,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,,m5tal ,,philosophy3 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,intellect1 ,,s5sibilities1 ,,& ,,w4 by ,,joseph ,,hav51 ,d4 ,d41 ,l4 ,l4 ,d41 ,late ,pr(4 ( ,sy/ematic ,!ology 9 ! ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,*icago1 ,ill41 & ,late ,pr(4 ( ,intellectual & ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,amh]/ ,college4 ,improv$ ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,%eldon & ,company1 #h ,murray ,/reet4 #ahha 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,hav5's ,valuable ,s]ies ( ,s*ool & ,college ,text-,books4 ,,m5tal ,,philosophy #b4jj ,,moral ,,philosophy #a4ge ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,philosophy4 7,9 press74 99 99 99 99 99 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheg1 by ,g\ld & ,l9coln1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's (fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ,( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,preface ,if any apology 7 necess>y = add+ yet ano!r to ! num]\s works on ,m5tal ,philosophy :i* h rec5tly appe>$1 ! circum/ances t l$ to ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t volume may1 p]haps1 con/itute t apology4 ,:5 call$1 sev]al ye>s s9ce1 to ! *air ( ,m5tal & ,moral ,philosophy1 9 ?is ,in/itution1 ! text-books1 !n 9 use1 seem$ to me n well adapt$ to ! wants ( ,college /ud5ts4 ,nor 0 x easy to make a *ange = ! bett]4 ,( ! works 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 !n g5]ally 9 use 9 our ,colleges1 "s presum$ on a m ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! sci5ce ?an mo/ "y m5 at ?is /age ( education are likely to possess2 o!rs1 aga91 err+ on ! opposite extreme1 7 defici5t 9 ?or\gh & sci5tific treatm5t2 :ile mo/1 if n all1 71 at ! be/1 incomplete1 pres5t+ b a p>tial survey ( ! entire field4 ,9 none ( !m 0 ! sci5ce ( m9d pres5t$ 9 its complet5ess & symmetry1 9 a mann] at once simple1 yet sci5tific2 9 none ( !m1 moreov]1 0 x br\ght d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,some?+ m complete1 m simple1 m ?or\gh1 seem$ desirable4 ,e ye> ( subsequ5t exp]i5ce z a tea*] has b confirm$ ?is impression1 & made ! want ( a book bett] adapt$ to ! purposes ( in/ruction1 9 our ,am]ican ,colleges1 m deeply felt4 ,! works on m5tal sci5ce1 :i* h rec5tly appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile !y are c]ta9ly a valuable contribution to ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy1 seem to meet ?is defici5cy 9 "p1 b only 9 "p4 ,!y trav]se usually b a portion ( ! gr\nd :i* ,psy*ology legitimately occupies1 conf9+ _! att5tion1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ! ,intellectual ,faculties1 to ! exclusion ( ! ,s5sibilities1 & ! ,w4 ,feel+ deeply ! want :i* has be5 spok5 (1 x seem$ to me1 e>ly 9 my c\rse1 t some?+ might be done t[>d rem$y+ ! defici5cy1 by prep>+ ) c>e1 & deliv]+ to ! classes1 lectures ^u ! topics pres5t$ 9 ! books1 z !y pass$ along4 ,?is c\rse 0 adopt$--a me?od devolv+ mu* labor ^u ! in/ructor1 b rew>d+ him by ! increas$ int]e/ & m rapid progress ( ! pupils4 ,little by little ! pres5t "w ?us grew up1 z ! result ( my /udies1 9 connection ) my classes1 & ( my exp]i5ce 9 ! daily r\t9e ( ! recitation & lecture room4 ,gradually ! lectures1 ?us prep>$1 came to take ! place m & m ( a textbook1 until !re seem$ to be no long] any reason :y !y %\ld n be put into ! h&s ( ! /ud5t z su*4 ,x is mu* easi] to decide :at a "w on m5tal sci5ce ought to be1 ?an to produce su* a "w4 ,x %\ld be compreh5sive & complete1 treat+ ( all t prop]ly p]ta9s to ,psy*ology1 giv+ to e "p its due proportion & developm5t4 ,x %\ld treat ! v>i\s topics pres5t$1 9 a ?or\gh & sci5tific mann]4 ,x %\ld be conv]sant ) ! lit]ature ( ! dep>tm5t1 plac+ ! /ud5t 9 possession1 n only ( ! true doctr9es1 b1 to "s ext5t also1 ( ! hi/ory ( ^? doctr9es1 %[+ him :at has be5 held & taught by o!rs ^u ! po9ts 9 "q4 ,9 /yle x %\ld be cle>1 p]spicu\s1 concise1 yet n s b>r5 ( ornam5t z to be de/itute ( int]e/ to ! read]4 ,at ^! qualities ! writ] has aim$ 9 ! pres5t treatise2 ) :at success1 o!rs mu/ det]m9e4 ,all sci5ce1 9 proportion z x is complete & true1 becomes simple4 ,9 proportion z ?is result is atta9$1 ! labor be/[$ ^u x disappe>s f view1 & ! writ] seems1 p]haps1 to o!rs1 to h said b a v pla9 & common ?+4 ,?is is peculi>ly ! case ) m5tal sci5ce4 ,! difficulty ( discuss+ ) cle>ness & simplicity1 &1 at ! same "t1 9 a complete & ?or\gh mann]1 ! difficult problems ( ,psy*ology1 w be und]/ood only by ^? :o make ! attempt4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,m5tal ,,sci5ce #ae ,,section ,i4--,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce #ae ,,section ,,ii4--,,importance ,,( ,,m5tal ,,sci5ce #bj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,p[]s #bi ,,section ,i4--,,g5]al ,,analysis #bi ,,section ,,ii4--,,analysis ,,( ,,intellectual ,,p[]s #ca ,,section ,,iii4--,,hi/orical ,,sket*--,,v>i\s ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,faculties #ce ,,division ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,faculties4 ,,prelim9>y ,,topics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,consci\sness #ci ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,att5tion #df ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,conception #ec ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,pres5tative ,,p[]4 ,,s5se1 ,,or ,,p]ception ,,by ,,! ,,s5ses #eh ,,section ,i4--,,g5]al ,,obs]vations #ei ,,section ,,ii4--,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,p]ceptive ,,process #fa ,,section ,,iii4--,,analysis ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,bodies #fe ,,section ,,iv4--,,organs ,,( ,,s5se--,,analysis ,,( ,,_! ,,sev]al ,,functions #fh ,,section ,v4--,,am\nt ,,( ,,in=mation ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,respective ,,s5ses #gb ,,section ,,vi4--,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,our ,,s5sations ,,& ,,p]ceptions #ha ,,section ,,vii4--,,hi/orical ,,sket* #hd ,i4 ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,bodies #hd ,,ii4 ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,!ories ,,( ,,p]ception #hg ,,"p ,,second4 ,,! ,,repres5tative ,,p[]4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations #id ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,memory #if ,,section ,i4--,,m5tal ,,reproduction #if ,i4 ,,nature #if ,,ii4 ,,laws #aja ,,section4 ,,ii4--,,m5tal ,,recognition1 ,,z ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,m5tal ,,reproduction #aac ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,"* #aac ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,impli$ ,,9 ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,memory #aah ,,iii4 ,,qualities ,,( ,,memory #aah ,,iv4 ,,memory ,,z ,,relat$ ,,to ,,intellectual ,,/r5g? #aba ,v4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,memory #abe ,,vi4 ,,effects ,,( ,,disease ,,on ,,memory #abh ,,vii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,memory ,,on ,,! ,,happ9ess ,,( ,,life #aca ,,viii4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket*--,,diff]5t ,,!ories ,,( ,,memory #acc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,imag9ation #acg ,,section ,i4--,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,?is ,,faculty #acg ,,section ,,ii4--,,relation ,,to ,,o!r ,,faculties #ach ,,section ,,iii4--,,active ,,& ,,passive ,,imag9ation #adj ,,section ,,iv4--,,imag9ation ,a ,,simple ,,faculty #adb ,,section ,v4--,,n ,,m]ely ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,comb9ation #add ,,section ,,vi4--,,limit$ ,,to ,,s5sible ,,objects #adg ,,section ,,vii4--,,limit$ ,,to ,,new ,,results #adh ,,section ,,viii4--,a ,,volunt>y ,,p[] #adi ,,section ,,ix4--,,use ,,& ,,abuse ,,( ,,imag9ation #aeb ,,section ,x4--,,culture ,,( ,,imag9ation #aed ,,section ,,xi4--,,hi/oric ,,sket*--,,v>i\s ,,def9itions ,,& ,,!ories ,,( ,,imag9ation ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,writ]s #aeh ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,! ,,reflective ,,p[]4 ,,g5]al ,,os]vations #afb ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,syn!tic ,,process4--,,g5]alization #afe ,,section ,i4--,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,syn!tic ,,process #afe ,,section ,,ii4--,,prov9ce ,,& ,,relation ,,( ,,sev]al ,,t]ms ,,employ$ ,,to ,,d5ote1 ,,9 ,,"p1 ,,or ,,z ,a ,,:ole1 ,,?is ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,m9d #agg ,,section ,,iii4--,,hi/orical ,,sket*--,,! ,,reali/ ,,& ,,nom9ali/ ,,controv]sy #agg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,analytic ,,process--,,reason+ #ahj ,,section ,i4--,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,process #aha ,,section ,,ii4--,,relation ,,( ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,reason+ #ahg ,,section ,,iii4--,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,reason+ #ahi ,i4 ,,demon/rative #ahi ,,ii4 ,,probable--7#a47 ,,f ,,te/imony2 7#b47 ,,f ,,exp]i5ce2 7#c47 ,,f ,,analogy #aib ,,section ,,iv4--,,use ,,( ,,hypo!ses ,,& ,,!ories ,,9 ,,reason+ #aii ,,section ,v4--,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,reason+ #bjc ,i4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,proposition #bjc ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,syllogism #bje ,,iii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,syllogism #bjg ,,iv4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,syllogism #bji ,v4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,syllogism #baj ,,vi4 ,,laws ,,( ,,?\ght ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,syllogism ,,dep5ds #bab ,,vii4 ,,use ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,syllogism #bac ,,viii4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,logic #bai ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,intuitive ,,p[]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,exi/5ce ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,?is ,,faculty #bbi ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tru?s ,,& ,,conceptions ,,furni%$ ,,by ,,?is ,,faculty #bch ,,section ,i4--,,prim>y ,,tru?s #bch ,,section ,,ii4--,,intuitive ,,conceptions #bda ,i4 ,,space #bda ,,ii4 ,,"t #bdd ,,iii4 ,,id5tity #bdi ,,iv4 ,,cause #beg ,v4 ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,& ,,! ,,"r #bfb ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,conception ,,& ,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful #bfc ,,section ,i4--,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful #bfc ,,section ,,ii4--,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful #bhf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,idea ,,& ,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,"r #cjc ,,section ,i4--,,idea ,,( ,,"r--,,:5ce ,,comes ,,! ,,idea #cjc ,,section ,,ii4--,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,"r--#a4 ,,nature ,,( ,,consci5ce2 #b4 ,,au?ority ,,( ,,consci5ce #cad ,,supplem5t>y ,,topics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,intellig5ce ,,9 ,,man ,,z ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,intellig5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,brute #cbi ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,m9d ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,c]ta9 ,,/ates ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em #cdb ,,section ,i4--,,sleep #cdc ,,section ,,ii4--,,dreams #cea ,,section ,,iii4--,,somnambulism #cfj ,,section ,,iv4--,,insanity #cfh ,,division ,,second4 ,,! ,,s5sibilities4 ,,prelim9>y ,,topics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature1 ,,difficulty1 ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,?is ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce #cgg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,s5sibilities #chb ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,simple ,,emotions4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,in/9ctive ,,emotions #cie ,,section ,i4--,,( ,,t ,,g5]al ,,/ate ,,( ,,m9d ,,kn[n ,,z ,,*e]fulness1 ,,& ,,its ,,opposite1 ,,melan*oly #cif ,,section ,,ii4--,,sorr[ ,,at ,,loss ,,( ,,fri5ds #cii ,,section ,,iii4--,,sympa?y ,,) ,,! ,,happ9ess ,,& ,,sorr[ ,,( ,,o!rs #djb ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,rational ,,emotions #dji ,,section ,i4--,,emotions ,,( ,,joy ,,or ,,sadness1 ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,contemplation ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,excell5ce1 ,,or ,,! ,,rev]se #dji ,,section ,,ii4--,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,! ,,ludicr\s #dac ,,section ,,iii4--,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,& ,,wond]ful #dbd ,,section ,,iv4--,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful1 ,,& ,,! ,,sublime #dbg ,,section ,v4--,,satisfaction ,,9 ,,view ,,( ,,"r ,,conduct1 ,,& ,,remorse ,,9 ,,view ,,( ,,wrong #dcd ,,"p ,,second4 ,,! ,,affections4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,b5evol5t ,,affections #dda ,,section ,i4--,,love ,,( ,,k9dr$ #ddb ,,section ,,ii4--,,love ,,( ,,fri5ds #ddg ,,section ,,iii4--,,love ,,( ,,b5efactors #dea ,,section ,,iv4--,,love ,,( ,,home ,,& ,,c\ntry #ded ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,malevol5t ,,affections #deh ,,res5tm5t1 ,,) ,,its ,,modifications1 ,,envy1 ,,jeal\sy1 ,,rev5ge #deh-dfi ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,! ,,desires4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,desires #dgc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,desires ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,physical ,,con/itution4 #dgg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,desires ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,m9d #dha ,,section ,i4--,,desire ,,( ,,happ9ess #dha ,,section ,,ii4--,,desire ,,( ,,k #dhg ,,section ,,iii4--,,desire ,,( ,,p[] #dij ,,section ,,iv4--,,c]ta9 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,desire ,,( ,,p[]1 ,,z ,,desire ,,( ,,sup]iority ,,& ,,desire ,,( ,,possession #dic ,,section ,v4--,,desire ,,( ,,society #eja ,,section ,,vi4--,,desire ,,( ,,e/eem #eje ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hope ,,& ,,fe> #eaj ,,division ,,?ird4 ,,! ,,w4 ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,w #ebj ,,section ,i4--,,elem5ts ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,w #eba ,,section ,,ii4--,,inve/igation ,,( ,,^! ,,elem5ts #ebc ,i4 ,,motive #ebc ,,ii4 ,,*oice #ebf ,,iii4 ,,executive ,,volition #ecj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,o!r ,,faculties #eca ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w #ech ,,section ,i4--,,presumptions ,,9 ,,favor ,,( ,,fre$om #eci ,,section ,,ii4--,,direct ,,argum5t #edd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,c]ta9 ,,que/ions ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,prec$+ #edi ,,section ,i4--,,contr>y ,,*oice #edi ,,section ,,ii4--,,p[] ,,to ,,d ,,:at ,,we ,,7 ,,n ,,dispos$ ,,to ,,d #eea ,,section ,,iii4--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,motives #eed ,i4 ,,is ,,! ,,w ,,always ,,z ,,! ,,greate/ ,,app>5t ,,good #eed ,,ii4 ,,is ,,! ,,w ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,! ,,/ronge/ ,,motive #eee ,,iii4 ,,are ,,motives ,,! ,,cause ,,& ,,volitions ,,! ,,effect #eef ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,view$ ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,c]ta9 ,,tru?s ,,( ,,religion #efj ,,section ,i4--,,! ,,p[] ,,:i* ,,god ,,ex]ts ,,ov] ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,& ,,w #efa ,,section ,,ii4--,,man',s ,,p[] ,,ov] ,,himself #eff ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,w #efi ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket*--,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,respect+ ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w #egc ,,ref]5ces #ehd ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,m5tal ,,sci5ce4 ,i4--,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce4 ,m5tal ,philosophy1 :at4--,:at is ,m5tal ,philosophy1 z di/+ui%$ f o!r bran*es ( sci5ce8 ,philosophy1 9 ! wide s5se usually giv5 x1 d5otes ! inve/igation & explanation ( ! causes ( ?+s2 x seeks to discov]1 & sci5tifically to /ate1 ! g5]al laws bo? ( matt] & m9d2 its object is to asc]ta9 facts1 & _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,m5tal ,philosophy has = its object to asc]ta9 ! facts & laws ( m5tal op]ation4 ,metaphysics1 :at4--,( ! two gr& dep>tm5ts ( human k--! sci5ce ( matt] & ! sci5ce ( m9d--! =m]1 compris+ :atev] relates to mat]ial ph5om5a1 ! sci5ce ( nature1 is kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ( ,physics2 ! latt]1 ! sci5ce ( m9d1 is (t5 designat$ by ! correspond+ t]m1 nei!r v correct nor v =tunate1 ,metaphysics4 ,?is t]m is (t5 us$ to include :atev] does n prop]ly fall "u ! class ( ,physics4 ,9 its /rict s5se1 x does n include s mu*1 b d5otes prop]ly ! sci5ce ( ab/ract tru?2 ! sci5ce ( be+1 9 itself consid]$--ap>t f its p>ticul> accid5ts & prop]ties--t :i* we n[ call ,ontology4 ,! t]m is commonly ascrib$ to ,ari/otle1 b incorrectly4 ,x orig9at$ ) 8 foll[]s4 ,sev]al treatises ( 8 relat+ to natural sci5ce hav+ be5 collect$ & publi%$1 "u ! title ,greek3 ta physika1 o!r treatises on philosophical subjects 7 aft]w>d arrang$ "u ! title ,greek3 ta metaphysika1 indicat+ _! relation to ! =m]1 z prop] to be read aft] ! p]usal ( ^?4 ,h5ce ! t]m came into use 9 ! g5]al s5se1 already spok5 (1 to d5ote :atev] is n includ$ "u physics al?\gh orig9ally employ$ ) a mu* m limit$ mean+4 ,m5tal ,philosophy n prop]ly ,metaphysics4--,nei!r 9 its wid] nor 9 its /rict] s5se does ?is t]m prop]ly designate ! sci5ce ( m9d4 ,m5tal ,philosophy nei!r embraces e ?+ n includ$ "u physics1 nor is x ! sci5ce ( ab/ract be+4 ,z "o ( ! intellectual1 9 di/9ction f ! physical sci5ces1 x holds a place along ) ,logic--! sci5ce ( ! laws ( human ?\ght & reason+2 ,e?ics--! sci5ce ( morals2 ,politics--! sci5ce ( human organization & gov]nm5t2 to :i* %\ld be add$ ,ontology--! sci5ce ( pure be+2 all :i* are prop]ly embrac$ "u ! t]m ,metaphysics 9 its wid] & popul> s5se4 ,to designate ! sci5ce ( m9d 9 di/9ction f ^! o!r sci5ces1 "s m def9ite t]m is requir$4 ,! ^w ,psy*ology is n[ com+ into use z su* a t]m4 ,m5tal ,philosophy a ,natural ,sci5ce4--,! sci5ce ( m9d1 inde$1 des]ves 9 "o aspect to be rank$ among ! natural sci5ces4 ,x is a sci5ce re/+ on exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & induction--a sci5ce ( facts1 ph5om5a & laws :i* regulate ! same4 ,t :i* is specifically its object ( inve/igation--! human m9d--is /rictly a "p1 & mo/ important "p ( nature1 unless we exclude man himself f ! _w to :i* he belongs1 & ( :i* he is "l4 ,possibility ( su* a ,sci5ce4--,! possibility ( ! sci5ce ( ! human m9d has be5 d5i$ by "s2 b )\t good reason4 ,if we c obs]ve & classify ! ph5om5a ( nature1 9 h] v>i$ =ms1 animate & inanimate1 & asc]ta9 9 ?is way ! laws to :i* %e is subject2 if x is possible ?us to con/ruct a sci5ce ( plants1 ( animals1 ( ! elem5ts t compose ! sub/ance ( ! e>?1 ( ! /rata t lie arrang$ b5ea? its surface1 ( ! =ces & ag5cies t at any "t1 rec5t or remote1 h be5 at "w to produce ! *anges :i* h tak5 place ^u & )9 our globe--nay1 m1 if leav+ our own planet we may1 by c>eful obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 le>n _! places1 movem5ts1 di/ances1 e/imate _! magnitude & d5sity1 measure _! spe$1 & ?us con/ruct a sci5ce ( ! />s1 surely ! ph5om5a ( our own m9ds1 ! data ( our own consci\sness1 mu/ be at lea/ equally )9 our rea*1 & equally capable ( obs]vation1 classification1 & sci5tific /atem5t4 ,if we c obs]ve ! habits ( animals & plants1 we c obs]ve also ! habits ( m51 & ! ph5om5a ( human ?\ght & passion4 ,if ! c>eful induction ( g5]al tru?s & pr9ciples f obs]v$ facts =m ! basis & me?od ( true sci5ce 9 ! "o case1 s 9 ! o!r4 ,sci5ce ( ,matt] & ( ,m9d analog\s4--,! sci5ce ( matt]1 & ! sci5ce ( m9d agree p]fectly 9 ?is1 t all we "k ( ei!r is simply ! ph5om5a :i* !y exhibit4 ,we "k n matt] z x is 9 itself1 b only z x affects our s5ses4 ,we p]ceive c]ta9 qualities or prop]ties ( x1 & ^! we embody 9 our def9ition1 & beyond ^! we say no?+1 because we "k no?+4 ,equally relative is our k ( m9d4 ,:at x is 9 itself we "k n1 b only its ph5om5a z pres5t$ to our obs]vation & consci\sness4 ,x ?9ks & feels1 x p]ceives1 rememb]s1 reasons1 x loves1 hates1 desires1 det]m9es2 ^! ex]cises are matt] ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation2 !y con/itute our k & our def9ition ( m9d1 & beyond we _c g4 ,modes & ,s\rces ( ,in=mation ! same 9 bo?4--,?is be+ ! case1 x is evid5t t bo? our s\rces ( in=mation1 & our mode ( inve/igation1 mu/ be ess5tially ! same 9 ! two dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,9 ei!r case our k mu/ be limit$ to ph5om5a m]ely1 & ^! mu/ be le>n$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,a c>eful induction ( p>ticul>s w place u 9 possession ( g5]al pr9ciples1 or laws1 & ^!1 correctly asc]ta9$ & /at$1 w con/itute our sci5ce1 :e!r ( matt] or m9d4 ,!y diff] 9 "o ,respect4--,9 "o respect1 inde$1 our means ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! two bran*es ( sci5ce diff]4 ,:ile bo? matt] & m9d c be kn[n only by ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a :i* !y pres5t1 9 m5tal sci5ce ! field ( su* obs]vation lies 9 great "p )9 ourselves--! ph5om5a are ^? ( our own pres5t or =m] consci\sness--! m9d is at once bo? ! obs]v] & ! object obs]v$4 ,?is circum/ance1 :i* at fir/ seems to pres5t a difficulty1 is 9 reality a great advantage :i* ?is sci5ce possesses ov] all o!rs4 ,app>5t ,difficulty4--,! difficulty :i* x seems to pres5t is ?is3 ,h[ c ! eye p]ceive itself8 ,h[ c ! m9d1 z employ$1 = example1 9 rememb]+1 or judg+1 or will+1 inspect its own op]ations1 s9ce ! mom5t its att5tion is turn$ to itself x is no long] engag$ 9 t op]ation :i* x seeks to inspect--is no long] rememb]+1 or judg+1 or will+1 b is employ$ only 9 self-obs]vation8 ,we admit t ! m9d1 9 ! v in/ant ( its ex]cis+ any giv5 faculty1 _c make itself1 z ?us engag$1 ! object ( att5tion4 ,b ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 z giv5 9 consci\sness1 at any mom5t1 may be reta9$ or replac$ by memory ! next mom5t1 & z ?us replac$ & atte/$1 may /& be=e u ! prop] objects ( our inve/igation1 s long z we please4 ,?is puts x 9 ! p[] ( ! m9d to obs]ve & to "k itself4 ,real ,advantage4--,! advantage accru+ f ! circum/ance t ! ph5om5a to be obs]v$ are ^? ( our own pres5t or =m] consci\sness1 is ?is3 t ^? ph5om5a are fully )9 our rea*1 & also are capable ( be+ kn[n ) great] c]ta9ty4 ,9 physical sci5ce ! facts may be scatt]$ ov] ! globe1 & ov] c5turies ( "t1 n p]sonally accessible to any "o obs]v] 9 _! complet5ess1 & yet t complet5ess ( obs]vation may be ess5tial to correct sci5ce4 ,9 psy*ology1 ! obs]v] has )9 himself ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! sci5ce :i* he explores2 ! data :i* he seeks1 are ! data ( 8 own consci\sness2 ! sci5ce :i* he con/ructs is ! sci5ce ( himself4 ,comp>ative ,value ( ?is k9d ( ,k4--,! k ?us giv5 9 consci\s exp]i5ce is m correct & reliable ?an any o!r4 ,x has ?is peculi>ity t x _c be disput$4 ,i may be mi/ak5 9 reg>d to ! prop]ties ( a piece ( matt] :i* ,i hold 9 my h&1 & :i* seems to me to be squ>e or r\nd1 ( su* or su* a color1 & ( su* or su* figure1 size1 & d5sity2 b ,i _c be mi/ak5 z to ! fact1 t x seems to me to be ( su* color1 figure1 etc4 ,! =m] are results ( p]ception & judgm5t2 ! latt] is an imm$iate datum ( consci\sness1 & _c be call$ 9 "q4 ,to d\bt our own consci\sness is to call 9 "q our v d\bt1 s9ce ! only evid5ce ( our d\bt+ is ! consci\sness t we d\bt4 ,z to ! ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w--! ?+s t are pass+ )\t--,i may be mi/ak52 z to :at is pass+ 9 my own m9d--! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 volitions ( my own consci\s self--!re is no room = d\bt or mi/ake4 ,n limit$ to ,consci\sness4--,i d n mean1 by :at has be5 said1 to imply t 9 our own obs]vation ( m5tal ph5om5a we are limit$ to ! exp]i5ce ( our own m9ds1 b only t ?is is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( our in=mation4 ,! m5tal op]ations ( o!rs1 s f> z we h access to _! m9ds1 are also legitimate data4 ,^! we may obs]ve = ourselves 9 ! daily int]c\rse ( life1 may notice h[1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 m5 w ?9k1 feel1 & act1 & ! k ?us acquir$ w con/itute a valuable addition to our self-k4 ,we may receive also1 9 ?is sci5ce1 z 9 any o!r1 ! te/imony ( o!rs z to _! own m5tal /ates & op]ations4 ,9 s f> z psy*ology relies ^u ^! s\rces1 x /&s on a foot+ ) o!r sci5ces4 ,,ii4--,,importance ,,( ,,m5tal ,,sci5ce4 ,comp>ative ,neglect4--,t ! sci5ce ( ! m9d has n hi!rto held t high place 9 ! public reg>d & e/imation1 at lea/ 9 our own c\ntry1 to :i* x is ju/ly entitl$1 z comp>$ ) o!r bran*es ( k1 c h>dly be d5i$4 ,! cause ( ?is comp>ative neglect is to be f\nd p>tly 9 ! nature ( ! sci5ce itself1 p>tly 9 ! exclusively practical t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,! fir/ ,cause consid]$4--,! nature ( ! sci5ce is su* t its b5efits are n imm$iately app>5t4 ,! dulle/ m9d c p]ceive "s use 9 *emi/ry1 or botany1 or natural philosophy4 ,!y are ( s]vice 9 ! analysis ( soils1 ! rotation ( crops1 ! compreh5sion ( ! laws ( me*anical & *emical =ces4 ,b m5tal sci5ce has no su* application1 no su* practical results pat5t & obvi\s to ! c>eless eye4 ,its dwell+-place & sph]e ( action lie remov$ some:at f ! obs]vations ( m54 ,x has no spl5did cab9ets or museums to ?r[ op5 to ! gaze ( ! multitude4 ,x _c arrange 9 magnific5t collection all ! v>ieties ( m5tal action1 all ! complications ( ?\ght & feel+ z yet obs]v$1 nor illu/rate by curi\s in/rum5ts1 & nice exp]im5ts1 ! wond]ful laws ( association1 ! subtle *anges & swift fla%es ( wit & fancy1 & quick /rong emotion1 ! impulses ( desire1 ! curi\s play ( volition1 ! unexpla9$ my/]y ( ?\ght1 ! lights & %ad[s t come & g ^u ! field ( consci\sness4 ,= ^! curi\s & wond]ful ph5om5a ( ! inn] life !re are no philosophic in/rum5ts or exp]im5ts1 no *>ts or diagrams4 ,nor are !re yet brilliant discov]ies to be made1 nor spl5did rew>ds to be ga9$ by ! vot>ies ( ?is sci5ce4 ,f\r or five new metals1 says ,sydney ,smi?1 h be5 discov]$ )9 z _m ye>s1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* no human be+ c\ld h _h any suspicion2 b no man t ,i "k ( pret5ds to discov] f\r or five new passions4 ,! second ,cause4--,b ! *ief ob/acle1 z ,i suppose1 to ! m g5]al cultivation ( m5tal sci5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! exclusively practical t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,we are a p giv5 m to action ?an to ?\ght1 to ent]prise ?an to speculation4 ,?is is p]haps insep>able f ! condition ( a new /ate4 ,an age ( action is seldom an age ( reflection4 ,ext]nal life dem&s ! en]gies ( a new p4 ,! elem5ts are to be subdu$1 m\nta9s levell$1 grad$1 tunnell$1 roads con/ruct$1 cities built1 & _m useful1 necess>y works to be wr\ght ) toil & co/1 be=e t p]iod comes ( gold5 afflu5ce1 & leisure1 & g5ial ta/e1 & elegant culture1 t c at once appreciate & rew>d ! high] ef=ts ( philosophic inve/igation4 ,relation to o!r ,sci5ces4--,! importance ( m5tal sci5ce appe>s f its relation to o!r sci5ces4 ,we f9d 9 nature a gradually asc5d+ s]ies4 ,z we pass f ! obs]vation & /udy ( ! m9]al to ! =ms ( vegetable life1 f ! plant to ! insect--& !nce to ! animal1 & f ! animal1 9 8 v>i\s ord]s & classes1 to man1 ! highe/ type ( animat$ exi/5ce on ! e>?1 we are consci\s ( a progression 9 ! rank & dignity ( t :i* we contemplate4 ,b x is only :5 we turn our att5tion f all ^! to ! intellig5ce t dwells )9 ! man1 & makes him ma/] & "l ( ?is l[] _w1 t we /& ^u ! summit ( elevation & ov]look ! wide field ( previ\s inquiry4 ,t[>d ?is all o!r sci5ces lead1 z pa?s along ! m\nta9 side1 />t+ f diff]5t po9ts1 & runn+ 9 diff]5t directions1 conv]ge t[>d a common t]m9us at ! summit4 ,z ! m9]al1 ! plant1 ! insect1 ! animal1 9 all _! curi\s & wond]ful organizations1 are necess>ily inf]ior to man1 s is ! sci5ce ( !m1 h[ev] important & useful1 subord9ate to ! sci5ce ( man himself2 & z ! human body1 curi\s & wond]ful 9 its organism & its laws1 is nev]!less inf]ior 9 dignity & wor? to ! _s t dwells )91 & is ! true "l ( ?is fair ca/le & ?is wide & beautiful doma91 s is ! sci5ce ( ! body1 its me*anism1 its *emi/ry1 its anatomy1 its laws1 inf]ior to ! sci5ce ( ! m9d1 ! div9ity )94 ,o!r ,sci5ces ,creations ( ! ,m9d4--,_m ( ! sci5ces ju/ly reg>d$ z ! mo/ noble1 are !mselves ! creations ( ! m9d4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! sci5ce ( numb] & quantity--a sci5ce lead+ to ! mo/ sublime results1 z 9 ! calculations ( ! a/ronom]1 yet a pure product ( ! human intellect4 ,inde$ :at is all sci5ce b ! "w ( m9d8 ,! creations ( art are wond]ful1 b ! m9d t c conceive & execute ^? creations is /ill m to be admir$4 ,language is wond]ful1 b *iefly z a production & expression ( m9d4 ,! ri*ness1 ! afflu5ce1 ! eloqu5ce1 ! exactness1 ! beauty1 = example1 ( ! ,greek tongue1 ( :at are ^! ! qualities1 & :]e did !y dwell--9 ! ,greek language1 or 9 ! ,greek m9d8 ,:i* is really ! m noble & wond]ful !n1 ! language itself1 or ! m9d t call$ into be+ su* a language1 & employ$ x z an in/rum5t ( expression2 & ( :i* is ! sci5ce mo/ noble & wor?y ( reg>d8 ,we admire ! g5ius ( a ,kepl] & a ,cop]nicus1 we sympa?ize ) _! en?usiasm z !y obs]ve ! movem5ts & develop ! laws ( ! heav5ly bodies2 we look ?r\gh ! telescope1 n )\t a feel+ ( awe1 z x seems to lift u up1 & be> u away into ! unkn[n & ! inf9ite1 reveal+ to u :at x w\ld almo/ seem _h nev] be5 int5d$ = ! human eye to see2 b "o ?+ is ev5 m wond]ful ?an ! telescope--t is ! m9d t contriv$ x4 ,"o ?+ is m awe-inspir+ ?an ! />s1 & t is ! m9d t discov]s _! hidd5 laws1 & unlocks _! complicat$ movem5ts2 & :5 we w\ld obs]ve ! mo/ curi\s & wond]ful ?+ ( all1 we mu/ leave ! tubes & ! tables1 ! calculations & ! diagrams ) :i* ! man works1 & /udy ! man himself1 ! workman4 ,relation ( ?is ,sci5ce to ! practical ,arts & ,sci5ces4--,b aside f ! view n[ pres5t$1 ! connection ( m5tal sci5ce ) o!r & practical arts & sci5ces is mu* m intimate ?an is usually suppos$4 ,take = example ! v noble/ ( all sci5ces--!ology2 we f9d x1 9 an important s5se1 bas$ ^u & receiv+ its %ape & "* f ! views :i* we ent]ta91 & ! philosophy :i* we adopt ( ! human m9d4 ,our philosophy und]lies our !ology1 ev5 z ! solid /rata t lie unse5 b5ea? ! surface give %ape & cont\r & direction to ! l(ty m\nta9 range4 ,psy*ology z relat$ to ,!ology4--,n to speak ( ! v idea :i* we =m ( ! div9e ,be+1 borr[$ z x mu/ be1 9 a s5se1 f our previ\s conception ( ! human m9d1 & our own spiritual exi/5ce1 n to speak ( ! argum5ts by :i* we seek to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ! div9e ,be+1 involv+ z !y d "s ( ! nice/ & mo/ important ( ! laws ( human ?\ght1 :at problems1 we may ask1 g deep] into ! gr\ndwork ( any !ological sy/em ?an ^? p]ta9+ to human ability1 & ! fre$om ( ! w--! gov]nm5t ( ! affections & desires--! p[] ( a man ov] himself1 to be o!r & bett] ?an he is1 & to d :at ,god requires4 ,b ^! are que/ions purely psy*ological4 ,y _c /ir a /ep 9 ! application ( !ology to practical life1 till y h settl$ 9 "s way ^! que/ions1 & t view1 :atev] x be1 crude or pr(\nd1 intelligible or absurd1 is1 = ! "t1 y\r sci5ce1 y\r philosophy ( ! m9d4 ,psy*ology z relat$ to ! heal+ ,art4--,sc>cely less intimate is ! connection ( psy*ology ) ! sci5ce ( life4 ,! physician f9ds 9 ! practice ( 8 pr(ession1 t 9 ord] to success1 ! laws ( ! human m9d mu/ con/itute an important "p ( 8 /udy--h[ to avoid1 & h[ to t\*1 ! secret spr+s ( human action4 ,a ^w rightly spok5 is (t5 bett] ?an a m$ic9e4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ! nature ( disease he mu/ und]/& ! effect on ! bodily organization ( ! due1 & also ( ! undue1 ex]tion ( ea* ( ! m5tal faculties2 9 f9e1 ! :ole relation ( ! m9d to ! bodily functions1 & its influ5ce ov] !m--a field ( inquiry z yet b imp]fectly und]/ood1 if inde$ adequately appreciat$ by ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,z relat$ to ,oratory4--,to ! public speak]1 :e!r at ! b>1 9 ! public assembly1 9 ! halls ( legislation1 or 9 ! pulpit1 x ne$ h>dly be said t a k ( ?is sci5ce1 & ! ability to make practical use ( x1 is indisp5sable4 ,success 9 oratory dep5ds1 d\btless1 9 a measure1 ^u o!r ?+s2 b he :o be/ und]/&s ! laws & op]ations ( ! human m9d1 h[ to t\* ! s5sibilities1 h[ to awak5 ! passions1 h[ to excite ! fe>s & ! hopes1 h[ to r\se ! res5tm5t ( 8 he>]s1 h[ to soo! ! tr\bl$ spirits1 & allay ! excitem5t ( feel+1 & dis>m prejudice1 & call into play ! sob] reason & calm judgm5t ( man1 w be/ be able to accompli% 8 purpose4 ,he w be able to turn to 8 own acc\nt ! circum/ances ( ! occasion1 & l a skillful organi/1 t\* ) ease1 yet ) precision & effect1 :at key he w4 ,no man c d ?is :o does n well und]/& ! in/rum5t4 ,z relat$ to ! ,art ( ,education4--,especially is ?is sci5ce ( use to ! tea*] 9 ! k :i* x gives him ( ! m9d ( 8 pupil1 & ! skill 9 deal+ ) t m9d4 ,! m9d ( ! pupil is to him ! in/rum5t on :i* he is requir$ to play--a curi\s in/rum5t ( _m & /range keys & /ops--capable ( be+ t\*$ to wond]ful h>mony1 & to fe>ful discord2--& to h&le ?is in/rum5t well is no ord9>y acquirem5t4 ,:at %all we say ( ! man :o kn[s no?+ ( ! in/rum5t1 b only ! music to be p]=m$1 no?+ ( ! m9d to be taught1 b only ! k to be communicat$8 ,to "k ! m9d t is to be taught1 h[ to /imulate1 h[ to control1 h[ to enc\rage1 h[ to re/ra91 h[ to guide & direct its e movem5t & impulse1 is n ?is ! v fir/ & *ief ?+ to be kn[n8 ,connection ( ?is ,sci5ce ) our own p]sonal ,int]e/s4--,! importance ( m5tal sci5ce is evid5t n only f its relation to o!r sci5ces1 b f ! relation x su/a9s to man & 8 high] int]e/s4 ,"s sci5ces int]e/ u z ab/ractions--m]ely speculative sy/ems ( tru?2 o!rs z realities1 b ( su* a nature1 & s remote f ! p]sonal int]e/s & wants ( ! race to :i* we belong1 t !y make little appeal to our s5sibilities4 ,?us x is ) ma!matical & a/ronomical tru?4 ,! heav5ly bodies1 ^: movem5ts we obs]ve1 hold on _! swift sil5t way1 9 ! calmness ( _! own et]nity1 reg>dless ( man & 8 de/9y1 ev5 z !y roll$ ages ago1 & z !y w ages h5ce4 ,:at h we to d ) !m or !y ) u8 ,we wat* !m z !y hold _! c\rse ?r\gh ! deep firmam5t1 z *ildr51 /&+ on ! sea-side1 wat* ! di/ant sn[y sail t glides sil5tly along ! horizon1 af> (f1 beautiful1 unkn[n4 ,s sail ^? swift %ips ( ! firmam5t1 & only he :o made !m kn[s _! hi/ory4 ,psy*ology 9 contra/ ) o!r ,sci5ces 9 ?is respect4--,b :5 we come to ! /udy ( ourselves1 & ! laws ( our own intellig5ce1 our inquiries assume a practical importance :i* atta*es to no o!r dep>tm5ts ( tru?4 ,x is no long] ! sail dimly visible on ! f> horizon1 b our own consci\s be+ t is ! object ( ?\ght4 ,! "q no long] is1 ,:5ce comes t swift %ip1 & :i!r goes x1 b1 ,:at am ,i1 & :i!r go+2 :at my hi/ory1 & my de/9y8 ,?is my/]i\s s\l :i* animates me1 & is ! presid+ div9ity ov] all my actions1 :at is x1 ) all its wondr\s faculties--s5se1 imag9ation1 reason1 w--^? p[]s ( my be+8 ,:at is t *ange :i* passes ^u me1 :i* m5 call sleep1 & t m my/]i\s & fe>ful *ange t mu/ soon pass ^u me1 & t m5 call dea?8 ,h[ is x t ev5ts ( =m] ye>s come back to m9d1 ) all ! fre%ness & reality ( pass+ sc5es8 ,:at is t pr9ciple ( my nature t ev] assumes to itself ! "r ( comm&1 say+ to all my incl9ations & passions1 ?\ %alt1 & ?\ %alt n1 & :5 ,i disobey t m&ate1 fill+ my :ole s\l ) mis]y1 my :ole future exi/5ce ) remorse8 ,& :at & :5ce t ^w ought1 t has s mu* to d ) me & my pursuits3 ought :at1 & :y ought1 & to :om8--,am ,i free1 or am ,i subject to inevitable necessity2 if free1 !n h[ are all my actions controll$1 & pr$et]m9$ by a div9e ,provid5ce8 ,if n free1 !n h[ am ,i responsible8 ,:o %all solve ?is problem2 :o %all read me ?is /range inexplicable riddle ( human life8 ,su* are ! que/ions & !mes :i* m5tal philosophy discusses1 & we p]ceive at a glance _! intimate connection ) ! highe/ int]e/s & p]sonal wants ( man z an individual4 ,connection ( ?is ,sci5ce ) m5tal ,discipl9e4--,! importance ( m5tal sci5ce may be fur!r app>5t 9 its effect on ! culture & discipl9e ( ! m9d4 ,x is ! peculi> effect ( ?is sci5ce to %>p5 & quick5 ! m5tal p[]s1 to tea* precision & exactness ( ?\ght & expression1 to tra9 ! m9d to habits ( close att5tion & conc5tration ( ?\ght1 to lead x to inquire into ! causes & relations ( ?+s2 9 a ^w1 to r5d] x famili> ) ! great art ( di/+ui%+ ?+s t diff]4 ,x w\ld h>dly be possible to "n ano!r bran* ( /udy t t5ds s directly to produce ^! results 9 ! cultivation ( ! m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,p[]s4 ,importance ( su* a prelim9>y ,inve/igation4--,x is ( ! highe/ importance1 z we approa* a sci5ce l ! "o be=e u1 to obta91 if possible1 at ! outset1 a cle> & compreh5sive view ( ! field ab\t to be explor$4 ,x is desirable t ! travell]1 be=e ent]+ a new c\ntry1 %\ld le>n some?+ respect+ its ext5t1 its political & geographical divisions1 its mann]s1 its laws1 its hi/ory4 ,ev5 m necess>y is x1 9 ent]+ ^u a new sci5ce1 to "k its b\nd>ies & divisions1 to obta9 a cle> idea1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( our inquiries1 ( ! numb]1 nature1 ext5t1 & arrangem5t ( ! subject we are ab\t to inve/igate4 ,o!rwise we %all be liable to confusion & error1 %all n "k :]e1 at any mom5t1 9 ! wide field ( inve/igation1 we may *ance to be1 or :at relation ! topic ( our imm$iate inquiry holds to ! :ole sci5ce be=e u2 z a %ip on ! ocean1 )\t obs]vation & reckon+1 loses h] latitude & longitude4 ,we %all be liable to conf\nd ^? di/9ctions :i* are ( less1 ) ^? :i* are ( m importance1 & to mi/ake ! relation :i* ! sev]al topics ( inquiry be> to ea* o!r4 ,especially is ?is previ\s survey & compreh5sion ( ! subject ess5tial 9 a sci5ce l ?is1 :]e s mu* dep5ds on ! cle>ness & accuracy ) :i* we di/+ui% diff]5ces (t5 m9ute1 & on ! def9it5ess ) :i* we m>k (f & lay out ! sev]al divisions ( our "w4 ,a ?or\gh analysis & classification ( ! v>i\s faculties ( ! m9d is necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 be=e we ent] ^u ! special inve/igation ( any "o ( !m4 ,su* a classification mu/ s]ve z our guide-book & *>t 9 all fur!r inquiries4 ,difficulty ( su* an ,inve/igation4--,! importance ( su* a prelim9>y inve/igation is sc>cely great] ?an its difficulty4 ,x w\ld be easy1 inde$1 to m5tion1 almo/ at r&om1 a consid]able numb] ( m5tal op]ations1 ) ^: names we are famili>2 & a little ?\ght w\ld enable u to enl>ge ! li/ almo/ indef9itely4 ,b su* a li/1 ev5 ?\gh x might *ance to be complete1 w\ld be nei!r an analysis nor a classification ( ^! sev]al p[]s4 ,x w\ld nei!r tea* u _! relations to ea* o!r & to ! :ole1 nor enable u to und]/& ! precise nature & (fice ( ea* faculty4 ,we c\ld n be sure t we _h n includ$ "u a common "n op]ations ess5tially diff]5t1 or assign$ di/9ct places & (fices to p[]s ess5tially ! same4 ,mu* dep5ds1 moreov]1 on ! ord] 9 :i* we take up ! sev]al faculties4 ,x is evid5t at a glance t to =m a cle>1 correct1 & compreh5sive arrangem5t ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 is no slight und]tak+4 ,a complete und]/&+ ( ! :ole sci5ce ( ! m9d is requisite4 ,x is "o ( ! la/ ?+s :i* ! /ud5t is prep>$ to und]take1 yet "o ( ! fir/ :i* he requires to "k4 ,un=tunately = ! sci5ce1 p]haps no topic 9 ! :ole circle ( intellectual inve/igation has be5 m g5]ally neglect$1 by ^? :o h und]tak5 to unfold ! philosophy ( ! m9d1 ?an ! "o n[ "u consid]ation4 ,i4--,,g5]al ,,analysis4 ,a m5tal ,faculty1 :at4--,9 mak+ out any s*eme ( classification1 ! "q at once arises1 h[ are we to "k :at are1 & :at are n di/9ct faculties8 ,9 ord] to ?is1 we mu/ fir/ det]m9e :at con/itutes a m5tal faculty4 ,:at1 !n1 is a faculty ( ! m9d8 ,i und]/& by ?is t]m simply ! m9d's p[] ( act+1 ( do+ some?+1 ( putt+ =? "s en]gy1 & p]=m+ "s op]ation4 ,! m9d has z _m di/9ct faculties1 z x has di/9ct p[]s ( action1 di/9ct functions1 di/9ct modes & sph]es ( activity4 ,z its capabilities ( action & op]ation diff]1 s its faculties diff]4 ,! ,m9d n complex4--,n[ m5tal activity is1 /rictly speak+1 "o & indivisible4 ,! m9d is n a complex sub/ance1 compos$ ( p>ts1 b s+le & "o4 ,its activity may1 h[ev]1 be ex]cis$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & ^u widely diff]5t classes ( objects2 & z ^! modes ( action v>y1 we may assign !m diff]5t names1 & treat ( !m 9 di/9ction f ea* o!r4 ,s di/+ui%$ & nam$1 !y pres5t !mselves to u z s _m di/9ct p[]s or faculties ( ! m9d4 ,b :5 ?is is done1 & we make out1 = purposes ( sci5ce1 our complete li/ & classification ( ^! p[]s1 we are n to =get t x is1 aft] all1 "o & ! same indivisible spiritual pr9ciple t is putt+ =? its activity "u ^! div]se =ms1 "o & ! same =ce ex]t+ itself--:e!r z ?9k+1 feel+1 or act+--:e!r z rememb]+1 imag9+1 judg+1 p]ceiv+1 reason+1 lov+1 fe>+1 hat+1 desir+1 *oos+4 ,& :ile we may designate ^! z s _m faculties ( ! m9d1 we are n to conceive ( !m z s _m con/itu5t p>ts ( a complex :ole1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 compose ?is my/]i\s entity call$ ! m9d1 z ! diff]5t limbs & organs ( ! physical frame compose ! /ructure call$ ! body4 ,su* is n ! nature ( ! m9d1 nor ( its faculties4 ,! ,"q be=e u4--,9 inquir+1 !n1 :at are ! faculties ( ! m9d1 we h simply to inquire :at are ! di/9ct modes ( its activity1 :at /ates & op]ations ( ! m9d s f> resemble ea* o!r z to admit ( be+ class$ toge!r "u ! same g5]al description & "n4 ,our "w1 ?us und]/ood1 becomes 9 reality a v simple "o4 ,! m important ,di/9ctions to be fir/ asc]ta9$4--,:at1 !n1 are ! cle>ly di/9ct modes ( m5tal activity8 ,& fir/ let u endeavor to asc]ta9 ! wid] & m important di/9ctions4 ,we %all f9d t1 innum]able z ! =ms ( m5tal activity may at fir/ sight appe>1 !y are all capable ( be+ r$uc$ to a few g5]al & compreh5sive classes4 ,! fir/ ,=m ( m5tal ,activity4--,i sit at my table4 ,books are be=e me4 ,i op5 a volume1 & p]use its pages4 ,my m9d is occupi$1 its activity is awak5$2 ! ?\ghts ( ! au?or are transf]r$ to my m9d1 & engage my ?\ghts4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o =m ( m5tal activity4 ,?is "o ?+ ,i c d2 ?is "o p[] ,i h--! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,! second ,=m4--,b n ?is alone3 ,i am pres5tly consci\s ( some?+ beside simple ?\ght4 ,! writ]1 ^: pages ,i p]use1 int]e/s me1 excites me2 ,i am amus$ by 8 wit1 mov$ by 8 eloqu5ce1 affect$ by 8 pa?os2 ,i become indignant at ! sc5es & *>act]s :i* he portrays1 or1 on ! contr>y1 !y comm& my admiration4 ,all ?is by turns passes ov] me z ! fitful %ad[s play ^u ! wat]s1 com+ & go+ ) ! *ang+ cl\d4 ,?is is n pure ?\ght4 ,x is ?\ght accompani$ ) ano!r & q di/9ct elem5t1 t is1 feel+4 ,?is p[] also ,i h2--,i c feel4 ,a ?ird ,=m4--,& n ?is alone4 ,! process does n end "h4 ,?\ght & feel+ lead to action4 ,i resolve :at to d4 ,i lay d[n my book1 & g =? to p]=m "s act prompt$ by ! emotion awak5$ )9 me4 ,?is p[] also ,i h2--! faculty ( volunt>y action1 or volition4 ,^! ?ree ,=ms compreh5sive4--,"h1 !n1 are ?ree gr& divisions or =ms ( m5tal activity--?\ght1 feel+1 volition4 ,^! p[]s we are con/antly ex]t+4 ,e mom5t ( my intellig5t exi/5ce ,i am ex]cis+ "o or ano!r1 or all ( ^! faculties4 ,&1 :at is m1 ( all ! =ms ( m5tal activity1 !re is n "o :i* does n fall "u "o or ano!r ( ^! ?ree divisions--?\ght--feel+--volition4 ,e possible m5tal op]ation may be r$uc$ to "o ( ^! ?ree ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h1 !n1 ^! gr& dep>tm5ts or modes ( m5tal activity1 compreh5sive ( all o!rs3 ,intellect1 or ! faculty ( simple ?\ght2 ,s5sibility1 or ! faculty ( feel+2 ,w1 or ! faculty ( volunt>y action4 ,"u ^! lead+ p[]s are compreh5d$ subord9ate modes ( m5tal activity1 kn[n z faculties ( ! ,intellect1 or ( ! ,s5sibility1 or ( ! ,w4 ,we h at pres5t to d only ) ^? ( ! ,intellect4 ,,ii4--,,analysis ,,( ,,intellectual ,,p[]s4 ,s5se-p]ception4--,obs]v+ closely ! intellectual op]ations ( ! m9d1 we f9d a l>ge class ( !m relat+ to objects )9 ! sph]e ( s5se1 ext]nal objects1 z p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,! m9d1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s5se1 takes direct cognizance ( ^! objects4 ,?is class ( op]ations we may call ,s5se-p]ception1 & ! faculty ?us employ$1 9 di/9ction f o!r lead+ divisions ( ! intellectual p[]s1 we may call ,s5se1 or ! ,pres5tative faculty4 ,its di/9ctive (fice is to pres5t to ! m9d1 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 objects ext]nal1 s5sible1 z n[ & "h pres5t4 ,! ,repres5tative ,p[]4--,b ! m9d n only receives impressions ( ext]nal objects1 z pres5t1 & act+ on ! organs ( s5se2 x has also ! faculty ( conceiv+ ( !m 9 _! abs5ce1 & repres5t+ !m to itself4 ,?is faculty1 z di/+ui%$ f ! receptive p[]1 or s5se1 we may call ! ,repres5tative ,p[]4 ,m5tal ,reproduction1 & m5tal ,recognition z di/+ui%$4--,?is p[] op]ates 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,!re may be ! simple repres5tation ( ! abs5t object1 )\t ref]5ce to ! act ( =m] p]ception1 z :5 ,i ?9k ( ! ,/rasburg t[]1 )\t recall+ any p>ticul> in/ance ( its p]ception4 ,or !re may be su* recall+ ( ! =m] act & in/ance ( p]ception4 ,! ?\ght ( ! t[]1 z x pres5ts itself to my m9d1 may /& connect$ def9itely ) ! idea ( ! "t1 & place1 & att5d+ circum/ances 9 :i*1 on "s occasion1 ,i saw t object4 ,x is !n recogniz$ z ! object :i* 0 se5 at su* or su* a "t4 ,! =m] is an in/ance ( m5tal reproduction simply--! latt]1 ( m5tal recognition4 ,we h 9 common language b "o "n = ! two--al?\gh ! t]m m>e /rictly belongs only to ! latt]--& t is1 ,memory4 ,repres5tation ( ! ,ideal 9 di/9ction f ! ,actual4--,aga91 unlike ei!r ( ^!1 !re may be a conception & repres5tation ( ! object1 n at all z x is 9 reality1 & z x 0 p]ceiv$1 b v>i$ 9 ess5tial p>ticul>s1 to suit our own ta/e & fancy--a t[] n ( ord9>y /one1 b ( "s r>e & co/ly m>ble--n ( ord9>y height1 b rea*+ to ! skies1 etc41 etc4 ,9 ! =m] cases we conceiv$ only ( ! actual1 n[ ( ! ideal4 ,?is faculty is call$ ,imag9ation4 ,bo? are =ms ( ! repres5tative p[]1 n pres5t+1 b only repres5t+ objects4 ,conception ( ! ,ab/ract4--,! ,discursive or ,reflective ,p[]4--,9 ! cases ?us f> describ$ we h conceiv$ ( "s s5sible object1 consid]$ 9 & by itself1 capable ( be+ repres5t$ to ?\ght4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 conceive n ( an object 9 itself consid]$1 b ( ! prop]ties & relations ( objects 9 ! ab/ract4 ,?us we comp>e & class toge!r ^? objects :i* we p]ceive to possess c]ta9 prop]ties 9 common2 z books b\nd 9 clo?1 or 9 lea!r1 octavos1 or duodecimos4 ,9 s do+ we ex]cise ! faculty ( g5]alization1 :i* involves comp>ison1 & also :at is usually t]m$ ab/raction4 ,or we may rev]se ! process1 & in/ead ( class+ toge!r objects possess+ c]ta9 elem5ts 9 common1 we may analyze a complex idea1 or a compreh5sive t]m1 9 ord] to d]ive f x :atev] is specifically includ$ 9 x4 ,?us f ! g5]al proposition1 ,all m5 are mortal1 inasmu* z ! t]m all m5 includes ,socrates1 ,i inf] t ,socrates is mortal4 ,! process la/ nam$ is call$ reason+4 ,9 ei!r case1 bo? 9 ! syn!tic & ! analytic process n[ describ$1 we are deal+ n ) ! concrete b ! ab/ract4 ,! prop]ties & relations ( ?+s1 r ?an ?+s !mselves1 are ! objects ( our ?\ghts4 ,/ill !y are ! prop]ties & relations prim>ily ( s5sible objects1 & ( ^! objects z conceiv$1 & n z pres5t$ to s5se4 ,to di/+ui% ?is class ( conceptions f ^? previ\sly consid]$1 & also f t pres5tly to be notic$1 we may designate ?is p[] ( ! m9d z ! ,discursive or ,reflective ,p[]4 ,its results are notions ( ! und]/&+ r ?an impressions ( s5se1 or ideas ( reason4 ,conceptions n furni%$ by ,s5se4--,! ,intuitive ,p[]4--,we h consid]$ ?us f> ^? intellectual op]ations :i* fall )9 ?ree lead+ dep>tm5ts ( m5tal activity2--! ,pres5tative1 ,repres5tative1 & ,discursive ,p[]s4 ,^! op]ations all h ref]5ce directly or indirectly to s5sible objects4 ,! fir/ reg>ds !m z pres5t2 ! second repres5ts !m z abs5t2 ! ?ird consid]s _! prop]ties & relations 9 ! ab/ract4 ,b ! m9d has also ! faculty ( =m+ ideas & conceptions n furni%$ by ! s5ses4 ,x dep>ts f ! sph]e ( s5se1 & deals ) ! sup]-s5sible1 ) ^? prim>y ideas & fir/ pr9ciples presuppos$ 9 all k ( ! s5sible4 ,su* are ! ideas ( "t1 space1 cause1 ! "r1 ! beautiful4 ,^! are sugge/$ by ! objects ( s5se1 b n directly d]iv$ f nor giv5 by ^? objects4 ,!y are ideas ( reason1 r ?an notions ( und]/&+4 ,!y are awak5$ 9 ! m9d on occasions ( s5sible p]ception1 b n convey$ to ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses1 z 9 p]ception1 nor directly d]iv$ f ! object z 9 ! case ( ! repres5tative & discursive p[]s4 ,?is faculty we may call ! ,orig9ative or ,intuitive ,p[]1 9 di/9ction f ^? previ\sly consid]$4 ,summ>y ( lead+ ,divisions4--,we h !n f\r gr& divisions ( intellectual op]ations1 "u :i* ! sev]al specific faculties arrange !mselves2 viz41 ! ,pres5tative1 ! ,repres5tative1 ! ,discursive1 & ! ,orig9ative or ,intuitive faculty4 ,! fir/ has to d ) s5sible objects1 z pres5t2 ! second has to d ) ! same class ( objects z abs5t2 ! ?ird deals ) _! ab/ract prop]ties & relations2 & ! f\r? has to d n ) ! s5sible1 9 any =m1 b ) ! sup]-s5sible4 ,i believe ! faculties ( ! intellect1 9 pure ?9k+1 may all be r$uc$ to ^? =ms n[ specifi$1 "u ^! f\r lead+ divisions4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,analysis ,,9 ,a ,,tabul> ,,=m3 ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,intellect4 ,i4 ,,pres5tative1 ,p]ception4 ,,ii4 ,,repres5tative1 #a4 ,( ! ,actual1 ,memory4 #b4 ,( ! ,ideal1 ,imag9ation4 ,,iii4 ,,reflective1 #a4 ,syn!tic1 ,g5]alization4 #b4 ,analytic1 ,reason+4 ,,iv4 ,,intuitive1 ,orig9al ,conception4 ,,iii4--,,hi/orical ,,sket*--,,v>i\s ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,faculties4 ,! e>li] ,division4--,! g5]al division ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 = a long "t preval5t among ! e>li] mod]n philosoph]s1 0 into two *ief dep>tm5ts1 kn[n "u diff]5t names1 b includ+ "u ! "o :at we n[ t]m ! intellect1 "u ! o!r :at we designate z ! s5sibilities & ! w1 :i* 7 n !n1 z n[1 di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 9 ! g5]al division1 b ?r[n into "o dep>tm5t4 ,"u ! fir/ ( ^! dep>tm5ts1 !y includ$ ! ?9k+ & reason+ p[]s1 ! /rictly intellectual "p ( our nature2 "u ! second1 :atev] br+s ! m9d into action--! impell+ & controll+ p[] or pr9ciple--! affections1 emotions1 desires1 volitions1 etc4 ,! names giv5 to ^! two divisions v>i$ ) diff]5t writ]s1 b ! diff]5ce 0 *iefly 9 ! "n1 ! pr9ciple ( division be+ ! same4 ,by "s au?ors !y 7 designat$ z ! contemplative & ! active p[]s1 by o!rs cognitive & motive4 ,! latt] 0 ! nom5clature propos$ by ,hobbes4 ,o!rs aga9 adopt$ ! t]ms und]/&+ & w1 by :i* to m>k ! two divisions2 ,locke1 ,reid1 "s ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s1 &1 9 our own c\ntry1 ,edw>ds1 foll[$ ?is division4 ,/ew>t designates !m1 ! "o class z ! intellectual1 & ! o!r z ! active & moral p[]s4 ,br[n objects to ?is phraseology on ! gr\nd t ! intellectual p[]s are no less active ?an ! o!r4 ,he divides ! m5tal p[]s or /ates prim>ily into :at he calls ext]nal & int]nal affections ( ! m9d1 compreh5d+ "u ! =m] all ^? m5tal /ates :i* are imm$iately prec$$ by & connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( "s ext]nal object2 "u ! latt]1 ^? /ates :i* are n ?us imm$iately prec$$4 ,! latt] class he divides into intellectual /ates & emotions1 a division correspond+ ess5tially to ^? ( ! au?ors previ\sly m5tion$1 ! emotions ( ,br[n compreh5d+ ess5tially ! p[]s :i* o!rs _h t]m$ motive1 or active & moral4 ,preval5ce ( ?is ,me?od4--,?is tw(old division ( ! m5tal p[]s1 "u diff]5t names1 z n[ /at$1 has be5 ! "o g5]ally preval5t until a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,x may d\btless be trac$1 z ,sir ,william ,hamilton sugge/s1 to a di/9ction made by ,ari/otle1 into cognitive & appet5t p[]s4 ,! m rec5t ,me?od4--,! ?reefold division ( ! m5tal faculties v e>ly came into use among philosophical & !ological writ]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is n[ v g5]ally adopt$ by ! m rec5t ,european writ]s ( note1 especially 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,accord+ to ?is division ! v>i\s affections & emotions con/itute a dep>tm5t by !mselves1 di/9ct f ! w or ! volunt>y pr9ciple4 ,!re are _m reasons = su* a di/9ction2 !y h be5 well /at$ by ,pr(essor ,upham ,c\s9 adopts & def5ds ! ?reefold division1 & previ\sly /ill1 ,kant1 9 ,g]many1 _h di/+ui%$ ! m5tal p[]s "u ! lead+ divisions ( intellig5ce1 s5sibility1 & desire4 ,,m5tal ,,philosophy4 ,,division ,,fir/4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,faculties4 ,,prelim9>y ,,topics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,consci\sness4 ,g5]al ,/atem5t4--,be=e proce$+ to inve/igate ! sev]al specific faculties ( ! intellect1 z already classifi$1 !re are c]ta9 prelim9>y topics to be consid]$1 c]ta9 m5tal ph5om5a1 or m5tal /ates1 involv$ m or less fully 9 all m5tal activity1 & on t acc\nt h>dly to be class$ z specific faculties1 yet requir+ di/9ct consid]ation4 ,su* are ! m5tal /ates :i* we d5om9ate z consci\sness & att5tion4 ,def9itions4--,consci\sness is def9$ by ,web/] z ! k ( s5sations & m5tal op]ations1 or ( :at passes 9 our own m9ds2 by ,wayl&1 z t condition ( ! m9d 9 :i* x is cognizant ( its own op]ations2 by ,c\s91 z t function ( ! intellig5ce :i* gives u in=mation ( e ?+ :i* takes place 9 ! int]ior ( our m9ds2 by ,dr4 ,h5ry1 translator ( ,c\s91 z ! be+ aw>e ( ! ph5om5a ( ! m9d--( t :i* is pres5t to ! m9d2 by ,pr(essor ,tappan1 z ! necess>y k :i* ! m9d has ( its own op]ations4 ,^! g5]al def9itions sub/antially agree4 ,! m9d is aw>e ( its own op]ations1 its s5sations1 p]ceptions1 emotions1 *oices1 etc41 & ! /ate or act ( be+ ?us cognizant ( its own ph5om5a we designate by ! g5]al t]m ,consci\sness4 ,reasons = reg>d+ ,consci\sness z n a di/9ct ,faculty4--,is ?is1 h[ev]1 a di/9ct faculty ( ! m9d8 ,! m9d1 x is said1 is always cognizant ( its own op]ations3 :5 x p]ceives1 x is consci\s ( p]ceiv+2 :5 x reasons1 x is consci\s ( reason+2 :5 x feels1 x is consci\s ( feel+2 & n to be consci\s ( any p>ticul> m5tal act1 is n to p]=m t act4 ,to h a s5sation1 & to be consci\s ( t s5sation1 x is said1 are n two ?+s1 b "o & ! same1 ! diff]5ce be+ only 9 "n4 ,a p]ception is indivisible1 _c be analyz$ into a fact1 & ! consci\sness ( ! fact1 = ! p]ception is an act ( kn[+1 & does n take place if x be n kn[n to take place4 ,?is is ! view tak5 by ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,pr(essor ,b[51 & o!rs ( high au?ority4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ by ,dr4 ,br[n ) mu* =ce z an objection to ! doctr9e ( ,reid1 :o _h recogniz$ consci\sness z a di/9ct faculty4 ,reasons = ! opposite ,view4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! claims ( ?is =m ( m5tal activity to be reg>d$ z a faculty ( ! m9d1 di/9ct f & cord9ate ) ! o!r m5tal p[]s1 are admitt$ & ma9ta9$ by writ]s ( au?ority1 among :om are ,dr4 ,wayl& & ,presid5t ,mahan4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! (fice ( consci\sness be+ to give u k ( our own m5tal /ates1 & ?is function be+ q di/9ct f t ( any o!r m5tal faculty1 ! capacity or p[] ( p]=m+ ?is function des]ves to be reg>d$ z itself a faculty ( ! m9d4 ,x is ma9ta9$ also by ,dr4 ,wayl& t consci\sness does n necess>ily inv>iably accompany all m5tal action1 b t !re may be1 & are1 acts ( :i* we are n at ! "t consci\s4 ,in/ances 9 pro( ( ?is ,position4--,9 support ( ?is position he ref]s to c]ta9 cases z in/ances ( unconsci\s p]ception2 z :51 = example1 a clock /rikes )9 a few feet ( u1 :ile we are busily engag$1 & we d n notice x1 or "k t x has /ruck1 yet if que/ion$ aft]w>d1 are consci\s ( an impression t we h he>d x2 z :5 also :ile read+ al\d to ano!r p]son1 "s ?\ght arre/s our att5tion1 & yet by a sort ( me*anical process1 we cont9ue ! read+1 our m9d1 mean:ile1 :olly occupi$ ) ano!r subject1 until pres5tly we are />tl$ to f9d t we h n ! remote/ conception ( :at we h j be5 read+2 yet we read e ^w correctly1 & mu/1 x w\ld seem1 h p]ceiv$ e ^w & lett]4 ,he ref]s also to ! case ( ! %ort-h& writ] to ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ,engl&1 :o1 on a c]ta9 occasion1 :ile engag$ 9 tak+ ! depositions ( witnesses 9 an important case1 aft] _m h\rs ( cont9u$ ex]tion & fatigue1 fell1 = a few mom5ts1 into a /ate ( entire unconsci\sness1 yet kept on writ+ d[n1 & t ) p]fect accuracy1 ! depositions ( ! witness4 ,( ! la/ few l9es1 :5 he came to read !m1 he _h no recollection :atev]1 yet !y 7 writt5 z legibly & accurately z ! re/4 ,f ^! & simil> cases x is inf]r$ t !re may be m5tal activity ( :i* we h at ! "t no consci\sness4 ,! ,evid5ce exam9$4--,) reg>d to ! cases n[ cit$1 x seems to me t !y d n fully e/abli% ! po9t 9 "q4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r !y really involve any m5tal activity--:e!r !y are prop]ly m5tal acts1 & n m]ely me*anical or automatic4 ,x is well kn[n t _m processes :i* ord9>ily require m or less att5tion may1 :5 !y h become p]fectly famili>1 be c>ri$ on = a "t almo/ )\t ?\ght4 ,! s5ses1 s f> z !y are requir$ to act at all1 seem 9 su* cases to act me*anically or automatically1 some:at z a :eel :5 once set 9 motion cont9ues = a "t to revolve by its own mom5tum1 aft] ! propell+ =ce is )drawn4 ,! m5tal activity ex]t$ 9 su* cases1 if !re be any1 is s v slight z to escape att5tion1 & we are unconsci\s ( x simply because !re 0 little or no?+ to be consci\s (4 ,we h an illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! act ( walk+1 :ile busily engag$ 9 conv]sation ) a fri5d1 or 9 our own m$itations4 ,we are n consci\s ( any m5tal act prec$+ or direct+ ea* /ep & movem5t ( ! limbs1 b hav+ at ! outset decid$ :at direction to take1 ! m9d gives itself to o!r matt]s1 :ile ! process ( walk+ goes on by a sort ( me*anical impulse1 until pres5tly some?+ occurs to arre/ our att5tion & direct x to ! physical movem5t 9 :i* we are engag$4 ,! muscul> contractions t5d to foll[ ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 regul> succession2 a c]ta9 law ( association seems to gov]n _! movem5ts1 z is se5 9 ! rapid motions ( ! piani/1 ! flute play]1 ! type di/ributor1 & 9 _m simil> cases2 & s long z ! regul> succession1 & accu/om$ ord] ( movem5t1 is undi/urb$1 ! process goes on ) little or no int]f]5ce ( ! intellectual pr9ciple4 ,9 su* cases ! act c h>dly be said to involve m5tal activity4 ,a fur!r ,"q4--,b aside f ?is1 ev5 admitt+ t ! acts "u consid]ation are su* z to involve m5tal activity1 :at evid5ce is !re1 x may /ill be ask$1 t !re 0 at ! mom5t no consci\sness ( t activity8 ,t !re 0 subsequ5tly no consci\sness ( x1 does n make x c]ta9 t !re 0 none at ! "t4 ,! subsequ5t consci\sness ( an act is nei!r m nor less ?an memory1 & is n prop]ly consci\sness at all4 ,consci\sness takes cognizance1 prop]ly speak+1 only ( ! pres5t1 n ( ! pa/4 ,! abs5ce ( subsequ5t consci\sness is simply abs5ce ( memory1 & ?is may be acc\nt$ = 9 o!r ways ?an by suppos+ a total abs5ce ( consci\sness 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,:atev] m5tal activity 0 really ex]t$ by ! %ort-h& report] 9 ! case ref]r$ to1 he 01 d\btless1 consci\s ( ex]t+ at ! "t1 b x may h be5 s slight1 & ! m9d s little impress$ by x1 9 ! /ate ( physical we>9ess & pro/ration1 t x 0 n rememb]$ a mom5t aft]w>d4 ,we rememb] n e ?+ t occurs1 b only t to :i* we att5d1 & :i* makes "s impression ^u u4 ,! true ,explanation4--,9 ! o!r cases ref]r$ to1 ! explanation n[ giv5 is /ill m evid5tly ! true "o4 ,:at is call$ an abs5ce ( consci\sness is simply an abs5ce ( att5tion at ! "t1 & consequ5tly ( memory aft]w>d4 ,! p]son :o is read+ al\d1 9 ! case suppos$1 is m5tally occupi$ ) some?+ else ?an ! s5tim5ts ( ! au?or1 is n att5d+1 9 a ^w1 to :at he is read+1 & h5ce does n1 a mom5t aft]1 rememb] :at x 0 t he read4 ,s ( ! /rik+ ( ! clock4 ,! s\nd fell ^u ! e>1 ! auditory n]ve p]=m$ its (fice1 ! usual *ange1 :atev] x may be1 0 produc$ 9 ! bra91 b ! process ( he>+ w5t no fur!r2 ei!r no m5tal activity 0 awak5$ by t s\nd1 or1 if any1 b ! slighte/1 = ! m9d 0 o!rwise occupi$1 9 a ^w1 did n att5d to ! summons ( ! mess5g] t wait$ at ! portal1 & h5ce !re 0 no subsequ5t remembrance ( ! message1 or at mo/ a vague impression t some?+ ( ! k9d 0 he>d4 ,on ! :ole1 x does n appe> f ! cases cit$1 t m5tal activity is ev]1 at ! mom5t ( its ex]tion1 unaccompani$ ) consci\sness4 ,summ>y ( ! ,argum5t4--,i hesitate !n to assign consci\sness a place among ! faculties ( ! m9d1 z di/9ct f & cord9ate ) !m1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,x seems to me to be involv$ 9 all m5tal acts4 ,we _c1 z x has be5 already said1 suppose an act ( p]ception1 = example1 or ( s5sation1 )\t ! consci\sness ( t p]ception or s5sation4 ,:atev] ! m9d does1 x kn[s t x does1 & ! kn[+ is involv$ 9 & giv5 along ) ! do+4 ,n to "k t ,i see a book1 or he> a s\nd1 is 9 reality n to see & n to he> x4 ,n to "k t ,i h a s5sation is n to h x4 ,b :at is involv$ 9 all m5tal action _c be set d[n by itself z a specific m5tal act4 ,?is 7 mu* ! same z to reckon ! :ole among ! p>ts4 #b4 ,consci\sness1 :ile involv$ 91 _c be1 ei!r psy*ologically or *ronologically1 di/+ui%$ f ! m5tal acts :i* x accompanies4 ,! act & ! consci\sness ( ! act are insep>able 9 "t1 & !y are incapable ( be+ di/+ui%$ z di/9ct /ates ( m9d4 ,we _c break up ! s5sation or p]ception into a fact1 & ! consci\sness ( t fact4 ,logically we may di/+ui% !m z diff]5t objects ( ?\ght & att5tion1 b n psy*ologically z di/9ct acts ( m9d4 #c4 ,consci\sness is n "u ! control ( ! w1 & is n !re=e a faculty ( ! m9d4 ,x is n a p[] ( do+ some?+1 b an insep>able concomitant ( all do+4 ,:at has be5 t]m$ by "s writ]s volunt>y consci\sness1 or reflection1 is simply att5tion direct$ to our own m5tal acts4 ,di/9ction ( ,consci\sness & ,self-,consci\sness4--,o!rs aga9 di/+ui% betwe5 consci\sness & self-consci\sness2 b all consci\sness1 prop]ly s call$1 involves ! idea ( self or ! subjective elem5t4 ,to "k t ,i h a s5sation is virtually to "k myself z hav+ x4 ,cases ( abnormal or susp5d$ ,consci\sness4--,9 c]ta9 disord]$ & abnormal /ates ( ! n]v\s organism1 ! k ( :at has transpir$ previ\sly to t /ate seems to be lo/2 & !n aga91 on pass+ out ( t condition into ! normal "o1 all k ( :at took place :ile 9 ! abnormal /ate is want+4 ,in/ances are on record :]e p]sons h alt]nat$ 9 ?is mann] f "o to ! o!r condition1 c>ry+ on1 z x 71 by turns1 two sep>ate & indep5d5t l9es ( m5tal activity4 ,an in/ance ( ?is nature is relat$ by ,dr4 ,wayl&4 ,x has be5 usual to speak ( ^! z in/ances ( disord]$ or susp5d$ consci\sness4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 x is n consci\sness b memory t is 9 su* cases disord]$4 ,x is n ! k ( ! pres5t1 b ( ! pa/1 t is di/urb$ & defici5t4 ,:ile ! abnormal /ate cont9ues1 ! individual is consci\s ( :at transpires 9 t /ate4 ,:5 x ceases1 ! pati5t wakes z f a rev]ie or dream1 & reta9s no recollection ( any ?+ t took place dur+ its cont9uance4 ,x is ! memory t fails1 & n ! consci\sness4 ,we are nev] consci\s ( ! pa/4 ,objects ( ,consci\sness4--#a4 ,consci\sness deals only ) reality4 ,we are consci\s only ( t :i* is1 n ( t :i* may be4 ,! poet is consci\s inde$ ( 8 fiction1 ! build] ( air-ca/les is consci\s ( 8 rev]ie1 b ! fiction & ! rev]ie1 reg>d$ z m5tal acts1 are realities1 & x is only z m5tal acts t !y are objects ( consci\sness4 #b4 ,n e ?+ real is an object ( consci\sness1 b only t :i* is pres5t & 9 imm$iate relation to u4 ,! de/ruction ( ,pompeii1 & ! exi/5ce ( an ,ant>ctic cont95t are realities1 b n objects ( my consci\sness4 #c4 ,prim>ily & directly we are consci\s ( our own m5tal /ates & op]ations2 ( :atev] passes ov] ! field ( our m5tal vision1 our ?\ghts1 feel+s1 actions1 physical s5sations1 moral s5tim5ts & purposes3 m$iately & indirectly we are consci\s ( :atev]1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( s5se1 comes into direct relation to u4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,i put =? my h& & x /rikes ?is table1 ,i am consci\s n only ( ! movem5t1 & ! ef=t to move1 b ( ! s5sation ( resi/ance also1 & indirectly ,i may be said to be consci\s n ( ! resi/ance only1 b ( some?+--to wit1 ! table--z resi/+4 ,?is some?+ ,i "k1 z really z ,i "k ! s5sation & ! fact ( resi/ance4 ,to ?is imm$iate p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w 9 direct relation to our physical organism1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton w\ld ext5d ! sph]e ( consci\sness4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! t]m has be5 employ$ 9 a m re/rict$ s5se--to d5ote ! k ( :at passes )91 r ?an ( :at lies )\t ! m9d itself4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,att5tion4 ,g5]al ,"* ( ?is ,p[]4--,x has n be5 usual to treat ( ,att5tion z "o ( ! di/9ct faculties ( ! m9d4 ,x is d\btless a p[] :i* ! m9d possesses1 b l ! p[] ( conception1 or m g5]ally ! p[] ( ?\ght & m5tal appreh5sion1 x is involv$ 9 & und]lies ! ex]cise ( all ! specific m5tal faculties4 ,nor is x1 l consci\sness1 conf9$ to a di/9ct dep>tm5t ( k1 viz41 ! k ( our own m5tal /ates4 ,x is subsidi>y to ! o!r m5tal p[]s1 r ?an a faculty ( orig9al & indep5d5t k4 ,x orig9ates no?+--tea*es no?+--puts u 9 possession ( no new tru?--has no di/9ct field & prov9ce ( its own4 ,& yet )\t x o!r faculties w\ld be ( little avail4 ,def9itions4--,if x 7 necess>y to def9e a t]m s well und]/ood1 we might describe x z ! p[] :i* ! m9d has ( direct+ its ?\ghts1 purposely & volunt>ily1 to "s "o object1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,x is describ$ by ,dr4 ,wayl& z a sort ( volunt>y consci\sness1 a condition ( m9d 9 :i* our consci\sness is excit$ & direct$ by an act ( ! w4 ,he speaks also ( an involunt>y att5tion1 a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* our ?\ghts1 )\t ef=t or purpose ( our own1 are engross$ by objects ( an excit+ nature4 ,x may be que/ion$1 p]haps1 :e!r ?is is prop]ly att5tion4 ,only 9 s f> z att5tion is a volunt>y act is x prop]ly a p[] ( ! m9d1 & only 9 s f> does x diff] f ! simple activity ( ?\ght1 or ( consci\sness4 ,! latt] is always involunt>y1 & 9 ?is x diff]s f att5tion4 ,in/ances 9 ,illu/ration4--,x c h>dly be necess>y to illu/rate by example ! nature ( a faculty s con/antly 9 ex]cise4 ,e "o p]ceives1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! c>eless p]usal ( an au?or--! eye pass+ li/lessly ov] ! pages1 & ! m9d receiv+ little or no impression f its /atem5ts--& ! read+ ( ! same volume ) fix$ & c>eful att5tion1 e ^w obs]v$1 e s5tim5t weigh$1 & ! :ole m5tal en]gy direct$ to ! subject 9 h&4 ,we pass1 9 ! /reets ( a cr[d$ & busy city1 _m p]sons :om we d n /op to obs]ve1 & ( ^: appe>ance we c\ld aft]w>d give no acc\nt :atev]4 ,pres5tly1 "s "o 9 ! cr[d attracts our notice4 ,we obs]ve 8 appe>ance1 we wat* 8 movem5ts1 we notice 8 peculi>ities ( dress1 gait1 mann]s1 etc41 & are able aft]w>d to describe !m ) "s degree ( m9ut5ess4 ,9 ! =m] case we p]ceive1 b d n att5d4 ,9 ! latt]1 we att5d1 9 ord] to p]ceive4 ,sometimes ! sole ,occupation4--,att5tion seems to be at times ! sole occupation ( ! m9d = ! mom5t1 z :5 we h he>d "s s\nd t attracts our notice1 & are li/5+ = its repetition4 ,9 ?is case ! o!r faculties are = ! "t held 9 susp5se1 & we are1 z we say1 all att5tion4 ,! po/ure naturally assum$ 9 su* a case is t indicat$ by ! etymology ( ! ^w1 & may h sugge/$ its use to designate ?is faculty1 viz41 att5tion--ad-t5do--a b5d+ to1 a /ret*+ t[>d1 ! object ( int]e/4 ,analysis ( ! m5tal ,process 9 ,att5tion4--,if we closely analyze ! process ( our m9ds 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t x consi/s *iefly 9 ?is--! arre/+ & deta9+ ! ?\ghts1 exclud+ ?us ! ex]cise ( o!r =ms ( m5tal activity1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! m9d is left free to direct its :ole en]gy to ! "o object 9 view4 ,! process may be comp>$ to ! op]ation ( ! det5t 9 ma*9]y1 :i* *ecks ! :eels t are 9 rapid motion1 & gives opportunity = any desir$ *ange2 :ile x may be comp>$1 z reg>ds ! result ( its action1 to ! helm t directs ! motion ( ! %ip1 n[ ?is way1 n[ t1 z ! helmsman wills4 ,objects ( ,att5tion4--,! objects ( att5tion are ( c\rse z v>i\s z ! objects ( ?\ght4 ,l consci\sness1 x may conf9e itself to our own m5tal /ates2 &1 unlike consci\sness1 x may compreh5d also ! entire range ( objective reality4 ,9 ! =m] case x is m commonly designat$ by ! t]m reflection1 9 ! latt]1 obs]vation4 ,importance ( ,habits ( ,att5tion4--,! importance ( habits ( att5tion1 ( ! due ex]cise & developm5t ( ?is faculty ( ! m9d1 is too obvi\s to require special comm5t4 ,! p[] ( controll+ "o's own m5tal activity1 ( direct+ x at w into :atev] *annels ! occasion may dem&1 ( exclud+ = ?is purpose all o!r & irrelevant ideas1 & conc5trat+ ! en]gies ( ! m9d on ! "o object ( ?\ght be=e x1 is a p[] ( ! highe/ value1 an atta9m5t wor? any ef=t1 & :i*1 9 ! diff]5t degrees 9 :i* x is possess$1 goes f> to make ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o m9d & ano!r 9 ! realm ( ?\ght & intellectual greatness4 ,:ile ! att5tion is divid$ & ! m9d di/ract$ among a v>iety ( objects1 x c appreh5d no?+ cle>ly & def9itely2 ! rays are n br\ght to a focus1 & ! m5tal eye1 in/ead ( a cle> & well-def9$ image1 p]ceives no?+ b a %ad[y & confus$ outl9e4 ,! m9d :ile 9 ?is /ate acts to little purpose4 ,x is %orn ( its /r5g?4 ,! p[] ( comm&+ ! att5tion & conc5trat+ ! m5tal en]gy ^u a giv5 object1 is1 h[ev]1 a p[] n easily acquir$ nor always possess$4 ,! difficulty ( ! atta9m5t is h>dly less ?an its importance4 ,x c be made only by e>ne/ ef=t1 resolute purpose1 dilig5t culture & tra9+4 ,!re mu/ be /r5g? ( w to take comm& ( ! m5tal faculties1 & make !m subs]vi5t to its purpose4 ,!re mu/ be det]m9ation to succe$1 & a wise discipl9e & ex]cise ( ! m9d ) ref]5ce to ! end 9 view4 ,?is faculty1 l e o!r1 requires education 9 ord] to its due developm5t4 ,:e!r c]ta9 ,acts are p]=m$ )\t any ,degree ( ,att5tion4--,x is a "q some:at discuss$ among philosoph]s1 :e!r ^? acts :i* f habit we h le>n$ to p]=m ) great facility1 &1 z we say1 almo/ )\t ?9k+1 are /rictly volunt>y2 :e!r !y d or d n involve an ex]cise ( att5tion4 ,e "o is aw>e ( ! facility acquir$ by practice 9 _m manual & me*anical op]ations1 z well z 9 ^? m prop]ly intellectual4 ,a musician sits at 8 in/rum5t1 sc>cely consci\s ( :at he is do+1 8 att5tion absorb$1 x may be1 ) "s engross+ topic ( ?\ght or conv]sation1 :ile 8 f+]s w&] ad libitum among ! keys & /rike ! notes ( "s famili> tune4 ,is !re 9 su* a case a special act ( volition & att5tion prec$+ ea* movem5t ( ! f+]s z !y glide ov] ! keys8 ,& 9 m rapid play+1 ev5 :5 ! att5tion is 9 g5]al direct$ to ! act p]=m$1 i4 e41 ! execution ( ! piece1 is !re /ill a special act ( att5tion to ! production ( ea* note z !y foll[ ea* o!r ) almo/ inconceivable rapidity8 ,dr4 ,/ahl1 ,dr4 ,reid & o!rs1 especially _m able physiologi/s1 h answ]$ ?is "q 9 ! negative1 pron\nc+ ! acts 9 "q to be m]ely automatic & me*anical1 & n prop]ly involv+ any activity ( m9d4 ,! m9d1 !y w\ld say1 =ms ! g5]al purpose to execute ! giv5 piece1 b ! p>ticul> movem5ts & muscul> contractions requisite to produce ! individual notes1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 involunt>y1 ! result ( habit1 n ( special att5tion or volition4 ,! opposite ,view4--,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,/ew>t ma9ta9s t all su* acts1 h[ev] easily & rapidly p]=m$1 d involve m5tal activity1 "s degree ( att5tion1 "s special volition to produce !m1 al?\gh we may n be able to recollect ^? volitions aft]w>d4 ,! diff]5t /eps ( ! process are1 by ! association ( ideas1 s connect$1 t !y pres5t !mselves successively to ! m9d )\t any ef=t to recall !m1 )\t any hesitation or reflection on our "p1 & ) a rapidity proportion$ to our exp]i5ce4 ,! att5tion & ! volition are in/antane\s1 & !re=e n subsequ5tly recollect$4 ,/ill1 he w\ld say1 ! fact t we d n recollect !m is no pro( t we did n ex]cise !m4 ,! musician c1 at w1 p]=m ! piece s sl[ly1 z to be able to obs]ve & recall ! special act ( att5tion to ea* note1 & ( volition to produce x4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two cases lies 9 ! rapidity ( ! movem5t1 n 9 ! nature ( ! op]ation4 ,objection to ?is ,view4--,! only objection to ?is view1 ( mu* weight1 is ! extreme rapidity ( m5tal action1 :i* ?is view supposes4 ,an accompli%$ speak] w pron\nce1 x is said1 f two to f\r hundr$ words1 or f "o to two ?\s& lett]s 9 a m9ute1 & ea* lett] requires a di/9ct contraction ( ! muscles1 _m ( !m1 inde$1 sev]al contractions4 ,%all we suppose !n s _m ?\s& acts ( att5tion & volition 9 a m9ute8 ,reply to ?is ,objection4--,to ?is x may be repli$ t ! v objection c>ries ) x its own answ]1 s9ce if x be true t ! muscles ( ! body move ) su* wond]ful rapidity1 x is surely n incr$ible t ! m9d %\ld be at lea/ equally rapid 9 its movem5ts ) ! body4 ,to %[ t bo? m9d & body (t5 d act ) great rapidity1 ,mr4 ,/ew>t cites ! case ( ! equilibri/1 :o balances himself on ! slack rope1 & at ! same "t balances a numb] ( rods or balls ^u 8 *91 8 position e in/ant *ang+1 accord+ to ! accid5tal & ev] v>y+ motions ( ! sev]al objects ^: equilibrium he is to pres]ve1 :i* motions he mu/ !re=e con/antly & closely wat*4 ,n[ to d ?is1 ! close/ att5tion1 bo? ( ! eye & ( ! m9d1 to ea* ( ^! in/antane\s movem5ts1 is absolutely necess>y1 s9ce ! movem5ts d n foll[ ea* o!r 9 any regul> ord]1 z d ! notes ( ! musician1 & _c1 !re=e1 by any association ( ideas1 be l9k$ toge!r1 or laid up 9 ! m9d4 ,! ,"q undecid$4--,! "q is a curi\s "o1 & ) ! argum5ts on ei!r side1 z n[ pres5t$1 ,i leave x to ! read]'s individual judgm5t & decision4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t is d\btless correct z to ! rapidity ( m5tal & muscul> action4 ,at ! same "t x seems to me !re are actions1 :atev] may be true 9 ! cases suppos$1 t are purely automatic & me*anical4 ,:e!r we att5d to m ?an "o ?+ at once4--,analog\s to ! "q already discuss$1 is ! inquiry :e!r ! m9d ev] att5ds or c att5d to m ?an "o ?+ at "o & ! same "t2 z :5 ,i read an au?or1 my att5tion mean:ile be+ direct$ to "s o!r object ?an ! tra9 ( ?\ght pres5t$ by ! page be=e me1 s t at ! end ( a p>agraph or a *apt] ,i f9d t ,i h no idea ( :at ,i h be5 read+1 & yet ,i h foll[$ ) ! eye1 & p]haps pron\nc$ al\d1 e ^w & l9e ( ! entire passage4 ,to d ?is mu/ h requir$ "s att5tion4 ,h ,i !n ! p[] ( att5d+ to two ?+s at once8 ,s1 :5 ! musician c>elessly /rikes up a famili> air :ile engag$ 9 animat$ conv]sation1 & :5 ! equilibri/ balances bo? 8 own body ^u ! rope1 & also a numb] ( bodies ^u diff]5t p>ts ( 8 body1 ea* movem5t ( ea* requir+ con/ant & in/ant att5tion1 ! same "q arises4 ,op9ion ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t4--,mr4 ,/ew>t1 9 accordance ) ! view already express$ ( ! rapidity ( ! m9d's action1 ma9ta9s t we d n "u any circum/ances att5d at "o & ! same "t to two objects ( ?\ght1 b t ! m9d passes ) su* rapidity f "o to ano!r object 9 ! cases suppos$1 t we are unconsci\s ( ! transition1 & seem to ourselves to be att5d+ to bo? objects at once4 ,illu/ration ( ?is ,view4--,an illu/ration ( ?is we f9d 9 ! case ( vision4 ,only "o po9t ( ! surface ( any ext]nal object is at any "o in/ant 9 ! direct l9e ( vision1 yet s rapidly does ! eye pass f po9t to po9t1 t we seem to p]ceive at a glance ! :ole surface4 ,h[ x is possible to comp>e diff]5t ,objects4--,x may be ask$1 ,h[ is x t we are able to comp>e "o object ) ano!r1 if we are unable to br+ bo? be=e ! m9d at once8 ,if1 :ile ,i am ?9k+ ( ,a1 ,i h no long] any ?\ght :atev] ( ,b1 h[ is x possible ev] to br+ toge!r ,a & ,b be=e ! m9d s z to comp>e !m8 ,! answ] ,i conceive to be ?is1 t ! m9d passes ) su* rapidity f ! "o to ! o!r object1 z to produce ! same effect t w\ld be produc$ 7 bo? objects actually be=e x at ! same in/ant4 ,! transition is n usually a matt] ( consci\sness2 yet if any "o w obs]ve closely ! action ( 8 own m9d 9 ! ex]cise ( comp>ison1 he w detect ! pass+ ( 8 ?\ghts back & =? f "o object to ! o!r _m times be=e ! conclusion is rea*$1 & ! comp>ison is complete4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,conception4 ,"* ( ?is ,p[]4--,?is t]m has be5 employ$ 9 v>i\s s5ses by diff]5t writ]s4 ,x does n d5ote prop]ly a di/9ct faculty ( ! m9d4 ,i conceive ( a ?+ :5 ,i make x a di/9ct object ( ?\ght1 :5 ,i appreh5d x1 :5 ,i con/rue x to myself z a possible ?+1 & z be+ ?us & ?us4 ,?is =m ( m5tal activity ent]s m or less into all our m5tal op]ations2 x is involv$ 9 p]ception1 memory1 imag9ation1 ab/raction1 judgm5t1 reason+1 etc4 ,= ?is reason x is n to be rank$ z "o (1 & correlate )1 ^! sev]al specific faculties4 ,l ! p[] ( ?\ght1 & h>dly ev5 m limit$ ?an t1 x und]lies all ! special faculties1 & is ess5tial to !m all4 ,su* at lea/ is ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m2 & :5 we employ x to d5ote "s specific =m ( m5tal activity1 we employ x 9 a s5se aside f its usual & e/abli%$ mean+4 ,objects ( ,conception4--,i conceive ( an abs5t object ( sight1 z1 e4 g41 ! appe>ance ( an abs5t fri5d1 or ( a =eign city1 ( ! m>* ( an army1 or ! eruption ( a volcano4 ,i conceive also ( a ma!matical tru?1 or a problem 9 a/ronomy4 ,my conceptions are n limit$ to =m] p]ceptions or s5sations1 nor ev5 to objects ( s5sible p]ception4 ,!y are n limit$ to mat]ial & s5sible objects4 ,!y embrace ! pa/ & ! future1 ! actual & ! ideal1 ! s5sible & ! sup]-s5sible4 ,conceptions nei!r true nor false4--,our conceptions are nei!r true nor false1 9 !mselves consid]$2 !y become s only :5 att5d$ ) "s ex]cise ( judgm5t or ( belief4 ,we conceive ( a m\nta9 ( gold or ( glass1 & ?is simple conception has no?+ to d ) tru? or error4 ,:5 we conceive ( x1 h[ev]1 z actually exi/+1 & 9 ?is or t place1 or :5 we simply judge t su* a m\nta9 is some:]e to be f\nd1 !n su* judgm5t or belief is ei!r true or false2 b x is no long] simple conception4 ,n always ,possibilities2 nor possible ,?+s always conceivable4--,our conceptions are n always possibilities4 ,we c conceive ( "s ?+s n )9 ! limits ( possibility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n e ?+ possible ev5 is conceivable4 ,exi/5ce )\t beg9n+ or end is possible1 b x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! human m9d1 /rictly speak+1 to conceive ( su* a ?+4 ,i "k t ,deity ?us exi/s4 ,i und]/& :at is meant by su* a proposition1 & ,i believe x4 ,b ,i _c con/rue x to myself z a def9ite intellection1 an appreh5sion1 z ,i c conceive ( ! exi/5ce ( a city or a cont95t1 or ( ! tru? ( a ma!matical proposition4 ,! same may be said ( ! ideas ( ! inf9ite & ! absolute4 ,!y are n prop]ly )9 ! limits ( ?\ght1 ( appreh5sion1 to ! human m9d4 ,?\ght 9 its v nature imposes a limitation on ! object :i* is ?\ght (--fa?oms x--passes ar\nd x ) its measur+ l9e--appreh5ds x3 only s f> z ?is is done is ! ?+ actually ?\ght2 only s f> z x c be done is ! ?+ really ?9kable4 ,b ! inf9ite1 ! uncondition$1 ! absolute1 9 _! v nature unlimit$1 _c be %ut up ?us )9 ! n>r[ l9es ( human ?\ght4 ,!y are inconceivable4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 contradictory to ?\ght4 ,!y may be true2 !y are true & real1 ?\gh we _c prop]ly conceive !m4 ,! ,inconceivable becomes ,impossible1 :54--,n e ?+ !n :i* is inconceivable is impossible1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is e ?+ :i* is impossible inconceivable4 ,! inconceivable is impossible1 at lea/ x c be kn[n to be s1 only :5 x is ei!r self-contradictory--z t a ?+ %\ld be & n be at ! same "t--t a "p is equal to ! :ole1 etc42 or :5 x is contradictory ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 z t two /raight l9es %\ld enclose a space--t an ev5t may occur )\t a cause--t space is n necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 or "t to ! succession ( ev5ts4 ,^! ?+s are un?9kable b !y are m ?an t1 contradictory ( ! e/abli%$ laws ( ?\ght2 & !y are impossible1 because ?us contradictory1 & n m]ely because inconceivable4 ,x is h>dly true1 z is sometimes affirm$1 & z ,dr4 ,wayl& has /at$1 t our conceptions are ! limits ( possibility4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t's use ( ! t]m ,conception4--,mr4 ,/ew>t has employ$ ! t]m ,conception 9 a some:at peculi> mann]1 & has assign$ x a def9ite place among ! faculties ( ! m9d4 ,he uses x to d5ote t p[] ( ! m9d :i* enables x to =m a notion ( an abs5t object ( p]ception1 or ( a s5sation :i* we h =m]ly felt4 ,x is ! (fice ( ?is faculty to pres5t u ) an exact transcript ( :at we h felt or p]ceiv$4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f imag9ation1 :i* gives n an exact transcript1 b "o m or less alt]$ or modifi$1 comb9+ our conceptions s z to =m new results4 ,x diff]s f memory 9 t x involves no idea ( "t1 no recognition ( ! ?+ conceiv$1 z a ?+ =m]ly p]ceiv$4 ,objection to ?is use4--,?is use ( ! t]m is1 on "s acc\nts1 objectionable4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 b a dep>ture f e/abli%$ usage4 ,x is an arbitr>y limitation ( a ^w to d5ote a "p only in/ead ( ! :ole ( t :i* x prop]ly signifies ,!re is no reason1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 :y ! notion we =m ( an abs5t object ( p]ception1 or ( a s5sation1 %\ld be call$ a conception1 r ?an our notion ( an ab/ract tru?1 a proposition 9 morals1 or a ma!matical problem4 ,i am n aw>e t any special importance atta*es to ! =m] m ?an to ! latt] class ( conceptions4 ,inde$1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton limits ! t]m to ! latt]4 ,b ?is aga9 is n 9 accordance ) e/abli%$ usage4 ,,intellectual ,,faculties ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,! ,,pres5tative ,,p[] ,,s5se ,,or ,,p]ception ,,by ,,! ,,s5ses4 ,i4--,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4 ,?is ,faculty ! ,f\ndation ( our ,k4--,( ! cognitive p[]s ( ! m9d1 ! fir/ to be notic$1 accord+ to ! analysis & di/ribution already giv51 is ! ,pres5tative ,p[]--! p[] ( cogniz+ ext]nal objects ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,?is claims our fir/ att5tion1 inasmu* z x lies1 *ronologically at lea/1 at ! f\ndation ( all our cognitive p[]s1 & 9 tru?1 ( our entire m5tal activity4 ,we c1 p]haps1 conceive ( a be+ s con/itut$ z to be indep5d5t ( s5se1 & yet possess m5tal activity2 & we c ev5 conceive su* a m9d z tak+ cognizance1 9 "s my/]i\s way1 ( objects ext]nal to itself4 ,b n su* a be+ is man--n su* ! nature ( ! human m9d4 ,its activity is fir/ awak5$ ?r\gh s5se2 f s5se x d]ives its k ( ! ext]nal _w1 ( :atev] lies )\t & beyond ! *>m$ circle ( self2 & :e!r all our k is1 /rictly speak+1 d]iv$ f s5se1 or n--a "q s mu* disput$1 & :i* we w n "h /ay to discuss--!re c be no d\bt t ! activity ( s5se1 & ! k ?us acquir$1 is at lea/ ! beg9n+ & f\ndation ( all our m5tal acquisitions4 ,we are con/antly receiv+ impressions f )\t ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,9 ?is way ! m9d is fir/ awak5$ to activity1 & f ?is s\rce we d]ive our k ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,g5]al ,"* ( ?is ,faculty4--,9 its g5]al "* ! faculty n[ "u consid]ation1 z ! "n indicates1 is pres5tative & intuitive4 ,x pres5ts r ?an repres5ts objects1 & :at ! m9d ?us p]ceives x p]ceives intuitively1 r ?an z ! result ( reflection4 ,! k :i* x gives is imm$iate k1 ! k ( t :i* is n[ & "h pres5t1 9 "t & space4 ,involves a tw(old ,elem5t4--,look+ m closely at ! "* ( ?is faculty1 we f9d x to involve a tw(old elem5t1 :i* we _c bett] indicate ?an by ! t]ms subjective & objective4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! k or consci\sness ( our own s5ti5t organism z affect$1 & !re is also ! k ( some?+ ext]nal to1 & indep5d5t ( ! m9d itself1 or ! me1 z ! produc+ cause ( ?is affection ( ! organism4 ,we "k1 by "o & ! same act1 ourselves z affect$1 & ! exi/5ce & pres5ce ( an ext]nal some?+ affect+ u4 ,?is presupposes1 ( c\rse1 ! di/9ct indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! me & ! n-me--( ourselves z ?9k+ & s5ti5t be+s1 & ( objects ext]nal to ourselves1 & mat]ial1--a di/9ction :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( all s5se-p]ception4 ,all p]ception by ! s5ses involves1 & presupposes1 ! exi/5ce ( a s5ti5t be+ capable ( p]ceiv+1 & ( an object capable ( be+ p]ceiv$4 ,x supposes1 also1 su* a relation betwe5 ! two1 t ! =m] is affect$ by ! pres5ce ( ! latt]4 ,f ?is results p]ception 9 its tw(old aspect1 or ! k1 on ! "p ( ! s5ti5t m9d1 at once ( itself z affect$1 & ( ! object z affect+ x4 ,accord+ z "o or ! o!r ( ^! elem5ts is m directly ! object ( att5tion1 s ! subjective & ! objective "* pr$om9ate 9 ! act ( p]ception4 ,if ! =m]1 !n we ?9k *iefly ( ! me z affect$1 & are sc>cely consci\s ( ! ext]nal object z ! s\rce or ! produc+ cause2 if ! latt]1 ! rev]se is true4 ,,ii--,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,p]ceptive ,,process4 ,simple ,s5sation4--,! nature ( ! pres5tative p[] may be bett] und]/ood by obs]v+ closely ! diff]5t /eps ( ! process4 ,z we come into contact ) ! ext]nal _w1 ! fir/ ?+ ( :i* we are consci\s1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( cognition1 is d\btless simple s5sation4 ,some?+ t\*es me1 my bodily organism is !reby affect$1 & ,i am consci\s1 at once1 ( a c]ta9 feel+ or s5sation4 ,i d n "k z yet :at has produc$ ! s5sation1 or :e!r any ?+ produc$ x4 ,i d n z yet recognize x z ! result ( an affection ( ! bodily organism1 or ev5 z p]ta9+ to t organism 9 di/9ction f ! spiritual pr9ciple4 ,i am consci\s only ( a c]ta9 feel+4 ,?is is simple s5sation--a purely subjective process4 ,recognition ( x z su*4--,we d n1 h[ev]1 /op "h4 ,! m9d is at once ar\s$ by ! occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on suppos$1 ! att5tion is direct$ to x4 ,i cognize x z s5sation1 z feel+4 ,if x be n ! fir/ in/ance ( ! k9d 9 my exp]i5ce1 ,i di/+ui% x f o!r s5sations :i* ,i h felt4 ,di/ribution ( x to ! ,p>ts affect$4--,m ?an ?is2 ,i am consci\s n only ( ! giv5 s5sation1 b ( its be+ an affection ( my bodily organism1 & ( ?is or t "p ( ! organism2 ,i di/+ui% ! body z ! seat ( ! s5sation1 & ?is or t "p ( ! body z ! "p affect$4 ,! organism z ?us affect$ becomes itself an object ( ?\ght z di/9ct f ! ?9k+ m9d t animates & p]vades x4 ,x becomes to me an ext]nality1 hav+ ext5sion & p>ts out ( & di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,z ?us view$1 & br\ght n[ = ! fir/ "t "u ! eye ( consci\sness1 x becomes kn[n to me z ! non-ego1 /ill connect$1 h[ev]1 by s5sation ) ! ego1 ! s5ti5t pr9ciple & z ?us view$1 ,i become aw>e t ! s5sation :i* ,i feel is an affection ( t organism1 & ( a c]ta9 portion ( x1 z ! h&1 or ! foot4 ,?is cognizance ( ! s5sation z su*1 z p]ta9+ to ! organism1 & to ?is or t "p ( ! same1 & ! consequ5t cognizance ( ! organism z su*1 z di/9ct f ! s5ti5t m9d1 & z ?us & ?us affect$1 is no long] simple s5sation1 x is p]ception4 ,cognition ( some?+ ext]nal to ! ,organism itself4--,?is is ! mo/ simple =m ( imm$iate p]ception4 ,! process does n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily /op "h4 ,i am consci\s n only ( ?is or t "p ( my organism z affect$1 b ( some?+ ext]nal to ! organism itself1 9 contact ) & affect+ x4 ,?is organism ) :i* ,i f9d myself connect$1 ! seat ( s5sation1 ! object ( p]ception1 is capable ( self-movem5t 9 ob$i5ce to my volitions4 ,i am consci\s ( ! ef=t to move my p]son1 & consci\s also ( be+ resi/$ 9 ^? movem5ts by some?+ ext]nal 9 contact ) my organism4 ,?is yet unkn[n some?+ becomes n[ ! object ( att5tion & p]ception--?is new ph5om5on--resi/ance1 some?+ resi/+4 ,to p]ceive t ,i am resi/$1 is to p]ceive t some?+ resi/s1 & to p]ceive ?is is to p]ceive ! object itself :i* (f]s su* resi/ance4 ,i may n "k e ?+ p]ta9+ to x1 :at sort ( ?+ x may be1 b ,i "k ?is respect+ x1 t x exi/s1 t x is ext]nal to my organism1 t x resi/s my movem5ts4 ,?us ! out] _w becomes directly an object ( p]ception--passes "u ! imm$iate eye ( consci\sness4 ,9 :at ,s5se ^! sev]al ,/eps di/9ct4--,9 ! prec$+ analysis1 9 ord] m cle>ly to illu/rate ! nature ( ! process1 we h reg>d$ ! act ( p]ception z brok5 into sev]al di/9ct p>ts1 or /eps ( progress4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n /rictly correct z reg>ds ! psy*ology ( ! matt]4 ,logically1 we may di/+ui% ! simple s5sation z m]e feel+1 f ! ref]5ce ( ! same to ?is or t "p ( ! bodily organism z affect$1 & ea* ( ^! aga91 f ! cognizance ( ! ext]nal object1 :i* by contact or resi/ance produces ! s5sation4 ,*ronologically1 ! act is "o & indivisible4 ,! s5sation & ! p]ception are syn*ron\s4 ,we _c sep>ate ! act ( s5se-p]ception into ! consci\sness ( a s5sation1 ! consci\sness ( ! bodily organism z affect$ by t s5sation1 & ! consci\sness ( an ext]nal some?+ z ! proximate cause ( t affection4 ,to exp]i5ce a s5sation1 is to exp]i5ce x z "h or !re 9 ! s5ti5t organism1 & to p]ceive contact or resi/ance1 is to p]ceive some?+ 9 contact or resi/+4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be s5sation )\t cognizance ( ! ext]nal produc+ cause4 ,re/rict$ ,s5se ( ! t]m ,p]ception4--,accord+ to ! view n[ advanc$1 p]ception is imm$iate2 n a matt] ( inf]5ce1 n a r\ndab\t reflective process4 ,x is a cognizance direct & intuitive ( ! bodily organization z ?us & ?us affect$1 & ( an ext]nal some?+ 9 correlation ) x1 affect+ & limit+ t organism 9 its movem5ts4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 a wid] range has be5 giv5 to ! t]m1 & ! faculty !reby d5ot$4 ,x has be5 made to compreh5d any m5tal process by :i* we ref] a specific s5sation to some?+ ext]nal z its produc+ cause4 ,x is ?us employ$ by ,reid & ,/ew>t1 & su* has be5 9 fact ! preval5t use ( ! t]m4 ,accord+ to ?is1 :5 we exp]i5ce ! s5sation ( fragrance1 & ref] t s5sation to ! pres5ce ( a rose1 or ! s5sation ( s\nd1 & ref] x to ! /roke ( a bell1 or a pass+ c>riage1 we ex]cise ! faculty ( p]ception4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 our k 9 ^! cases is m]ely a matt] ( inf]5ce1 ( judgm5t1 n ( imm$iate direct p]ception1 n 9 fact ( p]ception at all4 ,all t we prop]ly p]ceive 9 su* a case1 all t we are directly consci\s ( is ! fragrance or ! s\nd4 ,t ^! are produc$ by ! rose & ! bell is n p]ceiv$1 b only conceiv$1 inf]r$--kn[n1 if at all1 only by ! aid ( previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,s5sation z di/+ui%$ f ,p]ception4--,accord+ to ! view n[ pres5t$1 s5sation1 z di/+ui%$ f p]ception1 is ! simple feel+ :i* results f a c]ta9 affection ( ! organism4 ,x is kn[n to u m]ely z feel+4 ,p]ception takes cognizance ( ! feel+ z an affection ( ! organism1 & also ( ! organism z ?us affect$1 & consequ5tly z ext]nal to ! me1 ext5d$1 hav+ p>ts1 etc4 ,x appreh5ds also objects ext]nal to ! organism itself limit+ & affect+ its movem5ts4 ,s5sation is ! indisp5sable condition ( p]ception4 ,if !re 7 no s5sation1 !re w\ld be no p]ception4 ,! "o does n prec$e1 h[ev]1 & ! o!r foll[ 9 ord] ( "t1 b ! "o be+ giv51 ! o!r is giv5 along ) x4 ,! two d n1 h[ev]1 coexi/ 9 equal /r5g?1 b 9 ! relation1 z /at$ by ,hamilton1 ( inv]se ratio2 t is1 beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 ! /rong] ! s5sation1 ! weak] ! p]ception1 & vice v]s4 ,s5sation z an ,affection ( ! ,m9d4--,x has be5 common to speak ( s5sation z ly+ :olly 9 ! m9d4 ,prim>ily1 h[ev]1 x is an affection ( ! n]v\s organism1 & ?r\gh t organism1 z ?us affect$1 an impression is made on ! m9d4 ,if x 7 n = ! m9d pres5t ) ! organism1 & susceptible ( impression f x1 & ?us cognizant ( *anges 9 x1 ! same *anges might be produc$ 9 ! organism z n[1 b we %\ld be entirely unconsci\s ( & ins5sible to !m4 ,9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! sy/em ?is actually happ5s1 z 9 s\nd sleep1 ! magnetic /ate1 ! /ate produc$ by c]ta9 m$ic9al ag5ts z e!r1 *lor(orm1 opium1 & ! intoxicat+ drugs ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 ^? cases1 ! connection betwe5 ! m9d & ! n]v\s organism seems to be 9 "s mann] int]rupt$ or susp5d$1 & consequ5tly !re is = ! "t no s5sation4 ,! n]ves may be irritat$1 divid$ ev51 & /ill no pa9 is felt4 ,x is n true1 h[ev]1 t ! s5sation is :olly 9 ! m9d4 ,x is 9 ! liv+ animat$ organism1 z p]vad$ by ! m9d or spiritual pr9ciple1 my/]i\sly pres5t 9 e "p ( t organism1 & cognizant ( its *anges2 & nei!r ! body alone1 nor ! m9d alone1 c be said to possess ?is faculty1 b ! two unit$ 9 t complex my/]i\s unity :i* con/itutes our pres5t be+4 ,,iii4--,,analysis ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,bodies4 ,diff]5ce ( ,qualities4--,! qualities ( bodies z kn[n to u ?r\gh s5sation & p]ception are _m & v>i\s4 ,on exam9ation1 a diff]5ce /rikes u z exi/+ among ^! qualities1 :i* admits ( be+ made ! basis ( classification4 ,"s ( !m are qualities :i* /rike u at once z ess5tial to ! v exi/5ce ( matt]1 at lea/ 9 our notion ( x1 s t we _c 9 ?\ght dive/ x ( ^! qualities1 & /ill reta9 our conception ( matt]4 ,o!rs are n ( ?is nature4 ,ext5sion1 divisibility1 size1 figure1 situation1 & "s o!rs1 are ( ! =m] class4 ,if matt] exi/s at all1 x mu/1 accord+ to our own conceptions1 possess ^! qualities4 ,we _c ?9k !m away f x1 & leave matt] /ill exi/+4 ,b we c conceive ( matt] z de/itute ( color1 flavor1 savor1 heat1 cold1 weight1 s\nd1 h>dness1 etc4 ,^! are cont+5t & accid5tal prop]ties n necess>y to its exi/5ce4 ,h[ nam$ & di/+ui%$4--,philosoph]s h call$ ! =m] class prim>y1 ! latt] second>y qualities4 ,! =m] are kn[n priori1 ! latt] by exp]i5ce4 ,! =m] are kn[n z qualities1 9 !mselves1 ! latt] only ?r\gh ! affections ( our s5ses4 ,! prim>y qualities !n h ^! *>act]i/ics3 #a4 ,!y are ess5tial to ! v exi/5ce ( matt]1 at lea/ 9 our conception4 #b4 ,!y are to be kn[n priori4 #c4 ,!y are kn[n z su*1 or 9 !mselves4 ,! second>y1 on ! contr>y1 are3 #a4 ,accid5tal1 n ess5tial to ! notion ( matt]4 #b4 ,to be kn[n only by exp]i5ce4 #c4 ,to be le>n$ only ?r\gh ! affection ( ! s5ses4 ,fur!r ,division ( second>y ,qualities4--,a fur!r division1 h[ev]1 is capable ( be+ made4 ,! second>y qualities1 z n[ def9$1 comprise1 9 reality1 two classes4 ,!re are "s1 :i*1 :ile kn[n to u only ?r\gh ! s5ses1 h /ill an exi/5ce z qualities ( ext]nal objects1 indep5d5t ( our s5ses4 ,z su* !y are objects ( direct p]ception4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are kn[n1 n z qualities ( bodies1 b only z affections ( s5se1 n z objective1 b only z subjective1 n z p]ceptions1 b only z s5sations4 ,?us ,i di/+ui% ! smell1 ! ta/e1 & ! color ( an orange4 ,:at ,i di/+ui%1 h[ev]1 is aft] all only c]ta9 s5sations1 c]ta9 affections ( my own organism4 ,:at may be ! peculi> prop]ties or qualities 9 ! object itself :i* are ! excit+ cause ( ^! s5sations 9 me1 ,i "k n4 ,my p]ception does n ext5d to !m at all4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! qualities ( weight1 h>dness1 compressibility1 fluidity1 ela/icity1 & o!rs ( t class4 ,!y are objects ( p]ception1 & n ( s5sation m]ely4 ,^! ,classes1 h[ di/+ui%$4--,! class fir/ nam$1 are qualities ( bodies z relat$ to o!r bodies4 ,! o!r class are qualities ( bodies z relat$ only to our n]v\s organization4 ,! =m] all relate to bodies z occupy+ & mov+ 9 space1 & come "u ! category ( resi/ance4 ,! latt] relate to bodies only z capable ( produc+ c]ta9 s5sations 9 u4 ,we may call ! =m] me*anical1 ! latt] physiological4 ,connection ( ,s5sation ) ! ext]nal ,object4--,f long habit ( connect+ ! s5sation ) ! ext]nal body :i* produces x1 we f9d x difficult to p]suade ourselves t ta/e & smell are m]e affections ( our s5ses1 or t color is really & simply an affection ( ! optic n]ve ( ! behold]1 & t :at is actually p]ceiv$ 9 ^! in/ances is n prop]ly a quality ( ! ext]nal object4 ,a little reflection1 h[ev]1 w conv9ce u t all :i* comes to our k 9 ^! cases1 all t we are prop]ly cognizant (1 is ! affection ( our own n]v\s organism1 & t :atev] may be ! nature ( ! qualities 9 ! object :i* are ! produc+ cause ( ^! s5sations 9 u1 !y are to u occult & :olly unkn[n4 ,p[] ( produc+ ^! ,s5sations4--,x is n to be d5i$1 ( c\rse1 t !re is 9 ext]nal objects ! p[] ( produc+ ^! s5sations 9 u1 "u giv5 circum/ances2 b to :at t p[] is ow+1 9 :at peculi>ity ( con/itution or condition x consi/s1 we "k n4 ,we h b "o "n1 moreov]1 = ! p[] ( produc+1 & ! effect produc$4 ,?us ! color1 ta/e1 smell1 etc41 ( an object may d5ote ei!r ! s5sation 9 u1 or ! unkn[n prop]ty ( matt] by virtue ( :i* ! s5sation is awak5$4 ,x is only 9 ! s5se la/ m5tion$1 t ! qualities "u consid]ation may prop]ly be call$ qualities ( bodies4 ,enum]ation ( ! sev]al ,qualities z n[ class$4--,accord+ to ! classification n[ made1 ! qualities ( bodies may be ?us enum]at$4 ,i4 ,prim>y4--,ext5sion1 divisibility1 size1 d5sity1 figure1 absolute incompressibility1 mobility1 situation4 ,,ii4 ,second>y4--,a4 ,objective1 or me*anical--z heavy or light1 h>d or s(t1 firm or fluid1 r\gh or smoo?1 compressible or incompressible1 resili5t or irresili5t1 & any o!r qualities ( ?is g5]al nature result+ f attraction1 repulsion1 etc4 ,b4 ,subjective or physiological--z color1 s\nd1 flavor1 savor1 temp]ature1 tactual s5sation1 & c]ta9 o!r affections ( ! s5ses ( ?is nature4 ,,iv4--,,organs ,,( ,,s5se4--,,analysis ,,( ,,_! ,,sev]al ,,functions ,numb] ( ! ,s5ses4--,! diff]5t s5ses are usually reckon$ z five 9 numb]4 ,!y may all be reg>d$1 h[ev]1 z modifications ( "o g5]al s5se1 t ( t\*--or1 9 o!r words1 ! susceptibility ( ! n]v\s sy/em to be excit$ by =eign sub/ances br\ght into contact ) x4 ,?is is ! ess5tial condition ( s5sation 9 any case1 & ! sev]al s5ses1 s call$1 are b s _m v>iations 9 ! mode ( manife/+ ?is excitability4 ,!re is a reason1 nev]!less1 = assign+ five ( ^! modifications & no m1 & t is1 t ! anatomical /ructure indicates ei!r a di/9ct organ1 z ! e>1 ! eye1 etc41 or at lea/ a di/9ct bran* ( ! n]v\s app>atus1 z 9 ! case ( smell & ta/e1 :ile ! :ole n]v\s expansion z spread out ov] ! surface ( ! body contributes to ! g5]al s5se ( t\*4 ,! ,s5ses relat$ to ea* o!r4--,di/9ct ,(fice ( ea*4--,x is evid5t en\gh t ^! sev]al s5ses su/a9 a c]ta9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,!y are s _m & no m1 n m]ely by accid5t2 n m]ely because s _m c\ld f9d room 9 ! bodily organization2 n m]ely because x might be conv5i5t to h s _m4 ,let u look at ! (fice p]=m$ by ea*1 & we %all see t :ile ea* has its di/9ct function1 n int]*angeable ) t ( any o!r1 x is a function m or less necess>y to ! animal economy4 ,rememb]+ t ! design & use ( ! sev]al s5ses is to put u 9 possession ( data1 by means ( :i*1 directly or indirectly1 we may ga9 correct k ( ! ext]nal _w1 let u suppose ! inquiry to be rais$1 ,:at s5ses ought man to h = ?is purpose8 ,:at does he ne$1 ! mat]ial univ]se rema9+ :at x is8 ,function ( ! ,s5se ( ,t\*4--,?+s exi/ ab\t u 9 space1 hav+ c]ta9 prop]ties & relations4 ,we ne$ a s5se !n1 fir/ & *iefly1 t %all acqua9t u ) objects ?us exi/+1 tak+ cognizance ( :at lies imm$iately ab\t u 9 space4 ,?is we h 9 ! g5]al s5se ( t\*1 mak+ u acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 objective or me*anical qualities ( ext]nal objects4 ,?is ,s5se1 h[ limit$4--,?is1 h[ev]1 avails only = objects )9 a %ort di/ance1 & capable ( be+ br\ght into contact4 ,x op]ates also syn!tically & sl[ly1 "p aft] "p ( ! object be+ giv5 z we are br\ght into contact ) diff]5t portions ( x successively until ! process is s f> complete t1 f ! ensemble ( ^! diff]5t p>ts1 our und]/&+ c con/ruct ! :ole4 ,possibility ( a ,s5se t %all meet ^! ,limitations4--,we c conceive ( a s5se t %\ld diff] 9 bo? ^! respects--t %\ld take cognizance ( di/ant objects1 n capable p]haps ( be+ br\ght into contact--& t %\ld also op]ate analytically1 or "w f a giv5 :ole to ! p>ts1 & n f ! p>ts to a :ole1 ?us giv+ u possession at once ( a complete object or s]ies ( objects4 ,su* a s5se1 x is easy to see1 w\ld possess decid$ advantages1 & 9 connection ) ! "o already consid]$1 w\ld seem to br+ )9 ! sph]e ( our cognizance almo/ ! complete range ( ext]nal nature4 ,?is we h1 & ?is exactly1 9 ! s5se ( vision4 ,x takes 9 objects at a di/ance1 & takes 9 ! :ole at a glance4 ,?is new ,s5se /ill limit$4--,?is new s5se1 h[ev] conv5i5t & useful z x is1 has evid5tly its limitations4 ,x is available only ?r\gh a giv5 m$ium1 ! light4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is ! light only t we see1 & n ! di/ant object2 t is kn[n indirectly by means ( ! light t v>i\sly modifi$1 travels f x to ! eye4 ,:5 ?is fails1 z x does dur+ sev]al h\rs ( ! tw5ty-f\r1 or :5 x is int]cept$ by objects com+ betwe5 & %utt+ out ! =ms on :i* ! eye seeks 9 va9 to re/1 !n our k f ?is s\rce is cut (f4 ,/ill ano!r ,s5se desirable4--,"u ^! circum/ances1 might x n be well1 7 !re giv5 an additional s5se1 ( ! same g5]al nature & design1 b op]at+ ?r\gh a diff]5t m$ium1 sure to be pres5t :]ev] animal life exi/s1 s t ev5 9 ! d>kness ( ! night1 or ! gloom ( ! dungeon1 we might /ill h means ( kn[+ some?+ ( ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,& :at ( ?is m$ium1 or av5ue ( s5se1 7 ( su* a nature z to be capable ( modification1 & control1 to "s ext5t1 on our "p1 & at our pleasure1 s z to =m a means ( volunt>y communication ) our fell[-be+s4 ,w\ld n su* an arrangem5t be ( great s]vice8 ,exactly ^! ?+s are want$2 exactly ^! wants are met1 & ^! objects accompli%$1 by a new s5se answ]+ to ^! conditions--! s5se ( he>+--! cognizance ( s\nd4 ,?is we produce :5 we please by ! spok5 ^w1 ! vocal utt]ance1 :e!r ( spee*1 or musical note1 or in>ticulate cry1 v>i$ z we please1 high1 l[1 l\d1 s(t--a complete alphabet ( expression1 convey+ ?us by signals1 at once rapid & significant1 ! v>y+ moods & phases ( our inn] life to o!r be+s t _h else be5 /rang]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 to ! ?\ghts & feel+s :i* agitate our bosoms4 ,s5ses = ano!r ,class ( ,qualities4--,! s5ses1 z ?us f> analyz$1 h ref]5ce prim>ily to ! numb] magnitude1 & di/ance ( objects z occupy+ space--to quantities r ?an qualities4 ,7 x possible n[ to add to ^! a s5se1 or s5ses t %\ld take cognizance ( quality1 z well z exi/5ce & quantity--t %\ld detect1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 ! *emical prop]ties ( bodies z connect$ especially ) ! functions ( respiration & nutrition--! li/ ( s5ses w\ld seem to be complete4 ,?is addition is made1 ?is k giv51 9 ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e4 ,possibility ( additional ,s5ses4--,to ^? already nam$1 o!r s5ses might d\btless h be5 add$ by ! ,creator1 :i* w\ld h reveal$1 x may be1 prop]ties ( matt] ( :i* we h n[ no conception4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t we "k e ?+ respect+ ! nature & qualities ( ev5 ! mo/ famili> & common objects4 ,_m ?+s !re may be1 actual1 real1 9 ! _w ab\t u1 ( :i* we "k no?+1 because !y come n )9 ! range ( any ( our s5ses4 ,b all t is ess5tial to life1 & happ9ess1 & highe/ welf>e is d\btless imp>t$ by ! pres5t arrangem5t2 & :5 closely /udi$1 no "o ( ^! s5ses w be f\nd sup]flu\s1 no "o ov]lapp+ ! prov9ce ( ano!r1 b work+ ea* its specific end1 & all 9 h>mony4 ,! prop] ,(fice ( ,psy*ology 9 respect to ! ,s5ses4--,x is ! prov9ce ( ! anatomi/ & ! physiologi/ to expla9 ! me*anical /ructure ( ! sev]al organs ( s5se1 & _! value z p>ts ( ! physical sy/em4 ,! psy*ologi/ has to d ) !m only z in/rum5ts ( ! m9d1 & x is = him to %[ _! connection & prop] (fice z su*4 ,?is has be5 attempt$ 9 ! prec$+ analysis4 ,! k9d ( ,k af=d$ by ! ,s5ses4--,x is to be notic$1 9 addition1 t ) ! exception ( ! tactual s5se1 & possibly ( sight1 ^! s5ses give u no direct1 imm$iate k ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,!y simply furni% data1 signs1 intimations1 by ! help ( :i* ! und]/&+ =ms its conclusions ( ! _w ) out4 ,!y are ! receiv+ ag5ts ( ! m9d4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! *ief (fice ( s5se1 to receive ?r\gh its v>i\s av5ues ! mat]ials f :i* ! und]/&+ %all frame conceptions ( ?+s )\t2 to convey1 z x 71 a s]ies ( telegraphic despat*es along ^? curi\s & sl5d] filam5ts t compose ! n]v\s organization1 by means ( :i* ! s\l1 keep+ h] hidd5 seat & *amb] )91 may receive communication f ! di/ant prov9ces ( h] empire4 ,^! signs ! und]/&+ int]prets2 & 9 s f> z ?is is ! true nature ( ! process1 x is n a process ( imm$iate & prop] p]ception4 ,i he>1 = example1 a noise4 ,all t ,i really p]ceive 9 ?is case is ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,i ref] x1 h[ev]1 to an ext]nal cause1 to a c>riage pass+ 9 ! /reet4 ,i specify1 moreov]1 ! k9d ( c>riage1 p]haps a coa*1 or a wagon ) iron axles4 ,i h obs]v$1 h le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 t s\nds ( ?is nature are produc$ 9 ?is way1 t is1 by c>riages pass+1 & by su* c>riages4 ,h5ce ,i judge t ! s\nd :i* ,i n[ he> is produc$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is an inf]5ce1 a conception m]ely4 ,all t s5se does is to receive & transmit ! sign1 :i* ! und]/&+ int]prets by ! aid ( =m] exp]i5ce4 ,& ! same is true ( ! o!r s5ses1 ) ! exceptions nam$4 ,n !re=e ( little ,value4--,we are n to inf]1 h[ev]1 t ^! s5ses are on ?is acc\nt ( no special value or importance to u4 ,!y d precisely :at is ne$$4 ,!y put u 9 possession ( j ! data want$ 9 ord] to ! necess>y in=mation conc]n+ ext]nal ?+s4 ,x is only ! !ori/ :o und]values ! s5ses1 & he only 9 8 closet4 ,no man1 9 ! full possession ( 8 reason1 & 8 "r m9d1 c g =? into ?is fair & goodly _w1 & n ?ank ,god = e "o ( ^? s5ses--sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 t\*1 & smell4 ,_! true & full value1 h[ev]1 we nev] le>n till we come to be depriv$ ( _! use2 till ) ,milton we exclaim1 ,seasons return2 b n to me returns ,day1 or ! sweet approa* ( ev5 or morn4 ,v4--,,am\nt ,,( ,,in=mation ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,respective ,,s5ses ,a fur!r ,"q z to "o ,class ( ! ,s5ses4--,! relations & specific functions ( ! sev]al s5ses h be5 already describ$4 ,"s fur!r que/ions arise1 h[ev]1 respect+ ! precise am\nt & k9d ( in=mation af=d$ by t class ( ! s5ses :i*2 z we h se51 relates to ! spatial prop]ties ( bodies1 9 di/9ction f ! *emical1 viz43 he>+1 sight1 & t\*4 ,:at is giv5 9 ,he>+4--,& fir/1 z to ! s5se ( he>+4 ,:at is x precisely t we he>8 ,:5 we li/5 to a s\nd1 we speak ( he>+ ! object t produces ! s\nd2 we say1 ,i he> a bell1 a bird1 a gun1 etc4 ,/rictly speak+1 we d n he> ! object1 b only ! s\nd4 ,x is n ! bell or ! bird t we he>1 b ! vibration ( ! air produc$ by bell & bird4 ,?is has be5 already illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to a c>riage pass+ 9 ! /reet4 ,x is only by exp]i5ce1 aid$ by o!r s5ses1 t we le>n to ref] ! s\nd to its produc+ cause4 ,he>+ n prop]ly ,p]ception4--,is he>+ !n a s5sation m]ely1 or is x a p]ception8 ,if by p]ception we mean a direct k ( ! ext]nal object--:i* is ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w--he>+ c]ta9ly is n p]ception4 ,x gives u no su* imm$iate k4 ,:at we p]ceive 9 he>+ is m]ely ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r by ?is s5se alone we %\ld ev] get ! idea t :at we he> is any ?+ ext]nal to ourselves4 ,af=ds ! means ( ,judg+4--,z x is1 h[ev]1 we judge1 n only ( ! exi/5ce & nature1 b ( ! di/ance & direction ( ! ext]nal object :5ce ! s\nd proce$s4 ,we le>n to d ?is ) great correctness1 & ) great facility4 ,no soon] d we he> a s\nd1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ?an we =m an op9ion at once1 f :at direction x comes1 & :at produces x2 nor are we (t5 mi/ak5 9 our judgm5t4 ,! faculty ( judg+ by ! e> z to ! direction ( ! s\nd1 & ! nature ( ! object produc+ x1 may be cultivat$ by c>e & practice to a rem>kable degree ( accuracy4 ,napoleon 0 seldom mi/ak5 z to ! direction & di/ance ( a cannonade4 ,x is said t ! ,indian ( ! nor?-we/]n prairies by apply+ 8 e> to ! gr\nd1 w detect ! approa* ( a body ( cavalry at a di/ance beyond ! rea* ( vision1 & di/+ui% _! tread f t ( a h]d ( buffaloes4 ,numb] ( ,s\nds4--,! numb] ( s\nds :i* ! e> c di/+ui% is almo/ )\t limit4 ,!re are1 x is said1 five hundr$ di/9ct tones :i* an e> ( usual accuracy c recognize1 & ea* ( ^! tones admits ( five hundr$ v>iations ( l\dness1 giv+1 9 all1 two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& diff]5t s\nds4 ,p[] ( ,s\nd ov] ! ,m9d4--,! p[] ( s\nd to affect ! m9d1 & especially ! feel+s1 is too well kn[n to require specific /atem5t4 ,! note ( an in/rum5t1 ! tone ( a human voice1 ! wild w>bl+ ( a bird1 ! t9kl+ ( a bell1 ! v>iations ( spee* & ( song1 f ! high & %rill to ! l[ & heavy intonation1 f ! quick & impetu\s to ! sl[ & pla9tive movem5t1 ^! simple v>ieties ( tone affect p[]fully ! he>t1 & f9d _! way at once & irresi/ibly to ! feel+s4 ,h5ce ! p[] ( music ov] ev5 ! uncultivat$ m9d2 h5ce too 9 no small degree ! p[] ( ! skilful orator ov] ! feel+s ( 8 audi5ce4 ,x is n m]ely1 nor s mu*1 ! ?+ said1 9 _m cases1 z ! way ( say+ x1 t t\*es & sways ! assembl$ multitude4 ,tones & s\nds h a natural mean+4 ,!y are ! natural language ( ! he>t4 ,!y express emotion1 & h5ce awak5 emotions 9 o!rs4 ,! ,"q z to ,sight4--,turn+ n[ f ! s5se ( he>+ to t ( sight1 ! "q arises1 ,:at is x precisely t we p]ceive by ! eye8 ,:5 we fix ! eye ^u any object1 m or less remote1 :at is x1 /rictly speak+1 t we see1 ext5sion & figure1 or only color8 ,is x by vision t we le>n prim>ily ! di/ance ( objects & _! locality8 ,^! are po9ts requir+ inve/igation4 ,does ,sight give ,ext5sion & ,figure4--,z to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions1 :e!r ext5sion & figure are objects ( direct visual p]ception4 ,no d\bt !y are associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! act ( vision1 s t ! mom5t we see an object we obta9 an idea ( x z ext5d$1 & ( su* & su* dim5sions & figure4 ,! "q is1 :e!r x is really ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight t we obta9 ?is idea1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,_h we no o!r means ( in=mation1 w\ld sight alone give u ?is8 ,:5 we fir/ op5 our eyes on ext]nal objects1 d we receive ! idea ( ext5sion & figure1 or only ( color8 ,! fact t z matt]s are1 we _c 9 our exp]i5ce sep>ate ! notion ( "s surface ext5sion f ! s5sation ( color1 is n decisive ( ^! que/ions4 ,we _c1 z ,dr4 ,br[n obs]ves1 sep>ate ! color f ! convexity & magnitude ( an oak be=e u1 b ?is does n prove t convexity & magnitude are objects ( imm$iate & orig9al p]ception4 ,if e surface 9 nature _h be5 convex1 sugge/s ! same writ]1 we %\ld probably h f\nd ! same difficulty 9 attempt+ to conceive ( color z sep>ate f convexity1 t we n[ f9d 9 attempt+ to conceive ( x z sep>ate f l5g? & bread?4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 our s5sation ( color has n always be5 associat$ ) convexity1 :ile x has be5 always associat$ ) surface ext5sion4 ,h5ce x is1 he ma9ta9s1 t we seem to p]ceive1 by ! eye1 ! l5g?1 & bread?1 & objects along ) _! color4 ,argum5t f ! ,affection ( a ,portion ( ! ,ret9a4--,! fact t 9 vision a c]ta9 portion ( ! ret9a 9 l5g? & bread? is actually affect$ by ! light fall+ on x1 has be5 suppos$ by "s to be conclusive ( ! fact t we p]ceive ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ext]nal object by ! eye4 ,?is does n necess>ily foll[4 ,z ,dr4 ,br[n cont5ds1 x is equally true t a c]ta9 "p ( ! organ ( smell is affect$ by odors1 & a c]ta9 "p ( ! auditory n]ve is affect$ by s\nds1 yet we are n consci\s ( any p]ception ( ext5sion by ei!r ( ^! organs2 we nei!r smell nor he> ! l5g?1 & bread?1 & magnitude ( objects2 nor is !re any reason to suppose t ! p>ticul> portion ( ! ret9a affect$ has any ?+ to d ) ! orig9al s5sation ( sight4 ,am\nt ( ! prec$+ ,argum5ts4--,^! argum5ts h[ev]1 d n /rike me z conclusive4 ,!y m]ely %[ ! possibility t ext5sion & figure may be acquir$ r ?an orig9al p]ceptions4 ,!y d n am\nt to positive evid5ce t !y are s4 ,an ,argum5t to ! ,contr>y4--,on ! o!r h&1 !re is "o consid]ation ( a positive "*1 :i* to mo/ m9ds w be likely to outweigh ! m]ely negative argum5ts already adduc$4 ,color is a prop]ty ( light1 & light comes to u reflect$ f objects occupy+ space2 we p]ceive x only z we p]ceive x spread ov] & reflect$ f "s surface4 ,ext5sion1 !n1 surface expansion ( ! reflect+ object1 is ! indisp5sable condition ( ! visibility ( light itself1 & s ( color1 z reflect$ f ! object4 ,n[ x is difficult to p]suade ourselves t :at we "k to be an ess5tial condition ( ! p]ception ( color1 & :at we seem to p]ceive along ) ! color1 & _c1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 :olly sep>ate f x1 is n1 aft] all1 really p]ceiv$ by ! eye4 ,argum5t f rec5t ,discov]ies4--,inde$1 rec5t discov]ies 9 sci5ce seem to v9dicate t n only surface ext5sion1 b tr9al ext5sion1 or solidity1 may be an object ( direct p]ception by ! eye4 ,i ref] to ! rese>*es ( ,:eat/one1 9 b9ocul> vision1 :i* g to %[1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( ! images =m$ ^u ! "r & ! left eye1 z occupy+ diff]5t positions ) ref]5ce to ! object se51 we are enabl$ by ! eye to cognize ! solidity z well z ! ext5sion ( objects4 ,! diff]5ce ( figure 9 ! two images gives u ?is4 ,t su* is ! case is %[n by an in/rum5t1 ! /]eoscope1 s con/ruct$ z to pres5t sep>ately ! image z =m$ on ea* eye1 :i*1 :5 sep>ately view$1 appe> z m]e plane surfaces1 b :5 view$ toge!r1 ! "r image ) ! "r eye1 & ! left "o ) ! left eye1 at ! same "t1 pres5t no long] ! appe>ance ( plane surfaces1 b ! two images comb9e to =m "o di/9ct figure1 & t a solid1 hav+ l5g?1 bread?1 ?ickness1 & /&+ out ) all ! semblance ( ! real object4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t if ext5sion is an object ( p]ception by ! eye1 s also is figure1 :i* is m]ely ! limitation ( ext5sion 9 diff]5t directions4 ,second ,"q--,does ,sight give ,di/ance8--,is x also by vision t we obta9 ! idea ( ! di/ance ( objects & _! ext]nality8 ,does vision alone give ! idea t :at we see is num]ically di/9ct f ourselves1 & t x occupies ?is or t p>ticul> locality8 ,s x w\ld seem1 judg+ f ! impression left ^u ! m9d 9 ! act ( vision4 ,we seem to see ! object z "h or !re1 ext]nal1 m or less di/ant 9 space4 ,we di/+ui% x f ourselves4 ,! negative ,view4--,?is is d5i$ by "s4 ,all t we see1 !y cont5d1 is m]ely ! light com+ f ! object1 & f ! v>iations & modifications :i* ?is exhibits we le>n to judge by exp]i5ce ( ! di/ance & locality ( ! object4 ,x is a matt] ( judgm5t & n ( p]ception4 ,we h le>n$ to associate ! two ?+s1 ! visual appe>ance & ! di/ance4 ,argum5t 9 ! ,negative4--,9 pro( ( ?is !y adduce ! fact t we are frequ5tly mi/ak5 9 our e/imate ( ! di/ance ( objects4 ,if !re be m or few] int]v5+ objects ?an usual1 if ! atmosph]e be m or less cle> ?an usual1 or any l circum/ance af=ds a v>iation f our ord9>y exp]i5ce1 we are misl$ z to ! di/ance ( ! object4 ,h5ce we mi/ake ! di/ance ( %ips at sea1 or ( objects on a prairie or a des]t1 ! wid? ( riv]s1 ! height ( /eeples1 t[]s1 etc4 ,fur!r ,argum5t 9 ! ,negative4--,x is fur!r cont5d$ t facts %[ t ! impressions ( sight alone1 uncorrect$ by exp]i5ce1 d n convey ! idea ( di/ance at all1 b t :at we see seems to be 9 connection ) ! eye itself1 until we le>n ! contr>y by ! aid ( o!r s5ses4 ,?is1 x is said1 is ! exp]i5ce ( p]sons :o h be5 op]at$ ^u = cat>act1 p>ticul>ly ( a pati5t ^: case is describ$ by ,*eseld51 & :o ?\ght e ?+ :i* he saw1 t\*$ 8 eyes4 ,x is said also to h be5 ! same ) ,casp> ,haus]1 :5 fir/ lib]at$ f ! long conf9em5t ( 8 dungeon1 & p]mitt$ to look out ^u ! ext]nal _w4 ,! goodly l&scape seem$ to him to be a gr\p ( figures1 drawn ^u ! w9d[4 ,=ce ( ?is ,argum5t4--,?is1 h[ev]1 is n inconsi/5t ) ! p]ception ( ext]nality by vision1 s9ce ev5 :at seems to be 9 contact ) ! eye1 nay1 :at is kn[n to be s1 may /ill be kn[n z ext]nal4 ,contact implies ext]nality4 ,x is v mu* to be d\bt$1 moreov]1 :e!r ! cases n[ ref]r$ to1 co9cide ) ! usual exp]i5ce ( ^? :o are le>n+ to see4 ,! little *ild seems to recognize ! ext]nality & remot5ess f 8 own p]son ( ! objects :i* attract 8 att5tion1 z soon z he le>ns to obs]ve surr\nd+ objects at all1 &1 ?\gh he may n judge correctly ( _! relative di/ance f himself1 nev] seems by 8 movem5ts to suppose t !y are 9 contact ) 8 eye or ) any "p ( 8 p]son4 ,! "y ( animals1 also1 z soon z !y are born1 seem to p]ceive by ! eye1 ! ext]nality1 ! direction1 & ! di/ance ( objects1 & gov]n _! movem5ts accord+ly4 ,x is n1 9 ^! cases1 a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 b ( direct p]ception4 ,^! facts r5d] x d\btful1 to say ! lea/1 :e!r ! common impression--t :i* 9 spite ( all argum5ts to ! contr>y1 is1 & always w be made ^u ! m9d 9 ! act ( vision1 viz41 t we see objects z ext]nal1 z hav+ locality1 & z m or less remote f u--is n1 aft] all1 ! correct impression4 ,le>n+ to judge ( ,di/ance n inconsi/5t ) ?is ,view4--- ,nor does x conflict ) ?is view t we le>n to judge ( ! true di/ance ( objects1 & are (t5 deceiv$ 9 reg>d to x4 ,! measurem5t ( di/ance1 ! m or less ( x1 is ( c\rse a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 a ?+ to be le>n$ by practice4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t we may n by ! eye directly1 & at fir/1 p]ceive an object to be ext]nal1 & remov$ f u1 9 o!r words di/ant1 ?\gh we may n "k at fir/ h[ di/ant4 ,! rays ( light t come to u f ?is ext]nal object1 may give u direct p]ception ( ! object z ext]nal1 z ext5d$1 & z occupy+ app>5tly a giv5 locality 9 space m or less remote1 :ile at ! same "t x may be left to o!r s5ses & to exp]i5ce to det]m9e h[ great t di/ance is4 ,que/ions z to ,t\*4--,pass+ n[ f ! s5se ( sight to t ( t\*1 we f9d simil> que/ions discuss$ among philosoph]s respect+ ! precise in=mation af=d$ by ?is s5se4 ,does t\* give u imm$iate p]ception ( ext]nality1 ext5sion1 =m1 h>dness1 s(tness1 etc41 includ+ ! v>i\s me*anical prop]ties ( bodies8 ,to ?is s5se x has be5 common to ascribe ^! faculties ( p]ception4 ,!y are s attribut$ by ,reid1 ,upham1 ,wayl&1 &1 ,i believe1 by mod]n writ]s g5]ally1 ) ! exception ( ,br[n & ,hamilton4 ,probability ( ano!r ,s\rce ( ,in=mation4--,x may be que/ion$1 ,i ?9k1 :e!r1 z reg>ds "s ( ^! qualities at lea/1 x is n r ! consci\sness ( resi/ance to muscul> ef=t1 ?an ! s5se ( t\*1 prop]ly speak+1 t is ! in=m+ s\rce4 ,s1 = example1 z to h>dness2 ! application ( an ext]nal body lightly to ! h& awak5s ! s5se ( t\*1 b conveys no idea ( h>dness4 ,let ! same object be all[$ to re/ ) gradually increas+ weight ^u ! h& until x becomes pa9ful1 & we get ! idea ( weight1 gravitation1 b n ( ! h>dness or imp5etrability ( ! object4 ,x is only :5 our muscul> ef=t to move or p5etrate ! ext]nal body is met & resi/$ by ! same1 t we le>n ! imp5etrability ( ! oppos+ body4 ,o!r ,p]ceptions attributable to ! same ,s\rce4--,s ) reg>d to ext]nality1 ext5sion1 & =m4 ,:5 an ext]nal object1 a cube1 = example1 or an ivory ball1 is plac$ on ! palm ( ! h&1 s5sation is awak5$1 b is t s5sation necess>ily accompani$ ) ! p]ception ( ! ext]nal object z su*8 ,does ! m]e tactual s5sation1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ( itself1 in=m u t !re is some?+ ext]nal to ourselves1 t :at we feel is n a "p ( our own organism8 ,we are consci\s ( a *ange 9 ! s5sation ( ! "p affect$1 b are we imm$iately consci\s t ?is *ange is produc$ by some?+ ext]nal8 ,let !re be giv51 h[ev]1 ! consci\sness ( resi/ance to our muscul> movem5ts1 z :5 ! cube or ball1 = in/ance1 prev5ts ! ef=t to close ! h&1 or :5 our locomotion is imp$$ by ! pres5ce ( "s ob/acle1 & w n ! same resi/ance in=m u ( ! ext5sion ( ! resi/+ body1 & s ( its =m & figure8 ,we le>n :]eab\t 9 space ?is resi/ance occurs1 & :]e x ceases4 ,! tactual s5sation w\ld inde$ v soon come to our aid 9 ?is cognition1 & s]ve z a guid+ s5se1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! =m]4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ?is alone w\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 give u su* cognitions8 ,our fir/ ,ideas ( ,ext5sion1 h[ d]iv$4--,we h _h ref]5ce 9 ?is discussion only to ! qualities ( ext]nal bodies4 ,!re c be little "q t our fir/ ideas ( ext5sion are d]iv$ f our own s5ti5t organism1 ! consci\sness ( s5sations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 di/9ct f1 & out ( ea* o!r1 ?us af=d+ ! k ( an ext5d$ s5ti5t organization4 ,! idea ( ext]nality1 or outness1 & ext5sion1 ?us acquir$1 ! transition is easy f ! p]ception ( our own bodies z possess+ ^! qualities1 to ! cognizance ( ! same qualities 9 ext]nal objects4 ,,vi4--,,cr$ibility ,,( ,,our ,,s5sations ,,& ,,p]ceptions4 ,d5i$ by "s4--,!re h always be5 ^? :o 7 dispos$ to call 9 "q ! te/imony ( ! s5ses4 ,su* 7 ! ,eleatics & ! ,skeptics among ! ,greek philosoph]s1 & !re h n be5 want+ among ! mod]ns m9ds ( acut5ess & +5uity t h foll[$ 9 ! same pa?4 ,:ile admitt+ ! ph5om5a ( s5se1 ! appe>ance ( ?+s z be+ s & s1 !y h call$ 9 "q ! correspond+ objective reality4 ,?+s appe> to me to be ?us & ?us--su* & su* impressions are made on my s5ses--t ,i _c d5y2 b h[ d ,i "k t ! reality corresponds to my impressions1 or1 9 fact1 t !re is any reality8 ,h[ "k we our s5ses to be reliable8 ,:at evid5ce h we t !y d n habitually deceive u8 ,evid5ce dem&$4--,x 7 p]haps a suffici5t answ] to ?is "q to reply1 ,:at evid5ce h we1 or c we h1 t !y d deceive u8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all evid5ce to ! contr>y1 is x n m reasonable to suppose t our p]ceptions correspond to realities1 ?an t !y are )\t f\ndation1 uncaus$1 or caus$ by some?+ n at all answ]+ to ! app>5t object ( p]ception2 m reasonable to suppose t !re is a real table or book answ]+ to my p]ception ( "o1 ?an t ,i h ! p]ception :ile !re is no su* reality8 ,x rema9s ) ^?1 !n1 :o "q & d5y ! validity ( s5se-p]ception1 to %[ reasons = su* d5ial4 ,& ?is becomes ! m imp]ative on !m1 inasmu* z !y contradict ! common belief & univ]sal op9ion ( mank9d--nay1 :at1 9 spite ( all _! argum5ts1 is /ill1 by _! own confession1 _! own practical conviction & belief4 ,evid5ce impossible4--,b :5ce is ?is evid5ce to come8 ,:]e is x to be s\ght8 ,h[ are we to prove t s5se deceives u1 except by argum5ts drawn f s5se8 ,& if s5se is n reliable 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :y rely ^u x 9 ! second1 to prove t x is n reliable8 ,if ! s5ses d habitually deceive u1 manife/ly x c nev] be %[n t !y d4 ,&1 ev5 if ?is c\ld be %[n1 x w\ld be impossible to f9d any ?+ bett] to rely ^u 9 _! /ead4 ,we h ^! guides or none4 ,we h ^! in/rum5ts ( obs]vation provid$ = ! voyage ( life4 ,we may pron\nce !m wor?less & ?r[ !m into ! sea1 b we _c replace !m4 ,inconsi/5t & contradictory ,te/imony ( ,s5se4--,b x may be repli$ t ! te/imony ( s5se is (t5 inconsi/5t ) itself1 & contradictory ( itself4 ,:at is sweet to "o is s\r & bitt] to ano!r4 ,:at seems a r\nd t[] 9 ! di/ance becomes a squ>e "o z y approa*2 & ! /raight /ick t y hold 9 y\r h& appe>s crook$ :5 ?ru/ into ! wat]4 ,!re is 9 reality1 h[ev]1 no contradiction or inconsi/5cy 9 ! cases suppos$4 ,! *ange ( circum/ances acc\nts 9 e in/ance = ! *ange ( appe>ance4 ,9 ! case ( ! /ick1 = example1 ! diff]5t d5sity ( ! wat] acc\nts = ! refraction ( ! rays ( light t pass ?r\gh x1 & ?is acc\nts = ! crook$ appe>ance ( ! /ick t is only p>tially subm]g$4 ,s 9 ! o!r cases2 x is no contradiction t an object :i* appe>s r\nd at a di/ance ( t5 miles1 %\ld appe> squ>e at ! di/ance ( s _m rods--or t ! ta/e ( two p]sons %\ld n agree z to ! savor ( a giv5 object4 ,deceptions ( ,s5se4--,x may be fur!r object$ t 9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! physical organism1 s5sations are exp]i5c$ :i* seem to be ( ext]nal orig91 b are really produc$ by int]nal *anges2 & t 9 su* cases we h ! same p]ceptions1 see ! same objects1 he> ! same ?+s1 t we %\ld if !re 7 a correspond+ ext]nal reality1 :ile nev]!less !re is no su* reality1 & x c be prov$ t !re is none4 ,if ?is may happ5 9 "s cases1 :y n 9 o!rs1 or 9 all8 ,reply4--,i reply1 ! simple fact1 t 9 ! case suppos$ ! deception c be detect$ & prov$1 %[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & ord9>y p]ception4 ,if ! s5ses 7 n habitually reliable1 we c\ld n detect ! mi/ake 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,if all co9 7 c\nt]feit1 h[ c\ld we detect a c\nt]feit co98 ,we "k1 moreov]1 h[ to acc\nt = ! mi/ake 9 ! case be=e u4 ,x occurs1 by ! supposition1 only 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( ! organism1 t is1 only 9 a diseas$1 abnormal condition ( ! sy/em4 ,! exception proves ! rule4 ,di/9ction ( direct & indirect ,te/imony4--,a di/9ction is to be made1 9 ! discussion ( ?is subject1 betwe5 ! direct & indirect te/imony ( ! s5ses1 betwe5 t :i* is /rictly & prop]ly p]ception1 & t :i* is only conception1 judgm5t1 inf]5ce4 ,:at ,i really p]ceive1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! di/ant t[]1 or ! /ick p>tially "u wat]1 is only a giv5 appe>ance2 ,i inf] f t appe>ance t ! t[] is r\nd & ! /ick crook$1 & 9 t inf]5ce ,i am mi/ak54 ,my judgm5t is at fault "h1 & n my s5ses4 ,!y te/ifi$ truly & correctly4 ,!y gave ! real appe>ance1 & ?is 0 all !y c\ld give1 all !y ev] give4 ,?is has be5 well /at$ by ,dr4 ,reid1 &1 long be=e him1 ! same gr\nd 0 tak51 9 reply to ! same objection1 by ,ari/otle & also by ,epicurus4 ,direct ,p]ception gives :at4--,9 reg>d to direct & imm$iate p]ception1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,"h ! te/imony is positive to ! exi/5ce ( ! object4 ,:5 some?+ resi/s my volunt>y movem5t1 ,i am consci\s ( t resi/ance1 consci\s ( some?+ ext]nal & resi/+4 ,i _c d5y ! fact ( t consci\sness4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 d5y ! correctness1 ! tru?fulness ( :at consci\sness affirms4 ,to d ?is1 h[ev]1 is to put an end to all reason+ on ! subject1 =1 :5 we give up consci\sness z no long] reliable1 !re is no?+ left to fall back ^u4 ,if any "o *ooses to leap f ?is precipice1 we c only say f9is4 ,,vii4--,,hi/orical ,,sket*4 ,i4 ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,bodies4 ,! ,greek ,philosoph]s4--,! di/9ction ( ! qualities ( bodies into two classes1 diff]+ 9 important respects1 is by no means a mod]n "o4 ,x 0 recogniz$ by "s ( ! e>li] ,greek philosoph]s1 :o held t ! sweet1 bitt]1 hot1 cold1 etc41 are r affections ( our own s5ses ?an prop] qualities ( matt]1 hav+ indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,subsequ5tly ! view 0 adopt$ by ,protagoras1 & by ! ,cyr5ean & ,epicurean s*ools4 ,plato held x1 & especially & v fully1 ,ari/otle1 :o calls ! qualities to :i* we h ref]r$1 & :i* are usually d5om9at$ second>y1 affective qualities1 because !y h ! p[] ( affect+ ! s5ses1 :ile ! qualities n[ usually t]m$ prim>y1 z ext5sion1 figure1 motion1 numb]1 etc41 he reg>ds z n prop]ly objects ( s5se4 ,! =m] class he calls prop] s5sibles1 ! latt]1 common4 ,! ,s*oolm54--,! s*oolm5 made mu* ( ?is di/9ction1 & held1 ) ,ari/otle1 t ! qualities n[ call$ prim>y1 require1 = _! cognition1 o!r faculties ?an ^? ( s5se4 ,doctr9e ( ,galileo4--,galileo po9ts out ! true gr\nd & philosophy ( ?is di/9ction1 & also gives ! "n prim>y to ! class ref]r$ to1 viz41 ^? qualities :i* are necess>y to our conception ( body1 z = example1 figure1 size1 place1 etc41 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 colors1 ta/es1 etc41 are n inh]5t 9 bodies1 b only 9 u1 & we c conceive ( body )\t !m4 ,! =m] are real qualities ( bodies1 :ile ! latt] are only conceptions :i* give u no real k ( any ?+ ext]nal1 b only ( ! affections ( our own m9ds4 ,! ,mod]ns4--,desc>tes & ,locke m]ely adopt$ ^! di/9ctions z !y f\nd !m1 )\t ess5tial modification4 ,s also did ,reid & ,/ew>t1 al?\gh bo? includ$ among ! prim>y qualities "s :i* are prop]ly second>y1 z r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 h>dness1 s(tness4 ,inde$ ,/ew>t re/rict$ ! prim>y qualities to ^? & su* z ^? j nam$4 ,hamilton4--,no writ] has s fully elaborat$ ?is matt] z ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 to :om we are indebt$ ma9ly = ! hi/orical facts n[ /at$1 & ^: diss]tations are & mu/ ev] rema9 an invaluable !saurus on ! philosophy ( p]ception4 ,s complete & elaborate is 8 classification ( ! qualities ( matt]1 t ,i %all be p>don$ = giv+ a synopsis ( its pr9cipal po9ts 9 ?is connection4 ,hamilton's ,s*eme--,g5]al ,divisions4--,he divides ! qualities ( bodies into ?ree classes1 :i* he calls prim>y1 secundo-prim>y1 & second>y4 ,! prim>y are ?\ght z ess5tial to ! v notion ( matt]1 & may be d$uc$ priori1 ! b>e notion ( matt] be+ giv52 :ile ! secundo-prim>y & ! second>y1 be+ accid5tal & cont+5t1 mu/ be d$uc$ po/]iori1 le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,8 d$uction ( ! prim>y qualities is z foll[s3 ,prim>y ,qualities4--,we c conceive ( body only z1 ,i4 ,occupy+ space2 ,,ii4 ,conta9$ 9 space4 ,space is a necess>y =m ( ?\ght1 b we are n oblig$ to conceive ( space z occupi$1 t is1 to conceive ( matt]4 ,:5 conceiv$ x mu/ be "u ! conditions n[ nam$4 ,i4 ,! prop]ty ( occupy+ space is ,simple ,solidity1 :i* implies1 a4 ,tr9al ext5sion1 or l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness2 b4 ,imp5etrability1 or ! prop]ty ( n be+ r$uc$ to non-ext5sion4 ,tr9al ext5sion involves1 #a4 ,numb]1 or ,divisibility2 #b4 ,size1 includ+ ,d5sity2 #c4 ,%ape4 ,,ii4 ,! attribute ( be+ conta9$ 9 space1 af=ds ! notion1 #a4 ,( ,mobility2 #b4 ,( ,position4 ,! ess5tial & necess>y con/itu5ts !n ( our notion ( matt] are1 #a4 ,ext5sion 7compris+ "u x1 #b4 ,divisibility2 #c4 ,size2 #d4 ,d5sity2 #e4 ,figure72 #f4 ,ultimate ,incompressibility2 #g4 ,mobility2 #h4 ,situation4 ,^! are ! prim>y qualities1 products1 9 a sort1 ( ! und]/&+1 develop+ !mselves ) rigid necessity out ( ! giv5 notion ( sub/ance occupy+ space4 ,secundo-,prim>y ,qualities4--,! secundo-prim>y are cont+5t modifications ( ! prim>y1 all h relation to space1 & motion 9 space1 all are conta9$ "u ! category ( resi/ance1 or pressure1 all are le>n$ or includ$ z results ( exp]i5ce1 all h bo? an objective & subjective phase1 be+ at once qualities ( matt]1 & also affections ( our s5ses4 ,consid]$ z to ! s\rces ( resi/ance1 !re is1 ,i4 ,t ( ,co-attraction1 "u ! =ms ( a1 ,gravity1 b1 ,cohesion2 ,,ii4 ,t ( ,repulsion2 ,,iii4 ,in]tia2 all :i* are capable ( m9ute subdivision4 ,?us f cohesion foll[ ! h>d & s(t1 firm & fluid1 t\gh & brittle1 rigid & flexible1 r\gh & smoo?1 etc41 etc4 ,f repulsion are d]iv$ compressible & incompressible1 resili5t & irresili5t4 ,second>y ,qualities4--,! second>y qualities are1 z appreh5d$ by u1 n prop]ly attributes ( body at all1 b only affections ( our n]v\s organism4 ,!y belong to bodies only s f> z ^! are furni%$ ) ! p[] ( excit+ our n]v\s organism to ! specific action ?us designat$4 ,to ?is class belong color1 s\nd1 flavor1 savor1 tactile s5sation1 feel+ ( heat1 electricity1 etc4 ,su* also are titillation1 sneez+1 %udd]+1 & ! v>i\s s5sations1 pleasurable or pa9ful1 result+ f ! action ( ext]nal /imuli4 ,^! ,classes fur!r di/+ui%$4--,( ! qualities ?us d]iv$1 ! prim>y are kn[n imm$iately 9 !mselves1 ! second>y only m$iately 9 _! effects on u1 ! secundo-prim>y bo? imm$iately 9 !mselves1 & m$iately 9 _! effects on u4 ,! prim>y are qualities ( body 9 relation to body simply1 & to our organism z su*2 ! secundo-prim>y are qualities ( body 9 relation to our organism1 n z body 9 g5]al1 b z body ( a p>ticul> sort1 viz43 propell+1 resi/+1 cohesive2 ! second>y are qualities ( body 9 relation to our organism z excitable & s5ti5t4 ,! prim>y may be r\ndly *>act]iz$ z ma!matical1 ! secundo-prim>y z me*anical1 ! second>y z physiological4 ,reasons = reta9+ ! tw(old ,division4--,su*1 9 brief outl9e1 are ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ,hamilton's classification4 ,:ile foll[+ 9 ! ma9 ! di/9ctions "h indicat$1 ,i h pref]r$ to reta9 ! old division into prim>y & second>y1 z at once m simple1 & suffici5tly accurate1 m]ely divid+ ! second>y into two classes1 ! me*anical 7secundo-prim>y ( ,hamilton71 & physiological4 ,we are ?us enabl$1 n m]ely to reta9 a division & nom5clature :i* h antiquity & au?ority 9 _! favor1 & are well-nigh univ]sally receiv$1 b we avoid ! almo/ b>b>\s t]m9ology ( ,sir ,william's classification--:ile1 at ! same "t1 we indicate ) suffici5t precision ! important di/9ction betwe5 ! s-call$ secundo-prim>y & second>y qualities4 ,,ii4 ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,!ories ,,( ,,p]ception4 ,reali/s & ,ideali/s4--,!re are two lead+ !ories1 q di/9ct f ea* o!r1 :i* h widely prevail$1 & divid$ ! ?9k+ _w1 z to ! philosophy ( p]ception4 ,! "o ma9ta9s t 9 p]ception we h direct cognizance ( a real ext]nal _w4 ,?is is ! view tak5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 & n[ g5]ally held by psy*ologi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & to "s ext5t 9 ,europe ,b = a long p]iod1 ! preval5t1 & 9 fact1 until ! "t ( ,reid 9 ,scotl&1 & ,kant 9 ,g]many1 ! almo/ univ]sally-receiv$ op9ion 0 ! rev]se ( ?is--t 9 p]ception1 z 9 any & all o!r m5tal acts1 ! m9d is consci\s only ( its own ideas1 cognizant ( itself & its own /ates only1 incapable1 9 fact1 ( kn[+ any ?+ ext]nal to itself4 ,^? :o hold ! =m] view are t]m$ ,reali/s1 ! latt] ,ideali/s4 ,fur!r division ( ! latt]4--,! latt]1 h[ev]1 are ( two classes4 ,! ,absolute ,ideali/s hold t ! notion we h ( ext]nal ?+s is purely subjective1 hav+ no ext]nal c\nt]p>t1 no correspond+ outw>d reality4 ,9 di/9ction f ?is ! great] "p ma9ta9 t :ile we are cognizant1 directly & /rictly1 ( no?+ beyond our own m9ds1 nev]!less !re is an ext]nal reality correspond+ to ! idea 9 our m9ds1 & :i* t idea repres5ts4 ,h5ce !y h be5 designat$ ,repres5tative ,ideali/s1 or1 z ,sir ,william ,hamilton t]ms !m1 ,cosmo!tic ,ideali/s4 ,fur!r ,di/9ction4--,( ^! latt]1 aga91 "s hold ! idea :i* we h ( an ext]nal _w to be m]ely a /ate or modification ( ! m9d itself2 o!rs reg>d x z a sort ( int]m$iate connect+ l9k betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,! =m] may be call$ egoi/ic1 & ! latt] non-egoi/ic4 ,summ>y ( ,classes4--,we h !n ^! ?ree great classes--! ,natural ,reali/s1 ! ,absolute ,ideali/s1 & ! ,repres5tative ,ideali/s compris+ ! ,egoi/ic & ,non-,egoi/ic divisions4 ,di/+ui%$ ,writ]s ( ! diff]5t ,classes4--,on ! roll ( absolute idealism are names ( no small di/9ction3 ,b]kley & ,hume1 9 ,engl&1 ,fi*te & ,hegel1 9 ,g]many1 are ( ! numb]2 :ile among ! repres5tative ideali/s "o f9ds ,desc>tes1 ,arnauld1 ,malebran*e1 ,leibnitz1 ,locke1 9 f9e1 ! great] numb] ( philosophic writ]s f ,desc>tes onw>d to ! "t ( ,reid4 ,subsequ5tly ev51 we f9d a writ] ( no less repute ?an ,dr4 ,br[n assum+1 z ! basis ( 8 philosophy ( p]ception1 ! explod$ !ory ( repres5tative idealism1 "u ! egoi/ic =m4 ,( natural reali/s s9ce ! "t ( ,reid1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton is ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,orig9 ( ,repres5tative ,idealism4--,! doctr9e ( repres5tative p]ception d\btless orig9at$ 9 ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ a purely spiritual exi/5ce1 ! human m9d1 c1 by any possibility1 take cognizance (1 or be affect$ by1 a purely mat]ial sub/ance1 ! ext]nal _w4 ,! s\l seat$ 9 its pres5ce-*amb]1 ! bra91 c cognize no?+ beyond & )\t1 = no?+ c get except :]e x is pres5t4 ,x mu/ be1 !n1 said ! philosoph]s1 t 9 ord] to ! m9d's p]ceiv+ any ?+ ( t :i* lies beyond & )\t its own imm$iate locality1 !re mu/ come to ! m9d f t out] _w c]ta9 little images be>+ "s resemblance to ! ?+s )\t1 & repres5t+ to ! s\l t ext]nal _w4 ,^! images--m ref9$ ?an matt]1 less spiritual ?an m9d itself1 ( an int]m$iate nature betwe5 ! two--!y t]m$ ideas4 ,t5d5cy ( ,repres5tative to ,absolute ,idealism4--,x is easy to see h[ su* a doctr9e w\ld lead almo/ inevitably to absolute idealism4 ,if we d n 9 p]ception take cognizance directly ( matt] ext]nal1 b only ( c]ta9 images or ideas 9 our own m9ds1 !n h[ d we "k t ^! images correctly repres5t ! ext]nal reality1 :i* we h nev] cogniz$1 & nev] %all8 ,h[ d we "k1 9 fact1 t !re is any su* ext]nal reality8 ,:at evid5ce h we1 9 a ^w1 ( ! exi/5ce ( any ?+ beyond & )\t our own m9ds8 ,?is 0 ! actual result to :i* ,b]kley & ,hume drove ! !n preval5t philosophy ( ,europe1 z to a legitimate & inevitable result4 ,relation ( ,dr4 ,reid to ?is ,controv]sy4--,to ,dr4 ,reid belongs ! cr$it ( rescu+ philosophy f ?is dang]\s extreme1 by %[+ ! utt] falsity ( ! ideal !ory4 ,he took ! gr\nd t ! exi/5ce ( any su* repres5tative images 9 ! m9d is :olly )\t pro(1 nay m1 is inconceivable2 t :ile we c conceive ( an image ( =m or figure1 we _c conceive ( an image ( s\nd1 or ( ta/e or smell4 ,! hypo!sis is :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,b ev5 if x 7 conceivable & e/abli%$ by suffici5t evid5ce1 /ill x w\ld expla9 no?+ z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9d p]ceives ext]nal objects4 ,x relieves no difficulty4 ,if ! repres5tative image be itself mat]ial1 h[ c ! m9d take cognizance ( x8 ,if n mat]ial1 h[ c x repres5t matt]1 & h[ c ! m9d "k t x does repres5t correctly ! ext]nal object8 ,/ate ( ! ,matt] s9ce ,reid4--,s9ce ! "t ( ,dr4 ,reid1 ?is !ory ( repres5tative p]ception1 at lea/ 9 ?is non-egoi/ic =m1 has be5 = ! mo/ "p ab&on$1 & philosoph]s h be5 cont5t to take ! gr\nd indicat$ by consci\sness1 & ! common s5se ( mank9d1 t 9 p]ception we take direct cognizance ( ! ext]nal object4 ,position ( ,hamilton4--,x rema9$ = ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton to complete ! "w :i* ,dr4 ,reid began1 by %[+ t ! repres5tative !ory1 9 its f9] or egoi/ic =m1 z held by ,dr4 ,br[n & o!rs1 is equally unt5able or uns\nd2 t x makes little diff]5ce :e!r we reg>d ! image or idea1 :i* we take to repres5t ! ext]nal object1 z some?+ di/9ct f ! m9d itself1 or :e!r we view x z a m]e modification or /ate ( ! m9d1 s long z we make any ?+ ( ! sort ! direct object ( p]ception in/ead ( ! real ext]nal ?+4 ,idealism is ! result 9 ei!r case1 & philosophical skepticism ! goal4 ,9 place ( any & all su* views1 ,hamilton ma9ta9s1 ) great p[] & e>ne/ness1 ! doctr9e ( natural realism--t 9 p]ception we are cognizant imm$iately & directly ( ! ext]nal object4 ,z no o!r writ] has s fully elaborat$ ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 x may be ( s]vice to pres5t 9 ?is connection ! *ief po9ts ( 8 !ory4 ,*ief ,po9ts ( ,hamilton's ,!ory ( ,p]ception4--,all p]ception is imm$iate cognition2 we p]ceive only :at we appreh5d z n[ & "h exi/5t2 & h5ce :at we p]ceive is ei!r 9 our own organism1 view$ z mat]ial1 ext5d$1 etc41 or else is 9 imm$iate correlation to x4 ,! organism is1 9 p]ception1 view$ z n-me2 9 s5sation1 z ( ! me4 ,:at is giv5 9 ,p]ception prop]4--,:at we appreh5d 9 p]ception prop] is3 #a4 ,! prim>y qualities ( body z p]ta9+ to our own organism2 #b4 ,! secundo-prim>y qualities ( bodies 9 correlation to x4 7,see ,hamilton's division ( qualities ( bodies1 z above47 ,prim>y ,qualities ( ext]nal ,objects1 h[ kn[n4--,! prim>y qualities ( ?+s ext]nal to our organism we d n p]ceive imm$iately1 b only inf]1 f ! effects produc$ on u by !m4 ,nei!r 9 p]ception nor s5sation d we appreh5d imm$iately1 or 9 itself1 ! ext]nal cause ( our affection or s5sation4 ,t is always unkn[n to consci\sness1 kn[n only by inf]5ce or conjecture4 ,ext]nal ,exi/5ce1 h[ le>n$4--,! exi/5ce ( ! _w )\t is appreh5d$ n 9 a p]ception ( ! prim>y qualities ( ?+s ext]nal1 b ( ! secundo-prim>y--i4 e41 9 ! consci\sness t our movem5ts are resi/$ by some?+ ext]nal to our organism4 ,?is involves ! consci\sness ( some?+ ext]nal1 resi/+4 ,! two ?+s are conjunctly appreh5d$4 ,?is presupposes :at4--,?is exp]i5ce presupposes ! notion ( space1 & motion 9 space4 ,^! are inh]5t1 in/9ctive native elem5ts ( ?\ght1 & x is idle to inquire h[ we come by !m4 ,e p]ception ( s5sations out (1 & di/9ct f1 o!r s5sations gives occasion = conceiv+ ! idea ( space4 ,outness involves x4 ,po9ts ( ,diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ,!ory & ,reid's4--,! sy/em1 z ?us /at$1 diff]s 9 "s respects mat]ially f ! doctr9e ( p]ception advanc$ by ,dr4 ,reid1 & g5]ally adopt$ s9ce 8 "t by ! ,engli% & ,scot* philosoph]s4 ,accord+ to ,hamilton1 p]ception is n1 z held by ,reid & o!rs1 ! conception ( an object sugge/$ by s5sation1 b ! direct cognition ( some?+4 ,we d n m]ely conceive ( ! object z exi/+1 & believe x to exi/1 we "k x & p]ceive x to exi/4 ,nor does s5sation prec$e1 & p]ception foll[1 z g5]ally /at$1 b ! two are1 9 "t1 conjunct1 coxi/5t4 ,nor d we p]ceive ! second>y qualities ( bodies1 z su*1 b only inf] !m f our s5sations4 ,nei!r d we p]ceive di/ant objects ?r\gh a m$ium1 z usually held1 b :at we p]ceive is ei!r ! organism itself1 z affect$ ?us & ?us1 or :at is directly 9 contact ) x1 z affect+ & resi/+ x4 ,ext5sion & ext]nality1 aga91 are n fir/ le>n$ by t\*1 z ,reid holds1 & mo/ subsequ5t writ]s1 bo? ,engli% & ,am]ican1 b 9 o!r ways2 ! =m]1 by ! p]ception ( ! prim>y qualities ( our own organism1 z ! seat ( s5sations di/9ct f o!r s5sations else:]e localiz$2 ! latt]1 by ! resi/ance :i* we exp]i5ce to our own locomotive =ce4 ,f9ally1 s5sation prop] is n1 z ) ,reid & o!rs1 an affection purely ( ! m9d1 b ( m9d & body z complex4 ,its subject is z mu* "o z ! o!r4 ,,intellectual ,,faculties4 ,,"p ,,second ,,! ,,repres5tative ,,p[] ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4 ,nature ( ?is ,p[]--,its v>i\s ,=ms4--,x is 9 ! m9d's p[] to conceive or repres5t to itself an object n at ! "t pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,?is may take place 9 sev]al =ms4 ,!re may be ! simple reproduction 9 ?\ght ( ! abs5t object ( s5se4 ,!re may be1 along ) ! reproduction or recurr5ce ( ! object1 ! recognition ( x z a =m] object ( s5sation or p]ception4 ,!re may be ! reproduction ( ! object n z x is1 or 01 :5 =m]ly p]ceiv$1 b ) v>iations1 ! diff]5t elem5ts arrang$ & comb9$ n accord+ to ! actual & orig9al1 b accord+ to ! m9d's own ideals1 & at its w4 ,?is latt] =m ( conception is :at is usually t]m$ imag9ation--:ile ! g5]al t]m memory1 z ord9>ily employ$1 is made to include ! two =m]4 ,:ile us+ ! t]m 9 ?is g5]al s5se1 we may prop]ly di/+ui%1 h[ev]1 betwe5 m5tal reproduction1 & m5tal recognition1 ! latt] be+ /rictly ! (fice ( memory4 ,all ^! are b s _m =ms ( ! repres5tative p[]4 ,we may designate !m respectively z ! reproductive1 recognitive1 & creative faculties4 ,! m9d's activity is ess5tially ! same "u ea* ( ^! =ms4 ,! object is n giv5 b ?\ght1 n pres5t$ to s5se1 b repres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,! process is reflective r ?an intuitive4 ,x is a matt] ( und]/&+ r ?an ( s5se or ( reason4 ,x is a conception1 n a p]ception or an intuition1 & x is a simple conception ( ! object z x is or is conceiv$ to be1 9 itself consid]$1 & n 9 relation to o!r objects4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,memory4 ,i4--,,m5tal ,,reproduction4 ,i4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,process4 ,g5]al ,"*4--,z n[ def9$1 ?is is t =m ( m5tal activity 9 :i* ! m9d's =m] p]ceptions & s5sations are reproduc$ 9 ?\ght4 ,! ext]nal objects are no long] pres5t--! orig9al s5sations & p]ceptions h vani%$--b by ! m9d's own p[] are reproduc$ to ?\ght1 giv+1 z x 71 a repres5tation or image ( ! orig9al4 ,example4--,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ,i h se5 ,/rasburg m9/]1 or ! ca!dral ( ,milan4 ,mon?s1 p]haps ye>s pass away4 ,by-&-by1 9 "s o!r & remote "p ( ! _w1 some?+ rem9ds me ( t spl5did /ructure2 ,i see aga9 its impos+ front1 its l(ty t[]s1 its airy p9nacles & turrets4 ,! solemn pile rises complete1 z by magic1 to ! m9d's eye1 &1 reg>dless ( "t or di/ance1 ! faculty ( simple conception reproduces ! object z x is4 ,conceptions ( ,s\nd4--,9 l mann] ,i =m a conception1 m or less di/9ct1 ( s\nds once he>d4 ,! *ant+ ( ! ev5+ s]vice 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,madele9e at ,p>is1 & ! prolong$ note ( a %eph]d's horn among ! ,alps1 are in/ances ( musical s\nd t frequ5tly recur ) />tl+ di/9ctness to ! m9d4 ,! same is to "s ext5t true ( ! s5sations & p]ceptions d]iv$ f ! o!r s5ses4 ,) m or less vividness ! objects ( all su* s5sations & p]ceptions are capable ( be+ reproduc$ 9 conception4 ,! ,conceptions n ( ,necessity connect$ ) ! ,recollection ( ,self z ! ,p]cipi5t4--,9 ^! cases !re may or may n be a connection ( ! object1 z x lies be=e our m9ds1 ) our own p]sonal hi/ory z ! =m] p]cipi5ts ( t object4 ,! "t1 place1 circum/ance1 ( t p]ception may n be di/9ctly be=e u2 ev5 ! fact t we h ourselves se51 he>d1 felt1 :at we n[ conceive1 may n1 at ! mom5t1 be an object ( ?\ght4 ,^! are ! elem5ts ( memory or m5tal recognition1 & are c]ta9ly v likely to /& associat$ 9 our m9ds ) ! conception ( ! object itself4 ,b n always nor ( necessity is x s4 ,!re may be simple conception ( ! object1 m5tal reproduction1 :]e !re is1 = ! "t be+1 no recognition ( any ?+ fur!r4 ,! ,/rasburg m9/]1 ! *ant+ ( ! *oir1 ! note ( ! m\nta9 horn1 ! sn[y peak ( ,jungfrau1 may /& out by !mselves be=e ! m9d1 ab/ract$ f all ?\ght ( ! "t1 ! place1 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally p]ceiv$1 or ev5 f all ?\ght ( ! fact t we h at "s =m] "t actually p]ceiv$ ^! v objects4 ,!y may pres5t !mselves z pure conceptions4 ,conceptions v>y 9 "s ,respects4--,our conceptions v>y 9 respect to def9it5ess & cle>ness4 ,! objects ( "s ( ! s5ses are m readily & also m di/9ctly conceiv$ ?an ^? ( o!rs4 ,! s5se ( sight is peculi> 9 ?is respect4 ,a visible object is m easily & m di/9ctly conceiv$ ?an a p>ticul> s\nd or ta/e4 ,! s5se ( he>+ is1 p]haps1 next to t ( sight 9 ?is respect2 :ile ! s5sations ( ta/e & smell are s seldom ! objects ( di/9ct conception1 t "s h ev5 d5i$ ! p[] ( conceiv+ !m4 ,dr4 ,wayl& ma9ta9s ?is view4 ,t we d =m conceptions m or less di/9ct ( ! objects bo? ( ta/e & smell1 z1 e4 g4 ( ! ta/e ( a melon1 or ! smell ( an orange1 h>dly admits ( "q2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x is d\btless true t we h less occasion to reproduce 9 ?\ght ! objects n[ ref]r$ to ?an ^? ( sight & he>+1 t !y are recall$ ) less facility1 & also ) less di/9ctness4 ,/ew>t's ,!ory4--,dugald ,/ew>t has +5i\sly sugge/$ t ! reason :y a s\nd or a ta/e is less readily conceiv$ ?an an object ( sight1 may be t ! =m] are s+le deta*$ s5sations1 :ile visible objects are complex1 pres5t+ a s]ies ( connect$ po9ts ( obs]vation1 & our conception ( !m z a :ole is ! result ( _m s+le conceptions1 a result to :i* ! association ( ideas l>gely contributes4 ,we m readily conceive two ?+s 9 connection ?an ei!r ( !m sep>ately4 ,on ! same pr9ciple a s]ies ( s\nds 9 a /ra9 ( music is m readily conceiv$ ?an a s+le deta*$ note4 ,importance ( ?is ,p[]4--,! value ( ?is p[] to ! m9d is ine/imable4 ,)\t x1 ! pass+ mom5t1 ! impression or s5sation ( ! in/ant1 w\ld be ! sum total ( our intellectual life1 ( our consci\s be+4 ,! horizon ( our m5tal vision w\ld ext5d no fur!r ?an our imm$iate pres5t p]ceptions4 ,! pa/ w\ld be a blank z d>k & unc]ta9 ev5 z ! future4 ,conception lights up ! o!rwise dre>y wa/e ( pa/ exi/5ce1 & reproduc+ ! =m] sc5es & objects1 gives u m5tal possession ( all t we h be51 z well z ( ! pres5t mom5t1 & lays at our feet ! objects ( all =m] k4 ,! m9d ?us becomes 9 a measure indep5d5t ( s5se & ! ext]nal _w4 ,:at x has once se51 he>d1 felt1 becomes its p]man5t acquisition1 ev5 :5 ! orig9al object ( p]ception is = ev] remov$4 ,i may h se5 ! gr& & /ately m9/]1 or ! sn[y ,alp b once 9 all my life1 b ev] aft] x dwells among my conceptions1 & 9 aft] ye>s1 on o!r cont95ts1 & amid f> o!r sc5es1 t vision ( beauty & gr&eur passes be=e me z an angelic vision2 t succession ( sweet s\nds trav]ses aga9 ! sil5t *amb]s ( ! bra91 ) all ! fre%ness ( fir/ reality4 ,x is only a conception n[1 b :o %all e/imate ! wor? ( t simple p[] ( conception8 ,! ,tal5t = ,description z affect$ by ?is ,p[]4--,! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t illu/rate happily "o ( ! _m uses to :i* ?is p[] is subs]vi5t3 ,a tal5t = lively description1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( s5sible objects1 dep5ds *iefly on ! degree 9 :i* ! describ] possesses ! p[] ( conception4 ,we may rem>k1 ev5 9 common conv]sation1 a /rik+ diff]5ce among individuals 9 ?is respect4 ,"o man1 9 attempt+ to convey a notion ( any object he has se51 seems to place x be=e him1 & to pa9t f actual p]ception2 ano!r1 al?\gh n defici5t 9 a ready elocution1 f9ds himself1 9 su* a situation1 confus$ & emb>rass$ among a numb] ( p>ticul>s imp]fectly appreh5d$1 :i* cr[d into 8 m9d )\t any j ord] & connection4 ,nor is x m]ely to ! accuracy ( our descriptions t ?is p[] is subs]vi5t2 x contributes1 m ?an any ?+ else1 to r5d] !m /rik+ & expressive to o!rs1 by guid+ u to a selection ( su* circum/ances z are mo/ prom95t & *>act]i/ic2 insomu* t ,i ?9k x may reasonably be d\bt$ if a p]son w\ld n write a happi] description ( an object f ! conception ?an f ! p]ception ( x4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 t ! p]fection ( description does n consi/ 9 a m9ute specification ( circum/ances1 b 9 a judici\s selection ( !m & t ! be/ rule = mak+ ! selection is to att5d to ! p>ticul>s t make ! deepe/ impression on our own m9ds4 ,:5 ! object is actually be=e u1 x is extremely difficult to comp>e ! impressions :i* diff]5t circum/ances produce2 & ! v ?\ght ( writ+ a description1 w\ld prev5t ! impressions :i* w\ld o!rwise take place4 ,:5 we aft]w>d conceive ! object1 ! repres5tation ( x we =m to ourselves1 h[ev] lively1 is m]ely an outl9e1 & is made up ( ^? circum/ances :i* really /ruck u mo/ at ! mom5t1 :ile o!rs ( less importance are oblit]at$4 ,conceptions (t5 ,complex4--,x is to be fur!r rem>k$ respect+ ! p[] n[ "u consid]ation1 t ! notion1 or conception :i* we =m ( an object1 by means ( ?is faculty1 is frequ5tly complex4 ,! p>ticul> p]ceptions & s5sations =m]ly exp]i5c$1 & n[ repres5t$1 are comb9$1 =m+ ?us a notion ( ! object z a :ole4 ,! figure1 magnitude1 color1 & v>i\s o!r prop]ties1 ( any object1 z1 e4 g41 a table1 are objects ea* ( di/9ct & sep>ate cognition1 & z su* are m5tally reproduc$1 di/9ctly1 & sep>ately2 b :5 ?us reproduc$1 are comb9$ to =m ! complete conception ( ! table1 z x lies 9 my m9d4 ,! notion or conception ( ! object z a :ole be+ ?us once =m$1 any s+le p]ception z1 e4 g41 ( color1 figure1 etc41 is aft]w>d suffici5t to recall & repres5t ! :ole4 ,(t5 passes = ,p]ception4--,x 0 rem>k$1 9 treat+ ( p]ception1 t v mu* :i* passes "u t "n is 9 reality only conception4 ,i he>1 = example1 a c>riage pass+ 9 ! /reet4 ,all t ,i really p]ceive is ! s\nd2 b t s+le p]ception recalls at once ! v>i\s p]ceptions t h =m]ly be5 associat$ ) x1 & s !re is at once reproduc$ 9 my m9d ! conception ( ! pass+ c>riage4 ,our conviction ( ! exi/5ce & reality ( ! object ?us conceiv$1 is h>dly inf]ior to t produc$ by actual & complete p]ception4 ,correctness ( our ,conceptions4--,9 g5]al x may be rem>k$1 t our conceptions are m or less adequate & correct repres5tations ( ! objects to :i* !y relate1 accord+ z !y comb9e ! reports ( m or few] diff]5t s5ses1 respect+ m or few] diff]5t qualities1 & z ^! reports are m or less cle> & di/9ct4 ,,ii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,m5tal ,,reproduction4 ,conceptions n uncaus$4--,x is evid5t t our conceptions arise n uncaus$ & at hap-haz>d1 b accord+ to "s law4 ,!re is a me?od ab\t ! ph5om5a ( m5tal reproduction4 ,!re is a reason :y any p>ticul> sc5e or ev5t ( =m] exp]i5ce1 any p]ception or s5sation1 is br\ght aga9 to m9d1 :5 x is1 & z x is1 r ?an "s o!r 9 its place4 ,a c>eful obs]vation & /udy ( ! laws :i* regulate 9 g5]al ! succession ( ?\ght1 w furni% ! explanation & true philosophy ( m5tal reproduction4 ,pr9ciple ( ,sugge/ion4--,e ?\ght :i* passes ?r\gh ! m9d is directly or indirectly connect$ )1 & sugge/$ by some?+ :i* prec$$2 & t some?+ may be ei!r a s5sation1 a p]ception1 a conception1 or an emotion4 ,! prec$5ce may be ei!r imm$iate or remote4 ,"s connection !re always is betwe5 any giv5 ?\ght or feel+ at any mom5t be=e ! m9d1 & "s prec$+ ?\ght or feel+1 :i* gives rise to1 occasions1 sugge/s1 ! latt]4 ,^! sugge/ions foll[ c]ta9 g5]al rules or laws1 :i* are usually call$ ! laws ( association4 ,^! laws1 s call$1 are only ! diff]5t circum/ances "u :i* ! sugge/ions take place1 & are t]m$ laws only to indicate ! regul>ity & uni=mity ) :i*1 "u giv5 circum/ances giv5 ?\ghts & feel+s are awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,?is ! ,basis ( m5tal ,reproduction4--,x is to ?is g5]al pr9ciple ( sugge/ion or association t we are indebt$ = all m5tal reproduction4 ,x is only z "o idea or feel+ is sugge/$ by "s o!r :i* has gone be=e1 & ) :i* x is 9 "s way1 & = "s reason1 associat$ 9 our m9ds1 t any =m] ?\ght or s5sation is recall$1 t any object :i* we h p]ceiv$ or any sc5e ?r\gh :i* we h pass$1 is m5tally reproduc$4 ,x is ?us t ! sight ( an object br+s to m9d occurr5ces connect$ ) x 9 our hi/ory1 t ! same recalls ! ?+1 t ! words ( a language br+ to m9d ! ideas :i* !y d5ote1 or ! *>act]s on ! musical /aff1 ! tones :i* !y repres5t4 ,n a di/9ct ,faculty4--,x has be5 cu/om>y to speak ( association ( ideas z a di/9ct faculty ( ! m9d4 ,x is n prop]ly s rank$4 ,x is a law ( ! m9d r ?an a faculty ( x--a rule or me?od ( its action 9 c]ta9 cases2 & ! p>ticul> p[] ( m9d to :i* ?is rule applies is t =m ( simple conception :i* we t]m m5tal reproduction4 ,! ,t]m ,sugge/ion pref]r$ by ,br[n4--,9 place ( ! t]m association1 ,dr4 ,br[n w\ld pref] ! t]m sugge/ion z m correct4 ,to speak ( ! association ( ideas implies t !y h previ\sly coxi/$ 9 ! m9d1 & t ! "o n[ recalls ! o!r 9 consequ5ce ( t previ\s coxi/5ce4 ,t ?is is (t5 ! case is d\btless true1 b x is also true t 9 _m cases "o idea sugge/s ano!r ) :i* x has n previ\sly be5 associat$ 9 our m9ds4 ,x is n necess>y to ! sugge/ion t !re %\ld be any prior association4 ,an object se5 = ! fir/ "t sugge/s _m relative conceptions4 ,! sight ( a giant sugge/s ! idea ( a fri5d ( dim9utive /ature1 n because ! two ideas h previ\sly be5 associat$1 or ! two objects h coxi/$1 ei!r 9 p]ception or conception1 b because x is a law ( ! m9d t "o conception %all sugge/ ano!r1 ei!r z simil>1 or z opposite1 or 9 "s o!r way relat$ to x4 ,?is may be z truly a law ( ! m9d1 indep5d5t ( association1 z t light fall+ on ! ret9a %all produce vision4 ,x may seem my/]i\s t ?is %\ld be s4 ,is x n equally my/]i\s t ideas :i* h =m]ly coxi/$ %\ld recall ea* o!r8 ,! real my/]y is ! recurr5ce 9 any mode1 & f any s\rce1 ( ! idea1 )\t ! recurr5ce ( ! ext]nal produc+ cause4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,dr4 ,br[n pref]s ! t]m sugge/ion to association4 ,! ,t]m ,conception pref]able to ei!r4--,z reg>ds ! activity ( ! m9d itself1 9 ! process ( m5tal reproduction1 ! t]m conception seems to me to express m ne>ly ! exact /ate ( ! case ?an ei!r association or sugge/ion4 ,an idea is sugge/$ to ! m9d by "s ext]nal object2 ! m9d conceives ! idea ?us sugge/$4 ,! flute :i* ,i p]ceive ly+ on ! table 9 ! room ( my fri5d sugge/s at once to my m9d ! idea ( t fri5d4 ,! action ( ! m9d 9 ?is case is simply an act ( conception4 ,all t ! flute does--all t we mean :5 we say ! flute sugge/s ! idea ( ! fri5d--is simply to place ! m9d 9 su* a /ate t ! conception foll[s4 ,:e!r we speak !n ( ! laws ( association1 laws ( sugge/ion1 or laws ( m5tal conception1 is immat]ial1 provid$ we be> 9 m9d ! real nature ( ! process z n[ def9$4 ,"q /at$4--,b :at are ! laws ( association1 or sugge/ion1 s-call$--9 o!r words1 ( m5tal conception8 ,"u :at circum/ances is a giv5 conception awak5$ 9 ! m9d by "s prec$+ conception or p]ception8 ,?is is an important subject ( inquiry1 & "o :i* has n escap$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s4 ,prim>y ,laws4--,x has be5 usual to enum]ate z prim>y laws ( sugge/ion1 ! foll[+3 resemblance1 contra/1 contiguity 9 "t or place2 to :i* has sometimes be5 add$ cause & effect4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ^! are important laws ( sugge/ion2 t giv5 object ( ?\ght is likely to sugge/ to ! m9d t :i* is l itself1 t :i* is unlike1 t :i* is connect$ ) itself 9 "t & place1 t ( :i* x is ! cause or ! effect4 ,:e!r ^! pr9ciples are exhau/ive1 & :e!r !y may n be r$uc$ to "s "o g5]al pr9ciple compreh5sive ( !m all1 may admit ( "q4 ,law ( ,simil>s4--,to beg9 ) resemblance4 ,x seems to be a law ( our nature1 t l %all rem9d u ( l4 ,! m\nta91 ! =e/1 ! riv]1 t ,i see 9 my morn+ walk to-day1 rem9d me ( simil> objects t 7 famili> to my *ildhood4 ,nor is x necess>y t ! resemblance %\ld be complete4 ,a s+le po9t ( simil>ity is suffici5t to awak5 ! conception ( objects ! mo/ remote1 &1 9 o!r respects1 dissimil>4 ,i pass 9 ! /reet a p]son ) blue eyes1 or d>k hair1 or hav+ "s peculi>ity ( expression 9 ! c\nt5ance1 & am at once rem9d$ ( a v diff]5t p]son :om ,i knew ye>s ago1 or :om ,i met p]haps 9 ano!r l&2 yet ! two may be z unlike1 except 9 ! "o po9t :i* attracts my att5tion1 z any two p]sons 9 ! _w4 ,an article ( dress peculi> to ! ,elizabe?an age1 or to ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 rem9ds u ( ! lordly dames & c\rti]s1 or gallant w>riors ( ^? p]iods4 ,a s+le feature 9 ! l&scape1 p]haps a s+le tree1 or project+ crag1 on ! m\nta9 side1 br+s be=e u ! picture ( a sc5e widely diff]5t 9 mo/ respects1 b pres5t+ only ?is "o po9t ( resemblance to ! sc5e be=e u4 ,n conf9$ to ,objects ( ,sight4--,nor is x ! objects ( sight alone t are sugge/ive ( simil> objects4 ,! o!r s5ses foll[ ! same law4 ,s\nds sugge/ simil> s\nds2 ta/es1 simil> ta/es2 & along ) ! s\nds1 ta/es1 etc41 ?us recall$1 are awak5$ conceptions ( _m ?+s hav+ no resemblance to ! sugge/+ object1 b associat$ 9 our previ\s p]ceptions ) ! object sugge/$4 ,a c]ta9 succession ( musical s\nds1 = example1 recalls to ! ,swiss 8 native valley1 & ! m\nta9s t %ut x 91 & br+s back to 8 m9d ! sc5e ( 8 *ildhood1 & ! peculi> cu/oms ( 8 fa!r-l& :]e he he>d 9 =m] ye>s t simple melody4 ,) :at a tra9 ( associations is a s+le "n (t5 fraught2 :at p[] ( magic lies (t5 9 a s+le ^w6 ,illu/rations ( o!r ,laws4--,( ! o!r pr9ciples ( sugge/ion or association :i* h be5 nam$1 x is n necess>y to speak m9utely4 ,_! op]ation is obvi\s & indisputable4 ,illu/rations w occur to e "o4 ,! palace ( ! k+ rem9ds u by contra/ ( ! hovel ( ! peasant4 ,! spl5dor ( weal? & luxury sugge/s ! wret*$ness ( pov]ty & want4 ,! giant rem9ds u ( ! dw>f1 & ! dw>f ( ! giant4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( contiguity 9 "t & place1 ! sight ( an object rem9ds u ( ev5ts t h occurr$ 9 connection ) x2 ! "n ,napoleon sugge/s ,wat]loo1 & ,well+ton1 & ! m>%als ( ! empire2 ,/4 ,pet]'s & ! ,vatican sugge/ ,raphael & 8 ,transfiguration2 a book1 casually ly+ on my table1 rem9ds me ( ! volume t =m]ly /ood by its side on ! %elf1 & s c>ries me back to o!r sc5es1 & o!r days4 ,9 l mann]1 if x be n inde$ ! op]ation ( ! same pr9ciple1 cause sugge/s ! effect1 & effect its cause4 ,! w\nd rem9ds me ( ! in/rum5t1 & ! in/rum5t awak5s ! unpleasant conception ( ! w\nd :i* x once inflict$4 ,:y "o ,conception r ?an ano!r4--,inasmu* z any "o conception may awak5 9 ! m9d a great v>iety ( o!r conceptions--s9ce a picture1 = example1 may recall ! p]son ^: lik5ess x is1 or ! arti/ :o pa9t$ x1 or ! fri5d :o possesses x1 or ! "t & place 9 :i* x 0 sket*$1 or ! room 9 :i* x =m]ly hung1 or any circum/ance or ev5t connect$ ) x--! "q arises1 :y1 9 any giv5 in/ance1 is "o ( ^! conceptions awak5$ 9 ! m9d r ?an any o!r 9 its /ead8 ,x is evid5t t ! action ( ! associat+ pr9ciple is n uni=m1 sometimes "o conception be+ awak5$1 sometimes ano!r4 ,second>y ,laws4--,9 answ] to ?is1 ,dr4 ,br[n has %[n t ! action ( ^! g5]al & prim>y laws ( sugge/ion1 n[ nam$1 is modifi$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances1 :i* may be call$ second>y laws ( sugge/ion1 & :i* w acc\nt = ! v>iety 9 "q4 ,^! modify+ circum/ances are3 #a4 ,cont9uance ( att5tion4 #b4 ,vividness ( feel+4 #c4 ,frequ5cy ( repetition4 #d4 ,lapse ( "t4 #e4 ,exclusiv5ess ( association4 #f4 ,orig9al con/itutional diff]5ces4 #g4 ,/ate ( m9d at ! "t4 #h4 ,/ate ( body4 #i4 ,pr(essional habits4 ,any "o ( ^! circum/ances may s modify ! action ( ! prim>y laws ( sugge/ion1 t "o conception %all be awak5$ 9 ! m9d r ?an ano!r1 by t :i* has prec$$4 ,correctness ( ?is ,view4--,!re c be little d\bt z to ! correctness ( ?is view4 ,! att5tion1 = example1 :i* a giv5 object or ev5t excites at ! "t ( its occurr5ce1 & ! /r5g? & livel9ess ( feel+ :i* x awak5$ 9 u1 h v mu* to d1 z e "o kn[s1 ) our subsequ5t remembrance ( t object or ev5t4 ,s also has ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! tra9 ( ?\ght has be5 repeat$--a fact illu/rat$ 9 ! process ( committ+ to memory4 ,! m frequ5tly two ?+s come toge!r be=e ! m9d1 ! m likely w x be1 :5 "o is aga9 pres5t$1 to ?9k ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! process ( le>n+ a ?+ by rote1 we repeat ! l9es ov] & ov]1 until !y become s associat$1 & l9k$ toge!r1 t ! sugge/ion ( "o recalls ! :ole4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 we f9d x difficult to pass f "o s5t5ce to ano!r1 or f "o /anza or p>agraph to ano!r1 :ile we f9d no difficulty 9 complet+ ! s5t5ce or p>agraph once comm5c$4 ,! reason is1 we h repeat$ ea* s5t5ce or /anza by itself 9 ! process ( le>n+1 & h n connect$ "o ) ano!r4 ,! la/ words ( "o s5t5ce1 & ! fir/ words ( ano!r1 h n be5 repeat$ly conjo9$ 9 ! m9d--h n frequ5tly coxi/$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a m ?an usual vividness ( conception w make up = ! want ( ?is frequ5t coxi/5ce4 ,:51 = any reason1 z excit$ feel+1 or extraord9>y int]e/ 9 :at we p]ceive1 we grasp ) peculi> cle>ness & =ce ! idea pres5t$1 ?is vividness ( m5tal conception w1 ( itself1 insure ! remembrance ( ! object contemplat$4 ,a man1 on trial = 8 life1 w be likely to recollect ! faces & tones ( ea* ( ! diff]5t witnesses on ! /&1 & ! diff]5t judges & advocates1 ev5 if he nev] sees !m aft]w>d4 ,we all "k1 also1 t ! lapse ( "t weak5s ! impression ( any object or ev5t ^u ! m9d1 & s less5s ! probability ( its recurr5ce to ! ?\ghts4 ,we m readily recall places & objects se5 9 a rec5t t\r1 ?an ^? se5 a ye> ago4 ,! exclusiv5ess ( ! connection is also an important circum/ance4 ,an air ( music1 :i* ,i h he>d play$ or sung only on "o occasion1 & by "o musician only1 is mu* m likely1 :5 he>d aga91 to br+ to m9d ! =m] play]1 ?an if x _h also be5 associat$ ) o!r occasions & o!r p]=m]s4 ,mu* dep5ds1 moreov]1 on native diff]5ces ( temp]am5t1 on ! habitual joy\sness1 or habitual gloom1 :i* may p]vade ! spirits1 on ! lights & %ad[s :i* pass+ ev5ts may ca/1 9 quick succession1 on ! m9d1 z good or bad news1 ! arrival ( a fri5d1 ! failure ( an ent]prise1 a slight d]angem5t ( any ( ! bodily functions1 or ev5 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,all ^! circum/ances h mu* to d ) ! "q1 :e!r "o conception or ano!r %all be awak5$ 9 ! m9d by any object pres5t$ to its ?\ghts4 ,^! ,laws di/+ui%$ z ,objective & ,subjective4--,x w be obs]v$ t ! prim>y laws ( sugge/ion1 s call$1 are su* z arise f ! relations :i* our ?\ghts su/a9 to ea* o!r1 :ile ! second>y are su* z arise f ! relations :i* !y su/a9 to ourselves1 ! ?9k+ subjects4 ,h5ce ! =m] h be5 call$ objective1 ! latt]1 subjective laws4 ,possibility ( r$uc+ ! prim>y ,laws to "o compreh5sive ,pr9ciple4--,i h already sugge/$ t possibly ! prim>y laws admit ( be+ r$uc$ to "s "o g5]al & compreh5sive pr9ciple4 ,?is is a po9t des]v+ att5tion4 ,7 we requir$ to "n "s "o pr9ciple :i* %\ld compreh5d ^! sev]al specific laws ( association1 x w\ld be t ( ! prior exi/5ce 9 ! m9d ( ! sugge/+ & ! sugge/$ idea4 ,! two conceptions h1 = "s reason1 & at "s "t1 /ood toge!r be=e ! m9d1 & h5ce ! "o recalls ! o!r4 ,x seems to be a g5]al law ( ?\ght1 t :atev] has be5 p]ceiv$ or conceiv$ 9 connection ) "s o!r object ( p]ception or ?\ght1 is aft]w>d sugge/ive ( t o!r4 ,! relation may be t ( "p to :ole1 ( resemblance1 ( contiguity1 or contra/1 or cause2 x may be a natural or an artificial relation2 :atev] x is t s]ves z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 "o ?\ght & ano!r1 z !y come be=e ! m9d at fir/1 t w also s]ve z ! gr\nd ( subsequ5t connection1 :5 ei!r ( ^! ?\ghts %all pres5t itself aga9 to ! m9d4 ,! "o w sugge/ ! o!r4 ,application ( ?is ,pr9ciple to ! sev]al ,laws ( ,sugge/ion4--,:y is x1 = example1 t ?+s contigu\s 9 "t & place sugge/ ea* o!r8 ,9 consequ5ce ( t contiguity !y 7 view$ by ! m9d 9 connection ) ea* o!r2 z1 e4 g41 ! h&le1 & ! door to :i* x belongs1 ! book1 & its neighbor on ! %elf4 ,x is because ,napoleon & 8 m>%als1 ,well+ton & ,wat]loo1 h be5 pres5t$ toge!r to ! ?\ghts1 t "o n[ recalls ! o!r4 ,= ! same reason ! light hair & blue eyes ( ! p]son pass+ 9 ! /reet recall ! fri5d ( =m] ye>s2 t peculi>ity ( hair & ( eyes has be51 9 my m9d1 previ\sly connect$ ) ! conception ( my fri5d4 ,s also a "p sugge/s ! :ole ) :i* x has be5 ord9>ily connect$1 z1 = example1 ! cry/al & ! wat*4 ,fur!r ,application ( ! same ,pr9ciple4--,on ! same pr9ciple cause & effect are naturally sugge/ive4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve ! elision ( a sp>k 9 connection ) ! =cible collision ( fl9t & /eel & :5ev] we h obs]v$ ! application ( fire to gunp[d]1 c]ta9 consequ5ces h uni=mly attract$ our att5tion2 h5ce ! "o ( ^! ?+s awak5s imm$iately 9 our m9ds ! conception ( ! o!r1 ) :i* x has previ\sly coxi/$4 ,= ! same reason ! in/rum5t sugge/s ! idea ( ! w\nd1 & ! w\nd ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! sight ( a rose1 & ! s5sation ( fragrance1 h usually coxi/$2 h5ce ei!r recalls ! o!r4 ,! connection 9 ?is case is natural4 ,let u suppose a case 9 :i* x %all be arbitr>y1 or artificial4 ,suppose ,i happ5 to hold a rose 9 my h&1 at ! same mom5t a c]ta9 unusual noise is he>d 9 ! /reet1 or at ! mom5t :5 an eclipse ( ! sun becomes visible2 on see+ ! rose ! next day ,i am in/antly rem9d$ ( ! noise1 or ( ! eclipse1 t 0 connect$ ) x 9 my previ\s p]ception4 ,application to ! ,law ( ,opposites4--,on ! same pr9ciple opposites also sugge/ ea* o!r4 ,!y su/a9 a c]ta9 relation to ea* o!r 9 our ?\ghts1 & are 9 a s5se necess>y to ea* o!r 9 ?\ght1 z1 e4 g41 :ite & black1 crook$ & /raight1 tall & %ort2 :i* are relative ideas1 nei!r ( :i* is complete by itself )\t ! o!r2 ! "o ! complem5t ( ! o!r2 ea*1 s to speak1 ! extreme t]m ( a comp>ison4 ,z su* !y /& toge!r be=e ! m9d1 9 its ord9>y p]ceptions1 & h5ce ! "o almo/ ( necessity recalls ! o!r4 ,! same ,pr9ciple sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,br[n4--,! possibility ( r$uc+ ! laws ( association to "o common pr9ciple1 z n[ attempt$1 namely t ( prior coxi/5ce 9 ! m9d1 has n altoge!r escap$ ! notice ( philosoph]s4 ,dr4 ,br[n1 9 m ?an "o passage1 advances ! idea1 t on a suffici5tly m9ute analysis all sugge/ion may be f\nd to dep5d on prior coxi/5ce1 or1 at lea/1 on su* imm$iate proximity1 z is itself1 v probably1 a modification ( coxi/5ce4 ,9 ord] to ?is nice r$uction1 h[ev]1 he adds1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! influ5ce ( emotions1 & o!r feel+s t are v diff]5t f ideas2 z :5 an analog\s object sugge/s an analog\s object by ! influ5ce ( an emotion or s5tim5t1 :i* ea* sep>ately may h produc$ be=e1 & :i* is !re=e common to bo?4 ,z illu/rative ( ?is1 he ref]s1 among o!rs1 to cases ( remote resemblance2 z :51 = example1 ! :it5ess ( untrodd5 sn[ br+s to our m9d ! innoc5ce ( an unpollut$ he>t2 or a f9e morn+ ( spr+1 ! *e]ful fre%ness ( y\?4 ,9 su* cases1 he says1 ?\gh !re may nev] h be5 9 ! m9d any proximity ( ! v images comp>$1 !re may h be5 a proximity ( ea* to an emotion ( "s sort1 :i*1 z common to bo?1 might r5d] ea* capable1 indirectly1 ( sugge/+ ! o!r4 ,! same pr9ciple he applies to sugge/ion by contra/1 z :5 ! sight ( a p]son ) a rem>kably long nose br+s to m9d "s "o :om we h se5 ) a nose z rem>kable = brevity2 ! common feel+ 9 ! two cases be+ t ( surprise or wond] at ! peculi>ity ( ?is feature ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,!ory ( ,mahan4--,mahan1 9 8 ,intellectual ,philosophy1 c>ries out ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,br[n1 & makes ! emotion awak5$ 9 common by two or m objects1 ! sole law1 or gr\nd ( association4 ,"o object recalls an o!r only by means ( ! feel+ or /ate ( m9d common to bo?4 ,?is ,view que/ionable4--,t ?is is ! philosophy ( ! sugge/+ pr9ciple 9 ^? cases 9 :i* two objects h n previ\sly coxi/$ 9 ! m9d--t is1 9 cases ( sugge/ion1 & n ( association prop]ly--,i am dispos$ to admit1 b t x is ! philosophy ( association1 /rictly speak+1 t x is ! reason :y objects :i* h be5 view$ toge!r by ! m9d %\ld aft]w>d recall ea* o!r1 is to be que/ion$4 ,x seems to be an e/abli%$ law ( m5tal action t objects once view$ 9 connection by ! m9d1 aft]w>d reta9 t connection4 ,?is is a gr& & simple law ( ?\ght4 ,i d\bt :e!r any explanation c make x m simple1 :e!r any ?+ is ga9$ by call+ 9 ! influ5ce ( emotion to acc\nt = x4 ,! emotion may1 or may n1 be ! cause :y objects1 once coxi/5t 9 ! m9d1 recall ea* o!r4 ,x is en\gh t ! simple law ( previ\s coxi/5ce1 z n[ /at$1 cov]s ! :ole gr\nd1 & acc\nts = all ! ph5om5a ( m5tal association4 ,! same ,rule giv5 by ,ari/otle4--,long be=e ! days ( ,br[n & 8 successors1 ?is same law _h sugge/$ itself to "o ( ! close/ ?9k]s1 & mo/ acute obs]v]s ( m5tal ph5om5a1 :om ! _w has ev] se51 z a pr9ciple compreh5sive ( all ! specific laws ( association4 ,ari/otle--z quot$ by ,hamilton--expresses ! rule 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,?\ghts1 :i* h at any "t1 rec5t or remote1 /ood to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( coxi/5ce1 or imm$iate consecution1 d1 :5 sev]ally reproduc$1 t5d to reproduce ea* o!r4 ,"u ?is g5]al law he includes ! specific ones ( simil>s1 contr>ies1 & codjac5ts1 z compreh5d+ all ! possible relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r4 ,fur!r ,"q4--,view ( ,ros5kranz4--,x may /ill be que/ion$ :e!r ! specific laws ( association1 z usually giv51 viz41 resemblance1 contra/1 contiguity1 & cause1 are a complete & exhau/ive li/4 ,are !re n relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r1 & s relations ( ?\ght1 :i* d n fall "u any ( ! categories n[ nam$8 ,a di/+ui%$ psy*ologi/ ( ! ,hegelian s*ool1 ,ros5kranz1 d5ies ev5 t !re are any laws ( association4 ,law is f\nd1 he says1 :]e ! manifoldness /ill ev9ces unity1 to :i* ! manifold & accid5tal are subject4 ,b association is n subject to any su* unity4 ,x is a free process4 ,!re are inde$ c]ta9 limitations or categories ( ?\ght1 b ^! s-call$ laws ( association are n to be conf\nd$ ) ^? categories2 !y are n exhau/ive ( !m4 ,:y n also introduce ! law by :i* we pass f quality to quantity1 be+ to appe>ance1 ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 ! end to ! means1 etc41 etc48 ,9 %ort1 all metaphysical & logical categories lay claim to be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( su* laws4 ,no "o c calculate ! possible connections ( "o conception ) ano!r4 ,ea* is1 = u1 ! middle po9t ( a univ]se f :i* we c g =? on all sides4 ,:at div]se tra9s ( ?\ght1 = example1 may ! ,/rasburg m9/] awak5 9 my m9d3 ! mat]ial ( :i* x is built1 ! ar*itect1 ! middle ages1 ! go?ic /yle1 etc41 etc4 ,!re is1 9 a ^w1 no law ( association4 ,objections to ?is ,view4--,su*1 9 sub/ance1 is ! view ma9ta9$ by ?is able writ]4 ,we _c altoge!r co9cide ) x4 ,t ! specific laws ( ,ari/otle1 ,hume1 & ,br[n1 are n exhau/ive1 may v likely be true2 t !re is no law1 no unity to :i* ?is manifoldness ( conception is subject1 is yet to be %[n4 ,take ! v case suppos$4 ,! go?ic m9/] ( ,/rasburg rem9ds me ( ! go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,:at is t b an in/ance "u ! law ( simil>ity8 ,x rem9ds me ( ! middle ages4 ,:at is t b ! op]ation ( ! law ( contiguity 9 "t8 ,x br+s to m9d ! ar*itect4 ,:at is t b ! relation ( cause to effect8 ,or1 if ,i ?9k ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! build+ is compos$1 ! m>ble ( ?is m9/] rem9d+ me ( ! class1 m>ble1 does n t aga9 fall "u ! relation ( a "p to ! :ole1 :i* is compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al law ( coadjac5ce1 or contiguity 9 space8 ,s quality & quantity1 matt] & =m1 be+ & appe>ance1 z p>ts ( a compreh5sive :ole1 recall ea* o!r4 ,! in/ances giv51 !n1 s f> f prov+ t !re is no law ( association actually fall "u ! specific laws enum]at$4 ,! ,law ( ,contiguity includes :at4--,x is cont5d$ t ?is gives a wid] ext5sion to ! law ( contiguity 9 "t & space ?an prop]ly belongs to x4 ,i reply1 n wid] ?an is int5d$ by ^? :o make use ( ?is expression4 ,ari/otle1 ! e>lie/ writ] :o attempts any classification ( ! laws ( sugge/ion1 di/9ctly includes "u ! law ( coadjac5ce :atev] /& z p>ts ( ! same :ole1 z1 e4 g41 p>ts ( ! same build+1 traits ( ! same "*1 species ( ! same g5us1 ! sign & ! ?+ signifi$1 diff]5t :oles ( ! same "p1 correlate t]ms1 z ! ab/ract & concrete1 etc41 etc4 ,ref]5ce to ! subjective ,laws4--,if x /ill is ask$ :y does ! m9/] ( ,/rasburg1 or any giv5 object1 sugge/ "o ( ^! sev]al conceptions1 & n "s o!r 9 its place8 ! reason = ?is mu/ d\btless be s\ght 9 ! /ate ( ! m9d at ! "t2 9 o!r words1 9 ^? subjective or second>y laws ( sugge/ion1 ( :i* we h already spok51 z giv5 by ,br[n & o!rs4 ,ari/otle has m concisely answ]$ ! "q 9 ! important rule :i* he adds z supplem5t>y ( 8 g5]al law2 viz41 t1 ( two ?\ghts1 "o t5ds to sugge/ ! o!r1 9 proportion1 #a4 ,to its comp>ative importance2 #b4 ,its comp>ative int]e/4 ,= ! fir/ reason1 ! foot is m likely to sugge/ ! head ?an ! head ! foot4 ,= ! second reason1 ! dog is m likely to sugge/ ! ma/] ?an ! ma/] ! dog4 ,,ii--,,m5tal ,,recognition1 ,,z ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,m5tal ,,reproduction4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,?is ,,process4 ,! ,faculty z ?us f> consid]$4--,?us f> we h consid]$ ! faculty ( m5tal repres5tation only "u "o ( its =ms1 viz41 z reproductive4 ,by ! op]ation ( ?is p[]1 ! intuitions ( s5se are replac$ be=e ! m9d1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! orig9al objects2 images1 s to speak1 ( ! =m] objects ( p]ception are br\ght out f ! d>k backgr\nd ( ! pa/1 & ?r[n 9 relief ^u ! m5tal canvas4 ,picture aft] picture ?us comes up1 & passes away4 ,! m9d has ! p[] ( ?us reproduc+ = itself1 accord+ to laws ( sugge/ion already consid]$1 ! objects ( its =m] p]ception4 ,?is x is con/antly do+4 ,no small "p ( our ?9k+ is ! simple reproduction ( :at has be5 already1 9 "s =m1 be=e ! m9d4 ,an additional ,elem5t4--,! intuitions ( s5se1 ?us replac$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ext]nal objects1 pres5t !mselves to ! m9d z m]e conceptions1 involv+ no ref]5ce to ourselves z ! p]ceiv+ subject1 nor to ! "t1 place1 & circum/ances ( ! orig9al p]ception4 ,b suppose n[ ?is latt] elem5t to be sup]add$ to ! =m]2 t along ) ! conception or recall+ ( ! object1 !re is also ! conception ( ourselves z p]ceiv+1 & ( ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 p]ceiv$2 9 a ^w1 ! recall+ ( ! subjective along ) ! objective elem5t ( ! orig9al p]ception1 & we h n[ t =m ( m5tal repres5tation :i* we t]m recognitive1 or m5tal recognition4 ,! two ,=ms comp>$ & di/+ui%$4--,! two tak5 toge!r1 ! reproduction1 & ! recognition1 con/itute :at is ord9>ily call$ memory1 :i* involves1 :5 closely consid]$1 n only ! reproduction1 9 ?\ght1 ( ! =m] object ( p]ception1 b also ! consci\sness ( hav+ ourselves p]ceiv$ ! same4 ,! conception is giv5 z be=e1 b x is no long] m]e conception 9 ! ab/ract1 /&+ by itself2 x is connect$ n[ by l9ks ( "t1 place1 & circum/ance1 ) our own p]sonal hi/ory4 ,x is ?is subjective elem5t t con/itutes ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( memory prop]1 or m5tal recognition1 z di/+ui%$ f m]e conception1 or m5tal reproduction4 ,specification ( ,"t & ,place4--,x is n necess>y t ! specific "t & place :5 & :]e we previ\sly p]ceiv$ ! object1 or receiv$ ! impression1 %\ld be recall$ along ) ! object or impression2 ?is may or may n be4 ,m frequ5tly1 p]haps1 ^! d recur to ! m9d1 & ! object itself is recall$ or sugge/$ by means ( ^! specific mom5ta2 b ?is is n ess5tial to ! act ( memory4 ,x is en\gh t we recognize ! repres5tation or conception1 n[ be=e ! m9d1 z1 9 g5]al1 an object ( =m] cognition1 a previ\s possession ( ! m9d1 & n a new acquisition4 ,n ( necessity volunt>y4--,nor is x necess>y to ! fact ( memory1 t ?is recurr5ce & recognition ( =m] p]ceptions & s5sations1 z objects ( ?\ght1 %\ld be ! result ( special volition on our "p4 ,x may be q involunt>y4 ,x may take place unbidd5 & uns\ght1 ! result ( casual sugge/ion4 ,di/9ction ( ,t]ms4--,memory is usually di/+ui%$ f remembrance1 & also f recollection4 ,memory is1 m prop]ly1 ! p[] or faculty1 remembrance ! ex]cise ( t p[] 9 respect to p>ticul> objects & ev5ts4 ,:5 ?is ex]cise is volunt>y--:5 we set ourselves to recall :at has ne>ly or q escap$ u1 to re-collect1 z x 71 ! scatt]$ mat]ials ( our =m] consci\sness--we designate ?is volunt>y process by ! t]m recollection4 ,we recollect only :at is at ! mom5t out ( m9d1 & :at we wi% to recall4 ,possibility ( recall+4--,b "h ! "q arises h[ x is possible1 by a volunt>y ef=t1 to recall :at is once gone f ! m9d4 ,does n ! v fact ( a volition imply t we h already 9 m9d ! ?+ will$ & wi%$ =8 ,h[ else c\ld we w to recall x8 ,?is is a philosophical puzzle ) :i* any "o1 :o *ooses1 may amuse himself4 ,i h =gott51 = in/ance1 ! "n ( a p]son3 ,i seek to recall x2 to recall :at8 y may ask4 ,t "n4 ,:at "n8 ,n[ ,i d n "k :at "n2 if ,i did1 ,i %\ld h no occasion to recall x4 ,& yet1 9 ano!r s5se1 ,i d "k :at x is t ,i h =gott54 ,i "k t x is a "n1 & ,i "k ^: "n x is2 ! "n1 viz41 ( ?is p>ticul> p]son4 ,& ?is is all ,i ne$ to "k 9 ord] to h a di/9ct1 def9ite object ( volition be=e my m9d4 ,! ,mode ( ,op]ation4--,! process ?r\gh :i* ! m9d passes 9 su* a case1 is1 to dwell ^u "s circum/ances n =gott51 t are intimately connect$ ) ! miss+ idea1 & ?r\gh ^!1 z s _m connect+ l9ks1 to pass ov]1 if possible1 to ! ?+ s\ght4 ,i _c1 = example1 recall ! "n1 b ,i rememb] ! names ( o!r p]sons ( ! same family1 class1 or pr(ession1 or ,i rememb] t x beg9s ) ! lett] ,b1 & !n ?9k ov] all ! names ,i "k t beg9 ) t lett]2 &1 9 ?is way1 seek to recall1 by association1 ! "n t has escap$4 ,memory n an imm$iate ,k4--,x has be5 held by "s t memory gives u an imm$iate k ( ! pa/4 ,?is is ! view ( ,dr4 ,reid4 ,if1 by imm$iate k1 we mean k ( a ?+ z exi/+1 & z x is 9 itself--no?+ int]v5+ betwe5 x z a pres5t reality1 & our direct cognizance ( x--!n n 9 ?is s5se is memory an imm$iate k2 = a pa/ ev5t is no long] exi/5t1 & _c be kn[n z su*1 or z x is 9 itself2 x no long] is1 b only 04 ,h5ce an imm$iate k ( x1 is1 z ,sir ,william ,hamilton affirms1 a contradiction4 ,/ill1 we may "k ! pa/ z x 01 n less really & positively ?an we "k ! pres5t z x is4 ,i z really "k t ,i sat at ?is table ye/]day z ,i "k t ,i sit "h n[4 ,i am consci\s ( be+ "h n[4 ,i 0 consci\s ( be+ "h !n4 ,t consci\sness is n to be impea*$ 9 ei!r case4 ,if ! s5ses deceiv$ me ye/]day1 !y may deceive me to-day4 ,if consci\sness te/ifi$ falsely !n1 x may n[4 ,b if ,i 0 inde$ "h ye/]day1 & if ,i knew !n t ,i 0 "h1 & t k 0 c]ta9 & positive1 !n ,i "k n[ t ,i 0 "h ye/]day1 = memory recognizes :at w\ld o!rwise be ! m]e conception ( to-day1 z id5tical ) ! positive k ( ye/]day4 ,memory may possibly be mi/ak5 z to ! s-call$ positive k ( ye/]day2 & s s5se may be mi/ak5 z to ! s-call$ positive k ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,belief att5d+ ,memory4--,! rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,reid on ?is po9t are wor?y ( note4 ,memory is always accompani$ ) ! belief ( t :i* we rememb]1 z p]ception is accompani$ ) ! belief ( t :i* we p]ceive1 & consci\sness ) ! belief ( t :]e( we are consci\s4 ,p]haps 9 infancy1 or 9 disord] ( m9d1 ?+s rememb]$ may be conf\nd$ ) ^? :i* are m]ely imag9$2 b 9 mature ye>s1 & 9 a s\nd /ate ( m9d1 e man feels t he mu/ believe :at he di/9ctly rememb]s1 ?\gh he c give no o!r reason = 8 belief1 b t he rememb]s ! ?+ di/9ctly2 :]eas1 :5 he m]ely imag9es a ?+ ev] s di/9ctly he has no belief ( x ^u t acc\nt4 ,?is belief1 :i* we h f di/9ct memory1 we acc\nt real k1 no less c]ta9 ?an if x 0 gr\nd$ on demon/ration2 no man1 9 8 wits1 calls x 9 "q1 or w he> any argum5t aga9/ x4 ,! te/imony ( witnesses 9 causes ( life & dea? dep5ds ^u x1 & all ! k ( mank9d ( pa/ ev5ts is built on ?is f\ndation4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* a man's memory is less di/9ct & det]m9ate1 & :]e he is ready to all[ t x may h fail$ him2 b ?is does n 9 ! lea/ weak5 its cr$it1 :5 x is p]fectly di/9ct4 ,importance ( ?is ,faculty4--,! importance ( memory z a p[] ( ! m9d1 is %[n by ! simple fact1 t1 b = x1 !re c\ld be no consci\sness ( cont9u$ exi/5ce1 none ( p]sonal id5tity1 = memory is our only v\*] = ! fact t we exi/$ at all at any previ\s mom5t4 ,)\t ?is faculty1 ea* sep>ate in/ant ( life w\ld be a new exi/5ce1 isolat$1 disconnect$ ) aught be=e or aft]2 nay1 !re w\ld1 9 t case1 sc>cely be any consci\sness ( ev5 ! pres5t exi/5ce1 = we are consci\s only z we are cognizant ( *ange1 says ,hamilton1 & !re is involv$ 9 x ! idea ( ! late/ pa/ along ) ! pres5t4 ,memory1 !n1 is ess5tial to all intellig5t m5tal action1 :e!r intellectual1 s5sational1 or volunt>y4 ,! anci5ts seem to h be5 aw>e ( ?is1 :5 !y gave x ! "n ,greek3 mnm 7f ,greek3 mnmos1 ,greek3 mnaomai71 appellations ( ! m9d itself1 z be+1 9 fact1 ! *ief *>act]i/ic faculty ( ! m9d4 ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,impli$ ,,9 ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,memory4 ,sev]al ,conditions4--,e act ( memory involves ^! sev]al conditions3 #a4 ,pres5t exi/5ce4 #b4 ,pa/ exi/5ce4 #c4 ,m5tal activity at "s mom5t ( t pa/ exi/5ce4 #d4 ,! recurr5ce to ! m9d ( some?+ ?us ?\ght1 p]ceiv$1 or felt4 #e4 ,its recognition z a pa/ or =m] ?\ght or impression1 & t our own4 ,^! la/1 ! recurr5ce & ! recognition1 are /rictly ! ess5tial elem5ts ( memory1 yet ! o!rs are impli$ 9 x4 ,9 ord] to my rememb]+1 = example1 an occurr5ce ( ye/]day1 ,i mu/ exi/ at ! pres5t "t1 else ,i _c rememb] at ! pres5t "t2 ,i mu/ h exi/$ ye/]day1 else !re c be no memory ( ye/]day2 my m9d mu/ h be5 active !n1 else !re w be no?+ to rememb]2 ! ?\ghts1 p]ceptions1 s5sations1 !n occupy+ ! m9d1 mu/ n[ recur1 else x is ! same z if !y _h nev] be52 !y mu/ recur1 n z new ?\ghts & impressions1 b z old ones1 else ,i no long] rememb]1 b only conceive or p]ceive4 ,,iii4 ,,qualities ,,( ,,memory4 ,di/9ctions ( ,/ew>t & ,wayl&4--,x has be5 cu/om>y to designate c]ta9 qualities z ess5tial to a good memory4 ,susceptibility1 ret5tiv5ess1 & read9ess1 are ?us di/+ui%$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t2 ! fir/ d5ot+ ! facility ) :i* ! m9d acquires2 ! second1 ! p]man5ce ) :i* x reta9s2 & ! ?ird1 ! quickness ) :i* x recalls & applies its orig9al acquisitions4 ,& ^! qualities are r>ely unit$1 he adds1 9 ! same p]son4 ,! memory :i* is susceptible & ready1 is n commonly v ret5tive4 ,dr4 ,wayl& makes ! same di/9ction4 ,"s m51 he says1 reta9 _! k m p]fectly ?an !y recall x4 ,o!rs h _! k always at comm&4 ,"s m5 acquire ) great rapidity1 b soon =get :at !y h le>n$4 ,o!rs acquire ) difficulty1 b reta9 t5aci\sly4 ,objections to ?is ,view4--,al?\gh support$ by su* au?ority1 x admits ( "q :e!r ?is di/9ction is /rictly valid4 ,facility ( acquisition1 ! read9ess ) :i* ! m9d p]ceives tru?1 is h>dly to be reckon$ z an attribute ( memory4 ,x is a quality ( m9d1 a quality possess$ 9 div]se degrees by diff]5t p]sons1 d\btless1 b n a quality ( m9d 9 its di/9ctive capacity & (fice ( rememb]+4 ,x is no "p1 psy*ologically consid]$1 ( ! function ( m5tal reproduction4 ,x is ess5tial1 inde$1 to ! act ( memory t !re %\ld be some?+ to rememb]1 b ! acquisition ( ! ?+ rememb]$1 & ! rememb]+1 are two di/9ct & diff]5t m5tal acts2 nor is x ( any consequ5ce to ! m9d1 9 rememb]+1 :e!r ! orig9al acquisition 0 made ) m or less facility4 ,inde$1 s f> z t be>s ^u ! case at all1 facility ( acquisition1 z ev5 ^! writ]s admit1 is likely to be r a h9drance ?an a help to subsequ5t remembrance1 s9ce :at is mo/ readily acquir$ is n mo/ readily recall$4 ,! ,m9d ret5tive 9 :at ,s5se4--,nor is x altoge!r prop] to speak ( ret5tiv5ess z a quality ( memory--a quality :i* may p]ta9 to x 9 a great] or less degree 9 diff]5t cases4 ,! tru? is1 all memory is ret5tive1 or1 m prop]ly1 ret5tiv5ess is itself memory4 ,x is a quality ( m9d2 a p[] or faculty possess$ 9 diff]5t degrees by diff]5t p]sons2 & ! p[] :i* ! m9d possesses ( reta9+ ?us1 :olly1 or 9 "p1 :at passes be=e x1 is ! faculty ( memory4 ,b 9 :at s5se does ! m9d reta9 any?+ :i* has once occupi$ its ?\ghts8 ,n1 ( c\rse1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a hook reta9s ! hat & coat t are hung ^u x1 ready to be tak5 d[n :5 want$4 ,we are n to conceive ( ! m9d z a conv5i5t receptacle1 9 :i* may be /[$ away all mann] ( old ?\ghts1 s5sations1 impressions1 z old clo!s are put by 9 a press1 or guns 9 an armory4 ,n 9 any su* s5se is ! m9d ret5tive4 ,:at we mean1 :5 we say ! m9d is ret5tive1 is simply ?is1 t x is 9 its p[] to repossess itself ( :at has once pass$ be=e x1 to rega9 a ?\ght or impression x has once _h4 ,& ?is is done by ! op]ation ( ^? laws ( sugge/ion already consid]$4 ,t1 & t only is reta9$ by ! m9d1 :i* "u ! appropriate circum/ances is by ! pr9ciple ( sugge/ion recall$ to ! m9d4 ,we are n to di/+ui%1 !n1 ! p[] to reta9 & ! p[] to recall1 z two sep>ate ?+s2 nor1 = ! same reason1 c we conceive ( a memory t is o!r ?an ret5tive1 or t is ret5tive b n ready4 ,s f> z ^! expressions d5ote any real di/9ction1 x am\nts simply to ?is1 t "s m9ds are m ret5tive ?an o!rs2 9 o!r words1 m susceptible ( ! influ5ce ( ! sugge/+ pr9ciple 9 recall+ ideas t h once be5 be=e !m4 ,su* a diff]5ce und\bt$ly exi/s4 ,"s rememb] mu* m readily & ext5sively ?an o!rs4 ,?is may be ow+1 p>tly1 to "s diff]5ce ( m5tal con/itution & end[m5t2 b m frequ5tly to diff]5ces ( m5tal habit & culture4 ,x is n necess>y to ref] aga9 to ! laws ( m5tal reproduction :i* h be5 already discuss$4 ,x is suffici5t to say1 t ! m cle>ly any fact or tru? is orig9ally appreh5d$1 & ! m deeply x int]e/s ! m9d1 ! m readily w x subsequ5tly recur & ! long] w x be reta9$4 ,,iv4 ,,memory ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,intellectual ,,/r5g? ,! common ,op9ion4--,! "q has aris51 h[ f> ! p[] ( memory may be reg>d$ z a te/ ( intellectual ability4 ,! op9ion has be5 some:at preval5t1 t a m ?an usual developm5t ( ?is faculty is likely to be att5d$ ) a correspond+ defici5cy 9 "s o!r m5tal p[]1 & especially t x is incompatible ) a s\nd judgm5t4 ,to ?is op9ion ,i _c subscribe4 ,d\btless x is true t _m p]sons1 defici5t 9 ! p[] ( accurate discrim9ation1 h possess$ wond]ful p[] ( memory4 ,! m9d1 9 su* cases1 undiscipl9$1 uncultivat$1 ) little inv5tive & self-mov+ p[]1 lies passive & op5 to ! influ5ce ( e *ance sugge/ion f )\t1 z ! lyre is put 9 vibration by ! /ray w9ds t sweep across its /r+s4 ,facts & incid5ts ( no value1 )\t numb]1 & )\t ord]1 are ?r[n into relief ^u ! confus$ backgr\nd ( ! pa/1 z sea-we$1 s&1 & %ells are heap$ by ! unmean+ waves ^u ! %ore4 ,b if a weak m9d may possess a good memory1 x is equally true1 t a /rong & well discipl9$ m9d is seldom defici5t 9 x4 ,m5 ( mo/ active & comm&+ intellect h be5 m5 also ( t5aci\s & accurate memory4 ,napoleon 0 a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is4 ,s also 0 ! philosoph] ,leibnitz4 ,:ile1 !n1 we _c reg>d ! memory z a te/ ( intellectual capacity1 nei!r c x be consid]$ incompatible )1 or unfavorable to1 m5tal /r5g?4 ,on ! contr>y1 we c h>dly look = any consid]able degree ( m5tal vigor & p[] :]e ?is faculty is ess5tially defici5t4 ,memory z affect$ by ! ,art ( ,pr9t+4--,x is rem>k$ by ,miss ,edgewor?1 & ! rem>k is notic$ ) approval by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 t ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 by plac+ books )9 ! rea* ( all classes ( p1 has l[]$ ! value ( ^? extraord9>y p[]s ( memory :i* "s ( ! le>n$ 7 accu/om$ to display 9 =m] times4 ,a man :o _h read1 & :o c\ld repeat1 a few manuscripts1 0 !n n m]ely a rem>kable1 b a v useful man4 ,x is q o!rwise n[4 ,!re is no occasion n[ = any su* ex]cise ( memory4 ,h5ce in/ances ( extraord9>y memory are ( unfrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,failure ( ,memory accompanies failure ( m5tal ,p[]4--,a decl9e ( m5tal vigor1 :e!r produc$ by disease or age1 is usually att5d$ ) loss ( memory to "s ext5t4 ,! fir/ symptoms ( ?is failure are usually =getfulness ( prop] names & dates1 & sometimes ( words 9 g5]al4 ,a /roke ( palsy frequ5tly produces ?is result1 & 9 su* cases ! "n sometimes sugge/s ! object1 :ile ! object no long] recalls ! "n4 ,?is is probably ow+ to ! fact t ! sign1 be+ ( less consequ5ce ?an ! ?+ signifi$1 & mak+ less impression on ! m9d1 is m readily =gott52 h5ce ! "n1 if sugge/$1 recalls ! ?+1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! ?+ may n recall ! "n4 ,9 g5]al1 we pass m readily f ! sign to ! ?+ signifi$1 ?an ! rev]se1 & = ! reason n[ giv54 ,mr4 ,/ew>d rem>ks1 t ?is loss ( prop] names incid5t to old m51 is *iefly obs]vable 9 m5 ( sci5ce1 or ^? mu* occupi$ ) important affairs--a fact result+1 he ?9ks1 p>tly f _! habits ( g5]al ?\ght1 & p>tly f _! want ( con/ant practice 9 t trivial conv]sation :i* is e mom5t recall+ p>ticul>s to ! m9d4 ,! ,memory ( ! ,ag$4--,9 ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 advanc$1 we f9d an explanation1 ,i ?9k1 ( "s facts respect+ memory1 :i* e "o has notic$1 b ( :i* ! philosophy may n be at fir/ sight app>5t1 ,:y is x t ag$ p =get8 t1 z we gr[ old1 :ile p]haps o!r p[]s ( ! m9d are /ill vigor\s1 ! memory beg9s to lose its t5acity8 ,n1 ,i suspect1 f any special *ange :i* ! bra9 und]goes1 = :y %\ld su* *anges affect ?is faculty m ?an any o!r8 ,i %\ld seek ! explanation 9 a failure ( "o or o!r ( ! conditions already m5tion$ z ess5tial to a good memory2 ei!r 9 ! want ( a suffici5tly frequ5t coxi/5ce ( associat$ ideas1 or else 9 ! want ( a suffici5tly vivid conception ( !m :5 pres5t$2 or1 m likely1 9 bo?4 ,& s ! facts w\ld indicate4 ,age involves usually ! gradual failure & decay ( ! p[]s ( p]ception2 ! e> fails to report :at is said1 ! eye :at is pass+ 9 space2 & z memory is dep5d5t on prior p]ception1 ( c\rse a dim9i%$ activity ( ! "o br+s ab\t a dim9i%$ activity ( ! o!r4 ,9 proportion z ?is ensues1 ! m9d's int]e/ 9 pass+ ev5ts is likely to fail1 = :at is no long] cle>ly appreh5d$ no long] awak5s ! same int]e/ & att5tion z =m]ly4 ,?is directly affects ! vividness ( conception1 & indirectly also reacts ^u ! frequ5cy ( coxi/5ce1 = :at we d n cle>ly appreh5d1 nor feel mu* int]e/ 91 w n be likely (t5 to recur to m9d1 nor %all we dwell ^u x :5 pres5t$4 ,!re is ?us br\ght ab\t1 by ! mutual action & reaction ( ! causes n[ specifi$1 a failure m or less complete ( ! ess5tial conditions ( a ret5tive memory4 ,! old man dwells accord+ly mu* 9 ! pa/4 ,8 life is beh9d him1 & n 9 advance4 ,he is unobs]vant ( pass+ ev5ts1 because he nei!r cle>ly appreh5ds !m1 n[ t 8 connection ) ! out] _w is 9 a measure int]rupt$ by ! decay ( s5se1 nor does he mu* c>e ab\t !m1 = ! same reason4 ,8 att5tion & int]e/1 )drawn 9 a mann] f ^!1 rev]t to ! pa/4 ,^? ?+s he rememb]s1 ! sports & companions ( 8 y\?1 & ! /irr+ ev5ts ( 8 be/ & mo/ active ye>s1 = ^? ?+s h be5 frequ5tly associat$ 9 8 m9d1 l9k$ ) ea* o!r1 & ) all ! pa/ ( 8 life1 & !y h deeply int]e/$ him4 ,h5ce !y are rememb]$ :ile ye/]day is =gott54 ,v>ieties ( ,memory4--,:y is x1 y ask1 t memory seems to select = itself n[ "o & n[ ano!r field ( op]ation1 "o man rememb]+ dates1 ano!r ev5ts or facts 9 hi/ory1 ano!r words or pages ( a book1 :ile 9 ea* case ! memory ( o!r ?+s1 ( e ?+ t lies beyond or )\t ! favorite range ( topics1 is defective8 ,manife/ly = mu* ! same reason already giv54 ,! m9d has its favorite subjects ( inve/igation & ?\ght2 to ^! x frequ5tly recurs1 & dwells on !m ) int]e/2 !re is1 consequ5tly1 frequ5cy ( coxi/5ce1 & vividness ( conception--! v conditions ( ret5tiv5ess--:ile1 at ! same "t1 ! m9d be+ preccupi$ ) ! giv5 subjects1 & ! att5tion & int]e/ )drawn f o!r ?+s1 ! memory ( o!r ?+s is proportionably defici5t4 ,we rememb]1 9 o!r words1 j ^? ?+s be/1 9 :i* we are mo/ int]e/$1 & ) :i* we h mo/ to d4 ,?is expla9s :y we =get names s readily4 ,we h m to d )1 & are m int]e/$ 91 p]sons1 ?an _! names2 ! latt] we h occasion to ?9k ( mu* less (t5 ?an ! =m]4 ,! sign occurs less frequ5tly ?an ! ?+ signifi$4 ,v4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,memory4 ,! pr9ciples already advanc$ furni% a clue to ! prop] & successful cultivation ( ! memory4 ,l all o!r p[]s1 ?is may be cultivat$1 & to a wond]ful degree2 &1 l all o!r p[]s1 x ga9s /r5g? by use1 by ex]cise4 ,! fir/ & *ief direction1 !n1 if y w\ld cultivate & /r5g!n ?is faculty ( ! m9d1 is1 ex]cise x2 tra9 x to d its "w--to d x quickly1 easily1 accurately1 & well--z y tra9 y\rself to h&le ! keys ( an in/rum5t1 or to add up a column ( figures ) promptness & accuracy4 ,to be m specific4--,z reg>ds any p>ticul> ?+ :i* y wi% to rememb]3 #a4 ,grasp x fully1 cle>ly1 def9itely 9 ! m9d2 be sure y h x exactly--x1 & n some?+ l x or some?+ ab\t x4 #b4 ,connect x ) o!r ?+s t are kn[n2 suff] x to l9k itself ) o!r ideas & impressions already 9 ! m9d1 t y may h some?+ to recall x by4 #c4 ,frequ5tly rev]t to x1 until y are sure t x has become a p]man5t possession1 & "o :i* y c at any "t recall by any "o ( num]\s connect+ l9ks4 ,9 ?is way y secure ! two conditions already specifi$ z ess5tial1 viz41 frequ5cy ( coxi/5ce1 & vividness ( conception4 ,sy/ems ( artificial ,memory4--,a ?+ is recall$ by ! sugge/ion ( any coxi/+ ?\ght or feel+4 ,obs]v+ ?is1 +5i\s m5 h avail$ !mselves ( ! pr9ciple ( association to con/ruct v>i\s me*anical or artificial sy/ems ( memory1 usually t]m$ mnemonics4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! con/ruction is ?is3 %\ld y see an elm or an oak-tree1 or he> a p>ticul> tune :i/l$1 at ! same "t t y 7 go+ ?r\gh a demon/ration 9 ,euclid1 y w\ld be likely to ?9k ( ! tree or ! tune :5ev] next y _h occasion to repeat t demon/ration4 ,! sight ( ! diagram w\ld recall ! associat$ object4 ,!y /& toge!r 9 y\r m9d aft]w>d4 ,?is we h already f\nd to be ! gr\ndwork & *ief elem5t ( all association ( ideas & feel+s1 viz41 prior coxi/5ce 9 ! m9d4 ,suppose1 n[1 y wi% to fix 9 ! m9d ! li/ ( ,engli% k+s4 ,make out a correspond+ li/ ( simple figures1 or images ( objects1 giv+ ea* its inv>iable place 9 relation to ! s]ies3 ,no4 #a4 a pump2 ,no4 #b4 a goose1 etc41 till y rea* a suffici5t numb]1 say a hundr$4 ,^! are committ$ to memory1 fix$ indelibly 9 ! m9d4 ,y !n associate ) ^? figures y\r ,engli% k+s2 ,*>les ,i4 /&s by ! pump2 ,*>les ,,ii4 pursues ! goose2 ,james hugs ! be>1 & s on4 ,^! ?+s ?us once firmly l9k$ toge!r1 rema9 aft]w>d associat$1 & ! figure s]ves at once to recall ! associate mon>* & to fix 8 place 9 ! s]ies4 ,! same s]ies ( figures1 ( c\rse1 w s]ve = any numb] ( diff]5t s]ies ( ev5ts1 p]sonages1 etc41 :i* are to be rememb]$4 ,utility que/ion$4--,x may be s]i\sly que/ion$1 ,i ?9k1 :e!r su* sy/ems are ( real value2 :e!r !y d n really weak5 ! memory & ?r[ x into disuse1 by dep>t+ f ! ord9>y laws & me?ods ( sugge/ion1 & sub/itut+ a purely artificial1 arbitr>y & me*anical process2 :e!r1 moreov]1 !y really accompli% :at !y propose2 :e!r1 s9ce ! signs or figures h no natural relation to ea* o!r1 & none to ! ?+s signifi$1 b only ! arbitr>y relation impos$ by ! sy/em1 x is n really z difficult to fix ! connection ( ! two ?+s 9 y\r m9d1 e4 g41 to rememb] t ,*>les ! ,second is repres5t$ by a dog or by a goose1 z x w\ld be simply1 & 9 ! natural way1 to rememb] ! ?+s !mselves )\t any su* association4 ,ext5t to :i* ! ,memory may be cultivat$4--,! ext5t to :i* ! cultivation ( ! memory may be c>ri$ by due tra9+ & c>e1 is a topic wor?y ( "s att5tion4 ,m5 ( reflection & ?\ght1 & g5]ally m5 ( /udi\s habits1 lit]>y m5 & au?ors1 d n1 = ! mo/ "p1 rely s mu* ^u ! memory z m5 ( a m practical ca/ & ( bus9ess pursuits2 = ?is reason1 viz41 ! want ( due ex]cise1 ?is faculty ( _! m9ds is n 9 ! mo/ favorable circum/ances = developm5t4 ,"s /rik+ exceptions1 h[ev]1 we %all h occasion pres5tly to m5tion4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$1 t prior to ! art ( pr9t+1 ! cultivation ( ! memory 0 an object ( f> great] importance1 to ^? :o 7 de/9$ = public life1 ?an x is 9 mod]n times1 & consequ5tly in/ances ( rem>kable memory are mu* m frequ5tly to be met ) among ! anci5ts ?an among ! m5 ( our times4 ,! same rem>k w apply to m5 ( diff]5t pursuits 9 any age3 ! m "o has occasion to employ ! memory1 ! m /rik+ w be its developm5t4 ,in/ances ( extraord9>y ,memory4--,cyrus1 x is said1 knew ! "n ( e (fic]1 ,pl9y has x ( e soldi]1 t s]v$ "u him4 ,!mi/ocles c\ld call by "n ea* "o ( ! tw5ty ?\s& citiz5s ( ,a!ns4 ,hort5sius c\ld sit all day at an auction1 & at ev5+ give an acc\nt f memory ( e ?+ sold1 ! pur*as]1 & ! price4 ,muretus saw at ,padua a "y ,corsican1 says ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 :o c\ld repeat1 )\t hesitation1 ?irty-six ?\s& names 9 ! ord] 9 :i* he he>d !m1 & !n rev]se ! ord] & proce$ backw>d to ! fir/4 ,dr4 ,wallis ( ,ox=d1 on "o occasion1 at night1 9 b$1 propos$ to himself a numb] ( fifty-?ree places1 & f\nd its squ>e root to tw5ty-sev5 places1 &1 )\t writ+ d[n numb]s at all1 dictat$ ! result f memory tw5ty days aft]w>d4 ,x 0 n unusual ) him to p]=m ari?metical op]ations 9 ! d>k1 z ! extraction ( roots1 e4 g41 to =ty decimal places4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,eul]1 bl9d f e>ly life1 _h always 9 8 memory a table ( ! fir/ six p[]s ( all numb]s1 f "o to "o hundr$4 ,on "o occasion two ( 8 pupils1 calculat+ a conv]g+ s]ies1 on rea*+ ! sev5te5? t]m1 f\nd _! results diff]+ by "o unit at ! fiftie? figure1 & 9 ord] to decide :i* 0 correct1 ,eul] w5t ov] ! :ole 9 8 head1 & 8 decision 0 f\nd aft]w>d to be correct4 ,pascal =got no?+ ( :at he _h read1 or he>d1 or se54 ,m5age1 at sev5ty-sev51 commemorates1 9 ,lat9 v]ses1 ! favor ( ! gods1 9 re/or+ to him1 aft] p>tial eclipse1 ! full p[]s ( memory :i* _h adorn$ 8 e>li] life4 ,! in/ances n[ giv5 are m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( great memory 9 mod]n times1 is ! case ( ! celebrat$ ,magliabe*i1 libr>ian ( ! ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,he w\ld in=m any "o :o consult$ him1 n only :o _h directly treat$ ( any p>ticul> subject1 b :o _h indirectly t\*$ ^u x 9 treat+ ( o!r subjects1 to ! numb] ( p]haps "o hundr$ diff]5t au?ors1 giv+ ! "n ( ! au?or1 ! "n ( ! book1 ! words1 (t5 ! page1 :]e !y 7 to be f\nd1 & ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,to te/ 8 memory1 a g5tleman ( ,flor5ce l5t him at "o "t a manuscript he _h prep>$ = ! press1 &1 "s "t aft]w>d1 w5t to him ) a sorr[ful face1 & pret5d$ to h lo/ 8 manuscript by accid5t4 ,! poor au?or seem$ inconsolable1 & begg$ ,magliabe*i to recollect :at he c\ld1 & write x d[n4 ,he assur$ ! un=tunate man t he w\ld1 & sett+ ab\t x1 wrote out ! entire manuscript )\t miss+ a ^w4 ,he _h a local memory also1 knew :]e e book /ood4 ,"o day ! ,gr& ,duke s5t = him to inquire if he c\ld procure a book :i* 0 v sc>ce4 ,no1 sir1 answ]$ ,magliabe*i2 x is impossible3 !re is b "o 9 ! _w2 t is 9 ! ,gr& ,seignior's libr>y at ,con/ant9ople1 & is ! sev5? book1 on ! sev5? %elf1 on ! "r h& z y g 94 ,,vi4 ,,effects ,,( ,,disease ,,on ,,! ,,memory4 ,=getfulness ( c]ta9 ,objects4--,( ! effect ( c]ta9 =ms ( disease1 & also ( age1 9 weak5+ ! p[] ( rememb]+ names1 ,i h already spok54 ,!re are o!r effects1 occasionally produc$ by disease ^u ?is faculty ( ! m9d1 :i* are n s readily expla9$4 ,9 "s cases1 a c]ta9 class ( objects1 or ! k ( c]ta9 p]sons1 or ( a p>ticul> language or "s "p ( a language1 z sub/antives1 e4 g41 seems to be lo/ to ! m9d2 9 o!r cases1 a c]ta9 portion ( life is oblit]at$ f ! recollection4 ,9 cases ( sev]e injury to ! head1 p]sons h =gott5 "s p>ticul> language2 o!rs h be5 unable to recall aft]w>d ! names ( ! mo/ common objects1 :ile ! memory 0 at no loss = adjectives4 ,a surgeon m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,ab]crombie1 s f> recov]$ f a fall z to give special directions respect+ 8 own treatm5t1 yet1 = sev]al days1 lo/ all idea ( hav+ ei!r a wife or *ildr54 ,! case ( ,mr4 ,t5n5t1 :o on recov]+ f app>5t dea?1 lo/ all k ( 8 pa/ life1 & 0 oblig$ to comm5ce aga9 ! /udy ( ! alphabet1 until aft] consid]able "t 8 k sudd5ly return$ to him1 is too well kn[n to require m9ute description4 ,=m] ,objects recall$4--,9 o!r in/ances1 precisely ! rev]se occurs4 ,disease br+s back to m9d :at has be5 long =gott54 ,?us1 p]sons 9 extreme sickness1 or at ! po9t ( dea?1 n unfrequ5tly conv]se 9 languages :i* !y h kn[n only 9 y\?4 ,! case cit$ by ,col]idge1 & s frequ5tly quot$1 ( ! ,g]man s]vant girl1 :o 9 sickness 0 he>d repeat+ passages ( ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,hebrew1 :i* %e _h =m]ly he>d h] ma/] repeat1 z he walk$ 9 8 /udy1 b ( ^: mean+ %e _h no idea1 is 9 po9t 9 ?is connection4 ,s also is ! case ( ! ,italian m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,ru%1 :o di$ 9 ,new ,york1 & :o1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 sickness1 spoke ,engli%1 9 ! middle ( x1 ,fr5*1 b on ! day ( 8 dea?1 no?+ b ,italian4 ,a ,lu!ran cl]gyman ( ,philadelphia told ,dr4 ,ru% t x 0 n uncommon = ! ,g]mans & ,sw$es ( 8 congregation1 :5 ne> dea?1 to speak & pray 9 _! native languages1 :i* "s ( !m _h probably n spok5 = fifty ye>s4 ,^! facts are suffici5tly num]\s to con/itute a class by !mselves2 !y seem to fall "u "s law ( ! physical sy/em n yet cle>ly und]/ood1 & are1 !re=e1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 incapable ( explanation4 ,inf]5ce (t5 drawn f ^! ,facts4--,c]ta9 writ]s h inf]r$1 f ! recurr5ce ( ?+s long =gott51 z 9 ! cases n[ cit$1 t all k is inde/ructible & t all :i* is necess>y to ! entire reproduction ( ! pa/ life is ! quick5$ activity ( ! m5tal p[]s an effect :i* is produc$ 9 ! delirium ( disease4 ,f ?is !y h d]iv$ an argum5t = future retribution ,col]idge has made su* use ( x1 & has be5 foll[$ by ,upham1 & 9 "p1 at lea/1 ?\gh ) m caution1 by ,wayl&4 ,! true ,inf]5ce4--,x may be d\bt$1 p]haps1 :e!r ! absolute inde/ructibility ( all human k is a legitimate inf]5ce f ^! facts4 ,! mo/ t c ) c]ta9ty be conclud$ f !m1 is1 n t all our pa/ ?\ghts & consci\sness mu/ or w return1 b t mu* ( x may--p]haps all ( x2 & ?is is all we ne$ to "k 9 ord] to p]ceive ! possibility ( a future retribution4 ,x is en\gh to "k1 t 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d means exi/ = recall+1 9 "s way to u my/]i\s1 & "u c]ta9 conditions n by u fully und]/ood1 ! objects ( our =m] consci\sness1 9 all ! fre%ness & vividness ( _! pa/ cognizance1 long aft] !y seem to h pass$ f9ally f ! memory4 ,importance ( a well-sp5t ,life4--,?is simple fact1 toge!r ) ! well-kn[n t5d5cy ( ! m9d 9 advanc+ age to rev]t to ! sc5es & incid5ts ( e>ly life1 c]ta9ly pres5ts 9 ! cle>e/ light ! importance ( a well-sp5t life1 ( a m9d /or$ ) su* recollections z %all ca/ a *e]ful radiance ov] ! pa/1 & bright5 ! unc]ta9 future 9 ^? h\rs ( gloom & despond5cy :5 ! %ad[s l5g!n ^u ! pa? ( e>?ly pilgrimage1 & life is draw+ to a close4 ,if ! ?\ghts & impressions ( ! pass+ mom5t are liable1 by "s casual association1 by "s my/]i\s law ( our be+1 "u conditions :i* may at any mom5t be fulfill$1 to recur at any "t to subsequ5t consci\sness1 ) all ! m9ut5ess & p[] ( pres5t reality1 x becomes u1 z we reg>d our own highe/ int]e/s1 to gu>d well ! av5ues ( ?\ght & feel+ aga9/ ! fir/ approa* ( t :i* we %all n be pleas$ to meet aga91 :5 x w n be 9 our p[] to escape its pres5ce1 or avoid its recognition4 ,,vii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,memory ,,on ,,! ,,happ9ess ,,( ,,life4 ,! ,pleasures ( ! ,pa/ ?us reta9$4--,( ! importance ( ?is faculty z relat$ to o!r intellectual p[]s1 ,i h already spok54 ,i ref] n[ to its value z connect$ ) human happ9ess1 z ! s\rce ( "s ( ! pure/ pleasures ( life4 ,! pres5t1 h[ev] joy\s1 is fleet+ & evanesc5t4 ,memory seizes ! pass+ mom5t1 fixes x ^u ! canvas1 & hangs ! picture on ! s\l's inn] *amb]s = h] to look ^u :5 %e w4 ,?us1 9 an important s5se1 ! =m] ye>s are pa/1 b n gone4 ,we live !m ov] aga9 9 memory4 ,in/ance ( ,niebuhr4--,x is relat$ ( ,c>/5 ,niebuhr1 ! ,ori5tal travell]1 t :5 old & bl9d1 & s feeble t he _h b>ely /r5g? to be borne f 8 b$ to 8 *air1 ! dim remembrance ( 8 e>ly adv5tures ?rong$ be=e 8 memory ) su* vividness t !y pres5t$ !mselves z pictures ^u 8 sightless eye-balls4 ,z he lay ^u 8 b$1 pictures ( ! gorge\s ,ori5t fla%$ ^u 8 d>kness z di/9ctly z ?\gh he _h j clos$ 8 eyes to %ut !m out = an in/ant4 ,! cl\dless blue ( ! ea/]n heav5s b5d+ by day ov] ! broad des]ts1 & /udd$ by night ) s\!rn con/ellations1 %one z vividly be=e him1 aft] ! lapse ( half a c5tury1 z !y did ^u ! fir/ ,*aldean %eph]ds :om !y won to ! wor%ip ( ! ho/ ( heav52 & he disc\rs$ ) /range & ?rill+ eloqu5ce ^u ^? sc5es :i* ?us1 9 ! h\rs ( /illness & d>kness1 7 reflect$ ^u 8 inmo/ s\l4 ,! same ,?+ occurs (t5 9 old ,age4--,some?+ ( ?is k9d n unfrequ5tly occurs 9 advanc$ life4 ,picture to y\rself an old man ( _m w9t]s4 ,! _w 9 :i* 8 "y life began has gr[n old ) him & ar\nd him1 & its brighte/ colors h fad$ f 8 vision4 ,! life & /ir1 ! :irl & tumult ( ! busy _w1 ! _w ( to-day & ye/]day1 move him n4 ,he he$s b slightly ! ev5ts ( ! pass+ h\r4 ,he lives 9 a pa/ _w4 ,! sc5es ( 8 *ildhood1 ! sports & companions ( 8 y\?1 ! hills & /reams1 ! bright eyes & laugh+ faces on :i* 8 "y eyes re/$1 9 :i* 8 "y he>t delight$--^! visit him aga9 9 8 solitude1 z he sits 9 8 *air by ! quiet fireside4 ,he lives ov] aga9 ! pa/4 ,he w&]s aga9 by ! old hills1 & ov] ! old mead[s4 ,he feels aga9 ! vigor ( y\?4 ,he leads aga9 8 bride to ! alt>4 ,he br+s home toys = 8 *ildr51 & ent]s aga9 into _! sports4 ,& s ! extremes ( life meet4 ,age completes ! circuit1 & br+s u back to ! />t+-po9t4 ,we close :]e we began4 ,life is a magic r+4 ,! recollection ( pa/ ,sorr[ n always pa9ful4--,b life is n all joy\s4 ,m+l$ ) ! bright] hues ( e life are also mu* sadness & sorr[1 & ^!1 too1 are to be rememb]$4 ,x might be suppos$ t1 :ile memory1 by recall+ ! pleas+ incid5ts ( ! pa/1 might contribute mu* to our happ9ess1 %e w\ld add1 9 p]haps an equal degree1 to our sorr[1 by recall+ mu* t is pa9ful to ! ?\ghts4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 ,i am conv9c$1 is n ! fact4 ,! b5evol5ce ( ! ,creator has ord]$ x o!rwise4 ,to no "o1 p]haps1 is memory ! s\rce ( great] pleasure1 /range z x may seem1 ?an to ! m\rn]4 ,! v circum/ances t t5d to r5ew our grief1 & keep alive our sorr[1 9 case ( "s sev]e calamity or b]eavem5t1 are /ill *]i%$ ) a melan*oly satisfaction ( :i* we w\ld n be depriv$4 ,!re is a luxury 9 our v grief1 & 9 ! remembrance ( t = :i* we grieve4 ,we w\ld n =get :at we h lo/4 ,e recollection & association connect$ ) x are sacr$4 ,"t assuages our grief1 b impairs n ! /r5g? & sacr$ness ( ^? associations1 nor dim9i%es ! pleasure ) :i* we recall ! =ms we %all see no m1 & ! sc5es t are gone =ev]4 ,e mem5to ( ! dep>t$ "o is sacr$2 ! books1 ! fl[]s1 ! favorite walks1 ! tree 9 ^: %ad[ he 0 wont to recl9e1 all h a significance & a value :i* ! /rick5 he>t only c int]pret1 & :i* memory only c af=d4 ,we recollect ! ,pa/ z x 04--,x is to be notic$1 also1 t1 9 su* cases1 ! picture :i* memory furni%es is a transcript ( ! pa/ z x 02 ! image is /]eotyp$ & un*angeable4 ,o!r ?+s *ange1 we *ange2 t *anges n4 ,x has a fix$ value4 ,a "m1 = in/ance1 loses a *ild ( ?ree ye>s4 ,x ev] rema9s to h] a *ild ( ?ree ye>s4 ,%e rememb]s x z x 04 ,%e gr[s old2 tw5ty summ]s & w9t]s pass2 yet z (t5 z %e visits ! little m\nd1 n[ sc>ce to be di/+ui%$ f ! level surface1 !re comes to h] recollection t little *ild z he 01 :5 %e hung1 = ! la/ "t1 ov] t pale1 sweet face t %e %\ld see no m4 ,%e /ill ?9ks ( him1 dreams ( him1 z a *ild1 = x is z su* only t %e rememb]s him4 ,bless$ boon1 t gives u j ! pa/2 :5 all ?+s *ange1 =tunes v>y1 fri5ds dep>t1 ! _w gr[s unk9d1 & we gr[ old1 ! =m] ?+s rema9 treasur$ 9 our memory1 & we c /& z m\rn]s at ! grave ( :at we once 74 ,,viii4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket*4--,,diff]5t ,,!ories ,,( ,,memory4 ,anci5t ,!ory4--,! idea =m]ly1 & almo/ univ]sally ent]ta9$ respect+ ! modus op]&i ( ! faculty we call memory1 01 t 9 p]ception & ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! s5ses1 c]ta9 impressions are made on ! s5sorium--c]ta9 =ms & types ( ?+s )\t1 c]ta9 images ( !m--:i* rema9 :5 ! ext]nal object is no long] pres5t1 & become impr9t$ ?us on ! m9d4 ,su*1 c]ta9ly1 0 ! doctr9e ( ! e>lie/ ,greek comm5tators on ,ari/otle4 ,su*1 ,i mu/ ?9k1 is sub/antially ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle himself4 ,!ory ( ,ari/otle4--,8 idea is1 t memory1 z well z imag9ation1 prim>ily & directly1 relates only to s5sible objects1 & gives u only images ( ^! objects1 & ev5 :5 x gives u /rictly intellectual objects1 gives u ^! only by images4 ,"o _c ?9k1 he says1 )\t images4 ,its s\rce & orig91 !n1 he concludes1 is ! s5sibility1 & s x p]ta9s to animals1 z well z m52 only to ^?1 h[ev]1 :i* h ! p]ception ( "t1 s9ce memory is a modification ( s5sation or intellectual conception1 "u ! condition ( "t pa/4 ,su* be+1 9 8 view1 ! nature & s\rce ( memory1 he goes on to ask h[ x is t only a modification 7or /ate7 ( ! m9d be+ pres5t1 & ! object itself abs5t1 "o recalls t abs5t object8 ,manife/ly1 he replies1 we mu/ believe t ! impression :i* is produc$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! s5sation1 9 ! s\l1 & 9 t "p ( ! body :i* p]ceives ! s5sation1 is analog\s to a species ( pa9t+1 & t ! p]ception ( t impression con/itutes precisely :at we call memory4 ,! movem5t :i* !n takes place 9 ! m9d impr9ts !re a sort ( type ( ! s5sation analog\s to ! seal :i* "o impr9ts on wax ) a r+4 ,h5ce x is t ^? :o by ! viol5ce ( ! impression1 or by ! ardor ( age are 9 a great excitem5t 7movem5t7 h n ! memory ( ?+s1 z if ! movem5t & seal _h be5 appli$ to runn+ wat]4 ,9 ! case ( o!rs1 h[ev]1 :o are 9 a sort cold1 z ! pla/] ( old edifices1 ! v h>dness ( ! "p :i* receives ! impression prev5ts ! image f leav+ ! lea/ trace4 ,h5ce x is t "y *ildr5 & old m5 h s little memory4 ,x is ! same ) ^? :o are too lively1 & ^? :o are too sl[4 ,nei!r rememb] well4 ,! "o class are too humid1 ! o!r too h>d4 ,! image dwells n 9 ! s\l ( ! "o1 makes no impression :atev] on t ( ! o!r4 ,h[ is x n[1 he goes on to ask1 t ?is /amp1 impression1 image1 or pa9t+1 9 u1 a m]e mode ( ! m9d1 c recall ! abs5t object8 ,8 answ] is1 t ! impression or image is a copy ( t object1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x is1 9 itself consid]$1 only a modification ( our m9d1 j z a pa9t+ is a m]e picture1 & yet a copy f nature4 7,p>va ,naturalia3 ,memory1 *4 #a47 ,def5ce ( ,ari/otle4--,sir ,w4 ,hamilton def5ds ,ari/otle aga9/ ! /rictures ( ,dr4 ,reid1 ^u ?is subject1 by ! supposition t he us$ ^! expressions n 9 a lit]al1 b 9 a figurative or analogical s5se4 ,! figure1 h[ev]1 if x be "o1 is v cle>ly & boldly su/a9$1 & con/itutes1 9 fact1 ! :ole explanation giv5 ( ! process ( memory--! entire !ory4 ,take away ^! expressions1 & y take away ! :ole sub/ance ( 8 argum5t1 ! :ole solution ( ! problem4 ,s5sation1 or intellectual conception1 produces an impression on ! s\l1 & impr9ts !re a type ( itself1 n unlike a pa9t+ or ! /amp ( a seal on wax1 & ! p]ception ( ?is is memory4 ,su* is 9 brief 8 !ory4 ,!ory ( ,hobbes4--,n f> remote f ?is 0 ! !ory ( ,hobbes1 :o reg>d$ memory z a decay+ or vani%+ s5se2 t ( ,hume1 :o repres5ts x z m]ely a some:at weak] impression ?an t :i* we designate z p]ception2 & t ( ! celebrat$ ,malebran*e1 :o acc\nt$ = memory by mak+ x to dep5d entirely on ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! fibres ( ! bra94 ,= ev5 z ! bran*es ( a tree :i* h cont9u$ "s "t b5t 9 a c]ta9 =m1 /ill pres]ve an aptitude to be b5t anew aft] ! same mann]1 s ! fibres ( ! bra9 hav+ once receiv$ c]ta9 impressions by ! c\rse ( ! animal spirits1 & by ! action ( objects1 reta9 a long "t "s facility to receive ^! same dispositions4 ,n[ ! memory consi/s only 9 ?is faculty1 s9ce we ?9k on ! same ?+s :5 ! bra9 receives ! same impressions4 ,he goes on to expla9 h[1 z ! bra9 und]goes a *ange 9 diff]5t p]iods ( life1 ! m9d is affect$ accord+ly4 ,! fibres ( ! bra9 9 *ildr5 are s(t1 flexible1 & delicate2 a rip] age dries1 h>d5s1 & /r5g!ns !m2 b 9 old age !y become :olly inflexible4 444 ,= z we see ! fibres :i* compose ! fle% h>d5 by "t1 & t ! fle% ( a "y p>tridge is1 )\t dispute1 m t5d] ?an t ( an old "o1 s ! fibres ( ! bra9 ( a *ild or y\? w be mu* m s(t & delicate ?an ^? ( p]sons m advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,/rictures ^u ?is ,!ory4--,)\t disput+ :at is "h /at$ z to ! diff]5ce 9 ! fibres ( ! bra9 at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 x rema9s to be prov$ t all ?is has any ?+ to d ) ! diff]5ces ( memory 9 diff]5t p]sons1 or ) ! ph5om5a ( memory 9 g5]al4 ,^! !ories1 x w be obs]v$1 all assume t 9 p]ception & s5sation "s physical effect is produc$ on ! sy/em1 :i* rema9s aft] ! orig9al s5sation or p]ception has ceas$ to act1 & t memory is ! result ( t rema9+ effect1 ! p]ception1 or consci\s cognizance ( x by ! m9d4 ,! process is a purely physiological "o4 ,)\t insi/+ on ! expressions made use ( to repres5t ?is process1 all :i* convey ! idea /rongly ( a me*anical effect--type impr9t$ on ! s\l1 impression made on x z ( a seal on wax1 image1 picture1 copy1 etc42 all[+ ^! to be m]e metaphors2 all[+1 moreov]1 t ! ess5tial fact all along assum$1 is a fact1 viz41 t 9 s5sation1 p]ception1 etc41 "s physical effect is produc$ on ! s5sorium2 !re are /ill two ess5tial propositions to be e/abli%$ be=e we c admit any ( ^! !ories3 #a4 ,t ?is physical effect rema9s any "t aft] ! cause ceases to op]ate2 #b4 ,t if s1 x is 9 any way conc]n$ 9 ! production ( memory2 & ev5 if ^! po9ts c\ld be made out1 x w\ld /ill be an op5 "q1 9 ,,:at way1 possible or conceivable1 ?is effect or impression on ! s5sorium gives rise to ! ph5om5on ( memory2 = ?is is1 aft] all1 ! *ief ?+ to be expla9$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,imag9ation4 ,i4--,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,?is ,,faculty4 ,! ,po9t at :i* we h arriv$4--,we h ?us f> treat$ ( ^? =ms ( m5tal repres5tation :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! reproduction ( :at has once be5 p]ceiv$ or felt1 & 9 ! recognition ( x z su*4 ,x rema9s /ill to inve/igate t =m ( ! repres5tative p[]1 :i* has = its (fice some?+ q di/9ct f ei!r ( ^!1 & :i* we may t]m ! creative faculty4 ,(fice ( ?is ,faculty4--,by ! op]ation ( ?is p[]1 ! =m] p]ceptions & s5sations are replac$ 9 ?\ght1 & comb9$ z 9 m5tal reproduction1 b n1 z 9 m5tal reproduction1 accord+ to ! orig9al & actual1 s t ! pa/ is simply repeat$1 b r accord+ to ! m9d's own ideal1 & at its own w & fancy2 s t :ile ! gr\ndwork ( ! repres5tation is some?+ :i* has be51 at "s "t1 an object ( p]ception1 ! picture itself1 z x /&s be=e ! m9d 9 its complet5ess1 is n ! copy ( any ?+ actually p]ceiv$1 b a creation ( ! m9d's own4 ,?is p[] ! m9d has1 & x is a p[] di/9ct f ei!r ( ^? already m5tion$1 & n less wond]ful ?an ei!r4 ,! details ( ! orig9al p]ception are omitt$2 "t1 place1 circum/ance fall out1 or are v>i$ to suit ! fancy2 ! sc5e is laid :5 & :]e we l2 ! incid5ts foll[ ea* o!r no long] 9 _! actual ord]2 ! orig9al1 9 a ^w1 is no long] fai?fully transcrib$1 b ! picture is con=m$ to ! ta/e & pleasure ( ! arti/4 ,! conception becomes ,,ideal4 ,?is is imag9ation 9 its true & prop] sph]e--! creative p[] ( ! m9d4 ,,ii4--,,relation ,,( ,,?is ,,to ,,o!r ,,faculties4 ,! true prov9ce ( imag9ation may be m def9itely di/+ui%$ by comp>+ x ) o!r p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,imag9ation z relat$ to ,memory4--,h[1 !n1 does imag9ation diff] f memory8 ,9 ?is1 fir/ & *iefly1 t memory gives u ! actual1 imag9ation1 ! ideal2 9 ?is also1 t memory deals only ) ! pa/1 :ile imag9ation1 n conf9$ to su* limits1 sweeps on bold] w+1 & )\t b\nd1 alike ?r\gh ! future & ! pa/4 ,9 "o respect !y agree4 ,bo? give ! abs5t--t :i* is n n[ & "h pres5t to s5se4 ,bo? are repres5tative r ?an pres5tative4 ,bo? also are =ms ( conception4 ,to ,p]ception4--,9 :at respect does x diff] f p]ception8 ,9 p]ception ! object is giv51 pres5t$2 9 imag9ation x is ?\ght1 conceiv$2 9 ! =m] case x is giv5 z actual1 9 ! latt]1 conceiv$ n z actual b z ideal4 ,to ,judgm5t4--,imag9ation diff]s f judgm5t1 9 t ! latt] deals1 n l ! =m]1 ) ?+s 9 !mselves consid]$1 b r ) ! relations ( ?+s--is1 9 o!r words1 a =m n ( simple1 b ( relative conception2 & also 9 t x deals ) ^! relations z actual1 n z ideal4 ,x has always specific ref]5ce to tru?1 & is conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( op9ion & belief1 z re/+ on ! evid5ce ( tru?1 & ! p]ception ( ! actual relations ( ?+s4 ,to ,reason+4--,9 l mann] x diff]s f reason+1 :i* also has to d ) tru?s1 facts--has = its object to asc]ta9 & /ate ^? facts or pr9ciples2 its sole & simple inquiry be+1 :at is true8 ,imag9ation conc]ns itself ) no su* inquiry1 admits ( no su* limitation4 ,its ?\ght is n :at did actually occur1 b :at 9 giv5 circum/ances might occur4 ,its "q is n :at really 01 or is1 or w be1 b :at may be2 :at may be conceiv$ z possible or probable "u su* or su* cont+5cies4 ,reason+1 moreov]1 rea*es only su* tru?s z are involv$ 9 its premises1 & may fairly be d$uc$ z conclusions f ^? premises4 ,x furni%es no new mat]ial1 b m]ely evolves & unfolds :at lies wrapp$ up 9 ! admitt$ premises4 ,imag9ation lies "u no su* re/riction4 ,!re is no necess>y connection betwe5 ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 & ! consequ5ces t are made to result f x 9 ! unfold+ ( ! epic4 ,to ,ta/e4--,imag9ation & ta/e are by no means id5tical4 ,! =m] may exi/ 9 a high degree :]e ! latt] is ess5tially defective4 ,9 su* a case ! conceptions ( ! imag9ation are1 x may be1 too bold1 pass+ ! limits ( probability1 or1 x may be1 (f5sive to delicacy1 want+ 9 ref9em5t & beauty1 or 9 "s way defici5t 9 ! qualities t please a cultivat$ m9d4 ,?is is n unfrequ5tly ! case ) ! productions ( ! poet1 ! pa9t]1 ! orator4 ,!re is no lack ( imag9ation 9 _! works1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y /rike u z defici5t 9 ta/e4 ,ta/e is ! regulat+ pr9ciple1 ^: (fice is to guide & direct ! imag9ation1 su/a9+ to x mu* ! same relation t consci5ce does to free moral action4 ,x is a lawgiv] & a judge4 ,to ,k4--,/ill m widely does imag9ation diff] f simple k4 ,!re may be great le>n+ & no imag9ation1 & ! rev]se is equally true4 ,we "k t :i* is--! actual2 we imag9e t :i* is n--! ideal4 ,le>n+ enl>ges & quick5s ! m9d1 ext5ds ! field ( its vision1 augm5ts its res\rces1 exp&s its sph]e ( ?\ght & action2 9 ?is way its p[]s are /r5g!n$1 its conceptions multipli$ & vivifi$4 ,!re is furni%$1 consequ5tly1 bo? m & bett] mat]ial = ! creative faculty to "w ^u4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! imag9ation is little indebt$ to le>n+4 ,illu/ration ( ^! ,diff]5ces4--,to illu/rate ! diff]5ces already indicat$3 ,i /& at my w9d[ & look out on ! l&scape4 ,my eye re/s on ! =m & d>k outl9e ( a m\nta91 pictur$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,p]ception1 ?is4 ,i g back to my desk1 ,i %ut my eyes4 ,t =m & figure1 p5cill$ d>kly aga9/ ! blue sky1 are /ill 9 my m9d4 ,i seem to see !m /ill4 ,t heavy mass1 t undulat+ outl9e1 t bold rugg$ summit--! :ole /&s be=e me z di/9ctly z :5 my eye re/$ ^u x4 ,conception1 ?is1 replac+ ! abs5t object4 ,i n only 9 my ?\ghts seem to see ! m\nta9 ?us reproduc$1 b ,i "k x :5 se52 ,i recognize x z ! m\nta9 :i* a mom5t be=e ,i saw f my w9d[4 ,memory1 ?is1 connect+ ! conception ) some?+ 9 my pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,! picture fades p]haps f my view1 & ,i beg9 to e/imate ! probable di/ance ( ! m\nta91 or its relative height1 z comp>$ ) o!r m\nta9s4 ,judgm5t1 ?is1 or ! conception ( relations4 ,i proce$ to calculate ! numb] ( squ>e miles ( surface on a m\nta9 ( t height & ext5t4 ,reason+1 ?is4 ,& n[ ,i sweep away1 9 ?\ght1 ! actual m\nta91 & replace x ) "o va/ly m impos+ & gr&4 ,et]nal sn[s re/ ^u its summits2 glaci]s hold _! sl[ & /ately m>* d[n its sides2 ! avalan*e ?und]s f its precipices4 ,imag9ation n[ has ! field to h]self4 ,,iii4--,,active ,,& ,,passive ,,imag9ation4 ,view ( ,dr4 ,wayl&4--,if we reg>d ! sev]al act ( ?is faculty1 says ,dr4 ,wayl&1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 obs]ve a diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,we h ! p[] to orig9ate images or pictures = ourselves1 & we h ! p[] to =m !m z !y are pres5t$ 9 language4 ,! =m] may be call$ active1 & ! latt] passive imag9ation4 ,! active1 ,i believe1 always includes ! passive p[]1 b ! passive does n always include ! active4 ,?us we frequ5tly obs]ve p]sons :o delight 9 poetry & romance1 :o are utt]ly incapable ( creat+ a sc5e or compos+ a /anza4 ,!y c =m ! pictures dictat$ by language1 b are de/itute ( ! p[] ( orig9al comb9ation4 ,correctness ( ?is ,view que/ion$4--,t _m :o enjoy ! creations ( ! poet & ! spl5did fictions ( ! dramati/ & noveli/1 are !mselves incapable ( produc+ l creations1 is d\btless true4 ,! same is true 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! creative art4 ,_m p]sons enjoy a f9e pa9t+ or /atue1 good music1 or a noble ar*itectural design1 :o _c !mselves produce ^! works ( art4 ,?is does n prove !m defici5t1 h[ev]1 9 imag9ation1 = ! inability may be ow+ to o!r causes1 z want ( tra9+2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 does ! simple enjoym5t ( ideal creations involve a diff]5t k9d ( imag9ation f t ex]cis$ 9 creat+4 ,imag9ation is1 z x seems to me1 always active1 nev] passive4 ,:]e x exi/s1 & :5ev] x is call$ into ex]cise1 x acts1 & its action is1 9 "s s5se1 creative4 ,x conceives ! ideal1 t :i*1 z conceiv$1 does n exi/1 or at lea/ is n kn[n to ! s5ses z exi/+4 ,x matt]s n 9 :at way ^! ideal conceptions are sugge/$1 :e!r by ! signs ( language writt5 or spok51 or by ^? *>act]s :i* ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 or ! ar*itect pres5ts1 ea* 9 8 own way1 & ) 8 own mat]ial1 or by "o's own previ\s conceptions4 ,e ideal conception is sugge/$ by some?+ antec$5t to itself4 ,all active imag9ation is1 9 o!r words1 passive1 9 ! s5se "h int5d$1 & all passive imag9ation1 s call$1 is 9 reality active1 s f> z x is1 prop]ly speak+1 imag9ation at all4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! faculty t produces & t :i* m]ely enjoys1 is a diff]5ce ( degree r ?an ( k9d4 ,! "o is an imag9ation peculi>ly active2 ! o!r slightly s2 or1 m prop]ly1 ! "o m9d has mu*1 ! o!r little imag9ation4 ,philosophic ,imag9ation4--,! t]m philosophic imag9ation1 9 di/9ction f poetic1 is employ$ by ! same di/+ui%$ writ] to d5ote ! faculty1 possess$ by "s m9ds ( a high ord]1 ( discov]+ new tru?s 9 sci5ce2 ( s classify+ & arrang+ kn[n facts z to br+ to light ! laws :i* gov]n !m1 or1 by a happy conjecture1 assign+ to ph5om5a hi!rto unexpla9$1 a !ory :i* w acc\nt = !m4 ,:e!r ! faculty n[ int5d$ is prop]ly imag9ation1 admits ( "q4 ,its field is t ( conjecture1 supposition1 !ory1 inv5tion4 ,x involves ! ex]cise ( judgm5t & reason4 ,x seeks aft] tru?4 ,x is a process ( discov]+ :at is4 ,imag9ation deals ) ! ideal only--inquires n = ! true4 ,,iv4--,,imag9ation ,a ,,simple ,,faculty4 ,common ,!ory4--,! view :i* has be5 v g5]ally ent]ta9$ ( ! faculty n[ "u consid]ation1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry1 & by ! ,scot* philosoph]s1 resolves x p>tially or :olly into o!r p[]s ( ! m9d1 z ab/raction1 association1 judgm5t1 ta/e4 ,9 ?is view1 x is no long] a simple faculty1 if inde$ x c ) propriety be call$ a faculty at all1 inasmu* z ! effects ascrib$ to x c be acc\nt$ = by ! ag5cy ( ! o!r p[]s n[ nam$4 ,a diff]5t ,view4--,x seems to me t imag9ation1 :ile d\btless x presupposes & involves ! ex]cise ( ! sugge/ive & associative pr9ciple1 ( ! analytic or divisive pr9ciple by :i* comp\nds are brok5 up into _! di/9ct elem5ts1 & also1 to "s ext5t1 ( judgm5t1 or ! pr9ciple :i* p]ceives relations1 is1 nev]!less1 itself a p[] di/9ct f ea* ( ^!1 & f all ( !m 9 comb9ation4 ,memory presupposes p]ception1 or some?+ to be reproduc$ & rememb]$4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z a complex faculty1 compris+ ! p]ceptive p[] z "o ( its factors4 ,! p[] to comb9e1 9 l mann]1 presupposes ! previ\s sep>ation ( elem5ts capable ( be+ reunit$1 b is n to be resolv$ into t p[] :i* produces su* sep>ation4 ,x involves "s ex]cise ( judgm5t along ) its own prop] & di/9ctive activity1 b is n to be conf\nd$ )1 or resolv$ into ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ relations4 ,! faculty ( ideal conception is really a p[] ( ! m9d1 & x is a simple p[]1 a ?+ ( itself1 al?\gh x may involve & presuppose ! activity ( o!r faculties along ) its own4 ,ab/raction1 association1 judgm5t1 ta/e--none ( !m s+ly1 nor all ( !m comb9$1 are :at we mean by x4 ,!ory ( ,br[n4--,dr4 ,br[n resolves ! faculty n[ 9 "q into simple sugge/ion1 accompani$1 9 ! case ( volunt>y imag9ation1 ) desire1 & ) judgm5t4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! process diff]5t f :at occurs 9 any case ( ! sugge/ion ( "o ?\ght by ano!r1 he w\ld say4 ,we ?9k ( a m\nta91 we ?9k ( gold1 & "s analogy1 or common prop]ty ( ! two1 s]ves to sugge/ ! complex conception1 m\nta9 ( gold4 ,ev5 :]e ! process is n purely spontane\s1 b accompani$ ) desire on our "p1 x is /ill ess5tially ! same process4 ,we ?9k ( some?+1 & ?is sugge/s o!r relat$ conceptions1 "s ( :i* we approve z fit = our purpose1 o!rs we reject z unfit4 ,"h is simple sugge/ion accompani$ ) desire & judgm5t2 & ^! are all ! factors t ent] into ! process4 ,we may t]m ?is /ate1 or s]ies ( /ates1 imag9ation or fancy1 & ! t]m may be conv5i5t = its brevity4 ,b 9 us+ x we mu/ n =get t ! t]m1 h[ev] brief & simple1 is /ill ! "n ( a /ate t is complex1 or ( a succession ( /ates1 t ! ph5om5a compreh5d$ "u x be+ ! same 9 nature1 are n r5d]$1 by ! use ( a m]e ^w1 diff]5t f ^? to :i* we h already giv5 peculi> names expressive ( !m z !y exi/ sep>ately1 & t x is to ! classes ( ^! elem5t>y ph5om5a1 !re=e1 t we mu/ ref] ! :ole process ( imag9ation 9 our philosophic analysis4 ,/rictures on ?is ,!ory4--,?is view1 x w be p]ceiv$1 9 reality sweeps ! faculty ( imag9ation entirely f ! field4 ,to ?is ,i _c yield my ass5t4 ,is n ?is /ate1 or affection ( ! m9d1 z ,dr4 ,br[n calls x1 q a di/9ct ?+ f o!r m5tal /ates & affections8 ,has x n a "* sui g5]is8 ,is n ! op]ation1 ! ?+ done1 a diff]5t ?+ f :at is done 9 o!r cases1 & by o!r faculties2 & has n ! m9d ! p[] ( do+ ?is new & diff]5t ?+2 & is n t p[] ( do+ a giv5 ?+ :at we mean 9 any case by a faculty ( ! m9d8 ,is !re n an elem5t 9 ?is process "u consid]ation :i* is n involv$ 9 o!r m5tal processes1 viz43 ! ideal elem5t2 ! conception1 n ( ! actual & ! real1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r faculties1 b ( ! purely ideal8 ,& if ! m9d has ! faculty ( =m+ a class ( conceptions s entirely di/9ct f ! o!rs1 :y n give t faculty a "n1 & its own prop] "n1 & all[ x a place1 its own prop] place1 among ! m5tal p[]s8 ,v4--,,imag9ation ,,n ,,m]ely ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,comb9ation4 ,! preval5t ,view4--,?is "q is closely connect$ ) t j discuss$4 ,! usual def9itions make ! faculty "u consid]ation a m]e process ( comb9+ & arrang+ ideas previ\sly 9 ! m9d1 s z to =m new comp\nds4 ,y h c]ta9 conceptions4 ,^! y comb9e "o ) ano!r1 z a *ild puts toge!r blocks t lie be=e him1 to suit himself1 n[ ?is upp]mo/1 n[ t1 & ! result is a _w ( imag9ation4 ,x is ! m]e arrangem5t ( previ\s conceptions1 & n itself a p[] ( produc+ or connect+ any ?+4 ,& ev5 ?is arrangem5t ( =m] conceptions is itself a spontane\s casual process1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,br[n1 n prop]ly a p[] ( ! m9d4 ,makes ,imag9ation little else ?an ,inv5tion4--,accord+ to ?is view1 imag9ation is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f m]e inv5tion 9 ! me*anic arts1 :i* is ! result ( "s new comb9ation ( previ\sly exi/+ mat]ials4 ,! con/ruction ( a /eam-pump ) a new k9d ( valve1 is z really a "w ( imag9ation1 z ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,! man :o contrives a c>d+-ma*9e1 & ! man :o conceives ! ,transfiguration1 ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 or ! ,iliad1 are ex]cis+ bo? ! same faculty--m]ely comb9+ 9 new =ms ! previ\s possessions ( ! m9d4 ,?is ,view inadequate4--,?is is a v meagre & inadequate view1 z x seems to me1 ( ! faculty ( imag9ation4 ,x fixes ! att5tion ^u1 & elevates into ! importance ( a def9ition1 a circum/ance 9 itself unimportant1 :ile x ov]looks ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! faculty to be def9$4 ,! creative activity ( ! m9d is lo/ sight ( 9 att5d+ to ! mat]ials on :i* x works4 ,! ,di/9ctive ,elem5t ( ,imag9ation ov]look$4--,imag9ation ,i take to be ! p[] ( conceiv+ ! ideal4 ,! elem5ts :i* ent] into & compose t ideal conception1 are1 inde$1 elem5ts previ\sly exi/+1 n !mselves ! m9d's creations2 b ! conception itself is ! m9d's own creation1 & ?is creative activity1 ?is p[] ( conceiv+ ! purely ideal1 is ! v ess5ce ( t :i* we are seek+ to def9e4 ,true1 ! sep>ate conceptions :i* ent] into ! composition ( ,p>adise ,lo/--trees1 fl[]s1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 angels1 deities--7 already 9 ! poet's m9d be=e he began to m$itate ! sublime epic4 ,!y 7 b ! mat]ial on :i* he wr\ght4 ,has he !n creat$ no?+1 conceiv$ no?+8 ,h we truly & adequately describ$ t immortal poem :5 we say t x is a m]e comb9ation ( trees1 riv]s1 hills1 & angels1 9 c]ta9 proportions & relations n previ\sly attempt$8 ,illu/ration drawn f ! ,arts4--,! arti/ makes use ( colors previ\sly exi/+ :5 he w\ld produce a pa9t+1 & ( m>ble already 9 ! block1 :5 he w\ld *isel a /atue or a temple4 ,9 reality he only comb9es4 ,yet x w\ld be b a poor def9ition ( any "o ( ^! sublime arts to say t pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 is m]ely ! putt+ toge!r ( previ\s mat]ials to =m new :oles4 ,we object to su* a def9ition1 n because x affirms :at is n true1 b because x does n affirm ! *ief & mo/ important tru?2 n because ( :at x /ates1 b because ( :at x omits to /ate4 ,^! are creative arts4 ,!y give u inde$ n new sub/ances1 b new =ms1 new products1 new ideas4 ,s is imag9ation a creative faculty4 ,! individual elem5ts may n be new1 b ! gr& product & result is new1 a creation ( ! m9d's own4 ,& ?is is ( m consequ5ce ?an ! fact t ! elem5t>y conceptions 7 already 9 ! m9d4 ,! "o is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic1 ! o!r a comp>atively unimportant circum/ance2 ! "o describes ! ?+ itself1 ! o!r ! m]e modus op]&i ( ! ?+4 ,illu/ration drawn f ! ,creation ( ! mat]ial ,_w4--,:at is creation 9 its high] & m prop] s5se1 z appli$ to ! =mation1 by div9e p[]1 ( ! _w 9 :i* we dwell8 ,!re 0 a mom5t1 9 ! et]nity ( ! pa/1 :5 ! omnipot5t build] divid$ ! light f ! d>kness1 & ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day4 ,! elem5ts may h exi/$ be=e--heat1 air1 e>?1 wat]1 ! v>i\s mat]ial & diffus$ sub/ance ( ! _w ab\t to be--b lat5t1 confus$1 *aotic ^? elem5ts1 n call$ =? & appo9t$ ea* to its own prop] sph]e4 ,light slumb]s amid ! *aotic elem5ts unse54 ,he speaks ! ^w1 & x comes =? f its hid+-place1 & /&s reveal$ 9 its own beauty & spl5dor4 ,has ,god made no?+1 9 s do+8 ,has he conceiv$ no?+1 creat$ no?+8 ,& :5 ! "w goes on1 & is at l5g? complete1 & ! fair new _w hangs pois$ & trembl+ on its axis1 p]fect 9 e "p1 & rejoic+ ! he>t ( ! build]1 is !re no new p[] display$ 9 all ?is1 no creation "h8 ,& d we well & adequately express ! sublime my/]y :5 we say t ! deity has m]ely arrang$ & comb9$ mat]ials previ\sly exi/+1 to =m a new :ole8 ,art ess5tially creative4--,s :5 ! poet1 ! pa9t]1 ! skillful ar*itect1 ! mighty orator1 call =? f ! slumb]+ elem5ts new =ms ( beauty & p[]1 are n !y1 too1 9 _! humble way1 creators8 ,true1 !y h 9 s do+ comb9$ conceptions previ\sly exi/+ 9 ! m9d4 ,! writ] comb9es 9 new =ms ! exi/+ lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ! pa9t] comb9es exi/+ colors1 ! ar*itect puts toge!r previ\sly-exi/+ /ones4 ,b is ?is all he does8 ,is x ! *ief ?+8 ,is ?is ! s\l & _s ( 8 div9e art8 ,no2 !re is a new p[]1 a new elem5t1 n ?us express$--! p[] ( conceiv+1 & call+ into exi/5ce1 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 t :i* has no actual exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( sob] reality4 ,he :o has ?is p[] is a mak]--,greek3 poits4 ,x is a p[] conf]r$1 9 "s degree1 on all1 9 its highe/ degree1 on few4 ,! poet1 pa9t]1 orator1 ! gift$ creative man1 :oev] he is1 belongs to ?is class4 ,,vi4--,,imag9ation ,,limit$ ,,to ,,s5sible ,,objects4 ,law ( ! ,imag9ation4--,x is a law ( ! imag9ation1 t :atev] x repres5ts1 x realizes1 clo!s 9 s5sible =ms1 conceives z visible1 audible1 tangible1 or 9 "s way )9 ! sph]e & cognizance ( s5se4 ,:atev] x has to d )1 :atev] object x seizes & pres5ts1 x br+s )9 ?is sph]e1 inve/s ) s5sible drap]y4 ,n[1 /rictly speak+1 !re are no objects1 save ^? ( s5se1 :i* admit ( ?is process1 :i* c be1 ev5 9 conception1 ?us inve/$ ) s5sible =ms1 pictur$ to ! eye1 or repres5t$ to ! o!r s5ses z objects ( _! cognizance4 ,if ,i conceive ( objects /rictly immat]ial z ?us pres5t$1 ,i make !m1 by ! v conception1 to dep>t f _! prop] nature & to become s5sible4 ,imag9ation has no?+ to d1 !n1 /rictly speak+1 ) ab/ract tru?s & conceptions1 ) spiritual & immat]ial exi/5ces1 ) ideas & feel+s z su*1 = none ( ^! c be repres5t$ "u s5sible =ms1 or br\ght )9 ! sph]e & cognizance ( ! s5ses4 ,s5sible objects are ! gr\ndwork1 !re=e1 ( its op]ation--! mat]ials ( its art4 ,b n to visible ,objects4--,x is n limit$1 h[ev]1 to visible objects m]ely--is n a m]e picture-=m+1 image-mak+ p[]4 ,x m frequ5tly1 inde$1 fa%ions its creations aft] ! conceptions :i* sight af=ds ?an ^? ( ! o!r s5ses2 b x deals also ) conceptions ( s\nd1 z 9 music1 & ! play ( /orm & tempe/1 & ) o!r objects ( s5se1 z ! ta/e1 ! t\*1 pressure1 etc4 ,?us ! gelidi fontes ( ,virgil is an appeal to ! s5se ( delici\s coolness n less ?an to t ( sp>kl+ beauty4 ,a c>eful analysis ( e act ( ! imag9ation w %[1 ,i ?9k1 a s5sible basis z ! gr\ndwork ( ! fabric--some?+ se51 or he>d1 or felt--some?+ said or done--"s s5sible reality--some?+ :i*1 h[ev] ideal & transc5d5tal 9 itself & 9 reality1 yet admits ( expression 9 & ?r\gh ! s5ses2 o!rwise x 7 a m]e conception or ab/raction--a m]e idea--n an imag9ation4 ,,vii4--,,imag9ation ,,limit$ ,,to ,,new ,,results4 ,! simple reproduction ( ! pa/1 :e!r an object or p]ception1 or s5sation1 or conception m]ely1 ! simple reproduction or br++ back ( t to ! m9d1 we h assign$ z ! (fice ( ano!r faculty4 ,imag9ation1 we h said1 dep>ts f ! reality1 & gives y n :at y h _h be=e1 b some?+ new1 o!r1 diff]5t4 ,x is n ! simple image-mak+ p[]1 !n1 = m5tal reproduction gives y an image or picture ( any =m] object ( p]ception1 z y h se5 x--a portrait ( ! pa/1 true & fai?ful to ! orig9al4 ,"s writ]s w\ld diff] f ! view n[ express$4 ,"s ( ! ,g]mans assign to imag9ation ! d\ble (fice ( produc+ ! new & reproduc+ ! old2 ! latt] !y call imag9ative reproduction4 ,9 :at respect ?is latt] diff]s f ! faculty ( m5tal reproduction 9 g5]al1 x is difficult to p]ceive4 ,:5 ,i rememb] a ^w spok51 or a song1 ,i h ! conception ( a s\nd1 or a s]ies ( s\nds4 ,:5 ,i rememb] an object 9 nature1 z a m\nta91 a h\se1 etc41 ,i h ! conception ( a mat]ial object1 hav+ "s def9ite =m1 & figure1 outl9e1 proportion1 magnitude1 etc4 ,! conception ( ! abs5t object pres5ts itself 9 su* a case1 ( c\rse1 z an image or picture ( ! object to ! m5tal eye4 ,x is z really ! "w ( conception reproductive1 h[ev]1 to replace1 9 ?is case1 ! abs5t object z once p]ceiv$1 z x is to br+ back to m9d any ?+ else t has once be5 be=e x2 e4 g41 a spok5 ^w or a date 9 hi/ory4 ,we may1 if we please1 t]m ?is faculty1 z employ$ on objects ( sight1 conception imag9ative & di/+ui% x f ! same faculty z employ$ 9 reproduc+ o!r objects2 b x 7 c]ta9ly bett] to appropriate ! t]m imag9ation to ! s+le & f> high] prov9ce ( creation--! (fice ( conceiv+ ! ideal "u ! =m ( ! s5sible4 ,,viii4--,,imag9ation ,a ,,volunt>y ,,p[]1 ,,or ,,process4 ,is x an act :i* ! m9d puts =? :5 x w1 & )holds :5 x w8 ,or is x a m]e passive susceptibility ( ! m9d to be impress$ 9 ?is p>ticul> way8 ,z ! h>p lies passive to ! w9d1 :i* comes & goes we "k n h[ or :i!r1 s does ! m9d lie op5 to su* ?\ghts & fancies z flit ov] x & call =? its hidd5 h>monies z !y pass by8 ,^? :o1 ) ,dr4 ,br[n1 resolve imag9ation into m]e sugge/ion1 ( c\rse take ! latt] view4 ,(t5 spontane\s4--,und\bt$ly1 ! great] "p ( our ideal conceptions are spontane\s--! ?\ghts t rise at ! in/ant1 unprem$itat$1 uncall$1 ! sugge/ions ( ! pass+ mom5t or ev5t4 ,?is is true ( our daily rev]ies1 & all ! little romances we con/ruct1 :5 we give ! re9s to fancy1 & a v>i$ sc5e ( ?\ght--to use ! beautiful expression ( ,cudwor?--passes be=e u1 peopl$ ) =ms unreal & illusive4 ,!re is no special volition to call up ^! conceptions1 or su* z ^!4 ,!y take _! rise & hue f ! complexion ( ! m9d at ! "t1 & ! "* ( ! prec$+ conceptions1 9 ! ev] mov+1 ev] v>y+ s]ies & procession ( ?\ght4 ,!y are l ! %ift+ figures on ! curta9 9 a d>k5$ room1 %ad[s com+ & go+1 z ! =ms ( ^? )\t move hi!r & ?i!r4 ,s f>1 all is spontane\s4 ,nay1 m3 ,x is1 d\btless1 impossible1 by direct volition1 to call up any conception1 ideal or o!rwise2 s9ce ?is1 z ,dr4 ,br[n has well argu$1 w\ld be ei!r to w )\t kn[+ :at we w1 :i* is absurd1 or else to h already ! conception :i* we wi%$ to h1 :i* is n less absurd4 ,if no int5tional ,activity1 !n ,imag9ation n a ,faculty4--,is !re !n no int5tional creation ( new & ideal conceptions1 ( images1 similes1 metaphors1 & o!r l mat]ial ( a lively & awak5$ fancy1 b m]ely a casual sugge/ion ( su* & su* ?\ghts1 q beyond any control & volition or ev5 purpose ( ours8 ,if s1 !n1 aft] all1 is x prop] to speak ( a faculty ( imag9ation1 s9ce we h n1 9 ?is case1 ! p[] ( do+ ! ?+ "u consid]ation8 ,we m]ely sit /ill 9 ! d>k5$ room1 & wat* ! figures z !y come & g1 ) "s desire t ! ?+ may g on1 "s appreciation ( x1 "s critical judgm5t ( ! diff]5t =ms & movem5ts4 ,! ,m9d n :olly passive 9 ! ,process4--,i reply ?is is n altoge!r s4 ,! m9d is n altoge!r passive 9 ?is ?+2 !re is an activity involv$ 9 ! process1 & t ( ! m9d's own4 ,!re is a p[]1 ei!r orig9al or acquir$1 ( conceiv+ su* ?\ghts z are n[ "u consid]ation1 a read9ess = !m1 a pron5ess to !m1 a bias1 prop5sity1 incl9ation1 m p[]ful 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs1 by virtue ( :i* ?is process occurs4 ,we may call ?is a faculty1 ?\gh1 m /rictly1 p]haps1 a susceptibility1 b x is1 9 tru?1 "o ( ! end[m5ts ( ! m9d1 "p ( its furniture1 "o =m ( its activity4 ,a m direct volunt>y ,elem5t4--,b !re is1 fur!r ?an ?is1 & m directly1 a volunt>y elem5t 9 ! process4 ,x is 9 our p[] to yield1 or n1 to ?is prop5sity1 ?is incl9ation to ! ideal2 to put =? ! m5tal activity 9 ?is direction1 or to )hold x2 to say :e!r or n ! imag9ation %all h its free1 full play1 & ) lib]at$ w+ so> al(t ?r\gh h] native skies2 :e!r our spee* %all be simple argum5t1 unadorn$ /\t logic1 or logic n less /\t1 clo!d ) ! pleas+1 ru/l+ drap]y :i* a lively imag9ation is able to ?r[1 l a spl5did robe1 ov] ! nak$ =m ( tru?4 ,!re is1 !n1 really a m5tal activity1 & an activity 9 "s degree "u control ( ! w1 9 ! process we are consid]+4 ,same ,difficulty lies else:]e4--,! same difficulty :i* meets u "h1 meets u else:]e1 & lies equally aga9/ o!r m5tal p[]s4 ,we _c1 by direct volition1 rememb] a pa/ ev5t1 = ?is implies1 z 9 ! case ( ! volition to imag9e a giv5 sc5e1 ei!r t ! ?+ is already 9 view1 or else t we w we "k n :at4 ,yet1 z e "o kn[s1 !re is a way ( recall+ pa/ ev5ts2 a faculty or p[] ( do+ ?is ?+2 a faculty :i* we ex]cise :5 we please4 ,! same may be said ( ! p[] ( ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,we _c1 by direct volition1 ?9k ( any giv5 ?+1 = to w to ?9k ( x is already to h ?\ght ( x1 yet !re is m5tal activity involv$ 9 e process ( ?\ght a m5tal p[] ex]cis$1 a faculty ( "s sort ex]cis$4 ,nor is x a p[] altoge!r beyond our own control4 ,we c direct our ?\ghts1 c gov]n !m1 c turn !m1 z we d a wat] c\rse1 t w fl[ some:]e1 b ^: *annel we may lead ?is way or t4 ,,ix4--,,use ,,& ,,abuse ,,( ,,imag9ation4 ,influ5ce ^u ! ,m9d4--,z to ! b5efits aris+ f ! due use & ex]cise ( ?is faculty1 n mu*1 p]haps1 is requisite to be said4 ,x gives vividness to our conceptions1 x raises ! tone ( our entire m5tal activity1 x adds =ce to our reason+1 ca/s ! light ( fancy ov] ! sombre plodd+ /eps ( judgm5t1 gilds ! recollections ( ! pa/1 & ! anticipations ( ! future1 ) a color+ n _! own4 ,x lights up ! :ole horizon ( ?\ght1 z ! sunrise fla%es along ! m\nta9 tops1 & lights up ! _w4 ,x w\ld be b a dre>y _w )\t t light4 ,influ5ce on ! ,orator4--,by its aid ! orator pres5ts 8 cle>1 /rong argum5t 9 its own simple /r5g? & beauty1 or comm&s ^? skillful t\*es1 t1 by a magic spell1 ?rill all he>ts 9 unison4 ,!re floats be=e 8 m9d1 ev] z he proce$s1 ! beau ideal ( :at 8 argum5t %\ld be2 t[>d ?is he aspires1 & ^? aspirations make him :at he is4 ,no man is eloqu5t :o has n ! imag9ation requisite to =m & keep vividly be=e him su* an ideal4 ,on ! ,arti/4--,by its aid ! arti/ brea!s into ! inanimate m>ble ! brea? ( life1 & x becomes a liv+ s\l4 ,by its aid1 deaf old ,bee?ov51 at 8 /r+less in/rum5t1 calls up ! ri*e/ h>mony ( s\nd1 & bl9d old ,milton1 9 8 d>kness & desolat5ess1 takes 8 magician's w&1 & lo6 !re rises be=e him ! vision ( t ,p>adise :]e man1 9 8 primeval innoc5ce1 walk$ ) ,god4 ,on o!r ,m9ds4--,nor is x ! poet1 ! orator1 ! arti/1 alone1 t d]ive b5efit f ! ex]cise ( ?is faculty1 or h occasion to make use ( x4 ,x is ( ine/imable value to u all4 ,x op5s = u new worlds1 enl>ges ! sph]e ( our m5tal vision1 releases u f ! bonds & b\nds ( ! actual1 & gives u1 z a bird let loose1 ! wide firmam5t ( ?\ght = our doma94 ,x gilds ! bald1 sull5 actualities1 & /]n realities ( life1 z ! morn+ r$d5s ! *ill1 sn[y summits ( ! ,alps1 till !y gl[ 9 respl5d5t beauty4 ,on ! ,spectator & ,obs]v]4--,x is ( s]vice1 n to him :o writes alone1 b to him :o reads2 n to him :o speaks alone1 b to him :o he>s2 n to ! arti/ alone1 b to ! obs]v] ( art2 = nei!r poet1 nor orator1 nor arti/1 c convey ! full mean+1 ! s\l1 ! inspiration ( 8 "w1 to "o :o has n ! imag9ation to appreciate & feel ! beauty1 & ! p[]1 t lie hidd5 !re4 ,!re is j z mu* mean+ 9 _! works1 to u1 z !re is s\l 9 u to receive t mean+4 ,! man ( no imag9ation sees no mean+1 no beauty1 no p[]1 9 ! ,p>adise ,lo/1 ! symphonies ( ,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t1 ! ,transfiguration ( ,raphael1 ! ,aurora ( ,guido1 or ! ma/]-pieces ( ,canova & ,?orwalsd54 ,errors ( ,imag9ation4--,und\bt$ly !re are errors1 mi/akes1 prejudices1 illusions ( ! imag9ation2 mi/akes 9 judgm5t1 9 reason+1 9 ! affairs ( practical life1 ! s\rce ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 "s undue influ5ce1 "s wrong use1 ( ! imag9ation4 ,we mi/ake its conceptions = realities4 ,we dwell ^u its pleas+ visions till we =get ! sob] face ( tru?4 ,we fancy pleasures1 b5efits1 results :i* w nev] be realiz$1 or we look ^u ! d>k & dre>y side ( ?+s till all nature we>s ! sombre hue ( our disord]$ fancy4 ,n1 !re=e1 to set aside its due ,culture4--,all ?is we are liable to d4 ,all ^! abuses ( ! imag9ation are possible1 likely en\gh to occur4 ,aga9/ !m we mu/ gu>d4 ,b to cry out aga9/ ! culture & due ex]cise ( ! imag9ation1 because ( ^! abuses to :i* x is liable1 is n ! "p ( wisdom or highe/ b5evol5ce4 ,to h9d] its fair & full developm5t1 & to preclude its use1 is to cut ourselves (f1 & %ut ourselves out1 f ! s\rce ( "s ( ! highe/1 pure/1 noble/1 pleasures ( ?is our mortal life4 ,no ,faculty p]haps ( m ,value4--,x is n too mu* to say1 t !re is1 p]haps1 no faculty ( ! m9d :i*1 "u due cultivation1 & )9 prop] b\nds1 is ( m real s]vice to man1 or is m wor?y ( 8 reg>d1 ?an ?is4 ,especially1 is x ( value 9 =m+ & hold+ be=e ! m9d an ideal ( excell5ce 9 :atev] we pursue1 a /&>d ( atta9m5t1 practicable & desirable1 b l(ti] f> ?an any ?+ we h yet rea*$4 ,to pres5t su* an ideal1 is ! "w ( ! imag9ation1 :i* looks n ^u ! actual1 b ! possible1 & conceives t :i* is m p]fect ?an ! human eye ha? se51 or ! human h& wr\ght4 ,no man ev] yet atta9$ excell5ce1 9 any art or pr(ession1 :o _h n float+ be=e 8 m9d1 by day & by night1 su* an ideal & vision ( :at he might & ought to be & to d4 ,x hov]s be=e him1 & hangs ov] him1 l ! b[ ( promise & ( hope1 advanc+ ) 8 progress1 ev] ris+ z he rises1 & mov+ onw>d z he moves2 he w nev] rea* x1 b )\t x he w\ld nev] be :at he is4 ,x4--,,culture ,,( ,,! ,,imag9ation4 ,/r5g!n$ by ,use4--,9 :at way1 x is sometimes ask$1 may ! faculty "u consid]ation be improv$ & /r5g!n$8 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 9 g5]al1 t ! ideal faculty1 l e o!r1 is develop$ & /r5g!n$ by ex]cise1 weak5$ & impair$ by neglect4 ,!re is no sur] way to secure its gr[? ?an to call its pres5t p[]s1 :atev] !y may be1 into frequ5t ex]cise4 ,! m5tal faculties1 l ! !ws & muscles ( ! physical frame1 develop by use4 ,imag9ation foll[s ! same g5]al law4 ,/udy ( ! ,works ( o!rs4--,i d n mean by ?is exclusively ! direct ex]cise ( ! imag9ation 9 ideal creations ( our own1 al?\gh its frequ5t employm5t 9 ?is way1 is ( c\rse necess>y to its full developm5t4 ,b ! imag9ation is also ex]cis$ by ! /udy ( ! ideal creations ( o!rs1 especially ( ^? highly gift$ m9ds :i* h adorn$ & enri*$ _! age ) productions ( r>e/ value1 :i* be> ! /amp & seal ( immortality4 ,) ^!1 9 :atev] dep>tm5t ( lett]s or art1 9 poetry1 oratory1 music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture--:atev] is gr&1 & l(ty1 & full ( inspiration1 :atev] is beautiful & pleas+1 :atev] is ( *oice/ wor? & excell5ce 9 its own prop] sph]e2 ) ^! let him become famili> :o seeks to cultivate 9 himself ! faculty ( ! ideal4 ,e "w ( ! imag9ation appeals to ! imag9ation ( ! obs]v]1 & ?us develops ! faculty :i* x calls into ex]cise4 ,no "o c be famili> ) ! creations ( ,%akspe>e & ,milton1 ( ,moz>t & ,bee?ov51 ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & n cat* some?+ ( _! inspiration4 ,/udy ( ,nature4--,ev5 m indisp5sable is ! /udy ( nature2 & x has ?is advantage1 t x is op5 to ^? :o may n h access to ! sublime works ( ! highe/ ma/]s ( art4 ,nature1 9 all h] moods & phases--9 h] wond]ful v>iety ( elem5ts--! gr& & ! l[ly1 ! sublime & ! beautiful1 ! t]rible & ! pleas+--nature 9 h] milde/ & mo/ fe>ful displays ( p[]1 & also 9 h] s(te/ & sweete/ attractions1 is op5 to e man's obs]vation1 & he mu/ be a close obs]v] & a dilig5t /ud5t ( h] :o w\ld cultivate 9 himself ! ideal elem5t4 ,! mo/ gift$ sons ( g5ius1 ! m9ds mo/ ri*ly end[$ ) ! p[] ( ideal creation1 h be5 rem>kable = _! love & c>eful /udy ( nature4 ,mi/ake on ?is ,po9t4--,i mu/ notice 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake into :i* "s h fall5 9 reg>d to ?is matt]4 ,! simple description ( a sc5e 9 nature1 j z x is1 is n prop]ly a "w ( ! imag9ation4 ,x is simply p]ception or memory t is ?us ex]cis$1 along ) judgm5t & arti/ic p[] ( expression4 ,imag9ation gives n ! actual1 b ! ideal4 ,%e nev] satisfies h]self ) an exact copy4 ,! m]e portrait pa9t]1 h[ev] skillful1 is n 9 ! highe/ s5se an arti/4 ,! pa9t]1 m5tion$ by ,wayl&1 :o copi$ ! w+ ( ! butt]fly = ! w+ ( ! ,sylph1 0 n1 9 s do+1 ex]cis+ 8 imag9ation1 b only 8 p[] ( imitation4 ,s1 too1 :5 ,walt] ,scott gives u1 9 ! cave ( ,d5zel1 a precise description ( "s spot :i* he has se51 ev5 to ! v plants & fl[]s t gr[ among ! rocks1 t sc5e1 h[ev] pleas+ & life-l1 is n prop]ly a creation ( 8 own imag9ation2 x is a description ( ! actual1 & n a conception ( ! ideal4 ,mu* t is includ$ "u ! g5]al title ( works ( ! imag9ation is n prop]ly ! production ( t faculty4 ,col]idge has made ess5tially ! same rem>k1 t 9 :at is call$ a "w ( imag9ation1 mu* is simple n>ration1 mu* ! fill+ up ( ! outl9e1 & n to be attribut$ to t faculty4 ,! ,/ud5t ( ,nature n a m]e ,copyi/4--,! true /udy ( nature1 is n to obs]ve simply t we may copy :at %e pres5ts1 b r to ga!r mat]ials on :i* our own conceptive p[] may "w1 & :i* x may fa%ion aft] its own designs into new comb9ations & results ( beauty4 ,nature1 too1 is full ( h9ts & sugge/ions :i* a disc]n+ m9d1 & an eye practis$ to ! beautiful1 w n fail to cat* & improve4 ,x is only :5 we d ?is1 :5 we beg91 9 fact1 to dep>t f1 & g beyond ! actual1 t we ex]cise ! imag9ation4 ,diff]5ce illu/rat$ by an ,example4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 simple description1 & ! creations ( ! conceptive faculty1 may be %[n by ref]5ce to a s+le example3 ,! twilight h\rs1 l birds1 flew by1 ,z lightly & z free2 ,t5 ?\s& />s 7 9 ! sky1 ,t5 ?\s& 9 ! sea2 ,= e wave1 ) dimpl$ *eek ,t leap$ ^u ! air1 ,_h caught a /> 9 its embrace1 ,& held x trembl+ !re4 ,! quiet /illness ( ! ev5+1 ! reflection ( ! />s 9 ! sea1 are ! two simple ideas :i* ent] into ?is beautiful /anza4 ,!y w\ld h be5 fai?fully & fully express$1 s f> z reg>ds all ! p]fections ( exact description1 by ! simple propositions :i* foll[3 ,! ev5+ h\rs pass$ swiftly & sil5tly2 _m />s appe>$ 9 ! sky1 & ea* 0 reflect$ 9 ! sea4 ,! poet is n cont5t ) ?is description4 ,! swiftness & sil5tness ( ^? pass+ h\rs rem9d him ( ! flight ( birds along ! sky4 ,! resemblance /rikes him z beautiful4 ,he embodies x 9 8 description4 ,x is an ideal conception4 ,he goes fur!r4 ,he sees 9 ! wat]1 n ! reflection m]ely ( ! />s1 b ! />s !mselves1 z _m 9 ! sea z 9 ! sky4 ,"h is a dep>ture f ! tru?1 f ! actual1 an advance into ! region ( ! ideal4 ,imag9ation1 ?us set free1 takes /ill fur!r lib]ties3 attributes to ! inanimate wave ! dimpl$ *eek ( beauty1 ascribes its re/lessness n to ! laws ( gravitation1 b to ! =ce ( a /rictly human passion1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* x leaps into ! air t[>d ! object ( its affection1 seizes x1 & holds x1 trembl+1 9 its embrace4 ,,xi4--,,hi/orical ,,sket*4 ,,v>i\s ,,def9itions1 ,,& ,,!ories ,,( ,,imag9ation ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,writ]s4 ,def9ition ( ,dr4 ,reid4--,reid makes x ne>ly synonym\s ) simple appreh5sion4 ,i take imag9ation1 9 its mo/ prop] s5se1 to signify a lively conception ( objects ( sight1 ! conception ( ?+s z !y appe> to ! eye4 ,addison employs ! t]m ) ! same limitation1 t is1 z conf9$ to objects ( sight4 ,( ,/ew>t4--,/ew>t reg>ds ?is z incorrect1 holds t imag9ation is n conf9$ to visible or ev5 s5sible objects4 ,he reg>ds x z a complex1 n a simple p[]1 includ+ simple appreh5sion1 ab/raction1 judgm5t1 or ta/e1 & association ( ideas2 its prov9ce be+ to select1 f diff]5t objects1 a v>iety ( qualities & circum/ances1 & comb9e & arrange !m s z to =m a new creation ( its own4 ,( ,br[n4--,br[n diff]s n ess5tially f ! view ( ,/ew>t4 ,he also makes imag9ation a complex op]ation1 involv+ conception1 ab/raction1 judgm5t1 association4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! spontane\s & ! volunt>y op]ation ( ! imag9ative p[]2 9 ! =m] case1 !re is no volunt>y ef=t ( selection1 comb9ation1 etc41 b images arise indep5d5tly ( any desire or *oice ( ours1 by ! laws ( sugge/ion2 & ?is he holds to be ! mo/ frequ5t op]ation ( ! faculty4 ,9 ! case ( volunt>y imag9ation1 :i* is att5d$ ) desire1 ?is desire is ! prom95t ?+1 & s]ves to keep ! conception ( ! subject be=e ! m9d1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 a v>iety ( associat$ conceptions foll[1 by ! laws ( sugge/ion1 9 regul> tra94 ,( ^! sugge/$ conceptions & images1 "s1 we approve1 o!rs1 we d n2 ! =m]1 by virtue ( our approval1 become m lively & p]man5t1 :ile ! latt] pass away4 ,?us1 )\t any direct ef=t or p[] ( ! w to comb9e & sep>ate ^! v>i\s conceptions1 !y %ape !mselves accord+ to our approval & desire1 9 ob$i5ce to ! ord9>y laws ( sugge/ion4 ,( ,smi?4--,sydney ,smi? reg>ds imag9ation 9 mu* ! same light--a faculty 9 :i* association plays ! pr9cipal "p1 assi/$ by judgm5t1 ta/e1 etc41 am\nt+1 9 fact1 to mu* ! same ?+ t we call inv5tion2 ! process by :i* a poet con/ructs a drama1 or a ma*9i/ a /eam-eng9e1 be+ ess5tially ! same4 ,( ,wayl& & ,upham4--,wayl&1 9 common ) mo/ ( ! au?ors already cit$1 makes imag9ation a complex faculty1 involv+ ab/raction1 & association2 ! p[] by :i*1 f simple conceptions already exi/+ 9 ! m9d1 we =m complex :oles or images4 ,"s =m ( ab/raction necess>ily prec$es ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]4 ,! diff]5t elem5ts ( a conception mu/ be fir/ m5tally sev]$ be=e we c reunite !m 9 a new conception4 ,x is ?is p[] ( reunit+ ! sev]al elem5ts ( a conception at w1 t is1 prop]ly1 imag9ation4 ,imag9ation may !n be designat$ ! p[] ( comb9ation4 ,upham takes ! same view4 ,! same view1 ess5tially1 is also giv5 by ,am& ,jacques1 a ,fr5* writ] ( di/9ction4 ,view ( ,tissot4--,tissot1 z also _m ( ! ,g]man philosoph]s1 gives imag9ation ! d\ble prov9ce ( recall+ s5sible intuitions1 objects ( sight1 su* z we h kn[n !m1 & also ( conceiv+ objects altoge!r diff]5tly dispos$ f our orig9al p]ceptions ( !m1 v>i$ f ! reality4 ,! =m] !y call imag9ation reproductive1 ! latt]1 creative4 ,t =m ( ! imag9ation :i* is purely spontane\s1 9 di/9ction f ! volunt>y1 !y t]m fancy4 ,( ,col]idge & ,mahan4--,col]idge1 foll[$ by ,mahan1 reg>ds imag9ation z ! p[] :i* recomb9es ! sev]al elem5ts ( ?\ght into conceptions1 :i* con=m n to m]e exi/5ces1 b to c]ta9 fundam5tal ideas 9 ! m9d itself1 ideas ( ! beautiful1 sublime1 etc4 ,^! ,def9itions agree 9 :at4--,^! def9itions1 x w be p]ceiv$1 ) sc>cely an exception make imag9ation to be a complex faculty1 & reg>d x z m]ely ! p[] ( comb9+1 9 new =ms1 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ?\ght already 9 ! m9d4 ,! correctness ( ea* ( ^! ideas has be5 already discuss$4 ,,intellectual ,,faculties4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,! ,,reflective ,,p[]4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4 ,(fice ( ?is ,p[]4--,we h ?us f> treat$ ( t p[] ( ! m9d by :i* x takes cognizance ( objects z directly pres5t$ to s5se1 & also ( t by :i* x repres5ts to itself =m] objects ( cognition 9 _! abs5ce4 ,b a l>ge portion ( our k & ( our m5tal activity does n fall "u ei!r ( ^! divisions4 ,!re is a class ( m5tal op]ations :i* diff]s f ! =m]1 9 t !y d n give u directly s5sations or p]ceptions ( ?+s1 d n pres5t objects !mselves2 & f ! latt]1 9 t !y d n repres5t to ! ?\ght abs5t objects ( p]ception2 :i* diff] f bo?1 9 t !y deal n ) ! ?+s !mselves1 b ) ! prop]ties & relations ( ?+s--n ) ! concrete1 b ) ! ab/ract & g5]al4 ,?is class ( op]ations1 to di/+ui% x f ! prec$+ classes1 we h nam$1 9 our analysis1 ! reflective p[] ( ! m9d4 ,x comprises a l>ge "p ( our m5tal activity4 ,specific ,"*4--,! =m ( m5tal activity :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ?is faculty1 is ! p]ception ( relations1 t :i* ,dr4 ,br[n calls relative sugge/ion1 b :i* we %\ld pref] to t]m relative conception4 ,! m9d is s con/itut$ t :5 di/9ct objects ( ?\ght are pres5t$1 x conceives at once ! notion ( c]ta9 relations exi/+ betwe5 ^? objects4 ,"o is l>g]1 "o small]1 "o is "h1 ! o!r !re1 "o is a "p 9 relation to a :ole1 "s are l1 o!rs unlike ea* o!r4 ,! sev]al relations t may exi/ & fall "u ! notice ( ?is p[] ( ! m9d are too _m to be easily enum]at$4 ,! m important are1 position1 resemblance1 proportion1 degree1 compreh5sion4 ,all ^! may1 p]haps1 by a suffici5tly m9ute analysis1 be resolv$ into "o--t ( compreh5sion1 or ! relation ( a :ole to its p>ts4 ,compreh5sive ( sev]al ,processes4--,! faculty n[ "u consid]ation w1 on c>eful inve/igation1 be f\nd to und]lie & compreh5d sev]al m5tal processes usually rank$ z di/9ct op]ations & faculties ( ! m9d1 b :i* are at mo/ only s _m =ms ( ! g5]al p[] ( relative conception4 ,su* are ! m5tal op]ations usually kn[n z judgm5t1 ab/raction1 g5]alization1 & reason+4 ,( ^!1 & _! relation to ! g5]al faculty compreh5sive ( all1 we %all h occasion to speak fur!r z we proce$4 ,two ,modes ( ,op]ation4--,z ! relations ( object to object may all be compris$ "u ! g5]al category ( compreh5sion1 or ! :ole & its p>ts1 !re are manife/ly two modes or processes 9 :i* ! reflective faculty may put =? its activity4 ,x may comb9e ! sev]al p>ts or elem5ts to =m a complex :ole1 or x may divide ! complex :ole into its sev]al p>ts & elem5ts4 ,9 ! "o case1 x works f ! p>ts1 z already resolv$1 to ! :ole2 9 ! o!r1 f ! :ole1 z already comb9$1 to ! p>ts4 ,! "o is ! compositive or syn!tic1 ! o!r1 ! analytic or divisive process4 ,ea* w claim our att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,syn!tic ,,process--,,g5]alization4 ,i4--,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,syn!tic ,,process4 ,our ,conceptions (t5 ,complex4--,if we exam9e att5tively ! v>i\s notions or conceptions ( ! m9d1 we f9d t a l>ge "p ( !m are 9 a s5se complex--compris+1 9 a ^w1 a c]ta9 aggregate ( prop]ties1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute our conception ( ! object4 ,?us1 my notion ( table1 or *air1 or desk1 is made up ( sev]al conceptions1 ( =m1 size1 mat]ial1 color1 h>dness1 weight1 use1 etc41 etc41 all :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute my notion ( ! object ?us designat$4 ,orig9ally giv5 z discrete4--,^! sev]al elem5ts t ent] into ! composition ( our conceptions ( objects1 x is fur!r to be notic$1 are1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 giv5 u 9 p]ception1 n z a complex :ole1 b z discrete elem5ts4 ,?us1 sight gives u =m & color2 t\* gives u ext5sion1 h>dness1 smoo?ness1 etc42 muscul> resi/ance gives u weight1 & s1 by ! v>i\s s5ses1 we ga!r ! sev]al prop]ties :i* make up our cognizance ( ! object1 & :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 con/itute our conception ( x4 ,conceptions ( ,classes4--,b a l>ge "p ( our conceptions1 if we c>efully obs]ve ! op]ations ( our own m9ds1 are n p>ticul>1 b g5]al1 n ( individual objects1 b ( classes ( objects4 ,( ?is1 any "o may satisfy himself on a little reflection4 ,h[ are ^! conceptions =m$8 ,su* ,conceptions1 h[ =m$4--,! process ( =m+ a g5]al conception1 ,i take to be ?is3 ,! sev]al elem5ts t compose our conception ( an individual object1 be+ orig9ally pres5t$1 z we h already said1 "o by "o1 9 ! discrete1 & n 9 ! concrete1 x is ( c\rse 9 our p[] to conceive ( any "o ( ^! elem5ts by itself4 ,no new p[] or faculty is ne$$ = ?is4 ,by ! usual laws ( sugge/ion any "o ( ^! elem5ts may be pres5t$ to ! m9d1 di/9ct f ^? ) :i*1 9 p]ception1 x is associat$1 & z su* x may be ! object ( att5tion & ?\ght4 ,i may ?us conceive ( ! color1 ! =m1 ! size1 or ! fragrance ( a fl[]4 ,ext5sion ( ! ,process to o!r ,objects4--,x is ( ! =m1 color1 etc41 ( "s p>ticul> fl[]1 z yet1 h[ev]1 & n ( =m & color 9 g5]al1 t ,i conceive4 ,suppose1 n[1 t o!r fl[]s are pres5t$ to my notice1 possess+ ! same =m & color1 = example1 r$4 ,pres5tly ,i obs]ve o!r objects1 besides fl[]s1 t are ( ! same color--horses1 c[s1 tables1 books1 clo?s4 ,z ! field ( obs]vation enl>ges1 /ill o!r objects are add$ to ! li/1 until t :i* ,i fir/ conceiv$ ( z ! peculi> prop]ty ( a s+le fl[]1 ! rose1 & ( a s+le specim51 no long] is appropriat$ 9 my ?\ghts to any individual object or class ( objects1 b becomes a g5]al conception4 ,x is an ab/raction & also a g5]alization2 an ab/raction because x no long] d5otes or connotes any individual object1 b /&s be=e ! m9d z simple1 pure quality1 r$1 or r$ness2 a g5]alization inasmu* z x is a quality p]ta9+ equally to a great v>iety ( objects4 ,! ,process c>ri$ /ill fur!r4--,hav+ ?us obta9$ ! g5]al conception ( r$1 &1 9 l mann]1 ( blue1 violet1 yell[1 indigo1 orange1 etc41 etc41 ,i may c>ry ! process /ill fur!r1 & =m a conception m g5]al ?an ei!r1 & :i* %all include all ^!4 ,^! are all v>ieties d5ot+ ! c]ta9 peculi>ity ( appe>ance :i* ext]nal objects pres5t to ! eye4 ,fix+ my ?\ght ^u ?is1 _! common *>act]i/ic1 ,i no long] conceive ( r$1 or blue1 or violet1 z su*1 b ( color 9 g5]al4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i obs]ve ! prop]ties ( diff]5t triangles--"r-angl$1 obtuse-angl$1 acute-angl$1 equilat]al1 isosceles4 ,i leave out ( view :atev] is peculi> to ea* ( ^! v>ieties1 reta9+ only :at is common to !m all--! prop]ty ( ?ree-sid$ness2 & my conception is n[ a g5]al "o--triangle4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t we =m ! conceptions express$ by su* t]ms z animal1 man1 virtue1 =m1 beauty1 & ! l4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! words 9 ord9>y use1 are ( ?is sort4 ,!y are ! names or expressions ( ab/ract1 g5]al1 conceptions3 ab/ract1 9 t !y d n relate to any individual object2 g5]al1 9 t !y compreh5d1 & are equally applicable to a great v>iety ( objects4 ,process ( ,classification4--,! process ( classification is ess5tially ! same ) t by :i* we =m g5]al ab/ract conceptions4 ,obs]v+ diff]5t objects1 ,i f9d t !y resemble ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 respects1 :ile 9 o!rs !y diff]4 ,objects ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 diff]1 = in/ance1 9 =m1 & size1 & weight1 & fragrance1 b agree 9 "s o!r respect1 z 9 color4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ?is resemblance1 ,i class !m toge!r 9 my conceptions4 ,9 s do+1 ,i leave out ( view all o!r peculi>ities1 ! po9ts 9 :i* !y diff]1 & take into acc\nt only ! "o circum/ance 9 :i* !y agree4 ,9 ! v act ( =m+ a class1 ,i h =m$ a g5]al conception1 :i* lies at ! basis ( t classification4 ,t5d5cy ( ! ,m9d4--,! t5d5cy ( ! m9d to gr\p individual objects toge!r on ! gr\nd ( p]ceiv$ resemblances1 is v /rong1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! univ]sal & in/9ctive prop5sities ( our nature1 "o ( ! laws ( m5tal action4 ,z we h already rem>k$1 respect+ g5]al ab/ract t]ms1 a l>ge portion ( ! language ( ord9>y life is ! language ( classification4 ,! words :i* con/itute by f> ! great] "p ( ! names ( ?+s1 are common n\ns1 t is1 names ( classes4 ,! names ( individual objects are comp>atively few4 ,adjectives1 specify+ ! qualities ( objects1 d5ote gr\ps or classes possess+ t common quality4 ,adv]bs qualify+ v]bs or adjectives1 designate v>ieties or classes ( action & ( quality4 ,inde$1 ! v exi/5ce ( language z a m$ium ( communication1 & means ( expression1 involves & dep5ds ^u ?is t5d5cy ( ! m9d to class toge!r1 & !n to designate by a common n\n1 objects div]se 9 reality1 b agree+ 9 "s prom95t po9ts ( resemblance4 ,9 no o!r way w\ld language be possible to man1 s9ce1 to designate ea* individual object by a "n peculi> to itself1 w\ld be an und]tak+ altoge!r impracticable4 ,rud5ess ( ! e>li] ,attempts4--,! fir/ ef=ts ( ! m9d at ! process ( classification are1 d\btless1 rude & imp]fect4 ,! infancy ( ! individual1 & ! infancy ( nations & races1 are1 9 ?is respect1 alike2 objects are gr\p$ r\ghly & 9 ! mass1 specific diff]5ces are ov]look$1 & individuals diff]+ widely & ess5tially are ?r[n into ! same class1 on ! gr\nd ( "s obs]v$ & /rik+ resemblance4 ,z obs]vation becomes m m9ute1 & ! m9d advances 9 culture & p[] ( discrim9ation1 ^! rud] g5]alizations are ei!r ab&on$ or subdivid$ into g5]a & species1 & ! process assumes a sci5tific =m4 ,:at 0 at fir/ m]e classification1 becomes n[1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 g5]alization4 ,sci5tific ,classification4--,classification1 h[ev] sci5tific1 is /ill ess5tially ! process already describ$4 ,we obs]ve a numb] ( individuals1 = example1 ( our own species4 ,c]ta9 resemblances & diff]5ces /rike u4 ,"s h /raight hair1 & copp] complexion1 o!rs1 woolly hair1 & black complexion1 o!rs1 aga91 diff] f ! prec$+ 9 bo? ^! respects4 ,neglect+ m9or & specific diff]5ces1 we fix our att5tion on ! gr& po9ts ( resemblance1 & ?us =m a g5]al conception1 :i* embraces :atev] *>act]i/ics belong1 9 common1 to ! sev]al individuals :i* ?us resemble ea* o!r4 ,to ?is g5]al conception we appropriate ! "n ,indian1 ,negro1 ,caucasian1 etc41 :i* h5ce=? repres5t to u s _m classes or v>ieties ( ! human race4 ,br++ ^! classes aga9 into comp>ison ) ea* o!r1 we obs]ve c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 !m1 & =m a conception /ill m g5]al1 t ( man4 ,fur!r ,illu/ration ( ! same ,process4--,9 ?is way ! g5]a & species ( sci5ce are =m$4 ,on gr\nds ( obs]v$ resemblance1 we class toge!r1 = example1 c]ta9 animals4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r 9 color1 size1 & _m o!r respects1 b agree 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* we f9d inv>iable1 z1 = example1 ! =m ( ! skeleton1 numb] ( v]tebr1 numb] & =m ( tee?1 arrangem5t ( organs ( dige/ion4 ,we give a "n to ! class ?us =m$--c>nivora1 rod5tia1 etc4 ,! class ?us =m$ & nam$1 we t]m ! g5us1 :ile ! m9or diff]5ces m>k ! subord9ate v>ieties or species includ$ "u ! g5us4 ,9 ! same way1 comp>+ o!r animals1 we =m o!r g5]a4 ,br++ ! sev]al g5]a also into comp>ison1 we f9d !m likewise agree+ 9 c]ta9 broad resemblances4 ,^! po9ts ( agreem5t1 9 turn1 con/itute ! elem5ts ( a conception & classification /ill wid] & m compreh5sive ?an ! =m]4 ,"u ?is new conception ,i unite ! previ\s g5]a1 & t]m !m all mammalia4 ,& s on to ! highe/ & wide/ g5]alizations ( sci5ce4 ,hav+ =m$ our classification we ref] any new specim5 to "s "o ( ! classes already =m$1 & ! m complete our orig9al survey1 ! m correct is ?is process ( individual arrangem5t4 ,x is rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 t ! isl&]s ( ! ,pacific1 :o _h nev] se5 any species ( quadrup$1 except ! hog & ! goat1 naturally inf]r$1 :5 !y saw a c[1 t %e mu/ belong to "o or ! o!r ( ^! classes4 ,! limitations ( human k may lead ! wise/ philosoph] into ess5tially ! same error4 ,x is 9 ! way n[ describ$ t we =m g5]a1 & species1 & ! v>i\s classes into :i*1 = purposes ( sci5ce1 we divide ! multitude ( objects :i* are pres5t$ 9 nature1 & :i*1 b = ?is faculty1 w\ld appe> to u b a confus$ & *aotic assemblage )\t numb]1 ord]1 or arrangem5t4 ,! individuals exi/ 9 nature--n ! classes1 & ord]s1 & species3 ^! are ! creations ( ! human m9d1 conceptions ( ! bra91 results ( t process ( ?\ght n[ describ$ z ! reflective faculty 9 its syn!tic =m4 ,importance ( ?is ,process4--,x is evid5t at a glance t ?is process lies at ! f\ndation ( all sci5ce4 ,_h we no p[] ( g5]alization--_h we no p[] ( sep>at+1 9 our ?\ghts1 ! quality f ! sub/ance to :i* x p]ta9s1 ( go+ beyond ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 beyond ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al--c\ld we deal only ) individual exi/5ces1 nei!r comp>ison nor classification w\ld be possible2 ea* p>ticul> individual object w\ld be a /udy to u by itself1 nor w\ld any am\nt ( dilig5ce ev] c>ry u beyond ! v alphabet ( k4 ,exi/5ce ( g5]al ,conceptions que/ion$4--,important z ?is faculty may seem :5 ?us reg>d$1 x has be5 que/ion$ by "s :e!r1 aft] all1 we h1 9 fact1 or c h1 any g5]al ab/ract ideas2 :e!r triangle1 man1 animal1 etc41 sugge/ 9 reality any ?+ m to ! m9d ?an simply "s p>ticul> man1 or triangle1 or animal1 :i* we take to repres5t ! :ole class to :i* ! individual belongs4 ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 t we d di/+ui% 9 our m9ds ! ?\ght ( "s p>ticul> man1 z ,mr4 ,a1 or "s p>ticul> sort ( man1 z black man1 :ite man1 f ! ?\ght sugge/$ by ! t]m man2 & ! ?\ght ( an isosceles or "r-angl$ triangle1 f ! ?\ght sugge/$ by ! unqualifi$ t]m triangle4 ,!y d n mean ! same ?+2 !y h n ! same value to our m9ds4 ,n[ !re are a great multitude ( su* g5]al t]ms 9 e language1 !y h a def9ite mean+ & value1 & we "k :at !y mean4 ,x mu/ be !n t we h g5]al ab/ract ideas1 or g5]al conceptions4 ,argum5t ( ! ,nom9ali/4--,b ! nom9ali/ replies4 ,! t]m man1 or triangle1 awak5s 9 y\r m9d1 9 reality & directly1 only ! idea ( "s p>ticul> individual or triangle1 & ?is /&s z a sort ( type or repres5tation ( o!r l individuals ( :om y d n def9itely ?9k z su* & s _m4 ,i reply1 ?is _c be %[n2 b ev5 if x 7 s1 ! v language ( ! objection implies ! p[] ( hav+ g5]al conceptions4 ,if ! individual man or triangle ?\ght ( /&s z a type or repres5tation1 z x is said1 ( a great numb] ( simil> m5 & triangles1 !n is !re n already 9 my m9d1 prior to ?is act ( repres5tation1 ! idea ( a class ( objects1 arrang$ accord+ to ! law ( resemblance1 9 o!r words1 a g5]al ab/ract idea or conception8 ,if ,i _h n already =m$ su* an idea1 ! p>ticul> object pres5t$ to my ?\ghts c\ld n /& z type or repres5tation ( any su* ?+1 or ( any ?+ beyond itself1 = ! simple reason t !re w\ld be no?+ ( ! sort to repres5t4 ,fur!r ,reply4--,besides1 !re is a l>ge class ( g5]al t]ms to :i* ?is reason+ ( ! nom9ali/ w\ld n at all apply--su* t]ms z virtue1 vice1 k1 wisdom1 tru?1 "t1 space--:i* manife/ly d n awak5 9 ! m9d ! ?\ght ( any p>ticul> virtue or vice1 any p>ticul> tru?1 any def9ite "t1 any def9ite space1 b a g5]al notion "u :i* all p>ticul> in/ances may be includ$4 ,to ?is ! nom9ali/ w p]haps reply1 t 9 su* cases we are really ?9k+1 aft] all1 ( m]e names or signs1 z :5 we use ! algebraic =mula x-y1 a m]e t]m ( conv5i5ce1 hav+ inde$ "s value1 we d n "k precisely :at1 itself ! t]m9us & object ( our ?\ght = ! "t be+4 ,9 su* cases ! m9d /ops1 he w\ld say1 ) ! t]m itself1 & does n g beyond x to conjure up a g5]al conception = x4 ,s x is ) ! t]ms virtue1 vice2 s ) ! g5]al t]ms1 class1 species1 g5us1 man1 animal1 triangle2 !y are m]e collective t]ms1 signs1 =mulas ( conv5i5ce1 to :i* y atta* no m mean+ ?an to ! expression x-y4 ,if y w\ld f9d _! mean+ & atta* any def9ite idea to !m1 y mu/ resolve !m into ! p>ticul> objects1 ! p>ticul> vices1 virtues1 etc41 :i* g to make up ! class4 ,i reply to all ?is1 y are /ill classify+1 /ill =m+ a g5]al conception1 ! expression ( :i* is y\r s call$ =mula1 x-y1 alias virtue1 man1 & ! l4 ,,ii4--,,prov9ce ,,& ,,relation ,,( ,,sev]al ,,t]ms ,,employ$ ,,to ,,d5ote1 ,,9 ,,"p1 ,,or ,,z ,a ,,:ole1 ,,?is ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! prop] prov9ce & relation ( sev]al t]ms frequ5tly employ$1 ) consid]able latitude & div]sity ( mean+1 to d5ote1 9 "p1 or z a :ole1 ! process n[ describ$4 ,su* are ! t]ms ab/raction1 g5]alization1 classification1 & judgm5t4 ,i4 ,,ab/raction4 ,t]m (t5 us$ 9 a ,wide ,s5se4--,?is t]m is frequ5tly employ$ to d5ote ! entire syn!tic process z n[ describ$--! p[] ( =m+ ab/ract g5]al conceptions1 & ( classify+ objects accord+ to ^? conceptions4 ,x is ?us employ$ by ,/ew>t1 ,wayl&1 ,mahan1 & o!rs4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no objection to ?is use ( ! ^w1 except t x is manife/ly a dep>ture f ! /rict & prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,m limit$ ,s5se4--,!re is ano!r & m common use ( ! t]m ab/raction1 :i* gives x a m limit$ s5se4 ,z ?us employ$1 x d5otes t act ( ! m9d by :i* we fix our att5tion on "s "o ( ! sev]al p>ts1 prop]ties1 or qualities ( an object1 to ! exclusion ( all ! o!r p>ts or prop]ties :i* g to make up ! complex :ole4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is exclusive direction ( ! ?\ghts to t "o elem5t1 ! o!r elem5ts or prop]ties are lo/ sight (1 drop out ( ! acc\nt1 & !re rema9s 9 our pres5t conception only t "o item :i* we h s+l$ out f ! re/4 ,?is is d5om9at$1 9 common language1 ab/raction4 ,su* is ! common idea & def9ition ( t t]m4 ,x is ,mr4 ,upham's def9ition4 ,?is n really ,ab/raction4--,:e!r ?is1 aga91 is ! true idea ( ab/raction1 is1 to say ! lea/1 que/ionable4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! cov] ( a book1 ! h&le ( a door1 ! spr+ ( a wat*1 9 di/9ction f ! o!r p>ts :i* make up a complex :ole1 ,i am h>dly ex]cis+ ! p[] ( ab/ract ?\ght2 c]ta9ly no new1 di/9ct faculty is requisite = ?is1 b simply att5tion to "o among sev]al items or objects ( p]ception4 ,h>dly ev] c x be call$ analysis1 ) ,wayl&4 ,x is ! simple direction ( ! ?\ght to "s "o out ( sev]al objects pres5t$4 ,a r$ rose is be=e me4 ,i may ?9k ( its color exclusively1 9 di/9ction f its =m & fragrance2 t is1 ( ! r$ness ( ?is p>ticul> rose1 ?is giv5 surface be=e me4 ,! object ( my ?\ght is purely a s5sible object4 ,i h n ab/ract$ x f ! s5sible individual object to :i* x belongs4 ,x is 9 no s5se an ab/ract idea1 a pure conception4 ,!re has be5 no?+ done :i* is n done 9 any case :]e "o ?+1 r ?an ano!r ( a gr\p or assemblage ( objects1 is made ! object ( att5tion4 ,! true ,nature ( ,ab/raction4--,b suppose n[ t in/ead ( ?9k+ ( ! r$ness ( ?is rose 9 p>ticul>1 ,i ?9k ( ! color r$ 9 g5]al1 )\t ref]5ce to ! rose or any o!r sub/ance2 or1 to c>ry ! process fur!r1 ( color 9 g5]al1 )\t specify+ 9 my ?\ght any p>ticul> color1 evid5tly ,i am deal+ n[ ) ab/ractions4 ,i h 9 my ?\ght drawn away 7ab/raho7 ! color f ! sub/ance to :i* x belongs1 f all sub/ance1 & x /&s =? by itself a pure conception1 an ab/raction1 hav+1 z su*1 no exi/5ce save 9 my m9d1 b !re x does exi/ a def9ite object ( contemplation4 ,! =m ( m5tal activity n[ describ$1 ,i %\ld call ab/raction4 ,x is n necess>y1 p]haps1 to assign x a place z a di/9ct faculty ( ! m9d4 ,x is1 9 reality1 a "p1 & an important "p1 ( ! syn!tic process already describ$4 ,b x is n ! :ole ( t process1 & ! t]m ab/raction %\ld n1 !re=e1 9 /rict propriety1 at lea/ z n[ def9$1 be appli$ z a g5]al t]m to designate t class ( m5tal op]ations4 ,! syn!tic process involves some?+ m ?an m]e ab/raction2 viz43 ,,ii4 ,,classification ,,z ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,g5]alization4 ,classification4--,:5 ! g5]al idea or conception has be5 =m$ 9 ! m9d1 we proce$ to br+ toge!r & arrange1 on ! basis ( t g5]al conception1 :atev] individual objects seem to u to fall "u t g5]al rule4 ,?is we call classification4 ,?us1 =m+ fir/ ! ab/ract1 or g5]al conception r$1 we br+ toge!r 9 our ?\ght a v>iety ( objects to :i* ?is conception is applicable1 z r$ horses1 r$ fl[]s1 r$ books1 r$ tables1 etc41 etc41 ?us =m+ classes ( objects on ! gr\nd ( ?is common prop]ty4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 classification & g5]alization1 9 s f> z !y are n synonym\s1 ,i take to be simply ?is1 t 9 ! =m] we gr\p & arrange objects accord+ to no g5]al law1 b m]e appe>ance or resemblance1 (t51 !re=e1 on fanciful or arbitr>y gr\nds :ile 9 ! latt] case1 we proce$ accord+ to "s g5]al & sci5tific pr9ciple or law ( classification1 mak+ only ^? di/9ctions ! basis ( our arrangem5t :i* are f\nd$ 9 nature1 & are at once inv>iable & ess5tial4 ,,iii4 ,,judgm5t ,,z ,,relat$ ,,to ,,classification4 ,judgm5t4--,we h already spok5 ( t specific process by :i*1 hav+ =m$ a giv5 conception1 or a giv5 rule1 we br+ ! individual objects ( p]ception & ?\ght "u t rule1 or reject !m f x1 accord+ z !y agree or disagree ) ! conception we h =m$4 ,! process itself we h call$ classification4 ,! m5tal activity ?us employ$ is te*nically t]m$ judgm5t--! p[] ( subsum+1 "u a giv5 notion or conception1 ! p>ticul> objects :i* prop]ly belong !re4 ,?us1 ! botani/1 z he meets ) new plants1 & ! orni?ologi/1 z he discov]s new v>ieties ( birds1 ref]s !m at once to ! family1 ! g5us1 ! species to :i* !y belong4 ,8 m9d runs ov] ! g5]ic types ( ! sev]al classes & ord]s into :i* all plants & birds are divid$1 he p]ceives t 8 new specim5 answ]s to ! *>act]i/ic features ( "o ( ^! families1 or classes1 & n to ^? ( ! o!rs1 & he accord+ly assigns x a place "u "o1 & excludes x f ! re/4 ,s do+1 he ex]cises judgm5t4 ,all classification involves & dep5ds ^u ?is p[]2 closely view$1 ! action ( ! m9d1 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 am\nts simply to ?is1 ! p]ception ( agreem5t or disagreem5t betwe5 two objects ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! case suppos$1 ! g5us or species1 z describ$ by ^? :o h treat$ ( ! p>ticul> sci5ce1 is "o ( ! objects contemplat$2 ! next specim5 ( plant or bird1 z c>efully obs]v$ & /udi$1 is ! o!r4 ,^! two objects ( ?\ght are comp>$2 ! "o is p]ceiv$ to agree or n to agree ) ! o!r2 & on ! gr\nd ( ?is agreem5t or disagreem5t1 ! classification is made4 ,?is p]ception ( agreem5t 9 su* a case is an act ( judgm5t1 s call$4 ,n a di/9ct ,faculty4--,! =m ( m5tal activity n[ describ$1 is h>dly to be rank$ z a di/9ct faculty ( ! m9d1 al?\gh x has be5 n unfrequ5tly s treat$ by writ]s on m5tal sci5ce4 ,x ent]s m or less fully into all m5tal op]ations2 l consci\sness & att5tion1 x is1 to "s ext5t1 involv$ 9 ! ex]cise ( all ! faculties1 & _c1 !re=e1 be rank$1 ) propriety1 z cord9ate ) !m4 ,x is n conf9$ to ! inve/igations ( sci5ce1 b is an activity con/antly ex]cis$ by all m54 ,we h 9 our m9ds a multitude ( g5]al conceptions1 ! result ( previ\s obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,e mom5t "s new object pres5ts itself4 ,) ! quickness ( ?\ght1 we f9d its place among ! conceptions already 9 ! m9d3 x agrees ) ?is1 x is incompatible ) t1 x belongs ) ! "o1 x is exclud$ f ! o!r4 ,?is is ! =m ( mo/ ( our ?9k+2 inde$1 no small "p ( our m5tal activity consi/s 9 ?is p]ception ( agreem5ts & disagreem5ts1 & 9 ! ref]r+ ( "s p>ticul> object ( exp]i5ce1 "s individual conception1 to ! class or g5]al conception "u :i* x prop]ly belongs4 ,! expression ( su* a judgm5t is a proposition4 ,we ?9k 9 propositions1 :i* are only judgm5ts m5tally express$4 ,we disc\rse 9 propositions1 :i* are judgm5ts orally express$4 ,we _c frame a proposition :i* does n affirm1 or d5y1 or call 9 "q1 some?+ ( some?+4 ,judgm5t 9 relation to ,k4--,are judgm5t & k id5tical8 ,is all k only "s =m ( judgm5t8 ,s ,kant1 ,tissot1 & o!r writ]s ( t s*ool1 w\ld affirm4 ,judgm5t is ! pr9cipal op]ation ( ! m9d1 s9ce x is conc]n$ 9 all k prop]ly s call$4 ,all our kn[l$ges are judgm5ts4 ,to "k1 is to di/+ui%1 & to di/+ui%1 is at once to affirm1 & to d5y4 ,su* 0 also ,dr4 ,reid's doctr9e1 9 opposition to ,locke1 :o di/+ui%$ betwe5 k & judgm5t4 ,reid1 on ! contr>y1 reg>ds k z only "o class ( judgm5ts1 namely1 ^? ab\t :i* we are mo/ positive & c]ta94 ,accord+ to ?is view1 judgm5t seems to cov] ! :ole field ( m5tal activity4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton ?us reg>ds x4 ,we _c ev5 exp]i5ce a s5sation1 he ma9ta9s1 )\t ! m5tal affirmation or judgm5t t we are ?us & ?us affect$4 ,common ,spee* di/+ui%es !m4--,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t 9 common use !re is a di/9ction betwe5 kn[+ & judg+1 ! "o imply+ ! comp>ative c]ta9ty ( ! ?+ kn[n1 ! o!r imply+ "s room & gr\nd = d\bt1 ! exi/5ce ( op9ion & belief1 r ?an ( positive k4 ,! ^w itself1 bo? 9 its primitive signification1 & its d]ivation1 indicat+1 z x does1 ! decision by legal tribunal ( d\btful cases1 favors ?is usage4 ,t an ex]cise ( judgm5t is1 /rictly speak+1 involv$ 9 all k1 is1 nev]!less true1 s9ce1 to "k t a ?+ is ?us & ?us1 & n o!rwise1 is to di/+ui% x f o!r ?+s1 & t is to judge4 ,,iii4--,,hi/orical ,,sket*4 ,! ,reali/ & ,nom9ali/ ,controv]sy4 ,! ,"q at ,issue4--,no "q has be5 m e>ne/ly & ev5 m bitt]ly discuss$1 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophical inquiry1 ?an ! po9t at issue betwe5 ! ,reali/ & ,nom9ali/1 z to :at is ! precise object ( ?\ght :5 we =m an ab/ract g5]al conception4 ,:5 ,i use ! t]m man1 = example1 is x a m]e "n1 & no?+ m1 or is !re a real exi/5ce correspond+ to t "n1 or is x nei!r a m]e "n on ! "o h&1 nor1 on ! o!r1 a real exi/5ce1 b a conception ( my own m9d1 :i* is ! object ( ?\ght8 ,^! ?ree answ]s c be made1 ^! ?ree doctr9es held1 & ess5tially only ^! ?ree4 ,ea* has be5 actually ma9ta9$ ) great ability & acut5ess4 ,! names by :i* ! ?ree doctr9es are respectively designat$ are1 ,realism1 ,nom9alism1 & ,conceptualism4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,realism4--,( ^! doctr9es1 ! =m]1 ,realism1 0 ! fir/ to develop itself4 ,to say no?+ ( ! anci5ts1 we f9d traces ( x 9 mod]n philosophy1 z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem to h be5 ! preval5t doctr9e1 ?\gh n cle>ly & %>ply def9$2 a belief1 z ,tissot has well express$ x1 spontane\s1 bl9d1 & )\t self-consci\sness4 ,john ,scotus ,erig5a1 & ,/4 ,anselm1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 bo? philosoph]s ( note1 toge!r ) _m o!rs ( less di/9ction1 9 ! n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? c5turies1 7 prom95t ,reali/s4 ,! ,platonic view may1 9 fact1 be said to h prevail$ d[n to t p]iod4 ,! e>ly fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7 /rongly t+$ ) ,platonism1 & ! ,reali/ic !ory accord+ly v naturally engraft$ itself ^u ! philosophy ( ! middle ages4 ,! logical & ! ontological1 exi/5ce z m]e ?\ght ( ! m9d1 & exi/5ce z reality1 7 n di/+ui%$ by ! lead+ m9ds ( ^? c5turies4 ,! reality ( ! ?\ght z ?\ght1 & ! reality ( an actual exi/5ce1 correspond+ to t ?\ght1 7 conf\nd$ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,z ! rose ( :i* ,i conceive has exi/5ce ap>t f my conception1 s man1 plant1 tree1 animal1 are realities1 & n m]e conceptions ( ! m9d4 ,rise ( ,nom9alism4--,x 0 n till ne>ly ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury1 t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! opposite doctr9e 0 di/9ctly made1 9 opposition to ! preval5t views4 ,?is 0 done by ,roscel9us1 :o ma9ta9$ t univ]sal & g5]al ideas h no objective reality2 t ! only reality is t ( ! individuals compris$ "u ^! g5]a2 t !re are no su* exi/5ces z man1 animal1 beauty1 virtue1 etc42 t g5]ality is only a pure =m giv5 by ! m9d to ! matt] ( its ideas1 a pure ab/raction1 a m]e "n4 ,9 ?is we h ! opposite extreme ( ,realism4 ,if ! ,reali/ w5t too f> 9 affirm+ ! objective reality ( 8 conception1 ! ,nom9ali/ err$ on ! o!r 9 ov]look+ its subjective reality z a mode or /ate ( ! m9d1 & r$uc+ x to a m]e "n4 ,dispute becomes !ological4--,! dispute n[1 un=tunately1 b almo/ inevitably1 became !ological4 ,! ,reali/ accus$ ! ,nom9ali/ ( virtually d5y+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 inasmu* z1 accord+ to him1 ! idea ( ,tr9ity is only an ab/raction1 & !re is no ,be+ correspond+ to t idea4 ,to ?is1 ,roscel9us repli$1 ) at lea/ equal =ce & tru?1 t on ! same gr\nd ! ,reali/ d5i$ ! doctr9e ( div9e unity1 by hold+ a doctr9e utt]ly incompatible ) x4 ,roscel9us1 h[ev] 0 defeat$1 if n 9 argum5t1 at lea/ by numb]s & au?ority1 & 0 condemn$ by c\ncil at ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,rise ( ,conceptualism4--,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 t ,abel>d1 pupil ( ,roscel9us1 propos$ a modifi$ view ( ! matt]1 avoid+ ! extreme position bo? ( ! ,reali/ & ! ,nom9ali/ p>ty1 & all[+ ! subjective1 b n ! objective reality1 ( g5]al ideas4 ,?is is sub/antially ! doctr9e ( ,conceptualism4 ,! g5]al ab/ract idea ( man1 rose1 m\nta91 etc41 has inde$ no exi/5ce or reality z an ext]nal object1 nor is !re among ext]nal objects any ?+ correspond+ to ?is idea2 b x has1 nev]!less1 a reality & exi/5ce z a ?\ght1 a conception ( my m9d4 ,preval5ce ( ,realism dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? ,c5turies4--,! doctr9e1 z ?us modifi$1 ga9$ "s preval5ce1 b 0 condemn$ by successive c\ncils & by ! ,pope4 ,su/a9$ by su* au?ority1 z well z by ! names ( m5 greatly di/+ui%$ = le>n+ & philosophy1 ,realism prevail$ ov] its antagoni/s dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? & ! :ole ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! f\rte5? witness$ aga9 ! rise & spread ( ! ,conceptuali/ !ory1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,occam4 ,! dispute 0 bitt]1 lead+ to /rife & ev5 blood4 ,lat] ,hi/ory ( ! ,discussion4--,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d ,hobbes1 ,hume1 & ,b]kley advocat+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,nom9ali/s1 :ile ,price ma9ta9s ! side ( ,realism4 ,locke & ,reid 7 ,conceptuali/s1 ,/ew>t a ,nom9ali/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,analytic ,,process--,,reason+4 ,relation to ! ,syn!tic ,process4--,we h ?us f> consid]$ t =m or process ( ! reflective faculty1 by :i* we comb9e ! elem5ts ( individual complex conceptions1 to =m g5]al conceptions & classes1 on ! basis ( p]ceiv$ agreem5ts & diff]5ces4 ,?is we h t]m$ ! syn!tic process4 ,! divisive or analytic process rema9s to be consid]$4 ,?is1 z ! "n d5otes1 is1 s f> z reg>ds ! me?od ( proc$ure1 ! opposite ( ! =m]4 ,we no long] put toge!r1 b take ap>t1 no long] comb9e ! _m to =m "o1 b f ! g5]al complex :ole1 z already =m$ & ann\nc$1 we evolve ! p>ticul> :i* lies includ$ 9 x4 ,?is process compreh5ds :at is g5]ally call$ analysis1 & also reason+4 ,9 discuss+ ?is mo/ important m5tal process1 we %all h occasion to treat m p>ticul>ly ( its nature1 its =ms1 & its modes4 ,i4--,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,process4 ,conceptions (t5 ,complex4--,x 0 rem>k$1 9 speak+ ( our conceptions1 t _m ( !m are complex4 ,my notion ( a table1 = example1 is t ( an object possess+ c]ta9 qualities1 z =m1 size1 weight1 color1 h>dness1 ea* ( :i* qualities is kn[n to me by a di/9ct act ( p]ception1 if n by a di/9ct s5se1 & ea* ( :i* is capable1 accord+ly1 ( be+ di/9ctly1 & by itself1 an object ( ?\ght or conception4 ,! und]/&+ comb9es ^! sev]al conceptions1 & ?us =ms ! complex notion ( a table4 ,! notion ?us =m$1 is nei!r m nor less ?an ! aggregate1 or comb9ation ( ! sev]al elem5t>y conceptions already indicat$4 ,:5 ,i am call$ on to def9e my complex conception1 ,i c only specify ^! sev]al elem5t>y notions :i* g to make up my idea ( ! table4 ,i c say x is an object r\nd1 or squ>e1 ( su* or su* magnitude1 t x is ( su* or su* mat]ial1 ( ?is or t color1 & design$ = su* & su* uses4 ,virtual ,analysis ( complex ,conceptions4--,n[ :5 ,i affirm t ! table is r\nd1 ,i /ate "o ( ! sev]al qualities ( ! object s call$1 "o ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! complex notion4 ,x is a p>tial analysis ( t complex conception4 ,i sep>ate f ! :ole1 "o ( its compon5t p>ts1 & !n affirm t x su/a9s ! relation ( a "p to ! compreh5sive :ole4 ,! sep>ation is a virtual analysis4 ,! affirmation is an act ( judgm5t express$ 9 ! =m ( a proposition4 ,e proposition is1 9 fact1 a species ( syn!sis1 & implies ! previ\s analysis ( ! conception1 or compreh5sive :ole1 ^: compon5t p>ts are ?us br\ght toge!r4 ,?us1 :5 ,i say sn[ is :ite1 man is mortal1 ! e>? is r\nd1 ,i simply affirm ( ! object designat$1 "o ( ! qualities :i* g to make up my conception ( t object4 ,e su* /atem5t or proposition involves an analysis ( ! complex conception :i* =ms ! subject ( ! proposition1 :ile ! ?+ pr$icat$ or affirm$ is1 t ! quality designat$--! result ( su* analysis--is "o ( ! p>ts con/itut+ t complex :ole4 ,reason+1 :at4--,reason+ is simply a s]ies ( su* propositions foll[+ 9 consecutive ord]1 9 :i* ?is analysis is c>ri$ out m or less m9utely4 ,?us1 :5 ,i affirm t man is mortal1 ,i resolve my complex notion ( man into its compon5t p>ts1 among :i* ,i f9d ! attribute ( mortality1 & ?is attribute ,i !n proce$ to affirm ( ! subject1 man4 ,i simply evolve1 & di/9ctly ann\nce1 :at 0 involv$ 9 ! t]m man4 ,b ?is t]m expresses n m]ely a complex1 b a g5]al notion4 ,resolv+ x z su* into its individual elem5ts1 ,i f9d x to compreh5d among ! re/1 a c]ta9 p]son1 ,socrates1 e4 g41 & ! result ( ?is analysis ,i /ate 9 ! proposition1 ,socrates is a man4 ,b on ! pr9ciple t :at is true ( a class mu/ be true ( ! individuals compos+ x1 x foll[s t ! mortality already pr$icat$ ( ! class1 man1 is an attribute ( ! individual1 ,socrates4 ,:5 ,i affirm1 !n1 t ,socrates is mortal1 ,i ann\nce1 9 reality1 only :at 0 virtually impli$ 9 ! fir/ proposition--man is mortal4 ,i h analyz$ ! complex g5]al conception1 man1 h f\nd involv$ 9 x ! p>ticul> conception1 mortal1 & ! individual conception1 ,socrates1 & by a subsequ5t syn!sis h br\ght toge!r ^! results 9 ! proposition1 ,socrates is mortal1 a proposition :i* su/a9s to ! affirmation1 man is mortal1 ! simple relation ( a "p to ! :ole4 ,reason+ & ,analysis1 h[ relat$4--,?is analytic process1 z appli$ to propositions1 = ! purpose ( evolv+ f a complex g5]al /atem5t1 :atev] is involv$ or virtually conta9$ 9 x1 is call$ reason+2 z appli$ n to propositions1 b to simple conceptions m]ely1 x is kn[n z simple analysis4 ,! psy*ological process is1 9 ei!r case1 "o & ! same4 ,illu/ration by ,dr4 ,br[n4--,dr4 ,br[n has well illu/rat$ ! nature ( ! reason+ process 9 its relation to ! g5]al proposition ) :i* we set out1 by ref]5ce to ! g]m enclos$ 9 ! bulb ( ! plant4 ,! tru?s at :i* we arrive1 by repeat$ intellectual analysis1 may be said to resemble ! premature plant :i* is to be f\nd enclos$ 9 t :i* is itself enclos$ 9 ! bulb1 or se$ :i* we dissect4 ,we mu/ c>ry on our dissection m & m m9utely to arrive at ea* new g]m2 b we d arrive at "o aft] ! o!r1 & :5 our dissection is oblig$ to /op1 we h reason to suppose t /ill f9] in/rum5ts1 & /ill f9] eyes1 might prosecute ! discov]y almo/ to inf9ity4 ,x is ! same 9 ! discov]y ( ! tru?s ( reason+4 ,! /age at :i* "o inquir] /ops is n ! limit ( analysis 9 ref]5ce to ! object1 b ! limit ( ! analytic p[] ( ! individual4 ,inquir] aft] inquir] discov]s tru?s :i* 7 involv$ 9 tru?s =m]ly admitt$ by u1 )\t our be+ able to p]ceive :at 0 compreh5d$ 9 our admission4444 ,!re may be races ( be+s1 at lea/ we c conceive ( races ( be+s1 ^: s5ses w\ld enable !m to p]ceive ! ultimate embryo plant enclos$ 9 its innum]able s]ies ( prec$+ g]ms2 & !re may1 p]haps1 be creat$ p[]s ( "s high] ord]1 z we "k t !re is "o ,et]nal ,p[]1 able to feel1 9 a s+le compreh5sive ?\ght1 all ^? tru?s1 ( :i* ! g5]ations ( mank9d are able1 by successive analyses1 to discov] only a few1 t are1 p]haps1 to ! great tru?s :i* !y conta91 only z ! fl[]1 :i* is blossom+ be=e u1 is to t inf9ity ( future blossoms envelop$ 9 x1 ) :i*1 9 ev] r5ovat$ beauty1 x is to adorn ! summ]s ( o!r ages4 ,inquiry sugge/$4--,b "h ! inquiry may arise4 ,h[ happ5s x t1 if ! reason+s :i* conduct to ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ important tru?s1 are b successive & cont9u$ analyses ( our previ\s conceptions1 we %\ld h admitt$ ^? prec$+ tru?s & conceptions )\t a suspicion ( ! results involv$ 9 !m8 ,! reason is probably to be f\nd1 z ,dr4 ,br[n sugge/s1 9 ! fact t 9 ! process ( g5]aliz+ we =m classes & ord]s be=e di/+ui%+ ! m9ut] v>ieties2 we are /ruck ) "s obvi\s po9ts ( agreem5t :i* lead u to give a common place & a common t]m to ! objects ( su* resemblance1 & ?is v circum/ance ( agreem5t :i* we p]ceive1 may involve o!r circum/ances :i* we d n at ! "t p]ceive1 b :i* are disclos$ on m9ute & subsequ5t att5tion4 ,x is z if we knew ! situations & be>+s ( all ! great cities 9 ,europe1 & c\ld lay d[n1 ) mo/ accurate precision1 _! longitude & latitude4 ,to "k ?us mu*1 is to "k t a c]ta9 space mu/ int]v5e betwe5 !m1 b x is n to "k :at t space conta9s4 ,! process ( reason+1 9 ! discov]ies :i* x gives1 is l t topographic inquiry :i* fills up ! int]vals ( our map1 plac+ "h a =e/1 !re a long ext5t ( pla9s1 & beyond !m a /ill long] range ( m\nta9s1 till we see1 at la/1 innum]able objects connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 t space :i* be=e pres5t$ to u only a few po9ts ( mutual be>+4 ,! ,position fur!r argu$ f ! ,nature ( ! ,syllogism4--,t all d$uctive reason+1 at lea/1 is ess5tially :at has n[ be5 describ$1 an analytic process1 is evid5t f ! fact t ! syllogism to :i* all su* argum5t may be r$uc$1 is bas$ ^u ! admitt$ pr9ciple t :atev] is true ( ! class1 is true ( all ! individuals compreh5d$ "u x4 ,some?+ is affirm$ ( a giv5 class2 an individual or individuals are !n affirm$ to belong to t class2 & on ! /r5g? ( ! pr9ciple j /at$1 x is !reupon affirm$ t :at 0 pr$icat$ ( ! class is also true ( ! individual4 ,no?+ c be pla9] ?an t 9 ?is process we are work+ f ! giv5 :ole to ! compreh5d$ p>ts1 f ! complex conception /at$ at ! outset1 to ! tru?s t lie hidd5 & involv$ 9 x4 ,9 o!r words1 x is a process ( analysis :i* we ?us p]=m1 & z all reason+1 :5 sci5tifically /at$1 is br\ght "u ?is =m1 x foll[s t all reason+ is ess5tially analytic 9 its nature4 ,inductive ,reason+ no ,exception4--,x may be suppos$ t ! inductive me?od ( reason+ is an exception to ?is rule1 inasmu* z we proce$1 9 t case1 n f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 b ! rev]se4 ,:atev] may be true ( d$uction1 is n induction ess5tially a syn!tic process8 ,s x might1 at fir/1 appe>4 ,i h obs]v$1 = example1 t sev]al animals ( a p>ticul> species1 %eep1 = in/ance1 *ew ! cud4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ?is 9 sev]al in/ances1 ,i pres5tly conclude t ! same is true ( ! :ole class to :i* ^! sev]al individuals belong1 9 o!r words1 t all %eep are rum9ant4 ,ext5d+ my obs]vation fur!r1 ,i f9d o!r species ( animals likewise *ew+ ! cud4 ,i obs]ve1 moreov]1 t e animal1 possess+ ?is *>act]i/ic1 is di/+ui%$ by ! circum/ance ( hav+ horns & clov5 ho(s2 ,i f9d1 s f> z my obs]vation goes1 ! two ?+s always associat$1 & h5ce am l$1 on obs]v+ ! "o1 imm$iately to inf] ! o!r4 ,! proposition t 0 at ! outset p>ticul>1 n[ becomes g5]al1 viz41 all animals t h horns & clov5 ho(s are rum9ant4 ,is ! conclusion at :i* ,i ?us arrive1 involv$ 9 ! premiss ) :i* ,i />t8 ,is ! fact t all horn$ & clov5-foot$ animals are rum9ant1 impli$ & conta9$ 9 ! fact t "s horn$ & clov5-foot$ animals1 t is1 s _m z ,i h obs]v$1 are s8 ,ev5 "h ! ,evid5ce ( ! ,conclusion lies 9 ! ,premiss4--,a little reflection w conv9ce u t ^! que/ions are to be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,if ! conclusion be itself correct & true1 !n x is a tru? involv$ 9 ! previ\s proposition2 = :atev] evid5ce ,i h ( ! tru? ( my conclusion1 t all animals ( ?is sort are rum9ant1 is manife/ly d]iv$ f1 & !re=e conta9$ 91 ! fact t su* z ,i h obs]v$ are s4 ,i h no o!r evid5ce 9 ! case suppos$4 ,if ?is evid5ce is insuffici5t1 !n ! conclusion is n e/abli%$4 ,if x be suffici5t1 !n ! conclusion :i* x e/abli%es1 is d]iv$ f & involv$ 9 x4 ,! argum5t fully & sci5tifically /at$1 runs ?us3 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 animals obs]v$1 are rum9ant4 ,b ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 repres5t ! class ,z to :i* !y belong4 ,!re=e1 class ,z is rum9ant4 ,admitt+ n[ ! correctness ( my obs]vation 9 respect to ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 t !y are rum9ant1 ! argum5t turns entirely ^u ! second proposition t ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 repres5t ! class ,z1 s t :at is true ( !m 9 ?is respect1 is true ( ! :ole class4 ,if ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 d repres5t ! class ,z1 !n to say t ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 are rum9ant1 is to say t ,z is s4 ,! "o is conta9$ 9 ! o!r4 ,if !y d n1 !n ! conclusion is itself gr\ndless1 & !re is no occasion to inquire 9 :at x is conta9$1 or :e!r x is conta9$ 9 any ?+4 ,x is no long] a valid argum5t & !re=e _c be br\ght 9 evid5ce t "s reason+ is n analytic4 ,:at sort ( ,propositions con/itute ,reason+4--,x is h>dly necess>y to /ate t n any & e s]ies ( propositions con/itute reason+4 ,! propositions mu/ be consecutive1 foll[+ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & n only s1 b mu/ be 9 su* a mann] connect$ ) & relat$ to ea* o!r1 t ! tru? ( ! f9al proposition %all be manife/ f ! propositions :i* prec$e4 ,to affirm t sn[ is :ite1 t gold is m valuable ?an silv]1 & t virtue is ! only sure road to happ9ess1 is to /ate a s]ies ( propositions1 ea* "o ( :i* is true1 b :i* h no su* relation to ea* o!r z to con/itute an argum5t4 ,! tru? ( ! la/ proposition does n foll[ f ! tru? ( ! prec$+ ones4 ,,ii4--,,relation ,,( ,,judgm5t ,,& ,,reason+4 ,judgm5t ,syn!tic1 ,reason+ ,analytic4--,! relation ( judgm5t & reason+ to ea* o!r becomes evid5t f :at has be5 said ( ! nature ( ! reason+ process4 ,judgm5t is ess5tially syn!tic4 ,reason+1 ess5tially analytic4 ,! =m] comb9es1 affirms "o ?+ to be true ( ano!r2 ! latt] divides1 decl>es "o tru? to be conta9$ 9 ano!r4 ,all reason+ involves judgm5t1 b all judgm5t is n reason+4 ,! sev]al propositions t con/itute a *a9 ( reason+1 are s _m di/9ct judgm5ts4 ,reason+ is ! evolution or d]ivation ( "o ( ^! judgm5ts1 viz41 ! conclusion1 f ano!r1 viz41 ! premiss4 ,x is ! process by :i* we arrive at "s ( our judgm5ts4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t's ,view4--,reason+ is frequ5tly def9$ z a comb9ation ( judgm5ts1 9 ord] to rea* a result n o!rwise obvi\s4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t comp>es our sev]al judgm5ts to ! sep>ate blocks ( /one :i* ! build] has prep>$1 & :i* lie ^u ! gr\nd1 ^u any "o ( :i* a p]son may elevate himself a slight di/ance f ! gr\nd2 :ile ^! same judgm5ts1 comb9$ 9 a process ( reason+1 he lik5s to ^? same blocks conv]t$ n[1 by ! build]'s art1 into a gr& /aircase lead+ to ! summit ( "s l(ty t[]4 ,x is a simple comb9ation ( sep>ate judgm5ts1 nor is !re any ?+ 9 ! la/ /ep ( ! s]ies diff]+ at all 9 its nature1 says ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 f ! fir/ /ep4 ,ea* /ep is precisely l e o!r1 & ! process ( rea*+ ! top is simply a repetition ( ! act by :i* ! fir/ /ep is rea*$4 ,?is ,view call$ 9 ,"q4--,x is evid5t t ?is position is n 9 accordance ) ! g5]al view :i* we h ma9ta9$ ( ! nature ( ! reason+ process4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 reason+ is n s mu* a comb9ation z an analysis ( judgm5ts2 nor is ! la/ ( ! sev]al propositions 9 a *a9 ( argum5t ( ! same nature precisely z ! fir/4 ,x is1 l ! fir/1 a judgm5t1 b unlike ! fir/1 x is a p>ticul> sort ( judgm5t1 viz41 an inf]5ce or conclusion1 a judgm5t involv$ 9 & d]iv$ f ! =m]4 ,9 ! s]ies ( propositions1 ,a is ,b1 ,b is ,c1 !re=e ,a is ,c1 ! act ( m9d by :i* ,i p]ceive t ,a is ,b1 or t ,b is ,c1 is n ( ! same nature ) t by :i* ,i p]ceive ! consequ5t tru? t ,a is ,c2 no m]e repetition ( ! =m] act w\ld am\nt to ! latt]4 ,!re is a new sort ( judgm5t 9 ! latt] case1 a d$uction f ! =m]4 ,9 ord] to rea* x1 ,i mu/ n m]ely p]ceive t ,a is ,b1 & t ,b is ,c1 b mu/ also p]ceive ! connection ( ! two propositions1 & :at is involv$ 9 !m4 ,x is only by br++ toge!r 9 ! m9d ^! two propositions1 t ,i p]ceive ! new tru?1 n o!rwise obvi\s1 t ,a is ,c1 & ! /ate or act ( m9d involv$ 9 ?is latt] /ep seems to me a diff]5t "o f t by :i* ,i rea* ! =m] judgm5ts4 ,,iii4--,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,reason+4 ,two ,k9ds ( ,tru?4--,! mo/ natural division is t accord+ to ! subject-matt]1 or ! mat]ials ( ! "w4 ,! tru?s :i* con/itute ! mat]ial ( our reason+ process are ( two k9ds1 necess>y1 & cont+5t4 ,t two /raight l9es _c enclose a space1 t ! :ole is great] ?an any "o ( its p>ts1 are examples ( ! =m]4 ,t ! e>? is an oblate sph]oid1 moves 9 an elliptical orbit1 & is att5d$ by "o satellite1 are examples ( ! latt]4 ,! ,diff]5ce lies 9 :at4--,! diff]5ce is n t "o is any less c]ta9 ?an ! o!r1 b ( ! "o y _c conceive ! opposite1 ( ! o!r y c4 ,t ?ree times ?ree are n9e1 is no m true & c]ta91 ?an t ,cs> invad$ ,brita91 or t ! sun w rise to-morr[ a few m9utes e>li] or lat] ?an to-day4 ,b ! "o admits ( ! contr>y supposition )\t absurdity1 ! o!r does n2 ! "o is cont+5t1 ! o!r necess>y4 ,n[ ^! two classes ( tru?s1 diff]+ z !y d1 9 ?is important p>ticul>1 admit (1 & require1 v diff]5t me?ods ( reason+4 ,! "o class is susceptible ( demon/ration1 ! o!r admits only t species ( reason+ call$ probable or moral4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev] t :5 we ?us speak we d n mean t ?is latt] class ( tru?s is defici5t 9 pro(2 ! ^w probable is n1 z ?us us$1 oppos$ to c]ta9ty1 b only to demon/ration4 ,t !re is su* a city z ,rome1 or ,london1 is j z c]ta9 z t ! sev]al angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r-angles2 b ! evid5ce :i* sub/antiates ! "o is ( a v diff]5t nature f t ( ! o!r4 ,! "o c be demon/rat$1 ! o!r _c4 ,! "o is an et]nal & necess>y tru?1 subject to no cont+5ce1 no possibility ( ! opposite4 ,! o!r is ( ! nature ( an ev5t tak+ place 9 "t1 & dep5d5t on ! w ( man1 & might1 )\t any absurdity1 be suppos$ n to be z x is4 ,i4 ,,demon/rative ,,reason+4 ,field ( ,demon/rative ,reason+4--,its field1 z we h se51 is necess>y tru?4 ,x is limit$1 !re=e1 9 its range1 takes 9 only ?+s ab/ract1 conceptions r ?an realities1 ! relations ( ?+s r ?an ?+s !mselves1 z exi/5ces4 ,x is conf9$ pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 to ma!matical tru?s4 ,no degrees ( ,evid5ce4--,!re are no degrees ( evid5ce or c]ta9ty 9 tru?s ( ?is nature4 ,e /ep foll[s irresi/ibly f ! prec$+4 ,e conclusion is inevitable4 ,"o demon/ration is z good z ano!r1 s f> z reg>ds ! c]ta9ty ( ! conclusion1 & "o is z good z a ?\s&4 ,x is q o!rwise 9 probable reason+4 ,two ,modes ( ,proc$ure4--,9 demon/ration1 we may proce$ directly1 or indirectly2 z1 e4 g41 9 case ( two triangles to be prov$ equal4 ,i may1 by sup]-position1 prove ?is directly2 or ,i may suppose !m unequal1 & proce$ to %[ ! absurdity ( su* a supposition2 or ,i may make a numb] ( suppositions1 "o or ! o!r ( :i* mu/ be true1 & !n %[ t all b ! "o :i* ,i wi% to e/abli% are false4 ,=ce ( ,ma!matical reason+4--,! "q arises :5ce ! peculi> =ce ( ma!matical1 9 di/9ction f o!r reason+8--a fact obs]v$ by e "o1 b n easily expla9$3 h[ happ5s ?is1 & on :at does x dep5d1 ?is irresi/ible cog5cy :i* compels our ass5t8 ,is x ow+ to ! pa9s tak5 to def9e ! t]ms employ$1 & ! /rict adh]5ce to ^? def9itions8 ,i ?9k n2 = o!r sci5ces approximate to ma!matics 9 ?is1 b n to ! cog5cy ( its reason+4 ,! explanation giv5 by ,/ew>t is c]ta9ly plausible4 ,he ascribes ! peculi> =ce ( demon/rative reason+ to ! fact1 t ! fir/ pr9ciples f :i* x sets out1 i4 e41 its def9itions1 are purely hypo!tical1 involv+ no basis or admixture ( facts1 & t by simply reason+ /rictly ^u ^! assum$ hypo!ses ! conclusions foll[ irresi/ibly4 ,! same ?+ w\ld happ5 9 any o!r sci5ce1 c\ld we 7z we _c7 con/ruct our def9itions to suit ourselves1 in/ead ( proce$+ ^u facts z our data4 ,! same view is ably ma9ta9$ by o!r writ]s4 ,if ?is be s1 ! sup]ior c]ta9ty ( ma!matical1 ov] all o!r modes ( reason+1 if x does n q vani%1 becomes ( mu* less consequ5ce ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,its tru?s are necess>y 9 no o!r s5se ?an t c]ta9 def9itions be+ assum$1 c]ta9 suppositions made1 !n ! c]ta9 o!r ?+s foll[1 :i* is no m ?an may be said ( any sci5ce4 ,confirmation ( ?is ,view4--,x may be argu$1 z a confirmation ( ?is view1 t :5ev] ma!matical reason+ comes to be appli$ to sci5ces involv+ facts ei!r z ! data1 or z objects ( inve/igation1 :]e x is no long] possible to proce$ entirely ^u hypo!sis1 z1 e4 g41 :5 y apply x to me*anics1 physics1 a/ronomy1 practical geometry1 etc41 !n x ceases to be demon/rative1 & becomes m]ely probable reason+4 ,ma!matical reason+ suppos$ by "s to be id5tical4--,x has be5 mu* discuss$ :e!r all ma!matical reason+ is m]ely id5tical1 ass]t+1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an t aa2 t a giv5 ?+ is equival5t to itself1 capable ( be+ resolv$ at la/ into m]ely ?is4 ,?is view has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,leibnitz1 himself "o ( ! greate/ ma!maticians1 & by _m o!rs4 ,x 0 = a long "t ! preval5t doctr9e on ! ,cont95t4 ,condillac applies ! same to all reason+1 & ,hobbes seems to h _h a simil> view1 i4 e41 t all reason+ is only s mu* addition or subtraction4 ,aga9/ ?is view ,/ew>t cont5ds t ev5 if ! propositions !mselves might be repres5t$ by ! =mula aa1 x does n foll[ t ! v>i\s /eps ( reason+ lead+ to ! conclusion am\nt m]ely to t4 ,a pap] writt5 9 ciph] may be said to be id5tical ) ! same pap] z int]pret$2 b ! evid5ce on :i* ! act ( deciph]+ proce$s1 am\nts to some?+ m ?an ! p]ception ( id5tity4 ,& fur!r1 he d5ies t ! propositions are id5tical1 e4 g41 ev5 ! simple proposition #bbd4 #bb express "o set ( quantities1 & #d expresses ano!r1 & ! proposition t ass]ts _! equival5ce is n id5tical2 x is n say+ t ! same quantity is equal to itself1 b t two diff]5t quantities are equival5t4 ,,ii4 ,,probable ,,reason+4 ,n oppos$ to ,c]ta9ty4--,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 z already /at$1 t ! probability n[ int5d$ is n oppos$ to c]ta9ty4 ,t ,cs> invad$ ,brita9 is c]ta91 b ! reason+ :i* goes to e/abli% x1 is only probable reason+1 because ! ?+ to be prov$ is an ev5t 9 hi/ory1 cont+5t !re=e1 & n capable ( demon/ration4 ,s\rces ( ,evid5ce4--,evid5ce ( ?is k9d ( tru?s is d]iv$ f ?ree s\rces3 #a4 ,te/imony2 #b4 ,exp]i5ce2 #c4 ,analogy4 #a4 ,evid5ce ( ,te/imony4 ,9 itself probable4--,?is is1 priori1 probable4 ,we are s con/itut$ z to be incl9$ to believe te/imony1 & x is only :5 ! incr$ibility ( ! witness has be5 asc]ta9$ by suffici5t evid5ce1 t we refuse our ass5t4 ,! *ild believes :atev] is told him4 ,! man1 long conv]sant ) human affairs1 becomes w>y1 cauti\s1 suspici\s1 incr$ul\s4 ,x is rem>k$ by ,reid t ! evid5ce ( te/imony does n dep5d altoge!r on ! "* ( ! witness4 ,if !re be no motive = deception1 especially if !re be weighty reasons :y he %\ld speak tru?1 or if ! n>rative be 9 itself probable & consi/5t1 & tallies ) circum/ances1 x is 9 su* cases to be receiv$ ev5 f ^? n ( unimpea*able integrity4 ,limits ( ,belief4--,:at are ! limits ( belief 9 te/imony8 ,suppose ! "* ( witnesses to be good1 ! n>rative self-consi/5t1 ! te/imony concurr5t ( v>i\s witnesses1 explicit1 positive1 full1 no motive = deception2 are we to believe 9 t case :atev] may be te/ifi$8 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 we d 9 fact believe 9 su* cases2 we are s con/itut$4 ,su* is ! law ( our nature4 ,nor c x be %[n irrational to yield su* ass5t4 ,x has be5 %[n by an em95t ma!matician t x is always possible to assign a numb] ( indep5d5t witnesses1 s great t ! falsity ( _! concurr5t te/imony %all be ma!matically m improbable1 & s m incr$ible1 ?an ! tru? ( _! /atem5t1 be x :at x may4 ,case suppos$4--,suppose a consid]able numb] ( m5 ( und\bt$ v]acity1 %\ld1 )\t conc]t1 & agree+ 9 ! ma9 z to p>ticul>s1 all te/ify1 "o by "o1 t !y witness$1 on a giv5 day & h\r1 "s v /range occurr5ce1 z1 e4 g41 a ball ( fire1 or a =m ( angelic brightness1 hov]+ 9 ! air1 ov] ?is build+1 or any l unwont$ & inexplicable ph5om5on4 ,are we to )hold or yield our ass5t8 ,i reply1 if ! numb] ( witnesses is l>ge1 & ! te/imony concurr5t1 & )\t conc]t1 & no motive exi/s = deception1 & !y are m5 ( kn[n integrity1 especially if !y are sane & sob] m51 n easily impos$ ^u1 ,i see n h[ we c reasonably )hold ass5t4 ,_! te/imony is to be tak5 z true te/imony1 i4 e41 !y did really witness ! ph5om5on describ$4 ,! pro( becomes /rong] or weak] 9 proportion z ! circum/ances n[ m5tion$ coexi/ to a great] or less ext5t1 i4 e441 9 proportion z !re are m or few] ( ^! concurr+ & corroborat+ circum/ances4 ,if !re 0 b a s+le witness1 or if a numb] ( ! witnesses 7 n ( ! be/ "*1 or if !re 7 "s possible motive = deception1 or if !y 7 n altoge!r agre$ z to important features ( ! case1 s f> ! te/imony w\ld ( c\rse be weak5$4 ,b we may always suppose a case s /rong t ! falsity ( ! witnesses w\ld be a great] miracle ?an ! tru? ( ! /ory4 ,?is is ! case ) ! te/imony ( ! witnesses to our ,savi\r's miracles4 ,di/9ction to be made4--,an important di/9ction is "h to be notic$ betwe5 ! falsity1 & ! incorrectness1 ( ! witness1 betwe5 8 int5tion to deceive1 & 8 be+ himself deceiv$4 ,he may h se5 precisely :at he describes2 he may be mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ x to h be5 an angel1 or a _s1 or a ball ( fire4 ,j z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 illusions ( s5se--an o> 9 ! wat]--! eye correctly reports :at x sees1 b ! judgm5t is 9 error1 9 ?9k+ ! o> to be crook$4 ,s ! witness may be true1 & ! te/imony true 9 ! case ( a suppos$ miracle or o!r /range ph5om5on2 ! appe>ance may h be5 j z /at$1 b ! "q may /ill be rais$1 7 ! witnesses correct1 9 _! inf]5ce1 or judgm5t1 z to :at 0 ! cause ( ! said appe>ance1 z to :at x 0 t !y saw or he>d8 ,?is mu/ be decid$ by ! rules t gov]n ! proce$+s ( s5sible m5 9 common affairs ( life4 #b4 ,reason+ f ,exp]i5ce4 ,induction z di/+ui%$ f ,d$uction4--,?is is call$ induction1 ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( :i*1 9 di/9ction f d$uctive reason+1 is t x beg9s ) individual cases1 & f !m inf]s a g5]al conclusion1 :]eas1 ! d$uctive me?od />ts ) a g5]al proposition1 & inf]s a p>ticul> "o4 ,f ! proposition all m5 are mortal1 ! syllogism inf]s t ,socrates is mortal4 ,f ! fact t ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 ,cs>1 ,cic]o1 & any numb] ( o!r individuals1 are mortal1 induction leads y to conclude t all m5 are s4 ,! premises "h are facts occurr+ )9 ! range ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & ! reason+ proce$s on ! pr9ciple ( ! g5]al uni=mity ( nature & h] laws4 ,induction1 !n1 is1 9 o!r words1 ! process ( inf]r+ t :at we "k to be true 9 c]ta9 obs]v$ cases is also true1 & w be f\nd to be true1 9 o!r l cases :i* h n fall5 "u our obs]vation4 ,basis ( ?is ,mode ( reason+4--,! gr\ndwork ( induction1 z ,i h already said1 is ! axiom or univ]sal proposition ( ! uni=mity ( nature4 ,take ?is away1 & all reason+ f induction or exp]i5ce fails at once4 ,?is is a tru? :i* ! human m9d is1 by its nature & con/itution1 always dispos$ to proce$ ^u4 ,x may n be embodi$ 9 ! %ape ( a def9ite proposition1 b x is tacitly assum$ & act$ ^u by all m54 ,h[ came we by ?is g5]al tru?4 ,is x intuitive8 ,s say ! disciples ( c]ta9 s*ools1 s says ,c\s91 & s say ! ,scot* metaphysicians1 & ! ,g]man4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 cont5d t x is itself an induction1 z truly z any o!r1 a tru? le>n$ f exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & by no means ! fir/1 b r among ! late/ ( our inductions4 ,)\t /opp+ to discuss ?is "q1 x is suffici5t = our purpose to notice ! fact1 t ?is simple tru? is univ]sally admitt$1 & con/itutes ! basis ( all reason+ f exp]i5ce4 ,incorrect ,mode ( ,/atem5t4--,! proposition is sometimes incorrectly /at$1 z1 e4 g41 t ! future w resemble ! pa/4 ,?is is n an adequate expression ( ! great tru? to :i* we ref]4 ,x is n t ! future m]ely w resemble ! pa/ m]ely1 b t ! unkn[n w resemble ! kn[n4 ,! idea ( "t is n prop]ly connect$ ) ! subject4 ,t :i* is unkn[n may lie 9 ! future1 x may lie 9 ! pres5t or ! pa/4 ,limits ( ?is ,belief4--,an important "q "h arises4 ,:at are ! limits1 if limits !re are1 to ?is belief ( ! uni=mity ( nature1 & to ! reason+ bas$ on t belief8 ,are we w>rant$1 9 all cases1 9 inf]r+ t ! unkn[n w be1 9 simil> circum/ances1 l ! kn[n--t :at we h f\nd to be true 9 five1 t51 or fifty cases1 & )\t exception1 w be univ]sally true8 ,we d reason ?us v g5]ally4 ,su* is ! t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 its nature4 ,is x correct proc$ure8 ,is x c]ta9 t our exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x be uni=m & unv>i$1 is ! univ]sal exp]i5ce8 ,if n1 if limits !re are to ?is me?od ( reason+1 :at are !y8 ,errone\s ,induction4--,! inhabitants ( ,siam h nev] se5 wat] 9 any o!r ?an a liquid or gase\s =m4 ,!y conclude t wat] is nev] solid4 ,! inhabitants ( c5tral ,africa may be suppos$ nev] to h se5 or he>d ( a :ite man4 ,!y inf] t all m5 are black4 ,are ^! correct inductions8 ,no2 = !y lead to false conclusions4 ,!y are built on insuffici5t f\ndations4 ,!re 0 n a suffici5tly wide obs]vation ( facts to ju/ify s wide a conclusion4 ,evid5tly1 we _c inf] f our own non-obs]vation ( exceptions1 t exceptions d n exi/4 ,we mu/ fir/ "k t if !re 7 exceptions we %\ld h kn[n !m4 ,9 bo? ! cases n[ suppos$1 ?is 0 ov]look$4 ,! ,african has only se5 m5 :o 7 natives ( ,africa4 ,!re may be 9 o!r c\ntries1 races t he has n se51 & has _h no opportunity to see4 ,! _w may be full ( exceptions to ?is g5]al rule1 & yet he n "k x4 ,correct induction 9 8 case w\ld be ?is3 ,i h se5 _m m51 natives ( c5tral ,africa1 & !y h all be5 black m51 )\t exception4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t all ! natives ( c5tral ,africa are black4 ,9 a ^w1 x is only "u l circum/ances t we c inf] ! uni=mity ( nature1 & s reason inductively f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,sup]/iti\s ,belief ( ! ,anci5ts4--,! t5d5cy ( m5 to believe 9 ! univ]sal p]man5ce ( nature1 &1 on t gr\nd1 to g5]alize f insuffici5t data1 is illu/rat$ 9 ! sup]/iti\s & widely preval5t idea among ! anci5ts1 & "s ( ! mod]ns also1 ( gr& cycles ( ev5ts ext5d+ bo? to ! natural & ! moral _w4 ,accord+ to ?is idea1 ! *anges ( ! atmosph]e1 & all o!r natural ph5om5a1 z obs]v$ at any "t1 w\ld1 aft] a p]iod1 return aga9 9 ! same ord] ( succession z be=e2 /orms1 & seasons1 & times1 be+ subject to "s regul> law4 ,x 0 suppos$1 9 fact1 t all ! ev5ts--to use ! language ( "o ( ^! !ori/s--)9 ! immeasurable circuit ( ! univ]se1 are ! successive evolutions ( an ext5d$ s]ies1 :i*1 at ! return ( "s va/ p]iod1 repeats its et]nal r\nd dur+ ! endless flux ( "t4 ,?is is a suffici5tly gr& induction1 />tl+ 9 its sweep & range ( ?\ght1 b requir+ = its data a some:at wid] obs]vation ( facts ?an c fall to ! lot ( %ort-liv$ & %ort-sight$ man1 dur+ ! few ye>s ( 8 n>r[ soj\rn1 & pilgrimage1 9 a _w l ?is4 #c4 ,reason+ f ,analogy4 ,mean+ ( ! t]m ,analogy4--,?is ^w1 analogy1 is us$ ) great v>iety ( mean+1 & ) mu* vagu5ess1 !re=e4 ,x prop]ly d5otes any sort ( resemblance1 :e!r ( relation or o!rwise2 & ! argum5t f analogy is an argum5t f resemblance1 an argum5t ( an inductive nature1 b n am\nt+ to complete induction4 ,a resembles ,b 9 c]ta9 respects2 !re=e x probably resembles x1 also1 9 a c]ta9 o!r respect3 su* is ! argum5t f analogy4 ,a resembles ,b 9 su* & su* prop]ties1 b ^! are always f\nd connect$ ) a c]ta9 o!r prop]ty2 !re=e ,a resembles ,b also 9 reg>d to t prop]ty3 su* is ! argum5t f induction4 ,e resemblance :i* c be po9t$ out betwe5 ,a & ,b creates a fur!r & increas$ probability t ! resemblance holds also 9 respect to ! prop]ty :i* is ! object ( inquiry4 ,if ! two resembl$ ea* o!r 9 all _! prop]ties1 !re w\ld be no long] any d\bt z to ?is "o1 b a positive c]ta9ty1 & ! m resemblances 9 o!r respects s mu* ! ne>] we come to c]ta9ty respect+ ! "o t happ5s to be 9 "q4 ,illu/ration ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,x 0 obs]v$ by ,newton1 t ! diamond possess$ a v high refractive p[] comp>$ ) its d5sity4 ,! same ?+ he knew to be true ( combu/ible sub/ances4 ,h5ce1 he conjectur$ t ! diamond 0 combu/ible4 ,he conjectur$ ! same ?+1 & = ! same reason1 ( wat]1 i4 e41 t x conta9s a combu/ible +r$i5t4 ,9 bo? in/ances1 he guess$ "r--reason+ f analogy4 ,fur!r ,illu/ration ( ,reason+ f ,analogy4--,reason+ f analogy1 ,i might inf] t ! moon is inhabit$1 ?us3 ,! e>? is inhabit$--l&1 sea1 & air1 are all occupi$ ) life4 ,b ! moon resembles ! e>? 9 figure1 relation to ! sun1 movem5t1 opacity1 etc42 moreov]1 x has volcanoes z ! e>? has2 !re=e1 x is probably l ! e>? 9 ?is o!r respect1 t ( be+ inhabit$4 ,to make ?is out by induction1 ,i mu/ %[ t ! moon n only resembles ! e>? 9 ^! sev]al respects1 b t ^! circum/ances are 9 o!r cases obs]v$ to be connect$ ) ! "o 9 "q2 ?us1 9 o!r cases1 bodies t are opaque1 sph]ical1 & mov+ 9 elliptical orbits1 are kn[n to be inhabit$4 ,! same ?+ is probably true !n 9 all cases1 & inasmu* z ! moon has ^! m>ks1 x is !re=e inhabit$4 ,c\nt] ,probability4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! po9ts ( dissimil>ity create a c\nt] probability1 z1 e4 g41 ! moon has no atmosph]e1 no cl\ds1 & !re=e no wat]2 b air & wat] are1 on our planet1 ess5tial to life2 ! presumption is1 !n1 look+ at ^! circum/ances m]ely1 t ! moon is un9habit$4 ,nay1 m3 if life exi/s1 !n x mu/ be "u v diff]5t conditions f ^? "u :i* x exi/s "h4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! great] ! resemblance 9 o!r respects betwe5 ! two planets1 ! less probability t !y diff] 9 ?is respect 7i4 e41 ! mode ( su/a9+ life71 s t ! resemblances already prov$1 become1 !mselves1 presumptions aga9/ ! supposition t ! moon is inhabit$4 ,am\nt ( ,probability4--,! analogy & div]sity1 :5 !y come ?us into competition & ! argum5ts f ! "o conflict ) ^? ( ! o!r1 mu/ be weigh$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! ext5t ( ! resemblance1 comp>$ ) ! ext5t ( ! diff]5ce1 gives ! am\nt ( probability on "o side or ! o!r1 s f> z ^! elem5ts are kn[n4 ,if any region lies unexplor$1 we c inf] no?+ ) c]ta9ty or probability z to t4 ,suppose !n1 t s f> z we h _h ! means ( obs]v+1 ! resemblances are to ! diff]5ces z f\r to "o2 we conclude ) a probability ( f\r to "o1 t any giv5 prop]ty ( ! "o w be f\nd to belong to ! o!r4 ,! *ances are f\r out ( five4 ,value ( ,analogical ,reason+4--,! *ief value ( analogy1 z reg>ds sci5ce1 h[ev]1 is z a guide to conjecture & to exp]im5t2 & ev5 a fa9t degree ( analogical evid5ce may be ( great s]vice 9 ?is way1 by direct+ fur!r inquiries into t *annel1 & s conduct+ to ev5tual probability1 or ev5 c]ta9ty4 ,x is well rem>k$ by ,/ew>t1 t ! t5d5cy ( our nature is s to reason f analogy1 t we naturally confide 9 x1 z we d 9 ! evid5ce ( te/imony4 ,liable to mislead4--,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t x is a species ( reason+ likely to mislead 9 _m cases4 ,its *ief value lies n 9 prov+ a position1 b 9 rebutt+ objections2 x is good1 n = assault1 b def5ce4 ,z ?us us$ x is a p[]ful weapon 9 ! h&s ( a skilful ma/]4 ,su* x 0 9 ,butl]'s h&s4 ,,iv4--,,use ,,( ,,hypo!ses ,,& ,,!ories ,,9 ,,reason+4 ,!ory1 :at4--,! t]ms hypo!sis & !ory are (t5 us$ int]*angeably & loosely4 ,confusion is ! result4 ,x is difficult to def9e !m accurately4 ,!ory 7f ! ,greek1 ,greek3 ,!ria2 ,lat91 !oria2 ,fr5*1 ?orie2 ,italian1 teoria2 f ,greek3 ,!re1 to p]ceive1 see1 contemplate7 d5otes prop]ly any philosophical explanation ( ph5om5a1 any connect$ arrangem5t & /atem5t ( facts accord+ to _! be>+ on "s real or imag9>y law4 ,! facts1 ! ph5om5a1 once kn[n1 prov$1 re/ on indep5d5t evid5ce4 ,!ory takes survey ( !m z su*1 ) special ref]5ce to ! law :i* gov]ns & connects !m1 :e!r t law be also kn[n or m]ely conjectur$4 ,hypo!sis1 :at4--,hypo!sis 7,greek3 hypo-ti?mi7 d5otes a gratuit\s supposition or conjecture1 9 ! abs5ce ( all positive k z to :at ! law is t gov]ns & connects ! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 or z to ! cause :i* w acc\nt = !m4 ,!ory may or may n be ,hypo!sis4--,hypo!sis is1 9 its nature1 conjectural1 & !re=e unc]ta92 has its degrees ( probability--no c]ta9ty4 ,! mom5t ! ?+ suppos$ is prov$ true1 or v]ifi$1 if x ev] is1 x ceases to be hypo!sis4 ,!ory1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,aft] ! law or ! cause is asc]ta9$1 fully kn[n1 & no long] a hypo!sis at all1 !re may be /ill a !ory ab\t x2 a survey ( ! facts & ph5om5a1 z !y /& affect$ by t law1 or z acc\nt$ = by t cause4 ,! motion ( ! planets 9 elliptical orbits1 0 orig9ally matt] ( conjecture1 ( hypo!sis4 ,x is /ill matt] ( !ory4 ,probability ( ,hypo!sis4--,! probability ( a hypo!sis is 9 proportion to ! numb] ( facts or ph5om5a1 9 ! giv5 case1 :i* x w satisfactorily expla91 9 o!r words1 acc\nt =4 ,( sev]al hypo!ses1 t is ! mo/ probable :i* w acc\nt = ! greate/ numb] ( ! giv5 ph5om5a--^? :i*1 if ! hypo!sis be true1 ought to fall "u x z _! law4 ,if x acc\nts = all ! ph5om5a 9 ! case1 x is g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+ e/abli%$ its claim to c]ta9ty4 ,s ,:ewell ma9ta9s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n exactly ! case4 ,! hypo!sis c be v]ifi$ only by %[+ t ! facts or ph5om5a 9 ! case _c possibly be acc\nt$ = on any o!r supposition1 or result f any o!r cause2 n simply t !y c be acc\nt$ =1 or c result f ?is4 ,?is is well /at$ by ,mill 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,philosophy4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! undulat+ movem5t ( a subtle & all-p]vad+ e!r w acc\nt = _m ( ! kn[n ph5om5a ( light2 b x has nev] be5 %[n1 & 9 ! nature ( ! case nev] c be1 probably1 t no o!r hypo!sis possible or supposable w also acc\nt = !m4 ,use ( ,hypo!ses4--,z to ! use ( hypo!ses 9 sci5ce1 ,reid's rem>ks are altoge!r too sweep+1 & q incorrect4 ,x is n true t hypo!ses lead to no valuable result 9 philosophy4 ,almo/ all discov]ies 7 at fir/ hypo!ses1 suppositions1 lucky guesses1 if y please to call !m s4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory t ! e>? revolves on its axis 0 a m]e hypo!sis at ! outset4 ,kepl]'s !ory ( ! elliptical orbits ( ! planets 0 su*2 he made & ab&on$ n9ete5 false ones be=e he hit ! "r4 ,?is discov]y l$ to ano!r--t planets describe equal areas 9 equal times4 ,newton nev] fram$ hypo!ses1 if we may believe him4 ,b 8 own gr& discov]y ( ! law ( gravity z ! c5tral =ce ( ! sy/em1 dep5ds = "o ( its /eps ( evid5ce on 8 previ\s discov]y t ! =ce ( attraction v>ies z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & ?is 0 sugge/$ by him at fir/ z a m]e hypo!sis2 he 0 able to v]ify x only by call+ 9 ! aid ( ,kepl]'s discov]y ( equal areas 9 equal times1 :i* latt]1 z already /at$1 0 itself ! result ( hypo!sis4 ,_h x n be5 = "o hypo!sis ( ,newton1 v]ifi$ by ! results ( ano!r hypo!sis ( ,kepl] ,newton c\ld nev] h made 8 own discov]y4 ,a hypo!sis1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is any supposition1 ) or )\t evid5ce1 made 9 ord] to d$uce f x conclusions agreeable to kn[n facts4 ,if we succe$ 9 do+ ?is1 we v]ify our hypo!sis 7unless1 inde$1 x c be %[n t "s o!r hypo!sis w equally well suit ^! facts71 & our hypo!sis1 :5 v]ifi$1 ceases to be long] a hypo!sis1 takes its place z kn[n tru?1 & 9 turn s]ves to expla9 ^? facts :i* w\ld1 on ! supposition ( its tru?1 foll[ f x z a cause4 ,x is simply a %ort-h& process ( arriv+ at conclusions 9 sci5ce4 ,suppose ! problem to be ! "o already nam$--to prove t ! c5tral =ce ( ! sol> sy/em is "o & ! same ) gravity4 ,n[ x may n be easy1 or ev5 possible 9 "s cases1 to e/abli% ! fir/ /ep or premiss 9 su* a *a9 ( reason+4 ,! inductions lead+ to x may n be =?com+4 ,hypo!sis /eps 9 & supplies ! defici5cy1 by sub/itut+ 9 place ( ! induction a supposition4 ,assum+ t di/ant bodies attract ea* o!r ) a p[] inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 x proce$s on t supposition1 & arrives at ! desir$ conclusion4 ,9 :at ,cases admissible4--,n[ ?is me?od is always all[able1 & /rictly sci5tific1 :5ev] x is possible to v]ify our hypo!sis1 i4 e41 9 e case 9 :i* x is possible to %[ t no law b ! "o assum$ c lead to ^! same results2 t no o!r hypo!sis c accord ) ! facts4 ,9 ! case suppos$1 x w\ld n be possible to prove t ! same movem5ts might n foll[ f "s o!r law ?an ! "o suppos$4 ,x is n c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! mov+ =ce ( ! sol> sy/em is id5tical ) gravitation1 m]ely because ! latt] w\ld1 if ext5d$ s f>1 produce ! same results4 ,9 _m o!r cases x is practicable2 inde$1 9 all cases :]e ! inquiry is n to asc]ta9 ! cause1 b1 ! cause be+ already kn[n1 to asc]ta9 ! law ( its action4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e ! inquiry is n ( ?is nature1 hypo!sis is ( use 9 ! sugge/ion ( future inve/igations1 &1 z su*1 is frequ5tly indisp5sable4 ,view ( ,mr4 ,mill4--,ne>ly e ?+ :i* is n[ !ory1 0 once hypo!sis1 says ,mill4 ,! process ( trac+ regul>ity 9 any complicat$1 &1 at fir/ sight1 confus$ set ( appe>ances1 is necess>ily t5tative3 we beg9 by mak+ any supposition1 ev5 a false "o1 to see :at consequ5ces w foll[ f x2 & by obs]v+ h[ ^! diff] f ! real ph5om5a we le>n :at corrections to make 9 our assumption4 ,! simple/ supposition :i* accords ) any ( ! mo/ obvi\s facts1 is ! be/ to beg9 )1 because its consequ5ces are ! mo/ easily trac$4 ,?is rude hypo!sis is !n rudely correct$1 & ! op]ation repeat$1 until ! d$uctive results are at la/ made to tally ) ! ph5om5a4 ,let any "o wat* ! mann] 9 :i* he himself unravels any complicat$ mass ( evid5ce2 let him obs]ve h[1 = in/ance1 he elicits ! true hi/ory ( any occurr5ce f ! involv$ /atem5ts ( "o or ( _m witnesses4 ,he w f9d t he does n take all ! items ( evid5ce into 8 m9d at once1 & attempt to weave !m toge!r2 ! human faculties are n equal to su* an und]tak+2 he extemporizes1 f a few ( ! p>ticul>s1 a fir/ rude !ory ( ! mode 9 :i* ! facts took place1 & !n looks at ! o!r /atem5ts1 "o by "o1 to try :e!r !y c be reconcil$ ) ! provisional !ory1 or :at corrections or additions x requires to make x squ>e ) !m4 ,9 ?is way1 :i*1 z ,m4 ,comte rem>ks1 has "s resemblance to ! me?ods ( approximation ( ma!maticians1 we arrive by means ( hypo!sis at conclusions n hypo!tical4 ,v4--,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,reason+4 ,x rema9s to treat briefly ( ! diff]5t =ms ( reason+1 z f\nd$ 9 ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,h[ f> ^! ,=ms fall )9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,psy*ology4--,z !re are diff]5t k9ds or modes ( reason+1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! subject-matt] or mat]ial ab\t :i* our reason+ is employ$1 s !re are c]ta9 g5]al =ms into :i* all reason+ may be ca/1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! laws ( ?\ght1 x naturally assumes4 ,to treat specifically ( ^! =ms1 _! nature1 use1 & value1 is ! bus9ess ( logic2 b1 9 s f> z !y dep5d ^u ! laws ( ?\ght1 & are m]ely modes ( m5tal activity z ex]cis$ 9 reason+1 !y are to be consid]$1 9 connection ) o!r ph5om5a ( ! m9d1 by ! psy*ologi/4 ,briefly to describe ^! =ms1 & !n to consid] _! value1 is all t ,i n[ propose4 ,i beg9 ) ! proposition1 z ! />t+ po9t 9 e process ( reason+4 ,i4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,proposition4 ,:at con/itutes a ,proposition4--,all reason+ deals ) propositions1 :i* are judgm5ts express$4 ,e proposition involves two di/9ct conceptions1 & expresses ! relation betwe5 !m2 affirms ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,z :5 ,i say1 ,sn[ is :ite1 ! conception ( sn[ is be=e my m9d1 & also ( :it5ess2 ,i p]ceive t ! latt] elem5t ent]s into my notion ( sn[1 & con/itutes "o ( ! qualities ( ! sub/ance s call$2 ,i affirm ! relation ( ! two1 accord+ly1 & ?is gives ! proposition enunciat$4 ,e proposition !n consi/s ( ^! sev]al p>ts1 a ^w or words express+ "s conception1 a ^w or words express+ "s o!r conception1 a ^w or words express+ ! relation ( ! two4 ,! words :i* designate ^! two conceptions are call$ ! t]ms ( ! proposition1 &1 accord+ to ! above analysis1 !re are1 9 e proposition1 always two t]ms4 ,t t]m or conception ( :i* some?+ is affirm$1 is call$ ! subject1 t :i* is affirm$ ( ! same1 ! pr$icate1 & ! ^w :i* expresses ! relation ( ! two1 ! copula4 ,9 ! above proposition1 sn[ is ! subject1 :ite1 ! pr$icate1 & is1 ! copula4 ,quality & ,quantity4--,propositions are di/+ui%$ z to quality & quantity4 ,! =m] has ref]5ce to ! affirmative or negative "* ( ! proposition1 ! latt] to its compreh5siv5ess4 ,e proposition is ei!r affirmative or negative1 :i* is call$ its quality4 ,z to quantity1 e proposition is ei!r univ]sal1 affirm+ some?+ ( ! :ole ( ! subject--z1 ,all m5 are mortal2 or else p>ticul>1 affirm+ some?+ ( only a "p ( ! subject--z1 ,"s tyrants are mis]able4 ,f\r k9ds ( categorical ,propositions4--,we h1 !n1 f\r k9ds ( categorical propositions1 viz41 univ]sal affirmative1 univ]sal negative1 p>ticul> affirmative1 p>ticul> negative4 ,t is1 ) ! same subject & pr$icate1 x is always possible to /ate f\r di/9ct propositions2 z1 e ,a is ,b1 no ,a is ,b1 "s ,a is ,b1 "s ,a is n ,b4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 logicians designate ^! diff]5t k9ds ( propositions sev]ally by ! lett]s ,a1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o4 ,propositions t ?us diff] 9 quantity & quality are said to be oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,( ^!1 ! two univ]sals1 ,a & ,e1 are call$ contr>ies2 ! two p>ticul>s1 ,i & ,o1 sub-contr>ies2 ! univ]sal affirmative1 & ! p>ticul> affirmative1 ,a & ,i1 also ! univ]sal negative & ! p>ticul> negative1 ,e & ,o1 are respectively subalt]ns2 :ile ! univ]sal affirmative & ! p>ticul> negative1 ,a & ,o1 z also ! univ]sal negative & p>ticul> affirmative1 ,e & ,i1 are contradictories4 ,rules ( ,opposition4--,! foll[+ rules w be f\nd univ]sally applicable to propositions z oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,if ! univ]sal is true1 s is ! p>ticul>4 ,if ! p>ticul> is false1 s is ! univ]sal4 ,contr>ies are nev] bo? true1 b may be bo? false4 ,sub-contr>ies are nev] bo? false1 b may be bo? true4 ,contradictories are nev] bo? true1 or bo? false1 b always "o is true1 ! o!r false4 ,! tru? ( ^! maxims w be evid5t on apply+ !m to any proposition & its opposites1 z = example1 to ! affirmation1 ,e man is mortal4 ,categorical & hypo!tical ,propositions4--,propositions may be fur!r di/+ui%$ z categorical or hypo!tical2 ! "o ass]t+ or d5y+ directly1 z1 e4 g41 ,! e>? is r\nd2 ! o!r conditionally1--z1 ,if ! e>? is r\nd1 x is n oblong4 ,pure1 & ,modal4--,! proposition1 moreov]1 may be ei!r pure or modal1 ! =m] ass]t+ or d5y+ )\t qualification1--z1 ,man is liable to err2 ! latt] qualify+ ! /atem5t1--z1 ,man is extremely or unque/ionably liable to err4 ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,syllogism4 ,proposition ! ,l9k1 ,syllogism ! ,*a94--,all reason+ admits ( be+ r$uc$ to ! =m ( a syllogism4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! proposition :i* =ms ! mat]ial or gr\ndwork ( e connect$ *a9 ( argum5t1 we are prep>$ n[ to exam9e ! syllogism1 or *a9 itself1 into :i* ! sev]al propositions1 z s _m l9ks1 are wr\ght4 ,syllogism def9$4--,a syllogism is an argum5t s express$ t ! conclusiv5ess ( x is manife/ f ! m]e =m ( expression4 ,:51 = example1 ,i affirm t all ,a is ,b1 t all ,b is ,c1 & t1 consequ5tly1 all ,a is ,c1 x is impossible t any "o :o is able to reason at all1 & :o compreh5ds ! =ce ( ^! sev]al propositions tak5 s+ly1 %\ld fail to p]ceive t ! conclusion foll[s inevitably f ! premises4 ,t :i* is affirm$1 may or may n be true1 b x is conclusive4 ,if ! premises are true1 s is ! conclusion2 b :e!r !y are true or n1 ! argum5t1 z su*1 is conclusive2 nay1 ev5 if !y are false1 ! conclusion may possibly be true4 ,= example1 ,e tyrant is a good man2 ,wa%+ton 0 a tyrant2 !re=e1 ,wa%+ton 0 a good man1 ,bo? ! premises are false1 b ! argum5t1 z reg>ds ! =m1 is valid1 & ! conclusion is n only correctly drawn1 b is1 moreov]1 a true proposition4 ,9 a ^w1 ! syllogism conc]ns itself n at all ) ! tru? or falsity ( ! ?+ /at$1 b only ) ! =m ( /at+1 & t =m mu/ be su*1 t ! premises be+ conc$$1 ! conclusion %all be obvi\s & inevitable4 ,all valid reason+ admits ( su* /atem5t4 ,composition ( a ,syllogism4--,e syllogism conta9s ?ree propositions1 ( :i* two /ate ! gr\nds or reasons1 & are call$ ! premises1 ! o!r /ates ! inf]5ce f ^? positions1 & is call$ ! conclusion4 ,^! ?ree propositions conta9 ?ree1 & only ?ree1 di/9ct t]ms1 ( :i* "o is common to bo? premises1 & is call$ ! middle t]m2 ! o!rs are ! extremes1 "o ( :i* is ! subject ( ! conclusion1 & is call$ ! m9or t]m2 ! o!r ! pr$icate ( ! conclusion1 & is call$ ! major t]m1 f ! fact t x d5otes ! class to :i* ! subject or m9or t]m belongs4 ,9 ! syllogism1--,e man is mortal2 ,socrates is a man2 !re=e1 ,socrates is mortal1--! ?ree t]ms are1 man1 mortal1 & ,socrates3 ( ^!1 ,socrates1 or ! subject ( ! conclusion1 is ! m9or2 mortal1 or ! pr$icate ( ! conclusion1 is ! major2 & man1 ) :i* bo? ! o!rs are comp>$1 is ! middle t]m4 ,major & m9or ,premiss4--,! premiss :i* conta9s ! major t]m1 & comp>es x ) ! middle1 is call$ ! major premiss2 t :i*1 9 l mann]1 comp>es ! m9or t]m ) ! middle1 is call$ ! m9or premiss4 ,9 ! syllogism already giv51 ',e man is mortal' is ! major premiss2 ',socrates is a man' is ! m9or premiss4 ,! ,ord] v>iable4--,! ord] ( ! t]ms 9 ! respective propositions1 & ev5 ! ord] ( ! propositions !mselves1 is n inv>iable1 b dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,9 ! above proposition1 x is immat]ial :e!r ,i say1 ,e man is mortal1 or1 ,mortal is e man2 x is immat]ial :e!r ,i /ate fir/ ! major or ! m9or premiss2 nay1 x is all[able ev5 to /ate ! conclusion fir/1 & !n ! gr\nds & reasons = ! same4 ,,iii4 ,,laws ,,( ,,syllogism4 ,! foll[+ rules or maxims w be f\nd applicable to all cases1 & may be reg>d$ z laws ( ! syllogism4 ,middle ,t]m unequivocal4--,! middle t]m mu/ n be equivocal4--,?is rule is violat$ 9 ! foll[+ syllogism4 ,no?+ is heavi] ?an lead2 fea!rs are heavi] ?an no?+2 !re=e1 fea!rs are heavi] ?an lead4 ,! middle t]m1 no?+1 is "h us$ 9 diff]5t s5ses 9 ! two premises4 ,middle ,t]m to be di/ribut$4--,ess5tially ! same ?+ occurs :5 ! middle t]m is n1 at lea/ once1 9 ! premises1 us$ 9 its mo/ complete & compreh5sive s5se1 or1 z ! logicians express x1 di/ribut$4 ,z1 = example1 :5 ,i say1 ,:ite is a color1 ! t]m color is n "h di/ribut$1 = x prop]ly includes _m ?+s besides :ite4 ,if n[ ,i introduce into ano!r proposition ! same t]m 9 a simil> mann]1 z ,black is a color1 ,i evid5tly include "u ! t]m1 z n[ us$1 "s "p ( ! class ( ?+s d5ot$ by ! g5]al ^w color1 :i* 0 n includ$ "u ! same t]m z fir/ us$4 ,! color :i* is affirm$ to agree ) black1 is n ! same color :i* is affirm$ to agree ) :ite4 ,! t]m1 9 fact1 d5otes "o ?+ 9 ! "o proposition1 & ano!r 9 ! o!r4 ,a syllogism ?us con/ruct$1 is invalid4 ,h5ce ! rule1 t ! middle t]m mu/ be di/ribut$1 or tak5 9 its complet5ess1 to include ! :ole class :i* x prop]ly d5otes1 at lea/ once 9 ! premises4 ,?is is done ei!r by mak+ x ! subject ( an affirmative1 or ! pr$icate ( a negative proposition2 z1 ,all m5 are mortal1 or1 ,no vice is useful4 ,"h ! t]m man 9 ! "o case1 & ! t]m useful 9 ! o!r1 are ea* di/ribut$ or tak5 9 _! complet5ess4 ,!re is no individual to :om ! t]m man c prop]ly be appli$1 :o is n includ$ 9 ! expression1 all m51 nor is !re any useful ?+ :i* is n "h d5i$ ( vice4 ,:at di/ribut$ 9 ! ,conclusion4--,on ! same pr9ciple1 no t]m mu/ be di/ribut$ 9 ! conclusion :i* 0 n di/ribut$ 9 "o ( ! premises4 ,?is rule is violat$ 9 ! foll[+ syllogism1 ,all birds are bip$s2 no man is a bird2 !re=e1 no man is a bip$4 ,"h ! t]m bip$1 9 ! major premiss1 is n tak5 9 its complet5ess1 s9ce _m creatures besides birds are bip$s4 ,birds are only "o sort ( bip$s4 ,9 ! conclusion1 h[ev]1 ! t]m bip$1 be+ ! pr$icate ( a negative proposition1 is di/ribut$1 ! :ole class ( bip$s is spok5 (1 & man is exclud$ f ! :ole class4 ,! syllogism is1 ( c\rse1 invalid4 ,law ( negative ,premiss4--,x is fur!r a law ( ! syllogism1 t f negative premises no?+ c be inf]r$4 ,also1 t if "o premiss is negative1 ! conclusion w be negative4 ,law ( p>ticul> ,premiss4--,f two p>ticul> premises no?+ foll[s1 b if "o premiss is p>ticul>1 ! conclusion w be s4 ,^! rules are too obvi\s1 & too easily v]ifi$1 to require illu/ration4 ,,iv4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,syllogism4 ,syllogisms diff]4--,we h m5tion$ z yet only ^? prop]ties ( ! syllogism :i* univ]sally belong to x4 ,!re are diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 :i* require to be notic$1 & :i* con/itute a di/9ction ( "s importance1 pres5t+1 9 fact1 two di/9ct k9ds ( syllogism4 ,two ,modes ( proc$ure4--,!re are manife/ly two entirely di/9ct modes ( proc$ure 9 reason+4 ,we may inf] f ! :ole to ! p>ts1 or f ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,! =m] is call$ d$uctive1 ! latt] inductive reason+4 ,! "o is precisely ! rev]se ( ! o!r 9 me?od ( proc$ure4 ,ea* is a p]fectly valid me?od ( reason+1 & ea* is1 9 itself1 a di/9ct & valid k9d ( syllogism4 ,ea* requires ! o!r4 ,! d$uctive is :olly dep5d5t on ! inductive = its major premiss1 :i* is only ! conclusion ( a previ\s induction1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! induction is valuable *iefly z prep>+ ! way = subsequ5t d$uction4 ,ea* has equal claims ) ! o!r to be reg>d$ z a di/9ct & indep5d5t =m ( syllogism4 ,!y h n1 h[ev]1 be5 s treat$ by logicians1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! inductive me?od has be5 reg>d$1 almo/ univ]sally1 z a m]e app5dage ( ! d$uctive1 an imp]fect =m ( "o or ano!r ( ! sev]al figures ( ! syllogism d$uctive4 ,( ?is we %all h occasion to speak m fully 9 ! hi/orical sket*4 ,! two ,modes comp>$4--,! precise relation ( ! two modes w be/ appe> by ! comp>ison ( ! foll[+ syllogisms4 ,! inductive syllogism runs ?us3 x1 y1 z1 are ,a2 x1 y1 z1 con/itute ,b2 !re=e1 ,b is ,a4 ,! d$uctive runs ?us3 ,b is ,a2 x1 y1 z1 con/itute ,b2 !re=e1 x1 y1 z1 are ,a4 ,! latt]1 x w be se5 at a glance1 is ! precise c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r1 beg9n+ :]e ! =m] ends1 & exactly rev]s+ ! sev]al /eps 9 _! ord]4 ,! ,law ( ea*4--,! g5]al law or rule :i* gov]ns ! =m]1 is1 ,:at belongs 7or does n belong7 to all ! con/itu5t p>ts1 belongs 7or does n belong7 to ! con/itut$ :ole4 ,! law ( ! latt] is1 ,:at belongs 7or n7 to ! conta9+ :ole1 belongs 7or n7 to all ! conta9$ p>ts4 ,application ( ! inductive ,me?od4--,apply+ ! inductive me?od to a p>ticul> case1 we reason ?us3 ,magnets x1 y1 z1 etc41 includ+ s _m z ,i h obs]v$1 attract iron4 ,b x is fair to presume t :at ,i h obs]v$ z true ( x1 y1 z1 is equally true ( e1 f1 g1 & all o!r magnets2 9 o!r words1 x1 y1 z1 d repres5t1 & may fairly be tak5 z con/itut+ ! :ole class ( magnets2 consequ5tly1 ,i conclude t all magnets attract iron4 ,?us /at$1 ! tru? :i* 0 at fir/ obs]v$ & affirm$ only ( p>ticul> in/ances1 becomes a g5]al proposition1 & may1 9 turn1 become ! premiss ( a process ( d$uction4 ,?us1 f ! g5]al proposition1 obta9$ z n[ expla9$ by ! inductive mode1 t all horn$ animals rum9ate1 ,i may proce$1 by ! d$uctive mode1 to inf] t ?is is true ( de] or goats1 or any p>ticul> species or individual ^: habits ,i h n z yet obs]v$4 ,v4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,syllogism4 ,! ,=m ( ,/atem5t n inv>iable4--,z !re are diff]5t k9ds ( syllogism1 s also !re are diff]5t =ms 9 :i* any k9d ( syllogism may be /at$4 ,^! =ms are n ess5tial1 p]ta9+ to ! nature ( ! syllogism itself1 b accid5tal1 p]ta9+ m]ely to ! ord] ( ann\nc+ ! sev]al propositions4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$1 9 speak+ ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ! syllogism1 t ! ord] ( propositions is n ess5tial4 ,ei!r premiss may prec$e1 ei!r foll[4 ,nay1 we may /ate fir/ ! conclusion1 & !n ! reasons1 or gr\nds4 ,?is latt] me?od1 z ,hamilton has %[n 9 8 ,new ,analytic ( ,logical =ms1 is p]fectly valid1 ?\gh usually neglect$ by writ]s on logic4 ,x is n only valid1 b ! m natural ( ! two me?ods4 ,:5 ask$ if ,socrates is mortal1 x is m natural to say1 ,he is mortal1 = he is a man1 & all m5 are mortal1 ?an to say1 ,all m5 are mortal1 he is a man1 & !re=e1 he is mortal4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( our reason+ takes ! fir/ ( ^! =ms4 ,! two are designat$ by ,hamilton1 respectively1 z ! analytic & syn!tic syllogism4 ,ord] ( ,premises may v>y4--,z to ! ord] ( ! premises1 :i* %all prec$e ! o!r1 ?is1 too1 is q uness5tial & accid5tal4 ,! e>li] me?od1 practis$ by ,greek1 ,arabian1 ,jewi% & ,lat9 s*ools1 0 to /ate fir/ ! m9or premiss1 precisely ! rev]se ( our mod]n cu/om4 ,ord] ( ,t]ms n ess5tial4--,! ord] ( ! t]ms1 9 ! sev]al propositions1 is also accid5tal r ?an ess5tial4 ,!re are sev]al possible & all[able arrangem5ts ( ^! t]ms ) ref]5ce to ! ord] ( prec$5ce & succession1 giv+ rise to :at are call$ figures ( ! syllogism4 ,^! arrangem5ts & figures h usually be5 reckon$ z f\r2 ?ree only are admitt$ by ,hamilton1 ! f\r? be+ aboli%$4 ,! fir/ figure occurs :5 ! middle t]m is ! subject ( "o premiss & ! pr$icate ( ! o!r4 ,! second figure gives ! middle t]m ! place ( pr$icate 9 bo? premises4 ,! ?ird makes x ! subject ( bo?4 ,a fur!r ,v>iation4--,!re is /ill ano!r =m ( /atem5t1 9 :i* ! t]ms comp>$ are n1 z above1 sev]ally subject & pr$icate1 b1 9 ! same proposition1 are bo? subject1 or bo? pr$icate1 z :5 we say1 ,a & ,b are equal2 ,b & ,c are equal2 !re=e1 ,a & ,c are equal4 ,?is is a valid syn!tic syllogism1 ?\gh n recogniz$ by logicians previ\sly to ! ,new ,analytic ( ,hamilton4 ,x is t]m$ by him ! unfigur$ syllogism4 ,hypo!tical reason+ n syllogi/ic4--,x has be5 cu/om>y to treat ( hypo!tical reason+1 9 its two =ms ( conditional & disjunctive1 z =ms or k9ds ( syllogism4 ,z :5 we say1 if ,a is ,b1 ,c is ,d2 b ,a is ,b1 !re=e ,c is ,d2 or1 disjunctively1 ei!r ,a is ,b1 or ,c is ,d2 b ,a is n ,b1 !re=e ,c is ,d4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n prop]ly syllogisms4 ,! inf]5ce is n m$iate1 ?r\gh comp>ison ) a common or middle t]m1 b imm$iate1 :]eas ! syllogism is1 9 all its =ms1 a process ( m$iate inf]5ce4 ,summ>y ( ,di/9ctions4--,to sum up ! di/9ctions n[ po9t$ out4 ,all inf]5ce is ei!r imm$iate1 z 9 ! case ( hypo!tical reason+1 :e!r conjunctive or disjunctive1 or else m$iate1 z 9 ! syllogism4 ,! latt] may be inductive or d$uctive2 &1 z to =m1 analytic or syn!tic1 figur$ or unfigur$4 ,,vi4 ,,laws ,,( ,,?\ght ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,syllogism ,,dep5ds4 ,/atem5t4--,!re are c]ta9 univ]sal laws ( ?\ght on :i* all reason+1 &1 ( c\rse1 all syllogisms1 dep5d4 ,^! laws1 accord+ to ,hamilton1 are ! pr9ciples ( id5tity1 ( contradiction1 & ( exclud$ middle2 f :i* prim>y laws results a f\r?1 t ( reason & consequ5t4 ,law ( ,id5tity1 :at4--,! pr9ciple ( id5tity compels u to recognize ! equival5ce ( a :ole & its sev]al p>ts tak5 toge!r1 z appli$ to any conception & its di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,z1 = example1 ! sam5ess or equival5ce ( ! notion man ) ! aggregate ( qualities or *>act]s t con/itute t notion4 ,law ( ,contradiction1 :at4--,! law ( contradiction is ! pr9ciple t :at is contradictory is un?9kable3 z1 = example1 t ,a has1 & yet has n1 a giv5 quality1 ,b4 ,law ( exclud$ ,middle4--,! pr9ciple ( exclud$ middle is ?is1 t ( two contradictory notions1 we mu/ ?9k "o or ! o!r to be true2 z1 t ,a ei!r has or has n ! quality ,b4 ,law ( ,reason & ,consequ5t4--,f ^! prim>y pr9ciples results ! law ( reason & consequ5t4 ,all logical inf]5ce is bas$ on t law ( our nature1 t "o notion %all always dep5d on ano!r4 ,?is inf]5ce is ( two k9ds1 f ! :ole to ! p>ts1 or f ! p>ts to ! :ole1 respectively call$ d$uctive & inductive1 z already expla9$4 ,c]ta9 ,po9ts n includ$ 9 ! prec$+ ,synopsis4--,i h pres5t$1 z 0 propos$1 9 brief outl9e1 a synopsis ( ! =ms ( reason+4 ,= a full treatm5t ( ^! =ms1 & ! laws :i* gov]n !m1 ! treatises on logic mu/ be consult$4 ,"s ?+s usually consid]$ ess5tial to logical =ms1 z ! modality ( propositions & syllogisms1 & ! conv]sion ( ! o!r figures ( ! syllogism into ! fir/1 ,i h n includ$ 9 ! above outl9e1 = ! reason t ! =m] does n prop]ly fall )9 ! prov9ce ( logic1 :i* has to d only ) ! =m & n ) ! matt] ( a proposition or an argum5t1 :ile1 z to ! latt]1 x is only an accid5tal1 & n an ess5tial circum/ance1 :at may be ! figure ( a syllogism1 & x is1 !re=e1 ( no importance to r$uce ! second & ?ird figures to ! fir/4 ,,vii4 ,,use ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,syllogism4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! v>i\s =ms :i* ! syllogism may assume1 z also ! laws or canons :i* gov]n x1 we proce$ to inquire1 f9ally1 z to its use & value 9 reason+4 ,all m$iate reason+ syllogi/ic4--,x mu/ be conc$$1 ,i ?9k1 t all m$iate reason+1 all inf]5ce1 :i* is n imm$iate & direct1 b :i*1 9 ord] to rea* its conclusion1 comp>es "o ?+ ) ano!r1 is ess5tially syllogi/ic4 ,! great] "p ( our reason+ processes are ( ?is sort4 ,:5 fully & explicitly /at$1 su* reason+ resolves itself into "s =m ( syllogism4 ,x is n1 z sometimes /at$1 a mode ( reason+1 b ! mode :i* all reason+1 except su* z is direct & imm$iate1 t5ds to assume4 ,n always1 inde$1 is ?is reason+ fully drawn out & explicitly /at$1 b all valid reason+ admits ( be+ ?us /at$2 nay1 x is n1 z to =m at lea/1 complete until x is s express$4 ,n always syllogi/ically express$4--,9 ord9>y conv]sation1 & ev5 9 public address1 we omit _m int]m$iate /eps 9 ! tra9s & processes ( our argum5ts1 = ! reason t _! /atem5t is n ess5tial to our be+ und]/ood1 ! he>]'s m9d supply+1 = itself1 ! connect+ l9ks z we proce$2 j z 9 speak+ or writ+1 we make _m abbreviations1 drop out "s lett]s & syllables "h & !re1 9 our ha/y utt]ance1 & yet all su* %ort-h& processes imply & are bas$ ^u ! full =m2 & x w\ld be z correct & z reasonable to say t ! fully writt5 or fully spok5 ^w is m]ely a mode ( speak+ & writ+1 :i*1 :5 ! gramm>ian & rhetorician come into contact ) common p1 !y lay aside = ! ord9>y =ms ( spee*1 z to say t syllogism is m]ely a mode ( reason+1 :i* ! logician lays aside :5 he comes out ( 8 /udy1 & reasons ) o!r m54 ,*ief ,value ( ! ,syllogism4--,! *ief use ( ! syllogism1 ,i appreh5d1 h[ev]1 to be1 n 9 pres5t+ a tra9 ( argum5t = ! purpose ( conv9c+ & p]suad+ o!rs2 = ! laws ( ?\ght d n require u 9 su* a case to /ate e ?+ t is ev5 ess5tial to ! argum5t1 b only s mu* z %all cle>ly indicate our mean+1 & enable ! he>] or read] to foll[ u2 b r 9 te/+ ! s\ndness or detect+ ! uns\ndness ( an argum5t1 :e!r our own1 or t ( an oppon5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 an acqua9tance ) ! =ms & laws ( syllogism may be ( great s]vice to ! writ] & to ! orator4 ,objection to ! ,syllogism4--,b x is object$ to ! syllogism t x is ( no value 9 ! discov]y & e/abli%m5t ( tru?1 inasmu* z1 by ! v laws ( ! syllogism1 !re c be no?+ m 9 ! conclusion ?an 0 assum$ 9 ! premises4 ,!re is1 & c be1 9 ?is way1 no progress f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,! v con/ruction ( ! syllogism1 x is said1 involves a petitio pr9cipii4 ,:5 ,i say1 ,all m5 are mortal2 ,socrates is a man2 !re=e1 ,socrates is mortal2 ! major premiss1 x is said1 affirms ! v ?+ to be prov$2 t ,socrates is mortal is virtually affirm$ 9 ! proposition t all m5 are s4 ,ei!r1 !n1 ! syllogism proves no?+ :i* 0 n kn[n be=e1 or else ! g5]al proposition1 ) :i* x sets out1 is unw>rant$1 z ass]t+ m ?an we "k to be true1 &1 9 t case1 ! conclusion is equally unreliable2 9 ei!r case no?+ is ga9$ by ! process2 ! syllogism is wor?less4 ,lies equally aga9/ all reason+4--,?is objection1 if valid aga9/ ! syllogism1 is valid aga9/ & ov]?r[s n ! syllogism m]ely1 b all reason+ ( :atev] k9d1 & 9 :atev] =m4 ,x is an objection :i* really applies1 n to ! =m :i* an argum5t may happ5 to assume1 b to ! ess5tial nature ( reason+ itself4 ,z 0 %[n 9 discuss+ ! nature ( ! reason+ process1 all reason+ is1 9 its nature1 ess5tially analytic4 ,x is ! evolution ( a tru? t lies involv$ 9 "s already admitt$ tru?4 ,x simply develops1 draws out1 :at 0 !re9 conta9$4 ,its />t+-po9t mu/ always be "s admitt$ position1 its conclusions mu/ always be "s inevitable necess>y consequ5ce ( t admission4 ,! mortality ( ,socrates is1 inde$1 involv$ & conta9$ 9 ! g5]al proposition :i* affirms ! mortality ( all m51 & s1 also1 is e inf]r$ tru? conta9$ 9 t f :i* x is inf]r$4 ,conclusion n affirm$ 9 ! ,premiss4--,b :ile conta9$1 x is n affirm$1 9 ! premiss4 ,to say t all m5 are mortal1 is n to say t ,socrates is s1 b only to say :at implies t4 ,! conclusion :i* draws out & affirms :at 0 involv$1 b n affirm$1 9 ! premiss1 is an advance 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght1 a /ep ( progress1 & n m]ely an idle repetition1 & ! syllogism1 z a :ole1 moves ! m9d onw>d f ! />t+-po9t to a position n o!rwise explicitly & positively rea*$4 ,x is a movem5t onw>d1 & n m]ely a rotation ( ! :eel ab\t its own axis4 ,! ,=m accid5tal4--,9 s f> z ! objection ( petitio pr9cipii relates1 n to ! nature ( reason+1 b only to its =m1 ?is is entirely a matt] ( accid5t1 & does n p]ta9 to ! syllogism z su*4 ,z 0 %[n 9 treat+ ( ! diff]5t =ms ( syllogism1 ! ord] ( ! propositions is n ess5tial4 ,we may1 if we l1 /ate ! conclusion fir/1 & !n ! reasons1 z1 ,all ,a is ,c1 = all ,a is ,b1 & all ,b is ,c2 or we may /ate ! same ?+ 9 a diff]5t =m1 z1 ,a & ,b are equal2 ,b & ,c are equal2 !re=e1 ,a & ,c are equal4 ,bo? are syllogisms1 ! =m] analytic1 ! latt] unfigur$1 b to nei!r does ! objection ( petitio pr9cipii apply s f> z reg>ds ! m]e =m ( /atem5t4 ,nor does x apply to t =m ( syllogism 9 :i* ! major premiss is a s+ul> proposition1 z1 e4 g41 ,cs> 0 =tunate2 ,cs> 0 a tyrant2 !re=e1 a tyrant may be =tunate4 ,"h ! subject ( ! conclusion is n =mally conta9$ 9 t ( ! major premiss1 z ,socrates is conta9$ 9 ! expression1 all m51 a "p ( ! :ole4 ,objection inapplicable to ! inductive ,syllogism4--,nor does ! objection apply aga9 to ! inductive syllogism1 9 :i* ! conclusion is m compreh5sive ?an ! premiss4 ,! objection applies1 9 fact1 only to ! d$uctive syllogism1 & to t only 9 its syn!tic =m1 & to t only z figur$1 & z pres5t+1 9 its major premiss1 o!r ?an a s+ul> proposition4 ,major ,premiss1 :5ce d]iv$4--,b :5ce1 x may /ill be ask$1 comes ! g5]al proposition :i* e d$uctive syllogism conta9s1 :e!r analytic or syn!tic1 ! proposition e4 g41 t all m5 are mortal8 ,:e!r ?is be /at$ be=e or aft] ! conclusion is a m]e matt] ( =m2 b :at is our au?ority = /at+ su* a proposition at all8 ,h[ d we "k t :i* is "h affirm$8 ,i reply1 x is a tru? rea*$ by previ\s induction4 ,e d$uction implies previ\s induction4 ,i obs]ve ! mortality ( individuals1 x1 y1 z4 ,i f9d no exceptions4 ,my obs]vation ext5ds to a great numb] ( cases1 insomu* t ,i am au?oriz$ to take ^? cases z fairly repres5t+ ! :ole class to :i* !y belong4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t :at ,i h obs]v$ ( ! _m is true ( ! :ole4 ,s comes ! g5]al proposition1 ,all m5 are mortal4 ,au?ority = ?is ,belief4--,b :at reason h ,i to believe t :at is true ( ! _m is true ( ! :ole1 & h[ d ,i "k ?is8 ,i reply1 ,i d n "k x by obs]vation1 nor by demon/ration2 my belief ( x re/s ^u1 & resolves itself into1 t g5]al law or con/itution ( ! m9d accord+ to :i* ,i am l$ to expect1 "u l circum/ances1 l results1 9 o!r words1 t nature acts uni=mly4 ,?is is my w>rant1 & my only w>rant1 = ! inf]5ce1 t :at ,i h obs]v$ 9 _m cases is true 9 o!rs t ,i h n obs]v$4 ,a ,difficulty sugge/$4--,b 9 :at mann]1 n[1 %all ?is m]e belief ( m9e1 = x is no?+ m1 come to take its place z a g5]al proposition1 z positive categorical affirmation 9 ! syllogism ^: major premiss reads1 ,all m5 are mortal8 ,a law ( ! m9d may be a suffici5t explanation ( my belief2 b ! sci5ce ( syllogisms _c take cognizance ( laws ( ! m9d1 z su*1 & has no?+ to d ) beliefs1 b is conc]n$ only ) ! =ms 9 :i* an argum5t %all be pres5t$4 ,^? =ms mu/ be conclusive4 ,h[ %all ,i conv]t1 !n1 my conjecture1 my plausible belief1 9 ! pres5t case1 into t g5]al positive affirmation :i* alone w answ] ! dem&s ( ! syllogism8 ,! ,process expla9$4--,! process is ?is3 ,! precise result ( my obs]vation /&s ?us--x1 y1 z1 are mortal4 ,b ,i "k t x1 y1 z1 are s num]\s z fairly to repres5t ! class to :i* !y belong4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is position1 ! inductive syllogism takes its /&1 & ov]look+ ! fact t !re are "s cases :i* h n fall5 "u my obs]vation1 positively affirms :at ,i only believe & presume to be true1 & ! argum5t !n reads1 x1 y1 z1 are mortal4 ,b x1 y1 z1 are all m51 !re=e1 all m5 are mortal4 ,! g5]al proposition ?us rea*$ by induction becomes1 9 turn1 ! major premiss ( ! d$uctive syllogism1 :i* concludes1 f ! mortality ( all m51 t ( ,socrates 9 p>ticul>4 ,position ( ,mill4--,an able & +5i\s writ]1 ,mr4 ,mill1 9 8 treatise on logic1 takes ! gr\nd t we h no ne$ to embody ! result ( our obs]vations 9 ! =m ( a g5]al proposition1 f :i* aga9 to desc5d to ! p>ticul> conclusion1 b t1 disp5s+ ) ! g5]al proposition altoge!r1 & ) ! syllogism ( e k9d & =m1 we may1 & virtually d1 reason directly f "o p>ticul> in/ance to ano!r1 z1 e4 g41 x1 y1 z1 are mortal2 !re=e1 f1 g1 h1 are s4 ,if f our exp]i5ce ( ,john1 ,?omas1 etc41 :o 7 once liv+1 b are n[ dead1 we are entitl$ to conclude t all human be+s are mortal1 we might surely1 )\t any logical inconsequ5ce1 h conclud$ at once1 f ^? in/ances1 t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton is mortal4 ,! mortality ( ,john1 ,?omas1 & company1 is1 aft] all1 ! :ole evid5ce we h ( ! mortality ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,n "o iota is add$ to ! pro( by int]polat+ a g5]al proposition4 ,our e>lie/ inf]5ces1 he cont5ds1 are precisely ( ?is sort4 ,! *ild burn+ 8 f+]s1 reasons ?us3 ,t fire burnt me1 !re=e ?is w4 ,he does n g5]alize1 ,all fire burns2 ?is is fire2 !re=e1 ?is w burn4 ,! only use ( a g5]al proposition1 ,mill cont5ds1 is simply to furni% collat]al security = ! correctness ( our inf]5ce4 ,rem>ks ^u ?is ,view4--,?is view sweeps away at once1 & =ev]1 all m$iate reason+1 & %uts u up to ! n>r[ limits ( su* inf]5ce alone z proce$s f a giv5 in/ance directly to a conclusion !refrom4 ,no d\bt we d sometimes reason ?us4 ,b x is a reason+1 ! conclusiv5ess ( :i* is n1 & _c be made1 app>5t by any =m ( /atem5t4 ,if call$ 9 "q1 we c only say1 ,i ?9k s1 or1 ,i believe s4 ,! mortality ( ,john does n prove ! mortality ( ,?omas4 ,x may n ev5 r5d] x probable2 x is only :5 ,i h obs]v$ su* & s _m cases z to leave no reasonable d\bt t ! prop]ty 9 "q is a law ( ! class z su*1 & n a m]e accid5t ( ! individual1 t ,i am really w>rant$ 9 ! belief t any individual1 n z yet obs]v$1 w come "u ! same law1 because belong+ to ! same class4 ,to reason 9 ?is way is to g5]alize2 :atev] process /ops %ort ( ?is1 /ops s f> %ort ( any & all conclusive evid5ce ( ! tru? ( :at x affirms4 ,,viii4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,logic4 ,indian ,logic e>li] ?an t ( ,ari/otle4--,x is ( ! ,greek logic1 t ( ,ari/otle1 t we usually speak :5 we h occasion to ref] to ?is sci5ce4 ,x is usually attribut$ to ,ari/otle1 inde$1 z 8 peculi> glory1 t he %\ld at once h orig9at$1 & br\ght to p]fection1 a sci5ce :i*1 = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 has receiv$ few alt]ations1 f\nd few m9ds capable ( sugge/+ improvem5ts4 ,rec5t labors ( ,ori5tali/s h1 h[ev]1 br\ght to light ! fact t 9 ,india1 long be=e ! palmy days ( ,grecian philosophy1 logic 0 pursu$ ) vigor z a /udy & sci5ce4 ,! ,nyya ( ,gotama holds1 9 ! ,indian sy/ems ( philosophy1 mu* ! same place t ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle holds ) u4 ,! two1 h[ev]1 are q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,ari/otle 0 no disciple ( ,gotama4 ,ari/otle's ,logic n p]fect4--,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! logic ( ,ari/otle by any means p]fect1 z x is (t5 repres5t$4 ,its imp]fections are _m1 & h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 fai?fully copi$ by 8 disciples4 ,ari/otle ! fir/ ,greek ,logician4--,previ\s to ,ari/otle !re _h be5 no?+ wor?y ! "n ( sci5ce 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( philosophy4 ,! ,sophi/s _h made "s attempts at logic1 b ( no great value4 ,plato _h n devot$ mu* att5tion to x4 ,ari/otle himself says1 9 ! close ( 8 ,organon1 t he _h work$ )\t models or pr$ecessors to guide him4 ,subsequ5t ,writ]s4--,! "w ( ,ari/otle is 9 six p>ts1 ! fir/ f\r treat+ ( logic pure1 ! rema9+ two ( its application4 ,! s*ool ( ,ari/otle c>ri$ ! cultivation & /udy ( logic to a high degree4 ,!ophra/us & ,eudemus labor$ assidu\sly z comm5tators on _! ma/]1 b made no *ange 9 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! sy/em4 ,! ,/oics1 h[ev]1 gave logic m att5tion & honor1 m "t & c>e1 ?an did any o!r ( ! rival s*ools ( philosophy4 ,!y s\ght to enl>ge its b\nd>ies & make x an in/rum5t = ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,x held ! fir/ place 9 _! sy/em1 e?ics & physics rank+ aft] x4 ,/4 ,hilaire is wrong 9 say+ t ) ,epicurus logic 0 ( little consid]ation1 t s5sation 0 ! s\rce & crit]ion ( ?\ght ) t s*ool4 ,! ,epicurean logic 0 a peculi> sy/em1 diff]+ f ! ,ari/otelian1 & v little kn[n 9 ! subsequ5t c5turies4 ,9 ,alex&ria ! logic ( ,ari/otle 0 9 great honor1 & _h num]\s comm5tators 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,introduc$ into ,rome4--,= a "t ! orig9al works ( ,ari/otle 7 lo/4 ,!y lay buri$ 9 an obscure retreat :i!r !y _h be5 c>ri$ = safe pres]vation1 & no "o knew :at !y 74 ,sylla1 captur+ ! city1 br\ght !m to ,rome1 :]e !y 7 discov]$ to be ! works ( ! great ma/]1 & ,cic]o gives !m1 ) "s labor & le>n+1 to ! public4 ,b ! ,roman m9d nev] ma/]$ ! logic ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 all ,roman philosophy1 says ,/4 ,hilaire1 !re is sc>cely a logician wor?y ( ! "n4 ,= sev]al c5turies1 if n 9 ,rome1 yet 9 ,alex&ria & ,a!ns1 9 ,greece & 9 ,egypt1 ! logic ( ,ari/otle cont9u$ to be assidu\sly cultivat$4 ,logic 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,x 0 9 ! middle ages1 h[ev]1 t logic receiv$ its *ief cultivation & its highe/ honors4 ,ari/otle 0 = "s six c5turies almo/ ! only tea*] ( ! human m9d1 & ! ,organon 0 ! f\ndation ( 8 k4 ,nor dur+ ! irruption ( ! nor!rn hordes1 & ! revolutions ( society1 & empire1 & human mann]s1 :i* foll[$1 did ! philosophy & logic ( ,ari/otle pass out ( sight or out ( m9d4 ,x seem$ impossible = any revolution ( empire or ( "t to %ake its f\ndations or break its sceptre ov] ! human m9d4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ,isidore ( ,seville1 & ,b$e ! ,v5]able1 gave x _! labors & r5[n4 ,9 ! eigh?1 ,alcu9 introduc$ x into ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne4 ,9 ! twelf?1 ,abel>d1 & ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,reali/s & ,nom9ali/s1 gave ?is sci5ce /ill m importance4 ,logic 9 ! ,arabian ,s*ools4--,mean:ile1 ! ,mohamm$ans _h be5 9 advance ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! /udy ( ?is sci5ce4 ,! ,arabs _h inh]it$ ! le>n+ ( antiquity1 & _h c>ri$ ! cultivation ( ! p]ipatetic philosophy to a high degree ( p]fection m ?an a c5tury be=e x _h receiv$ ! homage ( ! ,we/4 ,f ,arabia x pass$1 ) ! m>* ( conque/1 into ,spa91 & "s ( ! able/ comm5tators ,europe has produc$1 on ! works ( ,ari/otle1 h be5 ! ,moors ( ,spa94 ,cont9uance ( ,ari/otle's ,dom9ion4--,! ,crusades t5d$ only to enl>ge ! sph]e ( ?is influ5ce4 ,su* m5 z ,alb]t ! ,great1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 became1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 exp\nd]s ( ,ari/otle4 ,n till ! sixte5? c5tury did ?is long dom9ion ov] ! human m9d %[ symptoms ( decad5ce4 ,! ,re=m]s4--,lu!r1 among ! ,prote/ant re=m]s1 s\ght to bani% logic f ! s*ools2 b x 0 reta9$1 & 9 ! ,prote/ant univ]sities 0 /ill pr(ess$4 ,attacks ^u ,ari/otle4--,x n[ became ! fa%ion1 h[ev]1 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 especially among ! my/ics 9 ! ,ca?olic communion1 to decry ,ari/otle1 & ea* orig9al g5ius took ?is way to %[ 8 indep5d5ce4 ,ramus is not$ among ^!4 ,bacon foll[$ 9 ?is track1 & did little m ?an repeat ! invectives ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he attempt$ to set aside ! syllogism1 & put 9 its place induction4 ,induction1 h[ev]1 9 "s =m1 is z old z ! syllogism4 ,f ,plato & ,ari/otle d[nw>d1 a ?\s& philosoph]s _h avail$ !mselves ( ?is me?od ( reason+ & _h also /at$ & def5d$ x4 ,! ,mod]ns4--,f ,bacon & ,desc>tes till our day logic has be5 9 process ( decad5ce4 ,locke condemns x4 ,reid & ! ,scot* s*ool ridicule its pret5sions4 ,kant & ,hegel1 on ! o!r h&1 give x a due place 9 _! sy/ems--! latt] especially2 :ile 9 ,france1 x has admir]s 9 ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,c\s91 & o!rs ( l g5ius2 & 9 ,ed9burgh1 ! great ,hamilton devot$ to x ! p[]s ( 8 unrivall$ intellect4 ,logic ( ,hamilton4--,z no writ]1 s9ce ! days ( ,ari/otle1 has done m to complete & p]fect ! sci5ce ( reason+1 ?an ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 x seems due t ev5 s brief a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( logic z ! pres5t1 %\ld indicate1 at lea/1 ! m important *anges :i* 8 sy/em introduces4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( "s ( 8 views & propos$ re=ms 9 ?is anci5t sci5ce & sanctu>y ( pa/ le>n+1 x is n too mu* to say1 t no writ] on logic c h5ce=? pres5t a claim to be consid]$1 :o has n1 at lea/1 ?or\ghly ma/]$ & c>efully weigh$ ^! views & propos$ *anges1 ev5 if he d n adopt !m4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 = ! mo/ "p1 *anges s obvi\sly dem&$ 9 ord] to ! complet5ess ( ! sci5ce1 & s ?or\gh-go+ )al1 t !y are de/9$1 x w\ld seem1 to be soon] or lat] adopt$1 & if adopt$1 to "w a radical *ange 9 ! :ole /ructure ( ?is anci5t & "t-honor$ sci5ce4 ,i %all attempt no?+ m1 9 ?is connection1 ?an1 9 ! briefe/ mann]1 to enum]ate "s ( ! m important ( ^! improvem5ts4 ,assigns ,induction its true ,place4--,hamilton is ! fir/1 s f> z ,i "k1 to elevate to its true place ! inductive me?od ( reason+1 mak+ x cord9ate ) ! d$uctive1 & assign+ its true "* & value z a =m ( syllogism4 ,recognizes ! analytic ,syllogism4--,he is ! fir/ to br+ to notice ! claims ( ! analytic syllogism to a di/9ctive place & recognition 9 logic2 a =m ( reason+1 :i*1 h[ev] natural & necess>y1 & 9 use almo/ univ]sal1 _h be5 /rangely ov]look$ by logicians f ,ari/otle d[n4 ,rejects ,modality4--,he /r5u\sly & consi/5tly rejects ! modality ( ! proposition & ! syllogism1 on ! gr\nd t logic is n conc]n$ ) ! "* ( ! matt]1 :e!r x be true or false1 necess>y or cont+5t1 b only ) ! =m ( /atem5t1 & consequ5tly1 all di/9ctions f\nd$ on ! tru? or falsity1 ! necessity or cont+5ce ( ! matt]1 are utt]ly irrelevant to ! sci5ce--a pr9ciple admitt$ by o!rs1 b n previ\sly c>ri$ out to its true results4 ,doctr9e ( ,figure4--,he %[s t ! figure ( ! syllogism is a matt] accid5tal1 r ?an ess5tial1 t x may be ev5 entirely unfigur$2 aboli%es ! f\r? figure z sup]flu\s2 & sets aside1 z q useless & unnecess>y1 ! old labori\s processes ( r$uc+ & connect+ ! sev]al figures to ! fir/4 ,rejects hypo!tical ,syllogism4--,he ?r[s out ( ! syllogism entirely1 ! s-call$ hypo!tical =ms1 bo? conjunctive & disjunctive1 z r$ucible to imm$iate inf]5ce1 & n1 !re=e1 to be includ$ "u syllogi/ic reason+1 :i* is always m$iate4 ,! s+le ,canon4--,he r$uces ! sev]al laws & canons ( ! figur$ syllogism to a s+le compreh5sive canon4 ,quantification ( ! ,pr$icate4--,b ! mo/ important discov]y made by ,hamilton 9 ?is sci5ce1 is ! quantification ( ! pr$icate4 ,! pr$icate is always a giv5 quantity 9 relation to ! subject1 & t quantity %\ld be /at$4 ,?is1 logicians h always ov]look$1 quantify+ only ! subject1 z1 ,all m51 ,"s m51 etc41 b nev] ! pr$icate4 ,fully quantifi$1 ! proposition reads1 ,all man is "s animal1 no animal1 etc41 i4 e41 "s sort or species ( animal4 ,?is d\bles ! numb] ( possible propositions1 giv+ eight 9 place ( f\r1 & gives a correspond+ increase 9 ! numb] ( words4 ,^! eight propositions are %[n to be1 n only possible1 b admissible & valid4 ,!y are ?us enum]at$ & nam$3 ,,affirmative4 ,,negative4 ,i4 ,toto-total3 ,all ,a is all ,b4 ,any ,a is n any ,b4 ,,ii4 ,toto-p>tial3 ,all ,a is "s ,b4 ,any ,a is n "s ,b4 ,,iii4 ,p>ti-total3 ,"s ,a is all ,b4 ,"s ,a is n any ,b4 ,,iv4 ,p>ti-p>tial3 ,"s ,a is "s ,b4 ,"s ,a is n "s ,b4 ,ref]5ce4--,= a m full & exact acc\nt ( ,hamilton's sy/em1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! article on logic 9 ! volume ( ,discussions on ,philosophy & ,lit]ature1 by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton2 also1 to ,an ,essay on ! ,new ,analytic ( ,logical ,=ms1 by ,?omas ,sp5c] ,baynes1 ,l4 ,l4 ,b4 ,on ! hi/ory ( logic 9 g5]al1 see ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques--,article ,logique1 by ,b>?leme ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy to ! ,college ( ,france1 memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 etc41 etc42 also1 ,blakey's ,hi/ory ( ,logic4 ,! ,memoir ( ,/4 ,hilaire1 on ! logic ( ,ari/otle1 is "o ( ! be/ works ( mod]n times on ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,,intellectual ,,faculties ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,,intuitive ,,p[]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,exi/5ce ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,intuitive ,,faculty4 ,(fice ( ?is ,p[]4--,9 our analysis ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 "o 0 describ$ z hav+ = its (fice ! conception ( tru?s t lie ap>t f ! region & doma9 ( s5se--fir/ pr9ciples & prim>y ideas1 fundam5tal to1 & presuppos$ 91 ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 yet n directly furni%$ by s5se4 ,!y are awak5$ 9 ! m9d on occasion ( s5sible exp]i5ce1 b x is n s5sible exp]i5ce :i* produces !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y spr+ up 9 ! m9d z by intuition1 :5ev] ! fitt+ occasion is pres5t$4 ,we mu/ attribute _! orig9 to a special p[] ( ! m9d by virtue ( :i*1 "u appropriate circum/ances1 x conceives ! tru?s & ideas to :i* we ref]4 ,?is p[] we h t]m$ ! orig9ative or intuitive faculty4 ,specific ,"*4--,9 its specific "* & function x is q di/9ct f any ( ! faculties z yet consid]$4 ,x does n1 l ! pres5tative p[]1 br+ be=e u1 9 direct cognizance1 s5sible objects2 nor does x1 l ! repres5tative faculty1 replace ^? objects to ?\ght1 9 _! abs5ce4 ,x nei!r pres5ts1 nor repres5ts1 any object :atev]4 ,x =ms no picture ( any ?+ to ! m9d's eye4 ,x is a p[] ( simple conception2 & yet x diff]s 9 an important s5se f ! o!r conceptive p[]s & t is1 t x is n reflective b intuitive 9 its action4 ,its data are conceptions1 b conceptions necess>y & intuitive1 se5 at a glance1 n ! results ( ! reflective & discursive process4 ,^! data are ideas ( reason1 r ?an notions ( ! und]/&+1 or processes ( reflection4 ,!re is no s5sible object correspond+ to ^! ideas4 ,we d n see1 or he>1 or feel1 or by any means cognize1 any ?+ ( ! sort2 nor c we =m a picture1 or repres5t to ourselves any su* ?+ z1 e4 g41 "t1 or space1 or sub/ance1 or cause1 & ! l4 ,!y are conceptions ( ! m9d1 & yet we conceive ( !m z realities4 ,we _c ?9k !m ! m]e creations & figm5ts ( ! bra94 ,& 9 ?is respect1 aga91 !y diff] f ! notions ( ! und]/&+--^? classes & g5]a :i* we "k to be ! m]e creations ( ! m9d4 ,exi/5ce ( su* a ,faculty4--,if any are dispos$ to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ! faculty "u consid]ation1 z a di/9ct p[] ( ! m9d1 we h only to ask1 :5ce come ^! ideas8 ,!y are giv51 n by p]ception1 evid5tly1 nor by memory1 nor by imag9ation1 = !y fall n )9 ! sph]e ( any ( ^! faculties1 t is ! sph]e ( s5se4 ,!y relate n to ! s5sible1 b to ! sup]-s5sible4 ,nor are !y ! result ( ab/raction1 z might at fir/ appe>4 ,p>ticul> in/ances be+ giv51 c]ta9 times1 c]ta9 spaces1 c]ta9 sub/ances1 c]ta9 in/ances ( "r & wrong conduct--x is ! prov9ce ( ! faculty n[ nam$1 to =m1 f ^! concrete ideas1 ! ab/ract notions ( "t1 space1 etc4 ,b :5ce comes1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! concrete idea8 ,:5ce comes ! notion ( a "t1 a space1 a sub/ance1 a cause1 a "r or wrong act8 ,ab/raction _c give ^!4 ,manife/ly1 h[ev]1 we h a faculty ( =m+ su* conceptions1 ( p]ceiv+ su* tru?s & realities2 & z manife/ly1 x is a faculty di/9ct f any hi!rto consid]$4 ,!re are su* realities z "t1 space1 sub/ance1 cause1 "r & wrong1 etc41 ,! m9d takes cognizance ( !m z su*1 kn[s !m1 & kn[s !m to be realities2 has1 !re=e1 ! faculty ( kn[+ su* tru?s4 ,we may call x1 if we please1 ! faculty ( orig9al & intuitive conception4 ,g5]ally admitt$4--,! exi/5ce ( ideas n directly furni%$ by s5se or exp]i5ce1 & n giv5 by ! faculties ^: (fice x is to deal ) objects ( s5se1 is a doctr9e n[ g5]ally admitt$ by ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s4 ,nor is x a doctr9e peculi> to any "o s*ool4 ,"u diff]5t names x is ! doctr9e sub/antially ( ,reid1 ,/ew>t1 ,br[n1 ,price1 among ,engli% metaphysicians2 ,kant & 8 disciples 9 ,g]many2 ,c\s91 ,j\ffroy & o!rs 9 ,france4 ,x is d5i$ by ,hobbes1 ,condillac1 ,gass5di1 & o!rs ( t class :o trace all our ideas to s5se z _! ultimate s\rce & p>5tage4 ,op9ion ( ,locke4--,! position ( ,locke respect+ ?is matt]1 has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,by a c]ta9 class ( writ]s he has be5 reg>d$ z d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( any & all ideas n d]iv$ f s5se1 & has be5 class$ ) ! s*ool ( ,hobbes1 ,condillac1 etc4 ,8 philosophy has be5 reg>d$ by _m z ( d\btful & dang]\s t5d5cy1 z lead+ to ! d5ial ( all tru? & k n )9 ! n>r[ doma9 ( s5se1 & s conduct+ to mat]ialism & skepticism4 ,?is c by no means be fairly *>g$ ^u him1 nor ^u 8 philosophy4 ,he held no su* views1 nor are !y impli$ or conta9$ 9 8 doctr9e4 ,locke1 inde$1 takes ! gr\nd t all our ideas may be trac$ ultimately to "o ( two s\rces1 s5sation or reflection2 ! "o tak+ cognizance ( ext]nal objects1 ! o!r ( our own m5tal op]ations3 & t1 :atev] o!r k we h n giv5 directly by ^! faculties1 is produc$ by add+1 repeat+1 & v>i\sly comb9+1 9 our own m9ds1 ! simple ideas d]iv$ f ^! s\rces4 ,9 ?is process1 h[ev]1 ( add+1 comb9+1 etc41 he really includes :at we pref] to designate z a sep>ate faculty ( ! m9d1 & by ano!r "n4 ,he di/9ctly recognizes ! exi/5ce ( ! ideas :i* we attribute to ?is faculty--ideas ( space1 p[]1 etc4--& gives a cle>1 & = ! mo/ "p correct acc\nt ( _! orig94 ,! m9d1 he says1 obs]ves :at passes )\t--! *anges !re occurr+2 x reflects also on :at passes )9--! *anges ( its own ideas & purposes2 x concludes t l *anges w be produc$ 9 ! same ?+s1 "u ! same circum/ances1 9 future2 x consid]s ! possibility ( effect+ su* *anges1 & s comes by ! idea ( p[]4 ,9 ?is ,locke really includes ess5tially :at we mean by sugge/ion or orig9al conception4 ,exp]i5ce1 x is univ]sally admitt$1 furni%es ! occasion1 sugge/s ! idea1 mu/ prec$e z ! indisp5sable condition ( ! m9d's hav+ t idea1 & is1 at lea/ 9 ?is s5se1 ! s\rce ( x1 t x sugge/s ! idea to ! m9d4 ,all ?is1 ,locke fully admits1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 he fails to draw ! divid+ l9e cle>ly betwe5 ! ideas ( s5se & ^? 9 "q4 ,objections to ! t]m ,sugge/ion4--,! "n orig9al sugge/ion has be5 commonly appli$1 ( late1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 to designate ! faculty n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x is s us$ by ,pr(essor ,upham1 & by ,dr4 ,wayl&4 ,x is liable1 h[ev]1 to s]i\s objections4 ,! t]m sugge/ion does n seem to me to express ! peculi> *>act]i/ic1 ! di/9ctive elem5t & (fice ( ?is faculty4 ,x is n peculi> to ! ideas n[ 9 "q1 t !y are sugge/$ to ! m9d2 _m o!r ideas1 all ideas1 9 fact1 are sugge/$ by some?+4 ,?is class ( our ?\ghts1 !re=e1 is no m entitl$ to t "n ?an any o!r class4 ,nor is x peculi> to ?is class t !y are orig9al sugge/ions4 ,! m9d has _m o!r equally orig9al ideas t are likewise sugge/ions f ?+s )\t1 or f its own op]ations--m]e fancies _m ( !m1 imag9ations4 ,we ne$ to di/+ui%1 9 ?is case1 ! m]ely fanciful1 ! ideal1 f ! real4 ,! t]ms intuitive & intuition1 :ile !y imply ! reality ( ! ?+ p]ceiv$1 indicate1 also1 ! imm$iat5ess ( ! process4 ,m s]i\s ,objection4--,b !re is a /ill fur!r & m s]i\s objection to ! t]m sugge/ion z ?us employ$4 ,! ^w does n1 & _c1 ) propriety1 be made to d5ote :at is n[ int5d$4 ,x has a transitive significance1 & _c be made to d5ote a purely subjective process4 ,objects ext]nal sugge/ c]ta9 ideas to my m9d4 ,i sugge/ ideas to o!r m9ds4 ,! faculty ( sugge/ion lies1 prop]ly1 n ) ! m9d t receives ! sugge/ion1 b ) ! m9d or object t gives x4 ,b :5 we say ! m9d has ! faculty ( orig9al sugge/ion1 we d n mean t x has ! p[] ( sugge/+ orig9al ideas to o!r m9ds2 we ref] to t p[] ( ! m9d by :i*1 9 virtue ( its con/itution1 c]ta9 ideas1 n /rictly d]iv$ f s5se1 are awak5$ 9 x :5 ! occasion pres5ts itself4 ,we int5d n a p[] ( sugge/+1 b r ( receiv+ sugge/ions1 a p[] ( conceiv+ ideas1 a p[] ( orig9al & intuitive conceptions4 ,to say t ! m9d sugge/s to itself ideas ( space1 "t1 etc41 is a s+ul> use ( t]ms4 ,i und]/& :at is meant by sugge/+ ideas to o!rs1 & :at x is to receive sugge/ions f o!rs1 & to h ideas sugge/$ by ev5ts1 occurr5ces & objects )\t1 & h[ "o ?\ght may1 by "s law ( association1 sugge/ ano!r4 ,b h[ ! m9d sugge/s ideas to itself1 is n s cle>4 ,a man1 9 a fit ( ab/raction1 talks to himself1 b :e!r he sugge/s ideas to himself 9 t way1 s t he f9ds 8 own conv]sation in/ructive & pr(itable1 may admit ( "q4 ,! tru? is1 ! idea is sugge/$1 n by ! m9d1 b to ! m9d--sugge/$ f )\t4 ,! m9d has ! p[] ( conceiv+ c]ta9 ideas1 :i* are awak5$ or excit$ 9 x by ! occasion :i* pres5ts itself4 ,to call ?is faculty a faculty ( sugge/ion1 is simply a misnom]4 ,! true ,doctr9e4--,all we c truly say1 is1 t ! idea is awak5$ or call$ up 9 ! m9d :5 ! occasion pres5ts1 is sugge/$ to x1 n by x1 sugge/$ by ! occasion1 & n by ! m9d itself4 ,! m9d has ! idea )91 has1 moreov]1 ! faculty ( conceiv+ ! idea1 is s con/itut$1 t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 9 view ( :at x obs]ves )\t1 or is consci\s ( )91 ! giv5 idea is naturally & univ]sally awak5$ 9 x2 b ! s\rce ( ! sugge/ion lies n )9 ! m9d itself1 & is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! m9d's faculty ( conception4 ,use ( ! t]m by ,reid & o!rs4--,dr4 ,reid has be5 ref]r$ to z au?ority = ! use ( ! ^w sugge/ion to d5ote ! faculty 9 "q4 ,dr4 ,reid makes use ( ! ^w1 b n 9 ! s5se n[ int5d$1 n to d5ote a specific faculty ( ! m9d1 cord9ate ) p]ception1 memory1 imag9ation1 etc41 n1 9 fact1 z a faculty at all4 ,he ref]s to ! well kn[n fact1 t ideas are sugge/$ to ! m9d by objects & ev5ts )\t1 & by ! s5sations ?us awak5$2 z1 e4 g41 a c]ta9 s\nd sugge/s ! pass+ ( a coa* 9 ! /reet4 ,s1 also1 "o idea or s5sation w sugge/ ano!r4 ,he uses ! t]m to d5ote ! sugge/ion ( "o ?+ to ! m9d by ano!r ?+1 & n to d5ote a p[] 9 ! m9d ( sugge/+ ?+s to itself4 ,?is is ! correct use1 & 0 n orig9al ) ,reid4 ,b]kley _h us$ ! t]m 9 ! same way be=e him4 ,locke _h us$ ! ^w excit$ 9 ! same s5se4 ,! idea express$ by ^! t]ms1 & ! use ( ! same or simil> t]ms by :i* to express x1 may be trac$ back z f>1 at lea/1 z to ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 ,/4 ,augu/9e s uses x4 ,reid expressly applies ! t]m to ! p]ception ( ext]nal objects1 z1 e4 g41 c]ta9 s5sations sugge/ ! notion ( ext5sion & space4 ,?is is correct use4 ,! ,facts 9 ! ,case4--,! tru? is1 ?+s exi/ ?us & ?us1 & we are con/itut$ ) ref]5ce to !m z ?us exi/+4 ,s5se & exp]i5ce in=m u ( ^! exi/5ces & realities4 ,"s ( !m are objects ( direct p]ception by ! s5ses1 z matt] & its qualities4 ,"s ( !m are n directly objects ( p]ception1 b are sugge/$ to ! m9d by ! op]ations ( s5se1 & are intuitively p]ceiv$ by ! m9d1 & recogniz$ z tru?s & realities :5 ?us sugge/$1 z "t1 space1 sub/ance1 cause1 ! "r1 ! wrong1 ! beautiful1 etc4 ,! m9d has ! faculty ( receiv+ & recogniz+ su* tru?s & realities z ?us sugge/$2 & ?is faculty we call ! p[] ( orig9al & intuitive conception4 ,^! ,ideas ( int]nal ,orig91 9 :at ,s5se4--,x has be5 cu/om>y ( late1 especially 9 our c\ntry1 to speak ( ! class ( ideas n[ ref]r$ to z ( int]nal orig91 9 di/9ction f o!r ideas1 d]iv$ m directly f s5se1 & :i* are consequ5tly designat$ z ( ext]nal orig94 ,z x is desirable to be exact 9 our use ( t]ms1 x may be well to inquire 9 :at s5se any ( our ideas are ( ext]nal1 & 9 :at s5se ( int]nal orig91 & :]e9 ! ideas1 n[ "u consid]ation1 diff] f any o!rs 9 respect to _! s\rce4 ,ideas ( ext]nal ,orig94--,a l>ge class ( our ideas evid5tly relate to objects ( s5se1 objects ext]nal & mat]ial1 ( :i* we take cognizance ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,su* ideas may be said to be ( ext]nal orig91 inasmu* z !y relate to ?+s )\t1 & are dep5d5t on ! ext]nal object z ! indisp5sable condition ( _! developm5t4 ,7 x n = ! ext]nal object produc+ ! s5sation ( color or ( h>dness1 ,i %\ld n h ! idea ( r$ness or ( h>dness2 7 x n = ! ext]nal object resi/+ my movem5ts1 ,i %\ld n get ! idea ( ext]nality4 ,! idea is1 9 ^! cases1 dep5d5t on1 & limit$ by1 ! s5sation or ! p]ception4 ,!y correspond z %ad[ & sub/ance4 ,! idea ( resi/ance1 & ! p]ception ( x1 ! idea ( s\nd or color1 & ! s5sation ( x1 are coxt5sive1 syn*ron\s1 &1 z to cont5ts1 id5tical4 ,^!1 9 a ,s5se1 int]nal4--,9 ano!r s5se1 h[ev]1 ev5 ^! ideas are ( int]nal orig91 t is1 !y are ! m9d's own ideas2 !y spr+ up 9 ! m9d1 & n out ( x2 !y are1 z ideas1 /rictly int]nal /ates1 affections1 acts ( ! m9d itself4 ,take away intellig5ce1 reason1 ! light div9e1 f ! s\l ( man1 & ! ext]nal objects may exi/ z be=e1 & produce ! same effect on ! organs ( s5se1 b ! ideas no long] foll[4 ,! physical organs ( ! idiot are affect$ 9 ! same way by ext]nal objects z ^? ( any o!r p]son1 b he gets n ! same ideas4 ,^!1 x is ! (fice ( ! m9d to produce & fa%ion = itself out ( ! occasion & mat]ial furni%$ by s5se4 ,& ?is is z true ( ideas relat+ to ext]nal objects z to any o!r4 ,s5sation an int]nal ,affection4--,x may ev5 be said ( ?is class ( ideas1 t _! sugge/ion is ( int]nal orig94 ,! imm$iate occasion ( ! m9d's hav+ ! idea ( ext5sion1 weight1 h>dness1 color1 etc41 is n ! exi/5ce ( ! object itself1 possess+ su* & su* qualities1 b ! impression produc$ by ! object & its qualities on ! s5se2 9 o!r words1 ! s5sation awak5$ 9 u4 ,?is x is :i* awak5s & calls =? 9 ! m9d ! idea ( ! ext]nal object4 ,7 !re1 = any reason1 no s5sation1 !n ! objects might exi/ z n[1 b we %\ld h no idea ( !m4 ,b s5sation is an int]nal affection1 reveal$ by consci\sness1 & ! ideas awak5$ by x & dep5d5t on x1 are imm$iately ( int]nal orig91 ?\gh m$iately dep5d5t on "s prec$+ ext]nal condition & occasion4 ,ideas ( int]nal ,orig94--,if we exam9e1 n[1 ! ideas ( int]nal orig91 s call$1 furni%$ by ! faculty ( orig9al & intuitive conception1 we f9d t1 :ile !y d n directly relate to objects ( s5se ext]nal & mat]ial1 !y nev]!less dep5d1 9 l mann]1 on "s prec$+ op]ation ( s5se z ! occasion ( _! developm5t4 ,obs]vation ( :at goes on )\t1 or consci\sness ( :at goes on )9 furni%es ! occasion1 z all admit1 on :i* ^! ideas are awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,! idea ( "t1 e4 g41 is connect$ ) ! succession ( ev5ts1 ext]nal or int]nal--?+s )\t & ?\ght & feel+ )9 foll[+ ea* o!r--:i* succession is matt] ( obs]vation or ( consci\sness4 ,! idea ( space is connect$ ) ! obs]vation or s5sation ( body z ext5d$4 ,! idea ( beauty & de=mity is awak5$ by ! p]ception ( ext]nal objects z possess+ c]ta9 qualities :i* we ?us designate4 ,! idea ( "r & wrong 9 l mann] connects ) some?+ obs]v$ 9 human conduct4 ,s ( all ideas ( ?is class4 ,!y are n disconnect$ )1 nor indep5d5t (1 ! appropriate objects ( obs]vation & consci\sness4 ,^! objects mu/ exi/1 ^! occasions mu/ be furni%$1 z ! indisp5sable condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! idea 9 ! m9d4 ,disp5se ) ! succession ( ev5ts or ! obs]vation ( x1 & y disp5se ) ! idea ( "t 9 ! human m9d4 ,conclusion4--,s f> z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ! ideas 9 "q1 x is n easy to draw a divid+ l9e1 !n1 betwe5 ! two classes1 m>k+ ! "o z ext]nal1 ! o!r z int]nal4 ,bo? are ( ext]nal orig91 & equally s1 9 ?is s5se--t !y bo? dep5d1 & equally dep5d1 on "s previ\s ex]cise ( s5se z ! occasion & condition ( _! developm5t4 ,bo? are ( int]nal orig91 9 ano!r s5se--t !y are bo? awak5$ 9 ! m9d--are bo? ! product ( its own activity4 ,diff]5ce lies 9 :at4--,! diff]5ce is n s mu* t ( ext]nality or int]nality ( orig91 z x is a diff]5ce ( "*4 ,! "o relates to objects ( s5se1 :i* c be se51 he>d1 felt2 ! o!r to matt]s n less real1 n less obvi\s1 b ( :i* s5se does n take direct cognizance4 ,9 ei!r case !y spr+ f ! con/itution & laws ( ! m9d4 ,su* is my con/itution t ext]nal & mat]ial objects1 affect+ my s5ses1 furni% me ideas relat+ to su* objects4 ,& su* is my con/itution t c]ta9 relations & qualities ( ?+s n directly cognizable by s5se1 & c]ta9 realities & facts ( an /hetic & moral nature1 likewise impress my m9d1 & ?us awak5 9 me ! idea ( su* relations & realities4 ,! objects1 ! relations1 ! realities1 exi/1 !y are p]ceiv$ by ! m9d1 & ?us ! fir/ idea ( !m is obta9$4 ,color exi/s1 & ! eye is s con/itut$ z to be able to p]ceive x1 & ?us ! idea ( color is awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,s "r & wrong exi/1 & ! m9d is s con/itut$ z to be able to p]ceive & recognize _! exi/5ce1 & ?us ! idea ( "r is awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,! faculty we call p]ception 9 ! "o case1 orig9al conception 9 ! o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tru?s ,,& ,,conceptions ,,furni%$ ,,by ,,?is ,,faculty ,i4--,,prim>y ,,tru?s4 ,prim>y ,tru?s & ,prim>y ,ideas z di/+ui%$4--,! faculty 9 "q may be reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( prim>y beliefs1 tru?s1 cognitions1 intuitively p]ceiv$1 & also ( prim>y & orig9al conceptions1 notions1 ideas1 also intuitively conceiv$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a conception or idea1 & a belief or tru?1 is obvi\s4 ,! notion ( exi/5ce1 & ! k or belief t ,i1 myself1 exi/1 are cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,! idea ( cause1 & ! conviction t e ev5t has a cause1 are di/9ct m5tal /ates4 ,! "o is a primitive & intuitive conception1 ! o!r a primitive & intuitive tru?4 ,e prim>y tru? involves a primitive & orig9al conception4 ,exi/5ce ( fir/ ,tru?s4--,all sci5ce & all reason+ dep5d ultimately on c]ta9 fir/ tru?s or pr9ciples1 n le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 b prior to x1 ! evid5ce & c]ta9ty ( :i* lie back ( all reason+ & all exp]i5ce4 ,take away ^! elem5t>y tru?s1 & nei!r sci5ce nor reason+ are long] possible1 = want ( a beg9n+ & f\ndation4 ,e proposition :i* c>ries evid5ce ) x1 ei!r conta9s t evid5ce 9 itself1 or d]ives x f "s o!r proposition on :i* x dep5ds4 ,& ! same is true ( ?is o!r proposition1 & s on =ev]1 until we come1 at la/1 to "s proposition :i* dep5ds on no o!r1 b is self-evid5t1 a fir/ tru? or pr9ciple4 ,:5ce come ^! fir/ pr9ciples8 ,n ( c\rse f exp]i5ce1 = !y are involv$ 9 & ess5tial to all exp]i5ce4 ,!y are native or priori convictions ( ! m9d1 in/9ctive & intuitive judgm5ts4 ,exi/5ce ( fir/ ,tru?s admitt$4--,! exi/5ce ( fir/ tru?s or pr9ciples1 z ! basis ( all acquir$ k1 has be5 v g5]ally admitt$ by philosoph]s4 ,!y h designat$ ^! elem5t>y pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 by widely diff]5t appellations4 ,by "s1 !y h be5 t]m$ in/9ctive beliefs1 cognitions1 judgm5ts1 etc41 an appellation m5tion$ by ,hamilton z employ$ by a v great numb] ( writ]s f ,cic]o d[nw>d1 includ+1 among ! re/1 ,scalig]1 ,bacon1 ,desc>tes1 ,pascal1 ,leibnitz1 ,hume1 ,reid1 ,/ew>t1 ,jacobi4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h t]m$ !m priori or transc5d5tal pr9ciples1 cognitions1 judgm5ts1 etc41 z be+ prior to exp]i5ce1 & transc5d+ ! k d]iv$ f s5se4 ,s ,kant & 8 s*ool t]m$ !m4 ,by ! ,scot* writ]s !y h be5 t]m$1 also1 pr9ciples ( common s5se1 9 place ( :i* expression ,/ew>t pref]s ! title1 fundam5tal laws ( human belief4 ,crit]ia ( prim>y ,tru?s4--,x becomes an important inquiry1 9 :at mann] we may recognize & di/+ui% fir/ tru?s f all o!rs4 ,besides common cons5t1 or univ]sality ( belief on ! "p ( ^? :o h arriv$ at ye>s ( discretion1 ,buffi] relies1 also1 ^u ! foll[+1 z crit]ia ( fir/ pr9ciples2 t !y are su* tru?s z c nei!r be def5d$ nor attack$ by any propositions1 ei!r m manife/ or m c]ta9 ?an !mselves2 & t _! practical influ5ce ext5ds ev5 to ^? :o w\ld d5y !m4 ,reid gives1 among o!r crit]ia1 ! foll[+3 cons5t ( ages & nations2 ! absurdity ( ! opposite2 e>ly appe>ance 9 ! m9d1 prior to education & reason+2 practical necessity to ! conduct & conc]ns ( life4 ,hamilton gives ! foll[+ z te/s or crit]ia ( fir/ tru?s3 #a4 ,incompreh5sibilty4--,we compreh5d t ! ?+ is1 b n h[ or :y x is4 #b4 ,simplicity4--,if ! cognition or belief c be resolv$ into sev]al cognitions or beliefs1 x is complex1 & s1 no long] orig9al4 #c4 ,necessity1 & consequ5t univ]sality4--,if necess>y1 x is univ]sal1 & if absolutely univ]sal1 !n x mu/ be necess>y4 #d4 ,comp>ative evid5ce & c]ta9ty4 ,summ>y ( ,crit]ia4--,! foll[+ may be reg>d$ z a summ>y ( ! m important crit]ia by :i* to di/+ui% prim>y tru?s f all o!rs4 a4 ,z fir/ tru?s1 or prim>y data ( intellig5ce1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 n d]iv$ f obs]vation or exp]i5ce1 b are prior & necess>y to su* exp]i5ce4 b4 ,!y are simple tru?s1 n resolvable into "s prior & compreh5d+ tru? f :i* !y may be d$uc$4 c4 ,z simple tru?s1 !y d n admit ( pro(1 !re be+ no?+ m c]ta9 :i* c be br\ght 9 evid5ce ( !m4 d4 ,:ile !y d n admit ( pro(1 ! d5ial ( !m involves u 9 absurdity4 e4 ,accord+ly1 z simple1 & z self-evid5t1 !y are univ]sally admitt$4 ,enum]ation ( "s ( ! ,tru?s usually reg>d$ z prim>y4--,diff]5t writ]s h includ$ "s m1 "s few]1 ( ^! fir/ pr9ciples 9 _! li/2 :ile no "o has pr(ess$1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 to give a complete enum]ation ( !m4 ,su* an enum]ation1 if x 7 possible1 w\ld be ( great s]vice 9 philosophy4 ,! foll[+ h be5 g5]ally includ$ among prim>y tru?s by ^? :o h attempt$ any specification1 viz42 our p]sonal exi/5ce1 our p]sonal id5tity1 ! exi/5ce ( effici5t causes1 ! exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w1 ! uni=mity ( nature2 to :i* w\ld be add$1 by o!rs1 ! reliability ( memory1 & ( our natural faculties g5]ally1 & p]sonal fre$om or p[] ov] our own actions & volitions4 ,correctness ( ?is ,enum]ation4--,t ! tru?s n[ specifi$ are 9 "s s5se prim>y1 t !y are g5]ally admitt$ & act$ ^u1 among m51 )\t process ( reason+1 & t1 :5 /at$1 !y comm& ! univ]sal & in/ant ass5t ( ev5 ! untaught & unreflect+ m9d1 !re c be little d\bt4 ,:e!r1 9 all cases1 h[ev]1 !y come /rictly "u ! rules & crit]ia n[ giv52 :e!r1 = example1 our own exi/5ce & id5tity are prim>y data ( consci\sness2 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 !y are n inf]r$ f ! exi/5ce ( ^? ?\ghts & feel+s ( :i* we are directly consci\s1 z1 = example1 9 ! fam\s argum5t ( ,desc>tes1 ,cogito1 ergo sum1 may admit ( "q4 ,,ii4--,,intuitive ,,conceptions4 ,( ! results or op]ations ( ! faculty "u consid]ation1 we h consid]$1 z yet1 only t class :i* may be designat$ z prim>y tru?s1 9 di/9ction f primitive or intuitive conceptions4 ,to ?is latt] class let u n[ direct our att5tion4 ,propos$ consid]ation ( "s ( ! m important4--,)\t und]tak+ to give a complete li/ ( our orig9al or intuitive conceptions1 !re are c]ta9 ( ! m important1 :i* seem to require specific consid]ation4 ,su* are ! ideas ( space1 "t1 id5tity1 cause1 ! beautiful1 ! "r--ideas difficult to def9e & expla91 b1 on t acc\nt1 requir+ ! m c>eful inve/igation4 ,let u1 !n1 take up ^! conceptions "o by "o1 & inquire m p>ticul>ly into _! nature4 ,i4 ,space4 ,subjective ,view4--,:at is space8 ,is x a m]e idea1 a m]e conception ( ! m9d1 or has x reality8 ,?is is a "q :i* has mu* p]plex$ philosoph]s4 ,kant & 8 s*ool reg>d bo? "t & space z m]ely subjective1 m]e conceptions or =ms :i* ! m9d imposes ^u outw>d ?+s1 hav+ no reality1 save z conceptions1 or laws ( ?\ght4 ,opposite ,view4--,on ! o!r h&1 if we make space a reality1 & n a m]e conception1 :at is x1 & :]e is x8 ,n matt]1 & yet real1 a some?+ :i* exi/s1 di/9ct f matt]1 & yet n m9d4 ,press$ ) ^! difficulties1 "s di/+ui%$ & acute writ]s h resolv$ "t & space into qualities ( ! "o inf9ite & absolute ,be+1 ! div9e m9d4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ,cl>ke & ,newton1 a view favor$ also by a rec5t ,fr5* writ] ( "s note--,c4 ,h4 ,b]n>d1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,lyce ,bonap>te4 ,a middle ,gr\nd4--,^! mu/ be reg>d$ z1 on ei!r h&1 extreme views4 ,b is !re a middle gr\nd possible or conceivable8 ,let u see4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! simple idea ( space8 ,:at mean we by t ^w8 ,idea ( ,space4--,:5 we contemplate any mat]ial object1 any exi/5ce ( :i* ! s5ses c take cognizance1 we are cognizant ( x z ext5d$1 i4 e41 occupy+ space1 nor c we possibly conceive ( x z o!rwise4 ,! idea ( space1 !n1 is involv$ 9 ! v idea ( ext5d$ sub/ance1 or mat]ial exi/5ce1 giv5 along ) x1 impossible to be sep>at$ f x4 ,we may reg>d x1 !re=e1 z ! condition or po/ulate ( be+1 consid]$ z mat]ial exi/5ce1 possess+ ext5sion1 etc4 ,! idea ( x is ess5tial to ! idea ( matt]1 ! reality ( x to ! reality ( matt]2 = if !re 7 no space1 !re c\ld be no ext5sion 9 space1 &1 )\t ext5sion1 no matt]4 ,n a m]e ,conception4--,is space1 !n1 a m]e conception ( ! m9d1 m]ely subjective8 ,unque/ionably n4 ,x is n1 inde$1 a sub/ance or entity1 x has no be+4 ,x is n matt]1 = x is1 itself1 ! condition ( matt]2 x is n _s1 = !n x 7 intellig5t4 ,x is n an exi/5ce1 !n1 /rictly speak+1 n a ?+ creat$1 nor is x 9 ! p[] ( deity ei!r to create or to annihilate x1 = creation & annihilation relate only to exi/5ce4 ,& yet space is a reality1 & n a m]e conception ( ! m9d4 ,=1 if s1 !n 7 !re no long] any m9d to conceive x1 !re w\ld be no long] any space2 if no m9d to ?9k1 !n no ?\ght4 ,7 ! :ole race ( intellig5t be+s1 !n1 to be blott$ out ( exi/5ce1 & all ?+s else to rema9 z n[1 space w\ld be gone1 :ile1 yet1 matt] w\ld exi/1 ext5sion--worlds mov+ on z be=e4 ,ext5sion 9 :at1 motion 9 :at8 ,n 9 space1 = t is no long] extant2 defunct1 r1 ) ! la/ m9d ^: expir+ tor* w5t out 9 ! gloom ( night4 ,unless we make matt]1 !n1 to be also a m]e conception ( ! m9d1 space is n s4 ,if ! "o is real1 ! o!r is4 ,if "o is a m]e conception1 s is ! o!r2 & to ?is result ! s*ool ( ,kant actually come4 ,matt]1 itself1 is a subjective ph5om5on1 a mode ( m9d1 or1 r1 if x be any ?+ m1 we h no means ( kn[+ x to be s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 z we hold1 matt] exi/s1 & is an object ( imm$iate p]ception by ! s5ses1 !n !re is su* a ?+ z space also1 ! condition ( its exi/5ce1 a reality1 ?\gh n an entity1 ! idea ( x giv5 along ) t ( matt]1 ! reality ( x impli$ 9 ! reality ( matt]4 ,matt] presupposes x1 dep5ds on x z its s9e qu non4 ,x dep5ds on no?+4 ,7 !re no matt]1 !re w\ld be none ! less space1 b only space unoccupi$4 ,9 t case1 ! idea ( space might nev] occur to any m9d1 b ! reality w\ld exi/ j z n[4 ,7 all matt] & all m9d to be blott$ out ( be+1 space w\ld /ill be :at x is n[4 ,! ,idea1 h[ awak5$--,h[ come we by our ,idea ( ,space8--,s5se gives u our fir/ k ( matt]1 z ext5d$1 etc41 & s furni%es ! occasion on :i* ! idea ( space is fir/ awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,9 ?is s5se1 & no o!r1 does x orig9ate 9 s5sation or exp]i5ce4 ,x is a simple idea1 logically prior to exp]i5ce1 because ! v notion ( matt] presupposes space2 yet1 *ronologically1 z reg>ds ! matt] ( developm5t 9 ! m9d1 subsequ5t to exp]i5ce & cognizance ( matt]4 ,,ii4 ,,"t4 ,idea & ,def9ition4--,:at we h said ( space w enable u bett] to und]/& :at is ! nature ( t analog\s & k9dr$ conception ( ! m9d1 9 itself s simple1 yet s difficult ( def9ition & explanation--,"t4 ,! rem>ks already made1 respect+ space1 w almo/ equally apply to ?is subject also4 ,space1 we def9$ z ! condition ( be+1 reg>d$ z ext5d$1 mat]ial4 ,"t is ! condition ( be+1 reg>d$ z 9 action1 movem5t1 *ange4 ,s5se in=ms u n only ( magnitudes1 ext5sions1 mat]ial objects1 & exi/5ces1 z ar\nd u 9 nature1 b ( movem5ts & *anges cont9ually tak+ place among ^! v>i\s exi/5ces2 z ext5sion is ess5tial to ^? mat]ial =ms1 s succession is ess5tial to ^! movem5ts & *anges2 !y _c take place1 nor be conceiv$ to take place1 )\t x2 & z space is involv$ 91 & giv5 along )1 ! v idea ( ext5sion1 s "t is involv$ 91 & giv5 along )1 ! v idea ( succession4 ,"t1 !n1 is ! condition ( action1 movem5t1 *ange1 ev5t1 z space is ( ext5d$ & mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,x is t :i* is requir$ 9 ord] t some?+ %\ld take place or occur1 j z space is t :i* is requir$ 9 ord] t some?+ %\ld exi/ z mat]ial & hav+ =m4 ,z space gives u ! "q :]e1 "t gives u ! "q :54 ,x is ! place ( ev5ts1 z space is ( =ms4 ,br[n's ,view4--,dr4 ,br[n def9es "t to be ! m]e relation ( "o ev5t to ano!r1 z prior & subsequ5t4 ,x foll[s1 f ?is view1 t if !re 7 no ev5ts1 !n no "t1 s9ce ! latt] is a m]e relation subsi/+ among ! =m]4 ,is ?is s8 ,no d\bt we d]ive our idea ( "t f ! succession ( ev5ts2 b is "t m]ely an idea1 m]ely a conception1 m]ely a relation1 or has x reality out ( & aside f our m9d's conceiv+ x1 & indep5d5t ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts t take place 9 x8 ,n a m]e ,conception4--,l space1 x is a law ( ?\ght1 a conception1 & l space x is n a m]e law ( ?\ght1 n a m]e conception ( ! m9d1 n altoge!r subjective4 ,nor is x a m]e relation ( "o ev5t to ano!r 9 succession4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 necess>y to1 & prior to1 all succession & all ev5ts4 ,x does n dep5d on ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts1 b ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts dep5ds on x4 ,z space w\ld /ill exi/ 7 matt] annihilat$1 s "t w\ld cont9ue 7 ev5ts to cease4 ,b 7 "t blott$ out !re c\ld be no succession1 no occurr5ce or ev5t4 ,"t is ess5tial1 n to ! m]e ?\ght or conception ( ev5ts1 b to ! possibility ( ! ?+ itself4 ,x is n1 !n1 a m]e idea1 or conception ( ! m9d1 nor a m]e relation4 ,x has1 9 a s5se1 objectivity & reality1 s9ce x is ! gr\nd & condition ( all cont9u\s active exi/5ce1 z space is ( all ext5d$ =mal exi/5ce1 ! s9e qu non1 )\t :i* n m]ely our idea & conception ( su* exi/5ce w\ld vani%1 b ! ?+ itself4 ,!re c\ld be no su* ?+ z active cont9u\s exi/5ce1 ei!r ( m9d or matt]1 s9ce m9d & _s1 z cont9u\s & p]si/5t 9 any ( its moods & phases1 mu* m z pass+ f "o to ano!r ( ^? moods1 implies succession4 ,"t is to m9d :at space is to matt]4 ,matt] prot5ds 9 space1 m9d 9 "t4 ,"t is ev5 less purely subjective ?an space1 = %\ld we say t bo? matt] & space are m]e subjective ph5om5a1 m]e conceptions1 yet ev5 to ^? v conceptions1 to ^? subjective ph5om5a1 z /ates ( m9d1 "t is ess5tial4 ,:5ce our ,idea ( ,"t4--,x is ) ! idea ( "t z ) t ( space4 ,logically1 "t is ! condition1 priori1 ( all exp]i5ce1 because ( all cont9u\s exi/5ce & all consci\sness2 b *ronologically x is po/]iori1 i4 e41 x is1 to u1 a matt] ( s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,s5se is ! occasion on :i* ! idea ( "t is fir/ awak5$ 9 our m9ds4 ,we fir/ exi/1 cont9ue to exi/1 are consci\s ( t exi/5ce1 consci\s ( succession1 ?\ghts1 feel+s1 s5sations1 & s we get ! idea ( "t4 ,"t is necess>y to succession2 yet _h !re be5 no succession kn[n to u1 we %\ld h _h no idea ( "t4 ,we are to di/+ui%1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 our idea ( "t & ! ?+ itself4 ,locke is incorrect 9 mak+ ! idea ( succession prior to t ( duration1 9 itself consid]$1 & n m]ely z reg>ds our k4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,c\s9 has ably & ju/ly criticis$ ! philosophy ( ,locke4 ,"t a relative ,idea4--,look+ at "t m]ely z an idea or conception ( our own m9ds1 x is simply ! p]ception ( relation2 ! relation ( pass+ ev5ts to ea* o!r1 ! relation ( our v>i\s modes & /ates ( be+1 our ?\ghts1 feel+s1 etc41 to ea* o!r1 z successive1 or to ext]nal objects & ev5ts1 z also successive2 ! :]eab\ts1 9 a ^w1 ( "o's self1 "o's pres5t consci\sness1 9 relation to :at passes1 or has pass$1 )9 or )\t1 ! relation ( ! pres5t me to ! =m] me1 z reg>ds bo? ! succession ( int]nal or ext]nal ev5ts4 ,h5ce ! m9d has only to )draw itself completely f ! consci\sness ( its =m] /ates & ( ev5ts pass+ )\t1 & x loses altoge!r its idea ( "t4 ,?us 9 ,sleep4--,?is we f9d to be ! case 9 sleep4 ,! ?9k+ goes on2 ! idea ( pres5t self is kept up1 b n ( self 9 relation to ! objects t are really ab\t u1 or to ! actual "p ( its own exi/5ce4 ,:atev] relation seems to exi/1 is imag9>y & untrue4 ,we no long] "k :]e we are1 nor exactly :o we are4 ,! av5ues ( communication ) ! ext]nal _w are %ut up1 ! eye1 ! e>1 etc41 are inactive1 ! _s )draws f ! outw>d into itself1 z f> z ?is is possible1 :ile ! connection ( body & m9d /ill cont9ues2 its relations to =m] ?+s & to pres5t ?+s are =gott5 & unkn[n4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,we lose all idea ( "t2 ! mom5t ( fall+ asleep & ( our beg9n+ to awake1 if ! sleep h be5 s\nd1 is app>5tly "o & ! same mom5t4 ,! fir/ effect ( return+ consci\sness is to resume ! brok5 ?read ( "t1 to f9d y\r place aga9 9 ! s]ies ( ?+s1 :e!r x is morn+ or night1 :at morn+ or :at night x is2 to f9d y\rself1 9 fact4 ,y _h =gott5 y\rself1 to use a famili> phrase exactly descriptive ( ! pres5t case4 ,:at ( y\rself _h y =gott58 ,simply y\r relation to ! ord] & succession ( ?+s )\t1 & ( ?\ghts & feel+s )9--y\r place 9 ! s]ies4 ,9 sleep1 y\r exi/5ce1 s f> z x is an object ( consci\sness at all1 is simply t ( ea* pass+ mom5t by itself4 ,?us 9 absorb+ ,pursuits4--,y h only1 9 y\r wak+ mom5ts1 to lose sight z completely ( t relation & succession ( ! pres5t self to ! pa/ self1 ( ! me to ! n me1 & y lose z completely all idea ( "t4 ,does ?is ev] occur8 ,p>tially1 :5ev] ! att5tion is absorb$ 9 any int5sely int]e/+ pursuit or /udy4 ,"t passes ins5sibly !n4 ,we are ab/ract$ f ! s]ies1 our att5tion is )drawn f surr\nd+ objects & ev5ts1 & ev5 f our own ?\ghts1 z su*4 ,we lose sight ( ! me1 &1 ( c\rse1 ( ! relation ( ! me1 to pass+ ev5ts1 & !re=e lose ! s5se ( "t4 ,:5 ! spell is at la/ brok5 we mu/ g to seek ourselves aga91 z we w\ld seek a *ild1 t1 9 its play1 _h w&]$ f our side4 ,also 9 ,disease4--,some?+ ( ! same sort occurs 9 sev]e & protract$ sickness4 ,! m9d loses its reckon+1 s to speak1 z a %ip 9 a /orm loses latitude & longitude1 & w&]s f its c\rse1 unable long] to take its daily obs]vations4 ,idea ( ,"t 9 ,*ildr54--,y h d\btless notic$ t *ildr5 h little idea ( "t4 ,x is mu* ! same to !m1 "o day ) ano!r1 "o week ) ano!r2 x is morn+1 or aft]noon1 or night indiff]5tly4 ,! di/9ction & recognition ( "t1 & ( "o "t z diff]5t f ano!r1 is sl[ly acquir$1 & ) difficulty4 ,!y h n t self-consci\sness1 t appreh5sion ( ! pres5t & ( ! pa/1 z relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! s]ies ( ev5ts1 :i* is involv$ 9 ! idea ( "t4 ,!y are m l "o 9 sleep1 l "o dream+1 l "o 9 rev]ie1 :olly absorb$ ) ! pres5t mom5t1 ! pres5t consci\sness4 ,"t long] to a ,*ild ?an an ,adult4--,:at has be5 said expla9s1 also1 ! well-kn[n fact1 t "t seems long] to a *ild ?an to an adult p]son4 ,x is1 z we h se51 ! relation ( ! pres5t self1 z affect$ by *anges int]nal & ext]nal1 to ! pa/ self z ?us affect$1 t gives u ! idea & ! /&>d ( "t4 ,( c\rse1 ! %ort] ! l9e t repres5ts ! pa/1 ! long]1 9 comp>ison1 t pres5t duration :i* is measur$ by x4 ,n[ ! *ild has few] pa/ ?\ghts & ev5ts ) :i* to comp>e ! pres5t ones2 h5ce1 !y hold a great] comp>ative magnitude to him ?an to u1 :o h a great] range ( pa/ exi/5ce & pa/ consci\sness ) :i* to connect ! pass+ mom5ts4 ,h5ce1 ! long] we live1 ! m quickly pass our ye>s1 ! %ort] appe>s any giv5 p]iod ( duration4 ,appli$ to et]nal ,duration4--,y h b to apply ?is ?\ght to ,him ^: go+ =? is f ( old1 :o inhabite? et]nity1 & y h a new mean+ 9 ! beautiful ?\ght ( ! ,hebrew poet1 t ) ,him a ?\s& ye>s are b z a day4 ,to t et]nal m9d1 ! remot5ess ( ! p]iod :5 ! fir/ /> light$ up ! vault ( night at 8 bidd+1 may be rec5t z an ev5t ( ye/]day4 ,,iii4 ,,id5tity4 ,difficult ( ,explanation4--,p]haps no subject1 9 ! :ole range ( intellectual philosophy1 has be5 ! occasion ( m p]plexity & emb>rassm5t ?an ?is4 ,x is1 9 itself1 a difficult subject to compreh5d & expla94 ,we "k :at we mean by id5tity1 b to tell :at t mean+ is1 to /ate ! ?+ lucidly1 & expla9 x philosophically1 is ano!r matt]4 ,x becomes necess>y to exam9e ! subject1 !re=e1 ) "s c>e1 9 ord] to avoid confusion ( ideas1 & positively errone\s op9ions4 ,! subject is "o ( "s importance 9 its !ological1 z well z its /rictly philosophical be>+s4 ,n ,simil>ity4--,id5tity is n simil>ity1 n m]e resemblance--simil> ?+s are n ! same ?+4 ,we may suppose two globes or sph]es precisely alike 9 e respect--( ! same size1 color1 =m1 ( ! same mat]ial1 ( ! same *emical composition & sub/ance1 pres5t+ to ! eye & ! t\*1 & e o!r s5se1 ! v same appe>ance & qualities1 s t1 if view$ successively1 we %\ld n recognize ! diff]5ce2 yet !y are n id5tical2 !y are1 by ! v supposition1 two di/9ct globes1 two entities1 two sub/ances1 & to say t !y are id5tical1 is to say t two ?+s are only "o4 ,simil>ity is n id5tity1 s f> f x1 z ,ar*bi%op ,:ately has well rem>k$1 x is n ev5 impli$ ( necessity 9 id5tity4 ,a p]son may s f> *ange z to be q unlike 8 =m] self 9 appe>ance1 size1 etc41 & yet be ! same p]son4 ,n only are ! two ideas q di/9ct1 b ! "o may be1 & 9 fact is1 9 mo/ cases1 ! virtual negation ( ! o!r4 ,resemblance1 9 mo/ cases1 implies diff]5ce ( objects1 ! opposite ( id5tity4 ,to say t ,a & ,b resemble ea* o!r1 is to say t1 z kn[n to u1 !y are n "o & ! same1 n id5tical4 ,x is only :5 "o & ! same object falls "u cognizance at div]se times1 s t we comp>e ! object1 z n[ kn[n1 ) ! same object z previ\sly kn[n1 t resemblance & id5tity c possibly be pr$icat$ ( ! same ?+4 ,id5tity is only ano!r t]m = sam5ess 7idem72 any "o :o kn[s :at t means1 kn[s :at id5tity means1 & t x does n mean m]e simil>ity or resemblance4 ,n sam5ess ( *emical ,composition4--,nor does sam5ess ( *emical composition con/itute id5tity4 ,?is is m]ely simil>ity4 ,two bodies may be compos$ ( ! same *emical elem5ts1 9 ! same proportion1 & possess+ ! same g5]al =m & /ructure1 yet !y are n ! same body4 ,a giv5 piece ( wood or iron may be divid$ into a numb] ( p>ts1 ea* closely resembl+ ! o!rs1 ( ! same appe>ance1 size1 figure1 color1 weight1 & ( ! same *emical compon5ts2 yet no "o ( ^! is id5tical ) any o!r4 ,:5 we say1 9 su* a case1 t ! diff]5t pieces are ( ! same mat]ial1 we use ! ^w same ) "s latitude1 to d5ote1 n t !y are compos$ ( /rictly ! same p>ticles1 t ! sub/ance ( ! "o is ! v id5tical sub/ance ( ! o!r1 b only t !y consi/ ( ! same sort or k9d ( sub/ance1 t !y are1 e4 g41 bo? wood1 or bo? iron4 ,b ?is does n con/itute id5tity4 ,!re is no limit to ! numb] ( id5tical bodies :i* x is possible to conceive on ?is !ory ( id5tity4 ,! same p[] t con/ructs "o body ( giv5 *emical elem5ts1 & ( giv5 =m & /ructure1 may make two su*1 or t51 & if ! fir/ two are id5tical1 ! t5 are1 & !y may exi/ at "o & ! same "t1 beside ea* o!r1 id5tical ) ea* o!r1 yet t51 e "o ( :i* is itself1 & yet e "o is ea* ( ! o!rs6 ,a relative ,t]m4--,id5tity is a relative t]m1 l mo/ o!rs t are expressive ( quality4 ,! t]m /raight implies ! idea ( t :i* is n /raight2 beauty1 ! idea ( de=mity2 greatness1 its opposite2 & s ( o!rs4 ,id5tity /&s relat$ to div]sity z its opposite4 ,to h ! idea ( id5tity1 is to h t ( div]sity also4 ,to affirm ! =m]1 is to d5y ! latt]1 & to d5y is to h ! idea ( t :i* is d5i$4 ,i d n say !re c be no id5tity )\t div]sity1 b only t !re c be no idea ( ! "o )\t ! idea1 also1 ( ! o!r1 any m ?an !re c be ! idea ( a tall man )\t ! idea ( %ort m54 ,opposite ( ,div]sity4--,to affirm id5tity1 !n1 is simply to d5y div]sity1 to pr$icate unity1 sam5ess1 on5ess4 ,o!r objects !re are1 l ?is1 x may be1 simil> 9 e respect1 capable ( be+ conf\nd$ ) x1 & mi/ak5 = x1 b !y are o!r & n x4 ,?is we affirm :5 we affirm id5tity1 non-div]sity1 non-o!rness4 ,:atev] x be t m>ks (f & di/+ui%es a ?+ f all o!r l or unlike objects--:atev] con/itutes its individuality1 its ess5ce--9 t consi/s its id5tity4 ,diff]5t applications ( ! ,t]m4--,evid5tly1 !n1 ! ^w has some:at diff]5t s5ses z appli$ to diff]5t classes ( objects1 ^: individuality or ess5ce v>ies4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct classes ( objects to :i* ! t]m is applicable4 #a4 ,spiritual exi/5ce4 #b4 ,organic & animate mat]ial exi/5ce4 #c4 ,inorganic matt]4 ,z appli$ to ! fir/ ,class4--,z reg>ds ! fir/ class1 spiritual exi/5ces1 _! id5tity consi/s 9 simple on5ess & cont9uity ( exi/5ce4 ,x is en\gh t ! s\l or _s exi/1 & cont9ue to exi/4 ,s long z ?is is ! case1 id5tity is pr$icable ( x4 ,%\ld t exi/5ce cease1 ! id5tity ceases1 s9ce ! object no long] exi/s ( :i* id5tity c be affirm$4 ,%\ld ano!r _s be creat$ 9 its place1 & ev51 if ! ?+ be supposable1 %\ld x be end[$1 n only ) ! same qualities1 b ! same consci\sness1 s z to be consci\s ( all t ( :i* ! =m] 0 consci\s1 /ill x w\ld n be id5tical ) ! =m]4 ,x is1 by ! v supposition1 ano!r _s1 & n ! same4 ,to be id5tical ) x1 x mu/ be ! v same ess5ce1 be+1 or exi/5ce1 & n "s o!r 9 its place4 ,x is only ( spiritual immat]ial exi/5ce t id5tity1 9 its /rict & complete s5se1 is prop]ly pr$icable1 s9ce x is only ?is class ( exi/5ces t reta9s1 unimpair$1 its simple on5ess1 sam5ess1 cont9uity ( ess5ce4 ,p]sonal ,id5tity4--,:5 we speak ( p]sonal id5tity1 we mean t ( ! _s1 ! s\l1 ! ego1 9 di/9ction f ! corporeal mat]ial "p4 ,! evid5ce ( p]sonal id5tity is consci\sness4 ,we "k t ! ?9k+ consci\s exi/5ce ( to-day1 :i* we call self1 me1 is "o & ! same ) ! ?9k+ consci\s self or me ( ye/]day1 & n "s o!r p]sonal exi/5ce ( l attributes & condition4 ,locke's ,idea4--,mr4 ,locke /rangely mi/ook ! evid5ce ( p]sonal id5tity = id5tity itself1 & affirm$ t our id5tity consi/s 9 our consci\sness4 ,if ?is 7 s1 !n1 :5ev] our consci\sness 7 int]rupt$1 z 9 s\nd sleep1 or 9 fa9t+1 or delirium1 our id5tity w\ld be gone4 ,?is error has be5 po9t$ out1 & fully expla9$1 by ,dr4 ,reid1 & ,bi%op ,butl]1 ! =m] ( :om makes ?is supposition3 t ! same individual is1 at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 a boy at s*ool1 a private 9 ! army1 & a milit>y comm&]2 :ile a boy1 he is :ipp$ = robb+ an or*>d2 :5 a soldi]1 he takes a /&>d f ! enemy1 & at t "t recollects1 p]fectly1 ! :ipp+ :5 a boy2 :5 comm&]1 he rememb]s tak+ ! /&>d b n ! :ipp+4 ,x foll[s1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,locke1 t ! soldi] is id5tical ) ! boy1 & ! g5]al ) ! soldi]1 because consci\s ( ! same ?+s1 b ! g5]al is n id5tical ) ! boy1 because n consci\s ( ! same ?+s1 t is1 a is b1 & b is c1 yet a is n c4 ,! tru? is1 id5tity1 & ! evid5ce ( x1 are two ?+s4 ,7 !re no consci\sness ( any ?+ pa/1 !re w\ld /ill be id5tity s long z unity & cont9uity ( exi/5ce rema9$4 #b4 ,id5tity z appli$ to ! second ,class4--,z reg>ds organic mat]ial exi/5ce1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 ! id5tity consi/s 9 t :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce or be+ ( ! ?+1 :i* con/itutes x an animal or vegetable exi/5ce4 ,x is n m]e body1 n m]e p>ticles ( matt]1 ( su* numb] & nature1 or ev5 ( su* arrangem5t & /ructure1 b along ) ?is1 !re is a high] pr9ciple involv$--t ( life4 ,! cont9uity ( ?is my/]i\s pr9ciple ( life1 "u ! same g5]al /ructure & organization ( mat]ial p>ts1 mak+ ?r\gh\t "o complex unity1 "o entity1 "o be+1 ?\gh ) _m *anges1 x may be1 ( sep>ate p>ts & p>ticles compos+ ! organization2 ?is con/itutes ! id5tity ( ! object4 ,! id5tity is no long] complete1 no long] absolute1 because !re is no long]1 z 9 ! case ( spiritual exi/5ce1 absolute sam5ess ( ess5ce4 ,( ! complex be+ "u consid]ation1 animal or vegetable1 ! life-pr9ciple is1 inde$1 "o & ! same ?r\gh\t all p]iods ( its exi/5ce1 b ! mat]ial organization reta9s n ! same absolute ess5ce1 only ! same g5]al /ructure1 & =m1 & adaptation ( p>ts1 :ile ! p>ts & p>ticles !mselves are cont9ually *ang+4 ,x is only 9 a modifi$ & p>tial s5se1 !n1 n 9 /rict philosophical use ( language1 t we c pr$icate id5tity ( any mat]ial organic exi/5ce4 ,we mean by x1 simply1 cont9uity ( life "u ! same g5]al /ructure & organization2 = s f> z x has unity at all1 ?is is x4 ,?is enables u to di/+ui% su* an object f any & all o!r l objects ( ! same k9d or sort4 #c4 ,id5tity z appli$ to ! ?ird ,class4--,z reg>ds m]e inorganic matt]1 its id5tity consi/s1 aga91 9 its absolute on5ess & sam5ess4 ,!re mu/ be no *ange ( p>ticles1 = ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ n[ consid]$ lies n 9 any peculi>ity ( =m1 or /ructure1 or life-pr9ciple1 all :i* are want+1 b simply 9 ! numb] & nature ( ! p>ticles t make up ! mass or sub/ance ( ! ?+1 & if ^! *ange 9 ! lea/1 x is no long] ! same ess5ce4 ,!re is1 prop]ly1 !n1 no su* ?+ z id5tity 9 ! cases n[ "u consid]ation1 s9ce ! p>ticles ( any mat]ial sub/ance are liable to con/ant *anges4 ,x is only 9 a second>y & popul> s5se t we speak ( ! id5tity ( m]ely inorganic mat]ial sub/ance2 /rictly speak+1 x has no id5tity1 & cont9ues n ! same = any two mom5ts4 ,we say1 h[ev]1 ( two pieces ( pap]1 t !y are ( ! same color1 mean+ t !y are bo? :ite or bo? r$2 ( two co9s1 t !y are ( ! same f95ess1 ! same size1 & weight1 etc41 mean+1 !reby1 only t ! two ?+s are ( ! same sort ( color1 ! same degree ( f95ess1 etc41 & n t ! color ( ! "o or ! f95ess & size ( ! "o is absolutely ! ess5tial & id5tical color1 size1 f95ess ( ! o!r4 ,x is by a simil> use ( t]ms1 n 9 _! /rict & prop]1 b 9 a loose & second>y s5se1 t we speak ( ! id5tity or sam5ess ( any mat]ial sub/ance 9 itself consid]$4 ,/rictly1 x has no id5tity unless its sub/ance is absolutely un*ang$1 :i* is n true ( mo/1 if1 inde$1 ( any mat]ial exi/5ce1 = any successive p]iods ( "t4 ,popul> ,use4--,!re is a popul> use ( ?is t]m :i* requires fur!r notice4 ,we speak ( ! id5tity ( a m\nta91 a riv]1 a tree1 or any l object 9 nature4 ,x is ! same m\nta91 we say1 t we look$ ^u 9 *ildhood1 ! same tree "u :i* we sat :5 a boy1 ! same riv] 9 :i* we ba!d or fi%$ 9 y\?4 ,n[ !re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is is true & correct4 ,!re has be5 *ange ( sub/ance unque/ionably1 & !re=e !re is n absolute id5tity2 b !re is1 aft] all1 num]ical sam5ess1 & ?is is :at we mean :5 we speak ( ! sam5ess or id5tity ( ! object4 ,x con/itutes a suffici5t gr\nd = su* use ( t]ms4 ,y recognize ! book1 ! m\nta91 ! riv]1 z "o y h se5 be=e4 ,! tree t y pass 9 y\r morn+ walk y recognize z ! v tree "u :i* y sat t5 ye>s ago4 ,leaves h *ang$1 b>k & fibres h *ang$2 bran*es are l>g] & m num]\s2 b\ghs1 p]haps1 h fall5 by "t & by tempe/2 x has *ang$ z y h *ang$1 x has gr[n old l y\rself1 ) *ang+ seasons2 its v]dure & foliage1 l y\r hopes & plans1 lie scatt]$ ar\nd x1 & yet x is to y ! same tree4 ,h[ s8 ,x is ! same num]ical unity4 ,( a ?\s& or t5 ?\s& simil> trees1 simil> 9 species1 9 gr[?1 & =m1 & adaptation ( p>ts1 9 size1 color1 g5]al appe>ance1 etc41 x is ?is individual "o1 & n "s o!r ( ! same sort or species gr[+ else:]e1 t y ref] to4 ,x is ! same num]ical unity & n "s o!r "o ( ! s]ies4 ,/ill !re mu/ be cont9uity ( exi/5ce 9 ord] to id5tity ev5 9 ?is popul> s5se ( ! t]m4 ,7 ! p>ts entirely *ang$ & new ones sub/itut$1 z 9 ! puzzle ( ! knife ) sev]al successive h&les & blades1 or ! %ip ^: orig9al timb]s1 planks1 cordage1 & entire sub/ance1 _h1 9 c\rse ( "t1 by cont9u$ repairs1 be5 remov$ & replac$ by new2 9 su* a case1 we d n ord9>ily speak or ?9k ( ! object z be+ any long] ! same4 ,?is n absolute ,id5tity4--,9 ! cases n[ "u consid]ation1 9 :i*1 9 popul> language1 objects are t]m$ same & id5tical1 :i* are n /rictly s1 !re is comp>ative r ?an absolute unity & id5tity4 ,!re is ref]5ce always 9 su* cases to o!r objects ( ! same k9d1 sort1 & description1 a s]ies ( :i* ! object ( pres5t cognition is "o1 & to :i* s]ies x holds ! same relation n[ t x held =m]ly4 ,z :51 ( sev]al books on a table1 y t\* "o1 & aft] ! int]val ( "s mom5ts or h\rs t\* ! same aga92 y say1 ,! book ,i la/ t\*$ is ! same ,i t\*$ be=e1 ! id5tical "o2 y d n mean t its sub/ance is absolutely un*ang$1 t x has ! same precise numb] ( p>ticles 9 its composition z be=e--?is is n 9 y\r m9d at all--b only t ! unity ?us designat$ is ! same unity previ\sly designat$1 t1 & n "s o!r "o ( ! s]ies ( simil> objects4 ,x is a comp>ative idea1 a comp>ative id5tity1 9 :i* num]ical unity is ! elem5t *iefly reg>d$4 ,possible ,plurality impli$4--,9 all cases :]e ! idea ( id5tity arises 9 ! m9d1 !re is impli$ a possible plurality ( objects ( ! same g5]al "*2 ! idea ( su* div]sity or plurality is be=e ! m9d1 & ! f\ndation ( t idea is ! diff]5ce ( cognition4 ,! same object is view$ by ! same p]son at diff]5t times or by diff]5t p]sons at ! same "t1 & 9 t case1 ?\gh ! object itself %\ld be absolutely "o & ! same1 yet !re h be5 di/9ct1 sep>ate cognitions ( x1 & ?is plurality or diff]5ce ( cognition is a suffici5t f\ndation = ! idea ( a possible div]sity ( object4 ,! book z kn[n to-day & ! book z kn[n ye/]day1 are two di/9ct objects ( ?\ght4 ,! cognition n[1 & ! cognition !n1 are two sep>ate acts ( ! m9d2 & ! "q arises1 ,are ! objects di/9ct1 z well z ! cognitions8 ,?is is ! "q ( id5tity4 ,y h an imm$iate1 irresi/ible conviction t ! object ( ^! sev]al cognitions is "o & ! same4 ,y affirm its id5tity1 absolute or comp>ative1 z ! case may be4 ,! ,conception ( ,id5tity am\nts to :at4--,9 e case ( affirm$ id5tity1 !n1 !re is impli$ a possible plurality ( objects2 a diff]5ce ( cognition ( a giv5 object1 :e!r "o p]son cognizant at diff]5t times1 or diff]5t p]sons at ! same "t2 a "q :e!r ! possible plurality1 z reg>ds ! object ( ^! diff]5t cognitions1 is an actual plurality2 a conviction & decision t x is n1 t ! object is "o & ! same2 & ?is sam5ess & unity are absolute or comp>ative1 accord+ z we use ! language 9 its /rict1 primitive1 philosophical mean+1 or 9 its loose & popul> s5se4 ,9 ! "o case1 x is sam5ess ( absolute ess5ce1 9 ! o!r1 sam5ess ( nom9al relation to o!rs ( a s]ies or class4 ,,iv4 ,,cause4 ,mean+ ( ! ,t]m4--,! idea ( cause is "o ) :i* e m9d is famili>4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to expla9 precisely :at we mean by x1 nor to fix its limits1 nor to unfold its orig94 ,we mean by ?is t]m1 ,i ?9k1 z ord9>ily employ$1 t on :i* "s consequ5ce dep5ds1 t b = :i* "s ev5t or ph5om5on w\ld n occur4 ,9 ord] to affirm t "o ?+ is ! cause ( ano!r1 ,i mu/ "k1 n m]ely t !y are connect$1 b t ! exi/5ce ( ! "o dep5ds on t ( ! o!r4 ,?is is m ?an m]e antec$5ce1 h[ev] inv>iable4 ,! approa* ( a /orm may be inv>iably indicat$ by ! *anges ( ! b>omet]4 ,^! *anges prec$e ! /orm1 b are n ! cause ( x4 ,orig9 ( ! ,idea4--,:5ce d we d]ive ! idea ( cause8--a "q ( "s importance1 & mu* discuss$4 ,evid5tly n f s5se4 ,i obs]ve1 = example1 ! melt+ ( sn[ be=e ! fire1 or wax be=e ! flame ( a tap]4 ,:at is x t ,i see 9 ?is case8 ,m]ely ! ph5om5on1 no?+ m4 ,all t s5se conveys1 all t ! eye reports1 is simply ! melt+ ( ! "o sub/ance 9 ! pres5ce & vic9ity ( ! o!r4 ,i see no cause1 no =m transmitt$ f ! "o to ! o!r1 no action ( ! "o on ! o!r1 b simply ! vic9ity ( ! two1 & ! *ange tak+ place 9 "o4 ,i inf] t ! *ange takes place 9 consequ5ce ( ! vic9ity4 ,i believe x2 & if ! exp]im5t is (t5 repeat$ ) ! same results1 ,i _c d\bt t x is s4 ,! idea ( causality is1 inde$1 sugge/$ by :at ,i h se51 b is n giv5 by s5se4 ,i h n se5 ! cause2 t lies hidd51 occult1 its nature :olly unkn[n1 & its v exi/5ce kn[n1 n by :at ,i h actually se51 b by t law ( ! m9d :i* leads me to believe t e ev5t mu/ h a cause1 & to look = t cause 9 :atev] circum/ance is kn[n to be inv>iably connect$ ) ! giv5 *ange or ev5t4 ,con/itution ( ! ,m9d4--,t su* is ! con/itution ( ! m9d1 su* ! law ( its action1 admits ( no reasonable d\bt4 ,no soon] is an ev5t or ph5om5on obs]v$1 ?an we conclude1 at once1 t x is an effect1 & beg9 to inquire ! cause4 ,we _c1 by any ef=t ( conception1 p]suade ourselves t !re is absolutely no cause4 ,n d]iv$ f ,s5se4--,b is n ?is pr9ciple ( causality d]iv$ f exp]i5ce8 ,we h already said t s5se does n give x4 ,i d n see ) ! eye ! cause ( ! melt+ ( ! wax1 mu* less does :at ,i see conta9 ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t e ev5t mu/ h a cause4 ,s5se does n give me ?is4 ,:e!r f ,consci\sness4--,/ill1 may x n be a matt] ( exp]i5ce 9 ano!r way1 giv5 by consci\sness1 ?\gh n by s5se4 ,= example1 ,i am consci\s ( c]ta9 volitions4 ,^! volitions are accompani$ ) c]ta9 muscul> movem5ts1 & ^!1 aga91 are foll[$ by c]ta9 s5sible effects ^u surr\nd+ objects4 ,^! *anges produc$ on objects )\t are directly connect$ ?us ) my own m5tal /ates & *anges1 ) ! volitions ( :i* ,i am directly consci\s4 ,giv51 ! volition on my "p1 ) ! correspond+ muscul> ef=t1 & ! ext]nal *ange is produc$4 ,i nev] obs]ve x tak+ place )\t su* prec$+ volition4 ,i le>n to reg>d my w z ! cause1 & ! ext]nal *ange z ! effect4 ,i obs]ve t x is 9 ! p[] ( o!rs to produce *anges 9 l mann]4 ,?us ,i obta9 ! g5]al idea ( cause4 ,x is giv5 by consci\sness & exp]i5ce4 ,notion ( ,causality n ?us d]iv$4--,x is to ?is s\rce t a v able & +5i\s ,fr5* philosoph] w\ld attribute our fir/ idea ( cause4 ,i ref] to ,ma9e de ,biran4 ,i %\ld agree ) ,m4 de ,biran1 t consci\sness ( our own volunt>y ef=ts1 & ( ! effects ?us produc$1 may give u our fir/ notion ( cause4 ,b x does n give u ! law ( causality4 ,x ext5ds to a giv5 in/ance only1 expla9s t1 expla9s no?+ fur!r ?an t1 _c g beyond4 ,i am consci\s t 9 ?is giv5 in/ance ,i h set 9 op]ation a tra9 ( antec$5ts & sequ5ces :i* results 9 ! giv5 effect4 ,i am n consci\s t e ev5t has1 9 l mann]1 a cause4 ,my exp]i5ce w>rants no su* assumption4 ,no induction ( facts & cases c possibly am\nt to ?is4 ,induction c multiply & g5]alize1 b _c /amp on t :i* is m]ely empirical & cont+5t1 ! "* ( univ]sality & necessity4 ,! law ( causality1 9 a ^w1 is to be di/+ui%$ f any giv5 in/ance1 or numb] ( in/ances1 ( actually obs]v$ causation4 ,! latt] fall )9 ! range ( consci\sness & exp]i5ce1 ! =m] is giv51 if at all1 z a law ( ! m9d1 a prim>y tru?1 an idea ( reason4 ,rem>ks ( ,pr(essor ,b[54--,z ,pr(essor ,b[5 has well obs]v$1 ,! maxim1 ',e ev5t mu/ h a cause1' is n1 l ! s-call$ laws ( nature1 a m]e induction f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 & hold+ good only until an in/ance is discov]$ to ! contr>y2 x is a necess>y & immutable tru?4 ,x is n d]iv$ f obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a1 b is sup]-impos$ ^u su* obs]vation by a necessity ( ! human intellect4 ,x is n made kn[n ?r\gh ! s5ses2 & its falsity1 "u any circum/ances1 is n possible1 is n ev5 conceivable4 ,! cause to :i* x po9ts u1 is n to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,! m]e physici/1 aft] va9ly se>*+1 ev] s9ce ! _w began1 = a s+le in/ance ( x1 has1 at l5g?1 ab&on$ ! attempt z hopeless1 & n[ conf9es himself to ! m]e description ( natural ph5om5a4 ,! true cause ( ^! ph5om5a mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! realm1 n ( matt]1 b ( m9d4 ,:at con/itutes ,cause4--,9 ?is la/ rem>k1 ! au?or quot$ t\*es ^u a "q ( no little mom5t4 ,:at con/itutes a cause8 ,we _c "h ent] into ! discussion ( ?is "q4 ,x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w1 z d5ot+ t1 b = :i* a giv5 result w n be1 _m ?+s beside m9d are includ$ z causes4 ,a hamm]1 or "s l in/rum5t1 is ess5tial to ! driv+ ( a nail4 ,! hamm] may be call$ ! cause ( ! nail be+ driv52 ! bl[ /ruck by means ( ! hamm] may also be s designat$4 ,m prop]ly1 ! arm :i* gave ! bl[1 &1 m correctly /ill1 ! m9d :i* will$ ! movem5t ( ! arm1 & n ! consequ5t bl[ ( ! hamm]1 may be said to be ! cause4 ,if we seek = ultimate & effici5t causes1 we mu/1 d\btless1 come back to ! realm ( m9d4 ,x is m9d t is1 9 e case1 ! fir/ mov]1 ! orig9ator ( any effect1 & x may1 !re=e1 be call$ ! true & prime cause1 ! cause ( causes4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e4--,ari/otle's ,view4--,! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( causality pres5ts a numb] ( widely diff]5t !ories1 a brief outl9e ( :i* is all t we c "h give4 ,! mo/ anci5t division & classification ( causes is t ( ,ari/otle1 :i* is bas$ on ! foll[+ analysis3 ,e "w br\ght to completion implies f\r ?+s3 an ag5t by :om x is done1 an elem5t or mat]ial ( :i* x is wr\ght1 a plan or idea accord+ to :i* x is fa%ion$1 & an end = :i* x is produc$4 ,?us1 to ! production ( a /atue !re mu/ be a /atu>y1 a block ( m>ble1 a plan 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/1 & a motive = ! execution ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is t]m$ ! effici5t cause1 ! second ! mat]ial cause1 ! ?ird ! =mal1 & ! f\r? ! f9al cause4 ,?is classification 0 univ]sally adopt$ by ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s1 &1 to "s ext5t1 is /ill preval5t4 ,we /ill speak ( effici5t & ( f9al causes4 ,locke's ,d]ivation ( ,cause4--,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! idea ( cause1 !re has be5 ! greate/ div]sity ( op9ion4 ,locke d]ives x f s5se2 s d ! philosoph]s ( ! s5sationali/ s*ool4 ,we p]ceive bodies modify+ ea* o!r1 & h5ce ! notion ( causality4 ,!ory ( ,hume & ( ,br[n4--,hume d5ies ! exi/5ce ( :at we call cause1 or p[] ( "o object ov] ano!r4 ,he resolves x into succession or sequ5ce ( objects 9 regul> ord]1 & consequ5t association ( !m 9 our ?\ghts4 ,ess5tially ! same is ! !ory ( ,br[n1 :o resolves cause & effect into simple antec$5ce & sequ5ce1 beyond :i* we "k no?+1 & c affirm no?+4 ,!ory ( ,leibnitz4--,! !ory ( ,leibnitz v]ges ^u ! opposite extreme1 & assigns ! elem5t ( p[] or causal effici5cy to e =m ( exi/5ce2 e sub/ance is a =ce1 a cause1 9 itself4 ,( ,kant4--,kant & 8 s*ool make cause a m]ely subjective notion1 a law ( ! und]/&+1 :i* x impresses ^u outw>d ?+s1 a condition ( our ?\ght4 ,we obs]ve ext]nal ph5om5a1 &1 accord+ to ?is law ( our intellig5ce1 are "u ! necessity ( arrang+ !m z cause & effect2 b we d n "k t1 indep5d5t ( our conception1 !re exi/s 9 reality any ?+ correspond+ to ?is idea4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is !ory1 z well z t ( ,hume & ,br[n1 to a ?or\gh-go+ skepticism1 is obvi\s at a glance4 ,! !ory ( ,ma9e de ,biran has be5 already notic$4 ,v4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful1 ,,& ,,( ,,"r4 ,^! ,ideas ,intuitive4--- ,among ! prim>y ideas awak5$ 9 ! m9d by ! faculty ( orig9al or intuitive conception1 ideas ( reason1 z "s writ]s w\ld pref] to call !m1 mu/ be includ$ ! notion ( ! beautiful1 & also t ( "r--ideas m important 9 !mselves1 & 9 _! be>+ on human happ9ess1 ?an almo/ any o!rs :i* ! m9d ent]ta9s4 ,t ^! ideas are to be trac$1 ultimately1 to ! orig9ative or intuitive faculty1 !re c be little d\bt4 ,!y are simple & prim>y ideas4 ,!y h ! *>act]i/ics ( univ]sality & necessity4 ,!y are awak5$ intuitively & in/antane\sly 9 ! m9d1 :5 ! appropriate occasion is pres5t$ by s5se4 ,!re are c]ta9 objects 9 nature & art1 :i*1 s soon z p]ceiv$1 /rike u z beautiful4 ,!re are c]ta9 traits ( "* & c\rses ( conduct1 :i*1 s soon z obs]v$1 /rike u z morally "r & wrong4 ,! ideas ( ! beautiful & ! "r are ?us awak5$ 9 ! m9d on ! p]ception ( ! correspond+ objects4 ,?+s to be consid]$ respect+ !m4--,view$ z notions ( ! intuitive faculty1 or orig9al conceptions1 x w\ld be 9 place to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! circum/ances "u :i* ea* ( ^! ideas orig9ates1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*2 also :at con/itutes1 9 ei!r case1 ! object1 :at con/itutes ! beautiful & ! "r4 ,^! ,topics res]v$ = sep>ate ,discussion4--,^! matt]s des]ve a wid] & full] discussion1 h[ev]1 ?an w\ld "h be 9 place4 ,! ideas "u consid]ation are to be view$1 n m]ely z conceptions ( ! reason or intuition1 b z con/itut+ ! mat]ial ( two di/9ct & important dep>tm5ts ( m5tal activity1 two di/9ct classes ( judgm5ts1 viz41 ! /hetic & ! moral4 ,! conceptions ( ! beautiful & ! "r1 furni%$ by ! orig9ative or intuitive p[] ( ! m9d1 con/itute ! mat]ial & basis on :i* ! reflective p[] works1 & z ?us employ$1 ! m5tal activity assumes ! =m1 & is kn[n "u ! famili> names ( ta/e & consci5ce1 or1 z we may t]m !m1 ! /hetic & moral faculties4 ,z su*1 we res]ve !m = di/9ct consid]ation 9 ! foll[+ pages1 be>+ 9 m9d1 z we proce$1 t ^! faculties1 s call$1 are n prop]ly new p[]s ( ! m9d1 b m]ely =ms ( ! reflective faculty1 z ex]cis$ ^u ?is p>ticul> class ( ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,conception ,,& ,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,i4--,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful4 ,! ,sci5ce :i* treats ( ?is4--,! inve/igation ( ?is topic br+s u ^u ! doma9 ( a sci5ce z yet comp>atively new1 & :i*1 9 fact1 has sc>cely yet assum$ its place among ! philosophic sci5ces--/hetics1 ! sci5ce ( ! beautiful4 ,difficulty ( def9+4--,:at1 !n1 is ! beautiful8--,a "q t meets u at ! ?re%old1 & t has receiv$1 f diff]5t s\rces1 answ]s almo/ z _m & div]se z ! writ]s t h und]tak5 its discussion4 ,x is easy to specify in/ances ( ! beautiful )\t numb]1 & ( endless v>iety2 b t is n def9+ x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is only increas+ ! difficulty2 =1 :]e s _m ?+s are beautiful1 & s div]se f ea* o!r1 h[ are we to decide :at is t "o prop]ty :i* !y all h 9 common1 viz41 beauty8 ,! difficulty is to fix ^u any "o quality or attribute t %all p]ta9 alike to all ! objects t seem to u beautiful4 ,a figure ( spee*1 a /atue1 a />1 an air f an op]a1 all /rike u z beautiful1 all awak5 9 u ! emotion :i* beauty alone c excite4 ,b :at h !y 9 common8 ,x 7 easy to fix ^u some?+ 9 ! case ( ! /atue1 or ( ! />1 :i* %\ld acc\nt1 p]haps1 = ! pleasure ^? objects af=d u2 b ! same ?+ might n apply to ! figure ( spee*1 or to ! musical air4 ,x w\ld seem almo/ hopeless to attempt ! solution ( ! problem 9 ?is me?od4 ,& yet !re mu/ be1 x w\ld seem1 "s pr9ciple or attribute 9 :i* ^! v>i\s objects t we call beautiful agree1 :i* is ! secret & sub/ance ( _! beauty1 & ! cause ( t uni=m effect :i* !y all produce ^u u4 ,philosoph]s h accord+ly propos$ v>i\s solutions ( ! problem1 "s fix+ ^u "o ?+1 "s ^u ano!r2 & x may be in/ructive to glance at "s ( ^! def9itions4 ,"s make x a ,s5sation4--,( ^? :o h und]tak5 to def9e :at beauty is1 !re are "s :o make x a m]e feel+ or s5sation ( ! m9d1 & n an objective reality ( any sort4 ,x is n ?is1 t1 or ! o!r quality ( ! ext]nal object1 b simply a subjective emotion4 ,x lies )9 u1 & n )\t4 ,?us1 ,sir ,george ,mack5zie describes x z a c]ta9 degree ( a c]ta9 species ( pleasurable effect impress$ on ! m9d4 ,s also ,grohman1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,hamburg1 9 8 treatise on /hetic z sci5ce1 def9es ! beautiful to be ! inf9ite consci\sness ( ! reason z feel+4 ,z ! true is ! activity ( reason at "w z intellect or k1 & z ! good is its prov9ce :5 x appe>s z w1 s ! beautiful is its activity 9 ! doma9 ( s5sibility4 ,br[n1 ,upham1 & o!rs1 among ,engli% & ,am]ican writ]s1 frequ5tly speak ( ! emotion ( beauty1 z if beauty itself 7 an emotion4 ,o!rs an ,association4--,closely agree+ ) ?is class ( writ]s1 & h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f x1 is t :i* makes beauty consi/ 9 c]ta9 associations ( idea & feel+ ) ! object contemplat$4 ,?is is ! favorite doctr9e ) ! ,scot* metaphysicians4 ,?us ,"l ,jeffrey1 :o has writt5 ) great cle>ness & =ce on ?is subject1 reg>ds beauty z dep5d5t entirely on association1 ! reflection ( our own inw>d s5sations4 ,x is n1 accord+ to ?is view1 a quality ( ! object ext]nal1 b only a feel+ 9 our own m9ds4 ,its seat is )9 & n )\t4 ,!ory t ,beauty consi/s 9 ,expression4--,( ! same g5]al class1 also1 are ^? :o1 ) ,alison1 ,reid1 & ,c\s91 reg>d beauty z ! sign or expression ( "s quality fitt$ to awak5 pleas+ emotions 9 u4 ,no?+ is beautiful1 say ^! writ]s1 :i* is n ?us expressive ( "s m5tal or moral quality or attribute4 ,x is n an orig9al & indep5d5t quality ( any peculi> =ms or colors1 says ,alison1 = !n we %\ld h a def9ite rule = ! creation ( beauty4 ,x lies ultimately 9 ! m9d1 n 9 matt]1 & matt] becomes beautiful only z x becomes1 by analogy or association1 sugge/ive ( m5tal qualities4 ,! same is sub/antially ! anci5t ,platonic view4 ,kant1 also1 foll[$ 9 ! ma9 by ,s*ill] & ,fi*te1 takes ! subjective view1 & makes beauty a m]e play ( ! imag9ation4 ,all ^! ,!ories make x subjective4--,:e!r we reg>d beauty1 !n1 z a m]e emotion1 or z an association ( ?\ght & feel+ ) ! ext]nal object1 or z ! sign & expression ( m5tal qualities1 9 ei!r case we make x ultimately subjective1 & d5y its ext]nal objective reality4 ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ! objective ,!ory4--,( ^? :o take ! opposite view1 "s seek = ! hidd5 pr9ciple ( beauty 9 novelty2 o!rs1 z ,gal5 & ,m>montel1 9 utility2 o!rs1 z ,%aftesbury1 ,hut*eson1 ,hog>?1 9 ! pr9ciple ( unity 9 v>iety2 o!rs1 9 t ( ord] & proportion1 z ,ari/otle1 ,augu/9e1 ,cr\sez4 ,all ^! writ]s1 :ile !y admit ! exi/5ce ( beauty 9 ! ext]nal object1 make x to consi/ 9 "s quality or con=mation ( matt]1 z su*4 ,! spiritual ,!ory4--,!re is /ill ano!r !ory ( ! beautiful1 :i*1 :ile admitt+ its ext]nal objective reality1 seeks to dive/ x ( t mat]ial nature 9 :i* ! writ]s la/ nam$ pres5t x1 & se>*es = its ess5ce among pr9ciples e!real & spiritual4 ,accord+ to ?is view beauty is ! spiritual life 9 its imm$iate s5sible manife/ation2 ! hidd51 invisible pr9ciple--_s 9 di/9ction f matt]1 animat+1 manife/+ itself 91 look+ out ?r\gh1 ! mat]ial =m4 ,x is n matt] z su*1 x is n _s z su*1 mu* less a m]e m5tal quality or m5tal feel+2 x is ! expression ( ! invisible & spiritual "u s5sible mat]ial =ms4 ,?is view 0 fir/ fully develop$ by ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 & is adopt$1 9 ! ma91 by ,j\ffroy 9 8 ,c\rs d',e/hetique1 by ,dr4 ,augu/ ,ruhl]t1 ( ! univ]sity ( ,breslau1 9 8 able sy/em ( /hetics1 & by _m o!r philosophical writ]s ( di/9ction 9 ,europe4 ,que/ions = ,consid]ation4--,! foll[+ que/ions gr[ out ( ^! v>i\s & conflict+ def9itions1 z pres5t+ ! real po9ts at issue1 &1 z su*1 requir+ inve/igation4 ,i4 ,is beauty some?+ objective1 or m]ely subjective & emotional8 ,,ii4 ,if ! =m]1 !n :at is x 9 ! object t con/itutes its beauty8 ,i4 ,"q /at$4--,is beauty m]ely subjective1 an emotion ( our own m9ds1 or is x a quality ( objects8 ,:5 we speak1 e4 g41 ( ! beauty ( a l&scape1 or ( a pa9t+1 d we mean m]ely a c]ta9 excitem5t ( our s5sitive nature1 a c]ta9 feel+ awak5$ by ! object1 or d we mean "s quality or prop]ty belong+ to t object8 ,if ! latt]1 !n are we correct 9 attribut+ any su* quality to ! object8 ,emotion admitt$4--,unque/ionably1 c]ta9 pleas+ emotions are awak5$ 9 ! m9d 9 view ( c]ta9 objects :i* we t]m beautiful2 unque/ionably ^? objects are ! cause or occasion ( su* emotions2 !y h1 "u favorable circum/ances1 ! p[] ( produc+ !m2 unque/ionably !y h ?is p[] by virtue1 moreov]1 ( "s quality or prop]ty p]ta9+ to !m4 ,all ?is w be admitt$ by ^? :o d5y ! objective reality ( beauty4 ,! "q is n1 :e!r !re is 9 ! object any quality :i* is ! occasion or cause ( our emotion1 b :e!r ! t]m beauty is prop]ly ! "n ( t cause1 or ( ! emotion x produces4 ,beauty n an ,emotion4--,! "q w\ld seem a v pla9 "o if submitt$ to common s5se4 ,x w\ld seem /range t any "o %\ld delib]ately & intellig5tly take ! position t beauty & sublimity are m]ely emotions ( our m9ds1 & n qualities ( objects3 :5 we he> m5 speak+ 9 ?is way1 we are half incl9$ to suspect t we misund]/& !m1 or t !y misund]/& !mselves4 ,i look ^u a gorge\s sunset1 & call x beautiful4 ,:at is x t is beautiful8 ,t sky1 t cl\d1 t color+1 ^? t9ts t fade into ea* o!r & *ange ev5 z ,i behold !m1 ^? l9es ( fire t lie 9 brilliant relief ^u ! d>k] backgr\nd1 z if "s radiant angel _h ?r[n aside 8 robe ( light z he flew1 or _h left 8 smile ^u ! cl\d z he pass$ ?r\gh ! gold5 gates ( ,hesp]us1 ^!1 ^!1 are beautiful2 !re lies ! beauty1 & surely n 9 me1 ! behold]4 ,an emotion is 9 my m9d1 b t emotion is n beauty2 x is simple admiration1 i4 e41 wond] & delight4 ,!re is no su* emotion z beauty1 common z is ! ambigu\s expression emotion ( beauty4 ,!re are emotions ( fe>1 hope1 joy1 sorr[1 & ! l1 & ^! emotions ,i exp]i5ce2 ,i "k :at !y mean2 b ,i am n consci\s ( hav+ ev] exp]i5c$ an emotion ( beauty1 ?\gh ,i h (t5 be5 fill$ ) wond] & delight at ! sight ( ! beautiful 9 nature or art4 ,:5 ,i exp]i5ce an emotion ( fe>1 ( hope1 ( joy1 or ( sorr[1 :at is x t is joyful or sorr[ful1 hopeful or fe>ful8 ,my m9d1 ( c\rse1 t is1 ,i1 myself4 ,! object t occasions ! emotion on my "p1 is 9 no o!r s5se fe>ful or joyful ?an z x is ! occasion ( my be+ s4 ,if1 9 l mann]1 beauty is an emotion1 & ,i exp]i5ce t emotion1 x is1 ( c\rse1 my m9d t is beautiful1 & n ! object contemplat$4 ,x is ,i1 myself1 t am beautiful1 n ! sunset1 ! pa9t+1 ! l&scape1 or any ?+ ( t sort1 :atev]4 ,^! ?+s are m]ely ! occasion ( my be+ beautiful4 ,c\ld any doctr9e be m consol+ to ^? :o are consci\s ( any s]i\s defici5cy on ! score ( p]sonal attractions6 ,c any ?+ be m absurd8 ,! common ,view correct4--,i beg leave to take ! common s5se view ( ?is "q1 :i* ,i _c b ?9k is1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! mo/ correct1 & /ill to ?9k & speak ( ! beauty ( objects1 & n ( our own m9ds4 ,su* is c]ta9ly ! ord9>y acceptation & use ( ! t]m1 nor c any reason be %[n :y1 9 /ricte/ philosophy1 we %\ld dep>t f x4 ,!re is no ne$ ( apply+ ! t]m to d5ote ! emotion awak5$ 9 ! m9d1 = t emotion is n1 9 itself1 ei!r a new or a nameless "o1 b simply t m+l$ feel+ ( wond] & delight :i* we call admiration1 & :i* passes1 x may be1 into love4 ,to make beauty itself an emotion1 is to be guilty ( a d\ble absurdity4 ,x is to leave ! quality ( ! object :i* gives rise to ! emotion altoge!r )\t a "n1 & be/[ t "n :]e x is n ne$$1 on t :i* has already a "n ( its own4 ,beauty /ill objective1 ?\gh reflect$ f ! ,m9d4--,if to ?is x be repli$1 t ! beauty :i* we admire & :i* seems to be a prop]ty ( ! ext]nal object1 is1 nev]!less1 ( int]nal orig91 be+ m]ely a transf] to ! object1 & association ) x1 ( c]ta9 ?\ghts & feel+s ( our own m9ds1 a reflection ( our own consci\sness gild+ & light+ up ! objects ar\nd u1 :i* objects are !n view$ by u z hav+ a light & beauty ( _! own1 ,i answ]1 t ev5 on ?is supposition1 ! ext]nal object1 z ?us illum9$1 has ! p[] ( awak5+ ! pleas+ emotion )9 u1 & t p[] is its beauty1 a prop]ty or quality ( ! object /ill1 al?\gh borr[$ orig9ally f ! m9d2 j z ! moon1 ?\gh x give b a reflect$ light1 /ill %9es1 & ) a beauty ( its own4 ,s long z ^? ?\ghts & feel+s lay hidd5 9 ! m9d1 untransf]r$1 unassociat$ ) ! ext]nal object1 !y 7 n beauty4 ,n until ! object is inve/$ ) !m1 & !y h become a prop]ty ( t object1 d !y assume1 to ! m5tal eye1 ! quality ( beauty4 ,s1 !n1 beauty is ev5 /ill an objective reality1 some?+ t lies )\t u1 & n )9 u4 ,! ,p[] ( express+ an objective ,quality1 likewise4--,9 l mann]1 if x be cont5d$ t beauty is only ! sign & expression ( m5tal qualities1 ,i reply1 t p[] ( signify+ or express+ is c]ta9ly a prop]ty ( ! object1 & t prop]ty is its beauty1 & is c]ta9ly a ?+ objective1 & n a m]e emotion4 ,all ,beauty n ,reflection1 nor ,expression4--,i am f> f conc$+1 h[ev]1 t all beauty is ei!r ! reflection or expression ( :at passes )9 ! m9d4 ,!re are objects :i* no play ( ! fancy1 no transf] or association ( ! m5tal /ates1 c ev] r5d] beautiful2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are o!rs :i* require no su* association1 b ( !mselves %9e =? ^u u ) _! own cle> & lu/r\s beauty4 ,suppose a *ild ( lively s5sibility1 & ) t true love ( ! beautiful1 :]ev] disc]n$1 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ traits ( ! *ild's nature1 to look = ! fir/ "t ^u ! broad expanse ( ! ocean2 x lies spread out be=e him a new & sudd5 revelation ( beauty2 its ext5t ( surface1 unbrok5 by ! petty l9es & b\nd>ies t divide & m>k (f ! l&s ^u ! %ore2 its wond]ful deep blue1 a color he has se5 hi!rto only 9 ! firmam5t above him1 & n !re z "h--t deep blue reliev$ by ! :ite sails1 t1 l birds ( sn[y w+1 flit across its peaceful bosom1 or lie motionless 9 ! morn+ light on its calm expanse2 its peculi> convexity ( surface1 z x /ret*es f> out to ! horizon1 & lifts up its broad %\ld]s aga9/ ! sky2--^! ?+s he beholds = ! fir/ "t1 !y are associat$ ) no?+ 9 8 pa/ exp]i5ce2 he has nev] se51 nev] dream$ ( su* a vision2 x is n ! reflection ( 8 own ?\ghts or fancies2 b x is1 nev]!less1 to him a sc5e ( r>e & wondr\s beauty1 ! recollection & fir/ impression ( :i* %all haunt him :ile he lives4 ,if1 9 aft] life1 he came to philosophize ^u ! matt]1 x w\ld be difficult to conv9ce him t :at he ?us admir$ 0 b ! play ( 8 own imag9ation1 ! transf] ( 8 own m5tal /ate1 ! association ( 8 own ?\ght & feel+ ) ! object be=e him2 9 a ^w1 t ! beauty :i* s *>m$ him lay n at all 9 ! object contemplat$1 b only 9 8 own m9d4 ,a fur!r ,"q4--,t ! beauty :i* we p]ceive is a quality ( objects1 & n m]ely a subjective emotion1 t !re is 9 ! object some?+ :i*1 call x :at we w1 is ! produc+ cause ( ! emotion 9 u1 & t ?is objective cause1 :atev] x be1 is1 9 ! prop] use ( t]ms1 to be recogniz$ z beauty1 ?is we h n[ suffici5tly discuss$4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 ^! positions1 ! "q may /ill arise1 :e!r t :i* we call beauty 9 objects has1 aft] all1 an absolute exi/5ce1 indep5d5t ( ! m9d t is impress$ by x8 ,! beauty t ,i admire 9 yond] l&scape1 or 9 ! wild fl[] t blooms at my feet1 is1 inde$1 ! beauty ( ! l&scape or ! fl[]1 & n ( my m9d2 x p]ta9s to1 & dwells 91 ! object1 & n 9 me2 b dwells x !re indep5d5tly ( me1 ! obs]v]1 & :5 ,i d n behold x8 ,if !re 7 no intellig5t1 obs]v+ m9d1 to behold & feel t beauty1 w\ld ! object /ill be beautiful1 ev5 z n[8 ,?is admits ( "q4 ,is ! beauty a fix$1 absolute quality1 inh]5t 9 ! object z su*1 & p] se1 or is x some?+ spr++ out ( ! relation betwe5 ! m9d ( ! obs]v] & ! object obs]v$4 ,no ,evid5ce ( its ,exi/5ce except its ,effect4--,t x is relative1 & n absolute1 may be argu$ f ! fact t we h no evid5ce ( any su* quality or cause1 save z 9 op]ation1 save z produc+ effects 9 u2 & z we c\ld nev] h inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( ! cause1 _h x n be5 = ! effect produc$1 s we h no reason to suppose its exi/5ce :5 & :]e x does n manife/ itself 9 op]ation1 t is to say1 :5 & :]e x is n obs]v$4 ,z ! sp>k f ! smitt5 /eel is n /rictly to be reg>d$ z itself a prop]ty ( ! /eel1 nor yet ( ! fl9t1 b z a relative ph5om5on aris+ f ! collision ( ! two1 s beauty1 x may be said1 dwells n absolutely 9 ! object p] se1 nor yet 9 ! intellig5t subject1 b is a ph5om5on result+ f ! relation ( ! two4 ,fur!r ,argum5t f div]sity ( ,effects4--,! same may be argu$ f ! div]sity ( ! effects produc$4 ,if beauty is a fix$1 absolute quality ( objects1 x may be said1 !n ! effects ought to be uni=mly ! same2 :]eas !re is1 9 fact1 no su* uni=mity1 no /&>d ( beauty1 none ( ta/e1 b :at seems to "o man exce$+ly f9e1 excites only ! av]sion & disgu/ ( ano!r1 & ev5 ! same p]son is at diff]5t times diff]5tly affect$ by ! same object4 ,h5ce x may be inf]r$ t ! beauty is m]ely a relation betwe5 ! m9d & ! object contemplat$1 v>y+ z ! m9d v>ies4 ,reply to ! fir/ ,argum5t4--,to ^! argum5ts ,i reply1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x is n necess>y t a cause %\ld be 9 actual op]ation1 "u our imm$iate eye1 9 ord] t we %\ld conclude its indep5d5t & con/ant exi/5ce4 ,if1 :5ev] ! occasion returns1 ! effects are obs]v$1 we conclude t ! cause exi/s p] se1 & n m]ely 9 relation to u4 ,o!rwise we c\ld nev] believe ! absolute exi/5ce ( any ?+1 b %\ld1 ) ,b]kley & ,hume1 call 9 "q ! exi/5ce ( matt] itself1 save z ph5om5al & relative to our s5ses4 ,! same argum5t t makes ! beauty ( a rose relative m]ely to ! obs]v]1 makes ! rose itself m]ely a relative exi/5ce4 ,h[ d ,i "k t x exi/s8 ,i see x1 feel x1 smell x2 x lies ^u my table2 x affects my s5ses4 ,i turn away n[4 ,i leave ! room4 ,h[ d ,i "k n[ t ! rose exi/s8 ,x no long] affects my s5ses2 ! cause no long] op]ates2 ! effect is no long] produc$4 ,i h j z mu* reason to say x no long] exi/s1 z to say x is no long] beautiful4 ,reply to ! second ,argum5t4--,to ! argum5t f ! div]sity ( effect1 ,i reply1 t admitt+ ! fact to be z /at$1 viz41 t ! same object is diff]5tly reg>d$ by diff]5t m9ds1 ! div]sity may arise f ei!r ( two s\rces4 ,! want ( uni=mity may lie 9 ! cause1 or x may lie 9 ! m9ds affect$ by x4 ,! excit+ cause may v>y1 & ! effects produc$ by x w !n be div]se2 or ! m9ds on :i* x op]ates may diff]1 & 9 t case1 also1 ! effects w be div]se4 ,we are n to conclude1 !n1 f div]sity ( effect t ! cause is n uni=m4 ,a beautiful object1 x is true1 affects diff]5t obs]v]s diff]5tly1 b ! reason ( ! div]sity may be 9 !m & n 9 ! object4 ,:at !n is ! fact8 ,are ! m9ds ( all obs]v]s equally susceptible ( impression f ! beautiful8 ,by no means4 ,!y diff] 9 education1 habit ( ?\ght1 culture1 ta/e1 native s5sibility1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,h>dly two m9ds c be f\nd t are n div]se 9 ^! respects4 ,ought we !n to expect absolute uni=mity ( effect8 ,n to be conc$$ t !re is no ,agreem5t4--,x is by no means to be conc$$1 h[ev]1 t !re is no su* ?+ z a /&>d ( beauty or ( ta/e1 no g5]al agreem5t among m5 z to :at is or is n beautiful1 no g5]al agreem5t z to ! emotions produc$4 ,!re is su* agreem5t 9 bo? respects4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits x is uni=m & complete4 ,c]ta9 aspects ( nature1 & c]ta9 works ( art1 are1 9 all ages1 & by all m51 reg>d$ z beautiful4 ,! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 & ! ,v5us ( ! ,capitol1 are to u :at !y 7 to ! anci5ts2 ! p]fection ( ! beautiful4 ,! great "w ( ,raphael1 sc>cely f9i%$ at 8 dea?1 ! la/ t\*es /ill fre% f 8 h&--t "w :i*1 z x hung above 8 bi]1 drew te>s f all eyes1 & fill$ ) admiration all he>ts--is /ill ! wond] & admiration ( m54 ,& s x w be 9 c5turies to come4 ,& s ( ! emotions produc$ by ! contemplation ( ! beautiful4 ,mak+ due all[ance = habits ( association1 m5tal culture1 & diff]5ces ( native s5sibility1 we %all f9d m5 affect$ mu* 9 ! same way by ! beautiful 9 nature or art4 ,! m5 ( ! same class & condition z to ^! matt]s--! peasant ( "o age or c\ntry1 & ! peasant ( ano!r1 ! philosoph] ( "o "t1 & ( ano!r1 ! weal?y1 un$ucat$ citiz51 & ! fa%ionable fool1 ( "o p]iod & nation1 & ( ano!r--exp]i5ce mu* ! same effects 9 view ( "o & ! same object4 ,! same g5]al laws1 too1 preside ov] & regulate ! diff]5t arts :i* h relation to ! beautiful1 9 all ages ( ! _w4 ,consequ5ces ( ! ,!ory t ,beauty is m]ely relative4--,if beauty be n absolute b relative only1 x foll[s1 #a4 ,t1 if !re 7 no obs]v]s ( nature or art1 nei!r w\ld be long] beautiful4 #b4 ,if1 = any reason any ?+ is = ! "t unse51 z1 e4 g41 a pe>l 9 ! sea1 a preci\s /one 9 ! m9e1 or a ri* jewel 9 ! casket1 x has no beauty s long z x is !re & ?us4 #c4 ,z m9ds v>y 9 susceptibility ( impression1 ! same ?+ is beautiful to "o p]son & n to ano!r2 at "o "t & n at ano!r2 nay1 at "o & ! same mom5t x is bo? beautiful & n beautiful1 accord+ z ! m9ds ( ! obs]v]s v>y4 ,i _c say ) tru?1 t ! ,mosaics ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 or ! great diamond ( ! ,ea/1 are1 at ?is mom5t1 really beautiful1 because ,i d n "k :o1 or :e!r any "o1 may1 at ?is mom5t1 be look+ at !m4 ,intimate ,relation betwe5 ! ,m9d & ! ,object4--,:ile ,i ma9ta91 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( beauty z an absolute & indep5d5t quality ( objects1 & n m]ely z relative to ! m9d t p]ceives & enjoys x1 ,i w\ld1 by no means1 ov]look ! v intimate relation :i* subsi/s1 9 ! pres5t case1 betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ m9d & ! object p]ceiv$4 ,beauty makes its appeal prim>ily to ! s5ses4 ,x pleases & *>ms u1 because we are end[$ ) s5ses & a nature fitt$ to receive pleasure f su* objects4 ,9 ! adaptation ( our physical & m5tal con/itution to ! ord] & con/itution ( mat]ial ?+s z !y exi/ )\t1 lies ! secret ( t p[] :i* ! beautiful ex]ts ov] u4 ,might h be5 o!rwise con/itut$4--,we might h be5 s con/itut$1 d\btless1 t ! mo/ beautiful objects %\ld h be5 disgu/+1 r ?an pleas+3 ! violet %\ld h seem$ an ugly ?+1 & ! sweete/ /ra9s ( music h>% & discordant4 ,!re are disord]$ s5ses1 & disord]$ m9ds1 to :i*1 ev5 n[1 ^? ?+s1 :i* we call beautiful1 may s appe>4 ,= t adaptation ( our s5sitive nature to ext]nal objects1 & ( ^! objects to our s5sitive nature1 by virtue ( :i*1 ! p]cipi5t m9d recognizes & feels ! beauty ( ! object p]ceiv$1 & takes delight 9 x1 we are indebt$ :olly to ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( ! great ,creator4 ,! ,doctr9e ma9ta9$4--,/ill1 giv51 ! pres5t con/itution & mutual adaptation ( m9d & matt]1 & we affirm ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! beautiful z an object p] se1 & n m]ely z an affection ( ! p]cipi5t m9d4 ,! p]ception & enjoym5t ( ! beauty are subjective1 relative1 dep5d5t2 ! beauty itself n s4 ,! second ,"q4--,if beauty be1 !n1 z we f9d reason to believe1 n :olly a subjective affair1 b a quality or prop]ty ( ext]nal objects1 ! "q n[ arises1 ,,ii4 ,:at is x 9 ! object1 t con/itutes its beauty8 ,!ory ( ,novelty4--,& fir/1 is x ! novelty ( ! ?+8 ,is ! novel ! beautiful8 ,d\btless1 novelty pleases u4 ,x has ?is 9 common ) ! beautiful4 ,yet "s ?+s t are novel1 are by no means beautiful4 ,a mill = gr9d+ corn is a great curiosity to "o :o has nev] se5 su* a ma*9e be=e1 b x might n /rike him z p>ticul>ly beautiful4 ,e ?+1 :5 fir/ beheld1 is novel2 b e ?+ is n beautiful4 ,let u look m closely at ! elem5t ( novelty4 ,t is novel :i* is new to u m]ely1 :i* appe>s to u = ! fir/ "t4 ,x may be new to ! intellect1 a new idea1 or to ! s5sibility1 a new feel+1 or to ! w1 a new act4 ,z a new idea x satisfies our curiosity1 z a new feel+ x developes our nature1 z a new volition x enl>ges ! sph]e ( our activity4 ,9 ^! respects1 & = ^! reasons1 novelty pleases1 b 9 all ?is we discov] no resemblance to ! beautiful4 ,novelty height5s ,beauty4--,x is n to be d5i$ t novelty1 9 _m cases1 height5s ! beauty ( an object4 ,by famili>ity1 we become1 9 a measure1 ins5sible to ! *>ms ( t :i*1 z fir/ beheld1 fill$ u ) delight4 ,! s5sibility receives no fur!r excitem5t f t to :i* x has become accu/om$4 ,to enjoy m\nta9 sc5]y mo/ highly1 "o mu/ n always dwell among ! m\nta9s4 ,to enjoy ,niag>a mo/ highly1 "o mu/ n live 9 ! sight ( x all 8 days4 ,b beauty1 & ! enjoym5t ( ! beautiful1 are surely diff]5t ?+s1 & :ile novelty is accessory to ! full effect ( ! beautiful on our m9ds1 & ev5 indisp5sable to x1 x is n1 itself1 ! elem5t ( beauty1 n ! gr\nd & sub/ance ( x4 ,n always pleas+4--,j\ffroy ev5 d5ies t novelty is always pleas+4 ,"s ?+s1 he cont5ds1 displease u1 simply because !y are new4 ,we become accu/om$ to !m1 & our dislike ceases4 ,?us x is1 to "s ext5t1 ) diff]5ce ( color 9 ! races4 ,!ory ( ! ,useful4--,is1 !n1 ! useful ! beautiful8 ,?is !ory next claims our att5tion4 ,! f\ndation ( ! emotions awak5$ 9 u by ! beautiful 9 nature or art1 is ! p]ception ( utility4 ,we p]ceive 9 ! object a fitness to conduce1 9 "s way1 to our welf>e1 to s]ve1 9 "s way1 our purposes1 & = ?is reason1 we are pleas$4 ,! utility is ! beauty4 ,! mo/ useful n ! mo/ beautiful4--,t ! beauty ( an object may1 9 our p]ception1 be height5$ by ! discov]y ( its fitness to produce "s desirable end1 or r1 t ?is may add some:at to ! pleasure we feel 9 view ( ! object1 is q possible2 t ?is is ! ma9 elem5t & gr& secret1 ei!r ( t emotion on our "p1 or ( ! beauty :i* gives rise to x1 is n possible4 ,x is suffici5t to say1 t1 if ?is 7 s1 ! mo/ useful ?+s ought1 ( c\rse1 to be ! mo/ beautiful4 ,is ?is ! case8 ,a /ream ( wat] conduct$ along a %ip canal is m useful ?an ! same /ream tumbl+ ov] ! rapids1 or plung+ ov] a p]p5dicul> precipice4 ,is x also m beautiful8 ,a sw9e's sn\t1 to use a homely b =cible illu/ration ( ,burke1 is admirably fitt$ to s]ve ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$2 useful exce$+ly = root+ & grubb+1 b n1 on ! :ole1 v beautiful4 ,dissimil>ity ( ! two4--,inde$1 few ?+s c be m unlike1 9 _! effect ^u ! m9d1 9 ! nature ( ! emotions !y excite1 ?an ! useful & ! beautiful4 ,?is has be5 well %[n by ,j\ffroy 9 8 analysis ( ! beautiful4 ,kant has also cle>ly po9t$ out ! same ?+4 ,bo? please u1 b n 9 ! same way1 n = ! same reason4 ,we love ! "o = its advantage to u1 ! o!r = its own sake4 ,! "o is a purely selfi%1 ! o!r a purely dis9t]e/$ love1 a noble1 elevat$ emotion4 ,! two are heav5-wide asund]4 ,! glori\s sunset is ( no e>?ly use to u1 o!rwise ?an m]e beauty & pleasure are 9 !mselves ( use4 ,! gorge\s spectacle becomes at once degrad$ 9 our own e/imation by ! v "q ( its possible utility4 ,we love x n = ! b5efit x conf]s1 ! use we c make ( x1 b = its own sake1 its own sweet beauty1 because x is :at x is4 ,!re x lies1 p5cill$ on ! cl\ds1 evanesc5t1 mom5t>ily *ang+4 ,!re x is1 af> (f4 ,y _c rea* x1 _c comm& its /ay1 h no wi% to appropriate x to y\rself1 no desire to turn x to y\r own acc\nt1 or reap any b5efit f x1 o!r ?an ! m]e enjoym5t2 /ill y admire x1 /ill x is beautiful to y4 ,( :at use to ! behold] is ! ruddy gl[ & fla% ( sunrise on ! ,alp9e summits z se5 f ! ,rhigi or ,m\nt ,blanc8 ,( :at use1 9 fact1 is beauty 9 any case1 o!r ?an z x may be ! means ( ref9+ ! ta/e1 & elevat+ ! m9d8 ,t x has ?is advantage we are free to admit2 & x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! noble/ uses to :i* any ?+ c be made subs]vi5t2 b surely ?is _c be :at is meant :5 we are told t beauty consi/s 9 utility1 = ?is w\ld be simply affirm+ t ! cause consi/s 9 ! effect produc$4 ,beauty ref9es & elevates ! m9d1 is a means ( /hetic & moral culture2 z su* x is ( use1 & 9 t use lies ! secret & ! subtle ess5ce ( beauty itself4 ,9 o!r words1 a giv5 cause produces a giv5 effect1 & t effect con/itutes ! cause6 ,! utility ( ,beauty an incid5tal ,circum/ance4--,! tru? is1 t :ile ! beautiful does elevate & ennoble ! m9d1 & ?us furni% ! means ( ! highe/ /hetic & moral culture1 ?is advantage is :olly incid5tal to ! exi/5ce ( beauty1 n ev5 a necess>y or inv>iable effect1 mu* less ! con/itut+ elem5t4 ,?is is n ! reason :y we admire ! beautiful4 ,x does n ent] into our ?\ghts at ! mom5t4 ,z on ! summit ( ,rhigi1 ,i wat* ! play ( ! fir/ rosy light on ! sn[y peaks t lift !mselves 9 /ately gr&eur along ! opposite horizon1 ,i am n ?9k+1 at t mom5t1 ( ! effect produc$ on my own m9d1 by ! spectacle be=e me2 ,i am :olly absorb$ 9 ! magnific5ce ( ! sc5e itself4 ,x is beautiful1 n because x is useful1 n because x elevates my m9d1 & cultivates my ta/e1 & contributes1 9 v>i\s ways1 to my developm5t1 b x produces ^! effects because x is beautiful4 ,! v ?\ght ( ! useful is almo/ en\gh1 9 su* cases1 to ext+ui% ! s5tim5t ( ! beautiful4 ,beauty _c be appropriat$4--,t only is useful :i* c be appropriat$1 & turn$ to acc\nt4 ,b ! beautiful1 9 its v nature1 _c be appropriat$ or possess$4 ,y may appropriate ! picture1 ! /atue1 ! m\nta91 ! wat]fall1 b n _! beauty4 ,^! d n belong to y1 & nev] c4 ,!y are ! prop]ty ( e behold]4 ,h5ce1 z ,j\ffroy has well obs]v$1 ! possession ( a beautiful object nev] fully satisfies4 ,! beauty is ideal1 & _c be possess$4 ,x is an e!real _s t floats away z a silv] cl\d1 ev] ne>1 yet ev] beyond y\r grasp4 ,x is a b[1 spann+ ! blue ar*1 _m-color$1 wond]ful2 yond]1 j yond]1 is its base1 :]e ! rosy light seems to hov] ov] ! wood1 & t\* g5tly ! e>?2 b y _c1 by any flight or spe$ ( travel1 come up ) x4 ,x is "h1 !re1 ev]y:]e1 except :]e y are4 ,x is giv5 y to behold1 n to possess x4 ,!ory ( ,unity 9 ,v>iety4--,evid5tly we mu/ seek else:]e ?an 9 utility ! dwell+-place ( beauty4 ,! secret ( h] tab]nacle is n !re4 ,let u see1 !n1 if unity 9 v>iety may n be1 z "s affirm1 ! pr9ciple ( ! beautiful4 ,! intellect dem&s a g5]al unity1 z1 e4 g41 9 a piece ( music1 a pa9t+1 or a play1 & is n satisfi$ unless x c p]ceive su* unity4 ,! p>ts mu/ be n only connect$ b relat$1 & t relation mu/ be obvi\s4 ,at ! same "t ! s5sibility dem&s v>iety1 z e4 g41 ( tone & "t 9 ! music1 ( color & %ade 9 ! pa9t+1 ( expression 9 bo?4 ,! same note ( a musical in/rum5t cont9u\sly produc$1 or ! same color unv>i$ 9 ! pa9t+1 w\ld be intol]able4 ,! due comb9ation ( ^! two pr9ciples1 unity & v>iety1 say ^! writ]s1 con/itutes :at we call beauty 9 an object4 ,! wav+ l9e ( ,hog>? may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,objection to ?is ,view4--,)\t ent]+ fully into ! discussion ( ?is !ory1 x may be suffici5t to say1 t :ile ! pr9ciple n[ nam$ does ent]1 9 "s degree into our conception ( ! beautiful1 x c h>dly be admitt$ z ! gr\nd & cause1 or ev5 z ! *ief elem5t ( beauty4 ,n e ?+ is beautiful :i* pres5ts bo? unity & v>iety4 ,"s ?+s1 on ! o!r h&1 are beautiful :i* lack ?is comb9ation4 ,"s colors are beautiful1 tak5 by !mselves1 & ! same is true ( c]ta9 =ms1 :i*1 nev]!less1 lack ! elem5t ( v>iety4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 ma!matical figures1 :i* please ! eye by _! symmetry & exactness1 we may detect1 p]haps1 ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w n acc\nt = ! pleasure we feel :5 ! eye re/s ^u a p>ticul> color t is agreeable4 ,a bright r$ pebble1 or a bit ( /a9$ glass1 appe>s to a *ild v beautiful4 ,x is ! color t is ! object ( 8 admiration4 ,we h simple unity b no v>iety !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a beautiful sunset we h ! greate/ v>iety1 b n unity1 o!r ?an simply a num]ical unity4 ,we _c1 on ! :ole1 accept ?is !ory z a complete & satisfactory resolution ( ! problem ( ! beautiful1 al?\gh x is support$ by ! em95t au?ority ( ,c\s91 :o1 :ile he reg>ds all beauty z ultimately p]ta9+ to ! spiritual nature1 /ill f9ds 9 ! pr9ciple1 n[ "u consid]ation1 its *ief *>act]i/ic s f> z x assumes ext]nal =m4 ,ord] & ,proportion4--,%all we !n1 ) ,ari/otle4 ,augu/9e1 ,&r1 & o!rs1 anci5t & mod]n1 seek ! hidd5 pr9ciple ( beauty 9 ! elem5ts ( ord] & proportion8 ,:at are ord] & proportion8 ,ord] is ! arrangem5t ( ! sev]al p>ts ( a composite body4 ,proportion is ! relation ( ! sev]al p>ts to ea* o!r 9 space & "t4 ,n e possible arrangem5t is ord]1 b only t :i* appe>s conducive to ! end design$1 & n e possible arrangem5t ( p>ts is proportion1 b only t :i* fur!rs ! end to be accompli%$4 ,to place ! human eye 9 ! back "p ( ! head1 ! limbs rema9+ z !y n[ are1 w\ld be disord]1 = motion mu/ 9 t case1 z n[1 be =w>d1 :ile ! eye1 look+ backw>d1 c\ld no long] survey ! pa? we tread4 ,! limbs ( ! ,arabian /e$1 design$ = swiftness ( locomotion1 be> a proportion to ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 some:at diff]5t f t :i* ! limbs ( ! sw9e1 design$ *iefly = support1 & = movem5ts sl[]1 & ov] %ort] di/ances1 be> to 8 g5]al frame4 ,! proportion ( ea*1 h[ev]1 is p]fect z x is4 ,ex*ange ea* = ea*1 & !y are q out ( proportion4 ,only ano!r ,=m ( ! ,useful4--,s9ce ord] & proportion1 !n1 h always ref]5ce to ! end propos$ to be accompli%$1 we h1 9 fact1 9 ^! elem5ts1 only ano!r =m ( ! useful1 :i*1 z we h already se51 is n ! pr9ciple ( beauty4 ,n always ,beautiful4--,accord+ly1 we f9d t ord] & proportion d n1 9 !mselves1 & :5 unassociat$ ) o!r elem5ts1 inv>iably /rike u z beautiful4 ,! leg ( ! sw9e is z f9e a specim5 ( ord] & proportion z t ( ! ,arab c\rs]1 b is n s mu* admir$ = its beauty4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ^! elem5ts 9 comb9ation1 d ) o!rs1 ent] m or less fully into ! =mation ( ! beautiful1 are intimately associat$ ) its ext]nal =ms4 ,! abs5ce or violation ( ^! pr9ciples w\ld m> ! beauty ( ! object4 ,! spiritual ,!ory4--,! only !ory ( beauty rema9+ to be notic$ is ! spiritual !ory1 :i* makes beauty consi/1 n 9 matt] z su*1 nor 9 any m]e arrangem5t ( matt] 9 itself consid]$1 b 9 ! manife/ation or expression1 "u ^! s5sible mat]ial =ms1 ( ! high]1 ! hidd5 spiritual nature1 or elem5t1 appeal+ ?us to our own spiritual nature1 :i* is !reby awak5$ to sympa?y4 ,9 ! s5sible _w ab\t u we f9d two elem5ts div]se & di/9ct ea* f ! o!r1 ! idea & ! =m1 _s & matt]1 ! invisible & ! visible4 ,9 objects t are beautiful we f9d ^! two elem5ts unit$ 9 su* a way1 t ! "o expresses or manife/s ! o!r1 ! =m expresses ! idea1 ! body expresses ! _s1 ! visible manife/s ! invisible1 & our own spiritual nature recogniz+ its l1 holds communion & sympa?y ) x z ?us express$4 ,t :i* con/itutes ! beautiful1 !n1 is ?is manife/ation1 "u s5sible =ms1 & s to our s5ses1 ( ! high] & spiritual pr9ciple :i* is ! life & s\l ( ?+s4 ,relation ( ! ,beautiful to ! ,true & ! ,good4--,x diff]s f ! true 9 t ! true is n1 l ! beautiful1 express$ "u s5sible =ms1 b is isolat$1 pure1 ab/ract1 n address$ to ! s5ses1 b to reason4 ,x diff]s f ! good1 9 t ! good always proposes an end to be accompli%$1 & involves ! idea ( obligation1 :ile ! beautiful1 on ! contr>y1 proposes no end to be accompli%$1 ackn[l$ges no obligation or necessity1 b is purely free & spontane\s4 ,yet1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 ^! aspects1 ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful1 are at basis ess5tially ! same1 ev5 z old ,plato taught1 diff]+ r 9 _! mode ( expression1 & ! relations :i* !y su/a9 to u1 ?an 9 ess5ce4 ,relation ( ! ,beautiful to ! ,sublime4--,! relation ( ! beautiful to ! sublime1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 is simply ?is3 ,9 ! beautiful1 ! invisible & ! visible1 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 are h>moni\sly bl5d$4 ,9 ! sublime1 ! spiritual elem5t pr$om9ates1 ! h>mony is di/urb$1 ! s5sible is ov]borne by ! inf9ite1 & our spirits are agitat$ by ! pres5ce1 9 an unwont$ degree1 ( ! high] elem5t ( our own be+4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! "o pleases1 ! o!r awes & subdues u4 ,application ( ?is ,!ory4--,su*1 9 brief outl9e1 is ! !ory4 ,let u see n[ :e!r x is applicable to ! diff]5t =ms ( beauty1 & :e!r x furni%es a satisfactory explanation & acc\nt ( !m4 ,survey+ ! diff]5t =ms ( be+1 we f9d among !m diff]5t degrees ( beauty4 ,does1 !n1 e ?+ :i* is beautiful express or manife/1 ?r\gh ! m$ium1 &1 z x 71 "u ! veil1 ( ! mat]ial =m1 ! pres5ce ( ! invisible spiritual elem5t8 & ! m beautiful x is1 does x s mu* ! m pla9ly & directly manife/ ?is elem5t8 ,! ,!ory appli$ to inorganic ,=ms4--,& fir/1 to beg9 ) ! l[e/1 h[ is x ) ! inanimate1 inorganic1 m]ely *emical =ms ( matt]8 ,"h we h c]ta9 l9es1 c]ta9 figures1 c]ta9 colors1 t we call beautiful4 ,:at d !y express ( ! high] or spiritual elem5t ( be+8 ,9 !mselves1 & directly1 !y express no?+1 p]haps4 ,yet are !y n1 aft] all1 sugge/ive1 symbolical ( an idea & _s dwell+1 n 9 !m1 b 9 him :o made !m1 ( ! ,creator's idea & _s1 in>ticulate expressions1 m]e natural signs1 ( a high] pr9ciple ?an dwells 9 ^! poor =ms8 ,d !y n sugge/ & express to u ideas ( grace1 elegance1 delicacy1 & ! l8 ,d we n f9d ourselves attract$ by1 &1 9 a sort1 9 sympa?y ) ^! =ms1 z ?us significant & expressive8 ,is x n ?us t l9es1 & figures1 & ma!matical =ms1 ! regul> & %>ply cut angles ( ! cry/al1 ! light t fla%es on its poli%$ surface1 or lies hid 9 beautiful color )9 x1 ! ord]1 proportion1 & movem5t1 by fix$ laws1 ( ! v>i\s =ms ( matt]1 appe> beautiful to u8 ,= :at are ord]1 proportion1 regul>ity1 h>mony1 & movem5t1 by fix$ laws1 & :at are elegance1 & grace ( outl9e & figure1 b s _m signs & expressions ( a high] intellig5ce8 ,!ory appli$ to vegetable ,=ms4--,pass+ onw>d & upw>d 9 ! scale ( be+1 tak+ into view1 n[1 ! organic =ms ( vegetable life1 d we n f9d a m def9ite articulate expression ( ! spiritual & invisible "u ! mat]ial =m8 ,! fl[] t blooms 9 our pa?1 ! /urdy tree t ?r[s out its bran*es aga9/ ! sky1 or droops p5sively1 z if weigh$ d[n by "s hidd5 sorr[1 address u m directly1 speak m intimately to our spirits1 ?an ! m]e cry/al c d1 h[ev] elegant its =m1 or def9ite its outl9e4 ,!y express s5tim5ts1 n ideas m]ely4 ,!y respond to ! s5sibilities1 !y appeal to ! inn] life ( ! s\l4 ,!y are /rong or weak1 timid or bold1 joy\s or melan*oly4 ,x requires no vigor\s ex]cise ( fancy to attribute to !m ! s5sibilities :i* !y awak5 9 u4 ,:5 9 lively communion & sympa?y ) nature1 we c h>dly resi/ ! conviction t ! emotions :i* %e calls into play 9 our own bosoms are1 someh[1 h] own emotions also2 t "u ^! =ms s expressive1 s full ( mean+ to u1 !re lurks an intellig5ce1 a s\l4 ,to ! animal ,k+dom4--,9 ! animal k+dom1 ?is invisible spiritual pr9ciple1 ! en]gy t lies hidd5 "u all =ms ( animate & organiz$ sub/ance1 becomes yet m /rongly & obvi\sly develop$4 ,! approa* is ne>]1 & ! appeal is m direct1 to our own spiritual nature4 ,we p]ceive signs1 n to be mi/ak51 ( intellig5ce & ( feel+2 passion betrays itself1 love1 hate1 fe>1 ! v pr9ciples ( our own spiritual be+1 ! v image ( our own high] nature4 ,beauty & de=mity are n[ m /rongly m>k$ ?an 9 ! l[] degrees ( ! scale ( be+4 ,to ,man4--,9 man we rea* ! highe/ /age ( animal exi/5ce ) :i* we are conv]sant1 ! highe/ degree ( life1 intellig5ce1 s\l--! be+ 9 :om ! spiritual %9es =? mo/ cle>ly ?r\gh ! mat]ial veil--&1 %all we n say also1 ! be+ mo/ beautiful ( all8 ,! highe/ /yle ( beauty to be f\nd 9 nature p]ta9s to ! human =m1 z animat$ & light$ up by ! intellig5ce )94 ,x is ! expression ( ! s\l t con/itutes ?is sup]ior beauty4 ,x is t :i* looks out at ! eye :i* sits 9 calm maje/y on ! br[1 lurks 9 ! lip1 smiles on ! *eek1 is set =? 9 ! *isell$ l9es & features ( ! c\nt5ance1 9 ! g5]al cont\r ( figure & =m1 & ! p>ticul> %ad+ & expression ( ! sev]al p>ts1 9 ! movem5t1 & ge/ure1 & tone2 x is ?is look+ out ( ! invisible _s t dwells )91 ?r\gh ! portals ( ! visible1 ?is manife/ation ( ! high] nature1 t we admire & love2 ?is con/itutes to u ! beauty ( our species4 ,h5ce x is t c]ta9 features1 n 9 !mselves1 p]haps1 p>ticul>ly attractive1 want+1 x may be1 9 c]ta9 regul>ity ( outl9e1 or 9 c]ta9 delicacy & s(tness1 are /ill inve/$ ) a peculi> *>m & radiance ( beauty f _! peculi> expressiv5ess & animation4 ,! light ( g5ius1 or ! sup]ior gl[ ( sympa?y1 & a noble he>t1 play ^u ^? pla91 &1 x may be1 homely features1 & light !m up ) a brilliant & regal beauty4 ,^?1 z e arti/ kn[s1 are precisely ! features mo/ difficult to portray4 ,! expression *anges ) ! in/ant4 ,! beauty fla%es1 & is gone1 or gives place to a /ill high] beauty1 z ! light t plays 9 fitful corruscations along ! nor!rn sky1 com+ & go+1 b nev] /ill4 ,man n ! highe/ ,type ( ,beauty4--,is !n ! human =m ! highe/ expression ( ! pr9ciple ( beauty8 ,x c h>dly be2 = 9 man1 z 9 all ?+s on ! e>?1 is m+l$ along ) ! beauty mu* t is de=m$1 ) ! excell5ce mu* imp]fection4 ,we c conceive =ms sup]ior to 81 faces radiant ) a beauty t s9 has nev] d>k5$1 nor passion nor sorr[ dimm$4 ,we c conceive =ms ( beauty m p]fect1 pur]1 bright]1 l(ti] ?an any ?+ t human eye ha? se5 or human e> he>d4 ,we conceive !m1 h[ev]1 z exi/+ only "u "s s5sible =m1 z manife/ 9 "s way to s5se1 & ! beauty ) :i* we inve/ !m is ! beauty ( ! spiritual express+ itself 9 ! outw>d & visible4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( imag9ation to fa%ion ^! conceptions1 & ( art to attempt _! realization4 ,?is1 ! poet1 ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 ! ar*itect1 ! orator1 ea* 9 8 way1 is ev] /riv+ to d1 to pres5t "u s5sible =ms1 ! ideal ( a m p]fect lovel9ess & excell5ce ?an ! actual _w af=ds4 ,?is ideal c nev] be adequately & fully repres5t$4 ,! p]fection ( beauty dwells alone ) ,god4 ,consid]ation 9 favor ( ! ,!ory n[ expla9$4--,x is 9 favor ( ! !ory n[ "u consid]ation1 t x seems ?us m ne>ly to meet & acc\nt = ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( beauty1 ?an any o!r ( ^? :i* h pass$ "u our review1 & t x acc\nts = !m1 )al1 on a pr9ciple s simple & obvi\s4 ,! cry/al1 ! violet1 ! graceful spread+ elm1 ! droop+ will[1 ! /atue1 ! pa9t+1 ! musical composition1 ! gr& ca!dral1 :atev] 9 nature1 :atev] 9 art is beautiful1 all mean some?+1 all express some?+1 & 9 ?is lies _! beauty2 & we are mov$ by !m1 because we1 :o h a s\l1 & 9 :om ! spiritual nature pr$om9ates1 c und]/& & sympa?ize ) t :i* ^! =ms ( nature & art1 9 _! semi-articulate way1 seem all /riv+ to express4 ,! ,ideas ?us express$ p]ta9 n to ,nature b to ! div9e ,m9d4--,x is n necess>y t1 ) ! anci5t ,greeks1 we %\ld conceive ( nature1 z hav+ h]self an intellig5t s\l ( ^! =ms z !mselves consci\s ( _! own mean+ & beauty4 ,x is en\gh t we recognize !m z convey+ a s5tim5t & mean+ n _! own1 b 8 :o made !m1 & made !m repres5tative & expressive ( 8 own beautiful ?\ght4 ,words are n ! only modes ( expression4 ,! s\l speaks m e>ne/ly & eloqu5tly (t5 9 signs ?an 9 words4 ,& :5 ,god speaks to m51 he does x n always 9 ! b>r5 =ms ( human spee*1 b 9 ! fl[] t he places by my pa?1 9 ! tree1 ! m\nta91 ! roll+ ocean1 ! azure firmam5t4 ,^! are 8 words1 & !y are beautiful1 &1 :5 he w1 !y are t]rible4 ,happy he :o1 9 all ^! manife/ations1 recognizes ! voice ( ,god4 ,,ii4--,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful4 ,beauty an ,object ( ,cognition4--,we h treat$1 9 ! prec$+ section1 ( ! idea ( ! beautiful1 9 itself consid]$4 ,we proce$ to inve/igate ! action ( ! m9d z cognizant ( ! beautiful 9 its actual manife/ations1 :e!r 9 nature or art4 ,beauty1 z we h f\nd reason to believe1 is n a conception m]ely1 exi/+ only 9 ! m9d1 b a quality ( c]ta9 objects4 ,z su* x has objective value & exi/5ce1 & ! m9d is cognizant ( x z su*1 p]ceives x1 obs]ves x1 comp>es x & ! object to :i* x p]ta9s ) o!r l & unlike objects1 judges & decides respect+ x4 ,?is quality ( objects makes its appeal1 z d all objects ( p]ception1 fir/ to ! s5ses1 & ?r\gh !m to ! m9d4 ,!re is ?us awak5$ 9 ! m9d1 or sugge/$ to x1 ! orig9al & intuitive conception ( ! beautiful2 !re is also1 & beside ?is1 ! cognizance by ! m9d ( ! beautiful z an actual & pres5t reality manife/ 9 ! object be=e x4 ,z x p]ceives o!r objects ( a l nature1 x classes !m ) ! prec$+1 comp>es !m sev]ally1 judges ( _! respective m]its1 _! respective degrees & k9ds ( beauty4 ,?is discrim9at+ p[] ( ! m9d1 z ex]cis$ ^u ! v>i\s objects ( beauty & sublimity1 :e!r 9 nature or art1 we may designate by ! g5]al "n ( ta/e4 ,nature ( ?is ,p[]4--,!re has be5 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! precise nature ( ?is p[]1 :e!r x is a di/9ct faculty ( ! m9d1 or ! simple ex]cise ( "s faculty already kn[n & describ$1 :e!r x is ( ! nature ( intellect1 or ( emotion1 or ! comb9ation ( bo?4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s def9itions ( ta/e :i* h be5 giv5 by diff]5t writ]s1 "s reg>d+ x z /rictly an intellectual faculty1 o!rs z an emotion1 :ile ! great] numb] reg>d x z includ+ ! action bo? ( ! intellect 9 p]ceiv+1 & ( ! s5sibility 9 feel+1 :atev] is beautiful & sublime4 ,:at has be5 already said1 suffici5tly indicates ) :i* ( ^! g5]al views our own mo/ ne>ly accords4 ,we use ! t]m ta/e to d5ote ! m9d's p[] ( cogniz+ ! beautiful1 a p[] ( kn[+1 ( discrim9at+1 r ?an ( feel+1 an ex]cise ( judgm5t & ! reflective p[]1 direct$ to "o p>ticul> class ( objects1 r ?an any di/9ct faculty ( ! m9d4 ,feel+ is d\btless awak5$ on ! p]ception ( ! beautiful2 x may ev5 prec$e ! judgm5t by :i* we decide t ! object be=e u is truly beautiful2 b ! feel+ is n itself ! p]ception1 or ! judgm5t2 is n itself ta/e1 :atev] may be its relation to ta/e4 ,propos$ ,inve/igation4--,z ?is is a matt] ( "s importance to a correct psy*ology1 & also ( mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion1 x seems necess>y1 = purposes ( sci5ce1 to inve/igate some:at c>efully ! nature ( ?is =m ( m5tal activity4 ,x is n a matt] to be settl$ by au?ority1 by arbitr>y def9ition1 or dogmatic ass]tion4 ,we mu/ look at ! views & op9ions ( o!rs1 & at ! reasons = ^? op9ions4 ,def9itions4--,z prelim9>y to su* inve/igation1 ,i %all pres5t "s ( ! def9itions ( ta/e1 giv5 by ! m prom95t writ]s1 repres5t+ ea* ( ! lead+ views already indicat$4 ,blair def9es x a p[] ( receiv+ pleasure f ! beauties ( nature & art4 ,montesquieu1 a ,fr5* au?or ( di/9ction1 def9es x some?+ :i* atta*es u to c]ta9 objects by ! p[] ( an int]nal s5se or feel+4 ,g]>d1 au?or ( an ,essay on ,ta/e1 makes x consi/ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! int]nal s5ses1 viz41 s5se ( novelty1 sublimity1 beauty1 imitation1 h>mony1 etc4 ,accordant ) ?is are ! l9es ( ,ak5side3 ,:at1 !n1 is ta/e b ^? int]nal p[]s1 ,active & /rong1 & feel+ly alive ,to ea* f9e impulse8 ,nature ( ^! ,def9itions4--,! def9itions n[ giv51 x w be p]ceiv$1 make ta/e a matt] ( s5sibility1 ( m]e feel+1 a s5sation or s5se1 a passive faculty ( be+ pleas$ ) ! beauties ( nature & art4 ,ano!r ,class ( ,def9itions4--,diff]+ f ?is1 o!rs h c>efully di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! rational & emotional elem5ts1 ! p[] ( discrim9at+ & ! p[] ( feel+1 & h made ta/e to consi/ prop]ly 9 ! =m]4 ,( ?is class is ,br[n4 ,mc,dermot also takes ! same view4 ,?is au?or1 9 8 critical diss]tation on ! nature & pr9ciples ( ta/e1 def9es x z ! p[] ( discrim9at+ ^? qualities ( s5sible & intellectual be+1 :i*1 f ! invisible h>mony t exi/s betwe5 !m & our nature1 excite 9 u pleasant emotions4 ,! emotion1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x may be ! p>5t ( ta/e1 he w\ld n reg>d z a con/itu5t elem5t ( x4 ,def9itions comb9+ bo? ,elem5ts4--,! great] numb]1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :o h writt5 on ?is subject1 h comb9$ 9 _! def9itions ( ta/e bo? ^! elem5ts1 ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ & ! p[] ( feel+4 ,s ,burke3 ,t faculty1 or ^? faculties ( ! m9d :i* are affect$ )1 or :i* =m a judgm5t (1 ! works ( imag9ation & ! elegant arts4 ,alison3 ,t faculty ( ! m9d by :i* we p]ceive & enjoy :atev] is beautiful or sublime 9 ! works ( nature & art4 ,reid also makes x consi/ 9 ! p[] ( disc]n+ & reli%+ ^! objects4 ,voltaire makes ! feel+ q z ess5tial z ! p]ception4 ,b5>d1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,college ,royal at ,r\51 9 ! excell5t article on ta/e1 9 ! ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques1 def9es ta/e z t faculty ( ! m9d :i* makes u to disc]n & feel ! beauties ( nature1 & :atev] is excell5t 9 works ( art4 ,x is a comp\nd faculty1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 inhabit+ at once bo? worlds1 t ( s5se & t ( reason4 ,beauty reveals itself to u only "u s5sible =ms1 ! faculty :i* contemplates ! beautiful1 !re=e1 seizes x only 9 its s5sible manife/ation4 ,! pure idea1 on ! o!r h&1 9 its ab/ract nature1 addresses n ! ta/e b ! und]/&+2 x appe>s to u1 n z ! beautiful1 b z ! true4 ,ta/e1 !n1 has to d ) s5se4 ,/ill1 says ,b5>d1 ! ess5tial elem5t :i* con/itutes x1 p]ta9s to ! reason2 x is1 9 tru?1 only "o ( ! =ms ( ?is sov]eign p[]1 :i* takes diff]5t names accord+ to ! objects :i* x deals )2 reason1 prop]ly speak+1 :5 x employs itself 9 ! sph]e ( speculative tru?2 consci5ce1 :5 x reveals to u tru?s moral or practical2 ta/e1 :5 x appreciates ! beauty & suitabl5ess ( objects 9 ! real _w1 or ( works ( art4 ,^! ?ree ,classes compreh5sive4--,o!r au?orities & def9itions1 almo/ )\t numb]1 might be add$1 b !y fall ess5tially "u ! ?ree classes n[ specifi$4 ,:i* ( ^! views1 !n1 is ! correct & true "o8 is ! "q n[ be=e u4 ,is ta/e a matt] ( feel+1 or is x an intellectual disc]nm5t1 or is x bo?8 ,evid5tly we _c dep5d on au?ority = ! decision ( ?is "q1 s9ce au?orities diff]4 ,we mu/ exam9e = ourselves4 ,etymology ( ! ,t]m4--,to "s ext5t ! ^w itself may guide u4 ,borr[$1 z are mo/ if n all words express+ m5tal /ates & acts1 f ! sph]e ( s5se1 !re 0 d\btless "s reason :y ?is ^w 9 p>ticul> 0 select$ to d5ote ! p[] ( ! m9d n[ "u consid]ation4 ,"s close analogy1 d\btless1 0 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! physical /ate d5ot$ by ?is ^w 9 its prim>y s5se1 & ! m5tal faculty to :i* we ref]1 s t1 9 seek+ = a t]m by :i* to designate t intellectual faculty1 none w\ld m readily pres5t itself1 z appropriate & sugge/ive ( ! m5tal /ate int5d$1 ?an ! "o 9 "q4 ,?is analogy1 :atev] x be1 :ile x _c be tak5 z decisive ( ! "q be=e u1 is /ill an elem5t n to be ov]look$ by ! psy*ologi/4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! analogy8 ,h[ comes ?is ^w--ta/e--to be us$1 r ?an any o!r1 to d5ote ! idea & p[] n[ "u consid]ation8 ,ta/e z a ,s5se4--,9 ! doma9 ( s5se1 c]ta9 objects br\ght 9 contact ) ! appropriate physical organ1 affect u z sweet1 s\r1 bitt]1 etc4 ,?is is purely an affection ( ! s5sibility1 m]e feel+4 ,we say ! ?+ ta/es s & s4 ,! p[] ( di/+ui%+ su* qualities we call ! p[] or s5se ( ta/e4 ,prim>ily m]e s5sation1 m]e feel+1 we transf] ! ^w to d5ote ! p[] ( judg+ by means ( t s5sation4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 an affection ( ! organ by ! object br\ght 9 contact ) x1 ( :i* affection we are cognizant2 !n foll[s an intellectual p]ception or judgm5t t ! object ?us affect+ u1 possesses su* & su* qualities1 is sweet1 s\r1 bitt]1 salt1 etc44 ,! s5sation af=ds ! gr\nd ( ! judgm5t4 ,! latt] is bas$ ^u ! =m]4 ,! s5sation1 ! simple feel+1 af=ds ! means ( discrim9at+1 judg+1 di/+ui%+1 & to ?is latt] p[] or process ! ^w ta/e1 9 ! physical s5se1 is m frequ5tly appropriat$4 ,we say ( su* or su* a man1 8 ta/e is acute1 or 8 ta/e is impair$1 or dull1 etc41 mean+ 8 p[] ( p]ceiv+ & di/+ui%+ ! v>i\s prop]ties ( objects :i* affect 8 s5se ( ta/e4 ,analogy ( ?is to ! m5tal ,process call$ ,ta/e4--,x is easy to p]ceive1 n[1 ! analogy betwe5 ! physical p[] & process ?us describ$1 & ! psy*ological faculty "u consid]ation1 to :i* ! "n prim>ily d5ot+ ! =m] has be5 transf]r$4 ,objects 9 nature & art pres5t !mselves to ! obs]vation1 & awak5 pleasure z beautiful1 or excite disgu/ z ! opposite4 ,a m]e matt] ( s5sibility1 ( feel+1 ?is4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 we beg9 to notice1 n ! m]e feel+ ( pleasure or av]sion1 b ! "* ( ! object t awak5s x1 we discrim9ate1 we attribute to ! object su* & su* qualities1 take cognizance ( x z possess+ ^? qualities4 ,?is discrim9at+ p[]1 ?is judgm5t ( ! m9d t ! object possesses su* prop]ties1 we call ta/e4 ,z1 9 ! sph]e ( s5se1 ! feel+ awak5$ af=ds ! means ( judg+ & di/+ui%+1 z to ! qualities ( ! object1 s "h4 ,! beautiful awak5s s5sation--a vivid feel+ ( pleasure1 delight1 admiration2 de=mity awak5s ! rev]se2 & ?is feel+ enables u to judge ( ! object1 z reg>ds ! prop]ty 9 "q1 viz41 beauty or de=mity1 :e!r1 & h[ f>1 z comp>$ ) o!r objects ( ! m9d1 x possesses ?is quality4 ,9 ei!r case--! physical & ! psy*ological--! process beg9s ) s5sation or feel+1 b passes on at once into ! doma9 ( intellect1 ! sph]e ( und]/&+ or judgm5t2 & :ile1 9 ei!r case1 ! ^w ta/e may1 )\t impropriety1 be us$ to d5ote ! feel+ or susceptibility ( impression :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! intellectual process1 x is m /rictly appropriate to ! faculty ( discrim9at+ ! objects1 & ! qualities ( objects1 :i* awak5 9 u ! giv5 emotions4 ,s f> z ! ^w itself c guide u1 !n1 x w\ld seem to be 9 ! direction n[ indicat$4 ,appeal to ,consci\sness4--,analogy1 h[ev]1 may mislead u4 ,we mu/ n base a doctr9e or decide a "q 9 psy*ology ^u ! mean+ ( a s+le t]m4 ,^u obs]vation & consci\sness ( :at actually passes 9 our own m9ds1 9 view ( ! beautiful1 we mu/1 aft] all1 rely4 ,let u place ourselves1 !n1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! beautiful 9 nature or art1 & obs]ve ! v>i\s m5tal ph5om5a t pres5t !mselves to our consci\sness4 ,i /& be=e a /atue ( ,?orwalsd5 or ,canova4 ,! spell & inspiration ( high art are ^u me4 ,:at passes n[ 9 my m9d8 ,! fir/ ,elem5t4--,fir/ ( all1 ,i am consci\s ( almo/ in/ant emotion 9 view ( ! object1 an emotion ( pleasure & delight4 ,no soon] d my eyes re/ ^u ! *isell$ =m t /&s 9 faultless & wondr\s beauty be=e me1 ?an ?is emotion awak5s4 ,x spr+s into play1 z a f\nta9 spr+s out ( ! e>? by its own spontane\s en]gy1 or1 z ! light plays on ! m\nta9 tops1 & flu%es _! sn[y summits1 :5 ! sun rises on ! ,alps4 ,x is by no volition ( m9e t ?is takes place4 ,a second ,elem5t4--,along ) ! emotion1 !re is ano!r ?+ ( :i*1 also1 ,i am consci\s4 ,sc>cely h my eyes tak5 9 ! =m & proportions on :i* !y re/ ) delight1 sc>cely has ! fir/ ?rill ( emotion1 ?us awak5$1 made itself kn[n to ! consci\sness1 :5 ,i f9d myself exclaim+1 ,h[ beautiful6 ,! s\l says x2 p]haps ! lips utt] x4 ,if n an oral1 x is1 at lea/1 a m5tal affirmation4 ,! m9d p]ceives1 at a glance1 ! pres5ce ( beauty1 recognizes its div9ity1 & pays homage at its %r9e2 n n[ ! bl9d homage ( feel+1 m]ely1 b ! cle>-sight$ p]ception ( ! intellect1 ! sure decision ( ! und]/&+ affirm+1 ) au?ority ',t :i* ?\ p]ceive/ & admire/ is beautiful4' ,?is is an act ( judgm5t1 bas$1 h[ev]1 on ! previ\s awak5+ ( ! s5sibility4 ,i "k1 because ,i feel4 ,a ?ird ,elem5t4--,9 addition to ^!1 !re may1 or may n be1 ano!r phase ( m5tal action4 ,i may beg91 pres5tly1 to obs]ve1 ) a m c>eful eye1 ! "w be=e me1 & =m a critical e/imate ( x1 scan its outl9e1 its sev]al p>ts1 its effect z a :ole1 asc]ta9 its m]its1 & its defects z a "w ( art1 /udy its design1 its idea1 & h[ well x expresses t idea1 & fulfills t design4 ,i seek to "k :at x is 9 ! piece t pleases me1 & :y x pleases me4 ,?is may1 or may n1 take place4 ,:e!r x %all occur1 or n1 w dep5d on ! /ate ( ! m9d at ! mom5t1 ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$1 its previ\s tra9+ & culture1 its habits ( ?\ght4 ,?is1 too1 is an ex]cise ( judgm5t1 comp>+1 di/+ui%+1 decid+2 a purely intellectual process4 ,x is n s mu* a new elem5t1 z a di/9ct phase ( t la/ nam$4 ,x is ! m9d decid+ & affirm+ n[1 n m]ely t ! object is beautiful1 b 9 :at & :y x is s4 ,uni=mity ( ,results4--,i *ange n[ ! exp]im5t4 ,i repeat x4 ,i place myself be=e o!r works1 be=e works ( o!r arti/s--works ( ! pa9t]1 ! ar*itect1 ! musician1 ! poet1 ! orator4 ,:atev] is beautiful1 9 art or nature1 ,i obs]ve4 ,i p]ceive1 9 all cases1 ! same results1 ! occurr5ce ( ess5tially ! same m5tal ph5om5a4 ,i conclude t ^! effects are produc$1 n =tuit\sly1 b accord+ to ! con/itution ( my nature2 t !y are n specific in/ances1 b g5]al laws ( m5tal action2 9 o!r words1 t ! m9d possesses a susceptibility ( be+ impress$ 9 ?is mann] by su* objects1 & also a faculty ( judg+ & discrim9at+ z above describ$4 ,to ^! two elem5ts1 ess5tially1 !n1 d ! m5tal ph5om5a occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( ! beautiful1 r$uce !mselves4 ,! ,"q4--,:i*1 !n1 ( ^! elem5ts is x t answ]s to ! idea ( ta/e1 z us$ to d5ote a p[] ( ! m9d8 ,is x ! susceptibility ( emotion 9 view ( ! beautiful1 ! p[] ( feel+2 or is x ! faculty ( judg+ & discrim9at+2 or is x bo? comb9$8 ,our def9itions1 z we h se51 include bo?2 ! ^w1 itself1 may d5ote ei!r2 bo? are compris$ 9 our analysis ( ! m5tal ph5om5a 9 view ( ! beautiful4 ,n ! fir/4--,is x ! fir/8 ,i ?9k n4 ,ta/e is n m]e emotion1 nor m]e susceptibility ( emotion4 ,a *ild or a savage may be defici5t 9 ta/e1 yet !y may be z deeply mov$ 9 view ( ! beautiful1 9 nature or art1 z ! man ( cultivat$ m9d2 nay1 _! emotion may exce$ 84 ,!y may reg>d1 ) great delight & admiration1 :at he w view ) entire indiff]5ce4 ,s f> f indicat+ a high degree ( ta/e1 ! v susceptibility ( emotion1 9 su* cases1 may be ! sure indication ( a want ( ta/e4 ,!y are pleas$ ) t :i* a cultivat$ & correct ta/e w\ld condemn4 ,! p[] ( be+ mov$ is simply s5sibility1 & s5sibility is n ta/e1 h[ev] closely !y may be relat$4 ,ta/e ! intellectual ,elem5t4--,is ta/e1 !n1 ! p[] ( m5tal discrim9ation :i* enables me to say t su* & su* ?+s are1 or are n1 beautiful1 & :i*1 9 "s cases1 p]haps1 enables me to decide :y1 or :]e9 !y are s8 ,does x1 9 a ^w1 d5ote ! intellectual r ?an ! emotional elem5t ( ! process8 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ?is ! m correct view4 ,susceptibility ( emotion is1 d\btless1 conc]n$ 9 ! matt]4 ,x has to d ) ta/e4 ,x may be ev5 ! gr\nd & f\ndation ( its ex]cise1 nay1 ( its exi/5ce4 ,b x is n1 itself1 ta/e1 & %\ld n be includ$1 !re=e1 9 ! def9ition4 ,reason = di/+ui%+ ! two4--,z we di/+ui%1 9 philosophical inve/igation1 betwe5 an emotion & ! intellectual p]ception t prec$es & gives rise to x1 or betwe5 ! p]ception & ! s5sation on :i* x is f\nd$1 s ,i w\ld di/+ui% ta/e1 or ! intellectual p]ception ( ! beautiful1 f ! s5sation or feel+ awak5$ 9 view ( ! object4 ,! fact t bo? elem5ts exi/1 & ent] into ! s]ies ( m5tal ph5om5a 9 view ( ! beautiful1 is no reason :y !y %\ld bo? be designat$ by ! same t]m1 or includ$ 9 ! same def9ition1 b1 r1 x is a reason :y !y %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$4 ,! precise nature ( ?is faculty may be m di/9ctly p]ceiv$1 if we consid]1 m p>ticul>ly1 its relation to ! judgm5t1 & also to ! s5sibility4 ,ta/e1 z relat$ to ,judgm5t4--,accord+ to ! view n[ tak51 ta/e is only a modification1 or r a p>ticul> direction ( t g5]al p[] ( ! m9d :i* we call judgm5t2 x is judgm5t ex]cis$ ab\t ! beautiful4 ,x is ! (fice ( ! judgm5t to =m op9ions & beliefs1 to in=m u ( relations1 to decide t ?+s are ?us & ?us1 t ?is is ?is1 & t is t4 ,z employ$ 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght1 x appe>s "u diff]5t =ms1 & is kn[n "u div]se names4 ,z employ$ ab\t ! actual & s5sible1 we call x und]/&+2 9 ! sph]e ( ab/ract tru? x works "u ! cognom5 ( reason2 9 ! sph]e ( practical tru?1 ! ?+ t is good & "r to be done by me1 x is kn[n z consci5ce2 9 ! sph]e ( ! ideal & ! beautiful x is ta/e4 ,9 all ^! dep>tm5ts ( m5tal activity x is ex]cis$1 employs itself ^u all ^! subjects1 giv+ u op9ion1 belief1 k1 z to !m all4 ,! judgm5t z ?us ex]cis$ 9 relation to ! beautiful1 t is to say1 ! m9d obs]v+1 comp>+1 discrim9at+1 decid+1 =m+ ! op9ion1 or rea*+ x may be ! positive k t ?is ?+ is1 or is n1 beautiful--= ?is is simply :at we mean by judgm5t 9 any p>ticul> in/ance--judgm5t1 z ?us ex]cis$1 is kn[n by ! "n ( ta/e4 ,m /rictly speak+1 x is n s mu* ! ex]cise ( ! judgm5t 9 ?is p>ticul> way 9 giv5 in/ances1 z ! f\ndation or gr\nd ( t ex]cise1 ! discrim9at+ faculty or p[] ( ! m9d by virtue ( :i* x ?us op]ates4 ,judgm5t does n furni% ! ,ideas4--,does1 !n1 ! judgm5t1 x may be ask$1 give u orig9ally ! ideas ( ! true1 ! beautiful1 & ! good8 ,?is we d n affirm4 ,judgm5t is n ! s\rce ( ideas1 c]ta9ly n ( ^? n[ m5tion$4 ,x does n orig9ate !m4 ,_! orig9 & awak5+ 9 ! human m9d is we %\ld say1 on ?is wise4 ,! beautiful1 ! true1 ! good1 exi/ z simple1 absolute1 et]nal pr9ciples4 ,!y are 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,!y are 9 ! div9e works4 ,9 a s5se !y are indep5d5t ( ,deity4 ,he does n create !m4 ,he _c rev]se !m or *ange _! nature4 ,he works accord+ to !m4 ,!y are n creat$ by1 b only manife/$ 91 :at ,god does4 ,we are creat$ ) a nature s =m$ & end[$ z to be capable ( recogniz+ ^! pr9ciples & be+ impress$ by !m4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t no soon] d we op5 ! eye ( reason & intellig5ce ^u t :i* lies ar\nd & passes be=e u1 9 ! _w1 ?an ! idea ( ! true1 ! beautiful1 ! morally good1 is awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,we in/9ctively p]ceive & feel _! pres5ce 9 ! objects pres5t$ to our notice4 ,!y are ! product ( our rational intellig5ce1 br\ght into contact1 ?r\gh s5se1 ) ! _w 9 :i* we dwell4 ,! idea ( beauty or ( ! "r1 ?us once awak5$ 9 ! m9d1 :5 aft]w>d examples1 or1 x may be1 violations1 ( ^! pr9ciples occur1 ! judgm5t is ex]cis$ 9 decid+ t ! cases pres5t$ d or d n prop]ly fall "u ! class ?us designat$2 & ! judgm5t ?us ex]cis$ 9 respect to ! beautiful1 we call ta/e1 9 respect to ! "r1 consci5ce4 ,ta/e z n[ def9$4--,z n[ def9$1 ta/e is1 z to its pr9ciple1 ! discrim9at+ p[] ( ! m9d ) respect to ! beautiful or sublime 9 nature or art2 t c]ta9 /ate1 quality1 or condition ( ! m5tal p[]s & ! m5tal culture1 ! result p>tly ( native diff]5ce & end[m5t1 p>tly ( education & habit1 by virtue ( :i* we are able to judge m or less correctly z to ! beauty or de=mity1 ! m]it or dem]it ( :atev] pres5ts itself 9 nature or art z an object ( admiration1 :e!r & h[ f> x is 9 reality beautiful1 & ( its fitness to awak5 9 u ! emotions t we exp]i5ce 9 view !re(4 ,if we are able to obs]ve1 comp>e1 discrim9ate1 =m op9ions & conclusions well & correctly1 on ^! matt]s1 our ta/e is good2 o!rwise bad4 ,:e!r x be ! "o or ! o!r1 w dep5d n entirely on native end[m5t1 n altoge!r on ! degree to :i* ! judgm5t is cultivat$ & develop$ 9 respect to o!r matt]s1 b q z mu* on ! culture & tra9+ ( ! m9d ) respect to ! specific objects ( ta/e1 viz41 ! beauties ( nature & art4 ,m5 ( /rong m9ds1 good und]/&+1 & s\nd judgm5t 9 o!r matt]s1 are n necess>ily m5 ( good ta/e4 ,l e o!r faculty ( ! m9d1 ta/e requires cultivation4 ,ta/e & good ,ta/e4--,x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ta/e1 & good ta/e4 ,_m writ]s use ! t]ms indiff]5tly1 z :5 we say su* a "o is a man ( ta/e1 mean+ ( good ta/e1 or su* a "o has no ta/e :atev]1 mean+ t he is a man ( bad ta/e4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! savage :o rejoices 9 ! disfigurem5t ( 8 p]son by tattoo+1 pa9t1 & fea!rs1 is a man ( ta/e1 z really z ! ,broadway d&y1 or ! ,p>isian exquisite4 ,he has 8 faculty ( judg+ 9 su* matt]s1 & ex]cises x--8 /&>d ( judg+1 & comes up to x4 ,he is a man ( ta/e1 b n ( correct ta/e4 ,he has 8 own notions1 b !y d n agree ) ours4 ,he violates all ! rules & pr9ciples by :i* well-in=m$ m9ds are guid$ 9 su* matt]s4 ,he %ocks our notions ( fitness & propriety1 excites 9 u emotions ( disgu/1 or ( ! ludicr\s1 &1 on ! :ole1 we vote him d[n z a man ( no au?ority 9 su* matt]s4 ,z relat$ to ,s5sibility4--,?us f> we h spok5 ( ta/e only z relat$ to ! judgm5t4 ,x is necess>y to consid] also its relation to ! s5sibility4 ,ta/e & s5sibility are v (t5 conf\nd$4 ,!y are1 9 reality1 q di/9ct4 ,s5sibility1 s f> z we are at pres5t conc]n$ ) x1 is ! m9d's capability ( emotion 9 view ( ! beautiful or sublime4 ,ta/e is its capability ( judg+1 9 view ( ! same4 ,view$ z acts1 r ?an z /ates or p[]s ( ! m9d1 s5sibility is ! feel+ awak5$ 9 view ( a beautiful object2 ta/e is ! judgm5t or op9ion =m$ respect+ x4 ,9 ! case already suppos$1 ,i /& be=e a f9e /atue or pa9t+4 ,x moves me1 attracts me1 fills me ) delight & admiration4 ,9 ?is1 x is n directly & imm$iately my ta/e1 b my s5sibility1 t is affect$ & br\ght into play4 ,i beg9 to judge ( ! object be=e me z a "w ( art1 to =m an op9ion respect+ its m]its & dem]its2 &1 9 s do+1 my ta/e is ex]cis$4 ,! two n always proportional4--,n only are ! two pr9ciples di/9ct1 b n always d !y exi/ 9 equal proportion & developm5t 9 ! same m9d4 ,p]sons ( ! livelie/ s5sibility are n always1 p]haps n g5]ally1 p]sons ( ! nice/ ta/e4 ,! *ild1 ! un$ucat$ peasant1 ! negro1 are z highly delight$ ) beautiful =ms & beautiful colors z ! philosoph]1 b c\ld n tell y s well :y !y 7 mov$1 or :at x 01 9 ! object1 t pleas$ !m2 nei!r w\ld !y discrim9ate s well ! truly beautiful f t :i* is n wor?y ( admiration4 ,if !re may be s5sibility )\t ta/e1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 a high degree ( ta/e is n always accompani$ ) a correspond+ degree ( s5sibility4 ,! practis$ connoisseur is n always ! man :o enjoys ! mo/ at sight ( a f9e picture4 ,! skillful musician has mu* bett] ta/e 9 music ?an ! *ild t li/5s1 ) m+l$ wond] & delight1 to 8 play+2 b we h only to glance at ! c\nt5ance ( ea*1 to see at once :i* feels ! mo/4 ,s5sibility n inconsi/5t ) ,ta/e4--,i %\ld n1 h[ev]1 inf] f ?is1 t a high degree ( s5sibility is inconsi/5t ) a high degree ( ta/e4 ,?is 0 ,mr4 ,/ew>t's op9ion4 ,! feel+1 he w\ld say1 w be likely to int]f]e ) ! judgm5t1 9 su* a case4 ,d\btless2 :]e ! feel+ is highly wr\ght ^u & excit$1 x may1 = ! "t1 int]f]e ) ! cool & delib]ate ex]cise ( ! judgm5t4 ,yet1 nev]!less1 if s5sibility be want+1 !re w n be likely to be mu* ta/e4 ,if ,i feel no pleasure at sight ( a beautiful l&scape or pa9t+1 ,i %all n be likely to tr\ble myself mu* ab\t its comp>ative m]its or defects4 ,x is useless1 9 su* a case1 to inquire :at pleases me1 or :y ,i am pleas$1 :51 9 tru?1 no?+ pleases me4 ,!re is no motive = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t 9 su* a case1 nei!r is !re an opportunity = its action4 ,! v f\ndation = su* an ex]cise is want+4 ,a lively s5sibility is ! basis ( a correct ta/e1 ! gr\nd on :i* x mu/ re/1 ! spr+ & life ( its action4 ,! two are relat$ some:at z g5ius & le>n+ :i* are n always f\nd 9 equal degree1 yet are by no means inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,!re may be a high degree ( m5tal /r5g? & activity1 )\t correspond+ acquisitions2 yet !re c h>dly be le>n+ )\t "s degree ( m5tal p[] & activity4 ,!re may be s5sibility )\t mu* ta/e1 b h>dly mu* ta/e )\t s5sibility4 ,ta/e is1 9 a great measure1 acquir$1 cultivat$1 an art2 s5sibility1 a native end[m5t4 ,x may be develop$1 /r5g!n$1 educat$1 b n acquir$4 ,g5ius produces1 s5sibility admires1 ta/e judges or decides4 ,_! action is reciprocal4 ,if ta/e corrects & re/ra9s ! too ready or too extravagant s5sibility1 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 furni%es ! gr\nd & data ^u :i*1 aft] all1 ta/e mu/ rely 9 its decisions4 ,cultivation ( ,ta/e4--,we h inve/igat$1 ) "s c>e1 z 0 propos$1 ! nature ( t p[] ( ! m9d :i* takes cognizance ( ! beautiful4 ,on ! cultivation ( ?is p[]1 a few words mu/ be said 9 ?is connection4 ,ta/e is an intellectual faculty1 a p]ceptive p[]1 a matt] ( judgm5t1 &1 z su*1 bo? admits & requires cultivation4 ,no =ms ( m5tal activity dep5d m on education & ex]cise1 = _! full developm5t1 ?an t class to :i* we give ! g5]al "n ( judgm5t1 & no =m ( judgm5t m ?an t :i* we call ta/e4 ,! m9d uncultivat$1 untra9$1 unus$ to ! nice p]ception ( ! beautiful1 c no m judge correctly1 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 ?an ! m9d unaccu/om$ to judge ( ! di/ance1 magnitude1 or *emical prop]ties ( bodies1 c =m correct decisions ^u ^! subjects4 ,x mu/ be tra9$ by art1 & /r5g!n$ by ex]cise4 ,x mu/ be made famili> ) ! laws1 & conv]sant ) ! =ms ( beauty4 ,x mu/ be taught to obs]ve & /udy ! beautiful1 9 nature & 9 art1 to discrim9ate1 to comp>e1 to judge4 ,! works 9 lit]ature & 9 art :i* h receiv$ ! approbation ( "t1 & ! honorable v]dict ( mank9d1 z well z ! objects 9 nature :i* h comm&$ ! admiration ( ! race1 mu/ become famili>1 n by obs]vation only1 b by c>eful /udy4 ,?us may ta/e be cultivat$4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket*4 ,view ( ,plato4--,among ! anci5ts1 ,plato 01 p]haps1 ! fir/ to di/+ui% ! idea ( ! beautiful f o!r k9dr$ ideas1 & to po9t out its aff9ity ) ! true & ! good1 ?us recogniz+ 9 x some?+ immutable & et]nal4 ,9 mak+ ! good & ! beautiful id5tical1 h[ev]1 he mi/akes ! true "* & end ( art1 ,previ\sly to ,plato1 & ev5 by him1 art & ! beautiful 7 treat$ only 9 connection ) e?ics & politics' /hetics1 z a di/9ct dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 0 n kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,( ,ari/otle4--,ari/otle has n treat$ ( ! beautiful b only ( dramatic art4 ,poetry1 he ?9ks1 orig9ates 9 ! t5d5cy to imitate1 & ! desire to "k4 ,trag$y is ! imitation ( ! bett]4 ,pa9t+ %\ld repres5t1 9 l mann]1 n :at is1 b :at ought to be4 ,9 ?is s5se1 may be und]/ood 8 pr(\nd rem>k1 t poetry is m true ?an hi/ory4 ,plot9us & ,augu/9e4--,aft] ,ari/otle1 ,plot9us & ,augu/9e alone1 among ! anci5ts1 h treat$ ( ! beautiful4 ,! "w ( ,augu/9e is n extant4 ,x is kn[n t he made beauty consi/ 9 unity & fitness ( p>ts1 z 9 music4 ,! treatise ( ,plot9us is reg>d$ z at once beautiful & pr(\nd4 ,mat]ial beauty is1 ) him1 only ! expression or reflection ( spiritual beauty4 ,! s\l alone1 ! m9d1 is beautiful1 & 9 lov+ ! beautiful1 ! s\l loves its own image z !re express$4 ,h5ce1 ! s\l mu/1 itself1 be beautiful1 9 ord] to compreh5d & feel beauty4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is !ory is to my/icism4 ,long9us & ,qu9tilian4--,long9us1 & ,qu9tilian1 treat ( ! sublime1 only ) ref]5ce to eloqu5ce & oratory2 s1 also1 ,horace1 ( art1 z hav+ to d ) poetry4 ,bacon4--,among ! mod]ns1 ,bacon recognizes ! f9e arts z among ! sci5ces1 & poetry z "o ( ! ?ree *ief bran*es ( human k1 b n[h]e1 t ,i am aw>e1 treats ( ! beautiful1 di/9ctly1 z su*4 ,s*ool ( ,leibnitz4--,x 0 ! s*ool ( ,leibnitz & ,wolf 9 ,g]many t fir/ made ! beautiful a di/9ct sci5ce4 ,baumg>t51 disciple ( ,wolf1 fir/ conceiv$ ?is idea4 ,l ,plato1 h[ev]1 he makes ! beautiful too ne>ly id5tical ) ! good & ) morals4 ,s*ool ( ,locke4--,9 ,engl&1 ! s*ool ( ,locke h mu* to say ( beauty4 ,%aftesbury & ,hut*eson1 :ile !y d n cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 ! beautiful & ! good1 adopt ! !ory ( unity 9 v>iety1 z already expla9$4 ,hog>? falls into ! same class1 8 idea ( beauty be+ repres5t$ by ! wav+ l9e4 ,burke does n di/+ui% suffici5tly betwe5 ! sublime & ! t]rible4 ,fr5* ,encyclop$i/s4--,9 ,france1 ! ,encyclop$i/s co9cide1 ess5tially1 ) ! s*ool ( ,locke1 & treat ( ! beautiful1 *iefly 9 its moral aspect4 ,! lat] ,g]mans4--,9 ,g]many1 aga91 ,w9ckelman1 an arti/1 & n a philosoph]1 seiz+ ! _s ( ! ,greek art1 ascribes1 z ,plato _h done1 ! idea ( beauty to ,god1 f :om x passes into s5sible ?+s1 z 8 manife/ations4 ,9 opposition to ?is ideal & div9e aspect1 ,less+ takes a m practical view1 reg>d+ ! beautiful f ! /&-po9t ( ! real4 ,h]d] & ,goe! contribute1 also1 mu* to ! sci5ce ( /hetics4 ,all ^! d little m ?an prep>e ! way = ,kant1 :o goes m pr(\ndly into ! philosophy ( ! matt]4 ,he makes beauty a subjective affair1 a play ( ! imag9ation4 ,s*ill] makes x ! jo9t product ( ! reason & ! s5sibility1 b /ill a subjective matt]1 z ,kant4 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4--,s*ell+ develops ! spiritual or ideal !ory ( beauty4 ,hegel c>ries out ?is !ory & makes a complete sci5ce ( x1 classifies & analyzes ! arts4 ,8 "w is reg>d$ z ! fir/ complete discussion ( ! philosophy ( ! f9e arts4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by /r5g?1 cle>ness1 dep?1 p[] ( analysis1 ri*ness ( imag9ation4 ,!ory ( ,j\ffroy4--,j\ffroy1 9 ,france1 among ! lat] writ]s1 has treat$ fully1 & 9 an admirable mann]1 ( ! philosophy ( ! beautiful4 ,8 !ory is d]iv$ f t ( ,hegel1 ) "s modifications4 ,x is ess5tially ! !ory la/ pres5t$ 9 ! discussion ( ! subject 9 ! prec$+ section1 viz41 ! expression ( ! spiritual or invisible elem5t "u s5sible =ms4 ,no writ] is m wor?y ( /udy ?an ,j\ffroy4 ,8 "w is cle>1 /rong1 & ( admirable p[] ( analysis4 ,c\s94--,among ! eclectics1 ,c\s91 9 8 treatise on ! true1 ! beautiful1 & ! good1 has _m j obs]vations1 ) mu* beauty & philosophic cle>ness ( expression4 ,mc,dermot4--,9 ,engli%1 beside ! works already ref]r$ to1 mu/ be notic$ ! treatise ( ,mc,dermot on ,ta/e1 9 :i* ! nature & objects ( ta/e are fully & well discuss$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,idea ,,& ,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,"r4 ,i4--,,idea ,,( ,,"r4 ,! ,idea ( ,"r a ,conception ( ! ,m9d4--,among ! conceptions :i* con/itute ! furniture ( ! m9d1 !re is "o1 :i*1 9 _m respects1 is unlike all o!rs1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x is m important ?an all o!rs2 t is1 ! notion or idea ( "r4 ,univ]sally preval5t4--,:5 we direct our att5tion to any giv5 in/ance ( ! volunt>y action ( any intellig5t rational be+1 we f9d ourselves n unfrequ5tly pron\nc+ ^u its "* z a "r or wrong act4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 ! act contemplat$ is ( a m>k$ & unusual "*4 ,! "q at once arises1 is x "r8 ,or1 x may be1 )\t ! consci\sness ( ev5 a "q respect+ x1 our decision foll[s in/antly ^u ! m5tal appreh5sion ( ! act itself--?is ?+ is "r1 t ?+ is wrong4 ,our decision may be correct or incorrect2 our p]ception ( ! real nature ( ! act may be cle> or obscure2 x may make a /rong] or weak] impression on ! m9d1 accord+ to our m5tal habits1 ! tone ( our m5tal nature1 & ! degree to :i* we h cultivat$ ! moral faculty4 ,!re may be m9ds s degrad$1 & natures s p]v]t$1 t ! moral "* ( an act %all be q mi/ak51 or q ov]look$ 9 _m cases2 or1 :5 p]ceiv$1 x %all make little impression on !m4 ,ev5 9 su* m9ds1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( "r & wrong /ill f9ds a place1 & ! und]/&+ applies x1 ?\gh n p]haps always correctly1 to p>ticul> in/ances ( human conduct4 ,!re is no reason to believe t any m9d possess+ ord9>y end[m5ts1 t degree ( reason & intellig5ce :i* nature usually be/[s1 is de/itute ( ?is idea1 or fails altoge!r to apply x to its own acts1 & ^? ( o!rs4 ,! ,"q & its diff]5t ,answ]s4--,b "h an important "q pres5ts itself3 ,:5ce come ^! ideas & p]ceptions2 _! orig98 ,h[ is x1 :y is x1 t we pron\nce an act "r or wrong1 :5 once fairly appreh5d$8 ,h[ come we by ^! notions8 ,! fact is admitt$2 ! explanations v>y4 ,by "o class ( writ]s our ideas ( ?is nature h be5 ascrib$ to education & fa%ion2 by ano!r1 to legal re/riction1 human or div9e4 ,o!rs1 aga91 view+ ^! ideas z ! (fspr+ ( nature1 h assign$ !m ei!r to ! op]ation ( a special s5se1 giv5 = ?is specific purpose1 z ! eye = vision2 or to ! jo9t action ( c]ta9 associat$ emotions2 :ile o!rs reg>d !m z orig9at+ 9 an ex]cise ( judgm5t1 & o!rs /ill1 z natural intuitions ( ! m9d1 or reason ex]cis$ on subjects ( a moral nature4 ,ma9 ,"q4--,! ma9 "q is1 are ^! ideas natural1 or artificial & acquir$8 ,if ! latt]1 are !y ! result ( education1 or ( legal re/ra9t8 ,if ! =m]1 are !y to be ref]r$ to ! s5sibilities1 z ! result ( a special s5se or ( association1 or to ! intellect1 z ! result ( ! faculty ( judgm5t or z intuitions ( reason8 #a4 ,education4--,come !y f ,education & ,imitation8--,s ,locke1 ,paley1 & o!rs1 h suppos$4 ,locke 0 l$ to take ?is view1 by trac+1 z he did1 all simple ideas1 except ^? ( our own m5tal op]ations1 to s5sation1 z _! s\rce4 ,?is all[s1 ( c\rse1 no place = ! ideas ( "r & wrong1 :i*1 accord+ly1 he conclud$1 _c be natural ideas1 b mu/ be ! result ( education4 ,objection to ?is ,view4--,n[ x is to be conc$$ t education & fa%ion are p[]ful in/rum5ts 9 ! culture ( ! m9d4 ,_! influ5ce is n to be ov]look$ 9 e/imat+ ! causes t %ape & direct ! op9ions ( m51 & ! t5d5cies ( an age4 ,b !y d n acc\nt = ! orig9 ( any ?+4 ,?is has be5 ably & cle>ly %[n by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 9 answ] to ,locke2 & x is a suffici5t answ]4 ,education & imitation bo? presuppose ! exi/5ce ( moral ideas & di/9ctions2 ! v ?+s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,h[ came !y :o fir/ taught ^! di/9ctions1 & !y :o fir/ set ! example ( mak+ su* di/9ctions1 to be !mselves 9 possession ( ^! ideas8 ,:5ce did !y d]ive !m8 ,:o taught !m1 & set !m ! example8 ,?is is a "q n answ]$ by ! !ory n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x gives u1 !re=e1 & c give u1 no acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ideas 9 "q4 #b4 ,legal ,enactm5t4--,d we !n d]ive ^! ideas f legal re/riction & enactm5t8 ,s tea* "s able writ]s4 ,laws are made1 human & div9e1 requir+ u to d ?us & ?us1 & =bidd+ su* & su* ?+s1 & h5ce we get our ideas orig9ally ( "r & wrong4 ,presupposes ,"r4--,if ?is be s1 !n1 previ\s to all law1 !re c\ld h be5 no su* ideas1 ( c\rse4 ,b does n law presuppose ! idea ( "r & wrong8 ,is x n built on t idea z its basis8 ,h[1 !n1 c x orig9ate t on :i* itself dep5ds1 & :i* x presupposes8 ,! fir/ law ev] promulgat$ mu/ h be5 ei!r a j or an unju/ law1 or else ( no moral "*4 ,if ! latt]1 h[ c\ld a law :i* 0 nei!r j nor unju/1 h sugge/$ to ! subjects ( x any su* ideas8 ,if ! =m]1 !n ^! qualities1 & ! ideas ( !m1 mu/ h exi/$ prior to ! law itself2 & :oev] made ! law & conf]r$ on x its "*1 mu/ h _h already1 9 8 own m9d1 ! idea ( ! "r & its opposite4 ,x is evid5t t we _c1 9 ?is way1 acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! ideas 9 "q4 ,we are no ne>] ! solution ( ! problem ?an be=e4 ,9 opposition to ! views n[ consid]$1 we mu/ reg>d ! ideas 9 "q1 z1 directly or indirectly1 ! "w ( nature1 & ! result ( our con/itution4 ,! "q /ill rema9s1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ( ! sev]al ways indicat$1 does ?is result take place8 #c4 ,special ,s5se4--,%all we attribute ^! ideas to a special s5se8 ,?is is ! view tak5 by ,hut*eson & 8 foll[]s4 ,ascrib+1 ) ,locke1 all our simple ideas to s5sation1 b n cont5t ) ,locke's !ory ( moral di/9ctions z ! result ( education1 he s\ght to acc\nt = !m by enl>g+ ! sph]e ( s5sation1 & introduc+ a new s5se1 ^: specific (fice is to take cognizance ( su* di/9ctions4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is !ory is evid5t4 ,:ile x d]ives ! idea ( "r & its opposite f our natural con/itution1 & is1 s f>1 pref]able to ei!r ( ! prec$+ !ories1 /ill1 9 assign+ !m a place among ! s5sibilities1 x seems to make morality a m]e s5tim5t1 a matt] ( feel+ m]ely1 an impression made on our s5ti5t nature--a m]e subjective affair--z color & ta/e are impressions made on our organs ( s5se1 & n prop]ly qualities ( bodies4 ,z ^! affections ( ! s5se d n exi/ indep5d5tly1 b only relatively to u1 s moral di/9ctions1 accord+ to ?is view1 are m]ely subjective affections ( our m9ds1 & n indep5d5t realities4 ,hume & ! ,sophi/s4--,hume acc$es to ?is g5]al view1 & c>ries x out to its legitimate results1 mak+ morality a m]e relation betwe5 our nature & c]ta9 objects1 & n an indep5d5t quality ( actions4 ,virtue & vice1 l color & ta/e1 ! bright & ! dull1 ! sweet & ! bitt]1 lie m]ely 9 our s5sations4 ,^! skeptical views _h be5 advanc$ long previ\sly by ! ,sophi/s1 :o taught t man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 t ?+s are only :at !y seem to u4 ,ambiguity ( ! t]m ,s5se4--,x is true1 z ,/ew>t has obs]v$1 t ^! views d n necess>ily result f ,hut*eson's !ory1 nor 7 !y1 probably1 held by him2 b su* is ! natural t5d5cy ( 8 doctr9e4 ,! t]m s5se1 z employ$ by him1 is1 9 itself1 ambigu\s1 & may be us$ to d5ote a m5tal p]ception2 b :5 we speak ( a s5se1 we are und]/ood to ref] to t "p ( our con/itution :i*1 :5 affect$ f )\t1 gives u c]ta9 s5sations4 ,?us ! s5se ( he>+1 ! s5se ( vision1 ! s5se ( ta/e1 ( smell1 etc4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,hut*eson seems to h employ$ ! t]m1 & 8 illu/rations all po9t 9 ?is direction4 ,he 0 un=tunate1 to say ! lea/1 9 8 use ( t]ms1 & 9 8 illu/rations2 un=tunate1 also1 9 hav+ su* a disciple z ,hume1 to pu% 8 !ory to its legitimate results4 ,if1 by a special s5se1 he meant only a direct p]ceptive p[] ( ! m9d1 !n1 d\btless1 ,hut*eson is "r 9 recogniz+ su* a faculty1 & attribut+ to x ! ideas "u consid]ation4 ,b t is n ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w s5se1 nor is t ! signification atta*$ to x by 8 foll[]s4 ,no ,evid5ce ( su* a ,faculty4--,b if he means1 by s5se1 :at ! ^w itself w\ld indicate1 "s adaptation ( ! s5sibilities to receive impressions f ?+s )\t1 analog\s to t by :i* we are affect$ ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is n true t we h any su* special faculty4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( x2 nay1 facts contradict x4 ,!re is no su* uni=mity ( moral impression or s5sation z ought to manife/ itself on ?is supposition4 ,m5's eyes & e>s are mu* alike1 9 _! activity1 ! _w ov]4 ,t :i* is :ite1 or r$1 to "o1 is n black to ano!r1 or gre5 to a ?ird2 t :i* is sweet to "o1 is n s\r1 or bitt]1 to ano!r4 ,at lea/1 if su* v>iations occur1 !y are ! result only ( "s unnatural & unusual condition ( ! organs4 ,b x is o!rwise ) ! op]ation ( ! s-call$ special s5se4 ,:ile all m5 h probably1 "s idea ( "r & wrong1 !re is ! greate/ possible v>iety 9 its application to p>ticul> in/ances ( conduct4 ,:at "o approves z a virtue1 ano!r condemns z a crime4 ,no ,ne$ ( x4--,nor1 secondly1 h we any ne$ to call 9 ! aid ( a special s5se to give u ideas ( ?is k9d4 ,x is n true1 z ,locke & ,hut*eson believ$1 t all our ideas1 except ^? ( our own m5tal op]ations1 or consci\sness1 are d]iv$ ultimately f s5sation4 ,we h ideas ( ! true & ! beautiful1 ideas ( cause & effect1 ( geometrical & ari?metical relations1 & v>i\s o!r ideas1 :i* x w\ld be difficult to trace to ! s5ses z _! s\rce2 & :i*1 equally ) ! ideas ( "r & wrong1 w\ld require1 9 t case1 a special s5se = _! production4 #d4 ,association4--,%all we1 !n1 adopt ! view ( t class ( e?ical writ]s :o acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ^! ideas by ! pr9ciple ( association8 ,su* m5 z ,h>tley1 ,mill1 ,mack9to%1 & o!rs ( t /amp1 are n lightly to be set aside 9 ! discussion ( su* a "q4 ,_! view is1 t ! moral p]ceptions are ! result ( c]ta9 comb9$ antec$5t emotions1 su* z gratitude1 pity1 res5tm5t1 etc41 :i* relate to ! dispositions & actions ( volunt>y ag5ts1 & :i* v easily & naturally come to be transf]r$1 f ! ag5t himself1 to ! action 9 itself consid]$1 or to ! disposition :i* prompt$ x2 =m+1 :5 ?us transf]r$ & associat$1 :at we call ! moral feel+s & p]ceptions4 ,j z av>ice arises f ! orig9al desire1 n ( money1 b ( ! ?+s :i* money c procure--:i* desire comes1 ev5tually1 to be transf]r$1 f ! objects !mselves1 to ! means & in/rum5t ( procur+ !m--&1 z sympa?y arises f ! transf] to o!rs ( ! feel+s :i*1 9 l circum/ances1 agitate our own bosoms1 s1 9 l mann]1 by ! pr9ciple ( association1 ! feel+s :i* naturally arise 9 view ( ! conduct ( o!rs1 are transf]r$ f ! ag5t to ! act1 f ! enemy or ! b5efactor1 to ! injury or ! b5efaction1 :i* acts /& aft]w>d1 by !mselves1 z objects ( approval or condemnation4 ,h5ce ! disposition to approve all b5evol5t acts1 & to condemn ! opposite2 :i* disposition1 ?us =m$ & transf]r$1 is a "p ( consci5ce4 ,s ( o!r elem5t>y emotions4 ,makes ,consci5ce a m]e ,s5tim5t4--,x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is !ory1 :i* is indebt$ *iefly to ,mack9to% = its complet5ess1 & sci5tific =m1 makes consci5ce :olly a matt] ( s5tim5t & feel+2 /&+ 9 ?is respect1 on ! same gr\nd ) ! !ory ( a special s5se1 & liable1 9 "p1 to ! same objections4 ,h5ce ! "n s5tim5tal s*ool1 (t5 employ$ to designate1 collectively1 ! adh]5ts ( ea* ( ^! views4 ,:ile ! !ory1 n[ propos$1 might seem !n to (f] a plausible acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* our moral s5tim5ts arise1 x does n acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our ideas & p]ceptions ( moral rectitude4 ,n[ ! moral faculty is n a m]e s5tim5t4 ,!re is an intellectual p]ception ( "o ?+ z "r1 & ano!r z wrong2 & ! "q n[ be=e u is1 ,:5ce comes t p]ception1 & ! idea on :i* x is bas$8 ,to resolve ! :ole matt] into c]ta9 transf]r$ & associat$ emotions1 is to give up ! inh]5t di/9ction ( "r & wrong z qualities ( actions1 & make virtue & vice creations ( ! s5sibility1 ! play & product ( ! excit$ feel+s4 ,to admit ! p]ception & idea ( ! "r1 & ascribe _! orig9 to antec$5t emotion1 is1 moreov]1 to rev]se ! natural ord] & law ( psy*ological op]ation1 :i* bases emotion on p]ception1 & n p]ception on emotion4 ,we d n fir/ admire1 love1 hate1 & !n p]ceive1 b ! rev]se4 ,fur!r ,objections4--,! view n[ "u consid]ation1 :ile x seems to resolve ! moral faculty into m]e feel+1 ?us mak+ morality :olly a relative affair1 makes consci5ce1 itself1 an acquir$1 r ?an a natural faculty1 a second>y process1 a trans=mation ( emotions1 r ?an itself an orig9al pr9ciple4 ,x does x1 moreov]1 ! fur!r inju/ice ( d]iv+ its orig9 f ! purely selfi% pr9ciples ( our nature4 ,i receive a favor1 or an injury2 h5ce ,i reg>d1 ) c]ta9 feel+s ( complac5cy1 or ! opposite1 ! man :o has ?us treat$ me4 ,^! feel+s ,i come gradually to transf] to1 & associate )1 ! act 9 itself consid]$1 & ?is ) o!r acts ( ! same nature2 & s1 at la/1 ,i come to h a moral faculty1 & pron\nce "o ?+ "r1 & ano!r wrong4 ,at ,v>iance ) ,facts4--,?is view is q inadmissible2 at v>iance ) facts1 & ! well-kn[n laws ( ! human m9d4 ,! moral faculty is "o ( ! e>lie/ to develop itself4 ,x appe>s 9 *ildhood1 manife/+ itself1 n z an acquir$ & second>y pr9ciple1 ! result ( a complicat$ process ( associat$ & transf]r$ emotion1 requir+ "t = its gradual =mation & gr[?1 b r z an orig9al in/9ctive pr9ciple ( nature4 ,sympa?y4--,adam ,smi?1 9 8 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 has propos$ a view :i* falls prop]ly "u ! g5]al !ory ( association1 & may be reg>d$ z a modification ( x4 ,he attributes our moral p]ceptions to ! feel+ ( sympa?y4 ,to adopt ! feel+s ( ano!r is to approve !m4 ,if ^? feel+s are su* z w\ld naturally be awak5$ 9 u by ! same objects1 we approve !m z morally prop]4 ,sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( "o :o has receiv$ a favor1 leads u to reg>d ! b5efaction z m]itori\s4 ,sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( an injur$ man1 leads u to reg>d ! injur] z wor?y ( puni%m5t1 & s ! s5se ( dem]it orig9ates2 sympa?y ) ! feel+s ( o!rs respect+ our own conduct gives rise to self-approval & s5se ( duty4 ,rules ( morality are m]ely a summ>y ( ^! s5tim5ts4 ,?is ,view n su/a9$ by ,consci\sness4--,:atev] cr$it may be due to ?is +5i\s writ]1 = call+ att5tion to a pr9ciple :i* _h n be5 suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt by prec$+ philosoph]s1 we _c b reg>d x z an insuffici5t explanation ( ! pres5t case4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are n consci\s ( ! elem5t ( sympa?y 9 ! decisions & p]ceptions ( ! moral faculty4 ,we look at a giv5 action ( "r or wrong1 & approve ( x1 or condemn x on t gr\nd1 because x is "r or wrong1 n because we sympa?ize ) ! feel+s awak5$ by ! act 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,if ! process n[ suppos$ int]v5$ betwe5 our k ( ! act1 & our judgm5t ( its morality1 we %\ld "k x & recognize x z a di/9ct elem5t4 ,no imp]ative ,"*4--,fur!rmore1 sympa?y1 l o!r emotions1 has no imp]ative "*1 &1 ev5 if x might be suppos$ to sugge/ to ! m9d "s idea ( moral di/9ctions1 _c ( itself furni% a f\ndation = ^? feel+s ( obligation :i* accompany & *>act]ize ! decisions ( ! moral faculty4 ,! ,/&>d ( ,"r4--,b m ?an ?is1 ! view n[ tak5 makes ! /&>d ( "r & wrong v>iable1 & dep5d5t on ! feel+s ( m54 ,we mu/ "k h[ o!rs ?9k & feel1 h[ ! ?+ affects !m1 be=e we c "k :e!r a giv5 act is "r or wrong1 to be p]=m$ or avoid$4 ,& !n1 fur!rmore1 our feel+s mu/ agree ) !irs2 !re mu/ be sympa?y & h>mony ( views & feel+s1 else ! result w n foll[4 ,if any ?+ prev5ts u f kn[+ :at are ! feel+s ( o!rs ) respect to a giv5 c\rse ( conduct1 or if = any reason we fail to sympa?ize ) ^? feel+s1 we c h no consci5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,z ^? feel+s v>y1 s w our moral p]ceptions v>y4 ,we h no fix$ /&>d4 ,!re is no place left = "r1 z su*1 & absolutely4 ,if no sympa?y1 !n no duty1 no "r1 no morality4 ,result ( ! prec$+ ,inquiries4--,we h1 z yet1 f\nd no satisfactory explanation ( ! orig9 ( our moral ideas & p]ceptions4 ,!y seem n to be ! result ( education & imitation1 nor yet ( legal enactm5t4 ,!y seem to be natural1 r ?an artificial & acquir$4 ,yet we _c trace !m to ! action ( ! s5sitive "p ( our nature4 ,!y are n ! product ( a special s5se1 nor yet ( ! comb9$ & associat$ action ( c]ta9 natural emotions1 mu* less ( any "o emotion1 z sympa?y4 ,& yet !y are a "p ( our nature4 ,place man :]e y w1 surr\nd him ) :at influ5ces y w1 y /ill f9d 9 him1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 indications ( a moral nature2 a nature modifi$1 inde$1 by circum/ances1 b nev] :olly oblit]at$4 ,evid5tly we mu/ ref] ! ideas 9 "q1 !n1 to ! intellectual1 s9ce !y d n belong to ! s5sitive "p ( our nature4 #e4 ,judgm5t4--,are !y !n ! product & op]ation ( ! faculty ( judgm5t8 ,b ! judgm5t does n orig9ate ideas4 ,x comp>es1 di/ributes1 e/imates1 decides to :at class & category a ?+ belongs1 b creates no?+4 ,i h 9 m9d ! idea ( a triangle1 a circle1 etc4 ,s soon z c]ta9 figures are pres5t$ to ! eye1 ,i ref] !m at once1 by an act ( judgm5t1 to ! class to :i* !y belong4 ,i affirm t to be a triangle1 ?is1 a circle1 etc42 ! judgm5t does ?is4 ,b judgm5t does n furni% my m9d ) ! prim>y idea ( a circle1 etc4 ,x deals ) ?is idea already 9 ! m9d4 ,s 9 our judgm5t ( ! beauty & de=mity ( objects4 ,! p]ception t a l&scape or pa9t+ is beautiful1 is1 9 "o s5se1 an act ( judgm5t2 b x is an act :i* presupposes ! idea ( ! beautiful already 9 ! m9d t s judges4 ,s also ( moral di/9ctions4 ,:5ce comes ! idea ( "r & wrong :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( e p>ticul> judgm5t z to ! moral "* ( actions8 ,?is is ! "q be=e u1 /ill unansw]$2 & to ?is !re rema9s b "o reply4 #f4 ,^! ,ideas intuitive4--,! ideas 9 "q are intuitive2 sugge/ions or p]ceptions ( reason4 ,! view n[ propos$ may be ?us /at$3 ,x is ! (fice ( reason to disc]n ! "r & ! wrong1 z well z ! true & ! false1 ! beautiful & ! rev]se4 ,reg>d$ subjectively1 z conceptions ( ! human m9d1 "r & wrong1 z well z beauty & its opposite1 tru? & its opposite1 are simple ideas1 incapable ( analysis or def9ition2 intuitions ( reason4 ,reg>d$ z objective1 "r & wrong are realities1 qualities absolute1 & inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 n fictiti\s1 n ! play ( human fancy or human feel+1 n relative m]ely to ! human m9d1 b indep5d5t1 ess5tial1 univ]sal1 absolute4 ,z su*1 reason recognizes _! exi/5ce4 ,judgm5t decides t su* & su* actions d possess ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! qualities2 are "r or wrong actions4 ,!re foll[s ! s5se ( obligation to d or n to d1 & ! consci\sness ( m]it or dem]it z we comply1 or fail to comply1 ) ! same4 ,9 view ( ^! p]ceptions emotions arise1 b only z bas$ ^u !m4 ,! emotions d n1 z ! s5tim5tal s*ool affirm1 orig9ate ! idea1 ! p]ception2 b ! idea1 ! p]ception1 gives rise to ! emotion4 ,we are s con/itut$ z to feel c]ta9 emotions 9 view ( ! moral quality ( actions1 b ! idea & p]ception ( t moral quality mu/ prec$e1 & x is ! (fice ( reason to produce ?is4 ,fir/ ,tru?s4--,!re are c]ta9 simple ideas :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z fir/ tru?s1 or fir/ pr9ciples1 ( ! human und]/&+1 ess5tial to its op]ations1 ideas univ]sal1 absolute1 necess>y4 ,su* are ! ideas ( p]sonal exi/5ce1 & id5tity1 ( "t & space1 z conditions ( mat]ial exi/5ce2 ( numb]1 cause1 & ma!matical relation4 ,into ?is class fall ! ideas ( ! true1 ! beautiful1 ! "r1 & _! opposites4 ,! fundam5tal maxims ( reason+ & morals f9d "h _! place4 ,h[ awak5$4--,^! are1 9 a s5se1 intuitive p]ceptions2 n /rictly innate1 yet connate2 ! f\ndation = !m be+ laid 9 our nature & con/itution4 ,s soon z ! m9d rea*es a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t !y pres5t !mselves4 ,circum/ances may promote or ret>d _! appe>ance4 ,!y dep5d on opportunity to furni% ! occasion ( _! spr++ up1 yet !y are1 nev]!less1 ! natural1 spontane\s developm5t ( ! human s\l1 z really a "p ( our nature z are any ( our in/9ctive impulses1 or our m5tal attributes4 ,!y are a "p ( t native intellig5ce ) :i* we are end[$ by ! au?or ( our be+4 ,^! intuitions ( ours1 are n !mselves ! f\ndation ( "r & wrong2 !y d n make "o ?+ "r & ano!r wrong2 b !y are simply ! reason :y we s reg>d !m4 ,su* we believe to be ! true acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( our moral p]ceptions4 ,,ii4--,,cognizance ,,( ,,! ,,"r4 ,! ,cognition di/+ui%$ f ! ,idea ( ,"r4--,hav+1 9 ! prec$+ section1 discuss$ ! idea ( ! "r1 9 itself consid]$1 z a conception ( ! m9d1 we proce$ n[ to consid] ! action ( ! m9d z cognizant ( "r4 ,! !me is "o ( no little difficulty1 b1 at ! same "t1 ( highe/ importance4 ,exi/5ce ( ?is ,p[]4--,aft] :at has be5 already said1 x is h>dly necess>y to raise ! prelim9>y inquiry1 z to ! exi/5ce ( a moral faculty 9 man4 ,t we d possess ! p[] ( mak+ moral di/9ctions1 t we d discrim9ate betwe5 ! "r & ! wrong 9 human conduct1 is an obvi\s fact 9 ! hi/ory & psy*ology ( ! race4 ,consci\sness1 obs]vation1 ! =m ( language1 ! lit]ature ( ! _w1 ! usages ( society1 all atte/ & confirm ?is tru?4 ,we are consci\s ( ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ourselves1 :5ev] we contemplate our own conduct1 or t ( o!rs4 ,we f9d ourselves1 involunt>ily1 & z by in/9ct1 pron\nc+ ?is act to be "r1 t1 wrong4 ,we recognize ! obligation to d1 or to h done1 o!rwise4 ,we approve1 or condemn4 ,we are su/a9$ by ! calm s5se ( t self-approval1 or ca/ d[n by ! fe>ful /r5g? & bitt]ness ( t remorse4 ,& :at we f9d 9 ourselves1 we obs]ve1 also1 9 o!rs4 ,9 l circum/ances1 !y recognize ! same di/9ctions1 & exhibit ! same emotions4 ,at ! /ory or ! sight ( "s flagrant inju/ice & wrong1 ! *ild & ! savage are n less indignant ?an ! philosoph]4 ,nor is ?is a matt] peculi> to "o age or p4 ,! languages & ! lit]ature ( ! _w indicate1 t1 at all times1 & among all nations1 ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong has be5 recogniz$ & felt4 ,! ,greek3 to dikaion & ,greek3 to kalon ( ! ,greeks1 ! hone/um & ! pul*rum ( ! ,lat9s1 are specim5s ( a class ( words1 to be f\nd 9 all languages1 ! prop] use & significance ( :i* is to express ! di/9ctions 9 "q4 ,s9ce1 !n1 we d unque/ionably recognize moral di/9ctions1 x is cle> t we h a moral faculty4 ,que/ions :i* pres5t !mselves4--,)\t fur!r consid]ation ( ?is po9t1 we pass at once to ! inve/igation ( ! subject itself4 ,our inquiries relate pr9cipally to ! nature & au?ority ( ?is faculty4 ,on ^! po9ts1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 great diff]5ce ( op9ion has exi/$ among philosoph]s & !ologians1 & grave que/ions h aris54 ,:at is ?is faculty z ex]cis$2 a judgm5t1 a process ( reason+1 or an emotion8 ,does x belong to ! rational or s5sitive "p ( our nature3 to ! doma9 ( intellect1 or ( feel+1 or bo?8 ,:at is ! value & correctness ( our moral p]ceptions1 & especially ( t v]dict ( approbation or c5sure1 :i* we pass ^u ourselves & o!rs1 accord+ z ! conduct con=ms to1 or violates1 recogniz$ obligation8 ,su* are "s ( ! que/ions :i* h aris5 respect+ ! nature & au?ority ( consci5ce4 ,i4 ,! ,nature ( ,consci5ce4--,:at is x8 ,a matt] ( intellect1 or ( feel+2 a judgm5t1 or an emotion8 ,a c>eful analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( consci5ce1 ) a view to det]m9e ! sev]al elem5ts1 or m5tal processes1 t con/itute its op]ation1 may aid u 9 ! solution ( ?is "q4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,cognition ( ,"r4--,:5ev] ! conduct ( intellig5t & rational be+s is made ! subject ( contemplation1 :e!r ! act ?us contemplat$ be our own or ano!r's1 & :e!r x be an act already p]=m$1 or only propos$1 we are cognizant ( c]ta9 ideas awak5$ 9 ! m9d1 & ( c]ta9 impressions made ^u x4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! act contemplat$ /rikes u z "r or wrong4 ,?is involves a d\ble elem5t1 an idea1 & a p]ception or judgm5t4 ,! idea ( "r & its opposite are1 9 ! m9d1 simple ideas1 &1 !re=e1 indef9able4 ,9 ! act contemplat$1 we recognize ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! simple elem5ts1 & pron\nce x1 accord+ly1 a "r or wrong act4 ,?is is simply a judgm5t1 a p]ception1 an ex]cise ( ! und]/&+4 ,( ,obligation4--,no soon] is ?is idea1 ?is cognition1 ( ! rightness or wrongness ( ! giv5 act1 fairly ent]ta9$ by ! m9d1 ?an ano!r idea1 ano!r cognition1 pres5ts itself1 giv5 along ) ! =m]1 & insep>able f x1 viz41 t ( obligation to d1 or n to d1 ! giv5 act3 ! ought1 & ! ought n--also simple ideas1 & indef9able4 ,?is applies equally to ! future & to ! pa/1 to ourselves & to o!rs3 ,i ought to d ?is ?+4 ,i ought to h done x ye/]day4 ,he ought1 or ought n to d1 or to h done x4 ,?is1 l ! =m]1 is an intellectual act1 a p]ception or cognition ( a tru?1 ( a reality = :i* we h ! same v\*] z = any o!r reality or appreh5d$ fact1 viz41 ! reliability ( our m5tal faculties 9 g5]al1 & ! correctness ( _! op]ation 9 ! specific in/ance4 ,x is a conviction ( ! m9d insep>able f ! p]ception ( "r4 ,giv51 a cle> p]ception ( ! "o1 & we _c escape ! o!r4 ,( ,m]it & ,dem]it4--,!re foll[s a ?ird elem5t1 logically di/9ct1 b *ronologically insep>able1 f ! prec$+3 ! cognition ( m]it or dem]it 9 connection ) ! de$1 ( good or ill des]t1 & ! consequ5t approval or disapproval ( ! de$ & ! do]4 ,no soon] d we p]ceive an action to be "r or wrong1 & to involve1 !re=e1 an obligation on ! "p ( ! do]1 ?an1 !re arises1 also1 9 ! m9d1 ! idea ( m]it or dem]it1 9 connection ) ! do+2 we reg>d ! ag5t z des]v+ ( praise or blame1 & 9 our own m9ds d approve or condemn him & 8 c\rse1 accord+ly4 ,?is approval ( ourselves & o!rs1 accord+ to ! appreh5d$ des]t ( ! act & ! actor1 con/itutes a process ( trial1 an inn] tribunal1 at ^: b> are con/antly arraign$ ! de$s ( m51 & ^: v]dict x is no easy matt] to set aside4 ,?is m5tal approval may be reg>d$ by "s z a matt] ( feel+1 r ?an an intellectual act4 ,we speak ( feel+s ( approval & ( condemnation4 ,to approve & condemn1 h[ev]1 are1 prop]ly1 acts ( ! judgm5t4 ,! feel+s consequ5t ^u su* approval or disapproval are usually ( su* a nature1 & ( su* /r5g?1 z to attract ! pr9cipal att5tion ( ! m9d to !mselves1 &1 h5ce1 we naturally come to ?9k & speak ( ! :ole process z a matt] ( feel+4 ,/rictly view$1 x is an intellectual p]ception1 an ex]cise ( judgm5t1 giv+ s5t5ce t ! contemplat$ act is1 or is n1 m]itori\s1 & aw>d+ praise or blame accord+ly4 ,?is completes ! process4 ,i c discov] no?+ 9 ! op]ation ( my m9d1 9 view ( moral action1 :i* does n resolve itself into "s "o ( ^! elem5ts4 ,^! ,elem5ts intellectual4--,view$ 9 !mselves1 ^! are1 /rictly1 intellectual op]ations2 ! recognition ( ! "r1 ! recognition ( obligation1 ! p]ception ( good or ill des]t1 are all1 prop]ly1 acts ( ! intellect4 ,ea* ( ^! cognitive acts1 h[ev]1 involves a correspond+ action ( ! s5sibilities4 ,! p]ception ( ! "r awak5s1 9 ! pure & virtu\s m9d1 feel+s ( pleasure1 admiration1 love4 ,! idea ( obligation becomes1 9 its turn1 ?r\gh ! awak5$ s5sibilities1 an impulse & motive to action4 ,! recognition ( good or ill des]t awak5s feel+s ( e/eem & complac5cy1 or ! rev]se2 fills ! s\l ) sweet peace1 or /+s x ) %>p remorse4 ,all ^! ?+s mu/ be recogniz$ & includ$ by ! psy*ologi/ among ! ph5om5a ( consci5ce4 ,^! emotions1 h[ev]1 are bas$ on1 & gr[ out (1 ! intellectual acts already nam$1 & are to be view$ z an incid5tal & subord9ate1 ?\gh by no means unimportant1 "p ( ! :ole process4 ,:5 we speak ( consci5ce1 or ! moral faculty1 we speak ( a p[]1 a faculty & n m]ely a feel+ or susceptibility ( be+ affect$4 ,x is a cognitive p[]1 hav+ to d ) realities1 recogniz+ real di/9ctions1 & n m]ely a passive play ( ! s5sibilities4 ,x is simply ! m9d's p[] ( recogniz+ a c]ta9 class ( tru?s & relations4 ,z su*1 we claim = x a place among ! /rictly cognitive p[]s ( ! m9d1 among ! faculties t h to d ) ! p]ception ( tru? & reality4 ,importance ( ?is ,position4--,?is is a po9t ( "s importance4 ,if1 ) c]ta9 writ]s1 we make ! moral faculty a matt] ( m]e feel+1 ov]look+ ! intellectual p]ceptions on :i* ?is feel+ is bas$1 we ov]look & leave out ( ! acc\nt1 ! *ief elem5ts ( ! process4 ,! moral faculty is no long] a cognitive p[]1 no long]1 9 tru?1 a faculty4 ,! di/9ctions :i* x seems to recognize are m]ely subjective2 impressions1 feel+s1 to :i* !re may1 or may n1 be a correspond+ reality4 ,we h at lea/ no evid5ce ( any su* reality4 ,su* a view subtracts ! v f\ndation ( morals4 ,our feel+s v>y2 b "r & wrong d n v>y ) our feel+s4 ,!y are objective realities1 & n subjective ph5om5a4 ,z su*1 ! m9d1 by virtue ( ! natural p[]s ) :i* x is end[$ by ! ,creator1 recognizes !m4 ,! p[] by :i* x gives ?is1 we call ! moral faculty2 j z we call its p[] to take cognizance ( ano!r class ( tru?s & relations1 viz41 ! beautiful1 its /hetic faculty4 ,9 view ( ^! tru?s & relations1 z ?us p]ceiv$1 c]ta9 feel+s are1 9 ei!r case1 awak5$1 & ^! emotions may1 ) propriety1 be reg>d$ z p]ta9+ to1 & a "p (1 ! ph5om5a ( consci5ce1 & ( ta/e2 ! full discussion ( ei!r ( ^! faculties w include ! action ( ! s5sibilities2 b 9 nei!r case w a true psy*ology resolve ! faculty into ! feel+4 ,! ma!matician exp]i5ces a c]ta9 feel+ ( delight 9 p]ceiv+ ! relation ( l9es & angles1 b ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ t relation1 ! faculty by :i* ! m9d takes cognizance ( su* tru?1 is n to be resolv$ into ! feel+ t results f x4 ,result ( ,analysis4--,z ! result ( our analysis1 we obta9 ! foll[+ elem5ts z involv$ 91 & con/itut+1 an op]ation ( ! moral faculty3 7#a47 ,! m5tal p]ception t a giv5 act is "r or wrong4 7#b47 ,! p]ception ( obligation ) respect to ! same1 z "r or wrong4 7#c47 ,! p]ception ( m]it or dem]it1 & ! consequ5t approbation or c5sure ( ! ag5t1 z do+ ! "r or ! wrong ?us p]ceiv$4 7#d47 ,accompany+ ^! intellectual p]ceptions1 & bas$ ^u !m1 c]ta9 correspond+ emotions1 v>y+ 9 int5sity accord+ to ! cle>ness ( ! m5tal p]ceptions1 & ! purity ( ! moral nature4 ,,ii4 ,au?ority ( ,consci5ce4--,?us f> we h consid]$ ! nature ( consci5ce4 ,! "q arises n[ z to its au?ority--! reliabl5ess ( its decisions4 ,if consci5ce correctly disc]ns ! "r & ! wrong & ! consequ5t obligation1 x w be likely to judge correctly z to ! des]ts ( ! do]4 ,if x mi/ake ^! po9ts1 x may approve :at is n wor?y ( approval1 & condemn :at is good4 ,:at ,evid5ce ( ,correctness4--,h[ are we to "k1 !n1 :e!r consci5ce judges "r8 ,:at v\*] h we = its correctness8 ,h[ f> is x to be tru/$ 9 its p]ceptions & decisions8 ,p]haps we are s con/itut$1 x may be said1 z inv>iably to judge t to be "r :i* is wrong1 & ! rev]se1 & s to approve :]e we %\ld condemn4 ,true1 we reply1 ?is may be s4 ,x may be t ,i am s con/itut$1 t two & two %all seem to be f\r1 :5 9 reality !y are five2 & t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle %all seem to be equal to two "r angles1 :5 9 reality !y are equal to ?ree4 ,?is may be s4 ,/ill x is a presumption 9 favor ( ! correctness ( all our natural p]ceptions1 t !y are ! op]ation ( orig9al pr9ciples ( our con/itution4 ,x is n probable1 to say ! lea/1 t we are s con/itut$ by ! great ,au?or ( our be+1 z to be habitually deceiv$4 ,x may be t ! organs ( vision & he>+ are absolutely false2 t ! ?+s :i* we see1 & he>1 & feel1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses1 h no correspond5ce to our suppos$ p]ceptions4 ,b ?is is n a probable supposition4 ,he :o d5ies ! validity ( ! natural faculties1 has ! burd5 ( pro(2 & pro( is ( c\rse impossible2 = ! simple reason1 t1 9 ord] to prove !m false1 y mu/ make use ( ^! v faculties2 & if _! te/imony is n reliable 9 ! "o case1 c]ta9ly x is n 9 ! o!r4 ,we mu/ !n take _! v]acity = grant$2 & we h ! "r to d s4 ,& s ( our moral nature4 ,x comes f ! ,au?or ( our be+1 & if x is uni=mly & orig9ally wrong1 !n he is wrong4 ,x is an error1 :i*1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 c nev] be detect$ or correct$4 ,we _c get beyond our con/itution1 back ( our natural end[m5ts1 to judge1 priori1 & f an ext]nal position1 :e!r !y are correct or n4 ,"r & wrong are n1 inde$1 ! creations ( ! div9e w2 b ! faculties by :i* we p]ceive & approve ! "r1 & condemn ! wrong1 are f him2 & we mu/ presume ^u _! g5]al correctness4 ,n infallible4--,x does n foll[ f ?is1 h[ev]1 nor d we affirm1 t consci5ce is infallible1 t %e nev] errs4 ,x does n foll[ t our moral p]ceptions & judgm5ts are inv>iably correct1 because !y spr+ f our native con/itution4 ,?is is n s4 ,!re is n "o ( ! faculties ( ! human m9d t is n liable to err4 ,n "o ( its activities is infallible4 ,! reason+ p[] sometimes errs2 ! judgm5t errs2 ! memory errs4 ,! moral faculty is on ! same foot+1 9 ?is respect1 ) any & all o!r faculties4 ,its ,value n ?us de/roy$4--,b ( :at use1 x w be said1 is a moral faculty1 on :i*1 aft] all1 we _c rely8 ,( :at use1 we reply1 is any m5tal faculty1 t is n absolutely & univ]sally correct8 ,( :at use is a memory or a judgm5t1 t sometimes errs8 ,we d n :olly di/ru/ ^! faculties1 or ca/ !m aside z wor?less4 ,a "t-keep] may be ( great value1 ?\gh n absolutely p]fect4 ,its au?or%ip & orig9al con/ruction may be a /rong presumption 9 favor ( its g5]al correctness2 nev]!less its h&s may h be5 accid5tally set to ! wrong h\r ( ! day4 ,actual ,occurr5ce ( su* ,cases4--,?is is a spectacle t n unfrequ5tly pres5ts itself 9 ! moral _w--a man ) 8 consci5ce po9t+ to ! wrong h\r2 a /rictly consci5ti\s man1 fully & firmly p]suad$ t he is "r1 yet by no means agree+ ) ! g5]al convictions ( mank9d2 an h\r or two be=e1 or1 x may be1 z mu* beh9d ! age4 ,su* m5 are ! h>de/ ( all mortals to be set "r1 = ! simple reason1 t !y are consci5ti\s4 ,"h is my wat*2 x po9ts to su* an h\r2 & my wat* is f ! v be/ mak]4 ,i _c be mi/ak54 ,& yet he is mi/ak51 & egregi\sly s4 ,! tru? is1 consci5ce is no m infallible ?an any o!r m5tal faculty4 ,x is simply1 z we h se51 a p[] ( p]ceiv+ & judg+1 & its op]ations1 l all o!r p]ceptions & judgm5ts1 are liable to error4 ,div]sity ( ,moral ,judgm5t4--,& ?is :i* we h j said1 goes f> to acc\nt = ! great div]sity t has long be5 kn[n to exi/ 9 ! moral judgm5ts & op9ions ( m54 ,x has (t5 be5 urg$1 & ) great =ce1 aga9/ ! suppos$ exi/5ce ( a moral faculty 9 man1 z a "p ( 8 orig9al nature1 t m5 ?9k & act s diff]5tly ) respect to ^! matt]s4 ,nature1 x is said1 ought to act uni=mly2 ?us eyes & e>s d n give ess5tially conflict+ te/imony1 at diff]5t times1 & 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ) respect to ! same objects4 ,c]ta9 colors are univ]sally pleas+1 & c]ta9 s\nds disagreeable4 ,b n s1 x is said1 ) respect to ! moral judgm5ts ( m54 ,:at "o approves1 ano!r condemns4 ,if ^! di/9ctions are univ]sal1 absolute1 ess5tial2 & if ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ !m is inh]5t 9 our nature1 m5 ought to agree 9 _! p]ception ( !m4 ,yet y w f9d no?+ approv$ by "o age & p1 :i* is n condemn$ by "s o!r2 nay1 ! v crimes ( "o age & nation1 are ! religi\s acts ( ano!r4 ,if ! p]ception ( "r & wrong is intuitive1 h[ happ5s ?is div]sity8 ,?is ,div]sity acc\nt$ =4--,to :i* ,i reply1 ! ?+ has be5 already acc\nt$ =4 ,our ideas ( "r & wrong1 x 0 /at$1 9 discuss+ _! orig91 dep5d on circum/ances = _! "t & degree ( developm5t4 ,!y are n irrespective ( opportunity4 ,education1 habits1 laws1 cu/oms1 :ile !y d n orig9ate1 /ill h mu* to d ) ! developm5t & modification ( ^! ideas4 ,!y may be by ^! influ5ces aid$ or ret>d$ 9 _! gr[?1 or ev5 q misdirect$1 j z a tree may1 by unfavorable influ5ces1 be h9d]$ & ?w>t$ 9 its gr[?1 be made to turn & twi/1 & put =? abnormal & mon/r\s developm5ts4 ,yet nature works !re1 nev]!less1 & 9 spite ( all su* ob/acles1 & unfavorable circum/ances1 seeks to put =?1 accord+ to h] laws1 h] p]fect & f9i%$ "w4 ,all t we cont5d is1 t nature1 "u favorable circum/ances1 develops 9 ! human m9d1 ! idea ( moral di/9ctions1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 m5 may diff] mu* 9 _! e/imate ( :at is "r1 & :at is wrong1 accord+ to ! circum/ances & influ5ces "r & wrong to p>ticul> cases1 & decide z to ! morality ( giv5 actions1 is an (fice ( judgm5t1 & ! judgm5t may err 9 ?is1 z 9 any o!r ( its op]ations4 ,x may be biass$ by unfavorable influ5ces1 by wrong education1 wrong habits1 & ! l4 ,analogy ( o!r ,faculties4--,! same is true1 sub/antially1 ( all o!r natural faculties & _! op]ations4 ,!y dep5d on circum/ances = ! degree ( _! developm5t1 & ! mode ( _! action4 ,h5ce !y are liable to great div]sity & frequ5t error4 ,p]ception misleads u z to s5sible objects1 n seldom2 ev5 9 _! ma!matical reason+s1 m5 d n always agree4 ,!re is ! greate/ possible div]sity among m51 z to ! ret5tiv5ess ( ! memory1 & z to ! ext5t & p[] ( ! reason+ faculties4 ,! savage t ?9ks x no wrong to scalp 8 enemy1 or ev5 to roa/ & eat him1 is utt]ly unable to c\nt tw5ty ^u 8 f+]s2 :ile ! philosoph]1 :o recognizes ! duty ( lov+ 8 neighbor z himself1 calculates1 ) precision1 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & pr$icts _! place 9 ! heav51 = ages to come4 ,%all we conclude1 because ( ?is div]sity1 t ^! sev]al faculties are n p>ts ( our nature8 ,g5]al ,uni=mity4--,we are by no means dispos$ to admit1 h[ev]1 t ! div]sity 9 m5's moral judgm5ts is s great1 z might1 at fir/1 appe>4 ,!re is1 on ! contr>y1 a g5]al uni=mity4 ,z to ! great ess5tial pr9ciples ( morals1 m51 aft] all1 d judge mu* alike1 9 diff]5t ages & diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 details1 !y diff]1 9 g5]al pr9ciples1 !y agree4 ,9 ! application ( ! rules ( morality to p>ticul> actions1 !y diff] widely1 accord+ to circum/ances2 9 ! recognition ( ! "r & ! wrong1 z di/9ctive pr9ciples1 & ( obligation to d ! "r z kn[n1 & avoid ! wrong z kn[n1 9 ?is !y agree4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t m5 d n always act accord+ to _! own ideas ( "r4 ,f ! g5]al neglect ( virtue1 9 any age or community1 & ! preval5ce ( great & revolt+ crimes1 we _c safely inf] ! abs5ce1 or ev5 ! p]v]sion1 ( ! moral faculty4 ,precisely 9 :at ! ,div]sity consi/s4--,x is important to be> 9 m9d1 ?r\gh\t ?is discussion1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! idea ( "r1 9 itself consid]$1 & ! p]ception ( a giv5 act z "r2 ! "o a simple conception1 ! o!r an act ( judgm5t2 ! "o an idea d]iv$ f ! v con/itution ( ! m9d1 connate1 if n innate1 ! o!r an application ( t idea1 by ! und]/&+1 to p>ticul> in/ances ( conduct4 ,! =m]1 ! idea ( moral di/9ctions1 may be univ]sal1 necess>y1 absolute1 un]r+2 ! latt]1 ! application ( ! idea to p>ticul> in/ances1 & ! decision t su* & su* acts are1 or are n1 "r1 may be altoge!r an incorrect & mi/ak5 judgm5t4 ,n[ x is precisely at ?is po9t t ! div]sity 9 ! moral judgm5ts ( mank9d makes its appe>ance4 ,9 recogniz+ ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong1 !y agree2 9 ! application ( ! same to p>ticul> in/ances 9 decid+ :at is "r & :at is wrong--a simple act ( ! judgm5t1 an ex]cise ( ! und]/&+1 z we h se5--9 ?is x is t !y diff]4 ,& ! diff]5ce is no great]1 & no m inexplicable1 ) respect to ?is1 ?an 9 any o!r class ( judgm5ts4 ,consci5ce n always a safe ,guide4--,i h admitt$ t consci5ce is n infallible4 ,is x1 !n1 a safe guide8 ,are we1 9 all cases to foll[ its decisions8 ,s9ce liable to err1 x _c be1 9 itself1 ,i reply1 9 all cases1 a safe guide4 ,we _c conclude1 ) c]ta9ty1 t a giv5 c\rse is "r1 simply because consci5ce approves x4 ,?is does n1 ( necessity1 foll[4 ,! decision t a giv5 act is "r1 or n1 is simply a matt] ( judgm5t2 & ! judgm5t may1 or may n1 be correct4 ,t dep5ds on circum/ances1 on education p>tly1 on ! light we h1 be x m or less4 ,consci5ti\s m5 are n always 9 ! "r4 ,we may d wrong consci5ti\sly4 ,saul ( ,t>sus 0 a consci5ti\s p]secutor1 & v]ily ?\ght he 0 do+ ,god s]vice4 ,no d\bt1 _m ( ! mo/ intol]ant & rel5tless bigots h be5 equally consci5ti\s1 & equally mi/ak54 ,su* m5 are all ! m dang]\s1 because do+ :at !y believe to be "r4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 to be foll[$4--,:at1 !n1 are we to d8 ,%all we foll[ a guide ?us liable to err8 ,yes1 ,i reply1 foll[ consci5ce2 b see t x be a "r & well-in=m$ consci5ce1 =m+ its judgm5ts1 n f impulse1 passion1 prejudice1 ! bias ( habit1 or ( unreflect+ cu/om1 b f ! cle>e/ light ( reason1 & especially ( ! div9e ^w4 ,we are responsible = ! judgm5ts we =m 9 morals1 z mu* z = any class ( our judgm5ts2 responsible1 9 o!r words1 = ! sort ( consci5ce we h4 ,saul's mi/ake lay1 n 9 act+ accord+ to 8 consci5ti\s convictions ( duty1 b 9 n hav+ a m enlight5$ consci5ce4 ,he %\ld h =m$ a m c>eful judgm5t2 h inquir$ m dilig5tly aft] ! "r way4 ,to say1 h[ev]1 t a man ought n to d :at consci5ce approves1 is to say t he ought n to d :at he s9c]ely believes to be "r4 ,?is w\ld be a v /range rule 9 morals4 ,consci5ce n exclusively intellectual4--,i h discuss$1 z ,i propos$1 ! nature & au?ority ( consci5ce4 ,9 ?is discussion ,i h treat$ ( ! moral faculty z an intellectual1 r ?an an emotional p[] ,i w\ld n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 z imply+ t consci5ce has n also an emotional "*4 ,e intellectual act1 & faculty ( action1 p>takes m or less ( ?is "*1 is accompani$ by feel+1 & ^! feel+s are 9 "s degree peculi>1 x may be1 to ! p>ticul> faculty or act ( m9d to :i* !y relate4 ,! ex]cise ( imag9ation involves "s degree ( feel+1 ei!r pleasurable or pa9ful1 & t (t5 9 a high degree2 s also ! /hetic faculty4 ,x is peculi>ly s ) ! ex]cise ( ! moral faculty4 ,z already /at$1 9 our analysis ( an act ( consci5ce1 x is impossible to view our pa/ conduct z "r or wrong1 & to approve or condemn ourselves accord+ly1 )\t emotion2 & ^! emotions w v>y 9 int5sity1 accord+ to ! cle>ness & =ce ( our intellectual conception ( ! m]it or dem]it ( our conduct4 ,^! feel+s con/itute an important "p ( ! ph5om5a ( moral action1 & consequ5tly ( psy*ology2 z !y belong1 h[ev]1 to ! dep>tm5t ( s5sibility1 r ?an ( intellect1 _! fur!r discussion is n "h 9 place4 ,!y w be consid]$ 9 connection ) o!r emotions 9 ! subsequ5t division ( ! "w4 ,,intellectual ,,faculties ,,supplem5t>y ,,topics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,in/9ct4--,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,( ,,! ,,brute ,,z ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,t ,,( ,,man4 ,closely connect$ ) ! philosophy ( human intellig5ce is ! sci5ce ( in/9ct1 or ! intellig5ce ( ! brute--a subject ( int]e/ n m]ely 9 its relations to psy*ology1 b to "s o!r sci5ces1 z natural hi/ory1 & !ology4 ,we "w at a ,disadvantage 9 su* ,inquiries4--,) reg>d to ?is matt]1 x mu/ be confess$1 at ! outset1 t we "w1 9 "s respects1 9 ! d>k1 9 our inquiries & speculations conc]n+ x4 ,x lies :olly remov$ f ! sph]e ( consci\sness4 ,we c only obs]ve1 comp>e1 & inf]1 & our conclusions ?us d]iv$ mu/ be liable1 aft] all1 to error4 ,! op]ations ( our own m9ds we "k by ! cle>e/ & sure/ ( all s\rces ( k1 viz41 our own consci\sness2 ! op]ation ( brute intellig5ce mu/ ev] be 9 great measure unkn[n & a my/]y to u4 ,h[ f> ! two resemble ea* o!r1 & h[ f> !y diff]1 x is n easy to det]m9e1 n easy to draw ! divid+ l9e1 & say :]e brute intellig5ce /ops & human intellig5ce beg9s4 ,me?od propos$4--,let u fir/ def9e in/9ct1 ! t]m usually appli$ to d5ote brute intellig5ce1 & asc]ta91 if possible1 :at are its peculi> *>act]i/ics2 we may !n be able to det]m9e :]e9 x diff]s f intellig5ce 9 man4 ,def9ition4--,i und]/&1 by in/9ct1 a law ( action1 gov]n+ & direct+ ! movem5t ( s5ti5t be+s--di/9ct1 on ! "o h&1 f ! m]e bl9d =ces ( matt]1 z attraction1 etc41 & f reason on ! o!r2 a law work+ to a giv5 end by impulse1 yet bl9dly--! subject n kn[+ :y he ?us works2 a law innate1 inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( ! animal1 n acquir$ b transmitt$1 ! orig9 ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! intellig5t au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,^! ,i take to be ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( t :i* we t]m in/9ct4 ,in/9ct a ,law4--,x is a law ( action4 ,9 ob$i5ce to x ! bee con/ructs h] comb1 & ! ant h] *amb]s1 & ! bird h] ne/2 & 9 ob$i5ce to x1 ! animal1 ( :atev] species1 seeks t p>ticul> k9d ( food :i* is int5d$ & provid$ = x4 ,^! are m]ely in/ances ( ! op]ation ( t law4 ,! uni=mity & univ]sality :i* *>act]ize ! op]ations ( ?is pr9ciple1 %[ x to be a law ( action1 & n a m]ely casual occurr5ce4 ,works by ,impulse4--,x is a law work+ by impulse1 n me*anical or automatic1 on ! "o h&1 nor yet rational on ! o!r4 ,! impell+ or motive =ce1 9 ! case suppos$1 is n t ( a weight act+ ^u ma*9]y1 or any l me*anical pr9ciple1 nor yet ! reflex action ( a n]ve :5 irritat$1 or ! spasmodic action ( a muscle4 ,x is n analog\s to ! influ5ce ( gravitation on ! purely passive =ms ( matt]4 ,nor yet is x t high] pr9ciple :i* we t]m reason 9 man4 ,! bird con/ructs h] ne/ z %e does1 & ! bee h] cell1 9 ob$i5ce to "s bl9d yet p[]ful & unfail+ impulse ( h] nature1 guid+ & direct+ h] movem5ts1 prompt+ to action1 & to ?is specific =m ( action1 ) a re/less ye>n+1 unsatisfi$ until ! end is accompli%$4 ,yet ! creature does n h]self und]/& ! law by :i* %e works4 ,! bee does n "k t %e con/ructs h] comb at t precise angle :i* w af=d ! greate/ cont5t 9 ! lea/ space1 does n "k :y %e con/ructs x at t precise angle1 c\ld give no reason = h] proc$ure1 ev5 7 %e capable ( und]/&+ our "q4 ,x is n ) h] a matt] ( reflection1 nor ( reason1 at all1 b m]ely ( bl9d1 un?9k+1 yet un]r+ impulse4 ,z innate4--,?is law is innate1 inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( ! animal1 n acquir$4 ,x is n ! result ( education4 ,! bird does n le>n to build h] ne/1 nor ! bee h] comb1 nor ! ant h] subt]ranean *amb]s1 by obs]v+ h[ ! p>5t works & builds4 ,remov$ f all opportunities ( obs]vation or in/ruction1 ! untaught animal /ill p]=ms its mission1 con/ructs its ne/ or cell1 & does x z p]fectly 9 solitude z among its fell[s1 z p]fectly on ! fir/ attempt z ev] aft]4 ,:atev] intellig5ce !re is involv$ 9 ^! labors & con/ructions1 & c]ta9ly ! v highe/ intellig5ce w\ld seem1 9 _m in/ances1 to be conc]n$ 9 !m1 is an intellig5ce transmitt$1 & n acquir$1 ! orig9 ( :i* is to be s\ght1 ultimately1 n 9 ! creature itself1 b 9 ! ,au?or ( all intellig5ce1 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se4 ,! intellig5ce is t n ( ! creature1 b ( ! ,creator4 ,manife/s itself irrespective ( ,circum/ance4--,x is to be fur!r obs]v$1 ) respect to ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation1 t x (t5 manife/s its peculi> t5d5cies prior to ! developm5t ( ! appropriate organs4 ,! "y calf butts ) its head be=e its horns are gr[n4 ,! in/9ctive impulse manife/s itself1 also1 "u circum/ances :i* r5d] its action no long] ne$ful4 ,! beav] caught & conf9$ 9 a room1 con/ructs its dam1 z a=etime1 ) :atsoev] mat]ials x c comm&1 al?\gh1 9 its pres5t circum/ances1 su* a /ructure is ( no possible use4 ,^! facts evid5tly indicate ! pres5ce & action ( an impulse work+ bl9dly1 )\t reflection1 )\t reason1 )\t intellig5ce1 on ! "p ( ! animal4 ,indications ( ,contrivance4--,on ! o!r h&1 !re are in/ances ( brute action :i* seem to indicate contrivance & adaptation to circum/ances4 ,! bee compell$ to con/ruct h] comb 9 an unusual & unsafe position1 /eadies x by con/ruct+ a brace ( wax-"w betwe5 ! side t incl9es & ! ne>e/ wall ( ! hive4 ,! spid]1 9 l mann]1 ^: web is 9 dang]1 runs a l9e1 f ! "p expos$ to ! sev]e/ /ra9 or pressure1 to ! ne>e/ po9t ( support1 9 su* a mann] z to secure ! sl5d] fabric4 ,a bird has be5 kn[n1 9 l mann]1 to support a b\gh1 :i* prov$ too frail to su/a9 ! weight ( ! ne/1 & ( h] "y1 by connect+ x1 ) a ?read1 to a /rong] bran* above4 ,^! ,facts d n prove ,reason4--,facts ( ?is nature1 h[ev] int]e/+1 & well au!nticat$1 mu/ be reg>d$ r z exceptions to ! ord9>y rule1 ! ne>e/ approa* :i* m]e in/9ct has be5 kn[n to make t[>d ! divid+ l9e t sep>ates ! brute f ! human intellig5ce4 ,!y d n1 9 !mselves1 prove ! exi/5ce ( reason1 ( a discrim9at+ & reflect+ intellig5ce1 on ! "p ( ! animal2 = ! same law ( nature t impels ! creature to build its ne/ or its comb1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 may c]ta9ly be suppos$ to be capable ( induc+ a *ange ( op]ation to meet a sudd5 exig5cy1 & "o liable at any "t to occur4 ,x is c]ta9ly n m wond]ful1 nor s wond]ful1 t ! bee %\ld be induc$ to brace h] comb1 or ! spid] h] web1 :5 9 dang]1 z t ei!r %\ld be able to con/ruct h] edifice orig9ally1 at ! precise angle employ$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 brute in/9ct %[s no su* capacity ( adaptation to circum/ances4 ,! ,"q be=e u4--,we are ready n[ to inquire h[ f> t :i* we call in/9ct 9 ! brute1 diff]s f t :i* we call intellig5ce 9 man4 ,is x a diff]5ce 9 k9d1 or only 9 degree8 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e may aid u "h4 ,e>ly ,views4--,f ,ari/otle to ,desc>tes1 philosoph]s took ! latt] view4 ,!y ascrib$ to ! brute a degree ( reason1 su* z w\ld be requisite 9 man1 7 he to d ! same ?+s1 & proce$+ on ?is pr9ciple1 !y attribut$ to animals an intellig5ce proportion$ to ! wants ( _! nature & organization4 ,?is pr9ciple1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 is an assumption4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! same action proce$s f ! same pr9ciple 9 man1 & 9 ! brute2 t :atev] indicates & involves intellig5ce & reason1 9 ! "o case1 z its s\rce1 involves ! same 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is a virtual petitio pr9cipii4 ,x assumes ! v po9t 9 "q4 ,x may be t :at man does by virtue ( an intellig5t1 reflect+1 rational s\l1 look+ be=e & aft]1 ! brute does by virtue ( entirely a diff]5t pr9ciple1 a m]e un9tellig5t impulse ( 8 nature1 a bl9d s5sation1 prompt+ him to a giv5 c\rse4 ,?is is ! "q to be settl$1 ! ?+ to be prov$ or disprov$4 ,& if ! view already giv5 ( ! "* ( brute in/9ct1 is correct1 ! position n[ /at$ z possible1 may be reg>d$ z virtually e/abli%$4 ,view ( ,desc>tes4--,desc>tes1 p]ceiv+ ! error ( previ\s philosoph]s1 w5t to ! opposite extreme1 & resolv$ ! in/9ct & action ( ! brute into m]e me*anism1 a pr9ciple little diff]5t f t by :i* ! weight moves ! h&s ( ! clock4 ,! brute p]=ms ! functions ( 8 nature & organization1 j z ! puppet moves hi!r & ?i!r by spr+s hidd5 )91 ( :i* itself kn[s no?+4 ,! bird1 ! bee1 ! ant1 ! spid]1 are s organiz$1 su* is ! hidd5 me*anism ( _! curi\s nature1 t at ! prop] times1 & "u ! requisite conditions1 !y %all build1 ea* its own prop] /ructure2 & p]=m1 ea*1 its own prop] "w & (fice4 ,s do+1 ea* moves automatically1 me*anically4 ,locke & 8 ,disciples4--,diff]+1 aga91 f ?is view1 :i* c]ta9ly ascribes too little1 z ! opposite !ory ascribes too mu* to ! brute1 ,locke1 ,condillac1 & _! disciples 9 ,france & ,engl&1 took ! gr\nd t ! actions ( ! brute :i* seem to indicate intellig5ce1 are to be ascrib$ to ! p[] ( habit1 & to ! law ( association4 ,! faculties ( ! brute1 z inde$ ( man1 resolve !mselves ultimately into impressions f )\t4 ,no?+ is innate4 ,! dog sc5ts 8 prey1 & ! beav] builds 8 dam1 & ! bird migrates to a w>m] clime1 f ! m]e =ce ( habit1 unreflect+1 un9tellig5t4 ,b h[1 x may occur to "s "o to ask1 happ5s su* a habit to be =m$ 9 ! fir/ place8 ,h[ happ5s ! poor insect1 j em]g+ f ! egg1 to f9d 9 himself all requisite appliances & in/rum5ts = captur+ 8 prey8 ,h[ happ5s ! bee always1 ?r\gh\t all its g5]ations1 to hit ^u ! same contrivance = /or+ its honey1 & n only s1 b to select out ( a ?\s& diff]5t =ms1 & diff]5t possible angles1 always ! same "o8 ,& s ( ! ant1 ! spid]1 etc4 ,& if ?is is a matt] ( education1 z x c]ta9ly is n1 !n h[ came ! fir/ bee1 ! fir/ ant1 spid]1 or o!r insect1 to hit ^u s admirable an exp$i5t8 ,! ,scot* ,philosoph]s4--,on ! o!r h&1 ,reid1 ,/ew>t1 & ! ,scot* philosoph]s g5]ally1 dep>t+ widely f ! m]ely me*anical view1 h ascrib$ to in/9ct "s actions :i* are prop]ly automatic & involunt>y1 z ! %utt+ ( ! eyelid on ! approa* ( a =eign body1 ! action ( ! infant 9 obta9+ its food f ! "m's brea/1 & c]ta9 o!r l movem5ts ( ! animal organization1 :i*1 accord+ to rec5t discov]ies 9 physiology1 are to be attribut$1 r to ! simple reflex action ( ! n]ves & muscles4 ,?is is n prop]ly in/9ct4 ,"q returns4--,among ^! sev]al views1 :]e !n1 lies ! tru?8 ,unable to co9cide ) ! m]ely me*anical !ory ( ,desc>tes1 or ) ! view :i* resolves all into m]e habit & association1 ) ,locke & ,condillac1 %all we fall back ^u ! anci5t1 & = a long "t univ]sally preval5t1 view :i* makes in/9ct only a l[] degree ( t intellig5ce :i*1 9 man becomes reason & reflection8 ,?is we are h>dly prep>$ to d4 ,! well-kn[n ph5om5a & laws ( in/9ct1 its ess5tial *>act]i/ics z develop$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 seem to po9t to a diff]5ce 9 k9d & n m]ely 9 degree4 ,reasons = ?is ,op9ion4--#a4 ,! ,brute incapable ( high ,cultivation4--,to recapitulate briefly ! po9ts ( diff]5ce3 ,if in/9ct 9 ! brute 7 ( ! same nature ) intellig5ce 9 man1 if x 71 prop]ly speak+1 intellig5ce1 ! same 9 k9d1 diff]+ only 9 degree1 !n1 x ought1 z 9 man1 to be capable ( cultivation to an indef9ite ext5t1 capable ( be+ elevat$1 by due process ( tra9+1 to a degree v mu* sup]ior to t 9 :i* x fir/ pres5ts itself4 ,n[1 ) c]ta9 insignificant exceptions1 su* is c]ta9ly n ! case4 ,no am\nt ( tra9+ or culture ev] br+s ! animal ess5tially above ! ord9>y range ( brute capacity1 or approximates him to ! level ( ! human species4 #b4 ,brute does n improve by ,practice4--,on ?is !ory ! brute ought1 moreov]1 to improve by practice1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 c]ta9ly he does n4 ,! spid] lays out its l9es z accurately & con/ructs its web z well1 & ! bee h] comb1 & ! bird h] ne/1 on ! fir/ attempt1 z aft] ! tw5tie? or ! fiftie? trial4 ,!re is no progress1 no improvem5t4 ,its skill1 if su* x may be call$1 is a fixture4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! nature ( sci5ce ab\t x1 = x is ( ! ess5tial nature ( all intellig5t action to improve4 #c4 ,does n adapt itself to ,circum/ances4--,if x 7 ( ! nature ( intellig5ce1 x ought uni=mly & inv>iably to adapt itself to *ang+ circum/ances1 & n to keep on work+ bl9dly 9 ! old way1 :5 su* proc$ure is no long] ( use4 ,x is n intellig5ce1 b m]e bl9d impulse1 9 ! beav]1 t leads him to build 8 dam on a dry floor or ! pavem5t ( a c\rt-y>d4 #d4 ,opposite ,view proves too mu*4--,x is fur!rmore to be notic$1 t ! !ory "u consid]ation1 :ile x ascribes to ! brute only a l[] degree ( intellig5ce1 9 reality places him1 9 "s respects1 f> beyond man 9 po9t ( intellect4 ,if ! in/9ct ( ! brute be intellig5ce at all1 x is intellig5ce :i* leaves 8 pr\d] rival1 man1 9 _m cases1 q 9 ! %ade4 ,no sci5ce ( man c vie ) ! ma!matical precision ( ! spid] or ! bee 9 ! practical con/ruction ( l9es & planes t %all enclose a giv5 angle4 ,! eng9e] mu/ take lessons ( ! ant 9 ! art ( runn+ l9es & p>allels4 ,to ! same humble insect belongs ! inv5tion ( ! ar* & ( ! dome 9 ar*itecture4 ,_m ( ! pr(\nde/ que/ions & problems ( sci5ce are 9 l mann] virtually solv$ by ^? creatures t possess1 x is claim$1 only a l[] degree ( intellig5ce ?an man4 ,! facts are inconsi/5t ) ! !ory4 ,! !ory ei!r goes too f>1 or n f> en\gh4 ,if in/9ct is intellig5ce at all1 x is intellig5ce1 9 "s respects at lea/1 sup]ior to man's4 ,= reasons n[ /at$1 we mu/ conclude t ! intellig5ce ( ! brute diff]s 9 k9d1 & n 9 degree m]ely1 f t ( man4 ,faculties want+ 9 ! ,brute4--,if n[ ! inquiry be rais$1 :at are ! specific faculties :i* are want+ 9 ! brute1 b possess$ by man1 9 o!r words1 :]e runs ! divid+ l9e :i* m>ks (f ! doma9 ( in/9ct f t ( intellect1 we reply1 beg9n+ ) ! diff]5ces :i* are mo/ obvi\s1 ! brute is1 9 ! fir/ place1 n a moral & religi\s be+4 ,he has no moral nature1 no ideas ( "r & ju/ice1 none ( acc\ntability1 & ( a high] p[]4 ,he is1 moreov]1 n an /hetic be+4 ,he has no ta/e = beauty1 nor appreciation ( x4 ,! horse1 ) all 8 app>5t intellig5ce1 looks out ^u ! mo/ en*ant+ l&scape z unmov$ by its beauty z ! c>riage :i* he draws4 ,he has no idea1 no cognizance ( ! beautiful4 ,! faculty ( orig9al conception1 :i* furni%es man ) ideas ( ?is nature1 seems to be want+ 9 ! brute4 ,he is1 fur!rmore1 n a sci5tific be+4 ,he does n und]/& ! pr9ciples by :i* he himself works4 ,he makes no progress or improvem5t1 accord+ly1 9 ! application ( ^? pr9ciples1 b works z well fir/ z la/4 ,he le>ns no?+ by exp]i5ce4 ,c]ta9 gr& rules & pr9ciples d inde$ lie at ! f\ndation ( 8 "w1 b !y h no subjective exi/5ce 9 ! brute himself4 ,n[ ! faculties :i* con/itute man a sci5tific be+ are ^? :i*1 9 ! pres5t treatise1 we h gr\p$ toge!r "u ! title ( reflective4 ,^! seem to be want+ 9 ! brute4 ,he nev] classifies1 nor analyzes1 nev] =ms ab/ract conceptions1 nev] g5]alizes1 judges1 nor reasons1 nev] reflects on :at is pass+ ar\nd him2 nev]1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 ?9ks4 ,fur!r ,defici5cy4--,"h _m1 p]haps mo/1 :o h reflect$ ^u ! matt] at all1 w\ld place ! divid+ l9e betwe5 man & ! brute1 d5y+ him ! possession ( reason & reflection1 ! high] intellectual p[]s1 b all[+ him ! o!r faculties :i* man enjoys4 ,we mu/ g fur!r1 h[ev]1 & exclude imag9ation f ! li/ ( brute faculties4 ,hav+ no idea ( ! beautiful1 nor any p[] ( =m+ ab/ract conceptions1 ! ideals1 accord+ to :i* imag9ation %apes its creations1 are :olly want+1 & imag9ation itself1 ! faculty ( ! ideal1 mu/ also be want+4 ,! ,p[] to p]ceive & rememb]4--,b has ! brute ! p[] ( p]ception & memory1 ! only two di/9ct rema9+ faculties ( ! human m9d8 ,if we di/+ui%1 z we mu/1 ! physical f ! /rictly intellectual elem5t1 9 p]ception by ! s5ses1 ! capacity to receive impressions ( s5se1 f ! capacity to und]/& & "k ! object1 z su*1 f :i* ! impressions proce$1 :ile we mu/ admit ! =m]1 we %\ld "q ! exi/5ce ( ! latt] 9 ! brute4 ,to "k or und]/& ! objects ( s5se1 to di/+ui% !m z su*1 f ea* o!r1 & f self z ! p]ceiv+ subject1 is an attribute ( intellig5ce 9 its /rict & prop] s5se1 an attribute ( m9d4 ,if ! brute possesses x1 he possesses z really a m9d1 ?\gh n ( s high an ord]1 z man4 ,! divid+ ,l9e4--,n[ x is j "h t we are compell$ to place ! l9e ( division betwe5 ! brute & man1 betwe5 in/9ct & intellect4 ,! brute has s5ses1 z man2 9 "s respects1 inde$1 m p]fect ?an 84 ,objects ext]nal make impressions ^u 8 s5ses2 8 eye1 8 e>1 8 v>i\s organs ( s5se1 respond to ^! impressions4 ,9 a ^w1 he has s5sations1 & ^? s5sations are accompani$1 z all s5sations 9 _! nature are1 & mu/ be1 ) consci\sness1 t is1 !y are felt4 ,b ?is does n necess>ily involve :at we und]/& by consci\sness 9 its high] s5se1 or self-consci\sness4 ,! brute has1 we believe1 no k ( himself z su*1 no self-consci\sness1 prop]ly speak+2 does n di/+ui% betwe5 self z p]ceiv+1 & ! object z p]ceiv$1 has no conception ( self z a sep>ate exi/5ce di/9ct f ! objects ar\nd him1 has1 /rictly speak+1 no ideas1 no ?\ghts1 no intellig5t compreh5sion ( objects ab\t him2 has s5sations1 b no p]ceptions 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 s9ce p]ception involves ! di/9ction ( subject & object1 or self-consci\sness4 ,^! di/9ctions are lo/ to ! brute1 bl9dly m]g$ 9 ! "o simple consci\sness ( physical s5sation4 ,he feels1 b does n ?9k1 does n und]/&4 ,s5sation takes ! place ( und]/&+ & reason ) him4 ,x is 8 guide4 ,to ! impressions ?us receiv$1 8 nature bl9dly responds1 he kn[s n h[ or :y4 ,he is s con/itut$ by 8 wise & b5evol5t ,mak]1 t s5sation be+ awak5$1 ! impulses ( 8 nature at once spr+ into play1 & prompt irresi/ibly to action1 & to su* action z %all meet ! wants ( ! be+4 ,!re is no ne$ = intellig5ce to sup]v5e1 z ) man4 ,! brute feels & acts4 ,man feels1 ?9ks1 & acts4 ,! ,creator has provid$1 =1 ! =m]1 a sub/itute :i* takes ! place ( intellect1 & secures by bl9d1 yet un]r+ impulse1 ! simple ends :i* correspond to 8 simpl] necessities1 & 8 humbl] sph]e4 ,man's ,sup]iority4--,h]e9 lies man's ma/]%ip & dom9ion ov] ! brute4 ,he has :at ! brute has n1 intellect1 m9d1 ! p[] ( ?\ght1 ! p[] to und]/& & "k4 ,j s f> z he fails to grasp ?is high pr]ogative1 j s f> z he is gov]n$ by s5sation & its correspond+ impulses1 r ?an by intellig5ce & reason1 j 9 su* degree he lays aside 8 sup]iority1 & s9ks to ! sph]e ( ! brute4 ,?us1 9 infancy & e>ly life1 !re is little diff]5ce4 ,?us1 _m savage & un$ucat$ races nev] rise f> above ! brute capacity1 are m]e creatures ( s5sation1 impulse1 in/9ct4 ,9 "o ,respect inf]ior4--,9 "o respect1 inde$1 man1 de/itute ( intellig5ce or fail+ to gov]n himself by its precepts1 s9ks bel[ ! brute4 ,he has n ! sub/itute = intellig5ce :i* ! brute has1 has n in/9ct to guide him1 & tea* him ! true & prop] b\nds ( indulg5ce1 b giv+ way to passion & incl9ation1 )\t re/ra9t1 pres5ts t mo/ melan*oly spectacle on :i* ! sun1 9 all 8 c\rse1 ev] looks d[n1 a man "u ! dom9ion ( 8 own appetites1 incapable ( self-gov]nm5t1 lo/ to all nobl5ess1 all virtue1 all self-respect4 ,memory 9 ! ,brute4--,x may /ill be ask$1 does n ! brute rememb]8 ,x is ! (fice ( memory to replace or repres5t :at has be5 once felt or p]ceiv$4 ,x simply reproduces1 9 ?\ght1 :at has once pass$ be=e ! m9d4 ,x orig9ates no?+4 ,:atev]1 !n1 ( intellig5ce 0 involv$ 9 ! orig9al act ( p]ception & s5sation1 s mu* & no m is involv$ 9 ! replac+ ^? s5sations & p]ceptions4 ,if 9 ! orig9al act !re 0 no?+ b simple s5sation1 )\t intellectual appreh5sion ( ! object1 )\t self-consci\sness or di/9ction ( subject f object1 !n1 ( c\rse1 no?+ m ?an ?is w be subsequ5tly reproduc$4 ,m]e images or phantasms ( s5sible objects may reappe>1 z %ad[s flick] & dance ^u ! wall1 or z su* images flit be=e u 9 our dreams4 ,! memory ( ! brute is1 probably1 ( ?is nature1 r a sort ( dream ?an a di/9ct conception ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,:at 0 n cle>ly appreh5d$ at fir/1 w n be bett] und]/ood n[4 ,fail+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to di/+ui% self f ! object ext]nal1 z ! s\rce ( impressions1 !re c be no recognition ( t di/9ction :5 ! object reappe>s1 if x ev] %\ld1 9 conception4 ,! ess5tial elem5t ( memory1 :i* connects ! object or ev5t ( =m] p]ception ) self z ! p]cipi5t1 mu/1 9 su* a case1 be want+4 ,! ,brute associates r ?an rememb]s4--,:at is usually call$ memory 9 ! brute1 is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* 8 capacity ( conceiv+ ( an abs5t object ( s5se1 z 8 recognition ( ! object :5 aga9 actually pres5t to 8 s5ses4 ,! dog manife/s pleasure at ! appe>ance ( 8 ma/]1 & ! horse *ooses ! road t leads to 8 =m] home4 ,?is is n s mu* memory z association ( ideas or r ( feel+s4 ,c]ta9 feel+s & s5sations are associat$1 confus$ly bl5d$1 ) c]ta9 objects4 ,! reappe>ance ( ! objects1 ( c\rse1 reawak5s ! =m] feel+s4 ,?us1 ! :ip is associat$ ) ! s5sation exp]i5c$ 9 connection ) x4 ,s1 too1 a horse :i* has once be5 fright5$ by "s object beside ! road1 w manife/ fe> on subsequ5tly approa*+ ! same place1 al?\gh ! same object may no long] be !re4 ,! surr\nd+ objects :i* /ill rema91 & :i* 7 associat$ ) ! m imm$iate object ( fe> 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 are suffici5t to awak51 on _! reappe>ance1 ! =m] unpleasant s5sations4 ,a be+ end[$ ) intellig5ce & reason w\ld connect ! recurr+ object1 9 su* a case1 ) 8 own =m] exp]i5ce z ! p]ceiv+ subject1 w\ld recall ! "t & ! circum/ances ( ! ev5t & its connection ) 8 p]sonal hi/ory4 ,?is w\ld be1 prop]ly1 an act ( memory4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t su* a process takes place ) ! brute4 ,we h no evid5ce ( any ?+ m1 9 8 case1 ?an ! recurr5ce ( ! associat$ conception or s5sation1 along ) ! recurr5ce ( ! object :i* =m]ly produc$ x4 ,giv51 ! object a1 accompani$ ) surr\nd+ objects b1 c1 d1 & !re is produc$ a giv5 s5sation1 y4 ,giv51 aga91 at "s subsequ5t "t1 ! same object a1 or any "o ( ! associate objects b1 c1 d1 & !re is at once awak5$ a lively conception ( ! same s5sation y4 ,summ>y ( ,results4--,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 all we c1 ) any c]ta9ty1 attribute to ! brute4 ,he has s5sations1 & s f> z m]e s5se is conc]n$1 p]ceptions ( objects1 z connect$ ) ^? s5sations1 b n p]ception 9 ! true s5se z involv+ intellectual appreh5sion4 ,^! s5sations & confus$ p]ceptions recur1 p]haps1 z images or conceptions1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! objects t gave rise to !m1 & z ?us reappe>+1 con/itute :at we may call ! memory ( ! brute2 b n1 z ) u1 a memory :i* connects ! object or ev5t ) 8 own =m] hi/ory1 & ! idea ( a p]sonal self z ! p]cipi5t4 ,let ! object1 h[ev]1 reappe>1 & ! previ\s s5sation associat$ !re)1 is reawak5$4 ,?is1 ,i am aw>e1 is n ! view mo/ commonly ent]ta9$ ( brute intellig5ce4 ,we naturally conceive ( ! brute z possess+ faculties simil> to our own4 ,! brute1 9 turn1 7 he capable ( =m+ su* a conception1 w\ld1 probably1 conceive ( man1 z end[$ ) capacities l 8 own4 ,9 nei!r case is ?is ! "r conception4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,m9d ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,c]ta9 ,,/ates ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 ,/atem5t4--,!re are c]ta9 m5tal ph5om5a connect$ ) ! relation :i* ! m9d su/a9s to ! n]v\s organism1 & dep5d+ intimately on ! /ate ( t organism1 :i* seem to require ! notice ( ! psy*ologi/1 ?\gh (t5 ov]look$ by him2 ,i ref] to ! ph5om5a ( sleep1 dreams1 somnambulism1 & insanity4 ,s f> z ! activity ( ! m9d is involv$ 9 ^! /ates or ph5om5a1 !y become prop] objects ( psy*ological inquiry4 ,!y pres5t _m problems difficult ( solution1 yet n ! less curi\s & int]e/+1 z phases ( m5tal activity hi!rto little und]/ood4 ,view sometimes tak5 by ,physiologi/s4--,x becomes ! m important = ! psy*ologi/ to inve/igate ^! ph5om5a1 inasmu* z views & !ories little accordant ) ! true philosophy ( ! m9d h sometimes be5 put =? by physiologi/s1 9 attempt+ to expla9 ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,!y h view$ ! c]ebral app>atus z compet5t ( itself to produce ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 z self-act+1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! high] pr9ciple ( intellig5ce :i* usually gov]ns its op]ations1 c>ry+ on by a sort ( automatic action1 ! processes usually ascrib$ to ! m9d or spiritual pr9ciple1 :ile consci\sness & volition are entirely susp5d$4 ,consci\sness1 9 fact1 is no?+ b s5sation1 & ?\ght a m]e function ( ! bra94 ,?is is d[nright mat]ialism1 a doctr9e utt]ly subv]sive ( ! v exi/5ce ( t :i* we call m9d or s\l 9 man4 ,if ! c]ebral organization is compet5t ( itself dur+ sleep to c>ry on ^? op]ations :i* 9 wak+ mom5ts are ascrib$ to ! spiritual elem5t ( our be+1 if ?\ght is a function ( ! bra91 z dige/ion is ( ! /oma*1 :at ne$ & :at evid5ce ( any ?+ m ?an m]ely c]ebral action at any "t8 ,:at1 9 fact1 is ! m9d itself b c]ebral activity1 & :at is man1 ) all 8 high] p[]s1 b a m]e animat$ organism8 ,x becomes important1 !n1 to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation 9 "s way m consi/5t ) all j & true notions ( ! nature & philosophy ( m9d4 ,di/9ction ( normal & abnormal ,/ates4--,( ^! ph5om5a1 :ile all may be reg>d$ z intimately connect$ ) & dep5d5t on ! /ate ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 "s seem to proce$ f a normal1 o!rs f an abnormal & disord]$ /ate ( ! n]v\s & p>ticul>ly ! c]ebral organism4 ,( ! =m] class1 are sleep & dreams2 ( ! latt]1 somnambulism1 ! mesm]ic /ate1 s call$1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( disord]$ m5tal action1 or insanity4 ,i4--,,sleep4 ,mean+ ( ! ,t]m4--,:at is sleep8 ,w ! "n itself af=d any solution ( ?is problem8 ,l mo/ names ( famili> ?+s1 we f9d ! ^w descriptive ( "s p>ticul> circum/ance or phase1 "s "o prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! ?+ 9 "q1 r ?an a def9ition--mu* less an explanation--( ! ?+ itself4 ,! ^w sleep1 f s*laf51 z ! ,lat9 somnus f sup9us1 ref]s to ! sup9e condition & appe>ance ( ! body :5 9 ?is /ate2 ! relax+ ( ! muscles ! fall+ back or s9k+ d[n ( ! frame1 if unsupport$4 ,?is is ! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s effect to ! eye ( an obs]v]1 ( ! condition ( sleep z reg>ds ! body4 ,fur!r ?an ?is ! ^w gives u no light4 #a4 ,sleep involves prim>ily ,loss ( ,consci\sness4--,:at !n1 fur!r ?an ?is1 is sleep8 ,if we obs]ve some:at closely1 & ) a view to sci5tific arrangem5t1 ! diff]5t aspects or ph5om5a t pres5t !mselves z con/itut+ t /ate ( body & m9d :i* we call sleep1 ! prim>y & mo/ obvi\s fact1 ,i appreh5d1 is loss ( consci\sness1 ( ! me4 ,n p]haps ( all consci\sness1 = we seem /ill to exi/1 b ( self-consci\sness1 ( ! me z relat$ to "t1 & place1 & ext]nal circum/ance ,we lose ourselves1 z a common b mo/ exact expression describes x4 ,we are n at ! ,"t aw>e ( ?is ,loss4--,( c\rse1 sleep consi/+ prim>ily 9 loss ( consci\sness1 we are n consci\s ( ! fact t we sleep1 = ?is w\ld be a consci\sness t we 7 unconsci\s4 ,illu/rations ( ?is fact are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,y are ( an ev5+ gett+ we>y ov] y\r book4 ,y are vaguely consci\s ( t we>9ess1 am\nt+ ev5 to dr[s9ess2 y f9d x difficult to foll[ ! c\rse ( ?\ght1 or ev5 to keep ! l9e1 b h no idea t y are at l5g? actually asleep = ! mom5t1 till ! sudd5 fall ( ! book awak5s y4 ,nay1 "o :o has be5 vigor\sly nodd+ = five m9utes w1 on recov]+ himself1 /\tly d5y t he has really be5 asleep at all2 ! tru? is1 he 0 n consci\s ( x2 we nev] are1 directly4 ,?is results f :at8--,?is loss ( consci\sness results f ! inactivity ( ! bodily s5ses4 ,x is ^! t af=d u ! data = a k ( self 9 relation to ext]nal ?+s4 ,9 sleep ^! av5ues ( communication ) ! ext]nal _w are %ut up1 & we sil5tly drop (f1 &1 z x 71 float away f all consci\s connection ) x4 ,we no long] recognize our relations to "t & space1 nor ev5 to our own bodies1 :i*1 z mat]ial1 come "u ^? relations2 = x is by ! s5ses alone t we get ^! ideas4 ,s f> z consci\sness ( ^! relations is conc]n$1 we exi/ 9 sleep z 9 dea?1 out ( ! laws & limits ( "t & space1 & irrespective ( ! body & ( all mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,m5tal action1 h[ev]1 d\btless goes on1 & we are consci\s ( ?\ght & ( ! feel+ ( ! mom5t1 b ( no?+ fur!r4 ,all self-consci\sness is gone4 ,an ,affection prim>ily ( ! n]v\s ,sy/em4--,sleep1 !n1 w\ld seem to be prim>ily an affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 n ( ! reproductive--t goes on z usual1 & ev5 ) increas$ vigor2 nor yet ( ! muscul>--t is /ill capable ( action2 b only ( ! n]v\s4 ,t gets we>y2 by cont9u$ use1 its vital active =ce is exhau/$1 x ne$s re/1 becomes inactive1 gradually drops (f1 & s !re results ?is loss ( consci\sness1 ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,x is /rictly1 !n1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & n ! :ole body t sleeps4 ,diff]5t ,s5ses fall ,asleep successively4--,! diff]5t s5ses become inactive & fall asleep1 n all at once1 b successively4 ,fir/1 sight goes4 ,! eye-lids droop1 & close4 ,ta/e & smell probably next4 ,t\*1 & he>+1 are among ! la/ to give way4 ,h5ce1 noises s easily di/urb u1 :5 fall+ asleep4 ,h5ce1 too1 we are mo/ easily awak$ by "s "o repeat+ our "n1 or by "s "o t\*+ u4 ,^! s5ses are also ! fir/ to wak54 ,"o s5se may be asleep & ano!r awake4 ,y may /ill he> :at "o is say+ t sits ne> y1 :5 already ! eye is asleep4 ,s 9 dea?1 "o he>s :5 no long] able to see or to speak4 #b4 ,loss ( p]sonal ,control4--,accompany+ ?is loss ( self-consci\sness is ! loss ( p]sonal control1 i4 e41 ! control ( ! w ov] ! bodily organization4 ,?is foll[s f ! inactivity ( ! s5ses & ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 = x is only ?r\gh t1 & n by direct ag5cy ( ! w1 t we1 at any "t1 ex]t volunt>y p[] ov] ! body4 ,:5 t sy/em becomes exhau/$1 & its =ce is sp5t1 s t x c no long] furni% ! motive p[]1 nor execute ! comm&s ( ! high] intellig5ce ! w no long] ma9ta9s its empire ov] ! physical organization1 its little realm ( matt]1 its control is susp5d$1 its sceptre falls1 & x realizes = ! "t ! /ory ( ! en*ant$ palace on :i* a magic spell _h fall51 sudd5ly arre/+ ! busy tide ( life1 & seal+ up1 on ! in/ant1 ! s5ses ( k+1 c\rti]s1 & att5dants1 9 ! unbrok5 sleep ( ages4 ,indications ( approa*+ ,sleep4--,"o ( ! fir/ indications1 accord+ly1 ( ! approa* ( sleep1 is ! relax+ ( ! muscles1 ! droop+ ( ! eye-lid1 ! dropp+ ( ! head & ( ! arm1 ! s9k+ d[n ( ! body f an erect to a sup9e position4 ,if 9 *ur*1 ! head seeks ! fri5dly support ( ! pew 9 front1 =tunate if x c secure itself !re f ! /ill fur!r dem&s ( gravitation4 ,analog\s ,cases4--,9 respect to ! po9t n[ "u consid]ation1 ! loss ( control ov] ! physical frame1 ! ph5om5a ( sleep closely resemble ^? ( intoxication1 & ( fa9t+2 & = ! same reason1 9 ei!r case1 i4 e41 ! inactivity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* is ! m$ium ( volunt>y p[] ov] ! body4 ,t inactivity ( ! n]v\s sy/em is produc$ 9 ! "o case by natural1 9 ! o!r by unnatural causes1 b ! direct effect is ! same z reg>ds ! loss ( volunt>y p[]4 ,! same effects are also produc$ 9 c]ta9 diseases1 & ev5tually by dea?4 #c4 ,loss ( ,control ov] ! ,m9d4--,analog\s to ?is is ! loss ( volunt>y control ov] ! m5tal op]ations1 :i* is 9 fact1 s f> z ! m9d is conc]n$1 ! ess5tial feature & *>act]i/ic ( sleep4 ,m5tal action /ill goes on1 !re is reason to suppose2 9 _m cases we "k t x does2 b ! ?\ghts come & g at _! own pleasure1 )\t regulation or control4 ,x is n 9 our p[] to arre/ a c]ta9 ?\ght1 & fix our m9ds ^u x = ! "t1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 z we c d 9 ! wak+ mom5ts1 & :i* con/itutes1 9 fact1 ! *ief control & p[] we h ov] our ?\ghts1 nor c we dismiss1 & ?r[ (f1 an unpleasant tra9 ( ?\ght1 a disagreeable impression1 h[ev] mu* we may desire to be rid ( x4 ,we are at ! m]cy ( our own ?\ghts & casual associations1 :i*1 9 ! ungov]n$1 spontane\s play ( ! m9d's own inh]5t en]gy1 & guid$ only by its own native laws1 produce ! wilde/ & /range/ phantasmagoria1 hav+ to u all ! semblance ( reality1 :ile we are1 9 tru?1 m]e passive spectators ( ! sc5e4 ,faculties ( ,m9d n susp5d$ 9 ,sleep4--,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ! faculties ( ! m9d are1 9 "p or :olly1 susp5d$ 9 sleep1 especially ! high] faculties m imm$iately dep5d5t on ! w4 ,s long z m5tal activity goes on1 h[ev]1--& !re is no evid5ce t x ev] entirely ceases 9 sleep--s long !re is ?\ght1 & s long mu/ t ?\ght & activity be ex]t$ 9 "s p>ticul> direction1 & on "s p>ticul> object4 ,we _c conceive ( ! m9d z act+ or ?9k+1 & n ex]cis+ any ( its faculties1 = :at is a faculty ( ! m9d b its capacity ( act+ 9 ?is or t way or mode1 & on ?is or t class ( subjects4 ,x may be p]ception1 or conception1 or memory1 or imag9ation1 or judgm5t1 or reason+1 or any o!r faculty t is = ! mom5t active2 x mu/ be "s "o ( ! kn[n faculties ( ! m9d1 unless1 inde$1 we suppose "s new faculties to be !n develop$1 ( ^: exi/5ce we are at o!r times unconsci\s4 ,m5tal ,action modifi$ by c]ta9 ,causes 9 ,sleep4--,! faculties w1 h[ev]1 be mat]ially modifi$ 9 _! action dur+ sleep1 by ! causes already nam$2 *iefly ^! two3 #a/4 ! entire susp5sion ( volunt>y control ov] ! tra9 ( ?\ght2 #b;d4 ! loss ( p]sonal consci\sness z reg>ds especially ! bodily organization1 & its pres5t relations to "t1 & space1 & all s5sible objects4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! =m] our ?\ghts w come & g all unregulat$ & disconnect$2 !re w be no coh]5ce2 ! slighte/ analysis w suffice = ! associat+ pr9ciple2 we %all be hurri$ on & borne away on ! ru%+ tide ( ?\ght1 z a frail passive leaf swept on ! bosom ( ! rapids2 we %all :irl hi!r & ?i!r z 9 ! dance ( ! wit*es2 we %all wak5 9 confusion1 & seek to recov] ! re9s ( self-control1 only to lose !m aga9 & be swept on 9 ! fe>ful dance4 ,want ( ,congruity ow+ to :at4--,9 consequ5ce ( ! latt] cause--! loss ( s5sational consci\sness & ( our relations to s5sible objects--!re w be an entire want ( fitness & congruity 9 our m5tal op]ations4 ,! laws ( "t1 & space1 & p]sonal id5tity1 w be altoge!r disreg>d$1 & we %all n be consci\s ( ! incongruity1 nor wond] at ! /range/ & mo/ contradictory comb9ations4 ,"h1 !re1 ev]y:]e1 n[ ?is & n[ t4 ,! sc5e is 9 ! valley ( ! ,connecticut1 & anon on ! ,ural m\nta9s1 or ! des]t ( ,arabia1 & we d n notice ! *ange z any ?+ at all rem>kable4 ,n[ we are walk+ up ! aisle ( ! *ur*1 9 g>m5ts all too scanty = ! proprieties ( ! occasion1 & n[ x is a wild bull t is rac+ aft] u1 & ! transition f "o to ! o!r is in/antane\s4 ,:y %\ld x n be1 = x is by ! s5ses alone t we are br\ght into consci\s relation to ! ext]nal _w1 & s made cognizant ( ! laws ( "t & space1 & ^? s5ses be+ n[ lock$ 9 oblivion1 :at are "t & space to u8 ,! ,causes n[ nam$ a suffici5t ,explanation ( ! ,ph5om5a4--,! causes already nam$ w suffici5tly acc\nt = ! /range & di/ort$ action ( ! v>i\s m5tal faculties z ex]cis$ 9 sleep4 ,memory1 e4 g41 w give u ! pa/ ) v>iations ad libitum2 ?+s w appe> to u1 & ev5ts w seem to transpire1 & =ms & faces famili> w look out ^u u1 n z !y really are1 or ev] 74 ,we talk ) a =m] fri5d1 )\t ! ?\ght once occurr+ to u t he has be5 dead ^! _m ye>s4 ,impression !re is1 feel+1 idea1 fancy1 association ( all ^!1 b h>dly memory1 or ev5 imag9ation1 mu* less judgm5t or reason+4 ,s x w\ld seem at fir/4 ,a clos] inspection1 h[ev]1 w %[ u t !re is 9 reality1 9 ?is spontane\s play ( ! m9d1 ! ex]cise ( all ^! faculties1 only s modifi$ by causes n[ nam$ z to pres5t /range & unc\? results4 ,m5tal ,faculties n imm$iately dep5d5t on ! ,w4--,if any ( ! m5tal faculties c be %[n to be entirely dep5d5t on ! w = _! activity & op]ation1 s z to h no p[] to act except by its ord] or p]mission1 !n x w\ld foll[ t :5 ! w is no long] 9 possession ( ! ?rone1 :5 its sway is = ! "t susp5d$ z 9 sleep1 ! faculties ?us dep5d5t on x mu/ lie inactive4 ,b ) reg>d to mo/ if n all m5tal op]ations1 we "k ! rev]se to be true4 ,!y are capable ( spontane\s1 z well z volunt>y action4 ,nay1 "s ( !m1 x w\ld seem1 are n subject1 9 any case1 directly to its control4 ,x is n at our option :e!r to rememb] or =get1 :e!r to p]ceive surr\nd+ objects1 :e!r su* or su* a ?\ght %all1 by ! laws ( association1 foll[ next 9 ! tra9 ( ideas & impressions4 ,"s m5tal op]ations are m closely connect$ ) & admit ( a m direct int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! w ?an o!rs1 b x _c be %[n1 ,i ?9k1 t any faculty is s f> dep5d5t on ! w z n to be capable ( action1 irrespective ( its dem&s4 ,inde$1 facts seem to %[ t :]e once a tra9 ( m5tal action has be5 set 9 op]ation by ! w1 t action goes on1 = a "t1 ev5 :5 ! w is )drawn1 or held 9 abeyance1 z 9 sleep1 or pr(\nd rev]ie4 ,:5ce ?is ,susp5sion ( ,p[] ( ! ,w4--,! "q may occur1 :5ce arises ?is susp5sion ( ! p[] ( ! w ov] ! m5tal op]ations 9 sleep8 ,:at produces x8 ,does x1 l ! loss ( volunt>y p[] ov] ! physical frame1 result f ! inactivity ( ! n]v\s app>atus8 ,! fact t x always accompanies ?is1 & is f\nd 9 connection ) x1 t :atev] produces ! latt] seems to be ! occasion1 also1 ( ! =m]1 z 9 ! case ( disease1 delirium1 mesm]ic influ5ce1 /upefy+ drugs1 inebriation1 etc41 & t ! degree ( ! "o1 :e!r p>tial or complete1 is 9 proportion to ! degree ( ! o!r--^! facts seem to me to favor ! idea n[ sugge/$4 ,summ>y ( ,results4--,^!1 !n1 seem to be ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( sleep3 loss ( s5sational consci\sness1 loss ( volunt>y p[] ov] ! body1 loss ( volunt>y p[] ov] ! op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,exhau/ion ( ! n]v\s ,sy/em4--,sleep1 !n1 appe>s to be prim>ily an affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! result ( its exhau/ion4 ,by ! law ( nature1 x _c cont9ue always active2 repose mu/ succe$ to ef=t4 ,h5ce1 ! m rapid ! exhau/ion ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 f any cause1 ! m sleep is dem&$4 ,?is we "k to be ! fact4 ,! m s5sitive ! sy/em1 z 9 *ildhood1 or ) ! g5tl] sex1 z 9 m5 ( great s5sibility also1 poets1 arti/s1 & o!rs1 ! m sleep4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? sluggi% natures :i* all[ no?+ to excite or call into action ! n]v\s sy/em1 sleep f precisely ! opposite cause2 n ! exhau/ion ( n]v\s activity1 b its absolute non-exi/5ce4 ,if bo? our sy/ems1 ! animal & ! vegetative or nutritive1 %\ld sleep at once1 says ,rau*1 !re w\ld be no?+ to awak5 u4 ,t w\ld be dea?4 ,9 sleep1 e man has a _w ( 8 own1 says ,h]aclitus2 :5 awake1 all m5 h "o 9 common4 ,sleep+ & wak+1 x has be5 beautifully said by ano!r1 are ! ebb & flood ( m9d & matt] on ! ocean ( our life4 ,,ii4--,,dreams4 ,resum ( previ\s ,inve/igation4--,x has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ section1 t sleep is prim>ily & *iefly an affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 :i*1 ?r\gh exhau/ion1 ! s5ses become inactive1 &1 z x 71 dead1 :ile1 at ! same1 ! nutritive sy/em & ! functions ess5tial to life g on2 t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is inactivity ( ! s5sorium1 !re results1 #a4 ,loss ( consci\sness1 s f>1 at lea/1 z reg>ds all connection )1 & relation to1 ext]nal ?+s2 #b4 ,loss ( volunt>y p[] ov] ! physical & muscul> frame2 #c4 ,loss ( volunt>y control ov] ! op]ations ( ! m9d2 ! m9d /ill rema9+ active1 h[ev]1 & its op]ations go+ on1 uncontroll$ by ! w4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to take up1 m p>ticul>ly1 t specific =m ( m5tal activity 9 sleep1 call$ dream+2 a /ate :i* admits ( easy explanation on pr9ciples already laid d[n4 ,a ,dream1 :at4--,:at1 !n1 is a dream8 ,i reply1 x is any m5tal action 9 sleep1 ( :i*1 = any reason1 we are aft]w>d consci\s4 ,?is is n ! case ) all1 p]haps1 ) mo/ m5tal action dur+ sleep4 ,s5ses & ! w are inactive1 !n1 = ! mo/ "p1 & :atev] ?\ghts & impressions may be wr\ght out 9 ! laboratory ( ! m9d1 :atev] play ( =ces & wondr\s al*emy may !re be go+ on1 :5 ! controll+ pr9ciple t presides ov] & directs its op]ations is )drawn1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 nev] subsequ5tly report$4 ,let ! s5sitivity be p>tially ar\s$1 h[ev]1 let "s di/urb+ cause come 9 to prev5t entire loss ( s5sibility1 or let ! conceptions ( ! m9d pres5t !mselves ) m ?an usual vividness & =ce ( impression1 & :at we !n ?9k may aft]w>d be rememb]$4 ,?is is ! philosophy ( dreams4 ,:at is ?us rememb]$ ( our ?\ghts 9 sleep1 we call a dream1 m especially apply+ ! t]m to su* ( our ?\ghts & conceptions 9 sleep1 z h "s degree ( coh]5ce & connection betwe5 !mselves1 s z to con/itute a sort ( unity4 ,s\rces ( our ,dreams4--,our dreams take %ape & "* f a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,!y are n altoge!r accid5tal nor unacc\ntable2 & ev5 :5 we _c trace ! connection1 !re is reason to suppose t su* connection exi/s betwe5 ! dream1 & ! /ate ( ! body1 or ( ! m9d1 at ! "t1 z1 if kn[n1 w\ld acc\nt = ! %ape & complexion ( ! dream4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces1 or1 p]haps1 x 7 m correct to say1 modify+ influ5ces ( our dreams are1 #a1 ,our pres5t bodily s5sations1 & especially ! int]nal /ate ( ! physical sy/em1 &1 #b1 ,our previ\s wak+ ?\ghts1 dispositions1 & preval5t /ates ( m9d4 ,illu/rations ( ! fir/4--,z to ! fir/ ( ^! modify+ causes1 in/ances ( its op]ation w probably occur to e "o f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,y f9d y\rself on a h>d b$1 or1 x may be1 h ?r[n y\rself into "s uncom=table position1 & y dream ( brok5 bones or ( ! rack4 ,! b& ( y\r robe buttons tightly ab\t ! neck1 & y dream ( hang+4 ,y h tak5 a late supp] ( food highly season$ & indige/ible1 & 9 y\r dreams a black be> v heavy & huge1 quietly seats himself on y\r *e/1 or1 z a milit>y (fic] once dream$1 "u simil> circum/ances1 ! pr9ce ( d>kness sits cross-legg$ ov] y\r /oma*1 ) ! ,bunk] ,hill monum5t 9 8 lap4 ,! in/ance relat$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 ( ! g5tleman1 :o1 sleep+ ) bottles ( hot wat] at 8 feet1 dream$ t he 0 walk+ along ! burn+ crat] ( ,m\nt tna1 is 9 po9t "h4 ,"h ! bodily s5sation ( heat ^u ! soles ( ! feet sugge/s ! idea ( a situation 9 :i* su* a s5sation w\ld be likely to occur1 & ?is idea bl5d+ ) ! s5sation :i* is p]man5t & real1 assumes1 also1 ! "* ( reality1 & ! dream %apes itself accord+ly4 ,s :5 a w9d[ falls1 or "s sudd5 noise is he>d1 if x d n positively awak5 y s f> z to make kn[n ! real cause1 y he> ! s\nd1 ! s5sorium p>tially ar\s$1 mi/akes x1 p]haps1 = ! s\nd ( a gun1 & in/antly y are 9 ! mid/ ( a battle at sea1 or a fight ) robb]s4 ,to su* an ext5t are our dreams modifi$ by s5sible impressions ( ?is sort1 t x is possible1 by skillful managem5t1 to %ape & direct1 to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 ! dreams ( ano!r z y w4 ,an in/ance is relat$ ( an (fic] :o 0 made1 9 ?is way1 9 8 sleep1 to g ?r\gh ) all ! m9utia ( a duel1 ev5 to ! fir+ ( ! pi/ol :i* 0 plac$ 9 8 h&1 at ! prop] mom5t1 ! noise ( :i* awoke him4 ,?is 0 simply an act$ dream4 ,lat5t ,disease4--,n unfrequ5tly1 "s physical disord]1 incipi5t or lat5t1 ( :i* we may n be aw>e 9 our wak+ mom5ts1 makes itself felt 9 ! /ate ( sleep1 :5 ! sy/em is m susceptible ( int]nal impressions1 & ?us modifies ! dreams4 ,9 su* cases1 ! dreams may s]ve z a sort ( index ( ! /ate ( ! physical sy/em1 & some:at1 d\btless1 ( ! app>5tly prophetic "* ( c]ta9 dreams may be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,! second ,s\rce4--,a second s\rce1 if n ( our dreams !mselves1 at lea/ ( ! peculi> %ape & "* :i* !y assume1 is to be f\nd 9 our previ\s ?\ghts1 & preval5t m5tal occupations & dispositions4 ,we fall asleep1 & m5tal action goes on mu* z be=e1 9 :atev] direction & *annel x _h already receiv$ an impulse4 ,:atev] has made ! deepe/ impression on u ?r\gh ! day1 has longe/ or mo/ int5tly occupi$ u1 repeats itself ! mom5t we lose our consci\sness ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,! m9d goes on ) ! new & /range spectacle1 or ) ! unf9i%$ problem1 & unsolv$ intricate /udy ( ! day or ( ! night h\r2 & n seldom is ! tra9 ( ?\ght resum$ & pursu$ to "s purpose4 ,on wak+ 9 ! morn+1 we f9d little difficulty 9 complet+ a demon/ration or solv+ a difficulty :i* _h appe>$ insurm\ntable :5 we left x ! previ\s night4 ,n[ ! tru? is1 we did n leave x ! previ\s night4 ,x occupi$ u 9 our sleep4 ,! bra9 0 busy ) x1 x may be1 all ! night4 ,x is solv$ 9 ! morn+1 n because ! m9d is fre%] !n1 b because x has be5 at "w ^u x ?r\gh ! night4 ,sometimes we are consci\s ( ?is on wak+1 & c dimly recall ! sev]e cont9u\s m5tal toil :i* w5t on :ile we slept4 ,usually1 ,i suppose1 we h no consci\sness ( x1 & our only evid5ce ( x is ! well-kn[n law & habit ( ! m9d1 to run 9 its worn & late/ *annels1 toge!r ) ! (t5 obs]v$ fact t ! difficulty previ\sly felt is1 someh[1 /rangely solv$4 ,fur!r ,illu/ration ( ! same ,pr9ciple4--,condorcet is n ! only ma!matician :o has receiv$1 9 sleep1 sugge/ions :i* l$ to ! "r solution ( a problem t he _h be5 oblig$ to leave unf9i%$ on retir+ = ! night2 nor is ,frankl9 ! only /atesman :o has1 9 dreams1 rea*$ a satisfactory conclusion respect+ "s intricate political movem5t4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t our previ\s m5tal occupation1 our preval5t /ate & disposition ( m9d1 our habits ( ?\ght & habits ( feel+1 det]m9e & %ape ! complexion ( our dreams4 ,!y h a subjective connection1 are by no means s disconnect$ ) u & our real hi/ory1 s mu* a matt] ( hap-haz>d1 z "o may suppose4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ,presid5t ,edw>ds took notice ( 8 dreams z af=d+ an index ( ! /ate ( 8 he>t1 & 8 real native prop5sities4 ,!y are ! vane t %[s :i* way ! m9d is set4 ,:o w say t ! dreams ( ,lady ,macbe?1 ^? dreams ( a guilty consci5ce1 are n among ! mo/ tru?ful ( ! portraitures ( ! great ma/] dramati/8 ,native ,tal5t !n %[s itself4--,n only our native disposition & preval5t ca/ ( ?\ght betray !mselves 9 dreams1 b1 z a c]ta9 writ] has rem>k$1 our native tal5ts %[ out 9 ^? mom5ts ( spontane\s m5tal action4 ,tal5ts :i* h _h no opportunity to develop !mselves1 ow+ to our education & pr(essional pursuits1 take _! *ance & _! "t :5 we sleep1 & we are poets1 arti/s1 orators1 :atev] nature design$1 :atev] ! trammell$ m9d longs1 b longs 9 va91 to be 9 our wak+ mom5ts4 ,incoh]5cy ( ,dreams4--,! incoh]5cy ( our dreams has be5 suffici5tly acc\nt$ = 9 :at ,i h previ\sly said4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 ow+ *iefly1 z ,upham supposes1 to our loss ( volunt>y p[] & control ov] our ?\ghts dur+ sleep1 ?\gh x is q true t we h no su* control4 ,! tru? is1 we are n at ! "t aw>e ( any su* incoh]5cy4 ,x _c1 ( c\rse1 be ow+ !n to our loss ( volunt>y p[]1 s9ce no increase ( su* p[] w\ld enable u to repair a defect :i* we are unconsci\s (1 b is ow+ entirely to ano!r cause already m5tion$1 viz41 t 9 sleep we lose our relation to ?+s ar\nd u1 lose our place1 & our "t1 & h5ce1 reta9 no /&>d ( judg+ z to :at is1 & :at is n1 cons5tane\s & fit1 self-consi/5t & coh]5t4 ,app>5t ,reality4--,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 dreams ?an _! app>5t reality4 ,! sc5es1 actions1 & incid5ts1 all /& out ) peculi> di/9ctness1 are project$ z images into ! air be=e u1 & h n at all ! semblance ( any ?+ m]ely subjective4 ,?is has be51 by "s1 ascrib$ to ! fact t !re is no?+ to di/ract or call (f ! att5tion f ! conceptions ( ! m9d 9 dreams2 we are :olly 9 !m1 & h5ce !y appe> z realities4 ,i d n f9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 proportion z my att5tion 9 wak+ mom5ts is :olly absorb$ 9 any tra9 ( ?\ght1 ^? conceptions manife/ any su* t5d5cy to project !mselves1 s to speak1 into objective reality4 ,!y are /ill m]e conceptions1 only m vivid4 ,i am incl9$1 !re=e1 to attribute ! seem+ reality ( dreams to ano!r s\rce4 ,we are accu/om$ to reg>d e ?+ z objective1 :i* is out ( ! rea* & control ( our w1 :i* comes & goes irrespective ( u & our volition4 ,n[1 su* we f9d to be ! prime law ( c]ebral action 9 sleep4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 we are deceiv$ into ! belief t ^! conceptions ov] :i* we h no control1 are n conceptions1 b p]ceptions1 realities4 ,e/imate ( ,"t4--,no?+ has seem$ to "s writ]s m my/]i\s ?an ! entire disproportion betwe5 ! real & app>5t "t ( a dream4 ,i ref] to ! fact t our dreams occupy frequ5tly su* v m9ute portions ( "t1 :ile !y seem to u to /ret* ov] su* long cont9u$ p]iods4 ,an in/ance is relat$ ( an (fic] conf9$ 9 ! prisons ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :o 0 awak5$ by ! call ( ! s5try *ang+ gu>d1 fell asleep aga91 witness$1 z he suppos$1 a v long & v horrible procession ( arm$ & bloody w>riors1 defil+ on horseback d[n a c]ta9 /reet ( ,p>is1 occupy+ "s h\rs 9 _! passage1 !n awoke 9 t]ror 9 season to he> di/9ctly ! response ( ! s5try to ! *all5ge giv5 be=e ! dream began4 ,! m9d 9 su* cases1 say "s1 op]ates m rapidly ?an at o!r times4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( t4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t has sugge/$1 ,i ?9k1 ! "r explanation4 ,z our dreams seem to u real1 & we h no means ( e/imat+ "t o!rwise ?an by ! app>5t succession ( ev5ts1 ! conceptions ( ! bra91 t is1 our dreams1 seem to u to take up j s mu* "t 9 pass+ z ! ev5ts !mselves w\ld occupy 7 !y real4 ,?is is p]fectly a natural result1 & x fully acc\nts = ! app>5t anomaly 9 "q4 ,prophetic ,aspect4--,are dreams sometimes prophetic1 & h[ are su* to be acc\nt$ =8 ,cic]o n>rates a rem>kable in/ance ( :at w\ld seem to be a prophetic dream4 ,i ref] to ! acc\nt ( ! two ,arcadians :o came to ,meg>a & occupi$ diff]5t lodg+s4 ,! "o implor+ help1 !n murd]$1 & in=m+ 8 comrade t 8 body w\ld be tak5 out ( ! city e>ly 9 ! morn+1 by a c]ta9 gate1 9 a cov]$ wagon4 ,agitat$ by ! dream1 ! o!r repairs at ! design$ "t to ! appo9t$ place1 meets ! wagon1 discov]s ! body1 arre/s ! murd]]1 & deliv]s him to ju/ice4 ,o!r ,in/ances ( ! l ,nature4--,ano!r in/ance1 p]haps equally /rik+1 is n>rat$ 9 ! ,london ,times4 ,a ,mr4 ,williams1 resid+ 9 ,cornwall1 dream$ ?rice 9 ! same night t he saw ! ,*ancellor ( ,engl& kill$1 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! dream s deeply impress$ him t he n>rat$ x to sev]al ( 8 acqua9tance4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ t on ! ev5+ ( t day ! ,*ancellor1 ,mr4 ,p]ceval1 0 assass9at$ accord+ to ! dream4 ,n[1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly a rem>kable co9cid5ce4 ,0 x any ?+ m8 ,0 x m]ely an accid5tal ?+--a matt] ( *ance--t ! dream %\ld occur z x did1 & %\ld tally s closely ) ! facts8 ,b ^! are n s+ul> in/ances4 ,_m su* are on record4 ,case relat$ by ,dr4 ,moore4--,dr4 ,moore1 au?or ( an int]e/+ "w on ! use ( ! body 9 relation to ! m9d1 n>rates ! foll[+1 z com+ "u 8 own obs]vation4 ,a fri5d ( 8 dream$ t he 0 amus+ himself1 z he 0 9 ! habit ( do+1 by read+ ! epitaphs 9 a c\ntry *ur*-y>d1 :5 a newly made grave attract$ 8 att5tion4 ,he 0 surpris$ to f9d on ! /one ! "n1 & date ( dea?1 ( an intimate fri5d ( 81 ) :om he _h pass$ t v ev5+ 9 conv]sation4 ,no?+ m 0 ?\ght ( ! dream1 h[ev]1 nor1 p]haps1 w\ld x ev] h recurr$ to m9d1 _h he n receiv$ intellig5ce1 "s mon?s aft]w>d1 ( ! dea? ( ?is fri5d1 :i* took place at ! v date he _h1 9 8 dream1 se5 record$ on ! tomb/one4 ,case relat$ by ,dr4 ,ab]crombie4--,! case m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,ab]crombie is ano!r ( ^! rem>kable co9cid5ces4 ,two si/]s sleep+ 9 ! same room adjo9+ t ( a sick bro!r1 ! "o awak5s 9 affright1 hav+ dream$ t ! wat* _h /opp$1 & t on m5tion+ x to h] si/]1 ! latt] repli$1 ,worse ?an t has happ5$1 = ----'s brea? has /opp$ also4 ,on exam9ation ! wat* 0 f\nd go+ & ! bro!r 9 a s\nd sleep4 ,! next night ! dream 0 repeat$ precisely z be=e ) ! same result4 ,! next morn+ z "o ( ! si/]s _h occasion to take ! wat* f ! writ+-desk %e 0 surpris$ to f9d x _h /opp$1 & at ! same mom5t 0 />tl$ by a scream f ! o!r si/] 9 ! *amb] ( ! sick man1 :o _h1 at t mom5t1 expir$4 ,additional ,cases4--,ano!r in/ance ( a simil> nature is relat$1 b ,i "k n on h[ good au?ority4 ,! si/] ( ,major ,&r1 x is said1 dream$ ( h] abs5t bro!r1 "o night1 z arre/$ & on trial be=e a c\rt m>tial4 ,! appe>ance ( ! (fic]s1 _! dress1 etc41 0 di/9ctly impress$ on h] m9d2 ! room1 ! relative position ( ! prison] & 8 judges1 7 notic$2 ! g5]al nature ( ! trial1 & its result1 ! condemnation ( h] bro!r4 ,%e woke deeply impress$4 ,h] fe>s 7 %ortly aft]w>d confirm$ by ! sad intellig5ce ( h] bro!r's arre/1 trial1 & execution1 &1 :at is rem>kable1 ! facts correspond$ to h] dream1 bo? z respects ! "t ( occurr5ce1 ! place1 ! appe>ance ( ! room1 position1 & dress ( ! judges1 etc4 ,wa%+ton & ,knox 7 p>ticul>ly designat$1 ?\gh %e _h nev] se5 !m4 ,ano!r in/ance is relat$ ( a man :o dream$ t ! vessel 9 :i* 8 bro!r 0 an (fic]1 &1 9 "p1 own] ( ! c>go1 0 wreck$ on a c]ta9 isl&1 & ! vessel lo/1 b ! h&s sav$4 ,he 0 s impress$ t he w5t directly & procur$ an extra insurance ( five ?\s& doll>s on 8 bro!r's portion ( ! prop]ty4 ,by ! next arrival news came t ! vessel 0 wreck$1 at ! "t & place ( :i* ! man _h dream$1 & ! m>9]s sav$4 ,co9cid5ces4--,n[ x is p]fectly easy to call all ^! ?+s co9cid5ces4 ,!y c]ta9ly are4 ,b is x c]ta91 or x is probable1 t !y are m]e co9cid5ces8 ,to call !m co9cid5ces1 & pass !m (f z if !y 7 easily & fully acc\nt$ = 9 t way1 is b a %all[ concealm5t ( our ignorance "u a c]ta9 %[ ( philosophy4 ,x is b a conjecture at ! be/2 a conjecture1 moreov]1 :i* expla9s no?+1 b leaves ! my/]y j z great z be=e2 a conjecture :i* is by no means ! mo/ probable ( all t might be made1 b1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! mo/ improbable ( all1 z x seems to me4 ,m>k1 ! cases ,i h n[ m5tion$ d n come "u any ( ! laws or conditions laid d[n z giv+ rise or modification to our dreams4 ,!y are n sugge/$1 s f> z x appe>s1 by any pres5t bodily s5sation on ! "p ( ! dream]1 nor 0 !re any reason 9 ! nature ( ! case :y any su* ev5t1 mu* less conjunction ( ev5ts1 %\ld be appreh5d$ by ! dream] 9 8 wak+ mom5ts4 ,x 0 n ! simple c>ry+ out ( 8 wak+ ?\ghts4 ,d\btless _m dreams reg>d$ z prophetic1 may be expla9$ on ^! pr9ciples4 ,!y are ! result ( our pres5t s5sations or impressions1 or ( ! excit$ & anxi\s /ate ( m9d & tra9 ( ?\ght dur+ ! day4 ,b n s 9 ! cases n[ cit$4 ,n necess>y to suppose !m ,sup]natural4--,%all we believe1 !n1 t dreams are sometimes prophetic8 ,we h no reason to d\bt t !y may be s4 ,are !y1 9 t case1 sup]natural ev5ts8 ,no d\bt ! future may be sup]naturally communicat$ 9 dreams4 ,no d\bt x has be51 & t n 9 a few cases1 z e believ] 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures mu/ admit4 ,b ?is is n a necess>y supposition4 ,a dream may be prophetic1 yet n sup]natural4 ,"s law1 n fully kn[n to u1 may exi/1 by virtue ( :i* ! n]v\s sy/em1 :5 9 a highly excit$ /ate1 becomes susceptible ( impressions n ord9>ily receiv$1 & is put 9 communication1 9 "s way to u my/]i\s1 ) sc5es1 places1 & ev5ts1 f> di/ant1 s z to become /rangely cognizant ( ! com+ future4 ,c any "o %[ t ?is is impossible8 ,is x m improbable ?an t ! cases record$ are m]e *ance co9cid5ces8 ,is x n q z likely to be s1 z t ! ev5t %\ld correspond1 9 s _m cases & s /rik+ a mann]1 ) ! previ\s dream1 & yet !re be no cause1 :atev]1 = ! correspond5ce8 ,is x n z reasonable1 ev51 z to suppose direct div9e int]position to reveal ! future1 ! possibility ( :i* int]position ,i by no means d5y1 b ! reason = :i* does n become app>5t8 ,is x n possible t !re may be "s natural law or ag5t ( ! sort n[ intimat$1 "s z yet unexpla9$1 b p>tially kn[n1 condition ( ! physical sy/em1 :5 9 a peculi>ly s5sitive /ate1 ( :i* ! modus op]&i is n yet und]/ood1 b ! exi/5ce ( :i* is indicat$ 9 cases l ^? n[ describ$8 ,t ?is is ! true explanation1 ,i by no means affirm2 ,i make ! sugge/ion m]ely to indicate :at1 x seems to me1 may be a possible solution ( ! problem4 ,possible ,modes ( acc\nt+ = ! ,facts4--,evid5tly !re are only ^! f\r possible solutions4 #a4 ,to d5y ! facts !mselves1 i4 e41 t any su* dreams occurr$1 or at lea/1 t !y 7 v]ifi$ 9 actual result4 #b4 ,to call !m accid5tal co9cid5ces4 #c4 ,to admit a sup]natural ag5cy4 #d4 ,to expla9 !m 9 ! way sugge/$4 ,our *oice lies1 z x seems to me1 betwe5 ! second & ! la/ ( ^! suppositions4 ,,iii4--,,somnambulism4 ,relation to ! magnetic ,/ate4--,somnambulism or sleep-walk+1 is call$1 by "s writ]s1 natural magnetic sleep4 ,!y suppose x to diff] f ! /ate ord9>ily call$ mesm]ic1 *iefly 9 ?is1 t ! =m] is a natural1 & ! latt] an artificial process4 ,resemblance ( ?is to o!r cognate ,ph5om5a4--,we %all h occasion1 z we proce$1 to notice ! v close resemblance betwe5 dream+1 somnambulism1 mesm]ism1 & insanity1 all1 9 fact1 closely relat$ to ea* o!r1 *>act]iz$ ea* & all by "o & ! same great law1 & pass+ into ea* o!r by almo/ imp]ceptible gradations4 ,me?od propos$4--,x w be to ! purpose1 fir/ to describe ! ph5om5a ( somnambulism1 !n to inquire :e!r !y c be acc\nt$ =4 ,description4--,! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( somnambulism are ! foll[+3 ,! subject1 :ile 9 a /ate ( s\nd sleep1 & p]fectly unconsci\s ( :at he does1 rises1 walks ab\t1 f9ds 8 way ov] dang]\s1 &1 at o!r times1 inaccessible places1 speaks & acts z if awake1 p]=ms 9 ! d>k1 & ) ! eyes clos$1 or ev5 b&ag$1 op]ations :i* require ! close/ att5tion & ! be/ vision1 p]ceives1 inde$1 ?+s n visible to ! eye 9 its ord9>y wak+ /ate1 p]haps ev5 ?+s abs5t & future1 & :5 awak5$ f ?is /ate1 is p]fectly unconsci\s ( :at has happ5$1 & a/oni%$ to f9d himself 9 "s /range & unnatural position4 ,an ,in/ance n>rat$4--,a case :i* fell "u ! obs]vation ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,bordeaux1 :5 a /ud5t 9 ! sem9>y1 is n>rat$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$ia4 ,a "y m9i/]1 resid5t !re1 0 a somnambuli/1 & to satisfy himself z to ! nature ( ?is /range disease1 ! ,ar*bi%op w5t e night into 8 room1 aft] ! "y man 0 asleep4 ,he w\ld arise1 take pap]1 p51 & ink1 & proce$ to ! composition ( s]mons4 ,hav+ writt5 a page 9 a cle> legible h&1 he w\ld read x al\d f top to bottom1 ) a cle> voice & prop] emphasis4 ,if a passage did n please him1 he w\ld erase x1 & write ! correction1 pla9ly1 9 its prop] place1 ov] ! eras$ l9e or ^w4 ,all ?is 0 done )\t any assi/ance f ! eye1 :i* 0 evid5tly asleep2 a piece ( pa/ebo>d int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! pap] produc$ no int]ruption or inconv5i5ce4 ,:5 8 pap] 0 ex*ang$ = ano!r ( ! same size1 he 0 n aw>e ( ! *ange1 b :5 a pap] ( a diff]5t size 0 sub/itut$1 he at once detect$ ! diff]5ce4 ,?is %[s t ! s5se ( tact or feel+ 0 active1 & s]v$ z a guid+ s5se4 ,o!r ,cases ( a simil> ,nature4--,simil> cases1 almo/ )\t numb]1 are on record1 9 :i* mu* ! same ph5om5a are obs]v$4 ,9 "s in/ances x is rem>k$ t ! subject1 hav+ writt5 a s5t5ce on a page1 returns1 & c>efully dots ! i's1 & crosses ! t's4 ,^! ph5om5a are n conf9$ to ! night4 ,p]sons h fall5 into ! magnetic /ate1 :ile 9 *ur*1 dur+ div9e s]vice1 h gone home ) _! eyes clos$1 c>efully avoid+ ob/acles 9 _! way1 z p]sons or c>riages pass+2 & h be5 s5t1 9 ?is /ate1 ( err&s to places sev]al miles di/ant1 go+ & return+ 9 safety4 ,an amus+ incid5t is on record ( a g5tleman :o f\nd t 8 h5-roo/ 0 ! sc5e ( nightly & al>m+ depr$ations1 :i* ?reat5$ ! entire deva/ation ( ! premises1 & :at 0 /range1 a l>ge & fai?ful wat*-dog gave no al>m4 ,det]m9$ to asc]ta9 ! true /ate ( ! case1 he employ$ 8 s]vants to wat*4 ,dur+ ! night ! ?ief made 8 appe>ance1 0 caught1 aft] mu* resi/ance1 & prov$ to be ! g5tleman himself1 9 a /ate ( s\nd sleep1 ! au?or ( all ! mis*ief4 ,a rem>kable ,in/ance4--,ano!r case is also relat$1 :i* pres5ts "s features q rem>kable4 ,9 a c]ta9 s*ool = "y ladies1 ,i ?9k 9 ,france1 prizes _h be5 (f]$ = ! be/ pa9t+s4 ,among ! competitors 0 a "y & timid girl :o 0 consci\s ( h] inf]iority 9 ! art1 yet /rongly desir\s ( success4 ,= a "t %e 0 q dissatisfi$ ) ! progress ( h] "w1 b by & by began to notice1 z %e resum$ h] p5cil 9 ! morn+1 t some?+ _h be5 add$ to ! "w s9ce %e la/ t\*$ x4 ,?is 0 notic$ = "s "t1 & q excit$ h] curiosity4 ,! additions 7 evid5tly by a sup]ior h&1 f> excell+ h] own 9 skill & workman%ip4 ,h] companions d5i$1 ea*1 & sev]ally1 all k ( ! matt]4 ,%e plac$ articles ( furniture aga9/ h] door 9 su* a way t any "o ent]+ w\ld be sure to awak5 h]4 ,!y 7 undi/urb$1 b /ill ! my/]i\s additions cont9u$ to be made4 ,at la/1 h] companions conclud$ to wat* )\t1 & make sure t no "o ent]$ h] ap>tm5t dur+ ! night1 b /ill ! "w w5t on4 ,at l5g? x occurr$ to !m to wat* h] movem5ts1 & n[ ! my/]y 0 expla9$4 ,!y saw h]1 evid5tly 9 s\nd sleep1 rise1 dress1 take h] place at ! table1 & comm5ce h] "w4 ,x 0 h] own h& t1 unconsci\sly to h]self1 _h execut$ ! "w 9 a /yle :i*1 9 h] wak+ mom5ts1 %e c\ld n approa*1 & :i* q surpass$ all competition4 ,! picture1 not)/&+ h] prote/ations t x 0 n h] pa9t+1 took ! prize4 ,! ,"q4--,h[ is x n[1 t 9 a /ate ( sleep1 ) ! eye1 probably1 fa/ clos$1 & ! room 9 d>kness1 ?is girl c use ! p5cil 9 a mann] s sup]ior to any ?+ t %e c d 9 ! day "t1 ) h] eyes op51 & 9 ! full possession & employm5t ( h] s5ses & h] w8 ,sev]al ,?+s to be acc\nt$ =4--,"h are1 9 fact1 sev]al ?+s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,h[ is x t ! somnambuli/ rises & moves ab\t 9 a /ate ( app>5tly s\nd sleep8 ,h[ is x t %e p]=ms actions requir+ (t5 a high degree ( intellig5ce1 & yet )\t app>5t consci\sness8 ,h[ is x t %e moves fe>lessly & safely1 z is (t5 ! case1 ov] places :]e %e c\ld n /& = a mom5t1 9 h] wak+ /ate1 )\t ! greate/ dang]8 ,h[ is x t %e c see )\t ! eye1 & p]=m actions 9 utt] d>kness1 requir+ ! nice/ att5tion1 & ! be/ vision1 & n only d !m1 b 9 su* a mann] z ev5 to surpass :at c be done by ! same p]son 9 any o!r /ate1 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances8 ,fir/1 ! ,movem5t4--,z to ! fir/ ?+--! movem5t & locomotion 9 sleep--x may be acc\nt$ = 9 two ways4 ,we may suppose x to be :olly automatic4 ,?is is ! view ( "s em95t physiologi/s4 ,! consci\s s\l1 !y say1 has no?+ to d ) x1 no k ( x4 ,! w has no?+ m to d ) x1 ?an x has ) ! contraction ( a muscle1 or irritation 9 an amputat$ limb4 ,objection to ?is ,view4--,= reasons intimat$ already1 we _c adopt ! automatic !ory4 ,x seems to u subv]sive ( all true sci5ce ( ! m9d4 ,! body is self-mov$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! active en]gy ( ! n]v\s organism1 & ?is organism aga91 acts only z x is act$ ^u by ! m9d t animates1 p]vades1 & controls t organism4 ,9 ! wak+ /ate1 ?is m5tal action1 & ! consequ5t n]v\s & muscul> activity1 are "u ! control ( ! w4 ,9 sleep1 ?is control is1 = ! "t1 susp5d$1 & ! ?\ghts come & g z x may *ance1 subject to no law b t ( ! associative pr9ciple4 ,! m9d1 h[ev]1 is /ill active1 & ! ?\ghts are busy 9 _! own spontane\s movem5t4 ,to ?is movem5t1 ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em respond4 ,t ! bra9 itself ?9ks1 t ! n]ves & muscles act1 & ! limbs move automatically1 )\t ! en]giz+ activity ( ! m9d1 is a supposition purely gratuit\s1 inconsi/5t ) all ! kn[n facts & evid5t indications ( ! case1 & at w> ) all j notions ( ! relation ( body & m9d4 ,ano!r ,!ory4--,ano!r1 & mu* m reasonable supposition is1 t ! w1 :i* ord9>ily 9 sleep loses control bo? ov] ! m9d & ! body1 9 ! /ate ( somnambulism rega9s1 9 "s way1 & to "s ext5t1 its p[] ov] ! latt]1 s t ! body rises & moves ab\t 9 accordance ) ! ?\ght & feel+ t happ51 at ! mom5t1 to be pr$om9ant 9 ! m9d4 ,!re is no control ( ! w ov] ^? ?\ghts & sugge/ions3 !y are spontane\s1 undirect$1 casual1 subject only to ! ord9>y laws ( association2 b = ! "t1 :e!r ow+ to ! great] vividness & =ce ( ^! sugge/ions & impressions1 or to ! di/urb$ & p>tially ar\s$ /ate ( ! s5sorial organism1 ! w1 act+ 9 accordance ) ^! sugge/ions ( ! m9d1 s f> rega9s its p[] ov] ! bodily organism1 t locomotion ensues4 ,! dream is !n simply act$ out4 ,! body rises1 ! h& resumes ! p51 & ! appropriate movem5ts & actions correspond+ to ! conceptions ( ! m9d 9 its dream1 are duly p]=m$4 ,! second ,po9t ( ,inquiry4--,?is virtually answ]s ! second "q1 h[ ! somnambuli/ c p]=m actions requir+ intellig5ce1 yet )\t app>5t consci\sness4 ,!re is1 d\btless1 consci\sness at ! "t--!re mu/ be2 ! ?\ght & feel+ ( ! mom5t are kn[n to u at ! mom5t4 ,n to be consci\s ( ?\ght & feel+1 is1 n to ?9k & feel4 ,t ! acts ?us p]=m$ are n subsequ5tly rememb]$1 is no evid5ce t !y 7 n objects ( consci\sness at ! "t ( _! occurr5ce4 ,?is is abs5ce ( memory1 & n ( consci\sness4 ,n rememb]$4--,:y !y are n subsequ5tly rememb]$1 we may1 or may n1 be able to expla94 ,n improbably1 x may be ow+ to ! p>tial inactivity ( ! s5ses1 & ! consequ5t failure to p]ceive ! actual relations ( ! p]son to surr\nd+ objects4 ,b to :atev] x may be ow+1 x does n prove t ! m9d is1 = ! "t1 unconsci\s ( its own activity1 = t is impossible4 ,?ird ,"q4--,z to ! ?ird "q1 h[ ! somnambuli/ c safely move :]e ! wak+ p]son _c1 z along ! edge ( precipices1 & on ! ro(s ( h\ses1 ! explanation is simple & easy4 ,! eye is clos$4 ,! s5se ( t\* is ! only guide4 ,n[ ! foot requires b a space ( a few in*es = its support1 t1 giv5 x kn[s no?+ fur!r1 asks no?+ beyond4 ,x is ! eye t in=ms u at o!r times ( ! dang] beyond1 & s creates1 9 fact1 ! pres5t dang]4 ,y walk safely on a two-in* plank "o foot f ! gr\nd4 ,! same ef=t ( ! muscles w enable y to walk ! same plank "o hundr$ feet f ! gr\nd1 if y d n "k ! diff]5ce4 ,?is ! somnambuli/1 ) clos$ eye1 & tru/+ to ! s5se ( feel+ alone1 does n recognize4 ,a ,"q /ill to be answ]$4--,b ! mo/ difficult "q rema9s4 ,h[ is x t ! sleep-walk] 9 utt] d>kness1 reads1 writes1 pa9ts1 runs1 etc41 bett] ev5 ?an o!rs c d1 or ev5 ?an he himself c d at o!r times & ) op5 eyes4 ,h[ c he d ^! ?+s )\t see+8 & h[ see 9 ! d>k & ) ! organs ( vision fa/ lock$ 9 sleep4 ,! facts are manife/4 ,n s ready ! explanation4 ,i c see h[ ! body c move & ) comp>ative safety1 & ev5 h[ ! c]ebral action may g on 9 sleep1 )\t subsequ5t remembrance4 ,b to read1 to write1 to pa9t1 to run swiftly :5 pursu$ ?r\gh a d>k cell>1 )\t com+ 9 contact ) surr\nd+ objects1 are op]ations requir+ ! nice/ p[] ( vision1 & h[ !re c be vision )\t ! use ( ! prop] organ ( vision1 is n to me app>5t4 ,x does n answ] ?is "q to say t ! action is automatic4 ,t w\ld acc\nt = "o's see+1 b n )\t eyes4 ,! movem5t f place to place1 accord+ to ! same !ory1 is also automatic2 t acc\nts = a p]son's walk+ 9 sleep1 b n = 8 walk+ )\t legs4 ,nor does x solve ! difficulty to say t 9 sleep ! life ( ! s\l is m]g$ 9 t ( ! body2 d\btless1 b h[ c ! body see )\t ! eye1 or ! eye )\t light8 ,!ory ( a g5]al ,s5se4--,! only !ory t seems to (f] ev5 a plausible solution is t advanc$ by "s ,g]man psy*ologi/s1 & by ,rau* 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( a g5]al s5se4 ,! sev]al special s5ses1 !y say1 are all resolvable into "o g5]al s5se z _! s\rce1 viz41 t ( feel+4 ,!y ref] u 9 illu/ration to ! e> ( ! crab1 to ! eye ( ! fly & ! snail1 to ! sc5t ( flies1 9 :i* cases1 respectively1 we f9d no organ ( he>+1 or vision1 or smell1 b simply an expansion ( ! g5]al n]ve ( s5sation1 or "s filam5t f x1 connect+ ) a some:at ?9n] & m delicate membrane ?an ! ord9>y sk94 ,?is %[s t our ord9>y way ( p]ceiv+ ?+s is n ! only way2 t special organs ( vision1 etc41 are n ne$$ 9 ord] to all p]ception1 mu* less to s5sation4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t bats1 aft] _! eyes h be5 entirely remov$1 w fly ab\t z be=e1 & avoid all ob/acles j z be=e4 ,9 ^! cases1 x is cont5d$1 p]ception is m]ely feel+ height5$1 ! ex]cise ( ! g5]al s5se into :i* ! special s5ses are sev]ally m]g$4 ,& ?is1 x is said1 may be ! case ) ! somnambuli/4 ,rem>ks on ?is ,!ory4--,!re is d\btless tru? 9 ! g5]al /atem5t n[ advanc$4 ,i d n see1 h[ev]1 t x acc\nts = all t requires explanation 9 ! case4 ,x expla9s1 p]haps1 h[1 )\t ! organ ( vision1 a c]ta9 dim1 confus$ p]ception ( objects might be furni%$ by ! g5]al s5se1 b n = a cle>] vision & a nic] op]ation ?an ! wak+ eye c give4 ,?is1 to me1 rema9s yet unexpla9$4 ,is !re an inn] consci\sness1 a hidd5 s\l-life n dep5d5t on ! bodily organization1 :i* at times comes =? into developm5t & manife/s itself :5 ! usual relations ( body & s\l are di/urb$ & susp5d$8 ,s "s h suppos$1 & s x may be = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 b ?is is only to solve "o my/]y by suppos+ ano!r yet great]4 ,mu/ admit :at4--,:atev] !ory we adopt1 or ev5 if we adopt none1 we mu/ admit1 ,i ?9k1 9 view ( ! facts 9 ! case1 t 9 c]ta9 disord]$ & highly excit$ /ates ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z1 e4 g41 :5 weak5$ by disease1 s t ord9>y causes affect x m p[]fully ?an usual1 x c1 & does sometimes1 p]ceive :at1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 is n p]ceptible to ! eye1 or to ! e>2 nay1 ev5 disp5ses ) ! use ( eye & e>1 & ! sev]al organs ( special s5se4 ,?is occurs1 z we h se51 9 somnambulism1 or natural magnetic sleep4 ,we meet ) ! same ?+ also 9 ev5 /rang] =ms1 9 ! mesm]ic /ate1 & 9 "s species ( insanity4 ,! m5tal ,process obvi\s4--,s f> z reg>ds ! purely m5tal "p ( ! ph5om5a1 ! op]ations ( ! m9d 9 somnambulism1 !re is no?+ :i* is n easily expla9$4 ,9 somnambulism1 z inde$ 9 all ^! /ates s closely connect$--sleep1 dreams1 ! mesm]ic process1 & ev5 insanity--! w loses its controll+ p[] ov] ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! ?\ght or feel+ t happ5s to be dom9ant gives rise to1 & entirely %apes1 ! actions t may 9 t /ate be p]=m$4 ,?is dom9ant ?\ght or feel+1 9 ! case ( ! somnambuli/1 is1 = ! mo/ "p1 probably1 ! result ( previ\s causes2 a cont9uation ( ! =m] m5tal action1 :i*1 :5 ! influ5ce ( ! w is susp5d$ & ! s5ses clos$1 by a sort ( inh]5t activity keeps on 9 ! same *annel z be=e4 ,( su* action1 ! s\l is itself probably consci\s at ! mom5t1 b aft]w>d no recollection ( x l+]s 9 ! m9d4 ,,iv4--,,disord]$ ,,m5tal ,,action4 ,relation to o!r m5tal ,ph5om5a4--,closely alli$ to somnambulism1 dream+1 etc41 are c]ta9 =ms ( disord]$ m5tal condition commonly t]m$ insanity2 hav+ ?is "o elem5t 9 common ) ! =m]1 ! loss or susp5sion ( all volunt>y control ov] ! tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ z ! *>act]i/ic feature & ess5tial gr\nd-"w ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a 9 all ^! v>i\s /ates4 ,classification4--,! =ms ( disord]$ m5tal action are v>i\s1 & admit ( "s classification4 ,"s are transi5t1 o!rs p]man5t1 aris+ f "s settl$ disord] ( ! intellect1 or ! s5sibilities4 ,i4 ,transi5t ,=ms4--,( ^!1 "s are artificially produc$1 z by excit+ drugs1 /imulants1 intoxicat+ dr9ks1 etc41 o!rs by physical & natural causes1 z disease1 etc4 ,delirium1 artificial4--,! mo/ common ( ^! =ms ( disord]$ m5tal action is t transi5t & artificial /ate produc$ by intoxicat+ drugs & dr9ks4 ,?is is prop]ly call$ delirium1 & takes place :5ev] total or ev5 p>tial inebriation occurs1 :e!r f alcoholic or n>cotic /imulants1 z ! opium ( ! ,*9ese1 & ! ,indian hemp or ha*i% ( ! ,h9doos4 ,! same effects1 sub/antially1 are produc$1 also1 by c]ta9 plants1 z ! deadly night-%ade & o!rs1 & also by aconite4 ,9 all ^! cases ! effect is wr\ght prim>ily1 x w\ld seem1 ^u ! blood1 :i* is br\ght into a poison\s /ate1 & ?us d]anges ! action ( ! n]ves & ! bra94 ,! ha*i% or ,indian hemp1 :i*1 9 ! ,ea/1 is us$ = purposes ( intoxication m g5]ally1 p]haps1 ?an ev5 opium1 or alcoholic dr9ks1 may s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! v>i\s /imulants affect ! s5ses4 ,at fir/ ! subject p]ceives an increas$ activity ( m9d2 ?\ghts come & g 9 swift succession & pleas+ v>iety2 ! imag9ation is active--memory1 fancy1 reason1 all awake4 ,gradually ?is m5tal activity increases & frees itself f volunt>y control2 att5tion to any special subject becomes difficult or ev5 impossible2 ideas1 /range & wond]ful1 come & g at r&om ) no app>5t cause & by no kn[n law ( sugge/ion2 ^! absorb ! att5tion until ! m9d is at la/ giv5 up to !m1 & !re is no fur!r consci\sness ( ! ext]nal ?+s1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! pati5t is susceptible1 z 9 ! magnetic /ate1 ( influ5ce & impression f )\t4 ,h[ closely1 9 _m respects1 ?is resembles ! /ate ( ! m9d 9 somnambulism1 mesm]ism1 & ord9>y dream+1 ,i ne$ n po9t out4 ,! m5tal excitem5t produc$ by opium is p]haps great]1 & ! images t ?rong ! bra91 & assume ! semblance ( reality1 are m num]\s & real4 ,! subsequ5t exhau/ion & reaction 9 ei!r case are fe>ful4 ,= illu/ration ( ?is ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,confessions ( an ,opium ,eat]1 by ! accompli%$ ,de ,qu9cey4 ,delirium ( ,disease4--,! ord9>y delirium ( disease is ess5tially ( ! same nature ) t n[ describ$1 diff]+ r 9 its orig91 or produc+ cause1 ?an 9 its effects4 ,x comes on (t5 9 mu* ! same way2 increas$ m5tal activity %[s itself2 att5tion is fix$ ) difficulty2 /range images1 & tra9s ( ?\ght at once s+ul> & uncontroll$ by ! w1 come & g2 ! m9d at la/ is possess$ by !m & loses all control ov] its own movem5ts4 ,e ?+ n[1 :i* ! m9d conceives1 assumes ! =m ( reality4 ,x has no long] conceptions b p]ceptions4 ,figures move along ! walls & occupy ! room4 ,!y are z really se51 t is1 ! s5sation is ! same1 z 9 any case ( heal?y & actual vision2 only ! effect is wr\ght f )9 outw>d1 f ! s5sorium to ! optic n]ve & ret9a1 in/ead ( ! rev]se1 z 9 actual vision4 ,voices are he>d also1 & v>i\s s\nds1 9 ! same mann]2 ! produc+ cause act+ f )9 outw>d1 & n f )\t inw>d4 ,diff]s f ,dream+4--,?is /ate diff]s f dream+ 9 t ! subject is n necess>ily asleep1 & t x involves a great] & m s]i\s disord] ( ! faculties1 z well z ( long] cont9uance4 ,! illusions are p]haps also m decid$1 & m vividly conceiv$ z ext]nal & real entities4 ,l dreams1 & unlike ! conceptions ( ! magnetic /ate1 ^! ideas & illusions may be subsequ5tly recall$1 & 9 _m cases are s2 ! m9d1 h[ev]1 f9d+ x difficult /ill to believe t !y 7 fictions1 & n actual occurr5ces4 ,9 dream+1 ! ?+s :i* we seem to see & he> are *anges produc$ 9 ! s5sorium by c]ebral or o!r influ5ces4 ,9 delirium1 ! s5sorium itself is disord]$ & produces false appe>ances1 spectres1 etc4 ,mania4--,t =m ( disord]$ m5tal action t]m$ mania1 diff]s f t already describ$ 9 t1 along ) ! d]angem5t ( ! intellect1 !re is m or less emotional disord]4 ,! pati5t is /rongly excit$ on any ?+ t at all r\ses ! feel+s4 ,!re may be mu* or little intellectual d]angem5t accompany+ ?is excitem5t4 ,! two =ms1 9 fact1 pass into ea* by a succession ( almo/ indef9able l9ks4 ,! ma9 elem5t is ! same 9 ea*1 i4 e41 loss ( volunt>y control ov] ! ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,ea* is produc$ by physical causes1 & is ( transi5t duration4 ,p[] ( ,sugge/ion4--,9 all ^! =ms ( delirium n[ describ$1 :e!r artificial or natural1 ! m9d is op5 to sugge/ions f )\t1 & ^! become (t5 controll+ ideas4 ,h5ce x is ( imp]ative necessity t ! att5dant %\ld be on 8 gu>d z to :at he says or does 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pati5t4 ,an in/ance 9 po9t is relat$ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 :i* a c]ta9 em95t physician lo/ a numb] ( 8 pati5ts 9 fev] by _! jump+ f ! w9d[1 a fact acc\nt$ = at once1 :5 we come to he> t he 0 /upid en\gh to caution ! att5dants1 9 ! he>+ ( 8 pati5ts1 aga9/ ! possibility ( su* an ev5t4 ,,ii4 ,p]man5t ,=ms4--,i proce$ next to notice ^? m p]man5t =ms ( m5tal disord]1 commonly t]m$ insanity1 a t]m prop]ly appli$ to designate ^? cases ( abnormal m5tal activity 9 :i* !re seems to be ei!r "s settl$ disord] ( ! intellect1 z1 e4 g41 :5 ! bra9 has be5 weak5$ by successive attacks ( mania1 epilepsy1 etc41 or else "s p]man5t t5d5cy to disord]$ emotional excitem5t4 ,disord] ( ! ,intellect4--,:]e ! intellectual faculties are disord]$1 ! *ief elem5t>y feature ( ! case is ! same z 9 ^? already notic$1 viz41 ,loss ( volunt>y control ov] ! m5tal op]ations--! psy*ological gr\nd-"w1 z we h se51 ( all ! v>i\s =ms ( abnormal m5tal action :i* h z yet come "u our notice4 ,memory affect$4--,9 ! cases n[ "u consid]ation1 ! memory is ! faculty t 9 mo/ cases gives ! fir/ signs ( failure1 p>ticul>ly t =m ( memory :i* is /rictly volunt>y1 viz41 recollection4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 pa/ exp]i5ce is plac$ out ( rea*1 _c be made available1 & !re=e reason+ & judgm5t are defici5t4 ,! ?\ghts lose _! coh]5cy & connection1 z !y are ?us cut loose f ! fixtures ( ! pa/1 to :i* ! laws ( association no long] b9d !m2 !y come & g ) a /range automatic sort ( movem5t1 ov] :i* ! m9d feels t x has little p[]4 ,gradually ?is little fades away2 ! w no long] ex]cises its =m] & rightful control ov] ! m5tal activities2 its sway is brok51 its au?ority gone2 ! m9d loses control ( itself1 &1 l a vessel brok5 f h] moor+s1 sw+s sadly & hopelessly away into ! swift /ream ( settl$ insanity4 ,! m9d /ill reta9s its full measure ( activity1 p]haps greatly increas$2 b x acts z 9 a dream4 ,all its conceptions are realities to x1 & ! actually real _w1 z x m+les ) ! dream & %apes x1 is b vaguely & imp]fectly appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! confus$ m$ia ( ! m9d's own conceptions4 ,all ?is may be1 & (t5 is1 realiz$1 :]e !re is entire abs5ce ( all emotional excitem5t4 ,n easily cur$4--,! condition n[ describ$ is mu* less op5 to m$ical treatm5t ?an ! m5tal /ates previ\sly m5tion$4 ,inde$1 :]e !re is insanity result+ f settl$ c]ebral disord]1 !re is v little hope ( cure4 ,nature may 9 "t recov] h]self2 %e may n4 ,?is dep5ds on age1 con/itution1 pr$ispos+ causes1 & a v>iety ( circum/ances n altoge!r "u human control4 ,disord]$ ,action ( ! ,s5sibilities4--,ano!r =m ( insanity is t :i* consi/s 91 or arises f1 n any prim>y disord] ( ! intellectual faculties1 b a t5d5cy to disord]$ emotional excitem5t4 ,sometimes ?is is g5]al1 ext5d+ to all ! emotions4 ,^! cases require c>eful treatm5t4 ,! pati5t is l a *ild1 & mu/ be gov]n$ mildly & wisely1 is op5 to argum5t & motives ( self-control4 ,9 o!r cases1 "s "o emotion is p>ticul>ly ! seat & c5tre ( ! di/urbance1 :ile ! o!rs are comp>atively tranquil4 ,9 su* cases ! exagg]at$ emotion may prompt to "s specific action1 z suicide1 or murd]1 etc4 ,?is is t]m$ impulsive insanity4 ,! pr$om9ant idea or impulse tyrannizes ov] ! m9d1 &1 by a sort ( irresi/ible fatality1 drives x on to ! commission ( crime4 ,! pati5t may be consci\s ( ?is impulse1 & revolt f x ) horror2 !re may be no pleasure or desire associat$ ) ! de$1 b he is unable to resi/4 ,he is l a boat 9 ! rapids ( ,niag>a4 ,s fe>ful ! condition ( man :5 reason is de?ron$1 & ! w no long] ma/]4 ,,m5tal ,,philosophy4 ,,division ,,second ,,! ,,s5sibilities4 ,,prelim9>y ,,topics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature1 ,,difficulty1 ,,& ,,importance ,,( ,,?is ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce4 ,previ\s ,analysis4--,9 ent]+ ^u ! inve/igation ( a new dep>tm5t ( our sci5ce1 x may be well to recur1 = a mom5t1 to ! analysis & classification ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d :i* has be5 already giv5 9 ! introduction to ! pres5t volume4 ,! faculties ( ! m9d 7 divid$ 9 t analysis1 x w be rememb]$1 into ?ree gr& dep>tm5ts1 ! ,intellect1 ! ,s5sibilities1 & ! ,w2 ! fir/ compris+ ! v>i\s p[]s ( ?9k+ & kn[+1 ! second ( feel+1 ! ?ird ( will+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ma9 divisions has be5 already discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,^u ! second we n[ ent]4 ,diff]5ce ( ! two ,dep>tm5ts4--,?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal activity diff]s f ! =m]1 z feel+ diff]s f ?9k+4 ,! di/9ction is broad & obvi\s4 ,no "o c mi/ake x :o kn[s any ?+ ( 8 own m5tal op]ations4 ,e "o kn[s ! diff]5ce1 ?\gh n e "o may be able to expla9 x1 or tell precisely 9 :at x consi/s4 ,b :e!r able to def9e our mean+ or n1 we are p]fectly consci\s t to ?9k & to feel are diff]5t acts1 & involve entirely diff]5t /ates ( m9d4 ,! common language ( life recognizes ! di/9ction1 alike t ( ! educat$ & ( ! un$ucat$1 ! peasant & ! man ( sci5ce4 ,! lit]ature ( ! _w recognizes x4 ,relation ( ! two4--,z reg>ds ! relation ( ! two dep>tm5ts to ea* o!r1 ! intellect prop]ly prec$es ! s5sibility4 ,! latt] implies ! =m]1 & dep5ds ^u x4 ,!re c be no feel+--,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( m5tal feel+1 & n ( m]e physical s5sation--)\t previ\s cognizance ( "s object1 9 view ( :i* ! feel+ is awak5$4 ,affection always implies an object ( affection1 desire1 an object ( desire2 & ! object is fir/ appreh5d$ by ! intellect be=e ! emotion is awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,:5 we love1 we love some?+1 :5 we desire1 we desire some?+1 :5 we fe>1 or hope1 or hate1 !re is always "s object1 m or less cle>ly def9$1 t awak5s ^! feel+s1 & 9 proportion to ! cle>ness & vividness ( ! intellectual conception or p]ception ( ! object1 w be ! /r5g? ( ! feel+4 ,/r5g? ( ,feel+s z relat$ to ,/r5g? ( ,intellect4--,! range & p[] ( ! s5sibilities1 !n1 9 o!r words1 ! m9d's capacity ( feel+1 dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! range & vigor ( ! intellectual p[]s4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ! "o v>ies z ! o!r4 ,! man ( /rong & vigor\s m9d is capable ( /rong] emotion ?an ! man ( dw>f$ & puny intellect4 ,milton1 ,cromwell1 ,napoleon1 ,web/]1 surpass$ o!r m51 n m 9 cle>ness & /r5g? ( intellectual p]ception1 ?an 9 en]gy ( feel+4 ,9 ?is1 inde$1 lay1 9 no small degree1 ! secret ( _! sup]ior p[]4 ,9 ! mo/ eloqu5t passages ( ! great orators ( anci5t or mod]n times1 x is n s mu* ! irresi/ible cog5cy & unrel5t+ grasp ( ! t]rible logic1 t holds our att5tion1 & ca/s its spell ov] u1 z x is ! burn+ indignation t exposes ! sophi/ries1 & te>s to %r$s ! fallacies ( an oppon5t1 & sweeps all argum5t & all opposition be=e x l a dev\r+ fire4 ,! orations ( ,demo/h5es1 ( ,burke1 ( ,web/]1 furni% num]\s examples ( ?is4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,feel+s on ! ,intellect4--,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally true t ! /ate ( ! intellect 9 any case dep5ds n a little on ! nature & /r5g? ( ! m9d's capacities ( feel+4 ,a quick & lively s5sibility is m likely to be att5d$ ) quickness & /r5g? ( intellectual conception2 imag9ation1 p]ception1 fancy1 & ev5 reason+1 are quick5$1 & set 9 active play1 by its electric t\*4 ,a man ) sluggi% & torpid s5sibilities1 is almo/ ( necessity a man ( dull & sluggi% intellect4 ,a man )\t feel+1 if we c conceive s /range a ph5om5on1 w\ld be a man1 ! measure ( ^: intellectual capacity w\ld be little above t ( ! brutes4 ,importance ( ?is ,dep>tm5t ( ! m5tal ,faculties4--,su* be+ ! nature ( ! s5sibilities1 ! importance ( ?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal activity becomes obvi\s at a glance4 ,! spr+s ( human action lie "h4 ,we f9d "h a clue to ! /udy ( human nature & ( ourselves4 ,to und]/& ! complicat$ & curi\s problem ( human life & action1 to und]/& hi/ory1 society1 nations1 ourselves1 we mu/ und]/& well ! nature & philosophy ( ! s5sibilities4 ,"h we f9d ! motives :i* set ! busy _w 9 action1 ! causes :i* g to make m5 :at !y are 9 ! busy & ev] *ang+ sc5e ( life's great drama4 ,x is ! emotions & passions ( m5 :i* give1 at once1 ! impulse1 & ! direction1 to _! en]gies1 con/itute _! "*1 %ape _! hi/ory & _! de/9y4 ,a k ( man & ( ! _w is emphatically a k ( ! human he>t4 ,extract f ,br[n4--,! importance ( ?is "p ( our nature is well set =? 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n3 ,we might1 p]haps1 h be5 s con/itut$1 ) respect to our intellectual /ates ( m9d1 z to h _h all ! v>ieties ( ^!1 our remembrances1 judgm5ts1 & creations ( fancy1 )\t our emotions4 ,b )\t ! emotions :i* accompany !m1 ( h[ little value w\ld ! m]e intellectual functions h be56 ,x is to our vivid feel+s ( ?is class we mu/ look = ^? t5d] reg>ds :i* make our remembrances sacr$1 = t love ( tru? & glory1 & mank9d1 )\t :i* to animate & rew>d u 9 our discov]y & diffusion ( k1 ! cont9u$ ex]cise ( judgm5t w\ld be a fatigue r ?an a satisfaction1 & = all t delightful wond] :i* we feel :5 we contemplate ! admirable creations ( fancy1 or ! /ill m admirable beauties ( ! unfad+ model1 t model :i* is ev] be=e u1 & ! imitation ( :i*1 z has be5 truly said1 is ! only imitation t is itself orig9ality4 ,by our o!r m5tal functions1 we are m]e spectators ( ! ma*9]y ( ! univ]se1 liv+ & inanimate2 by our emotions1 we are admir]s ( nature1 lov]s ( man1 ador]s ( ,god4444 ,less attractive ,aspects4--,9 ?is picture ( our emotions1 h[ev]1 ,i h pres5t$ !m 9 _! faire/ aspects2 !re are aspects :i* !y assume1 z t]rible z ^! are attractive2 b ev5 t]rible z !y are1 !y are n ! less int]e/+ objects ( our contemplation4 ,!y are ! enemies ) :i* our mortal combat1 9 ! w>f>e ( life1 is to be c>ri$ on2 & ( ^! enemies t are to assail u1 x is good = u to "k all ! arms & all ! arts ) :i* we are to be assail$2 z x is good = u to "k all ! mis]y :i* w\ld await our defeat1 z well z all ! happ9ess :i* w\ld cr[n our success1 t our conflict may be ! /rong]1 & our victory1 !re=e1 ! m sure4 ,9 ! li/ ( our emotions ( ?is =midable class1 is to be f\nd e passion :i* c r5d] life guilty & mis]able2 a s+le h\r ( :i*1 if t h\r be an h\r ( uncontroll$ dom9ion1 may de/roy happ9ess =ev]1 & leave little m ( virtue ?an is necess>y = giv+ all its horror to remorse4 ,!re are feel+s z bla/+ to e desire ( good t may /ill l+] 9 ! he>t ( ! frail victim :o is n yet :olly corrupt$1 z ^? poison\s gales ( ! des]t1 :i* n m]ely lift 9 :irlw9ds ! s&s t h (t5 be5 toss$ be=e1 b )] ev5 ! few fre% leaves1 :i* on "s spot ( scanty v]dure1 h /ill be5 fl\ri%+ amid ! g5]al /]ility4 ,difficulty ( ! ,/udy4--,) reg>d to ! difficulty att5d+ ! /udy ( ?is "p ( our nature1 a ^w seems necess>y 9 pass+4 ,x has be5 suppos$ to con/itute a peculi> difficulty 9 ! way ( ! successful inve/igation ( ?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal activity1 t ! s5sibilities are1 9 _! v nature1 ( su* an excit+ "*1 z to preclude ! calm1 dispassionate obs]vation & reflection s necess>y to correct judgm5t4 ,at ! mom5t ( ex]cis+ any lively emotion1 z hope1 fe>1 ang]1 etc41 ! m9d is 9 too great p]turbation to be 9 any condition = accurate self-obs]vation1 & :5 ! excitem5t has subsid$1 ! important mom5t has already pass$4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t has p>ticul>ly notic$ ?is difficulty 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s1 & quotes ,hume to ! same effect4 ,n peculi> to ?is ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,sci5ce4--,! difficulty 9 "q1 h[ev]1 is "o :i*1 9 reality1 p]ta9s to all m5tal sci5ce1 & n to ?is dep>tm5t ( x alone2 & s ,hume1 9 ! passage cit$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 seems to int5d4 ,x is true t :ile we are "u ! influ5ce ( any excit+ emotion1 we are 9 no mood1 & 9 no suitable /ate to obs]ve1 ) critical eye1 ! work+s ( our own m9ds2 nei!r are we 9 any condition to d s :5 engag$ 9 ! less excit+1 b n less absorb+ intellectual occupation ( reason+1 or imag9+1 or rememb]+4 ,! mom5t we beg9 to obs]ve ourselves z ?us engag$1 ! m9d is no long] employ$ z be=e1 ! exp]im5t :i* we wi% to obs]ve is int]rupt$1 & in/ead ( reason+1 imag9+1 or rememb]+1 we are only obs]v+ ourselves4 ,our only res\rce1 9 ei!r case1 is to turn back & ga!r up1 z well z we c f memory1 ! data ( our m5tal activity & condition :ile ?us & ?us employ$4 ,& ?is we c d ) reg>d to ! action ( ! s5sibilities1 z well z ( ! intellect1 provid$ only ! degree ( emotion & excitem5t is n s great z to int]f]e ) ! pres5t consci\sness1 & s ) ! subsequ5t recollection ( :at 0 pass+ 9 our own m9ds4 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation4--,nor are we dep5d5t entirely on self-obs]vation4 ,our s\rces ( in=mation are tw(old1 ! obs]vation ( our own m9ds1 & ( o!rs4 ,f ! latt] s\rce we may le>n mu* ( ! nature ( ?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal action4 ,! s5sibilities ( o!rs are m op5 to our inspection1 & less readily mi/ak51 ?an _! intellectual /ates4 ,nor d we meet1 9 ?is case1 ) ! same difficulty2 = h[ev] excit$ & incapable ( self-inspection1 at ! mom5t1 ! subject ( any /rong emotion or passion may be1 ! spectator1 at lea/1 is able to obs]ve ! effect ( t passion1 & note its ph5om5a1 ) calm & c>eful eye4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,analysis ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,s5sibilities4 ,c]ta9 ,di/9ctions may be notic$4--,includ+1 "u ! t]m s5sibility1 accord+ to ! def9ition already giv51 :atev] is ( ! nature ( feel+1 9 di/9ction f ?\ght or cognition1 & limit+ ! t]m also to feel+s /rictly m5tal1 9 di/9ction f m]ely physical s5sation1 x is obvi\s t !re are c]ta9 lead+ di/9ctions /ill to be obs]v$ 9 ?is class ( our m5tal /ates1 c]ta9 great & /rongly m>k$ divisions or diff]5ces1 by :i* we %all d well to be guid$ 9 our arrangem5t & classification ( !m4 ,our feel+s are _m & v>i\s2 x is impossible to enum]ate or classify !m ) p]fect precision2 yet !re are c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance & diff]5ce among !m1 c]ta9 gr\ps or classes into :i* !y naturally divide !mselves4 ,a g5]al ,di/9ction indicat$4--,"o g5]al di/9ction lies at ! outset1 pat5t & obvi\s1 runn+ ?r\gh all =ms & modes ( s5sibility1 namely1 ! diff]5ce ( agreeable & disagreeable4 ,e feel+ is1 9 its v nature1 & ( necessity1 "o or ! o!r1 ei!r pleas+ or pa9ful4 ,9 "s cases ! di/9ction is mu* m /rongly m>k$ ?an 9 o!rs2 sometimes x may be h>dly p]ceptible1 & x may be difficult to det]m9e1 s slight is ! degree ( ei!r1 :e!r ! feel+ "u consid]ation p>takes ( ! "* ( pleasure or pa92 sometimes !re is a bl5d+ ( ! two elem5ts1 & ! same emotion is at once pleas+ & pa9ful to ! m9d t exp]i5ces x4 ,b ,i _c conceive ( a feel+ t is nei!r agreeable or disagreeable1 b positively indiff]5t4 ,! /ate ( indiff]5ce is n an ex]cise ( s5sibility1 b a simple want ( x1 z ! v "n d5otes by :i* we mo/ appropriately express ?is /ate ( m9d1 i4 e41 apa?y 7,greek3 a pa?os74 ,simple ,emotions4--,pass+ ?is g5]al & obvi\s di/9ction1 we f9d among our s5sibilities a l>ge class :i* we may d5om9ate simple emotions4 ,^! comprise ! joys & sorr[s ( life 9 all _! v>ieties ( modification & degree1 accord+ z ! objects :i* awak5 !m diff]4 ,"u ?is class fall ^? g5]al /ates ( ! m9d :i*1 )\t assum+ a def9ite & obvi\s =m1 imp>t a t+e & color+ ( joy\sness or sadness to all our activity4 ,"u ?is class1 also1 mu/ be includ$ ! m specific =ms ( feel+1 su* z ! grief or sorr[ we feel at ! loss ( fri5ds1 sympa?y ) ! happ9ess or sorr[ ( o!rs1 ! enjoym5t aris+ f ! contemplation or p]suasion ( our own sup]iority1 & ! *agr9 ( ! rev]se1 ! enjoym5t ( ! ludicr\s1 ( ! new & wond]ful1 ( ! beautiful1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! satisfaction result+ f ! consci\sness ( "r action1 & ^? vivid feel+s ( regret 9 view ( ! wrong1 :i*1 9 _! high] degree1 assume ! "n ( remorse1 & fall l a *ill & fe>ful %ad[ ov] ! tr\bl$ pa? ( e>?ly life4 ,^! all are simple emotions1 & all1 moreov]1 are b s _m =ms ( joy & sorr[1 v>y+ z ! objects v>y :i* give rise to !m4 ,fur!r ,diff]5ce ( in/9ctive & rational ,emotion4--,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ( ^! sev]al specific =ms ( simple emotion1 "s are ( a high] ord] ?an ! o!rs4 ,su* are ^? la/ nam$ 9 ! s]ies1 ! feel+s awak5$ 9 view ( ! ludicr\s1 9 view ( ! new & wond]ful1 9 view ( ! beautiful1 & 9 view ( ! "r1 or1 9 g5]al1 ! /hetic & moral emotions4 ,^!1 z seem+ to possess a high] dignity1 & to involve a high] degree ( intellectual developm5t1 we may d5om9ate ! rational1 9 di/9ction f ! o!r simple emotions1 :i*1 to m>k ! diff]5ce1 we may t]m in/9ctive4 ,emotions ( a complex ,"*4--,pass+ on 9 our analysis1 we come next to a class ( emotions diff]+ f t already consid]$1 9 be+ ( a complex "*4 ,x is no long] a simple feel+ ( delight & satisfaction 9 ! object1 or ! rev]se1 b along ) ?is is bl5d$ ! wi%1 m or less def9ite & int5se1 ( good or ill1 to ! object :i* awak5s ! emotion4 ,! feel+ assumes an active =m1 becomes objective1 & travels out f itself & ! bosom t *]i%es x1 to ! object :i* calls x =?4 ,9 ?is desire ( good or ill to ! object1 ! simple elem5t ( joy or sorr[1 ! subjective feel+1 is (t5 m]g$ & lo/ sight (2 yet x ev] exi/s z an ess5tial elem5t ( ! complex emotion4 ,fur!r ,subdivision ( ?is ,class4--,( ?is class are ! feel+s usually d5om9at$ affections1 :i* may be fur!r subdivid$ into b5evol5t & malevol5t1 accord+ z !y seek ! good or ! ill ( _! respective objects4 ,z ! simple emotions are all b s _m modes & =ms ( ! feel+ ( joy1 & its opposite1 sorr[1 s ! affections are b s _m diff]5t modifications ( ! "o compreh5sive pr9ciple ( love1 & its opposite1 hate4 ,v>i\s ,objects ( ,affection4--,! affections v>y z ! objects v>y on :i* !y re/4 ,( ! b5evol5t class1 ! m prom95t are1 love ( k9dr$1 ( fri5ds1 ( b5efactors1 ( home & c\ntry4 ,( ! malevol5t affections1 s call$1 ! m important are ! feel+ ( res5tm5t 9 view ( p]sonal injury1 ( indignation at ! wrongs ( o!rs1 ! feel+ ( jeal\sy1 & ! l4 ,! ,passions4--,^! v>i\s affections1 bo? malevol5t & b5evol5t1 :5 !y rise above ! ord9>y degree1 & become impati5t ( re/ra9t1 imp]i\s1 no long] "u ! control ( reason & sob] reflection1 b !mselves assum+ ! comm& ( ! :ole man1 & impell+ him t[>d ! desir$ end1 reg>dless ( o!r & high] int]e/s1 become ! passions ( our nature1 ) :i* no small "p ( ! self-conflict & self-discipl9e ( ?is our mortal life is to be ma9ta9$4 ,! ,desires4--,!re is /ill ano!r class ( emotions1 diff]+ ess5tially 9 _! nature f ea* ( ! two lead+ divisions already m5tion$1 t is1 our desires4 ,^! are ( two sorts4 ,^? :i* are f\nd$ 9 ! physical nature & con/itution ( man--z ! desire ( food1 ( muscul> ex]tion1 ( repose1 ( :atev] is adapt$ to ! animal nature & wants--are usually d5om9at$ appetites3 ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* take _! rise f ! nature & wants ( ! m9d1 r ?an ( ! body1 may be t]m$ rational1 9 di/9ction f animal desires or appetites4 ,( ^! ! m important are ! desire ( happ9ess1 ( k1 ( p[]1 ( society1 ( ! e/eem ( o!rs4 ,z joy has its opposite1 sorr[1 & love its opposite1 hate1 s also desire has its opposite1 av]sion2 & ! objects ( av]sion are z num]\s z ! objects ( desire4 ,! desire ( weal? has its c\nt]p>t1 ! av]sion to pov]ty & want2 ! desire ( life & happ9ess /&s ov] aga9/ ! av]sion to suff]+ & dea?4 ,! two are s to speak1 ! positive & negative poles ( feel+4 ,hope & ,fe>4--,!re is yet ano!r & important class ( our emotions1 hav+ n a little to d ) ! happ9ess or mis]y ( life1 ca/+ its lights & %ad[s ov] no small "p ( our little pa? f ! cradle to ! grave1 our hopes & our fe>s4 ,^!1 h[ev] important 9 !mselves1 are1 nev]!less1 b modifications ( ! pr9ciples ( desire & av]sion1 & are1 !re=e1 to be ref]r$ to ! same g5]al division ( ! s5sibilities4 ,hope is ! desire ( "s expect$ good1 fe> ! av]sion to "s anticipat$ evil4 ,summ>y ( ,classes4--,to ! ?ree compreh5sive classes n[ nam$1 ,simple ,emotions1 ,affections1 & ,desires may be ref]r$1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ! v>i\s s5sibilities ( our nature2 or1 if ! analysis & classification be n complete & exhau/ive1 x is at lea/ suffici5tly m9ute = our pres5t purpose4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,s5sibilities ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,writ]s4 ,important to "k ! ,pr9ciples ( ,division adopt$ by o!rs4--,! discussion ( ! pres5t topic w\ld be incomplete )\t a glance at ! hi/ory ( ! same4 ,x is ( s]vice1 hav+ obta9$ "s def9ite results & conclusions ( our own1 to "k also :at h be5 ! views & conclusions ( o!rs ^u ! same matt]4 ,z ) reg>d to ! intellectual p[]s1 s also ) respect to ! s5sibilities1 diff]5t pr9ciples ( division & classification h be5 adopt$ by diff]5t writ]s4 ,our limits w all[ u to glance only at ! m important ( ^!4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,classification4--,( ^? :o h writt5 ^u ! s5sibilities1 "s h plac$ !m 9 contra/ to ea* o!r1 z hope & fe>1 love & hate1 etc41 mak+ ?is ! pr9ciple ( division2 o!rs h class$ !m z p]sonal1 social1 etc42 o!rs z relat+ to "t1 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future2 o!rs z in/9ctive & rational2 :ile mo/ :o h _h occasion to treat ( ?is "p ( our m5tal con/itution1 h consid]$ x ) ref]5ce solely or ma9ly to ! sci5ce ( e?ics or morals1 & h adopt$ su* a division & arrangem5t z be/ suit$ t end1 )\t special reg>d to ! psy*ology ( ! matt]4 ,( ! ,greek ,s*ools4--,among ! ,greeks1 ! ,academicians includ$ ! v>i\s emotions "u ! f\r pr9cipal ones1 fe>1 desire1 joy1 & grief1 class+ despair & av]sion "u grief1 :ile hope1 c\rage1 & ang] 7 compris$ "u desire4 ,to d5ote ! passivity ( ! m9d1 z act$ ^u1 & "u ! influ5ce ( emotion1 ! ,greeks nam$ ! passions 9 g5]al1 ,greek3 pa?os1 suff]+1 :5ce our t]ms pa?os1 pa!tic1 etc41 :5ce also ! ,lat9 passio & patior1 f :i* our ^w passion4 ,! ,/oics1 9 p>ticul>1 designat$ all emotions z ,greek3 pa?1 diseases1 reg>d+ !m z disord]s ( ! m9d4 ,h>tley's ,division4--,among ! mod]ns1 ,h>tley divides ! s5sibilities into ! two lead+ classes ( grateful & ungrateful ones2 "u ! =m]1 includ+ love1 desire1 hope1 joy1 & pleas+ recollection2 "u ! latt]1 ! opposites ( ^! emotions1 hatr$1 av]sion1 fe>1 grief displeas+ recollection4 ,di/9ction ( primitive & d]ivative4--,c]ta9 o!r ,engli% writ]s1 z ,watts & ,grove1 d]ive all ! emotions ultimately f ! ?ree pr9cipal ones1 admiration1 love1 & hatr$1 :i* !y t]m ! primitive passions1 all o!rs be+ d]ivative4 ,division ( ,cogan4--,cogan1 ^: treatise on ! passions is a "w ( mu* int]e/1 divides ! s5sibilities into passions1 emotions1 & affections2 by ! fir/ ( ^! t]ms designat+ ! fir/ impression :i* ! m9d receives f "s impulsive cause2 by ! second1 ! m p]man5t feel+ :i* succe$s1 & :i* betrays itself by visible signs 9 ! expressions ( ! c\nt5ance & ! motions ( ! body2 :ile by affections1 he d5otes ! less int5se & m durable influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! m9d by ! objects ( its reg>d4 ,! passions & affections are1 by ?is au?or1 fur!r divid$ into ^? :i* spr+ f self-love & ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! social pr9ciple4 ,classification ( ,dr4 ,reid4--,dr4 ,reid divides ! active pr9ciples1 z he t]ms !m1 into ?ree classes1 ! me*anical1 ! animal1 & ! rational1 includ+1 "u ! fir/1 our in/9cts & habits1 "u ! second1 our appetites1 "u ! ?ird1 our high] pr9ciples ( action4 ,( ,/ew>t4--,dugald ,/ew>t makes two classes1 ! in/9ctive or implant$1 & ! rational or gov]n+ pr9ciples1 "u ! =m] includ+ appetites1 desires1 & affections1 "u ! latt]1 self-love & ! moral faculty4 ,! desires are di/+ui%$ f ! appetites1 9 t !y d n1 l ! =m]1 take _! rise f ! body1 nor d !y op]ate1 p]iodically1 aft] c]ta9 int]vals1 & cease aft] ! atta9m5t ( _! object4 ,"u ! title ( affections1 are compreh5d$ all ^? pr9ciples ( our nature t h = _! object ! communication ( good or ( ill to o!rs4 ,( ,br[n4--,dr4 ,br[n divides ! s5sibilities1 to :i* he gives ! g5]al "n ( emotions1 ) ref]5ce to _! relation to "t1 z imm$iate1 retrospective1 & prospective4 ,"u ! =m]1 he includes1 z involv+ no moral feel+1 *e]fulness & melan*oly1 wond] & its opposite1 feel+s ( beauty & ! opposite1 feel+s ( sublimity & ( ! ludicr\s2 z involv+ moral feel+1 ! emotions di/9ctive ( vice & virtue1 emotions ( love & hate1 ( sympa?y1 ( pride & humility4 ,"u retrospective emotion he includes ang]1 gratitude1 regret1 satisfaction2 "u prospective emotion1 all our desires & fe>s4 ,( ,upham4--,pr(4 ,upham divides ! s5sibilities into ! two lead+ dep>tm5ts1 ! natural & ! moral1 ! =m] compreh5d+ ! emotions & ! desires1 ! latt]1 ! moral s5tim5ts or consci5ce4 ,"u ! class ( desires1 he includes our in/9cts1 appetites1 prop5sities1 & affections4 ,( ,hickok4--,dr4 ,hickok classes ! s5sibilities "u ! dep>tm5ts ( animal1 rational1 & spiritual susceptibility2 ! =m] compreh5d+ in/9cts1 appetites1 natural affections1 self-int]e/$ feel+s1 & dis9t]e/$ feel+s2 ! second1 /hetic1 sci5tific1 e?ic1 & !i/ic emotions2 :ile ! latt] or spiritual susceptibility diff]s f ea* ( ! o!rs1 9 n be+1 l !m1 con/itutional1 b aris+ r f ! p]sonal disposition & "*4 ,rem>ks on ! =ego+ ,divisions4--,our limits =bid1 nor does ! object ( ! pres5t "w require1 a critical discussion ( ^! sev]al plans ( arrangem5t4 ,x is b ju/ice to say1 h[ev]1 t no "o ( ^! sev]al me?ods ( arrangem5t is altoge!r satisfactory4 ,!y are n /rictly sci5tific4 ,! me?od ( ,cogan1 = example1 d]ives all our s5sibilities ultimately f ! two pr9ciples ( self-love1 or desire = our own happ9ess1 & ! social pr9ciple1 or reg>d = ! condition & "* ( o!rs2 :i* aga9 resolve !mselves1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 into ! two c>d9al & primitive affections ( love & hate4 ,?is division /rikes u at once z arbitr>y1 &1 !re=e1 que/ionable2 &1 also1 z e?ical r ?an psy*ological4 ,!re are _m simple emotions :i* _c prop]ly be resolv$ into ei!r ( ^! two pr9ciples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! psy*ological di/9ction betwe5 ! emotions & desires is ov]look$ 9 ?is arrangem5t4 ,! same rem>ks apply sub/antially to sev]al ( ! o!r me?ods notic$4 ,objection to ,/ew>t's ,division4--,! arrangem5t ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t is liable to ?is objection1 t ! pr9ciple ( self-love1 & also ! moral faculty1 :i* he classes by !mselves z rational pr9ciples1 9 di/9ction f ! o!r emotions z implant$ or in/9ctive pr9ciples1 are z really implant$ 9 our nature1 z really con/itutional or in/9ctive1 z any o!r4 ,appetite1 moreov]1 is b "o =m or class ( desires2 self-love is b ano!r1 i4 e41 ! desire ( our own happ9ess4 ,to ,upham's ,division4--,! division ( ,mr4 ,upham is /ill m objectionable on ! same gr\nd4 ,! natural & ! moral s5tim5ts1 into :i* two great classes he divides ! s5sibilities1 are di/9ct nei!r 9 fact nor 9 "n2 ! moral s5tim5ts1 s call$1 are z really & truly natural1 f\nd$ 9 our con/itution1 z are our desires & affections2 nor is ! t]m natural prop]ly oppos$ to ! t]m moral z designat+ di/9ct & opposite ?+s4 ,! t]ms in/9ctive & rational1 :i* ,mr4 ,/ew>t employs1 ?\gh n free f objection1 mu* m accurately express ! di/9ction 9 view1 c\ld su* a di/9ction be %[n to exi/4 ,diff]5ce ( e?ical & psy*ological ,inquiry4--,9 a "w1 ! ma9 object ( :i* is to unfold ! pr9ciples ( e?ical sci5ce1 x may be desirable to s+le out f ! o!r emotions1 & place by !mselves1 ! pr9ciple ( self-love1 toge!r ) ! social pr9ciple & ! moral s5tim5ts1 z hav+ m direct ref]5ce to ! moral "* & conduct4 ,9 a /rictly psy*ological treatise1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! aim is simply to unfold1 & arrange 9 _! natural ord]1 ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 su* a pr9ciple ( classification is evid5tly inadmissible4 ,! diff]5t op]ations & emotions ( ! m9d mu/ be /udi$ & arrang$1 n ) ref]5ce to _! logical or e?ical di/9ctions1 b solely _! psy*ological diff]5ces4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! moral s5tim5ts1 s f> z !y are ( ! nature ( feel+ or s5sibility at all1 & n r ( intellectual p]ception1 are simple emotions1 & d n inh]5tly diff] f any o!r feel+s ( ! same class4 ,! satisfaction we feel 9 view ( "r1 & ! pa9 9 view ( wrong pa/ conduct1 diff] f ! pa9 & pleasure we d]ive f o!r s\rces1 only z ! objects diff] :i* call =? ! feel+s4 ,!y are ess5tially ( ! same class1 ! diff]5ce is specific r ?an g5]ic4 ,!y are modifications ( ! "o g5]ic pr9ciple ( joy & sorr[1 & diff] f ea* o!r n s mu* z ea* diff]s f a desire1 or an affection ( love or hate4 ,objection to ,br[n's ,arrangem5t4--,! classification ( ,dr4 ,br[n1 if n e?ical1 is1 p]haps1 equally f> f be+ psy*ological4 ,! relation ( ! diff]5t emotions to "t is an accid5tal1 & n an ess5tial diff]5ce1 & x is1 moreov]1 a di/9ction :olly inapplicable to f> ! l>g] portion ( ! s5sibilities1 viz41 ^? :i* he calls imm$iate emotions1 or ^? :i* arise )\t involv+ necess>ily any notion ( "t4 ,?is is surely lucus a non luc5do4 ,,s5sibilities4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,,simple ,,emotions4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,in/9ctive ,,emotions4 ,previ\s ,analysis4--,x w be recollect$ t 9 ! analysis :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! s5sibilities1 !y 7 arrang$ "u ?ree g5]ic classes1 viz41 ,simple ,emotions1 ,affections1 & ,desires1 all1 h[ev]1 hav+ ?is 9 common1 t !y are 9 !mselves agreeable or disagreeable1 z /ates ( m9d1 accord+ z ! object :i* awak5s !m is view$ z ei!r good or evil4 ,nature ( simple ,emotions4--,( ^!1 ! simple emotions1 :i* are fir/ to be consid]$1 comprise1 x w be rememb]$1 t l>ge class ( feel+s :i*1 9 _! v>i\s modifications & degrees1 con/itute ! joys & sorr[s ( life4 ,!y may be compris$1 ) "s latitude ( mean+1 "u ! g5]al t]ms joy & sorr[1 z modifications ( t compreh5sive pr9ciple or phase ( human exp]i5ce4 ,!y are awak5$ 9 view ( an object reg>d$ z good or z evil2 an object1 moreov]1 ( pres5t possession & pres5t enjoym5t or suff]+2 9 :i* la/ respect !y diff] f desires1 :i* h respect always to "s good1 or app>5t good1 n 9 pres5t possession1 b view$ z atta9able4 ,division ( simple ,emotions4--,( ^! simple emotions1 aga91 "s may be call$ in/9ctive1 z belong+ to ! animal nature1 &1 to "s ext5t1 common to man ) ! brutes1 9 di/9ction f o!rs ( a high] ord]1 involv+ or presuppos+ ! ex]cise ( reason & ! reflective p[]s4 ,x is ( ! =m] class t we are to treat 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,i4--,,( ,,t ,,g5]al ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,kn[n ,,z ,,*e]fulness2 ,,& ,,its ,,opposite1 ,,melan*oly4 ,nature ( ?is ,feel+4--,!re is a /ate ( m9d1 ( :i* e "o is at times consci\s1 9 :i*1 )\t any imm$iately excit+ cause1 a g5]al livel9ess & joy\sness ( _s1 seldom ris+ to ! def9it5ess ( a di/9ct emotion1 a subdu$ "u-curr5t ( gladness1 seems to fill ! s\l1 & fl[ on ?r\gh all its *annels4 ,x is n s mu* itself joy1 z a disposition to be joyful2 n s mu* itself a visible sun 9 ! heav5s1 z a mild1 g5tly-diffus$ light fill+ ! sky1 & ba?+ all objects 9 its s]5e lovel9ess & beauty4 ,x has be5 well t]m$ a sort ( p]petual gladness4 ,preval5ce at diff]5t ,p]iods ( ,life4--,!re are ^?1 ( =tunate temp]am5t1 ) :om ?is seems to be ! prevail+ disposition1 to :om e ?+ we>s a *e]ful & sunny aspect4 ,( o!rs1 ! rev]se is true4 ,9 e>ly life ?is habitual joy\sness ( _s is m commonly preval5t2 9 advanc$ ye>s1 m r>ely met )4 ,:e!r x be t age has *ill$ ! blood1 or t ! sob] exp]i5ce ( life has sadd5$ ! he>t1 & correct$ ! m romantic visions ( e>li] ye>s1 z life passes on we are less habitually "u ! influ5ce ( ?is disposition4 ,x is no long] ! prevail+ frame ( ! m9d4 ,9 ! beautiful language ( ano!r1 ,we are n happy1 )\t kn[+ :y we are happy1 & ?\gh we may /ill be susceptible ( joy1 p]haps z int5se1 or ev5 m int5se1 ?an 9 our ye>s ( unreflect+ m]rim5t1 our joy mu/ arise f a cause ( correspond+ importance2 yet ev5 d[n to ! close ( extreme old age !re /ill recur occasionally "s gleams ( ?is almo/ in/9ctive happ9ess1 l a vision ( o!r ye>s1 or l ^? brilliant & unexpect$ corruscations :i* sometimes fla% along ! midnight ( a w9try sky1 & ( :i* we are too ignorant ( ! circum/ances t produce !m1 to "k :5 to pr$ict _! return4 ,! opposite ,feel+4--,correspond+ to ?is g5]al /ate ( m9d n[ describ$1 is "o ( q ! opposite "*--t habitual disposition to sadness :i* is usually call$ melan*oly4 ,l its opposite1 *e]fulness1 x is r a frame ( m9d ?an a positive emotion1 &1 l its opposite1 x exi/s1 (t51 )\t any m>k$ & def9ite cause to :i* we c attribute x4 ,x is t /ate 9 :i* subsid+ grief1 or ! pressure ( any sev]e calamity n[ pass+ away1 leaves ! m9d1 ! grey & solemn twilight t succe$s a p>tial or total eclipse4 ,x is1 ) _m p]sons1 ! habitual /ate ( m9d1 ?r\gh long p]iods1 p]haps ev5 ! great] "p1 ( life4 ,n unfrequ5tly x occurs t m9ds1 ( ! r>e/ g5ius & mo/ delicate s5sibility1 are subject to t extreme & habitual depression ( spirits :i* ca/s a deep gloom ov] ! brighte/ objects1 & r5d]s life itself a burd54 ,?is /ate ( habitual gloom & despond5cy1 itself usually a =m ( disease1 ! result ( "s physical d]angem5t1 deep5s sometimes into a fix$ & p]man5t disord] ( ! m9d1 & con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ pitiable & hopeless =ms ( insanity4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! melan*oly1 b mo/ amiable & g5tle ,c[p]4 ,elem5t ( poetic ,s5sibility4--,9 its mild] =ms1 ! /ate ( m9d :i* ,i describe1 con/itutes1 n unfrequ5tly1 an elem5t ( :at is t]m$ poetic g5ius1 a melan*oly aris+ f "s sad exp]i5ce ( ! tr\bles & conflicts ( life1 & f sympa?y ) ! suff]+ & sorr[+ _w1 ! great sad he>t ( humanity--a melan*oly t1 l ! pla9t ( ! olian h>p1 l5ds sweetness & ri*ness to ! music ( its /ra94 ,su* are _m ( ! /ra9s ( ,t5nyson2 su* ! deep "u-curr5t ( ,milton's poetry2 su*1 prem95tly1 ! _s & tone ( ,john ,fo/]1 "o ( ! true/ & noble/ specim5s ( poetic g5ius1 al?\gh a writ] ( prose4 ,a quick & lively s5sibility1 itself an insep>able concomitant ( true g5ius1 is n unfrequ5tly accompani$ ) ?is g5tl] =m ( melan*oly4 ,! truly great s\l t communes ) itself1 ) nature1 & ) et]nal tru?1 is no /rang] to ?is subdu$ yet pleas+ sadness4 ,x is ?is to :i* ,milton pays beautiful tribute 9 ! ,il ,p5s]oso1 & :i* he ?us invokes3 ,b hail1 ?\ goddess1 sage & holy1 ,hail1 div9e/ ,melan*oly6 ,come1 p5sive nun1 dev\t & pure1 ,sob]1 /eadfa/1 & demure1 ,all 9 a robe ( d>ke/ gra9 ,fl[+ ) maje/ic tra91 ,& sable /ole ( ,cyprus lawn ,ov] ?y dec5t %\ld]s drawn4 ,come1 b keep ?y wont$ /ate1 ,) ev5 /ep & mus+ gait1 ,& looks comm]c+ ) ! skies1 ,?y rapt s\l sitt+ 9 ?9e eyes4 ,n inconsi/5t ) ,wit4--,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! disposition ( :i* we speak is n inconsi/5t ) ! occasional & ev5 frequ5t preval5ce ( feel+s ( directly ! opposite nature4 ,a prevail+ t5d5cy to sadness is n unfrequ5tly associat$ ) an almo/ equally prevail+ t5d5cy to emotions ( ! ludicr\s4 ,! same livel9ess ( s5sibility :i* prep>es ! s\l to feel ke5ly :atev] 9 life is adapt$ to awak5 sad & sob] reflections1 also disposes x to notice quickly ! little incongruities ( "*1 ! foibles & follies ( mank9d1 9 :i* a dull] eye w\ld detect no?+ absurd or comical4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! natural t5d5cy ( ! m9d to spr+ back1 l ! b[ un/rung1 f "o extreme ( feel+ to its opposite1 & seek relief f its sadness 9 ! light] sallies ( wit4 ,& s we h ! melan*oly ,c[p] s++ ,john ,gilp91 & ! au?or ( ! ,night ,?\ghts1 9 conv]sation1 a jovial & witty man4 ,,ii4--,,sorr[ ,,at ,,loss ,,( ,,fri5ds4 ,diff]s f ,melan*oly4--,beside ! g5]al /ates ( m9d already describ$1 & :i* c h>dly be call$ di/9ct emotions1 !re are c]ta9 specific =ms ( joy & sorr[ :i* claim our att5tion4 ,prom95t among ^! is ! grief we feel at any great & sudd5 b]eavem5t or calamity1 z1 = example1 ! loss ( fri5ds4 ,?is is a /ate ( m9d closely alli$1 inde$1 to ! melan*oly ( :i* ,i h spok51 b diff]s f x 9 t x spr+s f a m obvi\s & imm$iate cause1 & is at once m def9ite & m int5se4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ! fir/ bitt]ness ( angui% is pa/1 & ! m9d recov]s itself 9 a measure f ! viol5ce ( ! %ock x has receiv$1 & :i*1 = ! "t1 l a sudd5 bl[1 seem$ to /agg] all its en]gies1 :5 o!r causes beg9 to op]ate1 & o!r sc5es & c>es dem& its att5tion1 its sorr[1 at fir/ viol5t & irrepressible1 gradually subsides into t calm] b m p]man5t =m :i* we h already describ$ z melan*oly4 ,effects ( ,grief ^u ! ,m9d 9 ! fir/ ,%ock ( any ,calamity4--,:5 ! loss is v great1 especially if x comes sudd5ly to u--& :at b]eavem5t1 h[ev] long anticipat$ & fe>$1 does n at la/ ov]take u sudd5ly8--! m9d is at fir/1 9 a mann]1 /upefi$ & amaz$1 unable to realize its loss1 & looks helplessly ab\t x = relief4 ,to ?is succe$s a /ate ( m5tal angui%1 m or less int5se1 9 proportion to ! livel9ess ( ! s5sibilities1 & ! /r5g? ( ! previ\s atta*m5t4 ,9 _m cases ! sorr[ is uncontrollable1 & f9ds relief 9 te>s1 or 9 ^? m viol5t expressions ( angui% 9 :i* ! burd5$ he>t ( man 9 all ages has be5 wont to indicate its grief1 z ! r5d+ ( ! g>m5ts1 ! beat+ ( ! brea/1 ! te>+ ( ! hair1 & o!r l demon/rations ( utt] & hopeless sorr[4 ,! m9d 9 su* a /ate resigns itself passively to ! viol5ce ( its emotion1 & is swept on by ! ru%+ curr5t t ov]fl[s its banks4 ,x is ,ra*el m\rn+ = h] *ildr51 & refus+ to be com=t$4 ,x is ,david go+ to ! *amb] ov] ! gate1 & exclaim+1 z he goes1 ,o ,absalom1 my son6 my son6 ,subsequ5t ,/ate ( ,m9d4--,:5 ! fir/ viol5ce ( grief has subsid$1 & reflection succe$s to passion1 ! m9d beg9s to recall ! circum/ances ( its loss1 & sets itself to compreh5d ! greatness & reality ( ! calamity t has befall5 x4 ,x dwells ) int]e/ & satisfaction on all ! wor? & virtues ( ! dep>t$1 magnifies all t 0 good1 excuses or ov]looks all t 0 faulty1 recalls ! words1 ! tones1 ! looks1 & ga!rs up ! slighte/ mem5to ( ! =m] hi/ory1 ) ! same sacr$ reg>d & rev]5ce ) :i* x treasures 9 ! fun]al urn ! a%es ( ! dead4 ,a sacr$ness & dignity inve/ ! "*1 & ! life1 :5 once ! angel dea? has set 8 seal ^u !m4 ,sil5ce ( deep ,grief4--,! deepe/ sorr[ is n always1 p]haps n usually1 ! mo/ viol5t & demon/rative4 ,x is :5 ! fir/ sudd5 passion ( grief is pass$ & ! s\l retires )9 h]self to m$itate ^u h] loss1 calmly ga!r+ h] mantle ab\t h] to hide f ! obs]vation ( o!rs ^? te>s & t sorr[ :i* are sacr$1 x is !n t ! deepe/ sorr[1 & ! heavie/ d>kness ga!r ab\t ! burd5$ _s4 ,! true/1 deepe/ grief is ev] sil5t4 ,x %r9ks f human obs]vation4 ,x f9ds no words = expression1 wi%es none4 ,x is a veil$ & sil5t goddess1 ^: rites & alt>s are hidd5 f ! eye ( day4 ,x is ! nature ( joy to communicate itself4 ,x is ! nature ( sorr[1 :atev] may be ! occasion :5ce x spr+s1 to retire )9 itself4 ,x seeks its *amb] t x may weep !re4 ,effect ( ,"t 9 assuag+ ,sorr[4--,! effect ( "t 9 s(t5+ & allay+ ! viol5ce ( grief1 is kn[n to e "o4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is effect is produc$ is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,a recurr5ce to ! laws ( sugge/ion may expla9 ?is4 ,x w be recollect$ t among ! second>y or subjective laws :i* regulate ! sugge/ion ( our ?\ghts1 ! int]val ( "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! occurr5ce ( any ev5t holds an important place4 ,t :i* has tak5 place b rec5tly is m likely to recur aga9 to m9d ?an ev5ts ( remot] date4 ,on ! fir/ occurr5ce ( any calamity1 or b]eavem5t1 e ?+ t5ds to rem9d u ( our loss1 & ?is con/ant sugge/ion ( x has a p[]ful effect 9 keep+ alive our sorr[4 ,z "t passes on1 h[ev]1 ! objects :i* once sugge/$ only t :i* we _h lo/1 become associat$ )1 & s sugge/ o!r objects & occurr5ces2 or1 if !y /ill rem9d u ( our loss1 ! remembrance is m+l$ ) t ( o!r sc5es & ev5ts :i* h s9ce transpir$1 & o!r feel+s :i* h s9ce agitat$ our he>ts4 ,?us "t is con/antly m+l+ o!r +r$i5ts 9 ! cup ( our grief4 ,! law ( ! mo/ rec5t /ill holds 9 sugge/ion1 & ?us ! v pr9ciple t =m]ly rem9d$ u cont9ually ( our loss1 n[ %uts x out1 by int]pos+ betwe5 x & u :at has s9ce transpir$4 ,! ?\ght ( ! pa/ comes up less frequ5tly1 & :5 x recurs1 is m+l$ ) s _m o!r associat$ objects1 & exp]i5ces1 t x no long] awak5s emotions ( unmitigat$ grief4 ,gradually o!r objects int]e/ u1 o!r plans & duties engage u1 o!r emotions agitate ! he>t1 z successive waves beat on ! same tr\bl$ %ore1 & r5d] fa9t]1 at ea* return1 ! traces :i* =m] bill[s _h impress$ ^u its s&s4 ,?us "t1 ! great consol]1 assuages our sorr[s1 & ! unbrok5 d>kness t once hung ov] ! m9d1 & %r\d$ all its ?\ghts & purposes1 gives place1 at l5g?1 to a *a/5$ & subdu$ sadness1 t suffuses ! pa/ ) a s(t & mell[ radiance4 ,we are ev] mov+ on1 swiftly1 /eadily1 9 ! curr5t ( ev5ts1 & objects ^: fe>ful magnitude1 once1 f _! v ne>ness1 engross$ our :ole att5tion z we pass$ into _! deep %ad[1 gradually dim9i% z !y rec$e1 until _! d>k outl9e is b>ely disc]nible on ! di/ant horizon4 ,,iii4--,,sympa?y ,,) ,,! ,,happ9ess ,,& ,,sorr[ ,,( ,,o!rs4 ,9 :at ,mann] awak5$4--,closely alli$ to ! emotions ( joy & sorr[ awak5$ by our own p]sonal exp]i5ce ( good & ( evil1 is ! sympa?y we feel ) ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,joy is contagi\s4 ,s also is grief4 ,we _c behold ! emotions ( o!rs1 )\t1 9 "s degree1 exp]i5c+ a correspond+ emotion4 ,nor is x necess>y to be eye-witnesses ( t happ9ess1 or sorr[4 ,! simple description ( any sc5e ( happ9ess or ( mis]y affects ! he>t1 & t\*es ! *ords ( sympa!tic emotion4 ,we picture ! sc5e to ourselves1 we fancy ourselves ! spectators1 or1 x may be1 ! actors & ! suff]]s2 we imag9e :at w\ld be our own emotions 9 su* a case1 & 9 proportion to ! livel9ess ( our p[] ( conception1 & also ( our p[] ( feel+1 w be our sympa?y ) ! real sc5e & ! real suff]]s4 ,nature ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,! sympa?y ?us awak5$1 :e!r ) ! joy or ! sorr[ ( o!rs1 is a simple emotion1 di/9ct 9 its nature f bo? ! affections & ! desires1 & x is1 moreov]1 in/9ctive1 r ?an rational--a matt] ( impulse1 a pr9ciple implant$ 9 our nature1 & spr++ into ex]cise1 z by in/9ct1 :5ev] ! occasion pres5ts itself1 r ?an ! result ( reason & reflection4 ,x is a susceptibility :i* we possess1 to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 9 common ) ! brutes1 :o are by no means ins5sible to ! di/resses or to ! happ9ess ( _! fell[s4 ,x is a susceptibility :i* manife/s itself 9 e>ly life1 be=e habits ( reflection are =m$1 & "u circum/ances :i* preclude ! supposition t x may be ! result ( education1 or 9 any mann] an acquir$ & n an orig9al & implant$ pr9ciple4 ,s f> f be+ ! result ( reflection1 reason & reflection are (t5 ne$$ to *eck ! emotion1 & keep x )9 due b\nds4 ,!re are times :5 sympa?y1 = example1 ) ! di/resses ( o!rs1 w\ld /& 9 ! way ( effici5t & necess>y action1 & :5 x is ne$ful to summon all ! res\rces ( reason to our aid1 9 ! /]n & resolute p]=mance ( a duty :i* br+s u into conflict ) ?is in/9ctive pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,! judge is n at lib]ty to reg>d ! te>s ( ! he>t-brok5 wife or *ild1 :5 he rises to pron\nce ! /]n s5t5ce ( violat$ law ^u ! wret*$ crim9al4 ,! k9d-he>t$ surgeon mu/ = ! "t be deaf to ! outcries ( 8 pati5t1 & ins5sible to 8 suff]+s1 or 8 m9i/rations are at an end4 ,usual ,limitation ( ! ,t]m4--,! t]m sympa?y is m frequ5tly us$ to d5ote ! emotion awak5$ by ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 ?an our p>ticipation 9 _! joys4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ( ! t5d5cy ( our nature to ea* ( ^! results1 & t x is1 9 fact1 b "o & ! same pr9ciple "u a tw(old aspect4 ,nor does ! ^w itself m prop]ly belong to1 & m truly express1 ! "o1 ?an ! o!r ( ^! aspects4 ,we z readily rejoice ) ^? :o d rejoice1 z we weep ) ^? :o weep1 & 9 ei!r case our feel+ is sympa?y 7,greek3 sunpa?os74 ,?is ,limitation acc\nt$ =4--,! reason :y ! t]m is m frequ5tly appli$ to d5ote p>ticipation 9 ! sorr[s ( o!rs1 is obvi\s on a little reflection4 ,su*1 & s b5evol5t1 are ! arrangem5ts ( a k9d ,provid5ce1 t happ9ess is ! preval5t law ( be+1 & sorr[ ! exception to t g5]al rule4 ,x is diffus$ z ! sun%9e1 & ! g5tle air ov] all ?+s t brea!1 & ev5 inanimate objects1 by a sort ( sympa!tic gladness1 reflect$ f our own m9ds1 seem to %>e 9 ! g5]al joy4 ,calamity & sorr[1 at lea/ 9 _! m m>k$ & def9ite =ms1 come1 l /orm & tempe/ 9 nature1 m seldom1 &1 :5 !y d occur1 are ! m rem>kable & /& out m impressively f ! common exp]i5ce ( life1 f _! v r>ity4 ,m ,ne$ ( ,sympa?y ) ,sorr[4--,!re is d\btless1 also1 m occasion = sympa?y ) ! sorr[s ( o!rs1 :5 ^? sorr[s d occur1 ?an ) _! joys1 & ?is may be ano!r reason = ! m frequ5t use ( ! t]m 9 ?is connection4 ,sorr[ ne$s sympa?y1 z joy does n4 ,x leans = support on "s help+ & fri5dly arm4 ,joy is1 9 its nature1 /rong & self-su/a9+1 sorr[ ! rev]se4 ,x is a wise & k9d provision ( ! ,au?or ( our nature1 by :i* !re is implant$ 9 our con/itution an in/9ctive sympa?y ) sorr[ & suff]+ 9 all _! =ms1 ev5 :5 we ourselves are n directly ! objects on :i* ! calamity falls4 ,rem>k ( ,dr4 ,br[n4--,x is well rem>k$ by ,dr4 ,br[n t we seem to sympa?ize less ) ! pleasures ( o!rs ?an we truly d1 because ! real sympa?y is lo/ 9 t con/ant air ( *e]fulness :i* x is ! "p ( good mann]s to assume4 ,if ! laws ( polit5ess requir$ ( u to assume1 9 society1 an appe>ance ( sadness1 z !y n[ require f u an appe>ance ( "s slight degree ( gayety1 or1 at lea/1 ( a disposition to be gay1 x is probable t we %\ld !n rem>k any sympa?y ) gladness1 z we n[ rem>k p>ticul>ly any sympa?y ) sorr[2 & we %\ld c]ta9ly1 !n1 use ! g5]al "n to express ! =m] ( ^!1 z ! m extraord9>y1 9 ! same way z we n[ use x p>ticul>ly to express ! feel+s ( commis]ation4 ,joy1 rem>ks ! same writ]1 may be reg>d$ z ! common dress ( society1 & real complac5cy is ?us z little rem>kable z a well-fa%ion$ coat 9 a draw+-room4 ,let u conceive a s+le ragg$ coat to appe> 9 ! brilliant circle1 & all eyes w be in/antly fix$ on x4 ,ev5 beauty itself1 till ! buzz ( a/oni%m5t is ov]1 w1 = ! mom5t1 sc>cely attract a s+le gaze1 or wit a s+le li/5]4 ,su*1 ) respect to ! g5]al dress ( ! social m9d1 is grief4 ,x is some?+ = ! v appe>ance ( :i* we are n prep>$4 ,n true t we sympa?ize only ) ,sorr[4--,^! reasons suffici5tly acc\nt = ! almo/ exclusive att5tion paid by morali/s to ?is "p ( our sympa!tic nature1 z well z = ! almo/ exclusive use ( ! t]m itself to d5ote p>ticipation 9 ! sorr[s1 r ?an 9 ! joys ( o!rs4 ,x is n necess>y to inf] f ?is circum/ance1 z "s h done1 t our sympa?ies are only ) sorr[1 t we d n exp]i5ce a correspond+ emotion 9 view ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 a view z unfavorable to our nature z x is remote f tru?4 ,di/9ction ( ,t]ms4--,sympa?y1 z usually employ$1 to d5ote a fell[%ip ) ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 is synonym\s ) ! m specific t]m commis]ation1 & ?is aga9 is int]*angeable ) ! t]ms pity & compassion4 ,s f> z use e/abli%es a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! t]ms1 x is p]haps ?is3 we m frequ5tly employ ! ^w compassion :]e !re is an ability & a disposition to relieve ! suff]+2 we pity & we commis]ate :at x is out ( our p[] to rem$y4 ,/r5g? ( ?is ,feel+4--,! emotion ( sympa?y1 especially 9 t =m m specially "u consid]ation1 is probably "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ m>k$ 9 its effects ^u ! m9d1 ( any ( ! feel+s ( :i* we are susceptible4 ,:5 fully ar\s$1 x am\nts ev5 to a passion1 ,:5 ! object t awak5s x is expos$ to imm95t dang] & !re is ne$ ( in/ant & effici5t ex]tion to av]t ! dang]1 & br+ t relief :i*1 if x comes at all1 mu/ come spe$ily1 !n !re is no prud5t calculation ( consequ5ces1 no delib]ation1 no hesitation1 no fe>1 b1 reg>dless ( e dang]1 ! sympa?iz]1 =getful ( himself1 & ?9k+ only ( ! object to be accompli%$1 plunges into ! sea or into ! flames1 faces ! wild bea/1 or ! m savage human foe1 seizes ! assass9's arm1 or ru%es desp]ately betwe5 ! murd]\s weapon & its victim4 ,?is boldness & en]gy ( action are1 inde$1 ! result ( sympa?y1 r ?an ! direct ex]cise ( ! emotion itself1 b !y %[ h[ p[]ful is ! feel+ f :i* !y spr+4 ,irrespective ( moral ,qualities4--,x is wor?y ( note1 moreov]1 t ! emotion ( :i* we speak1 is1 9 great measure1 irrespective ( ! moral qualities ( ! suff]]4 ,he may be a crim9al on ! rack or ! gall[s1 ! mo/ h>d5$ & ab&on$ ( m51 & ! suff]+ to :i* he is expos$ may be ! j puni%m5t ( 8 crimes1 /ill x is impossible = any "o ^: he>t is n itself h>d5$ aga9/ all human suff]+1 to reg>d ! mis]able victim ) o!r ?an feel+s ( compassion4 ,t mu/ be a h>d he>t t c\ld witness ! agony ( ev5 its wor/ enemy1 9 su* a case1 )\t pity = ! suff]]4 ,design ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,if we inquire1 n[1 = :at end ?is feel+ 0 implant$ 9 our nature1 its f9al cause is obvi\s4 ,x is a b5evol5t arrangem5t1 ! design ( :i* is tw(old3--fir/1 to prev5t undue suff]+1 by keep+ 9 *eck ! excit$ passions t w\ld o!rwise prompt to ! infliction ( immod]ate & unju/ puni%m5t :5 ! object ( our res5tm5t is 9 our p[]2 secondly1 to secure t relief to ! suff]] :i*1 9 circum/ances ( p]il1 might fail to be af=d$ 7 x n = ! pressure & impulse ( s /rong & sudd5 an emotion4 ,adaptation to ,circum/ances4--,a fur!r & incid5tal b5efit insult+ f ! possession ( a lively s5sibility to ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs1 has be5 notic$ by ,cogan1 9 8 treatise on ! passions1 viz41 t x disposes ! m9d to accommodate itself readily to ! ta/es1 mann]s1 & dispositions ( ^? ) :om we h occasion to associate4 ,a m9d ( quick & ready sympa?y easily ent]s into ! feel+s & und]/&s ! conduct ( o!rs "u giv5 circum/ances1 & is able to adapt itself to ! same1 easily1 & by a sort ( in/9ct4 ,x places itself at once 9 ! same position1 & gov]ns itself accord+ly4 ,sympa?y n to be trac$ to ,self-love z its ,orig94--,! "q has aris51 :e!r sympa?y1 :i*1 ( all ! s5sibilities1 w\ld seem to lie at ! fur!/ remove f all admixture ( selfi%ness1 is n1 aft] all1 to be trac$ ultimately to ! pr9ciple ( self-love4 ,^? philosoph]s :o reg>d ?is pr9ciple z ! ma9-spr+ ( all human action1 & ! p>5t s\rce ( all ! v>i\s emotions t agitate ! human he>t1 are at "s pa9s to %[ t ev5 ! feel+ ( pity may be trac$ to ! same orig94 ,x 0 ! !ory ( ,hobbes1 t ! s5tim5t ( pity at ! calamities ( o!rs spr+s f ! imag9ation1 or fiction z he t]ms x1 ( a simil> calamity befall+ ourselves4 ,adam ,smi? also ma9ta9s t x is only f our own exp]i5ce t we c =m any idea ( ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 & t ! way 9 :i* we =m su* an idea is by suppos+ ourselves 9 ! same circum/ances ) ! suff]]1 & !n conceiv+ h[ we %\ld be affect$4 ,all ?is is v true4 ,x is 9 ?is way1 d\btless1 t we get ! idea ( :at ano!r is suff]+4 ,b ! idea ( :at he suff]s is "o ?+1 & our sympa?y ) t suff]+ is ano!r4 ,"o is a conception1 & ! o!r is ! feel+ awak5$ by t conception4 ,moreov]1 x does n foll[1 z ,mr4 ,/ew>t has well %[n 9 8 criticism ^u ?is !ory1 t ! sympa?y 9 ?is case arises f our conceiv+ or believ+1 = ! mom5t1 ^? suff]+s to be really our own4 ,! feel+ :i* arises on ! contemplation ( our own real or fanci$ di/ress1 is q ano!r feel+ 9 its "*1 f t ( pity or compassion4 ,! two emotions are readily di/+ui%$4 ,! m]e uneas9ess :i* we feel at ! sight ( ano!r's suff]+1 & ! desire :i* we naturally feel to be rid ( t uneas9ess1 are n ! *ief elem5ts 9 compassion4 ,if !y 71 ! sure & simple rem$y w\ld be to run away f ! di/ress :i* occasions ! uneas9ess1 to put x z quickly z possible out ( sight & out ( m9d4 ,su* an emotion2 prompt+ to su* a c\rse1 might well be t]m$ selfi%4 ,b ?is is n ! true nature ( sympa?y4 ,x is n a m]e unpleasant s5sation produc$ by obs]v+ ! suff]+s ( ano!r1 ?\gh su* a s5sation1 d\btless1 is produc$ 9 a s5sitive m9d1 & accompanies1 or may ev5 be said to =m a "p (1 ! emotion :i* we t]m sympa?y2 !re is1 ov] & above ?is feel+ ( uneas9ess1 a fell[%ip ( sorr[ & ( suff]+1 a be>+ ( t suff]+ ) him1 z 81 & n z our own1 a pa9 = him1 & n = ourselves1 ! result & urg5t prompt+ ( :i* is ! impulse1 ! /rong irrepressible desire to relieve1 n ourselves f uneas9ess1 b ! suff]] f t :i* occasions 8 di/ress4 ,:at foll[s f ?is ,!ory4--,if compassion = o!rs 7 ! (fspr+ ( fe> = ourselves1 !n1 z ,butl] has well said1 ! mo/ fe>ful natures ought to be ! mo/ compassionate1 :i* is f> f be+ ! case4 ,x may be add$1 also1 t if sympa?y is1 9 any respect1 a selfi% pr9ciple1 !n !y :o are mo/ completely & habitually gov]n$ by selfi% consid]ations ought1 = ! same reason1 to be ! mo/ ke5ly alive to ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 :i* is little less ?an a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,rational ,,emotions4 ,i4--,,emotions ,,( ,,joy ,,or ,,sadness ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,contemplation ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,excell5ce ,,or ,,! ,,rev]se4 ,nature & ,objects ( ?is ,emotion4--,among ^? susceptibilities :i*1 :ile implant$ 9 our nature1 & spr++ into ex]cise by _! own spontane\s en]gy1 imply 9 _! op]ation ! ex]cise ( ! reflective p[]s1 & 9 g5]al1 ( ! high] intellectual faculties1 & :i* on t acc\nt1 we designate z rational1 9 di/9ction f ! in/9ctive emotions1 a prom95t place is due to ^? vivid feel+s ( pleasure1 & pa91 ) :i* we contemplate any real or suppos$ excell5ce1 or defect1 9 ourselves4 ,! direct object ( ! emotions n[ "u consid]ation1 is self 9 "s =m or aspect4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ^! emotions is "s real or fanci$ excell5ce :i* we possess1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 "s real or imag9$ defici5cy4 ,?is excell5ce or defici5cy may p]ta9 to our intellectual or to our moral qualities & atta9m5ts1 or ev5 to our circum/ances & condition 9 life1 to any ?+1 9 %ort1 :i* is ours1 & :i* di/+ui%es u f our fell[s4 ,! quality contemplat$ may be a real possession & atta9m5t1 or x may exi/ only 9 our imag9ation & conceit4 ,& s1 also1 ( ! defect2 t1 too1 may be real1 or imag9>y4 ,9 ei!r case1 vivid feel+s are awak5$ 9 ! m9d4 ,x is impossible to contemplate ourselves ei!r z possess+ or z lack+ any desirable quality )\t emotion1 pleas+ or pa9ful1 & t 9 a high degree4 ,9 :at ,mann] awak5$4--,^! emotions are awak5$ 9 ei!r ( two ways3 by ! simple contemplation ( ! suppos$ excell5ce1 or defect1 9 !mselves consid]$ z p]ta9+ to u2 or1 m frequ5tly1 by ! comp>ison ( ourselves ) o!rs 9 ^! respects4 ,x is to ! feel+s awak5$1 9 ! latt] case1 by ! p]ceiv$ sup]iority or inf]iority ( ourselves to o!rs1 z ! result ( su* comp>ison1 t ! t]ms pride & humility are ord9>ily appli$4 ,^! t]ms are relative1 & imply1 always1 "s process ( comp>ison4 ,!re may be1 h[ev]1 ! pa9ful consci\sness ( defect1 or ! pleas+ consci\sness ( "s high & noble atta9m5t1 :5 ! relation :i* we su/a9 to o!rs1 z reg>ds ^! po9ts1 =ms no "p ( ! object ( contemplation4 ,! comp>ison is n ( ourselves ) o!rs1 b only ( our pres5t ) our =m] selves4 ,we are satisfi$ & delight$ at our own progress & improvem5t1 or humbl$ & ca/ d[n at our repeat$ failure1 & manife/ defici5cy4 ,n ! same ) moral ,emotion4--,! emotions n[ "u consid]ation mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! satisfaction :i* arises 9 view ( moral wor?9ess1 & ! regret & disapprobation ) :i* we view our pa/ conduct z morally wrong4 ,! emotions ( :i* we n[ speak1 are n ( ! nature ( moral emotion1 h[ev] closely alli$ 9 "s respects4 ,x is n ! v]dict ( an approv+ or condemn+ consci5ce t awak5s !m4 ,!y h no ref]5ce to ! "r z su*4 ,! object is view$1 n 9 ! light ( obligation or duty1 b m]ely z a good1 a ?+ agreeable & desirable4 ,?us view$1 its possession gives u pleasure1 its abs5ce1 pa94 ,n blame-wor?y 9 itself4--,9 ! simple emotion ?us awak5$1 ! satisfaction & pleasure ) :i* we reg>d our own intellectual & moral atta9m5ts1 or ev5 our ext]nal circum/ances1 !re is no?+ blamable or unwor?y ( ! true man4 ,x is simply ! work+ ( nature4 ,! susceptibility to su* emotion is "p ( our con/itution1 implant$ & inh]5t4 ,z ,dr4 ,br[n has well rem>k$1 x is impossible to desire excell5ce1 & n to rejoice at its atta9m5t2 & if x is culpable to feel pleasure at atta9m5ts :i* h made u nobl] ?an we 7 be=e1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 culpable to desire su* excell5ce4 ,9 :at ,cases ! ,emotion becomes culpable4--,x is only :5 ! emotion exi/s 9 an undue degree1 or ) reg>d to unwor?y objects1 :5 ! suppos$ excell5ce ^u :i* we congratulate ourselves really does n exi/1 or1 :5 exi/+1 we are dispos$ to set ourselves up above o!rs on acc\nt ( x1 & p]haps to look d[n ^u o!rs = ! lack ( x1 or ev5 to make !m feel by our mann] & be>+ :at & h[ great ! diff]5ce is betwe5 !m & u2 x is only "u su* =ms & modifications1 t ! feel+ becomes culpable & odi\s4 ,^! x n unfrequ5tly assumes4 ,!y are ! /ates ( m9d commonly d5ot$ by ! t]m pride1 z ! ^w is us$ 9 common spee*2 & ! c5sure usually & v ju/ly atta*$ to ! /ate ( m9d designat$ by t t]m1 mu/ be und]/ood z applicable to ! disposition & feel+s n[ describ$1 & n to ! simple emotion ( pleasure 9 view ( our own real or suppos$ atta9m5ts4 ,t :i* we condemn 9 ! pr\d man is n t he excels o!rs1 or is consci\s ( ?us excell+1 or takes pleasure ev5 9 t consci\sness1 b t1 comp>+ himself ) o!rs1 & feel+ 8 sup]iority1 he is dispos$ to ?9k m highly ( himself ?an he ought1 on acc\nt ( x1 & m contemptu\sly ( o!rs ?an he ought1 & especially if he seeks to impress o!rs ) ! s5se ( t sup]iority4 ,diff]5t ,=ms :i* ?is ,disposition assumes4--,?is he may d 9 sev]al ways4 ,he may be fond ( display+ 8 sup]iority1 & ( c\rt+ ! applause & di/9ction :i* x br+s4 ,!n he is ! va9 man4 ,he may make mu* ( t :i* really is wor? little1 & plume himself on :at he does n really possess4 ,!n he is ! conceit$ man4 ,he may look ) contempt ^u & treat ) arrogance 8 inf]iors4 ,!n he is ! haughty man4 ,or he may h too mu* pride to %[ 9 ?is way 8 own pride2 too mu* self-respect to put on airs1 & c\rt att5tion by display2 too mu* s5se to rate himself v f> above 8 real wor?2 too mu* good bre$+ to treat o!rs ) arrogance & hauteur4 ,9 t case he cont5ts himself ) 8 own high op9ion & e/imate ( himself1 & ! enjoym5t ( 8 own consci\s sup]iority to ^? ar\nd him4 ,he is simply ! pr\d man !n1 n ! va91 ! conceit$1 or ! arrogant4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* t he ?9ks less highly ( himself1 & less contemptu\sly ( o!rs 9 comp>ison1 b t he does n s fully %[ :at he ?9ks4 ,! sup]iority is felt1 b x is n s pla9ly manife/$4 ,! ,disposition1 z ?us manife/$1 repreh5sible4--,( ?is disposition & /ate ( m9d 9 any ( its manife/ations z n[ describ$1 x is n too mu* to say t x is wor?y ( ! c5sure :i* x commonly receives4 ,x is n m]ely unamiable & odi\s1 b morally repreh5sible4 ,especially is ?is ! case :]e ! sup]iority consi/s1 n 9 m5tal or moral end[m5ts & atta9m5ts1 b 9 adv5titi\s circum/ances1 su* z beauty or /r5g? ( p]son1 /ation 9 society1 weal?1 or ! accid5t ( bir?--circum/ances :i* imply no necess>y wor? 9 ! possessor1 no real & inh]5t sup]iority to ^? on :om he looks d[n4 ,9 su* a case1 pride is purely contemptible4 ,incompatible ) ! highe/ ,excell5ce4--,! highe/ excell5ce is ev] incompatible ) ! disposition to ?9k highly ( our pres5t atta9m5ts & excell5ce1 & to place ourselves above o!rs 9 comp>ison4 ,emotions ( pleasure may inde$ arise 9 our m9ds1 z we view ! unmi/akable evid5ces ( our own improvem5t4 ,b ! noble/ nature is t :i* looks nei!r at itself1 to m>k its own acquirem5ts1 nor yet at o!rs bel[ itself1 to m>k its own sup]iority1 b ^: e>ne/ gaze is fix$ only on t :i* is above & sup]ior to itself--! beau ideal ev] float+ be=e x ( an excell5ce n yet atta9$--9 comp>ison ) :i* all pres5t atta9m5ts seem ( little mom5t4 ,! truly great & noble m9d is ev] humble1 & consci\s ( its own defici5cies4 ,,ii4--,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,! ,,ludicr\s4 ,prop]ly an ,emotion4--,among ! s\rces ( rational enjoym5t :i* ! con/itution ( our nature af=ds1 mu/ be reckon$ ! feel+ awak5$ by ! p]ception ( ! ludicr\s4 ,we class ?is among ! emotions1 inasmu* z x is a matt] ( feel+1 & ( pleasurable feel+1 diff]+ 9 its nature n m f ! intellectual faculties1 on ! "o h&1 ?an f ! affections & desires1 on ! o!r4 ,x is a species ( joy or gladness1 a pleasurable excitem5t ( feel+1 awak5$ by a p>ticul> class ( objects4 ,:atev] else may be true ( ! feel+ 9 "q1 ! "* ( agreeabl5ess is insep>able f x4 ,x falls1 !re=e1 prop]ly into t class ( feel+s :i* comprises ! v>i\s modifications ( joy & sorr[1 & :i* we h d5om9at$ simple emotions4 ,:y rational4--,we t]m x rational1 r ?an in/9ctive1 inasmu* z x implies1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ! ex]cise ( ! high] intellectual faculties4 ,x is ! pr]ogative ( reason4 ,! brute nature has no p]ception1 & ( c\rse no enjoym5t1 ( ! ludicr\s4 ,! idiot has none4 ,! uncultivat$ savage nature has x only 9 a slight degree4 ,9 ?is respect ! feel+ "u consid]ation is q analog\s to ! enjoym5t ( ! beautiful & sublime1 & also to ! feel+ awak5$ 9 view ( "r or wrong action1 ! approbation or disapprobation ( our pa/ conduct4 ,all ^!1 ?\gh f\nd$ 9 our nature & con/itution1 are rational r ?an in/9ctive1 z imply+ ! ex]cise ( ^? faculties :i* m peculi>ly di/+ui% man f ! l[] ord]s ( be+4 ,9 :at ,way to be def9$4--,to def9e precisely ! emotion ( ! ludicr\s w\ld be z difficult z to give an exact def9ition ( any o!r feel+4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves1 z 9 all su* cases1 by det]m9+ ! circum/ances or conditions :i* give occasion = ! feel+4 ,?\gh we _c def9e ! emotion itself1 we c c>efully obs]ve & specify ! v>i\s objects & occasions t give rise to x4 ,! ,"q /at$4--,views ( ,locke & ,dryd54--,"u :at circum/ances1 !n1 is ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s awak5$8 ,:at is t c]ta9 peculi>ity1 or quality1 ( a c]ta9 class ( objects1 :i* con/itutes :at we call ! ludicr\s1 objectively consid]$8 ,v>i\s answ]s h be5 giv5 to ?is "q1 by writ]s n unaccu/om$ to ! c>eful obs]vation ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,mr4 ,locke's def9ition ( wit is to ?is effect1 t x consi/s 9 putt+ ^? ideas toge!r ) quickness & v>iety1 :]e9 c be f\nd any resemblance or congruity1 :]eby to make up pleasant pictures & agreeable visions 9 ! fancy4 ,?is1 x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$1 is too compreh5sive1 s9ce x includes ! entire range ( eloqu5ce & poetry4 ,x compr5ds ! sublime & ! beautiful z well z ! witty4 ,x applies to ! mo/ faceti\s passages ( ,hudibras2 x applies equally well to ! mo/ eloqu5t passages ( ,burke or ,web/]1 & to _m ( ! f9e/ passages ( ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,/ill m compreh5sive is ,dryd5's def9ition1 :o says ( wit1 t x is a propriety ( ?\ghts & words1 or ?\ghts & words eloqu5tly adapt$ to ! subject1 a def9ition :i*1 x has be5 jocosely rem>k$1 w\ld include at once ,blair's ,s]mons1 ,campbell's ,pleasures ( ,hope1 ,cs>'s ,comm5t>ies1 ! ,philippics ( ,cic]o1 & ! fun]al orations ( ,bossuet1 z peculi>ly witty productions4 ,x %\ld 9 ju/ice be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t nei!r ,dryd5 nor ,locke1 9 _! use ( ! t]m wit1 seem to h _h 9 m9d :at we n[ und]/& by x1 viz41 faceti\sness1 or ! mir?-provok+ p[]1 b r to h employ$ ! ^w 9 t m g5]al s5se1 9 :i* x 0 =m]ly almo/ exclusively us$1 to d5ote sm>tness & vigor ( ! intellectual p[]s1 good s5se1 s\nd judgm5t1 quickness ( ! appreh5sion1 m p>ticul>ly z ^! qualities are exhibit$ 9 disc\rse or 9 writ+4 ,def9ition ( ,johnson4--,johnson comes ne>] ! m>k :5 he def9es wit z a k9d ( concordia discors1 a comb9ation ( dissimil> images1 a discov]y ( occult resemblances 9 ?+s app>5tly unlike4 ,n mu* remov$ f ?is1 if n inde$ d]iv$ f x1 is ! def9ition ( wit giv5 by ,campbell1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,rhetoric--t :i* excites agreeable surprise 9 ! m9d1 by ! /range assemblage ( relat$ images pres5t$ to x4 ,to ?is1 also1 applies ! same objection z to ! prec$+ def9itions1 t x includes too mu*1 ! beautiful & sublime n less ?an ! ludicr\s1 eloqu5ce z well z wit4 ,( ,hobbes4--,hobbes def9es laught]1 :i*1 s f> z relates to ! m9d1 is m]ely ! expression ( ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s1 to be a sudd5 glory1 aris+ f a sudd5 conception ( "s em95cy 9 ourselves1 by comp>ison ) ! infirmity ( o!rs1 or our own =m] infirmity4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ! object :i* excites laught]1 always pres5t itself to ! m9d z 9 "s s5se its inf]ior2 & 9 s f>1 ! def9ition involves an ess5tial elem5t ( ! ludicr\s4 ,! p]son laugh+ is always1 = ! "t be+1 sup]ior1 9 8 own e/imation at lea/1 to ! p]son or ?+ laugh$ at4 ,x is "s awkw>dness1 "s blund]1 "s defect ( body1 m9d1 or mann]1 "s lack ( %>pness & s5se1 or ( c\rage1 or ( dignity1 "s p]ceiv$ incongruity betwe5 ! true "* or position ( ! individual & 8 pres5t circum/ances1 t excites our laught] & con/itutes ! ludicr\s4 ,objections to ?is ,!ory4--,x is n true1 h[ev]1 t ! laught]1 or ! disposition to laugh1 arises f ! simple conception ( our own sup]iority1 or ! inf]iority ( ! object contemplat$1 ev5 9 ! cases suppos$2 = if t 7 s1 !n :]ev] & :5ev] we discov] su* sup]iority1 ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s ought to be awak5$1 & ! great] ! sup]iority1 ! /rong] ! t5d5cy to mir?2 :i* is f> f be+ ! case4 ,we are n dispos$ to laugh at ! mis=tunes ( o!rs1 h[ev] sup]ior our own condition may be to !irs 9 t v respect4 ,my e/ate may be bett] ?an my neighbor's1 or my heal? sup]ior to 81 b ,i am n dispos$ to laugh at him on t acc\nt4 ,on ! !ory ( ,hobbes1 no p]sons ought to be s full ( m]rim5t1 ev5 to ov]fl[+1 z ! pr\d1 self-conceit$1 & sup]cili\s1 :o are mo/ deeply impress$ ) ! idea ( _! own va/ sup]iority to p & ?+s 9 g5]al4 ,! fact is precisely ! rev]se4 ,su* p]sons seldom laugh1 & :5 !y d1 ! smile t plays = a mom5t on ! face is ( t cold & disda9ful nature :i* is f> remov$ f g5u9e & he>ty m]rim5t4 ,x has little 9 x1 z x has be5 well said1 ( ! full glory+ & em95cy ( laught]1 b is r l ! smile ( ,cassius4 ,he loves no plays1 ,z ?\ do/1 ,antony2 he he>s no music2 ,seldom he smiles2 & smiles 9 su* a sort1 ,z if he mock$ himself1 & scorn$ 8 _s1 ,t c\ld be mov$ to smile at any ?+4 ,we _c !n resolve ! ludicr\s into ! simple p]ception ( "s inf]iority ( ! object or p]son ?us reg>d$1 to ourselves1 s9ce !re are _m k9ds ( inf]iority :i* d n1 9 ! lea/1 awak5 ! s5se ( ! ludicr\s1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ^? :o are mo/ impress$ by ! consci\sness ( _! sup]iority are n usually mo/ dispos$ to mir?4 ,incongruity ! ess5tial ,elem5t4--,if we are requir$ n[ to specify 9 :at consi/s ! ess5tial "* ( ! ludicr\s1 & ( wit :i* may be reg>d$ z ! excit+ or produc+ cause ( ! same1 we %\ld detect x 9 ! gr\p+1 or br++ toge!r 9 a sudd5 & unexpect$ mann]1 ideas or ?+s t are 9 _! nature incongru\s4 ,! incongruity ( ! objects ?us br\ght into juxtaposition1 & ! surprise felt at ! novel & unexpect$ relation ?us discov]$1 are1 x seems to me1 ! true ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! idea ( ! ludicr\s4 ,if we exam9e closely ! diff]5t objects t give rise to ?is emotion1 we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 always some?+ incongru\s1 & consequ5tly unusual & unexpect$1 9 ! relations pres5t$1 :e!r ( ideas or ( ?+s4 ,x may be ! result ( accid5t1 or ( awkw>dness1 or ( m5tal obtus5ess1 or ( design2 x matt]s n 9 :at mode or f :at s\rce ! ?+ proce$s2 :5ev] ^! conditions are answ]$1 ! s5se ( ! ludicr\s is awak5$4 ,relation ( ,surprise to ! ludicr\s4--,surprise is an ess5tial concomitant ( ! ludicr\s4 ,?is is ! /ate ( m9d into :i* we are ?r[n by ! occurr5ce ( any ?+ new1 /range1 out ( ! usual c\rse1 &1 !re=e1 unexpect$4 ,:atev] is incongru\s1 is likely to be unusual1 & ( c\rse unexpect$1 & h5ce /rikes ! m9d ) m or less surprise4 ,n e ?+ t surprises u1 h[ev]1 is witty4 ,! sudd5 fall ( a w9d[ ne> :i* we are sitt+1 or ! unexpect$ dis*>ge ( a musket )9 a few paces ( u1 may cause u to />t ) surprise1 b w\ld n /rike u probably z p>ticul>ly faceti\s4 ,we are surpris$ to he> ( ! dea? ( a fri5d1 or ( "s fe>ful accid5t1 att5d$ ) loss ( life to _m1 b !re is no mir?fulness 9 su* surprise4 ,x is only t =m ( surprise :i* is awak5$ by ! p]ception ( ! incongru\s1 & n ! surprise we feel 9 g5]al at any ?+ new & /range1 t is relat$ to ! ludicr\s4 ,x is r a concomitant1 !re=e1 ?an /rictly an elem5t ( ! emotion we are n[ consid]+4 ,novelty z relat$ to ,wit4--,h[ mu* novelty & sudd5ness add to ! effect ( wit1 e "o kn[s4 ,a /ory h[ev] witty1 once he>d1 loses its fre%ness & ze/1 &1 (t5 repeat$1 becomes n m]ely un9t]e/+1 b irksome1 & at l5g? intol]able4 ,9 ! same mann]1 & = ! same reason1 a witticism :i* we "k to h be5 prem$itat$ produces little effect1 z comp>$ ) ! same ?+ said 9 sudd5 rep>tee1 & on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,t a man %\ld h /udi$ out "s curi\s relations & comb9ations ( ?+s 9 8 closet1 does n surprise u s mu*1 z t he %\ld happ5 to conceive ( ^! relations at ! v mom5t :5 !y w\ld meet ! exig5cy ( ! occasion4 ,! epi!ts :i* we mo/ commonly apply to any witty production or faceti\s rem>k1 indicate ! same ?+2 we call x lively1 fre%1 sp>kl+1 full ( vivacity & ze/--t]ms borr[$1 p]haps1 f ! *oic] w9es1 :i* w n be> exposure b lose _! flavor & life :5 once br\ght to ! air4 ,ev5 ! ,incongru\s n always ludicr\s4--,we come to ?is result1 !n1 9 our own attempt$ analysis1 t ! incongruity ( ! ideas or objects br\ght into relation ) ea* o!r con/itutes ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic1 ! inv>iable elem5t ( ! ludicr\s1 ! effect be+ always greatly height5$ by ! surprise we feel at ! novel & unexpect$ comb9ations ?us pres5t$4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ! incongru\s & unexpect$ fail to awak5 ! s5se ( ! ludicr\s1 :5 ! object or ev5t contemplat$ is ( su* a nature z to give rise to o!r & m s]i\s emotions4 ,:5 ! occurr5ce1 h[ev] novel & surpris+ 9 itself1 or ev5 ludicr\s1 is ( su* a nature z to endang] ! life1 or s]i\sly injure ! well-be+ ( ourselves or ( o!rs1 9 ! "o case fe>1 9 ! o!r compassion1 are at once awak5$1 & all s5se ( ! ludicr\s is completely at an end4 ,! grav] passion is at v>iance ) ! light]1 & bani%es x f ! m9d4 ,%\ld we see a well dress$ & portly man1 ( "s pret5sion & be>+1 accid5tally lose 8 foot+ & sprawl +lori\sly 9 ! gutt]1 our fir/ impulse und\bt$ly w\ld be to laugh4 ,! incongruity ( 8 pres5t position & appe>ance ) 8 g5]al neatness ( p]son & dignity ( mann] w\ld appeal /rongly to ! s5se ( ! ridicul\s4 ,%\ld we le>n1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! fall he _h brok5 8 leg1 or o!rwise s]i\sly injur$ himself1 our mir?fulness at once gives place to pity4 ,discov]y ( ,tru? n alli$ to ! ludicr\s4--,x is = a simil> reason t ! discov]y ( any new & important tru? 9 sci5ce1 h[ev] /range & unexpect$1 nev] awak5s ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s4 ,its importance c>ries x ov] into a high] sph]e ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,kepl]'s law ( planet>y motion mu/ h be5 at fir/ a /range & wond]ful ann\ncem5t2 ! *emical id5tity ( *>coal & ! diamond pres5ts1 9 a new & /range relation1 objects app>5tly mo/ unlike & incongru\s2 yet1 9 all probability1 nei!r ! a/ronom]1 nor ! *emi/1 :o made & ann\nc$ ^! discov]ies1 7 reg>d$ by ! m5 ( ! "t z hav+ done any ?+ peculi>ly witty4 ,we look at ! importance ( ! results 9 su* cases1 & :atev] ( oddity or incongruity !re may be 9 ! ideas or objects ?us relat$1 fails to impress ! m9d 9 ! pres5ce ( grav] emotions4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ! ludicr\s4--,! incongruity t awak5s ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s may pres5t itself 9 _m div]se =ms4 ,x may relate to objects1 or to ideas4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! gr\p+ or br++ toge!r ( ! incongru\s elem5ts may be accid5tal1 or x may be int5tional4 ,if accid5tal1 x passes = a blund]2 if int5tional1 x takes ! "n ( wit4 ,accid5tal & int5tional gr\p+ ( ,objects incongru\s4--,( ! accid5tal gr\p+ ( objects t are incongru\s1 we h an in/ance 9 ! case already suppos$1 ( ! well dress$ & dignifi$ g5tleman unexpect$ly pro/rate 9 ! mud4 ,if 9 place ( ! dignifi$ g5tleman we h ! d&y1 or ! ,broadway exquisite1 fre% f ! toilet1 ! incongruity is s mu* ! great]1 & s mu* ! great] our mir?4 ,let ! h]o ( ! sc5e1 = in/ance1 be su* a "o z ,hotspur s contemptu\sly describes z com+ to p>ley ) him aft] battle3-- ,:5 ,i 0 dry ) rage & extreme toil1 ,brea?less & fa9t1 lean+ ^u my sword1 ,came !re a c]ta9 "l1 neat1 trimly dress$1 ,fre% z a bridegroom2 & 8 *91 new-reap$1 ,%[$ l a /ubble-l& at h>ve/ home4 ,he 0 p]fum$ l a mill9]2 ,& 'twixt 8 f+] & 8 ?umb he held ,a p\ncet box1 :i* ev] & anon ,he gave 8 nose1 & took't away aga92 --imag9e su* a "*1 ) all 8 f9]y1 fl\nd]+ 9 ! mud1 & ! ludicr\sness ( ! sc5e w\ld be su* z to set at naught all attempts at gravity1 ev5 on ! "p ( ^? :o seldom smile4 ,:5 ! incongru\s objects are purposely br\ght into relation = ! sake ( excit+ mir?1 ! wit may be at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 9 :i* case we h ei!r ! practical joke1 or simple buffoon]y1 imitat+ ! peculi>ities & incongruities ( o!rs2 or ! jok] may play (f 8 wit at 8 own exp5se1 & act ! cl[n or ! fool = ! amusem5t ( obs]v]s4 ,accid5tal gr\p+ ( incongru\s ,ideas4--,:5 ! incongruity is t n ( objects1 b ( ideas br\ght into new & unexpect$ relation1 & :5 ?is is ! result ( accid5t or awkw>dness1 r ?an ( design1 we h :at is t]m$ a blund] or a bull4 ,9 su* a case !re is always involv$ "s inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! ?+ meant1 & ! ?+ said or done4 ,!re is an app>5t congruity1 b a real incongruity ( ! relat$ ideas4 ,an in/ance ( ?is occurs 9 ! anecdote relat$ by ,sydney ,smi?1 ( a physician1 :o1 be+ pres5t :]e ! conv]sation turn$ ^u an ,engli% nobleman ( rank & =tune1 b )\t *ildr51 rem>k$1 ) great s]i\sness1 t to be *ildless 0 a mis=tune1 b he ?\ght he _h obs]v$ t x 0 h]$it>y 9 "s families4 ,( ?is nature is mo/ ( ! wit :i* we call ,iri%2 ! result ( accid5t r ?an design--a blund]1 a bull4 ,x is said t dur+ ! late rebellion 9 ,irel&1 ! enrag$ populace1 on a c]ta9 occasion1 v5t$ _! wra? aga9/ a fam\s bank]1 by solemnly resolv+ to burn all 8 bank-notes :i* !y c\ld lay h&s on2 =gett+1 9 _! rage1 t ?is 0 only to make !mselves s mu* ! poor]1 & him s mu* ! ri*]4 ,! in/ance giv5 by ,mr4 ,mahan is also 9 po9t1 ( two ,iri%m5 walk+ toge!r ?r\gh ! woods1 ! =emo/ ( :om seiz+ a bran*1 z he pass$ along1 & hold+ x = a :ile1 sudd5ly let x fly back1 :]eby 8 companion beh9d 0 sudd5ly r$uc$ to a horizontal position1 b on recov]+ himself1 congratulat$ 8 associate on hav+ held back ! bran* z long z he did1 s9ce x mu/ o!rwise h kill$ him4 ,int5tional gr\p+ ( incongru\s ,ideas4--,! int5tional gr\p+ ( incongru\s ideas1 = ! purpose ( excit+ ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s1 is m prop]ly d5om9at$ wit4 ,?is1 aga91 may assume div]se =ms4 ,:]e ! ideas are entirely dissimil>1 b h a "n or s\nd 9 common1 :i* simil>ity ( m]e s\nd or "n is seiz$ ^u z ! basis ( comp>ison1 ! wit takes ! "n ( a pun4 ,! m complete ! incongruity ( ! two ideas1 ?us br\ght into /range & unexpect$ relation1 "u cov] ( a ^w1 ! m p]fect ! pun1 & ! m ludicr\s ! effect4 ,?is k9d ( wit is des]v$ly reckon$ z inf]ior4 ,by unremitt+ ex]tions1 says a qua9t writ]1 x has be5 at la/ put "u1 & driv5 into cloi/]s1 f :5ce x mu/ nev] aga9 be suff]$ to em]ge into ! light ( ! _w4 ,"o invaluable bless+1 adds ! same au?or1 produc$ by ! bani%m5t ( punn+ is1 an imm$iate r$uction ( ! numb] ( wits4 ,! ,burlesque4--,:5 ! wit is employ$ 9 debas+ :at is great & impos+1 by apply+ !reto figures & phrases t are mean & contemptible1 x takes ! "n ( burlesque4 ,! pages ( ,hudibras af=d abundant illu/rations ( ?is =m ( ! ludicr\s4 ,! battle ( ,don ,quixote & ! w9d-mills is a burlesque on ! anci5t t\rnam5ts4 ,! ,mock-,h]oic4--,! mock-h]oic1 by a contr>y process1 provokes ! s5se ( ! ridicul\s by inve/+ :at is inconsid]able & mean ) high-s\nd+ epi!ts & dignifi$ description4 ,! battle ( ! mice & frogs is an in/ance ( ?is4 ,! d\ble ,mean+4--,beside ! v>ieties ( int5tional incongruity ( ideas already m5tion$1 !re are c]ta9 less important =ms ( witticism1 :i* c p]haps h>dly be class$ "u any ( ! =ego+ divisions4 ,! :ole tribe ( d\ble ent5dres1 or d\ble mean+s1 :]e "o ?+ is said & ano!r ?+ is meant1 or at lea/ :]e ! app>5t & hone/ is n ! only or ! real mean+2 satire1 :i* is only a modification ( ! same pr9ciple1 drawn out into some:at m ext5d$ & dignifi$ disc\rse1 & :i*1 "u ! =m ( app>5t praise1 hides ! %afts ( ridicule & invective2 s>casm1 :i* conveys ! int5d$ c5sure & invective 9 a some:at m indirect & oblique mann]2--^! are all b v>i\s modes ( :at we h call$ int5tional incongruity ( ideas4 ,?is ,pr9ciple1 9 :at ,respects ( dang]\s ,t5d5cy4--,( ! value ( ?is pr9ciple ( our nature1 ,i h z yet said no?+4 ,to e/imate x at its true wor?1 is n altoge!r an easy ?+4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re c be little d\bt t1 c>ri$ to excess1 x becomes a dang]\s pr9ciple4 ,! t5d5cy to view all ?+s1 ev5 p]haps ! mo/ sacr$1 9 a ludicr\s light1 & to discov] fanciful & remote relations betwe5 objects & ideas ! mo/ div]se & incongru\s1 mu/ ex]t an unhappy influ5ce on ! g5]al tone & "* ( bo? ! m9d & ! he>t4 ,:]e wit1 or ! disposition to ! ludicr\s1 becomes ! pr$om9ant quality ( ! m9d1 impress+ ! o!r & nobl] faculties into its lawless s]vice1 x mu/ be to ! detrim5t ( ! m9d's highe/ en]gies & capacities2 to ! detrim5t especially ( t s9c]ity & hone/y ( purpose1 & t e>ne/ love ( tru?1 :i* are ! f\ndation ( all true greatness4 ,i speak 9 ?is ( ! excess & abuse ( wit2 ,i speak ( ! m]e wit4 ,( use to ! ,m9d4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! t5d5cy to ! ludicr\s has its uses 9 ! economy & con/itution ( our nature1 & !y are by no means to be ov]look$4 ,x gives a lightness & buoyancy1 a fre%ness & life1 to ! faculties t w\ld o!rwise be jad$ 9 ! we>y m>* & r\t9e ( life4 ,x is to ! m9d :at music is to ! soldi] on ! m>*4 ,x enliv5s & refre%es ! spirits4 ,a he>ty laugh doe? good l a m$ic9e4 ,a quick & ke5 p]ception ( ! ludicr\s1 :5 n p]mitt$ to usurp undue control1 b made ! s]vitor ( ! high] p[]s & prop5sities1 & keep+ its true place1 n 9 ! =e-front1 b 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! v>i$ & busy sc5e1 is to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ =tunate m5tal end[m5ts4 ,wit (t5 associat$ ) noble ,qualities4--,!re is no necess>y connection1 no connection ( any sort1 p]haps1 betwe5 wisdom & dullness1 al?\gh a great "p ( mank9d h always p]si/$ 9 ! contr>y op9ion4 ,! laught]-lov+ & laught]-provok+ man is by no means a fool4 ,he :o goes ?r\gh ! _w1 su* z x is1 & sees 9 all its caprices1 & inconsi/5cies1 & follies1 & absurdities1 no?+ to laugh at1 mu* m ju/ly des]ves ! suspicion ( a lack ( s5se4 ,wit1 x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$1 is seldom ! only em95t quality :i* resides 9 ! m9d ( any man2 x is commonly accompani$ by _m o!r tal5ts ( e description1 & ought to be consid]$ z a /rong evid5ce ( a f]tile & sup]ior und]/&+4 ,almo/ all ! great poets1 orators1 & /atesm5 ( all times1 h be5 witty4 ,wit z an ,in/rum5t = correct+ ,folly4--,!re is "o important use ( ! faculty "u consid]ation1 to :i* ,i h n z yet allud$4 ,i ref] to its p[] z an in/rum5t = keep+ 9 *eck ! follies & vices ( ^? :o are gov]n$ by no high] pr9ciple ?an a reg>d to ! good op9ion ( society1 & a fe> ( incurr+ ! ridicule ( an obs]v+ & %>p-sight$ _w4 ,to su*1 & su* !re are 9 multitudes1 ! _w's dread laugh is m pot5t & =midable ?an any law ( ,god or man4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 _m light] foibles & inconsi/5cies ( ev5 good m51 = :i* ! true & mo/ effective weapon is ridicule4 ,rem>ks ( ,sydney ,smi?4--,i _c bett] conclude my rem>ks ^u ?is "p ( our m5tal con/itution1 ?an by cit+ "s v j obs]vations ( ,sydney ,smi?--himself "o ( ! ke5e/ wits ( ! age4 ,i h talk$ ( ! dang] ( wit2 ,i d n mean by t to ent] into common-place declamation aga9/ faculties1 because !y are dang]\s2 wit is dang]\s1 eloqu5ce is dang]\s1 a tal5t = obs]vation is dang]\s1 e ?+ is dang]\s t has en]gy & vigor = its *>act]i/ics2 no?+ is safe b m$iocrity4444 ,b :5 wit is comb9$ ) s5se & in=mation2 :]e x is s(t5$ by b5evol5ce1 & re/ra9$ by /rong pr9ciple2 :5 x is 9 ! h&s ( a man :o c use x & despise x1 :o c be witty & some?+ mu* bett] ?an witty1 :o loves honor1 ju/ice1 dec5cy1 good nature1 morality1 & religion1 t5 ?\s& times bett] ?an wit2 wit is !n a beautiful & delightful "p ( our nature4 ,,iii4--,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,& ,,wond]ful4 ,surprise & ,ennui4--,( t =m ( surprise :i* arises 9 view ( ! incongru\s1 & :i* accompanies ! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s1 ,i h already _h occasion to speak1 9 treat+ ( t emotion4 ,( ! feel+ ( surprise 9 g5]al1 its nature1 & occasions1 & also ( t feel+ to :i* x /&s oppos$1 & :i* = want ( a bett] t]m we may call ennui1 ,i am n[ to speak4 ,def9ition & nature ( ,surprise4--,surprise may be def9$ z ! feel+ awak5$ by ! p]ception ( :atev] is new & wond]ful4 ,x is1 9 itself consid]$1 an agreeable emotion1 r ?an o!rwise4 ,v>iety & novelty are usually pleas+2 our nature dem&s !m1 & is gratifi$ at _! occurr5ce4 ,monotony1 ! unbrok5 ?read1 & ev]-recurr+ r\t9e ( ord9>y life & duty1 we>y1 &1 aft] a "t1 disgu/ u4 ,^u ?is li/lessness & le?>gy ( ! m9d1 a new & unexpect$ ev5t1 z ! arrival ( a fri5d1 or ! reception ( "s unlook$-= intellig5ce1 breaks 9 ) an agreeable surprise4 ,h5ce ! eag]ness ( m51 9 all ages & all nations1 to he> or see "s new ?+4 ,x is only :5 ! new ev5t or intellig5ce is ( ! nature ( positive evil1 :5 ! news is ( "s mis=tune1 real or imag9$1 :5 ! exp]i5ce ( pres5t1 or ! fe> ( future suff]+1 is ! direct & natural result ( ! occurr5ce1 t ! surprise becomes a pa9ful emotion4 ,& ev5 9 su* cases1 ,i am n q sure t !re is n 9 ! fir/ excitem5t ( ! m9d ^u ! reception ( bad news1 z ( ! dea? ( a fri5d1 or ! calamity ( a neighbor1 some?+ = ! mom5t1 ( ! nature ( pleasure m+l+ ) ! pa94 ,we deeply regret ! occurr5ce1 b are pleas$ to h he>d ! news4 ,! ?+ grieves u1 b n ! he>+ ( x4 ,x is n ! surprise t pa9s u1 b ! ?+ at :i* we are surpris$4 ,surprise1 l e o!r =m ( m5tal excitem5t1 is n1 9 itself1 & )9 due b\nds1 disagreeable1 b ! rev]se4 ,h[ awak5$4--,?is emotion is awak5$1 z already /at$1 9 view ( any ?+ un=ese5 & unexpect$4 ,we naturally anticipate1 to "s ext5t1 ! c\rse ( ! future4 ,we presume x w be sub/antially z ! pa/4 ,we expect ! recurr5ce ( :at has (t5 & usually occurr$1 & :5ev] any ?+ breaks 9 on ?is e/abli%$ ord] ( ev5ts1 we are surpris$ at ! int]ruption 9 ! ord9>y tra9 ( sequ5ces4 ,h5ce ! new & ! /range always excite surprise4 ,diff]s f ,wond]4--,surprise diff]s f wond]1 9 t ! latt] involves an intellectual elem5t1 ! ef=t ( ! m9d to satisfy itself ( ! cause & prop] explanation ( ! new & /range ph5om5on4 ,surprise is purely a matt] ( s5sibility1 ( feel+1 & n ( intellect4 ,! m9d is :olly passive "u ?is emotion4 ,x may lead to action1 z may any o!r emotion1 b1 l e o!r emotion1 x is1 9 itself1 an influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! m9d1 & n by x1 some?+ passively receiv$1 & n actively put =?4 ,f ,a/oni%m5t4--,x diff]s f a/oni%m5t 9 t ! latt] expresses a high] degree ( m5tal excitem5t1 z 9 view ( "s occurr5ce exce$+ly rem>kable & /range1 or ( "s object ^: magnitude & importance fills ! m9d4 ,design ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,! end to be accompli%$ by ?is provision ( our nature is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,our att5tion is !reby call$ to :atev] is out ( ! ord9>y c\rse1 & :i*1 f ! circum/ance t x is some?+ unusual1 may be suppos$ to require att5tion1 & we are put on our gu>d aga9/ ! approa*+ dang]1 or r\s$ to meet ! pres5t em]g5cy4 ,surprise is ! al>m-bell t calls all our en]gies into action1 or at lea/ w>ns !m to be 9 pres5t read9ess = :atev] s]vice may be ne$$4 ,! same pr9ciple op]ates also z a /imulus to ex]tion 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,we seek new ?+s1 we are we>y ) ! old1 & ?is simple law ( our nature is (t5 "o ( ! /ronge/ incitem5ts to ef=t4 ,! opposite ,feel+4--,! opposite ( surprise is t uneasy feel+1 ( :i* we are consci\s1 f ! con/ant recurr5ce ( ! same objects 9 unv>i$ sequ5ce2 z1 = in/ance1 f ! cont9u$ repetition ( ! same s\nd1 or s]ies ( s\nds1 ! uni=m succession ( ! same or simil> objects 9 ! l&scape1 & ! l4 ,e "o kn[s h[ t$i\s becomes a p]fectly /raight & level road1 ) ! same objects occurr+ at regul> int]vals1 & ) no?+ to break ! dead monotony ( ! sc5e4 ,! mo/ rugg$ passes ( ! ,alps w\ld be a relief 9 ex*ange1 bo? to body & m9d4 ,! repetition ( ! same song1 or ! same succession ( musical s\nds1 h[ev] pleas+ 9 !mselves1 becomes 9 l mann]1 aft] a "t1 intol]able4 ,= want ( a bett] t]m1 = ,i am n sure t we h 9 our own language any "o ^w t exactly expresses ! feel+ n[ "u consid]ation1 we may borr[ ( ! ,fr5* ! some:at expressive t]m ennui1 by :i* to designate ?is =m ( ! s5sibility4 ,use ( ,ennui4--,!re c be little d\bt t ?is feel+ subs]ves a valuable purpose 9 ! con/itution & economy ( our nature4 ,x is ! ne$$ motive & /imulus to action1 )\t :i* we %\ld settle d[n (t5 into a sluggi% indiff]5ce & cont5tm5t ) ?+s z !y are1 in/ead ( press+ =w>d to some?+ wor?i] & bett]4 ,,iv4--,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,! ,,beautiful ,,& ,,sublime4 ,! ,enjoym5t1 z di/+ui%$ f ! intellectual ,p]ception ( ! ,beautiful4--,( ! idea ( ! beautiful1 & ( ! action ( ! m9d z cognizant ( x1 9 s f> z reg>ds ! intellectual faculties1 ,i h already treat$ 9 ano!r connection4 ,b x is n ! intellect alone t comes "u ! influ5ce ( ! beautiful4 ,:at ! s5se p]ceives1 :at ! ta/e & judgm5t recognize & approve1 ! s5sibility is quick to feel4 ,emotion is awak5$4 ,no soon] is a beautiful object p]ceiv$ 9 nature or art1 ?an we are consci\s ( lively s5sations ( pleasure4 ,s /rong & s univ]sal are ^! feel+s1 t _m writ]s h be5 l$ to speak ( beauty itself1 z if x 7 an emotion1 a m]ely subjective matt]1 an affair ( feel+ m]ely4 ,! incorrectness ( ?is view has be5 already %[n1 & we ne$ n ent] ^u ! discussion anew4 ,! t]m ,admiration4--,! feel+ awak5$ by ! p]ception ( ! beautiful1 l "s o!r feel+s ( :i* we are consci\s1 has n a "n t precisely designates x2 h5ce ! expression--ambigu\s1 &1 !re=e1 objectionable--emotions ( beauty1 employ$ by c]ta9 writ]s to d5ote ! feel+ 9 "q4 ,! ^w admiration1 ?\gh (t5 us$ 9 a some:at wid] s5se1 p]haps m ne>ly expresses ! emotion to :i* ,i ref]1 ?an any o!r ^w 9 our language4 ,we are surpris$ at :at is new & /range4 ,we admire :at is beautiful & sublime4 ,! feel+ is "o ( pure & unalloy$ pleasure1 m+l$ ) m or less ( wond] or surprise1 9 case ! object contemplat$ is "o :i* is new to u1 or "o ( r>e & surpass+ beauty4 ,z ! beautiful has its opposite--! de=m$ or ugly--s ! feel+ :i* x awak5s /&s contra/$ ) an opposite emotion1 viz41 disgu/4 ,9 connection ) ?is =m ( s5sibility1 !re are "s que/ions requir+ consid]ation4 ,:e!r ! ,emotion is imm$iate4--,x is a "q some:at debat$1 :e!r ! emotions awak5$ by ! beautiful & sublime are imm$iate1 or reflective2 :e!r !y spr+ up at once on p]ception ( ! object1 or only z ! result ( reflection & reason+4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t beauty consi/s 9 utility1 or 9 ord] & proportion1 fitness1 unity ) v>iety1 etc41 mu/1 ( c\rse1 reg>d ! emotions awak5$ by x z n imm$iate1 s9ce1 accord+ to _! !ory1 "t mu/ be all[$ = ! und]/&+ to conv9ce itself1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! object is useful1 etc4 ,! qualities con/itut+ ! beauty mu/ be fir/ appreh5d$ by ! m9d z exi/+ 9 ! object1 be=e !re c be emotion1 & to d ?is is ! "w ( reflection4 ,if1 h[ev]1 beauty is b ! expression ( ! invisible "u ! visible & s5sible =ms1 !n all t is necess>y to produce emotion is simply ! p]ception ( ! object ?us expressive1 s9ce ! mom5t x is p]ceiv$1 x is p]ceiv$ z express+ some?+1 & ?us1 appeal+ to our own spiritual nature1 awak5s imm$iate emotion4 ,h[ to be decid$4--,! "q mu/ be decid$ by ! obs]vation ( facts1 & ! result w con/itute an additional argum5t 9 favor ( "o1 or ! o!r1 ( ! g5]al views ( ! beautiful n[ nam$4 ,:at !n are ! facts 9 ! case1 z giv5 by consci\sness1 & obs]vation8 ,te/imony ( ,consci\sness4--,s f> z ,i c judge1 no soon] d we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( a beautiful object ?an we are consci\s ( emotions ( pleasure4 ,!re is no previ\s cross-que/ion+ ( ! object to f9d out :e!r x is adapt$ to ?is or t useful end1 or :e!r ! rules ( ord]1 & proportion1 are obs]v$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,be=e we h "t to ?9k ( ^! ?+s1 ! s5sibility has already respond$ to ! appeal :i* beauty ev] makes to our s5sitive nature1 & ! fir/ di/9ct fact ( :i* we are consci\s is an emotion ( pleasure4 ,effect ( ,repetition4--,consci\sness assures u1 m ov]1 t ! pleasure is usually q z vivid at ! fir/ sight ( a beautiful object z ev] aft]1 :i* w\ld indicate t x is n ! result ( reflection4 ,9 tru?1 repetition is f\nd1 9 mo/ cases1 to weak5 ! emotion1 & famili>ity may ev5 de/roy x4 ,yet e repetition adds to our opportunity = obs]vation & reflection1 & /r5g!ns our conviction ( ! utility1 ! ord]1 ! fitness1 ! proportion1 ( t :i* we obs]ve4 ,critical ,reflection subsequ5t to ,emotion4--,x seems evid5t1 moreov]1 t :atev] reflections ( ?is nature we may *oose to indulge1 are uni=mly subsequ5t to ! fir/ emotion ( pleasure & delight1 to ! fir/ impression made ^u u by ! beauty ( ! object--aft]-?\ghts readily to be di/+ui%$ f ^? fir/ impressions--& t !y are usually ! result ( a special volition to in=m ourselves z to ^! matt]s2 :]eas ! emotion is spontane\s & involunt>y4 ,d\btless a pleasure arises f ! p]ception ( ! qualities ref]r$ to1 b x is a pleasure ( ano!r k9d f t :i* arises 9 view ( ! beautiful1 z su*4 ,we mu/ ?9k1 !n1 t ! emotions awak5$ by ! beautiful are imm$iate1 n reflective4 ,fur!r ,"q4--,closely alli$ to ! prec$+ is ! "q1 ,:i* prec$es ! o!r1 ! emotion :i* a beautiful object awak5s1 or ! judgm5t ( ! m9d t ! object is beautiful4 ,logically1 d\btless1 ! two ?+s may be di/+ui%$1 b n1 p]haps1 9 ord] ( "t4 ,no soon] is ! object p]ceiv$1 ?an x is bo? p]ceiv$ & felt to be beautiful4 ,! emotion awak5$ & ! m5tal affirmation1 ,t is beautiful1 are bo? imm$iate on ! p]ception ( ! object1 syn*ron\s ev5ts1 s f> z conc]ns at lea/ our ability to di/+ui% betwe5 !m 9 po9t ( "t4 ,logically1 ,emotion prec$es4--,9 po9t ( logical relation1 ! emotion1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ be all[$ ! prec$5ce1 al?\gh s high an au?ority z ,kant decides o!rwise4 ,_h we no emotion 9 view ( ! beautiful1 we %\ld n "k t x 0 beautiful4 ,z1 univ]sally1 s5sation is ! indisp5sable condition ( p]ception1 & logically1 at lea/1 its antec$5t1 s "h ! feel+ ( ! beautiful is ! condition & s\rce ( ! p]ception ( ! beautiful4 ,! object /rikes u z be+ s1 moves u1 affects u1 produces on u ! impression1 & h5ce we say1 ,t is beautiful4 ,_h we no susceptibility ( emotion 9 view ( ! beautiful1 x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r we %\ld ev] h ! p]ception or impression t any giv5 object is beautiful4 ,! ,beautiful z di/+ui%$ f ! ,sublime4--,!re is /ill ano!r po9t des]v+ att5tion4 ,9 discuss+ ! /hetic emotions1 we h spok5 z yet only ( ! feel+ awak5$ by ! beautiful4 ,h[ d ^! emotions diff]--9 degree m]ely--or 9 nature8 ,! ,op9ion t !y diff] only 9 ,degree4--,"s h ma9ta9$ t sublimity is only a high] degree ( :at we call beauty4 ,a little /ream play+ among ! hills & tumbl+ ov] ! rocks is beautiful2 a little fur!r on1 z x gr[s l>g]1 & swift]1 & /rong]1 x becomes sublime4 ,if ?is be s1 x is a v simple matt]3 ! surveyor's *a91 or a t5 foot pole1 w1 at any "t1 give u ! diff]5ce1 & enable u to det]m9e at once :e!r a riv] or a m\nta9 is m]ely pretty1 or sublime4 ,diff]5t ,emotions excit$ by ea*4--,if !y diff] 9 k9d1 h[ev]1 & n m]ely 9 quantity1 x may n be s easy to tell j :at ! diff]5ce is4 ,we c be/ detect x1 p]haps1 by obs]v+ c>efully ! diff]5ce ( ! emotions excit$ 9 u by ! two classes ( objects4 ,i contemplate an object1 :i*1 9 common ) all ! _w1 ,i call beautiful4 ,:at emotion does t object awak5 9 me8 ,an emotion ( pleasure & delight1 = :i* ,i c f9d1 p]haps1 no bett] "n ?an admiration4 ,i contemplate n[ ano!r object :i* m5 call sublime4 ,:at n[ are my emotions8 ,admiration !re may be1 b n1 z be=e1 a calm1 placid delight2 f> o!rwise4 ,an admiration m+l$ ) awe1 a s5se ( greatness & ( p[] 9 ! object n[ oppresses me1 & ,i /& z be=e "s sup]ior be+1 or elem5t1 9 ^: pres5ce ,i feel my comp>ative feebl5ess & insignificance4 ,! ,sublime conveys ! ,idea ( sup]ior ,p[]4--,accord+ly we f9d t ! objects :i* m5 call sublime are inv>iably su* z are fitt$ to awak5 su* emotions4 ,!y are objects :i* convey ! idea ( sup]ior =ce & p[]--some?+ gr& 9 its dim5sions or 9 its /r5g?--some?+ va/ & illimitable1 beyond our compreh5sion & control4 ,! b\ndless expanse ( ! ocean1 ! prairie1 or ! pa?less des]t1 ! huge mass ( "s l(ty m\nta91 ! resi/less cat>act1 ! awful cra% ( ! ?und]1 z x rolls along ! trembl+ firmam5t1 ! ro> ( ! sea 9 a /orm :5 x lifte? up its waves on high1 ! movem5ts ( an army on ! battle-field--^!1 & su* z ^!1 are ! objects we call sublime4 ,! little may be beautiful1 x is nev] sublime4 ,nor is ! m]ely great always s1 b only :5 x conveys ! idea ( sup]ior p[]4 ,montmor5ci is beautiful1 ,niag>a is sublime4 ,a ,swiss valley1 ne/l+ among ! hills1 is beautiful2 ! m\nta9s t t[] above x ?r\gh ! ov]hang+ cl\ds into ! pure upp] sky1 & 9 ! calm1 s]5e maje/y ( _! /r5g? /& look+ d[n ^u ! slumb]+ _w at _! feet1 & all ! insignificance ( man & 8 little affairs1 are sublime4 ,! ,sublime & ! ,beautiful associat$4--,nor is ! sublime always unassociat$ ) ! beautiful4 ,niag>a is n m sublime ?an beautiful4 ,! deep em]ald hue ( ! wat]s z !y plunge1 ! b[ on ! mi/1 ! foam sp>kl+ 9 ! abyss bel[1 are ea* among ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 nature4 ,! sublime & ! beautiful are (t5 m+l$ ?us1 di/9ct elem5ts1 b conjo9$ 9 ! same object4 ,! highe/ /hetic effect is produc$ by ?is comb9ation4 ,! beauty temp]s ! sublimity2 ! sublimity elevates & ennobles ! beauty4 ,x is ?us at ,niag>a4 ,x is ?us :5 ! sunrise fla%es along ! summits ( ! sn[y ,alps4 ,! ,beautiful tranquilizes1 ! ,sublime agitates4--,! beautiful pleases u2 s1 9 a s5se1 does ! sublime4 ,bo? produce agreeable emotions4 ,yet !y diff]4 ,9 ! enjoym5t ( ! beautiful !re is a calm1 quiet pleasure2 ! m9d is at re/1 undi/urb$1 c at its leisure & sweet w admire ! delicacy & elegance ( t :i* fills x ) delight4 ,b 9 ! p]ception ( ! sublime x is o!rwise4 ,! m9d is agitat$1 is 9 sympa?y ) ! /ir1 & /rife1 & play ( ! fi]ce elem5ts1 or is oppress$ ) ! feel+ ( its own insignificance1 z contra/$ ) ! /]n maje/y & /r5g? ( :at x contemplates4 ,h5ce ! sublime takes a deep] hold on ! m9d ?an ! m]ely beautiful1 awes x1 elevates x1 r\ses its slumb]+ en]gies1 quick5s ! sl[ c\rse ( ?\ght1 & makes x live1 9 brief mom5ts1 :ole h\rs & days ( ord9>y life4 ,! beautiful *>ms & soo!s u2 ! sublime subdues u & leads u captive4 ,! "o awak5s our sympa?y & love1 ! o!r r\ses 9 u all t is noble1 s]i\s1 & great 9 our nature4 ,relation ( ! ,sublime to ,fe>4--,! relation ( ! sublime to fe> has be5 notic$ by sev]al writ]s4 ,memdelssohn1 ,ancillon1 ,kant1 ,j\ffroy1 ,blair1 h spok5 ( x1 z well z ,burke4 ,! latt] 0 n f> f "r 9 8 !ory ( fe> z an elem5t ( ! sublime4 ,x 7 bett] to say awe ?an fe>1 = ! bolde/ & /\te/ he>ts are fully susceptible ( x2 & x 7 bett] to speak ( x z an elem5t ( our emotion 9 view ( ! sublime1 ?an z an elem5t ( ! sublime itself4 ,cultivation ( /hetic ,s5sibility4--,i _c1 9 ?is connection1 entirety pass )\t notice a topic requir+ mu* m c>eful consid]ation ?an my pres5t limits w p]mit--! cultivation ( ! /hetic s5sibility--( a love = ! beautiful4 ,?is ,culture neglect$4--,! love ( ! beautiful is m]ely "o ( ! manifold =ms ( ! s5sibility1 &1 9 common ) e o!r feel+ & prop5sity ( our nature1 x may be augm5t$1 quick5$1 /r5g!n$ to a v great degree by due culture & ex]cise4 ,x is an end[m5t ( nature1 b1 l o!r native end[m5ts1 x may be neglect$ & suff]$ to die out4 ,?is1 un=tunately1 is too frequ5tly ! case ) ^? especially :o are engag$ 9 ! active pursuits ( life4 ,! "t & ! att5tion are dem&$ = o!r & m important matt]s1 & s ! m]ely beautiful is pass$ by unhe$$4 ,x admits ( "q1 :e!r x is n a s]i\s defect 9 our sy/ems ( education1 t s little att5tion is paid to ! culture ( ! ta/e1 & ( a true love = ! beautiful4 ,! means ( su* a culture are ev] at h&4 ,! great works & ! mo/ p]fect models 9 art are n1 inde$1 accessible to all4 ,n e "o c cross ! seas to /udy ! frescoes ( ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,b ar\nd u 9 nature1 along our daily pa?s1 are ! works ( a great] ,arti/1 & no intellig5t & ?\ghtful m9d ne$ be unobs]vant ( _! beauty4 ,nor is !re dang]1 z "s may appreh5d1 t we %all c>ry ?is matt] to excess4 ,! t5d5cies ( our age & ( our c\ntry are :olly ! rev]se4 ,! dang] is r t 9 ! activity & en]gy ( our new life1 ! high] culture w be ov]look$1 & ! love ( ! beautiful die out4 ,value ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,! love ( ! beautiful is ! s\rce ( "s ( ! pure/ & mo/ exquisite pleasures ( life4 ,x is ! gift ( ,god 9 ! creation & end[m5t ( ! human s\l4 ,nature lays ! f\ndation = x among h] e>lie/ developm5ts4 ,! *ild is1 by nature1 a lov] ( ! beautiful4 ,nor is x 9 e>ly life alone t ?is pr9ciple has its natural & normal developm5ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 "u favorable circum/ances1 x gr[s /rong] & m active z ! m9d matures1 & ! ye>s pass on4 ,happy he :o1 ev5 9 old age1 keeps fre% 9 8 he>t ?is pure & beautiful f\nta9 ( 8 y\?2 :o1 z days advance1 & %ad[s l5g!n1 & s5se gr[s dull1 c /ill look1 ) all ! admiration & delight ( 8 *ildi% ye>s1 on :atev] is truly beautiful 9 ! works ( ,god or man4 ,v4--,,satisfaction ,,9 ,,view ,,( ,,"r ,,conduct1 ,,& ,,remorse ,,9 ,,view ,,( ,,wrong4 ,! ,feel+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,p]ception ( ,"r4--,9 ! *apt] on ! ,idea & ,cognizance ( ! ,"r1 ! notion ( "r1 9 itself consid]$1 & also ! m9d's action z cognizant ( ! "r1 s f> at lea/ z conc]ns ! intellectual faculties ?us employ$1 7 fully discuss$4 ,x is n necess>y n[ to ent] aga9 ^u ! inve/igation ( ^! topics4 ,b1 z 9 ! cognizance ( ! beautiful1 s 9 ! cognizance ( ! "r1 n only is ! intellect ex]cis$1 b ! s5sibility also is ar\s$4 ,z consequ5t ^u ! p]ceptions ( ! intellect1 emotion is awak5$2 & t emotion is bo? def9ite & /rong4 ,x is peculi> 9 its op]ation4 ,no emotion t /irs ! human bosom is m uni=m 9 its developm5t1 m /rongly m>k$ 9 its "*1 or ex]ts a deep] & m p]man5t influ5ce on ! happ9ess & de/9y ( man1 ?an ! satisfaction ) :i* he views ! virtu\s conduct ( a well-sp5t h\r or a well-sp5t life1 & ! regret1 am\nt+ sometimes to remorse1 ) :i*1 on ! contr>y1 he looks back ^u ! misde$s & follies ( ! pa/4 ,( all ! =ms ( joy & sorr[ t ca/ _! lights & %ad[s ov] ! *eck]$ sc5e & pa?way ( human exi/5ce1 !re are none :i*1 aside f _! e?ical relations1 are ( deep] int]e/ to ! psy*ologi/1 or m wor?y 8 c>eful /udy1 ?an ! emotions to :i* ,i n[ ref]4 ,! moral ,faculty n resolvable into moral ,feel+4--,s deeply h c]ta9 writ]s be5 impress$ ) ! importance ( ?is "p ( our nature1 t !y h n hesitat$ to resolve ! moral faculty itself into ! emotions n[ "u consid]ation1 & to make ! recognition ( moral di/9ctions ultimately a m]e matt] ( feel+4 ,?is1 :e!r reg>d$ e?ically1 or psy*ologically1 is c]ta9ly a great mi/ake1 fatal 9 ei!r case to ! true sci5ce :e!r ( morals or ( m9d4 ,"r & wrong1 z also ! beautiful & its opposite1 are n m]e conceptions ( ! human m9d4 ,!y h an actual objective exi/5ce & reality &1 z su*1 are cogniz$ by ! m9d1 :i* p]ceives a giv5 act to be "r or wrong1 &1 z su*1 obligatory or ! opposite1 & approves or condemns ! de$1 & ! do] accord+ly4 ,s f> ! intellect is conc]n$4 ,b ! process does n /op "h4 ,s5sibility is awak5$4 ,! v]dict & calm decisions ( ! judgm5t are tak5 up by ! feel+s1 & made ! basis & occasion ( a new =m ( m5tal activity4 ,x is ) ?is excitem5t ( ! s5sibility 9 view ( conduct z "r or wrong1 t we are n[ conc]n$1 & :ile we c by no means resolve all our moral p]ceptions & judgm5ts into ?is class ( emotions1 we w\ld /ill assign x an important place among ! v>i\s =ms ( m5tal activity4 ,n limit$ to our own ,conduct4--,! emotion ( :i* we speak is n limit$ to ! occasions ( our own moral conduct2 x arises1 also1 9 view ( ! moral actions ( o!rs4 ,a good de$1 an act ( g5]osity1 magnanimity1 c\rage1 by :omsoev] p]=m$1 meets our approbation1 & awak5s 9 our bosoms feel+s ( pleasure4 ,if ! act is "o ( m ?an ord9>y h]oism & self-sacrifice1 we are fill$ ) admiration4 ,in/ances ( ! opposite excite our displeasure & disgu/4 ,no small "p ( ! int]e/ ) :i* we trace ! records ( hi/ory1 or ! pages ( romance1 arises f t con/ant play ( ! feel+s ) :i* we wat* ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & ! developm5t ( "*1 z correspond+ to or at v>iance ) ! dem&s ( our moral nature4 ,a good ,consci5ce an ,object ( univ]sal ,desire4--,b x is *iefly :5 we become ourselves ! actors1 & ! decisions ( consci5ce respect our own good or evil de$s t we le>n ! true nature & p[] ( ! moral emotions4 ,a good consci5ce1 x has be5 said1 is ! only object ( univ]sal desire1 s9ce ev5 bad m5 wi%1 ?\gh 9 va91 = ! happ9ess :i* x conf]s4 ,x w\ld p]haps be m correct to say t an accus+ consci5ce is an object ( univ]sal dread4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 :e!r = approval or condemnation1 v great is its p[] ov] ! human m9d4 ,su/a9+ ,p[] ( a good ,consci5ce4--,we all "k some?+ ( x1 n only by ! obs]vation ( o!rs1 b by ! consci\sness ( our own inn] life4 ,9 ! te/imony ( a good consci5ce1 9 its calm1 delib]ate approval ( our conduct1 lies "o ( ! sweete/ & pure/ ( ! pleasures ( life2 a s\rce ( enjoym5t ^: spr+s are beyond ! rea* ( accid5t or envy2 a f\nta9 9 ! des]t mak+ glad ! wild]ness & ! solit>y place4 ,x has1 moreov]1 a su/a9+ p[]4 ,! consci\sness ( rectitude1 ! approval ( ! /ill small voice )91 t :isp]s 9 ! mom5t ( dang] & weakness1 ,y are "r1 imp>ts to ! fa9t+ s\l a c\rage & a /r5g? t c come f no o!r s\rce4 ,"u its influ5ce ! s\l is elevat$ above ! viol5ce ( pa91 & ! pressure ( outw>d calamity4 ,! timid become bold1 ! weak are made /rong4 ,"h lies ! secret ( mu* ( ! h]oism t adorns ! annals ( m>tyrdom & ( ! *ur*4 ,wom5 & *ildr51 frail & feeble by nature1 ill fitt$ to )/& ! =ce ( public op9ion1 & %r9k+ f ! v ?\ght ( pa9 & suff]+1 h calmly fac$ ! angry reproa*es ( ! multitude1 & resolutely met dea? 9 its mo/ t]rific =ms1 su/a9$ by ! p[] ( an approv+ consci5ce1 ^: decisions 71 to !m1 ( m consequ5ce ?an ! applause or c5sure ( ! _w1 & ^: su/a9+ p[] bore !m1 z on a prophet's *>iot ( fire1 above ! pa9s ( torture & ! rage ( infuriat$ m54 ,p[] ( ,remorse4--,n less is ! p[] ( an accus+ consci5ce4 ,its disapprobation & c5sure1 ?\gh clo!d ) no ext]nal au?ority1 are m to be dread$ ?an ! fr[ns ( k+s or ! approa* ( armies4 ,x is a sil5t con/ant pres5ce t _c be escap$1 & w n be pacifi$4 ,x embitt]s ! happ9ess ( life1 cuts ! s9ews ( ! s\l's inh]5t /r5g?4 ,x is a fire 9 ! bones1 burn+ :5 no man suspects b he only :o is doom$ to its endurance2 a girdle ( ?orns worn next ! he>t1 conceal$1 x may be1 f ! eye ( man1 b giv+ ! we>] no re/1 day nor night4 ,its accusations are n l\d1 b to ! guilty s\l !y are t]rible1 p5etrat+ h] inmo/ recesses1 & mak+ h] to tremble z ! =e/ trembles at ! ro> ( ! enrag$ lion1 z ! deep sea trembles 9 h] sil5t dep?s1 :5 h] ,creator goe? by on ! w+s ( ! tempe/1 & ! ,god ( glory ?und]e?4 ,! bold bad man he>s t accus+ voice1 & 8 /r5g? dep>ts f him4 ,! he>t t is inur$ to all evil1 & gr[n h>d 9 s91 & fe>s n ! face ( man1 nor ! law ( ,god1 he>s x1 & becomes z ! he>t ( a *ild4 ,h[ t]rible is remorse6 t worm t nev] dies1 t fire t nev] goes out4 ,we _c foll[ ! human s\l beyond ! conf9es ( its pres5t exi/5ce4 ,b x is an op9ion ent]ta9$ by "s1 & 9 itself n improbable1 t1 9 ! future1 consci5ce w act ) greatly increas$ p[]4 ,:5 ! causes t n[ conspire to prev5t its full developm5t & p]fect action1 %all op]ate no long]2 :5 ! tumult ( ! m>* & ! battle are ov]2 :5 ! c>es1 ! pleasures1 ! temptations1 ! va9 pursuits1 t n[ di/ract ! m9d ) _! confus$ upro>1 %all die away 9 ! di/ance1 & cease to be he>d1 9 ! /illness ( et]nity1 9 ! sil5ce ( a purely spiritual exi/5ce1 ! /ill small voice ( consci5ce may p]haps be he>d z nev] be=e4 ,9 ! busy day-"t we cat*1 at int]vals1 ! s\nd ( ! di/ant ocean1 z a l[ & g5tle murmur4 ,9 ! /ill night1 :5 all is hu%$1 we he> x beat+1 9 heavy & con/ant surges1 on ! %ore4 ,& ?us x may be ) ! p[] ( consci5ce 9 ! future4 ,,s5sibilities4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,! ,,affections4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,b5evol5t ,,affections4 ,"* ( ! ,affections z a ,class4--,( ! ?ree g5]ic classes into :i* ! s5sibilities 7 divid$1 viz41 ,simple ,emotions1 ,affections1 & ,desires1 ! fir/ alone has1 ?us f>1 engag$ our att5tion4 ,we n[ approa* ! second4 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 9 our analysis ( ! s5sibilities1 ! ,affections 7 di/+ui%$ f ! ,simple ,emotions1 z be+ ( a complex "*1 involv+1 along ) ! feel+ ( delight & satisfaction 9 ! object1 or ! rev]se1 ! wi%1 m or less def9ite & int5se1 ( good or ill to ! object t awak5s ! emotion4 ,! feel+ ?us assumes an active & transitive =m1 go+ =? f itself1 & ev5 =gett+ itself1 9 its c>e = ! object4 ,h[ divid$4--,! affections1 x w also be rememb]$1 7 fur!r divid$ into ! b5evol5t & malevol5t1 accord+ z !y seek ! good or ! ill ( ! object on :i* !y fa/54 ,z ! simple emotions are b s _m =ms ( joy & sorr[1 s1 likewise1 ! affections are b s _m modifications ( ! pr9ciple ( love & its opposite1 hate4 ,effects ^u ! ,"* 9 _! m>k$ ,developm5t4--,:5 ^! give tone to ! g5]al "* ( an individual1 he becomes ! philan?ropi/ or misan?ropi/1 ! man ( k9d & g5tle disposition1 or ! hat] ( 8 race1 accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r pr9ciple pr$om9ates4 ,r\s$ to m ?an ord9>y activity1 break+ away f ! re/ra9ts ( reason1 & ! dictates ( sob] judgm5t1 assum+ ! comm& ( ! s\l1 & urg+ x on to a giv5 end1 reg>dless ( o!r & high] int]e/s1 ^! affections assume ! "n ( passions1 & ! spectacle is pres5t$ ( a man driv5 bl9dly & madly to ! accompli%m5t ( 8 wi%es1 z ! %ip1 dismantl$1 drives be=e ! /orm2 or else1 9 /]n conflict ) himself & ! feel+s t nature has implant$ 9 8 bosom1 controll+ ) /eady h& 8 own re/less & fi]y _s4 ,relation to ! simple ,emotions4--,! relation :i* ! affections1 z a class1 be> to ! simple emotions1 des]ves a mom5t's att5tion4 ,! "o class naturally foll[s & gr[s out ( ! o!r4 ,:at we enjoy1 we come naturally to reg>d ) feel+s ( affection1 :ile t :i* causes pa91 naturally awak5s feel+s ( dislike & av]sion4 ,s love & hate succe$ to joy & sorr[ 9 our he>ts1 z reg>ds ! objects contemplat$4 ,! simple emotions prec$e & give rise to ! affections4 ,enum]ation4--,! b5evol5t affections1 to :i* we conf9e our att5tion 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 assume diff]5t =ms1 accord+ to _! respective objects4 ,! m prom95t are1 love ( k9dr$1 love ( fri5ds1 love ( b5efactors1 love ( home & c\ntry4 ,( ^! we %all treat 9 _! ord]4 ,i4--,,love ,,( ,,k9dr$4 ,includes :at4--,"u ?is head we may include ! p>5tal1 ! filial1 & ! frat]nal affection1 z modifications ( ! same pr9ciple1 v>y+ accord+ to ! v>y+ relations ( ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,does n gr[ out ( ! ,relations ( ! ,p>ties4--,t ! affection gr[s out ( ! relations su/a9$ by ! p>ties to ea* o!r1 ,i am n prep>$ to affirm1 al?\gh "s h tak5 ?is view2 ,i %\ld be dispos$ r to reg>d x z an implant$ & orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature2 /ill1 t x is v mu* influ5c$ & augm5t$ by ^? relations1 & t x is manife/ly adapt$ to !m1 no "o1 ,i ?9k1 c d5y4 ,b adapt$ to t ,relation4--,h[ intimate & h[ peculi> ! relation1 = example1 t subsi/s betwe5 p>5t & *ild1 & h[ deep & /rong ! affection t b9ds ! he>t ( ! p>5t to ! p]son & well-be+ ( 8 (fspr+4 ,! "o corresponds to ! o!r2 ! affection to ! relation2 & ! duties :i* t relation imposes1 & all ! k9d (fices1 ! c>e1 & att5tion :i* x dem&s1 h[ *e]fully are !y met & fulfill$1 z prompt$ by ! /r5g? & con/ancy ( t affection4 ,)\t t affection1 ! relation might /ill exi/1 requir+ ! same k9d (fices1 & ! same assidu\s c>e1 & reason might po9t out ! propriety & necessity ( _! p]=mance1 b h[ inadequate1 z motives to action1 w\ld be ! dictates ( reason1 ! s5se ( propriety1 or ev5 ! indisp5sable necessity ( ! case1 z comp>$ ) t /rong & t5d] p>5tal affection :i* makes all ^? labors pleasant1 & all ^? sacrifices light1 :i* are endur$ = ! sake ( ! helpless ones confid$ to its c>e4 ,!re 0 ne$ ( j ?is pr9ciple ( our nature to meet ! dem&s & manifold duties aris+ f ! relation to :i* we ref]2 & 9 no "p ( ! con/itution ( ! m9d is ! b5evol5ce ( ! great ,design] m manife/4 ,:at b love c\ld su/a9 ! we>y "m dur+ ! long & anxi\s nights ( wat*+ by ! c\* ( h] suff]+ *ild8 ,:at b love c\ld prompt to ! _m sacrifices & privations *e]fully endur$ = its welf>e8 ,h]self fami%$ ) hung]1 %e divides ! la/ morsel among ^? :o cry to h] = bread4 ,h]self p]i%+ ) cold1 %e draws ! mantle f h] own %\ld]s to protect ! little "o at h] side f ! fury ( ! bla/4 ,%e freely p]ils h] own life = ! safety ( h] *ild4 ,^! in/ances1 :ile !y %[ ! /r5g? ( t affection :i* c prompt to su* privation & self-sacrifice1 %[1 also1 ! end :i* x 0 design$ to subs]ve1 & its adaptation to t end4 ,?is ,affection univ]sal4--,! p>5tal affection is univ]sal1 n peculi> to any nation1 or any age1 or any condition ( society4 ,nor is x /rong 9 "o case1 & weak 9 ano!r1 b ev]y:]e & always "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ active pr9ciples ( our nature4 ,nor is x peculi> to our race4 ,x is an emotion %>$ by man 9 common ) ! l[] ord]s ( intellig5ce4 ,! brute-bea/ manife/s z /rong an affection = h] (fspr+1 z man "u ! l circum/ances exhibits4 ,! :ite be> ( ! arctic glaci]s1 pursu$ by ! hunt]1 ?r[s h]self betwe5 him & h] cub1 & dies 9 its def5ce4 ,all ^! circum/ances1 ! precise adaptation ( ! s5sibility 9 "q to ! peculi> exig5cies x seem$ design$ to meet1 ! /r5g? & con/ancy ( t affection1 ! univ]sality ( its op]ation1 & ! fact t is common to man ) ! brute1 all g to %[ t ! pr9ciple n[ "u consid]ation mu/ be reg>d$ z an in/9ctive & orig9al pr9ciple1 implant$ 9 our nature by ! h& t =m$ u4 ,/r5g!n$ by ,circum/ances4--,b ?\gh an orig9al pr9ciple1 &1 !re=e1 n d]iv$ f habit or circum/ance1 !re c be no d\bt t ! affection ( :i* we speak is greatly modifi$1 & /r5g!n$1 by ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! p>5t & *ild are plac$ ) respect to ea* o!r1 & also by ! p[] ( habit4 ,l mo/ ( our active pr9ciples1 x f9ds1 9 its own use & ex]cise1 ! law ( its gr[?4 ,s true is ?is1 t :5 ! c>e & gu>dian%ip ( ! *ild are transf]r$ to o!r h&s1 !re spr+s up some?+ ( ! p>5t's love1 9 ! he>t to :i* has be5 confid$ ?is new tru/4 ,x seems to be a law ( our nature t we love ^? :o are dep5d5t on u1 :o confide 9 u1 & = :om we are requir$ to ex]t ourselves4 ,! m dep5d5t & helpless ! object ( our solicitude1 & ! great] ! sacrifice we make1 or ! toil we endure1 9 its behalf1 ! great] our reg>d & affection = x4 ,if 9 ! little gr\p t ga!rs ar\nd ! poor man's scanty bo>d1 or ev5+ fireside1 !re is "o m t5d]ly lov$ ?an ano!r1 "o on :om 8 eye m frequ5tly re/s1 or ) m t5d] solicitude ?an on ! o!rs1 x is t "o ov] ^: sick-b$ he has mo/ frequ5tly b5t ) anxiety1 & = ^: b5efit he has s (t5 d5i$ himself ! com=ts ( life4 ,by e sacrifice ?us made1 by e h\r ( toil & privation *e]fully endur$1 by e wat*ful1 anxi\s night1 & e day ( unremitt+ c>e & devotion1 is ! p>5tal affection /r5g!n$4 ,& to ! op]ation ( ! same law ( our nature is d\btless to be attribut$ ! reg>d :i* is felt1 "u simil> circum/ances1 by ^? :o are n p>5ts1 = ! objects ( _! c>e4 ,b x may reasonably be d\bt$ :e!r1 9 su* case1 ! affection1 al?\gh ( ! same nature1 ev] equals1 9 int5sity & f]vor1 ! dep? & /r5g? ( a p>5t's love4 ,/ronge/ 9 ! ,"m4--,! p>5tal affection1 ?\gh common to bo? sexes1 f9ds its mo/ p]fect developm5t 9 ! he>t ( ! "m4 ,:e!r ?is is ! natural result ( ! pr9ciple already ref]r$ to1 ! c>e & ef=t t devolve 9 great] degree ^u ! "m1 & awak5 a love proportionably /rong]1 or :e!r x is an orig9al provision ( nature to meet ! necessity ( ! case1 we c b see 9 ! fact ref]r$ to a beautiful adaptation ( our nature to ! circum/ances t surr\nd u4 ,/rong] 9 ! ,p>5t ?an 9 ! ,*ild4--,! love ( ! p>5t = ! *ild is /rong] ?an t ( ! *ild = ! p>5t4 ,!re 0 ne$ t x %\ld be s4 ,yet is !re no affection1 ( all ^? t f9d a place 9 ! human he>t1 m beautiful & t\*+ ?an filial love4 ,nor1 on ! contr>y1 is !re any "o aspect ( human nature1 imp]fect z x is1 s sad & revolt+ z ! spectacle sometimes pres5t$1 ( filial +ratitude1 a spectacle sure to awak5 ! indignation & abhorr5ce ( e g5]\s he>t4 ,:5 ! son1 gr[n to manhood1 =gets ! ag$ "m t bore him1 & is a%am$ to support h] tott]+ /eps1 or leaves to lonel9ess & want ! fa!r ^: :ole life has be5 "o ( c>e & toil = him1 he receives1 z he des]ves1 ! contempt ( ev5 ! ?\ghtless _w1 & ! scorn ( e man ^: op9ion is wor? reg>d+4 ,!re h n be5 want+ noble in/ances ( ! /r5g? ( ! filial affection4 ,if p>5ts h volunt>ily incurr$ dea? to save _! *ildr51 s1 also1 ?\gh p]haps less frequ5tly1 h *ildr5 met dea? to save a p>5t4 ,value ( ^! ,affections4--,! p>5tal & filial affections lie at ! f\ndation ( ! social virtues4 ,!y =m ! he>t to all t is mo/ noble & elevat+1 & con/itute ! f\ndation ( all t is truly great & valuable 9 "*4 ,depriv$ ( ^! influ5ces1 m5 may1 inde$1 become useful & honorable memb]s ( society--su* cases h occurr$--b r z exceptions to ! rule4 ,x is "u ! g5ial influ5ces ( home1 & p>5tal c>e & love1 t ! bett] qualities ( m9d & he>t are mo/ favorably & surely develop$1 & ! "* mo/ successfully =m$ = ! conflicts & temptations ( future life4 ,n inconsi/5t ) ! manly ,virtues4--,nor is ! g5tl5ess impli$ 9 ! dome/ic affections inconsi/5t ) ^? /]n] qualities ( "*1 :i* hi/ory admires 9 h] truly great & h]oic lives4 ,poets h kn[n ?is1 pa9t]s h seiz$ ^u x1 critics h po9t$ x out 9 ! be/ ideal del9eations1 bo? ( anci5t & ( mod]n times4 ,x s(t5s ! gloomy & o!rwise =bidd+ "* ( /]n ,a*illes2 x inve/s ) sup]ior beauty1 & almo/ sacr$ness1 ! ag$ ,priam su+ = ! dead body ( ,hector2 x con/itutes "o ( ! brighte/ ornam5ts ) :i* ,virgil knew h[ to adorn ! "* ( ! h]o ( ! neid1 :ile 9 ! affection ( ,napoleon = 8 son1 & 9 ! grief ( ,cromwell = ! dea? ( 8 daught]1 ! dome/ic affection %9es =? 9 contra/ ) ! /rong & tr\bl$ sc5es ( ev5tful public life1 z a g5tle /> glitt]s on ! br[ ( night4 ,,ii4--,,love ,,( ,,fri5ds4 ,mu* said 9 ,praise ( ,fri5d%ip4--,among ! b5evol5t affections t f9d a place 9 ! human he>t1 fri5d%ip has ev] be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! pure/ & noble/4 ,poets & morali/s h vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 its praise4 ,ev5 ^? philosoph]s :o h d]iv$ all our active pr9ciples f self-love h admitt$ ?is to a place among ! lea/ selfi% ( our emotions4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x is a dem& ( our nature1 a "p ( our orig9al con/itution4 ,! man :o1 among all 8 fell[s1 f9ds no "o 9 :om he delights1 & :om he calls 8 fri5d1 mu/ be want+ 9 "s ( ! be/ traits & qualities ( our common humanity1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 pure & elevat$ fri5d%ip is a m>k ( a g5]\s & noble m9d4 ,on :at ,circum/ances x dep5ds4--,if we inquire :5ce arises ?is emotion 9 any giv5 case1 on :at pr9ciples or circum/ances x is f\nd$1 we %all f9d t1 :ile o!r causes h mu* to d ) x1 x dep5ds *iefly on ! m or less intimate acqua9tance ( ! p>ties4 ,!re mu/1 inde$1 be on our "p "s p]ception ( high & noble qualities belong+ to him :om we call our fri5d1 & "s appreciation1 also1 ( ^? qualities4 ,we mu/ admire 8 g5ius1 or 8 c\rage1 or 8 manly /r5g? & pr[ess1 or 8 moral virtues1 or1 at lea/1 8 position & success4 ,all ^! ?+s come 9 to modify our e/imate & op9ion ( ! man1 & may be said to und]lie our fri5d%ip = him4 ,/ill1 x is n s mu* f ^! circum/ances1 z f p]sonal & intimate acqua9tance1 t fri5d%ip mo/ directly spr+s4 ,admiration & respect = ! high qualities & noble "* ( ano!r1 are n !mselves fri5d%ip1 h[ev] closely relat$ to x4 ,!y may be1 & d\btless are1 to "s ext5t1 ! f\ndation on :i* t affection re/s1 b !y are n its imm$iately produc+ cause4 ,!y may exi/ :]e no opportunity = p]sonal acqua9tance is af=d$1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a simple & long-cont9u$ acqua9tance1 ) "o :om we1 p]haps1 %\ld n1 9 our own c&id judgm5t1 pron\nce sup]ior to o!r m51 ei!r 9 g5ius1 or =tune1 or ! nobl] qualities ( ! s\l1 may1 nev]!less1 rip5 into /rong & la/+ fri5d%ip4 ,h[ ,acqua9tance leads to ,fri5d%ip4--,to :at is ?is ow+8 ,n s mu*1 ,i suspect1 to ! fact t acqua9tance reveals always some?+ to admire1 ev5 9 ^? :om we _h n previ\sly reg>d$ ) special def]5ce--al?\gh ?is1 ,i am will+ to admit1 may be ! case--b r to t simple law ( m5tal activity :i* we call association4 ,! fri5d :om we h long & intimately kn[n1 ! fri5d ( o!r1 & e>li]1 &1 x may be1 happi] ye>s1 is intimately connect$ ) our own hi/ory4 ,8 life & our own h run side by side1 on r1 l v9es spr++ f sep>ate roots1 h int]tw9$ _! bran*es until !y pres5t !mselves z "o to ! eye4 ,x is ?is close connection ( my fri5d ) :atev] p]ta9s to myself1 ( 8 hi/ory ) my hi/ory1 & 8 life ) my life1 t contributes 9 great measure to ! reg>d & int]e/ ,i feel = him4 ,he has become1 z x 71 a "p ( myself4 ,! ?\ght ( him awak5s 9 my m9d pleas+ remembrances1 & is associat$ ) agreeable conceptions ( ! walks1 ! /udies1 ! sports1 ! v>i$ enjoym5ts & ! v>i$ sorr[s t we h %>$ toge!r4 ,reg>d = inanimate ,objects4--,! same pr9ciple ext5ds also to inanimate objects1 z places & sc5es ) :i* we h become famili>1 ! mead[s ?r\gh :i* we roam$ 9 *ildhood1 ! books we read1 ! rooms we inhabit$1 ev5 ! in/rum5ts ( our daily toil4 ,^! all become associat$ ) ourselves1 we =m a sort ( fri5d%ip = !m4 ,! prison] :o has sp5t long ye>s ( conf9em5t 9 8 solit>y cell1 =ms a species ( atta*m5t = ! v walls t h %ut him 91 & looks ^u !m = ! la/ "t1 :5 at l5g? ! h\r ( deliv]ance arrives1 n )\t a measure ( regret4 ,! sword t has be5 (t5 us$ 9 battle is !nce=?1 to ! old soldi]1 ! visible repres5tative ( _m a h>d-f\ght field1 & _m a p]il\s adv5ture4 ,unc\? & ru/y x may be1 ill-=m$1 & unadorn$1 9 its pla9 & clumsy iron scabb>d1 b its own] w\ld n ex*ange x = "o ( solid gold4 ,x is n /range t ! pr9ciple ( association1 :i* atta*es u s closely ev5 to inanimate objects1 %\ld ent] l>gely z an elem5t into ! fri5d%ips we =m ) our own species4 ,o!r ,causes auxili>y4--,i w\ld by no means d5y1 h[ev]1 t o!r causes may1 & usually d1 contribute to ! same result4 ,m]e acqua9tance & companion%ip d n1 ( necessity1 nor inv>iably1 am\nt to fri5d%ip4 ,!re mu/ be "s degree ( sympa?y1 & cong5iality ( ?\ght & feel+1 "s community ( int]e/s1 pursuits1 desires1 hopes1 some?+ 9 common betwe5 ! two m9ds1 or no fri5d%ip w spr+ up betwe5 !m4 ,acqua9tance1 & p>ticipation 9 ! same sc5es & pursuits1 furni%1 to "s ext5t1 ?is common gr\nd4 ,b ev5 :]e ?is previ\s companion%ip is want+1 !re may exi/ su* cong5iality & sympa?y betwe5 two m9ds1 ! ta/es & feel+s1 ! aims & aspirations ( ea* may be s fully 9 unison1 t ea* %all feel itself drawn to ! o!r1 ) a reg>d :i* ne$s only "t & opportunity to rip5 into /rong & la/+ fri5d%ip4 ,dissimil>ity n inconsi/5t ) ,fri5d%ip4--,nor is x necess>y1 9 ord] to true fri5d%ip1 t !re %\ld be complete simil>ity or agreem5t4 ,! greate/ div]sity ev5 may exi/ 9 _m respects1 :e!r z to qualities ( m9d1 or traits ( "*4 ,inde$1 su* div]sity1 to "s ext5t1 mu/ be reg>d$ z favorable to fri5d%ip1 r ?an o!rwise4 ,we admire1 (t51 9 o!rs1 ! v qualities :i* we p]ceive to be lack+ 9 ourselves1 & *oose = our fri5ds ^? ^: ri*] end[m5ts 9 ^! respects may comp5sate 9 a measure = our own defici5cies4 ,! /ronge/ fri5d%ips are (t5 =m$ 9 ?is way by p]sons ^: *>act]s pres5t /rik+ po9ts ( contra/4 ,su* div]sity1 9 respect to natural gifts & traits ( "*1 is n inconsi/5t ) ! close/ sympa?y ( views & feel+s 9 reg>d to o!r matt]s1 & !re=e n inconsi/5t ) ! w>me/ fri5d%ip4 ,limitation ( ! ,numb] ( ,fri5ds4--,x 01 p]haps1 an idle "q1 discuss$ 9 ! anci5t s*ools ( philosophy1 :e!r true fri5d%ip c subsi/ betwe5 m ?an two p]sons4 ,no reason c be %[n :y ?is affection %\ld be ?us exclusive1 nor d facts seem to ju/ify su* a limitation4 ,! addition ( a new fri5d to ! circle ( my acqua9tance does n necess>ily detract aught f ! affection ,i be> to my =m] fri5ds1 nor does x awak5 suspicion or jeal\sy on _! "p4 ,9 ?is respect1 fri5d%ip is unlike ! love :i* exi/s betwe5 ! sexes1 & :i* is exclusive 9 its nature4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 at ! same "t1 t !re are limits to ?is ext5sion1 & t he :o numb]s a l>ge circle ( fri5ds is n likely to =m a v /rong atta*m5t = any "o ( !m4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 inde$1 a fri5d%ip ?us unlimit$ is ! m>k1 z ,mr4 ,/ew>t sugge/s1 ( a cold & selfi% "*1 prompt$ to seek ! acqua9tance ( o!rs by a reg>d to 8 own advantage1 & a desire = society1 r ?an by any real atta*m5t to ^? ^: companion%ip he solicits4 ,true & g5u9e fri5d%ip is usually m select 9 its *oice1 & is :olly dis9t]e/$ 9 its "*4 ,a cold & calculat+ policy =ms no "p ( its nature4 ,x spr+s f no selfi% or ev5 prud5tial consid]ations4 ,x burns ) a pure & /eady flame 9 ! he>t t *]i%es x1 & burns on ev5 :5 ! object ( its reg>d is no long] on e>?4 ,our fri5d%ips are n all ) ! liv+4 ,we *]i% ! memory ( ^? :om we no long] see1 & welcome to ! he>t ^? :om we no long] welcome to our home & fireside4 ,effect ( adv5titi\s ,circum/ances4--,rev]ses 9 life1 *anges 9 =tune1 ! accid5ts ( heal? & sickness1 ( weal? & pov]ty1 ( /ation & influ5ce1 h little p[] to weak5 ! ties ( true fri5d%ip once =m$4 ,!y te/1 b d n impair its /r5g?4 ,true fri5d%ip only makes u cl+ ! clos] to our fri5d 9 8 adv]sity2 & :5 =tune fr[ns1 & ! sun%9e ( popul> favor passes away1 & !re is none s poor to d him rev]5ce1 :om once all m5 c\rt$ & admir$1 we /ill love him1 :o1 9 bett] days1 %[$ himself wor?y ( our love & :o1 we feel1 is none ! less wor?y ( x1 n[ t we mu/ love him = :at he is1 & n = :at he has4 ,t is n wor?y ! "n ( fri5d%ip1 :i* w n endure ?is te/4 ,*anges 9 moral ,"*4--,mu* m s]i\sly is fri5d%ip endang]$ by any *ange ( moral "* & pr9ciple1 on ! "p ( ei!r ( ! fri5ds4 ,s long z ! *ange affects m]ely ! p]son1 ! weal?1 ! social position1 ! p[]1 ! good "n ev51 we feel t ^! are b ! ext]nal circum/ances1 ! accid5ts1 ! surr\nd+s1 & n ! man himself1 & h[ev] ^! ?+s may v>y1 our fri5d rema9s ! same4 ,b :5 ! *ange is 9 ! he>t & "* ( ! man himself1 :5 he ^: sympa?ies & moral s5tim5ts 7 once 9 unison ) our own1 %[s himself to be no long] :at he once 01 or :at we fondly ?\ght him to be1 !re is no long] t community ( ?\ght & feel+ betwe5 u t is ess5tial to true & la/+ fri5d%ip4 ,yet1 ev5 9 su* a case1 we cont9ue to *]i% = ! fri5d ( =m] ye>s a reg>d & affection :i* subsequ5t *anges d n :olly efface4 ,we ?9k ( him z he 01 & n z he is2 z he 0 9 ^? e>li] & bett] days1 :5 ! he>t 0 fre% & unspoil$1 & ! feet _h n z yet turn$ aside f ! pa?s ( rectitude & honor4 ,,iii4--,,love ,,( ,,b5efactors4 ,z relat$ to ,fri5d%ip4--,closely alli$ to ! affections we feel = our fri5ds is ! emotion we *]i% t[>ds our b5efactors4 ,l ! =m]1 x is "o ( ! =ms ( t pr9ciple into :i* all k9dly affection ultimately resolves itself1 namely1 love1 diff]+ z ! object diff]s on :i* x re/s1 b "o 9 nature "u all ^! v>ieties ( =m4 ,! love :i* we feel = a b5efactor1 diff]s f t :i* we feel = a fri5d1 z ! latt] aga9 diff]s f t :i* we feel = a p>5t or a *ild4 ,x diff]s f fri5d%ip1 9 t ! motive :i* prompt$ ! b5efaction1 on ! "p ( ! giv]1 may be simple b5evol5ce1 & n p]sonal reg>d2 :ile1 on our "p1 ! emotion awak5$ may be simple gratitude to ! g5]\s donor1 a gratitude :i*1 ?\gh x may lead to fri5d%ip1 is n itself ! result ( p]sonal atta*m5t4 ,nature ( ?is ,affection4--,if we inquire m closely into ! nature ( ?is affection1 we f9d t x involves1 z d all ! b5evol5t affections1 a feel+ ( pleasure or delight1 toge!r ) a b5evol5t reg>d = ! object on :i* ! affection re/s4 ,! pleasure1 9 ?is case1 results f ! reception ( a favor4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 m]ely a pleasure 9 ! favor receiv$1 z 9 itself valuable1 or z meet+ our necessities2 x is1 ov] & beyond ?is1 a pleasure 9 ! giv] z a noble & g5]\s p]son1 & z /&+ 9 fri5dly relations to u4 ,su* conceptions are always agreeable to ! m9d1 & t 9 a high degree4 ,! b5evol5t reg>d :i* we *]i% = su* a p]son1 ! disposition & wi% to d him good 9 turn1 are ! natural result ( ?is agreeable conception ( him2 & ! two toge!r1 ! pleasure1 & ! b5evol5t reg>d1 con/itute ! complex emotion :i* we call gratitude4 ,reg>ds ! ,giv] r ?an ! ,gift4--,if ?is be ! correct analysis ( ! affection n[ "u consid]ation1 x is n s mu* ! gift1 z ! giv]1 t awak5s ! emotion2 & ?is view is confirm$ by ! fact t :51 f any circum/ances1 we are l$ to suspect a selfi% motive on ! "p ( ! donor1 t ! gift 0 prompt$1 n s mu* by reg>d to u1 z by reg>d to 8 own p]sonal ends1 = favors ?us conf]r$ we feel v little gratitude4 ,! gift may be ! same 9 ei!r case1 b n ! giv]4 ,modes ( manife/+ ,gratitude4--,philosoph]s h notic$ ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* p]sons ( diff]5t "*1 & m5tal con/itution1 are affect$ by ! reception ( k9dness f o!rs1 & ! diff]5t modes 9 :i* _! gratitude expresses itself4 ,"s are mu* m s5sibly affect$ ?an o!rs by ! same acts ( k9dness2 & ev5 :5 gratitude may exi/ 9 equal degree1 x is n always equally manife/$4 ,we naturally look1 h[ev]1 = "s exhibition ( x1 9 all cases1 :]e favors h be5 conf]r$2 its due exhibition satisfies & pleases u2 its abs5ce gives u pa91 & we set x d[n z indicative ( a cold & selfi% nature4 ,a disord]$ ,s5sibility indicat$ by ! ,abs5ce ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,"o ( ! mo/ pa9ful =ms ( disord]$ s5sibility--! insanity1 n ( ! intellect1 b ( ! feel+s--is t :i* manife/s itself 9 ! entire indiff]5ce & apa?y ) :i* ! k9de/ att5tions are receiv$1 or ev5 worse1 ! ill-conceal$ & h>dly-suppress$ hatr$ :i* is felt ev5 = ! g5]\s b5efactor4 ,a case ( ?is sort is m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,bell1 ! accompli%$ sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,mac,lean ,asylum = ! insane1 z com+ "u 8 notice1 9 :i* ! pati5t1 a lady1 by no means want+ 9 m5tal end[m5ts1 seem$ utt]ly de/itute & incapable ( natural affection4 ,hav+1 on "o occasion1 receiv$ "s m>k ( k9dness f a devot$ fri5d1 %e exclaim$1 ,i suppose ,i ought to love t p]son1 & ,i %\ld1 if x 7 possible = me to love any "o2 b x is n4 ,i d n "k :at t feel+ is4 ,a m sad & wret*$ exi/5ce c h>dly be conceiv$ ?an t :i* is ?us indicat$--! deep night & w9t] ( ! s\l1 a gloom unbrok5 by "o ray ( k9dly feel+ = any liv+ ?+1 "o gleam ( sun%9e on ! d>k5$ he>t4 ,happily su* cases are ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,! k9dness ( m5 awak5s a grateful response1 9 e human he>t1 ^: "r & normal action is n h9d]$ by disord]1 or prev5t$ by crime4 ,disord] ( ! moral ,nature4--,is x n an indication ( ! imp]fect & disord]$ condition ( our moral nature1 t :ile ! little k9dnesses ( our fell[ m5 awak5 9 our brea/s lively emotions ( gratitude1 we receive1 unmov$1 ! ?\s& b5efits :i* ! great ,au?or ( our be+ is daily & h\rly conf]r+1 ) little gratitude to ! giv] ( e good & p]fect gift8 ,,iv4--,,love ,,( ,,home ,,& ,,c\ntry4 ,its prop] ,place4--,among ! emotions :i* con/itute our s5sitive nature1 ! love ( home & ( c\ntry1 or ! patriotic emotion1 holds a prom95t rank4 ,x falls into t class ( feel+s :i* we t]m affections1 inasmu* z x involves n only an emotion ( pleasure1 b a desire ( good t[>ds ! object :i* awak5s ! feel+4 ,f\nd$ on ! ,sep>ation ( ! ,race4--,! affection n[ to be consid]$ implies1 z its condition1 ! sep>ation ( ! human race into families1 tribes1 & nations1 & ( its dwell+-places into correspond+ divisions ( t]ritory & c\ntry1 a division f\nd$ n m 9 human nature1 ?an 9 ! physical conditions & di/ributions ( ! globe1 brok5 z x is into diff]5t c\ntries1 by m\nta91 riv]1 & sea4 ,no "o c fail to p]ceive1 9 ?is arrangem5t1 a design & provision = ! di/ribution ( ! race into di/9ct /ates & nations4 ,to ?is arrangem5t & design ! nature ( man corresponds4 ,to him1 9 all 8 w&]+s1 !re is no place l home1 no l& l 8 native l&4 ,x may be b>r5 & rugg$1 swept by ! /orms1 & ov]%ad[$ by ! froz5 hills1 ( n>r[ b\nd>y1 & poor 9 res\rces1 :]e life is b "o cont9u$ /ruggle = exi/5ce ) an inhospitable climate1 unpropiti\s seasons1 & an unwill+ soil2 b x is 8 own l&1 x is 8 fa!r-l&1 & soon] ?an he w see its soil invad$1 or its "n di%onor$1 he w %$ ! la/ drop ( blood 9 its def5ce4 ,o!r ,causes auxili>y4--,! /rong t5d5cy to rivalry & w>1 betwe5 diff]5t tribes1 t5ds1 d\btless1 to keep alive ! patriotic s5tim5t1 by b9d+ ea* m closely to ! soil1 :i* x f9ds oblig$ to def5d at ! sacrifice ( treasure1 & ( life4 ,! great div]sity ( language1 mann]s1 & cu/oms1 :i* prevails among diff]5t nations1 mu/ also t5d v /rongly to sep>ate nations /ill m widely f ea* o!r1 & b9d !m m closely to _! own soil1 & _! own in/itutions4 ,effect ( ,civilization4--,su* are "s ( ! causes :i* give rise to ! patriotic s5tim5t4 ,civilization t5ds1 9 a measure1 d\btless1 to dim9i% ! activity ( ^! causes4 ,9 proportion z society advances1 z national jeal\sies & rivalries dim9i%1 z w>s become less frequ5t1 z nations come to und]/& bett] ea* o!r's mann]s1 laws1 & languages1 & to le>n t _! int]e/s1 app>5tly div]se1 are really id5tical1 ?is progress ( civilization & culture1 remov+1 z x does1 9 great measure1 ! b>ri]s t h hi!rto kept nations asund]1 mu/ t5d1 x w\ld seem1 to weak5 ! influ5ce ( ^? causes :i* contribute to keep alive ! patriotic feel+4 ,& su* we believe to be ! fact4 ,x is 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( a nation's exi/5ce1 ! p]iod ( its orig9 & gr[?1 ( its weakness & dang]1 t ! love ( c\ntry mo/ /rongly developes itself4 ,x is !n t sacrifices are mo/ *e]fully made1 & dang] & toil mo/ readily met1 & life mo/ freely giv51 = ! /ate ^: f\ndations c no o!r way be laid4 ,z ! /ate1 ?us f\nd$ 9 treasure & 9 blood1 & vigilantly gu>d$ 9 its infancy1 ga9s maturity & /r5g?1 becomes ri*1 & great1 & p[]ful1 comes into honorable relation ) ! surr\nd+ /ates & nations1 ! love ( c\ntry seems n to keep pace ) its gr[? 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 b r to dim9i%1 z !re is less frequ5t & less urg5t occasion = its ex]cise4 ,national ,pride4--,!re is1 h[ev]1 a c\nt]act+ t5d5cy to be f\nd 9 ! national pride :i* is awak5$ by ! prosp]ity & p[] ( a c\ntry1 & especially by its hi/oric greatness4 ,! citiz5 ( ,engl&1 or ( ,france1 at ! pres5t day1 has m to def5d1 & m to love1 ?an m]ely 8 own home & fireside1 ! soil t he cultivates1 & ! in/itutions t gu>antee 8 fre$om & 8 rights4 ,! pa/ is intru/$ to him1 z well z ! pres5t4 ,! l& ^: honor & integrity he is det]m9$ to ma9ta91 at all haz>d & p]sonal sacrifice1 is n ! ,engl&1 or ! ,france1 ( to-day m]ely1 b ( ! c5turies4 ,he rememb]s ! glories ( ! empire1 ! armies1 & ! illu/ri\s lead]s t h c>ri$ 8 c\ntry's flag ) honor into all l&s1 ! mon>*s t1 9 succession1 f ,clovis & ,*>lemagne1 f ,alfr$ & ,h>old ! dauntless1 h sat 9 /ate ^u ! ?rone t claims 8 pres5t allegiance1 ! g5]ations t h contribut$ to make 8 c\ntry :at x n[ is2 & he feels t n m]ely ! pres5t greatness & p[] ( 8 c\ntry1 b all its =m] greatness & glory1 are intru/$ to 8 pres5t c>e & keep+4 ,dep5ds ^u ,association4--,if we inquire m closely into ! philosophy ( ! matt]1 we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! pr9ciple ( association is l>gely conc]n$ z ! imm$iately produc+ cause ( ! emotion n[ "u consid]ation4 ,we connect ) ! idea ( any c\ntry ! hi/ory & =tunes1 ! virtues & vices ( its inhabitants1 ( ^? :o1 at any "t1 rec5t or remote1 h pass$ _! brief day1 & act$ _! brief "p1 )9 its bord]s1 & ^: unkn[n du/ m+les ) its soil4 ,!y h long s9ce pass$ away1 b ! same hills /&1 ! same riv]s fl[ along ! same *annels1 ! same ocean wa%es ! anci5t %ores1 ! same skies look d[n ^u ^? fields & wat]s1 & ) ^! aspects & objects ( nature we associate all t is great & h]oic 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p t once dwelt among ^? hills1 & along ^? %ores4 ,e l(ty m\nta91 e maje/ic riv]1 e craggy cliff & fr[n+ headl& along ! coa/1 /& z repres5tative objects1 sacr$ to ! memory ( ! pa/1 & ! great de$s t h be5 !re p]=m$4 ,h[ mu* ?is mu/ add to ! =ce & p[] ( ! patriotic emotion is obvi\s at a glance4 ,same ,pr9ciple conc]n$ 9 ! ,love ( ,home4--,9 l mann]1 by ! same pr9ciple ( association1 we connect our own p]sonal hi/ory ) ! places :]e we dwell1 & ! c\ntry we inhabit4 ,!y become1 9 a measure1 id5tifi$ ) ourselves4 ,to love ! home ( our *ildhood1 & our native l&1 is b to love our =m] selves1 s9ce x is "h t our little hi/ory lies1 & :atev] we h wr\ght ( good or ill4 ,an orig9al ,pr9ciple4--,) respect to ! "* ( ?is emotion1 :ile x is d\btless awak5$ & /r5g!n$ by ! law ( association1 /ill ,i _c b reg>d x z an orig9al provision & pr9ciple ( our nature1 spr++ up in/9ctively 9 ! bosom1 %[+ itself ess5tially ! same "u all conditions ( society1 & 9 all ages & c\ntries4 ,x waits n = education to call x =?1 nor = reason & reflection to give x bir?2 :ile at ! same "t1 reason & reflection d\btless contribute l>gely to its developm5t & /r5g?4 ,/ronge/ :]e x might be lea/ expect$4--,x has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$1 by ^? :o h made human nature _! /udy1 t ! patriotic feel+ is n conf9$ to ! inhabitants ( ! mo/ favor$ climes & c\ntries1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is (t5 mo/ /rongly develop$ 9 nations less popul\s1 & 9 c\ntries little favor$ by nature4 ,! inhabitants ( wild1 m\nta9\s regions1 ( /]ile %ores1 ( b>r5 pla9s1 manife/ z /rong a love ( home & c\ntry1 z any p on ! globe4 ,x is ?us ) ! ,swiss among _! m\nta9 fa/nesses1 & ) ! poor ,esquimaux ( nor!rn ,gre5l&1 :]e1 beyond ! arctic circle1 cold & d>kness reign undi/urb$ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,ev5 9 ^? dre>y realms1 & 9 ^? bosoms little ref9$1 ! voice ( nature is he>d1 & ! love ( home & ( c\ntry is /rong4 ,ev5 begg>s h be5 kn[n to die ( no/algia1 or home-sickness4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,malevol5t ,,affections4 ,z di/+ui%$ f ! ,b5evol5t4--,! affections h already be5 di/+ui%$ f o!r =ms ( ! s5sibility1 by ! circum/ance t !y involve1 along ) ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa91 "s feel+ ( k9dness or ! opposite1 t[>d ! object2 9 ! "o case we t]m !m b5evol5t1 9 ! o!r1 malevol5t affections4 ,( ! =m]1 ,i h treat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 ( ! latt]1 ,i am n[ to speak4 ,res5tm5t ! g5]ic ,"n4--,^! affections may be compris$ "u ! g5]al "n res5tm5t1 z t :i* und]lies & con/itutes ! basis ( !m all4 ,envy1 jeal\sy1 rev5ge1 etc41 may be reg>d$ z b s _m modifications1 or p]v]sions1 ( ?is g5]al pr9ciple4 ,z ! b5evol5t affections are all s _m =ms ( love1 go+ =? t[>d div]se objects1 & v>y+ z ! objects v>y1 s ! malevol5t affections are s _m =ms ( ! opposite pr9ciple1 i4 e41 av]sion1 v>y+1 likewise1 ) ! objects4 ,f\nd$ 9 ,nature4--,z ! b5evol5t1 s likewise ! malevol5t or irascible feel+s are1 z to _! pr9ciple1 in/9ctive2 !y h _! f\ndation 9 our nature4 ,!y are1 z su*1 univ]sally exhibit$ "u ! appropriate circum/ances2 !y are e>ly 9 _! developm5t1 %[+ !mselves (t5 prior to ! ex]cise ( ! reflect+ & reason+ p[]s2 !y are1 also1 to "s ext5t1 common to man ) ! brutes4 ,capable1 h[ev]1 ( rational ,ex]cise & ,control4--,:ile we pron\nce !m in/9ctive1 h[ev]1 we w\ld by no means imply t !y are n capable ( be+ delib]ately & intellig5tly ex]cis$1 or t !y are n 9 fact1 frequ5tly s ex]cis$4 ,:at in/9ct orig9ally tea*es1 reason & reflection1 :51 at a lat] date1 !y come into play1 may sanction & confirm4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may repress & =bid :at in/9ct prompts4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! emotion1 affection1 passion1 is none ! less an in/9ctive pr9ciple 9 its nature & orig91 al?\gh x has n[ pass$ f ! doma9 ( m]e in/9ct to ! high] sph]e ( reason & intellig5ce4 ,:at 0 done 9 ! fir/ in/ance f sudd5 impulse1 bl9dly1 )\t ?\ght1 is n[ done delib]ately & intellig5tly4 ,?is may be ! case ) all our in/9ctive pr9ciples ( action1 z well z ) ^? n[ p>ticul>ly "u consid]ation4 ,in/9ct & reason1 or intellig5ce1 ?\gh di/+ui%$ f1 are n necess>ily oppos$ to ea* o!r1 9 ! s5se t "o & ! same m5tal act may n proce$1 n[ f "o1 n[ f ! o!r1 ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,! love :i* ,i *]i% = my fri5ds1 or my k9dr$1 may be purely in/9ctive1 x may be /rictly rational1 a matt] ( reflection1 ! result ( delib]ate purpose4 ,exi/5ce ( su* a ,pr9ciple d5i$ by "s4--,! exi/5ce ( su* a pr9ciple z res5tm5t1 among ! orig9al & con/itutional elem5ts ( our nature1 has be5 call$ 9 "q by "s writ]s4 ,x has be5 ?\ght d]ogatory to ! div9e "*1 t ! ,creator %\ld implant ! pr9ciple ( res5tm5t 9 ! human he>t4 ,he comm&s u to love1 & n to hate1 & :at he expressly =bids1 he _c h made provision = 9 ! v con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,su* a pr9ciple1 x is also ma9ta9$1 is altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,?is is ! gr\nd tak5 by ,mr4 ,w9sl[1 9 8 "w on moral philosophy4 ,! ,"q at ,issue4--,!re is c]ta9ly mu* =ce 9 ! view ?us pres5t$4 ,! "q be=e u1 h[ev]1 is n1 :at we might1 priori1 h suppos$ ! nature ( man to be1 nor1 :at x ought to be1 b simply1 :at is t nature z a matt] ( fact8 ,:e!r su* a pr9ciple z res5tm5t is necess>y 9 a well-con/itut$ m9d1 is n n[ ! "q2 nor yet :e!r ! ,creator c\ld consi/5tly implant su* a pr9ciple )9 u2 nor1 aga91 :at may be ! moral "* ( su* a pr9ciple2 b simply1 ,is !re su* a pr9ciple among ! native elem5ts ( human "*8 ,if x be f\nd !re1 we may conclude1 ei!r1 t ! ,creator has plac$ x !re = "s wise purpose1 or else1 t ! nature ) :i* man comes into ! _w is no long] an adequate expression ( ! w ( ! ,creator conc]n+ him1 b has1 9 "s way1 lo/ its orig9al purity & integrity4 ,exi/5ce ( su* a ,pr9ciple4--,n[ t !re are c]ta9 irascible feel+s :i* f9d a place1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 9 ! human bosom1 :5ev] ! fitt+ occasion calls !m =?1 c h>dly be d5i$2 nor yet t !y h _! f\ndation 9 ! nature ( man4 ,we h ! same evid5ce ( ?is1 t we h ( ! exi/5ce ( any o!r orig9al & native pr9ciple4 ,x manife/s itself univ]sally1 uni=mly1 "u all ! v>ieties ( social condition1 among all nations1 9 all ages ( ! _w4 ,x developes itself at an e>ly p]iod ( life1 be=e education or example c h come 9 to acc\nt = its exi/5ce4 ,reason may subsequ5tly control & re/ra9 x1 or x may fail to d s2 b ! pr9ciple exi/s be=e x c be ei!r indulg$ or re/ra9$4 ,:5 ! occasion :i* calls x =? is "s injury or evil inflict$ ^u ourselves1 ! feel+ takes ! "n ( res5tm5t2 :5 o!rs are ! objects ( t inju/ice1 ! feel+ awak5$ is m prop]ly t]m$ indignation4 ,we res5t our own wrongs1 we are indignant at ^? ( o!rs4 ,! pr9ciple is1 9 ei!r case1 ! same1 & is z truly a "p ( our nature1 z gratitude = favors receiv$1 or sympa?y ) ! sorr[s ( ! afflict$4 ,t]m ,malevol5t1 h[ employ$4--,! t]m malevol5t1 z us$ to designate ?is class ( affections1 is1 x mu/ be confess$1 liable to s]i\s objection4 ,x has come into use z a conv5i5t t]m1 9 place (1 & = ! want (1 some?+ bett]1 to m>k ! di/9ction betwe5 ! feel+s n[ "u consid]ation1 & ^? ( ! opposite "*1 already consid]$2 & z we call ^? b5evol5t1 s we call ^! malevol5t1 m]ely by way ( contra/1 & n z imply+ any ?+ crim9al 9 ! "* ( ! emotions !mselves4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 is un=tunate1 z seem+ to involve a mean+ n int5d$4 ,! moral "* ( ! affections ?us designat$1 is an op5 "q1 to be decid$ ^u its own m]its1 & n to be consid]$ z settl$1 "o way or ! o!r1 by ! use ( ! t]m n[ "u consid]ation4 ,?is "q we %all pres5tly discuss4 ,= ! pres5t1 we h to consid]1 m p>ticul>ly1 ! sev]al =ms 9 :i* ! malevol5t or irascible feel+ pres5ts itself4 ,nature ( ,res5tm5t4--,res5tm5t is ! feel+ awak5$ 9 view ( injury receiv$4 ,x is precisely ! opposite ( gratitude1 :i* is ! feel+ awak5$ by b5efits conf]r$4 ,z1 9 ! latt] case1 !re spr+s up at once 9 ! he>t an affectionate reg>d = ! g5]\s donor1 s1 9 ! =m] !re is awak5$1 at once a feel+ ( res5tm5t aga9/ ^? :o h done u ! wrong4 ,x is an in/9ctive emotion4 ,no soon] are we consci\s ( ! injury ?an we are consci\s also ( ! feel+ ( res5tm5t4 ,design ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,! design ( ?is pr9ciple ( our nature is evid5t4 ,x arms u aga9/ ^? sudd5 dang]s & assaults1 :i* no =esight c anticipate1 nor prud5ce prev5t1 & :i*1 :5 !y occur1 require in/ant action1 & prompt r$ress4 ,9 su* cases1 reason & reflection w\ld come to our aid too late2 7 we left to _! c\nsels1 h[ev] wise ^? c\nsels might be1 we %\ld already h suff]$ ! injury f :i* !y w\ld seek to protect u4 ,some?+ is ne$$ t %all prompt to spe$i] action2 "s wat*man vigilant & arm$1 ready on ! fir/ approa* ( dang] to /rike 8 al>m-bell1 & summon ! g>rison to action4 ,?is we h 9 ! pr9ciple ( res5tm5t4 ,7 x n = ?is pr9ciple1 moreov]1 a cauti\s & timid policy might (t5 prevail ov] ! s5se ( ju/ice1 & honor1 & "r1 or a selfi% policy might keep u back f int]f]+1 at our own p]il1 = ! protection ( ! injur$1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! aggressor4 ,in/9ct sets u "r 9 su* matt]s1 be=e reason has "t to act4 ,necess>y to ! ,puni%m5t ( ,crime4--,! malevol5t feel+1 at lea/ 9 ! =m n[ "u consid]ation1 seems to be1 9 "s degree1 necess>y = ! puni%m5t ( crime1 & ! protection ( society4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 )\t x1 we %\ld act ) suffici5t en]gy1 & promptness1 = ! r$ress ( wrong1 :5 t wrong is n inflict$ ^u ourselves4 ,nature has gu>d$ aga9/ ?is dang]1 by plant+ 9 ! human bosom an innate s5se ( ju/ice1 a hatr$ ( wrong & injury wantonly inflict$1 & a quick res5tm5t aga9/ ! p]petrator1 :i* leads u to seek 8 detection & puni%m5t1 sil5ces ! plead+s ( compassion 9 8 behalf1 & arms u to inflict ! m]it$ bl[4 ,t is b a weak & %ort-sight$ b5evol5ce1 t is incapable ( hatr$ ( crime1 & crim9als2 & t1 "u ! flimsy pret5ce ( compassion = ! un=tunate1 & humanity1 w\ld %ield f ju/ice1 & due puni%m5t1 ^? :o /rike at ! highe/ int]e/s ( society1 & put 9 jeop>dy all t is mo/ de> & sacr$ to man4 ,!re are cases1 9 :i* compassion becomes malice a=e?\ght1 & /]n res5tm5t is ! only true b5evol5ce4 ,x is "o ( ! sublime/ & mo/ glori\s attributes ( deity1 z portray$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 t ) ! highe/ b5evol5ce he comb9es ! /]n1 inflexible hatr$ ( wrong1 s t1 :ile x c ) tru? be said1 ,god is love1 x c ) equal tru? be affirm$1 our ,god is a consum+ fire4 ,liable to abuse4--,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple n[ consid]$ has its uses1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z a mo/ important provision ( nature = ! necessities ( our race1 x mu/ also be conc$$ t x is a pr9ciple liable to abuse1 & requir+ to be kept 9 c>eful *eck4 ,especially 9 its sudd5 & in/9ctive action1 ^u ! reception ( p]sonal h>m or dang]1 are we liable to be c>ri$ to extremes1 & indulge a res5tm5t out ( proportion to ! m]its ( ! case4 ,a ,*eck on excessive ,res5tm5t4--,aga9/ ?is excessive res5tm5t ( injuries1 real or imag9>y1 nature has provid$ a *eck ne$ful & salut>y1 9 ! indignation ) :i* any su* manife/ation is sure to be reg>d$ by o!rs1 & ! loss ( t sympa?y1 o!rwise on our side1 b n[ turn$ 9 favor ( ! object ( our too great res5tm5t4 ,! wise & prud5t man w c>efully avoid su* a result1 & ?is prud5ce w act z a p[]ful curb on 8 ang]4 ,to ! man ( virtu\s & honorable s5tim5ts !re is also ano!r re/ra9t1 h>dly less p[]ful1 ^u ! ex]cise ( ! malevol5t feel+ 9 any undue degree1 & t is1 ! feel+ ( self-degradation & humiliation :i* su* a man mu/ feel1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 excessive res5tm5t1 :5 ! heat ( passion cools1 & ! mom5ts ( calm] reflection ensue4 ,ev5 z ex]cis$ )9 due b\nds1 ! malevol5t affection is1 f its v nature1 a pa9ful "o4 ,n only ! fir/ emotion on ! reception ( injury or insult is "o ( a disagreeable nature1 b ! wi% or desire1 :i* in/antly foll[s & accompanies x1 ( inflict+ 9 return "s ill ^u ! aggressor1 is also a feel+ :i* di/urbs & disquiets ! m9d1 & inflicts a species ( suff]+ ^u ! m9d t *]i%es x1 t may n improp]ly be t]m$ its own puni%m5t4 ,& ?is aga9 may be reg>d$1 & d\btless is1 to "s ext5t1 a *eck ^u ! indulg5ce ( ! malevol5t affection4 ,viol5t ,exhibitions ( ?is ,feel+1 :]e f\nd4--,x is accord+ly 9 natures uncultivat$ & rude1 little accu/om$ to self control1 & ! re/ra9ts ( reason & religion1 t we naturally look = ! viol5t & excessive outbur/s ( passion4 ,a reg>d = our own happ9ess1 a due s5se ( our own dignity & moral wor?1 & a dec5t respect = ! op9ions ( ^? ab\t u1 ^: approbation & sympa?y we desire1 contribute1 if n to dim9i% ! /r5g?1 at lea/ to repress ! manife/ation1 9 any consid]able degree1 ( ! feel+ ( res5tm5t1 9 ^? :o h arriv$ at ye>s ( discretion1 & h pr(it$ by ! lessons ( exp]i5ce4 ,! *ild is angry ) ! /one aga9/ :i* he /rikes 8 foot1 & v5ts 8 res5tm5t = any injury ^u ! unconsci\s in/rum5t1 :i* 0 ! means ( its infliction4 ,! savage te>s f 8 fle% ! arr[ t has w\nd$ him1 & breaks x into fragm5ts4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! in/9ct ( nature1 untaught by reason & reflection4 ,x is probably ! fir/ impulse ( e man1 on ! reception ( any injury1 & be=e he has "t to reflect on ! folly ( su* a c\rse1 to express 9 "s mann] 8 res5tm5t aga9/ ! imm$iate in/rum5t ( 8 suff]+4 ,delib]ate ,=m ( ,res5tm5t4--,:5 ! fir/ impulse has pass$1 & "t gives opportunity = reflection1 ?is in/9ctive res5tm5t dies away1 or gives place to a delib]ate & rational =m ( ! same emotion4 ,?us affect$1 ! m9d ca/s ab\t x to asc]ta9 ! real ext5t ( its injury1 & ! be/ means ( r$ress2 x di/+ui%es betwe5 ! consci\s ag5t1 & ! unconsci\s in/rum5t ( its wrong1 betwe5 ! int5tional injury & ! un9t5tional1 &1 x may be1 accid5tal h>m2 x takes into view ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & ! probable motives ( ! do]1 & graduates its res5tm5t accord+ly4 ,illu/ration ( delib]ate ,res5tm5t4--,! law ( retaliation :i* prevails among savage tribes1 & :i* dem&s blood = blood1 life = life1 & exacts ! fe>ful p5alty ) a ju/ice inexorable & sure1 ?\gh (t5 long delay$1 & :i* nev] loses sight ( its victim1 ?\gh ye>s1 & broad l&s1 & wide wat]s int]v5e1 af=ds an illu/ration ( delib]ate 9 di/9ction f in/9ctive res5tm5t4 ,! law ( honor1 s call$1 z x exi/s among civiliz$ nations1 also illu/rates ! same pr9ciple4 ,po9t$ out by ,butl] & o!rs4--,! di/9ction :i* we h indicat$ betwe5 ! in/9ctive & delib]ate =m ( ?is emotion1 0 cle>ly po9t$ out by ,butl]1 ?\gh by no means orig9al ) him1 z "s writ]s h suppos$2 x is q too obvi\s & important a di/9ction to h escap$ ! notice ( e>li]1 & ev5 ( anci5t philosoph]s1 nor is x at all peculi> to ?is "o affection1 b common to all ! s5sibilities z ,i h already said4 ,modifications ( ! g5]al ,pr9ciple4--,!re are c]ta9 modifications ( ! malevol5t affection1 :i* require a pass+ notice 9 ?is connection4 ,i ref] to ^? emotions commonly kn[n z envy1 jeal\sy1 & rev5ge4 ,^! are all b diff]5t =ms ( ! same g5]al pr9ciple1 v>y+ z ! diff]5t circum/ances & objects v>y :i* call !m =?4 ,nature ( ,envy4--,envy is t =m ( res5tm5t :i* too (t51 & too easily1 f9ds a place 9 ! human bosom1 :5 ano!r is m =tunate1 m successful1 m honor$ & e/eem$1 ?an ourselves4 ,especially is ?is ! case1 :5 ! =tunate "o is f our own circle ( companion%ip1 & our own rank 9 life1 & :5 ! honors & di/9ctions1 or ! weal? & p[]1 t fall to 8 lot are su* z we might ourselves h aspir$ to rea*4 ,we nev]1 ,i suspect1 envy ^? ^: condition is1 & orig9ally 01 v f> remov$ f our own4 ,! peasant envies n ! "l ( ! realm1 nor ! begg> ! k+1 b r 8 fell[-peasant1 or fell[-begg>1 ^: hut is w>m]1 & ^: ragg$ g>m5t n s ragg$1 z 8 own4 ,x is ! passion ( a weak & n>r[ m9d1 a mean & degrad+ emotion1 ! opposite ( e ?+ noble & g5]\s4 ,nature ( ,jeal\sy4--,jeal\sy is t =m ( ! malevol5t affection :i* has relation m p>ticul>ly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 to ! atta*m5t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! sexes1 & :i* is awak5$ by ! suppos$ rivalry ( ano!r4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ pa9ful ( ! malevol5t affections1 &1 :5 ?or\ghly r\s$1 "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ p[]ful pr9ciples ( our nature4 ,x is ! peculi>ity ( ?is passion1 t ! object ( its suspicion1 & res5tm5t1 is1 at ! same "t1 ! object ( ! he>t's deepe/ love1 &1 x may be1 adoration2 ! /r5g? & bitt]ness ( ! passion be+ 9 proportion to ! f]vor & e>ne/ness ( t affection4 ,9 ! "* ( ,o!llo1 we h a f9e del9eation ( ! work+ & developm5t ( ?is trait ( human "*1 z 9 ,cassius we h a portraiture ( ! correspond+ affection ( envy4 ,nature ( ,rev5ge4--,rev5ge is res5tm5t 9 its mo/ delib]ate =m1 plann$ & c>ri$ into execution1 n = ! prev5tion ( crime or injury1 nor yet ) ref]5ce to ! ends ( ju/ice1 b = ! simple gratification ( p]sonal hatr$4 ,z su*1 & spr++ f su* a motive1 x is usually excessive 9 degree1 & malici\s 9 "*4 ,x is a d>k & deadly passion1 n m dang]\s to society ?an degrad+ to ! bosom t h>bors x4 ,x has n "o r$eem+ quality to recomm5d x4 ,x is nei!r ! m>k ( a noble & g5]\s1 nor yet ( a manly & brave _s4 ,x is ! (fspr+ ( fe>1 r ?an ( c\rage4 ,x usually seeks to accompli%1 by secret & unlawful means1 :at x is a%am$ or afraid to d op5ly1 & by fair & honorable measures4 ,x is a passion closely alli$ to ^? :i* may be suppos$ to reign 9 ! bosom ( a fi5d4 ,qualify+ ,rem>k4--,i h spok5 ( envy1 jeal\sy1 & rev5ge1 z modifications or diff]5t =ms ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( res5tm5t1 or ! irascible prop5sity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important respect 9 :i* !y all diff] f ! p>5t pr9ciple f :i* !y spr+4 ,! latt]1 res5tm5t1 :ile f\nd$ 9 our nature1 may1 9 ex]cise1 be ei!r in/9ctive or delib]ate1 z already %[n2 ! =m] imply1 ,i suspect1 always "s degree ( delib]ation1 "s elem5t ( *oice4 ,!y are natural1 9 s f> z !re is a t5d5cy 9 our nature to ! ex]cise ( ^! feel+s "u giv5 circum/ances1 &1 inasmu* z ! pr9ciple f :i* !y spr+ is f\nd$ 9 our nature1 z "o ( its orig9al elem5ts2 b !y are n1 l t pr9ciple1 sometimes in/9ctive 9 _! op]ation1 b always1 on ! contr>y1 involve1 z x seems to me1 "s process ( ?\ght1 reflection1 delib]ation1 *oice4 ,moral ,"* ( ! malevol5t ,affections4--,x has be5 a "q1 mu* discuss$1 :e!r ! class ( feel+s "u consid]ation1 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 has any moral "*1 & if s1 :at8 ,! "q p]ta9s1 p]haps1 m prop]ly1 to moral ?an to m5tal sci5ce1 b we _c pass x entirely )\t notice 9 ?is connection4 ,s f> z reg>ds ^? =ms ( ! malevol5t emotion la/ consid]$1 envy1 jeal\sy1 & rev5ge1 !re c be little d\bt4 ,_! ex]cise involves1 z already /at$1 some?+ ( reflection & *oice4 ,!y are n in/9ctive1 b volunt>y 9 _! op]ation1 capable1 !re=e1 ( control1 & if n subject$ to ! /]n dom9ion ( reason1 if n *eck$ & subdu$ by ! high] pr9ciples t %\ld ev] gov]n our conduct1 we are repreh5sible4 ,_! indulg5ce 9 any =m1 & to any degree1 mu/ be reg>d$ z blamewor?y4 ,!y are p]v]sions ( t pr9ciple ( res5tm5t1 :i*1 = wise reasons1 nature has implant$ 9 our bosoms4 ,_! t5d5cy is evil1 & only evil4 ,!y are malevol5t 9 ! full & prop] s5se ( t t]m4 ,( simple ,res5tm5t4--,z to ! prim>y pr9ciple ( res5tm5t 9 its simple & prop] =m1 9 s f> z its op]ation is delib]ate & volunt>y1 r ?an purely in/9ctive1 imply+ ! ex]cise ( reflection & reason1 x mu/ possess1 9 common ) all o!r m5tal acts ( t nature1 "s moral "*4 ,)9 due limits1 & on j occasions1 x is a virtue2 :5 x passes ^? limits1 :5 x becomes excessive1 or is uncall$ =1 by ! circum/ances ( ! case1 x becomes a vice4 ,( ,res5tm5t z in/9ctive4--,! "q be=e u prop]ly relates to t =m ( res5tm5t :i* is purely in/9ctive1 unaccompani$ by ! ex]cise ( reason & ! reflective p[]s4 ,has su* an emotion1 /rictly speak+1 any moral "*8 ,h[ f> are we responsible = its ex]cise8 ,x seems to be a pr9ciple ( manife/ ju/ice1 & accordant ) ! common s5se ( mank9d1 t a man %\ld be held responsible only = 8 rational & volunt>y acts1 = su* ?+s z x lies 9 8 p[] to d1 or n to d1 accord+ z he *ooses4 ,b t :i* is purely in/9ctive1 is c]ta9ly n ( ?is "*4 ,x may be 9 my p[] to repress ! feel+ ( res5tm5t t arises 9 my bosom on ! reception ( manife/ inju/ice & wrong2 ,i may refuse to h>bor su* a feel+2 ,i may /ruggle to rise above x2 b ! feel+ itself is in/9ctive1 & ,i c no m prev5t its fir/ awak5+ & impulse1 ?an ,i c prev5t ! involunt>y contraction ( ! muscles ^u ! incision ( ! surgeon's knife4 ,views ( o!rs--,upham1 ,reid1 ,*alm]s4--,su* is ! view n[ g5]ally ent]ta9$1 we believe1 by psy*ologi/s4 ,in/9ctive res5tm5t1 says ,mr4 ,upham1 has no moral "*4 ,a moral "* atta*es only to ! volunt>y =m ( res5tm5t4 ,! same may be said ( o!r affections1 & ( ! s5sibilities g5]ally4 ,9 s f> z !y are purely in/9ctive1 !y h no moral "*4 ,dr4 ,reid1 9 8 ,active ,p[]s ( ! ,human ,m9d1 holds ?is language1 ,no?+ 9 :i* ! w is n conc]n$ c ju/ly be acc\nt$ ei!r virtu\s or immoral4 ,! practice ( all crim9al c\rts1 & all enlight5$ nations1 he adds1 is f\nd$ ^u ?is pr9ciple2 insomu*1 t if any judicature 9 any nation %\ld f9d a man guilty1 & ! object ( puni%m5t1 = :at !y all[ to be altoge!r involunt>y1 all ! _w w\ld condemn !m z m5 :o knew no?+ ( ! fir/ & mo/ fundam5tal rules ( ju/ice4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s claims = ! pr9ciple n[ "u consid]ation a place among ! prim>y & univ]sal moral judgm5ts ( mank9d4 ,x is 9 att5d+ to ^! popul>1 or r univ]sal decisions1 t we le>n ! real pr9ciples ( moral sci5ce4 ,& ! fir/1 c]ta9ly1 ( ^! popul>1 or r univ]sal decisions is1 t no?+ is moral or immoral t is n volunt>y4 ,t an action1 !n1 be ! rightful object ei!r ( moral c5sure or approval1 x mu/ h _h ! cons5t ( ! w to g along ) x4 ,x mu/ be ! fruit ( a volition1 else x is utt]ly beyond ! scope1 ei!r ( praise = its virtu\sness1 or ( blame = its crim9ality4 ,if an action be involunt>y1 x is z unfit a subject = any moral reckon+1 z are ! pulsations ( ! wri/4 7,sket*es ( ,moral & ,m5tal ,philosophy1 ,*apt] ,v4 ,on ! ,morality ( ! ,emotions47 ,,s5sibilities ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,desires4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,desires4 ,g5]al ,"* ( ,desire4--,:at we enjoy we love1 & :at we enjoy & love1 becomes1 :5 no long] pres5t1 or :51 al?\gh yet pres5t1 its future abs5ce is reg>d$ z probable1 an object ( desire4 ,9 ! latt] case x is p]haps m prop]ly ! cont9uance ( ! lov$ object1 r ?an ! object itself1 t is desir$4 ,/rictly speak+1 we desire only t :i* is n 9 possession1 & :i* is reg>d$ z good & agreeable4 ,m frequ5tly ! objects ( desire are ^? ?+s :i*1 9 "s measure1 we h actually enjoy$1 & le>n$ by exp]i5ce h[ to prize4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 we le>n 9 o!r ways ?an by our own exp]i5ce ! value ( an object2 we ga!r x f obs]vation1 f ! te/imony ( o!rs1 p>tly1 p]haps1 f imag9ation2 & 9 su* cases :at is kn[n or suppos$ to be agreeable & a good ?+1 ?\gh nev]1 p]haps1 actually enjoy$ by ourselves1 may be an object ( desire4 ,?us ,i may desire weal?1 or p[]1 long be=e !y come into my possession to be enjoy$4 ,! felicities :i* await ! righte\s 9 ! future may be di/9ct & def9ite objects ( desire1 :ile yet we are pilgrims on ! e>?1 & h n se5 ! l& t is v f> (f4 ,ev5 9 ! cases suppos$1 h[ev]1 we h enjoy$1 to "s ext5t1 if n ! v same1 yet simil> objects2 we h exp]i5c$ some?+1 ?\gh x may be on a small scale1 ( ! advantages :i* weal? & p[] conf]1 :ile 9 our enjoym5t ( e>?ly happ9ess !re is d\btless some?+ on :i* ! imag9ation c build its m glori\s anticipations ( ! future1 & x is ?is enjoym5t & realization ( a pres5t or a pa/ good1 t con/itutes ! f\ndation ( our desires4 ,if we _h nev] enjoy$ aught1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r we %\ld ev] desire aught4 ,law ( ! ,s5sibility4--,! great law ( ! s5sibility1 !n1 may be ?us /at$1 z reg>ds ! ord] & relation ( ! sev]al classes ( emotion to ea* o!r3 ,i enjoy1 ,i love1 ,i desire2 & ! rev]se1 ,i suff]1 ,i dislike1 ,i *]i% av]sion4 ,t su* is ! ord] or law ( m5tal op]ation has be5 ably %[n by ,damiron 9 8 ,c\rs de ,philosophie1 & also1 be=e him1 by ,j\ffroy4 ,conditions ( ,desire4--,desire is a feel+ simple & indef9able4 ,we c m]ely specify ! conditions :i* x obs]ves1 & ! occasions on :i* x is awak5$4 ,^! conditions or occasions are ! two already m5tion$2 ! previ\s enjoym5t1 9 "s degree1 ( an agreeable object1 & ! pres5t or contemplat$ abs5ce ( t object4 ,:]e ^! conditions are fulfill$1 desire spr+s up at once 9 ! m9d1 a desire proportion$ to ! degree ( t previ\s enjoym5t1 & ! /r5g? ( ! affection !reby awak5$ 9 our m9ds = ! object ( our reg>d4 ,opposite ( ,desire1 ,av]sion4--,! opposite ( desire is av]sion1 ! feel+ t arises 9 view ( an object n z agreeable b z disagreeable1 n z a good b z an ill4 ,?is1 too1 l desire1 is bas$ ^u "s measure ( exp]i5ce2 we h suff]$ some:at ( real or imag9$ ill1 :i*1 :ile x cont9ues1 is an object ( dislike or hatr$1 & reg>d$ z some?+ :i*1 ?\gh n[ abs5t1 may possibly be realiz$ 9 ! future1 becomes an object ( av]sion4 ,av]sion1 z well z its opposite1 desire1 f9ds its object 9 ! future1 :ile its basis lies 9 ! pa/4 ,x w n be necess>y to treat p>ticul>ly ( our av]sions z a di/9ct class ( emotions1 s9ce !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 simply ! c\nt]p>ts ( our desires1 ! desire ( life1 or happ9ess1 hav+ its equival5t 9 ! av]sion :i* we feel to suff]+1 & to dea?2 s ( o!r desires4 ,desire always prec$$ by ,emotion4--,) reg>d to ! nature ( desires1 x may fur!r be rem>k$ t :ile !y imply always an object1 an agreeable object1 & t an abs5t "o2 :ile !y imply1 also1 "s previ\s enjoym5t ( t n[ abs5t object1 or1 at lea/1 "s k ( its exi/5ce & adaptation to our wants1 z ! f\ndation on :i* !y re/1 !y d n take _! rise imm$iately f ! simple p]ception or intellectual contemplation ( t abs5t object1 z pres5t$ aga9 m]ely to ?\ght or imag9ation1 b always "s emotion or affection is fir/ awak5$ by su* ?\ght or p]ception1 & ! desire succe$s to1 & spr+s out (1 t emotion4 ,! m]e p]ception ( ! object :i* =m]ly pleas$ me1 does n1 ( itself1 awak5 9 me imm$iately a desire = ! object1 b fir/ an emotion or affection1 & f t arises ! desire4 ,p]man5ce ( ! ,desires4--,! great] p]man5ce :i* our desires seem to possess1 z comp>$ ) o!r simple emotions & affections1 & :i* has be5 sometimes reg>d$ z a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( feel+s1 is ow+1 probably1 n s mu* to ! nature ( desire1 9 itself consid]$1 z to ! fact t ! object desir$ is always an abs5t object1 & s long z x s rema9s1 ! desire = x is likely to cont9ue4 ,7 our desires always gratifi$ z soon z !y are def9itely kn[n1 !y w\ld be no m p]man5t ?an any o!r /ate ( m9d4 ,desire a motive ,p[]4--,! desires1 x is to be notic$1 moreov]1 are1 9 _! nature1 motive p[]s1 spr+s ( action to ! m9d4 ,!y are1 if n ! only1 at lea/ ! *ief s\rce ( m5tal activity4 ,!y prompt & excite ! m9d to action4 ,! faculties1 bo? physical & m5tal1 are1 9 a mann]1 subject to _! control4 ,! intellect itself leads n to action2 nor d ! emotions2 !y agitate ! m9d1 b x is only z !y awak5 desire1 & t desire fixes ^u a def9ite object1 possible1 b n 9 possession1 t m9d & body are bo? ar\s$ to g =? = ! atta9m5t ( ! abs5t object ( desire4 ,classification ( ,desires4--,our desires may be class$ accord+ to _! objects4 ,^! are ( two sorts or classes3 ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! physical nature & con/itution1 & ^? :i* relate to ! wants ( ! m9d r ?an ( ! body4 ,! desires1 accord+ly1 may be class$ z tw(old--! animal1 & ! rational2 ! =m] hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! physical con/itution ( man1 ! latt] 9 ! nature & wants ( ! m9d1 r ?an ( ! body4 ,( ! =m] class are ! desire ( food1 ( sex1 ( ex]tion1 ( repose1 ( :atev]1 9 a ^w1 is adapt$ to ! animal nature & wants4 ,( ! latt] class1 ! m prom95t are ! desire ( happ9ess1 ( k1 ( p[]1 ( society1 ( ! e/eem ( o!rs4 ,9 connection ) our desires are to be consid]$ also ^? emotions :i* are kn[n "u ! "n ( hope & fe>1 & :i*1 z 0 /at$ 9 our previ\s analysis ( ! s5sibilities1 are to be reg>d$ r z modifications ( desire1 ?an z di/9ct pr9ciples or modes ( m5tal activity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,desires ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,physical ,,con/itution4 ,nature ( ,appetite z comp>$ ) o!r ,=ms ( ,desire4--,^! are usually call$ appetites1 9 di/9ction f ^? desires :i* are f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ! m9d4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 prop]ly1 a class ( desires ?\gh n always s rank$ by philosophical writ]s4 ,!y are feel+s :i* arise always 9 view ( "s good1 real1 or suppos$1 :i* has its adaptation to ! wants ( our nature1 b :i* is n 9 pres5t possession4 ,?is abs5ce creates a long+ = ! object1 :i* long+1 s f> z x relates to ! m9d at all1 & n m]ely to ! muscul> s5sation--z ( hung]1 etc4--is purely a desire4 ,x diff]s f ! o!r desires1 9 ! respect m5tion$1 t x takes its rise f ! con/itution & wants ( ! body1 r ?an ( ! m9d4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 on ?is acc\nt1 ! less a m5tal /ate1 a psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,ambiguity ( ! ,t]m4--,! t]m appetite is ambigu\s2 sometimes d5ot+ ! uneasy physical s5sations1 z hung]1 ?ir/1 etc41 :i* are conditions ( ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems1 & n /ates ( ! m9d2 sometimes ! m5tal condition :i* results f ?is1 & :i* is prop]ly call$ desire4 ,x is only ) ! latt] t psy*ology has to d2 ! =m] fall )9 ! prov9ce ( physiology4 ,enum]ation ( ! m important1 & ! ,end accompli%$ by ea*4--,! desires1 ( ! class to :i* we n[ ref]1 are v>i\s1 compreh5d+ all ^? :i* imm$iately relate to1 & arise f1 ! v>i\s bodily wants4 ,! m important are ! desire ( food1 & ( sex1 to :i* may be add$ ! desire ( action1 & ( repose4 ,! con/itution ( our physical sy/em is su* z to lay ! f\ndation ( ^! desires4 ,!y p]ta9 to our animal nature1 &1 z su*1 h a mo/ important "p to p]=m 9 ! economy ( life4 ,!y all relate1 directly or indirectly1 to ! cont9uance ( life1 :e!r t ( ! individual1 or ( ! species4 ,ea* ( ! appetites1 or animal desires1 z we pref] to call !m1 has its own specific object to accompli%1 ) ref]5ce to ?is g5]al end4 ,! desire ( food looks to ! pres]vation ( individual life & vigor1 by repair+ ! wa/e :i* ! physical sy/em is cont9ually und]go+4 ,! desire ( muscul> ex]tion & repose has ! same g5]al design4 ,! desire ( sex has = its object ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,importance ( ^! ,pr9ciples4--,n only has ea* ( ^! desires a specific end to accompli%1 b x is an end :i*1 s f> z we c see1 w\ld n o!rwise be accompli%$4 ,reason might sugge/ ! exp$i5cy ( tak+ food to su/a9 ! sy/em1 or ( re/+ at int]vals f ex]tion1 9 ord] to recruit our exhau/$ en]gies2 b 7 x n = ! desires t nature has implant$ 9 u dem&+ positive gratification1 & rem9d+ u :5 we transgress ^? laws :i* gov]n our physical be+1 h[ (t51 9 ! pressure ( bus9ess1 %\ld we neglect ! due c>e ( ! body1 & deprive ourselves ( ne$$ food1 or ne$$ re/1 or ne$$ muscul> ex]tion4 ,7 x n = ! dem&s ( appetite1 h[ imp]fectly %\ld we judge ei!r z to ! prop] proportion1 or ! prop] quantity1 & quality1 ( t refre%m5t :i* ! body ne$s1 & :i* food1 & re/1 & muscul> ex]cise supply4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! o!r animal desires4 ,!y are necess>y to ! economy ( life1 by supply+ a motive :i* w\ld n o!rwise exi/1 & ?us secur+ a result n o!rwise obta9$4 ,! pr9ciples to :i* we ref]1 are n1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z ( little importance because relat+ to ! wants ( ! body1 & common to man ) ! animal races1 g5]ally2 or ! contr>y1 !y are ( ! highe/ importance & value2 a due reg>d to !m is ess5tial to ! highe/ well-be+1 & ! neglect or abuse ( !m br+s its own sure & spe$y puni%m5t4 ,to be a%am$ ( our animal nature1 is to be a%am$ ( ourselves1 & ( ! con/itution t ,god gave u2 to ?9k lightly ( x1 is to despise ! div9e wisdom & b5evol5ce4 ,x is no "p ( an intellig5t & rational nature to contemn ! casket t conta9s all its treasure4 ,ev5 7 t casket wor?less 9 itself1 x w\ld be valuable = ! (fice x p]=ms2 mu* m :5 x is itself a piece ( r>e workman%ip1 curi\sly & wond]fully wr\ght4 ,n selfi%4--,! appetites are n to be reg>d$ z ess5tially selfi%1 9 _! nature4 ,!y relate1 inde$1 to our own p]sonal wants2 s d all our desires1 &1 9 "s measure1 all our s5sibilities4 ,b :5 ex]cis$ )9 due b\nds1 !y are n inconsi/5t ) ! rights & happ9ess ( o!rs1 b ! r promotive ( ^! results2 &1 !re=e1 n 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m are !y selfi% prop5sities4 ,_! ultimate aim is n ! secur+ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( enjoym5t to ! individual by _! gratification1 b ! secur+ ( a c]ta9 end1 n o!rwise rea*$1 by means ( t enjoym5t4 ,!y are to be set d[n z orig9al & implant$ pr9ciples ( our nature1 r ?an z selfi% & acquir$ prop5sities4 ,dang]\s ,t5d5cy4--,i w\ld1 by no means1 h[ev] ov]look ! fact t ! animal desires are ( dang]\s t5d5cy :5 p]mitt$ to ga9 any consid]able control ov] ! m9d1 & t !y require to be kept )9 c>eful b\nds4 ,!y are liable to abuse4 ,:5 suff]$ to become pr$om9ant ov] o!r & high] pr9ciples ( action1 :51 f subjection & re/ra9t1 !y rise to ! ma/]y1 & gov]n ! man1 !n s9ks ! man to ! level ( ! brute1 & !re is pres5t$ t sadde/ spectacle ( all t ! sun beholds 9 8 c\rse ab\t ! e>?1 a m9d end[$ ) capacity ( reason & intellig5ce1 b enslav$ to its own base passions4 ,!re is no slav]y s degrad+ z t1 none s hopeless4 ,! mo/ e>ne/ ef=ts1 ! be/ & mo/ s9c]e purposes & resolutions are too (t5 made 9 va91 & ! m9d1 /ruggl+1 to little purpose1 ) its own prop5sities1 & its own vitiat$ nature1 is swept on by ! fe>ful curr5t ( its ungov]n$1 & n[ ungov]nable1 appetites1 z ! %ip ov] :i* nei!r sail nor helm h any fur!r p[]1 is swept along 9 swift & ev] less5+ circles by ! fatal mal/rom4 ,curi\s ,law ( our ,nature4--,x seems to be ! law ( our nature1 t :ile our active pr9ciples ga9 /r5g? by ex]cise1 ! degree ( enjoym5t or ( suff]+ :i* !y are capable ( af=d+1 dim9i%es by repetition4 ,?is has be5 cle>ly /at$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t :ile by long & undue indulg5ce ( any ( ! animal desires1 ! gratification orig9ally d]iv$ f su* indulg5ce is no long] capable ( be+ enjoy$1 ! desire itself may be greatly increas$1 & con/antly increas+1 9 its dem&s4 ,x is h>dly possible to conceive a condition m wret*$ & mis]able1 ?an t ( a m9d compell$ ?us to dra9 ! bitt] dregs ( its cup ( pleasure1 long s9ce quaff$1 & to repeat1 9 endless r\nd1 ! follies t no long] h p[] to satisfy1 ev5 = ! brief mom5t1 ! poor victim ( _! en*antm5t4 ,! drunk>d1 ! glutton1 ! debau*ee1 af=d illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,acquir$ ,appetites4--,beside ! natural appetites ( :i* ,i h hi!rto spok51 & :i* are f\nd$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! physical sy/em1 !re are c]ta9 appetites :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z artificial & acquir$1 su* z ! desire1 s widely & almo/ univ]sally preval5t1 9 c\ntries bo? savage & civiliz$1 = n>cotic & /imulat+ drugs ( v>i\s k9ds1 & = intoxicat+ dr9ks4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,desires ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4 ,i4--,,desire ,,( ,,happ9ess4 ,propriety ( ! ,designation ,self-love4--,among t class ( desires t h _! f\ndation 9 ! m5tal r ?an 9 ! physical con/itution1 "o ( ! mo/ important is ! desire ( happ9ess1 or1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 self-love4 ,! propriety ( ?is designation has be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,! expression1 says ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 is exceptionable1 = x sugge/s an analogy 7:]e !re is none1 9 fact7 betwe5 t reg>d :i* e rational be+ mu/ necess>ily h to 8 own happ9ess1 & ^? b5evol5t affections :i* atta* u to our fell[-creatures4 ,!re is surely no?+ 9 ! =m] ( ^! pr9ciples analog\s to ! affection ( love2 &1 !re=e1 to call x by ! appellation ( self-love1 is to sugge/ a !ory ) respect to its nature1 & a !ory :i* has no f\ndation 9 tru?4 ,?is ,position que/ionable4--,i appreh5d t 9 ?is rem>k1 ,mr4 ,/ew>t may h gone too f>4 ,! reg>d :i* we h = our own happ9ess c]ta9ly diff]s f t :i* we ent]ta9 = ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 z ! objects diff] on :i*1 9 ei!r case1 ! reg>d is fix$4 ,t ! emotion is n ess5tially ( ! same nature1 h[ev]1 psy*ologically consid]$1 is n s cle>4 ,love or affection1 z x has be5 def9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 is ! enjoym5t ( an object1 m+l$ ) a wi% or desire ( good to ! same4 ,love ( fri5ds is ! pleasure felt 91 & ! b5evol5t reg>d =1 !m4 ,love ( self1 9 l mann]1 is ! enjoym5t (1 & ! desire (1 good to self4 ,:oev]1 !n1 enjoys himself1 & wi%es 8 own good1 ex]cises self-love2 & ! ess5tial +r$i5t ( ?is affection is ! desire = 8 own happ9ess4 ,n only1 !n1 is !re an analogy betwe5 ! two pr9ciples1 ! desire ( our own happ9ess1 & ! reg>d :i* we feel = o!rs1 b some?+ m ?an an analogy2 !y are ess5tially ( ! same nature s f> z reg>ds ! m5tal activity ex]cis$ 9 ei!r case1 & ! t]m love z prop]ly designates ! "o1 z ! o!r1 ( ^! /ates ( m9d4 ,i may love myself1 z truly z ,i love my fri5d1 nor is x ! "p ( a rational nature to be de/itute ( ! pr9ciple ( self-love4 ,n to be conf\nd$ ) ,selfi%ness4--,!re is m =ce 9 ! objection1 also urg$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 aga9/ ! phrase self-love1 us$ to d5ote ! desire ( happ9ess1 t x is1 f its etymology1 liable to be conf\nd$1 & 9 fact1 (t5 is conf\nd$1 ) ! ^w selfi%ness1 :i* d5otes a v diff]5t /ate ( m9d4 ,! ^w selfi%ness is always us$ 9 an unfavorable s5se1 to d5ote "s disreg>d ( ! happ9ess & rights ( o!rs2 b no su* idea prop]ly atta*es to self-love1 or ! desire ( happ9ess1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,/ew>t ju/ly rem>ks1 is insep>able f our nature z rational & s5sitive be+s4 ,views ( ,!ologians4--,misl$1 p]haps1 by ! resemblance ( ! words1 _m !ological writ]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 h n only repres5t$ self-love z ess5tially s9ful1 b ev5 z ! root & orig9 ( evil1 ! pr9ciple ( orig9al s94 ,s ,b>r[ expressly affirms1 cit+ ,zu+le z au?ority4 ,engli% morali/s h sometimes tak5 ! same view1 & ! e>li] ,am]ican div9es v g5]ally held x4 ,self-love n crim9al4--,x c h>dly be t a pr9ciple1 :i* seems to belong to our nature z intellig5t & rational be+s1 %\ld be ess5tially crim9al 9 x nature4 ,! mi/ake1 d\btless1 arises f ov]look+ ! di/9ction1 already indicat$1 betwe5 self-love & selfi%ness ,! love ( self1 c>ri$ to ! extreme ( disreg>d+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 & trespass+ ^u ! rights ( o!rs1 9 ! way to self-gratification1 is inde$ a violation ( ! pr9ciples ( "r1 & is equally condemn$ by nature1 speak+ 9 ! common s5se & reason ( man1 & by div9e revelation4 ,b nei!r reason1 nor ! div9e law1 =bid t reg>d to our own happ9ess :i* self-love1 9 its true & prop] s5se1 implies1 & :i* exi/s1 x may safely be affirm$1 9 e human bosom 9 :i* ! light ( intellig5ce & reason has n gone out 9 utt] d>kness4 ,! sacr$ ,scriptures n[h]e =bid ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y enjo9 ^u u1 inde$1 ! love ( our neighbor2 b ! v comm& to love him z myself1 s f> f =bidd+ self-love1 implies its exi/5ce z a matt] ( c\rse1 & pres5ts t z a /&>d by :i* to measure ! love ,i ought to be> to o!rs4 ,op9ion ( ,ari/otle4--,mu* m correct ?an ! op9ions to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 is ! view tak5 by ,ari/otle 9 8 ,e?ics1 :o speaks ( ! good man z necess>ily a lov] ( himself1 &1 9 ! true s5se1 prem95tly s4 ,%\ld a man assume a prem95ce 9 ex]cis+ ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & o!r virtues1 ?\gh su* a man has really m true self-love ?an ! multitude1 yet nobody w\ld impute 8 affection to him z a crime4 ,yet he takes to himself ! faire/ & greate/ ( all goods1 & ^? ! mo/ acceptable to ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 8 nature1 :i* is1 prop]ly1 himself1 9 ! same mann] z ! sov]eignty 9 e community is t :i* mo/ prop]ly con/itutes ! /ate4 ,he is said1 also1 to h1 or n to h1 ! comm& ( himself1 j z ?is pr9ciple be>s sway1 or z x is subject to control2 & ^? acts are consid]$ z mo/ volunt>y :i* proce$ f ?is legislative or sov]eign p[]4 ,:oev] *]i%es & gratifies ?is rul+ "p ( 8 nature1 is /rictly & peculi>ly a lov] ( himself1 b 9 q a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* self-love is reg>d$ z a matt] ( reproa*4 7,e?ic4 ,nic41 lib4 ix41 cap4 viii47 ,?is view appe>s to me em95tly j4 ,t man is n1 9 ! true & prop] s5se1 a self-lov] :o seeks 8 pres5t at ! exp5se ( 8 future & p]man5t well-be+1 or :o tramples ^u ! rights & happ9ess ( o!rs1 int5t only ^u 8 gratification4 ,! glutton1 ! drunk>d1 ! debau*ee1 are n ! true/ lov]s ( self4 ,!y /& fairly *>geable1 n ) too mu*1 b too little reg>d = _! own happ9ess & well-be+4 ,n ! only orig9al ,pr9ciple4--,b :ile ! desire ( happ9ess is a pr9ciple :i* has its f\ndation 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d1 & :i* is *>act]i/ic ( reason & intellig5ce1 x is by no means to be reg>d$ z ! only orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,c]ta9 morali/s h s\ght to resolve all o!r active pr9ciples into self-love1 mak+ ?is ! s\rce & spr+ ( all human conduct1 s t1 directly or indirectly1 :atev] we d f9ds its orig9 & motive 9 ! love ( self4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,i love my fri5ds1 my k9dr$1 my c\ntry1 only because ( ! intimate connection betwe5 _! well-be+ & my own2 ,i pity & relieve ! un=tunate only to relieve myself ( ! unpleasant feel+s _! condition awak5s2 ,i sacrifice treasure1 com=t1 heal?1 life itself1 only = ! sake ( "s great] good t is to be ?us & only ?us procur$2 ev5 ! s5se ( "r1 & ! obligations ( a religi\s nature1 :i* b9d & control me1 f9d _! *ief /r5g?1 z pr9ciples ( action1 9 t reg>d = my own happ9ess :i* und]lies all o!r consid]ations4 ,su* a ,view indef5sible4--,?is is a view n m d]ogatory to human nature ?an inconsi/5t ) all true psy*ology4 ,t ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful spr+s ( human conduct1 t x ent]s m l>gely ?an we may ourselves1 at ! "t1 be aw>e1 into ^? motives & actions t we> ! appe>ance ( entire dis9t]e/$ness1 ,i am dispos$ to admit1 nor w\ld ,i d5y t our s5se ( "r1 & ( religi\s obligation1 f9ds a /rong support 9 t intimate & insep>able connection :i* exi/s betwe5 duty & happ9ess4 ,! ,scriptures con/antly appeal to our love ( happ9ess z a motive to "r action4 ,_! rew>ds & promises on ! "o h&1 & _! w>n+s & ?reat5+s on ! o!r1 all re/ on ?is assum$ law ( human nature1 t man ev]y:]e & always desires 8 own well-be+4 ,b t ?is is ! only & ultimate gr\nd ( human action1 t all ! b5evol5t affections1 all honor1 & virtue1 all s5se ( duty & "r1 all religi\s emotion & religi\s pr9ciple resolves itself into ?is1 nei!r reason1 nor revelation1 nor ! close/ obs]vation ( ! human m9d1 d ei!r tea* or imply4 ,?is ,desire1 9 :at ,s5se rational4--,/ew>t's ,view4--,we h spok51 ?us f>1 ( ! desire ( happ9ess z a rational pr9ciple4 ,is x1 9 su* a s5se1 peculi> to a rational & intellig5t nature8 ,does x s imply & involve ! ex]cise ( reason1 t x is n to be f\nd except 9 connection )1 & z ! result (1 t pr9ciple8 ,if s1 x c h>dly be call$ an orig9al & implant$1 or1 at lea/1 an in/9ctive pr9ciple4 ,& su* is ! view tak5 by ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s4 ,! desire ( happ9ess implies1 9 8 e/imation1 a delib]ate & intellig5t survey ( ! v>i\s s\rces ( enjoym5t1 a look+ be=e & aft]1 to asc]ta9 :at w1 & :at w n1 contribute to ultimate & p]man5t well-be+2 & ?is x is ! "p ( reason to p]=m4 ,n exclusively s4--,t ! desire ( happ9ess1 z ex]cis$ by a rational nature1 involves some?+ ( ?is process1 "s g5]al idea ( :at con/itutes happ9ess1 or :at is good on ! :ole & n m]ely = ! pres5t1 "s p]ception ( consequ5ces1 "s compreh5sive view & comp>ison ( ! v>i\s pr9ciples ( action & c\rses ( conduct1 z means to ?is g5]al end1 may1 inde$1 be admitt$4 ,&1 s f> z ! ex]cise ( self-love is ( ! nature n[ indicat$1 x is c]ta9ly a rational r ?an an in/9ctive act4 ,b ,i see no reason :y "o & ! same emotion1 or m5tal activity ( any sort1 may n be1 at "o "t1 ! result ( reflection1 at ano!r1 ( impulse2 n[ delib]ate & rational1 & n[1 in/9ctive 9 its "*4 ,we "k ?is to be ! case1 = example1 ) ! affections1 bo? b5evol5t & malevol5t4 ,a pr9ciple ( action may be none ! less in/9ctive1 & orig9ally implant$ 9 man's nature1 f ! fact t1 :5 he arrives at ye>s ( discretion1 8 reason confirms & /r5g!ns :at nature _h already taught1 or ev5 adopts x z "o ( its own c>d9al pr9ciples4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ord] to all desire ( good1 t ,i %\ld "k1 completely & compreh5sively1 9 :at good consi/s1 & ,i may /ill desire my own happ9ess1 accord+ to ! measure ( my k & capacity1 :5 ,i simply "k t ,i am happy at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,desire ( cont9u$ ,exi/5ce4--,closely analog\s to ! pr9ciple n[ "u consid]ation1 if n1 inde$1 prop]ly a =m or modification ( x1 is ! desire ( cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,no desire t f9ds a place 9 ! human bosom1 p]haps1 is /rong] or m univ]sal ?an ?is4 ,life is valu$ above all o!r possessions2 ri*es1 honors1 place1 p[]1 ease1 are c\nt$ z ( little wor? 9 comp>ison4 ,!re are1 inde$1 occasions :5 life is will+ly sacrific$1 r ?an to incur di%onor & reproa*1 or = ! def5ce ( ! innoc5t & helpless :o dep5d on u = protection1 or = "s great & good cause t dem&s ( ! good & true man su* s]vice z may co/ life4 ,ev5 9 su* cases1 ! importance ( ! int]e/s :i* dem& & receive su* a sacrifice1 %[ ! value we atta* to t :i* is laid ^u ! alt>4 ,increases ) ,age4--,! desire ( cont9u$ exi/5ce seems to increase1 z age advances1 & life we>s away4 ,we always value t ! m ( :i* we h b little4 ,x is a /rik+ pro( ( ! div9e b5evol5ce1 t1 9 a _w s full ( c>e1 & toil1 & sorr[1 z ! pres5t is1 & mu/ be1 to ! multitude ( its inhabitants1 !re are few s mis]able z n to reg>d cont9u$ exi/5ce z a boon to be pur*as$ at any price4 ,,ii4--,,desire ,,( ,,k4 ,an orig9al ,pr9ciple4--,among ! v>i\s pr9ciples t ent] into ! composition ( our nature1 & are ! motive p[]s ( ! human m9d1 awak5+ & call+ =? its en]gies1 & impell+ x to action1 ! desire ( k holds an important place4 ,f its e>ly manife/ation1 be=e reason & reflection h z yet1 to any ext5t1 come into play1 & f its g5]al1 if n univ]sal exi/5ce1 we inf] t x is "o ( ^? pr9ciples orig9ally implant$ 9 our nature by ! great ,au?or ( our be+4 ,n ,curiosity4--,! desire ( k1 ?\gh (t5 spok5 ( z synonym\s ) curiosity1 is n altoge!r id5tical ) x4 ,curiosity has ref]5ce r to ! novelty & /rang5ess ( t :i* comes be=e ! m9d4 ,x is ! feel+ awak5$ by ^! qualities1 r ?an ! g5]al desire to "k :at is yet unkn[n4 ,x is ( m limit$ application1 & :ile x implies a desire to und]/& ! object 9 view ( :i* x is awak5$1 implies also "s degree ( wond]1 at ! unusual & unexpect$ "* ( ! object z ?us pres5t$4 ,:ile1 !n1 curiosity is c]ta9ly a mo/ p[]ful auxili>y to ! desire ( le>n+1 & /imulates ! m9d to ex]tions x might n o!rwise put =?1 x is h>dly to be view$ z id5tical ) ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation4 ,manife/$ 9 e>ly ,life4--,! desire ( k is nev]1 p]haps1 m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 e>ly life1 & nev] p>takes m fully ( ! "* ( curiosity ?an !n4 ,to ! *ild1 all ?+s are new & /range4 ,he looks ab\t him ^u a _w z unkn[n to him z he is to x1 & e diff]5t object t meets 8 eye is a new /udy1 & a new my/]y to him4 ,! desire to acqua9t himself ) ! new & unkn[n _w ar\nd him1 keeps him con/antly employ$1 con/antly le>n+4 ,9 lat] ,ye>s4--,z he gr[s up1 & ! sph]e ( 8 intellectual vision enl>ges1 e /ep ( 8 progress only op5s new & wid] fields to be explor$1 beyond ! limits ( 8 previ\s inve/igations4 ,if !re is less ( *ildi% curiosity1 !re is m ( e>ne/1 manly1 irrepressible desire & det]m9ation to "k4 ,8 /udies assume ?is or t direction1 accord+ to native ta/e & temp]am5t1 e>ly associations1 or ! =ce ( circum/ances2 he becomes a /ud5t ( sci5ce1 or a /ud5t ( lett]s1 or ( art1 or ( ! practical pr(essions & pursuits ( life2 b turn 9 :at direction & to :at pursuits he w1 ! desire to "k /ill lives )9 him1 z a sacr$ lamp ev] burn+ be=e ! %r9e ( tru?4 ,expla9s ! ,love ( ,n>rative4--,e "o has rem>k$ ! eag]ness ) :i* *ildr5 li/5 to /ories1 hi/ories1 & fables4 ,?is is ow+ n m to ! love ( ! ideal1 :i* is usually v /rongly develop$ 9 e>ly life1 ?an to ! desire ( kn[+ :at pres5ts itself to ! m9d z some?+ new & unkn[n1 yet ) ! semblance ( reality4 ,nor does ?is love ( n>rative =sake u z we gr[ old]4 ,we h /ill our romances1 our hi/ories1 our poems1 epic & tragic1 to div]t u amid ! grav] c>es ( life2 & ! old man is1 p]haps1 z impati5t z ! *ild1 to g on ) ! /ory1 & compreh5d ! plot1 :5 once 8 int]e/ & curiosity are awak5$4 ,a b5evol5t ,provision4--,we _c b reg>d x z a b5evol5t provision ( ! ,creator1 s to con/itute ! human m9d1 t n only k itself1 b ! v process ( its acquisition1 %\ld be a pleasure4 ,& :5 we consid] h[ great is ! importance to man ( ?is desire ( k1 & h[ great is ! progress ( ev5 ! humble/ m9d1 f ! dawn ( its intellig5ce1 on to ! p]iod ( its full maturity & /r5g?2 h[1 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is desire1 ! m9d ( a ,newton1 a ,kepl]1 a ,bacon1 a ,desc>tes1 a ,leibnitz1 moves on1 f ! sl[ & feeble acquisitions ( ! nurs]y1 to ! great & sublime discov]ies t are to %$ a light & glory1 n only on ! "n ( ! discov]]1 b on ! pa? ( all :o come aft] him1 we c h>dly atta* too high an importance to ?is "p ( our m5tal con/itution4 ,a rational1 ?\gh an in/9ctive ,pr9ciple4--,! desire ( k1 l _m ( ! active pr9ciples :i* h already fall5 "u our notice1 is capable ( rational ex]cise & control1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 an implant$ & in/9ctive pr9ciple4 ,x op]ates1 at fir/1 r z a bl9d impulse1 impell+ ! m9d to a giv5 end2 :5 reason assumes h] sway ( ! m9d & its re/less en]gies1 :at 0 be=e a m]e impulse & in/9ct ( nature1 n[ becomes a delib]ate & rational purpose4 ,moral ,"*4--,z to moral "*1 x may1 or may n1 p]ta9 to ! ex]cise ( ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation4 ,! desire ( k is n ( necessity a virtu\s affection ( ! m9d4 ,*>act]i/ic z x is ( a noble & sup]ior nature1 m elevat$ & excell5t1 z x c]ta9ly is1 ?an ! m]ely animal desires & impulses1 x is n insep>ably connect$ ) moral excell5ce4 ,z rationally ex]cis$ x is laudable & virtu\s1 provid$ we seek k ) prop] motives1 & = "r ends2 o!rwise1 ! rev]se4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z we are "u obligation to act 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r matt]s1 f pure motives1 & = "r ends1 ! m]e abs5ce ( su* a motive1 ! desire & pursuit ( k 9 ano!r mann]1 & f o!r motives1 becomes blamewor?y4 ,,iii4--,,desire ,,( ,,p[]4 ,a native ,pr9ciple4--,! desire ( p[] mu/ be reg>d$ z an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature4 ,l ! desire ( happ9ess1 & ( k1 x is bo? e>ly 9 its developm5t1 & p[]ful 9 its influ5ce ov] ! m9d4 ,x is also univ]sally manife/4 ,9 :at ,mann] awak5$4--,( ! idea ( p[] or cause1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9d comes1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to =m t idea1 ,i h already spok51 "u ! head ( orig9al conception4 ,we see *anges tak+ place 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,we obs]ve ^! *anges imm$iately & inv>iably prec$$ by c]ta9 antec$5ts4 ,! idea ( cause is ?us sugge/$ to ! m9d1 & cause implies p[] ( "o ?+ ov] ano!r to produce giv5 effects4 ,we f9d1 also1 our own volitions att5d$ ) correspond+ effects ^u objects ext]nal1 & ?us le>n1 /ill fur!r1 t we ourselves possess p[] ov] o!r objects4 ,! idea ?us awak5$ 9 ! m9d1 !re spr+s up1 also1 9 connection ) ! idea1 an activity ( ! s5sibilities4 ,! p[] :i* we f9d ourselves to h ov] objects ab\t u af=ds u pleasure2 :at we enjoy we love1 & :at we love we desire2 & s !re is awak5$ 9 ! m9d a /rong & gr[+ desire = ! possession ( p[]4 ,pleasure ( ex]t+ ,p[]4--,! pleasure :i* we d]ive f produc+1 9 any in/ance1 a manife/ effect1 & f ! consci\sness t we h 9 ourselves ! p[] to produce l effects :5ev] we w1 is "o ( ! highe/ s\rces ( enjoym5t ( :i* nature has made z capable4 ,x is1 to a great ext5t1 ! spr+ & secret ( ! con/ant activity ( :i* ! _w is full4 ,x %[s itself 9 ! sports ( *ildhood1 & 9 ! grav] pursuits ( matur] ye>s4 ,! infant1 :5 x f9ds t x c move & control its own little limbs1 ! boy le>n+ ! art ( su* a?letic sports z he p]ceives 8 fell[s practise1 ! man :5 he f9ds t he c control ! action ( 8 fell[-man1 & b5d ! w ( o!rs to 8 own1 are ea*1 & p]haps equally1 delight$ at ! acquisition ( ?is new p[]2 & ! pleasure is g5]ally 9 proportion to ! novelty ( ! acquisition1 & ! app>5t greatness ( ! effect produc$4 ,/r5g? & ,influ5ce ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,! love ( p[] is "o ( ! /ronge/ ( ! rul+ pr9ciples ( ! human m9d4 ,x has its seat 9 ! deepe/ f\ndations ( our nature4 ,i c d some?+2 ,i c d :at o!rs d2 ,i c d m ?an !y2 su* is ! natural ord] & progression ( our endeavors1 & su* also ! measure & increase ( our delight4 ,:at1 b ! love ( p[]1 leads to ^? competitions ( /r5g? ) /r5g?1 :i* m>k ! a?letic games & conte/s ( all nations1 civiliz$ & savage8 ,:at1 b ! love ( p[]1 impels ! hunt] ov] ! pa?less m\nta9s1 & des]ts1 9 que/ ( ^? savage d5iz5s & lords ( nature1 ^: /r5g? is s f> sup]ior to 8 own8 ,:at1 b ! love ( p[]1 leads ! w>rior =?1 at ! head ( conqu]+ armies1 to deva/ate & subdue new realms8 ,se5 also 9 o!r ,pursuits4--,& 9 ! peaceful pursuits ( life1 h[ l>gely does ! same impulse m+le ) ! o!r1 & p]haps m app>5t1 motives ( human action8 ,! man ( sci5ce1 z he wat*es ! nightly c\rses ( ! />s1 or resolves ! /ubborn comp\nds ( nature into _! simple & subtle elem5ts1 z he discov]s new laws1 & unlocks ! secrets t h long baffl$ human inquiry1 d]ives no small "p ( 8 gratification f ! consci\sness ( t p[] :i* he ?us ex]cises ov] ! realm ( matt] subject$ to 8 w4 ,& :51 9 l mann]1 ! orator1 on ^: words dep5d ! lives ( m51 & ! fate ( nations1 /&s =? to accuse or def5d1 to ar\se ! slumb]+ passions1 & inflame ! patriotism1 ! c\rage1 ! res5tm5t ( 8 audi5ce1 or to soo! _! ang]1 allay _! prejudice1 awak5 _! pity or _! fe>s1 h[ does ! consci\sness ( 8 p[] ov] ! sway+1 agitat$ multitude be=e him1 m+le ) ! emotions t swell 8 bosom1 & augm5t ! fi]ce delight ( victory8 ,auxili>y to desire ( k4--,! desire ( p[] is accessory to1 & 9 "s cases1 p]haps1 ! f\ndation ( c]ta9 o!r pr9ciples ( action4 ,x is especially auxili>y to ! desire ( k1 inasmu* z e new acquisition ( tru? is an accession ( p[] to ! m9d1 & is1 !re=e1 on t acc\nt1 z well z = its own sake1 desirable4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ! m we "k1 ! m & ! bett] we c d4 ,e m5tal acquisition becomes1 9 "s s5se1 an in/rum5t to aid u 9 fur!r & l>g] acquisitions4 ,we are enabl$ to call to our aid ! v =ces & elem5ts ( nature :i* our discov]ies h1 9 a mann]1 subject$ to our sway1 & to con=m our own conduct to ^? e/abli%$ laws :i* sci5ce reveals4 ,! m9d is ?us /imulat$1 9 all its inve/igations1 & toilsome se>* = tru?1 by ! assurance t e increase ( k is1 9 "s s5se1 an increase1 also1 ( p[]4 ,h5ce ! aphorism s curr5t1 & g5]ally attribut$ to ,bacon1 :i* affirms t k is p[]4 ,auxili>y also to love ( ,lib]ty4--,! love ( lib]ty1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 proce$s also1 9 "p1 at lea/1 f ! desire ( p[]1 ! desire ( be+ able to d :atev] we l4 ,:atev] deprives u ( lib]ty tr5*es ^u our p[]4 ,9 l mann]1 writ]s ^u morals h notic$ ! fact t ! pleasure ( virtue is 9 a measure due to ! same s\rce4 ,:5 evil habits pr$om9ate & acquire ! ma/]y1 we lose ! p[] ( self-control1 ! m9d is subject$ to ! bas] passions1 & ?is loss ( p[] is att5d$ ) ! pa9ful consci\sness ( degradation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to ! m9d t is b5t on ma9ta9+ its integrity1 ?\gh x be by /]n & det]m9$ conflict ) ! evil influ5ces t surr\nd x1 & its own natural prop5sities to a c\rse ( s9ful indulg5ce1 e fre% /ruggle ) ^? adv]se influ5ces becomes a pl$ge ( f9al success1 & ! h\r ( victory1 :5 x comes at la/1 z come x w1 is an h\r ( triumph & ( joy4 ,,iv4--,,c]ta9 ,,modifications ,,( ,,! ,,desire ,,( ,,p[]2--,,z1 ,,! ,,desire ,,( ,,sup]iority1 ,,& ,,( ,,possession4 ,g5]al ,/atem5t4--,!re are c]ta9 desires to :i* ! human m9d is subject1 & :i* seem to h a f\ndation 9 nature1 :i*1 ?\gh frequ5tly reg>d$ z di/9ct pr9ciples ( action1 are m prop]ly1 p]haps1 to be view$ z b modifications ( ! pr9ciple la/ consid]$4 ,i ref] to ! desire ( sup]iority1 & ! desire ( possession2 or1 z !y are m succ9ctly t]m$1 ambition & av>ice4 ,! ,desire to excel1 univ]sal4--,! desire to excel is almo/ univ]sal among m54 ,x %[s itself 9 e condition ( society1 & "u all v>ieties ( "* & pursuit4 ,x animates ! sports ( *ildhood1 & gives a ze/ to ! sob] duties & realities ( life4 ,x p5etrates ! camp1 ! c\rt1 ! halls ( legislation1 & ( ju/ice2 x ent]s alike into ! peaceful rivalries ( ! s*ool1 ! college1 ! le>n$ pr(essions1 & into ^? m fe>ful conte/s = sup]iority :i* engage nations 9 ho/ile enc\nt] on ! field ( /rife & c>nage4 ,:at h we1 "u all ^! manife/ations1 b ! desire ( sup]iority1 & :at is t b ! desire ( p[] 9 "o ( its mo/ common =ms8 ,n peculi> to ,man4--,?is is a pr9ciple n peculi> to human nature1 b common to man ) ! brute4 ,! l[] animals h also _! rivalries1 _! jeal\sies1 _! conte/s = sup]iority 9 swiftness1 & 9 /r5g?1 & he is ! ackn[l$g$ lead] :o proves himself sup]ior 9 ^! respects to 8 fell[s4 ,n ! same ) ,envy4--,! desire to excel1 or ! pr9ciple ( emulation1 is n to be conf\nd$ ) envy ) :i* x is too frequ5tly1 b n necess>ily1 associat$4 ,envy is pa9$ at ! success ( a rival2 a j & honorable emulation1 )\t seek+ to detract f ! well-m]it$ honors ( ano!r1 /rives only to equal & surpass !m4 ,?is di/9ction is an important "o1 & has be5 v cle>ly po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 & also by ,bp4 ,butl]1 &1 /ill e>li]1 by ,ari/otle4 ,emulation1 says ,butl]1 is m]ely ! desire ( sup]iority ov] o!rs1 ) :om we comp>e ourselves4 ,to desire ! atta9m5t ( ?is sup]iority by ! p>ticul> means ( o!rs be+ br\ght d[n bel[ our own level1 is ! di/9ct notion ( envy4 ,to ! same effect1 ,ari/otle1 z quot$ by ,/ew>t3 ,emulation is a good ?+1 & belongs to good m52 envy is bad1 & belongs to bad m54 ,:at a man is emul\s ( he /rives to atta91 t he may really possess ! desir$ object2 ! envi\s are satisfi$ if nobody has x4 ,n malevol5t ( ,necessity4--,dr4 ,reid has class$ emulation ) ! malevol5t affections1 z involv+ a s5tim5t ( ill-w t[>d ! rival2 b1 z ,mr4 ,/ew>t v ju/ly rem>ks1 ?is s5tim5t is n a necess>y concomitant ( ! desire ( sup]iority1 ?\gh (t5 f\nd 9 connection ) x2 nor ought emulation to be class$ ) ! affections1 b ) ! desires1 = x is ! desire :i* is ! active pr9ciple1 & ! affection is only a concomitant circum/ance4 ,view ma9ta9$ by ,mr4 ,upham4--,mr4 ,upham d5ies emulation a place among ! orig9al & implant$ pr9ciples ( our nature1 on ?is gr\nd4 ,all our active pr9ciples1 he ma9ta9s1 f in/9ct upw>d1 are subord9ate to ! au?ority & decisions ( consci5ce1 z a faculty p>am\nt to e o!r4 ,b ! desire ( sup]iority he supposes to be utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! law ( subord9ation4 ,:5ev] man p]ceives a sup]ior1 he p]ceives "o ) :om1 by ?is law ( 8 nature1 if su* x be1 he is br\ght into direct conflict & collision1 & z he is surr\nd$ by ^? :o1 9 "s respect1 are 8 sup]iors1 he is really plac$ 9 a /ate ( p]petual w>f>e & mis]y2 nor c he reg>d ev5 ! ,supreme ,be+ ) o!r feel+s ?an ^? ( unhall[$ rivalry4 ,a pr9ciple t w\ld lead to su* results1 he concludes1 _c be f\nd$ 9 ! con/itution ( our nature4 ,he accord+ly resolves ! desire ( sup]iority into ! pr9ciple ( imitativ5ess4 ,! ,correctness ( ?is ,view call$ 9 ,"q4--,x is difficult to p]ceive ! =ce ( ?is reason+4 ,! desire ( sup]iority1 x is suffici5t to say1 :atev] be its orig91 leads to no su* results4 ,z actually manife/ 9 human "* & conduct1 x does n %[ itself to be inconsi/5t ) due subord9ation to au?ority1 nor does x involve man 9 necess>y & p]petual conflict ) 8 fell[s1 nor does x pres5t ! ,supreme ,be+ z an object ( unhall[$ rivalry4 ,we h only to d ) facts1 ) ! ph5om5a actually pres5t$ by human nature2 & we d n f9d ! facts to correspond ) ! view n[ giv54 ,nor c we p]ceive any reason1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 :y ! desire 9 "q %\ld lead1 or be suppos$ to lead1 to su* results4 ,! desire ( sup]iority does n necess>ily imply ! desire to be sup]ior to e body1 & e ?+1 9 ! univ]se4 ,x may h its natural & prop] limits2 & su* we f9d to be ! fact4 ,actual ,limitations ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,we desire to excel n1 usually1 ^? :o are f> above u 9 rank & =tune1 b our fell[s & companions2 our rivals are mo/ly ^? :o move 9 ! same sph]e ) ourselves4 ,! arti/ vies ) 8 bro!r arti/1 ! /ud5t ) 8 fell[ /ud5t1 & ev5 :]e envy & ill-w m+le1 z !y too (t5 d1 ) ! desire1 /ill1 ! object ( t envy is n e "o1 indiscrim9ately1 :o may happ5 to be sup]ior to ourselves1 b only our p>ticul> rival 9 ! race be=e u4 ,! *ild at s*ool does n envy ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 or ! illu/ri\s ,humboldt1 b ! ur*9 t is next above himself 9 ! class4 ,! desire ( sup]iority1 l e o!r desire ( ! human m9d1 looks only at :at is possible to be accompli%$1 at :at is probable1 ev52 x aims n at ! cl\ds1 b at ?+s )9 our rea*1 ?+s to be _h = ! ask+ & ! /riv+4 ,b :atev] view we take ( ! matt]1 ! desire ( sup]iority c]ta9ly exi/s z an active pr9ciple 9 ! human m9d2 nor d we see any reason :y x %\ld n be admitt$ z an orig9al pr9ciple f\nd$ 9 ! con/itution ( our nature1 or1 at lea/1 z "o ( ! =ms & modifications ( su* a pr9ciple1 viz41 ! love ( p[]4 ,?is ,pr9ciple requires ,re/ra9t4--,i w\ld by no means d5y1 h[ev]1 t ! desire n[ "u consid]ation is "o :i* is liable to abuse1 & :i* requires ! c>eful & con/ant re/ra9ts ( reason & ( religi\s pr9ciple4 ,! dang] is1 t envy & ill-w1 t[>d ^? :om we reg>d z rivals & competitors ) u1 = ^? honors & rew>ds :i* lie 9 our pa?1 %all be p]mitt$ to m+le ) ! desire to excel4 ,inde$1 s frequ5tly are ! two conjo9$1 t to ! reflect+ & s5sitive m9d1 sup]iority itself almo/ ceases to be desirable1 s9ce x is b too likely to be pur*as$ at ! price ( ! good-w1 & k9d feel+1 ( ^? less =tunate1 or less gift$1 ?an ourselves4 ,ano!r ,=m ( ! same ,desire4--,! desire ( possession may be reg>d$1 also1 z a modification ( ! desire ( p[]4 ,t influ5ce ov] o!rs :i* p[] implies1 & :i* is1 to "s ext5t1 comm&$ by sup]iority ( p]sonal /r5g? or pr[ess1 by g5ius1 by skill1 by ! v>i\s arts & address ( life1 or by ! accid5t ( bir? & h]$it>y /ation1 is /ill m directly & g5]ally atta9able1 by ano!r1 & p]haps a %ort] r\te--! possession ( weal?4 ,?is1 z ! _w goes1 is ! key t unlocks1 ! sceptre t controls1 all ?+s4 ,p]sonal pr[ess1 g5ius1 address1 /ation1 ! ?rone itself1 are1 9 no inconsid]able degree1 dep5d5t ^u its /r5g?1 & at its comm&4 ,he :o has ?is c well af=d to disp5se ) mo/ o!r goods & gifts ( =tune2 s f>1 at lea/1 z conc]ns ! possession ( p[]4 ,he may be nei!r great1 nor le>n$1 nor ( noble bir?2 nei!r elegant 9 p]son1 nor accompli%$ 9 mann]s1 di/+ui%$ nei!r = sci5ce1 nor virtue2 he may comm& no armies1 he may sit ^u no ?rone2 yet ) all 8 defici5cies1 & ev5 8 vices1 if s he h weal?1 he has p[]4 ,unnumb]$ h&s are ready to task _! skill at 8 bidd+1 unnumb]$ arms1 to move & toil & /rive 9 8 s]vice1 unnumb]$ feet ha/5 to & fro ^u 8 err&s4 ,he comm&s ! skill & labor ( multitudes :om he has nev] se51 & :o "k him n4 ,9 di/ant qu>t]s ( ! globe1 ! natives ( o!r zones & climes ha/5 ^u 8 err&s2 swift %ips trav]se ! seas = him2 ! furs ( ! extreme ,nor?1 ! ri* woods & spices ( ! tropics1 ! silks ( ,india1 ! pe>ls & gems ( ! ,ea/--:atev] is co/ly1 & curi\s1 & r>e1 :atev] c contribute to ! luxury & ! pride ( man--^! are 81 & = him4 ,no wond] t he :o desires p[]1 %\ld desire t :i* is "o ( ! *ief av5ues & means to ! atta9m5t ( p[]1 & t :at is valu$1 at fir/1 r z an in/rum5t ?an z an end1 %\ld pres5tly come to be reg>d$ & valu$ = its own sake4 ,a tw(old ,aspect--,covet\sness1 ,av>ice4--,!re are1 if ,i mi/ake n1 two =ms :i* ! desire ( possession assumes4 ,! "o is ! simple desire ( acquir+1 t !re may be ! m to sp5d2 ! o!r ( accumulat+1 add+ to ! heaps already obta9$--:i* may be done by keep+ fa/ :at is already gott51 z well z by gett+ m4 ,! "o is ! desire ( gett+1 :i* is n inconsi/5t ) ! desire ( sp5d+1 b1 9 fact1 gr[s out ( t 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 ! o!r is ! desire ( increas+1 & ! correspond+ dread ( dim9i%+1 :at is gott51 :i*1 :5 x prevails to any consid]able degree1 effectually prev5ts all enjoym5t ( ! accumulat$ treasure1 & becomes "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & mo/ odi\s passions ( our p]v]t$ nature4 ,! t]m covet\sness answ]s some:at ne>ly to ! "o1 av>ice to ! o!r1 ( ^! =ms ( desire4 ,x mu/ be add$1 also1 t x seems to be ! natural t5d5cy ( ! primitive & mild] =m ( ?is pr9ciple1 to pass into ! o!r & m repulsive manife/ation4 ,he :o beg9s ) desir+ weal? z a means ( gratify+ 8 v>i\s wants1 too frequ5tly ends ) desir+ x = its own sake1 & becomes t poore/ & mo/ mis]able ( all m51 ! mis]4 ,! inord9ate love ( ,money n ow+ :olly to ,association4--,:5ce arises t inord9ate value :i* ! mis] atta*es to money1 :i*1 9 reality1 is b ! m]e repres5tative ( enjoym5t1 ! m]e means to an end8 ,:y is he s lo? to "p ) ! smalle/ portion ( ! repres5tative m$ium1 9 ord] to secure ! reality1 ! end = :i* alone ! means is valuable8 ,is x t1 by ! laws ( association1 ! v>i$ enjoym5ts :i* gold has s (t5 procur$1 & :i* h a fix$ value 9 our m9ds1 are transf]r$ ) all _! value to ! gold :i* procur$ !m8 ,d\btless ?is is1 9 "s measure1 ! case1 & x may1 !re=e1 9 "p1 acc\nt = ! ph5om5on 9 "q4 ,! gold piece :i* ,i take f my draw] = ! pur*ase ( "s ne$ful commodity1 has1 x may be1 an increas$ value 9 my e/imation1 f ! recollection ( ! advantages previ\sly d]iv$ f ! possession ( j su* a sum4 ,b :y %\ld su* associations op]ate m p[]fully ^u ! mis]1 ?an ^u any o!r p]son8 ,:y are we n all mis]s1 if su* associations are ! true cause & explanation ( av>ice8 ,nay1 :y is n ! sp5d?rift ! mo/ av>ici\s ( all m51 s9ce he has m frequ5tly ex*ang$ ! repres5tative m$ium = ! enjoym5t :i* x w\ld procure1 & has1 !re=e1 great] /ore ( su* associations connect$ ) 8 gold8 ,! true ,explanation4--,dr4 ,br[n1 :o has admirably treat$ ?is "p ( our m5tal con/itution1 has sugge/$1 ,i ?9k1 ! true explanation ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,s long z ! gold itself is 9 ! mis]'s grasp1 x is1 & is felt to be1 a p]man5t possession2 :5 x is exp5d$1 x is usually = some?+ ( a transi5t nature1 :i* p]i%es ) ! us+4 ,x seems to him aft]w>d z s mu* utt] loss1 & is regrett$ z su*4 ,e su* regrett$ exp5diture increases ! reluctance to "p ) ano!r portion ( ! treasure4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ano!r circum/ance :i* height5s ?is feel+ ( reluctance4 ,! enjoym5t pur*as$ is "o & simple4 ,! gold ) :i* x 0 pur*as$ is ! repres5tative1 n ( t p>ticul> =m ( enjoym5t alone1 b ( a ?\s& o!rs z well1 any "o ( :i* might h be5 procur$ ) ! same money4 ,all ^! possible advantages are n[ no long] possible4 ,v great seems ! loss4 ,add to ?is ! circum/ance t ! mis]1 9 mo/ cases1 probably1 has accumulat$1 or set 8 he>t ^u accumulat+1 a c]ta9 r\nd sum1 say s _m ?\s&s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! sp5d+ a s+le doll> breaks t sum1 &1 !re)1 ! *>m is brok51 & he :o 0 a millionaire be=e t unlucky exp5diture1 is a millionaire no long]4 ,x is ma9ly 9 ^! feel+s ( regret1 :i* att5d ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! man :o has once le>n$ to set a high value ^u weal?1 t av>ice f9ds1 if n its s\rce1 at lea/ its *ief /r5g? & alim5t4 ,odi\sness ( ?is ,vice4--,!re is1 p]haps1 no passion or vice to :i* poor human nature is subject1 t is1 9 "s respects1 m odi\s & repulsive ?an ?is4 ,!re is ab\t x no r$eem+ feature4 ,x is pure & unm+l$ selfi%ness1 )\t ev5 ! poor apology t mo/ o!r vices c (f]1 ( contribut+ to ! pres5t enjoym5t & s5sual gratification ( ! crim9al4 ,! mis] is d5i$ ev5 ?is4 ,he covets1 n t he may enjoy1 b t he may refra9 f enjoy+4 ,/ronge/ 9 old ,age4--,9 ! contemplation ( _m ( ! passions t rage 9 ! he>t ) greate/ fi]c5ess1 says ,dr4 ,br[n1 !re is "s com=t 9 ! ?\ght t1 viol5t z !y may be = a "t1 !y are n to rage ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( life1 at lea/ if life be prolong$ to old age2 t ! agitation :i* at e p]iod w h "s int]missions1 w gr[ gradually less z ! body gr[s m weak1 & t ! m9d w at la/ d]ive f ?is v feebl5ess a repose :i* x c\ld n enjoy :5 ! vigor ( ! bodily frame seem$ to give to ! passion a correspond+ vigor4 ,x is n 9 av>ice1 h[ev]1 t ?is soo?+ influ5ce ( age is to be f\nd4 ,x gr[s ) our gr[? & ) our /r5g?1 b x /r5g!ns also ) our v weakness4 ,!re are no int]missions 9 ! anxieties :i* x keeps awake2 & e ye>1 in/ead ( less5+ its hold1 seems to fix x m deeply )9 ! s\l itself1 z ! bodily cov]+ ar\nd x sl[ly m\ld]s away4444 ,! he>t :i* is we>y ( e ?+ else is n we>y ( covet+ m gold2 ! memory :i* has =gott5 e ?+ else1 cont9ues /ill1 z ,cato says 9 ,cic]o's dialogue1 to rememb] :]e its gold is /or$2 ! eye is n dim to gold t is dim to e ?+ beside2 ! h& :i* x seems an ef=t to /ret* out & fix ^u any ?+1 appe>s to ga!r new /r5g? f ! v t\* ( ! gold :i* x grasps1 & has /ill vigor en\gh to lift once m1 & c\nt once m1 ?\gh a little m sl[ly1 :at x has be5 its *ief & happie/ occupation ?us to lift & c\nt = a p]iod ( ye>s f> long] ?an ! ord9>y life ( man4 ,:5 ! relations or o!r expectant heirs ga!r ar\nd 8 c\*1 n to com=t1 nor ev5 to seem to com=t1 b to await1 9 dec5t mimicry ( solemn att5dance1 t mom5t :i* !y rejoice to view approa*+2 ! dy+ eye c /ill s5d a jeal\s glance to ! c(f] ne> :i* x trembles to see1 ?\gh x sc>cely sees1 s _m human =ms assembl$2 & t feel+ ( jeal\s agony1 :i* foll[s & outla/s ! obscure vision ( float+ =ms t are sc>cely rememb]$1 is at once ! la/ mis]y & ! la/ consci\sness ( life4 ,v4--,,desire ,,( ,,society ,a natural ,pr9ciple4--,!re c be little d\bt t ! desire ( society is "o ( ! orig9al pr9ciples ( our nature4 ,x %[s itself at a v e>ly p]iod ( life1 & "u all ! div]se conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,its univ]sal manife/ation1 & t "u circum/ances :i* preclude ! idea ( education or imitation 9 ! matt]1 proves x an implant$ pr9ciple1 hav+ its seat 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,manife/$ by ,animals ( e ,species4--,! *ild rejoices 9 ! company ( its fell[s4 ,! l[] animals manife/ ! same reg>d = ea* o!r's society1 & are unhappy :5 sep>at$ f _! k9d4 ,mu* ( ! atta*m5t ( ! dog to 8 ma/] may1 n improbably1 be ow+ to ! same s\rce4 ,! bea/ ( labor is *e]$ & animat$ by 8 ma/]'s pres5ce1 & ! pati5t ox z he toils along ! furr[1 or ! highway1 moves m will+ly :5 he he>s ! well-kn[n /ep & voice ( 8 own] trudg+ by 8 side4 ,e "o kn[s h[ mu* ! horse is inspirit$ by ! *ance companion%ip1 ^u ! way1 ( a fell[-labor] ( 8 own species4 ,horses t h be5 accu/om$ to ea* o!r's society on ! road1 or 9 ! /all1 frequ5tly manife/ ! greate/ uneas9ess & dejection :5 sep>at$2 & x has be5 obs]v$ by ^? acqua9t$ ) ! habits ( animals1 t cattle d n ?rive z well1 ev5 9 good pa/ure1 :5 solit>y1 z :5 fe$+ 9 h]ds4 ,social ,organizations ( ,animals4--,accord+ly we f9d mo/ animals1 :5 left to ! in/9ct ( nature1 associat+ 9 h]ds1 & tribes1 l>g] or small]1 accord+ to ! habits ( ! animal4 ,!y =m _! little communities1 h _! lead]s1 &1 to "s ext5t1 _! laws1 ackn[l$g$ & obey$ by all1 _! e/abli%$ cu/oms & modes ( proc$ure--9 :i* associations1 ?us regulat$1 x is impossible n to recognize ! ess5tial feature & pr9ciple ( :at man1 9 8 political associations ( ! same nature1 calls ! /ate4 ,:at else are ! little communities ( ! bee1 & ! ant1 & ! beav]1 b s _m busy cities1 & /ates1 ( ! insect & animal tribes8 ,! social ,/ate n adopt$ because ( its ,advantages m]ely4--,x may be said t man d]ives advantages f ! social /ate1 & adopts x = t reason4 ,unque/ionably he does d]ive imm5se advantages f x2 b is t ! reason he desires x8 ,is ! desire ( society consequ5t ^u ! advantages1 exp]i5c$ or =ese51 :i* accrue f x1 or are ! advantages consequ5t ^u ! desire & ! adoption ( ! /ate 9 "q8 ,is x matt] ( exp$i5cy & calculation1 ( policy & necessity1 or ( native in/9ct & implant$ con/itutional desire8 ,:at is x ) ! l[] animals8 ,has n nature provid$ 9 _! v con/itution = _! prospective wants1 &1 by implant+ 9 !m ! desire = ea* o!r's society1 laid ! f\ndation = _! congregat+ 9 tribes & communities8 ,is x n reasonable to suppose t ! same may be true ( man8 ,! analogy ( nature1 ! e>ly manife/ation ( ! pr9ciple prior to education & exp]i5ce1 ! univ]sality & uni=mity ( its op]ation1 & ! fact t x %[s itself (t5 9 all its /r5g? "u circum/ances 9 :i* v little b5efit w\ld seem to result f ! social condition1 z ) ! savage races ( ! extreme ,nor?1 & ) _m rude & uncultivat$ tribes ( ! =e/ & ! des]t--all ^! circum/ances g to %[ t ! desire ( society is f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( man1 & is n a m]e matt] ( calculation & policy4 ,man's ,nature defici5t )\t ?is ,pr9ciple4--,& ?is is a suffici5t answ] to ! !ory ( ^? :o1 ) ,hobbes1 reg>d ! social condition ( man z ! result ( 8 p]ception ( :at is = 8 own int]e/1 ! dictate ( prud5ce & necessity4 ,! v fact t x is = 8 int]e/ w\ld lead u to expect t "s provision %\ld be made = x 9 8 nature2 & ?is is precisely :at we f9d to be ! case4 ,7 x o!rwise1 we %\ld feel t1 9 "o important respect1 ! nature ( man 0 defici5t1 inf]ior ev5 to t ( ! brute4 ,b ! tru? is1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! race is "o complete & compact contradiction ( ! !ory ( ,hobbes1 & %[s ) ! cle>ness ( demon/ration1 t ! natural condition ( man is n t ( seclusion1 & isolation f 8 fell[s1 b ( society & companion%ip4 ,/r5g? ( ?is ,pr9ciple4--,s /rongly is ?is pr9ciple root$ 9 ! v dep?s ( our nature1 t :5 man is = a l5g? ( "t %ut out f ! society ( 8 fell[ m51 he seeks ! acqua9tance & companion%ip ( brutes1 & ev5 ( insects1 & ^? animals = :om1 9 8 usual condition1 he has a m>k$ repugnance1 z a relief f utt] lonel9ess & absolute solitude4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t relates ! in/ance ( a ,fr5* nobleman1 %ut up = sev]al ye>s a close prison] 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,pign]ol1 dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o amus$ himself1 9 8 solitude1 by wat*+ ! movem5ts ( a spid]1 to :i* he at l5g? became s mu* atta*$1 t :5 ! jailor1 discov]+ 8 amusem5t1 kill$ ! spid]1 he 0 afflict$ ) ! deepe/ grief4 ,silvio ,pellico1 9 8 imprisonm5t1 amus$ himself 9 l mann]4 ,b>on ,tr5* s\ght to alleviate ! wret*$ness ( 8 long imprisonm5t1 by cultivat+ ! acqua9tance or fri5d%ip ( a m\se1 :i* 9 turn manife/$ a /rong atta*m5t to him1 play$ ab\t 8 p]son1 & took its food f 8 h&4 ,! fact hav+ be5 discov]$ by ! (fic]s1 ! m\se 0 remov$ to ! gu>d-room1 b manag$ to f9d its way back to ! prison door1 &1 at ! h\r ( visitation1 :5 ! door 0 op5$1 ran into ! dungeon1 & manife/$ ! greate/ delight at f9d+ its ma/]4 ,be+ subsequ5tly remov$ & plac$ 9 a cage1 x p9$1 refus$ all su/5ance1 & 9 a few days di$4 ,! loss ( ?is little companion made me = "s "t q melan*oly1 adds ! n>rator4 ,case ( ,silvio ,pellico4--,h[ /rongly is ! desire = society manife/$ 9 ^! words ( ,silvio ,pellico1 :5 =bidd5 to conv]se ) 8 fell[-prison]4 ,i %all d no su* ?+4 ,i %all speak z long z ,i h brea?1 & invite my neighbor to talk to me4 ,if he refuse1 ,i w talk to my w9d[-b>s4 ,i w talk to ! hills be=e me4 ,i w talk to ! birds z !y fly ab\t4 ,i w talk4 ,facts ( ?is nature cle>ly indicate t ! love ( society is orig9ally implant$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,illu/rat$ f ! ,hi/ory ( ,prison ,discipl9e4--,! same ?+ is fur!r evid5t f ! effects ( entire seclusion f all society1 z %[n 9 ! hi/ory ( prison discipl9e4 ,= ! facts :i* foll[1 z well z = "s ( ! prec$+1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,upham4 ,! legislature ( ,new ,york "s ye>s s9ce1 by way ( exp]im5t1 direct$ a numb] ( ! mo/ h>d5$ crim9als 9 ! ,/ate prison at ,auburn1 to be conf9$ 9 solit>y cells1 )\t labor1 & )\t int]mission ( _! solitude4 ,! result is ?us /at$ by ,messrs4 ,beaumont & ,tocqueville1 :o 7 subsequ5tly appo9t$ commission]s by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t to exam9e & report on ! ,am]ican sy/em ( prison discipl9e4 ,?is1 trial f :i* s happy a result _h be5 anticipat$1 0 fatal to ! great] "p ( ! convicts2 9 ord] to re=m !m1 !y _h be5 subject$ to complete isolation2 b ?is absolute solitude1 if no?+ int]rupts x1 is beyond ! /r5g? ( man2 x de/roys ! crim9al1 )\t int]mission1 & )\t pity2 x does n re=m1 x kills4 ,! un=tunates on :om ?is exp]im5t 0 made1 fell into a /ate ( depression s manife/ t _! keep]s 7 /ruck ) x2 _! lives seem$ 9 dang] if !y rema9$ long] 9 ?is situation2 five ( !m _h already succumb$ dur+ a s+le ye>2 _! moral /ate 0 no less al>m+2 "o ( !m _h become insane2 ano!r1 9 a fit ( despair1 _h embrac$ ! opportunity1 :5 ! keep] br\ght him some?+1 to precipitate himself f 8 cell1 runn+ ! almo/ c]ta9 *ance ( a mortal fall4 ,^u ^?1 & simil> effects1 ! sy/em 0 f9ally judg$4 ,! same results sub/antially h foll[$ simil> exp]im5ts 9 o!r prisons4 ,x is /at$ by ,lieb]1 t 9 ! p5it5ti>y ( ,new ,j]sey1 t5 p]sons are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 kill$ by solit>y conf9em5t4 ,facts l ^! %[ h[ deeply-root$ 9 our nature is ! desire ( society1 & h[ ess5tial to our happ9ess is ! companion%ip ( our fell[-be+s4 ,,vi4--,,desire ,,( ,,e/eem4 ,an important & orig9al ,pr9ciple4--,( ! active pr9ciples ( our nature1 few ex]t a m important influ5ce ov] human conduct1 few c]ta9ly des]ve a m c>eful consid]ation1 ?an ! reg>d :i* we feel = ! approbation ( o!rs4 ,! e>ly p]iod at :i* ?is manife/s itself1 z well z ! /r5g? :i* x displays1 indicate1 ) suffici5t cle>ness1 t x is an orig9al pr9ciple1 f\nd$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d4 ,_c be reg>d$ z an acquir$ ,habit4--,:5 we see *ildr5 ( t5d] age manife/+ a s5sitive reg>d = ! good op9ion ( _! associates1 %r9k+ ) evid5t pa9 f ! c5sure ( ^? ar\nd !m1 & delight$ ) ! approbation :i* !y may receive2 :51 9 matur] ye>s1 we f9d !m--*ildr5 no long]--ready to sacrifice pleasure & advantage 9 e =m1 & to almo/ any am\nt1 & ev5 to lay d[n life itself to ma9ta9 an honorable place 9 ! e/eem ( m51 & to pres]ve a "n & reputation unsulli$--& ^! ?+s we d see cont9ually--we _c believe t :at %[s itself s e>ly1 & s uni=mly1 & op]ates ) su* /r5g?1 is only "s acquir$ pr9ciple1 ! result ( association1 or ! m]e calculation ( advantage1 & a prud5tial reg>d to self-int]e/4 ,9 _m cases we "k x _c be s4 ,x is n ! dictate ( prud5ce1 or ! calculation ( advantage1 t influ5ces ! little *ild2 nor is x ! =ce ( su* consid]ations t induces ! man ( mature ye>s to give up ease1 =tune1 & life itself1 = ! sake ( honor & a "n4 ,ev5 :]e ! approbation or c5sure ( ^? :o may pass an op9ion1 favorable1 or unfavorable1 ^u our conduct1 c be ( no b5efit or injury to u1 t approbation is /ill desir$1 t c5sure is /ill fe>$4 ,we pref] ! good op9ion ( ev5 a weak man1 or a bad man1 to 8 dise/eem2 & ev5 if ! odium :i*1 9 t case1 we may *ance to incur 9 ! dis*>ge ( duty1 is felt to be unju/ & undes]v$1 & our consci\sness ( "r int5tion & "r endeavor su/a9s u "u all ! pressure ( op9ion f )\t1 x is impossible1 nev]!less1 n to be pa9$ ) ev5 t unju/ & undes]v$ reproa*4 ,we feel t1 9 los+ ! confid5ce & e/eem ( o!rs1 we incur a heavy loss4 ,want & wret*$ness may drive a man to desp]ate & reckless c\rses2 yet few1 probably1 c be f\nd1 s wret*$ & desp]ate1 :o1 9 all _! mis]y1 w\ld n pref] ! good op9ion & ! good (fices ( _! fell[-man4 ,acc\nt$ = nei!r by ! selfi% nor ! associative ,pr9ciple4--,x c h>dly be1 !n1 a selfi% & prud5tial pr9ciple--?is /rong desire ( e/eem2 nor yet c x be ! result ( association1 z "s h inf]r$2 s9ce x %[s itself "u circum/ances :]e a selfi% reg>d = "o's own int]e/s c\ld n be suppos$ to op]ate1 & ) a p[] :i* no laws ( association c expla94 ,hume's ,!ory4--,h>dly bett] is x acc\nt$ = on ! pr9ciple :i* ,hume sugge/s1 t ! good op9ion ( o!rs confirms our good op9ion ( ourselves1 & h5ce is felt to be desirable4 ,d\btless !re is ne$ en\gh1 9 _m cases1 p]haps 9 mo/1 ( "s su* confirmation4 ,nor w\ld ,i d5y t ?is may be "o elem5t ( ! pleasure :i* we d]ive f ! e/eem ( o!rs4 ,dr4 ,br[n1 9 8 analysis ( ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation1 has v ju/ly includ$ ?is among ! compon5ts ( ! pleasure ?us d]iv$4 ,b x by no means acc\nts = ! orig91 nor expla9s ! nature1 ( ?is desire4 ,x is r an incid5tal circum/ance ?an ! produc+ cause4 ,?is ,pr9ciple z x relates to ! ,future4--,p]haps 9 no "o ( its aspects is ! desire ( e/eem m rem>kable1 ?an :5 x relates to ! future--! desire to leave a good "n beh9d u1 :5 we are no long] conc]n$ ) ! affairs ( "t4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! good or ill op9ion ( m5 w\ld be ( no mom5t :atev] to u1 :5 once we h tak5 our f9al dep>ture f ! /age ( life4 ,we pass to a high] tribunal1 & ! v]dict ( approv+ or reprov+ millions1 ! applause ( nations1 ! condemnation ( a _w 9 arms aga9/ u1 w h>dly break ! sil5ce or di/urb ! deep repose ( ! tomb4 ,^! approv+ & condemn+ voices w die away 9 ! di/ance1 or be he>d b z ! fa9t e*o ( ! wave t la%es "s f>-(f %ore4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! honors t may !n await our names w be ( z little mom5t to u1 p]sonally1 z ! p]i%+ g>l&s t ! h& ( affection may place ^u our tombs1 we /ill desire to leave a "n unsulli$ at lea/1 if n di/+ui%$1 ev5 z we desire to live 9 ! memory & affections ( ^? :o survive u4 ,h[ to be expla9$4--,to :at1 !n1 c be ow+ ?is desire ( ! good op9ion & e/eem ( ^? :o are to come aft] u1 & ^: op9ion1 be x good or ill1 c 9 no way affect our happ9ess8 ,philosoph]s h be5 sadly at a loss to acc\nt = x1 especially ^? :o trace ! desire ( e/eem to a selfi% orig94 ,"s1 ) ,wolla/on & ,smi?1 h ref]r$ x to ! illusions ( ! imag9ation1 by :i* we seem1 to ourselves1 to be pres5t1 & to witness ! honors1 & li/5 to ! praises1 :i* ! future is to be/[4 ,su* an illusion may possibly arise 9 "s h\r ( rev]ie1 "s day-dream ( ! m9d2 b x is impossible to suppose t any "o ( s\nd m9d %\ld be p]man5tly influ5c$ by su* an illusion1 or fail to p]ceive1 :5 reason resumes h] sway1 t x is an illusion1 & t only4 ,admits ( ,explanation 9 ano!r ,way4--,if1 h[ev] we reg>d ! desire ( ! good op9ion ( o!rs z an orig9al pr9ciple ( our nature1 & n z spr++ f selfi% consid]ations1 x is easy to see h[ ! same pr9ciple may ext5d to ! future4 ,if1 irrespective ( p]sonal advantage1 we desire ! e/eem ( our fell[-m5 :ile we live1 s1 also1 )\t reg>d to su* advantage1 we may desire _! good op9ion :5 we are no long] among !m4 ,true1 x is only a "n t is transmitt$ & honor$1 z ,wolla/on says1 & n ! man himself4 ,he does n live because 8 "n does1 nor is he kn[n because 8 "n is kn[n4 ,z 9 ^? l9es ( ,c[ley1 quot$ by ,/ew>t3 ',tis true ! two immortal syllables rema91 ,b1 ,o6 ye le>n$ m51 expla9 ,:at ess5ce1 sub/ance1 :at hypo/asis ,9 five poor lett]s is8 ,9 ^! alone does ! great ,cs> live-- ',tis all ! conqu]$ _w c\ld give4 ,yet reason z we may1 x is no trait ( a noble & +5u\s m9d to be reg>dless ( ! op9ions ( ! future4 ,! common s5tim5t ( m51 ev5 ! wise/ & ! be/1 f9ds itself1 aft] all1 mu* m influ5c$ by su* consid]ations ?an by any reason+ to ! contr>y4 ,n unwor?y ( a noble ,m9d4--,nor is x altoge!r unwor?y ( ! ambition ( a noble & g5]\s m9d to leave a good "n z a legacy to ! future2 9 ! language ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 to be able to entail on ! casual comb9ation ( lett]s :i* compose our "n1 ! respect ( di/ant ages1 & ! bless+s ( g5]ations yet unborn4 ,nor is x an unwor?y object ( ! mo/ rational b5evol5ce to r5d] ^! lett]s a sort ( magical spell = k9dl+ ! emulation ( ! wise & good :5ev] !y %all rea* ! human e>4 ,desire ( ,e/eem n a safe ,rule ( ,conduct4--,i w\ld by no means be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 to pres5t ! desire ( e/eem z1 on ! :ole1 a safe & suitable rule ( conduct1 or to ju/ify t inord9ate ambition :i* too frequ5tly seeks di/9ction reg>dless ( ! means by :i* x is acquir$1 or ( any useful end to be accompli%$4 ,! m]e love ( fame is by no means ! highe/ pr9ciple ( action by :i* man is guid$--by no means ! noble/ or ! safe/4 ,x is ev] liable to abuse4 ,its t5d5cies are que/ionable4 ,! man :o has no high] pr9ciple ?an a reg>d to ! op9ions ( o!rs is n likely to accompli% any ?+ great or noble4 ,he w lack t prime elem5t ( greatness1 consi/5cy ( "* & purpose4 ,8 conduct & 8 pr9ciples w v>y to suit ! *ang+ aspect ( ! times4 ,he w1 almo/ ( necessity1 also lack firmness & /r5g? ( "*4 ,x is necess>y1 sometimes1 = ! wise & good man to resi/ ! =ce & pressure ( public op9ion4 ,he mu/ d t1 or ab&on 8 pr9ciples1 & prove false at once to duty1 & to himself4 ,to d ?is co/s mu*4 ,x requires1 &1 at ! same "t1 imp>ts1 true /r5g?4 ,su* /r5g? comes 9 no o!r way4 ,t m9d is ess5tially weak t dep5ds = its po9t ( support on ! applause ( man4 ,9 ! noble language ( ,cic]o1 ,to me1 inde$1 ^? actions seem all ! m praisewor?y :i* we p]=m )\t reg>d to public favor1 & )\t obs]vation ( man44 ,! true !atre = virtue is consci5ce2 !re is none great]4 ,! praise ( man conf]s no solid happ9ess1 unless x is felt to be des]v$2 & if x be s1 t v consci\sness is suffici5t4 ,disreg>d ( public ,op9ion equally unsafe4--,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t if a reg>d to ! op9ions ( o!rs is n to be adopt$ z a wise & safe rule ( conduct1 an entire disreg>d ( public op9ion is1 on ! o!r h&1 a m>k nei!r ( a well ord]$ m9d1 nor ( a virtu\s "*4 ,contempta fama1 says ,tacitus1 contemnantur virtutes4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ^? :o1 f any cause1 h lo/ _! "* & /&+ 9 society1 & =feit$ ! good op9ion ( _! fell[-m51 are apt to become desp]ate & reckless1 & ready = any crime4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hope ,,& ,,fe>4 ,nature ( ^! ,emotions4--,9 ! analysis ( ! s5sibilities1 :i* 0 giv5 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 hope & fe> 7 class$ z modifications ( desire & av]sion1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! probability t ! object :i* is desir$ or fe>$ may be realiz$4 ,desire always relates to some?+ 9 ! future1 & some?+ t is agreeable1 or view$ z su*1 & also some?+ possible1 or t is s reg>d$4 ,add to ?is future agreeable some?+ ! idea or elem5t ( probability1 let x be n only some?+ possible to be atta9$1 b n unlikely to be1 & :at 0 be=e b m]e desire1 m or less e>ne/1 n[ becomes hope1 m or less def9ite or /rong1 accord+ z ! object is m or less desirable1 & m or less likely to be realiz$4 ,& ! same is true ( fe>2 an emotion awak5$ 9 view ( any object reg>d$ z disagreeable1 9 ! future1 & z m or less likely to be met4 ,z desire & av]sion d n necess>ily relate to diff]5t objects1 b are simply c\nt]p>ts ( ea* o!r1 ! desire ( any good imply+ always an av]sion to its loss1 s1 also1 hope & fe> may bo? be awak5$ by ! same object1 accord+ z ! ga9+ or los+ ( ! object becomes ! m probable4 ,:at we hope to ga9 we fe> to lose4 ,:at we fe> to meet1 we hope to escape4 ,! ,/r5g? ( ! ,feel+ dep5d5t1 9 "p1 on ! ,importance ( ! ,object4--,! degree ( ! emotion1 h[ev]1 9 ei!r case1 ! read9ess ) :i* x is awak5$1 & ! =ce & livel9ess ) :i* x affects ! m9d1 are n altoge!r 9 proportion to ! probability m]ely t ! ?+ w1 or w n1 be z we hope or fe>1 b some:at 9 proportion1 also1 to ! importance ( ! object itself4 ,t :i* is q ess5tial to our happ9ess is m ard5tly desir$1 ?an :at is ( mu* less consequ5ce1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 mu* m likely to be atta9$2 & because x is m important & desirable1 ev5 a slight prospect ( its atta9m5t1 or a slight reason to appreh5d its loss1 m readily awak5s our hopes1 & our fe>s1 & m deeply impresses & agitates ! m9d1 ?an ev5 a mu* /rong] probability w\ld d 9 cases ( less importance4 ,:at we v mu* desire1 we are incl9$ to hope =1 :at we are /rongly av]se to1 we are readily dispos$ to fe>4 ,no?+ is m desirable to ! victim ( disease ?an recov]y1 & h5ce 8 hope & almo/ confid5t expectation t he %all recov]1 :51 p]haps1 to e eye b 8 own1 ! case is hopeless4 ,no?+ c\ld be m dreadful to ! mis] ?an ! loss ( 8 treasure1 & no?+1 accord+ly1 does he s mu* fe>4 ,pov]ty w\ld be to him ! greate/ ( possible calamities1 & ( ?is1 accord+ly1 he lives 9 con/ant appreh5sion4 ,yet no?+ is really m unlikely to occur4 ,x is ! t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 9 su* cases1 to magnify bo? ! dang] ( ! evil1 on ! "o h&1 & ! prospect ( good on ! o!r4 ,illu/ration f ! case ( a ,travell]4--,!re c be no "q1 says ,dr4 ,br[n1 t he :o travels 9 ! same c>riage1 ) ! same ext]nal appe>ances ( e k9d1 by :i* a robb] c\ld be tempt$ or t]rifi$1 w be 9 equal dang] ( attack1 :e!r he c>ry ) him little ( :i* he c be plund]$1 or su* a booty z w\ld impov]i% him if x 7 lo/4 ,b !re c be no "q1 also1 t ?\gh ! probabilities ( dang] be ! same1 ! fe> ( attack w\ld1 9 ^! two cases1 be v diff]5t2 t1 9 ! "o case1 he w\ld laugh at ! ridicul\s t]ror ( any "o :o j\rney$ ) him1 & express$ mu* al>m at ! approa* ( ev5+2--& t1 9 ! o!r case1 8 own eye w\ld wat*1 suspici\sly1 e horseman :o approa*$1 & w\ld feel a sort ( relief :5 he obs]v$ him pass c>elessly & quietly along1 at a consid]able di/ance beh9d4 ,uneas9ess att5d+ ! sudd5 ,acquisition ( ,weal?4--,?is t5d5cy ( ! imag9ation to exagg]ate ! real1 & conjure up a ?\s& unreal dang]s1 :5 any ?+ ( peculi> value is 9 possession1 :i* x is c]ta9ly possible1 & x may be slightly probable1 t we may lose1 may1 p]haps1 acc\nt = ! uneas9ess1 am\nt+ (t5 to extreme anxiety1 t frequ5tly accompanies ! sudd5 acquisition ( weal?4 ,! poor cobbl]1 at 8 la/1 is a m]ry man1 :i/l+ at 8 "w1 f morn+ till night4 ,bequea? him a =tune1 & he quits at once 8 la/ & 8 music2 he is no long] ! light-he>t$ man t he 02 8 /ep is cauti\s1 8 look anxi\s & suspici\s2 he gr[s c>e-worn & old4 ,he t 0 nev] s happy 9 8 life z :5 a poor man1 n[ dreads no?+ s mu* z pov]ty4 ,:ile he 0 poor1 !re 0 no?+ to fe>1 b e ?+ to hope1 f ! future2 n[ t he is ri*1 !re is no?+ fur!r to hope1 b mu* to fe>1 s9ce if ! future br+s any *ange 9 8 condition1 z x is n unlikely to d1 x w1 9 all probability1 be a *ange1 n f weal? to /ill great] weal?1 b f pres5t afflu5ce to 8 =m] p5ury4 ,! ,pleasure ( ,hope surpasses ! ,pleasure ( ,reality4--,x w1 d\btless1 be f\nd g5]ally true1 t ! pleasure ( hope surpasses ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! realization ( ! object wi%$ & hop$ =4 ,! imag9ation inve/s ) ideal excell5ce ! good t is /ill future1 & :5 ! h\r ( possession & enjoym5t comes1 ! reality does n fully answ] ! expectation4 ,or1 z 9 ! case1 already suppos$1 ( ! acquisition ( weal?1 !re come along ) ! desir$ & expect$ treasure1 a ?\s& c>es & anxieties t 7 n anticipat$1 & t g f> to dim9i% ! enjoym5t ( ! acquisition4 ,f ^!1 & o!r causes1 x happ5s1 ,i believe1 n unfrequ5tly1 t ^? enjoy ! mo/1 :o h really ! lea/1 :e!r ( weal?1 or ( any o!r good :i* ! m9d naturally desires z a means ( happ9ess2 nor c we fail to see 9 ?is a beautiful provision ( div9e b5evol5ce = ! happ9ess ( ! great human family4 ,influ5ce on ! ,m9d4--,! influ5ce ( hope1 ^u ! human m9d1 is univ]sally felt1 & recogniz$1 z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & p]man5t ( ^? v>i$ influ5ces1 & laws ( be+1 t make u :at we are4 ,x is limit$ to no p]iod ( life1 no clime & c\ntry1 no age ( ! _w1 no condition ( society1 or ( individual =tune4 ,x *e]s u1 alike1 9 ! *ildhood ( our be+1 9 ! maturity ( our rip] ye>s1 & 9 ! second *ildhood ( advanc+ age4 ,!re is no good :i* x _c promise1 no evil = :i* x _c sugge/ a rem$y & a way ( escape1 no sorr[ :i* x _c assuage4 ,x is /r5g? to ! we>y1 c\rage to ! despond+1 life to ! dy+1 joy to ! desolate4 ,x l+]s ) g5tle /ep ab\t ! c\* ( ! suff]+1 :5 human skill c d no m2 &1 ^u ! tombs ( ^? ^: dep>ture we m\rn1 x hangs ! unfad+ g>l& ( a bless$ immortality4 ,angel ( life6 ?y glitt]+ w+s explore ,e>?'s lovelie/ b\nds1 & ocean's wide/ %ore4 ,! same poet :o sang s well ! pleasures ( hope1 has depict$ ! influ5ce ( ?is emotion1 on ! m9d :i* "s great calamity has b]eft ( reason4 ,h>k1 ! wild maniac s+s to *ide ! gale ,t wafts s sl[ h] lov]'s di/ant sail2 99 99 99 99 99 ,(t :5 yon moon has climb$ ! midnight sky ,& ! lone sea-bird wakes its wilde/ cry1 ,pil$ on ! /eep1 h] blaz+ fagots burn ,to hail ! b>k t nev] c return2 ,& /ill %e waits1 b sc>ce =be>s to weep1 ,t con/ant love c l+] on ! deep4 ,x is1 inde$1 a t\*+ incid5t1 illu/rative n m ( ! /r5g? ( ?is pr9ciple ( our nature1 ?an ( ! b5evol5ce :i* fram$ our m5tal & moral con/itution1 t :51 "u ! heavy pressure ( e>?ly ills1 reason des]ts h] empire1 & leaves ! ?rone ( ! human m9d vacant1 ,hope /ill l+]s to *e] ev5 ! poor maniac1 & calmly takes h] seat ^u t vacant ?rone1 ev5 z ! radiant angels sat ^u ! /one by ! door ( ! empty sepul*re4 ,,m5tal ,,philosophy ,,division ,,?ird ,,! ,,w ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations4 ,lead+ ,divisions4--,9 our analysis & di/ribution ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 !y 7 divid$ into ?ree g5]ic classes1 viz41 ,intellect1 ,s5sibility1 & ,w4 ,( ^!1 ! two =m] h be5 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ pages2 x n[ rema9s to ent] ^u ! exam9ation ( ! ?ird4 ,importance & ,difficulty ( ?is ,dep>tm5t4--,?is is1 9 _m respects1 at once ! mo/ important & ! mo/ difficult ( ! ?ree4 ,its difficulty becomes app>5t :5 we consid] :at que/ions arise respect+ ?is p[] ( ! m9d1 & :at div]se & conflict+ views h be5 ent]ta9$1 n among philosoph]s only1 b among all classes ( m51 & 9 all ages ( ! _w1 conc]n+ ^! matt]s4 ,its importance is evid5t f ! relation :i* ?is faculty su/a9s to ! o!r p[]s ( ! m9d1 & f its direct & intimate connection ) "s ( ! mo/ practical & p]sonal duties ( life4 ,:atev] control we h ov] ourselves1 :e!r z reg>ds ! bodily or ! m5tal p[]s1 :atev] use & disposition x is 9 our p[] to make ( ! intellectual faculties ) :i* we are end[$1 & ( ! s5sibilities :i* accompany or give rise to ^? intellectual activities1 & ( ! physical organization :i* obeys ! behe/s ( ! sov]eign m9d1 :atev] sep>ates & di/+ui%es u f ! m]e inanimate & me*anical =ces ( nature on ! "o h&1 or ! bl9d impulses ( irrational brute in/9ct on ! o!r2 = all ?is1 be x m or less1 we are indebt$ to t faculty :i* we call ! ,w4 ,& h5ce x happ5s t 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 ! mo/ ab/ract que/ions ( philosophy become ! mo/ practical & important que/ions ( life4 ,9 e sy/em ( m5tal philosophy ! ,w holds a c>d9al place4 ,! sy/em c no m be complete )\t x1 ?an a /eam%ip )\t ! eng9es t are to propel h]4 ,z is ! view tak5 ( ! ,w1 su* is ess5tially ! sy/em4 ,relation to ,!ology4--,nor is x to be ov]look$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,w is a c>d9al doctr9e ( !ology1 z well z ( psy*ology4 ,inasmu* z x has a direct & practical be>+ ^u ! =mation ( "*1 & ^u ! moral & religi\s duties ( life1 x comes prop]ly )9 ! sph]e ( t sci5ce :i* treats ( ^! duties1 & ( man's relation to 8 ,mak]4 ,h5ce e sy/em ( !ology has to d ) ! ,w2 & accord+ to ! view tak5 ( ?is faculty1 su* ess5tially is ! sy/em4 ,if 9 psy*ology1 /ill m 9 !ology1 is ?is ! /&-po9t ( ! sci5ce4 ,n1 !re=e1 to be treat$ z a !ological ,doctr9e4--,n1 h[ev]1 on ?is acc\nt1 is ! matt] to be treat$ z !ological & n /rictly psy*ological4 ,x is a matt] :i* p]ta9s prop]ly & purely to psy*ology4 ,x is = t sci5ce :i* treats ( ! laws & p[]s ( ! human m9d to unfold & expla9 ! activity ( ?is mo/ important ( all ! m5tal faculties4 ,to ?is sci5ce !ology mu/ come = h] data1 s f> z %e has occasion to ref] to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w4 ,! same may be said ( e?ical1 z well z ( !ological sci5ce4 ,9 s f> z !y are conc]n$ ) ! moral p[]s1 & ) ! human w1 !y mu/ bo? dep5d on psy*ology4 ,) 9 h] prop] sph]e !y /&1 n z tea*]s1 b z le>n]s4 ,! m ,c>e requisite on ?is ,acc\nt4--,= ?is reason all ! m c>e is necess>y1 9 ! /udy & explanation ( ! pres5t !me4 ,an error 9 ?is "p ( ! inve/igation is likely to ext5d beyond ! b\nds ( ! sci5ce itself1 into o!r & k9dr$ sci5ces4 ,! mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces may fl[ f x1 9 o!r & wid] fields ( ?\ght4 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation4--,! s\rces ( our in=mation are ess5tially ! same 9 ?is z 9 ! prec$+ divisions ( ! sci5ce4 ,!y are tw(old2 ! consci\sness ( :at passes 9 our own m9ds1 & ! obs]vation ( o!rs4 ,our s+le bus9ess is to asc]ta9 facts1 actual ph5om5a2 n to inquire :at might be1 or :at ought to be1 accord+ to preconceiv$ notions & !ories1 b :at is4 ,?is is to be le>n$1 n by reason+ & logical argum5t1 b by simple obs]vation ( ph5om5a4 ,hav+ once asc]ta9$ ^!1 we may inf]1 & conclude1 & reason f !m1 z f> z we please1 & our conclusions w be correct1 provid$ ! data are correct f :i* we set =?1 & provid$ we reason correctly f ^! pr9ciples4 ,me?od to be pursu$4--,9 treat+ ( ?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal activity1 x w be our fir/ bus9ess1 !n1 to po9t out ! well e/abli%$ & evid5t facts p]ta9+ to ! matt] 9 h&1 view$ simply z psy*ological ph5om5a1 z modes 9 :i* ! human m9d manife/s itself 9 action1 accord+ to ! laws ( its con/itution4 ,^! be+ asc]ta9$1 we %all be prep>$ to consid] "s ( ! m difficult & d\btful matt]s respect+ ! w1 on :i* ! _w has long be5 divid$1 & :i* c nev] be intellig5tly discuss$1 mu* less settl$1 )\t a cle> und]/&+1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ! psy*ological facts 9 ! case1 ab\t :i* !re ne$ be1 & %\ld be1 no dispute4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,:at ! ,w is4--,i und]/&1 by ! w1 t p[] :i* ! m9d has ( det]m9+ or decid+ :at x w d1 & ( putt+ =? volitions accord+ly4 ,! w is ! p[] ( do+ ?is2 will+1 is ! ex]cise ( ! p[]2 volition1 is ! de$1 ! ?+ done4 ,! w is b ano!r "n = ! executive p[] ( ! m9d4 ,:atev] we d intellig5tly & int5tionally1 :e!r x implies an ex]cise ( ! intellect1 or ( ! feel+s1 or ( bo?1 t is an act ( ! w4 ,all our volunt>y1 9 di/9ction f our involunt>y movem5ts ( ! body1 & movem5ts ( m9d1 are ! imm$iate results ( ! activity ( ! ,w4 ,condition ( a ,be+ de/itute ( ,w4--,we c1 p]haps1 conceive ( a be+ end[$ ) intellect & s5sibility1 b )\t ! faculty ( w4 ,su* a be+1 h[ev] sup]ior he might be to ! brutes 9 po9t ( intellig5ce1 w\ld1 s f> z reg>ds ! capacities ( action1 be ev5 _! inf]ior1 s9ce 8 actions mu/ be1 z !irs1 ! result ( m]e s5sational impulse1 )\t ev5 t un]r+ in/9ct to guide him1 :i* ! brute possesses1 & :i* supplies ! place ( reason & intellig5t w4 ,to ?is wret*$ condition man virtually approximates :51 by any means1 ! w becomes s f> enfeebl$1 or br\ght "u ! dom9ion ( appetite & passion1 z to lose ! actual control ( ! m5tal & physical p[]s4 ,w n di/9ct f ! ,m9d4--,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 z we proce$1 t ! w is no?+ b ! m9d itself will+1 or hav+ p[] to w1 & n some?+ di/9ct f ! m9d1 or ev5 a "p ( ! m9d1 z ! h&le & ! blade are di/9ct p>ts ( ! knife4 ,! p[] to ?9k1 ! p[] to feel1 ! p[] to w1 are di/9ct p[]s1 b ! m9d is "o & indivisible1 ex]cis+ n[ "o1 n[ ano!r1 ( ^! p[]s4 ,i4--,,elem5ts ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,w4 ,propos$ ,analysis4--,9 ord] to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ?is faculty1 let u fir/ analyze its op]ations1 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! sev]al di/9ct /ages or elem5ts ( ! m5tal process :i* takes place4 ,we w !n take up ^! sev]al elem5ts1 "o by "o1 = special inve/igation4 ,obs]vation ( an ,act ( ,w4--,:at1 !n1 are ! ess5tial ph5om5a ( an act ( ! w8 ,let u arre/ ourselves 9 ! process ( putt+ =? an act ( ?is k9d1 & obs]ve precisely :at x is t we d1 & :at are ! ess5tial data 9 ! case4 ,i am sitt+ at my table4 ,i rea* =? my h& to take a book4 ,"h is an act ( my w4 ,my arm w5t n =? self-mov$ & spontane\sly1 x 0 s5t1 0 bidd5 to g2 ! s\l seat$ )91 animat+ ?is physical organism1 & mak+ x subs]vi5t to h] w1 mov$ t arm4 ,"h1 !n1 is cle>ly an act ( w4 ,let u subject x to ! te/ ( obs]vation4 ,! fir/ ,elem5t4--,fir/ ( all1 !n1 !re 0 evid5tly1 9 ?is case1 some?+ to be done--an end to be accompli%$--a book to be rea*$4 ,! action1 bo? ( body & ( m9d1 0 direct$ to t end1 & b = t ! volition w\ld n h be5 put =?4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 moreov]1 t ! end to be accompli%$1 9 ?is case1 0 a possible "o--! book 01 or 0 suppos$ to be1 )9 my rea*4 ,o!rwise ,i %\ld n h attempt$ to rea* x4 ,a second ,elem5t4--,i obs]ve1 fur!rmore1 9 ! case "u consid]ation1 a motive1 impell+ or induc+ to t end2 a reason :y ,i will$ ! act4 ,x 0 curiosity1 p]haps1 to see :at ! book 01 or x may h be5 "s o!r pr9ciple ( my nature1 :i* induc$ me to put =? ! volition4 ,a fur!r ,/ep 9 ! ,process4--,b ! motive does n1 itself1 produce ! act4 ,x is m]ely ! reason :y ,i produce x4 ,x has to d n directly ) ! action1 b ) me4 ,its imm$iate effect t]m9ates on me1 & x is only indirectly t x affects ! f9al act4 ,! next /ep 9 ! process1 !n1 is to be s\ght1 n 9 ! f9al act1 b 9 my m9d z influ5c$ by motive2 & t /ep is my *oice4 ,previ\s to my putt+ =? ! volition to move my arm1 !re 0 a *oice or decision to d s4 ,9 view ( ! end to be accompli%$1 & influ5c$ by ! motive1 ,i made up my m9d--to use a common b n inapt expression--to p]=m ! act4 ,! "q arose1 = ! in/ant1 ,%all ,i d x8 ,! v occurr5ce ( a ?+ to be done1 a possible ?+1 & ( a motive = do+ x1 raises1 ( itself1 ! "q1 ,%all x be done8 ,! "q may be at once decid$ 9 ! affirmative1 9 ! abs5ce ( reasons to ! contr>y1 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( reflection1 s quickly decid$1 t1 aft]w>d1 we %all h>dly be consci\s t x 0 ev] be=e ! m9d4 ,or x may be o!rwise4 ,reasons to ! contr>y sugge/ !mselves--c\nt] influ5ces & motives--9 view ( :i* we hesitate1 delib]ate1 decide2 & t decision1 9 view ( all ! circum/ances1 is our pref]5ce1 or *oice4 ,9 mo/ cases ! process is s rapid z to escape att5tion2 b subsequ5t reflection c h>dly fail to detect su* a process1 m or less di/9ctly m>k$4 ,! f9al ,/age ( ! ,act4--,we h rea*$ n[ ! po9t at :i* x is decid$1 9 our own m9ds1 :at c\rse to pursue4 ,9 ! case suppos$1 ,i h decid$ to take up ! book4 ,! volition is n yet put =?4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s1 h[ev]1 b to put =? ! volition1 & at once ! muscul> organism1 if unimp$$ & 9 heal?1 obeys ! w4 ,! ?+ is done1 & ! exp]im5t conclud$4 ,summ>y ( ,results4--,i repeat n[ ! exp]im5t t5 or a hundr$ times1 b always ) l results4 ,i f9d always1 :]e !re is an act ( ! w1 "s end to be obta9$1 "s motive1 a *oice1 an executive volition4 ,i conclude t ^! are ! ess5tial ph5om5a ( all volunt>y action4 ,( ^!1 ! two =m]1 viz41 ! end to be accompli%$1 & ! motive1 may be reg>d$ z m prop]ly conditions ( volition1 ?an con/itu5t elem5ts ( x4 ,/ill1 s intimately is ! volition connect$ ) "o1 at lea/1 ( ^! conditions1 viz41 ! motive1 t x claims special consid]ation4 ,! ends to be accompli%$ by volition are z num]\s z ! inf9ite v>iety ( human purposes & actions1 &1 ( c\rse1 admit ( no complete enum]ation or classification4 ,we conf9e our fur!r att5tion1 !n1 to ^! elem5ts--! motive1 ! *oice1 ! executive volition--& proce$ to _! m c>eful inve/igation z ph5om5a ( ! w4 ,,ii4--,,inve/igation ,,( ,,^! ,,elem5ts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ,elem5ts1 ,motive1 always impli$ 9 ,action4--,i4 ,,! ,,motive--t :i* incites ! m9d to action--! reason :y x acts1 & acts z x does4 ,we nev] act )\t "s su* incitem5t1 "s reason = act+2 at lea/ ?is is true ( all our intellig5t & volunt>y actions1 ( :i*1 alone1 we n[ speak4 ,x may be no?+ m ?an m]e pres5t impulse1 m]e animal appetite or passion1 ev5 t is a motive1 a reason :y we act4 ,we _c conceive ( any be+ hav+ ! p[] ( volunt>y action1 & ex]t+ t p[] )\t any reason :atev] :y he did x4 ,! reason may1 or may n1 be cle>ly appreh5d$ by 8 own m9d--t is ano!r "q2 b :e!r di/9ctly & cle>ly recogniz$ z su*1 or n1 by our own m9ds1 a reason !re always is = :at we d4 ,9 :at ,s5se ?is ,t]m employ$4--,/rictly speak+1 ! motive is n any & e influ5ce :i* may be> ^u ! m9d z an inducem5t to action1 b only ! prevail+ inducem5t1 t :i* actually moves or induces u to p]=m ! propos$ act4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re may be _m diff]5t inducem5ts1 b only "o motive4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! ord9>y use ( ! t]m4 ,t is usually call$ a motive :i* is ( a nature to influ5ce ! m9d1 & induce volition1 :e!r x is1 9 ! giv5 case1 effective1 or n4 ,to avoid confusion1 ,i adopt ! g5]al use4 ,nature ( ,motives4--,z to ! nature ( ! motives f :i* we act1 !y are manife/ly ( two k9ds1 & widely di/9ct4 ,!re is desire1 & !re is ! s5se ( moral obligation or duty2--! agreeable1 & ! "r2 ea* ( ^! con/itutes a p[]ful motive to action4 ,we f9d ourselves1 "u ! influ5ce ( ^! motives1 act+1 n[ f desire1 n[ f s5se ( duty1 n[ 9 view ( :at is 9 itself agreeable1 & n[ 9 view ( :at is "r2 & ! v>i\s motives :i* influ5ce u & result 9 action1 may be resolv$ into "o or ! o!r ( ^! p[]ful elem5ts4 ,^! ,elem5ts di/+ui%$4--,^! are q di/9ct elem5ts1 nev] to be conf\nd$ )1 nor resolv$ into ea* o!r4 ,desire is ! feel+ :i* arises 9 view ( "s good n 9 pres5t possession1 some?+ agreeable1 & to be obta9$2 x looks =w>d to t2 its root & spr+ is t gr& pr9ciple ( our nature1 ! love ( happ9ess4 ,its appeal is to t4 ,its /r5g? lies 9 t ,duty1 z we h already %[n--t s5se ( obligation :i* is impli$ 9 ! v idea ( "r--is q ano!r pr9ciple ?an t1 n f\nd$ 9 t2 spr+s n f self-love1 or ! desire ( happ9ess2 is1 on ! contr>y1 a simple1 primitive1 fundam5tal idea ( ! human m9d1 bas$ 9 ! inh]5t1 ess5tial1 et]nal nature ( ?+s4 ,giv5 ! "r1 ! p]ception ( "r1 & !re is giv51 also along ) x1 ! s5se ( obligation4 ,_! ,action n always 9 ,unison4--,^! two motives may act 9 diff]5t directions2 !y frequ5tly d s4 ,desire impels me "o way1 duty ano!r4 ,conflict !n arises4 ,:i* %all prevail1 desire or duty1 dep5ds on circum/ances1 on my "* already =m$1 my habits ( ?\ght & feel+1 my degree ( self-control1 my consci5ti\sness1 ! /r5g? ( my native prop5sities1 ! cle>ness ) :i*1 at ! "t1 ,i appreh5d ! diff]5t c\rses ( conduct propos$1 _! "* & _! consequ5ces4 ,desire may prevail1 & !n ,i g c\nt] to my s5se ( obligation4 ,remorse foll[s4 ,i am wret*$4 ,i suff] p5alty4 ,duty prevails1 & ,i d t :i* ,i believe to be "r1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces4 ,i suff] 9 prop]ty1 heal?1 life1 ext]nal good1 b am su/a9$ by t approv+ voice )91 :i* m ?an comp5sates = all su* losses4 ,t !re are ^! two spr+s or motives ( human action1 & t !y are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 is :at ,i affirm1 & :at no "o1 ,i ?9k1 :o reflects on :at consci\sness reveals1 w be dispos$ to d5y4 ,motives ( ,duty n resolvable into ,motives ( ,int]e/4--,%\ld any /ill cont5d t ?is v approval ( consci5ce1 ?is peace & happ9ess :i* result f do+ "r1 are1 !mselves1 ! motive to action1 9 ! case suppos$1 & s1 self-love1 a desire ( happ9ess1 is1 aft] all1 ! only motive1 ,i reply1 ?is is an assumption utt]ly )\t pro(4 ,consci\sness contradicts x4 ,! hi/ory ( ! human race contradicts x4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z do+ "r = its own sake1 irrespective ( good to ourselves4 ,e man is consci\s ( su* di/9ction1 & ( its =ce z a motive ( conduct4 ,e virtu\s man is consci\s ( act+1 at times1 at lea/1 f su* a motive4 ,co9cid5ce ( ,desire & ,duty4--,x is only :5 desire & duty co9cide1 t ! highe/ happ9ess c be rea*$1 :5 we no long] desire & long =1 because we no long] view z agreeable1 t :i* is n /rictly "r4 ,?is is a /ate nev] fully realiz$ 9 ?is life4 ,x implies p]fection ( "*1 & a p]fect _w4 ,desires1 z ,motives ( ,action1 fur!r di/+ui%$4--,desire1 & ! feel+ ( obligation1 ,i h spok5 ( z motives ( conduct4 ,! =m]1 aga91 is n always ( "o sort4 ,desire is1 inde$1 9 itself1 a simple elem5t1 spr++ f "o s\rce1 b n always direct$ to ! same object4 ,we desire n[ "o ?+1 n[ ano!r4 ,!re are two classes1 at lea/1 ( desires q easy to be di/+ui%$1 ! physical & ! psy*ical1 ! "o relat+ to ! wants ( ! body1 ! o!r to ! crav+ ( ! high] nature2 ! m]e animal in/9cts1 prop5sities1 passions1 look+ to animal gratification2 & ! high] rational self-love1 :i* seeks ! true & p]man5t well-be+1 "u ! guidance ( reason4 ,ea* ( ^! furni%es a p[]ful motive1 or class ( motives1 to human action4 ,!y are ea*1 h[ev]1 b diff]5t =ms ( desire4 ,! second ,elem5t1 ,*oice1 always involv$ 9 ,volition4--,,ii4 ,,*oice4--,?is is an ess5tial elem5t 9 volition1 & next 9 ord]4 ,z1 sett+ aside su* acts z are purely spontane\s & me*anical1 we nev]1 intellig5tly & purposely1 d any ?+ )\t a volition to d x1 s we nev] put =? volition )\t ex]cis+ *oice4 ,! act p]=m$ is n a volunt>y act1 unless x is some?+ :i* ,i *oose to d4 ,true1 my *oice may be influ5c$ by extrane\s causes--may ev5 be con/ra9$--circum/ances may virtually compel me to *oose z ,i d1 by %utt+ me up to ?is "o c\rse1 z be+ ei!r ! only "r1 or ! only desirable c\rse4 ,& ^! circum/ances1 t ?us influ5ce my decisions1 may be ess5tially beyond my control1 z !y n unfrequ5tly are4 ,yet1 all ?+s consid]$1 x is my *oice to d ?us & n o!rwise1 & s long z ,i d *oose1 & am free to act accord+ly1 ! act is volunt>y4 ,! ,position illu/rat$4--,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! soldi] :o1 9 ! bomb>dm5t ( 8 native city1 is ord]$ to po9t 8 piece 9 ! direction ( 8 own dwell+4 ,to disobey1 is dea?4 ,to obey1 is to put 9 jeop>dy ^? :o are de> to him4 ,he hesitates1 b f9ally *ooses to obey ord]s4 ,he aims 8 piece z direct$1 sadly aga9/ 8 incl9ation2 yet1 on ! :ole1 x is 8 *oice to d x4 ,he pref]s t to ! c]ta9ty ( di%onorable dea?1 a dea? :i* w\ld 9 no way b5efit or protect ^? :om he wi%es to save4 ,a man1 ( 8 own accord1 lies d[n ^u ! surgeon's op]at+ table1 & /ret*es out 8 arm to ! knife4 ,x is 8 *oice--a h>d *oice1 inde$1 b1 nev]!less1 decid$ly 8 *oice4 ,he pref]s t to /ill great] suff]+1 or ev5 dea?4 ,9 ^! cases--& !y are only in/ances & illu/rations ( :at1 9 a less m>k$ & decid$ way1 is cont9ually occurr+--we see ! utmo/ /ra9 & pressure ( circum/ances ^u a man's *oice1 mak+ x morally c]ta9 t he w decide z he does1 %utt+ him up to t decision1 9 fact1 yet 8 *oice rema9+ unimpair$1 & 8 act a free act2 free1 because he does z he1 on ! :ole1 & "u ! circum/ances1 *ooses to d4 ,he does ! ?+ volunt>ily4 ,ano!r ,case suppos$4--,suppose1 n[1 ! man 7 =cibly seiz$1 & borne by %e] /r5g? to ! table1 & plac$ ^u x1 & held !re :ile ! op]ation 0 p]=m$4 ,9 t case1 he no long] acts1 is only act$ ^u1 no long] *ooses & wills to g !re1 nay1 *ooses & wills directly ! contr>y4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two cases1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a volunt>y act1 *os5 reluctantly1 inde$1 & "u ! pressure ( an exig5cy1 b /ill *os51 & ! passive suff]+ ( an action :i*1 s f> f be+ volunt>y1 01 9 no s5se1 an act ( 8 own4 ,*oice always influ5c$ by ,circum/ances4--,n[1 z reg>ds ! actual op]ation ( ?+s1 our *oices are1 9 fact1 always influ5c$ by circum/ances1 & ^! circum/ances are v>i\s & innum]able2 a ?\s& se5 & unse5 influ5ces are at "w ^u u1 to affect our decisions ,7 x possible to e/imate aright all ^! influ5ces1 to calculate1 ) precision1 _! exact weight & effect1 !n our *oice1 "u any giv5 circum/ances1 might be pr$ict$ ) un]r+ c]ta9ty4 ,?is c nev] be exactly kn[n to man4 ,sagacity may approximate to x1 & may1 s f>1 be able to read ! future1 & pr$ict ! probable conduct ( m5 9 giv5 circum/ances4 ,to ! omnisci5t1 ^! ?+s are fully kn[n1 & to 8 eye1 !re=e1 ! :ole future ( our lives1 our free *oices & volunt>y acts1 lie op5 be=e !y are yet kn[n to ourselves4 ,conclusion /at$4--,f :at has be5 said1 x appe>s t x is n inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( *oice1 to be influ5c$1 nay1 decid$ by circum/ances1 ev5 :5 circum/ances are beyond our control4 ,div]sity ( ,objects ess5tial to ,*oice4--,:at is impli$ 9 an act ( *oice8 ,sev]al ?+s4 ,9 ord] to *oice1 !re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be div]sity ( objects f :i* to *oose4 ,if !re 7 b "o possible c\rse to be pursu$1 x 7 absurd to speak ( *oice4 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 ! cases j n[ suppos$1 !re 0 a div]sity ( objects f :i* to *oose--dea?1 or ob$i5ce to ord]s1 suff]+ f ! surg]y1 or great] suff]+ & dang] )\t x1 & betwe5 ^! ! man made 8 *oice4 ,lib]ty ( ,selection also ess5tial4--,z a fur!r condition ( *oice1 !re is impli$ lib]ty ( selection f among ! diff]5t objects propos$4 ,x 7 ( no use t !re %\ld be diff]5t c\rses ( conduct--diff]5t ends1 or diff]5t means ( atta9+ an end--propos$ to our und]/&+1 if x 7 n 9 our p[] to select :i* we pleas$1 if we 7 n free to g :i* way we w4 ,*oice always implies t diff]5t actions & volitions are possible1 & are1 z su*1 submitt$ to our decision & pref]5ce4 ,!re c be no volition )\t *oice1 & no *oice )\t lib]ty to *oose4 ,:atev] int]f]es1 !n1 ) t lib]ty1 & dim9i%es or takes x away1 int]f]es1 also1 ) my *oice1 & dim9i%es or de/roys t4 ,! v ess5ce ( a volunt>y act consi/s 9 its be+ an act ( *oice1 or a free-w act4 ,no tyranny c take ?is away1 except su* z de/roys1 also1 all volunt>y & responsible action4 ,y may comm& me to burn inc5se on a hea!n alt>4 ,! v comm& leaves x optional ) me :e!r to obey4 ,if ,i d n1 ! p5alty is dea?4 ,v well--,i may *oose ! p5alty1 r ?an ! crime1 & no p[] on e>? c compel me to *oose o!rwise4 ,i die1 b ,i die a free man4 ,true1 y may b9d me1 & by me*anical =ce urge me to ! alt>1 & by sup]ior /r5g? ( o!r arms1 may cause my h& to put inc5se !re1 b x is n my act !n2 x is ! act ( ^? :o use me z a m]e passive in/rum5t2 x is no m my act1 ?an x w\ld be ! act ( s mu* iron1 or wood1 or o!r in/rum5t4 ,delib]ation impli$4--,*oice1 moreov]1 implies delib]ation1 ! balanc+ & weigh+ ( inducem5ts1 ! comp>ison & e/imate ( ! sev]al goods propos$1 ! sev]al ends & objects1 ! v>i\s means to ^? ends2 ! ex]cise ( reason &2 judgm5t 9 ?is process4 ,i see be=e me diff]5t c\rses1 diff]5t ends propos$ to my und]/&+1 am consci\s ( div]se inducem5ts & reasons1 "s urg+ me 9 "o direction1 "s 9 ano!r4 ,native prop5sities impel me t[>d ?is l9e ( conduct4 ,rational self-love puts 9 a claim = q ano!r proc$ure4 ,b5evol5ce1 & a s5se ( duty1 x may be1 conspire to urge me 9 /ill ano!r direction4 ,i am at lib]ty to *oose ,i mu/ *oose4 ,i c g ?is way or t1 mu/ g 9 "o or ! o!r4 ,i hesitate1 delib]ate1 am at a loss4 ,n[ !re is no *oice :i* does n virtually involve "s process ( ?is k9d4 ,x may be v rapid2 s rapid z to escape detection1 9 _m cases1 s t we are h>dly consci\s ( ! process4 ,9 o!r cases1 we are pa9fully consci\s ( ! :ole sc5e2 we hesitate long1 are 9 d\bt & susp5se betwe5 conflict+ motives & int]e/s4 ,desire & duty wage a fi]ce conte/ )9 u4 ,%all we *oose ! agreeable8 ,%all we *oose ! "r8 ,& !n1 aga91 :i* is really ! agreeable1 & :i* is truly ! "r8 ,f9al ,decision4--,z ! result ( ?is delib]ation1 we f9ally decide1 "o way1 or ! o!r4 ,?is decision is our pref]5ce1 our *oice4 ,our m9ds1 z we say1 are made up :at to d1 :at c\rse to pursue4 ,:5 ! "t comes1 we %all act4 ,some?+ may prev5t our hav+ our way2 opportunity may n (f]1 or we may see fit1 subsequ5tly to reconsid] & revoke our decision4 ,o!rwise1 our *oice is c>ri$ out 9 action4 ,*oice implies1 !n1 ^! ?+s3 div]sity ( objects1 lib]ty ( selection1 delib]ation1 decision1 or pref]5ce4 ,! f9al ,elem5t4--,,iii4 ,,executive ,,volition4--,9 our inve/igation ( ! sev]al elem5ts or mom5ta ( an act ( ! ,w1 we h z yet consid]$ b two1 viz41 motive & *oice--! fir/1 m prop]ly a condition ( volunt>y action1 ?an itself a con/itu5t "p ( x1 yet /ill1 a condition s indisp5sably connect$ ) volition1 z to require inve/igation 9 connection ) ! latt]4 ,x only rema9s n[ to notice ! la/ /age ( ! process1 ! f9al elem5t1 :i* add$1 ! process is complete--t is1 ! executive act ( ! m9d1 volition prop]ly s call$4 ,:5 ! objects to be atta9$ h be5 pres5t$1 :5 ! motives or inducem5ts to action h be5 consid]$1 :51 9 view ( all1 ! *oice or pref]5ce has be5 made1 x /ill rema9s to put =? ! volition1 or ! act w n be p]=m$4 ,?is may nev] happ54 ,opportunity may nev] (f]4 ,b suppose x does4 ,we w4 ,?is done1 ! bodily me*anism spr+s into play1 ob$i5t to ! call & comm& ( ! s\l4 ,ev5 n[1 ! action does n ( necessity correspond to ! volition4 ,ev5 n[1 we may be disappo9t$4 ,o!r wills may be 9 action 9 opposition to ours4 ,o!r arms may move 9 ob$i5ce to ^? o!r wills4 ,or we may f9d ! ?+ too mu* = u to d1 impracticable1 beyond our /r5g? & means1 or disease may palsy ! frame1 s t x %all n obey ! m&ate ( ! _s4 ,nev]!less ! volition is complete4 ,t dep5ds n on ! success ( ! ex]tion4 ,we h will$1 & ) t our m5tal action ceases4 ,:at rema9s is physical1 n psy*ological4 ,if we succe$1 if ! volition f9ds itself answ]$ 9 execution1 !n1 also1 ! act once p]=m$ is !nce=? out ( our p[]4 ,x is done1 & /&s a p]man5t hi/oric ev5t1 beyond our control1 beyond our decision or revocation4 ,our p[] ov] x ceases 9 ! mom5t ( volition4 ,our connection ) x may nev] cease4 ,x moves on 9 its inevitable c>e] ( consequ5ces1 &1 l a swift riv]1 be>s u along ) x4 ,we h no m to d ) x1 b x has to d ) u2 x may be to our sorr[1 x may be1 =ev]4 ,su* are1 9 brief1 ! ma9 psy*ological facts1 relat+ to ! w1 z !y (f] !mselves to our consci\sness & c>eful inspection4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,o!r ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,activity ( ! ,intellect 9 ,volition4--,x is a matt] ( "s importance to asc]ta9 ! relation :i* ! w su/a9s to ! o!r m5tal p[]s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! activity ( ! w is prec$$1 9 all cases by t ( ! intellect4 ,i mu/ fir/ p]ceive "s object pres5t$ to my und]/&+1 be=e ,i c w its atta9m5t4 ,9 ! case already suppos$1 ! book ly+ on my table is an object )9 ! cognizance ( s5se1 & to p]ceive x is an act ( intellect4 ,until p]ceiv$1 ! w puts n =? any volition respect+ x4 ,nor does ! m]e p]ception occasion volition4 ,9 connection ) ! p]ception ( ! book1 ideas pres5t !mselves to ! m9d1 curiosity is awak5$1 ! m9d is set ^u a tra9 ( ?\ght1 :i* results 9 ! desire & ! volition to take ! book4 ,9 all ?is ! intellect is active4 ,9 a ^w1 :atev] comes 9 z a motive to influ5ce ! m9d 9 favor (1 or aga9/ a giv5 c\rse1 mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance address itself to ! und]/&+1 & be compreh5d$ by t p[]1 be=e x c influ5ce ! m5tal decisions4 ,a motive :i* ,i d n compreh5d is no motive2 a reason :i* ,i d n p]ceive1 or und]/&1 is1 to me1 no reason4 ,activity ( ! ,s5sibilities also involv$4--,b does volition imm$iately foll[ ! action ( ! intellect 9 ! case suppos$8 ,d we fir/ und]/&1 & !n w2 or does some?+ else int]v5e betwe5 ! intellectual p]ception & ! volition8 ,7 !re no feel+ awak5$ by ! intellectual p]ception1 w\ld !re be any volition ) reg>d to ! object p]ceiv$8 ,i ?9k1 ,i feel1 ,i w2 is n t ! ord] ( ! m5tal processes8 ,we c easily imag9e1 says ,mack9to%1 a p]cipi5t & ?9k+ be+ )\t a capacity ( receiv+ pleasure or pa94 ,su* a be+ might p]ceive :at we d2 if we c\ld conceive him to reason1 he might reason ju/ly2 & if he 7 to judge at all1 !re seems no reason :y he %\ld n judge truly4 ,b :at c\ld induce su* a be+ to w or to act8 ,x seems evid5t t 8 exi/5ce c\ld only be a /ate ( passive contemplation4 ,reason1 z reason1 c nev] be a motive to action4 ,x is only :5 we sup]add to su* a be+ s5sibility1 or ! capacity ( emotion1 or s5tim5t ( desire & av]sion1 t we introduce him into ! _w ( action4 ,op9ion ( ,locke4--,to ! same effect1 ,locke3 ,good & evil1 pres5t & abs5t1 x is true1 "w ^u ! m9d1 b t :i* imm$iately det]m9es ! w f "t to "t1 to e volunt>y action1 is ! uneas9ess ( desire1 fix$ on "s abs5t good1 ei!r negative1 z indol5ce to "o 9 pa91 or positive1 z enjoym5t ( pleasure4 ,t x is ?is uneas9ess t det]m9es ! w to ! successive volunt>y actions1 :]e( ! greate/ "p ( our lives is made up1 & by :i* we are conduct$ ?r\gh diff]5t c\rses to diff]5t ends1 ,i %all endeavor to %[ bo? f exp]i5ce & ! reason ( ! ?+4 ,else:]e aga93 ,= good1 ?\gh appe>+ & all[$ ev] s great1 yet till x has rais$ desires 9 our m9ds1 & !reby made u uneasy 9 its want1 x rea*es n our wills2 we are n )9 ! sph]e ( its activity4 ,te/imony ( ,consci\sness4--,! g5]al op9ion ( philosophical writ]s is n[ 9 accordance ) ! views ?us express$4 ,! intellect !y reg>d z act+ ^u ! w n directly1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5sibilities1 ! v>i\s emotions & desires :i* are awak5$ by ! p]ceptions ( ! intellect4 ,t ?is is ! correct view1 admits ( little d\bt4 ,! "q is be/ settl$ by an appeal to consci\sness4 ,9 ! case suppos$1 ! p]ception ( ! book ^u ! table does n1 ( itself1 directly influ5ce my w4 ,x is n until "s feel+ is ar\s$1 my curiosity excit$1 or desire1 9 "s =m1 awak5$1 t my w acts4 ,! object mu/ n only be p]ceiv$1 b p]ceiv$ z agreeable1 & ! wi% to possess x be ent]ta9$1 be=e ! volition is put =?4 ,:e!r ?is ,rule applies 9 all ,cases4--,t ?is is s z reg>ds a l>ge class ( our volitions1 w h>dly be d5i$4 ,:5 ! motive to action is ( ! nature ( desire1 x is ! s5sibility1 & n ! intellect1 t is directly1 conc]n$ 9 %ap+ ! action ( ! w4 ,i fir/ p]ceive ! object to be agreeable2 ,i next desire its possession1 z su*2 !n ,i w its atta9m5t4 ,! intellectual activity gives rise to emotion1 & ! latt] leads to volition4 ,x may be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! motive :i* influ5ces ! w is n ( ! nature ( desire1 b r ( a s5se ( obligation or duty1 !n ! case is o!rwise1 ! intellectual p]ception ( ! "r1 & ( ! obligation to d ! "r1 be+ suffici5t ( !mselves to lead ! m9d to action4 ,b z ! intellectual p]ception ( ! agreeable is foll[$ by emotion or desire 9 view ( ! same1 s ! intellectual p]ception ( ! "r is foll[$1 9 l mann]1 by a c]ta9 class ( feel+s or emotions1 usually call$ moral s5sibilities2 & x is ! feel+1 9 ei!r case1 & n ! kn[+1 ! s5sibility1 & n ! intellect1 t is directly 9 contact ) ! w4 ,i "k t ,i ought1 & ,i feel t ,i ought1 are /ates ( m9d closely connect$1 inde$1 b n id5tical2 & x is ! latt] :i* leads directly to volition4 ,desire & ,volition n always di/+ui%$4--,ano!r po9t requir+ inve/igation1 is ! precise relation betwe5 volition & desire4 ,are !y ! same ?+1 & if n1 :]e9 d !y diff]8 ,x has be5 ! cu/om ( c]ta9 writ]s n to di/+ui% betwe5 desire & volition1 z /ates ( m9d1 or to reg>d !m z diff]+1 if at all1 only 9 degree4 ,?us ,condillac1 & writ]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 z also ,br[n1 ,mill1 & o!rs1 9 ,great ,brita91 h treat$ ( volition z only a /rong] degree ( desire1 :i*1 aga91 is only a =m ( emotion4 ,ev5 ,mc,cosh1 9 8 treatise on moral gov]nm5t1 :ile insi/+ on ! di/9ction betwe5 emotions & desires1 reg>ds wi%es1 desires1 & volitions1 z belong+ ess5tially to ! same class ( m5tal /ates4 ,appeal+ to consci\sness1 says t able & elegant writ]1 we ass]t t !re is a class ( m5tal /ates embrac+ wi%es1 desires1 volitions1 :i* _c be analyz$ into any?+ else4 ,^! m5tal /ates or affections are v num]\s1 & occupy a place 9 ! human m9d second to no o!r4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r 9 degree1 & possibly ev5 9 "s m9or qualities b !y all agree 9 o!r & m important respects & s are capable ( be+ arrang$ "u "o head4 ,& 9 a subsequ5t p>agraph he rem>ks to ! same effect1 ,lat] m5tal inquir]s are g5]ally dispos$ to admit t ! volition ! positive det]m9ation to take a p>ticul> /ep1 ! resolution1 = in/ance1 to give a sum ( money to take our fri5d to a w>m] climate = ! re/oration ( 8 heal?1 is m ?an a m]e emotion4 ,b if we are ?us to con/itute a sep>ate attribute to :i* to ref] volition1 x is wor?y ( be+ inquir$ :e!r we %\ld n arrange1 "u ! same head1 wi%es1 desires1 & ! cognate /ates1 z be+ m closely alli$ 9 _! nature to volitions ?an to ! common emotions4 ,! ,diff]5ce g5]ic4--,x is on ?is latt] po9t t we are compell$ to jo9 issue ) ! writ] j quot$4 ,a wi%1 a desire1 are =ms ( feel+2 a volition is n4 ,! diff]5ce is g5]ic1 & n "o ( degree m]ely4 ,a desire diff]s f any o!r =m ( feel+1 n s mu*1 n s radically1 z x diff]s f a volition4 ,a wi% or desire may lead to volition1 or x may n4 ,we (t5 wi% or desire :at we d n w4 ,! object ( our desires may n be )9 ! sph]e ( our volitions1 may n be possible ( atta9m5t1 may n dep5d1 9 any s5se1 ^u our wills4 ,or x may be some?+ :i* reason & ! law ( "r =bid1 yet1 nev]!less1 an object ( natural desire4 ,& s1 on ! o!r h&1 we may1 f a s5se ( duty1 or f ! dictates ( reason & prud5ce1 w :at is contr>y to our natural incl9ations1 & our volitions1 s f> f repres5t+ our desires1 9 t case1 may be directly contr>y to !m4 ,op9ion ( ,reid4--,accordant ) ! view n[ express$1 are ! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,dr ,reid3 ,) reg>d to our actions1 we may desire :at we d n w1 & w :at we d n desire1 nay1 :at we h a great av]sion to4 ,a man a-?ir/ has a /rong desire to dr9k1 b1 = "s p>ticul> reason1 he det]m9es n to gratify 8 desire4 ,a judge1 f a reg>d to ju/ice & ! duty ( 8 (fice1 dooms a crim9al to die1 :ile1 f humanity & p>ticul> affection1 he desires t he %\ld live4 ,a man1 = heal?1 may take a nause\s draught = :i* he has no desire1 b a great av]sion4 ,desire1 !re=e1 ev5 :5 its object is "s action ( our own1 is only an excitem5t to ! w1 b is n volition4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! m9d may be n to d :at we desire to d4 ,op9ion ( ,locke4--,to ! same effect is ! foll[+ f ,locke3 ,?is caution1 ( be+ c>eful n to be misl$ by expressions t d n en\gh keep up ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! w & sev]al acts ( ! m9d t are q di/9ct f x1 ,i ?9k ! m necess>y1 because ,i f9d ! w (t5 conf\nd$ ) sev]al ( ! affections1 especially desire1 & "o put = ! o!r1 & t by m5 :o w\ld n will+ly be ?\ght n to h _h v di/9ct notions ( ?+s1 & n to h writ v cle>ly ab\t !m4 ,?is1 ,i imag9e1 has be5 no small occasion ( obscurity & mi/ake 9 ?is matt]2 & !re=e is1 z mu* z may be1 to be avoid$4 ,=1 he t %all turn 8 ?\ghts inw>d ^u :at passes 9 8 m9d :5 he wills1 %all see t ! w or p[] ( volition is conv]sant ab\t no?+1 b t p>ticul> det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 :]eby1 b>ely by a ?\ght1 ! m9d endeavors to give rise1 cont9uation1 or /op to any action :i* x takes to be 9 its p[]4 ,?is well consid]$1 pla9ly %[s t ! w is p]fectly di/+ui%$ f desire1 :i*1 9 ! v same action may h q a contr>y t5d5cy f t :i* our w sets u ^u4 ,a man :om ,i _c d5y1 may oblige me to use p]suasions to ano!r1 :i*1 at ! same "t ,i am speak+1 ,i may wi% may n prevail on him4 ,9 ?is case1 x is pla91 ! w & desire run c\nt]4 ,i w ! action t t5ds "o way1 :ile my desire t5ds ano!r1 & t "r contr>y4 ,:5ce x is evid5t1 he adds1 t desir+ & will+ are two di/9ct acts ( ! m9d2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! w1 :i* is b ! p[] ( volition1 is mu* m di/9ct f desire4 ,te/imony ( ,consci\sness4--,! te/imony ( consci\sness seems to be cle>ly 9 accordance ) ! views n[ express$4 ,we readily di/+ui% betwe5 our desires & our volitions4 ,we are consci\s ( will+1 (t51 :at is contr>y to our desires2 ! c\rse :i* honor & duty approve1 & :i* we resolutely c>ry out1 is 9 disreg>d ( _m fond & *]i%$ desires :i* /ill agitate ! bosom4 ,& ev5 :5 our desires & volitions co9cide1 x requires b little reflection to discov] ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,x is a diff]5ce recogniz$ 9 ! common language ( life1 & 9 ! writ+s & conv]sation ( m5 :o are by no means !ori/s or metaphysicians4 ,fur!r ,illu/rations ( ! ,di/9ction4--,mr4 ,upham1 :o has v cle>ly & ably ma9ta9$ ! di/9ction n[ 9 "q1 ref]s u1 9 illu/ration1 to ! case ( ,abraham (f]+ 8 son ^u ! alt> ( sacrifice1 /]nly1 resolutely will+1 9 ob$i5ce to ! div9e comm&1 :at mu/ h be5 repugnant to e feel+ ( ! fa!r's he>t2 to ! memorable in/ance ( ,brutus ord]+ & witness+ ! execution ( 8 own sons1 z conspirators aga9/ ! ,/ate1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! /rong w & ! /rong pat]nal feel+ evid5tly visible 9 8 c\nt5ance1 z he /ood at ! dreadful sc5e2 & ! case ( ,virg9ius1 plung+ ! knife into ! bosom ( a belov$ daught]1 ^: di%onor c\ld 9 no o!r way be av]t$4 ,9 all ^!1 & _m o!r simil> cases1 private int]e/s & p]sonal affections are freely & nobly sacrific$1 9 favor ( high public int]e/s1 & moral ends2 yet1 to d ?is1 ! w mu/ act 9 opposition to ! curr5t ( natural feel+ & desire4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,problems respect+ ! ,w4--,our att5tion has ?us f> be5 direct$ to ! psy*ological facts respect+ ! w1 9 itself consid]$1 & also 9 its relations to ! o!r m5tal p[]s4 ,x becomes necess>y n[1 9 ord] to ! m complete und]/&+ ( ! matt]1 to look at "s ( ! disput$ po9ts1 ! gr& problems1 respect+ ! human w1 :i* h = ages excit$ & divid$ ! reflect+ _w4 ,! way is prep>$ = ^! m difficult que/ions1 :5 once ! simple facts1 to :i* our att5tion has already be5 direct$1 are well und]/ood4 ,^! que/ions are num]\s1 b1 if ,i mi/ake n1 !y all resolve !mselves virtually into ! "o g5]al problem ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 or1 at lea/1 s l9k !mselves ) t z to admit ( discussion 9 ! same connection4 ,fre$om1 :at4--,9 approa*+ ?is mu*-disput$ "q1 x is necess>y to asc]ta91 9 ! fir/ place1 :at is meant by fre$om1 & :at by fre$om ( ! w1 else we may discuss ! matt] to no purpose4 ,v>i\s def9itions ( fre$om h be5 giv54 ,x is a ^w 9 v common use1 &1 9 its g5]al application1 n liable to be misund]/ood4 ,e "o :o und]/&s ! ord9>y language ( life1 kn[s well en\gh :at fre$om is4 ,x d5otes ! opposite ( re/ra9t2 ! p[] to d :at "o likes1 pleases1 is incl9$ to d4 ,my p]son is free1 :5 x c come & g1 d ?is or t1 z suits my incl9ation4 ,any faculty ( ! m9d1 or organ ( ! body1 is free1 :5 its own specific & prop] action is n h9d]$4 ,fre$om ( motion1 is p[] to move :5 & :]e we please ,fre$om ( spee*1 is p[] to say :at we l4 ,fre$om ( action1 is p[] to d :at we l4 ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 :at4--,:at1 !n1 is fre$om ( ! w8 ,:at c x be b ! p[] ( ex]cis+1 )\t re/ra9t or h9drance1 its own specific & prop] function1 viz41 ! putt+ =? volitions1 j su* volitions z we please4 ,?is z we h se51 is ! prop] (fice ( ! w1 its specific & appropriate action4 ,if no?+ prev5ts or re/ra9s me f =m+ & putt+ =? su* volitions z ,i please1 !n my w is free2 & n o!rwise4 ,fre$om ( ! w1 !n1 is n p[] to d :at "o wills1 9 ! s5se ( execut+ volitions :5 =m$ t is simple fre$om ( ! limbs1 & muscul> app>atus1 n ( w--a fre$om :i* may be de/roy$ by a /roke ( p>alysis1 or an iron *a92--x is n a fre$om ( walk+1 if "o wills to walk1 or ( s++1 or fly+1 or mov+ ! "r arm1 if "o is s dispos$4 ,t is fre$om1 b n fre$om ( ! w4 ,my w is free1 n :5 ,i c d :at ,i w to d1 b :5 ,i c w to d j :at ,i please4 ,:atev] fre$om ! w has1 mu/ lie )9 its own prop] sph]e ( action1 & n )\t x2 mu/ relate to t1 & n to some?+ else4 ,?is di/9ction1 s v obvi\s1 has1 nev]!less1 be5 sometimes /rangely ov]look$4 ,is1 !n1 ! human w free1 9 ! s5se n[ def9$8 ,let u fir/ notice "s presumptions 9 favor ( its fre$om !n ! m direct argum5t4 ,i4--,,presumptions ,,9 ,,favor ,,( ,,fre$om4 ,! g5]al ,conviction ( ,fre$om a ,presumption 9 its ,favor4--#a4 ,x is a presumption 9 favor ( fre$om t !re is among m51 a v g5]al1 n to say univ]sal conviction ( fre$om4 ,x is a preval5t idea1 an e/abli%$ conviction & belief ( ! m9d4 ,we are consci\s ( ?is belief ourselves1 we obs]ve x 9 o!rs4 ,:5 we p]=m any act1 or *oose any c\rse ( conduct1 we are impress$ ) ! belief t we c\ld h done or *os5 diff]5tly1 _h we be5 s dispos$4 ,we nev] d\bt or call 9 "q ?is ability1 9 reg>d to ! practical matt]s ( life4 ,! languages & ! lit]ature ( ! _w be> witness to ! univ]sality ( ?is belief4 ,n[ ?is g5]al conviction & firm belief ( fre$om con/itute1 to say ! lea/1 a presumption1 & a /rong "o1 9 favor ( ! doctr9e4 ,if m5 are free to d z !y l1 !n !y are free to w z !y l1 = ! will+ prec$es ! do+2 & if !y are n ?us free1 h[ happ5s ?is s g5]al conviction ( a fre$om :i* !y d n possess8 ,! ,appeal to ,consci\sness4--,! argum5t is sometimes /at$1 by ! advocates ( fre$om1 9 a =m :i* is liable to objection4 ,! appeal is made directly to consci\sness4 ,we are consci\s1 x is said1 ( fre$om1 consci\s ( a p[]1 :5 we d any ?+1 to d o!rwise1 to take "s o!r c\rse in/ead4 ,/rictly speak+1 we are consci\s only ( our pres5t /ate ( m9d4 ,i may "k ! pa/2 b x is n a matt] ( consci\sness2 ,i may also "k1 p]haps1 :at might h be51 9 place ( ! actual pa/1 b ( ?is ,i am n consci\s4 ,:5 ,i exp]i5ce a s5sation1 or put =? a volition1 ,i am consci\s ( t s5sation or volition2 b ,i am n consci\s ( :at nev] occurr$1 t is1 ( "s o!r feel+ or volition in/ead ( an actual "o4 ,i may h a firm conviction1 am\nt+ ev5 to k1 t at ! mom5t ( exp]i5c+ t feel+1 or ex]cis+ t volition1 x 0 possible = me to h ex]cis$ a diff]5t "o2 b x is a conviction1 a belief1 at mo/ a k1 & n1 prop]ly1 consci\sness4 ,i am consci\s ( ! conviction t ,i am free1 & t ,i c d o!rwise ?an z ,i d2 & ?is1 9 itself1 is a presumption1 t ,i h su* a p[]2 b ,i am n consci\s ( ! p[] itself4 ,x may be said1 t if !re 7 any re/ra9t ^u my w1 to prev5t my putt+ =? su* volitions z ,i please1 or to prev5t my act+ o!rwise ?an ,i d1 ,i %\ld be consci\s ( su* re/ra9t2 & ?is may be v true2 & f ! abs5ce ( any su* consci\sness ( re/ra9t1 ,i may ju/ly inf] t ,i am free2 b ?is1 aga91 is an inf]5ce1 & n a consci\sness4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i am consci\s (1 t my actual volitions are su*1 & only su*1 z ,i please to put =?2 & ?is leads to ! conviction t x is 9 my p[] to put =? any volition t ,i may please4 ,our moral ,nature a ,presumption 9 ,favor ( ,fre$om4--#b4 ,x is a fur!r presumption 9 favor ( ! entire fre$om ( ! w1 t man's moral nature seems to imply x4 ,we approve or condemn ! conduct ( o!rs4 ,x is ) ! und]/&+ t !y act$ freely1 & c\ld h done o!rwise4 ,we %\ld nev] ?9k ( prais+ a man = do+ :at he c\ld n help do+1 or ( blam+ him = :at x 0 utt]ly out ( 8 p[] to avoid4 ,s1 also1 we approve & condemn our own actions1 & always ) ! und]/&+ t ^! actions & volitions 7 free4 ,!re may be regret = t :i* 0 unavoidable1 b nev] a s5se ( guilt1 nev] remorse4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! feel+s always implies fre$om ( ! w1 ! p[] to h done o!rwise4 ,let any man select t p]iod ( 8 hi/ory1 t act ( 8 :ole life1 = :i* he blames himself mo/1 & ( :i* ! recollection ca/s ! deepe/ gloom & sadness ov] all 8 subsequ5t ye>s1 & let him ask himself :y x is t he s blames himself = t c\rse1 & he w f9d1 9 e case1 t x is because he kn[s t he might h done diff]5tly4 ,take away ?is conviction1 & y take away ! f\ndation ( all 8 remorse1 & ( self-condemnation4 ,! same ?+ is impli$1 also1 9 ! feel+ ( obligation4 ,x is impossible to feel "u moral obligation to d :at x is utt]ly & absolutely out ( our p[] to d4 ,?is ,view ma9ta9$ by ,mr4 ,upham4--,!re are "s tru?s1 says ,mr4 ,upham1 :i* are s deeply bas$ 9 ! human con/itution1 t all m5 ( all classes receive !m1 & act ^u !m4 ,!y are plant$ deeply & immutably 9 ! s\l1 & no reason+1 h[ev] plausible1 c %ake !m4 ,&1 if we are n mi/ak51 ! doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 z a condition ( ev5 ! possibility ( a moral nature1 is "o ( ^! fir/ tru?s4 ,x seems to be reg>d$1 by all p]sons1 )\t any exception1 z a dictate ( common s5se1 & z a fir/ pr9ciple ( our nature1 t m5 are morally acc\ntable1 & are ! subjects ( a moral responsibility 9 any respect1 :atev]1 only s f> z !y possess fre$om1 bo? ( ! outw>d action1 & ( ! w4 ,!y hold to ?is position1 z an elem5t>y tru?1 & w\ld no soon] ?9k ( lett+ x g ?an ( ab&on+ ! conviction ( _! p]sonal exi/5ce & id5tity4 ,!y d n pr(ess to g into p>ticul>s1 b !y ass]t x 9 ! mass1 t man is a moral be+ only s f> z he is free4 ,& su* a unanim\s & decid$ te/imony1 be>+1 z x absolutely does1 ! seal & sup]scription ( nature h]self1 is entitl$ to s]i\s consid]ation4 ,also by ,dr4 ,reid4--,dr4 ,reid1 also1 takes ess5tially ! same view4 ,he reg>ds x z a fir/ pr9ciple1 to be rank$ 9 ! same class ) ! conviction ( our p]sonal exi/5ce & id5tity1 & ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w1 t we h "s degree ( p[] ov] our actions1 & ! det]m9ations ( our w4 ,x is impli$1 he ma9ta9s1 9 e act ( volition1 9 all delib]ation1 & 9 e resolution or purpose =m$ 9 consequ5ce ( delib]ation4 ,x is n m evid5t1 he says1 t mank9d h a conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w1 ?an t !y h ! conviction ( "s degree ( p[] 9 !mselves1 & 9 o!rs1 e "o ov] 8 own actions1 & ! det]m9ations ( 8 w--a conviction s e>ly1 s g5]al1 & s int]wov5 ) ! :ole ( human conduct1 t x mu/ be ! natural effect ( our con/itution1 & int5d$ by ! ,au?or ( our be+ to guide our actions4 ,consequ5ces ( ! ,opposite4--#c4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! opposite view af=d a presumption 9 favor ( fre$om4 ,if ! w is n free1 if all our lib]ty is m]ely a lib]ty to d :at we w to d1 or to execute ! volitions :i* we =m1 b we h no p[] ov] ! volitions !mselves1 !n we h no p[] :atev] to w or to act diff]5tly f :at we d4 ,?is is fatalism4 ,all t ! fatali/ ma9ta9s is1 t we are gov]n$ by circum/ances out ( our own control1 s t1 situat$ z we are1 x is impossible = u to act o!rwise ?an z we d4 ,f ?is foll[s1 z a natural & inevitable consequ5ce1 ! abs5ce ( all acc\ntability & obligation4 ,! f\ndation ( ^!1 z we h already se51 is fre$om4 ,take ?is away1 & y /rike a fatal bl[ at man's moral nature4 ,x is no long] possible = me to feel "u obligation to d :at ,i h absolutely no p[] to d1 or to believe myself acc\ntable = do+ :at ,i c\ld n possibly avoid4 ,morality1 duty1 acc\ntability1 become m]e *im]as1 idle fancies ( ! bra91 devices ( ! prie/ & ! despot1 to fright5 m5 into ob$i5ce & subjection4 ,?is ,view su/a9$ by ,facts4--,^! are n r&om /atem5ts4 ,x is a significant fact1 t ^? :o h und]tak5 to d5y acc\ntability1 & moral obligation1 h1 almo/ )\t exception1 ,i believe1 be5 advocates ( ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,inde$1 x seems impossible to ma9ta9 su* views ^u any o!r gr\nd2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! d5ial ( ! fre$om ( ! w leads almo/ ( necessity to su* conclusions4 ,remorse1 says ,mr4 ,bel%am1 is ! exquisitely pa9ful feel+ :i* arises f ! belief t1 9 circum/ances precisely ! same1 we might h *os5 & act$ diff]5tly4 ,?is fallaci\s feel+ is sup]s$$ by ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,equally pla91 & to ! same effect1 are ! foll[+ passages f ! correspond5ce ( ,did]ot1 z quot$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t3 ,exam9e x n>r[ly1 & y w see t ! ^w lib]ty is a ^w devoid ( mean+2 t !re are n1 & t !re _c be1 free be+s2 t we are only :at accords ) ! g5]al ord]1 ) our organization1 our education1 & ! *a9 ( ev5ts4 ,^! dispose ( u inv9cibly4 ,we c no m conceive ( a be+ act+ )\t a motive1 ?an we c ( "o ( ! arms ( a balance act+ )\t a weight4 ,! motive is always ext]ior & =eign1 fa/5$ ^u u by "s cause di/9ct f ourselves4444 ,we h be5 s (t5 prais$ & blam$1 & h s (t5 prais$ & blam$ o!rs1 t we contract an invet]ate prejudice ( believ+ t we & !y w & act freely4 ,b if !re is no lib]ty1 !re is no action t m]its ei!r praise or blame2 nei!r vice nor virtue2 no?+ t ought ei!r to be rew>d$ or puni%$4444 ,! do] ( good is lucky1 n virtu\s4444 ,reproa* o!rs = no?+1 & rep5t ( no?+2 ?is is ! fir/ /ep to wisdom4 ,^! ,op9ions n to be *>g$ ^u all ,necessit>ians4--,x is n to be suppos$1 ( c\rse1 t all :o d5y ! fre$om ( ! w1 adopt ! views above express$4 ,:e!r su* d5ial1 h[ev]1 consi/5tly foll[$ out to its j & legitimate conclusions1 does n lead to su* results1 is ano!r "q4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,direct ,,argum5t4 ,ano!r ,mode ( ,argum5t4--,?us f> we h consid]$ only ! presumptions 9 favor ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,we f9d !m num]\s & /rong4 ,! "q is1 h[ev]1 to be decid$ n by presumptions = or aga9/1 b by direct argum5t bas$ ^u a c>eful inquiry into ! psy*ological facts ( ! case4 ,to ?is let u n[ proce$1 be>+ 9 m9d1 z we advance1 :at are ! ess5tial ph5om5a ( ! w1 z already asc]ta9$1 & :at is meant by fre$om ( ! w z already def9$4 ,! ,w free unless its appropriate ,action is h9d]$4--,x is evid5t t1 if we are "r 9 our ideas ( :at fre$om is1 ! w is /rictly & prop]ly free1 provid$ no?+ int]f]es )1 & prev5ts1 our putt+ =? su* volitions z we please & *oose to put =?4 ,! specific & appropriate action ( ! w1 z we h se51 is simply to put =? volitions4 ,:atev] fre$om x has1 !n1 mu/ lie )9 t sph]e1 & n )\t x1 mu/ relate to t1 & n to some?+ else2 :atev] re/ra9t or want ( fre$om x has1 mu/ also be f\nd )9 ^! limits4 ,my w is free1 :5 ,i c w to d j :at ,i please4 ,/r5g? ( ,incl9ation1 no ,imp$im5t4--,if ?is be s1 !n x is cle>1 #a4 ,t m]e /r5g? ( incl9ation c by no means impair ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,be ! incl9ation nev] s /rong1 x matt]s n4 ,nay1 s f> f int]f]+ ) fre$om1 x is an ess5tial elem5t ( x4 ,fre$om presupposes & implies incl9ation4 ,"o is surely none ! less free because v /rongly incl9$ to d z he likes1 provid$ he c d :at he wi%es or pref]s4 ,?is is z true ( ! action ( ! w z ( any o!r action4 ,! ,s\rce ( ,incl9ation1 ( no ,consequ5ce to ! pres5t ,inquiry4--#b4 ,x is evid5t1 fur!rmore1 t fre$om has no?+ to d ) ! s\rce ( my incl9ations1 any m ?an ) _! /r5g?4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at causes my pref]5ce1 or :e!r any ?+ causes x4 ,i h a pref]5ce1 an incl9ation1 a disposition to d a giv5 ?+1 & put =? a giv5 volition--am dispos$ to d x1 & c d x--!n ,i am free1 my w is free4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce h[ ,i came by t incl9ation or disposition4 ,! simple "q is1 ,am ,i at lib]ty to foll[ x8 ,! ,int]f]5ce mu/ be f )\t1 & mu/ affect ! ,*oice4--,x is evid5t1 moreov]1 accord+ to :at has n[ be5 said1 t if !re be really any re/ra9t ^u ! w1 or lack ( fre$om 9 its movem5ts1 x mu/ proce$ f some?+ extrane\s1 outside ! w itself1 some?+ :i* comes 9 f )\t1 & t 9 su* a way z to int]f]e1 9 "s way ) my *oice2 = x is !re t ! elem5t ( fre$om lies4 ,b :atev] int]f]es ) my *oice1 int]f]es ) my will+ at all2 ! act is no long] a volunt>y act4 ,*oice is ess5tial to volition1 ! v elem5t ( x4 ,9 ord] to an act ( w z we h se51 !re mu/ be lib]ty to *oose1 delib]ation1 actual pref]5ce4 ,volition presupposes !m1 & is bas$ on !m4 ,:atev] prev5ts !m1 prev5ts volition4 ,:atev] places me 9 su* a /ate ( m9d t ,i h no pref]5ce at all1 no *oice1 z to any giv5 ?+1 places me 9 su* a /ate t ,i h also no volition z to t ?+4 ,! "q ( fre$om is =e/all$ 9 su* a case1 becomes absurd4 ,:]e !re is no volition1 !re is ( c\rse no fre$om ( volition1 nor yet any want ( fre$om4 ,fre$om ( w is p[] to w z ,i l1 b n[ ,i h no lik+1 no pref]5ce4 ,! ,supposition v>i$4--,b suppose n[ t ,i am n prev5t$ f *oos+1 b only f c>ry+ out my *oice 9 actual volition2 f will+1 accord+ to my *oice4 ,!n1 also1 ! act is no long] prop]ly a volition1 an act ( w1 = "o ess5tial elem5t ( e su* act1 viz41 *oice1 is want+4 ,i h a *oice1 inde$1 b x is n "h1 n repres5t$ 9 ?is s-call$ volition1 lies 9 ano!r direction1 is1 9 fact1 altoge!r oppos$ to ?is1 my s-call$ volition4 ,!re c be no su* volition4 ,! human m9d is a /rang] to any su* ph5om5on1 & if x did occur1 x w\ld n be volition1 n an act ( ! w1 n a volunt>y act4 ,:atev]1 !n1 comes 91 ei!r to prev5t my *oos+1 or to prev5t my ex]cis+ volition accord+ to my *oice1 does1 9 fact1 prev5t my will+ at all4 ,if !re be an act ( ! w1 x is1 9 its v nature1 a free act1 & _c be o!rwise4 ,all[ me to *oose1 & to put =? volition accord+ to my *oice1 & y leave me free4 ,prev5t ?is1 & y prev5t my will+ at all4 ,! ,limitation1 z usually reg>d$1 n really "o4--,^? :o cont5d t ! w is n free1 place ! limitation back ( ! *oice4 ,*oice is gov]n$ by incl9ation1 !y say1 & incl9ation dep5ds on circum/ances1 on education1 habits1 fa%ion1 etc41 ?+s1 9 great measure1 beyond our control2 & :ile ^! circum/ances rema9 ! same1 a man _c *oose o!rwise ?an he does4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t1 z we h already se51 ! w is /rictly & prop]ly free1 provid$ no?+ int]f]es )1 & prev5ts1 our putt+ =? su* volitions z we *oose to put =?4 ,is !re1 !n1 any ?+ 9 ^! circum/ances :i* are suppos$ to control our *oice1 & to be s fatal to our fre$om1 is !re 9 !m any ?+ :i* really int]f]es )1 or prev5ts our will+ z we *oose8 ,does ! fact t ,i am incl9$1 & /rongly s1 to a giv5 *oice1 prev5t me f putt+ =? t *oice 9 ! %ape ( executive volition8 ,s f> f ?is1 t incl9ation is ! v circum/ance t leads to my do+ x4 ,all t c\ld possibly be cont5d$1 is t ! suppos$ incl9ation to a giv5 *oice is likely to prev5t my hav+ "s o!r & diff]5t *oice4 ,b t has no?+ to d ) ! "q ( ! fre$om ( my w1 :i* dep5ds1 z we h se51 n on ! p[] to *oose o!rwise ?an "o is incl9$1 or ?an "o likes1 b z he likes4 ,:at =ce1 ,i ask aga91 is !re 9 any circum/ance1 or comb9ation ( circum/ances1 :i* g to m\ld & %ape my incl9ations & my disposition1 & h no fur!r p[] ov] me1 :at =ce 9 !m1 or :at t5d5cy1 to prev5t my will+ z ,i *oose1 z ,i l1 z ,i am incl9$8 ,nay1 if my w acts at all1 x mu/1 z ,i h %[n1 act 9 ?is way1 & !re=e act freely4 ,fre$om ( ,incl9ation n ,fre$om ( ,w4--,b suppose ,i h no p[] to l1 or to be incl9$1 diff]5tly f :at ,i d l1 & am n[ incl9$8 ,i reply1 x matt]s n z to ! pres5t "q4 ,! supposition n[ made1 takes away or limits1 n ! fre$om ( ! w1 x does n t\* t2 b ! fre$om ( ! affections4 ,c ,i l :at ,i d n l--& c ,i put =? su* volitions z ,i please or *oose--are two di/9ct que/ions1 & aga9 ,i repeat t ! fre$om ( our w dep5ds1 n on our hav+ ?is or t p>ticul> *oice1 b on our be+ able to c>ry out :atev] *oice we d make into our volitions2 n on our be+ able to w o!rwise ?an we *oose1 nor yet on our ability to *oose o!rwise ?an we d1 b simply on our be+ able to w z we *oose1 :atev] t *oice may be4 ,are ! ,s5sibilities ,free4--,h ,i1 9 reality1 h[ev]1 any fre$om ( ! affections1 any p[] "u giv5 circum/ances1 to be affect$ o!rwise ?an ,i am1 to feel o!rwise ?an ,i d8 ,i reply1 ! affections are n elem5ts ( ! w1 are n "u its imm$iate control2 are n /rictly volunt>y4 ,x dep5ds on a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 :at1 9 any giv5 case1 y\r affections or incl9ations may be4 ,y h no p[] ( w directly ov] !m4 ,y c modify & %ape !m1 only by %ap+ y\r own volunt>y action s f> z t be>s ^u _! =mation4 ,by %ap+ y\r ,,"* :i* ,,is "u y\r control1 y may1 9 a mann]1 at lea/1 det]m9e ! nature & degree ( ! emotions :i* w arise1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 9 y\r bosom4 ,! two ,que/ions entirely di/9ct4--,b1 h[ev] t may be1 x has no?+ to d1 ,i repeat1 ) ! "q n[ "u discussion4 ,! fre$om ( ! affections1 & ! fre$om ( ! w1 are by no means ! same ?+4 ,we h already se5 t !re may be a fix$ & positive connection betwe5 my incl9ations & my *oice1 & s my w1 & yet my w be p]fectly free4 ,?is is ! ma9 ?+ to be settl$2 & !re seems to be no ne$ ( fur!r argum5t to e/abli% ?is po9t2 & if ?is be s1 x decides ! "q z to ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,be>+ ( ?is ,view ^u ! div9e ,gov]nm5t4--,! view n[ tak51 leaves x op5 & q 9 ! p[] ( ,provid5ce1 s to %ape circum/ances1 guide ev5ts1 & s to array1 & br+ to be> on ! m9d ( man1 motives & inducem5ts to any giv5 c\rse1 z virtually to control & det]m9e 8 conduct1 by controll+ & det]m9+ 8 incl9ations1 & s 8 *oice2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! man is left p]fectly free to put =? su* volitions z he pleases1 & to d z he likes4 ,!re c be no high] lib]ty ?an ?is4 ,to ?is po9t ,i %all aga9 rev]t1 :5 ! "q comes up respect+ ! div9e ag5cy 9 connection ) human fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,c]ta9 ,,que/ions ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,prec$+4 ,i4--,,contr>y ,,*oice4 ,! ,"q /at$4--,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s our att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! psy*ological facts respect+ ! w1 & also to ! g5]al "q respect+ ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is ma9 "q1 & involv$ 9 its discussion1 are c]ta9 inquiries ( a l nature1 :i* _c :olly be pass$ by1 & = ! consid]ation ( :i* ! way is n[ prep>$4 ,"o ( ^! respects ! p[] ( contr>y *oice4 ,h we any su* p[]8 ,is ! fre$om1 :i*1 z we h se51 belongs to ! v nature ( ! w1 su* a fre$om z all[s ( our *oos+1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 any o!rwise ?an we d8 ,:5 ,i put =? a volition1 all o!r ?+s be+ z !y are1 c ,i1 at t mom5t1 9 place ( t volition1 put =? a diff]5t "o 9 its /ead8 ,n id5tical ) ! prec$+4--,?is "q is n id5tical ) t respect+ ! fre$om ( ! w1 = x has be5 already %[n t !re may be true fre$om )\t any su* p[] z t n[ 9 "q4 ,my w is free1 provid$ ,i c put =? su* volitions z ,i please1 irrespective ( ! p[] to sub/itute o!r volitions & *oices 9 place ( ! actual ones4 ,su* ,p[] n likely to be ex]cis$4--,! "q1 h[ev]1 is "o ( "s importance1 :e!r we h any su* p[] or n4 ,& :e!r we h x or n1 "o ?+ is c]ta9--we are n likely to ex]cise x4 ,if among ! fix$ & giv5 ?+s1 :i* are to rema9 z !y are1 we include :atev] incl9es or induces ! m9d to *oose & act z x does1 !n1 p[] or no p[] to ! contr>y1 ! *oice w be z x is1 & w\ld be s1 if we 7 to try ! exp]im5t a ?\s& times2 = *oice dep5ds on ^! prec$+ circum/ances & inducem5ts--! incl9ation ( ! m9d--& if ?is is giv51 & made c]ta91 ! *oice to :i* x w lead becomes c]ta9 also4 ,a *oice oppos$ to ! exi/+ incl9ation1 to ! sum total ( ! exi/+ inducem5ts to action1 is n a *oice at all2 x is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! p[] ( contr>y *oice1 !n1 is "o :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 w nev] be put 9 requisition1 unless some?+ ly+ back ( ! *oice1 viz41 incl9ation1 be *ang$ also4 ,b does su* ,p[] exi/4--,! "q is n1 h[ev]1 :e!r su* a p[] is likely to be employ$1 b :e!r x exi/s2 n :e!r ! *oice w be ?us & ?us1 b :e!r x c be o!rwise4 ,:51 f v>i\s c\rses ( proc$ure1 all practicable1 & at my option1 ,i select or *oose "o :i*1 on ! :ole1 ,i w pursue1 h ,i no p[]1 "u ^? v circum/ances1 & at t v mom5t1 to *oose "s o!r c\rse in/ead ( t8 ,c my *oice be o!rwise ?an x is8 ,9 :at ,s5se !re is su* ,p[]4--,ab/ractly1 ,i suppose1 x c4 ,p[] & incl9ation are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,! p[] to act is "o ?+1 & ! disposition to ex]t t p[] is ano!r ?+4 ,logically1 "o does n involve ! o!r4 ,! p[] may exi/ )\t ! disposition1 or ! disposition )\t ! p[]4 ,!re is p[]1 logically1 ab/ractly consid]$1 to *oose1 ev5 :5 incl9ation is want+2 y h only to supply ! requisite incl9ation1 & ! p[] is at once ex]t$1 ! *oice is made1 ! act is p]=m$4 ,b ! *ange ( incl9ation does n create any new p[]2 x simply puts 9 requisition a p[] already exi/+4 ,,ii4--,,p[] ,,to ,,d ,,:at ,,we ,,are ,,n ,,dispos$ ,,to ,,d4 ,! ,"q "u ano!r ,=m4--,closely analog\s to ! "q la/ discuss$1 virtually1 inde$1 ! same "q "u ano!r =m1 is ! inquiry1 :e!r we c1 at any mom5t1 w or d :at we are n1 at t mom5t1 incl9$ to d4 ,h ,i any su* p[] or fre$om z ?is1 t ,i ,,c d :at ,i am n ,,dispos$ or d n wi% to d8 ,my disposition be+ to pursue a giv5 c\rse1 is x really 9 my p[] to pursue a diff]5t "o8 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ?is "q1 let u see :at con/itutes1 or 9 :at consi/s1 ! p[] ( do+1 9 any case1 :at we are dispos$ to d2 & !n we may be able to judge :e!r t p[] /ill exi/s1 9 case ! disposition is want+4 ,9 :at ,p[] consi/s4--,x is admitt$ t ,i c d :at ,i wi% or am dispos$ to d4 ,n[1 9 :at consi/s t p[]8 ,t dep5ds on :at sort ( act x is t ,i am to put =?4 ,suppose x be a physical act4 ,my p[] to d :at ,i wi%1 9 t case1 consi/s 9 my hav+ c]ta9 physical organs capable ( do+ ! giv5 ?+1 & "u ! comm& ( my w4 ,suppose x be an intellectual act4 ,my p[]1 9 t case1 ( do+ :at ,i l1 dep5ds on my hav+ su* m5tal faculties z are requisite = ! p]=mance ( ! giv5 act1 & ^! "u control4 ,s long1 !n1 z ,i h ! faculties1 physical or m5tal1 t are requisite to ! p]=mance ( a giv5 act1 & ^? faculties are "u ! control ( my w1 s t ,i c ex]t !m if ,i please1 & :5 ,i please1 s long my p[] ( do+ :at ,i l is unimpair$1 & complete1 z1 e4 g41 ! p[] ( walk+1 or add+ a column ( acc\nts4 ,b suppose ! ,disposition want+4--,suppose1 n[1 ! disposition to be want+2 does ! p[] also disappe>1 or does x rema98 ,i h ! same faculties z be=e1 & !y are z fully "u ! control ( ! w z ev]1 & t con/itutes all ! p[] ,i ev] _h4 ,i h ! p[]1 !n1 ( do+ :at ,i h no incl9ation to d4 ,:atev] ,i c d if ,i l1 t also ,i c d1 ev5 if ,i d n l4 ,9 itself consid]$1 ! p[] to d a ?+ may be q complete1 & indep5d5t ( ! incl9ation or disposition to d or n to d4 ,w x be put 9 ,requisition8--,b w ?is p[] be ev] ex]cis$8 ,c]ta9ly n1 s long z ! dis9cl9ation cont9ues4 ,9 ord] to ! do+ ( any ?+1 !re mu/ n only be p[] to d x1 b disposition4 ,if ! latt] be want+1 ! =m]1 ?\gh x may exi/1 w nev] be put =?4 ,our ,actions n consequ5tly inevitable4--,h ,i1 !n1 no p[]1 t is really available1 to d :at ,i d n happ5 to be1 at ?is mom5t1 incl9$ to d8 ,am ,i %ut up to ! actual incl9ations & *oices ( any giv5 h\r or mom5t8 ,am ,i "u ! /]n rule ( inevitable necessity & fate to d z ,i d1 to *oose z ,i *oose1 to be incl9$ z ,i am incl9$8 ,by no means4 ,my incl9ations are n fix$ quantities4 ,!y may *ange4 ,!y dep5d1 9 "p1 on ! intellectual conceptions3 ^! may v>y2 9 "p on ! /ate ( ! he>t3 div9e grace may *ange ! he>t4 ,actual ,*oices n necess>y ones4--,! actual *oice ( any giv5 mom5t is by no means a necess>y "o4 ,ano!r might h be5 9 its /ead4 ,a diff]5t incl9ation is c]ta9ly possible & conceivable1 & a diff]5t incl9ation w\ld h l$ to a diff]5t *oice4 ,if1 in/ead ( look+ at ! advantage or agreeabl5ess ( a propos$ c\rse1 & be+ influ5c$ by t consid]ation1 ,i _h look$ at ! "r1 ! obligation 9 ! case1 my *oice w\ld h be5 a diff]5t "o1 = ,i %\ld h be5 influ5c$ by a diff]5t motive4 ,two diff]5t objects 7 pres5t$ to my m9d1 a & b4 ,z x is1 ,i *oose a1 b might h *os5 b1 & %\ld1 _h ,i be5 s incl9$4 ,:y did ,i *oose a8 ,because1 z ! matt] !n pres5t$ itself to my m9d1 ,i 0 s incl9$4 ,b ,i might h tak5 a diff]5t view ( ! :ole ?+1 & !n my incl9ation & my *oice w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,x 0 9 my p[] to h ?\ght1 to h felt1 to h act$ diff]5tly4 ,:at is m1 ,i n only might1 b1 p]haps1 ought to h felt & act$ diff]5tly4 ,i am responsible = hav+ su* an incl9ation z leads to a wrong *oice responsible = my op9ions & views :i* influ5ce my feel+s2 responsible = my disposition1 9 s f> z x is ! result ( causes )9 my own control4 ,diff]5t ,uses ( ! ,t]m ,p[]4--,x ought to be cle>ly def9$ 9 all su* discussions :at we mean by ! pr9cipal t]ms employ$4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance :at we mean by ! words p[]1 ability1 c1 etc41 ought to be di/9ctly /at$4 ,n[1 !re are two s5ses 9 :i* ^! words are us$1 & ! "q be=e u turns1 9 "p1 on ?is diff]5ce4 #a4 ,we may use ! ^w p[]1 e4 g41 to d5ote all t is requisite or ess5tial to ! actual do+ ( a ?+1 :atev] is s connect$ ) ! do+1 t1 if x be want+1 ! ?+ w n be done4 ,or1 #b4 ,9 a m limit$ s5se1 to d5ote m]ely all t is requisite to ! do+ ! ?+1 provid$ we please or *oose to d x1 all t is requisite 9 ord] to our do+ :at we l or wi%4 ,! latt] di/+ui%es betwe5 ! ability & ! will+ness to d2 ! =m] includes !m bo? 9 ! idea ( p[]4 ,9 ord] to ! actual do+ !re mu/ be bo?4 ,b does ! ^w p[] prop]ly include bo?8 ,9 ord9>y language1 c]ta9ly1 we di/+ui% ! two4 ,i c d a ?+1 & ,i wi% to d x1 are di/9ct propositions1 & nei!r includes ! o!r4 ,x is only by a lic5se ( spee* t we sometimes say ,i _c1 :5 we mean simply1 ,i h no wi% or disposition4 ,if we make ! di/9ction 9 "q betwe5 p[] & disposition1 !n we c d :at we h no wi% to d4 ,if we d n make x1 b include 9 ! t]m p[] ! disposition to ex]t ! p[]1 !n we _c d :at we h no disposition to d4 ,,iii4--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,motives ,i4 ,,is ,,! ,,w ,,always ,,z ,,! ,,greate/ ,,app>5t ,,good8 ,! ,answ] dep5ds on ! ,mean+ ( ! ,"q4--,if by ?is be meant simply :e!r ! m9d always wills z x is1 on ! :ole1 & "u all ! circum/ances1 dispos$ or incl9$ to w1 ,i h already answ]$ ! "q4 ,if m ?an t be meant1 if we mean to ask :e!r we always1 9 volition1 act ) ref]5ce to ! "o consid]ation ( advantage or utility1 ! good t is to accrue1 9 "s way1 to ourselves or o!rs f ! giv5 proc$ure--& ?is is :at ! "q seems to imply--,i d5y t ?is is s4 ,i h already %[n1 9 pres5t+ ! psy*ological facts respect+ ! w1 t our motives ( action are f two gr& & div]se s\rces3 desire & duty--self-love1 or1 at mo/ su* love z involves m]e natural emotion1 & s5se ( obligation2 t we d n always act 9 view m]ely ( ! agreeable1 b also 9 view ( ! "r1 & t ^! two are n id5tical4 ,n[ ! greate/ app>5t good is n always ! "r2 nor ev5 ! app>5t "r4 ,we are consci\s ( ! diff]5ce1 & ( act+1 n[ f ! "o1 n[ f ! o!r1 ( ^! motives4 ,b to say t ! w is always accord+ to ! greate/ app>5t good1 is to resolve all volition into ! pursuit ( ! agreeable1 & all motives ( action into self-love4 ,x is to m]ge ! feel+ ( obligation 9 ! feel+ ( desire1 & lose sight ( x z 9 itself a di/9ct motive ( action4 ,defect 9 ! ,socratic ,philosophy4--,?is 0 ! capital defect 9 ! e?ical sy/em ( ,socrates1 :o held t m5 always pursue :at !y ?9k to be good1 &1 !re=e1 always d :at !y ?9k is "r1 s9ce ! good & ! "r are id5tical2 sometimes1 inde$1 mi/ak+ an app>5t good = a real "o1 b always do+ z well z !y "k h[2 f :i* x is b a %ort /ep to ! conclusion t s9 is only s mu* ignorance1 & virtue s mu* k--a conclusion to :i* ! mod]n advocates ( ! doctr9es "u discussion w\ld by no means ass5t1 b f :i* t %rewd ?9k] & mo/ consi/5t logician saw no escape4 ,,ii4 ,,is ,,! ,,w ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,! ,,/ronge/ ,,motive8 ,! ,t]m /ronge/ z ?us employ$4--,mu* dep5ds on :at we mean by /ronge/ 9 ?is connection1 & :at by ! ^w det]m9$8 ,if we mean1 by ! /ronge/ motive1 ! "o :i* 9 a giv5 case prevails1 t 9 view ( :i* ! m9d decides & acts1 !n ! "q am\nts m]ely to ?is4 ,does ! preval5t motive actually prevail8 ,to say t x does1 is mu* ! same z to say1 t a /raight /ick is a /raight /ick4 ,& :at else c y mean by /ronge/ motive8 ,:at /&>d h y = measur+ motives & gaug+ _! /r5g?1 except simply to judge ( !m by ! effects !y produce8 ,or1 :o ev] suppos$ t1 ( two motives1 x 0 n ! /rong] b ! weak] "o t 9 a giv5 case prevail$8 ,! ,^w det]m9$4--,! "q may be made1 h[ev]1 to turn ^u ! ^w det]m9$4 ,is ! w det]m9$ by t motive :i* prevails8 ,is x det]m9$ at all by any motive or by any ?+8 ,if by ?is ^w x be meant or impli$ t ! motive1 & n ! m9d itself is ! produc+ cause ( ! m9d's own action1 !n ,i d5y t ! w is1 9 any su* s5se1 det]m9$1 :e!r by ! /ronge/ motive1 or any o!r4 ,! w is simply ! m9d or ! s\l will+2 its acts are det]m9$ by itself1 & itself only4 ,if y mean simply t ! motive influ5ces ! w1 prevails ) x1 becomes ! reason :y ! w decides z x does1 ?is ,i h already %[n to be true1 & 9 ?is s5se1 und\bt$ly1 ! motive det]m9es ! volition1 j z ! fall ( an apple f a tree is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 produc$ or caus$ by ! law ( gravitation2 b ! p>ticul> direction :i* x takes 9 fall+1 dep5ds on1 & is det]m9$ by1 adv5titi\s circum/ances z1 e4 g41 ! ob/acles x meets 9 its desc5t4 ,^? ob/acles1 9 "o s5se1 det]m9e ! motion2 !y are ! reason & explanation ( ! fact t x falls j z x does1 & n o!rwise2 b !y are n ! produc+ cause ( ! motion itself4 ,,iii4 ,,are ,,motives ,,! ,,cause1 ,,& ,,volitions ,,! ,,effect8 ,incorrect ,use ( ! ,t]m ,cause4--,x is common1 ) a c]ta9 class ( writ]s1 to speak ( motive z ! cause ( action or volition4 ,?is is1 if at all correct & all[able1 c]ta9ly n a =tunate use ( t]ms4 ,! ag5t is prop]ly ! cause ( any act1 & 9 volition ! s\l itself is ! ag5t4 ,x is ! m9d itself1 :i* is1 /rictly1 ! effici5t cause ( its own acts4 ,! motive is ! reason :y ,i act1 & n ! produc] or cause ( my act4 ,9 common spee*1 ?is di/9ction is n always obs]v$4 ,we say1 ,i d su* a ?+ because ( ?is or t1 mean+ = su* & su* reasons4 ,9 philosophical discussion x is necess>y to be m exact4 ,liable to be misund]/ood4--,! use ( ! ^w1 z n[ ref]r$ to1 is p>ticul>ly to be avoid$ z liable to mislead ! incauti\s read] or he>]4 ,x sugge/s ! idea ( physical necessity1 ( irresi/ibility4 ,giv51 ! law ( gravitation1 e4 g41 & a body unsupport$ mu/ fall--no *oice1 no volition2 :]eas1 ! action ( ! m9d 9 volition is1 by its ess5tial nature1 volunt>y1 directly oppos$ to ! idea ( compulsion4 ,^? :o use ! ^w 9 ?is mann] are g5]ally c>eful to disclaim1 x is true1 any su* s5se2 b su* are our associations ) ! ^w cause1 z ord9>ily employ$1 t x is difficult to avoid slid+1 unaw>es1 into ! old & famili> idea ( "s sort ( absolute physical necessity4 ,x 7 bett] to say1 !re=e1 t motives are ! reasons :y we act ?us & ?us4 ,to g fur!r ?an ?is1 to call ! motive ! cause ( ! volition1 is nei!r a correct nor a =tunate use ( t]ms1 s9ce ! idea is !reby convey$1 gu>d aga9/ x z y w1 t1 9 "s way1 ! influ5ce 0 irresi/ible1 ! ev5t unavoidable4 ,! ,phrase moral ,necessity4--,! same objections lie ) /ill great] =ce aga9/ ! phrase moral necessity z appli$ to ?is subject4 ,^? :o use x are c>eful1 = ! mo/ "p1 to def9e _! mean+1 to expla9 t !y d n mean necessity at all1 b only ! c]ta9ty ( actions4 ,! ^w itself1 h[ev]1 is con/antly contradict+ all su* explanations1 con/antly sugge/+ ano!r & mu* /rong] mean+4 ,t is necess>y1 prop]ly speak+1 :i* dep5ds n on my w or pleasure1 :i* _c be avoid$1 b mu/ be1 & mu/ be z x is4 ,n[1 to say ( an act ( ! w1 t x is necess>y1 9 ?is s5se1 is little %ort ( a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! two ideas are utt]ly incongru\s & incompatible4 ,a volition may be c]ta9 to take place2 x may be ! motive t makes x c]ta91 b if ?is is all we mean1 x is bett] to say j ?is1 & no m4 ,if ?is is all we mean1 !n we d n mean t volitions are necess>y 9 any prop] s5se ( t t]m4 ,!re is no ne$ to use ! ^w necessity1 & !n expla9 t we d n mean necessity1 b only c]ta9ty4 ,x is precisely on ?is un=tunate use ( t]ms t ! /ronge/ objections are f\nd$1 aga9/ ! true doctr9e ( ! connection ( motive ) volition4 ,ev5 ,mill1 "o ( ! able/ mod]n necessit>ians1 objects to ! use ( ?is t]m1 & urges its ab&onm5t4 ,! true ,connection4--,:at1 !n1 is ! connection betwe5 ,motive & ,volition8--,i h all along admitt$1 t !re is su* a connection betwe5 volitions & motives1 t ! =m] nev] occur )\t ! latt]1 t !y /& relat$ z antec$5t & consequ5t1 & t motives1 :ile n ! produc+ cause ( volitions1 are /ill ! reason :y ! volitions are z !y are1 & n o!rwise4 ,!y furni% ! occasion ( _! exi/5ce1 & ! explanation ( _! "*4 ,s mu* z ?is1 ! psy*ology ( ! subject w>rants--m ?an ?is x does n all[4 ,m ?an ?is we seem to ass]t1 h[ev]1 :5 we insi/ on say+ t motive is ! cause1 & volition ! effect4 ,we seem1 h[ev] we may disclaim su* int5tion1 to make ! m9d a m]e me*anical in/rum5t1 putt+ =? volitions only z x is impell$ by motives1 ^!1 & n ! m9d1 be+ ! real produc+ cause1 & ! volitions foll[+ irresi/ibly1 j z ! knife or *isel is b ! passive in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( ! ar*itect1 & n at all ! produc+ cause ( ! effects :i* foll[4 ,diff]5ce ( ! two ,cases4--,n[ !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two cases4 ,! impulse1 communicat$ to ! saw1 produces ! effect irresi/ibly2 n s ! motive4 ,! saw is a passive in/rum5t2 n s ! m9d4 ,!re is1 9 ei!r case1 a fix$ connection betwe5 ! antec$5t & ! consequ5t1 b ! nature ( ! connection is widely diff]5t1 & x is a diff]5ce ( ! greate/ mom5t4 ,x is precisely ! diff]5ce indicat$ by ! two words cause & reason--z appli$ to acc\nt = a giv5 occurr5ce--! "o applicable to mat]ial & me*anical p[]s & processes1 ! o!r to intellig5t1 rational1 volunt>y ag5ts4 ,!re is a cause :y ! apple falls4 ,x is gravitation4 ,!re is a reason :y m9d acts & wills z x does4 ,x is motive4 ,b ,,is ! ,m9d ! produc+ ,cause ( its own ,volitions8--,?is1 ! advocates ( moral necessity d5y4 ,if we %\ld ?us cause a volition1 says ,dr4 ,edw>ds1 we %\ld d\btless cause x by a causal act4 ,x is impossible t we cause any ?+ )\t a causal act4 ,& z x is suppos$ t we cause x freely1 ! causal act mu/ be a free act1 i4 e41 an act ( ! w1 or volition4 ,& z ! supposition is1 t all our volitions are caus$ by ourselves1 ! causal act mu/ be caus$ by ano!r1 & s on inf9itely1 :i* is bo? impossible & inconceivable4 ,t is1 if ! m9d causes its own volitions1 x c d x only by fir/ act+ to cause !m1 & t causative act is1 itself1 a volition1 & requires ano!r causative act to produce x1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,! ,dictum ,necessitatis proves too mu*4--,?is celebrat$ argum5t has be5 call$1 n inappositely1 ! dictum necessitatis4 ,x re/s ^u ! assumption1 t no cause c act1 b by fir/ act+ to produce t act4 ,n[ ?is virtually %uts out all cause f ! univ]se1 or else involves u 9 ! inf9ite s]ies4 ,apply ?is reason+ to any cause :atev]1 & see if x be n s4 ,suppose1 e4 g41 t motive1 & n ! m9d itself1 is ! produc+ cause ( volition4 ,!n1 accord+ to ! dictum1 motive _c act1 b by fir/ act+ 9 ord] to act1 & = t previ\s causative act1 !re mu/ h be5 an ult]ior cause1 & s on =ev]1 9 an endless succession ( previ\s causative acts4 ,! ,dictum z applicable to ,m9d4--,b x may be said ?is dictum applies only to m9d1 or volunt>y action4 ,h[1 !n1 is x kn[n1 t m9d _c act )\t fir/ act+ 9 ord] to act8 ,w\ld n ?is virtually %ut out & ext+ui% all m5tal action8 ,! m9d ?9ks2 mu/ x fir/ ?9k1 9 ord] to ?9k8 ,x reasons1 judges1 conceives1 imag9es2 mu/ x fir/ reason1 judge1 etc41 9 ord] to reason1 & judge1 & conceive1 & imag9e8 ,if n1 !n :y may x n w )\t fir/ will+ to w8 ,! ,dictum z applicable to ,deity4--,if m9d is n ! cause ( its own volitions1 !n h[ is x ) ! volitions ( ! inf9ite & et]nal m9d8 ,are !y caus$ or uncaus$8 ,if caus$1 !n by :at8 ,if by himself1 !n !re is aga9 ! inf9itely recurr+ s]ies accord+ to ! dictum4 ,if by some?+ else1 /ill we d n escape ! s]ies1 = ea* causative act mu/ h its prior cause4 ,are ! volitions ( ,deity1 !n1 uncaus$8 ,!n c]ta9ly !re is no su* ?+ z cause 9 ! univ]se4 ,motives1 !n1 are no long] to be call$ causes4 ,deity is n1 9 fact1 ! cause ( any ?+1 s9ce n ! cause ( ^? volitions by :i* alone all ?+s are produc$4 ,if he is n ! cause ( ^!1 !n n ! cause ( _! consequ5ces & effects4 ,9 ei!r case1 y %ut out all cause f ! univ]se1 :e!r ! dictum be appli$ to m9d or to motion1 to man or to ,god2 or else y are1 9 ei!r case1 involv$ 9 ! vortex ( ?is t]rible inf9itive s]ies4 ,to give up ! dictum1 is to admit t m9d may be ! produc+ cause ( its own volitions4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,view$ ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,c]ta9 ,,tru?s ,,( ,,religion4 ,! ,relation ( ,psy*ology to ,!ology4--,! v close connection betwe5 ! philosophy ( ! w1 & ! sci5ce ( !ology1 has already be5 rem>k$4 ,we h discuss$ ! que/ions :i* h come be=e u ?us f>1 on purely psy*ological gr\nds1 )\t ref]5ce to _! !ological be>+4 ,x w\ld be manife/ inju/ice to ! matt] 9 h&1 h[ev]1 7 we to ov]look entirely ! relation ( our philosophy to ^? high] tru?s :i* p]ta9 to ! doma9 ( !ological sci5ce4 ,! :ole "q respect+ ! fre$om ( ! human w1 especially1 assumes a new importance1 :5 view$ 9 connection ) ! tru?s ( natural & reveal$ religion4 ,x ceases to be a speculative1 & becomes an em95tly practical "q :5 ?us view$4 ,!re are two po9ts :i* require special att5tion1 z reg>ds t connection2 ! "o1 ,god's p[] ov] man1 ! o!r1 man's p[] ov] himself4 ,i4--,,! ,,p[] ,,:i* ,,god ,,ex]ts ,,ov] ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,& ,,w4 ,dep5d5ce ( ,man4--,x seems to be ! tea*+ ( reason1 no less ?an ( religion1 t man /&s to ! ,creator 9 ! relation ( absolute dep5d5ce4 ,! "o is ! subject1 ! o!r ! sov]eign4 ,! control ( ,deity ext5ds1 n m]ely to ! elem5ts & =ces ( nature1 :i* are by no means ! *ief & mo/ important "p ( 8 works1 b ov] all intellig5t1 rational be+s4 ,?is is impli$1 n only 9 ! fact t he is ! ,creator ( all1 b 9 ! fact ( moral gov]nm5t1 & ( a sup]9t5d+ provid5ce4 ,manife/ly1 !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z moral gov]nm5t1 & no control ov] ! affairs ( ! _w1 if ! conduct ( m51 ! m9ds & he>ts ( intellig5t be+s1 7 n subject to t control4 ,?is is n only ! inf]5ce :i* reason draws f ! ackn[l$g$ supremacy ( ! ,creator1 x is n only ?us a t5et ( natural religion1 b x is also "o ( ! pla9e/ doctr9es ( reveal$ tru?4 ,9 ! mo/ explicit & direct t]ms1 ! ,scriptures ascribe to ,god ! supreme control ( human conduct1 ( ! human m9d & he>t4 ,?is p[] ov] ! ?\ghts & purposes ( intellig5t be+s is ! v highe/ p[]4 ,?is ,control unlimit$4--,?is control1 moreov]1 9 ord] to be complete & effective1 mu/ rea* beyond ! pres5t & pass+ mom5t1 mu/ take 9 ! future1 mu/ sweep ?r\gh ! :ole range ( com+ duration1 & compreh5d :atev] is to be4 ,no?+ mu/ take place )\t 8 =ekn[l$ge & p]mission4 ,! m9ute/ ev5ts1 ! fall+ ( a sp>r[1 ! numb] ( ! =e/ leaves1 & ( ! hairs ( our head1 mu/ be no exception to ?is g5]al law4 ,implies a ,plan1 & t ,plan embraces human ,conduct4--,if we suppose ! supreme ,be+ to be1 n only a ,creator & ,rul]1 b a wise & intellig5t "o1 !n we mu/ suppose him to h "s plan ( op]ations4 ,! v idea ( provid5ce1 inde$1 implies ?is4 ,& ?is plan mu/ be suppos$ to ext5d to1 & include1 future ev5ts1 all ev5ts1 m9ute ev5ts2 = ! little & ! great are l9k$ toge!r1 ! future & ! pres5t are l9k$ toge!r1 & ! plan & gov]nm5t t has to d ) "o1 mu/ h to d ) all1 & ) human conduct among ! re/4 ,?is1 aga91 is n m cle>ly ! doctr9e ( reason ?an ( revelation4 ,! ,difficulty /at$4--,:atev] fre$om man has1 !n1 x mu/ be su* a fre$om z is consi/5t ) ,god's complete control & gov]nm5t ( him4 ,nei!r 8 pres5t nor 8 future conduct1 nei!r 8 ?\ghts1 8 feel+s1 nor 8 purposes1 mu/ be beyond ! rea* ( ! div9e purpose & control4 ,b h[ are ^! ?+s to be reconcil$--man's entire fre$om1 ,god's entire control & gov]nm5t ( him8 ,diff]5t ,positions assum$4--,bo? are facts1 &1 !re=e1 true4 ,ei!r1 by itself1 c be well en\gh conceiv$ & compreh5d$1 b1 tak5 toge!r1 !y appe> inconsi/5t4 ,_m d n hesitate to pron\nce !m s4 ,"s1 :o accept !m bo? z true1 reg>d !m z /ill inexplicable & incompreh5sible4 ,o!rs receive "o & reject ! o!r1 or1 at lea/1 assume su* a position z am\nts to a virtual rejection ( "o ( ^! tru?s4 ,?us ! fatali/ secures ! supreme gov]nm5t ( ,god1 only at ! exp5se ( human fre$om1 & ?us weak5s1 if n de/roys1 ! f\ndation ( human acc\ntability4 ,o!rs aga91 9 _! horror ( fatalism1 pres]ve ! fre$om & acc\ntability ( man1 at ! exp5se ( ! div9e gov]nm5t & purposes1 ?us virtually plac+ man beyond ! p[] & control ( ,deity4 ,application ( ! prec$+ ,psy*ology to ?is ,"q4--,h[1 !n1 are ^! two great facts to be reconcil$8 ,if we mi/ake n1 a true psy*ology1 a correct view ( ! nature ( ! w1 prep>es ! way = ?is4 ,:at h we f\nd to be ! process ( ! m9d 9 volition8 ,! sev]al /eps ( ! process are f\nd to be ^!3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "s object to be accompli%$ is pres5t$1 z su*1 to ! und]/&+4 ,?is object1 ?us pres5t$1 appeal+ to ! desires or to ! s5se ( duty influ5ces or incl9es ! m9d4 ,?is1 aga91 leads to *oice1 *oice to volition1 volition to action4 ,fre$om lies :]e4--,n[ 9 ?is :ole process1 :]e does ! elem5t ( fre$om lie8 ,n 9 ! f9al executive act--! do+ z we w to d--= t is m]ely a bodily function1 a physical & n a m5tal p[]2 nor yet 9 ! control ( ! motives :i* influ5ce or incl9e u2 = ^! are1 = ! mo/ "p1 out ( our p[]4 ,evid5tly fre$om1 s f> z x p]ta9s to ! human w1 lies 9 ! p[] ( =m+ & putt+ =? su* volitions z we please1 9 o!r words1 ( *oos+ z we l1 & will+ z we *oose1 s t :atev] our incl9ations may be1 we %all be at lib]ty to *oose & to w accord+ly4 ,?is is ! highe/ practical fre$om ( :i* x is possible to conceive1 & x is all ! fre$om :i* p]ta9s to ! human w4 ,h[ ?is may consi/ ) ! div9e ,control4--,let u see1 n[1 if ?is be n a lib]ty p]fectly compatible ) ! div9e gov]nm5t & control ov] u4 ,^! volitions & *oices ( ours are by no means arbitr>y or casual2 !re is a reason = !m2 a reason :y we *oose z we d4 ,we *oose ?us & ?us1 because we are1 on ! :ole1 s dispos$ or incl9$2 & ?is incl9ation or disposition dep5ds on a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 on ! nature & /r5g? ( ! motive pres5t$1 our physical & m5tal con/itution & habits1 our p[] ( self-control1 ! /r5g? ( our desires1 z comp>$ ) our s5se ( duty1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! excit+ object2 9 f9e1 on a great v>iety ( pr$ispos+ causes & circum/ances1 all ( :i* are to be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 :5 ! "q is1 :y d we *oose ?us1 & n o!rwise8 ,n[1 ^! circum/ances :i* g to det]m9e our incl9ations1 & s our *oices & volitions1 are1 9 a great measure1 beyond our direct control4 ,our physical & m5tal con/itution1 our ext]nal condition1 our /ate ( m9d1 & circum/ances at any giv5 mom5t1 :atev] 9 ! %ape ( motive or inducem5t may be pres5t ) mov+ p[] to ! m9d1 incl9+ u ?is way or t1 all ?is lies mu* m "u div9e control ?an "u our own4 ,! ,po9t ( ,connection4--,"h1 !n1 to speak rev]5tly1 lies ! av5ue ( approa*1 ?r\gh :i* ,deity may come 9 & take possession ( ! human m9d1 & influ5ce & %ape its action1 )\t infr++1 9 ! lea/1 on its p]fect fre$om4 ,he has only to pres5t su* motives z %all seem to ! m9d weighty & suffici5t1 has only to t\* ! ma9-spr+ ( human incl9ation1 ly+ back ( actual *oice1 has only to secure )9 u a disposition or lik+ to any giv5 c\rse1 & our *oice foll[s ) c]ta9ty1 & our volition1 & our action2 & t action & volition are free 9 ! highe/ s5se1 because our *oice 0 free4 ,we act$ j z we pleas$1 j z we 7 incl9$4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,man ov] 8 fell[ ,m5 an ,illu/ration ( ! same ,pr9ciple4--,n[ ?is is j :at we1 9 a limit$ way1 & to a small ext5t1 are con/antly do+ ) respect to our fell[ m54 ,we pres5t motives1 inducem5ts1 to a giv5 c\rse1 we "w ^u _! incl9ations1 we appeal to _! s5sibilities1 _! natural desires1 _! s5se ( duty1 & 9 proportion z we ga9 access to _! he>ts1 we are successful 9 %ap+ & controll+ _! conduct4 ,! great & difficult art ( gov]n+ m5 lies 9 ?is4 ,we h only to suppose a l p[]1 b complete & p]fect1 to be ex]cis$ by ! supreme dispos] & controll] ( ev5ts1 s %ap+ & ord]+ circum/ances z to det]m9e ! incl9ations ( m51 ga9+ access1 n 9 an unc]ta9 & indirect mann]1 b by imm$iate approa* to ! human he>t1 all ^: spr+s lie "u 8 control1 s t he c t\* & comm& !m z he w2 we h only to conceive ?is1 & we h1 z x seems to me1 a full & suffici5t explanation ( ! fact t man acts freely1 & j z he is incl9$1 :ile yet he is p]fectly "u ! div9e control4 ,p[] :i* ! ,scriptures ascribe to ,god4--,& ?is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 is precisely ! sort ( control & p[] ov] man :i* ! ,scriptures always ascribe to ,god1 viz41 p[] ov] ! incl9ations1 affections1 dispositions1 f :i* proce$ all our volunt>y actions4 ,9 8 h& are ! he>ts ( m51 & he c turn !m z ! riv]s ( wat] are turn$4 ,! ,!ory does n suppose a div9e ,influ5ce to ,evil4--,x is n necess>y to suppose t ,god ev] influ5ces m5 to evil2 ! supposition is inconsi/5t ) ! div9e "*1 ) all we "k & conceive ( ,deity4 ,nor is any su* influ5ce ov] man necess>y 9 ord] to ! accompli%m5t ( evil1 b1 on ! contr>y1 mu* is ne$$ to re/ra9 & prev5t him f s94 ,suffici5t already are ! motives & influ5ces t incl9e him to g a/ray2 feeble & ineffici5t1 ! inducem5ts to a bett] life4 ,c\ld we suppose1 h[ev]1 any influ5ce ( ?is sort to be ex]t$ ov] man1 incl9+ him to evil1 we c /ill see h[ su* influ5ce might be p]fectly consi/5t ) 8 entire fre$om4 ,x is n ! integrity ( human fre$om1 b ! integrity ( ! div9e "*1 t =bids su* a supposition4 ,does n int]f]e ) ,responsibility4--,does su* a p[] ov] human conduct1 z t n[ attribut$ to ! supreme ,be+1 int]f]e ) human responsibility8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,responsibility re/s ) him :o acts freely & z he pleases1 do+ t :i* is "r or wrong1 ( 8 own accord1 kn[+ :at he does1 & because he has a m9d to d x4 ,& x is ?us man acts1 "u :atev] decree ( div9e influ5ce we may suppose him plac$4 ,,ii4--,,man',s ,,p[] ,,ov] ,,himself4 ,unju/ to require :at x is impossible to p]=m4--,h ,i p[]1 9 all cases1 to d :at ! div9e w requires2 p[] to d "r8 ,x w\ld seem to be ! v]dict ( reason1 & ! common s5se ( mank9d1 t to require ( any man :at is lit]ally & absolutely beyond 8 p[]1 is unju/1 & t su* a requirem5t1 if x 7 made1 w\ld impose no obligation1 s9ce ob$i5ce w\ld be impossible4 ,we _c suppose ,god to be guilty ( su* manife/ inju/ice4 ,8 comm&s are "r4 ,!y c>ry ) !m ! judgm5t & reason ( m54 ,consci5ce approves !m4 ,obligation att5ds !m4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be su* comm&s z x is possible = u to obey4 ,x w\ld be manife/ inju/ice & wrong to require ( me :at x is actually & absolutely out ( my p[] to d4 ,suppos$ ,dis9cl9ation4--,b suppose ,i h really no incl9ation1 no disposition1 to d "r4 ,my affections & desires are all wrong1 incl9+ me to evil1 & my s5se ( duty or moral obligation is n /rong en\gh to prevail aga9/ ^! natural desires & evil incl9ations2 suppose ?is1 :i*1 alas6 is too (t5 true1 & :at !n becomes ( my p[] to d "r8 ,does x any long] exi/8 ,h ,i any p[] to *ange ^? affections & incl9ations2 or1 !y rema9+ z !y are1 h ,i any p[] to g contr>y to !m8 ,a "q ?is1 at once pr(\ndly philosophical1 & int5sely practical4 ,position ( ! ,fatali/4--,! fatali/ has no hesitation 9 reply+ no1 to ^! que/ions4 ,man has no p[] to *ange ! curr5t ( 8 own incl9ations1 nor yet to g aga9/ t curr5t4 ,he is :olly "u ! influ5ce ( motives2 !y turn him ?is way & t4 ,he has p[] to d z he wills1 b no p[] ov] ! volitions !mselves4 ,he has p[] to d only :at he has a m9d to d4 ,he has no m9d1 no incl9ation to d "r1 !re=e1 no p[] to d s4 ,?is ,position at ,v>iance ) a true ,psy*ology4--,a correct psy*ology1 z we h already se51 gives a diff]5t answ]4 ,x is n true1 z a matt] ( fact 9 ! philosophy ( ! human m9d1 t man has no p[] to d :at he has no disposition to d2 nor is x true t 8 incl9ations & affections are :olly out ( 8 p[] & control4 ,9 bo? respects1 fatalism is at w>1 n m ) ! common s5se ( mank9d1 ?an ) a s\nd & true philosophy4 ,conf\nds ,p[] ) ,incl9ation4--,to say t man has no p[] to d :at he is n incl9$ to d1 is to conf\nd p[] ) incl9ation4 ,!y are di/9ct ?+s4 ,! "o may exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,i h p[] to d :at ,i h no disposition to d2 on ! o!r h&1 ,i may h ! disposition to d :at is n 9 my p[]4 ,i h p[] to set fire to my own h\se1 or to my neighbor's1 or to cut (f my "r h&2 p[]1 b no disposition4 ,pres5t a motive suffici5tly weighty to *ange my m9d1 & incl9e me to ! act1 & y create1 9 t way1 a new disposition1 b no new p[]4 ,?is po9t has be5 fully discuss$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 & ,i ne$ n "h repeat ! argum5t4 ,x 0 %[n t 9 ord] to ! actual do+ ( a ?+1 two ?+s are requisite1 namely1 ! p[] to d1 & ! incl9ation to ex]t t p[]2 & t nei!r involves ! o!r4 ,:]e ! p[] alone exi/s1 ! ?+ c be done1 b w n be2 :]e bo? exi/1 x bo? c & w be done4 ,x is n true1 !n1 9 any prop] use ( t]ms1 t want ( incl9ation is want ( p[]4 ,our ,incl9ations n :olly beyond our ,control4--,equally incorrect is ! position t our incl9ations & affections are :olly out ( our own control4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits x is 9 our p[] to *ange !m4 ,incl9ation is n a fix$ quantity4 ,x may *ange4 ,x ought to *ange4 ,9 _m respects x is con/antly *ang+4 ,we take diff]5t views ( ?+s1 & s our feel+s & incl9ations *ange4 ,circum/ances *ange1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts *anges2 & our disposition is modifi$ accord+ly4 ,s t :ile ! affections & incl9ations are c]ta9ly n "u ! direct & imm$iate control ( ! w1 x is /ill1 9 a great measure1 9 our p[] to modify & control !m4 ,:ile !y rema9 z !y are1 x is q c]ta9 t we %all d z we d2 b x is n necess>y t !y %\ld1 nor c]ta9 t !y w1 rema9 z !y are4 ,! true ,answ]4--,to ! "q1 !n1 c ! man ^: incl9ations are to evil1 ^: he>t is wrong1 d "r8 a true psy*ology answ]s yes4 ,he c d :at he is n incl9$ to d2 nor is t evil incl9ation itself a fix$ quantity2 he c be1 he may be1 o!rwise incl9$4 ,some?+ else ne$$ beside ,p[]4--- ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t s long z ! he>t is wrong1 s long z ! evil disposition cont9ues1 s long ! man w cont9ue to d evil1 not)/&+ all 8 p[] to ! contr>y4 ,left to himself1 !re is v little probability ( 8 effect+ any mat]ial *ange 9 himself = ! bett]4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 !re is ne$$ an influ5ce f )\t1 & f above2 an influ5ce t %all incl9e him to ob$i5ce1 t %all make him will+ to obey4 ,! ,gospel meets ?is ,necessity4--,?is is precisely ! want ( 8 nature :i* div9e grace meets4 ,x creates )9 him a clean he>t1 & r5ews )9 him a "r _s4 ,?is is ! sublime my/]y ( reg5]ation4 ,! s\l t is ?us born ( ,god is made will+ to d "r4 ,! incl9ations are no long] to evil1 b to good1 & ! man /ill do+ t :i* he pleases1 is pleas$ to d ! w ( ,god4 ,! *ange is 9 ! disposition2 x is a *ange ( ! affections1 ( ! he>t2 ?us ! ,scriptures always repres5t x4 ,?is 0 all t 0 want$ to secure ob$i5ce1 & ?is div9e grace supplies4 ,x is n our prov9ce to discuss !ological que/ions1 z su*4 ,x has be5 our aim1 simply1 to %[ ! relation ( a true psy*ology to ! sy/em ( tru? reveal$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! p]fect co9cid5ce ( ! two is an argum5t 9 favor ( ea*4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,w4 ,diff]5ces 9 ?is respect4--,!re are great diff]5ces among m51 z reg>ds ! /r5g? & en]gy ( ?is1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( m5tal activity4 ,! diff]5ce is1 p]haps1 z great 9 ?is respect1 z 9 reg>d to ! o!r m5tal faculties4 ,n all are gift$ ) equal p[] ( imag9ation1 n all ) equal /r5g? ( memory1 or ( ! reason+ faculty2 n all ) equal /r5g? ( ! executive p[] ( ! m9d4 ,"s p]sons exhibit a weakness ( w1 a want ( decision & firmness1 an irresolution ( "* & purpose4 ,!y wav] & hesitate 9 cases ( d\bt & em]g5cy1 requir+ decision & en]gy4 ,!y are gov]n$ by no fix$ purpose4 ,! c\rse :i* !y adopt to-day1 !y ab&on to-morr[ = ! opposite4 ,!y are controll$ by circum/ances4 ,opposition turns !m f _! c\rse1 difficulties disc\rage !m4 ,!y are easily p]suad$1 easily l$2 ill fitt$ to be !mselves lead]s ( m54 ,o!rs1 aga91 are firm & inflexible z a rock4 ,!y *oose _! c\rse1 & pursue x1 reg>dless ( difficulties & consequ5ces4 ,difficulties only ar\se !m to new ef=t4 ,opposition only /r5g!ns _! decision & purpose4 ,!y are h>d to be p]suad$1 :5 once _! m9ds are made up1 & h>d] /ill to be driv54 ,!y take _! /&1 no?+ daunt$ by oppos+ numb]s1 &1 ) ,fitz-,james1 :5 sudd5ly confront$ & surr\nd$ by ! ho/s ( ,rod]ic ,dhu1 exclaim1 ,come "o1 come all1 ?is rock %all fly ,f its firm base1 z soon z ,i4 ,in/ances ( ,firmness4--,napoleon1 fi]y & impetu\s z he 01 possess$ ?is en]gy & /r5g? ( w4 ,ob/acles1 difficulties1 insurm\ntable to o!r m51 e/abli%$ usages1 in/itutions1 armies1 ?rones1 all 7 swept away be=e ! irresi/ible en]gy ( t mighty w1 & t det]m9$ purpose1 z ! wave1 driv5 be=e ! /orm1 cle>s itself a pa? among ! pebbles & %ells t lie /rewn ^u ! %ore4 ,9 ! "* ( 8 bro!r ,joseph1 ,k+ ( ,spa91 we h an example ( ! opposite4 ,mild1 cultivat$1 ref9$1 amiable1 ( elegant ta/es1 a man ( lett]s1 lov+ retirem5t & leisure1 he 0 lack+ 9 t en]gy & decision ( "* :i* fit m5 = comm& 9 camps & c\rts4 ,we h 9 ! firm & t]rible en]gy ( ,cromwell1 z contra/$ ) ! mildness & ineffici5cy ( 8 son & successor ,ri*>d1 ! same diff]5ce illu/rat$4 ,! ,puritan lead]s ( ! ,engli% ,revolution 7 m5 ( /]n & det]m9$ en]gy ( "*4 ,among ! ,romans1 ,cs> pres5ts a notable example ( t /r5g? ( w :i* fits m5 = great ent]prises2 :ile ! great ,roman orator1 ) all 8 acquisitions ( v>i$ le>n+1 & all 8 philosophy1 & all 8 eloqu5ce1 0 defici5t 9 firmness ( purpose4 ,(t5 exhibit$ 9 milit>y ,lead]s4--,9 g5]al x may be rem>k$ t great milit>y comm&]s h usually be5 di/+ui%$ = ?is trait ( "*4 ,x 0 by virtue ( _! en]gy1 & decision1 & firmness ( purpose1 t !y accompli%$ :at !y did1 succe$+ :]e o!r m5 w\ld h fail$4 ,?us x 0 ) ,hannibal1 ) ,fr$]ic ! ,great1 ) ,well+ton1 ) our own ,wa%+ton4 ,!y 71 by nature1 end[$ ) ^? qualities :i* fitt$ !m = _! important & difficult /ations2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! "w to :i* !y 7 call$1 & ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 plac$1 t5d$ greatly to develop & /r5g!n ^? peculi> traits & qualities1 & ?is among ! re/4 ,! same ,trait exhibit$ 9 o!r ,/ations ( ,life4--,/r5g? ( w %[s itself1 h[ev]1 9 o!r relations & /ations ( life1 z well z 9 ! milit>y comm&]4 ,! lead] ( a great political p>ty1 z1 = example1 ( ! ,adm9i/ration1 or ( ! ,opposition1 9 ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 has abundant occasion = firmness & /r5g? ( purpose4 ,x 0 n less /r5g? ( w1 ?an ( moral pr9ciple1 9 ,socrates1 t l$ him resolutely to )/& ! popul> clamor1 & ! op9ions ( 8 associate judges1 & refuse to s5t5ce ! unsuccessful milit>y comm&]s1 on ! day :5 ! decision lay 9 8 h&s2 ! same trait %[$ itself 9 t retreat aft] ! battle ( ,delius1 s graphically describ$ by ,plato1 :5 he walk$ alone & sl[ly f ! field1 :]e all 0 confusion & flight1 ) su* coolness & su* an air ( calm self-reliance1 t no enemy v5tur$ to approa* him2 x 0 %[n n less 9 8 det]m9$ refusal to escape f prison1 & ! unju/ s5t5ce ( dea?1 not)/&+ all ! entreaties & remon/rances ( fri5ds4 ,/r5g? ( ,w 9 ! ,orator4--,! truly great orator1 ris+ to repel ! assaults ( 8 antagoni/1 or to allay ! prejudices & take comm& ( ! passions & op9ions ( a popul> assembly1 calm & collect$1 & consci\s ( 8 /r5g?1 ma/] ( 8 own emotions1 & ( all 8 p[]s1 pres5ts an illu/ration ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,x 0 se5 9 ,web/]1 :5 he rose 9 ! ,s5ate to reply to ,hayne4 ,! v aspect ( ! man convey$ to all behold]s ! idea ( p[]--a /r5g?1 n m]ely ( gigantic intellect1 b ( resolute w det]m9$ to conqu]4 ,/r5g? ( ,w z %[n 9 ! ,endurance ( ,suff]+4--,! same pr9ciple is sometimes manife/$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & 9 diff]5t circum/ances4 ,if x leads to h]oic actions1 x leads also to h]oic endurance & suff]+4 ,x 0 ! firm & /ubborn w ( ,regulus1 t s5t him back to ,c>?age1 to endure all t ! disappo9t$ malice ( 8 foes c\ld inv5t4 ,x 0 ! firm w ( ,j]ome ( ,prague1 t kept him f recantation 9 ! face ( dea?2 ! firm w ( ,cranm]1 t ?ru/ 8 "r h& into ! flames1 & kept x !re till x 0 q consum$4 ,a l firmness ( purpose has be5 exhibit$ 9 ?\s&s ( in/ances1 bo? 9 ! e>li] & lat] annals ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrdom4 ,r ?an r5\nce a pr9ciple1 or ab&on ! deeply-*]i%$ convictions ( ! s\l1 natures1 ! mo/ frail & feeble1 h calmly met & endur$ ! greate/ suff]+s1 ) a firmness1 & c\rage1 & p[] ( endurance1 t no?+ c\ld %ake or ov]come4 ,h[ to be atta9$4--,to multiply in/ances is ne$less4 ,b h[ %all ?is /r5g? ( w1 s desirable1 s ess5tial to true greatness & nobl5ess ( "*1 be atta9$8 ,9 "p x is ! gift ( nature1 d\btless--! result ( t physical & m5tal con/itution ) :i* "s are m =tunately end[$2 9 "p x is an acquisition to be made1 z any o!r m5tal or physical acquisition1 by due c>e & tra9+4 ,x w be ( s]vice1 especially1 9 any endeavor ( ?is sort1 to accu/om ourselves to decide ) promptness1 & act ) en]gy 9 ! _m small] & less important affairs ( life1 & to c>ry out a purpose1 once delib]ately =m$1 ) p]si/5ce1 ev5 9 trivial matt]s4 ,! habit ?us =m$1 we may be able aft]w>d1 & gradually1 to c>ry into high] dep>tm5ts ( action1 & into circum/ances ( great] emb>rassm5t & difficulty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is mu/ n be c>ri$ to ! extreme ( ob/9acy1 :i* is ! refusal to correct a mi/ake1 or ackn[l$ge an error1 or li/5 to ! wis] & bett] c\nsels ( o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket*4--,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,controv]sy ,,respect+ ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,"q e>ly ,discuss$4--,! "q respect+ human fre$om1 0 v e>ly a topic ( inquiry & discussion4 ,x ent]s prom95tly into ! philosophy ( all nations1 s f> z we "k1 among :om ei!r philosophy or !ology h f\nd a place4 ,x is by no means conf9$ to ,*ri/ian1 or ev5 to cultivat$ nations4 ,x holds a prom95t place 9 ! !ological sy/ems & disputes ( ,india & ! ,ea/1 at ! pres5t day4 ,! mission>y ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? meets ) x1 to 8 surprise1 p]haps1 9 ! remote/ regions1 & among tribes little cultivat$4 ,x is a "q1 at once s pr(\nd1 & yet ( su* p]sonal & practical mom5t1 t x c h>dly h escap$ ! att5tion ( any ?\ghtful & reflect+ m9d1 9 any c\ntry1 or 9 any age ( ! _w4 ,! ,greek ,philosophy4--,among ! ,greeks1 conflict+ op9ions respect+ ?is matt] prevail$ 9 ! diff]5t s*ools4 ,! ,epicureans1 al?\gh ass]t+ human lib]ty 9 opposition to ! doctr9e ( univ]sal & inexorable fate1 71 nev]!less1 necessit>ians1 if we may judge f ! writ+s ( ,lucretius1 ^: idea ( lib]ty1 z ,mr4 ,/ew>t has well %[n1 is compatible ) ! mo/ p]fect necessity1 & r5d]s man z completely a piece ( passive me*anism z he 0 suppos$ to be by ,coll9s & ,hobbes4 ,?is lib]ty is1 itself1 ! necess>y effect ( "s cause1 & ! reason assign$ = ?is view is precisely t giv5 by mod]n advocates ( necessity1 namely1 t to suppose o!rwise1 is to suppose an effect )\t a cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,/oics1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e ( fate1 held1 nev]!less1 to ! utmo/ lib]ty ( ! w4 ,) ! consi/5cy ( ^! views1 we are n n[ conc]n$4 ,epictetus is ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 z an example ( ?is n unusual comb9ation ( fatalism & free-w4 ,! ,jewi% ,sects4--,v simil> 0 ! relation ( ! two rival sects among ! ,jews1 ! ,sadducees & ! ,ph>isees1 ! =m] hold+ ! doctr9e ( human fre$om1 ! latt] ( su* a degree1 at lea/1 ( fatality1 z is inconsi/5t ) true lib]ty4 ,! ,arabian ,s*ools4--,among no p1 p]haps1 has ?is "q be5 m eag]ly & widely discuss$1 ?an by ! ,arabians1 ^: philosophy seems to h gr[n out ( _! !ology4 ,:5 t rem>kable book1 ! ,koran1 fir/ ar\s$ ! impulsive m9d ( ! ,arab f 8 idle dreams1 & />tl$ him into consci\sness ( high] tru?1 ! v fir/ topic ( inquiry & speculation ab\t :i* 8 philosophic ?\ght employ$ itself1 seems to h be5 ?is long-/&+ "q ( human ability & ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,! ,koran taught ! doctr9e ( necessity & fate4 ,a sect soon arose1 call$ ,kadrites1 f ! ^w kadr1 p[]1 fre$om1 hold+ ! opposite doctr9e1 t man's actions1 good & bad1 are "u ! control ( 8 own w4 ,f ?is 0 gradually =m$ a l>ge body ( diss5t]s1 z !y /yl$ !mselves1 & 9 ma9ta9+ ^! views on ! "o side1 & oppos+ !m on ! o!r1 ! controv]sy became m & m "o ( philosophy1 & = "s ?ree c5turies1 ) v>i$ le>n+ & skill1 ,arabian s*ol>s & philosoph]s disput$1 w>mly1 ?is mo/ difficult & ab/ruse ( metaphysical que/ions4 ,fatalism seems ultimately to h prevail$1 z1 inde$1 a doctr9e s cong5ial to error1 & to e false sy/em ( religi\s belief1 w\ld be q likely to d1 :]e any su* sy/em is e/abli%$4 ,! ,s*ola/ics & ! ,re=m]s4--,among ! s*ola/ic div9es ( ! middle ages1 "s held to ! lib]ty ( ! w1 :ile _m all[$ only :at !y call$ ! lib]ty ( spontaneity1 i4 e41 p[] to d z we w1 9 opposition to lib]ty ( indiff]5ce1 or p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( ! w itself4 ,among ! mod]ns1 ! ,re=m]s diff]$ among !mselves on ! matt] ( lib]ty1 ! ,lu!rans1 ) ,melan*?on1 oppos+ ! s*eme ( necessity2 ,calv9 & ,buc] ma9ta9+ x1 z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( _! views ( div9e pr$e/9ation4 ,di/+ui%$ mod]n ,advocates ( ,necessity4--,among ! philosophical writ]s ( ! la/ & ! pres5t c5tury1 a v /rong array ( em95t names is on ! side ( necessity4 ,hobbes1 ,locke--:o is claim$1 h[ev]1 by ea* side--,leibnitz1 ,coll9s1 ,edw>ds1 ,prie/ley1 ,bel%am1 ,"l ,kames1 ,h>tley1 ,mill1 advocate op5ly ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,doctr9e ( ,hobbes4--,! views ( ,hobbes seem to h giv5 %ape to ! op9ions ( subsequ5t advocates ( ?is !ory4 ,! only lib]ty :i* he all[s1 is t ( do+ :at "o wills to d1 or :at ! s*ola/ics call$ ! lib]ty ( spontaneity4 ,wat] is free1 & at lib]ty1 :5 no?+ prev5ts x f fl[+ d[n ! /ream4 ,lib]ty he def9es1 accord+ly1 to be ! abs5ce ( all imp$im5ts to action t are n conta9$ 9 ! nature & intr9sical quality ( ! ag5t4 ,a man ^: h&s are ti$1 is n at lib]ty to g2 ! imp$im5t is n 9 him1 b 9 8 b&s2 :ile he :o is sick or lame1 is at lib]ty1 because ! ob/acle is 9 himself4 ,a free ag5t is "o :o c d z he wills4 ,?is is ess5tially ! view ( fre$om adopt$ by ! lat] advocates ( necessity1 & almo/ 9 ! same t]ms x is ! view ( ,coll9s1 ,prie/ley1 & ,edw>ds4 ,doctr9e ( ,locke4--,x is1 also1 ,locke's idea ( fre$om4 ,lib]ty1 he says1 is ! p[] ( any ag5t to d or =be> any p>ticul> action1 accord+ to ! det]m9ation or ?\ght ( ! m9d1 :]eby ei!r ( !m is pref]r$ to ! o!r4 ,?is ext5ds only to ! c>ry+ out our volitions :5 =m$1 & n to ! matt] ( will+ or pref]r+2 p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( ! w1 itself1 is n includ$ 9 ?is def9ition4 ,locke ,inconsi/5t4--,9 ?is1 ,locke 0 inconsi/5t ) himself1 s9ce1 9 8 *apt] on p[]1 he seems to be ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e ( human fre$om4 ,! lib]ty "h int5d$1 x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$ by ,bl$soe1 is n fre$om ( ! w1 or ( ! m9d 9 will+1 b only ( ! body2 x ref]s to ! motion ( ! body1 n to ! action ( ! m9d4 ,locke expressly says1 !re may be volition :]e !re is no lib]ty2 & gives1 9 illu/ration1 ! case ( a man fall+ ?r\gh a break+ bridge1 :o has volition or pref]5ce n to fall1 b no lib]ty1 s9ce he _c help fall+4 ,9 ?is1 aga91 ,locke is inconsi/5t1 s9ce1 else:]e1 he di/+ui%es betwe5 volition & desire or pref]5ce1 :ile "h he does n di/+ui% !m4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,locke suppos$ himself an advocate ( human fre$om1 = su* is ! _s ( 8 :ole treatise1 especially ( 8 tw5ty-fir/ *apt]2 at ! same "t1 x mu/ be confess$1 8 def9itions are incomplete1 & 8 language inconsi/5t & vacillat+1 s t !re is "s reason to class him1 z ,prie/ley does1 ) ^? :o really adopt ! s*eme ( necessity )\t kn[+ or int5d+ x4 ,view ( ,leibnitz4--,leibnitz 0 l$ to adopt ! doctr9e ( necessity f 8 g5]al !ory ( ! suffici5t reason1 t is1 t no?+ occurs )\t a reason :y x %\ld be s1 & n o!rwise4 ,?is pr9ciple he c>ries s f> z to d5y ! p[] ( ,deity to create two ?+s p]fectly alike1 & ! p[] ( ei!r ,god or man to *oose "o ( two ?+s t are p]fectly alike4 ,?is pr9ciple pres5ts ! m9d z always det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good1 & e/abli%es1 z its au?or suppos$1 by ! c]ta9ty ( demon/ration1 ! absolute impossibility ( free ag5cy4 ,view ( ,coll9s4--,coll9s ma9ta9s ! necessity ( all human actions1 f exp]i5ce1 f ! impossibility ( lib]ty1 f ! div9e =ekn[l$ge1 f ! nature ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & ! nature ( morality4 ,he takes pa9s to reconcile ?is doctr9e ) man's acc\ntability & moral ag5cy1 & is c>eful to def9e 8 t]ms ) great exactness4 ,?us ! t]ms lib]ty & necessity are def9$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ?\gh ,i d5y lib]ty 9 a c]ta9 mean+ ( ! ^w1 yet ,i cont5d = lib]ty z x signifies a p[] 9 man to d z he wills or pleases4 ,secondly1 :5 ,i affirm necessity1 ,i cont5d only = moral necessity1 mean+ !reby t man1 :o is an intellig5t & s5sible be+1 is det]m9$ by 8 reason & 8 s5ses2 & ,i d5y man to be subject to su* necessity z is 9 clocks & wat*es1 & su* o!r be+s1 :i*1 = want ( s5sation & intellig5ce1 are subject to an absolute1 physical1 or me*anical necessity4 ,co9cid5ce ( ,coll9s & ,edw>ds4--,! co9cid5ce ( ^! views & def9itions1 &1 inde$1 ( ! plan ( argum5t1 ) ! def9itions & ! argum5ts ( ,edw>ds1 is rem>kable4 ,no two writ]s1 probably1 7 ev] fur!r remov$ f ea* o!r 9 _! g5]al _s & "*1 & 9 _! sy/em ( religi\s belief2 yet z reg>ds ?is doctr9e1 ! def9itions & views ( "o 7 ^? ( ! o!r1 & z ,mr4 ,/ew>t has ju/ly rem>k$1 ! co9cid5ce is s p]fect1 t ! outl9e giv5 by ! =m]1 ( ! plan ( 8 "w1 might h s]v$ ) equal propriety z a preface to ! latt]4 ,views ( ,edw>ds4--,no writ] has m ably discuss$ ?is "q ?an ! eld] ,edw>ds4 ,he is univ]sally conc$$ to be "o ( ! able/ metaphysicians1 z well z !ologians1 ( mod]n times4 ,8 "w on ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w is a ma/]piece ( reason+4 ,at ! same "t1 z to ! "* & t5d5cy ( ! sy/em !re9 ma9ta9$1 ! greate/ diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s4 ,by "s he is reg>d$ z a fatali/1 by o!rs he is claim$ z an advocate ( human fre$om4 ,!re is "s gr\nd = ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,no writ]1 f ,plato d[nw>d1 0 ev] p]fectly self-consi/5t2 x w\ld be /range if ,edw>ds 7 s4 ,t ! g5]al s*eme ( necessity1 ma9ta9$ by ,edw>ds1 t5ds1 9 "s respects1 to fatalism1--t ! able/ *ampions ( fatalism1 & ev5 writ]s ( a!i/ic1 & immoral views1 h held ess5tially ! same doctr9e1 & ma9ta9$ x by ! same argum5ts--mu/ be conc$$2 t su* 0 n ! design & _s ( 8 "w1 t su* 0 n 8 own int5tion1 is p]fectly evid5t4 ,ma9 ,positions ( ,edw>ds4--,! def9itions ( ,edw>ds1 z we h already se51 are ! same ) ^? ( ,coll9s & ,hobbes4 ,he und]/&s by lib]ty m]ely a p[] to d z "o wills4 ,! m9d is always det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,! motive det]m9es ! act1 causes x4 ,! m9d acts1 wills1 *ooses1 etc41 b ! motive is ! cause ( its action4 ,t ! m9d %\ld be ! cause ( its own volitions1 implies1 he ma9ta9s1 an act ( w prec$+ ! volition1 t is a volition prior to volition1 & s on =ev] 9 an inf9ite s]ies4 ,?is argum5t1 ! fam\s dictum necessitatis1 has be5 consid]$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,n[1 to say t motive is ! produc+ cause1 & volition ! effect1 especially if ! connection ( ! two is ( ! same nature z t betwe5 physical causes & effects1 z ,edw>ds affirms1 is c]ta9ly to say t :i* looks v /rongly t[>d fatalism4 ,necessity1 :at4--,edw>ds ma9ta9s ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,b :at did he mean by moral necessity8 ,! phrase is un=tunate1 = reasons already sugge/$--x does convey ! idea ( irresi/ibility1 ( some?+ :i* mu/ & w be--9 spite ( all contr>y w & endeavor4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he is c>eful to disclaim4 ,he means by moral & philosophical necessity simple ,,c]ta9ty1 no?+ diff]5t f c]ta9ty4 ,no opposition or contr>y w & endeavor1 he says1 is supposable 9 ! case ( moral necessity1 :i* is a c]ta9ty ( ! incl9ation & w itself4 ,n[ we mu/ all[ him to put 8 own mean+ ^u ! t]ms he uses2 & to say t "u giv5 circum/ances1 !re be+ giv5 su* & su* motives1 incl9ations1 & pref]5ces1 su* & su* volitions w c]ta9ly foll[1 is n to say t ! w is n free 9 its action--is n to %ut u up to absolute fate--is n1 9 fact1 to say any ?+ m ?an is /rictly & psy*ologically true4 ,9 def5d+ himself f ?is v *>ge1 he uses ! foll[+ explicit language 9 a lett] to a m9i/] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&3 ,,on ,,! ,,contr>y1 ,i h l>gely decl>$ t ! connection betwe5 antec$5t ?+s & consequ5t ones1 :i* takes place ) reg>d to ! acts ( m5's wills1 :i* is call$ moral necessity1 is call$ by ! "n ( necessity ,,improp]ly2 & t su* a necessity z att5ds ! acts ( m5's wills is m prop]ly call$ c]ta9ty ?an necessity2 x be+ no o!r ?an ! c]ta9 connection betwe5 ! subject & pr$icate ( ! proposition :i* affirms _! exi/5ce4 ,no?+ t ,i ma9ta9 supposes t m5 are at all h9d]$ by any fatal necessity1 f do+1 & ev5 will+ & *oos+ z !y please1 ) full fre$om2 free ) ! highe/ degree ( lib]ty t ev] 0 ?\ght (1 or t c\ld possibly ent] into ! he>t ( man to conceive4 ,?is is explicit1 & ought to satisfy u z to :at ,edw>ds himself ?\ght ( 8 own "w1 & meant by x4 ,/ill a man does n always und]/& himself1 is n always ! be/ judge ( 8 own argum5ts1 is n always consi/5t ) himself1 does n always express 8 own real op9ions1 nor d himself ju/ice1 9 e "p ( 8 reason+s4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case ) ,edw>ds4 ,we are at a loss to reconcile "s passages 9 8 treatise ) ! =ego+ extract1 e4 g41 ! dictum necessitatis2 also 8 decl>ation t ! diff]5ce betwe5 natural & moral necessity lies n s mu* ,,9 ,,! ,,nature ( ! connection z 9 ! two t]ms connect$4 ,?is is an un=tunate admission = ^? :o w\ld %ield him f ! *>ge ( fatalism4 ,if ! necessity1 by :i* a volition foll[s ! giv5 motive1 is1 aft] all1 ( ! same nature ) t by :i* a /one falls to ! e>?1 or wat] freezes at a giv5 temp]ature1 x is all ov] ) u z to any consi/5t1 intelligible def5ce ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! doctr9e ( ,edw>ds leaves man full p[]1 z he says above1 to w & to *oose z he pleases1 :at becomes ( ! dictum1 :i* makes x impossible = ! m9d to det]m9e its own volitions8 ,does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,affections & ! ,w4--,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,edw>ds does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! w & affections4 ,?is di/9ction _h n1 at t "t1 be5 cle>ly drawn by writ]s on ! philosophy ( ! m9d4 ,! tw(old division ( m5tal p[]s1 into und]/&+ & w1 0 !n preval5t2 ! affections1 ( c\rse1 7 class$ ) ! latt]4 ,h5ce !re is n t def9it5ess 9 ! use ( t]ms :i* mod]n psy*ology dem&s4 ,_h ,edw>ds di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! affections & ! w1 x mu/ h giv5 a diff]5t ca/ to 8 entire "w4 ,ev5 ,locke1 ^: philosophy ,edw>ds foll[s 9 ! ma91 _h di/+ui%$ betwe5 w & desire1 z we h already se52 b 9 ?is he is n foll[$ by ,edw>ds1 :o1 :ile he does n reg>d !m z words ( precisely ! same signification1 yet does n ?9k !m s entirely di/9ct t !y c ev] be said to run c\nt]4 ,views ( ! lat] ,necessit>ians4--,( ! views ( ! lat] advocates ( necessity1 ,prie/ley1 ,bel%am1 ,did]ot1 & o!rs1 ( t s*ool1 we h already spok5 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,!y c>ry out ! s*eme1 ) ! greate/ boldness & consi/5cy1 to its legitimate consequ5ces1 fatalism1 & ! d5ial ( free ag5cy & acc\ntability4 ,god is ! real & only responsible do] ( :atev] comes to pass1 & man ! passive in/rum5t 9 8 h&4 ,remorse1 regret1 rep5tance1 are idle t]ms1 & to praise or blame ourselves or o!rs1 = any ?+ t we or !y h done1 is m]ely absurd4 ,advocates ( ! ,opposite4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! w has n want$ able advocates among ! m rec5t philosophical writ]s4 ,9 g5]al x may be rem>k$1 t ^? :o h treat$ ( ! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 z psy*ologi/s1 h1 = ! mo/ "p1 ma9ta9$ ! ess5tial fre$om ( ! w1 :ile ! advocates ( ! opposite view h be5 *iefly metaphysicians1 r ?an psy*ologi/s1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 h view$ ! matt] f a !ological r ?an a philosophical po9t ( view4 ,among ! m rec5t & able advocates ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 are ,c\s9 & ,j\ffroy1 9 ,france1 ,tappan & ,bl$soe1 9 our own c\ntry4 ,previ\sly1 ,mr4 ,/ew>t1 9 8 app5dix to 8 ,active & ,moral ,p[]s1 _h concisely1 b v ably1 h&l$ ! matt]1 & e>li] /ill1 ,kant1 9 ,g]many1 _h conc$$ ! lib]ty ( ! w z a matt] ( consci\sness1 :ile unable to reconcile x ) ! dictates ( reason4 ,view ( ,hamilton4--,sub/antially ! same view is tak5 by ! late ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :o1 by g5]al cons5t1 /&s at ! head ( mod]n philosoph]s1 & :o accepts ! doctr9e ( lib]ty z a fact1 an imm$iate dictum ( consci\sness1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 he is unable to conceive ( its possibility1 s9ce to conceive a free act1 is to conceive an act :i*1 be+ a cause1 is n1 9 itself1 an effect2 9 o!r words1 to conceive an absolute comm5cem5t2 & ?is he reg>ds z impossible4 ,at ! same "t1 x is equally beyond our p[]1 he ?9ks1 to conceive ! possibility ( ! opposite1 ! doctr9e ( necessity1 s9ce t supposes an inf9ite s]ies ( det]m9$ causes1 :i* _c be conceiv$4 ,b ?\gh inconceivable1 fre$om is n ! less a fact giv5 by consci\sness & is to be plac$ 9 ! same category ) _m o!r facts among ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 :i* we mu/ admit z actual1 b ( ^: possibility we are :olly unable to =m a notion4 ,rem>ks ^u ?is ,view4--,! difficulty "h pres5t$1--if ,i may v5ture a rem>k ^u ! op9ions ( s pr(\nd a ?9k]1 & ! same is true ( ,kant1--turns evid5tly on ! peculi> idea ( fre$om ent]ta9$ by ^? writ]s1 namely1 t 9 ord] to be free1 an act ( ! w mu/ be :olly undet]m9$1 n itself an effect1 b an absolute comm5cem5t4 ,any influ5ce1 f any s\rce1 go+ to det]m9e or incl9e a man to w z he does1 r5d]s ! act no long] free4 ,su* fre$om is c]ta9ly inconceivable2 & :at is m1 impracticable2 x exi/s z little among ! possibilities ( ! actual _w1 z among ! possibilities ( ?\ght4 ,we nev] act1 except "u ! influ5ce ( motive & incl9ation2 & if acts ?us p]=m$ are n free !n no acts t we p]=m are s4 ,view ( ,col]idge4--,?is em95t disciple ( ! e>li] ,g]man philosophy1 d]ives f ,kant ! view ( fre$om n[ expla9$1 & c>ries x to ! fur!/ extreme4 ,all influ5ce & incl9ation are inconsi/5t ) fre$om4 ,! disposition to d a ?+ r5d]s ! w1 & ! act ( ! w1 no long] free4 ,a nature1 ( any k9d1 is inconsi/5t ) fre$om4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 %uts out all fre$om f ! actual _w4 ,nor is x possible to conceive h[ ev5 ! acts ( ,deity c be any m free ?an ours1 on ?is supposition2 nor h[1 if any su* fre$om z ?is 7 suppos$ to exi/1 an act ?us p]=m$1 )\t any motive1 or any disposition or incl9ation on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 c\ld be a rational or acc\ntable act4 ,views ( ,c\s91 & ,j\ffroy4--,c\s9 & ,j\ffroy :ile by no means d5y+ ! influ5ce ( motive ^u ! m9d1 place ! fact ( lib]ty 9 ! p[] :i* ! m9d has ( be+ itself a cause1 & ( putt+ =? volitions f its own prop] p[]4 ,! law ( in]tia1 cont5ds ,j\ffroy1 :i* requires a mov+ =ce proportion$ to ! movem5t ( a mat]ial body1 does n apply to ! human m9d1 & to apply ?is law to ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! resolutions ( my w & ! motives :i* act ^u x1 is to suppose t my be+1 t ,i myself1 am n a cause2 = a cause is some?+ :i* produces an act by its own prop] p[]4 ,c\s91 9 l mann]1 places lib]ty 9 ! absolute & undet]m9$ p[] ( ! w to act z cause2 & ?is cause1 9 ord] to produce its effect1 has ne$ ( no o!r !atre1 & no o!r in/rum5t ?an itself4 ,x produces x directly1 ) out any ?+ int]m$iate1 & )\t condition2 444 be+ always able to d :at x does n d1 & able n to d :at x does4 ,"h1 !n1 9 all its pl5itude1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( lib]ty4 ,view ( ,tappan4--,"o ( ! able/ def5d]s ( ! fre$om ( ! w 9 our own c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,tappan1 9 8 review ( ,edw>ds1 takes ess5tially ! position j expla9$4 ,all cause lies ultimately 9 ! w4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! nisus or ef=t t produces any ev5t or ph5om5on4 ,( ?is nisus ! m9d or w is itself ! cause1 &1 z su*1 x is self-mov$4 ,x makes its nisus ( itself1 & ( itself x =be>s to make x1 & )9 ! sph]e ( its activity1 & 9 relation to its objects1 x has ! p[] ( select+1 by a m]e arbitr>y act1 any p>ticul> object4 ,x is a cause1 all ^: acts1 z well z any p>ticul> act1 consid]$ z ph5om5a dem&+ a cause1 are acc\nt$ = 9 itself alone4 ,position ( ,bl$soe4--,simil> is ! position ( ,mr4 ,bl$soe1 "o ( ! mo/ rec5t review]s ( ,edw>ds1 a writ] ( m>k$ ability & c&or4 ,he d5ies1 h[ev]1 t volition is ! effect ( any ?+1 :e!r motive ( m9d1 9 ! s5se t motion ( ! arm is an effect4 ,x is activity1 action1 ! cause ( action1 b n effect4 ,9 di/9ction f mo/ writ]s ( ! same !ological views1 he d5ies t ! w is self-det]m9$1 or t x is det]m9$ at all1 & by any ?+4 ,x is ! det]m9]1 b n ! det]m9$4 ,,ref]5ces4 ,among ! au?orities :i* h be5 consult$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w1 ! foll[+ may be ref]r$ to1 ) pr(it1 by ! read] :o desires to pursue ! subject fur!r4 ,i4 ,,! ,,intellect4 ,a4 ,,on ,,! ,,intellectual ,,faculties ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,locke4--,essays on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,reid4--,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,walk] ,ed4 ,works4--,by ,hamilton1 ) notes & diss]tations4 ,dugald ,/ew>t4--,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,b[5 ,ed4 ,philosophical ,essays4 ,br[n4--,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,m9d4 ,! works ( ,upham1 ,wayl&1 ,w9sl[1 ,mahan1 may also be consult$1 ) pr(it4 ,c\s94--,c\rs de1 #ahbh4 ,id41 #ahbi4 ,fragm5ts ,philosophiques4 ,j\ffroy4--,mlanges ,philosophiques4 ,n\velles ,mlanges4 ,esquisses de ,d4 ,/ew>t4 ,prface4 ,desc>tes4--,mditations4 ,id41 ,disc\rs de la ,mtnode4 ,leibnitz4--,n\veaux ,essais sur l',ent5dem5t ,huma94 ,malebran*e4--,re*]*e de la ,vrit4 ,roy] ,coll>d4--,o,euvres de ,reid4 ,fragm5ts4 ,damiron4--,c\rs de ,philosophie4 ,hegel4--,encyklopdie d] ,philosoph4 ,wiss5*aft4 ,ros5krantz4--,psy*ologie4 ,kant4--,an?ropologie4 ,kritik ,re9] ,v]nunft4 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft4 ,ari/otle4--,metaphysics4 ,on ! ,s\l4 ,plato4--,republic4 ,cic]o4--,tusculan ,que/iones4 ,b4 ,,on ,,! ,,specific ,,faculties4 ,i4 ,,s5sation ,,& ,,p]ception4 ,reid4--,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,hamilton4--,supplem5t>y ,diss]tation1 ,note ,d4 ,o4 ,wight4--,philosophy ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,/ew>t4--,philosophical ,essays4 ,ess4 ,,ii4 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ,human ,m9d4 ,mill4--,analysis ( ,human ,m9d4 ,a4 ,smi?4--,essays on ,philosophical ,subjects4 ,( ! ,ext]nal ,s5ses4 ,"y4--,lectures on ,intellectual ,philosophy4 ,comte4--,philosophy ,positive4 ,mll]4--,elem5ts ( ,physiology4 ,tissot4--,an?ropologie4 ,ma9e de ,biran4--,n\velles ,consid]ations sur les ,rapports1 etc4 ,j\ffroy4--,n\velles ,mlanges ,philosophiques4 ,roy] ,coll>d4--,fragm5ts 9 ,j\ffroy's ,o,euvres de ,reid4 ,tortual4--,die ,s9ne des ,m5s*54 ,buffi]4--,trait des ,premires ,vrits4 ,amde ,jacques4--,psy*ologie4 ,manuel de ,phil4 l'usage des ,coll4 ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques4 ,art4 ,s5s4 ,ari/otle4--,de ,anima4 ,p>va ,naturalia4 ,j4 ,b>?4 ,sa9t ,hilaire4--,psy*ologie de ,ari/otle4 ,notes & preface4 ,,ii4 ,,memory4 ,/ew>t4--,intellectual ,philosophy4 ,reid4--,intellectual ,p[]s4 7,walk]47 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ,human ,m9d4 ,mill4--,analysis ( ,human ,m9d4 ,ab]crombie4--,on ,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,hume4--,treatise on ,human ,nature4 ,book ,i4 ,"p ,i4 ,ari/otle4--,p>va ,naturalia4 ,b>?leme ,sa9t ,hilaire4--,psy*ologie d',ari/otle4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,malebran*e4--,re*]*e de la ,vrit4 ,liv4 ,,ii4 ,ros5krantz4--,psy*ologie4 ,hegel4--,encycl4 ,phil4 ,wiss5*4 ,dritt] ,!il4 ,,iii4 ,,imag9ation4 ,/ew>t4--,intellectual ,philosophy4 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ,human ,m9d4 ,rau*4--,psy*ologie4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,sidney ,smi?4--,sket*es ( ,philosophy4 ,mill4--,analysis ( ,human ,m9d4 ,amde ,jacques4--,manuel de ,philosophie4 ,psy*ol4 ,v4 ,ros5krantz4--,psy*ologie4 ,die ,e9bildungskraft4 ,hegel4--,encyc4 d] ,phil4 ,wiss5*aft4 ,dritt] ,!il4 ,l's ,e9bildung4 ,,iv4 ,,ab/raction ,,& ,,g5]alization4 ,reid4--,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ,human ,m9d4 ,/ew>t4--,intellectual ,philosophy4 ,a4 ,smi?4--,consid]ations on ,fir/ ,=mation ( ,language4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4--,sy/em ( ,logic4 ,:ewell4--,philosophy ( ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,james ,mill4--,analysis ( ,human ,m9d4 ,?omson4--,laws ( ,?\ght4 ,c\s94--,elem5ts ( ,psy*ology4 7,h5ry47 ,hume4--,treatise ( ,human ,nature4 ,book ,i4 ,"p ,i4 ,v4 ,,reason+4 ,hamilton4--,supplem5t>y ,diss]tation1 ,note ,a4 ,reid4--,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,/ew>t4--,intellectual ,philosophy4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,locke4--,on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,book ,,iv4 ,:ewell4--,philosophy ( ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,buffi]4--,premires ,vrits4 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ,human ,m9d4 ,mill4--,sy/em ( ,logic4 ,hamilton4--,discussions on ,philosophy4 7,turnbull ,ed47 ,article ,,iv1 ,logic2 also ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,a & ,b4 ,baynes4--,new ,analytic ( ,logical ,=ms4 ,desc>tes4--,disc\rs de la ,m?ode4 ,condillac4--,art de ,p5s]4 ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques4 ,logique4 ,pascal4--,p5ses--de l',art de ,p]suad]4 ,port-,royal4--,logique4 ,ari/otle4--,organon4 ,,vi4 ,,intuitive ,,conception4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 ,reid4--,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,essay ,,vi41 cap4 ,,iii4 ,hamilton4--,diss]tation ,a4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,/ew>t4--,intellectual ,philosophy4 ,"p ,,ii41 cap4 ,i4 ,col]idge4--,aids to ,reflection4 ,mill4--,sy/em ( ,logic4 ,book ,,ii41 caps4 ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,buffi]4--,premires ,vrits4 ,"p ,i41 cap4 ,,vii4 ,,"t1 ,,space4 ,c\s94--,c\rs de ,philosophie4 ,tome ,,ii41 ,leons ,,xvii1 ,,xviii4 ,idem4 ,elem5ts ( ,psy*ologie4 ,h5ry4 ,cap4 ,,iii4 ,locke4--,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,book ,,ii41 cap4 ,,xxvi4 ,/ew>t4--,philosophical ,essays4 ,essay ,,ii41 cap4 ,,ii4 ,reid4--,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,essay ,,iii41 cap4 ,,ii4 ,mill4--,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,cap4 ,,xiv41 ,v4 ,rog] ,coll>d4--,fragm5ts1 ,,ix41 ,x4 ,kant4--,kritik re94 v]nunft4 ,transc5d4 /het4 ,"p ,i41 ,,ii4 ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques4 ,temps4 ,espace4 ,hegel4--,encyclop4 ,philosoph4 ,wiss5*4 ,tsweit] ,!il4 ,er/4 ,abs*nitt4 ,,id5tity4 ,locke4--,essay1 etc4 ,book ,,ii41 cap4 ,,xxvii4 ,c\s94--,review ( d4 z above4 ,elm5ts ,psy*ologie1 cap4 ,,iii4 ,reid4--,intellectual ,p[]s4 ,essay ,,iii41 cap4 ,,iii4 ,mill4--,analysis1 etc41 cap4 ,,xiv41 ,,vii4 ,:ately4--,logic--,app5dix4 ,on ,ambigu\s ,t]ms4 ,butl]4--,diss]tation on ,id5tity4 ,,causality4 ,mill4--,sy/em ( ,logic4 ,book ,,iii41 cap4 ,,xxi4 ,:ewell4--,philosophy ( ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,"p ,i4 ,book ,,iii4 ,locke4--,essay4 ,book ,,ii41 cap4 ,,xxvi4 ,tappan4--,on ! ,w4 ,cap4 ,,ii4 ,cause4 ,b[54--,metaphysics & ,e?ics4 ,ma9e de ,biran4--,examples des ,leons de ,philosophie de ,l>omiquire4 ,c\s94--,o,euvres de ,ma9e ,biran4 ,preface4 ,z above4 ,el4 ,psy*ologie4 cap4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beautiful4 ,kames4--,elem5ts ( ,criticism4 ,alison4--,on ,ta/e4 ,mc,dermot4--,on ,ta/e4 ,/ew>t4--,philosophical ,essays4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,emotions ( ,beauty4 ,j\ffroy4--,c\rs d',e/hetique4 ,c\s94--,philosophy ( ! ,beautiful4 7,daniel1 ,trans47 ,kant4--,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft4 ,hegel4--,c\rs d',e/hetique4 7,b5>d1 ,tr47 ,,! ,,"r4 ,/ew>t4--,active & ,moral ,p[]s4 7,walk] ,ed47 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,e?ical ,sci5ce4 ,butl]4--,s]mons4 ,paley4--,moral ,philosophy4 ,adam ,smi?4--,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 ,upham4--,m5tal ,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,w9sl[4--,elem5ts ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,wayl&4--,moral ,philosophy4 ,:ewell4--,elem5ts ( ,morality4 ,j\ffroy4--,introduction to ,e?ics4 7,*ann+1 ,tr47 ,c\rs de ,droit ,natural4 ,emile ,saisset4--,manuel de ,philosophie l'usage des ,coll4 ,morals4 ,desc>tes4--,lettres4 ,cic]o4--,de ,(ficiis4 ,ari/otle4--,nicom4 ,e?4 ,plato4--,republic & ,gorgias4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s5sibilities ,/ew>t4--,active & ,moral ,p[]s4 7,walk] ,ed47 ,reid4--,faculties ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,essay ,,iii4 ,br[n4--,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,emotions4 ,upham4--,m5tal ,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,cogan4--,on ! ,passions4 ,desc>tes4--,les ,passions de l'me4 ,condillac4--,trait des ,s5sations4 ,damiron4--,c\rs de ,philosophie4 ,de la ,s5sibilit4 ,j\ffroy4--,mlanges ,philosophiques4 ,de l',am\r de ,soi4 ,ari/otle4--,on ! ,s\l4 ,books ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,w4 ,edw>ds4--,on ! ,w4 ,tappan4--,review ( d4 ,day4--,review ( d4 ,bl$soe4--,exam9ation ( d4 ,i4 ,taylor4--,essay introductory to d4 ,tappan4--,on ! ,w4 & d4 on ,moral ,ag5cy4 ,mahan4--,on ! ,w4 ,upham4--,on ! ,w4 ,reid4--,on ! ,faculties ( ! ,human ,s\l4 ,essay ,,iv4 ,bel%am4--,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,mill4--,sy/em ( ,logic4 ,book ,,vi41 cap4 ,,ii4 ,mill4--,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,cap4 ,,xxiv4 ,cogan4--,e?ical ,que/ions4 ,"q ,,iv4 ,/ew>t4--,active & ,moral ,p[]s4 ,cap4 ,,vi4 ,reid4--,essays on ,active ,p[]s4 ,essay ,,ii4 ,locke4--,on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,book ,,ii41 cap4 ,,xxi4 ,hamilton4--,philosophy ( ! ,condition$1 cap4 ,,ii41 #a4 7,o4 ,w4 ,wight47 ,j\ffroy4--,introduction to ,e?ics1 ,,iv4 ,leibnitz4--,essays de ,?odice4 ,c\s94--,fragm5ts ,philosophiques4 ,preface4 ,amde ,jacques4--,manuel de ,phil4 ,psy*ologie4 ,volont4 ,,xv4-,,xvii4 ,ma9e de ,biran4--,o,euvres4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,controv]sy ) ,cl>ke4 ,c\s94--,psy*ologie4 7,h5ry1 ,tr47 ,cap4 ,x4 ,damiron4--,psy*ologie4 ,liv4 ,i41 ,,ii41 cap4 ,,iii4 ,emile ,saisset4--,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques4 ,art4 ,lib]t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,_m omissions ( punctuation h be5 sil5tly correct$1 z h obvi\s typographical errors4 ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 head+s are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,duplicat$ section head+s on consecutive l9es h be5 remov$4 ,! section ,g5]al ,obs]vations 7page #id & #afb7 has be5 add$ to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,ref]5ces has be5 add$ to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,corrections include3 ,page #ee z t two /raight l9es %\ld enclose a space ! a is miss+ 9 ! orig9al & has be5 add$4 ,page #hi ,! s\l seat$ 9 its pres5ce-*amb]1 ! bra91 c cognize no?+ beyond & )\t1 = no?+ c get except :]e x is pres5t4 ! fir/ lett] ( get is miss+4 ,x has be5 assum$ t get is ! mo/ likely int5tion4 ,page #dce ,no ref]5ce to ,memdelssohn has be5 f\nd4 ,x is possibly a ref]5ce ,moses ,m5delssohn4 ,page #efh ,9 ord] to d ?is1 !re is ne$$ an influ5ce f )\t1 ,! d is miss+ & has be5 add$4 ,! text is arbitr>y ab\t spac+ ( e4 g4 & i4 e41 z ! spac$ v>iant is 9 ! majority1 x has be5 us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! au?or has wrongly spell$ ,leibniz z ,leibnitz ?r\gh\t4 ,?is has be5 reta9$4 ,! ref]5ces to ,m',d]mot 9 ! text h be5 *ang$ to ,mc,dermot to con=m ) ! ,ref]5ces4 ,likewise ,m',co% 7p#ecd7 is almo/ c]ta9ly ,james ,mc,cosh4