,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,woodwork ,by ,edw9 ,w4 ,fo/] ,,electricity ,,& ,,its ,,ev]yday ,,uses ,by ,john ,f4 ,woodhull1 ,ph4,d4 ,,g>d5+ ,,& ,,f>m+ ,by ,ell5 ,eddy ,%aw ,,home ,,decoration ,by ,*>les ,frankl9 ,w>n]1 ,sc4,d4 ,,h\sekeep+ ,by ,elizabe? ,hale ,gilman ,,me*anics1 ,,indoors ,,& ,,out ,by ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson ,,ne$lecraft ,by ,effie ,ar*] ,ar*] ,,outdoor ,,sports1 ,,& ,,games ,by ,claude ,h4 ,mill]1 ,ph4,b4 ,,outdoor ,,"w ,by ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill] ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals ,by ,*>les ,conrad ,sleffel4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood ,ev5 a ,boy ,c ,le>n ,h[ to ,make a ,horse%oe ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals ,by ,,*>les ,,conrad ,,sleffel ,wide ,exp]i5ce 9 ,practical ,%op ,"w & = #ab ye>s ,in/ructor 9 ,metal ,"w at ! ,horace ,mann ,s*ool1 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,new ,york ,illu/ration ,g>d5 ,city ,new ,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aiaf ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,translation ,,into ,,=eign ,,languages1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,! publi%]s wi% to ackn[l$ge _! indebt$ness to ! ,tea*]s ,college ( ,columbia ,univ]sity = _! c\rtesy 9 p]mitt+ c]ta9 ( ! photographs to be tak5 = ?is volume4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,introductory #c ,,ii4 ,tools #e ,,"w ,,9 ,,copp] ,,iii4 ,h[ to ,make a ,copp] ,b[l #ai ,,iv4 ,copp] ,trays #bf ,v4 ,pap] ,cutt] & ,nut ,set #cd ,,vi4 ,h>d & ,s(t ,sold]+ #da ,,vii4 ,c&le/ick1 ,sconce1 ,rose ,j>1 & ,*alice #dg ,,viii4 ,h[ to ,make a ,hat ,p9 #fd ,,ix4 ,h[ to ,rivet #gc ,x4 ,lamp 7= ,electricity71 ) ,%ade #ib ,,xi4 ,h+es 9 ,copp] or ,silv] #ajj ,,xii4 ,jewel ,box & ,desk ,set #ajg ,,brass ,,"w ,,xiii4 ,f+] ,b[l1 ,crumb ,tray1 ,tea ,caddy1 ,vase1 ,bell & ,bracket1 ,draw] ,pulls1 etc4 #acc ,,silv] ,,"w ,,xiv4 ,f+] ,r+s & ,sc>f ,p9s #aea ,,xv4 ,necklaces1 ,broo*es1 ,bracelets #aff ,,xvi4 ,spoons & ,picture ,frame #agh ,,xvii4 ,wat* ,fobs #ahg ,,xviii4 ,napk9 ,r+s1 ,silv] ,comb1 ,belt ,buckles #aia ,,xix4 ,enamell+ #aig ,,! ,,blacksmi?',s ,,%op ,,xx4 ,blacksmi?+ & ,tools #bae ,,xxi4 ,fir/ ,problems 9 ,=g+ #bcc ,,xxii4 ,weld+ #bdg ,,xxiii4 ,mild ,/eel or ,s(t ,/eel #bfd ,,xxiv4 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+4 ,tool ,mak+ #bhi ,,xxv4 ,h[ to ,h>d51 ,s(t5 & ,/ret* ,/eel #cjg ,,xxvi4 ,=g+ ,h& ,hamm]s #caf ,,xxvii4 ,"s ,g5]al ,=g+ ,problems #cbg ,,ornam5tal ,,iron ,,"w ,,xxviii4 ,processes1 ,&irons1 ,fire ,tools #cfa ,,xxix4 ,c&le/icks1 ,h+es1 ,iron ,brackets #chj ,,xxx4 ,lamps1 ,lant]ns1 ,iron ,kettle ,/&1 ,umbrella ,/& #cif ,,xxxi4 ,door ,knock]s1 ,plates1 ,h&les1 etc4 #daj ,,illu/rations ,ev5 a ,boy ,c ,le>n ,h[ to ,make a ,horse%oe ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,a ,boy's ,work%op #ad ,a ,gr\p ( ,boys at ,copp] ,"w #ff ,"s ,problems 9 ,copp] & ,brass ,"w ,made by ,boys #adb ,boys f ,elev5 to ,f\rte5 ,ye>s ( ,age ,do+ ,metal ,"w 9 ! ,c\ntry #aid ,splitt+ & ,%ap+ ! ,iron 9 ! ,mak+ ( ,&irons #cfb ,f9i%+ ( an ,ornam5tal ,w9d[ ,grill1 & ,levell+ up ( an ,old ,dut* ,c&le/ick #chh ,mak+ an ,iron ,lamp #cif ,ornam5tal ,"w & ! ,/raight5+ & ,f9i%+ ( an ,umbrella ,/& #djh ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals ,i ,,introductory ,:at a pretty copp] box1 ,john4 ,:]e did y get x8 ,i made x4 ,y made x8 ,yes1 out ( %eet copp] 9 my room la/ night4 ,t's ! way ,i sp5d my ev5+s4 ,& su* fun z x is6 ,i enjoy e m9ute ( ! "t4 ,"m says ,i'd "w all night if %e didn't /op me4 ,i'd l to d some?+ l t4 ,d y ?9k ,i c\ld le>n to d x8 ,i'm sure y c\ld4 ,d y "k ! blacksmi? ar\nd ! corn]8 ,he taught me h[ to d ?is "w1 & ev] s mu* m4 ,he got me ! tools1 too4 ,he says e boy c le>n to "w ) metals1 s ,i ?\ght ,i'd try x4 ,i'll take y ar\nd to see him sometime4 ,come up to my room & ,i'll %[ my work%op & all ! tools ,i use4 ,x w\ld be mighty nice to "k h[ to d some?+ else besides runn+ an elevator all day4 ,i get s tir$ ( t4 ,h[ long w\ld x take me to make a box l ?is "o8 ,n v long if y beg9 9 ! "r way4 ,i've work$ at x only s9ce ,i left s*ool4 ,! manual tra9+ ,i got !re help$ me to "k h[ to h&le ! tools4 ,y _h t tra9+1 too1 & ,i "k x w help y4 ,"h we are1 ?is is my work%op & b$room4 ,let's "w "h toge!r & ,i'll tea* y all ,i "k3 h[ to use ! tools & j :at to d4 ,s began two boys to d "w t "o _h done--metal "w :i* any boy c d if he w b take ! tr\ble to get ! tools & h ! pati5ce to le>n ! way /ep by /ep4 ,y don't ne$ a l>ge room = y\r work%op1 y see1 said ,john4 ,! table "h is my "w b5* & all ! tools c be put into a box out ( ! way :5 y are n us+ !m4 ,"h are my sket*es ( ! tools "o ne$s to make almo/ any?+ out ( copp]1 brass1 or silv]4 ,! blacksmi? made ! draw+s = me & taught me h[ to make "s ( ! tools myself4 ,he says e boy %\ld le>n to make 8 own tools & ,i %an't be satisfi$ until ,i c make !m all4 ,!n ,i c make !m z ,i ne$ !m & only ^? t fit ! "w be/4 ,b ,i _h to buy mo/ ( !m to />t )4 ,"h !y are4 ,,ii ,,tools ,^! are my %e>s4 ,!y are sometimes call$ jewell]s' snips4 ,i use !m = cutt+ copp]1 wire1 & my designs4 ,y c buy !m at any h>dw>e /ore4 ,b be sure to get a good pair1 z !y are ne$$ = s _m ?+s4 ,illu/ration ,i d all my measur+ ) a /eel squ>e4 ,y see x takes ! place ( a two-foot rule4 ,x's useful = squ>+ up1 too4 ,see1 x has ! #a_/af1 #a_/d1 #a_/b1 #c_/d1 & #a-;94 spaces4 ,my divid]s are my compasses4 ,i draw circles1 m>k pieces1 & f9d c5tres ) !m4 ,! pli]s are us$ to twi/ ! b9d+ wire & to hold ! metal :5 x is to be heat$1 or sold]$1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,y c get a wood5 block l ?is any:]e4 ,h>d wood is be/4 ,?is block is #f #d #d ins4 ,y see1 ,i cut out a holl[ b[l-%ap$ place 9 ! top4 ,:5 ,i want to "w a flat piece ( copp] into a r\gh b[l %ape1 ,i hamm] x into ! depression4 ,! opposite end ( ! block1 :i* is flat1 is useful 9 _m ways1 too4 ,illu/ration3 ,b5* vise ,i c\ldn't get along )\t my b5* vise4 ,"h x is2 made ( metal4 ,x c be fa/5$ to a table z well z to a b5*4 ,x holds any tool us$ = %ap+ & also ! metal :5 ,i wi% to file x4 ,illu/ration ,?is piece ( #c_/h-;94 hexagonal /eel1 #e 94 long1 tap]$ at "o end d[n to #a_/af-;941 is a pun* = mak+ or press+ holes 9 copp] or silv]4 ,! size ( ! hole dep5ds ^u ! l5g? y drive ! pun* into ! metal4 ,illu/ration ,! c5tre-pun* is made l ?is "o1 b ! end is gr\nd to a po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,rais+ hamm] ,"h are my hamm]s4 ,i h ?ree & a wood5 mallet4 ,! rais+ hamm] is us$ = _m ?+s :i* y w le>n z y get on4 ,y see "o end is some:at r\nd$4 ,y c p\nd away on ! copp] ) ?is hamm] & h no fe> ( driv+ holes into ! metal4 ,x's ! fir/ hamm] ,i use to %ape up ! metal b[l )4 ,! %ap+ or driv+ hamm] is flat at "o end & r\nd$ at ! o!r4 ,its b5t head is %ap$ s t y c use x 9 places :]e a /raight head$ hamm] won't g4 ,x's ! only hamm] to use :5 y "w on ! outside ( boxes or b[ls to %ape !m up4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ap+ hamm] ,sometimes lumps are left on ! surface ( ! copp] aft] ! rais+ hamm] has be5 us$4 ,^! are smoo!d away ) ! plani%+ hamm]4 ,its broad end flatt5s ^! r\gh places & makes ! surface p]fectly level be=e go+ on ) ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,plani%+ hamm] ,illu/ration3 ,wood5 mallet ,a wood5 mallet is (t5 us$ 9 place ( ! heavi] hamm]4 ,if a light /roke is ne$$ x c be us$ )\t dang] ( m>r+ ! metal1 z wood is s mu* s(t] ?an ! metal itself4 ,y'll ne$ "s files to r$uce ! metal to c]ta9 sizes4 ,i h f\r3 a ba/>d1 #ab-;942 a mill cut1 #h-;942 a half r\nd mill cut1 & "o r\nd #a_/b-;94 mill cut4 ,!n ,i h "o half doz5 jewell]s' files ( diff]5t sizes4 ,supply h\ses w always tell y ! be/ k9d to buy4 ,illu/ration3 ,cold *isel ,! cold *isel is us$ 9 _m places = cutt+ (f mat]ial1 especially = metals t are too heavy = ! %e>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,g\ge ,a c>p5t]'s g\ge *isel w be f\nd useful = cutt+ impressions 9 wood5 blocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,drill press ,! drill press is us$ to bore holes into ! copp] or silv] :5 y wi% to rivet or saw4 ,y w ne$ a half doz5 drills = y\r "w4 ,! #a_/af-;94 drills are ! size ,i l be/4 ,) a jewell]s' saw frame l ?is y c cut any design out ( copp] or silv]4 ,! f9e saws are v *eap & "o w la/ y a long "t if y take c>e ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,jewell]s' saw frame ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd /ake ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd /ake anvil ,"h are ! tools ,i use to f9i% %ap+ my b[ls on4 ,?is r\nd top /ake is put into my b5* vise1 :]e x is held tight4 ,!n ,i put my b[l on x aft] ,i h %ap$ x z mu* z ,i c on ! h>d wood block4 ,i c !n g on %ap+ x z ,i *oose1 b if ! b[l is v deep y mu/ use ! anvil /ake in/ead ( ! r\nd top /ake4 ,illu/ration3 ,comb9ation /ake ,"h is a tool :i* is a comb9ation ( anvil /ake & rivet+ tool4 ,i use x = draw+ out pieces ( copp] into diff]5t %apes2 flatt5+ r\nd pieces1 r\nd+ up flat ones1 & = rivet+ pieces ( metal toge!r1 z y mu/ d :5 y make a piece ( "w l my box4 ,illu/ration ,"h is a little fire scre5 ,i made myself4 ,y ne$ "o1 y "k1 to put y\r metal 91 at times1 = anneal+ & sold]+4 ,x's a safe way to prev5t ! blaze burn+ ! table or sett+ fire to any?+4 ,i take two pieces ( bo>d1 ea* #f #ab #g_/h ins4 7any k9d ( lumb] w d74 ,nail ! two #ab-;94 edges ( ! bo>ds toge!r1 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,nail ?is to a base & l9e ! :ole inside ) asbe/os4 ,y c place any piece ( metal y wi% to heat 9 ?is corn] & direct a flame ^u x ) p]fect safety4 ,all ! heat ,i ne$ comes f a gas burn]4 ,"h ,i h a buns5 burn]1 & = su* "w z ,i d on r+s1 sc>f p9s1 hat p9s1 etc41 or = any "w t doesn't ne$ lots ( heat+ 9 ! process1 ! buns5 burn] w d4 ,b = anneal+1 :i* y h to d :5 y make b[ls1 or = sold]+1 :5 y make boxes1 y mu/ h a /rong] flame4 ,!n ,i use ! gas range 9 ! kit*5 or ! bell[s bl[] & bl[ pipe4 ,if y happ5 to be :]e y c't get a gas flame1 an alcohol lamp ) a m\? bl[ pipe c be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,buns5 burn] ,illu/ration3 ,bell[s ,illu/ration3 ,bl[ pipe ,fill ! alcohol lamp ) d5atur$ alcohol 7b\ght at any drug /ore74 ,light x4 ,) ! l>ge end ( ! bl[ pipe 9 y\r m\? & ! small end ab\t #a_/d 94 above & a little to ! "r ( ! flame1 bl[ g5tly4 ,?is little blue flame w give y heat en\gh to sold] small pieces4 ,ev5 a small wood fire w\ld give y heat en\gh to anneal any size pieces y wi%4 ,mu/ ,i le>n to make all ^! tools be=e beg9n+8 ,oh1 no1 y'd bett] buy y\r tools2 !y don't co/ v mu*4 ,!n we c />t to make some?+ "r away4 ,! fir/ ?+ y mu/ d is to design ! piece ( "w y are go+ to make4 ,i made a b[l fir/4 ,b ,i c't design4 ,nei!r c\ld ,i :5 ,i began4 ,y won't f9d x h>d aft] y h once made a />t4 ,let's beg9 n[1 ,john1 ,i want to make some?+4 ,illu/ration ,i "k y d1 said ,john4 ,t's ! way ,i felt4 ,n[1 ,i'm ! tea*] & y mu/ d z ,i tell y until y c plan = y\rself4 ,"h are pictures ( a lot ( ?+s we c *oose f3 b[ls1 boxes1 trays1 etc4 ,if a boy c make all ^! models he c g on & make ne>ly any?+ 9 copp]1 or ev5 silv]1 he w\ld l to make4 ,"h are ! b[l designs ,i h drawn4 ,( c\rse !re are b[ls ( diff]5t %apes1 & "s h cov]s to !m4 ,b we w try to get ! %ape t's mo/ pleas+4 ,let's take ?is wrapp+ pap] & draw a numb] ( %apes on x1 keep+ ! diamet] & dep? ( ea* b[l ! same4 ,?is model is #d ins4 9 diamet] & #a-a_/b ins4 deep4 ,let's make all our draw+s ( b[ls t size4 ,illu/ration3 ,b[ls ,:i* d y l be/8 ,i l ! fir/ "o4 ,n[ t we've decid$ on ! size & %ape ( ! b[l1 ,i mu/ tell y some?+ ab\t ! copp] to be us$4 ,all %eet copp] is sold by numb]1 ! high] ! numb] ! ?9n] ! metal4 ,numb] #bj is a good size to use = mo/ b[ls & boxes4 ,i use size #bj = m9e4 ,if y want a b[l to be light]1 use size #bb or #bd4 ,y c buy ! %eet copp] at any h>dw>e /ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is ,boy ,has a ,well ,equipp$ ,%op--,he is ,j ,f9i%+ a ,copp] ,b[l4 ,y ,see ,8 ,vise1 ,%e>s1 ,mallet1 ,hamm]s4 ,n[ y "k h[ to make y\r design & y "k some?+1 too1 ab\t ! tools & copp] 9 g5]al4 ,we are ready n[ to beg9 ! b[l4 ,,"w ,,9 ,,copp] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,copp] ,,b[l ,"h are ! tools & ! mat]ial t we ne$ to make our fir/ piece ( "w3 ,mat]ial3 #a ,%eet ( copp]1 #bj gauge4 ,p[d]$ pumice /one4 ,tools3 ,h>d wood block1 divid]s1 %e>s1 r\nd head$ hamm]1 plani%+ hamm]1 r\nd top /ake1 mallet1 files4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,take ! %eet ( copp]1 & ) ! divid]s m>k on ! copp] a circle hav+ a diamet] a little long] ?an ! cont\r ( y\r b[l design4 ,cut ?is circle out ) y\r %e>s4 ,) ! r\nd head$ hamm]1 us+ ! r\nd$ end1 beat ! metal disc into ! holl[ ( ! wood5 block until x takes on a fairly ev5 b[l %ape4 ,keep turn+ ! metal ) ! left h& :ile y hamm] x ) ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,wood block ,y soon h a r\gh %ap$ b[l full ( bumps & wr9kles ar\nd ! out] edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,! long ev5 buckles are easily hamm]$ out2 ! %ort1 %>p ones are ! k9d t cause ! cracks ,illu/ration ,^! wr9kles mu/ come because ! circumf]5ce ( ! metal disc decreases z x takes on ! b[l %ape4 ,s long z ^! wr9kles are long regul> curves1 !y w "w out all "r4 ,if !y %\ld take %ort1 %>p %apes !re is dang] ( ! metal splitt+4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is be sure to keep ! wr9kles hamm]$ out flat z y "w along4 ,illu/ration3 ,smoo?+ surface ( b[l ) ! plani%+ hamm] ,if y w5t on hamm]+ too long aft] y\r b[l is %ap$1 ! b[l w\ld crack or p]haps break1 = hamm]+ leaves copp] h>d & spr+y4 ,s y mu/ s(t5 x be=e y c safely hamm] any m4 ,to d ?is ,i hold ! b[l ov] a gas range until x is r$ all ov]1 !n ,i plunge x into cold wat]4 ,?is heat+ to s(t5 up ! copp] is call$ anneal+4 ,repeat ! hamm]+ until ! b[l takes on ! %ape ( ! design4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,9 ?is way "o c get ! %ape desir$ ,n[ take y\r r\nd top /ake & put x into ! vise4 ,place ! b[l ov] ! r\nd top /ake1 & ) ! plani%+ hamm]1 beat ! surface until x is p]fectly smoo?1 driv+ ! metal j h>d en\gh to flatt5 ! bumps made by ! hamm]+ 9 ! wood5 block4 ,if c>efully done ! surface w be true & bright & cov]$ ov] ) brilliant facets4 ,a skillful hamm]-man c really drive ! metal 9 any direction he may wi%4 ,9 ?is way y make a b[l out ( "o piece ( copp]4 ,! top ( ! b[l w be ragg$4 ,cut ?is r\gh edge ) a pair ( %e>s4 ,file ! top ) a smoo? file until x is p]fectly true4 ,a good te/ to make sure ( ?is is to lay ! b[l d[n on a plate ( glass1 or hold x up aga9/ ! w9d[ pane4 ,if !re are /ill any t9y op5+s left 9 ! edge ! light w be easily se5 ?r\gh !m4 ,m fil+ mu/ be done until no light comes ?r\gh f ! smalle/ space4 ,?is done1 take a piece ( em]y clo? & rub ! edge ( ! b[l until ! file m>ks disappe>4 ,if y lap ! clo? ov] ! edge y\r rubb+ w leave a r\nd$ edge1 :i* is j ! f9i% x %\ld h4 ,illu/ration3 ,trimm+ (f ! top ( ! b[l ,illu/ration3 ,m>k+ ! edge ( ! b[l ,to flatt5 ! bottom ( a b[l3 ,turn ! b[l upside d[n on a b5*4 ,) a pair ( divid]s f9d ! c5tre ( ! bottom ( ! b[l4 ,?is is done by plac+ "o leg ( ! divid]s aga9/ ! side ( ! b[l & ) ! o!r mak+ a light scrat* z ne> ! c5tre z y c4 ,*ange ! position ( ! divid]s to ! opposite side & d ! same1 b be c>eful t ! scrat* is light4 ,repeat ?is until y h done x on ! f\r sides4 ,:]e ^! l9es cross is ! c5tre4 ,) "o leg ( ! divid]s on ! c5tre draw a circle hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t two in*es4 ,take a wood5 mallet & /rike d[n on ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,?is w flatt5 ! bottom4 ,"w f bo? sides ( ! circle & keep ! r\nd+ edge j t\*+ ! circle made by ! divid]s4 ,if ! /rokes are too heavy ! bottom w b5d 9 l ! dott$ l9es 9 ! sket*4 ,illu/ration3 ,flatt5 ! bottom ,9 t case1 turn ! b[l up & hamm] f ! inside4 ,! b[l is n[ ready = poli%+4 ,mix "s p[d]$ pumice /one ) wat]4 ,) a wooll5 clo? t has be5 wet & !n dipp$ into ! mixture1 rub ! b[l4 ,?is bo? cleans & poli%es & at ! same "t gives a beautiful lu/re to ! surface ( ! metal4 ,,iv ,,copp] ,,trays ,h[ to make copp] trays 7us$ = p9s1 hair p9s1 c>ds1 etc474 7#a7 ,r\nd4 7#b7 ,squ>e or oblong4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r\nd ,,tray ,mat]ial3 ,piece ( copp] ab\t #g ins4 squ>e1 ,no4 #bj gauge4 ,a h>d wood block1 #aj #aj #b ins4 ?ick4 ,tools3 ,c>p5t]s' g\ge *isel1 divid]s1 /eel pun*1 %e>s1 r\nd peg ( wood1 #f ins4 long & #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration ,design3 ,take a l>ge %eet ( pla9 pap]4 ,draw on x a #c-;94 circle4 ,us+ ! same c5tre1 draw a #e-;94 circle4 ,?is gives y ! plan or top view ( ! tray4 ,bel[ ?is view on ! same %eet1 draw ! elevation1 or edge view ( ! tray4 ,y c make ! tray z deep 9 ! c5tre z y wi%4 ,let's make ?is "o #a_/b 94 deep1 t's a good proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,h>d wood peg ,?is is :at we call a work+ draw+4 ,if y are pleas$ ) ! design1 y c g "r on ) ! "w1 if n1 y c *ange x to suit4 ,y c see by ! design t ! tray is made by driv+ ! c5tre ( ?is squ>e plate ( copp] d[n into a depression4 ,9 ord] to d ?is we mu/ make a m\ld ! exact size & %ape ( ! tray c5tre4 ,?is is :at ! squ>e h>d wood block is us$ =4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,take y\r h>d wood block4 ,draw diagonal l9es across "o face4 ,:]e ^! l9es int]sect is ! c5tre4 ,) y\r divid]s1 us+ ?is c5tre1 draw a #c-;94 circle4 ,place ! c>p5t]s' *isel any:]e on ! circle & /rike ) a hamm]1 driv+ ! *isel d[n into ! wood ab\t #c_/h 94 ,d ?is all ar\nd ! circle4 ,g\ge out ! loose wood until y h clean$ out ! :ole depression1 be+ c>eful n to g bel[ #a_/b 94 9 dep? 7! dep? ( y\r design74 ,smoo? ?is up nicely ) s&-pap]4 ,! m\ld is n[ ready = ! metal plate4 ,) ! /eel pun*1 make holes 9 ea* corn] ( ! copp] plate ab\t #a_/b 94 f ! edge & j l>ge en\gh to fit ! wire nails4 ,place ?is plate ov] ! m\ld s t ! c5tre ( ! plate comes "r ov] ! c5tre ( ! m\ld4 ,fa/5 ! f\r corn]s d[n ) ! wire nails4 ,to drive ! metal into ! depression we mu/ use some?+ s(t] ?an a /eel hamm]4 ,a h>d wood peg has be5 f\nd to d ?is be/4 ,cut a piece ab\t #f 94 long f ! end ( a broom h&le4 ,r\nd "o end up1 us+ a file or a c>p5t]s' *isel to d s4 ,illu/ration ,place ! r\nd$ end ( ! peg on ! circle ( ! copp] plate &1 ) a hamm]1 drive ! copp] into ! depression bel[ x4 ,z con/ant hamm]+ h>d5s copp] s t x ceases to respond to ! bl[s1 x is necess>y to s(t5 up ! metal by anneal+ z ! "w goes on4 ,take ! %eet (f ! block4 ,to d ?is1 place ! po9t ( ! *isel "u ! copp] %eet close to ! nail head & pry ! nails out1 lift+ bo? copp] & nail up at ! same "t4 ,aft] anneal+1 nail ! copp] plate 9 ! same place z be=e4 ,) ! wood5 peg cont9ue driv+ until y fill ! depression1 at ! same "t flatt5+ all p>ts ( ! metal t may pu% up4 ,be c>eful n to m> ! copp] at any "t4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is p]fectly flat & smoo? take x (f z be=e4 ,we are n[ ready to draw ! #e-;94 circle on ! copp]4 ,! c5tre = ?is circle is ! c5tre ( ! depression2 & t is f\nd ) ! divid]s 9 ! same way z y f\nd ! c5tre = ! bottom ( ! b[l4 ,make ! circle on ! copp]4 ,) ! %e>s cut along a little on ! outside ( ?is l9e4 ,smoo? up & r\nd ! edges ( ! tray ) a mill file4 ,rub out file m>ks ) a little piece ( em]y clo?4 ,if ! hamm]+ has be5 unev5 "s p>ts ( ! copp] w h /ret*$ m ?an o!r p>ts & ! tray w n lie flat :5 plac$ on a table4 ,to level ?is up1 place ! tray top side d[n ^u a b5* or table & /rike g5tly ) a mallet on ! surface4 ,hold+ ! mallet ne> ! head "o c control ! bl[s & be able to /rike g5tly4 ,b if x is held t[>d ! end ( ! h&le ! bl[s w n be uni=m4 ,?is applies to all hamm]s1 :e!r ( wood or /eel4 ,y w notice z y d y\r hamm]+ ! high spots w settle d[n & gradually flatt54 ,! tray is n[ ready = clean+ & poli%+4 ,?is is done 9 ! same way z y treat$ ! b[l4 ,decoration3 ,r\nd trays may be decorat$ 9 _m simple ways by drill+ holes 9 ! rim1 & !n saw+ out designs to suit "o's fancy1 or !y may be not*$ at int]vals4 ,no?+ is m decorative ?\gh1 ?an ! emboss$ or rep\ss design1 made by beat+ f ! back & rais+ ! metal on ! face above ! level4 ,"o ( ! designs giv5 "h %[s ! emboss$1 & ! o!r %[s a comb9ation ( ! emboss$ & saw$ out "w4 ,! value ( ! m\ld3 ,x may seem to y l a lot ( "w to make a m\ld j = ?is r\nd tray1 b x c be us$ _m times = mak+ ?is k9d ( tray & also = trays ( simil> %ape1 l b[l cov]s1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ! jewell]y n[adays is made 9 m\lds1 wood1 /eel1 or lead4 ,copp]1 silv]1 & gold m$als1 p9s1 r+s1 tea & d9n] sets are all made by ! m\ld or die me?od4 ,?is m\ld y h j made is only a simple "o2 h[ev]1 complex ones are made 9 ! same way4 ,! skill all lies 9 mak+ a v good design fir/ & !n 9 mak+ a v smoo? m\ld to fit ! design4 ,aft] "o or two trials x comes easy en\gh4 ,! *apt] at ! end ( ! book w expla9 die & m\ld mak+ 9 mod]n copp]1 silv]1 & goldsmi? %ops4 ,,squ>e ,,tray ,mat]ial3 ,copp]1 #f-a_/b #d-a_/b ins4 ,no4 #bj gauge4 ,tools3 ,%e>s1 squ>e1 b5* vise1 r\nd h>d wood peg2 divid]s1 copp] vise jaws4 ,design3 ,det]m9e fir/ :e!r ! tray is to be oblong or squ>e4 ,?is mat]ial makes a tray #f-a_/b #d-a_/b 94 ,draw ?is size oblong on a %eet ( pap]4 ,! rim ( ! tray %\ld be #c_/h 94 wide4 ,draw an inn] l9e all ar\nd1 #c_/h 94 f ! outside4 ,bel[ ?is draw y\r elevation1 or edge view1 %[+ ! dep? ( ! tray4 ,9 ?is design x is #a_/d 94 deep4 ,illu/ration ,fir/ see t y\r #f-a_/d #d-a_/b-;94 piece ( copp] is squ>$4 ,n[ draw y\r inn] rectangle on ! metal4 ,to d ?is1 set ! divid]s #c_/h 941 & ) "o leg aga9/ ! edge ( ! copp]1 draw all ar\nd ! f\r sides1 m>k+ ! l9es on ! metal4 ,y n[ h a flat %eet m>k$ ready = b5d+4 ,place ! %eet ( copp] betwe5 ! vise jaws1 ! inn] l9e ev5 & on a l9e ) ! vise4 ,illu/ration ,! h>d wood peg %\ld be cut to a flat tap]$ end4 ,?is flat end ( ! peg is held at an angle ( ab\t #de aga9/ ! copp] plate1 j above ! vise jaw & aga9/ ! l9e ( ! rectangle4 ,) ! mallet drive g5tly4 ,by do+ ?is ! body ( ! tray is pu%$ 91 b ! rim is kept /raight 9 ! vise4 ,repeat ?is all ar\nd4 ,y'll h a tray l ! sket*4 ,if ! body ( ! tray is n deep en\gh put x into ! vise aga9 & keep driv+ x until y get ! dep? y want4 ,! inn] corn]s w be f\nd to be r\nd$1 z !y %\ld be4 ,r\nd (f ! outside corn]s to mat*4 ,file ! edges r\nd & f9i% ) an em]y clo?1 clean & poli% z expla9$ be=e4 ,v ,,pap] ,,cutt] ,,& ,,nut ,,set ,let's make a pap] cutt] l ?is sket*4 ,we c draw ! design on pap] fir/ & !n cut x out4 ,"h is :at we ne$ to make x4 ,illu/ration ,,pap] ,,cutt] ,mat]ial3 ,heavy copp]1 ,no4 #h gauge1 #aj in*es long by #a-a_/d in*es wide4 ,tools3 ,drill press & drills1 jewell]s' saw frame1 cold *isel1 files1 vise1 em]y clo?1 few wire nails 7#a_/b 947 two blocks ( h>d wood1 "o1 #aj #a-a_/d #a-a_/d ins41 & ! o!r1 #f #b #a_/b ins4 ,illu/ration ,cut out ! design & pa/e x on ! copp] plate4 ,if our %e>s c\ld cut copp] z heavy z ?is we w\ld h little tr\ble to cut our design out4 ,b ! %e>s c't d ?is "w1 s we h to put ! copp] into ! vise & cut ! design out ) a cold *isel & hamm]4 ,place ! copp] into ! vise ) ! l9e ( design to be cut flu% ) ! top ( ! vise4 ,) hamm] & *isel1 cut along ?is l9e4 ,! back "p ( ! vise w act z a %e> & help 9 ! cutt+ & w prev5t ! copp] break+ away & leav+ ! edge r\gh4 ,:5 ?is is done1 place ! pap] knife 9 ! vise & file all ! edges smoo?4 ,n[ t x's cut out & smoo!d up we are ready to saw out ! design 9 ! h&le4 ,to d ?is drill holes 9 ! design z a />t+ po9t = ! saw+4 ,take ! drill press & put a #a_/af-;94 drill into ! *uck4 ,drill a hole 9 any "p ( ! design4 ,take ! jewell]s' saw frame & fa/5 "o end ( ! small saw into "o ( ! legs ( ! frame2 pu% ! loose end ?r\gh ! hole made by ! drill4 ,fa/5 ! loose end to ! o!r leg ( ! saw frame s ! saw is fairly tight4 ,9 ord] to saw prop]ly1 we mu/ h some?+ to support ! piece :ile we are work+ on x4 ,?is is be/ done by tak+ a block ( wood #f #b #a_/b ins4 & cutt+ out a ,v-%ap$ not* 9 "o end4 ,place ?is 9 ! vise1 or nail "o end ( x to a b5* s t ! ,v-%ap$ end w ext5d ov] ! b5* or vise to be free to "w ^u4 ,put ! h&le to be saw$ out on ?is block s t x w be support$ on bo? sides ( ! p>ts to be saw$ out 7see sket* ( "w 9 vise74 ,! saw w play freely up & d[n 9 ! not*4 ,all saw$ "w is done 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,block = saw+ metal ,to file ! edges %>p3 ,take y\r h>d wood block1 #aj #a-a_/d #a-a_/b ins42 fa/5 ! cutt] d[n tight by driv+ two %ort wire nails half _! l5g? into ! wood at ea* end ( ! cutt]4 ,place ! cutt] betwe5 ^! nails1 b5d ! ends ov]1 & fa/5 d[n 7see sket*74 ,place all into ! vise jaw & tight5 x up4 ,) a r\gh flat file1 file ! edges d[n1 work+ f ! c5tre l9e bo? ways4 ,:5 "o side is fil$ ab\t half ! ?ickness ( ! copp]1 b5d ! nails1 take (f ! cutt]4 ,rev]se x1 put x back1 & file z be=e4 ,d ?is until ! edges become %>p4 ,illu/ration3 ,file ! edges %>p ,to f9i% ?is piece ( "w z x %\ld be done1 we mu/ d "s draw fil+4 ,! draw fil+ is done 9 ?is way3 ,take hold ( bo? ends ( ! flat file1 ! h&le 9 "o h& & ! end ( ! file 9 ! o!r4 ,/& l5g?wise ( ! piece4 ,place ! file flat d[n on ! blade ) ! tee? ( ! file po9t+ 9 ! same direction z ! blade4 ,pu% x f y & pull x t[>d y1 at ! same "t press+ d[n on ! blade4 ,?is is draw fil+ & x is ! only way to make a piece ( metal true1 & free f ! m>ks ( ! cross fil+ :i* 0 done 9 ! beg9n+4 ,repeat ?is on ! o!r side until ! :ole pap] cutt] includ+ ! h&le is smoo?4 ,wrap a piece ( em]y clo? ar\nd a block & rub all ov] ! surface4 ,poli% & f9i% z be=e describ$4 ,,nut ,,set3 ,,b[l1 ,,plates1 ,,& ,,spoon ,illu/ration ,a v beautiful nut set consi/+ ( a b[l1 f\r plates1 & a nut spoon or a %ovel1 c be made out ( copp]4 ,"o uses ! same tools to make ?is set z 7 us$ = ! copp] b[l1 & ! "w ( mak+ x is done 9 mu* ! same way4 ,mat]ial3 #i-;94 disc ( ,no4 #bj copp] 7b[l74 ,f\r #e-;94 discs 7= plates74 ,piece ( copp] #b #c ins4 7,no4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,flat-iron ,take ! #i-;94 disc & hamm] x into ! desir$ b[l %ape1 on ! h>d wood block4 ,! plate %\ld be hamm]$ up 9 ! same way1 keep+ ! depression 9 ! c5tre ( ! plates ab\t #a_/b 94 deep4 ,a v beautiful f9i% c be made on ^! b[ls & plates by ! use ( ! r\nd end ( ! rais+ hamm] & a flat-iron4 ,place ! h&le ( ! iron betwe5 y\r knees1 face up4 ,put ! b[l or plate1 face up on ! flat-iron & g ov] e "p ) ! r\nd$ end ( ! hamm]4 ,?is produces a surface cov]$ ) oval facets1 giv+ a mottl$ effect4 ,! edges ( ! b[l & plates may be left /raight or !y may be r\nd$1 accord+ to ! design4 ,,nut ,,spoon ,illu/ration ,draw ! design on pap]4 ,cut ! design out & pa/e x on ! copp]4 ,?is piece ( ,no4 #h copp] is too heavy to be cut ) ! %e>s1 s x mu/ be plac$ 9 ! vise4 ,see t ! outl9e is ev5 ) ! top ( ! vise jaws4 ,) ! cold *isel & hamm] cut along ! top ( ! vise z y did :5 mak+ ! pap] knife4 ,n[ y h a %ovel-%ap$ metal ( ! same ?ickness all ov]4 ,:]e ! h&le jo9s ! b[l ! metal %\ld be left ?ick] ?an 9 any o!r place1 o!rwise ! spoon w b5d 9 ! us+4 ,to ?9 out ! metal ( ! b[l1 hamm] x4 ,beg9 :]e ! h&le jo9s ! b[l & ?9 out to ! edge4 ,! h&le is %ap$ by work+ f ! b[l out t[>d ! h&le end1 con/antly wid5+ & flatt5+ x4 ,cut (f ! surplus metal1 keep+ to ! orig9al design4 ,! h&le may be left pla9 or "s simple saw$ out design may be put on4 ,file up1 r\nd+ ! edges (f s t ! spoon feels smoo? & is com=table to h&le4 ,place ! :ole on a h>d wood block & beat ! b[l & h&le into %ape4 ,_m nut spoons h designs saw$ out 9 ! b[l to light5 ! weight4 ,illu/ration ,,vi ,,h>d ,,& ,,s(t ,,sold]+ ,sold]+ is a process ( jo9+ two metals toge!r4 ,x is n h>d to le>n to d4 ,if y are c>eful :5 y d ! "w to h ! mat]ials to be us$ p]fectly clean1 y may be sure ( success1 =1 aft] all1 x's "o ( ! easie/ & simple/ ( all ! op]ations done ) metals4 ,,h>d ,,sold]+ ,mat]ial3 #a4 ,borax3 b\ght 9 lumps1 wrapp$ 9 t9 foil1 or pulv]iz$4 ,illu/ration #b4 ,borax slate3 a squ>e piece ( slate ) a small depression 9 "o side4 ,any piece ( clean slate w d4 ,?is is us$ to gr9d ! lump borax1 or to mix ! pulv]iz$ borax to a pa/y condition on4 #c4 ,sold]3 silv] sold]1 sometimes call$ h>d sold]4 ,x c be b\ght by ! %eet 9 l>ge or small quantities4 ,buns5 burn]1 or ei!r "o ( ! foll[+3 bl[pipe & foot bell[s ) gas flame1 a blacksmi?s' fire ) coke or *>coal4 ,directions3 ,! p>ts ( ! metals to be jo9$ %\ld1 fir/ ( all1 be scrap$ or fil$ bright4 ,?is prep>es !m be/ = ! sold]4 ,take a lump ( borax1 gr9d x up & mix ) a little wat]1 on ! slate1 until x is l a pa/e4 ,take a %eet ( silv] sold]1 cut a numb] ( slits l5g?wise d[n ! %eet & !n cut !m crosswise4 ,y w h a numb] ( pieces ab\t #a_/af 94 squ>e4 ,^! bits are dropp$ into ! borax solution until !y are completely cov]$ ) ! pa/e4 ,) a camels' hair bru%1 wa% ! edges ( ! metal to be jo9$1 ) ! solution ( ! borax4 ,tie ! pieces toge!r ) an iron b9d+ wire1 tak+ c>e to h ! edges to be jo9$ close toge!r & 9 ! prop] position4 ,if y don't1 ! sold] w n fill up all ! op5+s & cracks1 & p>ts w be left unsold]$4 ,n[1 wa% all ar\nd ! jo9t ) ! borax solution4 ,place bits ( sold] at int]vals along ! jo9t1 fairly close4 ,w>m ! "w g5tly 9 ! flame4 ,?is drives (f ! wat] 9 ! borax solution4 ,:5 ! borax is q dry 9 ! jo9t direct a /rong] flame ov] ! :ole "w4 ,heat x gradually1 b be c>eful t no "p ( ! metal1 except t ar\nd ! jo9t1 becomes r$-hot1 & t bo? sides ( ! jo9t get r$-hot at ! same "t4 ,if y don't gu>d ?is1 ! sold] w climb to ! hott] side & leave ! o!r1 & ! edges w n unite4 ,cool x (f 9 wat] & file ! jo9t p]fectly smoo?4 ,,s(t ,,sold]+ ,= m5d+ teakettles1 t9 cans1 t9 cups1 or any?+ made ( t91 galvaniz$ iron1 or lead4 ,mat]ial3 ,lead sold]1 comes 9 small b>s4 ,flux 7#a47 ,res9 & sweet oil4 7#b47 ,muriatic acid4 7#c47 ,tall[ c&le4 ,tool3 ,sold]+ iron 7c be made out ( a piece ( half-in* r\nd copp]47 ,h[ to sold]3 ,s(t sold] is a mixture ( t9 & lead 9 ev5 proportions4 ,?is sold] melts at a v l[ temp]ature4 ,t is :y we c d ! "w ) ! sold]+ iron4 ,i f9d ,i c sold] _m ?+s at home ) ! s(t sold]1 & ,i'm go+ to tell y h[ ,i m5d$ a leak 9 ! teakettle ! o!r day4 ,fir/1 ,i took a pocket knife & clean$ all ar\nd ! hole or leak1 scrap+ ! dirt (f bo? inside & out4 ,!n ,i ma%$ a little res9 up f9e & mix$ a little sweet oil ) x4 ,!n ,i wa%$ inside & outside ( ?is leak ) ! mixture4 ,aft] heat+ my sold]+ iron 9 a /ove 7any k9d ( fire w d7 ,i took a b> ( sold]1 held x ov] ! leak1 & melt$ (f a bit ) ! hot iron4 ,y c make ! sold] fl[ ov] ! leak by press+ ! iron "r on ! hole4 ,y see1 ! heat ( ! iron melts ! sold] & at ! same "t x heats ! t9 hot en\gh to make ! sold] cl+ to x4 ,be=e ! "p got cold ,i rubb$ (f ! oil & res9 ) a wooll5 clo?4 ,?is left ! "w nicely clean$4 ,y c m5d any leak 9 any?+ made ( t91 9 ?is way4 ,galvaniz$ iron ut5sils are sold]$ 9 exactly ! same way1 b y mu/ use muriatic acid 9 place ( ! res9 & sweet oil4 ,b if y wi% to sold] any?+ made ( lead or pewt] a tall[ c&le is rubb$ ov] ! place to be m5d$1 in/ead ( res9 & sweet oil or muriatic acid4 ,9 e o!r way ! "w is j ! same4 ,b lead1 y "k1 melts at a v l[ temp]ature1 s y mu/ be c>eful :5 work+ on x t y\r sold]+ iron is j hot en\gh to melt ! sold] & n hot en\gh to melt ! lead4 ,& n[ ,i am go+ to tell y h[ y c make y\r own sold]+ iron out ( copp]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,small ,,sold]+ ,,iron ,mat]ial3 ,a piece ( #a_/b-;94 r\nd copp]1 #c ins4 long1 a piece ( ,no4 #h wire1 #ah ins4 long1 or a piece ( light telephone or telegraph wire w d4 ,"s s(t sold]4 ,res9 & sweet oil4 ,small piece ( clean t94 ,manufactur$ fluid = sold]+ 7us$ sometimes 9 place ( muriatic acid74 ,tools3 ,pun*1 vise1 file1 hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sold]+ iron ,place ! end ( ! copp] rod 9 ! fire & heat x r$-hot4 ,take x out ( ! fire & pun* a hole ab\t #a_/b 94 f ! end ( ! rod1 l>ge en\gh to all[ ! ,no4 #h wire to g ?r\gh4 ,pu% ! wire ?r\gh ?is hole until half is on "o side & half is on ! o!r4 ,b5d ! wire close up to ! sides to =m ! h&le4 ,9 ord] to make ?is rigid1 place ! rod into ! jaws ( ! vise & p9* ! wire into ! copp] rod4 ,?is prev5ts any sw++ motion4 ,take hold ( bo? ends ( ! wire ) ! p9c]s & twi/ !m close to ! copp] rod4 ,?is makes a good h&le4 ,heat ! copp] end ( ! rod r$-hot1 & ) a hamm] flatt5 x to a f\r-sid$ tap]+ end ab\t "o in* long & end+ 9 a blunt po9t4 7,see picture47 ,cool (f 9 wat] & file ! end ( sold]+ iron smoo?4 ,n[ x mu/ be t9n$4 ,on y\r piece ( t9 place "s s(t sold]1 oil1 & res94 ,heat ! sold]+ iron hot en\gh to melt ! sold]1 rubb+ x up & d[n on ! t91 mix+ all toge!r4 ,d ?is on all f\r sides1 & 9 a little :ile y'll f9d ! sold] has cov]$ ! end ( ! sold]+ iron4 ,:5 ?is is done ! iron is ready to be us$4 ,,vii ,,c&le/ick1 ,,sconce1 ,,rose ,,j>1 ,,& ,,*alice ,!re are _m =ms ( c&le hold]s4 ,p]haps ! "o we are all mo/ famili> ) is ! c&le/ick4 ,be=e ! days ( lamps & electricity ! c&le 0 ev]y:]e4 ,_m diff]5t designs ( c&le/icks h come d[n to u4 ,"s 7 l>ge1 "s small1 "s pla91 :ile o!rs 7 highly decorat$4 ,b h[ev] mu* ! designs v>y1 !re are _m po9ts t all h 9 common4 ,!re is ! base1 l>ge or small1 & a cyl9drical %aft :i* rises f ! c5tre ( ! base4 ,?is holds ! c&le4 ,! drip pan is fa/5$ to ?is %aft close to ! top4 ,x cat*es ! wax z ! c&le melts4 ,h&les are sometimes sold]$ on1 & sometimes ! c&le/ick is made )\t "o4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! rim or to ! %aft4 ,,c&le/ick ,mat]ial3 ,disc ( copp]1 ,no4 #bj1 #e ins4 9 diamet]4 ,"o piece #c #b-a_/b ins41 ,no4 #bj1 7= /em74 ,disc1 #b ins4 9 diamet] 7drip pan74 ,"o piece1 #c_/d #f ins4 long1 ,no4 #af1 7= h&le74 ,illu/ration ,tools3 ,h>d wood block1 rais+ hamm]1 smoo? file1 divid]s1 saw1 r\nd wood peg1 #c_/d #f ins4 ,directions3 ,beat ! copp] disc into a sauc] %ape1 = ! base4 ,take ! %eet ( copp] = ! /em1 fold x ar\nd ! wood5 peg till ! edges come toge!r4 ,scrape & sold] ! jo9t ) silv] sold]4 ,illu/ration ,drip pan3 ,take ! small disc2 ) ! rais+ hamm]1 curve x slightly to make a drip pan4 ,) ! divid]s1 describe a circle #c_/d 94 9 diamet] 9 ! c5tre ( ! drip pan4 ,cut out ?is c5tre circle & make x fit tightly on ! /em4 ,pu% x d[n ab\t "o in*1 scrape ! /em1 & sold] ! drip pan to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ap+ ! base ,illu/ration ,h&le3 ,a /rip ( copp] #c_/d #f 94 long4 ,cut a tap]+ slip (f ea* side s t "o end w measure #c_/d 94 & ! o!r #a_/b 94 ,%ape ) ! f+]s ov] ! r\nd peg 7place ! peg 9 ! vise to d ?is7 until y h ! %ape y wi% 7see design74 ,! wide end ( ! h&le %\ld fit d[n on ! outside ( ! r\nd+ "p ( ! base1 & ! o!r end aga9/ ! /em "u ! drip pan4 ,bore a hole 9 ea* end & rivet ! h&le 9 place4 ,if a r\nd h&le is desir$1 take a /rip ( copp] #c_/d 94 wide & #a-a_/b ins4 long1 %ape r\nd ) ! f+]s4 ,scrape & sold] at ! jo9ts1 & !n sold] on ! edge ( ! base4 ,place & f9i% up ea* "p z describ$4 ,?is c&le design c be greatly v>i$4 ,x c be made tall]1 %ort]1 ) v>i\s k9ds ( h&les1 or ) no h&le at all4 ,,designs ,,= ,,night ,,c&le ,,hold] ,illu/ration ,?is k9d ( c&le hold]1 or night light1 is made to hold a %ort1 ?ick c&le ab\t #b ins4 9 diamet]1 :i* w burn f #f to #aj h\rs4 ,a r\nd base supports ! c&le1 & a %ade ) a h&le on ! back is fa/5$ to ! base4 ,x c be adju/$ s t ! c&le burns freely all night1 :ile ! %ade protects ! eyes f ! light4 ,no?+ is m conv5i5t ?an "o ( ^! hold]s1 = summ] homes or = camp+4 ,mat]ial3 ,brass1 ,no4 #bd1 #c-a_/b #d ins4 = reflector4 #f-a_/d #g_/h ins4 = cyl9d]4 #b-;94 disc = base4 ,no4 #bj1 #f #a_/d ins4 = h&le4 ,directions3 ,picture %[s a small night c&le made ( brass4 ,cut out a #b-;94 disc4 ,b5d ! #f-a_/d #g_/h-;94 /rip to fit x4 ,sold] ! two ends ( ! r+ & make x p]fectly r\nd4 ,be c>eful :5 r\nd+ x up n to /ret* x l>g] ?an ! disc4 ,pu% disc into ! r+ flu% ) ! bottom4 ,sold] ! bottom into ! r+4 ,draw ! outl9e ( ! reflector on ! #c-a_/b #d-;94 piece & cut away ! corn]s4 ,b5d x to fit ! hold]4 ,x %\ld cov] ab\t "o half ( ! circle4 ,sold] ! reflector on4 ,s(t sold] is /rong en\gh = ?is "w4 ,n[ b5d ! h&le piece accord+ to ! sket*4 ,rivet or sold] x to ! back ( ! reflector4 ,poli% & f9i%4 ,,night ,,c&le ,,hold] ,! ord9>y tall[ or wax c&le is us$ 9 ?is night c&le hold]4 ,y w notice f ! sket* t ! g5]al /yle is mu* l t ( ! small hold]4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is design1 a small cup or /& to fit ! c&le is sold]$ on to ! base1 a little t[>d ! front4 ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #bd brass--,a #d-;94 disc4 #ab #a_/b ins41 = b& to g ar\nd ! disc4 ,reflector1 #g #g ins4 ,cup1 #g_/h #b-c_/d ins41 & h&le piece1 #f #a_/d 94 ,illu/ration ,! reflectors are sometimes left pla91 ?\gh ! facets made by a flat plac$ hamm] reflect ! light :5 ! c&les are light$ & s(t5 ! light by day4 ,! great] ! reflect+ p[] ( ! surface1 ! bett] is ! effect4 ,if ea* "p is c>efully fil$ & f9i%$ be=e !y are all put toge!r !re w be no?+ b ! poli%+ ne$$4 ,,sconce 7,,) ,,"o ,,c&le7 ,illu/ration ,! sconce is a c&le hold] made to fa/5 ^u any wall4 ,x is bo? useful & decorative4 ,"s are made to hold b "o c&le2 !y c be made1 h[ev]1 = two1 ?ree1 or f\r c&les4 ,all sconces %\ld h a reflector1 a b[l1 %aft1 & drip pan4 ,b ! designs v>y to suit ! individual ta/e & surr\nd+s4 ,! design giv5 "h is a v simple "o & "o t works out well 9 copp] or brass4 ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( ,no4 #bj copp]1 #aj #c-a_/d ins41 = ! reflector4 ,"o piece ( ,no4 #bj1 #b-a_/b #a 941 = c&le socket4 ,"o piece ( ,no4 #bj copp]1 #a-a_/b-;94 disc4 ,"o piece ( #a_/d-;94 r\nd copp] #d ins4 long4 ,directions3 ,make a draw+ l sket* %[n "h4 ,place ?is draw+ ^u ! #aj #c-a_/d-;94 %eet ( copp] & cut ! metal to fit ! outl9e4 ,m>k on ?is %eet ( metal ! emboss$ l9e %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,place ! %eet ( ! copp] on ! h>d wood block & ) a *as+ tool plac$ on ! l9e1 /rike ) ! plani%+ hamm] on ! end ( ! *as+ tool4 ,?is1 9 turn1 w drive ! metal into ! wood4 ,repeat ?is till ! outl9e /&s out above ! face ( ! reflector ab\t #a_/cb 94 ,if ?is is done c>efully ! rais$ "p w be a true smoo? l9e4 ,! same tool w wid5 ! l9e any wid? desir$4 ,cut into a wood block a =m l ! impression y see back ( ! c&le4 ,place ! sconce ov] ?is impression & ) a wood5 peg drive ! metal into x4 ,! dott$ l9e on ! sket* w %[ h[ deep ?is %\ld be4 ,drive out any buckles t may h =m$ dur+ ! work+ ( ! metal4 ,?is is done by plac+ ! sconce face d[n on ! b5* & /rik+ d[n on ! rais$ p>ts until x lies flat4 ,c&le hold]3 ,b5d ! /ock = ! hold] ar\nd a #c_/d-;94 m&rel or wood peg till ! two ends meet4 ,clean & sold] ^! ends4 ,cut a #c_/d-;94 disc to fit ! inside ( ?is & sold] 94 ,place ?is on ! #a-a_/b-;94 disc & drill a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( bo?4 ,bracket = c&le3 ,take ! #a_/d-;94 r\nd /ock4 ,put x 9 ! vise ) "o end project+ above1 ab\t #a_/b 94 ,drive d[n on ?is end1 at ! same "t b5d x z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,file ! end flat4 ,cut a piece ( ,no4 #bj copp] #a_/b 94 #c_/h 94 & sold] x on ! end j fil$4 ,?is plate is drill$ ) two #a_/h-;94 holes1 & fil$ ar\nd4 ,b5d ! %ape z %[n 9 ! draw+ & on ! o!r end file a %\ld] & #a_/h-;94 p94 ,?is is n[ plac$ ?r\gh ! hole ( ! disc & ! c&le hold]1 & bo? rivet$ to ! bracket4 ,! bracket n[ is plac$ on ! bottom ( ! sconce 7see draw+71 & rivet$ on4 ,! :ole sconce may n[ be nail$ ) r\nd head nails to a flat #a_/d-;94 bo>d to give weight1 or !re may be rivet$ to ! back1 angles made ( ,no4 #bj metal1 #e_/h 94 wide & b5t #c_/h 94 "o way & #a_/d 94 ! o!r way4 ,^! angle pieces are rivet$ on ! sides & on ! two ends4 ,rivets add mu* to ! decoration ( ! "w if !y are plac$ at int]vals & prop]ly spac$4 ,!y make a nice f9i%4 ,a hole c be drill$ at ! top ( ! reflector1 to hang x ^u ! wall4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,vase1 ,,or ,,rose ,,j> 7,,) ,,lid7 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( copp]1 ,no4 #bj1 #g #g ins4 ,"o piece #d #d ins4 7= lid74 ,"o piece #c_/h 94 wide & long en\gh to g ar\nd ! op5+ ( ! vase or j>4 ,tools3 ,r\nd /ake1 anvil /ake1 driv+ & plani%+ hamm]s1 divid]s1 & %e>s4 ,design3 ,vase1 hav+ a base #b-a_/b ins4 9 diamet]1 height #c ins41 #c-a_/b-;94 op5+ at ! top1 & lid to fit4 ,! full height ( ! vase is #d-a_/b ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ op]ation ,illu/ration3 ,second op]ation ,illu/ration3 ,?ird op]ation ,directions3 ,take ! #g #g-;94 piece ( copp] & draw a #g-;94 circle4 ,) ! divid]s set #a-a_/d 941 us+ ! same c5tre1 describe a circle4 ,?is outl9es ! #b-a_/b-;94 circle = ! base4 ,drive up ?is disc z y did ! "o = ! copp] b[l on ! wood block1 mak+ x z deep z possible4 ,9 ! same way z y flatt5$ ! bottom ( ! copp] b[l1 flatt5 ! bottom ( ?is piece ( "w4 ,place ! b[l ov] ! r\nd head /ake4 ,) y\r hamm] drive on ! outside4 ,?is driv+ ) ! hamm] on ! outside decreases ! diamet] & increases ! l5g?4 ,y w rememb] t ! copp] b[l 0 driv5 up almo/ entirely by ! use ( ! rais+ hamm] on ! inside & f9i%$ by "w on ! outside ) ! plani%+ hamm]4 ,?is vase or j> calls = ! %ap+ hamm]4 ,! vase is plac$ ov] ! r\nd /ake & driv5 into %ape by "w on ! outside ) ! %ap+ hamm]4 ,:5 ! r\gh b[l %ape is on ! r\nd head /ake1 drive ! sides /raight1 beg9n+ ! /rokes at ! l9e ( ! base circle4 ,repeat till ! sides beg9 to /raight5 & take ! %ape ( ! design4 ,take x (f ! r\nd /ake & place x on ! anvil /ake4 ,:5 ! sides are symmetrical1 m>k ) lead-p5cil a l9e #c_/d ( an in* f ! top4 ,"w ! copp] above ?is l9e1 ov] t[>d ! c5tre1 until ! op5+ ( ! vase is ab\t #c-a_/b ins4 9 diamet]4 ,smoo? ! "w up ) a plani%+ hamm]4 ,if ! hamm] m>ks made by driv+ ! b[l into %ape are c>efully done !y leave a v beautiful mottl$ surface ( !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,rim ,illu/ration3 ,b9d+ ! flange to rim to sold] ,to make ! rim = ! lid to re/ ^u3 ,take ! #c_/h-;94 /rip ( metal4 ,b5d x into a circle small en\gh to fit on ! op5+ left at ! top ( ! vase4 ,be c>eful to h ?is j to fit1 o!rwise mu* fil+ w h to be done1 & 9 ?is position fil+ is almo/ impossible4 ,cut x ! "r l5g?1 scrape bo? ends1 & sold]4 ,make x p]fectly level s t x lies flat :5 plac$ ^u ! b5*4 ,te/ x by plac+ x ^u ! top ( ! vase4 ,file ! top flat1 b9d ! rim 9 place4 ,wa%1 !n place bits ( sold] all ar\nd x & heat x until ! sold] runs4 ,cool (f 9 wat]1 file (f all r\gh edges left by ! sold]1 clean & poli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,b5d+ flange on ! lid ,lid3 ,take ! #d #d-;94 piece4 ,cut a #d-;94 circle4 ,place ! b[l upside d[n ^u ?is disc1 draw ) a p5cil all ar\nd ! rim on ?is copp] plate4 ,?is m>ks ! diamet] ( ! rim on ! plate1 also ! l9e :]e ! copp] %\ld be b5t to =m ! lid to fit ! rim4 ,) ! anvil /ake 9 ! vise1 place ! disc aga9/ ! %>p end ( ! /ake1 ) ! l9e on ! edge4 ,drive ) ! rais+ hamm] aga9/ ! "p project+ above ! /ake4 ,turn ! disc1 keep+ ! circle l9e on ! %>p edge ( ! /ake4 ,repeat ?is till ! sides are at "r angles to ! top4 ,place ! lid upside d[n on a wood5 block1 drive on ! inside1 %ap+ x l ! draw+4 ,make x fit ! rim1 trim (f ! r\gh edges1 file up smoo?1 & poli%4 ,d n =get con/ant anneal+1 = y "k hamm]+ always makes ! metal h>d4 ,,*alice ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 #c pieces ( copp]1 #f #f ins41 ,no4 #bj4 ,"o piece ( r\nd rod copp]1 #a 94 long4 ,"o piece ( copp]1 #ab #a_/d ins4 7= rim74 ,sold]4 ,tools3 ,h>d wood block1 r\nd head & anvil /akes1 comb9ation /ake1 %e>s1 divid]s1 plani%+ hamm]1 rais+ hamm]1 & %ap+ hamm]1 files1 em]y clo?4 ,p>ts3 ,b[l1 /em1 base1 lid1 ornam5tal top ( ! lid4 ,directions3 ,make a work+ draw+ 7full size7 on draw+ pap]1 plan & elevation4 ,b[l3 ,take ! #f #f-;94 piece ( copp]4 ,cut out a #f-;94 disc4 ,drive ! b[l up z y did ! copp] b[l4 ,x %\ld be ! same %ape z ! copp] b[l4 ,d n flatt5 ! bottom4 ,! draw+ %[s t ! bottom %\ld be r\nd+1 to fit ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,lid ,illu/ration3 ,b[l ,illu/ration3 ,/em ,/em & base3 ,take ano!r piece ( #f #f-;94 copp]4 ,cut #f-;94 disc4 ,) ! divid]s make a #a-;94 circle 9 ! c5tre ( ! disc4 ,?is inn] circle mu/ be beat5 up until x becomes ! /em4 ,to d ?is place ! disc on ! r\nd top /ake1 ) ! m>k$ circle t\*+ ! edge ( ! r\nd top4 ,/rike ) ! rais+ hamm] j above ! circle l9e1 turn+ ! disc ea* "t4 ,:5 y h made "o turn ( ! disc1 repeat ?is twice1 hamm]+ j above ! "p driv5 up be=e4 ,keep repeat+ ?is until y h rea*$ )9 an in* & a half ( ! out] edge ( ! disc4 ,illu/ration ,! draw+s numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 %[ ! /eps 9 ! work+ up ( ! copp] disc into ! /em4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,y n[ h a bell-%ap$ piece4 ,anneal ! metal & repeat ! hamm]+1 beg9n+ at ! same place & work+ up to ! same place z be=e4 ,anneal :5ev] ! metal seems spr+y & keep work+ until ! /em is tap]$ ab\t #c_/d 94 at ! small end1 gradually wid5+ into ! vase4 ,place ! bell-l /em on ! table & flatt5 x s t x lies p]fectly smoo?1 ) ! /em p]p5dicul> to ! base4 ,f9d ! c5tre ( ! b[l1 describe a #c_/d-;94 circle4 ,scrape bo? ! circle & ! small end ( ! /em4 ,turn ! b[l upside d[n1 place ! /em end ( ! base on ! b[l1 & sold] 9 ! usual way4 ,to make ! lid3 ,take ! #f #f-;94 piece4 ,cut a #f-;94 disc4 ,f9d ! c5tre4 ,drive ! c5tre d[n by us+ ! small end ( ! plani%+ hamm]4 ,?is makes a cone-%ap$ c5tre1 ) ! sides gradually wid5+ to ! edge ( ! lid4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! cone is "o in* above ! level ( ! lid4 ,place ! lid on ! table & tap g5tly on ! outside until x lies flat4 ,take ! small #c_/h-;94 piece ( r\nd rod1 file a small %ap$ ornam5t 7to ta/e7 on "o end ( ! rod & a %\ld] on ! o!r end4 ,drill a hole 9 ! cone-%ap$ "p ( ! lid1 pu% ! rod #a_/h 94 ?r\gh ?is hole & rivet x on ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,russian c(fee pot 9 copp] ,rim3 ,/rip ( copp]1 #ab #a_/d ins4 ,b5d x into a circle j to fit ! outside ( ! lid4 ,cut (f ! prop] l5g? & sold]4 ,make x p]fectly r\nd & p]fectly flat4 ,place ! lid on ! *alice b[l s t x ov]laps a little all ar\nd1 ev5ly4 ,draw a p5cil l9e all ar\nd ! edge ( ! b[l on ! "u side ( ! lid4 ,?is is :]e ! rim is to g4 ,be=e sold]+1 te/1 by plac+ ! rim on ! face ( ! lid4 ,any op5+s se5 mu/ be clos$ by press+ ! rim d[n to ! lid4 ,b9d tightly ) b9d+ wire1 scrape1 & sold]4 ,file & f9i%4 ,,viii ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,hat ,,p9 ,by ?is "t y w h _m pieces ( scrap copp] on h&4 ,^! %\ld be kept 9 a small box & us$ :5ev] suitable4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,a piece ,no4 #bj gauge1 #a-a_/b #a_/b ins41 is en\gh to make ! head ( a hat p94 ,! p9 "p mu/ be ( /eel1 copp] is too s(t4 ,buy any *eap hat p9 9 a dry goods /ore4 7,a c5t apiece47 ,break ! glass top or black top & use ! p9 = ! copp] head4 ,tools3 ,"o *as+ tool1 half moon2 %e>s1 divid]s1 plani%+ hamm]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,designs = hat p9 heads ,design3 ,hat p9 ) hexagonal top 7#f sides7 #a-a_/b ins4 across4 ,) y\r divid]s draw a circle on ! piece ( copp]1 hav+ a diamet] ( #a-a_/b 94 ,) ! radius ( ! circle1 m>k (f ! circumf]5ce into #f equal p>ts4 ,draw lead-p5cil l9es f "o po9t to ano!r1 j t\*+ ! circle at ^! po9ts4 ,) y\r %e>s cut along ^! /raight l9es4 ,n[ y h a #f-sid$ piece ( copp] #a-a_/b ins4 across4 ,place ?is piece ( copp] on ! flat end ( ! h>d wood block 7! gra9 end ( ! wood71 & make impressions on x ) ! half moon tool l y\r designs4 ,?is tool y c make y\rself4 ,take a piece ( /eel1 #e_/af 94 squ>e or r\nd1 heat "o end to a r$ heat & flatt5 x1 l ! flat end ( a *isel4 ,file ! end j flatt5$ blunt & r\nd+4 ,?is end %\ld be h>d5$ to prev5t x f we>+ r\gh4 ,to d ?is heat x to a d>k r$ heat & plunge x into cold wat]4 ,place y\r tool on ! upp] sides ( ?is plate & drive x ) a hamm] into ! copp]1 be+ c>eful n to drive x ?r\gh into ! wood4 ,if y drive ! tool ?r\gh y w spoil ! design & h r\gh edges4 ,?is makes a simple rais$ or emboss$ design & is q easily done4 ,illu/ration3 ,hat p94 ,driv+ ! design ,:5 ?is patt]n has be5 /amp$ 91 curve ! piece ( copp] any %ape y wi% by plac+ x 9 ! depression 9 ! h>d wood block4 ,place ! emboss$ side d[n1 & ) ! r\nd end ( ! plani%+ hamm]1 drive ) light bl[s s z n to flatt5 ! design4 ,9 ?is way1 y c %ape x z y wi%4 ,! top c\ld n[ be sold]$ "r on to ! p9 itself1 b t w\ld n make a /rong hat p94 ,x w\ld be weak & too easily brok5 f ! head4 ,9 ord] to h a /rong hat p9 we make a little mu%room %ap$ p9 hold] :i* is fa/5$ on ! "u "p ( ! head ( ! hat p9 & 9 :i* ! p9 itself fits4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,boys ,,at ,,copp] ,,"w ,_! ,%op is a ,b>n1 & ,tree ,/umps ,furni% ! ,h>d ,wood ,blocks4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,p9 ,,hold] ,mat]ial3 ,copp]1 ,no4 #bd1 #c_/h 94 squ>e to make ! flat disc4 ,copp] ,no4 #bd1 #c_/h 94 l5g? & ab\t #e_/af 94 wide to make ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration ,) a pair ( divid]s draw a circle #c_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,cut out ! circle4 ,place ?is little disc on ! flat end ( ! h>d wood block & ) a pun* make a hole #a_/h 94 9 diamet] 9 ! middle ( ! disc4 ,on ! same end ( ! block1 file 7us+ r\nd file7 a groove "r across ! corn]1 ab\t #a_/h 94 deep4 ,place ! small piece ( copp] 7#c_/d #e_/af ins471 ov] ! groove4 ,take ! /eel wire belong+ to ! hat p9 & place x on top ( ! copp] & ov] ! groove4 ,) ! hamm]1 /rike s z to drive ! p91 & at ! same "t ! copp]1 into ! depression4 ,! copp] s9ks into ! groove & ! two sides lap up on ea* side ( ! p94 ,drive ! two sides d[n until !y lap ar\nd ! wire1 ! edges meet+4 ,?is makes a copp] cyl9d] :i* fits exactly ar\nd ! wire ( ! p94 ,take ! cyl9d] (f1 fit x into ! holes ( ! small disc4 ,wa% ! two pieces ) a borax solution1 place a little sold] on1 & sold] ! disc to ! cyl9d]4 ,aft] cool+ ! piece 9 wat]1 %ape ! disc s t x fits ! "u side ( ! hat p9 top4 ,poli% ! end ( ! wire p9 ) an em]y clo?1 also ! top ( ! p9 hold] & ! inside ( ! hat p9 top4 ,pu% ! wire into ! little cyl9d] s t x comes flu% ) ! disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,b5d+ ! cyl9d] ,n[ ! p9 is all ready to sold] to ! head1 b !re is great difficulty 9 gett+ x 9 /raight4 ,9 ord] to d ?is ,i make a little device out ( copp]1 :i* helps me 9 gett+ ?+s on /raight4 ,take a piece ( copp] #a 94 wide & #e ins4 long4 ,b5d ea* end1 "o #b ins4 & ! o!r #c_/d 941 bo? 9 ! same direction at "r angles4 ,) ! %e>s cut a ,v-%ap$ piece 9 ! %ort end4 ,?is little /& is good = sold]+ any upright piece to a flat piece1 :5 !y %\ld be at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,place ! top ( ! p9 on ! long leg ( ! /& &1 ) ! p9 9 ! slot1 place 9 prop] position & sold]4 ,,hat ,,p9 ,,hold] ,illu/ration3 ,hold] ,"h is a good design = a hat p9 hold]1 a welcome addition to any dress]4 ,! design is v simple & ! hold] is easily made if "o foll[s out ! directions c>efully4 ,mat]ial3 ,disc #c-a_/b ins4 ( ,no4 #bj gauge1 = ! base4 ,"o piece ( #c_/d-;94 copp] tub+1 #d ins4 long = ! body4 ,sold]4 ,tools3 ,iron rod1 #c_/h-;94 r\nd1 #h ins4 long4 ,h>d wood block4 ,plani%+ hamm]4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,bore a #c_/d-;94 hole "o in* deep 9 ! wood5 block4 ,place ! #c-a_/b-;94 disc ov] ?is hole &1 ) ! r\nd end ( ! plani%+ hamm]1 drive ! c5tre ( ! disc into ! hole #a_/d 94 ,be c>eful n to drive a hole ?r\gh ! copp] disc4 ,turn ! piece upside d[n4 ,place ! iron rod 9 ! vise4 ,put ! boss$ end ( ! disc on ! end ( ! iron rod & flatt5 ! boss d[n4 ,%ape ! base by r\nd+ ! edge d[n all ar\nd4 ,see t x lies flat on ! table1 )\t rock+4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ap+ base = /em ,/em3 ,all copp] tub+ %\ld be anneal$ be=e any "w is done on x4 ,aft] anneal+1 place ! #c_/h-;94 rod ?r\gh ! hole ( ! tube & ) ! wood5 mallet drive d[n on ! tub+1 beg9n+ two in*es f ! end & us+ ! h>d wood block = an anvil4 ,?is con/ant driv+ & turn+ r$uces ! copp] to any size requir$4 ,we mu/ make ! end ( ?is tub+ fit ! #c_/h-;94 rod4 ,! tube mu/ wid5 t[>d ! o!r end1 :i* is beat5 out4 ,place x on ! small end ( ! anvil /ake4 ,drive ) ! rais+ hamm]1 turn+ x all ! "t4 ,9 ?is way y con/antly increase ! diamet]1 mak+ ! cup-%ap$ top l ! design4 ,n[ ! /em & base are ready = sold]+4 ,file ! ends p]fectly smoo? & level4 ,b9d 9 places & sold]1 z be=e4 ,! fil+1 f9i%+1 & poli%+ mu/ be done z ) o!r copp] pieces4 ,hat p9 hold]s are usually fill$ ) "s s(t mat]ial4 ,! hat p9s are pu%$ d[n into ?is1 :i* helps to keep !m 9 place4 ,"s are cov]$ on ! top ) a metal disc :i* has five or six holes bor$ ?r\gh1 a little l>g] ?an ! b> ( ! hat p94 ,^! holes are drill$ into ! disc & !n ! disc is sold]$ on to ! top ( ! hold]4 ,! p9s _c fall out ) su* an arrangem5t1 & !y are n likely to ga!r on "o side & tip ! hold] ov]4 ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,rivet ,rivet+ is "o ( ! processes ( jo9+ two pieces ( metal toge!r )\t ! use ( sold]4 ,to rivet1 y mu/ fir/ pun* or bore holes into ! metals along ! edges to be jo9$4 ,place a rivet ?r\gh ^! holes1 & ei!r ) ! h& hamm] or rivet set1 flatt5 d[n ! project+ end ( ! rivet1 =m+ a head simil> to ! head ( ! rivet itself4 ,be c>eful to h ! rivet holes j l>ge en\gh to let ! rivet slip 9 & leave no extra space4 ,if ! holes are too l>ge ! rivet w b5d in/ead ( flatt5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,pun*+ metal ,use ( ! rivet set3 ,a rivet set is a piece ( /eel #e ins4 long1 #c_/d 94 wide & #c_/h 94 ?ick1 tap]+ a little t[>d ! top end4 ,9 ! l>ge end ( ?is tool1 & to "o side1 is a #a_/h-;94 hole drill$ ab\t #c_/h 94 deep2 on ! o!r side is a c\nt]-sunk hole ab\t #a_/d 94 9 diamet] & #a_/af 94 deep4 ,?is hole is us$ = draw+ ! rivet up ?r\gh & clos+ ! op5+s betwe5 ! p>ts to be rivet$1 previ\s to flatt5+ ! end4 7,see picture ( /ove pipe47 ,! c\nt]-sunk hole is made to %ape ! head aft] x is flatt5$4 ,t9n]s use x (t5 = pun*+ holes 9 ?9 metal1 su* z t9 & galvaniz$ iron1 & x's "o ( ! me?ods us$ = pun*+ holes :5 mak+ or m5d+ /ove pipes1 & simil> %ap$ pieces4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,rivet set4 ,pun*+ holes 9 a /ove pipe & rivet+ ,to rivet a /ove pipe3 ,place ! rivet on ! /ake & put ! iron pipe ov] ! rivet ab\t :]e ! hole %\ld be4 ,tip ! pipe s x w re/ on ! rivet4 ,tap lightly ov] ! rivet4 ,?is w m>k ! spot :]e ! rivet is to g4 ,drive d[n ! rivet set ov] ?is m>k & ! rivet w be =c$ ?r\gh ! pipes into ! hole ( ! rivet set4 ,! hole is made & ! rivet plac$ at ! same "t4 ,flatt5 ! project+ end1 put ! c\nt]-sunk hole on ! top ( ?is flatt5$ end1 & y c %ape x up l a r\nd button4 ,,l>ge ,,s]v+ ,,tray ,,) ,,rivet$ ,,h&les ,a tray z l>ge z ?is "o is mo/ useful 9 ! home = s]v+ tea1 ice cream1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #bj copp]1 #ab #ah ins4 ,f\r pieces ( copp]1 #c-a_/b #b ins4 ,silv] wire = rivets #d #a_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,directions3 ,p]haps ! easie/ & simple/ way to make ?is tray is to get a l>ge block ( wood1 l ! end ( a build+ joi/1 a little long] & wid] ?an ! #ah #ab-;94 copp] %eet4 ,out ( x make a m\ld ! %ape ( ! body ( ! tray1 by cutt+ ! wood away4 ,?is m\ld is made simil> to ! "o y made :5 mak+ ! r\nd tray4 ,if ! m\ld is made c>efully & accord+ to ! patt]n x is a simple matt] to nail ! %eet ( copp] ov] ! depression1 & drive x 9 ) a wood5 peg & mallet1 mak+ x fit e "p ( ! m\ld4 ,be=e ?is is done x may be necess>y to anneal ! metal two or ?ree times4 ,d s z (t5 z y ne$ to1 x doesn't matt] h[ (t5 x mu/ be done4 ,:5 ! surface is smoo? to ! t\*1 take ! metal (f ! m\ld1 & turn up ! edges l ! design4 ,file (f ! out] edges p]fectly smoo? & rub !m d[n ) em]y clo?4 ,if y\r wood5 peg has made small d5ts or flat places1 leave !m z a f9i% unless !y seem too high or too l[4 ,! m>ks made by any wood5 tool usually make a beautiful f9i%4 ,h&les3 ,! h&les are holl[4 ,!y are made by tak+ "o piece ( ! #c-a_/b #b-;94 & draw+ on ?is ! outl9e ( ! h&le4 ,repeat ?is on ! f\r pieces4 ,?is makes f\r halves4 ,) a pair ( %e>s cut along ! sides4 ,cut ! re/ out ) a *isel4 ,snip ! corn]s4 ,put f\r pieces toge!r & place betwe5 ! jaws ( ! vise4 ,file into %ape4 ,?is makes ea* piece a duplicate ( ! o!rs4 ,place ea* piece ( copp] on a h>d wood block & ) ! r\nd end ( ! rais+ hamm] drive into ! block1 holl[+ x out4 ,make !m 9 pairs s t :5 ! two p>ts are put toge!r !y make ! h&les holl[ on ! inside & oval on ! outside4 ,file ! edges ( ! h&le s t !y meet close4 ,b9d1 sold]1 & file & r\nd !m up4 ,fa/5+ h&les on ! tray3 ,saw ! two ends along ! sold]$ jo9ts ab\t #c_/h 94 ,op5 ^! out s t !y fit ov] ! edge ( ! tray4 ,f9i% ! ends (f ei!r r\nd+ or squ>e4 ,n[ drill a hole ?r\gh ! h&le ab\t #c_/af 94 f ! end4 ,place !m aga9 on ! tray j :]e !y %\ld be & m>k = ! hole to be drill$ ?r\gh ! tray4 ,rivets3 ,take a piece ( silv] wire ! size ( ! hole4 ,place "o end ( x on ! vise s x w /ick up ab\t #a_/h 94 above ! surface4 ,) ! plani%+ hamm]1 hamm] a small r\nd$ head on ! end ( ! wire4 ,cut x (f #c_/h 94 f ! head 9 l5g?4 ,?is makes a rivet4 ,y w ne$ f\r4 ,place ^! rivets ) ! head t[>d ! front "p ( ! tray & fa/5 ! h&le on4 ,poli% & f9i% z y did o!r pieces ( "w4 ,,dut* ,,b[l 7,,made ,,9 ,,silv] ,,or ,,copp]7 ,?is ,dut* b[l looks well made ( ei!r silv] or copp]4 ,x is work$ up 9 ! same way z ! o!r b[ls describ$ "h1 ! little saw$ out h&le on ! side be+ an addition :i* gives to ! b[l its ,dut* *>act]i/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,dut* b[ls ,to make ! h&les3 ,if ! b[l is made ( copp] select a piece ( metal ?ick] ?an ! copp] us$ = ! b[l4 ,?is piece is #c #d ins4 long4 ,%ape x z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,m>k ! design & saw x out4 ,n[ b5d x at "r angles ab\t #a_/b 94 f ! end4 ,be=e ! corn]s are squ>$ up1 r\nd ! h&le to fit ! %ape ( ! b[l4 ,?is is be/ done on a r\nd iron /ake4 ,file into %ape1 drill ?ree holes1 & rivet ! h&les 9 place4 ,a sold]$ h&le if desir$ makes a neat] piece ( "w ?an "o rivet$ 9 place4 ,mat]ial us$ is a piece ( #c #c ins4 ,! design is saw$ out & %ap$ z be=e4 ,h[ev]1 9 place ( b5d+ ! end d[n we file ! circle to fit ! b[l4 ,clean ! p>ts to be sold]$1 b9d ! h&le 9 place1 wa% ) borax4 ,place bits ( sold] ab\t ! jo9t1 heat1 & f9i%4 ,if ?is sold]+ makes ! b[l v s(t /iff5 x by hamm]+ x lightly all ov] ! surface4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,smok]s' ,,set ,a smok]s' set makes a v useful bir?day gift or ,*ri/mas pres5t & is n h>d to make4 ,all ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! mak+ h be5 work$ out 9 o!r problems t h be5 giv54 ,! set consi/s ( five pieces3 a l>ge tray1 a tobacco j>1 mat* safe1 cig> box1 & a% tray4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,tray ,l>ge tray 7copp] or brass7 oblong3 ,?is design %[s a l>ge oblong tray ) h&les saw$ out ( ! %eet metal1 n rivet$ z ! h&les 7 on ! l>ge s]v+ tray4 ,draw ! design = ?is tray on a %eet ( pap]4 ,m>k out ! h&les l ^? 9 ! picture4 ,place ! patt]n on ! copp] or brass %eet1 & cut out ! outl9e accord+ to ! draw+4 ,! h&les are n saw$ out until ! tray has be5 %ap$ up & f9i%$4 ,?is tray is made out ( a piece ( ,no4 #bj copp] or brass1 & is #aj #ab ins4 ,) ! divid]s make a half-in* l9e on ! f\r sides ( ! %eet z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! sket*4 ,place ?is %eet 9 ! vise1 ! dott$ l9e ev5 ) ! jaws ( ! vise4 ,) ! wood5 peg1 drive ! sides up z y did ! small squ>e tray4 ,drill ! holes 9 ! slot & saw out = ! h&-holds4 ,file all ar\nd & f9i%4 ,,mat* ,,safe ,?is design %[s a v simple arrangem5t ( a mat* safe hold+ a mat* box & a tray to cat* ! burnt mat*es4 ,mat]ial3 ,copp] or brass--,no4 #bj1 #e #e ins41 = ! tray4 ,no4 #bj1 #a-c_/d #e ins41 = ! hold]4 ,no4 #bd1 #a_/b #c ins41 = ! c5tre piece4 ,no4 #bj1 #a_/h #e-a_/b ins41 = ! b>4 ,no4 #bd1 #a-a_/b #b ins41 = ! /em4 ,?is little hold] is made up ( five p>ts3 base1 /em1 hold]1 b&1 & c5tre piece = pu%+ up ! mat*es :5 ! box is pu%$ d[n into x4 ,! base is made by b5d+ all f\r sides up #a_/d 942 corn]s are made r\nd+4 ,! /em piece is b5t into a cyl9d] tap]$ by wrapp+ x ar\nd a #a_/b-;94 tap]$ /ick4 ,sold] ! edges1 :5 ?is is done4 ,illu/ration ,! hold] itself is made by tak+ ! #a-c_/d #e-;94 /rip & b5d+ x up l ! %ape ( a lett] ,u1 s t x is a little long] ?an ! mat* box itself4 ,! b& holds ! sides 9 place4 ,all is sold]$ toge!r1 ! /em 9 ! base fir/1 !n ! hold] on ! /em1 etc4 ,h>d sold] is us$4 ,! little c5tre piece is b5t1 plac$ 9 position1 & sold]$ ) s(t sold]4 ,poli% & f9i%4 ,,tobacco ,,j> ,?is /raight-sid$ j> is made 9 ?ree pieces4 ,a disc #e ins4 9 diamet] is ne$$ = ! bottom1 a cyl9d]1 #e ins4 deep1 to fit ! disc1 & a lid made f a #e-;94 disc turn$ ov] to fit ! outside4 ,illu/ration ,! disc = ! bottom is b5t up l ! base ( ! tea caddy4 ,fit ! cyl9drical piece ar\nd ?is base & sold] :]e ! edges meet4 ,! lid3 ,cut a disc out ( ,no4 #bj copp]1 #e ins4 9 diamet]4 ,f9d ! c5tre4 ,) ! small end ( ! plani%+ hamm] drive a boss into a holl[ wood5 block1 ab\t #c_/d 94 9 diamet] & #a_/b 94 deep4 ,out ( ?is boss ! knob is made 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take a piece ( #e_/h-;94 squ>e iron & draw ab\t #d ins4 ( ! end tap]$ to a #c_/h-;94 r\nd4 ,b5d ?is up ab\t #a_/d 94 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,?is is ! tool t ! knob mu/ be %ap$ ^u4 ,place ?is tool 9 ! vise & place ! holl[ ( ! lid on ?is tool4 ,) ! ?9 end ( ! driv+ hamm] "w ! knob 9 %ape f ! outside4 7,see sket*47 ,dur+ ! work+ ( ?is metal x %\ld be anneal$ ?ree or f\r times s t x w yield to ! extreme t5sion requir$ to make ! knob4 ,illu/ration ,! lid is r\nd$ 9 ! same way z ! bottom piece 04 ,!re is "s %ap+ to be done on ! top ( ! lid4 ,! picture "h %[s t pla9ly4 ,on ! inside ( ! lid are two wires sold]$ crosswise to hold a damp sponge 9 place4 ,?is sponge keeps ! tobacco moi/4 ,f9i% & poli%4 ,,cig> ,,box ,any wood5 cig> box may be decorat$ v effectively4 ,?is picture %[s an ord9>y cig> box ) copp] 7or brass7 trimm+s4 ,corn]s are saw$ out & rivet$ h+es are plac$ on ! top4 ,boxes decorat$ 9 ?is way make spl5did ,*ri/mas gifts4 ,a heavy %eet ( brass or copp] c take ! place ( ! wood5 lid4 ,,a% ,,tray ,illu/ration ,a% trays are ( v>i\s %apes & sizes4 ,"s are m]ely a squ>e tray1 "s are r\nd1 :ile o!rs are half-b[l %ap$4 ,sometimes two or ?ree half-r\nd tube-%ap$ pieces = hold+ ! cig> are sold]$ on to ! rim ( ! tray4 ,all a% trays ( ?is /yle are driv5 up 9 ! same way z y drive up a squ>e tray or a r\nd "o1 or a copp] b[l4 ,to make ! cig> hold]s1 cut a piece ( ?9 copp] or brass #a #b ins4 r\nd+ on ! ends4 ,place !m on a block & r\nd !m up 9 a depression cut out ( ! wood ) a g\ge *isel4 ,^! are sold]$ on to ! rim ( ! b[l or tray ) s(t sold]4 ,poli% & f9i%4 ,,lov+ ,,cup ,,) ,,two ,,or ,,?ree ,,h&les ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,= b[l1 copp] #ab-c_/d #f ins41 ,no4 #bj4 ,= base1 copp] #d-a_/b #d-a_/b ins41 ,no4 #bj4 ,= h&les1 #b pieces or #c pieces ( copp] #h #a 941 ,no4 #bj4 ,sold]4 ,tools3 ,comb9ation /ake1 anvil /ake1 %e>s1 drill press1 drills1 rivets1 %ap+ hamm]4 ,directions--,b[l3 ,b5d ! #ab-c_/d #f-;94 piece ( copp] into a cyl9d] ov] ! comb9ation /ake4 ,! two edges %\ld j meet1 & fit p]fectly along ! l9e4 ,scrape inside & outside ! jo9t4 ,wa% ) borax1 b9d ) b9d+ wire1 & sold]4 ,be c>eful to heat x all ov] ! fire till ! sold] runs freely & fills e "p ( ! jo9t4 ,cool (f1 !n r\nd x up aga9 9 ! /ake1 fil+ (f ! surplus silv] sold] inside & outside4 ,hamm] ! jo9t d[n till flat & true4 ,if c>efully done ?is w %[ a ?9 ev5 l9e ( silv]4 ,base3 #d-a_/b #d-a_/b ins4 ,cut a #d-a_/b-;94 disc4 ,place ! cyl9d] j made on ! disc1 all[+ ! surplus to ext5d out ev5ly all ar\nd4 ,draw ) a p5cil ! outl9e ( ! cyl9d] on ! disc4 ,! rim mu/ be turn$ up at "r angles to ! circle s t x fits exactly ov] ! cyl9d]4 ,to d ?is1 place ! edge ( ! disc on ! %>p edge ( ! anvil /ake1 driv+ ! edge ov]4 ,anneal & repeat until ! sides are at "r angles to ! base4 ,file (f ! top p]fectly ev51 r\nd+ out ! edges4 ,?is makes a f9i% & bord] to ! base4 ,pu% ! cyl9d] into ! bottom4 ,prep>e1 z usual1 = sold]+4 ,be c>eful to put bits ( sold] bo? ar\nd ! edge ( ! turn$ up flange1 & on ! inside bottom edge4 ,heat & f9i%4 ,h&les3 ,copp] pieces1 #h #a 94 ,cut a tap]$ slip (f ea* side ( ! h&le pieces1 until ! l>ge end is "o in* wide & ! small end #c_/d 94 ,) divid]s draw #a_/h-;94 l9e p>allel to ^? sides4 ,b5d ea* side back on ?is l9e4 ,%ape ! h&le 7see design7 ov] ! comb9ation /ake1 us+ ! f+]s or mallet to d s4 ,! top ( ! h&les %\ld fit up close aga9/ ! top ( ! cyl9d] & %\ld ext5d d[n ab\t #b_/c ( ! dep? ( ! b[l4 ,! ends may be r\nd$ (f nicely ) ! %e>s1 & fil$4 ,a #a_/h-;94 hole mu/ n[ be drill$ 9 ea* side4 ,place ! h&le 9 ! prop] position on ! b[l4 ,m>k ! holes & drill !m :]e ! m>ks are made4 ,place rivets & rivet ! h&les on4 ,a t\* ( s(t sold] w help keep ^! h&les 9 place & at ! same "t w prev5t any possible *ance = leakage ?r\gh rivet holes1 = :]e y h rivets y are apt to h a leak4 ,clean1 poli%1 & f9i%4 ,,copp] ,,belt ,,buckle ,buckles may be made ( copp]1 silv]1 or brass1 & ! process ( mak+ !m is v simple4 ,?is design %[s a buckle = a man or a boy4 ,mat]ial3 ,copp] 7or brass or silv]7 #e_/af 94 squ>e #h ins4 long = ! frame ( ! belt4 ,"o piece #a_/h-;94 r\nd rod #a-c_/d 94 long = ! cross piece4 ,"o piece #c_/af-;94 squ>e #b 94 long 7p974 ,borax & sold]4 ,illu/ration ,tools3 ,mallet1 file1 pli]s1 comb9ation /ake1 & vise4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,take ! #e_/af #h-;94 piece ( copp]4 ,put x into ! vise & b5d x into a rectangul> frame l ! design4 ,be c>eful to make r\nd+ corn]s & ! sides p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,cut (f ! surplus metal4 ,make ! jo9t 9 "o corn]4 ,sold] & file ! corn] ! same %ape z ! o!r ?ree4 ,illu/ration ,cross b>3 ,take ! piece ( copp]1 #a-c_/d #a_/h 94 ,b5d ! two ends d[n #a_/h 94 9 ! same direction4 7,see picture47 ,illu/ration3 ,cross piece ,sold] ?is piece to ! "u side ( ! frame4 ,! projections ?r[ ! cross b> d[n l[ en\gh bel[ ! level ( ! frame to all[ ! lea!r /rap to come flu% ) ! buckle top4 ,p9 or tongue3 ,take ! metal set aside = mak+ ! p94 ,flatt5 "o end ( ?is out to #a_/af ( an in* ?ick & long en\gh to g ar\nd ! cross b>4 7,see design47 ,illu/ration3 ,tongue ,flatt5+ ! end piece h>d5s x s t x mu/ be anneal$4 ,) ! r\nd pli]s1 b5d ?is end s x w loop ov] ! cross b>4 ,%ape ov] ! :ole buckle accord+ to ! design4 ,file1 f9i%1 & poli%4 ,^! buckles may be made v attractive by giv+ !m a smoo? f9i%1 or a mottl$ surface1 or by mak+ a saw$ out design ar\nd ! frame4 ,x ,,lamp 7,,= ,,electricity7 ,,) ,,%ade ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,piece ( copp]1 ,no4 #af1 #h ins4 squ>e 7base74 ,piece ( copp]1 ,no4 #bd1 #aj #e ins4 7po/74 ,piece ( copp]1 ,no4 #bj1 #b-a_/d #b-a_/d ins4 7cap74 #c pieces ( #a_/d-;94 r\nd copp]1 #g ins4 long 7= %ade hold]74 ,sold]4 ,borax4 ,tools3 ,rais+ hamm]1 h>d wood block1 anvil /ake1 drill press1 piece ( disc>d$ broom h&le1 divid]s4 ,directions3 ,make a #b-a_/b-;94 circle 9 ! c5tre ( ! #h-;94 squ>e plate4 ,drive ?is c5tre up ab\t #a_/b 94 above ! level1 tap]+ on ! top to ab\t #a-a_/b 94 9 diamet]4 ,to d ?is1 place ! c5tre ov] a hole 9 ! wood5 block #a-a_/b 94 9 diamet] & drive ! metal into ! hole to ! requir$ dep?4 7,see design47 ,draw a l9e ) ! divid]s #a_/b 94 all ar\nd ! edge4 ,be sure ! l9e is an equal di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,b5d ! sides d[n #a_/b 94 all along ?is l9e at almo/ "r angles to ! surface4 ,?is b5d+ is done 9 ! vise4 ,measure (f #a_/b 94 9 ei!r direction f ea* corn] = ! feet1 file out a section #a_/d 94 deep & #g ins4 long1 z 0 done 9 mak+ ! feet = ! squ>e box4 ,illu/ration3 ,base ( lamp ,illu/ration3 ,base ,illu/ration ,c5tre po/3 ,take ! #aj #e-;94 piece & b5d x ar\nd ! piece ( broom h&le 7or any o!r piece ( r\nd wood ! size y wi%74 ,! two edges mu/ meet4 ,scrape & sold]1 be+ c>eful t ! sold] runs into ! jo9t4 ,file x (f flu% ) ! top ( ! metal & make ! column p]fectly r\nd4 ,place ! column on ! rais$ "p ( ! base & m>k ar\nd ! column on ! base ) a p5cil4 ,saw out a hole along ! m>k$ l9e4 ,pu% ! end ( ! column 9 s t x is p]p5dicul> to ! base & p]fectly true all ar\nd4 ,tie x 9 place = sold]+1 ) ! b9d+ wire1 by fa/5+ ! wire on ! extreme top ( ! column1 & c>ry+ x to ! f\r corn]s ( ! base4 ,?is c5tres ! column ready = sold]+4 ,wa% ! jo9t well1 place pieces ( silv] ar\nd ! base & column1 & heat4 ,! base %\ld be cr[n$ f ! c5tre to ! out] edge4 ,to d ?is1 place ! c5tre on any r\nd top wood block4 ,/rike on ! out] edges ) ! wood5 mallet until ! desir$ cr[n is =m$4 ,see t x /&s plumb & does n rock4 ,if x does rock1 tap ! base g5tly on ! out] edges ) ! mallet until x /&s firm4 ,file & poli% until ! surface is p]fectly smoo? & free f m>ks ( all k9ds4 ,! beautiful col\rs t =m on ! surface ( copp] dep5d mu* ^u ! f9i%4 ,! body ( ! lamp is n[ ready = ! cap & arms t hold ! %ade4 ,illu/ration ,cap3 ,take a #b-a_/d-;94 disc4 ,draw a circle 9 ! c5tre ( ?is disc1 hav+ a diamet] equal to ! diamet] ( ! top ( ! column4 ,place ?is disc on ! edge ( an anvil /ake & drive ! edges ( ! metal ov]1 =m+ a cap z describ$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! lid ( ! rose j>4 ,divide ?is flange equally into ?ree p>ts1 drill+ a #a_/h-;94 hole 9 ea* "o ( ! ?ree divisions4 ,take ! ?ree pieces ( #a_/d-;94 r\nd copp]4 ,file ! ends ( ea* "o1 mak+ a %\ld] on ! end #a_/h 94 & #a_/h 94 9 diamet] to fit ! holes 9 ! flange4 ,put ! end ( ^! rods into ! vise ) ! %\ld] close to ! top ( ! vise4 ,put ! cap on ! project+ p91 & rivet4 ,repeat ?is = all ?ree rods4 ,wa% ! rivet jo9ts ) borax1 & sold]4 ,file (f any project+ p>ts s t ! inside is flu%1 z ?is cap mu/ fit ov] ! column4 ,place ! cap ov] ! column & betwe5 ! project+ arms drill a small hole ?r\gh bo? ! cap & ! column1 & rivet z be=e4 ,illu/ration ,%ade1 #d-sid$ or #f-sid$3 ,?is design is = #f sides4 ,t gives a good proportion4 ,dim5sions ( ea* side3 ,side 7on a slant7 #i ins41 top1 #b-a_/b ins4 ,bottom1 #h ins4 7,see draw+47 ,cut out a patt]n = "o side4 ,use /iff c>d bo>d4 ,lay ?is design on a piece ( copp] l>ge en\gh to cut out ! :ole lamp %ade4 ,m>k ar\nd ! patt]n4 ,lay ! same patt]n aga9/ "o side ( ! m>k$ design4 ,make x fit exactly along ! m>g9 l9e4 ,repeat until y h done six sides4 ,y h n[ a fan %ap$ patt]n ) six divisions4 ,cut ?is along ! top & bottom l9es4 ,illu/ration ,if fold$ up along ^! division l9es x w\ld %ape up into a lamp %ade4 ,all lamp %ades h glass = light4 ,we provide = ! glass by cutt+ out a section ( ea* ( ! six faces4 ,take y\r c>d bo>d patt]n4 ,m>k a l9e all ar\nd f #c_/d 94 & p>allel to ! sides1 #a 94 f ! top & #a 94 f ! bottom4 ,cut out ! inn] section made by ^! l9es4 ,place ! patt]n on ! copp] & m>k ea* section4 ,cut x out ) ! cold *isel on ! wood5 block4 ,file up ! r\gh places left1 make ! edges squ>e & smoo?4 ,b5d up ea* section along ! c5tre l9e 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,get two pieces ( wood1 #b #a_/b #bj ins4 ,place ! two pieces 9 a vise & slip ! copp] betwe5 ! pieces d[n to ! l9e :]e x %\ld be b5t4 ,tight5 up on ! vise1 press ! copp] ov] ) ! h&s & tap g5tly along ! l9es ) ! mallet1 keep+ ! angles ab\t #fj4 ,d ?is on ea* ( ! six sides4 ,if c>efully done ! %ade w h a hexagonal %ape4 ,! op5 p>ts %\ld come toge!r1 "o side ov]lapp+ ab\t #a_/d 94 ,hamm] d[n ! ov]lapp+ "p & rivet4 ,illu/ration ,glass3 ,cut a piece ( c>d bo>d #a_/d 94 l>g] all ar\nd ?an ! op5+ 9 ! sections = ! glass4 ,take ?is to a glazi]4 ,tell ! deal] j :at is want$ & he w make sugge/ions z to col\r1 k9ds ( glass1 etc4 ,ca!dral or opalesc5t glass is v decorative4 ,illu/ration ,to set ! glass3 ,place "o ( ! panes ( glass on ! inside ( ! section1 ov] ! op5 space4 ,m>k all ar\nd x4 ,take #d pieces ( copp] 7#c_/d #c_/h 947 & b5d !m 9 a d\ble angle4 ,^! are to be sold]$ or rivet$ on ! rim4 ,"o is plac$ on ei!r side1 "o at ! top & "o at ! bottom4 ,?is glass re/s 9 ^! brackets & keeps x 9 place4 ,repeat = ! six sections4 ,pu% ! brackets d[n aga9/ ! glass aft] x is 9 place4 ,!y hold x firm aga9/ ! side ( ! %ade4 ,! design = ?is %ade l5ds itself to _m v>iations4 ,x may be squ>e1 five-sid$1 six-sid$4 ,! edges c be escallop$ bo? top & bottom1 & a saw$ out design may be made to fit ov] ! glass4 ,,xi ,,h+es ,,9 ,,copp] ,,or ,,silv] ,,tube ,,draw+ ,,& ,,wire ,,draw+ ,mat]ial3 ,copp] or ,silv]4 ,tools3 ,h>dwood block1 #f #c #a 94 draw plate1 tongs1 %>p pe5 hamm]1 saw frame & saw1 r\nd file1 %e>s1 small piece ( soap4 ,illu/ration3 ,/amp box1 or jewel box ) tube h+e ,directions3 ,to make a good h+e = jewel boxes or jewell]y requires "s k ( h[ to make wire & tubes out ( %eet metal4 ,9 ord] to d ?is y mu/ h a draw plate & t y c make y\rself1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take a piece ( iron #a_/d #a-a_/b #c ins4 or #d ins4 long4 ,drill a numb] ( graduat$ holes ?r\gh ! piece along ! c5tre4 ,! smalle/ hole %\ld be ab\t #a_/cb 94 9 diamet] & ! l>ge/1 ab\t #a_/h 94 ,take y\r /eel pun* & file ! end d[n1 tap]+ s t ! po9t w g into ! smalle/ hole4 ,drive ! pun* into ! hole until x j goes ?r\gh4 ,^! holes take ! %ape ( ! tap]$ pun*4 ,repeat ?is 9 ea* hole until ! draw plate is made up ( a numb] ( graduat$ tap]+ holes4 ,y\r draw plate is us$ = r$uc+ wires f a l>ge size to any size y h holes = & = mak+ holl[ tub+ = h+es4 ,to r$uce wire3 ,y c always buy ! wire any ?ickness y wi%1 b _m times a small piece ( wire is ne$$ quickly & c be made ) little tr\ble4 ,if y %\ld wi% to r$uce a piece ( wire #a_/h 94 ?ick to any size small] ?an #a_/h 941 file ! end ( ! piece s x j goes ?r\gh ! hole f> en\gh to grasp ) ! tongs4 ,rub a little soap ov] ! surface ( ! wire1 draw x ?r\gh ! hole4 ,x is r$uc$ to ! size ( ! hole x goes ?r\gh4 ,aft] ! fir/ or second op]ation ! wire mu/ be anneal$1 z pull+ x ?r\gh ! draw plate h>d5s x4 ,tub+ = h+es3 ,cut a /rip ( ,no4 #bh1 copp] 7or silv]7 any l5g?4 ,cut ! wid? ( x ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! tube y wi% to make1 & cut ! end ( ?is piece to a po9t4 ,place y\r #f #a #c-;94 block 9 ! vise4 ,) a r\nd file1 file a groove across ! block4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ap+ tube be=e draw+ 9 plate ,place ! /rip ( copp] or silv] ov] ! groove &1 us+ ! hamm]1 drive ! metal into ! groove1 =m+ a gutt]4 ,repeat ?is until y h driv5 ! copp] into a cyl9drical %ape4 ,put ! po9t$ end ?r\gh ! l>ge/ hole 9 ! draw plate4 ,rub well ) soap4 ,clasp ! end /ick+ ?r\gh ) ! tongs & pull x ?r\gh4 ,repeat z y did :5 draw+ wire ?r\gh4 ,anneal :5 necess>y4 ,cont9ue to put ! tube 9 "o r$uc+ hole aft] ano!r until ! tube is ! size y wi%4 ,?is tube ) a small hole ?r\gh ! entire l5g? is us$ = f9e h+es4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw plate & tongs ) tube go+ ?r\gh ,illu/ration3 ,saw+ (f pieces ( tub+ = h+es ,f9e h+es3 ,to make a h+e = a box1 bracelet1 or any small da9ty article t requires h+es1 take a piece ( ! tube made z describ$4 ,aft] y h decid$ j h[ long ! h+e mu/ be to fit ! article y are mak+1 saw ! tube into ?ree pieces1 or five pieces1 ( equal l5g? by plac+ ! tube 9 a vise4 ,if x is to be a ?ree-piece h+e1 two w be sold]$ on ! "o side & "o on ! o!r1 ! two j f> en\gh ap>t s t ! "o is 9 position to fit exactly 9 betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ! ?ree pieces are 9 place1 a wire is pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole1 & ! h+e is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fil+ half r\nd groove 9 h+e1 = tube ,to make ! w+s ( ! h+e3 ,take a piece ( silv] or copp]1 ,no4 #aj1 ! l5g? & wid? to be det]m9$ by ! size ( ! h+e4 ,place ?is copp] plate 9 ! vise1 file a groove ?r\gh ! c5tre1 j l>ge en\gh = ! copp] or silv] tube to fit 9 ab\t half its dep?4 ,saw ! piece ?r\gh ! middle ( ! groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,b9d 9 place ) b9d+ wire1 & sold] ,take two ( ! ?ree %ort tube pieces1 b9d !m on ! groove ends ( "o w+4 ,b9d ! ?ird piece ( tub+ 9 ! middle ( ! groove end ( ! o!r w+4 ,place ! two w+s toge!r & see t !y fit closely4 ,d ?is ) ! greate/ c>e1 z !re is no possible *ance = fil+ aft] ! tubes are sold]$ on ! w+s4 ,wa% ) borax1 put "s silv] sold] on ! jo9ts1 & sold] z be=e expla9$4 ,:5 b9d+ ! tubes = sold]+ d n put ! b9d+ wire ?r\gh ! holes ( ! tubes4 ,?is wire makes a good conductor = ! sold] :i* is apt to fill up ! small holes 9 ! tubes4 ,all b9d+ %\ld be done on ! outside4 ,! w+s ( ! h+es %\ld be fil$ to a tap]1 or any %ape t w add to ! appe>ance ( ! h+e4 ,! h+e l5ds itself v well = decorative purposes & c always be made s t x adds to ! attractiv5ess ( ! piece ( "w4 ,lock plates c be made by ! same me?od4 ,!y1 too1 c be f9i%$ up to add to ! ornam5tal side ( ! article4 ,cab9et h+es3 ,cab9et h+es are made ei!r ( brass or copp]4 ,! h+e mu/ be made 9 proportion to ! design1 ?us add+ to ! decoration4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,/rip ( copp]1 ,no4 #aj4 ,cut out accord+ to ! design4 ,! two ends ( "o are turn$ ov] a wire nail #a_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,! "o end ( ! o!r is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,te/ if !y are true by plac+ a wire ?r\gh ! ?ree tubes4 ,cab9et h+es may be f9i%$ by us+ ! r\nd head hamm] & driv+ d[n a numb] ( hamm] m>ks1 go+ all ov] ! surface ( ! h+e4 ,or !y may be emboss$ f ! "u side4 ,! spac+ ( screws & rivets plays an important "p 9 ! design ( ! h+e4 ,,xii ,,jewel ,,box ,,& ,,desk ,,set ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,copp] ,,jewel ,,box 7,,rectangul>7 ,mat]ials3 ,a n>r[ piece ( ,no4 #bj copp]1 #bj ins4 long #a-a_/d ins4 wide3 ?is is us$ = ! sides4 ,"o piece ( ,no4 #bj copp]1 #f-c_/h #d-a_/h ins4 = ! lid4 ,"o piece ( ,no4 #bd copp]1 #f-c_/h #d-c_/h ins4 = ! bottom4 ,two pieces ( copp] ,no4 #bd1 #f #a_/b 941 = ! h+es4 ,copp] nails #a_/af 94 9 diamet]1 = rivets4 ,tools3 ,vise1 %e>s1 mallet1 h>d sold]1 borax1 rivet set 7/eel tool71 divid]s1 & c5tre pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,top view ,illu/ration3 ,front ,illu/ration3 ,%eet develop$ = sides & ends4 ,b5d on division l9es ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,make a work+ draw+ ( a box1 #f #d #a_/d ins41 7inside measurem5ts74 ,! box is to h feet1 & a lid ) h+es is to be fa/5$ to x4 ,take ! /rip ( copp]1 #bj #a-a_/d ins41 measure x (f into sections ( #d ins4 & #f ins4 alt]nately4 ,beg9n+ on "o end m>k a po9t #c_/h 94 f ! end4 7,po9t ,g47 ,draw a l9e 7,e ,g7 #a_/h 94 long1 p]p5dicul> to ! base l9e4 ,) ! divid]s set #a_/h 94 ap>t1 & "o leg plac$ aga9/ ! base l9e1 draw a l9e #c-a_/d ins4 long p>allel$ to ! base4 7,l9e ,e ,f74 ,draw ,f ,h4 ,9 ! section ,d ,c ,m ,s1 m>k ! po9t ,o #c_/h ( an in* f ,d4 ,draw ,k ,o equal to #a_/h ( an in*4 ,) ! divid]s set at #a_/h 941 draw a l9e #e-a_/d ins4 long 7,k ,l74 ,jo9 ,l & ,n4 ,repeat ?is 9 ! o!r two sections4 ,) ! %e>s1 cut along l9es ,g1 ,g ,e1 ,e ,f1 ,f ,h1 ,h ,o1 ,o ,k1 ,k ,l1 ,l ,n1 etc4 ,! projections left =m ! f\r feet = ! box to re/ ^u4 ,to b5d ! corn]s1 m>k ) lead-p5cil ,c ,d1 ,m ,s1 ,r ,t4 ,place ^! division l9es1 9 turn1 betwe5 ! jaws ( ! vise1 & b5d d[n at "r angles4 ,y n[ h a rectangul> box l ! picture1 ) "o corn] op54 ,illu/ration ,to close ! side1 sold] ! op5 end4 ,clean ?or\ghly ! p>ts to be jo9$4 ,place ! p>ts 9 _! prop] positions & b9d ! corn] ) b9d+ wire4 ,wa% ! jo9t ) borax4 ,place "s small pieces ( silv] sold] on ! inside corn]4 ,hold x ov] a fire & heat until ! sold] runs into ! jo9t4 ,cool (f 9 wat] & take (f ! b9d+ wire4 ,if ! sold] %\ld run ?r\gh & fa/5 ! wire to ! side ( ! box1 ! wire c be peel$ (f & ! sold] fil$ d[n to ! copp]4 ,b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to let ! b9d+ wire s9k into ! copp]4 ,file up ! corn]s smoo? & squ>e up ! box ) a /eel squ>e4 ,to make ! bottom ( ! box3 ,take ! piece ( ,no4 #bd copp]1 #f-c_/h #d-c_/h ins4 ,set ! divid]s #c_/af 94 wide4 ,) "o leg on ! edge ( ?is plate1 draw l9es on ! f\r sides4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,cut out ! small squ>e made 9 ea* corn] by ! cross+ l9es4 ,put ! plate into ! vise & b5d ! f\r sides up along ^! l9es4 ,try x1 to see if x j fits ! inside ( ! box4 ,x is ! bottom & mu/ be exactly "r or ! box w be out ( squ>e4 ,n[ take x out = drill+ & rivet+4 ,) ! c5tre-pun* prick po9ts "o in* ap>t & midway betwe5 ! edge & ! base4 ,holes are bor$ ?r\gh ^! pun* m>ks1 ) ! drill press & a #a_/af-;94 drill4 ,! bottom is n[ ready to slip into ! box & to place = rivet+4 ,put x 91 ! b5t edge turn$ d[n & flu% ) ! l[] edge ( ! box4 ,x is necess>y fir/ to fix ! bottom securely 9 place be=e all ! rivets c be put 94 ,to d ?is we put "o rivet on ea* side4 ,take a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t1 /ick x into ! c5tre hole on ea* ( ! f\r sides1 :irl x r\nd1 & m>k ! place :]e ! hole %\ld be drill$ ?r\gh4 ,take ! bottom out & prick pun* ^! holes4 ,drill ! f\r holes1 place ! bottom back1 & pu% ! copp] nails ?r\gh f ! outside 91 leav+ ! head on ! outside z decoration4 ,if ! head %\ld seem too l>ge1 r$uce x by fil+ be=e rivet+4 ,cut ! nail (f1 leav+ ab\t #a_/af 94 ( x project+4 ,) ! hamm] /rike on ?is project+ end1 flatt5 x d[n until x cov]s up ! holes4 ,?is is call$ rivet+4 ,n[ ! bottom is made firm s t any am\nt ( drill+ c be done )\t ?r[+ x out ( place4 ,drill all ! re/ ( ! holes & put a rivet 9 ea* "o ( !m4 ,! heads ( ^! nails add to ! decoration if !y are put 9 c>efully & at regul> int]vals4 ,to make ! lid3 ,if y look at y\r design y w see t ! lid is rais$ a little 9 ! c5tre & t ! edges ext5d #a_/h 94 ov] ! f\r sides ( ! box4 ,take ! #f-a_/d #d-a_/d 94 piece ( copp]4 ,) lead p5cil m>k ! #a_/h-;94 lap ov] all ar\nd ! lid4 ,place ! lid on ! end ( ! squ>e block4 ,) ! r\nd end ( ! rais+ hamm] drive d[n lightly all ar\nd ! inside ( ! lead-p5cil m>k1 increas+ ! bl[s t[>d ! c5tre4 ,?is w make an oval-topp$ %ape4 ,! hamm]+ is b\nd to di/ort ! edge ( ! copp]4 ,turn ! lid upside d[n on ! b5*2 ) ! mallet /rike d[n on ! top ( ! rais$ "p until ! edges flatt5 d[n on ! b5*4 ,if any k9ks %\ld come f ! hamm]+ flatt5 !m by driv+ directly ov] !m4 ,! lid %\ld re/ on ! box )\t rock+4 ,illu/ration ,to make ! h+es3 ,take ! two pieces ( copp] #f #a_/b 94 7,no4 #bd74 ,lay a piece ( ,no4 #h wire l5g?wise 9 ! piece ( copp]1 &1 us+ y\r f+]s1 b5d ! copp] up on ea* side ( ! wire1 keep+ ! two edges ! same l5g?4 ,place ?is betwe5 ! vise jaws1 press+ ! two op5 sides toge!r1 =m+ a h+e "r on ! wire4 ,fix bo? pieces ( copp] ?is way4 ,draw ! wire out4 ,y h two cyl9drical pieces ( copp] #f ins4 long ) w+s atta*$4 ,divide "o ( ! pieces into six "o-in* sections4 ,put ?is betwe5 ! vise jaws d[n to ! r\nd+ "p4 ,) y\r jewell]s' saw1 saw close to ! vise & along ! division l9es1 cutt+ out sections #b1 #d1 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,! copp] is to be press$ toge!r along dott$ l9e ,illu/ration3 ,! copp] cyl9d] mu/ be sawn out 9 sections1 z :]e ! arr[ po9ts ,illu/ration3 ,section ( h+e ,illu/ration3 ,?is sket* %[s ! me?od ( rivet+ ! h+e to ! jewel box ,file up all op5 p>ts s t ! jo9ts w be at "r angles to ! h+e4 ,d ?is c>efully or else !y w n sw+ true :5 h+$ toge!r4 ,use ! cut h+e to measure (f ! sections on ! o!r h+e4 ,cut out sections #a1 #c1 #e on ! second h+e1 all[+ a little on ea* section = fil+4 ,fit ! two p>ts toge!r & fa/5 by pu%+ a wire ?r\gh4 ,try ! h+e to see t x works true & snug4 ,select "o ( ! sides z ! back ( ! box1 put ! lid on1 ) ! h+e 9 place4 ,y w notice t ! ?ickness ( ! h+e prev5ts ! lid f fitt+ d[n on ! box4 ,file ! side ( ! box d[n s ! h+e sets flu% ) ! top1 & file ! w+s ( ! h+e d[n to a tap]4 ,! w+s are to be rivet$1 "o flat to ! "u side ( ! lid1 & ! o!r to ! back1 aft] b5d+ x d[n on ! inside ( ! box4 ,see section view4 ,h+es are sometimes sold]$ 9 place4 ,to d ?is1 wa% ! jo9ts ) a little s(t-sold] fluid4 ,heat ! box 9 ! buns5 flame hot en\gh to make ! sold] run 9 betwe5 ! jo9ts4 ,file any r\gh edges (f1 smoo? d[n c>efully1 & poli%4 ,,c$> ,,*e/ 7,,) ,,brass ,,trimm+s7 ,a pla9 c$> *e/ is mu* improv$ by ! addition ( copp] or brass trimm+s4 ,!y add /r5g?1 too1 to ! box4 ,illu/ration ,! design %[s a c$> *e/ ) h+es1 corn] plates1 h&les1 & lock plate4 ,! screws c be b\ght ) pyramid-%ap$ heads1 :i* resemble h&-made rivets4 ,!y add v mu* to ! g5]al effect ( ! :ole4 ,"o mu/ be guid$ by ! size ( ! box 9 select+ ! appropriate screw decorations4 ,?is box is #ab #bj #cf ins4 ,! lid is #b ins4 deep4 ,h+es3 ,! h+es %\ld be made ( ,no4 #aj copp] or brass1 #c ins4 wide1 & %\ld ext5d two-?irds ( ! way across ! top & half way d[n ! back4 ,?is t5ds to keep ! lid /raight & support ! back ( ! box4 ,lock plate3 ,! plate is made ( a piece ( #h #c 94 metal1 ! same ?ickness z ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! h+es4 ,! design %\ld correspond to ! design ( ! h+es4 ,! key way is 9 ! lock plate1 t[>d ! top4 ,h&les & h&le plate3 ,! h&les are made ( #a_/b-;94 r\nd copp] or brass1 l>ge 9 ! middle1 tap]+ t[>d ! ends4 ,^! ends are turn$ up1 fitt$ into eye bolts & rivet$ into ! h&les4 ,! h&les %\ld be #aj #d ins41 ) ! design ( ! h+es & ! lock plate c>ri$ out4 ,corn] plates3 ,^! plates g on ! f\r corn]s ( ! *e/4 ,!y are made ( ,no4 #ad metal4 ,p]haps ! simple/ way to make !m is to take a piece ( ,no4 #ad metal & cut a #f-;94 squ>e4 ,draw ! diagonals4 ,cut out "o ( ! f\r triangles f ?is squ>e4 ,n[ b5d ! piece along ! diagonal l9es & y make a corn] to fit on ! box4 ,sold] ?is op5 corn] to ! box4 ,9 mak+ corn]s = ! lid1 make ! same patt]n & trim x d[n to suit ! dep? ( ! lid4 ,! trimm+s on ! box c be left smoo? or !y c be treat$ ) ! pe5 ( ! hamm] & a facet surface put on1 :i* is done quickly & is v decorative 9 effect4 ,! h+e "p ( ! h+e is made z expla9$ 9 ! article on h+e mak+4 ,! metal us$ "h w\ld be q /rong en\gh j to turn ov] 9 ! p9 )\t sold]+ x fir/ to ! body ( ! h+e piece4 ,put ! lock on ! *e/ be=e ! lock plate is plac$4 ,?is fixes ! place = ! key-hole2 o!rwise "o might get ! key way too close to ! op5+ & f9d no lock t w\ld fit x4 ,! h&les are put 9 by means ( screws1 b a mu* /rong] "o is made by us+ bolts & screws4 ,! bolts t hold ! h&le on ! plate are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! box1 & a nut & wa%] fa/5 !m tight on ! inside4 ,,desk ,,set ,,9 ,,copp] ,ink well hold] & p5 tray4 ,book rack4 ,corn]s = desk pad4 ,lett] file4 ,bill file4 ,/amp box4 ,pap] cutt]1 lett] op5]1 & book m>k4 ,,ink ,,well ,,hold] ,,& ,,p5 ,,tray ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #af copp]1 #aj-a_/b #e-a_/b ins41 = ! tray4 ,no4 #af copp]1 #a-a_/b #h ins41 = ! box4 ,no4 #af copp]1 #c ins4 squ>e1 = lid4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,tray3 ,y w notice1 9 ! design ( ! tray giv51 a #c_/h-;94 l$ge all ar\nd4 ,! inside ( ! tray is l[]$ #a_/d 94 except a squ>e place 9 ! c5tre t[>d ! back l>ge en\gh = ! box to set ^u4 ,! depression 9 ! tray is made 9 ! same way z describ$ be=e 9 mak+ ! small squ>e tray4 ,y put x into ! vise & ) a r\nd wood5 peg drive x 9 accord+ to ! design4 ,! l$ge mu/ rema9 p>allel to ! bottom ( ! tray4 ,r\nd x (f by plac+ ! tray on ! anvil /ake & driv+ ! prop] curve 9 x ) ! wood5 mallet4 ,illu/ration ,box or hold]--,sides3 ,take ! copp] piece1 #h #a-a_/b ins4 & divide x into #b-;94 spaces4 ,b5d ^! at "r angles to =m a squ>e box1 ! op5 ends meet+ at "o side4 ,sold] ) h>d sold]4 ,lid3 ,take ! #c-;94 squ>e piece4 ,ov] a squ>e block ! exact size ( ! inside ( ! box drive ! piece = ! lid4 ,! corn]s mu/ be driv5 d[n ev5 s t ! lid w fit on ! top ( ! box2 o!rwise ! ink w evaporate4 ,! h+e on ! lid is made ) a drawn tube 9 ! same way z 0 describ$ 9 ! article on ! mak+ ( h+es4 ,! box is n[ ready to be put on ! tray4 ,file ! surface ( ! project+ squ>e flat1 s t ! box w set level4 ,b9d x d[n ) b9d+ wire1 & sold] 9 ! usual way4 ,r+ & r+ po/ fa/5$ to ! box3 ,! po/ is made ( a piece ( #c_/h-;94 squ>e copp]4 ,at a di/ance ( #e_/af 94 f ! end a %\ld] is fil$ on x1 ) ! /em long en\gh to g ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! lid4 ,a hole1 too1 is drill$ ?r\gh "o end ( ?is po/ l>ge en\gh = a #a_/h-;94 copp] r+ to be pu%$ ?r\gh4 ,?is copp] r+ is made by turn+ a piece ( copp] wire ar\nd a #a_/b-;94 r\nd rod 9 a spiral %ape4 ,cut (f ! r+ or r+s z y ne$ !m4 ,?is r+ is op5$ out1 pu%$ into ! hole1 & squeez$ toge!r4 ,x acts z a little h&le to lift up ! lid4 ,a piece ( blott+ pap] ! exact size ( ! lid is pu%$ into ! inside ( x4 ,?is helps to keep ! ink f evaporat+4 ,if ! piece ( "w has be5 c>efully done !re w be little f9i%+ & fil+ to d4 ,y c readily see t ! beauty ( metal "w dep5ds z mu* ^u ! f9i% z ^u ! design4 ,,book-,,rack ,illu/ration ,book-racks are mo/ useful = hold+ *oice books on "o's desk4 ,!y are made ( heavy copp]4 ,?is design is made s t "o c place any numb] ( books betwe5 !m1 by pu%+ ! side pieces out4 ,all book-racks are made 9 ! same way4 ,! design on ! side pieces c be saw$ out 7or pi]c$7 or emboss$1 or ! facets left by ! hamm] w make a beautiful decoration4 ,any design "w1 h[ev]1 mu/ be done :ile ! copp] is 9 a /raight piece1 o!rwise ! b5d+ is apt to spoil ! "w4 ,mat]ial3 ,two pieces ( copp]1 ,no4 #ad1 #ab #f ins4 ,directions3 ,9 ! design %[n "h ! edge ( ! upright ends are r\nd$4 ,"s h j ! corn]s r\nd$ (f4 ,decide ^u ! design y wi%4 ,cut x out1 & file ! copp] %eet accord+ly4 ,make ! edges ( ! :ole rack p]fectly smoo? & r\nd$4 ,m>k (f #f ins4 f "o end4 ,b5d ?is at ! #f-;94 l9e at "r angles to ! #h-;94 piece4 ,x is well to d ! b5d+ ov] a wood5 block 9 ! vise1 us+ a mallet s z n to m> ! metal4 ,poli% & f9i% z be=e4 ,,metal ,,corn]s ,,= ,a ,,desk ,,pad ,illu/ration ,metal corn]s made ( brass1 copp]1 or silv] are f\nd v useful = protect+ ! corn]s ( blott]s ^u desks4 ,!y keep ! corn]s f curl+ up & add mu* to ! g5]al appe>ance ( any desk4 ,! designs are _m1 b = all practical purposes ! pla9 corn]s seem be/1 z !y are m sanit>y4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,! pieces ( metal #f #b-a_/b ins4 ,no4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fold on dott$ l9es4 ,corn]s = blott] ,directions3 ,m>k y\r copp] %eet (f l ?is patt]n4 ,n[ get a piece ( wood1 iron1 or copp] ab\t #c_/af 94 ?ick & j ! %ape ( "o ( ^! corn] designs4 ,?is #c_/af 94 ?ickness w be ab\t equal to ! ?ickness ( y\r blott] & ! ?ickness ( ! c>d-bo>d4 ,take y\r copp] %eet & b5d ! ends along ! l9es m>k$ on ! patt]n1 ov] ! iron or wood =m1 driv+ !m d[n to fit ! %ape well4 ,y n[ h a triangul> piece ) an op5+ on "o side4 ,?is piece w\ld slide ov] ! corn] ( a c>d-bo>d pad usually cut ab\t #bd #ah ins4 ,sold] ! edges toge!r4 ,x is necess>y to rivet ^! corn]s to ! c>d-bo>d to prev5t _! slipp+ (f easily4 ,to d ?is drill a small hole d[n ?r\gh ! "u side close to ! edge1 slip ^! corn]s on ! c>d-bo>d1 pu% ! iron =m 91 & drive ! rivet ?r\gh ! hole1 ?r\gh ! c>d-bo>d aga9/ ! iron plate1 ?us rivet+ ! corn]s to ! c>d-bo>d4 ,take out ! iron plate & repeat on ! f\r corn]s4 ,if designs are to be made on metal1 !y mu/ be saw$ out or pi]c$ :ile ! metal is 9 ! /raight piece4 ,poli% free f all r\ghness4 ,a piece ( s(t flannel or wooll5 clo? is glu$ on ! "u side ( ^! corn]s1 s t ! metal _c scrat* ! desk1 or any poli%$ surface x re/s ^u4 ,,bill ,,file ,?is is a useful article = fil+ notes or memor&a ( ?+s t ne$ imm$iate att5tion4 ,!re is v little v>iety 9 design4 ,! base c be made squ>e1 circul>1 six-sid$1 etc41 & decorat$ 9 _m ways4 ,x looks well ei!r 9 copp] or brass4 ,only heavy copp] %\ld be us$1 9 ord] to give weight to ! base4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,a #c-a_/b-;94 squ>e ( ,no4 #aj copp]4 ,rod ( %>p5$ /eel4 ,directions3 ,take a piece ( iron #a_/b #b-a_/b #b-a_/b ins4 ,g to any scrap heap = ?is4 ,place ! copp] %eet ov] ?is block ( iron1 lett+ ! surplus metal ext5d ev5ly all ar\nd4 ,put x into ! vise ) ! corn] v]tical4 ,tight5 x up & drive ! metal ov] ! corn] till x t\*es ! sides ( ! iron4 ,d ?is on all ! corn]s4 ,make ! outside ( ! metal fit tightly ov] ?is iron1 act+ z a %ape or =m4 ,if ! metal %\ld feel spr+y be=e driv+ x up close1 anneal x4 ,notice t 9 driv+ ^! corn]s d[n !y are long] ?an ! f\r sides1 & !y sugge/ feet4 ,if fil$ flat & smoo!d up y h a squ>e box ) a foot on ea* corn]4 ,take x (f ! iron =m & make ! top r\nd+ by driv+ x ov] ! holl[ block4 ,n[ drill a #a_/h-;94 hole ?r\gh ! middle4 ,place ! copp] rod 9 ! hole & sold] ) h>d sold]4 ,,pap] ,,cutt]1 ,,lett] ,,op5]1 ,,book ,,m>k ,illu/ration ,pap] cutt]3 ,no article on a desk is m useful ?an a good pap] cutt]4 ,x may be "o ) a pla9 flat blade1 no m>k$ h&le & )\t decoration aside f t ( ! metal itself ) its hamm] m>ks left ^u x4 ,aga9 we may h "o ) blade & h&le1 ! blade ei!r po9t$ 7%>p edg$ or blunt71 ! h&le pla9 or ) saw$-out design4 ,^? ) po9t$ blades are s]viceable z lett] op5]s too4 ,!n "s designs h h&les made long en\gh to turn ! end ov]1 =m+ a rais$ h&le4 ,mat]ial3 ,piece ( ,no4 #bj copp]1 #g_/h #i ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,pap] knife4 ,cut on dott$ l9es ,directions3 ,if ! blade is to be po9t$1 take y\r /rip ( copp] & draw a l9e "r ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,m>k a po9t #a_/h 94 on ! end1 ei!r side ( ! c5tre l9e4 ,draw l9es f ^! po9ts to ! extreme ends ( ! o!r side4 ,see dott$ l9es 9 ! sket*4 ,file up ! edges r\nd+1 & poli% ! :ole4 ,select a piece ( copp] free f scrat*es & m>ks ( any k9d = ?is "w4 ,?is pap] cutt] c be left smoo?1 or x c be decorat$ by ! m>ks left by ! plani%+ hamm]4 ,^! m>ks give a good f9i% & look well4 ,,pap] ,,cutt] ,,) ,,turn$ ,,h&le ,mat]ial3 ,piece ( ,no4 #bj copp]1 #g_/h #af ins4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,m>k (f l9es on ! copp] /rip z y did to make ! pla9 pap] cutt]4 ,c>ry ! tap]+ l9es back #g ins4 ,cut (f ^! side pieces ) %e>s4 ,file ! edges = ! :ole l5g? smoo?4 ,if any decorat+ is to be done1 d x :ile ! copp] is 9 ! /raight piece1 z x c't be done easily aft] ! h&le is turn$4 ,all fil+1 too1 mu/ be done be=e ! h&le is turn$4 ,:5 fil$ & smoo!d up or decorat$ z y wi%1 b5d half ! rema9+ #i in*es ( ! copp] ov] & on to ! blade1 9 ?is way =m+ ! h&le4 ,! size ( ! h&le w dep5d ^u "o's feel+ ( com=t or discom=t ab\t x4 ,if ! edges /ill feel a little r\gh a piece ( em]y clo? w smoo? !m d[n4 ,,lett] ,,op5]s ,lett] op5]s are really small pap] cutt]s & are made 9 exactly ! same way4 ,!y are %ort] & n>r[] ?an ! pap] cutt]1 b almo/ always h a %>p po9t$ blade4 ,_m scraps ( copp] left ov] aft] ! mak+ ( l>ge pieces c be us$ to make lett] op5]s4 ,,book ,,m>k ,illu/ration ,book m>ks are v h&y to h on "o's desk4 ,!y are easily made & if v light copp] is us$ ne$ n be heavy or clumsy4 ,!y %\ld be made v smoo?1 = !y mu/ slip easily into place 9 ! book4 ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #cj copp]1 #c #c_/d 94 ,directions3 ,?is draw+ c be us$ z ! guide4 ,make x ! requir$ size & "w j z y did :5 mak+ ! pap] cutt]4 ,! little tongue on ! inside is saw$ out4 ,x %\ld sw+ easily to & fro1 z x mu/ be pu%$ op5 to cat* ! pages ( a book & clamp !m d[n4 ,file & f9i% v smoo?4 ,if x is left ! lea/ bit r\gh x w\ld te> ! pap] z x is pu%$ 94 ,,brass ,,"w ,,xiii ,,f+] ,,b[l1 ,,crumb ,,tray1 ,,tea ,,caddy1 ,,vase1 ,,bell ,,& ,,bracket1 ,,draw] ,,pulls1 ,,etc4 ,brass3 ,brass is an alloy ( copp] & z9c4 ,! z9c col\rs ! copp] & gives x ! yell[i% or brassy look1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( z9c melt$ ) x4 ,:ile ! op]ations are ! same :e!r y are work+ ) brass1 copp]1 or silv]1 ! pres5ce ( ! z9c 9 brass makes x less pliable ?an ! pure metals4 ,t is :y brass h>d5s s quickly "u hamm]+1 mak+ x necess>y to anneal ! metal v (t5 9 ord] to "w x4 ,b z9c & copp] comb9$ melt at a l[] temp]ature ?an copp] or silv] pure1 s t great c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 prep>+ ! metal = sold]+ or anneal+ t y d n heat x ov] a dull r$ heat be=e plung+ x into wat]4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,brass ,,f+] ,,b[l ,f+] b[ls ( brass are v ornam5tal & useful & c be made ( ! simple/ designs4 ,a half doz5 are a welcome addition to any table4 ,design ! b[l & proce$ exactly z y did ) ! copp] b[l1 work+ ! %eet ( brass up into a r\gh b[l %ape on ! h>d wood block4 ,us+ ! same tools1 f9i% ! b[l on ! r\nd /ake4 ,! surface ( ! b[l may be left mottl$1 or x c be smoo!d up1 z "o wi%es4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,^! sket*es sugge/ a numb] ( articles t c be made out ( brass4 ,,crumb ,,tray ,,& ,,scrap] ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( brass1 #aj #f ins41 ,no4 #af4 ,"o piece ( brass1 #ab #d ins41 ,no4 #af4 ,illu/ration ,tools3 ,anvil /ake1 mallet1 %e>s1 divid]s4 ,directions3 ,) ! divid]s set at #e ins41 "o leg ( ! divid]s tang5t ) ! top ( ! brass plate & ! o!r 9 ! c5tre l5g?wise ( ! piece1 draw a circle4 ,cut ar\nd ! circle ) ! %e>s4 ,beat ov] #c_/d 94 ( ! c5tre "p ( ! circle1 tap]+ along ! circle l9e t[>d ea* end4 ,r\nd up ?is edge & curve x a little inw>d on wood block s t :5 grasp$ by ! f+]s x w be com=table4 ,smoo? (f edge & make ! flat "p p]fectly /raight1 s t :5 plac$ on ! table to receive ! crumbs x w lie p]fectly flat4 ,,crumb ,,scrap] ,a v simple design is giv5 "h4 ,m>k out ! dim5sions on a %eet ( pap] & lay ! design on a %eet ( brass4 ,cut ! brass out to fit ! design4 ,us+ ! mallet1 drive up ! r\nd+ "p on ! anvil /ake to mat* ! r\nd+ "p on ! tray4 ,illu/ration ,h&le ( scrap]3 ,place ! h&le "p on a h>d wood block & ) ! small end ( ! rais+ hamm] drive d[n on ! h&le1 emboss+ x f ! outside t[>d ! front4 ,give x a half holl[ %ape4 ,if ! edge ( ! h&le is smoo!d (f ) a file & made r\nd+1 x makes a good h&le = ! scrap]4 ,flatt5 ! scrap+ edge s t x lies flat on ! table & picks up all ! crumbs on its way to ! tray4 ,poli% & f9i% z y did ! tray4 ,illu/ration ,,tea ,,caddy ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece #bd-;gauge s(t brass 7yell[71 #aa #c-a_/d ins4 7= body74 ,disc #c-g_/h ins4 9 diamet] 7= bottom74 ,squ>e3 #d-c_/d ins4 = lid4 ,two /rips1 #aa #c_/d ins41 "o = rim ( lid & "o = rim ( body4 ,tools3 ,block us$ to make r\nd tray 7copp]71 drill+ hamm]1 mallet1 wood5 peg1 iron /ake1 silv] sold]1 /eel /ippl+ tool4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,take ! piece ( brass #aa #c-a_/d ins4 ,b5d x till ! edges meet to make a cyl9d]4 ,b9d x r\nd ) a piece ( b9d+ wire4 ,see t ! edges come toge!r tight4 ,wa% ) borax4 ,use silv] sold] & proce$ z be=e ) sold]+4 ,cool 9 wat]1 clean (f ! jo9t bo? inside & outside till ! surplus silv] is fil$ (f smoo?4 ,?is leaves a f9e jo9t l9e :i* w take on ! col\r ( brass 9 "t & w sc>cely be notic$4 ,r\nd ! cyl9d] up by plac+ x on a r\nd /ake or on a r\nd wood block4 ,tap g5tly ) y\r mallet to d ?is4 ,bottom3 ,take ! #c-g_/h-;94 disc4 ,draw a circle on x equal to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,put ! anvil /ake into ! vise4 ,) ! edge ( ! circle on ! squ>e end ( ! /ake1 drive ! metal ) ! driv+ hamm]1 s t ! upturn$ rim is at "r angles to ! disc4 ,te/ ?is to see t ! rim /&s up all r\nd & fits ! outside ( ! cyl9d] close4 ,file ! top edge ( ?is smoo? & a little r\nd+4 ,%ape up & sold] z y w\ld a copp] piece1 keep+ 9 m9d ! l[ melt+ po9t ( brass4 ,! heat+ ( ! bottom = sold]+ mu/ heat ! body ( ! caddy to a r$ heat & !re is dang] ( unsold]+ ! "p done4 ,to prev5t ?is melt+1 ! sold]$ jo9t %\ld be pa9t$ bo? inside & outside ) r\ge or ord9>y clay wa%4 ,mix a little clay 9 a sauc] to a liquid & rub x ov] ! jo9t4 ,if ! sold]+ is c>efully done !re w be little fil+ to d aft]w>d4 ,rim 7= ! body73 ,take y\r #aa #c_/d-;94 piece4 ,b5d x into a circle to fit ! inside ( ! body4 ,cut x (f ! "r l5g?1 b9d & sold] ! two ends toge!r4 ,clean (f1 r\nd up on ! /ake1 & make x j l>ge en\gh to drive x into ! top1 pu%+ x d[n until ab\t #c_/h 94 ext5ds above ! cyl9d]4 ,?is supports ! rim ( ! lid4 ,if x is driv5 d[n tight x w hold ( itself 9 place4 ,if n1 use a little s(t sold] to make x secure4 ,lid3 ,"o squ>e piece1 #d-c_/d ins4 ,take ! m\ld us$ = y\r r\nd tray4 ,pun* holes 9 ea* corn] ( ! brass plate1 & nail x "r ov] ! depression z y did :5 y made ! r\nd tray4 ,) y\r r\nd peg drive ! metal into ! depression4 ,:5 ! metal is p]fectly smoo? & fits ! impression take x out4 ,place ! body ( ! caddy ov] ! top ( ?is lid piece & m>k ar\nd x4 ,make a second circle #c_/h 94 beyond ! "o j made4 ,cut out along ! out] circle4 ,n[ draw a circle on ! inside ( ! lid equal to ! body ( ! tea caddy4 ,place ! lid on ! anvil /ake & turn x up z y did ! bottom piece4 ,?is %\ld be made ! same size z ! bottom1 z x mu/ fit ov] ! same diamet]4 ,make ! rim = ! lid 9 ! same way z y did ! rim = ! body4 ,r\nd x up4 ,be c>eful t ! rim ( ! lid fits ov] ! rim ( ! body & t ! diamet] ( ! rim on ! lid equals ! diamet] ( ! body ( ! caddy4 ,place ! rim on ! lid & s(t sold] x4 ,to decorate3 ,) ! /eel /ippl+ tool m>k any little design on ! surface ( ! lid or body1 or bo?1 prick+ up ! design4 ,f9i% ! "w by poli%+ ! same way z copp] is poli%$4 ,y c prev5t its t>ni%+ by ! use ( lacqu]4 ,?is lacqu] c be b\ght at any pa9t %op4 ,x is put on ) a bru% & left to dry4 ,! lacqu] be+ transp>5t does n cov] up any ( ! design4 ,,vase 7,,9 ,,brass7 ,mat]ial3 ,yell[ brass1 ,no4 #bj4 ,"o piece1 #g-a_/d #i ins4 7= ! body74 ,"o piece1 #e-;94 disc 7= base74 ,h&les1 #b pieces1 #e-a_/b #e_/af ins4 squ>e4 ,illu/ration ,tools3 ,h>d wood block1 %e>s1 anvil /ake1 files1 rais+ hamm]1 c>p5t]s' g\ge1 *isel4 ,design3 ,vase1 #g-a_/d ins4 high1 ) a diamet] at ! top ( #b-a_/b 94 ,! body tap]s t[>d ! base4 ,two h&les1 "o on ea* side1 to be design$ accord+ to ta/e4 ,! base is to be weight$ 9 ord] to insure safety :5 9 use = fl[]s1 etc4 ,directions3 ,make a patt]n = ! vase 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,draw a #b-a_/b-;94 circle4 ,us+ ! same c5tre1 draw a #a-;94 circle inside ! #b-a_/b-;94 ,illu/ration ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ^! circles draw a l9e #i ins4 long2 #c_/d 94 bel[ ! out] circle1 ov] ?is c5tre l9e draw a l9e #a 94 long1 #a_/b 94 on "o side & #a_/b 94 on ! o!r4 ,sev5 in*es bel[ ?is #a-;94 l9e draw a #b-a_/b-;94 l9e1 #a-a_/d 94 on "o side & #a-a_/d 94 on ! o!r4 ,connect ! inside po9ts ( ea* l9e ) ! top l9e 7see design71 draw+ l9es betwe5 ! two po9ts4 ,if ! patt]n is c>efully develop$ f ! draw+ ! metal w fold up 9 ! "r way = a vase4 ,to d ?is1 cont9ue ! tap]+ l9es beyond ! circle until ! two l9es int]sect4 ,) ! po9t ( ! compass on ! po9t ( int]section1 & ! p5cil po9t :]e ! sides meet ! #a-;94 l9e1 draw an arc ( a circle any l5g?4 ,us+ ! same c5tre1 op5 ! compass until ! p5cil rea*es ! base l9es4 ,draw an arc ( a circle any l5g?4 ,use y\r #cj & #fj angle & divide ! half ( ! circle into #f equal p>ts4 ,take "o ( ^! #f divisions ) y\r compass1 & /ep (f _! di/ance on ! l>ge circle #ab times4 ,y n[ h ! exact circumf]5ce = ! top ( ! vase4 ,draw l9es f ^! po9ts to ! po9t ( int]section4 ,?is m>ks (f ! small circle or base4 ,connect ! #ab-;94 po9t on ! top & bottom ) solid l9es4 ,cut ?is patt]n out & lay x on ! metal4 ,cut out ! metal & fold up4 ,x %\ld fit ! draw+4 ,! edges %\ld meet close4 ,clean1 b9d1 & sold] z y did ) ! copp] "w4 ,base3 ,use ! h>d wood block & drive up ! #e-;94 disc ov] ! depression4 ,%ape x z ne>ly z y c l ! design1 us+ ! same me?od z y did ) ! copp] b[l4 ,keep anneal+ ?is brass :5ev] x feels spr+y4 ,place x on ! anvil /ake4 ,use ! driv+ hamm] & %ape x4 ,illu/ration3 ,"s ,problems 9 ,copp] & ,brass ,"w ,made by ,boys ,repeat ! anneal+ & hamm]+ until ! desir$ %ape is gott54 ,notice 9 ! design t ! neck is a little small] ?an ! bottom ( ! vase4 ,place ?is small end on ! po9t ( ! anvil /ake & swell x out1 =m+ a little r\nd+ coll> s t ! end ( ! vase w slip 9 & fit tight4 ,:5 ! end ( ! vase is 9 position1 wa% ! jo9t ) a little s(t-sold]+ fluid1 place a little s(t sold] 9 ! jo9t & heat until x melts4 ,be c>eful t ! sold] does n run ov] ! coll>4 ,x is s h>d to file (f ! brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,drawn to scale #a_/b in* #a in* ,to weigh d[n ! base3 ,turn ! base upside d[n4 ,melt en\gh s(t lead to fill up ! op5+ level ) ! bottom4 ,a circul> piece ( brass is made to fit ov] ! lead to hide x4 ,lap ! edges ( ! base ov] ! piece j en\gh to hold ?is & ! lead 9 place4 ,h&les3 ,h&les are a matt] ( individual ta/e4 ,! vase c be left )\t h&les if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ions = draw] pulls to be work$ out 9 copp]1 brass1 wr\ght iron1 or s(t /eel ,take two pieces ( #e #e_/af ins4 squ>e2 file into %ape accord+ to ! design4 ,b9d ! h&les on ! body ( ! vase4 ,place a little silv] sold] :]ev] ! h&les t\*4 ,be c>eful to gu>d ! jo9t made by sold]+ ! body ( ! vase ) clay or r\ge1 z 0 done :5 mak+ ! tea caddy4 ,n[ y are ready to sold] ! body ( ! vase & ! base toge!r4 ,pu% x 9 place1 see t x is p]fectly /raight1 b9d & sold]4 ,if n well sold]$ x w n hold wat]4 ,file (f ! surplus sold]1 poli% & lacqu] z y did ! tea caddy4 ,,bell ,,& ,,bracket ,,= ,a ,,wall ,,decoration ,?is /ation>y bell is v useful = any purpose t a small bell s]ves4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ always 9 "o place4 ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #bj brass1 us$ = bo? ! b[l & bracket4 ,! size ( ! design det]m9es ! am\nt ( mat]ial us$4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,make ! b[l 9 ! same way z y did ! copp] b[l1 rais+ hamm]1 wood block1 etc4 ,! la/ "w done on ?is bell %\ld be ( su* a nature z to h>d5 ! metal s t ! r+ is cle>4 ,?is cle>ness ( ! s\nd dep5ds ^u ! h>dness ( ! metal4 ,! h>d] y c get ! metal )\t splitt+ x1 ! bett] ! bell's tone4 ,illu/ration ,bracket3 ,! bracket is made ( two pieces1 ! plate & ! hang]4 ,! plate c be made ( any design or %ape suitable--squ>e1 oblong1 oval1 or r\nd4 ,decide ^u y\r design1 m>k ?is on ! plate1 & cut out4 ,drill small hole = ! nails to fa/5 x1 ei!r to ! wall or to a small piece ( h>d wood #a_/d 94 ?ick = a back+4 ,hang]3 ,! hang] c be made ( flat1 squ>e1 or r\nd mat]ial4 ,?is picture %[s a design made ( ,no4 #bj brass4 ,x is cut tap]+ & %ap$ ov] a r\nd wood block 9 ! vise4 ,! slots are saw$ out z %[n4 ,! bell is fa/5$ to ! hang] by means ( two or ?ree l9ks =m$ toge!r 9 a *a91 "o l>ge en\gh to hook ov] ! hang]1 & connect$ to ! bell ) a little eye bolt made ( brass1 :i* is pu%$ ?r\gh ! bell & rivet$ on ! inside4 ,! r++ ( ! bell is done by a small brass rod fa/5$ to ! hang] ) a small *a94 ,! "w is f9i%$ up by ! use ( pumice /one4 ,,silv] ,,"w ,,xiv ,,f+] ,,r+s1 ,,sc>f ,,p9s ,silv]3 ,!re is v little diff]5ce 9 ! h&l+ & work+ ( silv] f t ( brass & copp]4 ,! same op]ations are c>ri$ out & ! same tools are us$4 ,silv] is m pliable ?an ei!r "o ( ! o!r metals1 ?\gh copp] is s(t]4 ,h[ev]1 silv] melts at a l[] temp]ature ?an copp] or brass1 & = t reason great] c>e mu/ be tak5 dur+ ! process ( anneal+1 sold]+1 & enamell+4 ,silv]1 ( c\rse1 is ! mo/ preci\s metal y h work$ )4 ,s !n ! co/ ( ! mat]ial limits "o to ! work+ out ( comp>atively small problems4 ,:5 buy+ silv]1 always buy /]l+4 ,! /]l+ silv] is made especially = silv]smi?s & is us$ 9 all silv] "w1 pure silv] be+ too s(t to /& ! we> t is requir$4 ,:ile copp] is sold by ! p\nd1 silv] is sold by ! ounce1 & roll$ out to any ?ickness y wi%4 ,b ! gauge is ! same z t ( copp]1 a ,no4 #bj 9 silv] be+ ! same z ,no4 #bj 9 copp]4 ,if ! problems giv5 "h are c>efully work$ out1 en\gh practice 9 ! h&icraft ( silv] w be giv5 to enable y to "w out mu* l>g] problems 9 ! metal4 ,select+ /ones = r+s1 p9s1 broo*es1 or bracelets3 ,*oose ! /ones t are r\nd or oval 9 %ape1 & pick ^? t h a fairly level b$ & are well bevell$4 ,?is is necess>y s t ! bezel w hold tight :5 rubb$ aga9/ ! /one4 ,semi-preci\s & preci\s /ones c be b\ght at any deal] 9 /ones1 & "o has 8 *oice out ( _m to pick f4 ,,f+] ,,r+s ,b&s = f+] r+s are all made1 practically1 9 ! same way4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! way /ones are set 9 ^! b&s4 ,p]haps ! ?ree ways mo/ g5]ally us$ are3 sett+ by means ( a bezel1 or small b&2 prong sett+1 & sett+ ! /one d[n 9 a cavity cut 9 ! metal1 j l>ge en\gh to hold ! /one4 ,f+] r+1 /one set ) a bezel3 ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( silv]1 #b-c_/h #a_/b ins41 ,no4 #bj1 = r+4 ,"o piece ( silv]1 #a_/h #a-a_/b ins41 ,no4 #bh1 = bezel4 ,/one4 ,silv] sold]4 ,borax4 ,tools3 ,r+ m&rel 7y c make "o y\rself71 small wood mallet1 drill press & #a_/af 94 drill1 saw frame & saw1 c5tre-pun*1 small ,swiss files4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,directions--,patt]n3 ,to make a r+ ( ?is k9d fir/ cut a piece ( pap] #a_/d 94 wide & long en\gh to g ar\nd ! f+] :i* ! r+ is to fit4 ,/raight5 ?is piece ( pap] out4 ,?is gives ! l5g? ( ! piece ( silv] ne$$ = a r+4 ,cut ano!r piece ( pap] #a_/b 94 wide to ?is l5g?4 ,draw ) ink ! patt]n ( ! r+ on ?is second pap]4 ,cut ! design out & pa/e x on ! piece ( silv]4 ,) ! c5tre-pun* m>k ! c5tre ( ea* spot4 ,drill holes into ea* "o4 ,saw out ! design4 ,) a pair ( %e>s cut (f ! surplus metal4 ,be c>eful to save all ! scraps4 ,!y c all be return$ & ex*ang$ = silv] plate4 ,file close to ! design4 ,y n[ h ! b& ready = b5d+4 ,illu/ration ,to b5d ! r+3 ,a r+ m&rel is ne$$4 ,?is is m]ely a tap]+ rod4 ,"o c buy /eel m&rels :i* are graduat$ = all sizes ( r+s4 ,a small tap]$ squ>e pun* :i* y c make y\rself1 w be f\nd helpful4 ,take a piece ( #c_/af-;94 r\nd or squ>e /eel4 ,file ! end1 tap]+ to a squ>e po9t1 #a 94 long4 ,h>d5 x ! same z y did ! half moon pun* us$ to make ! hat p94 ,?is pun* is us$ = design "w4 ,r\nd holes c be squ>$ by driv+ ! squ>e pun* into ! hole to any dep?4 ,?is saves fil+4 ,place ! r+ m&rel 9 ! vise4 ,us+ a wood5 mallet1 b5d ! r+ 9 a circul> %ape ov] ?is m&rel till ! two ends meet4 ,try ! r+ on ! f+]4 ,snip (f ! ends s t ! r+ fits r tightly4 ,?is w all[ = /ret*+ ! r+ aft] x is sold]$4 ,to put on ! bezel3 ,b5d a piece ( ,no4 #bh silv]1 #a_/h #a-a_/b ins41 ar\nd ! /one4 ,?is c be done ) ! ?umb & f+]4 ,make ! silv] fit ar\nd ! l>ge/ "p ( ! /one4 ,snip (f ! ends4 ,b9d ! two ends ) b9d+ wire1 wa% ) borax1 put a little piece ( silv] on ! inside & heat ov] ! buns5 burn]2 :i* is hot en\gh = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,cool (f 9 wat]1 remove ! b9d+ wire4 ,ea* end ( ?is bezel mu/ be fil$ to fit ! circle ( ! r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,bezel = r+ ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,:5 ?is is done b9d ! bezel on1 & at ! same "t b9d ! l[] "p ( ! r+ s t ! op5 ends fit tightly toge!r4 ,sold] ! bezel & ! op5 "p ( ! r+ at ! same "t4 ,wa% all ! jo9ts4 ,place silv] sold] on ! inside ( ! bezel1 say "o half-doz5 pieces 7small71 r\nd on ! inside1 & also "o or two small pieces on ! jo9t ( ! r+ itself4 ,place ! :ole r+ 9 ! buns5 flame4 ,x w all heat up ab\t ! same "t4 ,wat* ! sold] c>efully4 ,see t x runs all ar\nd betwe5 ! bezel & ! body ( ! r+4 ,cool (f4 ,take (f all ! b9d+ wire4 ,file ! inside & outside ( ! bottom "p ( ! r+4 ,place ! r+ on ! m&rel & g ov] x g5tly ) a /eel hamm]1 %ap+ x ar\nd & mak+ x to fit ! f+]4 ,file ! edges ar\nd smoo?ly4 ,g ov] x all ) a small squ>e file & file out all imp]fections 9 ! slots4 ,place a piece ( f9e em]y clo? on a tap]$ r\nd wood peg4 ,by revolv+ x ar\nd ?is y poli% & trim up ! inside ( ! r+4 ,us+ ! same em]y clo? twi/$ ar\nd a flat /ake or file1 g ov] ! outside until ! r+ is free f scrat*es4 ,/one3 ,if ! bezel has be5 c>efully made ! /one %\ld drop "r into place4 ,if by *ance "s ( ! sold] %\ld h fill$ up ! bezel space & made x small]1 take a %>p tool l a pocket knife blade & scrape ! inside ( ! bezel till ! /one fits4 ,place ! /one4 ,) a smoo? piece ( /eel or v h>d wood press ! bezel aga9/ ! /one4 ,! bezel is ?9 en\gh to yield to ?is press+ process4 ,x w cl+ to ! sides ( ! /one & prev5t its fall+ out4 ,poli% ! r+ by rubb+ x ) pumice /one & a piece ( clo?4 ,?is f9i%es ! "w4 ,f+] r+s1 silv] cut away to set /one 93 ,mat]ial3 ,= ?is class ( "w we require mu* heavi] silv] ?an = ! o!r r+s4 ,illu/ration ,"o piece ( silv]1 ,no4 #aj1 #a_/b #b-c_/h ins4 ,sold]4 ,borax4 ,tools3 ,same z 7 us$ = ! bezel sett+4 ,9 addition we %all ne$ "o or two small *isels1 :i* y c make y\rself4 ,*as+ tool4 ,directions3 ,make ! patt]n ( y\r r+ z y did be=e4 ,pa/e x on ! silv] piece1 & cut out4 ,b5d ! silv] ar\nd ! r+ m&rel s t x w fit ! f+] x is int5d$ =1 & sold]4 ,place ! /one 9 its prop] position & m>k ! outl9e ( x on ! silv]4 ,n[ y w ne$ a small *isel to *ip away ! silv] & make ! space = ! /one4 ,to make *isel3 ,take two pieces ( #c_/af-;94 r\nd /eel #e ins4 long4 ,"o piece is to make a flat *isel & ! o!r = an oval *isel4 ,file ! ends to a *isel %ape4 ,illu/ration ,?is /eel mu/ be temp]$ be=e x c be us$4 ,to d ?is place ! ends j fil$ into ! fire4 ,heat ab\t #a 94 ( ! end r$ hot4 ,cool #a_/b 94 ( ?is hot end 9 ! wat] till q cold4 ,take x out & rub ! end ) a piece ( em]y clo? till x %9es4 ,! col\r w beg9 to fl[ t[>d ! end4 ,:5 ! blue col\r rea*es ! end plunge ! :ole piece into wat]4 ,! oval *isel is us$ = outl9+ ! depression4 ,! flat *isel is us$ = levell+ ! b$ to receive ! /one4 ,) ?is *isel cut away ! mat]ial inside ! m>k$ outl9e1 keep+ a little inside ! bord] l9e4 ,cut away ! silv] to ab\t ! dep? ( #a_/cb 94 ,y w f9d ! op5+ a little small] ?an ! /one4 ,) y\r *as+ tool drive ar\nd ! inside ( ! oval1 und]cutt+ until ! /one fits 94 ,?is und]cutt+ drives up a little silv] rim1 :i* does ! "w ( a bezel on ! /one4 ,:5 ?is rim is =c$ aga9/ ! /one1 ! /one is held 9 place4 ,! r+ is n[ ready = ! /one1 b ! ?ickness ( silv] makes x l>ge & clumsy4 ,be=e putt+ ! /one 91 ! r+ %\ld be fil$ d[n to ! prop] dim5sions4 ,?is requires a great deal ( fil+4 ,use a r\gh file at fir/ & f9i% ) a f9e "o4 ,:5 ! r+ is %ap$ z y wi% poli% up ! inside & outside4 ,to place ! /one3 ,) ! r+ m&rel on ! vise1 put ! /one 9 place & put ! r+ on ! m&rel4 ,tap g5tly on ! silv] rim1 driv+ x aga9/ ! /one4 ,d n drive x too h>d or else y may crack ! /one4 ,f9i% up & poli% z expla9$ be=e4 ,f+] r+1 /one set ) prongs3 ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( silv]1 ,no4 #ad1 wid? & l5g? ! same z ! o!rs4 ,/one--9 ! design1 squ>e4 ,illu/ration ,tools3 ,same z us$ 9 mak+ ! o!r r+s4 ,directions3 ,draw design1 cut patt]n1 place x on ! silv]1 & cut out z be=e4 ,b5d ! r+ to fit ! f+]1 & sold]4 ,aft] ! silv] b& has be5 cool$ (f & ! wire has be5 remov$1 put ! b& back on ! m&rel4 ,) ! plani%+ hamm] /rike d[n1 flatt5+ ! top4 ,?is r$uces ! ?ickness ( ! r+ & gives u a flat surface1 to :i* ! prongs are sold]$4 ,to make ! prongs3 ,place ! /one on a ,no4 #bd piece ( silv]4 ,draw ! outl9e ( ! /one on x4 ,! squ>e piece ( silv] %\ld be #a_/h 94 l>g] all r\nd ?an ! size ( ! /one4 ,a /one may be set ) #d prongs1 or #f or #h1 accord+ to "o's ta/e4 ,9 ?is sett+ we h ! #d prongs4 ,m>k ! outl9e ( ! prongs on ! squ>e piece ( silv] accord+ to ?is picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+s %[+ prongs1 unf9i%$1 & sold]$ on r+ at po9t m>k$ by arr[4 ,saw out on ! dott$ l9es4 ,cut a piece ( copp] ! exact size ( ! /one4 ,place ! copp] on ! silv] & b5d up ! prongs at "r angles to ! silv] plate4 ,take away ! copp]1 & file ! "u "p ( ! silv] piece flat1 & prep>e ! upp] "p ( ! r+ 9 ! same way4 ,b9d ! flat "p ( ! prong piece to ! flatt5$ "p ( ! r+1 & sold]4 ,if ! flatt5+ 9 ! fir/ place has made ! r+ too l>ge = ! f+]1 cut a piece out along ! sold]$ jo9t4 ,fit x to ! f+] & resold]4 ,file all jo9ts p]fectly smoo?4 ,! prongs %\ld be fil$ c>efully & made p]fectly ev5 & ( ! exact size & %ape4 ,place ! /one 9 & pu% ! prongs aga9/ x4 ,rub ea* sep>ate prong d[n until x fits close aga9/ ! /one4 ,?is prev5ts _! cat*+ on any?+ l clo?1 etc4 ,poli% & f9i% z expla9$ be=e4 ,f+] r+1 made ( twi/$ silv] wire3 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #cj f9e silv] wire2 l5g? dep5ds ^u ! design ( ! r+4 ,tools3 ,same z ^? us$ 9 mak+ ! o!r r+s describ$4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,cut (f a piece ( ,no4 #cj wire ab\t #f ins4 long4 ,b5d x 9 ! middle1 place ! two ends 9 ! vise &1 ) a pair ( pli]s1 grasp ! o!r end4 ,twi/ ! wire into an ev5 twi/4 ,select ! /one4 ,! r\nd /ones are be/ = ?is wire sett+4 ,9 mak+ ?is wire r+ x is be/ to make ! sett+ = ! /one fir/4 ,cut a piece ( wood ! exact %ape ( ! l>ge/ "p ( ! /one4 ,b5d a piece ( ,no4 #cj silv] #a_/h 94 wide ar\nd ! wood peg1 till ! two ends j meet4 ,coil ar\nd ?is ! twi/$ wire1 "o /r& ^u ! o!r1 until y h ab\t ?ree coils4 ,wa% ) a little borax2 place a little silv] sold] ^u ! "u side ( ?is coil4 ,heat & sold] ! /r&s toge!r2 at ! same "t sold] ! b& on ! inside4 ,place x on ! r+ m&rel1 & curve x to fit ! %ape ( ! f+]4 ,ei!r press x ) y\r f+]s or use a mallet4 ,! sett+ is n[ ready = ! r+3 ,! r+ c be made ei!r by twi/+ a piece ( wire to fit ! f+] or by us+ j ! pla9 wire itself = ! r+ b&4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! piece ( silv] us$ = ! b&1 plus ! size ( ! sett+1 mu/ equal ! size ( ! f+]4 ,sold] ! two ends ( ! r+ b& to ! sides ( ! sett+4 ,file ! inside op5+ ( ! sett+ to a level2 place ! /one 9 z y did ! o!rs4 ,clean & poli% up z usual4 ,,sc>f ,,p9 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,a piece ( ,no4 #bj silv] = ! body ( ! p92 ! size is det]m9$ by ! size ( ! /one to be set4 ,a piece ( ,no4 #bd = ! bezel4 ,a piece ( ,no4 #bj silv] wire = ! p94 ,! p9 piece c be b\ght at any jewell]y /ore1 if y d n wi% to make y\r own4 ,!y are bett]1 too1 ?an ^? y make y\rself4 ,sold] & borax4 ,tools3 ,%e>s1 files1 draw plate4 ,directions3 ,cut a piece ( silv]1 ,no4 #bj1 ! size ( any "o ( ! above designs4 ,cut a piece ( ,no4 #bd1 #a_/af 94 wide & long en\gh to g ar\nd ! /one1 to make a bezel4 ,be sure t ?is bezel fits close & tight ar\nd ! /one4 ,b9d ! bezel1 & sold]4 ,aft] sold]+1 fit ! bezel aga9 to ! /one1 = ! sold]+ is apt to *ange ! %ape4 ,file ! bottom (f p]fectly flat2 clean ! surface ( t "p to be us$ = ! back ( ! p94 ,b9d ! bezel on ?is piece1 wa% ) borax1 & sold] x 9 place4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,p93 ,?is c be b\ght at any jewell]y /ore4 ,h[ev]1 if y wi% to make y\r own1 y c d s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,place a piece ( ,no4 #af wire 9 ! draw plate & r$uce x a little4 ,?is draw+ ?r\gh ! plate /iff5s ! wire1 & ?is is j :at is ne$$ 9 a p92 o!rwise x w\ld b5d :5 pu%+ x into ! sc>f4 ,:5 y ?9k x is /iff en\gh1 file ! end to a long ne$le po9t4 ,cut x (f ab\t #c ins4 long4 ,b5d ! blunt end d[n at "r angles #a_/h 94 ,place ?is end aga9/ ! back ( ! p9 9 su* a way t ! b5t end w be aga9/ ! plate & a little above ! c5tre4 ,b9d x 9 place & sold] x on tight4 ,be c>eful to heat j z little ( ?is p9 z possible1 = y rememb] t heat+ a piece ( silv] r$ hot s(t5s x1 & y mu/ heat x r$ hot to sold]4 ,s conf9e ! heat+ to z small a space z possible4 ,sometimes ,i soak a piece ( clo? 9 wat] & wrap x ar\nd ! p91 cov]+ up all except ! "p to be sold]$4 ,?is prev5ts x f s(t5+4 ,illu/ration ,to place ! /one3 ,! /one is put 9 & ! bezel is pu%$ aga9/ x & holds x 9 place4 ,?is is a v pla9 sc>f p9 )\t any pret5ce at design4 ,sc>f p9s c be made 9 all %apes1 sizes1 & all sorts ( cut out designs4 ,all silv] %\ld be poli%$ smoo? & made free f scrat*es4 ,! poli%+ h>d5s ! surface ( ! metal4 ,?is is :y silv] jewell]y ( all k9ds becomes bright] & smoo!r ! long] x is worn4 ,sett+ ( /ones 9 sc>f p9s3 ,!re are _m ways ( sett+ /ones = sc>f p9s4 ,! sett+ j describ$ is call$ a box sett+1 ! bezel =m+ ! box to receive ! /one4 ,! op5 or prong sett+ is made 9 ! same way z t k9d ( sett+ is made = ! /one 9 ! r+4 ,,xv ,,necklaces1 ,,broo*es1 ,,bracelets ,,necklace ,illu/ration ,?is necklace is made on ! basis ( a circle #g ins4 9 diamet]4 ,mo/ necklaces hav+ p5dants are ab\t ?is size4 ,! design ( ?is necklace is v simple4 ,"o /one is set 9 ! p5dant & ?is %[s on bo? sides4 ,! :ole is connect$ by silv] l9ks4 ,! /ones1 "o ei!r side ( ! p5dant1 betwe5 ! l9ks ( ! *a91 are set 9 ! same way z y set ! /ones 9 ! sc>f p9 & r+s4 ,! only "w to be done :i* is diff]5t f any y h done be=e is ! mak+ ( *a9 l9ks4 ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #bj or #bb r\nd silv] wire1 ! am\nt dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! *a94 ,/ones1 c>efully select$4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,draw ! design ( y\r necklace on a piece ( pap]4 ,place ! /ones at int]vals4 ,:5 !y seem well proportion$ draw ! *a9 l9ks betwe5 !m4 ,! l5g? ( ! l9ks w dep5d entirely ^u y\r sett+4 ,:5 y h decid$ j h[ _m l9ks g betwe5 ! /ones on y\r design1 measure (f ! l5g? ( "o ( ^? l9ks4 ,r\nd l9ks d n hang z well z oval l9ks1 nei!r d !y look s well4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,to make ! l9ks3 ,take a piece ( iron #c_/af 94 9 diamet] & file ! two sides oval 9 %ape4 ,?is is a b> on :i* y c b5d ! l9ks4 ,"o end ( ! silv] wire is plac$ aga9/ ?is m&rel & bo? put into ! vise & fa/5$4 ,b5d ! wire r\nd & r\nd ?is iron rod1 mak+ ! coils z close z y c get !m4 ,c\nt ea* revolution z "o l9k4 ,y c easily c\nt ! numb] ( l9ks 9 y\r necklace4 ,:5 y get ! numb] ( turns ne$$1 unfa/5 x all f ! vise & pull ! rod out4 ,y h a spiral-%ap$ coil4 ,) a jewell]s' saw1 saw ! l5g? ( ! spiral on ! end ( ! l9ks4 ,ea* "o w drop (f 9 ! %ape ( a l9k4 ,?is is ! v be/ way to b5d up a numb] ( l9ks t w be uni=m 9 size4 ,y w notice t ! ends ( ! l9k1 aft] x is saw$ (f1 are n opposite ea* o!r4 ,pu% ^! ends toge!r1 us+ ! f+]s or a pair ( pli]s4 ,if ! saw+ is c>efully done ! l9ks w be ready to sold]4 ,sold] fir/ "o l9k 9 ! usual way4 ,hook ! o!r l9k into x4 ,repeat until ! *a9 is ! desir$ l5g?4 ,if ! prop] am\nt ( sold] is plac$ on ! jo9t x w run 9 )\t mak+ lumps to be fil$ (f lat]4 ,p5dant3 ,! p5dant is made 9 ! same way z ! wat* fob1 :i* is expla9$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! sett+ ( ! /ones 9 ! *a9 is done z o!r /one sett+1 except t ! ends are fil$ into %ape to receive ! l9ks = jo9+4 ,fa/5+s = ! necklace c be b\ght at any jewell]y /ore4 ,x is mu* bett] to buy !m ?an to attempt to make !m4 ,squ>e silv] wire c be us$ to m>k out ! design1 or any design1 in/ead ( r\nd wire1 & great v>iety c be secur$ m]ely by a *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! wire us$ = ! l9ks4 ,aga91 y may h a necklace ) or )\t ! p5dant2 ! s-call$ b> necklace1 ! dog coll>1 or ! *a9 may be l5g!n$ until x becomes ! wat* *a94 ,9 ! gr\p picture ( necklaces !re is "o necklace made up ( long flat l9ks jo9$ toge!r by small l9ks sold]$ on4 ,! design = ! necklace is saw$ out4 ,x is us$ = a necklace & wat* *a94 ,?is is only "o ( _m sugge/ions = saw$ out design "w appli$ 9 ?is way4 ,,coll> ,,slide ,illu/ration ,coll> slides make v pretty pieces ( jewell]y4 ,?ree =m a set1 & !y are easily made4 ,^! giv5 "h are all made ( silv] ) turquoise sett+4 ,! c5tre slide is usually a trifle l>g] ?an ! o!r two4 ,a piece ( ribbon is slipp$ ?r\gh a little wire slot put on ! back ( ea* slide = t purpose4 ,any col\r ribbon t bl5ds ) ! silv] & turquoise looks well4 ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece silv]1 #e_/h #a-a_/h ins4 7= c5tre slide74 ,two pieces silv]1 #i_/af #a-a_/h ins4 7= o!r two74 ,?ree /ones well mat*$4 ,piece ( ,no4 #bj silv] wire1 #e ins4 long4 ,directions3 ,cut out ! %ape z ! picture %[s & saw out ! inside accord+ to ! design1 leav+ a flat space at ! top l>ge en\gh = ! /ones y h select$4 ,set ! /one ! same z y did /ones = r+s1 sc>f p9s1 etc4 ,aft] ! bezel is 9 place = sold]+1 cut (f a piece ( ,no4 #bj wire1 & b5d x 9 ! %ape ( ! sket* giv5 "h4 ,?is is sold]$ on ! back ( ! slides4 ,b9d ?is on at ! same "t y b9d on y\r bezel1 wa% ) borax1 & sold] bo?4 ,d same on ea* "o4 ,file d[n ! bezel1 put ! /one 9 place & pu% ! bezel aga9/ ! /one by rubb+4 ,poli% & f9i%4 ,?is design w no d\bt sugge/ _m ways ( mak+ slides4 ,illu/ration3 ,coll> slide ,,broo*es ,,& ,,b> ,,p9s ,illu/ration ,broo*es & b> p9s are made 9 mu* ! same way z sc>f p9s4 ,! bezel is sold]$ z to a flat b> ( silv] to receive ! /one4 ,b1 9 place ( ! /ick p91 broo*es h a b>1 h+$ on "o end1 & a little cat* hook on ! o!r4 ,^! b>s & cat* hooks c be b\ght v *eaply at almo/ any jewell]y /ore1 & *eap] ?an "o c make !m4 ,h[ev]1 if y wi% to make t "p ( ! broo* or b> p9 y\rself y c d s 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take a piece ( silv] #b ins4 long & #a_/h 94 wide1 ,no4 #bj4 ,r\nd ?is piece ( silv] up by driv+ on ! wide side ab\t "o in* f ! end4 ,keep do+ ?is till ! piece ( silv] is ab\t #a_/af 94 squ>e4 ,drive ! f\r corn]s d[n1 & y h an #h-sid$ b>4 ,if ^! corn]s 9 turn are hamm]$ d[n y h a #af-sid$ piece1 etc4 ,cont9u\s hamm]+ r$uces ?is b> to a r\nd piece ( silv] ab\t "o in* long4 ,! end %\ld be flatt5$ d[n accord+ to ! sket* 7#a74 ,illu/ration ,to make ! h+e 7/aple & hook73 ,take a piece ( silv]1 ,no4 #bd1 #a_/h 94 wide & #c_/h 94 long4 ,b5d x up 9 ! %ape ( a /aple1 squ>e at ! end 7#b74 ,! piece = ! hook c be made at ! same "t y make ! piece = ! p94 ,use a piece ( wire #a_/af 94 #c_/h 94 long4 ,aft] hamm]+1 b5d x l ! sket* 7#c74 ,illu/ration ,to put ! /aple & hook toge!r3 ,drill a #a_/af-;94 hole 9 ! /aple v close to ! top4 ,drill "o 9 ! flat %ank ( ! p9 also close to ! top4 7,see sket*47 ,put a silv] rivet 9 & rivet ! two toge!r1 mak+ a h+e4 ,place ?is on ! b> p9 or broo* & !n put ! hook 9 its prop] position4 ,n[ y c get ! exact l5g? ! p9 %\ld be4 ,cut x (f long en\gh to let ! end project ?r\gh ! hook ab\t #a_/h 94 ,file ?is to a ne$le po9t & poli% v smoo?4 ,if x is r\gh x w n pu% ?r\gh any k9d ( clo? easily4 ,to sold]1 b9d ! p9 & hook to ! broo* or b> p91 & sold] z y w\ld any o!r piece4 ,poli% & f9i% up z y h done be=e4 ,,bracelet ,,) ,,saw$ ,,out ,,design ,,& ,,/one ,,sett+s ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( ,no4 #bj silv]1 #h #c_/h ins4 ,"o piece ( ,no4 #bd1 #a_/f 94 by any l5g? ne$$ = ! numb] ( bezels requir$4 ,?ree or five /ones 7turquoises bl5d well ) silv]74 ,illu/ration3 ,bracelet ) /one ,tools3 ,saws1 saw frame1 drill press & drills1 small files1 borax & sold]4 ,directions3 ,secure small /ones ( uni=m size & ! same col\r1 or col\rs t bl5d well toge!r4 ,if ! /ones select$ are too l>ge ! bracelet is apt to h a heavy or clumsy look4 ,bracelets %\ld be f9e1 & above ev]y?+ else da9ty look+4 ,take y\r #h-;94 piece ( silv] & divide x into five equal p>ts if !re are to be five /ones1 & ?ree equal p>ts if ?ree /ones are to be us$4 ,lay ea* /one 9 its section & m>k ! outl9e ) p5cil on ! silv]4 ,! saw$ out design is a matt] ( spac+ betwe5 ! /ones4 ,! design %[n "h is a good "o = ?is4 ,y w see t ! spaces betwe5 ! /ones are cut away s t ! /ones /& out z ! design r ?an ! bracelet itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( bracelet ,if y are work+ out ! design giv5 "h1 drill holes & saw out ! spaces4 ,d ?is :ile ! silv] is 9 a /raight piece1 also file ^! slots or spaces true & /raight1 r\nd+ ! edges bo? ways4 ,at ! same "t r\nd ! outside edges bo? ways1 too4 ,?is makes ! bracelet free f %>p edges & x w feel com=table to ! t\*4 ,%ape ! bracelet1 b5d+ x z y h b5t o!r b&s4 ,!re is dang]1 :5 b5d+ ?is1 ( ! weak places1 :]e ! op5 spaces come1 b5d+ 9 %>p angles4 ,to avoid ?is put ! greate/ /ra9 on ! solid places & b5d ^! fir/4 ,br+ ! two ends tight toge!r1 !n b9d & sold]4 ,:5 y h tak5 (f ! b9d+ wire1 file d[n any ?ickness left at ?is jo9t flu% ) ! silv] b&4 ,bracelets are bo? oval & r\nd 9 %ape4 ,*oose "o ( ! two %apes & r\nd ! bracelet up 9 t =m4 ,n[ cut ! silv] = ! bezels long en\gh to g ar\nd ea* /one4 ,^! are all sold]$ 9 ! usual way1 !n fil$ to fit & lie flat on ! bracelet4 ,place ! bezels on ! solid places & b9d ea* "o sep>ately4 ,place a little bit ( silv] sold] on ! inside ( ea*4 ,be c>eful to wa% ! jo9t made 9 ! b& ) a little clay to prev5t its melt+ dur+ ! sold]+ ( ! bezels4 ,if ! bracelet dur+ ! sold]+ has lo/ its %ape r\nd x up aga94 ,file all ! bezels d[n s t ! tops are p]fectly smoo?4 ,file (f any r\gh spots 9 ! circle or bracelet & poli% x all inside & outside4 ,%ape a s(t piece ( p9e wood to fit ! inside ( ! bracelet4 ,put ?is wood into ! vise & put ! bracelet on x4 ,n[ set ! /ones1 "o by "o1 & rub ! bezels tight aga9/ !m4 ,poli% ) r\ge or pumice4 ,,! ,,indian ,,bracelet ,! op5 bracelet is really an ,indian design4 ,take a piece ( silv] wire1 #c_/af #h ins4 long4 ,h>d5$ silv] is be/4 ,x c be gott5 j z silv] wire t has be5 s(t5$ c be b\ght4 ,cut a piece #c_/h 94 long f ea* end4 ,place ^! pieces on a piece ( *>coal4 ,) ! bl[ pipe melt ^! pieces4 ,ea* w run into a little silv] ball4 ,sold] ! balls to ! end ( ! silv] wire1 "o on ea* end4 ,b5d ! wire n[ 9 ! %ape ( a bracelet4 ,y c make ! two balls j t\* or y c leave !m ab\t an in* ap>t4 ,poli% 9 ! usual way4 ,if ! balls are c>efully sold]$ on to ! ends ( ! wire !y make a v effective decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,indian bracelet ,,xvi ,,spoons ,,& ,,picture ,,frame ,silv] spoons3 7#a7 ,teaspoon1 7#b7 ,sug> tongs1 7#c7 ,mu/>d spoon1 7#d7 ,salt spoon & salt-cell>4 ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #h /]l+ silv] #f #a-a_/d ins4 ,tools3 ,h>d wood block1 drill press & #a_/af-;94 drills1 jewell]s' saw & frame1 files1 %e>s1 & rais+ hamm]4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,exam9e c>efully any teaspoons y h at home4 ,^! w sugge/ ideas = designs4 ,!y w give y a cle>] notion ( h[ teaspoons are made ?an any sket* y may see4 ,:5 y h decid$ ^u y\r design1 draw x on pap] & cut out y\r patt]n4 ,pa/e ?is patt]n ^u ! piece ( silv]4 ,y _c cut ?is metal ) a pair ( %e>s4 ,put x into ! vise & cut x out ) a cold *isel z y did ! pap] knife1 or y c cut x out by plac+ x ^u ! flat /ake &1 ) ! *isel held v]tically1 driv+ ! *isel into ! silv]4 ,y w f9d ! vise be/1 h[ev]4 ,n[ y h ! outl9e ( a spoon ) ! same ?ickness all ! way ?r\gh4 ,if y h exam9$ a teaspoon c>efully y w see t ! b[l ( ! spoon itself is ?9n$ t[>d ! out] edge1 & t ! h&le is tap]$ t[>d ! end4 ,! ?ickness ( ! metal is left at ! %ort b5d ( ! spoon :]e x meets ! b[l4 ,n[ place ! l>ge end on ! anvil /ake & ) ! rais+ hamm] 7r\nd end7 drive d[n on ! metal1 ?9n+ x out & at ! same "t %ap+ x into a spoon b[l4 ,y\r silv] wid5s out & makes ! b[l l>g] ?an x %\ld be4 ,cut (f ! surplus silv]4 ,x is mu* bett] to h to cut d[n to ! size ?an to be compell$ to /ret* ! silv] out1 z x 71 to a c]ta9 size4 ,9 "o case y c /op :5 y h ! prop] ?ickness1 b 9 ! o!r y might make ! metal too ?9 = practical purposes1 9 ord] to get x wide en\gh4 ,h&le3 ,h&les %\ld be tap]$ out f ! ?icke/ "p to ! end1 & left l>ge en\gh on ! end to saw out or file into %ape any design y may wi% to make4 ,don't "w y\r problem too close s f> z mat]ial is conc]n$4 ,any wa/e mat]ial 9 silv] c be return$ & ex*ang$ = full value4 ,hamm]+ any metal h>d5s x4 ,:5 ?is silv] becomes h>d5$ anneal x1 b j en\gh to all[ y to %ape x up4 ,h[ev]1 ! la/ anneal+ %\ld be done "s "t be=e ! hamm]+ is f9i%$ s t ! la/ "w on x w h>d5 x suffici5tly to prev5t its b5d+ :5 9 use4 ,h& made spoons h a beauty ab\t !m n mat*$ by ^? me*anically made4 ,if ?is h&le is to h a saw$ out design1 ! drill+ & saw+ are done z be=e describ$4 ,! f9i%+ %\ld be c>efully done4 ,r\nd ! edges s t !y feel smoo? & com=table4 ,aft] poli%+1 ! spoon is ready = use4 ,,sug> ,,tongs ,,) ,,claws ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #af gauge silv]1 #i #c_/h 94 ,directions3 ,make y\r patt]n & m>k x (f on ! /rip ( silv]4 ,ei!r saw or cut (f ! surplus mat]ial4 ,drill two holes :]e ! holes are %[n1 = ! claws4 ,saw d[n to ^! holes4 ,d ?is on ei!r end4 ,y n[ h ?ree prongs1 ! middle "o a little wid] ?an ! o!r two4 ,take ! pli]s1 grasp ! po9ts ( ! out] two & turn !m outw>d1 =m+ a claw4 ,file !m until !y h ! %ape %[n by ! design4 ,d ! same on bo? ends4 ,file ! :ole piece up1 r\nd+ ! edges nicely4 ,notice t ! edge view giv5 9 ! draw+ %[s ! c5tre ?9n] ?an ei!r side4 ,?is is flatt5$ d[n & ! flatt5+ ( ! silv] h>d5s x1 s t :5 x is turn$ x acts l a spr+4 ,:5 y h flatt5$ ! c5tre "p out to ! ?ickness ( ! draw+1 place x on a wood block & ) a *isel-%ap$ wood peg drive 9 ! c5tre1 mak+ ! inside slightly concave1 & r\nd+ ! top side a little4 ,?is w b5d ! tongs l ! design4 ,%ape ! claw ends to fit ! sket* on a h>d wood block1 us+ a mallet4 ,be=e b5d+ ! silv] into %ape take ! wood peg1 place ! claws on ! wood block1 & ) ! wood peg drive d[n & slightly concave ! c5tre ( ! claws4 ,all design "w mu/ be put 9 :5 ! metal is 9 a /raight piece4 ,,sug> ,,tongs ,,) ,,b[ls ,^! are made 9 ! same way z ! tongs ) claws4 ,9 ! place ( claws y make ! b[l spoon %ap$ on ! wood5 block1 us+ a mallet4 ,! spoon b[l %\ld n be l>g] ?an #a_/b #g_/h 94 ,f9i% & treat 9 ! same way z ! sug> tongs ) claws4 ,,mu/>d ,,spoon1 ,,salt ,,spoon ,,& ,,cell> ,illu/ration ,mat]ial--,mu/>d spoon3 ,no4 #ad silv]1 #c_/af #c ins4 ,directions3 ,to make a mu/>d spoon l ! sket* giv5 "h1 measure #a_/b 94 (f ! end ( ! silv] /ock4 ,?is makes ! b[l ( ! spoon4 ,flatt5 ! end d[n1 ?9n+ x out t[>d ! edge4 ,file ! b[l r\nd4 ,place x on a block & hamm] x into a pla9 simple b[l %ape v deep4 ,"o in* f ! h&le end flatt5 x out1 ?9n+ x out t[>d ! end4 ,file to %ape1 & b5d z %[n 9 ! sket*1 simil> to a teaspoon4 ,,salt ,,spoon ,,& ,,cell> ,illu/ration ,mat]ial--,spoon3 #c_/af #b-a_/b ins41 ,no4 #ad4 ,directions3 ,salt spoons are made 9 ! same way z mu/>d spoons4 ,h[ev]1 ! h&le is %ort]1 & ! b[l is oval %ap$ & n q s deep4 ,any little saw$ out design may be plac$ on ! h&le1 same z ! teaspoon design4 ,us+ ! same design1 a set c be made to mat*4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial--,salt-cell>3 ,silv] ,no4 #bd1 disc #c ins4 9 diamet]4 ,directions3 ,take ! #c-;94 silv] disc4 ,draw on x a #a-;94 circle 9 ! middle4 ,place x on an anvil /ake & drive x into %ape l ! sket* giv5 "h4 ,?is is done 9 ! same way z ! base ( ! *alice 0 hamm]$ up4 ,hamm] m>ks %\ld be left4 ,!y add to ! design itself4 ,:5 y h driv5 x up1 see t ! bottom is flat1 s t x sits level on ! table4 ,trim ! top (f & file ! edges r\nd4 ,salt-cell>s ) flut$ sides3 ,!re are _m ways ( mak+ salt-cell>s4 ,"s h /raight sides1 "s h tops b5t ov]1 "s are sauc] %ap$1 & "s h flut$ sides4 ,take ! #c-;94 disc1 & divide x into #ab equal p>ts4 ,file out 9 a holl[ block a r\nd depression & ) ! mallet & a wood peg to fit ! depressions drive ea* ( ! divisions into ! depression4 ,n>r[ ! scallops t[>d ! bottom1 bo? 9 wid? & dep?4 ,keep )9 ! angle =m$ by ! divisions4 ,z y repeat "o aft] ! o!r y w notice ! sides beg9n+ to turn up & %ape !mselves into a cup simil> to ! fir/ salt-cell>4 ,! base ( ?is %\ld be "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,f9i% up & file z y did ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration ,,small ,,silv] ,,picture ,,frame ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ,no4 #bd1 #a_/d #ac ins4 ,"o piece ,no4 #bd1 #c-;94 disc 7#b-;94 hole saw$ out ( c5tre74 ,"o piece ,no4 #bd1 #a-a_/b #a_/b ins41 = feet4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,b5d ! /rip ( silv]1 #a_/d #ac ins41 to fit ! outside edge ( ! disc4 ,cut (f ! ends1 & sold]4 ,pu% ! disc into ! r+ made & sold] ! r+ into ! disc1 keep+ ! edges flu% ) ! surface ( ! disc4 ,file (f ! sold]$ jo9ts smoo?ly4 ,feet3 ,saw out ! design = ! feet accord+ to ! draw+1 & sold] !m on to ! back edge ( any "p ( ! circle4 ,?is mu/ be done ) h>d sold]4 ,be=e sold]+ ! feet on1 pa9t ! jo9ts already sold]$ ) clay1 wa% & pa9t ! op5+ :]e ! heat is appli$ = sold]+ on ! feet4 ,! edge ( ! #b-;94 circle is bevell$ slightly4 ,to d ?is place ! edge on an anvil /ake & ) a v light hamm] drive g5tly d[n1 b5d+ inw>dly4 ,if ?is is c>efully done x w require no f9i%+ except ! poli%+4 ,! frame is n[ ready = ! glass4 ,any k9d ( w9d[ glass may be cut to fit ! inside4 ,a little c>d bo>d frame is made to hold ! glass & picture into place4 ,take a /rip ( c>d bo>d #a_/d 94 wide1 long en\gh to b5d into a circle to fit ! inside ( ! silv] frame tightly4 ,cut a disc ( c>d bo>d to fit ! c>d bo>d circle4 ,glue ! disc & circle toge!r4 ,cov] ) velvet1 s z to hide ! c>d bo>d4 ,fa/5 to ! back a little /& = hold+ ! picture 9 prop] position4 ,?is1 too1 is made ( c>d bo>d & cov]$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,,xvii ,,wat* ,,fobs ,,wat* ,,fobs ,,( ,,silv] ,,or ,,copp] ,,backgr\nd1 ,,) ,,silv] ,,initials ,illu/ration ,! few designs %[n "h are easily work$ out 9 ei!r metal4 ,_m h&some wat* fobs ( silv] alone1 or copp] pla91 or copp] & silv] lett]+ c be made f an elaboration ( ^! designs4 ,college /ud5ts delight 9 copp] fobs ) silv] lett]+1 symbols ( _! frat]nities1 or figures repres5t+ _! class ye>4 ,! :ite ( ! silv] & r$ br[n ( ! copp] bl5d v well toge!r4 ,! fobs may be set ) a s+le /one1 or a numb] ( /ones1 &1 aga91 symbols may be saw$ out ( ! silv] %eet4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,silv]1 ,no4 #af gauge4 ,copp]1 ,no4 #ad gauge4 ,! size ( ! piece ( metal dep5ds ^u ! size y wi% to make ! fob4 ,tools3 ,sold]1 rivets1 %e>s1 drill press & drills1 saw frame & saw4 ,directions3 ,aft] decid+ ^u ! design1 draw x on pap] & cut x out4 ,pa/e ?is patt]n on ! silv] %eet & cut out along ! outl9e4 ,if !re is any cut out "w to be done1 drill ! holes & saw ! design out4 ,if y are mak+ a silv] fob & y wi% to enri* x by sett+ /ones1 decide ^u y\r /one1 make a bezel out ( ,no4 #bd silv]1 & proce$ to set ! /one z y did 9 ! r+4 ,if ! backgr\nd is copp] ) silv] initials rivet$ ^u x1 saw out ! slot = ! /rap to g ?r\gh1 & poli% ! surface free f all scrat*es & l9es4 ,file ! slot r\nd s x w n cut ! lea!r /rap4 ,poli% by te>+ a little n>r[ /rip ( em]y clo? ! l5g? ( ! %eet & pu%+ x ?r\gh ! slot backw>d & =w>d1 press+ d[n on ! top & bottom ( ! slot4 ,?is t5ds to r\nd x & to poli% out ! file m>ks4 ,m>k ! initials on ! silv] & saw !m out4 ,be sure t ! /ems ( ! lett]s are wide en\gh to all[ holes = rivet+4 ,put only en\gh rivets 9 to hold ! lett]s 9 place4 ,two are usually en\gh1 except ) ! lett]s ,v & ,w4 ,! m c>efully y foll[ ! l9es ( ! lett]s1 ! less fil+ y w h to d lat]4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e "s fil+ mu/ be done & s9ce ^! lett]s are ! pr9cipal "p ( ! decoration1 !y %\ld be fil$ squ>e1 smoo?1 & a little r\nd+ on ! edges ( ! face side4 ,keep ! side to be rivet$ aga9/ ! plate flat1 s x w fit snugly :5 fa/5$4 ,:5 ! holes h be5 drill$ 9 ! lett]s1 place !m on ! copp] plate 9 ! prop] position & scrat* ?r\gh "o hole ) a %>p in/rum5t4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ?is po9t ! same size z ! holes 9 ! lett]s4 ,rivet ^! on ) silv] rivets4 ,squ>e ! lett]s up on ! plate1 drill ! rema9+ holes1 & rivet4 ,if ! rivet is driv5 d[n good & snug ! end ( ! rivet c be fil$ flu% ) ! top ( ! silv]4 ,if "o %\ld wi% to use rivets = decorative purposes !y %\ld be arrang$ 9 a def9ite way4 ,:ile rivet+ ! ends be c>eful to r\nd !m up in/ead ( mak+ !m flu%4 ,,xviii ,,napk9 ,,r+1 ,,silv] ,,comb1 ,,belt ,,buckles ,,napk9 ,,r+ 7,,silv] ,,or ,,copp]7 ,mat]ials3 ,no4 #bj gauge 7ei!r mat]ial71 #e #a-a_/d ins4 ,individual napk9 r+s may be made ei!r ( silv] or copp]4 ,mo/ r+s are made ( ! silv]1 b copp] l5ds itself v well = !m4 ,! design may be pi]c$1 or et*$ out ) acid4 ,b ! design "w %\ld always be done :ile ! metal is 9 a /raight piece4 ,all napk9 r+s are made 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,take ! silv] or copp] %eet & r\nd ! edges4 ,file ! two ends t are to be sold]$ toge!r p]fectly flat s t !y w meet ) ! lea/ possible op5+4 ,b5d ! metal 9 %ape ar\nd a h>d wood peg4 ,b9d ) b9d+ wire1 wa% ) borax4 ,!n place bits ( silv] sold] along ! inside & sold]4 ,aft] sold]+1 remove ! b9d+ wire & file ! jo9t on ! inside & outside1 until x is all p]fectly smoo?4 ,poli% & f9i%4 ,make a copp] napk9 r+ 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,napk9 r+ ,,cuff ,,l9ks ,illu/ration ,cuff l9ks may be made ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 or brass4 ,(t5 ! design is work$ out 9 ! metal alone1 aga9 engrav+ is add$1 or enamel or /ones4 ,! designs giv5 "h are m]ely sugge/ions4 ,any "o ( !m works out well 9 ! metal4 ,y w notice t "s h a ball on "o end ( ! l9k & a plate on ! o!r1 :ile "s h ! d\ble plates4 ,aga91 "s are made ) loose l9ks jo9+ ! two heads4 ,! l9k is loos5$ & pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! cuff & !n hook$ on to ! plate4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful to make ! plates on a pair ( cuff l9ks small en\gh to g ?r\gh ! buttonhole ( a cuff4 ,mat]ial3 ,= pla9 oval pair ( cuff l9ks4 ,two pieces ( ,no4 #bj silv]1 #g_/h #a_/b 94 ,two pieces ( silv] wire1 ,no4 #ad1 #c_/d 94 ,directions3 ,m>k ! design by draw+ an oval on ! two plates ( silv]4 ,keep l5g? & diamet] ( bo? ! same4 ,clip (f ! sides & %ape to design4 ,save ! small pieces ( silv] clipp$ (f1 z !y w be us$ to make ! balls at ! o!r end ( ! cuff l9k4 ,) ! file1 bevel ! edge & smoo? all d[n4 ,place ! plates on a wood5 block & curve !m a little4 ,take ! scraps ( silv] y cut f ! plates1 place !m 9 two sep>ate gr\ps on a piece ( *>coal1 & heat x until !y melt4 ,:5 ! pieces melt !y =m !mselves into balls4 ,:5 ^! silv] balls are cool en\gh to h&le ) a pair ( p9c]s1 cool !m (f 9 wat]4 ,file away any "p ( ! ball a little flat & sold] ! silv] rod to ! ball4 ,sold] ! o!r end ( ! silv] rod to ! curv$ side ( ! oval piece4 ,b5d ! connect+ rod1 l ! picture4 ,?is =ms ! l9k4 ,d ! same ) ! o!r l9k4 ,!n file1 poli%1 & f9i%4 ,if /ones are to be set1 ! bezels are made & put on ! flat plates & sold]$ on at ! same "t ! plate is sold]$ to ! l9k4 ,! /one is plac$ 9 position aft] x is all f9i%$4 ,,silv] ,,comb ,! comb describ$ "h is ( m$ium size4 ,x c be made l>g]1 or small]1 z ! work+ pr9ciple is ! same4 ,illu/ration ,mat]ial3 ,no4 #bj1 silv]1 #d-a_/b #b-a_/b ins4 ,?ree pieces ( ,no4 #bd silv] = ! bezels4 ,! size ( ! pieces dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! /ones4 ,?ree turquoise /ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boys ,,f ,,elev5 ,,to ,,f\rte5 ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age ,,do+ ,,metal ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,a ,great ,v>iety ( ,"w is ,go+ ,on4 ,"s ,boys are ,mak+ ,squ>e ,copp] ,trays1 ,"s are ,work+ on ,b[ls1 ,:ile a ,numb] are ,do+ ,jewelry ,"w4 ,directions3 ,take ! silv] plate1 #d-a_/b #b-a_/b ins41 & divide x across ! %ort] dim5sion into places correspond+ to ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! design4 ,be extremely c>eful ab\t ! spac+4 ,c5tre pun* ^! divisions & drill holes ab\t #a 94 f ! edge ?r\gh ea* "o equal to ! ?ickness ( ea* too?4 ,"h ! ?ickness w\ld be ab\t #a_/af 94 ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ions = belt buckle = a lady4 ,c be work$ 9 brass1 copp]1 or silv] /one sett+ ,) a %>p tool draw l9es f ^! holes to ! out] edge4 ,be c>eful to h all ! l9es runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,place ! saw ?r\gh ! holes & saw ! divisions out1 keep+ z close to ! l9e z possible4 ,:5 !y are all saw$ out1 file ea* too? sep>ately1 r\nd+ ea* "o a little4 ,d ?is fil+ mo/ c>efully1 = ! lea/ r\ghness left w pull ! hair :5 ! comb is put 9 place4 ,! extreme po9t ( ea* too? %\ld be %>p1 aft] a gradual tap] f ab\t #a_/c ! l5g? ( ! too? to ! end4 ,?is c all be done ) a file4 ,! comb is n[ ready to b5d 9 %ape4 ,place x on ! r\nd /ake & ) a hamm] curve x until x =ms an arc ( a #e-;94 circle4 ,mo/ combs are curv$ to t degree4 ,/ones3 ,cut /rips ( silv] = ! bezels1 long en\gh to fit exactly ar\nd ! /one4 ,set ! /ones on ! same way z y did ^? = r+s & p9s4 ,poli% & f9i%4 ,,xix ,,enamell+ ,enamel is a glass fus$ to ! surface ( metals1 = decorative purposes4 ,x is b\ght 9 flat discs ab\t #a_/d 94 ?ick & weigh+ f #e to #f ounces4 ,^! discs are brok5 up s t "o is able to buy enamel 9 small quantities4 ,x comes 9 any col\r & :5 put ^u ! surface correctly ! col\r does n *ange & x is n affect$ aft]w>d by atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,tools3 ,"o ne$s few tools = ?is "w4 ,a wood5 mallet1 a mort> & pe/le1 & a small spoon us$ to put ! enamel on ! metal :5 fill+ ! design w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,! spoon may be made by tak+ a #a_/h-;94 piece ( silv] or copp] wire ) ab\t #a_/b 94 ( ! end flatt5$ d[n spoon %ap$4 ,file ?is end r\nd & smoo? s !re w be no ragg$ edges4 ,process3 ,:5 y h decid$ ^u ! col\r :i* y wi%1 put z mu* enamel z y w ne$ into ! mort> & cov] x ) cle> wat]4 ,! wat] wa%es ! enamel & prev5ts x f fly+ out z x is brok5 up4 ,place ! pe/le on ! pieces ( enamel & tap g5tly ^u ! end ( ! pe/le ) ! wood5 mallet1 till ! enamel is brok5 up into f9e pieces4 ,:ile do+ ?is ! wat] w become discol\r$4 ,dra9 ! wat] (f & p\r fre% wat] on4 ,repeat ?is s long z ! wat] becomes discol\r$4 ,) ! pe/le gr9d ! enamel to a f9e pa/e4 ,press d[n ^u ! pe/le1 at ! same "t give x a twi/+ movem5t ) ! wri/4 ,:5 ! wat] rema9s cle> & ! enamel is pa/y & free f lumps x is ready = use4 ,:ile us+ x keep x j cov]$ ) cle> wat]4 ,?is prev5ts its dry+ & 9 ?is damp5$ /ate x is 9 ! be/ work+ condition4 ,h[ to place ! enamel on ! metal3 ,) ! small spoon pick ! enamel up out ( ! mort>1 place x on ! metal & press x d[n into any depression4 ,keep x well moi/5$ all ! "t4 ,repeat ?is until ! :ole depression is cov]$4 ,if any "p is left uncov]$1 t "p w %[ black aft] fir+4 ,!n ea* black spot mu/ be scrap$ clean1 cov]$ ) enamel aga9 & refir$1 :i* makes mu* unnecess>y "w1 s be c>eful at ! fir/ to place ! enamel j :]e x %\ld be on ! metal1 & s avoid ! extra "w & fir+4 ,! muffle furnace3 ,?is is a small furnace made = ! purpose ( melt+ enamels by :at is call$ a reflect$ heat4 ,! muffle is a half r\nd$1 %ap$ clay =m op5 only at "o end1 into :i* ! piece to be fir$ is put4 ,! flame ( ! furnace plays on ! outside ( ?is muffle4 ,! temp]ature is rais$ to ! requir$ heat & ! piece inside ! muffle is fir$ )\t hav+ any flame play+ directly ^u x4 ,! reflect$ heat does ! "w4 ,^! furnaces c be b\ght 9 almo/ any g5]al supply /ore4 ,!y come 9 all sizes4 ,natural or artificial gas c be us$ = heat+2 ! regul> hose or tube atta*m5t is all t is necess>y4 ,! piece 9 place = fir+3 ,x is usually be/ to light ! ov5 be=e y beg9 to place ! enamel on ! "w to be fir$4 ,! furnace heats up 9 ! meantime4 ,place ! piece on ! top l$ge ( ! furnace close to ! *imney4 ,?is is a good place to dry ! moi/ure out ( ! enamel4 ,if ?is is n done ! /eam g5]at$ by ! moi/ure & ! heat causes explosions1 :i* 9 turn di/urb ! enamel surface & dislodge small p>ticles ( ! enamel4 ,:5 ! /eam has /opp$ ris+ f ! enamel--:i* y c tell by hold+ ! piece betwe5 y & ! light--! moi/ure has dri$ out & ! "w c be put into ! muffle by use ( a long pair ( muffle tongs4 ,extreme c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 plac+ ! piece to be fir$ into ! furnace4 ,! enamel is n[ v dry4 ,! p>ticles are no long] held toge!r by ! moi/ure & ! lea/ j> w dislodge !m4 ,! doors ( ! furnace are usually 9 two pieces1 s t ! upp] half c be lift$ away f "t to "t4 ,"o c look 9 & wat* ! process ( melt+4 ,:5 ! enamel is fir/ put into ! furnace & ! heat beg9s to melt x1 x rapidly *anges col\r4 ,z x beg9s to melt x settles d[n & takes on a glassy1 s(t1 smoo? surface4 ,at ?is po9t x is ready to take out4 ,x is plac$ aga9 on ! top ( ?is furnace1 :]e x cools (f sl[ly1 o!rwise ! diff]5ce 9 expansion betwe5 ! metal & ! glass w\ld cause ! surface to crack4 ,aft] "o or two trials "o easily recognizes ! critical "t :5 ! enamel is well bak$4 ,^! directions are only = enamell+ flat surfaces4 ,if "o %\ld wi% to enamel bo? ! inside & outside ( a box lid r\nd$ on ! top & curv$ on ! "u side1 a few l>ge drops ( gum arabic %\ld be mix$ ) ! enamel us$ = ! "u side4 ,?is prev5ts x f dropp+ (f :5 9 position = fir+4 ,:5 ! "w has cool$ (f s t x c be h&l$1 x w %[ a surface e "p ( :i* is cov]$1 if c>efully done4 ,if n ! black spots w appe>4 ,^! are copp] spots oxidiz$ by ! heat1 & mu/ be ?or\ghly scrubb$ & scrap$4 ,! enamel edges ar\nd ^! spots mu/ be scrap$ away1 cov]$ ) enamel1 & refir$4 ,if !re are no spots %[n1 ! "w is ready = f9i%+4 ,y w f9d on ! upp] edge ( ! enamel l9e a black l9e caus$ by ! impurities 9 ! enamel :i* rise to ! top edge4 ,scrape ?is (f ) a f9e file until x entirely disappe>s4 ,! copp]1 too1 usually takes on beautiful col\rs dur+ ! heat+ process4 ,_m l to leave ! col\rs j z !y happ5 to come by ! heat1 o!rs pref] to poli% ! surface to br+ out ! real copp] col\rs r ?an ! oxide col\rs4 ,to clean ! oxide (f "o mu/ put ! piece into a pickl+ ba? made up ( "o "p ( sulphuric acid to eight p>ts ( wat]4 ,?is s(t5s ! scum on ! surface ( ! metal s t a s(t rag dipp$ into any clean+ mat]ial l pumice /one w easily clean x (f4 ,,two ,,me?ods ,,( ,,enamell+ ,cloisonn3 ,9 ?is "w ! design is done usually 9 col\r$ enamels1 :i* are sep>at$ "o f ano!r by means ( ribs ( metal b5t s z to foll[ ! outl9es ( ! design4 ,^! ribs are plac$ on ! plaque1 & a drop ( sold] "h & !re keeps !m 9 place4 ,! col\r$ enamels are fill$ 9 betwe5 ^! ribs & fir$ z be=e expla9$4 ,*amplev3 ,9 ?is me?od ! p>titions betwe5 "o col\r & ano!r are =m$ by ridges ( ! base & n by sep>at$ ribs ( metal4 ,^! ridges are made by driv+ ! metal ) *as+ tools f ! "u side up & rais+ x above ! surface4 ,! spaces betwe5 ^! walls are fill$ 9 ) enamel1 & x is all fir$ z expla9$ be=e4 ,! lid on ! rose j> z %[n 9 ! gr\p is an example ( ?is k9d ( enamell+4 ,,imitation ,,pat9a 7,,gre5 ,,t9t ,,on ,,copp]7 ,! be/ me?od ( obta9+ a coat+ resembl+ pat9a is to imm]se ! article 9 a solution ( nitrate ( copp]1 & !n to place x :ile /ill wet 9 a *amb] conta9+ an abundance ( c>bolic acid4 ,9 ?is case ! developm5t ( ! gre5 incru/ation may be obs]v$ f day to day4 ,if aft] a week ! object has n yet obta9$ ! prop] col\r1 x mu/ be aga9 dipp$ 9 ! above solution1 & ?is op]ation is repeat$ till ! desir$ %ade has be5 acquir$4 ,z ! =mation ( ?is gre5 col\r proce$s 9 ! same way z 9 ! op5 air1 b m rapidly1 a h&some & p]man5t coat+ ( gre5 c be produc$ by ?is means4 ,,*emical ,,metal ,,col\r+ ,h[ to put a ?9 coat+ ( col\r+ on ! surface ( metals by *emicals3 ,a great v>iety ( %ades may be obta9$ simply ?r\gh heat4 ,! col\rs ord9>ily produc$ on copp] articles by means ( heat come ?r\gh ! poli%+4 ,any metal ^: surface is highly poli%$ w take on a numb] ( diff]5t col\rs1 beg9n+ at a /raw col\r & *ang+ to a d>k /raw1 purple1 d>k blue1 light blue1 & /eel or gray1 by heat+ ! piece to be col\r$ to a temp]ature ( #fcj ,f4 ,b>ium sulphide & wat] 7a v good composition = col\r+ metal73 ,imm]se object until x assumes desir$ t9t f light br[n to violet to black4 ,heat g5tly ov] buns5 flame until a ri* deep violet appe>s4 ,aft] x is cool rub ) s(t clo?4 ,pat9a imitation 7a v good composition = ! gre5+ ( copp]73 #a "p sal4 ammoniac1 #c p>ts cream t>t>1 #f p>ts salt1 #ab p>ts hot wat]1 #b p>ts nitrate ( copp]4 ,saturate s(t clo? & rub or spr9kle ! solution on ! copp]4 ,let /& 9 ! op5 air t5 or twelve h\rs4 ,wa% ! col\r (f ) cle> cold wat]4 ,tone d[n to suit4 ,ano!r way ( col\r+ metal4 ,silv]4 ,to oxidize silv]3 ,! foll[+ is a solution commonly us$ = oxidiz+ silv]3 ,potassium sulphide1 #e gra9s1 ,wat]1 #aj fluid ounces4 ,! v>iety kn[n z liv] or sulphur is g5]ally us$1 & imp>ts a r$di% br[n col\r to ! silv]1 ! col\r be+ d>k] ! d>k] ! solution4 ,x %\ld be work$ at #fj or #gj p] c5t4 ,! /rong] ! solution ! black] ! col\r4 ,if ammonium c>bonate 7#bj gra9s7 is add$ to ! above =mula & is work$ hot1 a black col\r appe>s ^u rubb+ ) a v f9e wire bru%4 ,x takes on ! col\r ( black lead4 ,col\r+ ( brass3 ,copp] sulphate1 #b ounces2 ,wat]1 j suffici5t to dissolve ! copp] sulphate2 ,ammonia1 to neutralize & make slightly alkal9e4 ,?is w turn brass a v beautiful blue-black col\r4 ,copp] assumes a v beautiful t9t f ?is solution4 ,cem5t = engrav]s3 ,melt be/ pit* 9 an iron pot & :5 completely liquid /ir 9 a mixture compos$ ( two ?irds ( raw pit* & "o ?ird pla/] ( p>is4 ,make a lot ( t5 p\nds4 ,add "o half p\nd mutton tall[1 boil & mix ?or\ghly4 ,%\ld ?is be too s(t1 add pla/] ( p>is until y get ! desir$ h>dness3 #e lbs4 black raw pit*1 #e lbs4 pla/] ( p>is1 #a-a_/b lbs4 mutton tall[4 ,to poli% enamel3 ,aft] rubb+ x d[n ) ! corundum file1 take a small rod ( t9 or pewt] & aft] ano9t+ x ) f9e ,tripoli or rott5-/one1 gr9d ! surface ( ! enamel ev5ly ) ! t9 or pewt] rod4 ,next take a /ick ( lime wood & use t ) ! rott5-/one 9 ! same way & f9i% ) putty p[d] & /ick cov]$ ) *amois sk94 ,to unsold] a piece ( "w3 ,pa9t ^? jo9ts :i* are n to be unsold]$ ) a mixture ( clay wat]1 to :i* add a little common salt4 ,:5 dry1 scrape ! "p to be unsold]$ & pa9t x ) borax4 ,n[ heat till sold] melts1 pick (f ) pli]s or knock x (f ) a g5tle tap4 ,! borax adds flux1 ?us help+ ! sold] to run at a melt+ temp]ature4 ,,ma*9]y ,,9 ,,metal ,,"w3 ,,die ,,mak+ ,mo/ ( ! jewell]y t we see n[adays & also mu* ( ! metal "w is made "u presses or drop hamm]s4 ,z 0 %[n 9 ! mak+ ( ! m\ld = ! r\nd copp] tray1 ! skill lies 9 ! mak+ ( ! design & ! mak+ ( a m\ld to fit ! design4 ,! description ( ! mak+ ( a mat* safe by means ( die s9k+ w expla9 h[ all die "w is done3 ,! design = ! mat* safe is made by ! arti/1 :o turns x ov] to ! die s9k]4 ,he1 9 turn1 *isels out ( a /eel block1 ab\t #g ins4 squ>e1 a depression 9 :i* ! design fits4 ,if ! mat* safe has an emboss$ design1 ?is is all *isell$ out c>efully ) small *isels & fil$ up smoo?ly s t :5 a piece ( s(t lead is driv5 into ! depression x w take ! %ape ( ! mat* safe z design$ by ! arti/4 ,! lead is s s(t t x takes ! pr9t readily4 ,?is lead reproduction %[s to ! die s9k] any imp]fection 9 ! die4 ,! imp]fections1 if !re are any1 are smoo!d d[n4 ,! driv+ 9 ( ! lead into ! depression is repeat$ f "t to "t1 until ! m\ld is ! exact reproduction ( ! arti/'s design4 ,! die is n[ h>d5$ by heat+ x r$ hot & cool+ 9 wat]4 ,:5 tak5 out ( ! wat] x is plac$ 9 ! hamm] or press4 ,on ! ram ( ! hamm] is key$1 directly above ?is die1 a squ>e block ( lead4 ,:5 ! hamm] falls1 ! impact ( ! lead ^u ! impression produces a reproduction ( ! impression4 ,?is lead piece makes ! top die4 ,a piece ( ?9 silv] is plac$ 9 ! /eel die ov] ! impression4 ,if ! ram is n[ dropp$ ^u ! silv] plate x w =ce ! plate into ! impression & w /amp ! design on ! silv]4 ,"o half ( ! mat* box is made 9 ?is way4 ,:5 two ( ^! are made1 put toge!r1 & sold]$1 !y make a :ole mat* box4 ,?\s&s ( mat* boxes w\ld be made f ?is "o die4 ,t is ! reason :y ?is class ( "w c be sold s *eaply4 ,! pr9ciple expla9$ "h is us$ = ! mak+ ( tea sets1 d9n] sets1 etc4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! r\nd wood m\ld y made to make ! copp] tray 94 ,x c be us$ to make doz5s ( trays1 all ! same size & %ape4 ,,gloss>y ,alloy3 ,base metal add$ to silv] or gold = h>dness or col\r4 ,also any comb9ation ( diff]5t metals by fusion4 ,anneal+3 ,s(t5+ metal by mak+ x r$-hot & cool+ sl[ly2 = /eel1 brass1 copp]1 silv]1 cool+ quickly 9 wat]4 ,back+3 ,! coat+ ( enamel on ! back surface ( box lids1 to neutralize expanse & contraction1 ?us prev5t+ top enamel f crack+4 ,basse-taille3 ,l[ cutt+ ( metal b5ea? ! l9e ( ! surface1 us$ 9 enamell+4 ,! draw+ or modell+ ( ! subject is giv5 by ! diff]5t dep?s ( cutt+4 ,beck iron3 ,t-%ap$ anvil or /ake us$ 9 hamm] "w4 ,! arms ( ! ,t are long2 "o is r\nd & sl5d]1 & tap]+2 ! o!r has a flat upp] surface4 ,boss+ up3 ,beat+ out %eet metal 9 ! back into r\gh =ms requir$4 ,*amplev3 ,a process ( enamell+ on metal 9 :i* ! gr\nd ( ! patt]n is cut away ) a *isel into a s]ies ( %all[ tr\ghs into :i* ! enamel is melt$1 ! surface be+ aft]w>d gr\nd smoo? & poli%$4 ,*as+3 ,surface modell+ ( metal ) hamm] & pun* or *as+ tools4 ,cloisonn3 ,an enclos+ ribbon wire1 :i* be+ sold]$ edgewise on a metal gr\nd makes a tr\gh into :i* enamel is melt$1 ! ribbon mak+ ! division4 ,?us ! design is sep>at$4 ,coll>3 ,a r+ made ( /\t lea!r fill$ ) s& or "s o!r s(t mat]ial us$ to support ! pit* block4 ,draw ,plate3 ,a flat plate ( /eel or iron ) r[s ( graduat$ holes1 us$ = draw+ or r$uc+ wire4 ,face ,plate3 ,a squ>e ?ick iron plate ) ! surface p]fectly smoo? & level to te/ "w on4 ,flux3 ,any mat]ial us$ to protect ! surface ( metal f oxidation :5 expos$ to heat4 ,borax & wat] mix$1 etc4 ,grav]3 ,a k9d ( small *isel us$ = cutt+ metal1 or l9es on surfaces4 ,m&rel3 ,a rod ( wood or iron ( any section us$ ei!r = coil+ wire = *a9s or ! mak+ ( r+s4 ,matt tool3 ,a pun*1 flat & graduat$ on "o end1 us$ = mak+ gro9$ surfaces on metal4 ,pickle3 ,solutions ( v>i\s acids 9 wat] us$ = remov+ ! film ( oxide & sulphide surface ( metal4 ,! acids us$ are nitric acid1 hydro*loric acid1 & sulphuric acid1 ab\t #h to #a4 ,?is is /rong en\gh = ord9>y "w4 ,p93 ,! h>d wood peg fix$ 9 ! b5* to hold "w aga9/ to file & fit4 ,pit* block3 ,"s iron blocks & wood blocks cov]$ ) pit* us$ z a support = metal 9 rep\ss "w or *as+4 ,plani%+3 ,beat+ a plane or level surface to a %eet ( metal by ! use ( a broad smoo?-fac$ hamm] on a /ake or anvil4 ,also us$ to give smoo!d face to a b[l or cup or o!r object 9 %eet metal4 ,rep\ss3 ,! me?od ( beat+ out %eet metal f ! back ) hamm] & pun*es4 ,s& bag3 ,a flat circul> or squ>e bag ( lea!r fill$ ) s& us$ = boss+ up metal ^u4 ,scrap]3 ,a tool made f an old file by %>p5+ ! po9t on a /one to a ?ree-sid$ pyramid2 us$ = scrap+ cle> edges & surfaces to be sold]$ & = clean+ up "w g5]ally4 ,sn>l+ iron3 ,long ,z-%ap$ b> ( iron fix$ 9 a vise & us$ = boss+ out ! surface ( vessels f ! inside4 ,!y act by reb\nd+ f ! bl[ ( ! hamm] ne> ! end fix$ 9 ! vise4 ,trac]3 ,a *isel-%ap$ pun* us$ = cutt+ = any design or "w t requires deep l9es4 ,,! ,,blacksmi?',s ,,%op ,,xx ,,blacksmi?+ ,,& ,,tools ,let's g to ! blacksmi?'s %op & tell ! blacksmi? :at we h done4 ,y see ,i've %[n y all he taught me ab\t copp]1 brass1 & silv]4 ,i promis$ to take y !re :5 we got ?r\gh4 ,come on4 ,"h we are6 ,?is is 8 %op4 ,mr4 ,blacksmi?1 ?is is my fri5d4 ,i've %[n him h[ to d "w 9 metal & he c d all t y taught me4 ,we bo? want to le>n h[ to make ?+s out ( /eel & iron4 ,are y ready to take u on8 ,yes1 boys1 y are j 9 "t to help me out4 ,& :ile y are l5d+ a h& ,i c %[ y h[ to make _m ?+s t e boy c le>n to d ) iron & /eel4 ,come into ! %op4 ,fir/ ,i'll tell y ab\t ! blacksmi? %op equipm5t4 ,?is is my =ge & bell[s1 ) ! coal heap at ! side2 "h is ! anvil & "h are my tools4 ,y see x doesn't take a blacksmi? long to "n ! ?+s he ne$s to equip 8 %op4 ,b y mu/ "k h[ ea* ?+ is us$ & :at x is us$ =4 ,let me draw y a picture ( ! =ge on ?is bo>d & expla9 to y h[ x is built4 ,illu/ration ,a is ! *imney4 ,y see x has an op5+ 9 ! bottom to let ! smoke g up4 ,b is a lea!r bell[s4 ,x is plac$ back ( ! *imney out ( ! way ( sp>ks f ! =ge fire4 ,! nozzle ( ! bell[s goes ?r\gh a hole end+ on ! he>? ( ! =ge4 ,c is ! he>? :]e ! coal is plac$4 ,d is a ne/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! he>?1 call$ a tuy]e4 ,?r\gh ?is op5+ ! bla/ f ! bell[s ent]s ! coal heap4 ,! :ole =ge is built ( brick & mort>4 ,mod]n =ges are made ( iron & /eel & h a %eet iron hood 9 place ( a brick *imney4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ! tuy]e1 :]e ! bla/ ent]s ! =ge1 is ! same z we blacksmi?s h always us$4 ,n[ ,i'll build ! fire 9 ! =ge4 ,"h 9 ?is box are "s %av+s4 ,i save all my %av+s & put !m "h to />t my fire )4 ,place ! %av+s ov] ! tuy]e & light !m4 ,let !m burn = a little :ile1 !n cov] ! :ole ) ?is s(t bitum9\s coal4 ,?is k9d ( coal is free f sulphur & phosphorus1 & x cokes v nicely :5 ! gas & t> are burnt out4 ,n[ x's "t to use ! bell[s4 ,y c take hold ( ?is h&le & pull d[n4 ,! weights on ! bottom pull ! h&le up aga94 ,sometimes weights are plac$ on ! top bo>d4 ,?is helps to increase ! air pressure4 ,notice t ! bell[s hang 9 a frame & ! c5tre axis is fa/5$ to ! upright1 all[+ ! upp] & l[] half to rise & fall4 ,:5 ! l[] half falls x sucks ! air 9 ?r\gh a little trap door on ! bottom1 & :5 rais$ ! trap door closes & ! air is =c$ ?r\gh ! nozzle into ! tuy]e on ! =ge4 ,?is alt]nates1 fir/ tak+ ! air 9 & !n =c+ ! air out4 ,pump g5tly at fir/1 !n ! coal w n smo!r ! fire4 ,t volume ( smoke com+ up is mo/ly f ! burn+ %av+s & x goes "r up ! flue4 ,?is blue flame t y see n[ %[s t ! gases are burn+ 9 ! coal4 ,:5 !y are burnt out ! coals give a r$ gl[4 ,n[ ! bright fire is %[n ?r\gh ! coal4 ,put y\r pok] into ! coal heap & raise x g5tly4 ,! op5+ made on ! top is a v5t = ! heat to escape & prev5ts ! fire bl[+ into ! %op4 ,an op5+ l ?is %\ld always be left at ! top1 on acc\nt ( ! oxyg5 :i* is be+ pump$ 9 con/antly4 ,spr9kle a little wat] on ! coal ar\nd ! outside ( ! fire4 ,?is helps to pack ! coal d[n tight & keep ! fire 9 a conf9$ space1 = x is apt to spread & use up mu* m coal ?an is ne$$4 ,y see1 boys1 ?is is an old-fa%ion$ blacksmi? %op4 ,mo/ ( ! "w done "h is horse%oe+1 ?\gh we h _m complex ?+s br\ght 9 = u to repair1 none ( :i* c be turn$ away4 ,all ^! %oes hang+ on ! raft]s are = horses & mules4 ,! mule's %oe1 y see1 is a diff]5t %ape f ! horse's %oe4 ,i make ^! 9 my sp>e mom5ts & we call !m /ock %oes4 ,notice t ! /ock %oes h no heels or toes on !m4 ,^! are put on :5 ! %oe is made to fit ! horse's foot4 ,%oes are n[ made by ma*9]y & ,i buy !m :5 ,i hav5't "t to make !m4 ,b !y1 too1 mu/ be fitt$ to ! foot1 = !y come only 9 /ock =m4 ,n[ ,i'm go+ to %[ y h[ to make a horse%oe4 ,i'll make x out ( ?is piece ( /eel tire f a wagon :eel4 ,we use all ?is k9d ( scrap to make ! /ock %oes4 ,t's :y our made %oes c be sold *eap] ?an ! manufactur$ %oes1 if we h ! "t to make !m4 ,/eel is be+ us$ 9 place ( iron 9 all bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,a /eel %oe weigh+ half a p\nd w we> z long z an iron %oe weigh+ "o p\nd4 ,?is piece ( /eel tire :i* ,i am us+ is #a 94 wide & #a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,i want to keep ! ?ickness #a_/b 941 b r$uce ! wid? to #c_/d 94 ,to d ?is ! end ( ! piece ( metal is put into ! =ge fire4 ,z soon z x is hot en\gh1 ,i take x out & place x1 edge up1 on ! anvil1 & ) ! h& hamm] draw x out any l5g? ,i wi%4 ,y see t driv+ d[n on ! edge ( ! hot b> ?ick5s x4 ,n[ turn x ov] & drive on ! flat side4 ,y mu/ keep driv+ fir/ on ! edge & !n on ! side until x is ! "r size4 ,?is is call$ /ret*+ ! metal out4 ,n[ ! b> is long en\gh to b5d 9 ! %ape ( a lett] ,u4 ,heat ab\t #f ins4 ( ?is b> & !n place x on ! l>ge/ "p ( ! anvil horn4 ,/rike on ! project+ end ) a h& hamm]4 ,x b5ds easily into ! %ape4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,take ! *isel-%ap$ tool4 ,! edge ( ?is tool makes ! groove to fit ! nail heads4 ,e horse%oe has eight rectangul> holes = nails1 f\r on ea* side4 ,^! are pun*$ ?r\gh ) ?is pun*1 & are made j l>ge en\gh to fit ! horse%oe nail heads4 ,n[ y see a /ock %oe1 & x is j l ! doz5s ,i h hang+ on ! raft]s4 ,b be=e ! %oe is plac$ on ! horse's foot x mu/ h ! front piece1 call$ ! toe calk1 weld$ on & ! ends ( ! %oe turn$ up = heels4 ,to make ! toe calk ,i take a piece ( iron or /eel ab\t #b #c_/d #a_/b 94 ,! end ( ?is piece is prep>$ l ?is3 ,illu/ration ,! little projection is made v %>p s t x c /ick into ! hot iron4 ,9 ?is way x is kept 9 place dur+ ! process ( weld+4 ,:5 ! calk is made ,i heat ! %oe & place ! calk 9 ! prop] position4 ,! calk is cold & ! little project+ po9t is easily driv5 into ! hot iron4 ,n[ t x is held 9 place x mu/ be weld$ on4 ,iron & /eel are weld$ toge!r only by ! use ( a flux4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( fluxes us$4 ,= ?is ,i %all use borax4 ,i buy x by ! p\nd & x comes 9 boxes l ?is4 ,spr9kle a little on ! calk1 heat x 9 ! fire1 wat* ! fire4 ,:5 ! metal is hot en\gh to weld y w notice a br[n smoke com+ f ! fire4 ,t tells y ! borax is burn+4 ,!re1 see ! smoke6 ,n[ ,i mu/ take ! %oe out quickly & place x on ! anvil4 ,a few quick1 light bl[s ^u ! calk & ! weld+ is done6 ,! hamm]+ mu/ be done quickly aft] ! %oe has be5 tak5 out ( ! fire1 or ! cold air w l[] ! temp]ature & prev5t ! metal f unit+4 ,!re1 x's weld$6 ,n[ ,i %ape x & fit x to ! horse's foot4 ,! heels c't be b5t up until ,i "k j h[ long ! horse's foot is4 ,i measure by plac+ x on ! ho(4 ,!n ! two ends ( ! %oe are b5t & driv5 d[n s t ! height ( ! heels equals ! height ( ! calk4 ,n[1 boys1 ?is is a h& made %oe4 ,:5 y "k h[ to use ! fire & ! tools x is an easy problem to make a horse%oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,! mod]n =ge4 ,an ideal =ge = use :5 electric p[] is available ,illu/ration ,s x is ) all blacksmi?s' "w4 ,!re is n any?+ ab\t x y c't d4 ,any boy c build 8 own blacksmi? %op if he has a %$ or %elt] l>ge en\gh to keep ! ra9 f a =ge1 anvil1 & "s tools4 ,y ne$n't h ! big1 old-fa%ion$ brick =ge l m9e4 ,"h is a picture ( a portable =ge t ,i c recomm5d4 ,x c be b\ght at almo/ any /ore t deals 9 h>dw>e supplies4 ,x is small & h&y & c be easily tak5 f place to place4 ,y c buy any size anvil y wi%4 ,!y come 9 all sizes1 weigh+ f five p\nds to five hundr$ p\nds4 ,"h is a li/ ( tools :i* w d all ! "w1 bo? ornam5tal & pla91 :i* y may wi% to d4 ,get ?is equipm5t1 !n build y\r %op4 ,,blacksmi?s' ,,tools ,"s ( ^! tools y h us$ 9 y\r copp]1 brass1 & silv] "w4 ,y w ne$ y\r vise1 files1 y\r v>i\s pun*es1 divid]s1 h& cold *isel1 & squ>e4 ,9 addition1 y %\ld h ! foll[+3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,position ( full]s ,illu/ration3 ,top full] ,illu/ration3 ,bottom full] ,illu/ration3 ,bottom swage ,illu/ration3 ,top swage ,illu/ration3 ,swages 9 position ,h& hamm]3 ,a h& hamm] is us$ m ?an any o!r tool 9 ! %op4 ,! flat face is us$ = %ap+ mat]ial & ! r\nd pla9 = rivet+1 etc4 ,! top & bottom full]s are us$ = mak+ depressions 9 iron & /eel4 ,?is process is call$ full]+4 ,! top & bottom swages are us$ = r\nd+ squ>e iron or /eel or r$uc+ l>ge sizes to small] ones4 ,hot & cold *isels are bo? us$ = cutt+ iron4 ,z ! "n %[s1 "o is us$ = hot iron & "o = cold iron4 ,g\ges are = cutt+ ornam5tal %apes on %eet iron or /eel1 hot or cold4 ,calip]s are us$ = measur+ diamet]s4 ,! broad flat surface ( ! flatt] smoo!s r\gh places4 ,! set hamm] is us$ to make squ>e %\ld]s4 ,x is a small hamm] & does ! "w 9 n>r[ places :i* l>g] tools _c rea*4 ,?is sl$ge weighs ab\t eight p\nds4 ,x is us$ :]e heavy hamm]+ or driv+ is ne$$1 & 9 conjunction ) su* tools z swages1 full]s1 set hamm]s1 etc4 ,! h>die is a %>p cutt+ tool us$ to cut small pieces ( iron & s(t /eel :ile hot or cold4 ,tongs are ( all sizes4 ,^? mo/ call$ into use h ! foll[+ %apes3 ,! %ovel = ! fire mu/ be small & /rong s ! cl9k] =m$ on ! bottom c be %ovel$ out )\t c>ry+ too mu* coal ) x4 ,a pok]1 rake1 & dipp] also are ne$$ = use ab\t ! fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,hot *isel ,illu/ration3 ,cold *isel ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,set hamm] ,y "k n[ all ! tools ne$$ to equip a %op4 ,i want to tell y ab\t ! fuels1 su* z coal & *>coal1 :i* y w use1 & some?+ ab\t pig iron & wr\ght iron :i* ,i ?9k y ought to "k4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,h>die ,illu/ration3 ,tongs ,! smoke is ! mo/ tr\blesome ?+ 9 a blacksmi?'s %op4 ,! old-fa%ion$ =ge is p]haps ! be/ made to draw ! gases & smoke out1 except :5 exhau/ fans are us$ = t purpose4 ,hoods are fitt$ to pull d[n ov] ! fire1 completely cov]+ ! smoke area1 & ! suction made by ! fan w draw all ! smoke f ! fire4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is possible only 9 mod]n equipp$ %ops4 ,! portable =ges t we use h none ( ?is draw+-out sy/em1 except ?r\gh a natural draft *imney1 made ei!r ( bricks or by ext5d+ an iron pipe f ! hood ?r\gh ! side ( ! %$ or ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,! d[n-draft sy/em is a hood plac$ to "o side ( ! fire4 ,x falls ov] ! fire by means ( a h+e plac$ on ! hood4 ,?is is n z effective z ! ov]head sy/em on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! hood4 ,! pipes are all und]gr\nd1 o!rwise ! sy/em is ! same z ! ov]head sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,wat] dipp] ,illu/ration3 ,fire tools ,dang] ( explosion3 ,coal gases leak into ! tuy]e :5 ! bla/ is %ut (f4 ,:5 ! bla/ is put on ^! gases are bl[n up into ! hot fire & !y explode f ! heat4 ,!y d no h>m1 except ! noise made by ! explosion4 ,fuels3 ,! coal us$ 9 a blacksmi?s' %op is a s(t coal call$ bitum9\s coal4 ,x is suppos$ to h less phosphorus & sulphur ?an any o!r k9d ( coal4 ,coal conta9+ ei!r ( ^! +r$i5ts %\ld n be us$4 ,sulphur makes iron hot %ort & phosphorus makes ! iron cold %ort t is1 ! iron is made brittle :ile hot by means ( ! sulphur1 & brittle :5 cold ?r\gh ! effect ( ! phosphorus4 ,:5 ?is s(t coal is heat$ ! coal t> is burn$ out & ! coal burns into a coke4 ,*>coal3 ,*>coal is a solid fuel & ! v be/ fuel = heat+ purposes4 ,x is free f ! impurities m5tion$ "h4 ,x is made by burn+ h>d wood 9 a clos$ ov5 or kiln4 ,?is kiln 9 turn burns ! wood into lumps ( *>coal4 ,! co/ makes ! only real objection to ! use ( *>coal z fuel4 ,,pig ,,iron ,iron ore is an oxide ( iron conta9+ f #ce p] c5t4 to #fe p] c5t4 iron4 ,! re/ is oxyg51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 silica1 & o!r impurities4 ,iron ore is *>g$ into a bla/ furnace1 mix$ ) lime/one z a flux1 & melt$ d[n1 ) coke z fuel4 ,! metal :i* results f ?is melt+ is kn[n z comm]cial pig iron4 ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,wr\ght iron is made f pig iron4 ,! pig iron is remelt$ 9 a s-call$ puddl+ furnace by *>g+ ab\t half a ton at "o "t into ! furnace4 ,:ile 9 a molt5 /ate x is /irr$ up ) l>ge iron hooks by ! puddl]4 ,x is kept boil+ s z to expose e "p ( ! iron ba? to ! action ( ! flame 9 ord] to burn out ! c>bon4 ,! o!r impurities w sep>ate f ! iron & run out ( ! furnace z slag4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! puddl+ furnace is high en\gh to melt pig iron b n high en\gh to keep wr\ght iron 9 a liquid /ate4 ,s1 z soon z ! small p>ticles ( iron become purifi$ ! p>tially congeal$ portion =ms a spongy mass1 9 :i* small globules ( iron ore are 9 a semi-pla/ic /ate4 ,^! are ga!r$ up by ! puddl] & 8 help] & are =m$ into a ball on ! bottom ( ! furnace by means ( long rabble b>s us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ball is ab\t #aej to #bjj p\nds 9 weight4 ,^! lumps ( iron are tak5 to a l>ge hamm] or squeez]4 ,!re !y are %ap$ into long blooms to fit ! rolls4 ,!y are tak5 "r f ! squeez] to ! roll+ mill & roll$ out into b>s #d ins4 or #e ins4 wide & #c_/d 94 ?ick4 ,^! b>s are call$ muck b>s ow+ to _! spongy-l appe>ance & ! l>ge quantity ( c9d]s :i* !y conta94 ,! muck b>s are n[ cut into l5g?s ( #c ft4 & #d ft4 & are pil$ on top ( ea* o!r 9 blocks ( #bjj lbs4 ,! blocks are put into a heat+ furnace & heat$ to a weld+ heat4 ,:ile at ?is heat !y are put ?r\gh ! rolls1 ?us weld+ ! :ole mass toge!r1 at ! same "t r$uc+ ! pile to sizes requir$ by ! m>ket4 ,:5 cold ^! are cut into l5g?s = use4 ,?is is ! iron us$ 9 mo/ blacksmi?s' %ops4 ,,xxi ,,fir/ ,,problems ,,9 ,,=g+ ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,/ake ,,p9 ,/ake p9s are us$ = hold+ ropes 9 place1 su* z ^? on t5ts1 etc4 ,mat]ial3 #a_/b 94 r\nd #ah ins4 long ( wr\ght iron4 ,tool3 ,h& hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ake ,p9 ,directions3 ,?is sket* is made full size & x %[s a r\nd /ake p9 ) a f\r-sid$ tap]+ end ab\t #c ins4 long4 ,place "o end ( ! b> ( iron into ! fire4 ,x %\ld be plac$ s t ! iron w be p>allel to ! bottom ( ! he>?4 ,all ! heat+ done = ?is k9d ( "w mu/ be done 9 a r$uc+ fire4 ,!re are two k9ds ( fires1 ! oxidiz+ fire & ! r$uc+ fire4 ,! oxidiz+ fire is "o :]e ! quantity ( air bl[n 9 is n all consum$ by ! fire4 ,!re is an excess ( air & an oxide is =m$ on ! iron4 ,?is prev5ts x f heat+ suffici5tly4 ,! r$uc+ fire is "o :]e ! bla/ is 9 proportion to ! consum+ p[] ( ! fire--t is1 j en\gh air is bl[n 9 to be us$ up by ! fire4 ,! great] ! temp]ature ! m coal & likewise ! m bla/ requir$4 ,s t a temp]ature ( #bejj ,fahr5heit c be easily gott5 on an ord9>y =ge fire4 ,:ile ! iron is heat+ x %\ld be drawn out ( ! =ge fire once 9 a :ile to be exam9$4 ,:5 x has rea*$ a :ite heat1 n sp>kl+1 place x on ! anvil1 & ) a h& hamm] beg9 at ! end & drive x into %ape accord+ to y\r sket*4 ,hamm] ?is until ! iron beg9s to d>k54 ,place x aga9 9 ! fire & repeat z be=e until ! ?+ is f9i%$4 ,a piece ( iron may be heat$ a doz5 times :ile work+ x into %ape4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! skill & exp]i5ce ( ! work]4 ,y w probably le>n 9 ?is problem t metal w burn 9 ?is high temp]ature ! same z a piece ( wood & v mu* quick]4 ,x does n sm\ld] l wood2 x j melts away4 ,x w\ld be well to h ! po9t ( ! iron /ake melt or burn (f 9 ?is p>ticul> case s t y c le>n all ab\t ! heat+1 melt+1 & burn+ ( iron4 ,! f9e po9t on ! /ake is made by keep+ ! metal on ! extreme out] edge ( ! anvil1 s t ! out] half ( ! hamm] face w project ov] ! anvil edge1 ?us r$uc+ any metal betwe5 ! two into a v small space4 7,see position ( h& hamm] 9 ! article on tools47 ,:5 ! "w is f9i%$ ! temp]ature ( ! metal %\ld be l[4 ,?is prev5ts ! metal f scal+ & gives an opportunity = a smoo? f9i%$ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,/aple ,/aples are small ,u-%ap$ pieces ( iron ) po9t$ ends4 ,!y are driv5 into wood = ! purpose ( hold+ "s atta*m5t 9 place4 ,we h /aples = b>n doors1 to cat* ! gate hook1 to fa/5 *a9s1 etc4 ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( #a_/d-;94 r\nd iron #d-a_/b ins4 long4 ,directions3 ,heat "o end ( ! iron piece4 ,draw x to a squ>e po9t z 0 done on ! /aple p94 ,flatt5 ?is po9t z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,cut x (f squ>e at ! extreme end s t x w be q %>p :5 f9i%$4 ,repeat on ! o!r end4 ,! piece w n[ be ab\t #f-a_/d ins4 long1 ab\t #a_/d 94 r\nd 9 ! middle1 ) squ>e1 tap]+ po9ts4 ,! c5tre is n[ heat$ & ! piece is b5t ov] ! horn ( ! anvil to ! %ape %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,9 b5d+ ?is ov] ! horn ( ! anvil /rike ) light bl[s s t ! two ends w be ! same l5g?4 ,if x is w>p$ or twi/$1 flatt5 x out aga9 on ! anvil till ! flat sides lie 9 ! same plane4 ,,gate ,,hook ,?is hook is us$ = fa/5+ doors z well z gates4 ,! draw+ %[s a gate hook twi/$ 9 ! middle4 ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece ( #e_/af-;94 squ>e iron ab\t #f-a_/d ins4 long4 ,illu/ration3 ,gate hook ,directions3 ,m>k (f ) ! c5tre pun* #a-a_/h ins4 on "o end & #a-e_/h ins4 on ! o!r4 ,put ! %ort end into ! fire & draw x out until x is #a_/d 94 squ>e4 ,hamm] ! corn]s d[n1 ?us r\nd+ ! end until x measures #a_/d 94 9 diamet] & is ab\t #b-a_/h ins4 long4 ,repeat on ! l>ge end & draw ?is out until x measures #b-c_/d ins4 long4 ,b5d ! end z %[n by ! draw+4 ,:5 bo? ends are b5t 9 %ape put ! piece into ! fire & heat x r$ hot betwe5 ! eye & ! hook4 ,place x 9 ! jaws ( ! vise ab\t #a 94 f ! eye1 & ) a pair ( tongs & a wr5* grasp ! piece ab\t #a 94 f ! hook & give x "o complete turn4 ,?is twi/s ! hook 9 ! c5tre l ! draw+4 ,if x has become b5t :ile twi/+ x may be /raight5$ by hamm]+ x betwe5 two blocks ( h>d wood4 ,?is prev5ts bruis+ ! %>p edges ( ! twi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ness ,,hook ,^! l>ge hooks are mo/ useful ar\nd a /able & are us$ to hold h>ness1 bags1 etc42 9 %ort1 !y are g5]al utility hooks4 ,!y are simply & quickly made4 ,mat]ial3 ,/ock #c_/h #f ins4 long r\nd iron4 ,directions3 ,flatt5 ! iron d[n by heat+ x r$ hot4 ,) ! h& hamm] flatt5 out "o end #d ins4 long1 #a_/b 94 wide #a_/h 94 ?ick4 ,"o in* f ! %\ld] made by ! flatt5+ beg9 to draw out ! end to a r\nd /raight tap]1 #c-a_/d ins4 long4 ,b5d ! flat "p ov] ! flat end ( ! anvil1 to fit a jo9t or any wood5 beam 7z %[n by ! sket*71 & hook x ov] ! horn4 ,?is hook may be made any size accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is to be us$4 ,,two-,,prong$ ,,=k ,illu/ration ,?is two-prong$ =k is f\nd useful = pit*+ hay1 fi%+1 etc4 ,/ock3 #c_/d #a #e ins4 long1 s(t /eel4 ,directions3 ,two in*es back f ! end ( ! b> pun* a small hole 9 ! middle ( ! iron4 7,see me?od ( pun*+74 ,split ! piece ) ! *isel up to ?is hole4 ,op5 ! "p split & spread at "r angles to ! %ank4 ,heat ! piece up at ! crot*4 ,) a full]1 full] d[n to #a_/b 94 back ( ! spread arms4 ,draw ! /em out #a_/b 94 r\nd4 ,n[ ! =k is block$ out ready = f9i%+4 ,?is is done by foll[+ ! draw+s = ! dim5sions & size4 ,notice t ! two ends ( ! =k are drawn out to a %>p r\nd tap]4 ,! /em is drawn out to a %>p squ>e tap]1 :i* is to be driv5 into a wood h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fi% spe> ,fi% spe>3 ,if ?is two-prong$ =k is meant = a fi% spe>1 us$ s (t5 9 riv]s :]e ! curr5t is v swift1 ! extreme ends are flatt5$ d[n to a spe> po9t z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,,bolts ,a bolt consi/s ( a /em & a head4 ,bolt heads are ( all %apes--squ>e1 hexagonal1 r\nd1 flat1 etc4--:ile ! /em is always r\nd4 ,z a rule1 ! ?ickness ( ! head equals ! ?ickness ( ! /em1 & ! diamet] ( ! head is ab\t #a-a_/b times ! ?ickness ( ! /em4 ,?is proportion is g5]ally kept = squ>e & hexagonal bolts4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,bolt ,directions3 ,out ( ! piece ( iron us$ en\gh ( ! end is upset to make ! head4 ,to d ?is1 heat #b-a_/b ins4 f ! end ( ! b> to a bright r$ heat4 ,take ! piece out ( ! fire1 place ! hot end on ! anvil1 & ) ! b> 9 a v]tical position hamm] ^u ! cold end4 ,! cold end is driv5 into ! hot end1 ?us %ort5+ or upsett+ ! b>4 ,?is is repeat$4 ,! end is heat$ aga9 & ! hamm]+ is cont9u$ until ! enl>g$ end has ! "r proportion = ! head ( ! bolt4 7,see draw+47 ,heat ! enl>g$ end aga9 & pass ! cold end ( ! /em ?r\gh ! head+ tool4 ,place ! head+ tool ^u ! anvil 9 su* a position t ! /em passes ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! anvil4 ,! upset end is hamm]$ d[n aga9/ ! head+ tool until ! head is ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,take x (f ! head+ tool & squ>e x up ) ! h& hamm]4 ,if1 aft] squ>+ up1 ! head is f\nd to be too small 9 diamet] & too ?ick1 x is aga9 put into ! head+ tool & hamm]$ d[n4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! head is f9i%$ accord+ to ! draw+ %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,bolt 9 head+ tool ,all h&-made bolts are made on ?is pr9ciple1 :e!r !y are v l>ge or v small4 ,illu/ration3 ,coll> ,illu/ration3 ,bolt heads ,if a six-sid$ bolt is desir$ ! same me?od is us$4 ,! head is made six-sid$ in/ead ( be+ squ>$ z 0 done 9 ! fir/ case4 ,! bolt is f9ally cut to ! requir$ l5g? & ! end is bevell$ (f ready = ?read+4 ,bolts may be made )\t go+ ?r\gh ! process ( upsett+ ! /ock4 ,9 t case ! b>s us$ are ( any diamet]1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! /em ne$$4 ,b5d a piece ( iron = a coll> to give y ! am\nt ( /ock requir$ = ! bolt head4 ,heat ! end ( ! iron b>4 ,put ?is hot end into ! coll>4 ,upset x s t x fills ! space 9 ! coll>4 ,put x into ! fire1 !n weld & f9i% z y did 9 mak+ ! head ) ! end upset4 ,all bolts t are on ! m>ket except special bolts are made by bolt head+ ma*9es4 ,up to #c_/h 94 9 diamet] all bolts are made )\t ! use ( heat4 ,^? above t size are all heat$ r$ hot & ! pr9ciple is exactly ! same z y us$ :5 y made ! bolt by h&4 ,! ma*9e upsets ! head & at ! same "t %apes x into any desir$ %ape4 ,,nuts ,illu/ration ,nuts are us$ 9 conjunction ) bolts = fa/5+ ?+s toge!r or tight5+ up p>ts ( ma*9es4 ,!re are two ways ( mak+ nuts2 "o is to cut a piece ( metal (f ! "r l5g?1 pun* a hole 9 ! middle1 & f9i% x by %ap+ x on ! end ( a m&rel or pun*4 ,! second way is to weld a coll> & %ape ?is on a m&rel4 ,?\gh ! second me?od involves weld+ & is ! m difficult ( ! two1 x is ! bett] me?od4 ,h[ev]1 ! gra9 ( ! metal 9 ! second me?od runs ar\nd ! nut1 :ile 9 ! =m] case x runs l5g?wise4 ,= ?is reason ! nut is apt to split :5 tight5$ up too tight on ! bolt4 ,! me?od expla9$ "h is ! easi] "o ( ! two3 x is ! simple process ( mak+ ! nut by pun*+ ! hole4 ,mat]ial3 ,/ock #a #e_/h 94 ( wr\ght iron1 any l5g?4 ,tools3 ,hamm]1 pun*1 hot *isel1 pair ( calip]s4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,! draw+ "h %[s ea* /ep 9 ! process ( mak+ ! squ>e nut4 ,measure (f #a-a_/af 94 on ! b> & ) ! hot *isel nick on ea* side almo/ ?r\gh4 ,f9d ! c5tre ( ! piece &1 ) ! pun*1 pun* a hole ?r\gh x aft] heat+ x r$ hot4 ,place x on ! anvil4 ,place ! pun* 9 ! c5tre & drive d[n f "o side until ! impression ( ! pun* %[s ?r\gh on ! o!r side4 ,)draw ! pun* & turn ! piece upside d[n4 ,place ! pun* ^u ! impression %[n ?r\gh1 driv+ d[n till ! c5tre piece is loos5$4 ,x is n[ put ov] ! hole ( ! anvil & ?is loos5$ c5tre piece driv5 out4 ,?is leaves a hole 9 ! hot iron4 ,all holes made 9 hot iron are pun*$ ?r\gh 9 ?is way :e!r !y be l>ge or small4 ,! size ( ! hole is det]m9$ by ! size ( ! pun*4 ,illu/ration ,re-heat ! iron1 pu% ! pun* into ! hole made1 & by a b5d+ motion break ! piece (f :]e x is nick$4 ,! piece n[ is /ick+ on to ! end ( ! pun*4 ,place !m on ! anvil & squ>e up ! nut :ile ! pun* is /ill 9 ! hole4 ,?is prev5ts ! hole f *ang+ its %ape :ile ! nut is be+ driv5 into %ape4 ,x is n[ tak5 (f ! pun* & flatt5$ d[n to ! desir$ ?ickness4 ,repeat ?is edg+ up & flatt5+ d[n till ! nut is f9i%$4 ,hexagonal nuts are made 9 ! same way1 except = ! squ>+ up4 ,:5 ! piece is ready = %ap+ x is made r\nd :ile on ! pun* & !n made six-sid$4 ,x is flatt5$ & edg$ up 9 ! same mann] until ! desir$ size is rea*$4 ,,xxii ,,weld+ ,x is (t5 necess>y to jo9 toge!r two pieces ( iron1 or ! ends ( ! same piece1 z 9 =m+ a circle1 s t ! jo9t w =m "o solid mass4 ,:5 ?is is done ! pieces are said to be weld$ toge!r4 ,mo/ ( ! problems treat$ s f> h _h to d ) s+le pieces ( iron4 ,(t5 _m pieces are weld$ toge!r to make "o =g+1 z 9 mak+ ! horse%oe4 ,?is is call$ built up "w4 ,x is possible to weld any iron surfaces provid$ no oxide ( iron is =m$ ^u ! surface4 ,if su* a coat+ occurs weld+ is impossible4 ,iron heat$ 9 ! air absorbs oxyg51 :i* results 9 ! oxide =mation4 ,!re are two ways ( gu>d+ aga9/ ?is difficulty3 7#a7 ,suitable fluxes1 & 7#b7 r$uc+ fires4 ,! be/ flux is a %>p s&1 usually bea* s&4 ,?is is spr9kl$ ov] ! ends to be weld$4 ,! s& fuses on to ! ends ( ! iron & excludes ! air4 ,! r$uc+ fire is "o t consumes all ! oxyg5 t is =c$ into x by ! bla/4 ,?is is obta9$ by hav+ a ?ick b$ ( fire = ! air to pass ?r\gh be=e com+ into contact ) ! iron & by keep+ ! bla/ pressure l[ en\gh to enable ! fire to burn all t is admitt$4 ,a ?ick fire1 s to speak1 %\ld always be kept4 ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,iron ,,r+ ,illu/ration ,! simple/ problem = a fir/ weld is a flat iron r+4 ,?is draw+ %[s a r+ #c ins4 9 diamet] on ! inside & #e ins4 on ! outside4 ,/ock3 ,flat piece ( iron #ac-a_/b #a #c_/af ins4 ,directions3 ,! mak+ ( ?is r+ involves ! processes ( b5d+ & weld+4 ,be=e ! b5d+ is done ! two ends are upset & made ab\t #a-a_/af 94 ?ick] ?an !y 71 = ab\t #a 94 back f ei!r end4 ,to d ! upsett+1 place ! hot end on ! anvil v]tically & /rike on ! cold end ) ! hamm] until ! requir$ ?ickness is obta9$4 ,if ! end :i* is be+ upset 0 n heat$ m ?an #a-a_/b 941 x w probably upset )\t b5d+4 ,if heat$ m ?an ?is ! probabilities are t x w b5d dur+ ! process4 ,if x does s1 x %\ld be laid ^u ! anvil & ! b5d hamm]$ out4 ,:5 ! desir$ ?ickness has be5 obta9$ sc>f ! ends z %[n 9 ! draw+1 us+ ! r\nd end or pe5 ( ! hamm] to d s4 7,see sc>f+47 ,d ! same to ! o!r end1 putt+ ! sc>f on ! opposite side to ! fir/ "o4 ,n[ heat ! piece1 ab\t half its l5g?1 q hot4 ,place x ^u ! ?icke/ "p ( ! horn ( ! anvil1 /rike ^u ! end t projects beyond ! anvil1 & b5d x into a r+4 ,! sc>fs1 be+ opposite1 w n[ fit & come toge!r4 7,see draw+47 ,b5d ov] till ! two edges lap4 ,?is gives pl5ty ( mat]ial :]e ! jo9t comes1 to all[ = ! wa/e ( ! mat]ial f ! high weld+ heat & also t ne$$ = ! hamm]+ ( ! metal dur+ ! weld+4 ,! upsett+ is done to all[ = ?is wa/e1 & to give opportunity to r$uce ! pieces to ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,all welds %\ld be a trifle l>ge at ! jo9t4 ,! driv+ d[n edgewise on ! horn ( ! anvil b5ds ! mat]ial1 b prev5ts "o %ap+ x to its prop] dim5sions4 ,t is :y 9 flatt5+ d[n ! weld c>e mu/ be tak5 n to wid5 ! iron at t place s t x is too ?94 ,a few trials w make ?is p]fectly cle>4 ,a f9i% on ! iron dep5ds ^u h[ skilfully "o c use ! hamm] )\t unduly m>k+ ! metal4 ,,small ,,*a9 ,illu/ration ,mo/ *a9s are made by h&1 especially ^? us$ = ! purpose ( lift+ heavy loads4 ,small *a9s1 :]e no special /ra9 is call$ =1 are weld$ by electricity4 ,!re are special factories = ! mak+ ( *a9s4 ,mo/ ( ^! factories h roll+ mills atta*$4 ,! mat]ial is "h roll$ out to suit ! diff]5t size *a9s t are made4 ,ma*9]y =ms ! b>s ( iron into special %apes ! size ( ! l9ks4 ,^! 9 turn are cut by ma*9]y4 ,^! l9ks are all ( ! same size & are cut (f on an angle1 ?us mak+ ! sc>f4 ,!y are tak5 by ! workm51 ! ends lapp$ ov] slightly1 !n put into ! fire & weld$4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t has tak5 up ! me?od ( weld+ ! l>ge an*or *a9s by ma*9]y4 ,/ock3 #c_/h 94 r\nd1 #f ins4 long4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,sc>f = *a9 weld+ ,illu/ration3 ,l9k ready to weld ! end ,directions3 ,! draw+ %[s ! size ( ea* l9k 9 ?is *a94 ,heat ! #f-;94 piece 9 ! middle4 ,place x on ! horn ( ! anvil & b5d x ,u-%ap$1 z y did ! piece = ! /aple4 7,see articles 9 weld+ = *a9s47 ,! two ends are ! same l5g?4 ,?is is p]haps ! only weld t is made )\t upsett+4 ,:5 ! sc>fs are made l ! draw+1 b5d ! ends s t ! sc>fs ov]lap4 ,n[ x is ready = weld+4 ,place ! l9k 9 ! fire4 ,be c>eful to h ! l9k well cov]$ bo? above & bel[ ) hot coals4 ,let !re be j en\gh bla/ to increase ! heat ( ! fire4 ,9 a little :ile ! sp>ks w fl[ up f ! iron4 ,at ?is "t ! l9k %\ld be turn$ upside d[n 9 ! fire )\t *ang+ its position4 ,! hotte/ "p ( ! fire be+ und]nea?1 ! iron w heat !re quicke/4 ,?is turn+ x upside d[n f9ally br+s all ! p>ts to be weld$ 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! fire4 ,:5 ^! iron sp>ks beg9 to %[1 x is "t to take ! piece out4 ,place x on ! anvil & lightly tap ^u ! jo9t4 ,! iron is v s(t on acc\nt ( ! int5se heat & if ! bl[s are too heavy ! iron w flatt5 out until x is too ?94 ,9 t case x w\ld be impossible to f9i% ! piece & make ! weld ! size x %\ld be :5 done4 ,if y exam9e ! l9ks ( any *a9 y w h difficulty to f9d ! weld$ end4 ,! process ( weld+ is n easy at fir/1 b a few trials ) ! heat+ ( ! iron & h&l+ ! tools at ! critical mom5t w prove enc\rag+4 ,*a9s are usually made by mak+ fir/ "o l9k1 !n putt+ ! /ock = ! next l9k into ! fir/1 be=e b5d+ ! second end4 ,all hooks1 swivels1 or %ackles are put on ! *a9 :5 made1 9 ! same way t y add a l9k 9 ord] to l5g!n ! *a94 ,,weld+ ,illu/ration3 ,axle ,weld+ ,illu/ration3 ,flatt5 ! ends out2 split & pu% toge!r ,illu/ration3 ,r+ ,weld+ ,welds are nam$ accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! pieces are put toge!r4 ,! pr9cipal welds are3 7#a7 flat welds1 7#b7 butt welds1 7#c7 lap welds1 7#d7 cleft welds1 & 7#e7 jump welds4 ,! selection ( ! k9d ( weld to be us$ 9 any problem dep5ds ^u ! =m ( ! pieces ( metal to be work$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,hamm] pe5 ,flat welds3 ,= flat welds ! ends ( ! pieces ( metal are fir/ upset4 ,use ! pe5 ( ! hamm] & draw ! metal out ?9 at ! end1 flatt5 x out & n>r[ x up edgewise at ! extreme end4 ,! metal is =c$ fir/ =w>d & backw>d by ! hamm] /rokes4 ,l>ge sc>fs are sometimes made by us+ a full]4 ,?is is a v mu* quick] way = l>ge "w ?an ! "o j expla9$1 b "o requires a help] to h&le ! sl$ge hamm] 9 ?is case1 to /rike d[n on ! full]4 ,illu/ration3 ,use ( full] 9 mak+ sc>fs ,illu/ration3 ,sc>f+ on edge ( anvil ,mo/ smi?s use ! edge ( ! anvil = mak+ sc>fs4 ,place ! edge ( ! metal1 aft] x has be5 upset1 on ! edge ( ! anvil & /rike d[n on ! top ) a hamm] or sl$ge4 ,?is moves ! metal ) ea* bl[ & ! end ( ! b> is increas$1 mak+1 z x 71 a s]ies ( /eps4 ,x is a process mu* ! same z full]+ except 9 place ( ! full] y use ! edge ( ! anvil4 ,?is is ! quicke/ way to make a sc>f1 & ! weld dep5ds :olly ^u h[ ! sc>fs are made 9 any "o ( ! op]ations spok5 ( "h4 ,if ! sc>f is well made x w be a little high] 9 ! middle ?an at ! sides1 s t :5 ! pieces are plac$ toge!r ! slag t =ms w squeeze out4 ,! weld+ is done z foll[s3 ,place ! sc>fs ( bo? pieces sep>ately 9 ! fire1 ! sc>fs d[nw>d4 7,:5 we speak ( sc>fs we ref] to ! bevell$ edge ( ! r\ghe/ "p ( ! sc>f47 ,?is prev5ts any impurities melt+ on ! sc>f surface4 ,:5 ! sc>f beg9s to get hot en\gh to weld1 iron sp>ks w bl[ out ) ! blaze4 ,?is is ! sign to get ?+s 9 read9ess4 ,"o _c l+] = a mom5t :5 ! iron is hot en\gh to weld4 ,see t ! anvil is clean4 ,h ! hamm] ready 9 h&4 ,if "o has a help] he w h&le "o piece :ile ! smi? h&les ! hamm] & ! o!r piece4 ,if !re is no help] a hamm] is plac$ conv5i5tly ne> ! anvil4 ,! two pieces ( iron are grasp$ by ! smi?1 "o 9 ei!r h&1 drawn out ( ! fire & giv5 a %>p rap on ! edge ( ! anvil or =ge to remove any dirt or pieces ( coal cl++ to ! sc>fs4 ,"o piece is plac$ on ! anvil & ! o!r piece is put on top ( ?is4 ,! weight ( ! second piece holds ! fir/ piece 9 place until su* "t z ! smi? c get 8 hamm] ready to /rike4 ,z soon z ! pieces /ick toge!r ! ends ( ! sc>fs are weld$ fir/4 ,!y are ! ?9ne/ & w cool ! quicke/4 ,! body ( ! piece welds :ile y are weld+ ! sc>fs4 ,bo? sides are work$ ^u1 fir/ on "o & !n on ! o!r1 till ! piece is hamm]$ d[n to ! requir$ size4 ,9 trial "w x is be/ = "o to use pieces ( iron long en\gh to avoid ! use ( tongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt welds ,butt welds3 ,if ! butt weld is c>efully made x is p]haps ! safe/ weld ( all4 ,?is me?od is us$ mo/ly 9 weld+ r\nd iron b>s1 #a-a_/b ins4 9 diamet] up to #b-a_/b ins4 ,!y are made z foll[s3 ! ends ( two b>s are heat$ to a weld+ heat4 ,!n !y are br\ght out ( ! fire1 put 9 a swage1 end to end1 & /ruck on ! ends ) a sl$ge hamm]4 ,:ile driv+ ^u ! ends ! iron upsets :5 ! contact takes place & at ! same "t ! smi? is driv+ ! weld d[n4 ,two processes are act+ "h1 "o l5g?wise & "o d[nw>d4 ,?is makes ! be/ weld1 f ! fact t ! two ends t come toge!r h a weld+ heat on ! :ole surface ( ea*1 a condition h>d to get 9 any o!r k9d ( weld4 ,illu/ration3 ,flat ,sc>f ,lap weld3 ,two flat pieces are laid face to face1 z %[n 9 picture1 & are weld$4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful t ! two pieces h ! same temp]ature1 o!rwise ! cold] piece w\ld cut into ! hott] & make a defect4 ,illu/ration3 ,split sc>f1 cleft weld ,cleft weld3 ,if ! weld is requir$ to /& mu* /ra91 su* z 9 p>ts ( a locomotive frame1 pieces are g5]ally jo9$ by ! cleft weld4 ,"o piece is upset & split ) a *isel4 ,! two sides are spread ap>t4 ,! o!r piece is sc>f$ on bo? edges to fit into ?is op5+4 ,if ! pieces are v l>ge mu* ( ! weld+ c be done :ile 9 ! fire4 ,! two pieces are plac$ toge!r1 9 ! prop] position1 9 ! fire4 ,:5 ! heat is hot en\gh to weld !y are driv5 endwise4 ,?is drives ! po9t ( ! "o piece into ! crot* ( ! o!r4 ,take !m out ( ! fire & place ^u an anvil or "u a hamm]4 ,small pieces are weld$ 9 ! same way1 except !y may be driv5 ) a h& hamm] on ! end j be=e driv+ ^u ! surface4 ,! piece is r$uc$ to ! prop] size & f9i%$4 ,illu/ration ,jump weld3 ,:5 "o piece ( metal is to be weld$ at "r angles to ano!r piece1 a jump weld is made4 ,_m are made by us+ a bob pun*1 mak+ a holl[ depression 9 a flat piece1 & a r\nd$ or button head %ape on ! end ( ! upright4 ,heat ! end ( ! upright & also ! flat piece ar\nd ! bob pun* hole to a weld+ heat4 ,take !m out ( ! fire & drive ! button head d[n into ! hole made by ! bob pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,jump weld ,illu/ration3 ,corn] plate ,ano!r jump weld c be made 9 ! foll[+ way3 :5 squ>e iron is to be weld$ to squ>e iron1 "o end is upset & flatt5$4 ,! o!r end is simply upset a little :5 ! upright is to be weld$ to x4 ,^! ends are br\ght to a weld+ heat1 & ! "w is f9i%$ z 9 ! fir/ jump weld4 ,! hamm] plays an important "p 9 ^! jump welds1 = ! sc>f project+ at ! base mu/ be weld$ by ! h& hamm]4 ,,"w ,,involv+ ,,flat ,,welds ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,mak+ a corn] plate3 ,?is corn] plate %[s two pieces ( metal1 #a_/d #a #f ins4 weld$ 9 ! corn]s1 upset4 ,! ends ( ! pieces to be jo9$ are sc>f$ z expla9$ 9 ! flat weld4 ,bo? pieces are heat$1 !n "o plac$ on ! o!r1 driv5 d[n1 & weld$4 ,!y are %ap$ ^u ! edge ( ! anvil1 & ! ends are cut (f to ! l5g? %[n by ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,t ,weld ,t weld3 ,?is is us$ 9 mak+ a ,t plate4 ,! cross piece is upset 9 ! middle & sc>f$ by us+ ! pe5 ( ! hamm] z %[n4 ,! upright piece is upset on ! end & sc>f$1 same z 0 done on ! corn] weld4 ,bo? pieces prep>$ are !n heat$ & weld$ z describ$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! corn] plate4 ,! sket* giv5 "h %[s fairly well ! diff]5t /eps4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( ,t weld ,,xxiii ,,mild ,,/eel ,,or ,,s(t ,,/eel ,mild /eel1 or s(t /eel1 is supplant+ wr\ght iron 9 _m %ops4 ,any smi? :o has work$ ) ?is metal w always pref] x to wr\ght iron4 ,x is mu* /rong] & c be b5t1 =g$1 & twi/$ 9 all mann] ( %apes1 )\t crack+ or splitt+4 ,?is _c be said ( wr\ght iron4 ,!re=e1 :5 mild /eel is us$ "o is sure ( f9i%+ 8 problem1 provid$ he und]/&s ! process ( heat+ x4 ,! matt] ( heat+ mild /eel is ! vital ?+4 ,x %\ld nev] be work$ at a weld+ heat or bel[ a r$ heat4 ,if work$ ei!r above or bel[ ?is po9t x w %[ x by splitt+ or crack+ be=e ! problem is f9i%$4 ,l>ge cry/als =m$ by work+ at or above ! weld+ heat w cause ! breaks1 & int]nal fractures :5 work+ at ! l[ heat w cause ! cracks4 ,h[ev]1 ?is c be work$ at a black r$ heat if ! bl[s deliv]$ affect only ! surface & d n p5etrate to ! c5tre4 ,?is metal l5ds itself to =g+ bett] ?an wr\ght iron does4 ,x is v good = mo/ k9ds ( =g+ & p>ticul>ly good = mak+ weldless r+s4 ,"o ( ! be/ problems to illu/rate "o ( ! _m uses to :i* s(t /eel may be put is ! mak+ ( a weldless r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,weldless r+s ,a piece ( s(t /eel #a 94 wide1 #a_/d 94 ?ick1 #d ins4 long1 is ! /ock us$ = ?is r+4 ,) a c5tre-pun* m>k (f #c_/d 94 f ea* end4 7,see sket*47 ,9 ea* c5tre-pun* m>k pun* a #a_/d-;94 hole ?r\gh ! piece4 ,) a hot *isel cut betwe5 ^! holes half way ?r\gh on "o side4 ,turn x upside d[n & f9i% cutt+ ?r\gh f ! o!r side4 ,n[ drive ! *isel ?r\gh1 wid5+ ! slot out4 ,trim up ! inside ( ! slot4 ,cut away all r\gh edges4 ,upset ! piece on ! anvil aft] heat+ & drive d[n on ! ends4 ,?is w increase ! size ( ! hole by %ort5+ ! l5g? & bulg+ ! sides out4 ,! piece is n[ put on ! horn ( ! anvil & r\nd$ into a r+4 ,! ends are n[ trimm$ (f or driv5 d[n into ! ?ickness1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,?is is ! me?od ( mak+ a weldless r+4 ,x is easily made out ( s(t /eel4 ,x w\ld require a v f9e grade ( wr\ght iron to d a piece ( "w ( ?is k9d1 = wr\ght iron is fibr\s & unless great c>e is ex]cis$ 9 =g+ x w split at ! ends along ! gra9 :5 op5+ x aft] ! slot is cut 94 ,/eel is mu* *eap] ?an wr\ght iron1 ano!r good reason = its use4 ,= ! mak+ ( nuts1 too1 x is bett] ?an wr\ght iron4 ,all "o ne$s to d is to cut a piece (f ! end ( a squ>e b>1 ! prop] ?ickness1 pun* a hole 9 x1 & squ>e x up4 ,if wr\ght iron 7 us$1 to get ! same /r5g? "o w\ld ne$ to b5d ! iron ar\nd a m&rel 9 ! %ape ( a r+ s t ! gra9 ( ! iron w\ld run ar\nd ! hole ( ! nut4 ,!n x %\ld be weld$ & %ap$ into a squ>e nut4 ,,*a9 ,,hook ,,( ,,s(t ,,/eel ,illu/ration3 ,a *a9 hook ,up to ! pres5t "t our "w has be5 ) wr\ght iron entirely4 ,?is hook is to be made out ( s(t ,bessem] /eel1 :i* ( c\rse is v diff]5t f high c>bon /eel4 ,x is ! *eape/ ( ! /eels4 ,all build+ mat]ial1 railroad rails1 boil] plates1 /eel c>s1 etc41 are made ( ?is *eap s(t metal4 ,! process ( manufacture is q simple4 ,molt5 ca/ iron1 tak5 f ! cupola1 or bla/ furnace1 is p\r$ directly into a s-call$ ,bessem] conv]t]--a pe> %ap$ vessel4 ,air is bl[n ?r\gh ! mass ( molt5 metal4 ,! air adds oxyg5 to ! ba?1 & increases ! heat to a temp]ature high en\gh to burn out all ! impurities f ! ca/ iron4 ,?is conv]ts x into /eel4 ,x requires no m ?an n9e or t5 m9utes to conv]t fifte5 tons ( ca/ iron into s(t /eel4 ,! air is %ut (f & a suffici5t am\nt ( f]ro-manganese is add$ s z to give ! prop] am\nt ( c>bon4 ,! liquid /eel is p\r$ into +ots & ^! +ots :ile /ill hot are roll$ into ! %ape us$ = ! m>ket4 ,a piece ( ?is k9d ( /eel y are go+ to use to make a hook4 ,s(t /eel c be work$ 9 ! same way z y "w wr\ght iron4 ,x is n fibr\s l wr\ght iron & is n apt to split unless work$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,illu/ration ,/ock3 ,s(t /eel1 #e-a_/d ins4 long1 #c_/d #a_/b 94 ,directions3 ,! draw+ gives all ! /eps necess>y = ! mak+ ( ?is hook4 ,notice 9 ! draw+ :5 ! /ock is giv5 x is full]$ d[n #a-a_/h ins4 f "o end4 ,?is is ! am\nt ne$$ to make ! eye4 ,aft] full]+ ! /ock x is plac$ on ! anvil & squ>$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ock = hook ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd+ ,illu/ration3 ,f9i%+ ,illu/ration3 ,pun*+ hole ,^! squ>e corn]s are knock$ d[n1 mak+ x r\nd4 ,:5 ! body ( ! hook itself is drawn out1 l ! draw+1 a hole is pun*$ ?r\gh ! eye1 us+ ! same k9d ( pun* z y did to make ! nut4 ,:ile us+ ! pun* keep cool+ x (f 9 cold wat] to prev5t its gett+ hot2 if y d n1 ! end is apt to burr & rivet itself into ! iron4 ,x also prev5ts its /ick+ into ! hole4 ,place ! r+ ( ! eye on ! po9t ( ! anvil & r\nd up c>efully ) light bl[s f ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd+ ! eye ( hook ,:5 r\nd$ up drive ! pun* 9 aga9 to ! requir$ size4 ,?is f9i%es ! eye4 ,! body ( ! piece is n[ gone ov] c>efully ) calip]s & squ>e to get ! diamet]s & l5g?4 ,b5d ! small po9t at "r angles to ! axis ( ! hook1 l ! draw+4 ,n[ x is ready = b5d+ 9 ! middle4 ,heat ! middle v hot4 ,cool (f ! po9t ab\t #a_/b 94 ,place ! middle on ! horn ( ! anvil & /rike ^u ! small turn$ up cold nib to b5d ! hook f ?is po9t4 ,by /rik+ ^u ! cold end to b5d x "o c d s )\t de/roy+ ! %ape4 ,x w /& a lot ( "w ^u x :5 cold4 ,:5 ! hook is b5t ar\nd z ne>ly l ! draw+ z y c1 flatt5 x out at its wide/ "p by lay+ x ^u ! anvil & /rik+ ) ! hamm]4 ,! cross section ( ! draw+ %[s ! %ape t ?is flatt5$ "p %\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ap+ ! hook ,?is is :at we call a solid eye hook4 ,ano!r way ( mak+ an eye is to take r\nd mat]ial ( suffici5t l5g? to b5d an eye on ! end by plac+ ! piece ov] ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,! body ( ! second hook c be made out ( r\nd iron1 po9t$ d[n at ! end & f9i%$ up ! same z ! fir/4 ,illu/ration ,b5d+ a corn] 9 iron & upsett+ :ile b5d+3 ,9 ?is problem we br+ 9 ! mak+ & b5d+ ( iron1 s t ! ?ickness at ! corn] mu/ be %>p on ! top side & r\nd+ on ! inside--)\t flaws or cold-%ut4 ,?is b5d+ me?od applies to all metals1 :e!r ( squ>e iron or wide flat iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,corn] plate ,/ock3 ,piece #f-a_/b #c_/h 94 squ>e4 ,directions3 ,heat ! metal 9 ! middle & b5d x ov] ! r\nd+ edge ( ! anvil4 ,:5 ! piece is b5t we /ill h to make x squ>e on ! outside & r\nd+ on ! inside4 ,! b5d j made %\ld be plac$ 9 ! fire & re-heat$4 ,cool ! /ems (f 9 ! wat] to )9 "o in* ( ! b5d4 ,place ! po9t ( ! cold /em on ! anvil & /rike on ! hot corn]4 ,?is is repeat$ on bo? outside corn]s until ! piece assumes ! %ape ( ! draw+4 ,?is same result c be obta9$ by upsett+ ! metal 9 ! c5tre be=e b5d+1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,,flat ,,wr5*es ,illu/ration ,wr5*es are us$ = screw+ nuts on bolts4 ,!y c be made 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,"o kn[n z ! solid wr5* is made )\t weld+1 7#b7 ! o!r1 is made ( wr\ght iron & is weld$4 ,s wr5* ( s(t /eel3 ,! sket* "h is ( a wr5* made f s(t /eel #a_/b #a #e ins4 ,full] d[n ! /ock edgewise z %[n4 ,draw out ! c5tre #a_/d 94 ?ick & tap] x f #c_/d to #e_/h #e ins4 long4 ,cut ! corn] (f1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 & r\nd ! two ends up to ! size giv54 ,pun* a #a_/b-;94 hole 9 ! l>ge end & a #c_/h-;94 hole 9 ! small end ( ! b>4 ,) a %>p *isel cut a ,v-%ap$ plug out ( ea* end1 tang5t to ! circles4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr5* h>die ,jaws3 ,! jaws ( ! wr5* are f9i%$ ) a tool call$ a wr5* h>die1 plac$ usually on ! anvil = ! purpose ( f9i%+ up "w ( ?is k9d4 ,f9i% up bo? ends 9 ! same way4 ,heat ! wr5* at ! nick & cool ! jaws (f 9 wat]4 ,place ! nick on ! horn ( ! anvil & b5d x z %[n4 ,repeat on ! o!r end4 ,if ! wr5* is c>efully made x w require no fil+ to fit ! nut4 ,^! wr5*es are sometimes poli%$ & case h>d5$ to prev5t ! jaws f we>+ :ile 9 use4 ,l>ge flat wr5*3 ,a quick way to make a l>ge wr5* is to make x ( wr\ght iron4 ,a piece ( iron #a #a_/b #d ins4 is b5t at almo/ a "r angle4 ,! inside corn] is ! corn] made by ! natural b5d ! metal takes :5 %ap+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,wr5*es ,sc>f ?is corn] by plac+ ! pe5 ( ! hamm] on ! corn] & /rik+ ! face ( ! hamm] ) ! sl$ge or by us+ a bob pun* if "o is available1 or x may be made by us+ ! pe5 ( ! hamm] )\t ! use ( a help]4 ,select a piece ( r\nd iron #g_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,upset ! end ( ?is & sc>f x to fit ! sc>f made 9 ! angle piece4 ,heat bo? pieces to a weld+ heat4 ,place !m on ! anvil & weld ! h&les to ! jaws4 ,! inside is r\nd$ up at ! same "t ! sc>fs are be+ weld$ into place4 ,draw ! po9ts out to a %ort tap] & b5d !m up 9 ! %ape ( a wr5* on ! heel ( ! anvil4 ,?is is a simple way ( mak+ a l>ge wr5* t c be us$ = all k9ds ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,alligator wr5* ,alligator wr5*3 ,/ock #a #a_/b #e ins4 /eel4 ,! alligator wr5* is "o ( ! h&ie/ tools to h 9 a home or %op4 ,= g5]al repair "w x is indisp5sable & is easily made4 ,m>k (f #a-a_/b ins4 f ! end ( ! /ock4 ,?is is ! jaw "p4 ,place ! o!r end ( ! /ock 9 ! fire4 ,take x out & f ! c5tre-pun* m>k draw ! h&le out #c_/d 94 wide1 #c_/h #h ins4 long1 & tap]+ to #c_/h #a_/d 94 at ! extreme end4 ,! edges ( ! h&le %\ld be r\nd+4 ,place ! jaw ends 9 ! fire & heat r$ hot4 ,pun* #a_/d 94 hole back #a-a_/b 94 f ! end4 ,draw out ! end & %ape z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,) a ?ree-corn]$ file1 file ! tee? on a slant & close toge!r4 ,?is slant+ w all[ ! wr5* to let g ( ! "w bett] ?an ^? fil$ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! piece4 ,! tee? %\ld slant backw>d & %\ld be put only on "o side ( ! jaw4 ,bo? jaws %\ld be h>d5$ & temp]$ a blue col\r4 ,to d ?is1 heat ! body ( ! /eel back ( ! jaw to a r$ heat & plunge ! :ole into wat] "o in* beyond ! dep? ( ! jaw4 ,:5 cold take x out & poli%4 ,draw ! temp] 9 ! same way z y w\ld = a knife blade4 7,see article on temp]+ & h>d5+47 ,,socket ,,wr5*es ,illu/ration ,socket wr5*es are useful = tight5+ nuts 9 places t are difficult to rea*4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t :5 _m nuts ( ! same size are us$1 z bolt+ %aft irons = vehicles1 etc4 ,"s are made to fit an aug] brace2 "s h solid h&les ) a cross b>1 & "s h holes pun*$ 9 ! %anks to place ! iron b>s 9 :ile twi/+ ! nut on ! bolt4 ,?is draw+ %[s a /yle ( wr5* 9 g5]al use4 ,x c be made 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,"o is call$ ! weld+ me?od1 ! o!r is ! solid me?od4 ,weld+ me?od3 ,cut a piece ( metal #a_/d #a 94 ( ,norway iron4 ,! l5g? ( ?is b> mu/ be det]m9$ by ! size ( ! nut x is to be us$ =4 ,heat "o end ( ! piece ( iron & sc>f x4 ,repeat on ! o!r end4 ,b5d ! piece into a coll> or r+1 weld ! two ends toge!r1 =m+ a cyl9d] ab\t #a 94 deep--any diamet]4 ,select a piece ( r\nd iron = ! %ank1 ! size dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! socket4 ,upset "o end ( ! r\nd iron to fit ! coll> made4 ,illu/ration3 ,weld coll>1 !n put /em 91 & weld ,illu/ration ,drive ! %ank into ! coll> ab\t "o half ! dep? ( ! coll>1 place x 9 ! fire1 & at a weld+ heat weld ! coll> to ! %ank4 ,if ! wr5* is to be = a hexagonal nut1 make a hexagonal drift p9 7a squ>e "o = a squ>e nut71 & drive ! p9 into ! coll>4 ,place x all on a swage & r\nd up ) a top swage4 ,drive ! coll> d[n until x takes ! %ape ( ! drift p94 ,to d ?is successfully requires _m heat+s1 & x c be done only :ile ! metal is hot en\gh to yield always "u ! hamm] bl[s4 ,%\ld ! drift p9 /ick aft] ! coll> is driv5 into x1 place ! p9 on ! anvil1 giv+ x a slant+ bl[4 ,?is w loos5 ! p9 & x w come out easily4 ,! %ank %\ld n[ be driv5 d[n z %[n 9 ! sket*1 & two holes pun*$ 9 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,^! are holes to place iron b>s = turn+ ! wr5*4 ,^! holes c be made 9 two ways3 "o1 by =m+ lugs or bosses on ! %ank & pun*+ holes 9 ea* "o1 or1 a %>p tap]$ r\nd pun*1 flat & %>p on ! end1 c be us$ to split ! metal & =ce ! sides out z ! pun* is driv5 94 ,if ! cross b> is to be us$ 9 place ( ! holes1 a cleft sc>f made 9 "o end ( ! %ank & a #c_/h-;94 b> ( iron weld$ to ?is ab\t #d or #f in*es long on ei!r side ( ! %ank w act z a h&le4 ,illu/ration ,op5-sleeve or socket wr5*3 ,! wr5* giv5 "h is = practically ! same use z ! "o j describ$4 ,x is light] ?an ! o!r4 ,! op5+ is long] & all[s ! bolt to protrude ?r\gh ! nut )\t =c+ ! wr5* (f4 ,?is wr5* is made ( ma*9e /eel1 & ! size mu/ be det]m9$ by ! size ( ! nut4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,socket wr5* = squ>e nuts ,= a small wr5* take a b> ( #c_/h #a-a_/d #f 94 s(t /eel4 ,m>k (f on ! b> #b ins4 f ea* end & on ^! c5tre-pun* m>ks full] d[n on ! top & ! two sides s t ! bottom ( ! full] w measure #a_/b #a_/d 94 ,draw ^! ends out to #a_/b #a_/d 94 any l5g?4 ,cut ! f\r corn]s (f & make ! c5tre r\nd4 ,b5d ! two arms z %[n & pun* #a_/b 94 hole ?r\gh ! boss4 ,be c>eful to prev5t cold-%uts :ile do+ ?is4 ,drive a drift p9 into ! hole & =ge ! %ape z %[n4 ,b5d ! two arms z %[n & weld toge!r4 ,^! %\ld be work$ d[n to a #a_/b-;94 r\nd4 ,! ends c be made into a brace %ank by squ>+ ! end & tap]+ x to fit ! jaws ( ! brace4 ,or weld a piece ( #a_/b-;94 r\nd iron long en\gh to b5d x into ! %ape ( a brace1 putt+ a r\nd knob on ! end = a h& hold4 ,?is makes a simple wr5* & "o t c be us$ 9 _m places :]e flat wr5*es are n conv5i5t4 ,illu/ration ,,op5 ,,wire ,,rope ,,socket ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,^! sockets are made = wire cables1 ropes1 etc41 & are be/ made ( mild /eel4 ,place ! end ( a #a-a_/b-;94 squ>e b> 9 ! fire & r$uce x z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,cut two outside corn]s (f1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,r\nd ! ends up4 ,pun* a #a_/b-;94 hole #b ins4 f ! r\nd$ end 9 ! c5tre ( ! piece4 ,!n cut a piece out ) a %>p *isel1 equal to ! wid? ( ! hole4 ,) ! full]1 op5 ! jaws out4 ,n[ cut ! socket (f #d ins4 f ! r\nd$ end & drill a #a_/b-;94 hole ?r\gh ?is end ( ! socket4 ,a drift p9 #c_/d 94 on "o end & tap]$ to #c_/h 94 on ! o!r is n[ driv5 into ! #a_/b-;94 hole at ! jaw side4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,=ge ! %ank z %[n 9 ! draw+ :ile ! drift p9 is 94 ,:ile =g+ keep driv+ ! drift p9 into ! hole4 ,:5 f9i%$ ! hole %\ld measure #c_/d 94 at ! l>ge end & #a_/b 94 at ! small end4 ,:5 ! socket is f9i%$ cut ! ends squ>e & smoo? up4 ,dur+ all ! "t ! /eel %\ld nev] be work$ bel[ a r$ heat & mo/ ( ! "t at a high heat1 bel[ weld+ heat1 until x is ready = f9i%+4 ,n[ ! jaws are ready to be clos$4 ,?is is done by plac+ a piece ( flat iron1 #c_/d 94 ?ick & ! wid? ( ! jaw1 9 betwe5 ! op5+1 & close ! jaws on ?is ei!r ) ! h& hamm] or a flatt]4 ,drill a #a_/b-;94 hole 9 ! middle ( ! end4 ,?is is made = ! p94 ,make a p9 to fit ?is hole out ( #a_/b-;94 r\nd /ock4 ,upset ! end ( ! b> a little & place x 9 a head+ tool1 driv+ d[n & =m+ a head #a_/h 94 ?ick & #c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,take x out ( ! head+ tool1 cut ! bolt (f #a_/b 94 long] ?an ! wid? ( ! jaws4 ,?is all[s = a #c_/af-;94 hole & p94 ,a small #c_/af-;94 hole is n[ drill$ 9 ! %ank ( ! bolt & a split p9 is put into ! hole to prev5t its fall+ out4 ,! split p9 is made by flatt5+ d[n a piece ( #a_/h-;94 wire 9 a small swage to a half r\nd4 ,n[ d\ble ov] to =m an eye on "o end ( ! two flat planes com+ toge!r4 ,:5 ?is is put 9 ?r\gh ! hole1 a *isel put 9 ! op5+ w wid5 out ! ends1 ?us prev5t+ !m f fall+ out4 ,illu/ration ,,h+e ,,& ,,butt ,! h+e & butt are us$ on doors & gates4 ,?is fa/5+ is made simil> to ! o!r h+es1 except ! eye is weld$1 in/ead ( be+ a solid eye4 ,/ock3 #a_/d #a #g-a_/b ins4 wr\ght iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,h+e ,directions3 ,! end ( ?is piece ( /ock is b5t ar\nd a drift p9 z %[n 9 ! draw+ & weld$ along ! dott$ l9es4 ,?is is done by sc>f+ ! end ( ! b> into a %ort tap]$ po9t4 ,b5d x d[n at "r angles ab\t #c 94 f ! end4 ,b5d x 9 ! opposite direction ab\t #b_/c ( ! way ar\nd4 ,put 9 ! drift p94 ,?is n[ =ms a hook %ape4 ,cont9ue ! driv+ ov] until ! sc>f lies flat on ! /raight side4 ,take out ! drift p9 & weld ! sc>f to ! body ( ! h+e4 ,drive ! drift p9 into ! hole1 %ap+ x up4 ,! back ( ! h+e is p]fectly /raight s t x w lie flat ^u ! wood5 door4 ,! o!r end is drawn out1 tap]$ & ! end r\nd$ up1 & #a_/d 94 holes pun*$ 9 z %[n4 ,! butt is made 9 ! same way z y made ! ornam5tal butt & h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,weld$ h+e eye ,illu/ration3 ,turn$ eye ,illu/ration ,b5t h+es1 su* z are us$ on tail bo>ds = wagons1 railroad c>s1 etc41 are simply ends ( ! iron piece b5t ar\nd at a giv5 diamet]1 ) ! "u side flat1 & ! /ock roll$ up on "o side4 ,^! h+es may be us$ 9 pairs4 ,9 t case a long rod is pu%$ ?r\gh1 connect+ ! two h+es4 ,,tongs ,tongs are us$ by blacksmi?s to hold pieces ( hot metal :ile work+ ^u !m4 ,/ock3 ,two pieces iron1 #g_/h #g_/h #ah ins4 ,two pieces iron1 #c_/h #c_/h #ab ins4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,tongs ,directions3 ,m>k (f #b ins4 f "o end ( ! #g_/h #g_/h #ah 94 piece & heat x q hot4 ,?is m>k$ end is n[ plac$ on an anvil & flatt5$ d[n to #a #b #g_/af 941 leav+ ! %\ld] z %[n4 7#a7 ,heat ! piece aga94 ,place x ^u ! anvil1 ) ! flatt5$ piece ext5d+ beyond ! anvil1 &1 ) ! %\ld] on ! out] edge ( ! anvil1 flatt5 ?is d[n #a 94 wide1 & #g_/h 94 ?ick4 7#b7 ,!n ! %\ld]s %\ld be at "r angles to ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,re-heat ! piece #a 94 f ! la/ %\ld] made4 ,r$uce ! %\ld] 7#b71 ! iron to #i_/af #g_/af 94 7#c7 ,notice t ?is %\ld] is directly opposite ! o!r4 ,?is completes ! jaw ( ! tong4 ,draw out ! end to ab\t #c ins4 9 l5g?4 ,x is n[ cut (f ! b> & ano!r piece made j l x = ! pair4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! re9s or h&les are weld$ to ! small ends & tap]$ d[n z %[n 9 ! draw+1 !n r\nd$ #d-a_/b ins4 on ! ends to #c_/h ins4 9 diamet]4 ,a hole is n[ pun*$ ?r\gh ! eye ( ! jaw & a #c_/h-;94 rivet ins]t$4 ,! little groove :i* y see 9 ! jaw is put !re ) a full]4 ,?is is done s t y c use x to hold small r\nd iron z well z flat iron4 ,! two p>ts are n[ rivet$ toge!r4 ,?is is done ei!r by mak+ a head on a rivet & cutt+ x (f1 all[+ ab\t #c_/h 94 = a head on ! end t goes ?r\gh ! tongs1 !n heat+ ! tongs & complet+ ! rivet+1 or1 z _m smi?s d1 by putt+ a piece ( /raight #c_/d-;94 iron 91 all[+ #a_/b 94 on ea* end plus ! ?ickness ( ! p>ts ( ! tongs = rivet+4 ,?is piece ( iron is made v hot1 put into ! hole1 & bo? heads are rivet$ on at ! same "t4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! rivet b5ds 9 ! holes :ile hamm]+ on ! ends4 ,?is prev5ts ! tongs f op5+ easily4 ,if su* is ! case1 put ! rivet & jaws into ! fire & heat r$ hot4 ,hold ! h&le1 op5 & close ! jaws :ile cool+4 ,?is n only c5tres ! rivet b prev5ts /ick+4 ,! tongs %\ld "w smoo? & free :5 cool$ (f 9 wat]4 ,illu/ration ,,xxiv ,,h>d5+ ,,& ,,temp]+3 ,,tool ,,mak+ ,,effects ,,( ,,c>bon ,,on ,,/eel ,:at is commonly kn[n z c>bon /eel is a metal compos$ ( iron conta9+ v>y+ am\nts ( c>bon4 ,/eels conta9+ mu* c>bon are call$ tool /eels to di/+ui% !m f ! l[ c>bon /eels4 ,tool /eel1 :5 heat$ r$ hot & plung$ into cold wat]1 w h>d51 :ile l[ c>bon /eel treat$ 9 ! same way w n d s4 ,?is is an excell5t way ( te/+ two b>s ( /eel = c>bon :5 "o is n able to di/+ui% grades ( /eel accurately4 ,x is c>bon t gives ! h>d5+ quality4 ,:5 /eel is heat$ x becomes r$ at #ajjj ,f4 ,at #acjj ,f4 x passes a po9t at :i* x absorbs consid]able heat )\t any increase 9 ! temp]ature1 %[+ t "s *ange 9 ! /ructure ( ! metal mu/ be tak+ place4 ,if ! /eel is heat$ above ?is po9t & all[$ to cool sl[ly1 a bright5+ ( ! col\r may be notic$ z x passes ?is po9t1 kn[n z ! po9t ( recalesc5ce4 ,! bright5+ is due to a lib]ation ( ! heat previ\sly absorb$4 ,me?od ( heat+ /eel 9 =ge fires3 ,all /eel "w1 includ+ tool dress+1 h>d5+1 & temp]+1 0 =m]ly done 9 an ord9>y =ge fire4 ,n[ we h special furnaces = t purpose4 ,h[ev]1 9 us+ a =ge fire1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to insure good "w4 ,! fire mu/ be v deep--t is1 a l>ge body ( coke mu/ be put betwe5 ! tuy]e1 & ! tool1 s z to prev5t ! bla/ r$uc+ ! c>bon on ! surface ( ! /eel4 ,sulphur w injure ! quality ( any /eel tool4 ,h5ce1 a fuel l[ 9 sulphur %\ld be us$4 ,*>coal is ! be/ = ?is purpose1 b ! co/ & ! difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ ! heat prev5t its g5]al use 9 blacksmi? %ops4 ,if ! coal does conta9 sulphur a great deal ( x c be extract$ or r$uc$ by "o mak+ 8 own coke4 ,?is is done by burn+ ! gre5 coal to a coke & 9 ?is way driv+ (f mu* ( ! sulphur4 ,gas furnaces or oil furnaces are us$4 ,?is is mu* bett] ?an coal1 = a uni=m heat c be kept & an oxidation ( ! /eel prev5t$4 ,:e!r natural or artificial gas is us$1 all t is necess>y is to adju/ ! supply ( gas 9 su* a way t !re w be a v slight excess ( gas pres5t beyond ! prop] am\nt = combu/ion4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is gas excludes all air f ! /eel & !re=e prev5ts its oxidiz+ ! surface ( ! metal4 ,heat+ 9 lead3 ,9 ord] to prev5t oxidation molt5 lead makes a mo/ satisfactory ba?4 ,! lead is melt$ 9 a ca/-iron pot & heat$ 9 ! =ge4 ,! /eel mu/ be left 9 ! ba? until x has all be5 heat$ to ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,z ! /eel w float 9 ! molt5 lead x mu/ be weight$ d[n to keep x subm]g$4 ,h>d5+ solutions3 ,9 _m cases cle> cold wat] is us$ 9 h>d5+ /eel4 ,"s use s(t or ra9 wat]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] = g5]al "w %\ld n fall bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! %op2 o!rwise x w\ld extract ! heat too quickly f ! /eel & cause cracks or breaks 9 ! "w4 ,salt solution3 ,salt is (t5 add$ to wat] :i* is to be us$ z a h>d5+ solution4 7#a7 ,x increases ! rate at :i* ! ba? w extract ! heat f ! /eel2 7#b7 x prev5ts ! =mation ( /eam on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,put z mu* salt 9 ra9 wat] z x w dissolve4 ,?is is consid]$ "o ( ! be/ & easie/ made solutions = h>d5+ /eel4 ,oil solution3 ,l9se$ oil1 l>d1 cotton se$ oil1 :ale oil1 & melt$ tall[ make good h>d5+ solutions4 ,!y are us$ mo/ly = f9e "w4 ,! oil prev5ts ! sudd5 *ill+ ( ! /eel & less5s ! *ances ( crack+ & break+4 ,spr+s are mo/ly temp]$ 9 oil4 ,metallic h>d5+ ba?s3 ,= v delicate tools m]cury is sometimes us$4 ,x has a great] heat conductivity ?an any solution m5tion$4 ,h[ev]1 ! fumes giv5 (f are poison\s & = ?is reason x is n ext5sively us$4 ,,temp]+3 ,,! ,,"p ,,col\r ,,plays ,:5 y buy /eel = tools f a m]*ant he w assure y t ! /eel he sells y w h>d5 at a *]ry-r$ heat4 ,?is is true provid$ ! metal has n be5 spoil$ ei!r by ov]heat+ x or work+ x at too l[ a heat dur+ ! mak+4 ,?is causes cracks or int]nal fractures4 ,if ^! directions = work+ /eel are foll[$ out a tool %\ld h>d5 at a *]ry-r$ heat :5 plung$ into wat]4 ,:5 ! /eel is heat$ to ! prop] temp]ature1 usually a *]ry r$1 & plung$ into a h>d5+ solution1 x w be v brittle1 s t a file w n cut x4 ,"o te/ (t5 us$ is to take a f9e mill cut file & try to cut ! h>d5$ "p ( ! tool4 ,if x slips ov] ! surface )\t cutt+1 ! /eel is consid]$ h>d2 if ! file cuts1 ! /eel is n h>d en\gh4 ,re-heat ! /eel hott] ?an be=e1 cool x (f 9 wat]1 & te/ aga94 ,all cutt+ tools %\ld possess a c]ta9 am\nt ( h>dness or t\ghness4 ,:5 ! /eel has be5 plung$ into cold wat] x is too h>d = use4 ,x is necess>y to !n r$uce ?is h>dness s t "o c use ! tool = ! p>ticul> k9d ( "w x is made to d4 ,?is process ( r$uc+ ! h>dness is commonly call$ draw+ ! temp]1 & ! col\r s*eme plays a v important "p 9 ?is op]ation4 ,p]haps ! /eps w be cle>] if ! process ( draw+ ! temp] on a cold *isel is expla9$3 ,aft] ! *isel is =g$ ! prop] %ape1 place ! body ( ! tool 9 ! fire1 heat x r$ hot back ( ! po9t4 ,n[ heat ! po9t to a uni=m *]ry-r$ heat1 plunge #a-a_/b 94 ( ?is hot po9t into ! wat] & hold x !re until x is q cold4 ,?is is det]m9$ by wat] cl++ to ! po9t :5 ! *isel is tak5 out4 ,poli% ! "p cool$ (f ) a piece ( em]y /one1 an old brickbat1 or any r\gh poli%+ mat]ial4 ,y w notice a gr\p ( temp] col\rs />t+ f ! po9t :]e ! tool came into contact ) ! wat]4 ,! heat 9 ! body ( ! tool gives rise to ^! col\rs z x is conduct$ ?r\gh ! cold po9t ( ! /eel4 ,9 ?is gr\p ( col\rs ! fir/ w be 7#a7 pale yell[1 7#b7 a full /raw col\r1 7#c7 br[n1 7#d7 purple1 7#e7 d>k blue1 7#f7 full blue1 7#g7 light blue1 7#h7 gray4 ,?is col\r s*eme corresponds to v>y+ temp]atures 9 ! metal4 ,! fir/ col\r 7pale yell[7 accompanies a temp]ature ( #dcj1 :ile ! la/ col\r1 gray1 means a temp]ature ( #gjj4 ,! col\rs %[1 too1 a v>y+ 9 ! h>dness or t\ghness ( ! /eel4 ,a cold *isel %\ld be temp]$ a blue2 s :5 ! blue rea*es ! cutt+ end ( ! tool ! end %\ld be plung$ imm$iately into wat] & cool$ (f4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( h>d5+ & temp]+ all common tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,colors1 left to "r3 pale yell[1 /raw color1 br[n1 purple1 d>k blue1 full blue1 light blue1 gray ,h[ev]1 ^! col\rs mean no?+ s f> z temp]+ is conc]n$ unless ! cutt+ edge ( ! /eel has be5 ?or\ghly h>d5$4 ,!n ! col\rs h a real value4 ,to prove t ^! col\rs are no te/ unless h>d5+ prec$es1 take a piece ( brass1 or copp]1 or s(t iron4 ,poli%1 !n heat ! piece 9 ! fire to ! temp]ature giv5 "h4 ,y f9d ! same set ( col\rs1 b y _c use any ( ^! metals = cutt+ tools4 ,! table ( temp] col\rs giv5 9 ?is book %[s ! col\r requir$ = temp]+ tools mo/ commonly us$4 ,temp]+ ( spr+s3 ,"u ! head ( spr+s we may include e v>iety1 f ! small spr+ us$ 9 locks & fire-arms to ! l>ge/ spr+s 9 use4 ,!y are made ( spr+ /eel ( ! requir$ ?ickness1 =g$ into %ape1 !n h>d5$ & temp]$4 ,?is h>d5+ & temp]+ ( spr+s is done 9 "s cases by poli%+ & heat+ ov] a fire & draw+ !m to a blue col\r4 ,!n !y are plung$ into oil to fix ! temp]4 ,sometimes spr+s are heat$ r$ hot & cool$ 9 oil1 !n held ov] ! fire until ! oil burns ) a bright flame on ! spr+4 ,x is !n all[$ to cool 9 ! air4 ,if ! spr+ is f\nd too h>d1 m oil is put on x & ! op]ation is repeat$ until ! desir$ spr+ movem5t is obta9$4 ,,tool ,,mak+ ,x is possible = y to le>n to make all ( ! tools y may ne$ to use1 includ+ hamm]s4 ,& n only w y be able to make blacksmi?s' tools1 b su* z are us$ by c>p5t]s1 bricklay]s1 /one-masons1 ma*9i/s1 etc4 ,y mu/ n expect to be able to d ?is "w at fir/1 b 9 a little :ile y w be able to replace y\r fir/ work+ tools ) ^? ( y\r own make4 ,f "t to "t1 z ! tools break or we> out1 y c repair !m or replace !m ) new ones4 ,?is gives excell5t practice 9 =g+ & h&l+ /eel1 & prep>es y = m & m advanc$ "w1 an exp]i5ce necess>y = do+ any "w well4 ,/eel3 ,!re are _m diff]5t grades ( /eel1 dep5d+ ^u ! p]c5tage ( c>bon conta9$ 9 ea*4 ,/eel l[ 9 c>bon c be easily weld$ b _c be temp]$4 ,c>bon /eel is v difficult to weld & x c be done only by ! use ( borax or "s o!r flux4 ,high c>bon /eel or s-call$ tool /eel1 c be temp]$4 ,x is us$ = mak+ cold *isels1 files1 drills1 cutt+ tools1 etc4 ,crucible /eel3 ,all tools are made f crucible ca/ /eel4 ,! ca/ /eel is made by plac+ 9 a graphite crucible a c]ta9 am\nt ( wr\ght iron & s(t /eel1 & c>bon is add$ 9 ! =m ( manganese4 ,^! are all melt$ 9 furnaces4 ,:5 melt$ !y are p\r$ into +ots & drawn or %ap$ to sizes = ! m>ket "u diff]5t k9ds ( p[] hamm]s4 ,^! v>i\s size b>s are us$ = ! mak+ ( all k9ds ( tools4 ,! tools we are go+ to make are 7#a7 c5tre-pun*1 7#b7 cold *isel1 7#c7 cape *isel1 & 7#d7 la! tools4 ,!re are five la! tools2 7#a7 r\nd nose1 7#b7 diamond po9t1 7#c7 side tool1 7#d7 cutt+ (f or p>t+ tool1 7#e7 inside or bor+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,c5tre-pun* ,c5tre-pun*3 ,y w f9d ! c5tre-pun* a mo/ useful tool to h on h&4 ,x is us$ = m>k+ c5tres be=e drill+ holes1 />t+ po9ts 9 "w1 etc4 ,a small "o is made out ( a piece ( #c_/h-;94 hexagonal tool /eel1 #c ins4 long4 ,put "o end into ! fire & tap] x #c_/h 94 long to #a_/d 94 9 diamet]1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,make ?is end flat4 ,put ! o!r end into ! fire & draw x into a %>p tap]$ r\nd po9t to ab\t #a_/af 94 on ! end4 ,?is extreme po9t is gr\nd to a v %>p po9t4 ,! angles ( ! extreme %\ld be ab\t #de4 ,?is is h>d5$ & temp]$ a blue col\r4 ,!n x is ready = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,cold ,*isel ,cold *isel3 ,cold *isels are usually made out ( #e_/h-;94 hexagonal tool /eel1 #f 94 long4 ,! =m & dim5sions are giv5 "h4 ,heat "o end ( ! b> & place x ^u ! anvil4 ,draw x out = ! %ort end4 ,?is is ! "p ^u :i* ! hamm]+ is done :5 ! tool is f9i%$4 ,! surplus /ock is cut (f ) a hot *isel & ! %ort end is flatt5$4 ,:5 cutt+ tool /eel ( any k9d ! *isel %\ld be v %>p & ! /eel r$ hot4 ,put ! o!r end ( ! b> into ! fire1 beg9n+ back ab\t #b-a_/b ins4 f ! end4 ,flatt5 x d[n to a *isel %ape1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,cut ! surplus /ock (f1 h>d5 & temp] z expla9$ be=e = ! cold *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,cape *isel ,cape *isel3 ,! draw+ gives ! =m & ! dim5sions4 ,! small end ( ?is tool is =g$ out 9 ! same way z y =g$ ! small end ( ! cold *isel4 ,rev]se ! b> & heat ! o!r end4 ,two in*es back f ! end full] ! metal d[n z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,draw x out tap]+4 ,?is end1 too1 is cut (f1 h>d5$ & temp]$ z y did ! cold *isel4 ,cape *isels are us$ mo/ly = cutt+ key ways 9 %aft+4 ,! po9t be+ wid] ?an ! re/ ( ! blade gives cle>ance :ile cutt+4 ,,la! ,,tools ,r\nd nose3 ,! draw+ gives ! =m & ! dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd nose ,/ock3 ,a piece ( #g_/af #g_/h #g 94 tool /eel4 ,?is size be/ fits ! tool po/ ( ! la!4 ,y see by ! sket* t "o end is bevell$4 ,?is end is always made fir/4 ,x is done by heat+ & *amf]+ ! edges d[n ) a h& hamm]4 ,place ! o!r end 9 ! fire & draw x out to a %>p po9t 9 bo? directions4 ,?r[ ! bevel on "o side by plac+ ! tool on ! anvil & driv+ "o side ( ! metal d[n to ! o!r side4 ,! po9t is n[ cut (f on a bevel = cle>ance4 ,! draw+ %[s a cross section view ( ! tool4 ,notice t x is small] on ! bottom ?an on ! cutt+ edge4 ,?is is done by r$uc+ "o side m ?an ! o!r4 ,! cutt+ edge ( ! tool %\ld ext5d ab\t #a_/cb 94 above ! common level4 ,h>d5+ & temp]+3 ,all la! tools ( ?is type are h>d5$ & temp]$ 9 ! same way z y did ! cold *isel4 ,! temp] col\r ( ?is tool is a v light /raw4 ,:5 ?is col\r rea*es ! extreme po9t plunge ! tool into wat]4 ,! slight *ange ( temp]ature does n mat]ially less5 ! degree ( h>dness1 b x does t\gh5 ! tool s t x w d m "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,diamond po9t ,diamond po9t3 ,! =m & dim5sions are giv54 ,/ock3 #g #g_/af #g_/h ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,side tool ,heat "o end & bevel x (f z y did :5 mak+ ! r\nd nose tool4 ,place ! o!r end 9 ! fire1 #e_/h 94 f ! end1 & full] d[n to "o half ! ?ickness ( ! b>4 ,?is full]+ is done on ! bottom full]1 :i* is plac$ on ! anvil4 ,re-heat ?is end1 place x aga9 on ! full] 9 ! depression made1 & ) ! h& hamm] draw ?is end out & at ! same "t squ>e x up into a diamond po9t by turn+ ! tool at an angle ( #de ) ! anvil4 ,turn aga91 9 exactly ! opposite direction4 ,repeat ?is until ! po9t ( ! tool is drawn out z %[n by ! sket*4 ,! cle>ance %\ld n be m ?an t %[n4 ,x is n[ cut (f by plac+ ! face ( ! diamond on ! out] edge ( ! anvil4 ,place ! cold *isel above ?is edge1 /rike ! *isel ) ! sl$ge hamm] & cut x (f4 ,if ?is is c>efully done x w cut ! prop] bevel = ! cutt+ edge4 ,! draw+ %[s ! slope ( ! cutt+ edge to be p>allel to ! top ( ! tool4 ,! tool is h>d5$ & temp]$ ! same z ! r\nd nose tool4 ,side tool 7"r h&73 ,! =m & dim5sions are giv5 "h4 ,/ock3 #g #g_/h #g_/af 94 ,to make a tool ( ?is k9d bevel (f ! end ( ! /ock1 place ! o!r end 9 ! fire1 & heat ab\t two in*es to a r$ heat4 ,take x out & place ab\t "o in* ( ?is on ! r\nd edge ( ! anvil4 ,) ! h& hamm] r$uce ! ?ickness ( ?is /eel1 driv+ on ! edge ne>e/ y 7see sket* m>k$ ,a74 ,! hamm]+ r$uces ! ?ickness ( ! edge1 :i* w be ! cutt+ edge :5 f9i%$4 ,! "p opposite to :]e y are work+ w be r$uc$ v little4 ,a *isel is n[ us$ = cutt+ ! cutt+ edge on ! tool 7see ,b74 ,place ! tool on a piece ( s(t iron1 place ! *isel along ! l9e & cut ?r\gh to ! s(t iron bel[4 ,?is gives n only a cle> cut b prev5ts ! *isel f driv+ 9 if x %\ld /rike ! h>d anvil4 ,! cle>ance is cut (f along ! o!r l9es4 7,c7 ,! cutt+ edge is n[ (fset4 ,to d ?is use a set hamm]4 ,pu% ! "p made beyond ! anvil #a_/d 94 ,place ! set hamm] 9 ?is %\ld]1 drive d[n until ! (fset is driv5 d[n ab\t #a_/h 94 7,d74 ,! me?od ( temp]+ ?is tool is a little diff]5t f ! way y h temp]$ o!r tools1 on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! cutt+ edge1 :i* %\ld be h>d5$ its full l5g?4 ,place ! end j f9i%$ 9 ! fire & heat to a r$ heat4 ,plunge ! :ole tool into wat]4 ,take x out & poli% ! cutt+ edge ) em]y /one4 ,n[ place 9 ! fire a piece ( any k9d ( iron2 #a 94 squ>e w d4 ,heat x r$ hot1 !n place x ^u ! anvil1 & lay ! "p ( y\r tool t has be5 h>d5$ on ! hot b>4 ,x w draw en\gh heat f ! hot b> to produce ! temp] col\rs4 ,?is is "o way to give a piece ( h>d5$ /eel ! heat to temp] x :5 ! body ( t piece does n conta9 heat en\gh to d s4 ,illu/ration3 ,bor+ tool ,bor+ tool3 ,bor+ tools are made = ! purpose ( enl>g+ holes 9 cyl9d]s1 or any hole :i* %\ld be enl>g$ aft] x has be5 drill$4 ,! "w to be done mu/ det]m9e ! size & l5g? ( ! bor+ tool4 ,?is is n true ( any o!r "o ( ! la! tools4 ,/ock3 #g #g_/af #g_/h 94 ,bevel "o end4 ,place ! o!r end 9 ! fire & heat ab\t #c ins4 ( x4 ,draw x out to a tap]+ octagonal %ape1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,! end is pu%$ ov] ! anvil ab\t #a_/b 94 ,drive x d[n at "r angles4 ,! cle>ance = ! cutt+ edge is cut (f ) a hot *isel & made ready = h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,cutt+-(f tool ,cutt+-(f or p>t+ tool3 ,?is tool is made = divid+ b>s ( metal into diff]5t l5g?s4 ,! =m & dim5sions are "h %[n4 ,/ock3 #g #g_/h #g_/af 94 tool /eel4 ,bevel "o end4 ,place ! o!r end 9 ! fire & heat ab\t #a 94 ,place ! full] on ! anvil4 ,put ! top full] on ?is1 !n put ! /eel betwe5 ! two full]s ab\t #a_/b 94 f ! end4 ,us+ ! sl$ge hamm]1 drive d[n s t ! c5tre ?ickness w measure #a_/h 94 ,draw ! lump left on ! end to #a_/h 94 ?ickness1 ! same wid? z ! tool4 ,! draw+ %[s t ! cle>ance on ?is tool is "o half ! ?ickness ( ! cutt+ edge1 or #a_/af 94 ,?is cle>ance mu/ be put on z %[n 9 ! draw+1 o!rwise ! tool w n cle> :ile do+ ! cutt+4 ,f9i% up z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,h>d5 & temp] 9 ! same way z y did ! r\nd nose tool4 ,cutt+ (f tools are made ) ! %\ld] all on "o side4 7,see sket* & see article on temp]+ /eel47 ,,xxv ,,h[ ,,to ,,h>d51 ,,s(t51 ,,& ,,/ret* ,,/eel ,,anneal+ ,,or ,,s(t5+ ,,( ,,/eel ,all /eels t are work$ "u hamm]s & heat$ to any degree ( temp]ature1 :5 f9i%$ %\ld be s(t5$ by heat+1 s t ! unequal /ra9s caus$ by ! work+ ( ! metal may be neutraliz$4 ,:5 ! "w is entirely f9i%$ x is plac$ 9 a furnace or =ge fire & heat$ r$ hot4 ,!n ! fire is ei!r )drawn f ! furnace1 or ! bla/ is %ut (f f ! =ge1 & ! metal is all[$ to cool (f z ! fire goes d[n4 ,?is s(t5s ! metal & saves x f ! dang] ( unequal /ra9s4 ,h>d or high c>bon /eels are treat$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! metal is heat$ r$ hot1 !n x is plac$ 9 a box fill$ ) slack lime4 ,! lime completely cov]s ! piece4 ,! cold air is prev5t$ f /rik+ x & cool+ x (f too quickly4 ,:5 no lime is at h& wood a% c be us$4 ,sometimes ! /eel is heat$ r$ hot1 !n held until ! r$ entirely disappe>s4 ,!n x is plung$ into cold wat]4 ,?is process is kn[n z wat] anneal+ & is a process us$ = tool /eel :5 quick "w is requir$4 ,x s(t5s ! metal s t x c be fil$ & work$ q easily4 ,,case ,,h>d5+ ,we h le>n$ t c>bon gives ! h>d5+ quality to /eel4 ,s9ce !re is little c>bon 9 s(t /eel & none 9 wr\ght iron1 !y w n h>d5 z c>bon /eel does :5 heat$ r$ hot & plung$ into wat]4 ,b !re are _m small articles :i* are be/ made ( ?is s(t /eel & iron & :i* mu/ be h>d5$ 9 "s way to make !m useful4 ,9 ord] to supply ! lack+ c>bon ! metal is put ?r\gh a process kn[n z case h>d5+4 ,!re are two me?ods ( case h>d5+4 ,! fir/ me?od is to heat a piece ( s(t /eel or iron r$ hot & cov] ! "p to be h>d5$ ) cyanide ( potassium4 ,! metal w absorb ! c>bon out ( ! cyanide & :5 cool$ 9 wat] w h tak5 on a h>d5$ surface4 ,if ?is is repeat$ two or ?ree times ! h>d surface deep5s4 ,any drug /ore w sell y "s cyanide ( potassium4 ,x comes 9 cakes4 ,! cakes are brok5 up into small pieces4 ,be c>eful to keep ! h&s z mu* z possible f contact ) ! cyanide4 ,,set ,,screw ,set screws are made ( s(t metal1 b ! po9ts mu/ be h>d5$ to resi/ ! we>4 ,?is is done by heat+ ! set screws r$ hot1 !n /ick+ ! po9t into ! cyanide until x cools (f4 ,re-heat & repeat ! "w4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! iron is absorb+ c>bon4 ,heat aga91 plunge into cold wat]4 ,! c>bon =ms a case on ! end ( ! screw4 ,n[ y h a screw h>d on ! outside b ( s(t mat]ial 9 ! inside4 ,x is able to resi/ any %ock t c>bon /eel itself c\ld n /&4 ,! second me?od calls = ! use ( pulv]iz$ *>coal & bone4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same z 9 ! fir/ me?od4 ,! iron articles to receive a case h>d5+ are plac$ 9 a ca/-iron box ) a lay] ( *>coal above & a lay] ( bone du/ bel[1 alt]nat+ 9 ?is way until ! box is fill$ to ! top4 ,! box is !n plac$ 9 a heat+ furnace & heat$ to a temp]ature #abjj ,f4 ,x is kept at ?is temp]ature f ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,! articles all ?is "t are absorb+ *>coal f bone du/4 ,! box is tak5 out ( ! furnace & plung$ into a ba? ( cold wat]4 ,f ?is cold ba? x is plung$ into a ba? ( boil+ wat]1 !n tak5 out & dri$4 ,! pieces are oil$ ov] slightly to br+ out ! col\rs4 ,!y h n only a h>d ext]ior aft] ?is process1 b !y h a beautiful mottl$ surface ( grays & blues1 col\rs "o (t5 sees 9 p>ts ( small guns1 wr5*es1 etc4 ,surgical in/rum5ts1 guns1 small wr5*es1 etc41 are h>d5$ 9 ?is way4 ,! equipm5t = ! second me?od is mu* m exp5sive ?an t = ! fir/2 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciples involv$ are ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,,braz+ ,braz+ is a process ( jo9+ two pieces ( metal by ! use ( ano!r metal1 su* z brass or copp]4 ,! use ( sold] has be5 expla9$ 9 ! article on sold]+4 ,?is article w tell ab\t braz+ ( wr\ght iron1 ca/-iron1 & /eel 9 ! =ge fire4 ,"o mu/ be> 9 m9d t :5 a =ge fire is us$ = braz+1 ! fire %\ld be free f gre5 coal on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( sulphur4 ,a r$uc+ fire is be/ = t purpose4 ,x is well to m5tion "h t a =ge fire t has be5 us$ = braz+ mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ be=e x c be us$ aga9 = any weld+ purposes4 ,! brass w run d[n & clog ! tuy]e4 ,if ! lea/ bit ( smelt] is left on ! =ge x is apt to mix ) ! coals4 ,9 t case x w\ld f9d its way into ! fire1 melt1 & collect on any iron t may be 9 ! fire heat+4 ,! success ( any ( ^! op]ations dep5ds absolutely ^u a clean fire & a clean piece ( "w to be done4 ,to prep>e ! pieces to be braz$3 ,all p>ts to be braz$ %\ld be free f any =eign matt]4 ,!y %\ld be fil$ or poli%$ ) em]y clo? or s&-pap]4 ,?is ref]s n only to ! p>ts t come into contact ) ea* o!r1 b bo? sides ( ! contact edge = ! dep? ( at lea/ #a_/b 94 ,:5 ! p>ts are clean1 put !m toge!r4 ,see t ! jo9ts fit4 ,pa9t ! jo9ts ) a flux made ( boracic acid4 ,mix "o "p boil+ wat] ) "o "p borax & two p>ts boracic acid4 ,keep x pa/y s t x c be h&l$ ) a bru%4 ,ord9>y borax c be us$ if ! o!r is n at h&4 ,! smelt] 7brass7 c be b\ght at supply /ores4 ,h[ev]1 brass fil+s1 common %eet brass1 or brass wire is j z good4 ,if brass fil+s are us$ ^! %\ld be mix$ ) ! flux4 ,any old t9 c w d = ! mix+4 ,a spoon = dipp+ ! flux out :5 want$ c be made on ! end ( a rod #a_/d 94 9 diamet]1 ab\t #bj ins4 long1 by flatt5+ out an in* ( ! end1 drawn out q ?9 & fa%ion$ spoon %ap$4 ,place ! p>ts to be braz$ 9 ! fire & heat till !y are r$ hot4 ,dip ! spoon into ! braz+ mat]ial & put a little ( ! smelt] on ! jo9ts4 ,increase ! heat4 ,:5 ! smelt] beg9s to run add m4 ,:5 x %[s a bright /reak all ar\nd ! p>ts to be jo9$ %ut (f ! bla/ & let x cool be=e remov+ x f ! fire4 ,:5 x is black hot remove x f ! fire & file into %ape4 ,be v c>eful to see t ! pieces to be braz$ are s fa/5$ toge!r t !y w n move ap>t :5 once put into place4 ,?is c be done by pack+ brick or clay ar\nd !m or by clamp+ !m 9 place4 ,d n put any weight t w\ld cause any /ra9 ^u !m1 = :5 heat$ ?is w\ld *ange ! position & might cause a b5d 9 ! braz$ p>ts4 ,braz+ ( ca/-iron3 ,ca/-iron is prep>$ = braz+ 9 ! same way z /eel or iron is prep>$4 ,! flux1 h[ev]1 is n ! same4 ,x is made up ( boric acid1 #h oz42 pulv]iz$ *lorate ( pota%1 #d oz42 c>bonate ( iron1 #c oz4 ,mix ^! toge!r ?or\ghly1 break+ up all lumps t may be !re4 ,keep ?is mixture 9 a glass j>4 ,place ! pieces to be braz$ 9 a fire z y did ! iron & /eel4 ,heat x all r$ hot4 ,mix ! flux ) ! smelt] & put x on4 ,d n put ?is on at any "t be=e ! metal is r$ hot4 ,increase ! heat & add m flux & smelt]4 ,:5 ! brass has fl[$ into ! jo9ts1 %ut (f ! heat & let ! metal cool (f 9 ! fire4 ,ca/-iron requires a high] temp]ature = braz+ ?an iron or /eel4 ,if a brass rod is us$ 9 place ( ! smelt]1 pu% ! end ( ! rod 9 ! jo9t to be braz$4 ,x w melt (f z fa/ z x is pu%$ 94 ,:5 braz+ "s ca/-iron1 ! break %\ld be re9=c$ on ! unexpos$ side by a plate ( wr\ght iron or /eel4 ,if ?is is clean$ (f ?or\ghly & plac$ aga9/ ! break ! smelt] w n only fill up ! break b x w hold ?is piece ( metal fa/4 ,braz+ /eel b& saws3 ,b& saws break v (t5 :ile 9 use4 ,!y c be repair$ only by braz+ ! brok5 ends toge!r4 ,d s by fil+ ea* end ( ! brok5 pieces1 tap]+ to a v %>p edge #c_/d 94 9 l5g? = lapp+ ov]4 ,! l5g? ( ?is lapp+ dep5ds ^u ! wid? ( ! tee? ( ! saw4 ,:5 ! ends are fil$1 place !m 9 a vise t c be b\ght = ?is purpose4 ,if no vise is at h& two wood clamps1 or iron clamps1 or an ord9>y %op vise w answ] ! purpose4 ,put ! two ends ov]lapp+ 9 place1 & clamp close en\gh to ^! ends to keep !m 9 a /raight l9e &1 also1 = %ift+ :ile braz+4 ,pa9t ! jo9t ) flux1 us+ ! fir/ flux m5tion$ 9 ! article4 ,put a piece ( silv] sold] betwe5 ! laps4 ,n[ heat ! jaws ( a pair ( close tongs :ite hot1 & grasp ! jo9ts betwe5 ! hot jaws1 & p9* !m toge!r4 ,! heat 9 ! tongs w melt ! silv] & braze ! two p>ts4 ,hold ! tongs /eady2 if n1 !y w b5d1 & ! saw w be r h>d to /raight5 :5 ! tongs are remov$4 ,d n remove ! tongs until !y are black hot4 ,n[ place ! saw 9 a vise & file ! tee? to correspond to ^? on ei!r side ( ! jo9t4 ,smoo? ! r\ghness f ! jo9t4 ,! value ( braz+3 ,a k ( h[ to braze is mo/ useful to any "o work+ ) ! metals4 ,_m ?+s break t c be repair$ only by ?is process4 ,= in/ance1 tub+1 automobile p>ts1 v complex p>ts ( ma*9]y1 etc41 :5 brok5 _c be weld$2 !y mu/ be m5d$ by braz+4 ,! success ( ! process dep5ds ^u ! c>e tak5 to make ! p>ts p]fectly clean & well fitt$ toge!r4 ,if ?is is well done ! braz+ mat]ial w f9d its way to ! close/ jo9ts & fix !m4 ,,processes ,,( ,,/ret*+ ,,iron ,,or ,,/eel 7#a7 ,draw+3 ,/ret*+ a piece ( metal 9 "o or m directions ei!r by hamm]+1 or pull+1 or roll+1 is call$ draw+4 ,9 ! blacksmi?s' %op ! t]m draw+ always means a decrease 9 ! size ( a cross section ( ! piece & an increase 9 ! l5g?4 7#b7 ,b5d+3 ,b5d+ means mak+ ! metal take a %ape f a /raight l9e4 ,x may be made into a circle or curv$ or b5t at "r angles4 7#c7 ,twi/+3 ,9 ! process ( twi/+ no *ange is made 9 ! axis ( ! piece4 ,! faces ( ! piece are *ang$2 z = in/ance1 :5 y twi/ a piece ( pap] hold+ "o end fa/ & turn+ ! o!r 9 ! direction ( its axis4 ,upsett+3 ,upsett+ means increas+ ! ?ickness ( a piece ( iron by %ort5+ its l5g?4 ,=m+3 ,=m+ is ! process ( giv+ a piece ( iron %ape1 ei!r by hamm]+ or by us+ "s =m+ ma*9e2 = example1 ! bulldog4 ,weld+3 ,weld+ means jo9+ two pieces ( iron toge!r by heat+ !m to ! "r temp]ature & hamm]+ or press+ !m toge!r4 ,,xxvi ,,=g+ ,,h& ,,hamm]s ,cross pe5 hamm]3 ,! sket* %[s ! =m & gives ! dim5sions ( ?is hamm]4 ,/ock3 #g_/h 94 squ>e1 #b-a_/b ins4 long4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross pe5 hamm] ,x is be/ to make ?is hamm] on ! end ( a b>4 ,9 ?is way y disp5se ) ! h&l+ ( tongs1 & y are able to get ! be/ control ( y\r mat]ial4 ,m>k ) a c5tre-pun*1 ! c5tre ( ! #b-a_/b 94 piece4 ,?r\gh ?is1 pun* a hole ) an eye pun*4 7,see eye pun* 9 tool li/47 ,! hole w be a little less ?an ! f9i%$ size4 ,draw ! face end slightly tap]+4 ,drive ! f\r corn]s d[n & make ! face ( hamm] octagonal 9 %ape4 ,! sket* w %[ j :]e to beg9 ?is knock+ d[n4 ,! hamm] is n[ cut (f & ! face squ>$ up4 ,! c5tre ( ! face %\ld be a little high] ?an ! out] edges4 ,n[ drive into ! eye a drift p94 ,?is p9 is made ( #c_/d #c_/h #d 94 /eel4 ,x is tap]$ = ! :ole l5g? d[n to #a_/b #c_/h 941 & oval 9 %ape4 ,x is driv5 into ! hole4 ,?is gives ! real %ape to ! eye ( ! hamm]4 ,take ! p9 out & re-heat ! hamm]4 ,draw ! cross pe5 out to a tap] z y w\ld if y 7 mak+ a cold *isel4 ,be c>eful to keep all )9 ! dim5sions giv54 ,! hamm] may n[ be fil$ & poli%$ if "o wi%es a bright hamm]2 o!rwise1 x ne$s only to be temp]$3 !n x is ready = use4 ,to temp] ! hamm]3 ,place ! :ole hamm] 9 ! fire & heat x r$ hot4 ,grasp x ) a pair ( pick-up tongs ?r\gh ! eye4 ,dip ! face 9 wat] half way up to ! eye1 & hold x !re until ! face is *ill$ (f4 ,rev]se by plac+ ! pe5 end into ! wat]4 ,:ile ?is is cool+ dip up en\gh wat] ) ! h& to keep ! face ( ! hamm] cold4 ,take x out & poli% bo? ends ) a piece ( em]y clo? wrapp$ ar\nd a piece ( wood4 ,! col\rs n[ are beg9n+ to run f ! middle t[>d ! ends4 ,:5 ! purple col\r rea*es ei!r end plunge t end into wat]1 hold+ x 9 ! wat] until ! purple col\r rea*es ! o!r end4 ,!n plunge ! :ole hamm] 9 wat]4 ,?is temp]+ d>k5s ! hamm] if x has be5 previ\sly poli%$4 ,rubb+ well ) em]y clo? aga9 w re/ore ! brightness4 ,! hamm] is ready = ! h&le4 ,a hamm] ( ?is k9d c be made )\t ! help ( a second p]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,processes 9 mak+ pe5 hamm] ,r\nd pe5 hamm]3 ,! =m & dim5sions = ?is hamm] are giv5 "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,/ep 9 mak+ hamm] ,/ock3 ,a piece ( #a-a_/b-;94 squ>e tool /eel4 ,?is hamm]1 too1 is be/ made on ! end ( a b> ab\t #bj ins4 9 l5g?4 ,) a c5tre-pun* m>k (f #b ins4 f ! end4 ,?is spot m>ks ! c5tre ( ! eye4 ,place ?is end 9 ! fire4 ,"o in* f ! end full] d[n on ! f\r sides ( ! b> 7#a74 ,?is makes a neck "o in* 9 diamet] & hav+ eight sides4 ,place x back 9 ! fire & heat aga94 ,n[ put ! b> aga9 on ! full] #b ins4 f ! fir/ full] 7#a74 ,?is "t full] only two sides1 ! two sides opposite ! c5tre-pun* m>k4 ,full] s t ! ?ickness measures #a-a_/d ins4 ,?is means only #a_/h 94 depression on ! two sides4 ,put aga9 into ! fire & draw ! fir/ end out s t x measures #a 94 octagonal1 any l5g?4 7,see sket* #b47 ,heat aga91 ?is "t ! :ole body ( ! piece4 ,pun* a hole ) ! eye-pun* :]e ! c5tre-pun* 0 made4 ,! hole w be a little less 9 size ?an ! f9i%$ hole w be 7see sket*7 to all[ = ! increase 9 size :ile work+ ! metal into %ape4 ,put ! drift p9 into ! hole4 ,drive x ?r\gh until ! small end j %[s ?r\gh on ! o!r side4 ,place a full] ov] ! hole & "w ! metal out sidewise by /rik+ on ! top ( ! full] ) a sl$ge hamm]4 ,?is requires a help] to d ! heavy "w4 ,:ile ! heavy "w is be+ done ! /eel mu/ be heat$ _m times1 b always )\t ! drift p94 ,keep ! drift p9 9 wat] :ile ! hamm] is be+ heat$1 z ! p9 mu/ always be cold :5 driv5 into ! eye4 ,drive x 9 a little f>!r ea* "t1 s t by ! "t ! c5tre is f9i%$ ! hole w be ! prop] size 7#c74 ,! ?ickness ( ! metal ar\nd ! eye %\ld be ab\t #a_/h 94 on ! out] edges & #c_/af 94 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is tap]s a little f ! c5tre outw>d1 z is %[n 9 ! draw+s4 ,put ! #c_/d-;94 bottom full] on ! anvil & place ! neck ( ! hamm] on ?is & a top full] above t4 ,/rike on ! full] & r$uce ! neck until x measures ab\t #c_/d 94 9 diamet]1 keep+ ! octagonal %ape all ! :ile4 ,illu/ration ,heat ! hamm] aga9 :]e ! face %\ld be1 & full] d[n betwe5 ! body & ! face s t ?is w measure ab\t #a-a_/h 94 squ>e1 us+ ! same l>ge full]s z be=e & mak+ x octagonal4 ,?is f9i%es up completely ! body ( ! hamm] betwe5 ! face & ! pe54 ,) a %>p *isel cut ! hamm] (f an in* & a half f ! body4 ,y w !n h en\gh /ock = ! face ( ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration ,! surplus /ock on ! pe5 all[s = hold+ ) ! tongs1 & ! face ( ! hamm] is r\nd$ up to ab\t #a-e_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,bevel ! edges d[n #a_/af 94 back ( ?is face &1 ) a %>p *isel1 trim ! face (f flat or squ>e ) ! axis ( ! hamm]4 ,! c5tre ( ! face %\ld be a little high] ?an ! outside edges4 ,grasp ! face ) ! tongs & place ! pe5 9 ! fire4 ,take x out & cut x (f #a 94 9 l5g? & make ! edges r\nd+4 ,to %ape ! pe51 place ! neck on a l>ge full] & r\nd up z %[n 9 ! picture4 ,be c>eful ea* "t to give x "o eigh? ( a turn s t ! octagonal %ape w n be lo/4 ,if ! hamm] has be5 c>efully =g$ x w require little f9i%+ 9 ! way ( fil+1 unless "o wi%es to make a fancy poli%$ hamm]4 ,if su* a "o is desir$ "s draw fil+ & poli%+ mu/ be done4 ,?is makes ! hamm] look bett]1 b x doesn't increase its effici5cy4 ,! temp]+ is done 9 ! same way z ! temp]+ = ! cross pe5 hamm] 0 done4 ,h[ev]1 ?is hamm] is l>g] & heavi] ?an ! cross pe5 hamm] & is m difficult to temp]4 ,:ile ! same pr9ciple is involv$ 9 ! temp]+ ( bo? hamm]s1 great] c>e mu/ be tak5 9 temp]+ ?is "o4 ,! h&le is plac$4 ,y w f9d t ! driv+ ( ! drift p9 into ! eye1 fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 makes bo? outside op5+s l>g] ?an ! c5tre4 ,?is %\ld be s1 z x helps to hold ! h&le firmly 9 place4 ,,tool ,,/eel ,,& ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,tools ,"h are a few problems :i* deal ) ! mak+ ( y\r own tools4 ,:5 buy+ /eel = ?is "w always tell :at ! /eel is to be us$ =4 ,! m]*ant w probably recomm5d to y a grade ( /eel f :i* y c make tools t w la/4 ,h>die3 ,take a piece ( #a-a_/h-;94 squ>e tool /eel4 ,make ?is tool on ! end ( a b> if ! b> is long en\gh4 ,x is easi] h&l$ 9 t way4 ,! dott$ l9es on ! draw+ %[ ! am\nt ( mat]ial requir$ to make ! %ank4 ,?is %\ld be made to fit ! hole 9 ! anvil2 #c_/h 94 f ! %ank full] d[n on ! two sides ( ! /eel1 leav+ #e_/h-;94 ?ickness betwe5 ! full] m>ks4 ,draw ! end out to a #c-;94 tap] on "o side & wid5 x out to #a-c_/d-;94 tap] on ! o!r4 7,see draw+47 ,illu/ration3 ,h>die ,illu/ration3 ,set hamm]1 second process ,set hamm]3 ,a set hamm] is made ) a piece ( #a-a_/h-;94 squ>e /eel2 #a-e_/h 94 f "o end m>k ! hole4 ,put "o end ( ! b> into ! fire & heat x4 ,take x out & pun* a hole ) ! eye pun* 9 ! piece ( /eel :5 x is m>k$4 ,knock ! f\r corn]s d[n1 bevell+ !m z %[n 9 ! sket*1 & trim ! end (f r\nd+ = ! head4 ,cut x (f #d ins4 long2 full] ! f\r corn]s #a-a_/d ins4 f ! face z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,! end view ( ! draw+ %[s ! dep? ( ! full] m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,set hamm]1 complet$ ,illu/ration3 ,set hamm]1 fir/ process ,hot *isel3 ,?is tool is made mu* z y make ! set hamm]4 ,h[ev]1 :]e ! set hamm] is full]$ on ! corn]s ! hot *isel is full]$ on ! two sides1 & ! end is drawn out tap]+4 ,us$ to cut hot iron4 7,see draw+74 ,illu/ration3 ,cold *isel ,illu/ration3 ,hot *isel ,illu/ration3 ,hot *isel1 details ,cold *isel3 ,?is tool is made out ( #a-;94 squ>e /ock4 ,! pun*+ ( ! eye & head "p ( ?is *isel is made 9 ! same way z ! o!r tools describ$ "h4 ,a blade is temp]$ f ! c5tre to #b-c_/d ins4 9 l5g?1 & ! cutt+ edge is f9i%$ a little r\nd+4 ,?is tool is made to cut cold iron1 h5ce its "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,ano!r cold *isel ,,xxvii ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,=g+ ,,problems ,ice %av]3 ,ice %av]s are useful z %av]s1 break]s & *opp]s ( ice4 ,!y are made out ( a piece ( l[ c>bon /eel = ! blade & a piece ( #e_/h-;94 r\nd iron = ! h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,ice %av] ,directions3 ,take a piece ( #a_/b #f #d ins41 & cut along z %[n by ! l9es4 ,:5 ^! two corn]s are cut out1 po9t ! c5tre piece = a cleft weld4 ,slit ! end ( ! rod1 sc>f+ its po9ts ?91 & slip ?is po9t into ! crot* ( ! sc>f1 & weld ) borax4 ,?is n[ gives y a piece t looks l a %ovel4 ,on ! o!r end ( ! h&le b5d a r+ ab\t #d ins4 9 diamet]4 ,place ! flat end 9 ! fire1 heat x up1 & tap] ?is flat end d[n v ?91 ab\t #a 94 long4 ,) a file1 file f\r tee? 9 ! end1 ! same %ape z %[n "h4 ,x is n[ ready = temp]+4 ,?is is done by heat+ all ! tee? well back t[>d ! h&le r$ hot4 ,plunge ! :ole ?+ into wat] to cool x (f4 ,take x out & poli%4 ,heat a piece ( l>ge iron 9 ! fire r$ hot4 ,on ?is piece ( metal place ! tee? ( ! pick4 ,:5 ! blue col\r appe>s on ! po9t & cutt+ edges ( ! tee?1 cool 9 wat]4 ,x is n[ ready = use4 ,illu/ration ,grub hoe3 ,! =m & dim5sions ( ?is tool are giv51 also ! diff]5t /eps 9 ! process ( =g+4 ,/ock3 #a-a_/d #c_/d #e 94 /eel4 ,directions3 ,m>k (f ) a c5tre-pun* ! middle ( ! piece ( /ock1 & !n m>k (f #a 94 f ! middle 9 ei!r direction4 ,full]1 z %[n 9 ! sket*1 on ! fir/ end1 to a dep? ( #a 94 ,heat ! piece & full] ! o!r end to a dep? ( #a_/b 94 7,a74 ,! c5tre lug is n[ #b ins4 long4 ,to make ?is #b ins4 long x is necess>y t ! full] be plac$ on ! piece on ! outside ( ! c5tre-pun* m>ks4 ,draw out ! two ends1 z %[n by ! sket*1 "o be+ directly opposite ! o!r4 ,pun* a hole ) ! eye pun* 9 ! middle ( ?is lug almo/ ?r\gh on "o side4 ,take ! pun* out1 turn ! piece upside d[n1 & f9i% pun*+ ! hole4 ,! pun* us$ = do+ ?is "p ( ! "w %\ld be /raight & tap]$ & q ?9 on ! end4 ,! problem is n to cut out a l>ge piece b r to split ! metal4 ,x's only #c_/d 94 wide & w n all[ = ! cutt+ away ( any mat]ial4 ,a pun* ( ?is k9d w heat up on ! end :ile driv+1 :5 x is apt to b5d4 ,to avoid ?is keep x cold by dipp+ x into wat] f "t to "t4 ,place a little gre5 coal 9 ! hole aft] y h />t$ ! pun* 94 ,?is prev5ts its /ick+ 9 ! hole & x also prev5ts ! end ( ! pun* f gett+ hot4 ,a v deep1 n>r[ slot c be pun*$ successfully 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration ,! drift p9 us$ to %ape ! eye ^u %\ld be made ! size ( ! f9i%$ hole--t is1 #a-a_/b #c_/d 94 & #f ins4 long--oval-%ap$1 & tap]$ on ! small end to #c_/h #a_/d 94 ,?is tap] %\ld be ! :ole l5g? ( ! drift p94 ,drive ! p9 into ! hole ab\t half way d[n4 ,?is wid5s ! hole s t x c n[ be plac$ on ! horn ( ! anvil & full]$ to ! requir$ ?ickness1 :i* %\ld be #a_/h 94 on ! extreme edge ( ! eye4 ,drive ! drift p9 aga9 ab\t #d ins4 or #e ins4 ,at ! same "t "w ! metal d[n on ! outside4 ,repeat ?is till ! hole fits ! drift p94 ,! p9 is n[ driv5 9 ?r\gh f ! o!r side1 ?us mak+ bo? outside op5+s ( ! eye ! same size4 ,! hoe is n[ f9i%$ up z %[n 9 ! sket* & ready = h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,?is is done 9 ! same way z y did ! *isel & ! same temp] col\r is us$ = bo?4 ,five p\nds is consid]$ ab\t ! "r weight = a hoe ( ?is k9d4 ,! problem ( work+ out ! eye = ?is is ! same z = mak+ ! eyes ( picks1 hat*ets1 & tools ( simil> design4 ,,turnbuckles ,turnbuckles1 made ei!r ( /eel or iron1 are us$ = truss rods4 ,!re are _m ways ( mak+ turnbuckles4 ,out ( all1 ?ree me?ods are "h giv53 7#a7 ,solid =g$ buckle1 7#b7 weld+ up1 7#c7 pipe me?od4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,solid =g$ buckle3 ,?is is made ( s(t /eel4 ,select a piece ( #a-a_/b-;94 squ>e /ock #f ins4 long4 ,m>k (f #b ins4 ) a c5tre-pun* on ea* end4 ,draw ! ends out #a 94 r\nd4 ,b5d ! ends d[n z %[n at ,b4 ,=ge ! buckle "p to #a-a_/d 94 r\nd at ! end1 z %[n at ,c4 ,make ! o!r end j l ?is "o & weld ! two ends toge!r s t ! total l5g? w be #aj ins4 ,n[ drill holes 9 ea* end = a #c_/d-;94 tap4 ,tap a "r-h& ?read 9 "o end & a left-h& ?read 9 ! o!r end1 or y c put a swivel hook 9 "o end 9 place ( ! ?read4 ,to d ?is ! hole %\ld be drill$ #g_/h 94 )\t a ?read4 ,select a piece ( #g_/h-;94 r\nd s(t /eel #aj ins4 long4 ,upset ! end & "w a tap]$ r\nd head on z %[n at ,d4 ,! head %\ld be #a 94 long & l>ge en\gh to "w loosely 9 ! slot4 ,put ?is into ! hole ) ! head betwe5 ! w+s & po9t ! end =m+ x into a hook4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,weld$ turnbuckle3 ,to be weld$ at arr[ po9t ,second me?od3 ,?is is done by weld+ ! two rods to coll>s4 ,make two coll>s out ( wr\ght iron1 ! size dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! turnbuckle4 ,scrape ! ends ( ?is flat iron1 b5d ea* into a circle1 & weld on ! horn ( ! anvil1 ?us mak+ two coll>s4 ,! arm %\ld be drawn out ( a piece ( flat iron & made half r\nd by a swage on ! anvil4 ,?is leaves ! orig9al ?ickness ( ! b> on ea* end ( ! piece drawn out4 ,^! ends are n[ flatt5$ & scrap$ z %[n at ,a & %\ld be wr5*$ to lap on ! inside ( ! coll>s4 ,place "o coll> on "o end & ! w+s opposite ea* o!r4 ,pu% a b> ( iron into ! op5+ )9 an in* ( ! coll>4 ,?is b> prev5ts ! tongs f squeez+ ! two w+s out ( %ape & loos5+ up ! coll> :ile weld+4 ,grasp ! turnbuckle ) a pair ( tongs & place ! end 9 ! fire4 ,take a weld+ heat & weld ?is d[n on ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,at ! same "t %ape x z %[n at ,b4 ,draw out ! piece ( iron1 place ! o!r coll> 9 ! op5 end1 & weld x z y did ! fir/4 ,?is is f9i%$ up 9 ! holes made4 ,?reads c be cut or swivel hooks c be plac$ 94 ,?ird me?od3 ,take a piece ( pipe1 l5g? & size desir$4 ,heat "o end & upset x1 enl>g+ & ?ick5+ x slightly4 ,cut a r\nd iron plug to fit ?is end tightly4 ,heat ! plug & drive x into ! pipe4 ,place x on ! fire & weld ! pipe to ! plug4 ,at ! same "t =ge ! end squ>e or hexagonal4 ,drill a hole 9 ?is end1 p9 ! swivel hook same z expla9$ 9 ! second me?od4 ,select ! iron1 make ! head on ! rod1 & put x ?r\gh ! pipe into ! hole1 head inside1 be=e ! plug is weld$ 9 ! o!r end4 ,be sure t ?is rod w turn freely4 ,%ape ! hook be=e ! plug is weld$ 9 ! #b-;94 end4 ,?is gives "o an opportunity to pu% a rod into ! pipe & hold ! head ( ! hook :ile %ap+ x 9 ! =m ( a hook or eye z requir$4 ,n[ weld a plug 9 ! o!r end ! same z y did 9 ! fir/4 ,drill a hole 9 ?is end & cut a ?read to receive ! truss rod end4 ,?is la/ me?od is mu* simpl] ?an ! o!r two4 ,x has ?is advantage1 t ! ?read w n ru/ s quickly1 s9ce x is always enclos$ 9 ! pipe4 ,h[ev]1 !re is dang] ( a v weak spot "r back ( ! plug1 because y "k :5 two pieces ( metal are weld$ toge!r ! temp]ature %\ld be ! same4 ,if n1 ! cold "o w cut into ! hot "o & =m cold %uts4 ,9 ?is case x is impossible to get ! plug ! same temp]ature z ! outside4 ,z a consequ5ce !re is a defect 9 ! =g+4 ,illu/ration3 ,ecc5tric /rap ,ecc5tric /rap3 ,! pr9ciples appli$ 9 ! work+ out ( ?is problem are us$ 9 mak+ _m articles ( wr\ght iron4 ,ecc5tric /raps are mu* us$ 9 f\ndries1 ma*9e %ops1 & g5]al %op "w4 ,/ock3 ,b> ( wr\ght iron or s(t /eel #a-a_/h ins4 squ>e1 #af ins4 or #bj ins4 long4 ,r\nd ! b> d[n on "o end to #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,split ! o!r end up ! l5g? ( ! b> #h ins4 to )9 #a 94 ( ! %\ld] made by ! r\nd+ d[n ( ! /ock4 ,^! two arms are n[ ?r[n at "r angles to ! /em1 =g$ d[n to #a_/b #a 94 ! entire l5g?4 ,! arc ( ! circle made by ! arms is det]m9$ by ! size ( ! ?+ ! ecc5tric /rap is meant to fit :5 x is f9i%$4 ,! ends are n[ turn$ up at "r angles & are b5t to fit ! circle4 ,a g\ge *isel w cut ! end (f r\nd+4 ,all ladle h&les c be made 9 ?is way4 ,g>d5 hoe3 ,! draw+ %[s ! =m & dim5sions ( ! hoe1 a g>d5 tool v simple 9 con/ruction & v useful4 ,/ock3 #f #d #a_/b 94 /eel4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,hoe ,directions3 ,m>k (f #b ins4 at "o end & cut d[n #a 94 deep on bo? edges4 ,cut out a w$ge-%ap$ piece z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,draw out ! piece #a_/b 94 9 diamet] & #f ins4 long4 ,?is =ms ! h&le4 ,full] d[n on ea* side ( ! h&le :]e x jo9s ! body z %[n by ! full l9es4 ,) ! full] spread out ! metal on ei!r side ( ! h&le until x =ms a blade #h #e ins4 ,?is blade %\ld be #c_/af 94 ?ick at ! top & #a_/h 94 at ! cutt+ edge4 ,b5d ! h&le into %ape4 ,file or gr9d ! edges ( ! blade to make x smoo?4 ,?is %\ld be temp]$ by heat+ x r$ hot4 ,plunge into oil4 ,take x out :5 cold & hold x ov] ! fire until ! oil fla%es (f4 ,!n all[ x to cool 9 ! air4 ,gr9d x & poli% if a bright f9i% is requir$4 ,if n x is n[ ready = ! wood h&le4 ,wood *isel3 ,*isels = cutt+ wood c be made f a piece ( gas pipe & a piece ( /eel1 or f old cold *isels too %ort = use4 ,if no piece ( old tool /eel is at h& take a new piece1 #e_/h #d ins41 hexagonal4 ,if a piece ( gas pipe is us$1 #a_/b 941 heat "o end & place x on ! po9t ( ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,) ! pe5 hamm] ?9 ! po9t d[n ar\nd ! end4 ,?is ?9n+ /ret*es ! metal & gives y a funnel-%ap$ op5+1 & a sc>f to use = weld+4 ,! %ort *isel end %\ld be pu%$ into ?is = ab\t #a 94 & ! sc>f %\ld be tapp$ d[n g5tly on ?is *isel4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to upset ! end ( ! *isel 9 ord] to make x fit ! sc>f4 ,if requir$ to d ?is1 put x into ! fire & heat x r$ hot1 & upset x on ! end :]e ! weld is to be4 ,n[ put x into ! pipe1 put borax on ! sc>f1 & heat x hot en\gh to weld4 ,take x out & weld x up 9 a bottom swage & r$uce ! weld to #a_/b 94 9 diamet]4 ,cut ! %ank (f ab\t #c-a_/b ins4 f ! weld & heat ?is end aga94 ,/ret* x on ?is end s z to enl>ge x to fit ! wood h&le :i* w be plac$ 9 lat]4 ,heat ! /eel end4 ,flatt5 x d[n to ! %ape ( a wood *isel1 ! wid? to be accord+ to ! size ne$$4 ,out ( ?is piece ( /eel a *isel #a_/b 941 #c_/d 941 or #a 94 c be made4 ,x %\ld be tap]$ d[n #c_/d 94 on ! cutt+ edge4 ,file ! cutt+ edge on ! *isel4 ,x gives a mu* bett] f9i%4 ,! *isel is h>d5$ & temp]$ almo/ ! l5g? ( ! :ole blade1 a blue col\r1 by heat+ x r$ hot1 plung+ x into wat]1 poli%+1 & draw+ ! temp] on a hot piece ( iron4 ,! h&le is made by us+ :at is kn[n z a holl[ aug]4 ,?is %apes ! wood to fit ! pipe4 ,a piece ( ! same pipe c be saw$ (f ) a hack saw ab\t #c_/h 94 wide4 ,?is makes an iron r+1 :i* %\ld be driv5 9 ! end ( ! wood h&le to prev5t x f splitt+4 ,^! *isels make ! be/ k9d ( tools = r\gh1 heavy "w4 ,door hasp3 ,door hasps are f\nd mo/ commonly on b>n doors & gates1 & 9 conjunction ) a /aple & lock =m a complete fa/5+4 ,! draw+s make cle> ! diff]5t /eps 9 ! "w4 ,/ock3 #a_/d #a #f ins4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,! eye is made fir/4 ,heat ! piece r$ hot4 ,full] d[n ! /ick #e_/h 94 f "o end1 & #b ins4 f ! full]$ m>k put 9 ano!r4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! full]$ m>ks %\ld be #b ins4 ,draw out ! space betwe5 ! full]$ m>ks to #e_/h 94 9 wid?1 #b-a_/b ins4 long4 ,cut ! corn]s (f ! piece left on ! end1 z %[n by ! draw+4 ,r\nd ?is up ) ! hamm] on ! anvil4 ,pun* a hole 9 ! middle ( ! eye1 b keep ! ?ickness ! same dur+ all ! "w4 ,to make ! body ( ! piece1 :]e ! slot is1 #b ins4 f ! %\ld] full] ! end d[n to #e_/af 94 f ! end4 ,draw out ?is end to #a-e_/af 94 9 l5g?4 ,?is =ms ! loop1 & at ! same "t x tap]s to a %>p end4 7,see draw+47 ,! piece is n[ ready = pun*+4 ,m>k places = ! pun* holes1 !n cut betwe5 ! holes ) a hot *isel4 ,9 ?is way ! c5tre piece is cut out1 =m+ ! slot4 ,if ?is is c>efully done little "w w be requir$ to f9i% x4 ,! slot is fil$ out if any r\gh places are left4 ,! end is b5t up4 ,sometimes a r+ is put 9 x1 z a door pull1 & sometimes ! lat* itself is us$ = ! pull4 ,illu/ration3 ,divid]s ,pair ( divid]s3 ,p]haps ! simple/ way to make a pair ( divid]s is to get a pair ( buggy top jo9t butts1 #a_/b 94 size4 ,weld to ea* ( ! legs a piece ( /eel to =m ! two legs = ! divid]s4 ,beg9 ab\t #a 94 back ( ! weld & draw ! legs out tap]+1 octagonal 9 %ape & r\nd+ t[>d extreme %>p po9ts4 ,place a wa%] on ea* side ( ! jo9t1 & rivet ! ends toge!r ) a /eel rivet4 ,if c>efully done ! divid]s w require no w+s4 ,if w+s are requir$ !y c be made by pun*+ a slot #a_/b #a_/h 94 9 ea* ( ! legs1 #b ins4 f ! jo9t4 ,9 ea* ( ^! slots drill holes1 9 "o a #a_/h-;94 hole & 9 ! o!r a hole = a #c_/af-;94 tap4 ,drill bo? sets ( holes ?r\gh ! legs4 ,tap out ! "o & make a ?umb screw to fit4 ,?is is done by draw+ out a #c_/h-;94 /em on ! end ( a #c_/h-;94 rod & cutt+ (f #c_/h 94 ( ?is to =m ! head ( ! ?umb screw4 ,heat ?is end & flatt5 d[n4 ,f9i% up ) a few /rokes ( ! file4 ,cut a #c_/af-;94 ?read on ! end4 ,screw x into ! divid]s4 ,draw out a w+ #c_/h 94 wide1 #a_/h 94 ?ick1 to fit ! slot4 ,b5d x into a semicircle & place x into ! slot4 ,op5 ! divid]s4 ,see t x sw+s r\nd on ?is circle4 ,drill a small hole 9 ! end ( ! w+ to fit ! #a_/h-;94 hole drill$ into ! leg & rivet x into ! slot4 ,?is makes a pair ( divid]s t c be us$ = all classes ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,?umb nut ,,/one ,,*isels ,,& ,,picks #a4 ,/one *isels3 ,/ock3 #a_/d1 #a_/b1 #e_/h1 #c_/d-;94 octagonal /eel1 #e ins4 long4 ,/one *isels are made out ( ! above sizes ( /eel1 9 sets1 = ! cutt+ ( m>ble1 s&/one1 granite1 etc4 ,directions3 ,put "o end ( ! /ock 9 fire4 ,heat ab\t #a 94 ,draw ?is hot end to a tap] #a_/d 94 at ! small end & #a-a_/b 94 long4 ,place ! extreme end aga9 9 ! fire1 take x out & /rike x on ! end by plac+ x upright on ! anvil4 ,upset ?is end & =m ! r\nd top %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,if ?is top is n complet$ 9 "o heat+1 heat x aga9 & repeat ! hamm]+ on ! end4 ,all /one *isels are made ) ?is r\nd+ end s t wood mallets c be us$ = driv+ purposes4 ,! ones %[n "h are ! %apes us$ on mo/ /one *isels4 ,illu/ration3 ,/one *isels ,illu/ration3 ,/one *isels ,! size ( ! tee? dep5ds ^u ! h>dness or s(tness ( ! mat]ial to be cut4 ,! l>ge tee? are us$ = h>d /one cutt+ & ! small tee? = s(t /one cutt+4 ,place ! o!r end ( ! tool 9 ! fire & flatt5 x d[n z %[n 9 ! sket* giv5 "h4 ,notice ! dott$ l9es %[ t ! extreme cutt+ edge ( ?is tool is n>r[] ?an ! body4 ,?is is an all[ance made = ! spread+ out ( ! tool :ile cutt+ ! tee?4 ,space (f ! tee? ) a #c-;corn]$ file z %[n 9 ! same sket*1 & cut ! tee? ) a *isel made 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take a piece ( #a_/b-;94 octagonal /eel4 ,draw x out 9 ! %ape ( a cape *isel4 7,see sket*47 ,heat ! end ( ! /eel tool1 !n place x 9 ! vise4 ,) ! end project+ up place ! *isel on ! m>k made by ! file1 /rike d[n %>ply on ! *isel1 & drive x d[n to ! requir$ dep?4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! tee? are all cut4 ,flatt5 ! cutt+ edge c>efully on ! anvil1 & all tee? t may h be5 driv5 out ( a /raight l9e by ! cutt+4 ,heat ! tool to s(t5 x4 ,file betwe5 ! tee? ! r\ghness made by ! =g+ ( ! tool4 ,a small flat jewell]s' file w be f\nd be/ = ?is purpose4 ,h>d5 ! tool z y did ! cold *isel1 & temp] x at ! purple col\r sign4 #b4 ,pick3 ,/ock3 #a_/b-;94 squ>e tool /eel1 #h ins4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,m>k ! middle ( ! b> ) a c5tre-pun*4 ,pun* ! hole ?r\gh ) ! eye pun*4 ,put 9 a drift p9 & flatt5 d[n ! bulg$ sides ( ! b> made by pun*+ ! hole4 ,draw ! two ends out to a %>p squ>e po9t4 ,?is %\ld make ! pick n m ?an #aj ins4 long4 ,! draw+ %\ld %[ ! %ape x w be :5 f9i%$4 ,^! picks are h>d5$ ! same z cold *isels1 & temp]$ at ! purple col\r4 ,,rock ,,drills 7,,us$ ,,) ,,ma*9]y7 ,z ! "n indicates1 ^! drills are us$ = mak+ holes 9 rocks :5 bla/+ is to be done4 ,! =m & %apes mo/ 9 use are %[n "h4 ,! d\ble drill1 us$ s mu* 9 p[] drill+ ma*9es1 is made 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take a #a-;94 octagonal b> ( /eel1 any l5g?4 ,heat "o end1 & upset x to #a-a_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,put a small #a_/b-;94 full] on ! anvil & place ! end ( ! b> l5g?wise on ! full]4 ,put ! top full] directly above ?is & /rike ) a sl$ge hamm]4 ,! result is two full] m>ks driv5 d[n )9 #a_/b 94 ( meet+4 ,rev]se ?is & d ! same on ! o!r two sides4 ,?is m>ks a cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,tools = rock drills us$ 9 ma*9es ,illu/ration3 ,ma*9e drill ,place ! =m+ tool 9 ! anvil1 & ) a set hamm] =ge out ! w+s z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,! diamet] ( ! drill dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! hole to be drill$ & is made accord+ly4 ,use a %>p *isel = cutt+ ! cutt+ edges ( ! drill4 ,x is n[ ready = temp]+4 ,drills are made 9 ?is way f ! raw mat]ial4 ,:5 once made !y are kept 9 %ape by :at is kn[n z ! drill dress+ tool %[n "h4 ,^! rock drills we> out on ! sides1 ?us r$uc+ ! diamet]4 ,:5 re-dress+ !y are always upset to ! requir$ diamet]4 ,! re-dress+ is done 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,heat ! end ( ! drill 9 ! fire & place ! dress+ tool s t ! cross impression fits ! end ( ! drill4 ,drive on ! end l5g?wise ( ! b>1 upsett+ ! drill to ! requir$ diamet]1 at ! same "t reta9+ ! orig9al %ape ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! drill4 ,to temp] rock drills3 ,take two small tubs ( cold wat]1 "o cle> & ! o!r made soapy by cutt+ up a b> ( *eap soap into bits4 ,heat ! end ( ! drill to be temp]$ to a dull r$ & put x into ! tub ( cle> wat]1 ! cutt+ edge only "u wat] until x is cool$ (f4 ,take x out to poli%4 ,:5 ! /raw col\r appe>s plunge x into ! tub ( soapy wat]4 ,?is does away ) any r$ heat t might be 9 ! b> :5 ! temp] col\rs appe>4 ,soapy wat] is a poor conductor ( heat & x all[s ! /eel to cool (f )\t sudd5ly *ill+ x4 ,,drill ,,= ,,h& ,,drill+ ,illu/ration ,^! drills are us$ = drill+ holes 9 rocks :]e x is impossible to place ma*9es or :]e ma*9es are n available1 su* z on f>ms1 :]e great rocks & nigg] heads are to be remov$ by drill+ & bla/+ out4 ,!y are made z y w\ld make a cold *isel4 ,! tap]1 h[ev]1 is mu* %ort] & ! ends are usually ei!r r\nd$ or diamond %ape4 7,see sket*47 ,! cutt+ edges are gr\nd1 b 9 _m cases !y are =g$ & fil$ to %ape4 ,!y are temp]$ 9 ! same way z cold *isels are treat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd & flat h& drill ,illu/ration3 ,pipe drill ,r\nd & flat h& drill3 ,take a piece ( octagonal /eel1 ! size & l5g? dep5d+ ^u ! size & dep? ( ! hole to be drill$4 ,^! %\ld n be ov] #bj ins4 9 l5g?1 = ! bl[ w\ld h little effect ^u ! cutt+ edge ( ! drill4 ,put "o end into ! fire1 take x out & f9i% x up z y w\ld ! %ort end ( a cold *isel4 ,rev]se ! piece ( /eel1 & heat ?is end1 = ab\t two in*es1 r$ hot4 ,place x on ! side ( ! anvil face & flatt5 x d[n tap]+4 ,make x v %ort & j wide en\gh = ! size hole to be drill$4 ,) a hot *isel cut ! end into ! prop] %ape1 ei!r r\nd or diamond %ape4 ,) ! h& hamm] "w ! cutt+ edge on ! end4 ,?is end %\ld be f #a_/h 94 to #c_/af 94 9 ?ickness4 ,ei!r file or gr9d ! bevel :i* =ms ! cutt+ edge %>p4 ,h>d5 & temp] x ! same z y w\ld a cold *isel4 ,if x is f\nd1 on trial1 to be too s(t1 re-heat1 h>d51 & temp] at a high] col\r4 ,"o ( ! be/ h& drills = drill+ holes 9 s(t mat]ial l bricks or s&/ones is a piece ( gas pipe any l5g?4 ,file tee? 9 ! end1 l a saw too?4 ,case h>d5 ! end4 ,?is drill w g ?r\gh a wall almo/ z quickly z a twi/ drill & ) mu* less lab\r4 ,,%ackle ,%ackles are us$ = connect+ *a9s1 wire1 ropes1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ackle4 ,/ock3 ,"o piece ( #c_/d-;94 r\nd iron1 #ab-a_/b ins4 7= %ackle74 ,"o piece ( #a_/b-;94 r\nd iron1 #d ins4 7= p974 ,"o piece #a #a_/h-;94 flat iron1 #a-c_/d ins4 7= key74 ,"o piece #c_/af-;94 r\nd iron1 #b-a_/d ins4 7= r+74 ,directions3 ,heat ! #c_/d-;94 r\nd iron b> two in*es1 !n b5d ?is end on ! anvil at "r angles to ! re/ ( ! b>4 ,place ! heel on ! anvil1 ) ! end /ick+ up4 ,/rike on ! end ) ! h& hamm] & drive x d[n into ! heel ( ! piece4 ,repeat on ! o!r end ( ! b>4 ,z "o c always =ce ! metal into any %ape "o desires by fir/ driv+ x "o way or ! o!r1 skill 9 mak+ ! two ends ( ! b> dep5ds ^u "o's way ( us+ ! hamm]4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ ! eye on ! end ( ! b> does away ) weld+ & upsett+ ( ! metal4 ,a r\nd f9i%$ eye is ! result ( ! natural b5d+ ( ! metal4 ,?is holds good n only = ! %ackles l ?is "o b = _m o!r tools1 su* z h& holds = c>s1 wagons1 etc4 ,b5d+3 ,! %ackle %\ld be b5t z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,fir/ b5d x "r back ( ! eye1 ea* "o at ab\t #de4 ,heat ! body ( ! piece & %ape x ar\nd ! horn ( ! anvil until ! op5+ measures #a 94 wide4 ,! sl$ge & swage are be/ us$ = ?is purpose4 ,place ! swage on ! metal & h ! help] /rike ! swage4 ,! %ape is n apt to be *ang$ or ! metal m>r$ if ^! tools are us$4 ,p93 ,take ! #a_/b #d 94 piece ( /ock4 ,! end is heat$ & upset ab\t #a_/b 94 ,place ?is end 9 a head+ tool & "w a button head on ! end ) ei!r ! cupp+ tool or a h& hamm]4 ,! p9 %\ld h a slot cut ?r\gh x #b ins4 f ! head4 ,to d ?is make a pun* to cut ! slot ! %ape requir$4 ,aft] ! piece is m>k$ pun* ! slot by driv+ ! pun* half way ?r\gh on "o side4 ,turn ! piece ov] & drive ! hole ?r\gh on ! o!r side4 ,?is enl>ges ! metal a little4 ,r$uce x to ! #a_/b-;94 size to fit ! hole 9 ! %ackle4 ,cut a little piece ( iron ! ?ickness & wid? ( ! key1 #a_/b 94 long4 ,heat ! end ) ! hole 9 & drive ?is drift into ! slot4 ,) #a_/b 94 top & bottom swage & ! drift 9 ! slot1 r$uce ! p9 to fit ! hole4 ,drive ! drift out4 ,y n[ h a nice r\nd$ p9 ) a hole 91 #c_/h #a_/h 94 ,key3 ,take a piece ( #a #a_/h 94 flat iron or /eel4 ,m>k ! %ape ( ! key4 ,cut x out & file to fit ! slot4 ,drill holes 9 ! small end ( ?is to prev5t x fall+ out ( ! p94 ,r+3 ,b5d ! piece ( #c_/af-;94 wire ar\nd a #e_/h-;94 rod 9 ! %ape ( a spiral & saw (f ea* r+ z requir$4 ,! r+ %\ld fit ! hole 9 ! key4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ a %ackle is ! same :e!r ! mat]ial is #a_/d 94 9 diamet] or any size up to #b ins4 9 diamet]4 ,,cr[-,,b>s1 ,,& ,,weld+ ,,( ,,tool ,,/eel ,,to ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,illu/ration3 ,cr[-b> ,cr[-b>s are made by weld+ a piece ( r\nd ,no4 #b flat /eel into ! end ( a wr\ght iron b> any l5g? or any size1 dep5d+ ^u ! use to :i* ! b> is to be put :5 made4 ,?is draw+ %[s a b> = %ift+ rails = railroads4 ,:5 ! size is det]m9$1 select ! wr\ght iron to be us$4 ,upset ! end & split x ) a *isel #c_/d 94 = a cleft weld4 ,re-heat ! end to a :ite heat4 ,place x ^u ! edge ( ! anvil ne>e/ y & ) ! pe5 ( ! hamm] "w ! sc>f out to a %>p po9t4 ,repeat on ! o!r side4 7,see picture47 ,place ! piece ( /eel select$ = weld+1 9 ! fire2 %ape ?is end d[n to a %>p po9t at an angle ( #de4 ,) ! edge ( ! *isel plac$ on ?is sc>f1 /rike on ! top ( ! *isel ) a sl$ge hamm]4 ,?is w cut a nick & at ! same "t x raises up a sliv] :i* w help hold ! piece ( /eel 9 ! iron betwe5 ! cleft4 ,cool ?is sc>f (f 9 wat] until x is black hot4 ,heat ! piece ( iron 7sc>f end74 ,place ! end ( ! /eel sc>f betwe5 ! cleft & close ! sc>f on to ! /eel by /rik+ g5tly4 ,! /eel w n[ /ay 9 ! end ( ! piece until x is weld$4 ,place ! sc>f 9 ! fire & :5 x is r$ hot cov] x ) borax4 ,get a weld+ heat on ! wr\ght iron close to ! jo9t fir/4 ,gradually "w ?is heat t[>d ! /eel till ! borax beg9s to burn1 emitt+ a d>k br[n smoke4 ,take x out ( ! fire & place x on ! anvil4 ,"o or two %>p bl[s on ! end ( ! /eel w drive x up into ! crot* ( ! sc>f4 ,n[ /rike g5tly on ! top ( ! sc>f4 ,increase ! =ce ( ! bl[s :5 y are sure ! two pieces are weld+ toge!r4 ,if ! pieces are n weld+1 :i* w be readily se5 by ! po9ts ( ! sc>f op5+ :ile work+ !m d[n1 place !m aga9 9 ! fire1 put on borax & re-heat4 ,a few trials w tea* y h[ hot to get x = weld+4 ,flatt5 d[n ! end & %ape x z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,h>d5 & temp] ! cr[-b> z y w\ld a cold *isel4 ,if ! po9t is n q %>p en\gh gr9d x on ! /one4 ,,nail ,,pull] ,,or ,,claw ,,tool ,?is tool is made 9 mu* ! same way z y make a cr[ b>4 ,h[ev]1 be=e b5d+ ! end up into a cr[-b> %ape1 cut a slot 9 ! end1 z %[n 9 ! picture4 ,n[ b5d x into %ape4 ,! h&le %\ld n be ov] #bj ins4 9 l5g? & tap]$ usually f #c_/d 94 at ! l>ge end to ab\t #c_/h 94 at ! small] end4 ,! end is n[ flatt5$ & a hole pun*$ 9 x to hang x up :5 n 9 use4 ,?is is "o ( ! h&ie/ tools to h ar\nd any %op1 n only z a nail & a bolt pull]1 b x may be us$ 9 place ( ! cr[-b>4 ,! draw+ expla9s ! v>i\s /eps 9 ! mak+ ( ! tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,nail pull] ,,but*] ,,knife ,/ock3 ,spr+ /eel1 #g_/h #a_/af 94 #i ins4 long4 ,illu/ration3 ,but*] knife detail ,! spr+ /eel us$ = c>v+ knives or any /eel us$ = t purpose %\ld be a grade t w h>d5 9 oil j h>d en\gh to feel a mill-cut file cut ! /eel4 ,cut ! /ock (f #i ins4 & =ge ! %ank fir/4 ,on ?is size /eel ?is =g+ ( ! %ank consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! ?ickness ( ! mat]ial & wid5+ x ab\t #a_/af 94 to #b ins4 9 l5g?4 ,?is t5ds to t\gh5 ! /eel1 & x makes a bett] knife by ?is extra "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,but*] knives ,to =ge ! blade1 heat #g ins4 & b5d x a little edgewise be=e r$uc+ ! "o side = cutt+ edge4 ,all[ ! /ret*+ & ?9n+ out ( ?is edge to /raight5 ! blade1 & ! curve on ! back w =m itself1 naturally1 by ! extra l5g? ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,d n try to =ge ! exact %ape ( ! knife4 ,x is mu* bett] to r$uce x to ! requir$ ?ickness1 outl9e ! %ape1 & cut x ) a hot or cold *isel4 ,at ?is ?ickness ! knife c be work$ ei!r hot or cold :5 do+ ?is p>ticul> k9d ( "w4 ,cut along ! outl9e1 ?us giv+ x %ape4 ,a f9e file w f9i% ! r\ghness on ! outl9e & trim up any unev5 spots caus$ by ! %ap+4 ,:5 ! knife is f9i%$1 s f> z ! =g+ is conc]n$1 anneal x by heat+ ! :ole blade & all[+ x to cool 9 slak$ lime4 ,?is relieves any /ra9 due to =g+4 ,h&les are made ( bone1 bir*1 or bee*1 & c be %ap$ to suit "o's ta/e4 ,!y %\ld measure ab\t #a #e_/h #e ins4 ,rivets hold !m 9 place4 7,see cut47 ,^! are ( brass wire1 easily made by cutt+ (f ! l5g? requir$ to g ?r\gh ! wood to hold ! blade 9 place4 ,place ! blade 9 ! slot ( ! wood h&le & drill f\r holes ?r\gh ! wood & ?r\gh ! blade4 ,d n make ! holes m ?an #a_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,take ! blade out1 h>d51 & temp]4 ,all drill+ ( holes & fitt+ %\ld be done be=e ! blade is temp]$1 :ile x is 9 ! s(t /ate4 ,x is difficult to drill ! holes aft] ! temp]+ has be5 done4 ,to temp] ! blade3 ,! blade is temp]$ by heat+ x on a coke fire4 ,place ! back ( ! blade d[n1 on a piece ( flat iron4 ,! iron w heat r$ hot4 ,! iron "u ! knife prev5ts ! flame /rik+ ! blade & heat+ x unev5ly1 9 spots1 z x 74 ,:5 ! blade is r$ hot plunge x into a ba? made ( l9se$ oil4 ,take x out ( ! oil & poli% x4 ,use ! piece ( iron ! blade 0 heat$ on to draw ! temp]4 ,?is hot iron is put on ! anvil1 ! back ( ! knife edgewise is plac$ on ! iron & mov$ =w>d & backw>d to insure a uni=m heat4 ,z soon z ! /raw col\r appe>s take out any buckle or b5d caus$ by ! h>d5+4 ,place ! o!r side ( ! blade on ! anvil4 ,a few quick1 %>p bl[s ) ! pe5 ( ! hamm] w /raight5 ! blade4 ,cont9ue ! temp]+ until ! purple col\r %[s4 ,! blade %\ld be temp]$ s t a v smoo?1 %>p file w j cut x :5 rubb$ ov] ! surface4 ,place ! blade 9 ! h&le & rivet x 9 place1 poli% x1 & !n gr9d4 ,,ornam5tal ,,iron ,,"w ,,xxviii ,,processes1 ,,&irons1 ,,fire ,,tools ,illu/ration ,! h&l+ ( wr\ght iron :5 mak+ ornam5tal "w (t5 br+s 91 besides ! usual smi?+ op]ations1 ! processes ( emboss+1 impress+1 engrav+1 et*+1 inlay+ ( copp] or brass1 gr9d+1 & poli%+4 ,emboss+ is done by heat+ ! piece & rais+ ! metal f ! back into an iron above ! surface4 ,impress+ is done by cutt+ an impression 9 an iron block & driv+ ! metal into x4 ,engrav+ consi/s ( putt+ ! design ^u ! iron ) a diamond po9t *isel or any %>p tool1 ) ! aid ( a hamm]4 ,:5 ! design is cut out by means ( acid ! process is call$ et*+4 ,x is done 9 ?is way3 ,! surface to be et*$ is fir/ cov]$ ) a lay] ( wax4 ,! design to be left is scrat*$ ?r\gh ! wax into ! metal by us+ a v %>p tool4 ,?is lays b>e ! surface ( ! metal to be et*$4 ,! acid or et*+ fluid is !n appli$4 ,:5 suffici5tly et*$ ! acid is remov$ f ! surface ( ! metal by means ( turp5t9e4 ,?is /ops ! action ( ! acid imm$iately4 ,inlay+ is hamm]+ "o metal into ! surface ( ano!r4 ,x is done by cutt+ a groove 9 ! surface ( "o metal & hamm]+ ! o!r metal into ?is groove4 ,impress+1 engrav+1 et*+1 inlay+1 etc41 are us$ on f9e pieces ( ornam5tal "w1 su* z door knock]s1 draw] pulls1 door h&les1 sword blades1 ornam5tal h+es1 fire sets1 etc41 or on small pieces ( "w su* z initials or coats ( arms1 etc4 ,splitt+ ( iron or s(t /eel3 ,splitt+ iron or s(t /eel is done = _m pieces ( "w4 ,all solid r+s1 r+s )\t welds1 h&les = c>ry+ ladles 9 f\ndries ( all k9ds are made 9 ?is way4 ,mo/ ( our ornam5tal "w1 :]e we require two pieces ( iron runn+ f a /em 9 opposite directions1 calls = ?is process4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,splitt+ & ,%ap+ ! ,iron 9 ! ,mak+ ( ,&irons4 ,we are n[ go+ to make a pair ( &irons4 ,! process ( splitt+ iron comes 9 ) ?is problem4 ,illu/ration ,pair ( &irons3 ,x is always be/ to make a sket* ( ! l>ge pieces ( ornam5tal "w to be made1 9 ord] t !y may h ! prop] proportion to _! sett+ & be> ! "r relation to _! surr\nd+s4 ,= in/ance1 a grill made f ei!r wr\ght iron or s(t /eel mu/ fit ! op5+ :5 f9i%$1 iron gates mu/ fit space = :i* !y are int5d$1 yet n be too tall or too %ort to be 9 good proportion to _! sett+1 etc4 ,&irons mu/ fit into ! fireplace & occupy ! space s z to give ! eye a s5se ( fitness & proportion to ! :ole he>?4 ,?is sket* %[s a pair ( &irons t c be made suitable = any size he>?4 ,no inlay+1 et*+1 etc41 is us$ ^u ?is "w1 ! only decoration be+ ! hamm] m>ks left by ! pe5 ( ! hamm]4 ,&irons are mu* us$ 9 c\ntry homes :]e log fires are 9 use4 ,!y c be made ( iron or brass1 & coal or wood may be us$ on a he>? fitt$ out ) a pair4 ,/ock3 ,"o piece s(t /eel1 #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #bj ins4 ,two pieces1 #g_/h 94 squ>e1 #i ins4 long4 ,two pieces1 #g_/h 94 squ>e1 #ad ins4 long4 ,two pieces1 #g_/h 94 squ>e1 #bj ins4 long4 ,"o piece #c_/d-;94 squ>e iron4 ,"o piece #a #a_/d #f ins4 flat iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,b5d 9 ?is way to =m ! legs ,directions3 ,take ! #bj-;94 b> & split x #aj ins4 ,to d ?is rub a piece ( *alk on ! two faces ( ! b>4 ,?is makes cle> any m>k+ put on ! surface4 ,) ! squ>e m>k (f #aj ins4 f "o end4 ,n[ ) a pair ( divid]s set at #c_/d 94 run along ! b> ) "o leg ( ! divid]s on ! out] edge to ! #aj-;94 m>k4 ,d ?is on bo? faces4 ,n[ m>k on ?is c5tre l9e ) a cold *isel4 ,put ! b> into ! fire & heat ! end ( x4 ,take x out :5 r$ hot & put x on ! anvil4 ,! m>ks made by ! cold *isel w %[ pla9ly4 ,) ! hot *isel cut along ! l9es made by ! cold *isel1 cutt+ f bo? sides ( ! piece until ! b> is divid$ into two equal p>ts4 ,?is w require a numb] ( heat+s to d4 ,! la/ in* %\ld be cut f ! top d[n4 ,to cut ?is1 up-end ! b> on ! anvil or any solid base1 plac+ ! hot *isel 9 ! crot* ( ! piece & /rik+ x ) ! sl$ge hamm]4 ,?is cuts ! la/ in* d[n squ>e ) ! axis ( ! b>4 ,! sl$ge hamm] "w is heavy & "o requires a help] "h4 ,! b> is n[ divid$ into two w+s4 ,be=e %ap+ ^! two w+s into ! base = feet ! upp] "p ( ! b> %\ld be drawn out accord+ to ! draw+ & ! end r\nd$ or squ>$ z suits ! ta/e4 ,! w+s are n[ %ap$ up & =m ! two feet on ! b>4 7,see draw+47 ,illu/ration3 ,%ape legs %\ld be be=e b5d+ ,to %ape ! feet ( ! &iron3 ,! draw+ %[s ! %ape & l5g? ! legs %\ld be4 ,to d ?is heat ! b> at ! crot*1 & flatt5 bo? sides out almo/ /raight4 ,?is prep>es = %ap+ accord+ to ! draw+4 ,measure (f #c ins4 f ! extreme end ( ea* leg & m>k (f ) a c5tre-pun*4 ,! #c-;94 l5g?s =m ! feet4 ,tap] ! iron betwe5 ! c5tre-pun* m>k & ! crot* s t :5 f9i%$ ! leg %\ld measure #a-a_/b #e_/h 94 close to ! crot*1 & #a #a_/b 94 at ! c5tre-pun* m>k4 ,repeat ?is on ! o!r leg4 ,flatt5 out ! feet s t !y w measure #c-a_/b #b-a_/d ins4 ,^! feet are slightly impress$4 ,to d ?is place ! feet ov] a holl[ iron block & =ce ! metal d[n s t ! "u side is rais$ up ab\t #a_/b 94 above ! level ( ! foot4 7,see dott$ l9es on ! draw+ ( ! feet47 ,repeat on ! o!r side4 ,! leg is n[ ready to be b5t into %ape4 ,heat up at ! crot* & !n b5d bo? legs back t[>d ! top end at an angle ( #fj4 ,heat aga9 & b5d ! legs =w>d1 %ap+ !m l ! draw+4 ,back "p ( ! &iron3 ,! draw+ %[s a %ort upright piece plac$ s z to prev5t ! logs roll+ out 9 front4 ,! #ad-;94 piece is weld$ on to ! upright1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & fa/5$ on to ! &iron4 ,! #bj-;94 piece is weld$ on to ! &iron & =ms ! leg on :i* ! wood is plac$4 ,^! pieces are weld$ ^u %ort uprights by :at is call$ jump welds4 7,see description ( jump welds47 ,! end ( ! iron is b5t on ! anvil z squ>e b5ds are always made4 7,see description ( squ>e b5ds47 ,! end t fa/5s to ! &iron prop] is also b5t squ>e1 b tap]$ slightly to make a nice fit4 ,fa/5+ ! frame to ! &iron is done ) a /ud & bolt4 ,! /ud is screw$ into ! &iron & into ! frame z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,a squ>e head$ bolt fa/5s ! upp] "p1 ?us prev5t+ any twi/+ out ( place4 ,! only f9i% giv5 to ! &irons is t left by ! m>k+ ( ?is pe5 hamm]4 ,?is leaves a mottl$ surface1 :i* gives an old look to ! f9i%$ piece4 ,*a9 r+ bolt3 ,r+ bolt is made f a #c_/d-;94 squ>e iron piece4 ,?is is drawn d[n at "o end until x is #a 94 long & #a_/b 94 r\nd4 ,a ?read is cut on ?is end4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! squ>e head #c_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,r+ ,illu/ration3 ,r+ bolt ,illu/ration3 ,&iron ) rivet$ wood re/ ,r+3 ,take ! #a #a_/d #f 94 piece ( flat iron4 ,draw x out s t x tap]s t[>d ea* end4 7,see draw+47 ,on ! extreme end ( ea* is a #a_/d-;94 p9 #c_/h 94 long4 ,b5d r+ into %ape4 ,! l[] c5tre ( ! r+ has a knob4 ,?is knob is made out ( a piece ( #c_/d-;94 squ>e iron pull$ d[n #a_/d 94 9 diamet] & #a_/d 94 back f ! end4 ,! full]$ end makes ! p9 & %\ld be cut long en\gh to project ?r\gh ! r+ #a_/h 94 to all[ = rivet+4 ,y h suffici5t /ock to r\nd up on ! edge ( ! anvil into a ball %ape4 ,drill a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+ & fit ! p9 on ! end ( ! knob into ! hole 9 ! r+4 ,rivet tight4 ,! design y see on ! r+ may be put on ) a diamond po9t$ *isel4 ,! r+ is n[ heat$1 op5$ out1 & pu%$ into ! hole made 9 ! r+ bolt s t x sw+s easily into place4 ,two r+s ( c\rse %\ld be made4 ,! *a9 fa/5$ f "o r+ to ano!r is us$ z a gu>d aga9/ fire4 ,! *a9 r+s are made out ( #a_/d-;94 squ>e iron :i* is cut #aj ins4 long4 ,!n !y are b5t squ>e & weld$ z *a9 l9ks are usually weld$4 ,notice t ! la/ two l9ks %[ an op5+ j wide en\gh to all[ !m to be slipp$ into ! r+s ( ! &iron4 ,?is completes ! set4 ,! f9i% is made by ! ind5tations left by ! pe5 ( ! hamm]4 ,on page #cfi is %[n ano!r pair ( &irons4 ,!y are made 9 ! same way z ! pair j describ$1 splitt+ x d[n to =m ! legs4 ,! wood re/s are rivet$ ?r\gh ! body ( ! piece1 =m+ a l>ge rivet head 9 front to hold x 9 place & at ! same "t add+ to ! decoration4 ,,fire ,,tools ,,& ,,/&3 ,,pok]1 ,,%ovel1 ,,tongs ,illu/ration ,fire tools =m "p ( ! &iron set & are us$ = grate fires or op5 he>? fires ( ei!r coal or wood4 ,!y are always 9 evid5ce 9 c\ntry homes :]e op5 fireplaces are /ill 9 use4 ,!y c be made ( brass1 iron1 or s(t /eel4 ,if an &iron is 9 place ! fire tools are usually made ( ! same metal & f9i%$ 9 ! same way s z to mat*4 ,illu/ration ,pok]3 ,/ock3 ,"o piece ( #g_/h-;94 r\nd iron or s(t /eel #h ins4 long 7= h&le74 ,"o piece #a_/b 94 r\nd4 ,"o piece #bj ins4 long 7= rod74 ,^! draw+s %[ a simple design 9 fire tools4 ,all h h&les aft] ! same design1 slightly curv$1 ) a ball z an end decoration4 ,! mak+ ( ! h&le is describ$ bel[1 & ?is me?od1 ( c\rse1 applies to ! mak+ ( all ! h&les ( ?is set4 ,h&le3 ,/ock3 ,"o piece #g_/h 94 ( r\nd /ock full]$ d[n #g_/h 94 f ! end to a ?ickness ( #e_/h 94 ,knock ! f\r corn]s d[n & r\nd up into a ball4 ,five in*es f ?is1 full] ! piece to #e_/h 94 ?ickness4 ,draw ! piece out any l5g?1 keep+ ! ?ickness #e_/h 94 ,weld ! #a_/b-;94 rod to ! small end4 ,! extreme end ( ! pok] may be f9i%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is sometimes turn$ at "r angles to ! rod4 ,x may be po9t$1 flatt5$1 etc4 ,! c5tre ( ! h&le is slightly curv$4 ,to d ?is heat ! rod & r$uce x1 !n place x ^u ! l>ge/ "p ( ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,) ! h& hamm]1 hamm] until ! ?9ne/ "p 9 ! c5tre measures ab\t #c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is way ! h&le is r$uc$ #a_/h 94 at t po9t1 & curv$ 9 slightly4 ,illu/ration ,%ovel3 ,/ock3 ,h&le1 #g_/h #h 94 r\nd iron or s(t /eel4 ,rod1 #a_/b #aj ins4 long1 iron or s(t /eel4 ,%ovel blades1 rectangul> piece ( ,no4 #bj1 s(t /eel1 #f #i ins4 ,directions3 ,h&le is made 9 same way z y made ! h&le ( ! pok]4 ,rod3 ,! rod is weld$ at "o end to ! h&le4 ,! o!r end is flatt5$ out to be rivet$ on to ! %ovel blade4 ,to d ?is1 upset ! extreme end ( ! rod back ab\t #a 94 & ab\t #c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,flatt5 ?is out & %ape x up z %[n by ! sket*4 ,holes are drill$ 9 = #a_/h 94 rivets4 ,%ovel blade3 ,cut a pap] patt]n j ! %ape ( ! blade4 ,m>k on ! inside ( ! patt]n ! wid? ( ! edges to be turn$ up4 ,place ! pap] patt]n on ! metal & cut out ! outl9e ) a cold *isel4 ,n[ m>k (f ! inside l9e = ! turn$ up edges4 ,heat ! metal 9 ! =ge fire1 a little at a "t1 beg9n+ at ! c5tre "p ( ! r\nd4 ,b5d x ^u a r\nd /ake1 tapp+ g5tly ) ! hamm] until ! blade is well %ap$1 accord+ to y\r design4 ,?is size metal w buckle up ! same z ! copp] did4 ,give z mu* c>e 9 r\nd+ up ! iron z y did to ! copp]4 7,see copp] b[l47 ,:5 ! piece has tak5 on ! %ovel %ape place ! end ( ! h&le to be rivet$ on ! blade1 & m>k ! holes4 ,drill & rivet ! h&le & ! blade ) #a_/h-;94 r\nd head iron rivets4 ,notice t ! %ovel blade is n 9 an exact l9e ) ! h&le & rod4 ,x =ms an angle ) !m4 ,?is b5d is made aft] ! rivet+ is done4 ,heat ! piece :]e ! blade jo9s ! rod & b5d x back g5tly ei!r ) ! h& or by tapp+ x ) a hamm]1 keep+ ! hot "p ( ! %ovel1 all ! "t1 on ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,illu/ration ,tongs3 ,/ock3 #g_/h #ab 94 r\nd1 = h&le4 ,two pieces #a_/b #af 94 r\nd rod4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,make h&le z = pok] & %ovel4 ,look at ! detail draw+ & y w see by ! dott$ l9es t #b ins4 f ! l[] end ( ! h&le ! /ock is b5t out at "r angles to ! axis ( ! h&le4 ,take "o ( ! #a_/b #af 94 r\nd rods1 place x 9 ! swage1 us+ ! top swage on ?is4 ,%ape ! piece betwe5 ! two swages4 ,=m x to an oval %ape by /rik+ ) a sl$ge hamm] on ! top swage4 ,?is makes "o half ( ! r\nd$ "p ( ! tong4 ,if ?is is done )\t turn+ ! piece :ile work+ x1 ! cross section w be oval4 ,b5d x r\nd+1 z %[n by ! draw+4 ,x is n[ ready to weld to ! rod1 b be=e do+ ?is x is be/ to f9i% ! h+e4 ,draw out ! /ock betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! b5d1 #b #e_/h ins4 9 diamet]4 ,leave ! /ock heavy ne> ! h&le on acc\nt ( ! weight ( ! tongs4 ,to =m ! h+e3 ,place a r\nd #c_/d-;94 pun*1 flatt5$ on ! end1 on ! corn] & drive d[n half way4 ,?is makes a circul> depression1 j l>ge en\gh to accommodate ! #a_/b-;94 h+e4 ,two ( ^! w+s ( ! tongs are to be made to complete ! tongs4 ,! second piece is f> simpl] ?an ! fir/ to make1 & x is really ! only "p ( ! tong t moves4 ,draw out ! /ock & make ! same size oval z y made ) ! o!r piece "u ! swages4 ,b5d x ! same %ape4 ,repeat ! "w ) ! pun* on ! end1 ?us mak+ ! o!r half ( ! tong h+e4 ,file ^! halves to fit p]fectly4 ,:5 t is satisfactory1 drill a hole ?r\gh ! middle4 ,put a r\nd-head rivet ?r\gh1 & see :e!r ! h+e n[ works p]fectly free4 ,remove rivets4 ,! p>ts are n[ ready to be weld$ to ! rods4 ,upset ! ends ( ! small rods1 sc>f bo? = a regul> lap weld 7see ,lap ,weld71 & f9i% by weld+4 ,! end ( ! tongs are flatt5$ d[n4 ,flatt5 out ! mat]ial & at ! same "t r\nd x up4 ,if ! mat]ial is n ?ick en\gh to give en\gh = ?is r\nd+ "p1 upset ! end a little1 or d\ble ! end ov] & weld4 7,see ,weld+47 ,tongs are n[ ready = rivet+ toge!r4 ,place ! h+e 9 position4 ,pu% ! r\nd-head rivet ?r\gh ! hole made4 ,let x pu% ?r\gh f> en\gh to all[ mat]ial = a rivet head ( exactly ! size ( ! r\nd head4 ,! head may be r\nd$ up if n too l>ge1 :ile x is cold4 ,s9ce only a #a_/d-;94 rivet is call$ = "h1 ?is "w c be done )\t any heat+4 ,tongs are made1 z y "k1 = ! purpose ( pick+ up pieces ( wood or coal to place !m 9 a /ove or op5 fire4 ,"o mu/ keep _! use 9 m9d :5 mak+ ! ends ( ! tongs fitt$ to d ?is "w1 s ! ends may be flat1 r\nd1 claw %ap$1 concav$1 etc4 ,! f9i% w be ! same z ! f9i% on ! &iron1 )\t any attempt at ornam5t4 ,! surface %\ld %[ ! hamm] m>ks1 b be q free f lumps4 ,/&3 ,sometimes hooks are fa/5$ 9 ! fireplace = hold+ ! fire tools4 ,a tool /&1 h[ev]1 is mo/ conv5i5t & may be made easily4 ,! draw+ %[s a pla9 design1 ) base1 feet1 upright1 arms = receiv+ ! tools1 & h&le4 ,/ock3 ,base1 ,no4 #bj %eet iron1 #ah #ad ins41 oblong piece4 ,feet3 #c pieces1 #a 94 squ>e1 #b ins4 long4 ,upright1 #c_/d 94 r\nd1 #bf ins4 long4 ,arms1 #b pieces1 #a #a_/d #ae ins4 ,h&le1 #a #a_/b #bj ins4 ,directions3 ,! draw+ %[s ! /& z x %\ld look :5 f9i%$4 ,base is made fir/4 ,cut out a patt]n ( an ellipse1 long diamet] #ah ins41 %ort diamet] #ad ins4 ,place ?is patt]n on ! oblong piece & cut x out ) %e>s or a cold *isel4 ,on ! inside m>k (f #a-a_/d ins4 p>allel to ! outside edge4 ,on t l9e turn ! metal up z y turn$ up ! rim ( ! copp] b[l4 ,?is c be done :ile ! metal is ei!r hot or cold4 ,p]haps x is a little easi] to "w up mo/ ( ! b5d :ile ! metal is hot & f9i% up :ile x is cold4 ,d n cool ! metal (f 9 wat]1 ?\gh4 ,?is t5ds to h>d5 x a little4 ,let x cool (f gradually1 & :5 necess>y anneal or s(t5 x4 ,feet3 ,! #a-;94 squ>e iron is full]$ d[n #a 94 f ! end4 ,! ball is r\nd$ out ( ?is end piece same z 0 done 9 mak+ ! balls = ! door knock]4 ,?is leaves "p ( ! metal ) :i* to make a p9 = rivet+4 ,cut (f ?is rivet p9 ! l5g? requir$4 ,rivet holes are made 9 ! base l>ge en\gh to receive ! rivet p9s on ! iron feet4 ,divide ! base into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,drill rivet holes ! "r size1 put ! iron balls 9 place1 & rivet4 ,arms3 ,! two pieces ( #a_/d #a #ae ins4 are b5t & sc>f$4 ,! two sc>f$ edges are weld$ toge!r4 ,!n ! end is weld$ to "o end ( ! upright po/4 ,h&le3 ,! h&le is made sep>ate & is !n weld$ on to ! arms4 ,take ! #a_/b #bj 94 piece & b5d x at "r angles #e ins4 f ea* end4 ,heat x 9 ! middle & b5d s ! two ends come toge!r4 ,?is =ms a loop4 ,make ?is loop ! same %ape z is %[n by ! h&le4 ,weld ! two #e-;94 ends toge!r1 %ape1 & !n weld ?is to ! crot* ( ! arms4 ,?is =ms ! h&le4 ,! arms are n[ b5t wide en\gh to receive ! fire tools4 ,! upright3 ,cut x (f #cj ins4 f ! top ( ! arms4 ,upset "o end l>ge en\gh to make a foot #d ins4 long & ab\t #b ins4 wide4 ,?is is flatt5$ d[n & %ap$ z %[n1 = ?ree #a_/d-;94 rivets4 ,pu% ! rivets 9 & rivet ! upright to ! base4 ,if ! base %\ld n be /rong en\gh to hold ! upright firm x c be /r5g!n$ by plac+ a brace f ! long ends & fa/5+ x to ! c5tre ( ! upright4 ,?is adds to ! decoration z well z ! /r5g?4 ,use a #a_/b #a_/h 94 flat b> ( iron or /eel4 ,place x 9 a vise & twi/ x ab\t two ?irds ( its l5g?4 ,b5d ! ends to fit ! curv$ sides ( ! base & also to fit ! po/4 ,a small #a_/h-;94 rivet on ea* side & "o ?r\gh ! po/ w hold x suffici5tly4 ,! /& is f9i%$ to correspond ) ! &iron & fire tools4 ,9 ?is design ! hamm] m>ks seem m suitable ?an any special decoration4 ,a little ma*9e oil spread ov] ! surface1 ! :ole ?+ heat$ 9 ! =ge fire until ! oil fla%es (f1 gives a natural iron f9i%1 :i* is mo/ pleas+4 ,,xxix ,,c&le/icks1 ,,h+es1 ,,iron ,,brackets ,,c&le/ick ,?is wr\ght iron c&le/ick is made up ( ?ree pieces weld$ toge!r4 ,/ock3 ,?ree pieces ( #c_/h-;94 r\nd iron #d ins4 long4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,! detail draw+s %[ ! /eps 9 ! mak+ ( ?is piece ( "w4 ,notice t ! rod us$ to make ! leg & foot also =ms "p ( ! hold] or socket4 ,take "o ( ! #c_/h #d 94 rods4 ,m>k (f #c_/d 94 f "o end4 ,draw ?is out z %[n by ! sket*4 ,m>k (f #a_/b 94 f t po9t4 ,f ?is #a_/b-;94 m>k draw ! mat]ial out #d-a_/b ins4 long4 ,?is %\ld be made squ>e & tap]$ slightly t[>d ! foot4 ,y w !n h #c_/d 94 = ! foot4 ,foot3 ,! draw+ %[s a conv5tional fl[] %ap$ foot4 ,spread ! #c_/d 94 wide en\gh to %ape a foot z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,%ape x by cutt+ x out ) a *isel & !n fil+4 ,! emboss+ is done 9 ! same way1 z has be5 expla9$4 7,see ,emboss+47 ,socket3 ,! socket is tulip or cup %ap$4 ,flatt5 out ! opposite end ( ! #d-;94 b> & %ape up z %[n 9 sket*4 ,make ! o!r two legs to mat* ?is "o4 ,weld ! ?ree pieces toge!r at ,a 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,put ! ?ree p>ts toge!r & b9d 9 place ) a piece ( b9d+ wire4 ,place x 9 ! fire & heat x to a weld+ heat4 ,weld ! ?ree pieces close to ! socket & = ab\t #a 94 bel[4 ,%ape a r\nd neck 7see sket*7 & at ! same "t r$uce x to #c_/h 94 9 diamet]4 ,! small iron coll> is put on & weld$ ab\t #a 94 bel[ ! socket4 ,?is addition is = ornam5tal purposes entirely4 ,%ape socket = ! c&le3 ,heat ! top at a l[ heat & ) a pair ( r\nd-nos$ p9c]s %ape up z %[n4 ,! legs are n[ twi/$4 ,?is c be done ! la/ ?+ & :ile ! metal is cold4 ,wr\ght iron c&le/ick3 ,take a piece ( s(t /eel or wr\ght iron #a_/d #d #d ins4 ,heat ! b>4 ,emboss ! c5tre by driv+ x 9 a hole 9 a swage block4 ,! c5tre %\ld be ab\t #a-a_/b ins4 above ! surface ( ! feet4 ,cut out ! f\r pieces z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,file up & f9i% ! base4 ,illu/ration ,po/3 ,select a piece ( #e_/h-;94 squ>e iron4 ,tap] ! ends to #c_/h 94 squ>e by #g-a_/b ins4 long4 ,! small end swells out #a_/b 94 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,=ge a small p91 #a_/d #a_/d 941 on ! end ( ?is po/4 ,n[ swell ! base ( ! po/ s t x w measure #g_/h 94 squ>e4 ,! l5g? f end to end m9us ! l5g? ( ! p9 %\ld measure #h ins4 ,=ge a #c_/h-;94 p9 #a_/b 94 long at ! base end4 ,heat ! c5tre ( ! po/2 place x 9 ! vise & give x a complete twi/ to ! "r4 ,drill 9 ! c5tre ( ! base a hole to fit ! p9 on ! end ( ! po/4 ,heat ! p9 r$ hot & rivet ! base to ! po/4 ,c&le socket3 ,?is socket is made 9 a conv5tional design4 ,take a piece ( ,no4 #bj s(t %eet /eel or iron & cut a disc #b-a_/b ins4 9 diamet]4 ,divide ?is piece equally into six p>ts & cut out z %[n on ! draw+4 ,b5d ^! leaves up to =m a socket4 ,n[ cut a piece ( %eet metal #b-a_/b ins4 squ>e1 & cut out z %[n = ! little ornam5t fa/5$ on ! top4 ,b5d ! f\r w+s d[n z %[n "h4 ,drill a small hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea* to fit to ! piece on ! end ( ! po/4 ,place ^! pieces 9 position & rivet 9 place4 ,?is "w is to be done cold4 ,a c&le/ick ( ?is design is easily made & v attractive :5 f9i%$4 ,,decorative ,,iron ,,"w ,next to ! scroll1 ! twi/ is p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic detail ( decorative treatm5t 9 iron4 ,twi/s relieve ! pla9 effect ( ! /raight l9es made by ! h>d edges ( ! metal1 by introduc+ %ort curves into ! design4 ,! twi/s are easily made & l5d !mselves l>gely = decoration on su* ?+s z fire escapes1 brackets1 grills1 gates1 f5ces1 & small] articles1 su* z umbrella /&s1 door knock]s1 fire tools1 etc4 ,! twi/+ is done be/ :ile ! iron is cold4 ,if done :ile ! iron is hot great c>e mu/ be tak5 to *eck up :5 ! l9es beg9 to run too close toge!r4 ,take a b> ( squ>e iron1 fa/5 "o end 9 ! vise1 & ) a monkey wr5* on ! o!r end give ! metal a twi/4 ,only squ>e b>s %[ a *ange 9 ! %ape aft] twi/+4 ,r\nd /ock :5 plac$ 9 ! vise & twi/$ %[s no *ange 9 %ape4 ,h[ev]1 two pieces ( r\nd /ock twi/$ give a v pleas+ effect4 ,a braid$ /r& is made 7#a7 by weld+ ! ends ( two pieces ( r\nd iron toge!r side by side & twi/+ !m1 7#b7 weld+ ends ( two m pieces ( ! same size & l5g? toge!r & twi/+ !m1 7#c7 by weld+ ^! two twi/$ b>s toge!r on bo? ends & twi/+ !m 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is gives a braid$ effect :i* is mo/ decorative4 ,h[ev]1 ! squ>e /ock gives ! mo/ satisfactory result 9 all ( ?is twi/$ "w4 ,h&les c be made by r$uc+ squ>e /ock1 leav+ ! c5tre l>g] & draw+ ! ends out to a tap] & twi/+ ?is tap]$ "p4 ,beg9 ! twi/ 9 ! middle & let x rise gradually t[>d ea* end4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ?is "w1 z ! smalle/ sizes are also ! weake/ & naturally b5d fir/4 ,to d ?is "w successfully ! metal mu/ be heat$ & driv5 a little ea* "t until ! :ole tap] is twi/$4 ,spirals3 ,spirals are made by draw+ a long tap] on ! end ( a r\nd or squ>e b> ( small iron4 ,turn ! end ( ! b> up #a_/b 94 at "r angles4 ,grasp ! turn$ up end 9 ! vise2 coil ! end up z y w\ld a coil ( rope4 ,slip "o end "u ! o!r :5 !y come toge!r4 ,:5 ! fir/ coil rea*es ! c5tre ( ! piece repeat on ! o!r end until ! two coils meet 9 ! middle4 ,heat x all ev5ly4 ,grasp bo? ends 9 ! tongs & pull ! spiral out4 ,/op :5 ! op5+s equal ! size ( ! iron ( :i* ! coil is made4 ,illu/ration ,ornam5tal bulbs3 ,bulbs are us$ 9 ! same way z spirals & twi/s1 = decorative purposes1 on &irons1 grills1 f5ces1 etc4 ,! =m %[n "h 9 ! sket* is a v simple "o4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is ! same z t appli$ to ! =g+ ( m complex bulbs4 ,select a rod ( iron = a core4 ,r$uce ! ?ickness to ab\t #a_/b 94 = ab\t #f ins4 long1 leav+ ! requir$ ?ickness at ! ends2 #a_/b 94 f ! %\ld] nick ! b> ar\nd1 cutt+ x almo/ ?r\gh4 ,leave ab\t #a_/af 94 to hold x to ! body ( ! piece4 ,cut ! core (f #a 94 f ! #c-;94 cut4 ,! picture %[s ! me?od ( mak+ ! core 9 ord] to "w out ! problem4 ,select a numb] ( pieces ( #c_/af-;94 r\nd s(t /eel ! l5g? ( ! r$uc$ piece & place ^! ar\nd ! core1 ea* "o fitt+ close to ! next "o4 ,if ! space is too small or too l>ge :5 ! la/ piece is put 9 make ! core l>g] or small]4 ,^! rods %\ld j t\* :5 !y lie ar\nd ! core4 ,n[ ) a pair ( tongs b9d all ! rods tightly ar\nd ! core & ) ! same tongs put "o end 9 ! fire & heat r$ hot4 ,cov] ) borax4 ,take on a weld+ heat & weld x 9 a swage1 conf9+ ! l5g? ( ! weld+ to z %ort a space z possible4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! core prev5ts ! rods f s9k+ :ile weld+ & x also keeps !m 9 place4 ,rev]se ! piece4 ,put ! o!r end 9 ! fire & weld z be=e4 ,weld ! neck z %ort z possible4 ,heat ! body ( ! piece uni=mly4 ,grasp "o end ( ! b> 9 ! vise & ) a pair ( tongs twi/ ! o!r end t[>d ! "r sl[ly4 ,:ile do+ s tap lightly on ! end ) a hamm]4 ,?is t5ds to loos5 up ! rods & help ! twi/+4 ,be c>eful n to twi/ s mu* t ! rods w break away f ! welds4 ,heat all aga94 ,place x aga9 9 ! vise & twi/ 9 ! opposite direction1 at ! same "t driv+ on ! ends4 ,?is =ces ! c5tre out & gives x a bulb %ape4 ,! core %\ld b5d up :]e ! cutt+ is done4 ,n[ ! core %\ld be driv5 out4 ,a pun* driv5 9 aga9/ ! core %\ld break x easily :]e ! cut m>ks are made4 ,^! %ort ends are =c$ out ?r\gh ! op5+s betwe5 ! rods1 & any unev5 buckles or b5ds 9 ! rods %\ld be b5t or /raight5$ z ! case requires4 ,! bulb c be tru$ up :ile cold4 ,a pun* driv5 ?r\gh f ! opposite side w help /raight5 any ( ! rods b5t f ! outside 94 ,! rods c be pli$ ap>t ) a pair ( pli]s or a pair ( tongs4 ,! surplus metal on ! top end is n[ cut (f & tru$ up4 ,,spiral ,,c&le/ick ,illu/ration ,?is old ,dut* c&le/ick is made ( #c_/af-;94 r\nd wire 9 spiral =m4 ,! spiral /em is made s t1 z ! c&le burns d[n1 an inn] socket is mov$ ar\nd ! spiral4 ,?is travels up & d[n & keeps ! po9t ( ! c&le above ! hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f9i%+ ( an ,ornam5tal ,w9d[ ,grill1 & ,levell+ ,up ( an ,old ,dut* ,c&le/ick4 ,/ock3 ,base1 #e-;94 disc ( %eet /eel or iron4 ,legs1 #a_/h #a #e ins4 7makes ! #c74 ,spiral1 #c_/af-;94 r\nd wire1 #dj ins4 ,directions 7base or pan73 ,divide ! disc into sixte5 equal p>ts4 ,flute ^! p>ts by cutt+ out a little holl[ 9 a h>d wood block & driv+ ! flutes 9 by ! use ( a r\nd cross pe5 hamm]4 ,flut+ r$uces ! diamet] ( ! disc & =ms x into a pan %ape4 ,legs3 ,! ?ree legs are 9 "o piece4 ,! #a_/h #a #e 94 piece is split d[n half way2 #a 94 f :]e ! split ends ! piece is full]$ d[n4 7,see sket*47 ,draw out ?is end #c_/h 94 wide4 ,draw out ! split ends to ?is wid?1 & all pieces to #a_/h 94 ?ickness4 ,?is =ms a tripod1 ! ?ree legs at an equal di/ance ap>t4 ,! ends ( ! feet are made v ?9 by flatt5+ d[n4 ,turn ^! up z %[n by ! sket* & %ape ! ?ree feet4 ,spiral /em3 ,?is c&le /em is #c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,if y w9d up a piece ( #c_/af-;94 wire on a #c_/d-;94 iron rod :ile ! metal is cold y w h a spiral /em l ! "o %[n "h4 ,to d ?is make a m&rel out ( a #c_/d-;94 b> n less ?an #bj ins4 9 l5g?4 ,drill a #a_/d-;94 hole 9 ! end4 ,into ?is hole drive a #a_/d-;94 iron plug4 ,place ?is m&rel 9 ! vise4 ,b5d a small loop on ! end ( ?is wire to fit ! #a_/d-;94 p94 ,b5d ! wire & beg9 to w9d ar\nd ! b>4 ,make z _m turns z are %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,take ! wire (f4 ,! small loop end w /ick out bel[ ! spiral & prev5t x /&+ on a base level4 ,?is end mu/ be driv5 back4 ,to d ?is place x ^u ! o!r end ( ! rod1 /rike x ) ! hamm]1 & flatt5 x out s t ! base w /& flat4 ,ins]t a %>p-po9t$ *isel betwe5 ! coils2 op5 !m out s t ! di/ance betwe5 !m w be #a_/d 94 ,d ?is :ile ! metal is cold4 ,! h&le may be made any design4 ,x c be b5t ov]1 ext5d$ at "r angles to ! top1 etc4 ,rivet ! legs to ! base ) a #a_/d-;94 bolt4 ,) a nut on ! end rivet tightly to prev5t ! nut loos5+ up4 ,socket to fit ! spiral /em1 = rais+ & l[]+ ! c&le3 ,/ock3 ,"o piece ( #a_/h #a #c 94 ,"o piece ( #a #b-a_/b 94 flat iron or s(t /eel1 ,no4 #bj4 ,directions3 ,! ,no4 #bj piece is b5t ar\nd a #c_/d-;94 m&rel to give x a cyl9drical %ape4 ,! two edges j come toge!r4 ,! h&le ( ?is socket is made by full]+ d[n #a_/h #a #c ins41 #a 94 back f ! end1 & draw+ ?is out #c_/af 94 r\nd1 #b ins4 long4 ,! end is turn$ ov] z %[n 9 ! sket*2 ! o!r end is fil$ r\nd to fit ! inside ( ! socket cyl9d]4 ,! two pieces are n[ braz$ toge!r4 ,file ! p>ts t come into contact ) ea* o!r p]fectly clean1 & cov] ) borax4 ,heat x r$ hot & t\* ! p>ts to be braz$ ) ! end ( a piece ( brass wire4 ,at a c]ta9 temp]ature ! brass wire w melt & fill up ! spaces betwe5 ! bottom & ! cyl9d]4 7,see ,braz+47 ,?is makes a tight jo9t3 x is l sold]+ wr\ght iron toge!r4 ,?is me?od ( jo9+ is us$ :]e weld+ w\ld be impossible1 z x w\ld be 9 ?is case4 ,file ! base (f smoo?4 ,! c&le c n[ be slipp$ betwe5 ! coils ( wire4 ,x %\ld travel 9 its socket up & d[n ! spiral4 7,see draw+47 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,h+es ,ornam5tal h+es are us$ on doors1 wall cab9ets1 *e/s1 gates1 etc41 or :]ev] suitable4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods ( mak+ h+es3 7#a7 ,solid eye1 7#b7 weld$1 7#c7 turn$ or b5t eye4 7,see article on ,pla9 ,h+es47 ,solid eye3 ,! fir/ draw+ %[s ! solid eye split ornam5tal h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,ornam5tal h+e ,/ock3 ,"o piece ( s(t /eel or wr\ght iron1 #g_/h #g_/h #f ins4 long4 ,take a b> ( iron #ah ins4 long ) ! above dim5sions z to wid? & ?ickness2 #e ins4 f ! end ( ! b> full] d[n to #c_/h 94 ?ick4 ,^! #e ins4 are flatt5$ d[n to #a_/d 94 ?ick & #b ins4 wide1 any l5g?4 ,split ! flatt5$ "p to )9 #b-a_/b ins4 ( ! %\ld]4 ,! two ends are n[ ?r[n out1 tap]$1 & b5t into %ape4 ,cut ! piece f ! b> #a 94 back ( ! full]$ "p4 ,r\nd ! piece up1 ?us =m+ ! eye4 ,! body ( ! piece betwe5 ! split & ! eye is n[ wid5$ out to #b-a_/b ins4 ,to d ?is use ! pe5 ( ! hamm] on ! "u side ( ! metal1 ?us ?9n+ out ! metal 9 ! c5tre 9 ord] to increase ! wid?4 ,%ape x up & curve x ab\t #a_/d 94 ,?is1 9 turn1 gives a nice r\nd$ f9i%$ surface simil> to ! draw] pull4 ,! *as$ design on ! h+e is made 9 ! same mann] & ) ! same tools z are us$ 9 "w 9 *as+4 7,see *apt] on ,*as+47 ,! butt = ! h+e is made ( #a #a_/b 94 flat wr\ght iron4 ,full] d[n ! end ( ! piece1 r\nd x up to fit ! diamet] ( ! eye ( ! h+e4 ,a hole is pun*$ 9 ! middle ( ! piece4 ,a #b-a_/b #a_/b 94 piece ( iron is drawn & is pu%$ into ! hole1 rivet$ d[n on ! %ort end1 & weld$4 ,! o!r end is drawn out to a squ>e tap]$ po9t4 ,nick ! f\r edges at int]vals ) a %>p *isel1 ?us ?r[+ up little projections to prev5t x f slipp+ out ( ! wood :5 driv5 9 to hold ! h+e4 ,?is k9d ( h+e is us$ mo/ly = doors4 ,! upp] "p ( ! p9 t /icks ?r\gh ! eye ( ! h+e is ornam5t$ by a full] m>k & a r\nd top4 ,,iron ,,bracket ,?is bracket is made ( ?ree pieces3 back piece1 hang]1 & support3 ,/ock3 ,back plate1 #c_/h #a 94 ( s(t /eel or ,norway iron4 ,hang] & support1 #a_/d 94 squ>e4 ,back plate3 ,! draw+ %[s ! back plate z a conv5tional leaf design & is made z foll[s3 ,take ! #c_/h #a 94 ( s(t /eel & %ape x accord+ to ! draw+4 ,) ! pe5 ( ! hamm] wid5 out ! top en\gh to cut out ! design %[n "h4 ,:5 cut out z %[n1 boss up ! c5tre ( ! leaves by us+ ! pe5 hamm] on a r\nd hole4 ,?is boss+ is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,! l[] "p is n[ flatt5$ out1 trimm$1 & %ap$ z %[n4 ,! ?ickness is ( no importance4 ,on ! end ( ! top b> =ge a p9 ab\t #c_/af 94 9 diamet] to fa/5 into ! back by rivet+4 ,illu/ration3 ,iron bracket ,hook3 ,! hook is made 9 ! same way z y made ! gate hook4 ,! b> is twi/$ 9 ! middle4 ,support3 ,select a b> ! "r l5g? & twi/ x 9 ! middle4 ,flatt5 ! ends d[n & b5d ! little curves z %[n4 ,?is is drill$ = a #a_/h-;94 rivet1 !n plac$ 9 position4 ,holes are m>k$ 9 ! hang] & 9 ! back4 ,rivet ! support 9 place4 ,be c>eful to h ! hang] at "r angles to ! back4 ,if y d n1 ! effect is spoil$1 no matt] h[ good ! re/ ( ! workman%ip may be4 ,,xxx ,,lamps1 ,,lant]ns1 ,,iron ,,kettle ,,/&1 ,,umbrella ,,/& ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,lamp ,illu/ration ,! sket* %[s a wr\ght iron lamp ) squ>e base1 f\r feet1 r\nd holl[ po/1 %ade hold] & %ade4 ,base3 ,no4 #af s(t %eet /eel1 #aj ins4 squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mak+ an ,iron ,lamp--,b5d+ ! ,p>ts ( ! ,base ,make a #b-a_/b-;94 circle 9 ! c5tre ( ! #aj-;94 squ>e piece4 ,drive ?is up #a_/b 94 above ! level by plac+ x ov] a #b-a_/b-;94 hole 9 a wood5 block or a swage block4 ,if ?is piece ( iron is plac$ ov] a hole any diamet] & /ruck on ! opposite side ) ! pe5 ( ! hamm] x w s9k into ! hole & take ! r\nd+ %ape4 ,?is c be done :ile ! metal is cold4 ,) a pair ( divid]s f9d ! c5tre ( boss & describe a fa9t circle #a 94 less ?an ! diamet] ( ! base4 ,tang5t to ^? l9es draw l9es along ! edge ( ! base4 ,! dott$ l9es on ! sket* %[ h[ ! base %\ld be cut out4 ,! /ock left on ! corn]s =ms ! feet :5 ! sides ( ! base are b5t into %ape4 ,cut out ! piece ( metal z describ$ & b5d ! sides ov] #a_/b 94 ,! corn]s mu/ be heat$ r$ hot & =m$ sep>ately4 ,?is is be/ done ov] ! heel ( ! anvil4 ,aft] plac+ ! heat$ corn]s on ! heel ( ! anvil drive quickly ) a light hamm] fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 =m+ & upsett+ ! metal into %ape at ! same "t4 ,! fl>e on ! bottom ( ! feet is work$ 9 aft] ! corn]s & %ap$ z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,repeat ?is on ! f\r corn]s4 ,n[ fl>e out ! feet on ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,out ( ! c5tre ( ! boss cut a circle a little less ?an ! base ( ! po/1 to receive ! po/4 ,po/3 ,take a #aj #e 94 piece & b5d x ar\nd a piece ( r\nd iron s t ! two edges w fit close toge!r4 ,! inside & outside ( ^! are fil$ = braz+4 7,see ,braz+47 ,?is po/ is n[ b\nd ) good /rong wire to keep ! jo9t close4 ,cov] ) flux1 place 9 ! fire & add ! smelt] to ! jo9t on ! inside ( ! pipe4 ,:5 ! smelt] runs into ! jo9t take x out ( ! fire & all[ x to cool 9 ! air4 ,! jo9t is n[ fil$ up on ! outside & if prop]ly braz$ %\ld %[ only a v f9e l9e made by ! smelt]4 ,! upp] "p ( ! po/ is n[ swell$ out z %[n 9 ! sket*1 by heat+ at a l[ heat & spread+ ! metal out all ar\nd ! end4 ,a cap is plac$ on top ( ! po/ to hold ! arms t support ! %ade & to hold1 too1 ! electric light bulb1 or gas pipe1 or oil well1 accord+ to ! light to be us$4 ,! cap is made by r\nd+ ! end ( a #a-;94 b> to #a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 #b ins4 long4 ,! o!r end is cut (f ab\t #a_/b 94 to all[ = ! flatt5+ d[n to make ! cap4 ,place ! #a_/b-;94 /em into a head+ tool & flatt5 ?is b> d[n q ?94 ,spread x out s t ! edges c be turn$ ov] at "r angles to =m a cap to fit ! top ( ! po/4 ,?is cap c be ei!r braz$ or rivet$ on to ! po/4 ,ei!r w look well4 ,if us$ = gas or electric light a hole %\ld be drill$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! cap & ?r\gh ! po/ to receive ! wire4 ,if us$ = gas ! l[] side c be tap]$ out s t #a_/h-;94 gas pipe c be screw$ 94 ,n[ cut a ?read on ! top ( ! po/ to fit an electric light socket4 ,! same ?read acts z a hold] = ! bracket ( ! %ade hold]4 ,place ! cap on ! po/1 rivet & braze4 ,file ! l[] "p ( ! po/ & ! inside ( ! hole on ! base p]fectly clean4 ,! bottom ( ! po/ %\ld be fil$ a little tap]+ s x w fit into ! base ( ! hole tight4 ,wire x 9 = braz+ s t ! po/ w /& p]p5dicul> to ! base4 ,c>ry y\r b9d+ wires f ! top ( ! po/ to ! f\r corn]s ( ! base1 us+ heavy wire = ?is "w ( b9d+4 ,cov] ! jo9t ) flux4 ,place ! c5tre on ! fire & put ! braz+ mat]ial on ! jo9t ar\nd ! po/4 ,) a sl[ heat1 heat till ! smelt] runs into ! jo9t4 ,close (f ! bla/1 let x rema9 9 ! fire until cold1 !n remove x4 ,%ade hold]3 ,?is is made ( a piece ( #a #a_/h #aj 94 s(t /eel4 ,full] d[n #c ins4 f ! end to #c_/h #a_/h 94 ,draw ?is out any l5g?4 ,split ! o!r end to )9 #a-a_/h ins4 ( ?is full] m>k4 ,?r[ ^! arms out & draw ea* d[n ! same size z ! o!r1 #a_/h #c_/h 94 ,place ! crot* on a small bottom full] & ) ! top full] spread ea* arm out s t x w measure an equal di/ance f ! o!r arms4 ,at ! same "t ?is w %ape ! c5tre4 ,drive ! end out tap]+ #c_/h 94 wide at ! base1 tap]+ to #a_/h 94 squ>e at ! ends4 ,! l5g? ( ! arms dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! %ade4 ,tip ends ( ! arms %\ld be b5t up #a_/h 94 to hold ! %ade 9 place4 ,drill a hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! tripod & tap a ?read 9 ! hole to fit ! ?read on ! end ( ! cap1 s t ?is w screw on4 ,^! arms c be b5t d[n or up to suit ! height ( ! %ade4 ,%ade3 ,! %ade patt]n is develop$ 9 ! same way z ! %ade describ$ 9 ! copp] article on lamp %ades4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ea* unit is cut out sep>ately & rivet$ to ! next2 all put toge!r & fil$2 #a_/h-;94 s(t iron rivets are us$ = rivet+ ! p>ts4 ,glass3 ,! glass c be b\ght at any glazi]'s4 ,ca!dral opalesc5t glass is be/4 ,place a piece ( c>d-bo>d on "o ( ! units & m>k ! outl9e ( ! op5+4 ,cut ab\t #c_/h 94 l>g] ?an ?is outl9e4 ,?is patt]n tak5 to ! glazi] c be cut out f any k9d ( glass1 accord+ to ! size want$4 ,,lamp ,?is lamp may be us$ = gas1 oil1 or electricity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ lamps lies 9 ! con/ruction ( ! base4 ,! full page illu/ration %[s lamp describ$ "h4 ,illu/ration ,base3 ,s(t /eel #a_/h #e #bd ins4 ,m>k (f ! design %[n by ! full l9es on ! #a_/h #e #bd 94 piece4 ,?is is = "o leg ( ! lamp4 ,cut ) a %>p cold *isel along ! outl9e ab\t two ?irds ( ! way ?r\gh ! ?ickness4 ,place ! cut l9e 9 ! jaws ( ! vise4 ,) a pair ( tongs grasp ! wa/e mat]ial1 !n ) a pry+ motion break (f ^! pieces4 ,file up ! r\gh edge left by ! cutt+4 ,) ?is piece z a patt]n cut 9 l mann] ?ree m pieces1 mak+ f\r 9 all4 ,?is makes ! /ock = ! f\r legs4 ,place ! foot end ( "o piece into ! fire & b5d ab\t #a 94 ( ?is end into a small circle hav+ a radius ( n m ?an #c_/d 94 ,ab\t #e ins4 back f ?is heat ! metal to a l5g? ( #e ins4 ,place x on ! anvil z %[n & ) ! h& hamm] drive x into a circle4 ,illu/ration ,:ile b5d+ ?is into %ape keep ! circle a little l>g] ?an ! draw+ calls =4 ,! circle is v easily r$uc$1 :ile if x 0 made too small 9 ! beg9n+ "o w\ld h to /raight5 ! :ole piece out to increase ! size4 ,!re=e1 x is be/ to "w x l>ge until f9i%$4 ,wide /ock l ?is is easily twi/$ out ( %ape1 s t x is v difficult to b5d x up 9 a circle ( ?is k9d4 ,x is h>d1 too1 to *ange any twi/ t may be work$ 94 ,illu/ration ,b5d ! o!r ?ree legs 9 ! same way1 z ne>ly l ! fir/ "o z y c4 ,be sure to make ! f\r legs ! same height :5 f9i%$4 ,drill ?ree holes = #c_/h-;94 bolts1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,sev5 in*es bel[ ! top drill "o hole 9 ea* leg = a rosette or "s =m ( decorative treatm5t4 ,^! f\r legs are held 9 place by means ( a tap]$ squ>e plug #d ins4 long4 ,! small end %\ld fit ! smalle/ wid? on ! lamp legs & ! tap] #d ins4 bel[ ?is wid?4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ?is plug = a #a_/h-;94 gas pipe1 if to be us$ = gas4 ,! same op5+ c be made = electric wires1 etc41 & a lamp well1 plac$ at ! end = a lamp4 ,to put ! lamp toge!r3 ,place "o leg on ! squ>e plug & m>k ?r\gh ! holes on ! plug4 ,c5tre-pun* ^! holes & drill = a #c_/h-;94 top4 ,! hole %\ld be drill$ ?r\gh ! plug4 ,tap out ! holes & bolt ! two legs1 "o on ei!r side4 ,:ile drill+ ^! holes be sure !y are at "r angles to ! c5tre axis ( ! plug4 ,?is means a little block+ up on ! tap]$ end4 ,bolt ! two legs to ! plug by us+ any %ort #c_/h-;94 bolts = ?is purpose4 ,if all "w s f> has be5 c>efully done ^! two legs w /& v]tically to ! plane ( ! table4 ,if n !y c be made to d s by tak+ out a little ( ! curve 9 ! legs1 !reby l5g!n+ ! side t might be a little %ort4 ,place "o leg up on ! ?ird side & ) a scrat* awl m>k ! holes ?r\gh on to ! plug & drill ^! ?ree holes ?r\gh ! plug4 ,tap out z y did be=e & put ! o!r two feet on4 ,squ>e up all ! "w done4 ,bolts are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,take #c_/h-;94 squ>e bolts1 #a_/b 94 long4 ,r$uce ! ?ickness ( ! head to #a_/h 941 flatt5+ & r\nd+ ! top slightly4 ,put ^! 9 place ( ! tempor>y bolts4 ,!y w hold ! sides ( ! lamp 9 place4 ,a decorative piece c be made out ( a bolt head by plac+ x 9 ! head+ tool & =m+ a pyramid %ap$ head4 ,?is is pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole & rivet$ on ! o!r side4 ,cut (f a piece ( gas pipe %ort en\gh to ext5d ab\t #a 94 above ! top ( ! lamp & to come )9 #b ins4 f ! base4 ,?is is n[ =c$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! plug4 ,if any ( ! bolts %\ld h screw$ into ?is hole1 prev5t+ ?is pipe f go+ ?r\gh1 !y %\ld be fil$ (f4 ,to fill up ! int]val caus$ by ! f\r scrolls b5d+ outw>d on ! top ( ! lamp1 =ge a r\nd ball on ! end ( a squ>e b> to fit ?is op5+4 ,cut (f ! ball & drill a hole 9 ?r\gh ! ball to slip ov] ! pipe4 ,! ?read on ! end ( ! pipe %\ld fall bel[ ! top ( ! ball4 ,make a tripod z expla9$ 9 ! description ( ! prec$+ lamp4 ,screw x 9 ! end ( ?is pipe tight aga9/ ! ball4 ,! end ( ! pipe is us$ = ! fixtures ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,=ge ball #a-b-c ,drill hole #d ,,lant]ns ,illu/ration ,! lant]n %[n "h is ( a simple design & c be made out ( mat]ial )\t putt+ 9 any b5ds or twi/s4 ,! mat]ial = ! mak+ ( ! uprights is #a_/b #a_/h 94 /eel4 ,! top & bottom %\ld be made ( ,no4 #af s(t /eel4 ,! design %[s t all pieces are rivet$ toge!r on a framework4 ,! top c be ( "o piece & %ap$ z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,bottom is ( "o piece & is made = electric light1 c&le1 or oil lamp4 ,fixtures = any "o ( ! above ways ( light+ mu/ be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! lant]n4 ,= ! c&le1 a small socket c be rivet$ to ! bottom4 ,a cup to receive ! oil lamp may be put 9 place4 ,if c&le or oil is us$ ! bottom ( ! lant]n mu/ be fa/5$ ) a h+e1 s t x w op5 to receive ! lamp or c&le4 ,if x is adju/$ = us+ electric light ! clu/] sockets c be fa/5$ to ! bottom1 or !y c hang f ! top4 ,^! lant]ns c be made 9 all sizes1 f "o small en\gh = a cozy corn] to "o l>ge en\gh = a lodge keep]'s gate4 ,!y may be hung on ornam5tal brackets1 z %[n 9 ! sket* "h1 or !y may hang directly f ! ceil+1 ) r+ or *a9 fa/5+s4 ,!y are made squ>e1 r\nd1 hexagonal1 & s =?4 ,,iron ,,kettle ,,/& ,! sket* "h %[s a simple design ( a kettle /&4 ,! p>ts are 7#a7 upright /&1 7#b7 alcohol lamp hold]1 7#c7 hook4 ,mat]ial3 ,"o piece #e_/af-;94 squ>e iron1 #bj ins4 ,two pieces #e_/af-;94 squ>e iron1 #i ins4 ,"o piece #e_/af 94 squ>e iron1 #g ins4 ,"o piece #c_/af-;94 r\nd iron1 #h ins4 ,"o %eet ,no4 #bj iron1 #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,kettle /& ,directions3 ,flatt5 "o end ( ea* piece ( ! ?ree pieces1 #e_/af #bj 941 #b pieces ( #e_/af #i 94 ,weld ^! ?ree toge!r4 ,weld ! #e_/af #g 94 piece to ! ?ree pieces z %[n by ! sket*4 ,b5d ! two #i-;94 legs out equal di/ances f ! front leg4 ,?is =ms ! tripod4 ,b5d ! ends ( ! ?ree %ort pieces into a scroll to =m ! feet4 ,n[1 b5d ! c5tre rod up z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,:5 ?is is done cat* x 9 ! vise close to ! b5d4 ,) ! monkey wr5* grasp x ab\t two ?irds ( ! way up & twi/ ! c5tre piece to ! "r a suffici5t numb] ( turns to give x a regul> b5d betwe5 ! two po9ts4 ,r$uce ! end ( ?is upright po/ to #c_/af 94 r\nd & #f ins4 9 l5g?1 leav+ on ! end a small boss ab\t #c_/h 94 ,?is boss is to be r\nd$ up by flatt5+ & r\nd+ on ! edge ( ! anvil4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ?is boss pun* a #c_/af-;94 hole & drive into x a piece ( #h #c_/af 94 r\nd wire4 ,:5 half ( ! wire is pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole b5d ! ends =w>d & at ! same "t drive !m into ! boss4 ,?is prev5ts ! b5t piece ( iron f work+ up & d[n4 ,x is n[ op5$ out z %[n by ! sket* & b5t into a hook %ape4 ,! end ( ! po/ is turn$ s t ! c5tre ( ?is hook w hang ov] ! c5tre ( ! tripod4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,lamp hold]3 ,m>k on ! #f-;94 disc a fl[] =m simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,cut out ! design ) a %>p *isel4 ,file all r\gh edges & b5d ! %ape up s t x w fit ar\nd ! outside ( ! alcohol lamp1 to hold x 9 place4 ,pun* a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre = a #a_/h-;94 rivet & drill a #a_/h-;94 hole directly "u ! c5tre ( ! hook4 ,place ! lamp hold] on & rivet 9 place4 ,:5 ! kettle is plac$ on ! hook x %\ld hang directly ov] ! lamp4 ,if x does n d s ! po/ may be *ang$ & ! position ( ! kettle made to correspond4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ornam5tal ,"w & ! ,/raight5+ & ,f9i%+ ( an ,umbrella ,/& ,,umbrella ,,/& ,! umbrella /& 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration %[s a spl5didly %ap$ design4 ,y w notice t ! f\r uprights are curv$ & twi/$1 fa/5$ to two r+s #aj ins4 9 diamet]4 ,! pan 9 ! bottom ( ! /&1 plac$ !re to cat* ! dripp+s f ! umbrellas1 is made ( copp] & is beat5 into %ape 9 ! same way z y w\ld drive any pan into =m4 ,?is is made to fit 9 ! base ( ! /&4 ,to make ?is /&1 take f\r pieces #a #a_/h 94 flat s(t /eel1 #dj ins4 long4 ,two pieces #a #a_/h 941 #ca ins4 long1 are ne$$ = ! r+s2 f\r pieces #a #c_/h #ab ins4 = legs4 ,! copp] pan %\ld be #ab ins4 9 diamet]4 ,,xxxi ,,door ,,knock]s1 ,,plates1 ,,etc4 ,,door ,,knock] ,sket*es giv5 "h %[ two diff]5t designs ( door knock]s4 ,9 ! fir/ design ! knock] itself is made ( r\nd iron & twi/$ to =m "p ( ! design4 ,x is made ( v heavy /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,door knock] ,/ock3 ,escut*eon plate3 #a #a_/d 94 flat iron4 ,bolt3 #c_/d #a_/b 94 iron4 ,knock]3 #a_/d #a #d ins4 long4 ,directions3 ,take ! piece ( metal int5d$ = ! escut*eon plate & ?9 ! ends out accord+ to ! dim5sions ( ! draw+4 ,draw out ! end ( ! #c_/h #a_/b 94 piece until x is #c_/h 94 9 diamet] & #b ins4 long4 ,! ?ickness ( ! door mu/ det]m9e ! l5g? ( ?is bolt4 ,s9ce ! door knock] fa/5s on to ! door1 ! bolt %\ld g ?r\gh & fa/5 on ! inside ) a wa%] & nut4 ,! o!r end ( ! bolt is r\nd$ to ! dim5sions giv5 & a #a_/d-;94 hole is drill$ ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,knock]3 ,tap] ! #a_/d #a #d 94 piece ( iron d[n z %[n 9 sket*1 reta9+ ! ?ickness1 #a_/d 941 ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?4 ,! two small p9s on ! end ( ! knock] are n[ made #a_/d 94 9 diamet] & #a_/d 94 long4 ,?is :ole piece is b5t into %ape1 ! p9s t\*+ & ! sides fil$ p>allel to fit ! bolt4 ,:5 x is fa/5$ into ! bolt x %\ld fit up snug & close4 ,ball = end ( knock]3 ,take a piece ( #e_/h-;94 r\nd iron any l5g?4 ,full] 9 z %[n by ! sket*4 ,rivet ?is to ! c5tre ( ! knock]1 ! p9 on ! end ( ! ball project+ f> en\gh ?r\gh to make a r l>ge rivet head on ! o!r side4 ,! rivet head acts z a knock]4 ,! bolt is pu%$ ?r\gh ! escut*eon plate1 !n ! knock] is ready to be plac$ on ! door4 ,sometimes ^! balls are made long en\gh to g ?r\gh ! door & fa/5 9 ! same way z ! bolt4 ,second door knock]3 ,! design & dim5sions giv5 "h %[ ! g5]al s*eme ( ?is knock]4 ,! escut*eon plate is made ) a piece ( #a_/h #e-a_/b #g 94 s(t /eel4 ,! corn]s ( ?is piece are clipp$ (f & fil$ r\nd+ or squ>e4 ,knock]3 ,! knock] is made 9 ! same way z ! knock] 0 made 9 ! fir/ design4 ,y use a piece ( v heavy mat]ial ab\t #a-c_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,! ends are drawn d[n to #a_/b 94 9 diamet]4 ,if ! /ock is #a 94 9 diamet]1 ! piece may be upset l>ge en\gh 9 ! middle = ! c5tre4 ,?is less5s ! "w ( draw+ out & is p]haps a mu* quick] way ( mak+ a knock]4 ,! l5g? ( ! knock] r+ be=e x is b5t is ab\t #ae ins4 ,?is is pu%$ into ! eye bolt4 ,?is knock] is plac$ on ! door ) wr\ght iron nails1 "o 9 ea* corn]4 ,! bolts t hold ! knock] are rivet$ flu% to ! back ( ! plate4 ,?is f9i%+ "w %\ld be done by ! pe5 end ( ! hamm] :ile ! metal is cold4 ,escut*eon plates3 ,escut*eon plates are us$ = lock plates & fancy key ways4 ,"s are pla91 :ile o!rs l5d !mselves to elaborate decorations4 ,!y are =g$ out :ile hot4 ,two designs are "h giv54 ,! simpl] "o expla9s itself4 ,illu/ration ,decorat$ ,plate3 ,/ock3 #a_/h #a #f 94 s(t /eel4 ,directions3 ,m>k (f #a-a_/b 94 ea* way f ! c5tre ( ! plate & c5tre-pun*4 ,?is all[s ab\t #a-a_/b 94 on ea* end = draw+-out purposes4 ,draw ends out4 7,see sket*74 ,split ! metal d[n to ! c5tre-pun* m>k z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,^! small ends are n[ b5t out1 & ! long ends are b5t 9 a circle1 ?us =m+ ! design4 ,! key way is made by drill+ two #a_/d 94 holes #a_/b 94 ap>t ab\t ! middle ( ! piece4 ,*isel out a piece betwe5 ! two holes accord+ to ! design4 ,drill f\r holes z %[n4 ,^! are = screws or wr\ght iron nails1 us$ to fa/5 plates to doors4 ,_m escut*eon plates are us$ = wall cab9ets1 c$> *e/s1 doors1 etc4 ,,door ,,knock]s ,/ock3 ,piece ( s(t /eel #a_/h 94 ?ick1 #c #g ins41 = ! escut*eon4 ,knock]1 #c_/d #a_/d #e-a_/b ins4 ,eye bolt #c_/d #a_/b b> any l5g?4 ,/rike p91 #c_/h 94 r\nd1 #c_/d 94 long 7on b>74 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,m>k (f on a ?9 %eet ( metal ! outl9e ( ! draw+4 ,cut ! escut*eon plate same %ape z ! draw+ 7us+ cold *isel74 ,file x up s t ! edges are p]fectly smoo?4 ,) a #a_/h-;94 drill1 drill holes = ! screws4 ,knock]3 ,split ! #e-a_/b-;94 piece ( /ock1 leav+ #a 94 squ>e = ! eye bolt & eye unt\*$4 ,r\nd up ! w+s to #a_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,twi/ ! two w+s accord+ to ! design4 ,br+ ! two loose ends toge!r & weld up #a-a_/b 94 f ! end4 ,! same heat w enable y to draw & %ape ! loop4 ,spread out ! p>ts betwe5 ! weld & ! twi/1 =m+ 9 ?is way ! loop4 ,eye bolt3 ,?is is be/ made by work+ ! end ( a b> any l5g? ( ! size /ock giv54 ,! draw+ %[s a jaw-%ap$ hold] to receive ! eye ( ! knock]4 ,pun* a hole ab\t #c_/d 94 f ! end ( ! b> ab\t #a_/d 94 9 diamet]4 ,cut out ! piece betwe5 ! hole & ! end ( ! b> ) a *isel4 ,?is =ms ! jaw4 ,! small p9 end is full]$ d[n & drawn out ! same z y did on ! boss ( ! r+ = ! &iron1 !n x is rivet$ on to ! escut*eon plate 7see draw+7 9 place to receive ! knock]4 ,a #a_/h-;94 hole is drill$ ?r\gh ?is & ?r\gh ! eye ( ! knock] = ! rivet to fa/5 ! two toge!r4 ,! /rike p9 is made 9 ! same way z ! eye bolt1 except t !re is no jaw1 j ! pla9 piece ( iron4 ,! sket* %[s a simple projection = ! knock] to /rike on4 ,door knock]s 7 us$ =m]ly 9 place ( door bells1 b to-day !y are m]ely us$ = ornam5tal purposes4 ,,door ,,pulls ,door pulls are us$ z knock]s1 too4 ,9 g5]al !y take ! place ( door knobs1 & are us$ 9 conjunction ) a door plate4 ,!y are made ( s(t /eel or iron4 ,/ock3 ,s(t /eel or wr\ght iron1 #a_/h #c #f-a_/b ins41 made same way z ! door knock]s4 ,illu/ration ,,door ,,h&les ,/ock3 #e_/h 94 r\nd1 #f ins4 long1 ( s(t /eel or wr\ght iron4 ,illu/ration ,directions3 ,! piece ( /ock is drawn f ! c5tre #b-c_/d ins4 bo? ways to #e_/af 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is w leave a piece ( ! full size mat]ial on ea* end ( ! rod4 ,flatt5 ?is out f ! wide ends4 ,heat ! iron v hot & flatt5 x d[n s t ! wid? w be n less ?an #a-a_/b 94 to #b ins41 to #a_/h 94 ?ick4 ,cut ! design out4 ,any "o ( ! designs %[n c be us$4 ,! bosses are drawn up f ! "u "p by us+ ! pe5 ( ! hamm] & driv+ x into a h>d wood block1 or on an iron /ake1 z expla9$ 9 ! article on emboss+4 ,a v blunt *isel1 l a full]1 w give ! c5tre effect4 ,! h&les are n[ b5t into %ape4 ,"s h&les are twi/$ out ( flat /ock4 ,illu/ration ,,draw] ,,pulls ,illu/ration ,draw] pulls are made 9 mu* ! same way z door knock]s4 ,!re are ! escut*eon plate1 bolt1 & r+4 ,!y may be made to pu% ?r\gh a draw] ( any k9d4 ,! design dep5ds mu* ^u ! use ! draw] pull is put to4 ,!y c be made out ( r\nd iron1 flat iron1 twi/$ iron4 ,/ock3 ,escut*eon plate1 #a_/h 94 s(t /eel1 #b-a_/d ins4 r\nd4 ,bolt1 #a_/b 94 squ>e on ! b>4 ,r+1 #a_/d #f-a_/b ins41 all ( s(t /eel4 ,directions3 ,) a cold *isel cut a piece ( flat s(t /eel #b-a_/d ins4 r\nd & make a disc4 ,divide ! disc z %[n by ! draw+4 ,file out ! escallop$ edges & ) a small h& *isel *ase ! l9es s z to =m ! design4 ,! small half-r\nd *isel w =m ! ovals & a c5tre-pun* w =m ! dots4 ,! r+ is made by draw+ ea* end ( ! #f-a_/b-;94 piece to a tap]1 leav+ ab\t "o ?ird ( x = a c5tre4 ,! ends %\ld be tap]$ to #a_/d 94 r\nd4 ,^! ends fit into ! bolt4 ,b5d ! r+ into a circle4 ,engrave ! design z y did on ! escut*eon plate1 us+ ! same tools4 ,! eye bolt is made f ! #a_/b-;94 squ>e b> by draw+ out ! end ( ! b> #b ins4 or less 9 l5g?1 #a_/d r\nd1 ! l5g? dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! draw]4 ,?is bolt is to g ?r\gh ! draw] & be screw$ tight 9 place ) a nut4 ,! l>ge "p is n[ cut (f #a_/b 94 9 l5g? & ! f\r corn]s knock$ d[n4 ,a #a_/d-;94 hole %\ld be drill$ ?r\gh ! bolt to receive ! r+4 ,heat ! r+ r$ hot at ! heavy "p & ) a pair ( tongs op5 x out j wide en\gh to receive ! eye bolt4 ,!n ! r+ is pu%$ into place4 ,boss+ up3 ,place ! disc :ile cold on ! holl[ wood block & drive d[n f ! "u side ) ! hamm]1 b5d+ 9 ! inside4 ,?is makes ! outside slightly oval1 s t ! be>+ w be on ! out] surface4 ,! dep? ( ?is concave %\ld n exce$ #a_/d 94 ,a few designs are "h giv54 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,press1 ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,spell+ appe>s to be evolv+ betwe5 ,,u_/,,uk e4g4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t1 galvaniz$1 practice1 calip]s1 wagon1 mold4 ,bo? color & col\r are us$ 9 ! text4 ,obvi\s punctuation errors repair$4 ,obvi\s typos repair$3 p#ib4 ,,electricty - ,,electricity p#ajd4 place-+ - plac+4 p#age4 ,:5 y h tak5 (f ! b5d+ - b9d+4 p#agf4 braclet - bracelet4 p#bgi4 x w come on - come out4 p#bid4 a temp]ature ( #dcjj - #dcj;,f4 p#cjj4 *amp]+ - *amf]+ p#cba4 cut if - cut (f4 p#ccb4 org9al - orig9al ,! text conta9s "s inaccuracies :i* h be5 left b are not$ "h3 p#cf4 ,?is piece ( wood is quot$ on p#cd4 z be+ #aj #a-a_/d #a-a_/d ins4 p#cji4 ,! articles all ?is "t are absorb+ *>coal %\ld be c>bon4