,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,libr>y ,,( ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,woodwork ,by ,edw9 ,w4 ,fo/] ,,electricity ,,& ,,its ,,ev]yday ,,uses ,by ,john ,f4 ,woodhull1 ,ph4,d4 ,,g>d5+ ,,& ,,f>m+ ,by ,ell5 ,eddy ,%aw ,,home ,,decoration ,by ,*>les ,frankl9 ,w>n]1 ,sc4,d4 ,,h\sekeep+ ,by ,elizabe? ,hale ,gilman ,,me*anics1 ,,indoors ,,& ,,out ,by ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson ,,ne$lecraft ,by ,effie ,ar*] ,ar*] ,,outdoor ,,sports1 ,,& ,,games ,by ,claude ,h4 ,mill]1 ,ph4,b4 ,,outdoor ,,"w ,by ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill] ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals ,by ,*>les ,conrad ,sleffel ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,und]wood ,und]wood ,a ,,motor ,,boat ,,model ,9 ! mak+ ( little models ( ?is k9d1 y w enc\nt] _m ?+s t w tax y\r skill & +5uity1 z amateur workm54 ,! ,libr>y ( ,"w & ,play ,,me*anics1 ,,indoors ,,& ,,out ,,by ,,fr$ ,t4 ,,hodgson ,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,page ,g>d5 ,city ,new ,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aiaa ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,translation ,,into ,,=eign ,,languages1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,! publi%]s wi% to ackn[l$ge _! indebt$ness to ! ,horace ,mann ,s*ool = _! c\rtesy 9 p]mitt+ c]ta9 ( ! photographs to be tak5 = ?is volume4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,a ,pa?way ( ,cem5t #c ,pur*as+ prop]ty1 ,riv] ,passaic--,remov+ rocks & o!r ob/acles--,prep>+ = cem5t sidewalk--,digg+ tr5* & pur*as+ mat]ials--,mak+1 lay+1 & prop]ly plac+ concrete--,! lev] & roll] & application--,mov+ heavy bodies ) lev] & roll]--,f9i%+ ! cem5t sidewalk--,h[ to make good concrete walks4 ,,ii4 ,build+ ( a ,boat ,h\se #cf ,qualities ( ! incl9$ plane--,dismantl+ an old b>n & out-h\ses--,blocks & tackle1 ropes & pulleys--,/r5g? & c>e ( ropes--,build+ a boat-h\se1 us+ old mat]ials--,/r5g? ( timb] floors--,me?od ( con/ruction--,hold+ p[] ( nails--,doors & w9d[s = boat-h\se--,! use ( roll]s 9 mov+ heavy weights--,slid+ ways = boat--,h[ heavy /ones 7 rais$ to tops ( ,egyptian ,pyramids4 ,,iii4 ,bridge & ,boat ,"w #fe ,dim5sions ( ! laun*--,arrival ( ,! ,mock+-,bird--,an int]e/+ boat talk--,a sail on ! riv]--,build+ a small foot-bridge--,! same complet$--,"s rules = sail+ a laun*--,fitt+ up boat-h\se & dock--,prep>+ block = keel--,! w9* & its con/ruction--,! :eel & axle z a me*anical p[]--,! fusee1 & :at x means--,"s problems solv$4 ,,iv4 ,mak+ a ,gasol5e ,laun* #hd ,arrival ( boat mat]ial--,lay+ keel & keelson--,sett+ up ! boat & giv+ h] %ape--,lay+ eng9e b$--,in/all+ eng9e & propell]--,nail+ on plank+--,table ( (fsets--,gasol5e eng9e & c>buretor--,dim5sions ( eng9e & propell]--,gas eng9es1 g5]ally--,dang] ( us+ gasol5e--,! prop] use ( ya*t flags = signall+4 ,v4 ,a ,talk ,ab\t ,eng9es #aaj ,wat] ar\nd ! cyl9d]--,! c>buretor & sp>k coil--,runn+ ! eng9e 9 boat-h\se--,v>ni%+ ! boat--,a /eamboat on ! riv]--,a /ory ( ! fir/ /eam eng9e--,h[ ! /eam act$ 9 ! case--,! slide valve1 pi/on & /eam *e/--,int]nal & ext]nal eng9e heat]s--,horse-p[] & h[ calculat$--,foot p\nds1 dry /eam & cond5sation--,expansion ( gases1 turb9es--,gild+ ! "n--,con/ruct+ picnic tables & seats--,height ( tables1 *airs & b5*es4 ,,vi4 ,propell] & ,o!r ,screws #acf ,! laun* ( ! ,c>ol9e--,trial ( ! new boat--,description ( ! screw z a p[]--,! :eel & worm & endless screw--,=mula = c\nt+ p[] ( :eel & worm screws ( v>i\s k9ds--,ar*im$ian screw & wat] lift]--,"s data ( p[] ( :eel & worm--,! screw propell]1 ) data--,h[ to calculate =ce ( propell] screws--,f9d+ pit* & o!r l9es = propell]--,! screw aug] or bor+ tool--,adhesion ( ord9>y wood screws--,h[ to loos5 & )draw ru/y screws4 ,,vii4 ,a]oplanes #aeh ,seats = riv]side--,model a]oplane = ! ,f\r?--,dim5sion on con/ruction ( planes--,:y a monoplane rises f ! e>?--,! gyroscope z a balanc]--,! biplane & its con/ruction--,a]oplanes g5]ally--,! ,fr5* a]oplane ,demoiselle--,h[ to make a model a]oplane--,illu/rations & details ( model a]oplane--,"s g5]al rem>ks4 ,,viii4 ,kites1 ,sundials1 ,pat5ts #ahe ,! !ory ( kite-fly+--,! highe/ kite asc5t--,! flat plane kite--,! kite a small a]oplane--,a box kite ( common type--,cellul> kites ( v>i\s k9ds--,pairs & bevies ( kites--,bird flight & motion--,w> kites ( v>i\s k9ds--,w9d gauges & w9d =ce--,pat5ts & h[ to secure !m--,a simple sundial--,h[ to make an oval fl[] b$4 ,,ix4 ,tides #bab ,! :y ( ! tides expla9$--,globul> =m ( ! e>? prov$--,day & night--,phases ( ! moon--,attraction ( ! sun & moon--,newton's !ory ( ! tides--,height ( tides--,a simple hygromet]--,! ,au/ralian boom]ang--,!ory ( ! pump4 ,x4 ,wall ,mak+ & ,plumb+ #bcg ,protect+ ! riv] bank--,concrete reta9+ walls--,big dams 9 ! ,we/--,galve/on sea wall--,! great dam across ! ,nile--,propos$ irrigation works 9 ,babylon--,"s prop]ties ( light & s\nd--,h9ts on amateur plumb+--,! pepp]m9t te/--,b>omet]s ( v>i\s k9ds--,!rmomet]s1 & _! uses--,some?+ ab\t /eel spr+s--,h[ to make a cross-b[--,! gyroscope & its uses4 ,,"p ,,ii ,i4 ,"s ,practical ,advice #bga ,! inv5tor1 anci5t & mod]n--,b>ri]s to me*anical progress 9 ! pa/--,laws ( gravitation--,h[ to adju/ sew+ ma*9es4 ,,ii4 ,me*anical ,movem5ts #cjf ,c(fee mills--,pulleys--,pumps--,pi/ons--,lev]s --,/eam eng9e & wat] :eel gov]nors1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,! ,wea!r & ,indoor ,"w #cdi ,h[ to make a ra9 gauge--,hail--,sn[--,design+1 mak+ & inflat+ pap] balloons--,magnetiz$ wat*es--,a boy's :eelb>r[--,vacuum clean]s4 ,,iv4 ,motors & ,typewrit]s #chg ,motors1 gasol5e & /eam--,automobile frames--,! mod]n typewrit]--,directions = secur+ copyrights4 ,,illu/rations ,a ,motor-,boat ,model ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,boat-,h\se & ,work%op #db ,! ,creek #gj ,mak+ a ,motor ,laun* #hh ,f9i%+ ! ,motor ,laun* #aab ,! ,monoplane ,model ,complete #afj ,mak+ an ,a]oplane ,model #ahj ,mak+ ,kites #aij ,a ,sundial ,made ( ,concrete #bjh ,,"p ,i ,i ,a ,,pa?way ,,( ,,cem5t ,i d wi% papa w\ld buy ! l& f ,mr4 ,breigel4 ,! wea!r w soon be f9e en\gh to play out ( doors6 ,s said ,jessie ,gregg1 a rosy-*eek$ girl ( twelve1 to h] elde/ bro!r1 ,fr$1 "o ev5+ 9 ,m>*1 z !y /ood 9 ! por*way ( _! home1 situat$ ne> ! bank ( ! ,passaic ,riv]1 a few miles f ! city 9 :i* ,mr4 ,gregg _h 8 bus9ess (fices4 ,:y1 ,jessie1 said ,fr$1 papa told me ?is morn+1 at breakfa/1 he expect$ to close ! deal1 t is1 get ! de$ ( ! prop]ty1 ?is aft]noon4 ,i am j z anxi\s z y are to h ! matt] settl$1 = if he gets ! l&1 ,i w h a lot ( "w to d1 & ,i want to comm5ce x "r away4 ,! l& mu/ be ours1 = papa is lat] ?an usual ?is ev5+4 ,oh6 !re's ! tra9 j com+ 92 he w be "h 9 a few m9utes1 & !n we'll "k4 ,oh1 ,fr$6 he & ,george are com+ n[4 ,i see !m at ! turn ( ! road4 ,i'll run to meet !m4 ,away %e scamp]$1 & almo/ upset h] fa!r by jump+ into 8 arms1 z %e 0 q a plump1 husky girl & evid5tly a pet1 = h] fa!r kiss$ h] f]v5tly z %e slid f 8 arms to ! gr\nd4 ,!n ! ?ree trudg$ homew>d4 ,jessie1 said ,george1 a y\ng] bro!r1 ,i h a secret = y if y won't tell ,fr$1 until papa has told him4 ,:at is x8 ,papa has b\ght ! l&1 & has got x 9 8 pocket4 ,oh6 ,i am s glad1 said ,jessie1 b h[ c he h x 9 8 pocket4 ,george means t ,i h !re ! pap]s1 de$s1 conveyances1 & receipts1 giv+ me ! sole own]%ip ( ! l&1 & all t is on x1 includ+ ! trees1 old b>n1 & o!r /ructures2 s1 girlie1 y c get d[n to ! riv] n[ )\t hav+ to climb a f5ce4 ,fr$ met 8 fa!r on 8 arrival at ! h\se1 b 0 too well behav$ to ask him ab\t ! l&1 ?\gh he 0 z anxi\s to "k z he c\ld be4 ,8 fa!r saw ! boy's anxiety & aft] tea ask$ him to g ) him into 8 d51 a little room nicely fix$ up "s "t previ\s1 conta9+ _m articles ( wood1 brass1 & pla/] ( ,p>is1 ,fr$ & ,george _h made dur+ ! pa/ w9t]4 ,jessie1 also1 _h contribut$ _m little ?+s t[>d ! decoration ( ! lion's d51 z %e call$ ! room into :i* h] fa!r retir$ to h 8 ev5+ smoke1 to take a fri5d1 or to d a little private bus9ess4 ,:5 seat$1 ,mr4 ,gregg call$ ,fr$ to 8 desk1 & talk$ ov] "s home affairs be=e he said3 ,n[1 my boy1 s9ce ,i h secur$ ! prop]ty beh9d u1 z y *ildr5 desir$1 ,i %all expect y & ,george to help by y\r lab\r1 & by ! k y obta9$ at ! tra9+ s*ool1 9 mak+ ! improvem5ts on ! l& & ! wat] front we h talk$ ( s (t54 ,i am sure1 ) my advice & assi/ance1 y w be able to d mo/ ( ! "w1 or at lea/ to sup]9t5d x 9 su* a way t ! lab\r & exp5diture w n be wa/$4 ,y "k1 ,fr$1 ,i am n a ri* man1 s _c af=d to wa/e money on exp]im5ts4 ,inde$1 fa!r1 said ,fr$1 ,i w d all ,i c4 ,y may c\nt on my giv+ my be/ att5tion to :atev] "w & improvem5ts y entru/ me )4 ,t is well said1 my boy1 & :at ,i expect$ f y4 ,we w beg9 op]ations by putt+ d[n a cem5t pa?way f ! walk n[ lead+ to ! h\se f ! /reet1 & cont9ue x to ! riv]1 :]e y mu/ build a small boat h\se & work%op1 z ,i int5d ei!r to pur*ase a small gasol9e laun* = our own use1 or h y build "o1 if y feel equal to t4 ,oh6 fa!r1 y are s good1 said ,fr$4 ,!re is no?+ ,i'd l bett] ?an to d ?is "w1 & p>ticul>ly to build a boat4 ,i'm sure ,i c d t ) y\r help & advice4 ,z to putt+ d[n ! pa?way1 t ,i c d v well1 aft] my good tra9+ 9 cem5t works4 ,all "r1 my son4 ,we'll see 9 ! morn+ :at old mat]ial we h on ! two places :i* c be us$4 ,!re mu/ be q a quantity ( lumb]1 timb]1 bricks1 h>d mort>1 & pla/] 9 & ab\t ! old b>n & ! small] build+s4 ,! next morn+ ,george evid5tly _h some?+ on 8 m9d1 & seem$ to be on ! po9t ( explosion4 ,mrs4 ,gregg notic$ ?is & said to him1 ,:y are y s re/less ?is morn+8 ,:y don't y f9i% y\r breakfa/8 ,oh6 "m1 he exclaim$1 ,i am too glad4 ,i am s full ( ! good ?+s ,fr$ told me la/ night & ?is morn+ ,i hav5't any room = breakfa/4 ,:at did ,fr$ say to y8 ask$ ! "m4 ,oh6 he told me he 0 go+ to build a cem5t walk "r f ! door "h to ! riv]1 & d lots ( o!r ?+s2 & be/ ( all1 "m1 he is go+ to build a boat1 a real boat1 t w be driv5 by a gasol9e eng9e1 j l ,walt] ,scott's4 ,t w be glori\s6 ,i c take y & ,jessie up ! riv] to ,belville to see aunty1 :5ev] y want to g4 ,v well1 ,george2 we w see ab\t t aft] ! boat is ready to take on pass5g]s4 ,breakfa/ ov]1 ! :ole family walk$ out to see ! newly acquir$ prop]ty4 ,!y _h all se5 & walk$ ov] ! gr\nds (t51 b nev] be=e ) t feel+ ( pride 9 own]%ip :i* possession creates4 ,z !re c\ld be no objection to ! removal ( ! l9e f5ce betwe5 ! newly acquir$ prop]ty & ! home/ead1 ,fr$ got a h&saw1 & cut d[n a "p ( x1 mak+ an op5+ "s n9e or t5 feet wide1 s t all c\ld pass into ! new place )\t climb+ or /umbl+4 ,! old b>n 0 ! fir/ ?+ exam9$1 & x 0 f\nd to be 9 a /ate ( good pres]vation1 & q l>ge4 ,x _h be5 built--p]haps 9 ,colonial times--( heavy timb]1 oak1 *e/nut1 & p9e1 & x conta9$ en\gh timb] & lumb] to build two or ?ree small cottages4 ,!re 0 a big pile ( brok5 bricks & mort> ly+ aga9/ "o side ( ! b>n2 & ano!r l>ge pile ( b[ld]s1 or field /ones1 ne> ! f5ce4 ,^!1 ,fr$ said1 w be f9e to build a little l&+ place or pi] = ! boat4 ,! brok5 bricks & h>d mort> w make gr& /uff = ! f\ndation ( ! cem5t pa?way4 ,!re 7 also two or ?ree small build+s on ! place4 ,"o _h be5 us$ = a p\ltry h\se1 ano!r = a tool h\se1 & a ?ird seem$ to h be5 a sort ( cattle %$4 ,mr4 ,gregg sugge/$ _! removal1 ( :i* all approv$4 ,!re 7 q a numb] ( good-siz$ trees on ! gr\nds1 & ^! r5d]$ x a little difficult to set out a /raight l9e to ! riv] = ! cem5t walk1 )\t cutt+ d[n sev]al1 :i* c\ld n be consid]$4 ,!re 0 "o direction1 h[ev]1 t w\ld admit ( a walk1 ab\t f\r feet wide1 b !re 7 "s big rocks or b[ld]s 9 ! way1 t w\ld h to be remov$ be=e a /raight pa? c\ld be made4 ,/ill x 0 decid$ to put x !re4 ,! rocks1 said ! fa!r1 c be remov$ by bla/+1 by lift+ !m out ( _! b$s & roll+ !m aside1 or mov+ !m d[n to ! riv]1 :]e !y w =m a good protection aga9/ bo? curr5t & ice4 ,i ?9k !y c be mov$1 said ,fr$1 if ,i c get lev]s & roll]s2 & !y w make f9e breakwat] /ones4 ,jessie f\nd two suitable trees1 ^u :i* ,fr$ promis$ to put up a /rong rope sw+1 z soon z ! place c\ld be clean$ up & made tidy4 ,n[1 ,fr$1 said ! fa!r1 ?is cem5t walk %\ld be comm5c$ at once1 s t x w be dry & h>d be=e y g on ) o!r "w4 ,i w employ a lab\r+ man to help y1 "o :o w d ! heavy "w1 z ,i d n want y to ov]-ex]t y\rself4 ,y h a numb] ( tools n[ 9 ! %$1 &1 :5 ,i come home f ! (fice ?is ev5+1 we w make out a li/ ( ! o!r tools & mat]ials y w require to f9i% ! int5d$ "w4 ,9 ! meantime y & ,george c be mak+ a numb] ( wood5 /akes1 ab\t eighte5 in*es long & two in*es squ>e4 ,po9t !m %>ply at "o end s t !y may be driv5 into ! gr\nd _! :ole l5g?4 ,y w require ?irty or =ty ( ^!4 ,aft] gett+ !m1 take a clo!s l9e1 old haly>d1 or any rope or heavy /r+ y\r "m c f9d = y1 & /ret* x f ! h\se d[n to ! riv]1 at ! po9t we decid$ ^u4 ,drive 9 a /ake ne> ! riv]1 tie "o end ( ! rope to x1 pull tightly1 & /ret* ! rope f ! riv] to ! h\se4 ,x w !n %[ y :]e "o edge ( ! walk is to be4 ,aft] t is done1 get ano!r rope or /r+ &1 />t+ f ! h\se end ( ! walk1 measure (f f\r feet = ! propos$ wid?4 ,drive 9 a /ake at t po9t1 & tie "o end ( ! second rope to x2 !n g t[>d ! riv] ) ! o!r end1 mak+ ! rope ext5d ! :ole l5g? ( ! pa? & drive 9 ano!r /ake :i* mu/ be f\r feet f ! fir/ rope4 ,to ?is /ake tie ! end ( ! rope & make x tight4 ,be sure to h ! two ropes exactly f\r feet ap>t at ea* end1 z well z along ! :ole l5g?4 ,y w f9d x to y\r advantage to get a /raight /rip ( wood1 say1 "o or two in*es ?ick bo? ways1 & cut x exactly f\r feet long4 ,x c !n be us$ z a measur+ /ick or gauge1 = ! di/ance betwe5 ! ropes1 :i* is to be ! wid? ( ! walk1 & by us+ x y w h a p>allel & uni=m pa? f />t to f9i%4 ,mr4 ,gregg _h pass$ an exam9ation 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool ( ,te*nology1 & _h won a position z civil eng9e] 9 ,new ,york :i* lat] he ab&on$ = ! pr(ession ( law2 h5ce 8 k ( practical me*anics & eng9e]+4 ,aft] ,jessie & ,george _h gone to s*ool1 ,fr$ />t$ on 8 new und]tak+ ) en?usiasm4 ,he f\nd q a numb] ( pieces ( wood1 out ( :i* he made ov] =ty /akes1 & po9t$ !m nicely ) ! l>ge hat*et he always kept %>p & 9 good ord]4 ,by ty+ sev]al pieces toge!r1 x did n take him long to f9d cord en\gh to set out ! :ole walk4 ,an old haly>d t _h be5 tak5 f ! flag pole & replac$ by a new "o answ]$ ! purpose admirably4 ,driv+ a /ake into ! gr\nd1 ne> ! h\se1 he ti$ "o end ( 8 cord to t1 & /ret*$ x d[n to ! riv] bank to ! po9t *os5 = ! end ( ! walk1 :]e ano!r /ake 0 driv5 9 & ! cord ti$ to x4 ,! long /ret* betwe5 ! two /akes w\ld n all[ ! cord to be tight en\gh to make a /raight l9e betwe5 ! two po9ts1 b ,fr$ left x z x 01 to be adju/$ :5 8 fa!r came4 ,) 8 rod he measur$ (f f\r feet f ! fir/ /ake1 across ! int5d$ pa?1 & drove 9 ano!r /ake to :i* he atta*$ ano!r cord4 ,!n go+ d[n to ! riv] he measur$ (f ! wid? ( ! walk f ! long cord1 & drove 9 ano!r /ake4 ,he 0 n[ ready to h 8 fa!r exam9e ! "w he _h done1 & to make sugge/ions or *anges if su* 7 deem$ necess>y4 ,jessie & ,george arriv$ home f s*ool1 hav+ run mo/ ( ! way1 to help ,fr$ make ! walk1 & 7 q disappo9t$ to be told !re 0 no?+ !y c\ld d until ! "w 0 fur!r advanc$4 ,we might1 p]haps1 comm5ce tak+ d[n ! old build+s1 said ,fr$1 & pile ! lumb] :]e x w be snug & dry4 ,all "r1 said ,george2 s ! ?ree ( !m w5t ov] to ! p\ltry h\se & ,fr$ began by tak+ out ! two or ?ree small w9d[s1 & remov+ ! doors by unscrew+ ! h+es4 ,george's desire to pull1 te>1 & sma% ! old mat]ial 0 held 9 *eck by ,fr$1 :o advis$ him to be c>eful1 & n break or de/roy any?+ t c\ld be us$4 ,aft] ! doors _h be5 tak5 (f & laid nicely away--to be us$ on ! boat h\se--& ! w9d[s & frames plac$ 9 a dry spot1 ,fr$ began to remove ! old sid+1 or clapbo>ds4 ,he f\nd ?is a r difficult job1 z !y 7 nail$ on ) old-fa%ion$ wr\ght-iron nails :i* c\ld n readily be drawn1 &1 9 try+ to get ! bo>ds loose1 ! ends kept break+ & splitt+2 s he /opp$1 w5t inside ! build+1 & took (f ! l9+ !re2 ?is also 0 a little difficult to d1 b1 z ! bo>ds 7 an in* ?ick1 he did n split _m ( !m4 ,he !n saw$ (f ! bo>ds alongside ! /uds1 on ! corn]s1 & at ! doorways to relieve ! sid+ at ! ends1 & give him a good *ance to w$ge (f ! bo>ds :]ev] !y 7 nail$4 ,) ! help ( ,george1 he succe$$ 9 gett+ mo/ ( !m loose )\t s]i\s damage4 ,( c\rse1 he _h to beg9 te>+ ! bo>ds (f at ! top ( ! wall1 z !y lapp$ ov] ea* o!r l ! scales ( a fi%4 ,mr4 ,gregg arriv$1 w5t ov] ! gr\nd1 & 0 well pleas$ ) ! results ( ,fr$'s day's "w4 ,he assi/$ 9 /raight5+ ! long cords1 & made a numb] ( sugge/ions = ! boys to foll[4 ,he _h a /rong-look+ man ) him1 :o he told ,fr$ 0 to help him4 ,he 0 an ,italian1 nam$ ,nicolo1 call$ ,nick = %ort1 a k9dly fell[1 :o c\ld speak ,engli% fairly1 = he _h be5 employ$ 9 ,new>k1 z a h&y lab\r+ man = ye>s4 ,he1 ,fr$1 & ,george soon became good companions1 & ev5 ,jessie1 ?\gh a little %y at fir/1 soon became q fri5dly t[>d him4 ,:5 x 0 expla9$ :at 0 want$ ( him1 he 0 q satisfi$1 & agre$ to beg9 "w 9 ! morn+4 ,next day ,fr$ & ,george 7 at "w be=e _! fa!r 0 out1 & soon ,nick arriv$1 br++ a spade1 a cr[b>1 & a pick4 ,he 0 imm$iately set to "w by ,fr$1 digg+ a %all[ tr5* = ! pa?way1 a little ov] f\r feet wide & ab\t eight in*es deep4 ,! /ret*$ cord & ! f\r-foot rod 7 ! guides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,section ( sidewalk ,!re 7 a numb] ( rocks to be remov$ f ! tr5*1 "o ( !m ne> ! riv] bank weigh+ ov] a ton4 ,^! 7 left to be remov$ lat]4 ,_! fa!r1 on com+ out1 0 glad to see !m all at "w2 he %[$ ,fr$ & ,nick h[ to prep>e ! edges ( ! tr5* by putt+ planks along !m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! bo>ds1 ab\t twelve in*es wide1 & f twelve to sixte5 feet long1 _h be5 tak5 f ! old b>n4 ,aft] breakfa/ ,fr$ work$ along ) 8 man1 & got ! tr5* well clean$ out1 except = a few ( ! l>g] rocks4 ,! small] b[ld]s 7 :eel$ d[n to ! riv] & roll$ ov] ! bank to ! wat]'s edge4 ,ne> "o side ( ! walk grew a l>ge tree1 ^: ma9 root ran "u ! propos$ pa?4 ,mr4 ,gregg _h notic$ ?is 9 ! morn+ & _h told ,fr$ to see t ! root 0 cut (f close to ! l9e on bo? sides & pull$ out altoge!r4 ,if x isn't cut (f1 x w gr[ l>g]1 lift up ! cem5t flags1 & p]haps break !m4 ,fr$ saw ! =ce ( ?is1 s _h ! root cut (f & tak5 out4 ,! op]ation w\ld n kill ! tree1 ?\gh x might d x "s injury4 ,n[ came ! process ( tak+ out ! big /ones1 & a lev]1 t5 or twelve feet long1 0 br\ght f ! b>n1 9 ! %ape ( a r$ c$> pole1 five or six in*es 9 diamet] at ! l>g] end4 ,nick took an axe & *opp$ ! big end a little flat on two sides1 s t x c\ld be %ov$ "u ! /one4 ,a flat plank 0 next laid beh9d ! /one on ! gr\nd1 on :i* a fulcrum 0 to be plac$1 9 ord] to get :at is t]m$ by workm5 a pur*ase4 ,on ! side ( ! /one next to ! riv]1 ?ree planks tak5 f ! floor ( ! b>n 7 laid d[n flat at ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,?ree o!r planks 7 laid on ! top ( ! fir/ lay]1 ?us mak+ a b$ 9 ! tr5*1 two planks 9 ?ickness1 on :i* ! big /one 0 to be roll$4 ,a fulcrum1 consi/+ ( an old f5ce po/1 0 laid ^u ! plank1 & =c$ up z close to ! /one z possible4 ,ev]y?+ 0 n[ ready = lift+ ! b[ld] out ( ! b$1 :]e x _h la9 p]haps = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,z _h be5 arrang$1 ! "w at ?is /age 0 susp5d$1 & o!r "w gone on )1 until ,mr4 ,gregg made 8 appe>ance4 ,^u 8 arrival all h&s w5t to ! /one1 ,jessie includ$4 ,hav+ approv$ :at _h be5 done1 ! fa!r sugge/$ t roll]s be plac$ betwe5 ! two ?icknesses ( plank to increase ! ease ( mov+ ! /one to ! riv] :5 x 0 />t$4 ,fr$ & ,nick w5t to ! b>n1 & among a big pile ( old planks1 bo>ds1 & timb] f\nd eight or t5 old f5ce po/s1 six or eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & long en\gh to make two roll]s1 ea* ?ree feet long1 :5 cut 9 two4 ,^! 7 quickly /ripp$ ( b>k by ,george & ,jessie1 :ile ,nick & ,fr$1 ) axe & hat*et1 soon _h a numb] ( !m r\nd en\gh to s]ve z roll]s4 ,! fa!r !n direct$ t ! ends ne>e/ ! riv]1 ( ! top lay] ( planks1 be rais$ up1 & "o ( ! roll]s plac$ betwe5 ! two lay]s ( plank ne> ! /one1 :ile ! ends ( planks ne>e/ ! /one %\ld be left re/+ on ! bottom ones4 ,ano!r roll] 0 plac$ ne>] ! riv] end ( ! planks1 & all 0 made1 z %[n at ,fig4 #b--:]e fulcrum1 lev]1 /one1 planks1 & roll]s may be se54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,rais+ rock ) lev] ,all 0 n[ ready2 ! lev] 0 adju/$ 9 place "u ! /one & on ! fulcrum4 ,mr4 ,gregg1 ,nick1 & ! *ildr5 7 ga!r$ ab\t ! lev]1 ea* "o pu%+ d[n1 & ! /one began to move1 z ! top end ( ! lev] came d[n1 mu* to ! delight ( ,jessie & ,george1 :o kept %\t+1 ,!re %e goes6 ,up %e goes6 ,f9ally ! great /one turn$ ov] on ! plank1 & 0 mov$ to ne> ! c5tre4 ,n[ came ! lab\r ( gett+ ! mon/] d[n to ! bank4 ,?is 0 made easi] by rais+ ! ends ( ! upp] planks "u ! /one & ins]t+ ano!r roll]1 five or six feet f ! end4 ,! planks hold+ ! /one 7 n[ re/+ on roll]s1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #c1 & x 0 f\nd easy to move1 b 9 ord] to get x to ! bank ( ! riv] ! runway1 or l[] planks1 _h to be laid d[n t di/ance2 ?is w\ld take too _m planks1 s x 0 decid$ to lay only a second l5g? on ! gr\nd1 & !n :5 ! load _h travell$ to ?is l5g?1 ! plank beh9d ! /one %\ld be c>ri$ =w>d & laid d[n aga94 ,?is 0 cont9u$ until ! load 0 slid into ! wat]4 ,mr4 ,gregg call$ ! *ildr5 & told !m to pu% aga9/ ! /one1 & !y all 7 fill$ ) wond] to see ?is great /one move along s easily on ! roll]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,mov+ rock on roll]s ,fr$ & ,nick got m roll]s to put betwe5 ! planks z ! /one 0 pu%$ =w>d1 =1 ( c\rse1 ^! 7 cont9ually com+ out at ! re> end ( ! load$ planks4 ,! roll]s _h also to be wat*$ & kept squ>e across ! plank or !y w\ld slide1 mak+ x h>d to move ! load4 ,:5 ! riv] bank 0 rea*$1 ,fr$ & ,nick made a r\gh slide ( old timb] d[n to its side f ! tr5*4 ,gett+ ! lev] prop]ly adju/$ "u ! planks & /one1 ! latt] 0 turn$ ov] on ! slide1 :5 x plung$ into ! riv] ) a great spla%1 caus+ ! wat] to fly & spr9kle ea* "o ( ! work]s1 mu* to ! delight ( ,george1 :o ?\ght x f9e fun to see 8 fa!r1 ,fr$1 & ,nick get a wett+4 ,x 0 decid$ t ! /one z x lay 9 ! wat] %\ld =m ! end ( ! pi] = ! boat1 z x 0 nicely situat$ & ! prop] di/ance out1 be+ ab\t a foot out ( ! wat] at high tide4 ,! o!r /ones 7 easily remov$ f ! tr5* by ,fr$ & 8 man1 & 7 ei!r roll$ or :eel$ d[n to ! riv]1 :]e ,nick built !m z well z he c\ld on bo? sides ( ! big rock1 leav+ a holl[ space betwe5 ! walls1 to be fill$ 9 aft]w>d ) small /ones1 mort>1 & brok5 bricks1 = ! mak+ ( a good1 /rong boat pi]4 ,mr4 ,gregg !n took out 8 note-book & p5cil1 & figur$ out ! quantity ( cem5t1 s&1 & gravel requir$ to complete ! cem5t "w4 ,he f\nd !re 0 good s&1 clean & %>p1 on "o corn] ( ! new lot4 ,a big pile ( gravel & brok5 /ones out on ! /reet _h be5 left ov] f ! build+ ( a two-/ory concrete h\se ne>by1 s he conclud$ to buy x1 if n too de>4 ,measur+ ! tr5*1 he f\nd x to be #cjj feet long1 by #d feet wide1 mak+ a surface ( #a1bjj feet to be laid ) cem5t1 concrete1 & gravel1 or brok5 /ones4 ,he calculat$ t e #ajj sup]ficial feet ( ! concrete walk w\ld require ab\t a b>rel & a ?ird ( ,portl& cem5t2 & t ! top dress+ ( cem5t & s&1 or f9e cru%$ /one1 requir$ ano!r ?ird ( a b>rel2 :i* total$ up to #bj b>rels1 all told4 ,! concrete to be us$ 0 to be proportion$ z foll[s3 ,"o "p ( cem5t1 two p>ts ( good1 clean s&1 & five p>ts ( gravel1 or brok5 /ones1 :i* %\ld be small en\gh to pass ?r\gh a r+ hav+ a diamet] ( n m ?an two in*es4 ,?is mass %\ld be well mix$1 dry1 on a wood5 floor or movable plat=m1 & !n wett$ j en\gh to h /ones1 s&1 & cem5t1 well moi/5$4 ,all %\ld be aga9 mix$ be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! tr5*1 & x %\ld n be ?r[n 9 place1 b %ovell$ 9 g5tly4 ,mr4 ,gregg ord]$ ! cem5t by telephone1 to be deliv]$ at once1 ei!r 9 b>rels or bags2 & he got into communication ) ! own] ( ! gravel1 & b\ght ! :ole pile4 ,he !n engag$ a team ( horses1 wagon1 & driv]1 to comm5ce "w ! next day4 ,by ?is "t ,nick _h gone home1 & ! *ildr5 came ru%+ into ! h\se1 anxi\s to tell _! "m all ! "w !y _h done t day4 ,! ke5 appetites ( ! y\ng] folks gave positive pro( ( _! hav+ e>n$ _! supp]1 by actual "w1 &1 :5 ! meal 0 ov]1 ! fa!r invit$ ,jessie & ! boys into 8 little room4 ,george 0 ask$ to take ) him 8 portable blackbo>d1 "s *alk1 & a rul]1 & all m>*$ into _! fa!r's d54 ,n[1 said ,mr4 ,gregg1 ,i h (t5 told y ,i w\ld expla9 to y "s ?+s ab\t ! me*anical p[]s1 & ?is seems to be ! mo/ appropriate "t to beg91 z y h fre% 9 y\r m9ds ! application ( ! lev] z we us$ x to-day 9 rais+ & mov+ ! big rock4 ,i am glad to see t ,fr$ grasp$ ! idea s readily1 = t enc\rages me to let him use 8 own judgm5t :ile do+ ?is job4 ,! lev] is kn[n to accompli%$ me*anics1 z '! fir/ me*anical p[]'1 & ,ar*im$es said ( x1 if he only _h "o long & /rong en\gh1 toge!r ) a suitable fulcrum1 he c\ld1 alone1 lift ! e>? f its place4 ,?is ,ar*im$es 0 a celebrat$ ,greek philosoph] & ma!matician1 :o liv$ f ab\t #bhg to #bab ,b4 ,c4 ,! discov]y ( ! law ( specific gravity1 :i* ,i w "s day tell y ab\t1 is attribut$ to him4 ,i ?9k ,george c tell y some?+ ab\t ?is great man1 z ,i saw him & ,jessie ! o!r day read+ ,plut>*'s ',lives1' 9 :i* he is m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,pr9ciple ( lev] & fulcrum ,a lev] may be =m$ ( any /rong1 /iff mat]ial1 wood1 iron1 /eel1 or simil> /uff1 & x may be ( any l5g?1 or dim5sions1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is to be us$4 ,9 !ory1 x is suppos$ to h no weight1 & is simply figur$ z a /raight l9e hav+ nei!r bread? nor ?ickness4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 a lev] may be a h&spike1 a pry1 a cr[b>1 a fire pok]1 a w9dlass b>1 or any o!r appliance or in/rum5t t c be us$ = pry+4 ,:ile we may n "k ! prop] "n ( ! little /eel tool ! d5ti/ employs :5 prep>+ "o's tee? to receive ! fill+1 by clean+ out ! cavities1 we are safe 9 call+ x a small lev]4 ,:5 y\r "m /irs ! fire 9 ! grate1 %e makes a lev] ( ! pok]1 & b>s ( ! fireplace become fulcrums4 ,! fulcrum is ! fix$ po9t on :i* ! lev] re/s :5 9 use4 ,! =ce appli$ is call$ ! p[] & ! object to be act$ ^u is call$ ! weight4 ,! spaces f ! p[] & ! weight1 respectively1 to ! fulcrum1 are call$ ! arms ( ! lev]4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t ways ( us+ ! lev]1 accord+ to ! relative positions ( p[]1 weight1 & fulcrum4 ,?is r\gh sket* ,i am draw+ on ! blackbo>d 7,fig4 #d7 %[s ! lev] be+ us$ to raise "o end ( a heavy /one4 ,suppose ,w is a big rock1 ,c w be ! fulcrum1 ,b ! end ( ! lev] "u ! /one1 & ,o ! p[]4 ,! weight ?r[n on ! lev] by ! man at ,o1 raises ! /one s t x c be block$ up1 ! lev] & fulcrum arrang$ = ano!r lift1 & ! process repeat$4 ,?is c be cont9u$ until ! /one is rais$ to ! height requir$1 or until x is turn$ ov]4 ,?is me?od applies to ! rais+ ( any sort ( weight1 eng9e1 boil]1 heat]1 etc4 ,9 ?is sket* ! di/ance f ,b to ,c %[s ! %ort arm ( ! lev]1 & ! di/ance f ,c to ,o %[s ! l5g? ( ! long arm4 ,a lev]1 us$ 9 ?is way1 is call$ a lev] ( ! fir/ k9d1 because ( its simplicity & easy adaptation to _m purposes4 ,i saw ,george digg+ 9 ! g>d5 ! o!r day1 mak+ a fl[] b$ = 8 "m4 ,! spade he us$ =m$ an excell5t lev]4 ,he =c$ x into ! gr\nd to its full dep?1 pri$ ! h&le t[>d him1 & broke loose ! soil1 aft] :i* he turn$ ov] ! e>? 9 ! b$4 ,n[1 9 ?is case1 ! top ( ! blade or foot-plate ( ! spade1 re/$ on ! h>d gr\nd1 :i* 0 ! fulcrum2 ! soil dug up 0 ! weight1 & ,george's h& at ! top ( ! spade h&le1 furni%$ ! p[]4 ,i am sure y all und]/& ! work+ ( a lev] ( ?is k9d1 b ,i w give y ano!r illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,lev] z a me*anical p[] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,d\ble lev] z scales ,"h's ano!r sket* 7,fig4 #e71 9 :i* ,a1,b1,c1 toge!r %[ ! lev]1 also ! p[] ,a1 ! fulcrum ,b1 & ! weight ,c4 ,if ,i %\ld place ! fulcrum ,b s t x w\ld be 9 ! middle betwe5 ! ends ,a ,c1 !re w\ld be :at is t]m$ an equilibrium betwe5 ! weight & ! p[]1 & if !y are equal !re w be a p]fect balance ma9ta9$4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t scales = druggi/s are made1 ! lev] be+ susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( its l5g?1 z ,i %[ 9 ! sket* 7,fig4 #f74 ,^! scales are v nicely adju/$1 & ! *a9s & receiv]s are made z ne>ly alike 9 weight z possible4 ,! arms ( ! lev] be+ ( equal l5g? f ! c5tre1 or pivot1 p]mit ! lev] to /& 9 a p]fectly horizontal position1 unless di/urb$ by hav+ a weight plac$ 9 ei!r "o or o!r ( ! receiv]s4 ,9 ?is case1 ! pivot$ po9t ,p is ! fulcrum1 & ! two po9ts ,o & ,x may be tak5 z ! p[] & ! weight4 ,if "o p\nd is plac$ 9 ! receiv] at ,o1 x w tip ! scale d[n1 & t w become ! weight1 :ile any commodity plac$ 9 ! receiv] at ,x1 until ! lev] is aga9 br\ght level1 or horizontal1 may be call$ ! p[]4 ,z ano!r illu/ration ,i'll tell y ( some?+ t took place ! o!r day4 ,9 ! vacant lot are sev]al piles ( bricks1 /ones1 & planks4 ,george1 see+ ?is1 took "o ( ! planks & ?rew x across sev]al o!rs1 mak+ a ',teet] ,taut]1' or1 z "s *ildr5 call x1 a ',seesaw4' ,he balanc$ ! plank nicely1 & !n invit$ ,jessie & h] c\s9 to sit on x1 "o at ea* end4 ,! two girls 7 ab\t ! same weight1 & ,george held ! plank until bo? 7 seat$4 ,x rema9$ level & balanc$1 until ,george got on ! top ( x1 & /ood on ! c5tre ( its l5g?1 plac+ 8 feet s t "o 0 on "o side ( ! c5tre1 or fulcrum1 & ! o!r on ! o!r4 ,by caus+ 8 weight to re/ on 8 "r foot1 ! "r end ( ! plank w\ld dip d[nw>d2 !n by ?r[+ 8 weight on 8 left foot1 ! movem5t ( ! plank w\ld be rev]s$1 & ! motion cont9u$ until ,george ceas$ to ex]t any extra pressure on ei!r ( 8 feet4 ,:at d y call ! boy or girl :o /&s on ! plank8 ,sometimes1 said ,jessie we call him a 'c&le/ick' & sometimes '! balanc]'4 ,?is teet] taut] & ! explanation ( ! druggi/ scales1 said ! fa!r1 %[ y t _m ( our conv5i5ces are due to ! lev] 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,^! are b a few ( ! ?\s&s ( in/ances ,i c\ld "n4 ,take a nut-crack]1 = in/ance4 ,!re we h a sort ( d\ble lev]1 ! jo9t be+ ! fulcrum1 ! nut ! weight1 & ! two h&les ! comb9$ p[] or lev]4 ,by press+ ! h&les or lev]s1 we crack ! nut or ov]come ! weight1 by cru%+ x4 ,we owe _m ( our amusem5ts to ! lev] 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,ev5 our pianos w\ld be impossible 7 x n = ! comb9ation ( lev]s 9 ! adju/m5t ( ! keys4 ,ma*9]y & all k9ds ( mov+ in/rum5ts1 includ+ wat*es1 clocks1 & o!r f9e me*anism1 c\ld n be p]fect$ )\t ! lev]4 ,! common e-day :eelb>r[ is a good illu/ration ( ! use ( ! lev] comb9$ ) ! :eel4 ,george fills up 8 b>r[ ) /ones or o!r mat]ials t weigh two or ?ree times ! am\nt he c\ld lift easily4 ,yet he gets away ) ! load1 app>5tly ) v little tr\ble4 ,! h&les =m ! lev] or p[]1 ! :eel ! fulcrum1 & ! /ones ! weight4 ,george raises ! h&les1 & ?r[s ! great] "p ( ! weight on ! fulcrum1 :i* is ! :eel1 & ?is latt]1 act+ z a roll]1 is easily mov$ ar\nd its own axle1 ?us enabl+ ,george to move 8 ?reefold load ) ease4 ,?is example %[s y h[1 by a simple comb9ation ( me*anical devices1 lab\r may be r$uc$4 ,! roll] is relat$ to ! :eel & axle class--ano!r ( ! me*anical p[]s4 ,9 y\r bicycles y h a f9e illu/ration ( ! application ( ! roll] pr9ciple1 9 ! ball-be>+s4 ,! little r\nd balls1 ov] :i* ! axle ( ! :eel runs1 are simply roll]s r\nd$ 9 e direction1 & plac$ !re to de/roy friction1 :i* !y d almo/ entirely4 ,ano!r excell5t illu/ration ( ! use ( ! roll] is se5 9 ! hang+ ( ! gr9d/one we h 9 our back %$4 ,! axle pass+ ?r\gh ! /one re/s on two pairs ( :eels or roll]s1 "o pair at ea* side ( ! /one4 ,if y turn ! /one on its axis1 y w notice ! :eels turn also1 & ! ef=t requir$ to turn ! /one is h>dly noticeable4 ,if ! gr9d/one 7 well balanc$ & true1 & ! little :eels ! same1 s t !y c\ld be run )\t friction on _! be>+s1 ! /one1 by giv+ x "o good turn ) ! h&1 w\ld keep revolv+ a v long "t4 ,s y see h[ mu* we are indebt$ to ! me*anical p[]s = our pres5t /ate ( civilization4 ,next morn+ be+ ,saturday1 ,george 0 up e>ly1 put on a pair ( ov]alls 8 "m _h b\ght1 &1 :5 breakfa/ 0 ov]1 all b ! "m w5t out to ! new prop]ty4 ,!y f\nd ,nick help+ a team/] to unload gravel1 also a load ( cem5t1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 a dry & conv5i5t place1 = once damp or wet 9 ! lea/ x becomes ( little use1 unless work$ up imm$iately4 ,george 0 full ( glee4 ,he got 8 :eelb>r[ & want$ to comm5ce "w )\t delay4 ,! fa!r took ,fr$ & ,nick to ! tr5* & expla9$ :at 0 to be done & ! way to d x4 ,! tr5* is n[ eight in*es deep1 he said1 & y mu/ :eel gravel1 brok5 bricks1 h>d mort>1 or c9d]s into x s t !re w be ab\t five in*es ( x 9 ! tr5* f "o end to ! o!r4 ,put all ! l>g] /ones at ! bottom1 b be=e ?r[+ 9 any1 tamp or p\nd ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( ! tr5* until x is solid & h>d1 mak+ a good bottom = ! /ones to re/ on1 & ensur+ ! walk f settl+ or s9k+ 9 spots4 ,:]e ! big root & rocks are tak5 out1 ! holes mu/ be fill$ up level1 & tamp$ solid4 ,rake (f ! l>ge/ ( ! gravel1 & let ,george :eel z mu* ( x z he c1 & dump x 9 ! tr5*1 :ile ,nick or y :eel 9 ! balance4 ,f9i% ! top ( ! gravel (f ) small] siz$ /ones1 & aft] y h fill$ 9 ab\t five in*es1 ?r[ wat] on ! :ole ) ! g>d5 hose until q wet1 & !n p\nd ! gravel d[n until x is compact & firm4 ,?is b$ =ms a good f\ndation = ! concrete :i* mu/ be laid on x ab\t f\r in*es ?ick1 & well tamp$4 ,aft] y h rak$ (f ! l>g] gravel1 take a wire sieve1 ) me%es n l>g] ?an f\r to ! in*1 & sift ! f9] gravel out1 to save = ! top f9i%4 ,be=e fill+ 9 ! concrete1 /rips ( wood hav+ /raight edges on top mu/ be nail$ to ! /akes on bo? sides ( ! walk1 z ,i %[$ y on ! blackbo>d 9 ,fig4 #a1 m>k$ ,a ,a4 ,^! /rips mu/ be plac$ at prop] grade 9 _! l5g?1 & level across f "o to ! o!r4 ,a /raight edge made ( wood1 & long en\gh to rea* ov] ! walk1 & ! /rips z well1 mu/ be provid$1 & x may be not*$ out z ,i %[ at ,x1 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is /raight edge is to be us$ 9 levell+ (f ! top or f9i%+ coat1 by keep+ bo? ends on ! /rips ,a ,a1 & mov+ x along l5g?wise ( ! walk4 ,if ! top ( ! walk is to be bel[ ! edges ( ! /rips1 y may not* ! ends1 z %[n1 to suit :atev] dep? may be requir$4 ,fr$ told 8 fa!r he ?or\ghly und]/ood ! process z f> z expla9$1 & ! latt] !n left4 ,by ?is "t ,nick & ,george--&1 we might add1 ,jessie--_h :eel$ into ! tr5* q a lot ( gravel1 b = ! want ( a prop] tamp] !y _h to /op4 ,s ,fr$ cut two pieces (f a f5ce po/1 ea* ab\t a foot long1 & ) an aug] or bor+ tool1 made a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! end ( ea*1 ab\t eight in*es deep1 into :i* he ins]t$ a r\nd wood5 h&le1 ab\t ?ree feet long4 ,^! made excell5t tamp]s1 n too heavy = ,george to use4 ,jessie1 p]suad$ ,fr$ to make h] j a little "o1 b he told h] n to use x mu* or h] h&s w\ld get sore & too /iff to practise h] music4 ,! /rips = ! /akes 7 prep>$1 nail$ on1 & prop]ly adju/$1 & !n x 0 "t to comm5ce ! real "w4 ,nick _h nail$ "s bo>ds on ?ree pieces ( scantl+ ab\t six feet long1 :i* made a good mix+ table = ! concrete4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ up ne> ! top end ( ! walk1 & plac$ :]e x w\ld be h&y4 ,a pailful ( cem5t 0 put on ! bo>d1 next two pailfuls ( nice clean s&1 & !n five pails ( gravel t _h no /ones 9 x l>g] ?an w\ld pass ?r\gh a r+ hav+ a cle> diamet] ( two in*es4 ,all ?is gravel1 s&1 & cem5t be+ 9 "o heap on ! bo>d1 ,fr$ & ,nick work$ at x /eadily = m ?an t5 m9utes1 mix+ x up until ! s& & cem5t 7 ?or\ghly & ev5ly bl5d$ ) ! gravel4 ,fr$ !n spr9kl$ ! mixture ) clean wat] f ! hose1 :ile ,nick kept %ovell+ x ov] & ov] until ! :ole 0 damp1 b n s mu* s t ! cem5t & s& 7 wa%$ f ! gravel4 ,! :ole mass look$ l a pile ( dirty /ones t _h j be5 "u a light %[]4 ,?is1 said ,fr$ to ,nick1 is a v important process1 = if we make ! /uff too wet1 x w />ve ! concrete by wa%+ away ! cem5t1 & if we leave x too dry ! "w w be rott5 & crumble away4 ,fr$ might also h add$ t ! prop] proportion+ ( ! mat]ials 0 z ess5tial z ! prop] mix+1 & 9 ?is case1 :]e we are mak+ x "o ( cem5t1 two ( s&1 & five ( gravel--all by measurem5t--we mu/ adh]e closely to ! rule or ! walk w be unev5 9 texture & col\r4 ,! concrete be+ prop]ly mix$1 ,fr$ & ,nick began to %ovel x into ! tr5*1 spread x to ab\t f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 & tamp$ x d[n until ! top mass look$ sloppy & muddy4 ,:ile 9 ?is condition1 a new lot ( cem5t mixture 0 made1 consi/+ ( "o "p ( cem5t & two p>ts ( s& & ! f9e ( ! gravel t _h be5 sift$4 ,all 7 mix$ ?or\ghly :ile dry1 & aft]w>d wet to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick mort>4 ,?is 0 spread ov] ! concrete to ab\t "o in* 9 ?ickness & levell$ d[n by ! not*$ /raight edge until ! prop] ?ickness & level 7 obta9$4 ,! surface 0 !n ready to smoo?1 or float1 z ! workman calls x1 :i* always gives to ! top ( ! "w a nice1 ev51 level appe>ance1 & makes x solid & firm4 ,! float+ is done ) a tool made ( wood1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 & may be f9i%$ (f ) a pla/]]'s /eel float1 m]ely to give ! surface a bett] f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,floats & tr[els ,! float+ op]ation is labori\s1 = x mu/ be done at once1 :ile ! op]ator is on 8 knees4 ,fr$ & ,nick1 h[ev]1 work$ away at x until !y made a good job ( ! portion t !y 7 putt+ d[n4 ,all ( ! walk !y c\ld f9i% at "o "t 0 ab\t sixte5 or eighte5 feet1 s t ! :ole job requir$ a numb] ( days to complete4 ,! fir/ in/alm5t be+ done1 s f> z ! float+ 0 conc]n$1 x 0 n[ 9 ord] to make jo9ts 9 ! walk across ! face1 fir/ly = ! purpose ( m>k+ x (f into flag sizes1 f\r feet squ>e2 secondly to prev5t expansion4 ,if !re 7 no jo9ts made 9 ! walk1 x w\ld lift up1 crack1 break1 & ultimately be de/roy$4 ,fr$1 :o knew t ! walk w\ld contract 9 cold & exp& 9 w>m wea!r1 expla9$ ?is peculi>ity to ,george & ,nick1 & hav+ a jo9t] along ) ! floats :i* ! fa!r _h s5t1 he1 ) ,nick's help1 ran "s jo9ts1 at f\r-foot int]vals1 across ! walk1 :ile ,nick pu%$ 8 spade ?r\gh ! jo9ts to ! gr\nd1 actually cutt+ cem5t & concrete into sections ( f\r feet ea*4 ,?is w\ld all[ = expansion or contraction1 & ev5 admit ! rais+ ( "s ( ! sections above ! o!rs1 )\t cracks or breaks occurr+4 ,! fir/ in/alm5t ( ! walk be+ made1 x 0 left to ,george to :eel damp s& & scatt] x ov] ! face ( ! walk ab\t an in* ?ick1 to keep ! sun & ra9 f injur+ x4 ,!n he receiv$ in/ructions to wet ! surface e morn+ = a week4 ,at ! end ( two or ?ree days ! cem5t 0 h>d1 or set en\gh to be> walk+ on1 & 9 a week x 0 clean$ (f = use4 ,"o peculi>ity ab\t concrete or cem5t "w is1 t x improves & gets /rong] ) age4 ,! walk 0 complete 9 due "t1 9 sections ( ab\t sixte5 feet long1 & prov$ q satisfactory4 ,mr4 ,gregg 0 pleas$ ) x1 & he expla9$ to ,fr$1 ,george1 & ,jessie t x might h be5 made m ornam5tal1 z !re 7 _m tools = r\nd+ (f ! edges1 ind5t+ ! surface1 to make x less slipp]y1 or = lay+ ! flags (f 9 panels2 b 9 ?is case all 7 pleas$ ) ! way ! boys _h f9i%$ x4 ,,ii ,,build+ ,,( ,a ,,boat ,,h\se ,! cem5t walk be+ f9i%$ to ! satisfaction ( all conc]n$1 & ! admiration ( ! neighb\rs1 ,fr$ turn$ 8 ?\ghts to ! build+ ( a boat h\se & work%op4 ,x 0 decid$ to make x #af feet wide & #bb feet long1 z ^! dim5sions w\ld suit ! timb]s 9 ! old b>n1 & be ample = /[+ away ! boat & all[+ space = a "w b5*4 ,l9es = a f\ndation 7 set out1 & /akes driv5 9 ! gr\nd at ! corn]s1 alongside ! cem5t walk & pi]4 ,a tr5* ab\t two feet deep 0 dug on ! two sides & ends2 & 9 ?is 7 laid l>ge rocks & /ones1 9 a s+le c\rse all r\nd4 ,nick1 :o 0 q h&y at ?is k9d ( "w1 built up a wall ( small] /ones laid 9 cem5t mort>4 ,?is mort> 0 compos$ ( "o "p ( cem5t to five ( s&1 & made q ?9 & easy to spread4 ,:5 ! wall 0 high en\gh1 ab\t level ) ! highe/ "p ( ! gr\nd1 x 0 levell$ (f by us+ small] /ones & pl5ty ( cem5t mort>4 ,! level 0 obta9$ by lay+ a /raight plank flat on ! top ( ! cem5t f9i%+1 & !n apply+ an ord9>y _s-level4 ,any errors 9 ! level ( ! wall %[$ at once1 & 7 made "r by add+ m mort>1 or by tak+ "s (f ! top ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,fram+ /udd+ ,timb]s f ! old b>n 7 next press$ into s]vice1 *e/nut wood t _h s]v$ z gir?s & beams4 ,two pieces 7 cut1 #bb feet long1 & two ( #af feet4 ,! ends 7 !n halv$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h--! simple/ me?od ( fram+ a corn]--& ! timb]s 7 spik$ & s squ>$ z to make "r angles at ! corn]s4 ,fr$ !n took ! old w9d[ & door frames1 & measur$ (f on ! f\ndation timb]s ! outside di/ance :]e ea* "o 0 to be plac$4 ,he put ! d\ble doors 9 ! end ( 8 boat h\se1 next to ! riv] front4 ,! o!r door & w9d[s 7 set 9 ! be/ places to provide an entrance op5+ on ! cem5t walk1 light above ! "w b5*1 & views ov] ! riv] & gr\nds4 ,fr$ decid$ to build 8 h\se t5 feet high2 s a quantity ( /udd+1 #b #d in*es 9 section1 0 tak5 out f ! walls ( ! b>n1 & cut exactly t5 feet long4 ,^! 7 to =m ! side walls betwe5 ! corn]s1 doors1 & w9d[s4 ,heavi] /uds 7 f\nd 9 ! b>n1 & ,fr$ wisely us$ !m next to ! w9d[s & doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,side ( boat h\se frame ,^! heavy /uds 7 set up 9 ! places m>k$ on ! timb] sills1 also at ! f\r corn]s1 & 7 toe-nail$ at ! bottom to hold !m 9 place4 ,!y 7 !n made v]tical or plumb1 by aid ( a _s-level1 & ! corn]s 7 brac$ tempor>ily to hold !m 9 t position4 ,! picture 7,fig4 #i7 %[s h[ ! side ( ! build+ next to ! cem5t "w look$ :5 ! /udd+ 0 all 9 place4 ,! d>k ends %[n are ! joi/s on :i* ! floor is laid4 ,! l[] joi/s 7 made f timb]s tak5 f ! b>n floor1 #b #h in*es wide & long en\gh to rea* across ! build+4 ,! joi/s on top 7 #b #f in*es1 by #af feet long4 ,^! latt] floor beams 7 set ab\t #ae in*es ap>t1 ready to receive ! floor+ plank1 :i* 0 nail$ solid to !m4 ,y w notice t cross pieces ( /udd+ are nail$ betwe5 ! /uds at ! w9d[ op5+s4 ,^! =m ! tops & bottoms ( ! w9d[ frames4 ,! spaces above & bel[ are also fill$ 9 ) %ort pieces ( /udd+1 to nail ! clapbo>ds to1 z %[n4 ,! ends ( ! build+ 7 f9i%$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 a small w9d[ be+ left 9 ea* to admit light & air1 also lumb]1 poles1 or o!r /uff t c\ld be put into ! l(t ?r\gh ^! op5+s4 ,inside ! build+ a trapdoor 0 to be left1 s t ,fr$ or ,george c\ld get up to take 9 or h& out ! /uff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,end ( boat h\se frame ,! end 7,fig4 #aj7 %[s h[ ,fr$ & ,nick1 ) ,george's help1 built t portion1 ! coll> beam1 ,o ,o1 & ! raft] be+ se51 :ile ! details 9 ,fig4 #h give l>g] sket*es ( ! mann] ( do+ ! "w4 ,! /one-"w1 z built by ,nick1 = f\ndation walls1 is %[n 9 bo? ,figs4 #i & #aj4 ,all ! clapbo>ds hav+ be5 tak5 (f ! b>n & old %$s1 ! bett] portions 7 select$ = cov]+ ! outside ( ! new frame1 & a lot ( old bo>ds 7 us$ = l9+ ! inside ( ! walls & nail+ on to ! raft]s4 ,! next ?+ 0 to lay on ! %+les4 ,^! _h be5 provid$ "s days be=e by ,mr4 ,gregg1 :o _h figur$ out ! numb] requir$4 ,he f\nd ! ro( w\ld measure #bd feet 9 l5g?1 includ+ ! projections ov] ! ends ( gables1 & t ! l5g? ( ! raft]s 0 #ag feet ea*1 includ+ ! ov]hang+ eaves or cornice4 ,?is made ! :ole /ret* ( l5g? on bo? sides ( ! ro( #cd feet4 ,multipli$ by #bd feet1 ! l5g? ( ! ro(1 ?is 0 #haf feet4 ,to cov] an area ( #haf feet ab\t #h1jjj %+les w\ld be requir$1 z #ajj surface feet require ne>ly #a1jjj %+les1 laid #d in*es to ! wea!r1 accord+ to ! usual cu/om4 ,mr4 ,gregg expla9$ to ,fr$ :at is meant by ! t]m wea!r+1 appli$ to %+les1 clapbo>ds1 slates1 or any?+ simil>4 ,! wea!r+ "p ( a %+le is t portion ( x expos$ to ! wea!r1 :5 9 place on ! ro(4 ,x makes no diff]5ce h[ wide or h[ n>r[ a %+le may be1 x is t portion %[+ f ! l[] end ( "o %+le to ! l[] end ( ! next "o above x1 t is ! wea!r+4 ,?is is g5]ally f\r in*es wide & x runs f end to end ( ! ro(4 ,ano!r ?+ ,mr4 ,gregg expla9$--! t]m1 a squ>e ( %+l+4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 floor+1 clapbo>d+ or simil> "w1 a squ>e is an area #aj #aj feet2 or #ajj sup]ficial feet4 ,9 nail+ d[n %+les1 w5t on ,mr4 ,gregg1 ! nails %\ld be driv5 s t ! next c\rse or lay] w cov] up ! nail heads1 ?us protect+ !m f ra9 & damp1 & prev5t+ !m f ru/+4 ,:5 lay+ ! %+les1 aft] ! fir/ c\rses are on1 :i* %\ld be laid d\ble at ! eaves1 a /r+ or *alk l9e mu/ be /ret*$ f "o end ( ! ro( to ! o!r1 f\r in*es up f ! ends ( ! fir/ c\rses4 ,?is /r+ or *alk l9e may fir/ be rubb$ ov] ) *alk or s(t *>coal1 & :5 drawn tight f ea* end1 x may be '/ruck' or 'snapp$' by rais+ x up 9 ! middle & lett+ x /rike ! ro( sudd5ly s t a m>k w be left on ! %+les f end to end4 ,?is w be ! guide = ! ?ick ends ( ! %+les to be laid aga9/ :5 nail+ on ! next c\rse1 & ! process mu/ be cont9u$ until ! ridge1 or top ( ! ro(1 is rea*$4 ,:5 y pa9t y\r boat h\se1 don't =get ! ro(1 = a good coat ( pa9t on ! %+les w l5g!n ! life ( ! ro( fully five ye>s4 ,fr$1 to :om ^! in/ructions 7 m p>ticul>ly giv51 told 8 fa!r he und]/ood ! :ole matt]1 & he 0 direct$ to g on ) ! "w4 ,9 ! meantime ! fa!r ord]$ ! %+le-nails requir$2 five p\nds = ea* ?\s& %+les1 or =ty p\nds altoge!r4 ,! build+ be+ small1 ! :ole "w 0 soon complet$1 w9d[s put 91 doors hung1 & floors laid2 & ,mr4 ,gregg 0 greatly pleas$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,fr$ _h manag$ ! job4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,frank ,h4 ,taylor ,,boat ,,h\se ,,& ,,work%op ,a ,good ,coat ( ,pa9t on ! ,%+les ,w ,l5g!n ! ,life ( ! ,ro( ,fully ,five ,ye>s4 ,! next ?+ 0 to take d[n ! heavy timb]s ( ! b>n1 /ill /&+4 ,fr$ saw at once t !y 7 too heavy to be remov$ )\t me*anical aid or m human help1 s he br\ght f 8 fa!r's /able a rope & set ( pulley-blocks l ! ones %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,nick1 :o _h se5 "s s]vice at sea1 hook$ ! block into a loop =m$ by a %ort piece ( rope ti$ ov] a limb project+ f "o ( ! trees4 ,! "q ( lift+ ! timb] n[ 0 an easy "o1 z ano!r %ort rope 0 ti$ to ! heavy po/ ,w1 9 ?is case ! weight ,p be+ ! p[]4 ,ea* ( ! blocks %[n conta9s pulleys :i* make ! relation ( ! weight to ! p[] z "o to f\r4 ,! weight be+ su/a9$ by six cords1 ea* be>s a six? & a weight ( six p\nds w be kept 9 equilibrium by a p[] ( "o p\nd4 ,! blocks us$ 9 a sy/em ( ?is "* are call$ s+le if !re is "o pulley 9 ea*1 d\ble if !re are two1 treble if !re are ?ree1 & quadruple if !re are f\r4 ,fr$1 ,george1 ,nick1 & ,jessie :o lik$ to help :5ev] %e c\ld1 c\nt$ = f\r times _! numb] :5 !y all pull$ toge!r on ! rope ,p4 ,x 0 a/oni%+ to ! y\ng/]s h[ easily ! heavy timb]s 7 tak5 d[n & pil$ 9 a nice heap4 ,two timb]s1 ea* ab\t tw5ty-five feet long1 7 *os5 & m>k$1 to be us$ = slides or ways1 on :i* ! propos$ boat c\ld be haul$ 9 & out ( ! boat h\se4 ,x 0 q a di/ance f ! timb] to ! riv] end ( ! boat h\se1 &1 ! =m] be+ heavy1 ,fr$ decid$ to make an incl9$ plane ( planks--( :i* !re 0 an abundance--s t ! timb]s c\ld be slid or roll$ d[n to ! riv]4 ,x took b a few m9utes to lay ! planks1 & z ! incl9e 0 g5tle1 roll]s 7 us$ & ! timb]s w5t d[n z easily z ! big rock _h done4 ,?is pleas$ ! y\ng] *ildr5 v mu*4 ,:5 papa comes home1 said ,jessie1 ,i'm go+ to get him to tell me ab\t ! 'incl9$ plane' z well z ! ropes & pulleys4 ,! two timb]s 7 roll$ into ! riv] & float$ to ! boat h\se1 :]e "o end ( ea* 0 rais$ to ! floor level at ! doorway & made fa/2 ! o!r end sank to ! bottom1 :]e ,nick dug d[n & made a b$ = x to re/ 94 ,^! b$s 7 made deep en\gh to bury ! ends1 & l>ge /ones 7 !n ?r[n 9 to keep !m f mov+1 b ^! 7 n all[$ to rea* )9 #ah in*es ( ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* 0 !n at its l[e/ m>k4 ,! timb]s 7 kept ab\t ?ree feet ap>t1 ample space to admit ( any ord9>y laun* or r[ boat be+ tak5 into ! boat h\se4 ,oh1 ,fr$1 said ,jessie1 d y ?9k ^? two /icks w be /rong en\gh to hold ! boat :ile y are pull+ x up8 ,:y1 yes2 /rong en\gh to hold a doz5 boats no l>g] ?an ! "o we int5d hav+ made4 ,i don't "k h[ mu* weight ^! timb]s w support1 nor h[ heavy our boat w be ) ! eng9e 9 x1 b ,i'm sure ! timb]s are /rong en\gh4 ,jessie's "q1 h[ev]1 caus$ ,fr$ to ?9k ov] ! matt]1 & he set to "w to f9d out h[ to tell ! /r5g? ( timb] beams4 ,he discov]$ t to be able to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( beams & wood5 pill>s "u all sorts ( conditions requir$ consid]able tra9+ 9 me*anics & ma!matics1 b t ! case be=e him 0 comp>atively easy4 ,a g5]al rule = f9d+ ! safe c>ry+ capacity ( wood5 beams ( any dim5sions1 = uni=mly di/ribut$ loads1 is to multiply ! area ( section 9 squ>e in*es1 by ! dep? 9 in*es1 & divide _! product by ! l5g? ( ! beam 9 feet4 ,if ! beam is ( hemlock1 ?is result is to be multipli$ by sev5ty1 n9ety = spruce & :ite p9e1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty = oak1 & "o hundr$ & =ty = yell[ p9e4 ,! product w be ! numb] ( p\nds ea* beam w support4 ,= %ort-span beams1 ! load may be increas$ consid]ably4 ,fr$1 :o _h "s k on ! subject1 acquir$ at ! tra9+ s*ool1 det]m9$ to pursue 8 /udies 9 ?is direction4 ,9 talk+ ov] ! matt] ( nails ) 8 fa!r1 _! hold+ p[] 0 m5tion$1 & ,mr4 ,gregg told ,fr$ ( a te/ t _h be5 made "s "t ago by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 :]e cut & wire nails _h be5 te/$ respectively1 %[+ a decid$ sup]iority = ! =m]1 bo? 9 spruce1 p9e1 & hemlock4 ,?us 9 spruce /ock n9e s]ies ( te/s 7 made1 compris+ n9e sizes ( common nails1 longe/ #f in*es1 %orte/ #a-c_/h in*es2 ! cut nails %[$ an av]age sup]iority ( #dg4ea p] c5t42 9 ! same wood six s]ies ( te/s1 compris+ six sizes ( light common nails1 ! longe/ #f in*es & ! %orte/ #a-a_/h in*es1 %[$ an av]age sup]iority = cut nails ( #dg4dj p] c5t42 9 #ae s]ies ( te/s1 compris+ #ae sizes ( f9i%+ nails1 longe/ #d in*es & %orte/ #a-a_/h in*es1 a sup]iority ( #gb4bb p] c5t4 av]age 0 exhibit$ by ! cut nails2 9 ano!r six s]ies ( te/s1 compris+ six sizes ( box nails1 longe/ #d in*es & %orte/ #a-a_/d in*es1 ! cut nails %[$ an av]age sup]iority ( #ej4hh p] c5t42 9 f\r s]ies ( te/s1 compris+ f\r sizes ( floor nails1 longe/ #d in*es & %orte/ #b1 an av]age sup]iority ( #hj4jc p] c5t4 0 %[n by ! cut nails4 ,9 ! #dj s]ies ( te/s1 compris+ #dj sizes ( nails1 longe/ #f in*es & %orte/ #a-a_/h in*es ! cut nails %[$ an av]age sup]iority ( #fj4ej4 ,speak+ ( ! ropes us$ 9 blocks1 :ile tak+ d[n ! old b>n timb]s1 ,mr4 ,gregg sugge/$ t x w\ld n be a bad idea if ! boys 7 taught a few g5]al items conc]n+ hemp5 ropes2 s he ask$ !m to memorize ! foll[+3 ,a rope #a_/d in* 9 diamet] w c>ry #dej p\nds1 & #ej feet ( x w weigh "o p\nd4 ,if #e_/h in* 9 diamet]1 x w c>ry #c1jjj p\nds & #g feet w weigh "o p\nd4 ,:5 a rope is #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 x w c>ry #c1ijj p\nds1 & #f feet w weigh #a p\nd4 ,a rope "o in* 9 diamet]1 ! same z we h 9 our blocks1 w c>ry #g1jjj p\nds1 & #c feet #f in*es w weigh "o p\nd4 ,x is n likely t sizes great] ?an ^! w ev] be us$ by y4 ,if !y are1 y c obta9 a fair k ( _! /r5g? by f9d+ _! areas1 & comp>+ !m ) ! areas ( ! ropes giv51 tak+ ! rope hav+ "o in* 9 diamet]1 z a con/ant example4 ,wire ropes are mu* /rong] ?an hemp5 ones1 :e!r made ( /eel1 brass1 or bronze4 ,! c>e & pres]vation ( ropes is des]v+ ( consid]ation1 p>ticul>ly 9 localities :]e ! atmosph]e is de/ructive to hemp fibre4 ,su* ropes %\ld be dipp$ :5 dry into a ba? conta9+ #bj gra9s ( sulphate ( copp] p] gallon ( wat]1 & kept soak+ 9 ?is solution "s f\r days1 be=e !y are dri$4 ,! ropes w ?us h absorb$ a c]ta9 quantity ( sulphate ( copp]1 :i* w pres]ve !m = "s "t1 bo? f ! attacks ( animal p>asites & f rot4 ,! copp] salt may be fix$ 9 ! fibres by a coat+ ( t> or by soapy wat]4 ,9 ord] to d ?is ! rope is pass$ ?r\gh a hot ba? ( boil$ t>1 drawn ?r\gh a r+ to press back ! excess ( t>1 & susp5d$ aft]w>ds on a /ag+ to dry & h>d54 ,! figures giv5 are int5d$ = new manila ropes1 & d n hold good = ropes made ( inf]ior hemp4 ,x is always saf] nev] to load a rope to m ?an #fj p] c5t4 ( its capacity1 & n ev5 ?is mu* :5 x is old & wea!r$4 ,jessie rem9d$ h] fa!r ( 8 promise to give !m "s in=mation reg>d+ ! p[] ( blocks & tackle & ! qualities ( ! incl9$ plane4 ,accord+ly1 ,fr$1 ,george1 & ,jessie jo9$ _! fa!r 9 8 d5 aft] supp]1 & ,george plac$ 8 blackbo>d 9 a conv5i5t place ) *alk1 rule1 & o!r requisites4 ,:5 all 7 seat$1 ! fa!r said3 ,"s "t ago ,i tri$ to expla9 to y ! uses ( ! lev] 9 q a numb] ( diff]5t situations2 to-night ,i'm go+ to %[ y h[ ! v>i\s ropes & pulley blocks are made to d s]vice = mank9d4 ,^! devices are us$ v g5]ally1 especially 9 build+ op]ations1 :]e heavy beams1 gird]s1 or blocks ( /one h to be rais$4 ,on bo>d %ip1 x is ! fav\rite me*anical p[] by :i* rigg+ is rais$1 cords & ropes tight5$1 & goods lift$ f or l[]$ into ! hold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,blocks & tackle ,! pulley1 ! ma9 feature ( ! ?ird me*anical p[]1 may be expla9$ almo/ on ! same pr9ciple z ! lev]1 z y w see ^u exam9+ ! sket* 7,fig4 #aa7 ,i n[ make on ! blackbo>d4 ,! pulleys se5 9 ! blocks ar\nd :i* ! rope runs may be consid]$ s _m lev]s ^: arms are equal1 & ^: c5tres are fulcrums4 ,9 describ+ ?is p[]1 x w p]haps be bett] to beg9 ) ! fir/ & simple/ =m ( ! comb9ation4 ,! pulley1 weight1 & rope ,i %[ n[ 7,fig4 #ab7 is ! simple/ =m ( mak+ use ( ?is p[]4 ,x is call$ a snat*-block & (t5 employ$ = draw+ wat] f wells1 or = hoi/+ light weights4 ,x is v h&y1 b we d n get any additional p[] f x1 ?\gh we get a *ange ( direction & quick movem5t4 ,f its portable =m1 its l[ co/1 & ! h&9ess ) :i* x c be appli$1 ?is arrangem5t is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( our me*anical contrivances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,!ory ( block & tackle ,:5 pulleys are adju/$1 z ,i %[ y 9 ?is sket* 7,fig4 #ac71 ! block :i* c>ries ! weight is call$ a movable pulley1 & ! :ole1 z %[n1 a sy/em ( pulleys4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,d\ble block & tackle ,9 ?is illu/ration1 suppose ! weight is #bj p\nds4 ,x is support$ by two cords1 ,a & ,b2 t is1 ! two sections ( ! cord support #aj p\nds ea*4 ,n[1 ! cord be+ cont9u\s1 ! p[] mu/ be #aj p\nds4 ,we leave out ( consid]ation ! weight ( pulley & ! friction ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,we h se5 t ! weight is su/a9$ by two cords2 if1 !re=e1 x has be5 rais$ two feet1 ea* cord mu/ be %ort5$ two feet4 ,to d ?is1 ! p[] ,p mu/ run d[n f\r feet4 ,to get ! full value ( ?is ma*9e ! cords mu/ be p>allel4 ,if we increase ! numb] ( movable pulleys1 z sket*$ at ,fig4 #ad1 to ?ree1 ! relation ( ,p to ,w w be z #a to #h & ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ,p w travel w be eight times t ?r\gh :i* ,w is rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,multiple blocks & tackle ,if we apply ?is pr9ciple to ! sket* 7,fig4 #aa71 :i* illu/rates ! blocks y us$ to-day 9 lift+ ! l>ge timb]s1 & :i* is ! usual =m ( pulley employ$ to lift heavy weights1 y w notice t !re is a f\r-%eave block at ! top1 & a ?ree-%eave block at ! bottom1 ) ! end ( ! rope fix$ f ! top block4 ,! ?ree-%eave block is movable4 ,a p[] ( #aj p\nds w1 ) ?is =m ( pulley1 balance a weight ( #fj p\nds4 ,suppose a block ( /one weigh+ #h1jjj lbs4 is to be rais$ to ! top ( a wall & we use a sy/em ( pulleys :]e ea* ( ! two blocks has f\r pulleys2 we %all f9d t x w require a p[] ( #a1jjj p\nds to raise x4 ,n[1 z to ! incl9$ plane3 ?is is call$ ! f\r? me*anical p[]1 & x is n 9 any way relat$ to ! lev]1 b is a di/9ct pr9ciple4 ,"s writ]s on ! subject r$uce ! numb] ( me*anical p[]s to two1 namely1 ! lev] & ! incl9$ plane4 ,! advantages ga9$ by ?is are _m = j s mu* z ! l5g? ( ! plane exce$s its p]p5dicul> height is an advantage ga9$4 ,suppose ,a ,b ,c 7,fig4 #ae71 ,i make 9 ! sket*1 is a plane /&+ on ! table4 ,if l5g? ,a ,b is ?ree times great] ?an ! p]p5dicul> height ,c ,b !n a cyl9d] at ,r ,p may be support$ ^u ! plane ,a ,b by a p[] equal to a ?ird ( its own weight4 ,t is1 a block ( t weight w\ld prev5t ! roll] or cyl9d] f go+ f>!r4 ,f ?is we ga!r t "o ?ird ( ! =ce requir$ to lift any giv5 weight 9 a p]p5dicul> direction w be q suffici5t to raise x ! same height on ! plane2 all[ance1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be made = ov]com+ ! friction1 b !n1 y see1 y w h ?ree times ! space to pass ov]1 s t :at y ga9 9 p[]1 y w lose 9 "t4 ,we see ! use ( ! incl9$ plane e day we pass a build+ "u con/ruction1 :]e ! workm5 :eel bricks1 mort>1 & o!r mat]ials f ! /reet to ! floors above1 us+ long planks = ! plane or tramway4 ,m]*ants1 too1 (t5 make use ( an incl9$ plane :5 roll+ heavy boxes & packages f ! /reet to ! floors ( _! w>eh\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,an excell5t1 practical illu/ration 0 giv5 y to-day :5 ,nick & ,fr$ built ! ways on :i* ! propos$ boat is to be slid into ! new h\se4 ,x w\ld require five or six /rong p]sons to lift ! boat bodily into ! new h\se2 b ,i expect two or ?ree w easily slide x up into ! build+ on ! ways2 & by arrang+ a w9*--ano!r me*anical contrivance--at "o end ( ! boat h\se1 ,fr$1 or ,george1 = t matt]1 w be able to haul ! boat up4 ,! w9* = ?is purpose w be a v simple affair1 m]ely a ready adaptation ( ! :eel & axle1 z ,i w %[ y lat]4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we are talk+ ab\t incl9$ planes1 & to illu/rate its e>ly application to ! build+ arts1 x is only necess>y to tell a few ?+s we "k reg>d+ ! mov+ & rais+ ( ! great /ones us$ 9 build+ ! ,pyramids4 ,= c5turies x 0 a my/]y h[ ! heavy /ones 9 ^! /ructures _h be5 plac$ 9 _! pres5t positions4 ,rec5t inve/igations h l$ _m sci5tific m5 to believe ! /ones 7 tak5 up incl9$ planes1 on roll]s1 & !n put 9 place by ! workm51 :o mov$ !m to ! diff]5t sides ( ! build+ on /rong timb] plat=ms1 :]e roll]s1 or roll+ trucks1 c>ri$ ! load4 ,accord+ to "o au?ority1 !re are ! rema9s ( ! approa* to an incl9$ plane ne> ! ,great ,pyramid1 :i*1 if cont9u$ at ! angle1 z n[ se51 w\ld rise to ! apex4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 ! foot ( ! plane 0 m ?an a mile f ! build+1 fifty or sixty feet wide1 & _h be5 "o huge embankm5t1 =m$ ( e>?1 s&1 & ! clipp+s & wa/e ( /one made by ! workm54 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be an exp5sive & a t$i\s me?od1 b 9 ^? days "t & lab\r w5t = little4 ,e "t a c\rse ( /ones 0 laid & complet$1 ! plane 0 rais$ ano!r /ep1 to ! height ( ! next ti] ( /ones4 ,! same angle ( incl9e 0 probably ma9ta9$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( erection1 & ?is angle1 y may re/ assur$1 0 made z l[ & easy z possible2 = ! ,egyptian eng9e]s 7 n sl[ 9 adapt+ ! easie/ & quicke/ me?ods available4 ,?is me?od ( convey+ ! heavy /ones to _! places 9 ! ,pyramids 0 simple & effective1 ) no eng9e]+ difficulties t c\ld n be readily ov]come4 ,moreov]1 x 0 really ! v be/ me?od consid]+ ! n>r[ limits ( _! appliances4 ,y may ask1 ',h[ 7 ^! big /ones c>ri$ to ! foot ( ! incl9$ plane8' ,! qu>ries1 9 "s cases1 7 five hundr$ miles di/ant1 & mo/ ( ! /ones _h to be br\ght across ! ,nile to ! works4 ,we "k f ! monum5ts1 & f ! papyrii t h come d[n to u f remote p]iods1 t _m ( ! /ones 7 br\ght d[n ! riv] on l>ge rafts or floats1 & on b>ge-l vessels2 & we also "k t _m ( ! l>g] ones 7 haul$ or dragg$ d[n f ! qu>ries at ,ass[an to ,memphis1 alongside ! riv]1 a di/ance ( #ehj miles4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! obelisks1 = all along an old travell$ road evid5ces h lately be5 f\nd t ^! /ones _h be5 tak5 t way1 & t re/+ places = ! lab\r]s _h be5 provid$ at /ations ab\t twelve miles ap>t1 along ! :ole di/ance4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t a gang ( m5--say =ty--well provid$ ) roll]s1 timb]s1 ropes1 & necess>y tools1 c\ld easily roll an obelisk l t 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 twelve miles 9 twelve h\rs2 & d\btless ?is 0 ! sy/em employ$ 9 convey+ ^? imm5se /ones t great di/ance4 ,a l>ge numb] ( obelisks 7 erect$ ne> ,memphis1 ?\gh !re are none !re n[1 = ! ,greek & ,roman eng9e]s1 at ! comm& ( ! rul]s1 took a numb] d[n & c>ri$ !m to ! city ( ,alex&ria2 b we h less k ( h[ ^! lat] eng9e]s transf]r$ ! /ones to ! new] city1 ?an we h ( ! me?ods ( ! old]4 ,! beautiful column kn[n z ,pompey's ,pill> 0 once an obelisk1 & 0 trans=m$ into a pill>1 by ei!r ,greek or ,roman artisans1 x is n cle> :i*4 ,! "w ( putt+ ^? huge /ones 9 place 0 n easy1 z ,comm&] ,gorr+e discov]$ :5 he /ood ! ,new ,york obelisk 9 ! place x n[ occupies4 ,b let u get back to our incl9$ plane4 ,i h %[n y h[ a weight or roll] acts on ! incl9e1 b ,i did n expla9 x cle>ly1 nor 9 a sci5tific way1 z ,i d n want to puzzle or confuse y ) t]ms & problems y _c und]/&4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 give y ano!r illu/ration or two on ! subject1 9 :i* ano!r factor plays a "p1 namely--gravitation4 ,let u suppose y h two golf balls laid on a table t is p]fectly horizontal or level 9 e direction2 !y w rema9 at re/ :]ev] plac$1 b if we elevate ! table s t ! rais$ end is half ! l5g? ( ! top high] ?an ! l[] end1 ! balls w require a =ce half _! weight to su/a9 !m 9 any position on ! table4 ,b suppose !y are on a plane p]p5dicul> to ! table top1 ! balls w\ld desc5d ) _! :ole weight1 = ! plane w\ld n contribute 9 any respect to support !m2 consequ5tly !y w\ld require a p[] equal to _! :ole weight to hold !m back4 ,x is by ! velocity ) :i* a body falls t we c e/imate ! =ce act$ ^u x1 = ! effect is e/imat$ by ! cause4 ,suppose an incl9$ plane is ?irty-two feet long1 & its p]p5dicul> height sixte5 feet1 :at "t %\ld a ball take to roll d[n ! plane1 & also to fall f ! top to ! gr\nd by ! =ce ( gravity alone8 ,we "k t by ! =ce ( attraction or gravitation1 a body w be "o second 9 fall+ sixte5 feet p]p5dicul>ly1 & z our plane 9 l5g? is d\ble its height at ! upp] end1 x w require two seconds = ! ball to roll d[n f top to bottom4 ,suppose a plane sixty-f\r feet 9 p]p5dicul> height1 & ?ree times sixty-f\r feet1 or "o hundr$ & n9ety-two feet long2 ! "t x w require a ball to fall to ! e>? by ! attraction ( gravitation w be two seconds4 ,! fir/ x falls sixte5 feet1 & ! next =ty-eight feet w be travell$ 9 ! same "t1 = ! velocity ( fall+ bodies increases z !y desc5d4 ,x has be5 f\nd by accurate exp]im5ts t a body desc5d+ f a consid]able height by ! =ce ( gravitation1 falls sixte5 feet 9 ! fir/ second1 ?ree times sixte5 feet 9 ! next2 five times sixte5 feet 9 ! ?ird2 sev5 times sixte5 feet 9 ! f\r? second ( "t2 & s on1 cont9ually increas+ accord+ to ! odd numb]s1 #a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 etc4 ,usually1 ! increase ( velocity is some:at great] ?an ?is1 z x v>ies a trifle 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,9 ! example be=e u we f9d t ! plane is ?ree times z long z x is high on a p]p5dicul> l9e2 s t x w take ! ball to roll d[n t di/ance 7#aib ft47 ?ree times z _m seconds z x took to desc5d freely by ! =ce ( gravity1 t is to say1 six seconds4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! incl9$ plane is made use ( 9 ! manufacture ( tools ( _m k9ds1 z 9 ! bevell$ sides ( hat*ets1 axes1 *isels & o!r simil> tools1 ! examples ( :i* are 9 a great measure relat$ to ?is p[]1 ?\gh _m ( !m p>take l>gely ( ! w$ge1 ( :i* we %all n[ h some?+ to say4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,action ( ! w$ge ,! w$ge may be a block ( wood1 iron1 or o!r mat]ial1 tap]$ to a ?9 edge1 =m+ a sort ( d\ble incl9$ plane1 ,a ,p ,b1 7,fig4 #af7 :]e _! bases are jo9$1 mak+ ,a ,b ! :ole ?ickness ( ! w$ge at ! top4 ,9 splitt+ wood z is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ,r ,r be+ ! wood1 ! w$ge mu/ be driv5 9 ) a l>ge hamm] or heavy mallet :i* impels x d[n & =ces ! fibres ( ! wood to sep>ate & op5 up4 ,! w$ge is ( great importance 9 a va/ v>iety ( cases :]e ! o!r me*anical p[]s are ( no avail1 & ?is arises f ! mom5tum ( ! bl[ giv5 x2 :i* is great] beyond comp>ison ?an ! application ( any dead weight or pressure employ$ by ! o!r me*anical p[]s4 ,h5ce1 x is us$ 9 splitt+ wood1 rocks1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,ev5 ! l>ge/ %ips may be rais$ some:at by driv+ w$ges bel[ !m4 ,(t51 9 laun*+ a vessel1 w$ges are us$ to />t x on its way4 ,& !y are also us$ = rais+ beams or floors ( h\ses :]e !y h giv5 way by reason ( hav+ too mu* weight laid ^u !m4 ,9 qu>ry+ l>ge /ones1 x is cu/om>y to w$ge or break (f ! rock by fir/ drill+ a numb] ( holes on ! l9e ( cleavage4 ,wood5 w$ges are !n driv5 tightly into ^! & left !re until !y get wet1 :5 !y exp& & split (f ! rock z requir$4 ,?is me?od ( qu>ry+ l>ge /ones 0 well kn[n to ! old ,egyptians1 & employ$ by !m 9 qu>ry+ _! fam\s obelisks4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! p[] appli$ to =ce a w$ge is n cont9u\s1 b a s]ies ( impulses1 ! !ory ( ! w$ge is less exact ?an t ( ! o!r me*anical p[]s4 ,consid]+ ! p[] & ! resi/ance on ea* side1 h[ev]1 z ?ree =ces 9 equilibrium1 x may be demon/rat$ t ! ,resi/ance 7,r7 equals ,p ,l5g? ( equal side_/,back ( w$ge ,!n ! me*anical advantage w be-- ,r_/,p equals ,l5g? ( equal side_/,back ( w$ge ,s t by dim9i%+ ! size ( ! back & increas+ ! l5g? ( ! side--t is1 dim9i%+ ! angle ( p5etration--! me*anical p[] ( ! w$ge is increas$4 ,:ile ,i did n int5d to inflict y ) ari?metical or algebraical =mul1 ,i h be5 compell$ to give y t simple example :i* ,i "k y c all "w out1 z x is concise1 & ! same w\ld be long & t$i\s if r5d]$ 9 text4 ,next morn+1 z ,fr$ & 8 fa!r 7 out on ! new place e>ly1 look+ ov] ! boat h\se1 ! slide = ! boat1 & "s o!r matt]s1 ,mr4 ,gregg sugge/$ t a w9* be plac$ at ! upp] end ( ! h\se1 to haul ! boat out ( ! wat]4 ,he also sugge/$ t ,fr$ prep>e = "w on ! boat at once1 & provide himself ) all ! tools & mat]ials necess>y4 ,he promis$ to call on a fri5d ( 8 9 ! city1 :o is a not$ boat build]1 & ask him ! be/ me?od to adopt 9 build+ ! craft4 ,p]haps1 said ! fa!r1 x might be a good plan to buy a full set ( %apes or patt]ns f "s "o ( ! pr(essional boat build]s :o adv]tise su*4 ,!y are sold at a v l[ rate--be+ made ( pap]--& _m firms sell all ! mat]ial t is requir$ to build a boat complete2 ) ! sweeps1 ribs1 & curv$ /uff cut out to ! requir$ %ape & numb]$ all ready to set up4 ,:at we want1 ,fr$1 cont9u$ ! fa!r1 is a boat sixte5 or eighte5 feet long1 j ! size ( ! "o belong+ to y\r fri5d1 ,walt] ,scott2 t is pl5ty l>ge en\gh = all our purposes4 ,8 boat c /& z a k9d ( a model = y to "w aft] 9 case y d n ?or\ghly und]/& ! patt]ns y are to get1 or ! mann] ( arrangem5t4 ,! gasol5e motor we'll ord] f "s manufactur]1 ) :om we'll arrange to in/all x1 ) a suitable propell] & necess>y atta*m5ts4 ,fr$ 0 q satisfi$ ) all 8 fa!r _h said & />t$ to get ready4 ,jessie began to "q him ab\t sev]al ?+s %e did n fully und]/& 9 h] fa!r's talk ! night previ\s4 ,fr$ expla9$ matt]s1 made !m q cle> to h]1 & !n ask$ h] to get h] memor&um book & write d[n ! foll[+1 :i* he said1 %e w\ld (t5 f9d useful3 ,!re are six me*anical p[]s1 two ( :i* fa!r has n told u ab\t1 b w no d\bt d s1 be=e long4 ,^! are call$1 ! ,lev]1 ,pulley1 ,:eel & ,axle1 ,incl9$ ,plane1 ,w$ge1 & ,screw4 ,! ,screw & ! ,:eel & ,axle1 y h yet to he> ab\t4 ,n[1 /udy c>efully ! foll[+ rules3 ,! ,lev]4--,rule3 ,! p[] requir$ is to ! weight z ! di/ance ( ! weight f ! fulcrum is to ! di/ance ( ! p[] f ! fulcrum4 ,! ,pulley4--,a fix$ pulley gives no increase ( p[]4 ,) a s+le movable pulley ! p[] requir$ w equal half ! weight1 & w move ?r\gh twice ! di/ance4 ,increas+ ! numb] ( pulleys1 dim9i%es ! p[] requir$4 ,rule3 ,! p[] is equal to ! weight1 divid$ by ! numb] ( folds ( rope pass+ betwe5 ! pulleys4 ,! ,:eel & ,axle4--,rule3 ,! p[] is to ! weight z ! radius ( ! axle is to ! l5g? ( ! crank or radius ( ! :eel4 ,! ,incl9$ ,plane4--,rule3 ,! p[] is to ! weight z ! height ( ! plane is to ! l5g?4 ,w$ge4--,rule3 ,half ! ?ickness ( ! head ( ! w$ge is to ! l5g? ( "o ( its sides z ! p[] :i* acts aga9/ its head is to ! effect produc$ on its side4 ,! ,screw4--,rule3 ,z ! di/ance betwe5 ! ?reads is to ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle describ$ by ! p[]1 s is ! p[] requir$ to ! weight4 ,fr$ told ,george also to copy ! =ego+ 9 8 memor&um book1 s t he w\ld be able to "w out any problems = himself4 ,,iii ,,bridge ,,& ,,boat ,,"w ,! next day ,fr$ & 8 fa!r talk$ ov] ! propos$ boat1 ! result be+ t ,walt] ,scott 0 ask$ ov] ! telephone if he w\ld come d[n 9 8 laun* to ! ,gregg prop]ty 9 ! ev5+1 z ,mr4 ,gregg & ,fr$ w\ld l to see ! craft1 he> all ab\t x1 & f9d out if x _h any defects t might be avoid$ 9 ! build+ ( ano!r "o4 ,walt] said he'd be glad to sail d[n1 & w\ld take 8 si/] to see ,jessie4 ,9 ! meantime "s addresses ( boat build]s 7 h&$ to ,fr$1 ) in/ructions to write & ask = catalogues1 prices ( mat]ials1 & ! o!r in=mation usually s5t out to prospective cu/om]s4 ,fr$ imm$iately wrote to a numb] ( firms1 includ+ sev]al :o manufactur$ motors & o!r requisites = small laun*es4 ,a little aft] ! city clock /ruck f\r1 ,jessie1 :o 0 home f s*ool1 saw ,! ,mock+-,bird sail+ d[n ! riv] at good spe$1 ) ,walt]1 8 si/] ,grace1 & _! "m on bo>d4 ,fr$ w5t d[n to ! wat]'s edge1 & help$ ,walt] haul ! boat to ! unf9i%$ l&+ place1 :]e ,mrs4 ,scott & ,grace 7 safely l&$4 ,fr$ & ,walt] soon became deep 9 boat talk1 & kept x up until ! arrival ( ,mr4 ,gregg1 :o began to make inquiries reg>d+ ! spe$1 capacity1 & safety ( ,! ,mock+-,bird4 ,all 8 que/ions 7 intellig5tly & fav\rably answ]$ by ,walt]1 a bright & e>ne/ little fell[4 ,he 0 "s mon?s ! s5ior ( ,fr$1 b 0 n s /rong or robu/ look+4 ,%e's j #ah feet long ov] all1 said he1 ) a #e-;foot beam1 a draft aft ( ab\t #ah in*es1 & a =w>d draft ( #a foot4 ,%e is fitt$ ) a #f-;horse-p[] gasol5e eng9e1 & h] spe$ is f #h to #i miles an h\r4 ,an illu/ration ( h]1 z %e appe>$ :5 p>tly built1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 :]e a plan & a section ( h] l5g? may be se54 ,! mann] ( h] con/ruction is also %[n1 also ! l9es ( ribs1 portion ( inside l9+1 position ( motor1 rudd]1 & propell]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,plan & section ( ,! ,mock+-,bird ,mr4 ,gregg also asc]ta9$ f ,walt] t 8 fa!r _h s5t to a firm :o made a bus9ess ( prep>+ ! complete wood-"w = _m k9ds ( boats on ! knockd[n sy/em1 sell+ ! :ole mat]ial ready to set up )\t ! aid ( an exp]t4 ,pr9t$ in/ructions came along ) ea* boat1 s t ! buy] w\ld h b little difficulty 9 sett+ up ! wood-"w & mak+ x ready = use4 ,an exp]t workman _h be5 engag$ by ,walt]'s fa!r to in/all ! eng9e1 l9e up ! propell] %aft1 & connect ! :eel & %aft to ! eng9e4 ,on ! arrival ( ! mat]ials--)9 a week aft] ! ord] 0 s5t--,walt] _h gone to "w2 & inside ( f\rte5 days1 ,! ,mock+-,bird took to ! wat]4 ,s fully & s satisfactorily did ,walt] expla9 to ,mr4 ,gregg all t he ask$ ab\t1 t ,fr$ 0 able at once to ord] ! mat]ial = a simil> laun*1 to be s5t on imm$iately4 ,9 ord] to hurry matt]s1 a *eque 0 inclos$ ) ! ord]1 & ,fr$1 ,walt]1 & ,george walk$ ov] to ! po/(fice ) ! lett]1 s t x w5t by ! night mail4 ,on return+1 x 0 sugge/$ t ! boys1 ,grace1 & ,jessie g = a sail on ! riv]1 & all 7 soon at ! l&+4 ,walt] adju/$ 8 eng9e & made all ready z ,george & ! girls got on bo>d1 :ile ,fr$ ca/ (f ! rope :i* held ! boat to ! dock1 !n /epp$ aft] !m4 ,! eng9e 0 />t$1 ,fr$ took ! till]1 & !y 7 soon afloat1 sail+ ) ! tide 9 _! fav\r at a rapid spe$1 & return+ to ! l&+ place inside ( an h\r1 well pleas$ ) _! little out+4 ,fr$ %[$ ,walt] 8 new boat-h\se & work%op1 expla9$ to him h[ ,nick & he1 ) ! help ( ,george & ! advice ( 8 fa!r1 _h complet$ ! "w & ! build+4 ,he also po9t$ out o!r "w he 0 go+ to d z soon z 8 boat 0 f9i%$4 ,?\gh n yet d>k1 x 0 gett+ r late1 & ,walt]'s "m advis$ t !y />t = home z soon z he 0 ready4 ,s wi%+ ,fr$ e success 9 ! build+ ( 8 boat1 ,mrs4 ,scott1 h] daught]1 & ,walt] left = home4 ,well1 ,fr$1 said ,mr4 ,gregg1 :5 8 family 7 all seat$ 9 ! liv+ room1 y are n[ 9 = q a job1 "o t w te/ y\r work+ qualities2 b ,i am sure y w come out ) fly+ col\rs4 ,y w meet difficulties1 b y mu/ ov]come !m1 & :5 ! boat is f9i%$1 pa9t$1 & ready to "n1 y c h "s ( y\r fri5ds up = ! laun*+4 ,"m w h a special tea = y all1 & we'll *ri/5 ! new craft4 ,meantime we mu/ ?9k ov] ! matt] ( a "n1 & decide ^u "o we %all all l4 ,next morn+1 ,fr$ & 8 fa!r w5t d[n to ! riv]'s edge to exam9e ! little rav9e t _h be5 cut out by ! spr+ & fall fre%ets4 ,x 0 a small affair1 only ab\t six feet deep & t5 or twelve feet wide4 ,at pres5t1 ! opposite side 0 rea*$ by cross+ a c\ple ( planks1 safe en\gh :ile ! l& _h be5 9 a measure unoccupi$4 ,to leave x s n[ w\ld be a diff]5t matt]1 z ,jessie or h] "m1 attempt+ to cross1 might easily fall ov]2 s x 0 decid$ to h a foot-bridge built ov] ! creek1 :i* 0 ne>ly dry ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( mat]ial on ! gr\nd = ! purpose1 & ,fr$ 0 ask$ by 8 fa!r to get ,nick to help1 s t ! bridge might be ready z soon z possible4 ,fr$ felt he 0 gett+ to be q an important p]son :5 8 fa!r tru/$ him ) "w :i* mu/ necess>ily entail consid]able exp5se1 b he accept$ ! responsibility ) pleasure1 & promis$ to comm5ce at once1 s z to h x f9i%$ by ! "t ! mat]ial = ! boat arriv$4 ,s1 :5 ,nick arriv$1 op]ations began imm$iately4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,creek ,tak+ a tape l9e1 ,fr$ s5t ! ,italian to ! o!r end ( x1 & !y pick$ out a fav\rable location to measure across1 mak+ x ov] #aa feet at ! n>r[e/ spot f "o edge to ! o!r4 ,all[ance 0 !n made = be>+s five feet on ei!r side ( ! span1 s t timb]s #ba feet long w\ld be requir$ to cross ! *asm4 ,?is wid? w\ld require ?ree /r+-pieces1 or *ords1 to run across1 "o on ea* side1 & "o 9 ! c5tre4 ,^!1 cov]$ ) ?ree-in* plank f end to end1 w\ld make a good1 solid deck suffici5t = all purposes4 ,! planks 7 cut (f sev5 feet long1 to h ! deck ( ! bridge1 ov] all1 exactly sev5 feet wide4 ,among ! timb]s tak5 f ! old b>n 7 n9e pieces1 measur+ #bb feet 9 l5g?1 #h #aj in*es 9 section1 s ,fr$ decid$ to make use ( ?ree ( ^! j z !y 71 )\t cutt+1 & to place !m on _! edges to get ! mo/ /r5g? out ( !m4 ,he !n _h six po/s cut (f ! old c$> f5ce po/s1 ab\t two feet long1 :i* 7 sunk into ! gr\nd _! :ole l5g?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 ?ree on ea* side ( ! creek1 & ! tops made level1 s t a flat timb] or plank w\ld re/ on !m1 t\*+ ea* "o4 ,?is plank 0 made n9e feet long1 s z to project ov] ! po/s ab\t a foot at ea* end4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 ! same at ea* end ( ! bridge4 ,aft] ! flat timb]s _h be5 laid on ! ends ( ! po/s & fa/5$ ) spikes1 !re 7 laid ! ?ree long timb]s spann+ ! gully4 ,! spaces betwe5 7 equally divid$1 & !n cov]$ ) ?ree-in* planks tak5 f ! floor ( ! old b>n4 ,! bo>ds 7 cut (f to ! prop] l5g? & fa/5$ d[n on ! ?ree timb]s ) spikes five in*es long1 ! planks n laid close toge!r1 b kept ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ap>t1 9 ord] to let ! wat] run (f aft] a ra91 z well z to all[ air to circulate und]nea? & betwe5 ! jo9ts to prev5t ! planks f decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,frame ( foot-bridge ,9 ord] to make ! bridge safe1 x 0 necess>y to build a rail on ea* side4 ,two pieces ( timb] ab\t #bj feet long & #f #f in*es squ>e 7 us$ = ! rails1 :ile po/s & braces 7 made ( timb] ( ab\t ! same dim5sions4 ,! bottoms ( ! po/s 7 halv$1 s t !y c\ld be spik$ or nail$ to ! long outside /r+-pieces1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,t5ons 7 made on ! top ( ^! po/s1 & ^! fitt$ into mortises made 9 ! top rails1 & all 7 !n put toge!r & fa/5$ ) wood5 p9s4 ,nick dug away ! surplus e>? f ! approa*es to ! bridge1 & made an easy grade to its deck4 ,?is complet$ ! "w all b ! pa9t+1 :i* 0 left to be done "s o!r day4 ,mr4 ,gregg inspect$ ! bridge1 pron\nc$ x all "r1 & congratulat$ ,fr$ on 8 workman%ip1 at ! same "t say+ a good ^w to ,nick & ,george1 bo? ( :om _h help$ v mu* to make ! ef=t a success4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,mr4 ,gregg told ,fr$ & ,george t a fri5d ( 8 _h giv5 him a copy ( ! rules to be obs]v$ :5 runn+ a laun*1 s he ask$ ! boys to get _! note-books1 & take ^! d[n z he read !m out4 ,ev5 ,jessie1 too1 he ?\ght1 ought to be acqua9t$ ) ! rules1 z %e might be call$ ^u "s "t to make use ( !m1 s ?ree p5cils 7 soon at "w1 z ! fa!r read out ! foll[+3 #a4 ,:5 at ! :eel1 rememb] z a fir/ consid]ation1 t y _c ent]ta9 ! boat's occupants z well z /e]4 #b4 ,keep y\r c\rse1 & "k :at t c\rse is4 #c4 ,regulate y\r spe$ to ! company y are 94 ,m>9e motors are1 z a rule1 v flexible4 #d4 ,d n cut corn]s4 #e4 ,:5 approa*+ a l&+1 le>n to judge exactly ! di/ance y\r boat w travel aft] y\r propell] has /opp$1 s z to run alongside )\t us+ y\r rev]se ge>4 ,?is requires "s practice1 b is amply rew>d$ by "t sav$1 9 ! long run1 & decrease ( we> & te> on eng9e1 ge>1 & propell]4 ,any "o c get to a l&+ 9 "t by alt]nately runn+ full spe$ ahead & !n a/]n4 #f4 ,:5 abo>d y\r boat1 & fac+ ! b[ y\r "r h& is />bo>d1 y\r left1 port4 ,keep to ! "r4 ,%\ld y be ov]tak+ any "o1 x is y\r duty to pass cle> on _! left4 ,! above applies only to n>r[ wat]s4 #g4 ,:5 go+ up or d[n /ream1 %\ld y wi% to cross ov] to ! o!r side & return1 & ano!r boat is ov]tak+ y on y\r left1 don't attempt to cross its b[2 sl[ d[n until x has pass$4 #h4 ,keep cle> ( non-eng9$ crafts4 ,y h great] fre$om ( action ?an !y2 x co/s y no?+1 & _! occupants appreciate y\r c\rtesy4 #i4 ,d n t[ canoes or skiffs alongside4 ,if t[$ at all1 !y %\ld be "r aft ) z %ort a t[l9e z possible4 #aj4 ,f9ally2 rememb] ! rules ( ! road-- ',gre5 to gre5 or r$ to r$ ,p]fect safety--g ahead ,if to />bo>d r$ appe> ',tis y\r duty to keep cle>4 ,:5 ^u y\r port is se5 ,a /eam]'s />bo>d light ( gre51 ,!re's n s mu* = y to d ,z gre5 to port keeps cle> ( y4' ,! *ildr5 all promis$ to memorize ^! rules4 ,z ! /uff = ! boat 0 n expect$ = "s days1 ,fr$ & ,nick kept at "w ab\t ! new boat h\se1 & build+ up ! l&+ dock4 ,! =m] fitt$ up a "w b5*1 & put 8 little %op 9 read9ess = actual use4 ,fr$ also hunt$ = a nice /ick ( timb] among ! old b>n ru9s1 on :i* to set up ! boat4 ,a good piece f\nd1 he cut x to a l5g? ( #bj feet1 & !n he & ,nick got x into ! boat h\se1 :]e ,fr$ plan$ x (f a little ) a r\gh jack plane1 keep+ a %>p look\t = nails1 s&1 or gravel4 ,no?+ de/roys ! cutt+ edges ( tools m ?an nails1 bits ( iron1 glass1 s&1 or small pebbles1 :i* sometimes escape ! vigilance ( ! workman4 ,especially is ?is true ( saws1 :i* ,fr$ knew q well s9ce he _h once run a good %>p saw aga9/ a nail1 :ile cutt+ a piece ( timb] 9 two4 ,?is taught him a lesson he nev] =got1 & :5ev] he _h to cut up old mat]ial1 he 0 always c>eful to exam9e x all r\nd1 & to scrape or bru% (f all ! dirt & s& f ! p>ts ?r\gh :i* ! saw tee? _h to travel4 ,9 plan+1 or dress+ ! /ick ( timb]1 ! same precautions 7 tak51 & ! surface ( ! wood 0 made z clean & free f dirt & s& z x possibly c\ld be4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 ,fr$ f\nd x almo/ impossible to keep ! cutt+ iron ( 8 jack plane %>p en\gh to take (f %av+s4 ,he _h to %>p5 x e few m9utes4 ,?is is ne>ly always ! case :5 work+ up wood :i* has previ\sly be5 us$4 ,h[ev]1 he manag$ to dress 8 /ick v nicely1 & aft] f9i%+ x1 laid x d[n along ! middle ( ! floor ( ! %op1 putt+ blocks ( wood "u x "h & !re to raise x up f ! floor five or six in*es4 ,x 0 !n made level on top & fa/5$ d[n s t x w\ld n move or get out ( l9e4 ,?is 0 ab\t all !y c\ld d on ! boat until ! mat]ials arriv$4 ,nick _h manag$ to fill 9 ! space betwe5 ! two walls ( ! little pi] ) heavy b[ld]s1 & _h /r5g!n$ ! :ole ) co>se rubble-/one "w 9 su* a mann] t !re 0 little dang] ( injury f float+ ice or flood tides2 & he _h cov]$ ! :ole ov] ) small /ones1 gravel1 & a good ?ick lay] ( cem5t concrete1 :i* made x correspond ) ! cem5t walk4 ,! "q ( a w9* 0 !n tak5 up ) ,mr4 ,gregg & x 0 decid$ to con/ruct a simple affair at ! end ( ! boat-h\se opposite ! l>ge doors1 :]e ! boat w\ld h to ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,w9* & crank ,mr4 ,gregg sugge/$1 9 ord] to make ! end ( ! build+ /rong en\gh1 t two upright po/s be set up1 well brac$ by be+ fa/5$ to bo? floor & ceil+1 & t ! w9* be atta*$ to !m 9 a way t w\ld be easy to "w1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 room en\gh be+ left betwe5 ! po/s & ! wall = ! crank to turn )\t ! h& ( ! op]ator /rik+ ! bo>ds4 ,! cyl9d] ar\nd :i* ! rope %\ld w9d ought to be ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! crank or h&le on ! end1 n less ?an fifte5 or sixte5 in*es long4 ,! long] ! crank1 ! less =ce x w\ld require to haul 9 ! boat4 ,if desir$1 a crank c\ld be fitt$ to ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d] s t two p]sons c\ld "w at "o "t1 pull+ 9 ! weight4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,mr4 ,gregg ask$ ! boys & ,jessie to visit 8 room1 & he w\ld try to expla9 ! pr9ciple & advantages ( ! :eel & axle1 z ! w9* !y 7 to make 0 9 a measure relat$ to t pr9ciple4 ,mr4 ,gregg began by say+3 ,! :eel & axle is m]ely a modification ( ! lev] & consi/s ( a c\ple ( cyl9d]s turn+ on a common axis1 ! l>g] cyl9d] is usually call$ ! :eel1 ! less] "o ! axle4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :i* ,i draw on ! blackbo>d h]e)1 =ms a k9d ( lev] ( ! fir/ or second class4 ,consid]$ z a lev]1 ! fulcrum is at ! common axis1 :ile ! arms ( ! lev] are ! radii ( ! :eel & ( ! axle4 ,! fulcrum is at ,c1 ! c5tre4 ,! arm ( ! weight is ,w ,w1 & ! arm ( ! p[] is ,a ,c4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj ! arm ( ! p[] is ! spoke ( ! :eel1 :ile ! arm ( ! weight is ! radius ( ! axle4 ,fig4 #ai %[s ! ord9>y w9*1 (t5 us$ 9 well-digg+ = haul+ up dirt & rock1 & also = rais+ planks1 %+les1 raft]s1 & o!r light /uff1 to ! ro(s & upp] floors ( build+s4 ,(t5 x is made m p[]ful by add+ spur or ge>$ :eels to ! end ( ! %aft1 consi/+ ( a p9ion & a l>g] spurr$ :eel4 ,! crank or h&le is atta*$ to ! p9ion1 & ! p[] is increas$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 diamet]s ( ! spur :eels4 ,! ma*9e is !n call$ a 'crab' & x is (t5 us$ = lift+ safes & o!r heavy weights to elevat$ situations4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj ! l5g? ( ! crank 79 a /raight l9e7 is ! arm ( ! p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,:eel & axle ,! me*anical advantage ( ! :eel & axle equals ! ratio betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! :eel & ( ! axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,cap/an & h& b>s ,x is n necess>y t an entire :eel be pres5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! w9dlass & ! cap/an 7,fig4 #ba71 ! p[] may be appli$ to a s+le arm or to a numb] ( arms plac$ 9 ! holes %[n4 ,! cable or rope on ! b>rel ( ! cap/an is haul$ 9 by turn+ ! cap/an on its axis1 ) h&spikes or b>s4 ,! cap/an is prev5t$ f turn+ back by a pawl atta*$ to its l[] "p1 work+ 9 a circul> rat*et on ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,comp5sat+ fusee ,z an illu/ration ( ! lev] action1 & ( "w put into & got out ( a ma*9e1 !re is no bett] illu/ration ?an ! +5i\s contrivance t]m$ ! fusee 7,fig4 #bb74 ,9 good wat*es & clocks1 :]e ! ela/ic =ce ( a coil$ spr+ is us$ to drive ! works1 ! fusee comp5sates ! gradually dim9i%+ pull ( ! uncoil+ spr+4 ,! driv+ ( ! works at a con/ant rate is ! object = :i* a wat* or clock is design$4 ,?is usually entails a con/ant resi/ance to be ov]come1 b s9ce "o ( ! mo/ compact & conv5i5t =ms ( me*anism into :i* me*anical =ce c be /or$ is t ( ! coil$ spr+1 & s9ce ! v nature ( ! spr+ is su* t its =ce decreases z x uncoils1 we mu/ employ "s comp5sat+ device betwe5 ?is v>iable driv+ =ce & ! con/ant resi/ance4 ,! fusee does ?is 9 a mo/ accurate & complete mann]4 ,z ! fusee to ! "r is to comp5sate = ! loss ( =ce ( ! spr+ z x uncoils itself1 ! *a9 is on ! small diamet] ( ! fusee :5 ! wat* is w\nd up1 z ! spr+ has !n ! greate/ =ce4 ,9 ! diff]5tial1 or ,*9ese w9dlass 7,fig4 #bc71 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cyl9d] h diff]5t diamet]s1 ! rope w9d+ ^u ! l>g] & unw9d+ f ! small]4 ,by "o revolution ! load is lift$ a di/ance equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! circumf]5ce ( ! two p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,*9ese w9* & pulley ,!re are _m o!r contrivances & appliances ( ! :eel & axle = p]=m+ v>i\s s]vices1 b ,i ?9k ! examples ,i h %[n y w be suffici5t to enable y to make use ( ! device to p]=m any duty y may be call$ ^u to attempt 9 ord9>y life1 b1 %\ld y ent] pr(essional life z civil1 me*anical1 naval1 or m9+ eng9e] or ar*itect1 y w be oblig$ to pursue ! /udy ( ^! subjects fur!r4 ,be=e clos+ ,i may add a few problems = y to solve at y\r leisure by ! application ( ! rules ,i h giv5 y :5 describ+ ! o!r me*anical p[]s4 ,! pilot :eel ( a boat is #c feet 9 diamet]2 ! axle is #f in*es2 ! resi/ance ( ! rudd] is #bdj p\nds4 ,:at p[] appli$ to ! :eel w move ! rudd]8 ,"h ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! axle & :eel is #ah in*es4 ,f\r m5 are hoi/+ an an*or ( #c1jjj p\nds' weight2 ! b>rel ( ! cap/an is #h in*es 9 diamet]2 ! circle describ$ by ! h&spikes is #g feet #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,h[ great a pressure mu/ ea* ( ! m5 ex]t8 ,) a cap/an f\r m5 are rais+ a #ajjj-p\nd an*or2 ! b>rel ( ! cap/an is a foot 9 diamet]2 ! h&spikes us$ are #e feet long2 friction equals #aj p] c5t4 ( ! weight4 ,h[ mu* =ce mu/ ea* man ex]t to raise ! an*or8 ,! circumf]5ce ( a :eel is #h feet2 t ( its axle is #af in*es2 ! weight1 includ+ friction1 is #he p\nds4 ,h[ great a p[] w be requir$ to raise x8 ,a p[] ( #gj p\nds on a :eel ^: diamet] is #aj feet balances #cjj p\nds on ! axle4 ,give ! diamet] ( ! axle4 ,an axle #aj in*es 9 diamet] fitt$ ) a w9* #ah in*es long is us$ to draw wat] f a well4 ,h[ great a p[] w x require to raise a cubic foot ( wat]1 :i* weighs #fb-a_/b p\nds8 ,! fir/ mail 9 ! morn+ br\ght ^w t ! :ole ( ! p>tly prep>$ /uff = ! boat _h be5 %ipp$ by fa/ freight1 & t x w\ld rea* its de/9ation 9 ! c\rse ( a few days4 ,! pap] patt]ns1 directions1 & all necess>y in/ructions = build+ w\ld be mail$ at once4 ,,iv ,,mak+ ,a ,,gasol5e ,,laun* ,two or ?ree days aft] ,mr4 ,gregg _h talk$ ov] ! pr9ciples ( ! :eel & axle1 ) ! *ildr51 ,fr$ receiv$ notice t a consignm5t ( wood-"w 0 at ! /ation await+ 8 ord]s4 ,mr4 ,gregg made imm$iate arrangem5ts ) ! railway p1 & by ! "t he got home f 8 (fice1 ! /uff 0 be+ unload$ by ! boys1 :o c>ri$ x piece by piece into ! work%op1 ea* section be+ laid by itself 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x 0 to be put 9 place 9 ! boat4 ,pr9t$ in/ructions 7 9 ! equipm5t = lay+ ! keel1 sett+ up ! frames1 & ev5 = tak+ ! /uff out ( ! packages & putt+ x 9 heaps1 s t x c\ld be readily pick$ out :5 want$ = use4 ,ea* rib 0 numb]$1 & m>k$ or /amp$ "r or left1 & all ! pieces 7 cut (f to ! "r l5g? & to ! "r bevel or angle to suit ! positions !y 7 to occupy1 z specifi$ 9 ! pr9t$ in/ructions4 ,?is made ! sett+ up an easy matt]1 requir+ only c>e1 pati5ce1 & a fair k ( ! use ( wood-work+ tools4 ,t ,fr$ possess$ ^! qualities1 0 p>tly due to ! tra9+ he _h receiv$ 9 ! te*nical s*ool1 & p>tly to 8 natural aptitude = pick+ up me?ods1 ideas1 & new applications4 ,fr$1 ,george1 & ,mr4 ,gregg himself1 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! selection ( ! v>i\s mat]ials1 & :5 ! plank t 0 to =m ! keel _h be5 unpack$1 ,george 0 anxi\s t x %\ld be laid d[n on ! b$ t _h be5 prep>$ = its reception4 ,he 0 q disappo9t$ :5 he f\nd x consid]ably %ort] ?an he _h expect$ ! boat to be4 ,x 0 expla9$ to him1 h[ev]1 t ! ov]hang+ ( ! /]n1 & !re=e %ort5+ ( ! =efoot1 or /em1 necessitat$ ! keel be+ %ort] ?an ! boat w\ld be :5 measur$ ov] all on top4 ,! keel 0 f\nd to be a f9e piece ( t\gh oak1 nicely dress$1 made ! prop] %ape at ea* end1 bor$ & ga9$ to receive ! /]n po/1 ! /]n ribs1 & side /an*ions4 ,ev]y?+ 0 m>k$1 & ea* timb] 0 siz$ s t x w\ld fit 9 place snugly )\t us+ a tool on x1 except a hamm] or mallet4 ,at tea "t ,george felt x difficult to keep reasonably quiet1 he 0 s en?usia/ic ab\t ! boat--mu* to ! amusem5t ( 8 fa!r1 :o knew exactly h[ ! boy felt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,/em ( laun* ,aft] tea1 all walk$ to ! boat h\se1 & ! fa!r assi/$ ,fr$ to set up ! keel1 :i* 0 9 two pieces1 halv$ toge!r midway & well fa/5$ ) screws4 ,! jo9t 0 pa9t$ ) a heavy coat ( :ite lead & l9se$ oil pa9t1 be=e be+ put toge!r & screw$ up4 ,! keel is ! l[e/ timb] 9 a boat or %ip1 & x runs ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! craft4 ,sometimes !re is a keelson plac$ on ! top ( ! keel1 & ! ribs ( ! boat1 or /an*ions1 are made fa/ to t timb]1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 7,fig4 #bd17 9 :i* ! ga9s = ! ribs or m\lds are made4 ,?is portion ( ! boat 0 put toge!r tempor>ily1 s ,fr$ _h no difficulty 9 assembl+ ! v>i\s pieces4 ,! /em1 keel1 keelson1 & deadwood 7 all made ( oak1 & look$ /rong4 ,! keel & keelson 7 prop]ly laid & adju/$1 & aft] "s explanations by ,mr4 ,gregg ! mann] ( sett+ up ! ribs 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,fr$ decid$ to telephone ,walt] ,scott to come d[n next day1 z x 0 ,saturday1 & help him to set up ! skeleton4 ,z ! wea!r 0 gett+ w>m1 ! :ole family sp5t ! ev5+ on ! v]&a & ,george introduc$ ! "q ( nam+ ! boat4 ,he sugge/$ ,r$ ,bird1 b ?is did n seem to take well1 & sev]al o!rs 7 propos$ b none seem$ to suit ev]ybody4 ,jessie sat quietly on ! /eps till ask$ by ,fr$ :at h] *oice w\ld be4 ,i w\ld l x call$ aft] mamma1 ,c>ol9e4 ,t's a good idea1 ,jessie1 said h] fa!r1 & if ! boys or y\r "m don't object1 ,i ?9k we'll settle on ,c>ol9e4 ,e>ly next morn+ ! boys 7 out wat*+ = ,! ,mock+-,bird1 :i* v soon made its appe>ance4 ,fr$ & ,walt] ti$ ! boat up to ! new dock & w5t into ! boat h\se1 :]e ! latt] began to exam9e ! boat /uff1 & to expla9 ! mann] ( sett+ x up & fa/5+ x 9 place4 ,nick1 :o 0 on h& to help1 did ! heavy "w1 & help$ to put up ! /an*ions4 ,walt] seem$ q famili> ) ! "w1 & he & ,fr$ soon _h ! boat s well 9 h& t x seem$ to gr[ "u _! f+]s4 ,! ribs 7 easily select$1 z !y 7 ti$ toge!r 9 pairs & numb]$4 ,!y 7 !n set 9 _! places accord+ to _! numb]s & 7 fa/5$ to ! keelson ) ! /rong copp] nails4 ,all ! nails requir$ = ! boat 7 ( copp]1 because t metal is less likely to corrode ?an iron or /eel4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to brace ! ribs 9 ord] to keep !m 9 l9e4 ,?9 pieces ( la? 7 tack$ on ! tops to hold ! ribs ! prop] di/ance ap>t1 & long] & /rong] /rips ( wood 7 us$ = brac+ ! boat sideways4 ,^! 7 nail$ to ! jo9ts 9 ! ceil+ or high up on ! walls ( ! boat h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,mak+ ,a ,,motor ,,laun* ,all ! ,nails ,requir$ = ! ,boat ,7 ( ,copp]1 ,because ,t ,metal is ,less ,likely to ,corrode ,?an ,iron or ,/eel ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,section ( laun*--abeam ,at noon ! boys _h ! skeleton ( ! boat well advanc$1 & to "o /&+ 9 front ( ! b[1 x pres5t$ an appe>ance l ! sket* %[n at ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,me?ods ( %ea?+ ,! laun* might be call$ c>vel ribbon built1 or ne>ly s1 & x w\ld h a displacem5t ( #ad or #ae hundr$-weight :5 fairly load$4 ,?is weight w\ld br+ h] d[n to ! ?ird ,w4 ,l41 z %[n 9 ! end sket*4 ,to load h] to ! f\r? ,w4 ,l41 w\ld give h] a load f> beyond ^! figures4 ,! sections _h to be closely spac$1 & ! ribbons or slats let into ! tempor>y section m\lds be=e ! outside bo>d+ c\ld be put on1 ! edges ( ! bo>d+ be+ cl9* fa/5$1 z %[n 9 ! ribbon c>vel1 ,fig4 #bf4 ,o!r /yles ( %ea?+ boats1 z %[n1 are (t5 us$1 b ! ,c>ol9e 0 ribbon c>vel4 ,x is usual to lay (f ! %e] pr(ile on a suitable floor1 & l9e 9 ! rebate l9e1 sc>f ( /em1 deadwoods1 =k timb]s1 etc41 mak+ ?9 m\lds ( ea* memb] to be l9$ (f1 sawn1 & bolt$ toge!r4 ,! section m\lds1 f :i* ! boat d]ives its %ape1 are also laid (f1 & ! plank+1 #c_/h-;94 ?ick1 d$uct$ :5 mak+ !m4 ,! /em1 ( crook$ oak1 0 #b-a_/d 94 ?ick by ab\t #c 941 %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! =e deadwood 0 #b-a_/b 94 ?ick1 m\ld$ ab\t #c 941 & ?r\gh-bolt$ to ! /em & keel ) #c_/h-;94 copp] bolts2 & ! /]n-po/1 #c-a_/b 94 ?ick1 0 wr\ght to %ape1 z %[n4 ,! c5tre l9e ( ! %aft1 z %[n1 is subject to alt]ation1 s9ce diff]5t makes ( motors h diff]5t sizes ( propell]s & fly:eels4 ,! =k timb]s 7 let into ! /]n-po/1 & c>ri$ ! transom1 wr\ght out ( a flit* ( elm #c-a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,! plank+1 ( #c_/h-;94 c$>1 0 closely jo9t$ & v>ni%$1 & secur$ to ! ribbons4 ,! timb]s 7 ( rock elm1 #g_/h 94 by #a_/b 941 /eam$ & b5t or sawn to %ape1 & ?r\gh-fa/5$ at ! top & bottom edges ( ! plank+4 ,^! 7 spac$ on #g-a_/b-;94 c5tres1 ) two cl9* nails into ! ribbons betwe5 !m4 ,?ree or f\r solid floor+s %\ld be work$ into ! motor space2 fitt+ ( ! motor b$ ?w>t%ips gives great support to ! boat4 ,! ?w>ts 7 ( oak1 #h 94 wide & #a 94 ?ick1 ) ! side seats1 #g_/h 94 ?ick1 support$ by turn$ legs ( oak4 ,! decks at ea* end %\ld be ( #a_/b-;94 oak or *]ry re$$ into #c 94 wid?s1 & fill$ ) m>9e glue4 ,! cov]+ bo>d1 #b-a_/b 94 wide1 ) a nos+ work$ on ! edges1 & #a_/b 94 ?ick1 0 c>ri$ by a clamp or b9d+ /ake1 #b-a_/b 94 by #e_/h 941 ?r\gh-fa/5$ at e timb]4 ,! knees 7 ( oak1 #a 94 ?ick1 ab\t #aj 94 on ! foot by ab\t #c 94 at ! head1 & ?r\gh-fa/5$4 ,a brea/ hook #b 94 ?ick %\ld be fitt$4 ,! floor bo>ds may be ( #c_/d-;94 spruce1 elm1 or a% grat+1 z pref]r$4 ,! c5tre ( ! motor 0 at ,no4 #f section1 z indicat$1 ! gasol5e be+ /or$ 9 a /rong tank "u ! =w>d deck1 j high en\gh to fe$ by gravitation4 ,aft] be+ clean$ (f & s&pap]$1 a coat ( good %ellac v>ni%1 may be foll[$1 if desir$1 by ?ree coats ( be/ ya*t v>ni%4 ,! spac+ ( ! sections 03 ,no4 #a1 f face to /em1 #a foot #b 942 ,no4 #b1 f ,no4 #a1 is #a ft4 #b 941 ! o!r sections to ,no4 #aa ea* #a ft4 #f 942 ,no4 #ab 0 #a ft4 #a 94 f ,no4 #aa 7see ,fig4 #be74 ,! wat]-l9es 7 #e 94 ap>t1 & ! buttock-l9es1 ,a & ,b1 #a ft4 & #a ft4 #i 94 respectively f ! middle l9e4 ,! boys foll[$ ^! directions1 & ) ! help ( ! foll[+ table1 manag$ to get ! boat ready to v>ni% & f9i% up4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* ref]s m p>ticul>ly to ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 %[s ! %e] l9es1 c\nt+ f ,l ,w ,l 7l[ wat] l9e74 ,:ile all ! "w & calculations reg>d+ ! plan _h be5 already done1 ,mr4 ,gregg1 :o _h wat*$ ! "w's progress = a week1 ?\ght !y %\ld "k ! pr9ciples on :i* ! craft 0 be+ built1 & !re=e advis$ !m to exam9e ! illu/ration & table1 s t !y w\ld h "s k ( ! sci5ce requir$ to build a boat intellig5tly4 ,fr$ & ,george did ?is1 & 7 help$ along by ,walt]1 :o seem$ to h ma/]$ ! subject pretty ?or\ghly4 ,,table ,,( ,,(fsets ,/em ,section ,numb]s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #b #c #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94 ,%e] heights above ,l4,w4,l4 #a #g #a #f #a #e #a #d-a_/h #a #c-a_/d ,l4,w4,l4 to rebate l9e #g #h-c_/d #i #i-a_/d ,half-bread?s at gunwale #h-a_/d #a #c-a_/h #a #i-a_/b #b #a-a_/h ,half-bread?s at #d ,w4,l4 #f-g_/h #a #a-a_/b #a #h #b #j-a_/b ,half-bread?s at #c ,w4,l4 #e-g_/h #aa-e_/h #a #f-c_/h #a #aa ,half-bread?s at ,l4,w4,l4 #d-c_/h #i-c_/h #a #c-e_/h #a #h-c_/d ,half-bread?s at #a ,w4,l4 #b-a_/b #e-c_/d #aj-a_/b #a #c ,buttock ,a f ,l4,w4,l4 #e-a_/b #d-a_/h #f-c_/h ,buttock ,b f ,l4,w4,l4 #c_/h ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,section ,numb]s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94 ,%e] heights above ,l4,w4,l4 #a #b-c_/d #a #b-a_/d #a #b-a_/h #a #b-a_/h #a #b-a_/b ,l4,w4,l4 to rebate l9e #i-a_/b #i-g_/h #aj #aj-a_/b #aj-c_/d ,half-bread?s at gunwale #b #c-a_/b #b #d-a_/b #b #d-c_/h #b #c-e_/h #b #b-a_/h ,half-bread?s at #d ,w4,l4 #b #b-g_/h #b #d #b #c-g_/h #b #c-a_/d #b #a-c_/d ,half-bread?s at #c ,w4,l4 #b #b #b #c-a_/d #b #c-a_/d #b #b-a_/b #b #j-c_/d ,half-bread?s at ,l4,w4,l4 #b #j #b #a-a_/b #b #a-a_/b #b #j-e_/h #a #i-a_/b ,half-bread?s at #a ,w4,l4 #a #f-c_/d #a #h-a_/b #a #h-a_/b #a #f-a_/b #a #j-g_/h ,buttock ,a f ,l4,w4,l4 #g-e_/h #h #h #g-a_/b #e-a_/d ,buttock ,b f ,l4,w4,l4 #c-c_/h #d-c_/d #d-c_/d #c-a_/b #c_/h ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,end ( ,section ,numb]s ,transome ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aj #aa #b ---------------------------------------- ----------- ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94ft4 94 ,%e] heights above ,l4,w4,l4 #a #c #a #c-e_/h #a #d-a_/d #a #f ,l4,w4,l4 to rebate l9e #aa ,half-bread?s at gunwale #b #j #a #i-a_/b #a #f-c_/d ,half-bread?s at #d ,w4,l4 #a #aa-c_/h #a #g-a_/d ,half-bread?s at #c ,w4,l4 #a #i-a_/d #h-a_/b ,half-bread?s at ,l4,w4,l4 #a #b-a_/h ,half-bread?s at #a ,w4,l4 #e-c_/d ,buttock ,a f ,l4,w4,l4 #a #f #aa-c_/d ,buttock ,b f ,l4,w4,l4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,x 0 necess>y1 be=e in/all+ ! motor1 t a f\ndation %\ld be laid = x1 s v>ni%+ & ! f9al f9i% 7 left ov] until ! eng9e & propell] %\ld be put 9 & tri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,/>bo>d side ( motor ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,port side ( motor ,! eng9e 0 br\ght to ! boat h\se f ,new>k1 & ! exp]t1 engag$ by ,mr4 ,gregg "s "t previ\s1 came along ) x1 br++ su* tools z he might want4 ,he exam9$ ! b$ = ! eng9e1 & saw t all 0 prop]ly fa/5$ & 9 good condition to place ! eng9e & ! propell] %aft4 ,mr4 ,watts 7! ma*9i/7 laid (f a l9e = ! propell] %aft & ) a long aug] bor$ a hole f ! eng9e b$ ?r\gh to ! /]n-po/1 l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! %aft ( ! propell] to revolve 9 x easily4 ,a be>+1 or box1 0 adju/$ to ! /]n-po/ 9 :i* ! %aft ran1 & ! box 0 made wat]-tight to prev5t any infl[4 ,! propell] 0 made ( bronze1 _h be5 nicely fitt$ to ! %aft be=e x came1 & _h a set screw 9 its hub to hold x firmly on ! %aft4 ,! diamet] ( ! propell] :eel measur$ #ae in*es & x _h two blades4 ,! %aft & :eel be+ prop]ly adju/$1 ! next ?+ 0 to place ! eng9e1 :i* weigh$ ab\t #bjj lbs4 ,! blocks & tackle us$ 9 tak+ d[n ! old b>n 7 rigg$ up to ! ceil+ by cutt+ a hole ?r\gh ! floor1 lay+ a %ort timb] across ! joi/s1 hit*+ a rope ar\nd ! timb]1 & lett+ a loop hang d[n ?r\gh ! hole made 9 ! floor4 ,! hook ( ! upp] block 0 atta*$ to ! loop1 a sl+ 0 fa/5$ to ! eng9e1 ! :ole 0 hoi/$ by ,nick ) ! greate/ ease1 & ! ma*9e dropp$ on its b$4 ,z x did n lie q level1 x 0 rais$ aga9 & held susp5d$ until ! b$ 0 tru$ up1 :5 x 0 p]man5tly l[]$ into place & fa/5$ d[n4 ,two views ( ! eng9e are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bg & #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,c>buretor ,9 %op talk1 ! eng9e may be describ$ z foll[s--,bore ( cyl9d] #d-a_/b 94 ,/roke #d-a_/b 94 ,crank %aft #a-c_/h 94 ,revolutions p] m9ute f #fj to #gej4 ,propell] %aft "o in*4 ,ab\t #ae or #af horse-p[]4 ,a float-fe$ c>buretor1 ,fig4 #bi1 0 in/all$ at ! same "t4 ,?is c>buretor is an excell5t "o4 ,x insures a regul> supply ( gasol5e & air1 9 prop] proportion1 & prev5ts tr\ble :5 ! motor is 9 use4 ,! float gu>antees an ev5 level ( gasol5e 9 ! float *amb] at all times4 ,! prop] balance ( ! cork float closes ! supply ( gasol5e automatically :5 x rea*es ! prop] level4 ,?is prev5ts wa/e ( fuel1 e drop be+ ?or\ghly vaporiz$ & mix$ ) ! prop] am\nt ( air4 ,! spray+ nozzle is high] ?an ! gasol5e 9 ! float *amb]1 & prev5ts ! gasol5e f gett+ into ! eng9e1 unless x is runn+4 ,! ?rottle valve on ! c>buretor gives ! op]ator ! p[] to *ange in/antly ! spe$1 )\t *ang+ ! tim]1 & af=ds him absolute control ( ! eng9e4 ,:5 all ! ma*9]y 0 9 place1 & ! propell] atta*$1 ,mr4 ,watts told ! boys t he w\ld f9i% up ! "w ( in/all+ ! next day1 & w\ld !n run ! eng9e dry = an h\r or two1 to get ev]y?+ work+ nicely be=e decl>+ ! ,c>ol9e ready = sea4 ,x 0 j two weeks f ! day ! /uff arriv$ :5 ! eng9e 0 f9ally in/all$4 ,t's pretty quick "w1 decl>$ ,walt]1 & if ! boat 7 v>ni%$1 we c\ld h h] 9 ! wat] 9 a c\ple ( days4 ,9 ! ev5+1 z all ! ,greggs 7 seat$ on ! v]&a1 ,fr$ tri$ to expla9 to 8 fa!r ! in/allation ( ! eng9e1 b he fail$ to make himself q cle>4 ,mr4 ,gregg said to him3 ,y seem to h grasp$ ! !ory ( ! matt]1 b ,i see y don't und]/& "s important po9ts1 s ,i ?9k a few sugge/ions may be ( use to y4 ,i w n conf9e myself to m>9e motors altoge!r1 z gasol5e eng9es are us$ = _m purposes1 m & m e day4 ,) reg>d to in/all+ an eng9e 9 a boat1 ! fir/ "q is ! b$1 z y h se5 9 y\r own case1 :]e y\r f\ndation is made good & solid4 ,small eng9es may be support$ ^u a s+le cross piece at ea* end ( ! b$1 b ?is me?od %\ld be employ$ only = ! smalle/ sizes4 ,! heavie/1 & 9 mo/ cases ! h>de/1 pipe to fit up is ! exhau/4 ,x runs f ! exhau/ nozzle on ! eng9e to ! muffl] & !nce outbo>d4 ,! muffl] is commonly plac$ 9 ! /]n ) ! outlet directly outbo>d4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be 9 any conv5i5t position1 l "u ! seats 9 ! /&+ room1 & ! pip+ l$ outbo>d4 ,9 any case1 ! pip+ = ! exhau/ %\ld be z direct & z free f %>p b5ds z possible4 ,:5 ! motor is ne> ! middle ( ! boat1 a good practice is to lead ! exhau/ pipe out ?r\gh ! bottom1 & along x to a po9t ne> ! /]n1 :]e x aga9 ent]s ! boat & connects ) ! muffl]4 ,! outlet f ! muffl] !n leads directly outbo>d z be=e4 ,?is me?od1 especially on a l>ge cab9 boat1 avoids mu* loss ( space & ! disagreeable heat ( ! exhau/ pipe4 ,! surr\nd+ wat] quickly cools ! exhau/1 r$uces ! pressure & makes ! exhau/ almo/ noiseless4 ,! p>ticul> function ( ! muffl] is to af=d a comp>atively l>ge space into :i* ! exhau/ may pass & exp&1 greatly r$uc+ ! pressure4 ,! gas1 "u ! r$uc$ pressure1 !n passes out ) little di/urbance4 ,! muffl] ne$ be ( no p>ticul> %ape1 z long z ! volume is suffici5t4 ,x is usually made ( ca/ iron 9 ! small] sizes & ( %eet iron 9 ! l>g]4 ,9 _m cases a long piece ( r l>ge pipe w answ] ! same purpose4 ,! muffl] may be disp5s$ ) & mu* space sav$ by c>ry+ ! exhau/ directly ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! boat & exhau/+ "u wat]4 ,al?\gh ?is is a v conv5i5t & _m times satisfactory way1 great c>e mu/ be us$ or poor results w be obta9$4 ,:5 ! exhau/ leads directly out1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( pressure is us$ 9 displac+ ! wat]4 ,?is pressure is1 ( c\rse1 suppli$ by ! pi/on & is a 'back pressure1' ret>d+ ! pi/on & decreas+ its p[]4 ,a small expansion *amb] or muffl] %\ld be provid$ betwe5 ! eng9e & ! outlet1 9 ord] to break up ! viol5t pulsations & make ! fl[ fairly con/ant4 ,"s =m ( %ield %\ld be fitt$ ov] ! out] end ( ! exhau/ pipe to guide ! /ream ( ! exhau/ aft & prev5t ! wat] be+ =c$ into x by ! movem5t ( ! boat4 ,sev]al =ms ( ^! are on ! m>ket 9 ! %ape ( brass ca/+s :i* bolt on to ! outside ( ! hull & h a ?read on ! inside to take ! exhau/ pipe4 ,:5 ! "u wat] exhau/ is fitt$1 a pet cock %\ld be put 9 ! exhau/ pipe ne> ! eng9e4 ,?is is op5$ :5 ! eng9e is /opp$1 ?us prev5t+ ! wat] f be+ drawn up into ! cyl9d]s by ! vacuum caus$ by ! cool+ ( ! gases 9 ! pipe & cyl9d]s4 ,! "u wat] exhau/ is a v neat & simple me?od1 :5 correctly in/all$1 z all noise & heat f ! exhau/ pipe are avoid$4 ,! exhau/ may be consid]ably cool$ & ! noise r$uc$ by disp]sion4 ,) reg>d to /ation>y eng9es1 us$ = dome/ic or o!r purposes1 any old place is consid]$ good en\gh to put !m 94 ,n[1 ?is is "o ( ! bigge/ & mo/ exp5sive mi/akes "o c make1 = z soon z "s small screw gets loose 9 ! f> corn]1 ! eng9e1 salesman & manufactur] are unju/ly blam$1 simply because ! pres5t own] has n left en\gh room to make ! small adju/m5ts necess>y 9 e eng9e & piece ( ma*9]y4 ,!re=e1 x pays always to in/all ! eng9e 9 a light1 dry place1 easy ( access & ) suffici5t space all r\nd to enable all p>ts to be rea*$ & to give pl5ty ( room = turn+ ! fly :eels 9 />t+4 ,:5ev] possible1 place ! eng9e on ! gr\nd floor4 ,on an upp] floor1 ! necess>y provision %\ld be made to avoid vibration2 if in/all$ 9 ! basem5t1 place x 9 ! be/ light4 ,)\t a good f\ndation1 an eng9e may be expect$ to give m or less tr\ble f vibration1 s9ce x is subject$ to =ces1 sudd5ly & repeat$ly ex]t$1 :i* produce viol5t reactions4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to excavate d[n to good soil & to l9e ! bottom ) a sub/antial ?ickness ( concrete 9 ord] to =m a s+le mass ( artificial /one4 ,! f\ndations may !n be built up ( ei!r concrete1 brick1 or /one4 ,an*or plates %\ld be ext5d$ to ! bottom ( ! masonry & fa/5$ s z to prev5t turn+ :ile ! nuts are be+ screw$ up4 ,place gas pipes or tubes ) an inside diamet] twice ! diamet] ( ! bolts ar\nd !m1 :ile ! f\ndation is be+ built2 ?is all[s ! bolts to be adju/$1 & any v>iations betwe5 ! tubes may be fill$ ) ?9 cem5t aft] ! eng9e is set4 ,! top ( ! f\ndation %\ld be f9i%$ p]fectly flat & level ) a dress+ ( cem5t1 & aft] ?is is ?or\ghly dry ! eng9e may be plac$ 9 position4 ,:5 bolt+ d[n ! eng9e1 x is bett] to draw ea* bolt d[n a little at a "t until all are tight & ?us avoid /ra9+ ! eng9e crank4 ,aft] ! nuts are drawn tight1 if ! crank turns unreasonably h>d )\t loos5+ ! ma9 be>+ caps1 x may indicate an unev5 f\ndation1 :i* is a /ra9 9 ! eng9e b$ ca/+4 ,:5 sett+ up l>ge eng9es1 = f>m or o!r purposes1 especial c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid /ra9+ ! b$ ca/+s4 ,f\ndations hung f an upp] floor1 or built ^u x1 %\ld be plac$ z close to ! wall z possible4 ,= ! small] sizes ( eng9es x is a good plan to lay wood5 beams on top ( ! f\ndations & !n to place ! eng9e on top ( !m s t :5 ! frame is bolt$ d[n x b$s itself into ! timb]4 ,! timb] cap (t5 saves an annoy+ vibration :5 x c be ov]come 9 no o!r way4 ,all ! connections %\ld be z %ort & z free f turns z possible1 & no mi/ake c be made by hav+ pl5ty ( unions1 s z to disconnect ) ease4 ,! gasol5e tank %\ld be set z ne> ! eng9e z is conv5i5t1 ) ! top ( ! tank1 pref]ably1 n m ?an a foot or two bel[ ! base ( ! eng9e4 ,9 cases :]e ! gasol5e tank mu/ be set f =ty to fifty feet away1 x is necess>y to place a *eck valve 9 ! suction pipe ne> ! tank4 ,bo? suction & ov]fl[ pipes mu/ h a gradual rise all ! way f ! tank to ! pump & %\ld be z /raight z possible to avoid ! air traps1 :i* prev5t a /eady fl[ ( gasol5e4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial to clean ?or\ghly all pipes & fitt+s be=e !y are put toge!r1 by hamm]+ lightly to loos5 any scale & wa%+ out ) gasol5e1 z solid matt] ( ?is nature may be responsible = "s ( ! simple1 b h>d-to-get-at tr\bles common to gasol5e eng9es4 ,%ellac is be/ = jo9ts 9 gasol5e pip+1 b :5 ?is _c be obta9$ common laundry soap w answ] ! purpose j ab\t z well4 ,rememb]1 also1 t gasol5e is a rubb] solv5t1 & %\ld nev] be appli$ to jo9ts :]e rubb] is us$4 ,9 "s cases x w be f\nd advisable to use gravity fe$ in/ead ( a pump1 except 9 ! case ( ! tank1 :i* mu/ be s arrang$ t its l[e/ po9t is slightly above ! g5]ator valve4 ,! exhau/ pipe mu/ be ( full size1 free f turns & %ort z possible1 s9ce ! %ort] x is ! m economically ! eng9e w run4 ,x w be f\nd advisable to place ! muffl] & exhau/ pip+ away f combu/ible mat]ial1 & nev] to turn ! exhau/ into any *imney or flue4 ,!re are two g5]al me?ods ( supply+ ! wat]1 ! fir/ be+ t ( ! cool+ tank commonly us$ ) small eng9es4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 pip+1 ! tank %\ld be slightly elevat$1 & bo? pipes1 hav+ z few b5ds z possible1 %\ld slope f ! tank to ! eng9e1 a valve be+ plac$ 9 ! bottom pipe ne> ! tank4 ,by us+ a circulat+ pump1 fitt$ to ! eng9e or %aft1 wat] may be us$ f an und]gr\nd ci/]n or tank4 ,! o!r me?od is to use a cont9u\s cool+ /ream f wat]-works or o!r s\rce4 ,:5 city wat] is us$1 x is a good plan to h a break & funnel ins]t$ 9 ! dra9 pipe s t ! curr5t ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] jacket may be se54 ,= mak+ jo9ts 9 wat] pipes1 ei!r ?ick lead or graphite may be us$ ) almo/ equal success4 ,x may be well to place p>ticul> emphasis on ! fact t x w pay to get into ! habit ( always %utt+ (f ! wat] at ! tank & dra9+ ! cyl9d] e "t ! eng9e is /opp$--n necess>y 9 summ]1 b absolutely ess5tial 9 w9t]--z a fair p]c5tage ( gasol5e us]s "k to _! co/4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be employ$ 9 us+ & h&l+ gasol5e1 z x is dang]\s & highly explosive4 ,x has be5 kn[n to explode :5 #bj or #cj feet f light1 ! vap\rs hav+ rea*$ ! fire 9 ! way ( a gas1 ignit+ & fir+ ! liquid4 ,&1 n[1 "r "h1 let me impress on y ?is w>n+2 nev] h&le gasol5e ne> a fire or light "u any circum/ances1 & be v c>eful ) x "u all conditions4 ,=tunately1 !re are few accid5ts result+ f gasol5e1 :5 we consid] ! l>ge am\nt us$ s9ce x has become almo/ a univ]sal fuel = eng9es1 & x is also us$ l>gely = dome/ic heat+ & light+4 ,x is a product ( petroleum1 ( :i* 9 its crude =m ab\t #gf p] c5t4 is turn$ into k]os5e1 #aa p] c5t4 into gasol5e1 #c p] c5t4 into lubricat+ oils1 & ! balance into vasel9es1 p>aff9e1 coke & s =?4 ,diff]5t petroleums produce diff]5t proportions ( ! v>i\s products1 "s ( !m be+ consid]ably ri*] 9 gasol5e ?an #aa p] c5t4 ,gasol5e is usually designat$ accord+ to its specific gravity by an arbitr>y measure1 kn[n z ,baume's hydromet] scale4 ,?is designation is 9 degrees1 ! mo/ common gasol5e rang+ betwe5 #fe degrees & #he degrees1 & ! av]age be+ #gj degrees1 ! usual d5sity us$ 9 eng9es4 ,y w f9d x some:at difficult at fir/ to />t up y\r eng9e :5 y wi% to1 s ,i w give y a few h9ts to %[ h[ ?is difficulty may (t5 be ov]come4 ,!re is always a reason :y a gas eng9e refuses to obey ! behe/ ( its driv]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 see t ! compression is "r & ! admission valve s tight t x w admit only en\gh ( ! mixture 7gasol5e & air7 to make a *>ge t w take fire f ! sp>k] & move ! pi/on =w>d4 ,next see t ! sp>k] is clean1 t x w make a bright sp>k at :ite heat :5 ! contact is brok51 & at ! "r "t4 ',9 "t' means to g if ev]y?+ else is "r1 & 'out ( "t' means n to g ev5 :5 ev]y?+ else is "r4 ,! valve ( ! eng9e mu/ be kept well gr\nd d[n ) em]y & oil s z to preclude ! possibility ( a leak1 z "o w\ld v s]i\sly weak5 ! p[] ( ! eng9e ev5 aft] x _h />t$4 ,! sp>k mu/ be made :5 ! connect+ rod ( ! eng9e is on ! 'up /roke1' ) ! crank %aft ab\t ?ree in*es bel[ ! horizontal l9e ( ! c5tre ( ! index1 & h]e9 lies ! :ole secret ( ! greate/ effici5cy f ! lea/ am\nt ( gasol5e4 ,z !re is an int]val ( "t aft] ! sp>k is made until x ignites ! *>ge1 x is v evid5t t ! movem5t ( ! ma*9]y cont9ues & ! mom5t ( ignition %\ld take place :5 ! compression is greate/4 ,?is w be :5 ! pi/on is on its f>!/ '9 /roke1' i4 e41 9 p]fect l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]4 ,b if ! *>ge be ignit$ at ?is po9t ! eng9e w n develop ! greate/ p[]1 z ! int]val spok5 ( w elapse & ! pi/on w h />t$ on its 'out /roke'1 !reby n gett+ its full =ce ( ! expansive gases lib]at$ by combu/ion ( ! air & gasol5e4 ,s y w readily see t y mu/ all[ = ! int]val spok5 (1 if y w\ld get full returns = ! en]gy us$ 9 propell+ ! motor4 ,i h tri$ to make ?is pla91 & ,i hope my ef=ts w help y out ) y\r eng9e1 ei!r 9 />t+ or develop+ ! p[] at :i* x is rat$4 ,x 0 n yet late1 s ! boys took d[n f ! book %elf a code ( ya*t flag signals1 & f\nd ! foll[+3 ,!re are no h>d & fa/ rules reg>d+ %apes & col\rs ( ya*t bunt+1 b ! foll[+ are g5]ally accept$ by ! prom95t clubs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 =eign c\ntries4 #a4 ,! p5nant 7a triangul> %ap$ flag7 is us$ = ! club burgee4 #b4 ,! %all[ tail is adopt$ = ! private signal4 #c4 ,! rectangul> flag is *iefly us$ = a flag (fic]'s signal4 #d4 ,! %ape1 consequ5tly1 at once d5otes :e!r a flag is t ( a club1 a flag (fic]1 or a memb]4 #e4 ,! majority ( flag (fic]s' signals are col\r$3 ,blue = commodore1 r$ = vice-commodore1 & :ite = re>-commodore4 #f4 ,! int]national code ( signals enables ya*ts to communicate ) ea* o!r1 & is also us$ = dress+ %ip4 ,! ensign %\ld be fl[n f ! peak ( ! ma9-sail on a sail+ ya*t1 :5 "u way1 & f a /]n flag pole :5 moor$4 ,on a yawl1 x %\ld be hoi/$ at ! mizz5 truck4 ,on a /eam]1 laun*1 or d+hy1 x %\ld be fl[n f a /]n flag pole1 :5 "u way or at an*or4 ,club ,burgee4--,! burgee %\ld measure 9 l5g? ab\t "o-half in* = ea* foot ( height ( truck f ! wat]2 wid? to be two-?irds ( ! l5g?4 ,private signals may be small]4 ,! burgee %\ld be fl[n f ! ma/-head or truck ( a cutt]1 sloop1 or cat-rigg$ ya*t1 ! ma9 truck ( a yawl1 ! =e truck ( a s*oon] & /eam]1 & f ! b[ pole ( a laun* or d+hy4 ,flag (fic]s' & private signals %\ld be fl[n f ! truck ( a cutt]1 sloop1 or cat-rigg$ ya*t1 ! ma9 truck ( a s*oon]1 yawl1 or /eam]1 & f ! b[ pole ( a laun* or d+hy4 ,! foll[+ flags are n consid]$ z col\rs3 ,night ,p5nant 7blue74--,is hoi/$ at ! ma9 truck f sund[n to #h ,a4 ,m42 also occasionally us$ z a tell-tale :5 rac+ or sail+4 ,own]'s ,abs5t ,flag 7blue rectangul>74--,is fl[n f ! ma9 />bo>d spread] :5 ya*t is at an*or only4 ,x d5otes own] is n on bo>d1 b %\ld nev] be fl[n :5 "u way4 ,own]'s ,meal ,flag 7:ite rectangul>74--,is fl[n f ! ma9 />bo>d spread]1 & d5otes ! own] is at meals--bo>d+ a ya*t :5 ?is flag is fly+ is consid]$ bad =m4 ,crew ,meal ,flag 7r$ triangul>74--,is fl[n f ! =eport spread] on s*oon]s & ma9-port spread] on s+le-ma/$ ya*ts4 ,?is d5otes t ! crew is at meals4 ,! ,ensign4--,display$ on a vessel indicates di/ress & want ( assi/ance4 ,flag ,b1 ( ! ,int]national ,code ( ,signals1 is us$ = a prote/ flag1 & is conspicu\sly display$ 9 ! rigg+ ( a ya*t prote/+ dur+ a race4 ,a ya*t1 on )draw+ f any race1 %\ld at once l[] its rac+ col\rs1 & all[ ya*ts /ill compet+ ! "r ( way4 ,?is code 0 /udi$ by ! boys until bo? ( !m ?or\ghly und]/ood its full mean+1 & ,george became s en?usia/ic ov] x t he exclaim$3 ,fr$1 ,i am go+ to be an admiral ( ! navy6 ,v ,a ,,talk ,,ab\t ,,eng9es ,mr4 ,watts 0 e>ly at ! ,gregg resid5ce next day1 & busi$ himself prep>+ ! eng9e to />t up4 ,a big tub 0 tak5 to ! boat h\se fill$ ) wat] by a hose atta*$ to ! suction pipe1 & dropp$ into ! wat]4 ,?is 0 a my/]y to ,george1 :o inquir$ ab\t ! use ( ! wat] & ! o!r atta*m5ts4 ,x 0 expla9$ to him1 t outside ! cyl9d] !re 0 a holl[ space1 call$ ! wat] jacket1 ext5d+ ov] ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 & ?is _h to be kept full ( cold wat] by cont9ual circulation4 ,x 0 pump$ 9 by ! eng9e & =c$ out by ! same means1 a simple contrivance be+ arrang$ = ! purpose4 ,?is circulation ( wat] is necess>y to keep ! inside ( ! cyl9d] cool1 o!rwise ! walls w\ld soon become r$ hot1 on acc\nt ( ! rapid explosions ( gas & air employ$ 9 ! cyl9d] to keep ! pi/on mov+ to & fro4 ,george seem$ to grasp ! idea ?or\ghly4 ,mr4 ,watts also expla9$ ! use ( ! c>buretor1 ! sp>k coil1 ! batt]y1 & ! me?od ( contact to produce a sp>k at ! prop] mom5t4 ,aft] "s screw+ ( bolts1 adju/+ ! pi/on1 & try+ ! valves1 ! tank 9 ! c>buretor 0 suppli$ ) gasol5e & ,mr4 ,watts tri$ ! eng9e = a few revolutions1 z g5tly z x c\ld be done4 ,x 0 a little /iff at fir/1 "s ( ! connections fitt+ too tight1 & ! pi/on1 be+ new & h>%1 did n "w smoo?ly4 ,by ! judici\s use ( good lubricat+ oil & a few turns ( "s ( ! nuts on ! bolts1 a little m fre$om 0 giv5 to ! ma*9e & ! />t+ 0 easy & smoo?4 ,george & ,jessie 7 delight$ ) ! rapid movem5t ( ! ma*9e1 ! buzz ( ! propell]1 & p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! movem5t ( ! wat] 9 ! tub4 ,mr4 ,watts all[$ ! eng9e to run q a little :ile1 & arrang$ ! exhau/ s z to beat regul>ly & to pop6 pop6 z little z possible4 ,he !n call$ ,fr$ into ! boat & taught him h[ to run ! ma*9e1 arrange ! contact break]1 & regulate ! fe$+ ( fuel4 ,! eng9e 0 /opp$ to cool & to be exam9$ aga9 by ,mr4 ,watts1 :o pron\nc$ x all "r4 ,mr4 ,gregg1 :o _h arriv$ j be=e ! eng9e 0 /opp$1 exam9$ all its p>ts & wat*$ x "w = a m9ute or s4 ,fr$ arrang$ 8 pots & bru%es1 & he & ,george w5t to "w v>ni%+1 s t be=e sunset ! ,c>ol9e look$ q sm>t & trim4 ,! boys 7 v c>eful 9 apply+ ! v>ni% to put x on light & ?9 s z n to let ! coats lap ov] "o ano!r z !y w5t along4 ,!y f9i%$ ea* /reak f end to end1 be=e />t+ on ! next1 & foll[+ ?is me?od !y obta9$ a nice1 ev5 surface4 ,! v>ni% did n look blot*y or pat*$1 z x w\ld h done _h ! ends ( ! v>ni% lapp$4 ,to avoid lapp+ is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial op]ations 9 v>ni%+1 :5 a nice piece ( "w is desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,f9i%+ ,,! ,,motor ,,laun* ,to ,avoid ',lapp+' is ,"o ( ! ,mo/ ,ess5tial ,op]ations 9 ,v>ni%+ ,x 0 decid$ to give ! little craft two m coats ( %ellac v>ni% be=e laun*+ h]1 & ! foll[+ spr+ to give h] a good coat ( m>9e v>ni%4 ,mr4 ,gregg ?\ght t 9 ano!r week1 say ! foll[+ ,w$nesday1 ! ,c>ol9e might be laun*$ ) safety1 z ! v>ni% w\ld get dry & h>d1 & ! inside pa9t w\ld also be h>d en\gh4 ,jessie & ! boys 7 giv5 p]mission to invite a few fri5ds ea* to ! boat laun*+1 & 7 promis$ suitable refre%m5ts to be s]v$ on ! new gr\nds1 if ! wea!r 0 fav\rable4 ,fr$ ask$ 8 fa!r if he c\ld n build up "s tempor>y picnic tables & seats = ! occasion1 z !re 0 pl5ty ( mat]ial /ill left unus$ f ! old b>n /uff4 ,p]mission 0 grant$1 & aft] c\nt+ up ! numb] t w\ld probably be pres5t1 x 0 f\nd t ?ree tables1 ea* ab\t fifte5 feet long1 ) necess>y seats1 w\ld give ample room = ! accommodation ( ! propos$ gue/s1 ) a good all[ance = ov]fl[4 ,j !n ! :i/le ( a small /eam tug1 t (t5 pli$ on ! riv]1 gave w>n+ ( h] approa*2 & all w5t d[n to ! riv] edge to wat* h] pass & to see :at effect h] wa% w\ld h on ! new pi] & ! boat h\se skid or slides4 ,%e came up /ream rapidly aga9/ ! tide--:i* 0 on ! ebb--& !re 0 a consid]able wa% f h] :eel1 b x /ruck ! bank1 ! pi]1 & ! skids )\t do+ ! lea/ h>m or giv+ any evid5ce t tr\ble w\ld result f any reasonable wa%4 ,! little /eam]'s exhau/1 z %e pass$1 made q a noise & ,jessie 0 some:at puzzl$ at ?is1 z ! exhau/ f ! gas eng9e ( ! ,c>ol9e only made a pla9tive puff 9 comp>ison4 ,h] fa!r promis$ to expla9 ! reason aft] tea4 ,return+ to ! boat h\se1 ,george sugge/$ t ! "n ( ! boat be pa9t$ on bo? sides ( ! b[1 9 l>ge lett]s1 b ,mr4 ,gregg & ,fr$1 ?\ght x bett] to h ,c>ol9e plac$ on ! second /reaks ( %ea?+1 9 gold1 ! lett]s to be n m ?an two in*es ov] all4 ,?is 0 agre$ ^u1 & a "y arti/1 :o 0 a ne> neighb\r1 0 sugge/$ z ! p]son to d ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,h]o's /eam eng9e ,aft] tea1 ,jessie & ! boys foll[$ _! fa!r into ! d51 :]e ,mr4 ,gregg gave ! *ildr5 a brief hi/ory ( ! /eam eng9e1 z f> back z kn[n1 comm5c+ ) ! ,colipyle1 ! inv5tion ( ,h]o ( ,alex&ria ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,x 0 simply a pot or boil]1 p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 ! lid or cov] be+ fa/5$ d[n tightly4 ,on ! top ( ?is 0 atta*$ a holl[ b5t tube hav+ a tap fitt$ to x1 :i* support$ & communicat$ ) a holl[ metal ball hung on ano!r tube or be>+ on ! o!r side 9 su* a mann] t ! ball c\ld revolve easily4 ,atta*$ to ?is holl[ ball or sph]e 7 f\r o!r holl[ tubes1 s fa/5$ z to project f ! surface two or ?ree in*es1 & ^! 7 b5t at _! out] end1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,^! tubes 7 ( c\rse atta*$ & b5t 9 a direction at "r angles to ! axis ( rotation4 ,! tap lead+ to ! holl[ ball1 :5 turn$ op51 all[$ ! /eam f ! boil] to ru% into ! ball & fill x up4 ,if x 0 clos$ entirely1 ! ball w\ld rema9 /ill1 b ! /eam ex]t+ an equal pressure on all po9ts ( ! inn] surface1 & f9d+ ! op5+s1 escap$ ?r\gh ) a ru% & noise z x cond5s$ 9 ! air1 :i* x press$ aga9/1 caus+ ! ball to revolve 9 an opposite direction to ! outfl[ ( /eam4 ,?is ,h]o eng9e or ,colipyle1 0 d\btless ! beg9n+ ( /eam motors1 b dur+ ! #b1jjj or m ye>s s9ce ,h]o's toy eng9e 0 inv5t$1 great /rides h be5 made t[>d br++ ! /eam eng9e to its pres5t effici5cy4 ,b ,i d n int5d1 said ,mr4 ,gregg1 to give a hi/ory ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! ma*9e1 at ?is "t4 ,!re are num]\s works on ! subject1 obta9able 9 any fairly-equipp$ libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,/eam cyl9d] & pi/on ,/eam1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is g5]at$ by heat be+ appli$ to a clos$ metal kettle or boil] conta9+ wat]4 ,?is boil] mu/ be /rong & prop]ly arrang$ s z to admit m wat]--:i* is usually inject$ ) a =ce pump--& x mu/ h an outlet = ! release ( ! /eam to ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,g5]ally1 !re is a small dome on ! top ( ! boil]1 call$ ! /eam dome1 & to ?is ! /eam outfl[ pipe is atta*$4 ,! actual use ( ?is dome is to hold a volume ( /eam t w rema9 unmix$ ) wat]1 z x is plac$ consid]ably above wat] level4 ,on ! top ( ! dome !re is an automatic arrangem5t call$ a safety valve1 s t :5 !re is too mu* pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil]1 x w op5 & all[ ! ov]-pressure to escape1 & ?us prev5t ! boil] f explod+ or be+ ov] /ra9$4 ,?is valve is controll$ by a simple device1 some:at simil> to a /eely>d4 ,a movable weight is arrang$ to slide on a long arm :i* is loosely fix$ to ! valve flange by a bolt & nut1 & ext5ds "s di/ance pa/ ! seat ( ! valve4 ,! arm or lev] has an iron p9 atta*$ to x directly ov] ! valve seat1 :i* holds d[n ! valve & keeps ! /eam f escap+4 ,! movable weight on ! arm is adju/$ s z to regulate ! pressure on ! valve4 ,:5 !re is too great a pressure1 ! valve =ces up ! lev]1 & at ! same "t op5s a passage = ! extra pressure ( /eam to escape4 ,!re are sev]al o!r contrivances = reliev+ ! boil] ( ov] /ress1 b ! "o describ$1 or r ! pr9ciple on :i* x is built1 is mo/ 9 use on ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( boil]s1 or /eam g5]ators1 b ! be/1 & v likely ! /ronge/1 are ^? employ$ on our fir/-class railway locomotives4 ,^! are frequ5tly "u a pressure ( #bjj or m p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 :i* seems an enorm\s load = a holl[ %ell to c>ry1 yet1 s ne> p]fection are !y1 we r>ely he> ( a locomotive boil] explosion4 ,z !re are _m k9ds ( boil]s1 s also are !re _m k9ds ( /eam eng9es1 b all ( ^! latt]1 ) v few exceptions1 h a cyl9d] & pi/on = conv]t+ ! =ce ( ! /eam into useful & effective motion4 ,! mann] ( us+ ?is =ce & keep+ x "u prop] control is some:at complex & difficult to describe briefly1 )\t elaborate diagrams1 b ,mr4 ,gregg expla9$1 9 8 own way1 h[ ! great =ce 0 conv]t$ into motion4 ,on ! blackbo>d he drew a r\gh diagram ( a cyl9d] & valve or /eam-*e/1 ) pi/on & slide-valve1 ab\t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 :i* gives a longitud9al section ( ! :ole arrangem5t4 ,"h we see ne> ea* end1 ! op5+ ( a d\ble conduit aa1 made 9 ! ?ickness ( ! side2 ^! are ! op5+s by :i* ! /eam comes alt]nately to "w on "o end1 !n on ! o!r1 ( ! pi/on4 ,^! are call$ ! /eam-ports4 ,^! two op5 outw>d on a well-poli%$ surface1 & betwe5 ! two a ?ird op5+1 ,e1 is se51 :i* s]ves to let ! /eam escape :5 x has done its "w1 & is call$ = t reason ! exhau/ port4 ,c is ! pipe by :i* ! /eam ga9s access to ! op5 air or to ! cond5s]1 :]e x p>ts ) its ela/ic =ce4 ,"h is %[n by :at contrivance ! di/ribution is effect$1 consi/+1 z x does1 ( two p>tial op]ations2 ! admission ( ! /eam & its escape1 :i* mu/ be repeat$ twice to obta9 a complete phase ( ! to-&-fro movem5t ( ! slide-valve4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods employ$ accord+ to diff]5t eng9es--b ! fir/ describ$ is ! "o repres5t$ by ! illu/ration4 ,9 ! valve *e/1 ,,bb1 is se5 a prismatic box1 op5 on "o side1 call$ ! slide-valve1 & ?is is appli$ by its op5 face to ! well-poli%$ plane on :i*1 z m5tion$ be=e1 ! ?ree ports op54 ,! space ,,bb1 is call$ ! valve or /eam *e/4 ,! /eam com+ f ! boil] by ! pipe ,c spreads out freely 9 x1 b ! inside ( ! slide-valve1 on ! contr>y1 is always clos$ to ! ent]+ /eam1 ?\gh con/antly 9 communication ) ! escape pipe & also ) fir/ "o !n ! o!r ( ! entrances to ! cyl9d]4 ,la/ly1 ! movem5t ( ! slide-valve is produc$ by ! eng9e itself1 aid$ by a rod & an ecc5tric fix$ to ! %aft ( ! fly-:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,/eam valves--diff]5t positions ,by foll[+ ! successive & alt]nat+ motions ( ! slide-valve1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cb1 we c easily compreh5d ! diff]5t phases ( ! di/ribution ( ! /eam4 ,?is is ! ma*9]y = ! di/ribution ( /eam g5]ally4 ,!re are o!r eng9es1 su* z rot>y & oscillat+1 t are suppli$ by o!r contrivances1 b mo/ ( ^! h fall51 or are fa/ fall+ into disuse1 z !y are n s satisfactory z ! ord9>y slide-valve4 ,x w be se5 ^u exam9ation ( ! sket*1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 h[ ! /eam ent]s & leaves ! cyl9d] & ! position ( ! pi/on "u ! v>i\s positions ( ! valves4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! slide1 also ! direction ( ! pi/on & its position :5 ! slide cov]s ! ports ,x1 or leaves !m op51 or p>tly s4 ,! ports = egress or +ress are %[n at ,x1 ! slide-valve at ,v1 & ! cyl9d] at ,c4 ,:5 ! pi/on is ne> "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! /eam is admitt$ & =ces ! pi/on 9 ! opposite direction1 :ile ! valve is s arrang$ t :5 ! pi/on />ts 9 t o!r direction1 x beg9s to op5 ! port at ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh :i* ! exhau/$ /eam escapes4 ,?is makes ! noise ,jessie ask$ h] fa!r ab\t4 ,!re are "s eng9es s devis$ t ! exhau/ is made to assi/ 9 driv+ ano!r eng9e4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m k9ds ( /eam eng9es1 b all are run on ! same pr9ciple1 or ne>ly s4 ,z y "k1 /eam is g5]at$ 9 boil]s by fire be+ appli$ to ! outside & ! wat] made hot en\gh to raise /eam4 ,a /eam eng9e is said to be ext]nally heat$1 :ile gas1 oil1 & o!r simil> eng9es are int]nally heat$1 because in/ead ( ! /eam driv+ ! pi/on1 ! gas1 oil1 or o!r explosive matt] is admitt$ into ! cle>ance or space betwe5 ! pi/on & ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 :]e x is explod$ by an electric sp>k f a batt]y provid$ = ! purpose1 & ?is is call$ ! ignition4 ,! explosion causes ! gas & air 9 ! cyl9d] to exp&1 br++ a great pressure on ! pi/on1 =c+ x to move t[>d ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 & mak+ ! :ole ma*9e move4 ,"o great advantage ( employ+ a gas eng9e is t no boil] is requir$1 a v important matt]1 z boil]s take up a great deal ( space4 ,! coal or wood necess>y to keep up /eam also takes space t c\ld be us$ = o!r purposes1 all ( :i* make ! use ( /eam objectionable :5 x is possible to employ suitable gas eng9es4 ,besides1 ! make-up ( a /eam eng9e is ( su* a "* t x is v exp5sive1 :ile ! fir/ co/ ( gas eng9es is mu* l[]4 ,all gas1 oil1 or o!r explosive eng9es are int]nal heat]s1 because ! heat is g5]at$ 9 ! cyl9d] at ea* explosion1 & ?is is "o ( ! ma9 features t di/+ui%es ! gas f ! /eam eng9e4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m atta*m5ts & connections to /eam & gas eng9es t w\ld take too long to describe1 & 9 a great measure be unnecess>y4 ,a few items may prove bo? useful & pr(itable & x is well to "k fir/ly3 ,h[ to e/imate ! horse-p[] ( an eng9e4 ,:5 /eam eng9es 7 fir/ introduc$ !y 7 l>gely us$ to take ! place ( ! horses previ\sly employ$ = rais+ wat] f m9es4 ,naturally p inquir$1 :5 buy+ an eng9e1 :at am\nt ( "w x w\ld p]=m z comp>$ ) horses4 ,! e>lie/ eng9e build]s f\nd !mselves v mu* at a loss to answ] ?is "q s !y _h to asc]ta9 h[ mu* a horse c\ld d4 ,! mo/ p[]ful draught horses & ! be/ ( any !n kn[n 7 ! ,london brew]s' horses4 ,^!1 x 0 asc]ta9$1 7 able to travel at ! rate ( two & a half miles p] h\r & "w eight h\rs p] day4 ,! duty1 9 ?is case1 0 hoi/+ a load ( #aej p\nds out ( a m9e %aft by means ( a cable4 ,:5 a horse moves two & a half miles p] h\r1 he travels #bbj feet 9 a m9ute1 &1 ( c\rse1 at ! spe$ nam$1 ! #aej-p\nd load w\ld be rais$ v]tically t di/ance4 ,t is equal to #cjj p\nds lift$ #aaj feet p] m9ute1 or1 #c1jjj p\nds lift$ #aa feet or #cc1jjj p\nds lift$ "o foot high 9 "o m9ute4 ,t is ! /&>d ( horse-p[]1 z we all "k4 ,x is mu* m1 h[ev]1 ?an ! av]age horse c d1 & !re=e ! build]s 7 confid5t t ! eng9es w\ld take ! place ( fully z _m horses z ! horse-p[] w\ld indicate t !y %\ld4 ,( c\rse1 #cc1jjj p\nds lift$ #a foot p] m9ute is mu* m conv5i5t = calculation ?an #aej p\nds lift$ #bbj feet1 & !re=e ! =m] rate has be5 adopt$4 ,! am\nt ( "w1 or numb] ( foot-p\nds1 is ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,a foot-p\nd repres5ts ! am\nt ( p[] requir$ to lift "o p\nd "o foot high4 ,to f9d ! numb] ( horse-p[] 9 any eng9e1 we multiply ! area ( ! pi/on by ! av]age pressure p] squ>e in* ^u x2 multiply ?is result by ! di/ance :i* ! pi/on travels p] m9ute 9 feet & ! result is ! numb] ( foot-p\nds p] m9ute :i* ! eng9e c raise4 ,divide by #cc1jjj & ! result w be ! numb] ( horse-p[]4 ,! numb] ( feet p] m9ute travell$ by ! pi/on is twice ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute multipli$ by ! l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,?is gives ! am\nt ( horse-p[] suffici5tly accurate = all practical purposes4 ,x necess>ily takes "t to d "w1 b ! am\nt ( "w done has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! "t tak5 to d x4 ,if a man1 weigh+ #aej p\nds1 walks up ! #ijj /eps lead+ to ! highe/ atta9able level 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,monum5t1 #ejj feet high1 he does "w aga9/ gravity equal to #ge1jjj foot-p\nds1 irrespective ( ! "t tak5 9 ! asc5t4 ,!n ! "w done 9 a giv5 "t1 divid$ by ! "t1 is call$ ! p[] ( activity4 ,p[] is ! "t rate ( do+ "w4 ,9 ! ,engli% gravitational sy/em1 ! unit ( p[] is ! horse-p[] 7,h4,p472 x is ! rate ( do+ "w equal to #cc1jjj foot-p\nds a m9ute1 or #eej foot-p\nds a second4 ,9 ! c5timetre-gramme-second 7,c4,g4,s47 sy/em 79 :i* ! unit is #a gramme mov+ at ! rate ( #a cm4 a second71 ! unit ( p[] is ! watt4 ,x equals "w done at ! rate ( "o j\le 7#aj1jjj1jjj ergs7 a second4 ,"o horse-p[] is equival5t to #gdf watts4 ,a kil[att 7,k4,w47 is #a1jjj watts4 ,x is !re=e ne>ly #a-a_/c horse-p[]4 ,to conv]t kil[atts into horse-p[] add "o-?ird2 to conv]t horse-p[] into kil[atts1 subtract "o-f\r?4 ,= example1 #fj ,k4,w4 equals #hj ,h4,p4 & #ajj ,h4,p4 equals #ge ,k4,w4 ,! expression foot-p\nd is 9 g5]al use among ,engli%-speak+ eng9e]s1 & z expla9$ x is ! unit ( "w done by a =ce ( "o p\nd work+ ?r\gh a di/ance ( "o foot4 ,x is n a fix$ /&>d ( measurem5t1 s9ce ! weight ( a p\nd is n ! same 9 all heights above sea level1 & on ?is gr\nd x is op5 to objection4 ,x is ! ne>e/ con/ant1 h[ev]1 we h yet discov]$1 h5ce its g5]al adoption4 ,dry /eam is ! /eam 9 :i* no cond5sation is visible1 & x may g5]ally be obta9$ at a #aj-p\nd pressure p] in*1 b no exact divid+ l9e ( pressure c be def9$ betwe5 dry /eam & wet4 ,if c>e is tak5 9 cov]+ pipes & cyl9d]s1 to prev5t cond5sation1 a pressure ( #aj p\nds %\ld make /eam z dry z gas1 & if ! /eam pipe is c>ri$ ?r\gh a good1 hot fire at "s po9t1 ! fire w sup]heat ! /eam & r5d] x m dry4 ,wet /eam1 ( c\rse1 is /eam t c be se51 ?r\gh hav+ be5 m or less cond5s$ by contact ) air or cold4 ,!re c be no /eam )\t heat1 b /eam does n require z mu* heat z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,suppose we take "o p\nd ( wat] at #cb degrees ,fahr5heit & apply a fix$ & kn[n quantity ( heat until x boils2 we w assume t x takes #bj m9utes1 & we h suppli$ ! wat] #ahj heat units1 :i*1 add$ to ! #cb conta9$ 9 ! wat] at ! />t1 makes #bab degrees ,fahr5heit or heat units1 & is ! s5sible heat ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,n[ let u cont9ue ! same quantity ( heat p] m9ute until all ! wat] has evaporat$ into /eam1 & we w !n f9d t x has tak5 five & "o-?ird times z long1 or #ajg m9utes to d ?is "w4 ,consequ5tly we h us$ five & "o-?ird times #ahj or #ifj heat units2 or1 to be exact1 #iff heat units4 ,n[ ! temp]ature ( ! /eam is ! same z ! wat] f :i* x has evaporat$1 or #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ?is #iff heat units is ! lat5t heat ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,all /eam has a s5sible heat correspond+ ) ! temp]ature ( ! wat] x has evaporat$ f4 ,if y boil wat] "u a pressure ( five atmosph]es1 or #ge p\nds pressure1 ! s5sible heat is #cjf degrees ,fahr5heit1 ! boil+ po9t at t pressure1 b ! lat5t heat has decreas$ by ! same numb] ( heat units t ! boil+ po9t increas$1 s ! total is ! same 9 all cases4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance we h #bab degrees m9us #cb1 plus #iff1 or #a1adf2 & 9 ! second #cjf degrees m9us #cb1 plus #hgb or #a1adf heat units4 ,?is may be consid]$ a fair description ( lat5t heat4 ,! mo/ useful quality ( /eam yet discov]$ is its p[] ( expansion4 ,x foll[s :at is kn[n z ,m>riott's ,law ( ,exp&+ ,gases1 :i* means "o-half ! pressure d\ble ! volume4 ,s if we let /eam into an eng9e cyl9d]1 at #hj p\nds' pressure1 & cut x (f at "o-f\r? /roke1 x is at #hj p\nds up to ! po9t ( cut-(f4 ,at "o-half /roke1 because x has d\bl$ its volume1 x is r$uc$ to "o-half pressure1 or #dj p\nds2 :ile at ?ree-f\r?s /roke ! volume has trebl$ & ! pressure has dropp$ to ne>ly #bg p\nds1 & ?is is :y x is economical to run eng9es t use /eam expansively4 ,/eam at #bg p\nds' pressure is v mu* cool] ?an /eam at #hj p\nds1 & ?is diff]5ce 9 temp]ature has be5 conv]t$ into me*anical "w by our /eam 7heat7 eng9e4 ,!re are _m o!r peculi>ities ab\t /eam & /eam eng9es t a "y boy %\ld "k1 & ! in=mation c readily be obta9$ f books 9 any good libr>y4 ,! /eam turb9e1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 he>d lately1 is n con/ruct$ l an ord9>y /eam eng9e ) cyl9d]1 slide-valve & o!r atta*m5ts2 b m l ! ,h]o eng9e1 ) ?is diff]5ce t ! /eam jet or jets act on a :eel hav+ vanes or blades1 ! expansion produc+ a velocity :i* rotates ! :eel conta9+ ! vanes4 ,a mod]n turb9e1 ( ! ,p>sons type1 su* z are employ$ on ! great ,atlantic /eam]s1 is a trem5d\sly high spe$ eng9e4 ,x does n d]ive its p[] f ! /atic =ce ( /eam exp&+ beh9d a pi/on1 z 9 a reciprocat+ eng9e4 ,9 ?is case ! exp&+ /eam produces k9etic en]gy ( ! /eam p>ticles1 :i* receive a high velocity by virtue ( ! expansion1 &1 act+ ^u ! vanes ( a :eel1 =ce x ar\nd at a high spe$ ( rotation 9 ! same mann] z a /ream ( wat] rotates a wat]-:eel4 ,! expansion produces velocity 9 a jet ( /eam1 & ?is is ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord9>y eng9e & ! mod]n /eam turb9e4 ,among gas & int]nal explosion eng9es !re exi/ "s diff]5ces1 bo? 9 con/ruction & 9 ! mann] ( supply+ fuel4 ,! gas-produc+ eng9e may be consid]$ ! bett] class1 ?\gh x has n z yet ga9$ ! popul>ity ( ! gasol5e "o4 ,! gas by :i* ?is /yle ( eng9e is op]at$ is produc$ by a special process1 namely1 by pass+ air & /eam ?r\gh a fire ( hot coals4 ,aft] g5]ation ! gas passes ov] a fla%-boil] & a portion ( its great heat is )drawn1 ?us p]mitt+ x to ent] a scrubb]--a cyl9d] fill$ ) coke & sawdu/--:ile fairly cool4 ,9 pass+ ov] ! fla%-boil] ! great heat raises all ! /eam necess>y = ! production ( gas requir$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! eng9e & plant4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! scrubb] ! gas is n only cool$1 b is fre$ f p>ticles ( susp5d$ matt]1 ! coke remov+ ! heavi] p>ticles1 & ! sawdu/1 ! t>1 or any o!r volatile matt] t may be left4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important requirem5ts 9 a gas-produc] is t x %all be adapt$ to ! "w x has to d4 ,its con/ruction %\ld be compact & simple1 s z to p]mit ! easy removal ( worn out p>ts4 ,! fe$+ device %\ld be su* z to secure a uni=m di/ribution ( fuel4 ,! bla/ %\ld be s introduc$ z to burn out all ! c>bon 9 ! a% zone1 & yet n produce localiz$ combu/ion along ! walls4 ,! con/ruction %\ld p]mit ! easy removal ( a%es1 & r5d] ! ma*9e safe1 :ile ! entire process ( gasification %\ld be clean4 ,! radiation loss %\ld be l[1 & ! produc] mu/ be made effici5t to insure satisfaction4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t because ( ! pres5ce ( c>bon monoxide1 produc] gas w always be m or less poison\s4 ,! c>bon monoxide has a specific toxic effect on ! human sy/em1 & :5 inhal$ ent]s into direct comb9ation ) ! blood1 & br+s ab\t v dang]\s effects4 ,z wat] is always requir$ = cool+ purposes :5 runn+ a gasol5e eng9e1 x is well to "k ab\t h[ mu* w be requir$4 ,"o au?ority says3 ,! quantity ( wat] requir$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( #fj degrees ,f4 inlet & #aej degrees outlet1 to keep ! cyl9d] ( gas eng9es cool is #d4e to #e gallons p] indicat$ horse-p[]-h\r4 ,! jacket pipe %\ld be f #a to #b in*es diamet] = eng9es up to #bj horse-p[]1 :ile = l>g] eng9es ! sizes are g5]ally #b to #c in*es = ! inlet & #b4e to #c4e in*es = ! outlet4 ,tanks = circulat+ ! wat] are g5]ally made ) a capacity = furni%+ #bj to #cj gallons p] indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,?is rule may be tak5 z ab\t correct1 b1 if any?+1 x is r an ov]-e/imation ( quantity necess>y4 ,all ! =ego+ 0 made z cle> z possible to ! li/5]s by ,mr4 ,gregg be=e ! *ildr5 w5t to b$4 ,next morn+ ,fr$ call$ up 8 arti/ fri5d1 & got him to come d[n to gild ! "n ,c>ol9e on ! boat be=e ! next coat ( v>ni% %\ld be appli$4 ,! arti/ made an outl9e ( ! "n :ile ,george & ,jessie /ood by & wat*$ ! process ) consid]able int]e/4 ,!y saw him measure (f ea* lett]1 outl9e x ) a p5cil lightly1 & !n pa9t inside ! l9es ) a sub/ance kn[n z gold size1 obta9$ f any /ore deal+ 9 pa9t]s' supplies4 ,:ile ! size 0 /ill /icky ! arti/ appli$ gold leaf1 :i* he _h br\ght 9 a little book along ) him4 ,jessie 0 surpris$ to see him cut ! gold ) a ?9 pallette knife1 hav+ a blunt b smoo? edge4 ,%e wat*$ him pick up ! small pieces ( gold ) a camel's hair bru%1 :i* he rubb$ 9 8 own hair n[ & aga9 :5ev] x w\ld n pick up ! gold4 ,! metal 0 appli$ bit by bit ov] & beyond ! l9es ( ! lett]s1 & a light puff ( brea? =c$ x d[n to ! size4 ,:5 "o side ( ! boat 0 f9i%$1 s f> z lay+ on ! coat ( gold 0 conc]n$1 ,jessie 0 v mu* disappo9t$1 z ! "n seem$ m]ely a smudge4 ,%e c\ld n make out ! lett]s1 b ! arti/ told h] to wait until to-morr[ & he w\ld %[ h] h[ well !y c\ld be se54 ,next day ) a flat camel's hair bru% he du/$ away ! surplus gold1 & ! lett]s %[$ up 9 good /yle1 mu* to ! gratification ( ,jessie & ,george4 ,?is "p ( ! "w be+ done1 ! boys took d[n _! v>ni% pots1 & gave ! little craft ano!r coat1 to make h] q spruce & gay4 ,fr$1 & ,nick1 :o 0 /ill 9 ! employ ( ,mr4 ,gregg1 laid (f a space on ! gr\nd = tables & seats to accommodate ! "y folks :o 7 com+ to ! laun* on ! foll[+ ,w$nesday4 ,nick f\nd a numb] ( old c$> po/s1 & ) a saw cut (f #ah pieces ab\t two feet long & z _m m twice t l5g?4 ,! fir/ 7 int5d$ to place ! seats on2 ! second lot 7 to su/a9 ! tables4 ,! spots = ! tables 7 *os51 measur$ (f1 & small /akes driv5 into ! gr\nd to %[ :]e ! po/s 7 to be plac$4 ,five po/s 7 int5d$ = ea* table--two at ea* end1 two feet ap>t1 & n9e feet ap>t 9 ! l5g? ( ! table4 ,! s+le po/ 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! table bo? ways4 ,:5 ! /akes 7 all 9 place1 ,nick made holes deep en\gh to take 9 ! po/s s t _! tops measur$ j two feet & two in*es above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,! tables 7 to be two feet & six in*es high :5 f9i%$1 z t is ! regulation height4 ,x 0 atta9$1 9 ?is case1 z foll[s--,fir/ by ! height ( ! po/s f ! gr\nd1 two feet two in*es2 !n by a plank two in*es ?ick laid across ! two po/s1 mak+ ! height two feet f\r in*es1 & ! table top1 two in*es ?ick1 laid on ^! cross planks1 :i* br\ght x up to ! requir$ height4 ,a piece ( plank ! same ?ickness 0 nail$ on ! c5tre po/ across1 s t x w\ld support ! table top4 ,planks t _h be5 us$ 9 ! l(t ( ! old b>n did s]vice = ! table tops1 be>+ pieces1 & ! b5* seats4 ,! la/ 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann] z ! tables1 ! %ort po/s be+ let into ! gr\nd--?ree "u ea* seat--& f\rte5 in*es above gr\nd s t :5 ! plank seat 0 nail$ on top ( !m1 ! seats 7 j sixte5 in*es1 ! regulation height ( /ools1 b5*es1 & *airs1 ?\gh x is sometimes v>i$ to suit conditions4 ,! b5*es 7 plac$ ab\t f\r in*es out f ! edge ( ! table & 7 f\nd to be j ! ?+4 ,:5 ,nick _h plant$ ! fir/ po/ = ! tables & got x ! "r height1 he took t "o = 8 guide & by ! aid ( a long p>allel /raight edge :i* he laid on ! guide po/ & ! "o he 0 sett+1 & also a _s-level on ! /raight edge1 he manag$ to get all ! po/s alike 9 height & ?is made ! tops ( ! ?ree tables nice & level4 ,x 0 q an a*ievem5t to h ?ree l>ge tables & six long seats plac$ 9 picnic /yle at s small a co/ & ) s little ef=t4 ,9 ord] to h ! tables & seats neat & clean1 ,george turn$ on ! g>d5 hose & gave !m a good wa% (f1 & :5 !y 7 dry aga9 ! place 0 z invit+ z a c\ntry hotel d9+-room4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,gregg1 ,jessie1 & ,grace ,scott _h ! tables set & g>ni%$ = ! laun*1 ! lay out 0 *>m+1 none ! less s because x 0 a little ru/ic4 ,ano!r coat ( v>ni%1 ! ?ird1 0 giv5 ! boat ! day be=e %e 0 to be laun*$1 & ,fr$ _h a /rong rope atta*$ to ! w9*1 ) a heavy iron hook fa/5$ to ! end ( x4 ,a /\t iron r+ 0 bolt$ to ! /]n ( ! boat & made secure4 ,mr4 ,gregg _h pur*as$ a numb] ( small flags & burgees & _h "o made ) ! "n ,c>ol9e 9 l>ge lett]s wr\ght on x1 ready to be unfurl$ :5 ! laun* 0 made1 & ,walt] ,scott1 8 "m & si/] ,grace1 & o!rs _h be5 invit$ to att5d4 ,a numb] ( tempor>y sw+s 7 fix$ up by ,nick & ,fr$ to ! trees1 "s = ! l>ge folks1 o!rs = ! small] ones1 & ev]y?+ 0 at la/ ready = ! great ev5t1 :i* 0 to take place ! next day at two o'clock4 ,,vi ,,propell] ,,& ,,o!r ,,screws ,w$nesday morn+ 0 light & sunny & ! boys 7 up & dress$ some:at e>li] ?an usual1 s1 :ile wait+ = breakfa/1 !y took a /roll d[n to ! riv]1 :]e !y f\nd _! fa!r look+ ov] ! gr\nds & exam9+ tables1 b5*es1 sw+s1 & p>ticul>ly ! foot-bridge2 =1 z he told ,fr$1 x 0 v likely all ! gue/s might be on ! bridge at "o "t & ! comb9$ weight w\ld be r try+ if x _h n be5 securely put toge!r4 ,he satisfi$ himself1 h[ev]1 t ! bridge 0 /rong en\gh to support ?ree times ! weight x w\ld be call$ ^u to su/a94 ,ev]y?+ else seem$ to be suffici5tly /rong1 to appreh5d little dang]1 no matt] h[ mu* ! *ildr5 romp$4 ,nick _h ! gr\nds nicely rak$ (f2 ! decay$ bran*es & %rubs he mov$1 & made ev]y?+ ab\t ! place z clean & z neat z possible4 ,flags & o!r decorations 7 hung or plac$ ab\t ! gr\nds1 on ! trees & build+s1 b p>ticul>ly ab\t ! tables & ! boat h\se4 ,newspap]s 7 spread ov] ! tables1 l95 cov]s above !m1 & ! :ole surr\nd+s took on a mo/ fe/ive appe>ance4 ,x 0 j #aa o'clock :5 ,! ,mock+-,bird arriv$ & ti$ up to ! new dock4 ,on bo>d 7 ,mrs4 ,scott1 ,grace1 & ! maid1 :o came to help1 besides sev]al ( ! invit$ gue/s :om ,walt] _h br\ght d[n ) him4 ,all 7 welcom$ by ,fr$1 ,jessie1 & ,george & !n ! wom5 visitors w5t to ! h\se to assi/ ,mrs4 ,gregg4 ,mr4 ,gregg came home f 8 (fice e>li] ?an usual & took a half holiday 9 hon\r ( ! occasion4 ,! gue/s1 9 little gr\ps1 arriv$ on "t1 & be=e ! clock /ruck two ,nick _h ev]y?+ prep>$ = ! laun*4 ,he & ,fr$ & ,george _h ! ,c>ol9e nicely plac$ on ! skid1 ready to let g ! w9*1 & a flag pole 0 fix$ up on ! b[ ( ! boat4 ,to ?is ! flag ) ! "n on x 0 lightly ti$1 9 su* a mann] t :5 a /r+ 0 pull$ x w\ld unfurl1 & %[ ! "n4 ,! /r+ loop+ up ! flag 0 left long en\gh to enable ,mr4 ,gregg1 /&+ on ! dock1 to hold ! end 9 8 h&1 & by pull+ x to loos5 ! flag z soon z ! boat t\*$ ! wat]4 ,ev]y?+ be+ ready1 ,walt] ,scott invit$ z _m ( ! "y p to get into ! ,mock+-,bird z c\ld cr[d on bo>d ) com=t1 & ea* 0 provid$ ) a :i/le or a horn1 z he ran 8 boat half way across ! riv]4 ,! *ildr5 on %ore 7 also giv5 horns & :i/les1 & all 7 told to bl[ z l\d z !y pleas$ :5 ! boat t\*$ ! wat]4 ,mr4 ,gregg1 hav+ ,mrs4 ,gregg & ,mrs4 ,scott /&+ beside him1 gave ! ^w1 ,ready6 ,nick & ,fr$ answ]$1 ,aye1 aye1 sir6 & ! ma/] ( c]emonies call$ out 9 a l\d voice3 ,let h] g6 ,nick fre$ ! w9*1 ,fr$ & ,george gave a little pu%1 & ! ,c>ol9e slid d[n ! skids1 into ! wat]1 )\t ! lea/ hit*4 ,! horns & :i/les made a great d91 & :5 ! flag 0 let free to op5 up & %[ ! "n ,c>ol9e !re 0 ano!r bla/ ( noise by horns & :i/les1 m+l$ ) voices ( ! y\ng] p1 :o cri$ out ) all _! might1 ,hurrah = ! ,c>ol9e6 ,! laun* be+ ov]1 & ev]y?+ hav+ gone all "r1 ! "y p 7 call$ to lun*4 ,!y all sat at ! tables :i* 7 nicely g>ni%$ & well suppli$1 & !re 0 pl5ty ( small talk1 & mu* laught] & jollity4 ,aft] lun*1 ,fr$1 ,walt] & ,george bo>d$ ! ,c>ol9e1 suppli$ h] ) gasol5e1 & tri$ to run h]4 ,!y f\nd a little difficulty 9 />t+1 b aft] ! eng9e 0 w>m$ up a little1 %e w5t (f beautifully1 & answ]$ h] till] 9 f9e /yle4 ,! boys ran h] up & d[n ! riv] = a :ile1 !n ti$ h] to ! dock1 & ,walt] & ,fr$ invit$ all ! girls to ,come & h a sail4 ,! boys 7 promis$ "o :5 ! two boats return$1 :i* !y did 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r4 ,! sw+s 7 put 9 use1 danc+ & romp+ began1 & ! aft]noon 0 pass$ 9 fun & frolic4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ,mr4 ,gregg1 ,jessie1 & ! boys took a trip1 & ,mr4 ,gregg 0 well pleas$ ) ! boat's p]=mance1 p>ticul>ly ) ! work+ ( ! screw4 ,9 m5tion+ ?is1 he awak5$ ! curiosity ( ,george1 :o rem9d$ 8 fa!r t he _h n yet expla9$ to !m ab\t ! screw z a me*anical p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,!ory ( screw ,t ev5+ ,george 0 told to br+ 8 blackbo>d & equipm5t into ! d51 & ! fa!r at once began expla9+ ! me*anical qualities ( ! screw4 ,he told ( its great usefulness 9 ! indu/rial arts4 ,z "o ( ! me*anical p[]s1 x may be consid]$ an incl9$ plane1 wrapp$ spirally r\nd a solid cyl9d]4 ,! advantage ga9$ by x dep5ds on ! sl[ness ( its =w>d or backw>d progress1 t is1 on ! numb] ( turns or ?reads1 z !y are call$1 9 a giv5 di/ance4 ,x is always us$ 9 comb9ation ) a lev] ( "s sort4 ,:5 employ$ z a lift+ ma*9e x has great p[]1 & is us$ to produce compression or to raise or move heavy weights4 ,if a screw is =m$ on ! inside surface ( a holl[ cyl9d]1 x is call$ a nut1 & us$ to ov]come a resi/ance2 ei!r ! screw or ! nut may be fix$ & ! o!r movable4 ,! act+ =ce is g5]ally appli$ at ! end ( a lev] or wr5* or rim ( a :eel4 ,fig4 #cc repres5ts a screw & nut op]at$ by a lev] or l5g? ( radius r2 p is ! pit* ( ! screw or height ( ! incl9$ plane = "o revolution ( ! screw4 ,w is ! resi/ance at ! nut & ,p is ! =ce at ! end ( ! lev] r4 ,rememb]+ t1 :ile ! resi/ance ,w is rais$ ! di/ance p ! =ce ,p revolves ar\nd a complete circle & moves a di/ance #bpinu4 ,let u n[ apply ! condition sum "w #j & we h ,p#bpinu - ,wp #j or -- ,p#bpinu_/p 7#f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,worm :eel & screw ,! worm ge> 7,fig4 #cd7 is a special case ( screw & nut1 :]e ! latt] is replac$ by a too!d :eel call$ a worm :eel4 ,! tee? "w 9 ) ! ?read ( ! screw or worm1 & ?us1 z ! worm revolves1 ! worm :eel revolves ab\t its axis4 ,p is ! =ce act+ on ! worm at a radius r4 r is ! pit* radius ( ! tee? 9 ! worm :eel & r is ! radius ( ! drum on :i* ,w acts4 ,let ,k1 correspond+ to ,w 9 equation ,w ,p 7#f71 be ! =ce at ! pit* circle & worm ?reads due to ! =ce ,p2 !n ,k ,p#b,w_/p 7#g74 ,n[ apply summ #j to ! worm :eel & we h ,kr ,wr or ,k wr 7#h74 ,sub/itut+ ! value ( ,k 9 7#g7 9 equation 7#h7 we h ,p#bpinu ,wr or ,p#bpinu ,wrp 7#i74 ,n[ x is evid5t t ! di/ance p mov$ by ,w :ile ,k moves ?r\gh ! di/ance p is to p z r is to r or p 3p 33 r 3 r or p pr_/r 7#aj74 ,sub/itut+ ?is value ( pr_/r 9 equation 7#i7 we h ,p#bpinu ,wp or ! condition sum "w #j1 s9ce #bpinu is ! di/ance mov$ by 7,p7 :ile ,w moves ! di/ance p4 ,no provision = friction has be5 made 9 any ( ! examples giv51 s t all[ance mu/ be made = ?is prop5sity :5ev] any ( ! =ego+ rules are appli$ to practice4 ,! am\nt ( all[ance requir$ w v>y & mu/ be made to suit conditions4 ,an endless screw is sometimes us$ z a compon5t "p ( graduat+ ma*9es1 c\nt+ ma*9es1 etc4 ,x is also employ$ 9 conjunction ) a :eel & axle to raise heavy weights4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! ?reads ( ! screw is call$ ! pit* or /ep4 ,^! ?reads are sometimes squ>e1 sometimes acutely po9t$ or edg$1 sometimes r\nd$ (f on ! edges4 ,p[] is (t5 appli$ by means ( a lev] or o!r contrivance atta*$ to ! end ( ! screw1 or by a long h&l$ wr5* 7a monkey wr5* = in/ance71 :i*1 :5 turn$1 moves =w>d 9 ! direction ( its axis1 ov]com+ resi/ance4 ,9 ! case ( ! screw-jack1 x may be us$ to raise a heavy weight4 ,! relation betwe5 ! =ce appli$ & ! resi/ance to be ov]come is important to note1 = e "t ! screw p]=ms "o revolution x moves =w>d ?r\gh a di/ance equal to ! space betwe5 "o ?read & ! next4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,ar*im$ian screw ,! ,ar*im$ian screw we h read & he>d s mu* ab\t is simply a holl[ pipe w\nd ar\nd a cyl9d]4 ,x 0 (t5 us$ 9 old5 times = rais+ wat]1 b is n[ only occasionally appli$4 ,! l[] end ( ! spiral pipe is1 ( c\rse1 left op5 & imm]s$ 9 wat]1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ce71 a device = rais+ wat]1 ! supply /ream be+ ! motive p[]4 ,! oblique %aft ( ! :eel has ext5d+ ?r\gh x a spiral passage1 ! l[] end ( :i* is imm]s$ 9 wat]2 & ! /ream1 act+ ^u ! :eel at its l[] end1 produces its revolution1 by :i* ! wat] is convey$ upw>d cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! spiral passage & dis*>g$ at ! top4 ,an arrangem5t l ?is c\ld easily be con/ruct$ at ! edge ( mo/ riv]s to raise wat] to irrigate ! gr\nds1 if s desir$1 & ! little flutt] :eel at ! bottom ( ! incl9$ %aft w\ld be p[]ful en\gh to lift all ! wat] requir$4 ,fr$ ?\ght t w\ld be a great s*eme1 & det]m9$ to try 8 h& at x "o ( ^! days1 b he 0 told t a :eel ( t k9d c\ld only "w at int]vals1 z ! riv]'s fl[ 0 (t5 runn+ 9 opposite directions ow+ to ! infl[ ( ! tidal wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,spiral conveyor ,^! ,ar*im$ian wat] rais]s are (t5 fitt$ ) a crank h&le on top1 & a man1 /&+ on a plat=m1 turns ! crank & ?us lifts up all ! wat] ! ma*9e w c>ry4 ,! ,ar*im$ian screw is us$ = _m o!r purposes ?an rais+ wat]4 ,) wide1 ?9 w+s1 simil> to ! con/ruction %[n at ,fig4 #cf1 & enclos$ 9 a case or jacket1 x is employ$ by mill]s to convey gra9 & o!r mill requirem5ts1 & x is also good = mov+ coal1 ore1 gravel1 & l mat]ial1 b :5 us$ = ^! co>s] purposes ! propell+ blades are made ( /eel1 rivet$ or bolt$ to a /rong iron %aft4 ,! case or jacket conta9+ ! revolv+ blades1 if horizontal1 ne$ n be cov]$ on top1 z ! blades w propel ! mat]ial )\t jamm+ or clogg+1 if ! jacket is smoo? inside1 & fits fairly close to ! blades4 ,?is /yle ( a screw may be us$ z a sort ( turb9e wat] :eel1 if cas$ 9 a cyl9drical p5/ock or tube1 & a body ( wat] all[$ to fall into ! upp] end ( ! tube4 ,! =ce ( ! wat] w give a rot>y motion to ! blades & %aft1 &1 ! latt] hav+ a ge>$ :eel or pulley atta*$ to its top1 motion is imp>t$ to o!r %afts & :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,!ory ( screw & ge> ,ano!r application ( ! screw is %[n at ,fig4 #cg1 :]e "o is arrang$ on a %aft or axle to give a rot>y motion4 ,?is device is call$ a worm & :eel1 & is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! make-up ( ma*9e eng9es & ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,! illu/ration %[s h[ ! p[] or =ce ( a screw may be conceiv$4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! :eel ,c has a screw on its axis work+ 9 ! tee? ( ! :eel ,d1 hav+ #dh tee?4 ,x is pla9 t = e "t ! :eel ,c & screw are turn$ r\nd by ! h&le or crank ,a1 ! :eel ,d w be turn$ once r\nd4 ,!n1 z ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 describ$ by ! crank ,a1 is equal to ! circumf]5ce ( a groove r\nd ! :eel ,d1 ! velocity ( ! crank w be #dh times z great z ! velocity ( any giv5 po9t 9 ! groove4 ,consequ5tly1 if a l9e ,c goes r\nd ! groove1 & has a weight ( #dh p\nds hung to x1 a p[] equal to "o p\nd at ! h&le w balance & support ! weight4 ,to prove ?is by exp]im5t1 let ! circumf]5ce on ! grooves ( ! :eels ,c & ,d be equal to "o ano!r2 & !n if a weight ,h1 ( "o p\nd1 is susp5d$ by a l9e go+ r\nd ! groove ( ! :eel ,c1 x w balance a weight ( #dh p\nds hang+ by ! l9e ,g2 & a small addition to ! weight ,h w cause x to desc5d1 & to raise ! o!r weight4 ,if a l9e ,c1 in/ead ( go+ r\nd ! groove ( ! :eel ,d1 goes r\nd its axle ,i1 ! p[] ( ! ma*9e w be z mu* increas$ z ! circumf]5ce ( ! groove exce$s ! circumf]5ce ( ! axle1 suppos+ :i* to be six times #h1 !n "o p\nd at ,h w balance #bhh p\nds1 hung to ! l9e on ! axle2 ?us %[+ ! advantage ( ?is ma*9e z be+ #bhh to #a4 ,a man :o c lift by 8 natural /r5g? alone1 #ajj p\nds1 by mak+ use ( ?is comb9ation1 w be able to raise #bh1hjj p\nds alone1 & if a sy/em ( pulleys 7 appli$ to ! cord ,h1 ! p[] w\ld be fur!r increas$ to an amaz+ degree4 ,:5 a screw & :eel are atta*$1 z %[n1 ! screw is sometimes call$ a worm & sometimes an endless screw4 ,! propell] :eel 7,fig4 #ch7 is a screw hav+ a l>ge helical dim5sion4 ,! example %[n has f\r blades1 ea* ( :i*1 :5 rotat$1 may be said to make "o qu>t] ( a revolution & :5 at "w 9 ! wat] has ! same effect z ! work+ ( a nut1 produc+ motion 9 direction ( ! axis & s propell+ ! boat or vessel4 ,! action ( ! :eel press+ backw>d aga9/ ! wat] t5ds to pu% ! craft =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,complete screw propell] ,?is figure %[s a propell] ) f\r blades1 b two & ?ree blad$ ones1 p>ticul>ly = small craft1 are mo/ly us$4 ,! ,c>ol9e c>ries a two blad$ screw & h] p]=mances w be entirely satisfactory4 ,! blades1 ( c\rse1 are exactly 9 l9e ) ea* o!r on ! %aft1 & equally balanc$1 or ( equal weight4 ,a ?ree-blad$ propell] %\ld h its extreme po9ts 9 a horizontal plane1 s t !y w =m an equilat]al triangle4 ,! pr9cipal features ( a propell] may be describ$ z3 diamet]1 pit*1 area1 spe$ ( revolution1 & slip4 ,! diamet] is t ( ! circle describ$ by ! tips ( ! blades4 ,! pit*1 consid]+ ! propell] to be a portion ( a screw1 is ! am\nt :i* x advances 9 "o turn1 suppos+ x to travel 9 a solid m$ium4 ,! blade area is ! actual area ( all ! blades4 ,! spe$ ( ! revolution is cu/om>ily reckon$ 9 turns p] m9ute4 ,! slip is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt :i* ! propell] actually advances p] turn & ! am\nt :i* x w\ld advance if turn+ 9 a solid m$ium4 ,= example1 if ! pit* ( a screw is #cj 94 x w\ld advance #cj 94 at ea* turn if !re 7 no slip4 ,suppose t x only advances #bj 94 p] turn1 !n ! slip is #aj 94 p] turn1 or z usually figur$1 #cc-a_/c p] c5t4 ,z a fur!r example1 suppose a propell] ( #cj 94 pit*1 turn+ #cjj turns p] m9ute1 drives a boat at ! rate ( #f miles p] h\r4 ,! advance ( ! propell] 9 feet p] m9ute is #cj_/ab #cjj #gej :ile ! advance ( ! boat is #f #e1bhj_/fj #ebh ft4 p] m9ute4 ,! slip is !n #gej - #ebh #bbb1 or z a p]c5tage1 #bbb_/gej #bi4f p] c5t4 ,x might seem at fir/ sight1 t a p]fect screw propell] %\ld h no slip2 b ?is is a practical & !oretical impossibility4 ,! mo/ important dim5sion1 f ! /&po9t ( ! absorption ( p[]1 is ! blade area4 ,a c]ta9 blade area may be obta9$ by a relatively wide blade on a small diamet]1 or by a n>r[ blade on a relatively l>ge diamet]4 ,9 ! =m] case ! area ( ! blades be>s a great] proportion to ! area ( ! circle ?r\gh ! tips ?an 9 ! latt] case4 ,!re are c]ta9 limits = ?is proportion ( blade to disc area = well-design$ :eels1 beyond :i* x is n well to g4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,= two blades 4#bj to 4#be4 ,= ?ree blades 4#cj to 4#dj4 ,= f\r blades 4#ce to 4#de4 ,?is means t = a #bd 94 diamet] propell]1 ^: disc area is #deb sq4 94 ! blade area %\ld n1 = ord9>y use1 be made great] ?an ^! proportions1 z ! blades !n become s wide z to int]f]e "o ) ano!r4 ,( c\rse :]e a propell]1 = %all[ draft1 mu/ be unusually small 9 diamet]1 ! proportion ( blade area c be increas$1 b ) "s loss 9 economy4 ,/rictly speak+1 = a well balanc$ propell]1 ! blade area fixes ! am\nt ( p[] :i* ! propell] c deliv]1 :ile ! pit*1 comb9$ ) ! turns p] m9ute1 gov]ns ! spe$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 = ! av]age propell] ! two are closely relat$1 ea* hav+ a c]ta9 influ5ce ^u ! o!r4 ,to illu/rate1 a propell] may h a small blade area & s great a pit* t ! blades act some:at l fans & simply *urn ! wat]1 (f]+ great resi/ance & absorb+ ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 b do+ little effective "w t[>d driv+ ! boat4 ,to get ! measurem5ts = a :eel requir$ to p]=m a giv5 s]vice1 say a ?ree-blad$ propell] = a small boat or tug ( #bj nom9al or #ge indicat$ horse-p[]3-- assume t ! size det]m9$ on is #d ft4 #f 94 9 diamet] & #g ft4 #f 94 pit*1 ! diamet] ( loss may be assum$ to be #h 94 swell$ to be #aa 94 9 ! middle1 & #aa 94 long4 ,! tug w\ld be1 say1 #fj ft4 long1 #ab ft4 beam1 & #g ft4 deep4 ,fir/ del9eate ! pa? ( ! po9t & root ( "o blade ?r\gh half a revolution z 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,?is %\ld be drawn to a scale ( n less ?an #a-a_/b 94 to #a ft4 by ! ord9>y me?od ( project+ a screw ?read4 ,! semicircle %[s ! half plan ) twelve equal divisions1 & ! half elevation is divid$ into ! same numb] ( equal p>ts4 ,! helix or ?read is !n obta9$ by draw+ ! curves ?r\gh ! int]sections ( simil> divisions4 ,!n a b w be ! helix = po9t ( ! blade1 & c d ! helix = ! root ( ! blade4 ,^! w be f\nd to be practically /raight l9es :i* might h be5 obta9$ 9 a simpl] mann] if int5d$ = a work+ draw+ only2 b x is useful to h demon/rat$ ! prop] nature ( ! full curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,diagram screw l9es ,! practical way ( sett+ (f ! blade foll[s3 ,fir/ = dim5sions3 z #bj-;94 7pit*7 is to #aa 94 7l5g? ( boss & !re=e virtual l5g? ( propell]71 s is #afi4f 94 7circumf]5ce due to out] diamet]7 to ! l5g? ( circumf]5ce occupi$ by ! blade1 #afi4f #aa_/i #bj4gc1 say #bj-c_/d 94 ,9 ,fig4 #dj describe a circle equal to ! diamet] ( ! propell]1 & on ea* side ( ! c5tre l9e /ep (f #bj-c_/d 94 to half ! scale1 mak+ ! :ole l5g? ( arc to scale #bj-c_/d 94 ,draw v]tical l9es f ! ends ( ! arc1 & f ! arc on ! c5tre l9e set up a height ( #aa 94 & draw horizontal l9es4 ,jo9 a b1 & ?is w be ! angle ( ! end ( ! blade4 ,on ! elevation ( ! propell] circle describe a small circle equal 9 diamet] to ! faces ( ! boss2 draw radial l9es f ! ends ( ! arc fir/ f\nd1 & f ! int]section ) ! boss circle draw v]tical l9es to cut ! horizontal l9es ( ! plan ( boss4 ,jo9 c d1 & ?is w be ! angle ( ! blade at ! root4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,"p ( screw blade ,n[ describe an arc at e ?ree in*es f ! circumf]5ce )9 ! radical l9es2 or = l>ge propell]s e #f 94 ,draw v]tical l9es f ! int]sections ( ! arcs ) ! radical l9es to meet a c & b d1 z %[n1 & jo9+ ! po9ts ?us f\nd1 ! diagonal l9es w repres5t ! plan or angle ( ! blade to ea* #c 94 diff]5ce ( radius--9 o!r words1 its real wid? at ! diff]5t po9ts1 suppos+ x to be a pla9 geometrical portion ( a screw ?read4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! blades are always m complex ?an ?is1 ! edge be+ curv$ to ent] ! wat] m easily1 to avoid vibration1 & also to less5 ! risk ( fracture 9 ! ev5t ( /rik+ any object 9 ! wat]4 ,sometimes ! blades are curv$ 9 ! opposite direction1 z if ! po9ts 7 be+ left beh9d :ile ! blade is advanc+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,plan ( screw blade ,! next /ep is to draw a flatt5$ elevation or developm5t ( "o ( ! blades1 9 ord] to give ! actual curves ( its outl9e1 & aft]w>d its ?ickness at v>i\s po9ts4 ,draw a horizontal l9e f c & f 7,fig4 #da71 & ?r\gh ?is a c5tre l9e4 ,?is w give ! l5g? ( ! blade f ! boss1 & ! c5tre l9e ( ! propell] %aft may be add$ bel[4 ,!n take ! l5g?s a b & c d f ,fig4 #dj1 & set !m (f on ,fig4 #dc1 z %[n1 jo9+ all f\r po9ts4 ,?is figure w\ld be ! true outl9e ( ! blade if !re 7 no curves4 ,! actual outl9e is f\nd by draw+ ! curves accord+ to ! dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,propell] l9es complete ,lay out ! propell]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 :i* w give ! elevation ( ! blades1 all be+ alike4 ,to f9d ! area ( a propell] blade1 m>k x (f 9 p>allel l9es1 say #c 94 ap>t1 & note ! wid? at ! c5tre ( ea* portion4 ,add ! wid?s toge!r1 & divide by ! numb] ( wid?s4 ,?is w give ! mean wid?1 :i* mu/ !n be multipli$ by ! l5g? ( blade to obta9 ! area4 ,if ! measurem5ts are all 9 in*es1 ! result %\ld be divid$ by #add to give ! area 9 squ>e feet1 & !n be multipli$ by ! numb] ( blades to give ! total area4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,angle ( propell] blade ,to measure ! pit* ( a propell]1 lay x d[n on a level surface1 hold a /raight edge level across c5tre ( blade ) a squ>e up f ! l[] edge1 z 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,measure ! di/ance ,b & ,h & ! radius ,r f ! c5tre to ! "p :]e ! measurem5t is tak52 !n ,b 3 #bw,r 33 ,h to pit*1 ,p or ,p #bw,r,h_/,b4 ,! measurem5ts may be made 9 m ?an "o place & ! av]age tak51 z ! blades are sometimes twi/$ slightly4 ,scal+ only f ! draw+1 ,p #bw,r,h_/,b #b #c4adaf #a4f #a_/a4bg #g4gd1 say #g ft4 #i 94 pit*1 :]eas ! int5d$ pit* 0 #g ft4 #f 94 ,a good illu/ration ( ! use ( ! screw may be se5 9 ! c>p5t]'s aug]1 us$ = mak+ or bor+ holes 9 wood4 ,^! tools are provid$ ) a small tap]$ screw on _! po9ts1 & ?is is foll[$ by cutt+ edges & a l>g] spiral4 ,! l>g] spiral is = ! purpose ( draw+ up ! *ips or %av+s4 ,ano!r tool is made hav+ two blades atta*$ to ! bottom ( an iron b> =m$ l ! blades ( a propell]1 :i* is sometimes employ$ = bor+ or digg+ po/ holes 9 clayey or s(t soil4 ,! ma*9e is turn$ by a cross h&le on top1 & is frequ5tly drawn up to br+ out ! soil until ! hole is deep en\gh4 ,! ord9>y wood screw is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( contrivances = fa/5+ wood toge!r1 & = atta*+ to surfaces1 h>dw>e1 ornam5ts1 or o!r mat]ials4 ,! adhesive /r5g? ( nails is already %[n1 & ! adhesive /r5g? ( wood screws1 accord+ to ,bevan1 is set d[n z foll[s3 ,,wood ,,screws ,! foll[+ are ! ?icknesses or diamet]s correspond+ to ! li/ numb]s4 ,o!r ?icknesses c be int]polat$1 ea* size v>y+ 9 succession #a_/fd 94-- ,no4 #jj #j #a #e #aj #ad #ah #bb #bg #cb #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,?icknesses 9 p>ts ( in*es #a_/cbc_/fda_/af #a_/hc_/af #a_/de_/af #c_/hg_/af #a_/b #e_/h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,an ord9>y #b-;94 wood screw1 driv5 ?r\gh a #a_/b-;94 bo>d into h>d wood1 0 f\nd to be #gij lbs41 & a =ce ( ab\t #cie lbs4 0 requir$ to extract x f s(t wood4 ,:5 screws are h>d to drive or screw 9 place1 a long screw-driv] %\ld be us$1 z screw-driv]s ) long h&les seem to h a mu* great] lev]age ?an %ort h&l$ ones 9 driv+ screws home4 ,screws1 h[ev]1 are (t5 split at ! head1 if c>e is n tak5 :5 us+ a long driv]4 ,if a screw is ru/$1 h>d to move or )draw1 x c be loos5$ by apply+ a hot iron to ! head & mak+ x hot4 ,! heat exp&s ! screw &1 ( c\rse1 makes ! hole l>g]1 & :5 ! screw cools x contracts a trifle s t x may be )drawn q easily4 ,,vii ,,a]oplanes ,george & ,fr$ 7 s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! ,c>ol9e t !y neglect$ to d "s "w ,mr4 ,gregg _h sugge/$1 b a h9t or two f him rem9d$ !m t sail+ ! new boat e day w\ld get s monoton\s x w\ld cease to be a pleasure4 ,fr$1 !re=e1 set to "w to put ! new prop]ty 9 apple-pie ord]1 by clean+ up ! gr\nds1 burn+ ! rubbi%1 & tidy+ ! place g5]ally4 ,nick1 n be+ ne$$ long]1 0 all[$ to g1 ) ! promise t :5ev] a man 0 requir$ ab\t ! place1 he w\ld be *os54 ,8 dep>ture left all ! "w to ,fr$ & ,george1 bo? ( :om gladly accept$ ! duty4 ,! fir/ ?+ 0 to set up ?ree or f\r long b5*es on ! riv] bank4 ,^! 7 built exactly 9 ! same mann] z ! seats alongside ! tables4 ,?ree %ort po/s 7 let into ! gr\nd = ea* seat1 & a good1 s\nd plank spik$ solid to _! tops4 ,"o ( ! seats 0 made f\r or five in*es l[] ?an ^? at ! tables1 s z to accommodate ! small] *ildr54 ,! two boys did ! "w well1 ?\gh !y f\nd x a little h>d to dig ! holes 9 ! gr\nd & saw (f ! po/s4 ,george's h&s became a little bli/]$ & sore1 b 8 "m soon cur$ !m1 ?\gh %e w>n$ him aga9/ work+ too h>d or too long at a k9d ( lab\r to :i* he 0 n accu/om$4 ,aft] tea 0 ov]1 x be+ a f9e1 w>m1 spr+ ev5+1 ! :ole family w5t d[n to ! riv]'s edge to sit on ! new seats & enjoy ! view4 ,notic+ ! curr5t ( ! riv]1 ,jessie que/ion$ h] fa!r ab\t its go+ "o way sometimes1 & !n turn+ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,h] fa!r expla9$ t x 0 ! movem5t ( ! tide t made ! wat] fl[ aga9/ ! /ream at times1 & t :5 !re 0 no tide1 ! curr5t took its natural c\rse4 ,?is explanation did n seem to satisfy ,jessie1 & %e ask$ :y !re 7 any tides4 ,s ,mr4 ,gregg promis$ to expla9 all t 0 kn[n ab\t tides to h] 9 ! ne> future4 ,i wi% y w\ld1 said ,george1 & tell u ab\t kites1 balloons1 & fly+ ma*9es4 ,oh1 yes1 said ! fa!r1 ,i'll try to d t to-morr[ night4 ,i'm glad1 fa!r1 said ,fr$1 z ,i want to try & make a model = ,george be=e ! ,f\r? if ,i c1 s he c h "o to fly across ! riv] t day1 in/ead ( fool+ ) fire-crack]s & o!r dang]\s fireworks4 ,t's a good idea1 ,fr$1 said ! fa!r4 ,a model a]oplane1 decorat$ ) silk flags w\ld give a great deal m real pleasure ?an fir+ (f all ! fire crack]s 9 ! /ate4 ,x w\ld be q easy1 n[ y h a boat1 = "o ( y to be on ?is side ( ! riv]1 ! o!r on ! opposite side1 & to keep a numb] ( little ma*9es go+ to & fro across ! wat]4 ,george seem$ delight$ at ! prospect4 ,walt] ,scott _h also be5 /rick5 ) ! a]oplane fev]1 & 0 busy mak+ models1 ?\gh1 z yet1 he _h n f9i%$ any4 ,bo? ,fr$ & ,george 7 anxi\s to he> all _! fa!r _h to say conc]n+ ^! ma*9es1 z !y knew he w\ld be ?or\gh1 & make x all pla94 ,mr4 ,gregg told ! boys t to expla9 fully ! !ory & practice ( build+ an a]oplane ( any k9d w\ld take "s "t1 b he w\ld will+ly give x = _! b5efit1 & w\ld discuss ! subject ( a]onautics at l5g? s z to give !m "s po9t]s ab\t ! design & practical mak+ ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,monoplane ,,model ,,complete ,a ,model ,a]oplane1 ,decorat$ ) ,silk ,flags ,w\ld ,give a ,great ,deal ,m ,pleasure ,?an ,fir+ (f ,all ! ,fire ,crack]s 9 ! ,/ate ,on ! foll[+ ev5+1 ,jessie did n =get to rem9d h] fa!r ( 8 promise to tell !m all ab\t air-%ips & ?+s1 z %e put x4 ,all "r1 my de>1 said ,mr4 ,gregg1 ,i'll take y all into ! 'lion's d5' %ortly aft] tea4 ,b tell me1 :y is x y are s anxi\s to "k all ab\t 'air-%ips & ?+s'8 ,oh6 t's all "r1 papa2 ,fr$ is go+ to build a great big %ip1 z soon z he kn[s h[1 & he has promis$ to take me up to ! cl\ds 9 x = a ride4 ,well1 my de>1 x w take "s "t to tell y all ab\t ^! ?+s b ,i w make an attempt4 ,= ages man has want$ to fly1 & ! ,greeks tell u ( a my?ical p]sonage nam$ ,ic>ius1 & ano!r nam$ ,ddalus1 :o flew to ! sun4 ,!re h be5 _m attempts to fly1 bo? ) & )\t me*anical aid1 b hi/ory gives u no?+ def9ite on ! subject until ab\t ! ye> #aghe1 :5 two ,fr5*m51 nam$ ,montgolfi]s1 built a balloon sixty feet high & =ty-?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & fill$ x ) heat$ air4 ,atta*$ to ! bottom 0 a light cage made ( wick]-"w1 into :i* 7 plac$ a lamb1 a duck1 & a roo/]4 ,! balloon 0 cut f its moor+s & rose to a height ( ov] #a1djj feet s t ^! animals 7 ! fir/ t ev] w5t up 9 a ma*9e made by h&s4 ,! ,montgolfi]s atta9$ consid]able notoriety1 & out ( _! exp]im5ts grew ! pres5t dirigible ,zeppel91 :i* measures #ddf feet 9 l5g?1 ov] #db feet 9 diamet]1 & is capable ( c>ry+ eight able-bodi$ m5 a di/ance ( ov] #ijj miles4 ,?is great ma*9e is *>g$ ) gas1 & driv5 by f\r ?ree-blad$ propell]s1 :i* are run by two gas eng9es ( #aaj horse-p[]4 ,?is is simply a mon/] balloon1 susp5d$ 9 ! air by #ebi to #gjj cubic feet ( hydrog51 or coal gas1 :i* is mu* light] ?an ord9>y air4 ,x may be said !re are f\r di/9ct k9ds ( fly+ ma*9es1 ea* unlike ! o!r 9 con/ruction & 9 pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ is ! old-fa%ion$ balloon :i* has an envelope or cov]+ ( "s air-tight fabric1 & is inflat$ ) a light gas4 ,to x is atta*$ a framework ( "s k9d call$ a ,nacelle1 t c>ries ! aviator1 ! /e]+ ge>1 & ! necess>y eng9es to op]ate ! propell] or propell]s4 ,! second k9d ( fli] is ! a]oplane1 :i*1 z its "n indicates1 is suppli$ ) 'air planes1' t give x ! p[] ( ris+ & fall+ at ! w ( ! op]ator :5 ! ma*9e is 9 motion4 ,^! planes play a v important "p 9 ! successful op]ation ( ! ma*9e1 z ,i w expla9 lat]4 ,! fir/ type ( ma*9e is class$ z a 'light]-?an-air' ma*9e or a balloon1 :ile ! planes ( all k9ds are class$ z 'heavi]-?an-air' ma*9es4 ,among o!r types ( 'fli]s1' !re is ! helicopt]e1 :i* is rais$ by screws or propell]s on v]tical %afts4 ,^! revolve rapidly1 & drive ! ma*9e upw>d1 j z ! propell] on ! ,c>ol9e drives h] =w>d :5 9 rapid motion4 ,ano!r type1 ne>ly ab&on$1 is call$ ! orni?opt]e1 or 'w+ fly]4' ,^! ma*9es are built to op]ate l ! w+s ( a bird1 & are provid$ ) ! necess>y contrivances to "w ! w+s1 bo? v]tically & horizontally4 ,?is type1 l ! helicopt]e1 is n consid]$ practicable1 & is virtually ab&on$1 s t ! field is n[ left altoge!r to ! 'light]-?an-air1' & ! a]oplane ma*9es4 ,i d n int5d giv+ y any in/ruction reg>d+ balloons1 or dirigibles1 z ,i ?9k su* is unnecess>y1 b w conf9e myself altoge!r to ! discussion ( a]oplanes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,a]o-curves ,x mu/ n be suppos$ because ( ! "n a]oplane1 t ! s-call$ plane is a real plane2 x is n4 ,! front edge ( an air-%ip plane mu/ always be curv$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 s t ! air /rikes ! "u surface & is =c$ "u ! plane1 to buoy up ! ma*9e z x moves =w>d2 or1 to put x ano!r way1 !re mu/ be a curr5t ( air ei!r natural or artificial on :i* ! ma*9e mu/ float1 or x w be drawn by gravitation to ! e>?4 ,:ile we _c see air or w9d1 we "k f exp]i5ce t x has great p[]1 & = ?\s&s ( ye>s %ips h be5 propell$ across ! seas by ?is =ce1 act+ on sails ( "s k9d4 ,we "k h[ difficult x is to travel aga9/ a high w9d1 & x is ?is quality 9 ! air t makes x possible to travel ?r\gh x4 ,! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e makes x possible = ! aviator to hold 8 ma*9e susp5d$ 9 opposition to ! laws ( gravity1 & to drive x =w>d & upw>d by means ( ! revolv+ propell] act+ aga9/ ?is resi/ance1 ! motor act+ on ! same pr9ciple & mann] z ! :eel or propell] ( a boat :5 x is urg$ =w>d4 ,if1 z ,i h se5 ,george d1 we take a flat /one1 a piece ( slate1 or flat metal1 & ?r[ x along ! face ( ! riv]1 9 su* a mann] t its flat surface /rikes ! surface ( ! wat]1 x w skim along1 /rik+ ! wat] at int]vals 9 its c\rse1 until ! =ce giv5 by ! h& t ?rew x is exhau/$1 :5 x w drop & s9k4 ,! wat]1 ?\gh light] 9 equal bulk ?an ! /one1 is aid$ by ! =ce giv5 by ! h& to buoy up ! /one until ! =ce is exp5d$4 ,! curve on ! front edge ( ! planes1 :5 ! ma*9e is 9 motion1 really takes 9 m air ?an ! space all[$ = x "u normal conditions1 & x may be said to be compress$ to "s ext5t4 ,if ! w9d be bl[+ 9 ! 'tee?' ( ! ma*9e1 ! resi/ance ( ! air w be great]1 & ! buoyancy ( ! ma*9e increas$4 ,s1 also1 if ! ma*9e is travell+ rapidly1 ! motion w increase ! resi/ance & ! buoyancy at ! same "t4 ,! mom5t ! propell]s /op1 gravitation grasps ! ma*9e1 & if ! planes are kept ev5ly balanc$ x w quietly & g5tly desc5d to ! e>?4 ,y mu/ p>ticul>ly be> 9 m9d t w9d bl[+ 9 ! face ( a ma*9e t5ds to hold x up1 & t a ma*9e fly+ rapidly makes its own w9d1 s t ! results are ! same4 ,! curve on ! front ( ! planes may be call$ an 'a]o-curve1' & mu* ( ! success ( ! ma*9e dep5ds on ?is curvature ( ! planes1 :i* gives to ! inside ( ! plane a concave %ape ( a peculi> "*1 & to ! outside a convex =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd;a4 ,maxim's a]o-curve ,if y exam9e ! r\gh draw+ ,i made = y on ! blackbo>d 7,fig4 #dd7 y w notice t ! upp] or convex curve is diff]5t f ! "u or concave "o1 & x is ^u ?is diff]5ce 9 curvatures t _m ( ! fly+ qualities ( ! ma*9e dep5d4 ,?is little section %[+ ! diff]5t curves is ! "o us$ by _m ( ! successful aviators1 ?\gh "s pref] ! =m inv5t$ by ,sir ,hiram ,maxim1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd;a1 :i* does n diff] v mat]ially f ! previ\s section %[n4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! accept$ plane is "o ( a curv$ v]tical section 9 :i* ! convex side is upp]mo/ & ! upp] surface m curv$ ?an ! l[]4 ,al?\gh diff]5t au?orities disagree z to :y ?is %ape ( plane is be/1 all agree t x is s4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim's !ory is t ! air foll[s bo? ! upp] & l[] surfaces ( ! plane1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd;a1 :ile ,phillips holds t ! air foll[s ! l[] surface ( ! plane1 &1 /rik+ ! hump1 %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #dd1 is reflect$ (f ! upp] surface ( ! plane1 ?us =m+ a p>tial vacuum on ! upp] surface1 :i* gives an additional upw>d pull to ! plane4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little d\bt t mo/ ( ! "w is done by ! =ce ex]t$ on ! l[] surface ( ! plane4 ,ano!r consid]ation t ent]s into ! design ( ! plane is ! aspect ratio1 or ! ratio betwe5 ! dep? ( ! plane =e & aft1 & ! wid? or span4 ,au?orities d n agree ab\t ?is latt] consid]ation4 ,a practical aspect ratio1 "o /ates1 is #f to #a1 z1 = in/ance1 a plane #ci feet spread by #f feet #f in*es 9 dep?4 ,9 ,santos ,dumont's ,demoiselle ! aspect ratio is only #c to #a4 ,! ideal plane1 h[ev]1 w\ld be a plane ( great l5g? & little dep?1 b ?is is impossible 9 ! practical ma*9e1 z a plane ( excessive l5g? w\ld greatly weak5 ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e4 ,aga91 ! diff]5t au?orities d n agree z to ! %ape ( ! ends ( ! planes4 ,lan*e/] says t an effici5t plane mu/ be ( rectangul> =m1 & ! ,vois9 & ,curtiss planes are rectangul>1 :]eas ! w+s ( ! ,blriot & ! ,wright planes are decid$ly curv$ at ! tips4 ,i w %[ 9 o!r illu/rations ! me?od ( plac+ ! planes on su* ma*9es1 z made by ,curtiss & "s o!r not$ aviators4 ,i ?9k ,i h said suffici5t to give y a fair idea ( ! reason :y an a]oplane c be made to navigate ! air1 b ,i h n told y h[ its direction c be controll$4 ,no d\bt1 if ! air 7 always /ill & n subject to *ange1 !re w\ld be b little difficulty 9 controll+ ! direction ( ! ma*9e1 b1 un=tunately1 ?is is n ! case1 s provision has to be made to meet v>i\s *anges z !y occur4 ,a d[nw>d curr5t ( air causes ! plane to *ange its incl9ation to ! horizontal1 s t x w n support ! weight1 & ! ma*9e falls to ! gr\nd4 ,to ov]come ?is unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s1 small auxili>y planes are us$ to c\nt]act ! effect ( v>y+ air curr5ts4 ,!y control ! movem5ts ( ! ma9 planes s t !y always be> ! same incl9ation to ! horizontal1 & !y are also us$ to elevate ! ma*9es s z to cle> small ob/acles4 ,if any great increase 9 altitude is desir$1 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e mu/ be increas$ & ! planes driv5 m rapidly ?r\gh ! air1 ?us giv+ !m m lift+ p[]4 ,x may be t 9 a %ort "t1 additional balanc+ planes w n be necess>y1 z "s o!r s*eme may be inv5t$ t w regulate ! balance ( ! a]oplane4 ,already an ,au/ralian inv5tor1 call$ ,rob]ts1 has appli$ ! gyroscope to ! a]oplane 9 ord] to solve ! problem ( mak+ x balance automatically4 ,x ex]ts a balanc+ =ce equal to #cjj p\nds1 plac$ #ah in*es on ei!r side ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,! gyroscope is driv5 by electricity1 & controll$ by a p5dulum :i* sw+s "r or left1 accord+ to ! tilt ( ! a]oplane4 ,mr4 ,rob]ts is also work+ on a small a]oplane :i* is to be controll$ by wireless telegraphy4 ,8 inv5tions are be+ te/$ by ! ,briti% ,w> ,(fice4 ,!re are _m o!r inv5tors on ?ree cont95ts busily employ$ 9 try+ to solve ! balance problem4 ,a v important matt] 9 ! con/ruction ( ! a]oplane is ! position ( ! screw propell]4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim advocates plac+ x at ! re> ( ! planes1 & ?is con/ruction is c>ri$ out 9 ! ,wright1 ,curtiss1 ,vois9 & ,baldw9-,mc,curdy ma*9es1 :ile ! tractor screw is us$ on ! ,blriot1 ,anto9ette1 & ,roe fli]s4 ,sir ,hiram's !ory is t if ! screw is plac$ 9 front1 ! backwa% /rikes ! ma*9e1 :i* (f]s a good deal ( resi/ance to ! passage ( ! air1 & ret>ds action2 b if ! propell] is plac$ 9 ! re>1 ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9e imp>ts a =w>d motion to ! air ) :i* x comes 9 contact1 & ! screw1 runn+ 9 air t is mov+ =w>d1 has less slip1 & is1 !re=e1 m effici5t ?an ! tractor screw4 ,:ile ! con/ruction ( ! a]oplane is yet 9 an exp]im5tal /age1 x is progress+ q rapidly1 & ?\gh no def9ite rules cov]+ ! :ole gr\nd ( con/ruction & managem5t c yet be laid d[n1 ! foll[+ po9ts may be well consid]$ be=e any /eps are tak5 9 mak+ or us+ any make ( a]oplane3 7#a7 ,t x is useless to con/ruct ! planes ( flat v]tical section1 z mu* lift is lo/ 9 do+ s1 & !y are be/ con/ruct$ aft] ! mann] %[n 9 ,figs4 #dd & #dd;a4 7#b7 ,t ! mo/ practical aspect ratio is ab\t #f to #a4 7#c7 ,t ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! incl9$ planes ought to be some:]e betwe5 #a 9 #aj1 & #a 9 #bj 7i4 e41 ! angle by :i* !y are incl9$ to ! horizontal1 ! =w>d or ent]+ edge ( ! plane ( c\rse be+ ! high]74 7#d7 ,t a reliable motor1 "o t is immune f involunt>y /oppages1 is absolutely ess5tial to prev5t accid5ts4 7#e7 ,t automatic /ability ( ! ma*9e is ! !ory ( a]onautics t all inv5tors %\ld /udy mo/ c>efully4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,blriot monoplane ,! illu/ration ,i %[ "h 7,fig4 #de7 repres5ts ! monoplane 9 :i* ! ,fr5*man1 ,blriot1 cross$ ov] ! sea f ,france to ,engl&4 ,! ?ick curv$ l9es1 %[n at ,a1 exhibit ! ma9 plane :i* gives ! ma*9e its "n ( monoplane--"o plane--& ,b %[s ! re> auxili>y plane1 :i* is also ( curv$ section & curv$ ends4 ,! plane ,a has an area ( #aej squ>e feet1 & ,b has an area ( #ag squ>e feet1 :ile ! rudd] ,c has an area ( #d-a_/b squ>e feet4 ,! total l5g? ( ! ma*9e is #be feet1 ! sweep ( ! rudd] #f feet #f in*es4 ,! rudd] is a plane1 pure & simple1 & may be con/ruct$ ( any light mat]ial t is /rong en\gh to /& a reasonable w9d pressure4 ,! planes mu/ be cov]$ on bo? sides ) "s light fabric1 silk pref]r$1 & all ! framework made z light z possible1 consi/5t ) safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,plan ( ,blriot ma*9e ,! plan ,i %[ at ,fig4 #df w give y a good idea ( ! =m ( ?is ma*9e1 if y 7 look+ f above at x4 ,e is ! po9t :]e ! aviator sits1 & :]e ! #cj horse-p[] eng9e is plac$4 ,! ends ( ! planes are r\nd$ (f1 & ! ends ( ! re> plane at ,,dd1 are made adju/able s t ! ma*9e may be made easi] to manage :5 9 motion4 ,all eng9es us$ 9 a]oplanes are ( ! int]nal combu/ion type1 made purposely = a]ial flight1 & are z /rong & z light z x is possible to make !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,biplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,vois9 biplane ,! biplane1 or two plane ma*9e1 is fitt$ up on some:at ! same l9es z ! monoplane1 hav+ two planes "o above ! o!r1 z ,i %[ y 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! d>k portion ,a ,a1 %[s ! positions & curvature ( ! planes4 ,! plane ,b is call$ ! elevator because x keeps up ! head ( ! ma*9e4 ,c %[s ! tail ) a s+le plane4 ,d is ! "p conta9+ ! me*anism & ! aviator's seat4 ,e %[s ! v]tical planes1 made ( "s light fabric /ret*$ ov] a bamboo frame4 ,! propell] is %[n at ,f1 & x is ab\t six feet 9 diamet]4 ,! two c>ry+ :eels1 %[n at ,g ,g1 are simply light bicycle :eels :i* t5d to ease ! l&+ ( ! ma*9e :5 x comes to ! e>?4 ,x w be se5 t ma*9es may diff] 9 ! /yle ( con/ruction & yet1 s long z !y conta9 ! pr9ciples ,i h describ$1 !y w fly ) m or less success4 ,! illu/ration1 7,fig4 #dh71 %[s ! plan ( ! biplane1 :i* is some:at diff]5t 9 arrangem5t f ! monoplane4 ,?is sket* is ( ! ,vois9 biplane & %[s ! tail-piece1 some?+ n us$ 9 ma*9es ( ! ,wright type4 ,! ,vois9 ma*9e is q popul> 9 ,europe1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france4 ,x is n v difficult to con/ruct or easy to control2 at lea/1 x has t reputation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,! ,santos-,dumont monoplane ,! ,santos ,dumont monoplane1 ,demoiselle1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 is said to be ! smalle/ & lighte/ kn[n practical ma*9e1 & !re are no pat5ts on x1 ! inv5tor hav+ publi%$ sket*es & draw+s ( all its details4 ,contr>y to ! usual plan1 ! aviator1 9 ?is ma*9e1 sits bel[ ! motor1 s t ! propell] blades cut across ! l9e ( sight2 b z x revolves v rapidly ! vision is n affect$4 ,! :ole ma*9e1 :5 complete1 weighs only ab\t #bej p\nds4 ,its l5g? is ab\t #bj feet & its total wid? ov] ! planes #ah feet1 & x is ab\t #g feet #f in*es high4 ,x is q easy to build1 z ! framework1 or *assis1 is fix$ to a b5t piece ( a% or elm--l a sleigh runn]--:i* answ]s v well1 because :5 ! ma*9e beg9s to move ! re> end rises fir/4 ,if desir$1 ! frame c be made s t ! :ole ?+ c be tak5 ap>t4 ,sockets1 l ^? us$ on f9i%+ rods1 may be atta*$ at ! jo9ts & junctions to hold ! /ructure toge!r4 ,! two sp>s t con/itute ! ma9 support ( ! planes are =m$ ( a%1 ?is hav+ be5 f\nd ! be/ mat]ial = ! purpose1 z x is also = ! mak+ ( ! propell] blades4 ,"o ( ! sp>s %\ld be fix$ ab\t n9e in*es f ! front edge1 & ! o!r ab\t twelve in*es f ! back4 ,bamboo cross pieces are fa/5$ ab\t n9e or t5 in*es ap>t betwe5 ! two ma9 sp>s4 ,all is cov]$ ) oil$ silk1 appli$ 9 two ?icknesses4 ,! area ( ! ma9 plane is "s #aae squ>e feet1 & t ( ! tail-piece ab\t #ej squ>e feet4 ,to cov] all ?is w\ld require ab\t #djj squ>e feet ( silk4 ,i h he>d x said t a]oplanes are h>d to manage1 difficult to drive1 & extremely dang]\s4 ,?is is n true entirely1 b !re is "s tru? 9 x4 ,an amateur has to g ?r\gh a 'c\rse ( spr\ts' & mu/ le>n all ab\t 8 ma*9e be=e beg9n+ to use x practically4 ,once he becomes ma/] ( x & c keep x well "u control1 he ne$ n fe> accid5ts1 if he does n lose 8 head1 nor v5ture out 9 half a gale4 ,:5 we consid] ! numb] ( exp]im5ts t h be5 made f "t to "t ) imp]fect ma*9es1 we f9d t fatal accid5ts h be5 v few1 less1 inde$1 ?an ! numb] record$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( automobile hi/ory4 ,i h be5 compell$ to draw a numb] ( ! po9ts ,i h giv5 y f _m s\rces1 p>ticul>ly f ! writ+s ( ,messrs4 ,fe!r/onhaugh & ,lan*e/]1 :i* does n detract f :at ,i h told y1 b r gu>antees its correctness4 ,well1 *ildr5--x is gett+ late1 b1 be=e bidd+ y good-night1 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld f9i% my talk on a]oplanes by %[+ y h[ to make a small model ( a fly+ ma*9e1 if y are n too tir$ to li/5 fur!r8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,a model a]oplane ,please1 fa!r1 said ,fr$1 d keep on4 ,george1 also1 want$ to he> m1 s ,mr4 ,gregg decid$ to cont9ue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,section model a]oplane ,i h giv5 y an outl9e ( ! reason :y an a]oplane c be made to rise f ! gr\nd & navigate ! air2 b ,i h n told y ( all ! k9ds ( ma*9es t c be made to fly1 = !re are _m o!rs ?an ^? ,i h spok5 (4 ,"o is ! glid]1 :i* does n c>ry an eng9e1 b1 z its "n indicates1 glides along 9 ! air at a di/ance n f> f ! e>?4 ,^! are n capable ( travell+ v f> &1 !re=e1 are n likely to come into g5]al use4 ,!y h to be />t$ ei!r by glid+ (f a high t[]1 by slid+ d[n a hill or by be+ propell$ by h& or t[$ by "s rapidly mov+ ma*9e4 ,"s day1 p]haps1 a ma*9e w be evolv$ on ! same or simil> l9es z ! glid]1 t c be propell$ by natural =ces1 b ! "t is n yet4 ,beside ! monoplane & ! biplane1 !re is ! triplane1 con/ruct$ on ! same l9es z ! o!r fly+ planes1 t is to say1 ! ?ree planes us$ on ! ma*9e are made ! same z ! planes on ! o!rs1 ea* hav+ a convex & concave side ( diff]5t curvatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,blade ( propell] ,! monoplane :i* ,i am ab\t to describe & illu/rate1 & :i* ,i %[ 9 ,figs4 #ej-ea-eb1 c be easily & *eaply made1 & c be gu>ante$ to fly1 aft] a little exp]im5t+ to get ! correct balance & angle ( ! planes4 ,! frame ,a w fir/ be treat$4 ,get two pieces ( yell[ or :ite p9e 7! lighte/ & mo/ easily procur$ wood71 cut !m to ! %ape %[n1 #a foot #f in*es long1 #a_/b in* by #a-c_/af in*es 9 ! middle1 & ?ick5$ at ! ends to take ! screws f ! end b>s ,b & ,c 7,fig4 #ej74 ,take great c>e to make !m exactly alike4 ,! end pieces ,b & ,c1 :i* are #b-a_/b in*es by #g_/af in* by #a_/d in* c !n be screw$ to ! side pieces ,a1 & a rectangul> frame is ! result4 ,%\ld ! screws split ! wood 9 ! slighte/ degree1 new pieces mu/ be made1 z ! plane is sure to get r\gh usage 9 fall+ on ! gr\nd a few times4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,br[n ,bro!rs ,,mak+ ,,an ,,a]oplane ,,model ,if ! ,screws ,split ! ,wood 9 ! ,slighte/ ,degree1 ,new ,pieces ,mu/ be ,made ,! planes are also made ( yell[ p9e4 ,!y mu/ be exactly equal to "o ano!r 9 weight1 "o be+ "r h&$ & ! o!r left4 ,! wood mu/ n be m ?an #a_/bb in* ?ick1 &1 if possible1 ev5 ?9n]4 ,a l>ge circul> *ip box w be ! be/ ?+ f :i* to make ^!4 ,gum a piece ( trac+ clo? on top ( ! planes1 & all[ ab\t #b in*es to ov]lap at ! l>ge ends1 to twi/ & glue r\nd ! ma9 frame :5 fix+4 ,! clo? w fulfil two useful & necess>y purposes4 ,x w /r5g!n ! planes & curve !m to a v l>ge ext5t4 ,?is curvature is ess5tial to ! flight ( ! ma*9e4 ,a wood5 block curv$ to suit1 & incl9$ at ab\t #e degrees1 is fix$ betwe5 ! back planes & ! frame4 ,! front or small plane is #h in*es by #c in*es1 & made 9 ! same way z ! o!rs4 ,x mu/ be adju/able1 & is1 !re=e1 m\nt$ on two wood5 blocks1 #b in*es by #a_/d in* by #a_/b in* & fa/5$ by means ( copp] wire :i* acts z a h+e4 ,f\r silk cords are fix$ to ! movable end ( ! plane1 two be+ fa/5$ to nails at ! re> end ( ! frame & two to ! front1 to hold ! plane at any desir$ angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,connections ( propell] blade ,! propell] blades 7,fig4 #eb7 are made ( ?9 alum9um4 ,two %eets are cut out ! same size & %ape1 & plac$ ) _! ends ov]lapp+ 7see ,fig4 #ec74 ,a piece ( /eel wire #a_/af in* 9 diamet] is b5t & plac$ betwe5 !m to =m ! %aft4 ,! :ole is !n fix$ 9 a piece ( light copp] tube1 :i* is slott$ by means ( a hack saw or fret saw to receive !m4 ,! blades are b\nd crosswise to ! tube by means ( ?9 wire or /rong ?read2 !n twi/$ to a pit* ( ab\t #f in*es4 ,x is also advisable to place a wa%] betwe5 ! copp] tube & ! end b> ( ! frame4 ,?is me?od ( fix+ ! propell] blades is n ! same z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej b x is ! bett] way4 ,! drive = ! propell] is ela/ic 7a rubb] b&71 :i*1 :5 twi/$ & releas$1 w rapidly revolve ! %aft = a %ort "t4 ,! be/ k9d to use is ! gray v>iety1 & :5 9 ! =m ( b&s1 say #c_/h in* by #a_/af in* by #f in*es1 is ready = use )\t jo9t+4 ,! wire c>ry+ ! ela/ic %\ld be made s t ! ela/ic is j 9 t5sion :5 untwi/$4 ,! monoplane1 :5 complete1 %\ld be te/$ )\t ! propell] until x w glide p]fectly4 ,! front ( ! plane w ne$ weight add$ if !re is a t5d5cy to som]sault2 b if ! back rises ahead ( ! =w>d end1 m weight is necess>y !re4 ,! be/ glide to be expect$ is ab\t a #a 9 #f slope4 ,! propell] %\ld !n be tri$1 & a flight ( #ej or #ajj feet1 or m1 %\ld result4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy to twi/1 ow+ to ! side pull ( ! propell]1 a screw %\ld be fix$ to ! end ( ! plane to c\nt]act x4 ,a mu* long] flight c be giv5 ! model1 if ! spr+ is made s t ! t5sion may cont9ue a long] p]iod4 ,sometimes a rubb] atta*m5t c be appli$ & twi/$ s t ! propell] c be kept runn+ long en\gh to c>ry ! ma*9e a mu* great] di/ance ?an "h /at$4 ,! dim5sions ( all ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e are m>k$ on ! illu/rations1 s t y w f9d no difficulty :atev] 9 mak+ a model monoplane t w fly f ! />t4 ,9 ! mak+ ( little models ( ?is k9d1 y w enc\nt] _m ?+s t w tax y\r skill & +5uity1 z amateur workm54 ,n[1 *ildr51 ,i h told y all ab\t a]oplanes t ,i int5d$1 ?\gh ,i may take up ! subject aga91 :5 ,i try to expla9 ! recogniz$ !ory ( flight1 & ! mak+ & fly+ ( kites4 ,,viii ,,kites1 ,,sundials1 ,,pat5ts ,! next day1 j z ,mr4 ,gregg return$ f 8 (fice1 ,fr$1 ,jessie1 & ,george l&$ on _! new dock f ! ,c>ol9e4 ,!y _h be5 = a sail on ! riv]1 & ,jessie 0 q en?usia/ic ov] ! trip4 ,fr$ 0 a real good capta94 ,:y1 papa1 he let me /e] ! boat all by myself1 & taught me s well ,i didn't h any collisions4 ,an h\r or s lat] ! boys1 ,jessie1 & ,mr4 ,gregg1 retir$ to ! d54 ,aft] que/ion+ ! boys reg>d+ ! previ\s talk1 to discov] if !y rememb]$ ! ma9 po9ts1 ,mr4 ,gregg said he w\ld n[ tell !m some?+ ( kites & kite fly+4 ,! highe/ kite asc5t yet record$ 0 made at ! a]onautical obs]vatory at ,l9d5burg1 7,prussia7 on ,novemb] #be1 #aije1 #ba1ajj feet be+ atta9$4 ,six kites 7 atta*$ to "o ano!r ) a wire l9e ( ne>ly #af1jjj y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,! m9imum temp]ature record$ 0 #ac degrees1 ,f42 at />t+ ! read+ 0 #da degrees4 ,! w9d velocity at ! surface ( ! e>? 0 eighte5 miles an h\r1 & ! maximum altitude x rea*$ 0 fifty-six miles an h\r4 ,! previ\s height record by a kite 0 ne>ly #a1ajj feet l[]1 & x _h be5 rea*$ f a ,dani% gunboat 9 ! ,baltic4 ,^! asc5ts 7 wond]ful1 = x is n an easy matt] to tra9 a kite high] ?an a giv5 altitude1 = sev]al reasons4 ,! high] a kite rises ! m /r+ x w require1 & ?is t5ds to weight d[n ! plane or kite4 ,! w9d1 too1 act+ on ! /r+1 t5ds to ret>d ! upw>d flight & to cut %ort fur!r asc5t4 ,:5 an ord9>y kite rea*es a height ( #a1bjj or #a1ejj feet1 x is do+ v well2 & few exce$ ?is height4 ,:5 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 angl$ 9 ! cl\ds = lightn+1 8 kite did n atta9 an altitude ( m ?an #a1jjj feet1 :i* 0 q suffici5t = ! purpose he _h 9 view4 ,:5 ,frankl9 flew 8 kite1 he 0 s afraid ( ridicule t he took a small boy ) him to c>ry ! kite & /r+1 9 ord] to prev5t 8 neighb\rs f ?9k+ he 0 go+ 'kite fly+4' ,9 ^! days :5 a man is se5 fly+ a kite1 p v naturally imag9e him to be an a]onaut1 /udy+ ! sci5ce = ! purpose ( improv+ or inv5t+ a fly+ ma*9e ( "s k9d--= :i* !re seems to be ample room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,sci5ce ( kite-fly+ ,! fir/ ?+ a beg9n] 9 ! sci5ce ( a]onautics w want to "k is1 ',:y does ! kite or ma*9e lift itself (f ! gr\nd8' ,if y take a kite & hold x 9 an incl9$ position1 ! w9d on ! l[] side w h a t5d5cy to bl[ x backw>d2 b z x is held by ! kite /r+1 ?is movem5t is impossible1 & s x is incl9$ to rise 9 ! air 7see ,fig4 #ed74 ,if we con/ruct a l>ge plane & equip x ) a motor op]at+ a screw :i* pu%es or pulls ! plane along ?r\gh ! air1 ! result is ! same z if ! plane 7 an*or$1 & ! w9d hits ! l[] surface ( ! incl9$ plane1 ?us =c+ x up4 ,also1 we f9d1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! m y incl9e a plane ! m lift or upw>d ?ru/ w x give2 b x w take m p[] to drive x ?r\gh ! air1 & ! fa/] ! plane is driv5 ?r\gh ! air ! less surface is requir$ to support ! weight4 ,a matt] ( great importance 9 ! con/ruction is ! %ape ( ! plane1 & ! %ape ( ! v]tical section ?r\gh ! same4 ,! %ape ( ^! planes has be5 expla9$ 9 ,figs4 #dc & #dd1 & ! reasons 7 giv5 :y ^! %apes 7 consid]$ ! prop] ones = ! purpose4 ,x does n foll[1 said ,mr4 ,gregg1 t all kites %\ld h ! same k9d ( a surface or plane1 ?\gh ! flat planes ( ! toys ( our s*ool days 7 all ( ! flat surface k9d2 ^! be+ ( v>i\s %apes & sizes f ! loz5ge to ! squ>e1 b[ top1 octagon1 & _m o!rs1 accord+ to ! :im or skill ( ! mak]4 ,"o ( ! conditions ( ^! planes or flat kites1 0 t ea* "o mu/ h at lea/ "o tail atta*$ to ! bottom ( x4 ,?is tail 0 flexible1 simply a piece ( /r+ hav+ pap] simil> to 'curl pap]s' ti$ to x at int]vals4 ,! tail 0 a necessity1 = )\t x ! equipoise w\ld be impossible4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan1 :]e ! natives h be5 kite-fly+ = m ?an tw5ty c5turies1 !y make kites t fly & ma9ta9 ! a]ial equipoise )\t hav+ tails hung to !m1 no matt] :e!r ! %ape be t ( a dragon1 a lion1 or an eagle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,box kite ,a kite is simply an a]oplane on a small scale1 & %\ld be consid]$ z su*1 z x has a fix$ fulcrum 9 ! belly b&1 a con/ant pressure :5 fly+1 & an angle :i* is v>i$ 9 proportion to ! load x may h to c>ry4 ,! common kite is easily made1 b x does n always fly z desir$2 = x seems almo/ impossible to make two kites t w fly 9 ! same mann] "u simil> conditions4 ,box kites are ! mo/ reliable1 & n s v difficult to make1 z y w discov] by exam9+ ,figs4 #ee1 #ef1 & #eg & foll[+ ! directions ,i give y4 ,fir/1 procure f\r /raight /rips ( light wood1 pref]ably spruce1 #b ft4 #f 94 by #c_/h 94 by #a_/h 942 ^! dim5sions %\ld be full 7see ,fig4 #ee47 ,obta9 also f\r o!r pieces1 ea* #a ft4 #g-a_/b 94 long1 b #a_/af 94 wid] & ?ick] ?an ! =ego+1 & halve _! ends to a dep? ( #a_/h 94 by #a_/d 941 9 ord] t :5 ! false end ,a 7,fig4 #ef7 is tightly b\nd on1 ^! cross /icks w firmly grip ! long pieces edgewise1 ! sides ( ! cells be+ indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! long /icks %\ld be not*$ at a di/ance ( #d 94 f _! ends to receive ! =ks ( ! cross /icks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,mak+ a kite ,! wid? ( ! clo? or pap] cells %\ld be #h 941 & !y %\ld be sep>at$ by a di/ance ( #a ft4 #a 94 or #a ft4 #b 941 _! edges be+ b\nd ) f9e tw9e4 ,! easie/ way to make ! cells is to cut two /rips ( ! mat]ial1 #aj 94 wide & #d ft4 #h-a_/b 94 long4 ,turn ov] ! edges #a_/b 94 along ea* side1 & ins]t f9e /rong tw9e6 ,if pap] is us$1 glue ! fold2 if clo?1 /it* ! hem4 ,:5 complet$1 ei!r glue or /it* ! ends ( ! /rip ) a #c_/d 94 lap1 s z to =m a cont9u\s b&4 ,by fold+1 divide ?is accurately into f\r equal p>ts & at ea* ( ! creases glue "o ( ! long /icks edgewise 7see ,fig4 #ef74 ,:5 dry1 ! :ole c be put toge!r & ! fly+ l9e atta*$1 )\t a bridle1 z 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,= additional cle>ness an enl>g$ detail ( "o end ( ! kite is %[n at ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,s+le box kite ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,br[n ,bros ,,mak+ ,,kites ,box ,kites ,are ! ,mo/ ,reliable1 ,& ,n s ,v ,difficult to ,make ,x is advisable 9 all cases to make ! cross pieces a trifle too long1 to insure _! /ra9+ ! b& tightly4 ,!y may also be %ort5$ by cutt+ away ! %\ld] =m$ by ! halv+4 ,^! kites are easy to fly4 ,avoid an enclos$ space1 :]e ! w9d :irls 9 invisible eddies2 hav+ let out #bj yds4 or #cj yds4 ( l9e1 get "s "o to ?r[ up ! kite 9 ! usual fa%ion4 ,if sev]al l>ge kites are s5t up 9 t&em1 /eel wire %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,squ>e cellul> kite ,ano!r k9d ( a kite1 kn[n z ! cellul> kite is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,?is is made by =m+ two squ>e frames ,n4 ,o41 divid$ into n9e comp>tm5ts ea* & connect$ toge!r by a light rod at r1 ! fulcrum or /r+ be+ at ,p1 ! air pressure at ,t4 ,! :ole =ms a good1 /rong kite1 b x is n able to c>ry mu* weight1 on acc\nt ( ! equipoise be+ self adju/$ 9 accordance ) ! con/ant pressure & surface4 ,! equipoise is due to ! curr5t be+ cut by ! edges a a1 & div]t$ into ! cellul> divisions ( ea* area4 ,?is be+ ! case1 any upw>d or d[nw>d t5d5cy ( a a1 w\ld be c\nt]balanc$ by ! effect on ! o!r side & ! kite w\ld naturally adju/ itself on ! opposite side4 ,we are n dep5d5t ^u any p>ticul> %ape = obta9+ a good s]viceable kite--l ! plane made kite1 ! cellul> "o may be ( any %ape4 ,i %[ y "o "h1 at ,fig4 #ei1 hav+ a circul> rim1 ) ?9 tubes ins]t$ 9 su* a mann] t ! curr5t ( w9d w ru% ?r\gh :5 ! ma*9e is 9 ! air4 ,! two portions1 ,a & ,b1 are held toge!r by a rod 9 a simil> mann] to ! squ>e kites1 & ! cord or fulcrum is fa/5$ to ! rod at ,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,circul> cellul> kite ,a numb] ( kites may be s5t up at once1 all atta*$ to ! same /r+1 if prop]ly adju/$4 ,"h are six squ>e cellul> kites loop$ toge!r1 %[n at ,fig4 #fj4 ,!y may be made ( any suitable size1 b ne$ n be all ( "o size1 ?\gh ea* pair w\ld be bett] if made ! same size4 ,!y may be loop$ up1 z %[n1 & ! po9t ,s may be load$ lightly2 x w help to /eady ! kite & keep x f sway+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,gr\p ( kites ,a peculi> kite1 call$ 'a w> kite1' is v popul> 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 & 9 "s p>ts ( our c\ntry also4 ,x is easily made & gives good results4 ,x is on ! pr9ciple ( ! 'cellul>' or 'box' kite1 be+ cubical or box-%ap$1 &1 :5 us$ = c>ry+ weights1 usually has sev]al cells built toge!r1 or sev]al kites may be c\pl$ :5 a heavy load1 su* z t ( a man1 is to be rais$4 ,^! kites are made ( light wood or cane cov]$ ) na9sook or f9e cotton1 & /r5g!n$ ) cross pieces :i* hold ! frames tight & keep ! kite 9 %ape4 ,!y c be tak5 to pieces & ! cov]+ mat]ial roll$ up s t !y occupy v little space4 ,two =ms ( box kites are %[n 9 ,figs4 #fa & #fb1 & x w be se5 t an atta*m5t is made ea* side ( ! frame4 ,?is is f9e /eel wire1 v light comp>$ ) its /r5g?1 w\nd on a drum by means ( a small eng9e4 ,l>ge kites ( ! ord9>y =m c be us$ = ! same purpose1 b _! lift+ p[] is n equal to t ( ! box kite4 ,a small box kite is us$ = tak+ photographs1 a cam]a be+ c>ri$ by a sep>ate wire connection to ! atta*m5t wire1 & ! %utt] releas$ at ! prop] "t by an +5i\s arrangem5t1 simil> to ! pieces ( pap] call$ 'mess5g]s' :i* boys us$ to s5d up on ! cords ( ord9>y kites4 ,?is kite is a little m exp5sive to make ?an mo/ ( ^? %[n1 b x gives an excell5t result :5 prop]ly h&l$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,sextuple kite ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,w> kite ,9 mak+ kites ( any k9d1 ! lighte/ mat]ials consi/5t ) suffici5t /r5g?1 %\ld be employ$4 ,! frames %\ld be split bamboo or cane4 ,! jo9ts may be la%$ toge!r ) f9e wire or silk ?read1 & ! envelope 9 ea* case %\ld be f9e silk or simil> mat]ial t w\ld be close1 light1 & /rong4 ,^! qualities1 9 all sorts ( kites & a]oplanes1 are absolutely ess5tial to accompli% ! be/ results4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( a]onautics1 ,i ?9k x w\ld n be amiss to tell y some?+ ( bird flight4 ,!re are diff]5t modes ( fly+1 j z m5 h diff]5t gaits 9 walk+ or runn+4 ,rapid w+ movem5t does n always imply spe$ 9 flight1 any m ?an does rapid leg movem5t imply spe$ 9 walk+ or runn+4 ,) u x is ! l5g? ( ! /ride t tells ultimately4 ,:at tells1 correspond+ly1 9 ! flight ( ! bird is n kn[n4 ,speak+ broadly1 long-w+$ birds are /rong & swift fli]s2 %ort-w+$ birds are feeble 9 flight4 ,:5 we consid] t a cumbr\s1 sl[-mov+ bird l ! h]on moves its w+s twice p] second :5 9 flight1 x is evid5t t _m birds h a v rapid w+ movem5t4 ,mo/ small birds h x1 comb9$ ) feeble p[]s ( flight4 ,! common wr5 & ! *ipp+ sp>r[1 = in/ance1 h a flight l t ( a "y bird4 ,:at c give "o m exquisite pleasure ?an to wat* seagulls swoop+ r\nd ! edge ( a cliff1 to see !m drift d[n w9d ) w+s motionless1 !n sudd5ly d>t d[nw>d1 turn to meet ! breeze1 & beat up aga9/ x ) all _! +5uity & skill8 ,! beauty ( a %ip dep5ds on ! way x glides ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,wat* a l9]1 & y c see t x is be+ driv5 by its screws1 b look at a rac+ ya*t3 !re is no s5se ( ef=t :atev]4 ,%e seems to move l a bird1 by natural means4 ,"h is ! secret ( ! beauty ( ! a]oplane4 ,x seems to be completely ma/] ( ! elem5t 9 :i* x moves4 ,x flies ) no visible ef=t & at a little di/ance "o c\ld imag9e x end[$ ) magic p[]1 mov+ by natural =ce1 l a bird4 ,all ! e>ly attempts at fly+ 7 made on ! !ory ( w+ motion1 & ! failures result+ 7 d\btless due to c>eless /udy ( :at nature c\ld tea*4 ,!re 0 a great deal m to be le>n$ f nature ?an f ma!matics4 ,an exam9ation ( ! diff]5t types ( birds te/ifies1 among o!r ?+s1 to _! rigid backs1 & to ! fact t ne>ly all _! bones are holl[ & h air cavities4 ,an errone\s d$uction _h be5 drawn f ?is t ! holl[s 7 purely = ! sake ( lightness1 & t ! cavities 7 = hot air to make ! bird light :5 x want$ to fly4 ,! am\nt ( lightness s obta9$1 h[ev]1 0 s small z n to be wor? consid]ation4 ,! passages are simply res]voirs = air1 & !y all[ ! bird m en]gy ?an a less freely brea?+ animal4 ,! w+ ( ! bird does a d\ble duty3 x is an a]oplane & a propell] comb9$4 ,! valvul> action has no?+ at all to d ) ! flight4 ,"s explanation ( h[ a sp>r[ c rise f ! gutt] to ! eaves may be se5 by ! diff]5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( its w+s f ^? ( ! swall[1 :i* _c rise f ! gr\nd l a sp>r[1 b has to get initial velocity4 ,! swall[1 h[ev]1 has mu* m ma/]y ov] its movem5ts 9 ! air ?an ! sp>r[ has4 ,^!1 & _m o!r ?+s 9 connection ) bird flight1 "u prop] me?ods ( sci5tific inve/igation1 may %[ u ! :ole !ory ( aviation4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t sci5tific m5 w soon be able to solve ! problem1 & to give u bett] control ( ! com+ a]oplanes1 or ev5 direct _! flight by ! aid ( electric waves or o!r natural =ces4 ,9 kite-fly+1 x is well to "k some?+ ( ! w9d & its pressure1 &1 9 ?is connection1 ! foll[+ %ort table w give "s idea ( ! =ce ex]cis$ on objects 9 its pa?3 ,a light air curr5t presses #j4jjd lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,light w9d has a pressure ( #j4abe lbs4 p] sq4 foot ,light breeze #j4bdf lbs4 p] sq4 foot ,mod]ate breeze #j4djf lbs4 p] sq4 foot ,/rong breeze #b4jj lbs4 p] sq4 foot ,mod]ate gale #b4ih lbs4 p] sq4 foot ,?is la/ %\ld be ! limit1 z a kite or a]oplane ( any k9d w f9d x h>d to manoeuvre 9 a breeze /rong] ?an a mod]ate gale4 ,( c\rse1 !re are w9ds sometimes t h a velocity ( #fj to #ge miles an h\r1 & a pressure ( ov] #dj p\nds to ! squ>e foot1 b ^! w\ld prove disa/r\s to any k9d ( a fly+ ma*9e1 if x 0 9 action4 ,fa!r1 ask$ ,fr$1 h[ c "o tell ! velocity ( ! w9d1 )\t "o ( ^? exp5sive ma*9es ,i see at ! wea!r (fice1 an anemomet]1 ,i ?9k x is call$8 ,i am glad1 said ! fa!r1 t y h notic$ ^? & o!r in/rum5ts = gaug+ & =etell+ wea!r conditions4 ,x is an indication t y keep y\r eyes op5 :5 y visit su* places1 & to le>n by obs]vation is almo/ z effectual z to obta9 k by exp]i5ce4 ,i h 9 m9d a v simple contrivance y c make y\rself1 = measur+ w9d pressure f a c\ple ( ounces to f\r p\nds to ! foot4 ,i w make a sket* ( x1 :i* ,i am sure y w und]/&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,w9d gauge ,x consi/s ( a light p9e or c$> wood frame on a /rong /&1 support+ on a c5tre two b5t wires1 c>ry+ at "o end a #c-;94 squ>e ( ?9 wood1 ,a1 & on ! o!r a ?9 b> ( wood1 to ! c5tre ( :i* is atta*$ a f9e /r+ ti$ to a spr+ balance scal$ to #a_/h ( an ounce & up to #d ounces 7,fig #fc74 ,z ! squ>e ( #c in*es is ! #af? ( a foot1 ea* ounce on ! spr+ is equal to #a lb4 pressure on ! squ>e foot4 ,! latt] balance slides 9 ! ,v-frame at ! back s z always to keep ! squ>e p>allel to ! face ( ! frame1 :e!r ! w9d is /rong or light1 & ! balance mu/ be slidd5 9 or out until ! face ( ! squ>e is s plac$ be=e regi/]+ ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,by att5tion to ?is x w regi/] v truly up to #d lbs41 :i* is ! ext5t ( an ord9>y spr+ balance4 ,!re is also a front view1 a side view1 & a bird's-eye view1 also "o ( ! b5t wires & ! #c-;in* squ>e4 ,i ?9k ?is requires no fur!r explanation4 ,fr$ 0 satisfi$ ) ! description ( ! regi/] & promis$ to make "o at an e>ly date4 ,! foll[+ ev5+ :5 !y 7 all sitt+ on ! riv] bank1 ,fr$ sudd5ly ask$ 8 fa!r if x 0 difficult1 or co/ly1 to secure pat5ts4 ,he want$ to "k1 because he _h be5 ?9k+ ( mak+ a kite on a new pr9ciple--t ( a funnel1 & he 0 s sure x w\ld prove a success t he w\ld l to h x pat5t$4 ,mr4 ,gregg ?\ght ! s*eme r an ambiti\s "o1 b1 :ile he c\ld n see x z ,fr$ did1 he det]m9$ n to say any?+ t w\ld be likely to disc\rage ! boy4 ,s he expla9$1 z well z he c\ld1 ! pat5t laws3 ,9 ord] to apply = a pat5t x is necess>y to file 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 a petition1 affidavit ( inv5tion1 draw+s1 & specifications1 all ( :i* mu/ be prep>$ 9 legal =m & 9 accordance ) (ficial rules & practice ( ! (fice4 ,?is c be/ be done by a reliable attorney b an applicant %\ld und]/& "s ( ! requirem5ts z well4 ,! ,pat5t ,(fice does n require a model to be furni%$ 9 ord] to apply = a pat5t1 b if ! attorney is n ne> en\gh to see ! "o made by ! inv5tor1 !n "o %\ld be s5t him1 unless good photographs & draw+s c be suppli$4 ,s9ce ! draw+ atta*$ to ! specifications & claims is to be on a %eet ( a special size1 no att5tion ne$ be paid to hav+ ! orig9al sket*es ( a uni=m size4 ,:5 ready to apply = a pat5t1 secure z mu* evid5ce z possible ( ! reliability ( "s attorney y h he>d ( & consult him ab\t ! matt]1 expla9+ z mu* z is necess>y = him to prep>e an outl9e t w suffice = a prelim9>y se>* ?r\gh ! records 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice to see t no int]f]5ce w take place %\ld ! application be made4 ,?is usually co/s #e4jj1 & an attorney (t5 supplies copies ( exi/+ pat5ts t look ! mo/ l ! "o 9 "q4 ,if x is ?\ght t !re w be no int]f]5ce1 ! case is !n prep>$ = ! exam9]s1 & ! application duly made4 ,! draw+s %\ld be made & lett]$1 s t ! specifications c be writt5 up1 includ+ ! prop] ref]5ce to ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,! draw+s %\ld be made ^u pap] /iff en\gh to /& 9 a portfolio1 ! surface ( :i* mu/ be cal5d]$ & smoo?4 ,! be/ k9d is pat5t (fice bri/ol1 ?\gh !re is a /yle on ! m>ket pr9t$ ) m>g9 & head+s all ready = use1 b ! surface is n ( ! be/4 ,! size ( ! %eet on :i* a draw+ is made %\ld be exactly #aj #ae in*es ) m>g9 l9es "o in* f all ! edges1 leav+ a cle> space ( #h #ac in*es4 ,"o ( ! small] sides is reg>d$ z its top1 & measur+ d[nw>d f ! m>g91 or bord] l9e1 a space ( n less ?an #a-a_/d in*es is to be left blank = ! ins]tion ( title1 "n1 numb] & date1 to be put 9 by ! pat5t (ficials4 ,all draw+s mu/ be made ) ! p5 only1 us+ ! blacke/ ,india ink4 ,e l9e & lett]1 includ+ ! signature mu/ be absolutely black4 ,?is applies to all l9es1 h[ev] f9e1 to %ad+ & to l9es repres5t+ cut surfaces 9 sectional views4 ,all l9es mu/ be clean1 %>p1 & solid1 & !y mu/ n be too f9e or cr[d$4 ,surface %ad+1 :5 us$1 %\ld be left v op54 ,sectional %ad+ %\ld be by oblique p>allel l9es1 :i* may be ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in* ap>t4 ,draw+s %\ld be made ) ! fewe/ l9es possible consi/5t ) cle>ness1 = ! draw+s are subject$ to photographic r$uction1 :i* decreases ! space betwe5 ! l9es4 ,%ad+ 7except on special views7 %\ld be us$ only on convex & concave surfaces1 & !re sp>+ly1 or x may be disp5s$ ) if ! draw+ is o!rwise well made4 ,! plane on :i* a sectional view is tak5 %\ld be indicat$ on ! g5]al view by a brok5 or dott$ l9e4 ,heavy l9es on ! %ade sides ( objects %\ld be us$1 except :]e !y t5d to ?ick5 ! "w & obscure ! ref]5ce lett]s4 ,! light is always suppos$ to come f ! upp] left h& corn]1 at an angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,imitations ( wood or surface gra9+ %\ld n be attempt$4 ,! scale to :i* a draw+ is made ought to be l>ge en\gh to %[ ! me*anism )\t cr[d+1 & two or m %eets %\ld be us$ if "o does n give suffici5t room to accompli% ?is end2 b ! numb] ( %eets mu/ nev] be increas$ unless x is absolutely necess>y4 ,sometimes ! inv5tion1 al?\gh con/itut+ b a small "p ( a ma*9e1 has to be repres5t$ 9 connection ) o!r & mu* l>g] p>ts4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1 a g5]al view on a small scale is recomm5d$1 ) "o or m ( ! inv5tion itself on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,lett]s or figures may be us$ = ref]5ce1 b !y %\ld be well made1 & :5 at all possible %\ld n be less ?an "o eigh? ( an in* 9 height1 t !y may be> r$uction to "o tw5ty-f\r? ( an in*2 or !y may be mu* l>g] :5 !re is suffici5t space4 ,ref]5ce lett]s mu/ be s plac$ 9 ! close & complex p>ts ( a draw+ z n to int]f]e ) a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! same1 & to ?is end %\ld r>ely cross or m+le ) ! l9es4 ,! illu/rations on pages ( curr5t topics "u ! head ( new pat5ts %[ ! mann] ( putt+ 9 ! ref]5ce l9es f ! lett]s to ! "p indicat$4 ,^! are c>ri$ out "s di/ance1 b if plac$ on ! face ( ! object :]e section$1 a blank space %\ld be left 9 ! %ad+ = ! lett]4 ,if ! same "p ( ! inv5tion appe>s 9 m ?an "o view1 x %\ld always be repres5t$ by ! same lett]4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! matt] ( draw+s1 or !y w be return$ to ! applicant1 b1 at 8 sugge/ion & co/1 ! (ficials w make ! necess>y corrections4 ,! "t requir$ to procure an all[ance ( a pat5t av]ages f six weeks to two mon?s4 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts are grant$ = a t]m ( sev5te5 ye>s1 & _c be ext5d$4 ,! pat5t rema9s good :e!r ! inv5tion is work$ or n1 & no additional paym5ts are requir$ beyond ! co/ ( fir/ tak+ out ! pat5t4 ,pat5ts are n subject to taxation4 ,reissues ( pat5ts are grant$ :5ev] "o is inop]ative or invalid1 by reason ( a defective or insuffici5t specification1 or by reason ( ! pat5tee claim+ m ?an he _h a "r to claim z new1 provid$ ! error arose by inadv]t5ce1 accid5t1 or mi/ake1 )\t fraudul5t int5t4 ,a fee ( #cj4ej mu/ be =w>d$ ^u application = pat5t4 ,z /at$ be=e1 a pat5t is obta9$ by a petition to ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts accompani$ by a description1 includ+ draw+s & a model1 :5 ! inv5tion w admit ( ^!4 ,a fee ( #ae is requir$ :5 ! application is made1 & a fur!r fee ( #bj :5 ! pat5t is issu$4 ,po/age on model is at ! rate ( #a c5t p] ounce4 ,a pat5t = a design is grant$ to any p]son :o has inv5t$ or produc$ any new & orig9al design = ! pr9t+ ( wooll51 silk1 cotton1 or o!r fabrics2 any new & orig9al impression1 ornam5t1 patt]n-pr9t1 or picture to be pr9t$1 pa9t$1 ca/1 or o!rwise plac$ on or work$ into any article ( manufacture2 or any new1 useful1 & orig9al %ape or configuration ( any article ( manufacture1 ! same n be+ kn[n or us$ by o!rs be=e ?is inv5tion or production !re(1 or pat5t$ or describ$ 9 any pr9t$ publication1 ^u paym5t ( ! duty requir$ by law1 & o!r requir$ proce$+s ! same z 9 cases ( inv5tions or discov]ies4 ,^! are grant$ = ?ree & "o-half ye>s1 sev5 ye>s or f\rte5 ye>s1 = :i* ! respective fees ( #aj1 #ae1 & #cj are paid ! gov]nm5t4 ,a caveat is a provisional protection to any p]son :o has ?\ght ( an inv5tion & desires ! "t to complete or p]fect ! same4 ,x is procur$ at an exp5se ( #aj1 & runs = "o ye> ) ! p]mission ( r5ewal f ye> to ye>4 ,9 ,canada ! pat5t (fice is a bran* ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture = ! "t be+ is ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 ,any int5d+ applicant = a pat5t :o has n yet p]fect$ 8 inv5tion1 & is 9 fe> ( be+ despoil$ ( 8 idea1 may file 9 ! pat5t (fice a description ( 8 inv5tion s f>1 )1 or )\t plans1 ( 8 own w1 & ! ,commission]1 on paym5t ( ! prescrib$ fee1 %all cause ! said docum5t1 :i* %all be call$ a caveat1 to be pres]v$ 9 secrecy1 &1 if application is made by any o!r p]son = a pat5t int]f]+ 9 any way !re)1 ! ,commission] %all =?) give notice1 by mail1 ( su* application to ! p]son fil+ su* caveat1 :o %all1 )9 ?ree mon?s !reaft]1 if he wi%es to avail himself ( ! caveat1 file 8 petition1 & take ! o!r /eps necess>y on application = a pat5t4 ,! application = ! pat5t mu/ be made )9 "o ye> f ! fil+ ( caveat1 o!rwise ! ,commission] is reliev$ f ! obligation ( giv+ notice4 ,! foll[+ fees are payable3 ,full fee on pat5t = #ah ye>s1 #fj4jj2 p>tial fee = #ab ye>s1 #dj4jj2 p>tial fee = #f ye>s1 #bj4jj2 on fil+ caveat1 #e4jj2 on regi/]+ assignm5t pat5t1 #b4jj2 = copy ( pat5t1 ) specification1 #d4jj4 ,! disbursem5ts = fil+ an application 9 ,great ,brita9 are #be4jj2 ,france1 #bj4jj2 ,g]many1 #e4jj1 & #g4ej be=e issu+ pat5t2 ,au/ralia1 #bj4jj2 ,russia1 #ge4jj2 ,briti% ,india1 #bj4jj4 ,! ,g]man & ,fr5* pat5ts cov] n only ,g]many & ,france b _! colonies also4 ,! ,russian pat5t ext5ds to all ( ! ,russian possessions4 ,! disbursem5ts = fil+ an application 9 ! ,au/ralian /ates1 namely1 ,que5sl&1 ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia & ,tasmania are #e4jj on fil+ ! application1 #aj4jj on all[ance ( same1 & #be4jj = prep>ation ( ! seal+ ( pat5t2 ,new ,zeal&1 #bj4jj2 ,mexico1 #ge4jj2 ,natal1 #ej4jj2 ,japan1 #ge4jj2 ,jamaica1 #aej4jj4 ,?is talk on pat5ts 0 q int]e/+ to ,fr$1 & v in/ructive to ,george1 & !y ?ank$ _! fa!r = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,photographs by ,c4 ,m4 ,d',enville ,a ,,sun ,,dial ,,made ,,( ,,concrete ,an excell5t illu/ration ( ! possibility :i* concrete (f]s 9 ornam5tal z well z practical con/ruction4 ,?is sun dial1 complete1 co/ approximately t5 doll>s1 & may be duplicat$ by any clev] boy4 ,see =mula = concrete on page #bj4 ,boys1 he said to !m next morn+1 :y n try y\r h&s on a sundial8 ,y w f9d x easy to make1 & if prop]ly set up x w keep accurate "t4 ,!re is a nice place = "o ne> ! bridge on ! new gr\nds1 z !re is a /ump !re1 ! top ( :i* c be cut (f smoo?1 & x /&s out full 9 ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,sundial ,g to our jewell] 9 ! city & get him to give y an old t9 clock-dial1 l ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,if y _c get "o1 make a dial out ( c>dbo>d y\rself1 pr9t+ ! h\rs 9 ink4 ,slit ! dial f ! c5tre to a po9t directly und]nea? ! numb] #ab1 if y h ,arabic num]als on y\r dial4 ,!n cut out a triangul> blade or gnomon1 l ! "o %[n4 ,if y\r dial is ( t91 make ! blade ( t91 or c>dbo>d if y\r dial is ( c>dbo>d4 ,ins]t ! blade 9 ! slit ( ! dial & secure x to ! top ( ! /& y h select$--) tacks if y\r dial is c>dbo>d1 ) small nails if x is t94 ,!n y\r sundial w be complet$ & ready = bus9ess4 ,at #ab o'clock1 !re w be only ! %ad[ ( ! ?9 edge ( ! blade ov] ! dial1 b z ! sun moves1 s w ! %ad[1 s z to tell always ! correct "t ( day4 ,y w f9d ?is n only a useful b a qua9t & arti/ic addition to ! gr\nds1 & n at all exp5sive4 ,papa1 said ,george1 mamma wants a fl[] b$ made 9 ! front g>d51 & %e w\ld l to h x an oval or elliptical %ape4 ,i h promis$ to make x = h]1 b ,i d n "k h[ to make ! %ape1 & ,i wi% y w\ld tell me4 ,c]ta9ly1 my boy1 ,i w %[ y4 ,x c be done easily ) a /r+ & two wood5 pegs4 ,foll[ ! l9es ,i make on ! blackbo>d4 ,fir/ we mu/ decide on ! l5g? & wid? ( ! oval or r ellipse requir$4 ,!n draw two /raight l9es1 ,a ,b & ,c ,d1 ,fig4 #fe1 equal to ! two axes1 & bisect or halve ea* at "r angles4 ,set (f f ,c half ! l5g? ( ! great axis at ,e & ,f1 :i* are ! two foci ( ! ellipse4 ,take an endless /r+1 z long z ! ?ree sides ( ! triangle1 ,c ,e ,f1 fix two p9s or nails 9 ! two foci1 "o at ,e & "o at ,f4 ,lay ! /r+ ar\nd ,e & ,f1 /ret* x ) a m>k] ,g1 & x !n w describe ! desir$ ellipse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,draw+ an ellipse ,?is is n at all difficult1 & w answ] = any k9d ( an ellipse1 %ort or long1 n>r[ or wide4 ,?is is call$ ! g>d5]'s me?od4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to get ! two po9ts1 ,e & ,f4 ,?is di/ance is always half ( ! long diamet] ,a ,b1 no matt] :at t may be1 & ?is di/ance is !n transf]r$ by tak+ ,c z ! />t+ po9t1 measur+ f !re until ! o!r po9t ( measurem5t cuts ! long diamet]1 z at ,e & ,f4 ,! ellipse has _m peculi> & useful qualities1 :i* y w d\btless discov] be=e long4 ,,ix ,,tides ,n[1 papa6 said ,jessie ! foll[+ ev5+1 aft] ,mr4 ,gregg & ! family _h /roll$ d[n to ! riv] bank to enjoy ! cool air1 y promis$ to tell me ab\t ! tides & ! moon--:5 y c\ld sp>e "t4 ,hav5't y got "t n[8 ,i may z well say all ,i int5d$ n[1 my de>1 & leave "s o!r matt]s = future consid]ation4 ,z ?is subject may tax y\r pati5ce1 ,i hope y1 ,fr$1 & ,george1 w give me y\r e>ne/ att5tion4 ,9 ord] to h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! movem5ts ( ! tides & _! suppos$ causes1 y mu/ "k some?+ ( ! moon's influ5ce ov] !m2 z ?is k w aid y v mu* 9 rememb]+ :at ,i am ab\t to say4 ,! e>? is a globul> body4 ,"o reason = ?is belief1 among _m o!rs1 is t sailors or o!rs :o g to sea soon obs]ve t z !y sail f %ore1 ! l[] portions ( m\nta9s1 /eeples or o!r high objects1 are gradually lo/ sight ( :ile ! high] p>ts d n s soon disappe>4 ,p]sons on %ore fir/ notice ! upp] portions ( ma/s1 & ! smoke-/acks ( approa*+ vessels1 :i* w\ld n be ! case1 if ! e>? 7 a plane1 b is v easily acc\nt$ =1 on ! supposition ( its be+ a sph]e1 z y c readily und]/& by look+ at ,fig4 #ff4 ,sev]al navigators h sail$ completely r\nd ! e>? by cont9u+ 9 ! same direction1 & com+ at la/ to ! same place f :i* !y />t$4 ,! e>?1 h[ev]1 is n a p]fect sph]e b a sph]oid l an orange2 hav+ its equatorial long] ?an its pol> diamet] or axis4 ,x is flatt5$ at ! poles1 & m protub]ant at ! equator4 ,! diamet] at ! equator is #g1igg miles1 & at ! poles #g1idj1 a diff]5ce ( #cg miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,pro( ( e>?'s rotundity ,y "k t ! cause ( day & night is ! rotation ( ! e>? on its own axis4 ,x %[s a l>ge portion ( its surface to ! sun cont9ually1 or 9 o!r words1 ! sun is always %9+ on "s portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,y are also aw>e ( ! e>? & its satellite1 ! moon1 bo? be+ held 9 _! orbits by ! sun's attraction1 ! moon be+ fur!r kept 9 h] orbit by ! attraction ( ! e>?4 ,n[ ! e>? is compos$ ( ?ree ma9 elem5ts1 air1 wat]1 & l&1 & if y consid]1 = a mom5t1 t ! daily rotatory movem5t ( ! e>? is some?+ l #a1jjj miles an h\r1 ?is rapid spe$+ ?r\gh space mu/ h "s effect on air & wat] 9 assi/+ or ret>d+ _! fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,phases ( ! moon ,nature has divid$ "t1 & man has nam$ & subdivid$ x into ye>s1 mon?s1 & days4 ,! natural mon?1 h[ev]1 does n consi/ ( f\r weeks1 nor is ! natural ye> made up ( ! twelve cal5d> mon?s giv5 u by ! almanac4 ,a natural1 or lun>1 mon? is ! "t ! moon takes to p]=m h] j\rney r\nd ! e>?1 :i* is #bg days #g h\rs1 & #dc m9utes2 ?is is call$ ! p]iodical mon?1 :ile ! av]age cal5d> or synodical mon? consi/s ( #bi days #ab h\rs & #dd m9utes4 ,! light ( ! moon is borr[$ f ! sun1 = if x 7 h] own light1 %e w\ld %9e all ! "t & n be subject to h] pres5t phases4 ,! moon is se5 by means ( ! light :i* comes to x f ! sun be+ reflect$ f x4 ,its *anges1 or phases1 dep5d ^u its relative position to ! e>? & ! sun4 ,:5 ! moon is 9 opposition to ! sun at ,a 7,fig4 #fg7 ! light$ side is turn$ t[>d ! e>?1 z ,a1 & x appe>s full4 ,:5 ! moon is 9 conjunction at ,e ) ! sun1 its d>k side is turn$ t[>d u1 & x is invisible1 z at e4 ,z x proce$s 9 its orbit1 z at ,f1 a small "p ( ! light side is se51 & !n we h :at is call$ a new moon2 & we cont9ue to see m & m ( ! light side1 z ! moon approa*es at ,g & ,h1 to ! /ate ( opposition or full moon4 ,! wan+ or decreas+ ( ! moon takes place 9 ! same mann]1 b 9 a contr>y ord]4 ,! e>? mu/ p]=m ! same (fice to ! moon t ! moon does to u2 & x w appe> to ! inhabitants ( ! moon 7if !re be any71 l a v magnific5t moon1 be+ to !m ab\t ?irte5 times z l>ge z ! moon is to u & x w also h ! same *anges or phases4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t "o half ( ! moon is nev] 9 d>kness1 ! e>? con/antly af=d+ x a /rong light1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! sun2 b ! o!r half has a =tnight's light & d>kness by turns4 ,! moon's orbit is elliptical1 & %e also rotates on h] axis & takes ! same "t to circle ! e>?1 consequ5tly e "p ( ! moon is successively pres5t$ to ! sun1 yet ! same hemisph]e is always turn$ to ! e>?4 ,?is has be5 discov]$ by obs]vation ) good telescopes4 ,! l5g? ( a day & night 9 ! moon is m ?an tw5ty-n9e & a half days ( ours2 & :ile h] ye> is ! same l5g? z ours1 be+ measur$ by h] j\rney ar\nd ! sun ) u1 s %e has b twelve days & a ?ird 9 a ye>4 ,ano!r rem>kable circum/ance is t ! moon's hemisph]e next ! e>? is nev] 9 d>kness1 = :5 x is turn$ f ! sun1 x is illum9at$ by light reflect$ f ! e>? 9 ! same mann] z we are light$ by a full moon4 ,! o!r hemisph]e ( ! moon h[ev]1 has a =tnight's light & d>kness by turns4 ,if !re are inhabitants 9 ! moon1 :i* is d\btful1 ! satellite w appe> to !m to be ab\t ?irte5 times z l>ge z ! moon does to u1 & :5 x is new moon to ! e>?1 x is full e>? to ! moon4 ,!re are _m ?+s reg>d+ our relation%ip to ! moon t w\ld be ( int]e/1 if ,i _h "t to expla9 !m1 su* z eclipses1 ! moon's surface z se5 ?r\gh telescopes1 its suppos$ influ5ce on ! wea!r1 etc41 b ,i fe> too mu* moon might prove tiresome4 ,beside ,i h %[n y suffici5t to enable y to und]/& ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! moon & ! tides1 g5]ally accept$ z ! true !ory4 ,if we agree t ! tides are occasion$ by ! attraction ( sun & moon1 m p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 we c readily und]/& _! dep5d5ce on "s kn[n & det]m9ate laws4 ,our almanacs publi%$ long 9 advance give ! exact "t ( high wat] at any prom95t port 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! morn+ & aft]noon = e day 9 ! ye>2 & seaf>+ m5 c tell y :5 ! tide w be high or l[1 not)/&+ ! fact t ^! movem5ts are n fix$4 ,!y "k f exp]i5ce t ! "t ( ebb & fl[ v>ies ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r ea* day4 ,! fir/ p]son :o cle>ly po9t$ out ! accept$ cause ( ! tides & %[$ its agreem5t ) ! effects1 0 ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,he discov]$ a relation%ip betwe5 ! moon & ! tides1 & by ! application ( 8 new pr9ciples ( geometry1 ! attraction 0 made cle>4 ,! ocean1 x is well kn[n1 cov]s m ?an "o half ! globe2 & ?is l>ge body ( wat] is f\nd to be 9 cont9ual motion1 ebb+ & fl[+ alt]nately1 )\t ! lea/ int]mission4 ,= in/ance1 if ! tide is n[ at high wat] m>k1 9 any port or h>b\r :i* lies op5 to ! ocean1 x w pres5tly subside1 & fl[ regul>ly back = ab\t six h\rs1 :5 x w be f\nd at l[ wat] m>k4 ,aft] ?is x w aga9 gradually advance = six h\rs2 & !n rec$e 9 ! same "t to its =m] situation1 ris+ & fall+ alt]nately twice a day1 or 9 ! space ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! int]val betwe5 its ebb & fl[ is n precisely six h\rs1 = !re is a little diff]5ce 9 ea* tide2 s t ! "t ( high wat] does n always happ5 at ! same h\r1 b is ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r lat] ea* day1 = ab\t ?irty days1 :5 x aga9 recurs z be=e4 ,= example1 x is high wat] to-day at noon1 x w be l[ wat] at elev5 m9utes aft] six 9 ! ev5+2 &1 consequ5tly1 aft] two *anges m1 ! "t ( high wat] ! next day w be at ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r aft] noon2 ! day foll[+ x w be at ab\t half an h\r aft] "o1 ! day foll[+ t at a qu>t] pa/ two1 & s on = ?irty days2 :5 x w aga9 be f\nd to be high wat] at noon1 z on ! day ! obs]vation 0 fir/ made4 ,?is exactly answ]s to ! motion ( ! moon :i* rises e day ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r lat] ?an ^u ! prec$+ "o1 & by mov+ 9 ?is mann] r\nd ! e>?1 completes h] revolution 9 ab\t ?irty days1 & !n beg9s to rise aga9 at ! same "t z be=e4 ,to make ! matt] /ill pla9]2 suppose1 at a c]ta9 place1 x is high wat] at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ^u ! day ( ! new moon2 ! foll[+ day x w be high wat] at ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r aft] ?ree2 ! day aft] t at half an h\r pa/ f\r2 & s on till ! next new moon1 :5 x w aga9 be high wat] exactly at ?ree o'clock1 z be=e4 ,by obs]v+ ! tides cont9ually at ! same place1 !y w always be f\nd to foll[ ! same rule2 ! "t ( high wat]1 ^u ! day ( e new moon1 be+ exactly at ! same h\r1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r lat] e succe$+ day4 ,! *ange ( ! tides is 9 su* exact con=mity ) ! motion ( ! moon t1 indep5d5tly ( ma!matical calculations1 a ?\ghtful p]son w\ld c]ta9ly be induc$ to look to h] z _! cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,!ory ( ! tides ,! wat]s at ,z1 on ! side ( ! e>?1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 next ! moon ,m1 7,fig4 #fh7 are m attract$ by ! moon ?an ! c5tral p>ts ( ! e>?1 ,o1 & ! c5tral p>ts are m attract$ by h] ?an ! wat]s on ! opposite side ( ! e>? at n2 & !re=e ! di/ance betwe5 ! e>?'s c5tre & ! wat]s on its surface "u & opposite to ! moon w be increas$4 ,let !re be ?ree bodies at ,h1 ,o1 & ,d2 if !y are all equally attract$ by ! body ,m1 !y w all move equally fa/ t[>d x1 _! mutual di/ance f ea* o!r cont9u+ ! same4 ,if ! attraction ( ,m is unequal1 !n t body :i* is mo/ /rongly attract$ w move mo/ quickly & w increase its di/ance f ! o!r body4 ,m w attract ,h m /rongly ?an does ,o1 by :i* ! di/ance betwe5 ,h & ,o w be increas$1 & a spectator on ,o w p]ceive ,h ris+ high] t[>d ,z4 ,9 l mann]1 ,o be+ m /rongly attract$ ?an ,d1 x w move f>!r t[>d ,m ?an ,d does2 consequ5tly ! di/ance betwe5 ,o & ,d w be increas$2 & a spectator on ,o1 n p]ceiv+ 8 own motion1 w see ,d rec$+ f>!r f him t[>ds ,n2 all effects & appe>ances be+ ! same1 :e!r ,d rec$es f ,o1 or ,o f ,d4 ,suppose n[ !re is a numb] ( bodies1 z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 plac$ r\nd ,o1 s z to =m a flexible or fluid r+2 !n1 z ! :ole is attract$ t[>d ,m1 ! p>ts at ,h & ,d w h _! di/ance f ,o increas$2 :il/ ! p>ts at ,b & ,f be+ ne>ly at ! same di/ance f ,m z ,o is1 ^! p>ts w n rec$e f "o ano!r2 b r by ! oblique attraction ( ,m1 !y w approa* ne> to ,o4 ,h5ce1 ! fluid r+ w =m itself into an ellipse ,z1 n1 ,l1 ,n1 ^: long] axis n1 ,o1 ,z1 produc$ w pass ?r\gh ,m1 & its %ort] axis ,b1 ,o1 ,f1 w t]m9ate 9 ,b & ,f4 ,let ! r+ be fill$ ) fluid p>ticles1 s z to =m a sph]e r\nd ,o2 !n1 z ! :ole moves t[>d ,m1 ! fluid sph]e be+ l5g!n$ at ,z & n w assume an oblong or oval =m4 ,if ,m is ! moon1 ,o ! e>?'s c5tre1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ! sea cov]+ ! e>?'s surface1 x is evid5t1 by ! above reason+1 t :il/ ! e>? by its gravity falls t[>d ! moon1 ! wat] directly bel[ at ,b w swell & rise gradually t[>d h]2 also ! wat] at ,d w rec$e f ! c5tre1 7/rictly speak+1 ! c5tre rec$es f ,d7 & rise on ! opposite side ( ! e>?2 :il/ ! wat] at ,b & ,f is depress$1 & falls bel[ ! =m] level4 ,h5ce z ! e>? turns r\nd its axis f ! moon to ! moon aga9 9 #bd-c_/d h\rs1 !re w be two tides ( flood & two ( ebb 9 t "t1 z we f9d by exp]i5ce4 ,t ?is doctr9e may be /ill m cle>ly und]/ood1 let x be consid]$ t1 al?\gh ! e>?'s diamet] be>s a consid]able proportion to ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! moon1 yet ?is diamet] is almo/ no?+ :5 comp>$ to ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! sun's attraction1 !re=e1 on ! sides ( ! e>? "u & opposite to him1 w be mu* less ?an ! diff]5ce ( ! moon's attraction on ! sides ( ! e>? "u & opposite to h]2 &1 = ?is reason1 ! moon mu/ raise ! tides mu* high] ?an !y c be rais$ by ! sun4 ,! effect ( ! sun's influ5ce1 9 ?is case1 is ne>ly ?ree times less ?an t ( ! moon4 ,! action ( ! sun alone w\ld1 !re=e1 be suffici5t to produce a fl[ & ebb ( ! sea2 b ! elevations & depressions caus$ by ?is means w\ld be ab\t ?ree times less ?an ^? produc$ by ! moon4 ,! tides1 !n1 are n ! sole production ( ! moon1 b ( ! jo9t =ces ( ! sun & moon toge!r4 ,or1 prop]ly speak+1 !re are two tides1 a sol> "o & a lun> "o1 :i* h a jo9t or opposite effect1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! bodies :i* produce !m4 ,:5 ! actions ( ! sun & moon conspire toge!r1 z at ! "t ( new & full moon1 ! fl[ & ebb become m consid]able2 & ^! are !n call$ ! spr+ tides4 ,b :5 "o t5ds to elevate ! wat]s :ile ! o!r depresses !m1 z at ! moon's fir/ & ?ird qu>t]s1 ! effect w be exactly ! contr>y3 ! fl[ & ebb1 in/ead ( be+ augm5t$1 z be=e1 w n[ be dim9i%$2 & ^! are call$ ! neap tides4 ,to expla9 ?is m completely1 let ,fig4 #fi repres5t ! sun1 ,z1 ,h1 ,r1 ! e>?1 & ,f & ,c ! moon at h] full & *ange4 ,!n1 because ! sun ,s1 & ! new moon ,c1 are ne>ly 9 ! same "r l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! e>? ,o1 _! actions w conspire toge!r1 & raise ! wat] above ! z5i? ,z1 or ! po9t imm$iately "u !m1 to a great] height ?an if only "o ( ^! =ces act$ alone4 ,b x has be5 %[n t :5 ! ocean is elevat$ to ! z5i? ,z1 x is also elevat$ to ! opposite po9t1 or nadir1 at ! same "t2 & !re=e 9 ?is situation ( ! sun & moon1 ! tides w be augm5t$4 ,& aga91 :il/ ! full moon ,f raises ! wat]s at ,n & ,z1 directly "u & opposite to h]1 ! sun ,s1 act+ 9 ! same "r l9e1 w also raise ! wat]s at ! same po9t ,z & ,n1 directly "u & opposite to him4 ,!re=e1 9 ?is situation also1 ! tides w be augm5t$2 _! jo9t effect be+ ne>ly ! same at ! *ange z at ! full2 & 9 bo? cases !y occasion :at are call$ ! spr+ tides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,attractions ( ! moon ,on ?is !ory1 ! tides ought to be highe/ directly "u & opposite to ! moon2 t is1 :5 ! moon is due nor? & s\?2 b we f9d t 9 op5 seas1 :]e ! wat] fl[s freely1 ! moon is g5]ally pa/ ! nor? & s\? m]idian ( ! place :]e x is high wat]4 ,! reason is obvi\s2 = ?\gh ! moon's attraction 7 to cease altoge!r :5 %e 0 pa/ ! m]idian1 ! motion ( asc5t communicat$ to ! wat] be=e t "t w\ld make x cont9ue to rise = "s "t aft]2 mu* m mu/ x d s :5 ! attraction is only dim9i%$4 ,a little impulse giv5 to a mov+ ball w cause x /ill to move f>!r ?an o!rwise x c\ld h done2 & exp]i5ce %[s t ! day is hott] ab\t ?ree 9 ! aft]noon ?an :5 ! sun is on ! m]idian1 because ( ! increase made to ! heat already imp>t$4 ,tides d n always answ] to ! same di/ance ( ! moon f ! m]idian at ! same place1 b are v>i\sly affect$ by ! action ( ! sun1 :i* br+s !m on soon] :5 ! moon is 9 h] fir/ & second qu>t]s1 & keeps !m back lat] :5 %e is 9 h] ?ird & f\r?2 because1 9 ! =m] case1 ! tide rais$ by ! sun alone w\ld be e>li] ?an ! tides rais$ by ! moon2 & 9 ! latt] case1 lat]4 ,! sea1 be+ put 9 motion1 w\ld cont9ue to ebb & fl[ = sev]al times1 ev5 ?\gh ! sun & moon 7 annihilat$1 & _! influ5ces at an end1 on ! same pr9ciple t if a bas9 ( wat] is once agitat$1 ! wat] w cont9ue to move = "s "t aft] ! bas9 is left to /& /ill4 ,a p5dulum1 put 9 motion by ! h&1 cont9ues to make sev]al vibrations )\t any new impulse4 ,:5 ! moon is at ! equator1 ! tides are equally high 9 bo? p>ts ( ! lun> day1 or "t ( ! moon's revolv+ f ! m]idian to ! m]idian aga91 :i* is #bd h\rs #ej m9utes4 ,b z ! moon decl9es f ! equator t[>d ei!r pole1 ! tides are alt]nately high] & l[] at places hav+ nor? or s\? latitude4 ,"o ( ! highe/ elevations1 :i* is t "u ! moon1 foll[s h] t[>d ! pole to :i* %e is ne>e/1 & ! o!r decl9es t[>d ! opposite pole2 ea* elevation describ+ p>allels z f> di/ant f ! equator1 on opposite sides1 z ! moon decl9es f x to ei!r side2 & consequ5tly ! p>allels describ$ by ^? elevations ( ! wat] are twice z _m degrees f "o ano!r z ! moon is f ! equator2 !n increase _! di/ance z ! moon increases h] decl9ation1 till x is at ! greate/1 :5 ^! p>allels are1 at a mean /ate1 #dg degrees f "o ano!r2 & on t day ! tides are mo/ unequal 9 _! heights4 ,z ! moon returns t[>d ! equator1 ! p>allels describ$ by ! opposite elevations approa* t[>d ea* o!r1 until ! moon comes to ! equator1 & !n !y co9cide4 ,z ! moon decl9es t[>d ! opposite pole1 at equal di/ances1 ea* elevation describes ! same p>allel 9 ! o!r "p ( ! lun> day :i* its opposite elevation describ$ be=e4 ,:il/ ! moon has nor? decl9ation1 ! great tides 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e are :5 %e is above ! horizon2 & ! rev]se :il/ h] decl9ation is s\?4 ,9 op5 seas1 ! tides rise to v small heights 9 proportion to :at !y d 9 wide-m\!d riv]s1 op5+ 9 ! direction ( ! /ream ( tide4 ,9 *annels gr[+ n>r[] gradually1 ! wat] is accumulat$ by ! opposition ( ! contract+ bank--l a g5tle w9d1 little felt on an op5 pla91 b /rong] & brisk 9 a /reet2 especially if ! wid] end ( ! /reet is next ! pla91 & 9 ! way ( ! w9d4 ,! tides are s ret>d$ 9 _! passage ?r\gh diff]5t %oals & *annels1 & o!rwise s v>i\sly affect$ by /rik+ aga9/ capes & headl&s1 t 9 diff]5t places !y happ5 at all di/ances ( ! moon f ! m]idian1 consequ5tly at all h\rs ( ! lun> day4 ,!re are no tides 9 lakes because !y are g5]ally s small t :5 ! moon is v]tical %e attracts e "p ( !m alike2 &1 !re=e1 by r5d]+ all ! wat]s equally light1 no "p ( !m c be rais$ high] ?an ano!r4 ,! ,m$it]ranean & ,baltic ,seas suff] v small elevations1 because ! inlets by :i* !y communicate ) ! ocean are s n>r[ t !y _c1 9 s %ort a "t1 receive or dis*>ge en\gh to raise or s9k _! surface s5sibly4 ,air be+ light] ?an wat] & ! surface ( ! atmosph]e be+ ne>] to ! moon ?an ! surface ( ! sea1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! moon raises mu* high] tides 9 ! air ?an 9 ! sea4 ,!re=e _m h wond]$ :y ! m]cury does n s9k 9 ! b>omet] :5 ! moon's action on ! p>ticles ( air makes !m light] z %e passes ov] ! m]idian4 ,b we mu/ consid]1 t z ^! p>ticles are r5d]$ light]1 a great] numb] ( !m are accumulat$1 until ! defici5cy ( gravity is made up by ! height ( ! column2 & !n !re is an equilibrium1 consequ5tly an equal pressure ^u ! m]cury z be=e2 s t x _c be affect$ by ! a]ial tides4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t />s se5 ?r\gh an a]ial tide ( ?is k9d w h _! light m refract$ ?an ^? :i* are se5 ?r\gh ! common dep? ( ! atmosph]e2 & ?is may acc\nt = ! suppos$ refractions ( ! lun> atmosph]e t h be5 sometimes obs]v$4 ,y see n[ h[ ! tides are caus$2 :ile !re may be "s influ5ces at "w o!r ?an ^? ex]t$ by ! sun & moon1 ! latt] are ! *ief ones1 s ,i w n attempt to expla9 any o!r4 ,"h1 on ! ,passaic ,riv]1 we d n h excessive tides1 z ! highe/ on ! coa/ ne> u seldom rise ov] t5 or twelve feet4 ,z a rule1 tides rise highe/ & /ronge/ 9 ^? places t are n>r[e/4 ,9 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! tides are sc>cely p]ceptible1 :ile at ! m\? ( ! ,indus1 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 & o!r places1 !y rise ?irty or m feet at times4 ,! g5]al rise1 h[ev]1 9 mid-ocean1 is f elev5 to twelve feet4 ,! diamet] ( our moon is ne>ly #b1bjj miles1 & h] di/ance f ! e>? is ab\t #bdj1jjj miles2 s y see x is n h] size1 b h] proximity to ! e>? t gives h] s mu* influ5ce ov] ! tides2 = ! sun1 :i* is _m times l>g] ?an ! e>? & moon comb9$1 because ( its be+ "s n9ety-?ree millions ( miles away1 ex]ts only "o six? ( ! attraction on ! e>? t ! moon does4 ,^! facts1 *ildr51 %\ld be rememb]$1 z y may (t5 be call$ ^u to make use ( !m4 ,oh1 papa6 said ,jessie h[ _m wond]ful ?+s !re are 9 ?is _w4 ,b ,i h n told y all1 my de>4 ,!re is mu* m to le>n1 b ,i hope ! k y h n[ acquir$ w act z an inc5tive1 & cause y to pursue ?is /udy fur!r4 ,next morn+ ,fr$ ask$ 8 fa!r to enlight5 himself & ,george reg>d+ ! mak+ ( a few simple met]s1 su* z b>omet]1 hygromet]1 & a !rmomet]4 ,he also wi%$ to "k if x w\ld be possible = him to make a boom]ang4 ,mr4 ,gregg told him he w\ld be pleas$ to help him1 & t !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 mak+ a boom]ang if he w5t to "w at x e>ne/ly4 ,on ! arrival ( 8 fa!r t ev5+1 ! subject 0 aga9 introduc$1 & ,mr4 ,gregg us+ ! blackbo>d1 laid out ! foll[+ draw+ & wrote ! accompany+ in/ructions4 ,! be/ hygromet] ( absorption is 7accord+ to ,des*anel7 t ( ,de ,saussure1 consi/+ ( a hair depriv$ ( grease1 :i* by its contractions moves a ne$le4 ,:5 ! hair relaxes1 ! ne$le is caus$ to move 9 ! opposite direction by a weight :i* s]ves to keep ! hair always tight z se5 9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! hair contracts z ! humidity increases4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration ,a ,a & ,b ,b repres5t ! frame2 e f1 ! scale2 a1 screw = tight5+ ! hair2 b1 ! hair2 ,o1 weight2 ,h1 !rmomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,hygromet] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,index ( ,hygromet] ,a neat] hygromet]1 & "o on ! same pr9ciple1 may be made by tak+ an old too? p[d] box 7z deep a "o z possible1 s9ce ! long] ! /r+1 ! m s5sitive x is71 & bor+ a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! top & bottom4 ,pa/e a k9d ( dial 9 pap] on ! top ( ! box2 take a piece ( catgut1 or small fiddle /r+1 & pu% x up ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! bottom & out at ! "o 9 ! lid4 ,glue ! bottom end immovably1 & let ! top end move freely3 make a small index ( a /rip ( :alebone 7,fig4 #ga72 bore a hole 9 ! c5tre1 & fix x on ! catgut ) glue4 ,wet ! catgut1 see :i* way x turns1 & m>k 'wet' & 'dry'1 accord+ly on ! dial4 ,s mu* = ! hygromet]4 ,n[ ab\t t curi\s ?+1 ! boom]ang4 ,if ! foll[+ directions are closely adh]$ to1 & ! prop] %ape foll[$1 a regul> ,au/ralian boom]ang w result4 ,x is n difficult to make4 ,take a piece ( h>d wood1 ! natural %ape ( "o ( ! segm5ts ( an ord9>y :eel felloe1 or b5d 9 ! wood2 let x be #a_/d in* ?ick1 %ap$ z at ,fig4 #gb1 to be held 9 ! "r h& at ,a1 :i* %[s ! way ! edges ( ! side fac+ ! left h& mu/ be bevell$ (f4 ,x requires a slight curve on ! flat side2 s t1 if on a table1 ea* end w\ld turn ab\t #a_/h in*4 ,x is !n a "p ( a v f9e pit* screw1 9 motion simil> to a piece ( slate j]k$ into ! air1 ! sole diff]5ce be+ due to ! slight curve 9 ! back1 :i* gives ! screw motion1 9 conjunction ) ! =w>d & rotatory motion giv5 by ! h&4 ,%eet-iron w\ld n d1 z !re w\ld n be ?ickness to %[ ! bevell$ edge4 ,! boom]ang 0 made 9 ! =m ( a cross1 ) f\r legs ( equal l5g?1 bevell$1 b x does n "w z well z ! regul> =m4 ,y mu/ be c>eful 9 ?r[+ x z x may /rike y on return4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,boom]ang ,george ask$ 8 fa!r to describe "o & to expla9 its uses4 ,mr4 ,gregg told ! boys t a boom]ang1 z us$ by ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia = a weapon or missile ( w> or 9 ! *ase1 consi/$ ( a flat piece ( h>d wood b5t or curv$ 9 its own plane1 & f #af in*es to #b feet long4 ,g5]ally1 b n always1 x is flatt] on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,9 "s cases ! curve f end to end is ne>ly an arc ( a circle2 9 o!rs x is r an obtuse angle ?an a curve1 & 9 a few specim5s !re is a rev]se curve t[>d ea* end4 ,9 ! h& ( a skilful ?r[]1 ! boom]ang c be project$ to a great di/ance1 & made to rico*et almo/ at w4 ,x c be ?r[n 9 a curv$ pa?1 some:at z a ball c be screw$ or twi/$1 & x c be made to return to ! ?r[]1 /rik+ ! gr\nd beh9d him4 ,x is capable ( inflict+ s]i\s w\nds4 ,x is v good ( y1 fa!r1 said ,fr$1 to tell & %[ u all ^! ?+s2 ,i'd l v mu* to h a v common1 e-day matt] expla9$3 ! !ory ( ! pump4 ,! foll[+ que/ions also 7 ask$ by "o or ano!r on ! same l9e3 ,:at is ! greate/ di/ance or height a pump ( any type c be plac$ away f ! wat]8 ,is !re any limit to ! l5g? ( ! deliv]y pipe to ! tank8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a lift & a plung] or =ce pump8 ,is x ! suck] ( ! pump t draws ! wat] up1 or does x fl[ because ! air be+ drawn out ( ! pump b>rel & =c$ on ! wat] outside1 causes x to fl[ into ! pump8 ,mr4 ,gregg />t$ 9 at once to give !m ! facts desir$3 ,!oretically1 ! greate/ height a pump c be fix$ above ! wat] level dep5ds on c]ta9 conditions3 ! atmosph]ic temp]ature1 & ! altitude ! pump is to be fix$ above ! sea-wat] level4 ,! high] ! temp]ature1 & ! great] ! altitude1 ! less di/ance ! height ( ! pump c be above ! wat]4 ,! height to :i* wat] c be drawn f ! s\rce to ! top ( ! bucket1 or "u side ( a pi/on or plung]1 :5 at ! top ( ! /roke1 or :at is t]m$ ! 'height ( suction1' _c rea* m ?an ab\t #cc feet :5 ! pump is at ! sea level4 ,if a tube ab\t #cd feet long is imm]s$ 9 a well1 & ! air is extract$ by means ( an air pump at ! upp] s t a vacuum is =m$1 ! wat] w n rise 9 ! tube until ! air is expell$1 :5 x w n rise m ?an #cc feet1 ev5 ?\gh !re is a complete vacuum =m$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! tube4 ,! reason :y ! wat] w n rise 9 ! tube high] ?an ?is1 is t ! height ( ! wat] c\nt]balances ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is height is ! !oretically greate/ height t wat] w rise 9 a suction pipe4 ,= ! pump to dis*>ge wat]1 x is necess>y = ! wat] to be 9 motion1 & to set & keep x 9 motion a portion ( ! wat] w rise1 due to ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! %ort] ! suction pipe1 ! m c]ta9 ! pump is ( be+ completely fill$ at e /roke ( ! pump h&le4 ,! action ( ! pump is z foll[s3 ,! bucket on mov+ upw>d attracts ! air1 s t ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! well causes ! wat] to foll[ ! bucket up ! suction pipe1 ?r\gh ! suction valve1 into ! work+ b>rel4 ,on ! return /roke1 ! suction valve w close1 ! valve 9 ! bucket w op51 & ! wat] :i* be=e 0 "u ! bucket w pass ?r\gh x to ! top side4 ,:5 ! bucket is aga9 rais$1 ! wat] w be lift$ ?r\gh ! deliv]y valve into ! deliv]y pipe4 ,!re is practically no limit to ! height ( lift1 :i* may be any height consi/5t ) ! /r5g? ( ! pump & ! available p[]4 ,! ord9>y pump us$ = rais+ wat] to ! level ( ! top ( ! bucket1 is t]m$ a lift pump2 = rais+ wat] above ?is1 a =ce pump or a plung] pump mu/ be us$1 :5 ! wat] is displac$ by a solid plung] on its d[nw>d /roke1 :5 ! quantity ( wat] rais$ w be equal to ! volume ( ! plung]4 ,?is sy/em may be repeat$ :5 wat] is to be lift$ m ?an ord9>y heights4 ,x ,,wall ,,mak+ ,,& ,,plumb+ ,a few ev5+s lat]1 ,mr4 ,gregg & 8 little family 7 ga!r$ toge!r on ! riv]'s bank1 wat*+ ! movem5ts ( a numb] ( pleasure boats & laun*es1 :5 a good-siz$ tugboat came along & made q a wa% z %e /eam$ pa/ ! ,gregg doma94 ,mr4 ,gregg notic$ t ?is _h actually c>ri$ d[n a portion ( ! bank ne> ! new pi]1 & he call$ ,fr$'s att5tion to x4 ,! two1 foll[$ by ,george1 walk$ to ! pi]1 &1 to _! al>m1 f\nd t q a piece ( ! bank _h be5 c>ri$ away by ! curr5t1 ! tides1 & ! frequ5t wa% ( pass+ /eam]s4 ,?is w nev] d1 said ,mr4 ,gregg4 ,we mu/ protect ! bank at ?is po9t1 or ! wat] w soon und]m9e & demoli% our pi]1 = y see x is only ne> ! l&+ :]e ! bank %[s signs ( injury1 & x is z badly damag$ on "o side z ! o!r4 ,?is is caus$ by projection ( ! pi] into ! riv]1 :i* prev5ts ! wat] f fl[+ 9 its regul> c\rse1 & causes x to ru% into ! angle =m$ by ! junction ( ! pi] ) ! bank1 ?us cutt+ away ! latt]4 ,p]haps x w be be/ to build a sort ( reta9+ wall aga9/ ! bank = t5 or twelve feet ea* side ( ! pi] to prev5t ?is ru% ( wat] f cutt+ away ! e>?4 ,if we _h field /ones en\gh on ! gr\nd1 x w\ld be *eap] to use !m1 ?\gh !y w\ld n make z good a 'job' z ei!r cut /ones or concrete2 s9ce we hav5't ! /ones1 we'll build x ( concrete1 z y h "s k ( t mat]ial1 & ,i w engage ,nick to help y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb;a4 ,reta9+ wall ,! next day ,mr4 ,gregg ord]$ ,portl& cem5t & all ! o!r mat]ials requir$ to build ! wall1 & engag$ ,nick1 :o promis$ to come ! foll[+ morn+4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ,mr4 ,gregg _h ! boys 9 8 d51 & expla9$ to !m h[ to g ab\t con/ruct+ ! wall4 ,he decid$ to h x built ( concrete blocks ab\t #ab #bd #ab in*es1 to be fac$ ) good1 /rong1 cem5t mort> on ! face & ends1 :i* w\ld give ! expos$ wall a nice1 smoo? appe>ance4 ,mr4 ,gregg expla9$ t !re mu/ be a f\ndation ( /one "u ! concrete1 =m$ by l>ge b[ld]s or field]s1 laid z closely toge!r z possible1 ! jo9ts fill$ 9 ) small] /ones &1 :5 possible1 cem5t mort>1 to b9d ! :ole into a solid mass--z %[n by dott$ l9es 9 ! illu/ration :i* he made on ! blackbo>d4 ,! blocks = ! "w 7 to be ca/ 9 wood5 m\lds or =ms1 :i* ,fr$ & ,george c\ld easily make out ( bo>ds tak5 f ! dismantl$ b>n4 ,at ! po9ts :]e ! wall 0 want$1 ! bank 0 ab\t #h feet high f ! bottom ( ! riv]1 & x 0 det]m9$ to make ! wall #h feet high1 #b feet wide at ! top & #c feet at ! bottom1 ) ! batt] on ! wat] side1 ! weight ( ! wall be+ #adj p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,x is always be/ to h ! incl9$ surface on ! side ( ! wall :]e ! wat] w be4 ,! wat] at high tide rises to a level ( #f feet above ! base ,c ,d4 ,9 design+ su* a reta9+ wall1 said ! fa!r1 = wat] "o side1 & e>? ! o!r1 or det]m9+ its /ability1 ! pr9ciples g5]ally foll[$ may easily be work$ out by ,fr$1 or ev5 by ,george4 ,tak+ ! e>? side fir/1 z %[n 9 diagram ,fig4 #gb;a1 ,w ,c ,x1 angle ( repose ( e>? to be reta9$--#cj degrees2 ,g ,c1 ! l9e ( rupture2 ,g ,c ,a1 ! w$ge ( e>? at #aab p\nds p] cubic foot to be acc\nt$ =1 ! weight ( :i* equals-- 7,,ga ,,ac7_/#b #aab lb4 7#d' #g #h'7_/b #aab lb4 #b1jec lb4 ,?is w act at a po9t "o-?ird ! height ( ! wall ,h4 ,f ,h erect a p]p5dicul> ,h ,i equal to #b1jec lb4 ,set out ! angle ,h ,i ,j equal to angle ( repose1 #cj degrees4 ,f ,h erect a p]p5dicul> to ,a ,c1 cutt+ ,i ,j 9 ,j4 ,!n ,j ,h equals ! direction & magnitude ( ! weight ( ! e>? act+ on ! wall4 ,produce ,j ,h ?r\gh ! wall t[>d ! wat] side4 ,f9d c5tre ( gravity ( wall 9 ,k & ! weight ( ! wall1 :i* 9 ?is illu/ration equals-- 7,,ab ,,cd7_/#b ,,ac #adj lb4 7#b #c7_/b #h_/a #adj lb4 #b1hjj lb4 ,f :]e ,j ,h produc$ meets a v]tical l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity1 ,k1 9 ,l set ( ,l ,n equal to #b1hjj lb42 make ,l ,m equal to ,j ,h2 complete p>allelogram ,l ,m ,o ,n1 :5 ,l ,o equals resultant ( e>? & wall4 ,! magnitude & direction ( ,p ,r c be f\nd z 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is article4 ,produce ,r ,p ?r\gh ! wall1 & f :]e x cuts ! resultant ,l ,o 9 ,s make ,s ,t equal ,r ,p4 ,let ! diagonal ,l ,o n[ be produc$ s z to make ,s ,v equal to ,l ,o4 ,complete ! p>allelogram ,s ,t ,u ,v1 :5 ! resultant ,s ,u equals ! comb9$ resultant ( e>?1 wat]1 & wall1 & z x passes )9 ! middle ?ird x c be consid]$ safe4 ,n[1 boys1 said ,mr4 ,gregg1 ,i h n only told y h[ to build a reta9+ wall1 ,i h also told y h[ to make all ! necess>y calculations = design+ x1 z ! same figur+ & diagram+1 on ?is pr9ciple1 w answ] = any sea wall requir+ l conditions4 ,i "k y bo? und]/& figures & geometry en\gh to make su* calculations1 if y are ev] call$ ^u to d s4 ,! next morn+1 be=e ! boys _h f9i%$ _! breakfa/1 ,nick 0 on h& ready to g to "w1 equipp$ ) a pair ( hip rubb] boots :i* w\ld enable him to wade 9 wat] two feet deep & rema9 dry4 ,fr$ & ,george 7 soon ready & ,mr4 ,gregg w5t out to tell !m ! prop] way to comm5ce4 ,! f\ndation 0 ! fir/ consid]ation1 s an exam9ation ( ! site & 0 made1 ! l5g? ( ! propos$ walls measur$ (f4 ,:ile wait+ = ! tide to ebb to its l[e/ po9t1 ,nick & ! boys busi$ !mselves ga!r+ up /ones = ! f\ndation & :eel+ !m to ! po9t ne>e/ :]e !y 7 to be us$4 ,aft] ga!r+ all ! /ones ?\ght necess>y1 ! "q ( mak+ ! m\lds = ! concrete blocks 0 consid]$1 &1 z ! greate/ bulk ( ! blocks w\ld be simply blocks ) squ>e ends & squ>e faces1 ! m\lds = ^! w\ld be a box hav+ inside dim5sions ( #ab in*es deep1 #ab in*es wide1 & #bd in*es long4 ,^! dim5sions w\ld !n all[ ( blocks be+ made 9 ! m\lds t w conta9 exactly #b cubic feet4 ,! mix$ concrete 0 dropp$ g5tly 9 ! m\ld & lightly tamp$ s z to make x solid4 ,! mixture consi/$ ( n less ?an #c ( cem5t1 #e ( s&1 & #g ( v f9e gravel or brok5 /one1 no piece be+ l>g] ?an a :ite bean4 ,x 0 mix$ 9 ! same mann] & 9 accordance ) ! rules giv5 = mak+ concrete = ! sidewalk 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! m\ld %\ld re/ on a smoo? block ( /one1 wood1 or o!r suitable mat]ial1 :ile be+ fill$ & tamp$1 & :5 full ! surplus %\ld be levell$ (f1 by a /raight-edge--wood or iron--drawn ov] ! top ( ! m\ld1 until all ! surplus is remov$4 ,! m\ld is !n all[$ to /& a little :ile until ! concrete sets fairly h>d1 :5 ! m\ld may be remov$4 ,to make x easy to take ! block out ( ! m\ld1 ! inside %\ld be well spr9kl$ ) neat cem5t be=e ! concrete is put 91 & ! box itself might be made slightly tap]+ to p]mit ! block to move out easy4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n to be recomm5d$1 z ! blocks d n fit s well 9 a wall z :5 left p]fectly squ>e4 ,!re are a numb] ( devices = mak+ m\lds s t deliv]y ( blocks may be easy4 ,"o ( ! be/ is to h+e "o corn] ( ! m\ld ) heavy h+es1 :ile ! opposite diagonal corn] is left loose b held 9 place by a /rong hasp & /aple4 ,:5 ! box or m\ld is full & ! block ready to remove1 ! hasp is loos5$1 ! m\ld op5s across at ! two corn]s & frees ! block4 ,%\ld !re be any holes or defects on ! face ( ! blocks1 !y c be fill$ ) cem5t mort> made ) #b ( cem5t & #c ( clean s&4 ,blocks ( ?is size %\ld season n less ?an #d or #e days1 to set h>d be=e be+ us$4 ,a portion ( ^! blocks mu/ h a bevel face on !m to =m ! batt] on ! front ( ! wall4 ,!re mu/ also be a prop] proportion ( !m hav+ _! ends bevell$ to ! batt] ( ! wall1 to use z head]s4 ,a head] 9 brick1 /one1 or concrete1 is a unit1 or piece1 t is laid 9 ! wall ) its ends %[+ ?r\gh on ! face1 :ile a /ret*] %[s its :ole l5g? on ! face ( ! wall4 ,o!r portions ( brick or /one1 :5 built 9 a wall1 are call$ clos]s4 ,! batt] on ! blocks is =m$ by mak+ "o side ( ! m\ld l[] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ?is case1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! wid? ( ! sides ( ! m\ld w\ld be #a-a_/b in*es2 because ! height ( ! wall be+ #h feet1 ! blocks #a foot ?ick1 & ! batt] #a foot1 !re w\ld be a fall+ (f on ea* block ( #a-a_/b in*es 9 ord] to h ! top front ( ! wall #ab in*es back f ! bottom front4 ,! ends ( ! head] blocks may be batt]$ by plac+ 9 ! ends ( ! m\ld a piece ( wood #ab in*es wide1 & ! l[] edge #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 & ! top edge plan$ to a ?9 wire edge4 ,! end or section ( ! plank w !n h ! appe>ance ( a w$ge #ab in*es long1 #a-a_/b in*es ?ick on "o end1 & tap]$ to no?+ at ! o!r end4 ,:5 ! block is tak5 f ! m\ld1 & ! w$ge piece remov$1 ! block w %[ ! same batt] on its end z ! /ret*]s d on _! face1 & !y c be built 9 toge!r )\t %[+ any diff]5ce 9 ! slope1 if ! "w is c>efully done4 ,nick1 :o _h _h "s exp]i5ce 9 ?is k9d ( "w1 f\nd no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! :ole process4 ,at l[ tide he set to "w to make a solid b$ = ! f\ndation1 :ile ! boys h&$ him ! /one & ! prep>$ mort> z he requir$ x1 s t be=e ! tide rose "o side ( ! /one f\ndation 0 ready to receive ! concrete blocks4 ,dur+ ! int]im betwe5 tides1 ,nick & ! boys made ! m\lds1 prep>$ = mix+ ! concrete1 & got old timb]s & lumb] = a tempor>y scaffold+4 ,aft] ! m\lds 7 made & "s concrete mix$1 ,nick began on ! blocks4 ,x 0 n long be=e he _h a sample1 :i* seem$ all "r1 & be=e he /opp$ q a numb] ( !m 7 rang$ on bo>ds sett+4 ,on ! six? day aft] x _h be5 comm5c$1 ! job 0 entirely f9i%$4 ,! jo9ts 9 ! wall _h be5 nicely po9t$ up ) cem5t mort> by aid ( a f9e-po9t$ tr[el4 ,! back1 or gr\nd side ( ! wall 0 fill$ 9 ) e>?1 & dang] to ! pi] 0 entirely remov$4 ,t night ,mr4 ,gregg told ! boys & ,jessie--:o _h wat*$ closely ! gr[? ( ! wall--q a lot ab\t ,portl& cem5t & concrete1 :i* int]e/$ !m v mu*4 ,portl& cem5t z we h x n[ 0 unkn[n a hundr$ ye>s ago1 b an ,engli%man inv5t$ ! me?od ( mak+ x & prop]ly proportion+ ! v>i\s mat]ials us$4 ,fifty ye>s ago !re 0 sc>cely any made 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! little t 0 us$ be+ import$ f ,engl&1 & lat] f ,belgium2 b n[ m ( x is made & us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,he po9t$ out t ! build+ ( ! ,panama ,canal 0 made mu* easi] & less co/ly because ( cem5t1 & t ! l>ge/ dam ev] built _h j be5 sugge/$1 to dam ! ,mississippi ne> ,keokuk1 ,i[a4 ,?is w\ld be ov] #e1hjj feet long & ne>ly #dj feet high & f #be to #ce feet ?ick4 ,he told ( ! v>i\s big /orage dams be+ built & contemplat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,montana1 ,arkansas1 ,nebraska1 ,wyom+1 ,new ,mexico1 ,dakota1 ,texas1 & _m o!r places1 at a co/ ( hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s--:i* nev] w\ld h be5 attempt$ if concrete _h n be5 available4 ,he also made m5tion ( ! great wall t n[ protects ,galve/on f ! ravages ( ! sea4 ,x is n _m ye>s s9ce ,galve/on 0 almo/ de/roy$ by tidal waves t caus$ an enorm\s loss ( life1 & de/ruction ( prop]ty am\nt+ to ov] #ag1jjj1jjj4 ,! wall 0 built to prev5t a recurr5ce ( simil> disa/]s4 ,x is #ag1ejc feet long1 #ag feet high1 & #af feet ?ick at ! base4 ,ano!r rec5t "w is ! enorm\s dam built by ,engli% eng9e]s across ! riv] ,nile at ,assi\t1 ab\t #bej miles above ,cairo 9 ,egypt1 :i* increases ! area ( good l& "s #cjj1jjj acres4 ,anci5t ,babylon is aga9 to blossom & become a beautiful c\ntry to live 91 = ,briti% eng9e]s are lay+ out plans = build+ /orage dams & irrigat+ canals 9 ^! n[ s&y & b>r5 l&s4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ^! works & propos$ works w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (1 if ,portl& cem5t _h n be5 9 exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,gregg1 aft] f9i%+ 8 talk on concrete1 notic$ t ,george _h two f+]s on 8 "r h& ti$ up1 & on inquiry 0 told t ,george _h 8 f+]s hurt by a concrete block fall+ on !m j z ! reta9+ wall 0 be+ f9i%$4 ,! fa!r insi/$ on see+ ! bruis$ f+]s & f\nd !y 7 n badly hurt1 ?\gh ! sk9 9 "o place 0 brok54 ,george expla9$ t 8 "m _h wa%$ 8 h&1 dress$ ! w\nd1 & appli$ an antiseptic to x1 s t x 0 all "r n[ & did n pa9 him4 ,y 7 wise to g to y\r "m & h y\r bruise att5d$ to imm$iately1 o!rwise y might h _h some?+ s]i\s happ5 to y1 z lockjaw frequ5tly comes f w\nds ( t k9d1 if deep en\gh & n att5d$ to imm$iately4 ,x is (t5 said t lockjaw or tetanus is caus$ by a w\nd made by a ru/y nail4 ,x is c]ta9ly bad to be w\nd$ ) a ru/y nail--or any o!r ru/y iron--& tetanus may foll[2 b x does n foll[ because ! nail is ru/y1 b because ! tetanus microbe t may be on ! nail1 or on ! sk9 :5 ! w\nd is made1 is c>ri$ into a fav\rable place = developm5t4 ,?is tetanus microbe1 :i* has a long "n1 is v pl5tiful & is scatt]$ broadca/ by e gu/ ( w9d4 ,x is a microbe ( dirt1 & ! gr\nd & /reet ab\nd ) x4 ,its fir/ home & bre$+ place is 9 ! inte/9es ( horses & o!r dome/ic animals1 b its greate/ dang] to ! human family is :5 x gets into ! blood by way ( a w\nd4 ,cleanl9ess1 9 ?is z 9 _m o!r cases1 is bo? a prev5tive & a cure4 ,fa!r1 said ,jessie1 ,i saw a v funny ?+ to-day :ile wat*+ ,nick & ! boys f9i% ! wall4 ,! tra9 across ! riv] came to a /&/ill = "s reason or o!r1 &1 z ,i 0 wat*+ x1 ,i saw ?ree puffs ( /eam g out ( its boil]1 & a %ort "t aft] ,i he>d ?ree l\d :i/les4 ,?is seem$ to me q curi\s1 b :ile ,i 0 ?9k+ ov] x1 !re 7 ?ree m jets ( /eam1 foll[$ by ?ree m 'toots4' ,h[ 0 x t ,i saw ! toots be=e ,i he>d !m8 ,?is is a "q1 my de>1 t w require "s little "t & ?\ght to answ] prop]ly4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y mu/ und]/& t light travels v mu* fa/] ?an s\nd & t s\nds d n rea* y until "s "t has elaps$1 if y are a little di/ance away4 ,y see a fla% ( lightn+1 & a little :ile aft] y he> ! ?und]2 & if y c\nt #a1 #b1 #c1 9 ! ord9>y way1 betwe5 see+ ! fla% & he>+ ! ?und]1 y may be fairly satisfi$ ! s\rce ( ! ?und] is well on to ?ree miles away4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n exactly correct1 b approximately s4 ,e "t y c\nt "o1 x /&s = a mile4 ,accord+ to sci5ce1 light travels #ahf1jjj miles a second1 :ile s\nd only travels at ! rate ( #a1jij feet p] second at a temp]ature ( #cb degrees ,fahr5heit1 or freez+1 its velocity be+ increas$ at ! rate ( "o & "o t5? feet p] second = e degree above ?is temp]ature4 ,s y see light travels ne>ly a million times fa/] ?an s\nd1 & ?is acc\nts = y\r see+ ! puffs q a little :ile be=e y he>d ! 'toots'1 z y call !m4 ,!re are _m curi\s & int]e/+ ?+s ab\t light & s\nd :i* ,i'd l to describe to y sometime4 ,s\nd travels 9 dry air at #cb degrees1 #a1jij feet p] second1 or ab\t #agj miles p] h\r2 9 wat]1 #d1ijj feet p] second2 9 iron1 #ag1ejj feet2 9 copp]1 #aj1cgh feet2 & 9 wood1 f #ab1jjj to #af1jjj feet p] second4 ,9 wat]1 a bell he>d at #de1jjj feet1 c\ld be he>d 9 ! air out ( ! wat] b #fef feet4 ,9 a balloon1 ! b>k+ ( dogs c be he>d on ! gr\nd at an elevation ( f\r miles4 ,div]s on ! wreck ( ! ,huss> frigate1 #ajj feet "u ! wat]1 at ,hell ,gate1 ne> ,new ,york1 he>d ! paddle :eel ( di/ant /eam]s h\rs be=e !y hove 9 sight4 ,! report ( a rifle on a /ill day may be he>d at #e1cjj y>ds2 a milit>y b& at #e1bjj y>ds4 ,! fire ( ! ,engli%1 on l&+ 9 ,egypt1 0 di/9ctly he>d #acj miles4 ,dr4 ,jamieson says he he>d1 dur+ calm wea!r1 e ^w ( a s]mon at a di/ance ( two miles4 ,! l5g? ( ! s\nd waves 9 ! air is sometimes _m feet1 :ile ! l5g? ( ! longe/ light wave is n m ?an 4#jjjjbff ( an in*2 x is no long] a my/]y :y we c he>1 b _c see1 ar\nd a corn]4 ,! *ildr5 7 greatly int]e/$ by ^! famili> m>vels & made _! fa!r promise t he w\ld resume ! talk "s o!r ev5+ & tell !m ab\t !rmomet]s & b>omet]s4 ,! late aft]noon next day 0 tak5 up ) an excursion on ! ,c>ol9e d[n ! riv] to ,new>k1 :]e ,fr$ induc$ 8 fa!r to pur*ase a full sold]+ outfit1 z ! boys want$ to try "s plumb+ & sold]+ "w4 ,!re _h be5 a plumb] at ! ,gregg home ne>ly all t day do+ repair "w ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ,fr$1 :o _h wat*$ ! workman1 conclud$ he c\ld h made ! repairs himself if he _h _h ! prop] tools4 ,an h\r or two 9 ! city1 !n a pleasant sail home1 prov$ a f9e end+ = a day's lab\r4 ,! next day1 aft] s*ool1 ,george & ,jessie assi/$ _! "m mak+ g>d51 plant+ fl[]s1 trimm+ bu%es1 & de/roy+ we$s1 :ile ,fr$ gave ! ,c>ol9e ano!r coat ( v>ni%1 & f9i%$ pa9t+ 8 little work%op1 :i* n[ look$ v snug & tidy4 ,he sold]$ up all ! leaks 9 e kit*5 ut5sil he f\nd defective1 mu* to ! delight ( 8 "m & ! maid4 ,fr$ f\nd _m ?+s ab\t ! h\se want+ m or less att5tion1 s he det]m9$ to try to put !m 9 ord]4 ,he discov]$ t to make a good job ( sold]+1 he mu/ fir/ make ! metal to be fa/5$ toge!r1 p]fectly clean & free f ru/1 dirt1 or grease1 ! p>ts ar\nd ! leak be+ scrap$ bright & smoo?4 ,he f\nd "s little difficulty 9 gett+ ! sold] to ! exact place he want$4 ,9 ! outfit 8 fa!r b\ght him1 0 n only a sold]+ iron1--:i* is n iron b copp]--b a scrap]1 a lump ( sold]1 a box ( ros91 a piece ( *amois lea!r1 a bottle ( muriatic acid1 & a piece ( sal-ammoniac1 to be cru%$ f9e & du/$ ov] any surface t is to be f9i%$ bright4 ,fr$ _h no tr\ble 9 sold]+ holes ( small size 9 teakettles1 t9s1 or su* ?+s z he c\ld h&le easily1 = ! impair$ portions c\ld be plac$ 9 a horizontal position be=e him & ! sold] appli$ readily4 ,a leak 9 an upright wat] pipe 9 ! %$1 h[ev]1 gave him a h>d "t1 = he c\ld n get ! sold] ei!r to run up hill or to /ay on ! place :]e x 0 put4 ,he got ov] ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 by mak+ a clay dam1 a t9k]'s dam--mix+ clay until x 0 s(t1 !n w9d+ a /rip ( x ar\nd ! pipe j bel[ ! leak & apply+ ! sold] until ! hole or crack 0 entirely cov]$1 :5 a good solid job result$4 ,( c\rse1 be=e apply+ any sold]1 all ! wat] 0 dra9$ f ! pipe1 & ! defective "p 0 ?or\ghly scrap$4 ,:5 ! "w 0 done1 !re 0 an edge ( sold] left project+ f ! pipe1 :i* ,fr$ rasp$ away ) a c\rse rasp1 leav+ j en\gh sold] to cov] ! leak prop]ly4 ,he !n s&pap]$ ! "w & x look$ almo/ z good z new4 ,x is easy en\gh to sold] across ! "w :5 level1 ev5 if ! article be+ sold]$ is r\nd1 because ! metal c be work$ across ! top & d[n ! sides2 b on ! "u side1 x may be necess>y to make use ( a clay dam4 ,a plumb]'s "w cov]s a lot ( ?+s1 among :i* may be m5tion$ metal ro(+1 wall fla%+s1 wat]-pipes ( all k9ds1 dra9 connections1 hot wat] & /eam fitt+s1 hot-air & v5tilation fitt+s1 /ove & range sett+s1 & _m o!r ?+s connect$ 9 "s way or ano!r ) ! =ego+4 ,_m times an (f5sive od\r is noticeable 9 ! cell>1 or ne> ! l9e ( dra9age1 & x is (t5 difficult to locate ! s\rce1 s t exp5sive excavations are made be=e ! tr\ble is rem$i$4 ,plumb]s & dra9age m5 (t5 use :at is t]m$ ! pepp]m9t te/1 to f9d :]e ! leakage exi/s1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly suitable = ! exam9ation ( exi/+ soil pipes & dra9age fitt+s4 ,?is te/ consi/s 9 p\r+ a small quantity ( oil ( pepp]m9t or o!r sub/ance possess+ a pung5t1 p5etrat+1 & di/9ctive od\r1 into ! pipe or dra94 ,! defective pipe or jo9t is !n locat$ by ! escap+ od\r4 ,x is v important t defects ( ?is k9d %\ld be locat$ & repair$ imm$iately1 = od\rs emanat+ f dra9s or soil pipes c>ry ) !m g]ms ( ! k9d mo/ dang]\s to human heal? & life4 ,"s taps 9 ! ba? room & ov] ! kit*5 s9k 7 n work+ freely1 & o!rs 7 dropp+ a little4 ,fr$1 aft] cutt+ (f ! wat] f ! ma91 unscrew$ ^! & put new rubb] wa%]s 9 "s1 w\nd cotton tw9e ar\nd ! plugs ( o!rs1 & made ! tight ones "w easy by remov+ worn out wa%]s & cut /r+s4 ,he also fix$ ! hydrants on ! lawn 9 ! same mann]1 & made all ! taps 9 & ab\t ! h\se "w tightly & smoo?ly4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,gregg arriv$ home1 ,fr$ told him all he _h done1 %[+ ! t9 pans & ! leaky pipe he _h sold]$1 & he /raight5$ up ) pride at be+ told t he 0 already q a plumb]4 ,aft] tea1 ! family w5t d[n to ! riv]'s bank & *att$ a:ile on home matt]s2 !n %ortly aft] ! sun w5t d[n1 !y adj\rn$ to ! lion's d54 ,n[1 said ,george1 fa!r w tell u ab\t b>omet]s & !rmomet]s1 z he promis$4 ,well1 said ,mr4 ,gregg1 ,i'm pleas$ to "k y are s ready to li/5 to my talks1 & ,i hope y'll rememb] "s ( ! facts ,i've be5 tell+ y4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( b>omet]s1 b all are con/ruct$ ab\t on ! same pr9ciple1 & on ! old !ory t 'nature abhors a vacuum'4 ,!re may h be5 "s k9d ( an in/rum5t t did s]vice z a b>omet] 9 ! e>ly ages1 b we h no k ( x4 ,! in/rum5t z we n[ "k x _h its beg9n+ ) ,galileo1 ,torricelli1 & ,pascal1 b 0 n p]fect$ until ab\t #afej4 ,good b>omet]s require ! greate/ possible c>e 9 _! con/ruction1 & !re ought to be two or m /&+ toge!r z *ecks on "o ano!r 9 ord] to obta9 correct results4 ,! m]cury us$ mu/ be pure & good1 free f all o!r sub/ances & f air bubbles or films ( air on ! sides ( ! bulb4 ,simple b>omet]s1 suitable = ord9>y purposes1 c be easily made4 ,i w describe "o1 & make a sket* ( x on ! blackbo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,simple b>omet] ,?is simply consi/s ( a wide-m\!d glass bottle fill$ ) ord9>y dr9k+ wat] up to ! po9t indicat$ by ! lett] ,a 7,fig4 #gc72 9 ?is is dipp$ an inv]t$ glass flask1 or an inc&esc5t light bulb1 ! extremity ( ! neck be+ all[$ to dip j bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! flask %\ld be inv]t$ q empty dur+ wet wea!r1 & z long z ! atmosph]e rema9s 9 a /ormy condition1 no *ange 9 ! wat] takes place2 b imm$iately ! wea!r becomes f9]1 ! wat] w rise 9 ! neck ( ! inv]t$ flask1 &1 if a cont9uance ( f9e wea!r be probable1 w rise to ! po9t indicat$ by lett] ,b4 ,i h f\nd ?is simple contrivance to give sure & e>ly w>n+ ( ! approa* ( ra91 & ,i ne$ h>dly rem>k t ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ?is little wea!r glass acts is exactly simil> to t ( ! ord9>y m]cury b>omet]1 = ! rise & fall ( ! wat] is due to ! respective increase or decrease ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,by divid+ ! neck ,a ,b into six or eight divisions1 ) ! aid ( a diamond or piece ( fl9t1 & !n m>k+ ! l9es s cut1 ) ink1 an approximate graduation ( degrees ( pressure may easily be obta9$4 ,i %[ y a wat] b>omet] "h1 7,fig4 #gd7 t is some:at less h>d to con/ruct ?an ! "o ,i h already describ$1 z ! p>ts are easi] to obta94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,b>omet] ,x consi/s ( a bottle1 conta9+ wat]1 inv]t$ & susp5d$ ) its m\? 9 ! j> ( ! same fluid4 ,x is capable ( r\ghly indicat+ atmosph]ic *anges 9 a simil> way to ! m]curial b>omet]4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e becomes d5s]1 ! great] pressure on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! j> causes x to rise 9 ! bottle2 :ile ) a less] d5sity x falls4 ,z ) ! m]curial b>omet]1 temp]ature makes a slight diff]5ce1 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 %\ld be all[$ =2 b1 z ! arrangem5t is ( su* a simple "*1 ?is may be ignor$4 ,wat]1 also1 is m subject to evaporation ?an m]cury1 besides go+ /agnant1 & w require occasional *ang+ & repl5i%+4 ,a b>omet] ( a m sci5tific "*1 & m pres5table1 is1 ,i ?9k1 )9 y\r range ( skill1 & x may be made z foll[s3 ,obta9 a glass tube1 clos$ at "o end1 ab\t two feet t5 in*es long & ?ree eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 ) a bore ( ab\t ?ree sixte5? in*4 ,a circul> turn$ wood box1 "o & "o half in*es 9 diamet] & "o & "o f\r? in*es deep1 is requir$ = ! ci/]n4 ,cut out ! bottom & glue on in/ead a piece ( lea!r1 sagg+ loosely4 ,!n cut ! lid 9 two1 & make an op5+ 9 ! c5tre to receive ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,!rmomet] ,! mahogany base1 %[n 9 two halves by ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #ge71 is #c feet #a in* long1 #c-c_/d in*es at its greate/ wid?1 #b in*es at its lea/ wid?1 & #c_/d in* ?ick4 ,make a groove d[n ! c5tre to admit ! tube1 & cut an op5+ #b in*es squ>e "r ?r\gh ! wood at ! r\nd end4 ,glue at ! back ( ?is a circul> piece ( p9e or c$>1 #c in*es 9 diamet] & #a_/b in* ?ick1 & screw a semicircul> piece ( ! same ?ickness at ! o!r end1 ) a r+ = hang+4 ,fill ! tube by degrees ) pure m]cury1 boil+ ea* portion1 z introduc$1 by hold+ ! tube 9 a ne>ly horizontal position ov] a _s lamp1 tak+ c>e n to crack x by too sudd5 heat+4 ,half fill ! wood5 ci/]n ) m]cury1 & :5 ! tube is full1 place a f+] ov] ! end1 c>efully raise x to a v]tical position1 & l[] ! op5 end bel[ ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,:ile "s "o holds ! tube1 glue on ! two halves ( ! box lid & seal up ! op5+ r\nd ! tube ) wax or cem5t4 ,!n fa/5 ! tube to ! base ) brass clips & screws1 & secure ! ci/]n f %ift+ by glu+ 9 w$ges ( wood4 ,a ?umb screw1 ) wa%]1 = regulat+ ! height ( ! m]cury1 is fix$ at ! bottom2 ?is presses on a cork wa%] glu$ to ! lea!r ( ! ci/]n4 ,a holl[$ h>dwood boss is screw$ ov] ! top end ( ! tube1 & a holl[$ circul> turn$ boss ( mahogany1 ,c1 is glu$ ov] ! bottom4 ,! ivory or c>dbo>d scale ,d1 is ( in*es & t5?s1 f tw5ty-six & "o half in*es to ?irty-"o in*es1 ! di/ance be+ measur$ approximately f ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,a v]ni] hav+ a scale ( elev5-t5?s ( an in*1 divid$ into t5 p>ts1 works 9 a slot on ! scale & %\ld be atta*$ z %[n at ,d4 ,be=e screw+ on ! scale1 fix its correct position by comp>ison ) ! /&>d b>omet]4 ,x is usual to place a small !rmomet] on ! o!r side4 ,) reg>d to ! !rmomet]s1 x w\ld be q out ( place "h to discuss !m at l5g?1 or to (f] y a sci5tific explanation ( ! pr9ciples gov]n+ _! con/ruction4 ,i may say h[ev]1 t1 z ! b>omet] is int5d$ to measure ! diff]5t degrees ( d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 s ! !rmomet] is design$ to m>k ! *anges 9 its temp]ature1 ) reg>d to heat & cold4 ,! fir/ !rmomet]s1 s f> z we "k1 7 made less ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 & wat]1 spirits ( w9e1 or alcohol1 & oil 7 us$ to fill ! bulbs1 9 ! ord] giv54 ,x 0 ! great ,halley1 ( ',halley's ,comet' fame1 :o fir/ made use ( m]cury or quicksilv] 9 ^! in/rum5ts1 because ( its be+ highly susceptible to expansion & contraction1 & capable ( %[+ a m ext5sive scale ( heat4 ,x is ow+ to ?is quality ( expansion & contraction t ! degrees ( heat & cold c be measur$4 ,if y put y\r ?umb on ! bulb1 y w notice ! quicksilv] 9 ! little tube gradually rise until x rea*es ! limit ( ! ?umb's heat4 ,!rmomet]s1 9 ?is & ne>ly all ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 make use ( ! ,fahr5heit scale1 :i* is diff]5t f ^? us$ 9 "s o!r places2 & ?is (t5 causes tr\ble & annoyance4 ,! scale ( ,reamur prevails 9 ,g]many4 ,he divides ! space betwe5 ! freez+ & boil+ po9ts into #hj degrees4 ,france uses t ( ,celsius1 :o graduat$ 8 scale on ! decimal sy/em4 ,! mo/ peculi> scale ( all1 h[ev]1 is t ( ,fahr5heit1 ! r5[n$ ,g]man physici/1 :o1 9 #agad or #agae1 compos$ 8 scale1 hav+ asc]ta9$ t wat] c\ld be cool$ "u ! freez+ po9t )\t congeal+4 ,he1 !re=e1 did n take ! congeal+ po9t ( wat]1 :i* is unc]ta91 b compos$ a mixture ( equal p>ts ( sn[ & sal-ammoniac1 ab\t f\rte5 degrees ,r4 ,?is scale is pref]able to bo? ^? ( ,reamur & ,celsius1 or1 z x is call$1 ,c5tigrade1 because3 7#a7 ,! regul> temp]ature ( ! mod]ate zone moves )9 its two z]os & c1 !re=e1 be writt5 )\t or -4 7#b7 ,! scale is divid$ s f9ely t x is n necess>y to use fractions :5ev] c>eful obs]vations are to be made4 ,^! advantages1 al?\gh que/ion$ by "s1 h be5 consid]$ s weighty t bo? ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica h reta9$ ?is scale1 :ile nations on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe use ! o!r two4 ,! conv]sion ( any "o ( ^! scales into ano!r is v simple4 7#a7 ,to *ange a ,fahr5heit temp]ature into ! same giv5 by ! ,c5tigrade scale1 subtract #cb degrees f ,fahr5heit's degrees & multiply ! rema9d] by #e_/i4 ,! product w be ! temp]ature 9 ,c5tigrade degree4 7#b7 ,to *ange f ,fahr5heit to ,reamur's scale1 subtract #cb degrees f ,fahr5heit's degrees & multiply ! rema9d] by #d_/i4 ,! product w be ! temp]ature 9 ,reamur's degrees4 7#c7 ,to *ange a temp]ature giv5 by ! ,c5tigrade scale into ! same giv5 by ,fahr5heit1 multiply ! ,c5tigrade degrees by #i_/e & add #cb degrees to ! product4 ,! sum w be ! temp]ature by ,fahr5heit's scale4 7#d7 ,to *ange f ,reamur's to ,fahr5heit's scale1 multiply ! degree on ,reamur's scale by #i_/d & add #cb degrees to ! product4 ,! sum w be ! temp]ature by ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,a h&y table c easily be figur$ out f ! data giv54 ,mr4 ,gregg conclud$ 8 conv]sation = ! night at ?is po9t1 b promis$ to take x up aga9 ! fir/ available ev5+4 ,two or ?ree nights aft]w>d x 0 v wet & dre>y4 ,! boys & ,jessie 7 call$ into ! d5 by ,mr4 ,gregg1 :]e a brisk fire1 made ( limbs & bran*es ga!r$ by ! boys1 0 burn+ 9 ! little fireplace1 & ! room look$ bright & *e]ful4 ,! "y folks all drew up ar\nd ! fire to li/54 ,i h s _m ?+s to talk to y ab\t1 said he1 t ,i sc>cely "k :]e to beg92 h[ev]1 ,i promis$ to tell y some?+ conc]n+ spr+s1 s ,i w make ^! useful contrivances my !me to-night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,c>-spr+ ,!re are _m k9ds ( spr+s1 b ,i w only talk ( /eel or o!r metal spr+s2 & ev5 !n mu/ limit myself to a few4 ,! c>riage or lam9at$ spr+ is probably ! mo/ 9 use1 z x is an important factor 9 ! con/ruction ( all classes ( railway trucks & c>riages1 locomotives1 automobiles1 road c>riages & light wagons ( all k9ds4 ,^! are also mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( invalids' *airs1 *ildr5's p]ambulators1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,! spr+s us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge/ locomotives are big affairs & (t5 weigh ov] #ejj p\nds4 ,^! are be>+ spr+s & c>ry ! :ole weight ( eng9e & boil]4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 a numb] ( ^! spr+s to ea* eng9e4 ,spr+s on ! coa*es & c>riages are some:at light] & m flexible ?an ^? on ! heavi] trucks4 ,! d\ble spr+1 %[n at ,fig4 #gf1 is kn[n 9 railroad p>lance z a 'draw-spr+4' ,"o ( ^! is secur$ at ea* end ( ! c>1 & us$ to atta* or c\ple ! c>s toge!r1 or to atta* ! eng9e to ! tra91 ! object be+ to less5 ! bump or impact ( ! bl[ :5 ! eng9e & c>s come toge!r4 ,! effect is ! same :5 ! eng9e />ts a tra92 ! spr+s 9 ! fir/ c> draw out1 !n ! spr+s on ! second c> d likewise1 & ?is causes ! load ( ! :ole tra9 to fall on ! eng9e gradually1 a matt] ( great importance 9 railway economy4 ,if x 7 n = be>+ spr+s on ! trucks & c>riages1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to use railroads = pass5g] traffic or = c>ry+ f9e goods1 z ! jolt+ & p\nd+ on ! iron rails w\ld %ake ?+s to pieces1 de/roy ! c>riages1 & p\nd ! roadb$ & bridges to bits 9 a v %ort "t4 ,n[1 by ! aid ( /eel spr+s1 y ride 9 a ,pullman z smoo?ly almo/ z 9 a boat1 s y see h[ useful spr+s are to mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,cross-b[ spr+ ,!re are _m k9ds ( be>+ spr+s1 b all are built 9 ! same mann]1 ( /eel leaves1 made ( diff]5t dim5sions to suit conditions4 ,z y w see 9 ! diagram1 ! %eets ( /eel are laid ov] ea* o!r1 l ! scales ( a fi%1 & made %ort] z !y approa* ! top4 ,all ! leaves are fa/5$ toge!r by hav+ an iron buckle driv5 onto ! middle1 z %[n1 :ile hot1 & :5 ?is cools1 x %r9ks & clasps ! :ole s tight x _c be tak5 (f until heat$ or cut4 ,i c\ld tell y ( _m o!r k9ds ( spr+s--wat* spr+s1 gun spr+s1 trap spr+s1 spiral spr+s--us$ = v>i\s purposes1 b ,i w end ?is subject by describ+ to y some?+ y c make = y\rself1 if y wi%2 namely1 a cross-b[1 :i* is v simple4 ,i make on ! blackbo>d a diagram1 7,fig4 #gg71 ) ,a repres5t+ ! /ock1 #e feet long2 ,b1 ! b5d]1 #f feet long1 :i* %\ld be made 9 f\r pieces4 ,! front piece %\ld be #c_/d in* ?ick1 ! ?ree inn] pieces #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,c are brass f]rules to keep ! leaves ( ! b5d] f %ift+2 ,d ! /r+1 :i* %\ld be v /rong4 ,! b5d] %\ld be cut out ( /raight well-season$ a%1 rock elm1 or hickory4 ,in/ead ( brass f]rules1 /rong brass or copp] wire c be us$1 prop]ly twi/$ at ! jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,gyroscope ,! gyroscope has become q fam\s ( late1 because ( its hav+ be5 employ$ z a /eadi] = ! monorail c>1 & propos$ z a regulator or gov]nor = a]oplanes1 s t ,i ?9k x w n be amiss to tell y t a /udy ( ?is toy is well wor? any "t & lab\r y may sp5d on x4 ,!re are great possibilities )9 ?is little in/rum5t & its applications4 ,i d n int5d deal+ ) its pr9ciples1 or ) rotation problems g5]ally1 z !y w\ld1 ,i fe>1 be beyond y\r pres5t compreh5sion1 b ,i w conf9e myself to describ+ ! toy & %[+ y h[ x c be made1 ?\gh x w\ld be mu* *eap] to buy "o f a deal]4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a r+ ( brass or o!r metal1 l a curta9 r+1 & a small] brass r+ atta*$ to a ?ick disc ( :ite metal1 or a metal disc ) a ?ick5$ rim1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gh4 ,?is disc is securely fix$ to a metal p91 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh two holes 9 ! out] brass r+1 & at "o side a small r\nd$ nut or ball ( brass is screw$ on ! out] r+4 ,! metal disc is at "r angles to ! out] r+4 ,if a cord is w\nd sev]al times r\nd ! metal p91 ! out] r+ held 9 ! left h&1 ! p9 & metal disc w revolve at a v high spe$1 :ile ! out] r+ rema9s /ation>y4 ,! gyroscope c be plac$ on ! knob1 & :ile ! disc is revolv+ ! out] r+ c be plac$ at any angle1 & w rema9 /ation>y4 ,x is also possible to balance x at any angle on ! top ( a support1 su* z ! tip ( a /ick4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,ev]yday ,,ma*9es ,i ,,"s ,,practical ,,advice ,"s ( our inv5tions & "s ( our discov]ies are ( comp>atively rec5t date1 b mo/ ( !m _h _! beg9n+s c5turies be=e hi/orical times1 z _m ( our greate/ inv5tions are ! result ( gradual gr[? & developm5t4 ,! e>ly discov]y1 by "s unkn[n p]sons or p]sons1 ( ! mak+ ( bronze & ! h>d5+ ( x1 l$ up to /one & woodcutt+1 p]haps to ! break+-up & smelt+ ( iron ore1 & ! extraction ( ! metals4 ,?is aga9 op5$ ! way = ! mak+ ( /eel1 a discov]y t plac$ 9 ! h&s ( man a s\rce ( p[] :i* enabl$ him to ov]come _m natural difficulties4 ,"o improvem5t l$ ! way to ano!r1 & made o!r improvem5ts possible4 ,take locomotives & /eamboats = in/ance4 ,! mak+ ( a raft1 no d\bt1 sugge/$ ! canoe1 & ?is l$ to ! built-up boat1 & ! %ip4 ,! paddle & ! o> d\btless l$ up to ! side:eel]1 & ! scull to ! propell]4 ,! crude /eam eng9e ( ,h]o v likely sugge/$ ! /eam eng9es n[ 9 use1 & ?is new p[] r5d]$ x easy = ,/eph5son & ,fulton to p]=m _! "w2 b1 if ei!r ( ^! inv5tors 7 to come back to ! e>? & exam9e ! great /eam]s ( to-day1 or ! p]fect & p[]ful locomotives n[ 9 use1 !y w\ld be surpris$ to ?9k t ! pres5t tractable mon/]s1 7 ! outgr[? ( _! e>ly ef=ts4 ,9 ! same mann] may be trac$ ! same gradual gr[? 9 all ! arts & sci5ces2 = /ep by /ep1 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 h complet5ess & p]fection come to u4 ,x is n yet "o hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,congreve inv5t$ or r complet$ ! inv5tion ( ! ,p>lor mat*1 call$ 9 8 day1 ! ,lucif] mat*4 ,?is gr& a*ievem5t 0 accompli%$ aft] _m failures 9 ! ef=ts ( *emi/s = ages4 ,! p]fection ( ! mat* 0 a great bless+ to humanity1 z ! old me?ods ( mak+ a light or fire 7 tiresome & v unc]ta94 ,s x is ) _m ( ! bless+s we enjoy to-day3 !y are simply ! results ( ! /ruggles ( _m unkn[n m9ds1 ! ?reads ( :i* 7 ga!r$ up & piec$ toge!r by "o ma/] m9d1 s z to be made useful & pr(itable to mank9d4 ,9 ! e>ly & middle ages1 ! inv5tor 0 look$ ^u z a wiz>d1 a sort ( inf]ior demon1 or1 at be/1 an uncanny k9d ( man1 & a prop] subject = ! /ake4 ,:51 by sup]ior wisdom & skill1 he inv5t$ "s ma*9e or device1 or discov]$ "s new & bett] me?od ( accompli%+ a useful end1 he 0 at once look$ ^u z a necromanc] 9 league ) 8 ,satanic maje/y1 &1 !re=e1 unfit to associate ) or be recogniz$ z a ,*ri/ian4 ,hi/ory records _m in/ances ( inv5tors & progressive m5 be+ p]secut$--& execut$--because ( _! hav+ discov]$ or inv5t$ some?+ :i* w\ld int]f]e ) "s ve/$ or imag9>y rights4 ,! new inv5tions mu/ be de/roy$ or put away out ( sight & he>+1 & ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces 7 employ$ to br+ ab\t ?is result4 ,! /ories told ( ,fri> ,bacon1 ,pap91 ,crompton1 & hundr$s ( o!r inv5tors1 give u a few ( ! reasons :y s little progress 0 made 9 ! arts & sci5ces previ\s to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,d[n to a p]iod )9 ! pa/ few ye>s ! t]m inv5tion has be5 consid]$ almo/ synonym\s ) ! ^w *ance4 ,an inv5tor1 0 a lucky individual1 :o _h happ5$ to hit ^u "s new idea1 n s mu* by 8 own great ability z by good =tune1 simil> to t :i* br+s success to ! pur*as] ( a lott]y ticket4 ,9 _m cases ?is 0 really ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,m5 :o exp]im5t$ 9 v>i\s me*anical pursuits (t5 /umbl$ ^u results1 :i* !y p]ceiv$ to be useful & valuable1 &1 if !y protect$ ! inv5tion by pat5t1 !y (t5 became weal?y4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is mean+ ( ! ^w inv5tion mu/ be greatly modifi$1 if n altoge!r ab&on$4 ,! law :i* controls ! action ( ! =ces ( nature is becom+ s well und]/ood among all classes ( me*anics t *ance inv5tion1 9 ! e>ly s5se ( ! t]m1 has almo/ become an impossibility4 ,success c be assur$ only to ! man :o has tri$ to w9 x by ! acquirem5t ( ! necess>y k1 to be obta9$ by /eady application & h>d /udy4 ,9 ! pursuit ( discov]y1 ! old say+1 k is p[]1 nev] has _h m =ce ?an :5 appli$ to unravell+ ! tangl$ web ( nature's my/]ies4 ,sci5ce1 says ,"l ,br\gham1 is k r$uc$ to a sy/em4 ,a man may h a lifetime ( practical exp]i5ce & amass a fund ( k ( great use to himself1 b entirely unavailable = o!rs4 ,b if 8 exp]i5ce be comb9$ ) t ( o!r m5 & sy/ematiz$ into a regul> ord]1 x becomes "p ( ! sci5ce ( t bran* ( indu/ry1 & al?\gh ! p]son himself may h a pr(\nd contempt = sci5ce & !ory 8 "w may be q sci5tific4 ,ignorance1 9 ! pa/ c5turies1 0 ano!r great factor 9 prev5t+ me*anical progress4 ,new ma*9es & lab\r-sav+ devices 7 look$ ^u by ! great mass ( work]s z contrivances design$ to deprive !m ( ! means ( mak+ an hone/ livelihood1 & ?is po9t ( view caus$ ! p to sma% & burn _m ma*9es t _h co/ great lab\r & exp5se to ! un=tunate inv5tor4 ,b1 z public s*ools became m num]\s & le>n+ increas$1 ! way ( ! inv5tor became smoo!r4 ,! m enlight5$ nations enc\rag$ inv5tors & inv5tions1 & n[ our c\ntry has on its /atute books laws = ?is purpose1 ! mo/ lib]al 9 ! _w4 ,! opportunities = obta9+ me*anical & sci5tific k & te*nical in/ruction are n[ s _m & s easy ( access t inv5tors h b little tr\ble 9 acquir+ ! data & facts ess5tial to _! purposes4 ,! e>lie/ /ud5ts _h no?+ b _! own obs]vations & exp]i5ces to build on1 & ev5 z late z ! eighte5? c5tury1 m5 _h to grope 9 ! d>k = ! data requir$ to c>ry out _! ideas4 ,a brief exam9ation ( ! e>ly treatises on me*anics & ! rude illu/rations 9 ! works ( ,leopold1 ,am\tons1 & ,desaguli]s w reveal ! g]ms ( _m mod]n ma*9es4 ,! inv5tor ( to-day1 h[ev]1 mu/ proce$ by a diff]5t pa? f 8 pr$ecessor1 if he expects to succe$ 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( me*anical arts4 ,! demon/ration ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 ! discov]y ( ! correlation ( ! physical =ces1 & ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces ( !rmo-dynamics h furni%$ p[]ful weapons = ! advancem5t ( me*anical sci5ce1 & he :o does n use !m is at a woeful disadvantage 9 ! fight4 ,!re is no royal road to success = ! inv5tor1 & ,i hope y w always be> ?is 9 m9d :5 att5d+ to y\r /udies1 = y mu/ rememb] t x is ne>ly always necess>y to use =mul & symbols to express relations1 :i* are h>dly )9 ! range ( words1 & (t5 a comb9ation ( data obta9$ f diff]5t s\rces may be us$ to d]ive entirely new relations4 ,x is "h t inv5tion1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 comes 9 to hold a place midway betwe5 !ory & practice1 & may be prop]ly call$ a sci5ce4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,gravitation ,suppose a "o-p\nd weight is susp5d$ by a /r+3 !re is a t5sile /ress 9 ! /r+1 v>y+ slightly at diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 b always ! same at ! same place1 say1 ,new>k1 = ! v>iation is v slight )9 a pretty wide area4 ,if we take a spr+ balance & graduate x 9 p\nds at ,new>k1 su* a balance w accurately indicate =ces 9 p\nds :]ev] x may be us$4 ,! /ress produc$ 9 a /r+ c>ry+ a "o-p\nd weight at ,new>k is ! unit ( =ce4 ,if ! /r+ ) its weight is hung f a nail1 ! nail is press$ on its upp] side ) a =ce ( "o p\nd4 ,! same pressure may be produc$ by pu%+ ! nail d[nw>ds f above1 us+ a %ort piece ( /ick2 9 su* circum/ances1 ! /ick be>s a compression /ress ( "o p\nd4 ,?is is a good1 common-s5se def9ition ( =ce1 ?\gh x does n by any means cov] ! :ole subject4 ,! ^w =ce is us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se by p]sons :o speak ( ! =ce ( gravity4 ,:5 a "o-p\nd weight is susp5d$ by a /r+1 z /at$ 9 ! =ego+1 ! attraction betwe5 ! mass ( ! weight & ! mass ( ! e>? is balanc$ by ! /ress 9 ! /r+4 ,we c d\ble ! /ress by d\bl+ ! weight1 & 9 ?is way1 by add+ weights1 we c make ! =ce ( gravity v great4 ,b ! =ce ( gravity is spok5 ( z an inv>iable ?+1 & x is said to be equal to #cb 7r\ghly74 ,if any weight :atev] be all[$ to fall freely 7= reasonable heights & neglect+ ! effect ( ! resi/ance ( ! air7 x w be f\nd t at ! end ( ! fir/ second x w h a velocity ( #cb feet p] second2 at ! end ( ! second second x w h a velocity ( #fd feet p] second2 & g5]ally at ! end ( any numb] ( seconds its velocity w be #cb1 & ! rate ( increase ( velocity 7accel]ation7 is #cb feet p] second1 all ( :i* has be5 previ\sly expla9$4 ,x is f\nd conv5i5t to call ?is accel]ation gravity--x is inaccurately call$ ! =ce ( gravity1 x v>ies at diff]5t places on ! e>?4 ,x is usual to designate ! accel]ation by ! lett] g1 & we speak ( ! g1 or gravity1 ( ! place4 ,?is seems to cov] ! po9t ( inquiry completely4 ,! subject ( specific gravity is a f>-rea*+ "o1 & includes ! te/+ ( liquors = rev5ue purposes & _m o!r ?+s ( a sci5tific nature2 b :5 we speak ( specific gravity 9 an ord9>y way we mean ! comp>ative weight1 bulk = bulk1 ( wat] at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,! specific gravity ( a sub/ance l coal c be asc]ta9$ exp]im5tally4 ,by means ( a specially adapt$ & delicate balance1 ! sample ( coal is fir/ weigh$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 aft] :i* x mu/ be weigh$ susp5d$ 9 a vessel ( wat]4 ,weigh$ 9 wat]1 x w be f\nd ! coal does n weigh s mu*4 ,if ! loss ( weight1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second weigh+s be tak51 & ! fir/ weigh+ divid$ by ?is loss ( weight1 we obta9 ! specific gravity ( coal4 ,= example1 suppose a sample ( coal weighs 9 ! ord9>y way #bj ounces1 & 9 ! wat] only f\r ounces1 %[+ a loss ( weight ( #af ounces4 ,divide #bj by #af1 & we get ! specific gravity ( ! sample ( coal1 viz41 #a4be4 ,! use ( specific gravity is ( great importance 9 m9+1 ) reg>d to analysis ( ! m9]als work$1 = ) a class ( coal hav+ ! same relative composition1 qualities1 & calorific p[] p] ton ( coal employ$ = diff]5t purposes1 yet hav+ a high] specific gravity1 ! room requir$ = /orage or transport w be less4 ,?is is an important factor1 :]e !re is limit$ space1 z 9 depots & naval vessels4 ,x is also employ$ 9 ! arts & indu/ries = _m purposes1 & is p>ticul>ly useful to work]s 9 preci\s metals1 z ! am\nt ( alloy or bas] metal may be det]m9$ by x t h be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( jewell]y1 plate1 & simil> articles4 ,to put x briefly3 ,specific gravity is ! ratio ( ! heav9ess ( any sub/ance to t ( wat]4 ,! specific gravity ( wat] is tak5 z unity1 & t ( any o!r sub/ance is express$ z a decimal4 ,tables ( ! weight & specific gravity ( sub/ances c be f\nd 9 any good h&-book ( eng9e]+4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,adju/ ,,sew+ ,,ma*9es4 ,sew+ ma*9es (t5 get out ( ord]1 & x is n always t an exp]t is at h& to adju/ !m1 s a few g5]al obs]vations on ! subject ( ^! h\sehold ma*9es may prove useful & int]e/+ to e "o :o is at all me*anically incl9$4 ,!re are sev]al di/9ct types ( ma*9es1 b we %all conf9e our rem>ks to ! ,s+] vibrat+ %uttle1 ! hook %uttle types1 & "o or two o!rs4 ,to secure a p]fect /it* 9 ! vibrat+ %uttle ma*9e1 & to keep x f puck]+ ?9 goods1 su* z ,japanese silks1 musl9s1 & voiles1 ?\gh possible1 is difficult4 ,success dep5ds entirely on ! c>eful fitt+ ( p>ts & ! skilful adju/m5t ( ! ma*9e to ! p>ticul> fabric4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ess5tial t a ma*9e %\ld "w q freely1 a po9t n ( su* great importance if x is us$ = r\gh] classes ( "w4 ,ma*9es us$ = dome/ic purposes1 l ! ,v4 ,s4 7vibrat+ %uttle71 (t5 /& unus$ = weeks toge!r1 s t ! oil ?ick5s & makes a ma*9e run some:at heavily & unev5ly4 ,?is may indirectly affect ! regul>ity ( ! t5sion1 especially ) ?9 goods4 ,!re=e1 x is important to keep a ma*9e clean & regul>ly oil$4 ,important p>ts are (t5 ov]look$ dur+ ! op]ation2 9 fact1 _m us]s ( ma*9es d n "k h[ nor :]e to oil "o prop]ly4 ,!re=e ,figs4 #gi & #hj w be helpful1 z !y %[ ! location ( oil holes & p>ts to be oil$1 & ! illu/rations w s]ve z a guide to o!r ma*9es4 ,9 ^! figures1 x w be se5 t !re are a numb] ( p>ts to oil :i* c\ld v easily be ov]look$4 ,:5 a ma*9e has be5 unwork$ = a l5g? ( "t1 ! application ( a little p>aff9 w cleanse ! p>ts :i* %\ld aft]w>ds be oil$ ?or\ghly ) a good quality ( ma*9e oil4 ,! %uttle raceway1 :]e ! %uttle works1 %\ld be wip$ out ) an oily rag4 ,any l9t or dirt :i* has accumulat$ inside ! %uttle at ! nose end %\ld be )drawn1 z su* might ret>d ! unw9d+ ( ! bobb94 ,x is imp]ative t ! cotton %\ld pull ev5ly1 t is1 free f j]ks2 ?is ref]s to ! upp] z well z to ! l[] t5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,section %[+ oil holes ,= silk & simil> mat]ials1 be/ results c be obta9$ if f9e cottons are us$4 ,numb]s #fj1 #gj1 or #hj w\ld be pref]able to ,no4 #dj4 ,a good quality ( f9e silk is ev5 bett]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :5 work+ on ?9 silk1 say two ?icknesses1 a co>se cotton _c be lock$ c5trally4 ,f9e cotton w ne$ a f9e ne$le1 :i* necessitates a f9e hole ne$le plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,action ( %uttle 9 ! race ,if1 aft] ! =ego+ po9ts h be5 att5d$ to1 ! ma*9e runs easily1 ! p>ts fit prop]ly1 !re is no end play to ! upp] %aft & ! cottons pull ev5ly1 yet ! t5sions are erratic1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! loop z x draws (f ! %uttle heel4 ,9 ma*9es ( ! ,c4 ,b41 ,o4 ,s41 & especially ! ,v4 ,s4 class1 !re is a t5d5cy = ! loop to hang on ! heel ( ! c>ri]1 or to become trapp$ betwe5 ! %uttle & ! c>ri] heel4 ,9 ! two =m] types ( ma*9es1 ! heel ( ! c>ri] %\ld be r\nd$ s z to induce ! cotton to pass (f z freely z possible4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to "t ! %uttle a little lat]1 t is1 put ! c>ri] back a little to all[ ! loop to draw (f m 9 a l9e ) ! hole 9 ! ne$le plate4 ,9 ,v4 ,s4 ma*9es ! c>ri] is already r\nd$ (f at ! heel4 ,by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #hj1 ! action ( ! %uttle 9 ! raceway c be se51 :i* is f ,a to ,b4 ,! %uttle1 hav+ j ent]$ ! loop1 is ab\t to move to ,b4 ,?is movem5t c be regulat$ by an ecc5tric screw & nut 7,fig4 #hj74 ,:5 a ma*9e has be5 tak5 to pieces & clean$1 ?is screw is n always replac$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,if ! %uttle moves too mu* t[>d ,b1 ! loop is c>ri$ by ! heel ( ! c>ri]1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! %uttle cotton1 by be>+ tightly on ! ne$le plate1 pulls ! %uttle t[>d ! c>ri] heel1 ?us mak+ x difficult = ! loop to release itself4 ,m t5sion is appli$1 p]haps m pressure is put on ! take-up spr+1 yet ! unev5 t5sion is n ov]come1 & ow+ to ! s(tness ( ! fabric1 x is drawn up or puck]$4 ,! rem$y is to turn ! screw ,c 7,fig4 #hj71 until ! c>ri] is 9 a position to all[ ! loop a free exit4 ,= su* s(t mat]ials z m5tion$ x may be necess>y to slack5 bo? t5sions4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! upp] t5sion is g5]ally some:at tight] ?an ! "u "o1 & ?is %\ld be a guide to ! adju/m5t ( ! latt]1 accord+ to ! fabrics to be /it*$4 ,to prev5t puck]+ :5 ! t5sions are correct1 r$uce ! pressure ( ! foot by loos5+ ! ?umbscrew ,d 7,fig4 #gi74 ,use a small size /it*--set ! fe$ s t ! tee? are j above ! ne$le plate4 ,d n h ! tee? too %>p1 & if necess>y1 rub (f ! knife edge ) ,f em]y-clo?4 ,make ! foot to be> squ>ely on ! ne$le plate1 & ! fe$ squ>e to ! press] foot4 ,r\nd (f all %>p edges f ! "u side ( ! foot1 especially ! back edge4 ,special fe$]s are made = silk goods 9 ma*9es us$ = factory "w1 :i* ov]come ! difficulty ( puck]+4 ,by att5tion to ! =ego+ in/ructions1 a ma*9e %\ld "w easily1 especially if ! fabric is slightly pull$ f beh9d ! pressure foot4 ,9 ,c4 ,b4 ma*9es1 att5tion %\ld also be giv5 to ! loop z x passes ov] ! bobb9 case & (f ! /op p91 x be+ necess>y sometimes to r\nd (f ! latt]4 ,if ! t5sion spr+ screw projects too high or is r\gh1 x may occasionally cat* ! cotton4 ,! ma*9e %[n at ,fig4 #ha is ( ! ,rot>y ,hook--zigzag type4 ,its uses are simil> to t ( ! oscillat+ %uttle type1 b its con/ruction is r m complicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,rot>y hook--,zigzag type ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,rock+ frame ,! ma*9e may be said to consi/ *iefly ( an upp] & a l[] %aft1 ea* hav+ two cranks4 ,9 ! v]tical portion ( ! arm are two l9ks :i* connect ! %afts1 caus+ !m to "w 9 unison ) ea* o!r4 ,! upp] %aft gives motion by means ( a cam & l9k to ! ne$le b> & take-up lev]2 :ile ! l[] %aft1 by means ( ?ree ge> :eels1 gives ! rot>y movem5t to ! hook or %uttle1 & by an ecc5tric cam & segm5t lev] ! necess>y motion is giv5 to ! fe$ or /it* me*anism4 ,figure #hb %[s ! rock+ frame into :i* ! ne$le b> is fitt$ at ,a & ,b1 :ile1 at ,c & ,d1 x is recess$ to receive ! tap] ends ( two screws1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! face plate end ( ! ma*9e arm4 ,^! screws are held secure by lock nuts1 s screw$ 9 z to all[ ! frame to rock freely4 ,a ball-head$ screw is fitt$ at ,e1 to :i* is fa/5$ a connection rod ext5d+ to a swit* lev] situat$ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! arm4 ,?is lev]1 by means ( a cam movem5t1 gives ! vibrat+ motion to ! ne$le b>1 :i* c be regulat$ accord+ to ! relative position ( ! connection rod & lev]4 ,:5 ! rod is at ! bottom ( ! lev]1 a wide ?r[ is obta9$4 ,by rais+ ! rod a n>r[] ?r[ is giv51 & if rais$ to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha no vibration w be giv5 to ! ne$le b>4 ,! ne$le b> c be rais$ or l[]$ by loos5+ ! screw t secures x to its l9k coll>1 :i* w be bett] se5 by remov+ ! face plate4 ,mo/ ne$le b>s h two m>ks ^u !m1 & !y %\ld be set z foll[s3 ,remove ! face plate1 & turn ! h& :eel ,f 7,fig4 #ha7 t[>d y until ! ne$le b> l9k has rea*$ its l[e/ po9t ( travel4 ,loos5 ! set screw ( ! ne$le b> coll>1 & set ! ne$le b> s t its highe/ m>k w be j level ) ! bottom ( ! rock+ frame 7,fig4 #hb74 ,!n tight5 ! set screw1 give ! h& :eel a sp9 r\nd1 & aga9 exam9e ! position ( ! m>k :5 ! ne$le b> has rea*$ its l[e/ po9t ( travel1 to make sure t no mi/ake has be5 made4 ,( c\rse1 x is necess>y :5 p>ts are badly worn to set ! ne$le b> a trifle l[]1 b ?is c be done aft] ! =ego+ rule has be5 adopt$ & prov$ a failure4 ,9 case ( any unnecess>y loos5ess 9 ! middle b> or any ( its connect+ p>ts1 !y %\ld be tak5 out & new p>ts fitt$4 ,! position ( ! ne$le may be alt]$ to ! "r or left by loos5+ ! screws ,g & ,h 7,fig4 #ha71 & adju/+ ! connection rod4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to set ! connection rod too l[ d[n1 or ! ne$le may /rike on ! ne$le plate & cause tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,section %[+ face plate remov$ f ma*9e ,fig4 #hc %[s ! face plate remov$ f ! ma*9e arm1 ,a be+ a t5sion release lev]4 ,:5 ! press] foot is lift$ to its highe/ position1 ! end ( ! lev] goes betwe5 ! t5sion disc1 ?us releas+ all t5sion1 s t mat]ials c be tak5 f ! ma*9e )\t draw+ slack cotton1 or putt+ any unnecess>y /ra9 on ! ne$le4 ,:5 ! press] foot is l[]$1 ?is lev] %\ld )draw itself f ! disc1 ?us all[+ ! prop] t5sion to be put on ! cotton4 ,9 "s ma*9es ! )drawal ( ?is lev] dep5ds on a /ud screw1 fa/5$ to ! ne$le b> & project+ ?r\gh ! face plate4 ,9 ! d[nw>d c\rse ( ! ne$le b> ?is /ud screw t\*es a spr+1 & causes ! lev] to trip backw>d4 ,%\ld ! spr+ become /ra9$1 or ! /ud screw become rais$ up a little1 ! release lev] may rema9 betwe5 ! disc & cause tr\ble4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to b5d ! lev] =w>d or backw>d to ensure its prop] action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,hook r+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,hook guide ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,hook driv] ,! hook or %uttle is rot>y 9 motion4 ,! hook 7,fig4 #hd71 is fitt$ to a r+1 :i* is fix$ to ! hook guide 7,fig4 #he7 by means ( ?ree small p9s1 & x is prev5t$ f fall+ out by a /eel cap secur$ ) two screws & spr+s4 ,! hook is c>ri$ r\nd by a driv] 7,fig4 #hf74 ,mu* dep5ds on ! hook1 driv]1 & hook guide1 s t a little detail$ in=mation is necess>y4 ,! hook driv] mu/ be a p]fect fit 9 its be>+s & free f %>p places :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! hook4 ,! body ( ?is driv] is g5]ally h>d5$1 b ! prong ,j 7,fig4 #hf7 is left s(t s t x c be b5t to meet requirem5ts4 ,:5 a ma*9e is /it*+1 ! hook driv] rotates1 & ! prong ,j draws a giv5 am\nt ( slack cotton f ! bobb9 case4 ,! f>!r ?is prong /&s out1 ! m slack cotton x draws (f ! bobb94 ,! prong may be b5t inw>d1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to drive x 9 s f> z to all[ ! ne$le :5 desc5d+1 to /rike on x1 or to deviate f its true v]tical position4 ,po9ts ,k & ,l fit betwe5 ! nose & neck ( ! hook1 :ile ,m comes aga9/ ! heel4 ,! hook is driv5 alt]nately by po9ts ,k & ,m4 ,:5 ! hook is j ent]+ ! loop =m$ by ! ne$le1 x 7! hook7 is be+ driv5 by ! driv] :eel or ,m1 & an op5+ is be+ made betwe5 po9t ,k & ! hook nose = ! free passage ( ! cotton4 ,:5 ! loop is be+ drawn (f ! hook by ! take-up lev]1 ! hook is driv5 by po9t ,k1 & an op5+ is made betwe5 ,m & ! heel ( ! hook = ! exit ( ! cotton4 ,!re mu/ always be suffici5t cle>ance at po9ts ,k1 ,l1 & ,m = ! cotton or ?read be+ us$4 ,z ! heel ( ! driv] ,m we>s1 ! space at ,k w be r$uc$4 ,sometimes ?is c be rem$i$ by b5d+ ! driv] 9 at ,m1 by giv+ x a bl[ ) a hamm]1 plac+ a brass pun* at ,m1 b ?is %\ld n be attempt$ if ! driv] is v h>d4 ,!re is a means ( adju/m5t provid$ 9 ! hook guide 7,fig4 #he74 ,?is "p is held 9 position by two set screws ,n & ,o4 ,at ! left ( ,o is a small adju/+ screw ,p4 ,suppos+ !re is n suffici5t space at po9t ,k 7,fig4 #hf71 = ! cotton to pass1 loos5 ! screw ,o 7,fig4 #he71 & slightly tight5 ! screw ,p4 ,?is w tilt ! hook guide & give m space4 ,%\ld ! screw ,p be turn$ 9 too f>1 ! po9t ,l 7,fig4 #hf71 w be br\ght 9 contact ) ! n>r[ "p ( ! hook ne> ! neck1 & ?is w imp$e its fre$om1 s t if all[$ to run at mu* spe$1 ! probable result w be ! break+ ( ! hook (f at ! neck4 ,?is %\ld be notic$ 9 fitt+ a new hook1 z ! adju/+ screw ,p 7,fig4 #he7 w 9 all probability require loos5+4 ,! screws at ,n & ,o1 h[ev]1 mu/ be kept q tight4 ,at ea* side ( ,n is a small screw hole4 ,! screws :i* fit "h are = adju/+ ! hook clos] to or f>!r f ! ne$le4 ,z an example1 suppos+ a v f9e ne$le has be5 us$ 9 ! ma*9e1 & x is n[ requir$ to take a v co>se "o on acc\nt ( ! ?ick mat]ial to be /it*$1 ! hook 9 all probability w\ld /rike ! ne$le1 indicat+ t ! hook guide requires mov+ back a little4 ,to d ?is1 loos5 ! two small adju/+ screws & tight5 ! set screw 9 ,n4 ,aft]w>d try ! set screw 9 ,o to asc]ta9 if x is secure4 ,9 ?is way1 ! hook is ?r[n f>!r f ! ne$le4 ,loos5+ ! screw at ,n1 & tight5+ ! adju/+ screws1 w br+ ! hook =w>d4 ,if ! hook /&s too f> f ! ne$le1 x is likely to miss ! loop4 ,! hook nose mu/ be well po9t$ & p]fectly smoo?1 r\ghness or %>pness remov$ f any "p ( ! hook ov] :i* ! cotton passes dur+ ! =mation ( a /it*4 ,hook r+s are made 9 ?ree sizes1 numb]s #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,numb] #a is = a new hook1 numb]s #b & #c are = fitt+ z ! hook we>s4 ,no matt] :at size ( r+ is us$ ! hook mu/ h p]fect fre$om4 ,sometimes ! ?ree p9s 9 ! guide draw ! r+1 & cause ! hook to b9d4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to fix ! r+ to ! guide1 & !n te/ ! hook4 ,if x is at all tight1 gr9d x on ! rim by means ( an em]y :eel or a gr9d/one4 ,if nei!r is available1 use numb] #a or numb] #a-a_/b em]y clo? fir/1 f9i%+ ) numb] #jj em]y clo?4 ,x is bett] to h ! hook a little loose1 ev5 sluggi%1 ?an too tight4 ,! tim+ ( ! hook w be dealt ) lat] on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,bobb9 case ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,bobb9 case 9 position ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,bobb9 9 position 9 bobb9 case--,me?od ( ?read+ ,! bobb9 case 7,fig4 #hg71 fixes to a /ud 9 ! c5tre ( ! hook4 ,x is held 9 position1 t is1 kept f revolv+ ) ! hook1 by means ( a /op p91 ,q1 fitt+ betwe5 a hold]4 ,! t5sion is obta9$ by a spr+1 ,r1 :i* is regulat$ by turn+ a small screw1 ,s1 to ! "r to tight5 & to ! left to loos54 ,fig4 #hh %[s ! bobb9 case 9 position1 ) ! hold] rais$ ready = tak+ x out ( ! ma*9e4 ,fig4 #hi %[s ! bobb9 9 position 9 ! bobb9 case & me?od ( ?read+1 & ,fig4 #ia1 ! direction ! cotton %\ld draw (f ! bobb9 :5 x is 9 ! ma*9e4 ,x w be notic$ t ! cotton pulls 9 ! opposite direction to :i* ! hook travels1 z %[n by an arr[ 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! bobb9 case hold] 7,fig4 #ia71 %\ld prev5t ! bobb9 case f revolv+ ) ! hook4 ,z p>ts we>1 ! bobb9 case is liable to slip pa/ ! hold]1 caus+ ! cotton to be /r&$ & brok54 ,:5 su* is ! case ! hold] %\ld be b5t z %[n by 7,fig4 #ib71 b x mu/ n fit s tightly aga9/ ! bobb9 case z to cause ! cotton to become trapp$4 ,! hold] is held rigid by means ( a cat* & spr+ ,t 7,fig4 #hh74 ,%\ld ! cat* or hold] become worn1 fit new p>ts by driv+ out ! p9s ,u & ,v4 ,any %>pness or r\ghness on ! =k$ "p ( ! hold] %\ld be remov$4 ,%\ld ! /op p9 ,q 7,fig4 #hg7 become loose1 x %\ld be sold]$ & well clean$ ) an em]y clo?4 ,! c5tre tube ( ! bobb9 case %\ld also be kept q firm4 ,%\ld x become loose1 place x ov] "s h>d sub/ance1 rivet x until tight1 & ?or\ghly smoo? ) v f9e em]y clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,direction cotton %\ld draw (f ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ia & #ib4 ,bobb9 case hold]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,take-up spr+ ,! take-up spr+ 7,fig4 #ic7 is atta*$ to ! face plate1 & is %[n 9 position 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,replace a new "o z foll[s3 ,fir/ take out ! set screw ,w 7,fig4 #ic71 & remove ! complete ?read controll] f ! face plate4 ,!n take out ! screw & )draw ! old spr+4 ,place ! r+ "p ( ! new spr+ 9 ! recess betwe5 plate ,y & back plate ,z1 & replace ! screw ,x1 be+ c>eful n to get ! spr+ fa/5$ "u ! screw head4 ,?is done1 fix ! spr+ & o!r p>ts on ! face plate4 ,a small b>rel ) a slot 9 x receives ! coil$ portion ( ! spr+4 ,see t ! "p ( ! spr+ t is turn$ 9 ent]s ! slot 9 ! b>rel1 !n replace ! screw ,w1 b be=e tight5+ ?is screw1 see t ! hook$ "p ( ! spr+ ,a re/s on ! regulator ,b1 :i* det]m9es ! am\nt ( action giv5 to ! take-up spr+4 ,by rais+ x1 less action is giv54 ,! am\nt ( pressure on ! spr+ is regulat$ by adju/+ ! b>rel 9 ! face plate4 ,take (f ! face plate1 loos5 ! screw ,c 7,fig4 #hc71 fix a screw-driv] 9 ! re> ( ! b>rel 7se5 inside ! face plate71 turn x t[>d y = m pressure1 & backw>d = less & tight5 ! set screw ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #id1 #ie1 #if4 ,press] foot ) details ,press] feet are made solid = ord9>y purposes1 al?\gh alt]nat+ feet c be fitt$ :5 desir$4 ,figs4 #id1 #ie1 & #if %[ a pressure foot1 coll>1 & spr+4 ,to fix ?is foot1 remove ! ord9>y press] foot1 turn ! foot b> r\nd by loos5+ ! set screw1 s t ! groove made = ! reception ( ! press] foot is directly beh9d ! ne$le4 ,put on ! coll> 7,fig4 #ie71 !n turn ! foot 7,fig4 #id71 & screw x 9 position4 ,next place ! spr+ ea* side at ! po9ts ,d 7,fig4 #id71 press d[n ! coll> 7,fig4 #ie71 & secure x by its set screw4 ,! spr+s w act on ea* half ( ! foot1 & keep !m firm1 ?\gh ! mat]ial be unev54 ,! foot is p>ticul>ly useful :5 ov]seam+ a hem or ! top b& ( a lady's boot1 etc4 ,to "t ! hook & ne$le1 raise ! connection rod s z to produce no ?r[1 & tight5 ! screw z 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,!n take (f ! ne$le plate & remove ! slide ,e 7,fig4 #ha7 "u :i* w be se5 a crank & screws4 ,n[ turn ! ma*9e back z at ,fig4 #hh1 lift up ! bobb9 case hold] by press+ ! cat* ,t1 & remove ! bobb9 case4 ,take (f ! hook guide cap by remov+ ! two screws4 ,turn ! h& :eel ,f 7,fig4 #ha71 t[>d y1 until ! ne$le b> has desc5d$ to its l[e/ po9t ( travel1 & loos5 ! crank screw f>!/ f y4 ,hav+ done ?is1 cont9ue turn+ ! h& :eel until ! ne$le b> has ris54 ,) ! l[e/ m>k level ) ! rock+ frame ca/+1 at ?is po9t1 exam9e ! hook1 ! po9t ( :i* %\ld be j up to ! ne$le4 ,if o!rwise1 loos5 ! o!r screw 9 ! crank "u ! plate ,e 7,fig4 #ha74 ,be sure ! ne$le b> m>k is level ) ! rock+ frame1 place ! hook ) its po9t j up to ! ne$le1 & tight5 ! crank set screw1 be+ c>eful to h no end play to ! %ort %aft4 ,aga9 exam9e ! ne$le b> & hook & if 9 prop] "t f9ally secure crank set screws & replace ! fitt+s previ\sly remov$4 ,?read ! ma*9e z indicat$ 7,fig4 #ha74 ,set ! ne$le z high 9 ! b> z x w g1 ) ! long groove fac+ ! op]ator1 & ?read ! ne$le f ! long groove side4 ,! /it* regulator w be f\nd at ,f 7,fig4 #ha74 ,! rais+ ( x w %ort5 & ! l[]+ ( x w l5g!n ! /it*4 ,! fe$ %\ld be set ab\t "o ?irty-second ( an in* above ! ne$le plate :5 at its highe/ po9t4 ,to raise ! fe$1 turn ! ma*9e back z 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,ne> to ! "p ,g 7,fig4 #hh7 w be f\nd a l>ge set screw4 ,loos5 x & press ! lev] ,h 7,fig4 #hh7 upw>d rais+ ! fe$ b> ,j z high z requir$1 & tight5 ! set screw at ,g firmly4 ,to remove ! fe$ = clean+ & %>p5+1 take (f ! ne$le plate1 "u :i* w be se5 two fe$ set screws4 ,by unscrew+ ^!1 ! fe$ c be lift$ out4 ,"o ( ! mod]n ma*9es on ! m>ket is ! ,:eel] & ,wilson1 kn[n z ! ,numb] #fa1 :i* is ( rot>y hook pr9ciple4 ,! hook =ms "p ( ! "u %aft1 some:at simil> to t kn[n z ! ,d#i ,w & ,w4 ,?is hook & %aft revolves 9 two long be>+s1 & is held 9 position by a flut$ :eel1 :i* =ms a coll> at ! "r-h& end2 ?us :5 set prop]ly no end play is p]mitt$4 ,?is is an advantage ov] ! boat-%ap$ %uttle ma*9e4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! %uttle rocks ab\t1 becomes worn on ! surface1 (t5 blunt po9t$ by /rik+ ! ne$le4 ,z x we>s1 x becomes loose 9 ! c>ri]1 ?us giv+ x fre$om to roll away f or t[>d ! ne$le1 z well z mak+ its action ) relation to ! ne$le v unc]ta92 & on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( little loos5esses 9 fitt+s t ?is uncontroll$ %uttle produces1 miss$ /it*es are frequ5t1 & difficult to rem$y1 unless a numb] ( new fitt+s are obta9$ or old ones repair$4 ,if !re is any alt]ation requir$ 9 ! "t ( ! rot>y hook ref]r$ to1 x c be made to ! smalle/ fractional "p ( an in* v quickly & easily1 & ! movem5t c be reli$ on4 ,! %aft to :i* x is secur$ is positive 9 its action 7no v>iable motion71 & at e /it* w meet ! ne$le at exactly ! same spot4 ,?is is an improvem5t ov] ! boat-%ap$ %uttle1 :i* has to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( play or slackness to all[ ! loop to extricate itself2 & ?is slackness increases z ! ma*9e is work$1 s t ! %uttle action (t5 becomes v erratic4 ,sometimes a c>ri] becomes spra9$ at "o end1 ?us all[+ ! %uttle too mu* fre$om4 ,if at ! heel end1 ! c>ri] %\ld be remov$ & plac$ 9 a vise 7heel upp]mo/74 ,! heel %\ld be giv5 a light bl[ ) a hamm]1 ?us b5d+ x into correct position1 b x mu/ nev] be all[$ to incl9e t[>d ! %uttle2 x %\ld /& p]fectly squ>e1 & h ! upp] corn]s r\nd$ (f4 ,if incl9$ t[>d ! %uttle1 ! loop may occasionally hang on ! heel1 & cause an irregul> t5sion4 ,9 "s ma*9es ! bobb9 case hold] 7,fig4 #ig7 re/s on ! ca/+ se5 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,x is secur$ by a l>ge set screw1 ,d 7,fig4 #ig74 ,= g5]al use1 ?is screw %\ld be adju/$ to all[ numb] #dj cotton to pass freely ov] ! bobb9 case4 ,! hold] %\ld n be remov$1 except :5 adju/m5t or repair is ne$$4 ,! v]tical portion is h+$ to ! base1 & is kept upright by a lock spr+ & /ud4 ,if ! spr+ is press$ f ! /ud1 ! v]tical or r+ "p c be drawn back = plac+ 9 or tak+ out ! bobb9 case4 ,! face ( ?is portion mu/ be p]fectly squ>e ) ! bottom ( ! base1 o!rwise x may cause consid]able tr\ble4 ,a slight adju/m5t c be made by loos5+ ! two screws & mov+ ! lock spr+4 ,a set squ>e1 ,e1 %\ld be us$ = te/+ ! accuracy ( ?is "p z %[n 7,fig4 #ih71 ,f repres5t+ ! bobb9 case hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,bobb9 case hold] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,set squ>e ,! ?read controll] is simil> 9 design to sev]al o!rs1 b its movem5t is regulat$ by a small lev] 7,fig4 #ii7 :i* receives its motion f a l9k atta*$ to ! foot b> bracket set screw1 & ?is may be se5 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! face plate4 ,at ,g 7,fig4 #ii71 ?is lev] engages ) a /op wa%] locat$ beh9d ! ?read controll] plate4 ,! wa%] is recess$ to =m a /op1 at ! same "t to give suffici5t cle>ance = ! action ( ! spr+2 ?us z ! foot b> rises & falls1 s does ! ?read controll] spr+4 ,x is a common practice :5 clean+ a ma*9e to remove ! face plate1 ?us deta*+ ! l9k ref]r$ to1 & n connect+ x aga9 :5 replac+ ! face plate4 ,f ?is1 tr\ble arises4 ,! t5sion pulley %\ld be plac$ on its /ud1 ! l>ge boss be+ t[>d ! face plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,lev] ,?read a ma*9e z foll[s3 ,f ! reel p9 to nipp] ,f 7,fig4 #ha71 r\nd t5sion pulley ,g z ! arr[ indicates1 d[n & into ?read controll] ,h up to take-up lev]1 ?read+ ov] ! roll & ?r\gh ! slot f ! top ( lev]1 !n d[n ! ?read guide ,j1 into guide ,k1 & ?r\gh ! ne$le-eye f "r to left4 ,9 ! ord9>y boat-%ap$ %uttle1 ! loop+ up ( ! ?read is n difficult4 ,! ne$le1 z x desc5ds1 ent]s an op5+ or cavity 9 ! c>ri]1 "o side ( :i* =ms a support = ! ne$le & gu>ds x f contact ) ! %uttle po9t4 ,n[1 x is important t !re be cle>ance = ! ne$le4 ,if ! c>ri] /&s s prom95t z to spr+ ! ne$le out ( its true v]tical l9e x w c>ry x away f ! %uttle1 & give ! latt] a *ance to miss ! loop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,c>ri]s & driv]s ,!n !re are c>ri]s & driv]s ( v>y+ heights4 ,^? ( ! rais$ k9d are pref]able1 if prop]ly fitt$4 ,by rais$ is meant t !y are high]1 s z to =m a bett] gu>d = ! ne$le1 z previ\sly ref]r$ to 7,fig4 #ajj ,a1 9 :i* ,e indicates ! portion ( rais$ c>ri]1 ,f ! %uttle po9t1 & ,g ! ne$le74 ,b sometimes !y are too high1 & p]mit ! ne$le-eye to be buri$ 9 ! c>ri]1 ?us prev5t+ ! prop] =mation ( ! loop4 ,?is c be s bad z to cause v frequ5t miss+2 or x may be ( su* a slight "* z to cause a miss-/it* only n[ & !n4 ,occasionally1 a ne$le b> has to be l[]$1 & t is suffici5t to cause ! same fault4 ,! eye ( ! ne$le %\ld always be ab\t "o ?irty-second ( an in* above ! upp] edge ( ! c>ri]1 & ! latt] %\ld be %ap$ s z to all[ t am\nt ( cle>ance ! :ole ( ! "t ! ne$le is ris+ to =m ! loop1 until ! %uttle po9t has well ent]$ ! same4 ,fig4 #ajj ,b %[s h[ a c>ri] is holl[$ to give ! necess>y cle>ance to ! ne$le eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,sew+ ma*9e items ,:5 a ma*9e is reasonably tight 9 all p>ts1 gauges & sett+ m>ks may be adh]$ to = ! prelim9>y adju/m5ts2 & !n if ! ma*9e works erratically1 o!r adju/m5ts mu/ be made4 ,:]e no m>ks or gauges are furni%$ = ! adju/m5t ( ! ne$le b>1 x %\ld be s set z to all[ ! %uttle or hook to ent] ! bold "p ( ! loop =m$ f ! ne$le4 ,a good rule is to set ! ne$le b> s t ! ne$le-eye is ab\t #a_/cb in* bel[ ! po9t ( ! %uttle ,m 7,fig4 #ajj ,c7 :5 ! latt] is up to ! c5tre ( ! ne$le groove4 ,b ?is may h to be v>i$ f #a_/fd-;in* to #c_/cb-;in*4 ,9 boat-%ap$ & simil> %uttle ma*9es1 a good rule is to set ! ne$le s t ! eye ,n w pass j bel[ ! l[] side ( ! %uttle ,o z ! latt] is pass+ ?r\gh ! loop z 9 ,fig4 #ajj ,d1 ,p1 indicat+ ! level ( ! b$ plate4 ,,ii ,,me*anical ,,movem5ts ,:at is meant by ?is t]m is t ^! devices are int5d$ = ! transmission ( motion4 ,motion 9 me*anics may be simple or comp\nd4 ,simple motions are ^? ( /raight translation1 :i* if ( indef9ite duration mu/ be reciprocat+1 or :at is call$ oscillat+ or helical4 ,comp\nd motions consi/ ( comb9ations ( any ( ! simple motions4 ,p]petual motion is an incessant motion conceiv$ to be atta9able by a ma*9e supply+ its own motive =ces indep5d5tly ( any action f )\t1 or :i* has )9 itself ! means1 :5 once set 9 motion1 ( cont9u+ its motion p]petually1 or until worn out1 )\t any new application ( ext]nal =ce4 ,! ma*9e by means ( :i* x has be5 attempt$1 or suppos$ possible to produce su* motion1 is an inv5tion mu* s\ght aft]1 b physically impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,c(fee mill & details ,! illu/rations h]e) exhibit a numb] ( devices ( v>i\s k9ds1 well kn[n to ! practical me*anician & pr(essional eng9e]1 & usually call$ me*anical movem5ts4 ,x is e/imat$ !re are no less ?an #a1ejj ( ^! movem5ts do+ s]vice at ! pres5t day2 b _m ( !m are1 ( c\rse1 q complex1 & difficult to ma/]4 ,9 ?is book1 ,i %[ ab\t "o hundr$ ( ! simple/ sort1 or ^? 9 common use4 ,_! usefulness w at once be appreciat$ if we ref] to ,fig4 #ajb1 :i* %[s a ma*9e = gr9d+ or break+ up sub/ances )9 its capacity4 ,x conta9s )9 itself ! true pr9ciple ( ! little mill us$ to gr9d c(fee4 ,! ^w gr9d 9 ?is connection is sc>cely ! "r "o1 z ! mill r cru%es or breaks up1 ?an gr9ds4 ,y w notice c(fee1 ready = use1 is co>se & unlike fl\r 9 texture1 ! latt] be+ gr\nd f9e & smoo?4 ,9 gr9d+1 ! abrad+ surfaces are br\ght v mu* clos] toge!r ?an 9 ! break+ or cru%+ processes4 ,9 a c(fee mill1 ! b]ries or gra9s drop into a vacancy1 left betwe5 ! revolv+ cone & ! walls ( ! mill4 ,! vacancy betwe5 ! walls & ! cone is a little less at ! bottom :]e ! cru%$ c(fee is dis*>g$1 & ?is enables ! small & l>ge gr\nds to fall into ! draw]4 ,! detail$ plan 9 illu/ration 7,fig4 #ajb7 %[s a mill complete1 z well z ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,x w be notic$ t ! cone 7,fig4 #e71 is corrugat$ or groov$ z %[n 7,fig4 #d74 ,figs4 #f & #g %[ sections ( l9+ at ,b & ,c 7,fig4 #c74 ,a %[s ! hopp] into :i* ! c(fee b]ries are plac$ be=e gr9d+4 ,figure #i %[s ! crank deta*$1 & ,figs4 #h & #aj %[ ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 :ile ,figs4 #a & #b %[ ! h&le & draw]4 ,! latt] is to receive ! gr\nd or cru%$ c(fee aft] x has gone ?r\gh ! mill4 ,fur!r description is unnecess>y if we take = example ! movem5t repres5t$ at ,fig4 #aej1 :i* is a sort ( ball-be>+ motion1 only in/ead ( small balls :eels are us$4 ,besides be+ made use ( 9 bicycles 9 small balls1 x is us$ z depict$ = hang+ gr9d/ones1 & = _m o!r simil> purposes4 ,! device also %[n at ,fig4 #aci1 is "o 9 common use4 ,x is a modification ( ! sprocket :eel on ! bicycle4 ,_m ( ! devices %[n h]e) are r>ely notic$ because ( our famili>ity ) !m4 ,! action ( pumps1 ! work+ ( pi/ons1 ! *ang+ ( motion1 & _m o!r ?+s are %[n & expla9$ 9 ! little illu/rations giv5 9 ^! descriptions1 :i* d n pret5d to be exhau/ive1 or ev5 full4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,9 ?is ! l[] pulley is movable4 ,"o end ( ! rope be+ fix$1 ! o!r has to move twice z fa/ z ! weight1 & a correspond+ ga9 ( p[] is consequ5tly effect$4 ,fig4 #ajd is a simple pulley us$ = lift+ weights4 ,9 ?is ! p[] mu/ be equal to ! weight to obta9 equilibrium4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,blocks & tackle4 ,! p[] obta9$ by ?is contrivance is calculat$ z foll[s3 ,divide ! weight by d\ble ! numb] ( pulleys 9 ! l[] block2 ! quoti5t is ! p[] requir$ to balance ! weight4 ,fig4 #ajf repres5ts :at are kn[n z ,:ite's pulleys1 :i* c be made ) sep>ate loose pulley2 or a s]ies ( grooves c be cut 9 a solid block1 ! diamet]s be+ made 9 proportion to ! spe$ ( ! rope2 t is1 #a1 #c1 & #e = "o block1 & #b1 #d1 & #f = ! o!r4 ,p[] z #a to #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,v>i\s phases ( block & tackle ,figs4 #ajg-ajh are :at are kn[n z ,spani% b>tons4 ,fig4 #ajh is a comb9ation ( two fix$ & "o movable pulley4 ,figs4 #aaa-aac are diff]5t arrangem5ts ( pulleys4 ,! foll[+ rule applies to ^!3 ,9 a sy/em ( pulleys :]e ea* is embrac$ by a cord atta*$ to "o end ( a fix$ po9t1 & at ! o!r to ! c5tre ( ! movable pulley1 ! effect ( ! :ole w be ! numb] #b multipli$ by itself z _m times z !re are movable pulleys 9 ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,o!r comb9ations ( blocks & pulleys ,fig4 #aad4 ,endless *a9 = ma9ta9+ p[] on go+ b>rel1 to keep a clock go+ :ile w9d+1 z dur+ t op]ation ! action ( ! weight or ma9spr+ is tak5 (f ! b>rel4 ,! :eel to ! "r is ! go+ :eel1 & t to ! left ! /rik+ :eel4 ,p is a pulley fix$ to ! great :eel ( ! go+ "p1 & r\gh5$ to prev5t a rope or *a9 hung ov] x f slipp+4 ,a simil> pulley rides on ano!r arb\r1 p1 :i* may be ! arb\r ( ! great :eel ( ! /rik+ "p1 atta*$ by a rat*et & click to t :eel1 or to ! clock frame if !re is no /rik+ "p4 ,! weights are hung z may be se51 ! small "o be+ only l>ge en\gh to keep ! rope or *a9 on ! pulleys4 ,if ! "p b ( ! rope or *a9 is pull$ d[n1 ! rat*et-pulley runs "u ! click1 & ! great weight is pull$ up by c1 )\t tak+ its pressure (f ! go+ :eel at all4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,triangul> ecc5tric1 giv+ an int]mitt5t reciprocat+ rectil9e> motion1 (t5 us$ = ! valve motion ( /eam-eng9es4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,ord9>y crank-motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aac1 #aad1 #aae4 ,blocks & rock] ,fig4 #aag4 ,9 ?is1 rot>y motion is imp>t$ to ! :eel by ! rotation ( ! screw1 or rectil9e> motion ( ! slide by ! rotation ( ! :eel4 ,us$ 9 screw cutt+ & slide la!s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aaf1 #aag4 ,crank & rot>y motion ,fig4 #aah4 ,uni=m circul> into uni=m rectil9e> motion2 us$ 9 spool+ frames = lead+ or guid+ ! ?read on to ! spools4 ,! roll] is divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* hav+ a f9e screw-?read cut ^u x1 "o a "r & ! o!r a left-h&$ screw4 ,! sp9dle1 p>allel ) ! roll]1 has arms :i* c>ry two half nuts1 fitt+ to ! screw1 "o ov] ! o!r "u ! roll]4 ,:5 "o half nut is 91 ! o!r is out ( ge>4 ,by press+ ! lev] to ! "r or left ! rod is made to trav]se 9 ei!r direction4 ,fig4 #aai4 ,a sy/em ( cross$ lev]s1 t]m$ lazy tongs4 ,a %ort1 alt]nat+ rectil9e> motion ( rod at ! "r w give a simil>1 b mu* great] motion to ! rod at ! left4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ 9 *ildr5's toys4 ,x has be5 appli$ to ma*9es = rais+ sunk5 vessels2 also appli$ to %ip pumps ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aah1 #aai4 ,rectil9e> motion ,fig4 #abj4 ,c5trifugal gov]nor = /eam eng9es4 ,! c5tral sp9dle & atta*$ arms & balls are driv5 f ! eng9e by ! bevel ge>s at ! top1 & ! balls fly out f ! c5tre by c5trifugal =ce4 ,if ! spe$ ( ! eng9e increases1 ! balls fly out f ! c5tre1 raise ! slide at ! bottom1 & !reby r$uce ! op5+ ( ! regulat+ valve1 :i* is connect$ ) ! slide4 ,a dim9ution ( spe$ produces an opposite effect4 ,fig4 #aba4 ,wat]-:eel gov]nor act+ on ! same pr9ciple z ,fig4 #abj1 b by diff]5t means4 ,! gov]nor is driv5 by ! top horizontal %aft & bevel ge>s1 & ! l[] ge>s control ! rise & fall ( ! %uttle or gate ov] or ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s to ! :eel4 ,! action is z foll[s3 ,! two bevel ge>s on ! l[] "p ( ! c5tre sp9dle1 :i* are furni%$ ) /uds1 are fitt$ loosely to ! sp9dle1 & rema9 at re/ s long z ! gov]nor has a prop] velocity2 b imm$iately ! velocity increases1 ! balls fly+ f>!r out1 draw up ! p91 :i* is atta*$ to a loose sleeve :i* slides up & d[n ! sp9dle1 & ?is p91 com+ 9 contact ) ! /ud on ! upp] bevel ge>1 causes t ge> to rotate ) ! sp9dle1 & to give motion to ! l[] horizontal %aft 9 su* a direction z to make x raise ! %uttle or gate1 & s r$uce ! quantity ( wat] pass+ to ! :eel4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! spe$ ( ! gov]nor decreases bel[ t requir$1 ! p9 falls & gives motion to ! l[] bevel ge>1 :i* drives ! horizontal %aft 9 ! opposite direction1 & produces a contr>y effect4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,ano!r arrangem5t = a wat]-:eel gov]nor4 ,9 ?is ! gov]nor controls ! %uttle or gate by means ( ! crank$ lev]1 :i* acts on ! /rap or belt 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! belt runs on "o ( ?ree pulleys1 ! middle "o ( :i* is loose on ! gov]nor sp9dle1 & ! upp] & l[] ones fa/4 ,:5 ! gov]nor is runn+ at ! prop] spe$ ! belt is on ! loose pulley1 z %[n2 b :5 ! spe$ increases1 ! belt is ?r[n on ! l[] pulley1 & !reby caus$ to act ^u suitable ge>+ = rais+ ! gate or %uttle & decreas+ ! supply ( wat]4 ,a r$uction ( ! spe$ ( ! gov]nor br+s ! belt on ! upp] pulley1 :i* acts ^u ! ge>+ = produc+ an opposite effect on ! %uttle or gate4 ,fig4 #abc4 ,ano!r =m ( /eam-eng9e gov]nor4 ,in/ead ( ! arms be+ connect$ ) a slide work+ on a sp9dle1 !y cross ea* o!r1 are elongat$ upw>d beyond ! top1 & connect$ ) ! valve-rod by two %ort l9ks4 ,figs4 #abd1 #abe4 ,diagonal cat* & h&-ge> us$ 9 l>ge bl[+ & pump+ eng9es4 ,9 ,fig4 #abd ! l[] /eam valve & upp] eduction valves are op51 :ile ! upp] /eam valve & l[] eduction valve are %ut2 consequ5tly ! pi/on is asc5d+4 ,9 ! asc5t ( ! pi/on rod ! l[] h&le w be /ruck by ! project+ tappet1 & be+ rais$ w become engag$ by ! cat*1 s z to %ut ! upp] eduction & l[] /eam valves2 at ! same "t ! upp] h&le w be dis5gag$ f ! cat*1 ! back weight w pull ! h&le up & op5 ! upp] /eam & l[] eduction valves1 :5 ! pi/on w consequ5tly desc5d4 ,fig4 #abe repres5ts ! position ( ! cat*es & h&les :5 ! pi/on is at ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 go+ d[n1 ! tappet ( ! pi/on rod /rikes ! upp] h&le1 & ?r[s ! cat*es & h&les to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #abd4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc4 ,gov]nors = /eam-eng9es ,fig4 #abf4 ,a mode ( driv+ a pair ( fe$ rolls1 ! opposite surface ( :i* require to move 9 ! same direction4 ,! two :eels are precisely simil>1 & bo? ge> into ! endless screw1 :i* is arrang$ betwe5 !m4 ,! tee? ( "o :eel only are visible1 ^? ( ! o!r be+ on ! back or side :i* is conceal$ f view4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abd1 #abe1 #abf4 ,valve ,regulation & ,fe$ ,rolls ,fig4 #abg4 ,l9k-motion valve ge> ( a locomotive2 two ecc5trics are us$ = "o valve1 "o = ! =w>d & ! o!r = ! backw>d movem5t ( ! eng9e4 ,! extremities ( ! ecc5tric rods are jo9t$ to a curv$ slott$ b>1 or1 z x is t]m$1 a l9k1 :i* c be rais$ or l[]$ by an arrangem5t ( lev]s t]m9at+ 9 a h&le1 z %[n4 ,9 ! slot ( ! l9k is a slide & p9 connect$ ) an arrangem5t ( lev]s t]m9at+ 9 ! valve /em4 ,! l9k1 9 mov+ ) ! action ( ! ecc5trics1 c>ries ) x ! slide1 & !nce motion is communicat$ to ! valve4 ,suppose ! l9k rais$ s t ! slide is 9 ! middle1 !n ! l9k w oscillate on ! p9 ( ! slide1 & consequ5tly ! valve w be at re/4 ,if ! l9k is mov$ s t ! slide is at "o ( ! extremities1 ! :ole ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric connect$ ) t extremity w be giv5 to x1 ! valve & /eam ports w be op5$ to ! full1 & x w only be t[>d ! end ( ! /roke t !y w be totally %ut2 consequ5tly ! /eam w h be5 admitt$ to ! cyl9d] dur+ almo/ ! entire l5g? ( ea* /roke4 ,b if ! slide is betwe5 ! middle & ! extremity ( ! slot1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 x receives only a "p ( ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric & ! /eam ports w only be p>tially op5$1 & quickly clos$ aga91 s t ! admission ( /eam ceases "s "t be=e ! t]m9ation ( ! /roke1 & ! /eam is work$ expansively4 ,! ne>] ! slide is to ! middle ( ! slot ! great] w be ! expansion1 & vice v]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abg1 #abh4 ,l9k & o!r motions ,fig4 #abh repres5ts a mode ( obta9+ motion f roll+ contact4 ,! tee? are = mak+ ! motion cont9u\s1 or x w\ld cease at ! po9t ( contact %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! =k cat* is to guide ! tee? into prop] contact4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,:at is call$ ! ,g5eva-/op1 us$ 9 ,swiss wat*es to limit ! numb] ( revolutions 9 w9d+-up2 ! convex curv$ "p ( ! :eel s]v+ z ! /op4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,a cont9u\s rot>y motion ( ! l>ge :eel gives an int]mitt5t rot>y motion to ! p9ion-%aft4 ,! "p ( ! p9ion %[n next ! :eel is cut ( ! same curve z ! pla9 portion ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 & !re=e s]ves z a lock :ile ! :eel makes a "p ( a revolution1 & until ! p9 ^u ! :eel /rikes ! guide-piece ^u ! p9ion1 :5 ! p9ion-%aft comm5ces ano!r revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abi1 #acj4 ,/op & rot>y motions ,fig4 #aca4 ,! two crank-%afts are p>allel 9 direction1 b n 9 l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,! revolution ( ei!r w communicate motion to ! o!r ) a v>y+ velocity1 = ! wri/ ( "o crank work+ 9 ! slot ( ! o!r is cont9ually *ang+ its di/ance f ! %aft ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aca1 #acb1 #acc4 ,irregul> ,motions ,figs4 #acb & #acc4 ,^! are p>ts ( ! same movem5t1 :i* has be5 us$ = giv+ ! roll] motion 9 wool-comb+ ma*9es4 ,! roll] to :i* ! :eel ,f1 7,fig4 #acb7 is secur$1 is requir$ to make #a_/c revolution backw>d1 !n #b_/c revolution =w>d1 :5 x mu/ /op until ano!r l5g? ( comb$ fibre is ready = deliv]y4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! groov$ he>t-cam ,c1 ,d1 ,b1 e1 7,fig4 #acc7 ! /ud work+ 9 ! said groove2 f ,c to ,d x moves ! roll] backw>d1 & f ,d to e x moves x =w>d1 ! motion be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh ! cat* ,g1 to ! not* :eel ,f1 on ! roll]-%aft ,h4 ,:5 ! /ud ,a arrives at ! po9t e 9 ! cam1 a projection at ! back ( ! :eel1 :i* c>ries ! cam1 /rikes ! project+ piece on ! cat* ,g1 & raises x out ( ! not* 9 ! :eel ,f1 s t :ile ! /ud is travell+ 9 ! cam f e to ,c1 ! cat* is pass+ ov] ! pla9 surface betwe5 ! two not*es 9 ! :eel ,f1 )\t imp>t+ any motion2 b :5 /ud ,a arrives at ! "p ,c1 ! cat* has dropp$ 9 ano!r not* & is aga9 ready to move :eel ,f & roll] z requir$4 ,fig4 #acd4 ,an arrangem5t = obta9+ v>iable circul> motion4 ,! sectors are arrang$ on diff]5t planes1 & ! relative velocity *anges accord+ to ! respective diamet]s ( ! sectors4 ,fig4 #ace4 ,int]mitt5t circul> motion ( ! rat*et-:eel f vibratory motion ( ! arm c>ry+ a pawl4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ace1 #acd1 #acg1 #acf4 ,movem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds ,fig4 #acf4 ,?is repres5ts an exp&+ pulley4 ,on turn+ p9ion d to ! "r or left1 a simil> motion is imp>t$ to :eel c1 by means ( curv$ slots cut !re91 :i* ?ru/ ! /uds fa/5$ to arms ( pulley outw>d or inw>d1 ?us augm5t+ or dim9i%+ ! size ( ! pulley4 ,fig4 #acg repres5ts a *a9 & *a9 pulley4 ,! l9ks be+ 9 diff]5t planes1 spaces are left betwe5 !m = ! tee? ( ! pulley to ent]4 ,fig4 #ach4 ,ano!r k9d ( *a9 & pulley4 ,fig4 #aci4 ,ano!r v>iety4 ,fig4 #adj %[s two diff]5t k9ds ( /ops = a lant]n-:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #adj1 #ach1 #aci4 ,*a9 pulleys & lant]n-:eel ,fig4 #ada4 ,int]mitt5t circul> motion is imp>t$ to ! too!d :eel by vibrat+ ! arm ,b4 ,:5 ! arm ,b is lift$1 ! pawl ,c is rais$ f betwe5 ! tee? ( ! :eel1 & travell+ backw>d ov] ! circumf]5ce aga9 drops betwe5 two tee? on l[]+ ! arm1 & draws ) x ! :eel4 ,fig4 #adb4 ,! oscillat+ ( ! tappet-arm produces an int]mitt5t rot>y motion ( ! rat*et-:eel4 ,! small spr+ at ! bottom ( ! tappet-arm keeps ! tappet 9 ! position %[n 9 ! draw+1 z ! arm rises1 yet all[s x to pass ! tee? on ! return motion4 ,fig4 #adc4 ,a ne>ly cont9u\s circul> motion is imp>t$ to ! rat*et-:eel on vibrat+ ! lev] a to :i* ! two pawls b & c are atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ada1 #adb1 #adc4 ,int]mitt5t circul> motion ,fig4 #add4 ,an arrangem5t ( /ops = a spur-ge>4 ,fig4 #ade4 ,a reciprocat+ circul> motion ( ! top arm makes its atta*$ pawl produce an int]mitt5t circul> motion ( ! cr[n-rat*et1 or ray-:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #add1 #ade4 ,int]mitt5t circul> motion ,fig4 #adf repres5ts v>ieties ( /ops = rat*et-:eel4 ,fig4 #adg4 ,int]mitt5t circul> motion is imp>t$ to ! :eel ,a by ! cont9u\s circul> motion ( ! small] :eel ) "o too?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #adf1 #adg4 ,rat*et motion ,fig4 #adh4 ,a dynamomet]1 or in/rum5t us$ = asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( useful effect giv5 out by any motive p[]4 ,x is us$ z foll[s3 ,a is a smoo?ly turn$ pulley1 secur$ on a %aft z ne> z possible to ! motive p[]4 ,two blocks ( wood are fitt$ to ?is pulley1 or "o block ( wood & a s]ies ( /raps fa/5$ to a b& or *a91 z 9 ! draw+1 in/ead ( a common block4 ,! blocks1 or block & /raps1 are s arrang$ t !y may be made to bite or press ^u ! pulley by means ( ! screws & nuts on ! top ( ! lev] ,d4 ,to e/imate ! am\nt ( p[] transmitt$ ?r\gh ! %aft1 x is only necess>y to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( friction ( ! drum ,a :5 x is 9 motion1 & ! numb] ( revolutions made4 ,at ! end ( ! lev] ,d is hung a scale ,b1 9 :i* weights are plac$4 ,! two /ops ,c ,c are to ma9ta9 ! lev] z ne>ly z possible 9 a horizontal position4 ,n[1 suppose ! %aft to be 9 motion1 ! screws are to be tight5$ & weights add$ 9 ,b1 until ! lev] takes ! position %[n 9 ! draw+1 at ! requir$ numb] ( revolutions4 ,!re=e ! useful effect w\ld be equal to ! product ( ! weights1 multipli$ by ! velocity at :i* ! po9t or susp5sion ( ! weights w\ld revolve if ! lev] 7 atta*$ to ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #adh1 #adi4 ,dynamomet]--,pantagraph ,fig4 #adi repres5ts a pantagraph = copy+1 enl>g+ & r$uc+ plans4 ,"o arm is atta*$ to & turns on ! fix$ po9t ,c4 ,b is an ivory trac+ po9t1 & ,a ! p5cil4 ,arrang$ z %[n1 if we trace ! l9es ( a plan ) ! po9t ,b1 ! p5cil w produce x d\ble ! size4 ,by %ift+ ! slide atta*$ to ! fix$ po9t ,c & ! slide c>ry+ ! p5cil along _! respective arms1 ! proportions to :i* ! plan is trac$ w be v>i$4 ,fig4 #aej4 ,anti-friction be>+4 ,in/ead ( a %aft revolv+ 9 an ord9>y be>+1 x is sometimes support$ on ! circumf]5ce ( :eels4 ,! friction is ?us r$uc$ to ! lea/ am\nt4 ,fig4 #aea4 ,releas+ hook us$ 9 pile-driv+ ma*9es4 ,:5 ! weight ,w is suffici5tly rais$1 ! upp] ends ( ! hooks ,a1 by :i* x is susp5d$1 are press$ inw>d by ! side ( ! slot ,b1 9 ! top ( ! frame2 ! weight is ?us sudd5ly releas$1 & falls ) accumulat+ =ce on to ! pile-head4 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,a & ,b are two roll]s :i* require to be equally mov$ to & fro 9 ! slot ,c4 ,?is is accompli%$ by mov+ ! piece ,d1 ) oblique slott$ arms1 up & d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,anti-friction--,drop hook--,regul> motion ,fig4 #aec4 ,c5trifugal *eck-hooks1 = prev5t+ accid5ts 9 case ( ! breakage ( ma*9]y :i* raises & l[]s workm51 or ores1 9 m9es4 ,a is a framework fix$ to ! side ( ! %aft ( ! m9e1 & hav+ fix$ /uds ,d1 atta*$4 ,! drum on :i* ! rope is w\nd is provid$ ) a flange ,b1 to :i* ! *eck-hooks are atta*$4 ,if ! drum acquires a dang]\sly rapid motion1 ! hooks fly out by c5trifugal =ce1 & "o or o!r1 or all ( !m1 cat* hold ( ! /uds ,d1 arre/ ! drum1 & /op ! desc5t ( :atev] is atta*$ to ! rope4 ,! drum ought besides ?is1 to h a spr+ appli$ to x1 o!rwise ! j]k aris+ f ! sudd5 /oppage ( ! rope might produce a worse effect ?an its rapid motion4 ,fig4 #aed4 ,a sprocket-:eel to drive or to be driv5 by a *a94 ,fig4 #aee4 ,a comb9ation movem5t1 9 :i* ! weight ,w moves ) a reciprocat+ movem5t1 ! d[n-/roke be+ %ort] ?an ! up-/roke4 ,b is a revolv+ disc1 c>ry+ a drum :i* w9ds ar\nd itself ! cord ,d4 ,an arm ,c is jo9t$ to ! disc & to ! upp] arm ,a1 s t :5 ! disc revolves1 ! arm ,a moves up & d[n1 vibrat+ on ! po9t ,g4 ,?is arm c>ries ) x ! pulley ,e4 ,suppose we deta* ! cord f ! drum1 tie x to ! fix$ po9t1 & !n move ! arm ,a up & d[n4 ,! weight ,w w move ! same di/ance1 & 9 addition ! movem5t giv5 x by ! cord1 t is to say1 ! movem5t w be d\bl$4 ,n[1 let u atta* ! cord to ! drum1 & revolve ! disc ,b1 & ! weight w move v]tically ) ! reciprocat+ motion1 9 :i* ! d[n-/roke w be %ort] ?an ! up-/roke1 because ! drum is cont9ually tak+ up ! cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aec1 #aed1 #aee4 ,hooks--,sprocket--,comb9ation movem5t ,figs4 #aef1 #aeg4 ,! fir/ ( ^! figures is an end view1 & ! second is a side view ( an arrangem5t or me*anism = obta9+ a s]ies ( *anges 9 velocity & direction4 ,d is a screw on :i* is plac$ ecc5trically ! cone ,b1 & ,c is a friction roll]1 :i* is press$ aga9/ ! cone by a spr+ or weight4 ,cont9u\s rot>y motion1 at a uni=m velocity ( ! screw ,d c>ry+ ! ecc5tric cone1 gives a s]ies ( *anges ( velocity & direction to ! roll] ,c4 ,x w be und]/ood t dur+ e revolution ( ! cone ! roll] w\ld press aga9/ a diff]5t "p ( ! cone1 & t x w\ld describe !reon a spiral motion1 ! movem5t 9 "o direction be+ %ort] ?an t 9 ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aef1 #aeg4 ,*ange ( spe$ ,fig4 #aeh4 ,an eng9e gov]nor4 ,! rise & fall ( ! balls ,k are guid$ by ! p>abolic curv$ arms ,b1 on :i* ! anti-friction :eels ,l run4 ,! rods ,f1 connect+ ! :eel ,l ) ! sleeve1 move x up & d[n ! sp9dle ,c ,d4 ,fig4 #aei4 ,toe & lift] = work+ poppet-valves 9 /eam eng9es4 ,! curv$ toe on ! rock-%aft op]ates on ! lift] atta*$ to ! lift+ rod to raise ! valve4 ,fig4 #afj4 ,m]curial comp5sation p5dulum4 ,a glass j> ( m]cury is us$ = ! bob or weight4 ,z ! p5dulum-rod is exp&$ l5g?wise by increas$ temp]ature1 ! expansion ( m]cury 9 ! j> c>ries x to a great] height !re91 & s raises its c5tre ( gravity relatively to ! rod suffici5tly to comp5sate = d[nw>d expansion ( ! rod4 ,z rod is contract$ by a r$uction ( temp]ature1 contraction ( m]cury l[]s x relatively to rod4 ,9 ?is way ! c5tre ( oscillation is always kept 9 ! same place1 & ! effective l5g? ( p5dulum always ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj4 ,gov]nor1 lift]1 & p5dulum ,fig4 #afa4 ,comp\nd b> comp5sation p5dulum4 ,c is a comp\nd b> ( brass & iron1 or /eel braz$ toge!r ) brass d[nw>d4 ,z brass exp&s m ?an iron1 ! b> w b5d upw>d z x gets w>m]1 & w c>ry ! weights ,w1 ,w1 up ) x1 rais+ ! c5tre ( ! aggregate weight ,m1 to raise ! c5tre ( oscillation z mu* z elongation ( ! p5dulum-rod w\ld let x d[n4 ,fig4 #afb4 ,wat* regulator4 ,! balance-spr+ is atta*$ at its out] end to a fix$ /ud ,r1 & at its inn] end to /aff ( balance4 ,a neutral po9t is =m$ 9 ! spr+ at ,p1 by ins]t+ x betwe5 two curb-p9s 9 ! lev]1 :i* is fitt$ to turn on a fix$ r+ conc5tric ) /aff ( balance1 & ! spr+ only vibrates betwe5 ?is neutral po9t & /aff ( balance4 ,by mov+ lev] to ! "r1 ! curb-p9s are made fa/]1 & by mov+ x to ! left1 an opposite effect is produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #afa1 #afb4 ,comp\nd b>--,hair spr+ ,fig4 #afc4 ,comp5sation balance4 t1 a1 t is ! ma9 b> ( balance1 ) tim+ screws = regulation at ! ends4 t & t are two comp\nd b>s1 ( :i* ! outside is brass & ! inside /eel1 c>ry+ weights b1 b4 ,z heat increases1 ^! b>s are b5t inw>d1 dim9i%+ ! in]tia ( ! balance4 ,z ! heat dim9i%es1 an opposite effect is produc$4 ,?is balance comp5sates bo? = its own expansion & contraction1 & t ( ! balance-spr+4 ,fig4 #afd4 ,p>allel rul]1 consi/+ ( a simple /raight rul] ,b1 ) an atta*$ axle ,c1 & a pair ( :eels ,a ,a4 ,! :eels1 :i* protrude b slightly ?r\gh ! "u side ( ! rul]1 h _! edges nick$ to take hold ( ! pap] & keep ! rul] always p>allel ) any l9es drawn ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #afc1 #afd4 ,balance--,rul] ,fig4 #afe4 ,comp\nd p>allel rul]1 compos$ ( two simple rul]s ,a1 ,a1 connect$ by two cross$ arms pivot$ toge!r at ! middle ( _! l5g?1 ea* pivot$ at "o end to "o ( ! rul]s1 & connect$ ) ! o!r "o by a slot & slid+ p91 z %[n at ,b4 ,9 ?is ! ends z well z ! edges are kept p>allel4 ,! pr9ciple ( con/ruction ( ! sev]al rul]s repres5t$ is tak5 advantage ( 9 ! =mation ( "s p>ts ( ma*9]y4 ,fig4 #aff4 ,a simple means ( guid+ or obta9+ a p>allel motion ( ! pi/on rod ( an eng9e4 ,! slide a moves 9 & is guid$ by ! v]tical slot 9 ! frame1 :i* has be5 plan$ to a true surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #afe1 #aff4 ,rul]--,p>allel motion ,fig4 #afg4 ,p>allel motion = direct-action eng9es4 ,9 ?is1 ! end ( ! b> ,b ,c is connect$ ) ! pi/on-rod1 & ! end ,b slides 9 a fix$ slot ,d4 ,! radius b> ,f ,a is connect$ at ,f ) a fix$ pivot1 & at ,a midway betwe5 ! ends ( ,b ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #afg1 #afh1 #afi4 ,p>allel motion me?ods ,fig4 #afh4 ,oscillat+ eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] has trunnions at ! middle ( its l5g?1 work+ 9 fix$ be>+s1 & ! pi/on rod is connect$ directly ) ! crank1 & no guides are us$4 ,fig4 #afi4 ,inv]t$ oscillat+ or p5dulum eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] has trunnions at its upp] end1 & sw+s l a p5dulum4 ,! crank %aft is bel[1 & ! pi/on rod connect$ directly ) crank4 ,fig4 #agj4 ,section ( disc-eng9e4 ,disc-pi/on1 se5 edgewise1 has a motion sub/antially l a co9 :5 x fir/ falls aft] be+ spun 9 ! air4 ,! cyl9d] heads are cones4 ,! pi/on rod is made ) a ball to :i* ! disc is atta*$1 said ball work+ 9 conc5tric seats 9 cyl9d]-heads1 & ! left-h& end is atta*$ to ! crank arm or fly-:eel on end ( %aft at left4 ,/eam is admitt$ alt]nately on ei!r side ( pi/on4 ,fig4 #aga4 ,! gyroscope1 or rotascope1 an in/rum5t illu/rat+ ! t5d5cy ( rotat+ bodies to pres]ve _! plane ( rotation4 ,! sp9dle ( ! metallic disc ,c is fitt$ to return easily 9 be>+s 9 ! r+ ,a4 ,if ! disc is set 9 rapid rot>y motion on its axis1 & ! p9tle ,f at "o side ( ! r+ ,a is plac$ on ! be>+ 9 ! top ( ! pill> ,g1 ! disc & r+ seem indiff]5t to gravity1 & in/ead ( dropp+ beg9 to revolve ab\t ! v]tical axis4 ,fig4 #agb4 ,bohn5b]g]'s ma*9e1 illu/rat+ ! same t5d5cy ( rotat+ bodies4 ,?is consi/s ( #c r+s1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a#b1 plac$ "o )9 ! o!r1 & connect$ by pivots at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! smalle/ r+1 ,a#b1 conta9s ! be>+s = ! axis ( a heavy ball ,b4 ,! ball be+ set 9 rapid rotation1 its axis w cont9ue 9 ! same direction1 no matt] h[ ! position ( ! r+s may be alt]$2 & ! r+ ,a#b1 :i* supports x1 w resi/ a consid]able pressure t5d+ to displace x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #agj1 #aga1 #agb4 ,disc-eng9e & gyroscopes ,fig4 #agc4 ,:at is call$ ! gyroscope gov]nor1 = /eam-eng9es1 introduc$ by ,alban ,&]son 9 #aheh4 ,a is a heavy :eel1 ! axle ,b ,b ( :i* is made 9 two pieces connect$ toge!r by a univ]sal jo9t4 ,! :eel ,a is on "o piece ,b1 & a p9ion ,i on ! o!r piece ,b4 ,! piece ,b is connect$ at its middle by a h+e-jo9t ) ! revolv+ frame ,h1 s t v>iations 9 ! incl9ation ( ! :eel ,a w cause ! out] end ( ! piece ,b to rise & fall4 ,! frame ,h is driv5 by bevel ge>+ f ! eng9e1 & by t means ! p9ion #a is c>ri$ r\nd ! /ation>y too!d circle ,g1 & ! :eel ,a is ?us made to receive a rapid rot>y motion on its axis4 ,:5 ! frame ,h & :eel ,a are 9 motion1 ! t5d5cy ( ! :eel ,a is to assume a v]tical position1 b ?is t5d5cy is oppos$ by a spr+ ,l4 ,! great] velocity ( ! gov]nor1 ! /rong] ! t5d5cy1 above m5tion$1 & ! m x ov]comes ! =ce ( ! spr+1 & ! rev]se4 ,! piece ,b is connect$ ) ! valve rods by rods ,c1 ,d1 & ! spr+ ,l is connect$ ) ! said rods by lev]s ,n & rod ,p4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #agc1 #agd1 #age4 ,gov]nor--,rev]se motions ,fig4 #agd4 ,pair ( edge runn]s or *as]s = cru%+ or gr9d+4 ,! axles are connect$ ) v]tical %aft1 & ! :eel or *as]s run 9 an annul> pan or tr\gh4 ,fig4 #age4 ,rot>y motion ( %aft f treadle by means ( an endless b& runn+ f a roll] on ! treadle to an ecc5tric on ! %aft4 ,fig4 #agf4 ,tread-:eel horse-p[] turn$ by ! weight ( an animal attempt+ to walk up "o side ( its int]ior2 has be5 us$ = driv+ ! paddle-:eels ( f]ry-boats & _m o!r purposes4 ,! turn-spit dog us$ also to be employ$ 9 su* a :eel 9 anci5t times = turn+ meat :ile roa/+ on a spit4 ,fig4 #agg4 ,! treadmill1 employ$ 9 jails 9 "s c\ntries = ex]cis+ crim9als condemn$ to lab\r1 & employ$ 9 gr9d+ gra92 turns by weight ( p]son /epp+ on tread-bo>ds on p]iph]y4 ,?is is suppos$ to be a ,*9ese inv5tion1 & x is /ill us$ 9 ,*9a = rais+ wat] = irrigation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #agf1 #agg1 #agh4 ,by diff]5t s\rces ( p[] ,fig4 #agh4 ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson's f\r-motion fe$1 us$ 9 ,:eel] & ,wilson's1 ,sloat's1 & o!r sew+ ma*9es4 ,! b> ,a is =k$1 & has a second b> ,b1 c>ry+ ! spur or fe$]1 pivot$ 9 ! said =k4 ,! b> ,b is lift$ by a radial projection on ! cam ,c1 at ! same "t ! two b>s are c>ri$ =w>d4 ,a spr+ produces ! return /roke1 & ! b> ,b drops ( its own gravity4 ,fig4 #agi4 ,me*anical means ( describ+ p>abolas1 ! base1 altitude1 focus1 & directrix be+ giv54 ,lay /raight edge ) ne> side co9cid+ ) directrix1 & squ>e ) /ock aga9/ ! same1 s t ! blade is p>allel ) ! axis1 & proce$ ) p5cil 9 bight ( ?read1 z 9 ! prec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,to describe conic sections ,fig4 #ahj4 ,me*anical means ( describ+ hyp]bolas1 _! foci & v]tices be+ giv54 ,suppose ! curves two opposite hyp]bolas1 ! po9ts 9 v]tical dott$ c5tre l9e _! foci4 ,"o end ( ?read be+ loop$ on p9 ins]t$ at ! o!r focus1 & o!r end held to o!r end ( rule1 ) j en\gh slack betwe5 to p]mit height to rea* v]tex :5 rule co9cides ) c5tre l9e4 ,a p5cil held 9 bight1 & kept close to ! rule1 :ile latt] is mov$ f c5tre l9e1 describes "o-half ( p>abola2 ! rule is !n rev]s$ = ! o!r half4 ,fig4 #aha4 ,cyclograph = describ+ circul> arcs 9 draw+s :]e ! c5tre is inaccessible4 ,?is is compos$ ( ?ree /raight rules4 ,! cord & v]s$ s9e be+ laid d[n1 draw /raight1 slop+ l9e f ends ( =m] to top ( latt]2 & to ^! l9es lay two ( ! rules cross+ at ! apex4 ,fa/5 ^! rules toge!r1 & ano!r rule across !m to s]ve z a brace1 & ins]t a p9 or po9t at ea* end ( *ord to guide ! app>atus1 :i*1 on be+ mov$ aga9/ ^! po9ts1 w describe ! arc by means ( p5cil 9 ! angle ( ! cross+ edges ( ! slop+ rules4 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,proportional compasses us$ 9 copy+ draw+s on a giv5 l>g] or small] scale4 ,! pivot ( compasses is secur$ 9 a slide :i* is adju/able 9 ! longitud9al slots ( legs1 & capable ( be+ secur$ by a set screw2 ! dim5sions are tak5 betwe5 "o pair ( po9ts & transf]r$ ) ! o!r pair1 & ?us enl>g$ or dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! relative di/ances ( ! po9ts f ! pivot4 ,a scale is provid$ on "o or bo? legs to indicate ! proportions4 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,"o ( ! _m =ms ( rot>y eng9e4 ,a is a cyl9d] hav+ ! %aft ,b pass c5trally ?r\gh x4 ,! pi/on ,c is simply an ecc5tric fa/ on ! %aft1 & work+ 9 contact ) ! cyl9d] at "o po9t4 ,! induction & eduction ( /eam take place z indicat$ by arr[s1 & ! pressure ( ! /eam on "o side ( ! pi/on produces its rotation & t ( ! %aft4 ,! slid+ abutm5t ,d1 betwe5 ! induction & eduction ports1 moves out ( ! way ( ! pi/on to let x pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,= draw+ curves4 ,rot>y eng9e ,fig4 #ahd4 ,ano!r =m ( rot>y eng9e1 9 :i* !re are two /ation>y abutm5ts ,d1 ,d1 )9 ! cyl9d]2 & ! two pi/ons ,a1 ,a1 9 ord] to enable !m to pass ! abutm5ts1 are made to slide radially 9 grooves 9 ! hub ,c ( ! ma9 %aft ,b4 ,! /eam acts on bo? pi/ons at once1 to produce ! rotation ( ! hub & %aft4 ,! induction & eduction are indicat$ by arr[s4 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,jonval turb9e4 ,! %utes are arrang$ on ! outside ( a drum1 radial to a common c5tre1 & /ation>y )9 ! trunk or cas+ b4 ,! :eel c is made 9 ne>ly ! same way2 ! buckets exce$ 9 numb] ^? ( ! %utes1 & are set at a slight tang5t in/ead ( radially1 & ! curve g5]ally us$ is t ( ! cycloid or p>abola4 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,a me?od ( obta9+ a reciprocat+ motion f a cont9u\s fall ( wat]1 by means ( a valve 9 ! bottom ( ! bucket :i* op5s by /rik+ ! gr\nd1 & !reby empty+ ! bucket1 :i* is caus$ to rise aga9 by ! action ( a c\nt]weight on ! o!r side ( ! pulley ov] :i* x is susp5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,diff]5t =ms ( wat] movem5ts ,fig4 #ahg4 ,ov]%ot wat]-:eel4 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,und]%ot wat]-:eel4 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,brea/-:eel4 ,?is holds int]m$iate place betwe5 ov]%ot & und]%ot :eels2 has float-bo>ds l ! =m]1 b ! cavities betwe5 are conv]t$ into buckets by mov+ 9 a *annel adapt$ to circumf]5ce & wid?1 into :i* wat] ent]s ne>ly at ! level ( axle4 ,fig4 #aij4 ,horizontal ov]%ot wat]-:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,wat]-:eels ,fig4 #aia4 ,a plan view ( ! ,f\rneyron turb9e wat]-:eel4 ,9 ! c5tre are a numb] ( fix$ curv$ *utes1 or guides1 ,a1 :i* direct ! wat] aga9/ ! buckets ( ! out] :eel ,b1 :i* revolves1 & ! wat] dis*>ges at ! circumf]5ce4 ,fig4 #aib4 ,w>r5's c5tral dis*>ge turb9e1 plan view4 ,! guides ,a are outside1 & ! :eel ,b revolves )9 !m1 dis*>g+ ! wat] at ! c5tre4 ,fig4 #aic4 ,volate :eel1 hav+ radial vanes ,a1 aga9/ :i* ! wat] imp+es & c>ries ! :eel ar\nd4 ,! scroll or volute cas+ ,b conf9es ! wat] 9 su* a mann] t x acts aga9/ ! vanes all ar\nd ! :eel4 ,by ! addition ( ! incl9$ buckets c1 c1 at ! bottom1 ! wat] is made to act ) additional =ce z x escapes ?r\gh ! op5+s ( said buckets4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aia1 #aib1 #aic4 ,c5tral dis*>ge & turb9e :eels ,fig4 #aid4 ,b>k]1 or reaction mill4 ,rot>y motion ( c5tral holl[ %aft is obta9$ by ! reaction ( ! wat] escap+ at ! ends ( its arms1 ! rotation be+ 9 a direction ! rev]se ( ! escape4 ,fig4 #aie repres5ts a tr\gh divid$ transv]sely into equal p>ts1 & support$ on an axis by a frame b5ea?4 ,! fall ( wat] fill+ "o side ( ! division1 ! tr\gh is vibrat$ on its axis1 & at ! same "t t x deliv]s ! wat] ! opposite side is br\ght "u ! /ream & fill$1 :i* 9 l mann] produces ! vibration ( ! tr\gh back aga94 ,?is has be5 us$ z a wat]-met]4 ,fig4 #aif4 ,p]sian :eel1 us$ 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries = irrigation4 ,x has a holl[ %aft & curv$ floats1 at ! extremities ( :i* are susp5d$ buckets or tubs4 ,! :eel is p>tly imm]s$ 9 a /ream act+ on ! convex surface ( its floats2 & z x is ?us caus$ to revolve1 a quantity ( wat] w be elevat$ by ea* float at ea* revolution1 & conduct$ to ! holl[ %aft at ! same "t t "o ( ! buckets c>ries x full ( wat] to a high] level1 :]e x is empti$ by com+ 9 contact ) a /ation>y p9 plac$ 9 a conv5i5t position = tilt+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aid1 #aie1 #aif4 ,wat] motors ,fig4 #aig4 ,ma*9e ( anci5t orig91 /ill employ$ on ! riv] ,eisa*1 9 ! ,tyrol1 = rais+ wat]4 ,a curr5t keep+ ! :eel 9 motion1 ! pots on its p]iph]y are successively imm]s$1 fill$1 & empti$ into a tr\gh above ! /ream4 ,fig4 #aih4 ,application ( ,ar*im$es screw = rais+ wat]1 ! supply /ream be+ ! motive p[]4 ,! oblique %aft ( ! :eel has ext5d+ ?r\gh x a spiral passage1 ! l[] end ( :i* is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & ! /ream act+ ^u ! :eel at its l[] end produces its revolution by :i* ! wat] is convey$ upw>d cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! spiral passage & dis*>g$ at ! top4 ,fig4 #aii4 ,common lift pump4 ,9 ! upp]-/roke ( pi/on or bucket ! l[] valve op5s & ! valve 9 pi/on %uts2 air is exhau/$ out ( suction pipe1 & wat] ru%es up to fill ! vacuum4 ,9 d[n /roke l[] valve is %ut & valve 9 pi/on op5s1 & ! wat] simply passes ?r\gh ! pi/on4 ,! wat] above pi/on is lift$ up1 & runs ov] out ( sp\t at ea* up /roke4 ,?is pump _c raise wat] ov] ?irty feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aig1 #aih1 #aii4 ,wat]-:eels & pumps ,fig4 #bjj4 ,ord9>y =ce pump1 ) two valves4 ,! cyl9d] is above wat]1 & is fitt$ ) solid pi/on2 "o valve closes outlet pipe1 & o!r closes suction pipe4 ,:5 pi/on is ris+ suction-valve is op51 & wat] ru%es into cyl9d]1 outlet valve be+ clos$4 ,on desc5t ( pi/on suction valve closes1 & wat] is =c$ up ?r\gh outlet valve to any di/ance or elevation4 ,fig4 #bja4 ,d\ble-act+ pump4 ,cyl9d] clos$ at ea* end1 & pi/on-rod passes ?r\gh /uff+-box on "o end1 & ! cyl9d] has f\r op5+s cov]$ by valves1 two = admitt+ wat] & l numb] = dis*>ge4 ,a is suction pipe1 & ,b dis*>ge pipe4 ,:5 pi/on moves d[n1 wat] ru%es 9 at suction valve #a1 on upp] end ( cyl9d]1 & t bel[ pi/on is =c$ ?r\gh valve #c & dis*>ge pipe ,b2 on ! pi/on asc5d+ aga91 wat] is =c$ ?r\gh dis*>ge valve #d1 on upp] end ( cyl9d]1 & wat] ent]s l[] suction valve #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb4 ,pumps & w9dmill ,fig4 #bjb4 ,common w9dmill1 illu/rat+ ! production ( circul> motion by ! direct action ( ! w9d ^u ! oblique sails4 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,ord9>y /e]+ app>atus4 ,plan view4 ,on ! %aft ( ! h& :eel1 !re is a b>rel on :i* is w\nd a rope1 :i* passes r\nd ! guide-pulleys1 & has its opposite ends atta*$ to ! till]1 or lev]1 on top ( ! rudd]2 by turn+ ! :eel1 "o end ( ! rope is w\nd on & ! o!r left (f1 & ! till] is mov$ 9 "o or ! o!r direction1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! :eel is turn$4 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,cap/an4 ,! cable or rope w\nd on ! b>rel ( ! cap/an is haul$ 9 by turn+ ! cap/an on its axis by means ( h&spikes or b>s ins]t$ into holes 9 ! head4 ,! cap/an is prev5t$ f turn+ back by a pawl atta*$ to its l[] "p & work+ 9 a circul> rat*et on ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,cable ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,cap/an ,fig4 #bje4 ,lewis bolt = lift+ /one 9 build+4 ,x is compos$ ( a c5tral tap]-p9 or w$ge1 ) two w$ge-l pack+ pieces arrang$ "o on ea* side ( x4 ,! ?ree pieces are ins]t$ toge!r 9 a hole drill$ into ! /one1 & :5 ! c5tral w$ge is hoi/$ ^u x1 x w$ges ! pack+ pieces out s tightly aga9/ ! sides ( ! hole z to enable ! /one to be lift$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bje1 #bjf4 ,lewis bolts1 = lift+ /ones ,fig4 #bjf4 ,tongs = lift+ /ones4 ,! pull on ! %ackle :i* connects ! two l9ks causes ! latt] s to act on ! upp] arms ( ! tongs z to make _! po9ts press !mselves aga9/ or into ! /one4 ,! great] ! weight1 ! h>d] ! tongs bite4 ,,iii ,,! ,,wea!r ,,& ,,indoor ,,"w ,! measure ( ra9fall v>ies consid]ably )9 comp>atively small areas1 & ?is r5d]s x no easy matt] to get correct figures1 s t ! ne>e/ records are ^? tak5 f a numb] ( gauges )9 a limit$ di/rict1 & g5]aliz$4 ,! m ?is is done1 ! less w be ! inaccuracy 9 ref]r+ to ! ra9fall ( any p>ticul> di/rict or c\ntry4 ,if num]\s ra9-gauges 7 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & all _! records s5t to "o c5tral /ation1 :at valuable in=mation might be collect$ = a p>ticul> di/rict or c\ntry 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s4 ,means might be f\nd = us+ ! sup]abundant wat]1 :i* falls 9 "o "p ov] ano!r "p1 :]e ! ra9fall is less4 ,in=mation su* z ?is might be ( special value 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,x is collect$ n[ to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b n done s g5]ally z x ought to be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,ra9-gauge ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,a made ra9-gauge ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,a m complete ra9-gauge ,z ! fall ( ra9 is always measur$ 9 in*es gauges are made to indicate ! equival5t ( a cubic in* ( ra9 on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! simple/ =m ( ra9-gauge is a squ>e or circul> box or j> ) a p]fectly flat bottom & p]p5dicul> sides 7see ,fig4 #bjg74 ,if ! dep? ( wat] 9 su* a gauge be measur$ aft] a fall ( ra91 "o c asc]ta9 9 in*es1 or p>ts ( an in*1 ! am\nt ( ra9 t has fall5 on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! edge ( ! gauge ?9 & free f d5ts1 ! sides p]p5dicul> & ! bottom ( ! j> p]fectly flat1 = ?\gh 9 "o measurem5t ^! irregul>ities may n make mu* diff]5ce1 !y w\ld lead to a v decid$ error 9 a l>ge numb] ( measurem5ts4 ,evaporation is also liable 9 su* a gauge to give rise to errors1 & extrane\s matt]s are easily introduc$4 ,! bett] ra9-gauges are con/ruct$ to avoid ^! cont+5cies1 z f> z possible & to dep5d only on ! area ( entry = ! accuracy ( ! measurem5ts4 ,?is area may be a squ>e1 b is usually circul> = conv5i5ce4 ,! circle mu/ be accurate1 & its area is !n easily calculat$1 s t "o c e/imate ! am\nt ( ra9fall1 h[ev] l>ge ! receiv+ vessel may be4 ,! edge ( ! circle1 :i* may be made ( copp]1 m durable ?an iron1 mu/ be %>p1 ) an ov]lapp+ rim to prev5t ra9drops f be+ :irl$ out ( ! receiv]1 & connect$ by a %\ld] to a funnel1 :i* directs ! wat] into ! receiv]4 ,?is may be a glass bottle fitt$ ) a cork to hold ! funnel firmly1 & prev5t leakage betwe5 ! outside ( ! funnel & ! neck ( ! bottle 7see ,fig4 #bjh74 ,a m conv5i5t receiv]1 & "o less likely to be brok51 is a r\nd t9 case ( conv5i5t size1 ) a top fitt+ accurately "u ! ov]lapp+ edge ( ! funnel-%ap$ cov]4 ,9 ?is l>ge receiv] may be plac$ a small t9 mug1 ) a lip j "u ! funnel1 = conv5i5tly measur+ small quantities ( ra91 & prev5t+ wa/e by evaporation4 ,any ov]fl[ f ! mug w be caught 9 ! l>ge receiv] 7see ,fig4 #bji74 ,! circle ( entry may1 ( c\rse1 be ( any size2 b "o ^: diamet] is betwe5 #d or #h in*es w be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,make ! circle det]m9e its area by c>eful measurem5t1 us+ ! foll[+ =mula3 ,d#b 4#ghed area1 ea* squ>e in* w give cubic in*es = area4 ,take ?is am\nt ( wat] & p\r x into a glass1 m>k$ at ! top ( ! wat]1 & !n divide ! int]v5+ space betwe5 ?is m>k & ! bottom into #ajj equal p>ts4 ,?is graduat$ glass w give ! ra9fall 9 in*es & #ajj?s ( an in*4 ,z an in* glass is some:at cumb]some1 a half-in* glass is usually s5t out ) a ra9-gauge4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be sometimes conv5i5t to use an ord9>y ounce measure1 z graduat$ glass measures1 :5 brok51 are n always easily replac$2 s t x may be necess>y to f9d ! correspond+ relation betwe5 ! cubic in*es ( receiv+ area & ounces & dra*ms4 ,to d ?is1 we w suppose ! diamet] ( ! circul> top ( gauge to be #d4g in*2 ?is squ>$ #bb4ji1 multipli$ by 4#ghed #ag4cdidhf1 divid$ by #a4gcc 7an ounce avoir4 #a4gcc c4 947 #aj4jaa oz4 avoir4 ,n[ if ! ra9fall is collect$ daily at a c]ta9 "t 9 an ounce measure1 ! am\nt may easily be record$ 9 in*es by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ table3 in* in* #aj oz4 #a4jjjj #a oz4 4#ajjj #i 4#ijjj #g dr4 4#jhge #h 4#hjjj #f 4#jgej #g 4#gjjj #e 4#jfbe #f 4#fjjj #d 4#jejj #e 4#ejjj #c 4#jcge #d 4#djjj #b 4#jbej #c 4#cjjj #a 4#jabe #b 4#bjjj ,a simil> calculation c be made & table prep>$ = any l>g] circle ( entry by ! same me?od4 ,! am\nt ( ra9fall 9 any c\ntry is a matt] ( great importance to t c\ntry1 &1 l ! rise ( ! ,nile 9 ,egypt1 x indicates ! com+ /ate ( ! crops4 ,if we h too small a ra9fall1 dr\ght & )]$ crops foll[1 & if we get too great a fall ( ra91 dr[n$ out crops1 & disa/r\s floods occur1 s y see h[ necess>y x is t ^? p :o are elect$ to look aft] ! welf>e ( a nation1 %\ld keep po/$ on matt]s ( ra9fall 9 all its phases4 ,9 ,india1 ,*9a & "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w ! "q ( ra9fall is "o ( life & dea? to ! p1 & mo/ ( ! great fam9es ( ! pa/ h be5 due to ! small ra9fall4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p us$ to p]i% by fam9e & disease ye> aft] ye>4 ,mu* ( ?is dang] f %ortage ( ra9 has happily be5 avoid$ 9 ,india by ! ef=ts ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 :i* has inaugurat$ & c>ri$ out great s*emes ( irrigation & artificial wat]ways to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( fam9e f dr\ght4 ,our own gov]nm5t also is exp5d+ l>ge sums ( money on irrigation plans n[ be+ execut$ 9 ,arizona1 ,texas1 ,colorado & o!r /ates1 :i* w r5d] imm5se t]ritories fit = cultivation1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h rema9$ b>r5 & ( no use4 ,! matt] ( ra9fall is ( ! highe/ importance to a nation & to ! m5 & bea/s inhabit+ x4 ,w x ra9 to-day8 is a "q frequ5tly ask$1 z reg>ds ! wea!r1 %[+ h[ important ! subject is1 & :ile ,i am talk+ on x1 x may n be amiss to make a few rem>ks reg>d+ ! =mation & di/ribution ( ra91 z =mulat$ by le>n$ meteorologi/s4 ,we are told t ! two great causes ( ra9 are ! sun & ! ocean--! latt]1 ( c\rse1 includes ! great lakes & riv]s--& s9ce ^! two factors may be tak5 z con/ant1 x foll[s t ! ra9fall ov] ! e>? z a :ole w always be con/ant1 :ile ! local v>iations w be due to local conditions4 ,! ra9 :i* falls on ?is cont95t is drawn up by ! sun f ! v>i\s s\rces1 b ! conditions :i* cause its precipitation may be said to be local4 ,to y\r imag9ation may be left ! trac+ ( ! j\rney ( ! ra9 drops back to ! ocean aga94 ,! />t+ po9ts 9 consid]+ ! causes ( ra9 are1 !re=e1 heat & moi/ure4 ,f ! surface ( l& & wat] moi/ure is cont9ually evaporat+ into ! atmosph]e1 & ! high] ! temp]ature ( ! air ! m wat]y p>ticles x c hold4 ,if any r$uction 9 ! temp]ature ( ?is saturat$ air %\ld take place1 ! vap\r becomes visible z fog1 mi/1 or cl\d1 & x is f ?is vap\r t ! ra9 drops are =m$4 ,rec5t rese>* says t ^! wat]y p>ticles require m9ute du/ atoms z nuclei be=e !y c =m1 & x has be5 e/imat$1 by exp]im5t1 t !re are "o ?\s& millions ( !m 9 a cubic foot ( saturat$ air1 ?\gh _! total weight am\nts to only #c gra9s4 ,accept+ ^! figures1 ! ma!matically incl9$ may be told t x w\ld require a cl\d ?ree miles ?ick to produce "o in* ( ra9fall4 ,b be=e ^! wat]y p>ticles c fall to ! e>? z ra91 !y mu/ fir/ =m into ra9 drops1 & ! "q arises1 h[ are ra9 drops =m$8 ,^! wat]y p>ticles pass into ! air by evaporation1 & !re are sev]al ways by :i* ! r$uction 9 temp]ature necess>y to r5d] !m visible c be br\ght ab\t4 ,x may take place ?r\gh contact ) a cold] body ( air1 by expansion1 or by a r$uction ( pressure ow+ to a rise 9 altitude4 ,cl\ds are said to be =m$ by ?is la/ me?od1 = a volume ( hot air rises high] & high] until x pres5tly rea*es a po9t :5 its conta9$ vap\r cond5ses1 & becomes visible z a cl\d4 ,meteorologi/s repeat "o ( ^! processes 9 ! laboratory1 by releas+ f pressure damp air plac$ 9 a conv5i5t glass globe1 & are able to see some?+ ( ! me?ods ( cl\d =mation4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to speak ( a cl\d z be+ compos$ ( wat]y p>ticles float+ motionless 9 ! upp] air2 b al?\gh x may appe> un*ang$ 9 =m1 x is all movem5t4 ,s soon z ev] a cl\d is =m$1 its p>ticles ( moi/ure comm5ce to fall sl[ly1 ! rate ( fall be+ 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! p>ticles1 & ?is is due to ! slight resi/ance ! air makes to su* v small atoms4 ,9 pass+1 x may be said t "o obs]v] e/imates ! diamet] ( ^! p>ticles z f 4#jjjcc in* to 4#jjjbe in*4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( a cl\d are always 9 motion & recogniz+ ?is fact x becomes possible to take ! fir/ /ep 9 consid]+ ! =mation ( a ra9drop4 ,an easy way out ( ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! =mation ( a ra9drop1 is to say t1 s9ce cl\ds are s (t5 ( two opposite electric pot5tials1 !re is always a cont9u\s bomb>dm5t ( wat]y p>ticles tak+ place1 & "s ( ^! mu/ unite & fall z ra94 ,! meteorologi/ is always tempt$ to call 9 electricity z an ag5cy :5ev] he is anxi\s to discov] a cause = "s p>ticul> ph5om5on4 ,?is (t5 expla9s "o my/]y by ano!r4 ,! production ( ra91 sn[1 & hail has = _m ye>s be5 expla9$ by vaguely ascrib+ !m to ! action ( electricity1 )\t any in=mation be+ =?com+ z to ! precise way 9 :i* ?is action takes place4 ,meteorologi/s are at pres5t attempt+ to f9d a m satisfactory explanation4 ,ano!r !ory is t ! p>ticles ( moi/ure 9 a cl\d1 l all o!r objects1 radiate heat1 &1 gr[+ cold1 cond5se moi/ure ^u _! surfaces1 !reby increas+ 9 weight until !y assume ! proportions ( a drop4 ,?is seem$ a reasonable explanation ( ! =mation ( a ra9 drop until mod]n rese>* decid$ t :5ev] moi/ure is cond5s$1 lat5t heat is set free1 s t all moi/ure deposit$ on a wat]y p>ticle only s]ves to raise its temp]ature1 & cause evaporation ( ! moi/ure ?us acquir$4 ,! p>ticles ( wat] c\ld n by ?is means gr[ to ! full e/ate ( a ra9 drop1 & ! !ory is be+ gradually ab&on$4 ,a ra9 drop is1 accord+ to mod]n meteorologi/s1 expla9$ 9 a v simple way4 ,x has be5 se5 h[ ! hot1 damp air is =m$ into a cl\d1 & also h[ ! m9ute p>ticles ( wat] at once comm5ce to fall slightly e>?w>ds4 ,n[ ^! little p>ticles z !y pass into a w>m lay] ( air w\ld soon be evaporat$1 & w\ld nev] rea* ! e>? at all4 ,_! d[nw>d j\rney1 h[ev]1 is (t5 ?r\gh a cl\d _m miles ?ick1 & ! mo/ mod]n & simple !ory is t 9 ?is j\rney !y ov]take "s ( _! fell[s1 & ! jo9$ p>ticles increase _! rate ( travel1 ov]take m & m p>ticles until !y pres5tly become heavy en\gh to take ! f9al plunge to e>?4 ,7 x possible to be j b5ea? a cl\d1 an obs]v] w\ld see ra9 drops com+ f x ( all sizes4 ,! same process goes on 9 drops1 :i* trickle d[n a w9d[ pane1 or 9 ! eff]vesc+ globules 9 a bottle ( seltz] wat]4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance1 ! process is rev]s$1 = ! globules are se5 ov]tak+ "o ano!r 9 an upw>d direction4 ,!re are _m po9ts 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory ( ! =mation ( ra9 drops1 & at lea/ x gets rid ( ^? elaborate complications1 electricity & cond5sation4 ,) respect to ! =mation ( ra9 by ! imp++ ( cl\ds ^u ! tops ( cold m\nta9s 9 ! nor?we/1 "o au?ority argues t moi/ure is 9 ^! circum/ances n cond5s$ solely because ( ! contact ) ! cold hills2 t ra9 !re is due to a me*anical cause1 ! wat]y p>ticles be+ squeez$ toge!r by ! gr9d+ effect ( ! cl\ds on ! sides ( ! m\nta9s 9 su* a way t !y coalesce1 & fall z drops4 ,a ra9 drop's r\ndness is due to ! action ( capill>ity4 ,j z a circle made by dropp+ a /one into wat] owes its %ape to ! fact t ! =ce is able to act equally 9 all directions1 s a ra9 drop is sph]ical1 ow+ to simil> untrammell$ action on ! "p ( capill>ity4 ,^! are "s ( ! explanations ( ! =mation ( a ra9 drop1 b meteorologi/s /ill h ! subject "u consid]ation4 ,! p]iods ( ra9fall are divid$ broadly into times ( dr\ght & times ( flood1 & x is 9 ^! matt]s t meteorology is se5 9 its practical aspect4 ,"s p ask1 ,:]e does all ! ra9 come f8 ,o!rs are surpris$ t ra9fall totals up to su* l>ge quantities4 ,a fall ( ra9 to a dep? ( "o in* ov] a v limit$ area1 repres5ts millions ( gallons1 b 9 spite ( ?is va/ quantity ( fall+ wat]1 _m times multipli$ if ! annual ra9fall be tak5 into acc\nt1 !re /ill are wat] fam9es4 ,! "q has (t5 be5 debat$ :e!r man c modify climate or effectively tamp] ) ! processes :i* produce ra94 ,ra9 mak+ has n1 s f>1 be5 a success1 ?\gh ! fir+ (f ( heavy guns has be5 tri$1 along ) ! legitimate avocations ( ! meteorologi/4 ,! af=e/+ or de=e/+ ( a di/rict has1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ effect ^u ra9fall4 ,?ree notable in/ances are ,asc5sion ,isl&1 ,malta1 & ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,suez ,canal1 :]e ! plant+ ( trees seems to h _h ! result ( increas+ ! ra9fall4 ,! effect ( trees is felt m 9 ! /orage ( ra9 wat]1 :ile leaves & roots s]ve to reta9 moi/ure t w\ld o!rwise quickly dra9 away4 ,a hill may be conv]t$ into a sponge by ! judici\s plant+ ( trees4 ,! "q ( ! /orage ( ra9 wat] becomes m press+ ea* ye>1 & ! long] ! settlem5t is put (f1 ! m difficult w decision become4 ,eng9e]s call$ ^u to prev5t floods & to cons]ve ra9 wat] reply1 ,save our =e/s1 cov] ! l& ) trees4 ,! fact t su* problems arise1 s]ve to %[ h[ great is ! am\nt ( wat] =m$ by ! cont9ual fall+ ( ! t9y ra9drops4 ,z long z ?is b5efic5t d[np\r+ is all[$ to dra9 away unus$ or uncontroll$1 s long w dr\ghts annoy & wat] fam9es br+ di/ress4 ,9 record+ wea!r conditions1 symbols are sometimes us$ 9 ord] to %ort5 reports &1 :ile n univ]sal1 mo/ nations adopt ^!3 ,! symbol = ra9 is o1 a small circle fill$ 92 = lightn+ o2 = ?und] ,t1 :ile ! two latt] comb9$ make ,to1 ! symbol = a ?und]-/orm4 ,ne>ly e wea!r compon5t has a di/9ctive symbol1 & s9ce a great "p ( ! meteorologi/'s "w consi/s 9 go+ ov] records ( obs]vations to se>* = ! numb] ( times ! diff]5t ph5om5a occur dur+ ea* week or mon?1 ! task is mu* simplifi$ :5 obs]v]s employ ! symbols1 z x is easi] to pick out a symbol f a pr9t$ or writt5 page ?an x is to recognize a ^w4 ,^! symbols1 moreov]1 h be5 agre$ ^u z a sort ( int]national notation1 & make x easi] = ! meteorologi/s ( diff]5t c\ntries to und]/& ! records ( =eign meteorological s]vices4 ,ev]ybody does n "k ! ,russian ^w = sn[1 or ! ,dut* = hail1 or ! ,bosnian = ra91 b all :o run1 may read :5 sn[ is univ]sally writt51 & hail repres5t$ by a w$ge-%ap$ figure ) l9es drawn across4 ,"t & space be+ limit$1 ne>ly all publi%$ records ( wea!r m]ely set =? ! numb] ( days ?r\gh\t ! ye> on :i* ! diff]5t ph5om5a occurr$1 & %\ld sn[1 hail or ?und] happ5 two or ?ree times 9 "o day1 x w\ld /ill be c\nt$ only z "o day4 ,! ye>ly totals1 !re=e1 %[ ! numb] ( days on :i* ^! conditions h be5 obs]v$4 ,x is n[ an almo/ univ]sal cu/om to c\nt 4#ja in*es or m dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs z a day ( ra94 ,accord+ly1 :]e obs]v]s read _! ra9-gauge to ?ree places ( decimals1 t on :i* less ?an 4#jje in* fell w\ld n be c\nt$ z a ra9y day4 ,small] am\nts w\ld1 h[ev]1 be includ$ 9 ! total4 ,dew may sometimes fall to ! am\nt ( 4#ja 94 or m2 & t is c\nt$ z a ra9y day1 ! rule be+ to consid] ! am\nt ( precipitation1 irrespective ( ! mann] 9 :i* x has fall54 ,if y wi% to make ^! obs]vations comp>able ) publi%$ records y w\ld d well to con=m to ^! rules4 ,,hail ,hail1 ! next wea!r compon5t to be consid]$1 pres5ts _m difficulties :5 ! attempt is made to expla9 its orig9 & =mation4 ,^? :o h any?+ to d ) sci5tific matt]s are well acqua9t$ ) ! hypo!sis1 :i* expla9s a giv5 fact1 & 9 consid]+ ! subject ( hail1 ! meteorologi/ he>s ( _m hypo!ses :i* are put =w>d z complete explanations ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,caution is1 !re=e1 to be ex]cis$ & e report$ /atem5t sev]ely que/ion$4 ,rememb]+ ! aphorism3 ,! man or boy :o nev] makes a mi/ake w nev] make any?+1 meteorologi/s h attack$ ! "q ( hail =mation1 &1 al?\gh _m mi/akes h probably be5 made1 ! subject has lo/ a good deal ( its my/]y4 ,= _m ye>s1 x 0 cu/om>y to be cont5t ) a recognition ( ! fact t hail & lightn+ v (t5 occur toge!r1 & ! conclusion 0 drawn t ! "o 0 9 "s way responsible = ! o!r4 ,suffici5t corroboration ( ?is hypo!sis 0 to "s meteorologi/s1 f\nd 9 ! fact t ?und] & lightn+ are said to be almo/ unkn[n 9 ! ,arctic regions1 & ?is suppos$ companion1 hail1 almo/ unkn[n4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! assumption 0 t lightn+1 z x fla%$ ?r\gh a cl\d lad5 ) wat]y p>ticles1 caus$ hail to =m4 ,su* an explanation only t5d$ to make ! subject m my/]i\s1 & ! "q1 ,h[ is hail =m$8 practically rema9$ unansw]$4 ,_m simpl] explanations ( hail h be5 prop\nd$ z ! result ( mod]n rese>*1 &1 l ra9 & lightn+1 x has be5 demon/rat$ t hail owes its orig9 to ! movem5t ( ! m9ute wat]y p>ticles f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! cl\ds f :i* hail fall are ord9>ily ( great height above ! e>?1 #dj1jjj feet or ev5 high]4 ,^! are ! well-kn[n cirrus4 ,! fir/ condition necess>y to ! =mation ( hail is a p[]ful asc5d+ curr5t ( hot1 moi/ air1 :i* may cond5se its moi/ure 9 ! %ape ( ! l>ge woolly cl\d1 kn[n z cumulus4 ,su* a cl\d may be #ajj cubic miles 9 volume1 & z long z x reta9s its %ape no?+ is likely to fall f x to ! e>? b5ea?4 ,be=e ! =mation ( a ?und]-%[]1 cirri=m fibres 9 "s in/ances break away f ! upp] portion ( ?is cl\d1 ! electrical t5sion is l[]$1 & ra9 falls4 ,! coalesc+ ( ! p>ticles ( moi/ure has a great deal to d ) ! *anges :i* take place 9 a cl\d4 ,all ^! *anges take place 9 ! high] cl\ds 9 a m>k$ degree1 & ! v>y+ /rata ?r\gh :i* ! wat]y p>ticles pass 9 asc5d+ to & desc5d+ f ?is great height br+ ab\t ! viol5t *ange ess5tial to ! =mation ( hail4 ,! necess>y conditions = hail are1 !re=e1 a p[]ful1 hot1 asc5d+ curr5t ( air & great v>iation 9 ! /rata ( ! atmosph]e z reg>ds moi/ure & temp]ature4 ,m\nta9s assi/ 9 =c+ curr5ts ( air upw>ds1 & "o mass ( air imp++ on ano!r is also ?r[n upw>ds1 s t cond5sation ( moi/ure rapidly takes place4 ,a hail cl\d may be describ$ z a t[] ( hot air1 f ! top ( :i*1 vapor is eject$ into a fro/y region4 ,hot pla9s are accord+ly ! mo/ fav\rable spots = ! =mation ( hail1 & 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 m hail falls at a di/ance f ! m\nta9s ?an among !m4 ,sn[ is obs]v$ 9 all latitudes & at all heights1 b hail is conf9$ to middle latitudes1 & is r>e 9 high latitudes4 ,! places mo/ affect$ by hail are ^? 9 :i*1 ! temp]ature & humidity ( ! air are high1 :ile above1 at a great height1 !re is a cold area bel[ ! temp]ature ( freez+ po9t2 b1 z 9 ! case ( ! ra9 drop1 be=e any?+ c be def9itely /at$1 x mu/ be %[n h[ ! p>ticles ( moi/ure coalesce to =m hail4 ,,sn[ ,sn[ is froz5 wat] :i* falls in/ead ( ra9 :5 ! temp]ature is bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,! ultimate con/itu5ts ( sn[ are t9y1 six-po9t$ cry/als ( ice4 ,!y assume 9 comb9ation a ?\s& diff]5t figures 7,fig4 #baj71 all exce$+ly beautiful4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall has %[n1 fur!r1 t ! ultimate p>ticles ( ice are also ^! six-po9t$ />s4 ,! :ite col\r ( sn[ is caus$ by ! comm+l+ ( rays ( all ! prismatic col\rs f ! m9ute sn[ cry/als4 ,sep>ately ! cry/als exhibit diff]5t col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,sn[ cry/als ,sn[ is usually f t5 to twelve times z light z wat]1 bulk = bulk2 s t :]e ! sn[ falls pretty ev5ly1 ! correspond+ ra9fall is readily det]m9$ by m]ely measur+ ! dep? ( sn[ & tak+ "o t5? ( ! result4 ,! m accurate plan1 h[ev]1 is to ?ru/ ! op5 end ( a cyl9drical vessel into ! sn[1 inv]t ! cyl9d]1 & !n melt ! sn[ 9 x4 ,sn[ plays an important "p 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! m]e trans=mation ( ! wat] p>ticles into ice is a process dur+ :i* a l>ge am\nt ( heat is giv5 out2 s t we may reg>d ! =mation ( sn[ r5d]s ! air curr5ts w>m] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be4 ,fall5 sn[ s]ves to protect ! gr\nd1 =1 ow+ to its loose texture1 x is a bad conductor ( heat2 s t1 :ile *eck+ ! radiation ( heat f ! e>? into space1 x does n draw (f ! e>?'s heat by conduction4 ,! gr\nd is ?us (t5 #bc degrees to #cj degrees w>m] ?an ! surface ( ! sn[ above1 & sometimes ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature has be5 m ?an #dj degrees4 ,r$ sn[ & gre5 sn[ h be5 met )1 m commonly 9 ,arctic regions1 b also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,^! col\rs are caus$ by ! pres5ce ( m9ute organisms--a species ( alga call$ ,protococcus nivalis4 ,! sn[ l9e ( m\nta9s is on ! slopes bel[ :i*1 all ! sn[ :i* falls 9 ! ye>1 melts dur+ ! summ]4 ,above ! sn[ l9e1 !re=e1 lies ! region ( p]petual sn[4 ,! altitude ( ! sn[ l9e dep5ds on a v>iety ( conditions4 ,! latitude ( a sn[ range is1 ( c\rse1 important 9 det]m9+ ! position ( ! sn[ l9e1 b _m o!r circum/ances h to be consid]$1 z ! %ape & slope ( ! m\nta91 ! aspect ( ei!r side ( ! range1 ! "* ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ! preval5t w9ds1 & s on4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! obs]v$ height ( ! sn[ l9e 9 feet above ! sea level 9 diff]5t places3 ,place ,latitude ,height ,spitzb]g5 #gh ,n #j4 ,sulitelma1 ,sw$5 #fg #e #c4hce ,kamt*atka #ei #cj #e4bdj ,unalas*ta #ef #cj #c4eaj ,altai #ej #g4icd ,alps #df #h4hhe ,caucasus #dc #aa4jfc ,pyr5ees #db #de #h4iej ,rocky ,m\nta9s #dc #ab4dfg ,nor? ,himalaya #bi #ai4efj ,s\? ,himalaya #bh ,n #ae4ejj ,abyss9ian ,mts4 #ac #ad4jfe ,purace #b #b #ae4cha ,nevades ( ,quito #j #ae4hbj ,arequipa1 ,bolivia #af ,s #ag4gag ,paa*ata1 ,bolivia #ah #ab4jgi ,portillo1 ,*ili #cc #ad4gac ,cordill]as1 ,*ili #db #cj #f4jaj ,magellan ,/rait #ec #cj #c4gjg ,,design+1 ,,mak+1 ,,& ,,inflat+ ,,pap] ,,balloons ,draw a r\gh figure ( ! balloon1 z %[n at ,a1 7,fig4 #baa47 ,divide ?is into any numb] ( p>ts 7! m ! bett]7 by horizontal l9es4 ,take a radius ( balloon on ea* l9e1 & describe circles1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,pap] balloon ,divide ?is into twelve p>ts by radius l9es1 !n make patt]n z foll[s3 ,draw a p]p5dicul>1 ,c1 ) horizontal l9es at di/ance ( horizontal l9es on ,a1 b measur$ on circumf]5ce z c d4 ,!n set (f on ea* l9e f p]p5dicul> "o half ! di/ance betwe5 ! radius l9es1 ,b1 on ! correspond+ circle z e f2 draw l9e ?r\gh po9ts ?us f\nd1 & result w be %ape ( ea* section4 ,all[ a little on "o side :5 cutt+ out = pa/+4 ,?is w be be/ made ) /rong tissue pap] ( any col\r desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,an improv$ balloon ,ano!r me?od1 giv+ a %ape some:at diff]5t1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bab4 ,fir/ draw an elevation ( ! balloon x is int5d$ to make1 ei!r full size1 on ! floor1 or to scale4 ,! %ape "h illu/rat$ diff]s slightly f t ( balloons usually sold ready made1 be+ wid] at ! m\?4 ,?is %ape1 h[ev]1 is n s liable to cat* fire :5 sway$ ab\t by ! w9d4 ,divide ! elevation into any numb] ( p>ts 7! m ! bett]7 by horizontal l9es z %[n 7,no4 #a74 ,take ! radius ( ! balloon on ea* l9e1 z ,a ,b1 describe circles 7,no4 #b71 & divide ^! into twelve p>ts by radial l9es4 ,!n to make a patt]n1 draw a p]p5dicul> 7,no4 #c71 ) horizontal l9es at ! di/ance ( ! horizontal l9es 7,no4 #a17 b measur$ on ! circumf]5ce z ,c ,d4 ,!n set (f on ea* l9e f ! p]p5dicul> half ! di/ance betwe5 ! radius l9es 7,no4 #b71 on ! correspond+ circle z ,e ,f1 & draw a l9e ?r\gh ! po9ts ?us f\nd1 & ! result w be ! %ape ( ea* section4 ,all[ a little 7say #a_/d in*71 on "o side :5 cutt+ out = pa/+4 ,ea* section w be made up ( "o1 two1 or ?ree pieces1 accord+ to ! size ( ! balloon to be made4 ,if ! pieces are cut z %[n 7,no4 #d17 a great sav+ ( pap] results4 ,to pa/e ^! pieces toge!r1 place !m 9 a pile on ! table or b5* ) ! edges flu% & a piece ( wa/e pap] "u ! pile4 ,n[ rub ! top %eet ) ! ?umb nail until ea* piece is mov$ back f ! "o imm$iately "u x ab\t "o-f\r? in*4 ,place a piece ( wa/e pap] ab\t ! same di/ance f ! edge ( ! top %eet1 & pass ! pa/e bru% ov] ! :ole ( ! expos$ edges4 ,no4 #e w expla9 :at is meant4 ,n[ place two ( ! complet$ sections toge!r s z to look l ,no4 #c1 ) a small "p project+ z %[n by ! dott$ l9e ,g4 ,pa/e ! edge ( ! "u section--t is1 ! "p hat*$--& turn x ov] on to ! dott$ l9e ,h4 ,:5 ea* two ( ! sections h be5 jo9$ 9 ?is way1 proce$ 9 ! same mann] to jo9 ^! toge!r till ! :ole is complet$4 ,a circul> piece ( pap] is cut out to jo9 ! sections at ! top1 & a loop ( /r+ %\ld be pa/$ to ! top to susp5d ! balloon :ile inflat+4 ,a r+ ( wire ) two cross pieces is fitt$ to ! bottom ( ! balloon1 & ! inflammable mat]ial1--t[ soak$ 9 me?ylat$ spirits--is fa/5$ to ! junction ( ! cross pieces4 ,,magnetiz$ ,,wat*es ,! own] ( a good ,am]ican wat* 0 a little tr\bl$ conc]n+ x1 because x _h be5 runn+ irregul>ly = "s "t pa/4 ,x came out t he _h visit$ ! electric p[] h\se & _h /ay$ = "s "t exam9+ ! works & ma*9]y1 s t p>ts ( 8 wat* _h evid5tly become magnetiz$ by ! influ5ce ( ! dynamos4 ,! wat* _h be5 made "s "t ago1 & _h n ! p[] to resi/1 or neutralize electric influ5ces1 t mo/ wat*es h n[4 ,to demagnetize ! wat* w\ld br+ x back to its orig9al condition1 b a second visit to ! light+ plant w\ld aga9 spoil its "t-keep+ qualities4 ,! wat*mak]s n[ h a way ( mak+ wat*es s t !y are n affect$ by magnetism1 b comp>atively few ( ! "t pieces 9 use are non-magnetic1 & ! av]age wat* is subject to ^! seasons ( fickl5ess4 ,! exce$+ly f9e & exact con/ruction ( ! wat* is n realiz$ by ! av]age possessor ( ! article4 ,an exam9ation ( ! works ( a wat* %[s ! me*anism z n[ con/ruct$1 al?\gh v small 9 size1 to be accurately plann$ & execut$4 ,*anges ( temp]ature are provid$ =1 s t ! movem5t is automatically adju/$4 ,! ma9spr+ & tra9 ( ge>s are usually conceal$1 :ile ! balance & hair spr+s are 9 full view :5 ! case is op54 ,^u ! regul>ity ( ! movem5t ( ! balance dep5ds ! "t keep+ quality ( ! wat*4 ,on look+ closely at ! balance1 y w obs]ve t x is n a complete r+1 b two halves support$ at "o end4 ,^! r+s be> a numb] ( l>ge-head$ screws1 plac$ at irregul> di/ances1 :i* give x ! exact weight & balance requir$4 ,^! half r+s w also be f\nd1 on look+ closely1 to be compos$ ( two metals s closely jo9$ t a diff]5ce 9 col\r alone gives evid5ce ( ! quality4 ,?is arrangem5t ( iron & brass1 on acc\nt ( _! diff]5t coeffici5ts ( expansion & contraction ) *anges ( temp]ature1 has be5 s c>efully con/ruct$ t1 ) *anges ( temp]ature1 ! balance assumes su* =ms z to give x a uni=m rate ( motion4 ,! p>ts affect$ by magnetism are ! balance & spr+s4 ,! balance 9 an ord9>y wat* moves five times a second1 #ah1jjj times an h\r1 & #dcb1jjj times ea* day2 b a slight *ange 9 ! =ces t move x is necess>y to make a diff]5ce ( sev]al m9utes ea* day4 ,z ! balance moves back & =?1 ! magnetism ( ! ma9spr+ is pull+ or pu%+ x4 ,if ?is =ce 7 con/ant1 & always 9 ! same direction1 ! wat* w\ld run uni=mly4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,:5 ! ma9spr+ is tightly w\nd1 its magnetic poles are 9 a c]ta9 direction1 & 9 unw9d+ !y are con/antly *ang+1 s t ! direction ( ?is =ce is also con/antly *ang$4 ,! effect on ! balance is to cause ! wat* to run too fa/ sometimes1 & too sl[ at o!r times4 ,non-magnetic wat*es are made ) ^! p>ts ( a non-magnetic metal1 s t !y are n influ5c$ by electric ma*9]y4 ,= te/+ wat*es a small compass is us$4 ,:5 plac$ ov] ! balance1 ! ne$le w vibrate ) ! motion ( ! balance 9 proportion to its magnetism4 ,a ,,boy',s ,,:eel-,,b>r[ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,a boy's :eel-b>r[4 ,p]spective view ,illu/ration3 #bac ,a4 ,boy's :eel-b>r[4 ,side elevation ,illu/ration3 #bac ,b4 ,f9i%$ plan ,illu/ration3 #bac ,c4 ,plan ( frame ,! bottom1 sides1 & ends 7 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick4 ,good :ite & r$ p9e 7 us$ = ! purpose4 ,! /iles & rails ( ! bottom framework 7 mortis$ & t5on$ toge!r z %[n at ,fig4 #bac2 ^! may be j /ubb$ toge!r1 or ! t5ons ( ! rails c g "r ?r\gh ! /iles4 ,! mo/ satisfactory job is to groove ! sides & ends toge!r1 & put all toge!r ) oil pa9t 9 ! jo9ts4 ,if ! jo9ts are pa9t$ be=e ! framework ( ! b>r[ is put toge!r1 x w la/ = ye>s2 o!rwise1 be+ a boy's :eel-b>r[1 x w\ld likely (t5 be =gott5 & left out 9 ! ra91 & ! jo9ts gett+ wet w\ld ha/5 decay4 ,two coats ( good oil pa9t1 ,indian r$1 w give x a v nice appe>ance4 ,?is b>r[1 :ile n int5d$ = heavy "w1 is capable ( c>ry+ q a load4 ,! :eel 0 cut out ( a piece ( plank ab\t #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 hoop$ up ) an iron tire made f heavy hoop iron4 ,! axle 0 made ( wood ) a #c_/d-;in* r\nd iron rod runn+ l5g?wise ?r\gh x & project+ ab\t ?ree in*es ?r\gh on ea* end4 ,! arb\rs or box+1 9 :i* ran ! ends ( ! r\nd rod1 7 =m$ on ! ends ( ! h&le /iles1 z may be se5 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! co/ ( all ! mat]ials = ?is really useful article 0 less ?an #a4ej1 all told4 ,,vacuum ,,clean]s ,a s+le h& vacuum clean] c be made f a p[]ful suction pump1 z indicat$ 9 ! sket* ,fig4 #bad4 ,?is %\ld be connect$ ) a metallic box by means ( a flexible arm\r$ rubb] hose1 cov]$ at ! end ) a piece ( f9e wire gauze to prev5t l>ge p>ticles ( du/1 etc41 be+ drawn into ! pump4 ,to ano!r op5+ ( ! box %\ld be fa/5$ ano!r flexible rubb] tube1 ) a bell-%ap$ metal atta*m5t at ! end4 ,! bell-%ap$ arrangem5t %\ld be held closely to ! c>pet :ile ! pump is 9 action4 ,)9 ! box1 ! pipe to :i* ! pump is atta*$ %\ld be b5t upw>d1 s t ! ru% ( air %all n br+ ! du/ ) x2 ! object be+ to collect ! du/ 9 ! box4 ,a lid cov]s ! box s t x c be empti$ f "t to "t4 ,! success ( ?is arrangem5t dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! pump2 if x be a weak "o1 ! inru% ( air ?r\gh ! funnel w be s slight t ! du/ w n be rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,home-made vacuum clean] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,metallic vacuum clean] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,simple vacuum clean] ,rot>y pumps are n satisfactory = vacuum clean]s4 ,! be/ type = ?is "w is a plung]1 hav+ a l>ge displacem5t1 ) a comp>atively %ort /roke 9 proportion to ! diamet]4 ,a suitable pump is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,fig4 #bad1 %[s ! section ( a s+le b>rel1 b %\ld a great] supply be requir$1 two b>rels may be work$ & connect$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,! pump is easily made1 & ( light con/ruction4 ,9 ,fig4 #bae1 is a brass cyl9d] ) a flange at ! bottom2 ?is may be made out ( a l5g? ( #c-;in* brass tube ) a flange cut f #a_/h-;in* %eet brass4 ,! b>rel is #h in*es long4 ,g is ! plung]1 :i* may be con/ruct$ z a pi/on2 b 9 ! draw+1 x is adapt$ to ! arrangem5t t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,) a pi/on w be requir$ a guide = ! rod at ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,e is a hydraulic cup1 its lea!r kept s(t & pliable by oil+4 ,b is ! base1 :i* is holl[1 & may be built up 9 %eet metal4 ,at ! c5tre at ,j1 ! base is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 "o side be+ ! inlet to ! pump f ! du/ box1 & ! o!r 9 communication ) ! outlet valve ,c4 ,c & ,d are two valves ) gu>ds4 ,! valves are discs ( v s(t & pliable lea!r1 well saturat$ ) grease1 ,d be+ ! inlet f ! du/ box1 & ,c ! outlet to ! atmosph]e4 ,! draw+ cle>ly %[s ! con/ruction ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,fig4 #baf %[s two pumps fitt$ to "o base & work$ by a rock+ lev]2 bo? pumps are 9 communication ) ! "o inlet ,n4 ,?is arrangem5t ( pumps is easy to "w1 portable1 & well adapt$ to dome/ic purposes 9 clean+ c>pets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,a motor vacuum clean] ,fig4 #bag1 :i* is reproduc$ f ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 exhibits an +5i\s =m ( vacuum clean]4 ,x has rec5tly be5 pat5t$1 & consi/s ( a suction-fan op]at$ by a wat]-motor t may be atta*$ to ! ord9>y kit*5 faucet4 ,a tube is connect$ ) ! *amb] ( ! suction-fan1 & ?is t]m9ates 9 a suitable nozzle1 or foot plate1 :i* may be mov$ ov] a c>pet or rug to draw out ! du/ & dirt4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ?is sy/em is t dirt drawn up by ! suction fan c be c>ri$ away ) ! wat] d[n ! kit*5 dra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,home-made p[]-driv5 vacuum clean] ,a good p[]-driv5 clean] may be made at home1 says ,popul> ,me*anics1 by foll[+ ^! directions3 ,fir/ take a good p9e bo>d1 #a in* ?ick1 #a foot wide1 & #c feet long1 & nail to ea* end a #a-;foot l5g? ( #b-;in* by #b-;in* p9e1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #bah4 ,next a #c_/d-;in* bo>d1 #a foot wide & ab\t #a foot1 #c in*es long1 %\ld be fa/5$ ne> ! c5tre1 & at "r angles to ! fir/ bo>d1 z %[n at ,b4 ,procure a t9 pan measur+ ab\t #aj in*es 9 diamet] & #c in*es deep4 ,?is pan %[n at ,c1 mu/ be fitt$ ) two valves1 :i* are ! mo/ important & difficult "p ( ! "w4 ,cut1 f a smoo? piece ( p9e1 #a in* ?ick1 two discs1 #e in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a #c-;in* hole 9 ! c5tre ( ea*4 ,obta9 a %eet ( pack+ rubb]1 #a_/h ( an in* ?ick1 & cut f x two discs1 ea* #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & two #c-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o ( ! discs ( wood %\ld be fa/5$ to ! back ( ! pan at ! top1 z %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #bai1 ) "o ( ! #e-;in* diamet] rubb] discs plac$ betwe5 ! t9 & ! wood1 & bo? secur$ to ! t9 by a r[ ( small bolts ar\nd ! outside edge ( ! wood4 ,a hole1 #c in*es 9 diamet]1 c n[ be cut ?r\gh ! t9 & rubb]1 us+ ! hole 9 ! wood z a guide4 ,two discs ) a diamet] ( #c-a_/d in*es %\ld be cut f cig> box wood & fa/5$ c5trally on ! #c-a_/b-;in* rubb] disc4 ,"o ( ! latt] pieces %\ld be fa/5$ by its top edge to ! top edge ( ! #e-;in* disc ( wood1 z %[n 9 ,e4 ,?is =ms a flap valve1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! rubb] disc cov]s ! op5+ all ! way ar\nd :5 ! valve is clos$1 s t x w be air-tight4 ,a spr+ w be necess>y to quick5 ! action ( ?is valve4 ,?is is be/ made by fa/5+ a n>r[ /rip ( wood across ! valve op5+ on ! inside ( ! pan1 z %[n at ,f1 & atta*+ a rubb] b& to ! c5tre ( ! valve & to ?is /ick4 ,?is completes ! outlet or exhau/ valve4 ,ano!r valve mu/ n[ be made 9 ! same mann]1 & fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! pan on ! inside1 z %[n4 ,?is is ! inlet valve1 & works 9 ! opposite direction to ! outlet valve j describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,home-made1 p[]-driv5 vacuum clean] ,next procure a piece ( lea!rette ab\t twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 or l>ge en\gh to cov] ! op5+ ( ! pan4 ,?is is to be us$ = ! diaphragm4 ,cut a r\nd hole ab\t #h in*es 9 diamet] 9 ! upright piece ,b 7,fig4 #bah71 its c5tre ab\t #g in*es f ! top4 ,f a piece ( #a_/b-;in* p9e1 cut two discs #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,also secure a piece ( h>dwood ,h #a in* by #a foot #b in*es4 ,! discs ,g %\ld n[ be plac$1 "o on ea* side ( ! lea!r diaphragm1 exactly 9 ! c5tre1 & fa/5$ to "o end ( ! #a-;foot #b-;in* piece by means ( a long screw4 ,?is piece ,h %\ld exactly be 9 ! c5tre ( ! diaphragm4 ,! pan c n[ be put 9 place4 ,set ! diaphragm ov] ! hole 9 ! bo>d ,b1 ! /ick project+ ?r\gh ! hole4 ,! pan is n[ plac$ ov] ! diaphragm1 & held by means ( small bolts ar\nd ! edge4 ,! diaphragm betwe5 ! wood & ! t9 acts z a gasket1 & makes an air-tight jo9t4 ,secure an air-tight t9 ab\t #h in*es 9 diamet] & #ab in*es high1 & fa/5 x to ! base bo>d1 z %[n at ,j1 ,fig4 #bah4 ,! cov] ( a c(fee t9 %\ld n[ be sold]$ ov] ! inlet valve1 z %[n at ,k1 ,fig4 #bai4 ,sold] a hose connection 9 ! c5tre ( ?is cov]1 also "o 9 ! side ( ! t91 z %[n at ,l1 ,fig4 #bah4 ,c\ple a %ort piece ( hose ,m to ^! connections4 ,! /ra9] ,s %\ld be made ( v /rong & closely wov5 unblea*$ drill4 ,make x 9 ! =m ( bag ) a #a-;in* hem at ! top1 & place x 9 ! t91 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 ! hem fitt+ closely ov] ! inside edge ( ! t94 ,! cov] ( ! t9 is made f a flat p9e bo>d ab\t "o in* ?ick1 & is held 9 place by two #a_/d-;in* rods fa/5$ 9 ! base bo>d4 ,^! rods h ?umb nuts on ! top1 :i* all[ ! cov] to be readily remov$ or tight5$ d[n4 ,x is be/ to place a rubb] or lea!r gasket betwe5 ! cov] & ! edge ( ! t9 s z to make an air-tight jo9t4 ,an air-tight piece ( g>d5 hose c be us$ = ! suction hose ,n1 "o end be+ fa/5$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cov] & ! o!r to ! bru% or nozzle ,r1 ,fig4 #bah4 ,x is be/ to buy ?is nozzle1 z x w\ld be r exp5sive & unsatisfactory if home-made4 ,?is ma*9e may be driv5 by an electric motor ( ab\t #a-a_/d horse-p[]1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bah4 ,! end ( ! connect+ rod ,h is fa/5$ to a crank on ! motor %aft1 & all[$ to h ab\t a "o & "o half in* /roke4 ,! motor is wir$ up ) a swit*1 ,p1 & x w\ld be be/ to connect to a rheo/at1 to all[ ! regulation ( spe$ be/ suit$ to ! ma*9e4 ,?is c readily be det]m9$ aft] ! ma*9e is />t$4 ,if an electric motor is n available1 a small wat] motor w d equally well2 or x may ev5 be run by h&1 by means ( a long lev]1 fulcrum$ at ,p4 ,! ma*9e is n[ ready = us+4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 te/ x all ov] = leakage1 z its success dep5ds on its be+ p]fectly air-tight4 ,z ! motor revolves1 ! rod ,h is drawn =w>d1 br++ ) x ! diaphragm4 ,?is creates a p>tial vacuum 9 ! pan ,c1 :i* op5s ! inlet valve1 suck+ ! air ?r\gh ! suction hose & /ra9]1 ! air c>ry+ ) x ! du/ & dirt4 ,! refuse is left 9 ! /ra9] bag :ile ! air goes on ?r\gh ! connect+ hose & pan & outlet valve into ! atmosph]e4 ,aft] ! article be+ clean$ has be5 gone ov] ?or\ghly1 c>e be+ tak5 to hold ! nozzle aga9/ ! mat]ial1 ! cov] may be remov$ & ! bag empti$4 ,,iv ,,motors ,,& ,,type-,,writ]s ,,motors1 ,,gasol5e ,,& ,,/eam--,,automobile ,,frames--,,! ,,mod]n ,,type-,,writ]--,,directions ,,= ,,secur+ ,,copyrights4 ,!re are two classes ( heat eng9es 9 use2 9 "o class ! combu/ion takes place on ! inside ( ! cyl9d] or g5]ator1 j z fire is appli$ to a tea-kettle1 & ! heat is transmitt$ by conduction ?r\gh ! metal walls to ! "p ( ma*9e do+ ! "w4 ,motors & ma*9es ( ?is k9d1 are g5]ally call$ ext]nal combu/ion eng9es1 ( :i* ! /eam eng9e is a prom95t example4 ,eng9es :]e ! combu/ion takes place inside ! ma*9e itself1 & acts directly on x1 are eng9es ( ! second class1 t]m$ int]nal combu/ion eng9es4 ,! gasol5e eng9e is ( ?is type1 & s are all gas & oil eng9es4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! motor-cycle eng9e1 9 its action1 is simil> to ! regul> automobile eng9e & ! gas eng9e4 ,all ^! are int]nal combu/ion or explosion eng9es2 t is1 _! motive p[] is d]iv$ f ! =ce ex]t$ by ! explosion ( a gas :ile "u compression1 ! compress$ gas g5]ally ignit$ by means ( an electric sp>k4 ,9 ! case ( gasol5e motors1 ! gas is obta9$ f ! liquid gasol5e1 ei!r by all[+ air to be drawn ?r\gh x or by spray+ ! _s ?r\gh a small hole1 ! latt] be+ ! me?od mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,a great quantity ( air has to be mix$ ) ! vap\r be=e x w ignite4 ,! am\nt t is requir$ v>ies consid]ably1 atmosph]ic conditions & ! height above sea level caus+ v>iations 9 ! dem&4 ,! action ( ! common gasol5e eng9e is kn[n z ! f\r-/roke-cycle1 t is1 !re are f\r /rokes ( ! pi/on = e impulse1 "o be+ a p[] /roke & ! o!r ?ree duty /rokes1 z x 74 ,ea* p]=ms a c]ta9 op]ation t is necess>y = ! correct work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,"s eng9es are work$ on ! two-/roke-cycle pr9ciple2 9 ?is case1 !re are only two /rokes = ea* impulse4 ,?is type ( eng9e has _m disadvantages1 & !re are v few two-/roke eng9es 9 use = driv+ motor cycles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,suction /roke begun ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,compression /roke begun ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,p[] /roke begun ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,exhau/ /roke begun ,! pr9ciple ( ! f\r-/roke-cycle is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bbj to #bbc4 ,9 ,fig4 #bbj ! pi/on ,a is j beg9n+ ! d[nw>d /roke1 & ! valve ,b is op5$ by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 or by me*anical means4 ,! pi/on 9 desc5d+ causes a p>tial vacuum 9 ! cyl9d] head or top ,c1 :i* all[s ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! surface ( ! gasol5e 9 ! c>buretor to =ce "s ( ! liquid ?r\gh ! spray hole1 !nce ?r\gh ! inlet-valve op5+ ,d1 into ! compression space ( ! eng9e cyl9d]4 ,! suction ( ! pi/on does n br+ 9 ! explosive mixture ( gas & air2 x is ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e t causes ! mixture ( gas & air to ru% into ! cyl9d]4 ,j be=e ! pi/on is at ! extreme end ( ! d[nw>d or outw>d /roke1 ! inlet valve ,b is clos$ by ! spr+ %[n1 & ! pi/on beg9s ! fir/ upw>d or compression /roke ) bo? ! inlet valve ,b & ! exhau/ valve ,e clos$4 ,! *>ge is be+ compress$ :5 ! pi/on is on its upw>d /roke1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bba4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 soon aft] ! pi/on is ov] :at is kn[n z ! dead c5tre1 & is ab\t ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbb1 an electric sp>k is made to jump across two po9ts ( ! sp>k+ plug ,f2 ?is ignites ! mixture ( gas & air 7:i* is at a pressure ( ab\t #hj lb4 p] sq4 9471 & ! explosion causes ! pi/on to desc5d on ! p[] /roke4 ,j be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! bottom ( ! p[] /roke1 ! exhau/ valve ,e1 ,fig4 #bbc1 op5s1 & rema9s op5 dur+ ! upw>d /roke4 ,! mom5tum ( ! fly:eels1 etc41 c>ries ! pi/on upw>d1 & ?us =ces out ! burnt gases ?r\gh ! exhau/ op5+ ,g1 & f !re to ! sil5c]4 ,imm$iately ! pi/on beg9s its next d[nw>d /roke1 ! inlet valve op5s1 fre% air is drawn 91 & ! cycle ( op]ations is repeat$ z be=e4 ,! illu/rations %[ a magneto ge> driv5 by ! eng9e4 ,^! eng9es :5 prop]ly arrang$ are made to d s]vice z m>9e motors1 & are !n in/all$ ei!r horizontally or v]tically4 ,a v]tical eng9e has be5 %[n on previ\s pages1 b p]haps a little fur!r explanation may n be amiss4 ,eng9es = boats are made ) "o cyl9d] or ) m1 & !re are _m consid]ations :i* make an eng9e ( two or m cyl9d]s p>ticul>ly desirable4 ,x is a self-evid5t fact t :5 ! limit ( size ( a s+le-cyl9d] is rea*$1 x is necess>y to add o!r cyl9d]s if great] p[] is desir$4 ,ev5 = mod]ate or small p[]s1 !re are _m advantages4 ,among ^! may be not$ ! fact t ) ! prop] arrangem5t ( cyl9d]s ! impulses may be made to occur at %ort] int]vals ?an ) a s+le-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,?us ) a two-cyl9d] eng9e1 ! cyl9d] may be s arrang$ t ! impulses w occur twice = e revolution in/ead ( once1 z 9 a s+le-cyl9d]4 ,?is gives a m ev5 turn+ effect to ! %aft1 & consequ5tly /eadi] runn+1 & x also requires a less heavy fly-:eel4 ,! vibration is mu* less1 z "o set ( work+ p>ts may be made to travel upw>d :ile ! o!r is travell+ d[nw>d1 ?us neutraliz+ ! ?r[ ( ea* & less5+ ! vibration4 ,9 case ( ! disablem5t ( "o cyl9d]1 !re is ! *ance ( gett+ home on ! rema9+ ones4 ,! weight1 p[] = p[]1 ( ! multiple-cyl9d] eng9e is less ?an t ( ! s+le-cyl9d] eng9e1 z ! weight ( ! fly-:eel & o!r work+ p>ts is less4 ,:ile = m>9e "w1 s+le-cyl9d] eng9es h be5 built z l>ge z eight or t5 horse-p[]1 !y are s l>ge z to be r cumb]some & ! practice n[ is to build eng9es ( m ?an six horse-p[] ) two or m cyl9d]s4 ,!re are sev]al firms :o are mak+ d\ble-cyl9d] eng9es z small z f\r horse-p[]1 :i* bo? z to weight & reliability are mu* sup]ior to ^? ( a s+le-cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,two-cyl9d] eng9e ,! orig9al me?od ( con/ruct+ a multiple eng9e1 & "o :i* is /ill us$ by "s build]s1 is simply to use two or m s+le-cyl9d] eng9es c\pl$ toge!r4 ,?is is a cumb]some me?od & takes up a great am\nt ( space4 ,! simple/ me?od :i* c be recomm5d$ is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,x consi/s ( two s+le-cyl9d]s m\nt$ on a common base ( special design1 br++ ! cyl9d]s mu* ne>] toge!r ?an :5 a c\pl+ is fitt$ to connect two sep>ate eng9es--z ! %aft c be made 9 "o piece4 ,?is p>ticul> eng9e is ( ! two port type1 two vaporiz]s ,v-,v be+ us$4 ,! gasol5e ent]s at ,g & bran*es to ea* vaporiz]4 ,! pump is %[n at ,p ) ! dis*>ge at ,w1 pip$ ) a bran* to ea* cyl9d]4 ,! cool+ wat] outlet is at ,o4 ,! exhau/s are connect$ to a common pipe ) ! outlet at ,e4 ,! ignit+ ge> = ea* cyl9d] is indep5d5t & on opposite ends4 ,by means ( ! lev] ,l1 :i* is connect$ to bo? ignit+ ge>s1 ! "t ( ignition is regulat$ & kept ! same on bo? cyl9d]s4 ,?is all[s multiple-cyl9d] eng9es to be built ) v few extra p>ts1 z ! cyl9d]s1 ignition ge>1 etc41 are ! same z 9 ! s+le-cyl9d] eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,s+le-cyl9d] eng9e ,a view ( a repres5tative s+le-cyl9d] eng9e is %[n at ,fig4 #bbe4 ,! cam %aft is locat$ at a & is driv5 by ! ge>s :i* are %[n j 9 ! re> ( ! fly-:eel4 ,at c are ! cam & ! roll]1 :i* actuates ! exhau/ valve4 ,! cam consi/s ( a coll> ) a flat projection or toe ^u its surface2 ! roll] re/s j above ! surface ( ! coll>1 & is =c$ upw>d :5 /ruck by ! projection4 ,! roll] is ins]t$ to less5 ! friction by roll+ in/ead ( rubb+4 ,! valve /em ext5ds upw>d into ! valve *amb]1 & is encircl$ by ! coil$ spr+ e2 ! /em is guid$ by ! guide at g4 ,! exhau/ is at ,e2 ,i is ! pipe lead+ f ! vaporiz] ,v to ! inlet port 9 ! valve *e/4 ,! inlet valve is directly bel[ ! spr+ ,s & is inv]t$1 be+ held 9 place by ! spr+4 ,! dome-%ap$ cap conta9+ ! inlet valve is removable = access to bo? valves4 ,! complete cov] is also removable4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is eng9e has an op5 frame v simil> to t ( a /eam eng9e1 giv+ free access to ! crank-p9 & ma9 be>+s2 ! latt] are %[n fitt$ ) oil boxes b in/ead ( ! grease cups1 z !re is no pressure t5d+ to =ce ! oil out along ! %aft z 9 ! two-cycle type4 ,?is op5 base n only makes ! be>+s m accessible1 b r5d]s x easi] to lubricate !m & keep !m cool4 ,at ,h is ! ignition ge>4 ,p is ! cool+ wat] pump1 run by ! ecc5tric e4 ,! suction is pip$ to d & ! pump dis*>ges ?r\gh ! pipe k into ! cyl9d]4 ,! outlet = ! cool+ wat] is at ,o2 ,n is ! cyl9d] oil cup = oil+ ! bore ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! compression cock ,r is = reliev+ ! compression at />t+4 ,! c\pl+ at ,x is = atta*+ ! propell] %aft4 ,9 ?is eng9e1 ! cyl9d]1 base & bolt+ flange are "o ca/+1 ! upp] half ( ! ma9 be>+ be+ removable = ! ins]tion ( ! %aft4 ,! cov] is bolt$ on sep>ately4 ,,automobile ,,frames ,! *assis = ! s+le-cyl9d]1 eight horse-p[] motor ma*9e %[n h]e) is built on ! pr9ciple ( mo/ frames1 ( any make & is typical ( ! majority ( light motor c> *assis at pres5t 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,eight horse-p[] s+le cyl9d] *assis ,a diagrammatic plan ( ! eight horse-p[]1 s+le-cyl9d] *assis is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #bbf7 9 :i*1 ,a indicates p>ts enclos$1 tak+ ! mixture ( gasol5e & air f ! float-fe$ spray c>buretor ,b1 :i* has an automatic air regulator4 ,! purpose ( ?is la/ device is to dilute ! mixture :5 ! eng9e has a light load & is incl9$ to race2 g5]ally speak+1 ?is regulator s]ves to proportion ! +r$i5ts ( ! explosive mixture to ! requirem5ts ( ! eng9e4 ,curr5t ,o = ! ignition ( ! explosive mixture 7ignition occurs once = e two revolutions ( ! fly-:eel71 is suppli$ by an accumulator & int5sifi$ by a high-t5sion coil4 ,! products ( combu/ion pass ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe ,c to ! muffl] ,d1 f :i* !y pass to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh a s]ies ( f9e holes4 ,! />t+ h&le ,e makes a simple connection ) ! end ( ! motor %aft ,f :5 requir$4 ,g is ! fly-:eel4 ,! drive f ! eng9e is ?r\gh a univ]sal jo9t ,h to ! *ange-spe$ ge> ,j1 ! latt] consi/+ ( two tra9s ( too!d :eels1 a big :eel on ! prim>y %aft ge>+ ) a small "o on ! second>y %aft to give a high spe$1 & vice v]sa4 ,f ! *ange-spe$ ge>1 ! drive is ?r\gh a %aft ,k1 hav+ a univ]sal jo9t ,l at ea* end1 to ! bevel ge>+ above ! diff]5tial ge> ( ! live re> axle4 ,bevel ge>s & ! diff]5tial ge> are all conta9$ 9 ! cas+s ,m4 ,?ree brakes are fitt$1 "o op]at$ by p$al1 work+ on a drum ,n secur$ to ! propell] %aft1 ! o!rs op]at$ by ! side lev] & work+ on drums ,o ,o1 secur$ to ! re> :eels4 ,! *ange-spe$ ge> gives ?ree spe$s =w>d & a rev]se2 ! frame is ( press$ /eel2 ! rod & :eels are ( ! artill]y type & c>ry #gjj mm4 by #he mm4 pneumatic tires4 ,! gasol5e tank holds #d-a_/b gallons1 suffici5t = #bjj miles1 & ! lubricat+ oil tank holds #a gallon1 suffici5t = #cej miles4 ,any beg9n] 9 motor+ matt]s1 :o /udies ! diagram1 w obta9 a fair idea ( ! me*anism ( ! cu/om>y type ( light c> *assis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,plan ( *assis ( light rac+ c>--two-cyl9d] motor ,a *assis1 suitable = a #g-a_/b horse-p[] quick-spe$1 two-cyl9d] motor1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] fully into ! details ( con/ruction aft] describ+ su* a typical ge>-driv5 c> z t at ,fig4 #bbf4 ,! frame ,a is ( tubul> /eel1 !re are f\r semi-elliptic spr+s1 & ! artill]y :eels h #bh-;in* by #c-;in* tires4 ,! two-cyl9d] eng9e ,b is "o ca/+1 ) a l>ge wat]way cov]$ by an inspection plate ,c4 ,! bore is #c4e in*es1 /roke #d-;in*es1 cyl9d] capacity #gf4i cubic in*es1 & ! pi/on displacem5t is #ib4cjj cubic in*es p] m9ute4 ,a gov]nor automatically ?rottles ! inlet :5 ! motor attempts to race1 b by means ( a lev] ! gov]nor c be cut out & ! motor accel]at$ f its normal spe$ ( #a1bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! balanc$ crank has b a s+le ?r[2 ! wat] circulation is assur$ by a motor-driv5 pump1 & !re is a belt-driv5 fan beh9d ! radiator4 ,! commutator is easily accessible1 be+ m\nt$ on a bevel %aft ly+ 9 a slop+ position & pass+ ?r\gh ! side ( ! crank *amb]4 ,ignition is high t5sion ) wide contact1 ! wir+ be+ enclos$ 9 a neat wood5 cas+4 ,! *ange-spe$ ge> ,d gives ?ree spe$s & a rev]se1 & its ma9 be>+s are fitt$ ) r+ lubricators4 ,a pressure sight fe$ lubricator on ! da%-bo>d has ?ree outlets1 "o to ! eng9e1 ano!r to ! ma9 clut*1 & a ?ird to ! driv+ p9ion on ! end ( ! propell] %aft4 ,! brakes are ( ! usual k9d4 ,9 ,fig4 #bbg1 ,e is ! c>buretor1 ,f ! inlet & ,g ! exhau/ pipes1 ,h ! exhau/ muffl]1 ,j ! brake p$al1 ,k ! clut* p$al1 ,l ! b&-brake on ! propell] %aft1 & ,m ! int]nal exp&+ brakes on ! :eel hubs4 ,a %ield is arrang$ "u ! front ( ! c> to protect ! me*anism f mud & du/4 ,! weight ( ! c> unlad5 is ab\t #a1dad p\nds1 ! :eel base is #gc-a_/b in*es1 ! track #df in*es1 & ! ov]-all dim5sions are #aaa in*es by #fj in*es4 ,dur+ a #fjj-mile trial ?is eng9e consum$ #cf gallons1 #f p9ts ( gasol5e1 ?is be+ at ! rate ( #a gallon = e #af4i c> miles2 4#jgg gallon 0 consum$ e t5 miles4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,type-,,writ] ,e home ( importance conta9s a writ+ ma*9e ( "s k9d1 & ^! (t5 require "s little adju/m5t or fix+4 ,x is )9 ! capacity ( any bright boy to make ^! adju/m5ts1 or to d ! little fix+s1 if he tries x e>ne/ly4 ,! fir/ m>ketable type-writ] 0 introduc$ 9 ! ye> #ahge4 ,no soon] _h ! type-writ] acquir$ a comm]cial value1 ?an ! fire ( inv5tive tal5t 0 awak5$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 & type-writ] aft] type-writ] appe>$ on ! m>ket--a few came to /ay1 b ! _m disappe>$1 ei!r dur+ ! *rysalis or exp]im5tal /age1 or %ortly aft] x _h be5 pass$4 ,inv5tors & inve/ors h le>n$ t ha/y innovations & untri$ exp]im5ts spell failure 9 ! type-writ] field1 & only pati5t & c>eful /udy1 back$ by exp]i5ce1 tireless ef=t1 & abundant res\rce1 h a *ance ( success4 ,by ! ye> #ahhh1 !re 7 six diff]5t k9ds ( ma*9es 9 ! m>ket1 to-day !re are at lea/ tw5ty1 b ! fav\rites seem to be1 ,! ,rem+ton1 ,smi? ,premi]1 ,! ,und]wood & ,! ,oliv]4 ,mod]n type-writ]s may be def9$ z be+ tabulat+1 book record+1 c>d index+1 & docum5t writ+ ma*9es4 ,!y are spe$i] & produce f9] & m v>i$ "w ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! type-writ] p]=ms its "w is ( ! simple/4 ,! type-writ] may be consid]$ z compos$ ( ?ree g5]al p>ts1 z foll[s3 ,! keybo>d1 by :i* ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e is direct$4 ,! type me*anism1 by :i* ! desir$ lett]s are1 "o aft] ! o!r1 9 any desir$ sequ5ce1 impr9t$ on ! pap]4 ,! c>riage1 :i* holds ! pap] 9 prop] position = writ+1 & :i*1 by its regul> movem5ts1 provides = ! spac+ ( lett]s & l9es4 ,! ,rem+ton may be consid]$ ! pione] ( writ+ ma*9es4 ,9 appe>ance ! ,rem+ton ,no4 #e 7introduc$ 9 #ahhh7 is squ>e1 & /rikes a novice z be+ some:at complicat$4 ,x is only ! multiplicity ( p>ts1 h[ev]1 :i* creates ?is impression4 ,! ma*9e is n complex1 ! same p>ts be+ repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! action is simplicity itself4 ,! ma*9e is q op5 on e side1 s t its entire con/ruction c easily be se54 ,!re is a japann$ iron frame enclos+ & hold+ ! work+ p>ts1 consi/+ ( a base1 f\r upright po/s1 & a top plate4 ,9 front is a s]ies ( keys arrang$ 9 f\r banks1 l ! keys ( an organ1 ea* key repres5t+ ! two *>act]s1 t]m$ upp] & l[] case lett]s4 ,^! are connect$ ) long light wood5 lev]s1 :i*1 be+ depress$1 communicate motion by means ( a rod fa/5$ to ! lev] ( a type b>4 ,at ! end ( ea* type b> is fix$ ! h>d metal type repres5t+ ! two *>act]s4 ,! type b>s are arrang$ 9 a circle1 !re=e ! po9t ( p]cussion ( ! type on ! pap] is at a common c5tre4 ,! ink+ is done by a ribbon1 :i* travels automatically across ! ma*9e1 w9d+ & rew9d+ on & f spools4 ,! pap] is ins]t$ betwe5 two roll]s2 "o ( rubb]1 call$ ! pap] cyl9d]1 & ! o!r ( wood1 call$ ! fe$ roll4 ,! roll]s are held toge!r by two ela/ic india-rubb] b&s4 ,z "o revolves s does ! o!r4 ,! portion :i* holds ^! roll]s is designat$ ! c>riage4 ,by a clev]1 yet simple piece ( me*anism1 ?is c>riage is caus$ to travel1 simultane\sly ) ! return ( ! type or spac+ b>1 f "r to left1 ! wid? ( a lett] at ea* movem5t across ! ma*9e4 ,! c>riage works on a slid+ frame1 & ?is slid+ me*anism is controll$ by two keys1 :i* d n impress lett]s on ! pap]4 ,^! *ange ! "* ( ! pr9t+ keys1 caus+ !m to pr9t capitals or small lett]s1 num]als or o!r m>ks at w4 ,depress ! key m>k$ upp] case & all ! keys w pr9t capitals2 remove ! f+] & !y all pr9t small lett]s aga94 ,moreov]1 ! ma*9e c be arrang$ to pr9t capitals cont9u\sly by ! m]e rais+ ( a lev]1 & q indep5d5tly ( ! upp] case %ift key4 ,to obta9 an impression1 ! requir$ key is /ruck lightly1 & ! type b> causes ! type to /rike aga9/ ! ribbon1 ?us leav+ an impr9t on ! pap] held r\nd ! cyl9d]2 ! c>riage moves automatically ! wid? ( ! lett]1 & ! op]ation is repeat$ until a ^w is complet$4 ,!n ! spac+ b> at ! front ( ! ma*9e is depress$ at any po9t1 !reby secur+ ! requisite space betwe5 ! words4 ,:5 ! end ( a l9e is rea*$1 w>n+ is giv5 by ! r++ ( a bell1 & !n1 by pull+ out ! lev] at ! "r-h& side ( ! c>riage & g5tly press+ to ! "r1 ! pap] c>riage is advanc$ into position to receive ! next l9e4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es & ! wid? ( ! writ+ c be regulat$4 ,! pap] c>riage be+ h+$ at ! back all[s ( its be+ rais$ f ! front by ! h&1 s t ! l9e t has j be5 writt5 c be inspect$4 ,! motive p[] is imp>t$ by an adju/able coil$ spr+1 a ?9 lea!r /rap be+ fa/5$ to x & ! c>riage1 & ! uni=m space is gov]n$ by two clut*es work+ on a rack4 ,?is rack is fix$ on a rock+ %aft1 & d]ives a sw++ motion f a univ]sal b> fix$ b5ea? ! light wood5 key lev]s4 ,a small lev] atta*$ to ! left ( ! c>riage holds its movem5ts "u ! control ( ! op]ator4 ,two scales are fix$ on ! ma*9e1 & ^! 9 conjunction ) ! po9t]1 p]mit ( head-l9es be+ c5tr$1 corrections made1 etc4 ,9 "s ma*9es1 a special key & its accompany+ me*anism is provid$ = ea* "* or sign us$--su* are t]m$ complete keybo>d ma*9es4 ,9 o!rs1 ea* key is made to repres5t ! lett]s or signs--su* are designat$ s+le-%ift ma*9es4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h two %ift-keys1 & ea* key repres5ts n only a l[] case 7small7 & an upp] case 7capital7 lett]1 b a figure or o!r sign z well--su* are kn[n z d\ble-%ift ma*9es4 ,! two classes ( mod]n type-writ]s may be arrang$ into ?ree gr\ps1 namely3 ,bl9d writ]s1 9 :i* ! writ+ rema9s hidd5 until expos$ by manipulative ef=t ( ! op]ator4 ,semi-visible writ]s1 :i* %[ only ! la/ l9es1 or only expose ! c5tre ( ! pap]1 hid+ ! writ+ at bo? ends ( ! l9e4 ,visible writ]s1 :i* expose a "* directly 9 front ( ! op]ator ! in/ant x is impr9t$2 ! "* subsequ5tly does n pass out ( sight1 by fe$+ beh9d a scale or b>1 or o!r ob/ruction4 ,?is classification & gr\p+ is = conv5i5ce only1 & is 9 no way int5d$ to d5ote sup]iority4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,rem+ton type-writ] ,no4 #g ,) reg>d to ! ,rem+ton1 _m *anges ( ! details ( con/ruction1 t5d+ t[>d /r5g?1 durability1 & a great] ease & conv5i5ce ( op]ations1 h be5 introduc$ into ! ma*9e1 :i* h surviv$ ! sev]e te/ ( "t4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ,rem+ton ,no4#g 7see ,fig4 #bbh74 ,! mo/ important ( ^! valuable improvem5ts are3 ,an entirely new =m ( escapem5t1 giv+ increas$ spe$ & an easy t\*4 ,! c>riage is /rong] & light]1 & /eadi] 9 all respects4 ,! annoy+ rubb] b&s1 :i* guide ! pap] ar\nd ! plat5 h be5 disc>d$ = a new =m ( pap] guide1 :i* may be adju/$ to any desir$ po9t4 ,! pap] fe$ has be5 s arrang$ z to r5d] x possible to write on wide or n>r[ pap]1 & ?is c be f$ into ! ma*9e by a simple movem5t ( ! h& )\t lift+ ! c>riage1 & c be turn$ =w>d or backw>d at w4 ,! ribbon movem5t is improv$ & works entirely automatically1 rev]s+ & giv+ a lat]al movem5t4 ,! m>g9al /ops also are improv$1 & simple means provid$ = writ+ outside ! m>g9 :5ev] desir$4 ,!re is a keybo>d lock1 lock+ ! types at ! end ( ! l9e1 & ?us prev5t+ "o lett] be+ pr9t$ ov] ano!r4 ,a new v>iable l9e spac] is embodi$1 :i* makes x easi] to write at any po9t on ! pap]1 & prolongs ! life ( ! plat5 = ! reason t ! type no long] /rikes 9 un*ang+ grooves4 ,an adju/able side guide = arrang+ ! pap] to any desir$ m>g9al ind5tation is a rec5t addition4 ,a new two col\r ribbon lev] be>+ a disc1 :i* signals ! color :i* ! ma*9e is adju/$ to write is ano!r rec5t addition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,smi? ,premi] ,no4 #d ,! ,smi?-,premi] type 7,fig4 #bbi7 has six models 9 ! m>ket & all ne>ly alike 9 _! me*anism1 diff]+ only 9 ! c>riage arrangem5ts1 or ! numb] ( ! *>act]s4 ,! ma*9e is p>ticul>ly simple 9 con/ruction1 & claims1 by means ( a v long & /rong adju/able be>+1 to h secur$ a p]fect & p]man5t alignm5t4 ,! type b>s "w on h>d5$ /eel be>+s1 #a-e_/h in*es ap>t1 & ! type b>s are ! %orte/ ( any on a complete keybo>d ma*9e4 ,b ! orig9al & exclusive feature ( ! ma*9e is ! rock+ %aft1 :i* replaces ! usual wood5 or metal key lev]4 ,?is consi/s ( a circul> rod1 pass+ f ! front to ! re> ( ! ma*9e--"o rod = ea* key4 ,project+ f ea* %aft is a small b>1 :i* is atta*$ at ! front end to ! l[] portion ( ! key /em4 ,a simil> projection is atta*$ to ! rod communicat+ ) ! type b>1 & ! result is t on ! depression ( ! key ! rock+ %aft is made to revolve slightly1 & s raise ! free end ( ! type b> to ! pr9t+ po9t4 ,! type b> hang]s are solidly rivet$ to ! type r+4 ,x w be se5 t matt]s are s arrang$ t ! am\nt ( =ce to impr9t ! "* is precisely ! same 9 e case--a uni=m1 light & ela/ic t\*4 ,a v noticeable feature is its quietness 9 op]ation1 due to ! rigidity ( its p>ts1 & ! fact t ! ball-be>+ pr9ciple is adopt$ :]ev] x c be us$ to advantage4 ,x is also equipp$ ) a circul> bru%1 built into ! ma*9e1 into :i* a h&le c be imm$iately ins]t$1 :51 ) a turn or two1 ! :ole ( ! type c be clean$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ rec5t developm5t is ! adoption ( a ?ree-col\r$ ribbon device4 ,a simple movem5t ( ! lev] 9 front ( ! ma*9e br+s ! requir$ col\r into place ready = use4 ,a two-col\r or s+le col\r ribbon may be employ$4 ,if desir$ ! ribbon c be in/antly %ift$ f ! pr9t+ po9t = duplicat+ purposes4 ,! ribbon rev]ses automatically1 & x is atta*$ to ! spools ) clamps--"o on ea* spool1 disp5s+ entirely ) p9s & tapes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,! ,oliv] ,no4 #c ,! ,oliv]1 ,fig4 #bcj1 diff]s 9 me*anical pr9ciple f o!r ma*9es4 ,x has a wide ,u-%ap$ /eel type b>1 provid$ ) a tool-/eel axle z broad z ! b> is long1 & brac$ jo9ts insur+ ! alignm5t )\t guides4 ,! connection betwe5 ! type b>s & ! key lev]s is direct & p]p5dicul>4 ,! type b>s /rike d[n on ! plat5 9 a l9e p]p5dicul> to its plane1 ?us transmitt+ ! maximum p[] ) ! m9imum resi/ance1 & fur!r1 ma9ta9+ ! alignm5t ) sev]al %eets z ) "o4 ,! type are ( /eel1 & lie face upw>d--v conv5i5t = clean+4 ,! keybo>d is ! ,univ]sal1 hav+ tw5ty-eight keys ) a d\ble %ift1 giv+ eighty-f\r *>act]s & ! special model ?irty-two keys1 giv+ n9ety-six *>act]s4 ,! t5sion & depression ( ! keys are light & uni=m4 ,x may also be not$ t ! type blocks decrease 9 weight ) ! increase ( l5g? ( type b>--necess>y to secure a uni=m /roke4 ,! escapem5t me*anism is exce$+ly simple & positive1 & al?\gh v rapid is almo/ frictionless4 ,! writ+ is semi-visible4 ,! c>riage is provid$ ) ?ree pap]-fe$ rolls1 ?us ensur+ a p]fect fe$ ( ! pap] d[n to ! bottom edge ( ! %eet4 ,x runs on anti-friction travell]s on guide rails1 ensur+ an easy & /eady motion4 ,x is equipp$ ) all ! necess>y devices4 ,! l9e space me*anism op]ates automatically z ! c>riage is return$ f ! left to ! "r = a new l9e4 ,! ma*9e is compact & portable--weight ab\t tw5ty p\nds4 ,! p>ts ( any ( ! ma*9es n[ 9 ! m>ket1 may readily be disconnect$1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 by ! novice 9 lay+ aside ! p>ts s t !y may be easily & correctly assembl$4 ,repairs on ! v>i\s p>ts may be made :ile out1 & :5 made may be plac$ 9 situ4 ,any or all ( ! p>ts may be clean$ :5 ! c>riage is tak5 (f4 ,a little /udy ( ! ma*9e :5 sitt+ be=e a p]son1 w enable him to und]/& its me*anism1 & :5 ?is is accompli%$1 clean+ & repair+ c be done intellig5tly4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! times is to employ ! type-writ] :5ev] possible4 ,special devices are f "t to "t inv5t$ to meet ext5d$ uses4 ,! mo/ important ( rec5t applications is to (fice "w = bill+ & book-keep+2 ?is "w alone has necessitat$ important modifications4 ,9 ?is direction1 ! tabulator calls = review4 ,! lack ( a practical me?od enabl+ tabul> matt] to be typ$ ) a rapidity equal to t ( ! ord9>y typ+ has long be5 felt to be a defici5cy 9 type-writ]s4 ,! inv5tion ( ! tabulator has enorm\sly increas$ ! scope ( ! ma*9e 9 ?is direction4 ,! tabulator is a device by means ( :i*1 figures or words c be writt5 9 columns1 ) out employm5t ( ! space b> or c>riage release lev]1 or any adju/m5t :atev] ( ! c>riage by h&4 ,by its use1 ! c>riage may be set automatically at any po9t t may be requir$4 ,at pres5t ?is device is an accessory to mo/ ma*9es1 b 9 ! ne> future1 x mu/ =m an integral "p ( all ma*9es1 & fur!r1 enable ! c>riage to be automatically plac$ 9 a prop] position to write numb]s 9 correct relation to ea* o!r 9 columns2 t is1 units "u units1 t5s "u t5s1 & s on4 ,! built-9 tabulators ( to-day1 ) b two exceptions1 are defici5t 9 ?is respect4 ,! tabulator 9 ei!r =m does n int]f]e ) ! use ( ! ma*9e = o!r "w1 su* z correspond5ce1 etc4 ,! tabulator 0 foll[$ by ! introduction ( a bi-*rome 7two-col\r$ ribbon71 & q rec5tly ! ,smi? ,premi] ,typewrit] ,company has advanc$ /ill fur!r 9 ?is direction by introduc+ a tri-*rome 7?ree-col\r7 ribbon4 ,by a simple movem5t x is possible to v>y ! col\r ( ! impression in/antane\sly1 s t cr$its1 m>g9al notes1 footnotes1 & und]scor+ may be indicat$ 9 r$ or o!r col\r pref]r$4 ,"o-col\r ribbons c be us$ if desir$4 ,! ma*9e embody+ ! p>ti-col\r$ ribbons & tabulator devices are g5]ally kn[n z invoic+ ma*9es1 & by simple arrangem5ts1 e phase--n only ( correspond5ce1 b also ( (fice & /ati/ical "w--c be accompli%$1 ) an enorm\s sav+ ( "t4 ,items c be made on %eets1 :i* may be tak5 f ! ma*9e ) absolute c]ta9ty t :5 re-ins]t$1 ! subsequ5t entries w fall into _! prop] places4 ,c>d ,index+4--,= great] conv5i5ce 9 c>d index+1 special plat5s are obta9able1 or ! ord9>y plat5s c be tempor>ily fitt$ ) a metal clip4 ,bo? c be fitt$ to or remov$ f ! ma*9e 9 a few seconds1 & ! c>ds c be adju/$ 9 an in/ant4 ,! increas+ use ( ! c>d file sy/em = a wide v>iety ( purposes l5ds special importance to ! value ( ! type-writ] = ?is class ( "w4 ,int]*angeable ,c>riages4--,= ye>s ! ?\s& & "o wide =ms1 /atem5ts1 & blanks common 9 e bus9ess (fice1 h be5 fill$ by ! p51 ! reason be+ t !re 0 no ma*9e practicable = bo? wide & ord9>y "w4 ,! manufactur]s ( mo/ ( ! mod]n type-writ]s n[ h models embody+ int]*angeable c>riages1 :i* enable any "o possess+ a ma*9e ) ?is improvem5t to h at ! same "t a set ( c>riages f ! l>ge/ to ! smalle/1 all ( :i* c be us$ ^u "o ma*9e4 ,9 "o or two makes ?is is additional to int]*angeable plat5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,int]*angeable c>riage ,duplicators4--,! value ( a me*anical contrivance = ! rapid & effective multiplication ( copies ( docum5ts is fully recogniz$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,duplicat+ ma*9es h be5 on ! m>ket = sev]al ye>s4 ,!y w produce f "o typescript orig9al up to #c1jjj copies1 ( any size1 f a po/ c>d to a %eet ( brief1 e copy hav+ ! exact appe>ance ( an orig9al4 ,:ile !re are v>i\s makes & /yles ( duplicators1 ! ma9 pr9ciple is ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,! orig9al is prep>$ by ! n[ well-kn[n /5cil process2 t is1 writ+ ! matt] requir$ ) a type-writ] on a %eet ( wax$ pap]4 ,! pressure ( ! type expels ! wax out ( ! pap] & leaves op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! ink c p5etrate4 ,9 ! ,roneo rot>y duplicator1 a metal frame supports a cyl9d] ( ?91 p]=at$ /eel4 ,on ! out] surface ( ! cyl9d] is /ret*$ a l95 ink-pad1 & ov] ?is is plac$ ! /5cil4 ,! pad is ink$ by a rubb] roll] re/+ 9 an ink receptacle susp5d$ betwe5 ! two sides ( ! framework4 ,by means ( a simple lev] ?is roll] c be br\ght into contact ) ! cyl9d]1 & ink is ?us suppli$ z requir$4 ,! cyl9d] is rotat$ by a h&le4 ,pap] f$ into ! ma*9e is gripp$ by a rubb] impression roll]1 :i* presses x aga9/ ! /5cil z ! cyl9d] revolves1 & ! %eet p]fectly pr9t$1 is !n automatically dis*>g$ on ! o!r side4 ,! rot>y c be fitt$ ) ?ree devices1 namely a fe$]1 a simple contrivance1 :i* automatically fe$s ! %eet into ! ma*9e1 r$uc+ h& lab\r to a m9imum2 an int]lev]1 :i* automatically drops an int]leav+ %eet z ea* copy is pr9t$--?us p]mitt+ ( ! use ( highly glaz$ or v h>d pap]2 a cyclomet] = regi/]+ ! numb] ( copies4 ,! rot>y sy/em is f> sup]ior to ! h& duplicators 9 ! matt] ( spe$2 su* a ma*9e w pr9t t5 copies :ile ! h& device pr9ts "o4 ,!re is no lo/ motion1 a copy be+ pr9t$ & dis*>g$ at e revolution4 ,press ,copy+4--,at ! pres5t "t1 !re are f\r me?ods ( lett] copy+ 9 vogue1 namely3 7#a7 ,! lett]-book me?od1 damp+ %eets & screw press4 7#b7 ,roll] process1 wat] ba? & dry+ drum4 7#c7 ,c>bon pap]4 7#d7 ,! *emical lett] copi]4 ,! roll] copies employ a wat] ba?1 & give b little if any improvem5t 9 ! regulation ( ! degree ( moi/ure4 ,! copies are w\nd on a dry+ drum to prev5t (f-sett+1 & subsequ5tly h to be cut ap>t = fil+ purposes4 ,! c>bon process enables ! answ]s to be fil$ ) ! orig9al lett]4 ,! mod]n *emical lett] copi] (f]s di/9ct advantages ov] o!r me?ods4 ,x consi/s ( a simple ma*9e design$ to c>ry a roll ( specially prep>$ pap]4 ,! lett] to be copi$ is laid on ! fe$ bo>d1 ! h&le is turn$1 ! %eet is f$ automatically into ! ma*9e4 ,x w be notic$ t a wat] ba? & bru% or damp+ %eets1 are completely disp5s$ )2 !re is no (f-%eet+ & no dry+ drum4 ,! copy may be ei!r fil$ ) ! lett] to :i* x relates1 or plac$1 day by day1 9 a cov] hav+ ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y lett]-book2 or two copies c be made ( ea* lett]--"o = fil+ & ! o!r = ! book4 7#a74 ,a type-writ] %\ld be durable4 ,e "p %\ld be simple & /rong & adapt$ to s]ve its purpose ) ! smalle/ degree ( we>4 ,e me*anical movem5t mu/ be def9ite1 & incapable ( incomplete p]=mance4 ,all we>+ p>ts %\ld be adju/able & int]*angeable4 7#b74 ,x %\ld possess absolutely visible writ+4 ,! common-s5se way to write easily & spe$ily is to see :at y are writ+ :ile y are writ+ x4 ,! writ+ %\ld be p]=m$ 9 su* a "p ( ! ma*9e z to be mo/ readily se5 dur+ progress4 7#c74 ,! keybo>d--on type b> ma*9es 9 p>ticul>--%\ld be t kn[n z ! ,univ]sal1 or ,/&>d arrangem5t4 ,! keys on any /yle ( keybo>d %\ld h a light & uni=m depression1 s t ! ma*9e may be op]at$ ) ! m9imum ( fatigue4 7#d74 ,! types %\ld pres5t an ev5 & regul> appe>ance1 t]m$ alignm5t4 ,a type b> made ( suitable mat]ial 9 ! "r way is ! key/one ( typewrit] con/ruction4 ,9 all ma*9]y1 !re is "s "p on :i* falls ! greate/ /ra9 & we>2 consequ5tly on ! durability ( t "p re/s ! life ( ! ma*9e4 ,! devices us$ to secure alignm5t are num]\s & +5i\s4 ,"o ma*9e dep5ds on a wide pivot$ be>+ & a rigid type b>2 ano!r has a be>+ compos$ ( a cont9u\s /eel rod1 ) a type b> flexible :ile 9 motion1 & made rigid at ! pr9t+ po9t by means ( guides2 a ?ird employs a wide pivotal be>+1 a flexible type b> & an indisp5sable guide plate at ! pr9t+ po9t2 a f\r? employs a comp\nd type b> & an indisp5sable guide at ! pr9t+ c5tre1 & s on4 ,"s h wide & adju/able be>+s1 to enable ! we> to be tak5 up4 ,^! devices1 h[ev]1 are n ! only ess5tials4 ,! type b> hang]s 9 ma*9es embody+ ! pivotal pr9ciple ne$ to be rigid & solidly fix$1 :ile ! pap] c>riage %\ld be p]fectly rigid & pres5t a level & ev5 plat5 surface = ! type to /rike aga9/4 7#e74 ,! type %\ld be capable ( be+ easily & quickly clean$1 & 9 su* a way z n to injure ! type or soil ! h&s4 ,a device %\ld be embodi$ = r5d]+ x impossible to batt] ! face ( ! type :5 ! type b>s are accid5tally /ruck "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & = prev5t+ ! type p]=at+ or punctur+ ! plat54 7#f74 ,! me*anism controll+ ! movem5t ( ! c>riage %\ld act rapidly & uni=mly1 & its t5sion %\ld be adju/able4 ,! c>riage %\ld h a sure & regul> pap] fe$ & be capable ( accommodat+ any small] wid? ( pap]2 also ! m>g9 regulators & bell trip %\ld be easily & readily alt]$4 7#g74 ,! plat5 roll %\ld be in/antly int]*angeable1 !reby all[+ ( a s(t sub/ance plat5 be+ us$ = a s+le copy "w & a h>d "o = manifold+4 ,if ! h>d plat5 is ( r$uc$ diamet]1 m p]fect alignm5t is secur$ on ma*9es employ+ a complete circle ( rigid type b>s & a c5tral top c>riage4 7#h74 ,! l9e-spac+ me*anism %\ld be v>iable1 & effect$ by "o movem5t at all times2 t is1 ! same movem5t t accompli%es ! l9e fe$ %\ld be utiliz$ to return ! c>riage = a new l9e4 7#i74 ,! ribbon movem5t %\ld consi/ ( a reliable fe$+ me*anism1 & all[ ( ! fabric be+ quickly )drawn1 replac$1 or adju/$4 ,x %\ld br+ ! :ole surface 9 contact ) ! type1 & also automatically rev]se ! endwise travel4 7#aj74 ,! ma*9e %\ld be z noiseless 9 op]ation z possible4 ,ma*9es diff] v mu* 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! employm5t ( ! guides to =ce ! alignm5t introduces metallic contact1 & consequ5t friction & noise4 ,,copyrights ,directions = ,secur+ ,copyrights1 "u ! revis$ act ( ,congress1 :i* took effect ,augu/ #a1 #ahgd4 7#a74 ,a pr9t$ copy ( ! title ( ! book1 map1 *>t1 dramatic or musical composition1 engrav+1 cut1 pr9t1 photograph1 or a description ( ! pa9t+1 draw+1 *romo1 /atue1 /atu>y1 or model or design = a "w ( ! f9e arts1 = :i* copyright is desir$1 mu/ be s5t by mail or o!rwise1 prepaid1 address$3 ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,?is mu/ be done be=e publication ( ! book or o!r article4 ,no entry c be made ( a writt5 title4 7#b74 ,a fee ( fifty c5ts1 = record+ ! title ( ea* book or o!r article1 mu/ be enclos$ ) ! title z above1 & fifty c5ts 9 addition 7or "o doll> 9 all71 = ea* c]tificate ( copyright "u seal ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 :i* w be transmitt$ by e>ly mail4 7#c74 ,)9 t5 days aft] publication ( ea* book or o!r article1 two complete copies ( ! be/ edition issu$ mu/ be s5t1 to p]fect ! copyright1 ) ! address ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! po/age mu/ be prepaid1 or else ! publication enclos$ 9 p>cels cov]$ by pr9t$ ,p5alty ,labels1 furni%$ by ! ,libr>ian1 9 :i* case !y w come free by mail1 accord+ to rul+s ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,)\t ! deposit ( copies above requir$ ! copyright is void1 & a p5alty ( #be is incurr$4 ,no copy is requir$ to be deposit$ else:]e4 7#d74 ,no copyright is valid unless notice is giv5 by ins]t+ 9 e copy publi%$1 on ! title page or ! page foll[+1 if x be a book2 or if a map1 *>t1 musical composition1 pr9t1 cut1 engrav+1 photograph1 pa9t+1 draw+1 *romo1 /atue1 /atu>y1 or model or design int5d$ to be p]fect$ z a "w ( ! f9e arts1 by inscrib+ ^u "s portion !re(1 or on ! sub/ance on :i* ! same is m\nt$1 ! foll[+ words1 viz3 ,ent]$ accord+ to act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye>----by----1 9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton1 or1 at ! option ( ! p]son ent]+ ! copyright1 ! words3 ,copyright1 #ai--1 by----4 ,! law imposes a p5alty ( #ajj ^u any p]son1 :o has n obta9$ copyright1 :o %all ins]t ! notice ,ent]$ accord+ to act ( ,congress1 or ,copyright1 etc41 or words ( ! same import1 9 or ^u any book or o!r article4 7#e74 ,any au?or may res]ve ! "r to translate or to dramatize 8 own "w4 ,9 ?is case1 notice %\ld be giv5 by pr9t+ ! words ,"r ( translation res]v$1 or ,all rights res]v$1 bel[ ! notice ( copyright entry1 & notify+ ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress ( su* res]vation1 to be ent]$ ^u ! record4 7#f74 ,ea* copyright secures ! exclusive "r ( publi%+ ! book or article ent]$ = ! t]m ( tw5ty-eight ye>s4 ,)9 six mon?s be=e ! end ( t "t1 ! au?or or design]1 or 8 wid[ or *ildr51 may secure a r5ewal = ! fur!r t]m ( f\rte5 ye>s1 mak+ =ty-two ye>s 9 all4 ,application = r5ewal mu/ be accompani$ by explicit /atem5t ( own]%ip1 9 ! case ( ! au?or1 or ( relation%ip1 9 ! case ( heirs1 & mu/ /ate def9itely ! date & place ( entry ( ! orig9al copyright4 7#g74 ,! "t )9 :i* any "w ent]$ = copyright may be issu$ f ! press is n limit$ by any law or regulation1 b dep5ds ^u ! discretion ( ! proprietor4 ,a copyright may be secur$ = a project$ "w z well z = a complet$ "o4 7#h74 ,a copyright is assignable 9 law by any in/rum5t ( writ+1 b su* assignm5t mu/ be record$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress )9 sixty days f its date4 ,! fee = ?is record & c]tificate is "o doll>1 & = a c]tifi$ copy ( any record ( assignm5t "o doll>4 7#i74 ,a copy ( ! record 7or duplicate c]tificate7 ( any copyright entry w be furni%$1 "u seal1 at ! rate ( fifty c5ts ea*4 7#aj74 ,9 ! case ( books publi%$ 9 m ?an "o volume1 or ( p]iodicals publi%$ 9 numb]s1 or ( engrav+s1 photographs1 or o!r articles publi%$ ) v>iations1 a copyright is to be ent]$ = ea* volume or "p ( a book1 or numb] ( p]iodical1 or v>iety1 z to /yle1 title1 or inscription1 ( any o!r article4 7#aa74 ,to secure a copyright = a pa9t+1 /atue1 or model or design int5d$ to be p]fect$ z a "w ( f9e arts1 s z to prev5t infr+em5t by copy+1 engrav+1 or v5d+ su* design1 a def9ite description mu/ accompany ! application = copyright1 & a photograph ( ! same1 at lea/ z l>ge z cab9et size1 %\ld be mail$ to ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress )9 t5 days f ! completion ( ! "w or design4 7#ab74 ,copyrights _c be grant$ ^u ,trade-m>ks1 nor ^u ,labels int5d$ to be us$ ) any article ( manufacture4 ,if protection = su* pr9ts or labels is desir$1 application mu/ be made to ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 :]e !y are regi/]$ at a fee ( #f = labels & #be = trade-m>ks4 7#ac74 ,e applicant = a copyright mu/ /ate di/9ctly ! "n & resid5ce ( ! claimant1 & :e!r ! "r is claim$ z au?or1 design]1 or proprietor4 ,no affidavit or =mal application is requir$4 ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,libr>ian ,,( ,,congress4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes4 ,spell+ appe>s to be evolv+ betwe5 ,,u_/,,uk e4g4 bo? color & col\r1 vapor & vap\rs are se54 ,correct$ obvi\s typos3 guage - gauge dec5d+ - desc5d+ radical - radial artifical - artificial comtemplat$ - contemplat$ b>ometor - b>omet] p#dag4 namely ins]t$ 'a fe$]'1 a simple contrivance ,*apt] head+s 9 ,cont5ts d n always mat* *apt] head+s 9 text4 ,,ii4 ,build+ a ,boa?\se - ,,ii4 ,build+ ( a ,boat ,h\se4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation left z pr9t$3 ,bo? boat h\se & boat-h\se are us$ sev]al times4 ,bo? typewrit] & type-writ] are us$ sev]al times4 ,bo? ,:eel-b>r[ & :eelb>r[ are us$ sev]al times4 ,bo? ,,ev]yday & e-day are us$ sev]al times4 ,mov$ equations to s+le l9es to make !m cle>]4 ,"s ma?s errors 7 f\nd 9 ! text1 !y h be5 correct$ z foll[s3 p#abf4 f9d t x has tak5 five & "o-?ird times z long1 or #aj m9utes to d ?is "w4 #aj %\ld read #ajg4 p#ada4 ,! equation ,p#bpinu - ,wp #j or -- p#bpinu_/p %\ld read3 ,p#bpinu - ,wp #j or -- ,p#bpinu_/p p#bda4 ,! equation 7,,ab ,,cd7_/#b ,,ab #adj lb4 7#b - #c7_/b #h_/a #adi lb4 #b1hjjlb4 %\ld read 7,,ab ,,cd7_/#b ,,ac #adj lb4 7#b #c7_/b #h_/a #adj lb4 #b1hjj lb4 p#cec4 #a3gcc - #a4gcc p#ada4 & p#adb4 ,= cl>ity1 ! numb]+ ( ! equations has be5 *ang$ f a mixture ( ,n & 7,n7 to 7,n7 only1 & ! mix ( us+ ,n4 & ,n h be5 *ang$ s all numb]+ & ref]5ces to ! numb]+ h no 4 ,! ma?s 9 ?is sequ5ce ( equations has gone wrong some:]e probably due to a mi/yp$ w = ,w1 r' = r'' or a miss$ divisor4 ,correct$ incorrect figure ref]5ces3 p#big4 ,d#a - ,d1 ,e#a - ,e p#bih4 ,e#a - ,e p#bii4 ,g#a - ,g1 ,h#a - ,h1 ,g#a - ,g1 ,j#a - ,j p#dja4 ,fig4 #b %\ld be ,fig4 #bbg ,left z pr9t$3 ,inconsi/5t use ( italics betwe5 figures & text unless ne$$ to make description 9 text unambigu\s4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 measurem5ts e4g4 #g-a_/b-;94 & #c-a_/b 94