ,calli?amnia1 & all ! ,gloiocladi1 z well z a few ( ! s(t] olive we$s2 & "h ,i may obs]ve t !re is "o g5us ( beautiful olive plants1 ! ,sporo*nace1 :i* mu/ on no acc\nt be put into ! vasculum ) any ( ! delicate r$ plants1 = !y n only v rapidly decompose1 b injure almo/ all o!rs ) :i* !y are plac$ 9 contact4 ,! species are n num]\s1 & !y may be easily recogniz$1 aft] hav+ be5 previ\sly /udi$ f ! col\r$ figures ei!r 9 ,h>vey's ',phycologia1' or 9 ,bradbury & ,evans's ',nature-pr9t$ ,seawe$s4' ,x is also a curi\s fact respect+ ?is g5us1 t :ile !y are all ( a beautiful olive t9t 9 ! gr[+ /ate1 !y inv>iably *ange to a f9e v]digris-gre5 9 dry+2 & inde$ ?is is v g5]ally ! case ) ! filam5t\s olive we$s1 ! ,fuci1 or common rock-we$s1 z con/antly turn+ q black aft] m\nt+3 :5ce ! t]m1 t ( ,melanosp]m1 :i* is giv5 to ! subdivision to :i* all ! olive we$s belong4 ,z !re are s few seawe$s :i* h g5]ally kn[n common names1 ,i %all make no apology = us+ ! names by :i* !y are kn[n to sci5ce1 presum+ t all int5d+ collectors w1 z ,i h already sugge/$1 ga9 "s k ( ,t]m9ology ere !y g out seawe$+4 ,beg9n]s %\ld be caution$ aga9/ ! v natural error ( br++ home too _m plants at a "t2 !y mu/ be mod]ate 9 _! ga!r+s1 or be cont5t to risk ! loss ( "s *oice specim5s1 :i* w decompose unless !y are att5d$ to be=e night4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done ^u arriv+ at home1 is to empty ! collect+-bag into a :ite bas9 ( sea-wat]1 & to select ! be/ & cleane/ plants z soon z possible1 giv+ ea* a good swill be=e plac+ x 9 ano!r vessel ( clean wat]1 & gett+ rid ( reject$ plants at once1 s t ! bas9 fir/ us$ w be available = rewa%+ ! we$s be=e !y are sev]ally plac$ 9 ! m\nt+ di%4 ,:5 a day is fix$ on = seawe$+1 ! collector %\ld ord] a l>ge bucket ( clean sea-wat]1 :i*1 aft] be+ left to settle1 %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a t[el1 s z to be z free z possible f s& & dirt4 ,two or ?ree l>ge pie-di%es w be necess>y1 ! deep] ! bett]1 & :ite1 if su* c be obta9$4 ,place ^! on a sep>ate table ) t[els "u !m1 & res]ve a table specially = ! m\nt+ di% & ! p>cels ( pap]s1 calicoes1 & blott+-pap]s4 ,! l>ge :ite ba? us$ 9 photography is v well adapt$ = m\nt+ seawe$s2 ! lip at "o corn] is conv5i5t = p\r+ (f soil$ wat]1 & its =m--t ( an oblong--is mo/ suitable = receiv+ ! pap]s on :i* ! plants are to be m\nt$4 ,beside ?is vessel %\ld be plac$ ! foll[+ implem5ts--a porcup9e quill1 two camel-hair p5cils 7"o small1 ! o!r l>ge & flat71 a pair ( /rong brass =ceps1 a p5knife1 a pair ( scissors1 a small sponge1 an ivory pap]-knife1 & two ?9 plates ( p]=at$ z9c some:at less 9 l5g? & bread? ?an ! inside ( ! m\nt+ di%4 ,smoo? draw+ pap]1 or f9e :ite c>tridge pap]1 is g5]ally employ$ = m\nt+4 ,! op]ator %\ld be provid$ ) ?ree diff]5t sizes ( pap]1 & ^! %\ld h ea* a piece ( v f9e calico & f\r pieces ( blott+-pap] to correspond4 ,! process ( m\nt+ "o ( ! filam5t\s or bran*+ species is z foll[s3--,! specim5 be+ clean$ & plac$ 9 ! m\nt+ di%1 a piece ( pap] ( suitable size is laid on "o ( ! p]=at$ z9c plates1 & bo? are !n slipp$ quickly "u ! float+ we$4 ,! root or base ( ! specim5 is !n press$ d[n on ! pap] ) a f+] ( ! left h&1 :ile ! "r h& is employ+ ! =ceps or porcup9e quill 9 arrang+ ! plant 9 z natural a position z possible1 ere ! z9c plate is g5tly & gradually rais$ at ! top or bottom1 z may be necess>y1 to ensure a p]fect display ( e portion ( ! plant2 b if1 ^u draw+ x out ( ! wat]1 x %\ld pres5t an unsightly appe>ance f too ?ick an ov]lapp+ ( ! bran*es1 ! :ole mu/ be reimm]s$1 & a little prun+ ( sup]flu\s portions may be employ$ ) advantage to ! specim5 & satisfaction to ! op]ator4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! wat] be dra9$ (f ! pap] z completely z possible be=e ! calico is laid ov] ! plant1 & ?is is accompli%$ by rais+ ! pap] conta9+ ! plant z x /ill lies on ! z9c plate1 & transf]r+ x to a ?9 bo>d plac$ 9 an incl9$ position aga9/ "o ( ! bas9s1 & ) ! l>ge camel-hair p5cil pa9t (f ! wat] z x runs away f ! specim51 & absorb :at rema9s1 :5 ! pap] is laid flat1 ) ! sponge4 ,delicate species may be left to dra9 = a few m9utes1 :ile ! op]ator is arrang+ o!r specim5s4 ,:5 ! wat] is suffici5tly dra9$ (f1 ! pap] is !n laid on ! blott]1 & ! piece ( calico is plac$ ^u ! plant--a %eet ( blott] be+ laid ^u ! calico4 ,c>e %\ld be obs]v$ 9 subject+ plants to pressure1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 %\ld be suffici5t only to help ! absorption ( wat]4 ,! fir/ set ( blott+-pap]s %\ld be *ang$ 9 half an h\r aft] ! :ole bat* ( specim5s h be5 plac$ 9 ! press1 & ^! mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e !y are us$ aga94 ,aft] ! second or ?ird *ange ( blott]s1 ! plants %\ld rema9 "u /rong pressure = two or ?ree days2 b ! pieces ( calico mu/ n be remov$ until x is pretty c]ta9 t ! pap]s & plants are q dry4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,fuci or common rock-we$s1 ,i nev] place seawe$s 9 fre% wat]3 ) ^!1 especially ,fucus s]ratus1 ,f4 nodosus1 ,f4 vesiculosus1 & ,f4 canaliculatus1 a few h\rs' imm]sion 9 fre% wat] is an advantage1 z x soaks ! salt out ( _! fronds & r5d]s !m m pliable4 ,z all ! ,fuci turn black 9 dry+1 & few ( !m adh]e well to pap]1 ,i arrange my specim5s 9 s+le lay]s betwe5 ! folds ( a clean dry t[el1 & keep !m "u pressure until !y are q dry2 !y may !n be put away loosely1 or gumm$ on %eets ( pap]4 ,! =ego+ directions = m\nt+ filam5t\s seawe$s are applicable to all ! bran*+ species ( ,olive1 ,r$1 & ,gre5 plants2 b 9 ea* ( ! ?ree subdivisions !re are a few species :i* are s gelat9\s--9 fact1 s s(t & spongy1 t !y require ! utmo/ c>e dur+ pressure1 o!rwise !y adh]e to ! calico & break (f 9 fragm5ts z x is drawn away4 ,su* plants mu/ be left to dry 9 a horizontal position = an h\r or s be=e ! calico & blott]s are plac$ ov] !m1 & pressure mu/ be v slight until !y h adh]$ closely to ! pap]4 ,among ! ,*lorosp]ms1 or gre5 plants1 !re are ! v>i\s species ( ,codium1 "y plants ( :i* only are manageable or inde$ desirable4 ,9 ! ,melanosp]ms1 "s species ( ! g5us ,mesogloia w require c>e & pati5ce 9 m\nt+1 z well z ! long /r+-l plant1 kn[n z ,*orda filum2 & aga91 ! spread+ tub]\s mass call$ ,lea?sia tub]i=mis1 portions ( :i* %\ld be cut f ! rock1 ! s& scrap$ & wa%$ out1 !n laid on ! wet pap]1 & all[$ to %r9k = "s h\rs ere calico blott]s & pressure be appli$4 ,^! difficulties are mu* m num]\s among ! ,rhodosp]ms1 or r$ seawe$s1 exp]i5ce only tea*+ ! be/ me?od ( treatm5t4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 m5tion ! names ( "s v tr\blesome plants1 ! fronds ( :i*1 if subject$ to pressure too soon1 bur/ & dis*>ge _! c>m9e cont5ts2 n only pres5t+ an unsightly appe>ance1 b de/roy+ ! specim54 ,^! are ,griffi?sia corall9a1 ,dudresnaia cocc9ea1 ,nacc>ia ,wigghii1 all ! ,*ylocladia1 & ! r>e ,gloiosiphonia1 z well z ! slimy worm-l plant kn[n z ,nemalion multifidum4 ,9 addition to ^! tr\bles among ! r$ plants1 !re is an opposite difficulty connect$ ) sev]al ,rhodosp]ms :i* mu/ be po9t$ out2 & t is ow+ to an abs5ce or sc>city ( gelat9e 9 _! sub/ance1 :i* is 9 "s ( a /\t1 lea!ry1 or horny nature1 & 9 o!rs is due to a coat+ ( c>bonate ( lime1 :i* completely envelops ! vegetable /ructure4 ,among ! =m] may be m5tion$ ! sev]al species ( ,phyllophora1 & sev]al among ! g5]a ,gig>t9a1 ,*ondrus1 & ,sphrococcus2 & 9 ! latt]1 all ! calc>e\s ,alg1 especially ! well-kn[n ,corall9a (fic9alis & ,jania rub5s4 ,all ^!1 & sev]al o!rs ( a membrane\s nature1 among ! olive z well z ! r$ we$s1 mu/ be fir/ m\nt$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 & :5 !y are tol]ably dry & beg9 to %r9k away f ! pap]1 fill ! m\nt+-di% ) /ale skimm$ milk2 refloat ! plants on _! pap]s 9 ! milk1 & inde$ g ?r\gh ! same process z be=e ) ! sea-wat]1 b be c>eful to absorb all ! milk f (f ! surface ( ! plants & ! back ( ! pap]s1 & !n1 aft] ! usual "t = dry+ & press+1 ! mo/ ob/9ate seawe$ w be f\nd adh]+ p]fectly to ! pap]1 & w rema9 s p]man5tly4 ,"o m difficulty mu/ be ref]r$ to = ! b5efit ( "y beg9n]s1 :o1 9 m\nt+ "s ( ! ,lam9>ia & t peculi> olive we$ call$ ,himan?alia lorea1 may wi% to pres]ve ! ?ick-bran*+ roots & /ems4 ,fir/ wa% ! roots z clean z possible1 & !n1 ) a %>p p5knife1 make a clean cutt+ horizontally ( ! :ole root & "s little di/ance up ! ?ick r\nd /em2 !n1 aft] hav+ remov$ ! cut portions1 place ! inn] surface ( ! root & /em on ! pap]1 & ! gelat9\s matt] :i* oozes f ! plant w cause ! roots to adh]e firmly to ! pap]1 & 9 dry+1 ! usual olive t9t ( ! v>i\s species ( ,lam9>ia w be f9ely pres]v$4 ,"s botani/s employ a mixture made ( is+lass1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 to fix "s ( ! horny or robu/ species on pap]2 b if gum be made use (1 x is bett] to employ gum tragacan? ?an gum-arabic1 because1 9 dry+1 ! =m] has none ( t objectionable gl>e :i* is peculi> to gum arabic4 ,z reg>ds ! be/ me?od ( press+ seawe$s1 ,i ?9k ,i c h>dly d bett] ?an ref] my read]s to ! figure ( a ,seawe$ ,press 7,fig4 #de71 :i* ,i inv5t$ = myself _m ye>s ago1 9 :i* ,i h press$ _m ?\s&s ( beautiful seawe$s4 ,almo/ any degree ( pressure c be obta9$ 9 x3 fir/1 by ! ?umb-screws on ! iron rods at ea* corn]1 &1 f9ally1 by means ( ! clamp :i* is /rapp$ on ! top ( ! press4 ,any intellig5t cab9et-mak] or ironmong] c\ld provide su* a press f an inspection ( ! figure2 ! co/1 ( c\rse1 v>y+ ) ! dim5sions & ! numb] ( bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,seawe$ ,press4 ,) respect to localities fav\rable to seawe$-ga!r+1 ,i may specially m5tion ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon2 f ,exm\?1 :]e ,bryopsis & ,pad9a pavonia gr[ 9 p]fection1 to ,torquay & ! coves ( ,torbay1 & d[n ! coa/ to ,plym\?1 ,caws& ,bay1 & f9ally ,:its& ,bay1 ! happy hunt+-gr\nds ( ! en?usia/ic algologi/4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ coa/1 ,filey & ,:itby mu/ be m5tion$1 z well z ! %ores upw>ds f ,tynem\? to ,:itley4 ,pet]head is also a good locality1 ! r>e ,ectoc>pus ,m]t5sii1 ,odon?alia d5tata1 & ,calli?amnion floccosum be+ f\nd !re 9 abundance4 ,o!r fav\rable /ations 9 ,scotl&1 well kn[n to me1 are ,lamla% ,bay & ,:it+ ,bay2 nor mu/ ! ,isle ( ,wight be =gott51 = 9 ! rock-pools1 at ,%ankl9 especially1 ! mo/ magnific5t =m ( ,pad9a pavonia may be f\nd gr[+ dur+ ! summ] mon?s 9 ! utmo/ pr(usion4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i beg leave to in=m my read]s t ,i h rec5tly publi%$ a volume on ,briti% ,m>9e ,alg1 9 :i* e species t is likely to be met ) by ord9>y collectors is describ$1 & e ,briti% seawe$ t is capable ( illu/ration 9 a "w int5d$ = popul> in=mation1 is figur$ f plants 9 my own possession1 &1 9 addition1 diagrams & figures f draw+s ( magnifi$ portions1 illu/rative ( /ructure & fructification1 appe> ?r\gh\t ! pages ( my "w4 ,,index4 ,a ,,page ,adv5tures ( fungus hunt]s1 #agh ,advice to fungus collectors1 #agi ,affix+ li*5s1 #ahi ,ag>ic plac$ to cat* spores1 #agb ,ag>icus cucumis1 #agf ---- melleus1 #age ---- mucidus1 #agg ,agro/is /olonif]a1 #adj ,am]ican mo?-trap1 #eg ,ammonia = insects1 #ei ,anatomy ( molluscs1 #bb ---- ( v]tebrates1 #ah ,an*om5us sexpunctatus1 #ga ,ants' ne/s = beetles1 #ia ,apo!cia1 #aia ,app>atus = tak+ insects1 #eg ,arm ( man1 #ba ,arrangem5t ( eggs1 #ci ---- ( fossils1 #aa1 #ac ---- ( plants1 #ace ---- ( %ells1 #aaf ,arrang+ grasses1 #adb ---- li*5s1 #aia ,artificial beetle-traps1 #hg ,assim9ea ,grayana1 #ajh ,attract+ insects1 #eg ,b ,beat+ = beetles1 #hi ---- = l>v1 #dg ,bee*1 #aba ,beetles1 #fg ---- by po/1 #hf ----1 :]e to f9d !m1 #hf-id ,b5tall's dry+-pap]1 #ada ,be/ season = li*5s1 #ahh ---- trees = insects1 #ea ,birds' eggs1 #bg ---- ne/s1 #db ,bivalves1 #ajd ,blea*+ bones1 #bc ,blooms = attract+ insects1 #ec ,bl[+ eggs1 #cj ,bl[pipe = eggs1 #ca ,bog mosses1 #ade ,bombyces1 #de ,bones1 #af ---- ( dog1 #ag ,bone-pres]v]s' %ops1 #ag ,books on seawe$s1 #aif-g1 #bjh ,bor+ holes 9 eggs1 #cc ,bottle = beetles1 #gf ,b\ld]s1 #e ,box = c>ry+ insects1 #ee ,braces = insects1 #fa ,bre$+ beetles1 #fh-i ,bulb-tube1 #ca ,bulimus acutus1 #ajg ,butt]flies & mo?s1 #dd ---- at re/1 #ej ,butt]worts1 #abc ,buy+ eggs1 #bh ,c ,cab9et = fungi1 #agc ,cab9ets = insects1 #ff ---- = plants1 #acf ,cage = virg9 lepidopt]a1 #eb ,calli?amnion floccosum1 #bjh ,campanula glom]ata1 #abi ---- rotundifolia1 #acj ---- uniflora1 #acj ,c>dbo>d = m\nt+ beetles1 #gi ,catalogu+ ( eggs1 #cf ,caution 9 c>ry+ boxes1 #ig ,c]atodon purpureus1 #aeb ,*emical te/+ ( li*5s1 #aid ,*ip boxes1 #dh ,*lor(orm bottle1 #eh ,*orda filum1 #bjd ,*rysalis collect+1 #dh-i ---- pres]v+1 #di ,classification ( mosses1 #aed ,clean+ ! inside ( eggs1 #cc ---- %ells1 #aac ,coal-%ale1 #c ,collect+ & pres]v+ insects1 #dd ---- birds' eggs abroad1 #cj ---- fungi1 #afj ---- mosses1 #adf ,collect+ plants & f]ns1 #aag ---- seawe$s1 #aie ',comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates'1 #ah ,con/ruction ( egg cab9et1 #ch1 #dj ,conovulus1 #ajg ,conv]ts to geology1 #d ,copr9us atram5t>ius1 #afj ---- dome/icus1 #afa ,coprophaga1 :]e to f9d1 #ij ,corall9a (fic9alis1 #bje ,cork saddle = insects1 #fa ,corrosive sublimate1 #acc ,cortical /ratum ( li*5s1 #aic ,cotyl$ons1 #abj ,cure = m\ld on insects1 #fd ,d ,decomposition ( fungi1 #afd ,description ( eggs1 #cg ,difficulties 9 seawe$ m\nt+1 #bjf ,dioeci\s plants1 #abg ,directions 9 m\nt+ beetles1 #hb-c ,discol\r$ beetles1 #hd ,discrim9at+ fungi1 #age ,dissection ( beetles1 #he ,di/ribution ( li*5s1 #ahb ---- ( mosses1 #aef ,dri$ yolk1 #ce ,dry+ fungi1 #aff ,dry+-pap] = grasses1 #ada ,duck's-head hamm]1 #g ,dudresnaia cocc9ea1 #bjd ,e ,economy ( li*5s1 #ahd ,ectoc>pus ,m]t5sii1 #bjh ,egg collector's note-book1 #ce ---- drills1 #cj ,eggs ( mo?s1 c41 #de ,embryo ( plants1 #aai ,engli% names ( plants1 #acd ,entomological p9s1 #hc ,equipm5t ( coleopt]i/1 #ga ---- = fungus hunt+1 #afa ---- = ga!r+ plants1 #abh ---- ( geologi/1 #i ---- ( hym5opt]i/1 #ie ---- = procur+ l& & fre%wat] %ells1 #ajb ---- = seawe$ collect+1 #bjj ,exam9ation ( li*5 spores1 #aib ---- ( mosses1 #adi ,f ,fad+ ( eggs1 #ce ,fav\rable spots = %ells1 #ajh ,f]tilization ( plants1 #abf ,fl[]s frequ5t$ by hym5opt]a1 #if ---- ( plants1 #abf ,fl[]+ plants & f]ns1 #aag ,fluid = m\nt+ slugs1 #aae ,=e leg ( horse1 #ba ,fossil hunt+1 #e ---- plants1 #d ,fossils 9 b\ld]s1 #f ,fr5* *alk = insects1 #fe ,fries' ',fungi'1 #ahj ,fruits ( plants1 #abh ,fuci1 #bjc ,fungi1 collect+ (1 #agh ,furze1 #abc ,g ,g>d9]'s ',briti% ,mosses'1 #aec ,ga!r+ li*5s1 #ahg ,g5tiana coll9a1 #acj ,geological cab9ets1 #aa ---- enjoym5t1 #ad ---- equipm5t1 #i ---- exam9ation ( /rata1 #aj ---- hamm]s1 #g ---- maps1 #aj ---- specim5s1 #a ,geology 9 fields1 #e ,glass-topp$ boxes1 #ac ,gloiosiphonia1 #bjd ,gonidic /ratum ( li*5s1 #aic ,grasses1 :5 to select1 #abh ----1 collect+ (1 #aci ----1 pres]v+ (1 #adj ,griffi?sia corall9a1 #bjd ,grossul>iace1 #acd ,gum = m\nt+ beetles1 #gi ,gumm+ d[n plants1 #acc ,h ,habitats ( grasses1 #add ,habits ( mole1 #ai ---- ( snails1 #aji ,half-hat*$ eggs1 #cc ,h>vey's ',phycologia'1 #aig ,helix cap]ata1 #ajg ---- virgata1 #ajg ,hepatic1 #ade ,h]b>ia1 #acb ,h]b>ium %eets1 #acf ,himan?alia lorea1 #bjf ,holcus mollis1 #adj ,h[ to get fungus spores1 #aga ,h[ to prep>e skeletons1 #bc ,hyb]nation ( butt]flies1 #ej ,hydrobia v5trosa1 #ajh ---- similis1 #ajh ,hym5opt]a1 #ie ,hypo!cium ( li*5s1 #aib ,i ,id5tification ( eggs1 #bi ,insect =ceps1 #hc ,j ,jania rub5s1 #bje ,jung]manniace1 #aed ,k ,kew h]b>ium1 #acb ,kill+ hym5opt]a1 #ig ---- insects1 #eh-i ---- snails1 #aaa ,l ,labell+ eggs1 #cf ---- fossils1 #aa ---- specim5s1 #acd ,labels1 #ace ,lact>ius turpis1 #agf ,lam9>ia1 #bjf ,l& & fre%wat] %ells1 #ajb ,l&sbor\gh's ',briti% ,seawe$s'1 #aif ,lant]n = cat*+ insects1 #ec ,l>v on fungi1 #aff ,lea?sia tub]i=mis1 #bjd ,leaves ( plants1 #abe ,l5s = exam9+ beetles1 #he ,lepidod5dron1 #d ,lepidopt]a1 #dd ,li*5 flora ( ,europe1 #ahe ,li*5s1 collect+ (1 #aha ,lime 7,tilia ,europoea71 #abj ,liv] mosses1 #ade ,localities = fungi1 #afd ---- seawe$ ga!r+1 #bjg ---- obta9+ %ells1 #ajf-aaj ,london ,catalogue1 #abi ,luck 9 captur+ beetles1 #gj ,lycopods1 #ade ,m ,mac]ation ( specim5s1 #bd ,mc,ivor's ',hepatic ,britannic'1 #aec ,mantell's1 ,dr41 ,works1 #c ,m>asmius caulic9alis1 #agf ---- foetidus1 #agf ---- impudicus1 #agf ,mat]ials = beetle pres]v+1 #hj ,m$als ( creation1 #c ,m$ull>y /ratum ( li*5s1 #aic ,melanoga/] ambigu\s1 #afe ,melanosp]ms1 #bjd ,membrane\s seawe$s1 #bje ,me?od ( sett+ out insects1 #fa ,microscopical exam9ation ( li*5s1 #aic ,microscopical exam9ation ( mosses1 #aej ,miss+ l9ks1 #ab ,mode ( secur+ hym5opt]a1 #if ,modell+ slugs1 c41 #aad ,monoeci\s plants1 #abg ,mosses1 #ade ,mosses 9 bogs1 #aeg ---- 9 fields1 #aef ---- on hea?s1 #aef ---- on rocks1 #aeg ---- on %ady banks1 #aeg ---- by /reams1 #aeg ---- by trees1 #aeg ---- on walls1 #aef ---- on wa/e gr\nd1 #aef ---- 9 woods1 #aeg ,mo?s at re/1 #ej ,m\nt+ beetles1 #gh ---- mosses1 #aeb ---- plants1 #aca ---- seawe$s1 #bja ,mussel %ells1 #ajd ,mussels1 h[ to prep>e1 #aaa ,n ,nacc>ia ,wigghii1 #bjd ,neglect ( li*5s1 #ahb ,net = beetle cat*+1 #gb-gc ---- = sug>+1 #ee ---- = wat] beetles1 #gd ,o ,obta9+ cat]pill>s1 #df ,odon?alia d5tate1 #bjh ,od\r ( fungi1 #agf ,oil-beetles1 #ha ,olive-col\r$ seawe$s1 #aii ,osb]t ,salv91 #ci ,o/eology1 #af1 #bb ---- ( ! mammalia1 #ah ,p ,pack+ eggs1 #ch ---- fungi1 #afc ---- li*5s1 #agd ,paddle ( :ale1 #ba ,pad9a pavonia1 #bjh ,page's ,introductory ',text-book'1 #c ,p>aphyses ( li*5s1 #aib ,pap] = grasses1 #adj ,petrology1 #f ,p]i/omes ( mosses1 #aee ,phallus impudicus1 #afe ,phillips's ',guide to ,geology'1 #c ,physcia p>iet9a1 #aib ,p9n+ insects1 #fj ,p9s = sett+ hym5opt]a1 #ih ,pisidium1 h[ to prep>e1 #aab ,plants = h]b>ium1 #abe ,platypus hamm]1 #g ,poa compressa1 #adj ---- prat5sis1 #adj ,poison+ fungi1 #agd ,poll5 ( plants1 #abg ,polyporus1 #agb ---- igni>ius1 #aff ,precaution aga9/ grease1 #fe ,prep>ation ( mosses1 #adh ,prep>+ %ells = cab9et1 #aaj ,pres]vation ( fungus spores1 #aga ---- ( li*5s1 #ahh-ij ---- ( mosses1 #aea ,pres]v+ animals1 #bc ---- cocoons1 #di ---- eggs = cab9et1 #bh ---- fre% fungi1 #afe ---- fungi 9 fluid1 #agj ---- insects' eggs1 #de ---- insects f decay1 #fd ---- slugs1 #aaj ,press+ seawe$s1 #bjf ,pseudo-bombyces1 #de ,public h]b>ia1 #acb ,q ,qu>ant9e = insects1 #fd ,r ,r>e fungi1 #agh ,re>+ beetles f l>v1 #fh ,re-c>d+ beetles1 #hd ,r$ seawe$s1 #aih ,remov+ bodies f %ells1 #aab ---- grease f insects1 #fe ,repair+ eggs1 #cd ,rh9oc]os bones1 #bb ,rhizomes1 #abc ,rhodosp]ms1 #bjd ,s ,s& pits = beetles1 #hf ,se>*+ = l>v1 #df ,season = collect+ %ells1 #aji ,seawe$ ga!r+1 #bjg ---- press1 #bjg ,seawe$s1 collect+ (1 #aie ,section cut ?r\gh ag>icus1 #agj ,se$s ( plants1 #abh ,sett+ bri/le1 #fa ---- mo?s = cab9ets1 #fb1 #fc ,sett+ out hym5opt]a1 #ii ,skeleton ( mole1 #bj ,skeletons ( birds1 #bj ,skull ( a crocodile1 #ai ,slid+ /ages = egg cab9ets1 #dj ,snail %ells1 #ajd ,solution = kill+ slugs1 #aad ,specim5s %[+ gills1 c41 ( fungi1 #afi ,sp]magones1 #aia ,sph+es1 #de ,/]igmata ( li*5s1 #aic ,/udy ( ! l>g] fungi1 #agg ,/upefy+ insects1 #ig-h ,subt]ranean pup1 #di ,sug>+1 #ed ---- drum1 #ef ,sweep+ = beetles1 #hi ,sycamore1 #abb ,t ,table = hym5opt]a1 #ii ,?allus ( li*5s1 #aic ,?at* beat+1 #eb ,tools = fungus collect+1 #afb ---- = li*5 collect+1 #ahf ,tortula muralis1 #adg1 #aej ,trimm+ hamm]1 #g ,triticum rep5s1 #adj ,u ,umbellif]1 #acd ,umbrella net1 #dg ,use ( camphor1 #ff ---- ( o/eological specim5s1 #be ,v ,v>ieties ( species1 #abi ,v>ni%+ eggs1 #ce ,vasculum = li*5s1 #ahe ,w ,wa%+ eggs1 #cd ,:]e to f9d cat]pill>s1 #df ,:]e to f9d *rysalis1 #di ---- ---- fungi1 #afj ---- ---- li*5s1 #ahd ---- ---- mosses1 #adg ---- ---- seawe$s1 #aii ---- to sug>1 #ed ,woody specim5s ( fungus1 #agb ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,all5 ,co41 #ac1 ,wat]loo ,place1 ,s4,w4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,illu/rations 7 mov$ to p>agraph breaks4 ,! *apt] numb] 7,,xiv47 = ,seawe$s 0 add$ to ! title page ( t *apt]4 ,on page #aee1 ,georg9ce 0 *ang$ to ,georgiace4 ,cov] image modifi$ f image obta9$ f ,! ,int]net ,ar*ive & plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94