file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dejcb-;h4htm or #dejcb-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dejcb_/pg#dejcb-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dejc b_/dejcb-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/pr9cipals pecies#jjsn[ri* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text t 0 9 bold face or small capitals 0 conv]t$ to all upp] case4 ,! orig9al page numb]s are enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets 7example3 p#jbc7 to facilitate ! use ( ! index4 ,illu/ration3 ,live ,oak 7,qu]cus virg9iana71 ,l\isiana4 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,species ,,( ,,wood3 ,,_! ,,*>act]i/ic ,,prop]ties4 by ,,*>les ,,h5ry ,,sn[1 ,c4,e41 ,sc4,d41 ,dean ( ! ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity2 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 etc4 ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,fir/ ,?\s&4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,london3 ,*apman ,hall1 ,limit$4 #aijc4 ,copyright1 #aijc1 ,by ,*>les ,h5ry ,sn[4 ,rob]t ,drummond1 ,pr9t]1 ,new ,york4 ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ is a brief unte*nical pres5tation ( g5]al features *>act]iz+ economically important species ( wood4 ,x is ! result ( notes orig9ally br\ght toge!r f _m already exi/+ s\rces & lat] augm5t$1 & v]ifi$ s f> z possible = ! pres5t use1 by p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! "w ( prep>ation has n be5 z simple z ! result w\ld indicate1 & al?\gh great c>e has be5 tak5 to *eck ea* fact1 errors d no d\bt exi/1 al?\gh x is n believ$ t !re are important ones4 ,eng9e]s :ile writ+ ^u woods h1 save exceptionally1 emphasiz$ /r5g? beyond mo/ o!r prop]ties4 ,o!r works = exp]t =e/]s or botani/s are ( necessity too special1 volum9\s1 fragm5tal1 or te*nical = ! casual /ud5t4 ,"s popul> books on trees1 z di/9ct f woods1 are available4 ,! pres5t =m is di/9ct f ^! & is int5d$ = ^? :o are n =e/]s or botani/s1 b :o use woods or desire k ( _! di/+ui%+ prop]ties4 ,allusions to trees1 hi/orical & o!r ref]5ces1 aside f ^? directly reg>d+ woods1 are made = complet5ess & 9 ord] to m>k1 di/+ui%1 or sep>ate ! species4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are p>ticul>ly due to ! publications ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,division ( ,=e/ry1 to ,pr(4 ,s>g5t's /udies z set =? 9 ,vol4 ,,ix ( ! ,t5? ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus1 to ,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 to ,mr4 ,raphael ,g4 ,zon = sugge/ions & = te*nical revision1 to ! ,nor?we/]n ,lumb]man & o!r trade j\rnals1 to _m deal]s1 :o h be5 uni=m 9 _! c\rtesy1 & incid5tally to ,mr4 ,morris ,k4 ,jesup1 ^: magnific5t collection ( woods at ! ,new ,york ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory has be5 available to ! writ] z to o!rs4 ,^!1 ) o!r s\rces ( in=mation ackn[l$g$ by ! writ]1 & sugge/$ to o!rs1 are suitably arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,( ! #aee illu/rations1 #ach are orig9al1 ! draw+s hav+ be5 prep>$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! writ] f actual specim5s by ,mr4 ,irv+ ,t4 ,wor?ly ( ,cornell ,univ]sity & sev]al /ud5ts ( ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 & ! photographs by ,mr4 ,john ,hopf5g>tn]1 ,jr41 ( ,we/*e/]1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,o!r illu/rations are1 s f> z possible1 ackn[l$g$ 9 place4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,page ,section #a4 ,wood4 ,def9itions4 ,/ructure4 ,weights4 ,coeffici5ts4 ,uses4 ,botanical & ,common ,nom5clatures4 ,g5]al ,in=mation1 etc4 #a ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,exog5\s ,,s]ies4 ,section #b4 ,def9itions4 ,cellul> ,/ructure4 ,annual ,r+s4 ,m$ull>y or ,pi? ,rays4 ,pi? ,cavities4 ,sapwood & ,he>twood4 ,cross1 ,radial & ,tang5tial ,di/9ctions4 ,qu>t] ,sawn ,surfaces1 ,common & ,botanical ,subdivisions1 etc4 #g ,,broadleaf ,,or ,,h>dwoods4 ,section #c4 ,di/ribution4 ,di/+ui%+ ,*>act]i/ics4 ,g5]al ,in=mation1 etc4 #aj ,,oak 7,qu]cus74 ,section #d4 ,di/ribution4 ,hi/orical4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,comm]cial ,divisions4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #aa a4 ,:ite ,oak 7,qu]cus alba7 #ac b4 ,c[ ,oak 7,qu]cus mi*auxii7 #ad c4 ,*e/nut ,oak 7,qu]cus pr9us7 #ae d4 ,po/ ,oak 7,qu]cus m9or7 #af e4 ,bur ,oak 7,qu]cus macroc>pa7 #ag f4 ,:ite ,oak 7,qu]cus g>ryana7 #ah g4 ,r$ ,oak 7,qu]cus rubra7 #ai h4 ,p9 ,oak 7,qu]cus palu/ris7 #bj i4 ,spani% ,oak 7,qu]cus digitata7 #ba j4 ,black ,oak 7,qu]cus velut9a7 #bb k4 ,live ,oak 7,qu]cus vir5s7 #bc l4 ,cali=nia ,live ,oak 7,qu]cus agrifolia7 #bd m4 ,live ,oak 7,qu]cus *rysolepis7 #be n4 ,engli% ,oak 7,qu]cus robur v>4 p$unculata7 #bf ,,a% 7,frax9us74 ,section #e4 ,di/ribution4 ,hi/orical4 ,g5]al ,prop]ties4 ,comm]cial ,divisions4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #bg a4 ,:ite ,a% 7,frax9us am]icana7 #bi b4 ,r$ ,a% 7,frax9us pubesc5s7 #cj c4 ,blue ,a% 7,frax9us quadrangulata7 #ca d4 ,black ,a% 7,frax9us nigra7 #cb e4 ,gre5 ,a% 7,frax9us viridis7 #cc f4 ,oregon ,a% 7,frax9us oregona7 #cd ,,elm 7,ulmus74 ,section #f4 ,di/ribution4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,l&scape ,value ( ,trees1 etc4 #ce a4 ,:ite ,elm 7,ulmus am]icana7 #cf b4 ,cork ,elm 7,ulmus racemosa7 #cg c4 ,slipp]y ,elm1 ,r$ ,elm 7,ulmus pubesc5s7 #ch d4 ,w+ ,elm 7,ulmus alata7 #ci ,,maple 7,ac]74 ,section #g4 ,di/ribution4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,maple ,sug>4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #dj a4 ,sug> ,maple1 ,h>d ,maple 7,ac] sac*>um7 #db b4 ,silv] ,maple1 ,s(t ,maple 7,ac] sac*>9um7 #dc c4 ,r$ ,maple1 ,swamp ,maple 7,ac] rubrum7 #dd d4 ,oregon ,maple 7,ac] macrophyllum7 #de e4 ,boxeld]1 ,a%-leav$ ,maple 7,ac] negundo7 #df ,,walnut 7,juglans74 ,section #h4 ,hi/orical4 ,black ,walnut 9 ,gun ,/ocks4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,woods4 ,burl4 ,:ite ,walnut4 ,engli% ,walnut4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #dg a4 ,black ,walnut 7,juglans nigra7 #di b4 ,:ite ,walnut1 ,butt]nut 7,juglans c9]ea7 #ej ,,hickory 7,hicoria74 ,section #i4 ,di/ribution4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,second-gr[? ,hickory4 ,pecan4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #ea a4 ,%agb>k 7,hicoria ovata7 #eb b4 ,pignut 7,hicoria glabra7 #ec c4 ,mock] ,nut 7,hicoria alba7 #ed d4 ,pecan 7,hicoria pecan7 #ee ,,*e/nut2 ,*9quap9 7,ca/anea74 ,section #aj4 ,di/ribution4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,fam\s ,trees4 ,nuts4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #ef a4 ,*e/nut 7,ca/anea d5tata7 #eh b4 ,*9quap9 7,ca/anea pumila7 #ei ,,bee*1 ,,ironwood 7,fagus7 7,c>p9us1 ,o/rya1 etc474 ,section #aa4 ,di/ribution4 ,e>ly ,uses ( ,bee*4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,woods4 ,uses4 ,enum]ation ( ,species ,af=d+ ,ironwood4 #fj a4 ,bee* 7,fagus atropunicea7 #fb b4 ,ironwood1 ,blue ,bee* 7,c>p9us c>ol9iana7 #fc c4 ,ironwood1 ,hop ,hornbeam 7,o/rya virg9iana7 #fd ,,sycamore 7,platanus74 ,section #ab4 ,confusion ( ,names4 ,hi/orical1 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #fe a4 ,sycamore1 ,buttonball 7,platanus occid5talis7 #ff b4 ,cali=nia ,sycamore 7,platanus racemosa7 #fg ,,bir* 7,betula74 ,section #ac4 ,di/ribution4 ,hi/ory & ,uses ( ,b>k4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,uses ( ,wood4 ,comm]cial ,divisions ( ,wood4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #fh a4 ,:ite ,bir* 7,betula populifolia7 #gj b4 ,pap] ,bir* 7,betula papyrif]a7 #ga c4 ,r$ ,bir* 7,betula nigra7 #gb d4 ,yell[ ,bir* 7,betula lutea7 #gc e4 ,sweet1 ,*]ry ,bir*4 7,betula l5ta7 #gd ,,locu/2 ,,mesquite 7,rob9ia1 ,gl$itsia1 ,prosopis74 ,section #ad4 ,confusion ( ,names4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,/ructural ,value ( ,black ,locu/4 ,durability & ,peculi>ities ( ,mesquite4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #ge a4 ,black ,locu/1 ,yell[ ,locu/ 7,rob9ia pseudacacia7 #gg b4 ,honey ,locu/ 7,gl$itsia triacan?os7 #gh c4 ,mesquite 7,prosopis juliflora7 #gi ,,:itewood ,,or ,,tulip-,,tree ,,wood2 ,,popl> ,,or ,,cottonwood2 ,,cucumb]-,,tree ,,wood2 ,,basswood 7,liriod5dron71 7,populus71 7,magnolia71 7,tilia74 ,section #ae4 ,/ructural ,relations4 ,peculi>ities & ,uses ( ,wood4 ,confusion ( ,names4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #hj a4 ,:itewood1 ,tulip-tree or ,yell[ ,popl> 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a7 #hb b4 ,popl>1 ,l>ge ,too? ,asp5 7,populus gr&id5tata7 #hc c4 ,cottonwood 7,populus deltoides7 #hd d4 ,black ,cottonwood 7,populus tri*oc>pa7 #he e4 ,cucumb]-tree 7,magnolia acum9ata7 #hf f4 ,basswood1 ,l9d5 7,tilia am]icana7 #hg ,,will[ 7,salix74 ,section #af4 ,di/ribution4 ,hi/orical4 ,prop]ties & ,uses ( ,wood4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #hh a4 ,black ,will[ 7,salix nigra7 #hi ,,catalpa 7,catalpa74 ,section #ag4 ,/ructural ,values4 ,prop]ties ( ,woods4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #ij a4 ,catalpa 7,catalpa speciosa7 #ia b4 ,catalpa 7,catalpa catalpa7 #ib ,,sassafras2 ,,mulb]ry 7,sassafras71 7,morus74 ,section #ah4 ,hi/orical4 ,prop]ties ( ,sassafras ,wood4 ,prop]ties ( ,mulb]ry ,wood4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #ic a4 ,sassafras 7,sassafras (fic9ale7 #id b4 ,mulb]ry1 ,r$ ,mulb]ry 7,morus rubra7 #ie ,,buckeye2 ,,horse ,,*e/nut 7,aesculus74 ,section #ai4 ,/ructural & ,botanical ,relation%ip4 ,localities4 ,prop]ties & ,uses ( ,wood4 #if a4 ,horse ,*e/nut 7,aesculus hippoca/anum7 #ig b4 ,ohio ,buckeye 7,aesculus glabra7 #ig c4 ,sweet ,buckeye 7,aesculus oct&ra7 #ih ,,gum 7,liquidamb>1 ,nyssa74 ,section #bj4 ,botanical & ,/ructural ,relation%ips4 ,g5]al ,prop]ties & ,uses ( ,woods4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees4 #ii a4 ,sweet ,gum 7,liquidamb> /yraciflua7 #ajj b4 ,s\r ,gum 7,nyssa sylvatica7 #aja c4 ,cotton ,gum1 ,tupelo 7,nyssa aquatica7 #ajb ,,holly2 ,,boxwood2 ,,lignumvit 7,ilex71 7,buxus ,cornus71 7,guajacum1 etc474 ,section #ba4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties2 also ,uses ( ,holly1 ( ,boxwood1 & ( ,lignumvit ,woods4 ,s\rces4 ,sub/itutes = ,boxwood1 i4e41 ,fl[]+ ,dogwood1 ,mexican ,p]simmon & ,rose ,bay4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #ajc a4 ,holly 7,ilex opaca7 #aje b4 ,dogwood 7,cornus florida7 #ajf c4 ,lignumvit 7,guajacum sanctum7 #ajg ,,laurel 7,magnolia1 ,rhodod5dron1 ,arbutus1 etc474 ,section #bb4 ,application ( ,"n ,laurel4 ,/ructural ,peculi>ities & ,uses ( ,sev]al ,products4 #ajh a4 ,m\nta9 ,laurel 7,umbellul>ia cali=nica7 #aji b4 ,madroa 7,arbutus m5ziesii7 #aaj ,,p]simmon2 ,,osage ,,orange2 ,,*]ry 7,diospyros71 7,maclura71 7,prunus74 ,section #bc4 ,range4 ,/ructural ,peculi>ities & ,uses ( ,p]simmon ,wood1 ( ,osage ,orange ,wood1 ( ,*]ry ,wood4 #aaa a4 ,p]simmon 7,diospyros virg9iana7 #aab b4 ,osage ,orange 7,maclura aurantiaca7 #aac c4 ,*]ry 7,prunus s]ot9a7 #aad ,,teak2 ,,gre5he>t 7,tectona71 7,nect&ra74 ,section #bd4 ,asiatic ,teak4 ,african ,teak4 ,/ructural ,peculi>ities & ,uses ( ,teak ,wood4 ,/ructural ,peculi>ities & ,uses ( ,gre5he>t #aae a4 ,teak 7,tectona gr&is7 #aaf b4 ,gre5he>t 7,nect&ra rodiali7 #aag ,,mahogany 7,swiet5ia1 ,khaya1 ,soymida1 ,c$rela1 etc474 ,section #be4 ,applications ( ,"n ,mahogany4 ,s\rces ( ,supply4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities4 ,also ,uses ( ,wood1 ,v5e]s1 ,spani% ,c$>1 ,:ite ,mahogany #aah a4 ,mahogany 7,swiet5ia mahagoni7 #abj b4 ,:ite ,mahogany 7,tabeuia ,donnell-,smi?ii7 #aba c4 ,spani% ,c$>1 ,mexican ,c$> 7,c$rela odorata7 #abb ,,eucalyptus 7,eucalyptus74 ,section #bf4 ,localities4 ,common ,names4 ,great ,size4 ,rapid ,gr[? & ,sanit>y ,prop]ties ( ,trees4 ,/ructural ,prop]ties ( ,j>rah1 ,k>ri & ,tu>t ,woods4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,trees1 etc4 #abc a4 ,j>rah 7,eucalyptus m>g9ata7 #abe b4 ,k>ri 7,eucalyptus div]sicolor7 #abf c4 ,tu>t 7,eucalyptus gomphocephala7 #abg d4 ,blue ,gum1 ,fev] ,tree 7,eucalyptus globulus7 #abh ,,ne$leleaf ,,or ,,s(t ,,woods4 ,section #bg4 ,localities4 ,hi/orical4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties4 ,uses4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics4 ,g5]al ,in=mation #abi ,,p9e 7,p9us74 ,section #bh4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties4 ,uses4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics #acj ,s(t ,p9e4--,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties4 ,importance4 ,s\rces ( ,supply1 etc4 #aca ,h>d ,p9e4--,/ructural & ,physical ,prop]ties4 ,importance4 ,s\rce ( ,supply1 etc4 #acb a4 ,:ite ,p9e 7,p9us /robus7 #acd b4 ,:ite ,p9e 7,p9us flexilis7 #ace c4 ,sug> ,p9e 7,p9us lamb]tiana7 #acf d4 ,:ite ,p9e 7,p9us monticola7 #acg e4 ,georgia1 ,h>d1 ,yell[ or ,longleaf ,p9e 7,p9us palu/ris7 #ach f4 ,cuban ,p9e 7,p9us het]ophylla7 #aci g4 ,%ortleaf ,p9e1 ,yell[ ,p9e 7,p9us e*9ata7 #adj h4 ,loblolly ,p9e 7,p9us tda7 #ada i4 ,bull ,p9e1 ,yell[ ,p9e1 ,we/]n ,p9e 7,p9us pond]osa7 #adb j4 ,norway ,p9e1 ,r$ ,p9e 7,p9us res9osa7 #adc k4 ,pit* ,p9e 7,p9us rigida7 #add l4 ,nor!rn ,p9e1 ,scot* ,p9e1 ,dantzic ,p9e 7,p9us sylve/ris7 #ade ,,kauri ,,p9e 7,damm>a74 ,section #bi4 ,descriptive4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,*>act]i/ics4 ,kauri ,gum1 etc4 #adf a4 ,kauri ,p9e 7,damm>a au/ralis7 #adg ,,spruce 7,picea74 ,section #cj4 ,localities4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities4 ,comm]cial ,divisions4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics #adh a4 ,black ,spruce 7,picea nigra7 #aej b4 ,r$ ,spruce 7,picea rub5s7 #aej c4 ,:ite ,spruce 7,picea alba7 #aea d4 ,:ite ,spruce 7,picea engelmanni7 #aeb e4 ,sitka ,spruce 7,picea sit*5sis7 #aec ,,d\glas ,,spruce 7,pseudotsuga74 ,section #ca4 ,great ,size ( ,trees4 ,localities4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities ( ,wood4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics #aed a4 ,d\glas or ,r$ ,spruce or ,fir 7,pseudotsuga taxifolia7 #aee ,,fir 7,abies74 ,section #cb4 ,s\rces ( ,supply4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,*>act]i/ics4 ,confusion ( ,names4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics #aef a4 ,balsam ,fir 7,abies balsamea7 #aeg b4 ,great ,silv] ,fir 7,abies gr&is7 #aeh c4 ,:ite ,fir 7,abies concolor7 #aei d4 ,r$ ,fir 7,abies magnifica7 #afj e4 ,r$ ,fir4 ,noble ,fir 7,abies nobilis7 #afa ,,hemlock 7,tsuga74 ,section #cc4 ,di/ribution4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities ( ,wood4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics #afb a4 ,hemlock 7,tsuga canad5sis7 #afc b4 ,we/]n ,hemlock 7,tsuga het]ophylla7 #afc ,,l>*2 ,,tam>ack 7,l>ix74 ,section #cd4 ,hi/orical4 ,s\rces4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics #afd a4 ,l>*1 ,tam>ack 7,l>ix am]icana7 #afe b4 ,l>*1 ,tam>ack 7,l>ix occid5talis7 #aff ,,c$> 7,c$rus1 ,?uya1 ,*amcyp>is1 ,liboc$rus1 ,junip]us74 ,section #ce4 ,confusion ( ,names4 ,hi/orical4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,comm]cial ,divisions1 etc4 #afg a4 ,r$ ,c$> 7,junip]us virg9iana7 #afi b4 ,junip] 7,junip]us occid5talis7 #agj c4 ,:ite ,c$>1 ,arborvit 7,?uya occid5talis7 #aga d4 ,canoe ,c$>1 ,arborvit1 ,giant ,arborvit 7,?uya plicata7 #agb e4 ,:ite ,c$> 7,*amcyp>is ?yoides7 #agc f4 ,port ,or=d ,c$>1 ,lawson ,cypress 7,*amaecyp>is lawsoniana7 #agd g4 ,yell[ ,c$>1 ,yell[ ,cypress1 ,sitka ,cypress 7,*amcyp>is nootkat5sis7 #age h4 ,inc5se ,c$> 7,liboc$rus decurr5s7 #agf ,,cypress 7,cupressus1 ,taxodium74 ,section #cf4 ,confusion ( ,names4 ,s\rces4 ,hi/orical4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities4 ,comm]cial ,divisions4 ,fungus ,disease #agg a4 ,cypress1 ,bald ,cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um7 #agi ,,r$wood 7,sequoia74 ,section #cg4 ,locality4 ,peculi>ities ( ,trees4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,mammo? ,trees #ahj a4 ,r$wood 7,sequoia semp]vir5s7 #ahb b4 ,giant ,r$wood 7,sequoia wa%+toniana7 #ahb ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,endog5\s ,,s]ies4 ,section #ch4 ,def9itions4 ,cellul> ,/ructure4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities ( ,endog5\s ,wood4 ,uses4 ,g5]al ,in=mation #ahc ,,palm 7,,palmace74 ,section #ci4 ,localities4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities ( ,wood4 ,uses4 ,botanical4 ,*>act]i/ics #ahe a4 ,cabbage ,palmetto 7,sabal palmetto7 #ahf b4 ,wa%+ton ,palm 7,wa%+tonia filif]a7 #ahg ,,yucca 7,yucca74 ,section #dj4 ,localities4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities ( ,wood4 ,uses1 etc4 #ahh a4 ,jo%ua ,tree1 ,yucca 7,yucca arboresc5s7 #ahi ,,bamboo 7,bambus74 ,section #da4 ,botanical ,*>act]i/ics4 ,/ructural & ,physical ,peculi>ities ( ,wood4 ,gr[?4 ,uses 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,possibilities 9 ,am]ica1 etc4 #aij a4 ,bamboo 7,bambus vulg>is7 #aib ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,frontispiece4 ,live ,oak 7,qu]cus virg9iana74 ,plate #b4 ,,exog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood--,ye>ly ,r+s or ,lay]s4 ,plate #c4 ,,exog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood--,m$ull>y or ,pi? ,ray4 ,plate #d4 ,,exog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood--,cross-sections ,enl>g$4 ,plate #e4 ,oak 7,qu]cus alba74 ,plate #f4 ,a% 7,frax9us am]icana74 ,plate #g4 ,elm 7,ulmus am]icana74 ,plate #h4 ,maple 7,ac] sac*>um74 ,plate #i4 ,walnut 7,juglans74 ,plate #aj4 ,hickory 7,hicoria ovata74 ,plate #aa4 ,*e/nut 7,ca/anea d5tata74 ,plate #ab4 ,bee* 7,fagus74 ,plate #ac4 ,sycamore 7,platanus occid5talis74 ,plate #ad4 ,bir* 7,betula74 ,plate #ae4 ,locu/ 7,rob9ia1 ,gl$itsia74 ,plate #af4 ,:itewood 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a74 ,plate #ag4 ,black ,will[ 7,salix nigra74 ,plate #ah4 ,catalpa 7,catalpa74 ,plate #ai4 ,sassafras 7,sassafras (fic9ale74 ,plate #bj4 ,horse ,*e/nut 7sculus hippoca/anum74 ,plate #ba4 ,sweet ,gum 7,liquidamb> /yraciflua74 ,plate #bb4 ,holly1 ,boxwood1 ,lignumvit 7,ilex71 7,buxus1 ,cornus71 7,guajacum74 ,plate #bc4 ,p]simmon1 ,osage ,orange1 ,*]ry 7,diospyros71 7,maclura71 7,prunus74 ,plate #bd4 ,teak1 ,gre5he>t 7,tectona71 7,nect&ra74 ,plate #be4 ,mahogany 7,swiet5ia mahagoni74 ,plate #bf4 ,eucalyptus 7,eucalyptus74 ,plate #bg4 ,p9e 7,p9us74 ,plate #bh4 ,kauri ,p9e 7,damm>a au/ralis74 ,plate #bi4 ,black ,spruce 7,picea nigra74 ,plate #cj4 ,d\glas ,spruce 7,pseudotsuga taxifolia74 ,plate #ca4 ,hemlock 7,tsuga74 ,plate #cb4 ,l>*1 ,tam>ack 7,l>ix74 ,plate #cc4 ,c$> 7,c$rus1 ,?uya1 etc474 ,plate #cd4 ,cypress 7,cupressus1 ,taxodium74 ,plate #ce4 ,r$wood 7,sequoia74 ,plate #cf4 ,,endog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood4 ,plate #cg4 ,palm 7,palmace74 ,plate #ch4 ,yucca 7,yucca74 ,plate #ci4 ,bamboo 7,bambus74 ,,bibliography4 ,,names ,,& ,,localities4 ,*eck ,li/ ( ,=e/ ,trees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _! ,names & ,ranges1 ,sudwor?4 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #ag47 ,,features ,,( ,,trees1 ,,botanies4 ,pr(4 ,s>g5t's ,silva ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,mi*aux & ,nuttall's ,nor? ,am]ican ,silva2 ,apg>'s ,trees ( ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,publications ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division2 ,our ,native ,trees1 ,keel]2 ,famili> ,trees1 ,ma!ws2 ,timb] ,trees & ,=e/s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,p9*ot ,a%e 7,n4 ,c4 ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 ,no4 #f72 ,report on ,trees & ,%rubs ( ,massa*usetts1 ,em]son2 ,manual ( ,botany1 ,gray2 ,plants1 ,c\lt]2 ,illu/rat$ ,flora ( ,u4 ,s41 ,britton & ,br[n2 etc41 etc4 ,botanical ,gazette2 ,guide to ,trees & ,%rubs ( ,new ,engl& by _! ,leaves1 ,bradley ,:idd]1 ,bo/on4 ,,color1 ,,appe>ance ,,or ,,gra9 ,,( ,,wood4 ,jesup ,collection at ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,h\gh's ,am]ican ,woods 7sections74 ,,/ructural ,,qualities ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,,woods4 ,timb]1 ,ro? 7,bullet9 ,no4 #aj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div472 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,t5? ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus2 ,pr(4 ,s>g5t's ,catalogue ,jesup ,collections2 ,pr( ,j4 ,b4 ,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction2 ,pr(4 ,?ur/on's ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+1 ,"p ,i2 ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,kidd]'s ,inspection ( ,mat]ials & ,workman%ip4 ,allusions 9 num]\s publications ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division4 ,,weights ,,& ,,moduli4 ,circul> ,no4 #ae1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division2 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction2 ,mr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,%>pless' ,tables = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus 7,vol4 ,,ix1 ,t5? ,c5sus2 also ,executive ,docum5t ,no4 #e1 #dh? ,congress1 #a/ ,session1 & also ,s>g5t's ,catalogue ,jesup ,collection72 ,pr(4 ,lanza's ,appli$ ,me*anics4 ,,am]ican ,,species4 ,see foot-notes to species 9 "q4 ,,=eign ,,species4 ,?os4 ,lazlett's ,timb] & ,timb] ,trees2 ,report on ,=e/s ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia by ,j4 ,ednie ,br[n2 ,catalogue ,kew ,botanical ,g>d5s1 ,london2 ,works ,b>on ,f]d4 von ,muell]2 ,am]ican ,lumb] 9 ,=eign ,m>kets 7,special ,consul> ,reports1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,/ate ,dept472 ,/ev5son's ,trees ( ,comm]ce2 also see foot-notes1 species 9 "q4 ,,g5]al4 ,=e/ry = ,f>m]s1 ,f]n[1 & o!r ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division ,publications1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,t5? ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus2 ,h\gh's ,am]ican ,woods 7text72 ,! ,=e/]2 ,! ,nor?we/]n ,lumb]man2 ,! 7,new ,orleans7 ,lumb] ,trade ,j\rnal2 ,! ,new ,york ,lumb] ,trade ,j\rnal2 ,! ,timb] ,trades ,j\rnal 7,london72 ,lumb] ,trade ( ,u4 ,s4 7,bureau ,/ati/ics ,u4 ,s4 ,treas4 ,dept472 ,trees 9 ,w9t]1 ,hunt+ton4 ,,hi/orical4 ,brockhaus1 ,konv]sations-,lexikon2 ,pl9y1 etc4 ,,m$ic9al ,,prop]ties4 ,u4 ,s4 ,disp5satory4 ,books p>ticul>ly useful to beg9n]s are 9 italics4 ,names are repeat$ :5 books c\ld n be p>ticul>ly class$ "u "o head+4 ,also see foot-notes "u subjects 9 que/ions4 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,species ,,( ,,wood4 ,,introduction4 ,a tree has be5 def9$ z a woody plant t produces naturally & 9 its native place "o pr9cipal erect /em ) a def9ite cr[n ( foliage4 ,a plant ?us atta9+ to ! dignity ( a tree is said to be arboresc5t4#a ,!re are ne>ly five hundr$ di/9ct species ( trees gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#b z well z _m o!rs peculi> to o!r c\ntries1 yet ! great mass ( wood ev]y:]e utiliz$ is d]iv$ f comp>atively few ( !m4#c ,_m woods w be m g5]ally employ$ z _! valuable prop]ties become m famili> or z ! supplies ( wood n[ utiliz$ cont9ue to dim9i%4 ,! same tree is (t5 call$ by diff]5t common names 9 diff]5t places4 ,ne>ly ?irty names are ?us appli$ to ! longleaf p9e 7,p9us palu/ris74 ,su* confusion c be avoid$ only by reg>d+ ! recogniz$ botanical nom5clature4 ,! botanical "n ( a plant consi/s ( two pr9cipal t]ms d5ot+ g5us & species4 ,qu]cus1 = example1 is p#jjb ! g5]ic "n includ+ all species ( oak4 ,alba1 rubra1 & o!rs are specific names d5ot+ ! said species4 ,qu]cus alba & ,qu]cus rubra are complet$ t]ms4 ,g5]a are n fix$ b diff] ) au?orities1 s t ! abbreviat$ "n ( ! botani/ responsible = ! classification adopt$ is (t5 add$1 z ,qu]cus alba ,l9n4 & ,ulmus fulva ,mi*x4 ,a species is a collection ( individuals t might well h sprung f "s s+le root4 ,a g5us is a collection ( relat$ species4 ,g5]a are ga!r$ into families4 ,families & g5]a diff] ) au?orities4 ,a v>iety includes individuals diff]+ slightly f accept$ species4 ,its "n :5 exi/+ is "p ( ! specific "n4 ,qu]cus robur v>4 p$unculata specifies a v>iety 7p$unculata7 ( r$ or /rong 7robur7 oak 7,qu]cus74 ,a v>iety ( "o botani/ is sometimes a di/9ct species ( ano!r4 ,! size & "* ( ! trunk1 & ! range1 locality1 or di/ribution ( ! tree1 h mu* to d ) ! utility ( ! wood1 s9ce l>ge or p]fect timb]s _c be d]iv$ f species *>act]iz$ by small or crook$ trees1 & s9ce wood is always m us$ if x is widely di/ribut$ s z to be easily available4#d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,"s ,,wood ,,elem5ts4 ,wood is made up ( cell-/ructures2 z1 ! true fibre1 :i* orig9ates f sev]al cells2 ! tra*eid 7tra-ke-id71 :i* orig9ates f "o2 ! vessel1 :i* is a %ort1 wide tube jo9$ v]tically end to end ) o!rs ( its k9d2 ! pi?-ray2 ! res9-duct1 & o!rs1--all ( :i* are (t5 popul>ly ref]r$ to z fibres4 p#jjc ,! "* & ! arrangem5t ( cell-/ructures diff] ) species4 ,wood is h>d1 s(t1 light1 heavy1 t\gh1 por\s1 ela/ic1 or o!rwise1 because ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,appe>ance is affect$1 & woods may be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 because ( ?is fact4#e ,mo/ wood is us$ 9 con/ruction1 t is1 9 m9es1 railways1 h\ses1 & %ips1 :]e dem& is = size or quantity1 & :]e f9i% & appe>ance am\nt to b little4 ,mu* wood is us$ 9 decoration & furniture1 :]e appe>ance1 appropriat5ess1 & f9i% are call$ =2 b ^! woods1 al?\gh mu* 9 evid5ce1 are inf9itely less 9 quantity ?an ^? employ$ 9 con/ruction4 ,"s wood is requir$ = implem5ts1 turn]y1 c>v+s1 & small-piece "w1 :]e size is second>y & :]e qualities su* z h>dness1 f9e gra91 & uni=mity1 controllable 9 small pieces1 are prim>y4 ,"s wood is us$ indirectly1 z 9 ! manufacture ( pap]-pulp1 gunp[d]1 & *emicals4 ,!re are also by-products ( trees1 su* z tanb>k1 turp5t9e1 res91 nuts1 & sug>4 ,! weight1 /r5g?1 & o!r measurable prop]ties ( wood are v>iable4 ,weight v>ies f day to day z wat] is absorb$ & evaporat$4 ,/r5g? diff]s ) gra91 age1 moi/ure1 specific gravity1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,two pieces f diff]5t portions ( ! same tree diff] f ea* o!r4 ,! proportions ( sap & he>t wood are seldom con/ant4 ,results f small specim5s may diff] f ^? obta9$ f l>g] ones4#f ,! botanical accuracy ( a specim5 is n always c]ta91 !re=e figures relat+ to ! physical prop]ties ( wood %\ld be employ$ ) great] caution ?an ^? relat+ to ! m homog5e\s metals4 ,_m ( ! exp]im5ts conduct$ to e/abli% /atem5ts reg>d+ ! physical prop]ties ( wood h be5 defective p#jjd 9 t :ile ! conclusions 7 correct z appli$ to ! specim5s imm$iately /udi$1 su* specim5s did n /& = ! species at l>ge4 ,! recognition ( difficulties1 ! selection ( specim5s1 ! sci5tific /&>diz+ ( me?ods s t results c\ld be g5]ally utiliz$1 z di/9ct f ! simple manipulation ( specim5s 9 te/+-ma*9es1 h n be5 exhau/ively attempt$ until rec5tly4#g ,! exp]im5ts t h be5 made to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( woods may be gr\p$ into ! f\r foll[+ divisions3 7#a7 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,division ( ,=e/ry 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief71 "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,johnson4 ,ab\t =ty ?\s& te/s 7 made1 di/ribut$ ov] ?irty-"o ,am]ican species1 ! results1 s f> z obta9$1 be+ und\bt$ly ! mo/ valuable 9 exi/5ce4 ,! detail consid]$ & me?ods evolv$ h 9 a way reclass$ ! te/+ ( woods & mu/ influ5ce all future ef=ts1 b results are disappo9t+ 9 t !y h be5 obta9$ = s few species1 & "s ( ^! ( comm]cially second>y importance4 ,^! exp]im5ts are *>act]iz$ z foll[s3 ,complet5ess & ,reliability ( ,records4 ,l>ge & ,small ,te/ ,pieces4 ,moi/ure ,conditions ,/&>diz$ at #ab ,dry ,weight4 ,samples f ,repres5tative ,portions ( ,tree4 ,selection ( ,repres5tative ,trees4 ,uni=mity ( ,me?ods4 ,l>ge ,numb] ( ,individual & ,total ,te/s4 ,small ,numb] ( ,species ,cov]$4 ,specific ,gravity ,det]m9ations4 ,soil & ,=e/ ,conditions ,indicat$4 ,botanical ,accuracy ,assur$4 ,^! exp]im5ts are orig9ally describ$ 9 ,circul> ,no4 #ae & o!r publications ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division1 also 9 ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction1 by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,johnson4 7#b7 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ = ! ,t5? ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus by ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,%>pless at ! ,wat]t[n 7,mass47 ,ars5al ^u specim5s botanically select$ by ,pr(essor ,s>g5t4 ,^! exp]im5ts are less complete 9 detail1 & av]ages are bas$ ^u inf9itely p#jje few] te/s = ea* species4 ,s f> z kn[n mo/ specim5s 7 f butts4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( moi/ure conditions save t specim5s 7 c>efully season$4 ,te/s 7 ^u ab\t twelve hundr$ specim5s divid$ ov] f\r hundr$ & twelve species1 all[+ b a small numb] = ea*4 ,! s]ies is mo/ valuable 9 t ! species attempt$ 7 s num]\s z to pres5t an almo/ complete ,am]ican s]ies2 9 t ! botanical id5tity ( ! specim5s 0 beyond "q1 & because x gives a g5]al idea ( relative values4 ,! results are frequ5tly quot$ & appe> on ! accompany+ pages 9 spaces imm$iately foll[+ ^? occupi$ by1 or set ap>t =1 ,=e/ry figures or _! alt]nates4 ,! te/s are *>act]iz$ z foll[s3 ,botanical ,accuracy ,assur$4 ,specific ,gravity ,det]m9ations4 ,uni=mity ( ,me?ods4 ,limit$ ,numb] ( ,individuals & ,total ,te/s4 ,l>ge ,numb] ( ,species ,cov]$4 ,small ,te/ ,pieces ,only4 ,selection & ,moi/ure ,conditions ,indef9ite4 ,!y are orig9ally describ$ 9 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,t5? ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus2 ,executive ,docum5t ,no4 #e1 ,=ty-eigh? ,congress1 ,fir/ ,session2 9 ,catalogue ( ! ,jesup ,collection1 by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,s4 ,s>g5t1 & else:]e4 7#c7 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ ^u full-siz$ pieces4 ,! mo/ reliable inve/igations "u ?is head 7 ei!r conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,lanza1 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 or else are not$ by him 9 8 "w1 ,appli$ ,me*anics 7ed4 #ahie1 pp4 #fgc-gaa74 ,!y are valuable 9 t specim5s 7 select$ on a comm]cial r ?an on a sci5tific basis4 ,pr(essor ,lanza claims t su* actual pieces are less p]fect & %[ approximately "o half ! unit /r5g? develop$ by ! m c>efully select$ small] specim5s4 ,^! exp]im5ts are *>act]iz$ z foll[s3 ,life-siz$ ,specim5s4 ,miscellane\s ,selections z if = ,practical ,con/ruction4 ,moi/ure & ,o!r ,data ,indef9ite4 7#d7 ,all o!r exp]im5ts4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made f "t to "t :i*1 :ile valuable1 are n di/+ui%$ by any p>ticul> me?od or pr9ciple1 su* z sep>ate ! inve/igations not$ 9 ! prec$+ articles4 ,data z to selection ( specim5s1 moi/ure1 & o!r conditions are ei!r incomplete or else absolutely lack+4 ,su* te/s are ref]r$ to z are not$ 9 works ( ,hatfield1 ,trautwe91 ,lazlett1 ,rank9e1 ,?ur/on1 & o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! s]ies are exce$+ly valuable comp>atively4 ,pr(essor ,rank9e & ,mr4 ,lazlett exp]im5t$ pr9cipally ^u =eign woods4 p#jjf ,! figures e/abli%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,division ( ,=e/ry & allud$ to 9 item #a1 page #d1 appe>1 s f> z !y exi/1 ^u ! foll[+ pages4 ,:]e !y d n exi/1 ! lead+ spaces set ap>t = !m are left vacant = o!r ins]tions z pref]r$4 ,all coeffici5ts are 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,fractions ( p\nds 9 weight & l[] figures 9 coeffici5ts h be5 omitt$ z sup]flu\s4 ,x is n always easy to det]m9e ! species ( liv+ trees1 because =ms 9 ! =e/ diff] f ^? 9 ! op51 because b>k v>ies ) age1 & because fruit & leaves ( _m trees are lack+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,x is easi] to tell g5us ?an species--t a tree is an oak1 ?an :e!r x is a r$ or a p9 oak4 ,exp]i5ce is requir$ 9 ?is connection4 ,trees are divid$ into two g5]al divisions kn[n z ,exog5s & ,endog5s4#h p#jjg ,,footnotes ,footnote #a3 ,f]n[1 ,introduction to ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ag4 ,footnote #b3 ,dr4 ,f]n[ cr$its #die trees to ,unit$ ,/ates 7,introduction to ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ag72 ,pr(4 ,s>g5t1 c\nt+ species only & exclud+ v>ieties1 gives #dbb 7,silva ( ,nor? ,am]ica74 ,footnote #c3 ,! pr9cipal timb]s ( comm]ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! species kn[n popul>ly z p9e1 fir1 oak1 hickory1 hemlock1 a%1 popl>1 maple1 cypress1 spruce1 c$>1 & walnut4 7,! ,lumb] ,trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,treas4 ,dept41 ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics47 ,footnote #d3 ,fossils %[ t _m species cov]$ wid] ranges ?an at pres5t4 ,footnote #e3 ,ro?1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #aj1 pp4 #fd-ga4 ,also von ,s*r5k1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 ,bureau ,plant ,indu/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ad1 pp4 #ab-af4 ,footnote #f3 ,only because imp]fections are m likely 9 l>g] pieces4 ,l>ge & small pieces ( equally p]fect wood are equally /rong4 7,see ,publications ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div4 & ,j4 ,b4 ,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction1 p4 #dfb47 ,footnote #g3 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! selection & prep>ation ( specim5s require ! ex]cise ( m judgm5t ?an ! simple te/+ ( specim5s1 if ! conclusions are to be su* t !y c be g5]aliz$ f4 ,footnote #h3 ,?is division co9cides ) t by :i* !y are sep>at$ into ,dicotyl$ons & ,monocotyl$ons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,exog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood4 ,,ye>ly ,,r+s ,,or ,,lay]s4 ,a section ( a ,longleaf ,p9e ,tree4 ,a section ( ,oak %[+ por\s /ructure 9 ye>ly lay]s4 7,natural size47 ,a section ( ,h>d ,p9e %[+ solid /ructure 9 lay]s4 7,natural size47 ,,exog5\s ,,trees4 7,dicotyl$ons47 ,exog5\s trees are ^? ! trunks ( :i* are built up by r+s or lay]s1 ea* deposit$ consecutively ^u ! outside ( ! o!rs4 ,a section exhibits fir/ a c5tral po9t or canal kn[n z a pi?-cavity1 next & consecutively ! annual lay]s1 & f9ally ! b>k4 ,! woods ( ?is s]ies are famili> to all4 ,! oaks1 p9es1 & practically all ( ! m]*antable lumb]s are among !m4 ,! =e/s are widely di/ribut$1 & ! species are s num]\s z to pres5t an almo/ inf9ite range ( possibilities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,section ,,boxeld]1 ,,%[+ ,,pi?-,,cavity ,,at ,,c5tre4 ,! "y wood ( exog5\s trees is por\s4 ,x p]mits ! passage ( sap & is kn[n z sapwood 7,alburnum74 ,z a lay] is enclos$ by o!rs & retreats f ! surface ( ! tree1 x becomes d5s]1 its canals are fill$ ) gums or tann91 color *anges1 & ! result is he>twood 7,duram574 ,?is *ange goes =w>d rapidly 9 "s trees1 su* z locu/s1 s t _! sections appe> to be almo/ :olly he>twood2 o!r species require long] "t1 & sapwood !n pr$om9ates4 ,he>twood gives /ability to ! tree1 b is n ne$$ 9 its physiological processes4 ,x is t\gh]1 heavi]1 /rong]1 & m valu$ 9 con/ruction4 ,sapwood is vitally ess5tial to ! life ( ! tree1 b is light]1 weak]1 less durable1 & less valu$ 9 con/ruction4 ,sapwood is pliable1 & ! sapwoods ( sev]al trees are valu$ = ?is reason4 ,wood-mak+ v>ies z x takes place 9 ! spr+time & 9 ! summ]4 ,consequ5t diff]5ces 9 ! d5sities p#jjh ( ! deposits s]ve to m>k ! limits ( ! ye>ly r+s4 ,"s species1 z ! oaks & hickories1 %[ pores ?r\gh\t _! spr+ woods :i* ?us contra/ ) d5s] summ] gr[?s4 ,o!rs1 z ,s\!rn p9es1 *ange %>ply1 & _! spr+ & summ] gr[?s appe> z solid b&s4 ,9 ev5 climates1 :]e seasons are n pron\nc$1 gr[? is m regul> & lay]s correspond+ly less def9ite4#i ,! cellul> /ructure ( wood is pr9cipally v]tical1 a fact t expla9s ! ease ) :i* wood is split up & d[n4 ,beside ! v]tical1 !re are horizontal cells1 t cross ! tree1 /r5g!n & b9d ! v]tical cells1 & assi/ 9 ! life-processes ( ! tree4 ,^! horizontal cells =m :at are kn[n z m$ull>y or pi?-rays & appe> z simple l9es or gli/5+ plates accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ! wood is cut4 ,woods diff] 9 ! size & numb] ( ^! rays1 :i* are by no means always visible to ! eye 7see plate #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,woods are easy or difficult to "w 9 proportion z _! fibres are arrang$ 9 a simple or a complicat$ mann]4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! figures on plate #d4 ,a knife press$ ^u ! oak mu/ cru% or cut into ! fibres !mselves1 :]eas ) ! p9e x f9ds "s natural passage betwe5 ! cells4 ,wood may be cut s z to develop cross-sections 7,c1 ,fig4 #c71 radial sections 7,r71 or tang5tial sections 7,t74 ,! respective p#jji m>k+s are 9 a g5]al way indicat$ on ! bo>ds 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,exog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood4 ,,m$ull>y ,,or ,,pi? ,,ray4 ,actual appe>ances ( pi? ray1 ,,pp4 ,microscopic enl>gem5t ( a tang5tial section ( ,:ite ,oak %[+ l>ge pi? ray1 pp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,exog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood4 7,,cross-,,sections1 ,,enl>g$47 ,two ye>ly lay]s ( ,:ite ,oak4 ,! l>g] pores 7 =m$ 9 spr+1 ! small] ones 9 summ]4 ,! small circles are ends ( fibres4 ,a knife press$ ^u ?is surface w\ld cru% or cut into ! cells4 ,! mass w\ld n split or sep>ate ev5ly4 ,two ye>ly lay]s ( ,:ite ,p9e4 ,! space 9 ! out] or d>k] "o is a res9-duct2 ! circles are ends ( fibres 7tra*eids72 pi? rays are noticeable4 ,a knife press$ ^u ?is surface w\ld f9d easy passage4 ,! mass w\ld sep>ate easily4 ,logs are sometimes sawn into qu>t]s & !n into pieces cross+ & expos+ ! ye>ly r+s4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,^! qu>t]-sawn surfaces are /ructurally /rong] & bett]1 b are1 by reason ( wa/e or small pieces1 m co/ly ?an o!rs4 ,! pi?-rays ( "s woods1 su* z oaks1 are v prom95t :5 split z !y are 9 qu>t]-saw+1 & ! appe>ance ( su* woods is consequ5tly improv$4#aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,exog5\s trees are divid$ into broad-leav$ trees & ne$le-leav$ conif]s4 ,! broad1 flat leaves ( trees su* z oaks & *e/nuts gave rise to ! =m] t]m1 :ile ! n>r[ res9\s leaves ( ! p9e & hemlock gave rise to ! latt]4 ,! woods ( ! =m] gr\p are usually ref]r$ to z h>d woods1 al?\gh "s ( !m are v s(t2 ^? ( ! latt] gr\p are ref]r$ to z s(t woods1 al?\gh "s ( !m are v h>d4 ,mo/1 b n all1 ( ! broadleaf trees are decidu\s1 t is1 !y *ange _! foliage e ye>2 & mo/1 b n all1 ( ! ne$leleaf trees are ev]gre51 t is1 ! foliage is p]si/5t4 ,ne$leleaf trees are also kn[n z conif]s1 t is1 cone-be>]s4 ,x is usual to associate ! t]ms broadleaf1 decidu\s1 & h>d wood2 & likewise ! t]ms ne$leleaf1 conif]1 ev]gre51 & s(t wood4 ,:ile g5]ally correct1 ?is is1 z se51 n always s4 ,a bett] division is into broadleaf trees or woods1 & ne$leleaf conif]s4 p#jaj ,,broadleaf ,,woods4 ,! trees af=d+ ^! woods are f\nd 9 natural =e/s & "u cultivation 9 ne>ly e portion ( ! globe4 ,! hi/ories ( "s ( !m ext5d back to v remote p]iods4 ,_! woods 7 ! pr9cipal ones 9 con/ruction until ! adv5t ( ,am]ican s(t woods4 ,! oaks1 elms1 maples1 & o!r s-call$ h>d woods are ( ?is gr\p4 ,broadleaf woods are *>act]iz$ by complex fibre conditions1 abs5ce ( res9s1 & great] weights4#aa ,!y are compos$ ( sev]al k9ds ( cells & fibres1 arrang$ )\t ! regul>ity s noticeable 9 ! conif]s4 ,cross-sections exhibit num]\s1 (t5 easily visible pores1 arrang$ 9 zones or scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! r+s 7see plate #b74 ,pi?-rays are num]\s & m or less conspicu\s1 save 9 s(t] h>d woods su* z popl>4 ,woods are difficult to "w 9 proportion z !y are complicat$ 9 /ructure4 ,! num]\s memb]s ( ! gr\p v>y f "o ano!r & pres5t an ext5sive range ( prop]ties4 ,trees d n usually af=d l>ge pieces4 ,woods = cab9et "w1 implem5ts1 & o!r f9e purposes are f ?is gr\p4 ,! total requirem5t is less ?an = ne$leleaf woods4 ,! leaves ( broadleaf trees are easily di/+ui%$ f ! res9\s1 usually ev]gre5 ones ( ! conif]s4 ,mo/ ( !m are decidu\s1 t is1 %$ e season1 al?\gh "s are p]si/5t1 t is1 ev]gre54 ,broadleaf1 decidu\s1 & h>dwood trees are ! same4 p#jaa ,,footnotes ,footnote #i3 ,circul> ,no4 #af1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division4 ,footnote #aj3 ,"s woods1 z birdseye maple1 are well develop$ by ! rot>y cut4 ,a revolv+ log is advanc$ aga9/ a tool :i* p>es a broad ?9 ribbon suitable = v5e]$ "w4 ,footnote #aa3 ,nei!r res9-ducts nor res9 exi/s 9 ^! woods1 save sometimes 9 buds & leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,:ite ,,oak 7,qu]cus alba74 ,,oak4 7,qu]cus47 ,! oaks are f\nd on all ( ! cont95ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 z well z at high altitudes j s\? ( ! equator4 ,_! woods /& pre-em95t among ^? ( ! broadleaf s]ies & h be5 highly priz$ f e>ly p]iods4 ,=m]ly reli$ ^u = all purposes ( h\se & naval ar*itecture1 !y did n give way to ! s-call$ s(t woods = h\ses1 & to iron = vessels1 until comp>atively rec5t p]iods4 ,!y 7 supplant$ = ! =m] purposes ^u ! op5+ ( ! s(t-wood =e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ( ! ,baltic1 & = vessels subsequ5t to ! conclusions ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,! hi/orical importance ( oak is f\nd$ ^u ! reputation ( ! ,engli% ,oak z d]iv$ f two trees1 ,qu]cus robur v>4 p$unculata & ,qu]cus robur v>4 sessiliflora1 usually tak5 z sub-species ( ,qu]cus robur4#ab ,x is said t ^! trees once =m$ l>ge =e/s ov] ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,live-oak has always be5 highly e/eem$1 b is n[ v sc>ce4 ,x is "o ( ! h>de/1 heavie/1 & mo/ durable ( con/ructive woods & 0 once l>gely employ$ 9 %ip-build+4 ,! wood ( ! ,:ite ,oak 7,qu]cus alba7 is at pres5t pref]r$ = mo/ purposes = :i* oak is n[ employ$1 & is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! ,am]ican h>d woods4 ,oak is t\gh1 durable1 easily obta9$1 liable to w>p & *eck 9 season+1 (t5 h>d to nail )\t splitt+1 susceptible ( high poli%1 & n greatly liable to attack by insects4 ,x conta9s gallic acid1 caus+ peculi> ta/e & odor & attack+ iron1 ! solutions /a9+ ! wood4 ,exp]im5ts#ac indicate t iron fa/5+s are %ortly protect$ by an insoluble scale ( result+ salt1 & t ! wood1 al?\gh p#jab d>k5$1 rema9s practically un9jur$4 ,! lat] oak5 vessels 7 iron-fa/5$1#ad & cab9et-mak]s n[ employ t metal 9 jo9+ oak4 ,! b>ks ( all species are also s *>g$ ) acid z to be us$ 9 ! tann+ ( lea!r4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( oak are comm]cially divisible into ?ree g5]al gr\ps1 :ite oak1 r$ or black oak1 & live oak4#ae ,! pr9cipal species af=d+ woods "u ea* head are z foll[s3 ,:ite ,oak4 ,:ite ,oak 7,q4 alba74 ,c[ ,oak 7,q4 mi*auxii74 ,*e/nut ,oak 7,q4 pr9us74 ,po/ ,oak 7,q4 m9or74 ,bur ,oak 7,q4 macroc>pa74 ,pacific ,po/ ,oak 7,q4 g>ryanna74 ,r$ or ,black ,oak4 ,r$ ,oak 7,q4 rubra74 ,p9 ,oak 7,q4 palu/ris74 ,spani% ,oak 7,q4 digitata74 ,yell[ or ,black ,oak 7,q4 velut9a74 ,live ,oak4 ,live ,oak 7,q4 virg9iana74 ,cali=nia ,live ,oak 7,q4 agrifolia74 ,live ,oak 7,q4 *rysolepis7 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,oak 7,qu]cus alba74 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,oak 7,qu]cus rubra74 ,oak trees are *>act]iz$ by oblong1 ?9-%ell$ k]nels1 protrud+ f h>d scaly cups & call$ acorns4 ,! foliage is sometimes decidu\s & sometimes ev]gre54 ,mo/ oaks require _m ye>s to rea* maturity1 b are !n long-liv$4 ,fifty ( ! ne>ly ?ree hundr$ kn[n species ( oak are natives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada2 all b f\r become trees "u favorable conditions4 ,qu]cus is f two ,celtic words1 qu]1 signify+ f9e1 & cuex1 a tree4 p#jac ,illu/ration3 ,,live ,,oak 7,qu]cus virg9iana74 ,,footnotes ,footnote #ab3 ,?\ght by "s botani/s to be di/9ct species1 namely1 ,qu]cus p$unculata & ,qu]cus sessiliflora4 ,footnote #ac3 ,havemey] ,*emical ,laboratory1 ,n4 ,y4 ,univ]sity4 ,footnote #ad3 ,communication4 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,h4 ,cramp1 ,presid5t ,cramp ,%ip-build+ ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,footnote #ae3 ,?is division is also a botanical "o bas$ n only on diff]5ces 9 anatomical /ructure ( ! wood itself1 b on ! "t requir$ by fruit 9 atta9+ maturity1 & on p]si/5ce ( foliage 7ev]gre5 or decidu\s71 etc4 ,,:ite ,,oak4 ,qu]cus alba ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 ,:ite ,oak 7g5]al74 ,/ave ,oak 7,ark474 ,locality4 ,widespread1 nor?-c5tral & ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,?ree to six feet 9 diamet]1 f9e %ape & appe>ance4 ,grayi%-:ite b>k4 ,comp>atively sweet ovoid oblong acorns 9 r\gh %all[ cups4 ,r\nd$ lobes or projections to leaves4 ,color1 ,gra91 or ,appe>ance ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[n ) sapwood light]4 ,annual lay]s well m>k$4 ,m$ull>y rays broad & prom95t4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,t\gh1 /rong1 heavy1 h>d1 liable to *eck unless season$ ) c>e4 ,durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,receives a high poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%ip-build+1 con/ruction1 coop]age1 cab9et-mak+1 railway ties1 fuel1 etc4 ,b>k is ri* 9 tann94 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ej 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#af #df4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jij1jjj 7av]age ( #bah te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#af #a1chj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ac1ajj 7av]age ( #bah te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#af #ab1hjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a tree ( ! fir/ economic importance4 ,! mo/ widely employ$ ( all ,am]ican oaks4 ,"n ref]s to appe>ance ( b>k4 ,! supply dim9i%+ because ( value ( timb]1 also ! sweetness ( nuts cause !m to be eat5 by animals4 p#jad ,,footnote ,footnote #af3 ,see page #f4 ,,c[ ,,oak4 ,qu]cus mi*auxii ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,c[ ,oak 7local & common "n74 ,basket ,oak 7,ala41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,ark474 ,swamp ,:ite ,oak 7,del41 ,ala474 ,swamp ,*e/nut ,oak 7,fla474 ,locality4 ,s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,delaw>e & ,florida1 we/w>d along ,gulf to ,texas4 ,also s\!rn ,indiana & ,ill9ois to ,gulf4 ,be/ on ri* bottoms 9 ,arkansas & ,l\isiana4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,?ree to six feet 9 diamet]1 r\gh1 light-gray b>k ) loose scaly ridges4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 light buff sapwood1 conspicu\s m$ull>y rays1 close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 v /rong1 t\gh1 durable1 easily split4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,con/ruction1 agricultural implem5ts1 :eel /ock4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #df 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ag #ej4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1faj1jjj 7av]age ( #bef te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ag #a1cgj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1ejj 7av]age ( #bef te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ag #ae1hjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! pr9cipal :ite oak ( ,s\!rn ,/ates2 edible acorns dev\r$ by cattle1 :5ce its "n4 p#jae ,,footnote ,footnote #ag3 ,see page #f4 ,,*e/nut ,,oak4 ,qu]cus pr9us ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,*e/nut ,oak 7local & common "n74 ,rock ,oak 7,n4 ,y41 ,del41 ,pa474 ,rock ,*e/nut ,oak 7,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,pa41 ,del41 ,ala474 ,tanb>k ,oak 7,n4 ,c474 ,swamp ,*e/nut ,oak 7,n4 ,c74 ,m\nta9 ,oak 7,ala474 ,locality4 ,ma9e to ,georgia1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,k5tucky & ,alabama4 ,be/ developm5t 9 s\!rn ,alleghany ,m\nta9 region4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to eighty feet 9 height1 ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,leaves resemble ^? ( *e/nut4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k br[n1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 m$ull>y rays conspicu\s4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 t\gh1 h>d1 /rong1 & durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely us$ = railway ties4 ,b>k ri* 9 tann94 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #df4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1ghj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ad1fjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,pr9us is a ,greek "n appli$ to a species ( oak4 p#jaf ,,po/ ,,oak4 ,qu]cus m9or ,s>g5t1 ,qu]cus obtusiloba ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,po/ ,oak 7local & common "n74 ,iron ,oak 7,del41 ,miss41 ,neb474 ,box ,:ite ,oak 7,r4 ,i474 ,*ne toil 7,quebec74 ,ov]cup ,oak 7,fla474 ,:ite ,oak 7,ky41 ,ind474 ,box ,oak 7,md474 ,bra% ,oak 7,md474 ,locality4 ,ea/ ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s--,massa*usetts to nor!rn ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,gulf ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sev5ty feet 9 height1 two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,l[ %rub 9 ,florida4 ,blunt lobes or projections to leaves4 ,leaves clu/]$ at ends ( bran*es4 ,f9e tree ) r\nd$ top4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light or d>k br[n ) light] sapwood4 ,close-gra9$1 annual r+s well m>k$4 ,num]\s & conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 *ecks badly 9 dry+4 ,durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,s\?we/1 = f5c+1 railway ties1 & fuel2 also = coop]age1 con/ruction1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ej 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ah #eb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jcj1jjj 7av]age ( #di te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ah #a1ahj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1cjj 7av]age ( #di te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ah #ab1ijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,mo/ common & widely di/ribut$ oak 9 ,gulf ,/ates we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,obtusiloba1 ! ,lat9 = blunt-lob$1 ref]s to ! %apes ( ! leaves4 ,wood seldom comm]cially di/+ui%$ f :ite oak4 p#jag ,,footnote ,footnote #ah3 ,see page #f4 ,,bur ,,oak4 ,qu]cus macroc>pa ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,bur ,oak 7local & common "n74 ,ov]cup ,oak 7,r4 ,i41 ,del41 ,pa41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,ill41 ,m9n474 ,mossycup ,:ite ,oak 7,m9n474 ,mossycup ,oak 7,mass41 ,pa41 ,del41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,ark41 ,ill41 ,i[a1 ,neb41 ,kan474 ,scrub ,oak 7,neb41 ,m9n474 ,ov]cup ,:ite ,oak 7,vt474 ,locality4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,engl&1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,montana & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to "o hundr$ & ?irty feet 9 height1 five to sev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,deep opposite depressions to leaves4 ,mossy1 fr+$ bord] at top ( acorn-cup4 ,corky w+s on "y bran*es4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood ri* br[n1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 broad conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 t\gh1 v durable 9 contact ) gr\nd4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,simil> to ^? ( ,qu]cus alba4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #df4jj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ac1ijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,ext5ds f>!/ we/ & nor?we/ ( any o!r ,ea/]n oak4 ,especially recomm5d$ = prairie plant+4 p#jah ,,:ite ,,oak4 ,qu]cus g>ryana ,d\glas4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,oak 7,cal41 ,oreg474 ,pacific ,po/ ,oak 7,oreg474 ,we/]n ,:ite ,oak 7,oreg474 ,oregon ,:ite ,oak 7,cal474 ,cali=nia ,po/ ,oak4 ,locality4 ,pacific coa/1 ,briti% ,columbia into ,cali=nia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to n9ety feet high1 "o & "o half to two & "o half feet 9 diamet]4 ,a small %rub at high elevations4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n or yell[4 ,sapwood light]1 (t5 ne>ly :ite4 ,compact /ructure4 ,di/9ctly m>k$ annual r+s4 ,m$ull>y rays (t5 conspicu\s4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 /rong1 h>d1 t\gh4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%ip-build+1 c>riages1 furniture1 indoor decoration1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #df4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1aej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,locally important4 ,! be/ sub/itute = ,ea/]n ,:ite ,oak produc$ on ,pacific coa/4 p#jai ,,r$ ,,oak4 ,qu]cus rubra ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,r$ ,oak 7local & common "n74 ,black ,oak 7,vt41 ,conn41 ,n4 ,y41 ,wis41 ,ia41 ,neb41 ,s4 ,dak41 ,ont474 ,spani% ,oak 7,pa41 ,n4 ,c474 ,locality4 ,ea/ ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,nova ,scotia to ,georgia1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,kansas1 be/ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,?ree to six feet & ov] 9 diamet]1 br[ni%-gray b>k smoo? on bran*es4 ,leaves h %>p-po9t$ lobes1 v l>ge acorns 9 flat %all[ cups4 ,a f9e complete tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n or r$1 sapwood d>k]1 co>se-gra9$1 well-m>k$ annual r+s1 m$ull>y rays few b broad4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 incl9$ to *eck 9 dry+1 acid1 inf]ior to :ite oak4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,works ( second>y importance1 clapbo>ds1 coop]age1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #de 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ai #dj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1igj1jjj 7av]age ( #eg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ai #a1fjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1djj 7av]age ( #eg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ai #adj1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s m rapidly ?an o!r oaks4 ,b>k us$ 9 tann+4 p#jbj ,,footnote ,footnote #ai3 ,see page #f4 ,,p9 ,,oak4 ,qu]cus palu/ris ,mu5*h4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,p9 ,oak 7local & common "n74 ,swamp ,spani% ,oak 7,ark41 ,kan474 ,wat] ,oak 7,r4 ,i41 ,ill474 ,swamp ,oak 7,pa41 ,ohio1 ,kans474 ,wat] ,spani% ,oak 7,ark474 ,locality4 ,m9nesota to ,kansas1 ea/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,massa*usetts & ,virg9ia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to eighty feet 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,full-r\nd$ or pyramidal top1 smoo? ?9 b>k1 num]\s small p9-l bran*es4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood v>iegat$ light br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 co>se-gra9$1 m$ull>y rays num]\s & conspicu\s4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 *ecks badly 9 season+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%+les1 clapbo>ds1 con/ruction1 int]ior f9i%1 coop]age4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1ejj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ae1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,palu/ris1 ! ,lat9 = swampy1 ref]s to favorite location ( tree4 ,! num]\s sl5d] second>y bran*es sugge/+ p9s cause tree to be easily recogniz$1 p>ticul>ly 9 w9t]4 p#jba ,,spani% ,,oak4 ,qu]cus digitata ,sudwor?1 ,qu]cus falcata ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,spani% ,oak 7local & common "n74 ,r$ ,oak 7,n4 ,c41 ,va41 ,ga41 ,fla41 ,ala41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,ind474 ,spani% ,oak 7,la474 ,locality4 ,new ,j]sey & ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,ill9ois & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to sev5ty feet 9 height1 two & "o half to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,v>iable foliage4 ,globul> to oblong acorns4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light r$1 sapwood light]1 co>se-gra9$1 annual lay]s /rongly m>k$1 m$ull>y rays few b conspicu\s4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 n durable1 *ecks badly 9 dry+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,some:at us$ = coop]age1 con/ruction1 etc4 ,b>k v ri* 9 tann94 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1ijj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #af1ijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,dry b>r5 soils4 ,gr[s rapidly4 p#jbb ,,black ,,oak1 ,,yell[ ,,oak4 ,qu]cus velut9a ,lam4 ,qu]cus t9ctoria ,b>ti4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,black ,oak1 ,yell[ ,oak 7local & common names74 ,yell[ ,b>k1 ,yell[-b>k ,oak 7,r4 ,i41 ,m9n474 ,dy]'s ,oak 7,tex474 ,tanb>k ,oak 7,ill474 ,spott$ ,oak 7,mo474 ,qu]citron ,oak 7,del41 ,s4 ,c41 ,la41 ,kans41 ,m9n474 ,locality4 ,ea/ ( longitude #if degrees1 ,ma9e & ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,m9nesota & ,texas4 ,be/ 9 ,nor? ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ & ?irty feet 9 height1 ?ree to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,d>k gray to black b>k1 yell[ inn] b>k4 ,acorns h bitt] yell[ k]nels4 ,foliage turns h&somely 9 autumn4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light r$di% br[n1 sapwood light]1 co>se gra91 annual lay]s /rongly m>k$1 ?9 m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 liable to *eck 9 dry+1 n t\gh4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,coop]age1 con/ruction1 furniture1 & decoration4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #de 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bj #dd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1gdj1jjj 7av]age ( #dj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bj #a1dgj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1hjj 7av]age ( #dj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bj #ad1hjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,yell[ inn] b>k af=ds yell[ dye4 p#jbc ,,footnote ,footnote #bj3 ,see page #f4 ,,live ,,oak4 ,qu]cus virg9iana ,mill4 ,qu]cus vir5s ,ait4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,live ,oak 7,va41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ga41 ,fla41 ,miss41 ,ala41 ,tex41 ,la41 ,calif474 ,*ne ,v]t 7,la474 ,locality4 ,s\!rn ,/ates--coa/ f ,virg9ia to ,florida1 we/w>d to ,texas & ,l[] ,cali=nia1 s\!rn ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,cuba4 ,be/ 9 s\? ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sixty feet high1 diamet] ?ree to six feet4 ,g5]al resemblance to apple-tree4 ,ev]gre5 foliage4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n or yell[1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 pron\nc$ m$ull>y ray1 annual lay]s (t5 h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 /rong1 t\gh1 h>d1 difficult to "w1 splits easily4 ,receives high poli%1 v durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%ip-build+4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ei4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ad1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,trunk & bran*es furni% small /raight pieces1 b pr9cipally knees1 crook$ or compass timb]s4 ,vir5s ref]s to ev]gre5 foliage4 ,splits s easily t x is bett] fa/5$ ) bolts or tr5ails ?an spikes4 ,n[ sc>ce1 gr[s rapidly4 p#jbd ,,cali=nia ,,live ,,oak4 ,qu]cus agrifolia ,nee4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,coa/ ,live ,oak 7,cal474 ,cali=nia ,live ,oak 7,cal474 ,enc5a 7,cal474 ,ev]gre5 ,oak 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,cali=nia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to sev5ty-five & occasionally m feet 9 height1 ?ree to six feet 9 diamet]4 ,ev]gre5 foliage1 leaves spik$ l ^? ( holly4 ,%ape resembles t ( apple tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood creamy :ite1 b d>k5s on exposure4 ,compact /ructure1 annual lay]s h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 b brittle4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ea4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ac1bjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,agrifolia is f ! ,lat9 ac]1 %>p1 & folium1 leaf1 allud+ to ! sp9\s too!d leaves4 p#jbe ,,live ,,oak4 ,qu]cus *rysolepis ,liebm4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,live ,oak 7,cal41 ,oreg474 ,canyon ,live ,oak1 ,black ,live ,oak1 ,gold5-cup ,oak 7,cal474 ,canyon ,oak1 ,iron ,oak1 ,maul ,oak1 ,valp>aiso ,oak 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,we/ ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 canyons1 & high elevations4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to eighty feet 9 height1 ?ree to six feet 9 diamet]4 ,(t5 l[ %rub4 ,impressive appe>ance4 ,ev]gre5 foliage4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 sapwood light]1 small pores 9 wide b&s p>allel to conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 t\gh1 difficult to "w4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,implem5ts1 wagons1 tool-h&les4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #eb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1gjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ah1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,said to be ! mo/ valuable ( ! ,cali=nia oaks4 ,gr[s at elevations ( #bjjj to #ejjj feet4 ,highl& ,oak 7,qu]cus wisliz5i7 is an ev]gre5 & a ,pacific ,coa/ v>iety4 p#jbf ,,engli% ,,oak4 ,qu]cus robur v>4 p$unculata4 ,nom5clature4 ,engli% ,oak4 ,briti% ,oak4 ,common ,oak4 ,locality4 ,widespread ?r\gh\t nor!rn & c5tral ,europe4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 eight to t5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,crook$ bran*es1 /alkless leaves1 long-/alk$ acorns4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 d>k] spots frequ5t1 sapwood light]4 ,compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 t\gh1 /rong1 durable1 difficult to "w1 liable to w>p 9 season+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%ip-build+1 beams1 cab9et-"w1 =m]ly c>p5try4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ea 7,laslett74 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1agj1jjj 7,?ur/on74 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1jjj 7,?ur/on74 ,rem>ks4 ,! ,engli%1 ,*e/nut1 ,durma/1 or ,r$ ,oak1 ,q4 robur v>4 sessiliflora1 di/+ui%$ by long leaf /alks & %ort acorn /alks1 af=ds practically simil> b l[]-rat$ wood4 ,! two v>ieties supply ! ,briti% ,oak ( comm]ce4 ,dantzic1 ,rigi1 & "s o!r ,european oaks take names f port ( %ipm5t4 ,rubrus is r$1 b robur is a n\n mean+ /r5g?2 ! adjective robu/us means oak5 or vigor\s4 p#jbg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,:ite ,,a% 7,frax9us am]icana74 ,,a%4 7,frax9us47 ,a% is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! temp]ate regions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & occurs 9 ! tropics1 on ! isl& ( ,cuba4 ,! tree has occupi$ a position second only to t ( oak4 ,our ,teutonic =efa!rs reli$ ^u its wood = boats & weapons4 ,_! anci5t fai? connects x ) ! creation ( ! orig9al man4 ,x is (t5 associat$ ) oak 9 c\ntry prov]bs4#ba ,europeans reg>d ! trees = ornam5tal purposes1 b ,am]icans value !m = wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,a% 7,frax9us am]icana74 ,a% & oak woods resemble "o ano!r 9 t !re are b&s ( op5 pores 9 bo? woods1 b ! pi?-rays ( ! a% are ?9n] & sc>cely disc]nible4 ,a% is co>s]1 less attractive1 easi] to "w1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 & some:at light] ?an oak4 ,x seasons well1 b does n la/ :5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,lumb]m5 sep>ate ! woods into :ite & black a%1 ! =m] includ+ ! light]-color$ & m desirable pieces4 ,?is comm]cial division is also a botanical "o 9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! only species ( any note are ! :ite a% & black a% 7,f4 am]icana & ,f4 nigra74 ,! ,s\!rn gre5 a% 7,f4 lanceolata7 is usually class$ z :ite a%4 ,! trees t gr[ up aft] ! cutt+ ( ! virg9 =e/ af=d t\gh]1 m pliable1 b n necess>ily /rong] pieces1 kn[n z second-gr[? a%4 ,al?\gh n reli$ ^u = out-(-door con/ruction1 a% is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! *eap] cab9et woods & is us$ 9 /airs1 furniture1 & simil> works4 p#jbh ,"o half ( ! ?irty kn[n species ( ! g5us ,frax9us inhabit ,nor? ,am]ica4 p#jbi ,,footnotes ,footnote #ba3 ,a tradition1 old 9 ,pl9y's "t1 is t s]p5ts avoid a% trees2 ano!r is t a% is p>ticul>ly liable to be /ruck by lightn+4 7,keel]47 ,! "n a% is also appli$ to sev]al species ( ! g5us ,pyrus or ,sorbus1 to :i* ! apple1 pe>1 qu9ce1 & "s o!r trees belong4 ,m\nta9 ,a% is ei!r ,pyrus am]icana or ,pyrus sambucifolia4 ,bo? species1 ) _! bright r$ b]ries1 are to be class$ z %rubs r ?an trees2 _! light1 s(t1 weak1 close-gra9$ woods hav+ no economic importance1 save p]haps = fuel4 ,! s]ies is p>tially z foll[s3 ,pyrus malus 7,common apple74 ,pyrus coron>ia 7,am]ican crab-apple74 ,pyrus communis 7,common pe>74 ,pyrus vulg>is 7,common qu9ce74 ,pyrus am]icana 7,m\nta9 a%74 ,pyrus sambucifolia 7,m\nta9 a%74 ,pyrus ancup>ia 7,r[an tree1 ,european ,m\nta9 a%74 ,! ,too?a*e ,trees1 ,xan?oxylum am]icana & ,xan?oxylum clava-h]culis 7,l9n471 are kn[n z a% & prickly a%4 ,! goph] wood1 ,cladra/is t9ctoria1 is yell[ a%4 ,^! woods are n important4 ,,:ite ,,a%4 ,frax9us am]icana ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,a% 7local & common "n74 ,a% 7,ark41 ,ia41 ,wis41 ,ill41 ,mo41 ,m9n474 ,cane ,a% 7,ala41 ,miss41 ,la474 ,am]ican ,a% 7,ia474 ,locality4 ,nova ,scotia to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,m9nesota & ,texas4 ,greate/ developm5t 9 ! ,ohio ,riv] bas94 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty-five to n9ety feet 9 height1 occasionally high]4 ,?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,usually smoo? leaves1 h :iti% "u surfaces4 ,gray furr[$ b>k1 long-w+$ se$4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% br[n1 usually mottl$2 sapwood mu* light] or ne>ly :ite4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,lay]s cle>ly m>k$ by l>ge op5 ducts4 ,m$ull>y rays obscure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 ela/ic1 becom+ brittle ) age1 n durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,agricultural implem5ts1 c>riages1 h&les1 o>s1 int]ior & *eap cab9et-"w4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ci 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bb #dj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fdj1jjj 7av]age ( #hg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bb #a1ddj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1hjj 7av]age ( #hg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bb #ab1bjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,economically valuable4 ,rapid gr[]s1 pref]r+ l[1 r moi/ soil4 ,n apt to =m 9 =e/s1 b f\nd m+l$ ) o!r v>ieties4 ,l>ge trees sometimes h l>ge he>t-cracks4 p#jcj ,,footnote ,footnote #bb3 ,see page #f4 ,,r$ ,,a%4 ,frax9us p5nsylvanica ,m>%4 ,frax9us pubesc5s ,lam4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,r$ ,a% 7local & common "n74 ,riv] ,a% 7,r4 ,i41 ,ont474 ,br[n ,a% 7,mo474 ,black ,a% 7,n4 ,j474 ,a% 7,nebr474 ,locality4 ,new ,brunswick to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,dakota & ,alabama4 ,be/ develop$ 9 ,nor? ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,a small tree1 r>ely ov] =ty-five feet high1 "o & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,d[ny-cov]$ "y twigs & leaves4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood ri* br[n1 sapwood light br[n /reak$ ) yell[1 co>se-gra9$ compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 brittle4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,agricultural implem5ts1 h&les1 boats1 o>s1 pap]-pulp4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ch4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1aed1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1cjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s on bord]s ( /reams & swamps 9 l[ gr\nd4 ,(t5 confus$ ) & sub/itut$ = ! m valuable :ite a%4 ,pubesc5s is 9 allusion to ! d[ny cov]+ ( ! new twigs 7^? ( :ite a% usually smoo?74 ,p5nsylvanica ref]s to locality 9 :i* x is well develop$4 p#jca ,,blue ,,a%4 ,frax9us quadrangulata ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,blue ,a% 7,mi*41 ,ill41 ,ky41 ,mo41 ,ala474 ,locality4 ,c5tral ,/ates1 ,mississippi ,valley1 ,mi*igan1 & s\?w>d1 cultivat$ 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,be/ 9 l[ ,waba% ,valley4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sev5ty-five feet 9 height1 occasionally high]1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,sl5d]4 ,blue prop]ties 9 inn] b>k1 smoo? squ>e twigs4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light yell[1 /reak$ ) br[n1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure sat9y4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 brittle1 n /rong1 mo/ durable ( a% woods4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely us$ 9 floor+s1 c>riage-build+1 pit*=k-& o!r tool-h&les4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1ajj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1ejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,has no sup]ior among a% woods4 ,blue ,a% pit*=k-h&les are v f9e4 ,pref]s lime/one =mations4 ,inn] b>k colors wat] blue1 :5ce "n4 p#jcb ,,black ,,a%4 ,frax9us nigra ,m>%4 ,frax9us sambucifolia ,lam4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,black ,a% 7local & common "n74 ,wat] ,a% 7,w4 ,va41 ,t5n41 ,ind474 ,swamp ,a% 7,vt41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y474 ,br[n ,a% 7,n4 ,h41 ,t5n474 ,hoop ,a% 7,vt41 ,n4 ,y41 ,del41 ,ohio1 ,ill41 ,ind474 ,locality4 ,nor!rn & ,nor!a/]n ,/ates--,newf\ndl& to ,virg9ia1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,manitoba & ,arkansas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to eighty feet 9 height1 "o to "o & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,leaves resemble ^? ( ,eld]4 ,a ?9 tree4 ,excresc5ces or knobs frequ5t on trunk4 ,d>k1 almo/ black1 w9t] buds4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k br[n1 sapwood light br[n1 (t5 ne>ly :ite1 co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 m$ull>y rays num]\s & ?94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,sep>ates easily 9 lay]s1 r s(t & heavy1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 n /rong or durable :5 expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely us$ = int]ior f9i%1 f5c+1 b>rel-hoops1 cab9et-mak+1 spl9t baskets1 *air-bottoms4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ci4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bcj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,excresc5ces kn[n z burls2 _! di/ort$ gra9 causes !m to be priz$ = v5e]s4 ,! mo/ nor!rly ( a%-trees2 "o ( ! mo/ sl5d] ( trees4 p#jcc ,,gre5 ,,a%4 ,frax9us lanceolata ,borkh4 ,frax9us viridis ,mi*x4 f4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,gre5 ,a% 7local & common "n74 ,blue ,a% 7,ark41 ,i[a74 ,:ite ,a% 7,kans41 ,neb474 ,a% 7,ark41 ,i[a74 ,swamp ,a% 7,fla41 ,ala41 ,tex474 ,wat] ,a% 7,i[a74 ,locality4 ,ea/ ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,v]mont & nor!rn ,florida int]mitt5tly to ,utah & ,arizona4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to fifty feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,bright gre5 upp] & l[] surfaces ( smoo? leaves4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[ni%1 sapwood light]1 r co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities4 ,h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 brittle4 ,repres5tative ,uses4 ,simil> to ^? ( ,:ite ,a%4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ci 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bc #dd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jej1jjj 7av]age ( #aj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bc #a1bhj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1fjj 7av]age ( #aj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bc #ab1gjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,sometimes consid]$ a v>iety ( ,r$ ,a%4 p#jcd ,,footnote ,footnote #bc3 ,see page #f4 ,,oregon ,,a%4 ,frax9us ,oregona ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 ,oregon ,a% 7,calif41 ,wa%41 ,oregon74 ,locality4 ,pacific coa/1 ,wa%+ton to ,cali=nia4 ,be/ develop$ 9 bottom l&s1 s\?we/]n ,oregon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to occasionally sev5ty-five feet 9 height1 "o to "o & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,d>k grayi%-br[n1 b>k exfoliates 9 ?9 scales4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[n1 sap wood light]1 co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 num]\s ?9 m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,r light1 h>d1 n /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,manufacture ( furniture1 c>riage-frames1 coop]age1 & fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ce4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #idjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,"o ( ! valuable decidu\s trees ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,?rives only on moi/ soils & 9 moi/ climates4 p#jce ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,elm 7,ulmus am]icana74 ,,elm4 7,ulmus47 ,! diff]5t species ( elm are di/ribut$ ov] ! cold & temp]ate portions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 save we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,a high degree ( p]fection is atta9$ 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e trees are greatly priz$ = _! =m & appe>ance4 ,! foliage ( ! elm is conc5trat$ at ! top1 & ! abs5ce ( l[] bran*es causes x to be a good tree to plant ne> h\ses or along /reets4 ,mu* ( ! wood is t\gh1 fibr\s1 durable1 /rong1 h>d1 heavy1 &1 because x is s (t5 cross-gra9$1 difficult to split & "w4 ,! l>ge pores ( ! spr+ wood arrang$ 9 "o or sev]al r[s m>k ! annual deposit1 :ile ! m9ute pores ( ! summ] wood arrang$ 9 conc5tric wavy l9es are s peculi> z to di/+ui% ?is wood f all o!rs4 ,! tall1 /raight trunks af=d pieces ( consid]able size4 ,elm piles su/a9 con/ant & sev]e %ocks = long int]vals4 ,! gra9 arrangem5t ( elm is (t5 v beautiful1 s t x is increas+ly us$ = decoration4 ,x is m commonly employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( c>s1 wagons1 boats1 agricultural implem5ts1 ma*9]y1 & furniture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elm 7,ulmus am]icana74 ,! %ape ( ! trees is s m>k$ z to cause !m to be easily not$4 ,fifte5 or sixte5 species h be5 recogniz$4 ,five are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ea/]n ,am]ican =e/s1 & all ( !m furni% good wood ( comm]cial importance4 ,ulmus 0 ! anci5t "n ( ! elm4 p#jcf ,,footnote ,geo4 ,b4 ,em]son's ,trees & ,%rubs ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,:ite ,,elm4 ,ulmus am]icana ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,elm 7local & common "n74 ,wat] ,elm 7,miss41 ,tex41 ,ark41 ,mo41 ,ill41 ,ia41 ,mi*41 ,m9n41 ,neb474 ,elm 7,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,conn41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ia41 ,wis474 ,am]ican ,elm 7,vt41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,del41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,c41 ,miss41 ,tex41 ,ill41 ,ohio1 ,kans41 ,neb41 ,mi*41 ,m9n474 ,locality4 ,ea/ ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,newf\ndl& to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,dakota1 ,nebraska1 & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 ?ree to sev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,*>act]i/ic & beautiful =m1 smoo? buds2 leaves1 small] ?an ^? ( ,slipp]y-elm1 are r\gh only :5 rubb$ "o way4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 sapwood yell[i% :ite1 r co>se-gra9$1 annual r+s cle>ly m>k$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,/rong1 t\gh1 fibr\s1 difficult to split4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,floor+1 :eel-/ock1 coop]age1 %ip-build+1 flumes1 piles4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cd 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division47#bd #dj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1edj1jjj 7av]age ( #ah te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bd #a1jfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1cjj 7av]age ( #ah te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#bd #ab1ajj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! conc5tration ( foliage at top1 toge!r ) ! =m ( ! tree1 r5d]s x valuable 9 l&scape "w4 ,x does n cause d5se %ade4 ,elm & silv]-maple trees are among ! fir/ to %[ life 9 spr+4 ,disc>d$ br[ni% scales !n cov] gr\nd 9 vic9ity4 p#jcg ,,footnote ,footnote #bd3 ,see page #f4 ,,cork ,,elm4 ,ulmus racemosa ,?omas4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cork ,elm 7local & common "n74 ,hickory ,elm 7,mo41 ,ill41 ,ind41 ,ia474 ,rock ,elm 7,r4 ,i41 ,w4 ,va41 ,ky41 ,mo41 ,ill41 ,wis41 ,ia41 ,mi*41 ,nebr474 ,:ite ,elm 7,ont474 ,cliff ,elm 7,wis474 ,locality4 ,quebec & ,v]mont1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,t5nessee4 ,be/ develop$ 9 s\!rn ,ont>io & ,mi*igan4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to n9ety feet 9 height1 two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,?ick1 corky1 irregul> projections give b>k a %aggy appe>ance & m>k ! species4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 (t5 t+$ ) r$2 sapwood yell[i% or gre5i% :ite4 ,compact /ructure1 fibres int]lac$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 v /rong1 t\gh1 difficult to split1 susceptible ( a beautiful poli%1 ela/ic4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,heavy agricultural implem5ts1 :eel-/ocks1 railway ties1 sills1 bridge-timb]s1 axe-helves1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #de4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1eej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ae1ajj4 ,rem>ks4 ,cork ,elm is ! be/ ( ! elm woods4 p#jch ,,slipp]y ,,elm1 ,,r$ ,,elm4 ,ulmus pubesc5s ,walt4 ,ulmus fulva ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,slipp]y ,elm1 ,r$ ,elm 7local & common "n74 ,rock ,elm 7,t5n474 ,r$wood$ ,elm 7,t5n474 ,moose ,elm 7occasional74 ,locality4 ,ont>io & ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,be/ develop$ 9 ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty-five to sixty feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,*>act]i/ic %ape1 mucilag9\s inn] b>k4 ,buds hairy4 ,leaves1 l>g] ?an ,am]ican ,elm1 are r\gh :5 rubb$ ei!r way4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k br[n or r$1 sapwood light]1 compact /ructure1 annual lay]s m>k$ by r[s ( l>ge op5 ducts4 ,he>twood greatly prepond]ates4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely us$ = f5ce-po/s1 rails1 railway ties1 sills1 sleigh-runn]s1 & :eel-/ocks4 ,mucilag9\s b>k1 employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1cjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,mucilag9\s inn] b>k r5d]s ?is species unmi/akable4 ,?is b>k is us$ 9 m$ic9e4 p#jci ,,w+ ,,elm1 ,,w+$ ,,elm4 ,ulmus alata ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 ,w+ ,elm1 ,w+$ ,elm 7local & common names74 ,wahoo1 ,:ahoo 7,w4 ,va41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,ky41 ,mo474 ,cork ,elm1 ,corky ,elm 7,fla41 ,s4,c41 ,tex474 ,m\nta9 ,elm1 ,r$ ,elm 7,fla41 ,ark474 ,elm1 ,wit* ,elm 7,w4 ,va474 ,wat] ,elm 7,ala474 ,small-leav$ ,elm 7,n4 ,c474 ,wahoo ,elm 7,mo474 ,locality4 ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,virg9ia & ,florida we/w>d int]mitt5tly to s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty feet or m 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,corky w+s on bran*es4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,color br[ni%1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 t\gh4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #df4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #gdj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1bjj4 ,rem>ks4 p#jdj ,,maple4 7,ac]47 ,! maples gr[ on all ( ! cont95ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,ne>ly "o half ( ! kn[n species belong 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ! ,ori5t4 ,! pr9cipal ,european species 7,ac] pseudo-platanus7 is ! ,european sycamore4#be ,! h>d or sug> maple 7,ac] sac*>um7 is "o ( ! pr9cipal decidu\s trees ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,maple wood#bf is *>act]iz$ by its appe>ance & by its f9e compact texture4 ,! fir/ quality is s m>k$ t select$ pieces take rank among ! mo/ beautiful ( cab9et woods2 ! la/ is s pron\nc$ z to fit x = c>v+s & ev5 = type4 ,birdseye1 bli/]1 & curly maples are n f diff]5t species1 b are ! results ( fibre di/ortions1 possible 9 "s =m 9 any tree ( any species1 b peculi>ly liable to occur 9 ! maple2 birdseye & bli/] effects = ! mo/ "p 9 ! h>d maples1 curly effects 9 ! h>d1 b g5]ally 9 ! s(t]1 species4 ,! di/ortions d n occur 9 all trees1 & x is seldom possible to tell :e!r ! woods are ?us figur$ until aft] ! trees h be5 cut4 ,maple wood %r9ks mod]ately1 /&s well 9 protect$ places1 is /rong1 t\gh1 b n durable :5 expos$4 ,pores are n arrang$ 9 circles1 b are scatt]$ irregul>ly ?r\gh\t ! lay]s4 ,maple is us$ = ceil+1 floor+1 panell+1 c> & %ip con/ruction1 %oe-la/s1 %oe-pegs1 furniture1 s*ool supplies1 implem5ts1 & ma*9]y4 ,sug> is pr9cipally1 al?\gh n exclusively1 pres5t 9 ! sap ( ! sug> maple4#bg ,! s(t] species are sometimes p#jda tapp$1 & sug> is also pres5t 9 ! sap ( o!r trees1 su* z ! butt]nut & bir*4 ,a sug> maple w1 on an av]age1 produce ab\t tw5ty-five gallons ( sap1 conta9+ a total ( ab\t six p\nds ( sug>1 9 a season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,sug> ,,maple 7,ac] sac*>um74 ,illu/ration3 ,curly ,maple ,wood 7dissection74 ,! ,boxeld] 7,ac] negundo7 is a true maple1 rem>kable 9 t x is widely di/ribut$ f ,canada to ,mexico & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 on l[ bottom l&s1 & at elevations ( five ?\s& & six ?\s& feet4#bh ,! trees are beautiful &1 l o!r maples are valu$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,! s(t1 light wood is n p>ticul>ly not$1 al?\gh occasionally us$ = wood5w>e1 int]ior f9i%1 & pap]-pulp4 ,small quantities ( sug> are pres5t 9 ! sap ( ?is tree4 ,illu/ration3 a1 ,box ,eld]4 b1 ,h>d or ,sug> ,maple4 c1 ,s(t or ,r$ ,maple4 d1 ,s(t or ,silv] ,maple4 ,! maples may be told by _! leaves ( *>act]i/ic %ape1 b *iefly by _! two-se$$ fruit or keys1 ! two w+s ( :i* spread diff]5tly 9 diff]5t species4 ,! leaves ( "s species *ange 9 autumn f gre5 to r$ & o!r brilliant colors4 ,^? ( o!r species *ange to yell[ )\t trace ( r$4 ,sixty to sev5ty species h be5 di/+ui%$1 n9e ( :i* occur 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 p#jdb ,,footnotes ,footnote #be3 ,see ,sycamore1 page #fe4 ,footnote #bf3 ,^! notes apply to ! ,am]ican product4 ,footnote #bg3 ,v]mont1 ,new ,york1 & ,mi*igan produce ! l>g] portion ( ! ab\t fifty million p\nds ( sug> & ?ree million gallons ( syrup annually manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,fi%]ies1 ,game1 & ,=e/ry ,commission]s1 ,new ,york1 #ahig1 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,s>g5t4 ,,sug> ,,maple1 ,,h>d ,,maple4 ,ac] sac*>um ,m>%4 ,ac] sac*>9um ,wang4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,sug> ,maple1 ,h>d ,maple 7local & common names74 ,black ,maple 7,fla41 ,ky41 ,n4 ,c474 ,sug> ,tree 7frequ5t74 ,rock ,maple 7,me41 ,vt41 ,n4 ,h41 ,conn41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,t5n41 ,ill41 ,mi*41 ,ia41 ,kans41 ,wis41 ,m9n474 ,locality4 ,be/ developm5t ,ma9e to ,m9nesota2 range ext5ds s\?w>d to ,florida & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to "o hundr$ feet & m 9 height1 "o & "o-half to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! fruit or maple-key ) w+s less ?an "r angles rip5 9 e>ly autumn2 "o se$-cavity is usually empty4 ,foliage turns to brilliant r$s & o!r colors lat]4 ,l>ge impressive tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[ni%1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 occasional curly1 bli/]1 or birdseye effects4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,t\gh1 heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 susceptible ( good poli%1 we>s ev5ly1 n durable :5 expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,furniture1 %oe-la/s1 piano-actions1 wood5 type = %[bills1 pegs1 int]ior f9i%1 floor+1 %ip-keels1 vehicles1 fuel1 v5e]s1 rails1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jgj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #af1cjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,birdseye1 bli/]1 & to a less ext5t curly & l&scape effects pron\nc$ 9 ?is species4 ,sac*>um ref]s to sug> manufactur$ f ! sap4 ,h>d maple is because ( h>dness ( wood4 p#jdc ,,silv] ,,maple1 ,,s(t ,,maple4 ,ac] sac*>9um ,l9n4 ,ac] dasyc>pum ,ehr4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,silv] ,maple1 ,s(t ,maple 7local & common names74 ,swamp ,maple 7,w4 ,va41 ,md474 ,wat] ,maple 7,pa41 ,w4 ,va474 ,riv] ,maple 7,me41 ,n4 ,h41 ,r4 ,i41 ,w4 ,va41 ,m9n474 ,:ite ,maple 7,me41 ,vt41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,w4 ,va41 ,n4 ,c1 ,s4 ,c41 ,ga41 ,fla41 ,ala41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,ky41 ,mo41 ,ill41 ,ind41 ,kans41 ,nebr41 ,m9n474 ,locality4 ,new ,brunswick to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,dakota & ,indian ,t]ritory4 ,be/ developm5t 9 l[] ,ohio ,riv] bas94 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to n9ety feet 9 height1 occasionally high]4 ,?ree to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,f9e %ape1 sometimes sugge/s elm4 ,fruit or maple-key ) long1 /iff1 m ?an "r-angl$ w+s rip5s 9 e>ly summ]4 ,leaves :iti% b5ea?1 turn %[+ yell[1 b little or no r$1 9 autumn4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% br[n1 sapwood ivory-:ite1 f9e gra91 compact /ructure4 ,fibres sometimes twi/$1 wav$1 or curly4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 brittle1 easily work$1 mod]ately /rong2 receives high poli%4 ,n durable :5 expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,wood5w>e1 turn$ "w1 int]ior decoration1 floor+1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1egj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ad1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,wav$1 spiral1 or curly figure pron\nc$ 9 ?is species1 v real resemblance to lights & %ad[s on plan$ surfaces4 ,small quantities ( sug> pres5t 9 sap1 occasionally utiliz$4 p#jdd ,,r$ ,,maple1 ,,swamp ,,maple4 ,ac] rubrum ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,r$ ,maple1 ,swamp ,maple 7local & common names74 ,s(t ,maple 7,vt41 ,mass41 ,n4 ,y41 ,va41 ,miss41 ,mo41 ,kans41 ,neb41 ,m9n474 ,wat] ,maple 7,miss41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,ky41 ,mo474 ,:ite ,maple 7,me41 ,n4 ,h474 ,r$ ,fl[] 7,n4 ,y474 ,locality4 ,new ,brunswick & ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,dakota & ,texas4 ,wide range4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to eighty feet & m 9 height1 two & "o-half to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,r$ twigs & fl[]s 9 e>ly spr+4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[n t+$ ) r$1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,r$ blossoms1 twigs1 & /ems4 ,leaves turn sc>let 9 autumn4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,easily work$1 heavy1 h>d1 n /rong1 ela/ic1 qualities betwe5 ^? ( silv] & sug> maple4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely us$ 9 cab9et-mak+1 turn]y1 wood5w>e1 gun-/ocks1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ch4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cdj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ae1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,occasionally %[s curly figure4 ,trees are occasionally tapp$ & small quantities ( sug> are obta9$ f ! sap4 p#jde ,,oregon ,,maple4 ,ac] macrophyllum ,pur%4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,oregon ,maple 7,oreg41 ,wa%474 ,:ite ,maple 7,oreg41 ,wa%474 ,maple 7,calif474 ,broad-leav$ ,maple 7,c5tral ,calif41 ,willamette ,valley1 ,oreg474 ,locality4 ,alaska to ,cali=nia4 ,be/ 9 ri* bottom l&s ( s\!rn ,oregon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 ?ree to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,beautiful appe>ance4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,r$di% br[n1 sapwood :iti%1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 occasionally figur$4 ,/ructural ,qualities4 ,light1 h>d1 /rong2 receives poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,locally us$ = tool-h&les1 turn$ "w1 & furniture4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1ajj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #igbj4 ,rem>ks4 ,ornam5tal tree has be5 introduc$ into ,europe4 ,said to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable ,pacific coa/ broadleaf woods4 p#jdf ,,boxeld]1 ,,a%-,,leav$ ,,maple4 ,ac] negundo ,l9n4 ,negundo ac]oides ,mo5*4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,boxeld]1 ,a%-leav$ ,maple 7local & common "n74 ,r$ ,riv] ,maple1 ,wat] ,a% 7,dak474 ,cut-leav$ ,maple 7,colo474 ,/9k+ ,a% 7,s4 ,c74 ,negundo ,maple 7,ill474 ,?ree-leav$ ,maple 7,fla474 ,black ,a% 7,t5n474 ,sug> ,a% 7,fla474 ,locality4 ,atlantic ,ocean we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,mexico4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to sev5ty feet 9 height1 "o & "o-half to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,w+s to keys are /raight or incurv$4 ,leaves sp>+ly & co>sely too!d1 %[ yell[ b little or no r$ 9 autumn4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?9 he>twood1 cream-:ite2 sapwood simil>2 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 n /rong1 s(t4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,wood5w>e1 coop]age1 etc41 pap]-pulp 7l>gely71 occasionally int]ior f9i%4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #hb1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a rapid gr[]4 ,)/&s sev]e climatic *anges4 ,a good tree to plant 9 naturally treeless sections4 ,sug> is sometimes obta9$ f ! sap ( ?is species4 ,! ,boxeld] is a true maple4 p#jdg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,walnut 7,juglans74 ,black ,walnut ,tree 7,juglans nigra74 ,black ,walnut ,trunk 7,juglans nigra74 ,black1 ,:ite1 & ,engli% ,walnuts4 ,black ,walnut ,wood 7,juglans nigra74 ,,walnut4 7,juglans47 ,! ,engli% or ,royal ,walnut 7,juglans regia71 a native ( ,p]sia1 0 ! only available species ( ?is g5us until ! introduction ( ! ne>ly simil> ,black ,walnut ( ,nor? ,am]ica4#bi ,z oak gave way fir/ to s(t woods = con/ruction1 s x gave way fir/ to walnut = cab9et purposes4 ,! wood soon became v fa%ionable1 & exorbitant prices 7 paid = x4 ,walnut 0 extremely popul> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until ab\t #ahhj1 :5 oak began to resume its place z ! popul> cab9et wood4 ,! nuts ( ! ,engli% or ,p]sian walnut are bett] ?an ^? ( ! ,am]ican species1 b ! wood ( ! latt] is sup]ior4 ,! use ( walnut wood = gun-/ocks began 9 ,europe1 ! dem&s e>ly becom+ s great t1 until ! g5]al peace foll[+ ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 ! great] "p ( ! ,fr5* product 0 div]t$ = t purpose1 :ile prices rose 9 ,engl& s t six hundr$ p\nds /]l+ is report$ to h be5 paid = a s+le tree4 ,9 spite ( ! innum]able woods t h s9ce be5 introduc$1 ?is "o is yet reg>d$ z be/ = gun-/ocks4#cj ,walnut is a firm1 h>d1 *ocolate-color$ wood1 ) pores n arrang$ 9 r+s b scatt]$ some:at irregul>ly4 ,! sombre1 al?\gh ri*1 color has be5 object$ to = "s positions4 ,l>ge excresc5ces or burrs are common on =eign trees1 p>ticul>ly ^? ne> ! ,black ,sea & 9 ,italy4 ,! gra9 9 su* gr[?s is beautifully irregul>1 & ! wood1 kn[n z burl1 is priz$ = v5e]s4 ,trees are v sc>ce1 & walnut is n[ seldom se5 save 9 cab9et "w or gun-/ocks4 ,! relat$ ,:ite ,walnut or ,butt]nut 7,juglans c9]ea7 af=ds a less-priz$ & p#jdh light]-t9t$ wood4 ,! nuts ( ! walnuts are a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,black walnut trees seldom =m =e/s by !mselves1 b occur g5]ally 9 mix$ gr[?4 ,!y gr[ quickly1 b ! he>twood = :i* ! tree is valu$ beg9s to =m only :5 ! tree is at a consid]able age1 s t a numb] ( ye>s mu/ elapse be=e a tree c produce wood ( ! desir$ quality4 ,trees "o hundr$ ye>s old furni% ! be/ quality ( wood4 ,walnut trees may be kn[n by _! nuts1 ! husks or pods ( :i* adh]e unbrok51 in/ead ( loos5+1 completely divide into f\r sections1 z ) ! hickories4 ,juglans is f ,jovis1 signify+ ,jove's1 & glans1 signify+ acorn4 ,?is nut1 n ! fruit ( ! oak1 0 ! acorn ( ! anci5ts4#ca p#jdi ,,footnotes ,footnote #bi3 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,footnote #cj3 ,france us$ twelve ?\s& trees 9 #ahjf4 7,/ev5son's ,trees ( ,comm]ce1 p4 #gg47 ,footnote #ca3 ,! anci5ts consid]$ ! %ade ( ! walnut z h>mful to all life4 ,x is c]ta9 "s vegetation is affect$1 probably by prop]ties 9 fall5 leaves4 ,,black ,,walnut4 ,juglans nigra ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,black ,walnut 7local & common "n74 ,walnut 7,n4 ,y41 ,del41 ,w4 ,va41 ,fla41 ,ky41 ,mo41 ,ohio1 ,ind41 ,ia474 ,locality4 ,ont>io & ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet 9 height1 ?ree to eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,a tall h&some tree ) r\gh br[ni%1 almo/ black1 b>k4 ,l>ge1 r\gh-%ell$ nuts4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k1 ri*1 *ocolate-br[n4 ,?9 sapwood mu* light]1 r co>se-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 easily work$1 durable1 susceptible to high poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,cab9et-mak+1 gun-/ocks1 also =m]ly furniture & decoration4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ch4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1eej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1ajj4 ,rem>ks4 p#jej ,,footnote ,! ,engli%1 ,royal1 or ,p]sian ,walnut 7,juglans regia7 af=ds ne>ly simil> wood4 ,widely di/ribut$ ov] ,europe4 ,italian trees furni% be/1 ,fr5* next1 & ,engli% lea/ desirable1 pal] & co>s] wood4 ,occasional trees 9 ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 z ,new ,york2 v pl5tiful 9 ,cali=nia4 ,,butt]nut1 ,,:ite ,,walnut4 ,juglans c9]ea ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 ,butt]nut1 ,:ite ,walnut 7local & common names74 ,oil ,nut 7,me41 ,n4 ,h41 ,s4 ,c474 ,walnut 7,m9n474 ,:ite ,mahogany4 ,locality4 ,new ,brunswick to ,georgia1 we/w>d to ,dakota & ,arkansas4 ,be/ 9 ,ohio ,riv] bas94 ,features ( ,tree4 ,m$ium size1 sometimes sev5ty-five feet or ov] 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,bran*es widespread2 l>ge-siz$ oblong edible nuts4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light gray-br[n1 d>k5+ ) exposure2 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 co>se-gra9$ compact /ructure1 attractive4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 easily work$4 ,susceptible ( high poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,int]ior f9i%1 cab9et-"w4 ,inn] b>k furni%es yell[ dye4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #be4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1aej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hdjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! sap conta9s sug> & is occasionally mix$ ) maple-sap 9 ! manufactur+ ( maple sug>4 p#jea ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,hickory 7,hicoria ovata74 ,,hickory4 7,hicoria or ,c>ya47 ,! ,hickories occur only 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y produce woods 9 :i* ! qualities ( t\ghness1 ela/icity1 & resili5ce are unusually pron\nc$1 & s9ce ^! qualities are greate/ 9 ! sapwood1 hickories are peculi> 9 t ! sapwood is m valuable ?an ! he>t4 ,second-gr[? wood is mu* priz$1 s9ce1 be+ y\ng]1 x conta9s m ( ! pliable sapwood4#cb ,hickory is n durable :5 expos$ & is m or less subject to attack by bor+-insects4 ,x is us$ = implem5ts1 ma*9]y1 c>riages1 & ! l2 hickory axe-helves h no sup]iors4 ,! nuts ( ! %agb>k or :ite hickory are a s\rce ( consid]able pr(it4 ,! pecan 7,hicoria pecan7 af=ds wood s inf]ior z to be little us$ 9 con/ruction1 al?\gh x makes an excell5t fuel4 ,pecans are plant$ 9 _m ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates because ( ! nuts1 = :i* a consid]able dem& exi/s4 ,! ,hickories are kn[n by _! nuts1 ! husks or pods ( :i* loos5 completely f ! nut 9 f\r pieces1 in/ead ( adh]+ unbrok5 z 9 ! case ( ! walnuts4 ,! n9e species are ,am]ican trees1 eight ( !m be+ natives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c>ya 0 ! ,greek "n ( ! common walnut4 ,hickory is said to be d]iv$ f ! ,indian p[cohicora1 a liquor once obta9$ f ! nuts ( ! hickory4 p#jeb ,,footnote ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,second-gr[? ,a%4 ,,%agb>k ,,hickory1 ,,%ellb>k ,,hickory4 ,hicoria ovata ,mill4 ,c>ya alba ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,%ellb>k or ,%ellb>k ,hickory 7local & common "n74 ,scalyb>k ,hickory 7,w4 ,va41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ala474 ,%ellb>k 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,c474 ,%agb>k 7,r4 ,i41 ,ohio74 ,hickory 7,vt41 ,ohio74 ,upl& ,hickory 7,ill474 ,:ite ,hickory 7,ia41 ,ark474 ,walnut 7,vt41 ,n4 ,y474 ,sweet ,walnut 7,vt474 ,%agb>k ,walnut 7,vt474 ,locality4 ,ma9e to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,m9nesota & ,texas4 ,wide range1 be/ 9 ,ohio valley4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to n9ety feet 9 height1 occasionally high]2 two & "o-half to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,%aggy b>k1 ?9-%ell$ edible nuts4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 sapwood ivory- or cream-color$4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,annual r+s cle>ly m>k$4 ,m$ull>y rays num]\s b ?94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v heavy1 v h>d1 /rong1 exceptionally t\gh & flexible1 n durable :5 expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely us$ = agricultural implem5ts1 :eels1 & runn]s1 axe-h&les1 baskets1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ea 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cc #eb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1cij1jjj 7av]age ( #acg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cc #a1ijj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #af1jjj 7av]age ( #acg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cc #ag1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! nuts =m an important article ( comm]ce4 ,%agb>k ref]s to ! %aggy appe>ance ( ! b>k4 p#jec ,,footnote ,footnote #cc3 ,see page #f4 ,,pignut 7,,hickory74 ,hicoria glabra ,mill4 ,c>ya porc9a ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,pignut 7local & common "n74 ,black ,hickory 7,miss41 ,la41 ,ark41 ,mo41 ,ind41 ,ia474 ,br[n ,hickory 7,del41 ,miss41 ,tex41 ,t5n41 ,m9n474 ,bitt]nut 7,ark41 ,ill41 ,ia41 ,wis474 ,:ite ,hickory 7,n4 ,h41 ,ia474 ,broom ,hickory 7,mo474 ,h>d%ell 7,w4 ,va474 ,r$ ,hickory 7,del474 ,swit*bud ,hickory 7,ala474 ,locality4 ,ont>io to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to s\!rn ,nebraska & ea/]n ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 occasionally high]2 ,two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,r smoo? b>k4 ,l>ge ?ick-%ell$ nuts1 k]nels (t5 a/r+5t or bitt]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light & d>k br[n1 ?ick sapwood1 light]1 ne>ly :ite4 ,close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 flexible1 t\gh1 /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,simil> to ^? ( %agb>k hickory4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ef 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cd #ea4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1gcj1jjj 7av]age ( #cj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cd #a1dfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ah1gjj 7av]age ( #cj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cd #ad1hjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,nuts are dev\r$ by pigs1 :5ce ! "n porc9a4 p#jed ,,footnote ,footnote #cd3 ,see page #f4 ,,mock] ,,nut 7,,hickory74 ,hicoria alba ,l9n4 ,c>ya tom5tosa ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,mock] ,nut1 ,:itehe>t ,hickory 7local & common names74 ,bullnut 7,n4 ,y41 ,fla41 ,miss41 ,tex41 ,mo41 ,ohio41 ,ill41 ,m9n474 ,black ,hickory 7,tex41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,mo474 ,hickory 7,ala41 ,tex41 ,pa41 ,s4 ,c41 ,neb474 ,big-bud1 ,r$ ,hickory 7,fla474 ,common ,hickory 7,n4 ,c474 ,:ite ,hickory 7,pa41 ,s4 ,c474 ,hickory ,nut 7,ky41 ,w4 ,va474 ,hog ,nut 7,del474 ,h>d b>k ,hickory 7,ill474 ,locality4 ,ont>io to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,miss\ri & ,texas4 ,wide range4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 two & "o-half to ?ree & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,a tall sl5d] tree ) r\gh1 b n %aggy1 b>k4 ,?ick %ell1 edible nut4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood ri* d>k br[n1 ?ick sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v heavy1 h>d1 t\gh1 /rong1 & flexible4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,simil> to ^? ( %ellb>k hickory4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ec 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ce #ea4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1cbj1jjj 7av]age ( #ge te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ce #a1fcj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ae1bjj 7av]age ( #ge te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ce #af1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! mo/ g5]ally di/ribut$ species ( ! g5us 9 ! ,s\?4 ,mock] nut or mok] nut is said 7,britton7 to be f a ,dut* ^w mean+ hamm]1 or else 7,keel]7 f disappo9t+ quality ( nuts4 p#jee ,,footnote ,footnote #ce3 ,see page #f4 ,,pecan1 7,,hickory74 ,hicoria pecan ,m>%4 ,c>ya oliv=mis ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,pecan 7local & common "n74 ,pecan ,nut1 ,pecan-tree1 ,pecani] 7,la474 ,locality4 ,valley ( ,mississippi1 s\?w>d to ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 & ,mexico4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 sometimes high]4 ,two & "o-half to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,a tall tree1 smoo?-%ell$ oblong edible nuts4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 t+$ ) r$1 sapwood light] br[n4 ,close-gra9$ & compact1 m$ull>y rays num]\s b ?94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 n /rong1 brittle4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,fuel1 seldom us$ 9 con/ruction4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #di 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cf #dd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1ecj1jjj 7av]age ( #cg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cf #idj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ae1cjj 7av]age ( #cg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#cf #h1bjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s on bord]s ( /reams 9 l[ ri* soil4 ,l>ge/ & mo/ important tree ( we/]n ,texas4 ,! sweet edible nuts =m an important article ( comm]ce4 p#jef ,,footnote ,footnote #cf3 ,see page #f4 ,,*e/nut1 ,,*9quap94 7,ca/anea47 ,! *e/nut is f\nd 9 ! temp]ature regions ( c5tral & s\!rn ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! wood is valu$ 9 con/ruction1 & ! mu*-priz$ nuts are reg>d$ z a food r ?an a confection4 ,european *e/nut wood 0 once high 9 favor1 al?\gh exam9ation ( /ructures 9 :i* x 0 suppos$ to h be5 us$ indicates t 9 "s in/ances oak _h be5 mi/ak5 = x & _h be5 employ$ 9 its place4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican *e/nut af=ds a weak1 brittle1 b easily work$ & v durable wood1 su* z is admirably adapt$ = beams1 ties1 & sills1 :]e lightness & durability r ?an mu* transv]se /r5g? are requir$4 ,trees 9 ,europe h atta9$ to great size & age4 ,mi*eaux m5tions "o ?irty feet 9 circumf]5ce six feet f ! gr\nd & said to h be5 /&+ = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! fam\s ,mt4 ,etna *e/nut#cg is report$ to h measur$ two hundr$ & f\r feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,l>ge trunks are apt to be holl[1 af=d+ brittle1 useless wood4 ,! botanical relation betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ,european *e/nuts is n di/9ct4 ,"s consid] ! =m] a di/9ct species1 o!rs a v>iety only4 ,! "n ,*9quap9 applies to two di/9ct botanical species1 "o1 ! ,ca/anea pumila1 closely relat$ to ! common *e/nut2 ! o!r1 ,ca/anopsis *rysophylla1 belong+ to ! same family 7,cupulif]71 b to q ano!r g5us4 ,bo? af=d woods resembl+1 b heavi] ?an1 *e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,*e/nut 7,ca/anea d5tata74 7,c\rtesy ,n4 ,c4 ,geological ,survey47 ,! *e/nut may be kn[n by its l>ge prickly burr1 p#jeg conta9+ f "o to ?ree ?9-%ell$1 triangul>1 w$ge-%ap$ nuts4 ,bo? *9quap9s h prickly burrs conta9+ "o1 or sometimes two1 sweet edible nuts4 ,?ree ( ! f\r kn[n species ( ! g5us ,ca/anea gr[ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 "o ! common *e/nut 7,ca/anea vulg>is72 ano!r ! ,*9quap9 7,ca/anea pumila72 ! ?ird a plant nev] atta9+ to ! size ( a tree4 ,! ,*9quap9 7,ca/anopsis *rysophylla7 is ! only ,nor? ,am]ican repres5tative ( a g5us includ+ tw5ty-five species4 ,keel] says t ,ca/anea is f a t[n ( t "n 9 ,!ssaly1 or f ano!r t[n ( t "n 9 ,pontus4 p#jeh ,,footnote ,footnote #cg3 ,ca/agno di c5to cavalli1 s call$ f hav+ %elt]$ #ajj m\nt$ cavali]s1 measur$ by ,brydon 9 #aggj4 ,x _h ! appe>ance ( five di/9ct trees1 b 0 probably "o trunk4 7,g4 ,b4 ,em]son1 ,trees & ,%rubs ( ,massa*usetts1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #aib47 ,,*e/nut4 ,ca/anea d5tata 7,m>%7 ,borkh4 ,ca/anea vesca v>4 am]icana ,mi*x4 ,ca/anea vulg>is v>4 am]icana ,a4 de ,c4 ,nom5clature4 ,*e/nut 7local & common "n74 ,locality4 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york to ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,mi*igan4 ,be/ on we/]n slope ( ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 five to twelve feet 9 diamet]4 ,f9e *>act]i/ic %ape1 n easily di/+ui%$ f ,r$ ,oak 9 w9t]4 ,blossoms 9 midsumm]4 ,prickly burrs conta9 ?ree ?9-%ell$ nuts4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[n1 sapwood light]1 co>se-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 liable to *eck & w>p 9 dry+4 ,easily split4 ,v durable 9 expos$ positions4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,cab9et-mak+1 railway ties1 po/s1 f5c+1 sills4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ihjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! nuts ( ! =eign species 7,c4 vesca7 z well z ^? ( ! dome/ic species are mu* priz$4 ,! =m] are l>g] & ! latt] sweet]4 ,"o ( ! late/ trees to blossom4 p#jei ,,*9quap94 ,ca/anea pumila 7,l9n47 ,mill4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,*9quap9 7,del41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,va41 ,w4 ,va41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ga41 ,ala41 ,fla41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,ark41 ,ohio1 ,ky41 ,mo41 ,mi*474 ,locality4 ,p5nsylvania to ,florida1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri1 ,mi*igan4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,a small tree1 sometimes =ty-five feet 9 height1 "o to two feet or ov] 9 diamet]4 ,sometimes r$uc$ to l[ %rub4 ,small prickly burr ) s+le small *e/nut-color$ nut4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k br[n1 sapwood h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,co>se-gra9$1 annual lay]s m>k$ by r[s ( op5 ducts4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,r heavy1 h>d1 /rong4 ,durable 9 expos$ positions4 ,liable to *eck 9 dry+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,po/s1 rails1 railway ties1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ad1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 p#jfj ,,footnote ,! ,*9quap9 ,ca/anopsis *rysophylla1 is a tree ) *>act]i/ics betwe5 oak & *e/nut4 ,its wood is ne>ly simil> to t ( ! ,*9quap9 ,ca/anea pumila1 & is sometimes us$ = implem5ts4 ,,bee*4 ,,ironwood4 7,fagus47 7,c>p9us1 ,o/rya1 etc47 ,bee* is well kn[n on ! ea/]n cont95t4 ,! common bee* 7,fagus atropunicea7 is ! only ,am]ican repres5tative4 ,ea/]n species h figur$ 9 lit]ature s9ce ! "t ( ,virgil4 ,! nor!rn nations e>ly wrote ^u ?9 tablets ( bee*wood1 & boc1 bok1 & bu*e1 ! nor!rn names = bee*1 f9ally gave orig9 to ! ^w book4#ch ,am]ican ,indians believ$ t ! bee* 0 pro( aga9/ lightn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bee* 7,fagus atropunicea74 ,bee*wood is h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 n durable :5 expos$1 & some:at subject to attack by insects4 ,european eng9e]s employ x to a consid]able ext5t 9 con/ruction1 b x is seldom us$ 9 ,am]ica save = indoor f9i%1 furniture1 h&les1 floor+1 & ! l4 ,! small edible nuts1 kn[n z bee*-ma/1 are press$ abroad = a fix$ oil1 resembl+ & us$ 9 place ( t f ! olive4 ,!y are seldom ga!r$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b are dev\r$ by animals4 ,bee*-trees h smoo?1 light-color$ b>k1 & are v attractive 9 _! w9t] appe>ance4 ,!y may be recogniz$ e>li] 9 ! season by _! small prickly burrs1 ea* conta9+ two triangul>1 %>p-edg$ nuts4 ,!re are fifte5 or m species kn[n to belong to ?is g5us4 ,fagus is f phago1 to eat1 & ref]s to ! nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,,bee* 7,fagus74 ,! "n ,ironwood has be5 appli$ to ,blue ,bee* 7,c>p9us c>ol9iana71 to ! ,hornbeam 7,o/rya virg9iana71 & to at lea/ eight o!r ,nor? ,am]ican species af=d+ unusually h>d & heavy woods1 su* z are us$ = h&les p#jfa & implem5ts4#ci ,trunks ( trees af=d+ ^! woods are g5]ally small & ! weight ( ! woods is s great z to prev5t _! use 9 con/ruction4 p#jfb ,,footnotes ,footnote #ch3 ,lib]1 ! ,lat9 = book1 is f lib]1 ! inn] b>k ( a tree1 :ile papyrus1 ! ,lat9 = pap]1 is f an ,egyptian re$ ( t "n4 ,! words book1 libr>y1 & pap] are ?us drawn f trees & plants4 99 ,keel] notes exp]im5ts made to prove resi/ance on "p ( bee*wood4 ,footnote #ci3 ,prosopis juliflora1 ,olneya tesota1 ,guajacum sanctum1 ,cliftonia monophylla1 ,cyrilla racemiflora1 ,exo!a paniculata1 ,bumelia t5ax1 ,bumelia lycioides4 7,sudwor?47 ,,bee*4 ,fagus atropunicea 7,m>%47 ,sudwor?4 ,fagus f]rug9ea ,ait4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,bee* 7local & common "n74 ,r$ ,bee* 7,me41 ,vt41 ,ky41 ,ohio474 ,:ite ,bee* 7,me41 ,ohio41 ,mi*474 ,ridge ,bee* 7,ark474 ,locality4 ,nova ,scotia to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,wiscons9 & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to eighty feet1 occasionally high]2 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,small r\gh burr conta9s two ?9-%ell$ nuts4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di%1 v>iable %ades1 sapwood :ite4 ,r close-gra9$1 conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 /rong1 t\gh1 n durable :5 expos$4 ,takes f9e poli%4 ,liable to *eck dur+ season+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%oe-la/s1 plane-/ocks1 %ip-build+1 h&les1 & fuel4 ,c>p5try 7abroad71 wagon-mak+1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #db4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1gbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #af1cjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! nuts are seldom ga!r$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor is ! wood !re (t5 utiliz$ 9 c>p5try4 ,?is is sometimes divid$ comm]cially into ,r$ & ,:ite ,bee*1 accord+ to color ( wood4 ,su* division has no botanical basis4 p#jfc ,,ironwood1 ,,blue ,,bee*4 ,c>p9us c>ol9iana ,walt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,ironwood1 ,blue ,bee* 7local & common "n74 ,wat] ,bee* 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,del41 ,w4 ,va41 ,ohio1 ,ill41 ,ind41 ,mi*41 ,m9n41 ,nebr41 ,kans474 ,hornbeam 7,me41 ,n4 ,h41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,conn41 ,n4 ,y41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,del41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ala41 ,tex41 ,ky41 ,ill41 ,kans41 ,m9n474 ,locality4 ,quebec to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to fifty feet 9 height4 ,six in*es to occasionally two feet 9 diamet]4 ,a small tree1 d>k blui%-gray2 b>k resembles t ( bee* save 9 color4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 ?ick sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v h>d1 t\gh1 /rong1 heavy1 v /iff1 incl9$ to *eck dur+ season+1 n durable :5 expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lev]s1 tool-h&les1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #de4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fcj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #af1cjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,priz$ by :eelwrights 9 ,europe4 ,resemblance ( blui% b>k to light-gray b>k ( bee* gave rise to "n4 p#jfd ,,ironwood1 ,,hop ,,hornbeam4 ,o/rya virg9iana ,willd4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,ironwood1 ,hop ,hornbeam 7local & common names74 ,lev]wood 7,vt41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,kans474 ,hornbeam 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,fla41 ,s4 ,c41 ,la474 ,h>dhack 7,vt474 ,locality4 ,nova ,scotia to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,dakota & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to =ty feet 9 height1 "o foot or less 9 diamet]4 ,! b>k exhibits long v]tical r[s ( small squ>es4 ,small fruit resembles hops4 ,leaves resemble ^? ( bir*4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% br[n1 sometimes :ite1 sapwood light] or :ite4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v /rong1 h>d1 heavy1 t\gh1 durable :5 expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,po/s1 lev]s1 tool-h&les1 axe-helves1 mill-cogs1 w$ges4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ea4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1iej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #af1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,trees ov] twelve in*es 9 diamet] are (t5 holl[4 p#jfe ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,sycamore 7,platanus occid5talis74 ,qu>t]$ ,sycamore ,wood4 ,,sycamore4 7,platanus47 ,! "n ,sycamore applies to a maple 7,ac] pseudo-platanus7 9 ,europe1 to a fig-tree 7,ficus sycomorus7 9 ! ,ori5t1#dj & to ! buttonball or plane tree 7,platanus7 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ! plane trees 7,platanus7 ! common or ,ori5tal plane 7,platanus ori5talis7 is a native ( ,europe2 ! plane1 buttonball1 or sycamore tree 7,platanus occid5talis7 is a native & common tree 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica2 & ! ,cali=nia plane1 buttonball1 or sycamore 7,platanus racemosa7 is a native ( we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! sycamore /&s = curiosity1 because ( its ,biblical association ) ,zac*eus4 ,_m ,european sycamores 7 plant$ by religi\s p]sons dur+ ! middle ages because ( ! belief t !y 7 ! trees ?us ref]r$ to 9 ! ,bible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sycamore 7,platanus occid5talis74 ,! woods af=d$ by ! ,am]ican sycamores h unusually complicat$1 cross-gra9$1 b beautiful /ructures1 difficult to "w1 b /&+ well & valu$ = cab9et "w & small articles4 ,am]ican trees are (t5 v l>ge4 ,am]ican buttonball or sycamore trees are di/+ui%$ by r\gh balls :i* rema9 hang+ on long /ems ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,! b>k also is %$ to an unusual ext5t2 flakes ( ! out] cov] drop away1 expos+ smoo? inn] surfaces s :ite z to appe> z if pa9t$4 ,six or sev5 species are includ$ 9 ! g5us2 ?ree occur 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,platanus is f platus1 signify+ broad1 & ref]s to ! %ape ( ! leaves4 p#jff ,,footnote ,footnote #dj3 ,brockhaus1 ,konv]sations-,lexicon 7,b4 #ae1 p4 #ecf74 ,,sycamore4 ,,buttonwood4 ,,buttonball-,,tree4 ,platanus occid5talis ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,sycamore1 ,buttonwood1 ,buttonball ,tree 7local & common names74 ,buttonball 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,fla474 ,plane ,tree 7,r4 ,i41 ,del41 ,s4 ,c41 ,kans41 ,nebr41 ,ia474 ,wat] ,bee* 7,del474 ,platane cotoni]1 ,bois puant 7,la474 ,locality4 ,ma9e to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,be/ 9 bottom l&s ( ,ohio & ,mississippi ,riv] bas9s4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to ov] "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 six to sometimes twelve feet 9 diamet]4 ,inn] b>k expos$ 9 :ite pat*es4 ,l>ge r\gh balls or fruit4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% br[n1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructures1 sat9y conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,attractive :5 qu>t]$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 difficult to "w1 n /rong1 /&s well :5 n expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,tobacco-boxes1 ox-yokes1 but*]-blocks1 cab9et-"w4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ce4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ijjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,"s specim5s rank among ! l>ge/ ( ,am]ican decidu\s trees4 ,^! are usually holl[4 ,! rem>kably rigid b>k does n /ret* to accommodate ! gr[? & is ?us disc>d$ to an unusual degree4 p#jfg ,,cali=nia ,,sycamore4 ,platanus racemosa ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 ,sycamore1 ,buttonwood1 ,buttonball ,tree1 ,buttonball 7,cali=nia74 ,locality4 ,cali=nia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 occasionally high]2 ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! b>k exfoliates 9 irregul> pat*es4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light r$di% br[n1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 m$ull>y rays num]\s & conspicu\s4 ,beautiful :5 qu>t]$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,brittle1 v difficult to split & to season4 ,qualities simil> to ^? ( ,p4 occid5talis4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,decoration1 furniture1 simil> to ,p4 occid5talis4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #hjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,h\gh m5tions#da a tree tw5ty-n9e feet sev5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 p#jfh ,,footnote ,footnote #da3 ,am]ican ,woods1 ,"p #f1 p4 #cf4 ,,bir*4 7,betula47 ,! bir*es gr[ 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 _! ranges on ! latt] cont95t ext5d+ f> into ! nor?4#db ,_! hi/ory is remote & probably began ) att5tion to ! b>k r ?an to ! wood4 ,bir*-b>k is smoo?1 pliable1 wat]-tight1 & by reason ( its res9\s oils s durable t x (t5 rema9s intact long aft] ! wood inside ( fall5 trees has disappe>$4 ,x is sep>able into ?9 lay]s & 0 e>ly employ$ z a writ+ mat]ial4#dc ,h\ses h be5 cov]$ by x & x has be5 us$ = cordage1 ut5sils1 damp c\rses1 & ev5 rude clo?+4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians employ$ x = canoes1 t5ts1 tr\ghs1 & buckets4 ,! wood is h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 f9e-gra9$1 & beautiful4 ,x %r9ks 9 season+1 works easily1 /&s well :5 n expos$4 ,x is us$ = spools1 wood5w>e1 & o!r small articles1 z well z = int]ior f9i% & cab9et "w4 ,figur$ bir* is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ,am]ican cab9et woods4#dd ,bir* is (t5 /a9$ s z to imitate *]ry & mahogany2 ! be/ imitations ( ! latt] wood are ( bir*4 ,bir* is comm]cially divid$1 accord+ to ! quantity ( he>twood pres5t1 into :ite bir* & r$ bir*4 ,! wood is :ite :5 ! am\nt is small1 & z he>twood increases ) age ! same tree might at "o "t af=d :ite & at ano!r r$ wood4 ,bir* trees may be kn[n by _! m or less lam9at$ b>k ) its peculi> long horizontal l5ticles or da%es4 ,! p#jfi leaves ( ! sev]al bir*es diff] b little1 b ! decid$ colors exhibit$ by _! b>ks give names & s]ve to di/+ui% ! species4 ,n9e ( ! tw5ty-f\r kn[n species ( bir* occur 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 six are trees & ! o!rs l[ %rubs4 ,betula is said to be d]iv$ f bitum54 p#jgj ,,footnote ,footnote #db3 ,bir* =ms l>ge =e/s 9 ! ,nor?4 ,footnote #dc3 ,pl9y & ,plut>* agree t ! fam\s books ( ,numa ,pompilius1 writt5 #gjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 7 ^u bir*-b>k4 7,keel]47 ,footnote #dd3 ,! banquet-hall ( ! fam\s ,auditorium ,hotel 9 ,*icago is f9i%$ 9 bir*4 7,kidd]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,bir* 7,betula74 ,yell[ ,bir* ,tree 7,betula lutea74 ,:ite ,bir* ,b>k 7,betula populifolia74 ,yell[ ,bir* ,foliage 7,betula lutea74 ,bir* ,wood4 ,,:ite ,,bir*4 ,betula populifolia ,m>%4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,bir* 7local & common "n74 ,gray ,bir* 7,me41 ,r4 ,i41 ,mass474 ,oldfield ,bir*1 ,pov]ty ,bir* 7,me474 ,popl>-leav$ ,bir*1 ,small ,:ite ,bir* 7,vt474 ,locality4 ,atlantic coa/1 ,canada to ,delaw>e4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty to =ty feet 9 height1 ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]4 ,durable1 lam9at$1 smoo?1 :ite b>k on l>ge bran*es & on trunk1 save ne> gr\nd2 is n v easily deta*$ f tree4 ,tremul\s leaves4 ,color1 ,gra91 or ,appe>ance ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 sapwood light]1 close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 light1 n /rong or durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,clo!s-p9s1 %oe-pegs1 too?-picks1 pap]-pulp4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ce4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1jcf1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! :ite b>k is di/9ct f t ( ! pap] bir* 9 t x does n cov] ! :ole trunk & 9 t x rema9s m p]fectly intact4 p#jga ,,pap] ,,bir*1 ,,:ite ,,bir*4 ,betula papyrif]a ,m>%4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,pap] ,bir*1 ,:ite ,bir* 7local & common names74 ,silv] ,bir* 7,m9n474 ,l>ge ,:ite ,bir* 7,vt474 ,boleau 7,quebec74 ,canoe ,bir* 7,me41 ,vt41 ,n4 ,h41 ,r4 ,i41 ,mass41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,wis41 ,mi*41 ,m9n474 ,locality4 ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor?w>d into ,canada1 valley ( ! ,yukon 9 ,alaska4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sev5ty feet 9 height1 "o & "o-half to two & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,smoo? :ite ext]ior b>k on l>ge limbs & trunks away f gr\nd4 ,br[n or orange inn] surfaces ( b>k4 ,splits freely into ?9 pap]-l lay]s4 ,color1 ,gra91 or ,appe>ance ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[n t+$ ) r$1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,v close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,/rong1 h>d1 t\gh1 n durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,spools1 %oe-la/s1 pegs1 pap]-pulp1 fuel1 b>k us$ 9 canoes4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cg4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1hej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ae1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,/>* is said to be manufactur$ f inn] b>k by ,nor!rn ,indians4 ,rea*es high] latitude ?an any ,am]ican decidu\s tree4 ,=ms =e/s4 ,! "n ,:ite ,bir* is because ( ! color ( ! b>k4 p#jgb ,,r$ ,,bir*4 ,betula nigra ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,r$ ,bir* 7local & common "n74 ,black ,bir* 7,fla41 ,t5n41 ,tex474 ,riv] ,bir* 7,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,j41 ,del41 ,pa41 ,w4 ,va41 ,ala41 ,miss41 ,tex41 ,mo41 ,ill41 ,wis41 ,ohio74 ,bir* 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c1 ,miss41 ,la474 ,wat] ,bir* 7,w4 ,va41 ,kans474 ,blue ,bir* 7,ark474 ,locality4 ,massa*usetts to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,m9nesota & ,texas4 ,be/ developm5t 9 s\? ,atlantic & l[] ,mississippi valley regions4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to eighty feet 9 height1 "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 sometimes l>g]4 ,d>k r$ br[n scaly b>k on trunk4 ,r$ to silv]y-:ite b>k on bran*es4 ,b>k sep>ates 9 ?9 pap]-l scales curl+ outw>d4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 sapwood yell[i% :ite4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 r h>d & /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,furniture1 wood5w>e1 %oe-la/s1 ox-yokes4 ,inf]ior cask-hoops f bran*es4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ce4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1ehj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ac1ajj4 ,rem>ks4 ,d>k br[n b>k1 :5ce "n ,r$ ,bir*4 ,pref]s moi/ bottoms1 :5ce "n ,riv] ,bir*4 p#jgc ,,yell[ ,,bir*4 ,betula lutea ,mi*x4 f4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,yell[ ,bir* 7local & common "n74 ,gray ,bir* 7,vt41 ,r4 ,i41 ,pa41 ,mi*41 ,m9n474 ,swamp ,bir* 7,m9n474 ,silv] ,bir* 7,n4 ,h474 ,m]isi]1 ,m]isi] ,r\ge 7,quebec74 ,locality4 ,newf\ndl& to ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,m9nesota & ,texas4 ,be/ develop$ nor? ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to eighty feet or m 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree4 ,b>k on trunk silv]y gray to silv]y yell[1 bran*es gre5 to lu/r\s or dull br[n4 ,b>k exfoliates1 caus+ a r\gh1 ragg$ appe>ance4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light r$di% br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 sat9y4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 v /rong1 & h>d1 t\gh1 susceptible ( high poli%4 ,qualities sugge/ ^? ( maple4 ,n durable :5 expos$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,furniture1 buttons1 tassel-m\lds1 pill-boxes1 spools1 & :eel-hubs4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1bij1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ag1gjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,occasional trees h ?9 out] b>k ruptur$1 & exhibit inn] b>k ( almo/ metallic yell[4 ,lutea1 signify+ yell[1 alludes to color ( b>k4 ,inn] b>k has pung5t1 pleasant flavor4 p#jgd ,,sweet ,,bir*1 ,,*]ry ,,bir*4 ,betula l5ta ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,sweet ,bir*1 ,*]ry ,bir* 7_m localities74 ,black ,bir* 7,n4 ,h41 ,vt41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,conn41 ,n4 ,y41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,w4 ,va41 ,ga41 ,ill41 ,ind41 ,mi*41 ,ohio74 ,mahogany ,bir* 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c474 ,riv] ,bir* 7,m9n474 ,m\nta9 ,mahogany 7,s4 ,c474 ,locality4 ,newf\ndl& int]mitt5tly to ,ill9ois1 s\?w>d int]mitt5tly along ,alleghanies to ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 & ,florida4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to eighty feet 9 height1 ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 d>k r$di%-br[n b>k1 resembl+ t ( *]ry2 does n sep>ate into lay]s z pap]-bir*4 ,leaves1 b>k1 & twigs sweet1 spicy1 & aromatic4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k br[n t+$ ) r$1 sapwood light br[n or yell[1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 v /rong1 h>d1 receives /a9s & high sat9-l poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,wood5w>e1 furniture1 %ip-build+ 7,canada71 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dg4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jaj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ag1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a common tree 9 ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,wood (t5 /a9$ s z to resemble *]ry & mahogany4 ,ess5ces sugge/ w9t]gre51 conta9 mu* salicylic acid1 & are us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! "n *]ry is because b>k resembles t ( *]ry4 ,sweet is because ( ess5ces4 p#jge ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,locu/ 7,rob9ia1 ,gl$itsia74 ,black ,locu/ ,tree & ,b>k 7,rob9ia pseudacacia74 ,honey ,locu/ 7,gl$itsia triacan?os74 ,locu/ ,wood4 ,,locu/1 ,,mesquite4 7,rob9ia1 ,gl$itsia1 ,prosopis47 ,! "n ,locu/ applies to species ( ?ree di/9ct g5]a1 all ( :i* belong to ! family ,legum9os4 ,! black locu/ 7,rob9ia pseudacacia71 ! honey locu/ 7,gl$itsia triacan?os71 & ! ,mesquite or honey locu/ 7,prosopis juliflora7 are pr9cipal repres5tatives ( _! respective k9ds4 ,! fir/-nam$ g5us is ,nor? ,am]ican1 ! o!r two h species on bo? cont95ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,black ,,locu/ 7,rob9ia pseudacacia74 ,black locu/ wood is t\gh1 durable1 unequall$ = torsional /r5g? & resili5ce1 & is 9 e way 9 ! fir/ rank ( ,am]ican woods4 ,x is fitt$ n only = expos$ con/ructions1 b = f9] articles2 hubs1 p9s1 bolts1 & tr5ails hav+ no sup]iors4 ,trees develop rapidly :5 "y1 he>t wood =m+ z e>ly z ! ?ird ye>4 ,lat] gr[? & ultimate comm]cial value 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are mu* affect$ by insect bor]s1 :i* practically limit ! usefulness ( ! species4 ,! black locu/ may be kn[n by its clu/]s ( l>ge pea-blossom-%ap$ fl[]s1 its bean-%ap$ pods1 ?ree to six in*es 9 l5g?1 & by ! prickles on ! b>k4 ,! g5us has six species1 f\r ( :i* are natives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#de ,rob9ia is f ,rob91 ! "n ( an e>ly ,fr5* botani/4 p#jgf ,! black locu/ has be5 ext5sively introduc$ into ,europe1 bo? = ornam5tation & = wood4#df ,! wood ( ! honey locu/ resembles t ( ! black locu/1 b is seldom us$ or appreciat$ save = f5c+ & simil>ly unimportant purposes4 ,trees gr[ rapidly & are n subject to ! attacks ( insects1 s t !y frequ5tly atta9 to normal proportions4 ,! fl[]s are mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! black locu/1 b ! pods are sev]al times z long 7twelve to eighte5 in*es74 ,^! (t5 curl 9 dry+ & are ?us roll$ to "s di/ance by ! w9d4 ,?orns or sp9es are pres5t on "s individuals & are (t5 f ?ree to six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! foliage resembles b is m delicate ?an t ( ! black locu/4 ,!re is at lea/ "o o!r ,am]ican species4 ,gl$itsia is f ,gl$its*1 ! "n ( a botani/4 ,mesquite1 also call$ honey locu/1 af=ds wood t is h>d1 heavy1 & almo/ inde/ructible 9 expos$ positions4 ,! tree gr[s 9 ! des]t :]e vegetation w\ld (t5 seem to be impossible4 ,! roots are develop$ to great size by _! se>* = wat]1 & are ga!r$ & burn$ 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r fuel4 ,! trunks are small1 b af=d po/s & ties4 ,!re are pods fill$ ) ri* edible pulp4 ,sixte5 or m species belong to ?is g5us1 prosopis1 ( :i* "o o!r1 ! screw-pod mesquite 7,prosopis odorata71 is f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 p#jgg ,,footnotes ,footnote #de3 ,?ree ( ! f\r ,unit$ ,/ates species are trees2 ! o!r species ( ?is g5us gr[ 9 ,mexico4 ,no "o is approximately z important or well kn[n z ! ,black ,locu/4 ,footnote #df3 ,black ,locu/ 0 introduc$ into ,europe e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 be+ fir/ cultivat$ by ! son ( ,jean ,rob91 = :om ! g5us is nam$4 ,few ,am]ican species h receiv$ su* att5tion abroad4 ,,locu/1 ,,black ,,locu/1 ,,yell[ ,,locu/4 ,rob9ia pseudacacia ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,locu/1 ,black ,locu/1 ,yell[ ,locu/ 7local & common names74 ,false ,acacia 7,s4 ,c41 ,ala41 ,tex41 ,m9n474 ,pea-fl[] ,locu/1 ,po/ ,locu/ 7,md474 ,r$ ,locu/1 ,gre5 ,locu/ 7,t5n474 ,honey ,locu/ 7,m9n474 ,:ite ,locu/ 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,t5n474 ,acacia 7,la474 ,locality4 ,s\!rn ,alleghany region1 widely cultivat$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sev5ty feet 9 height1 two to ?ree feet or ov] 9 diamet]4 ,leaves curl or close at night4 ,long spikes or bri]s on "y bran*es4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[ni%1 ?9 sapwood1 light-gre5i% yell[4 ,close-gra9$ & compact4 ,annual lay]s cle>ly m>k$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 v h>d1 /rong1 & durable "u extreme conditions ( wet & dry4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,long wood5 bolts or p9s call$ tre5ails4 ,po/s1 ties1 con/ruction1 turn]y1 %ip-ribs1 ornam5tations1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #de4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1hcj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ah1ajj4 ,rem>ks4 ,(t5 a l[ %rub4 ,ext5sively plant$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,we/1 b subject to attack by bor]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ,am]ican timb] trees4 ,he>twood is =m$ v e>ly 9 ?is species4 ,pseudacacia means false acacia or imitation ( acacia4 p#jgh ,,honey ,,locu/4 ,gl$itsia triacan?os ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,honey ,locu/ 7local & common "n74 ,?orn or ,?orny ,locu/ ,tree or ,acacia 7,n4 ,y41 ,n4 ,j41 ,ind41 ,t5n41 ,la474 ,?ree-?orn$ ,acacia 7,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,neb41 ,mi*474 ,black ,locu/ 7,miss41 ,tex41 ,ark41 ,kans41 ,neb474 ,honey or ,honey%ucks 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,j41 ,va41 ,fla41 ,i[a74 ,honey%ucks ,locu/ 7,ky474 ,sweet ,locu/ 7,s4 ,c41 ,la41 ,kans41 ,nebr474 ,piquant ,am\rette 7,la474 ,conf$]ate ,p9tree 7,fla474 ,locu/ 7,nebr474 ,locality4 ,p5nsylvania to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,be/ 9 l[] ,ohio ,riv] bas94 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to n9ety feet or m 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,frequ5t long ?orns4#dg ,light ?9 foliage4 ,br[n pods conta9 sweet pulp4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood bright br[n or r$1 sapwood yell[i%1 annual lay]s /rongly m>k$1 co>se-gra9$1 m$ull>y rays conspicu\s4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 v durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,f5ce-po/s1 rails1 wagon-hubs1 r\gh con/ruction1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #db4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1edj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ac1ajj4 ,rem>ks4 ,widely cultivat$ = l&scape effect4 ,"y trees us$ = =m+ h$ges4 p#jgi ,,footnote ,footnote #dg3 ,?orns pl5tiful on "s individuals1 b abs5t on o!rs4 ,,mesquite4 ,prosopis juliflora 7,sw>tz7 de ,c4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,mesquite 7,tex41 ,n4 ,m41 ,ariz41 ,cal474 ,alg>oba 7,tex41 ,n4 ,m41 ,ariz41 ,cal474 ,honey ,pod or ,honey ,locu/ 7,tex41 ,n4 ,m474 ,ironwood 7,tex474 ,locality4 ,texas1 we/ to ,san ,b]n>d9o ,m\nta9s1 ,cali=nia4 ,also ,colorado1 ,utah1 & ,nevada & nor!rn ,mexico4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to fifty feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,sometimes l[ %rub4 ,roots (t5 v l>ge4 ,pods ) sweet pulp4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood ri* d>k br[n1 (t5 r$4 ,sapwood cle> yell[4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 di/9ct m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,weak1 difficult to "w1 heavy1 h>d1 v durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,po/s1 f5c+1 ties1 h\se-beams1 fuel1 *>coal4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dg4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #hbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #fhjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a locally important tree4 ,trees sometimes /unt$ by fires h num]\s roots4 ,l>ge roots us$ = fuel4 p#jhj ,,footnote ,hols+]1 ,=e/ry & ,irrigation4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #aa1 p4 #ddg4 ,,:itewood ,,or ,,tulip-,,tree ,,wood1 ,,popl> ,,or ,,cottonwood1 7,liriod5dron47 7,populus47 ,,cucumb]-,,tree ,,wood1 ,,basswood4 7,magnolia47 7,tilia47 ,^! trees are n relat$1 b are all not$ = woods ) s(t1 f9e qualities1 su* z fit !m = c>v+s1 wood5w>e1 & pap]-pulp4 ,no "o ( ! woods is durable :5 expos$1 & all are us$ = boxes because !y nail )\t splitt+4 ,! names are comm]cially int]*angeable4 ,! :itewood or tulip tree 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a7 is a native ( ,am]ica & an acclimat$ tree 9 ,europe4 ,x is ! sole surviv+ species ( its g5us4 ,! wood is s(t1 /iff1 clean1 f9e1 /raight-gra9$1 & obta9able 9 l>ge-siz$ pieces4 ,mu* :itewood is made into lumb]1 ! wood /&+ among ^? ( ! broadleaf s]ies z :ite p9e does among ! conif]s4 ,:itewood is p>ticul>ly suitable = c>v+s4 ,9 spite ( its "n x is l>gely gre5i% yell[4 ,x is (t5 divid$ comm]cially1 accord+ to color1 into :ite popl> & yell[ popl>4 ,trunks (t5 atta9 to a v l>ge size4 ,mat!ws m5tions a specim5#dh ?irty-?ree feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! species may be kn[n by its l>ge tulip-%ap$ fl[]4 ,liriod5dron is f two ,greek words mean+ lily & tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:itewood 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,:itewood ,,or ,,tulip ,,tree 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a74 ,! popl>s1 sometimes call$ cottonwoods because ( _! se$s cov]$ ) a cotton-l d[n1 are repres5t$ on bo? cont95ts4 ,! wood 0 made into %ields by ! p#jha anci5ts1 because x 0 light & t\gh & w\ld ind5t )\t break+4 ,! wood is (t5 sub/itut$ = :itewood1 b is less desirable1 al?\gh valuable z a basis = pap]-pulp4 ,! trees may be kn[n by ! long droop+ catk9s t appe> e>ly 9 ! spr+ be=e ! leaves1 & t are foll[$ by :ite d[ny se$s t soon escape to :it5 ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,! popl>s are not$ = foliage m or less con/antly 9 agitation4 ,?is peculi>ity1 s pron\nc$ 9 ! asp5 7,populus tremuloides71 is due to ! v long petioles or leaf-/ems4 ,! cottonwoods ab\nd 9 _m o!rwise arid regions ( ,am]ican ,we/]n des]ts4 ,! cucumb] trees are ( ! magnolia family & gr[ 9 _m ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! wood resembles & is probably (t5 mi/ak5 = :itewood1 = :i* x is a fair sub/itute4 ,! trees may be kn[n by _! fruit1 :i* resembles vegetable cucumb]s4 ,magnolia is f ,magnol1 a botani/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,basswood is a "n appli$ to trees kn[n 9 ,europe & ,am]ica z limes1 lime trees1 l9d1 l9d51 tiel1 tiel trees1 bass1 & basswood trees4 ,! trees & _! wood 7 e>ly e/eem$1 ! fir/ = _! %ade & appe>ance1 & ! la/ = _! work+ qualities1 :i* resemble1 b are inf]ior to1 :itewood4#di ,! trees are *>act]iz$ by _! d5se foliage & clu/]s ( small cream-color$ fragrant fl[]s1 s attractive to bees z to h orig9at$ ! fur!r "n bee-tree4 ,tilia arises f ! anci5t "n = ^! trees4 p#jhb ,,footnotes ,footnote #dh3 ,f4 ,s*uyl] ,mat!ws1 ,famili> ,trees 7,appleton1 #aija71 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #di3 ,! c>v+s ( ,gibbons1 a fam\s ,engli% arti/1 are said to h be5 made entirely ( l9d51 no o!r available wood be+ s ev5-gra9$ & free f knots4 7,keel]47 ,,tulip ,,tree1 ,,:itewood1 ,,yell[ ,,popl>4 ,liriod5dron tulipif]a ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,tulip ,tree1 ,:itewood1 ,yell[ ,popl> 7local & common names74 ,popl> 7,r4 ,i41 ,del41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,fla41 ,ohio74 ,tulip ,popl> 7,del41 ,pa41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ill474 ,hickory ,popl> 7,va41 ,w4 ,va41 ,n4 ,c474 ,blue ,popl> 7,del41 ,w4 ,va474 ,popple 7,r4 ,i474 ,cucumb] ,tree 7,n4 ,y474 ,canoewood 7,t5n474 ,locality4 ,new ,engl& to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,mi*igan & ,mississippi4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 six to twelve feet 9 diamet]4 ,tulip-%ap$ fl[]s 9 spr+4 ,gre5i% cones dry & rema9 aft] leaves h fall54 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light yell[ or gre5i% br[n1 ?9 sapwood1 ne>ly :ite4 ,close1 /raight-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 free f knots4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 mod]ately /rong1 brittle1 easily work$1 durable4 ,h>d to split1 %r9ks little1 resembles :ite p9e1 /&s well4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 int]ior f9i%1 %+les1 boat-build+1 pumps1 wood5w>e1 %elves1 ! bottoms ( draw]s4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #icjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,v l>ge trees =m]ly common4 ,indians holl[$ logs into boats4 ,"s l>ge en\gh to c>ry tw5ty or ?irty p]sons 7,h\gh71 :5ce "n canoewood4 ,tulipif]a1 signify+ turbans & to be>1 ref]s to fl[]s4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ z well z mo/ useful ( ,am]ican decidu\s trees4 p#jhc ,,popl>1 ,,l>getoo? ,,asp54 ,populus gr&id5tata ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,popl>1 ,l>getoo? ,asp5 7local & common names74 ,l>getoo? ,popl> 7,n4 ,c474 ,l>ge ,popl> 7,t5n474 ,:ite ,popl> 7,mass474 ,popple 7,me474 ,l>ge ,am]ican ,asp5 7,ala474 ,locality4 ,nova ,scotia & ,delaw>e1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,m9nesota1 ,alleghany ,m\nta9s to ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to eighty feet high1 two feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,irregul> po9ts or tee? on m>g9s ( leaves4 ,smoo? gray b>k4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[ni%1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 light1 weak4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,pap]-pulp & occasionally wood5w>e4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1bjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! sev]al popl>s are mu* priz$ = pap]-pulp4 ,! quak+ asp5 7,p4 tremuloides7 has long leaf-/alks flatt5$ v]tically to ! leaf-surface1 s t leaves tremble 9 slight w9ds4 p#jhd ,,cottonwood4 ,populus deltoides ,m>%4 ,populus monilif]a ,ait4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cottonwood 7local & common "n74 ,c>ol9a ,popl> 7,pa41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,n4 ,m41 ,ind41 ,ohio74 ,yell[ ,cottonwood 7,ark41 ,ia41 ,neb474 ,big ,cottonwood 7,miss41 ,neb474 ,:itewood 7,ia474 ,cotton ,tree 7,n4 ,y474 ,necklace ,popl> 7,tex41 ,col474 ,broadleav$ ,cottonwood 7,colo474 ,locality4 ,canada to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 f\r to five feet 9 diamet]1 occasionally mu* l>g]4 ,long catk9s di/ribute cotton-l fibres4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?9 he>twood1 d>k br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 weak1 liable to w>p1 difficult to season4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,greatly valu$ 9 manufacture ( pap]-pulp1 also pack+-boxes1 f5ce-bo>ds1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1djj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1ijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,monilif]a is f ! ,lat9 monol9um1 a necklace1 & f]o1 to be>1 & ref]s to ! long necklace or catk94 p#jhe ,,black ,,cottonwood4 ,populus tri*oc>pa ,torr4 & ,gr4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,black ,cottonwood 7,oreg41 ,cal474 ,balsam ,cottonwood1 ,balm 7,oreg474 ,cottonwood 7,oreg41 ,cal474 ,balm ,cottonwood 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,pacific coa/ region1 ,alaska to ,cali=nia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,a l>ge tree sometimes "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height & f\r to six feet 9 diamet]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light dull br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 weak4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,/aves1 wood5w>e 7local74 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1ehj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hdjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,l>ge/ decidu\s tree ( ,puget ,s\nd di/rict 7,s>g5t74 p#jhf ,,cucumb] ,,tree4 ,magnolia acum9ata ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cucumb] ,tree 7,r4 ,i41 ,mass41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ala41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,ark41 ,ky41 ,w4 ,va41 ,ohio1 ,ind41 ,ill474 ,m\nta9 ,magnolia 7,miss41 ,ky474 ,black ,l91 ,cucumb] 7,w4 ,va474 ,magnolia 7,ark474 ,locality4 ,new ,york to ,ill9ois1 s\?w>d ?r\gh ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee to ,gulf 7int]mitt5tly74 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to occasionally "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,a l>ge1 h&some1 symmetrical tree1 ) cones resembl+ cucumb]s4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[ni% yell[1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,sat9y1 ?9 m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 durable4 ,qualities simil> to :itewood4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,cab9et-mak+1 *eap furniture1 floor+1 pump-logs1 tr\ghs1 crates1 pack+-boxes4 ,us$ simil>ly to ,l4 tulipif]a4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bi4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1caj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #iejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,wood resembles & is (t5 sold = tulip-tree wood4 p#jhg ,,basswood1 ,,l9n1 ,,l9d54 ,tilia am]icana ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,basswood1 ,l9n1 ,l9d51 ,am]ican ,l9d5 7local & common names74 ,limetree 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ala41 ,m9n41 ,la41 ,ill474 ,black or ,smoo?-leav$ ,limetree 7,t5n474 ,:itewood 7,vt41 ,w4 ,va41 ,ark41 ,m9n474 ,yell[ ,basswood1 ,le9 7,ind474 ,beetree 7,vt41 ,w4 ,va41 ,wis474 ,:ite ,l9d 7,w4 ,va474 ,wickup 7,mass474 ,locality4 ,new ,brunswick to ,georgia1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,wide range4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to n9ety feet 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 occasionally l>g]4 ,l>ge smoo? leaves4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light or r$di% br[n1 ?ick sapwood ne>ly simil>1 v /raight & close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 easily work$1 t\gh1 n /rong nor durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,sides & backs ( draw]s1 bodies ( c>riages1 wood5w>e1 pap]-pulp4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1aij1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hcjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,basswood ref]s to ! inn] b>k or ba/1 sometimes utiliz$ = cordage4 ,! fl[]s attract bees1 :5ce ! "n bee-tree4 ,:ite ,basswood1 7,tilia het]ophylla17 is n di/+ui%$ comm]cially4 p#jhh ,,will[4 7,salix47 ,! will[s are v widely di/ribut$ ov] bo? cont95ts1 & _! hi/ory ext5ds back ov] a v consid]able p]iod4 ,pl9y /ates t ,britons us$ to make voyages 9 boats ( will[4 ,! will[ m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible 0 ! ,salix babylnica1 or weep+ will[1 lat] acclimat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal exp]i5ce ) ! t\gh1 light1 workable1 ela/ic wood has be5 9 ,europe4 ,! anci5ts us$ x = %ields1 because x 0 "o ( ! woods t w\ld ind5t )\t break+4 ,lazlett /ates t x is us$ = c>t-l9+s because x w n spl9t] :5 /ruck by /ones4 ,x has be5 us$ = lap-bo>ds1 cricket-bats1 keels1 paddles1 & wat]-:eels4 ,x resi/s heat & friction & is !re=e us$ = l9+ friction-brakes4 ,will[ *>coal ignites readily & is highly e/eem$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! f9] k9ds ( gunp[d]4 ,! b>k is us$ 9 tann+4 ,! little bran*es h long be5 associat$ ) baskets & wov5 "w4 ,am]ican trees are seldom cut up into lumb]1 b are valu$ = %ade & appe>ance1 & are (t5 plant$ along ! banks ( /reams to prev5t erosion4 ,will[s gr[ v rapidly & h a *>act]i/ic & attractive appe>ance4 ,!y usually pref] l[ moi/ places4 ,!re are s _m hybrids & peculi> species z to r5d] classification 9 all cases difficult4#ej ,black will[ is ! native species1 (t5e/ atta9+ to tree size 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,:ite1 ,crack1 ,b$=d1 & ,goat ,will[s 7,salix alba1 ,s4 fragilis1 ,s4 russeliana1 & ,s4 caprea7 are said to af=d good wood4 ,salix is said to be f ! ,celtic sal1 mean+ ne>1 & lis1 wat]4 ,salicylic acid is abundantly pres5t 9 ! b>k ( "s species4 p#jhi ,,footnote ,footnote #ej3 ,ab\t #adj species & v>ieties ( ! will[ family h be5 enum]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,black ,,will[ 7,salix nigra74 ,,black ,,will[4 ,salix nigra ,m>%4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,black ,will[ 7local & common "n74 ,swamp ,will[ 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c474 ,will[ 7,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,miss41 ,tex41 ,cal41 ,ky41 ,mo41 ,neb474 ,locality4 ,new ,brunswick to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,dakota1 ,arizona1 & ,cali=nia1 ,mexico4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to fifty feet 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,long n>r[ leaf1 *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 light1 weak1 *ecks badly 9 dry+1 readily work$4 ,d5ts )\t splitt+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lap-bo>ds1 basket-mak+1 fuel1 *>coal4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bg4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #eej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #fjjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,pref]s bord]s ( riv]s & bottom l&s4 ,_m v>ieties ( will[ gr[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no "o is us$ to any ext5t 9 con/ruction4 p#jij ,,catalpa4 7,catalpa47 ,_m k9ds ( wood t 7 =m]ly pl5tiful are n[ mu* less s4 ,att5tion is be+ turn$ to trees t give be/ results "u artificial conditions4 ,catalpa1 =m]ly b little kn[n1 n[ bids fair to become ( "s importance 9 ?is connection4 ,! catalpa gr[s rapidly & produces a co>se1 brittle1 weak1 b durable & desirable1 lumb]1 well fitt$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( railways & o!r bran*es ( con/ruction :]e ! annual consumption is ! l>ge/4 ,fifty ?\s& catalpa trees h rec5tly be5 plant$ by a ,we/]n railway at a co/ ( "o c5t apiece4 ,catalpas at ,hut*ison1 ,kansas1 7 l>ge en\gh to cut = po/s at ! end ( six ye>s4#ea ,a sample tie rec5tly remov$ f a ,we/]n railway 0 f\nd to be p]fect aft] fifte5 ye>s ( s]vice4 ,mr4 ,john ,br[n#eb m5tions specim5s sixte5 in*es 9 diamet] sev5te5 ye>s aft] plant+4 ,! species ,catalpa speciosa is said to be mu* ! m desirable 9 t x is h>dy & rea*es a tall upright =m4 ,! catalpa may be kn[n by its %[y fl[]s1 sugge/+ ^? ( ! horse *e/nut4 ,^! are succe$$ by long pods fill$ ) _m-w+$ se$s & (t5 us$ by *ildr5 z cig>s4 p#jia ,,footnotes ,footnote #ea3 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,div4 ( ,=e/ry1 ,bullet9s #bg & #cg4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! ,=e/]1 ,octob]1 #aijj1 & ,novemb]1 #aijb4 ,kansas ,agricultural ,college ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,catalpa 7,catalpa74 ,,catalpa1 ,,h>dy ,,catalpa4 ,catalpa speciosa ,w>d]4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,catalpa 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,la41 ,ill41 ,ind41 ,mo41 ,wis41 ,ia41 ,neb41 ,m9n474 ,h>dy ,catalpa 7,ill41 ,ia41 ,kan41 ,mi*474 ,we/]n ,catalpa 7,pa41 ,ohio1 ,kans41 ,neb41 ,ill474 ,cig> ,tree 7,mo41 ,ia474 ,indian ,bean1 ,%awneewood 7,ind474 ,bois ,puant 7,la474 ,locality4 ,c5tral ,mississippi valley1 naturaliz$ 9 _m localities4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to sixty feet or m 9 height1 ?ree to six feet 9 diamet]2 well-=m$ trunks4 ,l>ge1 :ite1 fa9tly mottl$ fl[]1 long pod or bean4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?ick he>twood br[n1 ?9 sapwood light]1 ne>ly :ite1 co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 annual lay]s cle>ly m>k$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,railway ties1 f5ce-po/s1 rails1 adapt$ = cab9et-"w & int]ior f9i%4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #be4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1afj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ijjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,h>di] & bett] =m$ trunks ?an af=d$ by ,c4 catalpa4 ,a rapid gr[]2 spr\ts vigor\sly f /umps4 ,a valuable tree1 promis+ to become bett] kn[n4 ,foliage subject to attack by insects4 p#jib ,,footnote ,john ,p4 ,br[n 7,! ,=e/]1 ,octob]1 #aijj74 ,,catalpa4 ,catalpa ,catalpa 7,l9n47 ,k>/4 ,catalpa bignonioides ,walt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,catalpa 7local & common "n74 ,indian ,cig> ,tree 7,pa474 ,smok+ ,bean 7,r4 ,i474 ,cig> ,tree 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,w4 ,va41 ,mo41 ,ill41 ,wis41 ,ia474 ,indian ,bean 7,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,c41 ,ill474 ,catawba1 ,catawba ,tree 7,del41 ,w4 ,va41 ,ala41 ,fla41 ,kans474 ,bean ,tree 7,n4 ,j41 ,del41 ,pa41 ,va41 ,la41 ,neb474 ,locality4 ,naturaliz$ 9 _m localities ea/ ( ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to fifty feet 9 height1 "o to two or m feet 9 diamet]4 ,trunks n well =m$4 ,a l[1 wide tree1 l>ge he>t-%ap$ leaves1 *>act]i/ic fl[]4 ,long sl5d] pod or bean4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?ick he>twood is light p9k br[n2 ?9 sapwood is ne>ly :ite4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,f5ce-po/s1 railway ties1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bg4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #ifj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hcjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s rapidly4 ,pods rema9 on tree aft] leaves fall4 ,sometimes us$ z cig>s by *ildr54 ,wood is less desirable ?an ,c4 speciosa4 p#jic ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,sassafras 7,sassafras (fic9ale74 ,,sassafras4 ,,mulb]ry4 7,sassafras47 7,morus47 ,! sassafras 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,am]ican trees to be describ$ 9 ,europe1#ec :]e _m fictiti\s prop]ties 7 e>ly cr$it$ to its aromatic ess5ces4 ,! wood is n di/+ui%$ by unusual qualities1 b trees are cut = lumb] z enc\nt]$ ) o!r & m valuable species 9 ! =e/4 ,! mucilag9\s leaves are ( ?ree sep>ate %apes4 ,"s h lobes on bo? sides ( ! c5tral surface1 o!rs h "o lobe at "o side s z to resemble mitt5s1 :ile yet o!rs on ! same bran* h simple oval %apes4 ,! d>k-blue b]ries on bright-r$ /ems are s eag]ly dev\r$ by birds z to be seldom se54 ,! *>act]i/ic flavor is mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! b>k ( ! root4 ,! ,r$1 ,:ite1 & ,black ,mulb]ries are nam$ f ! color ( _! fruits4 ,! =m]1 :i* is ! ,am]ican species1 has wood resembl+ t ( ! sassafras1 only 9 t x is n di/+ui%$ by unusual qualities4 ,its leaves1 l t ( ! sassafras1 are ( sev]al %apes on ! same tree4 ,! v sweet fruit resembles blackb]ries 9 =m4 ,! leaves us$ 9 silkworm-culture are f ! ,russian mulb]ry1 a cross betwe5 ! :ite mulb]ry & black mulb]ry 7,m4 alba & ,m4 nigra74#ed p#jid ,,footnotes ,footnote #ec3 ,mon>des1 a ,spani% writ]1 describ$ ! sassafras ab\t half a c5tury aft] ! l&+ ( ,columbus4 ,footnote #ed3 ,annual ,report ,*ief ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division1 #ahhg2 also ,bullet9s on ,silk1 publi%$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,,sassafras4 ,sassafras (fic9ale ,nees & ,eb]m4 ,sassafras sassafras 7,l9n47 ,k>/4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,sassafras 7local & common "n74 ,saxifrax1 ,sasifrax ,tree 7,fla41 ,t5n474 ,sassafac1 ,sassafrac 7,w4 ,va41 ,del474 ,gumbo file 7,la41 negro74 ,locality4 ,v]mont to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,mi*igan & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to fifty feet 9 height1 "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 sometimes l>g]1 (t5 l[ %rub1 *>act]i/ic odor & leaves4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?ick he>twood1 delicate br[n1 ?9 sapwood yell[i% :ite1 co>se-gra9$1 annual r+s cle>ly m>k$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 brittle1 *ecks 9 dry+1 v durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,slightly aromatic4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,pails1 buckets1 ox-yokes1 f5ce-po/s1 & rails4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ca4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #gcj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,leaves & %oots mucilag9\s4 ,b>k ( root ri* 9 highly aromatic ess5ces4 ,sassafras (t5 =ms ?ickets4 p#jie ,,r$ ,,mulb]ry1 ,,mulb]ry4 ,morus rubra ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,r$ ,mulb]ry1 ,mulb]ry 7local & common "n74 ,black ,mulb]ry 7,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,w4 ,va474 ,virg9ia ,mulb]ry ,tree 7,t5n474 ,muri] ,sauvage 7,la474 ,locality4 ,massa*usetts to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,nebraska & ,texas4 ,be/ 9 l[] ,ohio & ,mississippi ,riv] bas9s4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sixty feet 9 height1 two & "o half to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,sweet edible fruit4 ,d>k br[n brok5 b>k1 smoo? gray bran*es4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?ick he>twood1 light orange yell[1 ?9 sapwood :iti%1 co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 annual lay]s cle>ly m>k$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 v durable 9 contact ) soil1 receives good poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,local %ip-build+1 agricultural implem5ts1 f5c+1 coop]age4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #aa1gjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,an ornam5tal tree4 ,! leaves ( ?is species are n adapt$ to silkworm culture4 p#jif ,,buckeye4 ,,horse ,,*e/nut4 7sculus47 ,! buckeye & horse *e/nut are species ( ! same g5us4 ,! common horse *e/nut 7sculus hippoca/anum7 0 once ?\ght to h be5 a native ( ,asia1 b x is n[ q c]ta9 t x orig9at$ on ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,greece4 ,trees h be5 cultivat$ 9 ,europe = at lea/ ?ree c5turies & are n[ ext5sively gr[n ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! "n buckeye is g5]ally appli$ to su* species z are natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,horse ,*e/nut 7sculus hippoca/anum74 ,! woods resemble "o ano!r 9 t !y are s(t1 /raight-gra9$1 easily work$1 & decay rapidly :5 expos$4 ,!y are employ$ to "s ext5t 9 wood5w>e1 artificial limbs1 & pap]-mak+4 ,! trees may be kn[n by _! r\nd prickly pods1 conta9+ smoo? *e/nut-color$ bitt] nuts4 ,! leaves ( ! buckeye are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( five1 :ile ^? ( ! horse *e/nut are 9 gr\ps ( sev54 ,! horse *e/nut produces %[y spott$ fl[]s4 ,!re are ?irte5 species ( ?is g5us1 eight ( :i* are ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,! "n horse *e/nut may ref] ironically to ! co>se nuts1 or may arise f ! fact t !y are occasionally eat5 by cattle1 or f a horse%oe m>k+ se5 on "y twigs4 ,hippoca/anum is f hippos1 a horse1 & ca/anea1 a *e/nut4 ,! "n buckeye ref]s to ! appe>ance ( ! br[n nut ?r\gh ! pal] husk p>tly sep>at$ :5 ripe1 sugge/+ ! eye ( ! common de]4 p#jig ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,,horse ,,*e/nut 7sculus hippoca/anum74 ,,ohio ,,buckeye1 ,,fetid ,,buckeye4 sculus glabra ,willd4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,buckeye1 ,ohio ,buckeye 7local & common names74 ,fetid ,buckeye 7,w4 ,va474 ,/9k+ ,buckeye 7,ala41 ,ark474 ,am]ican ,horse ,*e/nut 7,pa474 ,locality4 ,ohio ,riv] bas9 to ,alabama1 portions ( ,i[a1 ,kansas1 & ,indian ,t]ritory4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty-five to =ty-five feet 9 height4 ,"o to "o & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,yell[i%-:ite fl[]1 succe$$ by r\nd prickly pod or fruit4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood :ite1 sapwood a little d>k]1 close-gra9$1 frequ5t d>k l9es ( decay4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,weak1 light1 s(t1 h>d to split4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,artificial limbs1 wood5w>e1 pap]-pulp1 r>ely lumb]4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #iaj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gjjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,,footnote ,! ne>ly simil> horse *e/nut 7,a4 hippoca/anum7 is =ty to fifty feet or m 9 height & two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! light1 weak wood is seldom us$4 ,! "n horse may be appli$ to ! co>se nuts ironically1 or may ref] to _! occasional use by cattle1 or a horse%oe m>k+ se5 on "y twigs4 p#jih ,,buckeye1 ,,sweet ,,buckeye4 sculus oct&ra ,m>%4 sculus flava ,ait4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,buckeye 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ala41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,ky474 ,sweet ,buckeye 7,w4 ,va41 ,miss41 ,tex41 ,mo41 ,ind474 ,yell[ ,buckeye 7,s4 ,c41 ,ala474 ,l>ge ,buckeye1 ,big ,buckeye 7,tex41 ,t5n474 ,locality4 ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 ,p5nsylvania to ,georgia1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,i[a & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to sev5ty feet 9 height1 "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 sometimes l[ %rub4 ,l>ge mahogany-color$ se$4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 & ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood1 creamy :ite1 sapwood simil>1 compact /ructure1 close-gra9$1 difficult to split4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,simil> to ^? ( ,ohio ,buckeye 7,a4 glabra74 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bf4fd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 p#jii ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4 ,,sweet ,,gum 7,liquidamb> /yraciflua74 ,,gum4 7,liquidamb>1 ,nyssa47 ,?is "n is appli$ to two unrelat$ ,am]ican trees--! ,sweet or ,r$ ,gum 7,liquidamb> /yraciflua71 a memb] ( ! wit*-hazel family1 & ! ,s\r or ,black ,gum 7,nyssa sylvatica71 :i* is "o ( ! dogwoods4 ,! woods af=d$ by ^! two trees are also di/9ct f "o ano!r1 al?\gh bo? are ref]r$ to by ! "o "n1 gum4 ,! s(t] ,sweet ,gum figures 9 c>p5try4 ,select$ pieces s resemble black walnut z to be cut into v5e]s & made up into furniture4 ,s\r ,gum is h>d]1 x splits ) difficulty1 & is fitt$ = small "w & implem5ts1 su* z wagon-hubs & tool-h&les4 ,bo? woods are close-& (t5 cross-gra9$1 besides be+ /rong1 heavy1 t\gh1 & difficult to season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sweet ,,gum 7,liquidamb> /yraciflua74 ,! ,sweet ,gum tree is *>act]iz$ by r\gh1 r\nd balls1 resembl+ ^? ( ! sycamore1 by po9t$ />-l leaves1 sugge/+ ^? ( ! sug> maple1 & by corky ridges on ! b>k ( y\ng] bran*es4 ,^! latt] cause ! b>k to resemble alligator-sk9 & give rise to ! "n alligator-wood4 ,liquidamb> ref]s to gums excret$ by ! tree & sometimes us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! ,s\r ,gum be>s ovoid blui%-black s\r drupes1 or fruit conta9+ s+le r\gh5$ se$s4 ,! ?ick oval leaves are d>k gre5 above & dull or hairy bel[4 ,! foliage ( bo? species becomes brilliant 9 autumn4 p#ajj ,,sweet ,,gum4 ,liquidamb> /yraciflua ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,sweet ,gum 7local & common "n74 ,liquidamb> 7,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,del41 ,n4 ,j41 ,pa41 ,la41 ,tex41 ,ohio1 ,ill474 ,r$ ,gum 7,va41 ,ala41 ,miss41 ,tex41 ,la474 ,gum1 ,gum ,tree 7,va41 ,s4 ,c41 ,la474 ,alligatorwood1 ,bli/$ 7,n4 ,j474 ,locality4 ,connecticut to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,ill9ois & ,texas1 ,mexico4 ,greate/ developm5t 9 bas9 ( ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,eighty to "o hundr$ feet or m 9 height1 ?ree to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,tall /raight trunk1 corky ridges frequ5t on bran*es4 ,/>-%ap$ leaves turn to brilliant sc>let 9 autumn1 r\nd balls on long /ems4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood ri* br[n sugge/+ black walnut1 sapwood ne>ly :ite1 close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 r s(t1 /rong1 /iff1 n durable :5 expos$1#ee %r9ks & w>ps badly 9 season+1 receives high poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,v5e]s1 cab9et-"w1 sub/itute = black walnut1 %+les1 clapbo>ds1 pav+-blocks1 wood5 plates4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cg 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ef #cf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1gjj1jjj 7av]age ( #aah te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ef #a1bbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #iejj 7av]age ( #aah te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ef #ibjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,wood sometimes comm]cially kn[n z sat9 walnut & sometimes z />-leav$ gum4 ,l>ge specim5s (t5 h holl[ butts4 p#aja ,,footnotes ,footnote #ee3 ,e4 ,c4 ,woodw>d1 ,c4 ,e4 ,division ,eng9e] ,texas ,pacific ,ry4 reports gum ties good aft] #e ye>s' s]vice4 ,!y hold spikes well4 ,footnote #ef3 ,see page #f4 ,,s\r ,,gum1 ,,black ,,gum1 ,,tupelo4 ,nyssa sylvatica ,m>%4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,s\r ,gum1 ,black ,gum1 ,tupelo 7local & common names74 ,pepp]idge 7,vt41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,n4 ,j41 ,s4 ,c41 ,t5n41 ,mi*41 ,ohio1 ,ont>io74 ,wild ,pe> ,tree1 ,yell[ ,gum ,tree 7,t5n474 ,gum 7,md474 ,/9kwood 7,w4 ,va474 ,tupelo ,gum 7,fla474 ,locality4 ,ma9e to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,mi*igan & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty-five to "o hundr$ feet high1 "o & six in*es to occasionally f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,ovoid1 blui%-black1 s\r fruit1 ) se$4 ,horizontal bran*es1 %ort spur-l lat]al bran*lets4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n or yell[1 (t5 ne>ly :ite1 sapwood h>dly di/+ui%able1 f9e gra94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 n h>d1 fibres int]lac$1 !re=e h>d to "w1 /rong1 t\gh1 *ecks unless c>efully season$1 n durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,wagon-hubs1 roll]s1 ox-yokes1 b[ls1 & wood5w>e4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ci4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1afj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1hjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,limit$ usefulness because difficult to "w4 ,l>g] specim5 9 ,s\?4 ,l>ge trees (t5 holl[ at butts & sometimes high]4 p#ajb ,,cotton ,,gum1 ,,tupelo ,,gum1 ,,l>ge ,,tupelo4 ,nyssa aquatica ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cotton ,gum1 ,tupelo ,gum1 ,l>ge ,tupelo 7local & common names74 ,s\r ,gum 7,ark41 ,mo474 ,tupelo1 ,swamp ,tupelo 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,la474 ,olivetree1 ,wild ,olivetree 7,miss41 ,la474 ,locality4 ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky1 s\?w>d4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to eighty feet high1 two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,blue oblong fruit "o in* or m 9 l5g?4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 (t5 ne>ly :ite1 sapwood ne>ly ! same4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 n /rong1 s(t1 compact1 difficult to "w4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,turn]y1 wood5w>e1 roots us$ z net-floats in/ead ( corks4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #gcj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #icjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,butts ( l>ge trees are usually holl[4 ,p>ts above are usually s\nd4 p#ajc ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4 ,,holly1 ,,boxwood1 ,,lignumvit 7,ilex1 ,buxus1 etc474 ,box ,tree 7,buxus semp]vir5s74 ,holly ,foliage 7,ilex opaca74 ,lignumvit ,foliage 7,g4 sanctum74 ,dogwood ,foliage 7,cornus florida74 ,dogwood ,b>k 7,cornus florida74 ,dogwood ,wood4 ,lignumvit ,wood4 ,,holly4 ,,boxwood4 ,,lignum ,,vit4 7,ilex47 7,buxus1 ,cornus1 etc47 7,guajacum47 ,! woods af=d$ by ^! trees are all dem&$ 9 small & v p]fect pieces to fill ne$s = :i* no o!rs appe> to be p]fectly fitt$4 ,! holly 7,ilex7 gr[s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 :]e ! brilliant ev]gre5 foliage & r$ b]ries h long be5 associat$ ) ! ,*ri/mas season4 ,! "n holly is probably a subv]sion ( ,holy4#eg ,! true boxwood 7,buxus semp]vir5s7 atta9s to "s size 9 ,europe & ,asia1 b rema9s a small %rub 9 ,am]ica1 :]e x is seldom if ev] cut = wood1 b is plac$ z a decoration along ! bord]s ( walks & g>d5s4 ,! wood call$ boxwood 9 ,am]ica is n !re=e d]iv$ f ! box4 ,! ,lignumvits gr[ 9 ,florida1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,holly-wood is not$ = its f9e1 ev5 gra91 b *iefly = its smoo?1 ivory-:ite color1 fitt+ x = ! :ite ( inlaid "w1 = c>v+s & o!r decorations :]e :ite color & f9e qualities are requir$4 ,! pr9cipal ,european s\rce is ! ,ilex aquifolium1 :ile 9 ,am]ica x is ! ,ilex opaca4 ,boxwood is1 z /at$1 ! "n appli$ to sev]al woods1 all not$ = _! f9e compact /ructure1 r5d]+ !m suitable = v f9e c>v+s su* z are requir$ 9 wood-engrav+4 ,! ,ea/]n product z cut f ! true box is s highly priz$ z to be sold by ! p\nd4 ,am]ican boxwood is *iefly d]iv$ f ! ,fl[]+ ,dogwood1 ! ,mexican ,p]simmon1 & ! ,rose ,bay4 ,9 ,au/ralia sev]al species ( ,eucalyptus are said to be us$4 ,lignumvit is not$ = great /r5g? & h>dness4 ,lay]s ( fibres alt]nately cross "o ano!r s t ! wood may be said to crumble r ?an split4 ,x has no sup]ior = implem5ts t mu/ be p#ajd f9e1 true1 & /rong1 su* z ! %eaves ( pulleys & h&les ( tools4 ,! supply is obta9$ f two species 7,guajacum sanctum & ,guajacum (fic9ale74 ,holly may be kn[n by its foliage & b]ries4 ,box 7,buxus7 has small1 smoo?1 ovate1 d>k1 ev]gre5 leaves jo9+ ! /em s z to be opposite "o ano!r4 ,! ,dogwood is kn[n by its fl[]s2 ! ,lignum-vit is a l[ gn>l$ tree4 p#aje ,,footnote ,footnote #eg3 ,! ,g]man "n ,*ri/dorn1 ! ,dani% "n ,*ri/orn1 & ! ,sw$i% "n ,*ri/torn seem to ju/ify ?is conjecture4 7,keel]1 quot+ ,l\don47 ,,holly1 ,,am]ican ,,holly4 ,ilex opaca ,ait4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,holly1 ,am]ican ,holly 7local & common names74 ,:ite ,holly 7,va474 ,locality4 ,massa*usetts to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,indiana & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,occasionally fifty feet 9 height & ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 frequ5tly mu* small]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,nor?4 ,foliage is ev]gre54 ,bright r$ b]ries rema9 until spr+4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood cream-:ite1 d>k5+ or spott+ on exposure4 ,sapwood simil> or light]4 ,v close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,t\gh1 mod]ately h>d & heavy1 easily work$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,inlaid "w1 c>v+s1 scrollwork1 turn]y1 mod]ately = furniture & decoration4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #iaj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #igjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! wood resembles ivory4 p#ajf ,,dogwood1 ,,fl[]+ ,,dogwood4 ,cornus florida ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,dogwood1 ,fl[]+ ,dogwood 7local & common names74 ,boxwood 7,conn41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,miss41 ,mi*41 ,ky41 ,ind41 ,ont474 ,false ,box-dogwood 7,ky474 ,new ,engl& ,boxwood 7,t5n474 ,cornel1 ,fl[]+ ,cornel 7,tex41 ,r4 ,i474 ,locality4 ,new ,engl& to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,m9nesota & ,texas1 ,si]ra ,madra ,m\nta9s1 ,mexico4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty-five to ?irty-five feet 9 height1 "o foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,(t5 l[ %rub1 l>ge :ite fl[]s prec$e foliage1 r$ b]ry 9 fall4 ,r\gh blacki% b>k4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood ri* br[n1 *ang+ to gre5 & r$4 ,sapwood light]1 close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 /rong1 t\gh1 h>d1 receives high poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,wood-c>v+1 engrav+1 be>+s ( ma*9]y1 turn]y4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ej4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1afj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1hjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! ,mexican or ,black ,p]simmon & ! ,great ,laurel 7,rhodod5dron maximum7 af=d sub/itutes4 ,yell[wood 7,s*aeff]ia frutesc5s7 is also kn[n z boxwood4 ,! names ,dogwood & ,poison ,dogwood are (t5 appli$ to ! suma*4 ,cornus signifies horn & ref]s to h>dness ( wood4 p#ajg ,,lignumvit4 ,guajacum sanctum4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,lignumvit 7,fla474 ,ironwood 7,fla474 ,locality4 ,semitropical ,florida1 ,bahamas1 ,san ,dom+o1 ,cuba1 ,pu]to ,rico4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty-five feet high1 "o foot 9 diamet]1 a l[ gn>l$ tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood ri* yell[-br[n 9 y\ng] specim5s & almo/ black 9 old] ones4 ,sapwood light yell[4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v heavy & exce$+ly h>d1 /rong1 h>d to "w1 brittle4 ,lubricat$ by wat]4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%eaves ( %ip-blocks1 roll]s1 pulleys1 tool-h&les4 ,be>+s = j\rnals rotat+ 9 wat]4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ga4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1ajj4 ,rem>ks4 ,two o!r species1 ,guajacum (fic9ale & ,guajacum arborium1 af=d simil> woods n comm]cially di/+ui%$ f ! above4 p#ajh ,,laurel4 7,magnolia1 ,rhodod5dron1 ,arbutus1 etc47 ,! "n ,laurel applies locally or botanically to a numb] ( ,am]ican plants1 sev]al ( :i* atta9 to ! dignity ( trees4 ,! ,big ,laurel or ,magnolia 7,m4 gr&iflora7 is an ornam5tal tree ( ! highe/ rank1 ext5sively plant$ 9 p>ks & g>d5s ( ,am]ican cities z f> nor? z ,wa%+ton1 & also gr[n 9 ,europe4 ,! wood is suitable = int]ior f9i% & is also us$ = fuel4 ,! ,cali=nia ,laurel 7,umbellul>ia cali=nica7 & ! ,madroa or ,madroa ,laurel 7,arbutus m5ziesii7 are ,pacific coa/ species ( beautiful appe>ance1 ! /rong1 heavy1 h>d woods ( :i* are ( economic importance4 ,pr(essor ,s>g5t consid]s#eh t ! =m] is ! mo/ valuable int]ior or cab9et wood produc$ by ! =e/s ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! wood ( ! ,madroa has little or no place 9 con/ruction1 b its *>coal is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,! wood ( ! ,great ,laurel or ,rose ,bay 7,rhodod5dron maximum7 has be5 us$ z boxwood4 ,! gn>l$ roots ( ! ,m\nta9 ,laurel or calico bu% 7,kalmia latifolia7 are us$ = ru/ic hang+-baskets1 seats1 & ! l4 ,all ( ! k9ds "h not$ h ev]gre5 foliage4 p#aji ,,footnote ,footnote #eh3 ,page #fi1 ,catalogue ,jesup ,collection1 ,s>g5t4 ,,cali=nia ,,laurel1 ,,m\nta9 ,,laurel4 ,umbellul>ia cali=nica ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cali=nia ,laurel1 ,m\nta9 ,laurel 7,cal41 ,nev474 ,cali=nia ,bay ,tree1 ,spice ,tree 7,cal41 ,nev41 ,oreg474 ,laurel1 ,bay-tree1 ,oreodaphne 7,cal474 ,myrtle-tree1 ,cajeput1 ,cali=nia ,olive 7,oreg474 ,cali=nian ,sassafras4 ,locality4 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 ?ree to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,ev]gre5 foliage1 beautiful appe>ance4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light ri* br[n1 sapwood light] br[n4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 receives beautiful poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%ip-build+1 cab9et-"w1 cleats1 cros/rees4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1eaj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a valuable ,pacific coa/ cab9et wood4 p#aaj ,,madro,a1 ,,madro,a ,,laurel4 ,arbutus m5ziesii ,pur%4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,madroa1 ,madroa ,laurel 7,cal41 ,oreg474 ,laurel1 ,laurelwood1 ,madrone4 ,madrone-tree1 ,manzanita 7,oreg41 ,cal474 ,madrove 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,pacific coa/ f ,briti% ,columbia to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sev5ty-five feet 9 height1 occasionally high]4 ,two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,/raight well-=m$ trunk4 ,ev]gre5 foliage4 ,a %rub 9 ! ,s\?4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?ick he>twood r$di%1 ?9 sapwood slightly p9k4 ,close-gra9$2 num]\s & conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 *ecks badly 9 season+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,l>gely = gunp[d]1 *>coal1 also furniture4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1aij1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a beautiful ornam5tal tree4 p#aaa ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4 ,,p]simmon1 ,,osage ,,orange1 ,,*]ry 7,diospyros71 7,maclura71 7,prunus74 ,osage ,orange ,trunk 7,m4 aurantiaca74 ,wild ,black ,*]ry ,trunk 7,p4 scrot9a74 ,*]ry ,wood4 ,osage ,orange ,wood4 ,p]simmon ,wood4 ,,p]simmon4 ,,osage ,,orange4 ,,*]ry4 7,diospyros47 7,maclura47 7,prunus47 ,! ,p]simmon 7,diospyros virg9iana7 gr[s 9 _m ( ! c5tral & s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & af=ds a h>d1 t\gh wood1 resembl+ f9e-gra9 hickory1 t is us$ = implem5ts & o!r small "w4 ,! plum-l fruit is rem>kably a/r+5t :5 gre51 b is sweet1 ri*1 & palatable :5 ripe4 ,! p]simmon is a memb] ( ! ebony family 7,eb5ace71 & ! extremely close-gra9$ he>twood is almo/ black4 ,! ebony ( comm]ce is d]iv$ f tropical species ( ?is g5us4 ,! ,osage ,orange or ,bois ,d',arc 7,maclura aurantiaca7 is f\nd 9 ! ,gulf & neighbor+ ,/ates1 & has be5 cultivat$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! wood is unusually h>d & /rong1 & is ( a yell[ color1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d>k5s ) age4 ,x is 9 _m ways a unique & s]viceable product1 widely utiliz$ locally 9 ! ,s\?1 b almo/ unkn[n 9 ! ,nor?1 & n[h]e suffici5tly appreciat$4 ,! aborig9es made b[s & arr[s ( x1 :5ce ! "n ,bois ,d',arc4 ,! tree af=ds a useless fruit some:at resembl+ ! common orange 9 appe>ance4 ,! widely di/ribut$ ,wild ,*]ry or ,wild ,black ,*]ry 7,prunus s]ot9a7 supplies ! *]ry wood ( comm]ce4 ,?is wood is /rong1 h>d1 f9e-gra9$1 r$-color$1 & "o ( ! mo/ popul> decorative woods ( ! ,am]ican =e/s4 ,sweet or ,*]ry ,bir* 7,betula l5ta7 is (t5 /a9$ s z to imitate x1 :ile x ( itself is /a9$ s z to resemble mahogany4 ,! wood ( ! cultivat$ *]ry is n us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! wild *]ry be>s purpli%-black fruit some:at l>g] ?an peas1 sweetly bitt] :5 ripe4 ,! b>k is also bitt]4 ,x %\ld be not$ ( ^! woods t ! ?9 he>t ( ! p]simmon is black1 t ( ! ,bois d',arc is yell[1 & t ( ! *]ry is r$4 ,ea* receives a high poli%4 p#aab ,,p]simmon4 ,diospyros virg9iana ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,p]simmon 7local & common "n74 ,date ,plum 7,n4 ,j41 ,t5n474 ,simmon1 ,possumwood 7,fla474 ,plaquem9i] 7,la474 ,locality4 ,connecticut to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,miss\ri & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,occasionally sev5ty feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,s(t plum-l fruit1 a/r+5t :5 gre51 sweet :5 ripe4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k-br[n or black1 sapwood light-br[n1 (t5 ) d>k] spots4 ,v ?9 he>twood4 ,v close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,m$ull>y rays conspicu\s4 ,resembles hickory4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,plane-/ocks1 %oe-la/s1 etc4 ,priz$ = %uttles4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #di4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1aaj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! a/r+5cy ( unripe fruit is due to tannic acid4 ,! dri$ & roa/$ se$s h be5 us$ = c(fee4#ei ,he>twood is n greatly develop$ 9 trees "u "o hundr$ ye>s ( age4 p#aac ,,footnote ,footnote #ei3 ,u4 ,s4 ,disp5satory4 ,,osage ,,orange4 ,maclura aurantiaca ,nutt4 ,toxylon pomif]um ,raf4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,osage ,orange 7local & common "n74 ,bois ,d',arc 7,la41 ,tex41 ,mo474 ,bod>k1 ,bodock 7,kans474 ,yell[-wood1 ,osage ,apple ,tree 7,t5n474 ,h$ge1 ,h$ge-plant1 ,osage 7,ill41 ,ia41 ,neb474 ,mock ,orange 7,la474 ,b[-wood 7,ala474 ,locality4 ,s\!rn ,arkansas1 ,indian ,t]ritory1 & ,texas4 ,cultivat$ else:]e1 z 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,mi*igan4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty to fifty feet 9 height1 r>ely beyond "o & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,fruit resembles orange4 ,long ?orns4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood bright orange1 turns br[n on exposure4 ,sapwood light yell[1 close-gra9$1 annual r+s cle>ly m>k$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 v /rong1 flexible1 durable 9 contact ) soil4 ,receives beautiful poli%4 ,%r9ks 9 season+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,f5ce-po/s1 piles1 telegraph poles1 railway ties1 pav+-blocks1 occasionally indoor decoration4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #af1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,indians us$ wood = b[s1 ?us ! "n ,bois ,d',arc1 corrupt$ into ,b[ ,d>k or ,bod>k4 ,a valuable wood n en\gh appreciat$4 ,(t5 plant$ z h$ges4 ,! fruit is useless4 p#aad ,illu/ration3 ,,osage ,,orange4 ,,wild ,,black ,,*]ry1 ,,wild ,,*]ry4 ,prunus s]ot9a ,ehrh4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,wild ,black ,*]ry1 ,wild ,*]ry 7local & common names74 ,black ,*]ry 7,me41 ,n4 ,h41 ,vt41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,miss41 ,ky41 ,mi*41 ,wis41 ,ind41 ,neb474 ,rum ,*]ry 7,n4 ,h41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,miss41 ,neb474 ,:iskey ,*]ry 7,m9n474 ,*oke ,*]ry 7,mo41 ,wis41 ,ia474 ,locality4 ,ea/]n to ,c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to eighty feet 9 height4 ,two to ?ree or m feet 9 diamet]4 ,bitt] b>k1 pea-siz$ fruit4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% br[n1 sapwood yell[1 f9e /raight gra91 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 h>d1 /rong1 easily work$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,cab9et-"w1 int]ior f9i%4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1gjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,! bitt] b>k conta9s m$ic9al prop]ties valu$ 9 bron*itis & o!r tr\bles4 ,! fruit1 agreeable :5 ripe1 is also us$ 9 m$ic9es & cordials4 p#aae ,illu/ration3 ,,wild ,,black ,,*]ry 7,prunus s]ot9a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd4 ,,teak ,,& ,,gre5he>t 7,tectona1 ,nect&ra1 etc474 ,gre5he>t 7,nect&ra rodiali74 ,teak 7,tectona gr&is74 ,teak ,tree4 ,teakwood4 ,lignumvit ,wood4 ,,teak4 ,,gre5he>t4 7,tectona47 7,nect&ra47 ,!re are two ,teaks2 ! pr9cipal "o 7,tectona gr&is71 a native ( ,asia1 has be5 call$ ! ,oak ( ! ,indian =e/s1 ! o!r 7,oldfieldia africana7 is an ,african tree4#fj ,! ,gre5he>t 7,nect&ra rodiali7 is ( ! laurel family & gr[s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! woods1 al?\gh =eign1 are ( su* nature z to h widely e/abli%$ reputations1 & ea* has at "s "t be5 us$ 9 con/ruction4 ,teak sugge/s oak1 save t x is light] & has a m uni=m /ructure4 ,x is v durable1 & an oily secretion repels insects & pres]ves iron fa/5+s4 ,dur+ ! supremacy ( wood5 vessels x 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! be/ %ip-build+ woods 9 exi/5ce4 ,! gra9 fits x = c>v+s1 & x is n[ kn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica *iefly because ( ?is fact4 ,indian teak is ! wood usually ref]r$ to4 ,gre5he>t 0 e>ly plac$ among ! fir/ class ( %ip-build+ woods by ,lloyd's ,regi/]1 & is yet tak5 to ,europe to "s ext5t = dock-& %ip-build+ & = implem5ts1 b is seldom f\nd & b little kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is /rong1 h>d1 durable1 & extremely heavy1 ! latt] quality be+ s pron\nc$ z to limit its field ( usefulness4 p#aaf ,,footnote ,footnote #fj3 ,x 0 long suppos$ t ,african teak 0 suppli$ by ! species ,swiet5ia s5egal5sis4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! s\rce is ,oldfieldia africana1 ( ! family ,euphorbiace4 ,x is n impossible t wood pass+ z teak may be d]iv$ f yet o!r species4 ,,teak4 ,tectona gr&is4 ,nom5clature4 ,teak4 ,indian ,oak4 ,teek4 ,sagwan4 ,locality4 ,india1 ,burma1 ,siam1 ,ceylon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,eighty to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 sometimes l>g]4 ,/raight trunk1 l>ge droop+ decidu\s leaves4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,v>iable1 br[ni%-yell[1 /raight1 ev5-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,mod]ately h>d1 /rong1 easily work$1 /&s well1 oily1 fragrant1 resi/s t]mites1 pres]ves iron4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,furniture1 %ip-build+1 timb]s1 back+ = armor-plates4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ej 7,laslett74 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cch1jjj 7,lazlett74 #b1ajj1jjj 7,?ur/on74 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ae1jjj 7,?ur/on74 ,rem>ks4 ,! oil is ?\ght to pres]ve iron & repel t]mites4 ,burma1 ,malab>1 ,rangoon1 & o!r teaks take names f di/ricts produc+ !m4 ,! di/9ct ,african teak 7,oldfieldia africana7 af=ds wood sometimes m>ket$ z ,african mahogany & sometimes z ,african oak4 7,=e/ry me?ods1 see ,burma ,teak ,=e/s1 ,sir ,dietri* ,br&is1 ,g>d5 & ,=e/1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,=e/ry & ,irrigation1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #aci47 p#aag ,,gre5he>t4 ,nect&ra rodiali4 ,nom5clature4 ,gre5he>t 7local & common "n74 ,locality4 ,briti% ,guiana & adjac5t portions ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty-five to sometimes sev5ty feet 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,a /raight tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood d>k gre5 to *e/nut or ne>ly black1 sapwood simil>4 ,clean1 /raight1 compact /ructure1 free f knots4 ,num]\s pores1 annual lay]s h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,exceptionally heavy1 /rong1 & durable1 t\gh1 h>d1 ela/ic1 receives high poli%1 breaks sudd5ly4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%ip-keels1 frames1 roll]s1 turn]y1 also beams1 planks1 & piles 7,europe74 ,9 ,am]ica tops ( fi%+-rods & v occasionally v5e]s4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #gb 7,lazlett74 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1jij1jjj 7,lazlett74 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1jjj 7,?ur/on74 ,rem>ks4 ,excessive weight unfits x = _m purposes4 ,plac$ 9 fir/ class ( %ip-build+ woods by ,lloyd's ,regi/]4 ,=m]ly suppos$ to repel t]$o4 ,g5]ally export$ ?r\gh ,dem]>a to ,engl&4 p#aah ,,mahogany4 7,swiet5ia1 ,khaya1 ,soymida1 ,c$rela1 etc47 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal mahogany trees3 ! ,c5tral ,am]ican or true mahogany 7,swiet5ia mahogani71 ! ,african mahogany 7,khaya s5egal5sis71 & ! ,indian mahogany 7,soymida febrifuga74 ,!re are also m9or species call$ mahoganies4#fa ,am]ican mahogany 0 orig9ally divid$ by deal]s into ,spani% & ,honduras wood1 ! =m] f ! !n ,spani%-,am]ican possessions4 ,a consid]able supply n[ comes f ,mexico1 tak+ "n f port ( %ipm5t2 z1 ,front]a1 ,laguna1 ,santa ,ana1 ,tecolutla1 ,m9atitlan1 & ,tonala1 desirability be+ mu* 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! ,african field is ! late/ & probably mo/ important1 v l>ge quantities ( its wood be+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,engli% m>kets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be4 ,,mahogany 7,swiet5ia mahagoni74 ,two ,specim5s ( ,wood4 ,mahogany1 plac$ among ! second class ( %ip-build+ woods by ,lloyd's ,regi/]1 0 once us$ to "s ext5t 9 place ( oak 9 naval ar*itecture1 b is n[ s greatly valu$ = decoration z to be employ$ = little else1 save occasionally ! hulls ( small pleasure craft4 ,! decorative value is due to a comb9ation ( beauty1 work+ qualities1 & durability4 ,beauty is influ5c$ by bo? gra9 & w>m r$ color4 ,! latt] is g5]ally light1 & al?\gh x subsequ5tly d>k5s1 9 mo/ cases1 to a *>act]i/ic & ri* r$di%-br[n1 is usually induc$ imm$iately by /a9s4 ,! gra9 is n only beautiful ( itself1 b is su* z to receive ^? /a9s & f9i%+ processes ?us dem&$4 ,diff]5t localities produce woods v>y+ 9 t9t & gra94 ,individual p#aai trees also diff] 9 desirability4 ,no two are alike4 ,beautiful gra9 effects are (t5 obta9$ 9 crot*es or junctions betwe5 trunk & bran*1 & su* pieces br+ high prices4 ,mahogany is g5]ally us$ z a v5e]4 ,lay]s are glu$ ei!r to "s c5tral piece or core or else to "o ano!r4 ,! lay]s are arrang$ s z to cross "o ano!r's gra91 & results are usually ?\ght to be m desirable ?an ^? obta9$ f solid wood4 ,few woods glue bett]1 & few %r9k or di/ort less :5 9 place4 ,spani% ,c$> 7,c$rela odorata7 is a broadleaf wood1 & n a conif] z is usually suppos$4 ,x is ne>ly relat$ to1 & usually f\nd & cut )1 true mahogany4 ,l9dley#fb divides ,c$relec into two sub-ord]s3 ,swiet5i1 includ+ ! true mahoganies1 & ,c$rel1 ) n9e g5]a & tw5ty-five species di/ribut$ ov] tropical ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,prima v]a or :ite mahogany belongs to ,bignoniace1 :i* also includes ! catalpas4 p#abj ,,footnotes ,footnote #fa3 ,mahogany & m\nta9 mahogany are names appli$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,rhus integrifolia1 a native ( ,l[] ,cali=nia & ! coa/ isl&s1 & to ! foll[+ species ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region 7,idaho to ,arizona73 ,c]coc>pus l$ifolius1 ,us$ = fuel4 ,c]coc>pus p>vifolius1 ,us$ = fuel4 ,c]coc>pus breviflorus1 ,heavy1 h>d1 n common4 ,footnote #fb3 ,john ,l9dley1 ,treasury ( ,botany1 p4 #bdc1 ,"p ,i2 also see ,gif=d1 ,=e/ry & ,irrigation1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #agd2 also ,correspond5ce ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,e4 ,uptegrove ,bro!r1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,mahogany4 ,swiet5ia mahogani ,jacq4 ,nom5clature4 ,mahogany 7local & common "n74 ,spani% ,mahogany 7,cuba1 ,san ,dom+o1 ,we/ ,indies74 ,mexican ,mahogany 7,front]a1 ,laguna1 ,santa ,anna1 & o!r ,mexican ports74 ,honduras ,mahogany 7,honduras74 ,baywood1 ,madeira1 ,r$wood4 ,locality4 ,florida ,keys1 ,bahamas1 ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,p]u4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,florida specim5s =ty-five feet 9 height & two or m feet 9 diamet]4 ,=eign trees l>g]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,light1 ri* r$di% br[n4 ,?9 sapwood yell[4 ,smoo?1 f9e uni=m texture1 inconspicu\s r+s1 conspicu\s pores1 sometimes fill$ ) :ite sub/ance4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,/rong1 brittle1 durable1 holds glue1 takes /a9s & high poli%1 small di/ortion 9 season+1 /&s well4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,cab9et-"w1 v5e]s2 =m]ly %ip-build+4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #de4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1eaj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ad1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,desirability v>ies ) locality4 ,spani% mahogany ranks fir/1 & h>d] ,mexican woods next4 ,mahogany is usually /a9$4 ,african mahogany is n[ successfully rival+ ! ,am]ican product4 p#aba ,,:ite ,,mahogany4 ,prima v]a4 ,tabeuia ,donnell-,smi?ii 7,rose74 ,nom5clature4 ,:ite ,mahogany1 ,prima v]a 7local & common names74 ,locality4 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sev5ty-five feet 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,tall1 sl5d]1 a beautiful tree4 ,num]\s gold5-yell[ fl[]s prec$e ! leaves4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,cream-:ite4 ,beautiful1 f9e gra91 resembles mahogany4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,works & /&s well4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,cab9et-"w1 f9e furniture1 v5e]s4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,_m twelve-foot logs import$ ?r\gh ,san ,francisco & we/4 ,high]-pric$ ?an ,r$ ,mahogany4 ,nam$ aft] discov]]4 ,! wood ( ! ,butt]nut or ,:ite ,walnut is sometimes sold z ,:ite ,mahogany4 ,,footnote ,see ,botanical ,gazette1 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 #ahib1 p4 #dah2 ,contribution ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,h]b>ium1 p4 #cdf1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #i1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,botany4 p#abb ,,spani% ,,c$>1 ,,mexican ,,c$>4 ,c$rela odorata ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 ,spani% ,c$>1 ,mexican ,c$>1 ,cuban ,c$> 7local & common names74 ,locality4 ,mexico1 ,cuba1 ,we/ ,indies4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to eighty feet 9 height1 two to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,pale-yell[ fl[]s4 ,pods resemble pecan-nuts4 ,tree sugge/s ,engli% walnut 7,j4 regia74 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,br[ni% r$1 /raight1 ev51 compact gra94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 fragrant1 por\s1 durable4 ,resembles c$> woods d]iv$ f conif]\s trees 7page #afg72 also resembles mahogany4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,cig>-boxes1 boats1 f9e cab9et-"w4 ,may be us$ 9 place ( mahogany4 ,! figur$ ,au/ralian ,r$ ,c$> 7,c4 au/ralis7 is locally us$ = furniture1 jo9]y1 c>riages1 ceil+s1 door-frames1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,us$ = cig>-boxes1 because its por\s /ructure assi/s cig>s to season1 & its odor improves _! flavor4 ,! ,cuban supply is practically exhau/$4 ,mexico is n[ ! *ief ,am]ican s\rce4 ,trees gr[ rapidly4 p#abc ,,footnotes ,! ,toon ,c$> 7,c$rela toona ,roxburgh7 ( ! ,ori5t is ! same z ! ,r$ ,c$> 7,c$rela au/ralis ,f4 v4 ,m47 ( ,au/ralia4 ,! ,c$> 7,c$rela odorata ,blanco7 is ?\ght to be di/9ct ,philipp9e species4 ,=e/ry & ,irrigation1 p4 #agc1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #d2 ,writ+s ,dr4 ,gif=d2 ,correspond5ce ,wm4 ,e4 ,uptegrove ,bro!r1 & o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf4 ,,eucalyptus 7,eucalyptus74 ,blue ,gum ,tree 7,e4 globulus7 ,cali=nia4 ,blue ,gum ,b>k 7,e4 globulus7 ,cali=nia4 ,j>rah ,trunk1 7,e4 m>g9ata7 ,au/ralia4 ,j>rah ,wood 7,e4 m>g9ata74 ,k>ri ,wood 7,e4 div]sicolor74 ,,eucalyptus4 7,eucalyptus47 ,^! trees1 locally kn[n z ,/r+y-b>ks1 ,iron-b>ks1 & ,gum-trees1 are natives ( ,au/ralia & ! neighbor+ isl&s4 ,"s ( ! ne>ly f\r hundr$ species h be5 widely transplant$1 al?\gh none h ?us f> succe$$ 9 ?is c\ntry outside ( ,florida & ,cali=nia4#fc ,! ,blue ,gum 7,e4 globulus7 is ! species commonly ref]r$ to :5 ,eucalyptus is m5tion$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,eucalypts are not$ = _! great size1 rapid gr[?1 t\gh1 durable wood1 & alleg$ effect ^u heal?4 ,size is illu/rat$ by ! species ,eucalyptus amygdal9a1 specim5s ( :i* h rea*$ a height ( f\r hundr$ & eighty feet & are ?us ! talle/1 al?\gh n ! l>ge/1 trees kn[n to man4 ,gr[? is %[n by specim5s ( ! ,eucalyptus gunnii1 :i* h gr[n 9 excess ( two feet a mon? dur+ ! fir/ ye>4#fd ,! work+ qualities ( ,j>rah1 ,k>ri1 & ,tu>t woods 7,e4 m>g9ata1 ,e4 div]sicolor1 & ,e4 gomphocephala7 are su* z to cause !m to take high rank 9 local con/ruction4 ,! fir/ two h be5 pref]r$ beyond all o!r species = pav+ ! /reets ( ,london & ( ,p>is4 ,"s improvem5t 9 heal? is said to h foll[$ ! introduction ( ! ,blue ,gum 7,eucalyptus globulus7 9 mal>ial di/ricts1 su* z ^? ar\nd ,rome4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ^! results are due to ! pres5ce ( ess5ces 9 ! foliage1 al?\gh m$ic9al prop]ties are ascrib$ to !m & !y are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( li/]9e & simil> comp\nds1 or p#abd :e!r !y are due to ! fact t ! leaves evaporate unusual quantities ( wat] drawn by ! roots f ! soil4#fe ,! trees are *>act]iz$ by lea!ry ev]gre5 foliage ( _m %ades1 su* z blue1 gray1 & gre54 ,! leaves ( "y & old trees diff] widely 9 "s species4 ,^? ( "y blue gums are bright blue1 oval1 & /alkless1 :ile leaves ( old] trees h /ems1 are d>k gre5 & sickle-%ap$4 ,! *>act]i/ic odor is ! only po9t 9 common betwe5 ! foliage ( ! old & "y ( ?is species4 ,!re are1 z /at$1 ne>ly f\r hundr$ species4 p#abe ,,footnotes ,footnote #fc3 ,fir/ introduc$ 9 #ahef2 #a1jjj1jjj specim5s ?\ght to be 9 ,cali=nia1 #ahgd4 ,a4 ,k9ney1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #fd3 ,eucalyptus globulus is said to h gr[n 9 ,cali=nia at ! rate ( two feet a mon? dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,works ( ,b>on von ,mll]2 ,report ,j4 ,ednie-,br[n1 ,=e/ ,commission]1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia2 ,correspond5ce ,m4 ,francis ,*apman1 ,esq41 ,london2 ,! ,=e/]1 ,jan4 #aijj2 ,abbot ,k9ney1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #fe3 ,! writ] has se5 long r[s ( ,cali=nia blue gums cut d[n because !y dri$ ! soil4 ,! g5]al =m ( a blue gum tree sugge/s t ( l>ge black ,locu/4 ,mc,clatchie1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #ce4 ,,j>rah4 ,eucalyptus m>g9ata4 ,nom5clature4 ,j>rah 7local & common "n74 ,mahogany ,gum 7,au/ralia74 ,locality4 ,we/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ or m feet 9 height1 two to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,fifty or m feet to l[e/ bran*4 ,dull1 sombre appe>ance4 ,bran*es conc5trat$ at top4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,r$di%1 resembles mahogany1 also ,kauri wood4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 non-absorb5t1 some:at oily1 durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 receives good poli%4 ,*>act]i/ic odor1 we>s ?9 ev5ly1 n easily inflammable4 ,said to repel t]$o & t]mite4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,m>9e "w1 expos$ positions1 %ip-build+1 bridge timb]s1 /reet-pav+ 7,london & ,p>is74 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #fe 7,ednie-,br[n74#ff ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jhj1jjj 7,ednie-,br[n74#ff ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hijj 7,ednie-,br[n74#ff ,rem>ks4 ,*ief timb] tree ( s\?we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,pref]r$ by ,au/ralian %ip-build]s4 ,(t5 confus$ ) ,k>ri4#fg ,specim5 =ty ye>s old two feet 9 diamet]4 ,mll] calls x ! lea/ inflammable ( woods4 ,m>g9ata ref]s to ?ick-edg$ leaves4 p#abf ,,footnotes ,footnote #ff3 ,report ,=e/s ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 #ahif4 ,footnote #fg3 ,! ,melb\rne ,argus1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahib1 /ates t ! woods may be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! a%es ( ,j>rah are :ite & ^? ( ,k>ri black4 ,specim5s ( ,j>rah wood se5 by ! writ] 7 d>k1 sugge/+ black walnut1 ^? ( ,k>ri 7 r$1 resembl+ mahogany4 ,,k>ri4 ,eucalyptus div]sicolor4 ,nom5clature4 ,k>ri 7_m localities74 ,:ite ,gum 7,au/ralia74 ,locality4 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,two to ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 f\r to eighte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,a /raight graceful tree1 l[] bran*es (t5 "o hundr$ & fifty feet f gr\nd4 ,smoo? yell[ :ite b>k4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,r$di% br[n1 fibres int]lac$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 t\gh & ela/ic1 non-absorb5t1 durable1 difficult to "w1 we>s ev5ly1 *>act]i/ic odor4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,con/ruction1 railway ties1 piles1 m>9e "w1 pavem5ts 7,london & ,p>is74 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #fc 7,ednie-,br[n74#fh ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1hij1jjj 7,ednie-,br[n74#fh ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hjjj 7,ednie-,br[n74#fh ,rem>ks4 ,once nam$ ,eucalyptus colossea because ( great size4 ,ri* 9 ess5tial oils4 ,gr[s rapidly1 "o specim5 ?irty-five ye>s old1 hav+ rea*$ a height ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-five feet4 ,di/9ct f ,kauri ,p9e 7,d4 au/ralis7 ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,div]sicolor ref]s to leaves ! upp] & l[] sides ( :i* diff] 9 color4 p#abg ,,footnote ,footnote #fh3 ,report ,=e/s ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 #ahif4 ,,tu>t4 ,eucalyptus gomphocephala4 ,nom5clature4 ,tu>t 7local & common "n74 ,tew>t 7,au/ralia74 ,too>t 7,au/ralia74 ,:ite ,gum 7,au/ralia74 ,locality4 ,au/ralia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 f\r to six feet 9 diamet]4 ,l[] bran*es =ty or m feet f gr\nd4 ,bright1 *e]ful appe>ance1 /raight trunk1 gray-:ite b>k4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light yell[1 compact appe>ance1 fibres int]lac$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 t\gh1 rigid1 durable1 seasons well4 ,difficult to split or "w4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,keels1 buff]s1 /]n-po/s1 frames1 :eel-hubs1 %afts4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #fg 7,ednie-,br[n74#fi ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1cjj1jjj 7,ednie-,br[n74#fi ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #icjj 7,ednie-,br[n74#fi ,rem>ks4 ,highly priz$ locally4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ ( woods4 ,gomphocephala ref]s to peculi>ities 9 lid ( calyx-tube4 p#abh ,,footnote ,footnote #fi3 ,report on ,=e/s ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 #ahif4 ,,blue ,,gum1 ,,fev] ,,tree4 ,eucalyptus globulus4 ,nom5clature4 ,blue ,gum 7local & common "n74 ,fev] ,tree 7,au/ralia74 ,balluck 7,au/ralia74 ,locality4 ,native ( ,au/ralia acclimat$ 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia & else:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,two hundr$ to sometimes ?ree hundr$ or m feet 9 height4 ,?ree to six feet 9 diamet]4 ,loose1 %aggy1 exfoliat+ b>k4#gj ,leaves sometimes twelve in*es 9 l5g?4 ,color v>ies ) age4 ,*>act]i/ic odor4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,/raw color4 ,sapwood light]4 ,indi/9ct annual r+s4 ,fibres int]lac$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 durable1 difficult to split4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,roll]s1 pav+-blocks1 %ip-build+1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #dc to #fi 7,muell]74 #eg to #fi 7,lazlett74 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,! ,eucalyptus ( ,cali=nia4 ,! species plant$ 9 mal>ial di/ricts4 ,sanit>y p[]s due to evaporation f l>ge leaves or pres5ce ( ess5tial oils1 :i* are ?\ght to h m$ic9al qualities4 ,gr[s v rapidly4 p#abi ,,footnote ,footnote #gj3 ,! b>k is v>iable4 ,"s trees ( ne>ly #a foot diamet] h smoo? gre5 b>k resembl+ t on "y will[ sapl+s2 mo/ o!rs h ! %aggy b>k1 :ile f "s ?is has dropp$ away1 expos+ a smoo? grayi% int]ior sugge/+ t ( ! sycamore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg4 ,,p9e 7,p9us74 ,:ite ,p9e ,foliage 7,p4 /robus74 ,h>d ,p9e ,trunk 7,p4 palu/ris74 7,photograph by ,edw>d ,j4 ,davison47 ,:ite ,p9e ,tree 7,p4 /robus74 7,c\rtesy ,n4 ,c4 ,geol4 ,survey47 ,h>d ,p9e ,wood 7,p4 palu/ris74 ,s(t or ,sug> ,p9e ,wood 7,p4 lamb]tiana74 ,,ne$leleaf ,,woods4 ,! trees af=d+ ^! woods cov] l>ge areas 9 ! natural =e/s ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,!y exi/1 b to an unimportant ext5t1 9 ! ,s\?4 ,c$>1 l>*1 & cypress figure 9 anci5t hi/ory1 b woods g5]ally 7 n employ$ until rec5t times4#ga ,p9e1 spruce1 hemlock1 & o!r s-call$ s(t woods are ( ?is gr\p4 ,ne$le-leav$ woods are *>act]iz$ by uni=m fibre-conditions1 pres5ce ( res9s1 & light] weights4 ,! v]tical /ructure consi/s ( simple1 simil>1 elongat$ tubes or cells1 tap]+ & f9ally clos+ at _! ends1 kn[n z tra*eids4 ,^! are arrang$ ) m or less regul>ity1 & woods are correspond+ly easy to "w4 ,pi?-rays are sc>cely visible1 & sections d n %[ pores4 ,cavities kn[n z res9-ducts1 & :i* are n real vessels b r simple int]cellul> spaces1 secrete res9s s important 9 mak+ ^! woods durable & ela/ic4 ,trees af=d l>ge1 /raight pieces4 ,woods are us$ 9 c>p5try & heavy con/ructions4 ,! total requirem5t greatly exce$s t = h>d woods4 ,! res9\s1 usually ev]gre51 leaves & ! cones are suffici5t to id5tify ^! trees4 ,ne$leleaf1 s(twood1 conif]1 & ev]gre5 trees are ! same4 p#acj ,,footnote ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,oak1 pages #aa et seq4 ,! woods h always be5 important 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,p9e4 7,p9us47 ,^! trees 7 n reg>d$ s]i\sly until ab\t ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,_! woods are n[ ! pr9cipal ones 9 c>p5try & con/ruction1 & are m us$ ?an any o!rs4 ,!y are to ! s(t woods :at ! oaks are to ! h>d woods1 & !y /& at pres5t ) ref]5ce to all woods mu* z iron does to all metals4 ,p9e is priz$ because ( a comb9ation ( /r5g?1 ela/icity1 light weight1 work+ qualities1 & availability1 su* z fits x = ^? con/ructions requir+ ! l>ge/ quantities ( wood4 ,! p9es h smoo?1 /raight1 solid trunks1 usually de/itute ( bran*es = _m feet f ! gr\nd4 ,!re are ne$le-%ap$1 m or less cyl9drical1 ev]gre5 leaves f "o to _m in*es 9 l5g?1 ga!r$ 9 clu/]s ( two1 ?ree1 or five1 _! numb] & ! fact t !y are ?us clu/]$ be+ important bases ( classification4 ,!re are also cones ( woody ov]lapp+ scales4 ,!y reproduce ) difficulty1#gb & mature s sl[ly t ultimate survival ( mod]n conditions mu/ probably be z cultivat$ trees4 ,?irty-n9e ( ! sev5ty kn[n species ( p9e are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! ) _! woods are sep>at$ into two gr\ps kn[n z h>d & s(t p9es4 ,! ,dantzic or ,nor!rn p9e 7,p9us silve/ris7 is ! pr9cipal ,european species4 p#aca ,,footnote ,footnote #gb3 ,! roots ( mo/ species die ) cutt+ ( trees4 ,!re is no p[] ( produc+ new %oots4 7,! pit* p9e 7,p9us rigida7 is an exception to ?is rule47 ,se$s also h %ort-liv$ vitality4 ,trees are easily rais$ f fre% se$s4 ,,s(t ,,p9e4 ,s(t p9e is s(t1 clean1 light1 uni=m1 easily work$1 n /rong1 free f knots & res9s1 & obta9able 9 l>ge & p]fect pieces4 ,! wood is :iti% & ! ye>ly r+s are n pron\nc$4 ,! supply is divid$1 z obta9$ f ! :ite p9e on ! "o h&1 & f ! sug>-p9e & all o!r species on ! o!r4 ,:ite p9e 7,p9us /robus7 gr[s 9 ! nor?1 c5tral1 & ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & 0 =m]ly ! important tree ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x emphasiz$ ! =e/ indu/ries ( ,ma9e & ( ,mi*igan1 & me?ods connect$ ) h>ve/+ x h influ5c$ logg+ practices 9 _m fields4 ,x 0 long ! only s(twood s]i\sly consid]$ by ,nor!rn lumb]m54 ,?irty p] c5t ( ! sawn timb] & lumb] us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahii 0 drawn f ?is species4#gc ,:ite p9e is dim9i%+ s rapidly z to be already practically unobta9able 9 _m places4 ,! ,sug> ,p9e 7,p9us lamb]tiana7 ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates is a tree gr[+ at high elevations & is s l>ge z to take rank ) ! r$woods & o!r ( ! _w's greate/ trees4 ,"s mat]ial is d]iv$ f ! ,we/]n :ite p9e 7,p9us flexilis7 & "o or m m9or species4 ,sug> p9e resembles1 b is n z desirable z1 :ite p9e4 ,! sweeti% exudations f ?is tree are sometimes us$ 9 m$ic9e4 p#acb ,,footnotes ,footnote #gc3 ,ro?1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #bb1 p4 #gc4 ,:ite ,p9e ,timb] ,supplies4 ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,doc4 #ee-a1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,,h>d ,,p9e4 ,h>d p9e diff]s f s(t p9e 9 t x is h>d1 res9\s1 heavy1 h>d] to "w1 & v /rong4 ,x also is obta9able 9 l>ge pieces4 ,! orange-yell[ wood is m or less figur$4 ,! annual deposits are pron\nc$ & are sep>at$ into two %>ply divid$ r+s4 ,! supply is *iefly d]iv$ f ! longleaf1 %ortleaf1 ,cuban1 & loblolly p9es ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,! longleaf p9e 7,p9us palu/ris7 is di/9ctly ! mo/ important ( its gr\p4 ,! wood is ideal = heavy con/ructions4 ,beams1 docks1 tre/les1 & frames ( c>s are =m$ ( x4 ,! trees af=d ! great] bulk ( turp5t9e1 t>1 & res91 or naval /ores1 produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4#gd ,cuban1 %ortleaf1 & loblolly p9e woods 7,p4 het]ophylla1 ,p4 e*9ata1 & ,p4 tda7 are ne>ly simil>4 ,longleaf & ,cuban p9es are seldom sep>at$1 :ile %ortleaf & loblolly p9es are also mix$4 ,longleaf p9e usually af=ds f9] /ructure & m he>twood ?an ,cuban p9e4 ,/r5g? & weight av]ages ( bo? woods are 9 excess ( ^? ( %ortleaf & loblolly p9es4 ,no me?od ( inv>iably tell+ ^! f\r woods ap>t has z yet be5 det]m9$4 7,ro?47 ,any or all ( !m are practically liable to be deliv]$ 9 response to a dem& = ,s\!rn p9e4 ,johnson consid]s %ortleaf p9e z good z longleaf p9e ( equal weight1 & sugge/s environm5t z a means ( id5tification4 ,palu/ris1 signify+ swampy1 is mislead+1 s9ce long leaf p9e pref]s dry1 s&y soil & tracts kn[n z p9e b>r5s4 ,mitis ref]s to ! s(t1 delicate foliage ( %ortleaf p9e4 ,tda signifies tor*4 ,! trees may be told by diff]5ces 9 _! leaves & cones4 p#acc ,longleaf 7,p4 palu/ris7 ,leaves ,numb] 9 ,clu/] #c ,l5g?1 94 #aj to #ae ,cones ,diamet] 7op571 94 #d to #e ,l5g?1 94 #f to #aj ,cuban 7,p4 het]ophylla7 ,leaves ,numb] 9 ,clu/] #b or #c ,l5g?1 94 #h to #ab ,cones ,diamet] 7op571 94 #c to #e ,l5g?1 94 #d to #g ,%ortleaf 7,p4 e*9ata7 ,leaves ,numb] 9 ,clu/] #b or #c ,l5g?1 94 #b to #e ,cones ,diamet] 7op571 94 #a to #b ,l5g?1 94 #b ,loblolly 7,p4 tda7 ,leaves ,numb] 9 ,clu/] #c ,l5g?1 94 #e to #aj ,cones ,diamet] 7op571 94 #b to #c ,l5g?1 94 #c to #d ,a confusion exi/s 9 ! nam+ ( ! p9es4 ,am]ican :ite p9e is kn[n z yell[ or ,weym\? p9e 9 ,europe1 & all ,am]ican h>d p9es are !re (t5 kn[n z pit* p9es4 ,! ,european1 ,dantzic1 or ,nor!rn p9e has also _m names1 pr9cipally dep5d+ on port ( %ipm5t4 ,georgia1 ,s\!rn1 ,yell[1 ,h>d1 & ev5 ,pit* p9e1 are int]*angeable names 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! species palu/ris has ?irty local names4 p#acd ,,footnote ,footnote #gd3 ,manufacture ( t>1 pit*1 etc4 7,see ,report ,*ief ,u4 ,s4 ,div4 ,=e/ry1 #ahib1 p4 #cef2 also ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac47 ,,:ite ,,p9e4 ,p9us /robus ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,p9e 7local & common "n74 ,weym\? ,p9e 7,mass41 ,s4 ,c474 ,s(t ,p9e 7,pa474 ,nor!rn ,p9e 7,n4 ,c474 ,spruce ,p9e 7,t5n474 ,pumpk9 ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,nor?-c5tral & nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor?w>d into ,canada1 s\?w>d to ,ill9ois1 & along ! ,alleghanies into ,georgia1 int]mitt5tly4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height4 ,?ree to six feet 9 diamet]1 sometimes l>g]4 ,erect impressive =m4 ,tufts ( five s(t1 sl5d]1 ev]gre5 leaves 9 long %ea?4 ,cones f\r to six in*es long1 "o in* ?ick1 slightly curv$4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood cream-:ite1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,close1 /raight gra94 ,compact /ructure4 ,comp>atively free f knots & res94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 uni=m1 seasons well1 easy to "w1 nails )\t splitt+1 fairly durable4 ,lighte/ & weake/ ( ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates p9es4 ,%r9ks less ?an o!r p9es4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,c>p5try1 con/ruction1 mat*es1 sp>s1 boxes1 num]\s uses4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bd 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ge #bd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cij1jjj 7av]age ( #acj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ge #a1baj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gijj 7av]age ( #abj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ge #hijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,=m]ly ! *ief lumb] tree ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! supply is rapidly dim9i%+4 p#ace ,,footnotes ,footnote #ge3 ,see page #f4 ,! ,:ite ,p9e4 ,spauld+4 ,u4 ,s ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #bb4 ,:ite ,p9e a ,/udy4 ,mr4 ,gif=d ,p9*ot4 7,c5tury ,co47 ,:ite ,p9e ,timb] ,supplies4 ,u4 ,s4 ,doc4 #dj ,s5ate1 #ee-a1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,,:ite ,,p9e4 ,p9us flexilis ,james4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,p9e 7,cal41 ,nev41 ,utah1 ,col41 ,n4 ,m474 ,p9e 7,utah1 ,mont474 ,bull ,p9e 7,col474 ,we/]n & ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,:ite ,p9e 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,montana to ,mexico4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to fifty feet 9 height1 "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,tufts ( five r %ort1 rigid leaves 9 %ea?s4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light1 cle> yell[1 turn+ r$ f exposure4 ,sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 num]\s & conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,con/ruction4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bg4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #ifj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hhjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,?is tree =ms m\nta9 =e/s ( consid]able ext5t4 ,valu$ locally4 p#acf ,,sug> ,,p9e4 ,p9us lamb]tiana ,d\gl4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,sug> ,p9e 7local & common "n74 ,big ,p9e1 ,%ade ,p9e 7,cal474 ,little or ,great ,sug> ,p9e4 ,gigantic ,p9e4 ,:ite ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,oregon & ,cali=nia4 ,be/ at high altitudes 7above #djjj feet71 c5tral & nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ to occasionally ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 fifte5 to sometimes tw5ty feet 9 diamet]4 ,cones t5 to eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 edible se$s4 ,sweeti% exudations4 ,a great tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood p9ki% br[n1 sapwood cream-:ite4 ,co>se1 /raight-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 easily work$1 resembles :ite p9e 7,p9us /robus74 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,c>p5try1 int]ior f9i%1 doors1 bl9ds1 sa%es1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1abj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hdjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s at z high elevations z five ?\s& feet or m above tide-wat]4 ,=ms ext5sive =e/s ) ,balsam ,fir 7,abies concolor74 p#acg ,,:ite ,,p9e4 ,p9us monticola ,d\gl4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,p9e 7,cal41 ,nev41 ,oreg474 ,m\nta9 ,p9e1 ,f+] ,cone ,p9e 7,cal474 ,little ,sug> ,p9e1 ,s(t ,p9e 7,cal474 ,we/]n ,:ite ,p9e4 ,m\nta9 ,weym\? ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,pacific ,/ates1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,eighty to "o hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 sometimes l>g]4 ,foliage resembles1 b is d5s] ?an1 :ite p9e4 ,long smoo? cones4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n or r$1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,/raight-gra9$1 compact1 sugge/s :ite p9e 7,p9us /robus74 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bd4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hfjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,f\nd at elevations ( sev5 ?\s& to t5 ?\s& feet4 ,common & locally us$ 9 nor!rn ,idaho4 p#ach ,,georgia ,,p9e1 ,,h>d ,,p9e1 ,,yell[ ,,p9e1 ,,longleaf ,,p9e4 ,p9us palu/ris ,mill4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,turp5t9e ,p9e4 ,rosem>y ,p9e4 ,n4 ,c>ol9a ,pit* ,p9e4 ,s\!rn ,p9e4 ,longleav$ ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,longleav$ ,pit* ,p9e4 ,long ,/raw ,p9e4 ,pit* ,p9e4 ,fat ,p9e4 ,he>t ,p9e4 ,br[n ,p9e4 ,florida ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,florida ,p9e4 ,florida ,longleav$ ,p9e4 ,s\!rn ,pit* ,p9e4 ,s\!rn ,h>d ,p9e4 ,s\!rn ,he>t ,p9e4 ,s\!rn ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,georgia ,pit* ,p9e4 ,georgia ,longleav$ ,p9e4 ,georgia ,he>t ,p9e4 ,georgia ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,texas ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,texas ,longleav$ ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates1 ,virg9ia to ,alabama1 int]mitt5tly4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to n9ety feet or m 9 height1 "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,tufts ( ?ree leaves1 t5 to fifte5 in*es long1 9 long %ea?4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood orange1 sapwood light]4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 t\gh1 /rong1 ela/ic1 durable1 res9\s4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,heavy con/ructions1 %ip-build+1 c>s1 docks1 beams1 ties1 floor+1 h\se-trim1 _m uses4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ch 7,u4 ,s4 ,division ( ,=e/ry74#gf #dc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jgj1jjj 7av]age ( #abcj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gf #b1aaj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1fjj 7av]age ( #aafj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gf #af1cjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,f9] & has less sapwood ?an ,cuban p9e4 ,"o ( ! be/ woods = c>-build+4 ,pr9cipal lumb] tree ( ! ,s\!a/4 p#aci ,,footnotes ,footnote #gf3 ,see page #f4 ,s\!rn ,p9e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,circul> ,no4 #ab4 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief47 ,timb] ,p9es ( ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ac4 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief47 ,,cuban ,,p9e4 ,p9us het]ophylla ,sudw4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cuban ,p9e1 ,sla% ,p9e 7local & common names74 ,pit* ,p9e1 ,%e ,p9e1 ,%e ,pit* ,p9e 7,ga41 ,fla474 ,swamp ,p9e 7,fla41 ,miss474 ,ba/>d ,p9e1 ,mead[ ,p9e1 ,spruce ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,coa/ region1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a to ,florida & ,l\isiana4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to eighty feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,resembles longleaf p9e4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,simil> to ^? ( longleaf p9e1 f :i* x is seldom sep>at$4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ci 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gg ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1cgj1jjj 7av]age ( #daj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,div4 ( ,=e/ry74#gg ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ac1fjj 7av]age ( #daj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,div4 ( ,=e/ry74#gg ,rem>ks4 ,resembles & is m>k$ longleaf p9e 7,p9us palu/ris74 p#adj ,,footnotes ,footnote #gg3 ,see page #f4 ,s\!rn ,p9e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,circul> ,no4 #ab4 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief47 ,timb] ,p9es ( ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ac4 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief47 ,,%ortleaf ,,p9e1 ,,yell[ ,,p9e4 ,p9us e*9ata ,mill4 ,p9us mitis ,mi*x4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,common ,yell[ ,p9e1 ,h>d ,p9e4 ,spruce ,p9e 7,del41 ,miss41 ,ark474 ,bull ,p9e 7,va474 ,%ort%at ,p9e 7,del474 ,pit* ,p9e 7,mo474 ,poor ,p9e 7,fla474 ,%ortleav$ ,yell[ ,p9e 7,n4 ,c474 ,rosem>y ,p9e 7,n4 ,c474 ,virg9ia ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,p9e4 ,c>ol9a ,p9e4 ,sla% ,p9e4 ,old ,field ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,connecticut to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,kansas & ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to sometimes n9ety feet 9 height1 two to sometimes f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,a l>ge erect tree2 small cones h m9ute weak prickles4 ,leaves usually 9 twos f long %ea?s4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,resembles longleaf p9e4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v>iable1 usually h>d1 t\gh1 /rong1 durable1 res9\s1 light] ?an longleaf p9e4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 con/ruction1 simil> to longleaf p9e4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cb 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gh #cj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fhj1jjj 7av]age ( #ccj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gh #a1iej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1ajj 7av]age ( #ccj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gh #ad1gjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,af=ds consid]able pit* & turp5t9e1 & is ! pr9cipal species ( ,nor!rn ,arkansas1 ,kansas1 & ,miss\ri4 p#ada ,,footnotes ,footnote #gh3 ,see page #f4 ,s\!rn ,p9e4 ,mohr ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,circul> ,no4 #ab4 ,timb] ,p9es ( ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ac4 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief47 ,,loblolly ,,p9e4 ,p9us tda ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,old ,field ,p9e4 ,tor* ,p9e4 ,rosem>y ,p9e4 ,sla% ,p9e4 ,long%at ,p9e4 ,long%ucks4 ,black ,sla% ,p9e4 ,frank9c5se ,p9e4 ,%ortleaf ,p9e4 ,bull ,p9e4 ,virg9ia ,p9e4 ,sap ,p9e4 ,mead[ ,p9e4 ,corn/alk ,p9e 7,va474 ,black ,p9e4 ,foxtail ,p9e4 ,indian ,p9e4 ,spruce ,p9e4 ,ba/>d ,p9e4 ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,swamp ,p9e4 ,long/raw ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,delaw>e to ,florida & we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,texas4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to "o hundr$ feet or m 9 height1 two to sometimes f\r feet 9 ?ickness4 ,leaves 9 twos & ?rees4 ,scales or cones h %ort /raight sp9es4 ,a l>ge tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,resembles longleaf p9e4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,resembles longleaf p9e4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,resembles longleaf p9e4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cc 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gi #cc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1jej1jjj 7av]age ( #ffj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gi #a1fjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1cjj 7av]age ( #fej te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#gi #ab1ejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s naturally on de=e/$ l&1 :5ce ! "n ( ,old ,field ,p9e4 p#adb ,,footnotes ,footnote #gi3 ,see page #f4 ,s\!rn ,p9e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,circul> ,no4 #ab4 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief47 ,timb] ,p9es ( ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ac4 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief47 ,,bull ,,p9e1 ,,yell[ ,,p9e1 ,,we/]n ,,yell[ ,,p9e4 ,p9us pond]osa ,laws4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,big ,p9e4 ,longleav$ ,p9e4 ,r$ ,p9e4 ,pit* ,p9e4 ,s\!rn ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,heavy-wood$ ,p9e4 ,we/]n ,pit* ,p9e4 ,heavy ,p9e 7,calif474 ,foo?ills ,yell[ ,p9e4 ,montana ,black ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,pacific ,ocean4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ to sometimes ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 six to sometimes twelve feet 9 diamet]4 ,?ick1 deeply furr[$ b>k4 ,leaves 9 tufts ( ?rees4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?9 he>twood is light r$1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,r co>se gra91 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v>iable1 heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 brittle1 n durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 railway ties1 m9e timb]s1 fuel1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bi4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1bjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,pond]osa1 signify+ heavy1 ref]s to great size4 p#adc ,,norway ,,p9e1 ,,r$ ,,p9e4 ,p9us res9osa ,ait4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,norway ,p9e1 ,r$ ,p9e 7local & common names74 ,h>d ,p9e 7,wis474 ,canadian ,r$ ,p9e 7,eng474 ,locality4 ,s\!rn ,canada1 nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates f ,ma9e to ,m9nesota1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to n9ety feet 9 height1 "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,r$di% blossoms & b>k on bran*lets4 ,leaves 9 twos f long %ea?s4 ,a tall1 /raight tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?9 he>twood light r$1 sapwood yell[ to :ite4 ,num]\s pron\nc$ m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 h>d1 ela/ic1 n durable1 res9\s4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,piles1 telegraph poles1 ma/s1 floor+1 & wa9scot+4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ca 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#hj #cj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fbj1jjj 7av]age ( #ajj te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division74#hj #a1fjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #i1ajj 7av]age ( #ie te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#hj #ab1ejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,sometimes comm]cially h&l$ ) :ite p9e4 ,unimportant z reg>ds turp5t9e & res91 9 spite ( specific "n1 :i* signifies res9\s4 ,long %ea?s enable *ildr5 to make *a9s ( leaves4 p#add ,,footnote ,footnote #hj3 ,see page #f4 ,,pit* ,,p9e4 ,p9us rigida ,mill4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,pit* ,p9e 7local & common "n74 ,longleav$ ,p9e1 ,longs*at ,p9e 7,del474 ,h>d ,p9e 7,mass474 ,yell[ ,p9e 7,pa474 ,black ,p9e 7,n4 ,c474 ,black ,norway ,p9e4 ,rigid ,p9e1 ,sap ,p9e4 ,locality4 ,atlantic coa/1 ,canada to ,georgia1 ,k5tucky4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to sometimes eighty feet 9 height1 "o to sometimes ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,rigid flatt5$ leaves 9 ?rees f %ort %ea?s4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n or r$1 ?ick sapwood yell[ to ne>ly :ite4 ,co>se conspicu\s gra91 compact /ructure1 v res9\s4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 brittle4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,co>se lumb]1 fuel1 *>coal4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #hbj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1ejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,rigida ref]s to rigid leaves4 ,! "n ,pit* ,p9e is sometimes appli$ to all ( ! ,s\!rn p9es4 ,! "n is yet m widely appli$ 9 =eign m>kets4 ,sometimes call$ ,fat ,p9e4 p#ade ,,nor!rn ,,p9e1 ,,scot* ,,p9e1 ,,dantzic ,,p9e4 ,p9us sylve/ris ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 ,dantzic ,fir 7f place ( %ipm5t74 ,rigi ,fir 7f place ( %ipm5t74 ,memel ,fir 7f place ( %ipm5t74 ,/ett9 ,fir 7f place ( %ipm5t74 ,sw$i% ,fir4 ,scots or ,scotti% ,fir4 ,nor!rn ,fir4 ,r$wood1 ,yell[wood4 ,deal 7,local74 ,locality4 ,widespread 9 ,europe1 z ,scotl&1 ,g]many1 & ,russia2 also ,asia4 ,naturaliz$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 two to five feet 9 diamet]2 sometimes l>g]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% :ite to yell[i% :ite1 sapwood simil>4 ,ev5 /raight gra9 7v>ies ) locality74 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,mod]ately light1 h>d1 t\gh1 & ela/ic1 easily work$ 7v>ies ) locality74 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,c>p5try1 con/ruction1 planks1 beams1 ma/s1 heavy timb]4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cd 7,lazlett#ha7 7v>ies ) locality74 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fhj1jjj 7,lazlett7 7v>ies ) locality74 #a1hjj1jjj 7,?ur/on74 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gjjj 7,?ur/on7 7v>ies ) locality74 ,rem>ks4 ,pr9cipal s(t wood ( ,europe4 ,widely di/ribut$2 local peculi>ities once ?\ght to d5ote diff]5t species4 ,fields tribut>y to ,dantzic & ,rigi af=d be/ wood4 ,wood equal to ,dantzic ,fir sometimes specifi$4 p#adf ,,footnote ,footnote #ha3 ,table ,,clxvii1 p4 #dah4 ,,kauri ,,p9e4 7,damm>a47 ,?is ,new ,zeal& tree af=ds "o ( ! be/ sub/itutes = nor!rn p9e4 ,al?\gh n true p9e1 x belongs to ! same family z ! p9e & o!r conif]s4 ,! light1 /rong1 durable1 ela/ic wood is obta9able 9 l>ge-siz$ pieces suitable = ma/s4 ,! species is univ]sally not$ = its res91 :i* possesses ! quality ( unit+ m p]fectly ?an o!rs ) l9se$ oil4#hb ,kauri gum is ?us "o ( ! mo/ valuable con/itu5ts ( good v>ni%4#hc ,! be/ gum occurs z a fossil1 & is collect$ by digg+ ov] areas kn[n to be fruitful b f :i* trees h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,! pieces1 v>y+ 9 size f small pebbles to lumps z l>ge z eggs1 are scrap$ & o!rwise cleans$ by natives 9 ! fields4#hd p#adg ,,footnotes ,footnote #hb3 ,x unites ) l9se$ oil at l[] temp]atures ?an o!r gums ( its k9d4 ,footnote #hc3 ,fossil ,kauri gum has sold = "o ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$ doll>s p] ton4 ,footnote #hd3 ,"o mass ( two hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds has be5 report$ 7,r4 ,+ham ,cl>k1 ,f4,r4,g4,s43 ,notes on ,fossil ,res9s1 publi%$ by ,c4 ,letts ,co41 ,london74 ,correspond5ce ,pr(essor ,alvah ,h4 ,sab91 ,new ,york ,city2 ,messrs4 ,pratt ,lamb]t1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh4 ,,kauri ,,p9e 7,damm>a au/ralis74 ,f ,r4 ,+ham ,cl>k1 by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,pratt ,lamb]t4 ,fragm5ts ( ,gum "o-qu>t] natural size4 ,fossil gum at "r & c5tre4 ,,kauri ,,p9e4 ,damm>a au/ralis4 ,nom5clature4 ,kauri ,p9e 7local & g5]al74 ,c[die ,p9e 7,new ,zeal& & _m localities74 ,locality4 ,new ,zeal&4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 occasional specim5s mu* l>g]4 ,small leaves resembl+ ^? ( box4 ,a tall h&some tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood /raw-color$1 f9e1 close1 /raight gra94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,mod]ately h>d1 light1 ela/ic1 /rong1 seasons well1 works readily1 receives high poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,c>p5try1 ma/s4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cc 7,lazlett#he7 7v>ies ) locality74 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1haj1jjj 7,lazlett74 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,! species is widely kn[n by reason ( its gum4 p#adh ,,footnote ,footnote #he3 ,table ,,clxxi1 p4 #dbf4 ,,spruce4 7,picea47 ,! spruces =m =e/s 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! black spruce 7,p4 nigra7 & ! :ite spruce 7,p4 alba7 pr$om9ate 9 ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ! :ite spruce 7,p4 engelmanni7 is important 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,norway spruce1 or :ite fir 7,p4 excelsa71 is ! *ief ,european species4 ,am]ican trees pref] ,nor!rn ranges *>act]iz$ by %ort summ]s & long w9t]s4 ,! s(t1 light1 clean woods resemble & are probably ! be/ sub/itute = s(t p9e4 ,!y are apt to w>p & twi/ 9 season+ & s are n good = po/s & trusses4 ,spruce is ! pr9cipal wood 9 ,new ,engl& = /udd+ & floor-joi/s4 ,! product is divid$ comm]cially & accord+ to appe>ance1 b irrespective ( species1 into :ite & black spruce4 ,^! t]ms dep5d sometimes1 at lea/1 on ! wide & n>r[ r+s ( ! black spruce 7,p4 nigra74 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t spruce & fir woods are (t5 confus$ ) "o ano!r1 & t !re are trees1 z ! ,d\glas spruce & ,kauri p9e or spruce1 t are call$1 b are n1 true spruces4 ,european spruce is (t5 locally kn[n z :ite deal4 ,spruce trees h s+le1 %>p-po9t$1 %ort leaves1 po9t+ ev]y:]e1 & keel$ above & bel[ s z to appe> f\r-sid$2 ! cones hang d[n4 ,spruce may be di/+ui%$ f ! p9es1 firs1 & hemlocks by ! fact t p9e leaves are long] & 9 clu/]s1 t hemlock leaves are flat1 blunt1 & two-rank$1 & t fir cones po9t upw>d4 ,! g5us picea has twelve species1 five ( :i* are ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,! res9s ( ! black & r$ spruce are us$ z confections4 p#adi ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi4 ,,black ,,spruce 7,picea nigra74 ,! foll[+ table sets =? ! prim>y di/9ctions betwe5 ! spruces & ! p9es1 firs1 & hemlocks3 ,p9es 7,p9us7 ,arrangem5t ( ,leaves4 ,9 tufts or clu/]s4 ,%ape ( ,leaves4 ,comp>atively long4 ,cones4 ,spruce 7,picea7 ,arrangem5t ( ,leaves4 ,s+le1 scatt]$1 po9t 9 all directions4 ,%ape ( ,leaves4 ,%ort1 %>p ends1 keel$ above & bel[4 ,some:at f\r-sid$4 ,cones4 ,hang d[n1 #a to #f in*es long4 ,fir 7,abies7 ,arrangem5t ( ,leaves4 ,s+le1 scatt]$1 appe> some:at z 9 two ranks4 ,%ape ( ,leaves4 ,%ort1 blunt ends1 flat4 ,cones4 ,/& erect1 #b to #d in*es long4 ,hemlock 7,tsuga7 ,arrangem5t ( ,leaves4 ,s+le1 scatt]$1 appe> z 9 two ranks4 ,%ape ( ,leaves4 ,%ort1 blunt ends1 flat4 ,cones4 ,hang d[n1 #c_/d to #a in* long4 p#aej ,,black ,,spruce4 ,picea nigra ,l9k4 ,picea m>iana ,mill4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,spruce 7,vt471 ,yew ,p9e1 ,spruce ,p9e 7,w4 ,va474 ,d\ble ,spruce 7,me41 ,vt41 ,m9n474 ,blue ,spruce 7,wis474 ,:ite ,spruce 7,w4 ,va474 ,he ,balsam 7,del41 ,n4 ,c474 ,wat] ,spruce 7,me474 ,locality4 ,p5nsylvania to ,m9nesota1 ,alleghany ,m\nta9s to ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,be/ 9 ,canada4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,=ty to eighty feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,conical %ape ) /raight trunk4 ,d>k foliage4 ,cones rema9 = sev]al ye>s1 be+ ?us di/9ct f :ite spruce4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di%1 ne>ly :ite2 sapwood light]4 ,/raight gra91 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 ela/ic1 resonant4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 floor+1 c>p5try1 %ip-build+1 piles1 po/s1 railway ties1 paddles1 o>s1 s\nd+-bo>ds1 pap]-pulp4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1efj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1fjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a sub/itute = s(t p9e4 ,res9 is us$ z a confection4 p#aea ,,footnote ,x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 black & :ite spruce trees4 ,! foliage ( ! =m] is d>k] z a :ole1 & !re are diff]5ces 9 %ape & p]si/5ce ( cones4 ,! names d\ble spruce & s+le spruce are )\t evid5t f\ndation4 ,woods exhibit simil> qualities & are class$ toge!r by lumb]m54 ,r$ ,spruce 7,picea rub5s7 resembles1 & is sometimes consid]$ a v>iety (1 black spruce4 ,,:ite ,,spruce4 ,picea alba ,l9k4 ,picea canad5sis ,mill4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,s+le ,spruce 7,me41 ,vt41 ,m9n474 ,bog ,spruce1 ,cat ,spruce 7,n4 ,eng474 ,skunk ,spruce 7,wis41 ,new ,eng474 ,spruce1 ,d\ble ,spruce 7,vt474 ,p9e 7,hudson ,bay74 ,locality4 ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada to ,labrador & ,alaska4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to "o hundr$ feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]1 occasionally l>g]4 ,compact1 symmetrical1 conical %ape4 ,foliage light] ?an black spruce4 ,cones fall soon] ?an ^? ( black spruce4 ,:iti% res94 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light yell[1 sapwood simil>4 ,/raight-gra9$1 num]\s prom95t m$ull>y rays4 ,compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong 7simil> to ,black ,spruce74 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 floor+1 c>p5try1 etc4 7simil> to ,black ,spruce74 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #be4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1dej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1fjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,notable z resid5t ( high latitudes4 ,*ief tree ( arctic =e/s4 ,wood1 us$ simil>ly to black spruce1 is sub/itut$ = :ite p9e4 p#aeb ,,:ite ,,spruce4 ,picea engelmanni ,engelm4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,spruce 7,ore41 ,col41 ,utah1 ,idaho74 ,balsam1 ,engelmann's ,spruce 7,utah74 ,:ite ,p9e 7,idaho71 ,m\nta9 ,spruce 7,mont474 ,locality4 ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 ,montana to ,mexico1 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & ,briti% ,columbia 7high elevations74 ,features ( ,tree4 ,frequ5tly sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet 9 height & sometimes high]1 two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 sometimes l[ %rub4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood pale r$di% yell[1 sapwood simil>4 ,close1 /raight gra91 compact /ructure1 conspicu\s m$ull>y rays4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 *>coal1 fuel4 ,b>k ri* 9 tann91 sometimes us$ = tann+4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ba4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1adj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #hajj4 ,rem>ks4 ,notable z resid5t ( high altitudes1 ext5sive =e/s occurr+ at eight to t5 ?\s& feet above sea-level4 ,a valuable tree ( ! c5tral & s\!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 p#aec ,,sitka ,,spruce4 ,picea sit*5sis ,trautv4 & ,may]4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,sitka ,spruce 7local & common "n74 ,tidel& ,spruce 7,cal41 ,oreg41 ,wa%474 ,m5zies ,spruce4 ,we/]n ,spruce4 ,great ,tidel& ,spruce4 ,locality4 ,pacific coa/ region1 ,alaska to c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,ext5ds inl& ab\t fifty miles2 pref]s l[ elevations4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty feet or m 9 height1 ?ree feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,flat-po9t$ pyramidal ne$les1 oval cyl9drical cones1 ?ick scaly r$di%-br[n b>k4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light r$di% br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,co>se-gra9$1 sat9y4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,con/ruction1 int]ior f9i%1 f5c+1 boat-build+1 coop]age4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bfbf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a giant among spruces4 ,=ms an ext5sive coa/-belt =e/4 p#aed ,,d\glas ,,spruce4 7,pseudotsuga47 ,! ,d\glas or ,r$ ,p9e1 ,spruce1 or ,fir1 ( ! ,pacific coa/ is nei!r true p9e1 spruce1 nor fir1 b a sort ( ba/>d hemlock4 ,! "n pseudotsuga is f pseudo1 or false1 & tsuga1 or hemlock4 ,! trees are among ! greate/ kn[n4 ,! wood resembles l>* or h>d p9e 9 prop]ties1 appe>ance1 & applications4 ,trees h be5 successfully plant$ 9 ! ,adirondacks4 ,! species 0 e>li] class$ z ,p9us taxifolia & z ,abies taxifolia4 p#aee ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj4 ,,d\glas ,,spruce 7,pseudotsuga taxifolia74 ,,d\glas ,,spruce1 ,,d\glas ,,fir4 ,pseudotsuga taxifolia ,lam4 ,pseudotsuga ,d\glasii ,c>r4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,oregon ,p9e 7,cal41 ,wa%41 ,oreg474 ,r$ ,fir1 ,yell[ ,fir 7,oreg41 ,wa%41 ,idaho1 ,utah1 ,mont41 ,col474 ,d\glas ,tree1 ,cork-b>k$ ,d\glas ,spruce4 ,spruce1 ,fir 7,mont474 ,r$ ,p9e 7,utah1 ,idaho1 ,col474 ,puget ,s\nd ,p9e 7,wa%474 ,locality4 ,pacific coa/ region1 ,mexico to ,briti% ,columbia4 ,be/ 9 we/]n ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty-five to sometimes ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 ?ree to five & sometimes t5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,old] b>k r\gh-gray1 (t5 look+ z ?\gh braid$4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light r$ to yell[1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v>iable1 usually h>d1 /rong1 difficult to "w1 durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,heavy con/ruction1 dim5sion timb]s1 railway ties1 piles1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cb 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#hf #cf 7av]age ( #bj specim5s by ,s\l74#hg #cb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1fhj1jjj 7av]age ( #da te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#hf #a1hfb1jjj 7av]age ( #ba specim5s by ,s\l74#hg #a1hbd1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #g1ijj 7av]age ( #da te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#hf #i1ccd 7av]age ( #ba specim5s by ,s\l74#hg #ab1ejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,us$ simil>ly to h>d p9e4 ,lumb]m5 divide into r$ & yell[ woods1 ! =m] d>k & co>se1 ! latt] f9e1 light]1 & m desirable4 ,^! di/9ctions probably due to age4 ,"o ( ! _w's greate/ trees4 p#aef ,,footnote ,footnote #hf3 ,see page #f4 ,footnote #hg3 ,pr(essor ,frank ,s\l1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m4 ,e41 p4 #eeb1 ,vol4 ,,xxix4 ,,fir4 7,abies47 ,sev]al ( ! fir-trees ( ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates atta9 to v great size4 ,! silv] fir 7,abies gr&is7 & ! :ite fir 7,abies concolor7 supply mu* wood 9 ! section 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,! balsam fir 7,abies balsamea7 ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates is ( "s comm]cial importance4 ,fir wood resembles spruce 9 appe>ance & 9 /ructural qualities4 ,x may be told f spruce z well z f p9e & l>* by ! fact t fir has no res9-ducts4 ,! balsam fir is di/+ui%able by cle> liquid res9 :i* appe>s 9 bli/]s 9 ! b>k4 ,! co>se1 weak wood is clean] ?an ! b>k w\ld indicate4 ,spruce & fir woods are (t5 confus$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile p9e1 spruce1 & fir are simil>ly conf\nd$ 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balsam ,,fir 7,abies balsamea74 ,fir trees h flat1 scatt]$1 ev]gre5 leaves1 & cones t /& erect 7see footnote "u spruce74 p#aeg ,,balsam ,,fir1 ,,common ,,balsam ,,fir4 ,abies balsamea ,mill4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,balsam 7,vt41 ,n4 ,h41 ,n4 ,y474 ,fir ,tree 7,vt474 ,balm ( ,gilead 7,del474 ,canada ,balsam 7,n4 ,c474 ,balm ( ,gilead ,fir 7,n4 ,y41 ,pa474 ,bli/] ,p9e1 ,fir ,p9e 7,w4 ,va474 ,s+le ,spruce1 ,silv] ,p9e 7,hudson ,bay74 ,locality4 ,m9nesota to ,virg9ia1 nor?w>d int]mitt5tly into ,canada4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to sev5ty feet 9 height1 "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,sometimes l[ %rub4 ,bli/]s 9 smoo? b>k conta9 ?ick balsam4 ,erect cones4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood :ite to br[ni%1 sapwood light]4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 sat9y4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 light1 n durable or /rong1 res9\s1 easily split4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,occasionally us$ z inf]ior lumb]4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1afj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gcjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn p9]ies4 ,cut :5 ( suffici5t size & sold ) p9e or spruce4 ,cultivat$ 9 g>d5s4 ,exudations kn[n z ,canada ,balsam us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! popl> 7,p4 balsamif]a7 is also call$ ,balm ( ,gilead4 p#aeh ,,great ,,silv] ,,fir1 ,,:ite ,,fir4 ,abies gr&is ,l9dl4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,silv] ,fir 7,mont41 ,idaho74 ,oregon ,:ite ,fir1 ,we/]n ,:ite ,fir 7,cal474 ,yell[ ,fir 7,mont41 ,idaho74 ,l[l& ,fir4 ,locality4 ,vanc\v] region1 nor?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,be/ 9 we/ ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,two hundr$ to sometimes ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 two to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,leaves deep gre5 above1 silv]y bel[1 usually curv$4 ,a h&some tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 sapwood light]4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 int]ior f9i%1 pack+-cases1 coop]age4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1cfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gjjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,=ms important "p ( local m\nta9 =e/s & furni%es mu* lumb] locally4 p#aei ,,:ite ,,fir1 ,,balsam ,,fir4 ,abies concolor ,p>ry4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?74 ,silv] ,fir1 ,balsam 7,cal474 ,cali=nia ,:ite ,fir 7,cal474 ,black ,gum1 ,ba/>d ,p9e 7,utah74 ,:ite ,balsam 7,utah74 ,balsam ,tree 7,idaho74 ,colorado ,:ite ,fir1 ,concolor ,:ite ,fir4 ,locality4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s & coa/ ranges1 high elevations4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 ?ree to five feet 9 diamet]4 ,pale gre5 or silv]y foliage4 ,b>k bli/]s fill$ ) cle> pit*4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n to ne>ly :ite1 sapwood same or d>k]4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 )\t odor4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,butt]-tubs1 pack+-boxes1 lumb]4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bij1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #iijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,n always di/+ui%$ f ! species ,abies gr&is4 p#afj ,,r$ ,,fir4 ,abies magnifica ,murr4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cali=nia ,r$ ,fir1 ,cali=nia ,r$-b>k ,fir 7,cal474 ,magnific5t ,fir1 ,gold5 ,fir 7,cal474 ,%a/a ,fir 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,cali=nia1 vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,%a/a4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 six to t5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,l>ge erect cones4 ,beautiful =m4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di%1 sapwood di/+ui%able4 ,r close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 durable :5 expos$1 liable to injury 9 season+4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,con/ruction1 sills1 lumb]1 fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bi4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #idj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #iijj4 ,rem>ks4 ,magnifica or magnific5t ref]s to appe>ance & size ( tree4 p#afa ,,r$ ,,fir1 ,,noble ,,fir4 ,abies nobilis ,l9dl4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,noble ,silv] ,fir1 ,noble ,r$ ,fir4 ,l>* 7,oreg474 ,bigtree1 ,fea!r-cone1 ,r$ ,fir 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,nor?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cultivat$ 9 ,ea/4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o to two hundr$ feet 9 height1 six to n9e feet 9 diamet]4 ,leaves curv$4 ,l>ge1 beautiful tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% br[n1 sapwood d>k]4 ,r close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 h>d1 /rong1 ela/ic4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,fitt$ = h\se-trimm+s4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1hjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #bb1bjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s at high elevations 7#cjjj & #djjj feet74 ,) o!r fir =ms ext5sive =e/s4 ,sold z l>*4 p#afb ,,footnote ,pet]s1 ,=e/ry & ,irrigation1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #i 7,sept4 #aijb71 pp4 #cfb1 #cff4 ,,hemlock4 7,tsuga47 ,! hemlocks are di/ribut$ ov] nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates f ,ma9e to ,mi*igan1 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,!y g5]ally m+le ) broad-leav$ & o!r ne$le-leav$ species1 b occasionally =m pure =e/s by !mselves4 ,! wood is co>se1 (t5 cross$-gra9$1 p]i%able1 brittle1 liable to w9d-%akes1 h>d to "w1 & apt to w>p & spl9t]4 ,x holds nails firmly & is us$ = co>se lumb]1 dim5sion pieces1 pap]-pulp1 & latt]ly = *eap f9i%4 ,x %\ld n be reli$ ^u to receive %ocks4 ,! b>k is us$ 9 tann+4 ,hemlock trees may be kn[n by _! blunt1 flat1 ev]gre5 leaves1 appe>+ two-rank$ & :it5$ b5ea? 7see foot-note "u ,spruce74 ,r$ inn] b>k4 p#afc ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca4 ,,hemlock 7,tsuga74 ,hemlock ,tree 7,tsuga canad5sis74 ,we/]n ,hemlock ,tree 7,t4 het]ophylla74 7#fejj feet above sea-level47 ,hemlock ,foliage 7,tsuga canad5sis74 ,hemlock ,wood 7,tsuga canad5sis74 ,,hemlock4 ,tsuga canad5sis4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,hemlock 7local & common "n74 ,spruce 7,pa41 ,w4 ,va474 ,hemlock ,spruce 7,vt41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,j41 ,w4 ,va41 ,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c474 ,spruce ,p9e 7,pa41 ,del41 ,va41 ,n4 ,c41 ,ga474 ,locality4 ,ea/]n & c5tral ,canada1 s\?w>d to ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to eighty or m feet 9 height1 two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,%ort leaves1 gre5 above & :ite b5ea?4 ,/raight trunk1 beautiful appe>ance4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di% br[n1 sapwood di/+ui%able4 ,co>se1 pron\nc$1 usually crook$ gra94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong or durable1 brittle1 difficult to "w1 reta9s nails firmly1 spl9t]y4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,co>se lumb]1 joi/s1 raft]s1 plank walks1 la?s1 railway ties4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bf4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bgj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,canad5sis ref]s to ,canada1 ! locality :]e tree excels4 p#afd ,,footnotes ,! ,s\!rn or ,c>ol9a ,hemlock 7,t4 c>ol9iana7 resembles ,hemlock4 ,! ,we/]n ,hemlock 7,t4 het]ophylla1 ,alaska to ,cali=nia7 atta9s height ( #ahj feet1 diamet] ( #i feet1 & is said to af=d heavi] & bett] wood4 ,?is tree is kn[n by ! foll[+ names 7,sudwor?73 ,we/]n ,hemlock1 ,hemlock ,spruce 7,cal474 ,hemlock 7,oreg41 ,idaho1 ,wa%474 ,alaska ,p9e 7,nor?we/]n ,lumb]man74 ,pr9ce ,alb]t's ,fir1 ,we/]n ,hemlock ,fir1 ,cali=nia ,hemlock ,spruce 7,engl&74 ,! ,we/]n ,hemlock4 ,all51 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bureau ,bullet9 ,no4 #cc4 ,,l>*4 ,,tam>ack4 7,l>ix47 ,l>* 0 well kn[n 9 ! old] "t1 & 0 priz$ 9 ,europe & ! ,ori5t4 ,! two pr9cipal ,am]ican species are also call$ tam>ack & hackmatack4 ,! ,ea/]n l>* or tam>ack 7,l4 am]icana7 pref]s peculi> l[1 wet areas kn[n z tam>ack swamps4 ,! ,we/]n tree 7,l4 occid5talis7 resembles ! ,european species & pref]s dry places4 ,l>* wood has always be5 reg>d$ z v durable4 ,x is not$ by ,pl9y & o!r anci5t au?ors4#hh ,vitruvius m5tions a bridge t1 hav+ burn$1 0 replac$ by "o ( l>*1 because t wood w\ld n burn z readily4#hi ,! f\ndation-piles ( ,v5ice are said to be ( l>*4#ij ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! id5tities ( anci5t woods are n always beyond "q4 ,am]ican l>* resembles1 if x does n equal1 true =eign wood4 ,! trees are tall & /raight1 b s sl5d] z to be seldom cut into lumb]1 almo/ ! entire supply be+ dem&$ = po/s1 ties1 & poles4 ,! exce$+ly durable wood resembles spruce 9 /ructure1 & h>d p9e 9 weight & appe>ance4 ,l>* trees are m>k$ by ! fact t _! foliage is decidu\s4 ,! little leaves1 ga!r$ 9 tufts or bundles1 are ( a bright pea-gre5 :5 fre% 9 ! spr+time4 ,! appe>ance ( tam>ack trees :5 dive/$ ( foliage 9 ! w9t] is v gloomy4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #hh3 ,pl9y1 ,,xvi1 #dc-di & ,,xvi1 #cj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,vitruvius1 ,,ii1 #i4 ,footnote #ij3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #caj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb4 ,,l>* 7,l>ix74 ,l>* ,trees 9 ,w9t]4 ,,tam>ack1 ,,l>*4 ,l>ix am]icana ,mi*x4 ,l>ix l>ic9a 7,du ,roi7 ,ko*4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,tam>ack1 ,l>*1 ,am]ican ,l>* 7local & common names74 ,hackmatack 7,me41 ,n4 ,h41 ,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,del41 ,ill41 ,mi*474 ,black ,l>*1 ,r$ ,l>* 7,m9n41 ,mi*474 ,junip] 7,me41 ,canada74 ,locality4 ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & s\!rn ,canada1 ea/ f ,great ,lakes4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to n9ety feet high1 "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,%ort pea-gre5 decidu\s leaves 9 tufts4 ,a sl5d] tree1 w9t] aspect gloomy4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,co>se conspicu\s gra91 compact /ructure1 annual lay]s pron\nc$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 v /rong1 durable1 resembles spruce4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,railway ties1 f5ce-po/s1 sills1 %ip timb]s1 telegraph poles1 flag/affs1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ch4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1gij1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1hjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,practically all 7tall ?97 trunks requir$ = railway ties1 po/s1 ma/s1 etc4 ,seldom cut into lumb] 9 consequ5ce4 ,gr[s 9 light swamps (t5 ext5sive & kn[n z tam>ack swamp4 7,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 ,,xxix1 page #aeg74 p#aff ,,tam>ack ,,l>*4 ,l>ix occid5talis4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,tam>ack1 ,l>* 7local & common names74 ,hackmatack 7,idaho1 ,wa%474 ,we/]n ,l>*1 ,great ,we/]n ,l>*1 ,r$ ,am]ican ,l>*4 ,we/]n ,tam>ack 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 int]mitt5tly to ,montana4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet high1 two & "o-half to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,a l>ge tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light r$1 ?9 sapwood light]4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 annual r+s pron\nc$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,h>d1 heavy1 /rong1 durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,po/s1 railway ties1 fuel1 limit$ quantity ( lumb]1 simil> to ,l4 am]icana4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #df4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1cjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ag1djj4 ,rem>ks4 ,a valuable tree ( ! ,columbian bas94 ,diff]s f ,l4 am]icana 9 t x gr[s on dry gr\nd1 (t5 at high elevations4 p#afg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc4 ,,c$> 7,c$rus1 ,?uya1 etc474 ,c$> ( ,lebanon 7,c$rus libani74 ,foliage ( ,:ite ,c$> 7,t4 occid5talis74 ,r$ ,c$> ,b>k 7,junip]us virg9iana74 ,foliage ( ,r$ ,c$> 7,j4 virg9iana74 ,:ite ,c$> ,wood 7,?uya occid5talis74 ,tree ( ,r$ ,c$> 7,j4 virg9iana74 ,,c$>4 7,c$rus1 ,?uya1 ,*amcyp>is1 ,liboc$rus1 ,junip]us47 ,c$> 0 a "n fir/ appli$ to ! true or ,lebanon c$>s 7,c$rus7 ( ! ,ea/]n cont95t1 b lat] to c]ta9 ,arborvits 7,?uya71 ,junip]s 7,junip]us71 & ,cypresses 7,*amcyp>is71 & o!r trees 7see ,spani% ,c$>1 page #abb7 f :i* durable1 f9e-gra9$1 m or less fragrant woods1 kn[n z c$>1 are obta9$4 ,c$> 0 highly priz$ by ! anci5ts1 :o employ$ x 9 co/ly con/ructions1 su* z ! temples ( ,solomon & ( ,diana at ,ephesus4#iaib ,woods kn[n z c$> are divid$ into s-call$ ,r$ & ,:ite ,c$>s4 ,r$ ,c$> is v f9e-gra9$1 s(t1 light1 durable1 fragrant1 & ( a p9ki%-r$ color4 ,mu* wood is d]iv$ f ! ,r$ ,c$>s1 ,junip]us virg9iana1 ,junip]us scopulorum1 & ,junip]us b>bad5sis1 ( ! ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n1 & ,s\!rn ,/ates respectively4 ,al?\gh se5 9 con/ruction1 r$ c$> is *iefly us$ 9 *e/s1 closets1 lead-p5cils1 & cig>-boxes4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& trees 7#abe1jjj7ic are annually requir$ = lead-p5cils alone4 ,! wa/e is (t5 conv]t$ into %av+s & us$ in/ead ( camphor to protect wool5s4 ,! dem& is great] ?an ! supply4 ,trees are easily gr[n on almo/ any soil4 ,trees & wood are subject to fungus diseases :i* app>5tly cease aft] trees h be5 fell$2 ! wood is !n durable4#id ,:ite ,c$> is be/ def9$ z all c$> t is n r$ c$>1 p#afh & is obta9$ f sev]al valuable trees4#ie ,! arborvits 7,t4 occid5talis7 v>y 9 size f l>ge bu%es us$ 9 h$g+ & ornam5tation to small-siz$ trees ga!r$ = wood4 ,!y are mo/ vigor\s on cold1 wet areas kn[n z c$> swamps4#if ,! giant arborvit 7,t4 gigantea71 not$ = its great gir?1 & ! yell[ & ,lawson ,cypresses1 are important ,pacific coa/ species4 ,! inc5se c$>1 :ile mu* subject to fungus tr\ble1 is also priz$4#ig ,:ite c$> wood is durable1 pl5tiful1 & employ$ 9 expos$ positions z ties & %+les4 ,arborvits 7,?uya7 h v small ov]lapp+ leaves t =m flat rods or fan-l sprays4 ,! cones are oblong1 less ?an "o-half in* 9 l5g?1 & all ( _! six or eight scales sep>ate or op5 :5 ripe4 ,! cypresses 7,*amcyp>is7 exhibit simil> foliage1 b _! t9y cones are simple1 r\gh5$1 close1 or solid globules4 ,! ,junip]s 7,junip]us7 (t51 b n always1 be> blui%-black b]ries p[d]$ ) a :iti%-blue bloom4 ,! true c$>s 7,c$rus7 diff] f ! o!rs 9 t !y h simple ne$le leaves1 an in*1 m or less1 9 l5g?1 toge!r ) cones erect & sev]al in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ,deod> or c$> ( ,india is ( ?is g5us4 ,! pr9cipal ,am]ican r$ & :ite c$>s are z foll[s3 ,r$ ,c$>4 ,r$ ,c$> 7,junip]us virg9iana74 ,r$ ,c$> 7,junip]us scopulorum74 ,r$ ,c$> 7,junip]us b>bad5sis74 ,spani% ,c$>4 7,see page #ii47 ,:ite ,c$>4 ,arborvit 7,?uya occid5talis74 ,canoe ,c$> 7,?uya gigantea74 ,:ite ,c$> 7,*amcyp>is ?yoides74 ,port ,or=d ,c$> 7,*amcyp>is lawsoniana74 ,yell[ ,c$> 7,*amcyp>is nutka5sis74 ,inc5se ,c$> 7,libodecrus decurr5s74 p#afi ,,footnotes ,footnote #ia3 ,x is probable t ! anci5ts also us$ ! ^w ,c$> some:at g5]ally4 ,footnote #ib3 ,pl9y1 #af1 #bac & #af1 #baf4 ,footnote #ic3 ,notes on ,r$ ,c$>1 ,mohr4 ,bul4 #ca1 ,u4 ,s4 ,division ,=e/ry 7,gif=d ,p9*ot1 ,=e/]74 ,footnote #id3 ,sev]al ( ! fungoid p>asites cause swell+s kn[n z c$> apples4 ,! bran*es usually die4 ,pr(essor von ,s*r5k recognizes two diseases ( ! wood1 :ite rot 7,polyporus junip]us ,s*r5k7 & r$ rot 7,polyporus c>neus74 7,bullet9 ,no4 #ba1 ,division ,vegetable ,physiology & ,pa?ology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture47 ,footnote #ie3 ,he>twood (t5 light grayi% br[n4 ,footnote #if3 ,trunks ( consid]able size (t5 gr[ surr\nd+1 b ap>t f1 su* swamps4 ,vigor\s l[] bran*es imp$e progress ?r\gh swamps1 :i* are (t5 z ?ick z to resemble imm5se cultivat$ h$ges4 7,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol ,,xxix1 p4 #aeg47 ,footnote #ig3 ,von ,s*r5k1 ,contribution ,no4 #ad1 ,%aw ,s*ool ( ,botany1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,r$ ,,c$>4 ,junip]us virg9iana ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,r$ ,c$> 7local & common "n74 ,c$> 7,conn41 ,pa41 ,n4 ,j41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ky41 ,ill41 ,ia41 ,ohio74 ,p5cil ,c$>1 ,c5dre 7,la474 ,sav9 7,mass41 ,r4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y41 ,pa41 ,m9n474 ,junip]1 ,r$ ,junip]1 ,junip] ,bu% 7local74 ,locality4 ,atlantic coa/1 ,canada to ,florida1 we/w>d int]mitt5tly to ,mississippi ,riv] 9 ! ,nor?1 & ,colorado ,riv] 9 ! ,s\?4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,fifty to eighty feet 9 height1 two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,sometimes l[ %rubs4 ,d>k-gre5 foliage1 loose ragg$ out] b>k4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood dull r$1 ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,close1 ev5 gra91 compact /ructure1 annual lay]s easily di/+ui%able4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 weak1 brittle1 easily work$1 durable1 fragrant4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,ties1 sills1 po/s1 int]ior f9i%1 p5cil-cases1 *e/s1 cig>-boxes4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cj ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #iej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1ejj4 ,rem>ks4 ,fragrance ( wood utiliz$ z insecticide4 ,! ,we/]n ,r$ ,c$> 7,j4 scopulorum7 & ! ,s\!rn ,r$ ,c$> 7,j4 b>bad5sis7 af=d simil> wood4 p#agj ,,junip]4 ,junip]us occid5talis ,hook4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,junip] 7,oreg41 ,cal41 ,col41 ,utah1 ,nev41 ,mont41 ,idaho1 ,n4 ,m474 ,c$>1 ,yell[ ,c$>1 ,we/]n ,c$> 7,idaho1 ,col41 ,mont474 ,we/]n ,r$ ,c$>1 ,we/]n ,junip] 7local74 ,locality4 ,cali=nia1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,oregon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty-five to fifty feet 9 height1 two to f\r feet 9 diamet]1 (t5 small]4 ,long /raight trunk 9 ,we/4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood r$di%-br[n1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,v close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 durable1 receives high poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,f5c+1 railway ties1 po/s1 & fuel4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ce4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,r>ely f\nd bel[ an altitude ( #fjjj feet4 ,fruit said to be eat5 by ,indians4 p#aga ,,:ite ,,c$>1 ,,arborvit4 ,?uya occid5talis ,l9n4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,c$>1 ,arborvit 7local & common names74 ,c$> 7,me41 ,vt41 ,n4 ,y474 ,atlantic ,r$ ,c$> 7,cal474 ,vit 7,del474 ,locality4 ,nor!rn ,/ates ea/w>d f ,manitoba & ,mi*igan4 ,nor?w>d1 also occasionally s\?w>d1 z 9 m\nta9 region ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ea/]n ,t5nessee4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to sixty feet high1 "o to ?ree feet or m 9 diamet]1 (t5 small]4 ,bruis$ leaves emit *>act]i/ic pung5t odor1 rapidly tap]+ trunk4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood light br[n1 d>k5+ ) exposure1 ?9 sapwood1 ne>ly :ite4 ,ev51 r f9e gra91 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 light1 weak1 brittle1 durable1 inflammable4 ,p]mits spikes to "w loose4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,railway ties1 telegraph poles1 po/s1 f5c+1 %+les1 & boats4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #ai4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #gej1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gbjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,trunks s %ap$ z to be seldom sawn = lumb]4 ,(t5 us$ = telegraph or o!r poles1 or else ?9 upp] ends are us$ = po/s1 & l[] section flatt5$ into ties4 p#agb ,,canoe ,,c$>1 ,,arborvit4 ,,giant ,,arborvit4 ,?uya plicata ,don4 ,?uya gigantea ,nutt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,canoe ,c$>1 ,giant ,arborvit 7local & common names74 ,r$ ,c$>1 ,giant ,r$ ,c$>1 ,pacific ,r$ ,c$> 7,wa%41 ,oreg41 ,cal41 ,idaho74 ,c$>1 ,giant ,c$>1 ,we/]n ,c$> 7,oreg41 ,cal474 ,%+lewood 7,idaho74 ,locality4 ,coa/ region1 ,cali=nia to ,alaska1 ,idaho to ,montana4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ to two hundr$ feet 9 height1 two to elev5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,f\r-sid$ leaves closely ov]lapp+ 9 sprays4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood dull r$di% br[n1 ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,co>se-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 annual lay]s di/9ct4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 weak1 light1 brittle1 easily work$1 v durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%+les1 f5c+1 coop]age1 int]ior f9i%1 canoes 7coa/ ,indians74 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1dfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aj1fjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,l>ge trees are (t5 holl[ at ! bottom4 p#agc ,,:ite ,,c$>4 ,*amcyp>is ?yoides ,l4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,c$> 7local & common "n74 ,po/ ,c$>1 ,swamp ,c$> 7,del474 ,junip] 7,ala41 ,n4 ,c41 ,va474 ,locality4 ,ma9e to ,florida1 ,gulf coa/ to ,mississippi1 be/ 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sixty to eighty feet 9 height1 ?ree to f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,%aggy rugg$ b>k4 ,a graceful tree4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood p9ki% to d>k] br[n1 sapwood light]4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure1 conspicu\s lay]s4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,v light1 s(t1 n /rong1 extremely durable 9 expos$ positions1 fragrant1 easily work$4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,boats1 railway ties1 f5c+1 poles1 po/s1 %+les4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bc 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474 #bj4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #iaj1jjj 7av]age ( #hg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474 #egj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #fcaj 7av]age ( #hg te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474 #fdjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,gr[s *iefly 9 swamps4 ,:ite c$> po/s la/ _m ye>s4 ,?yoides is f ,?uya mean+ arborvit & eidos1 ! ,greek = resemblance4 p#agd ,,port ,,or=d ,,c$>1 ,,lawson ,,cypress4 ,*amcyp>is lawsoniana ,murr4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,c$>1 ,oregon ,c$> 7,oreg41 ,cal474 ,g+] ,p9e 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,pacific coa/1 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ to sometimes two hundr$ feet 9 height1 f\r to twelve 787 feet 9 diamet]4 ,leaves ov]lapp+ 9 sprays1 v small cones "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood yell[i% :ite1 sapwood simil>4 ,v close-gra9$4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 h>d1 /rong1 durable1 easily work$1 fragrant1 res9\s4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,lumb]1 floor+1 int]ior f9i%1 ties1 po/s1 mat*es1 %ip-build+4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1gcj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ab1fjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,res9 employ$ z insecticide4 p#age ,,yell[ ,,c$>1 ,,yell[ ,,cypress1 ,,sitka ,,cypress4 ,*amcyp>is nootkat5sis 7,lamb7 ,spa*4 ,*amcyp>is nutkansis ,spa*4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,nootka ,cypress1 ,nootka ,s\nd ,cypress 7local74 ,alaska ,cypress1 ,alaska ,gr\nd ,cypress 7local74 ,locality4 ,oregon to ,alaska4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,"o hundr$ feet or m 9 height1 ?ree to five feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,%>p-po9t$1 ov]lapp+ leaves1 small globul> cones4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood cle> light yell[1 ?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 n /rong1 brittle1 h>d1 durable 9 contact ) soil1 easily work$1 receives high poli%1 fragrant4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,%ip-build+1 furniture1 int]ior f9i%4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bi4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1dfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #aa1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,valuable ,alaska timb] tree4 ,comm]cially n di/+ui%$ f ,pacific ,arborvit4 p#agf ,,inc5se ,,c$>1 ,,:ite ,,c$>4 ,liboc$rus decurr5s ,torr4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,po/ ,c$>1 ,cali=nia ,po/ ,c$> 7local74 ,ba/>d ,c$>1 ,r$ ,c$>1 ,cali=nia ,:ite ,c$> 7local74 ,junip] 7,nevada74 ,locality4 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,n9ety to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet 9 height1 occasionally high]1 ?ree to six feet 9 diamet]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[ni%1 sapwood light]4 ,close-gra9$1 compact /ructure4 ,he>twood (t5 pitt$4 ,fragrant4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 brittle1 s(t1 durable4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,flumes1 %+les1 int]ior f9i%4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #be4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bjj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #ifj1jjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,subject to attack by fungus1 caus+ ! l>ge oval pits 9 ! he>twood4 ,disease ceases ^u ! fell+ ( trees4 7von ,s*r5k ,contribution ,no4 #ad ,%aw ,s*ool ,botany1 ,/4 ,l\is47 p#agg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd4 ,,cypress 7,cupressus1 ,taxodium74 ,mont]ey ,cypress 7,cupressus macroc>pa74 7,c\rtesy ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co47 ,cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um74 7,photograph by ,edw>d ,j4 ,davison47 ,peggy ,cypress ,wood4 ,,cypress4 7,cupressus & ,taxodium47 ,! "n cypress has be5 *iefly appli$ to trees ( ! g5]a ,*amcyp>is1 ,cupressus1 & ,taxodium4 ,mo/ species ( ! g5us ,*amcyp>is are n[ call$ c$>s 7see page #afg74 ,! ,cupressus1 :ile true cypresses & important 9 ,europe1 h no significance 9 ,am]ica4 ,! s+le species ( ! g5us ,taxodium is n a cypress1 b supplies ! cypress wood ( ,am]ican comm]ce4 ,x is p]haps be/ to conf9e ! "n cypress to ! true cypress 7,cupressus7 & to ! comm]cial cypress 7,taxodium74 ,! true cypress 7,cupressus7 0 once important 9 ! ,ea/1 & is ?\ght by "s to h giv5 ! goph] wood ( :i* ! ,ark 0 built4#ih ,pl9y m5tions cypress doors good aft] f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & a /atue good aft] six hundr$ ye>s4 ,h]odotus & o!r anci5t au?ors#ii speak ( x4 ,au?orities 9 ! middle ages ?\ght t x w\ld nev] decay4 ,! cypress gates ( ! e>ly ,/4 ,pet]'s1 remov$ aft] "o ?\s& ye>s ( s]vice1 7 f\nd to be 9 p]fect condition4#ajj ,cypress 0 mu* priz$ = mummy-cases4 ,liv+ trees long figur$ z fun]al emblems1 & are yet plant$ ov] graves 9 ,italy & ,turkey4#aja ,! common or ev]gre5 cypress is ! *ief ,european species4 ,! eight or n9e ,am]ican repres5tatives are ( little note save z !y are sometimes us$ = h$ges & ornam5tation4 ,! ,mont]ey & ,g[an cypresses 7,cupressus macroc>pa & ,cupressus gov5iana7 are ?us employ$4 ,!re are small ev]gre5 scale-l leaves4 p#agh ,illu/ration3 ,,bald ,,cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um74 ,! ,am]ican or ,bald ,cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um7 is a tree ( consid]able importance4 ,x gr[s 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates1 on subm]g$ l&s or 9 deep swamps :]e unusual logg+ me?ods are necessitat$4 ,! season$ wood resembles :ite c$> 9 t x is s(t1 light1 & v durable4 ,x has be5 call$ by _m names4 ,pieces 7 once call$ black or :ite cypress accord+ z !y sank or float$4 ,all d>k pieces are n[ call$ black cypress4 ,! t9t$ woods ( "s localities are call$ r$ or yell[ cypress4 ,! "n bald cypress 0 caus$ by ! leafless appe>ance ( ! trees 9 w9t]4 ,! liv+ trees are subject to a peculi> fung\s disease1 caus+ num]\s cavities 9 ! wood4 ,^! s resemble p]=ations made by small pegs t ! wood is t]m$ peggy4 ,! tr\ble ceases z ! trees are cut1 & ! wood is !n z durable z t f p]fect trees4 ,ab\t "o ?ird ( ! /&+ supply is ?us affect$4#ajb ,! roots frequ5tly project upw>d above ! surface 9 :at are kn[n z cypress knees4 ,! s+le species ( ?is g5us may easily be recogniz$ by its decidu\s foliage2 ! little leaves are sep>at$ & are n 9 tufts z ) ! tam>acks4 p#agi ,,footnotes ,footnote #ih3 ,funk ,wagnalls' ,/&>d ,diction>y1 quot+ ,horace ,smi?1 ,gayeties & ,gravities1 ,*apt] ,,vii1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ii3 ,pl9y #af1 #bad & #af1 #bae2 ,h]odotus #d1 #af2 ,virgil1 ,georgics1 #b1 #ddc4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,b4 #f1 p4 #gde4 ,footnote #aja3 ,brockhaus1 ,konv]sations-,lexikon1 ,b4 #d1 p4 #fed4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,circul> ,no4 #ai 7,dr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[1 ,*ief74 ,,cypress1 ,,bald ,,cypress4 ,taxodium di/i*um ,ri*4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,:ite ,cypress 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,fla41 ,miss474 ,black ,cypress 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c41 ,ala41 ,tex474 ,r$ ,cypress 7,ga41 ,miss41 ,la41 ,tex474 ,swamp ,cypress 7,la474 ,decidu\s ,cypress 7,del41 ,ill41 ,tex474 ,s\!rn ,cypress 7,ala474 ,locality4 ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ,/ates1 ,m>yl& ?r\gh ,florida to ,texas1 ,mississippi ,valley f s\!rn ,ill9ois to ! ,gulf4 ,occasional 9 ,nor?1 z ,new ,york4 ,=ms =e/s 9 swamps & b>r5s4#ajc ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty to "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height1 f\r to t5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,knees on roots (t5 holl[ 9 old age4 ,flat decidu\s leaves4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,he>twood br[ni%1 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,close1 /raight gra94 ,frequ5tly pitt$ by disease4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 n /rong1 durable4 ,gre5 wood (t5 v heavy4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,c>p5try1 con/ruction1 coop]age1 railway ties4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bi 7,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ajd #bh4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #a1bij1jjj 7av]age ( #fee te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ajd #a1dfj1jjj4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #gijj 7av]age ( #fee te/s by ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,div474#ajd #ifjj4 ,rem>ks4 ,wood comm]cially divid$ into :ite & black cypress because ( diff]5ces 9 age & environm5t4 ,fungus disease pits mu* wood1 b /ops ) fell+ ( trees4#aje p#ahj ,,footnotes ,footnote #ajc3 ,see ,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xxix1 page #aeg4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see page #f4 ,footnote #aje3 ,von ,s*r5k1 ,contribution ,no4 #ad1 ,%aw ,s*ool ,botany1 ,/4 ,l\is2 also ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,circul> ,no4 #ai4 ,,r$wood4 7,sequoia47 ,^! trees gr[ only 9 ,cali=nia4 ,!re are two species3 ! common r$wood 7,s4 semp]vir5s71 not$ = its lumb]1 & ! big or mammo? tree 7,s4 wa%+toniana71 s rem>kable = its great size4 ,geological evid5ce indicates t ! g5us 0 once repres5t$ by _m species on bo? hemisph]es1 b t all disappe>$ dur+ ! glacial p]iod save ! two "h not$4 ,! common r$wood is a l>ge & p]fect tree & supplies a wood sugge/+ good r$ c$>4 ,?is s(t1 light1 clean1 r$di%-br[n1 durable wood works & /&s well1 is n easily inflam$1 & is obta9able 9 l>ge-siz$ pieces = use 9 l>ge con/ructions4 ,c(f9s & %+les are made ( x1 also l>ge quantities ( wood5 wat]-pipe employ$ = irrigation purposes4 ,! av]age wood is se5 9 *eap] =ms ( indoor f9i%1 :ile occasional pieces1 9 :i* ! gra9 is di/ort$1 are class$ z curly r$wood & us$ = co/li] decorations4 ,big or ,mammo? trees h be5 measur$ up to ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty feet 9 height & ?irty-five feet 9 diamet] 7,s>g5t74 ,!y are ?us ! l>ge/ ( ,am]ican trees & ! mo/ massive1 al?\gh n ! talle/1 ( all trees4 ,specim5s tw5ty-five feet 9 diamet] h be5 e/imat$ z ?irty-six hundr$ ye>s old1 & x is ?\ght t "u favorable conditions trees c survive = five ?\s& ye>s1 or ev5 long]4 ,! olde/ trees are s\nd ?r\gh\t4 ,! almo/ incombu/ible b>k is ne>ly two feet 9 ?ickness2 ! wood is brittle1 b o!rwise resembles ord9>y r$wood4 ,x %\ld be not$ t l>ge exceptional trees are all kn[n1 & t mo/ ( !m h names su* z ! ,pride ( ! ,=e/1 ! ,grizzly ,giant1 & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,grant4 ,^!1 ) y\ng] trees1 are gr\p$ 9 p#aha ! ,m>iposa1 ,calav>as1 & o!r groves4 ,_m sawmills are un=tunately engag$ on ! trees ( ?is species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce4 ,,r$wood 7,sequoia74 ,r$wood ,foliage 7,sequoia semp]vir5s74 ,giant ,r$wood ,tree 7,s4 wa%+toniana74 7,c\rtesy ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co47 ,curly ,r$wood ,wood 7dissection74 ,r$wood trees may be kn[n by _! size1 locality1 & f9e1 dull1 ev]gre5 foliage4 ,! "n ,sequoia is t ( an ,indian *ief4 p#ahb ,,footnote ,ref]5ces3 ,! ,big ,trees ( ,cali=nia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh4 ,also ,mr4 ,jas4 ,horsburgh1 ,jr41 ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railway4 ,,r$wood4 ,sequoia semp]vir5s ,endl4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,r$wood 7local & common "n74 ,sequoia1 ,cali=nia ,r$wood1 ,coa/ ,r$wood 7local74 ,locality4 ,c5tral & ,nor? ,pacific coa/ region4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 sometimes high]1 six to eight & sometimes tw5ty feet 9 diamet]4 ,/raight1 symmetrical trunk4 ,l[ bran*es r>e4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,?ick he>twood r$1 *ang+ to r$di% br[n :5 season$2 ,?9 sapwood ne>ly :ite4 ,co>se1 /raight gra91 compact /ructure1 v ?ick b>k4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 n /rong1 s(t1 v durable1 n res9\s1 easily work$4 ,does n burn easily1 receives poli%4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,timb]1 %+les1 flumes1 f5ce-po/s1 c(f9s1 railway ties1 wat]-pipes1 int]ior decoration4 ,b>k made into s\v5irs4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bf 7c5sus figure1 see page #f74 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #gij1jjj 7av]age ( #h ,humboldt specim5s74#ajf #a1adj1jjj 7av]age ( #g ,humboldt specim5s74#ajf #ifj1jjj 7c5sus figure1 see page #f74 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #dibj 7av]age ( #i ,humboldt specim5s74#ajf #gach 7av]age ( #g ,m5doc9o specim5s74#ajf #hdjj 7c5sus figure1 see page #f74 ,rem>ks4 ,pacific coa/ *ief con/ruction wood4 ,curl$ or di/ort$ gra9 adds value = cab9et purposes4 p#ahc 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,big or ,mammo? ,tree or ,giant ,r$wood 7,s4 wa%+toniana ,sudwor? & ,s4 gigantea7 is ! l>ge/ tree kn[n4 ,! wood resembl+ t ( ,s4 semp]vir5s is us$ locally1 see ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #bh4 ,,footnote ,footnote #ajf3 ,pr(essor ,frank ,s\l1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m4 ,e41 ,cali=nia ,meet+1 #ahii4 ,!re are sev]al trees ( ?is species ne> ,new ,york ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf4 ,,endog5\s ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,wood4 ,a section ?r\gh a ,palm ,tree4 ,a cross-section ( ,palm wood4 7,natural size47 ,,endog5\s ,,trees4 7,monocotyl$ons47 ,endog5\s trees are ^? t increase f )94 ,_! elem5tal p>ts are simil> to ^? ( exog5\s trees b ! arrangem5t ( su* p>ts diff]s 9 t ! new] fibres ( ! ,endog5 int]m+le ) ! old1 pass ?r\gh a pi?-l tissue1 & cause cross-surfaces to appe> z dott$1 :]eas ! new mat]ial ( ! ,exog5 is deposit$ altoge!r & ^u ! outside ( ! old1 _! sections exhibit+ r+s or lay]s4 ,! ,palms1 ,yuccas1 ,corn/alks1 & ,bamboos are ( ! endog5s4 ,b>k is unusual on trees ( ! s]ies4 ,endog5\s woods are h>de/ & mo/ compact at circumf]5ces4 ,! /ems ( palm trees are solid1 b ^? ( "s ( ! grasses1 p>ticul>ly ^? t gr[ quickly1 are holl[4#ajg ,! tube or canal1 :5 exi/+1 is due to sluggi%ness on ! "p ( ! c5tral pi?1 :i*1 develop+ m sl[ly ?an ! out] tissues1 f9ally ruptures & disappe>s at ! c5t]4 ,!re are also m or less p]man5t jo9ts or knots1#ajh su* z are made famili> by ! canes & bamboos4 ,! /ems ( ,endog5\s plants are seldom cut up into lumb]1 b are us$ 9 segm5ts1 or else entire1 z = tr\ghs or piles4#aji ,! use ( ,palm wood mu/ be m or less p#ahd limit$ to ! neighborhoods 9 :i* su* trees fl\ri%1 b x is probable t ! ,bamboo c be mu* m g5]ally employ$4 ,! ,endog5s include num]\s families & _m ?\s& species4#aaj ,! grasses1 includ+ :eat1 rye1 & ,indian corn at ! ,nor? & sug>-cane & bamboo at ! ,s\?1 belong to ?is gr\p4 ,mo/ ,endog5s are h]bs2 comp>atively few furni% mat]ial = /ructural purposes4 ,! ,palms1 includ+ ! palmetto1 rattans1 cane palms1 & o!rs1 ! ,yucca1 includ+ ! ,jo%ua tree1 ,spani% bayonet1 & o!rs1 & ! ,bamboos1 repres5tatives ( ! grasses1 are ?us useful4 ,endog5s are also kn[n z ,monocotyl$ons4 p#ahe ,,footnotes ,footnote #ajg3 ,! ,bamboo1 :i* is a grass1 is holl[1 :ile ! corn/alk1 :i* is also a grass1 is n4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,! knots ( endog5s correspond to ! nodes ( exog5s4 ,spaces betwe5 ! nodes1 kn[n z int]nodes1 m>k ! annual l5g!n+4 ,knots are places :5ce leaves h em]g$4 ,footnote #aji3 ,palm 9 m>9e "w appe>s to repel ! t]$oe4 ,?is is probably because ( ! por\s "* ( ! wood4 ,see ,m>9e ,wood ,bor]s1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xl1 pages #aie & #bjd4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,ba/9 7,college ,botany1 p4 #cgi7 divides into ab\t fifty natural ord]s di/ribut$ among sev5 divisions4 ,w>m+ 7,sy/ematic ,botany1 pp4 #bgg1 #bgh7 divides into sev5 families correspond+ ) ,ba/9's sev5 divisions4 ,a4 ,gray divides into tw5ty-"o ord]s or families4 ,c\lt] 7,plants1 p4 #bcg7 divides into =ty families1 includ+ tw5ty ?\s& species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg4 ,,palm 7,palmace7 ,cabbage ,palmetto4 7,c\rtesy ,n4 ,c4 ,geological ,survey47 ,wa%+ton ,palm 7untrimm$74 7,messrs4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co474 ,wa%+ton ,palm 7trimm$74 7,los ,angeles ,*amb] ,comm]ce47 ,,palm4 ,,palmace4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ord]s ( plants kn[n to man4 ,! "o ?\s&#aaa or m kn[n species are di/ribut$ ov] ! tropical & semitropical regions ( ! entire _w4 ,only a few species1 includ+ ! palmettos ( ! ,gulf ,/ates & ! fan palms ( ,cali=nia are native 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,palms h tall1 column> trunks )\t bran*es1 b ) cr[ns ( l>ge leaves at _! summits4 ,_! =ms & proportions are (t5 magnific5t4 ,! wood is s(t1 light1 m or less por\s1 difficult to "w1 & n /rong4 ,! %apes ( trunks sometimes cause !m to be locally priz$ = piles1 :ile ! por\s qualities ( ! wood are su* z to repel t]$o4#aab ,!re are _m by-products1 z fruit1 nuts1 oil1 etc4 ,! rattan or cane palms ( ,india & ! ,malayan ,isl&s sometimes gr[ to a height ( two hundr$ feet & are import$ into ,europe & ,am]ica = *air-bottoms & ! l4 ,sudwor?#aac enum]ates ! foll[+ z atta9+ to ! dignity ( trees 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,cabbage ,palmetto 7,sabal palmetto74 ,silv]top ,palmetto 7,?r9ax microc>pa74 ,silktop ,palmetto 7,?r9ax p>viflora74 ,mexican palmetto 7,sabal mexicana74 ,s>g5t ,palm 7,pseudophoenix s>g5tii74 ,fanleaf ,palm 7,wa%+tonia filif]a74 ,royal ,palm 7,or$oya regia74 p#ahf ,,footnotes ,footnote #aaa3 ,c\lt]1 ,plants1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #aab3 ,m>9e ,wood ,bor]s1 ,sn[ ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,xl1 pp4 #aie & #bjd4 ,footnote #aac3 ,*eck ,li/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ag4 ,a4 ,l4 ,wallace1 ,palm ,trees ( ,amazon & _! ,uses1 ,london1 #ahec4 ,,cabbage ,,palmetto4 ,sabal palmetto ,walt4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,cabbage ,palmetto1 ,palmetto 7,n4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c474 ,cabbage ,tree 7,miss41 ,fla474 ,tree ,palmetto 7,la474 ,locality4 ,s\!rn ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/1 ,unit$ ,/ates 7int]mitt5tly74 ,features ( ,tree4 ,m$ium size1 ?irty to =ty feet 9 height1 "o to two & "o-half feet 9 diamet]4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,light-br[n t9t4 ,*>act]i/ic co>se fibre arrangem5t4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 difficult to "w2 durable 9 m>9e "w2 repels t]$o4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,piles1 :>f "w1 etc4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bg4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,scrubb+-bru% bri/les are made 9 consid]able quantities 9 ,florida f ! %ea? ( "y leaves4 ,! inn] "p ( "y plants is edible4 ,x is said 7,n4 ,y4 ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,april #bj1 #aija7 t pap] is be+ manufactur$ f ! leaves ( ! ,palmetto4 p#ahg ,,wa%+ton ,,palm4 ,,fanleaf ,,palm4 ,wa%+tonia filif]a ,w5dl4 ,ne[a%+tonia filam5tosa ,w5dl4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,fanleaf ,palm1 ,wa%+ton ,palm1 ,des]t ,palm 7,cal474 ,cali=nia ,fan ,palm1 ,arizona ,palm1 ,wild ,date 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,cali=nia4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,?irty to sixty feet 9 height1 "o & "o-half to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,fan-%ap$ leaves ris+ yet f>!r 9 tuft f summit2 edible fruit4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,light gre5i% yell[ to d>k r$1 conspicu\s gra94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,s(t1 light1 %r9ks 9 season+1 difficult to "w4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,ornam5tal purposes4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #cb4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,palms4 ,mu* us$ = l&scape effects 9 ,cali=nia4 p#ahh ,,yucca4 7,yucca47 ,! eighte5 species con/itut+ ?is g5us are all ,am]ican4 ,twelve ( !m are f\nd 9 ! s\!rn & we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & eight ( ^! are m5tion$ by ,sudwor?#aad z arboresc5t4 ,sev]al ( ! ,yuccas are cultivat$ because ( _! beautiful lily-l fl[]s4 ,! ,tree ,yucca or ,jo%ua-tree af=ds wood4 ,?is la/ nam$ species produces a %ort /\t trunk1 peculi> 9 t x is cov]$ by ?ick b>k4 ,! s(t1 spongy wood is sometimes sawn into lumb]1 made into s\v5irs & lately into artificial limbs4 ,an attempt to manufacture x into pap]-pulp#aae is said to h fail$ because ( high co/ made necess>y by ! remote position ( ! indu/ry4 ,h\gh notes#aaf t trees are sometimes attack$ by bor]s t impregnate ! walls ( _! tunnels ) h>d5+ antiseptic solutions1 caus+ su* p>ts to rema9 aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! o!rs4 ,& t ^! p>ts are describ$ z petrifi$ wood1 & are priz$ = fuel s9ce !y burn ) little smoke & great heat4 ,! eight species not$ by ,sudwor? are z foll[s3 ,yucca arboresc5s 7,jo%ua tree74 ,yucca treculeana 7,spani% ,bayonet74 ,yucca gloriosa 7,spani% ,dagg]74 ,yucca mohav5sis 7,mohave ,yucca74 ,yucca aloifolia 7,alo-leaf ,yucca74 ,yucca macroc>pa 7,broadfruit ,yucca74 ,yucca brevifolia 7,s*ott ,yucca74 ,yucca con/ricta4 p#ahi ,,footnotes ,footnote #aad3 ,*eck ,li/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bul4 ,no4 #ag4 ,footnote #aae3 ,s\? ( ,mohave ,des]t 9 ,cali=nia ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,am]ican ,woods1 ,"p ,,vii1 p4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch4 ,,yucca 7,yucca arboresc5s74 ,by c\rtesy ( ,messrs4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 ,photograph by ,conaway4 ,wood ( ,yucca4 ,,jo%ua-,,tree1 ,,yucca4 ,yucca brevifolia ,engel4 ,yucca arboresc5s ,torr4 ,nom5clature4 7,sudwor?47 ,jo%ua-tree1 ,! ,jo%ua1 ,yucca1 ,yucca ,tree 7,utah1 ,ariz41 ,n4 ,m41 ,cal474 ,yucca ,cactus 7,cal474 ,locality4 ,c5tral & l[] ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,features ( ,tree4 ,tw5ty-five to =ty feet 9 height1 six in*es to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,?ick out] cov] or b>k4#aag ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,light br[n to :ite1 por\s gra94 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 s(t1 spongy1 flexible 9 ?9 %eets4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,pap]-pulp1 s\v5irs1 boxes1 book cov]s1 & o!r small articles4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 #bc4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 ,rem>ks4 ,b>k is unusual 9 ! case ( endog5\s trees4 ,arboresc5s ref]s to fact t x is a tree4 p#aij ,,footnote ,footnote #aag3 ,see p>agraph ,b>k1 ,endog5\s ,trees1 page #ee4 ,,bamboo4 7,bambus47 ,! bamboos are giant memb]s ( a gr\p 7grasses#aah71 ! o!r individuals ( :i*1 :ile widely di/ribut$1 valu$1 & v num]\s1 are = ! mo/ "p insignificant z to bulk1 height1 & /ructural *>act]i/ics4 ,! canes & bamboos are exceptions 9 t !y =m :at may well be call$ =e/s1 & produce woods us$ 9 con/ruction4 ,! ,bamboos 7,bambus71 includ+ ab\t tw5ty g5]a & two hundr$ species1#aai are di/ribut$ unev5ly ov] ! tropical zone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci4 ,,bamboo 7,bambus74 ,bamboo ,grove1 ,philipp9es4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,manila ,p4,o4 ,=e/ry ,bureau4 ,bamboo ,grove1 ,*9a4 ,bamboo sections1 #e-a_/d in*es diamet]4 ,! bamboo plant ) its num]\s /alks & delicate foliage resembles a plume ( giant o/ri* fea!rs4 ,! /ems atta9 heights ( sev5ty feet & diamet]s ( f\r & six in*es 7see ,fig4 #c plate74 ,knots or jo9ts are at fir/ close toge!r1 b are lat] "o or two feet ap>t4 ,gr[? is surpris+ly rapid4 ,a ,philipp9e specim51 :i* :5 measur$ 0 eighte5 in*es high & f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 grew two feet 9 ?ree days4#abj ,florida /alks h rea*$ heights ( sev5ty-two feet 9 a s+le season4#aba ,! plants are apt to take complete possession ( ! gr\nd on :i* !y gr[4 ,^? :o use bamboo value x highly4 ,x is employ$ entire or else split into segm5ts4 ,"s c be p#aia op5$ & flatt5$ into r\gh bo>ds1 splitt+ ev]y:]e b hold+ toge!r4#abb ,= vessels x is cut (f ) ref]5ce to ! p>titions4 ,! subject is ?us summ>iz$ by ,dr4 ,m>t93#abc ,! ,*9ese make ma/s ( x = _! small junks1 & twi/ x into cables = _! l>g] ones4 ,!y weave x into matt+ = floors1 & make x into raft]s = ro(s4 ,!y sit at table on bamboo *airs1 eat %oots ( bamboo ) bamboo *op-/icks4 ,! musician bl[s a bamboo flute1 & ! wat*man beats a bamboo rattle4 ,crim9als are conf9$ 9 a bamboo cage & beat5 ) bamboo rods4 ,pap] is made ( bamboo fibre1 & p5cils ( a jo9t ( bamboo 9 :i* is ins]t$ a tuft ( goat's hair4 ,! manipulation ( ?is valuable mat]ial is n yet und]/ood 9 ,am]ica4 ,pr(4 ,johnson notes#abd t ! wood ( bamboo is j twice z /rong z ! /ronge/ wood 9 cross-b5d+1 weight = weight1 :5 ! wood is tak5 9 specim5s1 ) a squ>e & solid cross-section4 ,dr4 ,f]n[ consid]s ! bamboo wor?y ( ext5sive trial ?r\gh\t ! ,gulf region4#abe p#aib ,,footnotes ,footnote #aah3 ,grasses1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & probably "o ( ! mo/ useful gr\ps ( plants4 4 4 4 ,if grass-l s$ges be associat$1 4 4 4 !re are ab\t #fjjj species1 repres5t+ ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! ,monocotyl$ons4 7,c\lt]1 ,plants1 pp4 #bdj-bda47 ,! v>i\s pa/ure-grasses1 c]eals1 & sug>-canes are "h includ$4 ,bamboos & canes are di/9ct 9 t !y af=d /ructural mat]ials4 ,footnote #aai3 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[ notes 7p4 #bi1 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa73 ,9 addition to ! g5us bambusa1 ! g5]a ,arund9>ia1 ,arundo1 ,d5drocalamus1 & ,guadua are ! mo/ important4 ,all ( tribe ,bambusae4 ,footnote #abj3 ,fr$]ic ,h4 ,sawy]4 ,memb4 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 ,inhabitants ( ! ,philipp9es1 ,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #aijj 7p4 #e74 ,footnote #aba3 ,page #bi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #abb3 ,pr(4 ,isaac ,f4 ,holton1 ,new ,granada1 ,h>p] ,bros41 ,new ,york1 #aheg 7p4 #aji74 ,footnote #abc3 ,cycle ( ,ca?ay1 ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,co41 #ahii 7p4 #agb74 ,footnote #abd3 ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction1 #ahig1 p4 #fhi4 ,footnote #abe3 ,h5ry ,g4 ,hubb>d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa1 ,a4 ,b4 ,mit=d4 ,! ,bamboo ,g>d51 ,macmillan1 #ahif4 ,kurz1 ,bamboo & its ,uses1 ,calcutta1 #ahgf4 ,bamboo z sub/itute = ,wood1 ,f]n[1 p4 #bjc1 #f? ,annual ,report4 ,,bamboo4 ,bambusa vulg>is4 ,nom5clature4 ,bamboo local & common "n4 ,locality4 ,florida 7acclimat$74 ,features ( ,tree4 ,sev5ty-five feet 9 height1 f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,delicate bran*es & leaves4 ,gre5i% glaz$ jo9t$ /em1 ext5sive roots4 ,color1 ,appe>ance1 or ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,yell[i% br[n1 conspicu\sly fibr\s1 mod]ately ?9 walls1 c5tral canal brok5 by jo9ts4 ,/ructural ,qualities ( ,wood4 ,light1 ela/ic1 works easily4 ,repres5tative ,uses ( ,wood4 ,po/s1 poles1 ut5sils1 tr\ghs1 pipes1 ro(+1 pap]4 ,weight ( ,season$ ,wood 9 ,p\nds p] ,cubic ,foot4 ,v>iable4 ,modulus ( ,ela/icity4 #b1chj1jjj 7,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction1 p4 #fhi74 ,modulus ( ,rupture4 #bg1djj 7,johnson's ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction1 p4 #fhi74 ,rem>ks4 p#aic ,,index4 ,,page ,a ,abies1 #adi1 #aef balsamea1 #aef1 #aeg concolor1 #acf1 #aef1 #aei gr&is1 #aef1 #aeh magnifica1 #afj nobilis1 #afa taxifolia1 #aed ,acacia1 #gg ,false1 #gh ,?ree-?orn$1 #gh ,ac]1 #dj dasyc>pum1 #dc macrophyllum1 #de negundo1 #df pseudo-platanus1 #dj1 #fe rubrum1 #dd sac*>9um1 #dc sac*>um1 #db sculus1 #if flava1 #ih glabra1 #ig hippoca/anum1 #if1 #ig oct&ra1 #ih ,alburnum1 #g ,alg>oba1 #gi ,alligator-wood1 #ajj ,apple1 #bg ,apple-tree 7,osage71 #aac ,arborvit1 #afh1 #aga1 #agb ,giant1 #agb ,pacific1 #age ,arbutus1 #ajh m5ziesii1 #ajh1 #aaj ,arund9>ia1 #aij ,arundo1 #aij ,a%1 #bg1 #bi1 #cc ,am]ican1 #bi ,black1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb1 #df ,blue1 #ca1 #cc ,br[n1 #cj ,cane1 #bi ,gre51 #bg1 #cc ,hoop1 #cb ,m\nta91 #bg ,oregon1 #cd ,prickly1 #bg ,r$1 #cj ,riv]1 #cj ,second-gr[?1 #bh ,swamp1 #cb1 #cc ,/9k+1 #df ,sug>1 #df ,wat]1 #cb1 #cc1 #df ,:ite1 #bg1 #bi1 #cc ,yell[1 #bg ,asp51 #ha ,l>ge ,am]ican1 #hc ,quak+1 #hc ,b ,balluck1 #abh ,balm1 #he ,balm ( ,gilead1 #aeg ,fir1 #aeg ,balsam1 #aeg ,canada1 #aeg ,he1 #aej ,:ite1 #aei ,balsam ,fir1 #acf ,balsam ,tree1 #aei ,bamboo1 #aij1 #aib ,bambus1 #aij vulg>is1 #aib ,bass1 #ha ,basswood1 #hj1 #hg ,:ite1 #hg ,yell[1 #hg ,ba/1 #hg ,bay ,rose1 #ajh ,bay ,tree1 #aji ,cali=nia1 #aji ,bayonet1 ,spani%1 #ahh ,baywood1 #abj ,bee*1 #fj1 #fb ,blue1 #fj1 #fc ,r$1 #fb ,ridge1 #fb ,wat]1 #fc ,:ite1 #fb ,bee-tree1 #ha1 #hg ,betula1 #fh l5ta1 #gd1 #aaa lutea1 #gc nigra1 #gb papyrif]a1 #ga populifolia1 #gj ,big-bud1 #ed ,big ,tree1 #afa1 #ahj1 #ahb ,cali=nia1 #ahj1 #ahb ,bir*1 #fh1 #gb ,black1 #gb1 #gd ,blue1 #gb ,canoe1 #ga ,*]ry1 #aaa ,gray1 #gj1 #gc ,l>ge ,:ite1 #ga ,mahogany1 #gd ,oldfield1 #gj ,pap]1 #ga ,popl>-leav$1 #gj ,pov]ty1 #gj ,r$1 #gb ,riv]1 #gb1 #gd ,silv]1 #ga1 #gc ,small ,:ite1 #gj ,swamp1 #gc ,sweet1 #gd1 #aaa ,wat]1 #gb ,:ite1 #gj1 #ga ,bitt]nut1 #ec ,bli/$1 #ajj ,blue ,l91 #hf ,boc1 #fj ,bod>k1 #aac ,bodock1 #aac ,bois ,puant1 #ia ,bois ,d',arc1 #aaa1 #aac ,bok1 #fj ,boleau1 #ga ,botanical ,"n1 #a ,b[-wood1 #aac ,boxeld]1 #df ,boxwood1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajh ,new ,engl&1 #ajf ,box1 ,false 7,dogwood71 #ajf ,,broadleaf ,,trees1 #aj ,,woods1 #aj ,bu*e1 #fj ,buckeye1 #if1 #ig1 #ih ,big1 #ih ,fetid1 #ig ,l>ge1 #ih ,ohio1 #ig ,/9k+1 #ig ,sweet1 #ih ,yell[1 #ih ,bullnut1 #ed ,bumelia1 #fa t5ax1 #fa lycioides1 #fa ,burl1 #dg ,buttonball1 #ff1 #fg ,buttonball tree1 #ff1 #fg ,buttonwood1 #ff1 #fg ,c ,canoewood1 #hb ,c>p9us1 #fj c>ol9iana1 #fj1 #fc ,c>ya1 #ea alba1 #eb oliv=mis1 #ee porc9a1 #ec tom5tosa1 #ed ,ca/anea1 #ef d5tata1 #eh pumila1 #ef1 #ei vesca1 #eh vesca v>4 am]icana1 #eh vulg>is v>4 am]icana1 #eh ,ca/anopsis *rysopylla1 #eg1 #ei ,catalpa1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib ,catalpa1 #ij bignonioides1 #ib catalpa1 #ib speciosa1 #ia ,catawba1 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,:ite1 #ace ,sap1 #ada1 #add ,scot*1 #ade ,%ade1 #acf ,%e1 #aci ,%e ,pit*1 #aci ,%ortleaf1 #acc1 #adj1 #ada ,%ortleav$ ,yell[1 #adj ,%ort%at1 #adj ,silv]1 #aeg ,sla%1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada ,s(t1 #acj1 #aca1 #acd1 #acg ,s\!rn1 #acc1 #ach ,s\!rn ,h>d1 #ach ,s\!rn ,he>t1 #ach ,s\!rn ,pit*1 #ach ,s\!rn ,yell[1 #ach1 #adb ,spruce1 #acd1 #adj1 #ada1 #afc ,swamp1 #aci1 #ada ,texas ,longleav$1 #ach ,texas ,yell[1 #ach ,tor*1 #ada ,turp5t9e1 #ach ,virg9ia1 #ada ,virg9ia ,yell[1 #adj ,we/]n ,pit*1 #adb ,we/]n ,:ite1 #aca1 #ace1 #acg ,we/]n ,yell[1 #adb ,weym\?1 #acc1 #acd ,:ite1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg ,yell[1 #acc1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #add ,p9tree1 ,conf$]ate1 #gh ,p9us1 #acj1 #adi e*9ata1 #acb1 #acc1 #adj flexilis1 #aca1 #ace het]ophylla1 #acb1 #acc1 #aci lamb]tiana1 #aca1 #acf mitis1 #acb1 #adj monticola1 #acg palu/ris1 #acb1 #acc1 #ach1 #aci pond]osa1 #adb res9osa1 #adc rigida1 #add /robus1 #aca1 #acd sylve/ris1 #ade tda1 #acb1 #acc1 #ada ,piquant arm\rette1 #gh ,pi? cavity1 #g ,pi? ,ray1 #b1 #h ,plane ,tree1 #fe1 #ff ,platane ,cotoni]1 #ff ,platanus1 #fe occid5talis1 #fe1 #ff ori5talis1 #fe racemosa1 #fe1 #fg ,plaquem9i]1 #aab ,plum1 ,date1 #aab ,popl>1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #aeg ,blue1 #hb ,hickory1 #hb ,l>ge1 #hc ,l>ge ,too!d1 #hc ,necklace1 #hd ,tulip1 #hj1 #hb ,:ite1 #hc ,yell[1 #hb ,popple1 #hb1 #hc ,populus1 #hj balsamif]a1 #aeg deltoides1 #hd gr&id5tata1 #hc monilif]a1 #hd tremuloides1 #ha1 #hc tri*oc>pa1 #he ,p[cohicora1 #ea ,possumwood1 #abb ,prima v]a1 #aai1 #aba ,prosopis1 #ge juliflora1 #fa1 #gi odorata1 #gf ,prunus1 #aaa s]ot9a1 #aaa1 #aad ,pseudopho5ix s>g5tii1 #ahe ,pseudotsuga1 #aed d\glasii1 #aef taxifolia1 #aee ,pyrus1 #bh am]icana1 #bh ancup>ia1 #bh communis1 #bh coron>ia1 #bh malus1 #bh sambucifolia1 #bh vulg>is1 #bh ,q ,qu>t] ,saw+1 #i ,qu]citron1 #bb ,qu]cus1 #aa agrifolia1 #ab1 #bd alba1 #ab1 #ac *rysolepis1 #ab1 #be digitata1 #ab1 #ba falcata1 #ba g>ryana1 #ab1 #ah macroc>pa1 #ab1 #ag mi*auxii1 #ab1 #ad m9or1 #ab1 #af obtusiloba1 #af palu/ris1 #ab1 #bj pr9us1 #ab1 #ae robur1 #ab robur v>4 sessiliflora1 #ab1 #bf robur v>4 p$unculata1 #ab1 #bf rubra1 #ab1 #ai t9ctoria1 #bb velut9a1 #ab1 #bb vir5s1 #bc virg9iana1 #ab1 #bc wisliz5i1 #be ,qu9ce1 #bg ,r ,radial ,section1 #h ,r$ ,fl[]1 #dd ,r$woood1 #abj1 #ade1 #ahj1 #ahb ,cali=nia1 #ahb ,coa/1 #ahb ,giant1 #ahb ,res91 #acb ,res9 ducts1 #b1 #aj ,rhodod5dron maximum1 #ajf1 #ajh ,rhus integrifolia1 #aah ,rob9ia1 #ge pseudacacia1 #ge1 #gg ,rose ,bay1 #ajh ,rot>y ,cut1 #i ,r[an ,tree1 #bg ,s ,sabal mexicana1 #ahe palmetto1 #ahe1 #ahf ,salicylic ,acid1 #gd1 #hh ,salix1 #hh alba1 #hh babylonica1 #hh caprea1 #hh fragilis1 #hh nigra1 #hi russeliana1 #hh ,sapwood1 #g ,s>g5t 7,pr(4 ,c4 ,s47 ,exp]im5ts1 #d ,sassafac1 #id ,sassafrac1 #id ,sassafras1 #ic1 #id ,cali=nian1 #aji ,sassafras1 #ic (fic9ale1 #id sassafras1 #id ,sav91 #afi ,saxifrax1 #id ,tree1 #id ,s*ff]ia frutesc5s1 #ajf ,sequoia1 #ahc ,sequoia1 #ahj gigantea1 #ahb semp]vir5s1 #ahj1 #ahb wa%+toniana1 #ahj1 #ahb ,%agb>k1 #eb ,%>pless 7,j4 ,p47 ,exp]im5ts1 #d ,%awneewood1 #ia ,%ellb>k1 #eb ,%+lewood1 #agb ,simmon1 #aab ,smok+-bean1 #ib ,,s(t ,,woods1 #i1 #abi ,sorbus 7see ,pyrus71 #bh ,soymida1 #aah febrifuga1 #aah ,spani% ,bayonet1 #ahh ,spani% ,dagg]1 #ahh ,species1 #b ,specific ,gravity1 #d ,specific ,"n1 #b ,spice-tree1 #aji ,spruce1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aed1 #aee1 #afc ,black1 #adh1 #aej ,blue1 #aej ,bog1 #aea ,cali=nia ,hemlock ,spruce1 #afc ,cat1 #aea ,cork-b>k$ ,d\glas1 #aee ,d\ble1 #aej1 #aea ,d\glas1 #aed1 #aee ,engelmann1 #aeb ,great ,tidel&1 #aec ,he ,balsam1 #aej ,hemlock1 #afc ,m5zies'1 #aec ,m\nta91 #aeb ,r$1 #aej ,s+le1 #aeg ,sitka1 #aec ,skunk1 #aea ,wat]1 #aej ,we/]n1 #aec ,:ite1 #aej1 #aeb ,/9kwood1 #aja ,/r5g? ( ,woods1 #c ,/r+y-b>k1 #abc ,sug>1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #df1 #ej ,sug> ,tree1 #db ,swiet5ia1 #aah mahagoni1 #aah1 #abj ,sycamore1 #dj1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg ,cali=nia1 #fg ,t ,tabeuia ,donnell-,smi?ii1 #aba ,tam>ack1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff ,we/]n1 #aff ,tanb>k1 #b ,tang5tial ,section1 #h ,t>1 #acb ,taxodium1 #agg di/i*um1 #agh ,teak1 #aae1 #aaf ,african1 #aae ,indian1 #aae ,teek1 #aaf ,tectona gr&is1 #aae1 #aaf ,tew>t1 #abg ,?orn1 #gh ,?r9ax microc>pa1 #ahe p>viflora1 #ahe ,?uya1 #afg gigantea1 #afh1 #agb occid5talis1 #afh1 #aga plicata1 #agb ,tiel1 #ha ,tiel-tree1 #ha ,tilia1 #hj am]icana1 #hg het]ophylla1 #hg ,too>t1 #abg ,too?a*e ,tree1 #bg ,toxylon pomif]um1 #aac ,tra*eid1 #b ,tsuga1 #adi1 #afb canad5sis1 #afc c>ol9iana1 #afc het]ophylla1 #afc ,tree1 #a ,tree ,yucca1 #ahh ,tu>t1 #abc1 #abg ,tulip-tree1 #hj1 #hb ,tupelo1 #aja1 #ajb ,l>ge1 #ajb ,swamp1 #ajb ,turp5t9e1 #acb ,u ,ulmus1 #ce am]icana1 #cf alata1 #ci fulva1 #ch racemosa1 #cg pubesc5s1 #ch ,umbellul>ia cali=nica1 #ajh1 #aji ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,exp]im5ts1 #d ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ry ,division ,exp]im5ts1 #d ,v ,v5e]1 #db1 #dg1 #aai ,vessel1 #b ,vit1 #aga ,w ,wahoo1 #ci ,:ahoo1 #ci ,walnut1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #eb ,black1 #dg1 #di ,engli%1 #dg1 #di ,p]sian1 #dg1 #di ,royal1 #dg1 #di ,%agb>k1 #eb ,sweet1 #eb ,:ite1 #ej ,wa%+tonia filif]a1 #ahe1 #ahg ,wat]t[n ,ars5al ,exp]im5ts1 #d ,weights ( ,woods1 #c ,:ite ,mahogany1 #ej ,:itewood1 #hj1 #hb1 #hd1 #hg ,wickup1 #hg ,wild ,date1 #ahg ,wild ,olive ,tree1 #ajb ,wild ,pe> ,tree1 #aja ,will[1 #hh1 #hi ,b$=d1 #hh ,black1 #hi ,crack1 #hh ,goat1 #hh ,swamp1 #hi ,weep+1 #hh ,:ite1 #hh ,x ,xan?oxylum am]icana1 #bg clava-h]culis1 #bg ,y ,yell[b>k1 #bb ,yell[ ,gum ,tree1 #aja ,yell[wood1 #ajf1 #aac1 #ade ,yucca1 #ahd1 #ahh1 #ahi ,aloe-leaf1 #ahh ,broadfruit1 #ahh ,cactus1 #ahi ,mohave1 #ahh ,s*ott1 #ahh ,tree1 #ahh1 #ahi ,yucca1 #ahh1 #ahi aloifolia1 #ahh arboresc5s1 #ahh1 #ahi brevifolia1 #ahh1 #ahi con/ricta1 #ahh gloriosa1 #ahh macroc>pa1 #ahh mohav5sis1 #ahh treculeana1 #ahh 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h usually be5 reta9$4 ,ea* footnote has be5 mov$ f ! bottom ( a page to ! end ( its section4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ f )9 p>agraphs to ne>by locations betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,plates 7 orig9ally pr9t$ on unnumb]$ pages & foll[$ by a blank page4 ,pages #bf & #aaf3 ! "n ,laslett1 reta9$1 probably ref]s to ,lazlett4 ,page #ce3 ,"s p>agraphs ( ! orig9al pr9t$ book appe> to be footnotes1 b lack an an*or 9 ! text4 ,= example1 ! "o on page #ce is likely a g5]al ref]5ce = ! ,g5us ,ulmus 7,elm74 ,pages #abc-abd conta9 a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ example4 ,?is ,*apt] on ,eucalyptus conta9s five footnote p>agraphs4 ,! ?ird & fif? are n an*or$4 ,x may be t ei!r3 7#a7 ! ?ird p>agraph 0 meant to be "p ( ! second footnote1 or 7#b7 ! ?ird p>agraph 0 meant to be a g5]al ref]5ce = ,eucalyptus1 or 7#c7 ! an*or = ! ?ird p>agraph 0 simply n pr9t$ due to typographical error4 ,s9ce su* ambiguity is r common 9 ?is book1 ! footnote p>agraphs1 bo? an*or$ & n1 h be5 reta9$ 9 ! ord] pr9t$1 b relocat$ to ! end ( ! imm$iate conta9+ section4 ,page #eg3 *rysaphylla *ang$ to *rysophylla4 ,page #fj3 ! orig9al second footnote1 99 ,keel] notes exp]im5ts made to prove resi/ance on "p ( bee*wood4 _h no an*or 9 ! text1 & 9 ! #aijh edition 7! ,second ,edition1 ,fir/ ,?\s&71 ?is footnote 0 omitt$ entirely f ! correspond+ *apt]4 ,h]e91 x is reta9$4 ,page #fd3 virg99a *ang$ to virg9iana4 ,page #hh3 ! names ,salix babylnica1 & ,salix babylonica 7! latt] 9 ! index71 are bo? reta9$4 ,!re are sev]al o!r reta9$ in/ances ( spell+ inconsi/5cies 9 ! use ( acc5ts1 or -ligature v]sus ae4 ,page #abj3 ,santa ,anna on page #abj & ,santa ,ana on page #aah are bo? reta9$4 ,pages #acc1 #adi3 ^! two data tables 7 reca/ 9 a diff]5t %ape to a*ieve %ort] l9e l5g?4 ,page #afh3 ,! table says ,spani% ,c$>4 7,see page #ii474 ,?is may be a mispr9t1 ref]r+ to page #aai4 ,page #aih3 ,index entry ,nectan>a1 #aae *ang$ to ,nect&ra1 #aae4 ,also1 ,negunao to ,negundo4 ,page #bja3 ,cali(rnia 7"u ,sassafras7 to ,cali=nian4