,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,orig9al pr9t$ spell+ & gramm> is g5]ally reta9$4 ,footnotes 7 r5umb]$ & relocat$ to ! end ( ! book1 into a new ,notes section1 ahead ( ! ,index4 ,orig9al small caps font is indicat$ ,h]e9 ,?us4 ,orig9al italics1 ?us4 ,! c>ot symbol means sup]script4 ,see ,,endnote = m details4 ,,h>monies ,,( ,,political ,,economy4 ,,by ,,fr,d,,ric ,,ba/iat4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,fr5*1 ,,) ,a ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,writ+s ,,( ,,! ,,au?or1 ,,by ,,patrick ,,james ,,/irl+1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,trade10 8,,! ,,gold ,,discov]ies ,,& ,,_! ,,probable ,,consequ5ces10 ,,etc4 ,second ,edition4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,oliv] ,,& ,,boyd1 ,,twe$dale ,,c\rt4 ,,london3 ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all1 ,,& ,,co4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,oliv] ,,& ,,boyd1 ,,twe$dale ,,c\rt4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! fav\r ) :i* ! ,engli% public has receiv$ ! ,fir/ ,edition ( ?is translation ( ,ba/iat's ,h>monies conomiques1 publi%$ orig9ally 9 sep>ate p>ts1 has induc$ me to h ! :ole repr9t$ 9 a *eap] & m accessible =m1 9 ! hope ( giv+ ! "w a wid] circulation1 & r5d]+ x m g5]ally useful4 ,! fir/ t5 *apt]s 7 all t appe>$ 9 ! lifetime ( ! gift$ au?or1 or t _h ! b5efit ( 8 f9i%+ t\*4 ,x 0 ,ba/iat's int5tion1 _h he liv$1 to reca/ ! "w1 & to give x a wid] & m compreh5sive scope2 embrac+ 9 8 design n only ! pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 b _! applications to ,social ,philosophy4 ,prior to 8 dep>ture = ,italy1 on :at he =esaw might be 8 la/ j\rney1 he _h communicat$ to 8 fri5ds ,,mm4 de ,font5ay & ,paillottet a li/ ( ! new *apt]s 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w be f\nd 9 ! subjo9$ ,notice ( 8 ,life4#a ,to ! same fri5ds1 9 8 la/ mom5ts1 he entru/$ ! manuscripts int5d$ = ! cont9uation ( ! "w4 ,! duty ?us committ$ to !m !y dis*>g$ v judici\sly1 by arrang+ ! new portions 9 ! ord] po9t$ out1 )\t alt]+ ! text1 &1 except 9 a v few in/ances1 )\t additions ( _! own1 cont5t+ !mselves ) add+ "s explanatory notes1 consi/+ *iefly ( ref]5ces to ! au?or's o!r works4 p#jjd ,"s ( ! *apt]s ?us add$ are un=tunately m]e fragm5ts1 b mo/ ( ! o!rs indicate v cle>ly ,ba/iat's op9ions on ! subjects to :i* !y relate1 & sev]al ( !m display a bread?1 a vig\r1 & an orig9ality wor?y ( ! be/ days ( _! lam5t$ au?or4 ,_m ( ! que/ions purely economical :i* are discuss$ 9 ! po/hum\s portions ( ! "w1--su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? ( ,wages1 ,population1 & ! relations ( ,lab\r & ,capital1 etc41--are /ill deeply engag+ public att5tion 9 ,engl&1 z well z on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel2 & on subjects ( su* va/ practical importance x is surely desirable t ! op9ions ( s pr(\nd & fe>less a ?9k] z ,ba/iat %\ld be z widely dissem9at$ z possible4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to ref] to ! great int]e/ tak5 9 ?is translation by ! late ,mr ,cobd51 :o 0 ! correspond5t & p]sonal fri5d ( ,ba/iat1 & 01 ,i ne$ n say1 s em95tly qualifi$ to =m & pron\nce an op9ion on ! m]its ( 8 la/ great "w4 ,a %ort "t aft] ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ t5 *apt]s 7#bf? ,m>* #ahfj71 writ+ f ,p>is1 :]e he 0 !n engag$ 9 negotiat+ ! ,comm]cial ,treaty1 ,mr ,cobd5 says1 8,my en?usiasm = ,ba/iat1 f\nd$ z mu* on a love ( 8 p]sonal qualities z on an admiration = 8 g5ius1 dates back ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,i ne$ n1 !re=e1 express any a/oni%m5t at ! w>m? ) :i* y speak ( 8 productions4 ,!y are do+ _! "w sil5tly b effectually4 ,m4 ,guillaum9 ! em95t publi%] tells me ! sale ( ! la/ edition has be5 /eady & cont9u\s1 & a new "o is n[ 9 h&4 ,! works ( ,ba/iat1 :i* are sell+ n only 9 ,france1 b ?r\gh\t ,europe1 are gradually tea*+ ^? :o1 by _! comm&+ tal5ts1 are capable ( becom+ ! tea*]s ( o!rs2 = ,ba/iat speaks ) ! greate/ =ce to ! highe/ ord] ( intellects4 ,at ! same "t1 he is almo/ ! only political economi/ ^: /yle is brilliant & fasc9at+1 :il/ 8 irresi/ible logic is p#jje reliev$ by sallies ( wit & hum\r :i* make 8 ,sophismes z amus+ z a novel4 ,no critic :o has read ,ba/iat w d>e to apply aga9 to ,political ,economy ! s>ca/ic epi!t ( ! #8dre>y sci5ce4' ,8 fame is s well e/abli%$1 t ,i ?9k x w\ld be presumptu\s to d any?+ to increase x by any o!r means ?an ! sil5t b c]ta9 dissem9ation ( 8 works by ! =ce ( _! own great m]its40 ,a ^w z to my mode ( r5d]+ ,ba/iat4 ,i h n aim$ at giv+ a lit]al translation4 ,inde$1 ! language (t5 employ$ by ,ba/iat h>dly admits ( lit]al translation4 ,b ! m important object1 ,i tru/1 has be5 atta9$ ( convey+ fully1 pla9ly1 & intelligibly ! au?or's precise mean+4 ,! mat]ials ( ! foll[+ notice ( ! life & writ+s ( ,ba/iat h be5 borr[$ p>tly f a %ort acc\nt ( him 9 ! ,dictionnaire de l'conomie ,politique1 p>tly f ! ,memoir & ,correspond5ce prefix$ to ! au?or's uvres ,compltes1 & p>tly f an able article 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes f ! p5 ( ,m4 ,l\is ,reybaud4 ,p4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,notice ( ! ,life & ,writ+s ( ,frdric ,ba/iat1 #i ,to ! ,y\? ( ,france1 #cc ,*apt] ,i4 ,natural & ,artificial ,organization1 #dg ,,ii4 ,wants1 ,ef=ts1 ,satisfactions1 #fc ,,iii4 ,wants ( ,man1 #ge ,,iv4 ,ex*ange1 #ig ,v4 ,( ,value1 #aca ,,vi4 ,weal?1 #ahj ,,vii4 ,capital1 #aif ,,viii4 ,prop]ty--,community1 #bah ,,ix4 ,l&$ ,prop]ty1 #bdi ,x4 ,competition1 #bhh ,,xi4 ,produc]--,consum]1 #cbc ,,xii4 ,! ,two ,aphorisms1 #cci ,,xiii4 ,r5t1 #cdg ,,xiv4 ,wages1 #ceb ,,xv4 ,sav+1 #cic ,,xvi4 ,population1 #cig ,,xvii4 ,private & ,public ,s]vices1 #dbe ,,xviii4 ,di/urb+ ,causes1 #ddf ,,xix4 ,w>1 #ded ,,xx4 ,responsibility1 #dfe ,,xxi4 ,solid>ity1 #dhh ,,xxii4 ,social ,motive ,=ce1 #die ,,xxiii4 ,exi/5ce ( ,evil1 #ejd ,,xxiv4 ,p]fectibility1 #ejh ,,xxv4 ,relations ( ,political ,economy ) ,religion1 #eac ,index1 #eah ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,writ+s ,,( ,,fr,d,,ric ,,ba/iat4 ,frdric ,ba/iat1 ^: la/ & greate/1 ?\gh1 alas6 unf9i%$ "w--! ,h>monies conomiques--,i n[ v5ture to introduce to ! ,engli% public1 0 born at ,bayonne1 on ! #ai? ( ,june #ahja4 ,8 fa!r1 an em95t m]*ant ( ,bayonne1 di$ "y1 & 8 wife hav+ di$ be=e him1 ,frdric1 _! only *ild1 0 left an orphan at ! e>ly age ( n9e ye>s4 ,! c>e ( 8 education devolv$ on 8 pat]nal gr&fa!r1 :o 0 proprietor ( a l& e/ate ne> ,mugron1 9 ! arrondissem5t ( ,sa9t-,sev]4 ,8 aunt1 ,mademoiselle ,ju/9e ,ba/iat1 act$ t[>ds him ! "p ( a "m1 & h] affection 0 w>mly reciprocat$ by ,ba/iat1 :o1 to ! day ( 8 dea?1 nev] ceas$ to reg>d h] ) filial love & rev]5ce4 ,ba/iat's education 0 begun at ,bayonne1 cont9u$ at ,sa9t-,sev]1 & f9i%$ at ! ,college ( ,sorze4 ,"h 8 c\rse ( /udy 0 occasionally int]rupt$ by indisposition2 b1 on 8 recov]y1 8 quick p>ts & /eady application soon enabl$ him to ov]take & keep pace ) 8 fell[-/ud5ts4 ,at ,sorze4 ,ba/iat =m$ a boyi% fri5d%ip ) ,m4 ,calmtes1 to :om 8 e>lie/ lett]s are address$4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! y\?s 0 s rem>kable1 t ! ma/]s p]mitt$ !m to prep>e _! ex]cises toge!r1 & sign !m ) _! jo9t names4 ,9 ?is way !y ga9$ a prize = poetry4 ,! prize 0 a gold m$al1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n be divid$4 8,keep x10 said ,ba/iat to 8 fri5d3 8,i am an orphan2 y h bo? fa!r & "m1 & ! m$al ( "r falls to !m40 ,9 #ahah1 ,ba/iat left ,college1 &1 9 compliance ) ! wi%es ( 8 family1 ent]$ 8 uncle's c\nt+-h\se at ,bayonne4 ,8 p#jaj ta/es1 h[ev]1 7 = /udy r ?an = bus9ess1 & :ile at ,bayonne he devot$ 8 leisure h\rs by turns to ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,italian lit]ature4 8,i aim at no?+ less10 he said1 8?an to become acqua9t$ ) politics1 hi/ory1 geography1 ma!matics1 me*anics1 natural hi/ory1 botany1 & f\r or five languages40 ,he 0 fond ( music1 sang agreeably1 & play$ well on ! violoncello4 ,9 #ahbd1 he began to /udy ! works ( ! lead+ ,economi/s ( ,france & ,engl&--,adam ,smi?1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,say1 & ,de/utt de ,tracy2 & ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod he took an int]e/ 9 ! ,engli% free-trade measures ( ,mr ,huskisson4 ,f ?is "t he may be said to h devot$ 8 life to 8 fav\rite sci5ce4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 gr&fa!r1 9 #ahbe1 he gave up comm]ce z a pr(ession1 & took up 8 resid5ce on 8 pat]nal e/ate at ,mugron1 9 ! cultivation ( :i* he 0 at fir/ induc$ to engage1 b )\t mu* success1 & he soon rel9qui%$ agriculture1 z he _h be=e ab&on$ trade4 ,bus9ess1 9 tru?1 0 n 8 vocation2 he _h no turn = details2 he c>$ little = money2 8 wants 7 few & simple2 & he _h no int5tion1 z he says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 to und]go irksome lab\r = ?ree-f\r?s ( 8 life to ensure = ! rema9d] a useless sup]fluity4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod1 & at ,mugron1 t he =m$ 8 lifelong fri5d%ip ) ,m4 ,felix ,c\droy1 to :om s mu* ( 8 correspond5ce is address$1 & to :om1 a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 he _h ?\ght ( committ+ ! task ( f9i%+ ! second volume ( ! ,h>monies4 ,! two fri5ds1 ^: ta/es & pursuits 7 ! same1 7 con/antly toge!r1--read+1 walk+1 or conv]s+4 ,if ,ba/iat1 ^: ard5t nature 0 impati5t ( plodd+ & sy/ematic application1 receiv$ a new book f ,p>is1 he imm$iately c>ri$ x to ,c\droy1 :o exam9$ x1 & not$ ! rem>kable passages1 :i* he read aft]w>ds to 8 fri5d4 ,ba/iat w\ld (t5 cont5t himself ) su* fragm5ts2 & x 0 only :5 ! book int]e/$ him deeply1 t he w\ld c>ry x (f to read x c>efully by himself4 ,on ^! days1 says 8 biograph]1 music 0 laid aside1 & ! violoncello 0 mute4 ,x 0 ?us1 he cont9ues1 t ! two fri5ds pass$ _! lives toge!r1 lodg+ a few paces f ea* o!r1 see+ "o ano!r ?ree times a-day1 sometimes 9 _! *amb]s1 sometimes 9 long walks1 saunt]+ toge!r1 book 9 h&4 ,works ( philosophy1 hi/ory1 politics1 religion1 poetry1 travels1 biography1 political economy1 sociali/ p#jaa works ( ! day1--all pass$ "u ! ordeal ( ?is d\ble intellig5ce4 ,x 0 9 ^! conv]sations t ! ideas ( ,ba/iat 7 develop$1 & 8 ?\ghts matur$4 ,:5 any?+ /ruck him p>ticul>ly1 he w\ld set to "w ( a morn+ & put x into %ape )\t ef=t4 ,9 ?is way he wrote 8 ,sophismes1 8 article on ! ,fr5* & ,engli% t>iffs1 etc4 ,x 0 ?is lit]>y fri5d%ip1 :i* la/$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 )\t be+ once cl\d$ by ! slighte/ disagreem5t1 :i* prep>$ ! m9d ( ,ba/iat = ! gigantic ef=ts he 0 de/9$ aft]w>ds to make1 & enabl$ him1 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ( 8 life1 amid disease & di/raction1 to give to ! _w t mass ( orig9al & v>i$ ideas :i* compose ! six volumes ( 8 collect$ works4#b ,9 ! ev5ts to :i* ! expulsion ( ! eld] bran* ( ! ,b\rbons gave rise 9 #ahcj1 ,ba/iat took an active int]e/4 ,bayonne _h pron\nc$ 9 fav\r ( ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,! citadel alone held out1 & cont9u$ to display ! :ite flag2 & a conc5tration ( ,spani% troops on ! fronti] 0 spok5 (4 ,ba/iat did n hesitate4 ,quitt+ ,mugron1 he hurri$ to ,bayonne to take "p 9 ! movem5t4 ,9 conjunction ) "s ( 8 fri5ds1 he prep>$ a proclamation1 =m$ an association ( six hundr$ det]m9$ "y m51 & did n despair ( r$uc+ ! citadel by a c\p de ma94 ,happily _! m>tial ard\r 0 n put to ! pro(4 ,be=e ! m>* ( ev5ts all resi/ance gave way1 & t same day ! citadel op5$ its gates4 ,9 place ( a battle1 !re 0 a fea/2--pun*1 w9e1 & ,brang] enliv5$ ! ev5+2--& ! (fic]s1 l horses j let loose f ! /able1 7 ! m]rie/ ( ! p>ty4#c ,su* 0 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ,ba/iat's milit>y c>e]4 ,9 #ahca1 he became ,juge de ,paix ( ! ,canton ( ,mugron1 &1 9 #ahcb1 a ,memb] ( ! ,c\ncil-,g5]al ( ! ,l&es4 ,! confid5ce & e/eem ( 8 neighb\rhood w\ld h inve/$ him ) a tru/ /ill m important1 by s5d+ him z a repres5tative to ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies2 b 9 ?is1 aft] ?ree fruitless attempts1 8 fri5ds 7 defeat$1 & ,ba/iat did n succe$ 9 becom+ a legislator until aft] ! ,revolution ( ,febru>y #ahdh4 ,he publi%$1 9 #ahcd1 ,rflexions sur les ,ptitions de ,bordeaux1 le ,havre et ,lyon1 conc]nant les d\anes1--a bro*ure ( great vig\r1 & :i* conta9s ! g]m ( ! !ory ( ,value develop$ fifte5 ye>s aft]w>ds 9 ! ,h>monies4 p#jab ,9 #ahdj1 ,ba/iat visit$ ,spa9 & ,portugal2 & aft] a soj\rn ( "s mon?s at ,madrid1 & aft]w>ds at ,lisbon1 ) great b5efit to 8 heal?1 he sail$ !nce = ,engl&1 & sp5t a few weeks 9 ,london4 ,on 8 return to ,mugron1 he wrote 8 pamphlet1 ,le ,fisc et la ,vigne1 9 :i* he prote/s aga9/ c]ta9 new duties ) :i* ! w9e-trade ( 8 native prov9ce 0 ?reat5$4 ,9 ?is bro*ure#d he gives a *>act]i/ic anecdote ( ,napoleon4 ,at ! outset1 ! duties impos$ 7 s mod]ate t ! receipts w\ld sc>cely defray ! co/ ( collection4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance remon/rat$1 & repres5t$ t ^! impo/s 7 mak+ ! ,gov]nm5t unpopul>1 )\t any b5efit to ! rev5ue4 8,y are a noodle1 ,monsieur ,m>et10 said ! ,emp]or2 8s9ce ! nation grumbles at "s light burd5s1 :at w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce _h ,i add$ heavy taxes8 ,accu/om !m1 fir/ ( all1 to ! ex]cise2 & !n we c re=m ! t>iff40 ,! great capta91 adds ,ba/iat1 0 also a skilful f9anci]4 ,beg9 by ins]t+ ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge--accu/om !m to ! ex]cise--su* is ! hi/ory ( all taxes4 ,9 #ahdc1 appe>$ ano!r pamphlet1 entitl$ ,mmoire sur la "q v9icole2 & 9 #ahdd1 ,mmoire sur la rp>tition de l'impt fonci] dans le ,dp>tem5t des ,l&es1--bo? productions ( extraord9>y ability1 b hav+ ref]5ce pr9cipally to que/ions ( local int]e/ & importance4 ,! great subject ( ,free ,trade1 to :i* he 0 aft]w>ds to devote 8 va/ p[]s1 _h !n assum$ 9 8 m9d r ! =m ( a vague dream ( :at might p]*ance be realiz$ "u fav\rable circum/ances at "s f> di/ant day1 ?an ( a ?+ 9 sob] reality to be expect$ or hop$ =4 ,x 0 an accid5tal circum/ance :i* fir/ direct$ 8 att5tion to :at 0 !n pass+ 9 ,engl& "u ! auspices ( ! ,anti-corn-law ,league4 ,among ! circle :i* ,ba/iat frequ5t$ at ,mugron !re prevail$ a /rong prejudice1 or r an invet]ate hatr$1 aga9/ ,engl&2 & ,ba/iat1 :o _h cultivat$ ,engli% lit]ature1 & imbib$ ,engli% ideas1 _h (t5 to break a lance ) 8 acqua9tances on ! subject ( ?is unf\nd$ dislike4 ,"o ( ^! ,anglophobes1 acco/+ him "o day1 h&$ him a newspap]4 8,read t10 said he ) bitt]ness1 8& see h[ y\r fri5ds are treat+ u60 ,x 0 a translation ( a spee* ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* conclud$ ) ! words--8,if we adopt ?is c\rse1 we %all fall1 l ,france1 to ! l[e/ rank among nations40 ,8 c\ntry 0 insult$1 & ,ba/iat _h n a ^w to say4 ,on reflection1 h[ev]1 x did p#jac appe> /range to him t ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl& %\ld ent]ta9 su* an op9ion ( ,france1 & /ill m s1 t1 ent]ta9+ x1 he %\ld express x op5ly & (f5sively 9 8 place 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,to cle> up ! matt]1 ,ba/iat wrote in/antly to ,p>is1 & became a subscrib] to an ,engli% newspap]1 reque/+ t all ! numb]s = ! prec$+ mon? might be s5t to him4 ,9 a few days ! ,globe & ,travell] made its appe>ance at ,mugron1 conta9+ ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's spee*1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t ! words 8l ,france10 malici\sly introduc$ into ! ,fr5* v]sion ( x1 7 n !re1 &1 9 fact1 _h nev] be5 utt]$4 ,ba/iat cont9u$ to read ! ,globe1 & soon made ! m important discov]y t a =midable agitation 0 at t "t go+ on 9 ,engl& to :i* ! ,fr5* newspap]s nev] once allud$4 ,! ,anti-corn-law ,league 0 %ak+ ! basis ( ! old comm]cial legislation ( ,engl&4 ,= two ye>s ,ba/iat 0 ?us enabl$ to wat* ! progress ( ! movem5t1 & at l5g? began to ent]ta9 ! idea ( mak+ kn[n to 8 c\ntrym5--&1 p]haps1 ( induc+ !m to imitate--! important re=m ab\t to be accompli%$ on ! o!r side ( ! *annel4 ,x 0 ?is feel+ :i* prompt$ him to s5d to ! ,j\rnal des conomi/es 8 fir/ contribution1 ,sur l'influ5ce des t>ifs ,anglais et ,franais4 ,?is article1 be>+ a signature till !n unkn[n1 & com+ f ! remote ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,l&es1 0 at once accept$1 & creat$ a pr(\nd impression4 ,l ,"l ,byron1 aft] ! publication ( ,*ilde ,h>old1 ,ba/iat 8awoke "o morn+ & f\nd himself fam\s40 ,complim5ts & enc\ragem5ts %[]$ 9 ^u him f e side4 ,fur!r contributions 7 solicit$1 & 7 s5t4 ,! ice 0 brok51 & he 0 fairly afloat z an au?or4 ,:il/ contribut+ v>i\s articles to ! ,j\rnal--among o!rs1 ! fir/ s]ies ( ! ,sophismes conomiques--,ba/iat began to write ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,anti-corn-law ,league2 &1 9 ord] to obta9 full] in=mation & m copi\s mat]ials1 he op5$ a correspond5ce ) ,mr ,cobd51 ) :om he cont9u$ to ex*ange lett]s at frequ5t int]vals dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,x 0 9 #ahde t ,ba/iat w5t to ,p>is to sup]9t5d ! pr9t+ ( ?is "w1 :i* he entitl$ ,cobd5 et la ,ligue1 o l'agitation ,anglaise p\r la lib]t des *anges4 ,a lum9\s & spirit$ introduction1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! economical & political /ate ( ,engl& prior to ! ,anti-corn-law agitation1 & describ+ ! orig91 objects1 & progress ( ! league1 is p#jad foll[$ by extracts f ! m prom95t spee*es ( ,cobd51 ,bright1 ,fox1 ,?ompson1 & ! o!r lead]s4 ,all ?is 0 new 9 ,france1--to ! popul> m9d ( t c\ntry x might almo/ be call$ a revelation4 8,i h di/ribut$ a hundr$ copies 9 ,p>is10 writes ,ba/iat to ,cobd51 8& !y h produc$ ! be/ impression4 ,m5 :o1 by _! position & pursuits1 ought to "k :at is go+ on 9 ,engl& h be5 surpris$ on read+ x4 ,!y c\ld n believe _! eyes4 4 4 4 4 4 ,if ,i _h combat$ directly _! prejudices1 ,i %\ld n h succe$$2 b1 by all[+ ! free-trad]s to speak & act = !mselves--9 a ^w1 by simply translat+ y--,i hope to h giv5 ^! prejudices a bl[ :i* !y _c recov]--if ! book be read40 ,9 a subsequ5t lett]1 he says1--8,s9ce my la/ lett] an unexpect$ movem5t has manife/$ itself 9 ! ,fr5* press4 ,all ! ,p>isian1 & _m ( ! prov9cial j\rnals1 9 review+ my book1 h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! ,anti-corn-law agitation4 ,!y d n1 x is true1 p]ceive all its be>+s1 b public op9ion is awak5$1 :i* is ! ess5tial po9t40 ,to ?is "w1 & ! s]vice :i* x r5d]$ to ! cause ( ,free ,trade1 & ( s\nd economic ideas1 ,ba/iat "s mon?s aft]w>ds ow$ 8 nom9ation z a ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 8,i believe ?is nom9ation to be 9 itself ( little importance10 he writes to ,m4 ,calmtes1 8& ,i fe> _m m$iocrities h boa/$ ( ! title2 b ! peculi> circum/ances :i* prec$$ my nom9ation d n p]mit me to reject y\r fri5dly felicitations4 ,i h publi%$ only "o book1 & ( t book ! preface alone is my "w4 ,hav+ return$ to seclusion1 t preface has work$ = me1 & unkn[n to me2 = ! same lett] :i* appriz$ me ( my c&idature ann\nc$ my election4 ,i _h nev] 9 my life dreamt ( ?is hon\r4 ,! book is entitl$ ,cobd5 et la ,ligue4 ,i n[ s5d x to y1 :i* w save my say+ m ab\t x4 ,9 #ahdb & #ahdc ,i endeav\r$ to attract att5tion to ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,i address$ articles to ! ,presse1 to ! ,mmorial ,bordelais1 & o!r j\rnals4 ,!y 7 reject$4 ,i saw t my cause 0 ab\t to break d[n "u ?is conspiracy ( sil5ce1 & ,i _h no res\rce b to write a book4 ,y see1 !n1 :y ,i h become an au?or4 ,& n[1 engag$ 9 t c>e]1 ,i regret x extremely2 = al?\gh always fond ( ,political ,economy1 ,i am reluctant to devote my att5tion exclusively to t sci5ce1 & w\ld r w&] freely ov] ! :ole field ( human k4 ,yet 9 ?is sci5ce a s+le "q--fre$om ( int]national relations--fasc9ates & is ab\t to absorb me1--=1 p]haps1 y may p#jae h se5 t ,i h be5 assign$ a place 9 ! association :i* has j be5 =m$ at ,bordeaux4 ,su* is ! age2 y c take no "p 9 public life )\t be+ g>rott$ 9 a speciality40 ,at ,p>is1 ,ba/iat _h be5 introduc$ to all ! lead+ ,economi/s1 & he 0 delight$ ) 8 reception4 8,n "o ( ^! g5tlem510 he says to ,m4 ,c\droy1 8b _h read1 re-read1 & p]fectly und]/ood my ?ree articles4 ,i might h writt5 a ?\s& ye>s 9 ! ,*alosse1 ! ,s5t9elle1 & ! ,mmorial1 )\t f9d+ a s+le true read] b y\rself4 ,"h "o is read1 /udi$1 & und]/ood40 ,by ! :ole circle ,ba/iat 0 welcom$ & fea/$4 ,a desire 0 express$ t he %\ld become conductor ( ! ,j\rnal des conomi/es1 & !re 0 a proposal to f9d him a *air ( ,political ,economy4 ,f ,p>is he pass$ ov] to ,engl&1 :]e1 9 ,july #ahde1 he met ) ,mr ,cobd51 ,mr ,bright1 & ! o!r *iefs ( ! ,anti-corn-law ,league4 ,9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,c\droy1 he ?us describes 8 reception 9 ,london3--8,hav+ in/all$ myself at ! hotel 7at #ajs4 a-day71 ,i sat d[n to write six lett]s1 to ,cobd51 ,bright1 ,fox1 ,?ompson1 ,wilson1 & ! ,secret>y ( ! ,league4 ,!n ,i wrote six inscriptions on z _m copies ( my book1 & w5t to b$4 ,?is morn+ ,i c>ri$ my six volumes to ! ap>tm5ts ( ! ,league1 desir+ t !y might be s5t to ! p>ties = :om !y 7 int5d$4 ,i 0 told t ,mr ,cobd5 0 9 t[n1 & 0 to leave ,london to-day = ,man*e/]1 & t ,i %\ld f9d him 9 ! mid/ ( prep>ations = 8 j\rney4 7,an ,engli%man's prep>ations consi/ 9 swall[+ a beef-/eak1 & /uff+ a c\ple ( %irts into a c>pet-bag47 ,i ha/5$ to ,cobd5's resid5ce1 :]e ,i met him1 & _h two h\rs' talk4 ,he kn[s ,fr5* v well1 speaks x a little1 &1 moreov]1 ,i und]/ood 8 ,engli%4 ,i expla9$ to him ! /ate ( op9ion 9 ,france1 ! effects ,i expect$ f my "w1 etc4 ,he 0 sorry to leave ,london1 & 0 on ! po9t ( giv+ up 8 int5d$ j\rney4 ,!n he rem>k$1 #8,! ,league is free-masonry1 except t ev]y?+ is public4 ,we h a h\se "h1 :i* we h hir$ to accommodate our fri5ds dur+ ! baza>2 x is empty at pres5t1 & we mu/ in/al y !re4' ,i made "s difficulty ab\t ?is2 & he rejo9$1 #8,?is arrangem5t may n be agreeable to y1 b x w be ( use to ! cause1 = ,messrs ,bright1 ,moore1 & o!r memb]s ( ! ,league pass _! ev5+s !re1 & we mu/ h y always 9 ! mid/ ( !m4' ,h[ev]1 z ,i am to jo9 him at ,man*e/] ! day aft] to-morr[1 ,i ?\ght x p#jaf h>dly wor? :ile to %ift my qu>t]s = a c\ple ( days4 ,he took me aft]w>ds to ! ,re=m ,club1 a magnific5t e/abli%m5t1 & left me 9 ! libr>y :ile he took a ba?4 ,he aft]w>ds wrote lett]s to ,bright & ,moore1 & ,i accompani$ him to ! railway4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i call$ on ,mr ,bright4 4 4 4 4 4 ,oblig$ to speak sl[ly1 9 ord] to make myself und]/ood1 & ^u subjects :i* 7 famili> to me1 & ) m5 :o _h all our ideas1 ,i f\nd myself plac$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances4 ,he took me aft]w>ds to ! ,p>liam5t10 etc4 ,on 8 return f ,engl&1 ,ba/iat aga9 took refuge 9 8 retreat at ,mugron1 :]e he _h 8 "t entirely at 8 own disposal2 b he 0 n long suff]$ to enjoy 8 lit]>y leisure4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahdf1 he assi/$ 9 organiz+ a ,free-,trade ,association at ,bordeaux1 & aft]w>ds w5t to ,p>is ) a simil> object4 ,9 ?is he 0 de/9$ to exp]i5ce innum]able difficulties1 n ! lea/ ( :i* arose f 8 suppos$ atta*m5t to ,engli% op9ions4 ,he imag9$ ! re=m ( ! ,engli% t>iff might be ! means ( fur!r+ a simil> re=m 9 ,france1 b 9 ?is he soon f\nd t he 0 greatly mi/ak54 8,( all ! prejudices :i* reign among u10 says ,m4 ,l\is ,reybaud1 9 8 admirable notice ( ,ba/iat 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1#e 8!re is none m deeply root$ ?an di/ru/ ( ,engl&4 ,x is en\gh t ,engl& leans to "o side to induce u to incl9e to ! o!r4 ,ev]y?+ :i* ,engl& proposes is suspect$ by u1 & we n unwill+ly detect an ambu% 9 all h] measures4 ,9 matt]s ( trade ?is disposition is especially manife/$4 ,9 va9 we imag9e t ,engl& 9 h] re=ms has only h] own int]e/ 9 view1--h] true object is only to mislead & ru9 u by h] s$uctions6 ,if we give way we %all be fools or dupes4 ,su* is ! language ( national op9ion2 & al?\gh enlight5$ m5 resi/ x1 t op9ion does n ! less prevail & exhibit itself on all occasions4 ,bett] in=m$ 9 reg>d to ?is bias ( public op9ion1 ,ba/iat w\ld h se5 t ! mom5t 0 n opportune1 & t 9 ! face ( ! ,engli% agitation he w\ld h done bett] to delay1 ?an to ha/51 any agitation 9 ,france :i* might seem to be inspir$ by ! _s or example ( ,engl&40 ,9 fact1 x 0 ^u ?is rock ma9ly t ,ba/iat's ,free-trade ent]prise ultimately f\nd]$1 & he soon became conv9c$ ( ! int5sity ( ! prejudice aga9/ :i* he _h to /ruggle4 ,9 a lett] to ,mr ,cobd51 writt5 9 ,decemb] #ahdf1 he says1--8,?is cry aga9/ ,engl& /ifles u1 & gives rise to =midable p#jag ob/acles4 ,if ?is hatr$ to p]fidi\s ,albion 7 only ! fa%ion ( ! day1 ,i %\ld wait pati5tly until x pass$ away4 ,b x has deep root 9 m5's he>ts4 ,x is univ]sal1 & ,i believe ,i told y t my fri5ds d>e no long] talk ( me 9 my own village1 b en famille4 ,?is bl9d passion1 moreov]1 is f\nd s conv5i5t by protect$ int]e/s & political p>ties1 t !y avail !mselves ( x 9 ! mo/ %ameless mann]40 ,o!r circum/ances contribut$ to disc\rage ,ba/iat3 8,i suff] f my pov]ty10 he tells ,mr ,cobd54 8,if1 in/ead ( runn+ f "o to ano!r on foot1 spla%$ & bespatt]$ to ! back1 9 ord] to meet only "o or two p a-day1 & obta9 evasive & dilatory answ]s1 ,i c\ld assemble !m at my table 9 a ri* salon1 h[ _m difficulties w\ld be remov$6 ,i want nei!r head nor he>t1 b ,i feel t ?is sup]b ,babylon is n ! place = me1 & ,i mu/ ha/5 back to my solitude40 ,8 he>t 0 con/antly rev]t+ to ! happy & peaceful days he _h pass$ at ,mugron4 8,i suff]10 he says 9 a lett] to ,c\droy1 8f leav+ ,mugron1 & my old habits1 my desultory lab\rs1 & our nice little *ats4 ,x is a frightful d*irem5t2 b c ,i rec$e80 8,p>is & ,i are n made = ea* o!r40 8,(t5 ,i ?9k ( ,mugron1 its philosophic calm1 & its fruitful leisure4 ,"h life is wa/$ 9 do+ no?+1 or at lea/ 9 produc+ no?+40 ,ba/iat's appe>ance 9 ,p>is at ?is epo* is ?us describ$ by "o ( 8 fri5ds4 8,he _h n _h "t to call 9 ! assi/ance ( a ,p>isian hatt] & tailor10 says ,m4 de ,mol9>i2 8& ) 8 long hair1 8 t9y hat1 8 ample frock-coat1 & 8 family umbrella1 y w\ld h be5 apt to mi/ake him = an hone/ peasant1 :o _h come to t[n = ! fir/ "t to see ! wond]s ( ! metropolis4 ,b ! physiognomy ( ?is app>5t cl[n 0 ar* & spiritual2 8 l>ge black eye 0 lum9\s1 & 8 squ>e well-proportion$ =ehead bore ! impress ( ?\ght40 8,i rememb]1 z if x 7 ye/]day10 says ,m4 ,l\is ,reybaud1 8! impression :i* he produc$4 ,x 0 impossible to see a m *>act]i/ic specim5 ( a prov9cial s*ol>1 simple 9 8 mann]1 & pla9 9 8 attire4 ,b1 "u t homely g>b1 & t air ( bonhomie1 !re 7 fla%es ( intellig5ce1 & a native dignity ( deportm5t2 & y 7 n long 9 discov]+ an hone/ he>t & a g5]\s s\l4 ,! eye1 above all1 0 light$ up ) s+ul> brightness & fire4 ,8 emaciat$ features & livid complexion betray$ already ! ravages ( t disease :i*1 9 a few ye>s1 0 de/9$ to c>ry him (f4 ,8 p#jah voice 0 holl[1 & =m$ a contra/ ) ! vivacity ( 8 ideas & ! briskness ( 8 ge/ures4 ,:5 ! conv]sation 0 animat$1 8 voice became feebl]1 & 8 lungs p]=m$ _! (fice ) difficulty4 ,bett] tak5 c>e (1 8 con/itution1 feeble z x 01 might h la/$ a long "t4 ,b ,ba/iat took c\nsel only ( 8 en]gy4 ,he nev] ?\ght ( h[ _m days he _h to live1 b h[ he might employ !m well40#f 8,i accept resolutely ! h>d life on :i* ,i am ab\t to ent]10 he says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s4 8,:at gives me c\rage is n ! non omnis mori> ( ,horace1 b ! ?\ght t1 p]haps1 my life may n h be5 useless to mank9d40#g ,dur+ ! eighte5 mon?s t ! ,free-trade ,association la/$1 ,ba/iat's life 0 "o ( fev]i% activity & incessant unremitt+ toil4 ,be=e ! doors ( ! ,association c\ld be op5$ to ! public1 a ,gov]nm5t autorisation _h to be obta9$2 & x 0 obta9$ at l5g? ) mu* difficulty & aft] long delay4 ,on ,ba/iat1 z secret>y1 ! c>e ( all ! arrangem5ts devolv$4 ,he _h to communicate ) j\rnali/s1 wait ^u m9i/]s1 issue manife/oes1 organize committees1 obta9 subscriptions1 correspond ) bran* associations1 und]take j\rneys to ,lyons1 to ,m>seilles1 to ,havre1 att5d meet+s1 make spee*es1 besides conduct+ a weekly newspap]1 call$ ! ,libre-*ange--! organ ( ! ,association--& contribut+ num]\s articles to o!r newspap]s1 & to ! ,j\rnal des conomi/es4 8,if at daybreak he obs]v$ a ,protectioni/ sophism appe> 9 a newspap] ( any reputation10 says ,m4 de ,mol9>i1 8he w\ld imm$iately seize 8 p51 demoli% ! sophism be=e breakfa/1 & our language c\nt$ "o *ef-d'uvre ! m40 ,x is to ! m>vell\s ex]tions ( ?is p]iod t we owe ! ,sophismes conomiques1--a "w :i* arose out ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,ba/iat f\nd himself plac$2 & :i*1 al?\gh writt5 f day to day1 amid ! di/ractions we h describ$1 exhibits 8 g5ius 9 its mo/ brilliant light4 8,z examples ( dialectical skill 9 r$uc+ an oppon5t to absurdity10 says ,pr(essor ,cairnes1 8( simple & felicit\s illu/ration1 ( delicate & poli%$ raill]y1 atta9+ occasionally ! pit* ( a ref9$ irony1 ! ,sophismes conomiques may almo/ claim a place beside ! ,prov9cial ,lett]s40 ,sprightly1 lucid1 & conclusive1 full ( fire & irony1 playfulness & wit1 ^! two little volumes af=d ! mo/ unansw]able reply ev] giv5 to ! p#jai fallacies ( ! ,protectioni/ s*ool2 &1 _h ,ba/iat writt5 no?+ else1 !y w\ld h conf]r$ on him a j title to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ di/+ui%$ economi/ ( 8 day4 ,! ,sophismes h be5 translat$ into f\r languages1 & are ! be/ kn[n1 if n ! mo/ orig9al1 ( all ! works ( _! lam5t$ au?or4 ,! success ( ! "w 0 in/ant & complete4 ,ba/iat at fir/ compla9$ t 8?ree or f\r pleasantries _h made ! =tune ( ! book1 :ile ! s]i\s p>ts 7 neglect$20 b he aft]w>ds confess$ t 8p>ables & pleasantries _h m success1 & effect$ m good1 ?an ! be/ treatises40 ,( ^! pleasantries1 ,! ,c&lemak]s' ,petition1 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( ! ,sophismes1 is p]haps ! happie/1 & ,i _c =be> pres5t+ ! read] ) a translation ( ?is *oice morsel3-- ,petition ( ! ,manufactur]s ( ,c&les1 ,wax-,lights1 ,lamps1 ,c&le/icks1 ,/reet ,lamps1 ,snuff]s1 ,ext+ui%]s1 & ( ! ,produc]s ( ,oil1 ,tall[1 ,ros91 ,alcohol1 &1 g5]ally1 ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) ,light+1 ,to ,messieurs ! ,memb]s ( ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,g5tlem51--,y are on ! "r road4 ,y reject ab/ract !ories1 & h little consid]ation = *eapness & pl5ty4 ,y\r *ief c>e is ! int]e/ ( ! produc]4 ,y desire to emancipate him f ext]nal competition1 & res]ve ! national m>ket = national indu/ry4 ,we are ab\t to (f] y an admirable opportunity ( apply+ y\r--:at %all we call x8 y\r !ory8 ,no2 no?+ is m deceptive ?an !ory2 y\r doctr9e8 y\r sy/em8 y\r pr9ciple8--b y dislike doctr9es1 y abhor sy/ems1 & z = pr9ciples1 y d5y t !re are any 9 ,social ,economy3 we %all say1 !n1 y\r practice1 y\r practice )\t !ory & )\t pr9ciple4 ,we are suff]+ f ! intol]able competition ( a =eign rival1 plac$1 x w\ld seem1 9 a condition s f> sup]ior to ours = ! production ( light1 t he absolutely inundates our national m>ket ) x at a price fabul\sly r$uc$4 ,! mom5t he %[s himself1 our trade leaves u--all consum]s apply to him2 & a bran* ( native indu/ry1 hav+ c\ntless ramifications1 is all at once r5d]$ completely /agnant4 ,?is rival1 :o is no o!r ?an ! ,sun1 wages w> to ! knife aga9/ u1 & we suspect he has be5 rais$ up by p]fidi\s ,albion 7good policy z times g72 inasmu* z he displays t[>ds t haughty isl& a circumspection ) :i* he disp5ses 9 our case4 ,:at we pray = is1 t x may please y to pass a law ord]+ ! %utt+ up ( all ,w9d[s1 ,sky-lights1 ,dorm]-w9d[s1 ,outside & ,inside ,%utt]s1 ,curta9s1 ,bl9ds1 ,bull's-eyes2 9 a ^w1 ( all ,op5+s1 ,holes1 ,*9ks1 ,clefts1 & ,fissures1 by or ?r\gh :i* ! light ( ! ,sun has be5 all[$ to ent] h\ses1 to ! prejudice ( ! m]itori\s manufactures ) :i* we flatt] ourselves we h accommodat$ our c\ntry1--a c\ntry :i*1 9 gratitude1 ought n to ab&on u n[ to a /rife s unequal4 ,we tru/1 ,g5tlem51 t y w n reg>d ?is our reque/ z a satire1 or refuse x )\t at lea/ previ\sly he>+ ! reasons :i* we h to urge 9 its support4 ,&1 fir/1 if y %ut up z mu* z possible all access to natural light1 & create a dem& = artificial light1 :i* ( our ,fr5* manufactures w n be enc\rag$ by x8 ,if m tall[ is consum$1 !n !re mu/ be m ox5 & %eep2 &1 consequ5tly1 we %all behold ! increase ( artificial mead[s1 meat1 wool1 hides1 &1 above all1 manure1 :i* is ! basis & f\ndation ( all agricultural weal?4 ,if m oil is consum$1 !n we %all h an ext5d$ cultivation ( ! poppy1 ( ! olive1 & ( rape4 ,^! ri* & exhau/+ plants w come at ! "r p#jbj "t to enable u to avail ourselves ( ! increas$ f]tility :i* ! re>+ ( additional cattle w imp>t to our l&s4 ,our hea?s w be cov]$ ) res9\s trees4 ,num]\s sw>ms ( bees w1 on ! m\nta9s1 ga!r p]fum$ treasures1 n[ wa/+ _! fragrance on ! des]t air1 l ! fl[]s f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,no bran* ( agriculture b w !n exhibit a *e]+ developm5t4 ,! same rem>k applies to navigation4 ,?\s&s ( vessels w proce$ to ! :ale fi%]y2 &1 9 a %ort "t1 we %all possess a navy capable ( ma9ta9+ ! hon\r ( ,france1 & gratify+ ! patriotic aspirations ( y\r petition]s1 ! und]sign$ ,c&lemak]s & o!rs4 ,b :at %all we say ( ! manufacture ( articles de ,p>is8 ,h5ce=? y w behold gild+s1 bronzes1 cry/als1 9 c&le/icks1 9 lamps1 9 lu/res1 9 c&elabra1 %9+ =?1 9 spaci\s w>]ooms1 comp>$ ) :i* ^? ( ! pres5t day c be reg>d$ b z m]e %ops4 ,no poor ,res9i] f 8 heights on ! sea-coa/1 no ,coal-m9] f ! dep? ( 8 sable gall]y1 b w rejoice 9 high] wages & increas$ prosp]ity4 ,only h ! goodness to reflect1 ,g5tlem51 & y w be conv9c$ t !re is1 p]haps1 no ,fr5*man1 f ! weal?y coal-ma/] to ! humble/ v5d] ( lucif] mat*es1 ^: lot w n be ameliorat$ by ! success ( ?is our ,petition4 ,we =esee y\r objections1 ,g5tlem51 b we "k t y c oppose to u none b su* z y h pick$ up f ! effete works ( ! p>tisans ( ,free ,trade4 ,we defy y to utt] a s+le ^w aga9/ u :i* w n in/antly reb\nd aga9/ y\rselves & y\r entire policy4 ,y w tell u t1 if we ga9 by ! protection :i* we seek1 ! c\ntry w lose by x1 because ! consum] mu/ be> ! loss4 ,we answ]3 ,y h ceas$ to h any "r to invoke ! int]e/ ( ! consum]2 =1 :5ev] 8 int]e/ is f\nd oppos$ to t ( ! produc]1 y sacrifice ! =m]4 ,y h done s = ! purpose ( enc\rag+ lab\r & increas+ employm5t4 ,= ! same reason1 y %\ld d s aga94 ,y h y\rselves obviat$ ?is objection4 ,:5 y are told t ! consum] is int]e/$ 9 ! free importation ( iron1 coal1 corn1 textile fabrics1--yes1 y reply1 b ! produc] is int]e/$ 9 _! exclusion4 ,well1 be x s2--if consum]s are int]e/$ 9 ! free admission ( natural light1 ! produc]s ( artificial light are equally int]e/$ 9 its prohibition4 ,b1 aga91 y may say t ! produc] & consum] are id5tical4 ,if ! manufactur] ga9 by protection1 he w make ! agriculturi/ also a ga9]2 &1 if agriculture prosp]s1 x w op5 a v5t to manufactures4 ,v well2 if y conf] ^u u ! monopoly ( furni%+ light dur+ ! day1--fir/ ( all1 we %all pur*ase quantities ( tall[1 coals1 oils1 res9\s sub/ances1 wax1 alcohol1--besides silv]1 iron1 bronze1 cry/al--to c>ry on our manufactures2 & !n we & ^? :o furni% u ) su* commodities1 hav+ become ri*1 w consume a great deal1 & imp>t prosp]ity to all ! o!r bran*es ( our national indu/ry4 ,if y urge t ! light ( ! ,sun is a gratuit\s gift ( nature1 & t to reject su* gifts is to reject weal? itself "u pret5ce ( enc\rag+ ! means ( acquir+ x1 we w\ld caution y aga9/ giv+ a dea?-bl[ to y\r own policy4 ,rememb] t hi!rto y h always repell$ =eign products1 because !y approximate m ne>ly ?an home products to ! "* ( gratuit\s gifts4 ,to comply ) ! exactions ( o!r monopoli/s1 y h only half a motive2 & to repulse u simply because we /& on a /rong] vantage gr\nd ?an o!rs1 w\ld be to adopt ! equation1 -2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld be to heap absurdity ^u absurdity4 ,nature & human lab\r co-op]ate 9 v>i\s proportions 7dep5d+ on c\ntries & climates7 9 ! production ( commodities4 ,! "p :i* nature executes is always gratuit\s2 x is ! "p execut$ by human lab\r :i* con/itutes value1 & is paid =4 ,if a ,lisbon orange sells = half ! price ( a ,p>is orange1 x is because natural1 & consequ5tly gratuit\s heat1 does = ! "o1 :at artificial1 & !re=e exp5sive heat1 mu/ d = ! o!r4 ,:5 an orange comes to u f ,portugal1 we may conclude t x is furni%$ 9 "p gratuit\sly1 9 "p = an on]\s consid]ation2 9 o!r words1 x comes to u at half-price z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,p>is4 ,n[1 x is precisely ! gratuit\s half 7p>don ! ^w7 :i* we cont5d %\ld be exclud$4 ,y say1 h[ c national lab\r su/a9 competition ) =eign lab\r1 :5 ! =m] has all ! "w to d1 & ! latt] only does "o-half1--! ,sun supply+ ! rema9d]8 ,b if ?is half1 be+ gratuit\s1 det]m9es p#jba y to exclude competition1 h[ %\ld ! :ole1 be+ gratuit\s1 induce y to admit competition8 ,if y 7 consi/5t1 y w\ld1 :ile exclud+ z hurtful to native indu/ry :at is half gratuit\s1 exclude1 a =tiori & ) d\ble zeal1 t :i* is altoge!r gratuit\s4 ,once m1 :5 products1 su* z coal1 iron1 corn1 or textile fabrics1 are s5t u f abroad1 & we c acquire !m ) less lab\r ?an if we made !m ourselves1 ! diff]5ce is a free gift conf]r$ ^u u4 ,! gift is m or less consid]able 9 proportion z ! diff]5ce is m or less great4 ,x am\nts to a qu>t]1 a half1 or ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! value ( ! product1 :5 ! =eign] only asks u = ?ree-f\r?s1 a half1 or a qu>t] ( ! price we %\ld o!rwise pay4 ,x is z p]fect & complete z x c be1 :5 ! donor 7l ! ,sun 9 furni%+ u ) light7 asks u = no?+4 ,! "q1 & we ask x =mally1 is ?is1 ,d y desire = our c\ntry ! b5efit ( gratuit\s consumption1 or ! pret5d$ advantages ( on]\s production8 ,make y\r *oice1 b be logical2 = z long z y exclude z y d1 coal1 iron1 corn1 =eign fabrics1 9 proportion z _! price approximates to z]o1 :at inconsi/5cy w\ld x be to admit ! light ( ! ,sun1 ! price ( :i* is already at z]o dur+ ! entire day6 ,9 addition to 8 o!r engross+ avocations 9 ,p>is1 ,ba/iat1 9 ! end ( #ahdg & beg9n+ ( #ahdh1 deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures to "y m5 on ! pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy & ! ,h>mony ( ! ,social ,laws4 ,he _h no opportunity ( committ+ ^! lectures to writ+1 z he wi%$1 b we h d\btless ! sub/ance ( !m 9 8 publi%$ works1 especially 9 ! ,h>monies conomiques4 8,some?+ tells me10 he says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,m4 ,c\droy1 8t ?is c\rse address$ to ! "y1 :o h logic 9 _! heads1 & w>m? & f]v\r 9 _! he>ts1 w n be useless40 8,my auditors10 he says else:]e1 8are n v num]\s2 b !y att5d assidu\sly1 & take notes4 ,! se$ falls into good gr\nd40 ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ^! h>ass+ occupations & h]culean ex]tions t ! ,revolution ( ,febru>y came to surprise ,ba/iat1--to put an end to ! ,free-trade ,association1--& to br+ a f> m =midable set ( agitators--namely1 ! ,sociali/s & ,communi/s--to ! surface ( society4 ,ba/iat d\bt$ if 8 c\ntry 0 ripe = a ,republic2 b :5 x came1 he gave 9 8 adhesion to x1 & 0 return$ by 8 native ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,l&es z a ,deputy to ! ,con/itu5t1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,he took 8 seat on ! left1 says 8 accompli%$ fri5d & biograph] ,m4 de ,font5ay1 9 an attitude ( mod]ation & firmness2 &1 :il/ rema9+ some:at isolat$1 he 0 surr\nd$ ) ! respect ( all p>ties4 ,a ,memb] ( ! ,committee ( ,f9ance1 ( :i* he 0 nam$ ,vice-,presid5t eight times 9 succession1 he ex]cis$ a v m>k$ influ5ce on t dep>tm5t1 al?\gh quietly & )9 doors4 ,! increas+ feebl5ess ( 8 lungs prev5t$ 8 (t5 asc5d+ ! tribune or address+ ! ,assembly1 al?\gh x 0 (t5 a h>d trial = him to be ?us1 z x 71 nail$ to 8 seat4#h ,x is to ?is he alludes 9 ! second *apt] p#jbb ( ! ,h>monies3--8,if1 :5 ! mu*-lov$ vessel ( ! ,/ate is beat5 by ! tempe/1 ,i sometimes appe> to abs5t myself f my po/ 9 ord] to collect my scatt]$ ?\ghts1 x is because ,i feel my feeble h&s unfitt$ = ! "w4 ,is x1 besides1 to betray my mission to reflect ^u ! causes ( ! tempe/ itself1 & endeav\r to act ^u ^! causes8 ,& !n1 :at ,i f9d ,i _c d to-day1 :o kn[s b x may be giv5 me to accompli% to-morr[80 ,9 a lett] to ,m4 ,c\droy1 9 ,june #ahdh1 ,ba/iat ?us describes 8 daily occupations3--8,i rise at six o'clock1 dress1 %ave1 breakfa/1 & read ! newspap]s2 ?is occupies me till sev51 or half-pa/ sev54 ,ab\t n9e1 ,i am oblig$ to g out1 = at t5 comm5ces ! sitt+ ( ! ,committee ( ,f9ance1 ( :i* ,i am a memb]4 ,x cont9ues till "o1 & !n ! public sitt+ beg9s1 & cont9ues till sev54 ,i return to d9n]1 & x v r>ely happ5s t !re are n aft]-d9n] meet+s ( ,sub-,committees *>g$ ) special que/ions4 ,! only h\r at my disposal is f eight to n9e 9 ! morn+1 & x is at t h\r t ,i receive visitors4 4 4 4 4 ,i am pr(\ndly disgu/$ ) ?is k9d ( life40 ,b ! gr& "w ( ,ba/iat 9 #ahdh & #ahdi--;a "w to :i* he devot$ ! be/ en]gies ( 8 m9d & g5ius--0 ! op5 & incessant w> :i* he wag$ ) ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ writ]s & agitators :om ! ,revolution _h let loose on ,fr5* society1 & :o 7 !n %ak+ ! social & political fabric to its c5tre4 ,ba/iat1 l ! porcup9e1 _h a quill po9t$ aga9/ e assailant4 ,to ea* error he oppos$ a pamphlet4 ,) ,l\is ,blanc & ! national work%ops1 he did battle 9 ! bro*ure entitl$ ,proprit et ,loi1 9 :i* he exposes ! illusions ) :i* ! public m9d _h be5 /uff$ by ! ,sociali/s4 ,! doctr9e ( ,concidrant he attack$ 9 ano!r little volume1 be>+ ! title1 ,proprit et ,spoliation4 ,9 ano!r1 ,ju/ice et ,frat]nit1 he demoli%$ ! absurdities ( ,pi]re ,l]\x's democratic & social con/itution4 ,pr\dhon's doctr9e he dispos$ ( 9 ,capital et ,r5te1 :]e he refutes ! fooli% notions 9 vogue 9 #ahdh on ! subject ( gratuit\s loans--a subject :i* he aga9 discuss$ 9 #ahej1 9 ! l>g] volume entitl$ ,gratuit du ,cr$it4 ,9 ,protectionisme et ,communisme1 ,ba/iat demon/rat$ t :at is call$ protection is no?+ else ?an practical communism or spoliation4 ,paix et ,lib]t1 ou le ,budget ,rpublica91 ano!r bro*ure f 8 prolific p51 is a brilliant & vigor\s onslaught on ! excessive taxation ( t day1 & ! ov]gr[n milit>y & naval armam5ts :i* gave p#jbc rise to x4 ,_m passages ( ?is admirable production1 full ( =ce & practical good s5se1 might be read ) b5efit at ! pres5t day1 z applicable n only to ,france z x 01 b to ,france z x is1 & n to ,france alone1 b to ! o!r nations ( ,europe4 ,9 ! tract entitl$ ,l'tat1 ,ba/iat ma9ta9s 8 fav\rite doctr9e t all :i* a ,gov]nm5t owes to its subjects is security2 t1 z x acts necess>ily ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( =ce1 x c equitably en=ce no?+ save ,ju/ice2 & t its duty consi/s 9 hold+ ! balance equal among v>i\s int]e/s1 by gu>d+ ! lib]ty ( all1 by protect+ p]son & prop]ty1 by en=c+ cov5ants1 & !reby uphold+ cr$it1 b leav+ ,dem& & ,supply 9 all cases to p]=m _! appropriate functions )\t re/ra9t & )\t enc\ragem5t4 ,he exposes ! absurdity ( m5 expect+ ev]y?+ f ,gov]nm5t1 & tru/+ to public employm5ts r ?an to individual ex]tion4 ,he %[s t1 s9ce ! ,/ate is only an aggregate ( individuals1 x c give no?+ to ! p b :at x has previ\sly tak5 f !m4 ,t\t le monde1 z he says else:]e1 veut vivre aux dp5s de l'tat1 et on oublie que l'tat vit aux dp5s de t\t le monde4 ,to ?is tract ano!r is app5d$1 to :i* he gives ! qua9t title ( ,maudit ,arg5t6 9 :i* he exposes ! popul> errors :i* arise f conf\nd+ capital ) money1 & money ) inconv]tible pap]4 ,9 ?is little "w1 ,ba/iat ( c\rse c\ld n treat ! subject sy/ematically & 9 detail1 z ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali] has s9ce done 9 8 philosophical treatise ,sur la ,monnaie2#i b ,ba/iat's tract conta9s _m excell5t passages4 ,! effect ( an enl>gem5t ( ! volume ( curr5cy on ! value ( money1 = in/ance1 is ?us happily illu/rat$3-- ,t5 m5 sat d[n to play a game1 9 :i* !y agre$ to /ake #ajjj francs4 ,ea* man 0 provid$ ) t5 c\nt]s--ea* c\nt] repres5t+ t5 francs4 ,:5 ! game 0 f9i%$1 ea* receiv$ z _m times t5 francs z he happ5$ to h c\nt]s4 ,"o ( ! p>ty1 :o 0 m ( an ari?metician ?an a logician1 rem>k$ t he always f\nd at ! end ( ! game t he 0 ri*] 9 proportion z he _h a great] numb] ( c\nt]s1 & ask$ ! o!rs if !y _h obs]v$ ! same ?+4 ,:at holds 9 my case1 said he1 mu/ hold 9 y\rs1 = :at is true ( ea* mu/ be true ( all4 ,he propos$1 !re=e1 t ea* %\ld h d\ble ! =m] numb] ( c\nt]s4 ,no soon] said ?an done4 ,d\ble ! numb] ( c\nt]s 7 di/ribut$2 b1 :5 ! p>ty f9ally rose f play !y f\nd !mselves no ri*] ?an be=e4 ,! /ake _h n be5 increas$1 & fell to be proportionally divid$4 ,ea* man1 no d\bt1 _h d\ble ! numb] ( c\nt]s1 b ea* c\nt]1 in/ead ( be+ wor? t5 francs1 0 f\nd to be wor? only five2 & x 0 at l5g? discov]$ t :at is true ( ea* is n always true ( all4 ,! pamphlets1 ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme1 & ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 belong to ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahej1 ! la/ p#jbd ( ! au?or's life4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,ba/iat compla9s ( ! monopoly ( univ]sity degrees1 & ! too exclusive addiction ( 8 c\ntrym5 to classical le>n+--especially ,greek & ,roman hi/ory--to :i* he attributes mu* ( t democratic & revolution>y f]v\r :i* 0 ev] & anon break+ out 9 ,france4 ,! second1 ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 is a ma/]piece wor?y ( ! au?or ( ! ,sophismes1 & well des]ves its second title ( 8,political ,economy 9 ,"o ,lesson40 ,! foll[+ extract f ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is admirable little "w w give ! read] "s idea ( ! argum5t1 & ( ,ba/iat's lively mann] ( treat+ a subject 9 itself s dry & un9vit+3-- ,! ,brok5 ,pane4 ,h y ev] _h occasion to witness ! fury ( ! hone/ burgess1 ,jacques ,bonhomme1 :5 8 scapegrace son has brok5 a pane ( glass8 ,if y h1 y _c fail to h obs]v$ t all ! by/&]s1 7 !re ?irty ( !m1 lay _! heads toge!r to (f] ! un=tunate proprietor ?is nev]-fail+ consolation1--8,!re is "s good 9 e mis=tune--su* accid5ts give a fillip to trade4 ,ev]ybody mu/ live4 ,if no w9d[s 7 brok51 :at w\ld become ( ! glazi]s80 ,n[1 ?is =mula ( condol5ce conta9s a !ory1 :i* x is prop] to lay hold (1 flagrante delicto1 9 ?is v simple case1 because x is exactly ! same !ory :i* un=tunately gov]ns ! great] "p ( our economic in/itutions4 ,assum+ t x becomes necess>y to exp5d six francs 9 repair+ ! damage1 if y mean to say t ! accid5t br+s 9 six francs to ! glazi]1 & to t ext5t enc\rages 8 trade1 ,i grant x fairly & frankly1 & all[ t y reason ju/ly4 ,! glazi] arrives1 does 8 "w1 pockets 8 money1 rubs 8 h&s1 & blesses ! scapegrace son4 ,?is is :at we see4 ,b if1 by way ( d$uction1 y come to conclude1 z is too (t5 done1 t x is a good ?+ to break w9d[s1 t x makes money circulate1 & t enc\ragem5t to trade 9 g5]al is ! result1 ,i am oblig$ to cry halt6 ,y\r !ory /ops at :at we see1 & takes no acc\nt ( :at we don't see4 ,we don't see t1 s9ce our burgess has be5 oblig$ to sp5d 8 six francs on "o ?+1 he c no long] sp5d !m on ano!r--,we don't see t1 if he _h n _h ?is pane to replace1 he w\ld h replac$1 = example1 8 %oes1 :i* are d[n at ! heels1 or plac$ a new book on 8 %elf4 ,9 %ort1 he w\ld h employ$ 8 six francs 9 a way 9 :i* he _c n[ employ !m4 ,let u see1 !n1 h[ ! acc\nt /&s ) trade 9 g5]al4 ,! pane be+ brok51 ! glazi]'s trade is b5efit$ to ! ext5t ( six francs4 ,?is is :at we see4 ,if ! pane _h n be5 brok51 ! %oemak]'s 7or "s o!r7 trade w\ld h be5 enc\rag$ to ! ext5t ( six francs4 ,t is :at we don't see4 ,& if we take into acc\nt :at we don't see1 :i* is a negative fact1 z well z :at we d see1 :i* is a positive fact1 we %all discov] t trade 9 g5]al1 or ! aggregate ( national indu/ry1 has no int]e/1 "o way or o!r1 :e!r w9d[s are brok5 or n4 ,let u see1 aga91 h[ ! acc\nt /&s ) ,jacques ,bonhomme4 ,on ! la/ hypo!sis--t ( ! pane be+ brok5--he sp5ds six francs1 & gets nei!r m nor less ?an he _h be=e1--namely1 ! use & enjoym5t ( a pane ( glass4 ,on ! o!r hypo!sis1--namely1 t ! accid5t _h n happ5$1 he w\ld h exp5d$ six francs on %oes1 & w\ld h _h ! use & enjoym5t bo? ( ! %oes & ( ! pane ( glass4 ,n[1 z ! good burgess1 ,jacques ,bonhomme con/itutes a fraction ( society at l>ge1 we are =c$ to conclude t society1 tak5 9 ! aggregate1 & aft] all acc\nts ( lab\r & enjoym5t h be5 squ>$1 has lo/ ! value ( ! pane :i* has be5 brok54 ,:5ce1 on g5]aliz+1 we arrive at ?is unexpect$ conclusion1 t 8,society loses ! value ( ?+s uselessly de/roy$20 & we arrive also at ?is aphorism1 :i* w make ! hair ( ! prohibitioni/s /& on end1 t 8to sma%1 break1 p#jbe & dissipate is n to enc\rage national indu/ry20 or1 m briefly1 t 8!re is no pr(it 9 de/ruction40 ,! read] w take notice t !re are n two p]sons only1 b ?ree1 9 ! little drama to :i* we h call$ 8 att5tion4 ,"o ( !m--namely1 ,jacques ,bonhomme--repres5ts ! consum]1 r$uc$ by de/ruction to "o enjoym5t 9 place ( two4 ,! glazi] repres5ts ! produc]1 ^: trade is enc\rag$ by ! accid5t4 ,! ?ird is ! %oemak] 7or "s o!r tradesman71 ^: trade is disc\rag$ to ! same ext5t by ! same cause4 ,x is ?is ?ird p]sonage :o is always kept 9 ! %ade1 & :o1 z repres5t+ :at we don't see1 is a necess>y elem5t 9 ! problem4 ,x is he :o enables u to discov] h[ absurd x is to try to f9d pr(it 9 de/ruction4 ,x is he :o w soon tea* u t x is n less absurd to try to discov] pr(it 9 re/riction1 :i* is1 aft] all1 only p>tial de/ruction4 ,g to ! bottom ( all ! argum5ts :i* are urg$ 9 fav\r ( re/riction1 & y w f9d only a p>aphrase ( ! vulg> say+1--8,if no w9d[s 7 brok51 :at w\ld ! glazi]s d80 ,! di/9ction ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 imm$iate effects & ultimate consequ5ces1 betwe5 surface appe>ances & sub/antial realities1 betwe5 :at we see & :at we don't see1 ! au?or proce$s1 9 ! same happy ve91 to apply to taxation1 ! proce$s ( :i* are said to come back to ! lab\r-m>ket l refre%+ %[]s1--to ov]gr[n & unnecess>y armam5ts1 & extravagant public works1 :i* are def5d$ z af=d+ employm5t to ! work+-classes1--to indu/rial & comm]cial re/rictions1 :i* are ju/ifi$ on ! same gr\nd1--to ! que/ions ( ma*9]y1 ( cr$it1 ( colonization1 ( luxury & unproductive consumption1 etc4 ,! entire "w does n ext5d to eighty pages1 & 9 e "o ( its twelve %ort *apt]s ,ba/iat demoli%es a speci\s fallacy or a p]nici\s error4 ,b ,ba/iat _h be5 = "s "t m$itat+ a great]1 m elaborate1 & m sy/ematic "w ?an any ( ^? ( :i* we h hi!rto spok52 & x is curi\s to trace 9 8 correspond5ce ! progress ( ! ideas :i* 7 at l5g? develop$ 9 ! ,h>monies conomiques4 ,writ+ to ,m4 ,c\droy 9 ,june #ahde1 he says--8,if my little treatise ( ! ,sophismes conomiques is successful1 we may foll[ x up by ano!r entitl$ ,h>monies ,sociales4 ,x w\ld be ( ! greate/ utility2 = x w\ld meet ! desires ( an age 9 se>* ( artificial h>monies & organizations1 by demon/rat+ ! beauty1 ord]1 & progressive pr9ciple ( ! natural & provid5tial h>monies40 ,9 ,june #ahdf1 he writes to ,mr ,cobd51 8,i mu/ br+ out a second edition ( my ,sophismes1 & ,i %\ld wi% mu* to write a little book to be entitl$ ,h>monies conomiques4 ,x w be ! c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r--! fir/ pulls d[n1 ! second w build up40 ,9 ano!r lett]1 writt5 ! ye> aft]1 he exclaims--8,oh1 t ! ,div9e ,goodness w\ld give me yet "o ye> ( /r5g?1 & p]mit me to expla9 to my "y fell[-citiz5s :at ,i reg>d z ! true social !ory1 "u ! twelve foll[+ heads3--,wants1 production1 prop]ty1 competition1 population1 lib]ty1 p#jbf equality1 responsibility1 solid>ity1 frat]nity1 unity1 prov9ce ( public op9ion4 ,i %\ld !n )\t regret1 ) joy1 resign my life into ,8 h&s60 ,on ! eve ( be+ elect$ a ,deputy to ! ,national ,assembly 9 #ahdh1 he writes f ,mugron1 8,"h ,i am 9 my solitude4 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld bury myself "h = ev]1 & "w out peacefully ?is ,economic syn!sis :i* ,i h 9 my head1 & :i* w nev] leave x6 ,=1 unless !re occur "s sudd5 *ange 9 public op9ion1 ,i am ab\t to be s5t to ,p>is *>g$ ) ! t]rible m&ate ( a ,repres5tative ( ! ,p4 ,if ,i _h heal? & /r5g?1 ,i %\ld accept ?is mission ) en?usiasm4 ,b :at c my feeble voice1 my sickly & n]v\s organization1 accompli% 9 ! mid/ ( revolution>y tempe/s8 ,h[ mu* wis] x _h be5 to devote my la/ days to work+ out 9 sil5ce ! great problem ( ! social de/9ies1 = some?+ tells me ,i %\ld h arriv$ at a solution6 ,poor village1 humble home ( my fa!rs1 ,i am ab\t to bid y an et]nal adieu2 & ,i quit y ) ! pres5tim5t t my "n & my life1 lo/ amid/ /orms1 w n h ev5 t mode/ utility = :i* y _h prep>$ me60 4 4 4 4 ,9 8 lett]s to ,m4 ,c\droy at ?is p]iod1 we discov] ! same idea work+ & f]m5t+ 9 ! m9d ( ,ba/iat1 & /ruggl+ = v5t & utt]ance4 ,amid ! anxieties & di/ractions 9 :i* 8 duties z a ,deputy involv$ him1 he writes--8,i am /ill conv9c$ t ! practice ( affairs excludes ! possibility ( produc+ a "w truly sci5tific1 & yet ,i _c conceal f y t ,i always reta9 t old *im]a ( my ,social ,h>monies2 & ,i _c dive/ myself ( ! ?\ght t1 if ,i _h rema9$ ) y1 ,i %\ld h succe$$ 9 imp>t+ to ! _w a useful idea4 ,i long mu* to make my retreat40 ,9 ano!r lett] to ! same fri5d1 aft] describ+ 8 feebl5ess1 & intimat+ 8 int5tion to leave ,p>is to try :at effect a *ange to 8 native air might produce1 he adds--8,i mu/ r5\nce public life1 & all my ambition n[ is to h ?ree or f\r mon?s ( tranquillity to write my poor ,h>monies conomiques4 ,!y are 9 my head1 b ,i fe> !y w nev] leave x40 8,! cry/al10 he says else:]e1 8is =m$ drop by drop 9 sil5ce & obscurity2 b retirem5t1 quiet1 "t1 fre$om f c>e--all are want+ to me40 ,9 ,april #ahdi1 he writes aga9 to ,m4 ,c\droy1 8,i h my !ory to "w out1 & p[]ful enc\ragem5ts h rea*$ me opportunely4 ,i read ^? words ye/]day 9 an ,engli% ,review1--#8,9 ,political ,economy1 ! ,fr5* s*ool has _h p#jbg ?ree phases1 express$ by ! ?ree names1 ,quesnay1 ,say1 ,ba/iat4' ,!y assign me ?is rank & ?is "p prematurely2 b x is c]ta9 t ,i h 9 my head a new & sugge/ive idea1 :i* ,i believe to be true4 ,?is idea ,i h nev] develop$ me?odically4 ,x runs accid5tally ?r\gh "s ( my articles1 & z t has be5 en\gh to attract ! att5tion ( ! savants1 & z x has already _h ! hon\r conf]r$ on x ( be+ consid]$ z =m+ an epo* 9 ! sci5ce1 ,i am c]ta9 n[ t1 :5 ,i give t !ory 9 its complete /ate to ! _w1 x w at lea/ be exam9$4 ,is n t all ,i c\ld desire8 ,) :at ard\r ,i am ab\t to turn to acc\nt my retirem5t 9 ord] to elaborate t doctr9e1 c]ta9 z ,i am to h judges :o c und]/& x1 & :o are wait+ = x60 ,! ?ree mon?s ( leisure1 s long & s anxi\sly wi%$ =1 came at la/2 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahej ! ,h>monies 7or r ! portions :i* ! au?or _h int5d$ %\ld =m ! fir/ volume ( t "w7 made _! appe>ance4 ,! reception ( ! "w 0 n at fir/ :at might h be5 expect$2 & ,ba/iat1 aga9 9 ,p>is1 writes to 8 fri5d ,m4 ,c\droy1 8,! ,h>monies pass unnotic$ "h1 unless by "s doz5 connoisseurs4 ,i expect$ ?is--x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,i h n ev5 9 my fav\r ! wont$ zeal ( our own little circle1 :o accuse me ( het]odoxy2 b 9 spite ( ?is1 ,i am confid5t t ! book w make its way by degrees4 ,9 ,g]many x has be5 v diff]5tly receiv$4 4 4 4 4 ,i pray ,heav5 to v\*safe me a ye> to write ! second volume2 aft] :i* ,i %all s+1 ,nunc dimittis40 ,to ,mr ,cobd51 9 ,augu/ #ahej1 he writes--8,i w5t to my native c\ntry to try to cure ^! un=tunate lungs1 :i* are to me v caprici\s s]vants4 ,i h return$ a little bett]1 b afflict$ ) a disease ( ! l>ynx1 accompani$ ) a complete ext9ction ( voice4 ,! doctor enjo9s absolute sil5ce2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ,i am ab\t to pass two mon?s 9 ! c\ntry1 ne> ,p>is4 ,!re ,i %all try to write ! second volume ( ! ,h>monies conomiques4 ,! fir/ has be5 ne>ly unnotic$ by ! le>n$ _w4 ,i %\ld n be an au?or if ,i gave 9 to t judgm5t4 ,i appeal to ! future1 = ,i am consci\s t t book conta9s an important idea1 une ide mre1 & "t w come to my assi/ance40 ,?is great "w1 ! *ild ( ,ba/iat's anxi\s hopes1 ! subject ( 8 dy+ ?\ghts1 al?\gh at fir/ b coldly receiv$1 is p]haps ! mo/ important & ! mo/ orig9al contribution :i* ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy has receiv$ s9ce ! days p#jbh ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,on t mo/ ab/ruse & difficult subject1 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,value1 x op5s up entirely new views2 :ile on almo/ e o!r bran* ( ! subject1 x ei!r prop\nds a new !ory1 or corrects & improves ! nom5clature ( ! sci5ce4 ,?r\gh\t1 x treats ,political ,economy 7& x is p]haps ! only "w :i* does s1 at lea/ sy/ematically7 9 connexion ) f9al causes1 & demon/rates ! ,wisdom & ,goodness ( ,god 9 ! economy ( civil society4 ,on "s que/ions we may v5ture to diff] f ,ba/iat4 ,on ! "q ( ,r5t1 = in/ance1 he w\ld seem to h foll[$ too implicitly ! !ory ( ,mr ,c>ey1 ! able ,am]ican ,economi/2 b ,ba/iat's "w1 z a :ole1 has a fre%ness1 a vig\r1 & an orig9ality :i* all mu/ admire4 ,he writes l a man ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/1--a dev\t believ] 9 ! doctr9es :i* he tea*es1 & he seldom fails to c>ry conviction to ! m9d ( 8 read]s4 ,! lead+ idea ( ! "w--! h>mony ( ! social laws--is admirable1 & is admirably work$ out4 ,! motto ( ! book1 9 fact1 might h be5 ! well-kn[n l9es ( ,dryd51-- ,f h>mony1 f heav5ly h>mony1 ,?is univ]sal frame began3 ,f h>mony to h>mony ,?r\gh all ! compass ( ! notes x ran1 ,! diapason end+ full 9 ,man4 ,ba/iat und]takes to demon/rate ! h>mony ( ! ,economic laws1--t is to say1 _! t5d5cy t[>ds a common design1 :i* is ! progressive improvem5t ( ! human race4 ,he proves conv9c+ly t individual int]e/s1 tak5 9 ! aggregate1 f> f be+ antagoni/ic1 aid ea* o!r mutually2 & t1 s f> is x f be+ true t ! ga9 ( "o is necess>ily ! loss ( ano!r1 ea* individual1 ea* family1 ea* c\ntry has an int]e/ 9 ! prosp]ity ( all o!rs4 ,he %[s t1 betwe5 agriculturi/ & manufactur]1 capitali/ & lab\r]1 produc] & consum]1 native & =eign]1 !re is 9 reality no antagonism1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a community ( int]e/2 & t1 9 ord] t ! natural ,economic laws %\ld act con/antly s z to produce ?is result1 "o ?+ alone is necess>y--namely1 respect = ,lib]ty & ,prop]ty4 ,8 design is be/ expla9$ 9 8 own words3 8,i und]take 9 ?is "w10 he says1 8to demon/rate ! ,h>mony ( ^? laws ( ,provid5ce :i* gov]n human society4 ,:at makes ^! laws h>moni\s & n discordant is1 t all pr9ciples1 all motives1 all spr+s ( action1 all int]e/s1 co-op]ate t[>ds a gr& f9al result1 :i* humanity w nev] rea* by reason ( its native imp]fection1 p#jbi b to :i* x w always approximate m & m by reason ( its unlimit$ capability ( improvem5t4 ,& t result is1 ! indef9ite approximation ( all classes t[>ds a level1 :i* is always ris+2 9 o!r words1 ! equalization ( individuals 9 ! g5]al amelioration40 ,ba/iat 0 n "o ( ^? pessimi/s :o p]si/ 9 look+ at ! exi/+ fabric ( ,society z if x 7 "s ill-made1 ill-go+ clock1 requir+ con/antly to be w\nd up1 & to h its spr+s adju/$1 its :eels lubricat$1 & its h&s alt]$ & set "r4 ,f> f ?is1 he reg>d$ ,society z a self-act+1 self-regulat+ me*anism1 be>+ ! /amp ( ! ,div9e h& by :i* x 0 con/ruct$1 & subject to laws & *ecks n less wise1 n less immutable1 n less tru/wor?y1 ?an ! laws :i* gov]n ! inanimate & mat]ial _w4 8,god made ! c\ntry1 b man made ! t[ns10 0 ! exclamation ( an amiable b a morbid poet4 ,he might z well h said--,god made ! blossom1 b bees make ! comb4 ,reason asks1 :o !n made ! bees8 ,:o made man1 ) all 8 noble in/9cts1 & admirable inv5tive reason+ & reflective faculties8 ,a manli]1 because a ju/]1 philosophy enabl$ ,ba/iat r to say ) ,edmund ,burke1 8,art is man's nature40 ,look+ at ! exi/+ fabric & me*anism ( ,society1 & ! beautiful h>mony ( ! ,economic laws :i* regulate x1 he c\ld see no?+ to w>rant con/ant legislative tamp]+ ) ! affairs ( trade4 ,he _h fai? 9 moral & mat]ial progress "u ! empire ( ,fre$om4 ,sweep+ away all ,sociali/ ,utopias & artificial sy/ems ( social organization1 he po9t$ to ,society z x exi/s1 & exclaim$1 ,digitus ,dei e/ hic4 ,unlike ! sickly poet1 he believ$ t ! same ,good & ,wise ,be+ :o creat$ bo? t[n & c\ntry1 upholds & su/a9s !m bo?2 & t ! laws ( ,value & ,ex*ange1 left to _! own free & b5efic5t action1 are z mu* ,8 ord9ance1 z ! laws ( motion1 attraction1 or *emical aff9ity4#aj ,engag$ ^u ! second volume ( ! ,h>monies1 ,ba/iat f\nd 8 subject gr[+ ^u him1 & discov]$1 z he ?\ght1 :5 too late1 t he _h n 9 ! fir/ in/ance p]ceiv$ all its be>+s4 ,he felt1 z he said1 cru%$ by ! mass p#jcj ( h>monies :i* pres5t$ !mselves to him on e side2 & a po/hum\s note1 f\nd among 8 pap]s1 in=ms u t ?is expansion ( 8 subject "u 8 h& _h l$ him to ?9k ( reca/+ ! entire "w4 8,i _h ?\ght at fir/10 he says1 8to beg9 ) ! exposition ( ,economic ,h>monies1 &1 consequ5tly1 to treat only ( subjects purely economical--,value1 ,prop]ty1 ,weal?1 ,competition1 ,wages1 ,population1 ,money1 ,cr$it1 etc4 ,aft]w>ds1 if ,i _h _h "t & /r5g?1 ,i %\ld h direct$ ! att5tion ( ! read] to ! l>g] subject ( ,social ,h>monies1 & treat$ ( ! ,human ,con/itution1 ,social ,motives1 ,responsibility1 ,solid>ity1 etc4 ,! "w ?us conceiv$#aa _h be5 begun1 :5 ,i saw t x 0 bett] to m+le toge!r ?an to sep>ate ^! two classes ( consid]ations4 ,b !n logic requir$ t ! /udy ( ,man %\ld prec$e ! ,economic inve/igations2 &--!re 0 no long] "t40 ,alas6 ! h\rs ( ,ba/iat 7 numb]$4 ,he ran a desp]ate /eeple-*ase ) dea?1 to use ! expression ( 8 biograph]1 & he lo/ ! day4 ,8 m9d1 8 g5ius1 %one z brightly1 work$ z int5sely1 z ev]2 b ! mat]ial frame-"w 0 %att]$ & 9 ru9s4 ,by ! advice ( 8 physicians1 aft] resort+ to ! wat]s ( ! ,pyr5ees )\t b5efit1 he repair$ to ,italy 9 ! autumn ( #ahej1 & took up 8 resid5ce at ,pisa4 ,sc>cely _h he arriv$ !re1 :5 he read 9 ! newspap]s a premature ann\ncem5t ( 8 own dea?1 & common-place expressions ( regret = ! loss ( ! 8great ,economi/0 & 8illu/ri\s au?or40 ,he wrote imm$iately to a fri5d to contradict ! report4 8,?ank ,god10 he says1 8,i am n dead1 or ev5 mu* p#jca worse4 ,& yet if ! news 7 true1 ,i mu/ j accept x & submit4 ,i wi% all my fri5ds c\ld acquire 9 ?is respect ! philosophy ,i h myself acquir$4 ,i assure y ,i %\ld brea! my la/ )\t pa91 & almo/ ) joy1 if ,i 7 c]ta9 ( leav+ to ! fri5ds :o love me1 n poignant regrets1 b a g5tle1 affectionate1 some:at melan*oly remembrance ( me40 ,aft] l+]+ "s "t at ,pisa )\t improvem5t1 he w5t on to ,rome4 ,f ,rome he writes to ,m4 ,c\droy--8,"h ,i am 9 ! ,et]nal ,city1 b n mu* dispos$ to visit its m>vels4 ,i am inf9itely bett] t ,i 0 at ,pisa1 surr\nd$ z ,i am ) excell5t fri5ds4 4 4 4 4 ,i %\ld desire only "o ?+1 to be reliev$ ( ! acute pa9 :i* ! disease ( ! w9dpipe occasions4 ,?is cont9uity ( suff]+ torm5ts me4 ,e meal is a puni%m5t4 ,to eat1 dr9k1 speak1 c\gh1 are all pa9ful op]ations4 ,walk+ fatigues me--c>riage air+s irritate ! ?roat--,i c no long] "w1 or ev5 read1 s]i\sly4 ,y see to :at ,i am r$uc$4 ,i %all soon be little bett] ?an a dead body1 reta9+ only ! faculty ( suff]+40 4 4 4 4 ,ev5 9 ?is /ate ( extreme debility he 0 ?9k+ ( 8 fav\rite b unf9i%$ "w4 ,he adds1 8,if heal? is re/or$ to me1 & ,i am enabl$ to complete ! second volume ( ! ,h>monies1 ,i %all d$icate x to y4 ,if n1 ,i %all prefix a %ort d$ication to ! second edition ( ! fir/ volume4 ,on ?is la/ hypo!sis1 :i* implies ! end ( my c>e]1 ,i c expla9 my plan1 & bequea? to y ! task ( fulfill+ x40 ,ba/iat's c>e] 0 9 reality fa/ draw+ to a close4 ,8 end 0 calm & s]5e4 ,he seem$ himself to reg>d x z an indiff]5t spectator1 conv]s+ ) 8 fri5ds on 8 fav\rite topics1--,political ,economy1 ,philosophy1 & ,religion4 ,he desir$ to die z a ,*ri/ian4 ,to 8 c\s9 ! ,abb ,moncl>1 & 8 fri5d ,m4 ,paillottet1 :o /ood by1 he said--8,on look+ ar\nd me1 ,i obs]ve t ! mo/ enlight5$ nations ( ! _w h be5 ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ,i am v happy to f9d myself 9 communion ) t portion ( ! human race40 8,8 eye10 says ,m4 ,paillottet1 8sp>kl$ ) t peculi> expression :i* ,i _h frequ5tly notic$ 9 our conv]sations1 & :i* intimat$ ! solution ( a problem40 ,he beckon$ 8 fri5ds to come ne> him1 z if he _h some?+ to say to !m--he murmur$ twice ! words ,la v]it--& pass$ away4 ,8 dea? took place at ,rome1 on ! #bd? ( ,decemb] #ahej1 9 ! fiftie? ye> ( 8 age4 ,8 obsequies 7 celebrat$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,l\is des ,franais4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ahde t he took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,p>is1 s t 8 c>e] z an p#jcb ,economi/ _h ext5d$ ov] little m ?an five ye>s4 ,he di$ a m>tyr to 8 fav\rite sci5ce1 & we may well apply to him ! beautiful l9es ( ,"l ,byron1-- ,oh6 :at a noble he>t 0 "h undone1 ,:5 ,sci5ce' self de/roy'd h] fav\rite son6 ,yes1 %e too mu* indulg$ 8 fond pursuit1 ,%e s['d ! se$s1 b dea? has reap'd ! fruit4 ',twas 8 own g5ius gave ! f9al bl[1 ,& help'd to plant ! w\nd t laid him l[3 ,s ! /ruck eagle1 /ret*'d ^u ! pla91 ,no m ?r\gh roll+ cl\ds to so> aga91 ,view'd 8 own fea!r on ! fatal d>t1 ,& w+'d ! %aft t quiv]'d 9 8 he>t2 ,ke5 7 8 pangs1 b ke5] f> to feel ,he nurs$ ! p9ion :i* impell'd ! /eel2 ,:ile ! same plumage t _h w>m'd 8 ne/ ,drank ! la/ life-drop ( 8 ble$+ brea/4 ,,to ,,! ,,y\? ,,( ,,france4 ,love ( /udy1 & lack ( fix$ op9ions1--a m9d free f prejudice1 a he>t devoid ( hate1 zeal = ! propagation ( tru?1--ard5t sympa?ies1 dis9t]e/$ness1 devotion1 c&\r1--en?usiasm = all t is good & fair1 simple & great1 hone/ & religi\s1--su* are ! preci\s attributes ( y\?4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i d$icate my "w to y4 ,& ! se$ mu/ h 9 x no pr9ciple ( life if x fail to take root 9 a soil s g5]\s4 ,i _h ?\ght to (f] y a picture1 & all ,i h giv5 y is a sket*2 b y w p>don me2 = :o1 9 times l ! pres5t1#ab c sit d[n to f9i% a grave & important "w8 ,my hope is t "s "o among y1 on see+ x1 w be l$ to exclaim1 ) ! great arti/1 ,an*' io son pittore6 &1 seiz+ ! p5cil1 imp>t to my rude canvas col\r & fle%1 light & %ade1 s5tim5t & life4 ,y may ?9k ! title ( ! "w some:at ambiti\s2 & assur$ly ,i make no pret5sion to reveal ! designs ( ,provid5ce 9 ! social ord]1 & to expla9 ! me*anism ( all ! =ces ) :i* ,god has end[$ man = ! realization ( progress4 ,all t ,i h aim$ at is to put y on ! "r track1 & make y acqua9t$ ) ! tru?1 t all legitimate int]e/s are 9 h>mony4 ,t is ! pr$om9ant idea ( my "w1 & x is impossible n to recognise its importance4 ,= "s "t x has be5 ! fa%ion to laugh at :at has be5 call$ ! social problem3 & no d\bt "s ( ! solutions :i* h be5 propos$ af=d b too mu* gr\nd = raill]y4 ,b 9 ! problem itself !re is no?+ laughable4 ,x is ! gho/ ( ,banquo at ! fea/ ( ,macbe?--& no dumb gho/ ei!r2 = 9 =midable acc5ts x calls out to t]ror-/rick5 society--a solution or dea?6 p#jcd ,n[ ?is solution1 y w at once see1 mu/ be diff]5t accord+ z m5's int]e/s are held to be naturally h>moni\s or naturally antagoni/ic4 ,9 ! "o case1 we mu/ seek = ! solution 9 ,lib]ty--9 ! o!r1 9 ,con/ra9t4 ,9 ! "o case1 we h only to be passive--9 ! o!r1 we mu/ necess>ily (f] opposition4 ,b ,lib]ty assumes only "o %ape4 ,once conv9c$ t ea* ( ! molecules :i* compose a fluid possesses 9 itself ! =ce by :i* ! g5]al level is produc$1 we conclude t !re is no sur] or simpl] way ( see+ t level realiz$ ?an n to int]f]e ) x4 ,all1 !n1 :o set out ) ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t m5's int]e/s are h>moni\s1 w agree z to ! practical solution ( ! social problem1--to ab/a9 f displac+ or ?w>t+ ^? int]e/s4 ,con/ra9t1 on ! o!r h&1 may assume a ?\s& %apes1 accord+ to ! views :i* we take ( x1 & :i* are inf9itely v>i$4 ,^? s*ools :i* set out )1 ! pr9ciple1 t m5's int]e/s are antagoni/ic1 h done no?+ yet t[>ds ! solution ( ! problem1 unless x be t !y h ?ru/ aside ,lib]ty4 ,among ! inf9ite =ms ( ,con/ra9t1 !y h /ill to *oose ! "o :i* !y consid] good1 if inde$ any ( !m be s4 ,& !n1 z a cr[n+ difficulty1 !y h to obta9 univ]sal acceptance1 among m5 :o are free ag5ts1 = ! p>ticul> =m ( ,con/ra9t to :i* !y h aw>d$ ! pref]5ce4 ,b1 on ?is hypo!sis1 if human int]e/s are1 by _! v nature1 urg$ into fatal collision1 & if ?is %ock c be avoid$ only by ! accid5tal inv5tion ( an artificial social ord]1 ! de/9y ( ! human race becomes v haz>d\s1 & we ask 9 t]ror1 #a/1 ,if any man is to be f\nd :o has discov]$ a satisfactory =m ( ,con/ra9t8 #b;d1 ,c ?is man br+ to 8 way ( ?9k+ ! innum]able s*ools :o give ! pref]5ce to o!r =ms8 #c;d1 ,w mank9d give 9 to t p>ticul> =m :i*1 by hypo!sis1 runs c\nt] to all individual int]e/s8 #d?1 ,assum+ t m5 w all[ !mselves to be rigg$ out 9 ?is new attire1 :at w happ5 if ano!r inv5tor pres5ts himself1 ) a coat ( a diff]5t & improv$ cut8 ,are we to p]sev]e 9 a vici\s organization1 kn[+ x to be vici\s2 or mu/ we resolve to *ange t organization e morn+ accord+ z ! caprices ( fa%ion & ! f]tility ( inv5tors' bra9s may dictate8 p#jce #e?1 ,w\ld n all ! inv5tors ^: plans h be5 reject$ unite toge!r aga9/ ! p>ticul> organization :i* _h be5 select$1 & w\ld n _! success 9 di/urb+ society be 9 exact proportion to ! degree 9 :i* t p>ticul> =m ( organization ran c\nt] to all exi/+ int]e/s8 #f?1 ,&1 la/ ( all1 x may be ask$1 ,does !re exi/ any human =ce capable ( ov]com+ an antagonism :i* we presuppose to be itself ! v ess5ce ( human =ce8 ,i might multiply su* que/ions ad inf9itum1 & propose1 = example1 ?is difficulty3 ,if individual int]e/ is oppos$ to ! g5]al int]e/1 :]e are we to place ! active pr9ciple ( ,con/ra9t8 ,:]e is ! fulcrum ( ! lev] to be plac$8 ,beyond ! limits ( human society8 ,x mu/ be s if we are to escape ! consequ5ces ( y\r law4 ,if we are to intru/ "s m5 ) arbitr>y p[]1 prove fir/ ( all t ^! m5 are =m$ ( a diff]5t clay f o!r mortals2 t !y 9 _! turn w n be act$ ^u by ! fatal pr9ciple ( self-int]e/2 & t1 plac$ 9 a situation :i* excludes ! idea ( any curb1 any effective opposition1 _! judgm5ts w be exempt f error1 _! h&s f rapacity1 & _! he>ts f covet\sness4 ,! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s ,sociali/ s*ools 7,i mean "h1 ^? :i* seek ! solution ( ! social problem 9 an artificial organization7 & ! ,economi/ s*ool1 does n consi/ 9 c]ta9 views ( detail or ( gov]nm5tal comb9ation4 ,we enc\nt] t diff]5ce at ! />t+ po9t1 9 ! prelim9>y & press+ "q--,are human int]e/s1 :5 left to !mselves1 antagoni/ic or h>moni\s8 ,x is evid5t t ! ,sociali/s h set out 9 que/ ( an artificial organization only because !y judge ! natural organization ( society bad or insuffici5t2 & !y h judg$ ! latt] bad & insuffici5t1 only because !y ?9k !y see 9 m5's int]e/s a radical antagonism1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n h _h rec\rse to ,con/ra9t4 ,x is n necess>y to con/ra9 into h>mony :at is 9 itself h>moni\s4 ,?us !y h discov]$ antagonism ev]y:]e3 ,betwe5 ! proprietor & ! proltaire2#ac ,betwe5 capital & lab\r2 ,betwe5 ! masses & ! b\rgeoisie2 ,betwe5 agriculture & manufactures2 ,betwe5 ! ru/ic & ! burgess2 ,betwe5 ! native & ! =eign]2 ,betwe5 ! produc] & ! consum]2 ,betwe5 civilisation & organization2 ,9 a ^w1 ,betwe5 ,lib]ty & ,h>mony4 ,& ?is expla9s :y x happ5s t1 al?\gh a c]ta9 k9d ( s5tim5tal philan?ropy f9ds a place 9 _! he>ts1 gall & bitt]ness fl[ cont9ually f _! lips4 ,ea* res]ves all 8 love = ! new /ate ( society he has dreamt (2 b z reg>ds ! society 9 :i* we actually live & move1 x _c1 9 _! op9ion1 be too soon cru%$ & ov]?r[n1 to make room = ! ,new ,j]usalem !y are to re> ^u its ru9s4 ,i h said t ! ,economi/ s*ool1 sett+ out ) ! natural h>mony ( int]e/s1 is ! advocate ( ,lib]ty4 ,& yet ,i mu/ all[ t if ,economi/s 9 g5]al /& up = ,lib]ty1 x is un=tunately n equally true t _! pr9ciples e/abli% solidly ! f\ndation on :i* !y build--! h>mony ( int]e/s4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 & to =ew>n y aga9/ ! conclusions :i* w no d\bt be drawn f ?is av[al1 ,i mu/ say a ^w on ! situations :i* ,socialism & ,political ,economy respectively occupy4 ,x w\ld be folly 9 me to ass]t t ,socialism has nev] light$ ^u a tru?1 & t ,political ,economy has nev] fall5 into an error4 ,:at sep>ates1 radically & pr(\ndly1 ! two s*ools is _! diff]5ce ( me?ods4 ,! "o s*ool1 l ! a/rolog] & ! al*emi/1 proce$s on hypo!sis2 ! o!r1 l ! a/ronom] & ! *emi/1 proce$s on obs]vation4 ,two a/ronom]s1 obs]v+ ! same fact1 may n be able to arrive at ! same result4 ,9 spite ( ?is transi5t disagreem5t1 !y feel !mselves unit$ by ! common process :i* soon] or lat] w cause t disagreem5t to disappe>4 ,!y recognise ea* o!r z ( ! same communion4 ,b betwe5 ! a/ronom]1 :o obs]ves1 & ! a/rolog]1 :o imag9es1 ! gulf is impassable1 al?\gh accid5tally !y may sometimes approximate4 ,! same ?+ holds ( ,political ,economy & ,socialism4 ,! ,economi/s obs]ve man1 ! laws ( 8 organization1 & ! social relations :i* result f ^? laws4 ,! ,sociali/s conjure up an imag9>y society1 & !n create a human he>t to suit t society4 p#jcg ,n[1 if philosophy nev] errs1 philosoph]s (t5 d4 ,i d5y n t ,economi/s may make false obs]vations2 ,i w add1 t !y mu/ necess>ily beg9 by do+ s4 ,b1 !n1 :at happ5s8 ,if m5's int]e/s are h>moni\s1 x foll[s t e incorrect obs]vation w lead logically to antagonism4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! ,sociali/ tactics8 ,!y ga!r f ! works ( ,economi/s c]ta9 incorrect obs]vations1 foll[ !m out to _! consequ5ces1 & %[ ^? consequ5ces to be disa/r\s4 ,?us f> !y are "r4 ,!n !y set to "w ^u ! obs]v]1 :om we may assume to be ,mal?us or ,ric>do4 ,/ill !y h "r on _! side4 ,b !y d n /op !re4 ,!y turn aga9/ ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy itself1 accus+ x ( be+ he>tless1 & lead+ to evil4 ,"h !y d viol5ce to reason & ju/ice1 inasmu* z sci5ce is n responsible = incorrect obs]vation4 ,at l5g? !y proce$ ano!r /ep4 ,!y lay ! blame on society itself3--!y ?reat5 to ov]?r[ x = ! purpose ( recon/ruct+ ! edifice3--& :y8 ,because1 say !y1 x is prov$ by sci5ce t society z n[ con/itut$ is urg$ onw>ds to de/ruction4 ,9 ?is !y outrage good s5se--= ei!r sci5ce is n mi/ak51 & !n :y attack x8--or x is mi/ak51 & 9 t case !y %\ld leave society 9 repose1 s9ce society is n m5ac$4 ,b ^! tactics1 illogical z !y are1 h n be5 ! less fatal to economic sci5ce1 especially :5 ! cultivators ( t sci5ce h _h ! mis=tune1 f a *ivalr\s & n unnatural feel+1 to r5d] !mselves liable1 s+uli 9 solidum1 = _! pr$ecessors & = "o ano!r4 ,sci5ce is a que5 ^: gait %\ld be frank & free3--! atmosph]e ( ! cot]ie /ifles h]4 ,i h already said t 9 ,political ,economy e errone\s proposition mu/ lead ultimately to antagonism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is impossible t ! volum9\s works ( ev5 ! mo/ em95t economi/s %\ld n include "s errone\s propositions4 ,x is ours to m>k & to rectify !m 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce & ( society4 ,if we p]si/ 9 ma9ta9+ !m = ! hon\r ( ! frat]nity1 we %all n only expose ourselves1 :i* is ( little consequ5ce1 b we %all expose tru? itself1 :i* is a s]i\s affair1 to ! attacks ( ,socialism4 ,to return3 ! conclusion ( ! ,economi/s is = ,lib]ty4 ,b 9 ord] t ?is conclusion %\ld take hold ( m5's m9ds & he>ts1 x mu/ be solidly bas$ on ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t int]e/s1 left to !mselves1 t5d to h>moni\s comb9ations1 & to ! progressive prepond]ance ( ! g5]al good4 p#jch ,n[ _m ,economi/s1 "s ( !m writ]s ( au?ority1 h advanc$ propositions1 :i*1 /ep by /ep1 lead logically to absolute evil1 necess>y inju/ice1 fatal & progressive inequality1 & inevitable paup]ism1 etc4 ,?us1 !re are v few ( !m :o1 s f> z ,i "k1 h n attribut$ value to natural ag5ts1 to ! gifts :i* ,god has v\*saf$ gratuit\sly to ,8 creatures4 ,! ^w value implies t we d n give away ! portion ( x :i* we possess except = an equival5t consid]ation4 ,"h1 !n1 we h m51 especially proprietors ( l&1 b>t]+ = effective lab\r ! gifts ( ,god1 & receiv+ recomp5se = utilities 9 ! creation ( :i* _! lab\r has _h no %>e--an evid5t1 b a necess>y1 inju/ice1 say ^! writ]s4 ,!n comes ! fam\s !ory ( ,ric>do1 :i* may be summ$ up 9 a few words3 ,! price ( ! necess>ies ( life dep5ds on ! lab\r requir$ to produce !m on ! lea/ productive l& 9 cultivation4 ,!n ! increase ( population obliges u to h rec\rse to soils ( l[] & l[] f]tility4 ,consequ5tly mank9d at l>ge 7all except ! l&[n]s7 are =c$ to give a l>g] & l>g] am\nt ( lab\r = ! same am\nt ( subsi/5ce2 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 to receive a less & less am\nt ( subsi/5ce = ! same am\nt ( lab\r1--:il/ ! l&[n]s see _! r5tals swell+ by e new desc5t to soils ( an inf]ior quality4 ,conclusion3 ,progressive opul5ce ( m5 ( leisure--progressive pov]ty ( m5 ( lab\r2 9 o!r words1 fatal inequality4 ,f9ally1 we h ! /ill m celebrat$ !ory ( ,mal?us1 t population has a t5d5cy to increase m rapidly ?an ! means ( subsi/5ce1 & t at e giv5 mom5t ( ! life ( man4 ,n[1 m5 _c be happy1 or live 9 peace1 if !y h n ! means ( support2 & !re are b two ob/acles to ?is increase ( population :i* is always ?reat5+ u1 namely1 a dim9i%$ numb] ( bir?s1 or an increase ( mortality 9 all its dreadful =ms4 ,moral re/ra9t1 to be efficaci\s1 mu/ be univ]sal1 & no "o expects t4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 only ! repressive ob/acles--vice1 pov]ty1 w>1 pe/il5ce1 fam9e2 9 o!r words1 paup]ism & dea?4 ,i =be> to m5tion o!r sy/ems ( a less g5]al be>+1 :i* t5d 9 ! same way to br+ u to a dead-/&4 ,monsieur de ,tocqueville1 = example1 & _m o!rs1 tell u1 if we admit ! "r ( primog5iture1 we arrive at ! mo/ conc5trat$ ari/ocracy--if we d n admit x1 we arrive at ru9 & /]ility4 p#jci ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ^! f\r melan*oly !ories d n 9 ! lea/ decree run f\l ( ea* o!r4 ,if !y did1 we might console ourselves ) ! reflection t !y are alike false1 s9ce !y refute ea* o!r4 ,b no1--!y are 9 unison1 & make "p ( "o & ! same g5]al !ory1 :i*1 support$ by num]\s & speci\s facts1 w\ld seem to expla9 ! spasmodic /ate ( mod]n society1 &1 =tifi$ by ! ass5t ( _m ma/]s 9 ! sci5ce1 pres5ts itself ) frightful au?ority to ! m9d ( ! confus$ & disc\rag$ inquir]4 ,we h /ill to discov] h[ ! au?ors ( ?is melan*oly !ory h be5 able to lay d[n1 z _! pr9ciple1 ! h>mony ( int]e/s1 &1 z _! conclusion1 ,lib]ty4 ,= if mank9d are inde$ urg$ on by ! laws ( ,value t[>ds ,inju/ice1--by ! laws ( ,r5t t[>ds ,inequality1--by ! laws ( ,population t[>ds ,pov]ty1--by ! laws ( ,inh]itance t[>ds ,/]ility1--we c no long] affirm t ,god has made ! moral z ,he has made ! natural _w--a h>moni\s "w2 we mu/ b[ ! head & confess t x has pleas$ ,him to base x on revolt+ & irrem$iable dissonance4 ,y mu/ n suppose1 "y m51 t ! ,sociali/s h refut$ & repudiat$ :at1 9 ord] to w\nd no "o's susceptibilities1 ,i %all call ! !ory ( dissonances4 ,no2 let !m say z !y w1 !y h assum$ ! tru? ( t !ory1 & x is j because !y h assum$ its tru? t !y propose to sub/itute ,con/ra9t = ,lib]ty1 artificial = natural organization1 _! own inv5tions = ! "w ( ,god4 ,!y say to _! oppon5ts 7& 9 ?is1 p]haps1 !y are m consi/5t ?an ! latt]71--if1 z y h told u1 human int]e/s :5 left to !mselves t5d to h>moni\s comb9ation1 we _c d bett] ?an welcome & magnify ,lib]ty z y d4 ,b y h demon/rat$ unansw]ably t ^? int]e/s1 if all[$ to develop !mselves freely1 urge mank9d t[>ds inju/ice1 inequality1 paup]ism1 & /]ility4 ,y\r !ory1 !n1 provokes reaction precisely because x is true4 ,we desire to break up ! exi/+ fabric ( society j because x is subject to ! fatal laws :i* y h describ$2 we wi% to make trial ( our own p[]s1 see+ t ! p[] ( ,god has misc>ri$4 ,?us !y are agre$ z reg>ds ! premises1 & diff] only on ! conclusion4 ,! ,economi/s to :om ,i h allud$ say t ! great provid5tial laws urge on society to evil2 b t we mu/ take c>e n to di/urb ! action ( ^? laws1 because su* action is happily imp$$ by ! second>y laws :i* ret>d ! f9al p#jdj cata/rophe2 & arbitr>y int]v5tion c only enfeeble ! embankm5t1 )\t /opp+ ! fatal ris+ ( ! flood4 ,! ,sociali/s say t ! great provid5tial laws urge on society to evil2 we mu/ !re=e aboli% !m1 & select o!rs f our inexhau/ible /oreh\se4 ,! ,ca?olics say t ! great provid5tial laws urge on society to evil2 we mu/ !re=e escape f !m by r5\nc+ worldly int]e/s1 & tak+ refuge 9 abnegation1 sacrifice1 asceticism1 & resignation4 ,x is 9 ! mid/ ( ?is tumult1 ( ^! cries ( angui% & di/ress1 ( ^! exhortations to subv]sion1 or to resignation & despair1 t ,i endeav\r to obta9 a he>+ = ?is ass]tion1 9 pres5ce ( :i*1 if x be correct1 all diff]5ce ( op9ion mu/ disappe>--x is n true t ! great provid5tial laws urge on society to evil4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to ! conclusions to be d$uc$ f _! common premises t ! v>i\s s*ools are divid$ & combat ea* o!r4 ,i d5y ^? premises1 & ,i ask1 ,is n t ! be/ way ( putt+ an end to ^! disputes8 ,! lead+ idea ( ?is "w1 ! h>mony ( int]e/s1 is simple4 ,is simplicity n ! t\*/one ( tru?8 ,! laws ( light1 ( s\nd1 ( motion1 appe> to u to be all ! tru] = be+ simple--,:y %\ld x be o!rwise ) ! law ( int]e/s8 ,?is idea is conciliatory4 ,:at is m fitt$ to reconcile p>ties ?an to demon/rate ! h>mony ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( indu/ry3 ! h>mony ( classes1 ( nations1 ev5 ( doctr9es8 ,x is consol+1 see+ t x po9ts out :at is false 9 ^? sy/ems :i* adopt1 z _! conclusion1 progressive evil4 ,x is religi\s1 = x assures u t x is n only ! cele/ial b ! social me*anism :i* reveals ! wisdom ( ,god1 & decl>es ,8 glory4 ,x is practical1 = "o c sc>cely conceive any?+ m easily r$uc$ to practice ?an ?is1--to all[ m5 to lab\r1 to ex*ange1 to le>n1 to associate1 to act & react on ea* o!r1--=1 accord+ to ! laws ( ,provid5ce1 no?+ c result f _! intellig5t spontaneity b ord]1 h>mony1 progress1 good1 & bett] /ill2 bett] ad inf9itum4 ,bravo1 y w say2 "h we h ! optimism ( ! ,economi/s ) a v5geance6 ,^! ,economi/s are s mu* ! slaves ( _! own sy/ems t !y %ut _! eyes to facts = fe> ( see+ !m4 ,9 ! face ( all ! pov]ty1 all ! inju/ice1 all ! oppressions :i* desolate humanity1 !y coolly d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil4 ,! smell ( revolution>y gunp[d] does n p#jda rea* _! blunt$ s5ses--! pavem5t ( ! b>ricades has no voice = !m2 & 7 society to crumble to pieces be=e _! eyes1 !y w\ld /ill keep repeat+1 8,all is = ! be/ 9 ! be/ ( worlds40 ,no inde$1--we d n ?9k t all is = ! be/2 b ,i h fai? 9 ! wisdom ( ! laws ( ,provid5ce1 & = ! same reason ,i h fai? 9 ,lib]ty4 ,! "q is1 ,h we ,lib]ty8 ,! "q is1 ,d ^! laws act 9 _! pl5itude1 or is _! action n pr(\ndly tr\bl$ by ! c\nt]vail+ action ( human in/itutions8 ,d5y evil6 d5y suff]+6 ,:o c8 ,we mu/ =get t our subject is man4 ,we mu/ =get t we are ourselves m54 ,! laws ( ,provid5ce may be reg>d$ z h>moni\s )\t _! necess>ily exclud+ evil4 ,en\gh t evil has its explanation & its mission1 t x *ecks & limits itself1 t x de/roys itself by its own action1 & t ea* suff]+ prev5ts a great] suff]+ by repress+ ! cause ( suff]+4 ,society has = its elem5t man1 :o is a free ag5t2 & s9ce man is free1 he may *oose1--s9ce he may *oose1 he may be mi/ak51--s9ce he may be mi/ak51 he may suff]4 ,i g fur!r4 ,i say he mu/ be mi/ak5 & suff]--= he beg9s 8 j\rney 9 ignorance1 & = ignorance !re are endless & unkn[n roads1 all ( :i*1 except "o1 lead to error4 ,n[1 e ,error eng5d]s suff]+2 b ei!r suff]+ reacts ^u ! man :o errs1 & !n x br+s ,responsibility into play1--or1 if x affects o!rs :o are free f error1 x sets 9 motion ! m>vell\s reaction>y ma*9]y ( ,solid>ity4 ,! action ( ^! laws1 comb9$ ) ! faculty :i* has be5 v\*saf$ to u ( connect+ effects ) _! causes1 mu/ br+ u back1 by means ( ?is v suff]+1 into ! way ( :at is good & true4 ,?us1 n only d we n d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil1 b we ackn[l$ge t x has a mission 9 ! social1 z x has 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,b1 9 ord] t x %\ld fulfil ?is mission1 we mu/ n /ret* ,solid>ity artificially1 s z to de/roy ,responsibility1--9 o!r words1 we mu/ respect ,lib]ty4 ,%\ld human in/itutions /ep 9 to oppose 9 ?is respect ! div9e laws1 evil w\ld n ! less fl[ f error1 only x w\ld %ift its position4 ,x w\ld /rike ^? :om x ought n to /rike4 ,x w\ld be no long] a w>n+ & a monitor4 ,x w\ld no long] h ! t5d5cy to dim9i% & die away by its own p#jdb prop] action4 ,its action w\ld be cont9u$1 & increase1 z w\ld happ5 9 ! physiological _w if ! imprud5ces & excesses ( ! m5 ( "o hemisph]e 7 felt 9 _! unhappy effects only by ! inhabitants ( ! opposite hemisph]e4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! t5d5cy n only ( mo/ ( our gov]nm5tal in/itutions1 b likewise1 & above all1 ( ^? :i* we seek to e/abli% z rem$ies = ! evils :i* we suff]4 ,"u ! philan?ropical pretext ( develop+ among m5 a factiti\s ,solid>ity1 we r5d] ,responsibility m & m in]t & inefficaci\s4 ,by an improp] application ( ! public =ce1 we alt] ! relation ( lab\r to its remun]ation1 we di/urb ! laws ( indu/ry & ( ex*ange1 we (f] viol5ce to ! natural developm5t ( education1 we give a wrong direction to capital & lab\r1 we twi/ & inv]t m5's ideas1 we inflame absurd pret5sions1 we dazzle ) *im]ical hopes1 we occasion a /range loss ( human p[]1 we *ange ! c5tres ( population1 we r5d] exp]i5ce itself useless1--9 a ^w1 we give to all int]e/s artificial f\ndations1 we set !m by ! e>s1 & !n we exclaim t--,int]e/s are antagoni/ic3 ,lib]ty has done all ! evil1--let u d5\nce & /ifle ,lib]ty4 ,& yet1 z ?is sacr$ ^w has /ill p[] to /ir m5's he>ts & make !m palpitate1 we despoil ,lib]ty ( its pre/ige by depriv+ x ( its "n1 & x is "u ! title ( ,competition t ! unhappy victim is l$ to ! sacrificial alt>1 amid ! applause ( a mob /ret*+ =? _! h&s to receive ! %ackles ( s]vitude4 ,x is n en\gh1 !n1 to exhibit1 9 _! maje/ic h>mony1 ! natural laws ( ! social ord]2 we mu/ also expla9 ! di/urb+ causes :i* p>alyze _! action2 & ?is is :at ,i h endeav\r$ to d 9 ! second "p ( ?is "w4 ,i h /riv5 to avoid controv]sy2 &1 9 do+ s1 ,i h no d\bt lo/ an opportunity ( giv+ to ! pr9ciples :i* ,i desire to dissem9ate ! /ability :i* results f a ?or\gh & se>*+ discussion4 ,& yet1 might n ! att5tion ( ! read]1 s$uc$ by digressions1 h be5 div]t$ f ! argum5t tak5 z a :ole8 ,if ,i exhibit ! edifice z x /&s1 :at matt]s x 9 :at light x has be5 reg>d$ by o!rs1 ev5 by ^? :o fir/ taught me to look at x8 ,& n[ ,i w\ld appeal ) confid5ce to m5 ( all s*ools1 :o pref] tru?1 ju/ice1 & ! public good to _! own sy/ems4 ,economi/s6 l y1 ,i am ! advocate ( ,lib]ty2 & if ,i succe$ 9 %ak+ "s ( ^? premises :i* sadd5 y\r g5]\s he>ts1 p]haps y w see 9 ?is an additional inc5tive to love & to s]ve our sacr$ cause4 p#jdc ,sociali/s6 y h fai? 9 ,association4 ,i conjure y1 aft] hav+ read ?is book1 to say :e!r society z x is n[ con/itut$1 ap>t f its abuses & %ackles1 t is to say1 "u ! condition ( ,lib]ty1 is n ! mo/ beautiful1 ! mo/ complete1 ! mo/ durable1 ! mo/ univ]sal1 ! mo/ equitable1 ( all ,associations4 ,egalitaires6 y admit b "o pr9ciple1 ! ,mutuality ( ,s]vices4 ,let human transactions be free1 & ,i ass]t t !y are n & _c be any?+ else ?an a reciprocal ex*ange ( s]vices1--s]vices always dim9i%+ 9 value1 always increas+ 9 utility4 ,communi/s6 y desire t m51 become bro!rs1 %\ld enjoy 9 common ! goods :i* ,provid5ce has lavi%$ on !m4 ,my aim is to demon/rate t society z x exi/s has only to acquire fre$om 9 ord] to realize & surpass y\r wi%es & y\r hopes4 ,= all ?+s are common to all1 on ! s+le condition t ea* man takes ! tr\ble to ga!r :at ,god has giv51 :i* is v natural2 or remun]ate freely ^? :o take t tr\ble = him1 :i* is v j4 ,*ri/ians ( all communions6 unless y /& alone 9 ca/+ d\bt on ! div9e wisdom1 manife/$ 9 ! mo/ magnific5t ( all ,god's works :i* h come )9 ! range ( our k1 y w f9d 9 ?is book no expression :i* c %ock ! sev]e/ morals1 or ! mo/ my/]i\s dogmas ( y\r fai?4 ,proprietors6 :atev] be ! ext5t ( y\r possessions1 if ,i e/abli% t y\r rights1 n[ s mu* conte/$1 are limit$1 l ^? ( ! mo/ ord9>y workman1 to ! receiv+ ( s]vices 9 ex*ange = real & sub/antial s]vices :i* h be5 actually r5d]$ by y1 or by y\r =efa!rs1 ^? rights w h5ce=? repose on a basis :i* _c lie %ak54 ,proltaires6 m5 :o live by wages6 ,i und]take to demon/rate t y obta9 ! fruits ( ! l& ( :i* y are n ! own]s ) less pa9 & ef=t ?an if y 7 oblig$ to raise ^? fruits by y\r own direct lab\r1--) less ?an if t l& _h be5 giv5 to y 9 its primitive /ate1 & be=e be+ prep>$ = cultivation by lab\r4 ,capitali/s & lab\r]s6 ,i believe myself 9 a position to e/abli% ! law t1 9 proportion z capital is accumulat$1 ! absolute %>e ( ! total product fall+ to ! capitali/ increases1 & 8 proportional %>e is dim9i%$2 :ile bo? ! absolute & relative %>e ( ! product fall+ to ! lab\r] is augm5t$1--! rev]se effects be+ produc$ :5 capital is less5$ or dissipat$4#ad ,if ?is law be e/abli%$1 ! obvi\s d$uction is1 p#jdd a h>mony ( int]e/s betwe5 lab\r]s & ^? :o employ !m4 ,disciples ( ,mal?us6 s9c]e & calumniat$ philan?ropi/s1 ^: only fault has be5 9 w>n+ mank9d aga9/ ! effects ( a law :i* y believe to be fatal1 ,i %all h to submit to y ano!r law m reassur+3--8,ct]is p>ibus1 increas+ d5sity ( population is equival5t to increas+ facility ( production40 ,& if x be s1 ,i am c]ta9 x w n be y :o w grieve to see a /umbl+-block remov$ f ! ?re%old ( our fav\rite sci5ce4 ,m5 ( spoliation6 y :o1 by =ce or fraud1 by law or 9 spite ( law1 batt5 on ! p's sub/ance2 y1 :o live by ! errors y propagate1 by ! ignorance y *]i%1 by ! w>s y light up1 by ! trammels ) :i* y hamp] trade2 y :o tax lab\r aft] hav+ r5d]$ x unproductive1 mak+ x lose a %eaf = e h&ful y y\rselves pluck f x2 y :o cause y\rselves to be paid = creat+ ob/acles1 9 ord] to get aft]w>ds paid = p>tially remov+ ^? ob/acles2 inc>nations ( egotism 9 its wor/ s5se2 p>asitical excresc5ces ( a vici\s policy1 prep>e = ! %>pe/ & mo/ unsp>+ criticism4 ,to y alone ,i make no appeal1 = ! design ( ?is book is to sacrifice y1 or r to sacrifice y\r unju/ pret5sions4 ,9 va9 we *]i% conciliation4 ,!re are two pr9ciples :i* c nev] be reconcil$--,lib]ty & ,con/ra9t4 ,if ! laws ( ,provid5ce are h>moni\s1 x is :5 !y act ) fre$om1 )\t :i* !re is no h>mony4 ,:5ev]1 !n1 we rem>k an abs5ce ( h>mony1 we may be sure t x proce$s f an abs5ce ( lib]ty1 an abs5ce ( ju/ice4 ,oppressors1 spoliators1 contemn]s ( ju/ice1 y c h no "p 9 ! univ]sal h>mony1 = x is y :o di/urb x4 ,d ,i mean to say t ! effect ( ?is "w may be to enfeeble p[]1 to %ake its /ability1 to dim9i% its au?ority8 ,my design is j ! opposite4 ,b let me n be misund]/ood4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( political sci5ce to di/+ui% betwe5 :at ought & :at ought n to fall "u ,/ate control2 & 9 mak+ ?is important di/9ction we mu/ n =get t ! ,/ate always acts ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,=ce4 ,! s]vices :i* x r5d]s u1 & ! s]vices :i* x exacts f u 9 return1 are alike impos$ ^u u "u ! "n ( contributions4 p#jde ,! "q !n comes back to ?is3 ,:at are ! ?+s :i* m5 h a "r to impose ^u ea* o!r by =ce8 ,n[1 ,i "k b "o ?+ 9 ?is situation1 & t is ,ju/ice4 ,i h no "r to =ce any "o :atev] to be religi\s1 *>itable1 well educat$1 or indu/ri\s2 b ,i h a "r to =ce him to be j1--?is is a case ( legitimate def5ce4 ,n[1 individuals 9 ! aggregate c possess no "r :i* did n pre-exi/ 9 individuals z su*4 ,if1 !n1 ! employm5t ( individual =ce is ju/ifi$ only by legitimate def5ce1 ! fact t ! action ( gov]nm5t is always manife/$ by ,=ce %\ld lead u to conclude t x is ess5tially limit$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ord]1 security1 & ju/ice4 ,all action ( gov]nm5ts beyond ?is limit is a usurpation ^u consci5ce1 ^u intellig5ce1 ^u indu/ry2 9 a ^w1 ^u human lib]ty4 ,?is be+ grant$1 we ought to set ourselves unceas+ly & )\t compunction to emancipate ! entire doma9 ( private ent]prise f ! encroa*m5ts ( p[]4 ,)\t ?is we %all n h ga9$ ,fre$om1 or ! free play ( ^? laws ( h>mony :i* ,god has provid$ = ! developm5t & progress ( ! human race4 ,w ,p[] by ?is means be enfeebl$8 ,w x h lo/ 9 /ability because x has lo/ 9 ext5t8 ,w x h less au?ority because x has few] functions to dis*>ge8 ,w x attract to itself less respect because x calls =? few] compla9ts8 ,w x be m ! sport ( factions1 :5 x has r$uc$ ^? enorm\s budgets & t covet$ influ5ce :i* are ! baits & allurem5ts ( faction8 ,w x enc\nt] great] dang] :5 x has less responsibility8 ,to me x seems evid5t1 t to conf9e public =ce to its "o1 ess5tial1 undisput$1 b5efic5t mission1--a mission desir$ & accept$ by all1--w\ld be ! sure/ way ( secur+ to x respect & univ]sal support4 ,9 t case1 ,i see n :5ce c\ld proce$ sy/ematic opposition1 p>liam5t>y /ruggles1 /reet insurrections1 revolutions1 sudd5 *anges ( =tune1 factions1 illusions1 ! pret5sions ( all to gov]n "u all =ms1 ^? dang]\s & absurd sy/ems :i* tea* ! p to look to gov]nm5t = ev]y?+1 t compromis+ diplomacy1 ^? w>s :i* are always 9 p]spective1 or arm$ truces :i* are ne>ly z fatal1 ^? cru%+ taxes :i* x is impossible to levy on any equitable pr9ciple1 t absorb+ & unnatural mix+ up ( politics ) ev]y?+1 ^? great artificial displacem5ts ( capital & lab\r1 :i* are ! s\rce ( fruitless he>tburn+s1 fluctuations1 /oppages1 & comm]cial crises4 ,all ^! causes ( tr\ble1 ( p#jdf irritation1 ( disaffection1 ( covet\sness1 & ( disord]1 & a ?\s& o!rs1 w\ld no long] h any f\ndation1 & ! deposit>ies ( p[]1 in/ead ( di/urb+1 w\ld contribute to ! univ]sal h>mony1--a h>mony :i* does n inde$ exclude evil1 b :i* leaves less & less room = ^? ills :i* are insep>able f ! ignorance & p]v]sity ( our feeble nature1 & ^: mission x is to prev5t or *a/ise t ignorance & p]v]sity4 ,"y m56 9 ^! days 9 :i* a griev\s ,scepticism w\ld seem to be at once ! effect & ! puni%m5t ( ! an>*y ( ideas :i* prevails1 ,i %all e/eem myself happy if ?is "w1 z y proce$ 9 its p]usal1 %\ld br+ to y\r lips ! consol+ words1 ,i believe1--words ( a sweet-smell+ sav\r1 :i* are at once a refuge & a =ce1 :i* are said to remove m\nta9s1 & /& at ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian's cre$--,i believe4 8,i believe1 n ) a bl9d & submissive fai?1 = we are n conc]n$ "h ) ! my/]ies ( revelation1 b ) a rational & sci5tific fai?1 befitt+ ?+s :i* are left to man's inve/igation4--,i believe t ,he :o has arrang$ ! mat]ial univ]se has n )held ,8 reg>ds f ! arrangem5ts ( ! social _w4--,i believe t ,he has comb9$1 & caus$ to move 9 h>mony1 free ag5ts z well z in]t molecules4--,i believe t ,8 ov]rul+ ,provid5ce %9es =? z /rik+ly1 if n m s1 9 ! laws to :i* ,he has subject$ m5's int]e/s & m5's wills1 z 9 ! laws :i* ,he has impos$ on weight & velocity4--,i believe t ev]y?+ 9 human society1 ev5 :at is app>5tly injuri\s1 is ! cause ( improvem5t & ( progress4--,i believe t ,evil t5ds to ,good1 & calls x =?1 :il/ ,good _c t5d to ,evil2 :5ce x foll[s t ,good mu/ 9 ! end pr$om9ate4--,i believe t ! inv9cible social t5d5cy is a con/ant approximation ( m5 t[>ds a common moral1 intellectual1 & physical level1 )1 at ! same "t1 a progressive & indef9ite elevation ( t level4--,i believe t all t is necess>y to ! gradual & peaceful developm5t ( humanity is t its t5d5cies %\ld n be di/urb$1 b h ! lib]ty ( _! movem5ts re/or$4--,i believe ^! ?+s1 n because ,i desire !m1 n because !y satisfy my he>t1 b because my judgm5t accords to !m a delib]ate ass5t40 ,ah6 :5ev] y come to pron\nce ^! words1 ,i believe1 y w be anxi\s to propagate y\r cre$1 & ! social problem w soon be resolv$1 =1 let !m say :at !y w1 x is n ( difficult solution4 ,m5's int]e/s are h>moni\s1--! solution1 !n1 lies entirely 9 ?is "o ^w--,lib]ty4 p#jdg ,,h>monies ,,( ,,political ,,economy4 ,i4 ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,organization4#ae ,is x q c]ta9 t ! me*anism ( society1 l ! me*anism ( ! heav5ly bodies1 or t ( ! human frame1 is subject to g5]al laws8 ,does x =m a h>moni\sly organiz$ :ole8 ,or r1 d we n rem>k 9 x ! abs5ce ( all organization8 ,is n an organization ! v ?+ :i* all m5 ( he>t & ( ! future1 all advanc$ publici/s1 all ! pione]s ( ?\ght1 are 9 se>* ( at ! pres5t day8 ,is society any?+ else ?an a multitude ( individuals plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 act+ )\t conc]t1 & giv5 up to ! movem5ts ( an an>*ical lib]ty8 ,are our c\ntless masses1 aft] hav+ ) difficulty recov]$ _! lib]ties "o aft] ! o!r1 n n[ await+ ! adv5t ( "s great g5ius to arrange !m into a h>moni\s :ole8 ,hav+ pull$ d[n all1 mu/ we n n[ set ab\t lay+ ! f\ndation ( a new edifice4 ,& yet1 x may be ask$1 h ^! que/ions any o!r mean+ ?an ?is3 ,c society disp5se ) writt5 laws1 rules1 & repressive measures8 ,is e man to make an unlimit$ use ( 8 faculties1 ev5 :5 9 s do+ he /rikes at ! lib]ties ( p#jdh ano!r1 or inflicts injury on society at l>ge8 ,9 a ^w1 mu/ we recognise 9 ! maxim1 laissez faire1 laissez pass]1 ! absolute =mula ( political economy8 ,if t 7 ! "q1 no "o c\ld hesitate ab\t ! solution4 ,! economi/s d n say t a man may kill1 sack1 burn1 & t society has only to be quiesc5t1--laiss] faire4 ,!y say t ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( all law1 society w\ld resi/ su* acts2 & t consequ5tly su* resi/ance is a g5]al law ( humanity4 ,!y say t civil & p5al laws mu/ regulate1 & n c\nt]act1 ^? g5]al laws ! exi/5ce ( :i* !y presuppose4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 a social organization1 f\nd$ on ! g5]al laws ( human nature1 & an artificial organization1 inv5t$1 imag9$1--:i* takes no acc\nt ( ^! laws1 or repudiates & despises !m1--su* an organization1 9 %ort1 z _m mod]n s*ools w\ld impose ^u u4 ,=1 if !re be g5]al laws :i* act indep5d5tly ( writt5 laws1 & ( :i* ! latt] c only regulate ! action1 we mu/ /udy ^! g5]al laws4 ,!y c be made ! object ( a sci5ce1 & ,political ,economy exi/s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 society is a human inv5tion1 if m5 are reg>d$ only z in]t matt]1 to :i* a great g5ius1 l ,r\sseau1 mu/ imp>t s5tim5t & w1 movem5t & life1 !n !re is no su* sci5ce z ,political ,economy4 ,!re are only an indef9ite numb] ( possible & cont+5t arrangem5ts1 & ! fate ( nations mu/ dep5d ^u ! ,f\nd] to :om *ance %all h committ$ _! de/9ies4 ,9 ord] to prove t society is subject to g5]al laws1 no elaborate diss]tation is necess>y4 ,all ,i %all d is to notice c]ta9 facts1 :i*1 al?\gh trite1 are n ! less important4 ,r\sseau has said1 ,il faut beauc\p de philosophie p\r obs]v] les faits qui sont trop prs de n\s--8,mu* philosophy is ne$$ to obs]ve accurately ?+s :i* are too ne> u40 ,& su* are ! social ph5om5a 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live & move4 ,habit has s famili>iz$ u ) ^! ph5om5a t we cease to obs]ve !m1 unless some?+ /rik+ & exceptional =ces !m on our att5tion4 ,let u take1 by way ( illu/ration1 a man 9 ! humble walks ( life--a village c>p5t]1 = in/ance1--& obs]ve ! v>i\s s]vices he r5d]s to society1 & receives f x2 we %all n fail to be /ruck ) ! enorm\s disproportion :i* is app>5t4 ,?is man employs 8 day's lab\r 9 plan+ bo>ds1 & mak+ tables & *e/s ( draw]s4 ,he compla9s ( 8 condition2 yet 9 tru? :at does he receive f society 9 ex*ange = 8 "w8 p#jdi ,fir/ ( all1 on gett+ up 9 ! morn+1 he dresses himself2 & he has himself p]sonally made none ( ! num]\s articles ( :i* 8 clo?+ consi/s4 ,n[1 9 ord] to put at 8 disposal ?is clo?+1 simple z x is1 an enorm\s am\nt ( lab\r1 indu/ry1 & locomotion1 & _m +5i\s inv5tions1 mu/ h be5 employ$4 ,am]icans mu/ h produc$ cotton1 ,indians indigo1 ,fr5*m5 wool & flax1 ,brazilians hides2 & all ^! mat]ials mu/ h be5 transport$ to v>i\s t[ns :]e !y h be5 work$ up1 spun1 wov51 dy$1 etc4 ,!n he breakfa/s4 ,9 ord] to procure him ! bread :i* he eats e morn+1 l& mu/ h be5 cle>$1 enclos$1 lab\r$1 manur$1 s[n2 ! fruits ( ! soil mu/ h be5 pres]v$ ) c>e f pillage1 & security mu/ h reign$ among an innum]able multitude ( p2 ! :eat mu/ h be5 cut d[n1 gr\nd into fl\r1 knead$1 & prep>$2 iron1 /eel1 wood1 /one1 mu/ h be5 conv]t$ by indu/ry into in/rum5ts ( lab\r2 "s m5 mu/ h employ$ animal =ce1 o!rs wat] p[]1 etc42 all matt]s1 ( :i* ea*1 tak5 s+ly1 presupposes a mass ( lab\r1 :e!r we h reg>d to space or "t1 ( incalculable am\nt4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! day ?is man w h occasion to use sug>1 oil1 & v>i\s o!r mat]ials & ut5sils4 ,he s5ds 8 son to s*ool1 !re to receive an education1 :i*1 al?\gh limit$1 nev]!less implies ant]ior /udy & rese>*1 & an ext5t ( k :i* />tles ! imag9ation4 ,he goes out4 ,he f9ds ! /reet pav$ & light$4 ,a neighb\r goes to law ) him4 ,he f9ds advocates to plead 8 cause1 judges to ma9ta9 8 rights1 (fic]s ( ju/ice to put ! s5t5ce 9 execution2 all :i* implies acquir$ k1 &1 consequ5tly1 intellig5ce & means ( subsi/5ce4 ,he goes to *ur*4 ,x is a /up5d\s monum5t1 & ! book :i* he c>ries ?i!r is a monum5t p]haps /ill m /up5d\s1 ( human intellig5ce4 ,he is taught morals1 he has 8 m9d enlight5$1 8 s\l elevat$2 & 9 ord] to ?is we mu/ suppose t ano!r man _h previ\sly frequ5t$ s*ools & libr>ies1 consult$ all ! s\rces ( human le>n+1 & :ile s employ$ _h be5 able to live )\t occupy+ himself directly ) ! wants ( ! body4 ,if our artizan und]takes a j\rney1 he f9ds t1 9 ord] to save him "t & ex]tion1 o!r m5 h remov$ & levell$ ! soil1 fill$ up valleys1 hew$ d[n m\nta9s1 unit$ ! banks ( riv]s1 dim9i%$ friction1 plac$ :eel$ c>riages on blocks p#jej ( s&/one or b&s ( iron1 & br\ght ! =ce ( animals & ! p[] ( /eam into subjection to human wants4 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! measureless disproportion :i* exi/s betwe5 ! enjoym5ts :i* ?is man d]ives f society & :at he c\ld obta9 by 8 own unassi/$ ex]tions4 ,i v5ture to say t 9 a s+le day he consumes m ?an he c\ld himself produce 9 t5 c5turies4 ,:at r5d]s ! ph5om5on /ill m /range is1 t all o!r m5 are 9 ! same situation4 ,e individual memb] ( society has absorb$ millions ( times m ?an he c\ld himself produce2 yet !re is no mutual robb]y4 ,&1 if we reg>d ?+s m ne>ly1 we p]ceive t ! c>p5t] has paid1 9 s]vices1 = all ! s]vices :i* o!rs h r5d]$ to him4 ,if we br+ ! matt] to a /rict reckon+1 we %all be conv9c$ t he has receiv$ no?+ :i* he has n paid = by means ( 8 mode/ indu/ry2 & t e "o :o1 at :atev] int]val ( "t or space1 has be5 employ$ 9 8 s]vice has receiv$1 or w receive1 8 remun]ation4 ,! social me*anism1 !n1 mu/ be v +5i\s & v p[]ful1 s9ce x leads to ?is s+ul> result1 t ea* man1 ev5 he ^: lot is ca/ 9 ! humble/ condition1 has m enjoym5t 9 "o day ?an he c\ld himself produce 9 _m ages4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! me*anism ( society w appe> /ill m +5i\s1 if ! read] w be pleas$ to turn 8 reg>ds ^u himself4 ,i suppose him a pla9 /ud5t4 ,:at is 8 bus9ess 9 ,p>is8 ,h[ does he live8 ,x _c be disput$ t society places at 8 disposal food1 clo?+1 lodg+1 amusem5ts1 books1 means ( in/ruction1 a multitude ( ?+s1 9 %ort1 :i* w\ld take a long "t n only to produce1 b ev5 to expla9 h[ !y 7 produc$4 ,& :at s]vices has ?is /ud5t r5d]$ to society 9 return = all ^! ?+s :i* h exact$ s mu* lab\r1 toil1 fatigue1 physical & intellectual ef=t1 s _m inv5tions1 transactions1 & conveyances hi!r & ?i!r8 ,none at all4 ,he is only prep>+ to r5d] s]vices4 ,:y1 !n1 h s _m millions ( m5 ab&on$ to him ! fruits ( _! positive1 effective1 & productive lab\r8 ,"h is ! explanation3--,! fa!r ( ?is /ud5t1 :o 0 a lawy]1 p]haps1 or a physician1 or a m]*ant1 _h =m]ly r5d]$ s]vices--x may be to society 9 ,*9a1--& _h be5 remun]at$1 n by imm$iate s]vices1 b by a title to dem& s]vices1 at ! "t1 9 ! place & "u ! =m t might be mo/ suitable & conv5i5t to him4 p#jea ,x is ( ^! pa/ & di/ant s]vices t society is n[ acquitt+ itself1 & 7a/oni%+ z x seems7 if we foll[ 9 ?\ght ! inf9ite range ( transactions :i* mu/ h _h place 9 ord] to ?is result be+ effect$1 we %all see t e "o has be5 remun]at$ = 8 lab\r & s]vices2 & t ^! titles h pass$ f h& to h&1 sometimes divid$ into p>ts1 sometimes gr\p$ toge!r1 until1 9 ! consumption ( ?is /ud5t1 ! entire acc\nt has be5 squ>$ & balanc$4 ,is n ?is a v rem>kable ph5om5on8 ,we %\ld %ut our eyes to ! light ( day1 did we fail to p]ceive t society c\ld n pres5t comb9ations s complicat$1 & 9 :i* civil & p5al laws h s little "p1 unless x obey$ ! laws ( a me*anism wond]fully +5i\s4 ,! /udy ( t me*anism is ! bus9ess ( ,political ,economy4 ,ano!r ?+ wor?y ( obs]vation is1 t ( ! incalculable numb] ( transactions to :i* ! /ud5t ow$ 8 daily subsi/5ce1 !re 0 n p]haps a million? "p :i* contribut$ to x directly4 ,! ?+s ( :i* he has n[ ! enjoym5t1 & :i* are innum]able1 7 produc$ by m5 ! great] "p ( :om h long s9ce disappe>$ f ! e>?4 ,& yet !y 7 remun]at$ z !y expect$ to be1 al?\gh he :o n[ pr(its by ! fruits ( _! lab\rs _h done no?+ = !m4 ,!y knew him n2 !y w nev] "k him4 ,he :o reads ?is page1 at ! v mom5t he is read+ x1 has ! p[]1 al?\gh p]haps he has no consci\sness ( x1 to put 9 motion m5 ( e c\ntry1 ( all races1 ,i _h almo/ said ( all "t--:ite1 black1 r$1 tawny--to make bygone g5]ations1 & g5]ations /ill unborn1 contribute to 8 pres5t enjoym5ts2 & he owes ?is extraord9>y p[] to ! s]vices :i* 8 fa!r _h =m]ly r5d]$ to o!r m51 :o app>5tly _h no?+ 9 common ) ^? ^: lab\r is n[ put 9 requisition4 ,yet despite all diff]5ces ( "t & space1 s j & equitable a balance has be5 /ruck1 t e "o has be5 remun]at$1 & has receiv$ exactly :at he calculat$ he ought to receive4 ,b1 9 tru?1 c\ld all ?is h happ5$1 & su* ph5om5a be5 witness$1 unless society _h _h a natural & wise organization1 :i* acts1 z x 71 unkn[n to u8 ,mu* has be5 said 9 our day ( inv5t+ a new organization4 ,is x q c]ta91 t any ?9k]1 :atev] g5ius we may attribute to him1 :atev] p[] we may suppose him to possess1 c\ld imag9e & introduce an organization sup]ior to t ( :i* ,i h j sket*$ "s ( ! results8 p#jeb ,b :at w\ld be ?\ght ( x if ,i describ$ its ma*9]y1 its spr+s1 & its motive p[]s8 ,! ma*9]y consi/s ( m51 t is to say1 ( be+s capable ( le>n+1 reflect+1 reason+1 ( be+ deceiv$ & undeceiv$1 & consequ5tly ( contribut+ to ! amelioration or det]ioration ( ! me*anism itself4 ,!y are capable ( pleasure & pa92 & x is t :i* makes !m n only ! :eels b ! spr+s ( ! me*anism4 ,!y are also ! motive p[]2 = x is 9 !m t ! active pr9ciple resides4 ,m ?an t1 !y are !mselves ! v end & object ( ! me*anism1 s9ce x is into individual pa9s & enjoym5ts t ! :ole def9itely resolves itself4 ,n[ x has be5 rem>k$1 & x is unhappily obvi\s en\gh1 t 9 ! action1 ! developm5t1 & ev5 ! progress 7by ^? :o ackn[l$ge progress7 ( ?is p[]ful me*anism1 _m ( ! :eels h be5 inevitably1 fatally injur$2 & t1 z reg>ds a great numb] ( human be+s1 ! sum ( unm]it$ suff]+ surpasses by mu* ! sum ( enjoym5t4 ,?is view ( ! subject has l$ _m c&id m9ds1 _m g5]\s he>ts1 to suspect ! me*anism itself4 ,!y h repudiat$ x1 !y h refus$ to /udy x1 !y h attack$1 (t5 ) passion1 ^? :o h inve/igat$ & expla9$ its laws4 ,!y h ris5 aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s1 & at l5g? !y h propos$ to organize society ^u a new plan1 9 :i* inju/ice & suff]+ & error %all h no place4 ,god =bid t ,i %\ld set myself aga9/ int5tions manife/ly pure & philan?ropical6 ,b ,i %\ld des]t my pr9ciples1 & d viol5ce to ! dictates ( my own consci5ce1 did ,i n decl>e t ^! m5 are 9 my op9ion ^u a wrong pa?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are r$uc$1 by ! v nature ( _! propag&ism1 to ! melan*oly necessity ( dis[n+ ! good :i* society develops1 ( d5y+ its progress1 ( imput+ to x all suff]+s1 ( hunt+ aft] ^! ) avidity1 & exagg]at+ !m beyond measure4 ,:5 a man believes t he has discov]$ a social organization diff]5t f t :i* results f ! ord9>y t5d5cies ( human nature1 x is q necess>y1 9 ord] to obta9 acceptance = 8 inv5tion1 to pa9t ! organization he wi%es to aboli% 9 ! mo/ sombre col\rs4 ,?us ! publici/s to :om ,i am allud+1 aft] hav+ proclaim$ en?usia/ically1 & p]haps ) exagg]ation1 ! p]fectibility ( man1 fall into ! /range contradiction ( ma9ta9+ t society is becom+ m p#jec & m det]iorat$4 ,accord+ to !m1 m5 are a ?\s& times m unhappy ?an !y 7 9 anci5t times "u ! feudal rgime1 & ! yoke ( slav]y4 ,! _w is become a hell4 ,7 x possible to conjure up ! ,p>is ( ! t5? c5tury1 ,i v5ture to ?9k t su* a !sis w\ld be f\nd unt5able4 ,!n !y are l$ to condemn ! v ma9spr+ ( human action--,i mean a reg>d to p]sonal int]e/1 because x has br\ght ab\t su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,let u rem>k t man is s organiz$ z to seek = enjoym5t & avoid suff]+4 ,f ?is s\rce ,i all[ t all social evils take _! rise--w>1 slav]y1 monopoly1 privilege2 b f ! same s\rce spr+s all t is good1 s9ce ! satisfaction ( wants & repugnance to suff]+ are ! motives ( human action4 ,! bus9ess !n is to discov] :e!r ?is incitem5t to action1 by its univ]sality--f individual becom+ social--is n 9 itself a pr9ciple ( progress4 ,at all ev5ts1 d ! inv5tors ( new organizations n p]ceive t ?is pr9ciple1 inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( man1 w foll[ !m into _! sy/ems1 & t !re x w make great] havoc ?an 9 our natural organization1 9 :i* ! int]e/ & unju/ pret5sions ( "o are at lea/ re/ra9$ by ! resi/ance ( all8 ,^! writ]s always make two inadmissible suppositions--! fir/ is1 t society1 su* z !y conceive x1 w be direct$ by infallible m5 d5ud$ ( ?is motive ( self-int]e/2 &1 secondly1 t ! masses w all[ !mselves to be direct$ by ^! m54 ,f9ally1 ^! sy/em-mak]s appe> to give !mselves no tr\ble ab\t ! means ( execution4 ,h[ are !y to e/abli% _! sy/em8 ,h[ are !y to induce all mank9d at once to give up ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y n[ act--! attraction ( enjoym5t1 & ! repugnance to pa98 ,x w\ld be necess>y1 z ,r\sseau has said1 to *ange ! moral & physical con/itution ( man4 ,9 ord] to induce m5 at once to ?r[ aside1 z a worn-out g>m5t1 ! exi/+ social ord] 9 :i* ! human race has liv$ & be5 develop$ f ! beg9n+ to our day1 to adopt an organization ( human inv5tion & become docile p>ts ( ano!r me*anism1 !re are1 x seems to me1 only two means :i* c be employ$--,=ce1 or ,univ]sal ,cons5t4 ,! f\nd] ( ! new sy/em mu/ h at 8 disposal a =ce capable ( ov]com+ all resi/ance1 s t humanity %all be 9 8 h&s only z s mu* melt+ wax to be m\ld$ & p#jed fa%ion$ at 8 pleasure--or he mu/ obta9 by p]suasion an ass5t s complete1 s exclusive1 s bl9d ev51 z to r5d] unnecess>y ! employm5t ( =ce4 ,i defy any "o to po9t out to me a ?ird means ( e/abli%+ or introduc+ into human practice a ,phalan/re1#af or any o!r artificial social organization4 ,n[1 if !re be only two assum$ means1 & if we h demon/rat$ t ! "o is z impracticable z ! o!r1 we h prov$ t ^! sy/em-mak]s are los+ bo? _! "t & _! tr\ble4 ,z reg>ds ! disposal ( a mat]ial =ce :i* %\ld subject to !m all ! k+s & peoples ( ! e>?1 ?is is :at ^! dot>ds1 s5ile z !y are1 h nev] dreamt (4 ,k+ ,alphonsus _h presumption & folly en\gh to exclaim1 t 8,if he _h be5 tak5 into ,god's c\nsels1 ! planet>y sy/em %\ld h be5 bett] arrang$40 ,b al?\gh he set 8 wisdom above t ( ! ,creator1 he 0 n mad en\gh to wi% to /ruggle ) ! p[] ( ,omnipot5ce1 & hi/ory does n tell u t he ev] actually tri$ to make ! />s turn accord+ to ! laws ( 8 inv5tion4 ,desc>tes likewise cont5t$ himself ) con/ruct+ a t9y _w ) dice & /r+s1 kn[+ well t he 0 n /rong en\gh to remove ! univ]se4 ,we "k no "o b ,x]xes :o1 9 ! intoxication ( 8 p[]1 d>$ to say to ! waves1 8,?us f> %all ye come1 & no f>!r40 ,! bill[s did n rec$e be=e ,x]xes1 b ,x]xes retreat$ be=e ! bill[s2 & )\t ?is humiliat+ b wise precaution he w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 dr[n$4 ,=ce1 !n1 is want+ to ! organiz]s :o w\ld subject humanity to _! exp]im5ts4 ,:5 !y %all h ga9$ ov] to _! cause ! ,russian autocrat1 ! %ah ( ,p]sia1 ! khan ( ,t>t>y1 & all ! o!r tyrants ( ! _w1 !y w f9d t !y /ill want ! p[] to di/ribute mank9d into gr\ps & classes1 & to annihilate ! g5]al laws ( prop]ty1 ex*ange1 inh]itance1 & family2 = ev5 9 ,russia1 9 ,p]sia1 & 9 ,t>t>y1 x is necess>y to a c]ta9 ext5t to consult ! feel+s1 habits1 & prejudices ( ! p4 ,7 ! emp]or ( ,russia to take x into 8 head to set ab\t alt]+ ! moral & physical con/itution ( 8 subjects1 x is probable t he w\ld soon h a successor1 & t 8 successor w\ld be bett] advis$ ?an to pursue ! exp]im5t4 ,b s9ce =ce is a means q beyond ! rea* ( our p#jee num]\s sy/em-mak]s1 no o!r res\rce rema9s to !m b to obta9 univ]sal cons5t4 ,!re are two modes ( obta9+ ?is--namely1 ,p]suasion & ,impo/ure4 ,p]suasion6 b h we ev] f\nd two m9ds 9 p]fect accord ^u all ! po9ts ( a s+le sci5ce8 ,h[ !n are we to expect m5 ( v>i\s tongues1 races1 & mann]s1 spread ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 mo/ ( !m unable to read1 & de/9$ to die )\t hav+ ev5 he>d ! "n ( ! re=m]1 to accept ) unanimity ! univ]sal sci5ce8 ,:at is x t y aim at8 ,at *ang+ ! :ole sy/em ( lab\r1 ex*anges1 & social relations1 dome/ic1 civil1 & religi\s2 9 a ^w1 at alt]+ ! :ole physical & moral con/itution ( man2 & y hope to rally mank9d1 & br+ !m all "u ?is new ord] ( ?+s1 by conviction6 ,v]ily y und]take no light or easy duty4 ,:5 a man has got ! l5g? ( say+ to 8 fell[s3 8,= ! la/ five ?\s& ye>s !re has be5 a misund]/&+ betwe5 ,god & man2 8,f ! days ( ,adam to our "t1 ! human race h be5 ^u a wrong c\rse--&1 if only a little confid5ce is plac$ 9 me4 ,i %all soon br+ !m back to ! "r way2 8,god desir$ mank9d to pursue a diff]5t road altoge!r1 b !y h tak5 _! own way1 & h5ce evil has be5 introduc$ into ! _w4 ,let !m turn r\nd at my call1 & take an opposite direction1 & univ]sal happ9ess w !n prevail40 ,:5 a man sets out 9 ?is /yle x is mu* if he is believ$ by five or six adepts2 b betwe5 t & be+ believ$ by "o ?\s& millions ( m5 ! di/ance is great inde$4 ,& !n1 rememb] t ! numb] ( social inv5tions is z va/ z ! doma9 ( ! imag9ation itself2 t !re is n a publici/ or writ] on social economy :o1 aft] %utt+ himself up = a few h\rs 9 8 libr>y1 does n come =? ) a ready-made plan ( artificial organization 9 8 h&2 t ! inv5tions ( ,f\ri]1 ,sa9t ,simon1 ,ow51 ,cabet1 ,blanc1 etc41 h no resemblance :atev] to ea* o!r2 t e day br+s to light a new s*eme2 & t p are entitl$ to h "s little "t giv5 !m = reflection be=e !y are call$ ^u to reject ! social organization :i* ,god has v\*saf$ !m1 & to make a def9ite & irrevocable *oice among s _m newly inv5t$ sy/ems4 ,= :at w\ld happ5 if1 aft] hav+ select$ "o ( ^! plans1 a bett] %\ld pres5t itself6 ,c ! in/itutions p#jef ( prop]ty1 family1 lab\r1 ex*ange1 be plac$ e day ^u a new basis8 ,are we to be =c$ to *ange ! organization ( society e morn+8 8,?us1 !n10 says ,r\sseau1 8! legislator be+ able to employ effectively nei!r =ce nor p]suasion1 he is "u ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to an au?ority ( ano!r k9d1 :i* c>ries u along )\t viol5ce1 & p]suades )\t conv9c+ u40 ,:at is t au?ority8 ,impo/ure4 ,r\sseau d>es n give utt]ance to ! ^w1 b1 accord+ to 8 inv>iable practice 9 su* a case1 he places x beh9d ! transp>5t veil ( an eloqu5t tirade4 8,?is is ! reason10 says he1 8:i* 9 all ages has =c$ ! ,fa!rs ( nations to h rec\rse to ! int]v5tion ( heav51 & to give ! cr$it ( _! own wisdom to ! gods1 9 ord] t ! p1 submitt+ to ! laws ( ! /ate z to ^? ( nature1 & ackn[l$g+ ! same p[] 9 ! =mation ( man & ( ! commonweal?1 %\ld obey freely & be> will+ly ! yoke ( ! public felicity4 ,?is sublime reason1 :i* is above ! rea* ( vulg> s\ls1 is t ^: decisions ! legislator puts into ! m\? ( ! immortals1 9 ord] to c>ry along by div9e au?ority ^? :o _c be mov$ by consid]ations ( human prud5ce4 ,b x is n = e man to make ! gods speak10 etc4 ,& 9 ord] t !re may be no mi/ake1 he cites ,ma*iavel1 & all[s him to complete ! idea3 8,mai non fu alcuno ord9atore de leggi ,,/raord9>ie 9 un popolo *e non ricorresse a ,dio40 ,b :y does ,ma*iavel c\nsel u to h rec\rse to ,god1 & ,r\sseau to ! gods1 to ! immortals8 ,! read] c answ] t "q = himself4 ,i d n inde$ accuse ! mod]n ,fa!rs ( nations ( mak+ use ( ^! unwor?y deceptions4 ,b :5 we place ourselves 9 _! po9t ( view1 we see t !y readily all[ !mselves to be hurri$ along by ! desire ( success4 ,:5 an e>ne/ & philan?ropical man is deeply conv9c$ t he possesses a social secret by means ( :i* all 8 fell[-m5 may enjoy 9 ?is _w unlimit$ happ9ess1--:5 he sees cle>ly t he c practically e/abli% t idea nei!r by =ce nor by reason+1 & t deception is 8 only res\rce1 he is laid "u a v /rong temptation4 ,we "k t ! m9i/]s ( religion !mselves1 :o pr(ess ! greate/ horror ( untru?1 h n reject$ pi\s frauds2 & we see by ! example ( ,r\sseau p#jeg 7t au/]e writ]1 :o has inscrib$ at ! head ( all 8 works ! motto1 ,vitam imp5d]e v]o71 t ev5 a pr\d philosophy c all[ itself to be s$uc$ by ! attraction ( a v diff]5t maxim1 namely1 ,! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,:y !n %\ld we be surpris$ t mod]n organisateurs %\ld ?9k also 8to place _! own wisdom to ! cr$it ( ! gods1 to put _! decisions 9 ! m\?s ( ! immortals1 hurry+ u along )\t viol5ce & p]suad+ )\t conv9c+ u60 ,we "k t1 aft] ! example ( ,moses1 ,f\ri] has prec$$ 8 ,deut]onomy by a ,g5esis4 ,sa9t ,simon & 8 disciples _h gone /ill f>!r 9 _! apo/olic s5ilities4 ,o!rs1 m discreet1 atta*$ !mselves to a latitud9>ian fai?1 modifi$ to suit _! views1 "u ! "n ( no*ri/ianisme2 & e "o mu/ be /ruck ) ! tone ( my/ic affectation :i* ne>ly all our mod]n re=m]s h introduc$ into _! s]mons4 ,ef=ts ( ?is k9d h s]v$ only to prove "o ?+1 & x is n unimportant--namely1 t 9 our days ! man is n always a prophet :o wi%es to be "o4 ,9 va9 he proclaims himself a god2 he is believ$ by no "o2 nei!r by ! public1 nor by 8 compe]s1 nor by himself4 ,s9ce ,i h spok5 ( ,r\sseau1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to make "h "s obs]vations on t manufactur] ( sy/ems1 inasmu* z !y w s]ve to po9t out ! di/9ctions betwe5 artificial & natural organization4 ,?is digression1 besides1 is n out ( place1 z ! ,contrat ,social has aga9 = "s "t be5 held =? z ! oracle ( ! future4 ,r\sseau 0 conv9c$ t isolation 0 man's natural /ate1 &1 consequ5tly1 t society 0 a human inv5tion4 8,! social ord]10 he says 9 ! outset1 8comes n f nature1 & is !re=e f\nd$ on conv5tion40 ,?is philosoph]1 al?\gh a passionate lov] ( lib]ty1 _h a v l[ op9ion ( m54 ,he believ$ !m to be q incapable ( =m+ = !mselves good in/itutions4 ,! int]v5tion ( a f\nd]1 a legislator1 a fa!r ( nations1 0 !re=e indisp5sable4 8,a p subject$ to laws10 says he1 8%\ld be ! au?ors ( !m4 ,x belongs alone to ^? :o associate to adju/ ! conditions ( _! association2 b h[ are !y to regulate !m8 ,by common cons5t1 or by sudd5 inspiration8 ,h[ %\ld a bl9d multitude1 :o frequ5tly "k n :at !y want1 because !y r>ely "k :at is good = !m1 accompli% ( !mselves an ent]prise s great & s difficult z ! =mation ( a sy/em p#jeh ( laws8 4 4 4 ,individuals p]ceive :at is good1 & reject x--! public wi%es = :at is good1 b _c discov] x3--all are equally 9 want ( guides4 4 4 4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( a legislator40 ,t legislator1 z we h already se51 8n be+ able to employ =ce or reason1 is "u ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to an au?ority ( ano!r k9d20 t is to say1 9 pla9 t]ms1 to deception4 ,x is impossible to give an idea ( ! imm5se height at :i* ,r\sseau places 8 legislator above o!r m53 8,gods w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to give laws to m54 4 4 4 ,he :o d>es to f\nd a nation mu/ feel himself 9 a condition to *ange human nature1 s to speak1 4 4 4 to alt] ! con/itution ( man 9 ord] to /r5g!n x4 4 4 4 ,he mu/ take f man 8 own =ce1 9 ord] to give him t :i* is =eign to him4 4 4 4 ,! lawgiv] is 9 all respects an extraord9>y man 9 ! /ate1 4 4 4 8 employm5t is a peculi> & sup]ior function :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ord9>y gov]nm5t4 4 4 4 ,if x be true t a great pr9ce is a r>e "*1 :at mu/ a great lawgiv] be8 ,! fir/ has only to foll[ ! model :i* ! o!r is to propose to him4 ,! "o is ! me*anician :o inv5ts ! ma*9e--! o!r m]ely puts x toge!r & sets x 9 motion40 ,& :at is ! "p assign$ to human nature 9 all ?is8 ,x is b ! base mat]ial ( :i* ! ma*9e is compos$4 ,9 sob] reality1 is ?is any?+ else ?an pride elevat$ to madness8 ,m5 are ! mat]ials ( a ma*9e1 :i* ! pr9ce1 ! rul+ p[]1 sets 9 motion4 ,! lawgiv] proposes ! model4 ,! philosoph] gov]ns ! lawgiv]1 plac+ himself ?us at an immeasurable di/ance above ! vulg> h]d1 above ! rul]1 above ! lawgiv] himself4 ,he so>s f> above ! human race1 actuates x1 trans=ms x1 m\lds x1 or r he tea*es ! ,fa!rs ( nations h[ !y are to d all ?is4 ,b ! f\nd] ( a nation mu/ propose to himself a design4 ,he has 8 human mat]ial to set 9 motion1 & he mu/ direct its movem5ts to a def9ite result4 ,z ! p are depriv$ ( ! initiative1 & all dep5ds ^u ! legislator1 he mu/ decide :e!r ! nation is to be comm]cial or agricultural1 or a b>b>\s race ( hunt]s & fi%]s2 b x is desirable at ! same "t t ! legislator %\ld n himself be mi/ak51 & s d too mu* viol5ce to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,m5 9 agree+ to ent] into an association1 or r 9 associat+ "u ! fiat ( a lawgiv]1 h a precise & def9ite design4 8,?us10 says ,r\sseau1 8! ,hebrews1 &1 m rec5tly1 ! ,arabs1 _h = _! pr9cipal object religion2 ! p#jei ,a!nians1 lett]s2 ,c>?age & ,tyre1 comm]ce2 ,rhodes1 navigation2 ,sp>ta1 w>2 & ,rome1 virtue40 ,:at object is to det]m9e u ,fr5*m5 to leave ! /ate ( isolation & ( nature1 9 ord] to =m a society8 ,or r--z we are only s mu* in]t matt]--! mat]ials ( a ma*9e1--t[>ds :at object %all our great f\nd] direct u8 ,foll[+ ! ideas ( ,r\sseau1 !re c\ld be b little room = le>n+1 comm]ce1 or navigation4 ,w> is a nobl] object1 & virtue /ill m s4 ,b !re is ano!r1 ! noble/ ( all3 8,! end ( e sy/em ( legislation is lib]ty & equality40 ,b we mu/ fir/ ( all discov] :at ,r\sseau und]/&s by lib]ty4 ,to enjoy lib]ty1 accord+ to him1 is n to be free1 b to ex]cise ! suffrage1 :5 we are 8borne along )\t viol5ce1 & p]suad$ )\t be+ conv9c$20 = !n 8we obey ) fre$om1 & be> will+ly ! yoke ( ! public felicity40 8,among ! ,greeks10 he says1 8all t ! p _h to d !y did = !mselves1 !y 7 con/antly assembl$ 9 ! m>ket-place2 !y inhabit$ a g5ial climate2 !y 7 n av>ici\s2 slaves did all _! "w2 _! gr& conc]n 0 _! lib]ty40 8,! ,engli% p10 he rem>ks 9 ano!r place1 8believe !mselves free1--!y are mu* mi/ak54 ,!y are s only dur+ ! election ( _! memb]s ( p>liam5t2 ! mom5t ! election is ov]1 !y are slaves--!y are no?+40 ,! p1 if !y w be free1 mu/1 !n1 !mselves p]=m all duties 9 connexion ) ! public s]vice1 = x is 9 t t lib]ty consi/s4 ,!y mu/ be always vot+ & elect+1 always 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,woe to him :o takes x into 8 head to "w = 8 liv+6 ! mom5t a citiz5 beg9s to m9d 8 own affairs1 t in/ant 7to use ,r\sseau's fav\rite phrase7 t\t e/ p]du--all is ov] ) him4 ,& yet ! difficulty is by no means trifl+4 ,h[ are we to manage8 =1 aft] all1 be=e we c ei!r practise virtue1 or ex]cise lib]ty1 we mu/ h ! means ( liv+4 ,we h already rem>k$ ! rhetorical veil "u :i* ,r\sseau conceals ! ^w ,impo/ure4 ,we %all n[ see h[1 by ano!r da% ( eloqu5ce1 he evades ! conclusion ( 8 :ole "w1 :i* is ,slav]y4 8,y\r ung5ial climate entails ^u y additional wants4 ,= six mon?s ( ! ye> y _c frequ5t ! m>ket-place1 y\r ho>se voices _c make !mselves audible 9 ! op5 air1 & y fe> pov]ty m ?an slav]y40 8,y see cle>ly t y _c be free40 p#jfj 8,:at6 lib]ty ma9ta9 itself only by ! aid ( s]vitude8 ,v likely60 ,_h ,r\sseau /opt %ort at ?is dreadful ^w1 ! read] w\ld h be5 %ock$4 ,x 0 necess>y !re=e to h rec\rse to impos+ declamation1 & ,r\sseau nev] fails 9 t4 8,all ?+s t are unnatural 7x is society he is speak+ (7 are inconv5i5t1 & civil society m s ?an all ! re/4 ,!re are un=tunate situations 9 :i* "o man _c ma9ta9 8 lib]ty b at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 & :]e ! citiz5 _c be entirely free unless ! rig\rs ( slav]y are extreme4 ,z = y1 mod]n p1 y h no slav]y1 b y are y\rselves slaves4 ,y pur*ase o!r m5's lib]ty ) y\r own4 ,9 va9 y boa/ ( ?is advantage4 ,i see 9 x r c[>dice ?an humanity40 ,i ask1 does n ?is mean3 ,mod]n p1 y w\ld d inf9itely bett] n to be slaves1 b to possess slaves8 ,i tru/ ! read] w h ! goodness to p>don ?is long digression1 :i* is by no means useless or inopportune4 ,r\sseau & 8 disciples ( ! ,conv5tion h be5 held up to u ( late z ! apo/les ( human frat]nity4 ,m5 = mat]ials1 a rul] = me*anician1 a fa!r ( nations = inv5tor1 a philosoph] above !m all--impo/ure = means1 slav]y = result1--is ?is ! frat]nity :i* is promis$ u8 ,?is "w ( ,r\sseau to :i* ,i h ref]r$--! ,contrat ,social--appe>s to me well fitt$ to exhibit ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! artificial social organizations4 ,! inv5tors ( su* sy/ems set out ) ! idea t society is a /ate contr>y to nature1 & !y seek to subject humanity to diff]5t comb9ations4 ,!y =get t its motive p[]1 its spr+ ( action1 is 9 itself4 ,!y reg>d m5 z base mat]ials1 & aspire to imp>t to !m movem5t & w1 s5tim5t & life2 plac+ !mselves at an immeasurable height above ! :ole human race4 ,^! are features common to all ! inv5tors ( social organizations4 ,! inv5tions are diff]5t--! inv5tors are alike4 ,among ! new arrangem5ts :i* feeble mortals are invit$ to make trial (1 !re is "o :i* is pres5t$ to u 9 t]ms wor?y ( att5tion4 ,its =mula is3 ,association volunt>y & progressive4 ,b ,political ,economy is f\nd$ exactly on ! datum1 t society is no?+ else ?an association 7su* z ! above ?ree words describe x7--association1 v imp]fect at fir/1 because man is imp]fect2 b improv+ z man improves1 t is to say1 progressive4 p#jfa ,is y\r object to effect a m intimate association betwe5 lab\r1 capital1 & tal5t1 insur+ !reby to ! memb]s ( ! human family a great] am\nt ( mat]ial enjoym5t--enjoym5t m equally di/ribut$8 ,if su* associations are volunt>y2 if =ce & con/ra9t d n int]v5e2 if ! co/ is defray$ by ^? :o ent] ^! associations1 )\t draw+ ^u ^? :o refuse to ent] !m1 9 :at respect are !y repugnant to ,political ,economy8 ,is x n ! bus9ess ( ,political ,economy1 z a sci5ce1 to exam9e ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* m5 may unite _! p[]s1 & divide _! employm5ts1 ) a view to great] & m widely diffus$ prosp]ity8 ,does trade n frequ5tly af=d u examples ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r p]sons unit+ to =m su* associations8 ,is ,mtayage#ag n a sort ( in=mal association ( capital & lab\r8 ,h we n 9 rec5t times se5 jo9t /ock companies =m$ :i* af=d to ! smalle/ capitals ! opportunity ( tak+ "p 9 ! mo/ ext5sive ent]prizes8 ,h we n c]ta9 manufactures 9 :i* x is s\ght to give ! lab\r]s an int]e/ 9 ! pr(its8 ,does ,political ,economy condemn ^? ef=ts ( m5 to make _! indu/ry m productive & pr(itable8 ,does %e affirm any:]e t human nature has rea*$ p]fection8 ,q ! contr>y4 ,i believe t !re is no sci5ce :i* demon/rates m cle>ly t society is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,b :atev] hopes we may ent]ta9 z to ! future1 :atev] ideas we may conceive z to ! measures t m5 may adopt = ! improvem5t ( _! mutual relations1 & ! diffusion ( happ9ess1 k1 & morality1 we mu/ nev] =get t society is an organization :i* has = its elem5t a moral & intellig5t ag5t1 endu$ ) free w1 & susceptible ( improvem5t4 ,if y take away ,lib]ty f man1 he becomes no?+ else ?an a rude & wret*$ ma*9e4 ,lib]ty w\ld seem n to be want$ 9 our days4 ,9 ,france1 ! privileg$ l& ( fa%ion1 fre$om appe>s to be no long] 9 repute4 ,= myself1 ,i say t he :o rejects lib]ty has no fai? 9 human nature4 ,( late ! di/ress+ discov]y seems to h be5 made t lib]ty leads inevitably to monopoly4#ah ,?is mon/r\s union1 ?is unnatural conjunction1 does n exi/2 x is ! imag9>y fruit ( an error :i* ! light ( ,political ,economy spe$ily p#jfb dissipates4 ,fre$om eng5d] monopoly6 ,oppression ! (fspr+ ( lib]ty6 ,to affirm ?is is to affirm t ! t5d5cies ( human nature are radically bad--bad 9 !mselves1 9 _! nature1 9 _! ess5ce4 ,x is to affirm t ! natural b5t ( man is to det]ioration2 t ! human m9d is irresi/ibly attract$ t[>ds error4 ,to :at end1 !n1 our s*ools1 our /udies1 our inquiries1 our discussions1 unless to accel]ate our progress t[>ds t fatal desc5t2 s9ce to tea* m5 to judge1 to di/+ui%1 to select1 is only to tea* !m to commit suicide8 ,& if ! t5d5cies ( human nature are ess5tially p]v]se1 :]e are ! organiz]s ( new social sy/ems to place ! fulcrum ( t lev] by :i* !y hope to effect _! *anges8 ,x mu/ be some:]e beyond ! limits ( ! pres5t doma9 ( humanity4 ,d !y se>* = x 9 !mselves--9 _! own m9ds & he>ts8 ,!y are n gods yet2 !y are m51 & t5d+1 consequ5tly1 along ) ! :ole human race1 t[>ds ! fatal abyss4 ,%all !y invoke ! int]v5tion ( ! /ate8 ,! /ate also is compos$ ( m54 ,!y mu/ !re=e prove t !y =m a di/9ct class1 = :om ! g5]al laws ( society are n int5d$1 s9ce x is _! prov9ce to make ^! laws4 ,unless ?is be prov$ ! difficulty is n remov$1 x is n ev5 dim9i%$4 ,let u n ?us condemn human nature be=e /udy+ its laws1 its =ces1 its en]gies1 its t5d5cies4 ,newton1 aft] he discov]$ attraction1 nev] pron\nc$ ! "n ( ,god )\t uncov]+ 8 head4 ,yet ! cele/ial me*anism is subject to laws ( :i* x has no consci\sness2 & ! social _w is z mu* sup]ior to t :i* call$ =? ! admiration ( ,newton z m9d is sup]ior to matt]4 ,h[ mu* m reason1 !n1 h we to b[ be=e ,omnisci5ce :5 we behold ! social me*anism1 :i* univ]sal intellig5ce no less p]vades 7m5s agitat molem72 & :i* pres5ts1 moreov]1 ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on1 t e atom ( :i* x is compos$ is an animat$ ?9k+ be+1 endu$ ) m>vell\s en]gy1 & ) t pr9ciple ( all morality1 all dignity1 all progress1 ! exclusive attribute ( man--,lib]ty4 p#jfc ,,ii4 ,,wants1 ,,ef=ts1 ,,satisfactions4#ai ,:at a pr(\ndly afflict+ spectacle ,france pres5ts to u6 ,x w\ld be difficult to say if an>*y has pass$ f ideas to facts1 or f facts to ideas1 b x is c]ta9 t x p]vades all1 & ab\nds ev]y:]e4 ,! poor rise up aga9/ ! ri*1 m5 )\t =tune or pr(ession aga9/ prop]ty2 ! populace aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie2 lab\r aga9/ capital2 agriculture aga9/ manufactures2 ! c\ntry aga9/ ! t[n2 ! prov9ces aga9/ ! metropolis2 ! d5iz5 aga9/ ! /rang]4 ,& !ori/s /ep 91 & =m a sy/em ( ?is antagonism4 8,x is ! inevitable result1 !y say1 ( ! nature ( ?+s1 t is to say1 ( ,lib]ty4 ,man is endu$ ) self-love1 & h5ce comes all ! evil2 = s9ce he is endu$ ) self-love1 he seeks to bett] 8 own condition1 & he c only d s by entail+ mis]y on 8 bre?r54 ,let u h9d] him1 !n1 f foll[+ 8 incl9ations2 let u /ifle 8 lib]ty1 *ange ! human he>t1 sub/itute o!r motives = ^? :i* ,god has plac$ !re3 let u inv5t & con/itute an artificial society60 ,:5 !y h got ?is l5g?1 an unlimit$ c>e] op5s itself to _! reason or imag9ation4 ,if !y are possess$ ( a disputati\s turn & a peevi% temp]1 !y ent] ) eag]ness into an analysis ( ,evil4 ,!y dissect x1 !y put x 9 ! crucible1 !y int]rogate x1 !y rem\nt to its causes1 !y pursue x to its consequ5ces2 &1 z by reason ( our native imp]fection !re is no?+ 9 :i* ,evil is n pres5t1 !y asp]se & disp>age ev]y?+4 ,!y exhibit to u ,prop]ty1 ,family1 ,capital1 ,lab\r1 ,competition1 ,lib]ty1 ,p]sonal ,int]e/1 only 9 "o ( _! aspects1 & always on ! d>k side1 ! side :i* injures or p#jfd de/roys4 ,_! lectures on ! natural hi/ory ( man are1 if ,i may use ! expression1 cl9ical lectures--! subject is always on 8 dea?b$4 ,!y impi\sly defy ,god to reconcile :at is said ( ,8 inf9ite goodness ) ! exi/5ce ( evil4 ,!y /a9 & sully ev]y?+2 !y disgu/ u ) ev]y?+2 !y dispute ev]y?+2 & yet !y obta9 only a melan*oly & dang]\s success ) ^? classes :om suff]+ disposes b too mu* to despair4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 su* !ori/s h a he>t op5 to b5evol5ce1 a m9d :i* is pleas$ ) illusions1 !y ru% to ! region ( *im]as4 ,!y dream ( an ,oceania1 an ,atlantis1 a ,sal5te1 a ,sp5sonie1 an ,ic>ie1 a ,utopia1 a ,phalan/re1#bj & !y p ^! imag9>y regions ) a docile1 lov+1 devot$ race :o always avoid sett+ !mselves up aga9/ ! fancies ( ! dream]4 ,he in/alls himself complac5tly 9 ! seat ( ,provid5ce4 ,he arranges1 he disposes1 he m\lds m5 aft] 8 own fancy4 ,no?+ /ops him4 ,he nev] enc\nt]s deceit4 ,he resembles ! ,roman prea*]1 :o1 aft] hav+ trans=m$ 8 squ>e cap into ,r\sseau1 refut$ w>mly ! ,contrat ,social1 & triumphantly r$uc$ 8 adv]s>y to sil5ce4 ,x is ?us t our ,re=m]s dazzle ^? :o suff] by means ( s$uctive pictures ( ideal felicity1 well fitt$ to disgu/ !m ) ! h>d necessities ( real life4 ,! !ori/1 h[ev]1 r>ely conf9es himself to su* innoc5t *im]as4 ,! mom5t he aims at lead+ mank9d1 he f9ds ! p impati5t ( attempt$ trans=mations4 ,m5 resi/1 !y get angry4 ,9 ord] to ga9 !m ov]1 he h>angues !m n only on ! happ9ess !y reject1 b m especially on ! evils f :i* he pr(esses to deliv] !m4 ,he f9ds x impossible to make too /rik+ a picture4 ,he is cont9ually *>g+ 8 palette & deep5+ 8 col\rs4 ,he hunts out ! evils ( exi/+ society ) z mu* zeal z ano!r employs 9 discov]+ ! good4 ,he sees no?+ b suff]+s1 rags1 leanness1 />vation1 pa91 oppression4 ,he is enrag$ t society has n a deep] s5se ( its mis]y4 ,he neglects no means ( mak+ x ?r[ (f its ins5sibility1 &1 hav+ begun ) b5evol5ce1 he ends ) misan?ropy4#ba ,god =bid t ,i %\ld call 9 "q ! s9c]ity ( any "o4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ,i _c expla9 to myself h[ ^! writ]s1 p#jfe :o see a radical antagonism 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 c ev] ta/e a mom5t's calm or repose4 ,disc\ragem5t & despair w\ld seem to be _! unhappy portion4 ,=1 to sum up all1 if nature is mi/ak5 9 mak+ p]sonal int]e/ ! ma9spr+ ( human society 7& ! mi/ake is manife/ if x be admitt$ t ! int]e/s ( society are fatally antagoni/ic71 h[ d !y n p]ceive t ! evil is )\t rem$y8 ,be+ m5 ourselves1 & be+ able to h rec\rse only to m51 :]e c be our po9t d'appui = *ang+ ! t5d5cies ( human nature8 ,%all we invoke ! ,police1 ! ,magi/racy1 ! ,/ate1 ! ,legislature8 ,t w\ld only be to invoke m51 t is to say1 be+s subject to ! common infirmity4 ,%all we address ourselves to ,univ]sal ,suffrage8 ,t w\ld be to give ! free/ c\rse to ! univ]sal t5d5cy4 ,only "o exp$i5t rema9s to ^! g5tlem54 ,x is to hold !mselves out z discov]]s1 z prophets1 made ( diff]5t clay f _! fell[-m51 & d]iv+ _! inspiration f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,?is is ! reason1 no d\bt1 :y we f9d !m s frequ5tly envelop+ _! sy/ems & _! c\ncils 9 a my/ic phraseology4 ,b if !y are ambassadors ( ,god1 let !m exhibit _! cr$5tials4 ,9 effect1 :at !y dem& is sov]eign p[]1 despotism ! mo/ absolute t ev] exi/$4 ,!y n only wi% to gov]n our acts1 b to revolutionize our ?\ghts4 ,d !y hope t mank9d w believe !m on _! ^w1 :5 !y are n able to agree among !mselves8 ,b be=e ev5 exam9+ _! projects ( artificial societies1 is !re n "o po9t ^u :i* x is necess>y to assure ourselves1 namely1 :e!r !y are n mi/ak5 9 ! v f\ndation ( _! argum5t8 ,is x q c]ta9 t ,,m5',s ,,int]e/s ,,are ,,naturally ,,antagoni/ic2 t an irrem$iable cause ( inequality is fatally develop$ 9 ! natural ord] ( human society "u ! influ5ce ( p]sonal int]e/1 & t ,provid5ce is manife/ly 9 error 9 orda9+ t ! progress ( man %\ld be t[>ds ease & compet5cy8 ,?is is :at ,i propose to inquire into4 ,tak+ man z x has pleas$ ,god to con/itute him1 capable ( =esight & exp]i5ce1 p]fectible1 endu$ ) self-love1 x is true1--b self-love qualifi$ by ! sympa!tic pr9ciple1 & at all ev5ts re/ra9$ & balanc$ by enc\nt]+ an analog\s s5tim5t univ]sally prevail+ 9 ! m$ium 9 :i* x acts1--,i proce$ to inquire :at social ord] mu/ necess>ily result f ! comb9ation & free play ( su* elem5ts4 ,if we f9d t ?is result is no?+ else ?an a progressive p#jff m>* t[>ds prosp]ity1 improvem5t1 & equality1--a su/a9$ approximation ( all classes t[>ds ! same physical1 intellectual1 & moral level1 accompani$ by a con/ant elevation ( t level1 ! ways ( ,god to man w be v9dicat$4 ,we %all le>n ) delight t !re is no gap1 no blank1 9 creation1 & t ! social ord]1 l ev]y?+ else1 atte/s ! exi/5ce ( ^? h>monic laws be=e :i* ,newton b[$ 8 head1 & :i* elicit$ f ! ,psalmi/ ! exclamation1 8,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god40 ,r\sseau has said1 8,if ,i 7 a pr9ce or a legislator1 ,i %\ld n lose my "t 9 po9t+ out :at 0 necess>y to be done--,i %\ld d x or hold my tongue40 ,i am n a pr9ce1 b ! confid5ce ( my fell[-citiz5s has made me a legislator4 ,p]haps !y w tell me t ?is is ! "t = me to act & n to write4 ,let !m p>don me4 ,:e!r x be tru? itself :i* urges me on1 or t ,i am ! dupe ( an illusion4 ,i h nev] ceas$ to feel ! want ( conc5trat+ ^? ideas :i* h hi!rto fail$ to f9d acceptance :5 pres5t$ 9 deta*$ portions4 ,i ?9k ,i discov] 9 ! play ( ! natural laws ( society sublime & consol+ h>monies4 ,:at ,i see1 or ?9k ,i see1 ought ,i n to try to exhibit to o!rs1 9 ord] to rally r\nd a s5tim5t ( concord & frat]nity _m unsettl$ m9ds1 _m imbitt]$ he>ts8 ,if1 :5 ! mu*-lov$ vessel ( ! /ate is beat by ! tempe/1 ,i sometimes appe> to abs5t myself f my po/1 9 ord] to collect my scatt]$ ?\ghts1 x is because ,i feel my feeble h&s unfitt$ = ! "w4 ,is x1 besides1 to betray my mission1 to reflect ^u ! causes ( ! tempe/ itself1 & endeav\r to act ^u ^! causes8 ,& !n1 :at ,i f9d ,i _c d to-day1 :o kn[s b x may be giv5 me to accompli% to-morr[8 ,i %all beg9 by e/abli%+ "s ,economical ideas4 ,avail+ myself ( ! works ( my pr$ecessors1 ,i %all endeav\r to sum up ! sci5ce 9 "o pr9ciple--true1 simple1 & prolific--( :i* we h _h a glimpse f ! beg9n+1 to :i* we are con/antly draw+ ne>] & ne>]1 & ( :i*1 p]haps1 ! "t is n[ come to fix ! =mula4 ,by ! light ?us af=d$1 ,i %all aft]w>ds essay ! solution ( "s yet disput$ problems--,competition1 ,ma*9]y1 ,=eign trade1 ,luxury1 ,capital1 ,r5t1 etc4 ,i %all note "s ( ! relations1 or1 ,i %\ld r say1 ! h>monies ( ,political ,economy1 ) ! o!r moral & social sci5ces1 glanc+ at ! important subjects indicat$ by ! t]ms--,p]sonal ,int]e/1 ,prop]ty1 ,community1 ,lib]ty1 p#jfg ,equality1 ,responsibility1 ,solid>ity1 ,frat]nity1 ,unity4 ,la/ ( all1 ,i %all invite att5tion to ! artificial ob/acles :i* ! pacific1 regul>1 & progressive developm5t ( human society enc\nt]s4 ,f ^! two ideas--,natural h>monic ,laws--,artificial di/urb+ ,causes--w be d$uc$ ! solution ( ! ,social ,problem4 ,x is easy to see t !re are two rocks ahead ^u :i* ?is und]tak+ may f\nd]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! vortex 9 :i* we are c>ri$ along1 if ?is "w is ab/ruse1 x w n be read2 if x obta9s read]s1 ! que/ions ( :i* x treats w be b glanc$ at4 ,h[ are we to reconcile ! exactions ( ! read] ) ! requirem5ts ( sci5ce8 ,to satisfy all conditions bo? 9 =m & sub/ance1 ea* ^w w\ld require to be weigh$1 & h its prop] place assign$ to x4 ,x is ?us t ! cry/al is =m$ drop by drop 9 sil5ce & obscurity4 ,retirem5t1 quiet1 "t1 fre$om f c>e--all are want+ to me--& ,i am =c$ to tru/ to ! sagacity ( ! public1 & ?r[ myself on its indulg5ce4 ,! subject ( ,political ,economy is ,man4 ,b x does n embrace ! :ole range ( human affairs4 ,! sci5ce ( morals has appropriat$ all t comes )9 ! attractive regions ( ,sympa?y--! religi\s s5tim5t1 pat]nal & mat]nal t5d]ness1 filial piety1 love1 fri5d%ip1 patriotism1 *>ity1 polit5ess4 ,to ,political ,economy is left only ! cold doma9 ( ,p]sonal int]e/4 ,?is is unju/ly =gott5 :5 ,economical sci5ce is reproa*$ ) want+ ! *>m & unction ( morals4 ,h[ c x be o!rwise8 ,dispute its "r to exi/5ce z a sci5ce1 b don't =ce x to c\nt]feit :at x is n1 & _c be4 ,if human transactions :i* h weal? = _! object are va/ en\gh1 complicat$ en\gh1 to af=d mat]ials = a special sci5ce1 leave to x its own attractions1 su* z !y are1 & don't =ce x to speak ( m5's ,int]e/s 9 ! language ( ,s5tim5t4 ,= my own "p1 ,i believe t little good has be5 effect$ ( late 9 exact+ f writ]s on ,political ,economy a tone ( en?usia/ic s5tim5tality :i* 9 _! m\? c only be declamation4 ,( :at d !y treat8 ,( transactions :i* take place betwe5 p :o "k no?+ ( ea* o!r1 :o owe ea* o!r no?+ b common ,ju/ice1 :o seek to def5d or advance c]ta9 int]e/s4 ,x has to d ) claims & pret5sions :i* limit & re/ra9 ea* o!r1 & ) :i* dis9t]e/$ness & devotion h no?+ to d4 ,take a lyre1 & *ant su* !mes6 ,z well might ,lam>t9e s+ 8 odes ) ! aid ( ! log>i?m tables4 p#jfh ,n t ,political ,economy is )\t its poetry4 ,!re is poetry :]ev] ord] & h>mony exi/4 ,b x is 9 ! results1 n 9 ! demon/rations4 ,x is br\ght out1 n creat$4 ,kepl] did n give himself out z a poet1 & yet ! laws :i* he discov]$ are ! true poetry ( m9d4 ,?us1 ,political ,economy reg>ds man only 9 "o aspect1 & our fir/ c>e mu/ be to /udy man 9 t po9t ( view4 ,?is is ! reason :y we _c avoid go+ back to ! prim>y ph5om5a ( human ,s5sibility & ,activity4 ,/>t n1 g5tle read]6 ,we %all n deta9 y long 9 ^? cl\dy regions ( metaphysics1 & we %all borr[ f t sci5ce only su* notions z are cle>1 simple1 &1 if possible1 inconte/able4 ,! s\l1 or 7to get rid ( ! spiritual "q7 man1 is endu$ ) ,s5sibility4 ,let ?is s5sibility be ei!r 9 ! s\l or 9 ! body1 man1 z a passive be+1 always exp]i5ces s5sations ei!r pa9ful or agreeable4 ,z an active be+1 he makes an ef=t to drive away ! "o set ( s5sations & to multiply ! o!r4 ,! result1 :i* affects him aga9 z a passive be+1 may be call$ ,satisfaction4 ,! g5]al idea ( ,s5sibility spr+s f o!r ideas :i* are m precise3 pa91 want1 desire1 ta/e1 appetite1 on "o side2 &1 on ! o!r1 pleasure1 enjoym5t1 compet5ce4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes a middle t]m is int]pos$1 & f ! g5]al idea ( ,activity spr+ ! m precise ideas ( pa91 ef=t1 fatigue1 lab\r1 production4 ,9 analyz+ ,s5sibility & ,activity we enc\nt] a ^w common to bo?2 ! ^w ,pa94 ,to exp]i5ce c]ta9 s5sations is a pa91 & we _c put an end to x b by an ef=t1 :i* is also a pa94 ,we feel pa9s2 we take pa9s4 ,?is adv]tises u t "h bel[ we h only a *oice ( evils4 ,9 ! aggregate ( ^! ph5om5a all is p]sonal1 z well ! ,s5sation :i* prec$es ! ef=t1 z ! ,satisfaction :i* foll[s x4 ,we _c d\bt1 !n1 t ,p]sonal int]e/ is ! great ma9spr+ ( human nature4 ,x mu/ be p]fectly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ?is t]m is "h employ$ z ! expression ( a univ]sal fact1 inconte/able1 & result+ f ! organization ( man1--& n ( a critical judgm5t on 8 conduct & actions1 z if1 in/ead ( x1 we %\ld employ ! ^w egotism4 ,moral sci5ce w\ld be r5d]$ impossible1 if we 7 to p]v]t be=eh& ! t]ms ( :i* x is compell$ to make use4 ,human ef=t does n always come necess>ily to place itself betwe5 ! s5sation & ! satisfaction4 ,sometimes ! p#jfi satisfaction comes ( its own accord4 ,m frequ5tly ! ef=t is ex]cis$ ^u mat]ials1 by ! int]v5tion ( =ces :i* nature has plac$ gratuit\sly at our disposal4 ,if we give ! "n ( ,utility to all :i* effects ! satisfaction ( wants1 !re are1 !n1 utilities ( two k9ds3--"o1 v\*saf$ to u gratuit\sly by ,provid5ce2 ! o!r 7if ,i may use ! expression71 requir+ to be pur*as$ by an ,ef=t4 ,?us ! complete evolution embraces1 or may embrace1 ^! f\r ideas3 ,wants ,gratuit\s ,utility1 ,on]\s ,utility ,satisfaction4 ,man is endu$ ) progressive faculties4 ,he comp>es1 he =esees1 he le>ns1 he re=ms himself1 by exp]i5ce4 ,if want is a pa91 ef=t is a pa9 also1 & !re is !re=e no reason :y he %\ld n seek to dim9i% ! latt]1 :5 he c d s )\t dim9i%+ ! satisfaction1 :i* is 8 ultimate object4 ,?is is ! reason ( 8 success :5 he comes to replace on]\s by gratuit\s ,utility1 :i* is ! p]petual object ( 8 se>*4 ,x foll[s f ! int]e/$ nature ( ! human he>t1 t we con/antly seek to increase ! proportion :i* our ,satisfactions be> to our ,ef=ts2 & x results f ! intellig5t nature ( our m9d t we manage at ea* /ep to augm5t ! proportion :i* gratuit\s be>s to on]\s ,utility4 ,e "t a success ( ?is nature is a*iev$1 a "p ( our ef=ts is1 s to speak1 r5d]$ disposable1 & we h ! option ( ei!r indulg+ ourselves ) long] repose1 or ( work+ = ! satisfaction ( new desires1 if ^! are /rong en\gh to /imulate our activity4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( all economic progress2 & x is easy to see t x is ! pr9ciple also ( all deception2 = progress & error h bo? _! root 9 t m>vell\s gift ( ,god to man--,free w4 ,we are endu$ ) ! faculty ( comp>+1 ( judg+1 ( *oos+1 & ( act+ 9 consequ5ce2 :i* implies t we may =m a "r or a wrong judgm5t1 & make a good or a bad *oice4 ,x is nev] useless to rem9d m5 ( ?is :5 !y talk ( ,lib]ty4 ,we nev] deceive ourselves1 x is true1 reg>d+ ! p>ticul> nature ( our s5sations1 & we disc]n ) an infallible in/9ct :e!r !y are pa9ful or agreeable4 ,b h[ _m v>i\s =ms may our errors take6 ,we may be lab\r+ "u a mi/ake z to ! cause1 & pursue ) ard\r1 z likely to af=d u enjoym5t1 :at c only indict pa9 ^u u2 or we may be p#jgj mi/ak5 z to ! *a9 ( consequ5ces1 & be ignorant t an imm$iate satisfaction w be foll[$ by great] ult]ior pa92 or1 aga91 we may mi/ake ! relative importance ( our wants & our desires4 ,n only may we ?us give a false direction to our ef=ts ?r\gh ignorance1 b also ?r\gh a p]v]se w4 8,man10 says ,m4 ,bonald1 8is an intellig5ce s]v$ by organs40 ,:at6 is !re no?+ else 9 u8 ,h we no passions8 ,:5 we speak ( h>mony1 !n1 we mu/ n be und]/ood to mean t ! natural arrangem5t ( ! social _w is su* t error & vice h be5 exclud$ f x4 ,to ma9ta9 t !sis 9 ! face ( pla9 facts w\ld be to c>ry ! love ( sy/em to madness4 ,to h h>mony )\t dissonance man mu/ ei!r be devoid ( free w or he mu/ be infallible4 ,all we say is ?is1 t ! great social t5d5cies are h>moni\s1 inasmu* z--all error lead+ to deception & all vice to *a/isem5t--! dissonances h a cont9ual t5d5cy to disappe>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a fir/ & vague notion ( prop]ty may be d$uc$ f ^! premises4 ,s9ce x is ! individual :o exp]i5ces ! s5sation1 ! desire1 ! want1--s9ce x is he :o makes ! ,ef=t1--! satisfaction mu/ necess>ily r$\nd to him1 = o!rwise ! ef=t w\ld be )\t cause or reason4 ,! same may be said ( ,inh]itance4 ,no !ory1 no declamation1 is requir$ 9 ord] to make fa!rs love _! *ildr54 ,p :o sit d[n to manufacture imag9>y societies may ?9k x /range1 b x is s2--a fa!r makes z _m ,ef=ts = ! satisfaction ( 8 *ildr5 z = 8 own4 ,p]haps he makes m4 ,if1 !n1 an unnatural law %\ld int]dict ! transmission ( prop]ty1 n only w\ld t law violate prop]ty by ! v act1 b x w\ld h9d] its =mation by ab&on+ to inaction "o-half at lea/ ( our ,ef=ts4 ,we %all h occasion to return to ! subjects ( ,p]sonal int]e/1 ,prop]ty1 & ,inh]itance4 ,let u1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 m>k out ! limits ( ! sci5ce ) :i* we h m imm$iately to d4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o ?9k t a sci5ce1 z su*1 has natural & unalt]able b\nd>ies4 ,9 ! doma9 ( ideas1 z 9 t ( facts1 all ?+s are b\nd up & l9k$ toge!r2 tru?s run into "o ano!r2 & !re is no sci5ce :i*1 9 ord] to be complete1 might n be made to include all4 ,x has be5 said ) reason t to an inf9ite intellig5ce !re is b a s+le v]ity4 ,x is1 !n1 our weakness :i* obliges u to /udy sep>ately a p#jga c]ta9 ord] ( ph5om5a1 & ! classifications :i* result f x _c escape a c]ta9 decree ( arbitr>9ess4 ,! true m]it is to expla9 accurately ! facts1 _! causes1 & _! consequ5ces4 ,x is also a m]it1 al?\gh a mu* less & a purely relative "o1 to det]m9e1 n rigor\sly--= t is impossible--b rationally1 ! ord] ( ! facts :i* we propose to /udy4 ,i say ?is 9 ord] t x may n be suppos$ t ,i int5d to criticise my pr$ecessors if ,i give to ,political ,economy limits some:at diff]5t f ^? :i* !y h assign$ to t sci5ce4 ,economi/s h ( late be5 reproa*$ ) addict+ !mselves too mu* to ! /udy ( ,weal?4 ,x has be5 wi%$ t !y _h f\nd a place 9 _! sci5ce = all t1 directly or indirectly1 contributes to ! happ9ess or suff]+s ( humanity4 ,!y h ev5 be5 suppos$ to d5y ev]y?+ :i* !y did n pr(ess to tea*--= example1 ! ph5om5a ( sympa?y1 :i* is z natural to ! he>t ( man z ! pr9ciple ( self-int]e/4 ,x is z if !y accus$ ! m9]alogi/ ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! animal k+dom4 ,:at6 ,weal?1 ! laws ( its production1 ( its di/ribution1 ( its consumption1--is n ?is a subject va/ en\gh1 & important en\gh1 to be made ! object ( a special sci5ce8 ,if ! conclusions ( ! ,economi/ 7 at v>iance ) ^? ( morals & politics4 ,i c\ld conceive gr\nd = ! accusation4 ,"o might say to him1 8,9 limit+ y\r sci5ce y are mi/ak51 = x is n possible = two v]ities to run c\nt] to ea* o!r40 ,p]haps "o result ( ! "w :i* ,i n[ submit to ! public may be1 t ! ,sci5ce ( ,weal? w be f\nd to be 9 p]fect h>mony ) all ! o!r sci5ces4 ,( ! ?ree t]ms compreh5d$ 9 ! human de/9ies--,s5sation1 ,ef=t1 ,satisfaction--! fir/ & ! la/ are always & necess>ily conf\nd$ 9 ! same individuality4 ,x is impossible to imag9e !m sep>at$4 ,we c conceive a s5sation unsatisfi$1 a want unappeas$1 b x is q impossible to suppose ! want to be 9 "o man & ! satisfaction to be 9 ano!r4 ,if ! same obs]vation appli$ to ! middle t]m1 ,ef=t1 man w\ld be a be+ completely solit>y4 ,! ,economic ph5om5a w\ld !n manife/ !mselves 9 an isolat$ individual4 ,!re might be a juxtaposition ( p]sons1 b !re c\ld be no society2 !re might be a ,p]sonal1 b n a ,political1 ,economy4 ,b x is n s4 ,x is v possible1 & v (t5 happ5s1 t ! wants ( "o owe _! satisfaction to ! ef=ts ( p#jgb ano!r4 ,?is is a fact4 ,if any "o ( u 7 to pass 9 review all ! satisfactions he enjoys1 he w\ld ackn[l$ge t he owes !m *iefly to ef=ts :i* he has n himself made2 & 9 ! same way1 ! lab\r :i* we und]go1 ea* 9 8 own pr(ession1 goes almo/ always to satisfy ! desires ( o!rs4 ,?is tells u1 t x is nei!r 9 ! wants nor 9 ! satisfactions 7ph5om5a ess5tially p]sonal & intransmissible71 b 9 ! nature ( ! mean t]m1 human ,ef=ts1 t we mu/ se>* = ! social pr9ciple--! orig9 ( ,political ,economy4 ,x is 9 fact to ?is faculty1 giv5 to m51 & to m5 alone1 among all creatures1 to "w ! "o = ! o!r2 x is ?is transmission ( ef=ts1 ?is ex*ange ( s]vices1 ) all ! inf9ite & involv$ comb9ations to :i* x gives rise1 ?r\gh "t & ?r\gh space1 x is ,,?is precisely :i* con/itutes ,economic ,sci5ce1 po9ts out its orig91 & det]m9es its limits4 ,i say1 !n3 ,e ef=t1 capable ( satisfy+1 on condition ( a return1 ! wants ( a p]son o!r ?an ! man :o makes ! ef=t1 & consequ5tly ! wants & satisfactions relative to ?is species ( ef=t1 con/itute ! doma9 ( ,political ,economy4 ,?us1 to give an example3 ! act ( brea?+1 al?\gh x includes ! ?ree t]ms :i* con/itute ! ,economic ph5om5on1 does n p]ta9 to t sci5ce1 & we see ! reason4 ,:at we h "h to d ) is a s]ies ( facts1 ( :i* n only ! two extremes--want & satisfaction--are incapable ( transmission 7!y are always s72 b ! mean t]m1 ,ef=t1 is also incapable ( transmission4 ,to enable u to respire we invoke ! assi/ance ( no "o2 9 t !re is nei!r a s]vice to be receiv$ nor a s]vice to r5d]4 ,! fact is 9 its nature individual1 n social1 & consequ5tly _c ent] into a sci5ce :i* is ess5tially "o ( relation1 z its v "n indicates4 ,b if1 9 peculi> circum/ances1 p 7 to r5d] ea* o!r assi/ance to enable !m to brea!1 z :5 a workman desc5ds 9 a div+-bell1 :5 a physician treats a pati5t = pulmon>y compla9ts1 or :5 ! police take measures = purify+ ! air1 9 su* cases !re is a want satisfi$ by a p]son o!r ?an ! p]son :o exp]i5ces ! want2 !re is a s]vice r5d]$2 & respiration itself1 z f> at lea/ z conc]ns assi/ance & remun]ation1 is br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ,political ,economy4 ,x is n necess>y t ! transaction %\ld be complet$1 x is suffici5t t x is possible1 9 ord] to imp>t to ! lab\r employ$ an economic "*4 ,! lab\r] :o raises corn p#jgc = 8 own use accompli%es an economic fact 9 ?is respect t ! corn is capable ( be+ ex*ang$4 ,to make an ef=t 9 ord] to satisfy ano!r's wants is to r5d] him a s]vice4 ,if a s]vice is /ipulat$ 9 return1 !re is an ex*ange ( s]vices2 & z ?is is ! mo/ ord9>y case1 ,political ,economy may be def9$ ! !ory ( ,ex*ange4 ,:atev] may be = "o ( ! contract+ p>ties ! urg5cy ( ! want1 or = ! o!r ! int5sity ( ! ef=t1 if ! ex*ange is free1 ! two s]vices ex*ang$ are wor? ea* o!r4 ,value1 !n1 consi/s 9 ! comp>ative appreciation ( reciprocal s]vices1 & ,political ,economy aga9 may be def9$ ! !ory ( ,value4 ,i h j def9$ ,political ,economy1 & m>k$ out its doma91 )\t m5tion+ an ess5tial elem5t1 gratuit\s ,utility4 ,all au?ors h rem>k$ t we d]ive a multitude ( satisfactions f ?is s\rce4 ,!y d5om9ate ^! utilities1 su* z air1 wat]1 ! light ( ! sun1 etc41 natural weal?1 9 contradi/9ction to social weal?1 & hav+ done s1 !y take no m notice ( !m2 & 9 fact x w\ld seem t1 z !y give rise to no ef=t1 to no ex*ange1 to no s]vice1 z 7be+ de/itute ( value7 !y figure 9 no inv5tory ( goods1 !y %\ld n be admitt$ into ! doma9 ( ,political ,economy4 ,?is exclusion w\ld be rational if gratuit\s utility 7 a fix$ inv>iable quantity1 always sep>at$ f on]\s utility2 b !y are con/antly mix$ up1 & 9 inv]se proportions4 ,man's con/ant endeav\r is to sub/itute ! "o = ! o!r1 t is to say1 to arrive1 by means ( natural & gratuit\s ag5ts1 at ! same results z by ef=ts4 ,he accompli%es by ! w9d1 by gravitation1 by heat1 by ! ela/icity ( ! air1 :at he accompli%$ at fir/ only by muscul> ex]tion4 ,n[ :at happ5s8 ,al?\gh ! effect is equally useful1 ! ef=t is less4 ,less ef=t implies less s]vice1 & less s]vice implies less value4 ,ea* /ep ( progress1 !n1 annihilates value2 b h[8 ,n by suppress+ ! useful effect1 b by sub/itut+ gratuit\s = on]\s utility1 natural = social weal?4 ,9 "o s5se ! portion ( value ?us annihilat$ is exclud$ f ! doma9 ( ,political ,economy1 j z x is exclud$ f our inv5tories4 ,x is no long] ex*ang$1 b\ght1 or sold1 & mank9d enjoy x )\t ef=t & almo/ )\t consci\sness4 ,x is no long] acc\nt$ relative weal?1 b is rank$ among ! gifts ( ,god4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if sci5ce takes x no long] into acc\nt1 ! error is assur$ly committ$ ( los+ sight ( :at p#jgd "u all circum/ances is ! ma91 ! ess5tial ?+--! result1 ! useful effect4 ,9 t case we ov]look ! /ronge/ t5d5cies t[>ds community & equality1 & discov] mu* less ( h>mony 9 ! social ord]4 ,if ?is book is de/9$ to advance ,political ,economy a s+le /ep1 x w be by keep+ con/antly be=e ! eyes ( ! read] t portion ( value :i* is successively annihilat$1 & recov]$1 "u ! =m ( gratuit\s utility1 by mank9d at l>ge4 ,i %all "h make an obs]vation :i* w prove h[ frequ5tly ! sci5ces unite & ne>ly run into ea* o!r4 ,i h j def9$ s]vice4 ,x is ! ef=t 9 "o man1 :ile ! want & ! satisfaction are 9 ano!r4 ,sometimes ! s]vice is r5d]$ gratuit\sly1 )\t remun]ation1 )\t any s]vice be+ exact$ 9 return4 ,x proce$s1 !n1 f ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y r ?an f ! pr9ciple ( self-int]e/4 ,x con/itutes gift1 n ex*ange4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld seem to app]ta9 n to ,political ,economy 7:i* is ! !ory ( ex*ange71 b to morals4 ,9 fact1 acts ( t nature1 by reason ( _! motive1 are r moral ?an economical4 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 t1 by reason ( _! effects1 !y conc]n ! sci5ce :i* n[ engages u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s]vices r5d]$ = an on]\s consid]ation1 on condition ( a return1 &1 by reason ( t motive 7ess5tially economic71 d n on t acc\nt rema9 exclud$ f ! doma9 ( morals1 9 s f> z _! effects are conc]n$4 ,?us ^! two bran*es ( k h an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts ( contact2 & z two tru?s _c be antagoni/ic1 :5 ! economi/ ascribes to a ph5om5on injuri\s consequ5ces1 & ! morali/ ascribes to x b5eficial effects1 we may affirm t "o or o!r ( !m is mi/ak54 ,x is ?us t ! sci5ces v]ify & =tify "o ano!r4 p#jge ,,iii4 ,,wants ,,( ,,man4 ,x is p]haps impossible1 &1 at any rate1 x w\ld n be ( mu* use1 to pres5t a complete & me?odical catalogue ( human wants4 ,ne>ly all ^? :i* are ( real importance are compris$ 9 ! foll[+ enum]ation3-- ,respiration 7,i reta9 "h t want1 z m>k+ ! b\nd>y :]e ! transmission ( lab\r or ex*ange ( s]vices beg9s7--,food--,clo?+--,lodg+--,pres]vat ion or re-e/abli%m5t ( ,heal?--,locomotion--,security--,in/ruct ion--,div]sion--,s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,wants exi/4 ,?is is a fact4 ,x w\ld be pu]ile to inquire :e!r we %\ld h be5 bett] )\t wants1 & :y ,god has made u subject to !m4 ,x is c]ta9 t man suff]s1 & ev5 dies1 :5 he _c satisfy ! wants :i* belong to 8 organization4 ,x is c]ta9 t he suff]s1 & may ev5 die1 :5 9 satisfy+ c]ta9 ( 8 wants he indulges to excess4 ,we _c satisfy ! great] "p ( our wants )\t pa9 or tr\ble1 :i* may be consid]$ z suff]+4 ,! same may be said ( ! act by :i*1 ex]cis+ a noble control ov] our appetites1 we impose on ourselves a privation4 ,?us1 suff]+ is inevitable1 & !re rema9s to u only a *oice ( evils4 ,no?+ comes m home to u ?an suff]+1 & h5ce p]sonal int]e/--! s5tim5t :i* is br&$ n[-a-days ) ! names ( egotism & individualism--is inde/ructible4 ,nature has plac$ s5sibility at ! extremity ( our n]ves1 & at all ! av5ues to ! he>t & m9d1 z an advanc$ gu>d1 to give u notice :5 our satisfactions are ei!r defective or 9 excess4 ,pa9 has1 !n1 a purpose1 a mission4 ,we are ask$ frequ5tly1 :e!r ! exi/5ce ( evil c be reconcil$ ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ! ,creator--a =midable p#jgf problem t philosophy w always discuss1 & nev] probably be able to solve4 ,z f> z ,political ,economy is conc]n$1 we mu/ take man z he is1 inasmu* z x is n giv5 to imag9ation to figure to itself--f> less c ! reason conceive--a s5ti5t & mortal be+ exempt f pa94 ,we %\ld try 9 va9 to compreh5d s5sibility )\t pa91 or man )\t s5sibility4 ,9 our days1 c]ta9 s5tim5tali/ s*ools reject z false all social sci5ce :i* does n g ! l5g? ( e/abli%+ a sy/em by means ( :i* suff]+ may be bani%$ f ! _w4 ,!y pass a sev]e judgm5t on ,political ,economy because x admits1 :at x is impossible to d5y1 ! exi/5ce ( suff]+4 ,!y g f>!r--!y make ,political ,economy responsible = x4 ,x is z if !y 7 to attribute ! frailty ( our organs to ! physiologi/ :o makes !m ! object ( 8 /udy4 ,und\bt$ly we may acquire a tempor>y popul>ity1 attract ! reg>ds ( suff]+ classes1 & irritate !m aga9/ ! natural ord] ( society1 by tell+ !m t we h 9 our head a plan ( artificial social arrangem5t :i* excludes pa9 9 e =m4 ,we may ev5 pret5d to appropriate ,god's secret1 & to int]pret ,8 presum$ w1 by bani%+ evil f ! _w4 ,& !re w n be want+ ^? :o w treat z impi\s a sci5ce :i* exposes su* pret5sions1 & :o w accuse x ( ov]look+ or d5y+ ! =esight ( ! ,au?or ( ?+s4 ,^! s*ools1 at ! same "t1 give u a frightful picture ( ! actual /ate ( society1 n p]ceiv+ t if x be impi\s to =esee suff]+ 9 ! future1 x is equally s to expose its exi/5ce 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! pres5t4 ,= ! inf9ite admits ( no limits2 & if a s+le human be+ has s9ce ! creation exp]i5c$ suff]+1 t fact w\ld entitle u to admit1 )\t impiety1 t suff]+ has ent]$ into ! plan ( ,provid5ce4 ,surely x is m philosophical & m manly to ackn[l$ge at once great natural facts :i* n only exi/1 b ap>t f :i* we c =m no j or adequate conception ( human nature4 ,man1 !n1 is subject to suff]+1 & consequ5tly society is also subject to x4 ,suff]+ dis*>ges a function 9 ! individual1 & consequ5tly 9 society4 ,an accurate inve/igation ( ! social laws discloses to u t ! mission ( suff]+ is gradually to de/roy its own causes1 to circumscribe suff]+ itself )9 n>r[] limits1 & f9ally to assure ! prepond]ance ( ! ,good & ! ,fair1 by enabl+ u to pur*ase or m]it t prepond]ance4 p#jgg ,! nom5clature we h propos$ places mat]ial wants 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! times 9 :i* we live =ce me to put ! read] on 8 gu>d aga9/ a species ( s5tim5tal affectation :i* is n[ mu* 9 vogue4 ,!re are p :o hold v *eap :at !y disda9fully t]m mat]ial wants1 mat]ial satisfactions3 !y w say1 z ,belise says to ,*rysale1 8,le corps1 cette gu5ille1 e/-il d'une importance1 ,d'un prix mrit] seulem5t qu'on y p5se80 ,& al?\gh1 9 g5]al1 pretty well (f !mselves1 !y w blame me = hav+ indicat$ z "o ( our mo/ press+ wants1 t ( food1 = example4 ,i ackn[l$ge und\bt$ly t moral advancem5t is a high] ?+ ?an physical su/5ance4 ,b are we s /uff$ ) declamatory affectation t we c no long] v5ture to say1 t be=e we c set ab\t moral culture1 we mu/ h ! means ( liv+4 ,let u gu>d ourselves aga9/ ^! pu]ilities1 :i* ob/ruct sci5ce4 ,9 wi%+ to pass = philan?ropical we cease to be tru?ful2 = x is contr>y bo? to reason & to fact to repres5t moral developm5t1 self-respect1 ! cultivation ( ref9$ s5tim5ts1 z prec$+ ! requirem5ts ( simple pres]vation4 ,?is sort ( prud]y is q mod]n4 ,r\sseau1 t en?usia/ic panegyri/ ( ! ,/ate ( ,nature1 /e]$ cle> ( x2 & a man endu$ ) exquisite delicacy1 ( a t5d]ness ( he>t full ( unction1 a spirituali/ ev5 to quietism1 &1 t[>ds himself1 a /oic--,i mean ,fnlon--has said t1 8,aft] all1 solidity ( m9d consi/s 9 ! desire to be exactly in/ruct$ z to h[ ^? ?+s are manag$ :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( human life--all great affairs turn ^u t40 ,)\t pret5d+1 !n1 to classify our wants 9 a rigor\sly exact ord]1 we may say1 t man _c direct 8 ef=ts to ! satisfaction ( moral wants ( ! highe/ & mo/ elevat$ k9d until aft] he has provid$ = ^? :i* conc]n 8 pres]vation & su/5ance4 ,:5ce1 )\t go+ f>!r1 we may conclude t e legislative measure :i* tells aga9/ ! mat]ial well-be+ ( communities injures ! moral life ( nations1--a h>mony :i* ,i comm5d1 9 pass+1 to ! att5tion ( ! read]4 ,& s9ce ! occasion pres5ts itself1 ,i w "h m>k ano!r4 ,s9ce ! inexorable necessities ( mat]ial life are an ob/acle to moral & intellectual culture1 x foll[s t we ought to f9d m virtue among weal?y ?an among poor nations & classes4 p#jgh ,good ,heav56 :at h ,i j said1 & ) :at clam\r %all ,i be assail$6 ,b ! tru? is1 x is a p]fect mania ( our times to attribute all dis9t]e/$ness1 all self-sacrifice1 all :i* con/itutes ! greatness & moral beauty ( man1 to ! poor] classes1 & ?is mania has ( late be5 /ill m develop$ by a revolution1 :i*1 br++ ^! classes to ! surface ( society1 has n fail$ to surr\nd !m ) a cr[d ( flatt]]s4 ,i don't d5y t weal?1 opul5ce1 especially :]e x is v unequally spread1 t5ds to develop c]ta9 special vices4 ,b is x possible to admit z a g5]al proposition t virtue is ! privilege ( pov]ty1 & vice ! unhappy & unfail+ companion ( ease8 ,?is w\ld be to affirm t moral & intellectual improvem5t1 :i* is only compatible ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( leisure & com=t1 is detrim5tal to intellig5ce & morality4 ,i appeal to ! c&\r ( ! suff]+ classes !mselves4 ,to :at horrible dissonances w\ld su* a p>adox conduct u6 ,we mu/ !n conclude1 t human nature has ! frightful alt]native pres5t$ to x1 ei!r to rema9 et]nally wret*$1 or advance gradually on ! road to vice & immorality4 ,!n all ! =ces :i* conduct u to weal?--su* z activity1 economy1 skill1 hone/y--are ! se$s ( vice2 :ile ^? :i* tie u to pov]ty--improvid5ce1 idl5ess1 dissipation1 c>elessness--are ! preci\s g]ms ( virtue4 ,c\ld we conceive 9 ! moral _w a dissonance m disc\rag+8 ,or1 7 x really s1 :o w\ld d>e to address or c\nsel ! p8 ,y compla9 ( y\r suff]+s 7we mu/ say to !m71 & y are impati5t to see an end ( ^! suff]+s4 ,y groan at f9d+ y\rselves "u ! yoke ( ! mo/ imp]i\s mat]ial wants1 & y sigh = ! h\r ( y\r deliv]ance1 = y desire leisure to make y\r voice he>d 9 ! political _w & to protect y\r int]e/s4 ,y "k n :at y desire1 or h[ fatal success w\ld prove to y4 ,ease1 compet5ce1 ri*es1 develop only vice4 ,gu>d1 !n1 religi\sly y\r pov]ty & y\r virtue4 ,! flatt]]s ( ! p1 !n1 fall into a manife/ contradiction :5 !y po9t to ! region ( opul5ce z an impure s9k ( egotism & vice1 &1 at ! same "t1 urge !m on--& frequ5tly 9 _! eag]ness by ! mo/ illegitimate means--to a region :i* !y deem s un=tunate4 ,su* discordances are nev] enc\nt]$ 9 ! natural ord] ( society4 ,x is impossible to suppose t all m5 %\ld aspire to compet5ce1 t ! natural way to atta9 x %\ld be by ! ex]cise ( ! /ricte/ virtue1 & t !y %\ld rea* x p#jgi nev]!less only to be caught 9 ! sn>es ( vice4 ,su* declamations are calculat$ only to light up & keep alive ! hatr$ ( classes4 ,if true1 !y place human nature 9 a dilemma betwe5 pov]ty & immorality4 ,if untrue1 !y make falsehood ! m9i/] ( disord]1 & set to logg]heads classes :o %\ld mutually love & assi/ ea* o!r4 ,factiti\s inequality--inequality g5]at$ by law1 by di/urb+ ! natural ord] ( developm5t ( ! diff]5t classes ( society--is1 = all1 a prolific s\rce ( irritation1 jeal\sy1 & crime4 ,?is is ! reason :y x is necess>y to satisfy ourselves :e!r ?is natural ord] leads to ! progressive amelioration & progressive equalization ( all classes2 & we %\ld be arre/$ 9 ?is inquiry by :at lawy]s t]m a f9 de non-recevoir1 a p]emptory exception1 if ?is d\ble mat]ial progress impli$ necess>ily a d\ble moral degradation4 ,^u ! subject ( human wants ,i h to make an important obs]vation1--& "o :i*1 9 ,political ,economy1 may ev5 be reg>d$ z fundam5tal1--x is1 t wants are n a fix$ immutable quantity4 ,!y are n 9 _! nature /ation>y1 b progressive4 ,we rem>k ?is *>act]i/ic ev5 9 our /rictly physical wants2 b x becomes m app>5t z we rise to ^? desires & intellectual ta/es :i* di/+ui% man f ! inf]ior animals4 ,x w\ld seem t if !re be any?+ 9 :i* m5 %\ld resemble ea* o!r1 x is 9 ! want ( food1 =1 unless 9 exceptional cases1 m5's /oma*s are v mu* alike4 ,& yet alim5ts :i* are re*]*s at "o p]iod become vulg> at ano!r1 & ! regim5 :i* suits a ,lazz>one w\ld subject a ,dut*man to torture4 ,?us ! want :i* is ! mo/ imm$iate1 ! grosse/ ( all1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ uni=m ( all1 /ill v>ies accord+ to age1 sex1 temp]am5t1 climate1 cu/om4 ,! same may be said ( all our o!r wants4 ,sc>cely has a man f\nd %elt] ?an he desires to be lodg$1 sc>cely is he clo!d ?an he wi%es to be decorat$1 sc>cely has he satisfi$ 8 bodily crav+s ?an /udy1 sci5ce1 art1 op5 to 8 desires an unlimit$ field4 ,x is a ph5om5on well wor?y ( rem>k1 h[ quickly1 by cont9u\s satisfaction1 :at 0 at fir/ only a vague desire becomes a ta/e1 & :at 0 only a ta/e is trans=m$ into a want1 & ev5 a want ( ! mo/ imp]i\s k9d4 ,look at t rude artizan4 ,accu/om$ to poor f>e1 pla9 p#jhj clo?+1 indiff]5t lodg+1 he imag9es he w\ld be ! happie/ ( m51 & w\ld h no f>!r desires1 if he c\ld b rea* ! /ep ( ! ladd] imm$iately above him4 ,he is a/oni%$ t ^? :o h already rea*$ x %\ld /ill torm5t !mselves z !y d4 ,at l5g? comes ! mode/ =tune he has dreamt (1 & !n he is happy1 v happy--= a few days4 ,= soon he becomes famili> ) 8 new situation1 & by degrees he ceases to feel 8 fanci$ happ9ess4 ,) indiff]5ce he puts on ! f9e clo?+ aft] :i* he sigh$4 ,he has got into a new circle1 he associates ) o!r companions1 he dr9ks ( ano!r cup1 he aspires to m\nt ano!r /ep1 & if he ev] turns 8 reflections at all ^u himself1 he feels t if 8 =tune has *ang$1 8 s\l rema9s ! same1 & is /ill an inexhau/ible spr+ ( new desires4 ,x w\ld seem t nature has atta*$ ?is s+ul> p[] to habit1 9 ord] t x %\ld be 9 u :at a ro*et-:eel is 9 me*anics1 & t humanity1 urg$ on cont9ually to high] & high] regions1 %\ld n be able to re/ cont5t1 :atev] degree ( civilisation x atta9s to4 ,! s5se ( dignity1 ! feel+ ( self-respect1 acts ) p]haps /ill m =ce 9 ! same direction4 ,! /oic philosophy has frequ5tly blam$ m5 = desir+ r to appe> ?an to be4 ,b1 tak+ a broad] view ( ?+s1 is x c]ta9 t to appe> is n = man "o ( ! modes ( be+8 ,:51 by ex]tion1 ord]1 & economy1 a family rises by degrees t[>ds ^? social regions :]e ta/es become nic] & m delicate1 relations m poli%$1 s5tim5ts m ref9$1 intellig5ce m cultivat$1 :o c describe ! acute suff]+ :i* accompanies a =c$ return to _! =m] l[ e/ate8 ,! body does n alone suff]4 ,! sad rev]se int]f]es ) habits :i* h become z x 7 a second nature2 x cla%es ) ! s5se ( dignity1 & all ! feel+s ( ! s\l4 ,x is by no means uncommon 9 su* a case to see ! victim s9k all at once into degrad+ sotti%ness1 or p]i% 9 despair4 ,x is ) ! social m$ium z ) ! atmosph]e4 ,! m\nta9e]1 accu/om$ to ! pure air ( 8 native hills1 p9es & m\ld]s away 9 ! n>r[ /reets ( our cities4 ,b ,i he> "s "o exclaim1 ,economi/1 y /umble already4 ,y h j told u t y\r sci5ce is 9 accord ) morals1 & "h y are ju/ify+ luxury & effem9acy4 ,philosoph]1 ,i say 9 my turn1 lay aside ^! f9e clo!s1 :i* 7 n ^? ( primitive man1 break y\r furniture1 burn y\r books1 d9e on raw fle%1 & ,i %all !n reply to y\r objection4 ,x is too mu* p#jha to qu>rel ) ?is p[] ( habit1 ( :i* y are y\rself ! liv+ example4 ,we may f9d fault ) ?is disposition :i* ,nature has giv5 to our organs2 b our c5sure w n make x ! less univ]sal4 ,we f9d x exi/+ among all nations1 anci5t & mod]n1 savage & civiliz$1 at ! antipodes z at home4 ,we _c expla9 civilisation )\t x2 & :5 a disposition ( ! human he>t is ?us prov$ to be univ]sal & inde/ructible1 social sci5ce _c put x aside1 or refuse to take x into acc\nt4 ,?is objection w be made by publici/s :o pride !mselves on be+ ! disciples ( ,r\sseau2 b ,r\sseau has nev] d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5on4 ,he e/abli%es und5iably ! indef9ite ela/icity ( human wants1 & ! p[] ( habit1 & admits ev5 ! "p :i* ,i assign to !m 9 prev5t+ ! human race f retrograd+2 only1 t :i* ,i admire is :at he deplores1 & he does s consi/5tly4 ,r\sseau fanci$ !re 0 a "t :5 m5 _h nei!r rights1 nor duties1 nor relations1 nor affections1 nor language2 & x 0 !n1 accord+ to him1 t !y 7 happy & p]fect4 ,he 0 b\nd1 !re=e1 to abhor ! social ma*9]y :i* is con/antly remov+ mank9d f ideal p]fection4 ,^?1 on ! contr>y1 :o are ( op9ion t p]fection is n at ! beg9n+1 b at ! end1 ( ! human evolution1 w admire ! spr+ & motive ( action :i* ,i place 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,b z to ! exi/5ce & play ( ! spr+ itself we are at "o4 8,m5 ( leisure10 he says1 8employ$ !mselves 9 procur+ all sorts ( conv5i5ces & accommodations unkn[n to _! =efa!rs1 & t 0 ! fir/ yoke :i*1 )\t int5d+ x1 !y impos$ ^u !mselves1 & ! prime s\rce ( ! inconv5i5ces :i* !y prep>$ = _! desc5dants4 ,=1 n only did !y ?us cont9ue to emasculate bo? m9d & body1 b ^! luxuries hav+ by habit lo/ all _! reli%1 & deg5]at$ into true wants1 _! be+ depriv$ ( !m caus$ m pa9 ?an ! possession ( !m _h giv5 pleasure3 !y 7 unhappy at los+ :at !y _h no enjoym5t 9 possess+40 ,r\sseau 0 conv9c$ t ,god1 nature1 & humanity 7 wrong4 ,t is /ill ! op9ion ( _m2 b x is n m9e4 ,aft] all1 ,god =bid t ,i %\ld desire to set myself aga9/ ! noble/ attribute1 ! mo/ beautiful virtue ( man1 self-control1 comm& ov] 8 passions1 mod]ation 9 8 desires1 contempt ( %[4 ,i don't say t he is to make himself a slave to ?is or t factiti\s want4 ,i say t wants 7tak+ a broad & g5]al p#jhb view ( !m z result+ f man's m5tal & bodily con/itution71 comb9$ ) ! p[] ( habit1 & ! s5se ( dignity1 are indef9itely expansible1 because !y spr+ f an inexhau/ible s\rce--namely1 desire4 ,:o %\ld blame a ri* man = be+ sob]1 = despis+ f9]y1 = avoid+ pomp & effem9acy8 ,b are !re n m elevat$ desires to :i* he may yield8 ,has ! desire = in/ruction1 = in/ance1 any limits8 ,to r5d] s]vice to 8 c\ntry1 to enc\rage ! arts1 to dissem9ate useful ideas1 to succ\r ! di/ress$1--is !re any?+ 9 ^! incompatible ) ! "r use ( ri*es8 ,= ! re/1 :atev] philosoph]s may ?9k ( x1 human wants d n con/itute a fix$ immutable quantity4 ,t is a c]ta91 a univ]sal fact1 liable to no exception4 ,! wants ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :e!r ) ref]5ce to food1 or lodg+1 or in/ruction1 7 n at all ! wants ( ours1 & we may safely pr$ict t ours w n be ! wants ( our desc5dants4 ,! same obs]vation applies to all ! elem5ts ( ,political ,economy--,weal?1 ,lab\r1 ,value1 ,s]vices1 etc41--all p>ticipate 9 ! extreme v]satility ( ! pr9cipal subject1 ,man4 ,political ,economy has n1 l geometry or physics1 ! advantage ( deal+ ) objects :i* c be weigh$ or measur$4 ,?is is "o ( its difficulties to beg9 )1 & x is a p]petual s\rce ( errors ?r\gh\t2 = :5 ! human m9d applies itself to a c]ta9 ord] ( ph5om5a1 x is naturally on ! outlook = a crit]ion1 a common measure1 to :i* ev]y?+ c be ref]r$1 9 ord] to give to t p>ticul> bran* ( k ! "* ( an exact sci5ce4 ,?us we obs]ve "s au?ors seek+ = fixity 9 value1 o!rs 9 money1 o!rs 9 corn1 o!rs 9 lab\r1 t is to say1 9 ?+s :i* are !mselves all liable to fluctuation4 ,_m errors 9 ,political ,economy proce$ f au?ors ?us reg>d+ human wants z a fix$ det]m9ate quantity2 & x is = ?is reason t ,i h deem$ x my duty to enl>ge on ?is subject4 ,at ! risk ( anticipat+1 x is wor? :ile to notice briefly ?is mode ( reason+4 ,economi/s take g5]ally ! enjoym5ts :i* satisfy m5 ( ! pres5t day1 & !y assume t human nature admits ( no o!r4 ,h5ce1 if ! b\nty ( nature1 or ! p[] ( ma*9]y1 or habits ( temp]ance & mod]ation1 succe$ 9 r5d]+ disposable = a "t a portion ( human lab\r1 ?is progress disquiets !m1 !y consid] x z a disa/]1 & !y retreat beh9d absurd b speci\s =mulas1 su* z ^!3 ,production is sup]abundant1--we suff] f ple?ora1--! p[] ( produc+ outruns ! p[] ( consum+1 etc4 p#jhc ,x is n possible to discov] a solution ( ! "q ( ma*9]y1 or t ( ext]nal competition1 or t ( luxury1 if we p]si/ 9 consid]+ our wants z a fix$ inv>iable quantity1 & d n take into acc\nt _! indef9ite expansibility4 ,b if human wants are indef9ite1 progressive1 capable ( increase1 l desire1 :i* is _! nev] fail+ s\rce1 we mu/ admit1 "u pa9 ( introduc+ discordance & contradiction into ! economical laws ( society1 t nature has plac$ 9 man & ar\nd him indef9ite & progressive means ( satisfaction2--equilibrium betwe5 ! means & ! end be+ ! prim>y condition ( all h>mony4 ,?is is :at we %all n[ exam9e4 ,i said at ! outset ( ?is "w t ! object ( ,political ,economy is man1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to 8 wants1 & 8 means ( satisfy+ ^! wants4 ,we mu/ !n beg9 ) ! /udy ( man & 8 organization4 ,b we h also se5 t he is n a solit>y be+4 ,if 8 wants & 8 satisfactions are1 f ! v nature ( s5sibility1 insep>able f 8 be+1 ! same ?+ _c be said ( 8 ef=ts1 :i* spr+ f ! active pr9ciple4 ,! latt] are susceptible ( transmission4 ,9 a ^w1 m5 "w = "o ano!r4 ,n[ a v /range ?+ takes place4 ,if we take a g5]al1 or1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 ab/ract view1 ( man1 8 wants1 8 ef=ts1 8 satisfactions1 8 con/itution1 8 incl9ations1 8 t5d5cies1 we fall into a tra9 ( obs]vation :i* appe>s free f d\bt & self-evid5t1--s mu* s1 t ! writ] f9ds a difficulty 9 submitt+ to ! public judgm5t tru?s s vulg> & s palpable4 ,he is afraid ( provok+ ridicule2 & ?9ks1 n )\t reason1 t ! impati5t read] w ?r[ away 8 book1 exclaim+1 8,i %all n wa/e "t on su* trivialities40 ,& yet ^! tru?s :i*1 :5 pres5t$ to u 9 an ab/ract %ape1 we reg>d z s incontrov]tible t we c sc>ce summon pati5ce to li/5 to !m1 are consid]$ only z ridicul\s errors & absurd !ories ! mom5t !y are appli$ to man 9 8 social /ate4 ,reg>d+ man z an isolat$ be+1 :o ev] took x into 8 head to say1 8,production is sup]abundant--! p[] ( consumption _c keep pace ) ! p[] ( production--luxury & factiti\s ta/es are ! s\rce ( weal?--! inv5tion ( ma*9]y annihilates lab\r10 & o!r apoph!gms ( ! same sort1--:i*1 nev]!less1 :5 appli$ to mank9d 9 ! aggregate1 we receive z axioms s well e/abli%$ t !y are actually made ! basis ( our comm]cial & indu/rial legislation8 ,ex*ange produces 9 ?is respect an illusion ( :i* p#jhd ev5 m5 ( p5etration & solid judgm5t f9d x impossible to disabuse !mselves1 & ,i affirm t ,political ,economy w h atta9$ its design1 & fulfill$ its mission1 :5 x %all h conclusively demon/rat$ ?is3--t :at is true ( an individual man is true ( society at l>ge4 ,man 9 an isolat$ /ate is at once produc] & consum]1 inv5tor & projector1 capitali/ & workman4 ,all ! economic ph5om5a are accompli%$ 9 8 p]son--he is1 z x 71 society 9 m9iature4 ,9 l mann]1 humanity1 view$ 9 ! aggregate1 may be reg>d$ z a great1 collective1 complex individual1 to :om y may apply exactly ! same tru?s z to man 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,i h felt x necess>y to make ?is rem>k1 :i* ,i hope w be ju/ifi$ 9 ! sequel1 be=e cont9u+ :at ,i _h to say ^u man4 ,i %\ld h be5 afraid1 o!rwise1 t ! read] might reject1 z sup]flu\s1 ! foll[+ developm5ts1 :i* 9 fact are no?+ else ?an v]itable truisms4 ,i h j spok5 ( ! wants ( man1 & aft] pres5t+ an approximate enum]ation ( !m1 ,i obs]v$ t !y 7 n ( a /ation>y1 b ( a progressive nature2 & ?is holds true1 :e!r we consid] ^! wants ea* s+ly1 or all toge!r1 9 _! physical1 intellectual1 & moral ord]4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,!re are wants ! satisfaction ( :i* is exact$ by our organization "u pa9 ( dea?1 & up to a c]ta9 po9t we may repres5t ^! z fix$ quantities1 al?\gh t is n rigor\sly exact1 = h[ev] little we may desire to neglect an ess5tial elem5t--namely1 ! =ce ( habit--h[ev] little we may condesc5d to subject ourselves to hone/ self-exam9ation1 we %all be =c$ to all[ t wants1 ev5 ( ! pla9e/ & mo/ homely k9d 7! desire = food1 = example71 und]go1 "u ! influ5ce ( habit1 und\bt$ trans=mations4 ,! man :o declaims aga9/ ?is obs]vation z mat]iali/ & epicurean1 w\ld ?9k himself v un=tunate1 if1 tak+ him at 8 ^w1 we %\ld r$uce him to ! black bro? ( ! ,sp>tans1 or ! scanty pittance ( an an*orite4 ,at all ev5ts1 :5 wants ( ?is k9d h be5 satisfi$ 9 an assur$ & p]man5t way1 !re are o!rs :i* take _! rise 9 ! mo/ expansible ( our faculties1 desire4 ,c we conceive a "t :5 man c no long] =m ev5 reasonable desires8 ,let u n =get t a desire :i* might be unreasonable 9 a =m] /ate ( civilisation--at a "t :5 all ! human faculties 7 absorb$ 9 provid+ = l[ mat]ial wants--ceases to be s :5 improvem5t op5s to ^! faculties a m ext5d$ field4 ,a desire to travel at ! rate ( ?irty miles an h\r w\ld h be5 unreasonable p#jhe two c5turies ago--x is n s at ! pres5t day4 ,to pret5d t ! wants & desires ( man are fix$ & /ation>y quantities1 is to mi/ake ! nature ( ! human s\l1 to d5y facts1 & to r5d] civilisation inexplicable4 ,x w\ld /ill be inexplicable if1 side by side ) ! indef9ite developm5t ( wants1 !re _h n be5 plac$1 z possible1 ! indef9ite developm5t ( ! means ( provid+ = ^! wants4 ,h[ c\ld ! expansible nature ( our wants h contribut$ to ! realization ( progress1 if1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 our faculties c\ld advance no f>!r1 & %\ld enc\nt] an impassable b>ri]8 ,our wants be+ indef9ite1 ! presumption is t ! means ( satisfy+ ^! wants %\ld be indef9ite also1 unless we are to suppose ,nature1 ,provid5ce1 or ! ,p[] :i* presides ov] our de/9ies1 to h fall5 into a cruel & %ock+ contradiction4 ,i say indef9ite1 n inf9ite1 = no?+ connect$ ) man is inf9ite4 ,x is precisely because our faculties g on develop+ !mselves ad inf9itum1 t !y h no assignable limits1 al?\gh !y may h absolute limits4 ,!re are _m po9ts above ! pres5t range ( humanity1 :i* we may nev] succe$ 9 atta9+1 & yet = all t1 ! "t may nev] come :5 we %all cease to approa* ne>] !m4#bb ,i don't at all mean to say t desire1 & ! means ( satisfy+ desire1 m>* 9 p>allel l9es & ) equal rapidity4 ,! =m] runs--! latt] limps aft] x4 ,! prompt & adv5tur\s nature ( desire1 comp>$ ) ! sl[ness ( our faculties1 %ews u v cle>ly t 9 e /age ( civilisation1 at e /ep ( our progress1 suff]+ to a c]ta9 ext5t is1 & ev] mu/ be1 ! lot ( man4 ,b x %ews u likewise t ?is suff]+ has a mission1 = desire c\ld no long] be an inc5tive to our faculties if x foll[$1 9 place ( prec$+1 _! ex]cise4 ,let u n1 h[ev]1 accuse nature ( cruelty 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is me*anism1 = we _c fail to rem>k t desire is nev] trans=m$ into want1 /rictly s call$1 t is1 into pa9ful desire1 until x has be5 made su* by habit2 9 o!r words1 until ! means ( satisfy+ ! desire h be5 f\nd & plac$ irrevocably )9 our rea*4#bc p#jhf ,we h n[ to exam9e ! "q1--,:at means h we ( provid+ = our wants8 ,x seems evid5t to me t !re are two--namely1 ,nature & ,lab\r1 ! gifts ( ,god1 & ! fruits ( our ef=ts--or1 if y w1 ! application ( our faculties to ! ?+s :i* ,nature has plac$ at our s]vice4 ,no s*ool t ,i "k ( has attribut$ ! satisfaction ( our wants to ,nature alone4 ,su* an ass]tion is cle>ly contradict$ by exp]i5ce1 & we ne$ n le>n ,political ,economy to p]ceive t ! int]v5tion ( our faculties is necess>y4 ,b !re are s*ools :o h attribut$ ?is privilege to ,lab\r alone4 ,_! axiom is1 8,all weal? comes f lab\r--lab\r is weal?40 ,i _c help anticipat+1 s f> z to rem>k1 t ^! =mulas1 tak5 lit]ally1 h l$ to mon/r\s errors ( doctr9e1 &1 consequ5tly1 to deplorable legislative blund]s4 ,i %all return to ?is subject4 ,i conf9e myself "h to e/abli%+1 z a fact1 t ,nature & ,lab\r co-op]ate = ! satisfaction ( our wants & desires4 ,let u exam9e ! facts4 ,! fir/ want :i* we h plac$ at ! head ( our li/ is t ( brea?+4 ,z reg>ds respiration1 we h already %[n t nature 9 g5]al is at ! :ole co/1 & t human lab\r int]v5es only 9 c]ta9 exceptional cases1 z :]e x becomes necess>y to purify ! atmosph]e4 ,ano!r want is t ( qu5*+ our ?ir/1 & x is m or less satisfi$ by ,nature1 9 z f> z %e furni%es u ) wat]1 m or less pure1 abundant1 & )9 rea*2 & ,lab\r concurs 9 z f> z x becomes necess>y to br+ wat] f a great] di/ance1 to filt] x1 or to obviate its sc>city by con/ruct+ wells & ci/]ns4 ,! lib]ality ( ,nature t[>ds u 9 reg>d to food is by no means uni=m2 = :o w ma9ta91 t ! lab\r to be furni%$ is ! same :5 ! l& is f]tile1 or :5 x is /]ile1 :5 ! =e/ ab\nds ) game1 ! riv] ) fi%1 or 9 ! opposite cases8 ,z reg>ds light+1 human lab\r has c]ta9ly less to d :5 ! night is %ort ?an :5 x is long4 ,i d>e n lay x d[n z an absolute rule1 b x appe>s to me t 9 proportion z we rise 9 ! scale ( wants1 ! co-op]ation ( ,nature is less5$1 & leaves u m room = ! ex]cise ( our faculties4 ,! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 & ! au?or ev51 are =c$ to avail !mselves ( mat]ials & in/rum5ts :i* ,nature alone p#jhg furni%es1 b f _! own g5ius is d]iv$ all t makes ! *>m1 ! m]it1 ! utility1 & ! value ( _! works4 ,to le>n is a want :i* ! well-direct$ ex]cise ( our faculties almo/ alone c satisfy4 ,yet "h ,nature assi/s1 by pres5t+ to u 9 div]s degrees objects ( obs]vation & comp>ison4 ,) an equal am\nt ( application1 may n botany1 geology1 or natural hi/ory1 make ev]y:]e equal progress8 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to cite o!r examples4 ,we h already %[n und5iably t ,nature gives u ! means ( satisfaction1 9 plac+ at our disposal ?+s possess$ ( high] or l[] degrees ( utility 7,i use ! ^w 9 its etymological s5se1 z indicat+ ! prop]ty ( s]v+1 ( be+ useful74 ,9 _m cases1 9 almo/ e case1 lab\r mu/ contribute1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 r5d]+ ?is utility complete2 & we c easily compreh5d t ! "p :i* lab\r has to p]=m is great] or less 9 proportion z ,nature _h previ\sly advanc$ ! op]ation 9 a less or great] degree4 ,we may !n lay d[n ^! two =mulas3 #a4 ,utility is communicat$ sometimes by ,nature alone1 sometimes by ,lab\r alone1 b almo/ always by ! co-op]ation ( bo?4 #b4 ,to br+ any?+ to its highe/ degree ( ,,utility1 ! action ( ,lab\r is 9 an inv]se ratio to ! action ( ,nature4 ,f ^! two propositions1 comb9$ ) :at ,i h said ( ! indef9ite expansibility ( our wants1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to d$uce a conclusion1 ! importance ( :i* w be demon/rat$ 9 ! sequel4 ,suppose two m51 hav+ no connexion ) ea* o!r1 to be unequally situat$ 9 ?is respect1 t ,nature _h be5 lib]al to ! "o1 & nigg>dly to ! o!r2 ! fir/ w\ld evid5tly obta9 a giv5 am\nt ( satisfaction at a less exp5se ( lab\r4 ,w\ld x foll[ t ! "p ( 8 =ces ?us left disposable1 if ,i may use ! expression1 w\ld be ab&on$ to inaction8 & t ?is man1 on acc\nt ( ! lib]ality ( ,nature1 w\ld be r$uc$ to compulsory idl5ess8 ,n at all4 ,x w\ld foll[ t he c\ld1 if he wi%$ x1 dispose ( ^! =ces to enl>ge ! circle ( 8 enjoym5ts2 t ) an equal am\nt ( lab\r he c\ld procure two satisfactions 9 place ( "o2 9 a ^w1 t 8 progress w\ld become m easy4 ,i may be mi/ak51 b x appe>s to me t no sci5ce1 n ev5 geometry1 is f\nd$ on tru?s m unassailable4 ,7 any "o to prove to me t all ^! tru?s 7 s _m errors1 ,i %\ld n only lose confid5ce 9 !m1 b all fai? 9 evid5ce itself2 = :at reason+ c\ld "o employ :i* %\ld bett] des]ve ! acquiesc5ce ( our judgm5t ?an ! evid5ce ?us p#jhh ov]turn$8 ,! mom5t an axiom is discov]$ :i* %all contradict ?is o!r axiom--t a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ road f "o po9t to ano!r--t in/ant ! human m9d has no o!r refuge1 if x be a refuge1 ?an absolute scepticism4 ,i positively feel a%am$ ?us to insi/ ^u fir/ pr9ciples :i* are s pla9 z to seem pu]ile4 ,& yet we mu/ confess t1 amid ! complications ( human transactions1 su* simple tru?s h be5 ov]look$2 & 9 ord] to ju/ify myself = deta9+ ! read] s long ^u :at ! ,engli% call truisms1 ,i %all notice "h a s+ul> error by :i* excell5t m9ds h all[$ !mselves to be misl$4 ,sett+ aside1 neglect+ entirely1 ! co-op]ation ( ,nature 9 relation to ! satisfaction ( our wants1 !y h laid d[n ! absolute pr9ciple t all weal? comes f lab\r4 ,on ?is f\ndation !y h re>$ ! foll[+ errone\s syllogism3 8,all weal? comes f lab\r3 8,weal?1 !n1 is 9 proportion to lab\r4 8,b lab\r is 9 an inv]se ratio to ! lib]ality ( ,nature3 8,ergo1 weal? is inv]sely z ! lib]ality ( ,nature40 ,"r or wrong1 _m economical laws owe _! orig9 to ?is s+ul> reason+4 ,su* laws _c be o!rwise ?an subv]sive ( e s\nd pr9ciple 9 relation to ! developm5t & di/ribution ( weal?2 & ?is x is :i* ju/ifies me 9 prep>+ be=eh&1 by ! explanation ( tru?s v trivial 9 appe>ance1 = ! refutation ( ! deplorable errors & prejudices "u :i* society is n[ lab\r+4 ,let u analyze ! co-op]ation ( ,nature ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,nature places two ?+s at our disposal--mat]ials & =ces4 ,mo/ ( ! mat]ial objects :i* contribute to ! satisfaction ( our wants & desires are br\ght into ! /ate ( utility :i* r5d]s !m fit = our use only by ! int]v5tion ( lab\r1 by ! application ( ! human faculties4 ,b ! elem5ts1 ! atoms1 if y w1 ( :i* ^! objects are compos$1 are ! gifts1 ,i w add ! gratuit\s gifts1 ( ,nature4 ,?is obs]vation is ( ! v highe/ importance1 & w1 ,i believe1 ?r[ a new light ^u ! !ory ( weal?4 ,! read] w h ! goodness to be> 9 m9d t ,i am inquir+ at pres5t 9 a g5]al way into ! moral & physical con/itution ( man1 8 wants1 8 faculties1 8 relations ) ,nature--ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ,ex*ange1 :i* ,i %all ent] ^u 9 ! next *apt]4 ,we %all !n see 9 :at respect1 & 9 :at mann]1 social transactions modify ! ph5om5a4 p#jhi ,x is v evid5t1 t if man 9 an isolat$ /ate mu/1 s to speak1 pur*ase ! great] "p ( 8 satisfactions by an ex]tion1 by an ef=t1 x is rigor\sly exact to say t prior to ! int]v5tion ( any su* ex]tion1 any su* ef=t1 ! mat]ials :i* he f9ds at 8 disposal are ! gratuit\s gifts ( ,nature4 ,aft] ! fir/ ef=t on 8 "p1 h[ev] slight x may be1 !y cease to be gratuit\s2 & if ! language ( ,political ,economy _h be5 always exact1 x w\ld h be5 to mat]ial objects 9 ?is /ate1 & be=e human lab\r _h be5 be/[$ ^u !m1 t ! t]m raw mat]ials 7matires premires7 w\ld h be5 exclusively appli$4 ,i repeat t ?is gratuit\s quality ( ! gifts ( ,nature1 ant]ior to ! int]v5tion ( lab\r1 is ( ! v highe/ importance4 ,i said 9 my second *apt] t ,political ,economy 0 ! !ory ( value2 ,i add n[1 & by anticipation1 t ?+s beg9 to possess value only :5 x is giv5 to !m by lab\r4 ,i int5d to demon/rate aft]w>ds t ev]y?+ :i* is gratuit\s = man 9 an isolat$ /ate is gratuit\s = man 9 8 social condition1 & t ! gratuit\s gifts ( ,nature1 :atev] be _! ,,utility1 h no value4 ,i say t a man :o receives a b5efit f ,nature1 directly & )\t any ef=t on 8 "p1 _c be consid]$ z r5d]+ himself an on]\s s]vice1 &1 consequ5tly1 t he _c r5d] to ano!r any s]vice ) ref]5ce to ?+s :i* are common to all4 ,n[1 :]e !re are no s]vices r5d]$ & receiv$ !re is no value4 ,all t ,i h said ( mat]ials is equally applicable to ! =ces :i* ,nature places at our disposal4 ,gravitation1 ! ela/icity ( air1 ! p[] ( ! w9ds1 ! laws ( equilibrium1 vegetable life1 animal life1 are s _m =ces :i* we le>n to turn to acc\nt4 ,! pa9s & intellig5ce :i* we be/[ 9 ?is way always admit ( remun]ation1 = we are n b\nd to devote our ef=ts to ! advantage ( o!rs gratuit\sly4 ,b ^! natural =ces1 9 !mselves1 & ap>t f all intellectual or bodily ex]tion1 are gratuit\s gifts ( ,provid5ce1 & 9 ?is respect !y rema9 de/itute ( value ?r\gh all ! complications ( human transactions4 ,?is is ! lead+ idea ( ! pres5t "w4 ,?is obs]vation w\ld be ( little importance1 ,i all[1 if ! co-op]ation ( ,nature 7 con/antly uni=m1 if ea* man1 at all times1 9 all places1 9 all circum/ances1 receiv$ f ,nature equal & inv>iable assi/ance4 ,9 t case1 sci5ce w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 n tak+ into acc\nt an elem5t :i*1 rema9+ always & ev]y:]e ! same1 w\ld affect ! s]vices p#jij ex*ang$ 9 equal proportions on bo? sides4 ,z 9 geometry we elim9ate portions ( l9es common to two figures :i* we comp>e ) ea* o!r1 we might neglect a co-op]ation :i* is inv>iably pres5t1 & cont5t ourselves ) say+1 z we h done hi!rto1 8,!re is su* a ?+ z natural weal?--,political ,economy ackn[l$ges x1 & has no m conc]n ) x40 ,b ?is is n ! true /ate ( ! matt]4 ,! irresi/ible t5d5cy ( ! human m9d1 /imulat$ by self-int]e/ & assi/$ by a s]ies ( discov]ies1 is to sub/itute natural & gratuit\s co-op]ation = human & on]\s concurr5ce2 s t a giv5 utility1 al?\gh rema9+ ! same z f> z ! result & ! satisfactions :i* x procures u are conc]n$1 repres5ts a small] & small] am\nt ( lab\r4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible n to p]ceive ! imm5se influ5ce ( ?is m>vell\s ph5om5on on our notion ( value4 ,= :at is ! result ( x8 ,?is1 t 9 e product ! gratuit\s elem5t t5ds to take ! place ( ! on]\s2 t utility1 be+ ! result ( two collaborations1 ( :i* "o is remun]at$ & ! o!r is n1 ,value1 :i* has relation only to ! fir/ ( ^! unit$ =ces1 is dim9i%$1 & makes room = a utility :i* is id5tically ! same1 & ?is 9 proportion z we succe$ 9 con/ra9+ ,nature to a m efficaci\s co-op]ation4 ,s t we may say t mank9d h z _m m satisfactions1 z mu* m weal?1 z !y h less value4 ,n[1 ! majority ( au?ors hav+ employ$ ^! ?ree t]ms1 utility1 weal?1 value1 z synonym\s1 ! result has be5 a !ory :i* is n only n true1 b ! rev]se ( true4 ,i believe s9c]ely t a m exact description ( ?is comb9ation ( natural =ces & human =ces 9 ! bus9ess ( production1 9 o!r words1 a ju/] def9ition ( ,value1 w\ld put an end to inextricable !oretical confusion1 & w\ld reconcile s*ools :i* are n[ div]g5t2 & if ,i am n[ anticipat+ some:at 9 ent]+ on ?is subject "h1 my ju/ification ) ! read] is ! necessity ( expla9+ 9 ! outset c]ta9 ideas ( :i* o!rwise he w\ld h difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ ! importance4 ,return+ f ?is digression1 ,i resume :at ,i _h to say ^u man consid]$ exclusively 9 an economical po9t ( view4 ,ano!r obs]vation1 :i* we owe to ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 & :i* is almo/ self-evid5t1 al?\gh too mu* neglect$ by _m au?ors1 is1 t man creates nei!r ! mat]ials nor ! =ces ( nature1 if we take ! ^w create 9 its exact signification4 ,^! mat]ials1 ^! =ces1 h an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,man c only comb9e !m or displace !m1 = 8 own b5efit or t p#jia ( o!rs4 ,if = 8 own1 he r5d]s a s]vice to himself1--if = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 he r5d]s s]vice to 8 fell[s1 & has ! "r to exact an equival5t s]vice4 ,:5ce x also foll[s t value is proportional to ! s]vice r5d]$1 & n at all to ! absolute utility ( ! ?+4 ,= ?is utility may be 9 great "p ! result ( ! gratuit\s action ( ,nature1 9 :i* case ! human s]vice1 ! on]\s s]vice1 ! s]vice to be remun]at$1 is ( little value4 ,?is results f ! axiom above e/abli%$--namely1 t to br+ a ?+ to ! highe/ degree ( utility1 ! action ( man is inv]sely z ! action ( ,nature4 ,?is obs]vation ov]turns ! doctr9e :i* places value 9 ! mat]iality ( ?+s4 ,! contr>y is ! tru?4 ,! mat]iality is a quality giv5 by ,nature1 & consequ5tly gratuit\s1 & devoid ( value1 al?\gh ( inconte/able utility4 ,human action1 :i* c nev] succe$ 9 creat+ matt]1 con/itutes alone ! s]vice :i* man 9 a /ate ( isolation r5d]s to himself1 or t m5 9 society r5d] to ea* o!r2 & x is ! free appreciation ( ^! s]vices :i* is ! f\ndation ( value4 ,f>1 !n1 f conclud+ ) ,adam ,smi? t x is impossible to conceive ( value o!rwise ?an z resid+ 9 mat]ial sub/ance1 we conclude t betwe5 ,matt] & ,value !re is no possible relation4 ,?is errone\s doctr9e ,smi? d$uc$ logically f 8 pr9ciple1 t ^? classes alone are productive :o op]ate on mat]ial sub/ances4 ,he ?us prep>$ ! way = ! mod]n error ( ! sociali/s1 :o h nev] done repres5t+ z unproductive p>asites ^? :om !y t]m int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! produc] & consum]--! m]*ant1 ! retail deal]1 etc4 ,d !y r5d] s]vices8 ,d !y save u tr\ble by tak+ tr\ble = u8 ,9 t case !y create value1 al?\gh !y d n create matt]2 & z no "o c create matt]1 & we all conf9e our ex]tions to r5d]+ reciprocal s]vices1 we pron\nce ) ju/ice t all1 includ+ agriculturi/s & manufactur]s1 are int]m$i>ies 9 relation "o to ano!r4 ,?is is :at ,i _h to say at pres5t ^u ! co-op]ation ( ,nature4 ,nature places at our disposal1 9 v>i\s degrees1 dep5d+ on climate1 seasons1 & ! advance ( k1 b always gratuit\sly1 mat]ials & =ces4 ,!n ^! mat]ials & =ces are devoid ( value2 x w\ld be /range if !y _h any4 ,accord+ to :at rule %\ld we e/imate !m8 ,9 :at way c\ld ,nature be paid1 remun]at$1 comp5sat$8 ,we %all see aft]w>ds t ex*ange is necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e value4 ,we don't pur*ase ! goods ( ,nature--we ga!r !m2 & if1 9 ord] to appropriate !m1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ef=t is p#jib necess>y1 x is 9 ?is ef=t1 n 9 ! gifts ( ,nature1 t ! pr9ciple ( value resides4 ,let u n[ consid] t action ( man :i* we designate1 9 a g5]al way1 by ! t]m lab\r4 ,! ^w lab\r1 l almo/ all ! t]ms ( ,political ,economy1 is v vague4 ,diff]5t au?ors use x 9 a s5se m or less ext5d$4 ,political ,economy has n _h1 l mo/ o!r sci5ces1 ,*emi/ry = example1 ! advantage ( con/ruct+ h] own vocabul>y4 ,treat+ ( subjects :i* h be5 famili> to m5's ?\ghts s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & ! con/ant subject ( _! daily talk1 %e has f\nd a nom5clature ready made1 & has be5 =c$ to adopt x4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w lab\r is (t5 limit$ exclusively to ! muscul> action ( man ^u mat]ials4 ,h5ce ^? :o execute ! me*anical "p ( production are call$ ! work+ classes4 ,! read] w compreh5d t ,i give to ?is ^w a m ext5d$ s5se4 ,i und]/& by lab\r ! application ( our faculties to ! satisfaction ( our wants4 ,wants1 ef=ts1 satisfactions1 ?is is ! circle ( ,political ,economy4 ,ef=t may be physical1 intellectual1 or ev5 moral1 z we %all imm$iately see4 ,x is n necess>y to demon/rate 9 ?is place t all our organs1 all or ne>ly all our faculties1 may concur1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 d concur1 9 production4 ,att5tion1 sagacity1 intellig5ce1 imag9ation1 h assur$ly _! "p 9 x4 ,m4 ,dunoy]1 9 8 excell5t "w1 ,sur la ,lib]t du ,travail1 has includ$1 & ) sci5tific exactness1 our moral faculties among ! elem5ts to :i* we are indebt$ = our weal?--an idea z orig9al & sugge/ive z x is j4 ,x is de/9$ to enl>ge & ennoble ! field ( ,political ,economy4 ,i %all n dwell "h ^u t idea f>!r ?an z x may enable me to ?r[ a fa9t light ^u ! orig9 ( a p[]ful ag5t ( production1 ( :i* ,i %all h occasion to speak h]eaft]--,i mean ,capital4 ,if we exam9e 9 succession ! mat]ial objects :i* contribute to ! satisfaction ( our wants1 we %all discov] )\t difficulty t all or ne>ly all require1 9 ord] to _! be+ br\ght to p]fection1 m "t1 a l>g] portion ( our life1 ?an a man c exp5d )\t recruit+ 8 /r5g?1 t is to say1 )\t satisfy+ 8 wants4 ,?is supposes t ^? :o _h made ^? ?+s _h previ\sly res]v$1 set aside1 accumulat$1 provisions1 to enable !m to subsi/ dur+ ! op]ation4 p#jic ,! same obs]vation applies to satisfactions :i* h no?+ mat]ial belong+ to !m4 ,a cl]gyman _c devote himself to prea*+1 a pr(essor to tea*+1 a magi/rate to ! ma9t5ance ( ord]1 unless1 by !mselves1 or by o!rs1 !y are put 9 possession ( means ( subsi/5ce previ\sly creat$4 ,let u g a little high]4 ,suppose a man isolat$ & =c$ to live by ! *ase4 ,x is easy to compreh5d t if e night he consum$ ! :ole game :i* 8 day's hunt+ _h furni%$1 he c\ld nev] set himself to any o!r "w1 to build a cottage1 = example1 or repair 8 arms or implem5ts4 ,all progress w\ld be int]dict$ 9 8 case4 ,?is is n ! prop] place to def9e ! nature & functions ( ,capital4 ,my sole object at pres5t is to %[ t c]ta9 moral virtues co-op]ate v directly 9 ! amelioration ( our condition1 ev5 :5 view$ exclusively ) ref]5ce to weal?1--among o!r virtues1 ord]1 =esight1 self-control1 economy4 ,to =esee is "o ( our noble/ privileges1 & x is sc>cely necess>y to say t1 9 all situations ( life1 ! man :o mo/ cle>ly =esees ! probable consequ5ces ( 8 acts & det]m9ations has ! be/ *ance ( success4 ,to control 8 appetites1 to gov]n 8 passions1 to sacrifice ! pres5t to ! future1 to submit to privations = ! sake ( great] b m di/ant advantages--su* are ! conditions ess5tial to ! =mation ( capital2 & capital1 z we h already p>tially se51 is itself ! ess5tial condition ( all lab\r t is 9 any degree complicat$ or prolong$4 ,x is q evid5t t if we suppose two m5 plac$ 9 id5tically ! same position1 & possess$ ( ! same am\nt ( intellig5ce & activity1 t man w\ld make ! mo/ progress :o1 hav+ accumulat$ provisions1 _h plac$ himself 9 a situation to und]take protract$ works1 to improve 8 implem5ts1 & ?us to make ! =ces ( nature co-op]ate 9 ! realization ( 8 designs4 ,i %all n dwell long] on ?is4 ,we h only to look ar\nd u to be conv9c$ t all our =ces1 all our faculties1 all our virtues1 concur 9 fur!r+ ! advancem5t ( man & ( society4 ,= ! same reason1 !re are none ( our vices :i* are n directly or indirectly ! causes ( pov]ty4 ,idl5ess p>alyzes ef=ts1 :i* are ! s9ews ( production4 ,ignorance & error give our ef=ts a false direction4 ,improvid5ce lays u op5 to deceptions4 ,indulg5ce 9 ! appetites ( ! h\r prev5ts ! accumulation ( capital4 ,vanity leads u to devote our ef=ts to factiti\s enjoym5ts1 9 place ( su* z are real4 ,viol5ce & p#jid fraud provoke reprisals1 oblige u to surr\nd ourselves ) tr\blesome precautions1 & entail a great wa/e & de/ruction ( p[]4 ,i %all w9d up ^! prelim9>y obs]vations on man ) a rem>k :i* ,i h already made 9 relation to 8 wants4 ,x is ?is1 t ! elem5ts discuss$ & expla9$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & :i* ent] into & con/itute economical sci5ce1 are 9 _! nature flexible & *angeable4 ,wants1 desires1 mat]ials & p[]s furni%$ by ,nature1 our muscul> =ce1 our organs1 our intellectual faculties1 our moral qualities1 all v>y ) ! individual1 & *ange ) "t & place4 ,no two m51 p]haps1 are entirely alike 9 any "o ( ^! respects1 c]ta9ly n 9 all--nay m1 no man entirely resembles himself = two h\rs toge!r4 ,:at "o kn[s ano!r is ignorant (--:at "o values ano!r despises--"h nature is prodigal1 !re nigg>dly--a virtue :i* x is difficult to practise 9 "o climate or latitude becomes easy 9 ano!r4 ,economical sci5ce has n1 !n1 l ! exact sci5ces1 ! advantage ( possess+ a fix$ measure1 & absolute unconditional tru?s--a graduat$ scale1 a /&>d1 :i* c be employ$ 9 measur+ ! int5sity ( desires1 ( ef=ts1 & ( satisfactions4 ,7 we ev5 to devote ourselves to solit>y lab\r1 l c]ta9 animals1 we %\ld /ill f9d ourselves plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 "s degree diff]5t2 & 7 our ext]nal circum/ances alike1 7 ! m$ium 9 :i* we act ! same = all1 we %\ld /ill diff] f ea* o!r 9 our desires1 our wants1 our ideas1 our sagacity1 our en]gy1 our mann] ( e/imat+ & appreciat+ ?+s1 our =esight1 our activity--s t a great & inevitable inequality w\ld manife/ itself4 ,9 tru?1 absolute isolation1 ! abs5ce ( all relations among m51 is only an idle fancy co9$ 9 ! bra9 ( ,r\sseau4 ,b suppos+ t ?is antisocial /ate1 call$ ! /ate ( nature1 _h ev] exi/$1 ,i _c help inquir+ by :at *a9 ( reason+ ,r\sseau & 8 adepts h succe$$ 9 plant+ ,equality !re8 ,we %all aft]w>ds see t ,equality1 l ,weal?1 l ,lib]ty1 l ,frat]nity1 l ,unity1 is ! end2 x is n ! />t+ po9t4 ,x rises out ( ! natural & regul> developm5t ( societies4 ,! t5d5cy ( human nature is n away f1 b t[>ds1 ,equality4 ,?is is mo/ consol+ & mo/ true4 ,hav+ spok5 ( our wants1 & our means ( provid+ = !m1 x rema9s to say a ^w respect+ our satisfactions4 ,!y are ! result ( ! entire me*anism we h describ$4 ,x is by ! great] or less am\nt ( physical1 intellectual1 & moral satisfactions :i* mank9d enjoy1 t we discov] :e!r p#jie ! ma*9e works well or ill4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! ^w consommation consumption#bd1 adopt$ by our ,economi/s w\ld h a pr(\nd mean+ if we us$ x 9 its etymological signification z synonym\s ) end1 or completion4 ,un=tunately1 9 common1 & ev5 9 sci5tific1 language1 x pres5ts to ! m9d a gross & mat]ial idea1 exact )\t d\bt :5 appli$ to our physical wants1 b n at all s :5 us$ ) ref]5ce to ^? ( a m elevat$ ord]4 ,! cultivation ( corn1 ! manufacture ( wooll5 clo?1 t]m9ate 9 consumption consommation4 ,b c ?is be said ) equal propriety ( ! works ( ! arti/1 ! songs ( ! poet1 ! /udies ( ! lawy]1 ! prelections ( ! pr(essor1 ! s]mons ( ! cl]gyman8 ,x is "h t we aga9 exp]i5ce ! inconv5i5ce ( t fundam5tal error :i* caus$ ,adam ,smi? to circumscribe ,political ,economy )9 ! limits ( a mat]ial circle2 & ! read] w p>don me = frequ5tly mak+ use ( ! t]m satisfaction1 z applicable to all our wants & all our desires1 & z m 9 accordance ) ! l>g] scope :i* ,i hope to be able to give to ! sci5ce4 ,political ,economi/s h be5 frequ5tly reproa*$ ) conf9+ _! att5tion exclusively to ! int]e/s ( ! consum]4 8,y =get ! produc]10 we are told4 ,b satisfaction be+ ! end & design ( all our ef=ts--! gr& consummation or t]m9ation ( ! economic ph5om5a--is x n evid5t t x is !re t ! t\*/one ( progress is to be f\nd8 ,a man's happ9ess & well-be+ are n measur$ by 8 ef=ts1 b by 8 satisfactions1 & ?is holds equally true ( society 9 ! aggregate4 ,?is is "o ( ^? tru?s :i* are nev] disput$ :5 appli$ to an individual1 b :i* are con/antly disput$ :5 appli$ to society at l>ge4 ,! phrase to :i* exception has be5 tak5 only means ?is1 t ,political ,economy e/imates ! wor? ( :at we d1 n by ! lab\r :i* x co/s u to d x1 b by ! ultimate result1 :i* resolves itself def9itively into an increase or dim9ution ( ! g5]al prosp]ity4 ,we h said1 9 ref]5ce to our wants & desires1 t !re are no two m5 exactly alike4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( our satisfactions3 !y are n held 9 equal e/imation by all1 :i* v]ifies ! common say+1 t ta/es diff]4 ,n[ x is by ! int5sity ( our desires1 & ! v>iety ( our ta/es1 t ! direction ( our ef=ts is det]m9$4 ,x is "h t ! influ5ce ( morals ^u indu/ry becomes app>5t4 ,man1 z an individual1 may be ! slave ( ta/es :i* are factiti\s1 pu]ile1 & p#jif immoral4 ,9 ?is case x is self-evid5t t1 8 p[]s be+ limit$1 he c only satisfy 8 deprav$ desires at ! exp5se ( ^? :i* are laudable & legitimate4 ,b :5 society comes into play1 ?is evid5t axiom is m>k$ d[n z an error4 ,we are l$ to believe t artificial ta/es1 illusory satisfactions1 :i* we ackn[l$ge z ! s\rce ( individual pov]ty1 are nev]!less ! cause ( national weal?1 z op5+ a v5t to manufactures4 ,if x 7 s1 we %\ld arrive at ! mis]able conclusion1 t ! social /ate places man betwe5 pov]ty & vice4 ,once m1 ,political ,economy reconciles1 9 ! mo/ rigor\s & satisfactory mann]1 ^! app>5t contradictions4 p#jig ,,iv4 ,,ex*ange4 ,ex*ange is ,political ,economy--x is ,society itself--= x is impossible to conceive ,society z exi/+ )\t ,ex*ange1 or ,ex*ange )\t ,society4 ,i %all n pret5d 9 ?is *apt] to exhau/ s va/ a subject4 ,to pres5t ev5 an outl9e ( x w\ld require ! entire volume4 ,if m51 l snails1 liv$ 9 complete isolation1 if !y did n ex*ange _! ideas & ex]tions1 & _h no b>ga9 or transactions ) ea* o!r1 we might h multitudes1 inde$--human units--individuals liv+ 9 juxtaposition--b we c\ld n h ,society4 ,nay1 we %\ld n ev5 h individuals4 ,to man isolation is dea?4 ,b !n1 if he _c live out ( society1 ! legitimate conclusion is t ! social /ate is 8 natural /ate4 ,all ! sci5ces t5d to e/abli% ?is tru?1 :i* 0 s little und]/ood by ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury t !y f\nd$ morals & politics on ! contr>y ass]tion4 ,!y 7 n cont5t ) plac+ ! /ate ( nature 9 opposition to ! social /ate--!y gave ! fir/ a decid$ pref]5ce4 8,m5 7 bless$10 said ,montaigne1 8:5 !y liv$ )\t bonds1 )\t laws1 )\t language1 )\t religion40 ,& we "k t ! sy/em ( ,r\sseau1 :i* ex]cis$1 & /ill ex]cises1 s p[]ful an influ5ce ov] op9ions & facts1 re/s altoge!r on ?is hypo!sis--t m51 unhappily1 agre$ "o f9e morn+ to ab&on ! innoc5t /ate ( nature = ! /ormy /ate ( society4 ,x is n ! design ( ?is *apt] to br+ toge!r all possible refutations ( ?is fundam5tal error1 ! mo/ fatal :i* has ev] infe/$ ! political sci5ces2 = if society is ! fruit ( inv5tion & conv5tion1 x foll[s t e "o may propose a new model1 & ?is1 s9ce ,r\sseau's "t1 has 9 fact be5 ! p#jih direction 9 :i* m5's m9ds h t5d$4 ,i c\ld easily demon/rate1 ,i believe1 t isolation excludes language1 z ! abs5ce ( language excludes ?\ght2 & man1 depriv$ ( ?\ght1 in/ead ( be+ a *ild ( nature1 ceases to be man at all4 ,b a p]emptory refutation ( ! idea ^u :i* ,r\sseau's doctr9e reposes1 fl[s naturally f "s consid]ations on ,ex*ange4 ,want1 ,ef=t1 ,satisfaction1--su* is man 9 an economical po9t ( view4 ,we h se5 t ! two extreme t]ms are ess5tially intransmissible1 = !y t]m9ate 9 s5sation1 !y are s5sation1 :i* is ! mo/ p]sonal ?+ 9 ! _w1 z well ! s5sation :i* prec$es ! ef=t & det]m9es x1 z ! s5sation :i* foll[s ! ef=t & rew>ds x4 ,x is !n ! ,ef=t :i* is ex*ang$2 inde$1 x _c be o!rwise1 s9ce ex*ange implies action1 & ,ef=t alone manife/s ! pr9ciple ( activity4 ,we _c suff] or enjoy = "o ano!r1 unless we c\ld exp]i5ce p]sonally ! pa9s & pleasures ( o!rs4 ,b we c assi/ ea* o!r1 "w = "o ano!r1 r5d] reciprocal s]vices1 & place our faculties1 or ! results ( _! ex]cise1 at ! disposal ( o!rs1 9 consid]ation ( a return4 ,?is is society4 ,! causes1 ! effects1 ! laws1 ( ^! ex*anges con/itute ! subject ( political & social economy4 ,we n only c ex*ange ef=ts & r5d] reciprocal s]vices1 b we d s necess>ily4 ,:at ,i affirm is ?is1 t our organization is su* t we are oblig$ to "w = "o ano!r "u pa9 ( dea?1 ( in/ant dea?4 ,if x be s1 society is our /ate ( nature1 s9ce x is ! only /ate 9 :i* we c live at all4 ,!re is "o obs]vation :i* ,i h to make ^u ! equilibrium betwe5 our wants & our faculties1 an obs]vation :i* has always l$ me to admire ! provid5tial plan :i* regulates our de/9ies3-- ,9 ! /ate ( isolation our wants exce$ our p[]s2 ,9 ! social /ate our p[]s exce$ our wants4 ,h5ce x foll[s t man 9 an isolat$ /ate _c subsi/1 :il/ 9 ! social /ate 8 mo/ imp]i\s wants give place to desires ( a high] ord]1 & cont9ue to d s 9 an asc5d+ c>e] ( progress & improvem5t to :i* x is impossible to set limits4 ,?is is n declamation1 b an ass]tion capable ( be+ p#jii rigor\sly demon/rat$ by reason+ & analogy1 if n by exp]i5ce4 ,& :y c x n be demon/rat$ by exp]i5ce1 by direct obs]vation8 ,precisely because x is true--precisely because1 man n be+ able to exi/ 9 a /ate ( isolation1 x becomes impossible to exhibit 9 actual nature ! effects ( absolute solitude4 ,y _c lay hold ( a non5tity4 ,y c prove to me t a triangle nev] has f\r sides1 b y _c1 9 support ( y\r demon/ration1 place be=e my eyes a tetragonal triangle4 ,if y c\ld1 ! exhibition ( su* a triangle w\ld disprove y\r ass]tion4 ,9 ! same way1 to ask me = exp]im5tal pro(1 to ask me to /udy ! effects ( isolation 9 actual nature1 is to palm a contradiction ^u me2 = life & isolation be+ incompatible1 we h nev] se51 & nev] %all see1 m5 )\t social relations4 ,if !re are animals 7( :i* ,i am ignorant7 de/9$ by _! organization to make ! r\nd ( _! exi/5ce 9 absolute isolation1 x is v cle> t nature mu/ exactly proportion _! wants & _! p[]s4 ,x is possible to conceive t _! p[]s h ! sup]iority1 9 :i* case ^! animals w\ld be progressive & capable ( improvem5t4 ,an equilibrium ( wants & p[]s w\ld r5d] !m /ation>y be+s2 b ! sup]iority ( _! wants to _! p[]s x is impossible to conceive4 ,f _! bir?1 f _! fir/ appe>ance 9 life1 _! faculties mu/ be complete--relatively to ! wants = :i* !y h to provide1 or at lea/ bo? mu/ be develop$ 9 j proportion4 ,o!rwise ! species w\ld die ! mom5t !y came into exi/5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 c\ld n be ! subject ( our obs]vation4 ,( all ! species ( liv+ be+s :i* surr\nd u1 und\bt$ly none h s _m wants z man4 ,9 none is infancy s long1 s feeble1 & s helpless--9 none is maturity load$ ) s mu* responsibility--9 none is old age s frail & s liable to suff]+4 ,&1 z if we _h n en\gh ( wants1 man has ta/es also1 ! satisfaction ( :i* ex]cises 8 faculties q z mu* z 8 wants4 ,sc>cely has he appeas$ 8 hung] ?an he beg9s to pamp] himself ) da9ties--no soon] has he clo!d himself ?an he sighs = f9]y--no soon] has he obta9$ %elt] ?an he proce$s to embelli% & decorate 8 resid5ce4 ,8 m9d is z re/less z 8 body is exact+4 ,he seeks to fa?om ! secrets ( nature1 to tame animals1 to control ! elem5ts1 to dive into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 to trav]se broad seas1 to so> above ! cl\ds1 to annihilate "t & space4 ,he desires to "k ! motions1 ! spr+s1 ! laws1 ( 8 m9d & he>t--to p#ajj control 8 passions--to conqu] immortality--to become a god--to br+ all ?+s into subjection2 nature1 8 fell[-m51 himself4 ,9 a ^w1 8 desires & aspirations exp& cont9ually1 & t5d t[>ds ! inf9ite4 ,?us1 9 no o!r species are ! faculties s susceptible ( va/ developm5t z 9 man4 ,x is 8 alone to comp>e & to judge1 to reason & to speak1 to =esee1 to sacrifice ! pres5t to ! future4 ,he alone c transmit1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 8 works1 8 ?\ghts1 ! treasures ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,he alone is capable ( a p]fectibility :i* is indef9ite1 :i* =ms a *a9 ! c\ntless l9ks ( :i* w\ld seem to /ret* beyond ! limits ( ! pres5t _w4 ,let me "h set d[n an obs]vation :i* belongs prop]ly to ,political ,economy4 ,h[ev] ext5d$ may be ! doma9 ( our faculties1 !y d n rea* ! l5g? ( creat+ any?+4 ,man _c1 9 tru?1 augm5t or dim9i% ! numb] ( exi/+ p>ticles ( matt]4 ,8 action is limit$ to subject+ ! sub/ances :i* he f9ds ar\nd him to modifications & comb9ations :i* fit !m = 8 use4#be ,to modify sub/ances1 s z to increase _! utility 9 relation to u1 is to produce1 or r x is "o mode ( produc+4 ,f ?is ,i conclude t value 7z we %all aft]w>ds m fully expla97 does n reside 9 ^! sub/ances !mselves1 b 9 ! ef=t :i* int]v5es 9 ord] to modify !m1 & :i* ex*ange br+s into comp>ison ) o!r analog\s ef=ts4 ,?is is ! reason :y value is simply ! appreciation ( s]vices ex*ang$1 :e!r a mat]ial commodity does or does n int]v5e4 ,z reg>ds ! notion ( value1 x is a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce :e!r ,i r5d] to ano!r a direct s]vice1 z1 = example1 9 p]=m+ = him a surgical op]ation1 or an indirect s]vice1 9 prep>+ = him a curative sub/ance4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! utility is 9 ! sub/ance1 b ! value is 9 ! s]vice1 9 ! ef=t1 intellectual & muscul>1 made by "o man = ! b5efit ( ano!r4 ,x is by a pure metonymy t we attribute value to ! mat]ial sub/ance itself1 & "h1 z on _m o!r occasions1 metaphor leads sci5ce a/ray4 ,i return to ! subject ( man's organization4 ,if we adh]e to ! prec$+ notions1 he diff]s f o!r animals only 9 ! great] ext5t ( 8 wants1 & ! sup]iority ( 8 p[]s4 ,all1 9 fact1 are subject to ! "o & provid$ ) ! o!r4 ,a bird und]takes long j\rneys 9 se>* ( ! temp]ature :i* suits x be/--! beav] crosses ! riv] on a bridge ( p#aja 8 own con/ruction--! hawk pursues 8 prey op5ly--! cat wat*es = x ) pati5ce--! spid] prep>es a sn>e--all lab\r 9 ord] to live & multiply4 ,b :ile ,nature has e/abli%$ an exact proportion betwe5 ! wants ( animals & _! faculties1 if %e has treat$ man ) great] b\nty & munific5ce1 if1 9 ord] to =ce him to be sociable1 %e has decre$ t 9 a /ate ( isolation 8 wants %\ld surpass 8 faculties1 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! social /ate1 8 p[]s1 sup]ior to 8 wants1 op5 to him an unlimit$ field = nobl] enjoym5ts1 we ought to ackn[l$ge t1 z 9 8 relation ) ! ,creator man is elevat$ above ! bea/s by ! religi\s s5tim5t1 9 8 relations ) 8 fell[-creatures by 8 s5se ( ju/ice1 9 8 relations ) himself by ! moral pr9ciple--9 l mann]1 9 relation to ! means ( liv+ & multiply+1 he is di/+ui%$ by a rem>kable ph5om5on1 namely1 ,ex*ange4 ,%all ,i essay to pa9t ! /ate ( pov]ty1 ( de/itution1 & ( ignorance1 9 :i*1 b = ! p[] ( ex*ang+1 ! human species w\ld h be5 sunk1 _h x n1 inde$1 z is m likely1 disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> philosoph]s1 9 a romance :i* has be5 ! *>m ( ! "y f g5]ation to g5]ation1 has %[n u man surm\nt+ by 8 en]gy1 8 activity1 8 intellig5ce1 ! difficulties ( absolute solitude4 ,= ! purpose ( sett+ cle>ly be=e u :at are ! res\rces ( t noble creature1 ! au?or has exhibit$ him z accid5tally cut (f f civilisation4 ,x 0 "p ( ,defoe's plan to ?r[ ,rob9son ,crusoe into ! ,isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez alone1 nak$1 depriv$ ( all t ! union ( ef=ts1 ! division ( employm5ts1 ex*ange1 society1 add to ! human p[]s4 ,& yet1 al?\gh ! fanci$ ob/acles are b imag9>y1 ,defoe w\ld h tak5 away f 8 tale ev5 ! %ad[ ( probability if1 too fai?ful to ! ?\ght :i* he wi%$ to develop1 he _h n made =c$ concessions to ! social /ate1 by admitt+ t 8 h]o _h sav$ f %ipwreck "s indisp5sable ?+s1 su* z provisions1 gunp[d]1 a gun1 a hat*et1 a knife1 cords1 planks1 iron1 etc42 a decisive pro( t society is ! necess>y m$ium 9 :i* man lives1 & out ( :i* n ev5 a romance writ] c\ld figure him z exi/+4 ,&1 obs]ve1 t ,rob9son ,crusoe c>ri$ ) him into solitude ano!r social treasure1 a ?\s& times m preci\s ?an all ^!1 & :i* ! waves c\ld n engulf1 ,i mean 8 ideas1 8 recollections1 8 exp]i5ce1 above all1 8 language1 p#ajb )\t :i* he w\ld n h be5 able to hold conv]se ) himself1 t is to say1 to ?9k4 ,we h ! un=tunate & unreasonable habit ( attribut+ to ! social /ate ! suff]+s :i* we see ar\nd u4 ,we are "r s f>1 if our object be to comp>e society ) itself 9 diff]5t degrees ( advancem5t & improvem5t2 b we are wrong if our object be to comp>e ! social /ate1 h[ev] imp]fect1 ) a /ate ( isolation4 ,to au?orize u to ass]t t society impairs ! condition1 ,i d n say ( man 9 g5]al1 b ( "s m51 & ^! ! poore/ & mo/ wret*$ ( ! species1 we mu/ beg9 by prov+ t ! wor/ provid$ ( our fell[-creatures h to support 9 ! social /ate a heavi] load ( privations & suff]+s ?an ! man ^: lot has be5 ca/ 9 solitude4 ,n[1 exam9e ! life ( ! humble/ day-lab\r]4 ,pass 9 review1 9 all _! details1 ! articles ( 8 daily consumption4 ,he is cov]$ ) "s co>se clo?+1 he eats a little common bread1 he sleeps "u %elt]1 & on bo>ds1 at lea/1 if he has no bett] c\*4 ,n[1 let u ask if man 9 a /ate ( isolation1 depriv$ ( ! res\rces ( ,ex*ange1 c\ld by any possibility procure = himself t co>se clo?+1 t common bread1 t rude b$1 t humble %elt]8 ,r\sseau himself1 ! passionate en?usia/ ( ! /ate ( nature1 av[s ! utt] impossibility ( x4 ,m5 disp5s$ ) ev]y?+1 he says2 !y w5t nak$1 !y slept 9 ! op5 air4 ,?us ,r\sseau1 to exalt ! /ate ( nature1 0 l$ to make happ9ess consi/ 9 privation4 ,& yet ,i affirm t ?is negative happ9ess is a *im]a1 & t man 9 a /ate ( isolation w\ld infallibly p]i% 9 a v few h\rs4 ,p]haps ,r\sseau w\ld h gone to ! l5g? ( say+ t t w\ld h be5 ! p]fection ( 8 sy/em2 & he w\ld h be5 consi/5t1 = if privation be happ9ess1 dea? is p]fection4 ,i tru/ ! read] w n conclude f :at prec$es t we are ins5sible to ! social suff]+s ( our fell[-m54 ,because ^! suff]+s are less ev5 9 an imp]fect /ate ( society ?an 9 a /ate ( isolation1 x does n foll[ t we %\ld n invoke1 ) all e>ne/ness1 t progress :i* con/antly dim9i%es !m4 ,b if isolation is some?+ worse ?an all t is bad 9 ! social /ate1 !n ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t x places our wants1 ev5 ! mo/ imp]i\s1 f> above our faculties & our means ( provid+ = wants4 ,9 :at way does ,ex*ange advantage\sly rev]se all ?is1 & place our faculties above our wants8 ,& fir/ ?is is prov$ by ! v fact ( civilisation4 ,if our p#ajc wants surpass$ our faculties1 we %\ld be be+s inv9cibly retrograde2 if !re 7 an equilibrium betwe5 !m1 we %\ld be inv9cibly /ation>y4 ,b we advance2 :i* %[s t at e /age ( social life1 z comp>$ ) ! p]iod t prec$$ x1 a c]ta9 portion ( our p[]s1 relatively to a giv5 am\nt ( satisfactions1 is left disposable4 ,we %all endeav\r to expla9 ?is m>vell\s ph5om5on4 ,! explanation :i* ,condillac has giv5 appe>s to me to be q unsatisfactory & empirical--9 fact1 x expla9s no?+4 8,f ! v fact10 he says1 8t an ex*ange is made1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be pr(it = ! two contract+ p>ties1 = o!rwise x w\ld n take place4 ,!n ea* ex*ange includes two ga9s = humanity40 ,hold+ ?is proposition z true1 we see 9 x only ! /atem5t ( a result4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! ,malade ,imag9aire expla9s ! n>cotic virtue ( opium3-- ,quia e/ 9 eo ,virtus dormitiva ,qu facit dormire4 ,ex*ange includes two ga9s1 y say4 ,h[8 ,:y8 ,x results f ! fact t x takes place4 ,b :y does x take place8 ,:at motive has induc$ ! contract+ p>ties to effect ! ex*ange8 ,has ,ex*ange 9 itself a my/]i\s virtue1 necess>ily b5eficial1 & incapable ( explanation8 ,o!rs make ! advantage consi/ 9 ?is1 t ! "o gives away a commodity ( :i* he has too mu* 9 ord] to receive ano!r ( :i* he has too little4 ,ex*ange1 !y say1 is a b>t] ( ! sup]flu\s = ! necess>y4 ,?is is contradict$ by facts :i* pass "u our own eyes2 = :o c say t ! peasant1 9 giv+ away ! corn :i* he has rais$1 b :i* he is nev] to eat1 gives away a sup]fluity8 ,i see 9 ?is axiom v cle>ly h[ two m5 may make an accid5tal arrangem5t1 b ,i see no explanation ( progress4 ,obs]vation gives u a m satisfactory explanation ( ! p[] ( ,ex*ange4 ,ex*ange has two manife/ations--namely1 union ( =ces1 & sep>ation ( occupations4 ,x is v cle> t 9 _m cases ! unit$ =ce ( sev]al m5 is sup]ior1 all ?+s consid]$1 to ! sum ( _! individual =ces4 ,suppose t :at is want$ is to remove a heavy load4 ,:]e a ?\s& m5 9 succession may fail1 x is possible t f\r m5 may succe$ by unit+ _! ef=ts4 ,j let u reflect h[ few ?+s 7 ev] accompli%$ 9 ?is _w )\t union6 p#ajd ,& yet ?is is only ! concurr5ce ( muscul> =ces 9 a common design4 ,nature has endu$ u ) v v>i$ physical1 intellectual1 & moral faculties4 ,!re are 9 ! co-op]ation ( ^! faculties endless comb9ations4 ,is x wi%$ to accompli% a useful "w1 l ! con/ruction ( a road1 or ! def5ce ( a c\ntry8 ,"o gives ! community ! b5efit ( 8 /r5g?1 ano!r ( 8 agility1 ano!r ( 8 c\rage1 ano!r ( 8 exp]i5ce1 =esight1 imag9ation1 ev5 ( 8 reputation4 ,x is easy to compreh5d t ! same m5 act+ s+ly c\ld n h atta9$1 or ev5 conceiv$1 ! same results4 ,n[1 union ( =ces implies ,ex*ange4 ,to induce m5 to co-op]ate1 !y h ! prospect ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! b5efit to be obta9$4 ,ea* makes ! o!r pr(it by 8 ,ef=ts1 & he pr(its by ! o!r's ,ef=ts 9 return1 :i* is ,ex*ange4 ,we see h[ ,ex*ange 9 ?is way augm5ts our ,satisfactions4 ,! b5efit consi/s 9 ?is1 t ef=ts ( equal int5sity t5d1 by ! m]e fact ( _! union1 to sup]ior results4 ,!re is "h no trace ( ! pret5d$ b>t] ( ! sup]flu\s = ! necess>y1 any m ?an ( ! d\ble & empirical pr(it alleg$ by ,condillac4 ,! same rem>k applies to division ( lab\r4 ,inde$1 if we reg>d ! matt] m closely1 we %all be conv9c$ t ! sep>ation ( employm5ts is only ano!r & m p]man5t mann] ( unit+ our =ces--( co-op]at+1 ( associat+2 & x is q correct to say1 z we %all aft]w>ds demon/rate1 t ! pres5t social organization1 provid$ ,ex*ange is left free & unfett]$1 is itself a va/ & beautiful association--a m>vell\s association1 v diff]5t1 inde$1 f t dreamt ( by ! ,sociali/s1 s9ce1 by an admirable me*anism1 x is 9 p]fect accordance ) individual indep5d5ce4 ,e "o c ent] & leave x at any mom5t :i* suits 8 conv5i5ce4 ,he contributes to x volunt>ily1 & reaps a satisfaction sup]ior to 8 contribution1 & always increas+--a satisfaction det]m9$ by ! laws ( ju/ice & ! nature ( ?+s1 n by ! arbitr>y w ( a *ief4 ,b ?is is anticipat+4 ,all we h to d at pres5t is to expla9 h[ ! division ( lab\r increases our p[]4 ,)\t dwell+ mu* on ?is subject1 z x is "o ( ! few :i* d n give rise to controv]sy1 a rem>k or two may n be out ( place4 ,its importance has p]haps be5 some:at disp>ag$4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ! p[]ful effects ( ! ,division ( ,lab\r1 x has be5 usual to describe its m>vell\s results 9 c]ta9 manufactures--9 ! mak+ ( p9s1 = p#aje example4 ,b ! subject admits ( be+ view$ 9 a m g5]al & philosophical light4 ,! =ce ( habit has ! s+ul> effect ( conceal+ f u1 & r5d]+ u unconsci\s (1 ! ph5om5a 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live & move4 ,no say+ is m pr(\ndly true ?an t ( ,r\sseau1 8,mu* philosophy is ne$$ = ! obs]vation ( :at we see e day40 ,x may n !n be )\t use to recall :at we owe to ,ex*ange1 )\t p]ceiv+ x4 ,9 :at way has ! p[] ( ex*ang+ elevat$ mank9d to ! height ( civilisation we h n[ atta9$8 ,i answ]1 by ! influ5ce :i* x ex]ts on ,lab\r1 ^u ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts1 ^u ! p[]s & faculties ( man1 & ^u ,capital4 ,adam ,smi? has cle>ly demon/rat$ its influ5ce on ,lab\r4 8,! great increase 9 ! quantity ( "w1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! division ( lab\r1 ! same numb] ( p are capable ( p]=m+1 is ow+ to ?ree circum/ances10 says t celebrat$ ,economi/3 8,fir/1 to ! increase ( dext]ity 9 e p>ticul> workman2 secondly1 to ! sav+ ( "t :i* is commonly lo/ 9 pass+ f "o species ( "w to ano!r2 ?irdly1 to ?is1 t m5 are mu* m likely to discov] easi] & readi] me?ods ( atta9+ an object :5 ! :ole att5tion ( _! m9ds is direct$ to t s+le object1 ?an :5 x is dissipat$ among a great v>iety ( ?+s40 ,^? :o1 l ,adam ,smi?1 see 9 ,lab\r ! exclusive s\rce ( weal?1 conf9e !mselves to inquir+ 9 :at way ! division ( lab\r increases its effici5cy4 ,b we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t lab\r is n ! sole ag5t 9 procur+ u satisfaction4 ,natural =ces co-op]ate4 ,t is beyond d\bt4 ,?us1 9 agriculture1 ! action ( ! sun & ( ! ra91 ! moi/ure ( ! e>?1 & ! gases diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 are und\bt$ly ag5ts :i* co-op]ate ) human lab\r 9 ! production ( vegetable sub/ances4 ,manufactur+ indu/ry owes analog\s s]vices to ! *emical qualities ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 to wat]-p[]1 to ! ela/icity ( /eam1 to gravitation1 to electricity4 ,comm]ce has turn$ to ! pr(it ( man ! vig\r & in/9cts ( c]ta9 races ( animals1 ! =ce ( ! w9ds :i* fill ! sails ( 8 %ips1 ! laws ( magnetism1 :i*1 act+ on ! compass1 direct ! c\rse ( ^! %ips ?r\gh ! pa?less ocean4 ,!re are two v]ities :i* are beyond all dispute4 ,! p#ajf fir/ is1 t ! m man avails himself ( ! =ces ( nature1 ! bett] he is provid$ ) ev]y?+ he requires4 ,x is suffici5tly evid5t t1 ) equal ex]tion1 we obta9 m corn f a ri* loamy soil ?an f /]ile rocks or arid s&s4 ,! second is1 t natural ag5ts are unequally diffus$ ov] ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,:o w\ld v5ture to ma9ta9 t all soils are equally well fitt$ = all k9ds ( culture1 or all c\ntries = ! same description ( manufactures8 ,n[1 if x be true on ! "o h& t natural =ces are unequally diffus$ 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w1 & on ! o!r t m5 are ri*] 9 proportion z !y avail !mselves ( !m1 x foll[s t ! faculty ( ,ex*ange immeasurably augm5ts ! useful co-op]ation ( ^! =ces4 ,& "h we recur once m to gratuit\s & on]\s utility1 ! =m] be+ sub/itut$ = ! latt] by virtue ( ,ex*ange4 ,is x n v cle>1 t if m5 7 depriv$ ( ! p[] ( ,ex*ange1 & 7 oblig$ to produce ice "u ! equator1 & sug> at ! poles1 !y mu/ sp5d mu* pa9s 9 do+ :at heat & cold d gratuit\sly1 & t = !m an imm5se proportion ( ! ,=ces ( nature w\ld rema9 inop]ative8 ,?anks to ,ex*ange1 ^! =ces are r5d]$ useful to u :]ev] we enc\nt] !m4 ,corn l& is s[n ) :eat--9 w9e-gr[+ c\ntries ! l& is plant$ ) v9es--!re are fi%]m5 on ! coa/s1 & wood-cutt]s among ! m\nta9s4 ,9 "o place a :eel :i* does ! "w ( t5 m5 is set 9 motion by wat]--9 ano!r1 by w9d4 ,nature becomes a slave1 :om we h nei!r to fe$1 nor to clo!1 nor to pay--:o co/s no?+ ei!r to our purse or our consci5ce4#bf ,! same am\nt ( human ef=ts1 t is to say1 ! same s]vices1 ! same value1 realizes a con/antly increas+ am\nt ( utility4 ,= ea* giv5 result a c]ta9 portion only ( human ex]tion is absorb$2 ! rema9d]1 by means ( ! int]v5tion ( natural ,=ces1 is r5d]$ disposable1 & x sets to "w to ov]come new ob/acles1 to m9i/] to new desires1 to realize new utilities4 ,! effects ( ,ex*ange ^u our intellectual ,faculties are s great1 t we c sc>cely ev5 imag9e _! ext5t4 8,k10 says ,m4 de ,tracy1 8is ! mo/ preci\s ( all our acquisition1 s9ce x directs & gov]ns ! employm5t ( our =ces1 & r5d]s !m m prolific1 9 proportion z x is s\nd] & m ext5sive4 ,no man c himself obs]ve p#ajg ev]y?+1 & x is mu* easi] to le>n ?an to inv5t4 ,b :5 sev]al m5 communicate ) ea* o!r1 :at is obs]v$ by "o is soon kn[n to ! re/2 & if !re be among !m b "o p]son ( sup]ior +5uity1 preci\s discov]ies spe$ily become ! prop]ty ( all4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 k is mu* m rapidly increas$ ?an x c\ld be 9 a /ate ( isolation1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! p[] ( pres]v+ x1 & consequ5tly ( accumulat+ x f "o g5]ation to ano!r40 ,if ! res\rces :i* nature has accumulat$ ar\nd man & plac$ at 8 disposal are v>i$1 ! human faculties !mselves are n less s4 ,we are n all equally end[$ ) /r5g?1 c\rage1 intellig5ce1 pati5ce1 or ) arti/ic1 lit]>y1 & indu/rial aptitudes4 ,)\t ex*ange1 ?is div]sity1 f> f contribut+ to our well-be+1 w\ld contribute to our mis]y1 ea* feel+ less ! advantage ( ^? ,faculties he possess$ ?an ! deprivation ( ^? he want$4 ,?anks to ex*ange1 a man possess$ ( bodily /r5g? may1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 disp5se ) g5ius1 & a man ( intellig5ce ) bodily /r5g?2 = by ! admirable community :i* ! p[] ( ex*ange e/abli%es among m51 ea* individual p>ticipates 9 ! di/9ctive qualities ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! satisfactions he desires1 x is n en\gh1 9 mo/ cases1 to "w--to ex]cise 8 faculties ^u1 or by means (1 natural ag5ts4 ,he requires also to h tools1 in/rum5ts1 ma*9es1 provisions--9 a ^w1 ,capital4 ,suppose a small tribe1 compos$ ( t5 families1 ea*1 9 work+ exclusively = itself1 be+ oblig$ to engage 9 t5 diff]5t employm5ts4 ,9 t case ea* family mu/ h t5 sets ( indu/rial app>atus4 ,! tribe w\ld require to possess t5 pl\ghs1 t5 teams ( ox51 t5 =ges1 t5 jo9]'s & c>p5t]'s work%ops1 t5 looms1 etc42 :ile1 ) ! p[] ( ex*ange1 a s+le pl\gh1 a s+le team1 a s+le =ge1 a s+le loom1 w\ld be suffici5t4 ,x is impossible to conceive ! economy ( ,capital :i* we owe to ex*ange4 ,! read] n[ sees cle>ly :at con/itutes ! true p[] ( ex*ange4 ,x is n1 z ,condillac says1 t x implies two ga9s1 because ( ea* ( ! contract+ p>ties valu+ m highly :at he receives ?an :at he gives4 ,nei!r is x t ea* gives away :at is sup]flu\s = :at is necess>y4 ,x lies simply 9 ?is1 t :5 "o man says to ano!r1 8,d y only ?is1 & ,i %all d only t1 & we %all divide10 !re is a bett] & m advantage\s employm5t ( lab\r1 ( faculties1 ( natural ag5ts1 ( capital1 & consequ5tly !re is m to divide4 ,& ^! results take place to a /ill great] ext5t :5 p#ajh ?ree1 t51 a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 or sev]al millions ( m5 ent] into ! association4 ,! two propositions :i* ,i h laid d[n1 !n1 are rigor\sly true1 viz43-- ,9 isolation our wants exce$ our p[]s2 ,9 society our p[]s exce$ our wants4 ,! fir/ is true1 see+ t ! :ole surface ( our c\ntry w\ld n ma9ta9 "o man 9 a /ate ( absolute isolation4 ,! second is true1 see+ t1 9 fact1 ! population :i* is spread ov] t same surface multiplies & gr[s ri*]4 ,progress ( ,ex*ange4--,! primitive =m ( ex*ange is ,b>t]4 ,two p]sons1 "o ( :om desires an object1 & is possess$ ( an object :i* ! o!r desires1 agree to c$e ^! objects reciprocally1 or !y agree to "w sep>ately1 ea* at "o ?+1 b = ! purpose ( divid+ ! total product ( _! lab\r 9 arrang$ proportions4 ,?is is ,b>t]1 :i* is1 z ! ,sociali/s w\ld say1 ,ex*ange1 traffic1 comm]ce 9 embryo4 ,we obs]ve "h two ,desires z motives--two ,ef=ts z means--two ,satisfactions z results1 or z ! t]m9ation & completion ( ! entire cycle2 & ?is evolution is n ess5tially diff]5t f ! same evolution accompli%$ 9 a /ate ( isolation1 except t ! desires & satisfactions h1 z _! nature requires1 rema9$ intransmissible1 & t ,ef=ts alone h be5 ex*ang$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! two p]sons h work$ = ea* o!r1 & h r5d]$ ea* o!r reciprocal s]vices4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ,political ,economy truly beg9s1 = x is "h t value fir/ makes its appe>ance4 ,b>t] takes place only aft] an arrangem5t1 a discussion4 ,ea* ( ! contract+ p>ties is gov]n$ by consid]ations ( self-int]e/4 ,ea* ( !m makes a calculation1 :i* 9 effect comes to ?is1 8,i %all b>t] if ! b>t] procures me ! satisfaction ,i desire ) a less ,ef=t40 ,x is c]ta9ly a m>vell\s ph5om5on t dim9i%$ ef=ts c yet keep pace ) undim9i%$ desires & satisfactions2 & ?is is expla9$ by ! consid]ations :i* ,i h pres5t$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,:5 two commodities or two s]vices are b>t]$1 we may conclude t !y are ( equal value4 ,we %all h to analyze aft]w>ds ! notion ( value1 b ?is vague def9ition is suffici5t = ! pres5t4 ,we may suppose a r\nd-ab\t b>t]1 includ+ ?ree contract+ p>ties4 ,paul r5d]s a s]vice to ,pet]1 :o r5d]s an equival5t s]vice to ,james1 :o 9 turn r5d]s an equival5t s]vice to ,paul1 by means ( :i* all is balanc$4 ,i ne$ n say t ?is r\nd-ab\t transaction only takes place because x p#aji suits all ! p>ties1 )\t *ang+ ei!r ! nature or ! consequ5ces ( b>t]4 ,! ess5ce ( ,b>t] is discov]$ 9 all its purity ev5 :5 ! numb] ( contract+ p>ties is great]4 ,9 my commune ! v9e-dress] pays ) w9e = ! s]vices ( ! blacksmi?1 ! b>b]1 ! tailor1 ! beadle1 ! curate1 ! groc]2 :ile ! blacksmi?1 ! b>b]1 ! tailor1 9 turn deliv] to ! groc]1 = ! commodities consum$ dur+ ! ye>1 ! w9e :i* !y h receiv$ f ! v9e-dress]4 ,?is r\nd-ab\t ,b>t]1 ,i _c too (t5 repeat1 does n *ange 9 ! lea/ degree ! prim>y notions expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,:5 ! evolution is complete1 ea* ( ^? :o h _h "p 9 x pres5ts /ill ! triple ph5om5on1 want1 ef=t1 satisfaction4 ,we h b to add1 ! ex*ange ( ef=ts1 ! transmission ( s]vices1 ! sep>ation ( employm5ts1 ) all _! result+ advantages--advantages to :i* e "o ( ! p>ties has contribut$1 see+ t isolat$ individual lab\r is a pis all]1 always res]v$1 & :i* is only r5\nc$ 9 consid]ation ( a c]ta9 advantage4 ,x is easy to compreh5d t ,b>t] 9 k9d1 especially ! indirect & r\nd-ab\t b>t] :i* ,i h describ$1 _c be mu* ext5d$1 & x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! ob/acles :i* set limits to x4 ,h[ c\ld he manage1 = example1 :o wi%$ to ex*ange 8 h\se aga9/ ! ?\s& articles :i* ent] into 8 annual consumption8 ,9 any case1 ,b>t] c\ld nev] take place b among ! few p]sons :o happ5 to be acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r4 ,progress & ! ,division ( ,lab\r w\ld soon rea* _! limits if mank9d _h n discov]$ ! means ( facilitat+ ex*anges4 ,?is is ! reason :y m51 f ! e>lie/ ages ( society1 h employ$ an int]m$iate commodity to effect _! transactions--corn1 w9e1 animals1 & almo/ always1 ! preci\s metals4 ,su* commodities p]=m ?is function ( facilitat+ ex*anges m or less conv5i5tly2 /ill any "o ( !m c p]=m x1 provid$ t1 9 ! transaction1 ,ef=t is repres5t$ by value1 ! transmission ( :i* is ! ?+ to be effect$4 ,:5 rec\rse is _h to an int]m$iate commodity1 two economic ph5om5a make _! appe>ance1 :i* we d5om9ate ,sale & ,pur*ase4 ,x is evid5t t ! idea ( sale & pur*ase is n includ$ 9 direct ,b>t]1 or ev5 9 r\nd-ab\t ,b>t]4 ,:5 a man gives ano!r some?+ to dr9k1 9 consid]ation ( receiv+ f him some?+ to eat1 we h a p#aaj simple fact :i* we _c analyze f>!r4 ,n[1 :at we mu/ rem>k 9 ! v outset ( ! sci5ce is1 t ex*anges :i* are effect$ by means ( an int]m$iate commodity d n lose ! nature1 ! ess5ce1 ! quality ( b>t]--only ! b>t] is no long] simple1 b comp\nd4 ,to borr[ ! v judici\s & pr(\nd obs]vation ( ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 x is a b>t] ( two factors troc deux facteurs1 ( :i* ! "o is call$ sale & ! o!r pur*ase--factors ^: union is indisp5sable 9 ord] to con/itute a complete b>t]4 ,9 tru?1 ?is discov]y ( a conv5i5t means ( effect+ ex*anges makes no alt]ation 9 ! nature ei!r ( m5 or ( ?+s4 ,we h /ill 9 e case ! want :i* det]m9es ! ef=t1 & ! satisfaction :i* rew>ds x4 ,! ,ex*ange is complete only :5 ! man :o has made an ef=t 9 fav\r ( ano!r has obta9$ f him an equival5t s]vice1 t is to say1 satisfaction4 ,to effect ?is1 he sells 8 s]vice = ! int]m$iate commodity1 & !n ) t int]m$iate commodity he pur*ases equival5t s]vices1 :5 ! two factors br+ back ! transaction to simple b>t]4 ,take ! case ( a physician1 = in/ance4 ,= _m ye>s he has devot$ 8 "t & 8 faculties to ! /udy ( diseases & _! rem$ies4 ,he has visit$ pati5ts1 he has prescrib$ = !m1 9 a ^w1 he has r5d]$ s]vices4 ,in/ead ( receiv+ comp5sation f 8 pati5ts 9 direct s]vices1 :i* w\ld h con/itut$ simple b>t]1 he receives f !m an int]m$iate commodity1 ! preci\s metals1 :]e) he pur*ases ! satisfactions :i* 7 ! ultimate object he _h 9 view4 ,8 pati5ts h n furni%$ him ) bread1 w9e1 or o!r goods1 b !y h furni%$ him ) ! value ( ^!4 ,!y c\ld n h giv5 him money unless !y _h !mselves r5d]$ s]vices4 ,z f> z !y are conc]n$1 !re=e1 !re is a balance ( s]vices1 & !re is also a balance z reg>ds ! physician2 & c\ld we 9 ?\ght foll[ ?is circulation ( s]vices out & out1 we %\ld see t ,ex*ange c>ri$ on by ! int]v5tion ( money resolves itself into a multitude ( acts ( simple b>t]4 ,9 ! case ( simple b>t]1 value is ! appreciation ( two s]vices ex*ang$ & directly comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ! case ( ,comp\nd ,ex*ange ! two s]vices measure ea* o!r's value1 n directly1 b by comp>ison ) ?is mean t]m1 ?is int]m$iate commodity1 :i* is call$ ,money4 ,we %all see by-&-by :at difficulties1 :at errors1 h sprung f ?is complication4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to rem>k t p#aaa ! int]v5tion ( ?is int]m$iate commodity makes no *ange :atev] 9 ! notion ( value4 ,only admit t ex*ange is at once ! cause & ! effect ( ! division ( lab\r & ! sep>ation ( employm5ts2 only admit t ! sep>ation ( occupations multiplies satisfactions 9 proportion to ef=ts1 = ! reasons expla9$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 & y w compreh5d at once ! s]vices :i* ,money has r5d]$ to mank9d1 by ! simple fact t x facilitates ,ex*anges4 ,by means ( ,money1 ,ex*ange is indef9itely ext5d$ & develop$4 ,ea* man ca/s 8 s]vices into ! common fund1 )\t kn[+ :o is to enjoy ! satisfactions :i* !y are calculat$ to procure4 ,9 ! same way he obta9s f society1 n imm$iate s]vices1 b money ) :i* he c aft]w>ds pur*ase s]vices1 :]e1 :51 & h[ x may be/ suit him4 ,9 ?is way ! ultimate transactions occur at v>i\s times & places1 betwe5 p totally unacqua9t$ ) ea* o!r1 & 9 ! great] numb] ( cases no "o kn[s by ^: ef=ts 8 wants w be satisfi$1 or to ! satisfaction ( ^: desires 8 own ef=ts w contribute4 ,ex*ange1 by ! int]v5tion ( ,money1 resolves itself into innum]able acts ( b>t]1 ( :i* ! contract+ p>ties !mselves are ignorant4 ,ex*ange1 h[ev]1 conf]s s great a b5efit on society 7is x n society itself87 t x facilitates & ext5ds x by o!r means besides ! introduction ( money4 ,9 logical ord]1 aft] ,want & ,satisfaction unit$ 9 ! same individual ) isolat$ ,ef=t--aft] simple b>t]--aft] b>t] deux facteurs1 or ,ex*ange compos$ ( sale & pur*ase--come o!r transactions1 ext5d$ f>!r ov] "t & space by means ( cr$it1 mortgages1 bills ( ex*ange1 bank notes1 etc4 ,by means ( ?is wondr\s ma*9]y1 ! result ( civilisation1 ! improv] ( civilisation1 & itself becom+ m p]fect at ! same "t1 an ex]tion made at ! pres5t h\r 9 ,p>is may contribute to ! satisfaction & enjoym5t ( an unkn[n /rang]1 sep>at$ f u by oceans & c5turies2 & he :o makes ! ex]tion w n ! less receive = x a pres5t recomp5se1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( p]sons :o advance ! remun]ation1 & wait to be reimburs$ 9 a di/ant c\ntry or at a future day4 ,m>vell\s & a/oni%+ complication6 :i*1 :5 subject$ to analysis1 %[s u f9ally ! accompli%m5t ( ! entire economic cycle--want1 ef=t1 satisfaction1 tak+ place 9 ea* individual1 accord+ to a j law4 ,limits ( ,ex*ange4--,! g5]al "* ( ,ex*ange is to dim9i% ! proportion :i* ! ,ef=t be>s to ! satisfaction4 ,betwe5 our wants & our satisfactions ob/acles are int]pos$1 p#aab :i* we succe$ 9 dim9i%+ by ! union ( =ces or ! division ( occupations1 t is to say1 by ,ex*ange4 ,b ,ex*ange itself enc\nt]s ob/acles & dem&s ef=ts4 ,! pro( ( ?is is ! imm5se am\nt ( human lab\r :i* x sets 9 motion4 ,! preci\s metals1 roads1 canals1 railways1 :eel$ c>riages1 %ips--all ^! ?+s absorb a consid]able portion ( human activity4 ,obs]ve1 besides1 h[ _m m5 are exclusively occupi$ 9 facilitat+ ex*anges--h[ _m bank]s1 m]*ants1 %opkeep]s1 brok]s1 c>ri]s1 sailors6 ,?is va/ & co/ly app>atus %[s u1 bett] ?an any reason+1 h[ mu* efficacy !re is 9 ! p[] ( ,ex*ange1 = :y o!rwise %\ld society be encumb]$ ) x8 ,s9ce x is ! nature ( ,ex*ange to save ef=ts & to exact !m1 x is easy to und]/& :at are its natural limits4 ,9 virtue ( t motive :i* urges man to *oose always ! lea/ ( two evils1 ,ex*ange w g on ext5d+ itself indef9itely z long z ! ef=t x exacts is less ?an ! ef=t :i* x saves4 ,& its ext5sion w /op naturally :51 ^u ! :ole1 ! aggregate ( satisfactions obta9$ by ! division ( lab\r becomes less1 by reason ( ! increas+ difficulties att5d+ ,ex*ange1 ?an if we procur$ !m by direct production4 ,suppose ! case ( a small tribe4 ,if !y desire to procure !mselves satisfactions !y mu/ make an ef=t4 ,!y may address !mselves to ano!r tribe1 & say to !m1 8,make ?is ef=t = u1 & we %all make ano!r = y40 ,! /ipulation may suit all p>ties1 if1 = example1 ! second tribe is 9 a situation to obta9 great] assi/ance ?an ! o!r f natural & gratuit\s =ces4 ,9 t case x may be able to realize ! result ) an ef=t equal to eight1 :ile ! fir/ c\ld only accompli% x by an ef=t equal to twelve4 ,!re is ?us an economy equal to f\r = ! fir/4 ,b !n come ! co/ ( transport1 ! remun]ation ( int]m$iate ag5ts1 9 a ^w1 ! ef=t exact$ by ! ma*9]y ( ,ex*ange4 ,?is co/ mu/1 !n1 cle>ly be add$ to ! figure eight4 ,ex*ange w cont9ue to take place z long z ! ,ex*ange itself does n co/ f\r4 ,! mom5t x rea*es t figure x w /op4 ,x is q unnecess>y to make laws on ?is subject2 = ei!r ! law int]v5es be=e ?is level is atta9$1 & !n x is injuri\s--x prev5ts an economy ( ef=ts--or x comes aft] x1 & !n x is useless1 l an ord9ance =bidd+ p to light _! lamps at noonday4 ,:5 ,ex*ange is ?us arre/$ f ceas+ to be advantage\s1 ! slighte/ improvem5t 9 ! comm]cial app>atus gives x a new activity4 ,betwe5 ,orleans & ,ang\lme a c]ta9 p#aac numb] ( transactions take place4 ,^! t[ns effect an ,ex*ange z (t5 z !y c obta9 a great] am\nt ( enjoym5ts by t means ?an by direct production4 ,!y /op %ort ! mom5t ! co/ ( obta9+ commodities by means ( ex*ange1 aggravat$ by ! co/ ( effect+ ! ex*ange itself1 surpasses1 or rea*es1 t ( obta9+ !m by means ( direct production4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 if we improve ! conditions "u :i* ,ex*anges are effect$--if ! m]*ants' pr(its are dim9i%$1 or ! means ( transport facilitat$--if roads & railways are made1 m\nta9s levell$1 & bridges ?r[n ov] riv]s--9 a ^w1 if ob/acles are remov$1 ! numb] ( ,ex*anges w be increas$2 = m5 are always desir\s to avail !mselves ( ! great advantages :i* we h ascrib$ to ,ex*ange1 & to sub/itute gratuit\s = on]\s utility4 ,! improvem5t ( ! comm]cial app>atus1 !n1 is equival5t to br++ two cities locally ne>] to ea* o!r4 ,:5ce x foll[s t br++ m5 physically1 locally1 ne>] ea* o!r is equival5t to improv+ ! conditions ( ex*ange4 ,?is is v important4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! solution ( ! problem ( population2 & ?is is precisely ! elem5t 9 t great problem t ,mal?us has neglect$4 ,:]e ,mal?us saw ,discordance1 att5tion to ?is elem5t enables u to discov] ,h>mony4 ,:5 m5 effect an ex*ange1 x is because !y succe$ by t means 9 obta9+ an equal am\nt ( satisfaction at a less exp5se ( ef=t2 & ! reason ( ?is is1 t on bo? sides s]vices are r5d]$ :i* are ! means ( procur+ a great] proportion ( :at we h t]m$ gratuit\s utility4 ,n[1 y h always a great] numb] ( ex*anges 9 proportion z y remove ! ob/acles :i* imp$e ex*anges1 & dim9i% ! ef=ts :i* ^! ex*anges exact4 ,& ,ex*ange enc\nt]s few] ob/acles1 & exacts few] ef=ts1 j 9 proportion z y br+ m5 ne>] ea* o!r1 & mass !m m toge!r4 ,a great] d5sity ( population1 !n1 is accompani$ by a great] proportion ( gratuit\s utility4 ,t d5sity imp>ts great] p[] to ! ma*9]y ( ex*ange2 x sets free & r5d]s disposable a portion ( human ef=ts2 x is a cause ( progress4 ,n[1 if y please1 let u leave g5]alities & look at facts4 ,does n a /reet ( equal l5g? r5d] m s]vice 9 ,p>is ?an 9 a remote village8 ,is n a mile ( railway ( m use 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,se9e ?an 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,l&es8 ,is n a ,london m]*ant cont5t ) small] pr(its p#aad on acc\nt ( ! great] am\nt ( bus9ess :i* he transacts8 ,9 ev]y?+ we %all discov] two sets ( ex*ange ag5cies at "w1 :i* al?\gh id5tical 9 k9d1 act v diff]5tly1 accord+ z !y op]ate 9 a d5sely or a ?9ly peopl$ locality4 ,! d5sity ( population n only enables u to reap m advantage f ! ma*9]y ( ex*ange1 x p]mits u to improve t ma*9]y1 & increase its p[]4 ,:]e ! population is cond5s$1 ^! improvem5ts are advantage\s1 because !y save u m ef=ts ?an !y exact2 b :]e ! population is scatt]$ & ?9-spread1 !y exact m ef=ts ?an !y save4 ,on leav+ ! metropolis = a "t1 & go+ to reside 9 a small prov9cial t[n1 "o is a/oni%$ to f9d t 9 _m in/ances ! mo/ ord9>y s]vices c only be obta9$ at great exp5se1 & ) "t & difficulty4 ,x is n ! mat]ial "p ( ! comm]cial me*anism only :i* is turn$ to acc\nt & improv$ by ! s+le circum/ance ( ! d5sity ( population1 b ! moral "p also4 ,:5 m5 are mass$ toge!r1 !y h m facility 9 divid+ _! employm5ts1 9 unit+ _! p[]s1 & 9 comb9+ to f\nd *ur*es & s*ools1 to provide = _! common security1 to e/abli% banks & insurance companies1 9 a ^w1 to procure !mselves all ! common enjoym5ts ) a mu* small] proportion ( ef=ts4 ,we %all rev]t to ^! consid]ations :5 we come to ent] on ! subject ( ,population4 ,at pres5t we %all make only ?is rem>k3-- ,ex*ange enables m5 to turn _! faculties to bett] acc\nt1 to economize capital1 to obta9 m assi/ance f ! gratuit\s ag5cies ( nature1 to increase ! proportion ( gratuit\s to on]\s utility1 to dim9i%1 consequ5tly1 ! ratio ( ef=ts to results1 & to leave at _! disposal a "p ( _! =ces1 s t !y may )draw a great] & great] portion ( !m f ! bus9ess ( provid+ = _! prim>y & m imp]i\s wants1 & devote !m to procur+ enjoym5ts ( a high] & high] ord]4 ,if ,ex*ange saves ef=ts1 x also exacts !m4 ,x ext5ds1 & spreads1 & increases1 up to ! po9t at :i* ! ef=t x exacts becomes equal to ! ef=t :i* x saves1 & x /ops !re until1 by ! improvem5t ( ! comm]cial app>atus1 or by ! circum/ance exclusively ( ! cond5sation ( population1 & br++ m5 toge!r 9 masses1 x aga9 returns to ! conditions :i* are ess5tial to its onw>d & asc5d+ m>*4 p#aae ,:5ce x foll[s t laws :i* limit or hamp] ,ex*anges are always ei!r hurtful or sup]flu\s4 ,gov]nm5ts :i* p]suade !mselves t no?+ good c be done b ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality1 refuse to ackn[l$ge ?is h>monic law4 ,ex*ange develops itself ,,naturally until x becomes m on]\s ?an useful1 & at t po9t x ,,naturally /ops4 ,9 consequ5ce1 we f9d gov]nm5ts ev]y:]e busy+ !mselves 9 fav\r+ or re/ra9+ trade4 ,9 ord] to c>ry x beyond its natural limits1 !y set to conqu]+ colonies & op5+ new m>kets4 ,9 ord] to conf9e x )9 its natural b\nds1 !y inv5t all sorts ( re/rictions & fett]s4 ,?is int]v5tion ( ,=ce 9 human transactions is ! s\rce ( innum]able evils4 ,! ,increase ( ?is =ce itself is an evil to beg9 )2 = x is v evid5t t ! ,/ate _c make conque/s1 reta9 di/ant c\ntries "u its rule1 or div]t ! natural c\rse ( trade by ! action ( t>iffs1 )\t greatly increas+ ! numb] ( its ag5ts4 ,! ,div]sion ( ! public ,=ce f its legitimate functions is an evil /ill great] ?an its ,increase4 ,its rational mission 0 to protect ,lib]ty & ,prop]ty2 & "h y h x violat+ ,lib]ty & ,prop]ty4 ,all j notions & pr9ciples are ?us effac$ f m5's m9ds4 ,! mom5t y admit t ,oppression & ,spoliation are legitimate1 provid$ !y are legal--provid$ !y int]f]e only by means ( ! ,law or public ,=ce1 y f9d by degrees ea* class ( citiz5s dem&+ t ! int]e/ ( e o!r class %\ld be sacrific$ to x4 ,?is int]v5tion ( ,=ce 9 ! bus9ess ( ,ex*anges1 :e!r x succe$s 9 promot+ or 9 re/ra9+ !m1 _c fail to occasion bo? ! ,loss & ,displacem5t ( lab\r & capital1 &1 ( consequ5ce1 a di/urbance ( ! natural di/ribution ( ! population4 ,on "o side1 natural int]e/s disappe>1 on ! o!r1 artificial int]e/s are creat$1 & m5 are =c$ to foll[ ! c\rse ( ^! int]e/s4 ,x is ?us we see important bran*es ( indu/ry e/abli%$ :]e !y ought n to be4 ,france makes sug>2 ,engl& sp9s cotton1 br\ght f ! pla9s ( ,india4 ,c5turies ( w>1 torr5ts ( blood1 ! dissipation ( va/ treasures1 h br\ght ab\t ^! results1 & ! effect has be5 to sub/itute 9 ,europe sickly & prec>i\s = s\nd & heal?y ent]prises1 & to op5 ! door to comm]cial crises1 to /oppages1 to in/ability1 & f9ally to ,paup]ism4 ,b ,i f9d ,i am anticipat+4 ,:at we ought fir/ to d is to p#aaf acqua9t ourselves ) ! free & natural developm5t ( human societies1 & !n inve/igate ! ,di/urbances4 ,moral ,=ce ( ,ex*ange4--,we mu/ repeat1 at ! risk ( w\nd+ mod]n s5tim5talism1 t ,political ,economy belongs to ! region ( bus9ess1 & bus9ess is transact$ "u ! influ5ce ( p]sonal int]e/4 ,9 va9 ! puritans ( socialism cry out1 8,?is is frightful2 we %all *ange all ?is40 ,su* declamations involve a flat contradiction4 ,d we make pur*ases on ! ,quai ,voltaire 9 ! "n ( ,frat]nity8 ,x w\ld be to fall into ano!r k9d ( declamation to attribute morality to acts det]m9$ & gov]n$ by self-int]e/4 ,b a good & wise ,provid5ce may s h arrang$ ! social ord] t ^! v acts1 de/itute ( morality 9 _! motives1 may nev]!less t5d to moral results4 ,is x n s 9 ! case ( lab\r8 ,n[1 ,i ma9ta9 t ,ex*ange1 :e!r 9 ! incipi5t /ate ( simple b>t]1 or exp&$ into a va/ & complicat$ comm]ce1 develops 9 society t5d5cies m noble ?an ! motive :i* gives rise to x4 ,i h c]ta9ly no wi% to attribute to only "o ( our p[]s all t con/itutes ! gr&eur1 ! glory1 & ! *>m ( our exi/5ce4 ,z !re are two =ces 9 ! mat]ial _w--"o :i* goes f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre1 ! o!r f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce--!re are also two pr9ciples 9 ! social _w1 self-int]e/ & sympa?y4 ,x 7 a mis=tune inde$ did we fail to recognise ! b5efits & joys ( ! sympa!tic pr9ciple1 z manife/$ 9 fri5d%ip1 love1 filial piety1 p>5tal t5d]ness1 *>ity1 patriotism1 religion1 en?usiasm = ! good & ! beautiful4 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ! sympa!tic pr9ciple is only a magnific5t =m ( self-love1 t to love o!rs is at bottom only an intellig5t way ( lov+ ourselves4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] on ! solution ( t problem4 ,:e!r ^! two native en]gies are di/9ct or conf\nd$1 x is en\gh = u to "k t1 f> f be+ antagoni/ic1 z is con/antly said1 !y act 9 comb9ation1 & concur 9 ! realization ( "o & ! same result1 ! g5]al good4 ,i h e/abli%$ ^! two propositions3-- ,9 a /ate ( isolation1 our wants exce$ our p[]s2 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,ex*ange1 our p[]s exce$ our wants4 ,^! propositions %[ ! end & purpose ( society4 ,!re are two o!rs :i* gu>antee its indef9ite improvem5t3-- ,9 a /ate ( isolation ! ga9 ( "o may be ! loss ( ano!r2 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,ex*ange1 ! ga9 ( ea* is ! ga9 ( all4 ,is x necess>y to prove t1 if nature _h de/9$ man to a p#aag solit>y life1 ! prosp]ity ( "o w\ld h be5 incompatible ) t ( ano!r1 & ! m num]\s m5 _h be51 ! less *ance w\ld !y h _h ( atta9+ prosp]ity8 ,at all ev5ts1 we see cle>ly 9 :at way numb]s might h be5 injuri\s1 & we d n see h[ !y c\ld h be5 b5eficial4 ,& !n1 ,i w\ld ask1 "u :at =m c\ld ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y h manife/$ itself8 ,h[1 or on :at occasion1 c\ld x h be5 call$ =?8 ,c\ld we h ev5 compreh5d$ x8 ,b m5 ex*ange1 & ,ex*ange1 z we h se51 implies ! sep>ation ( employm5ts4 ,x gives bir? to pr(essions & trades4 ,ea* man sets himself to ov]come a c]ta9 class ( ob/acles1 = ! b5efit ( ! ,community4 ,ea* makes x 8 bus9ess to r5d] a c]ta9 description ( s]vices4 ,n[1 a complete analysis ( value demon/rates t ea* s]vice has value 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 proportion to its intr9sic utility1 & aft]w>ds 9 proportion to ! weal? ( ^? to :om x is furni%$--t is to say1 9 proportion z ! community to :om ! s]vice is r5d]$ has a great] dem& = x1 & is 9 a bett] situation to pay = x4 ,exp]i5ce %[s u t ! artizan1 ! physician1 ! lawy]1 ! m]*ant1 ! c>ri]1 ! pr(essor1 ! savant1 d]ive great] returns f _! s]vices 9 ,p>is1 9 ,london1 or at ,new ,york1 ?an 9 ! ,l&es ( ,gascony1 or ! m\nta9s ( ,wales1 or ! prairies ( ! ,f> ,we/4 ,& does n ?is confirm ! tru?1 t ea* man is m likely to prosp] 9 proportion to ! g5]al prosp]ity ( ! community 9 :i* he lives8 ,( all ! h>monies :i* h come "u my obs]vation1 ?is is beyond d\bt ! mo/ important1 ! f9e/1 ! mo/ decisive1 ! mo/ sugge/ive4 ,x sums up & includes all ! o!rs4 ,?is is :y ,i c give only a v incomplete demon/ration ( x 9 ?is place4 ,! :ole scope & _s ( ?is "w w e/abli% x2 & ,i %all deem x a =tunate ?+ if its probability at lea/ is made s app>5t z to induce ! read] to conv9ce himself ( its tru? by f>!r inquiry & reflection4 ,= x is beyond "q t on ?is turns our decision betwe5 natural & artificial ,organizations--t on ?is1 & ?is alone1 hangs ! solution ( ! ,social ,problem4 ,if ! prosp]ity ( all be ! condition ( ! prosp]ity ( ea*1 !n we c repose ) confid5ce n only on ! economic p[] ( free trade1 b on its moral =ce4 ,if m5 only und]/ood _! true int]e/s1 re/rictions1 m]cantile jeal\sies1 comm]cial w>s1 monopolies1 w\ld g d[n "u ! influ5ce ( public op9ion2 p#aah & be=e solicit+ ! int]position ( gov]nm5t 9 any case1 ! "q w\ld be1 n 8,h[ am ,i to be b5efit$ by x80 b 8,:at advantage is likely to result f x to ! community80 ,?is la/ "q1 ,i grant1 is sometimes elicit$ by ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y2 b let m5 be once enlight5$1 & x w be call$ =? by ,self-int]e/4 ,!n we %all be enabl$ to say ) tru? t ! two motive pr9ciples ( our nature t5d t[>ds ! same result--! ,g5]al ,good2 & x w be impossible to d5y ,moral ,p[] to self-int]e/1 & ! transactions :i* spr+ f x1 z f> at lea/ z _! effects are conc]n$4 ,consid] ! relations ( man to man1 family to family1 prov9ce to prov9ce1 nation to nation1 hemisph]e to hemisph]e1 capitali/ to lab\r]1 ! man ( prop]ty to ! man ( no prop]ty1--x seems evid5t to me t x is impossible to resolve ! social problem f any "o ( ^! po9ts ( view1 or ev5 to ent] ^u its solution1 be=e *oos+ betwe5 ^! two maxims3-- ,! pr(it ( "o is ! loss ( ano!r2 ,! pr(it ( "o is ! ga9 ( ano!r4 ,= if nature has arrang$ matt]s s t antagonism is ! law ( free transactions1 our only res\rce is to vanqui% nature & /ifle ,fre$om4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! free transactions are h>moni\s1 t is to say1 if !y t5d to ameliorate & equalize ! conditions ( m51 our ef=ts mu/ be conf9$ to all[+ nature to act1 & ma9ta9+ ! rights ( human ,lib]ty4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,i conjure ! "y p to :om ?is "w is d$icat$ to scrut9ize ) c>e ! =mulas :i* x lays d[n1 & to analyze ! peculi> nature & effects ( ,ex*ange4 ,i hope yet to f9d at lea/ "o among !m :o w be able to demon/rate rigor\sly ?is proposition3 8,! good ( ea* t5ds to ! good ( all1 z ! good ( all t5ds to ! good ( ea*20 & :o w1 moreov]1 be able to impress ?is tru? ^u m5's m9ds by r5d]+ ! pro( ( x simple1 lucid1 & irrefragable4 ,! man :o does ?is w h resolv$ ! social problem1 & be ! b5efactor ( ! human race4 ,dep5d ^u x1 t accord+ z ?is axiom is true or false1 ! natural laws ( society are h>moni\s or antagoni/ic2 & t accord+ z !y are h>moni\s or antagoni/ic1 x is our int]e/ to con=m to !m or to deviate f !m4 ,7 x once ?or\ghly demon/rat$1 !n1 t "u ! empire ( fre$om m5's int]e/s h>monize & fav\r ea* o!r1 all ! ef=ts :i* we n[ see gov]nm5ts mak+ to di/urb ! p#aai action ( ^! natural social laws we %\ld see direct$ to giv+ !m =ce1 or r1 no ef=ts :atev] w\ld !n be necess>y1 & all !y w\ld h to d w\ld be to ab/a9 f int]f]+4 ,9 :at does ! re/ra9+ action ( gov]nm5ts consi/8 ,we may inf] x f ! design !y h 9 view4 ,:at is t design8 ,to rem$y ! inequality :i* is suppos$ to spr+ f ,lib]ty4 ,n[1 !re is only "o way ( re-e/abli%+ ! equilibrium1 namely1 to take f "o 9 ord] to give to ano!r4 ,su*1 9 fact1 is ! mission :i* gov]nm5ts h arrogat$ to !mselves1 or h receiv$2 & x is a rigor\s consequ5ce ( ! =mula1 t ! ga9 ( "o is ! loss ( ano!r4 ,if t axiom be true1 ,=ce mu/ repair ! evils ( ,lib]ty4 ,?us gov]nm5ts1 in/itut$ = ! protection ( lib]ty & prop]ty1 h und]tak5 ! task ( violat+ lib]ty & prop]ty 9 e %ape2 & !y h done s consi/5tly1 if x be 9 lib]ty & prop]ty t ! g]m & pr9ciple ( evil reside4 ,h5ce we see !m ev]y:]e engag$ 9 ! artificial displacem5t & r$i/ribution ( lab\r1 capital1 & responsibility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an incalculable am\nt ( intellectual =ce is ?r[n away 9 ! pursuit ( artificial social organizations4 ,to take f "o 9 ord] to give to ano!r1 to violate bo? lib]ty & prop]ty1 is a v simple design1 b ! means ( c>ry+ out t design may be v>i$ to inf9ity4 ,h5ce arise multitudes ( sy/ems1 :i* /rike ! produc+ classes ) t]ror1 s9ce f ! v nature ( ! object !y h 9 view1 !y m5ace all exi/+ int]e/s4 ,?us arbitr>y & complex sy/ems ( gov]nm5t1 ! negation ( lib]ty & prop]ty1 ! antagonism ( classes & nations1 all ^! are logically includ$ 9 ! axiom1 t ! ga9 ( "o is ! loss ( ano!r4 ,&1 = ! same reason1 simplicity 9 gov]nm5t1 respect = individual dignity1 fre$om ( lab\r & ex*ange1 peace among nations1 security = p]son & prop]ty1 are all conta9$ & %ut up 9 ?is tru?--,int]e/s are h>moni\s4 ,!y are s1 h[ev]1 only on "o condition1 :i* is1 t ?is tru? %\ld be g5]ally admitt$4 ,b x is v f> f be+ s4 ,on read+ :at ,i h said on ?is subject _m p w be l$ to say1 ,y break ?r\gh an op5 door4 ,:o ev] ?\ght ( conte/+ s]i\sly ! sup]iority ( ,ex*ange to ,isolation8 ,9 :at book1 unless inde$ 9 ! works ( ,r\sseau1 h y enc\nt]$ ?is /range p>adox8 ,^? :o /op me ) ?is reflection =get only two ?+s1 two p#abj symptoms1 or r two aspects ( mod]n society1 ! doctr9es ) :i* !ori/s inundate u1 & ! practice :i* gov]nm5ts impose on u4 ,x is q impossible t ! h>mony ( int]e/s c be univ]sally recognis$1 s9ce1 on ! "o h&1 public =ce is con/antly engag$ 9 int]f]+ to di/urb natural comb9ations1 :ile1 on ! o!r1 ! great compla9t :i* is made aga9/ ! rul+ p[] is1 t x does n int]f]e en\gh4 ,! "q is ?is1 ,are ! evils 7,i d n speak "h ( evils :i* arise f our native infirmity7--are ! evils to :i* society is subject imputable to ! action ( natural social laws1 or to our di/urbance ( t action8 ,n[1 "h we h two co-exi/5t facts1 ,evil1--& ,public ,=ce1 engag$ to c\nt]act ! natural social laws4 ,is ! fir/ ( ^! facts ! consequ5ce ( ! second8 ,= my own "p1 ,i believe s2 ,i %\ld ev5 say1 ,i am c]ta9 ( x4 ,b at ! same "t ,i c atte/ ?is1 t 9 proportion z evil is develop$1 gov]nm5ts inv>iably seek = a rem$y 9 new di/urbances ( ! natural laws1 & !ori/s reproa* !m ) n go+ f> en\gh4 ,am ,i n !nce entitl$ to conclude t !y h b little confid5ce 9 ^! laws8 ,und\bt$ly1 if ! "q is betwe5 ,isolation & ,ex*ange we are at "o4 ,b if ! "q be betwe5 free & compulsory ex*ange1 does ! same ?+ hold8 ,is !re no?+ =c$1 factiti\s1 re/ra9$1 con/ra9$1 9 ,france1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* s]vices :i* h relation to trade1 to cr$it1 to conveyances1 to ! arts1 to education1 to religion1 are ex*ang$8 ,are lab\r & capital di/ribut$ naturally betwe5 agriculture & manufactures8 ,:5 exi/+ int]e/s are di/urb$1 are !y all[$ ( _! own accord to return to _! natural *annels8 ,d we n enc\nt] trammels & ob/acles on all sides8 ,are !re n a hundr$ pr(essions :i* are int]dict$ to ! majority ( ! p8 ,is ! ,roman-ca?olic n =c$ to pay = ! s]vices ( ! ,jewi% ,rabbi1 & ! ,jew = ! s]vices ( ! ,ca?olic prie/8 ,is !re a s+le man 9 ,france :o has receiv$ ! education :i* 8 p>5ts w\ld h giv5 him _h !y be5 free8 ,are n our m9ds1 our mann]s1 our ideas1 our employm5ts1 fa%ion$ "u ! rgime ( ! arbitr>y1 or at lea/ ( ! artificial8 ,n[1 ,i ask1 :e!r ?us to di/urb ! free ex*ange ( s]vices is n to abjure & d5y ! h>mony ( int]e/s8 ,on :at gr\nd am ,i robb$ ( my lib]ty1 unless x be t x is judg$ hurtful to o!rs8 ,is x pret5d$ t x is injuri\s to myself8 ,?is w\ld be b to add "o antagonism ! m4 ,& only ?9k6 9 :at a situation p#aba %\ld we f9d ourselves if nature _h plac$ 9 ea* man's he>t a p]man5t irrepressible spr+ ( action1 urg+ him to injure ^? ar\nd him1 & at ! same "t to injure himself8 ,alas6 we h tri$ ev]y?+--:5 %all we make trial ( ! simple/ ?+ ( all--,lib]ty4 ,lib]ty 9 all t does n (f5d aga9/ ju/ice--lib]ty to live1 advance1 improve--! free ex]cise ( our faculties--! free int]*ange ( s]vices4 ,a beautiful & solemn spectacle x w\ld h be51 _h ! ,p[] :i* sprang f ! revolution ( ,febru>y ?us address$ our citiz5s3-- 8,y h inve/$ me ) ! public ,=ce4 ,i %all apply x exclusively to ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! int]v5tion ( ,=ce is p]missible1 & !re is b "o--,ju/ice4 ,i %all =ce e "o to conf9e himself )9 ! b\nds ( "r4 ,y may "w freely & z y please dur+ ! day1 & sleep 9 peace at night4 ,i h tak5 "u my *>ge ! security ( p]son & prop]ty--t is my mission1 & ,i w fulfil x--b ,i accept no o!r4 ,let !re !n be no long] any misund]/&+ betwe5 u4 ,h5ce=? y %all pay me only ! light tribute :i* is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,keep 9 m9d t h5ce=? e man mu/ dep5d ^u himself = 8 subsi/5ce & advancem5t4 ,turn no long] y\r long+ eyes to me4 ,ask me no long] = weal?1 = employm5t1 = cr$it1 = education1 = religion1 = morality4 ,nev] =get t ! ma9spr+ ( y\r developm5t is 9 y\rselves4 ,z = me1 ,i nev] act b ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( =ce4 ,i h no?+1 absolutely no?+1 b :at ,i d]ive f y1 & = ?is reason ,i _c conf] ev5 ! smalle/ advantage on "o except at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,cultivate y\r fields1 !n1 manufacture & export y\r products1 c>ry on trade1 af=d ea* o!r cr$it1 r5d] & receive s]vices freely1 educate y\r *ildr51 set !m out 9 life1 cultivate ! arts1 improve y\r m9ds1 ref9e & purify y\r ta/es & s5tim5ts1 unite1 =m indu/rial & *>itable associations1 jo9 y\r ef=ts = y\r individual good & t ( ! public1 foll[ y\r incl9ations1 fulfil y\r de/9ies by ! free ex]cise ( y\r p[]s1 y\r ideas1 & y\r =esight4 ,expect f me only two ?+s--,lib]ty & ,security--& dep5d ^u x y _c ask me = a ?ird )\t los+ ! o!r two40 ,i am ?or\ghly p]suad$ t if ! revolution ( ,febru>y _h proclaim$ ^! pr9ciples we nev] %\ld h _h ano!r revolution4 ,is x possible to conceive t citiz5s1 left p]fectly free 9 all o!r respects1 w\ld conspire to ov]turn a ,p[] p#abb ^: action 0 limit$ to ! satisfaction ( ! mo/ press+1 ! mo/ deeply felt ( all our social requirem5ts1 ! requirem5ts ( ,ju/ice8 ,b x 0 un=tunately impossible = ! ,national ,assembly to adopt ?is c\rse1 or make ^! s5tim5ts he>d4 ,!y 7 n 9 accordance ei!r ) ! ideas ( ! ,assembly or ! expectations ( ! public4 ,!y w\ld h t]rifi$ society z mu* z ! proclamation ( ,communism4 ,to be responsible to ourselves1 =soo?6 ,to tru/ to ! ,/ate only = ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & peace6 ,to expect f x nei!r weal? nor k6 ,to be able no long] to make x responsible = our faults1 our folly1 our imprud5ce6 ,to tru/ only to ourselves = ! means ( subsi/5ce & physical amelioration1 or moral & intellectual improvem5t6 ,:at on e>? is to become ( u8 ,is n society on ! eve ( be+ invad$ by pov]ty1 ignorance1 error1 irreligion1 & p]v]sity8 ,we all[ t su* und\bt$ly w\ld h be5 ! fe>s :i* w\ld h manife/$ !mselves on all sides _h ! revolution ( ,febru>y proclaim$ ,lib]ty1 t is to say1 ! reign ( ! natural laws ( society4 ,!n we 7 ei!r unacqua9t$ ) ^! laws1 or we want$ confid5ce 9 !m4 ,we c\ld n get rid ( ! idea t ! motives & spr+s ( action :i* ,god has implant$ 9 ! m9d ( man are ess5tially p]v]se2 t rectitude resides n[h]e b 9 ! views & int5tions ( ! gov]n+ p[]2 t ! t5d5cies ( human nature lead to disorganization1 to an>*y1--9 a ^w1 we believ$ 9 ! inevitable antagonism ( int]e/s4 ,s f> 0 ! revolution ( ,febru>y f display+ any t5d5cy t[>ds a natural organization1 t nev] 7 ! hopes & ideas ( ,fr5* society s decid$ly turn$ to artificial comb9ations z at t epo*4 ,:i* ( ^! comb9ations 0 9 mo/ fav\r8 ,i really _c v well tell4 ,! bus9ess1 9 ! language ( ! day1 0 to make exp]im5ts--,faciamus exp]im5tum 9 corpore vili4 ,su* 0 _! contempt = individuality1 s ?or\ghly did !y assimilate human nature to in]t matt]1 t !y talk$ ( mak+ social exp]im5ts ) m51 j z we make *emical exp]im5ts ) acids & alkalies4 ,! fir/ t5tative 0 begun at ! ,luxemb\rg1 we "k ) :at success4 ,erelong ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly in/itut$ a ,committee ( ,lab\r1 9 :i* a ?\s& social s*emes 7 engulf$ & swall[$ up4 ,a ,f\ri]i/ repres5tative s]i\sly dem&$ l&s & money 7he w\ld soon h ask$ = m5 also7 to enable him to manipulate 8 model society4 ,ano!r p#abc ,egalitaire repres5tative (f]$ 8 recipe1 :i* 0 reject$4 ,! manufactur]s 7 m lucky1 & succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ !irs4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,legislative ,assembly nam$ a commission to organize 8assi/ance40 ,n[1 :at /rikes u ) surprise 9 all ?is is1 t ! ,rul+ ,p[]1 = ! sake ( its own /ability1 did n f "t to "t ?us ent] its prote/3--8,y are habituat+ ?irty-six millions ( m5 to reg>d ! ,/ate z responsible = all ! good or evil t may befall !m 9 ?is _w4 ,at ?is rate1 ,gov]nm5t is impossible40 ,at any rate1 if ^! v>i\s social inv5tions1 dignifi$ ) ! high s\nd+ title ( organization1 diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! mann] ( proce$+1 !y are all f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciple3 ,take f "o to give to ano!r4 ,n[ su* a pr9ciple cle>ly c\ld n meet ) su* univ]sal sympa?y f ! p1 unless !y 7 ?or\ghly conv9c$ t m5's int]e/s are naturally antagoni/ic1 & t ! t5d5cies ( human nature are ess5tially p]v]se4 ,to take f "o to give to ano!r6 ,i "k well t ?+s h gone on 9 ?is way = a long "t4 ,b be=e y set y\rselves to imag9e v>i\s means ( realiz+ ?is :imsical pr9ciple = ! rem$y ( exi/+ di/ress1 w\ld x n be well to inquire :e!r t di/ress has n proce$$ f ! v fact t ?is pr9ciple 9 a c]ta9 =m has be5 realiz$ already8 ,be=e seek+ a rem$y 9 new di/urbances ( ! natural social laws1 %\ld y n make sure t su* p]turbations d n !mselves con/itute ! v evil f :i* society suff]s1 & :i* x is y\r object to cure8 ,to take f "o 9 ord] to give to ano!r6 ,j all[ me to m>k "h ! dang] & ! absurdity1 9 an economical po9t ( view1 ( ?is s-call$ social aspiration1 :i*1 f]m5t+ among ! masses ( our population1 broke =? ) s t]rific a =ce 9 ! revolution ( ,febru>y4#bg ,:]e society consi/s ( sev]al grades1 we are apt to ?9k t p ( ! highe/ rank enjoy ,privileges or ,monopolies at ! exp5se ( all ! o!r memb]s ( ! community4 ,?is is odi\s1 b x is n absurd4 ,! second grade1 ! class imm$iately bel[ ! fir/1 w n fail to attack & batt] d[n monopolies2 &1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! masses1 !y w succe$ soon] or lat] 9 br++ ab\t a ,revolution4 ,9 t case1 p[] passes into _! h&s1 & !y /ill ?9k t p[] implies ,monopoly4 p#abd ,?is is /ill odi\s1 b x is n absurd1 at lea/ x is n impracticable2 = ,monopolies are possible z long z !re is1 bel[ ! grade :i* enjoys !m1 a l[] /ratum--namely1 ! public at l>ge1 :i* supports & fe$s !m4 ,if ! ?ird & f\r? grade succe$1 9 _! turn1 9 effect+ a revolution1 !y w1 if !y c1 s arrange z to make ! mo/ ( ! masses1 by means ( privileges or monopolies skilfully comb9$4 ,b !n ! masses1 emaciat$1 gr\nd d[n1 trampl$ ^u1 mu/ also h _! revolution4 ,:y8 ,:at are !y go+ to d8 ,y ?9k1 p]haps1 t !y are go+ to aboli% all monopolies & privileges1 & to inaugurate ! reign ( univ]sal ju/ice2 t !y are ab\t to exclaim--away ) re/rictions--away ) %ackles & trammels--away ) monopolies--away ) ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ces = ! pr(it ( c]ta9 classes2 begone taxes & gr9d+ impositions2 d[n ) political & diplomatic intrigues8 ,n at all4 ,!y h q ano!r aim4 ,!y become _! own solicitors1 & 9 _! turn dem& to be privileg$6 ,! public at l>ge1 imitat+ _! sup]iors1 ask = monopolies6 ,!y urge _! "r to employm5t1 _! "r to cr$it1 _! "r to education1 _! "r to assi/ance6 ,b at ^: exp5se8 ,!y are easy on t score4 ,!y feel only t1 if !y are ensur$ employm5t1 cr$it1 education = _! *ildr51 repose = _! old days1 & all gratis1 !y w be exce$+ly happy2 &1 truly1 no "o disputes x4 ,b is x possible8 ,alas6 no2 & ?is is ! reason :y ,i say t "h ! odi\s disappe>s1 & ! absurd has rea*$ its climax4 ,monopolies to ! masses6 ,good p1 reflect a little on ! vici\s circle 9 :i* y are plac+ y\rselves4 ,monopoly implies "s "o to enjoy x1 & "s "o to pay = x4 ,we c und]/& a privileg$ man1 or a privileg$ class1 b n a privileg$ p4 ,is !re bel[ y a /ill l[] /ratum ( society ^u :i* y c ?r[ back ! burd58 ,w y nev] compreh5d ! :imsical my/ification ( :i* y are ! dupes8 ,w y nev] und]/& t ! /ate c give y no?+ ) ! "o h& b :at x has tak5 f y ) ! o!r8 t1 f> f !re be+ = y 9 ?is comb9ation any possible increase ( prosp]ity1 ! f9al result ( ! op]ation mu/ be an arbitr>y ,gov]nm5t1 m vexati\s1 m exact+1 m unc]ta91 m exp5sive2--heavi] taxes1--m inju/ice1 m (f5sive fav\ritism1--lib]ty m re/ra9$1--p[] ?r[n away1--occupations1 lab\r1 & capital displac$1--covet\sness excit$1--discont5t provok$1--& individual en]gy ext+ui%$8 p#abe ,! upp] classes h got al>m$1 & n )\t reason1 at ?is unhappy disposition ( ! masses4 ,!y see 9 x ! g]m ( incessant revolutions2 = :at ,gov]nm5t c hold toge!r :i* has v5tur$ to say--8,i am 9 possession ( =ce1 & ,i w employ x to support ev]ybody at ! exp5se ( ev]ybody8 ,i und]take to become responsible = ! g5]al happ9ess40 ,b is n ! al>m :i* has seiz$ ^! classes a j & m]it$ puni%m5t8 ,h !y n !mselves set ! p ! fatal example ( t grasp+ disposition ( :i* !y n[ compla98 ,h !y n _h _! own eyes p]petually turn$ to ! treasury8 ,h !y ev] fail$ to secure "s monopoly1 "s privilege1 great or small1 to manufactures1 to banks1 to m9es1 to l&$ prop]ty1 to ! arts1 ev5 to ! means ( div]sion1 to ! ballet1 to ! op]a1 to ev]y?+ & ev]ybody1 9 %ort2 except to ! indu/ry ( ! p--to manual lab\r8 ,h !y n multipli$ beyond b\nds public employm5ts1 9 ord] to increase1 at ! exp5se ( ! p1 _! own res\rces8 & is !re at ?is day a s+le head ( a family 9 ,france :o is n on ! outlook = a place = 8 son8 ,h !y ev] endeav\r$ to get rid ( any "o ( ! ackn[l$g$ inequalities ( taxation8 ,h !y n = a long "t turn$ to acc\nt ev]y?+1 ev5 ! electoral fran*ise8 ,& yet !y are a/oni%$ & horrifi$ t ! p %\ld adopt ! same c\rse4 ,:5 ! _s ( m5dicity has s long infect$ ! weal?y ord]s1 h[ c we suppose t x w n p5etrate to ! he>t ( ! suff]+ masses8 ,h[ev]1 a great revolution has tak5 place4 ,political p[]1 ! p[] ( mak+ ! laws1 ! disposal ( ! public =ce1 has pass$ virtually1 if n yet 9 fact1 into ! h&s ( ! p along ) univ]sal suffrage4 ,?us ! p1 :o h propos$ ! problem = solution1 w be call$ ^u to solve x !mselves3 & woe to ! c\ntry1 if1 foll[+ ! example :i* has be5 set !m1 !y seek its solution 9 ,privilege1 :i* is always an invasion ( ano!r's rights4 ,!y w f9d !mselves mi/ak51 & ! mi/ake w br+ ) x a great lesson2 = if x be possible to violate ! rights ( ! _m = ! b5efit ( ! few1 h[ c we violate ! rights ( all = ! b5efit ( all8 ,b at :at co/ w ?is lesson be taught u8 ,&1 9 ord] to obviate s frightful a dang]1 :at ought ! upp] classes to d8 ,two ?+s--r5\nce all privileges & monopolies !mselves1 & enlight5 ! masses1 = !re are only two ?+s :i* c save society--,ju/ice & ,k4 ,!y ought to inquire ) e>ne/ness :e!r !y d n enjoy p#abf "s monopoly or o!r1 9 ord] t !y may r5\nce x--:e!r !y d n pr(it by "s artificial inequalities1 9 ord] t !y may efface !m--:e!r ,paup]ism is n 9 "s measure attributable to a di/urbance ( ! natural social laws1 9 ord] t !y may put an end to x4 ,!y %\ld be able to hold out _! h&s to ! p1 & say to !m1 ,^! h&s are full1 b !y are clean4 ,is ?is :at !y actually d8 ,if ,i am n v mu* mi/ak51 !y d j ! rev]se4 ,!y beg9 by gu>d+ _! monopolies1 & we h se5 !m ev5 turn+ ! revolution to pr(it by attempt+ to ext5d ^! monopolies4 ,aft] hav+ depriv$ !mselves ( ev5 ! possibility ( speak+ ! tru? & appeal+ to pr9ciples1 !y endeav\r to v9dicate _! consi/5cy by engag+ to treat ! p z !y h treat$ !mselves1 & dazzle !m ) ! bait ( ,privilege4 ,only1 !y ?9k !mselves v kn[+ 9 conc$+ at pres5t only a small privilege1 ! "r to 8assi/ance10 9 ! hope ( div]t+ !m f dem&+ a great] "o--! "r to employm5t4 ,!y d n p]ceive t to ext5d & sy/ematize m & m ! maxim1 8,take f "o to give to ano!r10 is only to /r5g!n ! illusion :i* creates difficulties = ! pres5t & dang]s = ! future4 ,we mu/ n exagg]ate1 h[ev]4 ,:5 ! sup]ior classes seek 9 privilege a rem$y = ! evils :i* privilege has caus$1 !y are s9c]e1 & act1 ,i am conv9c$1 r f ignorance ?an f any desire to commit inju/ice4 ,x is an irrep>able mis=tune t ! gov]nm5ts :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ,france h inv>iably disc\rag$ ! tea*+ ( ,political ,economy4 ,& x is a /ill great] mis=tune t ,univ]sity ,education fills all our heads ) ,roman prejudices2 9 o!r words1 ) all t is repugnant to social tru?4 ,?is is :at leads ! upp] classes a/ray4 ,x is ! fa%ion at pres5t to declaim aga9/ ^! classes4 ,= my own "p1 ,i believe t at no p]iod h _! int5tions be5 m b5evol5t4 ,i believe t !y ard5tly desire to solve ! social ,problem4 ,i believe t !y w\ld d m ?an r5\nce _! privileges1--t !y w\ld sacrifice will+ly1 9 works ( *>ity1 a "p ( ! prop]ty !y h acquir$1 if by t means !y 7 satisfi$ t an end c\ld be put to ! suff]+s ( ! work+ classes4 ,x may be said1 no d\bt1 t !y are actuat$ by int]e/ or fe>1 & t x is no great g5]osity to ab&on a "p ( _! =tune to save ! rema9d]1--t x is1 9 fact1 b ! vulg> prud5ce ( a man :o insures 8 prop]ty aga9/ fire4 ,b let u n ?us calumniate human nature4 ,:y %\ld we refuse to p#abg recognise a motive less egoti/ical8 ,is x n v natural t ! democratic s5tim5ts :i* prevail 9 our c\ntry %\ld r5d] m5 alive to ! suff]+s ( _! bre?r58 ,b :atev] may be ! dom9ant s5tim5t1 x _c be d5i$ t ev]y?+ by :i* public op9ion is influ5c$--philosophy1 lit]ature1 poetry1 ! drama1 ! pulpit1 ! tribune1 ! daily press1--all ^! organs ( op9ion reveal n only a desire1 b an ard5t long+1 on ! "p ( ! weal?i] classes to resolve ! great problem4 ,:y1 !n1 is !re no movem5t on ! "p ( our ,legislative ,assemblies8 ,because !y are ignorant4 ,political ,economy proposes to !m ?is solution3--,public ,ju/ice1--,private ,*>ity4 ,b !y g (f ^u a wrong sc5t1 &1 obey+ sociali/ influ5ces1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ! fact1 !y give *>ity a place 9 ! /atute-book1 !reby bani%+ ju/ice f x1 & de/roy+ by ! same act private *>ity1 :i* is ev] prompt to rec$e be=e a compulsory poor-rate4 ,:y1 !n1 d our legislators ?us run c\nt] to all s\nd notions8 ,:y d !y n leave ?+s 9 _! prop] place1--,sympa?y 9 its natural doma91 :i* is ,lib]ty1--,ju/ice 9 its own1 :i* is ,law8 ,:y d !y n leave law to d its own exclusive "w 9 fur!r+ ju/ice8 ,is x t !y h no love ( ju/ice8 ,no2 x is t !y h no confid5ce 9 x4 ,ju/ice is ,lib]ty & ,prop]ty4 ,b !y are sociali/s )\t kn[+ x2 & = ! progressive dim9ution ( pov]ty1 & ! indef9ite expansion ( weal?1 let !m say :at !y w1 !y h no fai? ei!r 9 lib]ty or prop]ty1 nor1 consequ5tly1 9 ju/ice4 ,?is is :y we see !m1 9 ! s9c]ity ( _! he>ts1 seek+ ! realization ( :at is ,good by ! p]petual violation ( :at is ,"r4 ,natural social laws are ! ph5om5a1 tak5 9 ! aggregate1 & consid]$ 9 ref]5ce bo? to _! motives & _! results1 :i* gov]n ! transactions ( m5 9 a /ate ( fre$om4 ,t be+ grant$1 ! "q is1 ,are we to all[ ^! laws to act1 or are we to h9d] !m f act+8 ,! "q1 9 fact1 comes to ?is3 ,are we to leave e man ma/] ( 8 lib]ty & prop]ty1 8 "r to produce1 & ex*ange 8 produce1 z he *ooses1 :e!r to 8 b5efit or detrim5t2 or are we to int]f]e by means ( law1 :i* is ,=ce1 = ! protection ( ^! rights8 ,or1 c we hope to secure a great] am\nt ( social happ9ess by violat+ lib]ty & prop]ty1 by int]f]+ ) & regulat+ lab\r1 by di/urb+ ex*anges1 & %ift+ responsibility8 ,9 o!r words3 p#abh ,is ,law to en=ce rigor\s ,ju/ice1 or to be ! in/rum5t ( ,spoliation1 organiz$ ) m or less adroitness8 ,x is v evid5t t ! solution ( ^! que/ions dep5ds ^u our k & /udy ( ! natural laws ( society4 ,we _c pron\nce conclusively ^u !m until we h discov]$ :e!r prop]ty1 lib]ty1 ! comb9ation ( s]vices freely & volunt>ily ex*ang$1 lead to improvem5t & mat]ial prosp]ity1 z ! economi/s believe1 or to ru9 & degradation1 z ! sociali/s affirm4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 social evils mu/ be attribut$ to di/urbances ( ! natural laws1 to legal violations ( lib]ty & prop]ty1 & ^! di/urbances & violations mu/ be put an end to4 ,9 t case ,political ,economy is "r4 ,9 ! second case1 x may be said1 we h n yet _h en\gh ( ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce4 ,=c$ & factiti\s comb9ations h n yet suffici5tly sup]s$$ free & natural comb9ations4 ,^! ?ree fatal pr9ciples1 ,ju/ice1 ,lib]ty1 ,prop]ty1 h /ill too p[]ful a sway4 ,our legislators h n yet attack$ !m boldly en\gh4 ,we h n yet act$ suffici5tly on ! maxim ( tak+ f "o 9 ord] to give to ano!r4 ,hi!rto we h tak5 f ! _m to give to ! few4 ,n[1 we mu/ take f all to give to all4 ,9 a ^w1 we mu/ organize ,spoliation1 & f ,socialism mu/ come our salvation4#bh ,fatal ,illusions :i* spr+ f ,ex*ange4--,ex*ange is society4 ,consequ5tly1 economic tru? consi/s 9 a complete view ( ,ex*ange2 economic error 9 a p>tial view ( x4 ,if man did n ex*ange1 ea* economic ph5om5on w\ld be accompli%$ 9 a s+le individual1 & x w\ld be v easy to discov] f obs]vation its good & its bad effects4 ,b ,ex*ange has giv5 rise to ! sep>ation ( occupations1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( trades & pr(essions4 ,ea* s]vice 7or ea* product7 has1 !n1 two relations1 "o ) ! p]son :o furni%es x1 & ! o!r ) ! p]son :o receives x4 ,und\bt$ly1 at ! end ( ! evolution1 man 9 a social /ate1 l man 9 a /ate ( isolation1 is at once produc] & consum]1 b we mu/ see cle>ly ! diff]5ce4 ,man 9 an isolat$ /ate is always ! produc] ( ! v ?+ he consumes1 :i* almo/ nev] happ5s ) man 9 ! social /ate4 ,?is is an unque/ionable fact1 :i* e "o c v]ify = himself4 ,x p#abi foll[s1 moreov]1 f ?is t ! social /ate consi/s 9 an int]*ange ( s]vices4 ,we are all produc]s & consum]s1 n ( ! ?+1 b ( ! value1 t we h produc$4 ,9 ex*ang+ commodities we rema9 always possess$ ( _! value4 ,x is ?is :i* gives rise to all economic errors & illusions1 & x may n be useless to m>k "h ! progress ( ! human m9d 9 ?is respect4 ,we give ! g5]al "n ( ob/acle to ev]y?+ :i*1 be+ int]pos$ betwe5 our wants & our satisfactions1 calls = ! int]v5tion ( our ef=ts4 ,! relations ( ^! f\r elem5ts--want1 ob/acle1 ef=t1 satisfaction--are q app>5t1 & easily und]/ood 9 isolat$ man4 ,we %\ld nev] ?9k ( say+-- 8,x is a pity t ,rob9son ,crusoe did n enc\nt] m ob/acles1 = 9 t case he w\ld h _h m opportunities ( ex]t+ 8 en]gies--he w\ld h be5 ri*]40 8,x is un=tunate t ! sea %\ld h ca/ ^u ! %ore ( ! des]t isl& useful articles1 su* z timb]1 provisions1 arms1 books2 = ?is depriv$ him ( ! opportunity ( ex]t+ himself--x made him less ri*40 8,x is to be regrett$ t ,rob9son inv5t$ nets to take fi% & game1 = t dim9i%$ by s mu* 8 ef=ts 9 relation to ea* giv5 result--x made him less ri*40 8,x is a pity t ,rob9son 0 n m frequ5tly sick1 = !n he mu/ h set to doctor+ himself1 :i* is lab\r2 & z all weal? comes f lab\r1 he w\ld h be5 m weal?y on t acc\nt40 8,x is a pity t he succe$$ 9 ext+ui%+ ! fire :i* ?reat5$ 8 cab94 ,he lo/ ?us a preci\s opportunity ( "w--& 0 s mu* ! poor]40 8,x is un=tunate t 9 ! des]t isl& ! soil 0 n m ungrateful1 ! spr+ at a great] di/ance1 ! day %ort]4 ,= !n ,rob9son mu/ h ex]t$ himself m to procure food1 dr9k1 & light1 & he w\ld h be5 s mu* ! ri*] by ! ex]tion40 ,i say t no "o 9 8 s5ses w\ld ev] ?9k ( putt+ =? z oracles ( tru? propositions s absurd4 ,x w\ld be too gl>+ an evid5ce t weal? does n dep5d ^u ! int5sity ( ! ef=t 9 proportion to ! satisfaction obta9$1 & t x is j ! contr>y :i* is true4 ,we %\ld !n und]/& t weal? consi/s nei!r 9 ! ,want1 nor 9 ! ,ob/acle1 nor 9 ! ,ef=t1 b 9 ! ,satisfaction2 & we %\ld n hesitate to p#acj ackn[l$ge t1 al?\gh ,rob9son ,crusoe 0 bo? produc] & consum]1 yet1 9 ord] to judge ( 8 progress1 we mu/ h ref]5ce1 n to 8 lab\r1 b to its results4 ,9 %ort1 9 lay+ d[n ! axiom t 8! p>am\nt int]e/ is t ( ! consum]10 we believe we are m]ely giv+ utt]ance to a truism4 ,happy w x be = nations :5 !y disc]n cle>ly h[ & :y :at we h f\nd true or false ( man 9 a /ate ( isolation is equally true or false ( man 9 8 social /ate6 ,x is absolutely c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! five or six propositions :i* h appe>$ to u n only false1 b absurd1 :5 appli$ to ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 appe>1 :5 appli$ to our own c\ntry1 s inconte/ably true1 t !y s]ve z ! basis ( our :ole economic legislation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! axiom :i* appe>s to u to be tru? itself :5 appli$ to an individual1 is nev] invok$ 9 ! "n ( society )\t call+ =? a smile ( contempt4 ,is x true1 !n1 t ,ex*ange s alt]s our individual organization t :at makes individual pov]ty con/itutes social ri*es8 ,no1 x is n true1 b x is plausible--s v plausible z to be g5]ally believ$4 ,society consi/s 9 ?is--t we "w = "o ano!r4 ,! m s]vices we r5d]1 ! m s]vices we receive1 & we receive m 9 proportion z our own are m appreciat$--m 9 dem&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sep>ation ( occupations1 ! division ( lab\r1 causes ea* ( u to apply 8 ef=ts to ! removal ( ob/acles :i* /& 9 ! way ( ! enjoym5ts ( o!rs4 ,! agricultural lab\r] combats ! ob/acle call$ hung]--! physician1 ! ob/acle call$ disease--! cl]gyman1 ! ob/acle call$ vice--! au?or1 ! ob/acle call$ ignorance--! coal m9]1 ! ob/acle call$ cold1 etc41 etc4 ,& z ^? ar\nd u are m dispos$ to remun]ate our s]vices 9 proportion z !y feel m ke5ly ! p>ticul> ob/acle :i* /&s 9 _! own way1 x foll[s t we are all dispos$1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 & z produc]s1 to magnify ! ob/acle :i* x is our peculi> bus9ess to ov]come4 ,we consid] ourselves ri*] if su* ob/acles are multipli$1 & we reason f p>ticul>s to g5]als--f our own individual advantage to ! public good4#bi 4 4 4 4 p#aca ,v4 ,,( ,,value4 ,all diss]tations are we>isome--a diss]tation on ,value ! mo/ we>isome ( all4 ,:at unpractis$ writ]1 :o has _h to face an ,economic problem1 b has tri$ to resolve x )\t ref]5ce to any def9ition ( value8 ,yet he soon f9ds he has engag$ 9 a va9 attempt4 ,! !ory ( ,value is to ,political ,economy :at num]ation is to ari?metic4 ,9 :at inextricable confusion w\ld n ,bez\t h l&$ himself1 if1 to save lab\r to 8 pupils1 he _h und]tak5 to tea* !m ! f\r rules & proportion1 )\t hav+ previ\sly expla9$ ! value :i* ! figures d]ive f _! =m & position8 ,! tru? is1 if ! read] c\ld only =esee ! beautiful consequ5ces d$ucible f ! !ory ( ,value1 he w\ld und]take ! lab\r ( ma/]+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,economical ,sci5ce ) ! same *e]fulness t "o submits to ! drudg]y ( ,geometry1 9 prospect ( ! magnific5t field :i* x op5s to our intellig5ce4 ,b ?is intuitive =esight is n to be expect$2 & ! m pa9s ,i %\ld take to e/abli% ! di/9ction betwe5 ,value & ,utility1 or betwe5 ,value & ,lab\r1 9 ord] to %[ h[ natural x is t ?is %\ld =m a /umbl+-block at ! v ?re%old ( ! sci5ce1 ! m we>isome ,i %\ld become4 ,! read] w\ld see 9 su* a discussion only b>r5 & idle subtleties1 calculat$ at be/ to satisfy ! curiosity ( ,economi/s by pr(ession4 ,y are inquir+ labori\sly1 x may be said1 :e!r weal? consi/s 9 ! ,utility ( ?+s1 or 9 _! ,value1 or 9 _! r>ity4 ,is n ?is l ! "q ( ! s*oolm51 ,does =m reside 9 ! sub/ance or 9 ! accid5t8 ,are y n afraid p#acb t "s /reet ,molire w hold y up to public ridicule at ! ,?tre des ,v>its8 ,yet tru? obliges me to say t1 9 an economical po9t ( view1 ,society is ,ex*ange4 ,! prim>y elem5t ( ,ex*ange is ! notion ( ,value1 s t e tru? & e error :i* ?is ^w introduces into m5's m9ds is a social tru? or error4 ,i und]take 9 ?is "w to demon/rate ! ,h>mony ( ^? laws ( ,provid5ce :i* gov]n human society4 ,:at makes ^! laws h>moni\s & n discordant is1 t all pr9ciples1 all motives1 all spr+s ( action1 all int]e/s1 co-op]ate t[>ds a gr& f9al result1 :i* humanity w nev] rea* by reason ( its native imp]fection1 b to :i* x w always approximate m & m by reason ( its unlimit$ capability ( improvem5t4 ,& t result is1 ! indef9ite approximation ( all classes t[>ds a level1 :i* is always ris+2 9 o!r words1 ! equalization ( individuals 9 ! g5]al amelioration4 ,b to atta9 my object4 ,i mu/ expla9 two ?+s1 namely1 #a/1 ,t ,utility has a t5d5cy to become m & m gratuit\s1 m & m common1 z x gradually rec$es f ! doma9 ( individual appropriation4 #b;d1 ,t ,value1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* alone is capable ( appropriation1 :i* alone con/itutes prop]ty legitimately & 9 fact1 has a t5d5cy to dim9i% m & m 9 relation to ! utility to :i* x is atta*$4 ,su* a demon/ration--f\nd$ on ,prop]ty1 b only on ! prop]ty ( :i* ,value is ! subject1 & on ,community1 b only on ! community ( utility1--su* a demon/ration1 ,i say1 mu/ satisfy & reconcile all s*ools1 by conc$+ to !m t all h _h a glimpse ( ! tru?1 b only ( p>tial tru?1 reg>d$ f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,economi/s6 y def5d prop]ty4 ,!re is 9 ! social ord] no o!r prop]ty ?an t ( :i* ,value is ! subject1 & t is immovable & unassailable4 ,communi/s6 y dream ( ,community4 ,y h got x4 ,! social ord] r5d]s all utilities common1 provid$ ! ex*ange ( ^? values :i* h be5 appropriat$ is free4 ,y are l ar*itects :o dispute ab\t a monum5t ( :i* ea* has se5 only "o side4 ,!y don't see ill1 b !y don't see all4 ,to make !m agree1 x is only necess>y to ask !m to walk r\nd ! edifice4 ,b h[ am ,i to recon/ruct ! social edifice1 s z to exhibit to mank9d all its beautiful h>mony1 if ,i reject its two corn] /ones4 ,utility & ,value8 ,h[ c ,i br+ ab\t ! desir$ p#acc reconciliation ( v>i\s s*ools ^u ! plat=m ( tru? if ,i %un ! analysis ( ^! two ideas1 al?\gh ! dissid5ce has aris5 f ! unhappy confusion :i* !y h caus$8 ,i h felt ?is k9d ( introduction necess>y1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to secure f ! read] a mom5t's att5tion1 & relieve him f fatigue & ennui4 ,i am mu* mi/ak5 if ! consol+ beauty ( ! consequ5ces w n amply make up = ! dryness ( ! premises4 ,_h ,newton all[$ himself to be repuls$ at ! outset by a di/a/e = elem5t>y ma!matics1 nev] w\ld 8 he>t h beat ) rapture on behold+ ! h>monies ( ! cele/ial me*anism2 & ,i ma9ta9 t x is only necess>y to make our way manfully to an acqua9tance ) c]ta9 fir/ pr9ciples1 9 ord] to be conv9c$ t ,god has display$ 9 ! social me*anism goodness no less t\*+1 simplicity no less admirable1 spl5d\r no less magnific5t4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] we view$ man z bo? active & passive1 & we saw t ,want & ,satisfaction1 act+ on s5sibility alone1 7 9 _! own nature p]sonal1 peculi>1 & intransmissible2 t ,ef=t1 on ! contr>y1 ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,want & ,satisfaction1 ! mean t]m betwe5 ! motive pr9ciple ( action & ! end we h 9 view1 proce$+ f our activity1 our spontaneity1 our w1 0 susceptible ( conv5tions & ( transmission4 ,i "k t1 metaphysically1 no "o c conte/ ?is ass]tion1 & ma9ta9 t ,ef=t also is p]sonal4 ,i h no desire to ent] ! t]ritory ( ideology1 & ,i hope t my view ( ! subject w be admitt$ )\t controv]sy :5 put 9 ?is vulg> =m3--,we _c feel ! wants ( o!rs--we _c feel ! satisfactions ( o!rs2 b we c r5d] s]vice "o to ano!r4 ,x is ?is transmission ( ef=ts1 ?is ex*ange ( s]vices1 :i* =ms ! subject ( ,political ,economy2 & s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 economical sci5ce is cond5s$ & summ$ up 9 ! ^w ,value1 ( :i* x is only a l5g!n$ explanation1 x foll[s t ! notion ( value w\ld be imp]fectly1 errone\sly1 conceiv$ if we 7 to f\nd x ^u ! extreme ph5om5a ( our s5sibility--namely1 our ,wants & ,satisfactions--ph5om5a :i* are p]sonal1 intransmissible1 & incomm5surable z betwe5 two individuals1 9 place ( f\nd+ x on ! manife/ations ( our activity1 ^u ef=ts1 ^u reciprocal s]vices1 :i* are int]*ang$ because !y are susceptible ( be+ comp>$1 appreciat$1 e/imat$1 & :i* are capable ( be+ e/imat$ precisely because !y are capable ( be+ int]*ang$4 ,9 ! same *apt] we arriv$ at ! foll[+ =mulas3-- p#acd 8,utility 7! prop]ty :i* c]ta9 ?+s & c]ta9 acts h ( s]v+ u1 ( be+ useful to u7 is complex1--"o "p we owe to ! action ( nature1 ano!r to ! action ( man40--8,) ref]5ce to a giv5 result1 ! m nature has done ! less rema9s = human action to d40--8,! co-op]ation ( nature is ess5tially gratuit\s--! co-op]ation ( man1 :e!r intellectual or muscul>1 ex*ang$ or n1 collective or solit>y1 is ess5tially on]\s1 z inde$ ! ^w ,ef=t implies40 ,& z :at is gratuit\s _c possess value1 s9ce ! idea ( value implies on]\s acquisition1 x foll[s t ! notion ( ,value w\ld be /ill errone\sly conceiv$1 if we 7 to ext5d x1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 to ! gifts or to ! co-op]ation ( nature1 in/ead ( re/rict+ x exclusively to human co-op]ation4 ,?us1 f bo? sides1 by two diff]5t roads1 we arrive at ?is conclusion1 t value mu/ h ref]5ce to ! ef=ts :i* m5 make 9 ord] to obta9 ! satisfaction ( _! wants4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] we h e/abli%$ t man _c exi/ 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,b if1 by an ef=t ( imag9ation1 we fancy him plac$ 9 t *im]ical situation1 t /ate contr>y to nature1 :i* ! writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury extoll$ z ! /ate ( nature1 we %all n fail to see t x does n disclose to u ! idea ( ,value1 al?\gh x pres5ts ! manife/ation ( ! active pr9ciple :i* we h t]m$ ef=t4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,value implies comp>ison1 appreciation1 e/imation1 measure4 ,9 ord] t two ?+s %\ld measure ea* o!r1 x is necess>y t !y be comm5surable1 &1 9 ord] to t1 !y mu/ be ( ! same k9d4 ,9 a /ate ( isolation1 ) :at c\ld we comp>e ef=t8 ,) want8 ,) satisfaction8 ,9 t case1 we c\ld g no f>!r ?an to pron\nce t ! ef=t 0 m or less appropriate1 m or less opportune4 ,9 ! social /ate1 :at we comp>e 7& x is ?is comp>ison :i* gives rise to ! idea ( ,value7 is ! ef=t ( "o man ) ! ef=t ( ano!r man1--two ph5om5a ( ! same nature1 &1 consequ5tly1 comm5surable4 ,?us1 ! def9ition ( ! ^w ,value1 9 ord] to be exact1 mu/ h ref]5ce n only to human ef=ts1 b likewise to ^? ef=ts :i* are ex*ang$ or ex*angeable4 ,ex*ange does m ?an exhibit & measure values--x gives !m exi/5ce4 ,i d n mean to say t x gives exi/5ce to ! acts & ! ?+s :i* are ex*ang$1 b x imp>ts to _! exi/5ce ! notion ( value4 ,n[1 :5 two m5 transf] to ea* o!r _! pres5t ef=ts1 or make ov] mutually ! results ( _! ant]ior p#ace ef=ts1 !y s]ve ea* o!r2 !y r5d] ea* o!r reciprocal s]vice4 ,i say1 !n1 ,value is ! relation ( two s]vices ex*ang$4 ,! idea ( value ent]$ into ! _w ! fir/ "t t a man hav+ said to 8 bro!r1 ,d ?is = me1 & ,i %all d t = y--!y h come to an agreem5t2 = !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 we c\ld say--,! two s]vices ex*ang$ are wor? ea* o!r4 ,x is s+ul> en\gh t ! true !ory ( value1 :i* we se>* = 9 va9 9 _m a pond]\s volume1 is to be f\nd 9 ,florian's beautiful fable ( l',aveugle et le ,p>alytique1-- ,aidons--n\s mutuellem5t1 ,la *>ge des malheurs en s]a plus lgre4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a n\s deux ,n\s possdons le bi5 *acun ncessaire4 ,j'ai des jambes1 et v\s des yeux4 ,moi1 je vais v\s port]2 v\s1 v\s s]ez mon guide3 ,a9si1 sans que jamais notre amiti dcide ,qui de n\s deux remplit le plus utile emploi1 ,je m>*]ai p\r v\s1 v\s y v]rez p\r moi4 ,"h y h value discov]$ & def9$4 ,"h y h x 9 its rigor\s economic exactitude1 except+ ! t\*+ trait relative to fri5d%ip1 :i* c>ries u into ano!r sph]e1 t ( sympa?y4 ,we may conceive two un=tunates r5d]+ ea* o!r reciprocal s]vice1 )\t inquir+ too curi\sly :i* ( ! two dis*>g$ ! mo/ useful employm5t4 ,! exceptional situation imag9$ by ! fabuli/ expla9s suffici5tly t ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y1 act+ ) great =ce1 comes to absorb1 s to speak1 ! m9ute appreciation ( ! s]vices ex*ang$--an appreciation1 h[ev]1 :i* is indisp5sable 9 ord] to dis5gage completely ! idea ( ,value4 ,t idea w\ld be complete if all m51 or ! majority ( !m1 7 /ruck ) p>alysis or bl9dness2 = ! inexorable law ( supply & dem& w\ld !n pr$om9ate1 &1 caus+ ! p]man5t sacrifice accept$ by him :o fulfils ! m useful employm5t to disappe>1 w\ld re/ore ! transaction to ! doma9 ( ju/ice4 ,we are all bl9d or impot5t 9 "s respects1 & we soon come to und]/& t1 by assi/+ ea* o!r1 ! burd5 ( mis=tune is light5$4 ,h5ce ,ex*ange4 ,we lab\r 9 ord] to fe$1 clo!1 %elt]1 enlight51 cure1 def5d1 in/ruct "o ano!r4 ,h5ce reciprocal ,s]vices4 ,we comp>e1 we discuss1 we e/imate or appreciate ^! s]vices4 ,h5ce ,value4 ,a multitude ( circum/ances may augm5t ! relative importance ( a ,s]vice4 ,we f9d x great] or less1 accord+ z x is m or less useful to u--accord+ z a great] or less numb] ( p#acf p are dispos$ to r5d] x to u--accord+ z x exacts f !m m or less lab\r1 tr\ble1 skill1 "t1 previ\s /udy1--& accord+ z x saves m or less ( ^! to ourselves4 ,value dep5ds n only on ^! circum/ances1 b on ! judgm5t we =m ( !m2 = x may happ51 & x happ5s frequ5tly1 t we e/eem a s]vice v highly because we judge x v useful1 :ile 9 reality x is hurtful4 ,?is is ! reason :y vanity1 ignorance1 error1 ex]t a c]ta9 influ5ce on ! ess5tially ela/ic & flexible relation :i* we d5om9ate value2 & we may affirm t ! appreciation ( s]vices t5ds to approximate m to absolute tru? & ju/ice 9 proportion z m5 become m enlight5$1 m moral1 & m ref9$4 ,hi!rto ! pr9ciple ( ,value has be5 s\ght = 9 "o ( ^? circum/ances :i* augm5t or :i* dim9i% x1 mat]iality1 durabl5ess1 utility1 sc>city1 lab\r1 difficulty ( acquisition1 judgm5t1 etc41 & h5ce a false direction has be5 giv5 to ! sci5ce f ! beg9n+2 = ! accid5t :i* modifies ! ph5om5on is n ! ph5om5on itself4 ,moreov]1 ea* au?or has con/itut$ himself ! sponsor1 s to speak1 ( "s special circum/ance :i* he ?9ks prepond]ates1--! con/ant result ( g5]aliz+2 = all is 9 all1 & !re is no?+ :i* we _c compreh5d "u a t]m by means ( ext5d+ its s5se4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( value1 accord+ to ,adam ,smi?1 resides 9 mat]iality & durability2 accord+ to ,jean ,bapti/e ,say1 9 utility2 accord+ to ,ric>do1 9 lab\r2 accord+ to ,s5ior1 9 r>ity2 accord+ to ,/or*1 9 ! judgm5t we =m1 etc4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 :at might h be5 expect$4 ,^! au?ors h unwitt+ly injur$ ! au?ority & dignity ( ! sci5ce by appe>+ to contradict ea* o!r2 :ile 9 reality ea* is "r1 z f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,besides1 !y h involv$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 9 a labyr9? ( inextricable difficulties2 = ! same words1 z us$ by ^! au?ors1 no long] repres5t ! same ideas2 &1 moreov]1 al?\gh a circum/ance may be proclaim$ fundam5tal1 o!r circum/ances /& out too prom95tly to be neglect$1 & def9itions are ?us con/antly enl>g$4 ,! object ( ! pres5t "w is n controv]sy1 b exposition4 ,i expla9 :at ,i myself see1 n :at o!rs h se54 ,i _c avoid1 h[ev]1 call+ ! att5tion ( ! read] to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! f\ndation ( ,value has hi!rto be5 s\ght =4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 ,i mu/ br+ ,value itself be=e him 9 a s]ies ( examples1 = x is by div]s applications t ! m9d lays hold ( a !ory4 p#acg ,i %all demon/rate h[ all is def9itely resolv$ into a b>t] ( s]vices2 b x is necess>y to keep 9 m9d :at has be5 said on ! subject ( b>t] 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x is r>ely simple--sometimes x =ms a circul> or r\nd-ab\t transaction among sev]al p>ties1--mo/ frequ5tly1 by ! int]v5tion ( money1 x resolves itself into two factors1 sale & pur*ase2 b z ?is complication does n *ange its nature1 ,i may be p]mitt$1 = ! sake ( p]spicuity1 to assume ! b>t] to be direct & imm$iate4 ,?is w lead to no mi/ake z to ! nature ( ,value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are all born ) an imp]i\s mat]ial want1 :i* mu/ be satisfi$ "u pa9 ( dea?1 ,i mean t ( brea?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we all exi/ 9 a m$ium :i*1 9 g5]al1 supplies t want )\t ! int]v5tion ( any ef=t on our "p4 ,atmosph]ic air1 !n1 has utility )\t hav+ value4 ,x has no ,value1 because1 requir+ no ,ef=t1 x gives rise to no s]vice4 ,to r5d] a s]vice to any "o is to save him tr\ble2 & :]e x is n necess>y to take pa9s 9 ord] to realize a satisfaction1 no tr\ble c be sav$4 ,b if a man desc5d to ! bottom ( a riv] 9 a div+-bell1 a =eign sub/ance is int]pos$ betwe5 ! air & 8 lungs1 &1 9 ord] to re-e/abli% ! communication1 a pump mu/ be employ$4 ,"h !re is an ef=t to make1 pa9s to take1 & ! man bel[ desires ! ex]tion1 = x is a matt] ( life or dea?1 & he _c possibly secure to himself a great] s]vice4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ?is ef=t himself1 he calls on me to make x = him1 &1 9 ord] to induce me to d s1 he und]takes 9 turn to make an ex]tion f :i* ,i may reap satisfaction4 ,we discuss ! matt]1 & come to an agreem5t4 ,n[1 :at d we discov] "h8 two wants1 two satisfactions1 :i* are n inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r2 two ef=ts1 :i* are ! subject ( a volunt>y transaction2 two s]vices1 :i* are ex*ang$1--& value makes its appe>ance4 ,n[1 we are told t utility is ! f\ndation ( value2 & z utility is inh]5t 9 ! air1 we are l$ to ?9k t x is ! same 9 reg>d to value4 ,!re is "h an evid5t confusion ( ideas4 ,! air1 f its nature1 has physical prop]ties 9 h>mony ) "o ( our physical organs1 ! lungs4 ,! portion :i* ,i draw f ! atmosph]e 9 ord] to fill ! div+-bell does n *ange its nature--x is /ill oxyg5 & azote4 ,no new physical quality is comb9$ ) x1 no react+ p[] br+s out ( x a new elem5t call$ value4 ,t spr+s exclusively f ! s]vice r5d]$4 p#ach ,if1 9 lay+ d[n ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t ,utility is ! f\ndation ( ,value1 y mean t ! ,s]vice has value because x is useful to him :o receives x & pays = x1 ,i all[ ! tru? ( :at y say4 ,x is a truism impli$ 9 ! v ^w s]vice4 ,b we mu/ n conf\nd ! utility ( ! air ) ! utility ( ! s]vice4 ,!y are two utilities di/9ct f ea* o!r1 diff]5t 9 nature1 diff]5t 9 k9d1 :i* be> no proportion to "o ano!r1 & h no necess>y relation4 ,!re are circum/ances 9 :i*1 ) v slight ex]tion1 by r5d]+ a v small s]vice1 or sav+ v little tr\ble1 ,i may br+ )9 ! rea* ( ano!r an article ( v great intr9sic utility4 ,take ! case ( ! div+-bell1 & consid] h[ ! p>ties to ! suppos$ b>ga9 manage to e/imate ! value ( ! s]vice r5d]$ by ! "o to ! o!r 9 supply+ him ) atmosph]ic air4 ,we mu/ h a po9t ( comp>ison1 & t po9t ( comp>ison c only be 9 ! s]vice :i* ! div] r5d]s 9 return4 ,_! reciprocal dem&s w dep5d on _! relative situation1 on ! int5sity ( _! desires1 on ! great] or less ne$ !y h ( ea* o!r1 & on a multitude ( circum/ances :i* demon/rate t ! value is 9 ! ,s]vice1 s9ce x increases ) ! s]vice4 ,! read] may easily v>y ! hypo!sis1 s z to conv9ce himself t ! ,value is n necess>ily proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! ef=ts1--a rem>k :i* ,i set d[n "h z a connect+ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( reason+1 & ( :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to make use2 = my object is to prove t ,value no m resides 9 lab\r ?an x does 9 utility4 ,nature has s con/itut$ me t ,i mu/ die if ,i am depriv$ ( an opportunity1 f "t to "t1 ( qu5*+ my ?ir/1 & ! well is a league f ! village4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i take ! tr\ble e morn+ to g ?i!r to fet* ! wat] ( :i* ,i h ne$1 = 9 wat] ,i h recognis$ ^? useful qualities :i* are calculat$ to assuage ! suff]+ call$ ?ir/4 ,want1 ,ef=t1 ,satisfaction--we h !m all "h4 ,i h f\nd ,utility--,i h n yet f\nd ,value4 ,b1 z my neighb\r goes also to ! f\nta91 ,i say to him--8,save me ! pa9s ( ?is j\rney--r5d] me ! s]vice ( br++ me wat]4 ,dur+ ! "t y are s occupi$1 ,i %all d some?+ = y1 ,i %all tea* y\r *ild to spell40 ,?is arrangem5t suits u bo?4 ,"h is an ex*ange ( two s]vices1 & we are enabl$ to pron\nce t ! "o is wor? ! o!r4 ,! ?+s comp>$ "h are two ef=ts1 n two wants & two p#aci satisfactions2 = by :at common /&>d %\ld we comp>e ! b5efit ( dr9k+ wat] & t ( le>n+ to spell8 ,by-&-by ,i say to my neighb\r--8,y\r *ild tr\bles me--,i %\ld l bett] to d some?+ else = y4 ,y %all cont9ue to br+ me wat]1 & ,i %all give y twop5ce40 ,if ! proposal is agre$ to1 ! ,economi/ may1 )\t fe> ( mi/ake1 pron\nce t ! s]vice ,,is ,,wor? twop5ce4 ,aft]w>ds1 my neighb\r no long] waits to be reque/$4 ,he kn[s by exp]i5ce t e day ,i want wat]4 ,he anticipates my wi%es4 ,at ! same "t1 he provides wat] = ! o!r villag]s4 ,9 %ort1 he becomes a wat] m]*ant4 ,x is !n t we beg9 to say1 ! wat] ,,is ,,wor? twop5ce4 ,has ! wat]1 !n1 *ang$ its nature8 ,has ! ,value1 :i* 0 b n[ 9 ! s]vice1 become mat]ializ$ & incorporat$ 9 ! wat]1 z if x 7 a new *emical elem5t8 ,has a slight modification 9 ! =m ( ! arrangem5t betwe5 my neighb\r & me _h ! p[] to displace ! pr9ciple ( value & *ange its nature8 ,i am n puri/ en\gh to f9d fault ) y\r say+ t ! wat] is wor? twop5ce1 j z y say ! sun sets4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t metaphors & metonymies d n affect ! tru? ( facts2 & t1 9 /rict sci5tific language1 value c no m be said to reside 9 ! wat] ?an ! sun c be said to g to re/ 9 ! sea4 ,let u attribute1 !n1 to ?+s ! peculi> qualities :i* belong to !m--to air1 to wat]1 utility--to s]vices1 value4 ,we may say ) propriety t wat] is useful1 because x has ! prop]ty ( allay+ ?ir/2 & x is ! s]vice :i* has value1 because x is ! subject ( a conv5tion previ\sly debat$ & discuss$4 ,s true is ?is1 t if ! well is br\ght ne>]1 or remov$ to a great] di/ance1 ! ,utility ( ! wat] rema9s ! same1 b its value is dim9i%$ or increas$4 ,:y8 because ! s]vice is less or great]4 ,! value1 !n1 is 9 ! s]vice1 see+ t x is increas$ or dim9i%$ accord+ z ! s]vice is increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,! diamond makes a great figure 9 works ( ,political ,economy4 ,x is adduc$ z an illu/ration ( ! laws ( ,value1 or ( ! suppos$ di/urbance ( ^? laws4 ,x is a brilliant weapon ) :i* all ! s*ools d battle4 ,! ,engli% s*ool ass]ts t 8,value resides 9 lab\r40 ,! ,fr5* s*ool exhibits a diamond1 & says--8,"h is a commodity :i* exacts no lab\r & yet is ( imm5se value40 ,! ,fr5* s*ool affirms t ! f\ndation ( value is utility1 & ! ,engli% s*ool imm$iately br+s =w>d ! diamond 9 opposition to ! p#adj illu/rations drawn f air1 light1 & wat]4 8,! air is v useful10 says ! ,engli% ,economi/1 8b x possesses no value2 ! utility ( ! diamond is almo/ inappreciable1 & yet x possesses m value ?an ! :ole atmosph]e20 & ! read] is incl9$ to say ) ,h5ri ,quatre--8,9 soo?1 !y are bo? "r40 ,!y end by l&+ !mselves 9 an error m fatal ?an bo? ! o!rs1 & are =c$ to av[ t value resides 9 ! works ( nature1 & t t value is mat]ial4 ,my def9ition1 z x seems to me1 gets rid ( ^! anomalies1 & is confirm$ r ?an invalidat$ by ! illu/ration :i* has be5 adduc$4 ,i take a walk along ! sea-bea*1 & ,i f9d by *ance a magnific5t diamond4 ,i am ?us put 9 possession ( a great value4 ,:y8 ,am ,i ab\t to conf] a great b5efit on ! human race8 ,h ,i devot$ myself to a long & labori\s "w8 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,:y1 !n1 does ?is diamond possess s mu* value8 ,und\bt$ly because ! p]son to :om ,i transf] x consid]s t ,i h r5d]$ him a great s]vice1--all ! great] t _m ri* p desire x1 & t ,i alone c r5d] x4 ,! gr\nds ( 8 judgm5t may be controv]t$--be x s4 ,x may be f\nd$ on pride1 on vanity--grant$ aga94 ,b ?is judgm5t has1 nev]!less1 be5 =m$ by a man :o is dispos$ to act ^u x1 & t is suffici5t = my argum5t4 ,f> f ! judgm5t be+ bas$ on a reasonable appreciation ( utility1 we may all[ t ! v rev]se is ! case4 ,o/5tation makes great sacrifices = :at is utt]ly useless4 ,9 ?is case1 ! value1 f> f be>+ a necess>y proportion to ! lab\r p]=m$ by ! p]son :o r5d]s ! s]vice1 may be said r to be> proportion to ! lab\r sav$ to ! p]son :o receives x4 ,?is g5]al law ( value1 :i* has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 obs]v$ by !oretical writ]s1 nev]!less prevails univ]sally 9 practice4 ,we %all expla9 aft]w>ds ! admirable me*anism by :i* value t5ds to proportion itself to lab\r :5 x is free2 b x is n ! less true t x has its pr9ciple & f\ndation less 9 ! ef=t ( ! p]son :o s]ves ?an 9 ! ef=t sav$ to him :o is s]v$4 ,! transaction relative to ! diamond may be suppos$ to give rise to ! foll[+ dialogue3-- 8,give me y\r diamond1 ,sir40 8,) all my he>t2 give me 9 ex*ange y\r lab\r = an entire ye>40 p#ada 8,y\r acquisition has n co/ y a m9ute's "w40 8,v well1 ,sir1 try to f9d a simil> lucky m9ute40 8,yes2 b1 9 /rict equity1 ! ex*ange ought to be "o ( equal lab\r40 8,no2 9 /rict equity1 y put a value on y\r own s]vices1 & ,i ^u m9e2 ,i don't =ce y2 :y %\ld y lay a con/ra9t ^u me8 ,give me a :ole ye>'s lab\r1 or seek out a diamond = y\rself40 8,b t might entail ^u me t5 ye>s' "w1 & w\ld probably end 9 no?+4 ,x w\ld be wis] & m pr(itable to devote ^! t5 ye>s to ano!r employm5t40 8,x is precisely on t acc\nt t ,i imag9$ ,i 0 r5d]+ y a s]vice 9 ask+ = only "o ye>'s "w4 ,i ?us save y n9e1 & t is ! reason :y ,i atta* great value to ! s]vice4 ,if ,i appe> to y exact+1 x is because y reg>d only ! lab\r :i* ,i h p]=m$2 b consid] also ! lab\r :i* ,i save y1 & y w f9d me reasonable 9 my dem&40 8,x is n ! less true t y pr(it by a "w ( nature40 8,& if ,i 7 to give away :at ,i h f\nd = little or no?+1 x is y :o w\ld pr(it by x4 ,besides1 if ?is diamond possesses great value1 x is n because nature has be5 elaborat+ x s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t3 %e does z mu* = a drop ( dew40 8,yes2 b if diamonds 7 z common z dew-drops1 y c\ld no long] lay d[n ! law to me1 & make y\r own conditions40 8,v true2 because1 9 t case1 y w\ld n address y\rself to me1 or w\ld n be dispos$ to recomp5se me highly = a s]vice :i* y c\ld easily p]=m = y\rself40 ,! result ( ?is dialogue is1 t ,value no m resides 9 ! diamond ?an 9 ! air or 9 ! wat]4 ,x resides exclusively 9 ! s]vices :i* we suppose to be r5d]$ & receiv$ ) ref]5ce to ^! ?+s1 & is det]m9$ by ! free b>ga9+ ( ! p>ties :o make ! ex*ange4 ,take up ! ,collection des conomi/es1 & read & comp>e all ! def9itions :i* y w f9d !re4 ,if !re be "o ( !m :i* meets ! cases ( ! air & ! diamond1 two cases 9 appe>ance s opposite1 ?r[ ?is book into ! fire4 ,b if ! def9ition :i* ,i propose1 simple z x is1 solves1 or r obviates1 ! difficulty1 y are b\nd 9 consci5ce1 g5tle read]1 to g on to ! end ( ! "w1 or x is 9 va9 t we h plac$ an invit+ sign-bo>d ov] ! ve/ibule ( ! sci5ce4 ,all[ me to give "s m examples1 9 ord] to elucidate cle>ly my ?\ghts1 & famili>ize ! read] ) a new def9ition4 ,by exhibit+ ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 diff]5t aspects1 p#adb we %all cle> ! way = a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! consequ5ces1 :i* ,i v5ture to pr$ict w be f\nd no less important ?an unexpect$4 ,among ! wants to :i* our physical con/itution subjects u is t ( food2 & "o ( ! articles be/ fitt$ to satisfy t want is ,bread4 ,z ! ne$ ( food is p]sonal to me1 ,i %\ld1 naturally1 myself p]=m all ! op]ations necess>y to provide ! ne$ful supply ( bread4 ,i c ! less expect my fell[-m5 to r5d] me gratuit\sly ?is s]vice1 t !y are !mselves subject to ! same want1 & condemn$ to ! same ex]tion4 ,7 ,i to make my own bread1 ,i mu/ devote myself to a lab\r inf9itely m complicat$1 b /rictly analog\s to t :i* ! necessity ( fet*+ wat] f ! spr+ w\ld h impos$ ^u me4 ,! elem5ts ( bread exi/ ev]y:]e 9 nature4 ,z ,j4 ,b4 ,say has judici\sly rem>k$1 x is nei!r possible nor necess>y = man to create any?+4 ,gases1 salts1 electricity1 vegetable life1 all exi/2 my bus9ess is to unite !m1 assi/ !m1 comb9e !m1 transport !m1 avail+ myself ( t great laboratory call$ ! e>?1 9 :i* my/]ies are accompli%$ f :i* human sci5ce has sc>cely rais$ ! veil4 ,if ! op]ations to :i* ,i mu/ devote myself 9 ! pursuit ( my design are 9 ! aggregate v complicat$1 ea* ( !m1 tak5 s+ly1 is z simple z ! act ( draw+ wat] f ! f\nta94 ,e ef=t ,i make is simply a s]vice :i* ,i r5d] to myself2 & if1 9 consequ5ce ( a b>ga9 freely ent]$ into1 x happ5s t o!r p]sons save me "s ( ^! ef=ts1 or ! :ole ( !m1 ^! are s _m s]vices :i* ,i receive4 ,! aggregate ( ^! s]vices1 comp>$ ) ^? :i* ,i r5d] 9 return1 con/itute ! value ( ! ,bread & det]m9e its am\nt4 ,a conv5i5t int]m$iate commodity int]v5es to facilitate ?is ex*ange ( s]vices1 & ev5 to s]ve z a measure ( _! relative importance--,money4 ,b ?is makes no sub/antial diff]5ce1--! pr9ciple rema9s exactly ! same1 j z 9 me*anics ! transmission ( =ces is subject to ! same law1 :e!r !re be "o or sev]al int]m$iate :eels4 ,?is is s true t1 :5 ! loaf is wor? f\rp5ce1 = example1 if a good bookkeep] wi%es to analyze its value1 he w succe$ 9 discov]+1 amid ! multiplicity ( transactions :i* g to ! accompli%m5t ( ! f9al result1 all ^? ^: s]vices h contribut$ to =m t value1--all ^? :o h sav$ lab\r to ! man :o f9ally pays = x z ! consum]4 ,he discov]s1 fir/ ( all1 ! bak]1 :o reta9s 8 five p] c5t41 p#adc & f t p]c5tage remun]ates ! mason :o has built 8 ov51 ! wood-cutt] :o prep>es 8 billets1 etc4 ,!n comes ! mill]1 :o receives n only ! recomp5se ( 8 own lab\r1 b ! means ( remun]at+ ! qu>ryman :o has furni%$ 8 mill/ones1 ! lab\r] :o has =m$ 8 dam1 etc4 ,o!r portions ( ! total value g to ! ?re%]1 ! reap]1 ! lab\r]1 ! s[]1 until y acc\nt = ! la/ f>?+4 ,no "p ( x assur$ly goes to remun]ate ,god & nature4 ,! v idea is absurd1 & yet ?is is rigor\sly impli$ 9 ! !ory ( ! ,economi/s1 :o attribute a c]ta9 portion ( ! value ( a product to matt] or natural =ces4 ,no2 we /ill f9d t :at has value is n ! ,loaf1 b ! s]ies ( s]vices :i* h put me 9 possession ( x4 ,x is true t1 among ! elem5t>y p>ts ( ! value ( ! loaf1 our book-keep] w f9d "o :i* he w h difficulty 9 connect+ ) a s]vice1 at lea/ a s]vice imply+ ef=t4 ,he w f9d ( ! f\rp5ce1 ( :i* ! price is made up1 a "p goes to ! proprietor ( ! soil1 to ! man :o has ! keep+ ( ! laboratory4 ,t small portion ( ! value ( ! loaf con/itutes :at is call$ ! r5t ( l&2 &1 misl$ by ! =m ( expression1 by ! metonymy :i* aga9 makes its appe>ance "h1 our calculator may be tempt$ to ?9k t ?is portion is allott$ to natural ag5ts--to ! soil itself4 ,i ma9ta9 t1 if he ex]cises suffici5t skill1 he w f9d t ?is is /ill ! price ( real s]vices--s]vices ( ! same k9d z all ! o!rs4 ,?is w be demon/rat$ ) ! cle>e/ evid5ce :5 we come to treat ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,at pres5t1 ,i %all only rem>k1 t ,i am n conc]n$ "h ) prop]ty1 b ) value4 ,i don't inquire :e!r all s]vices are real & legitimate1 or :e!r m5 d n sometimes succe$ 9 gett+ paid = s]vices :i* !y d n r5d]4 ,! _w1 alas6 is full ( su* inju/ices1 b r5t mu/ n be includ$ among !m4 ,all t ,i h to demon/rate "h is1 t ! pret5d$ value ( commodities is only ! value ( s]vices1 real or imag9>y1 receiv$ & r5d]$ 9 connexion ) !m--t value does n reside 9 ! commodities !mselves1 & is no m to be f\nd 9 ! loaf ?an 9 ! diamond1 ! wat]1 or ! air--t no "p ( ! remun]ation goes to nature--t x proce$s f ! f9al consum] ( ! article1 & is di/ribut$ exclusively among m51--& t x w\ld n be accord$ to !m by him = any o!r reason ?an t !y h r5d]$ him s]vices1 unless1 inde$1 9 ! case ( viol5ce or fraud4 ,two m5 agree t ice is a good ?+ 9 summ]1 & coal a p#add /ill bett] ?+ 9 w9t]4 ,!y supply two ( our wants--! "o cools1 ! o!r w>ms u4 ,we d n fail to rem>k t ! ,utility ( ^! commodities consi/s 9 c]ta9 mat]ial prop]ties suitably adapt$ to our mat]ial organs4 ,we rem>k1 moreov]1 t among ^? prop]ties1 :i* physics & *emi/ry might enum]ate1 we d n f9d value1 or any?+ l x4 ,h[1 !n1 h we come to reg>d value z inh]5t 9 matt] & mat]ial8 ,if ! two m5 we h suppos$ wi%$ to obta9 ! satisfaction ( _! wants1 )\t act+ 9 conc]t1 ea* w\ld lab\r to provide = himself bo? ! articles want$4 ,if !y came to an und]/&+1 ! "o w\ld provide coal = two f ! coal-m9e1 ! o!r ice = two f ! m\nta94 ,?is presupposes a b>ga94 ,!y mu/ !n adju/ ! relation ( ! two s]vices ex*ang$4 ,!y w\ld take all circum/ances into acc\nt--! difficulties to be ov]come1 ! dang]s to be brav$1 ! "t to be sp5t1 ! pa9s to be tak51 ! skill to be display$1 ! risks to be run1 ! possibility ( provid+ = _! wants 9 "s o!r way1 etc41 etc4 ,:5 !y came to an und]/&+1 ! ,economi/ w\ld say1 ,! two s]vices ex*ang$ are wor? ea* o!r4 ,9 common language1 x w\ld be said by metonymy--,su* a quantity ( coal is wor? su* a quantity ( ice1 z if ! value _h pass$ physically into ^! bodies4 ,b x is easy to see t if ! common =m ( expression enables u to /ate ! results1 ! sci5tific expression alone reveals to u ! true causes4 ,9 place ( two s]vices & two p]sons1 ! agreem5t may embrace a great] numb]1 sub/itut+ a complex ,ex*ange = simple ,b>t]4 ,9 t case1 money w\ld int]v5e to facilitate ! ex*ange4 ,ne$ ,i say t ! pr9ciple ( value w\ld be nei!r *ang$ nor displac$8 ,b ,i mu/ add "h a s+le obs]vation propos ( coal4 ,x may be t !re is only "o coal-m9e 9 a c\ntry1 & t an individual has got possession ( x4 ,if s1 ?is man w make conditions2 t is to say1 he w put a high price ^u 8 s]vices1 or pret5d$ s]vices4 ,we h n yet come to ! "q ( "r & ju/ice1 to ! di/9ction betwe5 true & loyal s]vices1 & ^? t are fraudul5t & pret5d$4 ,:at conc]ns u at ?is mom5t is1 to consolidate ! true !ory ( value1 & to disemb>rass x ( "o error ) :i* ,economical sci5ce is infect$4 ,:5 we say t :at nature has done or giv51 %e has done or giv5 gratuit\sly1 & t ! notion ( value is exclud$1 we are answ]$ by an analysis ( ! price ( coal1 or "s o!r natural product4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 inde$1 t ! great] "p ( ?is p#ade price is ! remun]ation ( ! s]vices ( man4 ,"o man has excavat$ ! gr\nd1 ano!r has dra9$ away ! wat]1 ano!r has rais$ ! fuel to ! surface1 ano!r has transport$ x to its de/9ation2 & x is ! aggregate ( ^! works1 x is all[$1 :i* con/itutes ne>ly ! entire value4 ,/ill !re rema9s "o portion ( ! value :i* does n correspond ) any lab\r or s]vice4 ,?is is ! value ( ! coal z x lies "u ! soil1 /ill virg91 & unt\*$ by human lab\r4 ,x =ms ! %>e ( ! proprietor2 &1 s9ce ?is portion ( ,value is n ( human creation1 x foll[s necess>ily t x is ! creation ( nature4 ,i reject t conclusion1 & ,i premoni% ! read] t1 if he admits x to a great] or less ext5t1 he _c proce$ a s+le /ep f>!r 9 ! sci5ce4 ,no2 ! action ( nature does n create ,value1 any m ?an ! action ( man creates matt]4 ,( two ?+s "o3 ei!r ! proprietor has usefully co-op]at$ t[>ds ! f9al result1 & has r5d]$ real s]vices1 & !n ! portion ( value :i* he has conf]r$ on ! coal ent]s into my def9ition2 or else he obtrudes himself z a p>asite1 &1 9 t case1 he has _h ! address to get paid = s]vices :i* he has n r5d]$1 & ! price ( ! coal is unduly augm5t$4 ,t circum/ance may prove1 inde$1 t inju/ice has ent]$ into ! transaction2 b x _c ov]turn ! !ory s z to au?orize u to say t ?is portion ( value is mat]ial1--t x is comb9$ z a physical elem5t ) ! gratuit\s gifts ( ,provid5ce4 ,"h is ! pro( ( x4 ,cause ! inju/ice to cease1 if inju/ice !re be1 & ! correspond+ value w disappe>1 :i* x assur$ly w\ld n h done _h ! value be5 inh]5t 9 matt] & ( natural creation4#cj 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ pass to "o ( our mo/ imp]i\s wants1 t ( security4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 l& ^u an inhospitable coa/4 ,!y beg9 to "w4 ,b ea* ( !m f9ds himself con/antly drawn away f 8 employm5t by ! necessity ( def5d+ himself aga9/ wild bea/s1 or m5 /ill m savage4 ,besides ! "t & ! ex]tion :i* he devotes directly to ! "w ( def5ce1 he has to provide himself ) arms & munitions4 ,at l5g? x is discov]$ t1 on ! :ole1 inf9itely less p[] & ef=t w\ld be wa/$ if "s ( !m1 ab&on+ o!r "w1 7 to devote !mselves exclusively to ?is s]vice4 ,?is p#adf duty is assign$ to ^? :o are mo/ di/+ui%$ = address1 c\rage1 & vig\r--& !y improve 9 an art :i* !y make _! exclusive bus9ess4 ,:il/ !y wat* ov] ! public safety1 ! community reaps f its lab\rs1 n[ no long] int]rupt$1 m satisfactions = all ?an x loses by ! div]sion ( t5 m5 f o!r avocations4 ,?is arrangem5t is 9 consequ5ce made4 ,:at d we see 9 x b a new progress 9 ! division ( occupations1 induc+ & requir+ an ex*ange ( s]vices8 ,are ! s]vices ( ^! soldi]s1 gu>ds1 militiam51 or :atev] y may call !m1 productive8 ,und\bt$ly !y are1 see+ t ! sole object ( ! arrangem5t is to increase ! proportion :i* ! aggregate ,satisfactions ( ! community be> to ! g5]al ef=ts4 ,h !y ,value8 ,!y mu/ h x1 s9ce we e/eem !m1 appreciate !m1 e/imate _! wor?1 &1 9 f9e1 pay = !m ) o!r s]vices ) :i* !y are comp>$4 ,! =m 9 :i* ?is remun]ation is /ipulat$ =1 ! mode ( levy+ x1 ! process we adopt 9 adju/+ & conclud+ ! arrangem5t1 make no alt]ation on ! pr9ciple4 ,are !re ef=ts sav$ to "s m5 by o!rs8 ,are !re satisfactions procur$ = "s by o!rs8 ,9 t case !re are s]vices ex*ang$1 comp>$1 e/imat$2--!re is ,value4 ,! k9d ( s]vices we are n[ discuss+1 :5 social complications occur1 lead sometimes to frightful consequ5ces4 ,! v nature ( ! s]vices :i* we dem& f ?is class ( function>ies requires u to put into _! h&s ,p[]1--p[] suffici5t to subdue all resi/ance1--& x sometimes happ5s t !y abuse x1 & turn x aga9/ ! v community :i* employs !m4 ,d]iv+ f ! community s]vices proportion$ to ! want we h ( security1 !y !mselves may cause insecurity1 9 ord] to display _! own importance1 &1 by a too skilful diplomacy1 involve _! fell[-citiz5s 9 p]petual w>s4 ,all ?is has happ5$1 & /ill happ5s4 ,great di/urbances ( ! j equilibrium ( reciprocal s]vices are ! result ( x4 ,b x makes no *ange 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple & sci5tific !ory ( ,value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i mu/ /ill give ano!r example or two2 b ,i pray ! read] to believe t ,i feel q z mu* z he c h[ tiresome & fatigu+ ?is s]ies ( hypo!ses mu/ be--?r[+ u back1 z !y all d1 on ! same k9d ( pro(1 t5d+ to ! same p#adg conclusion1 express$ 9 ! same t]ms4 ,he mu/ und]/&1 h[ev]1 t ?is process1 if n ! mo/ int]e/+1 is at lea/ ! sure/ way ( e/abli%+ ! true !ory ( ,value1 & ( ?us cle>+ ! road we h to trav]se4 ,we suppose ourselves 9 ,p>is4 ,9 t great metropolis !re is a va/ f]m5tation ( desires1 & abundant means also ( satisfy+ !m4 ,multitudes ( ri* m51 or m5 9 easy circum/ances1 devote !mselves to indu/ry1 to ! arts1 to politics--& 9 ! ev5+ !y are all eag] to obta9 an h\r's recreation4 ,among ! amusem5ts :i* !y reli% mo/ is ! pleasure ( he>+ ! music ( ,ross9i sung by ,malibran1 or ! admirable poetry ( ,rac9e int]pret$ by ,ra*el4 ,!re are 9 ! _w only two wom5 :o c furni% ^! noble & delicate k9ds ( ent]ta9m5t1 & unless we c\ld subject !m to torture1 :i* w\ld probably n succe$1 we h no o!r way ( procur+ _! s]vices b by address+ ourselves to _! good w4 ,?us ! s]vices :i* we expect f ,malibran & ,ra*el are possess$ ( great ,value4 ,?is explanation is prosaic en\gh1 b x is true4 ,if an opul5t bank] %\ld desire to gratify 8 vanity by hav+ ! p]=mances ( "o ( ^! great arti/es 9 8 salons1 he w soon f9d by exp]i5ce ! full tru? ( my !ory4 ,he desires a ri* treat1 a lively satisfaction--he desires x eag]ly--& only "o p]son 9 ! _w c furni% x4 ,he _c procure x o!rwise ?an by (f]+ a l>ge remun]ation4 ,betwe5 :at extreme limits w ! transaction oscillate8 ,! bank] w g on till he rea*es ! po9t at :i* he pref]s r to lose ! satisfaction ?an to pay :at he deems an extravagant price = x2 ! s+] to t po9t at :i* %e pref]s to accept ! remun]ation (f]$1 r ?an n be remun]at$ at all4 ,?is po9t ( equilibrium det]m9es ! value ( ?is p>ticul> s]vice1 z x does ( all o!rs4 ,x may be t 9 _m cases cu/om fixes ?is delicate po9t4 ,!re is too mu* ta/e 9 ! beau monde to higgle ab\t c]ta9 s]vices4 ,! remun]ation may ev5 be gracefully disguis$1 s z to veil ! vulg>ity ( ! economic law4 ,t law1 h[ev]1 presides ov] ?is transaction1 j z x does ov] ! mo/ ord9>y b>ga92 & ,value does n *ange its nature because exp]i5ce or urbanity disp5ses ) discuss+ x =mally on e occasion4 ,?is expla9s h[ arti/es above ! usual /&>d ( excell5ce succe$ 9 realiz+ great =tunes4 ,ano!r circum/ance fav\rs !m4 ,_! s]vices are ( su* a nature t !y c r5d] !m1 at "o & ! same "t1 & by "o & ! same ef=t1 to p#adh a multitude ( individuals4 ,h[ev] l>ge ! !atre1 provid$ ! voice ( ,ra*el c fill x1 ea* spectator enjoys ! full pleasure ( h] inimitable declamation4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( a new arrangem5t4 ,?ree or f\r ?\s& p1 all exp]i5c+ ! same desire1 may come to an und]/&+1 & raise ! requisite sum2 & ! contribution ( ea* to ! remun]ation ( ! great trag$i5ne con/itutes ! equival5t ( ! unique s]vice r5d]$ by h] to all at once4 ,su* is ,value4 ,z a great numb] ( auditors may comb9e 9 ord] to witness an ent]ta9m5t ( ?is description1 s a numb] ( actors may comb9e 9 ord] to p]=m 9 an op]a or play4 ,manag]s may int]v5e1 to save !m ! tr\ble ( a multiplicity ( trifl+ accessory arrangem5ts4 ,value is ?us multipli$1 ramifi$1 di/ribut$1 & r5d]$ complex--b x does n *ange its nature4 ,we %all f9i% ) "s exceptional cases4 ,su* cases =m ! be/ te/ ( a s\nd !ory4 ,:5 ! rule is correct1 exceptions d n invalidate1 b confirm x4 ,an ag$ prie/ moves sl[ly along1 p5sive1 ) /aff 9 h&1 & brevi>y "u 8 arm4 ,8 air is s]5e1 8 c\nt5ance expressive1--he looks inspir$6 ,:]e is he go+8 ,d y see t *ur* 9 ! di/ance8 ,! y\?ful village p>son1 di/ru/ful z yet ( 8 own p[]s1 has call$ to 8 assi/ance ! old mission>y4 ,b fir/ ( all he has "s arrangem5ts to make4 ,! prea*] w f9d1 inde$1 food & %elt] at ! p>sonage--b he mu/ live f "o ye>'s end to ano!r4 ,mons4 le ,cur1 !n1 has promot$ a subscription among ! ri* p ( ! village1 mod]ate 9 am\nt1 b suffici5t2 = ! ag$ pa/or is n exact+1 & answ]$ ! p]son :o wrote to him--8,du pa9 p\r moi1 voil mon ncessaire2 une obole p\r le pauvre1 voil mon sup]flu40 ,?us are ! economic prelim9>ies compli$ )2 = ?is m$dl+ ,political ,economy creeps into ev]y?+1 & is to be f\nd ev]y:]e--,nil humani a me ali5um puto4 ,let u enl>ge a little on ?is example1 :i* is v apposite to :at we are n[ discuss+4 ,"h y h an ex*ange ( s]vices4 ,on ! "o h& y h an old man :o devotes 8 "t1 8 /r5g?1 8 tal5ts1 8 heal?1 to enlight5 ! m9ds ( a few villag]s1 & raise !m to a high] moral level4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bread = a few days1 & a hat & cassock1 are assur$ to ! man ( eloqu5ce4 ,b !re is some?+ m "h4 ,!re is a rivalry ( sacrifices4 ,! old prie/ refuses ev]y?+ t is n absolutely indisp5sable4 ,( t poor pittance ! cur takes "o half on 8 p#adi own %\ld]s2 ! village ,crsuses exempt _! bre?r5 f ! o!r half1 :o nev]!less pr(it by ! s]mons4 ,d ^! sacrifices invalidate our def9ition ( value8 ,n at all4 ,ea* is free to r5d] 8 s]vices only on su* t]ms z are agreeable to himself4 ,if ^! conditions are made easy1 or if none are /ipulat$ =1 :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,! s]vice1 pres]v+ its utility1 loses its value4 ,! old prie/ is p]suad$ t 8 s]vices w f9d _! rew>d 9 ano!r _w1 & he c>es n = _! be+ recomp5s$ "h bel[4 ,he feels1 no d\bt1 t he is r5d]+ a s]vice to 8 auditors 9 address+ !m1 b he also feels t !y d him a s]vice 9 li/5+ to him4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! transaction is bas$ ^u advantage to "o ( ! contract+ p>ties1 ) ! full cons5t ( ! o!r4 ,t is all4 ,9 g5]al1 ex*anges are det]m9$ & e/imat$ by ref]5ce to self-int]e/2 b1 ?ank ,god1 t is n always ! case3 !y are sometimes bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y1 & 9 t case we ei!r transf] to ano!r a satisfaction :i* we might h res]v$ = ourselves1 or we make an ef=t = him :i* we might h devot$ to our own pr(it & advantage4 ,g5]osity1 devotion1 self-sacrifice1 are impulses ( our nature1 :i*1 l _m o!r circum/ances1 influ5ce ! actual value ( a p>ticul> s]vice1 b !y make no *ange on ! g5]al law ( values4 ,9 contra/ to ?is consol+ example1 ,i might adduce ano!r ( a v opposite "*4 ,9 ord] t a s]vice %\ld possess value1 9 ! economical s5se ( ! ^w1 x is n at all indisp5sable t x %\ld be a real1 consci5ti\s1 & useful s]vice2 x is suffici5t t x is accept$1 & paid = by ano!r s]vice4 ,! _w is full ( p :o palm ^u ! public s]vices ( a quality m ?an d\btful1 & make ! public pay = !m4 ,all dep5ds on ! judgm5t :i* we =m 9 ea* case2 & ?is is ! reason :y morals w be always ! be/ auxili>y ( ,political ,economy4 ,impo/ors succe$ 9 propagat+ a false belief4 ,!y repres5t !mselves z ! ambassadors ( ,heav54 ,!y op5 at pleasure ! gates ( heav5 or ( hell4 ,:5 ?is belief has once tak5 firm root1 8,"h10 say !y1 8are "s little images to :i* we h communicat$ ! virtue ( secur+ et]nal happ9ess to ^? :o c>ry !m ab\t _! p]sons4 ,9 be/[+ ^u y "o ( ^! images1 we r5d] y an imm5se s]vice4 ,y mu/ r5d] u1 !n1 c]ta9 s]vices 9 return40 ,"h y h a ,value creat$4 ,x is f\nd$ on a false appreciation1 y say1 & t is true4 ,we might say z mu* ( _m mat]ial ?+s p#aej :i* possess a c]ta9 value1 = !y w\ld f9d pur*as]s if set up to auction4 ,economic sci5ce w\ld become impossible if we admitt$ z values only values correctly & judici\sly appreciat$4 ,at e /ep we mu/ beg9 a new c\rse ( ! moral & physical sci5ces4 ,9 a /ate ( isolation1 deprav$ desires & a w>p$ intellig5ce may cause a man to pursue ) great ef=t & ex]tion a *im]ical satisfaction--a delusion4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! social /ate1 x sometimes happ5s1 z ! philosoph] says1 t we buy regret too de>4 ,b if tru? is naturally m 9 keep+ ) ! human m9d ?an error1 all ^! frauds are de/9$ to disappe>--all ^! delusive s]vices to be spurn$ & lose _! value4 ,civilisation w1 9 ! long-run1 put ev]ybody & ev]y?+ 9 ! "r place4 ,b we mu/ conclude ?is analysis1 :i* has already ext5d$ to too great a l5g?4 ,among ! v>i\s wants ( our nature1 respiration1 hung]1 ?ir/--& ! wants & desires :i* take _! rise 9 our vanity1 9 our heads1 he>ts1 & op9ions1 9 our hopes = ! future1 :e!r well or ill gr\nd$--ev]y:]e we h s\ght = ,value--& we h f\nd x :]ev] an ex*ange ( s]vice takes place4 ,we h f\nd x ev]y:]e ( ! same nature1 bas$ ^u a pr9ciple cle>1 simple1 absolute1 al?\gh influ5c$ by a multitude ( v>y+ circum/ances4 ,we might h pass$ 9 review all our o!r wants2 we might h cit$ ! c>p5t]1 ! mason1 ! manufactur]1 ! tailor1 ! physician1 ! (fic] ( ju/ice1 ! lawy]1 ! m]*ant1 ! pa9t]1 ! judge1 ! presid5t ( ! republic1 & we %\ld h f\nd exactly ! same ?+4 ,frequ5tly a mat]ial sub/ance2 sometimes =ces furni%$ gratuit\sly by nature2 always human s]vices int]*ang$1 measur+ ea* o!r1 e/imat+1 appreciat+1 valu+ "o ano!r1 & exhibit+ simply ! result ( t ,valuation--or ,value4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o ( our wants1 v special 9 its nature1 ! cem5t ( society1 at once ! cause & ! effect ( all our transactions1 & ! ev]la/+ problem ( ,political ,economy1 ( :i* x is necess>y to say some?+ 9 ?is place--,i allude to ! want ( ,ex*ang+4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h describ$ ! m>vell\s effects ( ,ex*ange4 ,!y are su* t m5 mu/ naturally feel a desire to facilitate x1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( consid]able sacrifices4 ,x is = ?is end t we h roads1 canals1 railways1 c>riages1 %ips1 m]*ants1 tradesm51 bank]s2 & x is impossible to believe t society w\ld submit to su* enorm\s draughts ^u its =ces = ! purpose ( facilitat+ p#aea ex*ange1 if x did n f9d 9 ex*ange itself an ample comp5sation4 ,we h also se5 t direct b>t] c\ld give rise only to transactions at once inconv5i5t & re/ra9$4 ,x is on t acc\nt t m5 h ?\ght ( resolv+ b>t] into two factors1 sale & pur*ase1 by means ( an int]m$iate commodity1 readily divisible1 &1 above all1 possess$ ( value1 9 ord] to secure public confid5ce4 ,?is int]m$iate commodity is ,money4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k t :at1 by an ellipsis or metonymy1 we designate ! value ( gold & silv] re/s on exactly ! same f\ndation z t ( ! air1 ! wat]1 ! diamond1 ! s]mons ( our old mission>y1 or ! r\lades ( ,malibran--t is to say1 ^u s]vices r5d]$ & receiv$4 ,! gold1 inde$1 :i* we f9d spread on ! fav\r$ banks ( ! ,sacram5to1 d]ives f nature _m preci\s qualities--ductility1 weight1 beauty1 brilliancy1 utility ev51 if y w4 ,b !re is "o quality :i* nature has n giv5 x1 because nature has no?+ to d ) t--,value4 ,a man kn[s t gold supplies a want :i* is s5sibly felt1 & t x is mu* covet$4 ,he goes to ,cali=nia to seek = gold1 j z my neighb\r w5t to ! spr+ to fet* wat]4 ,he devotes himself to h>d "w--he digs1 he excavates1 he wa%es1 he melts d[n--& !n he comes to me & says3 ,i w r5d] y ! s]vice ( transf]r+ to y ?is gold2 :at s]vice w y r5d] me 9 return8 ,we discuss ! matt]1 we weigh all ! circum/ances :i* %\ld influ5ce our det]m9ation2--at la/ we conclude a b>ga91 & ,value is manife/$ & fix$4 ,misl$ by ?is curt =m ( expression1 8,gold is valuable10 we might suppose t ! value resides 9 ! gold1 j z ! qualities ( ductility & specific gravity reside 9 x1 & t nature has put x !re4 ,i hope ! read] is already satisfi$ t ?is is a mi/ake4 ,by-&-by he w be conv9c$ t x is a deplorable fallacy4 ,ano!r misconception exi/s on ! subject ( gold1 or r ( money4 ,z x is ! con/ant m$ium :i* ent]s into all transactions1 ! mean t]m betwe5 ! two factors ( comp\nd b>t]1 x is always ) its value t we comp>e ! value ( ! two s]vices to be ex*ang$2 & h5ce we are l$ to reg>d gold or money z a measure ( value4 ,9 practice x _c be o!rwise4 ,b sci5ce ought nev] to =get t money1 s f> z its value is conc]n$1 is subject to ! same fluctuations z any o!r product or s]vice4 ,sci5ce does =get ?is sometimes2 nor is x surpris+4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds to make u consid] money p#aeb z ! measure ( value1 9 ! same way z ! litre 7or qu>t7 is ! measure ( capacity4 ,x plays an analog\s "p 9 actual bus9ess4 ,"o is n aw>e ( its own fluctuations1 because ! franc1 l its multiples & sub-multiples1 always reta9s ! same d5om9ation4 ,& ari?metic itself t5ds to propagate ! confusion by rank+ ! franc z a measure1 along ) ! measures ( quantity 9 daily use4 ,i h giv5 a def9ition ( ,value1 at lea/ ( value accord+ to my idea ( x4 ,i h subject$ t def9ition to ! te/ ( div]s facts4 ,none ( !m1 s f> z ,i c see1 contradict x2 & ! sci5tific signification :i* ,i h giv5 to ! ^w agrees ) its vulg> acceptation1 :i* is no small advantage1 no slight gu>antee--= :at is sci5ce b exp]i5ce classifi$8 ,:at is !ory b ! me?odical exposition ( univ]sal practice8 ,i may n[ be p]mitt$ to glance rapidly at ! sy/ems :i* h hi!rto prevail$4 ,x is n 9 a _s ( controv]sy1 mu* less ( criticism1 t ,i ent] ^u ?is exam9ation1 & ,i %\ld will+ly avoid x 7 ,i n conv9c$ t x w ?r[ new light ^u ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* ,i am advocat+4 ,we h se5 t writ]s on ,political ,economy h s\ght = ! pr9ciple ( ,value 9 "o or m ( ! accid5ts :i* ex]cise a notable influ5ce ov] x1 su* z mat]iality1 cons]vability1 utility1 r>ity1 lab\r1 etc42 j l a physiologi/ :o %\ld seek ! pr9ciple ( life 9 "o or m ( ! ext]nal ph5om5a :i* are necess>y to its developm5t1 z air1 wat]1 light1 electricity1 etc4 ,mat]iality4--8,man10 says ,m4 de ,bonald1 8is m9d s]v$ by organs40 ,if ! economi/s ( ! mat]iali/ s*ool _h simply meant t m5 c r5d] reciprocal s]vices to ea* o!r only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! bodily organs1 & _h !nce conclud$ t !re is always some?+ mat]ial 9 ^! s]vices1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 ,value1 ,i %\ld n h proce$$ a /ep f>!r1 z ,i h a horror at ^w-cat*+ & subtilties1 :i* wit revels 94 ,b !y h n ?us und]/ood x4 ,:at !y believe is t ,value has be5 communicat$ to matt]1 ei!r by ! lab\r ( man or by ! action ( nature4 ,9 a ^w1 deceiv$ by ! elliptical =m ( expression1 gold is wor? s mu*1 corn is wor? s mu*1 !y ?9k !y see 9 matt] a quality call$ ,value1 j z ! natural philosoph] sees 9 x resi/ance & weight--& yet ^! attributes h be5 disput$4 ,be t z x may1 ,i dispute =mally ! exi/5ce ( ,value z an attribute ( matt]4 p#aec ,& fir/ ( all1 x _c be d5i$ t ,matt] & ,value are (t5 f\nd sep>at$4 ,:5 we say to a man--,c>ry t lett] to its de/9ation--fet* me "s wat]--tea* me ?is sci5ce or t manufactur+ process--give me advice z to my sickness1 or my law-suit--wat* ov] my security1 :ile ,i give myself up to lab\r or to sleep1--:at we dem& is a ,s]vice1 & 9 t s]vice we ackn[l$ge 9 ! face ( ! _w t !re resides a ,value1 see+ t we pay = x volunt>ily by an equival5t s]vice4 ,x w\ld be /range t we %\ld refuse to admit 9 !ory :at univ]sal cons5t admits 9 practice4 ,true1 our transactions h ref]5ce frequ5tly to mat]ial objects2 b :at does t prove8 ,:y1 t m51 by ex]cis+ =esight1 prep>e to r5d] s]vices :i* !y "k to be 9 dem&4 ,i pur*ase a coat ready made1 or ,i h a tailor to come to my h\se to "w by ! day2 b does t *ange ! pr9ciple ( ,value1 s z to make x reside at "o "t 9 ! coat & at ano!r "t 9 ! s]vice8 ,"o might ask "h ?is puzzl+ "q--,mu/ we n see ! pr9ciple ( ,value fir/ ( all 9 ! mat]ial object1 & !n attribute x by analogy to ! s]vices8 ,i say t x is j ! rev]se4 ,we mu/ recognise x fir/ ( all 9 ! s]vices1 & attribute x aft]w>ds1 if we *oose1 by a figure ( spee*1 by metonymy1 to ! mat]ial objects4 ,! num]\s examples :i* ,i h adduc$ r5d] x unnecess>y = me to pursue ?is discussion fur!r4 ,b ,i _c refra9 f ju/ify+ myself = hav+ ent]$ on x1 by %[+ to :at fatal consequ5ces an error1 or1 if y w1 an incomplete tru?1 may lead1 :5 plac$ at ! ?re%old ( a sci5ce4 ,! lea/ inconv5i5ce ( ! def9ition :i* ,i am combat+ has be5 to curtail & mutilate ,political ,economy4 ,if ,value resides 9 matt]1 !n :]e !re is no matt] !re c be no ,value4 ,! ,physiocrates#ca designat$ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! entire population z /]ile1 & ,adam ,smi?1 s(t5+ ! expression1 z unproductive classes4 ,b z facts 9 ! long run are /rong] ?an def9itions1 x became necess>y 9 "s way to br+ back ^! classes1 & make !m re-ent] ! circle ( economic /udies4 ,!y 7 introduc$ by way ( analogy2 b ! language ( ! sci5ce1 =m$ be=eh& on o!r def9itions1 _h be5 s mat]ializ$ z to r5d] ?is ext5sion repulsive4 ,:at mean su* phrases z ^!3 8,to consume an immat]ial product8 ,man is accumulat$ capital8 ,security is a commodity80 etc41 etc4 p#aed ,n only 0 ! language ( ! sci5ce mat]ializ$ beyond measure1 b writ]s 7 =c$ to sur*>ge x ) subtile di/9ctions1 9 ord] to reconcile ideas :i* _h be5 errone\sly sep>at$4 ,h5ce ,adam ,smi?'s expression ( ,value 9 use1 9 contradi/9ction to ,value 9 ex*ange1 etc4 ,a great] evil /ill has be5 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is confusion ( two great social ph5om5a1 prop]ty & community1 ! "o has seem$ incapable ( ju/ification1 & ! o!r has be5 lo/ sight (4 ,9 fact1 if ,value resides 9 matt]1 x becomes mix$ up ) ! physical qualities ( bodies :i* r5d] !m useful to man4 ,n[1 ^! qualities are frequ5tly plac$ !re by nature4 ,!n nature co-op]ates 9 creat+ ,value1 & we f9d ourselves attribut+ value to :at is ess5tially common & gratuit\s4 ,on :at basis1 !n1 d y place prop]ty8 ,:5 ! remun]ation :i* ,i give 9 ord] to obta9 a mat]ial product1 corn = example1 is di/ribut$ among all ! lab\r]s1 ne> or at a di/ance1 :o h r5d]$ me a s]vice 9 ! production ( t commodity1--:o is to receive t portion ( ! value :i* corresponds to ! action ( nature1 & ) :i* man has no?+ to d8 ,is x ,provid5ce :o is to receive x8 ,no "o w say s1 = we nev] he>d ( ,nature dem&+ wages4 ,is man to receive x8 ,:at title has he to x1 see+ t1 by ! hypo!sis1 he has done no?+8 ,d n suppose t ,i am exagg]at+1 & t1 = ! sake ( my own def9ition1 ,i am tortur+ ! def9ition ( ! economi/s1 & d$uc+ f x too rigor\s conclusions4 ,no1 ^! consequ5ces !y h !mselves v explicitly d$uc$1 "u ! pressure ( logic4 ,?us1 ,s5ior has said t 8^? :o h appropriat$ natural ag5ts receive1 "u ! =m ( r5t1 a recomp5se )\t hav+ made any sacrifice4 ,!y m]ely hold out _! h&s to receive ! (f]+s ( ! re/ ( ! community40 ,scrope tells u t 8l&$ prop]ty is an artificial re/riction impos$ ^u ! enjoym5t ( ^? gifts :i* ! ,creator has int5d$ = ! satisfaction ( ! wants ( all40 ,j4 ,b4 ,say has ^! words3 8,arable l&s w\ld seem to =m a portion ( natural weal?1 see+ t !y are n ( human creation1 & t nature has giv5 !m to man gratuit\sly4 ,b z ?is description ( weal? is n fugitive1 l air & wat]1--z a field is a space fix$ & m>k$ out :i* c]ta9 m5 h succe$$ 9 appropriat+1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs :o h giv5 _! cons5t to ?is appropriation1 l&1 :i* 0 natural p#aee & gratuit\s prop]ty1 has n[ become social weal?1 ! use ( :i* mu/ be paid =40 ,truly1 if x be s1 ,pr\dhon is ju/ifi$ 9 propos+ ?is t]rible "q1 foll[$ by an affirmation /ill m t]rible3-- 8,to :om belongs ! r5t ( l&8 ,to ! produc] ( l&1 )\t d\bt4 ,:o made ! l&8 ,god4 ,!n1 proprietor1 begone60 ,yes1 by a vici\s def9ition1 ,political ,economy has h&$ ov] logic to ! ,communi/s4 ,i w break ?is t]rible weapon 9 _! h&s1 or r !y %all surr5d] x to me *e]fully4 ,! consequ5ces w disappe> :5 ,i h annihilat$ ! pr9ciple4 ,& ,i und]take to demon/rate t if1 9 ! production ( weal?1 ! action ( nature is comb9$ ) ! action ( man1 ! fir/--gratuit\s & common 9 its own nature--rema9s gratuit\s & common 9 all our transactions2 t ! second alone repres5ts s]vices1 value2 t ! action ( man alone is remun]at$2 & t x alone is ! f\ndation1 explanation1 & ju/ification ( ,prop]ty4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i ma9ta9 t1 relatively to ea* o!r1 m5 are proprietors only ( ! value ( ?+s1 & t 9 transf]r+ products f h& to h&1 :at !y /ipulate = exclusively is value1 t is to say1 reciprocal s]vices3--all ! qualities1 prop]ties1 & utilities1 :i* ^! products d]ive f nature be+ obta9$ by !m into ! b>ga94 ,if ,political ,economy hi!rto1 9 disreg>d+ ?is fundam5tal consid]ation1 has %ak5 ! gu>dian pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 by repres5t+ x z an artificial in/itution1 necess>y1 inde$1 b unju/1 %e has by ! same act left 9 ! %ade1 & completely unp]ceiv$1 ano!r admirable ph5om5on ! mo/ t\*+ disp5sation ( ,provid5ce to ! creature--! ph5om5on ( progressive community4 ,weal?1 tak+ ! ^w 9 its g5]al acceptation1 results f ! comb9ation ( two ag5cies--! action ( nature1 & ! action ( man4 ,! fir/ is gratuit\s & common by ! de/9ation ( ,provid5ce1 & nev] loses t "*4 ,! second alone is provid$ ) value1 &1 consequ5tly1 appropriat$4 ,b ) ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 & ! progress ( civilisation1 ! "o takes a great] & great] "p1 ! o!r a less & less "p1 9 ! realization ( ea* giv5 utility2 :5ce x foll[s t ! doma9 ( ! ,gratuit\s & ! ,common is cont9ually exp&+ among m5 relatively to ! doma9 ( ,value & ,prop]ty2 a consol+ & sugge/ive view ( ! subject1 entirely hidd5 f ! eye ( sci5ce1 s long z we cont9ue to attribute ,value to ! co-op]ation ( nature4 p#aef ,m5 ( all religions ?ank ,god = ,8 b5efits4 ,! fa!r ( a family blesses ! bread :i* he breaks & di/ributes to 8 *ildr5--a t\*+ cu/om1 t reason w\ld n ju/ify 7 ! lib]ality ( ,provid5ce o!r ?an gratuit\s4 ,durabl5ess1 cons]vability--t pret5d$ s9e qu non ( ,value1 is connect$ ) ! subject :i* ,i h j be5 discuss+4 ,x is necess>y to ! v exi/5ce ( value1 z ,adam ,smi? ?9ks1 t x %\ld be fix$ & realiz$ 9 some?+ :i* c be ex*ang$1 accumulat$1 pres]v$1 consequ5tly 9 some?+ mat]ial4 8,!re is "o sort ( lab\r :i* adds#cb to ! value ( ! subject ^u :i* x is be/[$4 ,!re is ano!r :i* has no su* effect40 8,! lab\r ( ! manufactur]10 he adds1 8fixes & realizes itself 9 "s p>ticul> subject or v5dible commodity1 :i* la/s = "s "t at lea/ aft] ! lab\r is pa/4 ,! lab\r ( ! m5ial s]vant1 on ! contr>y0 7to :i* ! au?or assimilates 9 ?is respect t ( soldi]s1 magi/rates1 musicians1 pr(essors1 etc471 8does n fix or realize itself 9 any p>ticul> subject or v5dible commodity4 ,8 s]vices p]i% 9 ! v in/ant ( _! p]=mance1 & leave no trace ( value beh9d !m40 ,"h we f9d ,value connect$ r ) ! modifications ( matt] ?an ) ! satisfactions ( m5--a pr(\nd error2 = ! sole good to be obta9$ f ! modification ( mat]ial ?+s is ! atta9m5t ( t satisfaction :i* is ! design1 ! end1 ! consommation#cc ( e ,ef=t4 ,if1 !n1 we realize t satisfaction by a direct & imm$iate ef=t1 ! result is ! same2 & if t ef=t c be made ! subject ( transactions1 ex*anges1 e/imation1 x includes ! pr9ciple ( ,value4 ,z reg>ds ! int]val :i* may elapse betwe5 ! ef=t & ! satisfaction1 surely ,adam ,smi? attributes f> too mu* importance to x1 :5 he says t ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ,value dep5ds ^u x4 8,! value ( a v5dible commodity10 he says1 8la/s = "s "t at lea/40 ,und\bt$ly x la/s until ! commodity has answ]$ its purpose1 :i* is to satisfy a want2 & exactly ! same ?+ may be said ( a s]vice4 ,z long z t plate ( /rawb]ries rema9s on ! sidebo>d x pres]ves its value4 ,:y8 ,because x is ! result ( a s]vice p#aeg :i* ,i h design$ to r5d] to myself1 or t ano!r has r5d]$ to me by way ( comp5sation1 & ( :i* ,i h n yet made use4 ,! mom5t ,i h made use ( x1 by eat+ ! /rawb]ries1 ! value w disappe>4 ,! s]vice w vani% & h no trace ( value beh9d4 ,! v same ?+ holds ( p]sonal s]vices4 ,! consum] makes ! value disappe>1 = x has be5 creat$ only = t purpose4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce1 z reg>ds ! pr9ciple ( value1 :e!r ! s]vice is und]tak5 to satisfy a want to-day1 to-morr[1 or a ye> h5ce4 ,take ano!r case4 ,i am afflict$ ) a cat>act4 ,i call 9 an oculi/4 ,! in/rum5t he makes use ( has value1 because x has durability2 ! op]ation he p]=ms1 x is said1 has none1 & yet ,i pay = x1 & ,i h made *oice ( "o among _m rival op]ators1 & arrang$ 8 remun]ation be=eh&4 ,to ma9ta9 t ?is s]vice has no value is to run c\nt] to notori\s facts & notions univ]sally receiv$4 ,& ( :at use1 ,i w\ld ask1 is a !ory :i*1 f> f tak+ univ]sal practice into acc\nt1 ignores x altoge!r8 ,i w\ld n h ! read] suppose t ,i am c>ri$ away by an inord9ate love ( controv]sy4 ,if ,i dwell ^u ^! elem5t>y notions1 x is to prep>e 8 m9d = consequ5ces ( ! highe/ importance1 :i* w be aft]w>ds develop$4 ,i "k n :e!r x be to violate ! laws ( me?od to indicate ^! consequ5ces by anticipation1 b ,i v5ture to dep>t slightly f ! regul> c\rse1 9 ord] to obviate ! dang] ( becom+ t$i\s4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,i h spok5 prematurely ( ,prop]ty & ,community2 & = ! same reason ,i %all "h say a ^w respect+ ,capital4 ,z ,adam ,smi? made value to reside 9 matt]1 he c\ld n conceive ,capital z exi/+ o!rwise ?an 9 an accumulation ( mat]ial objects4 ,h[1 !n1 c we attribute ,value to ,s]vices n susceptible ( be+ accumulat$ or conv]t$ into capital8 ,among ! diff]5t descriptions ( ,capital1 we give ! fir/ place to tools1 ma*9es1 in/rum5ts ( lab\r4 ,!y s]ve to make natural =ces co-op]ate 9 ! "w ( production1 &1 attribut+ to ^! =ces ! faculty ( creat+ value1 p 7 l$ to imag9e t in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 z su*1 7 end[$ ) ! same faculty1 indep5d5tly ( any human s]vices4 ,?us ! spade1 ! pl\gh1 ! /eam-eng9e1 7 suppos$ to co-op]ate simultane\sly ) natural ag5ts & human =ces 9 creat+ n only ,utility1 b ,value also4 ,b all value is remun]at$ by ex*ange4 ,:o1 !n1 is to receive t portion ( value :i* is indep5d5t ( all human s]vice8 p#aeh ,x is ?us t ! s*ool ( ,pr\dhon1 aft] hav+ br\ght ! r5t ( l& into "q1 has conte/$ also ! int]e/ ( capital--a l>g] !sis1 because x includes ! o!r4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! ,pr\dhonian error1 view$ sci5tifically1 has its root 9 ! prior error ( ,adam ,smi?4 ,i %all demon/rate t capital1 l natural ag5ts1 consid]$ 9 itself1 & ) ref]5ce to its own prop] action1 creates utility1 b nev] creates value4 ,! latt] is ess5tially ! fruit ( a legitimate s]vice4 ,i %all demon/rate also t1 9 ! social ord]1 capital is n an accumulation ( mat]ial objects1 dep5d+ on mat]ial durability1 b an accumulation ( ,values1 t is to say1 ( s]vices4 ,?is w put an end 7virtually at lea/1 by remov+ its f\ndation7 to ! rec5t attack ^u ! productiv5ess ( capital1 & 9 a way satisfactory to ! objectors !mselves2 = if ,i prove t !re is no?+ 9 ! bus9ess ( ex*ange b a mutuality ( s]vices1 ,m4 ,pr\dhon mu/ own himself vanqui%$ by my victory ov] 8 pr9ciple4 ,lab\r4--,adam ,smi? & 8 disciples h assign$ ! pr9ciple ( ,value to ,lab\r "u ! condition ( ,mat]iality4 ,?is is contr>y to ! o!r op9ion t natural =ces play a c]ta9 "p 9 ! production ( ,value4 ,i h n "h to combat ! contradictions :i* become app>5t 9 all _! fatal consequ5ces :5 ^! au?ors come to discuss ! r5t ( l& & ! int]e/ ( capital4 ,be t z x may1 :5 !y ref] ! pr9ciple ( ,value to ,lab\r1 !y w\ld be v ne> ! tru? if !y did n allude to manual lab\r4 ,i h said1 9 fact1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 t ,value mu/ h ref]5ce to ,ef=t1--an expression :i* ,i pref] to ! ^w ,lab\r1 z m g5]al1 & embrac+ ! :ole sph]e ( human activity4 ,b ,i ha/5 to add t x c spr+ only f ef=ts ex*ang$--f reciprocal ,s]vices2 because value is n a ?+ hav+ indep5d5t exi/5ce1 b a relation4 ,!re are !n1 /rictly speak+1 two flaws 9 ,adam ,smi?'s def9ition4 ,! fir/ is1 t x does n take ex*ange into acc\nt1 )\t :i* value c be nei!r produc$ nor conceiv$4 ,! second is1 t x makes use ( too re/rict$ a t]m--lab\r2 unless we give to t t]m an unusual ext5sion1 & include 9 x ! ideas n only ( int5sity & duration1 b ( skill1 sagacity1 & ev5 ( good or bad =tune4 ,! ^w s]vice1 :i* ,i sub/itute 9 my def9ition1 removes ^! defects4 ,x implies1 necess>ily1 ! idea ( transmission1 = no s]vice c be r5d]$ :i* is n receiv$2 & x implies p#aei also ! idea ( ,ef=t1 )\t tak+ = grant$ t ! value is proportionate4 ,x is 9 ?is1 above all1 t ! def9ition ( ! ,engli% ,economi/s is vici\s4 ,to say t ,value resides 9 ,lab\r induces u to suppose t ,value & ,lab\r are proportional1 & s]ve z reciprocal measures ( ea* o!r4 ,?is is contr>y to fact1 & a def9ition :i* is contr>y to fact mu/ be defective4 ,x (t5 happ5s t an ex]tion1 consid]$ insignificant 9 itself1 passes ) ! _w z ( enorm\s value4 7,take1 = example1 ! diamond1 ! p]=mance ( ! prima donna1 a da% ( a bank]'s p51 a =tunate private]+ adv5ture1 a t\* ( ,raphael's p5cil1 a bull ( pl5>y indulg5ce1 ! easy duty ( an ,engli% que51 etc47 ,x /ill m frequ5tly happ5s t labori\s & ov]:elm+ lab\r t5ds to :at is absolutely valueless2 & if x be s1 h[ c we e/abli% co-relation & proportion betwe5 ,value & ,lab\r8 ,my def9ition removes ! difficulty4 ,x is cle> t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances "o c r5d] a great s]vice at ! exp5se ( a v small ex]tion1 & t 9 o!rs1 aft] great ex]tion1 we r5d] no s]vice at all4 ,& ?is is ano!r reason :y1 9 ?is respect1 x is correct to say t ! ,value is 9 ! ,s]vice r5d]$1 r ?an 9 ! ,lab\r be/[$1 see+ t x be>s proportion to ! "o & n to ! o!r4 ,i g fur!r4 ,i affirm t value is e/imat$ z mu* by ! lab\r sav$ to ! recipi5t z by ! lab\r p]=m$ by ! cdant ! man :o c$es or makes x ov]4 ,let ! read] recall ! dialogue :i* we suppos$ to take place betwe5 ! two p>ties :o b>ga9$ = ! diamond4 ,9 sub/ance1 x has ref]5ce to no accid5tal circum/ances1 b ent]s1 tacitly1 into ! ess5ce & f\ndation ( all transactions4 ,keep 9 m9d t we "h take = grant$ t ! two p>ties are at entire lib]ty to ex]cise _! own w & judgm5t4 ,ea* ( !m1 9 mak+ ! ex*ange1 is det]m9$ by v>i\s consid]ations1 among :i* we mu/ c]ta9ly rank1 z ( ! greate/ importance1 ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! recipi5t 9 procur+ = himself1 by a direct ex]tion1 ! satisfaction :i* is (f]$ to him4 ,bo? p>ties h _! eyes on t difficulty1 ! "o ) ! view ( be+ m yield+1 ! o!r ) ! view ( be+ m exact+4 ,! lab\r und]gone by ! cdant also ex]ts an influ5ce on ! b>ga94 ,x is "o ( ! elem5ts ( x1 b x is n ! only "o4 ,x is n1 !n1 exact to say t value is det]m9$ by lab\r4 ,x is det]m9$ by a multitude ( consid]ations1 all compris$ 9 ! ^w s]vice4 p#afj ,:at may be affirm$ ) great tru? is ?is2 t1 9 consequ5ce ( competition1 ,value t5ds to become m proportion$ to ,ef=t--recomp5se to m]it4 ,x is "o ( ! beautiful ,h>monies ( ! social /ate4 ,b1 z reg>ds ,value1 ?is equaliz+ pressure ex]cis$ by competition is q ext]nal1 & x is n all[able 9 /rict logic to conf\nd ! influ5ce :i* a ph5om5on und]goes1 f an ext]nal cause1 ) ! ph5om5on itself4#cd ,utility4--,j4 ,b4 ,say1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 0 ! fir/ :o ?rew (f ! yoke ( mat]iality4 ,he made out value v expressly p#afa to be a moral quality1--an expression :i* p]haps goes too f>1 = value c sc>cely be said to be ei!r a physical or a moral quality--x is simply a relation4 ,b ! great ,fr5* ,economi/ has himself said1 t 8,x is n giv5 to any "o to rea* ! conf9es ( sci5ce1 & ,philosoph]s m\nt on ea* o!r's %\ld]s to explore a m & m ext5d$ horizon40 ,p]haps ! glory ( ,m4 ,say 79 :at reg>ds ! special "q ) :i* we are n[ occupi$1 = 8 titles to glory 9 o!r respects are z num]\s z !y are imp]i%able7 is to h bequea!d to 8 successors a view ( ! subject :i* is prolific & sugge/ive4 ,m4 ,say's pr9ciple 0 ?is--8,value is f\nd$ on ,utility40 ,if we _h "h to d ) utility z connect$ ) human s]vices1 ,i %\ld n conte/ ?is pr9ciple4 ,at mo/ ,i c\ld only obs]ve t x is sup]flu\s1 z be+ self-evid5t4 ,x is v cle>1 z matt] ( fact1 t no "o cons5ts to remun]ate a s]vice1 unless "r or wrong1 he judges x to be useful4 ,! ^w s]vice includes ! idea ( utility--s mu* s t x is no?+ else ?an a lit]al reproduction ( ! ,lat9 ^w uti2 9 ,fr5*1 s]vir4 ,b1 un=tunately1 x is n 9 ?is s5se t ,say und]/&s x4 ,he discov]s ! pr9ciple ( value n only 9 human s]vices1 r5d]$ by means ( mat]ial ?+s1 b 9 ! useful qualities put by nature into ! ?+s !mselves4 ,9 ?is way he places himself once m "u ! yoke ( mat]iality1 & is v f>1 we are oblig$ to confess1 f cle>+ away ! mi/ 9 :i* ! ,engli% ,economi/s _h envelop$ ! "q ( ,prop]ty4 ,be=e discuss+ ,say's pr9ciple on its own m]its1 ,i mu/ expla9 its logical be>+1 9 ord] to avoid ! reproa* ( l&+ myself & ! read] 9 an idle discussion4 ,we _c d\bt t ! ,utility ( :i* ,say speaks is t :i* resides 9 mat]ial objects4 ,if corn1 timb]1 coal1 broad clo?1 h value1 x is because ^! products possess qualities :i* r5d] !m prop] = our use1 fit to satisfy ! want we exp]i5ce ( food1 fuel1 & clo?+4 ,h5ce1 z nature has creat$ ,utility1 x is inf]r$ t %e has creat$ also ,value--a fatal confusion ( ideas1 out ( :i* ! enemies ( prop]ty h =g$ a t]rible weapon4 ,take a commodity1 corn = example4 ,i pur*ase x at ! ,halle au ,bl = sixte5 francs4 ,a great portion ( ^! sixte5 francs is di/ribut$--9 inf9ite ramifications1 & an inextricable complication ( advances & reimbursem5ts--among all ! m51 p#afb "h or abroad1 :o h co-op]at$ 9 furni%+ ?is corn4 ,"p goes to ! lab\r]1 ! s[]1 ! reap]1 ! ?ra%]1 ! c>t]1--"p to ! blacksmi? & pl\gh-wright1 :o h prep>$ ! agricultural implem5ts4 ,?us f> all are agre$1 :e!r ,economi/s or ,communi/s4 ,b ,i p]ceive t f\r out ( ! sixte5 francs g to ! proprietor ( ! soil1 & ,i h a good "r to ask if t man1 l ! o!rs1 has r5d]$ me a ,s]vice to entitle him inconte/ably1 l !m1 to remun]ation4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e :i* ! pres5t "w aspires to e/abli%1 ! answ] is categorical4 ,x consi/s ( a p]emptory yes4 ,! proprietor has r5d]$ me a s]vice4 ,:at is x8 ,?is1 t he has by himself1 or 8 ance/or1 cle>$ & enclos$ ! field--he has cle>$ x ( we$s & /agnant wat]--he has enri*$ & ?ick5$ ! vegetable m\ld--he has built a h\se & a home/ead4 ,all ?is presupposes mu* lab\r execut$ by him 9 p]son2 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 by o!rs :om he has paid4 ,^! are s]vices1 c]ta9ly1 :i*1 accord+ to ! j law ( reciprocity1 mu/ be reimburs$ to him4 ,n[1 ?is proprietor has nev] be5 remun]at$1 at lea/ to ! full ext5t4 ,he _c be s by ! fir/ man :o comes to buy f him a bag ( corn4 ,:at is ! arrangem5t1 !n1 t takes place8 ,assur$ly ! mo/ +5i\s1 ! mo/ legitimate1 ! mo/ equitable arrangem5t :i* x is possible to imag9e4 ,x consi/s 9 ?is--,t :oev] wi%es to pur*ase a sack ( corn %all pay1 besides ! s]vices ( ! v>i\s lab\r]s :om we h enum]at$1 a small portion ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! proprietor4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,value ( ! proprietor's s]vices is spread ov] all ! sacks ( corn :i* are produc$ by ?is field4 ,n[1 x may be ask$ if ! suppos$ remun]ation ( f\r francs be too great or too small4 ,i answ] t ,political ,economy has no?+ to d ) t4 ,t sci5ce e/abli%es t ! value ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! l&$ proprietor are regulat$ by exactly ! same laws z ! value ( o!r s]vices1 & t is en\gh4 ,x may be a subject ( surprise1 too1 t ?is bit-by-bit reimbursem5t %\ld n at l5g? am\nt to a complete liquidation1 &1 consequ5tly1 to an ext9ction ( ! proprietor's claim4 ,!y :o make ?is objection d n reflect t x is ( ! nature ( ,capital to produce a p]petual return1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel4 ,i %all n dwell long] on t "q 9 ?is place2 & %all p#afc simply rem>k1 t !re is n 9 ! entire price ( ! corn a s+le f>?+ :i* does n g to remun]ate human s]vices1--n "o :i* corresponds to ! value t nature is suppos$ to h giv5 to ! corn by imp>t+ to x utility4 ,b if1 adh]+ to ! pr9ciple ( ,say & ! ,engli% ,economi/s1 y ass]t t1 ( ! sixte5 francs1 !re are twelve :i* g to ! lab\r]s1 s[]s1 reap]s1 c>t]s1 etc4--two :i* recomp5se ! p]sonal s]vices ( ! proprietor2 & f9ally1 t !re are two o!rs :i* repres5t a value :i* has = its f\ndation ! utility creat$ by ,god1 by natural ag5ts1 & )\t any co-op]ation ( man1 d y n p]ceive t y imm$iately lay y\rself op5 to be ask$1 ,:o is to pr(it by ?is portion ( value8 ,:o has a title to ?is remun]ation8 ,nature does n dem& x1 & :o d>e take nature's place4 ,! m ,say tries to expla9 ,prop]ty on ?is hypo!sis1 ! m he exposes himself to attack4 ,he sets out by ju/ly comp>+ nature to a laboratory1 9 :i* v>i\s *emical op]ations take place1 ! result ( :i* is useful to man4 8,! soil1 !n10 he adds1 8is ! produc] ( utility1 & :5 ,,x 7! soil7 receives paym5t 9 ! =m ( a pr(it or a r5t to its proprietor1 x is n )\t giv+ some?+ to ! consum] 9 ex*ange = :at he pays ,,x 7! soil74 ,x 7/ill ! soil7 gives him ! utility x has produc$1 & x is 9 produc+ ?is utility t ! e>? is productive z well z lab\r40 ,?is ass]tion is unmi/akable4 ,"h we h two pret5d]s1 :o pres5t !mselves to %>e ! remun]ation due by ! consum] ( corn--namely1 ! e>? & lab\r4 ,!y urge ! same title1 = ! soil1 ,m4 ,say affirms1 is productive z well z lab\r4 ,lab\r asks to be remun]at$ = a s]vice2 ! soil dem&s to be remun]at$ = a utility1 & ?is remun]ation x dem&s n = itself 7= 9 :at =m %\ld we give x87 b = its proprietor4 ,:]eupon ,pr\dhon summons ! proprietor1 :o repres5ts himself z hav+ ! p[]s ( ! soil at 8 disposal1 to exhibit 8 title4 ,y wi% me to pay2 9 o!r words1 to r5d] a s]vice1 9 ord] t ,i may receive ! utility produc$ by natural ag5ts1 indep5d5tly ( ! assi/ance ( man1 already paid = sep>ately4 ,b1 ,i ask aga91 ,:o is to pr(it by my s]vice8 ,is x ! produc] ( utility1--t is to say1 ! soil8 ,t is absurd--! fe> ( any dem& f t qu>t] ne$ give no great uneas9ess4 p#afd ,is x man8 b by :at title does he dem& x8 ,if = hav+ r5d]$ me a s]vice1 well & good4 ,9 t case1 we are at "o4 ,x is ! human s]vice :i* has value1 n ! natural s]vice2 & t is j ! conclusion to :i* ,i desire to br+ y4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is contr>y to y\r hypo!sis4 ,y say t all ! human s]vices are remun]at$ ) f\rte5 francs1 & t ! two francs :i* make up ! price ( ! corn correspond to ! value creat$ by nature4 ,9 t case1 ,i repeat my "q--,by :at title does any "o pres5t himself to receive !m8 ,is x n1 un=tunately1 too cle> t if y give specially ! "n ( proprietor to ! man :o claims "r to ^! two francs1 y ju/ify ! too fam\s say+ t ,prop]ty is !ft8 ,& don't imag9e t ?is confusion betwe5 utility & value %akes only ! f\ndation ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,aft] hav+ l$ y to conte/ ! r5t ( l&1 x leads y to conte/ also ! int]e/ ( capital4 ,9 fact1 ma*9es1 ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 are1 l ! soil1 produc]s ( utility4 ,if t utility has value1 x is paid =1 = ! ^w value implies "r to paym5t4 ,b to :om is ! paym5t made8 ,to ! proprietor ( ! ma*9e1 )\t d\bt4 ,is x = a p]sonal s]vice8 ,!n say at once t ! value is 9 ! s]vice4 ,b if y say t x is necess>y to make a paym5t fir/ = ! s]vice1 & a second paym5t = ! utility produc$ by ! ma*9e indep5d5tly ( ! human action1 :i* has be5 already recomp5s$1 !n ,i ask y to :om does ?is second paym5t g1 & h[ has ! man :o has be5 already remun]at$ = all 8 s]vices a "r to dem& any?+ m8 ,! tru? is1 t ! utility :i* is produc$ by nature is gratuit\s1 & !re=e common1 l t produc$ by ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r4 ,x is gratuit\s & common on "o condition1 t we take ! tr\ble1 t we r5d] ourselves ! s]vice ( appropriat+ x2 or1 if we give t tr\ble to or dem& t s]vice f ano!r1 t we c$e to him 9 return an equival5t s]vice4 ,x is 9 ^! s]vices1 ?us comp>$1 t value resides1 & n at all 9 natural utility4 ,! ex]tion may be m or less great--t makes a diff]5ce 9 ! value1 n 9 ! utility4 ,:5 we /& ne> a spr+1 wat] is gratuit\s = u all on condition t we /oop to lift x4 ,if we ask our neighb\r to take t tr\ble = u1 !n a conv5tion1 a b>ga91 a value makes its appe>ance1 b t does n make ! wat] o!rwise ?an gratuit\s4 ,if we are an h\r's walk f ! spr+1 ! basis ( ! transaction w be diff]5t2 b ! diff]5ce is "o ( degree1 n ( pr9ciple4 ,! value has n1 on t acc\nt1 pass$ into p#afe ! wat] or into its utility4 ,! wat] cont9ues /ill gratuit\s on condition ( fet*+ x1 or ( remun]at+ ^? :o1 by a b>ga9 freely made & discuss$1 agree to sp>e u t ex]tion by mak+ x !mselves4 ,x is ! same ?+ 9 e case4 ,we are surr\nd$ by utilities1 b we mu/ /oop to appropriate !m4 ,t ex]tion is sometimes v simple1 & (t5 v complicat$4 ,no?+ is m easy1 9 ! g5]al case1 ?an to draw wat]1 ! utility ( :i* has be5 prep>$ by nature be=eh&4 ,x is n s easy to obta9 corn1 ! utility ( :i* nature has equally prep>$4 ,?is is :y ^! two ef=ts diff] 9 degree ?\gh n 9 pr9ciple4 ,! s]vice is m or less on]\s2 !re=e m or less valuable--! utility is1 & rema9s always1 gratuit\s4 ,suppose an in/rum5t ( lab\r to int]v5e1 :at w\ld be ! result8 ,t ! utility w\ld be m easily obta9$4 ,! s]vice has ?us less value4 ,we c]ta9ly pay less = our books s9ce ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,admirable ph5om5on1 too little und]/ood6 ,y say t ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r produce ,value--y are mi/ak5--x is ,utility1 & gratuit\s ,utility1 y %\ld say4 ,z to ,value1 in/ead ( produc+ x1 !y t5d m & m to annihilate x4 ,x is q true t ! p]son :o made ! ma*9e has r5d]$ a s]vice4 ,he receives a remun]ation by :i* ! value ( ! product is augm5t$4 ,?is is ! reason :y we fancy we recomp5se ! utility :i* ! ma*9e produces4 ,x is an illusion4 ,:at we remun]ate is ! s]vices :i* all ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 mak+ & work+ ! ma*9e h r5d]$ to u4 ,s little does ! value reside 9 ! utility produc$1 t ev5 aft] hav+ recomp5s$ ^! new s]vices1 we acquire ! utility on easi] & *eap] t]ms ?an be=e4 ,let u accu/om ourselves to di/+ui% ,utility f ,value4 ,)\t ?is !re c be no ,economic sci5ce4 ,i give utt]ance to no p>adox :5 ,i affirm t ,utility & ,value1 s f> f be+ id5tical1 or ov5 simil>1 are ideas oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,want1 ,ef=t1 ,satisfaction3 "h we h man reg>d$ 9 an ,economic po9t ( view4 ,! relation ( utility is ) ,want & ,satisfaction4 ,! relation ( ,value is ) ,ef=t4 ,utility is ! ,good1 :i* puts an end to ! want by ! satisfaction4 ,value is ! ,evil1 = x spr+s f ! ob/acle :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! want & ! satisfaction4 ,b = ^! ob/acles1 !re w\ld h be5 no ,ef=t ei!r to make or 9 ex*ange2 ,utility w\ld be inf9ite1 gratuit\s1 & common1 )\t condition1 & ! notion ( ,value w\ld nev] h p#aff ent]$ into ! _w4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! ob/acles1 ,utility is gratuit\s only on condition ( ,ef=ts ex*ang$1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 give rise to ,value4 ,! m ^! ob/acles give way be=e ! lib]ality ( nature & ! progress ( sci5ce1 ! m does utility approximate to ! /ate ( be+ absolutely common & gratuit\s1 = ! on]\s condition1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! value1 dim9i% z ! ob/acles dim9i%4 ,i %all e/eem myself =tunate if1 by ^! diss]tations1 :i* may appe> subtle1 & ( :i* ,i am condemn$ to fe> at once ! l5g? & ! concis5ess1 ,i succe$ 9 e/abli%+ ?is enc\rag+ tru?--! legitimate prop]ty ( value1--& ?is o!r tru?1 equally consol+--! progressive community ( utility4 ,"o obs]vation m4 ,all t s]ves u is useful 7uti1 s]vir71 & 9 ?is respect x is extremely d\btful :e!r !re be any?+ 9 ! univ]se 7:e!r 9 ! %ape ( =ces or mat]ials7 :i* is n useful to man4 ,we may affirm at lea/1 )\t fe> ( mi/ake1 t a multitude ( ?+s possess a utility :i* is unkn[n to u4 ,7 ! moon plac$ ei!r high] or l[] ?an %e is1 x is v possible t ! inorganic k+dom1 consequ5tly ! vegetable k+dom1 consequ5tly also ! animal k+dom1 might be pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,b = t /> :i* %9es 9 ! firmam5t :ile ,i write1 x may be t ! human race _h n exi/$4 ,nature has surr\nd$ u ) utilities4 ,! quality ( be+ useful we recognise 9 _m sub/ances & ph5om5a2--9 o!rs1 sci5ce & exp]i5ce reveal x to u e day1--9 o!rs1 aga91 x may exi/ 9 p]fection1 & yet we may rema9 = ev] ignorant ( x4 ,:5 ^! sub/ances & ph5om5a ex]t ^u u1 b indep5d5tly ( u1 _! useful action1 we h no int]e/ 9 comp>+ ! degree ( _! utility to mank9d2 &1 :at is m1 we h sc>cely ! means ( mak+ ! comp>ison4 ,we "k t oxyg5 & azote are useful to u1 b we don't try1 & probably we %\ld try 9 va91 to det]m9e 9 :at proportion4 ,we h n "h ! elem5ts ( appreciation--! elem5ts ( value4 ,i %\ld say z mu* ( ! salts1 ! gases1 ! =ces :i* ab\nd 9 nature4 ,:5 all ^! ag5ts are mov$ & comb9$ s z to produce = u1 b )\t our co-op]ation1 utility1 t utility we enjoy )\t e/imat+ its value4 ,x is :5 our co-op]ation comes into play1 &1 above all1 :5 x comes to be ex*ang$1--x is !n1 & !n only1 t ,e/imation & ,value make _! appe>ance1 9 connexion n ) ! utility ( ! sub/ances or ph5om5a1 ( :i* we are (t5 ignorant1 b ) ! co-op]ation itself4 p#afg ,?is is my reason = say+ t 8,value is ! appreciation ( s]vices ex*ang$40 ,^! s]vices may be v complicat$2 !y may h exact$ a multitude ( op]ations rec5t or remote2 !y may be transmitt$ f "o g5]ation or "o hemisph]e to ano!r g5]ation or ano!r hemisph]e1 embrac+ c\ntless contract+ p>ties1 necessitat+ cr$its1 advances1 v>i\s arrangem5ts1 until a g5]al balance is effect$4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( value is always 9 ! s]vices1 & n 9 ! utility ( :i* ^! s]vices are ! vehicle1--utility :i* is gratuit\s 9 its nature & ess5ce1 & :i* passes f h& to h&1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 into ! b>ga94 ,aft] all1 if y p]si/ 9 see+ 9 ,utility ! f\ndation ( ,value1 ,i am v will+1 b x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t x is n t utility :i* is 9 ?+s & ph5om5a by ! disp5sation ( ,provid5ce or ! p[] ( art1 b ! utility ( human s]vices comp>$ & ex*ang$4 ,r>ity4--,accord+ to ,s5ior1 ( all ! circum/ances :i* det]m9e value1 r>ity is ! mo/ decisive4 ,i h no objection to make to t rem>k1 if x is n t ! =m 9 :i* x is made presupposes t value is inh]5t 9 ?+s !mselves--a hypo!sis ! v appe>ance ( :i* ,i %all always combat4 ,at bottom1 ! ^w r>ity1 z appli$ to ! subject we are n[ discuss+1 expresses 9 a concise mann] ?is idea1 t1 ct]is p>ibus1 a s]vice has m value 9 proportion z we h m difficulty 9 r5d]+ x to ourselves2 & t1 consequ5tly1 a l>g] equival5t is exact$ f u :5 we dem& x f ano!r4 ,r>ity is "o ( ^! difficulties4 ,x is "o ob/acle m to be surm\nt$4 ,! great] x is1 ! great] remun]ation d we aw>d to ^? :o surm\nt x = u4 ,r>ity gives rise frequ5tly to l>ge remun]ations1 & ?is is my reason = refus+ to admit ) ! ,engli% ,economi/s t ,value is proportional to ,lab\r4 ,we mu/ take into acc\nt ! p>simony ) :i* nature treats u 9 c]ta9 respects4 ,! ^w s]vice embraces all ^! ideas & %ades ( ideas4 ,judgm5t4--,/or* sees value 9 ! judgm5t by :i* we recognise x4 ,und\bt$ly1 :5ev] we h to d ) relation1 x is necess>y to comp>e & to judge4 ,nev]!less1 ! relation is "o ?+ & ! judgm5t is ano!r4 ,:5 we comp>e ! height ( two trees1 _! magnitude1 & ! diff]5ce ( _! magnitude1 are indep5d5t ( our appreciation4 ,b 9 ! det]m9ation ( value1 :at is ! relation ( :i* we h to =m a judgm5t8 ,x is ! relation ( two s]vices ex*ang$4 ,! bus9ess is to discov] :at ! s]vices r5d]$ p#afh are wor? 9 relation to ^? receiv$1 9 connexion ) acts or ?+s ex*ang$1 & tak+ all circum/ances into acc\nt1--n :at intr9sic utility resides 9 ^! acts or ?+s1 = ?is utility may1 to "s ext5t1 be altoge!r indep5d5t ( human ex]tion1 &1 consequ5tly1 devoid ( value4 ,/or* falls into ! error :i* ,i am n[ combat+ :5 he says1-- 8,our judgm5t enables u to discov] ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 our wants & ! utility ( ?+s4 ,! det]m9ation :i* our judgm5t =ms ^u ! utility ( ?+s con/itutes _! value40 ,&1 f>!r on1 he says1-- 8,9 ord] to create a value1 we mu/ h ! conjunction ( ^! ?ree circum/ances3--#a/1 ,t man exp]i5ces or conceives a want2 #b;d1 ,t !re exi/s some?+ calculat$ to satisfy t want2 &1 #c;d1 ,t a judgm5t is pron\nc$ 9 fav\r ( ! utility ( ! ?+4 ,!n ! value ( ?+s is _! relative utility40 ,dur+ ! day ,i exp]i5ce ! want ( see+ cle>ly4 ,!re exi/s "o ?+ calculat$ to satisfy t want--namely1 ! light ( ! sun4 ,my judgm5t pron\nces 9 fav\r ( ! utility ( t ?+1 & 4 4 4 x has no value4 ,:y8 ,because ,i enjoy x )\t call+ = ! s]vices ( any "o4 ,at night ,i exp]i5ce ! same want4 ,!re exi/s "o ?+ capable ( satisfy+ x v imp]fectly1 a wax c&le4 ,my judgm5t pron\nces 9 fav\r ( ! utility1 b f> inf]ior utility1 ( t ?+--& x has value4 ,:y8 ,because ! man :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to make ! c&le w n give x to me except ^u condition ( my r5d]+ him an equival5t s]vice4 ,:at we h1 !n1 to comp>e & to judge (1 9 ord] to det]m9e ,value1 is n ! relative utility ( ?+s1 b ! relation ( two s]vices4 ,on ^! t]ms1 ,i d n reject ,/or*'s def9ition4 ,p]mit me to recapitulate a little1 9 ord] to %[ cle>ly t my def9ition conta9s all t is true 9 ! def9itions ( my pr$ecessors1 & elim9ates ev]y?+ 9 !m :i* is errone\s ei!r ?r\gh excess or defect4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,value1 we h se51 resides 9 a human s]vice1 & results f ! appreciation ( two s]vices comp>$4 ,value mu/ h relation to ,ef=t4 ,s]vice implies a c]ta9 ,ef=t4 ,value supposes a comp>ison ( ,ef=ts ex*ang$1 at lea/ ex*angeable4 ,s]vice implies ! t]ms to give & to receive4 p#afi ,value is n1 h[ev]1 9 fact proportional to ! int5sity ( ! ,ef=ts4 ,s]vice does n necess>ily imply t proportion4 ,a multitude ( ext]nal circum/ances influ5ce value )\t con/itut+ value itself4 ,! ^w s]vice takes all ^! circum/ances 9 due measure into acc\nt4 ,mat]iality4--,:5 ! s]vice consi/s 9 transf]r+ a mat]ial ?+1 no?+ h9d]s u f say+1 by metonymy1 t x is ! ?+ :i* has value4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ?is is a figure ( spee*1 by :i* we attribute to ?+s !mselves ! value ( ! s]vices :i* produc$ !m4 ,cons]vability4--,)\t ref]5ce to ! consid]ation ( mat]iality1 value endures until ! satisfaction is obta9$1 & no long]4 ,:e!r ! satisfaction foll[s ! ef=t m or less ne>ly--:e!r ! s]vice is p]sonal or real1 makes no *ange 9 ! nature ( value4 ,capability ( ,accumulation4--,9 a social po9t ( view1 :at is accumulat$ by sav+ is n matt]1 b value or s]vices4#ce ,utility4--,i admit1 ) ,m4 ,say1 t ,utility is ! f\ndation ( ,value1 provid$ x is grant$ me t we h no conc]n ) ! utility :i* resides 9 commodities1 b ) ! relative utility ( s]vices4 ,lab\r4--,i admit1 ) ,ric>do1 t ,lab\r is ! f\ndation ( ,value1 provid$1 fir/ ( all1 ! ^w lab\r is tak5 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 & t y d n aft]w>ds ass]t a proportionality :i* is contr>y to fact2 9 o!r words1 provid$ y sub/itute = ! ^w lab\r ! ^w s]vice4 ,r>ity4--,i admit1 ) ,s5ior1 t r>ity influ5ces value4 ,b :y8 ,because x r5d]s ! s]vice s mu* m preci\s4 ,judgm5t4--,i admit1 ) ,/or*1 t value results f a judgm5t =m$1 provid$ x is grant$ me t ! judgm5t s =m$ is n ^u ! utility ( ?+s1 b on ! utility ( s]vices4 ,?us ,i hope to satisfy ,economi/s ( all %ades ( op9ion4 ,i p#agj admit !m all to be "r1 because all h _h a glimpse ( ! tru? 9 "o ( its aspects4 ,error is no d\bt on ! rev]se ( ! m$al2 & x is = ! read] to decide :e!r my def9ition includes all t is true1 & rejects all t is false4 ,i _c conclude )\t say+ a ^w on t quadrature ( ,political ,economy--! measure ( value2 & "h ,i %all repeat1 & ) /ill m =ce1 ! obs]vation ) :i* ,i t]m9at$ ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,i said t our wants1 our desires1 our ta/es1 h nei!r limit nor exact measure4 ,i said also t our means ( provid+ = our wants--! gifts ( nature1 our faculties1 activity1 disc]nm5t1 =esight--_h no precise measure4 ,ea* ( ^! elem5ts is v>iable 9 itself--x diff]s 9 diff]5t m5--x v>ies f h\r to h\r 9 ! same individual1--s t ! :ole =ms an aggregate :i* is mobility itself4 ,if1 aga91 we consid] :at ! circum/ances are :i* influ5ce value--utility1 lab\r1 r>ity1 judgm5t--& reflect t !re is n "o ( ^! circum/ances :i* does n v>y ad inf9itum1 we may well ask :y m5 %\ld set !mselves s p]t9aci\sly to try to discov] a fix$ measure ( ,value8 ,x w\ld be s+ul>1 inde$1 if we 7 to f9d fixity 9 a mean t]m compos$ ( v>iable elem5ts1 & :i* is no?+ else ?an a ,relation betwe5 two extreme t]ms m v>iable /ill6 ,! ,economi/s1 !n1 :o g 9 pursuit ( an absolute measure ( value are pursu+ a *im]a2 &1 :at is m1 a ?+ :i*1 if f\nd1 w\ld be positively useless4 ,univ]sal practice has adopt$ gold & silv] z /&>ds1 al?\gh practical m5 are n ignorant h[ v>iable is ! value ( ^! metals4 ,b ( :at importance is ! v>iability ( ! measure1 if1 affect+ equally & 9 ! same mann] ! two objects :i* are ex*ang$1 x does n int]f]e ) ! fairness & equity ( ! ex*ange8 ,x is a mean proportional1 :i* may rise or fall1 )\t1 on t acc\nt1 fail+ to p]=m its (fice1 :i* is to %[ ! ,relation ( two extremes4 ,! design ( ! sci5ce is n1 l t ( ex*ange1 to discov] ! pres5t ,relation ( two s]vices1 =1 9 t case1 money w\ld answ] ! purpose 9 view4 ,:at ! sci5ce aims at discov]+ is ! ,relation betwe5 ,ef=t & ,satisfaction2 & = ?is purpose1 a measure ( value1 did x exi/1 w\ld tea* u no?+1 = ! ef=t br+s always to ! satisfaction a v>y+ proportion ( gratuit\s utility :i* has no value4 ,x is because ?is elem5t ( our well-be+ has be5 lo/ sight ( t ! p#aga majority ( writ]s h deplor$ ! abs5ce ( a measure ( ,value4 ,!y h n reflect$ t x w\ld n enable !m to answ] ! "q propos$--,:at is ! comp>ative ,weal? or prosp]ity ( two classes1 ( two c\ntries1 ( two g5]ations8 ,9 ord] to resolve t "q1 ! sci5ce w\ld require a measure :i* %\ld reveal to x n only ! relation ( two s]vices1 :i* might be ! vehicle ( v diff]5t am\nts ( gratuit\s utility1 b ! relation ( ! ,ef=t to ! ,satisfaction1 & t measure c\ld be no o!r ?an ! ef=t itself1 or lab\r4 ,b h[ c lab\r s]ve z a measure8 ,is x n itself a mo/ v>iable elem5t8 ,is x n m or less skilful1 labori\s1 prec>i\s1 dang]\s1 repugnant8 ,does x n require1 m or less1 ! int]v5tion ( c]ta9 intellectual faculties1 ( c]ta9 moral virtues8 &1 accord+ z x is influ5c$ by ^! circum/ances1 is x n rew>d$ by a remun]ation :i* is 9 ! highe/ degree v>iable8 ,!re is "o species ( lab\r :i*1 at all times1 & 9 all places1 is id5tically ! same1 & x is t :i* mu/ s]ve z a type4 ,i mean lab\r ! mo/ simple1 rude1 primitive1 muscul>1--t :i* is free/ f all natural co-op]ation--t :i* e man c execute--t :i* r5d]s s]vices ( a k9d :i* "o c r5d] to himself--t :i* exacts no exceptional =ce or skill1 & requires no appr5tice%ip1--indu/ry su* z is f\nd 9 ! v e>lie/ /ages ( society3 ! "w1 9 %ort1 ( ! simple day-lab\r]4 ,t k9d ( lab\r is ev]y:]e ! mo/ abundantly suppli$1 ! lea/ special1 ! mo/ homog5e\s1 & ! wor/ remun]at$4 ,wages 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts are proportion$ & graduat$ on ?is basis1 & increase ) e circum/ance :i* adds to its importance4 ,if1 !n1 we wi% to comp>e two social /ates ) ea* o!r1 we _c h rec\rse to a /&>d ( value1 & = two reasons1 ! "o z logical z ! o!r--fir/1 because !re is none2 &1 secondly1 because1 if !re 71 x w\ld give a wrong answ] to our "q1 neglect+1 z x mu/1 a consid]able & progressive elem5t 9 human prosp]ity--gratuit\s utility4 ,:at we mu/ d1 on ! contr>y1 is to put ,value altoge!r out ( sight1 p>ticul>ly ! consid]ation ( money2 & ask ! "q1 ,:at1 9 su* & su* a c\ntry1 &1 at su* & su* an epo*1 is ! am\nt ( ea* k9d ( special utility1 & ! sum total ( all utilities1 :i* correspond to a giv5 am\nt ( unskill$ lab\r8 ,9 o!r words1 :at am\nt ( mat]ial com=t & prosp]ity c an unskill$ workman e>n z ! rew>d ( 8 daily toil8 p#agb ,we may affirm t ! natural social ord] is h>moni\s1 & goes on improv+1 if1 on ! "o h&1 ! numb] ( unskill$ lab\rs1 receiv+ ! smalle/ possible remun]ation1 cont9ues to dim9i%2 & if1 on ! o!r1 t remun]ation1 measur$ n 9 value or 9 money1 b 9 real satisfactions1 cont9ues con/antly on ! increase4#cf ,! anci5ts h well describ$ all ! comb9ations ( ,ex*ange3-- ,d ut des 7commodity aga9/ commodity71 ,d ut facias 7commodity aga9/ s]vice71 ,facio ut des 7s]vice aga9/ commodity71 ,facio ut facias 7s]vice aga9/ s]vice74#cg ,see+ t products & s]vices are ?us ex*ang$ = "o ano!r1 x is q necess>y t !y %\ld h some?+ 9 common1 some?+ by :i* !y c be comp>$ & e/imat$--namely1 ,value4 ,b value is always id5tically ! same4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! product or 9 ! s]vice1 x has always ! same orig9 & f\ndation4 ,?is be+ s1 we may ask1 is ,value orig9ally & ess5tially 9 ! commodity1 & is x only by analogy t we ext5d ! notion to ! s]vice8 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 does ,value reside 9 ! s]vice1 & is x n mix$ up & amalgamat$ ) ! product1 simply & exclusively because ! s]vice is s8 ,"s p seem to ?9k t ?is is a "q ( pure subtilty4 ,we %all see by-&-by4 ,at pres5t ,i %all only obs]ve1 t x w\ld be /range if1 9 ,political ,economy1 a good or a bad def9ition ( ,value 7 a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,i _c d\bt t1 at ! outset1 ,political ,economi/s ?\ght !y discov]$ value r 9 ! product1 z su*1 ?an 9 ! matt] ( ! product4 ,! ,physiocrates ! conomi/es ( ,quesnay's s*ool attribut$ value exclusively to l&1 & /igmatiz$ z /]ile su* classes z add$ no?+ to matt]1--s /rictly 9 _! eyes 7 value & matt] b\nd up toge!r4 ,adam ,smi? ought to h disc>d$ ?is idea1 s9ce he makes value fl[ f lab\r4 ,d n pure s]vices1 s]vices p] se1 exact lab\r1 &1 consequ5tly1 d !y n imply value8 ,ne> to ! tru? z ,smi? _h come1 he did n make himself ma/] ( x2 =1 besides pron\nc+ =mally t lab\r1 9 ord] to possess value1 mu/ be appli$ to matt]1 to some?+ physically p#agc tangible & capable ( accumulation1 we "k t1 l ! ,physiocrates1 he rank$ ^? :o simply r5d] s]vices among ! unproductive classes4 ,^! classes1 9 fact1 occupy a prom95t position 9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,b ?is only %[s u t ! au?or1 aft] hav+ giv5 a def9ition1 f\nd himself /rait5$ by x1 &1 consequ5tly1 t t def9ition is errone\s4 ,adam ,smi? w\ld n h ga9$ 8 great & j r5[n _h he n writt5 8 magnific5t *apt]s on ,education1 on ! ,cl]gy1 & on ,public ,s]vices1 & if he _h1 9 treat+ ( ,weal?1 conf9$ himself )9 ! limits ( 8 own def9ition4 ,happily1 by ?is inconsi/5cy1 he fre$ himself f ! fett]s :i* 8 premises impos$ ^u him4 ,?is always happ5s4 ,a man ( g5ius :o sets out ) a false pr9ciple nev] escapes inconsi/5cy1 )\t :i* he w\ld get deep] & deep] into error1 &1 f> f appe>+ a man ( g5ius1 w\ld %[ himself no long] a man ( s5se4 ,z ,adam ,smi? advanc$ a /ep beyond ! ,physiocrates1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,say advanc$ a /ep beyond ,smi?4 ,by degrees ,say 0 l$ to ref] value to s]vices1 b only by way ( analogy4 ,x is 9 ! product t he discov]s true value1 & no?+ %[s ?is bett] ?an 8 :imsical d5om9ation ( s]vices z 8immat]ial products0--two words :i* absolutely %riek out on f9d+ !mselves side by side4 ,say1 9 ! outset1 agrees ) ,smi?2 = ! entire !ory ( ! ma/] is to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ t5 l9es ( ! "w ( ! disciple4#ch ,b he ?\ght & m$itat$ on ! subject = ?irty ye>s1 & he made progress4 ,he approximat$ m & m to ! tru?1 )\t ev] fully atta9+ x4 ,moreov]1 we might h imag9$ t ,say did 8 duty z an ,economi/ z well by ref]r+ ! value ( ! s]vice to ! product1 z by ref]r+ ! value ( ! product to ! s]vice1 if ! ,sociali/ propag&a1 f\nd+ on 8 own d$uctions1 _h n come to reveal to u ! insuffici5cy & ! dang] ( 8 pr9ciple4 ,! "q ,i propose1 !n1 is ?is3--,see+ t c]ta9 products are possess$ ( value1 see+ t c]ta9 s]vices are possess$ ( value1 & see+ t value is "o & id5tical1 & c h b "o orig91 "o f\ndation1 "o explanation1--is ?is orig91 ?is explanation to be f\nd 9 ! product or 9 ! s]vice8 ,! reply to t "q is obvi\s1 & = ?is unansw]able p#agd reason1 t e product :i* has value implies s]vice1 b e s]vice does n necess>ily imply a product4 ,?is appe>s to me ma!matically c]ta9--conclusive4 ,a s]vice1 z su*1 has value1 :e!r x assume a mat]ial =m or n4 ,a mat]ial object has value if1 9 transf]r+ x to ano!r1 we r5d] him a s]vice1--if n1 x has no value4 ,!n value does n proce$ f ! mat]ial object to ! s]vice1 b f ! s]vice to ! mat]ial object4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,no?+ is m easily expla9$ ?an ?is pre-em95ce1 ?is priority1 giv5 to ! s]vice ov] ! product1 s f> z value is conc]n$4 ,we %all imm$iately see t ?is is ow+ to a circum/ance :i* might h be5 easily p]ceiv$1 b :i* has n be5 obs]v$1 j because x is "u our eyes4 ,x is no?+ else ?an t =esight :i* is natural to man1 & 9 virtue ( :i*1 9 place ( limit+ himself to ! s]vices :i* are dem&$ ( him1 he prep>es himself be=eh& to r5d] ^? s]vices :i* he =esees are likely to be dem&$4 ,x is ?us t ! facio ut facias trans=ms itself into ! d ut des1 )\t its ceas+ to be ! dom9ant fact :i* expla9s ! :ole transaction4 ,john says to ,pet]1 ,i want a cup4 ,i c\ld make x = myself1 b if y w make x = me1 y w r5d] me a s]vice1 = :i* ,i w pay y by an equival5t s]vice4 ,pet] accepts ! (f]1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 sets out 9 que/ ( suitable mat]ials1 mixes !m1 manipulates !m1 &1 9 f9e1 makes ! article :i* ,john wants4 ,x is v evid5t t "h x is ! s]vice :i* det]m9es ! value4 ,! dom9ant ^w 9 ! transaction is facio4 ,& if1 aft]w>ds1 ! value is incorporat$ ) ! product1 x is only because x fl[s f ! s]vice1 :i* comb9es ! lab\r execut$ by ,pet] ) ! lab\r sav$ to ,john4 ,n[1 x may happ5 t ,john may make frequ5tly ! same proposal to ,pet]1 & t o!r p may also make x2 s t ,pet] c =esee ) c]ta9ty ! k9d ( s]vices :i* w be dem&$ ( him1 & prep>e himself = r5d]+ !m4 ,he may say1 ,i h acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( skill 9 mak+ cups4 ,exp]i5ce tells me t cups supply a want :i* mu/ be satisfi$1 & ,i am !re=e enabl$ to manufacture !m be=eh&4 ,h5ce=? ,john says no long] to ,pet]1 facio ut facias1 b facio ut des4 ,if he 9 turn has =ese5 ! wants ( ,pet]1 & lab\r$ be=eh& to provide = !m1 he c !n say d ut des4 p#age ,b 9 :at respect1 ,i ask1 does ?is progress1 :i* fl[s f human =esight1 *ange ! nature & orig9 ( value8 ,does s]vice cease to be its f\ndation & measure8 ,z reg>ds ! true idea ( value1 :at diff]5ce does x make :e!r ,pet]1 be=e he makes ! cup1 waits till !re is a dem& = x1 or1 =esee+ a future dem&1 manufactures ! article be=eh&8 ,!re is ano!r rem>k :i* ,i w\ld make "h4 ,9 human life1 inexp]i5ce & ?\ghtlessness prec$e exp]i5ce & =esight4 ,x is only 9 ! c\rse ( "t t m5 are enabl$ to =esee ea* o!r's wants1 & to make prep>ations = satisfy+ !m4 ,logically1 ! facio ut facias mu/ prec$e ! d ut des4 ,! latt] is at once ! fruit & ! evid5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( k diffus$1 ( exp]i5ce acquir$1 ( political security obta9$1 ( a c]ta9 confid5ce 9 ! future1--9 a ^w1 ( a c]ta9 degree ( civilisation4 ,?is social presci5ce1 ?is fai? 9 a future dem&1 :i* causes u to provide a pres5t supply2 ?is sort ( intuitive acqua9tance ) /ati/ics :i* ea* possesses 9 a great] or less degree1 & :i* e/abli%es a surpris+ equilibrium betwe5 our wants & ! means ( supply+ !m1 is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & efficaci\s promot]s ( human improvem5t4 ,to x we owe ! division ( lab\r1 or at lea/ ! sep>ation ( trades & pr(essions4 ,to x we owe "o ( ! advantages :i* m5 seek = ) ! greate/ ard\r1 ! fixity ( remun]ation1 "u ! =m ( wages z reg>ds lab\r1 & int]e/ z reg>ds capital4 ,to x we are indebt$ = ! in/itution ( cr$it1 transactions hav+ ref]5ce to ! future1 ^? :i* are design$ to equalize risk1 etc4 ,x is surpris+1 9 an ,economical po9t ( view1 t ?is noble attribute ( man1 ,=esight1 has n be5 made m ! subject ( rem>k4 ,?is arises1 z ,r\sseau has said1 f ! difficulty we exp]i5ce 9 obs]v+ ! m$ium 9 :i* we live & move1 & :i* =ms our natural atmosph]e4 ,we notice only exceptional appe>ances & abnormal facts1 :ile we all[ to pass unp]ceiv$ ^? :i* act p]man5tly ar\nd u1 ^u u1 & )9 u1 & :i* modify pr(\ndly bo? individual m5 & society at l>ge4 ,to return to ! subject :i* at pres5t engages u4 ,x may be t human =esight1 9 its inf9ite diffusion1 t5ds m & m to sub/itute ! d ut des = ! facio ut facias2 b we mu/ nev] =get t x is 9 ! primitive & necess>y =m ( ex*ange t ! notion ( value fir/ makes its appe>ance1 t ?is primitive =m is t ( reciprocal s]vice2 & t1 aft] all1 p#agf z reg>ds ex*ange1 ! product is only a s]vice =ese5 & provid$ =4 ,b al?\gh ,i h %[n t value is n inh]5t 9 matt]1 & _c be class$ among its attributes1 ,i am f> f ma9ta9+ t x does n pass f ! s]vice to ! product1 s z 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression7 to become incorporat$ ) x4 ,i hope my oppon5ts w n believe t ,i am p$ant en\gh to wi% to exclude f common language su* phrase z ^!--gold has value1 :eat has value1 l& has value4 ,b ,i h a "r to dem& ( sci5ce :y ?is is s8 & if ,i am answ]$1 because gold1 :eat1 & l& possess 9 !mselves intr9sic value1 !n ,i ?9k ,i h a "r to say--8,y are mi/ak51 & y\r error is dang]\s4 ,y are mi/ak51 = !re are gold & l& :i* are de/itute ( value1 gold & l& :i* h n yet _h any human lab\r be/[$ ^u !m4 ,y\r error is dang]\s1 = x leads m5 to reg>d :at is simply a "r to a reciprocity ( s]vices z a usurpation ( ! gratuit\s gifts ( ,god40 ,i am q will+1 !n1 to ackn[l$ge t products are possess$ ( value1 provid$ y grant me t x is n ess5tial to !m1 & t x atta*es itself to s]vices1 & proce$s f !m4 ,?is is s true1 t a v important consequ5ce1 & "o :i* is fundam5tal 9 ,political ,economy1 fl[s f x--a consequ5ce :i* has n be51 & inde$ c\ld n be rem>k$4 ,x is ?is3-- ,:]e value has pass$ f ! s]vice to ! product1 x und]goes 9 ! product all ! risks & *ances to :i* x is subject 9 ! s]vice itself4 ,x is n fix$ 9 ! product1 z x w\ld h be5 _h x be5 "o ( its own intr9sic qualities4 ,x is ess5tially v>iable2 x may rise indef9itely1 or x may fall until x disappe>s altoge!r1 j z ! species ( s]vice to :i* x owes its orig9 w\ld h done4 ,! man :o makes a cup to-day = ! purpose ( sell+ x a ye> h5ce1 conf]s value on x1 & t value is det]m9$ by t ( ! s]vice--n ! value :i* ! s]vice possesses at ! pres5t mom5t1 b t :i* x w possess at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,if at ! "t :5 ! cup comes to be sold su* s]vices are m 9 dem&1 ! cup w be wor? m1 or x w be depreciat$ 9 ! opposite case4 ,?is is ! reason :y man is con/antly /imulat$ to ex]cise =esight1 9 ord] to turn x to acc\nt4 ,he has always 9 p#agg p]spective a possible rise or fall ( value1--a recomp5se = j & sagaci\s prevision1 & *a/isem5t :5 x is errone\s4 ,&1 obs]ve1 8 success or failure co9cides ) ! public good or ! public detrim5t4 ,if 8 =esight has be5 well direct$1 if he has made prep>ations be=eh& to give society ! b5efit ( s]vices :i* are m 9 reque/1 m appreciat$1 m efficaci\s1 :i* supply m adequately wants :i* are deeply felt1 he has contribut$ to dim9i% ! sc>city1 to augm5t ! abundance1 ( t description ( s]vice1 & to br+ x )9 ! rea* ( a great] numb] ( p]sons at less exp5se4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he is mi/ak5 9 8 calculations = ! future1 he contributes1 by 8 competition1 to depress /ill f>!r ^? s]vices = :i* !re is little dem&4 ,he only effects1 & at 8 own exp5se1 a negative good1--he adv]tises ! public t a c]ta9 description ( wants no long] call = ! ex]tion ( mu* social activity1 :i* activity mu/ n[ take ano!r direction1 or g )\t recomp5se4 ,?is rem>kable fact--t value1 incorporat$ 9 a product1 dep5ds on ! value ( ! k9d ( s]vice to :i* x owes its orig9--is ( ! v highe/ importance1 n only because x demon/rates m & m cle>ly ! !ory t ! pr9ciple ( value resides 9 ! s]vice1 b because x expla9s1 easily & satisfactorily1 ph5om5a :i* o!r sy/ems reg>d z abnormal & exceptional4 ,:5 once ! product has be5 ?r[n ^u ! m>ket ( ! _w1 d ! g5]al t5d5cies ( society op]ate t[>ds elevat+ or t[>ds depress+ its value8 ,?is is to ask :e!r ! p>ticul> k9d ( s]vices :i* h eng5d]$ ?is value are liable to become m or less appreciat$1 & bett] or worse remun]at$4 ,! "o is z possible z ! o!r1 & x is ?is :i* op5s an unlimit$ field to human =esight4 ,?is we may rem>k at lea/1 t ! g5]al law ( be+s1 capable ( mak+ exp]im5ts1 ( acquir+ in=mation1 & ( rectify+ mi/akes1 is progress4 ,! probability1 !n1 is1 t at any giv5 p]iod a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t & pa9s w effect great] results ?an 7 effect$ by ! same ag5cy at an ant]ior p]iod3 :5ce we may conclude t ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( value1 incorporat$ ) a commodity1 is to fall4 ,if1 = example1 we suppose ! cup :i* ,i took by way ( illu/ration1 & z a symbol ( o!r products1 to h be5 made _m ye>s ago1 ! probability is t x has und]gone depreciation1 inasmu* z we h at ! pres5t day m res\rces = ! manufacture ( su* articles1 m skill1 bett] tools1 capital p#agh obta9$ on easi] t]ms1 & a m ext5d$ division ( lab\r4 ,9 ?is way ! p]son :o wi%es to obta9 ! cup does n say to its possessor1 ,tell me ! exact am\nt ( lab\r 7quantity & quality bo? tak5 into acc\nt7 :i* t cup has co/ y1 9 ord] t ,i may remun]ate y accord+ly4 ,no1 he says1 ,n[-a-days1 9 consequ5ce ( ! progress ( art1 ,i c make = myself1 or procure by ex*ange1 a simil> cup at ! exp5se ( s mu* lab\r ( su* a quality2 & t is ! limit ( ! remun]ation :i* ,i c cons5t to give y4 ,h5ce x foll[s t all lab\r incorporat$ ) commodities1 9 o!r words1 all accumulat$ lab\r1 all capital1 has a t5d5cy to become depreciat$ 9 pres5ce ( s]vices naturally improvable & increas+ly & progressively productive2 & t1 9 ex*ang+ pres5t lab\r aga9/ ant]ior lab\r1 ! advantage is g5]ally on ! side ( pres5t lab\r1 z x ought to be1 see+ t x r5d]s a great] am\nt ( s]vice4 ,?is %[s u h[ empty are ! declamations :i* we he> cont9ually direct$ aga9/ ! value ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,t value diff]s f o!r values 9 no?+--nei!r 9 its orig91 nor 9 its nature1 nor 9 ! g5]al law ( its sl[ depreciation1 z comp>$ ) ! lab\r :i* x orig9ally co/4 ,x repres5ts ant]ior s]vices1--! cle>+ away ( trees & /ones1 dra9+1 enclos+1 levell+1 manur+1 build+3 x dem&s ! recomp5se ( ^! s]vices4 ,b t recomp5se is n regulat$ ) ref]5ce to ! lab\r :i* has be5 actually p]=m$4 ,! l&$ proprietor does n say4 8,give me 9 ex*ange = ?is l& z mu* lab\r z x has receiv$ f me40 7,b he w\ld s express himself if1 accord+ to ,adam ,smi?'s !ory1 value came f lab\r1 & 7 proportional to x47 ,mu* less does he say1 z ,ric>do & a numb] ( economi/s suppose1 8,give me fir/ ( all z mu* lab\r z ?is l& has _h be/[$ ^u x1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( lab\r ov] & above1 z an equival5t = ! natural & inh]5t p[]s ( ! soil40 ,no1 ! proprietor1 :o repres5ts all ! possessors ( ! l& :o h prec$$ him1 up to ^? :o made ! fir/ cle>ance1 is oblig$1 9 _! "n1 to hold ?is humble language3-- 8,we h prep>$ s]vices1 & :at we ask is to ex*ange ^! = equival5t s]vices4 ,we work$ h>d =m]ly1 = 9 our days we 7 n acqua9t$ ) y\r p[]ful means ( execution--!re 7 no roads--we 7 =c$ to d ev]y?+ by muscul> ex]tion4 ,mu* sweat & toil1 _m human lives1 are buri$ "u ^! furr[s4 ,b we d n expect f y p#agi lab\r = lab\r--we h no means ( effect+ an ex*ange on ^? t]ms4 ,we are q aw>e t ! lab\r be/[$ on l& n[-a-days1 :e!r 9 ?is c\ntry or abroad1 is mu* m p]fect & mu* m productive ?an =m]ly4 ,all t we ask1 & :at y cle>ly _c refuse u1 is t our ant]ior lab\r & ! new lab\r %all be ex*ang$1 n 9 proportion to _! comp>ative duration & int5sity1 b proportionally to _! results1 s t we may bo? receive ! same remun]ation = ! same s]vice4 ,by ?is arrangem5t we are los]s z reg>ds lab\r1 see+ t ?ree or f\r times m ( ours ?an ( y\rs is requir$ to accompli% ! same s]vice2 b we h no *oice1 & c no long] effect ! ex*ange on any o!r t]ms40 ,&1 9 po9t ( fact1 ?is repres5ts ! actual /ate ( ?+s4 ,if we c\ld =m an exact e/imate ( ! am\nt ( ef=ts1 ( incessant lab\r1 & toil1 exp5d$ 9 br++ ea* acre ( our l& to its pres5t /ate ( productiv5ess1 we %\ld be ?or\ghly conv9c$ t ! man :o pur*ases t l& does n give lab\r = lab\r--at lea/ 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( ! hundr$4 ,i add ?is qualification1 because we mu/ n =get t an incorporat$ s]vice may ga9 value z well z lose x4 ,& al?\gh ! g5]al t5d5cy be t[>ds depreciation1 nev]!less ! opposite ph5om5on manife/s itself sometimes1 9 exceptional circum/ances1 z well 9 ! case ( l& z ( any?+ else1 & ?is )\t violat+ ! law ( ju/ice1 or af=d+ adequate cause = ! cry ( monopoly4 ,s]vices always int]v5e to br+ out ! pr9ciple ( value4 ,9 mo/ cases ! ant]ior lab\r probably r5d]s a less am\nt ( s]vice ?an ! new lab\r1 b ?is is n an absolute law :i* admits ( no exception4 ,if ! ant]ior lab\r r5d]s a less am\nt ( s]vice ?an ! new1 z is ne>ly always ! case1 a great] quantity ( ! fir/ ?an ( ! second mu/ be ?r[n into ! scale to e/abli% ! equipond]ance1 see+ t ! equipond]ance is regulat$ by s]vices4 ,b if x happ51 z x sometimes may1 t ! ant]ior lab\r r5d]s great] s]vice ?an ! new1 ! latt] mu/ make up = ?is by ! sacrifice ( quantity4 p#ahj ,,vi4 ,,weal?4 ,we h se5 t 9 e commodity :i* is adapt$ to satisfy our wants & desires1 !re are two ?+s to be consid]$ & di/+ui%$3 :at nature does1 & :at man does1--:at is gratuit\s1 & :at is on]\s--! gift ( ,god & ! s]vice ( man--utility & value4 ,9 ! same commodity ! "o may be imm5se1 & ! o!r imp]ceptible4 ,! =m] rema9+ inv>iable1 ! latt] may be indef9itely dim9i%$2 & is dim9i%$1 9 fact1 z (t5 z an +5i\s process or inv5tion enables u to obta9 ! same result ) less ef=t4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties1 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile s\rces ( misund]/&+1 controv]sy1 & error1 "h pres5ts itself to u at ! v ?re%old ( ! sci5ce-- ,:at is weal?8 ,are we ri* 9 proportion to ! utilities :i* we h at our disposal1--t is1 9 proportion to ! wants & desires :i* we h ! means ( satisfy+8 8,a man is ri* or poor10 says ,adam ,smi?1 8accord+ z he possesses a great] or small] am\nt ( useful commodities :i* m9i/] to 8 enjoym5ts40 ,are we ri* 9 proportion to ! values :i* we possess1--t is to say1 ! s]vices :i* we c comm&8 8,weal?10 says ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 8is 9 proportion to ,value4 ,x is great if ! sum ( ! value ( :i* x is compos$ is great--x is small if ! value be small40 ,! vulg> employ ! ^w ,weal? 9 two s5ses4 ,sometimes we he> !m say--8,! abundance ( wat] is ,weal? to su* a c\ntry40 ,9 ?is case1 !y are ?9k+ only ( utility4 ,b :5 "o wi%es to reckon up 8 own weal?1 he makes :at is call$ an ,inv5tory1 9 :i* only comm]cial ,value is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,) def]5ce to ! savants1 ,i believe t ! vulg> are p#aha "r = once4 ,weal? is ei!r actual or relative4 ,9 ! fir/ po9t ( view1 we judge ( x by our satisfactions4 ,mank9d become ri*] 9 proportion z !y acquire a great] am\nt ( ease or mat]ial prosp]ity1 :atev] be ! commodities by :i* x is procur$4 ,b d y wi% to "k :at proportional %>e ea* man has 9 ! g5]al prosp]ity2 9 o!r words1 8 relative weal?8 ,?is is simply a relation1 :i* value alone reveals1 because value is itself a relation4 ,our sci5ce has to d ) ! g5]al welf>e & prosp]ity ( m51 ) ! proportion :i* exi/s betwe5 _! ,ef=ts & _! ,satisfactions1--a proportion :i* ! progressive p>ticipation ( gratuit\s utility 9 ! bus9ess ( production modifies advantage\sly4 ,y _c1 !n1 exclude ?is elem5t f ! idea ( ,weal?4 ,9 a sci5tific po9t ( view1 actual or effective weal? is n ! sum ( values1 b ! aggregate ( ! utilities1 gratuit\s & on]\s1 :i* are atta*$ to ^! values4 ,z reg>ds satisfactions1--t is to say1 z reg>ds actual results ( weal?1 we are z mu* enri*$ by ! value annihilat$ by progress z by t :i* /ill subsi/s4 ,9 ! ord9>y transactions ( life1 we cease to take utility into acc\nt1 9 proportion z t utility becomes gratuit\s by ! l[]+ ( value4 ,:y8 because :at is gratuit\s is common1 & :at is common alt]s 9 no respect ea* man's %>e or proportion ( actual or effective weal?4 ,we d n ex*ange :at is common to all2 & z 9 our e-day transactions we only require to be made acqua9t$ ) ! proportion :i* value e/abli%es1 we take no acc\nt ( any?+ else4 ,?is subject gave rise to a controv]sy betwe5 ,ric>do & ,j4 ,b4 ,say4 ,ric>do gave to ! ^w ,weal? ! s5se ( ,utility--,say1 t ( ,value4 ,! exclusive triumph ( "o ( ^! *ampions 0 impossible1 s9ce ! ^w admits ( bo? s5ses1 accord+ z we reg>d weal? z actual or relative4 ,b x is necess>y to rem>k1 & ! m s on acc\nt ( ! great au?ority ( ,say 9 ^! matt]s1 t if we conf\nd weal? 79 ! s5se ( actual or effective prosp]ity7 ) value2 above all1 if we affirm t ! "o is proportional to ! o!r1 we %all be apt to give ! sci5ce a wrong direction4 ,! works ( second-rate ,economi/s1 & ^? ( ! ,sociali/s1 %[ ?is b too cle>ly4 ,to set out by conceal+ f view precisely t :i* =ms ! faire/ patrimony ( ! human race1 is an un=tunate beg9n+4 ,x leads u to consid] z annihilat$ t portion ( weal? :i* progress r5d]s common to all1 & exposes u to ! dang] ( fall+ into a petitio pr9cipii1 & /udy+ p#ahb ,political ,economy backw>ds1--! end1 ! design1 :i* x is our object to atta91 be+ p]petually conf\nd$ ) ! ob/acle :i* imp$es our ef=ts4 ,9 tru?1 b = ! exi/5ce ( ob/acles1 !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z ,value1 :i* is ! sign1 ! symptom1 ! witness1 ! pro( ( our native weakness4 ,x rem9ds u incessantly ( ! decree :i* w5t =? 9 ! beg9n+--8,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread40 ,) ref]5ce to ,omnipot5ce1 ! words ,ef=t1 ,s]vice1 &1 consequ5tly1 ,value1 h no mean+4 ,z reg>ds ourselves1 we live 9 an atmosph]e ( utilities1 ( :i* utilities ! great] "p are gratuit\s1 b !re are o!rs :i* we c acquire only by an on]\s title4 ,ob/acles are int]pos$ betwe5 ^! utilities & ! wants to :i* !y m9i/]4 ,we are condemn$ ei!r to =ego ! ,utility1 or vanqui% ^! ob/acles by ,ef=ts4 ,sweat mu/ drop f ! br[ be=e bread c be eat51 :e!r ! toil be und]gone by ourselves or by o!rs = our b5efit4 ,! great] ! am\nt ( value we f9d exi/+ 9 a c\ntry1 ! great] evid5ce we h t ob/acles h be5 surm\nt$1 b ! great] evid5ce we also h t !re are ob/acles to surm\nt4 ,are we to g s f> z to say t ^! ob/acles con/itute ,weal?1 because1 ap>t f !m1 ,value w\ld h no exi/5ce8 ,we may suppose two c\ntries4 ,"o ( !m possesses ! means ( enjoym5t to a great] ext5t ?an ! o!r ) a less am\nt ( ,value1 because x is fav\r$ by nature1 & x has few] ob/acles to ov]come4 ,:i* is ! ri*]8 ,or1 to put a /rong] case1 let u suppose ! same p at diff]5t p]iods ( _! hi/ory4 ,! ob/acles to be ov]come are ! same at bo? p]iods4 ,b1 n[-a-days1 !y surm\nt ^! ob/acles ) s mu* great] facility2 !y execute1 = in/ance1 ! "w ( transport1 ( tillage1 ( manufactures1 at s mu* less an exp5se ( ef=t t values are consid]ably r$uc$4 ,!re are two c\rses1 !n1 :i* a p 9 su* a situation may take1--!y may cont5t !mselves ) ! same am\nt ( enjoym5ts z =m]ly1--progress 9 t case resolv+ itself simply into ! atta9m5t ( additional leisure2 &1 9 su* circum/ances1 %\ld we be au?oriz$ to say t ! ,weal? ( ! society _h retrograd$ because x is possess$ ( a small] am\nt ( value8 ,or1 !y may devote ! ef=ts :i* progress & improvem5t h r5d]$ disposable to ! increase & ext5sion ( _! enjoym5ts2 b %\ld we be w>rant$ to conclude t1 because ! am\nt ( values _h rema9$ p#ahc /ation>y1 ! weal? ( ! society _h rema9$ /ation>y also8 ,x is to ?is result1 h[ev]1 t we t5d if we conf\nd ! two ?+s1 ,ri*es & ,value4 ,political ,economi/s may "h f9d !mselves 9 a dilemma4 ,are we to measure weal? by ,satisfactions realiz$1 or by ,values creat$8 ,7 no ob/acles int]pos$ betwe5 utilities & desires1 !re w\ld be nei!r ef=ts1 nor s]vices1 nor ,values 9 our case1 any m ?an 9 t ( ,god & nature4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 7 weal? e/imat$ by ! satisfactions realiz$1 mank9d1 l nature1 w\ld be 9 possession ( inf9ite ri*es2 b1 if e/imat$ by ! values creat$1 !y w\ld be depriv$ ( weal? altoge!r4 ,an economi/ :o adopt$ ! fir/ view might pron\nce u inf9itely ri*1--ano!r1 :o adopt$ ! second view1 might pron\nce u inf9itely poor4 ,! inf9ite1 x is true1 is 9 no respect an attribute ( humanity4 ,b mank9d direct _! ex]tions to c]ta9 ends2 !y make ef=ts1 !y h t5d5cies1 !y gravitate t[>ds progressive ,weal? or progressive ,pov]ty4 ,n[1 h[ c\ld ,economi/s make !mselves mutually intelligible if ?is successive dim9ution ( ef=t 9 relation to result1 ( lab\r to be und]gone or to be remun]at$2 9 a ^w1 if ?is successive dim9ution ( ,value 7 consid]$ by "s ( !m z a progress t[>ds ,weal?1 & by o!rs z a desc5t t[>ds ,pov]ty8 ,did ! difficulty1 inde$1 conc]n only ,economi/s1 we might say1 let !m settle ! matt] among !mselves4 ,b legislators & gov]nm5ts h e day to introduce measures :i* ex]cise a s]i\s influ5ce on human affairs2 & 9 :at condition %\ld we be if ^! measures 7 tak5 9 ! abs5ce ( t light :i* enables u to di/+ui% ,ri*es f ,pov]ty8 ,i affirm t ! !ory :i* def9es ,weal? z ,value is only ! glorification ( ,ob/acles4 ,its syllogism is ?is3 8,weal? is 9 proportion to ,value1 value to ef=ts1 ef=ts to ob/acles2 ergo1 weal? is 9 proportion to ob/acles40 ,i affirm also t1 by reason ( ! division ( lab\r1 :i* includes ! case ( e "o :o ex]cises a trade or pr(ession1 ! illusion ?us creat$ is v difficult to be got rid (4 ,we all ( u see t ! s]vices :i* we r5d] are call$ =? by "s ob/acle1 "s want1 "s suff]+1--^? ( ! physician by disease1 ^? ( ! agricultural lab\r] by hung]1 ^? ( ! manufactur] ( clo?+ by cold1 ^? ( ! c>ri] by di/ance1 ^? ( ! advocate by inju/ice1 ^? ( ! soldi] by dang] to 8 c\ntry4 ,!re is n1 9 fact1 a s+le ob/acle1 ! disappe>ance ( :i* does n p#ahd prove v inopportune & v tr\blesome to somebody1 or :i* does n ev5 appe> fatal 9 a public po9t ( view1 because x seems to dry up a s\rce ( employm5t1 ( s]vices1 ( values1 ( weal?4 ,v few ,economi/s h be5 able to pres]ve !mselves entirely f ?is illusion2 & if ! sci5ce %all ev] succe$ 9 dispell+ x1 its practical mission w h be5 fulfill$4 ,= ,i v5ture to make a ?ird affirmation--namely1 t our (ficial practice is saturat$ ) ?is !ory1 & t :5 gov]nm5ts believe x to be _! duty to fav\r c]ta9 classes1 c]ta9 pr(essions1 or c]ta9 manufactures1 !y h no o!r mode ( accompli%+ _! object ?an by sett+ up ,ob/acles1 9 ord] to give to p>ticul> bran*es ( indu/ry additional developm5t1 9 ord] to enl>ge artificially ! circle ( s]vices to :i* ! community is =c$ to h rec\rse1--& ?us to increase ,value1 falsely assum$ z synonym\s ) ,weal?4 ,&1 9 fact1 x is q true t su* legislation is useful to ! classes :i* are fav\r$ by x--!y exult 9 x--congratulate ea* o!r ^u x1--& :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,:y ?is1 t ! same fav\rs are successively accord$ to all o!r classes4 ,:at m natural ?an to conf\nd ,utility ) ,value1 & ,value ) ,ri*es6 ,! sci5ce has nev] enc\nt]$ a sn>e :i* %e has less suspect$4 ,= :at has happ5$8 ,at e /ep ( progress ! reason+ has be5 ?is3 8,! ob/acle is dim9i%$1 !n ef=t is less5$1 !n value is less5$1 !n utility is less5$1 !n weal? is less5$1--!n we are ! mo/ un=tunate p 9 ! _w to h tak5 x into our heads to inv5t & ex*ange1 to h five f+]s 9 place ( ?ree1 & two h&s 9 place ( "o2 & !n x is necess>y to engage gov]nm5t1 :i* is 9 possession ( =ce1 to take ord] ) ?is abuse40 ,?is ,political ,economy reb\rs--?is ,political ,economy read backw>ds--is ! /aple ( _m ( our j\rnals1 & ! life ( legislative assemblies4 ,x has misl$ ! c&id & philan?ropic ,sismondi1 & we f9d x v logically set =? 9 ! "w ( ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans4 8,!re are two k9ds ( national weal?10 he tells u4 8,if we h reg>d only to useful products ) ref]5ce to _! quantity1 _! abundance1 we h to d ) a species ( weal? :i* procures enjoym5ts to society1 & :i* ,i %all d5om9ate ! ,weal? ( enjoym5t4 8,if we reg>d products ) ref]5ce to _! ex*angeable ,value1 or simply ) ref]5ce to _! value1 we h to d ) p#ahe a species ( ,weal? :i* procures values to society1 & :i* ,i call ! ,weal? ( value4 8,x is ?is la/ species ( ,weal? :i* =ms ! special subject ( ,political ,economy1 & x is ) x1 above all1 t gov]nm5ts h to d40 ,?is be+ s1 h[ are ,economi/s & ,/atesm5 to proce$8 ,! fir/ are to po9t out ! means ( increas+ ?is species ( ri*es1 ?is weal? ( value2 ! second to set ab\t adopt+ ^! means4 ,b ?is k9d ( weal? be>s proportion to ef=ts1 & ef=ts be> proportion to ob/acles4 ,political ,economy1 !n1 is to tea*1 & ,gov]nm5t to contrive1 h[ to multiply ob/acles4 ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans does n fl9* 9 ! lea/ f ?is consequ5ce4 ,does ex*ange facilitate our acquir+ m ( ! weal? ( enjoym5t ) less ( ! weal? ( value8 ,we mu/1 !n1 c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy ( ex*ange4#ci ,is !re any portion ( gratuit\s ,utility :i* we c replace by on]\s ,utility2 = example1 by prohibit+ ! use ( a tool or a ma*9e8 ,we mu/ n fail to d s2 = x is v evid5t1 he says1 t if ma*9]y augm5ts ! weal? ( enjoym5t1 x dim9i%es ! weal? ( value4 8,let u bless ! ob/acles :i* ! de>ness & sc>city ( fuel 9 ?is c\ntry has oppos$ to ! multiplication ( /eam-eng9es40#dj ,has nature fav\r$ u 9 any p>ticul> respect8 ,x is our mis=tune2 =1 by t means1 we are depriv$ ( ! opportunity ( ex]t+ ourselves4 8,i av[ t ,i c\ld desire to see manufactur$ by manual lab\r1 =c$ ex]tion1 & ! sweat ( ! br[1 ?+s t are n[ produc$ )\t tr\ble & spontane\sly40#da ,:at a mis=tune1 !n1 is x = u t we are n oblig$ to manufacture ! wat] :i* we dr9k6 ,x w\ld h be5 a f9e opportunity ( produc+ ! weal? ( value4 ,happily we take our rev5ge ^u w9e4 8,discov] ! secret ( draw+ w9e f spr+s 9 ! e>? z abundantly z y draw wat]1 & y w soon see t ?is f9e ord] ( ?+s w ru9 a f\r? "p ( ,france40#db ,accord+ to ! ideas :i* ?is ,economi/ sets =? ) su* navet1 !re are _m me?ods1 & v simple me?ods too1 ( oblig+ m5 to create :at he t]ms ! weal? ( value4 ,! fir/ is to deprive !m ( :at !y h4 8,if taxation p#ahf lays held ( money :]e x is pl5tiful1 to di/ribute x :]e x is sc>ce1 x is useful1 & f> f be+ a loss1 x is a ga91 to ! /ate40#dc ,! second is to dissipate :at y take4 8,luxury & prodigality1 :i* are s hurtful to individual =tunes1 b5efit public weal?4 ,y tea* me a f9e moral lesson1 x may be said--,i h no su* pret5sion--my bus9ess is ) ,political ,economy1 & n ) morals4 ,y seek ! means ( r5d]+ nations ri*]1 & ,i prea* up luxury40#dd ,a m prompt me?od /ill is to de/roy ! weal? :i* y take f ! tax-pay] by good sweep+ w>s4 8,if y grant me t ! exp5diture ( prodigals is z productive z any o!r1 & t ! exp5diture ( gov]nm5ts is equally productive1 4 4 4 y w no long] be a/oni%$ at ! weal? ( ,engl& aft] s exp5sive a w>40#de ,b1 z t5d+ to promote ! creation ( ?is ,weal? ( value1 all ^! means--taxes1 luxury1 w>s--mu/ hide _! dim9i%$ heads be=e an exp$i5t inf9itely m efficaci\s--namely1 conflagration4 8,to build is a great s\rce ( weal?1 because x supplies rev5ues to proprietors1 :o furni% ! mat]ials1 to workm51 & to div]s classes ( artisans & arti/s4 ,melon cites ,sir ,william ,petty1 :o reg>ds1 z a national pr(it1 ! lab\r employ$ 9 rebuild+ ! /reets ( ,london aft] ! great fire :i* consum$ two-?irds ( ! city1 & he e/imates x 7! pr(it67 at a million /]l+ p] annum 79 money ( #afff7 dur+ f\r ye>s1 & ?is )\t ! lea/ injury hav+ be5 done to o!r bran*es ( trade4 ,)\t reg>d+ ?is pecuni>y e/imate ( pr(it z q accurate10 adds ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans1 8x is c]ta9 at lea/ t ?is ev5t _h no detrim5tal effect ^u ! weal? ( ,engl& at t p]iod4 4 4 4 ,! result /at$ by ,sir ,w4 ,petty is n impossible1 see+ t ! necessity ( rebuild+ ,london mu/ h creat$ a l>ge am\nt ( new rev5ues40#df ,all ,economi/s1 :o set out by conf\nd+ weal? ) value1 mu/ infallibly arrive at ! same conclusions1 if !y are logical2 b !y are n logical2 = on ! road ( absurdity m5 ( any common s5se always soon] or lat] /op %ort4 ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans seems himself to rec$e a little be=e ! consequ5ces ( 8 pr9ciple1 :5 x l&s him 9 a eulogium on conflagration4 ,we see t he hesitates1 & cont5ts himself ) a negative panegyric4 ,he %\ld h c>ri$ out 8 pr9ciple to p#ahg its logical conclusions1 & told u r\ndly :at he s cle>ly indicates4 ,( all our ,economi/s1 ,m4 de ,sismondi has succumb$ to ! difficulty n[ "u consid]ation 9 ! mann] mo/ to be regrett$4 ,l ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans1 he set out ) ! idea t value =ms an elem5t ( weal?2 &1 l him1 he has built ^u ?is datum a ,political ,economy reb\rs1 d5\nc+ ev]y?+ :i* t5ds to dim9i% value4 ,sismondi1 l ,sa9t-,*amans1 exalts ob/acles1 proscribes ma*9]y1 ana!matizes ex*ange1 competition1 & lib]ty1 extols luxury & taxation1 & arrives at l5g? at ?is conclusion1 t ! m we possess ! poor] we become4#dg ,f beg9n+ to end ( 8 "w1 h[ev]1 ,m4 de ,sismondi seems to h a lurk+ consci\sness t he is mi/ak51 & t a d>k veil may h int]pos$ itself betwe5 8 m9d & ! tru?4 ,he does n v5ture1 l ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans1 to ann\nce r\ghly & bluntly ! consequ5ces ( 8 pr9ciple--he hesitates1 & is tr\bl$4 ,he asks himself sometimes if x is possible t all m5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w h be5 9 error1 & on ! road to self-de/ruction1 9 seek+ to dim9i% ! proportion :i* ,ef=t be>s to ,satisfaction1--t is to say1 value4 ,at once ! fri5d & ! enemy ( lib]ty1 he fe>s x1 s9ce ! abundance :i* depreciates value leads to univ]sal pov]ty1 & yet he kn[s n h[ to set ab\t ! de/ruction ( ?is fatal lib]ty4 ,he ?us arrives at ! conf9es ( socialism & artificial organization1 & ins9uates t gov]nm5t & sci5ce %\ld regulate & control ev]y?+4 ,!n he sees ! dang] ( ! advice he is giv+1 retracts x1 & ends by fall+ into despair1 exclaim+--8,lib]ty leads to ! abyss ( pov]ty--,con/ra9t is z impossible z x is useless--!re is no escape40 ,9 tru? & reality1 !re is none1 if ,value be ,ri*es2 9 o!r words1 if ! ob/acle to prosp]ity be prosp]ity itself1--t is to say1 if ,evil be ,good4 ,! late/ writ]1 z f> z ,i "k1 :o has /irr$ ?is "q p#ahh is ,m4 ,pr\dhon4 ,x made ! =tune ( 8 book1 ,des ,contradictions conomiques4 ,nev] 0 !re a f9] opportunity ( seiz+ a p>adox by ! =elock1 & snapp+ 8 f+]s at sci5ce4 ,nev] 0 !re a fair] occasion ( ask+--8,d y see 9 ! increase ( value a good or an evil8 ,quidquid dix]is argum5tabor40 ,j ?9k :at a treat6#dh 8,i call ^u any e>ne/ ,economi/ to expla9 to me1 o!rwise ?an by v>y+ & repeat+ ! "q1 :y value dim9i%es 9 proportion z production increases1 & vice v]sa4 4 4 4 ,9 te*nical phrase1 value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange1 al?\gh necess>y to ea* o!r1 are 9 an inv]se ratio to ea* o!r4 4 4 4 4 ,value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange rema91 !n1 fatally en*a9$1 al?\gh 9 _! own nature !y t5d to exclude ea* o!r40 8,= ?is contradiction1 :i* is inh]5t 9 ! notion ( value1 no cause c be assign$1 nor is any explanation ( x possible4 4 4 ,f ! data1 t man has ne$ ( a great v>iety ( commodities1 & t he mu/ provide !m by 8 lab\r1 ! necess>y conclusion is1 t !re exi/s an antagonism betwe5 value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange1 & f ?is antagonism a contradiction arises at ! v ?re%old ( ,political ,economy4 ,no am\nt ( intellig5ce1 no ag5cy1 div9e or human1 c make x o!rwise4 ,9 place1 !n1 ( beat+ ab\t = a useless explanation1 let u cont5t ourselves ) po9t+ out cle>ly ! necessity ( ! contradiction40 ,we "k t ! gr& discov]y ( ,m4 ,pr\dhon is1 t ev]y?+ is at once true & false1 good & bad1 legitimate & illegitimate1 t !re exits no pr9ciple :i* is n self-contradictory1 & t contradiction lurks n only 9 errone\s !ories1 b 9 ! v ess5ce ( ?+s1--8x is ! pure expression ( necessity1 ! peculi> law ( exi/5ce10 etc42 s t x is inevitable1 & w\ld be incurable1 rationally1 b = progression1 &1 practically1 b = ! ,banque du ,peuple4 ,nature is a contradiction1 lib]ty a contradiction1 competition a contradiction1 prop]ty a contradiction1--value1 cr$it1 monopoly1 community1 all contradictions4 ,:5 ,m4 ,pr\dhon a*iev$ ?is wond]ful discov]y 8 he>t mu/ h leap$ = joy2 = s9ce contradiction is ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+1 he c nev] want some?+ to ga9say1 :i* = him is ! supreme good4 ,he said to me "o day1 8,i %\ld r l to g to heav51 b ,i p#ahi fe> t ev]ybody !re w be ( "o m9d1 & ,i %\ld f9d nobody to argue )40 ,we mu/ confess t ! subject ( ,value gave him an excell5t opportunity ( indulg+ 8 ta/e4 ,b1 ) great def]5ce to him1 ! contradictions & p>adoxes to :i* ! ^w ,value has giv5 rise are to be f\nd 9 ! false !ories :i* h be5 con/ruct$1 & n at all1 z he w\ld h u believe1 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,!ori/s h set out1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by conf\nd+ ,value ) ,utility1--t is to say1 evil ) good2 = utility is ! desir$ result1 & value spr+s f ! ob/acle :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! desire & ! result4 ,?is 0 _! fir/ error1 &1 :5 !y p]ceiv$ ! consequ5ces ( x1 !y ?\ght to obviate ! difficulty by imag9+ a di/9ction betwe5 value 9 use & value 9 ex*ange--an unwieldy tautology1 :i* _h ! great fault ( atta*+ ! same ^w--,value--to two opposite ph5om5a4 ,b if1 putt+ aside ^! subtilties1 we adh]e /rictly to facts1 :at d we p]ceive8 ,no?+1 assur$ly1 b :at is q natural & consi/5t4 ,a man1 we %all suppose1 works exclusively = himself4 ,if he acquire skill1 if 8 =ce & intellig5ce are develop$1 if nature becomes m lib]al1 or if he le>ns h[ to make nature co-op]ate bett] 9 8 "w1 he obta9s m weal? ) less tr\ble4 ,:]e is ! contradiction1 & :at is !re 9 ?is to excite s mu* wond]8 ,well1 !n1 9 place ( rema9+ an isolat$ be+1 suppose ?is man to h relations ) 8 fell[-m54 ,!y ex*ange2 & ,i repeat my obs]vation1--9 proportion z !y acquire skill1 exp]i5ce1 =ce1 & intellig5ce1--9 proportion z nature 7become m lib]al or br\ght m into subjection7 l5ds !m m efficaci\s co-op]ation1 !y obta9 m weal? ) less tr\ble2 !y h at _! disposal a great] am\nt ( gratuit\s utility2 9 _! transactions !y transf] to "o ano!r a great] sum ( useful results 9 proportion to a giv5 am\nt ( lab\r4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! contradiction8 ,if1 inde$1 foll[+ ! example ( ,adam ,smi? & 8 successors1 y commit ! error ( apply+ ! same d5om9ation--value--bo? to ! results obta9$ & to ! ex]tion made2 9 t case1 an ant9omy or contradiction w %[ itself4 ,b be assur$ t t contradiction is n at all 9 ! facts1 b 9 y\r own errone\s explanation ( ^? facts4 ,m4 ,pr\dhon ought1 !n1 to h %ap$ 8 proposition ?us3 p#aij ,x be+ grant$ t man has ne$ ( a great v>iety ( products1 t he c only obta9 !m by 8 lab\r1 & t he has ! preci\s gift ( educat+ & improv+ himself1 no?+ 9 ! _w is m natural ?an ! su/a9$ increase ( results 9 relation to ef=ts2 & !re is no?+ at all contradictory 9 a giv5 value s]v+ z ! vehicle ( a great] am\nt ( realiz$ utility4 ,let me repeat1 once m1 t = man ,utility is ! fair side ( ! m$al & ,value ! rev]se4 ,utility has relation only to our ,satisfactions1 ,value only ) our ,pa9s4 ,utility realizes our enjoym5ts1 & is proportion$ to !m2 ,value atte/s our native weakness1 spr+s f ob/acles1 & is proportion$ to ^? ,ob/acles4 ,9 virtue ( ! law ( human p]fectibility1 gratuit\s utility t5ds m & m to take ! place ( on]\s utility1 express$ by ! ^w value4 ,su* is ! ph5om5on1 & x pres5ts assur$ly no?+ contradictory4 ,b ! "q recurs--,%\ld ! ^w ,weal? compreh5d ^! two k9ds ( utility unit$1 or only ! la/8 ,if we c\ld =m1 once = all1 two classes ( utilities1 putt+ on ! "o side all ^? :i* are gratuit\s1 & on ! o!r all ^? :i* are on]\s1 we %\ld =m1 at ! same "t1 two classes ( ,weal?1 :i* we %\ld d5om9ate1 ) ,m4 ,say1 ,natural ,weal? & ,social ,weal?2 or else1 ) ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans1 ! ,weal? ( ,enjoym5t & ! ,weal? ( ,value2 aft] :i*1 z ^! au?ors propose1 we %\ld h no?+ m]e to d ) ! fir/ ( ^! classes4 8,?+s :i* are accessible to all10 says ,m4 ,say1 8& :i* ev]yone may enjoy at pleasure1 )\t be+ =c$ to acquire !m1 & )\t ! fe> ( exhau/+ !m1 su* z air1 wat]1 ! light ( ! sun1 etc41 are ! gratuit\s gifts ( nature1 & may be d5om9at$ ,natural ,weal?4 ,z ^! c be nei!r produc$ nor di/ribut$1 nor consum$ by u1 !y come n )9 ! doma9 ( ,political ,economy4 8,! ?+s :i* ?is sci5ce has to d ) are ?+s :i* we possess1 & :i* h a recognis$ value4 ,^! we d5om9ate ,social ,weal?1 because !y exi/ only among m5 unit$ 9 society40 8,x is ! ,weal? ( ,value10 says ,m4 de ,sa9t-,*amans1 8:i* =ms ! special subject ( ,political ,economy1 & :5ev] 9 ?is "w ,i m5tion ,weal? )\t be+ m specific1 ,i mean t description ( x40 ,ne>ly all ,economi/s h tak5 ! same view4 p#aia 8,! mo/ /rik+ di/9ction10 says ,/or*1 8:i* pres5ts itself 9 ! outset1 is1 t !re are c]ta9 k9ds ( value :i* are capable ( appropriation1 & o!r k9ds :i* are n s4#di ,! fir/ alone are ! subject ( ,political ,economy1 = ! analysis ( ! o!rs w\ld furni% no result wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! /atesman40 ,= my own "p1 ,i ?9k t t portion ( utility :i*1 9 ! progress ( society1 ceases to be on]\s & to possess value1 b :i* does n on t acc\nt cease to be utility1 & is ab\t to fall into ! doma9 ( ! common & gratuit\s1 is precisely t :i* %\ld con/antly attract ! att5tion ( ! /atesman & ( ! ,economi/4 ,if x d n1 9 place ( p5etrat+ & compreh5d+ ! great results :i* affect & elevate ! human race1 ! sci5ce w be left to deal ) :at is q cont+5t & flexible--) :at has a t5d5cy to dim9i%1 if n to disappe>--) a relation m]ely2 9 a ^w1 ) ,value4 ,)\t be+ aw>e ( x1 ,economi/s are ?us l$ to consid] only lab\r1 ob/acles1 & ! int]e/ ( ! produc]2 &1 :at is worse1 !y are l$ to conf\nd ! int]e/ ( ! produc] ) ! int]e/ ( ! public1--t is to say1 to mi/ake evil = good1 &1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,sismondis & ,sa9t-,*amans1 to l& at l5g? 9 ! ,utopia ( ! sociali/s1 or ! ,sy/me des ,contradictions ( ,pr\dhon4 ,&1 !n1 is n ?is l9e ( dem>cation1 :i* y attempt to draw betwe5 ! two descriptions ( utility1 *im]ical1 arbitr>y1 & impossible8 ,h[ c y ?us disjo9 ! co-op]ation ( nature & t ( man :5 !y comb9e & get mix$ up ev]y:]e1 mu* m :5 ! "o t5ds con/antly to replace ! o!r1 :i* is precisely :at con/itutes progress8 ,if economical sci5ce1 s dry 9 "s respects1 9 o!r aspects elevates & fasc9ates ! m9d1 x is j because x describes ! laws ( ?is association betwe5 man & nature1--x is because x %[s gratuit\s utility sub/itut+ itself m & m = on]\s utility1 enjoym5ts be>+ a great] & great] proportion to lab\r & fatigue1 ob/acles con/antly less5+1 &1 along ) !m1 value2 ! p]petual mi/akes & miscalculations ( produc]s m ?an comp5sat$ by ! increas+ prosp]ity ( consum]s2 natural weal?1 gratuit\s & common1 com+ m & m to take ! place ( weal? :i* is p]sonal & appropriat$4 ,:at6 are we to exclude f ,political ,economy :at con/itutes its religi\s ,h>mony8 p#aib ,air1 light1 wat]1 are gratuit\s1 y say4 ,true1 & if we enjoy$ !m "u _! primitive =m1 )\t mak+ !m co-op]ate 9 any ( our works1 we might exclude !m f ,political ,economy j z we exclude f x ! possible & probable utility ( comets4 ,b obs]ve ! progress ( man4 ,at fir/ he is able to make air1 light1 wat]1 & o!r natural ag5ts co-op]ate v imp]fectly4 ,8 satisfactions 7 pur*as$ by labori\s p]sonal ef=ts1 !y exact$ a l>ge am\nt ( lab\r1 & !y 7 transf]r$ to o!rs z important s]vices2 9 a ^w1 !y 7 possess$ ( great value4 ,by degrees1 ?is wat]1 ?is air1 ?is light1 gravitation1 ela/icity1 calorie1 electricity1 vegetable life1 h ab&on$ ?is /ate ( relative inactivity4 ,!y m+le m & m ) our indu/ry4 ,!y are sub/itut$ = human lab\r4 ,!y d = u gratuit\sly :at lab\r does only = an on]\s consid]ation4 ,!y annihilate value )\t dim9i%+ our enjoym5ts4 ,to speak 9 common language1 :at co/ u a hundr$ francs1 co/s u only t5--:at requir$ t5 days' lab\r n[ dem&s only "o4 ,! :ole value ?us annihilat$ has pass$ f ! doma9 ( ,prop]ty to t ( ,community4 ,a consid]able proportion ( human ef=ts has be5 set free1 & plac$ at our disposal = o!r ent]prises2 s t ) equal lab\r1 equal s]vices1 equal value1 mank9d h enl>g$ prodigi\sly ! circle ( _! enjoym5ts2 & yet y tell me t ,i mu/ elim9ate & bani% f ! sci5ce ?is utility1 :i* is gratuit\s & common1 :i* alone expla9s progress1 z well upw>d z =w>d1 if ,i may s speak1 z well 9 weal? & prosp]ity z 9 fre$om & equality6 ,we may1 !n1 legitimately atta* to ! ^w ,weal? two mean+s4 ,effective ,weal?1 real1 & realiz+ satisfactions1 or ! aggregate ( utilities :i* human lab\r1 aid$ by ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts1 places )9 ! rea* ( ,society4 ,relative ,weal?1--t is to say1 ! proportional %>e ( ea* 9 ! g5]al ,ri*es1 a %>e :i* is det]m9$ by ,value4 ,?is ,economic ,h>mony1 !n1 may be ?us /at$3 ,by lab\r ! action ( man is comb9$ ) ! action ( nature4 ,utility results f t co-op]ation4 ,ea* man receives a %>e ( ! g5]al utility proportion$ to ! value he has creat$1--t is to say1 to ! s]vices he has r5d]$2 9 o!r words1 to ! utility he has himself produc$4#ej p#aic ,morality ( ,weal?4--,we h j be5 engag$ 9 /udy+ weal? 9 an economical po9t ( view2 x may n p]haps be useless to say some?+ "h ( its ,moral effects4 ,9 all ages1 weal?1 9 a moral po9t ( view1 has be5 ! subject ( controv]sy4 ,c]ta9 philosoph]s & c]ta9 religioni/s h comm&$ u to despise x2 o!rs h greatly prid$ !mselves on ! gold5 mean1 aurea m$iocritas4 ,few1 if any1 h admitt$ z moral an ard5t long+ aft] ! goods ( =tune4 ,:i* are "r8 ,:i* are wrong8 ,x does n belong to ,political ,economy to treat ( individual morality4 ,i %all make only "o rem>k3 ,i am always incl9$ to ?9k t 9 matt]s :i* lie )9 ! doma9 ( ev]yday practice1 !ori/s1 savants1 philosoph]s1 are mu* less likely to be "r ?an ?is univ]sal practice itself1 :5 we include 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w practice1 n only ! actions ( ! g5]ality ( m51 b _! s5tim5ts & ideas4 ,n[1 :at does univ]sal practice demon/rate 9 ?is case8 ,x %[s u all m5 endeav\r+ to em]ge f _! orig9al /ate ( pov]ty1--all pref]r+ ! s5sation ( satisfaction to ! s5sation ( want1 ri*es to pov]ty2 all1 ,i %\ld say1 or almo/ all1 )\t except+ ev5 ^? :o declaim aga9/ weal?4 ,! desire = weal? is ard5t1 incessant1 univ]sal1 irrepressible4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! globe x has triumph$ ov] our natural av]sion to toil4 ,:atev] may be said to ! contr>y1 x displays a "* ( avidity /ill bas] among savage ?an among civiliz$ nations4 ,all our navigators :o left ,europe 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 imbu$ ) ! fa%ionable ideas ( ,r\sseau1 & expect+ to f9d ! m5 ( nature at ! antipodes dis9t]e/$1 g5]\s1 hospitable1 7 /ruck ) ! dev\r+ rapacity ( ^! primitive b>b>ians4 ,our milit>y m5 c tell u1 9 our own day1 :at we are to ?9k ( ! boa/$ dis9t]e/$ness ( ! ,arab tribes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! op9ions ( all m51 ev5 ( ^? :o d n act up to _! op9ions1 concur 9 hon\r+ dis9t]e/$ness1 g5]osity1 self-control1 & 9 br&+ t ill-regulat$1 inord9ate love ( weal? :i* causes m5 n to %r9k f any means ( obta9+ x4 ,! same public op9ion surr\nds ) e/eem ! man :o1 9 :atev] rank ( life1 devotes 8 hone/ & p]sev]+ lab\r to ameliorat+ ! lot & elevat+ ! condition ( 8 family4 ,x is f ?is comb9ation ( facts1 ideas1 & s5tim5ts1 x w\ld seem to me1 t we mu/ =m our judgm5t on weal? 9 connexion ) individual morality4 p#aid ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! motive :i* urges u to ! acquisition ( ri*es is ( provid5tial creation1--natural1 & consequ5tly moral4 ,x has its s\rce 9 t orig9al & g5]al de/itution :i* w\ld be our lot 9 ev]y?+1 if x did n create 9 u ! desire to free ourselves f x4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 9 ! second place1 t ! ef=ts :i* m5 make to em]ge f _! primitive de/itution1 provid$ !y keep )9 ! limits ( ju/ice1 are e/imable & respectable1 see+ t !y are univ]sally e/eem$ & respect$4 ,no "o1 moreov]1 w d5y t lab\r is 9 itself ( a moral nature4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! common prov]b :i* we f9d 9 all c\ntries1--,idl5ess is ! p>5t ( vice4 ,& we %\ld fall into a gl>+ contradiction 7 we to say1 on ! "o h&1 t lab\r is indisp5sable to ! morality ( m51 &1 on ! o!r1 t m5 are immoral :5 !y seek to realize weal? by _! lab\r4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! desire ( weal? becomes immoral :5 x goes ! l5g? ( induc+ u to dep>t f ! rules ( ju/ice1 & t av>ice becomes m unpopul> 9 proportion to ! weal? ( ^? :o addict !mselves to t passion4 ,su* is ! judgm5t pron\nc$1 n by c]ta9 philosoph]s or sects1 b by ! g5]ality ( m52 & ,i adopt x4 ,i mu/ gu>d myself1 h[ev]1 by add+ t ?is judgm5t may be diff]5t at ! pres5t day f :at x 0 9 anci5t times1 )\t involv+ a contradiction4 ,! ,ess5ians & ,/oics liv$ 9 a /ate ( society :]e weal? 0 always ! rew>d ( oppression1 ( pillage1 & ( viol5ce4 ,n only 0 x deem$ immoral 9 itself1 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! immoral means employ$ 9 its acquisition1 x reveal$ ! immorality ( ^? :o possess$ x4 ,a reaction1 ev5 an exagg]at$ reaction1 aga9/ ri*es & ri* m5 0 to be expect$4 ,mod]n philosoph]s :o declaim aga9/ weal?1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ?is diff]5ce 9 ! means ( acquir+ weal?1 believe !mselves ,s5ecas1 :ile !y are only p>rots1 repeat+ :at !y d n und]/&4 ,b ! "q :i* ,political ,economy proposes is ?is3 ,is weal? = mank9d a moral good or a moral evil8 ,does ! progressive developm5t ( weal? imply1 9 a moral po9t ( view1 improvem5t or decad5ce8 ,! read] anticipates my answ]1 & w und]/& t ,i mu/ say a few words on ! subject ( individual morality1 9 ord] to get quit ( ! contradiction1 or r ( ! impossibility1 p#aie :i* w\ld be impli$ 9 ass]t+ t :at is individual immorality is g5]al morality4 ,)\t hav+ rec\rse to /ati/ics1 or ! records ( our prisons1 we mu/ h&le a problem :i* may be enunciat$ 9 ^! t]ms3-- ,is man degrad$ by ex]cis+ m p[] ov] nature--by con/ra9+ nature to s]ve him--by obta9+ additional leisure--by free+ himself f ! m imp]i\s & press+ wants ( 8 organization--by be+ enabl$ to r\se f sleep & inactivity 8 intellectual & moral faculties1--faculties :i* assur$ly h n be5 giv5 him to rema9 9 et]nal le?>gy8 ,is man degrad$ by be+ remov$ f a /ate ! mo/ inorganic1 s to speak1 & rais$ to a /ate ( ! highe/ spiritualism :i* x is possible = him to rea*8 ,to enunciate ! problem 9 ?is =m is to resolve x4 ,i will+ly grant1 t :5 weal? is acquir$ by means :i* are immoral1 x has an immoral influ5ce1 z among ! ,romans4 ,i also all[ t :5 x is develop$ 9 a v unequal mann]1 creat+ a great gulf betwe5 classes1 x has an immoral influ5ce1 & gives rise to revolution>y passions4 ,b does ! same ?+ hold :5 weal? is ! fruit ( hone/ indu/ry & free transactions1 & is uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] all classes8 ,t w\ld be a doctr9e :i* x is impossible to ma9ta94 ,sociali/ works1 nev]!less1 are cramm$ ) declamations aga9/ ! ri*4 ,i really _c compreh5d h[ ^! s*ools1 s opposite 9 o!r respects1 b s unanim\s 9 ?is1 %\ld n p]ceive ! contradiction into :i* !y fall4 ,on ! "o h&1 weal?1 accord+ to ! lead]s ( ^! s*ools1 has a delet]i\s & demoraliz+ action1 :i* debases ! s\l1 h>d5s ! he>t1 & leaves beh9d only a ta/e = deprav$ enjoym5ts4 ,! ri* h all mann] ( vices4 ,! poor h all mann] ( virtues--!y are j1 s5sible1 dis9t]e/$1 g5]\s1--su* is ! fav\rite !me ( ^! au?ors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! ef=ts ( ! ,sociali/s' imag9ation1 all ! sy/ems !y inv5t1 all ! laws !y wi% to impose ^u u1 t5d1 if we are to believe !m1 to conv]t pov]ty into ri*es4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,morality ( weal? prov$ by ?is maxim2 ! pr(it ( "o is ! pr(it ( ano!r4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 p#aif ,,vii4 ,,capital4 ,! economic laws w be f\nd to act on ! same pr9ciple1 :e!r we take ! case ( a num]\s agglom]ation ( m5 or ( only two individuals1 or ev5 ( a s+le individual condemn$ by circum/ances to live 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,su* an individual1 if he c\ld exi/ = "s "t 9 an isolat$ /ate1 w\ld be at once capitali/1 employ]1 workman1 produc]1 & consum]4 ,! :ole economic evolution w\ld be accompli%$ 9 him4 ,obs]v+ ea* ( ! elem5ts ( :i* t evolution is made up--want1 ef=t1 satisfaction--gratuit\s utility1 & on]\s utility--he w\ld be enabl$ to =m an idea ( ! entire me*anism1 ev5 :5 ?us r$uc$ to its greate/ simplicity4 ,"o ?+ is obvi\s en\gh1 t he c\ld nev] conf\nd :at 0 gratuit\s ) :at exact$ ef=ts2 = t w\ld imply a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,he w\ld "k at once :5 a mat]ial or a =ce 0 furni%$ to him by nature )\t ! co-op]ation ( 8 lab\r1 ev5 :5 8 own lab\r 0 assi/$ by natural ag5ts1 & ?us r5d]$ m productive4 ,an isolat$ individual w\ld nev] ?9k ( apply+ 8 own lab\r to ! production ( a commodity z long z he c\ld procure x directly f nature4 ,he w\ld n travel a league to fet* wat] if he _h a well at 8 door4 ,= ! same reason1 :5ev] 8 own lab\r 0 call$ into requisition1 he w\ld endeav\r to sub/itute = x1 z mu* z he possibly c\ld1 ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts4 ,if he con/ruct$ a canoe1 he w\ld make x ( ! lighte/ mat]ials1 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! specific gravity ( wat]4 ,he w\ld furni% x ) a sail1 t ! w9d might save him ! tr\ble ( r[+1 etc4 p#aig ,9 ord] to obta9 9 ?is way ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5t1 tools & in/rum5ts w\ld be want$4 ,& "h ! isolat$ individual w\ld beg9 to calculate4 ,he w\ld ask himself ?is "q3 ,at pres5t ,i obta9 a satisfaction at ! exp5se ( a giv5 ef=t3 :5 ,i am 9 possession ( ! prop] tool or in/rum5t1 %all ,i obta9 ! same satisfaction ) less ef=t1 tak+ into acc\nt ! lab\r requir$ = ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t itself8 ,no "o w ?r[ away 8 lab\r = ! m]e pleasure ( ?r[+ x away4 ,our suppos$ ,rob9son ,crusoe1 !n1 w be induc$ to set ab\t con/ruct+ ! in/rum5t only if he sees cle>ly t1 :5 complet$1 he w obta9 an equal satisfaction at a small] exp5se ( ef=t1 or a great] am\nt ( satisfaction ) ! same ef=t4 ,"o circum/ance w =m a great elem5t 9 8 calculation--! numb] ( commodities 9 ! production ( :i* ?is in/rum5t w assi/ :ile x la/s4 ,he has a prim>y /&>d ( comp>ison--! pres5t lab\rs to :i* he is subject$ e "t he wi%es to procure ! satisfaction directly & )\t assi/ance4 ,he e/imates h[ mu* lab\r ! tool or in/rum5t w save him on ea* occasion2 b lab\r is requir$ to make ! tool1 & ?is lab\r he w 9 8 own m9d spread ov] all ! occasions on :i* su* an in/rum5t c be made available4 ,! great] ! numb] ( ^! occasions1 ! /rong] w be 8 motive = seek+ ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts4 ,x is "h--9 ?is spread+ ( an advance ov] an aggregate ( products--t we discov] ! pr9ciple & f\ndation ( ,int]e/4 ,:5 ,rob9 ,crusoe has once made up 8 m9d to con/ruct ! in/rum5t1 he p]ceives t 8 will+ness to make x1 & ! advantage x is to br+ him1 are n en\gh4 ,tools are necess>y to ! manufacture ( tools--iron mu/ be hamm]$ ) iron--& s y g on1 m\nt+ f difficulty to difficulty1 till y rea* ! fir/ difficulty ( all1 :i* appe>s to be insup]able4 ,?is %[s u ! extreme sl[ness ) :i* ,capital mu/ h be5 =m$ at ! beg9n+1 & :at an enorm\s am\nt ( human lab\r ea* satisfaction mu/ orig9ally h co/4 ,aga91 9 ord] to con/ruct ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 n only tools1 b mat]ials are want$4 ,if ^! mat]ials1 z = in/ance /ones1 are furni%$ gratuit\sly by nature1 we mu/ /ill comb9e !m1 :i* co/s lab\r4 ,b ! possession ( ^! mat]ials supposes1 9 almo/ e case1 ant]ior lab\r bo? long & complicat$1 z 9 ! manufacture ( wool1 flax1 iron1 lead1 etc4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,:il/ a man is ?us work+ = ! exclusive p#aih purpose ( facilitat+ 8 ult]ior lab\r1 he c d no?+ to supply 8 pres5t wants4 ,n[1 "h we enc\nt] an ord] ( ph5om5a 9 :i* !re c be no int]ruption4 ,ea* day ! lab\r] mu/ be f$1 clo!d1 & %elt]$4 ,rob9son w p]ceive1 !n1 t he c und]take no?+ = ! purpose ( procur+ ! co-op]ation ( natural =ces until he has previ\sly accumulat$ a /ock ( provisions4 ,he mu/ e day r$\ble 8 activity 9 ! *ase1 & /ore up a portion ( ! game he kills1 & subject himself to pres5t privations1 9 ord] t he may h at 8 disposal ! "t requisite = ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t he has project$4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 x is mo/ probable t all he w accompli% w be ! con/ruction ( an in/rum5t :i* is rude & imp]fect1 & n v well fitt$ = ! purpose he has 9 view4 ,aft]w>ds1 he w obta9 great] facilities4 ,reflection & exp]i5ce w tea* him to "w bett]2 & ! fir/ tool he makes w furni% him ) ! means ( fabricat+ o!rs1 & ( accumulat+ provisions ) great] promptitude4 ,tools1 mat]ials1 provisions--^!1 d\btless1 ,rob9son w d5om9ate 8 ,capital2 & he w readily discov] t ! m consid]able 8 capital becomes1 ! great] comm& w he obta9 ov] natural ag5ts--t ! m he makes su* ag5ts co-op]ate 9 8 lab\r1 ! m w he augm5t 8 satisfactions 9 proportion to 8 ef=ts4 ,let u n[ v>y ! hypo!sis1 & place ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( ! social ord]4 ,capital is /ill compos$ ( in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 mat]ials1 & provisions1 )\t :i* no ent]prise ( any magnitude c be und]tak51 ei!r 9 a /ate ( isolation1 or 9 a social /ate4 ,^? :o are possess$ ( capital h be5 put 9 possession ( x only by _! lab\r1 or by _! privations2 & !y w\ld n h und]gone t lab\r 7:i* has no connexion ) pres5t wants71 !y w\ld n h impos$ on !mselves ^? privations1 b ) ! view ( obta9+ ult]ior advantages--) ! view1 = example1 ( procur+ 9 l>g] measure ! future co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts4 ,on _! "p1 to give away ?is capital w\ld be to deprive !mselves ( ! special advantage !y h 9 view2 x w\ld be to transf] ?is advantage to o!rs2 x w\ld be to r5d] o!rs a s]vice4 ,we _c1 !n1 )\t ab&on+ ! mo/ simple pr9ciples ( reason & ju/ice1 fail to see t ! own]s ( capital h a p]fect "r to refuse to make ?is transf] unless 9 ex*ange = ano!r s]vice1 freely b>ga9$ = & volunt>ily agre$ to4 ,no man 9 ! _w1 ,i believe1 w dispute p#aii ! equity ( ! mutuality ( s]vices1 = mutuality ( s]vices is1 9 o!r words1 equity4 ,w x be said t ! transaction _c be free & volunt>y1 because ! man :o is 9 possession ( capital is 9 a position to lay d[n ! law to ! man :o has none8 ,b h[ is a b>ga9 to be made8 ,9 :at way are we to discov] ! equival5ce ( s]vices if x be n 9 ! case ( an ex*ange volunt>ily effect$ on bo? sides8 ,d y n p]ceive1 moreov]1 t ! man :o borr[s capital1 be+ free ei!r to borr[ x or n1 w refuse to d s unless he sees x to be = 8 advantage1 & t ! loan _c make 8 situation worse8 ,! "q he asks himself is evid5tly ?is3 ,w ! employm5t ( ?is capital af=d me advantages :i* are m ?an suffici5t to make up = ! conditions :i* are dem&$ ( me8 ,or ?is3 ,is ! ef=t :i* ,i am n[ oblig$ to make1 9 ord] to obta9 a giv5 satisfaction1 great] or less ?an ! sum ( ! ef=ts :i* ! loan w entail ^u me--fir/ ( all1 9 r5d]+ ! s]vices :i* are dem&$ ( me by ! l5d]1 & aft]w>ds 9 procur+ ! special satisfaction ,i h 9 view ) ! aid ( ! capital borr[$8 ,if1 tak+ all ?+s into acc\nt1 !re be no advantage to be got1 he w n borr[1 he w rema9 z he is1 & :at injury is done him8 ,he may be mi/ak51 y w say4 ,und\bt$ly he may4 ,"o may be mi/ak5 9 all imag9able transactions4 ,are we !n to ab&on our lib]ty8 ,if y g t l5g?1 tell u :at we are to sub/itute = free w & free cons5t4 ,con/ra9t8 = if we give up lib]ty1 :at rema9s b con/ra9t8 ,no1 y say--! judgm5t ( a ?ird p>ty4 ,grant$1 on ^! conditions3 ,fir/1 t ! decision ( ?is ?ird p>ty1 :atev] "n y give him1 %all n be put 9 =ce by con/ra9t4 ,secondly1 t he be infallible1 = to sub/itute "o fallible man = ano!r w\ld be to no purpose2 & ! p>ties ^: judgm5t ,i %\ld lea/ di/ru/ 9 su* a matt] are ! p>ties :o are int]e/$ 9 ! result4 ,! ?ird & la/ condition is1 t ?is arbitrator %all n be paid = 8 s]vices2 = x w\ld be a s+ul> way ( manife/+ 8 sympa?y = ! borr[]1 fir/ ( all to take away f him 8 lib]ty1 & !n to lay on 8 %\ld]s an additional burd5 z ! recomp5se ( ?is philan?ropical s]vice4 ,b let u leave ! "q ( "r1 & return to ,political ,economy4 ,a ,capital :i* is compos$ ( mat]ials1 provisions1 & in/rum5ts1 pres5ts two aspects--,utility & ,value4 ,i mu/ h fail$ 9 my exposition ( ! !ory ( value1 if ! read] does n und]/& t ! man :o transf]s capital is paid only = its value1 t is to say1 = ! s]vice r5d]$ 9 p#bjj creat+ t capital2 9 o!r words1 = ! pa9s tak5 by ! cdant comb9$ ) ! pa9s sav$ to ! recipi5t4 ,capital consi/s ( commodities or products4 ,x assumes ! "n ( capital only by reason ( its ult]ior de/9ation4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t capital1 z su*1 is a ?+ hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,a sack ( corn is /ill a sack ( corn1 al?\gh "o man sells x = rev5ue1 & ano!r buys x = capital4 ,ex*ange takes place on ! inv>iable pr9ciple ( value = value1 s]vice = s]vice2 & ! portion ( gratuit\s utility :i* ent]s into ! commodity is s mu* into ! b>ga94 ,at ! same "t1 ! portion :i* is gratuit\s has no value1 & value is ! only ?+ reg>d$ 9 b>ga9s4 ,9 ?is respect1 transactions :i* h ref]5ce to capital are 9 no respect diff]5t f o!rs4 ,?is consid]ation op5s up "s admirable views ) ref]5ce to ! social ord]1 b :i* ,i _c d m ?an indicate "h4 ,man1 9 a /ate ( isolation1 is possess$ ( capital only :5 he has br\ght toge!r mat]ials1 provisions1 & tools4 ,! same ?+ does n hold true ( man 9 ! social /ate4 ,x is en\gh = ! latt] to h r5d]$ s]vices1 & to h ?us ! p[] ( draw+ ^u society1 by means ( ! me*anism ( ex*ange1 = equival5t s]vices4 ,i mean by ! me*anism ( ex*ange1 money1 bills1 bank-notes1 & ev5 bank]s !mselves4 ,:oev] has r5d]$ a s]vice1 & has n yet receiv$ ! correspond+ satisfaction1 is ! be>] ( a w>rant1 ei!r possess$ ( value1 z money1 or fiduci>y1 l bank-notes1 :i* w>rant gives him ! p[] ( receiv+ back f society1 :5 he w1 :]e he w1 & 9 :at =m he w1 an equival5t s]vice4 ,?is impairs nei!r 9 pr9ciple1 nor 9 effect1 nor 9 an equitable po9t ( view1 ! great law :i* ,i seek to elucidate1 t s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices4 ,x is /ill ! embryo b>t]1 :i* has be5 develop$1 enl>g$1 & r5d]$ m complex1 b )\t los+ its id5tity4 ,! be>] ( su* a w>rant z ,i h j describ$ may !n dem& back f society1 at pleasure1 ei!r an imm$iate satisfaction1 or an object :i*1 9 ano!r aspect1 may be reg>d$ z capital4 ,! p]son :o l5ds or transf]s has no?+ to d ) t4 ,he satisfies himself z to ! equival5ce ( ! s]vices--t is all4 ,aga91 he may transf] ?is w>rant to ano!r1 to use x z he pleases1 "u ! d\ble condition ( re/itution1 & ( a s]vice1 at a fix$ date4 ,if we g to ! bottom ( ! matt]1 we %all f9d t 9 ?is case ! p]son :o l5ds or transf]s capital p#bja deprives himself1 9 fav\r ( ! cession>y or recipi5t1 ei!r ( an imm$iate satisfaction1 :i* he def]s = "s ye>s1 or ( an in/rum5t ( lab\r :i* w\ld h increas$ 8 p[] ( production1 procur$ him ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts1 & augm5t$1 to 8 pr(it1 ! proportion ( satisfactions to ef=ts4 ,he /rips himself ( ^! advantages1 9 ord] to inve/ ano!r ) !m4 ,?is is und\bt$ly to r5d] a s]vice1 & 9 equity ?is s]vice is entitl$ to a return4 ,m]e re/itution at ! ye>'s end _c be consid]$ z ! remun]ation ( ?is special s]vice4 ,obs]ve t ! transaction "h is n a sale1 :]e ! deliv]y ( ! ?+ sold is imm$iate1 & ! return or remun]ation is imm$iate also4 ,:at we h to d ) "h is delay4 ,& ?is delay is 9 itself a special s]vice1 see+ t x imposes a sacrifice on ! p]son :o accords x1 & conf]s an advantage on ! p]son :o asks = x4 ,!re mu/1 !n1 be remun]ation1 or we mu/ give up t supreme law ( society1 s]vice = s]vice4 ,?is remun]ation is v>i\sly d5om9at$1 accord+ to circum/ances--hire1 r5t1 ye>ly income--b its g5]ic "n is ,int]e/4#ea ,e s]vice !n is1 or may become1 a ,capital1 an admirable ph5om5on due to ! me*anism ( ex*ange4 ,if workm5 are to comm5ce ! con/ruction ( a railway t5 ye>s h5ce1 we c\ld n at ! pres5t mom5t /ore up 9 k9d ! corn :i* is to fe$ !m1 ! /uff :i* is to clo! !m1 & ! b>r[s & implem5ts ( :i* !y w h ne$ dur+ t protract$ op]ation4 ,b we c save up & transmit to !m ! value ( ^! ?+s4 ,= ?is purpose x is en\gh t we r5d] pres5t s]vices to society1 & obta9 = ^! s]vices ! w>rants1 9 money or cr$its ( :i* ,i h spok51 :i* c be conv]t$ into corn or clo? t5 ye>s h5ce4 ,x is n ev5 necess>y t we %\ld leave ^! w>rants dormant & unproductive 9 ! int]val4 ,!re are m]*ants1 bank]s1 & o!rs 9 society :o1 = ! use ( our s]vices or _! results1 r5d] u ! s]vice ( impos+ ^u !mselves ^! privations 9 our place4 ,& x is /ill m rem>kable t we c effect an inv]se op]ation1 h[ev] impossible at fir/ sight ?is may appe>4 ,we c conv]t into in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 into railways1 into h\ses1 a capital :i* z yet has no exi/5ce--?us mak+ available at once s]vices :i* w n be actually r5d]$ till ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,!re are bank]s :o are ready to make pres5t advances on ! fai? t workm5 & railway travell]s ( ! p#bjb ?ird & f\r? g5]ation w provide = _! paym5t1 & ^! drafts ^u ! future are transmitt$ f h& to h&1 )\t rema9+ = a mom5t unproductive4 ,i confess ,i d n believe t ! num]\s inv5tors ( artificial societies ev] imag9$ any?+ at once s simple & s complex1 s +5i\s & s equitable1 z ?is4 ,!y w\ld at once ab&on _! insipid & /upid utopias if !y b knew ! f9e h>monies ( ! social me*anism :i* has be5 in/itut$ by ,god4 ,x 0 a k+ ( ,aragon :o be?\ght him :at advice he %\ld h giv5 to ,provid5ce on ! con/ruction ( ! cele/ial me*anism1 _h he be5 call$ to ! c\nsels ( ,omnisci5ce4 ,newton nev] conceiv$ s impi\s a ?\ght4 ,we ?us see t all transmissions ( s]vices f "o po9t ( "t or ( space to ano!r repose ^u ?is datum1 t to accord delay is to r5d] s]vice2 9 o!r words1 !y repose on ! legitimacy ( ,int]e/4 ,! man :o1 9 our days1 has wi%$ to suppress int]e/1 does n see t he w\ld br+ back ex*ange to its embryo =m1--b>t]1 pres5t b>t]1--)\t ref]5ce ei!r to ! future or ! pa/4 ,he does n see t1 imag9+ himself ! mo/ advanc$1 he is 9 reality ! mo/ retrograde ( m51 s9ce he w\ld recon/ruct society on its mo/ primitive model4 ,he desires1 he says1 mutuality ( s]vices4 ,b he beg9s by tak+ away ! "* ( s]vices exactly f t k9d ( s]vices :i* unite1 tie toge!r1 & solid>ize all places & all times4 ,9 spite ( ! practical audacity ( 8 sociali/ aphorisms1 he has paid an involunt>y homage to ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,he has b "o re=m1 :i* is negative4 ,x consi/s 9 suppress+ 9 society ! mo/ p[]ful & m>vell\s "p ( its ma*9]y4 ,i h expla9$ 9 ano!r place ! legitimacy & p]petuity ( ,int]e/4 ,i %all cont5t myself at pres5t ) rem9d+ ! read]-- #a/1 ,t ! legitimacy ( int]e/ re/s ^u ! fact t he :o accords delay r5d]s s]vice4 ,int]e/1 !n1 is legitimate 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( s]vice = s]vice4 #b;d1 ,t ! p]petuity ( int]e/ reposes on ?is o!r fact1 t he :o borr[s mu/ pay back all t he has borr[$ at a fix$ date4 ,:5 ! ?+ l5t1 or its value1 is re/or$ to its own]1 he c l5d x anew4 ,:5 return$ to him a second "t1 he c l5d x a ?ird "t1 & s on to p]petuity4 ,:i* ( ! successive & volunt>y borr[]s c f9d fault ) ?is8 ,b s9ce ! legitimacy ( int]e/ has be5 conte/$ s p#bjc s]i\sly 9 our day z to put capital to flight1 or =ce x to conceal itself1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to %[ h[ utt]ly fooli% & ins5sate ?is controv]sy is4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 let me ask1 w\ld x n be absurd & unju/ ei!r t no remun]ation %\ld be giv5 = ! use ( capital1 or t t remun]ation %\ld be ! same1 :e!r ! loan 7 grant$ & obta9$ at "o ye>'s1 or two ye>s'1 or t5 ye>s' date4 ,if1 unhappily1 "u ?is doctr9e ( pret5d$ equality1 su* a law %\ld f9d a place 9 our code1 an entire category ( human transactions w\ld be suppress$ on ! in/ant4 ,we %\ld /ill h b>t]1 & sales = ready money1 b we c\ld no long] h sales on cr$it1 nor loans4 ,! advocates ( equality w\ld relieve borr[]s f ! burd5 ( pay+ int]e/2 b !y w\ld1 at ! same "t1 balk !m ( _! loans4 ,at ! same rate1 we might relieve m5 f ! inconv5i5t necessity ( pay+ = :at !y buy4 ,we %\ld only h to prohibit !m f pur*as+2 or1 :at w\ld come to ! same ?+1 decl>e prices illegal4 ,!re is levell+ en\gh1 9 all consci5ce1 9 ?is pret5d$ pr9ciple ( equality4 ,fir/ ( all1 x w\ld put a /op to ! creation ( capital2 = :o w\ld desire to save :5 he c\ld reap no advantage f sav+8 ,!n x w\ld r$uce wages to z]o1 = :]e !re is no capital 7in/rum5ts1 mat]ials1 & provisions71 !re c be nei!r future "w nor wages4 ,we %\ld v soon arrive at ! mo/ p]fect ( all equalities1 ! equality ( no?+ness4 ,b is !re any man s bl9d z n to see t delay is 9 itself a circum/ance :i* is on]\s1 &1 consequ5tly1 entitl$ to remun]ation8 ,ap>t1 ev51 f ! consid]ation ( loans1 w\ld n e "o endeav\r to abridge delays8 ,x is ! object ( our p]petual solicitude4 ,e employ] ( workm5 lays great /ress on ! "t :i* mu/ elapse be=e 8 returns come 94 ,he sells de>] or *eap] accord+ z 8 returns are m or less di/ant4 ,7 he indiff]5t on t subject1 he mu/ =get t capital is p[]2 = if he is alive to t consid]ation1 he mu/ naturally desire t x %\ld p]=m its "w 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 s z to enable him ! (t5] to engage x 9 a new op]ation4 ,!y are b %ort-sight$ ,economi/s :o ?9k t we pay int]e/ = capital only :5 we borr[ x4 ,! g5]al rule is1 t he :o reaps ! satisfaction %\ld be> all ! *>ges ( production1 delay includ$1 :e!r he r5d]s ! s]vice to himself1 or has x r5d]$ to him by ano!r4 ,a man 9 a /ate ( p#bjd isolation1 :o has no b>ga9s or transactions ) any "o1 w\ld consid] x an on]\s circum/ance to be depriv$ ( ! use ( 8 weapons = a ye>4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld an analog\s circum/ance n be consid]$ z on]\s 9 society8 ,b if a man submits to x volunt>ily = ! sake ( ano!r :o agrees volunt>ily to remun]ate x1 :at %\ld r5d] t remun]ation illegitimate8 ,no?+ w\ld be transact$ 9 ! _w2 no ent]prise requir+ advances w\ld be und]tak52 we %\ld nei!r plant1 nor s[1 nor lab\r1 7 n delay consid]$ z 9 itself an on]\s circum/ance1 & treat$ & paid = z su*4 ,univ]sal cons5t is s unanim\s on ?is po9t1 t no ex*ange takes place b on ?is pr9ciple4 ,delays1 h9drances1 ent] into ! appreciation ( s]vices1 &1 consequ5tly1 into ! con/itution ( value4 ,?us1 9 _! crusade aga9/ int]e/1 ! advocates ( equality n only trample "u foot ! mo/ obvi\s notions ( equity--!y ignore n only _! own pr9ciple ( s]vice = s]vice1 b also ! au?ority ( mank9d & univ]sal practice4 ,h[ c !y1 9 ! face ( day1 exhibit ! ov]we5+ pride :i* su* a pret5sion supposes8 ,is x n1 inde$1 a v /range & a v sad ?+1 t ^! sect>ies %\ld adopt n only tacitly1 b (t5 9 s _m words1 ! motto1 t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 all m5 h be5 mi/ak5 except !mselves8 ,omnes1 ego non4 ,p>don me = ?us insi/+ on ! legitimacy ( int]e/1 :i* is f\nd$ on ?is pr9ciple1 t1 s9ce delay is co/ly1 x mu/ be paid =--to co/ & to pay be+ correlative t]ms4 ,! fault lies 9 ! _s ( our age4 ,x is q necess>y to def5d vital tru?s1 admitt$ g5]ally by mank9d1 b attack$ & br\ght into "q by a few fanatical innovators4 ,= a writ] :o aspires to demon/rate ! h>mony ( ph5om5a 9 ! aggregate1 x is a pa9ful ?+1 y may believe1 to be con/antly /opp$ by ! necessity ( elucidat+ ! mo/ elem5t>y notions4 ,w\ld ,laplace h be5 able to expla9 ! planet>y sy/em 9 all its simplicity1 if1 among 8 read]s1 !re _h n exi/$ c]ta9 common & receiv$ ideas1--if x _h be5 necess>y = him1 9 ord] to prove t ! e>? turns ^u its axis1 to beg9 by tea*+ num]ation8 ,su* is ! h>d fate ( ! ,economi/ ( our day4 ,if he neglects ! rudim5ts1 he is n und]/ood--if he expla9s !m1 ! beauty & simplicity ( 8 sy/em is lo/ sight ( 9 ! multiplicity ( details4 ,x is a happy ?+ = mank9d t ,int]e/ c be %[n to be legitimate4 ,we %\ld o!rwise be plac$ 9 a mis]able p#bje dilemma--we mu/ ei!r p]i% by rema9+ j1 or make progress by means ( inju/ice4 ,e bran* ( indu/ry is an aggregate ( ,ef=ts4 ,b1 z reg>ds ef=ts1 !re is an important di/9ction to be made4 ,"s ef=ts are connect$ ) s]vices :i* we are pres5tly engag$ 9 r5d]+2 o!rs ) an indef9ite s]ies ( analog\s s]vices4 ,let me expla9 myself4 ,! day's "w ( ! wat]-c>ri] mu/ be paid = by ^? :o pr(it by 8 lab\r4 ,b 8 ant]ior lab\r 9 mak+ 8 b>r[ & 8 wat]-cask mu/1 z reg>ds remun]ation1 be spread ov] an indet]m9ate numb] ( consum]s4 ,9 ! same way1 pl\gh+1 s[+1 h>r[+1 we$+1 cutt+ d[n1 ?ra%+1 apply only to ! pres5t h>ve/2 b cle>+1 enclos+1 dra9+1 build+1 improv+1 apply to & facilitate an indef9ite numb] ( future h>ve/s4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al law ( s]vice = s]vice1 ^? :o receive ! ultimate satisfaction mu/ recomp5se ! ef=ts :i* h be5 made = !m4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ class ( ef=ts1 !re is no difficulty4 ,!y are b>ga9$ = & e/imat$ by ! man :o makes !m1 & ! man :o pr(its by !m4 ,b h[ are ^? ( ! second class to be e/imat$8 ,h[ is a j proportion ( ! p]man5t advances1 ! g5]al co/s1 & :at ! ,economi/s t]m fix$ capital1 to be spread ov] ! :ole s]ies ( satisfactions :i* !y are de/9$ to realize8 ,by :at process c we di/ribute ! burd5 among ^? to :om ! wat] is furni%$ d[n to ! "t :5 ! b>r[ %all be worn out1 & among all ! consum]s ( corn until ! p]iod :5 ! field w produce no m8 ,i "k n h[ !y w\ld resolve ?is problem 9 ,ic>ie1 or at ! ,phalan/re4#eb ,b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! g5tlem5 :o manufacture artificial societies1 & :o are s f]tile 9 arrangem5ts & exp$i5ts1 & s prompt to compel _! adoption by ,law 7or con/ra9t71 c\ld imag9e no solution m +5i\s ?an ! v natural process :i* m5 h adopt$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & :i* x is n[ s\ght to prohibit !m f foll[+4 ,"h is ! process--x fl[s f ! law ( ,int]e/4 ,suppose a ?\s& francs to be laid out on agricultural improvem5ts1 ! rate ( int]e/ to be five p] c5t41 & ! av]age return fifty hectolitres ( corn4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 ea* hectolitre w\ld be burd5$ ) "o franc4 p#bjf ,?is franc is obvi\sly ! legitimate recomp5se ( an actual s]vice1 r5d]$ by ! proprietor 7:om we might t]m a lab\r]71 z well to ! p]son :o %all acquire a hectolitre ( corn t5 ye>s h5ce z to ! man :o buys x to-day4 ,! law ( /rict ju/ice1 !n1 is obs]v$ "h4 ,b if ! agricultural improvem5t1 or ! b>r[ & ! wat]-b>rel1 h only a limit$ duration1 :i* we c appreciate approximately1 a s9k+ fund mu/ be add$ to ! int]e/1 9 ord] t1 :5 ^! portions ( capital are worn out1 ! proprietor may be enabl$ to r5ew !m4 ,/ill x is ! law ( ju/ice :i* gov]ns ! transaction4 ,we mu/ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! franc ) :i* ea* hectolitre is burd5$ z int]e/ is an inv>iable quantity4 ,x repres5ts a value1 & is subject to ! law ( values4 ,x rises or falls ) ! v>iation ( supply & dem&1--t is to say1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! times & ! int]e/s ( society4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght t ?is species ( remun]ation has a t5d5cy to rise1 if n 9 ! case ( manufactur+1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( agricultural improvem5ts4 ,suppos+ ?is r5t to h be5 equitable at ! beg9n+1 x has a t5d5cy1 x is said1 to deg5]ate into abuse2 because ! proprietor1 sitt+ ) 8 h&s across1 sees x increase ye> aft] ye>1 solely 9 consequ5ce ( ! increase ( population & ! enl>g$ dem& = corn4 ,i all[ t ?is t5d5cy exi/s1 b x is n peculi> to ! r5t ( l&1--x is common to all dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry4 ,9 all1 value increases ) ! d5sity ( population1 & ev5 ! common day-lab\r] e>ns m 9 ,p>is ?an he c\ld 9 ,brittany4 ,& !n1 z reg>ds ! r5t ( l&1 ! t5d5cy to :i* we h ref]r$ is p[]fully c\nt]balanc$ by ano!r t5d5cy--t ( progress4 ,an amelioration1 realiz$ at ! pres5t day by improv$ processes1 effect$ ) less manual lab\r1 & at a "t :5 ! rate ( int]e/ has fall51 saves our pay+ too de>ly = improvem5ts effect$ 9 =m] times4 ,! fix$ capital ( ! l&$ proprietor1 l t ( ! manufactur]1 is det]iorat$ 9 ! long-run by ! inv5tion ( in/rum5ts ( equal value & great] effici5cy4 ,?is is a magnific5t ,law1 :i* ov]turns ! melan*oly !ory ( ,ric>do2 & x w be expla9$ m 9 detail :5 we come to ! subject ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,obs]ve1 t ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( ! s]vices :i* =m ! remun]ation ( p]man5t improvem5ts c be resolv$ only by a ref]5ce to ! law ( int]e/4 ,! capital p#bjg itself _c be spread ov] a succession ( pur*as]s1 = ?is is r5d]$ impossible by _! indet]m9ate numb]4 ,! fir/ w\ld pay = ! la/1 :i* w\ld be unju/4 ,besides1 a "t w\ld arrive :5 ! proprietor w\ld become possess$ bo? ( ! capital laid out 9 ! improvem5t1 & ( ! improvem5t itself1 :i* w\ld be equally unfair4 ,let u ackn[l$ge1 !n1 t ! natural me*anism ( society is too +5i\s to require ! sub/itution ( artificial contrivances4 ,i h pres5t$ ! ph5om5on 9 its simple/ =m1 9 ord] to r5d] x intelligible2 b1 9 practice1 ?+s d n take place q z ,i h describ$ !m4 ,! proprietor does n regulate ! di/ribution himself1 or det]m9e t ea* hectolitre %all be *>g$ ) "o franc1 m or less1 z 9 ! hypo!tical case :i* ,i h put4 ,he f9ds an e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s1 z well ) ref]5ce to ! av]age price ( corn z to ! rate ( int]e/4 ,^u ^! data he decides h[ he %all inve/ 8 capital4 ,he w devote x to agricultural improvem5ts1 if he f9ds t ! av]age price ( corn w return him ! ord9>y rate ( int]e/4 ,if n1 he w devote 8 capital to a m lucrative bran* ( indu/ry--a bran* ( indu/ry :i*1 j because x is m lucrative1 pres5ts1 happily = society1 great] attractions = capital4 ,?is movem5t ( capital f "o dep>tm5t to ano!r1 :i* is :at actually takes place1 t5ds to ! same result1 & pres5ts u ) ano!r ,h>mony4 ,! read] w und]/& t ,i conf9e myself to a special in/ance only = ! sake ( elucidat+ a g5]al law1 :i* applies to all trades & pr(essions4 ,a lawy]1 = example1 _c expect1 f ! fir/ suit ( :i* he happ5s to h *>ge1 to be reimburs$ ! exp5se ( 8 education1 ( 8 c\rse ( probation1 ( 8 e/abli%m5t 9 bus9ess1 :i* we may suppose to am\nt to #bj1jjj francs4 ,n only w\ld ?is be unju/--x w\ld be impracticable2 = 7 he to make su* a /ipulation1 8 fir/ brief w\ld nev] make its appe>ance1 & our ,cujacius w\ld be oblig$ to imitate ! g5tleman :o1 on tak+ up h\se1 c\ld get nobody to come to 8 fir/ ball1 & decl>$ t next ye> he w\ld beg9 ) 8 second4 ,! same ?+ holds ) ! m]*ant1 ! physician1 ! %ip[n]1 ! arti/4 ,9 e c>e] we enc\nt] ^! two classes ( ef=ts--! second imp]atively requires to be spread ov] an indet]m9ate numb] ( consum]s1 employ]s1 or cu/om]s1 & x is impossible to imag9e su* a di/ribution )\t ref]5ce to ! me*anism ( int]e/4 p#bjh ,great ef=ts h be5 made ( late to remove ! hatr$ :i* exi/s 9 ! popul> m9d aga9/ capital1--infam\s1 inf]nal capital1 z x is call$4 ,x has be5 exhibit$ to ! masses z a voraci\s & insatiable mon/]1 m de/ructive ?an *ol]a1 m frightful ?an revolution1 ex]cis+ on ! body politic ! action ( a vampire1 ^: p[] ( suction goes on increas+ indef9itely4 ,vires acquirit eundo4 ,! tongue ( ?is blood-suck] is call$ usury1 rev5ue1 hire1 r5t1 int]e/4 ,a writ]1 :o might h acquir$ reputation by 8 great p[]s1 & :o has pref]r$ to ga9 notoriety by 8 p>adoxes1 has be5 pleas$ to scatt] ^! p>adoxes among a p already 9 ! delirium ( a revolution>y fev]4 ,i1 too1 h an app>5t p>adox to submit to ! read]2 & ,i beg him to exam9e x1 & see :e!r x be n 9 reality a great & consol+ tru?4 ,b1 fir/1 ,i mu/ say a ^w z to ! mann] 9 :i* ,m4 ,pr\dhon & 8 s*ool expla9 :at !y t]m ! illegitimacy ( int]e/4 ,capital is an in/rum5t ( lab\r4 ,! use ( in/rum5ts ( lab\r is to procure u ! co-op]ation ( ! gratuit\s =ces ( nature4 ,by ! /eam-eng9e we avail ourselves ( ! ela/icity ( air2 by ! wat*-spr+1 ( ! ela/icity ( /eel2 by weights or wat]falls1 ( gravitation2 by ! voltaic pile1 ( ! rapidity ( ! electric sp>k2 by ! sun's rays1 ( ! *emical & physical comb9ations :i* we call vegetation1 etc41 etc4 ,n[1 by conf\nd+ ,utility ) ,value1 we suppose t ^! natural ag5ts possess a value :i* is inh]5t 9 !m2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ^? :o appropriate !m are paid = _! use1 inasmu* z value implies paym5t4 ,we imag9e t products are burd5$ ) "o item = ! s]vices ( man1 :i* we admit to be j2 & ) ano!r item = ! s]vices ( nature1 :i* we reject z iniquit\s4 ,:y1 x is ask$1 %\ld we pay = gravitation1 electricity1 vegetable life1 ela/icity1 & s =?8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is to be f\nd 9 ! !ory ( value4 ,^? ,sociali/s :o take ! "n ( galitaires conf\nd ! legitimate value ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* is ! (fspr+ ( human lab\r1 ) its useful result1 :i*1 "u d$uction ( t legitimate value1 or ( ! int]e/ :i* repres5ts x1 is always gratuit\s4 ,:5 ,i remun]ate an agricultural lab\r]1 a mill]1 a railway company1 ,i give no?+1 absolutely no?+1 = ! ph5om5a ( vegetation1 gravitation1 or ! ela/icity ( /eam4 ,i pay = ! human lab\r requir$ = mak+ ! in/rum5ts by means ( :i* ^! =ces are con/ra9$ to act2 or1 :at suits my purpose bett]1 ,i pay int]e/ = t lab\r4 ,i r5d] p#bji s]vice = s]vice1 by means ( :i* ! useful action ( ^! =ces is turn$ gratuit\sly to my pr(it4 ,x is ! same ?+ z 9 ! case ( ,ex*ange1 or simple b>t]4 ,! pres5ce ( capital does n at all modify ?is law1 = capital is no?+ else ?an an accumulation ( values1 ( s]vices1 to :i* is committ$ ! special duty ( procur+ ! co-op]ation ( nature4 ,& n[ = my p>adox4 ,( all ! elem5ts ( :i* ! total value ( any product is made up1 ! "p :i* we %\ld pay = mo/ *e]fully is t elem5t :i* we t]m ! int]e/ ( ! advances1 or capital4 ,& :y8 ,because t elem5t enables u1 by pay+ = "o1 to save two4 ,because1 by its v pres5ce1 x %[s cle>ly t natural =ces h concurr$ 9 ! f9al result1 )\t our hav+ _h to pay = _! co-op]ation2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ! same g5]al utility is plac$ at our disposal1 :ile at ! same "t a c]ta9 portion ( gratuit\s utility has1 happily = u1 be5 sub/itut$ = on]\s utility2 &1 9 %ort1 ! price ( ! product has be5 r$uc$4 ,we acquire x ) a less proportion ( our own lab\r1 &1 :at happ5s to society at l>ge1 is j :at w\ld happ5 to an isolat$ individual :o %\ld succe$ 9 realiz+ an +5i\s inv5tion4 ,suppose ! case ( a common artisan1 :o e>ns f\r francs a-day4 ,) two francs1--t is to say1 ) half-a-day's lab\r1 he pur*ases a pair ( cotton /ock+s4 ,7 he to try to procure ^! /ock+s by 8 own direct lab\r1 ,i s9c]ely believe t 8 :ole life w\ld n suffice = ! "w4 ,h[1 !n1 does x happ5 t 8 half-day's "w pays = all ! human s]vices :i* h be5 r5d]$ to him on ?is occasion8 ,accord+ to ! law ( s]vice = s]vice1 :y is he n =c$ to give sev]al ye>s' lab\r8 ,= ?is reason1 t ! /ock+s are ! result ( human s]vices1 ( :i* natural ag5ts1 by ! int]v5tion ( ,capital1 h enorm\sly dim9i%$ ! proportion4 ,our artisan1 h[ev]1 pays n only = ! actual lab\r ( all ^? :o h concurr$ 9 ! "w1 b also ! int]e/ ( ! capital by means ( :i* ! co-op]ation ( nature 0 procur$2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t1 )\t ?is la/ remun]ation1 or 7 x held to be illegitimate1 capital w\ld n h be5 employ$ to secure ! assi/ance ( ! natural ag5ts4 ,!re w\ld h be5 9 ! product only on]\s utility2 = 9 t case ! commodity w\ld h be5 ! exclusive result ( human lab\r1 & our artisan w\ld h be5 br\ght back to ! po9t :5ce he />t$1--t is to say1 he w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! p#baj dilemma ( ei!r disp5s+ ) ! /ock+s1 or ( pay+ = !m ! price ( sev]al ye>s' lab\r4 ,if our artisan _h le>nt to analyze ph5om5a1 he w\ld soon get reconcil$ to ,capital1 on see+ h[ mu* he is indebt$ to x4 ,he w\ld be conv9c$1 above all1 t ! gratuit\s nature ( ! gifts ( ,god has be5 completely pres]v$1 & t ^! gifts h be5 lavi%$ on him ) a lib]ality :i* he owes n to 8 own m]it1 b to ! beautiful me*anism ( ! natural social ord]4 ,capital does n consi/ 9 ! vegetative =ce :i* has made cotton g]m9ate & fl[]1 b 9 ! pa9s tak5 by ! plant]4 ,capital is n ! w9d :i* fills ! sails ( ! %ip1 or ! magnetism :i* acts ^u ! ne$le1 b ! pa9s tak5 by ! sailmak] & ! optician4 ,capital is n ! ela/icity ( /eam :i* turns ! sp9dles ( ! mill1 b ! pa9s tak5 by ! ma*9e-mak]4 ,vegetation1 ! p[] ( ! w9ds1 magnetism1 ela/icity1--all ^! are purely gratuit\s2 & h5ce ! /ock+s h s little value4 ,z reg>ds ! pa9s tak5 by ! plant]1 ! sailmak]1 ! optician1 ! %ipbuild]1 ! sailor1 ! manufactur]1 ! m]*ant1 !y are spread--or1 r1 s f> z capital is conc]n$1 ! int]e/ ( t capital is spread--ov] innum]able pur*as]s ( /ock+s2 & ?is is ! reason :y ! portion ( lab\r giv5 by ea* ( ^! pur*as]s is s small4 ,mod]n re=m]s6 :5 ,i see y desir+ to replace ?is admirable natural ord] by an arrangem5t ( y\r own inv5tion1 !re are two ?+s 7al?\gh !y are 9 reality "o & ! same7 :i* conf\nd me1--namely1 y\r want ( fai? 9 ,provid5ce1 & y\r fai? 9 y\rselves--y\r ignorance1 & y\r presumption4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x foll[s f :at ,i h said t ! progress ( mank9d co9cides ) ! rapid creation ( ,capital2 = to say t new capital is =m$1 is j to say1 9 o!r words1 t ob/acles1 =m]ly on]\sly combat$ by lab\r1 are n[ gratuit\sly combat$ by nature2 & t1 be x obs]v$1 n = ! pr(it ( ! capitali/1 b = ! pr(it ( ! community4 ,?is be+ s1 ! p>am\nt int]e/ ( all 79 an economical po9t ( view1 & rightly und]/ood7 is to fav\r ! rapid creation ( capital4 ,b capital1 if ,i may say s1 increases ( its own accord "u ! triple influ5ce ( activity1 frugality1 & security4 ,we c sc>cely ex]cise any direct influ5ce on ! activity & frugality ( our neighb\rs1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( public op9ion1 by an intellig5t communication ( our antipa?ies & our sympa?ies4 ,b z reg>ds security we c d mu*1 =1 p#baa )\t security1 capital1 f> f be+ =m$ & accumulat$1 conceals itself1 takes flight1 & p]i%es2 & ?is %[s u h[ suicidal t popul> ard\r is :i* displays itself 9 di/urb+ ! public tranquillity4 ,let ! work+-classes be well assur$ t ! mission ( ,capital f ! beg9n+ has be5 to set m5 free f ! yoke ( ignorance1 ( want1 & ( despotism2 & t to fright5 away ,capital is to rivet a triple *a9 on ! en]gies ( ! human race4 ,! vires acquirit eundo may be appli$ ) rigor\s exactitude to capital1 & its b5efic5t influ5ce4 ,capital1 :5 =m$1 necess>ily leaves disposable bo? lab\r & ! remun]ation ( t lab\r4 ,x c>ries 9 itself1 !n1 a p[] ( progression4 ,!re is 9 x some?+ :i* resembles ! law ( velocities4 ,?is progression economical sci5ce has omitt$ hi!rto to oppose to ! o!r progression :i* ,mal?us has rem>k$4 ,x is a ,h>mony :i* we _c expla9 9 ?is place1 b mu/ res]ve = ! *apt] on ,population4 ,b ,i mu/ "h put ! read] on 8 gu>d aga9/ a speci\s objection4 ,if ! mission ( capital1 x may be said1 is to cause nature to execute "w :i* has be5 hi!rto execut$ by human lab\r1 :atev] good x may conf] ^u mank9d1 x mu/ d injury to ! work+-classes1 especially to ^? classes :o live by wages2 = ev]y?+ :i* ?r[s h&s out ( employm5t1 & r5d]s !m disposable1 r5d]s competition m int5se2 & ?is1 und\bt$ly1 is ! secret reason ( ! antipa?y ( ! work+-classes to m5 ( capital4 ,if ?is objection 7 well f\nd$1 we %\ld h a discordant note 9 ! social h>mony4 ,! illusion arises f los+ sight ( ?is1 t capital1 9 proportion z its action is ext5d$1 sets free & r5d]s disposable a c]ta9 am\nt ( human ef=ts1 only by sett+ free & r5d]+ disposable a correspond+ fund ( remun]ation1 s t ^! two elem5ts meet & comp5sate "o ano!r4 ,! lab\r is n p>alyz$4 ,replac$ 9 a special dep>tm5t ( indu/ry by gratuit\s =ces1 x sets to "w ^u o!r ob/acles 9 ! g5]al m>* ( progress1 & ) m c]ta9ty1 inasmu* z x f9ds its recomp5se prep>$ be=eh&4 ,recurr+ to our =m] illu/ration1 x is easy to see t ! price ( /ock+s 7l t ( books1 & all ?+s else7 is l[]$ by ! action ( capital1 only by leav+ 9 ! h&s ( ! pur*as] a "p ( ! =m] price4 ,?is is too cle> = illu/ration4 ,! workman :o n[ pays two francs = :at he paid six francs = =m]ly1 has f\r francs left at 8 disposal4 ,n[1 x is exactly p#bab 9 t proportion t human lab\r has be5 replac$ by natural =ces4 ,^! =ces1 !n1 are a pure & simple acquisition1 :i* alt]s 9 no respect ! relation ( lab\r to available remun]ation4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! answ] to ?is objection 0 giv5 =m]ly1#ec :51 obs]v+ ^u man 9 a /ate ( isolation1 or r$uc$ once m to ! primitive law ( b>t]1 ,i put ! read] on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! illusion :i* x is my object "h to dispel4 ,we may leave capital1 !n1 to take c>e ( itself1 to be creat$ & accumulat$ accord+ to its own prop] t5d5cies1 & ! wants & desires ( m54 ,d n imag9e t1 :5 ! common lab\r] economizes = 8 old days1 :5 ! fa!r ( a family sets 8 son up 9 bus9ess1 or provides a d[] = 8 daught]1 !y are ex]cis+ to ! detrim5t ( ! public t noble attribute ( man1 ,=esight2 b x w\ld be s1 & private virtues w\ld be 9 direct antagonism ) ! g5]al good1 7 !re an incompatibility betwe5 ,capital & ,lab\r4 ,f> f mank9d be+ subject$ to ?is contradiction1 or1 ,i might r say1 ?is impossibility 7= h[ c we conceive progressive evil 9 ! aggregate to result f progressive good 9 individual cases87 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,provid5ce1 9 ju/ice & m]cy1 has assign$ a nobl] "p to ,lab\r ?an to ,capital 9 ! "w ( progress1 & has af=d$ a /imulant m efficaci\s1 a recomp5se m lib]al1 to ! man :o lives by ! sweat ( 8 br[1 ?an to ! man :o subsi/s ^u ! ex]tions ( 8 =efa!rs4 ,9 fact1 hav+ e/abli%$ t e increase ( capital is foll[$ by a necess>y increase ( g5]al prosp]ity1 ,i v5ture to lay d[n ! foll[+ pr9ciple ) ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( weal?1--a pr9ciple :i* ,i believe w be f\nd unassailable3-- 8,9 proportion to ! increase ( ,capital1 ! absolute %>e ( ! total product fall+ to ! capitali/ is augm5t$1 & 8 relative %>e is dim9i%$2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! lab\r]'s %>e is increas$ bo? absolutely & relatively40 ,i %all expla9 ?is m cle>ly by figures3-- ,suppose ! total products ( society1 at successive epo*s1 to be repres5t$ by ! figures #ajjj1 #bjjj1 #cjjj1 #djjj1 etc4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! %>e fall+ to ! capitali/s w desc5d1 successively1 f #ej p] c5t41 to #dj1 #ce1 #cj p] c5t41 & t ! %>e ( ! lab\r]s w rise1 consequ5tly1 f #ej p] c5t41 to #fj1 #fe1 #gj p] c5t41--s t ! absolute %>e ( ! p#bac capitali/ w be always great] at ea* p]iod1 al?\gh 8 relative %>e w be small]4 ,! division w take place 9 ?is way1-- ,total ,%>e ( ,%>e ( ,product4 ,capitali/4 ,lab\r]4 ,fir/ p]iod1 #ajjj #ejj #ejj ,second p]iod1 #bjjj #hjj #abjj ,?ird p]iod1 #cjjj #ajej #aiej ,f\r? p]iod1 #djjj #abjj #bhjj ,su* is ! great1 admirable1 reassur+1 necess>y1 & inflexible law ( ,capital4 ,to demon/rate x1 appe>s to me to be ! true way to /rike ) discr$it ! declamations :i* h s long be5 d9n$ into our e>s aga9/ ! avidity1 ! tyranny1 ( ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t ( civilisation & ( equality :i* has ev] proce$$ f ! human faculties4 ,! demon/ration is tw(old4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ prove t ! relative %>e ( ! product fall+ to ! capitali/ goes on cont9ually dim9i%+4 ,?is is n difficult2 = x only am\nts to say+ t ! m abundant capital becomes1 ! m int]e/ falls4 ,n[1 ?is is a matt] ( fact1 inconte/able & unconte/$4 ,n only does sci5ce expla9 x--x is self-evid5t4 ,s*ools ! mo/ ecc5tric admit x4 ,x =ms ! basis ( _! !ory1 = x is f ?is v fall ( int]e/ t !y inf] ! necess>y1 ! inevitable annihilation ( :at !y *oose to br& z inf]nal ,capital4 ,n[1 say !y1 inasmu* z ?is annihilation is necess>y1 is inevitable1 & mu/ take place 9 a giv5 "t2 &1 moreov]1 implies ! realization ( a positive good1 x is incumb5t on u to ha/5 x & insure x4 ,i am n conc]n$ to refute ^! pr9ciples1 or ! d$uctions drawn f !m4 ,x is en\gh t ,economi/s ( all s*ools1 z well z sociali/s1 egalitaires1 & o!rs1 all admit1 9 po9t ( fact1 t int]e/ falls 9 proportion z capital becomes m abundant4 ,:e!r !y admit x or n1 inde$1 ! fact is n ! less c]ta94 ,x re/s ^u ! au?ority ( univ]sal exp]i5ce1 & on ! acquiesc5ce1 involunt>y x may be1 ( all ! capitali/s 9 ! _w4 ,x is a fact t ! int]e/ ( capital is l[] 9 ,spa9 ?an 9 ,mexico1 9 ,france ?an 9 ,spa91 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,france1 9 ,holl& ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,n[1 :5 int]e/ falls f #bj to #ae p] c5t41 & !n to #aj1 to #h1 to #f1 to #e1 to #d1 to #d1 to #c1 to #c p] c5t41 :at does t mean 9 relation to ! "q :i* n[ engages u8 ,x means t capital1 z ! recomp5se ( its co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( production1 9 ! realization ( weal?1 is cont5t1 or1 if y w1 is =c$ to be cont5t1 ) a small] & small] %>e ( ! product 9 proportion z capital increases4 ,does x con/itute "o-?ird ( ! value ( corn1 ( clo?1 ( h\ses1 ( %ips1 ( p#bad canals8 9 o!r words1 :5 ^! ?+s are sold1 does "o-?ird ( ! price fall to ! capitali/1 & two-?irds to ! lab\r]8 ,by degrees1 ! capitali/ receives no m ?an a f\r?1 a fif?1 a six?4 ,8 relative %>e goes on dim9i%+1 :ile t ( ! lab\r] goes on increas+ 9 ! same proportion2 & ! fir/ "p ( my demon/ration is complete4 ,x rema9s = me to prove t ! absolute %>e fall+ to ! capitali/ goes on con/antly increas+4 ,x is v true t ! t5d5cy ( int]e/ is to fall4 ,b :51 & :y8 ,:51 & because1 ! capital becomes m abundant4 ,x is !n q possible t ! total product %\ld be increas$ :ile ! p]c5tage is dim9i%$4 ,a man has a l>g] income ) #bjj1jjj francs at f\r p] c5t41 ?an ) #ajj1jjj francs at five p] c5t41 al?\gh1 9 ! fir/ case1 he *>ges less to ! manufactur] = ! use ( 8 capital4 ,! same ?+ holds ( a nation1 & ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,n[1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! p]c5tage1 9 its t5d5cy to fall1 nei!r does nor c foll[ a progression s rapid t ! sum total ( int]e/ %\ld be small] :5 capital is abundant ?an :5 x is sc>ce4 ,i admit1 inde$1 t if ! capital ( mank9d be repres5t$ by #ajj & int]e/ by #e1--?is int]e/ w am\nt to no m ?an #d :5 ! capital %all h m\nt$ to #bjj4 ,"h we see ! simultane\sness ( ! two effects4 ,! less ! relative "p1 ! great] ! absolute "p4 ,b my hypo!sis does n admit t ! increase ( capital f #ajj to #bjj is suffici5t to make int]e/ fall f #e to #b p] c5t41 = example2 because1 if x 7 s1 ! capitali/ :o _h an income ( #ejjj francs ) #ajj1jjj francs ( capital1 w\ld h no great] income ?an #djjj francs ) #bjj1jjj francs ( capital4 ,a result s contradictory & impossible1 an anomaly s /range1 w\ld be met ) ! simple/ & mo/ agreeable ( rem$ies2 = !n1 9 ord] to increase y\r income1 x w\ld only be necess>y to consume half y\r capital4 ,a happy & :imsical age x w\ld be :5 m5 c\ld enri* by impov]i%+ !mselves6 ,we mu/ take c>e1 !n1 n to lose sight ( ! comb9ation ( ^! two correlative facts4 ,! increase ( capital1 & ! fall ( int]e/1 take place necess>ily 9 su* a way t ! total product is cont9ually augm5t$4 ,& let u rem>k 9 pass+1 t ?is completely exposes ! fallacy ( ^? :o imag9e t because int]e/ falls1 x t5ds to annihilation4 ,! effect ( t w\ld be1 t a "t w\ld arrive :5 capital w\ld be s mu* increas$ z to yield no?+ to its possessors4 ,keep y\r m9d easy on t score--be=e p#bae t "t comes1 capitali/s w dissipate ! /ock 9 ord] to ensure ! reappe>ance ( int]e/4 ,su* is ! great law ( ,capital & ,lab\r 9 :at conc]ns ! di/ribution ( ! product ( _! jo9t ag5cy4 ,ea* ( !m has a great] & great] absolute %>e1 b ! proportional %>e ( ! capitali/ is cont9ually dim9i%$ z comp>$ ) t ( ! lab\r]s4 ,cease1 !n1 capitali/s & workm51 to reg>d ea* o!r ) an eye ( envy & di/ru/4 ,%ut y\r e>s aga9/ ^? absurd declamations :i* proce$ f ignorance & presumption1 :i*1 "u pret5ce ( insur+ future prosp]ity1 bl[ ! flame ( pres5t discord4 ,be assur$ t y\r int]e/s are "o & id5tical2 t !y are indisputably knit toge!r2 t !y t5d toge!r t[>ds ! realization ( ! public good2 t ! toils ( ! pres5t g5]ation m+le ) ! lab\rs ( g5]ations :i* are pa/2 t all :o co-op]ate 9 ! "w ( production receive _! %>e ( ! produce2 & t ! mo/ +5i\s & mo/ equitable di/ribution is effect$ among y by ! wise laws ( ,provid5ce1 & "u ! empire ( fre$om1 indep5d5tly altoge!r ( a p>asite s5tim5talism1 :i* w\ld impose ^u y its decrees at ! exp5se ( y\r well-be+1 y\r lib]ty1 y\r security1 & y\r self-respect4 ,capital has its root 9 ^! attributes ( man--,=esight1 ,intellig5ce1 & ,frugality4 ,to set ab\t ! creation ( capital we mu/ look =w>d to ! future1 & sacrifice ! pres5t to x--we mu/ ex]cise a noble empire ov] ourselves & ov] our appetites2 we mu/ resi/ ! s$uction ( pres5t enjoym5ts1 ! impulses ( vanity & ! caprices ( fa%ion & ( public op9ion1 always s indulg5t to ! ?\ghtless & ! prodigal4 ,we mu/ /udy cause & effect1 9 ord] to discov] by :at processes1 by :at in/rum5ts1 nature c be made to co-op]ate 9 ! "w ( production4 ,we mu/ be animat$ by love = our families1 & n grudge pres5t sacrifices = ! sake ( ^? :o are de> to u1 & :o w reap ! fruits aft] we ourselves h disappe>$ f ! sc5e4 ,to create capital is to prep>e food1 clo?+1 %elt]1 leisure1 in/ruction1 indep5d5ce1 dignity1 = future g5]ations4 ,no?+ ( all ?is c be effect$ )\t br++ into play motives :i* are em95tly social1 &1 :at is m1 conv]t+ ^! virtues into habits4 ,& yet x is v usual to attribute to capital a sort ( fatal efficacy1 ! effect ( :i* is to introduce egotism1 au/]ity1 ,ma*iavelism1 into ! he>ts ( ^? :o aspire to possess x4 ,b let u n be misund]/ood4 ,!re are c\ntries :]e p#baf lab\r is ( little value1 & ! little t is e>n$ is %>$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ord] to snat* f y ! fruit ( y\r toil1 :at is call$ ! ,/ate surr\nds y ) a multitude ( trammels4 ,x int]f]es ) all y\r actions1 & mixes itself up 9 all y\r conc]ns4 ,x dom9e]s ov] y\r m9d & y\r fai?4 ,x dis>ranges all int]e/s1 & places !m 9 an artificial & prec>i\s position4 ,x en]vates individual en]gy & activity1 by usurp+ ! direction ( all affairs4 ,x makes ! responsibility ( actions fall ^u p ) :om x am\nts to no?+1 s t by degrees all notions ( :at is j or unju/ are effac$4 ,by its diplomacy x embroils ! nation 9 qu>rels ) all ! _w1 & !n ! army & navy are br\ght into play4 ,x w>ps ! popul> m9d z mu* z x c ^u all economical que/ions2 = x is necess>y to make ! masses believe t its fooli% exp5diture1 its unju/ aggressions1 its conque/s1 its colonies1 are = !m a s\rce ( ri*es4 ,9 su* c\ntries x is difficult to create capital by natural means4 ,! great object is to purlo9 x by =ce or by fraud f ^? :o h creat$ x4 ,we !re see m5 enri*+ !mselves by w>1 by places at c\rt1 by gambl+1 by purvey+1 by /ockjobb+1 by comm]cial frauds1 by haz>d\s ent]prises1 by public contracts1 etc4 ,! qualities requisite = ?us snat*+ capital f ! h&s ( ^? :o create x are precisely ! opposite ( ^? necess>y = its =mation4 ,x _c surprise u1 !n1 t 9 c\ntries s situat$ an association is e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! two ideas--capital & egotism2 & ?is association becomes in]adicable :5 all ! moral ideas ( ! c\ntry exhau/ !mselves on anci5t & m$ival hi/ory4 ,b :5 we turn our reg>ds1 n to ?is ab/raction & abuse ( capital1 b to its creation by intellig5ce & activity1 =esight & frugality1 x is impossible n to p]ceive t a moral & social virtue is atta*$ to its acquisition4 ,nor is !re less moral & social virtue 9 ! action ( capital ?an 9 its =mation4 ,its peculi> effect is to procure u ! co-op]ation ( nature1 to set u free f all t is mo/ mat]ial1 muscul>1 brutal1 9 ! "w ( production2 to r5d] ! intellig5t pr9ciple m & m pr$om9ant2 to enl>ge ! doma91 ,i d n say ( idl5ess1 b ( leisure2 to r5d] less imp]i\s ! physical wants ( our nature1 by r5d]+ _! satisfaction m easy1 & to sub/itute = !m wants & enjoym5ts ( a nature m elevat$1 m delicate1 m ref9$1 m arti/ic1 m spiritual4 ,?us1 9 :atev] po9t ( view we place ourselves1 :e!r p#bag we reg>d ,capital 9 connexion ) our wants1 :i* x ennobles2 ) our ef=ts1 :i* x facilitates2 ) our enjoym5ts1 :i* x purifies2 ) nature1 :i* x enli/s 9 our s]vice2 ) morality1 :i* x conv]ts into habit2 ) sociability1 :i* x develops2 ) equality1 :i* x promotes2 ) fre$om1 9 :i* x lives2 ) equity1 :i* x realizes by me?ods ! mo/ +5i\s--ev]y:]e1 always1 provid$ t x is creat$ & acts 9 ! regul> ord] ( ?+s1 & is n div]t$ f its natural uses1 we recognise 9 ,capital :at =ms ! indubitable note & /amp ( all great provid5tial laws1--,h>mony4 p#bah ,,viii4 ,,prop]ty--,,community4 ,recognis+ 9 ! soil1 9 natural ag5ts1 & 9 in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 :at !y inconte/ably possess1 ! gift ( eng5d]+ ,utility1 ,i h endeav\r$ to d5ude !m ( :at has be5 errone\sly attribut$ to !m1 namely1 ! faculty ( creat+ ,value1--a faculty :i* p]ta9s exclusively to ! ,s]vices :i* m5 ex*ange ) ea* o!r4 ,?is simple rectification1 :il/ x /r5g!ns & confirms ,prop]ty1 by re/or+ to x its true "*1 br+s to light a mo/ important fact1 hi!rto1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ov]look$ by ,economic sci5ce--! fact t !re exi/s a real1 ess5tial1 & progressive ,community1--! natural result ( e social sy/em 9 :i* lib]ty prevails1 & ! evid5t design ( :i* is to conduct all m51 z bre?r51 f primitive ,equality1 :i* is ! equality ( ignorance & de/itution1 t[>ds an ultimate ,equality 9 ! possession ( tru? & mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,if ?is radical di/9ction betwe5 ! ,utility ( ?+s & ! value ( s]vices be true 9 itself1 & 9 ! consequ5ces :i* h be5 d$uc$ f x1 x is impossible to misund]/& its be>+2 = x leads to no?+ less ?an ! absorption ( utopian !ories 9 sci5ce1 & ! reconcilem5t ( antagoni/ic s*ools 9 a common fai?1 :i* satisfies all m9ds & all aspirations4 ,m5 ( ,prop]ty & leisure6--:atev] be y\r rank 9 ! social scale1 :atev] /ep ( ! social ladd] y may h rea*$ by d9t ( activity1 probity1 ord]1 & economy--:5ce come ! fe>s :i* h seiz$ ^u y8 ,! p]fum$ b poison$ brea? ( ,utopia m5aces y\r exi/5ce4 ,y are l\dly told t ! =tune y h amass$ = ! purpose ( secur+ a little repose 9 y\r old age1 & food1 in/ruction1 & an outset 9 life = y\r *ildr51 has be5 acquir$ by y at ! exp5se ( y\r bre?r52 t y h plac$ y\rselves p#bai betwe5 ! gifts ( ,god & ! poor2 t1 l gre$y tax-ga!r]s1 y h levi$ a tribute on ^? gifts1 "u ! "n ( ,prop]ty1 ( ,int]e/1 & ( ,r5t2 t y h int]cept$ ! b5efits :i* ! common ,fa!r has be/[$ on 8 *ildr51 9 ord] to make m]*&ise ( !m4 ,y are call$ ^u = re/itution2 & :at augm5ts y\r t]ror is1 t y\r advocates1 9 conduct+ y\r def5ce1 feel !mselves too (t5 oblig$ to av[ t ! usurpation is flagrant1 b t x is necess>y4 ,su* accusations ,i meet ) a direct & emphatic negative4 ,y h n int]cept$ ! gifts ( ,god4 ,y h receiv$ !m gratuit\sly1 x is true1 at ! h&s ( nature2 b y h also gratuit\sly transf]r$ !m to y\r bre?r5 )\t receiv+ any?+4 ,!y h act$ ! same way t[>ds y2 & ! only ?+s :i* h be5 reciprocally comp5sat$ are physical or intellectual ef=ts1 toils und]gone1 dang]s brav$1 skill ex]cis$1 privations submitt$ to1 pa9s tak51 s]vices r5d]$ & receiv$4 ,y may p]haps h ?\ght only ( y\rselves & y\r own selfi% int]e/1 b t v selfi% int]e/ has be5 an in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( an inf9itely presci5t & wise ,provid5ce to enl>ge unceas+ly among m5 ! doma9 ( ,community2 = )\t y\r ef=ts all ^? useful effects :i* y h obta9$ f nature1 9 ord] to di/ribute !m )\t remun]ation among y\r bre?r51 w\ld h rema9$ = ev] in]t4 ,i say )\t remun]ation1 because :at y h receiv$ is simply ! recomp5se ( y\r ef=ts1 & n at all ! price ( ! gifts ( ,god4 ,live1 !n1 9 peace1 )\t fe> & )\t misgiv+4 ,y h no o!r prop]ty 9 ! _w b y\r "r to s]vices1 9 ex*ange = o!r s]vices1 by y fai?fully r5d]$1 & by y\r bre?r5 volunt>ily accept$4 ,su* prop]ty is legitimate1 unassailable2 no ,utopia c prevail aga9/ x1 = x ent]s into ! v con/itution ( our be+4 ,no !ory c ev] succe$ 9 blight+ or 9 %ak+ x4 ,m5 ( toil & privations6 y _c %ut y\r eyes to ?is tru?1 t ! primitive condition ( ! human race is t ( an entire ,community1--a p]fect ,equality1--( pov]ty1 ( de/itution1 & ( ignorance4 ,man r$eems himself f ?is e/ate by ! sweat ( 8 br[1 & directs 8 c\rse t[>ds ano!r ,community1 t ( ! gifts ( ,god1 successively obta9$ ) less ef=t1--t[>ds ano!r ,equality1 t ( mat]ial prosp]ity1 k1 & moral dignity4 ,! progress ( m5 on ! road ( improvem5t is unequal1 inde$2 & y c\ld n compla9 7 ! m hurri$ & precipitate m>* ( ! vangu>d ( progress to ret>d 9 "s measure y\r own advance4 ,b 9 p#bbj tru? x is q ! rev]se4 ,no ray ( light p5etrates a s+le m9d )\t 9 "s degree enlight5+ y\rs4 ,no /ep ( progress1 prompt$ by ! consci\s possession ( prop]ty1 b is a /ep ( progress = y4 ,no weal? is creat$ :i* does n t5d to y\r enfran*isem5t2 no capital1 :i* does n increase y\r enjoym5ts 9 proportion to y\r lab\r2 no acquisition1 :i* does n increase y\r facilities ( acquisition2 no ,prop]ty1 :i* does n t5d to enl>ge1 = y\r b5efit1 ! doma9 ( ,community4 ,! natural social ord] has be5 s skillfully arrang$ by ! ,div9e ,ar*itect1 t ^? :o are m advanc$ on ! road ( civilisation hold out to y1 volunt>ily or unconsci\sly1 a help+ h&2 = ! ord] ( ?+s has be5 s dispos$ t no man c "w hone/ly = himself )\t at ! same "t work+ = all4 ,& x is rigor\sly true to affirm t e attack ^u ?is m>vell\s ord] w\ld on y\r "p be n only a homicide1 b a suicide4 ,human nature is an admirable *a91 :i* exhibits ?is /&+ miracle1 t ! fir/ l9ks communicate to all ! o!rs a progressive movem5t m & m rapid1 onw>ds to ! la/4 ,m5 ( philan?ropy6 lov]s ( equality6 bl9d def5d]s1 dang]\s fri5ds ( ! suff]+ classes1 :o are yet f> beh9d on ! road ( civilisation1 y :o expect ! reign ( ,community 9 ?is _w1 :y d y beg9 by unsettl+ all int]e/s & %ak+ all receiv$ op9ions8 ,:y1 9 y\r pride1 %\ld y seek to subjugate m5's wills1 & br+ !m "u ! yoke ( y\r social inv5tions8 ,d y n see t ?is ,community aft] :i* y sigh1 & :i* is to inaugurate ! k+dom ( ,god ^u e>?1 has be5 already ?\ght ( & provid$ = by ,god himself8 ,does ,he want y\r aid to provide a patrimony = 8 *ildr58 ,has ,he ne$ ei!r ( y\r conceptions or ( y\r viol5ce8 ,d y n see t ?is ,community is realiz$ m & m e day1 9 virtue ( ,8 admirable decrees2 t = ! execution ( ^! decrees ,he has n tru/$ to y\r *ance s]vices & pu]ile arrangem5ts1 nor ev5 to ! gr[+ expression ( ! sympa!tic pr9ciple manife/$ by *>ity2 b t ,he has confid$ ! realization ( ,8 provid5tial designs to ! mo/ active1 ! mo/ p]sonal1 ! mo/ p]man5t ( all our en]gies--,self-int]e/1--a pr9ciple imb$d$ 9 our inmo/ nature1 & :i* nev] flags1 nev] takes re/8 ,/udy1 !n1 ! social me*anism z x comes f ! h& ( ! ,great ,me*anician1 & y w f9d t x te/ifies to a univ]sal solicitude1 :i* f> out/rips y\r dreams & *im]as4 ,y w !n1 ,i hope1 9 place ( presumptu\sly pret5d+ p#bba to recon/ruct ! div9e workman%ip1 be cont5t to admire & to bless x4 ,i say n t !re is no room 9 ?is _w ( ours = re=ms & re=m]s4 ,i say n t mank9d are n to call to _! s]vice1 & enc\rage ) _! gratitude1 m5 ( inve/igation1 ( sci5ce1 & ( e>ne/ness1--he>ts fai?ful to ! p4 ,su* are /ill b too mu* want$1--n to ov]turn ! social laws1--b to combat ! artificial ob/acles :i* di/urb & rev]se ! action ( ^! laws4 ,9 tru?1 x is difficult to und]/& :y p %\ld keep repeat+ su* commonplaces z ?is3 8,political ,economy is an optimi/1 z f> z exi/+ facts are conc]n$2 & affirms t :atev] is is "r4 ,at ! sight ( :at is evil1 z at ! sight ( :at is good4 ,economi/s are cont5t to exclaim1 ,laissez faire40 ,optimi/s ) ref]5ce to exi/+ facts6 ,!n we mu/ be ignorant t ! primitive condition ( man is pov]ty1 ignorance1 ! reign ( brute =ce6 ,we mu/ be ignorant t ! mov+ spr+ ( human nature is av]sion to all suff]+1 to all fatigue2 & t lab\r be+ fatigue1 ! e>lie/ manife/ation ( selfi%ness among m5 is %[n 9 _! ef=t to ?r[ ?is pa9ful burd5 on ! %\ld]s ( ea* o!r6 ,! words cannibalism1 w>1 slav]y1 privilege1 monopoly1 fraud1 spoliation1 impo/ure1 mu/ ei!r h nev] rea*$ our e>s1 or else we mu/ see 9 ^! abom9ations ! necess>y ma*9]y ( progress6 ,b is !re n 9 all ?is a c]ta9 am\nt ( wilful misrepres5tation1 a conf\nd+ ( all ?+s = ! purpose ( accus+ u ( conf\nd+ !m8 ,:5 we admire ! provid5tial laws :i* gov]n human transactions--:5 we ass]t t m5's int]e/s are h>moni\s--:5 we !nce conclude t !y naturally t5d & gravitate t[>ds ! realization ( relative equality & g5]al progress--x is surely f ! play & action ( ^! laws1 n f _! p]turbations & di/urbances1 t we educe h>mony4 ,:5 we say laissez faire1 we surely mean1 all[ ^! laws to act1 n1 all[ ^! laws to be di/urb$4 ,accord+ z we con=m to ^! laws or violate !m1 good or evil is produc$2 9 o!r words1 m5's int]e/s are 9 h>mony1 provid$ "r prevail1 & s]vices are freely & volunt>ily ex*ang$ aga9/ s]vices4 ,b does ?is imply t we are ignorant ( ! p]petual /ruggle ( ,wrong aga9/ ,"r8 ,does ?is imply t we lose sight (1 or approve1 ! ef=ts :i* h be5 made 9 all ages1 & :i* are /ill mak+1 to alt]1 by =ce or fraud1 ! natural equival5ce ( s]vices8 ,?is is exactly :5 we repudiate z a violation ( ! natural social laws1 z an attack ^u prop]ty1--=1 9 our view1 ! t]ms1 free ex*ange ( s]vices1 ju/ice1 prop]ty1 lib]ty1 p#bbb security1 all express ! same idea "u diff]5t aspects4 ,x is n ! pr9ciple ( ,prop]ty :i* we conte/1 b ! antagoni/ic pr9ciple ( ,spoliation4 ,proprietors ( all ranks6 re=m]s ( all s*ools6 ?is is ! mission :i* %\ld reconcile & unite u4 ,x is "t1 high "t1 t ?is crusade %\ld beg94 ,a m]e !oretical w> aga9/ ,prop]ty is by no means ! mo/ virul5t or ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w !re has exi/$ a practical conspiracy aga9/ x :i* is n likely soon to cease4 ,w>1 slav]y1 impo/ure1 oppressive impo/s1 monopolies1 privileges1 comm]cial frauds1 colonies1 "r to employm5t1 "r to cr$it1 "r to assi/ance1 "r to in/ruction1 progressive taxation impos$ 9 direct or inv]se proportion to our p[] ( be>+ x1 are s _m batt]+-rams direct$ aga9/ ! tott]+ edifice2 & if ! tru? mu/ come out1 w\ld y tell me :e!r !re are _m m5 9 ,france1 ev5 among ^? :o ?9k !mselves cons]vative1 :o d n1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 l5d a h& to ?is "w ( de/ruction8 ,!re are p to ^: optics prop]ty nev] appe>s 9 any o!r =m ?an t ( a field or a bag ( cr[n-pieces4 ,if y d n ov]/ep sacr$ l&m>ks1 or s5sibly empty _! pockets1 !y feel q com=table4 ,b is !re no o!r k9d ( ,prop]ty8 ,is !re n ! ,prop]ty ( muscul> =ce & intellectual p[]1 ( faculties1 ( ideas--9 a ^w1 ! ,prop]ty ( ,s]vices8 ,:5 ,i ?r[ a s]vice into ! social scale1 is x n my "r t x %\ld be held !re1 if ,i may use ! expression1 susp5d$1 accord+ to ! laws ( its natural equival5ce2 t x may !re =m a c\nt]poise to any o!r s]vice :i* my neighb\r may cons5t to ?r[ into ! opposite scale & t5d] me 9 ex*ange8 ,! law ( common cons5t agre$ to e/abli% a public =ce = ! protection ( prop]ty ?us und]/ood4 ,b 9 :at situation are we plac$ if ?is v =ce assumes to itself ! mission ( di/urb+ ! equilibrium1 "u ! sociali/ pretext t lib]ty gives bir? to monopoly1 & t ! doctr9e ( laissez faire is odi\s & he>tless8 ,:5 ?+s g on 9 ?is way1 individual !ft may be r>e1 & may be sev]ely puni%$1 b spoliation is organiz$1 legaliz$1 & erect$ into a sy/em4 ,com=t y\rselves1 ,re=m]s6 y\r "w is n yet done--only try to und]/& :at t "w really is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b be=e proce$+ to analyze spoliation1 :e!r public or private1 legal or illegal1 & to consid] its be>+ z an elem5t 9 ! social problem1 & ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! bus9ess p#bbc ( ! _w1 x is necess>y to =m j ideas1 if possible1 ( ,community & ,prop]ty2 =1 z we %all by-&-by see1 spoliation =ms a limit to prop]ty1 j z prop]ty =ms a limit to community4 ,f ! prec$+ ,*apt]s1 especially t :i* treats ( ,utility & ,value1 we may d$uce ?is =mula3 ,e man enjoys ,,gratuit\sly all ! utilities furni%$ or creat$ by nature1 on condition ( tak+ ! tr\ble to appropriate !m1 or ( return+ an equival5t s]vice to ^? :o r5d] him ! s]vice ( tak+ t tr\ble = him4 ,"h we h two facts comb9$ & mix$ up toge!r1 al?\gh 9 _! own nature di/9ct4 ,we h ! gifts ( nature--gratuit\s mat]ials1 gratuit\s =ces4 ,?is is ! doma9 ( ,community4 ,we h also human ef=ts devot$ to ! appropriation ( ^! mat]ials1 to ! direction ( ^! =ces1--ef=ts :i* are ex*ang$1 e/imat$1 & comp5sat$4 ,?is is ! doma9 ( ,prop]ty4 ,9 o!r words1 z reg>ds bo?1 we are n own]s ( ! ,utility ( ?+s1 b ( _! ,value1 & value is simply ! appreciation ( reciprocal s]vices4 ,prop]ty1 ,community1 are two ideas correlative to ! ideas ( on]osity & gratuit\sness1 on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,t :i* is gratuit\s is common1 = e "o enjoys a portion ( x1 & enjoys x unconditionally4 ,t :i* is on]\s is appropriat$1 because tr\ble tak51 ef=t made1 is ! condition ( its enjoym5t1 z ! enjoym5t is ! reason = tak+ ! tr\ble1 or mak+ ! ef=t4 ,does an ex*ange int]v5e8 ,x is effect$ by a comp>ative e/imate ( ! two ef=ts or ! two s]vices4 ,?is ref]5ce to tr\ble1 to pa9s1 implies ! exi/5ce ( an ,ob/acle4 ,we may !n conclude t ! object s\ght = approximates m ne>ly to ! gratuit\s & ! common1 9 proportion z ! ob/acle is less2 z1 by hypo!sis1 ! complete abs5ce ( ob/acle w\ld r5d] x p]fectly gratuit\s & common4 ,n[1 ) ref]5ce to human nature1 :i* is progressive & p]fectible1 ! ob/acle c nev] be reg>d$ z an absolute & inv>iable quantity4 ,x dim9i%es4 ,!n ! pa9s tak5 dim9i% along ) x--& ! s]vice ) ! pa9s--& value ) ! s]vice--& prop]ty ) value4 ,& ! ,utility rema9s ! same4 ,!n ! gratuit\s & ! common h ga9$ all t on]osity & prop]ty h lo/4 p#bbd ,to det]m9e man to lab\r he mu/ h a motive1 & t motive is ! satisfaction he has 9 view1 or utility4 ,8 und\bt$ & irrepressible t5d5cy is to realize ! greate/ possible satisfaction ) ! lea/ possible lab\r1 to cause ! greate/ am\nt ( utility to correspond ) ! greate/ am\nt ( prop]ty4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! mission ( ,prop]ty1 or r ( ! _s ( prop]ty1 is to realize1 9 a great] & great] degree1 ,community4 ,! />t+ po9t ( ! human race be+ ! maximum ( pov]ty1 or ! maximum ( ob/acles to be ov]come1 x is cle> t = all t is ga9$ f "o age to ano!r we are indebt$ to ! _s ( prop]ty4 ,?is be+ s1 is !re to be f\nd 9 ! _w a s+le !oretical adv]s>y ( ! in/itution ( prop]ty8 ,is x possible to imag9e a social =ce at once s j & s popul>8 ,! fundam5tal dogma ( ,pr\dhon himself is ! mutuality ( s]vices4 ,on ?is po9t we are agre$4 ,:at we diff] ^u is1 t ,i give ?is ! "n ( ,prop]ty1 because1 on go+ to ! root ( ! matt]1 ,i am conv9c$ t m51 if !y are free1 nei!r h1 nor c h1 any o!r prop]ty ?an t ( value1 or ( s]vices4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,pr\dhon1 l mo/ ,economi/s1 ?9ks t c]ta9 natural ag5ts h a value :i* is inh]5t 9 !m1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( t !y are appropriat$4 ,b z reg>ds prop]ty 9 s]vices1 f> f conte/+ x1 he adopts x z 8 cre$4 ,d y wi% to g /ill f>!r8 to g ! l5g? ( ass]t+ t a man %\ld n h a "r ( prop]ty 9 8 own ex]tions8 ,w x be said t by ex*ange x is n en\gh to transf] gratuit\sly ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts1 b also to c$e gratuit\sly "o's own ef=ts8 ,?is is inde$ a dang]\s doctr9e2 x is to glorify slav]y2 = to ass]t t c]ta9 m5 mu/ r5d]1 is to ass]t t o!r m5 mu/ receive1 s]vices :i* are n remun]at$1 & t is slav]y4 ,b if y say t ?is gratuit\s int]*ange mu/ be reciprocal1 y get into an incompreh5sible logoma*y2 = ei!r !re is "s equity 9 ex*ange1 & !n ! s]vices w1 9 "o way or ano!r1 be e/imat$ & comp5sat$2 or !y w n be e/imat$ & comp5sat$1--9 :i* case ! "o p>ty w r5d] a great am\nt ( s]vice1 & ! o!r a small am\nt1 & y w fall back aga9 into slav]y4 ,b x is impossible to conte/ ! legitimate nature ( ,prop]ty 9 s]vices :i* are ex*ang$ on ! pr9ciple ( equival5ce4 ,to expla9 _! legitimacy we h no ne$ to h rec\rse to philosophy1 or jurisprud5ce1 or metaphysics4 ,sociali/s1 ,economi/s1 p#bbe ,advocates ( ,equality & ,frat]nity1--,i defy ! :ole body1 num]\s z x is1 to raise ev5 ! %ad[ ( an objection aga9/ ! legitimate mutuality ( volunt>y s]vices1 & consequ5tly aga9/ ,prop]ty1 su* z ,i h def9$ x1 su* z x actually exi/s 9 ! natural social ord]4 ,i "k v well t 9 practice ! reign ( ,prop]ty is f> f be+ an undivid$ sway1 & t we h always to deal ) an antagoni/ic fact4 ,!re are s]vices :i* are n volunt>y2 !re is remun]ation :i* is n freely /ipulat$2 !re are s]vices ^: equival5ce is impair$ by =ce or by fraud2 9 a ^w1 !re is ,spoliation4 ,! legitimate pr9ciple ( ,prop]ty1 h[ev]1 is n !reby invalidat$ b confirm$4 ,! v fact ( its be+ violat$ proves its exi/5ce4 ,if we put fai? 9 any?+ 9 ?is _w--9 facts1 9 ju/ice1 9 univ]sal ass5t1 9 human language--we mu/ admit t ^! two words1 ,prop]ty & ,spoliation1 express ideas :i* are z opposite1 z irreconcilable1 z f> f be+ id5tical z yes & no1 light & d>kness1 good & evil1 h>mony & discord4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 ! celebrat$ =mula t prop]ty is !ft is absurd 9 ! v highe/ degree4 ,x w\ld n be m mon/r\s to say t !ft is prop]ty1 t :at is legitimate is illegitimate1 t :at is is n1 etc4 ,! au?or ( ?is :imsical aphorism probably wi%$ to %[ h[ +5i\sly he c\ld support a p>adox1 & meant no m ?an ?is1 t c]ta9 m5 are paid n only = "w :i* !y d b = "w :i* !y don't d1 ?us appropriat+ to !mselves1 exclusively1 gratuit\s utility--! gifts v\*saf$ by ,god = ! good ( all4 ,9 ?is case all t we h to d is to prove ! ass]tion1 & sub/itute ! truism t !ft is !ft4 ,to /eal means1 9 ord9>y language1 to appropriate1 by =ce or fraud1 a value1 to ! prejudice & )\t ! cons5t ( ! p]son :o has creat$ t value4 ,x is easy to see h[ a false ,political ,economy has succe$$ 9 enl>g+ ! s5se ( t ugly ^w /eal4 ,y beg9 by conf\nd+ utility ) value4 ,!n1 z nature co-op]ates 9 ! creation ( utility1 y conclude t nature also concurs 9 ! creation ( ,value1 & y say t ?is portion ( value1 be+ ! fruit ( no "o's lab\r1 belongs to all4 ,at l5g?1 f9d+ t value is nev] transf]r$ )\t remun]ation1 y add1 t ! man :o exacts a recomp5se = a value :i* is ! creation ( nature1 :i* is indep5d5t ( all human lab\r1 :i* is inh]5t 9 ?+s1 & is by ! de/9ation ( ,provid5ce "o ( _! intr9sic qualities1 l weight or porosity1 =m or col\r1 commits a robb]y4 ,an exact analysis ( value ov]turns ?is scaffold+ ( p#bbf subtilties int5d$ to prop up a mon/r\s assimilation ( ,prop]ty ) ,spoliation4 ,god has plac$ c]ta9 ,mat]ials & c]ta9 ,=ces at ! disposal ( man4 ,9 ord] to obta9 possession ( ^! mat]ials & =ces1 ,lab\r is necess>y1 or x is n4 ,if x be n necess>y1 no "o w volunt>ily cons5t to pur*ase f ano!r1 by means ( an ef=t1 :at1 )\t any ef=t1 he c obta9 f ! h&s ( ,nature4 ,9 ?is case1 s]vices1 ex*ange1 value1 ,prop]ty1 are out ( ! "q4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 lab\r be necess>y1 9 equity x falls ^u ! p]son :o is to receive ! satisfaction2 :5ce x foll[s t ! satisfaction is ! recomp5se ( ! pa9s tak51 ! ef=t made1 ! lab\r und]gone4 ,"h y h ! pr9ciple ( ,prop]ty4 ,?is be+ s1 a man takes pa9s1 or submits to lab\r1 = 8 own b5efit1 & becomes possess$ ( ! :ole utility realiz$ by ?is lab\r co-op]at+ ) nature4 ,he takes pa9s1 or submits to lab\r1 = ano!r1 & 9 t case he b>ga9s to receive 9 return an equival5t s]vice1 :i* is likewise ! vehicle ( utility1 & ! result exhibits two ,ef=ts1 two ,utilities :i* h *ang$ h&s1 & two ,satisfactions4 ,b we mu/ n lose sight ( ?is1 t ! transaction is effect$ by ! comp>ison1 by ! appreciation1 n ( ! two utilities 7!y _c be br\ght to ?is te/71 b ( ! two s]vices ex*ang$4 ,x is !n exact to say t1 9 a p]sonal po9t ( view1 man1 by means ( lab\r1 becomes proprietor ( natural utility 7t is ! object ( 8 lab\r71 :atev] be ! relation 7:i* may v>y ad inf9itum7 ( lab\r to utility4 ,b 9 a social po9t ( view1 or 9 ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 m5 are nev] proprietors except ( value1 ! f\ndation ( :i* is n ! lib]ality ( nature1 b human s]vice1 pa9s tak51 dang] enc\nt]$1 skill display$1 9 secur+ t lib]ality4 ,9 a ^w1 9 :at conc]ns natural & gratuit\s utility1 ! la/ acquir]1 ! p]son :o is ! recipi5t ( ! satisfaction1 is plac$1 by ex*ange1 9 ! %oes ( ! fir/ lab\r]4 ,! latt] has f\nd himself 9 pres5ce ( a gratuit\s utility :i* he has tak5 ! pa9s to appropriate2 ! =m] returns him an equival5t s]vice1 & ?us sub/itutes himself 9 ! o!r's "r & place2 utility is acquir$ by him by ! same title1 t is to say1 by a gratuit\s title1 on condition ( pa9s tak54 ,!re is "h1 nei!r 9 fact nor 9 appe>ance1 any improp] int]ception ( ! gifts ( ,god4 ,i v5ture1 !n1 to lay d[n ?is proposition z unassailable3 ,9 relation to "o ano!r1 m5 are proprietors only ( values1 & values repres5t only s]vices comp>$1 & volunt>ily receiv$ & r5d]$4 p#bbg ,t1 on ! "o h&1 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w value is :at ,i h already demon/rat$ x to be 7,*apt] ,v472 & t1 on ! o!r1 m5 are nev]1 & nev] c be1 z reg>ds ea* o!r1 proprietors ( any?+ b value1 is evid5t z well f reason+ z f exp]i5ce4 ,f reason+--= :y %\ld ,i g to pur*ase f a man1 by means ( an ef=t1 :at1 )\t any ef=t1 ,i c obta9 f nature8 ,f univ]sal exp]i5ce1 :i* is too weighty to be despis$ 9 ?is "q1--no?+ be+ m fitt$ to give u confid5ce 9 a !ory ?an ! rational & practical acquiesc5ce ( m5 ( all ages & all c\ntries4 ,n[ ,i say t univ]sal cons5t ratifies ! s5se :i* ,i give "h to ! ^w ,prop]ty4 ,:5 a public (fic] makes an inv5tory aft] a dea?1 or by au?ority ( ju/ice1 ( :5 a m]*ant1 manufactur]1 or f>m] does ! same ?+ = 8 own satisfaction1 or :5 x is done by (ficials "u a bankruptcy--:at d !y inscribe on ! /amp$ rolls z ea* object pres5ts itself8 ,is x its utility1 its intr9sic m]it8 ,no1 x is its value1 t is to say1 ! equival5t ( ! tr\ble :i*1 any pur*as] tak5 at r&om w\ld h 9 procur+ himself a simil> commodity4 ,does a jury nam$ by a judge to report ^u a "w or a commodity inquire :e!r x be m useful ?an ano!r "w or commodity8 ,d !y take into consid]ation ! enjoym5ts :i* may be !reby procur$8 ,d !y e/eem a hamm] m ?an a *9a j>1 because ! hamm] is admirably adapt$ to make ! law ( gravitation available to its possessor8 or a glass ( wat] m ?an a diamond1 because ! =m] is capable ( r5d]+ m sub/antial s]vice8 or ! "w ( ,say m ?an ! "w ( ,f\ri]1 because f ! =m] we c draw m rational enjoym5t & m solid in/ruction8 ,no1 !y value1 !y set d[n ! value1 9 rigor\s con=mity1 obs]ve1 ) my def9ition1 or1 to say bett]1 x is my def9ition :i* is 9 con=mity ) _! practice4 ,!y take into acc\nt1 n ! natural advantages1 or ! gratuit\s utility1 atta*$ to ea* commodity1 b ! ex]tion :i* ea* acquir] %\ld h to make = himself1 or to require ano!r to make = him1 9 ord] to procure x4 ,!y nev] ?9k ( ! ex]tion :i* nature has made1 if ,i may haz>d ! expression1 b ^u ! ex]tion :i* ! pur*as] w\ld h _h to make4 ,& :5 ! op]ation is t]m9at$1 :5 ! public is told ! sum total ( ,value :i* is c>ri$ to ! balance-%eet1 !y exclaim ) "o voice1 ,"h is ! weal? :i* is available to ! ,proprietor4 ,z prop]ty includes no?+ b value1 & z value expresses only a relation1 x foll[s t prop]ty itself is only a relation4 p#bbh ,:5 ! public1 on ! inspection ( two inv5tories1 pron\nces "o man to be ri*] ?an ano!r1 x is n meant to say t ! relative am\nt ( ! two prop]ties is indicative ( ! relative absolute weal? ( ! two m51 or ! am\nt ( enjoym5ts !y c comm&4 ,!re ent]s into positive satisfactions & enjoym5ts a c]ta9 am\nt ( common & gratuit\s utility :i* alt]s ?is proportion v mu*4 ,z reg>ds ! light ( day1 ! air we brea!1 ! heat ( ! sun1 all m5 are equal2 & ,inequality--z indicative ( a diff]5ce 9 prop]ty or value --has ref]5ce only to on]\s utility4 ,n[ ,i h (t5 said1 & ,i %all probably h occasion frequ5tly to repeat ! rem>k 7= x is ! f9e/ & mo/ /rik+1 al?\gh p]haps ! lea/ und]/ood1 ( ! social h>monies1 & includes all ! o!rs71 t x is ( ! ess5ce ( progress--& inde$ 9 ?is alone progress consi/s--to trans=m on]\s into gratuit\s utility--to dim9i% value )\t dim9i%+ utility--to p]mit ea* individual to procure ! same ?+s ) less ef=t1 ei!r to make or to remun]ate2 to increase cont9ually ! mass ( ?+s :i* are common1 & ! enjoym5t ( :i*1 be+ di/ribut$ 9 a uni=m mann] among all1 effaces by degrees ! ,inequality :i* results f diff]5ce ( =tune4 ,we mu/ n omit to analyze v c>efully ! result ( ?is me*anism4 ,9 contemplat+ ! ph5om5a ( ! social _w1 h[ (t5 h ,i _h occasion to feel ! pr(\nd ju/ice ( ,r\sseau's say+3 8,il faut beauc\p de philosophie p\r obs]v] ce qu'on voit t\s les j\rs60 ,x is difficult to obs]ve accurately :at we see e day2 ,cu/om1 t veil :i* bl9ds ! eyes ( ! vulg>1 & :i* ! att5tive obs]v] _c always ?r[ (f1 prev5ts our disc]n+ ! mo/ m>vell\s ( all ! ,economic ph5om5a3 real weal? fall+ incessantly f ! doma9 ( ,prop]ty into t ( ,community4 ,let u endeav\r to demon/rate & expla9 ?is democratic evolution1 &1 if possible1 te/ its range & its effects4 ,i h rem>k$ else:]e t if we desire to comp>e two epo*s z reg>ds real weal? & prosp]ity1 we mu/ ref] all to a common /&>d1 :i* is unskill$ lab\r measur$ by "t1 & ask ourselves ?is "q--,:at diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( satisfaction1 accord+ to ! degree ( advancem5t :i* society has rea*$1 is a det]m9ate quantity ( unskill$ lab\r--= example1 a day's "w ( a common lab\r]--capable ( yield+ u8 p#bbi ,?is "q implies two o!rs3 ,:at 0 ! relation ( ! satisfaction to unskill$ lab\r at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod8 ,:at is x n[8 ,! diff]5ce w be ! measure ( ! advance :i* gratuit\s utility has made relatively to on]\s utility--! doma9 ( community relatively to t ( prop]ty4 ,i believe t = ! politician no problem c be propos$ m int]e/+ & in/ructive ?an ?is2 & ! read] mu/ p>don me if1 9 ord] to arrive at a satisfactory solution ( x1 ,i fatigue him ) too _m examples4 ,i made1 at ! outset1 a sort ( catalogue ( ! mo/ common human wants3 respiration1 food1 clo?+1 lodg+1 locomotion1 in/ruction1 amusem5t1 etc4 ,let u resume ! same ord]1 & inquire :at am\nt ( satisfactions a common day-lab\r] c\ld at ! beg9n+1 & c n[1 procure himself1 by a det]m9ate numb] ( days' lab\r4 ,respiration4--,"h all is completely gratuit\s & common f ! beg9n+4 ,nature does all1 & leaves u no?+ to d4 ,ef=ts1 s]vices1 value1 prop]ty1 progress1 are all out ( ! "q4 ,z reg>ds utility1 ,diog5es is z ri* z ,alex&]--z reg>ds value1 ,alex&] is z ri* z ,diog5es4 ,food4--,at pres5t1 ! value ( a hectolitre ( corn 9 ,france is ! equival5t ( f #ae to #bj days' "w ( a common unskill$ lab\r]4 ,?is is a fact :i* we may reg>d z unimportant1 b x is n ! less wor?y ( rem>k4 ,x is a fact t 9 our day1 view+ humanity 9 its lea/ advanc$ aspect1 & z repres5t$ by a p5niless workman1 enjoym5t measur$ by a hectolitre ( corn c be obta9$ by an exp5diture ( #ae days' unskill$ lab\r4 ,! ord9>y calculation is1 t ?ree hectolitres ( corn annually are requir$ = ! subsi/5ce ( "o man4 ,! common lab\r]1 !n1 produces1 if n 8 subsi/5ce1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ! value ( 8 subsi/5ce1 by an exp5diture ( f #de to #fj days' lab\r 9 ! ye>4 ,if we repres5t ! type ( value by "o 79 ?is case "o day's unskill$ lab\r71 ! value ( a hectolitre ( corn w be express$ by #ae1 #ah1 or #bj1 accord+ to ! ye>4 ,! relation ( ^! two values is1 say1 "o to fifte54 ,to discov] if progress has be5 made1 & to measure x1 we mu/ inquire :at ?is relation 0 9 ! e>ly days ( ! human race4 ,9 tru?1 ,i d>e n haz>d a figure1 b !re is "o way ( cle>+ up ! difficulty4 ,:5 y he> a man declaim+ aga9/ ! social ord]1 aga9/ ! appropriation ( ! soil1 aga9/ r5t1 aga9/ ma*9]y1 lead him into ! middle p#bcj ( a primitive =e/ & 9 sight ( a pe/il5tial morass4 ,say to him1 ,i wi% to free y f ! yoke ( :i* y compla91--,i wi% to )draw y f ! atroci\s /ruggles ( an>*ical competition1 f ! antagonism ( int]e/s1 f ! selfi%ness ( weal?1 f ! oppression ( prop]ty1 f ! cru%+ rivalry ( ma*9]y1 f ! /ifl+ atmosph]e ( society4 ,"h is l& exactly l :at ! fir/ cle>]s _h to enc\nt]4 ,take z mu* ( x z y please--take x by t5s1 by hundr$s ( acres4 ,cultivate x y\rself4 ,all t y c make x produce is y\rs4 ,i make b "o condition1 t y w n h rec\rse to t society ( :i* y repres5t y\rself z ! victim4 ,z reg>ds ! soil1 obs]ve1 ?is man w\ld be plac$ 9 exactly ! same situation :i* mank9d at l>ge occupi$ at ! beg9n+4 ,n[ ,i fe> n to be contradict$ :5 ,i ass]t t ?is man w\ld n produce a hectolitre ( corn 9 two ye>s3 ,ratio #ae to #fjj4 ,& n[ we c measure ! progress :i* has be5 made4 ,z reg>ds corn--& despite 8 be+ oblig$ to pay r5t = 8 l&1 int]e/ = 8 capital1 & hire = 8 tools--or r because he pays !m--a lab\r] n[ obta9s ) #ae days' "w :at he w\ld =m]ly h _h difficulty 9 procur+ ) #fjj days' "w4 ,! value ( corn1 !n1 measur$ by unskill$ lab\r1 has fall5 f #fjj to #ae1 or f #dj to #a4 ,a hectolitre ( corn has = man ! same utility x _h ! day aft] ! deluge--x conta9s ! same quantity ( alim5t>y sub/ance--x satisfies ! same want1 & 9 ! same degree4 ,x con/itutes an equal am\nt ( real weal?--x does n con/itute an equal am\nt ( relative weal?4 ,its production has be5 transf]r$ 9 a great measure to ! *>ge ( nature4 ,x is obta9$ ) less human ef=t4 ,x r5d]s less s]vice 9 pass+ f h& to h&1 x has less value4 ,9 a ^w1 x has become gratuit\s--n absolutely1 b 9 ! proportion ( #dj to #a4 ,& n only has x become gratuit\s--x has become common to ! same ext5t4 ,= x is n to ! pr(it ( ! p]son :o produces ! corn t #ci-dj?s ( ! ef=t h be5 annihilat$1 b to ! advantage ( ! consum]1 :atev] be ! k9d ( lab\r to :i* he devotes himself4 ,clo?+4--,we h "h aga9 ! same ph5om5on4 ,a common day-lab\r] ent]s "o ( ! w>eh\ses at ! ,m>ais1#ed & !re obta9s clo?+ correspond+ to tw5ty days ( 8 lab\r1 :i* we suppose to be unskill$4 ,7 he to attempt to make p#bca ?is clo?+ himself1 8 :ole life w\ld be insuffici5t4 ,_h he desir$ to obta9 ! same clo?+ 9 ! "t ( ,h5ri ,quatre1 x w\ld h co/ him ?ree or f\r hundr$ days' "w4 ,:at !n has become ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ^! /uffs 9 relation to ! quantity ( unskill$ lab\r8 ,x has be5 annihilat$1 because ! gratuit\s =ces ( nature n[ p]=m a great portion ( ! "w1 & x has be5 annihilat$ to ! advantage ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,= we mu/ n fail to rem>k "h1 t e man owes 8 neighb\r a s]vice equival5t to :at he has receiv$ f him4 ,if1 !n1 ! art ( ! weav] _h made no progress1 if weav+ 7 n execut$ 9 "p by gratuit\s =ces1 ! weav] w\ld /ill be occupi$ two or ?ree hundr$ days 9 fabricat+ ^! /uffs1 & our workman w\ld require to give him two or ?ree hundr$ days' "w 9 ord] to obta9 ! clo?+ he wants4 ,& s9ce ! weav] _c succe$1 ) all 8 wi% to d s 9 obta9+ two or ?ree hundr$ days' lab\r 9 recomp5se = ! int]v5tion ( gratuit\s =ces1 & = ! progress a*iev$1 we are w>rant$ 9 sav+ t ?is progress has be5 effect$ to ! advantage ( ! pur*as] or consum]1 & t x is a ga9 to society at l>ge4 ,conveyance4--,prior to all progress1 :5 ! human race1 l our day-lab\r]1 0 oblig$ to make use ( primitive & unskill$ lab\r1 if a man _h desir$ to h a load ( a hundr$weight transport$ f ,p>is to ,bayonne1 he w\ld h _h only ?is alt]native1 ei!r to take ! load on 8 own %\ld]s1 & p]=m ! "w himself1 travell+ ov] hill & dale1 :i* w\ld h requir$ a ye>'s lab\r1 or else to ask "s "o to p]=m ?is r\gh piece ( "w = him2 & z1 by hypo!sis1 ! p]son :o und]took ?is "w w\ld h to employ ! same means & ! same "t1 he w\ld und\bt$ly dem& a remun]ation equal to a ye>'s lab\r4 ,at t p]iod1 !n1 ! value ( unskill$ lab\r be+ "o1 t ( transport 0 #cjj = ! weight ( a cwt4 & a di/ance ( #bjj leagues4 ,b ?+s are *ang$ n[4 ,9 fact !re is no workman 9 ,p>is :o _c obta9 ! same result by ! sacrifice ( two days' lab\r4 ,! alt]native inde$ is /ill ! same4 ,he mu/ ei!r d ! "w himself1 or get o!rs to d x = him by remun]at+ !m4 ,if our day-lab\r] p]=m x himself1 x w /ill co/ him a ye> ( fatigue2 b if he applies to m5 :o make x _! bus9ess1 he w f9d tw5ty c>ri]s to d :at he wants = ?ree or f\r francs1 t is to say1 = ! equival5t ( two days' unskill$ lab\r4 ,?us ! value ( su* lab\r be+ p#bcb repres5t$ by "o1 t ( transport1 :i* 0 repres5t$ by #cjj1 is n[ r$uc$ to two4 ,9 :at way has ?is a/oni%+ revolution be5 br\ght ab\t8 ,ages h be5 requir$ to accompli% x4 ,animals h be5 tra9$1 m\nta9s h be5 pi]c$1 valleys h be5 fill$ up1 bridges h be5 ?r[n across riv]s1 sl$ges & aft]w>ds :eel$ c>riages h be5 inv5t$1 ob/acles1 :i* give rise to lab\r1 s]vices1 value1 h be5 remov$2 9 %ort1 we h succe$$ 9 accompli%+1 ) lab\r equal to two1 :at our remote ance/ors w\ld h effect$ only by lab\r equal to #cjj4 ,?is progress has be5 realiz$ by m5 :o _h no ?\ght b = _! own int]e/s4 ,& yet1 :o pr(its by x n[8 ,our poor day-lab\r]1 & ) him society at l>ge4 ,let no "o say t ?is is n ,community4 ,i say t x is ,community 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,at ! outset ! satisfaction 9 "q 01 9 ! e/imation ( all1 ! equival5t ( #cjj days' unskill$ lab\r1 or a proportionally small] am\nt ( skill$ lab\r4 ,n[ #bih p>ts ( ?is lab\r out ( #cjj are p]=m$ by nature1 & mank9d are exon]at$ to a correspond+ ext5t4 ,n[1 evid5tly all m5 are 9 exactly ! same situation z reg>ds ! ob/acles :i* h be5 remov$1 ! di/ance :i* has be5 wip$ out1 ! fatigue :i* has be5 obviat$1 ! value :i* has be5 annihilat$1 s9ce all obta9 ! result )\t hav+ to pay = x4 ,:at !y pay = is ! human ef=t :i* rema9s /ill to be made1 z comp>$ ) & measur$ by two days' "w ( an unskill$ lab\r]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! man :o has n himself effect$ ?is improvem5t1 & :o has only muscul> =ce to (f] 9 ex*ange1 has /ill to give two days' lab\r to secure ! satisfaction he wi%es to obta94 ,all o!r m5 c obta9 x ) a small] sacrifice ( lab\r4 ,! ,p>is lawy]1 e>n+ #cj1jjj francs a ye>1 c obta9 x = a tw5ty-fif? "p ( a day's lab\r1 etc41--by :i* we see t all m5 are equal z reg>ds ! value annihilat$1 & t ! inequality is re/ra9$ )9 ! limits ( ! portion ( value :i* survives ! *ange1 t is1 )9 ! doma9 ( ,prop]ty4 ,economical sci5ce lab\rs "u a disadvantage 9 be+ oblig$ to h rec\rse to hypo!tical cases4 ,! read] is taught to believe t ! ph5om5a :i* we wi% to describe are to be discov]$ only 9 special cases1 adduc$ = ! sake ( illu/ration4 ,b x is evid5t t :at we h said ( corn1 clo?+1 & means ( transport1 is true ( ev]y?+ else4 ,:5 an au?or g5]alizes1 x is = ! read] to p>ticul>ize2 & p#bcc :5 ! =m] devotes himself to cold & =bidd+ analysis1 ! latt] may at lea/ indulge 9 ! pleasures ( syn!sis4 ,! syn!tic law may be r$uc$ to ?is =mula3 ,value1 :i* is social prop]ty1 spr+s f ,ef=t & ,ob/acle4 ,9 proportion z ! ob/acle is less5$1 ef=t1 value1 or ! doma9 ( prop]ty1 is dim9i%$ along ) x4 ,) ref]5ce to ea* giv5 satisfaction1 ,prop]ty always rec$es & ,community always advances4 ,mu/ we !n conclude ) ,m4 ,pr\dhon t ! days ( ,prop]ty are numb]$8 ,because1 z reg>ds ea* useful result to be realiz$1 ea* satisfaction to be obta9$1 ,prop]ty rec$es be=e ,community1 are we !nce to conclude t ! =m] is ab\t to be absorb$ & annihilat$ altoge!r8 ,to adopt ?is conclusion w\ld be to mi/ake completely ! nature ( man4 ,we enc\nt] "h a sophism analog\s to ! "o we h already refut$ on ! subject ( ! int]e/ ( capital4 ,int]e/ has a t5d5cy to fall1 x is said2 !n x is de/9$ ultimately to disappe> altoge!r4 ,value & prop]ty g on dim9i%+2 !n !y are de/9$1 x is n[ said1 to be annihilat$4 ,! :ole sophism consi/s 9 omitt+ ! words1 = ea* det]m9ate result4 ,x is q true t m5 obta9 det]m9ate results ) a less am\nt ( ef=t--x is 9 ?is respect t !y are progressive & p]fectible--x is on ?is acc\nt t we are able to affirm t ! relative doma9 ( prop]ty becomes n>r[]1 look+ at x z reg>ds ea* giv5 satisfaction4 ,b x is n true t all ! results :i* x is possible to obta9 are ev] exhau/$1 & h5ce x is absurd to suppose t x is 9 ! nature ( progress to less5 or limit ! absolute doma9 ( prop]ty4 ,we h repeat$ (t51 & 9 e %ape1 t ea* giv5 ef=t may1 9 c\rse ( "t1 s]ve z ! vehicle ( a great] am\nt ( gratuit\s utility1 )\t our be+ w>rant$ !nce to conclude t m5 %\ld ev] cease to make ef=ts4 ,all t we c conclude f x is1 t _! =ces1 ?us r5d]$ disposable1 w be employ$ 9 combat+ o!r ob/acles1 & w realize1 ) equal lab\r1 satisfactions hi!rto unkn[n4 ,i mu/ enl>ge /ill f>!r on ?is idea4 ,^! are n times to leave any?+ to possible miscon/ruction :5 we v5ture to pron\nce ! fe>ful words1 ,prop]ty & ,community4 ,man 9 a /ate ( isolation c1 at any giv5 mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 ex]t only a c]ta9 am\nt ( ef=t2 & ! same ?+ holds ( society4 p#bcd ,:5 man 9 a /ate ( isolation realizes a /ep ( progress1 by mak+ natural ag5ts co-op]ate ) 8 own lab\r1 ! sum ( 8 ef=ts is r$uc$ by s mu*1 9 relation to ! useful result s\ght =4 ,x w\ld be r$uc$ n relatively only1 b absolutely1 if ?is man1 cont5t ) 8 orig9al condition1 %\ld conv]t 8 progress into leisure1 & %\ld ab/a9 f devot+ to ! acquisition ( new enjoym5ts t portion ( ef=t :i* is n[ r5d]$ disposable4 ,t w\ld take = grant$ t ambition1 desire1 aspiration1 7 limit$ =ces1 & t ! human he>t 0 n indef9itely expansible2 b x is q o!rwise4 ,rob9son ,crusoe has no soon] h&$ ov] "p ( 8 "w to natural ag5ts1 ?an he devotes 8 ef=ts to new ent]prises4 ,! sum total ( 8 ef=ts rema9s ! same1--b "o portion ( ^! ef=ts1 aid$ by a great] am\nt ( natural & gratuit\s co-op]ation1 has become m productive1 m prolific4 ,?is is exactly ! ph5om5on :i* we see realiz$ 9 society4 ,because ! pl\gh1 ! h>r[1 ! hamm]1 ! saw1 ox51 & horses1 ! sail1 wat]-p[]1 /eam1 h successively reliev$ mank9d f an enorm\s am\nt ( lab\r1 9 proportion to ea* result obta9$1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ?is lab\r1 ?us set free & r5d]$ disposable1 %\ld lie dormant4 ,rememb] :at has be5 already said z to ! indef9ite expansibility ( our wants & desires--& note :at is pass+ ar\nd y--& y w n fail to see t z (t5 z man succe$s 9 vanqui%+ an ob/acle by ! aid ( natural ag5ts1 he sets 8 own =ces to grapple ) o!r ob/acles4 ,we h m facility 9 ! art ( pr9t+ ?an we _h =m]ly1 b we pr9t m4 ,ea* book corresponds to a less am\nt ( human ef=t1 to less value1 less prop]ty2 b we h m books1 &1 on ! :ole1 ! same am\nt ( ef=t1 value1 prop]ty4 ,! same ?+ might be said ( clo?+1 ( h\ses1 ( railways1 ( all human productions4 ,x is n ! aggregate ( values :i* has dim9i%$2 x is ! aggregate ( utilities :i* has increas$4 ,x is n ! absolute doma9 ( ,prop]ty :i* has be5 n>r[$2 x is ! absolute doma9 ( ,community :i* has be5 enl>g$4 ,progress has n p>alyz$ lab\r2 x has augm5t$ weal?4 ,?+s t are gratuit\s & common to all are )9 ! doma9 ( natural =ces2 & x is z true 9 !ory z 9 fact t ?is doma9 is con/antly ext5d+4 ,value & ,prop]ty are )9 ! doma9 ( human ef=ts1 ( reciprocal s]vices1 & ?is doma9 becomes n>r[] & n>r[] z reg>ds ea* giv5 result1 b n z reg>ds ! aggregate ( results2 z reg>ds ea* det]m9ate satisfaction1 b n p#bce z reg>ds ! aggregate ( satisfactions1 because ! am\nt ( possible enjoym5ts is )\t limit4 ,x is z true1 !n1 t relative ,prop]ty gives place to ,community1 z x is false t absolute ,prop]ty t5ds to disappe> altoge!r4 ,prop]ty is a pione] :i* accompli%es its "w 9 "o circle1 & !n passes into ano!r4 ,be=e prop]ty c\ld disappe> altoge!r we mu/ suppose e ob/acle to h be5 remov$1 lab\r to h be5 sup]s$$1 human ef=ts to h become useless2 we mu/ suppose m5 to h no long] ne$ to effect ex*anges1 or r5d] s]vices to ea* o!r2 we mu/ suppose all production to be spontane\s1 & enjoym5t to spr+ directly f desire2 9 a ^w1 we mu/ suppose m5 to h become equal to gods4 ,!n1 inde$1 all w\ld be gratuit\s1 & we %\ld h all ?+s 9 common4 ,ef=t1 s]vice1 value1 prop]ty1 ev]y?+ indicative ( our native weakness & infirmity1 w\ld cease to exi/4 ,9 va9 man raises himself 9 ! social scale1 & advances on ! road ( civilisation--he is z f> z ev] f ,omnipot5ce4 ,x is "o ( ! attributes ( ! ,div9ity1 z f> z we c und]/& :at is s mu* above human reason1 t betwe5 volition & result no ob/acle is int]pos$4 ,god said1 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light4 ,& x is ! p[]lessness ( man to express t to :i* !re is s little analog\s 9 8 own nature1 :i* r$uc$ ,moses to ! necessity ( suppos+ betwe5 ! div9e w & ! creation ( light ! int]v5tion ( an ob/acle 9 ! %ape ev5 ( a ^w to be pron\nc$4 ,b :atev] advance man1 9 virtue ( 8 progressive nature1 may be de/9$ yet to make1 we may safely affirm t he w nev] succe$ 9 free+ himself entirely f ! ob/acles :i* encumb] 8 pa?1 or 9 r5d]+ himself indep5d5t ( ! lab\r ( 8 head & ( 8 h&s4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,9 proportion z c]ta9 ob/acles are ov]come1 8 desires dilate & exp&1 & new ob/acles oppose !mselves to new ef=ts4 ,we %all always1 !n1 h lab\r to p]=m1 to ex*ange1 to e/imate1 & to value4 ,prop]ty w exi/ until ! consummation ( all ?+s1 increas+ 9 mass 9 proportion z m5 become m active & m num]\s2 :il/ at ! same "t ea* ef=t1 ea* s]vice1 ea* value1 ea* portion ( prop]ty1 consid]$ relatively1 w1 9 pass+ f h& to h&1 s]ve z ! vehicle ( an increas+ proportion ( common & gratuit\s utility4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! read] w obs]ve t we use ! ^w ,prop]ty 9 a v ext5d$ s5se1 b a s5se :i* on t acc\nt is n ! p#bcf less exact4 ,prop]ty is ! "r :i* a man possesses ( apply+ to 8 own use 8 own ef=ts1 or ( n giv+ !m away except 9 consid]ation ( equival5t ef=ts4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,proprietors & ,proltaires1 !n1 is radically false1 unless x is pret5d$ t !re is a class ( m5 :o d no "w1 :o h no control ov] _! own ex]tions1 or ov] ! s]vices :i* !y r5d] & ^? :i* !y receive 9 ex*ange4 ,x is wrong to re/rict ! t]m ,prop]ty to "o ( its special =ms1 to capital1 to l&1 to :at yields int]e/ or r5t2 & x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is errone\s def9ition t we proce$ aft]w>ds to sep>ate m5 into two antagoni/ classes4 ,analysis demon/rates t int]e/ & r5t are ! fruit ( s]vices r5d]$1 & h ! same orig91 ! same nature1 ! same rights z manual lab\r4 ,! _w may be reg>d$ z a va/ work%op :i* ,provid5ce has suppli$ abundantly ) mat]ials & =ces ( :i* human lab\r makes use4 ,ant]ior ef=ts1 pres5t ef=ts1 ev5 future ef=ts1 or promises ( ef=ts1 are ex*ang$ = ea* o!r4 ,_! relative m]it1 z e/abli%$ by ex*ange1 & indep5d5tly ( gratuit\s =ces & mat]ials1 br+s out ! elem5t ( value2 & x is ( ! value creat$ by ea* individual t ea* is own] or proprietor4 ,b :at does x signify1 x may be said1 t a man is proprietor only ( ! value1 or ( ! ackn[l$g$ m]it ( 8 s]vice8 ,! possession ( ! value c>ries along ) x t ( ! utility :i* is m+l$ ) x4 ,john has two sacks ( corn4 ,pet] has only "o4 ,john1 y say1 is twice z ri* 9 value4 ,surely1 !n1 he is also twice z ri* 9 utility1 ev5 natural utility4 ,he has twice z mu* to eat4 ,unque/ionably x is s3 b has he n p]=m$ d\ble ! lab\r8 ,let u come1 nev]!less1 to ! root ( ! objection4 ,ess5tial1 absolute weal? resides1 z we h said1 9 utility4 ,! v ^w implies ?is4 ,x is utility alone :i* r5d]s s]vice 7uti--9 ,fr5* s]vir74 ,x alone has relation to our wants1 & x is x alone :i* man has 9 view :5 he devotes himself to lab\r4 ,utility at all ev5ts is ! ultimate object ( pursuit2 = ?+s d n satisfy our hung] or qu5* our ?ir/ because !y include value1 b because !y possess utility4 ,we muse take into acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ! ph5om5on :i* society exhibits 9 ?is respect4 ,man 9 a /ate ( isolation seeks to realize utility )\t p#bcg ?9k+ ab\t value1 ( :i*1 9 t /ate1 he c h no idea4 ,9 ! social /ate1 on ! contr>y1 man seeks to realize value irrespective ( utility4 ,! commodity he produces is n int5d$ to satisfy 8 own wants1 & he has little int]e/ 9 its be+ useful or n4 ,x is = ! p]son :o desires to acquire x to judge ( t4 ,:at conc]ns ! produc] is1 t x %\ld be> z high a value z possible 9 ! m>ket1 z he is c]ta9 t ! utilities he has to receive 9 return w be 9 proportion to ! value ( :at he c>ries ?i!r4 ,! division ( lab\r & ( occupation leads to ?is result1 t ea* produces :at he does n himself consume1 & consumes :at he does n himself produce4 ,z produc]s1 :at we are 9 que/ ( is value2 z consum]s1 :at we seek is utility4 ,univ]sal exp]i5ce te/ifies to ?is4 ,! man :o poli%es a diamond1 or embroid]s lace1 or di/ils br&y1 or cultivates ! poppy1 nev] inquires :e!r ! consumption ( ^! commodities is good or bad 9 itself4 ,he gives 8 "w1 & if 8 "w realizes value1 t is en\gh = him4 ,& let me "h rem>k 9 pass+1 t ! moral or immoral has no?+ to d ) lab\r1 b ) desire2 & t society is improv$1 n by r5d]+ ! produc]1 b ! consum]1 m moral4 ,:at an outcry 0 rais$ aga9/ ! ,engli% on acc\nt ( _! cultivat+ opium 9 ,india = ! delib]ate purpose1 x 0 said1 ( poison+ ! ,*9ese6 ,?is 0 to misund]/& & misapply ! pr9ciple ( morality4 ,no "o w ev] be effectually prev5t$ f produc+ a commodity :i*1 be+ 9 dem&1 is possess$ ( value4 ,x is = ! man :o dem&s a p>ticul> species ( enjoym5t to calculate ! effects ( x2 & x is 9 va9 t we attempt to divorce =esight f responsibility4 ,our v9e-gr[]s produce w9e1 & w produce x z long z x possesses value1 )\t tr\bl+ !mselves to inquire :e!r ?is w9e leads to drunk5ness 9 ,europe or to suicide 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is ! judgm5t :i* m5 =m z to _! wants & satisfactions t det]m9es ! direction ( lab\r4 ,?is is true ev5 ( man 9 an isolat$ /ate2 & if a fooli% vanity _h spok5 m l\dly to ,rob9son ,crusoe ?an hung]1 he w\ld1 9 place ( devot+ 8 "t to ! *ase1 h employ$ x 9 arrang+ fea!rs = 8 hat4 ,x is ! same ) nations z ) individuals--s]i\s p h s]i\s pursuits1 & frivol\s p devote !mselves to frivol\s occupations4 ,b to return3 ,! man :o works = himself has 9 view utility4 p#bch ,! man :o works = o!rs has 9 view value4 ,n[ ,prop]ty1 z ,i h def9$ x1 is f\nd$ on ,value1 & value be+ simply a relation1 x foll[s t prop]ty is also a relation4 ,7 !re only "o man ^u ! e>?1 ! idea ( ,prop]ty w\ld nev] ent] 8 m9d4 ,mon>* ( all he survey$1 surr\nd$ ) utilities :i* he _h only to adapt to 8 use1 nev] enc\nt]+ any analog\s "r to s]ve z a limit to 8 own1 h[ %\ld x ev] come into 8 head to say ,?is is m9e8 ,t w\ld imply ! correlative ass]tion1 ,?is is n m9e1 or ,?is belongs to ano!r4 ,meum & tuum are inconsi/5t ) isolation1 & ! ^w ,prop]ty necess>ily implies relation2 b x gives u emphatically to und]/& t a ?+ is prop] to "o p]son1 only by giv+ u to und]/& t x is n prop] to anybody else4 8,! fir/ man10 says ,r\sseau1 8:o hav+ enclos$ a field1 took x into 8 head to say ,?is is m9e1 0 ! true f\nd] ( civil society40 ,:at does ! enclosure mean if x be n indicative ( exclusion1 & consequ5tly ( relation8 ,if its object 7 only to def5d ! field aga9/ ! intrusion ( animals1 x 0 a precaution1 n a sign ( prop]ty4 ,a b\nd>y1 on ! contr>y1 is a m>k ( prop]ty1 n ( precaution4 ,?us m5 are truly proprietors only 9 relation to "o ano!r2 & ?is be+ s1 ( :at are !y proprietors8 ,( value1 z we discov] v cle>ly 9 ! ex*anges !y make ) ea* o!r4 ,let u1 accord+ to our usual practice1 take a v simple case by way ( illu/ration4 ,nature lab\rs1 & has done s probably f all et]nity1 to inve/ spr+ wat] ) ^? qualities :i* fit x = qu5*+ our ?ir/1 & :i* qualities1 s f> z we are conc]n$1 con/itute its utility4 ,x is assur$ly n my "w1 = x has be5 elaborat$ )\t my assi/ance1 & q unkn[n to me4 ,9 ?is respect ,i c truly say t wat] is to me ! gratuit\s gift ( ,god4 ,:at is my own prop] "w is ! ef=t :i* ,i h made 9 go+ to fet* my supply ( wat] = ! day4 ,( :at d ,i become proprietor by t act8 ,z reg>ds myself1 ,i am proprietor1 if ,i may use ! expression1 ( all ! utility ) :i* nature has inve/$ ?is wat]4 ,i c turn x to my own use 9 any way ,i ?9k prop]4 ,x is = t purpose t ,i h tak5 ! tr\ble to fet* x4 ,to dispute my "r w\ld be to say t1 al?\gh m5 _c live )\t p#bci dr9k+1 !y h no "r to dr9k ! wat] :i* !y h procur$ by _! own ex]tions4 ,i d n believe t ! ,communi/s1 al?\gh !y g v f>1 w g ! l5g? ( ass]t+ ?is1 & ev5 "u ! rgime ( ,cabet1 ! lambs ( ,ic>ia w\ld be all[$ to qu5* _! ?ir/ 9 ! limpid /ream4 ,b 9 relation to o!r m51 :o are free to d z ,i d1 ,i am n1 & _c be1 proprietor except ( :at is call$1 by metonymy1 ! value ( ! wat]1 t is to say1 ! value ( ! s]vice :i* ,i r5d] 9 procur+ x4 ,my "r to dr9k ?is wat] be+ grant$1 x is impossible to conte/ my "r to give x away4 ,& ! "r ( ! o!r contract+ p>ty to g to ! spr+1 z ,i did1 & draw wat] = himself1 be+ admitt$1 x is equally impossible to conte/ 8 "r to accept ! wat] :i* ,i h fet*$4 ,if ! "o has a "r to give1 & ! o!r1 9 consid]ation ( a paym5t volunt>ily b>ga9$ =1 to accept1 ?is wat]1 ! fir/ is !n ! proprietor 9 relation to ! second4 ,x is sad to write ^u ,political ,economy at a "t :5 we _c advance a /ep )\t hav+ rec\rse to demon/rations s pu]ile4 ,b on :at basis is ! arrangem5t we h suppos$ come to8 ,x is ess5tial to "k ?is1 9 ord] to appreciate ! :ole social be>+ ( ! ^w ,prop]ty1--a ^w :i* s\nds s ill 9 ! e>s ( democratic s5tim5talism4 ,x is cle> t1 bo? p>ties be+ free1 we mu/ take into consid]ation ! tr\ble ,i h _h1 & ! tr\ble ,i h sav$ to ! o!r p>ty1 z ! circum/ances :i* con/itute value4 ,we discuss ! conditions ( ! b>ga91 &1 if we come to t]ms1 !re is nei!r exagg]ation nor subtilty 9 say+ t my neighb\r has acquir$ gratuit\sly1 or1 if y w1 z gratuit\sly z ,i did1 all ! natural utility ( ! wat]4 ,d y desire pro( t ! conditions1 m or less on]\s1 ( ! transaction are det]m9$ by ! human ef=ts & n by ! intr9sic utility8 ,x w be grant$ t ! utility rema9s ! same :e!r ! spr+ is di/ant or ne> at h&4 ,x is ! am\nt ( ex]tion made1 or to be made1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! di/ance2 & s9ce ! remun]ation v>ies ) ! ex]tion1 x is 9 ! latt]1 & n 9 ! utility1 t ! pr9ciple ( relative value & ,prop]ty resides4 ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t1 9 relation to o!rs1 ,i am1 & c be1 proprietor only ( my ef=ts1 ( my s]vices1 :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ! recondite & my/]i\s processes by :i* nature communicates utility to ! ?+s :i* are ! subject p#bdj ( ^? s]vices4 ,x w\ld be 9 va9 = me to c>ry my pret5sions f>!r--at ?is po9t we mu/ always 9 fact enc\nt] ! limit ( ,prop]ty2--= if ,i exact m ?an ! value ( my s]vices1 my neighb\r w d ! "w = himself4 ,?is limit is absolute & un*angeable4 ,x fully expla9s & v9dicates ,prop]ty1 ?us r$uc$ to ! natural & simple "r ( dem&+ "o s]vice = ano!r4 ,x %[s t ! enjoym5t ( natural utility is appropriat$ only nom9ally & 9 appe>ance2 t ! expression1 ,prop]ty 9 an acre ( l&1 9 a hundr$weight ( iron1 9 a qu>t] ( :eat1 9 a y>d ( clo?1 is truly a metonymy1 l ! expression1 ,value ( wat]1 ( iron1 & s =?2 & t s f> z nature has giv5 ^! ?+s to m51 !y enjoy !m gratuit\sly & 9 common2 9 a ^w1 t ,community is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ,prop]ty1 ! gifts ( ,god rema9+ 9 ! doma9 ( ! "o1 & human s]vices =m+ alone ! v legitimate doma9 ( ! o!r4 ,b f my hav+ *os5 a v simple example 9 ord] to po9t out ! l9e ( dem>cation :i* sep>ates ! doma9 ( :at is common f ! doma9 ( :at has be5 appropriat$1 y are n to conclude t ?is l9e loses itself & disappe>s1 ev5 9 ! mo/ complicat$ transactions4 ,x cont9ues always to %[ itself 9 e free transaction4 ,! lab\r ( go+ to fet* wat] f ! spr+ is v simple1 no d\bt2 b :5 y exam9e ! ?+ m n>r[ly1 y w be conv9c$ t ! lab\r ( rais+ corn is only m complicat$ because x embraces a s]ies ( ef=ts q z simple1 9 ea* ( :i* ! "w ( nature co-op]ates ) t ( man1 s t 9 fact ! example ,i h %[n may be reg>d$ z ! type ( e economical fact4 ,take ! case ( wat]1 ( corn1 ( clo?1 ( books1 ( transport1 ( pictures1 ( ! ballet1 ( ! op]a1--9 all1 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ,i all[1 may imp>t su* value to c]ta9 s]vices1 b no "o is ev] paid = any?+ else ?an s]vices1--nev] c]ta9ly = ! co-op]ation ( nature1--& ! reason is obvi\s1 because "o ( ! contract+ p>ties has x always 9 8 p[] to say1 ,if y dem& f me m ?an y\r s]vice is wor?1 ,i %all apply to ano!r qu>t]1 or d ! "w = myself4 ,b ,i am n cont5t to v9dicate ,prop]ty2 ,i %\ld wi% to make x an object ( *]i%$ affection ev5 to ! mo/ det]m9$ ,communi/s4 ,& to accompli% ?is1 all t is necess>y is to describe ! popul>1 progressive1 & equaliz+ "p :i* x plays2 & to demon/rate cle>ly1 n only t x does n monopolize & conc5trate 9 a few h&s ! gifts ( ,god1 b t its special mission is to enl>ge cont9ually ! sph]e ( p#bda ,community4 ,9 ?is respect ! natural laws ( society are mu* m +5i\s ?an ! artificial sy/ems ( ,plato1 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,fnlon1 or ,monsieur ,cabet4 ,t !re are satisfactions :i* m5 enjoy1 gratuit\sly & 9 common1 ^u a foot+ ( ! mo/ p]fect equality1--t !re is 9 ! social ord]1 und]ly+ ,prop]ty1 a real ,community1--no "o w dispute4 ,to see ?is x is n necess>y t y %\ld be ei!r an ,economi/ or a ,sociali/1 b t y %\ld h eyes 9 y\r head4 ,9 c]ta9 respects all ! *ildr5 ( ,god are treat$ 9 precisely ! same way4 ,all are equal z reg>ds ! law ( gravitation1 :i* atta*es !m to ! e>?1 z reg>ds ! air we brea!1 ! light ( day1 ! wat] ( ! brook4 ,?is va/ & measureless common fund1 :i* has no?+ :atev] to d ) ,value or ,prop]ty1 ,j4 ,b4 ,say d5om9ates natural weal?1 9 opposition to social weal?2 ,pr\dhon1 natural prop]ty1 9 opposition to acquir$ prop]ty2 ,considrant1 natural capital1 9 opposition to capital :i* is creat$2 ,sa9t-,*amans1 ! weal? ( enjoym5t1 9 opposition to ! weal? ( value4 ,we h d5om9at$ x gratuit\s utility1 9 contradi/9ction to on]\s utility4 ,call x :at y w1 x exi/s1 & t entitles u to say t !re is among m5 a common fund ( gratuit\s & equal satisfactions4 ,& if weal?1 social1 acquir$1 creat$1 ( value1 on]\s1 9 a ^w1 ,prop]ty1 is unequally di/ribut$1 we _c affirm t x is unju/ly s1 see+ t x is 9 ea* man's case proportional to ! s]vices :i* give rise to x1 & ( :i* x is simply ! measure & e/imate4 ,besides1 x is cle> t ?is ,inequality is less5$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! common fund1 9 virtue ( ! ma!matical rule3 ! relative inequality ( two unequal numb]s is less5$ by add+ equal numb]s to ea* ( !m4 ,:5 our inv5tories1 !n1 %[ t "o man is twice z ri* z ano!r man1 t proportion ceases to be exact :5 we take into consid]ation _! equal %>e 9 ! gratuit\s utility furni%$ by nature1 & ! inequality w\ld be gradually effac$ & wip$ away if ?is common fund 7 itself progressive4 ,! problem1 !n1 is to f9d out :e!r ?is common fund is a fix$ inv>iable quantity1 giv5 to mank9d by ,provid5ce 9 ! beg9n+1 & once = all1 above :i* ! appropriat$ fund is sup]impos$1 ap>t f ! exi/5ce ( any relation or action betwe5 ^! two ord]s ( ph5om5a4 ,economi/s h conclud$ t ! social ord] _h no influ5ce ^u ?is natural & common fund ( weal?2 & ?is is _! reason = exclud+ x f ! doma9 ( ,political ,economy4 p#bdb ,! ,sociali/s g f>!r4 ,!y believe t ! con/itution ( society t5ds to make ?is common fund pass into ! region ( ,prop]ty1 t x consecrates1 to ! pr(it ( a few1 ! usurpation ( :at belongs to all2 & ?is is ! reason :y !y rise up aga9/ ,political ,economy1 :i* d5ies ?is fatal t5d5cy1 & aga9/ mod]n society1 :i* submits to x4 ,! tru? is1 t ,socialism1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 taxes ,political ,economy ) inconsi/5cy1 & ) "s ju/ice too2 = aft] hav+ decl>$ t !re are no relations betwe5 common & appropriat$ weal?1 ,economi/s h invalidat$ _! own ass]tion1 & prep>$ ! way = ! sociali/ grievance4 ,!y did s ! mom5t t1 conf\nd+ value ) utility1 !y ass]t$ t ! mat]ials & =ces ( nature1 t is to say1 ! gifts ( ,god1 _h an intr9sic value1 a value inh]5t 9 !m1--= value implies1 always & necess>ily1 appropriation4 ,f t mom5t !y lo/ ! "r & ! means ( logically v9dicat+ ,prop]ty4 ,:at ,i ma9ta9--& ma9ta9 ) a conviction am\nt+ to absolute c]ta9ty--is ?is3 t ! appropriat$ fund ex]ts a con/ant action ^u ! fund :i* is common & unappropriat$1 & 9 ?is respect ! fir/ ass]tion ( ! ,economi/s is errone\s4 ,b ! second ass]tion1 z develop$ & expla9$ by socialism1 is /ill m fatal2 = ! action 9 "q does n take place 9 a way to make ! common fund pass into ! appropriat$ fund1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to make ! appropriat$ fund pass incessantly into ! common doma94 ,prop]ty1 j & legitimate 9 itself1 because always repres5t+ s]vices1 t5ds to trans=m on]\s into gratuit\s utility4 ,x is ! spur :i* urges on human intellig5ce to make lat5t natural =ces op]ative4 ,x /ruggles1 & und\bt$ly = our b5efit1 aga9/ ! ob/acles :i* r5d] utility on]\s4 ,& :5 ! ob/acle has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t remov$1 x is f\nd t1 to t ext5t1 x has be5 remov$ to ! pr(it & advantage ( all4 ,!n indefatigable ,prop]ty *all5ges & enc\nt]s o!r ob/acles1 & goes on1 rais+1 always & )\t int]mission1 ! level ( humanity1 realiz+ m & m ,community1 &1 ) ,community1 ,equality1 among ! great family ( mank9d4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! truly m>vell\s ,h>mony ( ! natural social ord]4 ,?is h>mony ,i am unable to describe )\t combat+ objections :i* are p]petually recurr+1 & )\t fall+ into we>isome repetitions4 ,no matt]1 ,i submit--let ! read] also ex]cise a little pati5ce on 8 side4 p#bdc ,make y\rself ma/]1 fir/ ( all1 ( ?is fundam5tal idea1 t :51 9 any case1 !re is no ob/acle betwe5 desire & satisfaction 7!re is none1 = in/ance1 betwe5 our eyes & ! light ( day7--!re is no ef=t to make1 no s]vice to r5d]1 ei!r to ourselves or to o!r p1 & value & ,prop]ty h no exi/5ce4 ,:5 an ob/acle exi/s1 ! :ole s]ies comes into play4 ,fir/1 we h ,ef=t--!n a volunt>y ex*ange ( ef=ts or ,s]vices--!n a comp>ative appreciation ( ^? s]vices1 or ,value2 la/ly1 ! "r ( ea* to enjoy ! utilities atta*$ to ^! values1 or ,prop]ty4 ,if 9 ?is /ruggle aga9/ ob/acles1 :i* are always uni=m1 ! co-op]ation ( nature & t ( lab\r 7 also always 9 equal proportion1 ,prop]ty & ,community w\ld advance 9 p>allel l9es1 )\t *ang+ _! relative proportions4 ,b x is n s4 ,! univ]sal aim ( m5 9 all _! ent]prises is to dim9i% ! proportion betwe5 ef=t & result1 & = t purpose to enli/ m & m 9 _! "w ! assi/ance ( natural ag5ts4 ,no agriculturi/1 manufactur]1 m]*ant1 artisan1 %ip[n]1 arti/1 b makes ?is 8 con/ant /udy4 ,9 t direction all _! faculties are b5t4 ,= t purpose !y inv5t tools & ma*9es1 & avail !mselves ( ! *emical & me*anical =ces ( ! elem5ts1 divide _! occupations1 & unite _! ef=ts4 ,to accompli% m ) less1 su* is ! et]nal problem :i* !y propose to !mselves at all times1 9 all places1 9 all situations1 9 ev]y?+4 ,:o d\bts t 9 all ?is !y are prompt$ by self-int]e/8 ,:at o!r /imulant c\ld excite !m to ! same en]gy8 ,e man1 moreov]1 is *>g$ ) ! c>e ( 8 own exi/5ce & advancem5t4 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld con/itute ! ma9spr+ ( 8 movem5ts b self-int]e/8 ,y express y\r a/oni%m5t1 b wait till ,i h done1 & y w f9d t if ea* c>es = himself1 ,god c>es = u all4 ,our con/ant /udy1 !n1 is to dim9i% ! proportion :i* ! ef=t be>s to ! useful effect s\ght to be produc$4 ,b :5 ! ef=t is less5$1 :e!r by ! removal ( ob/acles or ! int]v5tion ( ma*9]y1 by ! division ( lab\r1 ! union ( =ces1 or ! assi/ance ( natural ag5ts1 etc41 ?is dim9i%$ ef=t is less highly appreciat$ 9 relation to o!rs2--we r5d] less s]vice 9 mak+ ! ef=t = ano!r4 ,!re is less value1 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! doma9 ( ,prop]ty has rec$$4 ,is ! useful effect on t acc\nt lo/8 ,by hypo!sis x is n4 ,:]e !n has x gone to8 ,x has pass$ into ! doma9 ( ,community4 ,z reg>ds t portion ( human ef=t p#bdd :i* ! useful effect no long] absorbs1 x is n on t acc\nt /]ile--x is turn$ to o!r acquisitions4 ,ob/acles pres5t !mselves1 & w always pres5t !mselves1 to ! indef9ite expansibility ( our physical1 moral1 & intellectual wants1 to an ext5t suffici5t to ensure t ! lab\r set free 9 "o dep>tm5t w f9d employm5t 9 ano!r4 ,& x is 9 ?is way t ! appropriat$ fund rema9+ always ! same1 ! common fund dilates & exp&s1 l a circle ! radius ( :i* is always enl>g+4 ,ap>t f ?is consid]ation1 h[ c\ld we expla9 progress or civilisation1 h[ev] imp]fect8 ,let u turn our reg>ds ^u ourselves1 & consid] our feebl5ess4 ,let u comp>e our own individual vig\r & k ) ! vig\r & k necess>y to produce ! innum]able satisfactions :i* we d]ive f society4 ,we %all soon be conv9c$ t 7 we r$uc$ to our prop] ef=ts1 we c\ld n obta9 a hundr$ ?\s&? "p ( !m1 ev5 if millions ( acres ( uncultivat$ l& 7 plac$ at ! disposal ( ea* "o ( u4 ,x is positively c]ta9 t a giv5 am\nt ( human ef=t w realize an immeasurably great] result at ! pres5t day ?an x c\ld 9 ! days ( ! ,druids4 ,if t 7 true only ( an individual1 ! natural conclusion w\ld be t he lives & prosp]s at ! exp5se ( 8 fell[s4 ,b s9ce ?is ph5om5on is manife/$ 9 all ! memb]s ( ! human family1 we are l$ to ! com=table conclusion t ?+s n our own h come to our aid2 t ! gratuit\s co-op]ation ( nature is 9 l>g] & l>g] measure add$ to our own ef=ts1 & t x rema9s gratuit\s ?r\gh all our transactions2 = 7 x n gratuit\s1 x w\ld expla9 no?+4 ,f :at we h said1 we may d$uce ^! =mulas3 ,prop]ty is ,value1 & ,value is ,prop]ty2 ,t :i* has no ,value is gratuit\s1 & :at is gratuit\s is common2 ,a fall ( ,value is an approximation t[>ds ! gratuit\s2 ,su* approximation is a p>tial realization ( ,community4 ,!re are times :5 "o _c give utt]ance to c]ta9 words )\t be+ expos$ to false int]pretations4 ,!re are always p ready to cry out1 9 a critical or 9 a laudatory _s1 accord+ to ! sect !y belong to3 8,! au?or talks ( ,community--he mu/ be a ,communi/40 ,i expect ?is1 & resign myself to x4 ,& yet ,i mu/ endeav\r to gu>d myself aga9/ su* ha/y inf]5ces4 ,! read] mu/ h be5 v inatt5tive 7& ! mo/ p#bde =midable class ( read]s are ^? :o turn ov] books )\t att5d+ to :at !y read7 if he has n obs]v$ ! great gulf :i* int]poses itself betwe5 ,community & ,communism4 ,! two ideas are sep>at$ by ! entire doma9 n only ( prop]ty b ( lib]ty1 "r1 ju/ice1 & ev5 ( human p]sonality4 ,community applies to ^? ?+s :i* we enjoy 9 common by ! de/9ation ( ,provid5ce2 because1 exact+ no ef=t 9 ord] to adapt !m to our use1 !y give rise to no s]vice1 no transaction1 no ,prop]ty4 ,! f\ndation ( prop]ty is ! "r :i* we possess to r5d] s]vices to ourselves1 or to o!rs on condition ( a return4 ,:at ,communism wi%es to r5d] common is1 n ! gratuit\s gift ( ,god1 b human ef=t--s]vice4 ,x desires t ea* man %\ld c>ry ! fruit ( 8 lab\r to ! common /ock1 & t aft]w>ds an equitable di/ribution ( t /ock %\ld be made by au?ority4 ,n[1 ( two ?+s "o4 ,ei!r ! di/ribution is proportional to ! /ake :i* ea* has contribut$1 or x is made ^u ano!r pr9ciple4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ,communism aims at realiz+1 z reg>ds result1 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s--only sub/itut+ ! arbitr>y w ( "o = ! lib]ty ( all4 ,9 ! second case1 :at mu/ be ! basis ( ! division8 ,communism answ]s1 ,equality4 ,:at6 ,equality1 )\t reg>d to ! diff]5ce ( pa9s tak51 ( lab\r und]gone6 ,y are to h an equal %>e :e!r y h work$ six h\rs or twelve--me*anically1 or ) intellig5ce6 ,( all inequalities surely t w\ld be ! mo/ %ock+2 besides x w\ld be ! de/ruction ( all lib]ty1 all activity1 all dignity1 all sagacity4 ,y pret5d to put an end to competition1 b 9 tru? y only trans=m x4 ,! competition at pres5t is1 :o %all "w mo/ & be/4 ,"u y\r regime x w\ld be1 :o %\ld "w wor/ & lea/4 ,communism misund]/&s or dis[ns ! v nature ( man4 ,ef=t is pa9ful 9 itself4 ,:at urges u to make x8 ,x c only be a feel+ m pa9ful /ill1 a want to satisfy1 a suff]+ to remove1 a good to be realiz$4 ,our mov+ pr9ciple1 !n1 is self-int]e/4 ,:5 y ask ! ,communi/s :at !y w\ld sub/itute = ?is1 !y answ]1 by ! m\? ( ,l\is ,blanc1 ,! po9t ( hon\r1 & by t ( ,monsieur ,cabet1 ,frat]nity4 ,enable me1 !n1 to exp]i5ce ! s5sations ( o!rs1 9 ord] t ,i may "k :at direction to impress ^u my indu/ry4 ,i %\ld l to h x expla9$ :at ?is po9t ( hon\r1 p#bdf ?is frat]nity1 :i* are to be set to "w 9 society at ! in/igation & "u ! direction ( ,messieurs ,l\is ,blanc & ,cabet1 really mean4 ,b x is n my bus9ess 9 ?is place to refute ,communism1 :i* is oppos$ 9 ev]y?+ to ! sy/em :i* x is my object to e/abli%4 ,we recognise ! "r ( e man to s]ve himself1 or to s]ve o!rs on conditions freely /ipulat$4 ,communism d5ies ?is "r1 s9ce x masses toge!r & c5tralizes all s]vices 9 ! h&s ( an arbitr>y au?ority4 ,our doctr9e is bas$ ^u ,prop]ty4 ,communism is f\nd$ on sy/ematic spoliation4 ,x consi/s 9 h&+ ov] to "o1 )\t comp5sation1 ! lab\r ( ano!r4 ,9 fact1 did x di/ribute to ea* accord+ to 8 lab\r1 x w\ld recognise prop]ty1 & w\ld be no long] ,communism4 ,our doctr9e is f\nd$ on lib]ty4 ,9 tru?1 prop]ty & lib]ty are 9 our eyes "o & ! same ?+1 = t :i* con/itutes a man ! proprietor ( 8 s]vice is 8 "r & p[] ( dispos+ ( x4 ,communism annihilates lib]ty1 s9ce x leaves to no "o ! free disposal ( 8 lab\r4 ,our doctr9e is f\nd$ on ju/ice--,communism on inju/ice4 ,t foll[s cle>ly f :at has be5 already said4 ,!re is only "o po9t ( contact1 !n1 betwe5 ! communi/s & u--x is ! simil>ity ( two syllables1 9 ! words communism & community4 ,b ?is simil>ity ( s\nds %\ld n mislead ! read]4 ,:il/ communism is ! negation ( ,prop]ty1 we f9d 9 our doctr9e ( ,community ! mo/ explicit affirmation & ! mo/ positive demon/ration ( prop]ty4 ,if ! legitimacy ( prop]ty has appe>$ d\btful & inexplicable1 ev5 to m5 :o are n communi/s1 ! reason is1 t !y believe t x conc5trates 9 ! h&s ( "s1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 ^? gifts ( ,god :i* 7 orig9ally common4 ,we believe we h entirely dissipat$ t d\bt by demon/rat+ t :at is common by provid5tial de/9ation rema9s common 9 all human transactions1--! doma9 ( prop]ty nev] ext5d+ beyond t ( value--( "r on]\sly acquir$ by s]vices r5d]$4 ,?us expla9$1 prop]ty is v9dicat$2 = :o b a fool c\ld pret5d t m5 h no "r to _! own lab\r--no "r to receive ! volunt>y s]vices ( ^? to :om !y h r5d]$ volunt>y s]vices8 ,!re is ano!r ^w ^u :i* ,i mu/ (f] "s explanation1 p#bdg = ( late x has be5 /rangely misappli$--,i mean ! ^w gratuit\s4 ,i ne$ n say t ,i d5om9ate gratuit\s1 n :at co/s a man no?+ because he has depriv$ ano!r ( x1 b :at has co/ no?+ to anyone4 ,:5 ,diog5es w>m$ himself 9 ! sun1 he might be said to w>m himself gratuit\sly1 = he obta9$ f ! div9e lib]ality a satisfaction :i* exact$ no lab\r ei!r f himself or 8 contempor>ies4 ,nor does ! heat ( ! sun's rays cease to be gratuit\s :5 ! proprietor avails himself ( x to rip5 8 corn & 8 grapes1 see+ t 9 sell+ 8 grapes or 8 corn he is paid = 8 own s]vices & n = ^? ( ! sun4 ,?is may be an errone\s view 79 :i* case we h no alt]native b to become communi/s72 b at any rate ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use ! ^w gratuit\s1 & ?is is :at x evid5tly means4 ,mu* has be5 said1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,republic1 ( gratuit\s cr$it1 & gratuit\s in/ruction4 ,b x is evid5t t a gross sophism lurks "u ?is phraseology4 ,c ! ,/ate %$ abroad in/ruction l ! light ( day )\t its co/+ any?+ to anybody8 ,c x cov] ! c\ntry ) in/itutions & pr(essors )\t _! be+ paid 9 "o %ape or ano!r8 ,in/ead ( leav+ ea* individual to dem& & to remun]ate volunt>ily ?is description ( s]vice1 ! ,/ate may lay hold ( ! remun]ation1 tak5 by taxation f ! pockets ( ! citiz5s1 & di/ribute among !m in/ruction ( its own selection1 )\t exact+ f !m a second remun]ation4 ,?is is all t c be effect$ by gov]nm5t int]f]5ce--& 9 ?is case1 ^? :o d n le>n pay = ^? :o d1 ^? :o le>n little = ^? :o le>n mu*1 ^? :o are de/9$ to manual lab\r = ^? :o embrace le>n$ pr(essions4 ,?is is communism appli$ to "o bran* ( human activity4 ,"u ?is rgime1 ( :i* ,i am n call$ ^u "h to give an op9ion1 x might v well be said t in/ruction is common1 b x w\ld be ridicul\s to say t in/ruction is gratuit\s4 ,gratuit\s6 ,yes1 = "s ( ^? :o receive x1 b n = ^? :o h to pay = x1 if n to ! tea*]1 at lea/ to ! tax-ga!r]4 ,= t matt]1 !re is no?+ :i* ! ,/ate c give gratuit\sly2 & if ! ^w 7 n a my/ification1 x is n only gratuit\s education :i* we %\ld dem& f ! ,/ate1 b gratuit\s food1 gratuit\s clo?+1 gratuit\s lodg+1 etc4 ,let u take c>e4 ,! p are n f> f go+ ?is l5g?1 & !re are already among u ^? :o dem& gratuit\s cr$it1 gratuit\s tools & in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 etc4 ,dupes ( a ^w1 p#bdh we h made "o /ep t[>ds ,communism2 :y %\ld we n make a second1 & a ?ird1 until all lib]ty1 all ju/ice1 & all prop]ty h pass$ away8 ,w x be urg$ t in/ruction is s univ]sally necess>y t we may dep>t some:at f "r & pr9ciple 9 ?is in/ance8 ,b !n1 are n food & su/5ance /ill m necess>y ?an education8 ,prim viv]e1 de9de philosoph>i1 ! p may say2 & ,i "k n 9 tru? :at answ] we c make to !m4 ,:o kn[s8 ,^? :o *>ge me ) ,communism = hav+ demon/rat$ ! natural community ( ! gifts ( ,god1 are p]haps ! v p :o seek to violate ju/ice 9 ! matt] ( education1 t is to say1 to attack prop]ty 9 its ess5ce4 ,su* inconsi/5cies are m surpris+ ?an uncommon4 p#bdi ,,ix4 ,,l&$ ,,prop]ty4 ,if ! lead+ idea ( ?is "w is well f\nd$1 ! relations ( mank9d ) ! ext]nal _w mu/ be view$ 9 ?is way3 ,god creat$ ! e>?4 ,on x1 & )9 x1 he has plac$ a multitude ( ?+s :i* are useful to man1 inasmu* z !y are adapt$ to satisfy 8 wants4 ,god has1 besides1 endu$ matt] ) =ces--gravitation1 ela/icity1 porosity1 compressibility1 heat1 light1 electricity1 cry/allization1 vegetable life4 ,he has plac$ man 9 ! middle ( ^! mat]ials & =ces1 :i* he has deliv]$ ov] to him gratuit\sly4 ,m5 set !mselves to ex]cise _! activity ^u ^! mat]ials & =ces2 & 9 ?is way !y r5d] s]vice to !mselves4 ,!y also "w = "o ano!r1 & 9 ?is way r5d] reciprocal s]vices4 ,^! s]vices1 comp>$ by ! act ( ex*ange1 give rise to ! idea ( ,value1 & ,value to t ( ,prop]ty4 ,ea* man1 !n1 becomes an own] or proprietor 9 proportion to ! s]vices he has r5d]$4 ,b ! mat]ials & =ces giv5 by ,god to man gratuit\sly1 at ! beg9n+1 h cont9u$ gratuit\s1 & are & mu/ cont9ue to be s ?r\gh all our transactions2 = 9 ! e/imates & appreciations to :i* ex*ange gives rise1 ! equival5ts are human s]vices1 n ! gifts ( ,god4 ,h5ce x foll[s t no human be+1 s long z transactions are free1 c ev] cease to be ! usufructu>y ( ^! gifts4 ,a s+le condition is laid d[n1 :i* is1 t we %all execute ! lab\r necess>y to make !m available to u1 or1 if any "o makes ?is ex]tion = u1 t we make = him an equival5t ex]tion4 ,if ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] be true1 ,prop]ty is inde$ unassailable4 p#bej ,! univ]sal in/9ct ( mank9d1 m infallible ?an ! lucubrations ( any individual1 _h adopt$ ?is view ( ! subject )\t ref9+ ^u x1 :5 !ory began to scrut9ize ! f\ndations ( ,prop]ty4 ,!ory unhappily began 9 confusion1 mi/ak+ ,utility = ,value1 & attribut+ an inh]5t value1 indep5d5t ( all human s]vice1 to ! mat]ials or =ces ( nature4 ,f t mom5t prop]ty became un9telligible1 & incapable ( ju/ification4 ,= utility is ! relation betwe5 commodities & our organization4 ,x necess>ily implies nei!r ef=ts1 nor transactions1 nor comp>isons4 ,we c conceive ( x p] se1 & 9 relation to man 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,value1 on ! contr>y1 is a relation ( man to man4 ,to exi/ at all1 x mu/ exi/ 9 duplicate4 ,no?+ isolat$ c be comp>$4 ,value implies t ! p]son 9 possession ( x does n transf] x except = an equival5t value4 ,! !ory1 !n1 :i* conf\nds ^! two ideas1 takes = grant$ t a p]son1 9 effect+ an ex*ange1 gives pret5d$ value ( natural creation = true value ( human creation1 utility :i* exacts no lab\r = utility :i* does exact x2 9 o!r words1 t he c pr(it by ! lab\r ( ano!r )\t work+ himself4 ,prop]ty1 ?us und]/ood1 is call$ fir/ ( all a necess>y monopoly1 !n simply a monopoly1--!n x is br&$ z illegitimate1 & la/ ( all z robb]y4 ,l&$ ,prop]ty receives ! fir/ bl[1 & s x %\ld4 ,n t natural ag5ts d n be> _! "p 9 all manufactures1 b ^! ag5ts manife/ !mselves m /rik+ly to ! eyes ( ! vulg> 9 ! ph5om5a ( vegetable & animal life1 9 ! production ( food1 & ( :at are improp]ly call$ matires premires raw mat]ials1 :i* are ! special products ( agriculture4 ,besides1 if !re be any "o monopoly m revolt+ ?an ano!r1 x is und\bt$ly a monopoly :i* applies to ! fir/ necess>ies ( life4 ,! confusion :i* ,i am expos+1 & :i* is speci\s 9 a sci5tific view1 s9ce no !ori/ ,i am acqua9t$ ) has got rid ( x1 becomes /ill m speci\s :5 we look at :at is pass+ ar\nd u4 ,we see ! l&$ ,proprietor frequ5tly liv+ )\t lab\r1 & we draw ! conclusion1 :i* is plausible en\gh1 t 8he mu/ surely be remun]at$ = some?+ else ?an 8 "w40 ,& :at c ?is some?+ else be1 if n ! fecundity1 ! productiv5ess1 ! co-op]ation ( ! soil z an in/rum5t8 ,x is1 !n1 ! r5t ( l& :i* we mu/ br&1 9 ! language p#bea ( ! times1 ) ! names ( necess>y monopoly1 privilege1 illegitimacy1 !ft4 ,we mu/ admit t ! au?ors ( ?is !ory h enc\nt]$ a fact :i* mu/ h p[]fully t5d$ to mislead !m4 ,few l& e/ates 9 ,europe h escap$ f conque/ & all its att5dant abuses2 & sci5ce has conf\nd$ ! viol5t me?ods by :i* l&$ prop]ty has be5 acquir$ ) ! me?ods by :i* x is naturally =m$4 ,b we mu/ n imag9e t ! false def9ition ( ! ^w value t5ds only to unsettle l&$ prop]ty4 ,logic is a t]rible & indefatigable p[]1 :e!r x sets out ) a good or a bad pr9ciple6 ,z ! e>?1 x is said1 makes light1 heat1 electricity1 vegetable life1 etc41 co-op]ate 9 ! production ( value1 does n capital 9 ! same way make gravitation1 ela/icity1 ! w9d1 etc41 concur 9 produc+ value8 ,!re are o!r m51 !n1 besides agriculturi/s :o are paid = ! int]v5tion ( natural ag5ts4 ,?is remun]ation comes to capitali/s 9 ! %ape ( ,int]e/1 j z x comes to proprietors 9 ! %ape ( ,r5t4 ,w>1 !n1 mu/ be decl>$ aga9/ ,int]e/ z x has be5 aga9/ ,r5t6 ,prop]ty has _h a succession ( bl[s aim$ at x 9 ! "n ( ?is pr9ciple1 false z ,i ?9k1 true accord+ to ! ,economi/s & ,egalitaires1 namely1 t natural ag5ts possess or create value4 ,?is is a po/ulate ^u :i* all s*ools are agre$4 ,!y diff] only 9 ! boldness or timidity ( _! d$uctions4 ,! ,economi/s say t prop]ty 79 l&7 is a monopoly1 b a monopoly :i* is necess>y1 & :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,! ,sociali/s say t prop]ty 79 l&7 is a monopoly1 b a monopoly :i* is necess>y1 & :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$1--& !y dem& comp5sation = x 9 ! %ape ( "r to employm5t le droit au travail4 ,! ,communi/s & ,egalitaires say t prop]ty 79 g5]al7 is a monopoly1 & mu/ be de/roy$4 ,= myself1 ,i say mo/ emphatically t ,,prop]ty ,,is ,,n ,a ,,monopoly4 ,y\r premises are false1 & y\r ?ree conclusions1 al?\gh !y diff]1 are false also4 ,prop]ty is n a monopoly1 & consequ5tly x is n incumb5t on u ei!r to tol]ate x by way ( fav\r1 or to dem& comp5sation = x1 or to de/roy x4 ,let u pass briefly 9 review ! op9ions ( writ]s ( v>i\s s*ools on ?is important subject4 ,! ,engli% ,economi/s lay d[n ?is pr9ciple1 ^u :i* !y appe> to be unanim\s1 t value comes f lab\r4 ,7 !y consi/5t 9 _! use ( t]ms1 x might be s2 b are !y consi/5t8 ,! read] w judge4 ,he w see :e!r !y p#beb d n always & ev]y:]e conf\nd gratuit\s ,utility1 :i* is incapable ( remun]ation1 & de/itute ( ,value1 ) on]\s ,utility1 :i* we owe exclusively to lab\r1 & :i* accord+ to !m is alone possess$ ( value4 ,adam ,smi?4--8,9 agriculture nature lab\rs along ) man2 & al?\gh h] lab\r co/s no exp5se1 its produce has its value1 z well z t ( ! mo/ exp5sive workm540#ee ,"h we h nature produc+ value4 ,! pur*as] ( corn mu/ pay = x1 al?\gh x has co/ no?+ to anybody1 n ev5 lab\r4 ,:o !n d>es come =w>d to dem& ?is pret5d$ value8 ,sub/itute = t ^w ! ^w utility1 & all becomes cle>1 ,prop]ty is v9dicat$1 & ju/ice satisfi$4 8,?is r5t10 proce$s ,smi?1 8may be consid]$ z ! produce ( ^? p[]s ( nature1 ! use ( :i* ! l&lord l5ds to ! f>m]4 4 4 4 4 ,x 7r5t67 is ! "w ( nature1 :i* rema9s aft] d$uct+ or comp5sat+ ev]y?+ :i* c be reg>d$ z ! "w ( man4 ,x is seldom less ?an a f\r?1 & frequ5tly m ?an a ?ird ( ! :ole produce4 ,no equal quantity ( productive lab\r employ$ 9 manufactures c ev] occasion s great a reproduction4 ,9 !m nature does no?+2 man does all40#ef ,is x possible 9 z few words to include a great] numb] ( dang]\s errors8 ,at ?is rate a f\r? or a ?ird "p ( ! value ( human subsi/5ce is due exclusively to ! p[] ( nature4 ,& yet ! proprietor is paid by ! f>m]1 & ! f>m] by ! corn-consum]1 = ?is pret5d$ value :i* rema9s aft] ! "w ( man has be5 remun]at$4 ,& ?is is ! basis on :i* x is desir$ to place ,prop]ty6 ,&1 !n1 :at becomes ( ! axiom t all value comes f lab\r8 ,next1 we h nature do+ no?+ 9 ,manufactures6 ,d gravitation1 ! ela/icity ( ! air1 & animal =ce1 n aid ! manufactur]8 ,^! =ces act 9 our manufactures j z !y act 9 our fields2 !y produce gratuit\sly1 n value1 b utility4 ,7 x o!rwise1 prop]ty 9 capital w\ld be z mu* expos$ to ! attacks ( ,communism z prop]ty 9 l&4 ,bu*anan4--,?is comm5tator1 adopt+ ! !ory ( 8 ma/] on ,r5t1 is press$ by logic to blame him = hav+ repres5t$ x z advantage\s3 8,9 dwell+ on ! reproduction ( r5t z s great an advantage to society1 ,smi? does n reflect t r5t is ! effect ( high price1 & t :at ! l&lord ga9s 9 ?is way1 he ga9s at ! exp5se ( ! community at l>ge4 ,!re is no absolute ga9 to society by ! reproduction ( r5t4 ,x is only "o class pr(it+ at ! exp5se ( ano!r class40#eg ,"h ! logical d$uction makes its appe>ance--r5t is an inju/ice4 ,ric>do4--8,r5t is t portion ( ! produce ( ! e>? :i* is paid to ! l&lord = ! use ( ! orig9al & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil40 p#bec ,&1 9 ord] t !re may be no mi/ake1 ! au?or adds3 8,x is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! int]e/ & pr(it ( capital4 4 4 4 4 ,x is evid5t t a portion only ( ! money annually to be paid = ! improv$ f>m w\ld be = ! orig9al & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil1 ! o!r portion w\ld be paid = ! use ( ! capital :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 ameliorat+ ! quality ( ! l&1 & 9 erect+ su* build+s z 7 necess>y to secure & pres]ve ! produce4 4 4 4 ,9 ! future pages ( ?is "w1 !n1 :5ev] ,i speak ( ! r5t ( l&1 ,i wi% to be und]/ood z speak+ ( t comp5sation :i* is paid to ! own] ( l& = ! use ( its orig9al & inde/ructible p[]s40#eh ,m',cullo*4--8,:at is prop]ly t]m$ ,r5t is ! sum paid = ! use ( ! natural & inh]5t p[]s ( ! soil4 ,x is entirely di/9ct f ! sum paid = ! use ( build+s1 enclosures1 roads1 or o!r amelioration4 ,r5t is !n always a monopoly40 ,scrope4--8,! value ( l&1 & its p[] ( yield+ ,r5t1 are due to two circum/ances1--#a/1 ,! appropriation ( its natural p[]s2 #b;d1 ,! lab\r appli$ to its amelioration40 ,we are n kept long wait+ = ! consequ5ce3 8,"u ! fir/ ( ^! relations r5t is a monopoly4 ,x re/ricts our usufruct & enjoym5t ( ! gifts :i* ,god has giv5 to m5 = ! satisfaction ( _! wants4 ,?is re/riction is j1 only 9 z f> z x is necess>y = ! common good40 ,9 :at p]plexity mu/ ^? good s\ls be l&$ :o refuse to admit any?+ to be necess>y :i* is n j8 ,scrope ends ) ^! words3 8,:5 x goes beyond ?is po9t1 x mu/ be modifi$ on ! same pr9ciple :i* caus$ x to be e/abli%$40 ,x is impossible = ! read] n to p]ceive t ^! au?ors lead u to a negation ( ,prop]ty1 & lead u to x v logically1 9 sett+ out ) ! proposition t ! proprietor is paid = ! gifts ( ,god4 ,"h we h r5t held up z an inju/ice e/abli%$ by ,law "u ! pressure ( necessity1 & :i* laws may modify or de/roy "u ! pressure ( ano!r necessity4 ,! ,communi/s h nev] gone f>!r ?an ?is4 ,s5ior4--8,! in/rum5ts ( production are lab\r & natural ag5ts4 ,natural ag5ts hav+ be5 appropriat$1 proprietors *>ge = _! use "u ! =m ( ,r5t1 :i* is ! recomp5se ( no sacrifice :atev]1 & is receiv$ by ^? :o h nei!r lab\r$ nor put by1 b :o m]ely hold out _! h&s to accept ! (f]+s ( ! re/ ( ! community40 ,aft] giv+ ?is heavy bl[ to prop]ty1 ,mr ,s5ior expla9s t "o portion ( ,r5t resolves itself into ! ,int]e/ ( ,capital1 & !n adds3 8,! surplus is tak5 by ! proprietor ( ! natural ag5t1 & is 8 rew>d1 n = hav+ lab\r$ or ab/a9$1 b simply = n hav+ )held :at he 0 able to )hold2 = hav+ p]mitt$ ! gifts ( nature to be accept$40 ,y w obs]ve t ?is is /ill ! same !ory4 ,! proprietor is suppos$ to int]pose himself betwe5 ! hungry m\? & ! food :i* ,god has v\*saf$ "u ! condition ( p#bed lab\r4 ,! proprietor :o has co-op]at$ 9 ! "w ( production1 *>ges fir/ ( all = 8 co-op]ation1 :i* is j1 & !n he makes a second *>ge = ! "w ( nature1 = ! use ( natural ag5ts1 = ! inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil1 :i* is iniquit\s4 ,?is !ory ( ! ,engli% ,economi/s1 :i* has be5 f>!r develop$ by ,mill1 ,mal?us1 & o!rs1 we are sorry to f9d mak+ its way also on ! ,cont95t4 8,:5 a franc's wor? ( se$10 says ,scialoja1 8produces a hundr$ francs' wor? ( corn1 ?is augm5tation ( value is ma9ly due to ! soil40 ,?is is to conf\nd ,utility ) value2 ,he might j z well h said1 :5 wat] :i* co/s only "o s\ at t5 y>ds' di/ance f ! spr+1 co/s t5 s\s at #ajj y>ds1 ?is augm5tation ( value is due 9 "p to ! int]v5tion ( nature4 ,florez ,e/rada4--8,r5t is t portion ( ! agricultural product :i* rema9s aft] all ! co/s ( production h be5 defray$40 ,!n ! proprietor receives some?+ = no?+4 ,! ,engli% ,economi/s all set out by ann\nc+ ! pr9ciple t value comes f lab\r1 & !y are guilty ( inconsi/5cy :5 !y aft]w>ds attribute value to ! inh]5t p[]s ( ! soil4 ,! ,fr5* ,economi/s 9 g5]al make value to consi/ 9 utility2 b1 conf\nd+ gratuit\s ) on]\s utility1 !y h n ! less assi/$ 9 %ak+ ! f\ndation ( ,prop]ty4 ,j4 ,b4 ,say4--8,l& is n ! only natural ag5t :i* is productive1 b x is ! only "o1 or almo/ ! only "o1 t man has be5 able to appropriate4 ,! wat]s ( ! sea & ( our riv]s1 by _! aptitude to imp>t motion to ma*9es1 to af=d n\ri%m5t to fi%es1 to float our %ips1 are likewise possess$ ( productive p[]4 ,! w9d & ! sun's rays "w = u2 b happily no "o has be5 able to say1 ,! w9d & ! sun are m9e1 & ,i mu/ be paid = _! s]vices40 ,m4 ,say appe>s f ?is to lam5t t any "o %\ld be able to say1 ,! l& belongs to me1 & ,i mu/ be paid = ! s]vice :i* x r5d]s4 ,happily1 say ,i1 x is no m 9 ! p[] ( ! proprietor to *>ge = ! s]vices ( ! soil ?an = ! s]vices ( ! sun & ! w9d4 8,! e>?10 cont9ues ,m4 ,say1 8is an admirable *emical work%op1 9 :i* are comb9$ & elaborat$ a multitude ( mat]ials & elem5ts :i* are produc$ 9 ! %ape ( gra91 fruit1 flax1 etc4 ,nature has pres5t$ to man1 gratuit\sly1 ?is va/ work%op divid$ into a great numb] ( comp>tm5ts fitt$ = v>i\s k9ds ( production4 ,b c]ta9 individual memb]s ( society h appropriat$ !m1 & proclaim$1--,?is comp>tm5t is m9e1--t o!r is m9e1 & all t is produc$ 9 x is my exclusive prop]ty4 ,& ! a/oni%+ ?+ is1 t ?is usurp$ privilege1 f> f hav+ be5 fatal to ! community1 has be5 f\nd productive ( advantage to x40 ,und\bt$ly ?is arrangem5t has be5 advantage\s2 b :y8 ,j because x is nei!r a privilege nor usurp$1 & p#bee t ! man :o exclaims1 8,?is doma9 is m9e10 has n _h x 9 8 p[] to add1 8,:at has be5 produc$ on x is my exclusive prop]ty40 ,on ! contr>y1 he says1 8,:at has be5 produc$ is ! exclusive prop]ty ( :oev] desires to pur*ase x1 by giv+ me back simply ! same am\nt ( lab\r :i* ,i h und]gone1 & :i* 9 ?is in/ance ,i h sav$ 8 und]go+40 ,! co-op]ation ( nature 9 ! "w ( production1 :i* is gratuit\s = me1 is gratuit\s = him also4 ,m4 ,say inde$ di/+ui%es1 9 ! value ( corn1 ! p>ts contribut$ by ,prop]ty1 by ,capital1 & by ,lab\r4 ,he has ) ! be/ int5tion be5 at great pa9s to ju/ify ?is fir/ "p ( ! remun]ation :i* accrues to ! proprietor1 & :i* is ! recomp5se ( no lab\r1 ei!r ant]ior or pres5t2 b he fails2 =1 l ,scrope1 he is oblig$ to fall back on ! la/ & lea/ satisfactory ( all gr\nds ( v9dication1 necessity4 8,if x be impossible10 he rem>ks1 8= production to be effect$1 n only )\t l& & )\t capital1 b )\t ^! means ( production previ\sly becom+ prop]ty1 may x n be said t proprietors ( l& & capital ex]cise a productive function1 s9ce1 )\t ! employm5t ( ^! means1 production w\ld n take place8--a conv5i5t function no d\bt1 b :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 presupposes accumulation1 :i* is ! result ( production or sav+10 etc4 ,! confusion "h is palpable4 ,! accumulation has be5 effect$ by ! proprietor 9 8 "* ( ,capitali/--a "* ) :i* at pres5t we h no conc]n4 ,b :at ,m4 ,say repres5ts z conv5i5t is ! "p play$ by ! proprietor1 9 8 prop] "* ( proprietor1 exact+ a price = ! gifts ( ,god4 ,x is ?is "p :i* x is necess>y to v9dicate1 & x has no connexion ) ei!r accumulation or sav+4 8,if1 !n1 prop]ty 9 l& & 9 capital0 7:y assimilate ! two87 8be ! fruit ( production1 ,i am w>rant$ 9 repres5t+ su* prop]ty z a work+ & productive ma*9e1 = :i* its au?or1 al?\gh sitt+ ) 8 h&s across1 is entitl$ to exact a recomp5se40 ,/ill ! same confusion4 ,! man :o con/ructs a ma*9e is proprietor ( a capital1 f :i* he legitimately d]ives an income1 because he is paid1 n = ! lab\r ( ! ma*9e1 b = 8 own lab\r 9 con/ruct+ x4 ,b l&1 or t]ritorial prop]ty1 is n ! result ( human production4 ,:at "r1 !n1 h we to be paid = its co-op]ation8 ,! au?or has "h mix$ up two diff]5t k9ds ( prop]ty 9 ! same category1 9 ord] t ! same reasons :i* ju/ify ! "o may s]ve = ! v9dication ( ! o!r4 ,blanqui4--8,! agriculturi/ :o tills1 manures1 s[s1 & reaps 8 field1 furni%es lab\r1 )\t :i* no?+ w\ld be produc$4 ,b ! action ( ! soil 9 mak+ ! se$ g]m9ate1 & ( ! sun 9 br++ ! plant to maturity1 are indep5d5t ( t lab\r1 & co-op]ate 9 ! =mation ( ! value repres5t$ by ! h>ve/4 4 4 ,smi? & o!r ,economi/s pret5d t ! lab\r ( p#bef man is ! exclusive s\rce ( value4 ,assur$ly ! indu/ry ( ! lab\r] is n ! exclusive s\rce ( ! value ( a sack ( corn or a bu%el ( potatoes4 ,8 skill c no m succe$ 9 produc+ ! ph5om5on ( g]m9ation ?an ! pati5ce ( ! al*ymi/ c\ld succe$ 9 discov]+ ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,?is is evid5t40 ,x is impossible to imag9e a m complete confusion ?an we h "h1 fir/ betwe5 utility & value1 & !n betwe5 on]\s & gratuit\s utility4 ,joseph ,g>ni]4--8,! r5t ( ! proprietor diff]s ess5tially f ! wages ( ! lab\r] & ! pr(its ( ! capitali/1 inasmu* z ^! two k9ds ( remun]ation are ! recomp5se1 ! "o ( tr\ble or pa9s tak51 ! o!r ( a privation submitt$ to1 & a risk enc\nt]$1 :il/ ,r5t is receiv$ by ! proprietor gratuit\sly1 & 9 virtue alone ( a legal conv5tion :i* recognises & ma9ta9s 9 c]ta9 individuals ! "r to l&$ prop]ty40--7,elm5ts de l'conomie ,politique1 #b;e edition1 p4 #bic47 ,9 o!r words1 ! lab\r] & capitali/ are paid1 9 ! "n ( equity1 = ! s]vices !y r5d]2 & ! proprietor is paid1 9 ! "n ( law1 = s]vices :i* he does n r5d]4 8,! bolde/ innovators d n g f>!r ?an to propose ! sub/itution ( collective = individual prop]ty4 ,x seems to u t !y h reason on _! side z reg>ds human "r2 b !y are wrong practically1 inasmu* z !y are unable to exhibit ! advantages ( a bett] ,economical sy/em40 4 4 4 --7,ibid41 pp4 #cgg1 #cgh47 8,b at ! same "t1 9 av[+ t prop]ty is a privilege1 a monopoly1 we mu/ add1 t x is a natural & a useful monopoly4 4 4 4 8,9 %ort1 x seems to be admitt$ by ,political ,economy0 x is s1 alas6 & "h lies ! evil 8t prop]ty does n fl[ f div9e "r1 demesnial "r1 or any o!r speculative "r1 b simply f its utility4 ,x is only a monopoly tol]at$ 9 ! int]e/ ( all10 etc4 ,?is is precisely ! judgm5t pron\nc$ by ,scrope1 & repeat$ 9 modifi$ t]ms by ,say4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ satisfactorily %[n t ,political ,economy1 sett+ out ) ! false datum1 t 8natural ag5ts possess or create value10 has arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 8t prop]ty 79 z f> z x appropriates & is remun]at$ = ?is value1 :i* is indep5d5t ( all human s]vice7 is a privilege1 a monopoly1 a usurpation2 b t x is a necess>y monopoly1 & mu/ be ma9ta9$40 ,x rema9s = me to %[ t ! ,sociali/s set out ) ! same po/ulate1 only !y modify ! conclusion 9 ?is way3 8,prop]ty is a necess>y monopoly2 x mu/ be ma9ta9$1 b we mu/ dem&1 f ^? :o h prop]ty1 comp5sation to ^? :o h none1 9 ! %ape ( ,"r to ,employm5t40 ,i %all1 !n1 dispose ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,communi/s1 :o1 argu+ f ! same premises1 conclude t 8,prop]ty is a monopoly1 & ought to be aboli%$40 ,f9ally1 & at ! risk ( repetition1 ,i %all1 if ,i c1 expose ! fallacy ( ! premises on :i* all ! ?ree conclusions are bas$1 namely1 t natural ag5ts possess or create value4 ,if ,i succe$ 9 p#beg ?is1 if ,i demon/rate t natural ag5ts1 ev5 :5 appropriat$1 produce1 n ,value1 b ,utility1 :i*1 pass+ f ! h&s ( ! proprietor )\t leav+ any?+ beh9d x1 rea*es ! consum] gratuit\sly1--9 t case1 all--,economi/s1 ,sociali/s1 ,communi/s--mu/ at l5g? come to a common und]/&+ to leave ! _w1 9 ?is respect1 j z x is4 ,m4 ,considrant4#ei--8;,9 ord] to discov] h[ & "u :at conditions private prop]ty may ,legitimately manife/ & develop itself1 we mu/ get possession ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,"r ( ,prop]ty2 & "h x is3 8,e man ,,possesses ,,legitimately ,,! ,,?+s :i* h be5 ,,creat$ by 8 lab\r1 8 intellig5ce1 or1 to speak m g5]ally1 ,,by ,,8 ,,activity4 8,?is ,pr9ciple is inconte/able1 & x is "r to rem>k t x conta9s implicitly ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,"r ( all to ! ,soil4 ,! e>? n hav+ be5 creat$ by man1 x foll[s 9 fact1 f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,prop]ty1 t ! ,soil1 :i* is a common fund giv5 ov] to ! species1 c 9 no %ape legitimately become ! absolute & exclusive prop]ty ( ?is or t individual :o has n creat$ ?is value4 ,let u e/abli%1 !n1 ! true ,!ory ( ,prop]ty1 by bas+ x exclusively on ! unexceptionable pr9ciple :i* makes ! legitimacy ( ,prop]ty h+e ^u ! fact ( ! ,,creation ( ! ?+1 or ( ! value possess$4 ,to accompli% ?is we mu/ direct our reason+ to ! orig9 ( indu/ry1 t is to say1 to ! orig9 & developm5t ( agriculture1 manufactures1 ! arts1 etc41 9 human society4 8,suppose t on a solit>y isl&1 on ! t]ritory ( a nation1 or on ! entire surface ( ! e>? 7= ! ext5t ( ! field ( action makes no diff]5ce 9 our e/imate ( facts71 a g5]ation ( mank9d devotes itself = ! fir/ "t to indu/ry--= ! fir/ "t engages 9 agriculture1 manufactures1 etc4 ,ea* g5]ation1 by its lab\r1 by its intellig5ce1 by ! ex]tion ( its own prop] activity1 creates products1 develops value1 :i* did n exi/ on ! e>? 9 its rude & primitive /ate4 ,is x n p]fectly evid5t t1 among ! fir/ g5]ation ( lab\r]s1 ,prop]ty w\ld con=m to ,"r1 ,,provid$ ! value or weal? produc$ by ! activity ( all 7 di/ribut$ among ! produc]s ,,9 ,,proportion ,,to ,,! ,,co-,,op]ation ( ea* 9 ! creation ( ! g5]al ri*es8 ,t is beyond dispute4 8,n[1 ! results ( ! lab\r ( ?is g5]ation may be divid$ into two categories1 :i* x is important to di/+ui%4 8,! fir/ category includes ! products ( ! soil1 :i* belong to ?is fir/ g5]ation 9 its "* ( usufructu>y1 z hav+ be5 increas$1 ref9$1 or manufactur$ by its lab\r1 by its indu/ry4 ,^! products1 :e!r raw or manufactur$1 consi/ ei!r ( objects ( consumption or ( in/rum5ts ( lab\r4 ,x is cle> t ^! products belong1 9 entire & legitimate prop]ty1 to ^? :o h creat$ !m by _! activity4 ,ea* ( !m1 !n1 has ,,"r1 ei!r to consume ^! products imm$iately1 to /ore !m up to be dispos$ ( aft]w>ds at pleasure1 or to employ !m1 ex*ange !m1 give !m away1 or transmit !m to any "o he *ooses1 )\t receiv+ au?ority f anyone4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 ?is ,prop]ty is evid5tly ,legitimate1 respectable1 sacr$4 ,we _c assail x )\t assail+ ,ju/ice1 ,"r1 individual lib]ty1--)\t1 9 %ort1 be+ guilty ( ,spoliation4 8,second category4 ,b ! creations attributable to ! indu/ri\s activity ( ?is fir/ g5]ation are n all includ$ 9 ! prec$+ category4 ,?is g5]ation has creat$ n only ! products :i* we h j describ$ 7objects ( consumption & in/rum5ts ( lab\r71--x has also add$ an additional value to ! primitive value ( ! soil1 by cultivation1 by erections1 by ! p]man5t improvem5ts :i* x has execut$4 8,?is additional value con/itutes evid5tly a product1 a value1 due to ! activity ( ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,n[1 if by any means 7we are n conc]n$ at pres5t ) ! "q ( means71--if by any means :atev] ! prop]ty ( ?is additional value is equitably di/ribut$ among ! diff]5t memb]s ( society1 t is to say1 is di/ribut$ among !m proportionally to ! co-op]ation ( ea* 9 its creation1 ea* w possess legitimately ! portion :i* has fall5 to him4 ,he may1 !n1 dispose ( ?is individual ,prop]ty1 legitimate z he sees x to be1 ex*ange x1 give x away1 or transmit x )\t control1 society hav+ ov] ^! values no "r or p[] :atsoev]4 p#beh 8,we may1 !re=e1 easily conceive t :5 ! second g5]ation makes its appe>ance1 x w f9d ^u ! l& two sorts ( ,capital3 8#a/1 ,! primitive or natural capital1 :i* has n be5 creat$ by ! m5 ( ! fir/ g5]ation--t is1 ! value ( ! l& 9 its r\gh1 uncultivat$ /ate4 8#b;d1 ,! capital creat$ by ! fir/ g5]ation3 includ+ 7#a71 ! products1 commodities1 & in/rum5ts1 :i* %all n h be5 consum$ or us$ by ! fir/ g5]ation2 7#b71 ! additional value :i* ! lab\r ( ! fir/ g5]ation has add$ to ! value ( ! r\gh1 uncultivat$ l&4 8,x is evid5t1 !n1 & results cle>ly & necess>ily f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,"r ( ,prop]ty1 :i* ,i h j expla9$1 t ea* individual ( ! second g5]ation has an equal "r to ! primitive or natural capital1 :il/ he has no "r to ! o!r species ( capital :i* has be5 creat$ by ! lab\r ( ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,ea* individual ( ! fir/ g5]ation may1 !n1 dispose ( 8 %>e ( ?is creat$ capital 9 fav\r ( :atev] individual ( ! second g5]ation he may please to select1 *ildr51 fri5ds1 etc41 & no "o1 n ev5 ! ,/ate itself1 z we h j se51 has ! slighte/ "r 7on pret5ce ( ,prop]ty7 to control ! disposal :i*1 z donor or te/ator1 he may h made ( su* capital4 8,obs]ve t on ?is hypo!sis ! man ( ! second g5]ation is already 9 a bett] situation ?an ! man ( ! fir/1 see+ t1 besides 8 "r to ! primitive capital1 :i* is pres]v$ to him1 he has 8 *ance ( receiv+ a portion ( ! creat$ capital1 t is to say1 ( a value :i* he has n produc$1 & :i* repres5ts ant]ior lab\r4 8,if1 !n1 we suppose ?+s to be arrang$ 9 society 9 su* a way t1 8#a/1 ,! "r to ! primitive capital1 t is1 ! usufruct ( ! soil 9 its natural /ate1 is pres]v$1 or t an ,,equival5t ,,"r is conf]r$ on e individual born )9 ! t]ritory2 8#b;d1 ,t ! creat$ capital is cont9ually di/ribut$ among m51 z x is produc$1 9 proportion to ! co-op]ation ( ea* 9 ! production ( t capital2 8,if1 we say1 ! me*anism ( ! social organization %all satisfy ^! two conditions1 ,,prop]ty1 "u su* a rgime1 w\ld be e/abli%$ ,,9 ,,its ,,absolute ,,legitimacy1 & ,fact w\ld be 9 unison ) ,"r40--7,?orie du droit de proprit et du droit au travail1 #c;e edition1 p4 #ag47 ,we see "h t ! sociali/ au?or di/+ui%es betwe5 two k9ds ( value1 creat$ value1 :i* is ! subject ( legitimate prop]ty1 & uncreat$ value1 :i* he d5om9ates ! value ( l& 9 its natural /ate1 primitive capital1 natural capital1 :i* _c become individual prop]ty b by usurpation4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! !ory :i* ,i am anxi\s to e/abli%1 ! ideas express$ by ! words uncreat$1 primitive1 natural1 exclude radically ^! o!r ideas1 value1 capital4 ,?is is ! error 9 ,m4 ,considrant's premises1 by :i* he is l&$ 9 ?is melan*oly conclusion3 8,t1 "u ! rgime ( ,prop]ty1 9 all civiliz$ nations1 ! common fund1 ov] :i* ! entire species has a full "r ( usufruct1 has be5 invad$--has be5 confiscat$--by ! few1 to ! exclusion ( ! _m4 ,:y1 7 ev5 a s+le human be+ exclud$ f 8 ,"r to ! ,usufruct ( ?is common fund1 t v exclusion w\ld ( itself con/itute an attack ^u ,"r by ! ,in/itution ( ,prop]ty1 & t in/itution1 by sanction+ su* invasion ( "r1 w\ld be unju/ & illegitimate40 ,m4 ,considrant1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ges t ! e>? c\ld n be cultivat$ b = ! in/itution ( individual prop]ty4 ,"h1 !n1 is a necess>y monopoly4 ,:at c we d1 !n1 to reconcile all1 & pres]ve ! rights :i* ! proltaires1 or m5 ( no prop]ty1 h to ! primitive1 natural1 uncreat$ capital1 & to ! value ( ! l& 9 its r\gh & uncultivat$ /ate8 p#bei 8,:y1 let ,society1 :i* has tak5 possession ( ! l&1 & tak5 away f man ! p[] ( ex]cis+1 freely & at w1 8 f\r natural rights on ! surface ( ! soil1--let ?is indu/ri\s society c$e to ! individual1 9 comp5sation = ! rights ( :i* x has depriv$ him1 ! ,"r to ,employm5t40--,le ,droit au ,travail4 ,n[1 no?+ 9 ! _w is cle>] ?an t ?is !ory1 except ! conclusion :i* x seeks to e/abli%1 is exactly ! !ory ( ! ,economi/s4 ,! man :o pur*ases an agricultural product remun]ates ?ree ?+s3 #a/1 ,! actual lab\r--no?+ m legitimate2 #b;dly1 ! additional value imp>t$ to ! soil by ant]ior lab\r--/ill no?+ m legitimate2 #c;dly1 & la/ly1 ! primitive1 or natural1 or uncreat$ capital1--t gratuit\s gift ( ,god1 :i* ,m4 ,considrant d5om9ates ! value ( ! l& 9 its r\gh & natural /ate2 ,adam ,smi?1 ! inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil2 ,ric>do1 ! productive & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! l&2 ,say1 natural ag5ts4 ,?is is ! "p :i* has be5 usurp$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,considrant2 ?is is :at has be5 usurp$1 accord+ to ,j4 ,b4 ,say4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes illegitimacy & spoliation 9 ! eyes ( ! ,sociali/s2 :i* con/itutes monopoly & privilege 9 ! eyes ( ! ,economi/s4 ,!y are at "o z to ! necessity & ! utility ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,)\t x ! e>? w\ld produce no?+1 say ! disciples ( ,smi?2 )\t x we %\ld return to ! savage /ate1 re-e*o ! disciples ( ,f\ri]4 ,we f9d t 9 !ory1 & z reg>ds "r 7at lea/ ) ref]5ce to ?is important "q71 ! und]/&+ betwe5 ! two s*ools is mu* m cordial ?an we %\ld h imag9$4 ,!y diff] only z to ! legislative consequ5ces to be d$uc$ f ! fact on :i* !y agree4 8,see+ t prop]ty is ta9t$ ) illegitimacy1 inasmu* z x assigns to ! proprietor a "p ( ! remun]ation to :i* he has no "r2 & see+1 at ! same "t1 t x is necess>y1 let u respect x1 b dem& indemnities4 ,no1 say ! ,economi/s1 al?\gh x is a monopoly1 yet see+ t x is a necess>y monopoly1 let u respect x1 & let x alone40 ,& yet !y urge ?is weak def5ce b feebly2 = "o ( _! late/ organs1 ,m4 ,j4 ,g>ni]1 adds1 8,y h reason on y\r side1 z reg>ds human "r1 b y are wrong practically1 inasmu* z y h fail$ to po9t out ! effects ( a bett] sy/em40 ,to :i* ! ,sociali/s imm$iately reply1 8,we h f\nd x2 x is ! ,"r to ,employm5t--try x40 ,9 ! meantime ,m4 ,pr\dhon /eps 94 ,y imag9e1 p]haps1 t ?is r$\btable objector is ab\t to "q ! premises on :i* ! ,economi/s & ,sociali/s gr\nd _! agreem5t4 ,n at all4 ,he c demoli% prop]ty )\t t4 p#bfj ,he appropriates ! premises1 grasps !m1 closes ) !m1 & mo/ logically d$uces 8 conclusion4 8,y grant10 he says1 8t ! gifts ( ,god are possess$ n only ( utility b ( value1 & t ^! gifts ! proprietor usurps & sells4 ,!n ,prop]ty is !ft2 & x is n necess>y to ma9ta9 x2 x is n necess>y to dem& comp5sation = x2 :at is necess>y is to aboli% x40 ,m4 ,pr\dhon has br\ght =w>d _m argum5ts aga9/ l&$ ,prop]ty4 ,! mo/ =midable "o--inde$ ! only =midable "o--is t ) :i* ^! au?ors h furni%$ him1 by conf\nd+ utility ) value4 8,:o has ! "r10 he asks1 8to *>ge = ! use ( ! soil1--= t weal? :i* does n proce$ f man's act8 ,:o is entitl$ to ! r5t ( l&8 ,! produc] ( ! l&1 )\t d\bt4 ,:o made x8 ,god4 ,!n1 proprietor1 begone4 8 4 4 4 4 ,b ! ,creator ( ! e>? does n sell x--he gives x2 & 9 giv+ x he %[s no respect ( p]sons4 ,:y1 !n1 among all 8 *ildr51 are "s treat$ z elde/ sons1 & "s z ba/>ds8 ,if equality ( inh]itance be our orig9al "r1 :y %\ld our po/hum\s "r be inequality ( conditions80 ,reply+ to ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 :o _h comp>$ l& to an in/rum5t1 he says3 8,i grant x t l& is an in/rum5t2 b :o is ! workman8 ,is x ! proprietor8 ,is x he :o1 by ! efficaci\s virtue ( ! "r ( prop]ty1 communicates to x vig\r & f]tility8 ,x is precisely "h t we discov] 9 :at consi/s ! monopoly ( ! proprietor1--he did n make ! in/rum5t1 & he *>ges = its use4 ,7 ! ,creator to pres5t ,himself & dem& ! r5t ( l&1 we mu/ acc\nt = x to ,him2 b ! proprietor1 :o repres5ts himself z inve/$ ) ! same p[]1 ought to exhibit 8 procuration40 ,t is evid5t4 ,! ?ree sy/ems 9 reality make only "o4 ,economi/s1 ,sociali/s1 ,egalitaires1 all direct aga9/ l&$ proprietors ! same reproa*1 t ( *>g+ = :at !y h no "r to *>ge =4 ,?is wrong "s call monopoly1 "s illegitimacy1 o!rs !ft--^! are b diff]5t phases ( ! same compla9t4 ,n[ ,i w\ld appeal to e intellig5t read] :e!r ?is compla9t is or is n well f\nd$8 ,h ,i n demon/rat$ t !re is b "o ?+ :i* comes betwe5 ! gifts ( ,god & ! hungry m\?1 namely1 human s]vice8 ,economi/s say1 t 8,r5t is :at we pay to ! proprietor = ! use ( ! productive & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil40 ,i say1 ,no--,r5t is l :at we pay to ! wat]-c>ri] = ! pa9s he has tak5 to con/ruct 8 b>r[1 & ! wat] w\ld co/ u m if he _h c>ri$ x on 8 back4 ,9 ! same way1 corn1 flax1 wool1 timb]1 meat1 fruits1 w\ld h co/ u m if ! proprietor _h n previ\sly improv$ ! in/rum5t :i* furni%es !m4 ,sociali/s ass]t t 8orig9ally ! masses enjoy$ _! "r p#bfa to ! l& on condition ( lab\r1 b t n[ !y are exclud$ & robb$ ( _! natural patrimony40 ,i answ]1 ,no--!y are nei!r exclud$ nor robb$--!y enjoy1 gratuit\sly1 ! utility contribut$ by ! soil on condition ( lab\r1 t is to say1 by repay+ t lab\r to ^? :o h sav$ x to !m4 galitaires allege t 8! monopoly ( ! proprietor consi/s 9 ?is1 t n hav+ made ! in/rum5t1 he yet *>ges = its use40 ,i answ]1 ,no--! l&-in/rum5t1 s f> z x is ! "w ( ,god1 produces utility1 & t utility is gratuit\s2 x is beyond ! p[] ( ! proprietor to *>ge = x4 ,! l&-in/rum5t1 s f> z x is prep>$ by ! proprietor1--s f> z he has lab\r$ x1 enclos$ x1 dra9$ x1 improv$ x1 & furni%$ x ) o!r necess>y in/rum5ts1 produces value1 & t value repres5ts actual human s]vices1 & = ^! alone is ! proprietor paid4 ,y mu/ ei!r admit ! legitimacy ( ?is dem&1 or reject y\r own pr9ciple--! mutuality ( s]vices4 ,9 ord] to satisfy ourselves z to ! true elem5ts ( ! value ( l&1 let u att5d to ! way 9 :i* l&$ prop]ty is =m$--n by conque/ & viol5ce1 b accord+ to ! laws ( lab\r & ex*ange4 ,let u see :at takes place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bro!r ,jona?an1 a labori\s wat]-c>ri] ( ,new ,york1 set out = ! ,f>-we/1 c>ry+ 9 8 purse a ?\s& doll>s1 ! fruit ( 8 lab\r & frugality4 ,he j\rney$ across _m f]tile prov9ces1 :]e ! soil1 ! sun1 & ! ra9 work$ wond]s1 b :i* nev]!less 7 entirely de/itute ( value 9 ! economical & practical s5se ( ! ^w4 ,be+ a little ( a philosoph]1 he said to himself--8,let ,adam ,smi? & ,ric>do say :at !y w1 value mu/ be some?+ else ?an ! natural & inde/ructible productive p[] ( ! soil40 ,at l5g?1 hav+ rea*$ ! ,/ate ( ,arkansas1 he f\nd a beautiful prop]ty ( ab\t #ajj acres1 :i* ! gov]nm5t _h adv]tis$ = sale at ! price ( a doll> an acre4 ,a doll> an acre6 he said--t is v little1 almo/ no?+4 ,i %all pur*ase ?is l&1 cle> x1 & sell ! produce1 & ! draw] ( wat] %all become a "l ( ! soil6 ,bro!r ,jona?an1 be+ a m]ciless logician1 lik$ to h a reason = ev]y?+4 ,he said to himself1 ,b :y is ?is l& wor? ev5 a doll> an acre8 ,no "o has yet put a spade 9 x1 or has be/[$ on x ! lea/ lab\r4 ,c ,smi? & ,ric>do1 & ! :ole /r+ ( !ori/s d[n to ,pr\dhon1 be "r aft] all8 ,c l& h a value indep5d5t ( all lab\r1 all s]vice1 p#bfb all human int]v5tion8 ,mu/ ,i admit t ! productive & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil h value8 ,9 t case1 :y %\ld !y h no value 9 ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* ,i h pass$8 ,&1 besides1 s9ce ! p[]s ( ! soil surpass s enorm\sly ! p[]s ( m51 :i*1 z ,blanqui well rem>ks1 c nev] g ! l5g? ( creat+ ! ph5om5a ( g]m9ation1 :y %\ld ^! m>vell\s p[]s be wor? no m ?an a doll>8 ,b he 0 n long 9 p]ceiv+ t ?is value1 l all o!r values1 is ( human & social creation4 ,! ,am]ican gov]nm5t dem&$ a doll> = ! concession ( ea* acre2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x und]took to gu>antee to a c]ta9 ext5t ! security ( ! acquir]2 x _h =m$ 9 a r\gh way a road to ! neighb\rhood1 facilitat$ ! transmission ( lett]s & newspap]s1 etc4 ,s]vice = s]vice1 said ,jona?an2--! gov]nm5t makes me pay a doll>1 b x gives me an adequate equival5t4 ,) def]5ce to ,ric>do1 ,i c n[ acc\nt naturally = ! value ( ?is l&1 :i* value w\ld be /ill great] if ! road 7 ext5d$ & improv$1 ! po/ m frequ5t & regul>1 & ! protection m efficaci\s & secure4 ,:ile ,jona?an argu$1 he work$2 = we mu/ d him ! ju/ice to say t he always made ?9k+ & act+ keep pace4 ,he exp5d$ ! rema9d] ( 8 doll>s 9 build+s1 enclosures1 cle>ances1 tr5*+1 dra9+1 improv+1 etc42 & aft] hav+ dug1 lab\r$1 s[$1 h>r[$1 reap$1 at l5g? came ! "t to dispose ( 8 crop4 8,n[ ,i %all see10 said ,jona?an1 /ill occupi$ ) ! problem ( value1 8if 9 becom+ a l&$ proprietor ,i h trans=m$ myself into a monopoli/1 a privileg$ ari/ocrat1 a plund]] ( my neighb\r1 an engross] ( ! b\nties ( div9e ,provid5ce40 ,he c>ri$ 8 gra9 to m>ket1 & began to talk ) a ,yankee3--,fri5d1 said he1 h[ mu* w y give me = ?is ,indian corn8 ,! curr5t price1 repli$ ! o!r4 ,! curr5t price6 b w t yield me any?+ beyond ! int]e/ ( my capital & ! wages ( my lab\r8 ,i am a m]*ant1 said ! ,yankee1 & ,i "k t ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) ! recomp5se ( my pres5t & =m] lab\r4 ,& ,i 0 cont5t ) x :5 ,i 0 a m]e draw] ( wat]1 repli$ ! o!r1 b n[ ,i am a l&$ proprietor4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5* ,economi/s h assur$ me t 9 t "* ,i p#bfc ought1 ov] & above ! d\ble remun]ation y po9t at1 to d]ive a pr(it f ! productive & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil1 & levy a tax on ! gifts ( ,god4 ,! gifts ( ,god belong to all1 said ! m]*ant4 ,i avail myself ( ! productive p[] ( ! w9d = propell+ my %ips1 b ,i make no "o pay = x4 ,/ill1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i expect t y w pay me some?+ = ^! p[]s1 9 ord] t ,messieurs ,s5ior1 ,considrant1 & ,pr\dhon1 %\ld n call me a monopoli/ & usurp] = no?+4 ,if ,i am to h ! disgrace1 ,i may at lea/ h ! pr(it1 ( a monopoli/4 ,9 t case1 fri5d1 ,i mu/ bid y good morn+4 ,to obta9 ! maize ,i am 9 que/ (1 ,i mu/ apply to o!r proprietors1 & if ,i f9d !m ( y\r m9d1 ,i %all cultivate x = myself4 ,jona?an !n und]/ood ! tru?1 t1 "u ! empire ( fre$om1 a man _c be a monopoli/ at pleasure4 ,z long z !re are l&s 9 ! ,union to cle>1 said he1 ,i c nev] be m ?an ! simple sett] 9 motion ( ^! fam\s productive & inde/ructible =ces4 ,i %all be paid = my tr\ble1 t is all1 j z :5 ,i 0 a draw] ( wat] ,i 0 paid = my own lab\r1 & n = t ( nature4 ,i see n[ v cle>ly t ! true usufructu>y ( ! gifts ( ,god is n ! man :o raises ! corn1 b ! man :o consumes x4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds1 ano!r ent]prise hav+ engag$ ! att5tion ( ,jona?an1 he set ab\t f9d+ a t5ant = 8 l&4 ,! dialogue :i* took place betwe5 ! two contract+ p>ties 0 curi\s1 & w\ld ?r[ mu* light on ! subject "u consid]ation 7 ,i to give x entire4 ,"h is "p ( x3 ,proprietor4 ,:at6 y w\ld give me no great] r5t ?an ! int]e/1 at ! curr5t rate1 ( ! capital ,i h actually laid out8 ,f>m]4 ,n a c5t m4 ,proprietor4 ,:y s1 pray8 ,f>m]4 ,j = ?is reason1 t1 ) ! outlay ( an equal capital1 ,i c put z mu* l& 9 z good condition z y\rs4 ,proprietor4 ,t seems conclusive4 ,b consid] t :5 y become my t5ant1 x is n only my capital :i* w "w = y1 b also ! productive & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil4 ,y w h enli/$ 9 y\r s]vice ! m>vell\s influ5ces ( ! sun & ! moon1 ( aff9ity & electricity4 ,am ,i to give y all ^! ?+s = no?+8 ,f>m]4 ,:y n1 s9ce !y co/ y no?+1 & s9ce y d]ive no?+ f !m1 any m ?an ,i d8 p#bfd ,proprietor4 ,d]ive no?+ f !m8 ,i d]ive ev]y?+ f !m4 ,z\nds6 )\t ^! admirable ph5om5a1 all my indu/ry c\ld n raise a blade ( grass4 ,f>m]4 ,und\bt$ly4 ,b rememb] ! ,yankee y met at m>ket4 ,he w\ld n give y a f>?+ = all ?is co-op]ation ( nature any m ?an1 :5 y 7 a wat]-c>ri]1 ! h\sewives ( ,new ,york w\ld give y a f>?+ = ! admirable elaboration by means ( :i* nature suppli$ ! spr+4 ,proprietor4 ,ric>do & ,pr\dhon1 h[ev]1 4 4 4 4 ,f>m]4 ,a fig = ,ric>do4 ,we mu/ ei!r treat on ! basis :i* ,i h laid d[n1 or ,i %all proce$ to cle> l& alongside y\rs1 :]e ! sun & ! moon w "w = me gratis4 ,x 0 always ! same argum5t1 & ,jona?an began to see t ,god _h wisely arrang$ s z to make x difficult = man to int]cept ,8 gifts4 ,disgu/$ ) ! trade ( proprietor1 ,jona?an resolv$ to employ 8 en]gies 9 "s o!r dep>tm5t1 & he det]m9$ to put up 8 l& to sale4 ,x is ne$less to say t no "o w\ld give him m = x ?an x co/ himself4 ,9 va9 he cit$ ,ric>do1 & repres5t$ ! inh]5t value ( ! inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil--! answ] always 01 8,!re are o!r l&s close by20 & ^! few words put an ext+ui%] on 8 exactions & on 8 illusions4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 9 ?is transaction a fact ( great ,economic importance1 & to :i* little att5tion has be5 paid4 ,x is easy to und]/& t if a manufactur] desires1 aft] t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 to sell 8 app>atus & mat]ials1 ev5 9 _! new /ate1 he w probably be =c$ to submit to a loss4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,t5 or fifte5 ye>s c sc>cely elapse )\t consid]able improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y tak+ place4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! man :o s5ds to m>ket ma*9]y fifte5 ye>s old _c expect a return exactly equal to ! lab\r he has exp5d$2 = ) an equal exp5diture ( lab\r ! pur*as] c\ld1 ow+ to ! progress subsequ5tly made1 procure himself ma*9]y ( improv$ con/ruction--:i*1 we may rem>k 9 pass+1 proves m & m cle>ly t value is n 9 proportion to lab\r1 b to s]vices4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ma*9]y & in/rum5ts ( lab\r h a t5d5cy to lose "p ( _! value 9 consequ5ce ( ! m]e lapse ( "t1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt _! det]ioration by use--& we may lay d[n ?is =mula1 t 8"o ( ! effects ( progress is to dim9i% ! value ( all exi/+ in/rum5ts40 p#bfe ,x is cle>1 9 fact1 t ! m rapid t progress is1 ! great] difficulty w ! =m] in/rum5ts h 9 su/a9+ ! rivalry ( new & improv$ ones4 ,i %all n /op "h to rem>k ! h>mony exhibit$ by ! results ( ?is law4 ,:at ,i desire y to obs]ve at pres5t is1 t l&$ prop]ty no m escapes f ! op]ation ( ?is law ?an any o!r k9d ( prop]ty4 ,bro!r ,jona?an exp]i5ces ?is4 ,he holds ?is language to ! pur*as]--8,:at ,i h exp5d$ on ?is prop]ty 9 p]man5t improvem5ts repres5ts a ?\s& days' lab\r4 ,i expect t y w1 9 ! fir/ place1 reimburse me = ^! ?\s& days' "w1 & !n add some?+ = ! value :i* is inh]5t 9 ! soil & indep5d5t ( all human ex]tion40 ,! pur*as] replies3 8,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i %all give y no?+ = ! value inh]5t 9 ! soil1 :i* is simply utility1 :i* ! adjo9+ prop]ty possesses z well z y\rs4 ,su* native sup]human utility ,i c obta9 gratis1 :i* proves t x possesses no value4 8,9 ! second place1 s9ce y\r books %[ t y h exp5d$ a ?\s& days' "w 9 br++ y\r l& to its pres5t /ate1 ,i %all give y only #hjj days' lab\r2 & my reason = x is1 t ) #hjj days' lab\r ,i c n[-a-days accompli% ! same improvem5ts on ! adjo9+ l& z y h execut$ ) #ajjj days' lab\r on y\rs4 ,pray consid] t 9 ! c\rse ( fifte5 ye>s ! art ( dra9+1 cle>+1 build+1 s9k+ wells1 design+ f>m-(fices1 transport+ mat]ials1 has made great progress4 ,less lab\r is n[ requir$ to effect ea* giv5 result1 & ,i _c cons5t to give y t5 = :at ,i c get = eight1 m especially z ! price ( gra9 has fall5 9 proportion to ?is progress1 :i* is a pr(it nei!r to y nor to me1 b to mank9d at l>ge40 ,?us ,jona?an 0 left no alt]native b to sell 8 l& at a loss1 or to keep x4 ,und\bt$ly ! value ( l& is n affect$ by "o circum/ance exclusively4 ,o!r circum/ances--su* z ! con/ruction ( a canal1 or ! erection ( a t[n--may act 9 an opposite direction1 & raise its value1 b ! improvem5ts ( :i* ,i h spok51 :i* are g5]al & inevitable1 always necess>ily t5d to depress x4 ,! conclusion to be d$uc$ f all ,i h said is1 t z long z !re exi/s 9 a c\ntry abundance ( l& to be cle>$ & br\ght "u cultivation1 ! proprietor1 :e!r he cultivates1 or lets1 or sells x1 enjoys no privilege1 no monopoly1 no exceptional p#bff advantage1--above all1 t he levies no tax ^u ! gratuit\s lib]ality ( nature4 ,h[ c\ld x be s1 if we suppose m5 to be free8 ,h n p :o are possess$ ( capital & en]gy a p]fect "r to make a *oice betwe5 agriculture1 manufactures1 comm]ce1 fi%]ies1 navigation1 ! arts1 or ! le>n$ pr(essions8 ,w n capital & indu/ry always t5d to ^? dep>tm5ts :i* give extraord9>y returns8 ,w !y n des]t ^? :i* entail loss8 ,is ?is inevitable %ift+ & r$i/ribution ( human ef=ts n suffici5t to e/abli%1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 an equilibrium ( pr(it & remun]ation8 ,d agriculturi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates make =tunes m rapidly ?an m]*ants1 %ip[n]s1 bank]s1 or physicians1--z w\ld necess>ily happ5 if !y receiv$ ! wages ( _! lab\r l o!r p1 & ! recomp5se ( nature's "w into ! b>ga98 ,w\ld y l to "k h[ a proprietor ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld e/abli% = himself a monopoly8 ,i %all try to expla9 x4 ,suppose ,jona?an to assemble all ! proprietors ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & hold ?is language to !m3 8,i desir$ to sell my crops1 & ,i f\nd no "o :o w\ld give me a high en\gh price = !m4 ,i wi%$ !n to let my l&1 & enc\nt]$ ! same difficulty4 ,i resolv$ to sell x1 b /ill exp]i5c$ ! same disappo9tm5t4 ,my exactions h always be5 met by _! tell+ me1 t !re is m l& 9 ! neighb\rhood2 s t1 horrible to say1 my s]vices are e/imat$ by ! community l ! s]vices ( o!r p1 at :at !y are wor?1 9 spite ( ! flatt]+ promises ( !ori/s4 ,!y w give me no?+1 absolutely no?+1 = ^? productive & inde/ructible p[]s ( ! soil1 = ^? natural ag5ts1 = ! sol> & lun> rays1 = ! ra91 ! w9d1 ! dew1 ! fro/1 :i* ,i 0 l$ to believe 7 m9e1 b ( :i* ,i turn out to be only ! nom9al proprietor4 ,is x n an iniquit\s ?+ t ,i am remun]at$ only = my s]vices1 & at a rate1 too1 r$uc$ by competition8 ,y are all suff]+ "u ! same oppression1 y are all alike ! victims ( an>*ical competition4 ,x w\ld be no long] s1 y may easily p]ceive1 if we organiz$ l&$ prop]ty1 if we laid our heads toge!r to prev5t anyone h5ce=w>d f cle>+ a y>d ( ,am]ican soil4 ,9 t case1 population press+1 by its increase1 on a ne>ly fix$ am\nt ( subsi/5ce1 we %\ld be able to make our own prices & atta9 imm5se weal?1 :i* w\ld be a great boon = all o!r classes2 = be+ ri*1 we %\ld provide !m ) "w40 ,if1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is disc\rse1 ! comb9$ proprietors p#bfg seiz$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 & pass$ an act int]dict+ all new cle>ances1 ! consequ5ce und\bt$ly w\ld be a tempor>y increase ( _! pr(its4 ,i say tempor>y1 = ! natural laws ( society w\ld be want+ 9 h>mony if ! puni%m5t ( su* a crime did n spr+ naturally f ! crime itself4 ,speak+ ) sci5tific exactitude1 ,i %\ld n say t ! new law we h suppos$ w\ld imp>t value to ! p[]s ( ! soil1 or to natural ag5ts 77 ?is ! case1 ! law w\ld d h>m to no "o72--b ,i %\ld say1 t ! equilibrium ( s]vices _h be5 viol5tly upset2 t "o class robb$ all o!r classes1 & t slav]y _h be5 introduc$ into t c\ntry4 ,take ano!r hypo!sis1 :i* inde$ repres5ts ! actual /ate ( ?+s among ! civiliz$ nations ( ,europe--& suppose all ! l& to h pass$ into ! doma9 ( private prop]ty4 ,we are to inquire :e!r 9 t case ! mass ( consum]s1 or ! community1 w\ld cont9ue to be ! gratuit\s usufructu>y ( ! productive p[]s ( ! soil1 & ( natural ag5ts2 :e!r ! proprietors ( l& w\ld be own]s ( any?+ else ?an ( its value1 t is to say1 ( _! s]vices fairly e/imat$ accord+ to ! laws ( competition2 & :e!r1 :5 !y are recomp5s$ = ^? s]vices1 !y are n =c$ l ev]yone else to give ! gifts ( ,god into ! b>ga94 ,suppose1 !n1 ! entire t]ritory ( ,arkansas ali5at$ by ! gov]nm5t1 p>cell$ into private doma9s1 & subject$ to culture4 ,:5 ,jona?an br+s 8 gra9 or 8 l& to m>ket1 c he n n[ take advantage ( ! productive p[] ( ! soil1 & make x an elem5t ( value8 ,he c\ld no long] be met1 z 9 ! prec$+ case1 ) ! ov]:elm+ answ]4 8,!re is m uncultivat$ l& adjac5t to y\rs40 ,?is new /ate ( ?+s presupposes an increase ( population1 :i* may be divid$ into two classes3 #a/1 ,t :i* furni%es to ! community agricultural s]vices2 #b;dly1 ,t :i* furni%es manufactur+1 intellectual1 or o!r s]vices4 ,n[ ?is appe>s to me q evid5t4 ,lab\r]s 7o!r ?an own]s ( l&7 :o wi%$ to procure supplies ( gra91 be+ p]fectly free to apply ei!r to ,jona?an or to 8 neighb\rs1 or to ! proprietors ( adjo9+ /ates1 be+ 9 circum/ances ev5 to proce$ to cle> l&s beyond ! t]ritory ( ,arkansas1 x w\ld be absolutely impossible = ,jona?an to impose an unju/ law ^u !m4 ,! v fact t l&s :i* h no value exi/ else:]e w\ld oppose to monopoly an inv9cible ob/acle1 & we %\ld be l&$ aga9 9 ! prec$+ hypo!sis4 ,agricultural s]vices are subject to ! law ( ,univ]sal ,competition1 p#bfh & x is q impossible to make !m pass = m ?an !y are wor?4 ,i add1 t !y are wor? no m 7ct]is p>ibus7 ?an s]vices ( any o!r description4 ,z ! manufactur]1 aft] *>g+ = 8 "t1 8 anxiety1 8 tr\ble1 8 risk1 8 advances1 8 skill 7all :i* ?+s con/itute human s]vice1 & are repres5t$ by value71 c dem& no recomp5se = ! law ( gravitation1 ! expansibility ( /eam1 ! assi/ance ( :i* he has avail$ himself (1--s 9 ! same way1 ,jona?an c include 9 ! value ( 8 gra9 only ! sum total ( ! p]sonal s]vices1 ant]ior or rec5t1 & n ! assi/ance he has d]iv$ f ! laws ( vegetable physiology4 ,! equilibrium ( s]vices is n impair$ s long z !y are freely ex*ang$1 ! "o = ! o!r1 at an agre$ price2 & ! gifts ( ,god1 ( :i* ^! s]vices are ! vehicle1 giv5 on bo? sides into ! b>ga91 rema9 9 ! doma9 ( community4 ,x may be said1 no d\bt1 t 9 po9t ( fact ! value ( ! soil is con/antly increas+2 & ?is is true4 ,9 proportion z population becomes m d5se & ! p m weal?y1 & ! means ( communication m easy1 ! l&$ proprietor d]ives m advantage f 8 s]vices4 ,is ?is law peculi> to him8 ,does ! same ?+ n hold ( all o!r produc]s8 ,) equal lab\r1 does n a physician1 a lawy]1 a s+]1 a pa9t]1 a day lab\r]1 procure a great] am\nt ( enjoym5ts 9 ! n9ete5? ?an he c\ld 9 ! f\r? c5tury8 9 ,p>is ?an 9 ,brittany8 9 ,france ?an 9 ,morocco8 ,b is ?is increas$ enjoym5t obta9$ at ! exp5se ( any o!r body8 ,t is ! po9t4 ,= ! re/1 we %all inve/igate /ill f>!r ?is law ( value 7us+ ! ^w metonymically7 ( ! soil1 9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! "w1 :5 we come to consid] ! !ory ( ,ric>do4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to %[ t ,jona?an1 9 ! case we h put1 c ex]cise no oppression ov] ! indu/rial classes1 provid$ ! ex*ange ( s]vices is free1 & t lab\r c1 )\t any legal imp$im5t1 be di/ribut$1 ei!r 9 ,arkansas or else:]e1 among diff]5t k9ds ( production4 ,?is lib]ty r5d]s x impossible = ! proprietors to int]cept1 = _! own pr(it1 ! gratuit\s b5efits ( nature4 ,x w\ld no long] be ! same ?+ if ,jona?an & 8 bre?r51 avail+ !mselves ( _! legislative p[]s1 7 to proscribe or %ackle ! lib]ty ( trade1--7 !y to decree1 = example1 t n a gra9 ( =eign corn %\ld be all[$ to ent] ! t]ritory ( ,arkansas4 ,9 t case ! value ( s]vices ex*ang$ betwe5 proprietors & non-proprietors w\ld no long] be regulat$ by ju/ice4 ,! "o p>ty c\ld no long] control ! p#bfi pret5sions ( ! o!r4 ,su* a legislative measure w\ld be z iniquit\s z ! "o to :i* we h j allud$4 ,! effect w\ld be q ! same z if ,jona?an1 hav+ c>ri$ to m>ket a sack ( corn1 :i* 9 o!r circum/ances w\ld h sold = fifte5 francs1 %\ld pres5t a pi/ol at ! pur*as]'s head1 & say1 ,give me ?ree francs m1 or ,i w bl[ out y\r bra9s4 ,?is 7to give ! ?+ its "r "n7 is extortion4 ,brutal or legal1 ! "* ( ! transaction is ! same4 ,brutal1 z 9 ! case ( ! pi/ol1 x violates prop]ty2 legal1 z 9 ! case ( ! prohibition1 x /ill violates prop]ty1 & repudiates1 moreov]1 ! v pr9ciple ^u :i* prop]ty is f\nd$4 ,! exclusive subject ( prop]ty1 z we h se51 is value1 & ,value is ! appreciation ( two s]vices freely & volunt>ily ex*ang$4 ,x is impossible1 !n1 to conceive any?+ m directly antagoni/ic to ! v pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 ?an t :i*1 9 ! "n ( "r1 de/roys ! equival5ce ( s]vices4 ,x may n be out ( place to add1 t laws ( ?is description are iniquit\s & injuri\s1 :atev] may be ! op9ions ent]ta9$ by ^? :o impose !m1 or by ^? :o are oppress$ by _! op]ation4 ,9 c]ta9 c\ntries we f9d ! work+-classes /&+ up = ^! re/rictions1 because !y enri* ! proprietors4 ,!y d n p]ceive t x is at _! exp5se1 & ,i "k f exp]i5ce t x is n always safe to tell !m s4 ,/range6 t p %\ld li/5 will+ly to sect>ies :o prea* ,communism1 :i* is slav]y2 = :5 a man is no long] ma/] ( 8 own s]vices1 he is a slave2--& t !y %\ld look askance at ^? :o are always & ev]y:]e ! def5d]s ( ,lib]ty1 :i* is ! ,community ( ! gifts ( ,god4 ,we n[ come to ! ?ird hypo!sis1 :i* assumes t all ! l& capable ( cultivation ?r\gh\t ! _w has pass$ into ! doma9 ( individual appropriation4 ,we h /ill to d ) two classes--^? :o possess l&--& ^? :o d n4 ,w ! fir/ n oppress ! second8 & w ! latt] n be always oblig$ to give m lab\r 9 ex*ange = ! same am\nt ( subsi/5ce8 ,i notice ?is objection m]ely = argum5t's sake1 = hundr$s ( ye>s mu/ elapse be=e ?is hypo!sis c become a reality4 ,ev]y?+ =ew>ns u1 h[ev]1 t ! "t mu/ at la/ come :5 ! exactions ( proprietors c no long] be met by ! words1 ,!re are o!r l&s to cle>4 ,i pray ! read] to rem>k1 t ?is hypo!sis implies ano!r--x implies t at ! same epo* population w h rea*$ p#bgj ! extreme limit ( ! means ( subsi/5ce :i* ! e>? c af=d4 ,?is is a new & important elem5t 9 ! "q4 ,x is v mu* z if "o %\ld put ! "q1 ,:at w happ5 :5 !re is no long] en\gh ( oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e to supply ! lungs ( a r$undant population8 ,:atev] view we take ( ! pr9ciple ( population1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t population is capable ( increase1 nay1 t x has a t5d5cy to increase1 s9ce 9 po9t ( fact x does increase4 ,all ! economic arrangem5ts ( society appe> to h be5 organiz$ ) ! previ\s k ( ?is t5d5cy1 & are 9 p]fect h>mony ) x4 ,! l&$ proprietor always endeav\rs to get paid = ! natural ag5ts :i* he has appropriat$1 b he is z con/antly foil$ 9 ?is fooli% & unju/ pret5sion by ! abundance ( analog\s natural ag5ts :i* h n be5 appropriat$4 ,! lib]ality ( nature1 :i* is comp>atively indef9ite1 con/itutes him a simple cu/odi]4 ,b n[ y drive me into a corn]1 by suppos+ a p]iod at :i* ?is lib]ality rea*es its limit4 ,m5 h !n no long] any?+ to expect f t qu>t]4 ,! consequ5ce is inevitable1 t ! t5d5cy ( mank9d to increase w be p>alyz$1 t ! progress ( population w be arre/$4 ,no economic rgime c obviate ?is necessity4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis we h laid d[n1 e increase ( population w\ld be repress$ by mortality4 ,no philan?ropy1 no optimism1 c make u believe t ! increase ( human be+s c cont9ue its progression :5 ! progressive increase ( subsi/5ce has conclusively t]m9at$4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a new ord] ( ?+s & ! h>mony ( ! social laws might be call$ 9 "q1 _h !y n provid$ = a /ate ( matt]s ! exi/5ce ( :i* is possible1 al?\gh v diff]5t f t :i* n[ obta9s4 ,! difficulty we h to deal )1 !n1 comes to ?is3 ,:5 a %ip 9 mid-ocean _c rea* l& 9 less ?an a mon?1 & has only a =tnight's provisions on bo>d1 :at is to be done8 ,cle>ly ?is1 r$uce ! all[ance ( ea* sailor4 ,?is is n cruelty--x is prud5ce & ju/ice4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 population %all h rea*$ ! extreme limit t all ! l& 9 ! _w c ma9ta91 a law :i*1 by g5tle & infallible means prev5ts ! fur!r multiplication ( mank9d1 _c be consid]$ ei!r h>% or unju/4 ,n[1 x is l&$ prop]ty /ill :i* af=ds u solution ( ! difficulty4 ,! in/itution ( prop]ty1 by apply+ ! /imulant ( self-int]e/1 causes ! l& to produce ! greate/ possible p#bga quantity ( subsi/5ce1 & by ! division ( inh]itances puts ea* family 9 a situation to e/imate ! dang] to itself ( an imprud5t multiplication4 ,x is v cle> t any o!r rgime--,communism1 = example--w\ld be at once a less effective spur to production1 & a less p[]ful curb to population4 ,aft] all1 x appe>s to me t ,political ,economy has dis*>g$ h] duty :5 %e has prov$ t ! great & j law ( ! mutuality ( s]vices op]ates h>moni\sly1 s long z human progress is n conclusively arre/$4 ,is x n consol+ to ?9k t up to t po9t1 & "u ! empire ( fre$om1 x is n 9 ! p[] ( "o class to oppress ano!r8 ,is economic ,sci5ce b\nd to solve ?is fur!r problem3 ,giv5 ! t5d5cy ( mank9d to multiply1 :at w take place :5 !re is no long] room 9 ! _w = new inhabitants8 ,does ,god hold 9 res]ve = t epo* "s creative cataclasm1 "s m>vell\s manife/ation ( ,8 almighty p[]8 ,or1 z ,*ri/ians1 d we believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ! _w's de/ruction8 ,^! evid5tly are n economical problems1 & !re is no sci5ce :i* does n enc\nt] simil> difficulties4 ,natural philosoph]s "k well1 t all bodies :i* move on ! surface ( ! e>? h a t5d5cy to desc5d1 n to asc5d4 ,aft] all1 a day mu/ come :5 ! m\nta9s %all h fill$ up ! valleys1 :5 ! emb\*ure ( our riv]s w be on ! same level z _! s\rce1 :5 ! wat]s c no long] fl[1 etc41 etc4 ,:at w happ5 !n8 ,is ,natural ,sci5ce to cease to obs]ve & to admire ! h>mony ( ! actual _w because %e _c div9e by :at o!r h>mony ,god w provide = a /ate ( ?+s f> di/ant1 no d\bt1 b inevitable8 ,x seems to me t at ?is po9t ! ,economi/1 l ! natural philosoph]1 %\ld sub/itute = an ex]cise ( curiosity an ex]cise ( fai?4 ,he :o has s m>vell\sly arrang$ ! m$ium 9 :i* we n[ live1 kn[s be/ h[ to prep>e ano!r m$ium suitable to o!r circum/ances4 ,we judge ( ! productiv5ess ( ! soil & ( human skill by ! facts ( :i* we are witnesses4 ,is ?is a rational mode ( proce$+8 ,!n1 adopt+ x1 we may say1 ,s9ce x has requir$ six ?\s& ye>s to br+ a t5? "p ( ! e>? to ! sorry /ate ( cultivation 9 :i* we f9d x1 h[ _m hundr$s ( ages mu/ elapse be=e its entire surface %all be conv]t$ into a g>d58 ,yet 9 ?is appreciation1 com=t+ z x is1 we suppose m]ely ! m g5]al diffusion ( our pres5t k1 or r our pres5t ignorance1 ( agriculture4 ,b is ?is1 ,i repeat1 an p#bgb admissible rule8 ,does n analogy tell u t an imp5etrable veil conceals f u ! p[]--! indef9ite p[] x may be--( art8 ,! savage :o lives by ! *ase requires a squ>e league ( t]ritory4 ,:at w\ld be 8 surprise 7 he told t ! pa/oral life enables t5 times ! numb] ( m5 to subsi/ ^u ! same space8 ,! nomad %eph]d w\ld1 9 l mann]1 be q a/oni%$ to be told t a sy/em ( tri5nial cultivation la culture tri5nale admits easily ( a population t5 times great] /ill4 ,tell ! peasant accu/om$ to ?is r\t9e t ! same progress w aga9 be ! result ( alt]nate culture#fj la culture alt]ne1 & he w n believe y4 ,alt]nate culture is = u ! late/ improvem5t--,is x ! late/ improvem5t = ! human race8 ,let u com=t ourselves reg>d+ ! future de/9y ( ! species--a long tract ( ages is be=e u4 ,at all ev5ts1 let u n require ,political ,economy to resolve problems :i* are n )9 h] doma9--& let u ) confid5ce commit ! de/9ies ( future races to ! keep+ ( t great & good & wise ,be+ :o %all h call$ !m into exi/5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u recapitulate ! ideas conta9$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,^! two ph5om5a1 ,utility & ,value--! co-op]ation ( nature & ! co-op]ation ( man1 consequ5tly ,community & ,prop]ty--are comb9$ 9 ! "w ( agriculture1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( indu/ry4 ,9 ! production ( corn :i* appeases our hung]1 we rem>k some?+ analog\s to :at takes place 9 ! =mation ( wat] :i* qu5*es our ?ir/4 ,! ocean1 :i* is ! !me ( ! poet's inspiration1 (f]s to ! ,economi/ also a f9e subject ( m$itation4 ,x is ?is va/ res]voir :i* gives dr9k to all human creatures4 ,& yet h[ c t be1 :5 _m ( !m are situat$ at a great di/ance f its %ores1 & :5 its wat] is besides undr9kable8 ,x is "h t we h to admire ! m>vell\s indu/ry ( nature4 ,we m>k h[ ! sun w>ms ! heav+ mass1 & subjects x to a sl[ evaporation4 ,! wat] takes ! =m ( gas1 &1 dis5gag$ f ! salt1 :i* r5d]$ x unfit = use1 x rises into ! high regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,gales ( w9d1 increas+ 9 all directions1 drift x t[>ds inhabit$ cont95ts4 ,!re x enc\nt]s cold1 :i* cond5ses x1 & atta*es x 9 a solid =m to ! sides ( m\nta9s4 ,by-&-by ! g5tle heat ( spr+ melts x4 ,c>ri$ along by its weight1 p#bgc x is filt]$ & purifi$ ?r\gh b$s ( s*i/ & gravel4 ,x ramifies & di/ributes itself1 & supplies & fe$s refre%+ spr+s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"h we h an imm5se & +5i\s indu/ry c>ri$ on by nature = ! b5efit ( ! human race4 ,*ange ( =m1 *ange ( place1 utility1 no?+ is want+4 ,b :]e is value8 ,value has n yet come into exi/5ce2 & if :at we mu/ call ! "w ( ,god is to be paid = 7x w\ld be paid = if x possess$ ex*angeable value7--:o c\ld tell ! value ( a s+le drop ( ?is preci\s liquid8 ,all m51 h[ev]1 h n a spr+ ( pure wat] at _! door4 ,9 ord] to qu5* _! ?ir/ !y mu/ take pa9s1 make ef=ts1 ex]t =esight & skill4 ,x is ?is supplem5t>y human lab\r :i* gives rise to arrangem5ts1 transactions1 e/imates4 ,x is "h1 !n1 t we discov] ! orig9 & f\ndation ( value4 ,man is orig9ally ignorant4 ,k is acquir$4 ,at ! beg9n+1 !n1 he is =c$ to c>ry wat]1 to accompli% ! supplem5t>y lab\r :i* nature has left him to execute ) ! maximum ( tr\ble4 ,x is at ?is /age t wat] has ! greate/ value 9 ex*ange4 ,by degrees ! wat]-c>ri] inv5ts a b>r[ & :eels1 tra9s horses1 con/ructs pipes1 discov]s ! law ( ! siphon1 etc42 9 %ort1 he transf]s "p ( 8 lab\r to ! gratuit\s =ces ( nature2 &1 9 proportion z he does s1 ! value ( wat]1 b n its utility1 is dim9i%$4 ,!re is "h1 h[ev]1 a circum/ance :i* x is necess>y ?or\ghly to compreh5d1 if we w\ld n see discordance :]e !re is 9 reality only h>mony4 ,x is ?is1 t ! pur*as] ( wat] obta9s x on easi] t]ms1 t is to say1 gives a less am\nt ( lab\r 9 ex*ange = a giv5 quantity ( x1 ea* "t t a /ep ( progress ( ?is k9d is ga9$1 al?\gh 9 su* circum/ances he has to give a remun]ation = ! in/rum5t by means ( :i* nature is con/ra9$ to act4 ,=m]ly he paid = ! lab\r ( c>ry+ ! wat]2 n[ he pays n only = t1 b = ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 con/ruct+ ! b>r[1 ! :eel1 & ! pipe--& yet1 ev]y?+ includ$1 he pays less2 & ?is %[s u h[ false & futile ! reason+ is :i* w\ld p]suade u t t "p ( ! remun]ation :i* is applicable to capital is a burd5 on ! consum]4 ,w ^! reason]s nev] und]/& t1 = ea* result obta9$1 capital sup]s$es m lab\r ?an x exacts8 ,all t ,i h said is equally applicable to ! production ( corn4 ,9 t case also1 ant]ior to all human lab\r1 !re has p#bgd be5 an imm5se1 a measureless1 am\nt ( natural indu/ry at "w1 ! secrets ( :i* ! mo/ advanc$ sci5ce c yet give no acc\nt (4 ,gases1 salts1 are diffus$ ?r\gh ! soil & ! atmosph]e4 ,electricity1 aff9ity1 ! w9d1 ! ra91 light1 heat1 vegetable life1 play successively _! p>ts1 (t5 unkn[n to u1 9 transport+1 trans=m+1 unit+1 divid+1 comb9+ ^! elem5ts2 & ?is m>vell\s indu/ry1 ! activity & utility ( :i* elude our appreciation & ev5 our imag9ation1 has yet no value4 ,value makes its appe>ance at ! fir/ int]v5tion ( ! lab\r ( man1 :o has1 9 ?is1 m p]haps ?an 9 ! o!r in/ance we h giv51 a supplem5t>y lab\r to p]=m1 9 ord] to complete :at nature has begun4 ,to direct ^! natural =ces1 & remove ! ob/acles :i* imp$e _! action1 man takes possession ( an in/rum5t1 :i* is ! soil1 & he does s )\t injury to anyone2 = ?is in/rum5t _h previ\sly no value4 ,?is is n a matt] ( argum5t1 b a matt] ( fact4 ,%[ me1 9 any "p ( ! _w y *oose1 l& :i* has n be5 subject$ directly or indirectly to human action1 & ,i w %[ y l& de/itute ( value4#fa p#bge ,9 ! meantime1 ! agriculturi/1 9 ord] to effect1 9 conjunction ) nature1 ! production ( corn1 executes two k9ds ( lab\r :i* are q di/9ct4 ,! "o k9d is applicable directly & imm$iately to ! crop ( ! ye>--is applicable only to t1 & mu/ be paid = by t--su* z s[+1 we$+1 reap+1 etc4 ,! o!r1 z build+1 cle>+1 dra9+1 enclos+1 is applicable to an indef9ite s]ies ( crops1 & mu/ be *>g$ to & spread ov] a c\rse ( ye>s1 & calculat$ accord+ to ! tables ( int]e/ & annuities4 ,! crops con/itute ! remun]ation ( ! agriculturi/ if he consumes !m himself4 ,if he ex*anges !m1 x is = s]vices ( ano!r k9d1 & ! appreciation ( ! s]vices s ex*ang$ con/itutes _! value4 ,n[ x is easy to see t ?is class ( p]man5t works execut$ by ! agriculturi/ ^u ! l& is a value :i* has n yet receiv$ its entire recomp5se1 b :i* _c fail to receive x4 ,x _c be suppos$ t he is to ?r[ up 8 l& & all[ ano!r to /ep into 8 %oes )\t comp5sation4 ,! value has be5 incorporat$ & mix$ up ) ! soil1 & ?is is ! reason :y we c ) propriety employ a metonymy & say ! l& has value4 ,x has value1 9 fact1 because x c be no long] acquir$ )\t giv+ 9 ex*ange ! equival5t = ?is lab\r4 ,b :at ,i cont5d = is1 t ?is l&1 on :i* its natural productive p[] _h n orig9ally conf]r$ any value1 p#bgf has no value yet 9 ?is respect4 ,?is natural p[]1 :i* 0 gratuit\s !n1 is gratuit\s n[1 & w be always gratuit\s4 ,we may say1 inde$1 t ! l& has value1 b :5 we g to ! root ( ! matt] we f9d1 t :at possesses value is ! human lab\r :i* has improv$ ! l&1 & ! capital :i* has be5 exp5d$ on x4 ,h5ce x is rigor\sly exact to say t ! proprietor ( ! l& is1 aft] all1 ! proprietor only ( a value :i* he has creat$1 ( s]vices :i* he has r5d]$2 & :at prop]ty c be m legitimate8 ,x is prop]ty creat$ at no "o's exp5se1 & nei!r int]cepts nor taxes ! gifts ( ,god4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! capital :i* has be5 advanc$1 & ! int]e/ ( :i* is spread ov] ! crop ( successive ye>s1 is s f> f increas+ ! price ( ! produce1 & =m+ a burd5 on ! consum]s1 t ! latt] acquire agricultural products *eap] 9 proportion z ?is capital is augm5t$1 t is to say1 9 proportion z ! value ( ! soil is increas$4 ,i h no d\bt t ?is ass]tion w be ?\ght p>adoxical & ta9t$ ) exagg]at$ optimism1 s mu* h p be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ! value ( l& z a calamity1 if n a piece ( inju/ice4 ,= my own "p1 ,i affirm1 t x is n en\gh to say t ! value ( ! soil has be5 creat$ at no "o's exp5se2 x is n en\gh to say t x injures no "o2 we %\ld r say t x b5efits ev]ybody4 ,x is n only legitimate1 b advantage\s1 ev5 to ^? :o possess no prop]ty4 ,we h "h1 9 fact1 ! ph5om5on ( our previ\s illu/ration reproduc$4 ,we rem>k$ t f ! mom5t ! wat]-c>ri] inv5t$ ! b>r[ & ! :eel1 ! pur*as] ( ! wat] _h to pay = two k9ds ( lab\r3 #a/1 ,! lab\r employ$ 9 mak+ ! b>r[ & ! :eel1 or r ! int]e/ ( ! capital1 & an annual contribution to a s9k+ fund to replace t capital :5 worn out2 #b;d1 ,! direct lab\r :i* ! wat]-c>ri] mu/ /ill p]=m4 ,b x is equally true t ^! two k9ds ( lab\r unit$ d n equal 9 am\nt ! lab\r :i* _h to be und]gone be=e ! inv5tion4 ,:y8 because a portion ( ! "w has n[ be5 h&$ ov] to ! gratuit\s =ces ( nature4 ,x is1 inde$1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is dim9ution ( human lab\r t ! inv5tion has be5 call$ =? & adopt$4 ,all ?is takes place 9 exactly ! same way 9 ! case ( l& & ! production ( corn4 ,z (t5 z an agriculturi/ exp5ds capital 9 p]man5t ameliorations1 x is c]ta9 t ! successive crops are burd5$ ) ! int]e/ ( t capital4 ,b x is p#bgg equally c]ta9 t ! o!r species ( lab\r--rude1 unskill$1 pres5t1 direct lab\r--is r5d]$ unnecess>y 9 a /ill great] proportion2 s t ea* crop is obta9$ by ! proprietor1 & consequ5tly by ! consum]1 on easi] t]ms1 on less on]\s conditions--! prop] action ( capital consi/+ precisely 9 sub/itut+ natural & gratuit\s co-op]ation = human lab\r :i* mu/ be paid =4 ,"h is an example ( x4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a good crop1 x is necess>y t ! field %\ld be fre$ f sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,suppose ?is species ( lab\r to be /ill includ$ 9 ! fir/ category4 ,suppose t ! cultivator goes e morn+ ) a j> to c>ry (f ! /agnant wat] :]e x is productive ( injury4 ,x is cle> t at ! ye>'s end ! l& w\ld h acquir$ no additional value1 b ! price ( ! gra9 w\ld be enorm\sly enhanc$4 ,x w\ld be ! same 9 ! case ( all ^? :o foll[$ ! same process :ile ! art ( dra9+ 0 9 ?is primitive /ate4 ,if ! proprietor 7 to make a dra91 t mom5t ! l& w\ld acquire value1 = ?is lab\r p]ta9s to ! second category--t :i* is incorporat$ ) ! l&--& mu/ be reimburs$ by ! products ( consecutive ye>s2 & no "o c\ld expect to acquire ! l& )\t recomp5s+ ?is "w4 ,is x n true1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld t5d to l[] ! value ( ! crop8 ,is x n true t al?\gh dur+ ! fir/ ye> x exact$ an extraord9>y ex]tion1 x saves 9 ! long-run m lab\r ?an x has occasion$8 ,is x n true t ! dra9+ !nce=? w be execut$ by ! gratuit\s law ( hydro/atics m economically ?an x c\ld be by muscul> =ce8 ,is x n true t ! pur*as]s ( corn w b5efit by ?is op]ation8 ,is x n true t !y %\ld e/eem !mselves =tunate 9 ?is new value acquir$ by ! soil8 ,&1 hav+ ref]5ce to m g5]al consid]ations1 is x n true1 9 f9e1 t ! value ( ! soil atte/s a progress realiz$1 n = ! advantage ( ! proprietor only1 b = t ( society at l>ge8 ,h[ absurd1 !n1 & suicidal 9 society to exclaim3 ,! additional price *>g$ = corn1 to meet ! int]e/ ( ! capital exp5d$ on ?is dra91 & ultimately to replace t capital1 or its equival5t1 z repres5t$ 9 ! value ( ! l&1 is a privilege1 a monopoly1 a !ft6 ,at ?is rate1 to cease to be a monopoli/ & a ?ief1 ! proprietor %\ld h only to fill up 8 dra9 & betake himself to 8 j>4 ,w\ld ! man :o has no prop]ty1 & lives by wages1 be any ga9] by t8 ,review all ! p]man5t ameliorations ( :i* ! sum total makes up ! value ( l&1 & y w f9d t to ea* ( !m p#bgh ! same rem>k applies4 ,hav+ fill$ up ! dra91 demoli% ! f5ce1 & s =ce ! agriculturi/ to m\nt gu>d ^u 8 field2 de/roy ! well1 pull d[n ! b>n1 dig up ! road1 burn ! pl\gh1 efface ! levell+1 remove ! artificial m\ld2 replace 9 ! field ! loose /ones1 ! we$s1 ! roots ( trees2 y w !n h realiz$ ! ,utopia ( ,equality4 ,! l&1 & ! human race along ) x1 wall h rev]t$ to ! primitive /ate1 & w h no long] any value4 ,! crops w h no long] any connexion ) capital4 ,_! price w be fre$ f t accurs$ elem5t call$ int]e/4 ,ev]y?+1 lit]ally ev]y?+1 w be done by actual lab\r1 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,political ,economy w be mu* simplifi$4 ,our c\ntry w support a man to ! squ>e league4 ,! re/ ( h] inhabitants w h di$ ( hung]2--b !n x c no long] be said t prop]ty is a monopoly1 an inju/ice1 & a !ft4 ,let u n be ins5sible1 !n1 to ^? economic h>monies :i* unfold !mselves to our view m & m z we analyze ! ideas ( ex*ange1 ( value1 ( capital1 ( int]e/1 ( prop]ty1 ( community4--,w x inde$ be giv5 me to describe ! entire circle1 & complete ! demon/ration8--,b we h already1 p]haps1 advanc$ suffici5tly f> to be conv9c$ t ! social _w1 n less ?an ! mat]ial _w1 be>s ! impress ( a ,div9e h&1 f :i* fl[s wisdom & goodness1 & t[>ds :i* we %\ld raise our eyes 9 gratitude & admiration4 ,i _c =be> rev]t+ "h to ! view ( ?is subject tak5 by ,m4 ,considrant4 ,sett+ out ) ! proposition1 t ! soil has a prop] value1 indep5d5t ( all human lab\r1 t x con/itutes primitive & uncreat$ capital1 he concludes1 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) 8 own views1 t appropriation is usurpation4 ,?is suppos$ iniquity leads him to indulge 9 viol5t tirades aga9/ ! in/itutions ( mod]n society4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he all[s t p]man5t ameliorations conf] an additional value on ?is primitive capital1 an accessory s mix$ up ) ! pr9cipal t we _c sep>ate !m4 ,:at are we to d1 !n8 = we h "h a total value compos$ ( two elem5ts1 ( :i* "o1 ! fruit ( lab\r1 is legitimate prop]ty2 & ! o!r1 ! gift ( ,god1 appropriat$ by man1 is an iniquit\s usurpation4 ,?is is no trifl+ difficulty4 ,m4 ,considrant resolves x by ref]5ce to ! ,"r to ,employm5t ,droit au travail4 8,! developm5t ( ,mank9d evid5tly dem&s t ! ,soil %all n be left 9 its wild & uncultivat$ /ate4 ,! de/9y ( ! human race is oppos$ to prop]ty 9 l& reta9+ its rude & primitive =m4 8,9 ! mid/ ( =e/s & savannas1 ! savage enjoys f\r natural rights1 p#bgi namely1 ! rights ( ,hunt+1 ( ,fi%+1 ( ,ga!r+ ! fruits1 ( ,pa/ur+4 ,su* is ! primitive =m ( prop]ty 9 l&4 8,9 all civiliz$ societies1 ! work+-classes1 ! ,proltaires1 :o inh]it no?+ & possess no?+1 are simply despoil$ ( ^! rights4 ,we _c say t ! primitive ,"r has *ang$ its =m1 = x no long] exi/s4 ,! =m & ! sub/ance h alike disappe>$4 8,n[ 9 :at ,=m c su* ,rights be reconcil$ ) ! conditions ( an indu/rial ,society8 ,! answ] is pla93 8,9 ! savage /ate1 9 ord] to avail himself ( 8 ,"r1 man is oblig$ to act4 ,! lab\r ( ,fi%+1 ( ,hunt+1 ( ,ga!r+1 ( ,pa/ur+ are ! conditions ( ! ex]cise ( 8 ,"r4 ,! primitive ,"r1 !n1 is a ,"r to engage 9 ^! employm5ts4 8,v well1 let an indu/rial ,society1 :i* has appropriat$ ! l&1 & tak5 away f man ! p[] ( ex]cis+ freely & at w 8 f\r natural ,rights1 let ?is society c$e to ! individual1 9 comp5sation = ^? ,rights1 ( :i* x _h despoil$ him1 ! ,"r to ,employm5t4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 rightly und]/ood & appli$1 ! individual has no long] any reason to compla94 8,! condition s9e qu non1 !n1 ( ! ,legitimacy ( ,prop]ty is1 t ,society %\ld conc$e to ! ,proltaire--! man :o has no prop]ty--! ,"r to ,employm5t2 &1 9 ex*ange = a giv5 ex]tion ( activity1 assure him ( means ( subsi/5ce1 at lea/ z adequate z su* ex]cise c\ld h procur$ him 9 ! primitive /ate40 ,i _c1 )\t be+ guilty ( tiresome repetition1 discuss ?is "q ) ,m4 ,considrant 9 all its be>+s4 ,if ,i demon/rate1 t :at he t]ms uncreat$ capital is no capital at all2 t :at he t]ms ! additional value ( ! soil1 is n an additional value1 b ! total value2 he mu/ ackn[l$ge t 8 argum5t has fall5 to pieces1 &1 ) x1 all 8 compla9ts ( ! way 9 :i* mank9d h judg$ x prop] to live s9ce ! days ( ,adam4 ,b ?is controv]sy w\ld oblige me to repeat all t ,i h already said ^u ! ess5tially & indelibly gratuit\s "* ( natural ag5ts4 ,i %all only rem>k1 t if ,m4 ,considrant speaks 9 behalf ( ! non-propriet>y class1 he is s v accommodat+ t !y may ?9k !mselves betray$4 ,:at6 proprietors h usurp$ ! soil1 & all ! miracles ( vegetation :i* x displays6 !y h usurp$ ! sun1 ! ra91 ! dew1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & azote1 s f> at lea/ z ^! co-op]ate 9 ! production ( agricultural products--& y ask !m to assure to ! man :o has no prop]ty1 z a comp5sation1 at lea/ z mu* ( ! means ( subsi/5ce1 9 ex*ange = a giv5 ex]tion ( activity1 z t ex]tion c\ld h procur$ him 9 ! primitive & savage /ate6 ,b d y n see t l&$ prop]ty has n wait$ = y\r injunctions 9 ord] to be a million times m g5]\s8 = to :at is y\r dem& limit$8 ,9 ! primitive /ate1 y\r f\r rights ( fi%+1 hunt+1 ga!r+ ! fruits1 & pa/ur+1 ma9ta9 9 exi/5ce1 or r 9 a /ate ( vegetation1 amid all ! horrors ( de/itution1 ne>ly "o man to ! squ>e league ( t]ritory4 ,! usurpation ( ! p#bhj l& w !n be legitimate1 accord+ to y1 :5 ^? :o h be5 guilty ( t usurpation support "o man = e squ>e league1 exact+ f him at ! same "t z mu* activity z is display$ by a ,huron or an ,iroquois4 ,pray rem>k1 t ,france consi/s ( only ?irty ?\s& squ>e leagues2 t consequ5tly1 if its :ole t]ritory supports ?irty ?\s& inhabitants 9 t condition ( exi/5ce :i* ! savage /ate af=ds1 y r5\nce 9 behalf ( ! non-propriet>y class all f>!r dem&s ^u prop]ty4 ,n[1 !re are ?irty millions ( ,fr5*m5 :o h n an in* ( l&1 & among ! numb] we meet ) _m--! presid5t ( ! republic1 m9i/]s1 magi/rates1 bank]s1 m]*ants1 not>ies1 advocates1 physicians1 brok]s1 soldi]s1 sailors1 pr(essors1 j\rnali/s1 etc4--:o w\ld c]ta9ly n be dispos$ to ex*ange _! condition = t ( an ,i[ay4 ,l&$ prop]ty1 !n1 mu/ d mu* m = u ?an y exact f x4 ,y dem& f x ! ,"r to ,employm5t1 up to a c]ta9 po9t--t is to say1 until x yields to ! masses--& 9 ex*ange = a giv5 am\nt ( lab\r1 too--z mu* subsi/5ce z !y c\ld e>n 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,l&$ prop]ty does mu* m ?an t--x gives m ?an ! ,"r to employm5t--x gives ,employm5t itself1 & did x only cle> ! l&-tax1 x w\ld d a hundr$ times m ?an y ask x to d4 ,i f9d to my great regret t ,i h n yet done ) l&$ prop]ty & its value4 ,i h /ill to /ate1 & to refute1 9 z few words z possible1 an objection :i* is speci\s & ev5 =midable4 ,x is said1 8,y\r !ory is contradict$ by facts4 ,und\bt$ly1 z long z !re is 9 a c\ntry abundance ( uncultivat$ l&1 ! exi/5ce ( su* l& w ( itself h9d] ! cultivat$ l& f acquir+ an undue value4 ,x is also beyond d\bt1 t ev5 :5 all ! l& has pass$ into ! appropriat$ doma91 if neighb\r+ nations h ext5sive tracts ready = ! pl\gh1 fre$om ( trade is suffici5t to re/ra9 ! value ( l&$ prop]ty )9 j limits4 ,9 ^! two cases x w\ld seem t ! ,price ( l& c only repres5t ! capital advanc$1 & ! ,r5t ( l& ! int]e/ ( t capital4 ,:5ce we mu/ conclude1 z y d1 t ! prop] action ( ! soil & ! int]v5tion ( natural ag5ts1 go+ = no?+1 & n influ5c+ ! value ( ! crops1 rema9 gratuit\s1 & !re=e common4 ,all ?is is speci\s4 ,we may h difficulty 9 discov]+ ! error1 & yet ?is reason+ is errone\s4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ ( x1 x p#bha is suffici5t to po9t to ! fact1 t !re are 9 ,france cultivat$ l&s :i* are wor? f #ajj francs to #fjjj francs ! hect>e1 an enorm\s diff]5ce1 :i* is mu* easi] expla9$ by ! diff]5ce ( f]tility ?an by ! diff]5ce ( ! ant]ior lab\r appli$ to ^! l&s4 ,x is va9 to d5y1 !n1 t f]tility has its own value1 = n a sale takes place :i* does n atte/ x4 ,e "o :o pur*ases a l& e/ate exam9es its quality1 & pays = x accord+ly4 ,if1 ( two prop]ties :i* lie alongside ea* o!r1 ! "o consi/s ( a ri* alluvium1 & ! o!r ( b>r5 s&1 ! fir/ is surely ( m value ?an ! second1 al?\gh bo? may h absorb$ ! same capital1 & to say tru?1 ! pur*as] gives himself no tr\ble on t score4 ,8 att5tion is fix$ ^u ! future1 & n ^u ! pa/4 ,:at he looks at is n :at ! l& has co/1 b :at x w yield1 & he kn[s t its yield w be 9 proportion to its f]tility4 ,!n ?is f]tility has a prop] & intr9sic value :i* is indep5d5t ( all human lab\r4 ,to ma9ta9 ! contr>y is to endeav\r to base ! legitimacy ( individual appropriation on a subtilty1 or r on a p>adox40 ,let u inquire1 !n1 :at is ! true f\ndation ( ! value ( l&4 ,i pray ! read] n to =get t ?is "q is ( grave importance at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,hi!rto x has be5 neglect$ or gloss$ ov] by ,economi/s1 z a "q ( m]e curiosity4 ,! legitimacy ( individual appropriation 0 n =m]ly conte/$1 b ?is is no long] ! case4 ,!ories :i* h obta9$ b too mu* success h creat$ d\bts 9 ! m9ds ( our be/ ?9k]s on ! in/itution ( prop]ty4 ,& ^u :at d ! au?ors ( ^! !ories f\nd _! compla9ts8 ,:y1 exactly ^u ! ass]tion conta9$ 9 ! objection :i* ,i h j expla9$--^u ! fact1 un=tunately admitt$ by all s*ools1 t ! soil1 by reason ( its f]tility1 possesses an inh]5t value communicat$ to x by nature & n by human means4 ,n[ value is n transf]r$ gratuit\sly4 ,! v ^w excludes ! idea ( gratuit\sness4 ,we say to ! proprietor1 !n--y dem& f me a value :i* is ! fruit ( my lab\r1 & y (f] me 9 ex*ange a value :i* is n ! fruit ( y\r lab\r1 or ( any lab\r1 b ( ! lib]ality ( nature4 ,be assur$ t ?is w\ld be a fe>ful compla9t 7 x well f\nd$4 ,x did n orig9ate ) ,messieurs ,considrant & ,pr\dhon4 ,we f9d x 9 ! works ( ,smi?1 ( ,ric>do1 ( ,s5ior1 ( all ! ,economi/s )\t exception1 n z a !ory p#bhb m]ely1 b z a subject ( compla9t4 ,^! au?ors h n only attribut$ to ! soil an extra-human value1 !y h boldly d$uc$ ! consequ5ce1 & br&$ l&$ prop]ty z a privilege1 a monopoly1 a usurpation4 ,no d\bt1 aft] ?us br&+ x1 !y h def5d$ x on ! plea ( necessity4 ,b :at does su* a def5ce am\nt to1 b an error ( reason+ :i* ! ,communi/ logicians h lo/ no "t 9 rectify+8 ,x is n1 !n1 to indulge an unhappy love = subtilties t ,i ent] on ?is delicate subject4 ,i %\ld h wi%$ to save bo? ! read] & myself ! ennui :i* ev5 n[ ,i feel hov]+ ov] ! conclusion ( ?is *apt]4 ,! answ] to ! objection n[ "u consid]ation is to be f\nd 9 ! !ory ( ,value1 expla9$ 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,i !re said t value does n ess5tially imply lab\r2 /ill less is x necess>ily proportionate to lab\r4 ,i h %[n t ! f\ndation ( value is n s mu* ! pa9s tak5 by ! p]son :o transf]s x z ! pa9s sav$ to ! p]son :o receives x2 & x is = t reason t ,i h made x to reside 9 some?+ :i* embraces ^! two elem5ts--9 s]vice4 ,i h said t a p]son may r5d] a great s]vice ) v little ef=t1 or t ) a great ef=t "o may r5d] a v trifl+ s]vice4 ,! sole result is1 t lab\r does n obta9 necess>ily a remun]ation :i* is always 9 proportion to its int5sity1 9 ! case ei!r ( man 9 an isolat$ condition1 or ( man 9 ! social /ate4 ,value is det]m9$ by a b>ga9 betwe5 two contract+ p>ties4 ,9 mak+ t b>ga91 ea* has 8 own views4 ,y (f] to sell me corn4 ,:at matt]s x to me ! "t & pa9s x may h co/ y to produce x8 ,:at ,i am conc]n$ ab\t is ! "t & pa9s x w\ld h co/ me to procure x f ano!r qu>t]4 ,! k y h ( my situation may r5d] y m or less exact+2 ! k ,i h ( y\rs may r5d] me m or less anxi\s to make ! pur*ase4 ,!re is no necess>y measure1 !n1 ( ! recomp5se :i* y are to d]ive f y\r lab\r4 ,t dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances1 & ! value :i* ^! circum/ances conf] ^u ! two s]vices :i* we are desir\s to ex*ange4 ,by-&-by we %all call att5tion to an ext]nal =ce call$ ,competition1 ^: mission is to regulate values1 & r5d] !m m & m proportional to ef=ts4 ,/ill ?is proportion is n ( ! ess5ce ( value1 see+ t ! proportion is e/abli%$ "u ! pressure ( a cont+5t fact4 ,keep+ ?is 9 view1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! value ( l& arises1 fluctuates1 & is det]m9$1 l t ( gold1 iron1 wat]1 ! p#bhc lawy]'s advice1 ! physician's consultation1 ! s+]'s or danc]'s p]=mance1 ! arti/'s picture--9 %ort1 l all o!r values2 t x is subject to no exceptional laws2 t x con/itutes a prop]ty ! same 9 orig91 ! same 9 nature1 & z legitimate1 z any o!r prop]ty4 ,b x does n at all foll[1 z y mu/ n[ see1 t1 ( two ex]tions ( lab\r appli$ to ! soil1 "o %\ld n be mu* bett] remun]at$ ?an ! o!r4 ,let u rev]t aga9 to t indu/ry1 ! mo/ simple ( all1 & ! be/ fitt$ to %[ u ! delicate po9t :i* sep>ates ! on]\s lab\r ( man f ! gratuit\s co-op]ation ( nature4 ,i allude to ! humble indu/ry ( ! wat]-c>ri]4 ,a man procures & br+s home a b>rel ( wat]4 ,does he become possess$ ( a value necess>ily proportionate to 8 lab\r8 ,9 t case1 ! value w\ld be indep5d5t ( ! s]vice ! wat] may r5d]4 ,nay m1 x w\ld be fix$2 = ! lab\r1 once ov]1 is no long] susceptible ( increase or dim9ution4 ,well1 ! day aft] he procures & br+s home ?is b>rel ( wat]1 x may lose its value1 if1 = example1 x has ra9$ dur+ ! night4 ,9 t case e "o is provid$--! wat] c r5d] no s]vice1 & is no long] want$4 ,9 economic language1 x has ceas$ to be 9 dem&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may acquire consid]able value1 if extraord9>y wants1 un=ese5 & press+1 come to manife/ !mselves4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 t man1 work+ = ! future1 is n exactly aw>e be=eh& :at value ! future w atta* to 8 lab\r4 ,value incorporat$ 9 a mat]ial object w be high] or l[]1 accord+ z x r5d]s m or less s]vice1 or1 to express x m cle>ly1 human lab\r1 :i* is ! s\rce ( value1 receives accord+ to circum/ances a high] or l[] remun]ation4 ,su* ev5tualities are an ex]cise = =esight1 & =esight also has a "r to remun]ation4 ,b :at connexion is !re1 ,i w\ld ask1 betwe5 ^! fluctuations ( value1 betwe5 ^! v>iations 9 ! recomp5se ( lab\r1 & t m>vell\s natural indu/ry1 ^? admirable physical laws1 :i* )\t our p>ticipation h br\ght ! wat] ( ! ocean to ! spr+8 ,because ! value ( ?is b>rel ( wat] v>ies accord+ to circum/ances1 are we to conclude t nature *>ges sometimes m1 sometimes less1 sometimes no?+ at all1 = evaporation1 = c>ry+ ! cl\ds f ! ocean to ! m\nta9s1 = freez+1 melt+1 & ! :ole ( t admirable indu/ry :i* supplies ! spr+8 p#bhd ,x is exactly ! same ?+ 9 ! case ( agricultural products4 ,! value ( ! soil1 or r ( ! capital appli$ to ! soil1 is made up n ( "o elem5t b ( two4 ,x dep5ds n only on ! lab\r :i* has be5 employ$1 b also on ! ability :i* society possesses to remun]ate t lab\r--on ,dem& z well z on ,supply4 ,take ! case ( a field4 ,n a ye> passes1 p]haps1 9 :i* !re is n "s lab\r be/[$ ^u x1 ! effects ( :i* are p]man5t1 & ( c\rse an increase ( value is ! result4 ,roads ( access1 besides1 are improv$ & made m direct1 ! security ( p]son & prop]ty becomes m complete1 m>kets are ext5d$1 population increases 9 numb] & 9 weal?--diff]5t sy/ems ( culture are introduc$1 & a new c>e] is op5$ to intellig5ce & skill2 ! effect ( ?is *ange ( m$ium1 ( ?is g5]al prosp]ity1 be+ to conf] additional value on bo? ! pres5t & ! ant]ior lab\r1 & consequ5tly on ! field4 ,!re is "h no inju/ice1 no exception 9 fav\r ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,no species ( lab\r1 f t ( ! bank] to t ( ! day-lab\r]1 fails to exhibit ! same ph5om5on4 ,no "o fails to see 8 remun]ation improv$ by ! improvem5t ( ! society 9 :i* 8 "w is c>ri$ on4 ,?is action & reaction ( ! prosp]ity ( ea* on ! prosp]ity ( all1 & vice v]sa1 is ! v law ( value4 ,s false is ! conclusion :i* imputes to ! soil & its productive p[]s an imag9>y value1 t intellectual lab\r1 pr(essions & trades :i* h no connexion ) matt] or ! co-op]ation ( physical laws1 enjoy ! same advantage1 :i* 9 fact is n exceptional b univ]sal4 ,! lawy]1 ! physician1 ! pr(essor1 ! arti/1 ! poet1 receive a high] remun]ation = an equal am\nt ( lab\r1 9 proportion z ! t[n or c\ntry to :i* !y belong increases 9 weal? & prosp]ity1 9 proportion z ! ta/e or dem& = _! s]vices becomes m g5]ally diffus$1 9 proportion z ! public is m able & m will+ to remun]ate !m4 ,! acquisition ( cli5ts & cu/om]s is regulat$ by ?is pr9ciple4 ,x is /ill m app>5t 9 ! case ( ! ,basque ,giant & ,tom ,?umb1 :o liv$ by ! simple exhibition ( _! exceptional /ature1 & reap a mu* bett] h>ve/1 f ! curiosity ( ! num]\s & weal?y cr[ds ( our l>ge t[ns1 ?an f t ( a few poor & /raggl+ villag]s4 ,9 ?is case1 dem& n only enhances value1 x creates x4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we ?9k x exceptional or unju/ t dem& %\ld also ex]t an influ5ce on ! value ( l& & ( agricultural products8 p#bhe ,is x alleg$ t l& may ?us atta9 an exagg]at$ value8 ,!y :o say s h nev] reflect$ on ! imm5se am\nt ( lab\r :i* arable l& has absorb$4 ,i d>e affirm1 t !re is n a field 9 ?is c\ntry :i* is wor? :at x has co/1 :i* c\ld be ex*ang$ = z mu* lab\r z has be5 exp5d$ 9 br++ x to its pres5t /ate ( productiv5ess4 ,if ?is obs]vation is well f\nd$1 x is conclusive4 ,x frees l&$ prop]ty f ! slighte/ ta9t ( inju/ice4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i %all return to ! subject :5 ,i come to exam9e ,ric>do's !ory ( ,r5t1 & ,i %all %[ t we mu/ apply to agricultural capital ! law :i* ,i h /at$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,9 proportion z capital increases1 products are divid$ betwe5 capitali/s or proprietors & lab\r]s1 9 su* a way t ! relative %>e ( ! =m] goes on cont9ually dim9i%+1 al?\gh _! absolute %>e is increas$1 :il/ ! %>e ( ! latt] is increas$ bo? absolutely & relatively4 ,! illusion :i* has induc$ m5 to believe t ! productive p[]s ( ! soil h an indep5d5t value1 because !y possess ,utility1 has l$ to _m errors & cata/rophes4 ,x has driv5 !m frequ5tly to ! premature e/abli%m5t ( colonies1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is no?+ else ?an a lam5table m>tyrology4 ,!y h reason$ 9 ?is way3 ,9 our own c\ntry we c obta9 value only by lab\r1 & :5 we h done our "w1 we h obta9$ a value :i* is only proportionate to our lab\r4 ,if we emigrate to ,guiana1 to ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 to ,au/ralia1 to ,africa1 we %all obta9 possession ( va/ t]ritories1 uncultivat$ b f]tile2 & our rew>d w be1 t we %all become possess$ n ( ! value we h creat$1 b also ( ! inh]5t & indep5d5t value ( ! l& we may reclaim4 ,!y set out1 & a cruel exp]i5ce soon confirms ! tru? ( ! !ory :i* ,i am n[ expla9+4 ,!y lab\r1 !y cle>1 !y exhau/ !mselves2 !y are expos$ to privations1 to suff]+s1 to diseases2 & !n if !y wi% to dispose ( ! l& :i* !y h r5d]$ fit = production1 !y _c obta9 = x :at x has co/ !m1 & !y are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t value is ( human creation4 ,i defy y to give me an in/ance ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a colony :i* has n at ! beg9n+ be5 att5d$ ) disa/]4 8,upw>ds ( a ?\s& lab\r]s 7 s5t out to ! ,swan ,riv] ,colony2 b ! extreme *eapness ( l& 7eighte5p5ce1 or less ?an two francs1 an acre7 & ! extravagant rate ( wages1 af=d$ !m su* facilities & inducem5ts to become l&[n]s1 t capitali/s c\ld no long] get any "o to cultivate _! l&s4 ,a capital ( #bjj1jjj 7five millions ( francs7 0 lo/ 9 consequ5ce1 & ! colony became a sc5e ( desolation4 ,! lab\r]s hav+ left _! employ]s f ! delusive desire to become l&[n]s1 agricultural implem5ts 7 all[$ to ru/--se$s rott$--& %eep1 cattle1 & horses p]i%$ = want ( att5tion4 ,a frightful fam9e p#bhf cur$ ! lab\r]s ( _! infatuation1 & !y return$ to ask employm5t f ! capitali/s2 b x 0 too late40--,proce$+s ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,association4 ,! association1 attribut+ ?is disa/] to ! *eapness ( l&1 rais$ its price to #abs4 an acre4 ,b1 adds ,c>ey1 f :om ,i borr[ ?is quotation1 ! real cause 01 t ! lab\r]s1 be+ p]suad$ t l& possesses an inh]5t value1 ap>t f ! lab\r be/[$ on x1 7 anxi\s to ex]cise 8! p[] ( appropriation10 to :i* ! p[] to dem& ,r5t is attribut$4 ,:at foll[s supplies u ) an argum5t /ill m conclusive3 8,9 #ahcf1 ! l&$ e/ates 9 ! colony ( ,swan ,riv] 7 to be pur*as$ f ! orig9al settl]s at "o %ill+ an acre40--,new ,mon?ly ,magaz9e4 ,?us ! l& :i* 0 sold by ! company at #abs4--^u :i* ! settl]s _h be/[$ mu* lab\r & money--0 dispos$ ( by !m at "o %ill+6 ,:at !n became ( ! value ( ! natural & inde/ructible productive p[]s ( ! soil8#fb ,i feel t ! va/ & important subject ( ! ,value ( ,l& has n be5 exhau/$ 9 ?is *apt]1 writt5 by snat*es & amid _m di/ractions4 ,i %all return to x h]eaft]2 b 9 ! meantime ,i _c resi/ submitt+ "o obs]vation to my read]s1 & m especially to ,economi/s4 ,! illu/ri\s savants :o h done s mu* to advance ! sci5ce1 ^: lives & writ+s brea! b5evol5ce & philan?ropy1 & :o h disclos$ to u1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 aspect1 & )9 ! limits ( _! rese>*es1 ! true solution ( ! social problem--! ,quesnays1 ! ,turgots1 ! ,smi?s1 ! ,mal?uses1 ! ,says--h n h[ev] escap$1 ,i d n say f refutation1 = t is always legitimate1 b f calumny1 disp>agem5t1 & insult4 ,to attack _! writ+s1 & ev5 _! motives1 has become fa%ionable4 ,x may be said1 p]haps1 t 9 ?is *apt] ,i am furni%+ arms to _! detractors1 & truly ! mom5t w\ld be ill *os5 = me to turn aga9/ ^? :om ,i c&idly ackn[l$ge z my initiators1 my ma/]s1 & my guides4 ,b supreme homage is1 aft] all1 due to ,tru?1 or :at ,i reg>d z ,tru?4 ,no book 0 ev] writt5 )\t "s admixture ( error4 ,n[1 a s+le error 9 ,political ,economy1 if we press x1 torture x1 d$uce f x rigor\sly its logical consequ5ces1 involves all k9ds ( errors--9 fact1 l&s u 9 *aos4 ,!re nev] 0 a book f :i* we c\ld n extract "o proposition1 isolat$1 incomplete1 false1 includ+ consequ5tly a :ole _w p#bhg ( errors & confusion4 ,9 my consci5ce1 ,i believe t ! def9ition :i* ! ,economi/s h giv5 ( ! ^w ,value is ( ?is numb]4 ,we h j se5 t ?is def9ition has l$ !m to ca/ a s]i\s d\bt on ! legitimacy ( prop]ty 9 l&1 &1 by consequ5ce1 9 capital2 & !y h only be5 /opp$ %ort on ?is fatal road by an inconsi/5cy4 ,?is inconsi/5cy has sav$ !m4 ,!y h resum$ _! m>* on ! road ( ,tru?2 & _! error1 if x be "o1 is1 9 _! works1 an isolat$ blot4 ,!n ! ,sociali/s h come to lay hold ( ?is false def9ition1 n to refute x1 b to adopt x1 /r5g!n x1 make x ! f\ndation ( _! propag&a1 & d$uce f x all its consequ5ces4 ,h5ce has aris5 9 our day an imm95t social dang]2 & x is = t reason t ,i h ?\ght x my duty to be explicit on ?is subject1 & trace ! errone\s !ory to its s\rce4 ,if y conclude t ,i h sep>at$ myself f my ma/]s ,smi? & ,say1 f my fri5ds ,blanqui & ,g>ni]1 because1 by an ov]sight 9 _! le>n$ & admirable works1 !y h made1 z ,i ?9k1 an errone\s application ( ! ^w value2 if y conclude f ?is t ,i h no long] fai? 9 ,political ,economy & ,political ,economi/s1 ,i c only prote/1 & appeal to ! v title ( ! pres5t volume4 p#bhh ,x4 ,,competition4 ,!re is n 9 ! :ole vocabul>y ( ,political ,economy a ^w :i* has r\s$ ! fury ( mod]n re=m]s s mu* z ! ^w ,competition1 :i*1 9 ord] to r5d] x ! m odi\s1 !y nev] fail to c\ple ) ! epi!t an>*ical4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( an>*ical competition8 ,i really don't "k4 ,:at c\ld we sub/itute = x8 ,i am equally ignorant4 ,i he> p1 inde$1 call+ out ,organization6 ,association6 ,:at does t mean8 ,let u come to an und]/&+1 once = all4 ,i desire to "k :at sort ( au?ority ^! writ]s int5d to ex]cise ov] me1 & all o!r liv+ m52 = ,i ackn[l$ge only "o species ( au?ority1 t ( reason1 if inde$ !y h x on _! side4 ,is x _! wi% !n to deprive me ( ! "r ( ex]cis+ my judgm5t on :at conc]ns my own subsi/5ce8 ,is _! object to take f me ! p[] ( comp>+ ! s]vices :i* ,i r5d] ) ^? :i* ,i receive8 ,d !y mean t ,i %\ld act "u ! influ5ce ( re/ra9t1 ex]t$ ov] me by !m & n by my own intellig5ce8 ,if !y leave me my lib]ty1 ,competition rema9s4 ,if !y deprive me ( fre$om1 ,i am _! slave4 ,association w be free & volunt>y1 !y say4 ,be x s4 ,b !n ea* gr\p ( associates w1 z reg>ds all o!r gr\ps1 be j :at individuals n[ are 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & we %all /ill h ,competition4 ,! association w be integral4 ,a good joke truly4 ,:at6 ,an>*ical ,competition is n[ desolat+ society1 & we mu/ wait = a rem$y1 until1 by d9t ( y\r p]suasion1 all ! nations ( ! e>?--,fr5*m51 ,engli%m51 ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,caffres1 ,hott5tots1 ,lapl&]s1 ,cossacks1 ,patagonians--make up _! m9ds to unite 9 "o ( ! =ms ( association :i* y h devis$8 ,:y1 ?is is j to av[ t competition is inde/ructible2 & w y v5ture to say t a ph5om5on :i* p#bhi is inde/ructible1 & consequ5tly provid5tial1 c be mis*iev\s8 ,aft] all1 :at is ,competition8 ,is x a ?+ :i* exi/s & is self-act+ l ! *ol]a8 ,no1 ,competition is only ! abs5ce ( con/ra9t4 ,9 :at conc]ns my own int]e/1 ,i desire to *oose = myself1 n t ano!r %\ld *oose = me1 or 9 spite ( me--t is all4 ,& if any "o pret5ds to sub/itute 8 judgm5t = m9e 9 :at conc]ns me1 ,i %\ld ask to sub/itute m9e = 8 9 :at conc]ns him4 ,:at gu>antee h we t ?+s w\ld g on bett] 9 ?is way8 ,x is evid5t t ,competition is ,lib]ty4 ,to take away ! lib]ty ( act+ is to de/roy ! possibility1 & consequ5tly ! p[]1 ( *oos+1 ( judg+1 ( comp>+2 x is to annihilate intellig5ce1 to annihilate ?\ght1 to annihilate man4 ,f :atev] qu>t] !y set out1 to ?is po9t all mod]n re=m]s t5d--to ameliorate society !y beg9 by annihilat+ ! individual1 "u ! pretext t all evils come f ?is s\rce--z if all good did n come f x too4 ,we h se5 t s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices4 ,9 reality1 e man comes into ! _w *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( provid+ = 8 satisfactions by 8 ef=ts4 ,:5 ano!r man saves u an ef=t1 we ought to save him an ef=t 9 return4 ,he imp>ts to u a satisfaction result+ f 8 ef=t2 we ought to d ! same = him4 ,b :o is to make ! comp>ison8 = betwe5 ^! ef=ts1 ^! pa9s1 ^! s]vices ex*ang$1 !re is necess>ily a comp>ison to be made1 9 ord] to arrive at equival5ce1 at ju/ice2--unless inde$ inju/ice1 inequality1 *ance1 is to be our rule1 :i* w\ld j be ano!r way ( putt+ human intellig5ce hors de cause4 ,we mu/1 !n1 h a judge2 & :o is ?is judge to be8 ,is x n q natural t 9 e case wants %\ld be judg$ ( by ^? :o exp]i5ce !m1 satisfactions by ^? :o seek !m1 ef=ts by ^? :o ex*ange !m8 ,& is x s]i\sly propos$ to sub/itute = ?is univ]sal vigilance ( ! p>ties int]e/$1 a social au?ority 7suppose t ( ! re=m] himself71 *>g$ ) det]m9+ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w ! delicate conditions ( ^! c\ntless acts ( int]*ange8 ,d y n see t ?is w\ld be to set up ! mo/ fallible1 ! mo/ univ]sal1 ! mo/ arbitr>y1 ! mo/ inquisitorial1 ! mo/ insupportable--we are =tunately able to add1 ! mo/ impossible--( all despotisms ev] conceiv$ 9 ! bra9 ( pa%a or mufti8 ,x is suffici5t to "k t ,competition is no?+ else ?an p#bij ! abs5ce ( an arbitr>y au?ority z judge ( ex*anges1 9 ord] to be satisfi$ t x is inde/ructible4 ,illegitimate =ce may no d\bt re/ra91 c\nt]act1 trammel ! lib]ty ( ex*ang+1 z x may ! lib]ty ( walk+2 b x c annihilate nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r )\t annihilat+ man4 ,?is be+ s1 x rema9s = u to inquire :e!r ,competition t5ds to ! happ9ess or mis]y ( mank9d2 a "q :i* am\nts to ?is1--,is ! human race naturally progressive1 or are its t5d5cies fatally retrograde8 ,i hesitate n to say t ,competition1 :i*1 inde$1 we might d5om9ate ,lib]ty1 despite ! repulsion :i* x excites1 despite ! declamations to :i* x has giv5 rise1 is a law :i* is democratical 9 its ess5ce4 ,( all ! laws to :i* ,provid5ce has confid$ ! progress ( human society1 x is ! mo/ progressive1 levell+1 & communautaire4 ,x is ?is law :i* br+s successively into ! common doma9 ! use & enjoym5t ( commodities :i* nature has accord$ gratuit\sly only to c]ta9 c\ntries4 ,x is ?is law1 aga91 :i* br+s into ! common doma9 all ! conque/s :i* ! g5ius ( ea* age bequea?s to succe$+ g5]ations1 leav+ !m only supplem5t>y lab\rs to execute1 :i* la/ !y cont9ue to ex*ange ) "o ano!r1 )\t succe$+1 z !y desire1 9 obta9+ a recomp5se = ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts2 & if ^! lab\rs1 z happ5s always 9 ! beg9n+1 possess a value :i* is n proportionate to _! int5sity1 x is /ill ,competition :i*1 by its incessant b unp]ceiv$ action1 re/ores an equilibrium :i* is sanction$ by ju/ice1 & :i* is m exact ?an any t ! fallible sagacity ( a human magi/racy c\ld by possibility e/abli%4 ,f> f ,competition lead+ to inequality1 z has be5 errone\sly alleg$1 we may ass]t t all factiti\s inequality is imputable to its abs5ce2 & if ! gulf betwe5 ! ,gr& ,lama & a ,p>ia is m pr(\nd ?an t :i* sep>ates ! ,presid5t f an artisan ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! reason is ?is1 t ,competition 7or ,lib]ty71 :i* is curb$ & put d[n 9 ,asia1 is n s 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 :il/ ! ,sociali/s see 9 ,competition ! s\rce ( all t is evil1 we trace to ! attacks :i* h be5 made ^u x ! di/urbance ( all t is good4 ,al?\gh ?is great law has be5 misund]/ood by ! ,sociali/s & _! adepts2 al?\gh x is frequ5tly h>% 9 its op]ation1 no law is m f]tile 9 social h>monies1 m b5efic5t 9 g5]al results2 no law atte/s m brilliantly ! measureless sup]iority ( ! designs ( ,god ov] ! va9 & p[]less comb9ations ( m54 p#bia ,i mu/ "h rem9d ! read] ( t s+ul> b unque/ionable result ( ! social ord] to :i* ,i h already invit$ 8 att5tion1#fc & :i* ! p[] ( habit hides too frequ5tly f our view4 ,x is ?is1 t ! sum total ( satisfactions :i* falls to ea* memb] ( society is mu* sup]ior to ^? :i* he c\ld procure = himself by 8 own ef=ts4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is an evid5t disproportion betwe5 our consumption & our lab\r4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* all ( u c easily v]ify1 if we turn our reg>ds ^u ourselves1 ought1 x seems to me1 to inspire "s gratitude to society1 to :i* we owe x4 ,we come into ?is _w de/itute ( ev]y?+1 torm5t$ ) num]\s wants1 & provid$ ) no?+ b faculties to enable u to /ruggle aga9/ !m4 ,a priori1 x w\ld seem t all we c\ld expect w\ld be to obta9 satisfactions proportionate to our lab\r4 ,if we obta9 m1 inf9itely m1 to :at d we owe ! excess8 ,precisely to t natural organization aga9/ :i* we are con/antly declaim+1 :5 we are n engag$ 9 seek+ to subv]t x4 ,9 itself ! ph5om5on is truly extraord9>y4 ,t c]ta9 m5 consume m ?an !y produce is easily expla9$1 if 9 "o way or o!r !y usurp ! rights ( o!r p--if !y receive s]vices )\t r5d]+ !m4 ,b h[ c t be true ( all m5 at ! same "t8 ,h[ happ5s x t1 aft] hav+ ex*ang$ _! s]vices )\t con/ra9t1 )\t spoliation1 ^u a foot+ ( equival5ce1 ea* man c say to himself ) tru?1 ,i consume 9 a day m ?an ,i c\ld produce 9 a c5tury8 ,! read] has se5 t ! additional elem5t :i* resolves ! problem is ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts1 con/antly becom+ m & m effective 9 ! "w ( production2 x is gratuit\s utility fall+ cont9ually into ! doma9 ( ,community2 x is ! lab\r ( heat & ( cold1 ( light1 ( gravitation1 ( aff9ity1 ( ela/icity1 com+ progressively to be add$ to ! lab\r ( man1 dim9i%+ ! value ( s]vices by r5d]+ !m m easy4 ,i mu/ h b feebly expla9$ ! !ory ( value if ! read] imag9es t value dim9i%es imm$iately & ( its own accord1 by ! simple fact ( ! co-op]ation ( natural =ces1 & ! relief !reby af=d$ to human lab\r4 ,x is n s2 = !n we might say ) ! ,engli% ,economi/s t value is proportional to lab\r4 ,! man :o is aid$ by a natural & gratuit\s =ce r5d]s 8 s]vices m easily2 b he does n p#bib on t acc\nt r5\nce volunt>ily any portion :atev] ( 8 accu/om$ remun]ation4 ,to induce him to d t1 ext]nal co]cion--pressure f )\t--sev]e b n unju/ pressure--is necess>y4 ,x is ,competition :i* ex]ts ?is pressure4 ,z long z ,competition does n int]v5e1 z long z ! man :o has avail$ himself ( a natural ag5t pres]ves 8 secret1 t natural ag5t is gratuit\s1 b x is n yet common4 ,! victory has be5 ga9$1 b to ! pr(it only ( a s+le man1 or a s+le class4 ,x is n yet a b5efit to mank9d at l>ge4 ,no *ange has yet tak5 place1 except t "o description ( s]vices1 al?\gh p>tly reliev$ f ! pa9 ( muscul> ex]tion1 /ill exacts all its =m] remun]ation4 ,we h1 on ! "o h&1 a man :o exacts f all 8 fell[s ! same am\nt ( lab\r z =m]ly1 al?\gh he (f]s !m a limit$ am\nt ( 8 own lab\r 9 return4 ,on ! o!r1 we h mank9d at l>ge1 :o are /ill oblig$ to make ! same sacrifice ( "t & ( lab\r 9 ord] to obta9 a product n[ realiz$ 9 "p by nature4 ,7 ?+s to rema9 9 ?is /ate1 a pr9ciple ( indef9ite inequality w\ld be introduc$ into ! _w ) e new inv5tion4 ,n only c\ld we n say t value is proportional to lab\r2 we c\ld n ev5 say t value t5ds to become proportional to lab\r4 ,all t we h said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ab\t gratuit\s utility & progressive community w\ld be *im]ical4 ,x w\ld n be true t s]vices are ex*ang$ aga9/ s]vices1 9 su* a way t ! gifts ( ,god are transf]r$ gratuit\sly f "o man to ano!r1 d[n to ! ultimate recipi5t1 :o is ! consum]4 ,ea* w\ld cont9ue to be paid1 n only = 8 lab\r1 b = ! natural =ces :i* he _h once succe$$ 9 sett+ to "w2 9 a ^w1 society w\ld be con/itut$ on ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal ,monopoly1 9 place ( on ! pr9ciple ( progressive ,community4 ,b x is n s4 ,god1 :o has be/[$ on all ,8 creatures heat1 light1 gravitation1 air1 wat]1 ! soil1 ! m>vels ( vegetable life1 electricity1 & c\ntless o!r b5efits :i* x is beyond my p[] to enum]ate1--,god1 :o has plac$ 9 ! human brea/ ! feel+ ( p]sonal int]e/1 :i*1 l a magnet1 attracts ev]y?+ to itself1--,god1 ,i say1 has plac$ also 9 ! bosom ( society ano!r spr+ ( action1 :i* ,he has *>g$ ) ! c>e ( pres]v+ to ,8 b5efits _! orig9al de/9ation1 :i* 01 t !y %\ld be gratuit\s & common4 ,?is spr+ ( action is ,competition4 ,?us1 ,p]sonal ,int]e/ is t irrepressible =ce belong+ to ! individual :i* urges u on to progress & discov]y1 :i* p#bic spurs u on to ex]tion1 b leads also to monopoly4 ,competition is t =ce belong+ to ! species :i* is n less irrepressible1 & :i* snat*es progress1 z x is realiz$1 f individual h&s1 & makes x ! common inh]itance ( ! great family ( mank9d4 ,^! two =ces1 9 ea* ( :i*1 consid]$ individually1 we might f9d some?+ to blame1 ?us con/itute social ,h>mony1 by ! play ( _! comb9ations1 :5 reg>d$ 9 conjunction4 ,& we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t we ought n to be at all surpris$ t ! individual int]e/s ( m51 consid]$ z produc]s1 %\ld f ! beg9n+ h ris5 up aga9/ ,competition1 %\ld h rebuk$ x1 & s\ght to de/roy x--call+ 9 = ?is purpose ! assi/ance ( =ce1 fraud1 privilege1 sophi/ry1 monopoly1 re/riction1 legislative protection1 etc4 ,! morality ( ! means %[s u cle>ly en\gh ! morality ( ! end4 ,b ! a/oni%+ & melan*oly ?+ is1 t sci5ce h]self--false sci5ce1 x is true--propagat$ ) s mu* zeal by ! sociali/ s*ools1 9 ! "n ( philan?ropy1 equality1 & frat]nity1 %\ld h esp\s$ ! cause ( ,individualism1 9 its n>r[e/ & mo/ exclusive manife/ation1 & %\ld h des]t$ ! cause ( humanity4 ,let u see n[ h[ ,competition acts3-- ,man1 "u ! influ5ce ( self-int]e/1 is always1 & necess>ily1 on ! outlook = su* circum/ances z may give ! greate/ value to 8 s]vices4 ,he is n long 9 discov]+ t1 z reg>ds ! gifts ( ,god1 he may be fav\r$ 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ,he may appropriate to 8 own exclusive use ^! gifts !mselves2 or1 #b4 ,he may alone "k ! process by :i* !y c be made useful2 or1 #c4 ,he alone may possess ! in/rum5t by means ( :i* _! co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( production c be secur$4 ,9 any ( ^! cases1 he gives little ( 8 own lab\r 9 ex*ange = mu* ( ! lab\r ( o!r m54 ,8 s]vices h a high relative value1 & we are l$ to believe t ?is excess ( value resides 9 ! natural ag5t4 ,if x 7 s1 ?is value w\ld n be subject to fall4 ,n[1 :at proves t ! value is 9 ! s]vice is1 t we f9d ,competition dim9i%+ bo? value & s]vice simultane\sly4 #a4 ,natural ag5ts--! gifts ( ,god--are n di/ribut$ uni=mly ov] ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,:at an inf9ite v>iety ( vegetable productions are spread ov] ! wide range p#bid ext5d+ f ! region ( ! p9e to ! region ( ! palm tree6 ,"h ! soil is m productive1 !re ! heat is m vivify+4 ,9 "o qu>t] we meet ) /one1 9 ano!r ) lime1 9 ano!r ) iron1 copp]1 or coal4 ,wat]-p[] is n to be f\nd ev]y:]e1 nor c we ev]y:]e avail ourselves to an equal ext5t ( ! p[] ( ! w9ds4 ,di/ance1 f ! objects we f9d ess5tial1 ( itself makes a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! ob/acles :i* our ef=ts enc\nt]4 ,ev5 ! human faculties v>y 9 "s measure ) climate & races4 ,x is easy to see t1 b = ! law ( ,competition1 ?is inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( ! gifts ( ,god w\ld lead to a correspond+ inequality 9 ! condition ( m54 ,:oev] happ5$ to h )9 rea* a natural advantage w\ld pr(it by x1 b 8 fell[-m5 w\ld n4 ,he w\ld n p]mit o!r m5 to p>ticipate 9 x ?r\gh 8 in/rum5tality1 )\t /ipulat+ an excessive remun]ation1 ! am\nt ( :i* he w\ld h ! p[] ( fix+ arbitr>ily4 ,he c\ld atta* to 8 s]vices any value he pleas$4 ,we h se5 t ! extreme limits betwe5 :i* x mu/ be det]m9$ are1 ! pa9s tak5 by ! man :o r5d]s ! s]vice & ! pa9s sav$ to ! man :o receives x4 ,competition alone h9d]s its be+ always rais$ to ! maximum4 ,! inhabitant ( ! tropics1 = example1 w\ld say to ! ,european--8,?anks to ! sun's rays1 ,i c1 ) lab\r equal to t51 procure a giv5 quantity ( sug>1 c(fee1 cocoa1 or cotton1 :il/ y1 oblig$ 9 y\r cold climate to h rec\rse to hot-h\ses1 /oves1 & %elt]1 _c obta9 ! same quantity b ) lab\r equal to a hundr$4 ,y wi% to obta9 my c(fee1 sug>1 or cotton1 & y w\ld n be sorry 7 ,i to take into acc\nt 9 ! transaction only ! pa9s :i* ,i h tak51 ! lab\r ,i h exp5d$4 ,b :at ,i reg>d pr9cipally is ! pa9s1 ! lab\r1 ,i h sav$ y2 =1 aw>e t t is ! limit ( y\r resi/ance1 ,i make x ! limit ( my exaction4 ,z :at ,i produce ) an am\nt ( lab\r equal to t51 y c\ld produce only ) lab\r equal to a hundr$1 7 ,i to dem& 9 ex*ange = my sug> a commodity :i* co/ y lab\r equal to #aja1 y w\ld c]ta9ly refuse2 b all t ,i ask is lab\r equal to #ii4 ,y may higgle & look gruff = a little1 b y w come to my t]ms2 = at ?is rate y h /ill an advantage by ! ex*ange4 ,y ?9k ^! t]ms unfair2 b1 aft] all1 x is n to y b to me t ,god has v\*saf$ ! advantage ( a high] temp]ature4 ,i "k t ,i am 9 a position to take advantage ( ?is gift ( ,provid5ce1 by depriv+ y ( x unless y pay me a tax1 = p#bie ,i h no competitors4 ,"h1 !n1 are my sug>1 my cocoa1 my c(fee1 my cotton--take !m on ! conditions ,i impose--or raise !m = y\rself--or d )\t !m40 ,x is true t ! ,european might hold to ! inhabitant ( ! tropics "s su* language z ?is3 8,turn ov] y\r soil1 dig pits1 se>* = iron & coal1 & felicitate y\rself if y f9d any2 = if n1 x is my det]m9ation to pu% my exactions to an extreme also4 ,god has v\*saf$ to u bo? preci\s gifts4 ,we appropriate z mu* ( !m z we require1 b we w n suff] o!rs to t\* !m )\t pay+ u a tax40 ,ev5 if ?+s took place 9 ?is way1 sci5tific exactness w\ld n all[ u to attribute to natural ag5ts t ,value :i* resides only 9 s]vices4 ,b ! error w\ld be h>mless1 = ! result w\ld be absolutely ! same4 ,s]vices w\ld /ill be ex*ang$ aga9/ s]vices1 b !y w\ld exhibit no t5d5cy to con=m to ef=ts1 or lab\r1 z a measure4 ,! gifts ( ,god w\ld be p]sonal privileges1 n common b5efits2 & we might p]haps h "s reason to compla9 t ! ,au?or ( ?+s _h treat$ u 9 a way s incurably unequal4 ,%\ld we1 !n1 be bre?r58 ,c\ld we reg>d ourselves z ! *ildr5 ( a common ,fa!r8 ,! abs5ce ( ,competition1 t is to say ( ,lib]ty1 w\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance be an insup]able b> to ,equality4 ,! abs5ce ( ,equality w\ld exclude all idea ( ,frat]nity--& no?+ ( ! republican motto#fd w\ld !n be left4 ,b let ,competition be introduc$1 & we %all see x in/antly pres5t an insup]able b>ri] to all su* leon9e b>ga9s1 to all su* =e/all+ ( ! gifts ( ,god1 to all su* revolt+ pret5sions 9 ! appreciation ( s]vices1 to all su* inequalities ) ef=ts ex*ang$4 ,& let u rem>k1 fir/ ( all1 t ,competition acts =cibly1 call$ =? z x is by ^! v inequalities4 ,lab\r betakes itself in/9ctively to ! qu>t] :]e x is be/ remun]at$1 & nev] fails to put an end to ?is exceptional advantage1 s t ,inequality is only a spur :i* urges u on 9 spite ( ourselves t[>ds ,equality4 ,x is 9 tru? "o ( ! mo/ beautiful f9al int5tions obs]vable 9 ! social me*anism4 ,inf9ite ,goodness1 :i* manife/s b5efic5ce ev]y:]e1 w\ld seem to h made *oice ( ! av>ici\s produc] 9 ord] to effect an equitable di/ribution among all2 & truly x is a m>vell\s sight ?is1 ( self-int]e/ realiz+ cont9ually :at x ev] desires to avoid4 ,man1 z a produc]1 is necess>ily1 inevitably1 attract$ by p#bif excessive returns1 :i* he ?us r$uces to ! ord9>y rate4 ,he pursues 8 own int]e/2 & )\t kn[+ x1 )\t wi%+ x1 )\t seek+ x1 he promotes ! g5]al good4 ,?us1 to recur to our =m] example1 ! inhabitant ( ! tropics1 traffick+ 9 ! gifts ( ,god1 realizes an excessive remun]ation1 & by t v means br+s d[n ^u himself ,competition4 ,human lab\r ex]ts itself 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! inequality1 if ,i may use ! expression1 & nev] re/s until t inequality is effac$4 ,"u ! action ( ,competition1 we see ! tropical lab\r1 :i* 0 equal to t51 ex*ang$ successively = ,european lab\r equal to #hj1 #ej1 #dj1 #bj1 & f9ally to #aj4 ,"u ! empire ( ! natural laws ( society1 !re is no reason :y ?is %\ld n take place2 t is to say1 !re is no reason :y s]vices ex*ang$ %\ld n be measur$ by ! lab\r p]=m$1 ! pa9s tak51--! gifts ( ,god on bo? sides be+ gratuit\s & into ! b>ga94 ,we h only to consid]1 9 ord] to appreciate & bless ! revolution :i* is ?us effect$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! lab\r und]gone on bo? sides is equal1 & ?is satisfies ! human m9d1 :i* always desires ju/ice4 ,!n :at has become ( ! gift ( ,god8 ,att5d to ?is1 read]4 ,no "o has be5 depriv$ ( x4 ,9 ?is respect we h n all[$ ourselves to be impos$ ^u by ! clam\rs ( ! tropical produc]4 ,! ,brazilian1 9 z f> z he is himself a consum] ( sug>1 or cotton1 or c(fee1 nev] ceases to pr(it by ! sun's rays--8 good =tune does n cease to aid him 9 ! "w ( production4 ,:at he has lo/ is only ! unju/ p[] ( levy+ a tax ^u ! consumption ( ! inhabitants ( ,europe4 ,! b5efic5ce ( ,provid5ce1 because gratuit\s1 has become1 z x ought to become1 common2 = common & gratuit\s are 9 reality ! same ?+4 ,! gift ( ,god has become common--& ! read] w obs]ve t ,i avail myself "h ( a special fact to elucidate a ph5om5on :i* is univ]sal--?is gift1 ,i say1 has become common to all4 ,?is is n declamation1 b ! expression ( a tru? :i* is demon/rable4 ,:y has ?is beautiful ph5om5on be5 misund]/ood8 ,because community is realiz$ "u ! =m ( value annihilat$1 & ! m9d ) difficulty lays hold ( negations4 ,b ,i ask1 ,is x n true t :51 9 ord] to obta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( sug>1 c(fee1 or cotton1 ,i give only "o-t5? ( ! lab\r :i* ,i %\ld f9d x necess>y to exp5d 9 produc+ ! commodity myself1 & ?is because ! ,brazilian sun p]=ms ! o!r n9e-t5?s ( ! "w1--,is x n true1 ,i say1 t 9 t case ,i /ill ex*ange lab\r = lab\r1 & p#big really & truly obta91 ov] & above ! ,brazilian lab\r1 & into ! b>ga91 ! co-op]ation ( ! climate ( ! tropics8 ,c ,i n affirm ) rigor\s exactitude t ,i h become1 t all m5 h become1 9 ! same way z ! ,indians & ,am]icans1 t is to say gratuit\sly1 p>ticipators 9 ! lib]ality ( nature1 s f> z ! commodities 9 "q are conc]n$8 ,engl& possesses productive coal m9es4 ,t is no d\bt a great local advantage1 m especially if we suppose1 z ,i %all d = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! ,cont95t possesses no coal m9es4 ,ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ex*ange1 ! advantage :i* ?is gives to ! p ( ,engl& is ! possession ( fuel 9 great] abundance ?an o!r nations1--fuel obta9$ ) less lab\r1 & at less exp5se ( useful "t4 ,z soon z ex*ange comes into op]ation--keep+ out ( view ,competition--! exclusive possession ( ^! m9es enables ! p ( ,engl& to dem& a consid]able remun]ation1 & to set a high price ^u _! lab\r4 ,n be+ 9 a situation to p]=m ?is lab\r ourselves1 or procure :at we want f ano!r qu>t]1 we h no alt]native b to submit4 ,engli% lab\r devot$ to ?is description ( "w w be well remun]at$2 9 o!r words1 coal w be de>1 & ! b\nty ( nature may be consid]$ z conf]r$ on ! p ( "o nation1 & n on mank9d at l>ge4 ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s _c la/2 = a great natural & social law is oppos$ to x--,competition4 ,= ! v reason t ?is species ( lab\r is l>gely remun]at$ 9 ,engl&1 x w be 9 great dem& !re1 = m5 are always 9 que/ ( high remun]ation4 ,! numb] ( m9]s w increase1 bo? 9 consequ5ce ( ! sons ( m9]s devot+ !mselves to _! fa!rs' trade1 & 9 consequ5ce ( m5 transf]r+ _! indu/ry to m9+ f o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,!y w (f] to "w = a small] recomp5se1 & _! remun]ation w g on dim9i%+ until x rea* ! normal rate1 or ! rate g5]ally giv5 9 ! c\ntry = analog\s "w4 ,?is means t ! price ( ,engli% coal w fall 9 ,france2 t a giv5 am\nt ( ,fr5* lab\r w procure a great] & great] quantity ( ,engli% coal1 or r ( ,engli% lab\r incorporat$ & work$ up 9 coal2 &1 f9ally 7& ?is is :at ,i pray y to rem>k71 t ! gift :i* nature w\ld appe> to h be/[$ ^u ,engl& has 9 reality be5 conf]r$ on ! :ole human race4 ,! coal ( ,newca/le is br\ght )9 ! rea* ( all m5 gratuit\sly1 z f> z ! m]e mat]ial is conc]n$4 ,?is is nei!r a p>adox nor an exagg]ation1--x is br\ght )9 _! rea* l ! p#bih wat] ( ! brook1 on ! s+le condition ( go+ to fet* x1 or remun]at+ ^? :o und]take t lab\r = u4 ,:5 we pur*ase coal1 x is n ! coal t we pay =1 b ! lab\r necess>y to extract x & transport x4 ,all t we d is to give a correspond+ am\nt ( lab\r :i* we h work$ up or incorporat$ 9 w9e or 9 silk4 ,s true is x t ! lib]ality ( nature has be5 ext5d$ to ,france1 t ! lab\r :i* we refund is n great] ?an t :i* x w\ld h be5 necess>y to und]go _h ! deposit ( coal be5 9 ,france4 ,competition has e/abli%$ equality betwe5 ! two nations z f> z coal is conc]n$1 except z reg>ds ! inevitable & inconsid]able diff]5ce result+ f di/ance & c>riage4 ,i h giv5 two examples1 &1 to r5d] ! ph5om5on m /rik+1 ,i h select$ int]national transactions1 :i* are effect$ on a great scale4 ,i fe> ,i may ?us h div]t$ ! read]'s att5tion f ! same ph5om5a act+ incessantly ar\nd u 9 our e-day transactions4 ,let him take 9 8 h& ! mo/ famili> objects1 a glass1 a nail1 a loaf1 a piece ( clo?1 a book4 ,let him m$itate on su* ord9>y products1 & reflect h[ great an am\nt ( gratuit\s utility w\ld nev] b = ,competition h become common = humanity at l>ge1 al?\gh rema9+ gratuit\s = ! produc]4 ,he w f9d t1 ?anks to ,competition1 9 pur*as+ 8 loaf he pays no?+ = ! action ( ! sun1 no?+ = ! ra91 no?+ = ! fro/1 no?+ = ! laws ( vegetable physiology1 no?+ ev5 = ! p[]s ( ! soil1 despite all t has be5 said on t subject2 no?+ = ! law ( gravitation set to "w by ! mill]2 no?+ = ! law ( combu/ion set to "w by ! bak]2 no?+ = ! horse-p[] set to "w by ! c>ri]2 t he pays only = ! s]vices r5d]$1 ! pa9s tak51 by human ag5ts2 & let him reflect t1 b = ,competition1 he mu/ h paid1 ov] & above1 a tax = ! int]v5tion ( all ^! natural ag5ts2 t t tax w\ld h _h no o!r limit ?an ! difficulty :i* he might himself h exp]i5c$ 9 procur+ ! loaf by 8 own ef=ts1 & t consequ5tly a :ole life w\ld n h be5 suffici5t to supply ! remun]ation :i* w\ld h be5 dem&$ ( him4 ,let him ?9k f>!r1 t he does n make use ( a s+le commodity :i* might n give rise to ! same reflections1 & t ^! reflections apply n to him only1 b to all mank9d1 & he w !n compreh5d ! radical error ( ^? sociali/ !ories :i*1 look+ only at ! surface ( ?+s1 ! epid]mis ( society1 h be5 set up ) s mu* levity aga9/ ,competition1 9 o!r words1 aga9/ human ,lib]ty4 ,he w !n reg>d p#bii ,competition1 :i* pres]ves to ! gifts ( nature1 unequally di/ribut$1 _! common & gratuit\s "*1 z ! pr9ciple ( a j & natural equalization2 he w admire x z ! =ce :i* holds 9 *eck ! egotism ( individual int]e/1 ) :i* at ! same "t x is s arti/ically comb9$ z to s]ve bo? z a curb to av>ice & a spur to ex]tion2 & he w bless x z a mo/ /rik+ manife/ation ( ,god's imp>tial solicitude = ! good ( all ,8 creatures4 ,f :at has be5 said1 we may d$uce ! solution ( "o ( ! problems :i* h be5 mo/ ke5ly controv]t$1 namely1 t ( free trade z betwe5 nation & nation4 ,if x be true1 z seems to me inconte/able1 t ,competition leads ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! globe to ex*ange ) "o ano!r no?+ else ?an lab\r1 ex]tion m & m equaliz$1 & to transf] at ! same "t reciprocally1 & into ! b>ga91 ! natural advantages t ea* possesses2 h[ bl9d & absurd mu/ ^? m5 be :o exclude =eign products by legislative measures1 "u ! pretext t !y are *eap1 & h little value 9 proportion to _! aggregate utility2 t is to say1 precisely because !y include a l>ge proportion ( gratuit\s utility6 ,i h said1 & ,i repeat x1 t ,i h confid5ce 9 a !ory :5 ,i f9d x 9 accordance ) univ]sal practice4 ,n[1 x is c]ta9 t c\ntries w\ld effect _m ex*anges ) ea* o!r 7 !y n int]dict$ by =ce4 ,x requires ! bayonet to prev5t !m2 & = t reason x is wrong to prev5t !m4 #b4 ,ano!r circum/ance places c]ta9 m5 9 a fav\rable & exceptional situation z reg>ds remun]ation--,i mean ! p]sonal & exclusive k ( ! processes by means ( :i* natural ag5ts c alone be appropriat$4 ,:at we t]m inv5tion is a conque/ by human g5ius2 & ^! beautiful & pacific conque/s1 :i* are1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a s\rce ( weal? = ^? :o a*ieve !m1 become by-&-by1 "u ! action ( ,competition1 ! common & gratuit\s patrimony ( all4 ,! =ces ( nature belong inde$ to all4 ,gravitation1 = in/ance1 is common prop]ty2 x surr\nds u1 p]vades u1 comm&s u4 ,& yet 7 !re b "o mode ( mak+ gravitation co-op]ate t[>ds a useful & det]m9ate result1 & b "o man acqua9t$ ) t mode1 ?is man might set a high price ^u 8 "w1 or refuse to "w except 9 ex*ange = a v high remun]ation4 ,8 dem&s w\ld h no limit p#cjj until !y rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! consum]s mu/ make great] sacrifices ?an ! old processes entail$ ^u !m4 ,he may h contriv$1 = example1 to annihilate n9e-t5?s ( ! lab\r necess>y to produce a c]ta9 commodity1 x4 ,b x has at pres5t a curr5t m>ket-price det]m9$ by ! lab\r :i* its production by ! ord9>y me?ods exacts4 ,! inv5tor sells x at ! m>ket-price2 9 o!r words1 8 lab\r receives a recomp5se t5 times high] ?an t ( 8 rivals4 ,?is is ! fir/ phase ( ! inv5tion4 ,s f> we discov] no?+ unju/ or unfair4 ,x is j & equitable t ! man :o makes ! _w acqua9t$ ) a useful process %\ld be rew>d$ = x2--,a *acun selon sa capacit4 ,obs]ve1 too1 t z yet mank9d1 ) ! exception ( ! inv5tor1 h ga9$ no?+ unless virtually1 & 9 p]spective1 s to speak1 s9ce 9 ord] to procure ! commodity x1 ea* acquir] mu/ make a sacrifice equal to ! =m] co/4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! inv5tion ent]s its second phase--t ( imitation4 ,excessive remun]ation awak5s covet\sness4 ,! new process is m g5]ally adopt$2 ! price ( ! commodity x cont9ues to fall1 & ! remun]ation goes on dim9i%+ 9 proportion z ! imitation becomes m di/ant 9 date f ! orig9al inv5tion1 t is to say1 9 proportion z x becomes m easy1 & = t reason less m]itori\s4 ,surely !re is no?+ 9 all ?is t _c be av[$ by a legislation ! mo/ advanc$ & ! mo/ imp>tial4 ,at l5g? ! inv5tion rea*es its ?ird phase1 its f9al /age1 t ( univ]sal diffusion1 :5 x becomes common & gratuit\s4 ,! cycle has be5 complet$ :5 ,competition has br\ght back ! remun]ation ( ! produc]s ( x to ! g5]al & normal rate yield$ by all analog\s "w4 ,!n ! n9e-t5?s ( ! lab\r1 :i* by ! hypo!sis we suppos$ to be sav$ by ! inv5tion1 become an acquisition to mank9d at l>ge4 ,! utility ( ! commodity x rema9s ! same2 b n9e-t5?s ( t commodity are n[ ! product ( gravitation1 a =ce :i* 0 =m]ly common to all 9 pr9ciple1 b has n[ become common to all 9 ?is special application4 ,s true is ?is1 t all ! consum]s ( t commodity ?r\gh\t ! _w may n[ acquire x ) "o-t5? ( ! lab\r :i* x =m]ly co/4 ,! surplus lab\r has be5 entirely annihilat$ by ! new process4 ,if we consid] t !re is no human inv5tion :i* has n describ$ ?is circle1 t x is "h an algebraical sign :i* repres5ts corn1 clo?+1 books1 %ips1--9 ! production ( :i* an p#cja incalculable am\nt ( ,lab\r or ,value has be5 annihilat$1 by ! pl\gh1 ! sp9n+-j5ny1 ! pr9t+-press1 & ! sail2 t ?is obs]vation is applicable to ! humble/ ( tools z well z to ! mo/ complicat$ me*anism1 to ! nail1 ! w$ge1 ! lev]1 z well z to ! /eam-eng9e & ! electric telegraph1 we %all come1 ,i tru/1 to und]/& ! solution ( ?is gr& problem ( human society1 t an am\nt ( utility & enjoym5t1 always great]1 & m & m equally di/ribut$1 comes to remun]ate ea* det]m9ate quantity ( human lab\r4 #c4 ,i h %[n h[ ,competition br+s into ! doma9 ( ! common & gratuit\s bo? natural ag5ts & ! processes by :i* !y are made op]ative4 ,x rema9s to %[ t ,competition executes ! same function ) ref]5ce to ! in/rum5ts by means ( :i* we set ^! ag5ts to "w4 ,x is n en\gh t !re %\ld exi/ 9 nature a =ce1 su* z heat1 light1 gravitation1 electricity2 x is n en\gh t intellig5ce conceives ! means ( mak+ t =ce available2--!re mu/ be in/rum5ts to realize ?is conception ( ! m9d1 & provisions to ma9ta9 ^? :o devote !mselves to x dur+ ! op]ation4 ,z reg>ds remun]ation1 !re is a ?ird circum/ance :i* fav\rs a man1 or a class ( m51 namely1 ! possession ( ,capital4 ,! man :o has 9 8 h&s ! tools necess>y = lab\r1 ! mat]ials to "w ^u1 & ! provisions = 8 subsi/5ce dur+ ! op]ation1 is 9 a situation to det]m9e 8 own remun]ation4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is is equitable1 = capital is only ant]ior lab\r :i* has n yet be5 remun]at$4 ,! capitali/ is 9 a good position to impose t]ms2 b obs]ve t1 ev5 :5 free f ,competition1 !re is a limit :i* 8 dem&s nev] c exce$--?is limit is ! po9t at :i* 8 remun]ation w\ld absorb all ! advantages ( ! s]vice :i* he r5d]s4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 x is unreasonable to talk1 z is s (t5 done1 ( ! tyranny ( capital1 see+ t ev5 9 ! mo/ extreme cases nei!r its pres5ce nor its abs5ce c injure ! condition ( ! lab\r]4 ,l ! inhabitant ( ! tropics1 :o has an int5sity ( heat at 8 disposal :i* nature has d5i$ to cold] regions--or l ! inv5tor1 :o possesses ! secret ( a process unkn[n to o!r m5--all t ! capitali/ c say is3 8,w\ld y pr(it by my lab\r--,i set su* a price ^u x2 if y f9d x too high1 d z y h done hi!rto--d )\t x40 ,b ,competition takes place among capitali/s4 ,tools1 mat]ials1 & provisions1 contribute to ! creation ( utilities only p#cjb :5 employ$4 ,!re is an emulation1 !n1 among capitali/s to f9d employm5t = _! capital4 ,all t ?is emulation =ces !m to abate f ! extreme dem&1 ( :i* ,i h j assign$ ! limits1 resolv+ itself into a r$uction ( ! price ( ! commodity1 is s mu* cle> pr(it1 s mu* gratuit\s ga91 = ! consum]1 t is to say1 = mank9d4 ,?is ga91 h[ev]1 c cle>ly nev] be absolutely gratuit\s2 =1 s9ce capital repres5ts lab\r1 t capital mu/ always possess 9 itself ! pr9ciple ( remun]ation4 ,transactions relative to ,capital are subject to ! univ]sal law ( ex*anges2 & ex*anges take place only because !re is an advantage = ! two contract+ p>ties 9 effect+ !m1--an advantage :i* has no d\bt a t5d5cy to be equaliz$1 b :i* accid5tally may be great] = ! "o ?an = ! o!r4 ,!re is a limit to ! remun]ation ( capital1 beyond :i* limit no "o w cons5t to borr[ x4 ,?is limit is ! m9imum ( s]vice = ! borr[]4 ,9 ! same way1 !re is a limit beyond :i* no "o w cons5t to l5d1 & ?is limit is ! m9imum ( remun]ation = ! l5d]4 ,?is is self-evid5t4 ,if ! requirem5ts ( "o ( ! contract+ p>ties are pu%$ s f> z to r$uce to z]o ! b5efit to be d]iv$ by ! o!r f ! transaction1 ! loan becomes impossible4 ,! remun]ation ( capital oscillates betwe5 ^! two extreme t]ms1 press$ t[>ds ! maximum by ! ,competition ( borr[]s1 br\ght back t[>ds ! m9imum by ! ,competition ( l5d]s2 s t1 by a necessity :i* is 9 h>mony ) ju/ice1 x rises :5 capital is sc>ce1 & falls :5 x is abundant4 ,_m ,economi/s imag9e t ! numb] ( borr[]s increases m rapidly ?an x is possible to create capital to l5d to !m1 :5ce x w\ld foll[ t ! natural t5d5cy ( int]e/ is to rise4 ,! fact is decid$ly ! o!r way1 & on all sides accord+ly we p]ceive civilisation l[]+ ! return = capital4 ,?is return1 x is said1 is #cj or #dj p] c5t4 at ,rome1 #bj p] c5t4 9 ,brazil1 #aj p] c5t4 9 ,alg]ia1 #h p] c5t4 9 ,spa91 #f p] c5t4 9 ,italy1 #e p] c5t4 9 ,g]many1 #d p] c5t4 9 ,france1 #c p] c5t4 9 ,engl&1 & /ill less 9 ,holl&4 ,n[ all t "p ( ! return = capital :i* is annihilat$ by progress1 al?\gh lo/ to ! capitali/1 is n lo/ to mank9d4 ,if int]e/1 orig9ally at #dj p] c5t41 is r$uc$ to #b p] c5t41 all commodities w be fre$ f #ch p>ts 9 #dj ( ?is elem5t ( co/4 ,!y w rea* ! consum] fre$ f ?is *>ge to ! ext5t ( n9ete5-tw5tie?s4 ,?is is a =ce :i*1 l natural ag5ts1 l exp$itive processes1 resolves itself into abundance1 equalization1 p#cjc &1 f9ally1 into an elevation ( ! g5]al level ( ! human race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h /ill to say a few words on ! ,competition ( lab\r] ) lab\r]1--a subject :i* 9 ^! days has giv5 rise to s mu* s5tim5tal declamation4 ,b h we n already exhau/$ ?is subject8 ,i h %[n t1 ow+ to ! action ( ,competition1 m5 _c long receive an exceptional remun]ation = ! co-op]ation ( natural =ces1 = _! acqua9tance ) new processes1 or = ! possession ( in/rum5ts by means ( :i* !y avail !mselves ( ^! =ces4 ,?is proves t ef=ts h a t5d5cy to be ex*ang$ on a foot+ ( equality1 or1 9 o!r words1 t value t5ds to become proportionate to lab\r4 ,!n ,i d n see :at c ju/ly be t]m$ ! ,competition ( lab\r]s2 /ill less d ,i see h[ x c injure _! condition1 s9ce 9 ?is po9t ( view workm5 are !mselves ! consum]s4 ,! work+ class means ev]ybody1 & x is precisely ?is va/ community :i* reaps ultimately ! b5efits ( ,competition1 & all ! advantage ( values successively annihilat$ by progress4 ,! evolution is ?is3 ,s]vices are ex*ang$ aga9/ s]vices1 values aga9/ values4 ,:5 a man 7or a class7 appropriates a natural ag5t or a new process1 8 dem&s are regulat$1 n by ! lab\r :i* he und]goes1 b by ! lab\r :i* he saves to o!rs4 ,he presses 8 exactions to ! extreme limit1 )\t ev] be+ able to injure ! condition ( o!rs4 ,he sets ! greate/ possible value on 8 s]vices4 ,b gradually1 by ! op]ation ( ,competition1 ?is value t5ds to become proportion$ to ! lab\r p]=m$2 s t ! evolution is br\ght to a conclusion :5 equal lab\r is ex*ang$ = equal lab\r1 bo? s]v+ z ! vehicle ( an ev]-increas+ am\nt ( gratuit\s utility1 to ! b5efit ( ! community at l>ge4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 to ass]t t ,competition c be injuri\s to ! lab\r]1 w\ld be to fall into a palpable contradiction4 ,& yet ?is is con/antly ass]t$1 & con/antly believ$2 & :y8 ,because by ! ^w lab\r] is und]/ood n ! great lab\r+ community1 b a p>ticul> class4 ,y divide ! community into two classes4 ,on "o side y place all ^? :o are possess$ ( capital1 :o live :olly or p>tly on ant]ior lab\r1 or by intellectual lab\r1 or ! proce$s ( taxation2 on ! o!r1 y place ^? :o h no?+ b _! h&s1 :o live by wages1 or--to use ! consecrat$ expression--! proltaires4 ,y look to ! relative position ( ^! two classes1 p#cjd & y ask if1 9 t relative position1 ! ,competition :i* takes place among ^? :o live by wages is n fatal to !m8 ,! situation ( m5 ( ?is la/ class1 x is said1 is ess5tially prec>i\s4 ,z !y receive _! wages f day to day1 !y live f h& to m\?4 ,9 ! discussion :i*1 "u a free rgime1 prec$es e b>ga91 !y _c wait2 !y mu/ f9d "w = to-morr[ on any t]ms1 "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,if ?is be n /rictly true ( !m all1 x is at lea/ true ( _m ( !m1 & t is en\gh to depress ! entire class2 = ^? :o are ! mo/ press$ & ! poore/ capitulate fir/1 & e/abli% ! g5]al rate ( wages4 ,! result is1 t wages t5d to fall to ! l[e/ rate :i* is compatible ) b>e subsi/5ce--& 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ! occurr5ce ( ! lea/ excess ( ,competition among ! lab\r]s is a v]itable calamity1 =1 z reg>ds !m1 ! "q is n "o ( dim9i%$ prosp]ity1 b ( simple exi/5ce4 ,und\bt$ly !re is mu* t is true1 mu* t is too true1 9 fact1 9 ?is description4 ,to d5y ! suff]+s & wret*$ness ( t class ( m5 :o be> s mat]ial a "p 9 ! bus9ess ( production1 w\ld be to %ut our eyes to ! light ( day4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ?is deplorable condition ( a great numb] ( our bre?r5 :i* =ms ! subject ( :at has be5 ju/ly call$ ! social problem2 = al?\gh o!r classes ( society are visit$ also ) disquietudes1 suff]+s1 sudd5 *anges ( =tune1 comm]cial crises1 & economic convulsions1 x may nev]!less be said ) tru? t lib]ty w\ld be accept$ z a solution ( ! problem1 did m]e lib]ty n appe> p[]less to cure t rankl+ sore :i* we d5om9ate ,paup]ism4 ,& al?\gh x is "h1 pre-em95tly1 t ! social problem lies1 ! read] w n expect t ,i %\ld ent] ^u x 9 ?is place4 ,its solution1 please ,god1 may be ! result ( ! entire "w1 b x cle>ly _c be ! result ( a s+le *apt]4 ,i am at pres5t engag$ 9 ! exposition ( g5]al laws1 :i* ,i believe to be h>moni\s2 & ,i tru/ ! read] w n[ beg9 to be conv9c$ t ^! laws exi/1 & t _! action t5ds t[>ds community1 & consequ5tly t[>ds equality4 ,b ,i h n d5i$ t ! action ( ^! laws is pr(\ndly tr\bl$ by di/urb+ causes4 ,if1 !n1 we n[ enc\nt] inequality z a /ubborn fact1 h[ c we be 9 circum/ances to =m a judgm5t reg>d+ x until we h fir/ ( all inve/igat$ ! regul> laws ( ! social ord]1 & ! causes :i* di/urb ! action ( ^! laws8 p#cje ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h ignor$ nei!r ! exi/5ce ( evil nor its mission4 ,i h v5tur$ to ass]t1 t free-w hav+ be5 v\*saf$ to man1 x is n necess>y to conf9e ! t]m h>mony to an aggregate f :i* evil %\ld be exclud$2 = free-w implies error1 at lea/ possible error1 & error is evil4 ,social h>mony1 l ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns man1 is relative4 ,evil is a necess>y "p ( ! ma*9]y de/9$ to ov]come error1 ignorance1 inju/ice1 by br++ into play two great laws ( our nature--responsibility & solid>ity4 ,n[1 tak+ paup]ism z an exi/+ fact1 are we to impute x to ! natural laws :i* gov]n ! social ord]1--or to human in/itutions :i* act 9 a s5se contr>y to ^! laws1--or1 f9ally1 to ! p !mselves1 :o are ! victims1 & :o1 by _! errors & _! faults1 h br\ght d[n ?is sev]e *a/isem5t on _! own heads8 ,9 o!r words1 does paup]ism exi/ by provid5tial de/9ation1--or1 on ! contr>y1 by :at rema9s ( ! artificial 9 our political organization1--or z a p]sonal retribution8 ,fatality1 ,inju/ice1 ,responsibility--to :i* ( ^! ?ree causes mu/ we attribute ?is frightful sore8 ,i hesitate n to ass]t t x _c be ! result ( ! natural laws :i* h hi!rto be5 ! subject ( our inve/igations1 see+ t ^! laws all t5d to equalization by amelioration2 t is to say1 to br+ all m5 to "o & ! same level1 :i* level is cont9ually ris+4 ,?is1 !n1 is n ! place to seek a solution ( ! problem ( paup]ism4 ,at pres5t1 if we w\ld consid] specially t class ( lab\r]s :o execute ! mo/ mat]ial portion ( ! "w ( production1 & :o1 9 g5]al1 hav+ no int]e/ 9 ! pr(its1 live ^u a fix$ remun]ation call$ wages1 ! "q we h to inve/igate is ?is3 ,ap>t f ! consid]ation ( good or bad economic in/itutions--ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ! evils :i* ! m5 :o live by wages ! proltaires br+ ^u !mselves by _! faults--:at is1 z reg>ds !m1 ! prop] effect ( ,competition8 ,= ?is class1 z = all1 ! op]ation ( ,competition is tw(old4 ,!y feel x bo? z buy]s & z sell]s ( s]vices4 ,! error ( ^? :o write ^u ^! subjects is nev] to look b at "o side ( ! "q1 l natural philosoph]s1 :o1 if !y took into acc\nt only c5trifugal =ce1 w\ld nev] cease to believe & to prophesy t all 0 ov] ) u4 ,grant _! false datum1 & y w see ) :at irrefragable logic !y conduct y to ?is s9i/] conclusion4 ,! same may be said ( ! p#cjf lam5tations :i* ! ,sociali/s f\nd ^u ! exclusive consid]ation ( c5trifugal ,competition1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression4 ,!y =get to take into acc\nt c5tripetal ,competition2 & t is suffici5t to r$uce _! doctr9es to pu]ile declamation4 ,!y =get t ! workman1 :5 he pres5ts himself 9 ! m>ket ) ! wages he has e>n$1 becomes a c5tre t[>ds :i* innum]able bran*es ( indu/ry t5d1 & t he pr(its !n by t univ]sal ,competition ( :i* all trades compla9 9 _! turn4 ,x is true t ! lab\r]1 :5 he reg>ds himself z a produc]1 z ! p]son :o supplies lab\r or s]vices1 compla9s also ( ,competition4 ,grant1 !n1 t ,competition b5efits him on "o side1 :ile x p9*es him on ! o!r1 ! "q comes to be1 ,is ! balance fav\rable or unfav\rable--or is !re comp5sation8 ,i mu/ h expla9$ myself v obscurely if ! read] does n see t 9 ! play ( ?is m>vell\s me*anism1 ! action ( ,competition1 app>5tly antagoni/ic1 t5ds to ! s+ul> & consol+ result1 t !re is a balance :i* is fav\rable to all at ! same "t2 caus$ by gratuit\s ,utility cont9ually enl>g+ ! circle ( production1 & fall+ cont9ually into ! doma9 ( ,community4 ,n[1 t :i* becomes common is pr(itable to all )\t hurt+ any "o2 we may ev5 say--= ?is is ma!matically c]ta9--is pr(itable to ea* 9 proportion to 8 previ\s pov]ty4 ,x is ?is portion ( gratuit\s utility1 =c$ by ,competition to become common1 :i* causes ! t5d5cy ( value to become proportion$ to lab\r1 to ! evid5t b5efit ( ! lab\r]4 ,?is1 too1 r5d]s evid5t ! social solution :i* ,i h press$ s mu* on ! att5tion ( ! read]1 & :i* is only conceal$ by ! illusions ( habit1--= a det]m9ate am\nt ( lab\r ea* receives an am\nt ( satisfactions :i* t5ds to be increas$ & equaliz$4 ,moreov]1 ! condition ( ! lab\r] does n dep5d ^u "o economic law1 b ^u all4 ,to become acqua9t$ ) t condition1 to discov] ! prospects & ! future ( ! lab\r]1 ?is is ,political ,economy2 = :at o!r object c\ld t sci5ce h 9 view8 4 4 4 ,b ,i am wrong--we h /ill spoliators4 ,:at causes ! equival5ce ( s]vices8 ,lib]ty4 ,:at impairs t equival5ce8 ,oppression4 ,su* is ! circle we h /ill to trav]se4 ,z reg>ds ! condition ( t class ( lab\r]s :o execute ! m imm$iate "w ( production1 x _c be appreciat$ until we are 9 a situation to discov] 9 :at mann] ! law ( p#cjg ,competition is comb9$ ) t ( ,wages & ,population1 & also ) ! di/urb+ effects ( unequal taxes & monopolies4 ,i %all add b a few words on ! subject ( ,competition4 ,x is v cle> t x has no natural t5d5cy to dim9i% ! am\nt ( ! enjoym5ts :i* are di/ribut$ ov] society4 ,does ,competition t5d to make ?is di/ribution unequal8 ,if !re be any?+ evid5t 9 ! _w1 x is t aft] hav+1 if ,i may s express myself1 atta*$ to ea* s]vice1 to ea* value1 a l>g] proportion ( utility1 ,competition lab\rs incessantly to level ! s]vices !mselves1 to r5d] !m proportional to ef=ts4 ,is ,competition n ! spur :i* urges m5 into pr(itable bran*es ( indu/ry1 & urges !m out ( ^? :i* are unpr(itable8 ,its prop] action1 !n1 is to realize equality m & m1 by elevat+ ! social level4 ,let u n misund]/& ea* o!r1 h[ev]1 on ?is ^w equality4 ,x does n imply t all m5 are to h ! same remun]ation1 b t !y are to h a remun]ation proportion$ to ! quantity1 & ev5 to ! quality ( _! ef=ts4 ,a multitude ( circum/ances contribute to r5d] ! remun]ation ( lab\r unequal 7,i speak "h only ( free lab\r1 subject to ,competition72 b if we look at x m n>r[ly1 we %all f9d t ?is fanci$ inequality1 almo/ always j & necess>y1 is 9 reality no?+ else ?an sub/antial equality4 ,ct]is p>ibus1 !re are l>g] pr(its 9 ^? trades :i* are att5d$ ) dang] ?an 9 ^? :i* are n s2 9 ^? :i* require a l5g!n$ appr5tice%ip1 & exp5sive tra9+ long unremun]at$--:i* imply ! pati5t ex]cise ( c]ta9 dome/ic virtues--?an 9 ^? :]e m]e muscul> ex]tion is suffici5t2 9 pr(essions :i* dem& a cultivat$ m9d & ref9$ ta/e1 ?an 9 trades :i* require m]e brute =ce4 ,is n all ?is j8 ,n[1 ,competition e/abli%es necess>ily ^! di/9ctions--& society has no ne$ ( ! assi/ance ( ,f\ri] or ,l\is ,blanc 9 ! matt]4 ,( all ^! circum/ances1 t :i* op]ates 9 ! greate/ numb] ( cases is ! inequality ( in/ruction4 ,n[ "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 we f9d ,competition ex]t+ its tw(old action1 levell+ classes1 & elevat+ society4 ,if we suppose society to be compos$ ( two lay]s or /rata1 plac$ "o above ano!r1 9 "o ( :i* ! intellig5t pr9ciple prevails1 & 9 ! o!r ! pr9ciple ( brute =ce2 & if we /udy ! natural relations ( ^! two lay]s1 we %all easily discov] a =ce ( attraction 9 ! "o1 & a =ce ( aspiration 9 ! o!r1 :i* co-op]ate t[>ds _! fusion4 ,! v inequality p#cjh ( pr(its brea!s into ! inf]ior ranks an inext+ui%able ard\r to m\nt to ! region ( ease & leisure2 & ?is ard\r is second$ by ! sup]ior k :i* di/+ui%es ! high] classes4 ,! me?ods ( tea*+ are improv$2 books fall 9 price2 in/ruction is acquir$ 9 less "t1 & at a small] co/2 sci5ce1 =m]ly monopoliz$ by a class or a ca/e1 & veil$ 9 a dead language1 or seal$ up 9 hi]oglyphics1 is writt5 & pr9t$ 9 ! vulg> tongue2 x p]vades ! atmosph]e1 if ,i may use ! expression1 & is brea!d z freely z ! air ( heav54 ,nor is ?is all4 ,at ! same "t t an education m univ]sal & m equal br+s ! two classes ( society into clos] approximation1 "s v important economic ph5om5a1 :i* are connect$ ) ! great law ( ,competition1 come to aid & accel]ate _! fusion4 ,! progress ( ! me*anical arts dim9i%es cont9ually ! proportion ( manual lab\r4 ,! division ( lab\r1 by simplify+ & sep>at+ ea* ( ! op]ations :i* concur 9 a productive result1 br+s )9 ! rea* ( all1 bran*es ( indu/ry :i* c\ld =m]ly be engag$ 9 only by a few4 ,moreov]1 a great _m employm5ts :i* requir$ at ! outset mu* k & v>i$ acquirem5ts1 fall1 by ! m]e lapse ( "t1 into r\t9e1 & come )9 ! sph]e ( action ( classes g5]ally ! lea/ in/ruct$1 z has happ5$ 9 ! case ( agriculture4 ,agricultural processes1 :i* 9 anci5t times procur$ to _! discov]]s ! hon\rs ( an apo!osis1 are n[ inh]it$ & almo/ monopoliz$ by ! rude/ ( m52 & to su* a degree1 t ?is important bran* ( human indu/ry is1 s to speak1 entirely )drawn f ! well-educat$ classes4 ,f ! prec$+ obs]vations x is possible t a false conclusion may be drawn4 ,x may be said--8,we p]ceive1 inde$1 t ,competition l[]s remun]ation 9 all c\ntries1 9 all dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry1 9 all ranks1 & levels1 by r$uc+1 x2 b 9 t case ! wages ( unskill$ lab\r1 ( physical ex]tion1 mu/ become ! type1 ! /&>d1 ( all remun]ation40 ,i mu/ h be5 misund]/ood1 if y h n p]ceiv$ t ,competition1 :i* lab\rs to br+ d[n all excessive remun]ation t[>ds an av]age m & m uni=m1 raises necess>ily ?is av]age4 ,i grant t x p9*es m5 9 _! capacity ( produc]s1 b 9 s do+ x ameliorates ! condition ( ! human race 9 ! only way 9 :i* x c reasonably be elevat$1 namely1 by an increase ( mat]ial prosp]ity1 ease1 leisure1 moral & intellectual improvem5t1 9 a ^w1 by enl>g+ consumption4 p#cji ,w x be said t1 9 po9t ( fact1 mank9d h n made ! progress t ?is !ory seems to imply8 ,i answ]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 mod]n society ,competition is f> f occupy+ ! sph]e ( its natural action4 ,our laws run c\nt] to x1 at lea/ 9 z great a degree z !y fav\r its action2 & :5 x is ask$ :e!r ! inequality ( conditions is ow+ to its pres5ce or its abs5ce1 x is suffici5t to look at ! m5 :o make ! greate/ figure among u1 & dazzle u by ! display ( _! sc&al\s weal?1 9 ord] to assure ourselves t inequality1 s f> z x is artificial & unju/1 has = f\ndation conque/s1 monopolies1 re/rictions1 privileg$ (fices1 functions1 & places1 m9i/]ial traffick+1 public borr[+1--all ?+s ) :i* ,competition has no?+ to d4 ,moreov]1 ,i believe we h ov]look$ ! real progress :i* mank9d h made s9ce ! v rec5t epo* to :i* we mu/ assign ! p>tial enfran*isem5t ( lab\r4 ,x has be5 ju/ly said t mu* philosophy is ne$$ 9 ord] to disc]n facts :i* are cont9ually pass+ be=e u4 ,we are n a/oni%$ at :at an hone/ & labori\s family ( ! work+ class daily consumes1 because habit has made u famili> ) ?is /range ph5om5on4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we comp>e ! com=table circum/ances 9 :i* su* a family f9ds itself1 ) ! condition 9 :i* x w\ld be plac$ "u a social ord] :i* exclud$ ,competition--if /ati/icians1 arm$ ) an in/rum5t ( suffici5t precision1 c\ld measure1 z ) a dynamomet]1 ! relation ( a work+ man's lab\r to 8 enjoym5ts at two diff]5t p]iods1 we %\ld ackn[l$ge t lib]ty1 re/ra9$ z x /ill is1 has accompli%$ 9 8 fav\r a prodigy :i* its v p]man5cy h9d]s u f rem>k+4 ,! cont+5t ( human ef=ts :i*1 9 relation to a giv5 result1 has be5 annihilat$1 is truly incalculable4 ,"t 0 :5 ! artisan's day's lab\r w\ld n h suffic$ to procure him ! mo/ trump]y almanac4 ,at ! pres5t day1 = a halfp5ny1 or ! fiftie? "p ( 8 day's wages1 he c obta9 a gazette conta9+ ! matt] ( a volume4 ,! same might be said ( clo?+1 locomotion1 c>riage1 light+1 & a multitude ( o!r satisfactions4 ,to :at is ?is result ow+8 ,to ?is1 t an enorm\s proportion ( human lab\r1 :i* _h =m]ly to be paid =1 has be5 h&$ ov] to be p]=m$ by ! gratuit\s =ces ( nature4 ,x is a value annihilat$1 & to be no long] recomp5s$4 ,"u ! action ( ,competition1 x has be5 replac$ by common & gratuit\s utility4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t :51 9 consequ5ce ( progress1 ! price ( any commodity comes to fall1 p#caj ! lab\r sav$ to ! poor pur*as] 9 obta9+ x is always proportionally great] ?an ! lab\r sav$ to ! ri* pur*as]4 ,t is demon/rable4 ,9 f9e1 ?is con/antly increas+ curr5t ( utilities :i* lab\r p\rs into all ! ve9s ( ! body politic1 & :i* ,competition di/ributes1 is n all summ$ up 9 an accession ( weal?4 ,x is absorb$1 9 great "p1 by ! /ream ( advanc+ numb]s4 ,x resolves itself into an increase ( population1 accord+ to laws :i* h an intimate aff9ity ) ! subject :i* n[ engages u1 & :i* w be expla9$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,let u n[ /op = a mom5t & take a rapid glance at ! gr\nd ov] :i* we h j travell$4 ,man has wants :i* are unlimit$--desires :i* are insatiable4 ,9 ord] to provide = !m he has mat]ials & ag5ts :i* are furni%$ to him by nature--faculties1 in/rum5ts1 all ?+s :i* lab\r sets 9 motion4 ,lab\r is ! res\rce :i* has be5 mo/ equally di/ribut$ to all4 ,ea* man seeks in/9ctively1 & ( necessity1 to avail himself to ! utmo/ ( ! co-op]ation ( natural =ces1 ( tal5ts natural & acquir$1 & ( capital1 9 ord] t ! result ( ?is co-op]ation may be a great] am\nt ( utilities produc$1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 a great] am\nt ( satisfactions acquir$4 ,?us1 ! m active co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts1 ! indef9ite developm5t ( intellig5ce1 ! progressive increase ( capital1 give rise to ?is ph5om5on 7:i* at fir/ sight seems /range7--t a giv5 quantity ( lab\r furni%es an always increas+ am\nt ( utilities1 & t ea* man c1 )\t despoil+ anyone1 obta9 a mass ( consumable commodities out ( all proportion to :at 8 own ef=ts c\ld h realiz$4 ,b ?is ph5om5on1 :i* is ! result ( ! div9e h>mony :i* ,provid5ce has e/abli%$ 9 ! me*anism ( society1 w\ld h be5 detrim5tal to society1 by introduc+ ! g]m ( indef9ite inequality1 _h !re n be5 comb9$ ) x a h>mony no less admirable1 namely1 ,competition1 :i* is "o ( ! bran*es ( ! great law ( human solid>ity4 ,9 fact1 7 x possible = an individual1 a family1 a class1 a nation1 possess$ ( c]ta9 natural advantages1 ( an important discov]y 9 manufactures1 or ( ! in/rum5ts ( production 9 ! %ape ( accumulat$ capital1 to be set p]man5tly free f ! law ( ,competition1 x is evid5t t ?is individual1 ?is family1 ?is nation1 w\ld h = ev] ! monopoly ( an exceptionally high remun]ation1 at ! exp5se ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,9 :at situation %\ld we be if ! inhabitants ( ! tropical p#caa regions1 set free f all rivalry ) ea* o!r1 c\ld exact f u1 9 ex*ange = _! sug>1 _! c(fee1 _! cotton1 _! spices1 n ! equival5t ( lab\r equal to _! own1 b an am\nt ( lab\r equal to :at we mu/ ourselves und]go 9 ord] to produce ^! commodities "u our inclem5t skies8 ,:at an incalculable di/ance w\ld sep>ate ! v>i\s conditions ( m51 if ! race ( ,cadmus alone c\ld read1 if ! direct desc5dants ( ,triptolemus alone c\ld h&le ! pl\gh1 if pr9t+ 7 conf9$ to ! family ( ,gut5b]g1 cotton-sp9n+ to ! *ildr5 ( ,arkwright1 & if ! po/]ity ( ,watt c\ld alone "w ! /eam eng9e6 ,provid5ce has n ord]$ ?+s ?us1 b1 on ! contr>y1 has plac$ 9 ! social ma*9e a spr+ ^: p[] is only less surpris+ ?an its simplicity--a spr+ by ! op]ation ( :i* all productive p[]1 all sup]iority 9 manufactur+ processes1 9 a ^w1 all exclusive advantages1 slip f ! h&s ( ! produc]1 hav+ rema9$ !re1 9 ! %ape ( exceptional remun]ation1 only long en\gh to excite 8 zeal1 & come at l5g? to enl>ge ! common & gratuit\s patrimony ( mank9d1 & resolve !mselves into individual enjoym5ts always progressive1 & m & m equally di/ribut$--?is spr+ is ,competition4 ,we h already se5 its economical effects--& x n[ rema9s = u to take a rapid survey ( its moral & political consequ5ces4 ,i %all conf9e myself to ! m important ( ^!4 ,sup]ficial ?9k]s h accus$ ,competition ( introduc+ antagonism among m54 ,?is is true & inevitable1 if we consid] m5 only 9 ! capacity ( produc]s1 b1 reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 z consum]s1 ! matt] appe>s 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,y !n see ?is v ,competition b9d+ toge!r individuals1 families1 classes1 nations1 & races1 9 ! bonds ( univ]sal frat]nity4 ,see+ t ! advantages :i* appe> at fir/ to be ! prop]ty ( c]ta9 individuals become1 by an admirable law ( ,div9e b5efic5ce1 ! common patrimony ( all2 see+ t ! natural advantages ( situation1 ( f]tility1 ( temp]ature1 ( m9]al ri*es1 & ev5 ( manufactur+ aptitude1 slip 9 a %ort "t f ! h&s ( produc]s1 by reason ( _! competition ) ea* o!r1 & turn exclusively to ! pr(it ( consum]s1 x foll[s t !re is no c\ntry :i* is n int]e/$ 9 ! advancem5t & prosp]ity ( all o!r c\ntries4 ,e /ep ( progress made 9 ! ,ea/ is weal? 9 p]spective = ! ,we/4 ,fuel discov]$ 9 ! ,s\? w>ms ! m5 ( ! ,nor?4 ,great ,brita9 makes progress 9 h] sp9n+ mills2 p#cab b h] capitali/s d n alone reap ! pr(it1 = ! int]e/ ( money does n rise2 nor d h] op]atives1 = ! wages ( lab\r rema9 ! same4 ,9 ! long-run1 x is ! ,russian1 ! ,fr5*man1 ! ,spani>d2 9 a ^w1 x is ! human race1 :o obta9 equal satisfactions at a less exp5se ( lab\r1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 sup]ior satisfactions ) equal lab\r4 ,i h spok5 only ( ! advantages--,i might say z mu* ( ! disadvantages--:i* affect c]ta9 nations & c]ta9 regions4 ,! peculi> action ( ,competition is to r5d] g5]al :at 0 be=e exclusive4 ,x acts exactly on ! pr9ciple ( ,insurance4 ,a sc\rge visits ! fields ( ! agriculturi/1 & ! consum]s ( ! bread are ! suff]]s4 ,an unju/ tax is laid ^u ! v9es ( ,france1 & ?is means de> w9e = all w9e-dr9k]s4 ,?us1 advantages & disadvantages1 :i* h any p]man5ce1 only glance ^u individuals1 classes1 or nations4 ,_! provid5tial de/9ation 9 ! long-run is to affect humanity at l>ge1 & elevate or l[] ! condition ( mank9d4 ,h5ce to envy a c]ta9 p ! f]tility ( _! soil1 or ! beauty ( _! h>b\rs & riv]s1 or ! w>m? ( _! sun1 is to ov]look ! advantages 9 :i* we are call$ to p>ticipate4 ,x is to contemn ! abundance :i* is (f]$ to u4 ,x is to regret ! lab\r :i* is sav$ to u4 ,h5ce national jeal\sies are n only p]v]se feel+s2--!y are absurd4 ,to hurt o!rs is to injure ourselves4 ,to place ob/acles 9 ! way ( o!rs--t>iffs1 w>s1 or workm5's /rikes--is to ob/ruct our own progress4 ,h5ce bad passions h _! *a/isem5t1 j z g5]\s s5tim5ts h _! rew>d4 ,! inevitable sanction ( an exact di/ributive ju/ice addresses itself to m5's int]e/s1 enlight5s op9ion1 proclaims & e/abli%es among m5 ^! maxims ( et]nal tru?3 t ! useful is "o ( ! aspects ( ! j2 t ,lib]ty is ! faire/ ( social ,h>monies2 & t ,hone/y is ! be/ ,policy4 ,*ri/ianity has introduc$ into ! _w ! gr& pr9ciple ( human frat]nity4 ,x addresses itself to our he>ts1 our feel+s1 our noble in/9cts4 ,political ,economy recomm5ds ! same pr9ciple to our cool judgm5t2 &1 exhibit+ ! connexion ( effects ) _! causes1 reconciles 9 consol+ h>mony ! vigilant calculations ( int]e/ ) ! inspirations ( ! sublime/ morality4 ,a second consequ5ce :i* fl[s f ?is doctr9e is1 t society is truly a ,community4 ,messieurs ,ow5 & ,cabet may save !mselves ! tr\ble ( seek+ ! solution ( ! great p#cac ,communi/ problem--x is f\nd already--x results n f _! arbitr>y comb9ations1 b f ! organization giv5 by ,god to man1 & to society4 ,natural =ces1 exp$itive processes1 in/rum5ts ( production1 ev]y?+ is common among m51 or has a t5d5cy to become s1 ev]y?+ except pa9s1 lab\r1 individual ef=t4 ,!re is1 & !re c be1 b "o inequality--an inequality :i* ,communi/s ! mo/ absolute mu/ admit1--t :i* results f ! inequality ( ef=ts4 ,^! ef=ts are :at are ex*ang$ = "o ano!r at a price b>ga9$ =4 ,all ! utility :i* nature1 & ! g5ius ( ages1 & human =esight1 h implant$ 9 ! commodities ex*ang$1 we obta9 into ! b>ga94 ,reciprocal remun]ations h ref]5ce only to reciprocal ef=ts1 :e!r actual "u ! "n ( ,lab\r1 or prep>atory "u ! "n ( ,capital4 ,"h !n is ,community 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 unless we are to pret5d t ! p]sonal %>e ( enjoym5t %\ld be equal1 al?\gh ! quota ( lab\r furni%$ is n s1 :i* inde$ w\ld be ! mo/ iniquit\s1 ! mo/ mon/r\s1 ( inequalities1--,i w add1 ! mo/ fatal2 = x w\ld n de/roy ,competition--x w\ld only give x a retrograde action4 ,we %\ld /ill compete1 b ! ,competition w\ld be a rivalry ( idl5ess1 /upidity1 & improvid5ce4 ,9 f9e1 ! doctr9e--s simple1 &1 z we ?9k1 s true--:i* we h j develop$1 takes ! great pr9ciple ( human p]fectibility out ( ! doma9 ( declamation1 & transf]s x to t ( rigor\s demon/ration4 ,?is int]nal motive1 :i* is nev] at re/ 9 ! bosom ( ! individual1 b /irs him up to improve 8 condition1 gives rise to ! progress ( art1 :i* is no?+ else ?an ! progressive co-op]ation ( =ces1 :i* f _! nature call = no remun]ation4 ,to ,competition is ow+ ! concession to ! community ( advantages at fir/ individually obta9$4 ,! int5sity ( ! lab\r requir$ = ! production ( ea* giv5 result goes on cont9ually dim9i%+1 to ! advantage ( ! human race1 :i* ?us sees ! circle ( its enjoym5ts & its leisure enl>g+ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 :il/ ! level ( its physical1 intellectual1 & moral improvem5t is rais$2 & by ?is arrangem5t1 s wor?y ( our /udy & ( our pr(\nd admiration1 we behold mank9d recov]+ ! position !y _h lo/4 ,let me n be misund]/ood1 h[ev]4 ,i d n say t all frat]nity1 all community1 all p]fectibility1 are compris$ & includ$ 9 ,competition4 ,i say only t ,competition is alli$ & comb9$ ) ^! ?ree great social dogmas--t x =ms "p p#cad ( !m1 t x exhibits !m1 t x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts ( _! realization4 ,i h endeav\r$ to describe ! g5]al effects ( ,competition1 & consequ5tly its b5efits1 = x w\ld be impi\s to suppose t any great law ( nature %\ld be at once hurtful & p]man5t2 b ,i am f> f d5y+ t ! action ( ,competition is accompani$ ) _m h>d%ips & suff]+s4 ,x appe>s to me t ! !ory :i* has j be5 develop$ expla9s at once ^? suff]+s1 & ! inevitable compla9ts to :i* !y give rise4 ,s9ce ! "w ( ,competition consi/s 9 levell+1 x mu/ necess>ily run c\nt] to all :o pr\dly attempt to rise above ! g5]al level4 ,ea* produc]1 9 ord] to obta9 ! highe/ price = 8 lab\r1 endeav\rs1 z we h se51 to reta9 z long z possible ! exclusive use ( an ag5t1 a process1 or an in/rum5t1 ( production4 ,n[ ! prop] mission & result ( ,competition be+ to )draw ?is exclusive use f ! individual1 9 ord] to make x common prop]ty1 x is natural t all m51 9 _! capacity ( produc]s1 %\ld unite 9 a conc]t ( mal$ictions aga9/ ,competition4 ,!y _c reconcile !mselves to ,competition o!rwise ?an by tak+ into acc\nt _! int]e/s z consum]s1 & reg>d+ !mselves1 n z memb]s ( a cot]ie or a corporation1 b z m54 ,political ,economy1 we mu/ say1 has n yet ex]t$ h]self suffici5tly to dissipate ?is fatal illusion1 :i* has be5 ! s\rce ( s mu* he>tburn+1 calamity1 & irritation1 & ( s _m w>s4 ,?is sci5ce1 f a pref]5ce n v philosophical1 has exhau/$ h] ef=ts 9 analyz+ ! ph5om5a ( production4 ,! v nom5clature ( ! sci5ce1 9 fact1 conv5i5t z x is1 is n 9 h>mony ) its object4 ,agriculture1 manufactures1 comm]ce1 may be an excell5t classification1 :5 ! object is to describe ! processes ( art2 b t description1 h[ev] ess5tial 9 te*nology1 has little connexion ) social economy2--,i %\ld ev5 say t x is positively dang]\s4 ,:5 we h class$ m5 z agriculturi/s1 manufactur]s1 & m]*ants1 ( :at c we speak b ( _! class int]e/s1 ( ^? special int]e/s to :i* ,competition is antagoni/ic1 & :i* are plac$ 9 opposition to ! g5]al good8 ,x is n = ! sake ( agriculturi/s t agriculture exi/s1 ( manufactur]s t we h manufactures1 or ( m]*ants t we h ex*anges1 b 9 ord] t m5 %\ld h at _! disposal ! greate/ am\nt ( commodities ( e k9d4 ,consumption1 its laws1 :at fav\rs x1 & r5d]s x equitable & moral--t is ! int]e/ :i* is truly social1 & :i* truly affects ! human p#cae race4 ,x is ! int]e/ ( ! consum] :i* con/itutes ! real object ( ,political ,economy1 & ^u :i* ! sci5ce %\ld conc5trate its cle>e/ lights4 ,?is1 9 tru?1 =ms ! bond :i* unites classes1 nations1 races--x is ! pr9ciple & explanation ( human frat]nity4 ,x is ) regret1 !n1 t we see ,economi/s exp5d+ _! tal5ts & sagacity on ! anatomy ( production1 & ?r[+ into ! fag-end ( _! books1 or into supplem5t>y *apt]s1 a few common-places on ! ph5om5a ( consumption4 ,h we n ev5 se5 a ju/ly celebrat$ pr(essor suppress+ entirely t bran* ( ! sci5ce1 conf9+ himself to ! means1 )\t ev] speak+ ( ! result1 & bani%+ f 8 c\rse ev]y?+ 9 connexion ) ! consumption ( weal?1 z p]ta9+1 9 8 op9ion1 to morals r ?an to ,political ,economy8 ,c we be surpris$ t m5 are m /ruck ) ! inconv5i5ces ( ,competition ?an ) its advantages1 s9ce ! =m] affect !m specially z produc]s1--9 :i* "* !y are con/antly consid]$ & talk$ (2 :ile ! latt] affect !m only 9 _! capacity ( consum]s1--a capacity :i* is altoge!r disreg>d$ & ov]look$8 ,i repeat t ,i d n d5y or ignore1 on ! contr>y ,i deplore z mu* z any "o c1 ! suff]+s att5dant on ,competition2 b is ?is any reason = %utt+ our eyes to its advantages8 ,& x is all ! m consol+ to obs]ve ^! advantages1 inasmu* z ,i believe ,competition1 l all ! great laws ( nature1 to be inde/ructible4 ,_h x be5 o!rwise1 x w\ld assur$ly h succumb$ to ! univ]sal resi/ance :i* all ! m5 :o h ev] co-op]at$ 9 ! production ( commodities s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w h (f]$ to x1 & m especially x w\ld h p]i%$ "u ! leve en masse ( our mod]n re=m]s4 ,b if !y h be5 fooli% en\gh to attempt its de/ruction1 !y h n be5 /rong en\gh to effect x4 ,& :at progressive pr9ciple1 ,i w\ld ask1 is to be f\nd 9 ! _w1 ! b5efic5t action ( :i* is n m+l$1 especially 9 ! beg9n+1 ) suff]+ & mis]y8 ,! mass+ toge!r ( human be+s 9 va/ agglom]ations is fav\rable to boldness & indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 b x frequ5tly sets private life free f ! :olesome re/ra9t ( public op9ion1 & gives %elt] to debau*]y & crime4 ,weal? & leisure unit$ give bir? to m5tal cultivation1 b !y also give bir? to pride & luxury among ! ri*1 & to irritation & covet\sness among ! poor4 ,! art ( pr9t+ br+s home k & tru? to all ranks ( society1 b x has br\ght also afflict+ d\bt & subv]sive error4 ,political lib]ty has un*a9$ p#caf tempe/s & revolutions1 & has modifi$ ! simple mann]s ( primitive nations1 to su* a decree z to induce ?9k+ m5 to ask !mselves :e!r !y w\ld n h pref]r$ tranquillity "u ! cold %ade ( despotism4 ,*ri/ianity h]self has ca/ ! noble se$ ( love & *>ity into a soil saturat$ ) ! blood ( m>tyrs4 ,:y has x ent]$ into ! designs ( ,inf9ite ,goodness & ,ju/ice t ! happ9ess ( "o region or ( "o era %\ld be pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( ! suff]+s ( ano!r region or ( ano!r era8 ,:at is ! ,div9e purpose :i* is conceal$ "u ?is great law ( solid>ity1 ( :i* ,competition is only "o ( ! my/]i\s aspects8 ,human sci5ce _c answ]4 ,:at we d "k is ?is1 t good always goes on increas+1 & t evil goes on dim9i%+4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! social /ate1 su* z conque/ _h made x1 :5 !re exi/$ only ma/]s & slaves1 & ! inequality ( conditions 0 extreme1 ! "w ( ,competition 9 approximat+ ranks1 =tunes1 intellig5ces1 c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t inflict+ individual h>d%ips1 ! int5sity ( :i*1 h[ev]1 z ! "w proce$$1 has gone on dim9i%+1 l ! vibrations ( s\nd & ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum4 ,to ! suff]+s yet 9 res]ve = !m1 m5 le>n e day to oppose two p[]ful rem$ies--namely1 =esight1 :i* is ! fruit ( k & exp]i5ce2 & association1 :i* is organiz$ =esight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w--alas6 too ha/ily writt5--,i h endeav\r$ to keep ! read]'s att5tion fix$ ^u ! l9e ( dem>cation1 always flexible1 b always m>k$1 :i* sep>ates ! two regions ( ! economic _w--natural co-op]ation1 & human lab\r--! b\nty ( ,god1 & ! "w ( man--! gratuit\s1 & ! on]\s--t :i* 9 ex*ange is remun]at$1 & t :i* is transf]r$ )\t remun]ation--aggregate utility1 & ! fractional & supplem5t>y utility :i* con/itutes value--absolute weal?1 & relative weal?--! co-op]ation ( *emical or me*anical =ces1 con/ra9$ to aid production by ! in/rum5ts :i* r5d] !m available1 & ! j recomp5se ( ! lab\r :i* has creat$ ^! in/rum5ts !mselves--,community & ,prop]ty4 ,x is n en\gh to m>k ^! two ord]s ( ph5om5a :i* are s ess5tially diff]5t1 x is necess>y also to describe _! relations1 &1 if ,i may s express myself1 _! h>moni\s evolutions4 ,i h essay$ to expla9 h[ ! bus9ess ( ,prop]ty consi/s 9 conqu]+ utility = ! human race1 &1 ca/+ x p#cag into ! doma9 ( ,community1 to move on to new conque/s--s t ea* giv5 ef=t1 & consequ5tly ! aggregate ( ef=ts1 %\ld cont9ually be deliv]+ ov] to mank9d satisfactions :i* are always increas+4 ,human s]vices ex*ang$1 :ile pres]v+ _! relative value1 become ! vehicle ( an always increas+ proportion ( utility :i* is gratuit\s1 &1 !re=e1 common2 & 9 ?is consi/s progress4 ,! possessors ( value1 !n1 :atev] =m x assumes1 f> f usurp+ & monopoliz+ ! gifts ( ,god1 multiply ^! gifts1 )\t caus+ !m to lose ! "* :i* ,provid5ce has affix$ to !m1 ( be+--,gratuit\s4 ,9 proportion z ! satisfactions :i* are h&$ ov] by progress to ! *>ge ( nature fall by t v fact into ! doma9 ( ,community1 !y become equal--x be+ impossible = u ev5 to conceive inequality except 9 ! doma9 ( human s]vices1 :i* are comp>$1 appreciat$1 & e/imat$ ) a view to an ex*ange2 :5ce x foll[s t ,equality among m5 is necess>ily progressive4 ,x is s1 likewise1 9 ano!r respect1 ! action ( ,competition hav+ = its inevitable result to level & equalize ! s]vices !mselves1 & to br+ _! recomp5se m & m into proportion ) _! m]it4 ,let u n[ ?r[ a glance back on ! gr\nd ov] :i* we h pass$4 ,by ! light ( ! !ory1 ! f\ndation ( :i* has be5 laid 9 ! pres5t volume1 we %all h to inve/igate3 ,! relations ( man ) ! ,economic ph5om5a1 9 8 capacity ( produc]1 & 9 8 "* ( consum]2 ,! law ( ,r5t2 ,t ( ,wages2 ,t ( ,cr$it2 ,t ( ,taxation1 :i*1 introduc+ u into ! doma9 ( ,politics1 prop]ly s call$1 w lead u to comp>e ^? s]vices :i* are private & volunt>y ) ^? :i* are public & compulsory2 ,! law ( ,population4 ,we %all !n be 9 a situation to solve "s practical problems :i* are /ill disput$--,free-trade1 ,ma*9]y1 ,luxury1 ,leisure1 ,association1 ,organization ( ,lab\r1 etc4 ,i hesitate n to say1 t ! result ( ?is exposition may be express$ be=eh& 9 ^! t]ms3 ,! con/ant approximation ( all m5 t[>ds a level :i* is always ris+--9 o!r t]ms3 ,improvem5t & ,equalization2 9 a s+le ^w1 ,h>mony4 ,su* is ! def9itive result ( ! arrangem5ts ( ,provid5ce--( p#cah ! great laws ( nature--:5 !y act )\t imp$im5t1 :5 we reg>d !m z !y are 9 !mselves1 & ap>t f any di/urbance ( _! action by error & viol5ce4 ,on behold+ ?is ,h>mony1 ! ,economi/ may well exclaim1 l ! a/ronom] :o reg>ds ! planet>y movem5ts1 or ! physiologi/ :o contemplates ! /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! human organs--,digitus ,dei e/ hic6 ,b man is a free ag5t1 & consequ5tly fallible4 ,he is subject to ignorance & to passion4 ,8 w1 :i* is liable to err1 ent]s z an elem5t into ! play ( ! economic laws4 ,he may misund]/& !m1 =get !m1 div]t !m f _! purpose4 ,z ! physiologi/1 aft] admir+ ! inf9ite wisdom display$ 9 ! /ructure & relations ( our organs & visc]a1 /udies ^! organs likewise 9 _! abnormal /ate :5 sickly & diseas$1 we %all h to p5etrate into a new _w--! _w ( social ,di/urbances4 ,we %all pave ! way = ?is new /udy by "s consid]ations on man himself4 ,x w\ld be impossible = u to give an acc\nt ( social evil1 ( its orig91 its effects1 its design--( ! limits1 always m & m contract$1 )9 :i* x is %ut up by its own action 7:i* con/itutes :at ,i might almo/ v5ture to call a h>monic dissonance71 did we n ext5d our inve/igation to ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ,free-,w1 to ! errors ( ,self-,int]e/1 :i* are con/antly correct$1 & to ! great laws ( human ,responsibility & ,solid>ity4 ,we h se5 ! g]m ( all ! social ,h>monies includ$ 9 ^! two pr9ciples--,prop]ty1 ,lib]ty4 ,we %all see t all social ,dissonances are only ! developm5t ( ^! two antagoni/ic pr9ciples--,spoliation1 ,oppression4 ,! words ,prop]ty & ,lib]ty1 9 fact1 express only two aspects ( ! same idea4 ,9 an economical po9t ( view1 ,lib]ty is alli$ to ! act ( production--,prop]ty to ! ?+s produc$4 ,& s9ce ,value has its f\ndation 9 ! human act1 we may conclude t ,lib]ty implies & includes ,prop]ty4 ,! same relation exi/s betwe5 ,oppression & ,spoliation4 ,lib]ty6 "h at l5g? we h ! pr9ciple ( h>mony4 ,oppression6 "h we h ! pr9ciple ( dissonance4 ,! /ruggle ( ^! two p[]s fills ! annals ( ! human race4 ,& z ! design ( ,oppression is to effect an unju/ appropriation1 z x resolves itself into & is summ$ up 9 spoliation1 x is ,spoliation t mu/ =m ! subject ( our inquiry4 ,man comes into ?is _w b\nd to ! yoke ( ,want1 :i* is pa94 p#cai ,he _c escape f x b by subject+ himself to ! yoke ( ,lab\r1 :i* is pa9 also4 ,he has1 !n1 only a *oice ( pa9s1 & he dete/s pa94 ,?is is ! reason :y he looks ar\nd him1 & if he sees t 8 fell[-man has accumulat$ weal?1 he conceives ! ?\ght ( appropriat+ x4 ,h5ce comes false prop]ty1 or ,spoliation4 ,spoliation6 "h we h a new elem5t 9 ! economy ( society4 ,f ! day :5 x fir/ made its appe>ance 9 ! _w d[n to ! day :5 x %all h completely disappe>$1 if t day ev] come1 ?is elem5t has affect$ & w affect pr(\ndly ! :ole social me*anism2 x w di/urb1 & to ! ext5t ( r5d]+ !m no long] recognisable1 ^? laws ( social h>mony :i* we h endeav\r$ to discov] & describe4 ,our duty1 !n1 w n h be5 accompli%$ until we h complet$ ! monography ( ,spoliation4 ,x may be imag9$ t we h "h to d ) an accid5tal & exceptional fact1 a transi5t d]angem5t unwor?y ( ! inve/igations ( sci5ce4 ,b 9 tru? x is n s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,spoliation1 9 ! traditions ( families1 9 ! hi/ory ( nations1 9 ! occupations ( individuals1 9 ! physical & intellectual en]gies ( classes1 9 ! s*emes & designs ( gov]nm5ts1 occupies ne>ly z prom95t a place z ,prop]ty itself4 ,no2 ,spoliation is n an ephem]al sc\rge1 affect+ accid5tally ! social me*anism1 & :i* economical sci5ce may disreg>d z exceptional4 ,! s5t5ce pron\nc$ ^u man 9 ! beg9n+ 01 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y br[ %alt ?\ eat bread4 ,:5ce x appe>s t ef=t & satisfaction are indissolubly unit$1 & t ! "o mu/ be always ! recomp5se ( ! o!r4 ,b on all sides we f9d man revolt+ aga9/ ?is law1 & say+ to 8 bro!r1 ,?9e be ! lab\r1 & m9e ! fruit ( t lab\r4 ,repair to ! hut ( ! savage hunt]1 or to ! t5t ( ! nomad %eph]d1 & :at spectacle meets y\r eyes8 ,! wife1 lank1 pale1 disfigur$1 affright$1 prematurely old1 be>s ! :ole burd5 ( ! h\sehold c>es1 :ile ! man l\nges 9 idl5ess4 ,:at idea c we =m ( family ,h>monies8 ,! idea has disappe>$1 = ,/r5g? "h ?r[s ^u ,feebl5ess ! weight ( lab\r4 ,& h[ _m ages ( civiliz+ ef=t w be ne$$ to raise ! wife f ?is /ate ( frightful degradation8 ,spoliation1 9 its mo/ brutal =m1 arm$ ) tor* & sword1 p#cbj fills ! annals ( ! _w4 ,( :at names is hi/ory made up8 ,cyrus1 ,seso/ris1 ,alex&]1 ,scipio1 ,cs>1 ,attila1 ,tam]lane1 ,mahomet1 ,piz>ro1 ,william ! ,conqu]or--pure ,spoliation f beg9n+ to end 9 ! %ape ( ,conque/4 ,h]s are ! laurels1 ! monum5ts1 ! /atues1 ! triumphal ar*es1 ! song ( ! poet1 ! intoxicat+ en?usiasm ( ! fair6 ,! ,conqu]or soon f9ds t he c turn 8 victories to m pr(itable acc\nt ?an by putt+ to dea? ! vanqui%$2 & ,slav]y cov]s ! e>?4 ,d[n to our own times1 all ov] ! _w ?is has be5 ! =m 9 :i* societies h exi/$1 br++ ) x hates1 resi/ance1 int]nal /ruggles1 & revolutions4 ,& :at is ,slav]y b organiz$ oppression--organiz$ = ! purpose ( ,spoliation8 ,b ,spoliation n only arms ,=ce aga9/ ,feebl5ess--%e turns ,intellig5ce aga9/ ,cr$ulity4 ,:at h>d-work+ p 9 ! _w has escap$ be+ sweat$ by sac]dotal !ocracies1 ,egyptian prie/s1 ,greek oracles1 ,roman auguries1 ,gallic druids1 ,indian brahm9s1 muftis1 ulemas1 bonzes1 monks1 m9i/]s1 m\ntebanks1 sorc]]s1 soo?say]s1--spoliators ( all g>bs & ( all d5om9ations4 ,assum+ ?is guise1 ,spoliation places ! fulcrum ( h] lev] 9 heav51 & sacrilegi\sly prides h]self on ! complicity ( ! gods6 ,%e enslaves n m5's limbs only1 b _! s\ls4 ,%e kn[s h[ to impress ! iron ( slav]y z well ^u ! consci5ce ( ,side#fe z ^u ! =ehead ( ,sp>tacus--realiz+ :at w\ld seem impossible--,m5tal ,slav]y4 ,m5tal ,slav]y6 :at a frightful association ( words6 ,o ,lib]ty6 we h se5 !e hunt$ f c\ntry to c\ntry1 cru%$ by conque/1 groan+ "u slav]y1 insult$ 9 c\rts1 bani%$ f ! s*ools1 laugh$ at 9 saloons1 misund]/ood 9 work%ops1 d5\nc$ 9 *ur*es4 ,x seems ?\ %\ld/ f9d 9 ?\ght an inviolable refuge4 ,b if ?\ art to surr5d] 9 ?is ?y la/ asylum1 :at becomes ( ! hopes ( ages1 & ( :at value is human exi/5ce8 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! progressive nature ( man causes ,spoliation to develop 9 ! society 9 :i* x exi/s1 resi/ance :i* p>alyzes its =ce1 & k :i* unveils its impo/ures4 ,b ,spoliation does n confess h]self conqu]$ = all t2 %e only becomes m crafty1 &1 envelop+ h]self 9 ! =ms ( gov]nm5t & 9 a sy/em ( *ecks & c\nt]poises1 %e gives bir? to ,politics1 long a prolific res\rce4 ,we !n see h] usurp+ ! lib]ty ( citiz5s1 ! bett] to get hold ( _! weal?1 p#cba & dra9+ away _! weal? to possess h]self m surely ( _! lib]ty4 ,private activity passes into ! doma9 ( public activity4 ,ev]y?+ is transact$ ?r\gh function>ies1 & an un9tellig5t & m$dl+ bureaucracy ov]spreads ! l&4 ,! public treasury becomes a va/ res]voir into :i* lab\r]s p\r _! sav+s1 to be imm$iately di/ribut$ among placem54 ,transactions are no long] regulat$ by free b>ga9+ & discussion1 & ! mutuality ( s]vices disappe>s4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s ! true notion ( ,prop]ty is ext+ui%$1 & e "o appeals to ! ,law to give 8 s]vices a factiti\s value4 ,we ent] !n ^u ! era ( privileges4 ,spoliation1 ev] improv+ 9 subtilty1 =tifies h]self 9 ,monopoly1 & takes refuge beh9d ,re/rictions4 ,%e displaces ! natural curr5t ( ex*anges1 & s5ds capital into artificial *annels1 & ) capital1 lab\r--& ) lab\r1 population4 ,%e gets pa9fully produc$ 9 ! ,nor? :at is produc$ ) facility 9 ! ,s\?2 creates prec>i\s classes & bran*es ( indu/ry2 sub/itutes = ! gratuit\s =ces ( nature ! on]\s fatigues ( lab\r2 *]i%es e/abli%m5ts :i* c su/a9 no rivalry1 & invokes aga9/ competitors ! employm5t ( =ce2 provokes int]national jeal\sies2 flatt]s patriotic arrogance2 & inv5ts +5i\s !ories1 :i* make auxili>ies ( h] own dupes4 ,%e con/antly r5d]s imm95t indu/rial crises & bankruptcies1 %akes to its f\ndation all confid5ce 9 ! future1 all fai? 9 lib]ty1 all consci\sness ( :at is j4 ,at l5g?1 :5 sci5ce exposes h] misde$s1 %e /irs up aga9/ sci5ce h] own victims1 by proclaim+ a ,utopia6 & ignores n only ! sci5ce :i* places ob/acles 9 h] pa?1 b ! v idea ( any possible sci5ce1 by ?is cr[n+ s5t5ce ( scepticism--,!re are no pr9ciples6 ,"u ! pressure ( suff]+1 at l5g? ! masses rise1 & ov]turn ev]y?+ :i* is above !m4 ,gov]nm5t1 taxes1 legislation1 ev]y?+ is at _! m]cy1 & y imag9e p]haps t !re is n[ an end to ! reign ( ,spoliation2--t ! mutuality ( s]vices is ab\t to be e/abli%$ on ! only possible or ev5 imag9able basis--,lib]ty4 ,undeceive y\rself4 ,! fatal idea1 alas6 has p]meat$ ! masses1 t ,prop]ty has no o!r orig91 no o!r sanction1 no o!r legitimacy1 no o!r f\ndation1 ?an ,law2 & !n ! masses set to "w legislatively to rob "o ano!r4 ,suff]+ f ! w\nds :i* h be5 inflict$ ^u !m1 !y und]take to cure ea* ( _! memb]s by conc$+ to him ! "r to oppress 8 neighb\r1 & call p#cbb ?is ,solid>ity & ,frat]nity4 8,y h produc$--,i h n produc$--we are solidaires--let u divide40 8,y h some?+--,i h no?+--we are bre?r5--let u %>e40 ,x w be our duty !n to exam9e ! improp] use :i* has be5 made 9 ^! latt] days ( ! t]ms association1 organization1 lab\r1 gratuit du crdit1 etc4 ,we %all h to subject !m to ?is te/--,d !y imply ,lib]ty or ,oppression8 ,9 o!r words1 are !y 9 unison ) ! great ,economical laws1 or are !y di/urbances ( ^? laws8 ,spoliation is a ph5om5on too univ]sal1 too p]si/5t1 to p]mit u to attribute to x a "* purely accid5tal4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r matt]s1 we _c sep>ate ! /udy ( natural laws f ! /udy ( _! ,p]turbations4 ,b1 x may be said1 if spoliation ent]s necess>ily into ! play ( ! social me*anism z a dissonance1 h[ c y v5ture to ass]t ! ,h>mony ( ! ,economic laws8 ,i mu/ repeat "h :at ,i h said 9 ano!r place1 namely1 t 9 all :i* conc]ns man1 a be+ :o is only p]fectible because he is imp]fect1 ,h>mony consi/s1 n 9 ! absolute abs5ce ( evil1 b 9 its gradual dim9ution4 ,! social body1 l ! human body1 is provid$ ) a curative =ce1 a vis m$icatrix1 ! laws & infallible p[] ( :i* x is impossible to /udy )\t aga9 exclaim+1 ,digitus ,dei e/ hic4 p#cbc ,,xi4 ,,produc]--,,consum]4 ,if ! level ( ! human race is n cont9ually ris+1 man is n a p]fectible be+4 ,if ! social t5d5cy is n a con/ant approximation ( all m5 t[>ds ?is progressive elevation1 ! economic laws are n h>moni\s4 ,n[1 h[ c ! level ( humanity be ris+1 if ea* giv5 quantity ( lab\r does n yield a con/antly increas+ am\nt ( enjoym5ts1 a ph5om5on :i* c be expla9$ only by ! trans=mation ( on]\s into gratuit\s utility4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ c ?is utility1 hav+ become gratuit\s1 br+ m5 ne>] & ne>] to a common level1 if ! utility has n at ! same "t itself become common8 ,"h1 !n1 we discov] ! ess5tial law ( social h>mony4 ,i %\ld h be5 pleas$ _h ! language ( ,political ,economy furni%$ me ) two words o!r ?an ! t]ms production & consumption1 to designate s]vices :i* are r5d]$ & receiv$4 ,^! t]ms sav\r too mu* ( mat]iality4 ,!re are evid5tly s]vices1 l ^? ( ! cl]gyman1 ! pr(essor1 ! soldi]1 ! arti/1 :i* t5d to ! fur!rance ( morality1 education1 security1 ta/e1 :i* h no?+ 9 common ) me*anical or manufactur+ indu/ry1 except ?is1 t ! end to be atta9$ is satisfaction or enjoym5t4 ,! t]ms ,i h ref]r$ to are ^? g5]ally employ$1 & ,i h no wi% to become a neologi/4 ,b let x be und]/ood t by production ,i mean :at conf]s utility1 & by consumption ! enjoym5t to :i* t utility gives rise4 ,let ! protectioni/ s*ool--:i* is 9 reality a phase ( ,communism--believe t 9 employ+ ! t]ms produc] & consum] we are n absurd en\gh to wi% to repres5t ! human race z divid$ into two di/9ct classes1 ! "o engag$ p#cbd exclusively 9 ! "w ( produc+1 ! o!r exclusively 9 t ( consum+4 ,! naturali/ divides ! human race into :ites & blacks1 or into m5 & wom51 & ! economi/1 =soo?1 is n to classify !m z produc]s & consum]s1 because1 z ! protectioni/ g5tlem5 sagely rem>k1 produc] & consum] make b "o p]son6 ,:y1 x is = ! v reason t !y d make b "o t ea* individual comes to be consid]$ by ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy 9 ?is d\ble capacity4 ,our bus9ess is n to divide ! human race into two classes1 b to /udy man "u two v diff]5t aspects4 ,if ! protectioni/s 7 to =bid gramm>ians to employ ! pron\ns ,i & ?\1 on ! pretext t e man is 9 turn ! p]son speak+ & ! p]son spok5 to1 x w\ld be a suffici5t answ] to say1 t al?\gh x be p]fectly true t we _c place all ! tongues on "o side1 & all ! e>s on ! o!r1 s9ce e man has bo? e>s & a tongue1 x by no means foll[s t1 ) ref]5ce to ea* proposition enunciat$1 ! tongue does n p]ta9 to "o man & ! e> to ano!r4 ,9 ! same way1 ) ref]5ce to e s]vice1 ! man :o r5d]s x is q di/9ct f ! man :o receives x4 ,! produc] & consum] are always set opposite ea* o!r1 s mu* s t !y h always a controv]sy4 ,! v p :o object to our /udy+ mank9d "u ! d\ble aspect ( produc]s & consum]s h no difficulty 9 mak+ ?is di/9ction :5 !y address !mselves to legislative assemblies4 ,we !n f9d !m dem&+ monopoly or fre$om ( trade1 accord+ z ! matt] 9 dispute ref]s to a commodity :i* !y sell1 or a commodity :i* !y pur*ase4 ,)\t dwell+ long]1 !n1 on ?is prelim9>y exception tak5 by ! protectioni/s1 let u ackn[l$ge t 9 ! social ord] ! sep>ation ( employm5ts causes ea* man to occupy two situations1 suffici5tly di/9ct to r5d] _! action & relations wor?y ( our /udy4 ,9 g5]al1 we devote ourselves to "s special trade1 pr(ession1 or c>e]1 & x is n f t p>ticul> s\rce t we expect to d]ive our satisfactions4 ,we r5d] & receive s]vices2 we supply & dem& values2 we make pur*ases & sales2 we "w = o!rs1 & o!rs "w = u2 9 %ort1 we are produc]s & consum]s4 ,accord+ z we pres5t ourselves 9 ! m>ket 9 "o or o!r ( ^! capacities1 we c>ry ?i!r a _s :i* is v diff]5t1 or r1 ,i %\ld say1 v opposite4 ,suppose1 = example1 t corn is ! subject ( ! transaction4 ,! same man has v p#cbe diff]5t views :5 he goes to m>ket z a pur*as]1 f :at he has :5 he goes !re z a sell]4 ,z a pur*as]1 he desires abundance2 z a sell]1 sc>city4 ,9 ei!r case1 ^! desires may be trac$ to ! same s\rce--p]sonal int]e/2 b z to sell or buy1 to give or to receive1 to supply or to dem&1 are acts z opposite z possible1 !y _c b give rise1 & f ! same motive1 to opposite desires4 ,antagoni/ic desires _c at "o & ! same "t co9cide ) ! g5]al good4 ,9 ano!r "w1#ff ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! wi%es or desires ( m5 9 _! capacity ( consum]s are ^? :i* are 9 h>mony ) ! public int]e/2 & x _c be o!rwise4 ,= see+ t enjoym5t is ! end & design ( lab\r1 & t ! lab\r is det]m9$ only by ! ob/acle to be ov]come1 x is evid5t t lab\r is 9 ?is s5se an evil1 & t ev]y?+ %\ld t5d to dim9i% x2 t enjoym5t is a good1 & t ev]y?+ %\ld t5d to increase x4 ,& "h pres5ts itself ! great1 ! p]petual1 ! deplorable illusion :i* spr+s f ! errone\s def9ition ( value1 & f conf\nd+ value ) utility4 ,value be+ simply a relation1 is ( z mu* great] importance to ea* individual z x is ( less importance to society at l>ge4 ,:at r5d]s s]vice to ! masses is utility alone2 & value is n at all ! measure ( x4 ,:at r5d]s s]vice to ! individual is /ill only utility4 ,b value is ! measure ( x2 =1 ) ea* det]m9ate value1 he obta9s f society ! utility ( 8 *oice1 9 ! proportion ( t value4 ,if we reg>d man z an isolat$ be+1 x is z cle> z day t consumption1 & n production1 is ! ess5tial ?+2 = consumption to a c]ta9 ext5t implies lab\r1 b lab\r does n imply consumption4 ,! sep>ation ( employm5ts has l$ c]ta9 economi/s to measure ! g5]al prosp]ity1 n by consumption1 b by lab\r4 ,& by foll[+ ^! economi/s we h come to ?is /range subv]sion ( pr9ciple1 to fav\r lab\r at ! exp5se ( its results4 ,! reason+ has be5 ?is3 ,! m difficulties are ov]come ! bett]4 ,!n augm5t ! difficulties to be conqu]$4 ,! error ( ?is reason+ is manife/4 ,no d\bt1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( difficulties be+ giv51 x is =tunate t a c]ta9 quantity ( lab\r also giv5 %\ld p#cbf surm\nt z _m ( ^! difficulties z possible4 ,b to dim9i% ! p[] ( ! lab\r] or augm5t t ( ! difficulties1 9 ord] to increase value1 is positively mon/r\s4 ,an individual memb] ( society is int]e/$ 9 ?is1 t 8 s]vices1 :ile pres]v+ ev5 ! same degree ( utility1 %\ld increase 9 value4 ,suppose 8 desires 9 ?is respect to be realiz$1 x is easy to p]ceive :at w happ54 ,he is bett] (f1 b 8 bre?r5 are worse (f1 see+ t ! total am\nt ( utility has n be5 increas$4 ,we _c !n reason f p>ticul>s to g5]als1 & say3 ,pursue su* measures z 9 _! result w satisfy ! desire :i* all individuals ent]ta9 to see ! value ( _! s]vices augm5t$4 ,value be+ a relation1 we %\ld h accompli%$ no?+ if ! increase 9 all dep>tm5ts 7 proportionate to ! ant]ior value2 if x 7 arbitr>y & unequal = diff]5t s]vices1 we %\ld h done no?+ b introduce inju/ice into ! di/ribution ( utilities4 ,x is ( ! nature ( e b>ga9 or m]cantile transaction to give rise to a debate4 ,b by us+ ?is ^w debate1 %all ,i n br+ d[n ^u myself all ! s5tim5tal s*ools :i* are n[adays s num]\s8 ,debate implies antagonism1 x w be said4 ,y admit1 !n1 t antagonism is ! natural /ate ( society4 ,"h aga9 ,i h to break ano!r lance2 = 9 ?is c\ntry economic sci5ce is s little und]/ood1 t "o _c make use ( a ^w )\t rais+ up an oppon5t4 ,i h be5 ju/ly reproa*$ = us+ ! phrase t 8,betwe5 ! sell] & buy] !re exi/s a radical antagonism40 ,! ^w antagonism1 :5 /r5g!n$ by ! ^w radical1 implies mu* m ?an ,i meant to express4 ,x w\ld seem to imply a p]man5t opposition ( int]e/s1 consequ5tly an inde/ructible social dissonance2 :ile :at ,i wi%$ to indicate 0 m]ely t transi5t debate or discussion :i* prec$es e comm]cial transaction1 & :i* is inh]5t 9 ! v idea ( a b>ga94 ,z long z1 to ! regret ( ! s5tim5tal utopia/1 !re %all rema9 a ve/ige ( lib]ty 9 ! _w1 buy]s & sell]s w discuss _! int]e/s1 & higgle ab\t prices2 nor w ! social laws cease to be h>moni\s on t acc\nt4 ,is x possible to conceive t ! man :o (f]s & ! man :o dem&s a s]vice %\ld meet ea* o!r 9 ! m>ket )\t hav+ = ! mom5t a diff]5t idea ( its value8 ,is t to set ! _w on fire8 ,mu/ all comm]cial transactions1 all ex*anges1 all b>t]1 all lib]ty1 be bani%$ f ?is e>?1 or are we to all[ ea* ( p#cbg ! contract+ p>ties to def5d 8 position1 & urge & put =w>d 8 motives8 ,x is ?is v free debate or discussion :i* gives rise to ! equival5ce ( s]vices & ! equity ( transactions4 ,by :at o!r means c our sy/em-mak]s ensure ?is equity :i* is s desirable8 ,w\ld !y by legislation trammel ! lib]ty ( "o ( ! p>ties only8 ,!n ! "o mu/ be 9 ! p[] ( ! o!r4 ,w\ld !y take away f bo? ! lib]ty ( manag+ _! own affairs1 "u ! pretext t !y ought h5ce=? to buy & sell on ! pr9ciple ( frat]nity8 ,let me tell ! ,sociali/s t x is "h _! absurdity becomes app>5t1 =1 9 ! long-run1 ^! int]e/s mu/ be regulat$ & adju/$4 ,is ! discussion to be inv]t$1 ! pur*as] tak+ ! "p ( ! sell] & vice v]sa8 ,su* transactions w\ld be v div]t+1 we mu/ all[4 8,please1 sir1 give me only #aj francs = ?is clo?40 8,:at say y8 ,i w give y #bj = x40 8,b1 my good sir1 x is wor? no?+--x is out ( fa%ion--x w be worn out 9 a =tnight10 says ! m]*ant4 8,x is ( ! be/ quality1 & w la/ two w9t]s10 replies ! cu/om]4 8,v well1 sir1 to please y1 ,i w add #e francs--?is is all ! l5g? t frat]nity w all[ me to g40 8,x is aga9/ my ,sociali/ pr9ciples to pay less ?an #bj francs1 b we mu/ le>n to make sacrifices1 & ,i agree40 ,?us ?is :imsical transaction w j arrive at ! ord9>y result1 & our sy/em-mak]s w regret to see accurs$ lib]ty /ill surviv+1 al?\gh turn$ upside d[n & eng5d]+ a new antagonism4 ,t is n :at we want1 say ! organisateurs2 :at we desire is lib]ty4 ,!n1 :at w\ld y be at8 = s]vices mu/ /ill be ex*ang$1 & conditions adju/$4 ,we expect t ! c>e ( adju/+ !m %\ld be left to u4 ,i suspect$ z mu*4 4 4 4 4 4 ,frat]nity6 bond ( bro!rhood1 sacr$ flame k9dl$ by heav5 9 man's s\l1 h[ has ?y "n be5 abus$6 ,9 ?y "n all fre$om has be5 /ifl$4 ,9 ?y "n a new despotism1 su* z ! _w _h nev] be=e se51 has be5 erect$2 & we are at l5g? driv5 to fe> t ! v "n ( frat]nity1 aft] be+ ?us sulli$1 & hav+ s]v$ z ! rally+ cry ( s _m incapables1 ! mask ( s mu* ambition1 & pr\d contempt ( human dignity1 %\ld end by los+ altoge!r its gr& & noble significance4 ,let u no long]1 !n1 aim at ov]turn+ ev]y?+1 dom9e]+ ov] ev]y?+ & ev]ybody1 & )draw+ all--m5 & ?+s--f ! op]ation ( natural laws4 ,let u leave ! _w z ,god has made x4 ,let u1 poor scribbl]s1 n imag9e p#cbh ourselves any?+ else ?an obs]v]s1 m or less exact1 ( :at is pass+ ar\nd u4 ,let u no long] r5d] ourselves ridicul\s by pret5d+ to *ange human nature1 z if we 7 ourselves beyond humanity & its errors & weaknesses4 ,let u leave produc]s & consum]s to take c>e ( _! own int]e/s1 & to arrange & adju/ ^! int]e/s by hone/ & peaceful conv5tions4 ,let u conf9e ourselves to ! obs]vation ( relations1 & ! effects to :i* !y give rise4 ,?is is precisely :at ,i am ab\t to d1 keep+ always 9 view ?is g5]al law1 :i* ,i appreh5d to be ! law ( human society1 namely1 ! gradual equalization ( individuals & ( classes1 comb9$ ) g5]al progress4 ,a l9e no m resembles a =ce or a velocity1 ?an x does a value or a utility4 ,ma!maticians1 nev]!less1 make use ( diagrams2 & :y %\ld n ! economi/ d ! same8 ,we h values :i* are equal1 values ! mutual relations ( :i* are kn[n z ! half1 ! qu>t]1 d\ble1 triple1 etc4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t our repres5t+ ^! diff]5ces by l9es ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,b ! same ?+ does n hold ) ref]5ce to utility4 ,g5]al utility1 z we h se51 may be resolv$ into gratuit\s utility & on]\s utility1 ! =m] due to ! action ( nature1 ! latt] ! result ( human lab\r4 ,?is la/ be+ capable ( be+ e/imat$ & measur$1 may be repres5t$ by a l9e ( det]m9ate l5g?2 b ! o!r is n susceptible ( e/imation or ( measurem5t4 ,no d\bt 9 ! production ( a measure ( :eat1 ( a cask ( w9e1 ( an ox1 ( a /one ( wool1 a ton ( coals1 a bundle ( faggots1 nature does mu*4 ,b we h no means ( measur+ ?is natural co-op]ation ( =ces1 mo/ ( :i* are unkn[n to u1 & :i* h be5 9 op]ation s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,nor h we any int]e/ 9 do+ s4 ,we may repres5t gratuit\s utility1 !n1 by an indef9ite l9e4 ,n[1 let !re be two products1 ! value ( ! "o be+ d\ble t ( ! o!r1 !y may be repres5t$ by ^! l9es3-- ,i ,a ,b 4444444444444444------------------------ ---------------- ,i ,c ,d 4444444444444444-------------------- ,,ib1 ,,id1 repres5t ! total product1 g5]al utility1 :at satisfies man's wants1 absolute weal?4 p#cbi ,,ia1 ,,ic1 ! co-op]ation ( nature1 gratuit\s utility1 ! "p :i* belongs to ! doma9 ( community4 ,,ab1 ,,cd1 human s]vice1 on]\s utility1 value1 relative weal?1 ! "p :i* belongs to ! doma9 ( prop]ty4 ,i ne$ n say t ,,ab1 :i* y may suppose1 if y w1 to repres5t a h\se1 a piece ( furniture1 a book1 a song sung by ,j5ny ,l9d1 a horse1 a bale ( clo?1 a consultation ( physicians1 etc41 w ex*ange = twice ,,cd1 & t ! two m5 :o effect ! ex*ange w give into ! b>ga91 & )\t ev5 be+ aw>e ( x1 ! "o1 once ,,ia1 ! o!r twice ,,ic4 ,man is s con/itut$ t 8 con/ant endeav\r is to dim9i% ! proportion ( ef=t to result1 to sub/itute ! action ( nature = 8 own action2 9 a ^w1 to accompli% m ) less4 ,?is is ! con/ant aim ( 8 skill1 8 intellig5ce1 & 8 en]gy4 ,let u suppose !n t ,john1 ! produc] ( ,,ib1 discov]s a process by means ( :i* he accompli%es 8 "w ) "o-half ! lab\r :i* x =m]ly co/ him1 tak+ ev]y?+ into acc\nt1 ev5 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t by means ( :i* he avails himself ( ! co-op]ation ( nature4 ,z long z he pres]ves 8 secret1 we %all h no *ange 9 ! figures we h giv5 above2 ,,ab & ,,cd w repres5t ! same values1 ! same relations2 = ,john alone ( all ! _w be+ acqua9t$ ) ! improv$ process1 he w turn x exclusively to 8 own pr(it & advantage4 ,he w take 8 ease = half ! day1 or else he w make1 ea* day1 twice ! quantity ( ,,ib1 & 8 lab\r w be bett] remun]at$4 ,! discov]y he has made is = ! good ( mank9d1 b mank9d 9 ?is case is repres5t$ by "o man4 ,& "h let u rem>k1 9 pass+1 h[ fallaci\s is ! axiom ( ! ,engli% ,economi/s t value comes f lab\r1 if !reby x is int5d$ to repres5t value & lab\r z proportionate4 ,"h we h ! lab\r dim9i%$ by "o-half1 & yet no *ange 9 ! value4 ,?is is :at con/antly happ5s1 & :y8 ,because ! s]vice is ! same4 ,be=e z aft] ! discov]y1 z long z x is a secret1 he :o gives or transf]s ,,ib r5d]s ! same s]vice4 ,b ?+s w no long] be 9 ! same position :5 ,pet]1 ! produc] ( ,,id1 is enabl$ to say1 8,y ask me = two h\rs ( my lab\r 9 ex*ange = "o h\r ( y\rs2 b ,i h f\nd out y\r process1 & if y set s high a price on y\r s]vice1 ,i %all s]ve myself40 ,n[ ?is day mu/ necess>ily come4 ,a process once realiz$ p#ccj is n long a my/]y4 ,!n ! value ( ! product ,,ib w fall by "o-half1 & we %all h ^! two figures4 ,i ,a ,a ,b 444444444444444444444444444444444------- ----------------- ,i ,c ,d 444444444444444444444444444444444------- ----------------- ,,aa repres5t value annihilat$1 relative weal? :i* has disappe>$1 prop]ty become common1 utility =m]ly on]\s1 n[ gratuit\s4 ,=1 z reg>ds ,john1 :o "h repres5ts ! produc]1 he is re9/at$ 9 8 =m] condition4 ,) ! same ef=t :i* x co/ him =m]ly to produce ,,ib1 he c n[ produce twice z mu*4 ,9 ord] to obta9 twice ,,id1 we see him con/ra9$ to give twice ,,ib1 or :at ,,ib repres5ts1 be x furniture1 books1 h\ses1 or :at x may4 ,:o pr(its by all ?is8 ,cle>ly ,pet]1 ! produc] ( ,,id1 :o "h repres5ts consum]s 9 g5]al1 includ+ ,john himself4 ,if1 9 fact1 ,john desires to consume 8 own product1 he pr(its by ! sav+ ( "t repres5t$ by ! suppression ( ,,aa4 ,z reg>ds ,pet]1 t is to say z reg>ds consum]s 9 g5]al1 !y c n[ pur*ase ,,ib ) half ! exp5diture ( "t1 ef=t1 lab\r1 value1 comp>$ ) :at x w\ld h co/ !m be=e ! int]v5tion ( natural =ces4 ,^! =ces1 !n1 are gratuit\s1 &1 moreov]1 common4 ,s9ce ,i h v5tur$ to illu/rate my argum5t by geometrical figures1 p]haps ,i may be p]mitt$ to give ano!r example1 & ,i %all be happy if by ?is me?od--some:at :imsical1 ,i all[1 z appli$ to ,political ,economy--,i c r5d] m intelligible to ! read] ! ph5om5a :i* ,i wi% to describe4 ,z a produc]1 or z a consum]1 e man may be consid]$ z a c5tre f :5ce radiate ! s]vices :i* he r5d]s1 & to :i* t5d ! s]vices :i* he receives 9 ex*ange4 ,suppose !n t !re is plac$ at ,a 7,fig4 #a7 a produc]1 a copyi/1 = example1 or transcrib] ( manuscripts1 :o "h repres5ts all produc]s1 or production 9 g5]al4 ,he furni%es to society f\r manuscripts4 ,if at ! pres5t mom5t ! value ( ea* ( ^! manuscripts is equal to #ae1 he r5d]s s]vices equal to #fj1 & receives an equal value1 v>i\sly spread ov] a multitude ( s]vices4 ,to simplify ! demon/ration1 ,i suppose only p#cca f\r ( !m1 proce$+ f f\r po9ts ( ! circumf]5ce ,,bcde4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,value produc$ #fj ,value receiv$ #fj ,utility produc$ #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,value produc$ #fj ,value receiv$ #fj ,utility produc$ #f ,?is man1 we n[ suppose1 discov]s ! art ( pr9t+4 ,he c !nce=? produce 9 #dj h\rs :at =m]ly w\ld h co/ him #fj4 ,admit t competition =ces him to r$uce proportionally ! price ( 8 books1 & t 9 place ( be+ wor? #ae1 !y are n[ wor? only #aj4 ,b !n 9 place ( f\r our workman c n[ produce six books4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fund ( remun]ation proce$+ f ! circumf]5ce1 am\nt+ to #fj1 has n *ang$4 ,!re is remun]ation = six books1 wor? #aj ea*1 j z !re 0 =m]ly remun]ation = f\r manuscripts1 ea* wor? #ae4 ,?is1 let me rem>k briefly1 is :at is always lo/ sight ( 9 discuss+ ! "q ( ma*9]y1 ( free-trade1 & ( progress 9 g5]al4 ,m5 see ! lab\r set free & r5d]$ disposable by ! exp$itive process1 & !y become al>m$4 ,!y d n see t a correspond+ proportion ( remun]ation is r5d]$ disposable also by ! same circum/ance4 ,! new transactions we h suppos$ are repres5t$ by ,fig4 #b1 :]e we see radiate f ! c5tre ,a1 a total value ( #fj1 spread ov] six books1 9 place ( f\r manuscripts4 ,f ! circumf]5ce /ill proce$s a value1 equal to #fj1 necess>y n[ z =m]ly1 to make up ! balance4 ,:o !n has ga9$ by ! *ange8 ,z reg>ds value1 no "o4 ,z reg>ds real weal?1 positive satisfactions1 ! c\ntless body ( consum]s rang$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,ea* ( !m c n[ pur*ase a book ) an am\nt ( lab\r r$uc$ by "o-?ird4 ,b ! consum]s are ! human race4 ,= obs]ve t p#ccb ,a himself1 if he ga9s no?+ 9 8 capacity ( produc]1--if he is oblig$1 z =m]ly1 to p]=m #fj h\rs' lab\r 9 ord] to obta9 ! old remun]ation1--nev]!less1 9 z f> z he is a consum] ( books1 ga9s exactly z o!rs d4 ,l !m1 if he desires to read1 he c procure ?is enjoym5t ) an economy ( lab\r equal to "o-?ird4 ,b if1 9 8 "* ( produc]1 he f9ds himself at l5g? depriv$ ( ! pr(it ( 8 own inv5tions1 by competition1 :]e 9 t case is 8 comp5sation8 ,8 comp5sation consi/s1 #a/1 9 ?is1 t z long z he 0 able to pres]ve 8 secret1 he cont9u$ to sell #ae ( :at he produc$ at ! co/ ( #aj2 #b;dly1 ,9 ?is1 t he obta9s books = 8 own use at a small] co/1 & ?us p>ticipates 9 ! advantages he has procur$ = society4 ,b1 #c;dly1 ,8 comp5sation consi/s above all 9 ?is1 t j 9 ! same way z he has be5 =c$ to imp>t to 8 fell[-m5 ! b5efit ( 8 own progress1 he b5efits by ! progress ( 8 fell[-m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,j z ! progress accompli%$ by ,a has pr(it$ ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ! progress realiz$ by ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e has pr(it$ ,a4 ,by turns ,a f9ds himself at ! c5tre & at ! circumf]5ce ( univ]sal indu/ry1 = he is by turns produc] & consum]4 ,if ,b1 = example1 is a cotton-sp9n] :o has introduc$ improv$ ma*9]y1 ! pr(it w r$\nd to ,a z well z to ,c1 ,d4 ,if ,c is a m>9] :o has replac$ ! o> by ! sail1 ! economy ( lab\r w pr(it ,b1 ,a1 ,e4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole me*anism reposes on ?is law3-- ,progress b5efits ! produc]1 z su*1 only dur+ ! "t necess>y to recomp5se 8 skill4 ,x soon produces a fall ( value1 & leaves to ! fir/ imitators a fair1 b small1 recomp5se4 ,at l5g? value becomes proportion$ to ! dim9i%$ lab\r1 & ! :ole sav+ accrues to society at l>ge4 ,?us all pr(it by ! progress ( ea*1 & ea* pr(its by ! progress ( all4 ,! pr9ciple1 ea* = all1 all = ea*1 put =w>d by ! ,sociali/s1 & :i* !y w\ld h u receive z a novelty1 ! g]m ( :i* is to be discov]$ 9 _! organizations f\nd$ on oppression & con/ra9t1 ,god himself has giv5 u2 & ,he has educ$ x f lib]ty4 p#ccc ,god1 ,i say1 has giv5 u ?is pr9ciple1 & ,he has n e/abli%$ x 9 a model community1 presid$ ov] by ,m4 ,considrant1 or 9 a ,phalan/re ( six hundr$ h>moni5s1 or 9 a t5tative ,ic>ie1#fg on condition t a few fanatics %\ld submit !mselves to ! arbitr>y p[] ( a monomaniac1 & t ! fai?less %\ld pay = ! true believ]s4 ,no1 ,god has e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ea* = all & all = ea* g5]ally1 univ]sally1 by a m>vell\s me*anism1 9 :i* ju/ice1 lib]ty1 utility1 & sociability are m+l$ & reconcil$ 9 su* a degree z ought to disc\rage ^! manufactur]s ( social organizations4 ,obs]ve t ?is great law ( ea* = all & all = ea* is mu* m univ]sal ?an my demon/ration supposes x4 ,words are dull & heavy1 & ! p5 /ill m s4 ,! writ] is oblig$ to exhibit successively1 & "o aft] ! o!r1 ) despair+ sl[ness1 ph5om5a :i* recomm5d !mselves to our admiration only 9 ! aggregate4 ,?us1 ,i h j spok5 ( inv5tions4 ,y might conclude t ?is 0 ! only case 9 :i* progress1 once atta9$1 escapes f ! produc]1 & goes to enl>ge ! common fund ( mank9d4 ,x is n s4 ,x is a g5]al law t e advantage ( :atev] k9d1 proce$+ f local situation1 climate1 or any o!r lib]ality ( nature1 slips rapidly f ! h&s ( ! p]son :o fir/ discov]$ & appropriat$ x--n on t acc\nt to be lo/1 b to g to fe$ ! va/ res]voir f :i* ! enjoym5ts ( mank9d are d]iv$4 ,"o condition alone is atta*$1 :i* is1 t lab\r & transactions %\ld be free4 ,to run c\nt] to lib]ty is to run c\nt] to ! designs ( ,provid5ce2 x is to susp5d ! op]ation ( ,god's law1 & limit progress 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,:at ,i h j said ) ref]5ce to ! transf] ( advantages holds equally true ( evils & disadvantages4 ,no?+ rema9s p]man5tly ) ! produc]--nei!r advantages nor inconv5i5ces4 ,bo? t5d to dissem9ate !mselves ?r\gh society at l>ge4 ,we h j se5 ) :at avidity ! produc] seeks to avail himself ( :atev] may facilitate 8 "w2 & we h se51 too1 9 h[ %ort a "t ! pr(it aris+ f inv5tions & discov]ies slips f ! inv5tor's h&s4 ,x seems z if t pr(it 7 n 9 ! h&s ( a sup]ior intellig5ce1 b ( a bl9d & ob$i5t in/rum5t ( g5]al progress4 ,) ! same ard\r he %uns all t c %ackle 8 action2 & ?is is a happy ?+ = ! human race1 = x is to mank9d p#ccd at l>ge t 9 ! long-run ob/acles are prejudicial4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ,a1 ! produc] ( books1 is subject$ to a heavy tax4 ,he mu/ add ! am\nt ( t tax to ! price ( 8 books4 ,x w ent] into ! value ( ! books z a con/itu5t "p1 ! effect ( :i* w be t ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e mu/ give m lab\r 9 ex*ange = ! same satisfaction4 ,_! comp5sation w consi/ 9 ! purpose to :i* ,gov]nm5t applies ! tax4 ,if ! use to :i* x is appli$ is b5eficial1 !y may ga9 in/ead ( los+ by ! arrangem5t4 ,if x is employ$ to oppress !m1 !y w suff] 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,b z f> z ,a is conc]n$1 he is reliev$ ( ! tax1 al?\gh he pays x 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,i d n mean to say t ! produc] does n frequ5tly suff] f ob/acles ( v>i\s k9ds1 & f taxes among o!rs4 ,sometimes he suff]s mo/ s]i\sly f ! op]ation ( taxes1 & x is precisely on t acc\nt t taxes t5d to %ift _! incid5ce1 & to fall ultimately on ! masses4 ,?us1 9 ,france1 w9e has be5 subject$ to a multitude ( exactions4 ,& !n a sy/em has be5 introduc$ :i* re/ricts its sale abroad4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve :at skips & b\nds su* burd5s make 9 pass+ f ! produc] to ! consum]4 ,no soon] has ! tax or re/riction begun to op]ate ?an ! produc] endeav\rs to indemnify himself4 ,b ! dem& ( ! consum]s1 z well z ! supply ( w9e1 rema9+ ! same1 ! price _c rise4 ,! produc] gets no m = 8 w9e aft]1 ?an he did be=e1 ! imposition ( ! tax4 ,& z be=e ! tax he receiv$ no m ?an an ord9>y & adequate price1 det]m9$ by s]vices freely ex*ang$1 he f9ds himself a los] by ! :ole am\nt ( ! tax4 ,to cause ! price to rise1 he is oblig$ to dim9i% ! quantity ( w9e produc$4#fh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! consum]1 !n1--! public1--is relatively to ! loss or pr(it :i* affects 9 ! fir/ in/ance c]ta9 classes ( produc]s :at ! e>? is to electricity--! great common res]voir4 ,all proce$s f x1 & aft] "s det\rs1 long] or %ort] z ! case may be1 & aft] hav+ giv5 rise to c]ta9 ph5om5a m or less v>i$1 all returns to x aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h j %[n t ! economic effects only glance ^u ! produc]1 s to speak1 on _! way to ! consum]1 & t consequ5tly all great & important que/ions ( ?is k9d mu/ p#cce be reg>d$ f ! consum]'s po9t ( view if we wi% to make ourselves ma/]s ( _! g5]al & p]man5t consequ5ces4 ,?is subord9ation ( ! int]e/s ( ! produc] to t ( ! consum]1 :i* we h d$uc$ f ! consid]ation ( utility1 is fully confirm$ :5 we adv]t to ! consid]ation ( morality4 ,responsibility1 9 fact1 always re/s ) ! initiative4 ,n[ :]e is ! initiative8 ,9 dem&4 ,dem& 7:i* implies ! means ( remun]ation7 det]m9es all--! direction ( capital & ( lab\r1 ! di/ribution ( population1 ! morality ( pr(essions1 etc4 ,dem& answ]s to ,desire1 :ile ,supply answ]s to ,ef=t4 ,desire is reasonable or unreasonable1 moral or immoral4 ,ef=t1 :i* is only an effect1 is morally neut]1 or has only a reflect$ morality4 ,dem& or ,consumption says to ! produc]1 8,make t = me40 ,! produc] obeys4 ,& ?is w\ld be evid5t 9 e case if ! produc] always & ev]y:]e wait$ = ! dem&4 ,b 9 practice ?is is n ! case4 ,is x ex*ange :i* has l$ to ! division ( lab\r1 or ! division ( lab\r :i* has giv5 rise to ex*ange8 ,?is is a subtle & ?orny "q4 ,let u say t man makes ex*anges1 because1 be+ intellig5t & sociable1 he compreh5ds t ?is is "o means ( increas+ ! proportion ( result to ef=t4 ,t :i* results exclusively f ! division ( lab\r & f =esight1 is t a man does n wait = a specific reque/ to "w = ano!r4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es him tacitly t dem& exi/s4 ,he makes ! ef=t be=eh& :i* is to satisfy ! dem&1 & ?is gives rise to trades & pr(essions4 ,be=eh& he makes %oes1 hats1 etc41 or prep>es himself to s+1 to tea*1 to plead1 to fight1 etc4 ,b is x really ! supply :i* prec$es ! dem&1 & det]m9es x8 ,no4 ,x is because !re is a suffici5t c]ta9ty t ^! diff]5t s]vices w be dem&$ t m5 prep>e to r5d] !m1 al?\gh !y d n always "k precisely f :at qu>t] ! dem& may come4 ,& ! pro( ( x is1 t ! relation betwe5 ^! diff]5t s]vices is suffici5tly well kn[n1 t _! value has be5 s widely te/$ t "o may devote himself ) "s security to a p>ticul> manufacture1 or embrace a p>ticul> c>e]4 ,! impulse ( dem& is !n pre-exi/5t1 see+ t "o may calculate ! int5sity ( x ) s mu* precision4 p#ccf ,moreov]1 :5 a man betakes himself to a p>ticul> trade or pr(ession1 & sets himself to produce commodities1 ab\t :at is he solicit\s8 ,is x ab\t ! utility ( ! article :i* he manufactures1 or its results1 good or bad1 moral or immoral8 ,n at all2 he ?9ks only ( its value4 ,x is ! dem&] :o looks to ! utility4 ,utility answ]s to 8 want1 8 desire1 8 caprice4 ,value1 on ! contr>y1 has relation only to ! ef=t made1 to ! s]vice transf]r$4 ,x is only :51 by means ( ex*ange1 ! produc] 9 8 turn becomes ! dem&] t utility is look$ to4 ,:5 ,i resolve to manufacture hats r ?an %oes1 ,i d n ask myself ! "q1 :e!r m5 h a great] int]e/ 9 protect+ _! heads or _! heels4 ,no1 t conc]ns ! dem&]1 & det]m9es ! dem&4 ,! dem& 9 its turn det]m9es ! value1 or ! degree ( e/eem 9 :i* ! public holds ! s]vice4 ,value1 9 %ort1 det]m9es ! ef=t or ! supply4 ,h5ce result "s v rem>kable consequ5ces 9 a moral po9t ( view4 ,two nations may be equally furni%$ ) values1 t is to say1 ) relative weal? 7see *ap4 vi71 & v unequally provid$ ) real utilities1 or absolute weal?2 & ?is happ5s :5 "o ( !m =ms desires :i* are m unreasonable ?an ^? ( ! o!r--:5 ! "o consid]s its real wants1 & ! o!r creates = itself wants :i* are factiti\s or immoral4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among "o p a ta/e = education may pr$om9ate2 among ano!r a ta/e = good liv+4 ,9 su* circum/ances we r5d] a s]vice to ! fir/ :5 we h some?+ to tea* !m2 to ! o!r1 :5 we please _! palate4 ,n[1 s]vices are remun]at$ accord+ to ! degree ( importance we atta* to !m4 ,if we d n ex*ange1 if we r5d] ^! s]vices to ourselves1 :at %\ld det]m9e u if n ! nature & int5sity ( our desires8 ,9 "o ( ! c\ntries we h suppos$1 pr(essors & tea*]s w ab\nd2 9 ! o!r1 cooks4 ,9 bo?1 ! s]vices ex*ang$ may be equal 9 ! aggregate1 & may consequ5tly repres5t equal values1 or equal relative weal?1 b n ! same absolute weal?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "o employs its lab\r well1 & ! o!r employs x ill4 ,& z reg>ds satisfactions ! result w be ?is1 t ! "o p w h mu* in/ruction1 & ! o!r good d9n]s4 ,! ultimate consequ5ces ( ?is div]sity ( ta/es w h consid]able influ5ce n only ^u real1 b ^u relative weal?2 p#ccg = education may develop new means ( r5d]+ s]vices1 :i* good d9n]s nev] c4 ,we rem>k among nations a prodigi\s div]sity ( ta/es1 aris+ f _! antec$5ts1 _! "*1 _! op9ions1 _! vanity1 etc4 ,no d\bt !re are "s wants s imp]i\s 7hung] & ?ir/1 = example7 t we reg>d !m z det]m9ate quantities4 ,& yet x is n uncommon to see a man scrimp himself ( food 9 ord] to h good clo!s1 :ile ano!r nev] ?9ks ( 8 dress until 8 appetite is satisfi$4 ,! same ?+ holds ( nations4 ,b ^! imp]i\s wants once satisfi$1 ev]y?+ else dep5ds greatly on ! w4 ,x becomes an affair ( ta/e1 & 9 t region morality & good s5se h mu* influ5ce4 ,! int5sity ( ! v>i\s national desires det]m9es always ! quantity ( lab\r :i* ea* p subtracts f ! aggregate ( its ef=ts 9 ord] to satisfy ea* ( its desires4 ,an ,engli%man mu/1 above all ?+s1 be well f$4 ,= ?is reason he devotes an enorm\s am\nt ( 8 lab\r to ! production ( food1 & if he produces any o!r commodities1 x is ) ! int5tion ( ex*ang+ !m abroad = alim5t>y sub/ances4 ,! quantity ( corn1 meat1 butt]1 milk1 sug>1 etc41 consum$ 9 ,engl& is frightful4 ,a ,fr5*man desires to be amus$4 ,he delights 9 :at pleases 8 eye1 & 9 frequ5t *anges4 ,8 lab\rs are 9 accordance ) 8 ta/es4 ,h5ce we h 9 ,france multitudes ( s+]s1 m\ntebanks1 mill9]s1 elegant %ops1 c(fee-rooms1 etc4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! natives dream away life agreeably "u ! influ5ce ( opium1 & ?is is ! reason :y s great an am\nt ( _! national lab\r is devot$ to procur+ ?is preci\s n>cotic1 ei!r by direct production1 or indirectly by means ( ex*ange4 ,9 ,spa91 :]e ! pomp ( religi\s wor%ip is c>ri$ to s great a height1 ! ex]tions ( ! p are be/[$ on ! decoration ( *ur*es1 etc4 ,i %all n g ! l5g? ( ass]t+ t !re is no immorality 9 s]vices :i* p&] to immoral & deprav$ desires4 ,b ! immoral pr9ciple is obvi\sly 9 ! desire itself4 ,t w\ld be beyond d\bt 7 man liv+ 9 a /ate ( isolation2 & x is equally true z reg>ds man 9 society1 = society is only individuality enl>g$4 ,:o !n w\ld ?9k ( blam+ our lab\r]s 9 ! s\? ( ,france = produc+ br&y8 ,!y satisfy a dem&4 ,!y dig _! v9ey>ds1 dress _! v9es1 ga!r & di/il ! grapes1 )\t conc]n+ !mselves ab\t ! use :i* w be made ( ! product4 ,x is = ! man :o seeks ! enjoym5t to p#cch consid] :e!r x is prop]1 moral1 rational1 or productive ( good4 ,! responsibility re/s ) him4 ,! bus9ess ( ! _w c\ld be conduct$ on no o!r foot+4 ,is ! tailor to tell 8 cu/om] t he _c make him a coat ( ! fa%ion he wants because x is extravagant1 or because x prev5ts 8 brea?+ freely1 etc41 etc4 ,!n :at conc]n is x ( our poor v9e-dress]s if ri* d9]s-out 9 ,london indulge too freely 9 cl>et8 ,or c we s]i\sly accuse ! ,engli% ( rais+ opium 9 ,india ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( poison+ ! ,*9ese8 ,a frivol\s p requires frivol\s manufactures1 j z a s]i\s p requires indu/ry ( a m s]i\s k9d4 ,if ! human race is to be improv$1 x mu/ be by ! improv$ morality ( ! consum]1 n ( ! produc]4 ,?is is ! design ( religion 9 address+ ! ri*--! great consum]s--s s]i\sly on _! imm5se responsibility4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 & employ+ a diff]5t language1 ,political ,economy arrives at ! same conclusion1 :5 %e affirms t we _c *eck ! supply ( any commodity :i* is 9 dem&2 t z reg>ds ! produc]1 ! commodity is simply a value1 a sort ( curr5t co9 :i* repres5ts no?+ ei!r good or evil1 :il/ x is 9 ! int5tion ( ! consum] t utility1 or moral or immoral enjoym5t1 is to be discov]$2 consequ5tly1 t x is incumb5t on ! man :o manife/s ! desire or makes ! dem& = ! commodity to weigh ! consequ5ces1 :e!r useful or hurtful1 & to answ] be=e ,god & man = ! good or bad direction :i* he impresses ^u indu/ry4 ,?us f :atev] po9t ( view we reg>d ! subject1 we see cle>ly t consumption is ! great end ( ,political ,economy2 & t good & evil1 morality & immorality1 h>monies & dissonances1 all come to c5tre 9 ! consum]1 = he repres5ts mank9d at l>ge4 p#cci ,,xii4 ,,! ,,two ,,aphorisms4 ,mod]n morali/s :o oppose ! maxim1 ,*acun p\r t\s1 t\s p\r *acun1 to ! old prov]b1 ,*acun p\r soi1 *acun *ez soi1 h =m$ a v incomplete1 & = t reason a v false1 &1 ,i w\ld add1 a v melan*oly idea ( ,society4 ,let u elim9ate1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ^! two celebrat$ say+s :at is sup]flu\s4 ,all = ea* is a r$undancy1 introduc$ f love ( anti!sis1 = x is expressly includ$ 9 ea* = all4 ,z reg>ds ! say+ *acun *ez soi1 ! idea has no direct relation ) ! o!rs2 b1 z x is ( great importance 9 ,political ,economy1 we %all make x h]eaft] ! subject ( inquiry4 ,x rema9s = u to consid] ! assum$ opposition betwe5 ^! two memb]s ( ! adages we h quot$1 namely1 ea* = all--ea* = himself4 ,! "o1 x is said1 expresses ! sympa!tic pr9ciple1 ! o!r ! individuali/ or selfi% pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ unites1 ! second divides4 ,n[1 if we ref] exclusively to ! motive :i* det]m9es ! ef=t1 ! opposition is inconte/able4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t if we consid] ! aggregate ( human ef=ts 9 _! results1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,exam9e ,society1 z x actually exi/s1 obey+1 z reg>ds s]vices :i* are capable ( remun]ation1 ! individuali/ or selfi% pr9ciple2 & y w be at once conv9c$ t e man 9 work+ = himself is 9 fact work+ = all4 ,?is is beyond d\bt4 ,if ! read] ( ^! l9es ex]cises a pr(ession or trade1 ,i entreat him = a mom5t to turn 8 reg>ds ^u himself2 & ,i w\ld ask him :e!r all 8 lab\rs h n ! satisfaction ( o!rs = _! object1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :e!r x is n to ! ex]tions ( o!rs t he himself owes all 8 satisfactions4 ,x is evid5t t !y :o ass]t t ea* = himself & ea* p#cdj = all are contradictory1 conceive t an incompatibility exi/s betwe5 individualism & association4 ,!y ?9k t ea* = himself implies isolation1 or a t5d5cy to isolation2 t p]sonal int]e/ divides m51 9 place ( unit+ !m1 & t ?is pr9ciple t5ds to ! *acun *ez soi1 t is to say1 to ! abs5ce ( all social relations4 ,9 tak+ ?is view1 ,i repeat1 !y =m a false1 because incomplete idea ( society4 ,ev5 :5 mov$ only by p]sonal int]e/1 m5 seek to draw ne>] ea* o!r1 to comb9e _! ef=ts1 to unite _! =ces1 to "w = "o ano!r1 to r5d] reciprocal s]vices1 to associate4 ,x w\ld n be correct to say t !y act 9 ?is way 9 spite ( self-int]e/2 !y d s 9 ob$i5ce to self-int]e/4 ,!y associate because !y f9d _! acc\nt 9 x4 ,if !y did n f9d x = _! advantage1 !y w\ld n associate4 ,individualism1 !n1 or a reg>d to p]sonal int]e/1 p]=ms ! "w :i* ! s5tim5tali/s ( our day w\ld confide to ,frat]nity1 to self-sacrifice1 or "s o!r motive oppos$ to self-love4 ,& ?is j e/abli%es ! conclusion at :i* we nev] fail to arrive--t ,provid5ce has provid$ = ! social /ate mu* bett] ?an ! m5 c :o call !mselves its prophets4 ,= ( two ?+s "o2 ei!r union is injuri\s to individuality1 or x is advantage\s to x4 ,if x injures x1 :at are ! ,sociali/ g5tlem5 to d1 h[ c !y manage1 & :at rational motive c !y h to br+ ab\t a /ate ( ?+s :i* is hurtful to ev]ybody8 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 union is advantage\s1 x w be br\ght ab\t by ! action ( p]sonal int]e/1 :i* is ! /ronge/1 ! mo/ p]man5t1 ! mo/ uni=m1 ! mo/ univ]sal1 ( all motives1 let m5 say :at !y w4 ,j look at h[ ! ?+ actually works 9 practice4 ,a squatt] goes away to cle> a field 9 ! ,f> ,we/4 ,n a day passes )\t 8 exp]i5c+ ! difficulties :i* isolation creates4 ,a second squatt] n[ makes 8 way to ! des]t4 ,:]e does he pit* 8 t5t8 ,does he retire naturally to a di/ance f ! fir/8 ,no2 he draws ne> to him naturally--& :y8 ,because he kn[s all ! advantages t m5 d]ive1 ) equal ex]tion1 f ! v circum/ance ( proximity4 ,he kn[s t on v>i\s occasions !y c accommodate ea* o!r by l5d+ & borr[+ tools & in/rum5ts1 by unit+ _! action1 by conqu]+ difficulties insurm\ntable by individual ex]tion1 by creat+ reciprocally a m>ket = produce1 by int]*ang+ _! views & op9ions1 & by provid+ = _! common safety4 ,a ?ird1 a f\r?1 a fif? squatt] p5etrates into p#cda ! des]t1 & is inv>iably attract$ by ! smoke ( ! fir/ settlem5ts4 ,o!r p w !n /ep 9 ) l>g] capital1 kn[+ t !y w f9d h&s !re ready to be set to "w4 ,a colony is =m$4 ,!y *ange some:at ! mode ( culture2 !y =m a pa? to ! highway1 by :i* ! mail passes2 !y import & export2 con/ruct a *ur*1 a s*ool-h\se1 etc41 etc4 ,9 a ^w1 ! p[] ( ! coloni/s is augm5t$ by ! v fact ( _! proximity1 & to su* a degree z to exce$1 to an incalculable ext5t1 ! sum ( _! isolat$ & individual =ces2 & ?is is ! motive :i* has attract$ !m t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,b x may be said t e man = himself is a frigid maxim1 :i* all ! reason+ & p>adoxes 9 ! _w _c r5d] o!rwise ?an repugnant2 t x smells ( egotism a mile (f1 & t egotism is m ?an an evil 9 society1 be+ itself ! s\rce ( mo/ o!r evils4 ,n[1 li/5 a little1 if y please4 ,if ! maxim e man = himself is und]/ood 9 ?is s5se1 t x is to regulate all our ?\ghts1 acts1 & relations1 t we are to f9d x at ! root ( all our family & dome/ic affections1 z fa!rs1 sons1 bro!rs1 husb&s1 fri5ds1 citiz5s1 or r t x is to repress & to ext+ui% ^! affections1 !n ,i admit t x is frightful1 horrible1 & su*1 t 7 !re "o man ^u ! e>? he>tless en\gh to make x ! rule ( 8 conduct1 t man d>$ n ev5 proclaim x 9 !ory4 ,b w ! ,sociali/s1 9 ! tee? ( fact & exp]i5ce1 always refuse to admit t !re are two ord]s ( human relations--"o dep5d5t on ! sympa!tic pr9ciple1 & :i* we leave to ! doma9 ( morals1--ano!r spr++ f self-int]e/1 & regulat+ transactions betwe5 m5 :o "k no?+ ( ea* o!r1 & owe ea* o!r no?+ b ju/ice1--transactions regulat$ by volunt>y cov5ants freely adju/$8 ,cov5ants ( ?is la/ species are precisely ^? :i* come )9 ! doma9 ( ,political ,economy4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 no m possible to base comm]cial transactions on ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y1 ?an x is to base family & fri5dly relations on self-int]e/4 ,to ! ,sociali/s ,i %all nev] cease to address ?is remon/rance3 ,y wi% to mix up two ?+s :i* _c be conf\nd$4 ,if y 7 fools en\gh to wi% to conf\nd !m1 y h n ! p[] to d x4 ,! blacksmi?1 ! c>p5t]1 & ! lab\r]1 :o exhau/ _! /r5g? 9 rude avocations1 may be excell5t fa!rs1 admirable sons2 !y may h ! moral s5se ?or\ghly develop$1 & c>ry 9 _! brea/s he>ts ( l>ge & expansive sympa?y4 p#cdb ,9 spite ( all t1 y w nev] p]suade !m to lab\r f morn+ to night ) ! sweat ( _! br[1 & impose ^u !mselves ! h>de/ privations1 ^u a m]e pr9ciple ( devotion to _! fell[-m54 ,y\r s5tim5tal lectures on ?is subject are1 & always w be1 p[]less4 ,if1 un=tunately1 !y c\ld mislead a few op]atives1 !y w\ld j make s _m dupes4 ,let ! m]*ant set to "w to sell 8 w>es on ! pr9ciple ( ,frat]nity1 & ,i v5ture to pr$ict t1 9 less ?an a mon?1 he w see himself & 8 *ildr5 r$uc$ to begg>y4 ,provid5ce has done well1 !n1 9 giv+ to ! social /ate v diff]5t gu>antees4 ,tak+ man z we f9d him1--s5sibility & individuality1 b5evol5ce & self-love be+ insep>able1--we _c hope1 we _c desire to see ! motive ( p]sonal int]e/ univ]sally eradicat$--nor c we und]/& h[ x c\ld be4 ,& yet no?+ %ort ( ?is w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to re/ore ! equilibrium ( human relations2 = if y break ?is ma9spr+ ( action only 9 c]ta9 *os5 spirits1 y create two classes1--sc\ndrels :om y ?us tempt to make victims ( _! fell[-m5--& ! virtu\s1 = :om ! "p ( victims is res]v$4 ,see+1 !n1 t z reg>ds lab\r & ex*anges1 ! pr9ciple ea* = himself mu/ inevitably h ! pr$om9ance z a motive ( action1 ! m>vell\s & admirable ?+ is1 t ! ,au?or ( all %\ld h made use ( t pr9ciple 9 ord] to realize1 9 ! social ord]1 ! maxim ( ! advocates ( ,frat]nity1 ea* = all4 ,9 ,8 skilful h& ! ob/acle has become ! in/rum5t4 ,! g5]al int]e/ has be5 intru/$ to p]sonal int]e/1 & ! "o has become infallible because ! o!r is inde/ructible4 ,to me x w\ld seem t1 9 pres5ce ( ^! wondr\s results1 ! con/ructors ( artificial societies might1 )\t any excess ( humility1 ackn[l$ge t1 z reg>ds organization1 ! ,div9e ,ar*itect has f> surpass$ !m4 ,rem>k1 too1 t 9 ! natural ord] ( society1 ! pr9ciple ( ea* = all1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ea* = himself1 is mu* m complete1 mu* m absolute1 mu* m p]sonal1 ?an x w\ld be 9 ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ po9t ( view4 ,n only d we "w = all1 b we _c realize a s+le /ep ( progress )\t its be+ pr(itable to ! ,community at l>ge4 7,see *apt] x41 & ante1 *apt] xi47 ,! ord] ( ?+s has be5 s m>vell\sly arrang$1 t :5 we h inv5t$ a new process1 or discov]$ ! lib]ality ( nature 9 any dep>tm5t--"s new s\rce ( f]tility 9 ! soil1 or "s new mode ( p#cdc action 9 "o ( ! laws ( ! physical _w1--! pr(it is ours tempor>ily1 transi5tly1 s long z to prove j z a recomp5se1 & useful z an enc\ragem5t1--aft] :i* ! advantage escapes f our grasp1 9 spite ( all our ef=ts to reta9 x4 ,f individual x becomes social1 & falls = ev] into ! doma9 ( ! common & ! gratuit\s4 ,& :ile we ?us imp>t ! fruits ( our progress to our fell[-m51 we ourselves become p>ticipators 9 ! progress :i* o!r m5 h a*iev$4 ,9 %ort1 by ! rule ea* = himself1 individual ef=ts1 re9=c$ & invigorat$1 act 9 ! direction ( ea* = all1 & e p>tial /ep ( progress br+s a ?\s& times m to society1 9 gratuit\s utility1 ?an x has br\ght to its inv5tor 9 direct pr(its4 ,) ! maxim ea* = all no "o w\ld act exclusively = himself4 ,:at produc] w\ld take x into 8 head to d\ble 8 lab\r 9 ord] to add a ?irty-million? "p to 8 wages8 ,x may be said1 !n1 :y refute ! ,sociali/ aphorism8 ,:at h>m c x d8 ,und\bt$ly x w n introduce into work%ops1 c\nt+-rooms1 w>eh\ses1 nor e/abli% 9 fairs & m>kets1 ! pr9ciple ( self-sacrifice4 ,b !n x w ei!r t5d to no?+1 & !n we may let x sleep 9 peace1 or x w b5d some:at t /iffness ( ! egoti/ical pr9ciple1 :i*1 exclud+ all sympa?y1 has sc>cely "r to claim any4 ,:at is false is always dang]\s4 ,x is always a dang]\s ?+ to repres5t z dete/able & p]nici\s an et]nal & univ]sal pr9ciple :i* ,god has evid5tly de/9$ to ! cons]vation & advancem5t ( ! human race2 a pr9ciple1 ,i all[1 z f> z motive is conc]n$1 :i* does n come home to our he>t1 b :i*1 :5 view$ ) ref]5ce to its results1 a/oni%es & satisfies ! m9d2 a pr9ciple1 moreov]1 :i* leaves ! field p]fectly free to ! action ( ^? m elevat$ motives :i* ,god has implant$ 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,b1 !n1 :at happ5s8 ,! ,sociali/ public adopts only "o-half ! ,sociali/ maxim--! la/ half1 all = ea*4 ,!y cont9ue z be=e to "w ea* = himself1 b !y require1 ov] & above1 t all %\ld "w = !m4 ,x mu/ be s4 ,:5 dream]s desir$ to *ange ! gr& ma9spr+ ( human ex]tion1 by sub/itut+ frat]nity = individualism1 !y f\nd x necess>y to inv5t a hypocritical contradiction4 ,!y set !mselves to call out to ! masses1--8,/ifle self-love 9 y\r he>ts & foll[ u2 y w be rew>d$ = x p#cdd by unb\nd$ weal? & enjoym5t40 ,:5 m5 try to p>ody ! ,gospel1 !y %\ld come to a ,gospel conclusion4 ,self-d5ial implies sacrifice & pa9--self-devotion means1 8,take ! l[e/ seat1 be poor1 & suff] volunt>ily40 ,b "u pret5ce ( abnegation to promise enjoym5t2 to exhibit weal? & prosp]ity beh9d ! pret5d$ sacrifice2 to combat a passion :i* !y br& ) ! "n ( egotism by address+ !mselves to ! grosse/ & mo/ mat]ial t5d5cies2--?is is n only to r5d] homage to ! inde/ructible vitality ( ! pr9ciple !y desire to ov]?r[1 b to exalt x to ! highe/ po9t :ile declaim+ aga9/ x2 x is to d\ble ! =ces ( ! enemy1 in/ead ( conqu]+ him2 to sub/itute unju/ covet\sness = legitimate individualism2 &1 9 spite ( all ! artifice ( a my/ical j>gon1 to excite ! grosse/ s5sualism4 ,let av>ice answ] ?is appeal4#fi ,& is t n ! position 9 :i* we n[ are8 ,:at is ! univ]sal cry among all ranks & classes8 ,all = ea*4 ,9 pron\nc+ ! ^w ea*1 we are ?9k+ ( ourselves1 & :at we ask is to h a %>e :i* we h n m]it$1 9 ! fruits ( o!r m5's lab\r4 ,9 o!r words1 we sy/ematize spoliation4 ,no d\bt1 spoliation1 simple & nak$1 is s unju/ t we repudiate x2 b1 by d9t ( ! maxim all = ea*1 we allay ! scruples ( consci5ce4 ,we impose ^u o!rs ! duty ( work+ = u1 & we arrogate to ourselves ! "r to enjoy ! fruits ( o!r m5's lab\r4 ,we summon ! ,/ate1 ! law1 to impose ! pret5d$ duty1 to protect ! pret5d$ "r1 & we arrive at ! :imsical result ( robb+ "o ano!r 9 ! sacr$ "n ( ,frat]nity4 ,we live at o!r m5's exp5se1 & attribute h]oism to ! sacrifice4 ,:at an odd1 /range ?+ ! human m9d is6 & h[ subtle is covet\sness6 ,x is n en\gh t ea* ( u %\ld endeav\r to increase 8 %>e at ! exp5se ( 8 fell[s1 x is n en\gh t we %\ld desire to pr(it by lab\r t we h n p]=m$2 we p]suade ourselves t 9 act+ ?us we are display+ a sublime example ( self-sacrifice4 ,we almo/ g ! l5g? ( comp>+ ourselves to ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 & yet we bl9d ourselves s f> z n to see t ! sacrifices :i* make u weep 9 fond admiration p#cde ( our own virtue1 are sacrifices :i* we d n make1 b :i*1 on ! contr>y1 we exact4#gj ,x is wor? obs]v+ ! mann] 9 :i* ?is my/ification is effect$4 ,/eal6 ,oh fy1 t is mean--besides x leads to ! hulks1 = ! law =bids x4 ,b if ! law au?oriz$ x1 & l5t its aid1 w\ld n t be v conv5i5t8 4 4 4 4 ,:at a happy ?\ght6 4 4 4 4 ,no "t is lo/ 9 solicit+ f ! law "s trifl+ privilege1 a small monopoly1 & z x may co/ "s pa9s to protect x1 ! ,/ate is ask$ to take x "u its *>ge4 ,! ,/ate & ! law come to an und]/&+ to realize exactly t :i* x 0 _! bus9ess to prev5t or to puni%4 ,by degrees ! ta/e = monopolies ga9s gr\nd4 ,no class b desires a monopoly4 ,all = ea*1 !y cry2 we desire also to appe> z philan?ropi/s1 & %[ t we und]/& solid>ity4 ,x happ5s t ! privileg$ classes1 9 ?us robb+ ea* o!r1 lose at lea/ z mu* by ! exactions to :i* !y are subject1 z !y ga9 by ! contributions :i* !y levy4 ,besides1 ! great body ( ! work+ classes1 to :om no monopolies c be accord$1 suff] f !m until !y c endure x no long]4 ,!y rise up1 & cov] ! /reets ) b>ricades & blood2 & !n we mu/ come to a reckon+ ) !m4 ,:at is _! dem&8 ,d !y require ! abolition ( ! abuses1 privileges1 monopolies1 & re/rictions "u :i* !y suff]8 ,n at all4 ,!y also are imbu$ ) philan?ropy4 ,!y h be5 told t ! celebrat$ apoph!gm all = ea* is ! solution ( ! social problem4 ,!y h _h x demon/rat$ to !m ov] & ov] aga9 t monopoly 7:i* 9 reality is only a !ft7 is nev]!less q moral if sanction$ by law4 ,!n !y dem& 4 4 4 4 ,:at8 4 4 4 4 ,monopolies6 ,!y also summon ! ,/ate to supply !m ) education1 employm5t1 cr$it1 assi/ance1 at ! exp5se ( ! p4 ,:at a /range illusion6 & h[ long w x la/8 ,we c v well conceive h[ all ! high] classes1 beg9n+ ) ! highe/1 c come to dem& fav\rs & privileges4 ,bel[ !m !re is a great popul> mass ^u :om ! burd5 falls4 ,b t ! p1 :5 once conqu]ors1 %\ld take x into _! heads to ent] into ! privileg$ class1 & create monopolies = !mselves at _! own exp5se2 t !y %\ld enl>ge ! area ( abuses 9 ord] to live ^u !m2 t !y %\ld n p#cdf see t !re is no?+ bel[ !m to support ^? acts ( inju/ice3 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ ph5om5a ( our age1 or ( any age4 ,:at has be5 ! consequ5ce8 ,by pursu+ ?is c\rse1 ,society has be5 br\ght to ! v]ge ( %ipwreck4 ,m5 became al>m$1 & ) reason4 ,! p soon lo/ _! p[]1 & ! old spread ( abuses has be5 provisionally resum$4 ,! lesson1 h[ev]1 has n be5 q lo/ ^u ! high] classes4 ,!y f9d t x is necess>y to d ju/ice to ! work+ class4 ,!y ard5tly desire to succe$ 9 ?is1 n only because _! own security dep5ds ^u x1 b impell$1 z we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 by a _s ( equity4 ,( ?is ,i am ?or\ghly conv9c$1 t ! weal?i] classes desire no?+ m ?an to discov] ! solution ( ! great problem4 ,i am satisfi$ t if we 7 to ask ! great] "p ( our weal?y citiz5s to give up a consid]able portion ( _! =tune 9 ord] to secure ! future happ9ess & cont5tm5t ( ! p1 !y w\ld *e]fully make ! sacrifice4 ,!y anxi\sly seek ! means ( com+ 7accord+ to ! consecrat$ phrase7 to ! assi/ance ( ! lab\r+ classes4 ,b = t end on :at plan h !y fall56 4 4 ,/ill ! communism ( monopolies2 a mitigat$ communism1 h[ev]1 & :i* !y hope to subject to prud5tial regulation4 ,t is all--!y g no f>!r4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 p#cdg ,,xiii4 ,,r5t4#ga ,if1 ) an increase 9 ! value ( l&1 a correspond+ augm5tation took place 9 ! value ( ! products ( ! soil1 ,i c\ld und]/& ! opposition :i* ! !ory ,i h expla9$ 9 ! pres5t "w 7*ap4 ix47 has enc\nt]$4 ,x might be argu$1 8t 9 proportion z civilisation is develop$ ! condition ( ! lab\r] becomes worse 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! proprietor4 ,?is may be an inevitable necessity1 b assur$ly x is n a law ( h>mony40 ,happily x is n s4 ,9 g5]al ^? circum/ances :i* cause an augm5tation ( ! value ( l& dim9i% at ! same "t ! price ( l&$ produce4 4 4 4 4 ,let me expla9 ?is by an example4 ,suppose a field wor? #ajj situat$ t5 leagues f a t[n4 ,a road is made :i* passes ne> ?is field1 & op5s up a m>ket = its produce4 ,! field imm$iately becomes wor? #aej4 ,! proprietor hav+ by ?is means acquir$ facilities = improvem5t & = a m v>i$ culture1 !n increases ! value ( ! l&1 & x comes to be wor? #bjj4 ,! value ( ! field is n[ d\bl$4 ,let u exam9e ?is add$ value--bo? z reg>ds ! "q ( ju/ice & z reg>ds ! utility :i* accrues1 n to ! proprietor1 b to ! consum]s ( ! neighb\r+ t[n4 ,z f> z conc]ns ! increase ( value aris+ f ameliorations :i* ! proprietor has made at 8 own co/1 !re c be no "q4 ,! capital he has exp5d$ foll[s ! law ( all capital4 ,i v5ture to say ! same ?+ ( ! capital exp5d$ 9 p#cdh =m+ ! road4 ,! op]ation is m circuit\s1 b ! result is ! same4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! proprietor has contribut$ to ! public exp5diture 9 proportion to ! value ( 8 field4 ,= _m ye>s he contribut$ to works ( g5]al utility execut$ 9 m remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & at l5g? a road has be5 made 9 a direction :i* is pr(itable to him4 ,! gross am\nt ( taxes :i* he has paid may be comp>$ to %>es tak5 9 a ,gov]nm5t ent]prise1 & ! annual augm5tation ( r5t :i* he d]ives f ! =mation ( ?is new road may be comp>$ to divid5ds ^u ^! %>es4 ,w x be said t a proprietor may pay taxes = ev]1 )\t receiv+ any?+ 9 return8 4 4 4 4 ,b ?is j comes back to ! case we h already put4 ,! amelioration1 al?\gh effect$ by ! complex & some:at que/ionable process ( taxation1 may be consid]$ z made by ! proprietor at 8 own co/1 9 proportion to ! p>tial advantage he d]ives f x4 ,i h put ! case ( a road4 ,i might h cit$ any o!r in/ance ( ,gov]nm5t int]v5tion4 ,security1 = example1 contributes to give value to l&1 l capital1 or lab\r4 ,b :o pays = ?is security8 ,! proprietor1 ! capitali/1 ! lab\r]4 ,if ! ,/ate exp5ds its rev5ue judici\sly1 ! value exp5d$ w reappe> & be replac$1 9 "s =m or o!r1 9 ! h&s ( ! proprietor1 ! capitali/1 or ! lab\r]4 ,9 ! case ( ! proprietor1 x mu/ take ! =m ( an increase 9 ! value ( 8 l&4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,/ate exp5ds its rev5ue injudici\sly1 x is a mis=tune4 ,! tax is lo/2 & t is ! taxpay]'s look-out4 ,9 t case1 !re is no augm5tation ( ! value ( ! l&1 b t is no fault ( ! proprietor4 ,b = ! produce ( ! soil ?us augm5t$ 9 value1 by ! action ( ,gov]nm5t & by individual indu/ry1 d ! consum]s ( ! neighb\r+ t[n pay an enhanc$ price8 ,9 o!r words1 does ! int]e/ ( ! #ajj become a *>ge on ea* qu>t] ( :eat :i* ! field produces8 ,if we paid =m]ly #ae = x1 %all we n[ be oblig$ to pay m ?an #ae8 ,t is an int]e/+ "q1 see+ t ju/ice & ! univ]sal h>mony ( int]e/s dep5d on its solution4 ,i answ] boldly1 ,no4 ,no d\bt ! proprietor w n[ get #e m 7,i assume ! rate ( int]e/ to be #e p] c5t472 b he gets ?is addition at ! exp5se ( nobody4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! pur*as] w d]ive a /ill great] pr(it4 p#cdi ,! field we h suppos$ hav+ be5 =m]ly at a di/ance f ! m>ket1 0 made to produce little1 & on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( transit :at 0 s5t to m>ket sold at a high price4 ,n[1 production is /imulat$1 & transport made *eap]1 a great] quantity ( :eat comes to m>ket1 & comes !re at less co/1 & is sold *eap]4 ,:il/ yield+ ! proprietor a total pr(it ( #e1 its pur*as]1 z we h already said1 may realize a /ill great] pr(it4 ,9 %ort1 an economy ( p[] has be5 realiz$4 ,= ^: b5efit8 ,= ! b5efit ( bo? ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,accord+ to :at law is ?is ga9 di/ribut$8 ,accord+ to ! law :i* we h describ$ 9 ! case ( capital1 see+ t ?is augm5tation ( value is itself capital4 ,:5 capital increases1 ! portion fall+ to ! proprietor or capitali/ increases 9 absolute value & dim9i%es 9 relative value2 :ile ! portion fall+ to ! lab\r] 7or consum]7 increases bo? 9 absolute & relative value4 4 4 4 4 ,obs]ve h[ ?is takes place4 ,9 proportion z civilisation advances1 l&s :i* are situat$ ne> popul\s c5tres rise 9 value4 ,productions ( an inf]ior k9d 9 su* places give way to productions ( a sup]ior description4 ,fir/ ( all1 pa/ure gives way to c]eal crops1 !n c]eal crops give way to m>ket g>d5+4 ,products are br\ght f a great] di/ance at less co/1 s t 7& ?is 9 po9t ( fact is inconte/able7 meat1 bread1 vegetables1 ev5 fl[]s1 are sold 9 su* places *eap] ?an 9 neighb\rhoods less advanc$1 al?\gh manual lab\r co/s m4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,le ,,clos-,,v\geot4#gb 4 4 4 4 ,s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices4 ,frequ5tly s]vices prep>$ be=eh& are ex*ang$ = pres5t or future s]vices4 ,! value ( s]vices is det]m9$ n by ! lab\r !y exact or h exact$1 b by ! lab\r :i* !y save4 ,n[1 9 po9t ( fact1 human lab\r goes on con/antly improv+ 9 effici5cy4 ,f ^! premises we may d$uce a ph5om5on :i* is v important 9 social economy1 :i* is1 t 9 g5]al ant]ior lab\r loses 9 ex*ange ) pres5t lab\r4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ,i manufactur$ a commodity :i* co/ me p#cej #ajj days' lab\r4 ,i propose an ex*ange1 & ,i say to ! pur*as]1 ,give me 9 ex*ange a ?+ :i* co/ y also #ajj days' lab\r4 ,probably he w be 9 a situation to make ?is reply1 ,t great progress has be5 made 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,:at y ask #ajj days' lab\r = c be made n[ 9 #gj days4 ,i don't measure y\r s]vice by ! "t x has co/ y1 b by ! s]vice x r5d]s me4 ,t s]vice is equal only to #gj days' lab\r1 = 9 t "t ,i c r5d] x to myself1 or f9d "o :o w r5d] x to me4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! value ( capital goes on cont9ually det]iorat+1 & t ant]ior lab\r & capital are n s mu* fav\r$ z sup]ficial economi/s believe4 ,ap>t f te> & we>1 !re is no ma*9e a little old b loses value1 = ! s+le reason t bett] ma*9es ( ! same k9d are made n[adays4 ,! same ?+ holds 9 reg>d to l&4 ,!re are few soils1 to br+ :i* into _! pres5t /ate ( culture & f]tility1 has n co/ m lab\r ?an w\ld be necess>y n[ ) our m effective mod]n appliances4 ,?is is :at happ5s 9 ! usual case1 b n necess>ily s4 ,ant]ior lab\r may1 at ! pres5t day1 r5d] great] s]vices ?an x did =m]ly4 ,?is is r>e1 b x sometimes happ5s4 ,= example1 ,i /ore up w9e :i* co/ me tw5ty days' lab\r to produce4 ,_h ,i sold x imm$iately1 my lab\r w\ld h yield$ me a c]ta9 remun]ation4 ,i h pres]v$ my w9e2 x has improv$2 ! succe$+ v9tage has fail$2 9 %ort1 ! price has ris51 & my remun]ation is great]4 ,:y8 ,because ,i r5d] a great] am\nt ( s]vice--my cu/om]s w\ld h great] difficulty 9 procur+ !mselves su* w9e ?an ,i myself exp]i5c$--,i satisfy a want :i* has become great]1 m felt1 etc4 4 4 4 4 ,?is is a consid]ation :i* mu/ always be look$ to4 ,!re are a ?\s& ( u4 ,ea* has 8 piece ( l&1 & cle>s x4 ,"s "t elapses1 & we sell x4 ,n[ x s happ5s t out ( #ajjj !re are #iih :o nev] receive z _m days' pres5t lab\r 9 ex*ange = _! l& z x co/ !m =m]ly2 & ?is j because ! ant]ior lab\r1 :i* 0 ( a rud] & less effici5t description1 does n r5d] z great an am\nt ( s]vice comp>atively z pres5t lab\r4 ,b !re are two ( ! proprietors ^: lab\r has be5 m intellig5t1 or1 if y w1 m successful4 ,:5 !y br+ _! l& to m>ket1 !y f9d t x is capable ( r5d]+ s]vice :i* _c be rivall$4 ,e man says to himself1 ,x w\ld co/ me a great p#cea deal to r5d] ?is s]vice to myself1 !re=e ,i mu/ pay well = x1 = ,i am q c]ta9 t x w\ld co/ me m to obta9 :at ,i am 9 que/ ( by my own ex]tions4 ,?is is j ! case ( ! celebrat$ v9ey>d1 ! ,clos-,v\geot1 & x is ! same case z t ( ! man :o f9ds a diamond1 or possesses a f9e voice1 or o!r p]sonal advantages or peculi>ities1 etc4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 my neighb\rhood !re is mu* uncultivat$ l&4 ,a /rang] asks1 ,:y n cultivate ?is field8 ,because ! soil is bad4 ,b "h1 alongside ( x1 y h ano!r ( ! same quality :i* is cultivat$4 ,to ?is objection ! native has no answ]4 ,0 he wrong 9 ! fir/ answ] he gave1 namely1 ,x is bad8 ,no4 ,! reason :i* induces him n to cle> new fields is n t !y are bad1 = !re are excell5t fields :i* also rema9 uncultivat$4 ,8 reason is t x w\ld co/ him m to br+ ?is field into ! same /ate ( cultivation z ! adjo9+ field :i* is cultivat$1 ?an to buy ! latt]4 ,n[1 to any ?9k+ man ?is proves inconte/ably t ! field has no intr9sic value4 7,illu/rate ?is idea by consid]+ x 9 v>i\s po9ts ( view47#gc p#ceb ,,money4#gd 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,cr$it4#ge 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,xiv4 ,,wages4 ,m5 are always anxi\sly on ! outlook = some?+ fix$4 ,we meet sometimes ) re/less & unquiet spirits :o h a crav+ = risk & adv5ture4 ,b1 tak+ mank9d 9 ! gross1 we may safely affirm t :at !y desire is to be tranquil z reg>ds _! future1 to "k :at !y h to c\nt ^u1 & be enabl$ to make _! arrangem5ts be=eh&4 ,to be conv9c$ h[ preci\s fixity is 9 _! eyes1 we h only to obs]ve h[ v anxi\s m5 are to obta9 = !mselves ,gov]nm5t employm5ts4 ,nor is ?is on acc\nt ( ! hon\r :i* su* places conf]1 = !re are _m ( ^! situations :]e ! "w is n ( a v elevat$ description1 consi/+ 9 wat*+ & vex+ _! fell[-citiz5s1 & pry+ into _! affairs4 ,su* places1 h[ev]1 are n ! less s\ght aft]--& :y8 ,because !y conf] an assur$ position4 ,:o has n he>d a fa!r speak p#cec ?us ( 8 son3 8,i am solicit+ = him a place z a c&idate or sup]num]>y 9 su* or su* a ,gov]nm5t (fice4 ,x is a pity1 no d\bt1 t s co/ly an education is requir$--an education :i* might h ensur$ 8 success 9 a m brilliant c>e]4 ,z a public function>y he w n get ri*1 b he is c]ta9 to live4 ,he w always h bread4 ,f\r or five ye>s h5ce he w beg9 to receive a sal>y ( ?irty p\nds a ye>1 :i* w rise by degrees to a hundr$ & tw5ty or a hundr$ & sixty4 ,aft] ?irty ye>s' s]vice he w be entitl$ to retire4 ,8 livelihood !n is secur$1 & he mu/ le>n to live ^u a small income10 etc4 ,fixity1 !n1 has = mo/ m5 an irresi/ible attraction4 ,& yet1 :5 we consid] ! nature ( man1 & ( 8 occupations1 fixity w\ld seem to be incompatible ) !m4 ,g back 9 imag9ation to ! orig9 ( human society1 & y w h difficulty 9 compreh5d+ h[ m5 c ev] succe$ 9 obta9+ f ! community a fix$1 assur$1 & con/ant quantity ( ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,yet ?is is "o ( ^? ph5om5a :i* /rike u less because we h !m con/antly be=e our eyes4 ,we h public function>ies :o receive fix$ sal>ies2 proprietors :o c c\nt be=eh& on _! rev5ues2 m5 ( =tune :o c calculate on _! divid5ds2 workm5 :o e>n e day ! same wages4 ,ap>t f ! consid]ation ( money1 :i* is only employ$ to facilitate ex*anges & e/imates ( value1 we p]ceive t :at is fix$ is ! quantity ( ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ! value ( ! satisfactions receiv$ by ! v>i\s classes ( workm54 ,n[1 ,i ma9ta9 t ?is fixity1 :i* by degrees ext5ds to all m5 & all dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry1 is a miracle ( civilisation1 & a m>vell\s effect ( t social /ate :i*1 9 our day1 is s madly decri$4 ,=1 let u g back to a primitive social /ate1 & suppose a nation ( hunt]s1 or fi%]s1 or %eph]ds1 or w>riors1 or agriculturi/s1 to be told1 8,9 proportion z y advance on ! road ( progress1 y w "k m & m be=eh& :at am\nt ( enjoym5t w be secur$ to y = ea* ye>10 !y w\ld n believe u4 ,!y w\ld reply1 8,t mu/ always dep5d on some?+ :i* eludes calculation1--! incon/ancy ( ! seasons1 etc40 ,! tru? is1 !y c\ld =m no idea ( ! +5i\s ef=ts by means ( :i* m5 h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a sort ( mutual assurance betwe5 all places & all times4 ,n[1 ?is mutual assurance aga9/ all ! risks & *ances ( ! future is entirely dep5d5t on a bran* ( human sci5ce :i* ,i %all d5om9ate exp]im5tal /ati/ics4 ,?is dep>tm5t p#ced ( sci5ce1 dep5d+ z x does ^u exp]i5ce1 admits ( indef9ite progress1 & consequ5tly ! fixity ( :i* we h spok5 also admits ( indef9ite progress4 ,t fixity is fav\r$ by two circum/ances :i* are p]man5t 9 _! op]ation3 #a/1 ,m5 desire x4 #b;dly1 ,!y acquire e day great] facilities = realiz+ x4 ,be=e %[+ h[ ?is fixity is e/abli%$ 9 human transactions1 9 :i* x is little ?\ght (1 let u fir/ ( all see h[ x op]ates 9 a transaction ( :i* x is ! special object4 ,! read] w1 9 ?is way1 compreh5d :at ,i mean by exp]im5tal /ati/ics4 ,a numb] ( m5 h ea* a h\se4 ,"o ( ^! h\ses happ5s to be burnt d[n & its own] is ru9$4 ,all ! re/ imm$iately take al>m1 & ea* says to himself1 8,! same ?+ may happ5 to me40 ,we _c be surpris$1 !n1 t ^! proprietors %\ld unite & divide ! risk ( su* accid5ts z mu* z possible1 by e/abli%+ a mutual assurance aga9/ fire4 ,! b>ga9 is v simple--"h is its =mula3 8,if ! h\se ( "o ( u is burnt d[n1 ! re/ w club to make good ! loss to ! man :o is burnt out40 ,by ?is means ea* proprietor acquires a d\ble security2 9 ! fir/ in/ance he mu/ take a small %>e 9 all losses ( ?is nature2 b !n he is assur$ t he w nev] himself be oblig$ to suff] ! :ole loss aris+ f any su* mis=tune4 ,9 reality1 & if we ext5d ! calculation ov] a great numb] ( ye>s1 we see t ! proprietor makes1 s to speak1 a b>ga9 ) himself4 ,he sets aside a suffici5t fund to repair ! mis=tunes :i* may aft]w>ds befall him4 ,?is is association4 ,inde$ x is to arrangem5ts ( ?is nature t ! ,sociali/s give exclusively ! "n ( association4 ,:5ev] speculation int]v5es1 association1 z !y ?9k1 disappe>s4 ,x is improv$ & p]fect$1 z ,i ?9k1 & z we %all aft]w>ds see4 ,:at has l$ ! proprietors to associate1 to ent] into ?is mutual assurance1 is ! love ( fixity1 ( security4 ,!y pref] kn[n risks to risks :i* are unkn[n1 a multitude ( small risks to "o great "o4 ,_! design1 h[ev]1 has n yet be5 completely atta9$1 & !re is /ill mu* unc]ta9ty 9 _! position4 ,ea* ( !m may say1 8,if accid5ts are multipli$1 my quota w become insupportable4 ,9 any case1 ,i %\ld l to "k be=eh&1 & to h insur$ 9 ! same way my furniture1 my m]*&ise1 etc40 p#cee ,x w\ld seem t su* inconv5i5ces belong to ! nature ( ?+s1 & t x is impossible = m5 to get rid ( !m4 ,aft] ea* /ep ( progress we are tempt$ to ?9k t all has be5 accompli%$4 ,h[1 inde$1 c we elude ?is unc]ta9ty1 :i* dep5ds ^u accid5ts /ill unkn[n to u8 ,b mutual assurance has develop$ 9 ! social /ate an exp]im5tal k1 namely1 ! av]age annual proportion betwe5 ! values lo/ by accid5t & ! values assur$4 ,hav+ made all ! necess>y calculations1 a company or an individual says to ! proprietors1 8,9 ent]+ into a mutual assurance1 y h wi%$ to pur*ase fre$om f anxiety1 & ! indet]m9ate quota :i* y res]ve annually to cov] accid5ts is ! price :i* y pay = ?is immunity4 ,b if y d n "k :at ?is price is be=eh&1 y\r tranquillity is nev] p]fect4 ,i n[ propose to y1 !re=e1 ano!r exp$i5t4 ,9 consid]ation ( a fix$ annual premium :i* y %all pay me1 ,i take ^u myself all y\r *ances ( accid5ts4 ,i w insure y all1 & "h is ! capital :i* w gu>antee ! fulfilm5t ( my engagem5t40 ,! proprietors accept ! proposal1 ev5 al?\gh ?is fix$ premium %\ld am\nt to some:at m ?an ! sum :i* _! mutual assurance co/ !m2 = _! object is n s mu* to save a few %ill+s z to obta9 p]fect repose & fre$om f anxiety4 ,at ?is po9t ! ,sociali/s pret5d t ! pr9ciple ( association is de/roy$4 ,= my "p1 ,i ?9k x is improv$1 & on ! road to o!r improvem5ts to :i* ,i c see no limits4 ,b1 say ! ,sociali/s1 ! assur$ h no long] any mutual tie4 ,!y no long] see ea* o!r & come to a common und]/&+4 ,int]m$i>y p>asites h come among !m1 & ! pro( t ! proprietors are n[ pay+ m ?an is requir$ to cov] accid5ts is to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t ! insur]s obta9 l>ge pr(its4 ,x is n difficult to answ] ?is objection4 ,fir/ ( all1 association exi/s1 b "u ano!r =m4 ,! premium contribut$ by ! assur$ is /ill ! fund :i* is to make good ! losses4 ,! assur$ h f\nd ! means ( rema9+ 9 ! association )\t tak+ "p 9 its bus9ess4 ,?is is evid5tly an advantage to ea* ( !m1 see+ t ! design !y h 9 view is nev]!less atta9$2 & ! possibility ( rema9+ 9 ! association :il/ !y h _! p#cef indep5d5ce ( movem5t & free use ( _! faculties re/or$ to !m1 is j ! *>act]i/ic ( social progress4 ,z reg>ds ! pr(it obta9$ by ! int]m$iate p>ty1 x is easily expla9$ & ju/ifi$4 ,! assur$ rema9 associat$ = ! purpose ( repair+ accid5ts & mak+ good :at is lo/4 ,b a company has /epp$ 9 :i* (f]s !m ! foll[+ advantages3 #a/1 ,x takes away :atev] ( unc]ta9ty rema9$ 9 ! position ( ! assur$2 #b;dly1 ,x frees !m f all c>e & tr\ble 9 connexion ) accid5ts4 ,^! are s]vices1 & ! rule is1 s]vice = s]vice4 ,! pro( t ! int]v5tion ( ! company is a s]vice possess$ ( value is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x is freely accept$ & paid =4 ,! ,sociali/s only make !mselves ridicul\s :5 !y declaim aga9/ su* middlem54 ,d !y intrude !mselves into comm]cial transactions by =ce8 ,h !y any o!r means ( introduc+ !mselves & _! s]vices ?an by say+ to ! p>ties ) :om !y deal1 8,i w co/ y "s tr\ble1 b ,i w save y m80 ,h[1 !n1 c !y be call$ p>asites or ev5 int]m$i>ies8 ,i affirm1 moreov]1 t association ?us trans=m$ is on ! direct road ( progress 9 e s5se4 ,9 fact1 companies :i* expect to realize pr(its proportion$ to ! ext5t ( _! bus9ess1 promote insurances4 ,to aid !m 9 ?is !y h ag5ts 9 all qu>t]s1 !y e/abli% cr$its1 !y devise a ?\s& comb9ations to increase ! numb] ( ! assur$--9 o!r words1 ( ! associat$ p>ties4 ,!y und]take a multitude ( risks :i* 7 unkn[n to ! primitive mutual insurance associations4 ,9 %ort1 association is ext5d$ progressively to a great] numb] ( m5 & ?+s4 ,9 proportion z ?is developm5t takes place1 ! companies f9d !y c l[] _! prices2 !y are ev5 =c$ by competition to d s4 ,& "h we aga9 get a glimpse ( ! great law1 t pr(it soon escapes f ! h&s ( ! produc] to settle 9 ^? ( ! consum]4 ,nor is ?is all3 companies insure ea* o!r by reassurances1 s t1 ) a view to provid+ = losses1 :i* is ! pr9cipal object 9 view1 a ?\s& associations scatt]$ ov] ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,am]ica1 are melt$ into "o gr& & unique association4 ,& :at is ! result8 ,if a h\se is burnt d[n at ,bordeaux1 ,p>is1 or else:]e1 ! proprietors ( ! :ole _w1 ,engli%1 ,belgians1 ,g]mans1 ,spani>ds1 club toge!r & repair ! disa/]4 ,?is is an example ( ! degree ( p[]1 univ]sality1 & p]fection1 :i* may be rea*$ by means ( free & volunt>y p#ceg association4 ,b to atta9 ?is !y mu/ be left free to manage _! own bus9ess4 ,n[1 :at happ5$ :5 ! ,sociali/s1 ^? great p>tisans ( association1 7 9 p[]8 ,_! *ief bus9ess 0 to ?reat5 association 9 e =m1 & pr9cipally association = insurance4 ,& :y8 ,j because1 9 ord] to r5d] itself m univ]sal1 x adopt$ ^? exp$i5ts :i* left ea* ( its memb]s 9 a /ate ( indep5d5ce4 ,h[ little ^! un=tunate ,sociali/s und]/& ! social me*anism6 ,!y w\ld br+ u back to ! rude & primitive =ms :i* association assum$ :5 society 0 9 its infancy1 & !y w\ld suppress all progress "u ! pretext t x has dep>t$ f ^! =ms4 ,we %all see1 by-&-by1 t f ! same prejudices1 ! same ignorance1 arise _! incessant declamations aga9/ int]e/4 ,! int]e/ & wages are fix$1 &1 consequ5tly1 improv$ =ms ( remun]ation = ! use ( lab\r & capital4 ,! wages-sy/em sal>iat has be5 peculi>ly ! butt ( ! ,sociali/s4 ,!y h almo/ gone ! l5g? ( repres5t+ x z a modifi$1 & n greatly modifi$1 sy/em ( slav]y & ?raldom4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y see 9 x only a b>ga9 :i* is "o-sid$ & leon9e1 f\nd$ on lib]ty m]ely 9 appe>ance1 an oppression ( ! weak by ! /rong1 or ! tyranny ( capital ov] lab\r4 ,cont9ually wrangl+ ab\t new in/itutions to be f\nd$1 ! ,sociali/s display 9 _! common hatr$ ( exi/+ in/itutions1 & especially ( ! sy/em ( remun]ation by wages1 a /rik+ unanimity4 ,if !y _c atta9 unity z to ! new social organization to be e/abli%$1 !y are at lea/ m>vell\sly unit$ 9 calumniat+1 decry+1 runn+ d[n1 hat+1 & mak+ hat$1 ev]y?+ :i* actually exi/s4 ,i h assign$ ! reason = ?is else:]e4#gf ,mu* un=tunately takes place :i* is beyond ! doma9 ( philosophical discussion2 & ! ,sociali/ propag&a1 second$ by an ignorant & c[>dly press1 :i*1 )\t av[+ ,socialism1 seeks = popul>ity 9 fa%ionable declamations1 has succe$$ 9 in/ill+ hatr$ ( ! wages-sy/em into ! m9ds ( ! v p :o live by wages4 ,workm5 h become disgu/$ ) ?is =m ( remun]ation4 ,x appe>s to !m unju/1 humiliat+1 & odi\s4 ,!y ?9k x br&s !m ) ! m>k ( s]vitude4 ,!y desire to p>ticipate on ano!r pr9ciple 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,h5ce !y h fall5 passionately 9 love ) ! mo/ extravagant ,utopias4 ,!y _h b "o p#ceh /ep to take1 & !y h tak5 x4 ,:5 ! revolution ( ,febru>y broke out1 ! gr& object ( ! work+ classes 0 to get rid ( wages4 ,^u ! means ( accompli%+ ?is !y consult$ _! oracles2 b :5 ^! oracles did n rema9 mute1 !y foll[$ ! usual mode by giv+ obscure utt]ances1 9 :i* ! ^w :i* pr$om9at$ 0 association1 z if association & wages 7 incompatible4 ,!n ! workm5 w\ld try all ! =ms ( ?is lib]ty-giv+ association2 &1 to imp>t to x great] attraction1 !y 7 pleas$ to inve/ x ) all ! *>ms ( ,solid>ity1 & attribut$ to x all ! m]its ( ,frat]nity4 ,= ! mom5t1 "o w\ld h be5 l$ to believe t ! human he>t itself _h be5 ab\t to und]go a gr& trans=mation1 & to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( self-int]e/1 9 ord] to give place to ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y4 ,by a s+ul> contradiction1 !y hop$ f association to reap at once all ! glory ( self-sacrifice1 & mat]ial pr(its ( hi!rto unhe>d-( am\nt4 ,!y fell d[n be=e ! /atue ( ,=tune1 pray$1 & decre$ to !mselves ! glory ( m>tyrdom4 ,x seem$ z if ^! workm51 ?us misl$1 & on ! po9t ( be+ s$uc$ into a c>e] ( inju/ice1 felt x necess>y to %ut _! eyes to _! true position1 to glorify ! me?ods ( spoliation :i* _h be5 taught !m by _! apo/les1 & place !m cov]$ ) a veil 9 ! sanctu>y ( a new revelation4 ,nev]1 p]haps1 _h s _m & su* dang]\s errors1 s _m & su* gross contradictions1 f\nd _! way be=e into ! human bra94 ,let u inquire1 !n1 :at wages really are1 & consid] _! orig91 =m1 & effects4 ,let u trace ! subject to its f\ndation1 & make sure :e!r1 9 ! developm5t ( humanity1 wages con/itute retrogression or progress--:e!r 9 receiv+ wages !re be any?+ humiliat+ or degrad+1 or :i* c 9 any degree be alli$ ) slav]y4 ,s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices1 lab\r1 ef=ts1 pa9s1 c>es1 natural or acquir$ ability1--^! are :at we give & receive4 ,:at we conf] on "o ano!r is satisfaction or enjoym5t4 ,:at det]m9es ! ex*ange is ! common advantage1 & its measure is ! free appreciation ( reciprocal s]vices4 ,! v>i\s comb9ations to :i* human transactions give rise h necessitat$ a volum9\s economic vocabul>y2 b ! words1 ,pr(its1 ,int]e/1 ,wages1 al?\gh indicat+ %ades ( diff]5ce1 d n *ange ! nature & f\ndation ( ?+s4 ,we h /ill ! d ut des1 or r ! facio ut facias1 :i* con/itutes ! basis ( ! :ole economic evolution4#gg p#cei ,! class :i* lives by wages =ms no exception to ?is law4 ,exam9e ! subject att5tively4 ,d ^! m5 r5d] s]vices8 ,unque/ionably !y d4 ,are s]vices r5d]$ to !m8 ,und\bt$ly !y are4 ,are ^! s]vices ex*ang$ freely & volunt>ily8 ,d we p]ceive 9 ?is k9d ( transaction any appe>ance ( fraud or viol5ce8 ,x is at ?is po9t1 p]haps1 t ! grievances ( ! workman beg94 ,!y don't g ! l5g? ( pret5d+ t !y are depriv$ ( _! lib]ty1 b !y ass]t t ?is lib]ty is m]ely nom9al & a mock]y1 because ! man ^: necessities =ce ! det]m9ation is n really free4 ,x rema9s = u to inquire1 !n1 :e!r ! defect ( lib]ty ?us und]/ood does n belong to ! situation ( ! workman r ?an to ! mode ( 8 remun]ation4 ,:5 "o man ent]s into ! s]vice ( ano!r1 8 remun]ation may consi/ 9 a "p ( ! "w produc$1 or 9 a det]m9ate wage4 ,9 ei!r case he mu/ b>ga9 = ?is "p ( ! product--= x may be great] or less1--or = ?is wage--= x may be high] or l[]4 ,if ! man is 9 a /ate ( absolute de/itution1 if he _c wait1 if he acts on ! spur ( urg5t necessity1 he mu/ submit1 & _c get rid ( ! o!r's exactions4 ,b y w obs]ve t x is n ! =m ( remun]ation :i* gives rise to ?is dep5d5ce4 ,:e!r he runs ! risk ( ! ent]prise by /ipulat+ = a %>e ( ! product1 or b>ga9s = a fix$ remun]ation :e!r ! o!r ga9 or lose1 x is 8 prec>i\s situation :i* gives him an inf]ior position 9 ! discussion :i* prec$es ! arrangem5t4 ,^? innovators :o h repres5t$ association to ! work+ classes z an infallible rem$y h misl$ !m1 & are !mselves mi/ak54 ,!y c conv9ce !mselves ( ?is by obs]v+ att5tively ! circum/ances 9 cases :]e ! indig5t workman receives "p ( ! product 9 place ( wages4 ,!re are assur$ly no m5 9 ! c\ntry worse (f ?an fi%]m5 or v9e-dress]s1 al?\gh !y h ! satisfaction ( enjoy+ all ! b5efits :i* ! ,sociali/s d5om9ate1 exclusively1 association4 ,b be=e proce$+ to inquire into ! circum/ances :i* influ5ce ! quota ( wages1 ,i mu/ def9e1 or r describe1 ! nature ( ! transaction4 ,m5 h a t5d5cy--:i* is natural1 &1 !re=e1 advantage\s1 moral1 univ]sal1 inde/ructible--to desire security ) ref]5ce to ! means ( subsi/5ce1 to seek fixity1 & avoid unc]ta9ty4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society unc]ta9ty reigns supreme1 & x has frequ5tly a/oni%$ me t ,political p#cfj ,economy has fail$ to m>k ! great & happy ef=ts :i* h be5 made to re/ra9 ?is unc]ta9ty )9 n>r[] & n>r[] limits4 ,take ! case ( a tribe ( hunt]s1 or a nomad p1 or a colony newly f\nd$1--is !re a s+le man :o c say ) c]ta9ty :at to-morr['s lab\r w be wor?8 ,w\ld !re n ev5 seem to be an incompatibility betwe5 ! two ideas1 & t no?+ c be ( a m causal nature ?an ! result ( lab\r1 :e!r appli$ to ! *ase1 to fi%+1 or to agriculture8 ,x w be difficult1 !n1 to f9d1 9 an infant society1 any?+ :i* resembles /ip5ds1 sal>ies1 wages1 rev5ues1 r5ts1 int]e/1 assurance1 etc41 :i* are all ?+s :i* h be5 inv5t$ 9 ord] to give m & m fixity to p]sonal situations1 to get quit1 to a great] & great] degree1 ( t feel+ s pa9ful to m5 ( unc]ta9ty ) ref]5ce to ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! progress :i* has be5 made 9 ?is direction is inde$ admirable1 al?\gh cu/om has s famili>iz$ u ) ?is ph5om5on t we fail to att5d to x4 ,9 fact1 s9ce ! results ( lab\r1 & consequ5tly ! enjoym5ts ( mank9d1 may be s pr(\ndly modifi$ by ev5ts1 by un=ese5 circum/ances1 by ! caprices ( nature1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! seasons1 & accid5ts ( e k9d1 we may ask h[ x comes to pass t s great a numb] ( m5 f9d !mselves set free = a "t1 & "s ( !m = life1 by means ( r5ts1 sal>ies1 & retir+ p5sions1 f ?is species ( ev5tuality1 ( unc]ta9ty1 :i* w\ld seem to be ess5tially "p ( our nature4 ,! effici5t cause1 ! motive p[] ( ?is beautiful evolution ( ! human race1 is ! t5d5cy ( all m5 t[>ds compet5cy & mat]ial prosp]ity1 ( :i* ,fixity is s ess5tial a "p4 ,! means consi/ 9 ! sub/itution ( a fix$ unconditional b>ga9 = "o dep5d5t m]ely on appreciable *ances1 or ! gradual ab&onm5t ( t primitive =m ( association :i* consi/s 9 committ+ all ! p>ties conc]n$ irrevocably to all ! risks & *ances ( ! ent]prise2 9 o!r words1 ! improvem5t ( association4 ,x is s+ul>1 at lea/1 t all our great mod]n re=m]s exhibit association to u z de/roy$ by ! v elem5t :i* improves & p]fects x4 ,9 ord] t m5 %\ld cons5t to take ^u !mselves1 unconditionally1 risks :i* fall naturally on o!rs1 x is necess>y t a species ( k1 :i* ,i h call$ exp]im5tal /ati/ics1 %\ld h made "s progress2 = exp]i5ce alone c place !m 9 a situation to appreciate ^! risks1 at lea/ p#cfa approximately1 & consequ5tly to appreciate ! value ( ! s]vice r5d]$ 9 secur+ !m aga9/ su* risks4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! b>ga9s & transactions ( rude & ignorant nations admit no /ipulations ( ?is nature1 & h5ce1 z ,i h said1 unc]ta9ty ex]cises ov] su* p uncontroll$ p[]4 ,7 a savage1 gr[n old1 & hav+ laid up "s /ock ( game1 to take a "y hunt] into 8 s]vice1 he w\ld n give him fix$ wages1 b a %>e 9 ! produce ( ! *ase4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld ei!r ( !m1 f ! kn[n inf] ! unkn[n8 ,! tea*+s ( pa/ exp]i5ce d n p]mit !m to insure ! future be=eh&4 ,9 times ( b>b>ism & inexp]i5ce1 m51 no d\bt1 associate1 = we h demon/rat$ t o!rwise !y c\ld n exi/2 b association c assume among !m only t primitive & elem5t>y =m :i* ! ,sociali/s repres5t z ! only "o :i* c secure our future safety4 ,:5 two m5 h long work$ on toge!r1 enc\nt]+ equal risks1 !re at l5g? comes a "t :51 f exp]i5ce1 !y c e/imate & appreciate ! value ( ^! risks1 & "o ( !m cons5ts to take ! entire risk ^u 8 own %\ld]s1 9 consid]ation ( a fix$ recomp5se4 ,?is arrangem5t is und\bt$ly a /ep ( progress1 & x is %[n to be s by ! v fact t x has be5 effect$ freely & volunt>ily by ! two p>ties1 :o w\ld n h ent]$ into x _h x n be5 felt to be = _! mutual b5efit4 ,x is easy to see 9 :at ! b5efit consi/s4 ,! "o p>ty ga9s by obta9+ ! exclusive managem5t ( an und]tak+ ( :i* he takes all ! risks ^u himself2 ! o!r by obta9+ t fixity ( position :i* is s mu* desir$4 ,& society at l>ge mu/ be b5efit$ by hav+ an ent]prise1 =m]ly subject$ to two m9ds & two wills1 h5ce=? conduct$ ) unity ( views & unity ( action4 ,b al?\gh association is modifi$ 9 ?is way1 x by no means foll[s t x is dissolv$4 ,! co-op]ation ( ! two m5 is cont9u$1 al?\gh ! mode ( divid+ ! product ( _! ent]prise has be5 *ang$4 ,association is n vitiat$ by an innovation volunt>ily agre$ to1 & :i* satisfies all p>ties4 ,! co-op]ation ( ant]ior lab\r & pres5t lab\r is always1 or almo/ always1 requir$ 9 ord] to realize new means ( satisfaction & enjoym5t4 ,capital & lab\r1 9 unit+ 9 a common und]tak+1 are1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 =c$ to und]take ea* its %>e ( ! risk2 & ?is cont9ues until ! value ( ! risk c be exp]im5tally e/imat$4 ,!n two t5d5cies1 :i* are p#cfb alike natural to ! human he>t1 manife/ !mselves--,i mean ! t5d5cies t[>ds unity ( direction & fixity ( situation4 ,capital !n says to lab\r3 8,exp]i5ce has taught u t y\r ev5tual pr(it am\nts1 on an av]age1 to s mu*4 ,if y wi% x1 ,i w ensure y ?is am\nt1 & take *>ge ( ! op]ation1 tak+ ^u myself ! *ances ( pr(it or loss40 ,lab\r may possibly answ]3 8,?is proposal suits me v well4 ,sometimes ,i e>n$ tw5ty p\nds a ye>2 sometimes ,i e>n sixty4 ,^! fluctuations are v inconv5i5t1 = !y h9d] me f regulat+ uni=mly my own exp5diture & t ( my family4 ,x is an advantage to me to get rid ( ?is unc]ta9ty1 & to receive a fix$ recomp5se ( =ty p\nds40 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! t]ms ( ! contract w be *ang$4 ,!y w cont9ue to unite _! ef=ts1 & to %>e ! proce$s1 & consequ5tly ! association w n be dissolv$2 b x w be modifi$ 9 ?is way1 t ! capitali/ w take all ! risks ) ! comp5sation ( all ! extraord9>y pr(its1 :il/ ! lab\r] w be secur$ ! advantages ( fixity4 ,su* is ! orig9 ( ,wages4 ,! agreem5t may take place 9 ! rev]se way4 ,frequ5tly ! p]son :o und]takes a comm]cial ent]prise says to ! capitali/3 8,hi!rto we h work$ toge!r1 %>+ ! risks4 ,n[ t we are 9 a situation to appreciate ^! risks1 ,i propose to make a fix$ b>ga94 ,y h inve/$ a ?\s& p\nds 9 ! und]tak+1 = :i* "o ye> y receive tw5ty-five p\nds1 ano!r ye> sev5ty-five4 ,if y agree to x1 ,i w give y fifty p\nds1 or #e p] c5t4 p] annum1 & free y f all risk1 on condition t ,i h h5ce=? ! entire managem5t ( ! conc]n40 ,! capitali/ w probably answ]3 8,s9ce1 ) great & tr\blesome fluctuations1 ,i receive1 on an av]age1 only fifty p\nds p] annum1 ,i %\ld mu* pref] to h t sum regul>ly assur$ to me4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 all[ my capital to rema9 9 ! conc]n1 b ,i am to be exempt$ f all risk4 ,my activity & intellig5ce w n[ be free to engage 9 "s o!r und]tak+40 ,?is is an advantage 9 a social1 z well z an individual po9t ( view4 ,we see t m5 are con/antly 9 que/ ( a fix$ & /able position1 & t !re is an incessant ef=t to dim9i% & circumscribe on all sides ! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty4 ,:]e two m5 p>ticipate 9 a common risk1 ?is risk1 hav+ a sub/antive exi/5ce1 _c be annihilat$2 b ! t5d5cy is = "o ( p#cfc !m to take t risk ^u himself4 ,if ! capitali/ und]takes ! risk1 ! lab\r]'s remun]ation is fix$ "u ! "n ( wages4 ,if ! lab\r] runs ! *ances ( pr(it or loss1 !n ! remun]ation ( ! capitali/ is fix$ "u ! "n ( int]e/4 ,& z capital is no?+ else ?an human s]vices1 we may say t capital & lab\r are two words :i* 9 reality express "o & ! same idea2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! same ?+ may be said ( int]e/ & wages4 ,?us1 :]e false sci5ce nev] fails to f9d antagonism1 true sci5ce ev] f9ds id5tity4 ,consid]$1 !n1 ) ref]5ce to _! orig91 nature1 & =m1 wages h 9 !m no?+ degrad+ or humiliat+ any m ?an int]e/ has4 ,bo? con/itute ! return = pres5t & ant]ior lab\r d]iv$ f ! results ( a common ent]prise4 ,only x almo/ always happ5s t "o ( ! two associates agrees to take ^u himself ! risk4 ,if x be ! pres5t lab\r :i* claims a uni=m remun]ation1 ! *ances ( pr(it are giv5 up 9 consid]ation ( wages4 ,if x be ! ant]ior lab\r :i* claims a fix$ return1 ! capitali/ gives up 8 ev5tual *ance ( pr(its = a det]m9ate rate ( int]e/4 ,= my own "p1 ,i am conv9c$ t ?is new /ipulation :i* is +raft$ on ! primitive =m ( association1 f> f de/roy+ x1 improves & p]fects x4 ,i h no d\bt ( ?is1 :5 ,i consid] t su* a /ipulation takes its rise f a felt want1 f ! natural desire ( all m5 = /ability2 &1 moreov]1 t x satisfies all p>ties1 )\t injury1 b1 on ! contr>y1 by s]v+ ! int]e/s ( ! public4 ,mod]n re=m]s1 :o1 "u pret5ce ( hav+ inv5t$ association1 desire to br+ x back to its primitive & rudim5t>y =ms1 ought to tell u 9 :at respect ^! fix$ b>ga9s are oppos$ to ju/ice or equity1 9 :at respect !y are prejudicial to progress1 & on :at pr9ciple !y wi% to int]dict !m4 ,!y ought also to tell u :y1 if su* /ipulations be> ! /amp ( b>b>ism1 !y are con/antly & m & m mix$ up ) t association :i* is repres5t$ z ! p]fection ( human society4 ,9 my op9ion1 su* /ipulations are among ! mo/ m>vell\s manife/ations1 z !y are among ! mo/ p[]ful spr+s1 ( progress4 ,!y are at once ! p]fection & rew>d ( a pa/ & v anci5t civilisation1 & ! />t+-po9t ( a new & unlimit$ c>e] ( future civilisation4 ,_h society adh]$ to t primitive =m ( association :i* saddles all ! p>ties int]e/$ ) a %>e ( ! risks ( an ent]prise1 n9ety-n9e p#cfd out ( e hundr$ ( su* ent]prises nev] w\ld h be5 und]tak54 ,! man :o at ! pres5t day p>ticipates 9 a score ( ent]prises w\ld h be5 ti$ d[n = ev] to "o4 ,unity ( design & ( w w\ld h be5 want+ 9 all comm]cial op]ations2 & mank9d w\ld nev] h ta/$ t preci\s good :i* is p]haps ! s\rce ( g5ius--/ability4 ,! wages-sy/em sal>iat1 !n1 takes its rise 9 a natural & inde/ructible t5d5cy4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t x satisfies m5's desires b imp]fectly4 ,x r5d]s ! remun]ation ( workm5 m uni=m1 m equal1 & br+s x ne>] to an av]age2 b !re is "o ?+ :i* x _c d1 & :i* _! admission to a p>ticipation 9 pr(its & risks c\ld n accompli%1 namely1 to ensure !m employm5t4 ,& "h ,i _c help rem>k+ h[ p[]ful ! feel+ is to :i* ,i h made ref]5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is *apt]1 & ! v exi/5ce ( :i* our mod]n re=m]s d n seem ev5 to suspect1--,i mean m5's av]sion to unc]ta9ty4 ,x is exactly ?is v feel+ :i* has made x s easy = ,sociali/ declaim]s to create su* a hatr$ on ! "p ( ! work+ classes to receive _! remun]ation 9 ! %ape ( wages4 ,we c conceive ?ree phases 9 ! condition ( ! lab\r]3 ! pr$om9ance ( unc]ta9ty2 ! pr$om9ance ( /ability2 & an int]m$iate /ate1 f :i* unc]ta9ty is p>tly exclud$1 b n suffici5tly s to give place to fixity & /ability4 ,:at ! work+ classes d n suffici5tly und]/& is1 t ! association :i* ! ,sociali/s prea* up to !m is ! infancy ( society1 ! p]iod :5 m5 are grop+ _! way1 ! "t ( quick transitions & fluctuations1 ( alt]nations ( ple?ora & atrophy--9 a ^w1 ! p]iod :5 absolute unc]ta9ty reigns supreme4 ,! wages-sy/em1 on ! contr>y1 =ms ! int]m$iate l9k betwe5 unc]ta9ty & fixity4 ,n[1 ! work+ classes1 be+ f> z yet f feel+ !mselves 9 a /ate ( /ability1 place _! hopes--l all m5 ill at ease--on a c]ta9 *ange ( position4 ,?is is ! reason :y x has be5 an easy task = ,socialism to impose ^u !m by ! use ( ! gr& t]m association4 ,! work+ classes fancy !mselves pu%$ =w>d :5 !y are 9 reality fall+ beh9d4 ,yes1 ^! un=tunate p are fall+ back to ! primitive & rudim5t>y /age ( ! social movem5t2 = :at is ! association n[ s l\dly prea*$ up to !m b ! subjection ( all to all risks & cont+5cies8 ,?is is inevitable 9 times ( ignorance1 s9ce fix$ b>ga9s presuppose "s progress at p#cfe lea/ 9 exp]im5tal /ati/ics4 ,b ! doctr9e n[ inculcat$ is no?+ else ?an a pure & simple revival ( ! reign ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! workm5 :o 7 en?usia/s = association :5 !y knew x only 9 !ory1 7 en*ant$ :5 ! revolution ( ,febru>y seem$ to r5d] possible its practical adoption4 ,at t p]iod _m employ]s ( lab\r1 ei!r infect$ ) ! univ]sal infatuation1 or giv+ way to _! fe>s1 (f]$ to sub/itute a p>ticipation 9 ! returns = paym5t by wages4 ,b ! workm5 did n mu* fancy ?is solid>ity ( risk4 ,!y und]/ood v well :at 0 (f]$ !m2 = 9 case ! ent]prise turn$ out a los+ conc]n1 !y w\ld h _h no remun]ation ( any k9d1--:i* to !m 0 dea?4 ,we saw !n :at w\ld n h be5 to ! cr$it ( our work+ classes1 _h ! blame n la9 ) ! pret5d$ re=m]s1 9 :om1 unhappily1 !y plac$ confid5ce4 ,! work+ classes dem&$ a sort ( ba/>d association 9 :i* ! rate ( wages 0 to be ma9ta9$1 & 9 :i* !y 7 to be entitl$ to a %>e ( ! pr(its )\t be+ subject to any ( ! losses4 ,! workm5 w\ld probably nev] ( !mselves h ?\ght ( putt+ =w>d su* pret5sions4 ,!re is 9 human nature a fund ( good s5se & a feel+ ( ju/ice to :i* su* b>efac$ iniquity is repugnant4 ,to corrupt man's he>t1 y mu/ beg9 by deprav+ 8 intellect4 ,?is is :at ! lead]s ( ! ,sociali/ s*ool did n fail to d2 & ) ?is fact be=e u ,i am frequ5tly ask$ :e!r _! int5tions 7 n p]v]se4 ,i am always incl9$ to respect m5's motives2 b x is exce$+ly difficult1 "u su* circum/ances1 to exculpate ! ,sociali/ *iefs4 ,aft] hav+1 by ! unju/ & p]sev]+ declamations ) :i* _! books are fill$1 irritat$ ! work+ classes aga9/ _! employ]s1 aft] hav+ p]suad$ !m t !y 7 9 a /ate ( w>1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is fair aga9/ ! enemy1 !y envelop$ ! ultimatum ( ! workm5 9 sci5tific subtleties1 & ev5 9 cl\ds ( my/icism4 ,!y figur$ an ab/ract be+ call$ ,society1 :i* ow$ to ea* ( its memb]s a m9imum1 t is to say1 an assur$ means ( subsi/5ce4 8,y h1 !n1 a "r10 !y told ! workm51 8to dem& a fix$ wage40 ,9 ?is way !y began by satisfy+ ! natural desire ( m5 = /ability4 ,!n !y proce$$ to tea* !m t1 indep5d5tly ( wages1 ! workm5 %\ld h a %>e 9 ! pr(its2 & :5 ask$ :e!r he 0 also to be> 8 %>e ( ! losses1 p#cff _! answ] 01 t 9 virtue ( ,/ate int]v5tion & ! gu>antee ( ! taxpay]1 !y _h inv5t$ a sy/em ( univ]sal indu/ry1 protect$ f all loss4 ,by ?is means !y remov$ all ! rema9+ scruples ( ! un=tunate workm52 & :5 ! revolution ( ,febru>y broke out we saw !m1 z ,i h said1 dispos$ to make ?ree /ipulations3-- #a/1 ,cont9uance ( wages2 #b;d1 ,p>ticipation 9 pr(its2 #c;d1 ,immunity f losses4 ,x may be said1 p]haps1 t ^! /ipulations 7 nei!r s unju/ nor s impossible z !y appe>$1 see+ t !y are introduc$ 9 _m ent]prises1 hav+ ref]5ce to newspap]s1 railways1 etc4 ,i answ] t !re is some?+ truly pu]ile 9 all[+ oneself to be dup$ by high-s\nd+ names appli$ to v trivial ?+s4 ,a little c&\r w at once conv9ce u t ?is p>ticipation 9 pr(its1 :i* "s conc]ns all[ to _! workm5 receiv+ wages1 does n con/itute association1 nor m]it t title1 nor is x a great revolution introduc$ into ! relations ( two classes ( society4 ,x is only an +5i\s & useful enc\ragem5t giv5 to workm5 receiv+ wages1 "u a =m :i* is n exactly new1 al?\gh x has be5 repres5t$ z an adhesion to ,socialism4 ,employ]s :o1 9 adopt+ ?is cu/om1 devote a t5?1 a tw5tie?1 or a hundr$? "p ( _! pr(its1 :5 !y h any1 to ?is l>gesse be/[$ on _! workm51 may make a great noise ab\t x1 & proclaim !mselves ! g5]\s r5ovators ( ! social ord]2 b x is really unwor?y ( occupy+ m ( our "t at pres5t1 & ,i return to my argum5t4 ,! sy/em ( paym5t by wages1 !n1 0 a /ep ( progress4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ant]ior lab\r & pres5t lab\r 7 associat$ toge!r ) common risks1 9 common ent]prises1 ! circle ( :i*1 9 su* circum/ances1 mu/ h be5 v limit$4 ,if society _h n discov]$ o!r comb9ations1 no important "w c\ld ev] h be5 und]tak54 ,m5 w\ld h rema9$ hunt]s & fi%]s1 & !re might h be5 p]haps "s rude attempts at agriculture4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ob$i5ce to ! d\ble feel+ :i* prompts u to seek /ability1 &1 at ! same "t1 reta9 ! direction ( ^? op]ations ( :i* we mu/ enc\nt] ! risks1 ! two associates1 )\t putt+ an end to ! association1 seek to sup]s$e ! jo9t haz>d by a fix$ b>ga91 & agree t "o ( !m %\ld give ! o!r a fix$ remun]ation1 & take p#cfg ^u himself ! :ole risk1 along ) ! exclusive direction ( ! ent]prise4 ,:5 ?is fixity applies to ! ant]ior lab\r1 or capital1 x is call$ int]e/2 :5 x applies to ! pres5t lab\r1 x is call$ wages4 ,b1 z ,i h already said1 wages s]ve only imp]fectly to con/itute a /ate ( /ability = a c]ta9 class ( m51 or ( security 9 reg>d to ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,x is "o /ep1 & a v m>k$ "o1 t[>ds ! realization ( ?is b5efit1 & s difficult t at fir/ sight we %\ld h ?\ght x impossible2 b x does n effect its entire realization4 ,& x is p]haps wor?y ( rem>k 9 pass+1 t fixity ( situation1 /ability1 resembles 9 "o respect all ! great results ( :i* mank9d are 9 pursuit4 ,we are always approximat+ to su* results1 b we nev] fully atta9 !m4 ,= ! v reason t /ability is a good1 a b5efit1 we mu/ always be mak+ ef=ts m & m to ext5d its doma92 b x is n 9 our nature ev] to obta9 complete possession ( x4 ,we may ev5 g ! l5g? ( say+ t to obta9 su* possession w\ld n be desirable = man 9 8 pres5t /ate4 ,absolute good ( :atev] k9d w\ld put an end to all desire1 all ef=t1 all comb9ation1 all ?\ght1 all =esight1 all virtue4 ,p]fection excludes ! notion ( p]fectibility4 ,! work+ classes hav+ !n1 ) ! lapse ( "t & ! progress ( civilisation1 rea*$ ! improv$ sy/em ( paym5t by wages1 h n /opp$ %ort at t po9t1 or relax$ _! ef=ts to realize /ability4 ,no d\bt wages come 9 ) c]ta9ty at ! conclusion ( ! day's "w2 b :5 circum/ances--z1 = example1 an indu/rial crisis1 or a protract$ illness--h int]rupt$ "w1 ! wages are int]rupt$ also4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! workman to d8 ,are he & 8 wife & *ildr5 to be depriv$ ( food8 ,he has b "o res\rce1 & t is1 to save1 :ile employ$1 ! means ( supply+ 8 wants 9 sickness & old age4 ,b1 9 ! individual case1 :o c e/imate be=eh& ! comp>ative l5g? ( "t 9 :i* he has to assi/1 or be assi/$8 ,:at _c be done 9 ! individual case may be f\nd m practicable ) ref]5ce to ! masses 9 virtue ( ! law ( av]ages4 ,! tribute paid by ! workman :ile employ$ to provide = 8 support 9 p]iods ( /oppage answ]s ! purpose mu* m effectually1 & ) mu* m irregul>ity & c]ta9ty1 :5 x is c5traliz$ by association1 ?an :5 x is ab&on$ to individual *ances4 p#cfh ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ,fri5dly ,societies--admirable in/itutions :i* b5evol5ce _h giv5 bir? to long be=e ! "n ( ,socialism 0 ev] he>d (4 ,x w\ld be difficult to say :o 0 _! inv5tor4 ,! true inv5tor1 ,i believe1 0 ! felt want ( "s su* in/itutions--! desire ( m5 = some?+ fix$1 ! re/less active in/9ct :i* leads u to remove ! ob/acles :i* mank9d enc\nt] 9 _! progress t[>ds /ability4 ,i h myself se5 fri5dly societies rise up spontane\sly1 m ?an five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 among ! mo/ de/itute lab\r]s & artisans ( ! poore/ villages 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,l&es4 ,! obvi\s design ( ^! societies is to equalize enjoym5ts1 & to spread & di/ribute ov] all p]iods ( life ! wages e>n$ 9 days ( heal? & prosp]ity4 ,9 all localities 9 :i* !y exi/1 ^! societies h conf]r$ imm5se b5efits4 ,! contributors are su/a9$ by a feel+ ( security1 a feel+ ! mo/ preci\s & consolatory :i* c ent] ! he>t ( man 9 8 pilgrimage "h bel[4 ,moreov]1 !y feel _! reciprocal dep5d5ce & _! usefulness to ea* o!r4 ,!y see at :at po9t ! prosp]ity or adv]sity ( ea* individual1 or ( ea* pr(ession1 becomes ! prosp]ity or adv]sity ( all4 ,!y meet toge!r on c]ta9 occasions = religi\s wor%ip1 z provid$ by _! rules2 & !n !y are call$ to ex]cise ov] ea* o!r t vigilant surveillance s prop] to inspire self-respect1 :i* is ! fir/ & mo/ difficult /ep 9 ! m>* ( civilisation4 ,:at has hi!rto ensur$ ! success ( ^! societies1--a success :i* has be5 sl[1 inde$1 l ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns ! masses1--is lib]ty3 ( ?is !re c be no d\bt4 ,! natural dang] :i* !y enc\nt] is ! removal ( ! s5se ( responsibility4 ,x is nev] )\t creat+ great dang]s & great difficulties = ! future1 t we set an individual free f ! consequ5ces ( 8 own acts4#gh ,7 all our citiz5s to say1 8,we w club toge!r to assi/ ^? :o _c "w1 or :o _c f9d employm5t10 we %\ld fe> to see develop$ to a dang]\s ext5t man's natural t5d5cy to idl5ess2 we %\ld fe> t ! labori\s w\ld soon become ! dupes ( ! slo?ful4 ,mutual assi/ance1 !n1 implies mutual surveillance1 )\t :i* ! common fund w\ld soon be exhau/$4 ,?is reciprocal surveillance is = su* association a necess>y gu>antee ( exi/5ce--a security = ea* contributor t he %all n be made to play ! "p ( dupe2 p#cfi & x con/itutes besides ! true morality ( ! in/itution4 ,by ?is means we see drunk5ness & debau*]y gradually disappe>2 = :at "r c\ld t man h to assi/ance f ! common fund :o has br\ght disease & want ( employm5t ^u himself by 8 own vici\s habits8 ,x is ?is surveillance :i* re-e/abli%es t responsibility :i* ! association might o!rwise t5d to enfeeble4 ,n[1 9 ord] t ?is surveillance %\ld op]ate b5eficially1 fri5dly societies mu/ be free & select1 & h ! control ( _! own rules1 z well z ( _! own funds4 ,x is necess>y also t !y %\ld be able to suit _! rules to ! requirem5ts ( ea* locality4 ,suppose ,gov]nm5t to int]f]e1 x is easy to see ! "p :i* x w\ld play4 ,its fir/ bus9ess w\ld be to lay hold ( all ^! funds1 "u ! pret5ce ( c5traliz+ !m2 & to give a col\r to ! proce$+1 x w\ld promise to enl>ge ! funds f res\rces tak5 f ! taxpay]4 8,is x n10 x w\ld be said1 8v natural & v j t ! ,/ate %\ld contribute to s great1 s g5]\s1 s philan?ropic1 s humane a "w80 ,?is is ! fir/ inju/ice--to introduce ! elem5t ( =ce into ! society1 &1 along ) ! contributions1 to obtrude citiz5s :o h no "r to a %>e ( ! fund4 ,& !n1 "u pret5ce ( unity1 ( solid>ity1 ! ,/ate w\ld set itself to fuse all ^! associations into "o1 subject to ! same rules4 ,b1 ,i w\ld ask1 :at w become ( ! morality ( ! in/itution :5 its funds are augm5t$ by taxation2 :5 no "o except a ,gov]nm5t (ficial has an int]e/ to def5d ! common /ock2 :5 e "o1 in/ead ( feel+ x 8 duty to prev5t abuses1 w take pleasure 9 fav\r+ !m2 :5 all mutual surveillance has ceas$2 & :5 to feign disease w\ld only be to play (f a good trick on ! ,gov]nm5t8 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 to d x ju/ice1 is well dispos$ to def5d itself2 b be+ no long] able to avail itself ( private action1 x mu/ necess>ily sub/itute (ficial action4 ,x w "n exam9]s1 controll]s1 inspectors4 ,c\ntless =malities w be int]pos$ betwe5 want & assi/ance4 ,9 %ort1 :at 0 orig9ally an admirable in/itution w be trans=m$ into a m]e dep>tm5t ( police4 ,! ,/ate w1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 p]ceive only ! advantage ( swell+ ! mob ( its creatures1 ( multiply+ ! places at its disposal1 & ( ext5d+ its patronage & electione]+ influ5ce4 ,x w n rem>k t 9 arrogat+ to itself a new function1 x has assum$ a new responsibility1--a responsibility p#cgj :i* ,i v5ture to designate z fe>ful4 ,= :at mu/ ! imm$iate consequ5ce be8 ,! work+ classes w no long] reg>d ! common fund z a prop]ty :i* !y adm9i/] & keep up1 & ! limits ( :i* are ! limits ( _! rights4 ,!y w soon accu/om !mselves to reg>d assi/ance 9 cases ( sickness or want ( employm5t1 n z proce$+ f a limit$ fund prep>$ by _! own =esight1 b z a debt due to !m by society4 ,its res\rces w appe> to !m unb\nd$1 & !y w nev] be cont5t$ ) _! %>e4 ,! ,/ate w f9d itself "u ! necessity ( dem&+ con/ant additions to ! budget4 ,enc\nt]+ opposition 9 t1 ! ,gov]nm5t w f9d itself involv$ 9 inextricable difficulties4 ,abuses w g on increas+1 :i*1 ye> aft] ye>1 !y w %r9k f re=m+1 until an explosion comes at la/4 ,& !n x w be f\nd t we h to deal ) a population :i* c no long] act = itself1 :i* expects ev]y?+ f a m9i/] or a prefect1 ev5 subsi/5ce1 & ^: ideas are s f> p]v]t$ z to h lo/ all rational notions ( ,"r1 ,prop]ty1 ,lib]ty1 or ,ju/ice4 ,su* are "s ( ! reasons :i* al>m$ me1 ,i confess1 :5 ,i saw lately t a ,commission ( ! ,legislative ,assembly _h be5 *>g$ to prep>e a project ( law on fri5dly societies4 ,x /ruck me t ! h\r ( _! de/ruction 0 approa*+1 & x afflict$ me ! m t ,i _h ?\ght a great future 0 9 /ore = !m1 c\ld we only pres]ve !m 9 ! brac+ air ( lib]ty4 ,is x !n1 ,i w\ld ask1 s v difficult a ?+ to leave m5 to make a trial1 to feel _! way1 to make a *oice1 to f9d !mselves mi/ak51 to rectify _! mi/akes1 to in=m !mselves1 to act 9 conc]t1 to manage _! own prop]ty & _! own int]e/s1 to act = !mselves on _! own prop] risk & p]il1 & on _! own responsibility8 ,is x n evid5t t ?is is ! way to make !m really m58 ,%all we nev] cease to beg9 ) ! fatal hypo!sis t all gov]nors are gu>dians1 & ! gov]n$ only *ildr58 ,i ma9ta9 t1 left to ! vigilance ( ! p>ties int]e/$1 our ,fri5dly ,societies h be=e !m a great future1 & ,i require no o!r pro( ( ?is ?an :at has tak5 place on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel4 8,9 ,engl&1 individual =esight has n wait$ = ,gov]nm5t impulse to organize a p[]ful & reciprocal association betwe5 ! work+ classes4 ,= a long p]iod1 free associations1 adm9i/]+ _! own affairs1 h be5 f\nd$ 9 all ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,great ,brita910 etc4 4 4 4 4 p#cga 8,! total numb] ( ^! associations = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom am\nts to #cc1bbc1 includ+ n less ?an #c1jeb1jjj individuals--"o-half ( ! adult population ( ,great ,brita940 4 4 4 4 8,?is great conf$]ation ( ! work+ classes1 ?is in/itution ( effective & practical frat]nity1 re/s on ! mo/ solid basis4 ,_! rev5ue is five millions /]l+1 & _! accumulat$ capital am\nts to elev5 millions & two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds40 8,x is ^u ?is fund t ! contributors draw :5 out ( employm5t4 ,we are a/oni%$ to see h[ ,engl& rallies f ! imm5se & pr(\nd p]turbations :i* h] gigantic indu/ry exp]i5ces f "t to "t1 & almo/ p]iodically--& ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on is to a great ext5t to be f\nd 9 ! facts n[ /at$40 8,mr ,roebuck wi%$1 on acc\nt ( ! great importance ( ! "q1 t ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld assume ! initiative by tak+ ! "q into its own h&s4 4 4 4 ,?is 0 oppos$ by ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]40 8,:]e individual int]e/s are suffici5t = _! own free gov]nm5t1 p[]1 9 ,engl&1 judges x useless to int]pose its action4 ,x wat*es f above to see t all goes on regul>ly2 b x leaves to e man ! m]it ( 8 ex]tions1 & ! c>e ( adm9i/]+ 8 affairs1 accord+ to 8 own notions & conv5i5ce4 ,x is to ?is indep5d5ce ( h] citiz5s t ,engl& assur$ly owes a portion ( h] greatness z a nation40#gi ,x might h be5 add$ t x is to t indep5d5ce also t ! citiz5s owe _! exp]i5ce & p]sonal wor?4 ,to t indep5d5ce1 too1 ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t owes its relative fre$om f responsibility1 & consequ5tly its /ability4 ,among ! in/itutions :i* may take _! rise f ,fri5dly ,societies1 :5 !y %all h made t advance :i* has sc>cely yet be5 begun1 ,i %\ld give ! fir/ place1 on acc\nt ( _! social importance1 to ! lab\r]'s ,caisse de ,retraite4#hj ,!re are p]sons :o treat su* an in/itution z a *im]a4 ,su* p1 no d\bt1 pret5d to be acqua9t$ ) ! extreme limits z reg>ds ,/ability1 beyond :i* ! human race is n p]mitt$ to g4 ,i w\ld ask !m a few simple que/ions3 ,if !y _h nev] kn[n any?+ beyond ! social /ate ( ^? b>b>\s tribes :o live by hunt+ & fi%+1 w\ld !y h be5 able to anticipate ! exi/5ce1 ,i d n say ( our pres5t p#cgb l& rev5ues1 ( ,gov]nm5t funds1 & fix$ sal>ies1 b ev5 ( ! sy/em ( paym5t by wages1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds fixity 9 ! condition ( ! poore/ classes8 ,& !n1 if !y _h nev] se5 any?+ beyond ?is wages-sy/em1 z x exi/s 9 c\ntries :i* h n yet display$ ! _s ( association1 w\ld !y h v5tur$ to pr$ict ! de/9ies res]v$ = ,fri5dly ,societies z we f9d !m at "w 9 our own day 9 ,engl&8 ,d !y imag9e t ^! fir/ /eps ( progress 7 m easy ?an x is = u to e/abli% ,caisses de ,retraite8 ,is ?is ?ird /ep m difficult to take ?an ! o!r two8 ,= myself1 ,i see cle>ly t mank9d ?ir/s aft] /ability4 ,i see !m1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 add+ to _! incomplete conque/s1 = ! b5efit ( "o class or ano!r1 & ?is by m>vell\s processes1 :i* w\ld seem to be mu* above individual inv5tion1 & ,i confess t ,i d>e n v5ture to pr$ict at :at po9t m5 w /op %ort on ! road ( progress4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t ^! ,caisses de ,retraite are univ]sally1 unanim\sly1 ard5tly desir$ by all our workm52 & v naturally s4 ,i h frequ5tly int]rogat$ !m1 & ,i h always f\nd t ! great pa9 & grief ( _! exi/5ce is n ! sev]ity ( _! "w1 nor ! smallness ( _! wages1 nor ev5 ! irritation :i* ! spectacle ( inequality is calculat$ to excite4 ,no1 :at affects !m1 disc\rages !m1 pa9s !m1 tortures !m1 is _! unc]ta9ty z reg>ds ! future4 ,:atev] pr(ession we may belong to1 :e!r we are public function>ies1 or m5 ( indep5d5t =tune1 or l&$ proprietors1 or m]*ants1 physicians1 lawy]s1 soldi]s1 magi/rates1 we enjoy )\t p]ceiv+ x1 consequ5tly )\t ackn[l$g+ x1 ! progress :i* has be5 realiz$ by ,society--s t we _c compreh5d ! torture ( unc]ta9ty4 ,let u place ourselves1 !n1 9 ! situation ( a workman1 ( an artisan :o1 on gett+ up e morn+1 is haunt$ by su* ?\ghts z ^!3 8,i am "y & robu/2 ,i "w on1 & sometimes h>d] ?an my neighb\rs1 & h less leisure ?an !y4 ,& yet ,i h difficulty 9 provid+ = ! mode/ wants ( myself & ( my wife & *ildr54 ,b :at w become ( me1 :at w become ( !m1 :5 old age or disease %all h palsi$ my arm8 ,to provide = ^? days ( helplessness by sav+ f my wages w\ld require self-control & prud5ce almo/ sup]human4 ,yet 9 spite ( sickness1 ,i h ! prospect ( enjoy+ happ9ess by means ( a ,fri5dly ,society4 ,old age1 h[ev]1 is n an ev5tuality2 x w come inevitably & )\t fail4 ,e day ,i feel its approa*2 x w soon p#cgc ov]take me2 & !n1 aft] a life ( hone/ lab\r1 :at prospect h ,i be=e me8 ,= myself ! g>ret1 ! hospital1 or ! jail2 fur my wife1 begg>y2 = my daught]1 worse /ill4 ,oh1 = "s social in/itution :i* w\ld compel me ev5 by =ce1 :ile /ill "y1 to secure a provision = old age60 ,su* are ! ?\ghts1 feebly z ,i h express$ !m1 :i* e day1 & e night1 & e h\r1 haunt ! t]ror-/rick5 imag9ations ( va/ numb]s ( our fell[-m54 ,& :5 a problem pres5ts itself "u su* conditions1 y may be v sure t x is n insoluble4 ,if 9 _! ef=ts to imp>t m /ability to _! future1 ! work+ classes h dissem9at$ al>m among ! o!r classes ( society1 x has aris5 f _! hav+ giv5 to ^! ef=ts a false1 dang]\s1 & unju/ direction4 ,_! fir/ idea1 accord+ to ,fr5* cu/om1 has be5 to attack ! treasury2 to f\nd ! ,caisses de ,retraite on ! contributions ( ! taxpay]1 & to br+ into play ! ,/ate & ! ,law1 t is to say1 to secure all ! pr(its ( spoliation )\t incurr+ ! dang]s1 or be>+ ! %ame ( x4 ,x is n f ?is qu>t] ( ! social horizon t ! in/itutions s mu* desir$ by ! work+ classes may be expect$ to come4 ,! ,caisse de ,retraite1 9 ord] t its orig9 may be 9 keep+ ) its end & design1 & to ensure its be+ useful1 solid1 & respectable1 mu/ proce$ f ! work+ classes !mselves1 mu/ be ! fruit ( _! ex]tions1 _! en]gy1 _! sagacity1 _! exp]i5ce1 _! =esight4 ,x mu/ be support$ by _! contributions1 & f$ & n\ri%$ by _! sacrifices4 ,all !y h to ask f ,gov]nm5t is lib]ty ( action & repression ( fraud4 ,b has ! "t come :5 a ,caisse de ,retraite = ! work+ classes is possible8 ,i ?9k x has4 ,9 ord] t an in/itution :i* br+s new /ability to ! int]e/s ( a class %\ld be e/abli%$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ant]ior progress is necess>y4 ,x is necess>y t a c]ta9 /age ( civilisation %\ld h be5 rea*$ by ! ,society 9 ! mid/ ( :i* su* an in/itution is to be e/abli%$1 a heal?ful atmosph]e mu/ be prep>$ = x4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 x is to fri5dly societies1 ) ! mat]ial res\rces :i* !y create1 & ! _s ( association1 ! exp]i5ce1 ! =esight1 & ! s5se ( dignity :i* !y infuse into ! work+ classes1 t we are to owe ! e/abli%m5t ( ^? k9dr$ in/itutions :i* provide = ! old age ( ! workman4 ,= if y obs]ve :at is go+ on 9 ,engl&1 y w be p#cgd satisfi$ t all su* ?+s are b\nd up toge!r & dep5d ^u ea* o!r1 & t "o /ep ( progress1 9 ord] to be atta9able1 mu/ be prec$$ by ano!r /ep ( progress4 ,9 ,engl& all ! adults to :om x is an object to jo9 b5efit societies h done s ( _! own accord2 & t is a po9t ( v great importance1 see+ t op]ations ( ?is k9d require to be conduct$ on a great scale1 & accord+ to ! law ( av]ages4 ,^! societies are possess$ ( l>ge accumulat$ capitals1 & h1 besides1 consid]able annual rev5ues4 ,we _c help ?9k+ t1 ) ! advance ( civilisation1 ! prodigi\s sums :i* ^! societies n[ require to pay to _! memb]s w become proportionally small] & small]4 ,good heal? is "o ( ! b5efits :i* civilisation develops4 ,! heal+ art makes progress2 ma*9]y p]=ms ! h>d] & m pa9ful "p ( lab\r2 longevity increases4 ,all ^! causes t5d to less5 ! calls on su* associations4 ,a /ill m decisive & infallible symptom is ! disappe>ance ( great comm]cial crises 9 ,engl&4 ,su* convulsions h _h _! orig9 sometimes 9 sudd5 manias ) :i* ! ,engli% are n[ & !n seiz$ = ent]prises :i* are m ?an haz>d\s1 & :i* entail a great loss ( capital2 sometimes !y arise f great fluctuations 9 ! price ( food1 ! consequ5ce ( re/rictive laws1 = x is evid5t t :5 ! price ( bread & but*]'s meat is v high1 all ! res\rces ( ! p are absorb$ 9 ! pur*ase ( necess>ies1 & o!r bran*es ( trade langui%1 & a /oppage ( manufactures is ! inevitable result4 ,! fir/ ( ^! causes is n[ disappe>+ "u ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce & public discussion2 & we c already =esee t ! ,engli% nation1 :i* 9 =m] days ?rew itself into ,am]ican loans1 ,mexican m9es1 & railway s*emes ) su* %eep-l cr$ulity1 w n[ be mu* less a dupe ?an o!rs to ,cali=nian illusions4 ,:at %all ,i say ( ,free ,trade1 ! triumph ( :i* is due to ,mr ,cobd51 n to ,sir ,rob]t ,peel2--= ! apo/le w\ld always h call$ =? a /atesman1 b ! /atesman c\ld n h disp5s$ ) ! apo/le4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a new p[] u%]$ into ! _w1 :i* ,i hope w g f> to d away ) comm]cial /oppages & convulsions4 ,re/riction has ! admitt$ t5d5cy & effect ( plac+ _m ( ! manufactures ( ! c\ntry1 &1 consequ5tly1 "p ( its population1 9 a prec>i\s situation4 ,z ^? pil$-up waves :i* a transi5t =ce keeps = a mom5t above ! level ( ! sea h a p#cge con/ant t5d5cy to desc5d1 s factiti\s indu/ries1 surr\nd$ on e side by victori\s competition1 h a con/ant t5d5cy to collapse4 ,a modification 9 a s+le article ( a s+le home or =eign t>iff may br+ ru9 to !m2 & !n comes a crisis4 ,! v>iations 9 ! price ( a commodity1 moreov]1 are mu* great] :5 y limit ! field ( competition4 ,surr\nd a dep>tm5t1 or a di/rict1 ) cu/om-h\ses1 & y r5d] ! fluctuation ( prices mu* m m>k$4 ,lib]ty acts on ! pr9ciple ( insurance4 ,9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & 9 successive ye>s1 x comp5sates bad h>ve/s by good ones4 ,x su/a9s prices ?us br\ght back to ! av]age4 ,x is a levell+ & equaliz+ =ce4 ,x contributes to /ability1 & x combats in/ability :i* is ! great s\rce ( convulsions & /oppages4 ,!re is no exagg]ation 9 ass]t+ t ! fir/ fruit ( ,mr ,cobd5's "w w be to less5 _m ( ^? dang]s :i* gave rise1 9 ,engl&1 to fri5dly societies4 ,mr ,cobd5 has und]tak5 ano!r task :i* w h a n less b5eficial influ5ce on ! /ability ( ! lab\r]'s lot1 & ,i d\bt n he w succe$ 9 x2 = good s]vice 9 ! cause ( tru? is always triumphant4 ,i ref] to 8 ef=ts = ! suppression ( w>1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 = ! infusion ( ! _s ( peace into t public op9ion by :i* ! "q ( peace or w> comes always to be decid$4 ,w> con/itutes always ! greate/ di/urb+ =ce to :i* a nation c be subject$ 9 its indu/ry1 9 its comm]ce1 9 ! disposal ( its capital1 ev5 9 its ta/es4 ,consequ5tly1 x is a p[]ful cause ( d]angem5t & uneas9ess to ^? classes :o h difficulty 9 *ang+ _! employm5t4 ,! m1 ( c\rse1 ?is di/urb+ =ce is less5$1 ! less on]\s w ! burd5s be :i* fall ^u b5efit societies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by d9t ( progress1 by ! m]e lapse ( "t1 ! res\rces ( ^! societies w be ext5d$2 & a day w come :5 !y c und]take some?+ m decisive--) a view to less5 ! in/ability :i* is inh]5t 9 human affairs4 ,^! societies might !n be trans=m$ into ,caisses de ,retraite1 or in/itutions = old age1 & ?is w und\bt$ly happ51 s9ce x is ! ard5t & univ]sal desire ( ! work+ classes t x %\ld be s4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t :ile mat]ial circum/ances ?us pave ! way = su* a trans=mation1 moral circum/ances aris+ f ! influ5ce ( ^! v societies t5d 9 ! same direction4 ,^! societies develop among ! work+ classes habits1 qualities1 & virtues1 ! possession & diffusion ( :i* p#cgf are 9 ?is respect an ess5tial prelim9>y4 ,:5 we exam9e ! matt] closely1 we mu/ be conv9c$ t ! creation ( su* societies presupposes a v advanc$ /age ( civilisation4 ,!y are at once its effect & its rew>d4 ,!y c\ld1 9 fact1 h no exi/5ce if m5 _h n be5 previ\sly 9 ! habit ( meet+1 ( act+ 9 conc]t1 & ( manag+ 9 common _! own affairs2 !y c\ld n exi/ if m5 7 prone to vices :i* induce premature old age2 nor c\ld !y exi/ 7 ! work+ classes br\ght to ?9k t ev]y?+ is fair z aga9/ ! public1 & t a common fund is ! object at :i* e "o int5t on fraud may legitimately take aim4 ,9 ord] t ! e/abli%m5t ( ,caisses de ,retraite %\ld n give rise to discord & misund]/&+1 ! work+ classes %\ld be made to feel t !y mu/ dep5d ^u nobody b !mselves2 t ! common fund mu/ be volunt>ily creat$ by ^? :o are to h ! b5efit ( x2 & t x is supremely unju/ & anti-social to call = co-op]ation f o!r classes1 :o are to h no %>e 9 ! advantage1 & :o c only be made to concur by means ( ! tax-ga!r]1 t is to say1 by means ( =ce4 ,n[1 we h n yet got t l5g?--s f> f x t ! frequ5t appeals to ! ,/ate %[ u b too pla9ly :at are ! hopes & pret5sions ( ! work+ classes4 ,!y ?9k t _! b5efit society %\ld be f$ & alim5t$ by ,/ate subv5tions l t = public function>ies4 ,& ?us x is t "o abuse always gives rise to ano!r4 ,b if ^! ,caisses de ,retraite are to be ma9ta9$ exclusively by ! p>ties int]e/$1 may x n be said t !y exi/ already1 see+ t life assurance companies pres5t comb9ations :i* enable e workman to provide = ! future by ! sacrifice ( ! pres5t8 ,i h dwelt at great l5g? ^u fri5dly societies & ,caisses de ,retraite1 al?\gh ^! in/itutions are only indirectly connect$ ) ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,i h giv5 way to ! desire to exhibit mank9d m>*+ gradually on to ! conque/ ( /ability1 or r 7= /ability implies some?+ /ation>y71 em]g+ victori\s f _! /ruggle ) unc]ta9ty--unc]ta9ty1 t /&+ m5ace :i* m>s all ! enjoym5ts ( life1 t sword ( ,damocles :i* seems s fatally susp5d$ ov] ! human de/9ies4 ,t ?is m5ace may be progressively & indef9itely r5d]$ less =midable by r$uc+ to an av]age ! risks & *ances ( all times1 ( all places1 & ( all m51 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ admirable social h>monies :i* c be pres5t$ to ! view ( ! philosophic economi/4 p#cgg ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 conclude t ?is victory dep5ds ^u ^! two in/itutions1 ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* may be m or less accid5tal4 ,no2 did exp]i5ce ev5 demon/rate ^! in/itutions to be impracticable1 ! human race w\ld n ! less f9d its way to fixity4 ,x is en\gh to "k t unc]ta9ty is an evil1 9 ord] to be assur$ t x w be incessantly1 &1 soon] or lat]1 successfully1 combat$2 = su* is ! law ( our nature4 ,if1 z we h se51 ! sy/em ( remun]at+ lab\r by wages is1 z reg>ds /ability1 a m advanc$ =m ( association betwe5 capital & lab\r1 x /ill leaves too mu* room = ! unc]ta94 ,z long z he cont9ues to "w1 ! lab\r] kn[s on :at he has to dep5d4 ,b h[ long w he h employm5t1 & h[ long w he be fit = "w8 ,?is is :at he is ignorant (1 &1 z reg>ds 8 future1 x places be=e him a fe>ful problem = solution4 ,! unc]ta9ty :i* affects ! capitali/ is diff]5t4 ,) him x is n a "q ( life or dea?4 8,i %all always d]ive an int]e/ f my means2 b w t int]e/ be high] or l[]80 ,t is ! "q :i* affects capital or ant]ior lab\r4 ,s5tim5tal philan?ropi/s :o see 9 ?is a frightful inequality :i* !y desire to get rid ( by artificial1 sometimes by unju/ & viol5t1 means1 d n consid] t aft] all we _c *ange ! nature ( ?+s4 ,ant]ior lab\r mu/ necess>ily h m security ?an pres5t lab\r1 simply = ?is reason1 t products already creat$ mu/ always pres5t m c]ta9 res\rces ?an products :i* are yet to be creat$2 t s]vices already r5d]$1 receiv$1 & e/imat$1 pres5t a m solid f\ndation = ! future ?an s]vices :i* are /ill 9 ! /ate ( supply4 ,if y are n surpris$ t ( two fi%]m51 ! "o :o1 hav+ long lab\r$ & sav$1 possesses l9es1 nets1 boats1 & "s previ\s supply ( fi%1 is m at ease z reg>ds 8 future ?an ! o!r :o has absolutely no?+ b 8 will+ness to take "p 9 ! "w1 :y %\ld y be a/oni%$ t ! social ord] pres5ts to a c]ta9 ext5t ! same diff]5ces8 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ! envy1 ! jeal\sy1 ! absolute spitefulness ) :i* ! lab\r] reg>ds ! capitali/1 x w\ld be necess>y to conclude t ! relative /ability ( ! "o is caus$ by ! in/ability ( ! o!r4 ,b x is ! rev]se :i* is true4 ,x is precisely ! capital :i* pre-exi/s 9 ! h&s ( "o man :i* is ! gu>antee ( ! wages ( ano!r1 h[ev] insuffici5t t gu>antee may appe>4 ,b = t capital1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! lab\r] w\ld be /ill great] & m /rik+4 ,w\ld ! p#cgh increase1 & ! ext5sion to all1 ( t unc]ta9ty be any advantage to ! lab\r]8 ,two m5 run equal risks1 :i* we may repres5t1 = ea*1 z equal to #dj4 ,"o ( !m succe$s s well1 by 8 lab\r & 8 =esight1 t he r$uces ! risks :i* affect him to #aj4 ,^? ( 8 companion f ! same cause1 & 9 consequ5ce ( a my/]i\s solid>ity1 are r$uc$1 n to #aj1 b to #bj4 ,:at c be m j ?an t ! man :o has ! great] m]it %\ld reap ! great] rew>d8 ,:at m admirable ?an t ! o!r %\ld pr(it by ! virtues ( 8 neighb\r8 ,n[1 ?is is j :at philan?ropy repudiates "u ! pretext t su* an ord] ( ?+s is oppos$ to equality4 ,suppose t "o f9e day ! old fi%]man %\ld ?us address 8 companion3 8,y h nei!r boat1 nor nets1 nor any in/rum5t to fi% )1 except y\r h&s1 & y are likely to make b a poor bus9ess ( x4 ,y h no /ock ( provisions1 & x is poor "w to fi% ) an empty /oma*4 ,come along ) me--x is y\r int]e/ z well z m9e4 ,x is y\rs1 = ,i w give y a %>e ( ! fi% :i* we take1 &1 :atev] ! quantity be1 x w at lea/ be great] ?an ! produce ( y\r isolat$ ex]tions4 ,x is my int]e/ also1 = ! additional quantity caught ) y\r assi/ance w be great] ?an ! %>e ,i w h to give y4 ,9 %ort1 ! union ( y\r lab\r ) my lab\r & capital1 z comp>$ ) _! isolat$ action1 w produce a surplus1 & x is ! division ( ?is surplus :i* expla9s h[ association may be ( advantage to bo? ( u40 ,!y proce$ 9 ?is way 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 b aft]w>ds ! "y fi%] w pref] to receive e day a fix$ quantity ( fi%4 ,8 unc]ta9 & fluctuat+ pr(its are ?us conv]t$ into wages1 )\t ! advantages ( association be+ de/roy$1 &1 by /rong] reason1 )\t ! association itself be+ dissolv$4 ,& x is 9 su* circum/ances z ^! t ! pret5d$ philan?ropy ( ! ,sociali/s comes to declaim aga9/ ! tyranny ( boats & nets1 aga9/ ! situation1 naturally less unc]ta91 ( him :o possesses !m1 & :o has come to possess !m j because he has con/ruct$ !m 9 ord] to obviate ?is unc]ta9ty6 ,x is 9 su* circum/ances t !y endeav\r to p]suade ! de/itute "y fi%]man t he is ! victim ( 8 volunt>y arrangem5t ) ! old fi%]man1 & t he ought in/antly to return to 8 /ate ( isolation6 ,to ass]t t ! future ( ! capitali/ is less unc]ta9 ?an p#cgi t ( ! workman1 is j to ass]t t ! man :o already possesses is 9 a bett] situation ?an ! man :o does n yet possess4 ,x is s1 & x mu/ be s1 = x is = ?is v reason t m5 aspire to possess4 ,! t5d5cy1 !n1 is = m5 to cease be+ workm5 9 receipt ( wages 9 ord] to become capitali/s4 ,?is progress is 9 con=mity ) human nature4 ,:at workman does n desire to h tools ( 8 own1 a /ock ( 8 own1 a w>eh\se1 a work%op1 a field1 a dwell+-h\se1 ( 8 own8 ,:at workman b aspires to become an employ]8 ,:o is n delight$ to comm& aft] hav+ long obey$8 ,d ! great laws ( ! economic _w1 does ! natural play ( ! social organs1 fav\r or oppose ?is t5d5cy8 ,?is is ! la/ "q :i* we %all exam9e 9 connexion ) ! subject ( wages4 ,c its solution be att5d$ ) any d\bt8 ,let u rev]t once m to ! necess>y evolution ( production3 gratuit\s utility sub/itut+ itself incessantly = on]\s utility2 human ef=ts con/antly dim9i%+ 9 relation to ea* result1 &1 :5 r5d]$ disposable1 emb>k+ 9 new ent]prises2 e h\r's lab\r correspond+ to an always increas+ am\nt ( enjoym5t4 ,h[1 f ^! premises1 c we fail to d$uce a progressive increase ( useful ef=ts to be di/ribut$1 consequ5tly a su/a9$ amelioration ( ! lab\r]'s condition1 consequ5tly1 also1 an endless increase & progression ( t amelioration8 ,= "h ! effect hav+ become a cause1 we see progress n only advance1 b become accel]at$ by its advance2 vires acquir]e eundo4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 f c5tury to c5tury accumulation becomes m easy1 z ! remun]ation ( lab\r becomes m ample4 ,!n accumulation increases capital1 increases ! dem& = lab\r1 & causes an elevation ( wages4 ,?is rise ( wages1 9 its turn1 facilitates accumulation & ! trans=mation ( ! paid lab\r] into a capitali/4 ,betwe5 ! remun]ation ( lab\r & ! accumulation ( capital1 !n1 !re is a con/ant action & reaction1 :i* is always fav\rable to ! lab\r+ class1 always t5d+ to relieve t class f ! yoke ( urg5t necessity4 ,x may be said1 p]haps1 t ,i h br\ght toge!r "h all t c dazzle ! hopes ( ! work+ classes1 & t ,i h conceal$ all t c\ld cause !m disc\ragem5t4 ,if !re are t5d5cies t[>ds equality1 x may be said1 !re are also t5d5cies t[>ds inequality4 ,:y d y n analyze ! :ole1 9 ord] to expla9 ! true situation ( ! lab\r+ classes1 & p#chj ?us br+ sci5ce into accord ) ! melan*oly facts to :i* x seems to %ut its eyes8 ,y %[ u gratuit\s utility sub/itut$ = on]\s utility1 ! gifts ( ,god fall+ m & m into ! doma9 ( community1 &1 by t v fact1 human lab\r obta9+ a cont9ually increas+ recomp5se4 ,f ?is increase ( remun]ation y d$uce an increas$ facility ( accumulation1 & f ?is facility ( accumulation a new increase ( remun]ation1 lead+ to new & /ill m abundant accumulations1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,x may be t ?is sy/em is z logical z x is optimi/2 x may be t we are n 9 a situation to oppose to x a sci5tific refutation4 ,b :]e are ! facts :i* confirm x8 ,:]e d we f9d realiz$ ?is emancipation f paid lab\r8 ,is x 9 ! great c5tres ( manufactures8 ,is x among ! agricultural lab\r]s8 ,& if y\r !oretical pr$ictions are n accompli%$1 is n ?is ! reason1 t alongside ! economic laws :i* y invoke1 !re are o!r laws :i* act 9 an opposite direction1 & ( :i* y say no?+4 ,= in/ance1 :y d y tell u no?+ ( t competition :i* takes place among workm51 & :i* =ces !m to accept ( l[] wages2 ( t urg5t want ( ! necess>ies ( life :i* presses ^u ! lab\r]1 & obliges him to submit to ! conditions ( ! capitali/1 s t1 9 fact1 x is ! mo/ de/itute1 fami%$1 isolat$1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ clamant & exact+ workman :o fixes ! rate ( wages = all8 ,& if1 9 spite ( s _m ob/acles1 ! condition ( our un=tunate fell[-citiz5s comes to be improv$1 :y d y n %[ u t law ( population :i* /eps 9 ) its fatal action1 multiply+ ! multitude1 /irr+ up competition1 increas+ ! supply ( lab\r1 decid+ ! controv]sy 9 fav\r ( ! capitali/1 & r$uc+ ! workman to receive1 = twelve or sixte5 h\rs' lab\r1 only :at is indisp5sable 7t1 =soo?1 is ! consecrat$ phrase7 to ! ma9t5ance ( life8 ,if ,i h n t\*$ ^u all ^! phases ( ! "q1 ! reason is1 t x is sc>cely possible to include ev]y?+ )9 ! limits ( a s+le *apt]4 ,i h already expla9$ ! g5]al law ( ,competition1 & we h se5 t t law is f> f furni%+ any class1 especially ! poor] class1 ) s]i\s reasons = disc\ragem5t4 ,i %all1 by-&-by1 expla9 ! law ( ,population1 :i* w be f\nd1 ,i hope1 9 its g5]al effects1 n m sev]e4 ,x is n my fault if ea* great solution--su*1 = example1 z ! future ( a :ole class ( m5--_c be educ$ f "o isolat$ economic law1 & consequ5tly f p#cha "o *apt] ( ?is "w1 b mu/ be educ$ f ! aggregate ( ^! laws1 or f ! "w tak5 z a :ole4 ,& "h ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] ( a di/9ction1 :i* is by no means a subtlety1 t :5 we h to d ) an effect1 we mu/ take good c>e n to attribute x to ! action ( g5]al & provid5tial laws1 if1 on ! contr>y1 x be f\nd to proce$ f a violation ( ^! v laws4 ,i by no means ignore ! calamities :i*1 "u all =ms1--excessive lab\r1 insuffici5t wages1 unc]ta9ty z to ! future1 a feel+ ( inf]iority1--be> h>d ^u ^? ( our fell[-citiz5s :o h n yet be5 able1 by ! acquisition ( ,prop]ty1 to raise !mselves to a high] & m com=table condition4 ,b1 !n1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t unc]ta9ty1 de/itution1 & ignorance con/itute ! />t+-po9t ( ! :ole human race2 & ?is be+ s1 ! "q1 x seems to me1 is to discov]1--#a/1 ,if ! g5]al provid5tial laws d n t5d to relieve all classes f ! weight ( ?is triple yoke2 #b;dly1 ,if ! conque/s already secur$ by ! m advanc$ classes d n con/itute a facility prep>$ be=eh& = ! classes :i* yet lag beh9d4 ,if ! answ] to ^! que/ions be 9 ! affirmative1 we may conclude t ! social h>mony is e/abli%$1 & t ! ways ( ,provid5ce are v9dicat$1 if1 inde$1 !y ne$$ v9dication4 ,man be+ end[$ ) discretion & free w1 ! b5efic5t laws ( ,provid5ce c pr(it him only :ile he con=ms himself to _! op]ation2 & al?\gh ,i affirm t man's nature is p]fectible1 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood to ass]t t he makes progress :5 he misund]/&s or violates ^! laws4 ,?us1 ,i ma9ta9 t transactions :i* are natural1 free1 volunt>y1 & exempt f fraud or viol5ce1 h 9 !mselves a pr9ciple ( progress = all4 ,b t is n to affirm t progress is inevitable1 & mu/ spr+ f w>1 monopoly1 or impo/ure4 ,i ma9ta9 t wages h a t5d5cy to rise1 t ?is rise facilitates sav+1 & t sav+1 9 its turn1 raises wages4 ,b if ! class :i* lives by wages1 9 consequ5ce ( habits ( dissipation & debau*]y1 neutralize at ! outset ?is cause ( progressive effects1 ,i d n say t ^? effects w exhibit !mselves 9 ! same way1 = ! contr>y is impli$ 9 my affirmation4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! sci5tific d$uction to ! te/ ( facts1 we mu/ take two epo*s2 = example1 #agej & #ahej4 ,we mu/ fir/ ( all e/abli% :at1 at ^! two p]iods1 0 ! proportion ( proltaires to propritaires--( ! m5 :o live by wages )\t hav+ any realiz$ prop]ty1 to ! m5 9 ! actual possession ( prop]ty4 ,we %all f9d1 ,i presume1 t = p#chb a c5tury ! numb] ( p :o possess "s res\rces has mu* increas$ relatively to ! numb] ( ^? :o are 9 possession ( no res\rces :atev]4 ,we mu/ !n discov] ! specific situation ( ea* ( ^! two classes1 :i* we _c d o!rwise ?an by obs]v+ ! enjoym5ts & satisfactions :i* !y possess2 & v probably we %all f9d t 9 our day !y d]ive a great] am\nt ( real satisfaction & enjoym5t1 ! "o f accumulat$ lab\r1 ! o!r f pres5t lab\r1 ?an 0 possible 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,if ! respective & relative progress ( ^! classes1 especially ( ! work+ class1 has n be5 :at we c\ld wi%1 we mu/ !n inquire :e!r x has n be5 m or less ret>d$ by acts ( inju/ice & viol5ce1 by errors1 by passions--9 a ^w1 by faults incid5t to mank9d1 by cont+5t causes :i* we _c conf\nd ) :at are call$ ! great & con/ant laws ( ! social economy4 ,h we n1 = example1 _h w>s & revolutions :i* might h be5 avoid$8 ,& h n ^! atrocities1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 absorb$ & aft]w>ds dissipat$ an incalculable am\nt ( capital1 consequ5tly dim9i%$ ! funds = ! paym5t ( wages1 & ret>d$ ! emancipation ( ! work+ classes8 ,h !y n div]t$ capital f its legitimate employm5t1 seek+ to d]ive f x1 n enjoym5t1 b de/ruction8 ,h we n _h monopolies1 privileges1 & unequal taxation8 ,h we n _h absurd exp5diture1 ridicul\s fa%ions1 & a loss ( p[]1 :i* c be attribut$ only to pu]ile ta/es & prejudices8 ,& :at has be5 ! consequ5ce8 ,!re are g5]al laws to :i* man may con=m himself1 or :i* he may violate4 ,if x be inconte/able t ,fr5*m51 dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 h frequ5tly run c\nt] to ! natural ord] ( social developm5t2 if we _c =be> to attribute to incessant w>s1 to p]iodical revolutions1 to acts ( inju/ice1 to monopolies1 to dissipation1 to follies ( all k9ds1 a fe>ful sacrifice ( ! p[] ( capital & ( lab\r2 ,& if1 on ! o!r h&1 9 spite ( all ?is1 :i* is und5iable1 we c e/abli% ano!r fact--namely1 t dur+ ?is same p]iod ( a hundr$ ye>s ! class possess$ ( prop]ty has be5 recruit$ f ! lab\r+ class1 & t bo? h at ! same "t _h at _! comm& a great] am\nt ( satisfaction & enjoym5t--d we n1 by rigor\s d$uction1 arrive at ?is conclusion1 namely1 t1 p#chc ,! g5]al laws ( ! social _w are 9 h>mony1 & t !y t5d 9 all respects to ! improvem5t ( ! human race8 ,= s9ce1 aft] a p]iod ( a hundr$ ye>s1 dur+ :i* ^! laws h be5 s frequ5tly & s deeply violat$1 m5 f9d !mselves 9 a m advanc$ /ate ( com=t & well-be+1 ! action ( ^! laws mu/ be b5efic5t1 & suffici5tly s ev5 to comp5sate ! action ( di/urb+ causes4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,is !re n some?+ equivocal1 or r r$undant1 9 ! expression1 b5efic5t g5]al laws8 ,h[ c g5]al laws be o!r ?an b5efic5t8 ,:5 ,god plac$ 9 man's he>t an irresi/ible impulse to :at is good1 &1 to enable him to disc]n x1 imp>t$ to him suffici5t light to enable him to rectify 8 errors1 f t mom5t ,he decre$ t ! human race 0 p]fectible1 & t1 9 spite ( _m errors1 difficulties1 deceptions1 oppressions1 & oscillations1 mank9d %\ld /ill m>* onw>ds on ! road ( progress4 ,?is onw>d m>*1 :ile error1 deception1 & oppression are abs5t1 is precisely :at we d5om9ate ! g5]al laws ( ! social ord]4 ,errors & oppressions are :at ,i call ! violation ( ^! laws1 or di/urb+ causes4 ,x is n possible1 !n1 to d\bt t ! "o %\ld be b5efic5t1 & ! o!r ! rev]se1 unless we g ! l5g? ( d\bt+ :e!r di/urb+ causes may n act 9 a mann] m regul> & p]man5t ?an g5]al laws4 ,n[ t conclusion w\ld contradict ! premises4 ,our intellig5ce1 :i* may be deceiv$1 c rectify its errors1 & x is evid5t t1 ! social _w be+ con/itut$ z x is1 error might soon] or lat] be *eck$ by ,responsibility1 & t1 soon] or lat]1 oppression mu/ be de/roy$ by ,solid>ity4 ,:5ce x foll[s t di/urb+ causes are n 9 _! nature p]man5t1 & x is = t reason t ! laws :i* c\nt]vail ! action ( su* di/urbances m]it ! "n ( ,g5]al laws4 ,9 ord] to con=m ourselves to g5]al laws1 x is necess>y to be acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,all[ me !n to enl>ge a little on ! relations1 s ill und]/ood1 ( ! capitali/ & ! lab\r]4 ,capital & lab\r are indisp5sable to "o ano!r4 ,p]petually confront+ ea* o!r1 _! adju/m5t con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important & mo/ int]e/+ subjects :i* c come "u ! obs]vation ( ! economi/4 ,& x is a solemn consid]ation t errone\s notions & sup]ficial obs]vations on ?is subject1 if !y become popul>1 may give rise to invet]ate he>tburn+s1 /ruggles1 & blood%$4 ,n[1 ,i express my delib]ate conviction :5 ,i say t = p#chd "s ye>s ! public m9d has be5 saturat$ ) ! false/ !ories on ?is subject4 ,we h be5 told t free & volunt>y transactions betwe5 ! capitali/ & ! lab\r] lead1 n accid5tally1 b necess>ily1 to monopoly = ! capitali/1 & oppression = ! lab\r]2 f :i* ! obvi\s conclusion is1 t lib]ty ought ev]y:]e to be put d[n & /ifl$2 =1 ,i repeat1 t :5 m5 h accus$ lib]ty ( eng5d]+ monopoly1 !y h pret5d$ n only to ass]t a fact1 b to e/abli% a law4 ,9 support ( ?is !sis !y h appeal$ to ! action ( ma*9]y & ( competition4 ,m4 de ,sismondi 01 ,i believe1 ! f\nd]1 & ,m4 ,buret ! propagator1 ( ^! unhappy doctr9es1 al?\gh ! latt] has /at$ 8 conclusions v timidly1 & ! =m] has n v5tur$ to /ate any conclusion at all4 ,b bold] spirits h succe$$ !m1 :o1 aft] trumpet+ _! hatr$ to capitali/s & m5 ( prop]ty1 aft] hav+ got ! masses to accept z an inconte/able axiom ! discov]y t lib]ty leads inevitably to monopoly1 h1 :e!r design$ly or n1 induc$ ! p to raise _! h&s aga9/ ?is accurs$ lib]ty4#ha ,f\r days ( a sangu9>y /ruggle br\ght emancipation1 )\t re/or+ confid5ce2 = d we n con/antly discov] ! h& ( ! ,/ate 7ob$i5t 9 ?is to vulg> prejudices7 ev] ready to int]pose 9 ! relations ( capital & lab\r8 ,we h already d$uc$ ! action ( competition f our !ory ( value1 & we %all d ! same ?+ z reg>ds ! effects ( ma*9]y4#hb ,we mu/ limit ourselves 9 ?is place to an exposition ( "s g5]al ideas ^u ! subject ( ! reciprocal relations ( ! capitali/ & ! lab\r]4 ,! fact ) :i* our pessimi/ re=m]s are mu* /ruck 9 ! outset is1 t ! capitali/s are ri*] ?an ! workm51 & obta9 a great] am\nt ( satisfactions & enjoym5ts2 :5ce x results t !y appropriate to !mselves a great]1 & consequ5tly an unju/1 %>e ( ! product elaborat$ by _! jo9t ex]tions4 ,x is 9 ?is direction t _! /ati/ics1 m or less imp>tial1 pr(ess+ to expla9 ! condition ( ! work+ classes1 t5d4 ,^! g5tlem5 =get t absolute pov]ty & de/itution is ! inevitable />t+-po9t ( ! human race1 & t m5 cont9ue inevitably 9 ?is /ate until !y h acquir$ some?+ = !mselves1 or h _h some?+ acquir$ = !m by o!rs4 p#che ,to rem>k1 9 ! gross1 t capitali/s are bett] (f ?an m]e workm51 is simply to ass]t t ^? :o h some?+1 h m ?an ^? :o h no?+4 ,! que/ions :i* ! workman ought to ask himself are n1 8,does my lab\r give me mu*8 ,does x give me little8 ,does x give me z mu* z x gives to ano!r8 ,does x give me :at ,i desire80 ,! que/ions he %\ld ask himself are ^!3 8,does my lab\r give me less because ,i employ x 9 ! s]vice ( ! capitali/8 ,w\ld x give me m if ,i work$ 9 a /ate ( isolation1 or if ,i associat$ my lab\r ) t ( o!r workm5 z de/itute z myself8 ,i am ill situat$1 b w\ld ,i be bett] (f 7 !re no su* ?+ z capital 9 ! _w8 ,if ! "p :i* ,i obta9 9 consequ5ce ( my arrangem5t ) capital is great] ?an :at ,i w\ld obta9 )\t t arrangem5t1 :at reason h ,i to compla98 ,& !n1 accord+ to :at laws w\ld our respective %>es g on increas+ or dim9i%+ 7 transactions free8 ,if x be ( ! nature ( ^! transactions to all[ me1 9 proportion z ! total product to be divid$ increases1 to obta9 a cont9ually increas+ proportion ( ! excess 7c4 vii41 p4 #bab71 !n 9 place ( brea?+ hatr$ aga9/ capital1 ought ,i n to treat x z a fri5d8 ,if x be indisputably e/abli%$ t ! pres5ce ( capital is fav\rable to my int]e/s1 & t its abs5ce w\ld be dea? to me1 am ,i v prud5t or well-advis$ 9 calumniat+ x1 fright5+ x away1 & =c+ its dissipation or flight80 ,9 ! discussion :i* prec$es ! b>ga91 an inequality ( situation is con/antly alleg$1 because capital c af=d to wait1 b lab\r _c4 ,! "o ^u :i* ! greate/ pressure be>s mu/ give way to ! o!r1 s t ! capitali/ 9 reality fixes ! rate ( wages4 ,und\bt$ly1 look+ at ! surface ( ?+s1 he :o has creat$ a /ock1 & :o 9 consequ5ce ( ?is =esight c wait on1 has ! advantage 9 ! b>ga94 ,tak+ ev5 an isolat$ transaction1 ! man :o says1 ,d ut facias1 is n 9 su* a hurry to come to a conclusion z ! man :o replies1 ,facio ut des4 ,=1 :5 a man c say d1 he possesses some?+ to give2 & :5 he possesses some?+ to give1 he c wait4#hc ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 lose sight ( ?is1 t value has ! same pr9ciple1 :e!r x resides 9 ! s]vice or 9 ! product4 ,if "o ( ! p>ties says d1 9 place ( facio1 x is because he has _h ! =esight to execute ! facio be=eh&4 ,9 reality1 x is ! s]vice on bo? sides :i* is ! measure ( ! value4 ,n[1 p#chf if delay = pres5t lab\r is a suff]+1 = ant]ior lab\r x is a loss4 ,we mu/ n !n suppose t a man :o says d1 ! capitali/1 w amuse himself 7above all if we consid] ! aggregate ( 8 transactions7 by def]r+ ! b>ga94 ,9 po9t ( fact1 d we see mu* capital idle = ?is reason8 ,d _m manufactur]s /op _! mills1 or %ip[n]s delay _! voyages1 or agriculturi/s def] _! h>ve/s1 on purpose to depreciate wages1 & get hold ( _! workm5 by means ( fam9e8 ,b )\t d5y+ t ! position ( ! capitali/s 9 relation to ! workman is fav\rable 9 ?is respect1 is !re n some?+ else to be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! arrangem5ts8 ,= in/ance1 is x n a circum/ance q 9 fav\r ( pres5t lab\r t accumulat$ lab\r loses value by m]e lapse ( "t8 ,i h else:]e allud$ to ?is ph5om5on4 ,b x is important to solicit ! read]'s att5tion aga9 to x 9 ?is place1 see+ h[ great an influ5ce x has ^u ! remun]ation ( pres5t lab\r4 ,t :i* 9 my op9ion r5d]s ,adam ,smi?'s !ory1 t value comes f lab\r1 false1 or at lea/ incomplete1 is t ?is !ory assigns to value only "o elem5t1 :il/1 be+ a relation1 x has necess>ily two4 ,besides1 if value spr+s exclusively f lab\r1 & repres5ts x1 x w\ld be proportionate to t lab\r1 :i* is contr>y to all obs]v$ facts4 ,no2 value comes f s]vice receiv$ & r5d]$2 & ! s]vice dep5ds z mu*1 if n m1 on ! pa9s sav$ to ! man :o receives x1 z ^u ! pa9s tak5 by ! man :o r5d]s x4 ,9 ?is respect ! mo/ common facts confirm our reason+4 ,:5 ,i pur*ase a product1 ,i may inde$ ask myself1 8,h[ long "t has x tak5 to make x80 ,& ?is und\bt$ly is "o ( ! elem5ts ( my e/imate ( its value4 ,b aga91 & above all1 ,i ask1 8,h[ long "t w\ld x take me to make x8 ,h[ long "t h ,i tak5 to make ! ?+ :i* is ask$ f me 9 ex*ange80 ,:5 ,i pur*ase a s]vice1 ,i n only ask h[ mu* x w co/ ano!r to r5d] t s]vice to me1 b h[ mu* x w\ld co/ me to r5d] t s]vice to myself4 ,^! p]sonal que/ions1 & ! answ]s :i* !y call =?1 are su* ess5tial elem5ts 9 e e/imate ( value1 t !y mo/ frequ5tly det]m9e x4 ,try to pur*ase a diamond :i* has be5 f\nd by *ance4 ,! sell] w transf] to y v little lab\r1 b he w ask f y a great deal4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld y cons5t to ?is8 ,because y take into acc\nt ! lab\r :i* x saves y1 ! p#chg lab\r :i* y w\ld be oblig$ to und]go 9 ord] to satisfy by any o!r means y\r desire to possess a diamond4 ,:5 an ex*ange1 !n1 takes place betwe5 ant]ior lab\r & pres5t lab\r1 x is n at all on ! foot+ ( _! int5sity or duration1 b on t ( _! value1 t is to say1 ( ! s]vice :i* !y r5d]1 & _! relative utility4 ,if ! capitali/ %all say1 8,"h is a product :i* co/ me =m]ly t5 h\rs' lab\r20 & if ! lab\r] be 9 a situation to reply1 8,i c produce ! same ?+ 9 five h\rs10 ! capitali/ w\ld be =c$ to give up ! diff]5ce2 =1 ,i repeat1 t x does n conc]n ! pres5t acquir] ( a commodity to ask h[ mu* lab\r x =m]ly co/ to produce x4 ,:at conc]ns him is to "k :at lab\r x w save him n[1 :at s]vice he is to expect f x4 ,a capitali/1 9 a g5]al s5se1 is a man :o1 hav+ =ese5 t su* or su* a s]vice w\ld be 9 dem&1 has prep>$ be=eh& to satisfy ?is dem& by incorporat+ ! value 9 a commodity4 ,:5 lab\r has be5 ?us exp5d$ by anticipation1 9 expectation ( future remun]ation1 we _c tell :e!r1 on a def9ite future day1 x w r5d] exactly ! same s]vice1 or save ! same pa9s1 or pres]ve1 consequ5tly1 a uni=m value4 ,we _c ev5 haz>d a probable conjecture z to ?is4 ,! commodity may be v re*]*1 v difficult to procure 9 any o!r way2 x may come to r5d] s]vices :i* w be bett] appreciat$1 or appreciat$ by m p2 x may acquire an increas+ value ) "t1--9 o!r words1 x may ex*ange = a cont9ually increas+ proportion ( pres5t lab\r4 ,?us x is n impossible t su* a product1 a diamond = example1 a viol9 ( ,/radiv>ius1 a picture ( ,raphal1 a v9e-plant f ! ,*teau-,laffitte1 may come to ex*ange = a ?\s& times m lab\r ?an !y co/4 ,9 fact x j comes to ?is1 t ! ant]ior lab\r is well remun]at$ 9 ^! cases1 because x r5d]s a great am\nt ( s]vice4 ,! contr>y may also happ54 ,a commodity :i* has co/ f\r h\rs' lab\r may come to ex*ange = "o :i* has co/ only ?ree h\rs' lab\r ( equal int5sity4 ,b--& ?is appe>s to me extremely important z reg>ds ! int]e/s ( ! work+ classes1 ( ^? classes :o aspire s ard5tly to get rid ( _! pres5t /ate ( unc]ta9ty--al?\gh ! two alt]natives we h /at$ are bo? possible1 & ea* may be realiz$ 9 its turn1 al?\gh accumulat$ lab\r may sometimes ga91 & sometimes lose value1 9 p#chh relation to pres5t lab\r1 ! fir/ alt]native1 nev]!less1 is s r>e z to be consid]$ accid5tal & exceptional2 :ile ! second is ! result ( a g5]al law :i* is inh]5t 9 ! v organization ( man4 ,t man1 ) all 8 intellectual & exp]im5tal acquisitions1 is ( a progressive nature1 is at lea/ indu/rially speak+ 7=1 9 a moral po9t ( view1 ! ass]tion might be disput$7 beyond d\bt4 ,x is beyond d\bt t ! great] "p ( ^? commodities :i* exact$ =m]ly a giv5 am\nt ( lab\r1 exact at ! pres5t day a less am\nt1 9 consequ5ce ( improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y & ! gratuit\s int]v5tion ( natural =ces2 & we may ass]t )\t hesitation1 t 9 ea* p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 = example1 a giv5 quantity ( lab\r w accompli%1 9 ! majority ( cases1 great] results ?an ! same quantity ( lab\r c\ld h accompli%$ 9 ! prec$+ dec5nial p]iod4 ,:at is ! conclusion to be drawn f ?is8 ,obvi\sly1 t ant]ior lab\r goes on con/antly det]iorat+ 9 value relatively to pres5t lab\r2 t 9 e act ( ex*ange x becomes necess>y to give1 ( ! fir/ a great] numb] ( h\rs ?an y receive ( ! second2 & ?is )\t any inju/ice1 b simply to ma9ta9 ! equival5ce ( s]vices4 ,?is is a consequ5ce :i* progress =ces ^u u4 ,y say to me1 8,"h is a ma*9e2 x 0 made t5 ye>s ago1 b x is /ill new4 ,x co/ #ajjj days' "w to make x4 ,i w give x to y 9 ex*ange = an equal numb] ( days' lab\r40 ,to ?is ,i reply1 8,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s s _m new tools h be5 inv5t$1 & s _m new processes discov]$1 t ,i c n[ con/ruct1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 get con/ruct$ = me1 an equally good ma*9e1 ) an exp5diture ( only #fjj days' lab\r4 ,i w n1 !re=e1 give y m ?an #fjj = y\rs40 8,b ,i %\ld 9 ?is way lose #djj days' lab\r40 8,no10 ,i reply2 8= #f days' "w n[ are wor? #aj =m]ly4 ,at all ev5ts1 :at y (f] me = #ajjj ,i c n[ procure = #fjj40 ,?is ends ! debate2 if ! lapse ( "t has det]iorat$ ! value ( y\r lab\r1 !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld be> ! loss4 ,aga9 y say to me1 8,"h is a field4 ,9 ord] to br+ x to its pres5t /ate ( productiv5ess1 ,i & my ance/ors h exp5d$ #ajjj days' lab\r4 ,!y 7 unacqua9t$1 no d\bt1 ) ! use ( axe1 & saw1 & spade1 & did all by muscul> ex]tion4 ,b no matt]2 give me fir/ ( all #ajjj ( y\r days' "w1 z an equival5t = ! #ajjj :i* ,i give to y1 & !n add #cjj z ! value ( ! productive p[] ( ! soil1 & y p#chi %all h ! field40 ,i answ]1 8,i w n give y #acjj1 or ev5 #ajjj1 days' lab\r = x2 & "h are my reasons3 ,!re are on ! surface ( ! globe an indef9ite numb] ( productive p[]s :i* are de/itute ( value4 ,we are n[ accu/om$ to h&le spade1 & axe1 & saw1 & pl\gh1 & employ _m o!r means ( abridg+ lab\r1 & r5d]+ x m productive2 s t1 ) #fjj days' "w1 ,i c ei!r br+ an uncultivat$ field into ! /ate 9 :i* y\rs is1 or 7:i* comes absolutely to ! same ?+ z f> z ,i am conc]n$7 ,i c procure myself1 by an act ( ex*ange1 all ! advantages :i* y reap f y\r field4 ,i w give y1 !n1 #fjj days1 & no m40 8,9 t case1 n only %\ld ,i h no pr(it f ! pret5d$ value ( ! productive p[]s ( ! soil2 ,i %\ld n ev5 be reimburs$ = ! actual lab\r :i* ,i & my ance/ors h devot$ to ! cultivation ( ?is field4 ,is x n /range t ,i %\ld be accus$ by ,ric>do ( sell+ ! p[]s ( nature2 by ,s5ior ( int]cept+ ! gifts ( ,god2 by all ! ,economi/s ( be+ a monopoli/2 by ,pr\dhon ( be+ a robb]2 :ile 9 reality ,i am only a dupe80 ,y are no m a dupe ?an a monopoli/4 ,y receive ! equival5t ( :at y give2 & x is nei!r natural1 nor j1 nor possible1 t rude lab\r p]=m$ ) ! h& c5turies ago %\ld ex*ange1 day = day1 aga9/ ! m intellig5t & productive lab\r ( ! pres5t "t4 ,?us we see t by an admirable effect ( ! social me*anism1 :5 ant]ior & pres5t lab\r are br\ght into juxtaposition1 & :5 ! bus9ess is to "k 9 :at proportion ! jo9t product ( bo? is to be divid$1 ! specific sup]iority ( ! "o & ( ! o!r is tak5 into acc\nt2 & !y p>ticipate 9 ! di/ribution accord+ to ! relative s]vices :i* !y r5d]4 ,9 exceptional cases x may happ5 t ?is sup]iority is on ! side ( ant]ior lab\r4 ,b 9 ! great majority ( cases x is o!rwise2 & ! nature ( man & ! law ( progress cause ! sup]iority to be manife/$ on ! side ( pres5t lab\r4 ,progress is advanc$ by ! latt]2 & ! det]ioration falls ^u capital4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is result1 :i* %[s h[ va9 & holl[ ! declamations ( our mod]n re=m]s on ! pret5d$ tyranny ( capital are1 !re is ano!r consid]ation /ill m fitt$ to ext+ui% 9 ! he>ts ( ! work+ classes t factiti\s hatr$ ( o!r classes1 :i* x has be5 attempt$ b ) too mu* success to light up4 ,! consid]ation ,i ref] to is ?is3 ,capital1 h[ev] f> x may c>ry its pret5sions1 & h[ev] p#cij successful x may be 9 its endeav\rs to ensure ! triumph ( ^! pret5sions1 c nev] place lab\r 9 a worse situation ?an x w\ld occupy 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,9 o!r words1 capital is always m fav\rable to lab\r by its pres5ce ?an by its abs5ce4 ,let u rev]t to ! example :i* ,i gave a little ago4 ,two m5 live by fi%+4 ,"o ( !m has nets1 l9es1 a boat1 & "s provisions to enable him to wait = ! fruit ( 8 lab\r4 ,! o!r has no?+ b 8 p]sonal ex]tions4 ,x is _! int]e/ to associate4#hd ,:atev] may be ! t]ms on :i* !y agree to %>e ! produce1 ! condition ( ei!r ( ^! two fi%]m51 :e!r ! ri* "o or ! poor "o1 nev] c be made worse1 & = ?is obvi\s reason1 t ! mom5t ei!r ( !m f9ds association disadvantage\s z comp>$ ) isolation1 he may return to isolation4 ,9 savage z 9 pa/oral1 9 agricultural z 9 indu/rial life1 ! relations ( capital & lab\r are always repres5t$ by ?is example4 ,! abs5ce ( capital is a limit :i* is always )9 ! p[] ( lab\r4 ,if ! pret5sions ( capital g ! l5g? ( r5d]+ jo9t action less pr(itable = lab\r ?an isolat$ action1 lab\r c take refuge 9 isolation1 an asylum always op5 7except 9 a /ate ( slav]y7 to volunt>y association f\nd to be disadvantage\s4 ,lab\r c always say to capital1 ,r ?an "w jo9tly on ! conditions :i* y (f] me1 ,i pref] to "w alone4 ,x may be object$ t ?is res\rce is illusory & ridicul\s1 t to lab\r isolat$ action is =bidd5 by a radical impossibility1 & t to disp5se ) tools & in/rum5ts w\ld be fatal to x4 ,?is is no d\bt true2 b x j confirms ! tru? ( my ass]tion1 t ev5 if capital c>ries its exactions to an extreme limit1 x /ill b5efits lab\r by ! v fact ( its be+ associat$ ) x4 ,lab\r c be br\ght into a worse condition ?an ! wor/ association only :5 all association ceases & capital retires4 ,cease1 !n1 apo/les ( mis=tune1 to cry out aga9/ ! tyranny ( capital1 s9ce y all[ t its action is always--9 a great] or less degree1 no d\bt1 b always--b5efic5t4 ,s+ul> tyranny1 ^: p[] is b5eficial to all ^? :o desire to feel its effects1 & is hurtful only :5 )drawn4 ,b ! objector may /ill insi/ t1 al?\gh ?is might be s 9 ! e>li] /ages ( society1 capital has at ! pres5t day p#cia invad$ ev]y?+4 ,x occupies e po/1 x lays hold ( e field4 ,! work+ man has no long] ei!r air1 or space1 or soil to put 8 foot on1 or /one to lay 8 head on1 )\t ! p]mission ( capital4 ,he is subject to its inexorable law1 & y w\ld af=d him no refuge b isolation1 :i* y admit is dea?6 ,all ?is displays a deplorable confusion ( ideas1 & a total ignorance ( ! social economy4 ,if1 z has be5 said1 capital has possess$ itself ( all ! =ces ( nature1 ( all l&s1 ( all space1 ,i w\ld ask = ^: pr(it8 ,= ! pr(it ( ! capitali/1 no d\bt4 ,b !n1 h[ does x happ5 t a simple workman1 :o has no?+ b 8 muscul> p[]s1 c obta9 9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,belgium1 a ?\s&1 a million times great] am\nt ( satisfaction & enjoym5t ?an he c\ld h reap$ 9 a /ate ( isolation1--n on ! social hypo!sis :i* y repudiate1 b on t o!r hypo!sis :i* y *]i% & cl+ to1 t :i* presupposes capital to h be5 guilty ( no usurpation4 ,i %all cont9ue to ent]ta9 ?is view ( ! subject1 until y\r new sci5ce c give a bett] acc\nt ( x2 = ,i am conv9c$ ,i h assign$ valid reasons = ! conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$4--7,*apt] vii47 ,take ! fir/ workman y meet ) on ! /reets ( ,p>is4 ,f9d out ! am\nt ( 8 e>n+s & ! am\nt ( enjoym5ts he c procure himself1 & :5 y h fir$ (f bo? aga9/ t mon/]1 capital1 ,i w /ep 91 & ?us address ! workman3 ,we are ab\t to annihilate capital & all its works2 & ,i am go+ to place y 9 ! mid/ ( a hundr$ ?\s& acres ( ! mo/ f]tile l&1 :i* ,i %all give y 9 full prop]ty & possession1 ) ev]y?+ above & bel[ gr\nd4 ,y w n be elb[$ by any capitali/4 ,y w h ! full enjoym5t ( ! f\r natural rights ( hunt+1 fi%+1 reap+ ! fruits1 & pa/ur+ ! l&4 ,true1 y w h no capital2 = if y _h1 y w\ld be 9 precisely ! situation y c5sure 9 ! case ( o!rs4 ,b y w no long] h reason to compla9 ( l&lordism1 capitalism1 individualism1 usur]s1 /ockjobb]s1 bank]s1 monopoli/s4 ,! l& w be absolutely & entirely y\rs4 ,?9k if y w\ld l to accept ?is position4 ,?is workman w\ld1 no d\bt1 imag9e at fir/ t he _h obta9$ ! =tune ( a mon>*4 ,on reflection1 h[ev]1 he w\ld probably say3 ,well1 let u calculate4 ,ev5 :5 a man possesses a hundr$ ?\s& acres ( l&1 he mu/ live4 ,n[1 h[ does ! bread acc\nt /& 9 ! two situations8 ,at p#cib pres5t ,i e>n half-a-cr[n a day4 ,at ! pres5t price ( corn ,i c h ?ree bu%els a week1 j z if ,i myself s[$ & reap$4 ,7 ,i proprietor ( a hundr$ ?\s& acres ( l&1 at ! utmo/ ,i c\ld n1 )\t capital1 produce ?ree bu%els ( corn 9 two ye>s1 & 9 ! int]im ,i might1 die ( fam9e4 4 4 4 4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 /ick to my wages4 ,! tru? is1 we d n consid] suffici5tly ! progress :i* ! human race mu/ h made1 to be able ev5 to ma9ta9 ! wret*$ exi/5ce ( our workm54#he 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,amelioration ( ! lab\r]'s lot f\nd 9 wages !mselves & 9 ! natural laws by :i* wages are regulat$4 #a/1 ,! lab\r] t5ds to rise to ! rank ( a capitali/ & employ]4 #b;d1 ,wages t5d to rise4 ,coroll>y4--,! transition f ! /ate ( a paid workman to t ( an employ] becomes con/antly less desirable1 & m easy4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 p#cic ,,xv4 ,,sav+4 ,to save is n to accumulate quantities ( corn1 ( game1 or ( cr[n-pieces4 ,?is ho>d+-up ( mat]ial & consumable commodities1 :i* mu/ necess>ily f its nature be re/ra9$ )9 n>r[ b\nds1 repres5ts only ! sav+ ( man 9 a /ate ( isolation4 ,all t we h hi!rto said ( value1 ( s]vices1 ( relative weal?1 %[s u t1 socially1 sav+1 al?\gh x proce$s f ! same s\rce1 develops itself diff]5tly & assumes ano!r "*4 ,to save is to int]pose volunt>ily an int]val betwe5 ! "t :5 we r5d] s]vices to society & ! "t :5 we receive back f society equival5t s]vices4 ,a man1 = example1 may e day1 f ! "t he is tw5ty until he is sixty1 r5d] to 8 neighb\rs pr(essional s]vices equal to f\r1 & dem& f !m s]vices only equal to ?ree4 ,9 t case he res]ves ! p[] ( draw+ ^u society 9 8 old age1 & :5 he c no long] "w1 = paym5t ( ! rema9+ f\r? ( 8 =ty ye>s' lab\r4 ,! circum/ance t he has receiv$ & accumulat$ ?r\gh a succession ( ye>s notes ( ackn[l$gm5t consi/+ ( bills ( ex*ange1 promissory notes1 bank notes1 money1 is q second>y1 & belongs only to ! =m ( ! transaction4 ,x has relation only to ! means ( execution4 ,x *anges nei!r ! nature nor ! consequ5ces ( sav+4 ,! illusion to :i* ! int]v5tion ( money gives rise 9 ?is respect is n ! less an illusion1 al?\gh we are almo/ always ! dupes ( x4 ,9 fact1 x is ) difficulty t we c avoid believ+ t ! man :o saves )draws f circulation a c]ta9 am\nt ( value1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 does a c]ta9 am\nt ( h>m to society4 ,& "h we enc\nt] "o ( ^? app>5t contradictions p#cid :i* are at w> ) logic1 "o ( ^? b>ri]s :i* w\ld seem to oppose an insurm\ntable ob/acle to progress1 "o ( ^? dissonances :i* gives u pa9 by appe>+ to call 9 "q ! ,div9e p[] & w4 ,on ! "o h&1 we "k t ! human race c only ext5d itself1 raise itself1 improve itself1 acquire leisure1 /ability1 &1 by consequ5ce1 intellectual developm5t & moral culture1 by ! abundant creation & p]sev]+ accumulation ( capital4 ,x is ?is rapid augm5tation ( capital on :i* dep5ds ! dem& = lab\r1 ! elevation ( wages1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! progress ( m5 t[>ds equality4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 to save is n ! opposite ( to sp5d1 & if ! man :o sp5ds gives a fillip to indu/ry & additional employm5t to lab\r1 does ! man :o saves n d exactly ! rev]se8 ,if e "o set himself to economize z mu* z possible1 we %\ld see lab\r langui% 9 ! same proportion1 & if all c\ld be sav$1 we %\ld h no fund = ! employm5t ( lab\r4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 :at advice c we give8 ,& :at solid basis c political economy (f] to morals1 :5 we appe> to be able to educe f ! =m] only ?is contradictory & melan*oly alt]native3-- 8,if y d n save1 capital w n be replac$1 b dissipat$1 ! lab\r+ class w be multipli$1 :ile ! fund = _! remun]ation w rema9 /ation>y2 !y w ent] into competition ) ea* o!r1 & (f] _! s]vices at a l[] rate2 wages w be depress$1 & society w1 9 ?is respect1 be on ! decl9e4 ,x w be on ! decl9e also 9 ano!r respect1 = unless y save y w be )\t bread 9 y\r old age2 y c no long] set y\r son out 9 ! _w1 give a portion to y\r daught]1 or enl>ge y\r trade10 etc4 8,if y d save1 y dim9i% ! fund = wages1 y injure a great numb] ( y\r fell[-citiz5s1 y /rike a bl[ at lab\r1 :i* is ! univ]sal creator ( human satisfactions1 & y l[]1 consequ5tly1 ! g5]al level ( humanity40 ,n[ ^! frightful contradictions disappe> be=e ! explanation :i* we h giv5 ( sav+--an explanation f\nd$ ^u ! ideas to :i* our inquiries on ! subject ( value conduct$ u4 ,s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices4 ,value is ! appreciation ( two s]vices comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is view1 to save is to h r5d]$ a s]vice1 & all[ "t p#cie = receiv+ ! equival5t s]vice1 or1 9 o!r words1 to int]pose an int]val ( "t betwe5 ! s]vice r5d]$ & ! s]vice receiv$4 ,n[1 9 :at respect c a man d injury to society or to lab\r :o m]ely ab/a9s f draw+ ^u society = a s]vice to :i* he has "r8 ,i c exact ! value :i* is due to me ^u ! in/ant1 or ,i may delay exact+ x = a ye>4 ,9 t case ,i give society a ye>'s respite4 ,dur+ t int]val1 lab\r is c>ri$ on1 & s]vices are ex*ang$1 j z if ,i did n exi/4 ,i h n by ?is means caus$ any di/urbance4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h add$ "o satisfaction m to ! enjoym5ts ( my fell[-citiz5s1 & !y possess x = a ye> gratuit\sly4 ,gratuit\sly is n ! ^w1 = ,i mu/ g on to describe ! ph5om5on4 ,! int]val ( "t :i* sep>ates ! two s]vices ex*ang$ is itself ! subject ( a b>ga91 ( an ex*ange1 = x is possess$ ( value4 ,x is ! orig9 & explanation ( int]e/4 ,a man1 = in/ance1 r5d]s a pres5t s]vice4 ,8 wi% is to receive ! equival5t s]vice only t5 ye>s h5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 is a value ( :i* he refuses himself ! imm$iate enjoym5t4 ,n[1 x is ( ! nature ( value to be able to assume all possible =ms4 ,) a det]m9ate value1 we are sure to obta9 any imag9able s]vice1 :e!r productive or unproductive1 ( an equal value4 ,he :o delays = t5 ye>s to call 9 a debt1 n only delays an enjoym5t1 b he delays ! possibility ( fur!r production4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t he w meet ) p 9 ! _w :o are dispos$ to b>ga9 = ?is delay4 ,!y w say to him3 8,y are entitl$ to receive imm$iately a c]ta9 value4 ,x suits y to delay receiv+ x = t5 ye>s4 ,n[1 = ^! t5 ye>s1 make ov] y\r "r to me1 place me 9 y\r room & /ead4 ,i %all receive = y ! am\nt = :i* y are a cr$itor4 ,i w employ x dur+ ^! t5 ye>s 9 a productive ent]prise1 & repay y at ! end ( t "t4 ,by ?is means y w r5d] me a s]vice1 & z e s]vice has a value1 :i* we e/imate by comp>+ x ) ano!r s]vice1 we h only to e/imate ?is s]vice :i* ,i solicit f y1 & s fix its value4 ,?is po9t be+ discuss$ & arrang$1 ,i %all h to repay y at ! end ( ! t5 ye>s1 n only ! value ( ! s]vice = :i* y are a cr$itor1 b ! value likewise ( ! s]vice :i* y are ab\t to r5d] me40 ,x is ! value ( ?is tempor>y transf]5ce ( values sav$ :i* we d5om9ate int]e/4 ,= ! same reason t a ?ird p>ty may desire t we p#cif %\ld transf] to him1 = an on]\s consid]ation1 ! enjoym5t ( a value sav$1 ! orig9al debtor may also desire to ent] into ! same b>ga94 ,9 bo? cases ?is is call$ ask+ = cr$it4 ,to give cr$it is to give "t = ! acquittance ( a debt1 ( a value2 x is to deprive oneself ( ! enjoym5t ( t value 9 fav\r ( ano!r1 x is to r5d] a s]vice1 x is to acquire a title to an equival5t s]vice4 ,b to rev]t to ! economic effects ( sav+1 n[ t we are acqua9t$ ) all ! details ( ! ph5om5on1 x is v evid5t t x does no injury to g5]al activity or to lab\r4 ,ev5 :5 ! man :o economizes realizes 8 economy1 &1 9 ex*ange = s]vices r5d]$1 receives h>d ca%1 & ho>ds x1 he does no h>m to society1 see+ t he has n be5 able to )draw t am\nt ( value f society )\t re/or+ to x equival5t values4 ,i mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t su* ho>d+ is improbable & exceptional1 inasmu* z x is detrim5tal to ! p]sonal int]e/s ( ! man :o w\ld practise x4 ,money 9 ! h&s ( su* a man may be suppos$ to say ?is3 8,he :o possesses me has r5d]$ s]vices to society1 & has n be5 paid = !m4 ,i h be5 put into 8 h&s to s]ve him z a w>rant2 ,i am at once an ackn[l$gm5t1 a promise1 & a gu>antee4 ,! mom5t he wills x1 he c1 by exhibit+ & re/or+ me1 receive back f society ! s]vices = :i* he is a cr$itor40 ,n[ ?is man is 9 no hurry4 ,does x foll[ t he w cont9ue to ho>d 8 money8 ,no2 = we h se5 t ! lapse ( "t :i* sep>ates two s]vices ex*ang$ becomes itself ! subject ( a comm]cial transaction4 ,if ! man :o saves int5ds to rema9 t5 ye>s )\t draw+ ^u society = ! s]vices t are ow+ to him1 8 int]e/ is to sub/itute a repres5tative1 9 ord] to add to ! value = :i* he is a cr$itor ! value ( ?is special s]vice4 ,sav+1 !n1 implies 9 no %ape actual ho>d+4 ,let morali/s be no long] arre/$ by ?is consid]ation4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 p#cig ,,xvi4 ,,population4 ,i h be5 long+ to ent] ^u ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 7 x = no o!r purpose ?an to h an opportunity ( v9dicat+ ,mal?us f ! viol5t attacks :i* h be5 made ^u him4 ,x is sc>cely cr$ible t a set ( writ]s ( no reputation or ability1 & ^: ignorance is transp>5t 9 e page ( _! works1 %\ld1 by e*o+ "o ano!r's op9ions1 h succe$$ 9 l[]+ 9 public e/imation a grave1 consci5ti\s1 & philan?ropic au?or2 repres5t+ z absurd a !ory :i* at all ev5ts des]ves to be /udi$ ) s]i\s att5tion4 ,x may be t ,i d n myself adopt all ! op9ions ( ,mal?us4 ,e "q has two phases3 & ,i believe t ,mal?us may h fix$ 8 reg>ds too exclusively ^u ! sombre side4 ,9 my own economical /udies & inquiries1 ,i h be5 s frequ5tly l$ to ! conclusion1 t :atev] is ! "w ( ,provid5ce is good1 t :5 logic has seem$ to =ce me to a diff]5t conclusion1 ,i h be5 incl9$ to di/ru/ my logic4 ,i am aw>e t ?is fai? 9 f9al causes is n unatt5d$ ) dang] to ! m9d ( an inquir]4 ,b ?is w n prev5t me f ackn[l$g+ t !re is a va/ am\nt ( tru? 9 ! admirable "w ( ?is economi/1 or f r5d]+ homage to t ard5t love ( mank9d by :i* e l9e ( x is inspir$4 ,mal?us1 ^: k ( ! social economy 0 pr(\nd1 _h a cle> view ( all ! +5i\s me*anism ) :i* nature has provid$ ! human race to assure its onw>d m>* on ! road ( progress4 ,& yet he believ$ t human progress might f9d itself entirely p>alyz$ by "o pr9ciple1 namely1 ! pr9ciple ( ,population4 ,9 contemplat+ ! _w1 he gave way to ! melan*oly reflection1 t 8,god appe>s to h tak5 great c>e ( ! species1 & v little ( ! individual4 ,9 fact1 z reg>ds a c]ta9 class ( animat$ be+s1 we see !m end[$ ) a p#cih fecundity s prolific1 a p[] ( multiplication s extraord9>y1 a pr(usion ( g]ms s sup]abundant1 t ! de/9y ( ! species w\ld seem und\bt$ly well assur$1 :ile t ( ! individuals ( ! species appe>s v prec>i\s2 = ! :ole ( ^! g]ms _c be br\ght to life & maturity4 ,!y mu/ ei!r fail to live1 or mu/ die prematurely40 8,man makes no exception to ?is law40 ,x is surpris+ t ?is %\ld %ock ! ,sociali/s1 :o h nev] done tell+ u t g5]al mu/ take prec$5ce ( individual "r4 8,?is mu* is c]ta91 t ,god has secur$ ! cont9uance ( ! human race by provid+ x ) a great p[] ( reproduction4 ,! numb]s ( mank9d1 !n1 w\ld come naturally1 b = prud5ce & =esight1 to exce$ :at ! e>? c\ld ma9ta94 ,b man is endu$ ) =esight1 & x is 8 reason & 8 w :i* c alone int]pose a *eck to ?is fatal progression40 ,sett+ out f ^! premises1 :i* y may dispute if y w1 b :i* ,mal?us reg>d$ z inconte/able1 he atta*$ necess>ily ! highe/ value to ! ex]cise ( =esight4 ,= !re 0 no alt]native2--man mu/ ei!r re/ra9 volunt>ily ?is excessive multiplication1 or else he mu/ become subject1 l all ! o!r species ( liv+ creatures1 to ! op]ation ( positive or repressive *ecks4 ,mal?us1 !n1 believ$ t he c\ld nev] urge m5 too /rongly to ! ex]cise ( =esight4 ,8 v philan?ropy engag$ him to exhibit 9 /rong relief ! fatal consequ5ces ( imprud5t reproduction1 9 ord] to put m5 ^u _! gu>d4 ,he said to !m3 ,if y multiply inconsid]ately1 y _c avoid ! *a/isem5t :i* awaits y 9 "s =m or o!r1 & always 9 a hide\s =m--fam9e1 w>1 pe/il5ce1 etc4 ,b5evol5ce1 *>ity1 poor-laws1 & all o!r exp$i5ts are b ineffectual rem$ies4 ,9 8 ard\r1 ,mal?us all[$ an expression to escape him1 :i*1 :5 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( 8 sy/em1 & f ! s5tim5t :i* dictat$ x1 may appe> h>%4 ,x occurr$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 "w1 :i* 0 !n only a bro*ure1 & has s9ce become a book ( f\r volumes4 ,x 0 repres5t$ to him t 8 mean+ 9 ?is objectionable passage might give rise to errone\s int]pretations4 ,he imm$iately suppress$ x1 & x has nev] s9ce reappe>$ 9 any ( ! num]\s editions ( 8 ,essay on ,population4 ,b ,mr ,godw91 "o ( 8 oppon5ts1 _h quot$ ?is suppress$ passage1 & ! consequ5ce 01 t ,m4 de ,sismondi 7a man :o1 ) ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 has done mu* p#cii mis*ief7 reproduc$ ?is unlucky s5t5ce4 ,! ,sociali/s in/antly laid hold ( x1 & on ?is !y proce$$ to try1 condemn1 & execute ,mal?us4 ,truly1 !y 7 mu* indebt$ to ,sismondi's le>n+1 = !y _h nev] !mselves read ei!r ,mal?us or ,godw94 ,! ,sociali/s h ?us repres5t$ an ungu>d$ passage1 :i* ,mal?us himself _h suppress$1 z ! basis ( 8 sy/em4 ,!y repeat x ad nauseam4 ,9 a little #ahmo volume1 ,m4 ,pi]re ,l]\x reproduc$ x at lea/ =ty times1 & x =ms ! /ock-9-trade ( all our declamatory second-rate re=m]s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ & ! mo/ vigor\s ( t s*ool ( writ]s hav+ writt5 an article aga9/ ,mal?us1 ,i happ5$ "o day to conv]se ) him1 & cit$ "s op9ions express$ 9 ! ,essay on ,population4 ,i ?\ght ,i p]ceiv$ t he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! "w4 ,i rem>k$ to him1 8,y :o h refut$ ,mal?us1 h y n read 8 book f beg9n+ to end80 8,i h n read x at all10 he repli$4 8,8 :ole sy/em is to be f\nd 9 "o page1 & is cond5s$ 9 ! fam\s #8ari?metical & geometrical progressions'--t is en\gh = me40 8,x seems to me10 ,i said1 8t y are je/+ ) ! public1 ) ,mal?us1 ) tru?1 ) consci5ce1 & ) y\rself40 ,?is is ! way t op9ions obta9 curr5cy ) u4 ,fifty ignorant p repeat 9 *orus some?+ spiteful & absurd1 put =w>d by "o m ignorant ?an !mselves1 & if x happ5s to h ! lea/ connexion ) ! fa%ionable op9ions or passions ( ! h\r1 x is at once receiv$ z an axiom4 ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be all[$1 _c ent] on ! solution ( a problem ) ! settl$ int5tion ( e/abli%+ a =egone conclusion1 h[ev] consolatory4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a man :o %\ld sit d[n to ! /udy ( physiology1 resolv$ be=eh& to demon/rate t ,god has n will$ t mank9d %\ld be afflict$ ) diseases8 ,7 "o physiologi/ to f\nd a sy/em on su* a basis z ?is1 & ano!r to controv]t x by an appeal to facts1 ! =m] w\ld mo/ likely fly into a rage1 & tax 8 oppon5t ) impiety2 b x is difficult to believe t he w\ld g ! l5g? ( accus+ 8 oppon5t himself ( be+ ! au?or ( diseases4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is :at has happ5$ to ,mal?us4 ,9 a "w f\nd$ on facts & figures1 he expla9$ a law :i* has giv5 great (f5ce to our optimi/s2 & 9 _! anxiety to ignore ! exi/5ce ( ?is law1 !y h attack$ ,mal?us ) rancor\s virul5ce & flagrant bad fai?1 z if he _h himself delib]ately p#djj ?r[n 9 ! way ( mank9d ^? ob/acles :i* fl[$1 z he ?\ght1 f ! pr9ciple ( population4 ,x w\ld surely h be5 m philosophical to h prov$ simply t ,mal?us 0 mi/ak51 & t 8 pret5d$ law _h 9 reality no exi/5ce4 ,population1 we mu/ all[1 is "o ( a num]\s class ( subjects :i* s]ve to rem9d u t man has frequ5tly left him only a *oice ( evils4 ,:atev] may h be5 its design1 suff]+3 has ent]$ into ! plan ( ,provid5ce4 ,let u n1 !n1 seek = h>mony 9 ! abs5ce ( evil1 b 9 ! t5d5cy ( evil to br+ u back to :at is good1 & 9 ! gradual contraction ( its own doma94 ,god has indu$ u ) free w4 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld le>n1--:i* is a long & difficult process1--& !n x is necess>y t we %\ld act on ! k ?us acquir$1 :i* is n mu* less difficult4 ,9 ?is way we %all gradually emancipate ourselves f suff]+1 b )\t ev] altoge!r escap+ f x2 = ev5 :5 we succe$ completely 9 elud+ *a/isem5t1 we h /ill to ex]cise ! pa9ful ef=t ( =esight4 ,9 free+ ourselves f ! "o1 we mu/ submit ourselves to ! o!r4 ,x is ( no use to rebel aga9/ ?is ord] ( ?+s2 = x envelopes u2 x is ! atmosph]e 9 :i* we live & brea!2 & x is ) ?is alt]native ( re/riction or prev5tion be=e u1 :i* we _c get rid (1 & _c lose sight (1 t we proce$1 ) ,mal?us1 to ent] ^u ! problem ( population4 ,on ?is great "q ,i %all fir/ ( all assume ! function ( a m]e report]1 & !n give y my own views4 ,if ! laws ( population c be compris$ 9 a %ort aphorism1 x w be a happy ?+ = ! advancem5t & diffusion ( ! sci5ce4 ,b if1 f ! numb] & ! %ift+ nature ( ! po/ulates1 we f9d t ^! laws refuse to be %ut up 9 a brief & rigor\s =mula1 we mu/ acquiesce4 ,prolix exactitude is bett] ?an delusive brevity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h se5 t progress consi/s 9 caus+ natural =ces to co-op]ate m & m t[>ds ! satisfaction ( our wants1 s t1 at ea* successive epo*1 ! same am\nt ( utility is obta9$1 :il/ to society is left ei!r m leisure1 or a great] am\nt ( disposable lab\r1 to be appli$ to ! acquisition ( new enjoym5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h demon/rat$ t e fre% conque/ we ?us ga9 ov] nature1 aft] hav+ = a "t br\ght additional pr(it to ! inv5tor1 nev] fails to become1 by ! p#dja op]ation ( ! law ( competition1 ! common & gratuit\s patrimony ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,f ^! premises we %\ld conclude t human happ9ess mu/ be enl>g$1 &1 at ! same "t1 rapidly equaliz$4 ,t x has n be5 s 9 reality1 h[ev]1 is a po9t beyond all dispute4 ,!re are 9 ! _w multitudes ( un=tunate p1 ^: wret*$ness has n be5 caus$ by _! own misde$s4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ?is8 ,i believe x is ow+ to a multiplicity ( causes4 ,"o ( !m is call$ spoliation1 or1 if y w1 inju/ice4 ,economi/s h ref]r$ to x only incid5tally1 z imply+ "s error1 "s false sci5tific notion4 ,engag$ 9 ! explanation ( g5]al laws1 x is n _! bus9ess1 !y ?9k1 to conc]n !mselves ) ^? laws1 :5 !y are n 9 op]ation or violat$4 ,spoliation1 h[ev]1 has borne1 & /ill be>s1 too prom95t a %>e 9 human affairs to p]mit ev5 economi/s to ?r[ x aside z a consid]ation unwor?y ( be+ tak5 into acc\nt4 ,:at we h to d ) "h is n accid5tal !fts1 petty l>c5ies1 or isolat$ crimes4 ,w>1 slav]y1 prie/ly impo/ures1 privileges1 monopolies1 re/rictions1 abuses ( taxation1--^! are ! m sali5t manife/ations ( spoliation4 ,x is easy to see :at influ5ce di/urb+ =ces ( su* magnitude mu/ h ex]cis$1 & mu/ /ill ex]cise by _! pres5ce1 or ! deep traces !y h left beh9d !m1 on ! inequality ( conditions2 & x w be our bus9ess h]eaft] to e/imate ! va/ ext5t ( _! effects4 ,b ano!r cause :i* ret>ds progress1 &1 above all1 :i* h9d]s its ext5sion to all classes1 is1 z "s au?ors ?9k1 ! pr9ciple ( population4 ,& no d\bt1 if 9 proportion z weal? increases1 ! numb] ( p among :om t weal? is to be divid$ increases also1 & m rapidly1 absolute weal? may be great]1 & individual weal? less4 ,if1 moreov]1 !re be "o species ( s]vices :i* ev]ybody c r5d]1 l ! s]vices :i* require only muscul> ex]tion1 & if x be j ! class ^: bus9ess x is to r5d] su* s]vices1 ! wor/ paid ( all1 :i* multiplies ) ! greate/ rapidity1 we mu/ conclude t lab\r creates = itself a fatal competition4 ,! l[e/ class w nev] b5efit by progress1 if t class increases fa/] ?an x c spread & di/ribute itself4 ,y see1 !n1 h[ important ! pr9ciple ( population is4 ,mal?us has r$uc$ ! pr9ciple to ?is =mula3 p#djb ,population has a t5d5cy to keep on a level ) ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,i _c help rem>k+ 9 pass+ t x is surpris+ t ! hon\r & responsibility ( enunciat+ ?is pr9ciple1 be x true or false1 %\ld h be5 ascrib$ to ,mal?us4 ,no writ] on su* subjects s9ce ! days ( ,ari/otle b has proclaim$ x1 & frequ5tly 9 ! v same words4#hf ,x is impossible to look ar\nd u on ! aggregate ( animat$ be+s )\t be+ conv9c$ beyond d\bt t nature has be5 m engross$ ) ! c>e ( species ?an ( individuals4 ,! precautions :i* nature has tak5 to ensure ! p]petuity ( races are rem>kable2 & among ^! precautions1 a v noticeable "o is ! pr(usion ( g]ms or se$s4 ,?is sup]abundance appe>s to be calculat$ 9 an inv]se ratio to ! s5sibility1 intellig5ce1 & p[] ) :i* ea* species is end[$1 to enable x to resi/ de/ruction4 ,?us1 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ! means ( reproduction1 by se$s1 cutt+s1 etc41 :i* a s+le plant c furni%1 are c\ntless4 ,"o elm 77 all its se$s to take root7 might give bir? 9 a s+le ye> to a million ( trees4 ,:y %\ld ?is n actually happ58 ,because all ! se$s h n ! b5efit ( ! conditions :i* vegetable life exacts1 namely1 space & n\ri%m5t4 ,!y are de/roy$2 & z plants are de/itute ( s5sibility1 nature has sp>$ nei!r ! means ( reproduction nor ^? ( de/ruction4 ,animals1 too1 ^: life is ( a type ak9 to vegetable life1 reproduce !mselves 9 imm5se numb]s4 ,:o has n wond]$ t oy/]s1 = in/ance1 c\ld multiply suffici5tly to supply ! enorm\s consumption ( !m8 ,z we advance 9 ! scale ( animal life1 we f9d t ! means ( reproduction has be5 be/[$ by nature ) great] p>simony4 ,v]tebrat$ animals1 especially ! l>g] species1 d n multiply s quickly z o!rs4 ,! c[ goes n9e mon?s1 produces only p#djc "o calf1 & mu/ suckle x = "s "t4 ,yet ev5 among cattle ! reproductive p[] surpasses :at might be ?\ght absolutely necess>y4 ,9 ri* c\ntries1 su* z ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,switz]l&1 ! numb] ( animals ( ?is description increases not)/&+ ! enorm\s de/ruction ( !m2 & _h we b\ndless pa/ures & prairies1 !re c be no d\bt t we might h bo? a /ill great] de/ruction & m rapid reproduction ( !m4 ,i %\ld say t if n\ri%m5t & space 7 n limit$1 we might h 9 a few ye>s t5 times m ox5 & c[s1 ev5 if we consum$ t5 times m meat4 ,! reproductive p[] ( cattle1 !n1 ev5 lay+ aside ! extrane\s consid]ation ( ! limitation ( space & n\ri%m5t1 is f> f be+ fully develop$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! reproductive faculty 9 ! human species is less p[]ful ?an 9 any o!r1 & x ought to be s4 ,man1 9 ! sup]ior situation 9 :i* nature has plac$ him1 z reg>ds intellig5ce & sympa?y1 ought n to be expos$ to de/ruction 9 ! same degree z ! inf]ior animals4 ,b we are n to suppose t physically he escapes f t law 9 virtue ( :i* all species h ! faculty ( multiply+ to a great] ext5t ?an space & n\ri%m5t p]mit4 ,i say physically1 because ,i am speak+ "h only ( ! physiological law4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! physiological p[] ( multiply+ & actual multiplication4 ,! "o is an absolute organic p[] :5 fre$ f all ob/acle & all limitation ab extra--! o!r is ! effective result+ =ce ( ?is p[] comb9$ ) ! aggregate ( all ! resi/ance :i* limits & re/ra9s x4 ,?us ! p[] ( multiplication ( ! poppy may be a million a ye>1 p]haps2 b 9 a field ( poppies ! actual reproduction may be /ation>y or ev5 decrease4 ,x is ?is physiological law t ,mal?us essay$ to r$uce to a =mula4 ,he inquir$ 9 :at p]iod ( "t a giv5 numb] ( m5 w\ld d\ble1 if _! space & food 7 unlimit$4 ,we c see be=eh& t z ?is hypo!sis ( ! complete satisfaction ( all wants is nev] realiz$ 9 practice1 ! !oretic p]iod mu/ necess>ily be %ort] ?an any p]iod ( actual d\bl+ :i* has ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,obs]vation1 9 fact1 gives v diff]5t results = diff]5t c\ntries4 ,accord+ to ! results obta9$ by ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonns1 tak+ = basis ! actual increase ( population1 ! p]iod ( d\bl+ w\ld require--9 ,turkey1 #eee ye>s2 9 p#djd ,switz]l&1 #bbg2 9 ,france1 #ach2 9 ,spa91 #ajf2 9 ,holl&1 #ajj2 9 ,g]many1 #gf2 9 ,russia & 9 ,engl&1 #dc2 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 #be ye>s1 d$uct+ ! cont+5t furni%$ by immigration4 ,n[1 :at is ! reason ( su* enorm\s diff]5ces8 ,we h no reason to ?9k t !y are ! result ( physiological causes4 ,swiss wom5 are z well =m$ & z prolific z ,am]ican wom54 ,we mu/ conclude1 !n1 t ! absolute g5]ative p[] is re/ra9$ by ext]nal ob/acles4 ,& :at proves ?is beyond d\bt is1 t x is manife/$ z soon z circum/ances occur to remove ^! ob/acles4 ,?us an improv$ agriculture1 new manufactures1 "s new s\rce ( local weal?1 leads inv>iably 9 t locality to an increase ( population4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 a sc\rge l a plague1 or a fam9e1 or w>1 de/roys a great "p ( ! population1 we imm$iately f9d t multiplication is m rapidly develop$4 ,:5 an increase ( population1 !n1 is ret>d$1 or /ops1 we f9d t space & n\ri%m5t are awant+1 or likely to be s2 t x has enc\nt]$ an ob/acle1 or is sc>$ by "o4 ,?is ph5om5on1 ! ann\ncem5t ( :i* has br\ght d[n s mu* abuse on ,mal?us1 appe>s 9 tru? beyond ! rea* ( d\bt4 ,if y put a ?\s& mice into a cage1 ) only z mu* provision z is necess>y = _! daily su/5ance1 _! numb]1 9 spite ( ! ackn[l$g$ fecundity ( ! species1 c nev] exce$ a ?\s&1 or if x d1 !re w be privation & !re w be suff]+1--bo? t5d+ to r$uce ! numb]4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be correct to say t an ext]nal cause limits1 n ! p[] ( fecundity1 b ! result ( fecundity4 ,!re w\ld assur$ly be an antagonism betwe5 ! physiological t5d5cy & ! re/ra9+ =ce1 & ! result w\ld be t ! numb] w\ld be /ation>y4 ,to prove ?is1 increase gradually ! provision until y d\ble x1 & y w v soon f9d two ?\s& mice 9 ! cage4 ,& :at is ! answ] :i* is made to ,mal?us8 ,he is met ) ! v fact ^u :i* 8 !ory is f\nd$4 ,! pro(1 x is said1 t ! p[] ( reproduction 9 man is n indef9ite1 is t 9 c]ta9 c\ntries ! population is /ation>y4 ,if ! law ( progression 7 true1 if population d\bl$ e tw5ty-five ye>s1 ,france1 :i* _h ?irty millions ( inhabitants 9 #ahbj1 w\ld n[ h m ?an sixty millions4 ,is ?is logical8 p#dje ,i beg9 by prov+ t ! population ( ,france has increas$ only a fif? 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 :il/ 9 o!r c\ntries x has d\bl$4 ,i seek = ! cause ( ?is2 & ,i f9d x 9 ! defici5cy ( space & su/5ance4 ,i f9d t 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( cultivation1 population1 & national mann]s & habits1 !re is a difficulty 9 creat+ ) suffici5t rapidity subsi/5ce = g5]ations t might be born1 or = ma9ta9+ ^? t are actually born4 ,i ass]t t ! means ( subsi/5ce _c be d\bl$--at lea/ t !y are n d\bl$--9 ,france e tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,?is is exactly ! aggregate ( ^? negative =ces :i* re/ra91 z ,i ?9k1 ! physiological p[]--& y br+ =w>d ?is sl[ness ( multiplication 9 ord] to prove t ?is physiological p[] has no exi/5ce4 ,su* a mode ( discuss+ ! "q is m]e trifl+4 ,is ! argum5t aga9/ ! geometrical progression ( ,mal?us m conclusive8 ,mal?us has n[h]e ass]t$ t1 9 po9t ( fact1 population increases accord+ to a geometrical progression4 ,he alleges1 on ! contr>y1 t ! fact is n s1 & ! subject ( 8 inquiry has ref]5ce to ! ob/acles :i* h9d] x4 ,! progression is br\ght =w>d m]ely z a =mula ( ! organic p[] ( multiplication4 ,seek+ to discov] 9 :at "t a giv5 population c d\ble itself1 on ! assumption t all its wants are suppli$1 he fix$ ?is p]iod at tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,he s fix$ x1 because direct obs]vation _h %[n him t ?is /ate ( ?+s actually exi/$ among a p1 :o1 al?\gh v f> f fulfill+ all ! conditions ( 8 hypo!sis1 came ne>] ! conditions he _h assum$ ?an any o!r--namely1 ! p ( ,am]ica4 ,?is p]iod once f\nd1 & ! "q hav+ always ref]5ce to ! virtual p[] ( propagation1 he lays x d[n t population has a t5d5cy to increase 9 a geometrical progression4 ,?is is d5i$2 b ! d5ial is 9 ! tee? ( evid5ce4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t ! p]iod ( d\bl+ may n be ev]y:]e tw5ty-five ye>s2 t x may be ?irty1 =ty1 or fifty ye>s2 t x v>ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries & races4 ,all ?is is fair subject ( discussion2 b grant+ ?is1 x c]ta9ly _c be said t1 on ! hypo!sis assum$1 ! progression is n geometrical4 ,if1 9 fact1 a hundr$ c\ples produce two hundr$ 9 a giv5 "t1 :y may n two hundr$ produce f\r hundr$ 9 an equal "t8 ,because1 say ! oppon5ts ( ! !ory1 multiplication w be re/ra9$4 ,?is is j :at ,mal?us has said4 p#djf ,b by :at means w multiplication be re/ra9$8 ,mal?us po9ts out two g5]al ob/acles to indef9ite multiplication1 :i* he has d5om9at$ ! prev5tive & repressive *ecks4 ,z population c be kept d[n bel[ ! level ( its physiological t5d5cy only by a dim9ution ( ! numb] ( bir?s1 or an increase ( ! numb] ( dea?s1 ! nom5clature ( ,mal?us is und\bt$ly correct4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! conditions z reg>ds space & n\ri%m5t are su* t population _c g beyond a c]ta9 figure1 x is evid5t t ! de/ructive *eck has m p[]1 9 proportion z ! prev5tive *eck has less4 ,to allege t ! numb] ( bir?s may increase )\t an increase 9 ! numb] ( dea?s1 :ile ! means ( subsi/5ce are /ation>y1 w\ld be to fall into a manife/ contradiction4 ,nor is x less evid5t1 priori1 & indep5d5tly ( o!r grave economic consid]ations1 t 9 su* a situation volunt>y self-re/ra9t is pref]able to =c$ repression4 ,z f> z we h yet gone1 !n1 ! !ory ( ,mal?us is 9 all respects inconte/able4 ,he 0 wrong1 p]haps1 9 adopt+ ?is p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s z ! limit ( human fecundity1 al?\gh x holds good 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i am conv9c$ t 9 assum+ ?is p]iod he wi%$ to avoid ! imputation ( exagg]ation1 or ( deal+ 9 pure ab/ractions4 8,h[ c !y pret5d10 he may h ?\ght1 8t ,i give too mu* latitude to ! possible if ,i f\nd my pr9ciple on :at actually takes place80 ,he did n consid] t by mix+ up 9 ?is way ! virtual & ! real1 & repres5t+ z ! measure ( ! law ( multiplication1 )\t ref]5ce to ! law ( limitation1 a p]iod :i* is ! result ( facts gov]n$ by bo? laws1 he %\ld expose himself to be misund]/ood4 ,?is is :at has actually happ5$4 ,8 geometrical & ari?metical progressions h be5 laugh$ at2 he has be5 reproa*$ = tak+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a type ( ! re/ ( ! _w2 9 a ^w1 ! confusion he has giv5 rise to by mix+ up ^! two di/9ct laws1 has be5 seiz$ ^u to confute ! "o by ! o!r4 ,:5 we seek to discov] ! ab/ract p[] ( propagation1 we mu/ put aside = ! mom5t all consid]ation ( ! physical & moral *ecks aris+ f defici5cy ( space1 food1 or com=table circum/ances4 ,b ! "q once propos$ 9 ^! t]ms1 x is q sup]flu\s to attempt an exact solution4 ,?is p[]1 9 ! human race1 z 9 all organiz$ exi/5ces1 surpasses1 p#djg 9 an enorm\s proportion1 all ! ph5om5a ( rapid multiplication t we h obs]v$ 9 ! pa/1 or c ev] obs]ve 9 ! future4 ,take :eat1 = example3 all[+ five /alks = e se$1 & five gra9s = e /alk1 "o gra9 has ! virtual p[] ( produc+ f\r hundr$ millions ( gra9s 9 five ye>s4 ,or take ! can9e race1 & suppose f\r puppies to ea* litt]1 & six ye>s ( fecundity1 we %all f9d t "o c\ple may 9 twelve ye>s produce eight millions ( cubs4 ,z reg>ds ! human race1 assum+ sixte5 z ! age ( pub]ty1 & fecundity to cease at ?irty1 ea* c\ple might give bir? to eight *ildr54 ,x is mak+ a l>ge d$uction to r$uce ?is numb] to "o-half on acc\nt ( premature dea?s1 s9ce we are reason+ on ! supposition ( absolute com=t & all wants satisfi$1 :i* greatly limits ! am\nt ( mortality4 ,h[ev]1 let u /ate ! premises 9 ?is way1 & !y give u 9 tw5ty-five ye>s #b--d--h--af--cb--fd--abh--bef--eab1 etc42 9 %ort1 two millions 9 two c5turies4 ,if we make ! calculation on ! basis adopt$ by ,eul]1 ! p]iod ( d\bl+ w be twelve ye>s & a half4 ,eight su* p]iods w make exactly a c5tury1 & ! increase 9 t space ( "t w be z #eab3b4 ,at no era1 & 9 no c\ntry1 h we ev] obs]v$ ! numb]s ( ! human race increase ) ?is frightful rapidity4 ,accord+ to ! book ( ,g5esis1 ! ,hebrews :o ent]$ ,egypt am\nt$ to sev5ty c\ples2#hg & we f9d f ! book ( ,numb]s t :5 ,moses numb]$ ! p1 two c5turies aft]w>ds1 !y am\nt$ to six hundr$ ?\s& m5 above tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1#hh :i* supposes a population ( two millions at lea/4 ,f ?is we may inf] t ! p]iod ( d\bl+ 0 f\rte5 ye>s4 ,/ati/ical tables c sc>cely be admitt$ to control biblical facts4 ,%all we say t six hundr$ ?\s& m5 8able to g to w>0 supposes a population l>g] ?an two millions1 & inf] f t a p]iod ( d\bl+ less ?an ,eul] has calculat$8 ,9 t case1 we %\ld ca/ d\bt ei!r on ! c5sus ( ,moses or on ! calculations ( ,eul]4 ,all t we cont5d = is1 t x %\ld n be pret5d$ t ! ,hebrews multipli$ ) great] rapidity ?an x is possible to multiply4 ,aft] ?is example1 :i* is probably t 9 :i* actual fecundity approximates mo/ ne>ly to virtual fecundity1 we h p#djh ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e we "k t ! population d\bles 9 less ?an tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,x is unnecess>y to pursue su* rese>*es fur!r4 ,x is suffici5t to "k t 9 our species1 z 9 all1 ! organic p[] ( multiplication is sup]ior to ! actual multiplication4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld involve a contradiction to ass]t t ! actual surpasses ! virtual4 ,alongside ( ?is absolute p[]1 :i* x is unnecess>y to det]m9e m exactly1 & :i* we may safely reg>d z uni=m1 !re exi/s1 z we h said1 ano!r =ce1 :i* limits1 compresses1 susp5ds1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! action ( ! fir/1 & opposes to x ob/acles ( diff]5t k9ds1 v>y+ ) times & places1 ) ! occupations1 ! mann]s1 ! laws1 or ! religion ( diff]5t nations4 ,i d5om9ate ?is second =ce ! law ( limitation2 & x is evid5t t ! progress ( population 9 ea* c\ntry1 & 9 ea* class1 is ! result ( ! comb9$ action ( ^! two laws4 ,b 9 :at does ?is law ( limitation consi/8 ,we may say 9 a v g5]al way t ! propagation ( life is re/ra9$ or prev5t$ by ! difficulty ( su/a9+ life4 ,?is idea1 :i* we h already express$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! =mula ( ,mal?us1 x is ( importance to develop f>!r1 = x is ! ess5tial "p ( our subject4#hi ,organiz$ exi/5ces1 :i* are indu$ ) life1 b )\t feel+1 are entirely passive 9 ?is /ruggle betwe5 ! two pr9ciples4 ,z reg>ds vegetables1 x is /rictly true t ! numb] ( ea* species is limit$ by ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! pr(usion ( g]ms is inf9ite1 b ! res\rces ( space & t]ritorial f]tility are n s4 ,^! g]ms injure or de/roy "o ano!r2 !y fail to gr[1 or !y take root & come to maturity only to ! ext5t t ! soil all[s (4 ,animals are endu$ ) feel+1 b !y w\ld seem 9 g5]al to be de/itute ( =esight4 ,!y bre$1 increase1 & multiply )\t reg>d to ! fate ( _! (fspr+4 ,dea?1 premature dea?1 alone limits _! multiplication1 & ma9ta9s ! equilibrium betwe5 _! numb]s & _! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,m4 de ,lam5nais1 9 8 inimitable language1 ?us addresses ! p3-- 8,!re is room en\gh 9 ! _w = all1 & ,god has made x f]tile en\gh to supply ! wants ( all40 ,&1 fur!r on1 he says1--8,! ,au?or ( ! univ]se has n assign$ a worse p#dji condition to man ?an to ! inf]ior animals4 ,are n all invit$ to ! ri* banquet ( nature8 ,is "o alone exclud$80 ,&1 aga91 he adds1--8,plants ext5d _! roots f "o field to ano!r1 9 a soil :i* n\ri%es !m all1 & all gr[ !re 9 peace2 none ( !m absorbs ! sap ( ano!r40 ,9 all ?is we see only fallaci\s declamation1 :i* s]ves z ! basis ( dang]\s conclusions2 & we _c help regrett+ t an eloqu5ce s admirable %\ld be devot$ to giv+ popul> curr5cy to ! mo/ fatal ( errors4 ,x is n true t no plant robs ano!r ( its sap1 & t all ext5d _! roots 9 ! soil )\t injury4 ,hundr$s ( millions ( vegetable g]ms fall e ye> ^u ! gr\nd1 d]ive f x a beg9n+ ( vitality1 & !n die /ifl$ by plants /rong]1 rank]1 h>di] ?an !mselves4 ,x is n true t all animals :i* are born are invit$ to ! banquet ( nature1 & t none ( !m is exclud$4 ,wild bea/s dev\r "o ano!r2 & ( dome/ic animals man de/roys a c\ntless numb]4 ,no?+1 9 fact1 is bett] calculat$ ?an ?is to %[ ! exi/5ce & relations ( ^! two pr9ciples--t ( multiplication & t ( limitation4 ,:y h we 9 ?is c\ntry s _m ox5 & %eep1 not)/&+ ! havoc we make8 ,:y are !re s few be>s & wolves1 al?\gh we slaught] f> few] ( !m1 & !y are s organiz$ z to be capable ( multiply+ mu* fa/]8 ,! reason is1 t man prep>es subsi/5ce = ! "o class ( animals1 & takes x away f ! o!r class4 ,z reg>ds ea*1 he s arranges ! law ( limitation z to leave m or less latitude to ! law ( increase4 ,?us1 z reg>ds bo? vegetables & animals1 ! limit+ =ce appe>s only 9 "o =m1 t ( de/ruction4 ,b man is indu$ ) reason & =esight1 & ?is new elem5t modifies1 & ev5 *anges1 ! mode ( action ( ?is =ce1 s f> z he is conc]n$4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 z f> z he is a be+ provid$ ) mat]ial organs1 or1 to speak pla9ly1 9 z f> z he is an animal1 ! law ( limitation1 9 ! =m ( de/ruction1 applies to him4 ,x is impossible t ! numb]s ( m5 c exce$ _! means ( subsi/5ce2 = to ass]t t m m5 exi/$ ?an _h ! means ( exi/+1 w\ld imply a contradiction4 ,if1 !n1 8 reason & =esight are lull$ asleep1 he becomes a vegetable1 he becomes a brute4 ,9 t case1 he w inevitably multiply 9 virtue ( ! great physiological law :i* gov]ns all organiz$ nature2 &1 9 t case1 x is equally inevitable t he %\ld p]i% 9 virtue ( t law ( limitation ! action ( :i* he has ignor$4 p#daj ,b if he ex]cise =esight1 ?is second law comes )9 ! sph]e ( 8 w4 ,he modifies & directs x4 ,x is1 9 fact1 no long] ! same law4 ,x is no long] a bl9d1 b an intellig5t =ce2 x is no long] a m]e natural1 x has become a social law4 ,man is ! c5tre 9 :i* ^! two pr9ciples1 matt] & intellig5ce1 meet1 unite1 & are bl5d$2 he belongs exclusively nei!r to ! "o nor to ! o!r4 ,z reg>ds ! human race1 ! law ( limitation is manife/$ 9 bo? its aspects1 & ma9ta9s population at ! necess>y level by ! d\ble action ( =esight & de/ruction4 ,^! two actions are n ( uni=m int5sity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! "o is enl>g$ 9 proportion z ! o!r is re/ra9$4 ,! ?+ to be accompli%$1 ! po9t to be rea*$ is limitation2 & x is s m or less by means ( repression1 or by means ( prev5tion1 accord+ z man is bruti% or spiritual1 accord+ z he is m alli$ to matt] or to m9d1 accord+ z he has 9 him m ( vegetative or ( moral life4 ,! law may be ext]nal to him1 or int]nal1 b x mu/ exi/ some:]e4 ,we d n =m a j idea ( ! va/ doma9 ( =esight1 :i* ! translator ( ,mal?us has mu* circumscrib$1 by giv+ curr5cy to t vague & inadequate expression1 moral re/ra9t contra9te morale1 :i* he has /ill f>!r limit$ by ! def9ition he has giv5 ( x1 namely1 8,! virtue :i* consi/s 9 n m>ry+1 :5 "o has n ! means ( ma9ta9+ a family1 & yet liv+ 9 *a/ity40 ,! ob/acles :i* intellig5t human society opposes to possible multiplication take _m o!r =ms besides t ( moral re/ra9t ?us def9$4 ,:at means1 = example1 ! pure & holy ignorance ( e>ly life1 ! only ignorance :i* x is crim9al to dissipate1 :i* e "o respects1 & ov] :i* ! timid "m wat*es z ov] hidd5 treasure8 ,:at means ! mode/y :i* succe$s t ignorance1 t my/]i\s def5ce ( ! "y female1 :i* intimidates :il/ x en*ants h] lov]1 & prolongs1 :ile x embelli%es1 ! innoc5t season ( c\rt%ip8 ,! veil :i* is ?us int]pos$ at fir/ betwe5 ignorance & tru?1 & !n betwe5 tru? & happ9ess1 is a m>vell\s ?+1 & 9 aught save ?is w\ld be absurd4 ,:at means t p[] ( op9ion :i* imposes su* sev]e laws on ! relations ( ! sexes1 /igmatizes ! slighte/ transgression ( ^? laws1 & visits x n only on ! err+ feebl5ess :i* succumbs1 b1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 on ! unhappy (fspr+8 ,:at mean t s5sitive hon\r1 t rigid res]ve1 s g5]ally admir$ ev5 by ^? :o h ca/ x (f1 ^? in/itutions1 ^? p#daa re/ra9ts ( etiquette1 ^? precautions ( all sorts--if !y are n ! action ( t law ( limitation manife/$ 9 an intellig5t1 moral1 & prev5tive %ape--9 a %ape1 consequ5tly1 :i* is peculi> to man8 ,let ^! b>ri]s be once ov]turn$--let mank9d1 9 :at reg>ds ! sexes1 be no long] conc]n$ ei!r ) etiquette or ) =tune1 or ) ! future1 or ) op9ion1 or ) mann]s--let m5 l[] !mselves to ! rank ( vegetables or animals1--c we d\bt t = ! =m]1 z = ! latt]1 ! p[] ( multiplication w\ld act ) a =ce to necessitate ! in/ant int]v5tion ( ! law ( limitation1 manife/$ "u su* circum/ances 9 a physical1 brutal1 & repressive %ape2 t is to say1 by ! action ( indig5ce1 disease1 & dea?8 ,x is impossible to d5y t1 b = =esight & moral consid]ations1 m>riage w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 be contract$ at an e>ly age1 or imm$iately aft] pub]ty4 ,if we fix ?is age at sixte51 & if ! regi/]s ( a giv5 c\ntry %[ t m>riages on an av]age1 d n take place be=e f\r-&-tw5ty1 we h !n eight ye>s d$uct$ by ! law ( limitation1 9 its moral & prev5tive =m1 f ! action ( ! law ( multiplication2 & if we add to ?is figure ! necess>y all[ance = ^? :o nev] m>ry1 we %all be conv9c$ t ! ,creator has n degrad$ man to ! level ( ! bea/s t p]i%1 b1 on ! contr>y1 has giv5 him ! p[] to trans=m ! repressive into ! prev5tive limitation4 ,x is s+ul> en\gh t ! spirituali/ s*ool & ! mat]iali/ s*ool %\ld h1 z x 71 *ang$ sides on ?is great "q3 ! =m] fulm9at+ aga9/ =esight1 & endeav\r+ to set up ! pr9ciple ( animal nature2 ! latt] exalt+ ! moral "p ( man1 & en=c+ ! dom9ion ( reason ov] passion & appetite4 ,! tru? is1 ! subject is n rightly und]/ood4 ,let a fa!r consult ! mo/ or?odox cl]gyman he c f9d z to ! managem5t ( 8 family1 ! c\nsels he w receive are j ^? :i* sci5ce has exalt$ into pr9ciples1 & :i*1 z su*1 ! cl]gyman might probably repudiate4 8,keep y\r daught] 9 /rict seclusion10 ! old m9i/] w say2 8conceal f h] z mu* z y c ! s$uctions ( ! _w2 cultivate1 z y w\ld a preci\s fl[]1 t holy ignorance1 t heav5ly mode/y1 :i* are at once h] *>m & h] def5ce4 ,wait until an eligible mat* pres5ts itself2 & lab\r 9 ! meantime to secure h] an adequate =tune4 ,consid] t a poor & improvid5t m>riage br+s along ) x mu* suff]+ & _m dang]s4 ,recall p#dab ^? old prov]bs :i* embody ! wisdom ( nations1 & :i* assure u t com=table circum/ances con/itute ! sure/ gu>antee ( union & dome/ic peace4 ,:y be 9 a hurry8 ,w\ld y h y\r daught] at five-&-tw5ty burd5$ ) a family :i* %e _c ma9ta9 & educate suitably to y\r rank 9 life8 ,w\ld y h h] husb&1 feel+ ! inadequacy ( 8 income to support 8 family1 fall into affliction & despair1 & f9ally1 p]haps1 betake himself to riot & debau*]y8 ,! subject :i* n[ occupies y is ! mo/ important :i* c come "u y\r consid]ation4 ,weigh x well & maturely2 & avoid precipitation10 etc4 ,suppose t ! fa!r1 borr[+ ! language ( ,m4 de ,lam5nais1 %\ld reply3 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god address$ to all m5 ! comm& to increase & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>? & subdue x4 ,& yet y w\ld p]suade a "y woman to live s+le1 r5\nce family ties1 & give up & ab&on ! *a/e happ9ess ( m>ri$ life1 & ! holy joys ( mat]nity2 & all ?is = no bett] reason ?an a sordid fe> ( pov]ty40 ,?9k y ! old cl]gyman w\ld h no reply to ?is8 ,god1 he might say1 has n comm&$ man to increase & multiply )\t discretion & )\t prud5ce2 to act ) z little reg>d to ! future z ! inf]ior animals4 ,he has n indu$ man ) reason1 9 ord] t he may cease to use x 9 ! mo/ solemn & important circum/ances4 ,he has comm&$ man1 no d\bt1 to increase1 b 9 ord] to increase he mu/ live1 & 9 ord] to live he mu/ h ! means ( liv+4 ,9 ! comm& to increase1 !re=e1 !re is impli$ ano!r comm&1 namely1 to prep>e = 8 (fspr+ ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,religion has n plac$ celibacy 9 ! catalogue ( crimes4 ,s f> f t1 %e has rank$ x z a virtue1 :i* %e hon\rs & sanctifies4 ,we mu/ n ?9k t we violate ! comm&m5t ( ,god :5 we are prep>+ to fulfil x ) prud5ce1 & ) a view to ! future good1 happ9ess1 & dignity ( our family4 ,n[ ?is reason+1 or reason+ ( a simil> k9d1 :i* we he> repeat$ e day1 & :i* regulates ! conduct ( e moral & enlight5$ family1 :at is x b ! application ( a g5]al doctr9e to p>ticul> cases8 ,or r1 :at is t doctr9e1 b ! g5]alization ( reason+ :i* applies to e p>ticul> case8 ,! spirituali/ :o repudiates1 on pr9ciple1 ! int]v5tion ( prev5tive limitation1 is l ! natural philosoph] :o %\ld say to u1 8,act 9 e case z if gravity exi/$1 b don't admit gravitation 9 !ory40 p#dac ,9 our obs]vations hi!rto we h foll[$ ! !ory ( ,mal?us2 b !re is "o attribute ( humanity to :i* x seems to me t mo/ ( our au?ors h n assign$ t importance :i* x m]its1 & :i* plays an important "p 9 ! ph5om5a relative to population1 resolves _m ( ! problems to :i* ?is great "q has giv5 rise1 & gives bir? 9 ! m9d ( ! philan?ropi/ to a confid5ce & s]5ity :i* false sci5ce _h bani%$2 ?is attribute1 :i* is compris$1 inde$1 9 ! notions ( reason & =esight1 is man's p]fectibility4 ,man is p]fectible2 he is susceptible ( amelioration & ( det]ioration2 & if1 9 a /rict s5se1 he c rema9 /ation>y1 he c also m\nt & desc5d )\t limit ! endless ladd] ( civilisation4 ,?is holds true n only ( individuals1 b ( families1 nations1 & races4 ,x is f n hav+ tak5 into acc\nt all ! p[] ( ?is progressive pr9ciple1 t ,mal?us has l&$ u 9 ^? disc\rag+ consequ5ces :i* h r5d]$ 8 !ory g5]ally repulsive4 ,=1 reg>d+ ! prev5tive *eck1 9 a some:at ascetic & n v attractive light1 he c\ld h>dly attribute mu* =ce to x4 ,h5ce he concludes t x is ! repressive *eck :i* g5]ally op]ates2 9 o!r words1 vice1 pov]ty1 w>1 crime1 etc4 ,?is1 z ,i ?9k1 is an error2 & we are ab\t to see t ! limitative =ce pres5ts itself n only 9 ! %ape ( an ef=t ( *a/ity1 an act ( self-control1 b also1 & above all1 z a condition ( happ9ess1 an in/ructive movem5t :i* prev5ts m5 f degrad+ !mselves & _! families4 ,population1 x has be5 said1 t5ds to keep on a level ) ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,i %\ld say t1 = ?is expression means ( subsi/5ce1 =m]ly 9 univ]sal use1 ,j4 ,b4 ,say has sub/itut$ ano!r :i* is mu* m correct1 namely1 means ( exi/5ce4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem t subsi/5ce alone ent]s into ! "q1 b x is n s4 ,man does n live by bread alone1 & a ref]5ce to facts %[s u cle>ly t population is arre/$1 or ret>d$1 :5 ! aggregate ( all ! means ( exi/5ce1 includ+ clo?+1 lodg+1 & o!r ?+s :i* climate or ev5 habit r5d]s necess>y1 come to be awant+4 ,we %\ld say1 !n1 t population t5ds to keep on a level ) ! means ( exi/5ce4 ,b d ^! means con/itute some?+ :i* is fix$1 absolute1 & uni=m8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,9 proportion z civilisation advances1 ! range ( man's wants is enl>g$1 hav+ reg>d ev5 to simple subsi/5ce4 ,reg>d$ z a p]fectible be+ ! means ( p#dad exi/5ce1 among :i* we compreh5d ! satisfaction ( moral & intellectual1 z well z physical wants1 admit ( z _m degrees z !re are degrees 9 civilisation itself1 9 o!r words1 ( inf9ite degrees4 ,und\bt$ly1 !re is an inf]ior limit--to appease hung]1 to %elt] oneself f cold to "s ext5t1 is "o condition ( life1 & ?is limit we may p]ceive among ,am]ican savages or ,european paup]s4 ,b a sup]ior limit ,i "k n--9 fact1 !re is none4 ,natural wants satisfi$1 o!rs spr+ up1 :i* are factiti\s at fir/1 if y w1 b :i* habit r5d]s natural 9 _! turn1 &1 aft] ^!1 o!rs /ill1 & s on )\t assignable limit4 ,at ea* /ep1 !n1 :i* man takes on ! road ( civilisation1 8 wants embrace a wid] & m ext5d$ circle1 & ! means ( exi/5ce1 ! po9t :]e ! laws ( multiplication & limitation meet1 is remov$ & elevat$4 ,= al?\gh man is susceptible ( det]ioration z well z ( improvem5t1 he aspires aft] ! "o & %uns ! o!r4 ,8 ef=ts all t5d to ma9ta9 ! rank he has ga9$1 & to rise /ill high]2 & habit1 :i* has be5 s well call$ a second nature1 p]=ms ! "p ( ! valves ( our art]ial sy/em1 by *eck+ e retrograde t5d5cy4 ,x is v natural1 !n1 t ! intellig5t & moral control :i* man ex]cises ov] 8 own multiplication %\ld p>take ( ! nature ( ^! ef=ts to rise1 & be comb9$ & mix$ up ) 8 progressive t5d5cies4 ,! consequ5ces :i* result f ?is organization are num]\s4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to po9t+ out a few ( !m4 ,fir/ ( all1 we admit ) ! ,economi/s t population & ! means ( exi/5ce come to an equilibrium2 b ! la/ ( ^! t]ms be+ inf9itely flexible1 & v>y+ ) civilisation & habits1 we _c admit t 9 comp>+ nations & classes1 population is proportionate to production1 z ,j4 ,b4 ,say#ij affirms1 or to income1 z is repres5t$ by ,m4 de ,sismondi4 ,& !n e advanc+ /ep ( culture implies great] =esight1 & ! moral & prev5tive *eck comes to neutralize ! repressive "o m & m z civilisation is realiz$ 9 society at l>ge1 or 9 "o or o!r ( its sections4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ea* /ep ( progress t5ds to a new /ep 9 ! same direction1 vires acquirit eundo2 see+ t bett] circum/ances & great] =esight eng5d] "o ano!r 9 indef9ite succession4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 m51 f :atev] cause1 foll[ a retrograde c\rse1 n>r[] circum/ances & want ( =esight become reciprocally cause & effect1 p#dae & retrogression & decay w\ld h no limit _h society n be5 indu$ ) t curative =ce1 t vis m$icatrix1 :i* ,provid5ce has v\*saf$ to all organiz$ bodies4 ,obs]ve1 too1 t at ea* /ep ( ?is retrograde movem5t1 ! action ( ! law ( limitation 9 its de/ructive =m becomes at once m pa9ful & m app>5t4 ,at fir/1 x is only det]ioration & s9k+ 9 ! social scale2 !n x is pov]ty1 fam9e1 disord]1 w>1 dea?2--pa9ful b infallible tea*]s4 ,i %\ld l to pause "h to %[ h[ well ?is !ory expla9s facts1 & h[ well facts 9 _! turn ju/ify ! !ory4 ,:51 9 ! case ( a nation or a class1 ! means ( exi/5ce h desc5d$ to t inf]ior limit at :i* !y come to be conf\nd$ ) ! means ( pure subsi/5ce1 z 9 ,*9a1 9 ,irel&1 & among ! l[e/ & poore/ class ( e c\ntry1 ! smalle/ oscillations ( population1 or ( ! supply ( food1 are tantam\nt to dea?4 ,9 ?is respect facts confirm ! sci5tific induction4 ,fam9e has n = a long p]iod visit$ ,europe1 & we attribute ! abs5ce ( ?is sc\rge to a multitude ( causes4 ,! mo/ g5]al ( ^! causes und\bt$ly is1 t ! means ( exi/5ce1 by reason ( social progress1 h ris5 f> above ! means ( m]e subsi/5ce4 ,:5 ye>s ( sc>city come1 we are ?us enabl$ to give up _m enjoym5ts be=e encroa*+ on ! fir/ necess>ies ( life4 ,n s 9 su* c\ntries z ,*9a or ,irel&1 :]e m5 h no?+ 9 ! _w b a little rice or a few potatoes4 ,:5 ! rice or potato crops fail1 !y h absolutely no means ( pur*as+ o!r food4 ,a ?ird consequ5ce ( human p]fectibility we mu/ notice "h1 because x t5ds to modify ! doctr9e ( ,mal?us 9 its mo/ afflict+ phase4 ,! =mula :i* we h attribut$ to t economi/ is1 t 8,population t5ds to keep on a level ) ! means ( subsi/5ce40 ,we %\ld say t he has gone mu* f>!r1 & t 8 true =mula1 t f :i* he has drawn 8 mo/ di/ress+ conclusions1 is ?is3 8,population t5ds to g beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce40 ,_h ,mal?us by ?is simply meant to say t 9 ! human race ! p[] ( propagat+ life is sup]ior to ! p[] ( su/a9+ life1 !re c\ld h be5 no controv]sy4 ,b ?is is n :at he means4 ,he affirms t1 tak+ into acc\nt absolute fecundity on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 limitation1 z manife/$ 9 ! two =ms1 repressive & prev5tive1 ! result is /ill ! t5d5cy ( population to g beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce4#ia ,?is holds true ( e species p#daf ( liv+ creatures1 except ! human race4 ,man is an intellig5t be+1 & c make an unlimit$ use ( ! prev5tive *eck4 ,he is p]fectible1 seeks aft] improvem5t1 & %uns det]ioration4 ,progress is 8 normal /ate1 & progress presupposes a m & m enlight5$ ex]cise ( ! prev5tive *eck2 & !n ! means ( exi/5ce increase m rapidly ?an population4 ,?is effect n only fl[s f ! pr9ciple ( p]fectibility1 b is confirm$ by fact1 s9ce on all sides ! range ( satisfactions is ext5d$4 ,7 x true1 z ,mal?us ass]ts1 t along ) e addition to ! means ( subsi/5ce !re is a /ill great] addition to ! population1 ! mis]y ( our race w\ld be fatally--inevitably--progressive2 society w\ld beg9 ) civilisation & end ) b>b>ism4 ,! contr>y is ! fact2 & we mu/ conclude t ! law ( limitation has _h suffici5t =ce to re/ra9 ! multiplication ( m51 & keep x bel[ ! multiplication ( products4 ,x may be se5 f :at has be5 said h[ va/ & h[ difficult ! "q ( population is4 ,we may regret1 no d\bt1 t a precise =mula has n be5 giv5 to x1 & we regret /ill m t we f9d ourselves unable to propose "o4 ,b we may see h[ repugnant ! n>r[ limits ( a dogmatic axiom are to su* a subject4 ,x is a va9 endeav\r to try to express1 9 ! =m ( an inflexible equation1 ! relations ( data s ess5tially v>iable4 ,all[ me to recapitulate ^! data4 7#a47 ,! law ( increase or multiplication4--,! absolute1 virtual1 physiological p[] :i* resides 9 ! human race to propagate life1 ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ! difficulty ( su/a9+ life4 ,?is fir/ datum1 ! only "o susceptible ( any?+ l precision1 is ! only "o 9 :i* precision is sup]flu\s2 = :at matt]s x :]e ! sup]ior limit ( multiplication is plac$ 9 ! hypo!sis1 if x c nev] be atta9$ 9 ! actual condition ( man1 :i* is to su/a9 life ) ! sweat ( 8 br[4 7#b47 ,!re is a limit1 !n1 to ! law ( multiplication4 ,:at is t limit8 ,! means ( exi/5ce1 x is repli$4 ,b :at are ! means ( exi/5ce8 ,! aggregate ( satisfactions or enjoym5ts1 :i* _c be exactly def9$4 ,!y v>y ) times1 places1 races1 ranks1 mann]s1 op9ions1 habits1 & consequ5tly ! limit we are 9 se>* ( is %ift$ or displac$4 7#c47 ,la/ ( all1 x may be ask$1 9 :at consi/s ! =ce :i* p#dag re/ra9s population )9 ?is limit1 :i* is itself movable8 ,z f> z man is conc]n$1 x is tw(old3 a =ce :i* represses1 & a =ce :i* prev5ts4 ,n[1 ! action ( ! fir/1 incapable z x is 9 itself ( be+ accurately measur$1 is1 moreov]1 entirely subord9at$ to ! action ( ! second1 :i* dep5ds on ! degree ( civilisation1 on ! p[] & preval5ce ( habits1 on ! t5d5cy ( political & religi\s in/itutions1 on ! organization ( prop]ty1 ( lab\r1 ( family relations1 etc4 ,betwe5 ! law ( multiplication & ! law ( limitation1 !n1 x is impossible to e/abli% an equation f :i* c\ld be d$uc$ ! actual population4 ,9 algebra a & b repres5t det]m9ate quantities :i* are numb]$ & measur$1 & ( :i* we c fix ! proportions2 b means ( exi/5ce1 moral gov]nm5t ( ! w1 inevitable action ( mortality1 ^! are ! ?ree data ( ! problem ( population1 data :i* are flexible 9 !mselves1 & :i* p>take some:at1 moreov]1 ( ! a/oni%+ flexibility ( ! subject to :i* !y h ref]5ce--man--t be+ :om ,montaigne describes z s fluctuat+ & s v>iable4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t 9 desir+ to give to ?is equation a precision ( :i* x is incapable1 economi/s h r divid$ m5's m9ds ?an br\ght !m into unison1 & ?is because !re is n "o ( ! t]ms ( _! =mulas :i* is n op5 to a multitude ( objections1 bo? 9 reason+ & 9 fact4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to say some?+ on ! practical application ( ! doctr9e ( population1 = application n only elucidates doctr9e1 b is ! true fruit ( ! tree ( sci5ce4 ,lab\r1 z we h said1 is ! only subject ( ex*ange4 ,9 ord] to obta9 utility 7unless ! utility :i* nature gives u gratuit\sly71 we mu/ be at ! pa9s to produce x1 or remun]ate ano!r :o takes ! pa9s = u4 ,man creates1 & c create1 no?+2 he arranges1 disposes1 or transports ?+s = a useful purpose2 he _c d ?is )\t ex]tion1 & ! result ( ?is ex]tion becomes 8 prop]ty4 ,if he gives away 8 prop]ty1 he has "r to recomp5se1 9 ! %ape ( a s]vice :i* is judg$ equival5t aft] free discussion4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( value1 ( remun]ation1 ( ex*ange--a pr9ciple :i* is n ! less true because x is simple4 ,into :at we d5om9ate products1 !re ent] div]s degrees ( natural utility1 & div]s degrees ( artificial utility2 ! latt]1 :i* alone implies lab\r1 is alone ! subject ( human b>ga9s & transactions2 & )\t que/ion+ 9 ! lea/ ! celebrat$ & sugge/ive =mula ( ,j4 ,b4 ,say1 t 8products are ex*ang$ = products10 ,i e/eem x m p#dah rigor\sly sci5tific to say t lab\r is ex*ang$ = lab\r1 or1 bett] /ill1 t s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ?is1 h[ev]1 t quantities ( lab\r are ex*ang$ = ea* o!r 9 ! ratio ( _! duration or ( _! int5sity2 or t ! man :o transf]s to ano!r an h\r's lab\r1 or ev5 ! man :o lab\rs ) ! greate/ int5sity1 :o1 z x 71 pu%es ! ne$le ( ! dynamomet] up to #ajj degrees1 c always /ipulate = an equal ef=t 9 return4 ,duration & int5sity are1 no d\bt1 two ( ! elem5ts tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! appreciation ( lab\r2 b !y are n ! only ones2 = we mu/ consid]1 besides1 t lab\r may be m or less repugnant1 dang]\s1 difficult1 intellig5t1 t x may imply m or less =esight1 & may ev5 be m or less successful4 ,:5 transactions are free1 & prop]ty completely secur$1 ea* has entire control ov] 8 own lab\r1 &1 consequ5tly1 ne$ only dispose ( x at 8 own price4 ,! limit to 8 compliance is ! po9t at :i* x is m advantage\s to res]ve 8 lab\r ?an to ex*ange x2 ! limit to 8 exactions is ! po9t at :i* ! o!r p>ty to ! b>ga9 f9ds x 8 int]e/ n to make ! ex*ange4 ,!re are 9 ,society z _m /rata1 if ,i may use ! expression1 z !re are degrees 9 ! scale ( remun]ation4 ,! wor/ remun]at$ ( all lab\r is t :i* approximates mo/ ne>ly to brute =ce4 ,?is is an arrangem5t ( ,provid5ce :i* is j1 useful1 & inevitable4 ,! m]e manual lab\r] soon rea*es t limit to 8 exactions ( :i* ,i h j spok51 = ev]ybody c p]=m ?is k9d ( muscul> automatic lab\r2 & ! limit to 8 compliance is also soon rea*$1 = he is incapable ( ! intellig5t lab\r :i* 8 own wants require4 ,duration & int5sity1 :i* are attributes ( matt]1 are ! sole elem5ts ( ! remun]ation ( ?is species ( unskill$ mat]ial lab\r2 & t is ! reason :y x is usually paid by ! day4 ,all indu/rial progress consi/s 9 ?is1 namely1 9 replac+ 9 ea* product a c]ta9 am\nt ( artificial1 &1 consequ5tly1 on]\s utility1 by ! same am\nt ( natural1 &1 !re=e1 gratuit\s utility4 ,h5ce x foll[s t if !re be "o class ( society m int]e/$ ?an ano!r 9 free competition1 x is ! lab\r+ class4 ,:at w\ld be ! fate ( ^! m5 if natural ag5ts1 & new processes & in/rum5ts ( production1 7 n br\ght cont9ually1 by means ( competition1 to conf] gratuit\sly1 on all1 ! results ( _! co-op]ation8 ,! m]e day-lab\r] kn[s n h[ to make available 9 ! production ( ! commodities he has occasion =1 heat1 gravitation1 or ela/icity2 p#dai nor c he discov] ! processes1 nor does he possess ! in/rum5ts1 by :i* ^! =ces are r5d]$ useful4 ,:5 su* discov]ies are new1 ! lab\r ( inv5tors1 :o are m5 ( ! highe/ intellig5ce1 is well remun]at$2 9 o!r words1 t lab\r is ! equival5t ( a l>ge am\nt ( rude unskill$ lab\r2 or1 aga91 to *ange ! expression1 8 product is de>4 ,b competition int]poses1 ! product falls 9 price1 ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts is no long] pr(itable to ! produc]1 b to ! consum]1 & ! lab\r :i* has made !m available approximates1 z reg>ds remun]ation1 to t lab\r :i* is e/imat$ by m]e duration4 ,?us1 ! common fund ( gratuit\s weal? goes on con/antly increas+4 ,products ( e k9d t5d1 day aft] day1 to become aga9 inve/$1--& !y are 9 reality inve/$1--) t condition ( gratuit\sness :i* *>act]izes our supply ( air1 & light1 & wat]4 ,! g5]al level ( humanity ?us cont9ues to rise1 & to equalize itself2 &1 ap>t f ! op]ation ( ! law ( population1 ! l[e/ class ( society is t ^: amelioration is virtually ! mo/ rapid4 ,we h said1 ap>t f ! op]ation ( ! law ( population2 & ?is br+s u back to ! subject we are n[ exam9+4 ,figure to y\rself a bas9 into :i* an orifice :i* is con/antly enl>g+ admits a con/antly increas+ supply ( wat]4 ,if we look only to ?is circum/ance1 we conclude t ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! bas9 is cont9ually ris+4 ,b if ! sides ( ! bas9 are flexible1 & capable ( contract+ & exp&+1 x is evid5t t ! height ( ! wat] w dep5d on ! mann] 9 :i* ?is new circum/ance is comb9$ ) ! o!r4 ,! level ( ! wat] w s9k1 h[ev] great may be ! supply runn+ into ! bas91 if ! capacity ( ! bas9 itself is enl>g$ /ill m rapidly4 ,x w rise1 if ! circle ( ! res]voir is enl>g$ only proportionally & v sl[ly1 high] /ill if x rema9 fix$1 & highe/ ( all if x is n>r[$ or contract$4 ,?is is a picture ( ! social class ^: de/9ies we are n[ consid]+1 & :i* con/itutes1 x mu/ be all[$1 ! great mass ( mank9d4 ,! wat] :i* comes into ! bas9 ?r\gh ! ela/ic orifice repres5ts _! remun]ation1 or ! objects fitt$ to supply _! wants & to su/a9 life4 ,! flexibility ( ! sides ( ! bas9 repres5ts ! movem5t ( population4 ,x is c]ta9#ib t ! means ( exi/5ce ov]take our population 9 a con/antly increas+ progression1 b !n x is equally c]ta9 t _! numb]s may increase 9 a /ill sup]ior progression4 ,! life ( ?is class1 !n1 w be m or less happy1 m or less p#dbj com=table1 accord+ z ! law ( limitation1 9 its moral1 intellig5t1 & prev5tive =m1 %all circumscribe1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ! absolute law ( multiplication4 ,!re is a limit to ! increase ( ! numb]s ( ! work+ class4 ,t limit is ! po9t at :i* ! progressive fund ( remun]ation becomes insuffici5t = _! ma9t5ance4 ,b !re is no limit to _! possible amelioration1 because ( ! two elem5ts :i* con/itute x1 ! "o1 weal?1 is con/antly increas+1 & ! o!r1 population1 is "u _! own control4 ,:at we h j said ) ref]5ce to ! l[e/ social grade1 ! class ( m]e manual lab\r]s1 is applicable also to ea* ( ! sup]ior grades1 :5 classifi$ 9 relation to "o ano!r1 9 an inv]se proportion1 s to speak1 to ! rud5ess & mat]iality ( _! occupations4 ,tak+ ea* class simply by itself1 all are subject$ to ! same g5]al laws4 ,9 all !re is a /ruggle betwe5 ! physiological p[] ( multiplication1 & ! moral p[] ( limitation4 ,! only respect 9 :i* "o class diff]s f ano!r is ) ref]5ce to ! po9t :]e ^! two =ces meet1 ! height to :i* ! limit betwe5 ! two laws may be rais$ by remun]ation or be fix$ by ! habits ( ! lab\r]s--?is limit we h d5om9at$ ! means ( exi/5ce4 ,b if we consid] ! v>i\s classes1 no long] ea* by itself1 b 9 _! reciprocal relations1 ,i ?9k we c disc]n ! influ5ce ( two pr9ciples act+ 9 an inv]se s5se1 & ?is )\t d\bt is ! explanation ( ! actual condition ( mank9d4 ,we h %[n h[ all ! economic ph5om5a1 & especially ! law ( competition1 t5d to an equality ( conditions4 ,!oretically ?is appe>s to u inconte/able4 ,see+ t no natural advantage1 no +5i\s process1 none ( ! in/rum5ts by :i* su* processes are made available1 c rema9 p]man5tly ) produc]s1 z su*2 & see+ t ! results ( su* natural advantages or discov]ies1 by an irresi/ible law ( ,provid5ce1 t5d to become ! common1 gratuit\s1 &1 consequ5tly1 equal1 patrimony ( all m51 x is evid5t t ! poore/ class is ! "o :i* d]ives ! greate/ relative pr(it f ?is admirable arrangem5t ( ! laws ( ! social economy4 ,j z ! poor man is z lib]ally treat$ z ! ri* man ) ref]5ce to ! air he brea!s1 9 ! same way he becomes equal to ! ri* man1 z reg>ds all t portion ( ! value ( commodities :i* progress is con/antly annihilat+4 ,ess5tially1 !n1 ! human race has a v m>k$ t5d5cy t[>ds equality4 ,i d n speak ( a t5d5cy ( aspiration1 b a t5d5cy ( realization4 ,& yet equality is n realiz$1 or is realiz$ s sl[ly1 t 9 comp>+ two di/ant p#dba epo*s we are sc>cely s5sible ( ! progress4 ,inde$ we are s little s5sible ( x1 t _m able m5 d5y x altoge!r1 al?\gh 9 ?is !y are c]ta9ly mi/ak54 ,n[1 :at is ! cause :i* ret>ds ?is fusion ( classes on a common & progressive level8 ,9 se>*+ = ! cause we ne$ n1 ,i ?9k1 look f>!r ?an ! v>i\s degrees ( =esight :i* ea* class ex]cises z reg>ds ! increase ( population4 ,! law ( limitation1 z has be5 already said1 9 z f> z x is moral & prev5tive1 we h "u our own control4 ,man1 z we h also said1 is p]fectible1 & 9 proportion to 8 progress 9 improvem5t1 he pays a m intellig5t reg>d to ?is law4 ,! sup]ior classes1 !n1 9 proportion z !y are m enlight5$1 are l$ to make great] ex]tions1 & submit to great] sacrifices1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! respective numb]s on a level ) ! means ( exi/5ce :i* _! position 9 society dem&s4 ,7 we suffici5tly f> advanc$ 9 /ati/ics1 we %\ld probably h ?is !oretical d$uction conv]t$ into c]ta9ty1 & h x prov$ by fact t m>riages are less ha/y & precoci\s among ! high] ?an among ! l[] classes ( society4 ,if x be s1 x is easy to see t 9 ! g5]al m>ket1 to :i* all classes br+ _! respective s]vices1 & 9 :i* lab\r ( e k9d is ! subject ( ex*ange1 unskill$ lab\r w be suppli$ 9 great] abundance ?an skill$ lab\r2 & ?is expla9s ! cont9uance ( t inequality ( conditions1 :i* s _m1 & su* p[]ful1 causes ( ano!r k9d t5d con/antly to efface4 ,! !ory :i* we h n[ briefly expla9$ leads u to ! practical conclusion t ! be/ =ms ( philan?ropy1 ! be/ social in/itutions1 are ^? :i*1 :ile act+ 9 accordance ) ! ,provid5tial plan1 z reveal$ to u by ! social h>monies--,i mean ! plan ( progressive equality--%all cause to desc5d among all ranks ( society1 & especially ! l[e/ ranks1 k1 discretion1 morality1 & =esight4 ,i say in/itutions1 because1 9 fact1 =esight results z mu* f ! necessities ( position z f resolutions purely intellectual4 ,!re are c]ta9 organizations ( prop]ty1 or1 ,i %\ld r say1 ( indu/ry1 :i* are m fav\rable ?an o!rs to :at economi/s call a k ( ! m>ket1 &1 consequ5tly1 to =esight4 ,x seems c]ta91 = example1 t mtayage is mu* m efficaci\s ?an f]mage#ic 7! latt] necessitat+ p#dbb ! employm5t ( day lab\r]s7 9 int]pos+ a prev5tive ob/acle to ! exub]ance ( population among ! l[] classes4 ,a family ( mtay]s is 9 a mu* m likely situation ?an a family ( day-lab\r]s to exp]i5ce ! inconv5i5ces ( ha/y m>riages & improvid5t multiplication4 ,i h also us$ ! expression1 8=ms ( philan?ropy40 ,9 fact1 almsgiv+ may effect a local & pres5t good1 b its influ5ce mu/ be limit$ ev5 :]e x is n prejudicial to ! happ9ess ( ! lab\r+ classes2 = x does n develop1 b1 on ! contr>y1 may p>alyze1 t virtue :i* is mo/ fitt$ to elevate ! condition ( ! lab\r]1 namely1 =esight4 ,to dissem9ate s\nd ideas1 &1 above all1 to induce ^? habits :i* m>k a c]ta9 degree ( self-respect1 is ! greate/ & mo/ p]man5t good :i* we c conf] ^u ! l[] ord]s4 ,! means ( exi/5ce1 we _c too (t5 repeat1 d n con/itute a fix$ quantity2 !y dep5d ^u ! /ate ( mann]s1 ( op9ion1 & ( habits4 ,:atev] rank a man holds 9 ! social scale1 he has z mu* repugnance to desc5d f ! position to :i* he has be5 accu/om$ z c be felt by m5 ( an inf]ior grade4 ,p]haps !re is ev5 great] suff]+ 9 ! m9d ( ! ari/ocrat1 ! noble scions ( ^: h\se are lo/ among ! b\rgeoisie1 ?an 9 t ( ! citiz5 ^: sons become manual lab\r]s1 or 9 t ( manual lab\r]s ^: *ildr5 are r$uc$ to paup]ism4 ,! habit1 !n1 ( enjoy+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( mat]ial prosp]ity & a c]ta9 rank 9 life1 is ! /ronge/ /imulant to ! ex]cise ( =esight2 & if ! work+ classes %all once raise !mselves to ! possession ( a high] am\nt ( enjoym5t1 & be unwill+ aga9 to desc5d 9 ! social scale1 !n1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 t position1 & pres]ve wages 9 keep+ ) _! new habits1 !y mu/ employ ! infallible means ( prev5tive limitation4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i reg>d z "o ( ! f9e/ manife/ations ( philan?ropy ! resolution :i* appe>s to h be5 tak5 9 ,engl& by _m ( ! proprietors & manufactur]s1 to pull d[n cottages ( mud & ?at*1 & sub/itute = !m brick h\ses1 neat1 spaci\s1 well light$1 well air$1 & conv5i5tly furni%$4 ,7 su* a measure to become g5]al1 x p#dbc w\ld elevate ! tone ( ! work+ classes4 ,x w\ld conv]t into real wants :at are n[adays reg>d$ z comp>ative luxuries2 x w\ld raise t limit :i* we h d5om9at$ ! means ( exi/5ce1 &1 by consequ5ce1 ! /&>d ( remun]ation1 f its pres5t l[ rate4 ,& :y n8 ,! l[] ord]s 9 civiliz$ c\ntries are mu* above ! l[] ord]s among savages4 ,!y h rais$ !mselves s f>2 & :y %\ld !y n raise !mselves /ill m8 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 deceive ourselves on ?is subject2 progress c be b v sl[1 s9ce to "s ext5t x mu/ be g5]al4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w x might p]haps be realiz$ rapidly if ! p ex]cis$ no influ5ce ov] ea* o!r2 b ?is is n s4 ,!re is a great law ( solid>ity = ! human race1 9 progress z well z 9 det]ioration4 ,if 9 ,engl&1 = example1 ! condition ( ! work+ classes 7 s5sibly improv$1 9 consequ5ce ( a g5]al rise ( wages1 ,fr5* indu/ry w\ld h m *ances ( surpass+ its rival1 & by its advance w\ld mod]ate ! progressive movem5t manife/$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel4 ,x w\ld seem t1 beyond c]ta9 limits1 ,provid5ce has n design$ t "o p %\ld rise above ano!r4 ,& ?us1 9 ! great aggregate ( human society1 z 9 its mo/ m9ute details1 we always f9d t admirable & inflexible =ces t5d to conf]1 9 ! long-run1 on ! masses1 individual or collective advantages1 & to br+ back all tempor>y manife/ations ( sup]iority to a common level1 :i*1 l t ( ! ocean :5 ! tide fl[s1 is always equaliz+ itself & always advanc+4 ,to conclude1 p]fectibility1 :i* is ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( man1 be+ giv51 & ! action ( competition & ! law ( limitation be+ kn[n1 ! fate ( ! human race1 z reg>ds its worldly de/9ies1 may be ?us summ$ up3--#a/1 ,simultane\s elevation ( all ! social ranks1 or ( ! g5]al level ( humanity2 #b;d1 ,indef9ite approximation ( conditions1 & successive annihilation ( ! di/ances :i* sep>ate classes1 z f> z consi/5t ) absolute ju/ice2 #c;d1 ,relative dim9ution ( ! numb]s ( ! l[e/ & highe/ ord]s1 & ext5sion ( int]m$iate classes4 ,x may be said t ^! laws mu/ lead to absolute equality4 ,no m ?an ! con/ant approximation ( asymptotical l9es c f9ally load to _! junction4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is *apt]1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 writt5 9 #ahdf1 does n p]haps express ) suffici5t cle>ness ! au?or's opposition to ! ideas ( ,mal?us4 p#dbd ,ba/iat expla9s "h v cle>ly ! unp]ceiv$ & naturally prev5tive action ( individual motive1--! progressive desire = happ9ess1 ! ambition ( m5 to bett] _! condition2 & ! habit :i* causes ea* to reg>d ! compet5ce he has ga9$ z a necessity1--an inf]ior limit ( ! means ( exi/5ce1 bel[ :i* no "o w\ld will+ly see 8 family r$uc$4 ,b ?is is 9 "s measure ! negative view ( ! law4 ,x only %[s t 9 e society f\nd$ ^u ! in/itutions ( prop]ty & family1 population ceases to be a dang]4 ,x rema9s to be %[n t population is 9 itself a =ce1 & to prove ! necess>y increase ( productive p[] :i* results f ! d5sity ( population4 ,?is1 z ! au?or has himself said 7p4 #aac71 is ! important elem5t neglect$ by ,mal?us1 & :i* discloses h>mony1 :]e ,mal?us discov]$ discordance4 ,f ! premises indicat$ 9 ! *apt] on ,ex*ange1 premises :i* he propos$ to himself to develop 9 treat+ ( population1 ! conclusion :i* ,ba/iat wi%$ to draw 0 decid$ly anti-,mal?usian4 ,we f9d x /at$ 9 "o ( ! la/ notes :i* he wrote1 & he recomm5ds its be+ insi/$ on3-- 8,9 ! *apt] on ,ex*ange x has be5 demon/rat$ t1 9 a /ate ( isolation1 man's wants surpass 8 faculties1 & t1 9 ! social /ate1 8 faculties surpass 8 wants4 8,?is excess ( faculties ov] wants proce$s f ex*ange1 :i* is--association ( ef=ts--sep>ation ( occupations4 8,!nce an action & a reaction ( causes & effects1 9 a circle ( progress :i* is inf9ite4 8,! sup]iority ( faculties ov] wants1 creat+ = ea* g5]ation an excess ( weal?1 p]mits x to re> a m num]\s (fspr+4 ,a g5]ation m num]\s implies a bett] & m m>k$ sep>ation ( occupations1 & a new degree ( sup]iority giv5 to faculties ov] wants4 8,?is exhibits an admirable h>mony4 8,?us1 at a giv5 epo*1 ! g5]al aggregate ( wants be+ repres5t$ by #ajj1 & t ( faculties by #aaj1 ! excess ( #aj is ?us divid$1--#e1 = example1 goes to ! amelioration ( m5's condition1 to ! provok+ ( wants ( a m elevat$ "*1 to ! developm5t ( self-respect1 etc41--& #e to ! augm5tation ( _! numb]s4 8,! wants ( ! second g5]ation are #aaj1--namely1 #e m 9 quantity1 & #e m 9 quality4 8,b = t v reason 7= ! d\ble reason ( ! m complete physical1 intellectual1 & moral developm5t1 & ( ! great] d5sity ( population1 :i* r5d]s production m easy71 ! faculties h also increas$ 9 p[]4 ,!y w be repres5t$1 = example1 by ! figures #abj or #acj4 8,new excess1 new division1 etc4 8,& let u n fe> ! trop ple94 ,! elevation ( wants1 :i* is no?+ else ?an ! s5tim5t ( dignity1 is a natural limit4 4 4 4 40 ,editor4 p#dbe ,,xvii4 ,,private ,,& ,,public ,,s]vices4 ,s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices4 ,! equival5ce ( s]vices results f volunt>y ex*ange1 & ! free b>ga9+ & discussion :i* prec$e x4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* s]vice r5d]$ to society is wor? z mu* z any o!r s]vice ( :i* x con/itutes ! equival5t1 provid$ supply & dem& are 9 all respects p]fectly free4 ,x is 9 va9 to c>p & ref9e ^u x2 x is impossible to conceive ! idea ( value )\t associat+ ) x ! idea ( lib]ty4 ,:5 ! equival5ce ( s]vices is n impair$ by viol5ce1 re/riction1 or fraud1 we may pron\nce t ju/ice prevails4 ,i d n mean to say t ! human race w !n h rea*$ ! extreme limit ( improvem5t1 = lib]ty does n exclude ! errors ( individual appreciations--man is frequ5tly ! dupe ( 8 judgm5ts & passions1 nor are 8 desires always arrang$ 9 ! mo/ rational ord]4 ,we h se5 t ! value ( a s]vice may be appreciat$ )\t !re be+ any reasonable proportion betwe5 its value & its utility2 & ?is arises f our giv+ c]ta9 desires prec$5ce ov] o!rs ,x is ! progress ( intellig5ce1 ( good s5se1 & ( mann]s1 :i* e/abli%es ?is fair & j proportion by putt+ ea* s]vice1 if ,i may s express myself1 9 its "r moral place4 ,a frivol\s object1 a pu]ile %[1 an immoral pleasure1 may h mu* value 9 "o c\ntry1 & may be despis$ or repudiat$ 9 ano!r4 ,! equival5ce ( s]vices1 !n1 is a diff]5t ?+ f a j appreciation ( _! utility4 ,b /ill1 z reg>ds ?is1 x is lib]ty & ! s5se ( responsibility :i* correct & improve our ta/es1 our desires1 our satisfactions1 & our appreciations4 ,9 all c\ntries ( ! _w1 !re exi/s "o class ( s]vices1 :i*1 z reg>ds ! mann] 9 :i* !y are di/ribut$ & p#dbf remun]at$1 accompli%es an evolution q diff]5t f t ( private or free s]vices4 ,i allude to public s]vices4 ,:5 a want assumes a "* s univ]sal & s uni=m t "o c describe x z a public want1 x may be conv5i5t = ^? p :o =m "p ( ! same agglom]ation 7be x di/rict1 prov9ce1 or c\ntry7 to provide = ! satisfaction ( t want by collective action1 or a collective delegation ( p[]4 ,9 t case1 !y "n function>ies ^: duty x is to r5d] to ! community1 & di/ribute among !m1 ! s]vice 9 "q1 & ^: remun]ation !y provide = by a contribution :i* is1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 proportionate to ! means ( ea* memb] ( ! society4 ,9 reality1 ! primordial elem5ts ( ! social economy are n necess>ily impair$ or set aside by ?is peculi> =m ( ex*ange1--above all1 :5 ! cons5t ( all p>ties is assum$4 ,x /ill resolves itself into a transmission ( ef=ts1 a transmission ( s]vices4 ,^! function>ies lab\r to satisfy ! wants ( ! taxpay]s1 & ! taxpay]s lab\r to satisfy ! wants ( ! function>ies4 ,! relative value ( _! reciprocal s]vices is det]m9$ by a me?od :i* we %all h aft]w>ds to exam9e2 b ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! ex*ange1 speak+ 9 ! ab/ract at lea/1 rema9 intact4 ,^? au?ors1 !n1 are wrong1 :o1 influ5c$ by _! dislike ( unju/ & oppressive taxes1 reg>d z lo/ all values devot$ to ! public s]vice4#id ,?is unqualifi$ condemnation w n be> exam9ation4 ,9 s f> z loss or ga9 is conc]n$1 ! public s]vice1 sci5tifically consid]$1 diff]s 9 no?+ f private s]vice4 ,:e!r ,i protect my field myself1 or pay a man = protect+ x or pay ! ,/ate = caus+ x to be protect$1 !re is always a sacrifice ) a correspond+ b5efit4 ,9 bo? ways1 no d\bt1 ,i lose ?is am\nt ( lab\r1 b ,i ga9 security4 ,x is n a loss1 b an ex*ange4 ,w x be said t ,i give a mat]ial object1 & receive 9 return a ?+ )\t body or =m8 ,?is is j to fall back ^u ! errone\s !ory ( value4 ,z long z we attribute value to matt]1 n to s]vices1 we mu/ reg>d e public s]vice z be+ )\t value1 or lo/4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 we beg9 to %ift p#dbg ab\t betwe5 :at is true & :at is false1 on ! subject ( value1 we %ift ab\t betwe5 :at is true & :at is false on ! subject ( taxation4 ,if taxation is n necess>ily a loss1 /ill less is x necess>ily spoliation4#ie ,no d\bt1 9 mod]n societies1 spoliation by means ( taxation is p]petrat$ on a great scale4 ,we %all aft]w>ds see t x is "o ( ! mo/ active ( ^? causes :i* di/urb ! equival5ce ( s]vices & ! h>mony ( int]e/s4 ,b ! be/ way ( combat+ & eradicat+ ! abuses ( taxation1 is to /e] cle> ( t exagg]ation :i* w\ld repres5t all taxation z be+ ess5tially1 & 9 itself1 spoliation4 ,?us1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 9 _! own nature1 9 _! normal /ate1 & ap>t f abuses1 public s]vices1 l private s]vices1 resolve !mselves into pure ex*anges4 ,b ! modes 9 :i*1 9 ^! two =ms ( ex*ange1 s]vices are comp>$1 b>ga9$ =1 & transmitt$1 ! modes 9 :i* !y are br\ght to an equilibrium or equival5ce1 & 9 :i* _! relative value is manife/$1 are s diff]5t 9 !mselves1 & 9 _! effects1 t ! read] w be> ) me if ,i dwell at "s l5g? on ?is difficult subject1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ :i* c be pres5t$ to ! consid]ation ( ! economi/ & ! /atesman4 ,x is "h1 9 tru?1 t we h ! connect+ l9k betwe5 politics & social economy4 ,x is "h t we discov] ! orig9 & t5d5cy ( ! mo/ fatal error :i* has ev] infect$ ! sci5ce1 ! error ( conf\nd+ society ) ,gov]nm5t2 society be+ ! gr& :ole1 :i* includes bo? private & public s]vices1 & ,gov]nm5t1 ! fraction :i* includes public s]vices alone4 ,un=tunately1 :51 by foll[+ ! tea*+ ( ,r\sseau1 & 8 apt s*ol>s ! ,fr5* republicans1 we employ indiff]5tly ! words ,gov]nm5t & ,society1 we pron\nce1 implicitly1 be=eh&1 & )\t exam9ation1 t ! ,/ate c & ought to absorb private ex]tion altoge!r1 along ) individual lib]ty & responsibility4 ,we conclude t all private s]vices ought to be conv]t$ into public s]vices4 ,we conclude t ! social ord] is a conv5tional & cont+5t fact :i* owes its exi/5ce to ! law4 ,we pron\nce ! lawgiv] p#dbh omnipot5t1 & mank9d p[]less1 z hav+ =feit$ _! rights4 ,9 fact1 we see public s]vices1 or gov]nm5tal action1 ext5d$ or re/ra9$ accord+ to circum/ances ( "t & place1 f ! ,communism ( ,sp>ta1 or ! ,missions ( ,p>aguay1 to ! individualism ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! c5tralization ( ,france4 ,! "q :i* pres5ts itself on ! ?re%old ( ,politics1 z a sci5ce1 !n1 is ?is3-- ,:at are ! s]vices :i* %\ld rema9 9 ! doma9 ( private activity8 ,& :at are ! s]vices :i* %\ld fall )9 t ( public or collective activity8 ,! problem1 !n1 is ?is3-- ,9 ! great circle call$ society1 to trace accurately ! inscrib$ circle call$ gov]nm5t4 ,x is evid5t t ?is problem belongs to ,political ,economy1 s9ce x implies ! comp>ative exam9ation ( two v diff]5t =ms ( ex*ange4 ,?is problem once solv$1 !re rema9s ano!r1 namely1 :at is ! be/ organization ( public s]vices8 ,?is la/ belongs to pure ,politics1 & we %all n ent] ^u x4 ,let u exam9e1 !n1 fir/ ( all1 ! ess5tial diff]5ces by :i* public & private s]vices are *>act]iz$1 :i* is a prelim9>y inquiry necess>y to enable u to fix accurately ! l9e :i* %\ld divide !m4 ,! :ole ( ! prec$+ portion ( ?is "w has be5 devot$ to exhibit ! evolution ( private s]vices4 ,we h _h a glimpse ( x 9 ?is =mal or tacit proposition3 ,d ?is = me1 & ,i %all d t = y2 :i* implies1 :e!r z reg>ds :at we give away or :at we receive1 a d\ble & reciprocal cons5t4 ,we c =m no correct notion1 !n1 ( b>t]1 ex*ange1 appreciation1 value1 ap>t f ! consid]ation ( lib]ty1 nor ( lib]ty ap>t f responsibility4 ,9 hav+ rec\rse to ex*ange1 ea* p>ty consults1 on 8 own responsibility1 8 wants1 8 ta/es1 8 desires1 8 faculties1 8 affections1 8 conv5i5ce1 8 entire situation2 & we h n[h]e d5i$ t to ! ex]cise ( free w is atta*$ ! possibility ( error1 ! possibility ( a fooli% & irrational *oice4 ,! error belongs n to ex*ange1 b to human imp]fection2 & ! rem$y c only reside 9 responsibility itself 7t is to say1 9 lib]ty71 see+ t lib]ty is ! s\rce ( all exp]i5ce4 ,to e/abli% re/ra9t 9 ! bus9ess ( ex*ange1 to de/roy free w "u ! pretext t man may err1 w\ld be no improvem5t1 unless x 7 p#dbi fir/ prov$ to u t ! ag5t :o organizes ! re/ra9t does n himself p>ticipate 9 ! imp]fection ( our nature1 & is subject nei!r to ! passions nor to ! errors ( o!r m54 ,on ! contr>y1 is x n evid5t t ?is w\ld be1 n only to displace responsibility1 b to annihilate x1 at lea/ z reg>ds all t is valuable 9 its remun]ative1 retributive1 exp]im5tal1 corrective1 &1 consequ5tly1 progressive "*8 ,aga91 we h se5 t free ex*anges1 or s]vices volunt>ily r5d]$ & receiv$1 are1 "u ! action ( competition1 cont9ually ext5d+ ! co-op]ation ( gratuit\s =ces1 z comp>$ ) t ( on]\s =ces1 ! doma9 ( community z comp>$ ) ! doma9 ( prop]ty1 & ?us we h come to recognise 9 lib]ty t p[] :i* promotes progressive equality1 or social h>mony4 ,we h no ne$ to describe ! =m :i* ex*anges assume :5 ?us left free4 ,re/ra9t takes a ?\s& %apes2 lib]ty has b "o4 ,i repeat once m1 t ! free & volunt>y transmission ( private s]vices is def9$ by ! simple words3 8,give me ?is1 & ,i w give y t2 d ?is = me1 & ,i %all d t = y0--,d ut des2 facio ut facias4#if ,! same ?+ does n hold ) ref]5ce to ! ex*ange ( public s]vices4 ,"h con/ra9t is to a c]ta9 ext5t inevitable1 & we enc\nt] an inf9ite numb] ( diff]5t =ms1 f absolute despotism1 d[n to ! univ]sal & direct int]v5tion ( all ! citiz5s4 ,al?\gh ?is ideal ord] ( ?+s has nev] be5 any:]e actually realiz$1 & p]haps may nev] be s1 except 9 a v elusory %ape1 we may nev]!less assume its exi/5ce4 ,:at is ! object ( our inquiry8 ,we are seek+ to discov] ! modifications :i* s]vices und]go :5 !y ent] ! public doma92 & = ! purposes ( sci5ce we mu/ disc>d ! consid]ation ( individual & local acts ( viol5ce1 & reg>d ! public s]vice simply z su*1 & z exi/+ "u ! mo/ legitimate circum/ances4 ,9 a ^w1 we mu/ inve/igate ! trans=mation :i* x und]goes f ! s+le circum/ance ( its hav+ become public1 ap>t f ! causes :i* h made x s1 & ( ! abuses :i* may m+le ) ! means ( execution4 ,! process is ?is3-- ,! citiz5s "n m&atories4 ,^! m&atories meet1 & decide1 by a majority1 t a c]ta9 class ( wants--! want ( education1 = example--c no long] be suppli$ by free ex]tions p#dcj & free ex*anges made by ! citiz5s !mselves1 & !y decree t education %all be provid$ by function>ies specially delegat$ & intru/$ ) ! "w ( in/ruction4 ,s mu* = ! s]vice r5d]$4 ,z reg>ds ! s]vices receiv$1 z ! ,/ate has secur$ ! "t & abilities ( ^! new function>ies = ! b5efit ( ! citiz5s1 x mu/ also take f ! citiz5s a "p ( _! means = ! b5efit ( ! function>ies4 ,?is is effect$ by an assessm5t or g5]al contribution4 ,9 all civiliz$ communities su* contributions are paid 9 money4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t beh9d ?is money !re is lab\r4 ,9 reality1 x is a paym5t 9 k9d4 ,9 reality1 ! citiz5s "w = ! function>ies1 & ! function>ies "w = ! citiz5s1 j z1 9 free & private transactions1 ! citiz5s "w = "o ano!r4 ,we set d[n ?is obs]vation "h1 9 ord] to elude a v widely-spread sophism :i* spr+s f ! consid]ation ( money4 ,we he> x frequ5tly said t money receiv$ by public function>ies falls back l refre%+ ra9 on ! citiz5s4 ,& we are l$ to inf] t ?is ra9 is a second b5efit add$ to t :i* results f ! s]vice4 ,reason+ 9 ?is way1 p h come to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( functions ! mo/ p>asitical4 ,!y d n consid] t if ?is s]vice _h rema9$ 9 ! doma9 ( private activity1 ! money 7:i*1 9 place ( go+ to ! treasury1 & f ! treasury to ! function>ies7 w\ld h gone directly to m5 :o volunt>ily und]took ! duty1 & 9 ! same way w\ld h fall5 back l ra9 ^u ! masses4 ,?is sophism w n /& exam9ation1 :5 we ext5d our reg>ds beyond ! m]e circulation ( money1 & see t at ! bottom x is lab\r ex*ang$ = lab\r1 s]vices = s]vices4 ,9 public life1 x may happ5 t function>ies receive s]vices )\t r5d]+ any 9 return2 & !n !re is a loss entail$ on ! taxpay]1 h[ev] we may delude ourselves ) ref]5ce to ?is circulation ( specie4 ,be ?is z x may1 let u resume our analysis3-- ,we h "h1 !n1 an ex*ange "u a new =m4 ,ex*ange includes two t]ms--to give1 & to receive4 ,let u inquire !n h[ ?is transaction1 :i* f be+ private has become public1 is affect$ 9 ! d\ble po9t ( view ( s]vices r5d]$ & s]vices receiv$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is prov$ beyond d\bt t public s]vices always1 or ne>ly always1 ext+ui%1 9 law or 9 fact1 private s]vices ( ! same nature4 ,! ,/ate1 :5 x und]takes a s]vice1 g5]ally takes c>e to decree t no o!r body %all r5d] x1 p#dca m especially if "o ( its objects be to d]ive a rev5ue f x4 ,witness ! cases ( po/age1 tobacco1 gunp[d]1 etc4 ,did ! ,/ate n take ?is precaution1 ! result w\ld be ! same4 ,:at manufactur] w\ld engage to r5d] to ! public a s]vice :i* ! ,/ate r5d]s = no?+8 ,we sc>cely meet ) any "o :o seeks a livelihood by tea*+ law or m$ic9e privately1 by ! =mation ( high-roads1 by re>+ ?or\ghbr$ horses1 by f\nd+ s*ools ( arts & design1 by cle>+ l&s 9 ,alg]ia1 by e/abli%+ museums1 etc4 ,& ! reason is ?is1 t ! public w n g to pur*ase :at ! ,/ate gives x = no?+4 ,z ,m4 de ,corm59 has said1 ! trade ( ! %oemak]s w\ld soon be put an end to1 ev5 7 x decl>$ inviolable by ! fir/ article ( ! con/itution1 if ,gov]nm5t took x into its head to furni% %oes to ev]ybody gratuit\sly4 ,9 tru?1 9 ! ^w gratuit\s1 z appli$ to public s]vices1 !re lurks ! grosse/ & mo/ pu]ile ( sophisms4 ,= my own "p1 ,i wond] at ! extreme gullibility ( ! public 9 all[+ itself to be tak5 9 ) ?is ^w4 ,:at6 x is said1 d y n wi% gratuit\s education8 gratuit\s /uds8 ,c]ta9ly ,i wi% !m1 & ,i %\ld also wi% to h gratuit\s food & gratuit\s lodg+--if x 7 possible4 ,b !re is no?+ really gratuit\s b :at co/s no?+ to any "o4 ,n[ public s]vices co/ some?+ to ev]ybody2 & x is j because ev]ybody has paid = !m be=eh& t !y no long] co/ any?+ to ! man :o receives ! b5efit4 ,! man :o has paid 8 %>e ( ! g5]al contribution w take good c>e n to pay = ! s]vice a second "t by call+ 9 ! aid ( private indu/ry4 ,public s]vice is ?us sub/itut$ = private s]vice4 ,x adds no?+ ei!r to ! g5]al lab\r ( ! nation or to its weal?4 ,x accompli%es by means ( function>ies1 :at w\ld h be5 effect$ by private indu/ry4 ,! "q1 !n1 is1 ,:i* ( ^! arrangem5ts entails ! greate/ am\nt ( inconv5i5ce8 & ! solution ( t "q is ! object ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,! mom5t ! satisfaction ( a want becomes ! subject ( a public s]vice1 x is )drawn1 to a great ext5t1 f ! doma9 ( individual lib]ty & responsibility4 ,! individual is no long] free to procure t satisfaction 9 8 own way1 to pur*ase :at he *ooses & :5 he *ooses1 consult+ only 8 own situation & res\rces1 8 means1 & 8 moral appreciations2 nor c he any long] ex]cise 8 discretion 9 reg>d to ! ord] 9 :i* he may judge x reasonable to provide = p#dcb 8 v>i\s wants4 ,:e!r he w or n1 8 wants are n[ suppli$ by ! public1 & he obta9s f society1 n t measure ( s]vice :i* he judges useful1 z he did 9 ! case ( private s]vices1 b ! am\nt ( s]vice :i* ! ,gov]nm5t ?9ks x prop] to furni%1 :atev] be its quantity & quality4 ,p]haps he is 9 want ( bread to satisfy 8 hung]1 & "p ( ! bread ( :i* he has su* urg5t ne$ is )held f him1 9 ord] to furni% him ) education1 or ) !atrical ent]ta9m5ts1 :i* he does n want4 ,he ceases to ex]cise free control ov] ! satisfaction ( 8 own wants1 & hav+ no long] any feel+ ( responsibility1 he no long] ex]ts 8 intellig5ce4 ,=esight has become z useless to him z exp]i5ce4 ,he is less 8 own ma/]2 he is depriv$1 to "s ext5t1 ( free w1 he is less progressive1 he is less a man4 ,n only does he no long] judge = himself 9 a p>ticul> case2 he has got out ( ! habit ( judg+ = himself 9 any case4 ,! moral torpor :i* ?us ga9s ^u him1 ga9s1 = ! same reason1 on all 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & 9 ?is way we h se5 :ole nations ab&on !mselves to a fatal inaction4#ig ,z long z a c]ta9 class ( wants & ( correspond+ satisfactions rema9s 9 ! doma9 ( lib]ty1 ea*1 9 s f> z ?is class is conc]n$1 lays d[n a rule = himself1 :i* he c modify at pleasure4 ,?is w\ld seem to be bo? natural & fair1 see+ t no two m5 f9d !mselves 9 exactly ! same situation2 nor is !re any "o man ^: circum/ances d n v>y f day to day4 ,9 ?is way1 all ! human faculties rema9 9 ex]cise1 comp>ison1 judgm5t1 =esight4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 e good & judici\s resolution br+s its recomp5se & e error its *a/isem5t2 & exp]i5ce1 t rude p#dcc sub/itute = =esight1 s f> at lea/ fulfils its mission t society goes on improv+4 ,b :5 ! s]vice becomes public1 all individual rules ( conduct & action disappe>1 & are mix$ up & g5]aliz$ 9 a writt51 co]cive1 & inflexible law1 :i* is ! same = all1 :i* makes no all[ance = p>ticul> situations1 & /rikes ! noble/ faculties ( human nature ) numbness & torpor4 ,if ,/ate int]v5tion deprive u ( all self-gov]nm5t ) ref]5ce to ! s]vices we receive f ! public1 x deprives u 9 a /ill m m>k$ degree ( all control ) ref]5ce to ! s]vices :i* we r5d] 9 return4 ,?is c\nt]p>t1 ?is supplem5t>y elem5t 9 ! ex*ange1 is likewise a d$uction f our lib]ty1 & is regulat$ by uni=m inflexible rules1 by a law pass$ be=eh&1 made op]ative by =ce1 & ( :i* we _c get rid4 ,9 a ^w1 z ! s]vices :i* ! ,/ate r5d]s u are impos$ ^u u1 ^? :i* x dem&s 9 return are also impos$ ^u u1 & 9 all languages take ! "n ( impo/s4 ,& "h a multitude ( !oretical difficulties & inconv5i5ces pres5t !mselves2 = practically ! ,/ate surm\nts all ob/acles by means ( an arm$ =ce1 :i* is ! necess>y sequ5ce ( e law4 ,b1 to conf9e ourselves to ! !ory1 ! trans=mation ( a private into a public s]vice gives rise to ^! grave que/ions3-- ,w ! ,/ate "u all circum/ances dem& f ea* citiz5 an am\nt ( taxation equival5t to ! s]vices r5d]$8 ,?is 7 b fair2 & ?is equival5ce is exactly ! result :i* we almo/ infallibly obta9 f free & volunt>y transactions1 & ! b>ga9+ :i* prec$es !m4 ,if ! design ( ! ,/ate1 !n1 is to realize ?is equival5ce 7:i* is only ju/ice71 x is n wor? :ile tak+ ?is class ( s]vices out ( ! doma9 ( private activity4 ,b equival5ce is nev] ?\ght (1 nor c x be4 ,we d n /& higgl+ & *aff]+ ) public function>ies4 ,! law proce$s on g5]al rules1 & _c make conditions applicable to ea* individual case4 ,at ! utmo/1 & :5 x is conceiv$ 9 a _s ( ju/ice1 x aims at a sort ( av]age equival5ce1 an approximate equival5ce1 betwe5 ! two s]vices ex*ang$4 ,two pr9ciples--namely1 ! proportionality & ! progression ( taxation--h appe>$ 9 _m respects to c>ry ?is approximation to its utmo/ limit4 ,b ! slighte/ reflection w conv9ce u t proportional taxation _c1 any m ?an progressive taxation1 realize ! exact equival5ce ( s]vices ex*ang$4 ,public s]vices1 aft] hav+ =cibly depriv$ ! citiz5s ( _! lib]ty1 z reg>ds s]vices p#dcd bo? r5d]$ & receiv$1 h1 !n1 ?is f>!r fault ( unsettl+ ! value ( ^! s]vices4 ,ano!r1 & n less grave1 inconv5i5ce is1 t !y de/roy1 or at lea/ displace1 responsibility4 ,to man responsibility is all-important4 ,x is 8 mov] & tea*]1 8 rew>d] & av5g]4 ,)\t x man is no long] a free ag5t1 he is no long] p]fectible1 no long] a moral be+1 he le>ns no?+1 he is no?+4 ,he ab&ons himself to inaction1 & becomes a m]e unit ( ! h]d4 ,if x be a mis=tune t ! s5se ( responsibility %\ld be ext+ui%$ 9 ! individual1 x is no less a mis=tune t x %\ld be develop$ 9 ! ,/ate 9 an exagg]at$ =m4 ,man1 h[ev] degrad$1 has always z mu* light left him z to see ! qu>t] f :5ce good or evil comes to him2 & :5 ! ,/ate assumes ! *>ge ( all1 x becomes responsible = all4 ,"u ! dom9ion ( su* artificial arrangem5ts1 a p :i* suff]s c only lay ! blame on its ,gov]nm5t1 & its only rem$y1 its only policy1 is to ov]turn x4 ,h5ce an inevitable succession ( revolutions4 ,i say inevitable1 = "u su* a rgime ! p mu/ necess>ily suff]2 & ! reason ( x is t public s]vices1 besides di/urb+ & unsettl+ values1 :i* is inju/ice1 lead also to ! de/ruction ( weal?1 :i* is ru92 ru9 & inju/ice1 suff]+ & discont5t--f\r fatal causes ( eff]vesc5ce 9 society1 :i*1 comb9$ ) ! displacem5t ( responsibility1 _c fail to br+ ab\t political convulsions l ^? f :i* we h be5 suff]+ = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,)\t desir+ to indulge 9 digressions1 ,i _c help rem>k+1 t :5 ?+s are organiz$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 :5 ,gov]nm5t has assum$ gigantic proportions by ! successive trans=mation ( free & volunt>y transactions into public s]vices1 x is to be fe>$ t revolutions1 :i* con/itute 9 !mselves s great an evil1 h n ev5 ! advantage ( be+ a rem$y1 unless ! rem$y is =c$ ^u u by exp]i5ce4 ,! displacem5t ( responsibility has p]v]t$ public op9ion4 ,! p1 accu/om$ to expect ev]y?+ f ! ,/ate1 nev] accuse ,gov]nm5t ( do+ too mu*1 b ( n do+ en\gh4 ,!y ov]turn x1 & replace x by ano!r1 to :i* !y d n say1 8,d less10 b 8,d m20 s t1 hav+ fall5 into "o dit*1 !y set to "w to dig ano!r4 ,at l5g? ! mom5t comes :5 _! eyes are op5$1 & x is felt to be necess>y to curtail ! pr]ogatives & responsibilities ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,"h we are /opp$ by difficulties ( ano!r k9d4 ,function>ies alleg+ ve/$ rights rise up & p#dce coalesce1 & we are av]se to be> h>d on num]\s int]e/s to :i* we h giv5 an artificial exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p h =gott5 h[ to act = !mselves4 ,at ! mom5t !y h succe$$ 9 reconqu]+ ! lib]ty ( :i* !y 7 9 que/1 !y are afraid ( x1 & repudiate x4 ,(f] !m a free & volunt>y sy/em ( education3#ih !y believe t all sci5ce is ab\t to be ext+ui%$4 ,(f] !m religi\s lib]ty3 !y believe t a!ism is ab\t to invade u1--s (t5 has x be5 d9n$ into _! e>s t all religion1 all wisdom1 all sci5ce1 all le>n+1 all morality1 resides 9 ! ,/ate or fl[s f x4 ,b we %all f9d a place = su* reflections else:]e1 & mu/ n[ return to ! argum5t4 ,we set ourselves to discov] ! true "p :i* competition plays 9 ! developm5t ( weal?1 & we f\nd t x consi/$ 9 giv+ an advantage 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! produc]2 !n turn+ ?is advantage to ! pr(it ( ! community2 & con/antly enl>g+ ! doma9 ( ! gratuit\s1 & consequ5tly ! doma9 ( equality4 ,b :5 private s]vices become public s]vices1 !y escape competition1 & ?is f9e h>mony is susp5d$4 ,9 fact1 ! function>y is dive/$ ( t /imulant :i* urges on to progress1 & h[ c progress turn to ! public advantage :5 x no long] exi/s8 ,a public function>y does n act "u ! spur ( self-int]e/1 b "u ! influ5ce ( ! law4 ,! law says to him1 8,y w r5d] to ! public su* or su* a det]m9ate s]vice1 & y w receive f x 9 return a det]m9ate recomp5se40 ,a little m or a little less zeal has no effect 9 *ang+ ^! two fix$ t]ms4 ,on ! contr>y1 private int]e/ :isp]s 9 ! e> ( ! free lab\r]1 8,! m y d = o!rs1 ! m o!rs w d = y40 ,9 ?is case1 ! recomp5se dep5ds entirely on ! ef=ts ( ! workman be+ m or less int5se1 & m or less skilful4 ,no d\bt esprit de corps1 ! desire = advancem5t1 devotion to duty1 may prove active /imulants ) ! function>y2 b !y nev] c supply ! place ( ! irresi/ible incitem5t ( p]sonal int]e/4 ,all exp]i5ce confirms ?is reason+4 ,ev]y?+ :i* has fall5 )9 ! doma9 ( ,gov]nm5t r\t9e has rema9$ almo/ /ation>y4 ,x is d\btful :e!r our sy/em ( education n[ is bett] ?an x 0 9 ! reign ( ,francis ! ,fir/2 & no "o w\ld ?9k ( comp>+ ! activity ( a gov]nm5t (fice ) ! activity ( a manufactory4 p#dcf ,9 proportion1 !n1 z private s]vices ent] into ! class ( public s]vices1 !y become1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 /]ile & motionless1 n to ! injury ( ^? :o r5d] ^! s]vices 7_! sal>ies are fix$71 b to ! detrim5t ( ! public at l>ge4 ,along ) ^! inconv5i5ces1 :i* are imm5se1 n only 9 a moral & political1 b 9 an economical po9t ( view--inconv5i5ces :i*1 tru/+ to ! sagacity ( ! read]1 ,i h only sket*$--!re is sometimes an advantage 9 sub/itut+ collective = individual action4 ,9 "s k9ds ( s]vices1 ! *ief m]it is regul>ity & uni=mity4 ,x may happ5 t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 su* a sub/itution gives rise to economy1 & saves1 9 relation to a giv5 satisfaction1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ex]tion to ! community4 ,! "q to be resolv$1 !n1 is ?is3 ,:at s]vices %\ld rema9 9 ! doma9 ( private ex]tion8 ,:at s]vices %\ld p]ta9 to collective or public ex]tion8 ,! inquiry1 :i* we h j f9i%$1 into ! ess5tial diff]5ces :i* *>act]ize ^! two k9ds ( s]vices1 w facilitate ! solution ( ?is important problem4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 x may be ask$1 is !re any pr9ciple to enable u to di/+ui% :at may legitimately ent] ! circle ( collective action1 & :at %\ld rema9 9 ! circle ( private action8 ,i beg9 by intimat+ t :at ,i d5om9ate "h public action is t great organization :i* has = rule ! law1 & = means ( execution1 =ce2 9 o!r words1 ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,let x n be said t free & volunt>y associations display likewise collective ex]tion4 ,let x n be suppos$ t ,i use ! t]m private action z synonym\s ) isolat$ action4 ,:at ,i say is1 t free & volunt>y association belongs /ill to ! doma9 ( private action1 = x is "o ( ! =ms ( ex*ange1 & ! mo/ p[]ful =m ( all4 ,x does n impair ! equival5ce ( s]vices1 x does n affect ! appreciation ( values1 x does n displace responsibilities1 x does n exclude free w1 x does n de/roy competition nor its effects2 9 a ^w1 x has n con/ra9t = its pr9ciple4 ,b ! action ( ,gov]nm5t is made g5]al by con/ra9t4 ,x necess>ily proce$s on ! compelle intr>e4 ,x acts 9 =m ( law1 & e "o mu/ submit to x1 because a law implies a sanction4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 w dispute ^! premises2 :i* are support$ by ! be/ ( all au?orities1 ! te/imony ( univ]sal fact4 ,on all sides we h laws1 & =ce to re/ra9 ! refractory4 p#dcg ,h5ce1 no d\bt1 has come ! say+ t 8m51 9 unit+ 9 society1 h sacrific$ "p ( _! lib]ty 9 ord] to pres]ve ! rema9d]10--a say+ 9 great vogue ) ^? :o1 conf\nd+ gov]nm5t ) society1 conclude t ! latt] is artificial & conv5tional l ! =m]4 ,x is evid5t t ?is say+ does n hold true 9 ! region ( free & volunt>y transactions4 ,let two m51 det]m9$ by ! prospect ( great] pr(it & advantage1 ex*ange _! s]vices1 or unite _! ef=ts1 9 place ( cont9u+ _! isolat$ ex]tions--is !re 9 ?is any sacrifice ( lib]ty8 ,is x to sacrifice lib]ty to make a bett] use ( x8 ,! mo/ t c be said is ?is1 t m5 sacrifice "p ( _! lib]ty to pres]ve ! rema9d]1 n :5 !y unite 9 society1 b :5 !y subject !mselves to a ,gov]nm5t1 s9ce ! necess>y mode ( action ( e ,gov]nm5t is =ce4 ,n[1 ev5 ) ?is modification1 ! pret5d$ pr9ciple is errone\s1 z long z ,gov]nm5t conf9es itself to its legitimate functions4 ,b :at are ^! functions8 ,x is precisely ?is special "* ( hav+ =ce = _! necess>y auxili>y :i* m>ks out to u _! ext5t & _! limits4 ,i affirm t z ,gov]nm5t acts only by ! int]v5tion ( =ce1 its action is legitimate only :]e ! int]v5tion ( =ce is itself legitimate4 ,n[1 :]e =ce int]poses legitimately1 x is n to sacrifice lib]ty1 b to make x m respect$4 ,s t ?is pret5d$ axiom1 :i* has be5 repres5t$ z ! basis ( political sci5ce1 & :i* has be5 %[n to be false z f> z society is conc]n$1 is equally false z reg>ds ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is always gratify+ to me to see ^! melan*oly !oretical discordances disappe> be=e a clos] & m se>*+ exam9ation4 ,9 :at cases is ! employm5t ( =ce legitimate8 ,9 "o case1 &1 ,i believe1 9 only "o--! case ( legitimate def5ce4 ,if ?is be s1 ! f\ndation ( ,gov]nm5t is fully e/abli%$1 z well z its legitimate limits4#ii ,:at is individual "r8 ,! "r :i* an individual possesses to ent] freely & volunt>ily into b>ga9s & transactions ) 8 fell[-citiz5s1 :i* give rise1 z f> z !y are conc]n$1 to a reciprocal "r4 ,:5 is ?is "r violat$8 ,:5 "o ( ! p>ties encroa*es p#dch on ! lib]ty ( ! o!r4 ,9 t case1 x is incorrect to say1 z is frequ5tly done1 8,!re is an excess1 an abuse ( lib]ty40 ,we %\ld say1 8,!re is a want1 a de/ruction ( lib]ty40 ,an excess ( lib]ty1 no d\bt1 if we reg>d only ! aggressor1 b a de/ruction ( lib]ty1 if we reg>d ! victim1 or ev5 if we reg>d ! ph5om5on z a :ole1 z we ought to d4 ,! "r ( ! man ^: lib]ty is attack$1 or1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 ^: prop]ty1 faculties1 or lab\r is attack$1 is to def5d !m ev5 by =ce2 & ?is is 9 fact :at m5 d ev]y:]e1 & always1 :5 !y c4 ,h5ce may be d$uc$ ! "r ( a numb] ( m5 ( any sort to take c\nsel toge!r1 & associate1 9 ord] to def5d1 ev5 by _! jo9t =ce1 individual lib]ty & prop]ty4 ,b an individual has no "r to employ =ce = any o!r purpose4 ,i _c legitimately =ce my neighb\rs to be indu/ri\s1 sob]1 economical1 g5]\s1 le>n$1 dev\t2 b ,i c legitimately =ce !m to be j4 ,= ! same reason ! collective =ce _c be legitimately appli$ to develop ! love ( indu/ry1 ( sobriety1 ( economy1 ( g5]osity1 ( sci5ce1 ( religi\s belief2 b x may be legitimately appli$ to ensure ! pr$om9ance ( ju/ice1 & v9dicate ea* man's "r4 ,= :]e c we seek = ! orig9 ( collective "r b 9 individual "r8 ,! deplorable mania ( our times is ! desire to give an indep5d5t exi/5ce to pure ab/ractions1 to imag9e a city )\t citiz5s1 a human nature )\t human be+s1 a :ole )\t p>ts1 an aggregate )\t ! individuals :o compose x4 ,!y might z well say1 8,"h is a man1 suppose him )\t memb]s1 visc]a1 organs1 body1 s\l1 or any ( ! elem5ts ( :i* he is compos$--/ill "h is a man40 ,if a "r does n exi/ 9 any ( ! individuals ( :at = brevity's sake we call a nation1 h[ %\ld x exi/ 9 ! nation itself8 ,h[1 above all1 %\ld x exi/ 9 t fraction ( a nation :i* ex]cises delegat$ rights ( gov]nm5t8 ,h[ c\ld individuals delegate rights :i* !y d n !mselves possess8 ,we mu/1 !n1 reg>d z a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 politics1 ?is inconte/able tru?1 t betwe5 individuals ! int]v5tion ( =ce is legitimate only 9 ! case ( legitimate def5ce2 & t a collective body ( m5 _c h rec\rse to =ce legally1 b )9 ! same limit4 ,n[1 x is ( ! v ess5ce ( ,gov]nm5t to act ^u p#dci individuals by way ( con/ra9t4 ,!n x c h no o!r rational functions ?an ! legitimate def5ce ( individual rights1 x c h no delegat$ au?ority except to secure respect to ! lives & prop]ty ( all4 ,obs]ve t :5 a ,gov]nm5t goes beyond ^! b\nds1 x ent]s on an illimit$ c>e]1 & _c escape ?is consequ5ce1 n only t x goes beyond its mission1 b annihilates x1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ mon/r\s ( contradictions4 ,9 tru?1 :5 ! ,/ate has caus$ to be respect$ ?is fix$ & inv>iable l9e :i* sep>ates ! rights ( ! citiz5s1 :5 x has ma9ta9$ among !m ju/ice1 :at c\ld x d m )\t itself break+ ?r\gh t b>ri]1 ! gu>dian%ip ( :i* has be5 intru/$ to x--9 o!r words1 )\t de/roy+ ) its own h&s1 & by =ce1 t v lib]ty & prop]ty :i* _h be5 plac$ "u its safegu>d8 ,beyond ! adm9i/ration & en=cem5t ( ju/ice1 ,i defy y to imag9e an int]v5tion ( ,gov]nm5t :i* is n an inju/ice4 ,allege1 z long z y *oose1 acts inspir$ by ! pure/ philan?ropy1 enc\ragem5ts held out to virtue & to indu/ry1 premiums1 fav\r1 & direct protection1 gifts said to be gratuit\s1 initiatives /yl$ g5]\s2 beh9d all ^! fair appe>ances1 or1 if y w1 ^! fair realities1 ,i w %[ y o!r realities less gratify+2 ! rights ( "s p]sons violat$ = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 lib]ties sacrific$1 rights ( prop]ty usurp$1 faculties limit$1 spoliations consummat$4 ,& c ! p possibly behold a spectacle m melan*oly1 m pa9ful1 ?an t ( ! collective =ce employ$ 9 p]petrat+ crimes :i* x is its special duty to repress8 ,9 pr9ciple1 x is en\gh t ! ,gov]nm5t has at its disposal1 z a necess>y in/rum5t1 =ce1 9 ord] to enable u to discov] :at ! private s]vices are :i* c legitimately be conv]t$ into public s]vices4 ,!y are ^? :i* h = _! object ! ma9t5ance ( lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & individual "r1 ! prev5tion ( crime--9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ :i* involves ! public security4 ,gov]nm5ts h yet ano!r mission4 ,!re are 9 all c\ntries a c]ta9 am\nt ( common prop]ty1 enjoy$ by ! citiz5s jo9tly--riv]s1 =e/s1 roads4 ,on ! o!r h&1 un=tunately1 !re are also debts4 ,x is ! duty ( ,gov]nm5t to adm9i/] ?is active & passive portion ( ! public doma94 ,9 f9e1 f ^! two functions !re fl[s ano!r1--t ( levy+ ! contributions :i* are necess>y = ! public s]vice4 p#ddj ,?us3 ,to wat* ov] ! public security4 ,to adm9i/] common prop]ty4 ,to levy taxes4 ,su* ,i believe to be ! legitimate circle )9 :i* ,gov]nm5t functions ought to be circumscrib$1 & to :i* !y %\ld be br\ght back if !y h gone beyond x4 ,?is op9ion1 ,i "k1 runs c\nt] to receiv$ op9ions4 8,:at60 x w be said1 8y wi% to r$uce ,gov]nm5t to play ! "p ( a judge & a police-(fic]6 ,y w\ld take away f x all initiative6 ,y w\ld re/ra9 x f giv+ a lively impulse to le>n+1 to arts1 to comm]ce1 to navigation1 to agriculture1 to moral & religi\s ideas2 y w\ld despoil x ( its faire/ attribute1 t ( op5+ to ! p ! road ( progress60 ,to p :o talk 9 ?is way1 ,i %\ld l to put a few que/ions4 ,:]e has ,god plac$ ! motive spr+ ( human conduct1 & ! aspiration aft] progress8 ,is x 9 all m58 or is x exclusively 9 ^? among !m :o h receiv$1 or usurp$1 ! delegat$ au?ority ( a legislator1 or ! pat5t ( a placeman8 ,does e "o ( u n c>ry 9 8 organization1 9 8 :ole be+1 t b\ndless1 re/less pr9ciple ( action call$ desire8 ,:5 our fir/ & mo/ urg5t wants are suppli$1 are !re n =m$ )9 u conc5tric & expansive circles ( desires ( an ord] m & m elevat$8 ,does ! love ( arts1 ( lett]s1 ( sci5ce1 ( moral & religi\s tru?1 does a ?ir/ = ! solution ( ^? problems :i* conc]n our pres5t & future exi/5ce1 desc5d f collective bodies ( m5 to individuals1 f ab/ractions to realities1 f m]e words to liv+ & s5ti5t be+s8 ,if y set out ) ?is assumption--absurd ^u ! face ( x--t moral en]gy resides 9 ! ,/ate1 & t ! nation is passive1 d y n place morals1 doctr9es1 op9ions1 weal?1 all :i* con/itutes individual life1 at ! m]cy ( m5 9 p[]8 ,!n1 9 ord] to enable x to dis*>ge ! =midable duty :i* y w\ld intru/ to x1 has ! ,/ate any res\rces ( its own8 ,is x n oblig$ to take ev]y?+ ( :i* x disposes1 d[n to ! la/ p5ny1 f ! citiz5s !mselves8 ,if x be f individuals t x dem&s ! means ( execution1 individuals h realiz$ ^! means4 ,x is a contradiction1 !n1 to pret5d t individuality is passive & in]t4 ,& :y h individuals creat$ ^! res\rces8 ,to m9i/] to _! own p#dda satisfactions4 ,:at does ! ,/ate d :5 x seizes on ^! res\rces8 ,x does n br+ satisfactions into exi/5ce1 x displaces !m4 ,x deprives ! man :o e>n$ !m 9 ord] to end[ a man :o has no "r to !m4 ,*>g$ to *a/ise inju/ice1 x p]petrates x4 ,w x be said t 9 displac+ satisfactions x purifies !m1 & r5d]s !m m moral8--t ! weal? :i* individuals _h devot$ to gross & s5sual wants ! ,/ate has devot$ to moral purposes8 ,:o d>e affirm t x is advantage\s to inv]t viol5tly1 by =ce1 by means ( spoliation1 ! natural ord] accord+ to :i* ! wants & desires ( m5 are develop$8--t x is moral to take a morsel ( bread f ! hungry peasant1 9 ord] to br+ )9 ! rea* ( ! inhabitants ( our l>ge t[ns ! d\btful morality ( !atrical ent]ta9m5ts8 ,& !n x mu/ be rememb]$1 t y _c displace weal? )\t displac+ lab\r & population4 ,any arrangem5t y c make mu/ be artificial & prec>i\s :5 x is ?us sub/itut$ = a solid & regul> ord] ( ?+s repos+ on ! immutable laws ( nature4 ,!re are p :o believe t by circumscrib+ ! prov9ce ( ,gov]nm5t y enfeeble x4 ,num]\s functions & num]\s ag5ts1 !y ?9k1 give ! ,/ate ! solidity ( a broad] basis4 ,b ?is is pure illusion4 ,if ! ,/ate _c ov]/ep ! limits ( its prop] & det]m9ate functions )\t becom+ an in/rum5t ( inju/ice1 ( ru91 & ( spoliation--)\t unsettl+ ! natural di/ribution ( lab\r1 ( enjoym5ts1 ( capital1 & ( population--)\t creat+ comm]cial /oppages1 indu/rial crises1 & paup]ism--)\t enl>g+ ! proportion ( crimes & (f5ces--)\t recurr+ to m & m en]getic means ( repression--)\t excit+ discont5t & disaffection1--h[ is x possible to discov] a gu>antee = /ability 9 ^! accumulat$ elem5ts ( disord]8 ,y compla9 ( ! revolution>y t5d5cies ( m51 b )\t suffici5t reflection4 ,:5 9 a great c\ntry we see private s]vices invad$ & conv]t$ into public s]vices1 ! ,gov]nm5t lay+ hold ( "o-?ird ( ! weal? produc$ by ! citiz5s1 ! law conv]t$ into an eng9e ( spoliation by ! citiz5s !mselves1 ?us impair+1 "u pret5ce ( e/abli%+1 ! equival5ce ( s]vices--:5 we see population & lab\r displac$ by legislation1 a deep] & deep] gulf int]pos$ betwe5 weal? & pov]ty1 capital1 :i* %\ld give employm5t to an increas+ population1 prev5t$ f accumulat+1 p#ddb entire classes gr\nd d[n by ! h>de/ privations--:5 we see ,gov]nm5ts tak+ to !mselves cr$it = any prosp]ity :i* may be obs]vable1 proclaim+ !mselves ! mov]s & orig9ators ( ev]y?+1 & ?us accept+ responsibility = all ! evils :i* afflict society1--we are only a/oni%$ t revolutions d n occur m frequ5tly1 & we admire ! sacrifices :i* are made by ! p to ! cause ( public ord] & tranquillity4 ,b if laws & ! ,gov]nm5ts :i* enact laws conf9$ !mselves )9 ! limits ,i h indicat$1 h[ c\ld revolutions occur8 ,if ea* citiz5 7 free1 he w\ld d\btless be less expos$ to suff]+2 & if1 at ! same "t1 ! feel+ ( responsibility 7 br\ght to be> on him f all sides1 h[ %\ld he ev] take x into 8 head to attribute 8 suff]+s to a law1 to a ,gov]nm5t :i* conc]n$ itself no f>!r ) him ?an to repress 8 acts ( inju/ice & protect him f ! inju/ice ( o!rs8 ,d we ev] f9d a village ris+ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! local magi/rate8 ,! influ5ce ( lib]ty on ! cause ( ord] is s5sibly felt 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re1 all1 save ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ( public prop]ty1 is left to ! free & volunt>y transactions ( ! citiz5s2 & !re1 accord+ly1 we f9d few] ( ! elem5ts & *ances ( revolution ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,:at semblance ( int]e/1 c\ld ! citiz5s ( su* a c\ntry h 9 *ang+ ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s by viol5ce1 :51 on ! "o h&1 ?is ord] ( ?+s cla%es ) no man's int]e/s1 &1 on ! o!r1 may be legally & readily modifi$ if necess>y8 ,b ,i am wrong4 ,!re are two active causes ( revolution at "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--slav]y & comm]cial re/riction4 ,x is notori\s t ^! two que/ions are con/antly plac+ 9 jeop>dy ! public peace & ! f$]al union4 ,n[1 is x possible to conceive a m decisive argum5t 9 support ( ! !sis ,i am n[ ma9ta9+8 ,h we n "h an in/ance ( ! law act+ 9 direct antagonism to :at ought to be ! design & aim ( all laws8 ,is n ?is a case ( law & public =ce sanction+1 /r5g!n+1 p]petuat+1 sy/ematiz+1 & protect+ oppression & spoliation1 9 place ( fulfill+ its legitimate mission ( protect+ lib]ty & prop]ty8 ,z reg>ds slav]y1 ! law says1 8,i %all create a =ce1 at ! exp5se ( ! citiz5s1 n to ma9ta9 ea* 9 8 rights1 b to annihilate altoge!r ! rights ( a portion ( ! inhabitants40 ,z reg>ds t>iffs1 ! law says1 8,i %all create a =ce1 at ! exp5se ( ! citiz5s1 n to ensure ! fre$om ( _! b>ga9s & transactions1 b to p#ddc de/roy t fre$om1 to impair ! equival5ce ( s]vices1 to give to "o citiz5 ! lib]ty ( two1 & to deprive ano!r ( lib]ty altoge!r4 ,my function is to commit inju/ice1 :i* ,i nev]!less visit ) ! sev]e/ puni%m5t :5 committ$ by ! citiz5s !mselves )\t my int]position40 ,x is n1 !n1 because we h few laws & few function>ies1 or1 9 o!r words1 because we h few public s]vices1 t revolutions are to be fe>$2 b1 on ! contr>y1 because we h _m laws1 _m function>ies1 & _m public s]vices4 ,public s]vices1 ! law :i* regulates !m1 ! =ce :i* e/abli%es !m1 are f _! nature nev] neutral4 ,!y may be enl>g$ )\t dang]1 on ! contr>y ) advantage1 :5 !y are necess>y to ! vigor\s en=cem5t ( ju/ice2 b c>ri$ beyond ?is po9t !y are s _m in/rum5ts ( legal oppression & spoliation1 s _m causes ( disord] & revolution>y f]m5t4 ,%all ,i v5ture to describe ! poison\s immorality :i* is infus$ into all ! ve9s ( ! body politic1 :5 ! law ?us sets itself1 ^u pr9ciple1 to indulge ! plund]+ prop5sities ( ! citiz5s8 ,att5d a meet+ ( ! national repres5tatives :5 ! "q happ5s to turn on b\nties1 enc\ragem5ts1 fav\rs1 or re/rictions4 ,see ) :at %ameless rapacity all endeav\r to secure a %>e ( ! spoil1--spoil :i*1 z individuals1 !y w\ld blu% to t\*4 ,! v man :o w\ld reg>d himself z a highway robb]1 if1 meet+ me on ! fronti] & clapp+ a pi/ol to my head1 he prev5t$ me f conclud+ a b>ga9 :i* 0 = my advantage1 makes no scruple :atev] 9 propos+ & vot+ a law :i* sub/itutes ! public =ce = 8 own1 & subjects me to ! v same re/riction at my own exp5se4 ,9 ?is respect1 :at a melan*oly spectacle ,france pres5ts at ?is v mom5t6 ,all classes are suff]+1 & 9 place ( dem&+ ! abolition = ev] ( all legal spoliation1 ea* turns to ! law1 & says1 8,y :o c d ev]y?+1 y :o h ! public =ce at y\r disposal1 y :o c br+ good out ( evil1 be pleas$ to rob & plund] all o!r classes1 to put money 9 my pocket4 ,=ce !m to come to my %op1 or pay me b\nties & premiums1 give my family gratuit\s education1 l5d me money )\t int]e/10 etc4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! law becomes a s\rce ( demoralization1 & if any?+ ought to surprise u1 x is t ! prop5sity to individual plund] does n make m progress1 :5 ! moral s5se ( ! nation is ?us p]v]t$ by legislation itself4 ,! deplorable ?+ is1 t spoliation1 :5 ?us sanction$ by p#ddd law1 & oppos$ by no individual scruple1 ends by becom+ q a le>n$ !ory ) an att5dant tra9 ( pr(essors1 j\rnals1 doctors1 legislators1 sophisms1 & subtleties4 ,among ! traditional quibbles :i* are br\ght =w>d 9 its support we may rem>k ?is "o1 namely1 t1 ct]is p>ibus1 an enl>gem5t ( dem& is ( advantage to ^? by :om lab\r is suppli$1 see+ t ! new relation betwe5 a m active dem& & a supply :i* is /ation>y is :at increases ! value ( ! s]vice4 ,f ^! premises ! conclusion foll[s t spoliation is ( advantage to ev]ybody3 to ! plund]+ class1 :i* x enri*es directly2 to ! plund]$ class1 by its reflex influ5ce4 ,! plund]+ class hav+ become ri*] f9ds itself 9 a situation to enl>ge ! circle ( its enjoym5ts1 & ?is x _c d )\t creat+ a l>g] dem& = ! s]vices ( ! class :i* has be5 robb$4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ea* s]vice1 an enl>gem5t ( dem& is an increase ( value4 ,! classes1 !n1 :o are legally plund]$ are too happy to be robb$1 s9ce ! pr(it aris+ f ! !ft ?us r$\nds to !m1 & helps to f9d !m employm5t4 ,z long z ! law conf9$ itself to robb+ ! _m = ! b5efit ( ! few1 ?is quibble appe>$ speci\s1 & 0 nev] invok$ b ) success4 8,let u h& ov] to ! ri*10 x 0 said1 8! taxes levi$ f ! poor1 & we %all ?us augm5t ! capital ( ! weal?y classes4 ,! ri* w indulge 9 luxury1 & luxury w give employm5t to ! poor40 ,& all1 poor includ$1 reg>d$ ?is recipe z infallible2 & = hav+ expos$ its holl[ness1 ,i h be5 long reg>d$1 & am /ill reg>d$1 z an enemy ( ! work+ classes4 ,b s9ce ! revolution ( ,febru>y ! poor h _h a voice 9 ! mak+ ( our laws4 ,h !y requir$ t ! law %\ld cease to sanction spoliation8 ,n at all4 ,! sophism ( ! reb\nd1 ( ! reflex influ5ce1 has got too firmly into _! heads4 ,:at is x !y h ask$ =8 ,t ! law %\ld become imp>tial1 & cons5t to rob all classes 9 _! turn4 ,!y h ask$ = gratis education1 gratis advances ( capital1 fri5dly societies f\nd$ by ! ,/ate1 progressive taxation1 etc4 ,& !n ! ri* h set !mselves to cry out1 8,h[ sc&al\s6 ,all is ov] ) u6 ,new b>b>ians ?reat5 society ) an irruption60 ,to ! pret5sions ( ! poor !y h oppos$ a desp]ate resi/ance1 fir/ ) ! bayonet & !n ) ! ballot-box4 ,b = all ?is1 h ! ri* giv5 up spoliation8 ,!y h n ev5 dreamt ( t2 & ! argum5t ( ! reb\nd /ill s]ves z ! pretext4 p#dde ,7 ?is sy/em ( spoliation c>ri$ on by !m directly1 & )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! law1 ! sophism w\ld become transp>5t4 ,7 y to take f ! pocket ( ! workman a franc to pay y\r ticket to ! !atre1 w\ld y h ! face to say to him1 8,my good fri5d1 ?is franc w circulate & give employm5t to y & o!rs ( y\r class80 ,or if y did1 w\ld he n be ju/ifi$ 9 answ]+1 8,! franc w circulate j z well if y d n /eal x f me4 ,x w g to ! bak] in/ead ( ! sc5e-pa9t]4 ,x w procure me bread 9 place ( procur+ y amusem5t40 ,we may rem>k1 also1 t ! sophism ( ! reb\nd may be invok$ by ! poor 9 _! turn4 ,!y may say 9 _! turn to ! ri*1 8,let ! law assi/ u 9 robb+ y4 ,we %all consume m clo?1 & t w b5efit y\r manufactures2 m meat1 & t w b5efit y\r l& e/ates2 m sug>1 & t w b5efit y\r %ipp+40 ,unhappy1 ?rice unhappy1 nation 9 :i* su* que/ions are rais$1 9 :i* no "o ?9ks ( mak+ ! law ! rule ( equity1 b an in/rum5t ( plund] to fill 8 own pockets1 & applies ! :ole p[] ( 8 intellect to try to f9d excuses among ! m remote & complicat$ effects ( spoliation4 ,9 support ( ^! reflections x may n be out ( place to add "h an extract f ! debate :i* took place at a meet+ ( ! ,conseil gnral des ,manufactures1 de l',agriculture1 et du ,comm]ce1 on ,saturday ! #bg? ,april #ahej4ajj p#ddf ,,xviii4 ,,di/urb+ ,,causes4 ,9 :at /ate w\ld human society h be51 _h ! transactions ( mank9d nev] be5 9 any %ape infect$ ) =ce or fraud1 oppression or deceit8 ,w\ld ,ju/ice & ,lib]ty h giv5 rise inevitably to ,inequality & ,monopoly8 ,to f9d an answ] to ^! que/ions x w\ld seem to me to be necess>y to /udy ! nature ( human transactions 9 _! ess5ce1 9 _! orig91 9 _! consequ5ces1 & 9 ! consequ5ces ( ^! consequ5ces1 d[n to ! f9al result2 & ?is ap>t f ! consid]ation ( cont+5t di/urbances :i* might eng5d] inju/ice2 = x w be readily grant$ t inju/ice is n ( ! ess5ce ( free & volunt>y transactions4 ,t ! entry ( ,inju/ice into ! _w 0 inevitable1 & t society _c get rid ( x1 may be argu$ plausibly1 & ,i ?9k ev5 conclusively1 if we take man z he exi/s1 ) 8 passions1 8 egotism1 8 ignorance1 & 8 orig9al improvid5ce4 ,we mu/ also1 !re=e1 direct our att5tion to ! orig9 & effects ( ,inju/ice4 ,b x is n ! less true t economical sci5ce mu/ set out by expla9+ ! !ory ( human transactions1 assum+ !m to be free & volunt>y1 j z physiology expla9s ! nature & relations ( our organs1 ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ! di/urb+ causes :i* modify ^! relations4 ,s]vices1 z we h se51 are ex*ang$ = s]vices1 & ! great desid]atum is ! equival5ce ( ! s]vices ?us ex*ang$4 ,! be/ *ance1 x w\ld seem1 ( arriv+ at ?is equival5ce1 is t x %\ld be produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,lib]ty1 & t e man %\ld be all[$ to judge = himself4 p#ddg ,we "k t m5 may be mi/ak52 b we "k also t !y h ! p[] giv5 !m ( rectify+ _! mi/akes2 & ! long]1 z x appe>s to u1 t error is p]si/$ 91 ! ne>] we approximate to its rectification4 ,ev]y?+ :i* re/ra9s lib]ty w\ld seem to di/urb ! equival5ce ( s]vices1 & ev]y?+ :i* di/urbs ! equival5ce ( s]vices eng5d]s inequality 9 an exagg]at$ degree1 end[+ "s ) unm]it$ opul5ce1 entail+ on o!rs pov]ty equally unm]it$1 toge!r ) ! de/ruction ( national weal?1 & an att5dant tra9 ( evils1 he>tburn+s1 di/urbances1 convulsions1 & revolutions4 ,we %all n g ! l5g? ( say+ t ,lib]ty--or ! equival5ce ( s]vices--produces absolute equality2 = we believe 9 no?+ absolute 9 :at conc]ns man4 ,b we ?9k t ,lib]ty t5ds to make m5 approximate t[>ds a common level1 :i* is movable & always ris+4 ,we ?9k also t ! inequality :i* may /ill rema9 "u a free rgime is ei!r ! result ( accid5tal circum/ances1 or ! *a/isem5t ( faults & vices1 or ! comp5sation ( o!r advantages set opposite to ^? ( weal?2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ?is inequality ought n to introduce among m5 any feel+ ( irritation4 ,9 a ^w1 we believe t ,lib]ty is ,h>mony4 4 4 4 4 ,b 9 ord] to discov] :e!r ?is h>mony exi/s 9 reality1 or only 9 our own imag9ation1 :e!r x be 9 u a p]ception or only an aspiration1 we mu/ subject free transactions to ! te/ ( sci5tific inquiry2 we mu/ /udy facts1 ) _! relations & consequ5ces4 ,?is is :at we h endeav\r$ to d4 ,we h se5 t al?\gh c\ntless ob/acles are int]pos$ betwe5 ! wants ( man & 8 satisfactions1 s t 9 a /ate ( isolation he c\ld n exi/--yet by ! union ( =ces1 ! sep>ation ( occupations1 9 a ^w1 by ex*ange1 8 faculties are develop$ to su* an ext5t z to enable him gradually to ov]come ! fir/ ob/acles1 to enc\nt] ! second & ov]come !m also1 & s on 9 a progression z mu* m rapid z ex*ange is r5d]$ m easy by ! increas+ d5sity ( population4 ,we h se5 t 8 intellig5ce places at 8 disposal means ( action m & m num]\s1 en]getic1 & p]fect1 t 9 proportion z capital increases1 8 absolute %>e 9 ! produce increases1 & 8 relative %>e dim9i%es1 :ile bo? ! absolute & relative %>e fall+ to ! lab\r] goes on p#ddh con/antly increas+4 ,?is is ! prim>y & mo/ p[]ful cause ( equality4 ,we h se5 t t admirable in/rum5t ( production call$ l&1 t m>vell\s laboratory 9 :i* are prep>$ all ?+s necess>y = ! food1 clo?+1 & %elt] ( man1 has be5 giv5 him gratuit\sly by ! ,creator2 t al?\gh ! l& is nom9ally appropriat$1 its productive action _c be s1 b rema9s gratuit\s ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( human transactions4 ,we h se5 t ,prop]ty has n only ?is negative effect ( n encroa*+ on community2 b t x works directly & con/antly 9 enl>g+ its doma92 & ?is is a second cause ( equality1 see+ t ! m abundant ! common fund becomes1 ! m is ! inequality ( prop]ty effac$4 ,we h se5 t "u ! influ5ce ( lib]ty s]vices t5d to acquire _! normal value1 t is to say1 a value proportionate to ! lab\r4 ,?is is a ?ird cause ( equality4 ,= ^! reasons we conclude t !re is a t5d5cy to ! e/abli%m5t among m5 ( a natural level1 n by br++ !m back to a retrograde position1 or all[+ !m to rema9 /ation>y1 b urg+ !m on to a /ate :i* is con/antly progressive4 ,9 f9e1 we h se5 t x is n ! t5d5cy ( ! laws ( ,value1 ( ,int]e/1 ( ,r5t1 ( ,population1 or any o!r great natural law1 to introduce dissonance into ! beautiful ord] ( society1 z crude sci5ce has endeav\r$ to p]suade u1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t all ^! laws lead to h>mony4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t1 ,i ?9k ,i he> ! read] cry out1 8,! ,economi/s are optimi/s ) a v5geance6 ,x is 9 va9 t suff]+1 pov]ty1 inadequate wages1 paup]ism1 ! des]tion ( *ildr51 />vation1 crime1 rebellion1 inequality1 are be=e _! eyes2 !y *ant complac5tly ! h>mony ( ! social laws1 & turn away f a hide\s spectacle :i* m>s _! enjoym5t ( ! !ory 9 :i* !y are wrapt up4 ,!y %un ! region ( realities1 9 ord] to take refuge1 l ! ,utopian dream]s :om !y blame1 9 a region ( *im]as4 ,m illogical ?an ! ,sociali/s or ! ,communi/s !mselves--:o confess ! exi/5ce ( suff]+1 feel x1 describe x1 abhor x1 & only commit ! error ( prescrib+ ineffectual1 impracticable1 & empirical rem$ies--! ,economi/s ei!r d5y ! exi/5ce ( suff]+1 or are ins5sible to x1 if1 inde$1 !y d n eng5d] x1 call+ out to diseas$ & di/emp]$ society1 #8,laissez faire1 laissez pass]2 all is = ! be/ 9 ?is be/ ( all possible worlds4'0 p#ddi ,9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 ,i repel1 ,i repudiate ) all my might1 su* reproa*es & su* int]pretations ( our words4 ,we see ! exi/5ce ( suff]+ z cle>ly z our oppon5ts4 ,l !m1 we deplore x1 l !m we endeav\r to discov] its causes1 l !m we are ready to combat !m4 ,b we /ate ! "q diff]5tly4 8,society10 say !y1 8su* z lib]ty ( lab\r & comm]cial transactions 7t is to say1 ! free play ( natural laws7 has made x1 is dete/able4 ,break1 !n1 ! :eels ( ?is ill-go+ ma*9e1 lib]ty 7:i* !y take c>e to nickname competition1 or (t5] an>*ical competition71 & sub/itute = !m1 by =ce1 new :eels ( our inv5tion40 ,no soon] said ?an done4 ,millions ( inv5tions are p>ad$2 & ?is we might naturally expect1 = to imag9>y space !re are no limits4 ,z = u1 aft] hav+ /udi$ ! natural & provid5tial laws ( society1 we affirm t ^! laws are h>moni\s4 ,^! laws admit ! exi/5ce ( evil1 = !y are br\ght into play by m51--by be+s subject to error & to suff]+4 ,b 9 ?is me*anism evil has itself a function to p]=m1 :i* is to circumscribe m & m its own limits1 & ultimately to *eck its own action1 by prep>+ = man w>n+s1 corrections1 exp]i5ce1 k2 all ?+s :i* are compreh5d$ & summ$ up 9 ! ^w1 ,improvem5t4 ,we add t x is n true t lib]ty prevails among m51 nor is x true t ! provid5tial laws ex]t all _! action4 ,if !y d act1 at lea/1 x is to repair sl[ly & pa9fully ! di/urb+ action ( ignorance & error4 ,don't arraign u1 !n1 = us+ ! words laissez faire1 let alone2 = we d n mean by t1 let man alone :5 he is do+ wrong4 ,:at we mean is ?is3 ,/udy ! provid5tial laws1 admire !m1 & all[ !m to op]ate4 ,remove ! ob/acles :i* !y enc\nt] f abuses aris+ f =ce & fraud1 & y w see accompli%$ 9 human society ?is d\ble manife/ation ( progress--equalization 9 amelioration4 ,=1 9 %ort1 ( two ?+s "o3 ei!r ! int]e/s ( m5 are1 9 _! own nature1 concordant1 or !y are 9 _! nature discordant4 ,:5 we talk ( "o's ,int]e/1 we talk ( a ?+ t[>ds :i* a man gravitates necess>ily1 unavoidably2 o!rwise x w\ld cease to be call$ int]e/4 ,if m5 gravitat$ t[>ds some?+ else1 t o!r ?+ w\ld be t]m$ _! int]e/4 ,if m5's int]e/s1 !n1 are concordant1 all t is necess>y 9 ord] to ! realization ( h>mony & happ9ess is t ^! int]e/s %\ld be und]/ood1 s9ce m5 naturally p#dej pursue _! int]e/4 ,?is is all we cont5d =2 & ?is is ! reason :y we say1 ,eclairez et laissez faire1 ,enlight5 m51 & let !m alone4 ,if m5's int]e/s are 9 _! nature & ess5ce discordant1 !n y are "r1 & !re is no o!r way ( produc+ h>mony1 b by =c+1 ?w>t+1 & runn+ c\nt] to ^! int]e/s4 ,a :imsical h>mony1 truly1 :i* c result only f an ext]nal & despotic action direct$ aga9/ ! int]e/s ( all6 ,= y c easily und]/& t m5 w n tamely all[ !mselves to be ?w>t$2 & 9 ord] to obta9 _! acquiesc5ce 9 y\r inv5tions1 y mu/ ei!r beg9 by be+ /rong] ?an ! :ole human family1 or else y mu/ be able to succe$ 9 deceiv+ !m ) ref]5ce to _! true int]e/s4 ,9 %ort1 on ! hypo!sis t m5's int]e/s are naturally discordant1 ! be/ ?+ :i* c\ld happ5 w\ld be _! be+ all deceiv$ 9 ?is respect4 ,=ce & impo/ure1 ^! are y\r sole res\rces4 ,i defy y to f9d ano!r1 unless y admit t m5's int]e/s are h>moni\s1--& if y grant t1 y are ) u1 & w say1 z we say1 ,all[ ! provid5tial laws to act4 ,n[1 ?is y w n d2 & !re=e4 ,i mu/ repeat t y\r />t+-po9t is ! antagonism ( int]e/s4 ,?is is ! reason :y y w n all[ ^! int]e/s to come to a mutual arrangem5t & und]/&+ freely & volunt>ily2 ?is is ! reason :y y advocate arbitr>y measures1 & repudiate lib]ty2 & y are consi/5t4 ,b take c>e4 ,! /ruggle :i* is approa*+ w n be exclusively betwe5 y & society4 ,su* a /ruggle y lay y\r acc\nt )1 ! ?w>t+ ( m5's int]e/s be+ ! v object y h 9 view4 ,! battle w also rage among y1 ! inv5tors & organiz]s ( artificial societies1 y\rselves2 = !re are ?\s&s ( y1 & !re w soon be t5s ( ?\s&s1 all ent]ta9+ & advocat+ diff]5t views4 ,:at w y d8 ,i see v cle>ly :at y w d1--y w endeav\r to get possession ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,t is ! only =ce capable ( ov]com+ all resi/ance4 ,w "s "o among y succe$8 ,:ile he is engag$ 9 ?w>t+ & oppos+ ! ,gov]nm5t1 he w f9d himself set ^u by all ! o!r inv5tors1 equally desir\s to seize ^u ! ,gov]nm5t2 & _! *ances ( success w be s mu* ! great]1 see+ t !y w be aid$ by t public disaffection :i* has be5 /irr$ up by ! previ\s opposition to _! int]e/s4 ,"h1 !n1 we are laun*$ into a /ormy sea ( et]nal revolutions1 & ) no o!r object ?an ! solution ( ?is "q3 p#dea ,h[1 & by :om1 c ! int]e/s ( mank9d be mo/ effectually ?w>t$8 ,let me n be accus$ ( exagg]ation4 ,all ?is is =c$ ^u u if m5's int]e/s are naturally discordant1 = on ?is hypo!sis y nev] c get out ( ! dilemma1 t ei!r ^! int]e/s w be left to !mselves1 & !n disord] w foll[1 or "s "o mu/ be /rong en\gh to run c\nt] to !m1 & 9 t case we %all /ill h disord]4 ,x is true t !re is a ?ird c\rse1 z ,i h already indicat$4 ,x consi/s 9 deceiv+ m5 ) ref]5ce to _! true int]e/s2 & ?is c\rse be+ above ! p[] ( a m]e mortal1 ! %orte/ way is = ! organisateur to erect himself into an oracle4 ,?is is a "p :i* ^! ,utopian dream]s1 :5 !y d>e1 nev] fail to play1 until !y become ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate4 ,!y fill _! writ+s ) my/ical cant2 & x is ) ^! pap] kites t !y f9d out h[ ! w9d sits1 & make _! fir/ exp]im5ts on public cr$ulity4 ,b1 un=tunately = !m1 success 9 su* exp]im5ts is n v easily a*iev$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we confess1 !n1 frankly t1 9 ord] to get rid ( ^! inextricable difficulties1 x is mu* to be desir$ t1 hav+ /udi$ human int]e/s1 we %\ld f9d !m h>moni\s4 ,! duty ( writ]s & t ( gov]nm5ts become 9 t case rational & easy4 ,z mank9d frequ5tly mi/ake _! true int]e/s1 our duty z writ]s ought to be to expla9 ^! int]e/s1 to describe !m1 to make !m und]/ood1 = we may be q c]ta9 t if m5 once see _! int]e/1 !y w foll[ x4 ,z a man :o is mi/ak5 ) ref]5ce to 8 own int]e/s injures ^? ( ! public 7?is results f _! h>mony71 ! duty ( ,gov]nm5t w be to br+ back ! small body ( diss5ti5ts & violators ( ! provid5tial laws into ! pa? ( ju/ice1 :i* is id5tical ) t ( utility4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s+le mission ( ,gov]nm5t w be to e/abli% ! dom9ion ( ju/ice2 & x w no long] h to emb>rass itself ) ! pa9ful endeav\r to produce1 at great co/1 & by encroa*+ on individual lib]ty1 a ,h>mony :i* is self-creat$1 & :i* ,gov]nm5t action nev] fails to de/roy4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 we %all n be reg>d$ z su* fanatical advocates ( social h>mony z to d5y t x may be1 & frequ5tly is1 di/urb$4 ,i w ev5 add t1 9 my op9ion1 ! di/urbances ( ! social ord]1 :i* are caus$ by bl9d passions1 ignorance1 & error1 are inf9itely great] & m pro p#deb long$ ?an are g5]ally suppos$2 & x is ^! di/urb+ causes :i* we are ab\t to make ! subject ( our inquiry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,man comes into ! _w hav+ implant$ 9 him in]adicably ! desire ( happ9ess & av]sion f pa94 ,see+ t he acts 9 ob$i5ce to ?is impulse1 we _c d5y t p]sonal int]e/ is ! mov+ spr+ ( ! individual1 ( all individuals1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( society4 ,& see+ t p]sonal int]e/1 9 ! economic sph]e1 is ! motive ( human actions & ! ma9spr+ ( society1 ,evil mu/ proce$ f x z well z ,good2 & x is 9 ?is motive p[] t we mu/ seek to discov] h>mony & ! causes by :i* t h>mony is di/urb$4 ,! con/ant aspiration ( self-int]e/ is to sil5ce want1 or1 to speak m g5]ally1 desire1 by satisfaction4 ,betwe5 ^! two t]ms1 :i* are ess5tially p]sonal & intransmissible1 want & satisfaction1 !re is int]pos$ a mean t]m :i* is transmissible & ex*angeable1--ef=t4 ,ov] all ?is me*anism we h plac$ ! faculty ( comp>+1 ( judg+--m9d1 intellig5ce4 ,b human intellig5ce is fallible4 ,we may be mi/ak54 ,t is beyond dispute2 = 7 any "o to ass]t t man _c err1 we %\ld at once conclude t x 0 unnecess>y to hold any f>!r argum5t ) him4 ,we may be mi/ak5 9 _m ways4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 =m a wrong appreciation ( ! relative importance ( our wants4 ,9 ?is case1 7 we liv+ 9 a /ate ( isolation1 we %\ld give to our ef=ts a direction n 9 accordance ) our true int]e/s4 ,9 a /ate ( society1 & "u ! op]ation ( ! law ( ex*ange1 ! effect w\ld be ! same2 = !n we %\ld direct dem& & remun]ation to s]vices ( a k9d ei!r frivol\s or hurtful1 & s give a wrong direction to lab\r4 ,we may also err1 f be+ ignorant t a satisfaction :i* we ard5tly seek = c only remove a suff]+ by becom+ ! s\rce ( /ill great] suff]+s4 ,!re is sc>cely any effect :i* may n 9 its turn become a cause4 ,=esight has be5 giv5 u to enable u to obs]ve ! concat5ation ( effects1 s t we may n sacrifice ! future to ! pres5t2 b we are frequ5tly defici5t 9 =esight4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! fir/ s\rce ( evil1 error aris+ f ! feebl5ess ( our judgm5t or ! =ce ( our passions2 & x belongs pr9cipally to ! doma9 ( morals4 ,9 ?is case1 z ! error & ! passion are individual1 ! result+ evil mu/1 to a p#dec c]ta9 ext5t1 be individual also2 & reflection1 exp]i5ce1 & ! feel+ ( responsibility are its prop] correctives4 ,errors ( ?is class1 h[ev]1 may assume a social "*1 &1 :5 erect$ into a sy/em1 may give rise to widespread suff]+4 ,!re are c\ntries1 = example1 9 :i* ! gov]n+ p[] is /rongly conv9c$ t ! prosp]ity ( nations is measur$1 n by ! am\nt ( wants :i* are satisfi$1 b by ! am\nt ( ef=ts1 :atev] may be _! results4 ,! division ( lab\r assi/s p[]fully ?is illusion4 ,:5 we obs]ve t ea* pr(ession sets itself to ov]come a c]ta9 species ( ob/acle1 we imag9e t ! exi/5ce ( t ob/acle is ! s\rce ( weal?4 ,9 su* c\ntries1 :5 vanity1 frivolity1 or a false love ( glory are pr$om9ant passions1 & provoke correspond+ desires1 & det]m9e a portion ( ! national indu/ry 9 t direction1 ,gov]nm5ts believe t all w be ov] ) !m if _! subjects come to be re=m$ & r5d]$ m moral4 ,:at w become n[1 !y say1 ( mill9]s1 cooks1 grooms1 embroid]]s1 danc]s1 lace-manufactures1 etc48 ,!y d n reflect t ! human he>t is always l>ge en\gh to conta9 en\gh ( hone/1 reasonable1 & legitimate desires to af=d employm5t & support to lab\r2 t ! bus9ess is n to suppress desires1 b to rectify & purify !m2 & t lab\r1 consequ5tly1 foll[+ ! same evolution1 may h its direction *ang$ & /ill be c>ri$ on to ! same ext5t z be=e4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ^! melan*oly doctr9es prevail1 we he> x frequ5tly said1 8,x is un=tunate t morals & indu/ry _c m>* side by side4 ,we %\ld desire1 inde$1 t ! citiz5s %\ld be moral1 b we _c all[ !m to become idle & poor4 ,?is is ! reason :y we mu/ cont9ue to make laws :i* are fav\rable to luxury4 ,if necess>y1 we impose taxes on ! p2 & = ! sake ( ! p1 & to ensure !m employm5t1 we *>ge ,k+s1 ,presid5ts1 ,ambassadors1 ,m9i/]s1 ) ! duty ( repres5t+ !m40 ,all ?is is said & done 9 ! be/ possible fai?2 & ! p !mselves acquiesce 9 x ) a good grace4 ,x is v cle> t :5 luxury & frivolity ?us become a legislative affair1 regulat$1 decre$1 impos$1 sy/ematiz$1 by public =ce1 ! law ( ,responsibility loses all its moral p[]4#aja 4 4 4 4 4 p#ded ,,xix4 ,,w>4 ,( all ! circum/ances :i* contribute to imp>t to nations _! di/9ctive "* & aspect1 & to =m & modify _! g5ius1 _! moral condition1 _! cu/oms1 & _! laws1 ! "o :i* ex]ts a f> m p[]ful influ5ce ?an all ! re/1 because x includes all ! re/1 is ! mann] 9 :i* !y provide = _! subsi/5ce4 ,= ?is obs]vation we are indebt$ to ,*>les ,comte1 & we h reason to be surpris$ t x has n _h a m prom95t place giv5 to x 9 ! moral & political sci5ces4 ,?is circum/ance1 9 fact1 acts ^u ! human race 9 two ways1 & ) equal p[] 9 bo?1--by its cont9uity1 & by its univ]sality4 ,to subsi/1 to bett] "o's condition1 to br+ up a family1 are n affairs ( "t1 or place1 or ta/e1 or op9ion1 or *oice2 !y are ! daily1 con/ant1 & unavoidable conc]n ( all m51 at all times1 & 9 all c\ntries4 ,ev]y:]e1 ! great] "p ( _! moral1 intellectual1 & physical =ce is devot$ directly or indirectly to create & replace ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,! hunt]1 ! fi%]1 ! %eph]d1 ! agriculturi/1 ! manufactur]1 ! m]*ant1 ! lab\r]1 ! artisan1 ! capitali/1--all ?9k fir/ ( all h[ !y are to live 7prosaic z ! av[al may seem71 & !n h[ to live bett] & bett]1 if !y c4 ,! pro( ( x is t x is only = ?is end t !y are hunt]s1 fi%]s1 manufactur]s1 agriculturi/s1 etc4 ,9 ! same way1 ! public function>y1 ! soldi]1 ! magi/rate1 ent] ^u _! c>e]s 9 ord] to ensure ! supply ( _! wants4 ,we d n necess>ily *>ge a man ) want ( devotion or dis9t]e/$ness :5 we quote ! prov]b1 ,! prie/ lives by ! alt>1 = be=e he belong$ to ! prie/hood he belong$ to humanity2 & if at ?is mom5t he sits d[n to write a book aga9/ ?is vulg> view ( human nature1 ! sale ( 8 book w demoli% 8 argum5t4 p#dee ,god =bid t ,i %\ld seek to d5y ! exi/5ce ( self-d5ial & dis9t]e/$ness4 ,b x mu/ be grant$ t !y are exceptional1 & x is because !y are s t !y m]it & call =? our admiration4 ,if we consid] human nature 9 its entirety1 )\t hav+ made a previ\s cov5ant ) ! demon ( s5tim5talism1 we mu/ all[ t dis9t]e/$ ef=ts be> no comp>ison1 z respects _! numb]1 ) ^? :i* are call$ =? by ! h>d necessities ( our condition4 ,& x is because ^? ef=ts1 :i* con/itute ! aggregate ( our employm5ts1 engross s l>ge a portion ( ea* man's life1 t !y _c fail to ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce on national "*4 ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d9 says some:]e or o!r t he has be5 l$ to ackn[l$ge ! relative insignificance ( political =ms 9 comp>ison ) ^? great g5]al laws :i* _! employm5ts & _! wants impose ^u nations4 8,d y desire to "k ! condition ( a p80 says he1 8ask n h[ !y are gov]n$1 b h[ !y are employ$40 ,z a g5]al view1 ?is is j2 b ! au?or ha/5s to falsify x by conv]t+ x into a sy/em4 ,! importance ( political =ms has be5 exagg]at$2 & :at does he d8 ,he d5ies _! importance altoge!r1 or ackn[l$ges x only to laugh at x4 ,=ms ( gov]nm5t1 he says1 d n int]e/ u b on ! day ( an election1 or :5 we are read+ ! newspap]s4 ,mon>*y or ,republic1 ,ari/ocracy or ,democracy1 :at matt]s x8 ,& :at conclusion does he arrive at8 ,9 ma9ta9+ t infant nations resemble ea* o!r1 :atev] _! political con/itution happ5s to be1 he assimilates ! ,unit$ ,/ates to anci5t ,egypt1 because 9 bo? c\ntries gigantic works h be5 execut$4 ,am]icans cle> l&s1 dig canals1 con/ruct railways1 & !y d all ?is = !mselves1 because !y are a democracy1 & _! own ma/]s4 ,! ,egyptians rais$ temples1 pyramids1 obelisks1 & palaces = _! k+s & _! prie/s1 because !y 7 slaves4 ,& yet we are told t ! diff]5ce is a m]e affair ( =m1 n wor? reg>d+1 or :i* we %\ld reg>d m]ely to laugh at4 ,alas6 h[ ! contagion ( classical lore corrupts & misleads its sup]/iti\s vot>ies6 ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d91 /ill proce$+ on 8 g5]al proposition t ! prevail+ occupations ( a nation det]m9e its g5ius1 soon aft] rem>ks t =m]ly we 7 occupi$ ) w> & religion1 b n[adays ) comm]ce & manufactures4 ,?is is ! reason :y =m] g5]ations bore a w>like & religi\s impress4 p#def ,r\sseau _h long be=e rem>k$ t ! c>e = subsi/5ce 0 ! prevail+ occupation only ( "s nations1 & ^? ! mo/ prosaic2 & t o!r nations1 m wor?y ( ! "n1 _h devot$ !mselves to nobl] ex]tions4 ,n[1 9 ?is h n bo? ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d9 & ,r\sseau be5 ! dupes ( an hi/orical illusion8 ,h !y n mi/ak5 ! amusem5ts1 ! div]sions1 or ! pretexts & in/rum5ts ( despotism1 :i* give employm5t to "s ( ! p1 = ! occupations ( all8 ,& has ! illusion n aris5 f ?is1 t hi/orians are always tell+ u ab\t ! class :i* does n "w1 nev] ab\t ! class :i* does2 & 9 ?is way we come to reg>d ! fir/ ( ^! classes z ! entire nation4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t among ! ,greeks1 among ! ,romans1 among ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 m5 j did :at !y d n[1 & 7 subject to wants s press+ & s con/antly recurr+1 t !y 7 oblig$ to provide = !m "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,h5ce ,i _c help conclud+ t su* employm5ts !n1 z at pres5t1 =m$ ! pr9cipal & absorb+ occupation ( ! great bulk ( ! human race4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t v few p succe$$ 9 liv+ )\t "w1 on ! lab\r ( ! subject masses4 ,! small numb] ( idl]s :o did s caus$ _! slaves to con/ruct = !m sumptu\s palaces1 magnific5t ca/les1 & sombre =tresses4 ,!y lov$ to surr\nd !mselves ) all ! s5sual enjoym5ts ( life1 & ) all ! monum5ts ( art4 ,!y amus$ !mselves by descant+ on philosophy & cosmogony2 &1 above all1 !y cultivat$ assidu\sly ! two sci5ces to :i* !y ow$ _! supremacy & _! enjoym5ts1--! sci5ce ( =ce1 & ! sci5ce ( fraud4 ,al?\gh bel[ ?is ari/ocracy !re exi/$ c\ntless multitudes engag$ 9 creat+ = !mselves ! means ( su/a9+ life1 & = _! oppressors ! means ( revell+ 9 pleasures1 yet z hi/orians h nev] made ! slighte/ allusion to ^? multitudes1 we h come to =get _! exi/5ce1 & nev] tak5 !m into acc\nt4 ,our reg>ds are exclusively fix$ on ! ari/ocracy4 ,to x we give ! "n ( ,old or ,feudal ,families2 & we imag9e t ! m5 ( ^? times ma9ta9$ !mselves )\t hav+ rec\rse to comm]ce1 to manufactures1 to lab\r1 to vulg> occupations4 ,we admire _! dis9t]e/$ness1 _! g5]osity1 _! ta/e = ! arts1 _! spirituality1 _! disda9 ( s]vile employm5ts1 _! p#deg elevation ( m9d & s5tim5t1 &1 9 high-s\nd+ language1 we ass]t t at "o epo* nations c>$ only = milit>y glory1 at ano!r = ! arts1 at ano!r = philosophy1 at ano!r = religion1 at ano!r = virtue4 ,we s9c]ely lam5t our own condition1 & give utt]ance to all sorts ( s>ca/ic obs]vations1 to ! effect t1 9 spite ( ^! sublime models1 we are unable to atta9 ! same elevation1 b are r$uc$ to assign to lab\r & its vulg> m]its a prom95t place 9 ! sy/em ( mod]n life4 ,let u console ourselves ) ! reflection t x occupi$ a no less important place among ! anci5ts4 ,only1 ! drudg]y ( lab\r1 f :i* a limit$ numb] ( p _h succe$$ 9 free+ !mselves1 fell ) r$\bl$ weight ^u ! enslav$ masses1 to ! great detrim5t ( ju/ice1 ( lib]ty1 ( prop]ty1 ( weal?1 ( equality1 & ( progress4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( ^? di/urb+ causes to :i* ,i propose to solicit ! att5tion ( ! read]4 ,! means1 !n1 to :i* m5 h rec\rse 9 ord] to obta9 ! means ( subsi/5ce _c fail to ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce on _! condition1 physical1 moral1 intellectual1 economical1 & political4 ,:o c d\bt t if we 7 9 a situation to obs]ve diff]5t tribes ( m51 "o ( :i* _h devot$ itself exclusively to ! *ase1 ano!r to fi%+1 a ?ird to agriculture1 a f\r? to navigation1 we %\ld discov] v consid]able diff]5ces 9 _! ideas1 9 _! op9ions1 9 _! habits1 _! mann]s1 _! cu/oms1 _! laws1 & _! religion8 ,no d\bt we %\ld f9d human nature ev]y:]e ess5tially ! same2 ^! v>i\s laws1 cu/oms1 & religions w\ld h _m po9ts 9 common2 & su* po9ts we designate z ! g5]al laws ( human society4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re c be no d\bt t 9 our great mod]n societies we f9d at "w all1 or ne>ly all1 ! v>i\s means ( provid+ subsi/5ce1--fi%]ies1 agriculture1 manufactures1 comm]ce1 arts1 & sci5ces1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t proportions 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,?is is ! reason :y we d n discov] among nations s situat$ su* m>k$ & /rik+ diff]5ces z w\ld be app>5t if ea* devot$ itself to "o ( ^! occupations exclusively4 ,b if ! nature ( ! occupations 9 :i* a p is engag$ ex]cises a p[]ful influ5ce on its morality1 its desires1 & its ta/es1--its morality 9 its turn ex]cises a great influ5ce ^u its occupations1 at lea/ ^u ! proportion :i* obta9s betwe5 ^! occupations4 ,b ,i %all n dwell on ?is obs]vation1 p#deh :i* ,i h pres5t$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w1#ajb b ha/5 to ! pr9cipal subject ( ! pres5t *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man 7& ! same ?+ may be said ( a p7 may procure ! means ( exi/5ce 9 two ways1--by creat+ !m1 or by /eal+ !m4 ,ea* ( ^! two great s\rces ( acquisition pres5ts a v>iety ( me?ods4 ,we may create ! means ( exi/5ce by ! *ase1 by fi%+1 by agriculture1 etc4 ,we may /eal !m by brea* ( tru/1 by viol5ce1 by =ce1 fraud1 w>1 etc4 ,if1 conf9+ ourselves to ! circle ( "o or o!r ( ^! two categories1 we f9d t ! pr$om9ance ( "o ( ^! me?ods e/abli%es s m>k$ a diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( nations1 h[ mu* great] mu/ ! diff]5ce be betwe5 a nation :i* lives by production1 & a nation :i* lives by spoliation8 ,= x is n "o ( our faculties only1 b all ( !m1 :i* ! necessity ( provid+ = our subsi/5ce br+s into ex]cise2 & :at c be m fitt$ to modify ! social condition ( nations ?an :at ?us modifies all ! human faculties8 ,?is consid]ation1 important z x is1 has be5 s little reg>d$1 t ,i mu/ dwell ^u x = an in/ant4 ,! realization ( an enjoym5t or satisfaction presupposes lab\r2 :5ce x foll[s t spoliation1 f> f exclud+ production1 presupposes x & takes x = grant$4 ,?is consid]ation1 x seems to me1 ought to modify ! p>tiality :i* hi/orians1 poets1 & novel-writ]s h display$ = ^? h]oic epo*s :i* 7 n di/+ui%$ by :at !y sne] at "u ! epi!t ( indu/rialism4 ,9 ^! days1 z 9 our own1 m5 liv$1 subsi/$2 & lab\r mu/ h done its (fice !n z n[4 ,only !re 0 ?is diff]5ce1 t nations1 classes1 & individuals succe$$ 9 lay+ _! %>e ( ! lab\r & toil on ! %\ld]s ( o!r nations1 o!r classes1 & o!r individuals4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( production is to br+ out ( no?+1 if ,i may s speak1 ! satisfactions & enjoym5ts :i* su/a9 & embelli% life2 s t a man1 or a nation1 may multiply ad inf9itum ^! enjoym5ts1 )\t inflict+ privation on any o!r man1 or any o!r nation4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case1 t a pr(\nd /udy ( ! economic me*anism %[s u t ! success p#dei ( "o man's lab\r op5s up a field = ! success ( ano!r's ex]tions4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( spoliation1 on ! contr>y1 is ?is1 t x _c conf] a satisfaction on "o )\t inflict+ a correspond+ privation on ano!r2 = spoliation creates no?+1 b displaces :at lab\r has creat$4 ,x entails an absolute loss ( ! ex]tions ( bo? p>ties4 ,s f>1 !n1 f add+ to ! enjoym5ts ( mank9d1 x dim9i%es ^! enjoym5ts1 & conf]s !m1 moreov]1 on ^? :o h n m]it$ !m4 ,9 ord] to produce1 man mu/ direct all 8 p[]s & faculties to obta9 ! ma/]y ov] natural laws2 = x is by ?is means t he accompli%es 8 object4 ,h5ce1 iron conv]t$ into a pl\gh%>e is ! emblem ( production4 ,to /eal1 on ! o!r h&1 man mu/ direct all 8 p[]s & faculties to obta9 ! ma/]y ov] 8 fell[-man2 = x is by ?is means t he atta9s 8 end4 ,h5ce1 iron conv]t$ into a sword is ! emblem ( spoliation4 ,betwe5 ! pl\gh%>e1 :i* br+s pl5ty1 & ! sword1 :i* br+s de/ruction & dea?1 !re is no great] diff]5ce ?an betwe5 a nation ( indu/ri\s workm5 & a nation ( spoliators4 ,!y h1 & c h1 no?+ :atev] 9 common4 ,!y h nei!r ! same ideas1 nor ! same rules ( appreciation1 nor ! same ta/es1 mann]s1 "*1 laws1 morals1 or religion4 ,no m melan*oly spectacle c pres5t itself to ! eye ( philan?ropy ?an to see an indu/rial age putt+ =? all its ef=ts1 9 ! way ( education1 to get inoculat$ ) ! ideas1 ! s5tim5ts1 ! errors1 ! prejudices1 ! vices1 ( an era ( spoliation4 ,our own era is frequ5tly accus$ ( want+ consi/5cy1 ( display+ little accordance betwe5 ! judgm5ts t are =m$ & ! conduct t is pursu$2 & ,i believe t ?is arises pr9cipally f ! cause :i* ,i h j po9t$ out4 ,spoliation1 9 ! %ape ( ,w>--t is to say1 pure1 simple1 b>efac$ spoliation--has its root deep 9 ! human he>t1 9 ! organization ( man1 9 ! univ]sal motives :i* actuate ! social _w1 namely1 desire ( happ9ess & repugnance to pa91--9 %ort1 9 t pr9ciple ( our nature call$ self-int]e/4 ,i am n sorry to f9d myself arraign+ t pr9ciple1 = ,i h be5 accus$ ( devot+ to x an idolatr\s wor%ip1 ( repres5t+ its effects z productive only ( happ9ess to mank9d1 & ev5 ( elevat+ x above ! pr9ciple ( sympa?y1 ( dis9t]e/$ness1 & ( self-sacrifice4 ,9 tru?1 ,i h n s e/eem$ x2 ,i h only prov$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt p#dfj its exi/5ce & its omnipot5ce4 ,i %\ld ill appreciate t omnipot5ce1 & ,i %\ld d viol5ce to my own convictions1 9 repres5t+ p]sonal int]e/ z ! univ]sal actuat+ motive ( ! human race1 did ,i fail n[ to po9t out ! di/urb+ causes to :i* x gives rise1 j z ,i =m]ly po9t$ out ! h>moni\s laws ( ! social ord] :i* spr+ f x4 ,man1 z we h already said1 has an inv9cible desire to support himself1 to improve 8 condition1 & to atta9 happ9ess1 or :at he conceives to be happ9ess1 at lea/ to approximate t[>ds x4 ,= ! same reason he %uns pa9 & toil4 ,n[ lab\r1 or ! ex]tion we make 9 ord] to cause nature to co-op]ate 9 production1 is 9 itself toil or fatigue4 ,= ?is reason1 x is repugnant to man1 & he does n submit to x1 except = ! sake ( avoid+ a /ill great] evil4 ,"s h ma9ta9$ philosophically t lab\r is n an evil b a good1 & !y are "r1 if we take into acc\nt its results4 ,x is a comp>ative good2 or if x be an evil1 x is an evil :i* saves u f great] evils4 ,?is is precisely ! reason :y m5 h s great a t5d5cy to %un lab\r :5 !y ?9k t1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to x1 !y may be able to reap its results4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t lab\r is 9 itself a good2 & t1 indep5d5tly ( its productive results1 x elevates1 /r5g!ns1 & purifies man's "*1 & is to him a s\rce ( heal? & enjoym5t4 ,all ?is is /rictly true2 & x is an additional evid5ce to u ( ! m>vell\s f]tility ( ^? f9al int5tions :i* ! ,creator has display$ 9 all p>ts ( ,8 works4 ,ap>t altoge!r f ! productions :i* are its direct results1 lab\r promises to man1 z a supplem5t>y recomp5se1 a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body2 & x is n m true t idl5ess is ! p>5t ( e vice ?an t lab\r is ! p>5t ( _m virtues4 ,b ?is does n at all int]f]e ) ! natural & unconqu]able incl9ations ( ! human he>t1 or ) t feel+ :i* prompts u n to desire lab\r = its own sake1 b to comp>e x con/antly ) its results2 n to desire to exp5d a great ef=t on :at c be accompli%$ ) a small] ef=t2 n ( two ef=ts to *oose ! m sev]e4 ,nor is our endeav\r to dim9i% ! relation :i* ! ef=t be>s to ! result inconsi/5t ) our desire1 :5 we h once acquir$ "s leisure1 to devote t leisure to new lab\rs suit$ to our ta/es1 ) ! prospect ( ?us secur+ a new & additional recomp5se4 ,) ref]5ce to all ?is1 univ]sal facts are decisive4 ,at all times1 & ev]y:]e1 we f9d man reg>d+ lab\r z p#dfa undesirable1 & satisfaction z ! ?+ 9 8 condition :i* makes him comp5sation = 8 lab\r4 ,at all times1 & ev]y:]e1 we f9d him endeav\r+ to light5 8 toil by call+ 9 ! aid1 :5ev] he c obta9 x1 ( animals1 ( ! w9d1 ( wat]-p[]1 ( /eam1 ( natural =ces1 or1 alas6 ( 8 fell[-creature1 :5 he succe$s 9 enslav+ him4 ,9 ?is la/ case1--,i repeat1 = x is too apt to be =gott51--lab\r is n dim9i%$1 b displac$4#ajc ,man1 be+ ?us plac$ betwe5 two evils1 want or lab\r1 & urg$ on by self-int]e/1 seeks to discov] :e!r1 by "s means or o!r1 he _c get rid ( bo?4 ,x is !n t spoliation pres5ts itself to him z a solution ( ! problem4 ,he says to himself3 8,i h n1 x is true1 any means ( procur+ ! ?+s necess>y = my subsi/5ce & enjoym5ts--food1 clo?+1 & lodg+--unless ^! ?+s are previ\sly produc$ by lab\r4 ,b x is by no means indisp5sable t ?is %\ld be my own lab\r4 ,x is en\gh t !y %\ld be produc$ by ! lab\r ( "s "o1 provid$ ,i c get ! ma/]y40 ,su* is ! orig9 ( w>4 ,i %all n dwell ^u its consequ5ces4 ,:5 ?+s come to ?is1 t "o man1 or "o nation1 devotes itself to lab\r1 & ano!r man1 or ano!r nation1 waits on till t lab\r is accompli%$1 9 ord] to devote itself to rap9e1 we c see at a glance h[ mu* human p[] is ?r[n away4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! spoliator has n succe$$ z he desir$ 9 gett+ quit ( e k9d ( lab\r4 ,arm$ robb]y exacts ef=ts1 & sometimes v sev]e ef=ts4 ,:ile ! produc] devotes 8 "t to ! creation ( products fitt$ to yield satisfactions1 ! spoliator employs 8 "t 9 devis+ ! means ( robb+ him4 ,b :5 ! "w ( viol5ce has be5 accompli%$1 or attempt$1 ! objects calculat$ to yield satisfaction are nei!r m nor less abundant ?an be=e4 ,!y may m9i/] to ! wants ( a diff]5t set ( p1 b n ( m wants4 ,?us all ! ex]tions :i* ! spoliator has made ) a view to spoliation1 & ! ex]tions also :i* he has fail$ to make ) a view to production1 are entirely lo/1 if n = him1 at lea/ = society4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,9 mo/ cases an analog\s loss takes place on ! side ( ! produc]4 ,x is n likely t he w wait = ! viol5ce ) :i* he is m5ac$ )\t tak+ "s p#dfb precaution = 8 own protection2 & all precautions ( ?is k9d--arms1 =tifications1 munitions1 drill--are lab\r1 & lab\r lo/ = ev]1 n to him :o expects security f ?is lab\r1 b to mank9d at l>ge4 ,b %\ld ! produc]1 aft] und]go+ ?is d\ble lab\r1 n e/eem himself able to resi/ ! ?reat5$ viol5ce1 x is /ill worse = society1 & p[] is ?r[n away on a mu* great] scale2 =1 9 t case lab\r w be giv5 up altoge!r1 no "o be+ dispos$ to produce 9 ord] to be plund]$4 ,if we reg>d ! mann] 9 :i* ! human faculties are affect$ on bo? sides1 ! moral consequ5ces ( spoliation w be se5 to be no less disa/r\s4 ,provid5ce has design$ t man %\ld devote himself to pacific combats ) natural ag5ts1 & %\ld reap directly f nature ! fruits ( 8 victory4 ,:5 he obta9s ?is ma/]y ov] natural ag5ts only by obta9+ a ma/]y ov] 8 fell[-creatures1 8 mission is *ang$1 & q ano!r direction is giv5 to 8 faculties4 ,x is se5 h[ great ! diff]5ce is betwe5 ! produc] & ! spoliator1 z reg>ds =esight--=esight :i* becomes assimilat$ 9 "s degree to provid5ce1 = to =esee is also to provide aga9/ prvoir c'e/ aussi p\rvoir4 ,! produc] sets himself to le>n ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,= ?is purpose1 he /udies ! laws ( ! physical _w1 & seeks to make !m m & m useful auxili>ies4 ,if he turns 8 reg>ds on 8 fell[-m51 x is to =esee _! wants1 & to provide = !m1 on condition ( reciprocity4 ,! spoliator does n /udy nature4 ,if he turns 8 reg>ds on 8 fell[-m51 x is to wat* !m z ! eagle wat*es 8 prey1 = ! purpose ( enfeebl+ & surpris+ !m4 ,! same diff]5ces are obs]vable 9 ! o!r faculties1 & ext5d to m5's ideas4#ajd 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,spoliation by means ( w> is n an accid5tal1 isolat$1 & transi5t fact2 x is a fact s g5]al & s con/ant z n to give place1 z reg>ds p]man5ce1 to lab\r itself4 ,po9t me out any c\ntry ( ! _w :]e ( two races1 conqu]ors & conqu]$1 ! "o does n dom9e] ov] ! o!r4 ,%[ me 9 ,europe1 9 ,asia1 or among ! isl&s ( ! sea1 a fav\r$ spot /ill occupi$ by ! primitive inhabitants4 ,if migrations ( population h sp>$ no c\ntry1 w> has be5 equally widespread4 ,its traces are univ]sal4 ,ap>t f rap9e & blood%$1 p#dfc public op9ion outrag$1 & faculties & tal5ts p]v]t$1 w> has ev]y:]e left o!r traces beh9d x1 among :i* we mu/ reckon slav]y & ari/ocracy4 4 4 4 4 4 ,n only has ! m>* ( spoliation kept pace ) ! creation ( weal?1 b ! spoliators h seiz$ ^u accumulat$ ri*es1 ^u capital 9 all its =ms2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 !y h fix$ _! reg>ds ^u capital 9 ! %ape ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,! la/ /ep 0 tak+ possession ( man himself4 ,= human p[]s & faculties be+ ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 !y f\nd x a %ort] me?od to lay hold ( ^! p[]s & faculties1 ?an to seize ^u _! products4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,x is impossible to calculate to :at ext5t ^! great ev5ts h act$ z di/urb+ causes1 & z trammels on ! natural progress ( ! human race4 ,if we take into acc\nt ! sacrifice ( indu/rial p[] :i* w> occasions1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! dim9i%$ results ( t p[] are conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a limit$ numb] ( conqu]ors1 we may =m to ourselves an idea ( ! causes ( ! de/itution ( ! masses1--a de/itution :i* 9 our days x is impossible to expla9 on ! hypo!sis ( lib]ty4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,h[ ! w>like _s is propagat$4 ,aggressive nations are subject to reprisals4 ,!y (t5 attack o!rs2 sometimes !y def5d !mselves4 ,:5 !y act on ! def5sive1 !y h on _! side ! feel+ ( ju/ice1 & ! sacr$ness ( ! cause 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,!y may !n exult 9 _! c\rage1 devotion1 & patriotism4 ,b1 alas6 !y c>ry ^! same s5tim5ts into _! (f5sive w>s--& :]e is _! patriotism !n8 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:5 two races1 ! "o victori\s & idle1 ! o!r vanqui%$ & humiliat$1 occupy ! same t]ritory1 ev]y?+ calculat$ to awak5 desire or ar\se popul> sympa?ies falls to ! lot ( ! conqu]ors4 ,!irs are leisure1 ftes1 ta/e = ! arts1 weal?1 milit>y p>ade1 t\rnam5ts1 grace1 elegance1 lit]ature1 poetry4 ,= ! conqu]$ race1 no?+ rema9s b ru9$ huts1 squalid g>m5ts1 ! h>d h& ( lab\r1 or ! cold h& ( *>ity4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! ideas & prejudices ( ! dom9ant race1 always associat$ ) milit>y =ce1 come to con/itute public op9ion4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr51 all unite 9 extoll+ ! soldi]'s life 9 pref]5ce to t ( ! lab\r]1 9 pref]r+ w> to indu/ry1 & spoliation to production4 ,! vanqui%$ race %>es ! same s5tim5ts1 & :51 at p]iods ( transition1 x succe$s 9 gett+ ! bett] ( its oppressors1 x %[s p#dfd itself dispos$ to imitate !m4 ,:at is ?is imitation b madness8 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,h[ w> ends4 ,spoliation1 l ,production1 hav+ its s\rce 9 ! human he>t1 ! laws ( ! social _w w\ld n be h>moni\s1 ev5 to ! limit$ ext5t = :i* ,i cont5d1 if ! latt] did n succe$ 9 ! long-run 9 ov]com+ ! =m]4 4 4 4 4 p#dfe ,,xx4 ,,responsibility4 ,!re is a lead+ idea :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is "w1 :i* p]vades & animates e page & e l9e ( x2 & t idea is embodi$ 9 ! op5+ words ( ! ,*ri/ian ,cre$1--,i believe 9 ,god4 ,yes1 if ?is "w diff]s f ^? ( "s o!r ,economi/s1 x is 9 ?is1 t ! latt] appe> to say1 8,we h b little fai? 9 ,provid5ce1 = we see t ! natural laws lead to an abyss4 ,& yet we say laissez faire6 m]ely because we h /ill less fai? 9 ourselves1 & because we see cle>ly t all human ef=ts design$ to arre/ ! action ( ^! natural laws t5d only to ha/5 ! cata/rophe40 ,aga91 if ?is "w diff]s f ! writ+s ( ! ,sociali/s1 x is 9 ?is1 t ! latt] say1 8,we pret5d to believe 9 ,god1 b 9 reality we believe only 9 ourselves2 see+ t we h no fai? 9 ! maxim1 laissez faire1 & t we all give =? our social no/rums z inf9itely sup]ior to ! plans ( ,provid5ce40 ,= my "p1 ,i say1 laissez faire2 9 o!r words1 respect lib]ty1 & ! human initiative1#aje 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 p#dff 4 4 4 4 4 ,responsibility1 solid>ity2 my/]i\s laws1 ( :i*1 ap>t f ,revelation1 x is impossible to appreciate ! cause1 b ! effects & infallible action ( :i*1 on ! progress ( society1 x is giv5 u to appreciate--laws :i*1 = ! v reason t man is sociable1 are l9k$ toge!r & act toge!r1 al?\gh !y appe> sometimes to run c\nt] to ea* o!r2 & :i* w\ld require to be view$ 9 _! ensemble1 & 9 _! common action1 if sci5ce1 ) its feeble optics & unc]ta9 /eps1 7 n r$uc$ to me?od--t melan*oly crut* :i* con/itutes its /r5g? :il/ x reveals its weakness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nosce te ipsum--"k ?yself3 ?is1 accord+ to ! oracle1 is p#dfg ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end ( ! moral & political sci5ces4 ,z we h else:]e rem>k$1 9 :at conc]ns man or human society1 ,h>mony c nev] mean ,p]fection1 b only ,improvem5t4 ,n[ improvem5t or p]fectibility implies always1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 imp]fection 9 ! future z well z 9 ! pa/4 ,if man c\ld ev] f9d 8 way into ! promis$ l& ( absolute ,good1 he w\ld no long] h occasion to use 8 und]/&+ & 8 s5ses--he w\ld be no long] man4 ,evil exi/s4 ,x is inh]5t 9 human infirmity4 ,x manife/s itself 9 ! moral z 9 ! mat]ial _w2 9 ! masses1 z 9 ! individual2 9 ! :ole z 9 ! "p4 ,b because ! eye may suff] & be lo/1 does ! physiologi/ ov]look ! h>moni\s me*anism ( t admirable organ8 ,does he d5y ! +5i\s /ructure ( ! human body1 because t body is subject to pa91 to disease1 & to dea?--to su* extremity ( suff]+ z caus$ ,job1 9 ! dep? ( 8 despair1 8to say to corruption1 ,?\ art my fa!r2 & to ! worm1 ,?\ art my "m & my si/]08 ,9 ! same way1 because ! social ord] w nev] br+ mank9d to ! fanci$ hav5 ( absolute good1 is ! economi/ to refuse to recognise all t is m>vell\s 9 ! organization ( ! social ord]--an organization prep>$ ) a view to ! con/antly-increas+ diffusion ( k1 ( morality1 & ( happ9ess8 99 99 99 99 99 ,/range6 t we %\ld d5y to economic sci5ce ! same "r to admire ! natural ord] ( ?+s :i* we conc$e to physiology4 ,=1 aft] all1 :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ! individual & ! collective be+1 z reg>ds ! h>mony display$ by f9al causes8 ,! individual1 no d\bt1 comes into exi/5ce1 gr[s & is develop$1 educates & improves himself z life advances1 until ! "t comes :5 8 light & life are to be communicat$ to o!rs4 ,at t mom5t ev]y?+ ab\t him is clo!d 9 ! hues ( beauty2 all brea!s grace & joy2 all is expansion1 affection1 b5evol5ce1 love1 & h>mony4 ,= a :ile1 8 intellig5ce cont9ues to be enl>g$ & confirm$1 z if to qualify him to be ! guide ( ^? :om he has j call$ to tread ! crook$ pa?s ( human exi/5ce4 ,b soon 8 beauty fades1 8 grace disappe>s1 8 s5ses are blunt$1 8 body becomes feeble1 8 memory cl\d$1 8 ?\ghts less bright2 8 affections ev5 7except 9 ! case ( "s *oice spirits7 get clogg$ ) egotism1 & lose t *>m1 t fre%ness1 t s9c]ity & simplicity1 t dep? & dis9t]e/$ness1 :i* di/+ui%$ 8 p#dfh e>li] days2--! poetry ( life has fl$4 ,9 spite ( all ! +5i\s precautions :i* nature has tak5 to ret>d 8 dissolution--precautions :i* physiology sums up 9 ! phrase vis m$icatrix--he treads back ! pa? ( improvem5t1 & loses1 "o aft] ano!r1 all 8 acquisitions by ! way2 he goes on f privation to privation1 until he rea*es t :i* is ! greate/ ( all1 because x includes all4 ,! g5ius ( optimism itself c discov] no?+ consolatory1 no?+ h>moni\s 9 ?is sl[ b unavoidable decad5ce--9 see+ t be+ once s pr\d & s beautiful desc5d+ sadly into ! tomb4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! tomb6 4 4 4 4 4 ,b is n t ! door ( ano!r habitation8 4 4 4 4 4 ,x is ?us1 :5 sci5ce /ops %ort1 t religion#ajf r5ews1 ev5 = ! individual1 9 ano!r region1 ! concordant h>monies :i* h be5 int]rupt$ "h4#ajg ,despite ?is fatal dnom5t1 does physiology cease to see 9 ! human body ! mo/ p]fect ma/]piece :i* ev] proce$$ f its ,creator's h&s8 ,b if ! social body is liable to suff]+1 if x may suff] ev5 to dea?1 x is n = t reason f9ally condemn$4 ,let m5 say :at !y w1 x has n1 9 p]spective1 aft] hav+ be5 elevat$ to its apogee1 an inevitable decl9e4 ,! cra% ( empires ev5 is n ! retrogradation ( humanity1 & ! anci5t models ( civilisation h only be5 dissolv$ 9 ord] to make room = a civilisation /ill m advanc$4 ,dyna/ies may be ext+ui%$2 ! =ms ( gov]nm5t may be *ang$2 yet ! progress ( ! human race may n ! less be cont9u$4 ,! fall ( ,/ates is l ! fall ( leaves 9 autumn4 ,x f]tilizes ! soil2 contributes to ! return ( spr+2 & promises to future g5]ations a ri*] vegetation1 & m abundant h>ve/s4 ,nay1 ev5 9 a purely national po9t ( view1 ?is !ory ( necess>y decad5ce is z false z x is antiquat$4 ,9 ! life ( no p c we possibly p]ceive any cause ( inevitable decl9e4 ,! analogy :i* has s frequ5tly giv5 rise to a comp>ison betwe5 a nation & an individual1 & l$ m5 to attribute to ! "o z to ! o!r an infancy & an old age1 is no?+ bett] ?an a false metaphor4 ,a community is be+ incessantly r5ew$4 ,let its in/itutions be ela/ic & flexible1 s t 9 place ( com+ 9 collision ) p#dfi ^? new p[]s to :i* ! human m9d gives bir?1 !y %all be s organiz$ z to admit ( ?is expansion ( intellectual en]gy & accommodate !mselves to x2 & we see no reason :y su* in/itutions %\ld n fl\ri% 9 et]nal y\?4 ,b :atev] may be ?\ght ( ! fragility & fall ( empires1 x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t society1 :i* 9 its aggregate repres5ts ! human race1 is con/itut$ ^u m solid bases4 ,! m we /udy x1 ! m we %all be conv9c$ t x too1 l ! human body1 is provid$ ) a curative =ce1 a vis m$icatrix1 :i* deliv]s x f ! evils :i* afflict x2 & t x c>ries 9 its bosom1 moreov]1 a progressive =ce2 & is by ! latt] urg$ on to improvem5ts to :i* we c assign no limits4 ,if individual evil1 !n1 does n weak5 or invalidate physiological h>mony1 /ill less does collective evil weak5 or invalidate social h>mony4 ,b h[ are we to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( evil ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god8 ,i _c expla9 :at ,i d n und]/&4 ,all ,i %all say is1 t ?is solution c no m be exact$ f ,political ,economy ?an f ,anatomy4 ,^! sci5ces1 :i* are alike sci5ces ( obs]vation1 /udy man z he is1 )\t ask+ ! ,creator to reveal ,8 imp5etrable secrets4 ,?us1 ,i aga9 repeat1 h>mony does n correspond ) ! idea ( absolute p]fection1 b ) t ( indef9ite improvem5t4 ,x has pleas$ ,god to atta* suff]+ to our nature1 see+ t ,he has design$ t 9 u feebl5ess %\ld be ant]ior to =ce1 ignorance to sci5ce1 want to satisfaction1 ef=t to result1 acquisition to possession1 de/itution to weal?1 error to tru?1 exp]i5ce to =esight4 ,i submit )\t murmur+ to ?is ord9ance1 be+ able1 moreov]1 to imag9e no o!r comb9ation4 ,b if1 by a me*anism z simple z x is +5i\s1 ,he has provid$ t all m5 %\ld approximate to a common level1 :i* is cont9ually ris+1 if ,he assures !m--by ! v action ( :at we d5om9ate evil--bo? ( ! duration & ! diffusion ( progress1 !n am ,i n only cont5t to b[ myself "u ,8 b\ntiful & almighty h&1--,i bless t h&1 ,i wor%ip x1 ,i adore x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h se5 c]ta9 s*ools arise :i* h tak5 advantage ( ! insolubility 7humanly speak+7 ( ?is "q to embroil all o!rs1 z if x 7 giv5 to our f9ite intellig5ce to p#dgj compreh5d & reconcile ?+s :i* are inf9ite4 ,plac+ ov] ! portal ( social sci5ce ?is s5t5ce1 ,god _c desire evil1 !y arrive at ! foll[+ s]ies ( conclusions3 8,evil exi/s 9 society2 !n society is n organiz$ accord+ to ! designs ( ,god4 ,let u *ange1 & *ange aga91 & *ange cont9ually ?is organization4 ,let u try ab\t1 & make exp]im5ts1 until we h effac$ all trace ( suff]+ f ! _w4 ,by t sign we %all "k t ! k+dom ( ,god has come40 ,nor is ?is all4 ,^! s*ools h be5 l$ to exclude f _! social plans lib]ty z well z suff]+1 = lib]ty implies ! possibility ( error1 & consequ5tly ! possibility ( evil4 ,address+ _! fell[-m51 !y say1 8,all[ u to organize y--don't y int]f]e--cease to comp>e1 to judge1 to decide any?+ by y\rselves & = y\rselves4 ,we abhor ! laissez faire2 b we ask y to let ?+s alone1 & to let u alone4 ,if we succe$ 9 conduct+ y to p]fect happ9ess1 ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god w be v9dicat$40 ,contradiction1 inconsi/5cy1 presumption1--we ask :i* is mo/ app>5t 9 su* language8 ,"o sect among o!rs1 n v philosophical1 b v noisy1 promises to mank9d unmix$ felicity4 ,only deliv] ov] to t sect ! gov]nm5t ( ! human race1 & 9 virtue ( c]ta9 =mulas1 x makes bold to rid m5 ( e pa9ful s5sation4 ,b if y d n accord a bl9d fai? to ! promises ( t sect1 !n1 br++ =w>d t =midable & insoluble problem :i* has vex$ philosophy s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 !y summon y to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( evil ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god4 ,d y hesitate8 !y accuse y ( impiety4 ,f\ri] r+s ! *anges on ?is !me till he exhau/s all its comb9ations4 8,ei!r ,god has n be5 able to give u a social code ( attraction1 ( ju/ice1 ( tru?1 & ( unity2 9 :i* case ,he has be5 unju/ 9 giv+ u wants )\t ! means ( satisfy+ !m40 8,or ,he has n desir$ to give x u2 & 9 t case ,he has delib]ately p]secut$ u by creat+ design$ly wants :i* x is impossible to satisfy30 8,or ,he is able1 & has n desir$2 9 :i* case ! pr9ciple ( good w\ld rival ! pr9ciple ( evil1 hav+ ! p[] to e/abli% good1 & pref]r+ to e/abli% evil30 p#dga 8,or ,he has desir$ & has n be5 able2 9 :i* case ,he is incapable ( gov]n+ u1 ackn[l$g+ & desir+ good1 b n hav+ ! p[] to e/abli% x30 8,or ,he has be5 nei!r able nor will+2 9 :i* case ! pr9ciple ( good is bel[ ! pr9ciple ( evil1 etc430 8,or ,he has be5 bo? able & will+2 9 :i* case ! code exi/s1 & x is = u to promulgate x1 etc40 ,& ,f\ri] is ! prophet ( ?is new revelation4 ,let u deliv] ourselves up to him & to 8 disciples3 ,provid5ce w !n be ju/ifi$1 s5sibility w *ange its nature1 & suff]+ w disappe> f ! e>?4 ,b h[1 ,i w\ld ask1 d ^! apo/les ( absolute good1 ^! h>dy logicians1 :o exclaim cont9ually t 8,god be+ p]fect1 ,8 "w mu/ be p]fect also20 & :o accuse u ( impiety because we resign ourselves to human imp]fection1--h[1 ,i say1 d ^! m5 n p]ceive t1 on ! mo/ fav\rable hypo!sis1 !y are z impi\s z we are8 ,i %\ld l1 inde$1 t1 "u ! reign ( ,messieurs ,considrant1 ,h5nequ91 etc41 no "o 9 ! _w %\ld ev] lose 8 "m1 or suff] f ! too?a*e1--9 :i* case he also might *ant ! litany1 ,ei!r ,god has n be5 able or has n be5 will+2 ,i %\ld l mu* t evil 7 to take flight to ! inf]nal regions1 retreat+ be=e ! broad daylight ( ! ,sociali/ revelation--t "o ( _! plans1 phalan/re1 crdit gratuit1 an>*ie1 triade1 ateli] social1#ajh & s =?1 _h ! p[] to rid u ( all future evils4 ,b w\ld x annihilate suff]+ 9 ! pa/8 ,! inf9ite1 obs]ve1 has no limits2 & if !re has exi/$ on ! e>? s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w a s+le suff]]1 t is en\gh to r5d] ! problem ( ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god insoluble 9 _! po9t ( view4 ,let u bew>e1 !n1 ( l9k+ ! sci5ce ( ! f9ite to ! my/]ies ( ! inf9ite4 ,let u apply to ! "o reason & obs]vation1 & leave ! o!r 9 ! doma9 ( revelation & ( fai?4 ,9 all respects1 & 9 e aspect1 man is imp]fect4 ,9 ?is _w1 at lea/1 he enc\nt]s limits 9 all directions1 & t\*es ! f9ite at e po9t4 ,8 =ce1 8 intellig5ce1 8 affections1 8 life1 h 9 !m no?+ absolute1 & belong to a mat]ial me*anism :i* is subject to fatigue1 to decay1 & to dea?4 ,n only is ?is s1 b our imp]fection is s great t we _c ev5 imag9e p]fection z exi/+ ei!r 9 ourselves or 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,our m9ds are s mu* out ( proportion to ?is idea ( p]fection t all our ef=ts to seize x are va94 ,! (t5] we try to grasp x1 ! (t5] x escapes u1 & is lo/ 9 p#dgb inextricable contradictions4 ,%[ me a p]fect man1 & y w %[ me a man :o is exempt f suff]+1 & :o has consequ5tly nei!r wants1 nor desires1 nor s5sations1 nor s5sibility1 nor n]ves1 nor muscles2 :o c be ignorant ( no?+1 & consequ5tly has nei!r ! faculty ( att5tion1 nor judgm5t1 nor reason+1 nor memory1 nor imag9ation1 nor bra9s2 9 %ort1 y w %[ me a be+ :o does n exi/4 ,?us1 9 :atev] aspect we reg>d man1 we mu/ reg>d him z be+ subject to suff]+4 ,we mu/ admit t evil has ent]$ z "o spr+ ( action into ! provid5tial plan2 & 9 place ( seek+ by *im]ical means to annihilate x1 our bus9ess is to /udy ! "p :i* x has to play1 & ! mission on :i* x is s5t4 ,:5 x pleas$ ,god to create a be+ made up ( wants1 & ( faculties to supply ^! wants1 x 0 at ! same "t decre$ t ?is be+ %\ld be subject to suff]+2 =1 ap>t f suff]+1 we c\ld =m no idea ( wants1 &1 ap>t f wants1 we c\ld =m no idea ( utility1 or ( ! use & object ( any ( our faculties4 ,all t con/itutes our greatness has its root 9 :at con/itutes our weakness4 ,urg$ on by innum]able impulses1 & indu$ ) an intellig5ce :i* enlight5s our ex]tions1 & enables u to appreciate _! results1 we h free w to guide & direct u4 ,b free w implies error z possible1 & error 9 its turn implies suff]+ z its inevitable effect4 ,i defy any "o to tell me :at x is to *oose freely1 if x be n to run ! risk ( mak+ a bad *oice1 & :at x is to make a bad *oice if x be n to prep>e ! way = suff]+4 ,& ?is is1 no d\bt1 ! reason :y ^? s*ools :o are cont5t ) no?+ less ?an absolute good are all mat]iali/ & fatali/4 ,!y are unable to admit free w4 ,!y see t lib]ty ( act+ proce$s f lib]ty ( *oos+2 t lib]ty ( *oos+ supposes ! possibility ( error2 & t ! possibility ( error is ! possibility ( evil4 ,n[1 9 an artificial society1 su* z our organisateurs inv5t1 evil _c make its appe>ance4 ,= t reason1 m5 mu/ be exempt$ f ! possibility ( error2 & ! sure/ means to accompli% t is to deprive !m ( ! faculty ( act+ & *oos+--9 o!r words1 ( free w4 ,x has be5 truly said t ,socialism is despotism inc>nate4 ,9 pres5ce ( ^! fool]ies1 x may be ask$1 ,by :at "r does ! organiz] ( artificial sy/ems v5ture to ?9k1 act1 & *oose1 n only = himself1 b = e "o else8 =1 aft] all p#dgc he belongs to ! human race1 & 9 t respect is fallible2 & he is s mu* ! m fallible 9 proportion z he pret5ds to ext5d ! range ( 8 sci5ce & 8 w4 ,no d\bt ! organisateur f9ds ?is objection radically unf\nd$1 inasmu* z x conf\nds him ) ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,b he :o pr(esses to discov] ! defects ( ! ,div9e workman%ip1 & has und]tak5 to reca/ x1 is m ?an a man2 he is an oracle1 & m ?an an oracle4 4 4 4 4 ,socialism has two elem5ts3 ! fr5zy ( contradiction1 & ! madness ( pride6 ,b :5 free w1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! :ole argum5t1 is d5i$1 is n ?is ! prop] place to demon/rate its exi/5ce8 ,i %all take good c>e n to ent] ^u any su* demon/ration4 ,e "o feels t 8 w is free1 & t is en\gh4 ,i feel ?is1 n vaguely1 b a hundr$ times m int5sely ?an if x _h be5 demon/rat$ to me by ,ari/otle or by ,euclid4 ,i feel x ) consci\s joy :5 ,i h made a *oice :i* does me hon\r2 ) remorse1 :5 ,i h made a *oice :i* degrades me4 ,i f9d1 moreov]1 t all m5 by _! conduct affirm _! belief 9 free w1 al?\gh "s d5y x 9 _! writ+s4#aji ,all m5 comp>e motives1 delib]ate1 det]m9e1 retract1 try to =esee2 all give advice1 are indignant at inju/ice1 admire acts ( devotion4 ,!n all ackn[l$ge 9 !mselves & 9 o!rs ! exi/5ce ( free w1 )\t :i*1 *oice1 advice1 =esight1 morality1 virtue1 are impossible4 ,let u take c>e h[ we seek to demon/rate :at is admitt$ by univ]sal practice4 ,absolute fatali/s are no m to be f\nd1 ev5 at ,con/ant9ople1 ?an absolute sceptics are to be met ) at ,alex&ria4 ,^? :o proclaim !mselves su* may be fools en\gh to try to p]suade o!rs1 b !y are p[]less to conv9ce !mselves4 ,!y prove ) mu* subtlety t !y h no w ( _! own2 b :5 we see t !y act z if !y _h x1 we ne$ n dispute ) !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 !n1 we are plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( nature & ( our fell[-m5--urg$ on by impulses1 wants1 appetites1 desires--provid$ ) v>i\s faculties enabl+ u to op]ate on man & on p#dgd ?+s--det]m9$ to action by our free w--indu$ ) intellig5ce1 :i* is p]fectible & !re=e imp]fect1 & :i*1 if x enlight5s u1 may also deceive u ) ref]5ce to ! consequ5ces ( our actions4 ,e human action--giv+ rise to a s]ies ( good or bad consequ5ces1 ( :i* "s fall back on ! ag5t1 & o!rs affect 8 family1 8 neighb\rs1 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & sometimes mank9d at l>ge--e su* action causes ! vibration ( two *ords1 ! s\nds ( :i* are oracul> utt]ances--,responsibility & ,solid>ity4 ,z reg>ds ! man :o acts1 ,responsibility is ! natural l9k :i* exi/s betwe5 ! act & its consequ5ces4 ,x is a complete sy/em ( inevitable ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts :i* no man has inv5t$1 :i* acts ) all ! regul>ity ( ! great natural laws1 & :i* may1 consequ5tly1 be reg>d$ z ( ,div9e in/itution4 ,! evid5t object ( ,responsibility is to re/ra9 ! numb] ( hurtful actions1 & increase ! numb] ( su* z are useful4 ,?is me*anism1 :i* is at once corrective & progressive1 remun]ative & retributive1 is s simple1 s ne> u1 s id5tifi$ ) our :ole be+1 s p]petually 9 action1 t n only c we n ignore x1 b we see t1 l ,evil1 x is "o ( ^? ph5om5a )\t :i* our :ole life w\ld be to u un9telligible4 ,! book ( ,g5esis tells u t1 ! fir/ man hav+ be5 driv5 f ! t]re/rial p>adise1 because he _h le>n$ to di/+ui% betwe5 good & evil1 sci5s bonum et malum1 ,god pron\nc$ ?is s5t5ce on him3 ,9 laboribus com$es ex t]r cunctis diebus vit tu4 ,sp9as et tribulos g]m9abit tibi4 ,9 sudore vults tui vesc]is pane1 donec rev]t>is 9 t]ram de qu sumptus es3 quia pulvis es1 et 9 pulv]em rev]t]is4#aaj ,"h1 !n1 we h good & evil--or human nature4 ,"h we h acts & habits produc+ good or bad consequ5ces--or human nature4 ,"h we h lab\r1 sweat1 ?orns1 tribulation1 & dea?--or human nature4 ,human nature1 ,i say2 = to *oose1 to be mi/ak51 to suff]1 to rectify our errors--9 a ^w1 all ! elem5ts :i* make up ! idea ( ,responsibility--are s inh]5t 9 our s5sitive1 rational1 & free nature1 !y are s mu* ( ! ess5ce ( t nature p#dge itself1 t ,i defy ! mo/ f]tile imag9ation to conceive = man ano!r mode ( exi/5ce4 ,t man might h liv$ 9 an ,ed51 9 p>adiso voluptatis1 ignorant ( good & evil1 we c inde$ believe1 b we _c compreh5d x1 s pr(\ndly has our nature be5 trans=m$4 ,we f9d x impossible to sep>ate ! idea ( life f t ( s5sibility2 t ( s5sibility f t ( pleasure & pa92 t ( pleasure & pa9 f t ( rew>d & puni%m5t2 t ( intellig5ce f t ( lib]ty & *oice1 & all ^! ideas f ! idea ( ,responsibility2 = x is ! aggregate ( all ^! ideas :i* gives u ! idea ( ,be+ or ,exi/5ce1 s t :5 we ?9k ^u ,god1 our reason1 :i* tells u t ,he is incapable ( suff]+1 rema9s conf\nd$--s insep>able are our notions ( s5sibility & exi/5ce4 ,x is ?is und\bt$ly :i* r5d]s ,fai? ! necess>y complem5t ( our de/9ies4 ,x is ! only bond :i* is possible betwe5 ! creature & ! ,creator1 see+ t ,god is1 & always w be1 to our reason1 incompreh5sible1 ,deus absconditus4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ h[ h>d ,responsibility presses u1 & %uts u 9 on e side1 we h only to att5d to ! mo/ simple facts4 ,fire burns u2 ! collision ( bodies bruises u4 ,if we 7 n indu$ ) s5sibility1 or if our s5sibility 7 n pa9fully affect$ by ! approa* ( fire1 & by rude contact ) o!r bodies1 we %\ld be expos$ to dea? e mom5t4 ,f e>lie/ infancy to extreme old age1 our life is only a long appr5tice%ip4 ,by frequ5tly fall+1 we le>n to walk4 ,by rude & reit]at$ exp]im5ts1 we are taught to avoid heat1 cold1 hung]1 ?ir/1 excess4 ,d n let u compla9 ( ! r\ghness ( ?is exp]i5ce4 ,if x 7 n s1 x w\ld tea* u no?+4 ,! same ?+ holds 9 ! social ord]4 ,f ! unhappy consequ5ces ( cruelty1 ( inju/ice1 ( fe>1 ( viol5ce1 ( deceit1 ( idl5ess1 we le>n to be g5tle1 j1 brave1 mod]ate1 tru?ful1 & indu/ri\s4 ,exp]i5ce is protract$2 x w nev] come to an end2 b x w nev] cease to be efficaci\s4 ,man be+ s con/itut$1 x is impossible t we %\ld n recognise 9 responsibility ! ma9spr+ to :i* social progress is specially confid$4 ,x is ! crucible 9 :i* exp]i5ce is elaborat$4 ,!y1 !n1 :o believe 9 ! sup]iority ( times pa/1 l ^? :o despair ( ! future1 fall into ! mo/ manife/ contradiction4 ,)\t be+ aw>e ( x1 !y extol error1 & calumniate k4 ,x is z if !y said1 8,! m ,i h le>nt1 ! less ,i "k4 ,! m cle>ly ,i disc]n :at is p#dgf hurtful1 ! m ,i %all be expos$ to x40 ,7 humanity con/itut$ on su* a basis z ?is1 x w\ld 9 a %ort "t cease to exi/4 ,man's />t+-po9t is ignorance & inexp]i5ce4 ,! f>!r we trace back ! *a9 ( "t1 ! m de/itute we f9d m5 ( t k :i* is fitt$ to direct _! *oice1--( k :i* c be acquir$ only 9 "o ( two ways3 by reflection or by exp]i5ce4 ,n[ x s happ5s t man's e action includes1 n "o consequ5ce only1 b a s]ies ( consequ5ces4 ,sometimes ! fir/ is good1 & ! o!rs bad2 sometimes ! fir/ is bad1 & ! o!rs good4 ,f "o ( our det]m9ations !re may proce$ good & bad consequ5ces1 comb9$ 9 v>iable proportions4 ,we may v5ture to t]m vici\s ^? actions :i* produce m bad ?an good effects1 & virtu\s ^? :i* produce a great] am\nt ( good ?an ( evil4 ,:5 "o ( our actions produces a fir/ consequ5ce :i* we approve1 foll[$ by _m o!r consequ5ces :i* are hurtful1 s t ! aggregate ( bad pr$om9ates ov] ! aggregate ( good1 su* an action t5ds to limit & re/ra9 itself1 & to be ab&on$ 9 proportion z we acquire m =esight4 ,m5 naturally p]ceive ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( _! actions be=e !y p]ceive ^? consequ5ces :i* are m remote4 ,:5ce x foll[s t :at we h d5om9at$ vici\s acts are m multipli$ 9 times ( ignorance4 ,n[ ! repetition ( ! same acts con/itutes habit4 ,ages ( ignorance1 !n1 are ages ( bad habits4 ,consequ5tly1 !y are ages ( bad laws1 = acts :i* are repeat$1 habits :i* are g5]al1 con/itute mann]s1 ^u :i* laws are modell$1 & ( :i*1 s to speak1 !y are ! (ficial expression4 ,h[ is ?is ignorance to be put an end to8 ,h[ c m5 be taught to "k ! second1 ! ?ird1 & all ! subsequ5t consequ5ces ( _! acts & _! habits8 ,! fir/ means is ! ex]cise ( t faculty ( disc]n+ & reason+ :i* ,provid5ce has v\*saf$ !m4 ,b !re is ano!r /ill m sure & efficaci\s1--exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ! act is once done1 ! consequ5ces foll[ inevitably4 ,! fir/ effect is good2 = x is precisely to obta9 t result t ! act is done4 ,b ! second may inflict suff]+1 ! ?ird /ill great] suff]+1 & s on4 ,!n m5's eyes are op5$1 & light beg9s to appe>4 ,t action is n repeat$2 we sacrifice ! good produc$ by ! fir/ p#dgg & imm$iate consequ5ce1 = fe> ( ! /ill great] evil :i* ! subsequ5t consequ5ces entail4 ,if ! act has become a habit1 & if we h n p[] to give x up1 we at lea/ give way to x ) hesitation & repugnance1 & aft] an inw>d conflict4 ,we d n recomm5d x2 on ! contr>y1 we blame x1 & p]suade our *ildr5 aga9/ x2 & we are c]ta9ly on ! road ( progress4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! act is "o :i* is useful1 b f :i* we refra91 because its fir/1 & only kn[n1 consequ5ce is pa9ful1 & we are ignorant ( ! fav\rable ult]ior consequ5ces1 exp]i5ce tea*es u ! effects ( ab/a9+ f x4 ,a savage1 = in/ance1 has _h en\gh to eat4 ,he does n =esee t he w be hungry to-morr[4 ,:y %\ld he lab\r to-day8 ,to "w is pres5t pa9--no ne$ ( =esight to "k t4 ,he !re=e cont9ues idle4 ,b ! day passes1 ano!r succe$s1 & z x br+s hung]1 he mu/ !n "w "u ! spur ( necessity4 ,?is is a lesson :i*1 frequ5tly repeat$1 _c fail to develop =esight4 ,by degrees idl5ess is reg>d$ 9 its true light4 ,we br& x2 we w>n ! "y aga9/ x4 ,public op9ion is n[ on ! side ( indu/ry4 ,b 9 ord] t exp]i5ce %\ld af=d u ?is lesson1 9 ord] t x %\ld fulfil its mission1 develop =esight1 expla9 ! s]ies ( consequ5ces :i* fl[ f our actions1 pave ! way to good habits1 & re/ra9 bad ones--9 a ^w1 9 ord] t exp]i5ce %\ld become an effective in/rum5t ( progress & moral improvem5t--! law ( ,responsibility mu/ come into op]ation4 ,! bad consequ5ces mu/ make !mselves felt1 & evil mu/ = ! mom5t *a/ise u4 ,und\bt$ly x w\ld be bett] t evil _h no exi/5ce2 & x might p]haps be s if man 0 con/itut$ diff]5tly f :at he is4 ,b tak+ man z he is1 ) 8 wants1 8 desires1 8 s5sibility1 8 free w1 8 p[] ( *oos+ & err+1 8 faculty ( br++ into play a cause :i* necess>ily entails consequ5ces :i* x is n 9 our p[] to elude z long z ! cause exi/s2 9 su* circum/ances1 ! only way ( remov+ ! cause is to enlight5 ! w1 rectify ! *oice1 ab&on ! vici\s act or ! vici\s habit2 & no?+ c effect ?is b ! law ( ,responsibility4 ,we may affirm1 !n1 t man be+ con/itut$ z he is1 evil is n only necess>y b useful4 ,x has a mission1 & ent]s into ! univ]sal h>mony4 ,its mission is to de/roy its own cause1 to limit its own op]ation1 to concur 9 ! realization ( good1 & to /imulate progress4 p#dgh ,we may elucidate ?is by "s examples :i* ! subject :i* n[ engages u--,political ,economy--pres5ts4 ,frugality4 ,prodigality4 ,monopolies4 ,population4#aaa 4 4 4 4 ,responsibility gu>ds itself by ?ree sanctions3-- #a/1 ,! natural sanction2 :i* is t ( :i* ,i h j be5 speak+--! necess>y suff]+ or recomp5se :i* c]ta9 acts & habits entail4 #b;d1 ,! religi\s sanction2 or ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds ( ano!r life1 :i* are annex$ to acts & habits1 accord+ z !y are vici\s or virtu\s4 #c;d1 ,! legal sanction2 or ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds decre$ be=eh& by society4 ,( ^! ?ree sanctions1 ,i confess t ! "o :i* appe>s to me fundam5tal is ! fir/4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i _c fail to run c\nt] to s5tim5ts :i* ,i respect2 b ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to decl>e my op9ion4 ,is an act vici\s because a revelation f above has decl>$ x to be s8 ,or has revelation decl>$ x vici\s because x produces consequ5ces :i* are bad8 ,^! que/ions w probably always =m a subject ( controv]sy betwe5 ! philosophical & ! religi\s m9d4 ,i believe t ,*ri/ianity c range itself on ! side ( ^? :o answ] ! la/ ( ^! two que/ions 9 ! affirmative4 ,*ri/ianity itself tells u t x has n come to oppose ! natural law1 b to confirm x4#aab ,we c sc>cely admit t ,god1 :o is ! supreme pr9ciple ( ord]1 %\ld h made an arbitr>y classification ( human actions1 t ,he %\ld h d5\nc$ puni%m5t on "s1 & promis$ rew>d to o!rs1 & ?is )\t any reg>d to ! effects ( ^! actions1 t is to say1 to _! discordance1 or concordance1 9 ! univ]sal h>mony4 p#dgi ,:5 ,he said1 8,?\ %alt n kill--?\ %alt n /eal10 no d\bt ,he _h 9 view to prohibit c]ta9 acts because !y 7 hurtful to man & to society1 :i* are ,8 "w4 ,reg>d to consequ5ces is s p[]ful a consid]ation ) man t if he belong$ to a religion t =bade acts :i* univ]sal exp]i5ce prov$ to be useful1 or t sanction$ ! obs]vance ( habits palpably hurtful1 ,i believe t su* a religion c\ld n be ma9ta9$1 b t x w\ld at l5g? give way be=e ! progress ( k4 ,m5 c\ld n long suppose t ! delib]ate design ( ,god 0 to cause evil & to int]dict good4 ,! "q :i* ,i broa* "h has p]haps no v important be>+ on ,*ri/ianity1 s9ce x orda9s only :at is good 9 itself1 & =bids only :at is bad4 ,b ! "q ,i am n[ exam9+ is ?is1 :e!r 9 pr9ciple ! religi\s sanction goes to confirm ! natural sanction1 or :e!r ! natural sanction goes = no?+ 9 pres5ce ( ! religi\s sanction1 & %\ld give way to ! latt] :5 !y come into collision4 ,n[1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! t5d5cy ( m9i/]s ( religion is to pay little att5tion to ! natural sanction4 ,= ?is !y h an unansw]able reason3 8,god has orda9$ ?is2 ,god has =bidd5 t40 ,!re is no long] any room left = reason+1 = ,god is infallible & omnipot5t4 ,al?\gh ! act %\ld lead to ! de/ruction ( ! _w1 we mu/ m>* on l bl9d m51 j z we w\ld d if ,god address$ u p]sonally1 & %[$ u heav5 & hell4 ,x may happ51 ev5 9 ! true religion1 t actions 9 !mselves innoc5t are =bidd5 by ,div9e au?ority4 ,to exact int]e/ = money1 = example1 has be5 pron\nc$ s9ful4 ,_h mank9d giv5 ob$i5ce to t prohibition1 ! race w\ld long s9ce h disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,= )\t int]e/ ! accumulation ( capital is impossible2 )\t capital !re c be no co-op]ation ( ant]ior & pres5t lab\r2 )\t ?is co-op]ation !re c be no society2 & )\t society man _c exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on exam9+ ! subject ( int]e/ m ne>ly1 we are conv9c$ t n only is x useful 9 its g5]al effects1 b t !re is 9 x no?+ contr>y to *>ity & tru?--c]ta9ly n m ?an !re is 9 ! /ip5d ( a m9i/] ( religion1 & less ?an 9 c]ta9 p]quisites belong+ to 8 (fice4 ,?us1 all ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* has n be5 able = an p#dhj in/ant to sup]s$e1 9 ?is respect1 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! mo/ :i* has be5 accompli%$ is to cause to be disguis$ "o ( ! =ms1 & t ! lea/ usual =m1 ( exact+ int]e/1 9 a numb] ( v trifl+ transactions4 ,9 ! same way1 z reg>ds precepts2 :5 ! ,gospel says1 8,unto him :o smite? !e on ! "o *eek1 (f] also ! o!r10 x gives a precept :i*1 if tak5 lit]ally1 w\ld de/roy ! "r ( legitimate def5ce 9 ! individual1 & consequ5tly 9 society4 ,n[1 )\t ?is "r1 ! exi/5ce ( ! human race is impossible4 ,& :at has happ5$8 ,= eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ?is say+ has be5 repeat$ z a m]e conv5tionalism4 ,b !re is a /ill grav] consid]ation4 ,!re are false religions 9 ! _w4 ,^! necess>ily admit precepts & prohibitions :i* are 9 antagonism ) ! natural sanctions atta*$ to c]ta9 acts4 ,n[1 ( all ! means :i* h be5 giv5 u to di/+ui%1 9 a matt] s important1 ! true f ! false1 t :i* emanates f ,god f t :i* proce$s f impo/ure1 none is m c]ta91 m decisive1 ?an an exam9ation ( ! good or bad consequ5ces :i* a doctr9e is calculat$ to h on ! advancem5t & progress ( mank9d--a fructibus eorum cognoscetis eos4 ,legal sanction4--,nature hav+ prep>$ a sy/em ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds1 9 ! %ape ( ! effects :i* necess>ily proce$ f ea* act & f ea* habit1 :at is ! prov9ce ( human law8 ,!re are only ?ree c\rses x c take--to all[ ,responsibility to act1 to *ime 9 ) x1 or to oppose x4 ,x seems to me beyond d\bt t :5 a legal sanction is br\ght into play1 x ought only to be to give m =ce1 regul>ity1 c]ta9ty1 & efficacy to ! natural sanction4 ,^! two p[]s %\ld co-op]ate1 & n run c\nt] to ea* o!r4 ,= example1 if fraud is 9 ! fir/ in/ance pr(itable to him :o has rec\rse to x1 9 ! long-run x is m frequ5tly fatal to him2 = x injures 8 cr$it1 8 hon\r1 & 8 reputation4 ,x creates ar\nd him di/ru/ & suspicion4 ,x is1 besides1 always hurtful to ! man :o is ! victim ( x4 ,f9ally1 x al>ms society1 & obliges x to employ "p ( its =ce 9 exp5sive precautions4 ,! sum ( evil1 !n1 f> exce$s ! sum ( good4 ,?is is :at con/itutes natural ,responsibility1 :i* acts con/antly z a prev5tive & repressive *eck4 ,we c und]/&1 h[ev]1 t ! community does n *oose to dep5d altoge!r on ! sl[ action ( necess>y responsibility1 & judges x fit to add a legal sanction to ! natural sanction4 ,9 p#dha t case1 we may say t ! legal sanction is only ! natural sanction organiz$ & r$uc$ to rule4 ,x r5d]s puni%m5t m imm$iate & m c]ta92 x gives m publicity & au!nticity to facts2 x surr\nds ! suspect$ p>ty ) gu>antees1 & af=ds him a regul> opportunity to exculpate himself if !re be room = x2 x rectifies ! errors ( public op9ion1 & calms d[n individual v5geance by sub/itut+ = x public retribution4 ,9 f9e--& ?is p]haps is ! ess5tial ?+--x does n de/roy ! lessons ( exp]i5ce4 ,we _c1 !n1 say t ! legal sanction is illogical 9 pr9ciple1 :5 x advances alongside ! natural sanction & concurs 9 ! same result4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! legal sanction ought 9 e case to be sub/itut$ = ! natural sanction1 & t human law is ju/ifi$ by ! consid]ation alone t x acts 9 ! s5se ( ,responsibility4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! artificial di/ribution ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds includes 9 itself1 & at ! exp5se ( ! community1 an am\nt ( inconv5i5ce :i* x is necess>y to take into acc\nt4 ,! ma*9]y ( ! legal sanction comes f m51 is work$ by m51 & is co/ly4 ,be=e submitt+ an action or a habit to organiz$ repression1 !re is always ?is "q to be ask$3-- ,does ! excess ( good :i* is obta9$ by ! addition ( legal repression to natural repression comp5sate ! evil :i* is inh]5t 9 ! repressive ma*9]y8 ,9 o!r words1 is ! evil ( artificial repression great] or less ?an ! evil ( impunity8 ,9 ! case ( !ft1 ( murd]1 ( ! great] "p ( crimes & delicts1 ! "q admits ( no d\bt4 ,e nation ( ! e>? represses ^! crimes by public =ce4 ,b :5 we h to d ) a habit :i* x is difficult to acc\nt =1 & :i* may spr+ f moral causes ( delicate appreciation1 ! "q is diff]5t1 & x may v well be t1 al?\gh ?is habit is univ]sally e/eem$ hurtful & vici\s1 ! law %\ld rema9 neut]1 & h& x ov] to natural responsibility4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is ! c\rse :i* ! law ought to take 9 ! case ( an action or a habit :i* is d\btful1 :i* "o "p ( ! population ?9ks good & ano!r "p bad4 ,y ?9k me wrong 9 foll[+ ! ,ca?olic ritual2 ,i ?9k y wrong 9 adopt+ ! ,lu!ran fai?4 ,let ,god judge ( t4 ,:y %\ld ,i aim a bl[ at y1 or :y %\ld y aim a bl[ p#dhb at me8 ,if x is n "r t we %\ld /rike at ea* o!r1 h[ c x be "r t we %\ld delegate a ?ird p>ty1 ! deposit>y ( ! public =ce1 to *a/ise "o ( u = ! satisfaction ( ! o!r8 ,y allege t ,i am wrong 9 tea*+ my *ild ! moral & natural sci5ces2 ,i believe t y are wrong 9 tea*+ y\r *ild ,greek & ,lat9 exclusively4 ,let u act on bo? sides accord+ to our feel+ ( :at is "r4 ,let our families be act$ on by ! law ( ,responsibility4 ,t law w puni% ! "o :o is wrong4 ,d n invoke human law1 :i* may puni% ! "o :o is "r4 ,y ass]t t ,i w\ld d bett] to pursue su* or su* a c>e]1 to "w accord+ to y\r process1 to employ an iron 9 place ( a wood5 pl\gh1 to s[ ?9 9 place ( s[+ ?ick1 to pur*ase 9 ! ,ea/ r ?an 9 ! ,we/4 ,i ma9ta9 j ! contr>y4 ,i h made all my calculations2 & surely ,i am m int]e/$ ?an y 9 n fall+ into any mi/ake 9 matt]s ^u ! "r ord]+ ( :i* my welf>e1 my exi/5ce1 & ! happ9ess ( my family dep5d1 :ile 9 y\r case !y int]e/ only y\r am\r-propre & ! cr$it ( y\r sy/ems4 ,give me z mu* advice z y please1 b con/ra9 me to no?+4 ,i decide ^u my own prop] risk & p]il1 & surely t is en\gh )\t ! tyrannical int]v5tion ( law4 ,we see t1 9 almo/ all ! important actions ( life1 x is necess>y to respect free w1 to rely on ! individual judgm5t ( m51 on t inw>d light :i* ,god has giv5 !m = _! guidance1 & aft] t to leave ,responsibility to d its own "w4 ,! int]v5tion ( law 9 analog\s cases1 ov] & above ! v great inconv5i5ce ( op5+ ! way equally to error & to tru?1 has ! /ill great] inconv5i5ce ( p>alyz+ intellig5ce itself1 ( ext+ui%+ t light :i* is ! inh]itance ( humanity & ! pl$ge ( progress4 ,b ev5 :5 an action1 a habit1 a practice is ackn[l$g$ by public good s5se to be bad1 vici\s1 & immoral1 :5 x is s beyond d\bt2 :5 ^? :o give !mselves up to x are ! fir/ to blame !mselves1--t is n en\gh to ju/ify ! int]v5tion ( law4 ,z ,i h already said1 x is necess>y also to "k if1 9 add+ to ! bad consequ5ces ( ?is vice ! bad consequ5ces inh]5t 9 all legal repression1 we d n produce1 9 ! long-run1 a sum ( evil :i* exce$s ! good :i* ! legal sanction adds to ! natural sanction4 ,we might exam9e1 = in/ance1 ! evils :i* w\ld result p#dhc f ! application ( ! legal sanction to ! repression ( idl5ess1 prodigality1 av>ice1 egotism1 cupidity1 ambition4 ,let u take ! case ( idl5ess4 ,?is is a v natural incl9ation1 & !re are n want+ m5 :o jo9 ! *orus ( ! ,italians :5 !y celebrate ! dolce f> ni5te1 & ( ,r\sseau1 :5 he says1 ,je suis p>esscux avec dlices4 ,we _c d\bt1 !n1 t idl5ess is att5d$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( enjoym5t4 ,7 x n s1 9 fact1 !re w\ld be no idl5ess 9 ! _w4 ,& yet !re fl[s f ?is incl9ation a ho/ ( evils1 s mu* s t ! wisdom ( nations has embodi$ itself 9 ! prov]b t ,idl5ess is ! p>5t ( e vice4 ,! evils ( idl5ess inf9itely surpass ! good2 & x is necess>y t ! law ( ,responsibility %\ld act 9 ?is matt] ) "s en]gy1 ei!r z a lesson or z a spur1 see+ t x is 9 fact by lab\r t ! _w has rea*$ ! /ate ( civilisation :i* x has n[ atta9$4 ,n[1 consid]$ ei!r z a lesson or z a spur to action1 :at w\ld a legal sanction add to ! provid5tial sanction8 ,suppose we _h a law to puni% idl5ess4 ,9 :at precise degree w\ld su* a law quick5 ! national activity8 ,if we c\ld f9d ?is out1 we %\ld h an exact measure ( ! b5efit result+ f ! law4 ,i confess ,i c =m no idea ( ?is "p ( ! problem4 ,b we mu/ ask1 at :at price w\ld ?is b5efit1 :atev] x 71 be pur*as$2 & surely little reflection is ne$$ 9 ord] to see t ! c]ta9 inconv5i5ces ( legal repression w\ld f> exce$ its problematical advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are 9 ,france ?irty-six millions ( inhabitants4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to ex]cise ov] !m all a rigor\s surveillance1 to foll[ !m into _! fields1 _! work%ops1 to _! dome/ic circles4 ,?9k ( ! numb] ( function>ies1 ! increase ( taxes1 etc41 :i* w\ld be ! result4 ,!n1 ^? :o are n[ indu/ri\s--& ! numb]1 ?ank ,god1 is great--w\ld be1 no less ?an ! idle1 subject$ to ?is intol]able inquisition4 ,x is surely an imm5se inconv5i5ce to subject a hundr$ innoc5t p to degrad+ measures1 9 ord] to puni% "o guilty p]son :om nature has h]self tak5 x 9 h& to *a/ise4 ,& !n1 :5 does idl5ess beg98 ,9 ! case ( ea* man br\ght to ju/ice1 ! mo/ m9ute & delicate inquiries w\ld be necess>y4 ,0 ! accus$ really idle1 or did he m]ely take p#dhd necess>y repose8 ,0 he sick1 or 0 he m$itat+1 or 0 he say+ 8 pray]s1 etc48 ,h[ c\ld we appreciate all ^? %ades ( diff]5ce8 ,did he "w h>d] & long] 9 ! morn+ 9 ord] to h a little m "t at 8 disposal 9 ! ev5+8 ,h[ _m witnesses1 judges1 juries1 policem51 w\ld be ne$$1 h[ mu* resi/ance1 espionage1 & hatr$ w\ld be eng5d]$6 4 4 4 4 4 ,next we %\ld h ! *apt] ( judicial blund]s4 ,h[ great an am\nt ( idl5ess w\ld escape6 &1 9 return1 h[ _m indu/ri\s p w\ld g to r$eem 9 prison ! inactivity ( a day by ! inactivity ( a mon?6 ,) ^! consequ5ces & _m o!rs be=e our eyes1 we say1 ,let natural ,responsibility d its own "w4 ,& we d well 9 say+ s4 ,! ,sociali/s1 :o nev] decl9e to h rec\rse to despotism 9 ord] to accompli% _! ends--= ! end is ev]y?+ ) !m--h br&$ ,responsibility "u ! "n ( individualism1--& h !n tri$ to annihilate x1 & absorb x 9 ! sph]e ( action ( a solid>ity ext5d$ beyond all natural b\nds4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is p]v]sion ( ! two great spr+s ( human p]fectibility are fatal4 ,!re is no long] any dignity1 any lib]ty1 = man4 ,=1 f ! mom5t t ! man :o acts is n p]sonally answ]able = ! good or bad consequ5ces ( 8 actions1 8 "r to act s+ly & individually no long] exi/s4 ,if ea* movem5t ( ! individual is to reflect back ! s]ies ( its effects on society at l>ge1 ! initiative ( ea* su* movem5t c no long] be left to ! individual--x belongs to society4 ,! community alone mu/ decide all1 & regulate all1--education1 food1 wages1 amusem5ts1 locomotion1 affections1 families1 etc4 ,n[1 ! law is ! voice ( ,society2 ! law is ! legislator4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a flock & a %eph]d1--less ?an t ev51 in]t matt]1 & a workman4 ,we see1 !n1 to :at po9t ! suppression ( ,responsibility & ( individualism w\ld lead u4 ,to conceal ?is frightful design f ! eyes ( ! vulg>1 x 0 necess>y to flatt] _! selfi% passions by declaim+ aga9/ egotism4 ,to ! suff]+ classes ,socialism says1 8,d n tr\ble y\rselves to exam9e :e!r y\r suff]+s are to be ascrib$ to ! law ( ,responsibility4 ,!re are =tunate p 9 ! _w1 & 9 virtue ( ! law ( ,solid>ity !y ought to %>e _! prosp]ity ) y40 ,& = ! purpose ( pav+ ! way to ! degrad+ level ( a factiti\s1 (ficial1 legal1 con p#dhe /ra9$1 & unnatural ,solid>ity1 !y erect spoliation into a sy/em1 !y twi/ all our notions ( ju/ice1 & !y exalt t individuali/ s5tim5t1 :i* !y 7 ?\ght to h proscrib$1 up to ! highe/ po9t ( p[] & p]v]sity4 ,_! :ole sy/em is ?us ( a piece1--negation ( ! h>monies :i* spr+ f lib]ty 9 ! pr9ciple1--despotism & slav]y 9 ! result1--immorality 9 ! means4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e ef=t to div]t ! natural c\rse ( responsibility is a bl[ aim$ at ju/ice1 at lib]ty1 at ord]1 at civilisation1 & at progress4 ,at ju/ice4 ,an act or a habit be+ assum$ to exi/1 its good or bad consequ5ces mu/ foll[ necess>ily4 ,7 x possible1 inde$1 to suppress ^! consequ5ces1 !re w\ld d\btless be "s advantage 9 susp5d+ ! action ( ! natural law ( responsibility4 ,b ! only result to :i* a writt5 law c\ld lead w\ld be t ! good effects ( a bad action w\ld be reap$ by ! au?or ( t action1 & t its bad effects w\ld fall back on a ?ird p>ty1 or ^u ! community2 :i* has c]ta9ly ! special aspect ( inju/ice4 ,?us1 mod]n societies are con/itut$ on ! pr9ciple t ! fa!r ( a family %\ld re> & educate 8 *ildr54 ,& x is ?is pr9ciple :i* re/ra9s )9 j limits ! increase & di/ribution ( population2 ea* man act+ "u a s5se ( responsibility4 ,m5 are n all indu$ ) ! same am\nt ( =esight2 &#aac 9 l>ge t[ns improvid5ce is alli$ ) immorality4 ,we h n[adays a regul> budget1 & an adm9i/ration1 = ! purpose ( collect+ *ildr5 ab&on$ by _! p>5ts2 no inquiry disc\rages ?is %ameful des]tion1 & a con/antly increas+ numb] ( de/itute *ildr5 inundates our poor] di/ricts4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a peasant :o m>ries late 9 life1 9 ord] n to be ov]burd5$ ) a family1 oblig$ to br+ up ! *ildr5 ( o!rs4 ,he w n inculcate =esight on 8 son4 ,ano!r lives 9 cont95ce1 & we see him tax$ to br+ up a set ( ba/>ds4 ,9 a religi\s po9t ( view1 8 consci5ce is tranquil1 b 9 a human po9t ( view he mu/ call himself a fool4 4 4 4 4 4 ,we d n pret5d "h to ent] on ! grave "q ( public p#dhf *>ity1 we wi% only to make ?is ess5tial obs]vation1 t ! m a ,/ate is c5traliz$1 ! m t x turns natural responsibility into factiti\s solid>ity1 ! m x takes away f consequ5ces 7:i* !nce=? affect ^? :o h no connexion ) _! cause7 _! provid5tial "* ( ju/ice1 *a/isem5t1 & prev5tive re/ra9t4 ,:5 ,gov]nm5t _c avoid *>g+ itself ) a s]vice :i* ought to rema9 )9 ! doma9 ( private activity1 x ought at lea/ to all[ ! responsibility to re/ z ne>ly z possible :]e x w\ld naturally fall4 ,?us1 9 ! "q ( f\ndl+ hospitals1 ! pr9ciple be+ t ! fa!r & "m %\ld br+ up ! *ild1 ! law %\ld exhau/ e means ( endeav\r+ to en=ce ?is4 ,fail+ ! p>5ts1 ?is burd5 %\ld fall on ! commune2 & fail+ ! commune1 on ! dep>tm5t4 ,d y desire to multiply f\ndl+s ad inf9itum8 ,decl>e t ! ,/ate w take *>ge ( !m4 ,x w\ld be /ill worse if ,france %\ld und]take to ma9ta9 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,*9ese1 & vice v]sa4 4 4 4 4 4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 a s+ul> ?+ t we %\ld be always endeav\r+ to make laws to *eck ! evils ( responsibility6 ,w x nev] be und]/ood t we d n annihilate ^! evils--we only turn !m into a new *annel8 ,! result is "o inju/ice ! m1 & "o lesson ! less4 4 4 4 4 4 ,h[ is ! _w to be improv$ if x be n by e man le>n+ to dis*>ge 8 duty bett]8 ,& w ea* man n dis*>ge 8 duties bett] 9 proportion z he has m to suff] by neglect+ or violat+ !m8 ,if social action is to be mix$ up 9 ! "w ( responsibility1 x ought to be 9 ord] to second x1 n to ?w>t x1 to conc5trate its effects1 n to ab&on !m to *ance4 ,x has be5 said t op9ion is ! mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,assur$ly1 9 ord] t op9ion %\ld h its prop] sway x is necess>y t x %\ld be enlight5$2 & op9ion is s mu* m enlight5$ 9 proportion z ea* man :o contributes to =m x p]ceives m cle>ly ! connexion ( causes & effects4 ,n[ no?+ leads u to p]ceive ?is connexion bett] ?an exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce1 z we "k1 is p]sonal1 & ! fruit ( responsibility4 ,9 ! natural play1 !n1 ( ?is great law ( responsibility we h a sy/em ( valuable tea*+ ) :i* x is v imprud5t to tamp]4 ,if1 by ill-consid]$ comb9ations1 y relieve m5 f responsibility = _! actions1 !y may /ill be taught by !ory--b p#dhg no long] by exp]i5ce4 ,& ,i d\bt if in/ruction :i* has nev] be5 sanction$ & confirm$ by exp]i5ce is n m dang]\s ?an ignorance itself4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! s5se ( responsibility is em95tly capable ( improvem5t4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful moral ph5om5a4 ,!re is no?+ :i* we admire m 9 a man1 9 a class1 9 a nation1 ?an ! feel+ ( responsibility4 ,x indicates sup]ior moral culture1 & an exquisite s5sibility to ! aw>ds ( public op9ion4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ! s5se ( responsibility is highly develop$ 9 "o ?+ & v little 9 ano!r4 ,9 ,france1 among ! educat$ classes1 "o w\ld die ( %ame to be caught *eat+ at play or addict+ oneself to solit>y dr9k+4 ,^! ?+s are laugh$ at among ! peasants4 ,b to traffic 9 political rights1 to make m]*&ise ( 8 vote1 to be guilty ( inconsi/5cy1 to cry out by turns ,vive le ,roi6 ,vive la ,ligue6 z ! int]e/ ( ! mom5t may prompt1 ^! are ?+s :i* our mann]s d n br& ) %ame4 ,! developm5t ( ! s5se ( responsibility may be mu* aid$ by female int]v5tion4 4 4 4 4 4 ,females are !mselves extremely s5sible ( ! feel+ ( responsibility4 4 4 4 4 4 ,x re/s ) !m to create ?is =ce moralisatrice among ! o!r sex2 = x is _! prov9ce to di/ribute praise & blame effectively4 ,:y1 !n1 d !y n d s8 because !y are n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! connexion betwe5 causes & effects 9 ! moral _w4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! sci5ce ( morals is ! sci5ce ( all1 b especially ( ! female sex1 = !y =m ! mann]s ( a nation4 4 4 4 4 4 p#dhh ,,xxi4 ,,solid>ity4 ,if man 7 p]fect1 if he 7 infallible1 society w\ld pres5t a v diff]5t h>mony f t :i* is ! subject ( our inquiries4 ,ours is n ! society ( ,f\ri]4 ,x does n exclude evil2 x admits dissonances2 only we ass]t t x does n cease to be h>mony if ^! dissonances pave ! way to concord1 & br+ u back to x4 ,our po9t ( dep>ture is t man is fallible1 & t ,god has giv5 him free w2 & ) ! faculty ( *oos+1 t ( err+1 ( mi/ak+ :at is false = :at is true1 ( sacrific+ ! future to ! pres5t1 ( giv+ way to unreasonable desires1 etc4 4 4 4 4 ,man errs4 ,b e act1 e habit has its consequ5ces4 ,by means ( ,responsibility1 z we h se51 ^! consequ5ces fall back on ! au?or ( ! act4 ,a natural concat5ation ( rew>ds or puni%m5ts1 !n1 attracts him t[>ds good1 or repels him f evil4 ,_h man be5 de/9$ to a solit>y life1 & to solit>y lab\r1 ,responsibility w\ld h be5 8 only law4 ,b he is diff]5tly plac$2 he is sociable by de/9ation4 ,x is n true1 z ,r\sseau has said1 t man is naturally a p]fect & solit>y :ole1 & t ! w ( ! lawgiv] has trans=m$ him into a fraction ( a great] :ole4 ,! family1 ! prov9ce1 ! nation1 ! human race1 are aggregates ) :i* man has necess>y relations4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! actions & ! habits ( ! individual produce1 besides ! consequ5ces :i* fall back ^u himself1 o!r good or bad consequ5ces :i* ext5d !mselves to 8 fell[-m54 ,?is is :at we t]m ! law ( ,solid>ity1 :i* is a sort ( collective ,responsibility4 ,?is idea ( ,r\sseau t ! legislator has inv5t$ society--an idea false 9 itself--has be5 injuri\s 9 ?is respect1 t x has l$ m5 to ?9k t ,solid>ity is ( legislative creation1 & we p#dhi %all imm$iately see t mod]n legislators h bas$ ^u ?is doctr9e _! ef=ts to subject society to an artificial solid>ity1 act+ 9 an inv]se s5se to natural solid>ity4 ,9 ev]y?+1 ! pr9ciple ( ^! great manipulators ( ! human race is to set up _! own "w 9 room ( ! "w ( ,god1 :i* !y dis[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our fir/ task is to prove und5iably ! natural exi/5ce ( ! law ( ,solid>ity4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !y did n believe 9 x4 ,!y adh]$ to ! doctr9e ( ! p]sonality ( faults4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 engag$ above all 9 ! reaction aga9/ ,ca?olicism1 w\ld h fe>$1 by admitt+ ! pr9ciple ( ,solid>ity1 to op5 a door to ! doctr9e ( orig9al s94 ,e "t ,voltaire f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures a man be>+ ! puni%m5t ( ano!r1 he said ironically1 8,?is is frightful1 b ! ju/ice ( ,god is n t ( man40 ,we are n conc]n$ "h to discuss orig9al s94 ,b :at ,voltaire laugh$ at is nev]!less a fact1 :i* is n less inconte/able ?an x is my/]i\s4 ,! law ( ,solid>ity makes its appe>ance s frequ5tly & s /rik+ly1 9 ! individual & 9 ! masses1 9 details & 9 ! aggregate1 9 p>ticul> & 9 g5]al facts1 t to fail to recognise x implies ei!r ! bl9dness ( sect>ianism or ! zeal ( embitt]$ controv]sy4 ,! fir/ rule ( all human ju/ice is to conc5trate ! puni%m5t ( an action on its au?or1 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple t faults are p]sonal4 ,b ?is law1 sacr$ z reg>ds individuals1 is n ! law ( ,god1 or ev5 ! law ( society4 ,:y is ?is man ri*8 ,because 8 fa!r 0 active1 hone/1 indu/ri\s1 & economical4 ,! fa!r practis$ virtue2 ! son reaps ! rew>ds4 ,:y is ?is o!r man always suff]+1 sick1 feeble1 timor\s1 & wret*$8 ,because 8 fa!r1 end[$ ) a p[]ful con/itution1 abus$ x by debau*]y & excess4 ,to ! guilty fall ! agreeable consequ5ces ( vice1 to ! innoc5t fall its fatal consequ5ces4 ,!re exi/s n a man ^u ?is e>? ^: condition has n be5 det]m9$ by ?\s&s ( millions ( facts 9 :i* 8 own det]m9ations h _h no "p4 ,:at ,i compla9 ( to-day 0 p]haps caus$ by ! caprice ( my great-gr&fa!r1 etc4 ,solid>ity manife/s itself on a great] scale /ill1 & at di/ances :i* are /ill m inexplicable1 :5 we consid] ! p#dij relations ( div]s nations1 or ( diff]5t g5]ations ( ! same p4 ,is x n /range t ! eighte5? c5tury 0 s occupi$ ) intellectual or mat]ial works ( :i* we are n[ enjoy+ ! b5efit8 ,is x n m>vell\s t we ourselves %\ld make su* ef=ts to cov] ! c\ntry ) railways1 on :i* none ( u p]haps w ev] travel8 ,:o c fail to recognise ! pr(\nd influ5ce ( our old revolutions on ! ev5ts ( our own "t8 ,:o c =esee :at an inh]itance ( peace or ( discord our pres5t discussions may bequea? to our *ildr58 ,look at ! public loans4 ,we make w>1--we obey savage passions1--we ?r[ away by ^! means valuable p[]2 & we f9d means ( lay+ ! sc\rge ( all ?is de/ruction on our *ildr51 :o may haply hold w> 9 abhorr5ce1 & be unable to und]/& our passions & hatr$s4 ,ca/ y\r eyes ^u ,europe2 contemplate ! ev5ts :i* agitate ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,pol&1 & say if ! law ( ,solid>ity is a *im]ical law4 ,!re is no ne$ to c>ry ?is enum]ation f>!r4 ,9 ord] to prove und5iably ! exi/5ce ( ! law1 x is en\gh t ! action ( "o man1 ( "o p1 ( "o g5]ation1 ex]ts a c]ta9 influ5ce ^u ano!r man1 ano!r p1 or ano!r g5]ation4 ,society at l>ge is only an aggregate ( solid>ities :i* cross & ov]lap "o ano!r4 ,?is results f ! communicable nature ( human intellig5ce4 ,conv]sation1 lit]ature1 discov]ies1 sci5ces1 morals1 etc41 are all examples ( ?is4 ,all ^! unp]ceiv$ curr5ts by :i* "o m9d corresponds ) ano!r1 all ^! ef=ts )\t visible connexion1 ! result+ =ce ( :i* nev]!less pu%es on ! human race t[>ds an equilibrium1 t[>ds an av]age level :i* is always ris+--all t va/ treasury ( utilities & ( acquir$ k :i* ea* may draw ^u )\t dim9i%+ x1 or augm5t )\t be+ aw>e ( x1--all ?is int]*ange ( ?\ghts1 ( productions1 ( s]vices1 & ( lab\r1 ( good & evil1 ( virtue & vice1 :i* makes ! human family "o gr& :ole1 & imp>ts to ?\s&s ( millions ( ephem]al exi/5ces a common1 a univ]sal1 a cont9u\s life1--all ?is is ,solid>ity4 ,naturally1 !n1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !re is an inconte/able ,solid>ity among m54 ,9 o!r words1 ,responsibility is n exclusively p]sonal1 b is %>$ & divid$4 ,action emanates f individuality2 consequ5ces are spread ov] ! community4 ,we mu/ rem>k t x is 9 ! nature ( e man to desire p#dia to be happy4 ,y may say t ,i am extoll+ egotism if y w2 ,i extol no?+2 ,i %[1 ,i prove und5iably1 ! exi/5ce ( an innate univ]sal s5tim5t1 :i* c nev] cease to exi/1--p]sonal int]e/1 ! desire = happ9ess1 & ! repugnance to pa94 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! individual is l$ s to ord] 8 conduct t ! good consequ5ces ( 8 actions accrue to himself1 :ile ! bad effects fall ^u o!rs4 ,he endeav\rs to spread ^! bad consequ5ces ov] ! greate/ possible numb] ( m51 9 ord] t !y may be less p]ceiv$1 & call =? less reaction4 ,b op9ion1 t mi/ress ( ! _w1 ! daught] ( solid>ity1 br+s toge!r all ^? scatt]$ grievances1 & collects all aggriev$ int]e/s into a =midable resi/+ mass4 ,:5 a man's habits become injuri\s to ^? :o live ar\nd him1 !y call =? a feel+ ( repulsion4 ,we judge su* habits sev]ely4 ,we d5\nce !m1 we br& !m2 & ! man :o gives himself up to !m becomes an object ( di/ru/1 ( contempt1 & ( abhorr5ce4 ,if he reap "s advantages1 !y are soon f> m ?an comp5sat$ by ! suff]+s :i* public av]sion accumulates on 8 head4 ,to ! tr\blesome consequ5ces :i* a bad habit always entails 9 virtue ( ! law ( ,responsibility1 !re come to be add$ o!r consequ5ces /ill m griev\s 9 virtue ( ! law ( ,solid>ity4 ,our contempt = ! man soon ext5ds to ! habit1 to ! vice2 & z ! want ( consid]ation is "o ( our mo/ p[]ful spr+s ( action1 x is cle> t solid>ity1 by ! reaction :i* x br+s to be> aga9/ vici\s acts1 t5ds to re/ra9 & to prev5t !m4 ,solid>ity1 !n1 l ,responsibility1 is a progressive =ce2 & we see t1 9 relation to ! au?or ( ! act1 x resolves itself1 if ,i may s speak1 into rep]cussive or reflect$ responsibility2 t x is /ill a sy/em ( reciprocal rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 admirably fitt$ to circumscribe evil1 to ext5d good1 & to urge on mank9d on ! road ( progress4 ,b 9 ord] t x %\ld op]ate 9 ?is way1--9 ord] t ^? :o b5efit or suff] f an action :i* is n _! own %\ld react ^u its au?or by approbation or disapprobation1 by gratitude or resi/ance1 by e/eem1 affection1 praise1 or blame1 hatr$ or v5geance1--"o condition is indisp5sable2 & t condition is1 t ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! act & all its effects %\ld be kn[n & appreciat$4 ,:5 ! public is mi/ak5 9 ?is respect1 ! law fails 9 its design4 p#dib ,an act is hurtful to ! masses2 b ! masses are conv9c$ t ?is act is advantage\s to !m4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,! consequ5ce is1 t in/ead ( react+ aga9/ x1 9 place ( condemn+ x1 & by t means re/ra9+ x1 ! public exalt x1 hon\r x1 extol x1 & repeat x4 ,no?+ is m frequ5t1 & "h is ! reason ( x3 ,an act produces on ! masses n only an effect1 b a s]ies ( effects4 ,n[ x frequ5tly happ5s t ! prim>y effect is a local good1 visible & tangible1 :il/ ! ult]ior effects set a-filt]+ ?r\gh ! body politic evils :i* are difficult to discov] or to connect ) _! cause4 ,w> is an example ( ?is4 ,9 ! infancy ( society1 we d n p]ceive all ! consequ5ces ( w>4 ,&1 to say tru?1 9 a /ate ( civilisation 9 :i* !re is a less am\nt ( ant]ior lab\r 7capital7 expos$ to de/ruction1 less sci5ce & money devot$ to ! ma*9]y ( w>1 etc41 ^! consequ5ces are less prejudicial ?an !y aft]w>ds become4 ,we see only ! fir/ campaign1 ! booty :i* foll[s victory1 ! intoxication ( triumph4 ,at t /age1 w> & w>riors are v popul>4 ,!n we see ! enemy1 hav+ become conqu]or 9 8 turn1 burn+ d[n h\ses & h>ve/s1 levy+ contributions1 & impos+ laws4 ,9 ^! alt]nations ( success & mis=tune1 we see g5]ations ( m5 annihilat$1 agriculture cru%$1 & two nations impov]i%$4 ,we see ! mo/ important portion ( ! p contemn+ ! arts ( peace1 turn+ _! arms aga9/ ! in/itutions ( _! c\ntry1 s]v+ z ! tools ( despotism1 employ+ _! re/less en]gy 9 s$ition & civil discord1 & creat+ b>b>ism & solitude at home1 z !y _h =m]ly done among _! neighb\rs4 ,d we !n pron\nce w> to be plund] ^u a great scale8 4 4 4 ,no2 we see its effects )\t desir+ to und]/& its cause2 & :5 ?is p1 9 a /ate ( decad5ce1 %all be invad$ 9 its turn by a sw>m ( conqu]ors1 c5turies aft] ! cata/rophe1 grave hi/orians w relate t ! nation fell because ! p _h become en]vat$ by peace1 because !y _h =gott5 ! art ( w> & ! au/]e virtues ( _! ance/ors4 ,i c\ld po9t out ! same illusions 9 connexion ) ! sy/em ( slav]y4 4 4 4 4 ,! same ?+ is true ( religi\s errors4 4 4 4 4 ,9 our own day1 ! rgime ( prohibition gives rise to ! same fallacy4 4 4 4 4 ,to br+ back public op9ion1 by ! diffusion ( k & ! pr(\nd appreciation ( causes & effects1 into t p#dic intellig5t /ate 9 :i* bad t5d5cies come to be br&$1 & prejudicial measures oppos$1 is to r5d] a great s]vice to "o's c\ntry4 ,:5 public op9ion1 deceiv$ & misl$1 hon\rs :at is wor?y ( contempt1 contemns :at is hon\rable1 puni%es virtue & rew>ds vice1 enc\rages :at is hurtful & disc\rages :at is useful1 applauds a lie & smo!rs tru? "u indiff]5ce or insult1 a nation turns its back ^u progress1 & c only be reclaim$ by t]rible lessons & cata/rophes4 ,we h indicat$ else:]e ! gross misuse :i* c]ta9 ,sociali/ s*ools h made ( ! ^w ,solid>ity4 4 4 4 4 ,let u n[ see 9 :at _s human laws %\ld be fram$4 ,x seems to me t "h !re c be no room = d\bt4 ,human law %\ld co9cide ) ! natural law4 ,x %\ld facilitate & ensure ! j retribution ( m5's acts2 9 o!r words1 x %\ld circumscribe solid>ity1 & organize reaction 9 ord] to en=ce responsibility4 ,! law c h no o!r object ?an to re/ra9 vici\s actions & to multiply virtu\s ones1 & = t purpose x %\ld fav\r ! j di/ribution ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 s t ! bad effects ( an act %\ld be conc5trat$ z mu* z possible on ! p]son :o commits x4 4 4 4 4 ,9 act+ ?us1 ! law con=ms itself to ! nature ( ?+s2 solid>ity induces a reaction aga9/ a vici\s act1 & ! law only regulates t reaction4 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! law ?us contributes to progress3 ,! m rapidly x br+s back ! bad effect ( ! act ^u ! ag5t1 ! m surely x re/ra9s ! act itself4 ,to give an example3 ,viol5ce is att5d$ ) p]nici\s consequ5ces4 ,among savages ! repression ( viol5ce is left to ! natural c\rse ( ?+s2 & :at happ5s8 ,x provokes a t]rible reaction4 ,:5 a man has committ$ an act ( viol5ce aga9/ ano!r man1 an inext+ui%able desire ( v5geance is light$ up 9 ! family ( ! injur$ p>ty1 & is transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! law int]f]es2 & :at ought x to d8 ,%\ld x limit itself to /ifle ! desire = v5geance1 to repress x1 to puni% x8 ,x is cle> t ?is w\ld be to enc\rage viol5ce1 by %elt]+ x f reprisals4 ,?is is n1 !n1 :at ! law %\ld d4 ,x ought to sub/itute itself1 s to speak1 = ! _s ( v5geance1 by organiz+ 9 its place a reaction aga9/ ! viol5ce4 ,x %\ld say to ! injur$ family1 8,i *>ge myself ) ! repression ( ! act y compla9 (40 ,:5 ! :ole tribe consid]s itself z injur$ & m5ac$1 ! p#did law inquires into ! grievance1 int]rogates ! guilty p>ty1 makes sure t !re is no error z to ! fact & z to ! p]son1 & ?us represses ) regul>ity & c]ta9ty an act :i* w\ld h be5 puni%$ irregul>ly4#aad 4 p#die ,,xxii4 ,,social ,,motive ,,=ce4 ,x belongs to no human sci5ce to assign ! ultimate reason ( ?+s4 ,man suff]s2 society suff]s4 ,we ask :y8 ,?is is to ask :y ,god has be5 pleas$ to indue man ) s5sibility & free w4 ,z reg>ds ?is1 no "o kn[s m ?an ! revelation 9 :i* he has fai? has taught him4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! designs ( ,god1 :at human sci5ce c take z its po9t ( dep>ture is a positive fact1 namely1 t man has be5 creat$ free & indu$ ) feel+4 ,?is is s true t ,i defy ^? :o are a/oni%$ at x to conceive a liv+1 ?9k+1 act+ be+ indu$ ) volition & affections--su* a be+1 9 %ort1 z man--yet de/itute ( s5sibility & free w4 ,c\ld ,god h ord]$ ?+s o!rwise8 ,reason und\bt$ly answ]s yes1 b imag9ation says et]nally no1 s radically impossible is x = u to sep>ate 9 ?\ght humanity f ?is d\ble attribute4 ,n[1 to be indu$ ) feel+ is to be capable ( exp]i5c+ s5sations :i* are agreeable or pa9ful4 ,h5ce com=t or uneas9ess4 ,f ! mom5t1 !n1 t ,god gave exi/5ce to s5sibility1 ,he p]mitt$ evil1 or ! possibility ( evil4 ,9 giv+ u free w1 ,he has indu$ u ) ! faculty1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 measure1 ( %unn+ evil & seek+ aft] good4 ,free w supposes & accompanies intellig5ce--:at w\ld ! faculty ( *oos+ signify if x 7 n alli$ ) ! faculty ( exam9+1 ( comp>+1 ( judg+8 ,?us1 e man :o comes into ! _w br+s ) him m9d & a motive =ce4 ,! motive =ce is t p]sonal irresi/ible impulse1 ! ess5ce ( all our =ces1 :i* leads u to %un ,evil & seek p#dif aft] ,good4 ,we t]m x ! in/9ct ( pres]vation1 p]sonal or private int]e/4 ,?is s5tim5t has be5 sometimes decri$1 sometimes misund]/ood1 b z reg>ds its exi/5ce !re c be no d\bt4 ,irresi/ibly we seek aft] all :i*1 accord+ to our notions1 c ameliorate our de/9y1 & we avoid all :i* is likely to det]iorate x4 ,?is is at lea/ z c]ta9 z x is t e mat]ial molecule possesses c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ce4 ,& j z ! d\ble movem5t ( attraction & repulsion is ! gr& spr+ ( ! physical _w1 we may affirm t ! d\ble =ce ( human attraction t[>ds happ9ess & human repulsion f pa9 is ! ma9spr+ ( ! social me*anism4 ,b x is n en\gh t man is irresi/ibly l$ to pref] good to evil2 he mu/ also be able to disc]n :at is good & :at is evil4 ,?is is :at ,god has provid$ = 9 giv+ him t m>vell\s & complex me*anism call$ intellig5ce4 ,to fix 8 att5tion1 to comp>e1 judge1 reason1 connect effects ) causes1 to rememb]1 to =esee2 su* are--if ,i may use ! expression--! :eels ( t admirable ma*9e4 ,! impulsive =ce :i* is possess$ by ea* ( u moves "u ! direction ( our intellig5ce4 ,b our intellig5ce is imp]fect4 ,x is liable to error4 ,we comp>e1 we judge1 we act 9 consequ5ce2 b we may err1 we may make a bad *oice1 we may t5d t[>ds evil1 mi/ak+ x = good1 or we may %un good1 mi/ak+ x = evil4 ,?is is ! fir/ s\rce ( social dissonances2 & x is inevitable1 = ?is reason1 t ! great motive spr+ ( humanity--p]sonal int]e/--is n1 l mat]ial attraction1 a bl9d =ce1 b a =ce guid$ by an imp]fect intellig5ce4 ,let u be v sure1 !n1 t we %all n see ,h>mony except "u ?is re/riction4 ,god has n se5 prop] to f\nd social ord] or ,h>mony ^u p]fection1 b ^u human p]fectibility1 our capacity = improvem5t4 ,if our intellig5ce is imp]fect1 x is improvable4 ,x develops1 enl>ges1 & rectifies itself4 ,x beg9s ( new & v]ifies its op]ations4 ,exp]i5ce at ea* mom5t puts u "r1 & ,responsibility susp5ds ov] our heads a complete sy/em ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds4 ,e /ep t we take on ! road ( error plunges u into increas$ suff]+1 & 9 su* a way t ! w>n+ _c fail to be he>d1 & ! rectification ( our det]m9ations1 & consequ5tly ( our actions1 foll[s1 soon] or lat]1 ) infallible c]ta9ty4 ,"u ! impulse :i* urges him on1 ard5t to pursue happ9ess1 prompt to seize x1 man may be seek+ 8 own good 9 ! mis]y ( o!rs4 ,?is is a second & an abundant s\rce ( p#dig discordant social comb9ations4 ,b ! limit ( su* di/urbances is m>k$2 & !y f9d _! inevitable doom 9 ! law ( ,solid>ity4 ,individual =ce ?us misappli$ calls =? opposition f all ! analog\s =ces1 :i*1 antagoni/ic to evil by _! nature1 repel inju/ice & *a/ise x4 ,x is ?us t progress is realiz$1 & x is n ! less progress f be+ de>ly b\ght4 ,x spr+s f a native impulse1 :i* is univ]sal & inh]5t 9 our nature1 direct$ by an intellig5ce :i* is frequ5tly misl$1 & subject$ to a w :i* is frequ5tly deprav$4 ,arre/$ on its m>* by ,error & ,inju/ice1 x receives ! all-p[]ful assi/ance ( ,responsibility & ,solid>ity to enable x to surm\nt ^! ob/acles1 & x _c fail to receive t assi/ance s9ce x spr+s f ^! ob/acles !mselves4 ,?is int]nal1 univ]sal1 & imp]i%able motive p[]1 :i* resides 9 ea* individual & con/itutes him an active be+1 ?is t5d5cy ( e man to pursue happ9ess & %un mis]y1 ?is product1 ?is effect1 ?is necess>y complem5t ( s5sibility1 )\t :i* s5sibility w\ld be only an inexplicable sc\rge1 ?is primordial ph5om5on :i* is at ! bottom ( all human actions1 ?is attractive & repulsive =ce :i* we h d5om9at$ ! ma9spr+ ( ! social me*anism1 has _h = detractors ! great] "p ( our publici/s2 & ?is is "o ( ! /range/ ab]rations :i* ! annals ( sci5ce pres5t4 ,x is true t self-int]e/ is ! cause ( all ! evils1 z x is ( all ! good1 incid5t to man4 ,x _c fail to be s1 s9ce x det]m9es all our acts4 ,see+ ?is1 "s publici/s c imag9e no bett] means ( eradicat+ evil ?an by /ifl+ self-int]e/4 ,b z by ?is means !y w\ld de/roy ! v spr+ & motive ( our activity1 !y h ?\ght prop] to end[ u ) a diff]5t motive =ce1 namely1 devotion1 self-sacrifice4 ,!y hope t h5ce=? all transactions & social comb9ations w take place at _! bidd+1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( self-ab&onm5t4 ,we are no long] to pursue our own happ9ess1 b ! happ9ess ( o!rs2 ! w>n+s ( s5sibility are to g = no?+1 l ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ,responsibility4 ,all ! laws ( our nature are to be rev]s$2 ! _s ( sacrifice is to be sub/itut$ = ! in/9ct ( pres]vation2 9 a ^w1 no "o is to ?9k long] on 8 own p]sonality1 b = ! purpose ( ha/5+ to sacrifice x to ! public good4 ,x is f su* a univ]sal trans=mation ( ! human he>t t c]ta9 publici/s1 :o ?9k !mselves v religi\s1 expect to realize p]fect social h>mony4 ,!y p#dih h =gott5 to tell u h[ !y hope to effect ?is indisp5sable prelim9>y1 ! trans=mation ( ! human he>t4 ,if !y are fooli% en\gh to und]take ?is1 !y w f9d t !y want ! p[] to accompli% x4 ,d !y desire ! pro( ( :at ,i say8 ,let !m try ! exp]im5t on !mselves2 let !m endeav\r to /ifle 9 _! own he>ts all feel+ ( self-int]e/1 s t x %all no long] make its appe>ance 9 ! mo/ ord9>y actions ( life4 ,!y w n be long 9 f9d+ out _! p[]lessness4 ,:y1 !n1 pret5d to impose ^u all m51 )\t exception1 a doctr9e to :i* !y !mselves _c submit8 ,i confess myself unable to see any?+ religi\s1 unless x be 9 int5tion & appe>ance1 9 ^! affect$ !ories1 9 ^! impracticable maxims :i* !y affect s e>ne/ly to prea*1 :ile !y cont9ue to act j z ! vulg> act4 ,is x1 ,i w\ld ask1 true & g5u9e religion :i* inspires ^! ca?olic economi/s ) ! presumptu\s ?\ght t ,god has done ,8 "w ill1 & t x is _! mission to repair x8 ,bossuet did n ?9k s :5 he said1 8,man aspires to happ9ess1 & he _c help aspir+ to x40 ,declamations aga9/ p]sonal int]e/ nev] c h mu* sci5tific significance2 = self-int]e/ is "p ( man's inde/ructible nature--at lea/1 we _c de/roy x )\t de/roy+ man himself4 ,all t religion1 morals1 & political economy c d is to give an enlight5$ direction to ?is impulsive =ce--to po9t out n only ! prim>y1 b ! ult]ior consequ5ces ( ^? acts to :i* x urges u4 ,a sup]ior & progressive satisfaction consequ5t on a transi5t suff]+1 long cont9u$ & con/antly increas$ suff]+ foll[+ on a mom5t>y gratification2 su*1 aft] all1 are moral good & evil4 ,t :i* det]m9es ! *oice ( m5 t[>ds virtue is an elevat$ & enlight5$ int]e/1 b x is always prim>ily a p]sonal int]e/4 ,if x is /range t p]sonal int]e/ %\ld be decri$1 :5 consid]$ n ) ref]5ce to its immoral abuse1 b z ! provid5tial mov+ spr+ ( all human activity1 x is /ill /rang] t x %\ld h be5 put aside altoge!r1 & t m5 %\ld h imag9$ !mselves 9 a situation to frame a sy/em ( social sci5ce )\t tak+ x into acc\nt4 ,x is an inexplicable in/ance ( folly t publici/s 9 g5]al %\ld reg>d !mselves z ! deposit>ies & ! arbit]s ( ?is motive spr+4 ,ea* />ts f ?is po9t ( dep>ture3 ,assum+ t mank9d are a flock1 & t ,i am ! %eph]d1 p#dii h[ am ,i to manage 9 ord] to make mank9d happy8 ,or ?is3 ,giv5 on ! "o h& a c]ta9 quantity ( clay1 & on ! o!r a pott]1 :at %\ld ! pott] d 9 ord] to turn t clay to ! be/ acc\nt8 ,our publici/s may diff] :5 ! "q comes to be :i* is ! be/ pott]1 :o =ms & m\lds ! clay mo/ advantage\sly2 b !y are all at "o ^u ?is1 t _! function is to knead ! human clay1 & :at ! clay has to d is simply to be knead$ by !m4 ,"u ! title ( legislators !y e/abli% betwe5 !mselves & ! human race relations analog\s to ^? ( gu>dian & w>d4 ,! idea nev] occurs to !m t ! human race is a liv+ s5ti5t body1 indu$ ) volition1 & act+ accord+ to laws :i* x is n _! bus9ess to inv5t1 s9ce !y already exi/1 nor to impose1 b to /udy2 t humanity is an aggregate ( be+s 9 all respects l !mselves1 & 9 no way inf]ior or subord9ate2 end[$ bo? ) an impulse to act1 & ) intellig5ce to *oose2 :i* feels on all sides ! /imulus ( ,responsibility & ,solid>ity2 & t1 9 %ort1 f all ^! ph5om5a !re results an aggregate ( self-exi/+ relations1 :i* x is n ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to create1 z !y imag9e1 b to obs]ve4 ,r\sseau1 ,i ?9k1 is ! publici/ :o has mo/ navely exhum$ f antiquity ?is omnipot5ce ( ! resuscitat$ legislator ( ! ,greeks4 ,conv9c$ t ! social ord] is a human inv5tion1 he comp>es x to a ma*9e2 m5 are ! :eels ( t ma*9e1 ! rul] sets x 9 motion2 ! lawgiv] inv5ts x1 "u ! impulse giv5 him by ! publici/1 :o ?us f9ds himself def9itively ! ma9spr+ & regulator ( ! human species4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! publici/ nev] fails to address himself to ! legislator 9 ! imp]ative /yle2 he decrees him to decree3 8,f\nd y\r society ^u su* or su* a pr9ciple2 give x good mann]s & cu/oms2 b5d x to ! yoke ( religion2 direct its aims & en]gies t[>ds arms1 or comm]ce1 or agriculture1 or virtue10 etc4 ,o!rs m mode/ speak 9 ?is way3 8,idl]s w n be tol]at$ 9 ! republic2 y w di/ribute ! population conv5i5tly betwe5 ! t[ns & ! c\ntry2 y w take ord] t !re %all be nei!r ri* nor poor10 etc4 ,^! =mulas atte/ ! unmeasur$ presumption ( ^? :o employ !m4 ,!y imply a doctr9e :i* does n leave "o atom ( dignity to ! human race4 ,i "k n :e!r !y are m false 9 !ory or p]nici\s 9 practice4 ,9 bo? views1 !y lead to deplorable results4 ,!y w\ld lead u to believe t ! social economy is an p#ejj artificial arrangem5t co9$ 9 ! bra9 ( an inv5tor4 ,h5ce e publici/ con/itutes himself an inv5tor4 ,8 greate/ desire is to f9d acceptance = 8 me*anism2 8 greate/ c>e is to create abhorr5ce ( all o!rs1 & pr9cipally ( t :i* spr+s spontane\sly f ! organization ( man & f ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! books conceiv$ & writt5 on ?is plan are1 & c only be1 prolix declamations aga9/ ,society4 ,?is false sci5ce does n /udy ! concat5ation ( effects & causes4 ,x does n inquire into ! good & evil produc$ by m5's actions1 & tru/ aft]w>ds to ! motive =ce ( ,society 9 *oos+ ! road x is to foll[4 ,no2 x enjo9s1 x con/ra9s1 x imposes1 or1 if x _c d t1 x c\nsels2 l a natural philosoph] :o %\ld say to ! /one1 8,?\ art n support$2 ,i ord] !e to fall1 or at lea/ ,i advise x40 ,x is ^u ?is foot+ t ,m4 ,droz has said t 8! design ( political economy is to r5d] easy circum/ances z g5]al z possible10--a def9ition :i* has be5 welcom$ ) great fav\r by ! ,sociali/s1 because x op5s a door to e ,utopia1 & leads to artificial regulation4 ,:at %\ld we say if ,m4 ,arago 7 to op5 8 c\rse 9 ?is way1 8,! object ( a/ronomy is to r5d] gravitation z g5]al z possible80 ,x is true t m5 are animat$ be+s1 indu$ ) volition1 & act+ "u ! influ5ce ( free w4 ,b !re also resides 9 !m an int]nal =ce1 a sort ( gravitation2 & ! "q is to "k t[>ds :at !y gravitate4 ,if x be fatally1 inevitably1 t[>ds evil1 !re is no rem$y1 & assur$ly ! rem$y w n come to u f a publici/ subject l o!r m5 to ! common t5d5cy4 ,if x be t[>ds good1 "h we h ! motive =ce already f\nd2 sci5ce has no ne$ to sub/itute = x con/ra9t or advice4 ,its "p is to enlight5 our free w1 to display effects z fl[+ f causes1 well assur$ t1 "u ! influ5ce ( tru?1 8ease & mat]ial prosp]ity t5d to become z g5]al z possible40 ,practically1 ! doctr9e :i* w\ld place ! motive =ce ( society1 n 9 mank9d at l>ge1 nor 9 _! peculi> organization1 b 9 legislators & gov]nm5ts1 is att5d$ ) consequ5ces /ill m deplorable4 ,x t5ds to draw d[n ^u ,gov]nm5ts a cru%+ responsibility1 f :i* !y nev] recov]4 ,if !re are suff]+s1 x is ! fault ( ,gov]nm5t2 if !re are poor1 x is ! fault ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,is n ,gov]nm5t ! prime mov]8 ,if ! ma9spr+ is bad or inop]ative1 break x1 & *oose ano!r4 ,or else !y lay ! blame on sci5ce itself2 & 9 our days we h x repeat$ ad nauseam t 8all social suff]+s are p#eja imputable to ,political ,economy40#aae ,:y n1 :5 ,political ,economy pres5ts h]self z hav+ = design to realize ! happ9ess ( m5 )\t _! co-op]ation8 ,:5 su* notions prevail1 ! la/ ?+ m5 take x into _! heads to d is to turn _! reg>ds ^u !mselves1 & inquire :e!r ! true cause ( _! suff]+s is n _! own ignorance & inju/ice2 _! ignorance :i* br+s !m "u ! discipl9e ( ,responsibility1 & _! inju/ice :i* draws d[n ^u !m ! reaction ( ,solid>ity4 ,h[ %\ld mank9d ev] dream ( seek+ 9 _! errors ! cause ( _! suff]+s :5 ! human race is p]suad$ t x is in]t by nature1 & t ! pr9ciple ( all activity1 consequ5tly ( all responsibility1 is ext]nal1 & resides 9 ! w ( ! lawgiv] & ! gov]n+ p[]8 ,7 ,i call$ ^u to m>k ! feature :i* di/+ui%es ,socialism f ,political ,economy1 ,i %\ld f9d x "h4 ,socialism boa/s ( a va/ numb] ( sects4 ,ea* sect has its ,utopia1 & s f> are !y f any mutual und]/&+1 t !y decl>e aga9/ ea* o!r w> to ! knife4 ,! ateli] social organis ( ,m4 ,blanc1 & ! an-ar*ie ( ,m4 ,pr\dhon1--! association ( ,f\ri]1 & ! communisme ( ,m4 ,cabet1--are z diff]5t f ea* o!r z night is f day4 ,:y d ^! sect>ian lead]s1 !n1 range !mselves "u ! common d5om9ation ( ,sociali/s1 & :at is ! bond :i* unites !m aga9/ natural or provid5tial society8 ,!y h no o!r bond ?an ?is1 !y all repudiate natural society4 ,:at !y wi% is an artificial society spr++ ready made f ! bra9 ( ! inv5tor4 ,no d\bt1 ea* ( !m wi%es to be ! ,jupit] ( ?is ,m9]va--no d\bt ea* ( !m hugs 8 own contrivance1 & dreams ( 8 own social ord]4 ,b !y h ?is 9 common1 t !y recognise 9 humanity nei!r ! motive =ce1 :i* urges mank9d on to good1 nor ! curative =ce1 :i* deliv]s !m f evil4 ,!y fight among !mselves z to :at =m !y are to m\ld ! human clay into1 b !y are all agre$ t humanity is clay to be m\ld$4 ,humanity is n 9 _! eyes a liv+ h>moni\s be+1 t ,god himself has provid$ ) progressive & self-su/a9+ =ces1 b r a mass ( in]t matt] :i* has be5 wait+ = !m to imp>t to x s5tim5t & life2 x is n a subject to be /udi$1 b a subject to be exp]im5t$ on4 ,political ,economy1 on ! o!r h&1 aft] hav+ cle>ly %[n p#ejb t !re are 9 ea* man =ces ( impulse & repulsion1 ! aggregate ( :i* con/itutes ! social impell5t1 & aft] be+ conv9c$ t ?is motive =ce t5ds t[>ds good1 nev] dreams ( annihilat+ x 9 ord] to sub/itute ano!r ( its own creation1 b /udies ! v>i$ & complicat$ social ph5om5a to :i* x gives bir?4 ,is ?is to say t ,political ,economy is z mu* a /rang] to social progress1 z a/ronomy is to ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,political ,economy has to d ) be+s :i* are intellig5t & free1--&1 z su*1 let u nev] =get1 subject to error4 ,_! t5d5cy is t[>ds good2 b !y may err4 ,sci5ce1 !n1 int]f]es usefully1 n to create causes & effects1 n to *ange ! t5d5cies ( man1 n to subject him to organizations1 to injunctions1 or ev5 to advice1 b to po9t out to him ! good & ! evil :i* result f 8 det]m9ations4 ,political ,economy is ?us q a sci5ce ( obs]vation & exposition4 ,%e does n say to m51 8,i enjo9 y1 ,i c\nsel y1 n to g too ne> ! fire20 %e does n say1 8,i h inv5t$ a social organization2 ! gods h taught me in/itutions :i* w keep y at a respectful di/ance f ! fire40 ,no1 ,political ,economy only %[s m5 cle>ly t fire w burn !m1 proclaims x1 proves x1 & does ! same ?+ z reg>ds all o!r social or moral ph5om5a1 conv9c$ t ?is is en\gh4 ,! repugnance to die by fire is consid]$ z a primordial pre-exi/5t fact1 :i* ,political ,economy has n creat$1 & :i* %e _c alt] or *ange4 ,economi/s _c be always at "o2 b x is easy to see t _! diff]5ces are q ( ano!r k9d f ^? :i* divide ! ,sociali/s4 ,two m5 :o devote _! :ole att5tion to obs]ve "o & ! same ph5om5on & its effects--r5t1 = example1 ex*ange1 competition--may n arrive at ! same conclusion1 & ?is proves no?+ m ?an t "o ( ! two has obs]v$ ! ph5om5on inaccurately or imp]fectly4 ,x is an op]ation to be repeat$4 ,) ! aid ( o!r obs]v]s1 ! probability is t tru? 9 ! end w be discov]$4 ,x is = ?is reason1 t if ea* economi/ 71 l ea* a/ronom]1 to make himself fully acqua9t$ ) :at 8 pr$ecessors h done1 z f> z !y h gone1 ! sci5ce w\ld be progressive1 & = t reason m & m useful1 rectify+ con/antly obs]vations inaccurately made1 & add+ indef9itely new obs]vations to ^? :i* _h be5 made be=e4 ,b ! ,sociali/s1--ea* pursu+ 8 own road1 & co9+ p#ejc artificial comb9ations 9 ! m9t ( 8 own bra91--may pursue _! inquiries 9 ?is way to all et]nity )\t com+ to any common und]/&+1 & )\t ! lab\rs ( "o aid+ to any ext5t ! lab\rs ( ano!r4 ,say pr(it$ by ! lab\rs ( ,adam ,smi?2 ,rossi by ^? ( ,say2 ,blanqui & ,joseph ,g>ni] by ^? ( all _! pr$ecessors4 ,b ,plato1 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,h>r+ton1 ,fnlon1 ,f\ri]1 might amuse !mselves ) organiz+ accord+ to _! own fancy a ,republic1 an ,utopia1 an ,oceana1 a ,sal5te1 a ,phalan/re1 & no "o w\ld ev] discov] ! slighte/ aff9ity betwe5 _! *im]ical creations4 ,^! dream]s sp9 all out ( _! own imag9ations1 m5 z well z ?+s4 ,!y inv5t a social ord] )\t respect to ! human he>t1 & !n !y inv5t a human he>t to suit _! social ord]4 p#ejd ,,xxiii4 ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,evil4 ,9 ^! la/ days sci5ce has retrograd$ & be5 driv5 back4 ,x has be5 b5t & twi/$ "u ! obligation impos$ ^u x1 if ,i may s speak1 ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,evil "u pa9 ( be+ convict$ ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,writ]s ^: bus9ess x is to display exquisite s5sibility1 unb\nd$ philan?ropy1 & unrivall$ devotion to religion1 h got into ! way ( say+1 8,evil _c ent] into ! provid5tial plan4 ,suff]+ is no ord9ance ( ,god & nature1 b comes f human in/itutions40 ,z ?is doctr9e falls 9 ) ! passions t !y desire to *]i%1 x soon becomes popul>4 ,books & j\rnals h be5 fill$ ) declamations aga9/ society4 ,sci5ce is no long] p]mitt$ to /udy facts imp>tially4 ,:oev] d>es to w>n m5 t a c]ta9 vice1 a c]ta9 habit1 leads necess>ily to c]ta9 hurtful consequ5ces1 is m>k$ d[n z a man de/itute ( human feel+s1 )\t religion1 an ,a!i/1 a ,mal?usian1 an ,economi/4 ,socialism has c>ri$ its folly s f> z to ann\nce ! t]m9ation ( all social suff]+1 b n ( all individual suff]+4 ,x has n v5tur$ to pr$ict t a day w come :5 man w no long] suff]1 gr[ old1 & die4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld ask1 is x easi] to reconcile ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 evil :i* assails individually e man :o comes into ! _w1 ?an evil :i* is ext5d$ ov] society at l>ge8 ,& !n is x n a contradiction s transp>5t z to be pu]ile1 to d5y ! exi/5ce ( suff]+ 9 ! masses1 :5 we admit its exi/5ce 9 individuals8 ,man suff]s1 & w always suff]4 ,society1 !n1 also suff]s1 & w always suff]4 ,^? :o address mank9d %\ld h ! c\rage to tell !m ?is4 ,humanity is n p#eje a f9e lady ) delicate n]ves & an irritable temp]am5t1 f :om we mu/ conceal ! com+ /orm1 m especially :5 to =esee x is ! only way to ensure our gett+ out ( x safely4 ,9 ?is respect1 all ! books ) :i* ,france has be5 inundat$1 f ,sismondi & ,buret d[nw>ds1 appe> to me to be want+ 9 virility4 ,_! au?ors d>e n tell ! tru?2 nay1 !y d>e n inve/igate x1 = fe> ( discov]+ t absolute pov]ty is ! necess>y />t+-po9t ( ! human race1 & t1 consequ5tly1 s f> are we f be+ 9 a position to attribute t pov]ty to ! social ord]1 x is to ! social ord] t we mu/ attribute all ! triumphs :i* we h already a*iev$ ov] our orig9al de/itution4 ,b1 !n1 aft] su* an av[al1 !y c\ld no long] con/itute !mselves tribunes ( ! p1 & ! av5g]s ( ! masses oppress$ by civilisation4 ,aft] all1 sci5ce m]ely e/abli%es1 comb9es1 & d$uces facts2 %e does n create !m2 %e does n produce !m1 nor is %e responsible = !m4 ,is x n /range t m5 %\ld h gone ! l5g? ( ann\nc+ & dissem9at+ ! p>adox1 t if mank9d suff]1 _! suff]+s are due to ,political ,economy8 ,?us1 aft] be+ blam$ = inve/igat+ ! suff]+s ( society1 ,political ,economy is accus$ ( eng5d]+ ^? suff]+s by t same inve/igation4 ,i ass]t t sci5ce c d no?+ m ?an obs]ve & e/abli% facts4 ,prove to u t humanity1 in/ead ( be+ progressive1 is retrograde2 & t inevitable & insurm\ntable laws urge mank9d on to irrem$iable det]ioration4 ,%[ u t ! law ( ,mal?us & t ( ,ric>do are true 9 _! wor/ & mo/ p]nici\s s5se1 & t x is impossible to d5y ! tyranny ( capital1 or ! incompatibility betwe5 ma*9]y & lab\r1 or any ( ! o!r contradictory alt]natives 9 :i* ,*teaubri& & ,tocqueville h plac$ ! human race2 !n ,i ma9ta9 t sci5ce ought to proclaim ?is1 & proclaim x al\d4 ,:y %\ld we %ut our eyes to a gulf :i* is gap+ be=e u8 ,d we require ! naturali/ or ! physiologi/ to reason ^u individual man1 on ! assumption t 8 organs are exempt f pa9 or n liable to de/ruction8 ,pulvis es1 et 9 pulv]em rev]t]is2 su* is ! decl>ation ( anatomical sci5ce back$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,no d\bt1 ?is is a h>d tru? = u to receive--n less h>d ?an ! conte/$ propositions ( ,mal?us & ,ric>do4 ,b are we = ?is reason to sp>e ! delicate s5sibility :i* has sprung up all at once among our mod]n p#ejf publici/s1 & has giv5 exi/5ce to ,socialism8 ,is m$ical sci5ce1 = ! same reason1 to affirm audaci\sly t we are con/antly r5ew+ our y\? & are immortal8 ,or1 if m$ical sci5ce refuse to /oop to su* juggl+1 are we to foam at ! m\?1 & cry out1 z has be5 done 9 ! case ( ! social sci5ces--8,m$ical sci5ce admits ! exi/5ce ( pa9 & dea?2 x is misan?ropical2 x is cruel2 x accuses ,god ( be+ malevol5t or p[]less2 x is impi\s2 x is a!i/ical2 nay1 m1 x creates ! evil ! exi/5ce ( :i* x refuses to d5y08 ,i h nev] d\bt$ t ! ,sociali/ s*ools h l$ away _m g5]\s he>ts & e>ne/ m9ds1 & ,i h no wi% to humiliate any "o4 ,b ! g5]al "* ( ,socialism is v :imsical1 & ,i _c help ask+ myself h[ long su* a tissue ( pu]ilities c cont9ue 9 vogue4 ,9 ,socialism all is affectation4 ,x affects sci5tific =ms & sci5tific language1 & we h se5 :at sort ( sci5ce x tea*es4 ,9 its writ+s1 x affects a delicacy ( n]ve s fem99e z to be unable to li/5 to a tale ( social suff]+s2 & :il/ x has introduc$ into lit]ature ?is insipid & mawki% s5sibility1 x has e/abli%$ 9 ! arts a ta/e = ! trivial & ! horrible2 9 ord9>y life1 a sort ( sc>ecr[ fa%ion 9 dress1 appe>ance1 & deportm5t--! long be>d1 ! grim & sull5 c\nt5ance1 ! vulg> airs ( a village ,titan or ,prome!us4 ,9 politics 7:]e su* pu]ilities are less innoc5t71 ,socialism has introduc$ ! doctr9e ( en]getic means ( transition1 ! viol5ce ( revolution>y practices1 life & mat]ial int]e/s sacrific$ en masse to :at is ideal & *im]ical4 ,b :at ,socialism affects1 above all1 is a c]ta9 %[ & appe>ance ( religion8 ,?is is only "o ( ! ,sociali/ tactics1 x is true--su* tactics are always disgraceful to a s*ool :5 !y lead to hypocrisy4 ,^! ,sociali/s are p]petually talk+ to u ( ,*ri/2 b ,i w\ld ask !m1 h[ x is t :ile !y ackn[l$ge t ,*ri/1 ! innoc5t p> excell5ce1 pray$ 9 ,8 agony t 8! cup might pass f ,him10 add+1 8,nev]!less1 n my w b ,?9e be done10 !y %\ld ?9k x /range t mank9d at l>ge %\ld be call$ ^u to ex]cise resignation also4 ,no d\bt1 _h ,god will$ x1 ,he might h s arrang$ ,8 almighty plans t j z ! individual advances t[>ds inevitable dea?1 ! human race might h advanc$ t[>ds inevitable de/ruction4 ,9 t case1 we %\ld h _h no *oice b to p#ejg submit1 & sci5ce1 :e!r %e lik$ x or n1 mu/ h admitt$ ! sombre social dnom5t1 j z %e n[ admits ! melan*oly individual dnom5t4 ,b happily x is n s4 ,!re is r$emption = man1 & = humanity4 ,! "o is indu$ ) an immortal s\l2 ! o!r ) indef9ite p]fectibility4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 p#ejh ,,xxiv4 ,,p]fectibility4 ,t ! human race is p]fectible2 t x progresses t[>ds a high] & high] level2 t its weal? is increas+ & becom+ m equaliz$2 t its ideas are be+ enl>g$ & purifi$2 t its errors1 & ! oppressions :i* ^! errors support1 are disappe>+2 t its k %9es ) bright] & bright] effulg5ce2 t its morality is improv+2 t x is le>n+1 by reason or by exp]i5ce1 9 ! doma9 ( responsibility1 ! art ( e>n+ a con/antly l>g] am\nt ( recomp5se1 & a con/antly small] am\nt ( *a/isem5t2 t1 consequ5tly1 evil is cont9ually less5+1 & good cont9ually increas+2--^! are conclusions :i* x is impossible to d\bt :5 we scrut9ize ! nature ( man & t intellig5t pr9ciple1 :i* is 8 ess5ce1 :i* 0 brea!d into him ) ! brea? ( life1 & w>rants ! scriptural decl>ation t man is made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,we "k too well t man is n a p]fect be+4 ,7 he p]fect1 he w\ld n reflect a vague resemblance ( ,god2 he w\ld be ,god himself4 ,he is imp]fect1 !n1--subject to error & to suff]+1--b1 on ! o!r h&1 7 he /ation>y1 :at title c\ld he h to claim ! unspeakable privilege ( be>+ 9 himself ! image ( a p]fect be+8 ,moreov]1 if intellig5ce1 :i* is ! faculty ( comp>+1 ( judg+1 ( rectify+ errors1 ( le>n+1 does n con/itute individual p]fectibility1 :at c con/itute x8 ,& if ! union ( all individual p]fectibilities1 especially among be+s capable ( communicat+ to ea* o!r _! acquisitions1 does n af=d a gu>antee = collective p]fectibility1 we mu/ r5\nce all philosophy & all moral & political sci5ce4 ,:at con/itutes man's p]fectibility is 8 intellig5ce1 or ! p#eji faculty :i* has be5 giv5 to him ( pass+ f error1 :i* is ! p>5t ( evil1 to tru?1 :i* is ! g5]at+ pr9ciple ( good4 ,x is sci5ce & exp]i5ce :i* cause man to ab&on1 9 8 m9d1 error = tru?1 & aft]w>ds1 9 8 conduct1 evil = good2 x is ! discov]y :i* he makes1 9 ph5om5a & 9 acts1 ( effects :i* he _h n suspect$4 ,b to enable him to acquire ?is sci5ce1 he mu/ h an int]e/ 9 acquir+ x4 ,9 ord] t he %\ld pr(it by ?is exp]i5ce1 he mu/ h an int]e/ 9 pr(it+ by x4 ,x is 9 ! law ( responsibility1 !n1 t we mu/ se>* = ! means ( realiz+ human p]fectibility4 ,& z we c =m no idea ( responsibility ap>t f lib]ty2 z acts :i* are n volunt>y c af=d nei!r in/ruction nor available exp]i5ce2 z be+s capable ( be+ improv$ or det]iorat$ by ! exclusive action ( ext]nal causes )\t ! p>ticipation ( *oice1 reflection1 or free w 7al?\gh ?is happ5s 9 ! case ( unconsci\s organiz$ matt]71 c\ld n be call$ p]fectible1 9 ! moral acceptation ( ! ^w1 we mu/ conclude t lib]ty is ! v ess5ce ( progress4 ,to impair man's lib]ty is n only to hurt & degrade him2 x is to *ange 8 nature2 x is 79 ! measure & proportion 9 :i* su* oppression is ex]cis$7 to r5d] him incapable ( improvem5t2 x is to despoil him ( 8 resemblance to ! ,creator2 x is to dim & dead5 9 8 noble nature t vital sp>k :i* gl[$ !re f ! beg9n+4 ,b 9 ?us proclaim+ al\d our fix$ & unalt]able belief 9 human p]fectibility1 & 9 progress1 :i* is necess>y 9 e s5se1 & :i*1 by a m>vell\s correspond5ce1 is z mu* m active 9 "o direction z x is m active 9 all o!rs1 we mu/ n be reg>d$ z indulg+ 9 ,utopianism1 or be consid]$ z optimi/s1 believ+ 8all to be = ! be/1 9 ! be/ ( worlds10 & expect+ ! imm$iate arrival ( ! mill5nium4 ,alas6 :5 we turn our reg>ds on ! _w z x is1 & see ar\nd u ! enorm\s am\nt ( mud & meanness1 suff]+ & compla9t1 vice & crime1 :i* /ill exi/1--:5 we reflect on ! moral action ex]t$ on society by ! classes :o ought to po9t out to ! lagg+ multitude ! way to ! ,new ,j]usalem1--:5 we ask ourselves :at use ! ri* make ( _! =tune1 ! poets ( _! g5ius1 philosoph]s ( _! sci5tific lucubrations1 j\rnali/s ( ! m9i/ry ) :i* !y are inve/$1 high function>ies1 m9i/]s ( /ate1 repres5tatives ( ! p1 k+s1 ( ! p[] :i* fate has plac$ 9 _! h&s1--:5 p#eaj we witness revolutions l t :i* has rec5tly agitat$ ,europe1 & 9 :i* ea* man seems to be 9 se>* ( :at mu/ 9 ! long-run prove fatal to himself & to society at l>ge1--:5 we see cupidity 9 all %apes & among all ranks1 ! con/ant sacrifice ( ! int]e/s ( o!rs to our own selfi% int]e/1 & ( ! future to ! pres5t1--:5 we see t great & inevitable mov+ spr+ ( ! human race1 p]sonal int]e/1 /ill mak+ its appe>ance only 9 manife/ations ! mo/ mat]ial & ! mo/ improvid5t1--:5 we see ! work+ classes1 prey$ ^u by ! p>asitism ( public function>ies1 rise up 9 revolution>y convulsions1 n aga9/ ?is )]+ p>asitism1 b aga9/ weal? legitimately acquir$1 t is to say1 aga9/ ! v elem5t ( _! own deliv]ance & ! pr9ciple ( _! own "r & =ce1--:5 su* spectacles pres5t !mselves to u on all sides1 we get afraid ( ourselves1 we tremble = our fai? 9 human p]fectibility1 ! light w\ld seem to wav]1 & be on ! eve ( ext9ction1 leav+ u 9 ! fe>ful d>kness ( ,pessimism4 ,b no--!re is no gr\nd = despair4 ,:atev] be ! impressions :i* too rec5t circum/ances h made ^u u1 humanity /ill moves onw>d4 ,:at causes ! illusion is t we measure ! life ( nations by ! %ort span ( our own individual lives2 & because a few ye>s are a long p]iod = u1 we imag9e !m also a long p]iod = !m4 ,b ev5 adopt+ ?is inadequate measure1 ! progress ( society on all sides is visible4 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem9d y ( ! m>vels :i* h already be5 accompli%$ 9 :at conc]ns mat]ial advantages1 ! improv$ salubrity ( t[ns1 & 9 ! means ( locomotion & communication1 etc4 ,9 a political po9t ( view1 has ! ,fr5* nation ga9$ no exp]i5ce8 ,:o d>es affirm t _h all ! difficulties ?r\gh :i* we h j pass$ pres5t$ !mselves half a c5tury ago1 or soon]1 ,france w\ld h ov]come !m ) z mu* ability1 prud5ce1 & wisdom1 & ) s few sacrifices8 ,i write ^! l9es 9 a c\ntry :i* has be5 f]tile 9 revolutions4 ,flor5ce us$ to h a ris+ e five ye>s1 & at ea* ris+ "o-half ( h] citiz5s robb$ & murd]$ ! o!r half4 ,_h we only a little m imag9ation--n t :i* creates1 inv5ts1 & assumes facts1 b t :i* recalls !m & br+s !m to m9d--we %\ld be m j to our times & to our contempor>ies6 ,:at rema9s true1 & x is a tru? :i* no "o c "k bett] ?an an ,economi/1 is ?is1 t human progress1 especially 9 its dawn1 is excessively sl[1 s v sl[ z to give rise to despair 9 ! he>t ( ! philan?ropi/4 4 4 4 4 p#eaa ,m5 ^: g5ius inve/s !m ) ! p[] ( ! press ought1 x seems to me1 to reg>d ?+s m ne>ly1 be=e scatt]+ amid/ ! social f]m5tation disc\rag+ speculations :i* imply = humanity ! alt]native ( two modes ( degradation4 ,we h already se5 "s examples ( ?is1 :5 treat+ ( population1 ( r5t1 ( ma*9]y1 ( ! division ( inh]itance1 etc4 ,"h is ano!r1 tak5 f ,m4 de ,*teaubri&1 :o m]ely =mulates a fa%ionable conv5tionalism3 8,! corruption ( morals & ! civilisation ( nations m>* abrea/4 ,if ! la/ pres5t means ( lib]ty1 ! fir/ is an inexhau/ible s\rce ( slav]y40 ,x is beyond d\bt t civilisation pres5ts means ( lib]ty1 & x is equally beyond d\bt t corruption is a s\rce ( slav]y4 ,t :i* is d\btful1 m ?an d\btful1--& :at = my own "p ,i d5y solemnly & =mally1--is ?is1 t civilisation & corruption m>* abrea/4 ,if x 7 s1 a fatal equilibrium w\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! means ( lib]ty & ! s\rces ( slav]y2 & immobility w\ld be ! fate ( ! human race4 ,!re _c1 moreov]1 ent] into ! human he>t a ?\ght m melan*oly1 m disc\rag+1 m desolat+1 a ?\ght m fitt$ to urge u to despair1 to irreligion1 to impiety1 to blasphemy1 ?an ?is1 t e human be+1 :e!r he wills x or n1 :e!r he d\bts x or n1 proce$s on ! road ( civilisation--& civilisation is corruption6 ,!n1 if all civilisation be corruption1 :]e9 consi/ its advantages8 ,x is impossible to pret5d t civilisation is unatt5d$ ) moral1 intellectual1 & mat]ial advantages1 = !n x w\ld cease to be civilisation4 ,z ,*teaubri& employs ! t]m1 civilisation signifies mat]ial progress1 an increase ( population1 ( weal?1 ( prosp]ity1 ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces2 & all ^! /eps ( progress imply1 accord+ to him1 a correspond+ retrogression ( ! moral s5se4 ,?is 7 en\gh to tempt m5 to a :olesale suicide2 = ,i repeat t mat]ial & intellectual progress is n ( our prep>ation & ord9ation4 ,god himself has decre$ x1 9 giv+ u expansible desires & improvable faculties4 ,we are urg$ on to x )\t wi%+ x1 )\t kn[+ x1--,*teaubri&1 & 8 equals1 if he has any1 m ?an any "o else4 ,& ?is progress is to s9k u deep] & deep] into immorality & slav]y1 by means ( corruption6 4 4 4 4 4 4 p#eab ,i ?\ght at fir/ t ,*teaubri& _h let slip an ungu>d$ phrase1 z poets frequ5tly d1 )\t exam9+ x too n>r[ly4 ,) t class ( writ]s1 s\nd sometimes runs away ) s5se4 ,provid$ ! anti!sis is symmetrical1 :at matt]s x t ! ?\ght be false or objectionable8 ,provid$ ! metaphor produces its int5d$ effect1 t x has an air ( inspiration & dep?1 t x secures ! applause ( ! public1 & enables ! au?or to pass = an oracle1 ( :at importance are exactitude & tru?8 ,i _h ?\ght1 !n1 t ,*teaubri&1 giv+ way to a mom5t>y excess ( misan?ropy1 _h all[$ himself to =mulate a conv5tionalism1 a vulg>ism dragg$ f ! k5nel4 8,civilisation & corruption m>* abrea/10 is a phrase t has be5 repeat$ s9ce ! days ( ,h]aclitus1 b x is n m true on t acc\nt4 ,at a di/ance ( sev]al ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! same great writ] has reproduc$ ! same ?\ght1 & 9 a m didactic =m2 :i* %[s t x express$ 8 delib]ate op9ion4 ,x is prop] to combat x1 n because x comes f ,*teaubri&1 b because x has got abroad1 & s g5]ally prevails4 8,! mat]ial condition is ameliorat$10 he says1 8intellectual progress advances1 & nations1 9 place ( pr(it+1 decay4 ,"h is ! explanation ( ! decay ( society & ! gr[? ( ! individual4 ,_h ! moral s5se be5 develop$ 9 proportion to ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 !re w\ld h be5 a c\nt] weight1 & ! human race w\ld h gr[n great] )\t dang]4 ,b x is j ! contr>y :i* happ5s4 ,! p]ception ( good & evil is obscur$ 9 proportion z intellig5ce is enlight5$2 consci5ce becomes n>r[$ 9 proportion z ideas are enl>g$40--,mmoires d',outre-,tombe1 vol4 xi4 p#eac ,,xxv4 ,,relations ,,( ,,political ,,economy ,,) ,,morals1 ,,) ,,politics1 ,,) ,,legislation4#aaf ,,) ,,religion4 ,a ph5om5on is always f\nd plac$ betwe5 two o!r ph5om5a1 "o ( :i* is its effici5t1 & ! o!r its f9al cause2 p#ead & sci5ce has n done ) t ph5om5on z long z ei!r ( ^! relations rema9s undevelop$4 ,! human m9d g5]ally beg9s1 ,i ?9k1 ) ! discov]y ( f9al causes1 because !y are m imm$iately int]e/+ to u4 ,no species ( k1 besides1 leads u ) m =ce t[>ds religi\s ideas1 or is m fitt$ to make u feel 9 all ! fibres ( our he>t a lively s5se ( gratitude = ! inexhau/ible goodness ( ,god4 ,habit1 x is true1 has s famili>iz$ u ) a great numb] ( ^! provid5tial int5tions1 t we enjoy !m )\t ?\ght4 ,we see1 & we he>1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! +5i\s me*anism ( ! eye & ( ! e>4 ,! sun1 ! dew1 ! ra91 lavi% ^u u _! useful effects1 or _! g5tle s5sations1 )\t awak5+ our surprise or our gratitude4 ,?is is solely ow+ to ! cont9u$ action ^u u ( ^! admirable ph5om5a4 ,= let a f9al cause1 al?\gh comp>atively insignificant1 come to be disclos$ to u = ! fir/ "t1 let ! botani/ expla9 to u :y ?is plant affects su* or su* a =m1 or :y t o!r is clo!d 9 su* or su* a col\r1 we imm$iately feel 9 our he>t ! unspeakable en*antm5t ) :i* new pro(s ( ! p[]1 ! goodness1 & ! wisdom ( ,god nev] fail to p5etrate u4 ,! region ( f9al int5tions1 !n1 is = man's imag9ation z an atmosph]e impregnat$ ) religi\s ideas4 ,b aft] we h p]ceiv$1 or _h a glimpse ( ! ph5om5on 9 ?is aspect1 we h /ill to /udy x 9 ano!r relation1 t is to say1 to seek = its effici5t cause4 p#eae ,x is /range1 b x sometimes happ5s1 t aft] hav+ obta9$ ! full k ( t cause1 we f9d t x c>ries ) x s necess>ily ! effect :i* we _h admir$ at fir/1 t we refuse to recognise 9 x long] ! "* ( a f9al cause2 & we say3 8,i 0 v simple to believe t ,god _h provid$ su* an arrangem5t ) su* a design2 ,i see n[ t ! cause :i* ,i h discov]$ be+ giv5 7& x is inevitable71 ?is arrangem5t mu/ foll[ necess>ily1 ap>t f any pret5d$ provid5tial int5tion40 ,x is ?us t defective & sup]ficial sci5ce1 ) its scalpel & its analyses1 comes sometimes to de/roy 9 our s\ls ! religi\s s5tim5t to :i* ! simple aspect ( nature _h giv5 rise4 ,?is is ! case frequ5tly ) ! anatomi/ & ! a/ronom]4 ,:at a /range ?+ x is1 exclaims ! ignorant man1 t :5 an extrane\s sub/ance p5etrates into a tissue1 :]e its pres5ce does great injury1 an inflammation & a suppuration take place1 :i* t5d to expel x6 ,no1 says ! anatomi/1 !re is no?+ int5tional 9 t expulsion4 ,x is a necess>y effect ( ! suppuration2 & ! suppuration itself is a necess>y effect ( ! pres5ce ( an extrane\s sub/ance 9 our tissues4 ,if y wi% x1 ,i %all expla9 to y ! me*anism1 & y w ackn[l$ge y\rself t ! effect foll[s ! cause1 b t ! cause has n be5 arrang$ int5tionally to produce t effect1 s9ce x is itself ! necess>y effect ( an ant]ior cause4 ,h[ ,i admire1 says ! ignorant man1 ! =esight ( ,god1 :o has will$ t ! ra9 %\ld n desc5d on ! soil 9 a %eet1 b %\ld fall 9 drops1 z if x came f ! g>d5]'s wat]+-pot6 ,7 x n s1 vegetation w\ld be impossible4 ,y ?r[ away y\r admiration1 answ]s ! le>n$ naturali/2 ! cl\d is n a %eet ( wat]2 if x 71 x c\ld n be support$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,x is a collection ( microscopic vesicles1 or m9ute bladd]s l soap-bubbles4 ,:5 _! d5sity increases1 or :5 !y bur/ by compression1 ^! ?\s&s ( millions ( inf9itesimal drops fall1 gr[+ l>g] 9 _! desc5t by ! vap\r ( ! wat] :i* !y precipitate1 etc4 ,if vegetation is b5efit$ 9 consequ5ce1 x is by accid5t2 b we mu/ n ?9k t ! ,creator amuses himself 9 s5d+ u d[n wat] ?r\gh ! sieve ( a mon/] wat]+-pot4 ,ignorance1 we mu/ confess1 v (t5 imp>ts a c]ta9 plausibility to sci5ce1 :5 ! connexion ( causes & effects is reg>d$ 9 ?is way1 by attribut+ a ph5om5on to a f9al int5tion :i* does n exi/1 & :i* is dissipat$ be=e ! light ( sup]ior k4 p#eaf ,?us1 9 =m] days1 be=e m5 _h any k ( electricity1 !y 7 fright5$ by ! noise ( ?und]1 be+ able to recognise 9 t a/\nd+ voice1 bell[+ amid ! /orm1 no?+ less ?an a manife/ation ( ,div9e wra?4 ,?is is an association ( ideas :i*1 l _m o!rs1 has disappe>$ be=e ! progress ( physical sci5ce4 ,man is s con/itut$1 t :5 a ph5om5on affects him1 he se>*es = ! cause ( x2 & if he f9ds out t cause1 he gives x a "n4 ,!n he sets himself to f9d out ! cause ( t cause1 & s he goes on until he c m\nt no high]1 :5 he /ops1 & exclaims1 8,x is ,god2 x is ! w ( ,god40 ,?is is 8 ultima ratio4 ,he is arre/$1 h[ev]1 only = ! mom5t4 ,sci5ce advances1 & soon ?is second1 ?ird1 or f\r? cause1 :i* _h rema9$ unp]ceiv$1 is reveal$ to 8 eyes4 ,!n sci5ce says1 ,?is effect is n due1 z we believ$1 to ! imm$iate w ( ,god1 b to t natural cause :i* ,i h j discov]$4 ,& man1 aft] hav+ tak5 possession ( ?is discov]y1 aft] hav+ ga9$ ?is /ep 9 ! region ( sci5ce1 f9ds himself1 s to speak1 "o /ep f>!r remov$ f ! region ( ,fai?1 & aga9 asks1 ,:at is ! cause ( t cause8 ,& n f9d+ x1 he p]si/s 9 ! ev]-recurr+ explanation1 8,x is ! w ( ,god40 ,& s he proce$s onw>ds = indef9ite ages1 ?r\gh a c\ntless succession ( sci5tific revelations & ex]cises ( fai?4 ,?is proc$ure on ! "p ( mank9d mu/ appe> to sup]ficial m9ds to be de/ructive ( e religi\s idea2 = is ! result ( x n ?is1 t z sci5ce advances1 ,god rec$es8 ,d we n see cle>ly t ! doma9 ( f9al int5tions is n>r[$ 9 proportion z ! doma9 ( natural causes is enl>g$8 ,unhappy are !y :o give to ?is f9e problem s n>r[ a solution4 ,no1 x is n true t z sci5ce advances1 ! idea ( ,god rec$es4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at is true is t1 z our intellig5ce increases1 ?is idea is enl>g$1 & broad5$1 & elevat$4 ,:5 we discov] a natural cause = :at we _h imag9$ an imm$iate1 spontane\s1 sup]natural act ( ! ,div9e w1 are we to conclude t t w is abs5t or indiff]5t8 ,no1 inde$2 all t x proves is1 t t w acts by processes diff]5t f ^? :i* x _h pleas$ u to imag9e4 ,all t x proves is1 t ! ph5om5on :i* we reg>d$ z an accid5t 9 creation occupies its place 9 ! univ]sal frame2 & t ev]y?+1 ev5 ! mo/ special effects1 h be5 =ese5 f all et]nity by ! div9e presci5ce4 ,:at6 is ! idea :i* we =m ( ! p[] ( ,god less5$ :5 we come to see t ea* ( ! c\ntless results :i* we discov]1 or :i* escape our p#eag inve/igations1 n only has its natural cause1 b is b\nd up 9 an inf9ite circle ( causes2 s t !re is n a detail ( movem5t1 ( =ce1 ( =m1 ( life1 :i* is n ! product ( ! great :ole1 or :i* c be expla9$ ap>t f t :ole4 ,b :y ?is diss]tation1 :i* is =eign1 z x w\ld seem1 to ! ma9 object ( our inquiries8 ,! ph5om5a ( ! social economy h likewise _! effici5t cause1 & _! provid5tial int5tion4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t1 z 9 natural sci5ce1 z 9 anatomy1 or 9 a/ronomy1 m5 h frequ5tly d5i$ ! f9al cause precisely because ! effici5t cause assumes ! "* ( an absolute necessity4 ,! social _w ab\nds 9 h>monies1 ( :i* we c =m no adequate or complete conception until ! m9d has rem\nt$ to causes1 9 ord] to seek _! explanation1 & desc5d$ to effects1 to discov] ! de/9ation ( ! ph5om5a4 4 4 4 4 ,,notes4 ,,translator',s ,,preface #a ,notice1 etc41 p4 #cj1 note ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,?is ref]s to ,,note #aa ,bel[4 ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,writ+s ,,( ,,fr,d,,ric ,,ba/iat4 #b ,notice sur la vie1 etc4--uvres ,compltes1 t4 i4 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #c ,correspondance--uvres ,compltes1 t4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 t4 xvii4 p4 #aci4 #d uvres ,compltes1 tome i4 p4 #bdd4 #e ,tome xvii4 p4 #adh4 #f ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 t4 xvii4 p4 #adf4 #g ,correspondance--uvres ,compltes1 t4 i4 p4 #ii4 #h ,notice sur la vie1 etc4--uvres ,compltes1 t4 i4 p4 #ah4 #i ,?is admirable "w1 ! be/ & mo/ complete treatise on money :i* exi/s 9 any language1 well des]ves a place 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 #aj 8,god made ! c\ntry2 & x is p]haps 9 survey+ pla9s1 & meads1 & m\nta9s1 remote f man1 t ! m9d is mo/ elevat$ to pure & high contemplations4 ,b cities1 temples1 & ! memorials ( pa/ ages1 bridges1 aqu$ucts1 /atues1 pictures1 & all ! elegancies & com=ts ( ! t[n1 are equally ! "w ( ,god1 ?r\gh ! prop5sities ( ,8 creatures1 &1 we mu/ presume1 = ! fulfilm5t ( ,8 design40--,sir ,*>les ,bell on ! ,h&1 *4 #c4 #aa ,! foll[+ li/ ( *apt]s1 int5d$ to complete ! ,h>monies conomiques1 f\nd among ! au?or's pap]s1 is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,( ^? m>k$ 99 no notes or traces 7 f\nd4 ,normal ,ph5om5a4 #a4 ,produc]--,consum]4 #b4 ,! ,two ,aphorisms4 #c4 ,!ory ( ,r5t4 #d4 99,money4 #e4 99,cr$it4 #f4 ,wages4 #g4 ,sav+4 #h4 ,population4 #i4 ,private & ,public ,s]vices4 #aj4 99,taxation4 ,coroll>ies4 #aa4 ,ma*9]y4 #ab4 ,free ,trade4 #ac4 ,int]m$i>ies4 #ad4 ,raw ,mat]ials--,manufactur$ ,products4 #ae4 ,luxury4 ,di/urb+ ,ph5om5a4 #af4 ,spoliation4 #ag4 ,w>4 #ah4 99,slav]y4 #ai4 99,!ocracy4 #bj4 99,monopoly4 #ba4 ,gov]nm5tal ,und]tak+s4 #bb4 ,false ,frat]nity or ,communism4 ,g5]al ,views4 #bc4 ,responsibility--,solid>ity4 #bd4 ,p]sonal ,int]e/ or ,social ,motive ,=ce4 #be4 ,p]fectibility4 #bf4 99,public ,op9ion4 #bg4 99,relations ( ,political ,economy4 ) ,morals1 99) ,politics1 99) ,legislation1 ) ,religion4 ,,to ,,! ,,y\? ,,( ,,france #ab ,! ,fir/ ,edition ( ! ,h>monies conomiques appe>$ 9 #ahej4--,translator4 #ac ,! au?or employs ! t]m proltaire1 = :i* we h no equival5t ^w1 to di/+ui% ! man :o lives by wages f ! man :o lives ^u realiz$ prop]ty--8les hommes qui n'ont que leurs bras1 les sal>is40--,see po/1 ,*ap4 ,x4--,translator4 #ad ,i %all expla9 ?is law by figures3 ,suppose ?ree p]iods dur+ :i* capital increases1 lab\r rema9+ ! same4 ,let ! total production at ^! ?ree p]iods be z #hj--ajj--abj4 ,x w be ?us divid$3 ,capitali/'s ,lab\r]'s ,total4 %>e4 %>e4 ,fir/ ,p]iod1 #de #ce #hj ,second ,p]iod1 #ej #ej #ajj ,?ird ,p]iod1 #ee #fe #abj ,( c\rse ^! proportions are m]ely giv5 = ! sake ( illu/ration4 ,i4 ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,organization #ae ,?is ,*apt] 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal des conomi/es1 ,janu>y #ahdh4--;,editor4 #af ,allusion to a sociali/ "w ( ! day--,la ,re=me indu/rielle1 ou la ,phalan/re1 p> ,*4 ,f\ri]4--,translator4 #ag ,mtayage is a mode ( lett+ f>ms 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 :]e ! l&lord furni%es a proportion ( ! means ( cultivation1 & %>es ! produce ) ! cultivator1 or mtay]4--,translator4 #ah 8,x is av]r$ t ! rgime ( free competition dem&$ by an ignorant ,political ,economy1 & int5d$ to d away ) monopolies1 t5ds only to ! g5]al organization ( mon/] monopolies 9 all dep>tm5ts40--,pr9cipes du ,socialisme1 p> ,m4 ,considrant1 p4 #ae4 ,,ii4 ,,wants1 ,,ef=ts1 ,,satisfactions #ai ,?is & ! foll[+ *apt] 7 ins]t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal des conomi/es1 ,septemb] & ,decemb] #ahdh4--;,editor4 #bj ,ic>ie1 ,phalan/re1 etc41--allusion to ,sociali/ works ( ! day4--,translator4 #ba 8,our indu/rial rgime1 f\nd$ on competition )\t gu>antee & )\t organization1 is !n only a social hell1 a va/ realization ( all ! torm5ts & all ! puni%m5ts ( ! anci5t ,tn>us4 ,!re is "o diff]5ce1 h[ev]--namely1 ! victims40--7,vide ,considrant47 ,,iii4 ,,wants ,,( ,,man #bb ,a ma!matical law ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 b v little und]/ood 9 ,political ,economy4 #bc ,"o ( ! indirect objects ( ?is "w is to combat mod]n s5tim5tal s*ools1 :o1 9 spite ( facts1 refuse to admit t suff]+ to any ext5t ent]s into ! designs ( ,provid5ce4 ,z ^! s*ools are said to proce$ f ,r\sseau1 ,i mu/ "h cite to !m a passage f _! ma/]3 8,! evil :i* we see is n absolute evil2 & f> f be+ directly antagoni/ic to ! good1 x concurs ) x 9 ! univ]sal h>mony40 #bd ,! t]m consumption employ$ by ,engli% ,economi/s1 ! ,fr5* ,economi/s translate by consommation4--,translator4 ,,iv4 ,,ex*ange #be ,v4 ,j4 ,b4 ,say4 #bf ,moreov]1 ?is slave1 by reason ( 8 sup]iority1 ends 9 ! long-run by depreciat+ & emancipat+ all o!rs4 ,?is is a h>mony :i* ,i leave to ! sagacity ( ! read] to foll[ to its consequ5ces4 #bg ,see ,sophismes conomiques 7,engli% edition71 #b;d s]ies1 p4 #abg1 et seq4 #bh ,:at foll[s is f a note f\nd among ! au?or's pap]s4 ,_h he liv$1 he w\ld h incorporat$ ! sub/ance ( x 9 ! body ( 8 diss]tation on ,ex*ange4 ,all t we feel au?oriz$ to d is to place x at ! end ( ! pres5t *apt]4--,editor4 #bi ,see1 = ! refutation ( ?is error1 *apt] xi41 po/4--,also *apt]s ii4 & iii4 ( ,sophismes conomiques1 ,engli% ,edition4 ,v4 ,,( ,,value #cj ,i h v5tur$ to /ate else:]e "s ( ! reasons :i* induce me to d\bt ! entire s\ndness ( ,ba/iat's conclusions on ! subject ( ,r5t & ! ,value ( ,l&4--,see note to *apt] ix4 po/4--,translator4 #ca ,fr5* ,economi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,quesnay4--,translator4 #cb ,adds6 ,! subject _h !n intr9sic value1 ant]ior to ! be/[al ( lab\r ^u x4 ,t c\ld only come f nature4 ,! action ( nature is n !n gratuit\s1 accord+ to ?is %[+2 b 9 t case1 :o c h ! audacity to exact paym5t = ?is portion ( sup]human value8 #cc ,! ,fr5* ,economi/s translate our ^w consumption by consommation4--,translator4 #cd ,x is because1 9 a /ate ( fre$om1 ef=ts compete ) ea* o!r t !y obta9 ?is remun]ation ne>ly 9 proportion to _! int5sity4 ,b1 ,i repeat1 ?is proportionality is n inh]5t 9 ! notion ( value4 ,x is a pro( t :]e ?is competition does n exi/ ! proportionality ceases4 ,9 t case we discov] no relation betwe5 div]s k9ds ( lab\r & _! remun]ation4 ,! abs5ce ( competition may result f ! nature ( ?+s or f human p]v]sity4 ,if x arises f ! nature ( ?+s1 we %all see a v small am\nt ( lab\r give rise to great value1 & no "o h reason to compla94 ,su* is ! case ( ! man :o f9ds a diamond4 ,su* is ! case ( ,rub9i1 ( ,malibran1 ( ,taglioni1 ( a fa%ionable tailor1 ( ! proprietor ( ! ,clos-,v\geot1 etc41 etc4 ,circum/ances h put !m 9 possession ( r>e means ( r5d]+ s]vice2 !y h no rivals1 & exact a high price4 ,! s]vice be+1 f its v nature1 ( excessive r>ity1 %[s t x is n ess5tial to ! well-be+ & progress ( mank9d4 ,x is an object ( luxury1 ( vanity1 :i* weal?y p are enabl$ to procure4 ,is x n natural t a man1 be=e indulg+ 9 su* satisfactions1 %\ld wait until he f9ds himself 9 a situation to provide = wants :i* are m imp]i\s & m reasonable8 ,if competition is abs5t 9 consequ5ce ( "s human int]v5tion1 ! same effects are produc$1 b ) ?is enorm\s diff]5ce1 t !y h be5 produc$ :]e !y ought n4 ,9 t case we see a comp>atively small am\nt ( lab\r give rise to great value2 b h[8 ,by =cibly int]dict+ t competition ! effect ( :i* is to proportion remun]ation to s]vices4 ,!n1 j z ,rub9i might say to a dilettante4 8,y mu/ pay me h&somely1 or ,i don't s+ ?is ev5+10--presum+ on be+ able to r5d] a s]vice :i* no "o else c r5d]1--9 ! same way a but*]1 a bak]1 a l&lord1 a bank]1 may say1 8,i mu/ h an extravagant price1 or y %all h none ( my corn1 my bread1 my meat1 my gold2 & ,i h adopt$ precautions1 ,i %all employ =ce1 to prev5t y be+ able to provide y\rself else:]e1 & to make sure t no "o %all r5d] y s]vices analog\s to m9e40 ,p :o assimilate artificial to :at !y call natural monopolies1 because !y h ?is 9 common1 t !y enhance ! value ( lab\r1 su* p1 ,i say1 are bo? bl9d & sup]ficial4 ,artificial monopoly is no?+ else ?an spoliation4 ,x produces evils :i*1 ap>t f x1 did n exi/4 ,x inflicts privations on a consid]able portion ( society1 frequ5tly z reg>ds commodities ( prim>y necessity4 ,moreov]1 x gives rise to irritation1 hatr$s1 reprisals1--all ! fruits ( inju/ice4 ,natural advantages d no h>m to mank9d4 ,at mo/ we c say t !y m]ely exhibit pre-exi/5t evils1 imputable to no "o4 ,x may be regrett$1 p]haps1 t tokay is n z *eap & z abundant z v9 ord9aire4 ,b t is n a social evil2 x is "o impos$ on u by nature4 ,betwe5 natural & artificial monopolies1 !n1 !re is ?is ess5tial diff]5ce3 ,! "o is ! effect ( sc>city1 pre-exi/5t & inevitable4 ,! o!r is ! effect ( a sc>city :i* is factiti\s & unnatural4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x is n ! abs5ce ( competition :i* creates ! sc>city2 x is ! sc>city :i* expla9s ! abs5ce ( competition4 ,society w\ld be pu]ile 7 x to compla9 & torm5t itself because !re is 9 ! _w only "o ,j5ny ,l9d1 "o ,clos-,v\geot1 "o ,reg5t4 ,9 ! second case x is v diff]5t4 ,x is n on acc\nt ( a provid5tial sc>city t competition becomes impossible1 b because =ce has repress$ & put d[n competition t !re is creat$ among m5 a sc>city :i* ought n to h exi/$4--7,note extract$ f ,,mss4 left by ! ,au?or47 #ce ,vide po/1 *ap4 xv4 ,accumulation is a circum/ance ( no acc\nt 9 ,political ,economy4 ,let ! satisfaction be imm$iate or delay$1 let x be adj\rn$ or foll[ in/antly on ! ef=t1--9 :at respect does ?is *ange ! nature ( ?+s8 ,i *oose to make a sacrifice to enjoy ! pleasure ( he>+ a f9e voice4 ,i g to ! !atre1 & pay = my ent]ta9m5t--! satisfaction is imm$iate4 ,i devote my money to ! pur*ase ( a basket ( /rawb]ries1 & ,i c delay my satisfaction till to-morr[--t is all4 ,x may be said t ! /rawb]ries con/itute weal?1 because ,i c ex*ange !m4 ,true4 ,:il/ ! ef=t has be5 made & ! satisfaction is delay$1 weal? subsi/s4 ,x is satisfaction :i* de/roys weal?4 ,:5 ! /rawb]ries be5 eat5 ! satisfaction w be on a level ) t :i* ,i d]iv$ f he>+ ,alboni4 ,s]vice receiv$--s]vice r5d]$--?is is political economy4--7,note f ,,mss4 left by ! ,au?or47 #cf ,:at foll[s 0 int5d$ by ! au?or to =m "p ( ?is *apt]4 #cg ,^! are ! words by :i* ,roman lawy]s designat$ :at !y t]m$ innom9ate contracts1 z di/+ui%$ f contracts ) kn[n names1 z pur*ase & sale1 lett+1 hir+1 borr[+1 l5d+1 etc4--,translator4 #ch ,trait d'conomie ,politique1 p4 #a4 ,,vi4 ,,weal? #ci ,n\vel essai sur la ,ri*esse des ,nations1 p4 #dch4 #dj ,ib41 p4 #bfc4 #da ,ib41 p4 #def4 #db ,ib41 p4 #def4 #dc ,n\vel essai sur la ,ri*esse des ,nations1 p4 #afa4 #dd ,ib41 p4 #afh4 #de ,ib41 p4 #afh #df ,ib41 p4 #fc4 #dg ,! ,e>l ( ,laud]dale1 f adopt+ ! false pr9ciple :i* ! au?or "h exposes1 fell into ! same error1 ma9ta9+ t 8an increase ( ri*es1 :5 aris+ f alt]ations 9 ! quantity ( commodities1 is always a pro( ( ! imm$iate dim9ution ( weal?10 & t a dim9ution ( ri*es is evid5ce ( an imm$iate increase ( weal?2 & t 89 proportion z ! ri*es ( individuals are increas$ by an augm5tation ( ! value ( any commodity1 ! weal? ( ! nation is g5]ally dim9i%$2 & 9 proportion z ! mass ( individual ri*es is dim9i%$ by ! dim9ution ( ! value ( ! commodity1 ! national opul5ce is g5]ally increas$40 ,?is melan*oly p>adox ,"l ,laud]dale ma9ta9$ /\tly 9 a set treatise4 ,see ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,public ,weal? by ! ,e>l ( ,laud]dale4 ,edition #ahjd1 p4 #ej4 ,mr ,ric>do has giv5 an exposition ( ! 8,di/9ctive ,prop]ties ( ,value & ,ri*es0 9 8 "w on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy4 ,?ird ,edition1 p4 #cbj4--,translator4 #dh 8,d y take ! side ( ,competition1 y are wrong--d y argue aga9/ ,competition1 y are /ill wrong2 :i* means t y are always "r40--,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon1 ,contradictions conomiques1 p4 #ahb4 #di ,always ?is p]petual & lam5table confusion betwe5 ,value & ,utility8 ,i c %[ y _m utilities :i* are n appropriat$1 b ,i defy y to %[ me 9 ! :ole _w a s+le value :i* has n a proprietor4 #ej ,:at foll[s is ! comm5cem5t ( a supplem5t>y note f\nd among ! pap]s ( ! au?or4--,translator4 ,,vii4 ,,capital #ea ,see my bro*ure entitl$ ,capital et ,r5te4 #eb ,allusion to ,sociali/ works--,la ,r=me indu/rielle1 ou le ,phalan/re1 ,recueil p]iodique1 rdig p> ,*4 ,f\ri]1 #ahcb4--,visite au ,phalan/re1 p> ,m4 ,brianc\rt1 #ahdh4--,voyage en ,ic>ie1 p> ,cabet1 #ahdh1 etc4--,translator4 #ec ,ante1 p4 #hb1 et4 seq4 ,,viii4 ,,prop]ty--,,community #ed ,public w>eh\ses :]e goods 7 deposit$1 & negotiable receipts issu$ 9 ex*ange = !m4--,translator4 ,,ix4 ,,l&$ ,,prop]ty #ee ,weal? ( ,nations 7,bu*anan's #b;d edit471 vol4 ii4 p4 #ec4 #ef ,ib41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ed4 #eg ,ib41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ee1 note4 #eh ,ric>do's ,political ,works 7,m',cullo*'s edit471 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 #ei ,! words 9 italics & capitals are ?us pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al text4 #fj ,alt]n] un *amp1 is to re> alt]nate crops ( corn & hay 9 a field4--,translator4 #fa ,on ! subject ( ,r5t1 & ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! ,value ( ,l&1 ,ba/iat w\ld seem to h adopt$1 ?\gh p]haps unconsci\sly1 ! !ory ( ,mr ,c>ey1 9 8 able & orig9al "w on ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 7,philadelphia1 #ahcg-ch74 ,practically1 no d\bt1 ,mr ,c>ey's view ( ! subject to a great ext5t holds true4 ,if we take into acc\nt all ! lab\r & capital laid out 9 p]man5t ameliorations ^u a field or a f>m1 f its fir/ cle>ance to ! pres5t mom5t1 x may be true t !re is sc>cely any l& n[ "u cultivation :i* is wor? :at x co/2 & t ! ,r5t yield$ by su* l&1 consequ5tly1 resolves itself into ! remun]ation ( ant]ior lab\r4 ,b ! sweep+ ass]tion ( ,ba/iat1 t 8l& :i* has n be5 subject$1 directly or indirectly1 to human action is ev]y:]e de/itute ( value10 is c]ta9ly n correct z a 8matt] ( fact20 = f ! spot :]e ,i am n[ writ+1 ,i c see ?\s&s ( acres :i* h nev] s9ce ! creation _h a spade1 or a pl\gh1 or a human h& appli$ to !m1 :i* nev]!less d yield a ,r5t--a small r5t1 a %ill+1 a p5ny an acre1 x may be--b a return :i* c by no process ( analysis be resolv$ into ! remun]ation ( ant]ior lab\r or capital4 ,) reg>d to su* l&1 ! "q ( r5t or no r5t w\ld seem to dep5d on ! curr5t & usual rate ( pr(its4 ,l& 9 its natural /ate1 & )\t cultivation1 is capable ( produc+ grass = ! food ( cattle1 & o!r products capable ( r5d]+ s]vice to man4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! agriculture ( a c\ntry has rea*$ ! lea/ productive corn-l&1 :i* yields a return ( #abj = ea* #ajj ( capital employ$ 9 its cultivation1 & t mu* ( ! rema9+ l& is incapable ( cultivation1--a tract ( moorl&1 or r\gh pa/ure1 = in/ance1 l "s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,:e!r su* l& w or w n yield a r5t mu/ dep5d on :e!r ! return1 9 %eep1 cattle1 copsewood1 or o!r produce1 aft] replac+ ! capital employ$1 exce$s or falls %ort ( #bj p] c5t4 ,suppose t a p]son possess$ ( a capital equal to #ajj1 in/ead ( apply+ t capital to ! cultivation ( ! lea/ productive corn-l&1 ) a return equal to #abj1 employs 8 #ajj 9 pur*as+1 t5d+1 & br++ to m>ket #ajj %eep1--if ! annual produce & increase ( 8 flock1 ov] & above 8 necess>y outgo+s1 am\nts only to #aj p] c5t4 on 8 capital1 ( c\rse he w f9d ! re>+ ( %eep unpr(itable1 & give up ! trade4 ,he c 9 t case pay no r5t1 = 8 return is n equal to ev5 ! ord9>y pr(its4 ,b if ! increase ( 8 flock1 ov] & above 8 outgo+s1 am\nts to #cj p] c5t4 on ! capital employ$1 !n ! l& to :i* we ref] w yield a r5t equal to #aj p] c5t4 on t capital4 ,:e!r ?is %all be ! r5t ( #aj1 ( #ej1 or #ajj1 or #ajjj acres ( l&1 dep5ds entirely on h[ mu* l& is requir$ to fe$ #ajj %eep2 ! great] ! ext5t ( l&1 ! less w be ! r5t ( ea* acre2 x may be a p\nd1 or a %ill+1 or a p5ny an acre2 /ill e acre1 & e "p ( e acre1 w yield a r5t4 ,nor does ! "q ( r5t or no r5t dep5d on ! am\nt ( ! capital employ$2 = if a capital ( #ajj employ$ on #aj1jjj acres ( l& yields a cle> return ( #acj :5 pr(its are at #bj p] c5t41 ! surplus #aj cle>ly con/itutes r5t4 ,r5t dep5ds on ! ratio ( ! product to ! capital employ$1 & if t product1 or its value1 exce$ ! capital1 or its value1 by m ?an ! ord9>y rate ( pr(its1 a r5t1 great] or less 9 am\nt1 accord+ to ! value ( ! capital & ! ext5t ( surface ov] :i* t capital is spread1 w be yield$ by e in* ( l& capable ( giv+ n\ri%m5t to a blade ( grass4 ,on a se>*+ analysis ( r5t1 !n1 we always f9d a residuum :i* _c be resolv$ into ! remun]ation ( ant]ior lab\r or capital2 & z ! value ( l& 9 its natural & uncultivat$ /ate dep5ds on ! am\nt ( ?is residuum1 or r5t1 if t value is to be br\ght )9 ! limits ( ,ba/iat's !ory1 we mu/ apply to x ! same pr9ciple :i* he appli$ 7,*ap4 ,v41 pp4 #aci-ada ante7 to ! case ( a diamond f\nd by accid5t1 & resolve x1 n into s]vice r5d]$ by und]go+ lab\r1 or mak+ an ef=t1 = ano!r1 b into s]vice r5d]$ by sav+ ano!r f und]go+ ! lab\r or mak+ ! ef=t = himself4 ,ba/iat seems to h felt ?is z he approa*$ ! conclusion ( ! pres5t *apt]4 7,see po/1 p4 #bhb47 ,9 ?is "p ( 8 "w1 ,ba/iat1 9 8 desire to refute ! fallacies ( ! ,sociali/s & ,communi/s on ! subject ( prop]ty1 seems to h gone beyond ! prop] doma9 ( ,political ,economy2 = 9 /rictness x is n ! bus9ess ( t sci5ce to v9dicate ! in/itution ( prop]ty1 or to expla9 its orig94 ,x is en\gh = ! ,economi/ t prop]ty exi/s1 & all t he is conc]n$ to d is to expla9 ! laws :i* regulate ! production1 di/ribution1 & consumption ( weal?4--,translator4 #fb ,ric>do4 ,x4 ,,competition #fc ,ante1 p4 #dh et seq4 #fd ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,frat]nity4--,translator4 #fe ,see ,voltaire's trag$y1 ,le ,fanatisme4--,translator4 ,,xi4 ,,produc]--,,consum] #ff ,economic ,sophisms1 *ap4 #a4 #fg ,allusion to ,sociali/ works4 ,see p4 #bje1 ante4 #fh ,see ! au?or's disc\rse ,sur l',impt des ,boissons1 9 ! second edition ( ! pamphlet entitl$ ,incompatibilits ,p>lem5taires4--,editor4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,two ,,aphorisms #fi ,:5 ! van-gu>d ( ! ,ic>ian exp$ition left ,havre1 ,i que/ion$ "s ( ^! vision>ies ) a view to discov] _! real ?\ghts4 ,compet5ce easily obta9$1 su* 0 _! hope & _! motive4 ,"o ( !m said to me1 8,i am go+1 & my bro!r foll[s ) ! second exp$ition4 ,he has eight *ildr51 & y see :at a great ?+ x w be = him to h no long] to educate & ma9ta9 !m40 8,i see x at once10 ,i repli$1 8b t heavy *>ge mu/ fall on "s o!r body40 ,to rid oneself ( a burd5 & transf] x to ! %\ld]s ( ano!r1 su* 0 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! un=tunate p und]/ood ! apoph!gm ( ,frat]nity--all = ea*4 #gj ,see ! pamphlet ,spoliation et ,loi1 p4 #bb et seq4--,editor4 ,,xiii4 ,,r5t #ga ,two or ?ree %ort fragm5ts are all t ! au?or has left u on ?is important subject4 ,! reason is1 t he propos$1 z he has told u1 to set =? ! views ( ,mr ,c>ey ( ,philadelphia1 9 opposition to ! !ory ( ,ric>do4--,editor4 #gb ,celebrat$ v9ey>d ( ,burgundy4--,translator4 #gc ,( ^! int5d$ developm5ts none1 un=tunately1 exi/2 b we may be p]mitt$ to notice1 briefly1 ! two pr9cipal consequ5ces ( ! /ate ( matt]s suppos$ by ! au?or4 #a4 ,two fields1 ! "o cultivat$1 ,a1 ! o!r uncultivat$1 ,b1 be+ suppos$ ( id5tical quality1 ! am\nt ( lab\r =m]ly devot$ to ! cle>ance ( ,a is assum$ z ! necess>y measure ( ! am\nt ( lab\r requir$ = ! cle>ance ( ,b4 ,we may ev5 say t1 on acc\nt ( our n[ sup]ior k ( agriculture1 ( our implem5ts1 ( our improv$ means ( communication1 etc41 a less am\nt ( lab\r w\ld n[ be necess>y to br+ ,b into cultivation ?an 0 =m]ly requir$ 9 ! case ( ,a4 ,if l& _h value 9 itself1 ,a w\ld be wor? all t x co/ to br+ x into culture1 plus some?+ additional = its natural productive p[]s2 t is to say1 mu* m ?an ! sum n[ requir$ to br+ ,b into ! same /ate4 ,n[ x is j ! rev]se4 ,! field ,a is wor? less s9ce we buy x r ?an br+ ,b into cultivation4 ,9 pur*as+ ,a1 !n1 we pay no?+ = ! natural productive p[]s1 s9ce ! price does n ev5 comp5sate ! orig9al co/ ( br++ x into cultivation4 #b4 ,if ! field ,a produces #ajjj measures ( corn1 ! field ,b :5 cultivat$ mu/ be suppos$ to produce ! same quantity4 ,! reason :y ,a 0 =m]ly cultivat$ 01 t =m]ly #ajjj measures ( corn amply remun]at$ all ! lab\r requir$ bo? = its orig9al cle>ance & its annual cultivation4 ,! reason :y ,b is n cultivat$ is1 t n[ #ajjj measures ( corn w\ld n remun]ate ! same am\nt ( lab\r1 or ev5 a less am\nt1 z we h j be=e rem>k$4 ,& :at does ?is %[8 ,evid5tly t ! value ( human lab\r has ris5 9 relation to corn2 t a day's lab\r is wor? m wages e/imat$ 9 corn4 ,9 o!r words1 corn is obta9$ ) less ef=t1 & is ex*ang$ = a less am\nt ( lab\r2 & ! !ory ( ! progressive de>ness ( ! means ( subsi/5ce is errone\s4--,editor4 ,,money #gd ,see ! au?or's bro*ure1 ,maudit ,arg5t4--,editor4 ,,cr$it #ge ,see ! au?or's bro*ure1 ,gratuit du ,cr$it4--,editor4 ,,xiv4 ,,wages #gf ,see ante1 *apt]s i4 & ii4 #gg ,ante1 p4 #agb4 #gh ,see po/1 *apt] xx41 on ,responsibility4 #gi ,extract f ,la ,presse1 #bb;d ,june #ahej4 #hj ,caisse de ,retraite1--a fri5dly accumulation society :i* has = object to provide = ! lab\r] 9 8 old age4--,see an acc\nt ( ^! ,caisses de ,retraite 9 ,dictionnaire de l'conomie ,politique1 t4 i4 p4 #bee4--,translator4 #ha ,emeutes ( ,june #ahdh4 #hb ,! *apt]1 8,des ,ma*9es10 is "o ( ^? includ$ 9 ! au?or's li/ ( int5d$ additions1 :i* he did n live to write4 7,see ,notice ( ,life & ,writ+s1 etc41 p4 #cj1 ante47--,translator4 #hc ,= an explanation ( ^! t]ms1 borr[$ f ! ,civil ,law1 see ante1 p4 #agb4--,translator4 #hd ,see ante1 *apt] iv4 #he ,! manuscript br\ght f ,rome /ops "h4 ,:at is subjo9$ 0 f\nd among ! pap]s left by ! au?or 9 ,p>is4 ,x indicates h[ he int5d$ to t]m9ate & sum up ?is *apt]4--,editor4 ,,xv4 ,,sav+ #hf ,sir ,james ,/eu>t ( ,coltness1 ^: ,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 0 publi%$ 9 #agfg1 n9e ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( ,adam ,smi?'s great "w1 takes ! v same view ( ! pr9ciple ( population :i* ,mal?us1 ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 m =mally enunciat$4 8,! g5]ative faculty10 says ,sir ,james ,/eu>t1 8resembles a spr+ load$ ) a weight1 :i* always ex]ts itself 9 proportion to ! dim9ution ( resi/ance4 ,:5 food has rema9$ "s "t )\t augm5tation or dim9ution1 g5]ation w c>ry numb]s z high z possible2 if1 !n1 food come to be dim9i%$1 ! spr+ is ov]p[]$1 ! =ce ( x becomes less ?an no?+1 inhabitants w dim9i%1 at lea/ 9 proportion to ! ov]*>ge4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 food be increas$1 ! spr+ w beg9 to ex]t itself 9 proportion z ! resi/ance dim9i%es1 p w beg9 to be bett] f$1 !y w multiply1 &1 9 proportion z !y increase 9 numb]s1 ! food w become sc>ce aga940--,translator4 #hg 8,?reescore & t5 s\ls40--,g54 xlvi4 #bg4 8,sev5ty s\ls40--,exodus i4 #e4 8,?reescore & t5 p]sons40--,deut4 x4 #bb4--,translator4 #hh #fja1gcj 8f tw5ty ye>s old & upw>ds40--,numb]s xxvi4 #b & #ea4--,translator4 #hi ,:at foll[s 0 writt5 9 #ahdf4--;,editor4 #ij ,x is fair to m5tion t ,j4 ,b4 ,say repres5ts ! means ( exi/5ce z a v>iable quantity4 #ia 8,!re are few /ates 9 :i* !re is n a con/ant ef=t 9 ! population to increase beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,?is con/ant ef=t z con/antly t5ds to subject ! l[] classes ( society to di/ress1 & to prev5t any great p]man5t melioration ( _! condition4 4 4 4 ,! con/ant ef=t t[>ds population 4 4 4 increases ! numb] ( p be=e ! means ( subsi/5ce are increas$10 etc4--,mal?us on ,population1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ag1 #ah1 #f? edition4 #ib ,see *ap4 xi4 ante4 #ic 8,al?\gh we might describe f]mage1 9 a g5]al way1 z ! lett+ or leas+ ( l&1 9 :atev] =m x is done1 we mu/ di/+ui% two =ms ( lett+1 equally common 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 & v diff]5t 9 _! effects4 ,9 ! "o =m1 ! l& is let = a fix$ r5t1 payable 9 money annually4 ,9 ! o!r1 x is let "u ! condition ( ! produce be+ divid$ betwe5 ! proprietor & ! cultivator4 ,x is to ! fir/ ( ^! two modes ( leas+ l& t we give m p>ticul>ly ! "n ( f]mage4 ,! o!r is g5]ally designat$ 9 ,france z mtayage40 7,dictionnaire de l'conomie ,politique1 tome i4 p4 #gei47--,translator4 ,,xvii4 ,,private ,,& ,,public ,,s]vices #id 8,! mom5t ?is value is h&$ ov] by ! taxpay]1 x is lo/ to him2 ! mom5t x is consum$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 x is lo/ to ev]ybody1 & does n return to society40--,j4 ,b4 ,say1 ,trait d'conomie ,politique1 liv4 iii4 *ap #i4 ,unque/ionably2 b society ga9s 9 return ! s]vice :i* is r5d]$ to x--security1 = example4 ,moreov]1 ,say returns to ! correct doctr9e almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 :5 he says1--8,to levy a tax is to d a wrong to society--a wrong :i* is comp5sat$ by no advantage1 :5 no s]vice is r5d]$ to society 9 ex*ange40--,ibid4 #ie 8,public contributions1 ev5 :5 !y are cons5t$ to by ! nation1 are a violation ( prop]ty1 see+ !y c be levi$ only on values :i* h be5 produc$ by ! l&1 capital1 & indu/ry ( individuals4 ,?us1 :5ev] !y exce$ ! am\nt indisp5sable = ! pres]vation ( society1 we mu/ reg>d !m z spoliation40--,j4 ,b4 ,say4 ,trait d'conomie ,politique1 liv4 iii4 *ap4 #i4 ,"h1 aga91 ! subsequ5t qualification corrects ! too absolute judgm5t previ\sly pron\nc$4 ,! doctr9e t s]vices are ex*ang$ = s]vices1 simplifies mu* bo? ! problem & its solution4 #if ,civil law t]ms4 ,see ante1 p4 #agb4 #ig ,! effects ( su* a trans=mation are /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 an in/ance giv5 by ,m4 d',hautp\l1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>3--8,ea* soldi]10 he says1 8receives #af c5times a day = 8 ma9t5ance4 ,! ,gov]nm5t takes ^! #af c5times1 & und]takes to support him4 ,! consequ5ce is t all h ! same rations1 & ( ! same k9d1 :e!r x suit !m or n4 ,"o has too mu* bread1 & ?r[s x away4 ,ano!r has n en\gh ( but*]'s meat1 & s on4 ,we h1 !re=e1 made an exp]im5t4 ,we leave to ! soldi]s ! free disposal ( ^! #af c5times1 & we are happy to f9d t ?is has be5 att5d$ ) a great improvem5t 9 _! condition4 ,ea* n[ consults 8 own ta/es & lik+s1 & /udies ! m>ket prices ( :at !y want to pur*ase4 ,g5]ally !y h1 ( _! own accord1 sub/itut$ a portion ( but*]'s meat = bread4 ,9 "s in/ances !y buy m bread1 9 o!rs m meat1 9 o!rs m vegetables1 9 o!rs m fi%4 ,_! heal? is improv$2 !y are bett] pleas$2 & ! ,/ate is reliev$ f a great responsibility40 ,! read] w und]/& t x is n z be>+ on milit>y affairs t ,i cite ?is exp]im5t4 ,i ref] to x z calculat$ to illu/rate a radical diff]5ce betwe5 public & private s]vice1 betwe5 (ficial regulations & lib]ty4 ,w\ld x be bett] = ! ,/ate to take f u our means ( support1 & und]take to fe$ u1 or to leave u bo? our means ( support & ! c>e ( fe$+ ourselves8 ,! same "q may be ask$ ) ref]5ce to all our wants4 #ih ,see ! au?or's pamphlet1 entitl$ ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme4--,editor4 #ii ,! au?or1 9 a previ\s "w1 _h s\ght ! solution ( ! same "q4 ,! subject ( 8 inquiry 0 ! legitimate prov9ce ( law4 ,all ! developm5ts 9 ! pamphlet1 entitl$ ,la ,loi1 are applicable to ! subject he is n[ discuss+4 ,we ref] ! read] to t bro*ure4--,editor4 #ajj ,"h ends ! ,,ms4 ,we ref] ! read] to ! au?or's pamphlet entitl$ ,spoliation et ,loi1 9 ! second "p ( :i* he has expos$ ! sophisms :i* 7 giv5 utt]ance to at ?is meet+ ( ! ,conseil gnral4 ,on ! subjects ( ! six *apt]s int5d$ to foll[ ?is1 "u ! titles ( ,taxation1 ,ma*9]y1 ,free ,trade1 ,int]m$i>ies1 ,raw ,mat]ials1 & ,luxury1 we ref] ! read]1 #a/1 to ! ,disc\rs sur l',impt des ,boissons1 ins]t$ 9 ! second edition ( ! pamphlet1 ,incompatibilits ,p>lem5taires2 #b;dly1 to ! pamphlet entitl$ ,ce qu'on voit et ,ce qu'on ne voit pas2 #c;dly1 to ! ,sophismes conomiques4 ,,xviii4 ,,di/urb+ ,,causes #aja ,! au?or 0 unable to cont9ue ?is exam9ation ( errors--:i* are = ^? :o are misl$ by !m a ne>ly imm$iate cause ( suff]+--nor to describe ano!r class ( errors1 :i* make _! appe>ance 9 ! %ape ( viol5ce & fraud1 & ! fir/ effects ( :i* be> heavily on o!rs4 ,8 notes conta9 no?+ on ! subject ( di/urb+ causes b ! prec$+ fragm5t & t :i* foll[s4 ,we w\ld also ref] ! read] to ! fir/ *apt] ( ! second s]ies ( ,sophisms1 entitl$ ,spoliation4--,editor4 ,,xix4 ,,w> #ajb ,see conclud+ "p ( *apt] xi4 ante4 #ajc ,we =get ?is1 :5 we propose ! "q1 ,is slave lab\r de>] or *eap] ?an free lab\r8 #ajd ,see ! au?or's bro*ure1 ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme4--,editor4 ,,xx4 ,,responsibility #aje 4 4 4 4 4 because ,i believe t x is "u ! direction ( a sup]ior impulse1 because1 ,provid5ce be+ unable to act 9 ! social ord] except ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( m5's int]e/s & m5's wills1 x is impossible t ! natural result+ =ce ( ^! int]e/s1 ! common t5d5cy ( ^! wills1 %\ld be t[>ds ultimate evil2 = !n we mu/ conclude t x is n only man1 or ! human race1 :i* proce$s onw>d t[>ds error2 b t ,god himself1 be+ p[]less or malevol5t1 urges on to evil ,8 abortive creation4 ,we believe1 !n1 9 lib]ty1 because we believe 9 univ]sal h>mony1 because we believe 9 ,god4 ,proclaim+ 9 ! "n ( fai?1 & =mulat+ 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 ! ,div9e laws ( ! moral movem5t1 liv+ & pliant z ^! laws are1 we spurn ! n>r[1 s9i/]1 unb5d+1 & unalt]able in/itutions :i* ! bl9d lead]s ( ! ignorant w\ld sub/itute = ?is admirable me*anism4 ,x w\ld be absurd 9 ! a!i/ to say1 laissez faire le has>d6--seek n to control *ance1 or bl9d de/9y4 ,b1 z believ]s1 we h a "r to say1 seek n to control ! ord] & ju/ice ( ,god--seek n to control ! free action ( ! sov]eign & infallible mov] ( all1 or ( t ma*9]y ( transmission :i* we call ! human initiative4 ,lib]ty ?us und]/ood is no long] ! an>*ical deification ( individualism4 ,:at we adore is above & beyond man :o /ruggles2 x is ,god :o leads him4 ,we ackn[l$ge1 inde$1 t man may err2 yes1 by ! :ole int]val :i* sep>ates a tru? realiz$ & e/abli%$ f "o :i* is m]ely guess$ at or suspect$4 ,b s9ce man's nature is to seek1 8 de/9y is to f9d4 ,tru?1 be x obs]v$1 has h>moni\s relations1 necess>y aff9ities1 n only ) ! con/itution ( ! und]/&+ & ! in/9cts ( ! he>t1 b also ) ! :ole physical & moral conditions ( our exi/5ce2 s t ev5 :5 we fail to grasp x z absolute tru?1 ev5 :5 x fails to recomm5d itself to our innate sympa?ies z j1 or to our ideal aspirations z beautiful1 x1 nev]!less1 at l5g? contrives to f9d acceptance 9 its practical & unobjectionable aspect z useful4 ,lib]ty1 we "k1 may lead to evil4 ,b evil has itself its mission4 ,assur$ly ,god has n ?r[n x across our pa? z a /umbl+-block4 ,he has plac$ x1 z x 71 on ea* side ( t pa? z a w>n+1--z a means ( keep+ u 9 ! "r road1 or br++ u back to x4 ,man's w & incl9ations1 l in]t molecules1 h _! law ( gravitation4 ,b1 :il/ ?+s inanimate obey bl9dly _! pre-exi/5t & inevitable t5d5cies1 9 ! case ( be+s indu$ ) free w1 ! =ce ( attraction & repulsion does n prec$e action2 x spr+s f ! volunt>y det]m9ation :i* x seems to be wait+ =1 x is develop$ by ! v act itself1 & x reacts = or aga9/ ! ag5t1 by a progressive ex]tion ( co-op]ation or resi/ance1 :i* we t]m recomp5se or *a/isem5t1 pleasure or pa94 ,if ! direction ( ! w co9cides ) t ( ! g5]al laws1 if ! act is good1 happ9ess is ! result4 ,if x takes an opposite direction1 if x is bad1 some?+ opposes or repels x2 error gives rise to suff]+1 :i* is its rem$y & its end4 ,?us1 ,evil is con/antly oppos$ by ,evil1 & ,good z con/antly gives rise to ,good4 ,& we v5ture to say t1 :5 se5 f a high] po9t ( view1 ! errors ( free w are limit$ to c]ta9 oscillations1 ( a det]m9ate ext5t1 ar\nd a sup]ior & necess>y orbit2 all p]si/5t resi/ance1 :i* w\ld =ce ?is limit1 t5d+ only to de/roy itself1 )\t at all succe$+ 9 di/urb+ ! ord] ( ! sph]e 9 :i* x moves4 ,?is reactive =ce ( co-op]ation or repulsion1 :i*1 by means ( recomp5se & suff]+1 gov]ns ! orbit1 at once volunt>y & necess>y1 ( ! human race1 ?is law ( gravitation ( free be+s 7( :i* ,evil is only a necess>y "p7 is di/+ui%$ by ! t]ms ,responsibility & ,solid>ity2 ! "o br+s back ^u ! individual2 ! o!r reflects & s5ds back on ! social body ! good or bad consequ5ces ( ! act2 ! "o applies to man z a solit>y & self-gov]n+ individual2 ! o!r envelops him 9 an inevitable community ( good & evil z a p>tial elem5t1 a dep5d5t memb]1 ( a collective & imp]i%able be+--man4 ,responsibility is ! sanction ( individual lib]ty1 ! f\ndation ( ! rights ( man4 ,solid>ity is ! evid5ce ( 8 social subord9ation1 & 8 pr9ciple ( duty4 4 4 4 ,a leaf ( ,ba/iat's ,,ms4 be+ awant+1 ,i hope to be p>don$ = ?us endeav\r+ to cont9ue ! idea ( ?is religi\s introduction4--,r4 ,f4 #ajf ,religion 7relig>e1 to b9d71 t :i* connects ! pres5t life ) ! future1 ! liv+ ) ! dead1 "t ) et]nity1 ! f9ite ) ! inf9ite1 man ) ,god4 #ajg ,may we n say t ,div9e ,ju/ice1 :i* is s incompreh5sible :5 we consid] ! lot ( individuals1 becomes /rik+ :5 we reflect on ! de/9ies ( nations8 ,ea* man's life is a drama :i* is begun on "o !atre & complet$ on ano!r4 ,b ! same ?+ _c be said ( ! life ( nations4 ,t in/ructive trag$y beg9s & ends ^u e>?4 ,?is is ! reason :y hi/ory becomes a holy lesson2 x is ! ju/ice ( ,provid5ce4--,de ,cu/9e's ,la ,russie4 #ajh ,allusion to ,sociali/ ,utopias ( ! day4--,translator4 #aji 8,z to ! doctr9e ( necessity1 no "o believes x4 ,if a man %\ld give me argum5ts t ,i d n see1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n answ] !m1 %\ld ,i believe t ,i d n see8 4 4 4 4 ,all !ory is aga9/ ! fre$om ( ! w2 all exp]i5ce = x4 4 4 4 4 ,i "k t ,i am free1 & !re's an end on't40 7,dr ,johnson47--,translator4 #aaj 8,curs$ is ! gr\nd = ?y sake2 9 sorr[ %alt ?\ eat ( x all ! days ( ?y life3 ,?orns also & ?i/les %all x br+ =? to !e4 4 4 4 ,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread1 until ?\ return unto ! gr\nd2 = out ( x wa/ ?\ tak53 = du/ ?\ art1 & unto du/ %alt ?\ return40--,g54 iii4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 #aaa ,! int]e/+ developm5ts :i* ! au?or int5d$ to pres5t "h by way ( illu/rations1 & ( :i* he indicat$ be=eh& ! "*1 he un=tunately did n live to write4 ,! read] may supply ! want by ref]r+ to *apt] xvi4 ( ?is "w1 & likewise to *apt]s vii4 & xi4 ( ,ba/iat's pamphlet1 ,ce qu'on voit et ,ce qu'on ne voit pas4--,note ( ! ,editor4 #aab 8,= :5 ! ,g5tiles1 :i* h n ! law1 d by nature ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! law1 ^!1 hav+ n ! law1 are a law unto !mselves2 :i* %[ ! "w ( ! law writt5 9 _! he>ts1 _! consci5ce also be>+ witness1 & _! ?\ghts ! mean:ile accus+ or else excus+ "o ano!r40--,romans ii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,see also ,bi%op ,butl]'s #c;d ,s]mon1 on ,human ,nature3 8,no?+10 says he1 8c be m evid5t ?an t1 exclusive ( revelation1 man _c be consid]$ z a creature left by 8 ,mak] to act at r&om1 & live at l>ge up to ! ext5t ( 8 natural p[]1 z passion1 hum\r1 wilfulness1 happ5 to c>ry him2 :i* is ! condition brute creatures are 94 ,b t1 f 8 make1 con/itution1 or nature1 he is 9 ! /ricte/ & mo/ prop] s5se a law to himself4 ,he ha? ! rule ( "r )94 ,:at is want+ is only t he hone/ly att5d to x40--,butl]'s ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fe4--,translator4 #aac ,! conclusion ( ?is *apt] is little m ?an a s]ies ( notes ?r[n toge!r1 )\t transitions or developm5ts4--,editor4 ,,xxi4 ,,solid>ity #aad ,?is sket* t]m9ates "h abruptly2 ! economic view ( ! law ( solid>ity is n indicat$4 ,we may ref] ! read] to *apt] x4 & *apt] xi4 ante4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole scope ( ?is "w on ! ,h>monies1 ! concordance ( int]e/s1 & ! gr& maxims1 8,! prosp]ity ( ea* is ! prosp]ity ( all--! prosp]ity ( all is ! prosp]ity ( ea*10 etc41 ! accord betwe5 prop]ty & community1 ! s]vices ( capital1 ext5sion ( ! doma9 ( ! gratuit\s1 etc41 are all developm5ts 9 a utilit>ian po9t ( view ( ! v title ( ?is *apt]--,solid>ity4--,note ( ! ,editor4 ,,xxii4 ,,social ,,motive ,,=ce #aae 8,pov]ty is ! fruit ( ,political ,economy4 4 4 4 ,political ,economy requires dea? to come to its aid2 4 4 4 x is ! !ory ( in/ability & !ft40--,pr\dhon1 ,contradictions conomiques1 t4 xi4 p4 #bad4 8,if ! p want bread1 4 4 4 x is ! fault ( ,political ,economy40--,ibid4 ,,xxv4 ,,relations ,,( ,,political ,,economy ,,) ,,morals1 ,,) ,,politics1 ,,) ,,legislation #aaf ,! au?or has un=tunately left no?+ on ! subject ( ! f\r *apt]s ) :i* he appe>s 7see ante1 p4 #cj7 to h int5d$ to conclude ! pres5t "w1 except ! foll[+ introduction to 8 project$ *apt] on ! ,relations ( ,political ,economy ) ,religion4 ,! l9e :i* sep>ates ! field ( ,political ,economy f ! wid] doma9s ( ,morals1 ,politics1 & ,legislation is p]haps by no writ] m accurately m>k$ ?an by ,mr ,s5ior 9 ! admirable introduction to 8 article 8,political ,economy0 9 ! ,encyclop4 ,metropolitana4 8,! que/ions1 to :at ext5t & "u :at circum/ances ! possession ( weal? is1 on ! :ole1 b5eficial or injuri\s to its possessor1 or to ! society ( :i* he is a memb]8 :at di/ribution ( weal? is mo/ desirable 9 ea* diff]5t /ate ( society8 & :at are ! means by :i* any giv5 c\ntry c facilitate su* a di/ribution8--all ^! are que/ions ( great int]e/ & difficulty1 b no m =m "p ( ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we use t t]m1 ?an ,navigation =ms "p ( ! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy4 ,! pr9ciples suppli$ by ,political ,economy are inde$ necess>y elem5ts 9 _! solution1 b !y are n ! only or ev5 ! mo/ important elem5ts4 ,! writ] :o pursues su* inve/igations is1 9 fact1 engag$ on ! great sci5ce ( ,legislation2 a sci5ce :i* requires a k ( ! g5]al pr9ciples suppli$ by ,political ,economy1 b diff]s f x ess5tially 9 its subject1 its premises1 & its conclusions4 ,! subject ( legislation is n weal?1 b human welf>e4 ,its premises are drawn f an inf9ite v>iety ( ph5om5a1 support$ by evid5ce ( e degree ( /r5g?1 & au?oriz+ conclusions des]v+ e degree ( ass5t1 f p]fect confid5ce to b>e suspicion4 ,& its exp\nd] is enabl$1 & ev5 requir$1 n m]ely to /ate c]ta9 g5]al facts1 b to urge ! adoption or rejection ( actual measures or tra9s ( action4 8,on ! o!r h&1 ! subject treat$ by ! ,political ,economi/1 us+ t t]m 9 ! limit$ s5se 9 :i* we apply x1 is n happ9ess1 b weal?2 8 premises consi/ ( a v few g5]al propositions1 ! result ( obs]vation or consci\sness1 & sc>cely requir+ pro( or ev5 =mal /atem5t1 :i* almo/ e man1 z soon z he he>s !m1 admits z famili> to 8 ?\ghts1 or at lea/ z includ$ 9 8 previ\s k2 & 8 inf]5ces are ne>ly z g5]al1 &1 if he has reason$ correctly1 z c]ta9 z 8 premises4 ,^? :i* relate to ! nature & ! production ( weal? are univ]sally true2 & ?\gh ^? :i* relate to ! di/ribution ( weal? are liable to be affect$ by ! peculi> in/itutions ( p>ticul> c\ntries1 9 ! cases1 = in/ance1 ( slav]y1 legal monopolies1 or poor laws1 ! natural /ate ( ?+s c be laid d[n z ! g5]al rule1 & ! anomalies produc$ by p>ticul> di/urb+ causes c be aft]w>ds acc\nt$ =4 ,b 8 conclusions1 :atev] be _! g5]ality & _! tru?1 d n au?orize him 9 add+ a s+le syllable ( advice4 ,t privilege belongs to ! writ] or ! /atesman :o has consid]$ all ! causes :i* may promote or imp$e ! g5]al welf>e ( ^? :om he addresses1 n to ! !ori/ :o has consid]$ only "o1 ?\gh among ! mo/ important1 ( ^? causes4 ,! bus9ess ( a ,political ,economi/ is nei!r to recomm5d nor to dissuade1 b to /ate g5]al pr9ciples :i* x is fatal to neglect1 b nei!r advisable nor p]haps practicable to use z ! sole1 or ev5 ! pr9cipal1 guides 9 ! actual conduct ( affairs4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! duty ( ea* individual writ] is cle>4 ,employ$ z he is ^u a sci5ce 9 :i* error1 or ev5 ignorance1 may be productive ( su* int5se & su* ext5sive mis*ief1 he is b\nd1 l a juryman1 to give deliv]ance true accord+ to ! evid5ce1 & to all[ nei!r sympa?y ) indig5ce nor disgu/ at pr(usion or at av>ice1 nei!r rev]5ce = exi/+ in/itutions nor dete/ation ( exi/+ abuses--nei!r love ( popul>ity nor ( p>adox1 nor ( sy/em1 to det] him f /at+ :at he believes to be ! facts1 or f draw+ f ^? facts :at appe> to him to be ! legitimate conclusions4 ,to decide 9 ea* case h[ f> ^! conclusions are to be act$ on belongs to ! art ( gov]nm5t1 an art to :i* ,political ,economy is only "o ( _m subs]vi5t sci5ces1 :i* involves ! consid]ation ( motives1 ( :i* ! desire = weal? is only "o among _m1 & aims at objects to :i* ! possession ( weal? is only a subord9ate means40--,translator4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,accumulation1 a circum/ance ( no acc\nt 9 ,political ,economy1 page #afi1 note4 ,air1 ,atmosph]ic1 has utility )\t hav+ value1 #acg2 b if pump$ into a div+-bell1 ! s]vice has value1 #ach4 ,alg]ia1 usual rate ( int]e/ 91 said to be #aj p] c5t41 #cjb4 ,am]ica1 ,unit$ ,/ates (1 population (1 d\bles1 accord+ to ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonns's e/imate1 9 #be ye>s1 #djd4 ,aphorisms1 ! ,two1 8,ea* = all1 all = ea*0--8,ea* = himself1 ea* by himself10 #cci-cdf4 ,oppos$ to ea* o!r if we reg>d ! motive1 n s if we look to results1 #cci4 ,no incompatibility 9 ?is la/ view betwe5 individualism & association1 #cdj4 ,m5 associate 9 ob$i5ce to self-int]e/1 ib4 ,difficulties att5d+ a /ate ( isolation lead naturally to association1 #cda4 ,z reg>ds lab\r & ex*anges1 ! pr9ciple 8,ea* = himself0 mu/ be pr$om9ant1 #cdb4 ,by foll[+ ! rule ea* = himself1 individual ef=ts act 9 ! direction ( ea* = all1 #cdc4 ,ic>ian exp$ition proce$$ on ! pr9ciple ( all = ea*1 #cdd1 note4 ,pr9ciples ( ,socialism & ,communism refut$1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,all desire monopolies & privileges1 ev5 ! work+ classes1 at _! own exp5se1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,b4 ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme1 a pamphlet by ,ba/iat aga9/ monopoly ( univ]sity degrees1 & too exclusive addiction to classical le>n+1 #bc4 ,b>t]1 primitive =m ( ex*ange1 direct or r\ndab\t1 #ajh4 ,:5 b>t] is effect$ by means ( an int]m$iate commodity1 x is call$ sale & pur*ase1 #aji4 ,b>t] ( two factors1 #aaj4 ,value resolves itself into a b>t] ( s]vices1 #acg4 ,ba/iat1 ,frdric1 8 bir?1 p>5tage1 & education1 p4 #i4 ,8 e>ly fri5d%ip ) ,m4 ,calmtes1 ib4 ,beg9s ! /udy ( ,political ,economy1 #aj4 ,gives up comm]ce z a pr(ession1 ib4 ,8 fri5d%ip ) ,m4 ,c\droy1 ib4 ,!y /udy ,philosophy & ,political ,economy toge!r1 ib4 ,takes "p 9 ! ,revolution ( #ahcj1 #aa4 ,ba/iat publi%es 8 fir/ bro*ure 9 #ahcd1 ib4 ,becomes ,juge de ,paix1 & a ,memb] ( ! ,c\ncil-,g5]al1 ib4 ,visits ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,engl&1 #ab4 ,writes ,le ,fisc et la ,vigne1 ib4 ,publi%es two o!r bro*ures 9 #ahdc & #ahdd1 ib4 ,anecdote reg>d+ unf\nd$ ,anglophobia1 ib4 ,s5ds 8 fir/ contribution to ! ,j\rnal des conomi/es1 #ac4 ,publi%es ,cobd5 et la ,ligue 9 #ahde1 ib4 ,lett] to ,mr ,cobd5 quot$1 ib4 ,nam$ a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 #ad4 ,lett] to ,m4 ,calmtes quot$1 ib4 ,visits ,p>is1 & introduc$ to lead+ economi/s1 #ae4 ,visits ,engl& 9 #ahde1 & makes ! acqua9tance ( ,cobd51 ,bright1 & ! o!r ,corn-,law ,leagu]s1 ib4 ,lett] to ,m4 ,c\droy quot$1 #ae1 #af4 ,ba/iat compla9s ( ! hatr$ to ,engl& !n preval5t 9 ,france1 #af4 ,settles 9 ,p>is1 ib4 ,8 appe>ance1 z describ$ by ,m4 de ,mol9>i & ,m4 ,reybaud1 #ag4 ,lett]s to ,cobd5 & ,c\droy quot$1 ib4 ,conducts ! ,libre-*ange newspap]1 #ah4 ,8 mode ( life 9 ,p>is1 ib4 ,publi%es ! ,sophismes conomiques1 great success ( t "w1 & extract f x1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,deliv]s a c\rse ( lectures on ,political ,economy1 #ba4 ,is return$ z a memb] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly1 ib4 ,8 daily occupations1 #bb4 ,8 pamphlets aga9/ ! ,sociali/s1 ,proprit et ,loi2 ,proprit et ,spoliation2 ,ju/ice et ,frat]nit2 ,capital et ,r5te2 ,gratuit du ,cr$it2 ,protectionisme et ,communisme1 etc41 publi%$ 9 #ahdh-di1 ib4 ,publi%es ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme1 & ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 9 #ahej1 #bc4 ,extract f ! latt]1 #bd1 #be4 ,projects ,h>monies conomiques1 & lett] to ,mr ,cobd5 on t subject quot$1 #be4 ,lett] to ,m4 ,c\droy on ! same subjects1 ib4 ,8 heal? beg9s to give way1 #bf1 #bg4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! reception ( ! ,h>monies1 #bg4 ,notice ( t "w1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,li/ ( *apt]s int5d$ to complete ! second volume ( ! ,h>monies1 #cj1 note4 ,goes to ,italy on acc\nt ( 8 heal?1 #cj4 ,8 lett] to ,m4 ,c\droy f ,rome1 #ca4 ,8 la/ illness & dea?1 #ca1 #cb4 ,bell1 ,sir ,*>les1 8 "w on ! ,h& quot$1 #bi1 note4 ,blanqui1 8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #bee4 ,bonald1 ,m4 de1 quot$1 #aeb4 ,brazil1 usual rate ( int]e/ 91 said to be #bj p] c5t41 #cjb4 ,bu*anan1 ,d41 8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #beb4 ,buret1 ,m41 8 false !ory on ! relations ( capitali/ & lab\r]1 #chd4 ,butl]1 ,bi%op1 8 ,s]mons on ,human ,nature quot$1 #dgh1 note4 ,byron1 ,"l1 quot$1 #cb4 ,c4 ,cairnes1 ,pr(essor1 quot$1 #ah4 ,caisses de ,retraite1 fri5dly accumulation societies to provide = old age1 #cgb1 note4 ,su* in/itutions satisfy ! natural desire = /ability & fixity1 ib4 ,to succe$ mu/ proce$ f ! work+ classes !mselves1 )\t ,gov]nm5t support or int]f]5ce1 #cgc4 ,future ( ! work+ classes1 #cgd4 ,calmtes1 ,m41 ! e>ly fri5d ( ,ba/iat1 #i4 ,lett] to1 quot$1 #ad4 ,c&lemak]s' ,petition quot$1 #ai4 ,capital et ,r5te1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat aga9/ ! ,sociali/s1 #bb4 ,capital1 9 ! beg9n+ =m$ v sl[ly1 #aig4 ,consi/s ( tools1 mat]ials1 & provisions1 #aih4 ,! man :o furni%es capital r5d]s a s]vice1 & is paid = t s]vice1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,! man :o accords delay r5d]s a s]vice1 & h5ce ! legitimacy ( int]e/1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,pr9ciple :i* gov]ns ! returns = capital1 #bjf-baa4 ,progress ( mank9d co9cides ) rapid accumulation ( capital1 #baj4 ,capital has 9 itself a p[] ( progression1 #baa4 ,increase ( capital is foll[$ by increase ( g5]al prosp]ity1 #bab4 ,by increase ( capital1 ! capitali/'s absolute %>e ( product increas$1 8 relative %>e dim9i%$1 :ile lab\r]'s %>e is increas$ bo? absolutely & relatively1 ib4 ,illu/rations ( ?is1 #bac-baf4 ,progress ( civilisation t5ds to l[] rate ( int]e/1 #cjb4 ,rates 9 ,brazil1 ,alg]ia1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,holl&1 ib4 ,relations ( capitali/ & lab\r]1 #chc4 ,errone\s notions on ?is subject mo/ dang]\s1 #chd4 ,false/ !ories abroad1 ib4 ,due to ,m4 de ,sismondi & ,m4 ,buret1 ib4 ,lab\r]'s %>e ( product has a t5d5cy to increase z capital increases1 #che4 ,:5 ex*ange takes place betwe5 capital1 or ant]ior lab\r1 & pres5t lab\r1 x is n on ! foot+ ( _! duration or int5sity1 b ( _! value1 #chg4 ,ant]ior lab\r has a g5]al t5d5cy to become depreciat$1 #chh1 #chi4 ,pres5ce ( capital always b5eficial to lab\r]1 #cij4 ,gr\ndless outcry aga9/ tyranny ( capital1 #cia1 #cib4 ,c>ey1 ,mr1 8 !ory ( r5t ref]r$ to1 #bgd1 note by ,translator4 ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 or ,political ,economy 9 "o ,lesson1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat1 quot$1 #bd4 ,ref]r$ to1 #dgh1 note4 ,*teaubri&1 repres5ts civilisation & corruption ( morals z m>*+ abrea/1 #eaa1 #eab4 ,8 ,mmoires d',outre ,tombe quot$1 #eab4 ,civil law t]ms expla9$1 #agb1 & note4 ,cobd51 ,mr1 lett] f1 on ! subject ( ,ba/iat's m]its z an economi/ & writ]1 #d4 ,triumph ( free trade due to him r ?an to ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 #cgd4 ,8 ef=ts = ! suppression ( w>1 #cge4 ,communi/s1 _! errone\s views ( l&$ prop]ty controv]t$1 #aee4 ,competition1 no organization or =m ( association c be sub/itut$ =1 #bhh4 ,implies fre$om f all con/ra9t1 #bhi4 ,levels all factiti\s inequalities1 #bij4 ,misund]/ood by ! ,sociali/s1 ib4 ,value dim9i%es ?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( natural =ces1 n ( its own accord1 b by ! pressure ex]t$ by competition1 #bia1 #bib4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( competition1 society w\ld be con/itut$ on ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal monopoly1 ib4 ,competition enables "o c\ntry to p>ticipate 9 ! natural advantages ( ano!r1 #bic4 ,examples ( ?is1 #bid1 #bii4 ,inv5tions & discov]ies become1 ?r\gh competition1 ! common & gratuit\s patrimony ( all1 #bii4 ,mode 9 :i* ?is takes place1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,competition among capitali/s r$uces ! price ( commodities1 #cja1 #cjb4 ,progress ( civilisation t5ds to l[] ! rate ( int]e/1 & ?is effect$ by competition1 #cjb4 ,if wages are sometimes r$uc$ by competition1 ! lab\r]s1 z consum]s1 pr(it by x1 #cjc-cjg4 ,competition t5ds to r5d] s]vices proportional to ef=ts1 #cjf4 ,laws ( mod]n society too (t5 cramp competition1 #cji1 #caj4 ,competition ess5tial to progress1 & alli$ ) human p]fectibility1 #cac4 ,x approximates ranks1 =tunes1 & intellig5ce1 #caf4 ,advantages f inv5tions1 or f local situation1 climate1 etc41 slip rapidly f h&s ( produc]s1 & g to enl>ge enjoym5ts ( consum]s1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,same ?+ holds ( disadvantages1 #ccd4 ,condillac quot$1 #aad1 #ajg4 ,considrant1 ,m41 8 "w on ,socialism quot$1 #fb1 note4 ,8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty1 #beg-bfj4 ,consum]1 e man may 9 turn be bo? produc] & consum]1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,! wi%es & desires ( consum]s are ^? :i* are 9 h>mony ) ! public int]e/1 #cbe4 ,consum]s & produc]s %\ld be left free to take c>e ( _! own int]e/s1 #cbf4 ,! effect ( inv5tions & discov]ies on ! int]e/s ( consum]s & produc]s repres5t$ by diagrams1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,advantages f inv5tions1 or f local situation1 climate1 etc41 slip rapidly f ! h&s ( produc]s1 & g to enl>ge ! enjoym5ts ( consum]s1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,same ?+ holds ( disadvantages1 #ccd4 ,all great economic effects mu/ be reg>d$ f ! consum]'s po9t ( view1 ib4 ,subord9ation ( produc]'s int]e/s to ^? ( consum] confirm$ :5 view$ 9 connexion ) morals1 #cce4 ,consum] is alone responsible = morality or utility ( production1 #cch4 ,produc] looks only to value1 ib4 ,consum] repres5ts society1 ib4 ,consumption1 a t]m employ$ to designate ! enjoym5t to :i* utility gives rise1 #cbc4 ,g5]al prosp]ity is measur$ by consumption1 & n by lab\r1 #cbe4 ,consumption ! great end ( ,political ,economy1 #cch4 ,c\droy1 ,felix1 /udies ,philosophy & ,political ,economy along ) ,ba/iat1 #aj4 ,lett] to1 quot$1 #ae4 ,ano!r lett] to1 quot$1 #bf4 ,d4 ,defoe1 ,d41 8 ,rob9son ,crusoe ref]r$ to1 #aja4 ,illu/ration drawn f1 #aig4 ,dem& det]m9es all 9 connexion ) production1 #cce4 ,diamond1 has great value )\t appreciable utility1 #aci4 ,value ( "o f\nd accid5tally & ex*ang$ arises1 n f ! ef=t ( ! p]son :o r5d]s ! s]vice1 b ! ef=t sav$ to ! "o :o receives x1 #ada1 #adb4 ,?is a new pr9ciple n to be f\nd 9 ! works ( economi/s1 #ada4 ,di/urb+ ,causes4 ,political ,economy sets out by assum+ transactions to be free & volunt>y1 #ddf4 ,lib]ty is h>mony1 #ddg4 ,economi/s n optimi/s1 #ddh1 #ddi4 ,errors ( judgm5t "o di/urb+ cause1 #deb1 #dec4 ,division ( ,lab\r admits ( be+ view$ 9 a m g5]al light ?an hi!rto1 #aje4 ,dunoy]1 ,m41 8 "w ,sur la ,lib]t du ,travail ref]r$ to & comm5d$1 #ib4 ,e4 ,economi/s diff] f ! ,sociali/s at ! />t+-po9t1 #ce1 #cf4 ,ef=ts4 ,wants1 ef=ts1 & satisfactions1 #fc-gd4 ,ef=t sav$ to ! p]son :o receives a s]vice imp>ts value to ! s]vice r5d]$1 #ada1 #adb4 ,engl&1 population (1 d\bles 9 #dc ye>s1 #djd4 ,l'tat1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat def9+ ! prop] prov9ce ( ,gov]nm5t1 #bc4 ,eul]1 8 calculation ( ! p]iod 9 :i* population d\bles itself1 #djg4 ,apply+ ?is calculation to ! facts /at$ by ,moses1 ,hebrews :o ent]$ ,egypt mu/ h d\bl$ 9 #ad ye>s1 ib4 ,evil1 ,exi/5ce (4 ,sci5ce has be5 ret>d$ by be+ call$ on to d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil1 #ejd4 ,sociali/s1 :ile admitt+ individual suff]+1 d5y social suff]+1 ib4 ,_! contradictions expos$1 #ejd-ejg4 ,ex*ange1 impossible to conceive society z exi/+ )\t1 #ig4 ,a ph5om5on peculi> to man1 #aja4 ,has two manife/ations1 union ( =ces1 & sep>ation ( occupations1 #ajd4 ,consi/s 9 ex*ange ( s]vices1 ib4 ,its influ5ce on lab\r1 #aje4 ,^u ! co-op]ation ( natural ag5ts1 #aje4 ,^u human p[]s & faculties1 #ajg4 ,^u capital1 ib4 ,progress ( ex*ange1 #ajh-aaa4 ,primitive =m (1 b>t]1 #ajh4 ,b>t] direct & r\ndab\t1 #aji4 ,limits ( ex*ange1 #aaa4 ,an elem5t 9 ! problem ( population :i* ,mal?us has neglect$1 #aac4 ,moral =ce ( ex*ange1 #aaf4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ex*ange1 our p[]s exce$ our wants1 ib42 & ! ga9 ( ea* is ! ga9 ( all1 #aag4 ,illusions to :i* ex*ange gives rise1 #abh-acj4 ,ex*ange imp>ts ! idea ( value1 #ace4 ,f4 ,fnlon quot$1 #gg4 ,f9al ,causes1 fai? 91 n unatt5d$ ) dang] to ! m9d ( an inquir]1 #cig4 ,fisc1 le1 et la ,vigne1 pamphlet writt5 by ,ba/iat 9 #ahdj1 #ab4 ,florez ,e/rada1 8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #bed4 ,florian's ,fables quot$1 #ace4 ,=ce1 ,public1 %\ld be conf9$ to ensur+ ju/ice1 lib]ty1 & security1 #aba1 #abb4 ,france1 y\? (1 address to1 #cc4 ,usual rate ( int]e/ 91 said to be #d p] c5t41 #cjb4 ,population (1 d\bles 9 #ach ye>s1 #dja4 ,fri5dly ,societies1 h conf]r$ imm5se b5efits on ! work+ classes1 #cfh4 ,admirable means ( provid+ aga9/ sickness & old age1 ib4 ,lib]ty & non-int]f]5ce ( ,gov]nm5t ess5tial to ensure _! success1 #cfi4 ,?is secures reciprocal surveillance1 #cfi-cgc4 ,m>k$ success ( ^! societies 9 ,engl&1 #cgj-cgc4 ,?is due to ! non-int]f]5ce ( ,gov]nm5t1 #cga4 ,g4 ,g>ni]1 ,m4 ,joseph1 8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #bef4 ,g]many1 usual rate ( int]e/ 9 said to be #e p] c5t41 #cjb4 ,population (1 d\bles 9 #gf ye>s1 #djd4 ,gir>d91 ,m4 ,sa9t-,m>c1 quot$ z to ! influ5ce ( employm5ts on ! condition ( nations1 #dee4 ,gratuit du ,cr$it1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat aga9/ ,pr\dhon's doctr9e1 9 #ahej1 #bb4 ,h4 ,habit1 =ce (1 z *ang+ man's wants1 an ess5tial elem5t to be tak5 into acc\nt1 #hd4 ,trans=ms desire into want1 #he4 ,h>monies conomiques project$1 & lett]s to ,mr ,cobd5 & ,m4 ,c\droy on t subject quot$1 #be4 ,ba/iat's acc\nt ( ! reception ( t "w1 #bg4 ,notice ( ! ,h>monies1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,li/ ( *apt]s int5d$ to complete #b;d vol4 (1 #cj1 note4 ,holl&1 usual rate ( int]e/ 91 said to be "u #c p] c5t41 #cjb4 ,population (1 d\bles 9 #ajj ye>s1 #djd4 ,i4 ,ic>ie1 voyage en1 ,sociali/ "w ref]r$ to1 #bje4 ,in/itute1 ,ba/iat nam$ a memb] (1 #ad4 ,int]e/ ( ,capital1 ,pr\dhon's error reg>d+1 #aeh4 ,all ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* unable to en=ce prohibition (1 #dhj4 ,isolation1 9 ! /ate (1 our wants exce$ our p[]s1 #ih2 & ! ga9 ( "o may be ! loss ( ano!r1 #aag4 ,italy1 usual rate ( int]e/ 91 said to be #f p] c5t41 #cjb4 ,j4 ,johnson1 ,dr1 8 op9ions on free w & necessity quot$1 #dgc1 note4 ,j\rnal des conomi/es1 ,ba/iat's fir/ contribution to1 #ac4 ,ju/ice et ,frat]nit1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat aga9/ ! ,sociali/s1 #bb4 ,k4 ,kepl] ref]r$ to1 #fh4 ,l4 ,lab\r1 ! ass]tion t all weal? comes f lab\r combat$1 #hh4 ,utility communicat$ by nature1 by lab\r1 & (t5] by a comb9ation ( bo?1 ib4 ,to produce utility1 action ( lab\r 9 an inv]se ratio to t ( nature1 ib4 ,z us$ by ,economi/s1 a vague t]m1 & m ext5d$ mean+ giv5 to x 9 ?is "w1 #ib4 ,di/9ction betwe5 productive & unproductive1 has l$ to error1 ib4 ,di/9ction betwe5 productive & unproductive lab\r reject$1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,ef=t a bett] t]m ?an lab\r1 #aeh4 ,lab\r _c s]ve z a measure ( value1 #aga4 ,unskill$ lab\r ! be/ = mak+ a comp>ison1 ib4 ,9 ex*ang+ pres5t = ant]ior lab\r1 ! advantage is on ! side ( pres5t lab\r1 #agh4 ,! opposite ph5om5on sometimes manife/s itself1 #agi4 ,laissez-faire1 doctr9e (1 expla9$1 #dh1 #ddh1 #ddi4 ,lam5nais1 ,m4 de1 8 op9ions on ! pr9ciple ( population combat$1 #djh1 #dji4 ,l&$ ,prop]ty4 ,! idea ( value gives rise to t ( prop]ty1 #bdi4 ,confusion caus$ by ,economi/s mi/ak+ utility = value1 #bej4 ,prop]ty repres5t$ z monopoly1 #bej1 #bea4 ,is n a monopoly1 #bea4 ,op9ions ( ,engli% ,economi/s on ?is subject--,adam ,smi? quot$1 #beb2 ,bu*anan quot$1 #beb1 #bec2 ,ric>do's op9ion1 ib42 ,m',cullo*'s views1 #bec2 ,scrope & ,s5ior quot$1 ib42 op9ions ( ,mill & ,mal?us ref]r$ to1 #bed2 ,scialoja & ,florez ,e/rada quot$1 ib4 ,fr5* ,economi/s--,m4 ,say quot$1 ib42 ,blanqui & ,j4 ,g>ni] quot$1 #bee1 #bef4 ,op9ions ( ,sociali/s & ,communi/s--,m4 ,considrant quot$1 #beg2 ,pr\dhon quot$1 #bfj4 ,^! op9ions controv]t$1 #bfj-bgc4 ,recapitulation1 #bgc4 ,ba/iat has adopt$ ! !ory ( ,mr ,c>ey on ?is subject1 :i* %\ld be tak5 ) "s modification1 #bgd1 note by ,translator4 ,l& :i* has n be5 subject$ to human action1 de/itute ( value1 #bgd4 ,value resolves itself into ! remun]ation ( ant]ior lab\r or capital1 ib4 ,m4 ,considrant's views rev]t$ to1 #bgh-bhj4 ,productive p[]s ( ! soil h no indep5d5t value1 #bhe4 ,case ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,association ref]r$ to1 ib4 ,ameliorations :i* increase ! value ( l& g5]ally dim9i% ! price ( its produce1 #cdg4 ,explanation ( ?is1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,!ory ( ! progressive de>ness ( means ( subsi/5ce errone\s1 #cea1 note4 ,laud]dale1 ,"l1 8 ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,public ,weal? quot$1 #ahg1 note4 ,legislation1 relations ( ,political ,economy )1 #eac1 note4 ,lib]ty1 solution ( social problem to be f\nd 91 #cd4 ,libre-*ange1 newspap]1 conduct$ by ,ba/iat1 #ah4 ,m4 ,m',cullo*1 8 op9ion on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #bec4 ,ma*iavel quot$1 #ef4 ,mal?us on population1 ref]r$ to1 #aac4 ,v9dicat$ f viol5t attacks made on him1 #cig4 ,au?ors ( ^? attacks writ]s ( no reputation & grossly ignorant1 ib4 ,mal?us fe>$ t1 ) s great a p[] ( reproduction1 mank9d w\ld come to exce$ :at ! e>? c\ld ma9ta9 b = prud5ce & =esight1 #cih4 ,an expression :i* occurr$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,essay on ,population1 to ! effect t population increases 9 a geometrical1 & food 9 an ari?metical progression1 gave rise to misrepres5tation1 ib4 ,made a h&le ( by ,godw9 & ,sismondi1 & 0 suppress$ 9 all subsequ5t editions1 #cii4 ,attacks cont9u$ not)/&+1 ! fi]ce/ proce$+ f m5 :o confess$ !y _h n read ,mal?us's "w1 ib4 ,! laws ( population _c be compris$ 9 a brief aphorism or =mula1 #djj4 ,7 kn[n be=e ,mal?us wrote1 #djb4 ,objections to 8 !ory illogical1 #dje4 ,argum5ts aga9/ 8 geometrical progression n conclusive1 ib4 ,wrong 9 adopt+ ! limit ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 al?\gh t holds good 9 ,am]ica1 #djf1 #djg4 ,mal?us attributes m =ce to repressive ?an prev5tive *eck1 #daj4 ,8 true =mula is1 n t population t5ds to keep on a level )1 b to g beyond1 ! means ( subsi/5ce1 #daf4 ,maudit ,arg5t6 pamphlet by ,ba/iat expos+ popul> errors aris+ f conf\nd+ capital ) money1 & money ) inconv]tible pap]1 #bc4 ,measure ( ,value1 ! quadrature ( ,political ,economy1 #agj4 ,absolute measure a *im]a1 ib4 ,lab\r _c s]ve z a measure1 #aga4 ,mmoire sur la "q ,v9icole1 pamphlet publi%$ by ,ba/iat 9 #ahdc1 #ab4 ,mmoire sur la rp>tition de l'impt fonci]1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat1 writt5 9 #ahdd1 #ab4 ,metals1 ,preci\s1 n a p]fect /&>d ( value1 _! own value fluctuat+1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,mtayage1 sy/em (1 expla9$1 #fa1 note4 ,molire1 8 ,malade ,imag9aire quot$1 #ajd4 ,mol9>i1 ,m4 de1 8 description ( ,ba/iat's appe>ance quot$1 #ag4 ,money1 an int]m$iate commodity :i* facilitates ! ex*ange ( s]vices1 b does n *ange ! pr9ciple ( value1 #adb4 ,montaigne quot$1 #ig4 ,moral qualities mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt ) ref]5ce to production ( weal?1 #ic1 #id4 ,morality ( ,weal?1 consid]ations on1 #aic1 #aid4 ,morals1 relations ( ,political ,economy )1 #eac1 note4 ,moreau de ,jonns1 8 calculations ( ! p]iod ( d\bl+ ! population 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 #djc4 ,moses1 8 acc\nt ( ! multiplication ( ,hebrews :o ent]$ ,egypt1 #djg4 ,n4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 ref]r$ to1 #fb4 ,o4 ,organization1 natural & artificial1 #dg4 ,p4 ,paix et ,lib]t1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat aga9/ excessive taxation & ov]gr[n milit>y & naval armam5ts1 #bb4 ,pamphlets by ,ba/iat1 ,rflexions conc]nant les ,d\anes1 & ,le ,fisc et la ,vigne1 publi%$ #ahdj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,mmoire sur la "q ,v9icole appe>$ 9 #ahdc1 & ,mmoire sur la rp>tition de l'impt fonci] 9 #ahdd1 ib4 ,pamphlets aga9/ ! ,sociali/s1 ,proprit et ,loi1 ,proprit et ,spoliation1 ,ju/ice et ,frat]nit1 ,capital et ,r5te1 ,gratuit du ,cr$it1 ,protectionisme et ,communisme1 etc41 publi%$ 9 #ahdh-i1 #bb4 ,maudit ,arg5t6 extract f1 #bc4 ,baccalaurat et ,socialisme1 & ,ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas1 publi%$ 9 #ahej1 ib42 extracts f ! latt]1 #bd1 #be4 ,peel1 ,sir ,r41 triumph ( ,free ,trade due n s mu* to him z to ,mr ,cobd51 #cgd4 ,p]fectibility1 means ( realiz+1 to be f\nd 9 law ( ,responsibility1 #eji4 ,lib]ty ! ess5ce ( progress1 ib4 ,=midable ob/acles to progress1 #eji1 #eaj4 ,b no gr\nd = despair1 #eaj4 ,*teaubri& repres5ts civilisation & corruption ( morals z m>*+ abrea/1 #eaa1 #eab4 ,petty1 ,sir ,w41 cit$1 #ahf4 ,phalan/re1 a ,sociali/ "w1 ref]r$ to1 #fd1 #bje1 note4 ,physiocrates1 ,fr5* ,economi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,quesnay1 #aec1 note4 ,repres5t$ all lab\r n work$ up 9 a mat]ial commodity z /]ile1 ib4 ,political ,economy1 limits ( ! sci5ce m>k$ out1 #gj1 #ga4 ,may be def9$ ! !ory ( ex*ange1 #gc2 or ! !ory ( value1 ib4 ,takes = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( evil & suff]+1 #gf4 ,_m errors 91 arise f reg>d+ human wants z a fix$ quantity1 #gi4 ,n "o ( ! exact sci5ces1 #hb1 #hc4 ,fir/ pr9ciples (1 involv$ 9 difficulties by errone\s def9itions ( value1 #acf4 ,a sci5ce ( obs]vation & exposition1 #ejb4 ,contra/ betwe5 ,political ,economy & ,socialism1 ib4 ,relations ( ,political ,economy ) ,morals1 ,politics1 & ,legislation1 #eac1 note4 ,population1 laws (1 _c be compris$ 9 a brief =mula1 #djj4 ,v9dication ( ,mal?us1 & ( ! g5]al doctr9e ( 8 ,essay on ,population1 #cig1 #djj4 ,if1 z weal? increases1 ! numb] among :om x is to be divid$ increases m rapidly1 absolute weal? may be great]1 b individual weal? w be less1 #dja4 ,mal?us has r$uc$ ! pr9ciple to ! =mula t population t5ds to keep on a level ) ! means ( subsi/5ce1 #djb4 ,?is pr9ciple n new2 e writ] on su* subjects s9ce ,ari/otle has proclaim$ x1 ib4 ,enunciat$ by ,sir ,james ,/eu>t ?irty ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,essay on ,population1 ib41 note4 ,nature has tak5 great] c>e ( species ?an ( individuals1 9 ord] to insure ! p]petuity ( races1 #djb4 ,in/ances ( ?is 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ib42 & 9 animals ^: life is ( a type m ak9 to vegetables1 #djb1 #djc4 ,advanc+ 9 scale ( social life1 means ( reproduction be/[$ ) great] p>simony1 ib4 ,9 ! human species1 reproductive faculty less p[]ful ?an 9 any o!r1 ib4 ,b1 physically1 man does n escape ! law ( a t5d5cy to multiplication beyond ! limits ( space & n\ri%m5t1 ib4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! physiological p[] ( multiply+ & actual multiplication1 ib4 ,mal?us inquir$ 9 :at p]iod ( "t mank9d w\ld d\ble1 if space & food 7 unlimit$1 #djd4 ,b z ?is hypo!sis is nev] realiz$1 !oretical mu/ be %ort] ?an actual p]iod1 ib4 ,diff]5t rates ( increase 9 diff]5t c\ntries accord+ to e/imate ( ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonns1 #djc4 ,su* diff]5ces n ! result ( physiological causes1 b ( ext]nal ob/acles1 #djd4 ,new s\rces ( local weal? lead inv>iably to increase ( population1 ib4 ,objections made to ! !ory ( ,mal?us v illogical1 ib4 ,nor are ! argum5ts aga9/ 8 geometrical progression m conclusive1 ib4 ,fix$ on tw5ty-five ye>s z ! m9imum p]iod 9 :i* population may d\ble itself1 because ?is actually takes place 9 ,am]ica1 #dje4 ,mal?us m]ely ass]ts t x has a t5d5cy to increase 9 a geometrical progression1 ib4 ,t ?is virtual p[] ( multiplication w be re/ra9$ is j :at ,mal?us cont5ds =1 ib4 ,re/ra9$ by prev5tive & repressive *ecks1 #djf4 ,he 0 wrong 9 adopt+ ! limit ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 al?\gh x holds good 9 ,am]ica1 #djf1 #djg4 ,?is mix+ up ( ! virtual & ! real has expos$ him to be misund]/ood & misrepres5t$1 #djf4 ,calculation by ,eul] ( p]iod ( d\bl+1 #djg4 ,apply+ ,eul]'s calculation to ! facts /at$ by ,moses1 ,hebrews :o ent]$ ,egypt mu/ h d\bl$ 9 #ad ye>s1 ib4 ,absolute p[] ( multiplication limit$ by ob/acles1 #djh4 ,vegetable life limit$ by want ( space & t]ritorial f]tility--animals de/itute ( =esight1 by want ( food1 #dji4 ,op9ions ( ,m4 de ,lam5nais on ?is subject combat$1 ib4 ,law ( limitation z reg>ds man manife/s itself by ! d\ble action ( =esight & de/ruction1 #daj4 ,! t]m moral re/ra9t1 us$ by ,mal?us1 does n give u a j idea ( ! doma9 ( =esight1 ib4 ,o!r ob/acles besides fe> ( pov]ty aid ! action ( ! law ( limitation 9 its prev5tive %ape1 #daj1 #daa4 ,m>riages on an av]age are probably lat] ?an !y o!rwise w\ld be by eight ye>s 9 consequ5ce ( ^! prev5tive ob/acles1 #daa4 ,suppos$ advice ( an old cl]gyman reg>d+ too e>ly m>riages1 #daa1 #dab4 ,man's p]fectibility an important elem5t 9 resolv+ ! problem ( population1 #dac4 ,mal?us1 by neglect+ ?is1 has attribut$ less =ce to ! prev5tive ?an to ! repressive *eck1 ib4 ,= ! expression1 8means ( subsi/5ce10 ,say has sub/itut$ "o m exact1 namely1 8means ( exi/5ce10 ib4 ,man's con/ant ef=t to bett] 8 condition ex]cises control ov] increase ( numb]s1 #dad4 ,bett] circum/ances induce great] =esight1 ib4 ,9 c\ntries l ,*9a or ,irel&1 :5 rice & potatoes fail1 !re is no?+ to fall back on1 & repressive *eck comes into op]ation1 #daf4 ,! true =mula ( ,mal?us is1 n t population t5ds to keep on a level )1 b to g beyond1 ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ib4 ,=esight prev5ts ?is 9 ! human race1 ib4 ,recapitulation1 #daf1 #dag4 ,population t5ds to r$undancy mo/ among unskill$ lab\r]s1 #dbj4 ,m>riages are less improvid5t among ! high] classes1 #dba4 ,f]mage less efficaci\s 9 int]pos+ a prev5tive ob/acle to increase ( population ?an ,mtayage1 #dba1 #dbb4 ,^! t]ms expla9$1 #dba4 note4 ,almsgiv+ t5ds to de/roy =esight1 ib4 ,improvem5t 9 lab\r]s' cottages 9 ,engl&1 #dbb4 ,rate1 ( wages 9 "o c\ntry influ5ces ! rate 9 o!rs1 #dbc4 ,population is 9 itself a =ce1 = increase ( productive p[] results f d5sity ( population1 #dbd1 note4 ,produc]1 e memb] ( society may 9 turn be bo? produc] & consum]1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,produc]s & consum]s %\ld be left free to take c>e ( _! own int]e/s1 #cbg4 ,! effect ( inv5tions & discov]ies on ! int]e/ ( produc]s & consum]s illu/rat$ by diagrams1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,advantages1 f inv5tions1 or f local situation1 climate1 etc41 slip rapidly f ! h&s ( produc]s1 & g to enl>ge enjoym5ts ( consum]s1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,same ?+ holds ( disadvantages1 #ccd4 ,produc] has no?+ to d ) ! utility ( :at is produc$1 only ) its value1 #ccf4 ,! utility conc]ns ! dem&]1 ib4 ,x is 9 ! int5tion ( ! consum] t moral or immoral enjoym5t is to be discov]$1 #cch4 ,production is to modify & comb9e sub/ances1 n to create1 !m1 #ajj4 ,production & consumption n ! be/ t]ms to designate s]vices r5d]$ & receiv$1 #cbc4 ,production is employ$ to designate :atev] conf]s utility1 ib4 ,progress annihilates value by sub/itut+ gratuit\s = on]\s utility1 #gc4 ,proltaire1 def9ition ( ! t]m z us$ by ,ba/iat1 #ce1 note4 ,prop]ty & ,community1 two ideas correlative to ideas ( on]osity & gratuit\sness1 #bbc4 ,gifts ( nature1 ! doma9 ( community--human ef=ts1 doma9 ( prop]ty1 ib4 ,pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 #bbf-bbi4 ,illu/rations ( ?is1 #bbi-bcb4 ,z society advances1 prop]ty t5ds to rec$e1 & community to advance1 #bcb4 ,illu/rations ( ?is1 #bcc-bcf4 ,v9dication ( prop]ty1 #bch-bdj4 ,di/9ction betwe5 community & communism1 #bde-bdh4 ,prop]ty4 ,see ,l&$ ,prop]ty4 ,proprit et ,loi1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat aga9/ ! ,sociali/s1 #bb4 ,proprit et ,spoliation1 pamphlet by ,ba/iat1 #bb4 ,protection1 a phase ( communism1 #cbc4 ,?is demon/rat$ by ,ba/iat 9 pamphlet entitl$ ,protectionisme et ,communisme1 #bb4 ,pr\dhon1 8 errone\s view ( l&$ prop]ty1 #aee1 #bcc1 #bfj4 ,error z to int]e/ ( capital1 #aeh4 ,8 view ( weal? & value confut$1 #ahh-aij4 ,doctr9e ( mutuality ( s]vices1 #bbd4 ,provid5ce1 laws (1 h>moni\s1 #dc4 ,q4 ,quesnay1 ,fr5* ,economi/s ( 8 s*ool kn[n z ! ,physiocrates1 #aec1 note4 ,repres5t$ all lab\r n work$ up 9 a mat]ial commodity z /]ile1 ib4 ,r4 ,rflexions conc]nant les ,d\anes1 pamphlet writt5 by ,ba/iat 9 #ahdj1 #aa4 ,religion d]iv$ f relig>e1 to b9d1 #dfh4 ,false religions may be kn[n f _! ob/ruct+ progress1 #dhj4 ,no =m ( religion ought to be repress$ by law1 #dha1 #dhb4 ,human m9d g5]ally beg9s by discov]y ( f9al causes1 #ead4 ,habit bl9ds u to f9al causes1 ib4 ,:5 we discov] effici5t1 we are too apt to d5y f9al causes1 #eae-eag4 ,r5t4 ,see ,l&$ ,prop]ty4 ,ameliorations :i* increase ! value ( l& g5]ally dim9i% ! price ( its produce1 #cdg4 ,explanation ( ?is1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,au?or int5d$ to adopt ! !ory ( ,mr ,c>ey 9 opposition to t ( ,ric>do1 #cdg1 note4 ,!ory ( ! progressive de>ness ( means ( subsi/5ce errone\s1 #cea1 note4 ,responsibility1 belief 9 ,god ! lead+ idea ( ?is "w1 #dfe4 ,diff]s f ! writ+s ( ,sociali/s1 ib4 ,! au?or's propos$ introduction cont9u$ by editor1 #dfe1 #dff1 note4 ,laws ( ,responsibility & ,solid>ity act toge!r1 #dff2 & %\ld be view$ 9 _! ensemble1 b = ! me?od requir$ by sci5ce1 ib4 ,evil & suff]+ exi/ ev]y:]e1 9 ! individual & 9 society1 #dfg1 #dfh4 ,! social body n subject to inevitable decl9e1 #dfh4 ,de ,cu/9e's rem>ks on ?is subject quot$1 ib41 note4 ,society1 l ! human body1 has a vis m$icatrix1 #dfi4 ,m5 approximate to a common level :i* is con/antly ris+1 ib4 ,lib]ty implies possible error1 & error possible evil1 ib4 ,sociali/s' errors on ?is subject combat$1 #dgj1 #dga4 ,political ,economy is n conc]n$ to expla9 orig9 ( evil1 #dga4 ,suffici5t t evil & suff]+ exi/1 & h _! mission1 #dgb4 ,exi/5ce ( free w prov$ by our consci\sness ( possess+ x1 #dgb1 #dgc4 ,dr ,johnson's op9ion on ?is subject quot$1 #dgc1 note4 ,e action gives rise to consequ5ces1 ( :i* "s fall back on ! ag5t1 & o!rs on 8 family or on society1 h5ce responsibility & solid>ity1 #dgd4 ,responsibility applies to ! p]son :o acts1 ib4 ,we _c ev5 conceive ( man z exempt f suff]+1 #dgd1 #dge4 ,our notions ( s5sibility & exi/5ce are insep>able1 #dge4 ,fai? ! necess>y complem5t ( our de/9ies1 ib4 ,)\t s5sibility we %\ld be con/antly expos$ to dea?1 ib4 ,if1 ( ! consequ5ces foll[+ on action1 ! majority are bad & hurtful1 su* action t5ds to limit & re/ra9 itself1 #dgf4 ,ignorance gives rise to bad habits & bad laws1 k & exp]i5ce to ! rev]se1 ib4 ,mission ( evil is to de/roy its own cause & /imulate progress1 #dgg4 ,responsibility has ?ree sanctions1--natural1 religi\s1 & legal1 #dgh4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is fundam5tal1 ib4 ,is an act vici\s because revelation decl>es x s1 or does revelation decl>e x s because its consequ5ces are bad8 ib4 ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,s]mons on ,human ,nature quot$1 #dgh1 note4 ,if we _h a religion :i* =bade acts prov$ to be useful1 x c\ld n be ma9ta9$1 #dgi4 ,all ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* insuffici5t to en=ce prohibition ( int]e/1 #dhj4 ,false religions kn[n f _! ob/ruct+ advancem5t & progress1 ib4 ,legal sanction %\ld only give =ce & efficacy to natural sanction1 ib4 ,:]e natural repression suffici5t1 legal repression %\ld be avoid$1 #dha4 ,law acts by means ( =ce1 & %\ld n be appli$ to repress any p>ticul> =m ( religion1 #dha1 #dhb4 ,o!r in/ances ( ! hurtful int]position ( law1 #dhb-dhe4 ,evils to :i* f\ndl+ hospitals h giv5 rise1 #dhe-dhg4 ,s5se ( responsibility capable ( improvem5t1 #dhg4 ,its developm5t may be aid$ by female int]v5tion1 ib4 ,revolution ( ,febru>y1 rem>ks on its consequ5ces1 #abc-abh4 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes quot$1 #af4 ,reybaud1 ,m4 ,l\is1 8 notice ( ,ba/iat ref]r$ to1 #af4 ,8 description ( ,ba/iat's appe>ance quot$1 #ag4 ,ric>do1 8 !ory ref]r$ to1 #ch4 ,wrong 9 repres5t+ ! pr9ciple ( value z resid+ 9 lab\r1 #acf4 ,gave to ! ^w weal? ! s5se ( utility2 ,say1 t ( value1 #aha4 ,8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #beb1 #bec4 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 illu/rations drawn f1 #aja1 #aig1 #aih4 ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 quot$1 #dh4 ,8 ,contrat ,social comm5t$ on1 #ef2 quot$1 #eg-fj2 ref]r$ to1 #gg4 ,recognises ! ela/icity ( human wants1 #ha4 ,admits exi/5ce ( evil1 #he1 note2 ref]r$ to1 #id4 ,8 doctr9e controv]t$1 #ig4 ,to exalt ! /ate ( nature1 makes happ9ess to consi/ 9 privation1 #ajb4 ,repres5ts solid>ity z ( legislative creation1 #dhh1 #dhi4 ,russia1 population (1 d\bles 9 #dc ye>s1 #djd4 ,de ,cu/9e's "w on ,russia quot$1 #dfh1 note4 ,s4 ,sa9t-,*amans1 ,m4 de1 ref]r$ to & quot$1 #ahd4 ,8 doctr9e confut$1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,sale & ,pur*ase is b>t] by means ( an int]m$iate commodity1 #aji4 ,bo? resolve !mselves into an ex*ange ( s]vices1 #aaj4 ,satisfaction ( ,consum]s1 ! sole end ( production1 #id1 #ie1 #if4 ,! t]m satisfaction pref]r$ to ! ^w consumption1 z m g5]al1 ib4 ,sav+ is n to accumulate commodities1 b to int]pose an int]val betwe5 "t ( r5d]+ & receiv+ s]vices1 #cic4 ,! dem& = lab\r & ! rise ( wages dep5d on augm5tation ( capital1 ib4 ,difficulties on ! subject ( sav+ remov$ by ref]5ce to ! pr9ciple ( value1 #cia4 ,to int]pose delay betwe5 s]vices r5d]$ & receiv$ is itself to r5d] a s]vice2 x has value1 & h5ce ! orig9 ( int]e/1 #cie4 ,to give cr$it is to r5d] a s]vice1 :i* also has value1 #cif4 ,sav+ n necess>ily injuri\s to indu/ry1 ib4 ,x does n imply actual ho>d+1 ib4 ,say1 ,j4 ,b41 quot$1 #ij4 ,ref]r$ to1 #ajj4 ,judici\s obs]vation on b>t]--troc deux facteurs1 #aaj4 ,wrong 9 repres5t+ value z resid+ 9 utility1 #acf4 ,quot$1 #adb4 ,errone\s view ( l&$ prop]ty1 #aed4 ,is wrong 9 repres5t+ value z f\nd$ on utility1 #afa-afd4 ,disc>ds ,smi?'s di/9ction betwe5 productive & unproductive lab\r1 #agc4 ,gave to ! ^w ,weal? ! s5se ( ,value2 ,ric>do t ( ,utility1 #aha4 ,8 def9ition ( natural weal? quot$1 #aij4 ,8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #bee4 ,has sub/itut$ ! m exact expression 8means ( exi/5ce0 = ! expression 8means ( subsi/5ce10 us$ by ,mal?us 9 8 ,essay on ,population1 #dac4 ,wrong 9 repres5t+ taxation z 9 all cases an evil1 #dbf1 notes4 ,scialoja1 8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #bed4 ,scrope1 8 errone\s view ( l&$ prop]ty1 #bec4 ,s5ior1 8 errone\s view ( r5t1 #aed4 ,f\nds value on r>ity1 rem>ks on ?is doctr9e1 #afg4 ,8 op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #bec4 ,on ! relations ( ,political ,economy ) ,morals1 ,politics1 & ,legislation1 #eac1 note4 ,s]vices1 human transactions1 :5 free1 resolve !mselves into ex*ange (1 #dc4 ,value consi/s 9 comp>ative appreciation (1 #gc4 ,s]vice is ef=t 9 "o man1 :ile ! want & satisfaction are 9 ano!r1 #gd4 ,ex*ange (1 =ms ! subject ( ,political ,economy1 #acc4 ,ef=t sav$ to ! p]son :o receives a s]vice imp>ts value to ! s]vice r5d]$1 #adj-adb4 ,s]vice a bett] t]m ?an ,lab\r1 #aeh4 ,e product :i* has value implies a s]vice1 b e s]vice does n imply a product2 value1 !re=e1 is 9 s]vice1 #agd4 ,:5 value passes f s]vice to product1 x und]goes1 9 product1 all ! risks & *ances to :i* ! s]vice itself is subject1 #agf4 ,s]vice is r5d]$ by ! man :o furni%es capital1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,private & ,public s]vice1 #dbe4 ,:]e want s g5]al z to be a public want1 may be provid$ = by ! community at l>ge1 #dbf4 ,?is does n alt] ess5tial pr9ciples ( ex*ange1 ib42 b modifies !m1 #dbi4 ,process expla9$1 ib4 ,sophism t money paid to public function>ies comes back l ra9 on ! citiz5s expos$1 #dcj4 ,public s]vices always ext+ui% private s]vices ( ! same k9d1 ib4 ,public s]vices leave no discretion to individuals1 #dcb4 ,example ( ?is1 ib41 note4 ,take away control ov] s]vices bo? r5d]$ & receiv$1 #dcc4 ,ext+ui% s5se ( responsibility1 #dcd4 ,give rise to public discont5t1 #dcd1 #dce4 ,exclude competition1 #dce1 #dcf4 ,"q is1 :at s]vices %\ld rema9 9 ! doma9 ( private ex]tion1 :at 9 t ( public8 #dcf4 ,gov]nm5t action is legitimate only :]e int]v5tion ( =ce legitimate1 #dcg2 & legitimate only 9 ! case ( def5ce ( lib]ty & prop]ty1 ib42 & to ensure ! pr$om9ance ( ju/ice1 #dch1 #dci4 ,:5 ! ,/ate goes beyond ?is1 x de/roys lib]ty & prop]ty1 :i* are plac$ "u its safegu>d1 ib4 ,prov9ce ( ,gov]nm5t conf9$ to :at involves public security1 tak+ c>e ( common prop]ty1 & levy+ contributions = public s]vice1 #ddj4 ,circumscrib+ ! prov9ce ( ,gov]nm5t does n enfeeble1 b /r5g!n x1 #dda4 ,example ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ddb4 ,slav]y & protection 9 ,am]ica active causes ( revolution1 ib4 ,revolution ( ,febru>y1 rem>ks on1 #ddd4 ,sismondi1 ,m4 de1 ref]r$ to1 #ahd4 ,8 doctr9e on weal? & value controv]t$1 #ahg4 ,8 false !ory on ! relations ( capitali/ & lab\r]1 #chd4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 wrong 9 repres5t+ value z resid+ only 9 mat]ial sub/ances1 #ia4 ,8 di/9ction betwe5 roductive & unproductive lab\r has l$ to errors1 ib4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( ex*ange on lab\r comm5d$1 #aje4 ,wrong 9 repres5t+ ! pr9ciple ( value z resid+ 9 mat]iality & durability1 #acf4 ,quot$ & controv]t$ on ! subject ( value1 #aef4 ,op9ions on l&$ prop]ty quot$1 #beb4 ,social ,motive ,=ce describ$ & expla9$1 #die-ejc4 ,p]sonal int]e/ is ! social motive =ce :i* leads u to %un evil & seek aft] good1 #die4 ,attraction t[>ds happ9ess & repulsion f pa91 ! ma9spr+ ( ! social me*anism1 #dif4 ,?is impulsive =ce is "u direction ( our intellig5ce1 & intellig5ce may err1 ib4 ,! laws ( responsibility & solid>ity l5d assi/ance to repress error & inju/ice1 #dig4 ,attempts ( ! ,sociali/s to sub/itute devotion & self-sacrifice = p]sonal int]e/1 z ! social motive =ce1 combat$1 #dih1 #dii4 ,sociali/ works & writ]s ref]r$ to1 #ejj-ejc4 ,social ,problem1 dem&s solution1 #cc1 #cd4 ,solution to be f\nd 9 lib]ty1 n 9 con/ra9t1 #ce4 ,! man :o demon/rates t ! good ( ea* t5ds to ! good ( all1 z ! good ( all t5ds to ! good ( ea*1 w h resolv$ ! social problem1 #aah4 ,sociali/s diff] f ,economi/s 9 reg>d+ man's int]e/s z antagoni/ic1 #ce4 ,sociali/ works ref]r$ to1 #fd1 & note4 ,society1 me*anism (1 #dh4 ,gives ! humble/ me*anic m 9 "o day ?an he c\ld himself produce 9 _m ages1 ib4 ,/udy (1 ! bus9ess ( ,political ,economy1 #ea4 ,9 social /ate our p[]s exce$ our wants1 #ih4 ,solid>ity is collective responsibility1 #dhh4 ,n ( legislative creation1 z repres5t$ by ,r\sseau1 #dhh1 #dhi4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! la/ c5tury did n believe 9 x1 #dhi4 ,in/ances 9 :i* individuals suff] f ! errors or faults ( o!rs--?is is ! law ( solid>ity1 #dhi1 #dij4 ,responsibility is n exclusively p]sonal1 b is %>$ & divid$1 #dij4 ,society1 9 turn1 suff]s f ! errors or faults ( individuals1 & ! law ( solid>ity comes to *eck su* actions1 #dia4 ,solid>ity1 l responsibility1 is a progressive =ce1 & resolves itself into rep]cussive or reflect$ responsibility1 ib4 ,to enable ^? :o suff] f ano!r's acts to react aga9/ !m1 connexion betwe5 cause & effect %\ld be kn[n1 #dib4 ,n always kn[n1 f ! circum/ance t ! fir/ effect may seem good1 ?\gh all ! subsequ5t consequ5ces are bad1 ib4 ,example ( ?is 9 case ( w>1 ib4 ,9 ! case ( slav]y1 ( religi\s errors1 & ( prohibition1 ib4 ,human law %\ld co9cide ) ! natural law1 & organize reaction1 #dic4 ,example ( ?is 9 case ( viol5ce1 :i* provokes v5geance1 law /eps 9 to repress x ) regul>ity & c]ta9ty1 #dic1 #did4 ,economic view ( ! law ( solid>ity n indicat$ by ! au?or 9 ?is *apt]1 #did1 note4 ,sophismes conomiques1 great success ( t "w1 & extract f x1 #ah2 ref]r$ to1 #abd1 note1 & #cbe4 ,spa91 usual rate ( int]e/ 91 said to be #h p] c5t41 #cjb4 ,population (1 d\bles 9 #ajf ye>s1 #djd4 ,spoliation & oppression1 ! s\rces ( all social dissonances1 #cah-cbb4 ,/ati/ics1 ,exp]im5tal1 :at meant by1 #cec-cfj4 ,/ew>t1 ,sir ,james1 took ! same view ( ! pr9ciple ( population :i* ,mal?us m =mally enunciat$1 ?irty ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,essay on ,population1 #djb1 note4 ,/or*1 8 errone\s view ( ! pr9ciple ( value1 #acf4 ,8 doctr9e t value dep5ds on ! judgm5t we =m ( utility confut$1 #afh2 quot$1 #aia4 ,supply (t5 virtually prec$es dem&1 #cce4 ,?is arises f =esight ( produc]1 ib4 ,int5sity ( dem& pre-exi/5t1 #cce4 ,switz]l&1 population (1 d\bles 9 #bbg ye>s1 #djd4 ,t4 ,taxation1 n necess>ily a loss1 z repres5t$ by ,say1 #dbf1 #dbg1 note4 ,tracy1 ,m4 de1 quot$1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,turkey1 population (1 d\bles 9 #eee ye>s1 #djc4 ,u4 ,utility1 on]\s & gratuit\s1 #fi4 ,by sub/itut+ gratuit\s = on]\s utility1 progress annihilates value1 ib4 ,gratuit\s1 t5ds to take ! place ( on]\s utility1 #ij1 #ia4 ,mode 9 :i* ?is is effect$1 #ia1 #ib4 ,attribut+ value to utility has l$ to _m errors1 #afd-afg4 ,! t]m ,production employ$ to designate :atev] conf]s utility1 & ,consumption to designate ! enjoym5t to :i* t utility gives rise1 #cbc4 ,:at r5d]s s]vice to ! masses is utility alone1 & value is n ! measure ( x1 #cbe2 b 9 ! case ( ! individual1 value is ! measure ( x1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,g5]al utility & on]\s utility repres5t$ by l9es ( unequal l5g?2 gratuit\s utility1 by indef9ite l9es1 #cbh4 ,utility =m]ly on]\s1 n[ become gratuit\s1 also repres5t$ by l9es1 #ccj4 ,v4 ,value consi/s 9 ! comp>ative appreciation ( reciprocal s]vices1 #gc4 ,does n reside 9 mat]ial sub/ances1 z repres5t$ by ,smi?1 #ia4 ,vague def9ition (1 #ajh4 ,value repres5ts ef=t1 #aji4 ,!ory ( value1 #aca4 ,z ess5tial to ,political ,economy z num]ation is to ari?metic1 ib4 ,value has a t5d5cy to dim9i% 9 relation to utility1 #acb4 ,does n ext5d to ! co-op]ation ( nature1 b is re/rict$ exclusively to human ef=ts1 #acd4 ,a /ate ( isolation excludes ! idea ( value1 ib4 ,ex*ange imp>ts ! notion ( value1 #ace4 ,value is ! relation ( two s]vices ex*ang$1 ib4 ,n necess>ily proportionate to int5sity ( ef=ts1 #ach4 ,arises 9 "s cases1 n f ! ef=t ( ! p]son :o r5d]s ! s]vice1 b f ! ef=t sav$ to ! p]son :o receives x1 #adj1 #ada4 ,?is is a new pr9ciple n to be f\nd 9 any o!r "w on ,political ,economy1 #ada4 ,int]v5tion ( money does n *ange ! pr9ciple1 #adb1 #adc4 ,value does n reside 9 commodities1 b 9 s]vices1 #adc4 ,examples ( v>i\s k9ds ( s]vices1 all possess$ ( value1 #adg4 ,limits )9 :i* value oscillates1 ib42 o!r examples1 #adh1 #adi4 ,! preci\s metals n a p]fect /&>d ( value1 z _! own value fluctuates1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,value n an attribute ( matt]1 #aec4 ,?is an error ( ! ,physiocrates & ( ,adam ,smi?1 & has giv5 rise to ! di/9ction betwe5 productive & unproductive lab\r1 #aec1 #aed4 ,value n a ?+ hav+ indep5d5t exi/5ce1 b a relation1 #aeh4 ,value & ,lab\r are n proportional1 #aei1 #afj1 note4 ,measure ( value ! quadrature ( ,political ,economy1 #agj4 ,fixity _c be f\nd 9 a mean t]m compos$ ( v>iable elem5ts1 ib4 ,absolute measure (1 a *im]a1 ib4 ,value be+ suppos$ to be 9 ! mat]ial product1 & n 9 ! s]vice1 has l$ to ,smi?'s error z to unproductive lab\r1 #agb4 ,:5 value passes f s]vice to product1 x und]goes1 9 product1 all ! risks & *ances to :i* ! s]vice itself is subject1 #agf4 ,prevail+ t5d5cy ( value incorporat$ ) a commodity is to fall1 #agh4 ,value is ! measure ( ! utility ( s]vices r5d]$ to ! individual1 n ( ^? r5d]$ to ! masses1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,w4 ,wages4 ,m5 are always 9 se>* ( some?+ fix$1 #ceb4 ,h5ce ! great desire = gov]nm5t (fices1 #cec4 ,fixity fav\r$ by two circum/ances1 #ced4 ,illu/rations drawn f ! pr9ciple ( fire insurance1 #ced-ceg4 ,remun]ation by wages has ! pr9ciple ( fixity1 s mu* s\ght aft]1 #ceg4 ,op9ions ( ! ,sociali/s on ?is subject controv]t$1 #ceg1 #ceh4 ,wages1 _! orig91 =m1 & effects1 #ceh4 ,lab\r may be remun]at$ ei!r by %>e ( its product or by fix$ wages1 #cei4 ,dep5d5ce n caus$ by =m ( remun]ation1 b by prec>i\s situation ( lab\r]1 ib4 ,no m5 worse (f ?an fi%]m5 & v9e-dress]s1 ?\gh !y h ! b5efits ( association1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,results ( lab\r appli$ to ! *ase1 fi%+1 or agriculture v unc]ta91 ib4 ,to obviate ?is1 a fix$ unconditional b>ga9 pref]r$1 #cfj4 ,?is is n to de/roy1 b improve1 ! pr9ciple ( association1 ib4 ,risks appreciat$ by means ( exp]im5tal /ati/ics1 ib4 ,remun]ation by %>e ( produce *>act]i/ic ( times ( b>b>ism1 #cfa4 ,fixity ( remun]ation a /ep ( progress1 ib4 ,association n !reby dissolv$1 ib4 ,capital & lab\r bo? take a %>e ( risk till x c be e/imat$ by exp]i5ce1 ib4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s gives place to a b>ga9 :i* ensure unity ( direction & fixity ( situation1 #cfb4 ,! capitali/ may take risk1 pay+ fix$ wages1 or lab\r] may take risk1 pay+ a fix$ int]e/--/ill !re is association1 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,wages h no?+ degrad+ 9 !m any m ?an int]e/1 #cfc4 ,! "o is ! remun]ation ( pres5t1 ! o!r ( ant]ior lab\r1 ib4 ,su* /ipulations are ! cause & ! manife/ation ( progress1 ib4 ,sociali/ errors on ?is subject confut$1 #cfd1 #cfe4 ,fri5dly ,societies admirable means ( provid+ aga9/ sickness & old age1 #cfh4 ,h conf]r$ imm5se b5efits on ! work+ classes1 ib4 ,caisses de ,retraite1 ,fri5dly ,accumulation ,societies1 #cga-cgh4 ,ant]ior lab\r1 or capital1 mu/ necess>ily h m security ?an pres5t lab\r1 #cgg-cgi4 ,future ( ! work+ classes--t5d5cy to become capitali/s1 #cgi-chc4 ,progress ( ! work+ classes betwe5 #agej & #ahej1 #cha4 ,relations ( ! capitali/ & lab\r]1 #chc4 ,errone\s notions on ?is subject mo/ dang]\s1 #chd4 ,false/ !ories abroad1 ib4 ,due to ,m4 de ,sismondi & ,m4 ,buret1 ib4 ,lab\r]'s %>e ( product has a t5d5cy to increase z capital increases1 #che4 ,:5 ex*ange takes place betwe5 capital1 or ant]ior lab\r1 & pres5t lab\r1 x is n on ! foot+ ( _! duration or int5sity1 b ( _! value1 #chg4 ,ant]ior lab\r has a g5]al t5d5cy to become depreciat$1 #chh1 #chi4 ,pres5ce ( capital always b5eficial to lab\r]1 #cij4 ,gr\ndless outcry aga9/ tyranny ( capital1 #cia1 #cib4 ,wants1 ef=ts1 & satisfactions1 con/itute ! doma9 ( ,political ,economy1 #fi-gd4 ,wants ( man1 enum]ation (1 #ge-gg4 ,moral & mat]ial1 #gg4 ,n a fix$ quantity1 b progressive & expansive1 #gi1 #hj4 ,r\sseau recognises _! ela/icity1 #ha4 ,9 isolation1 wants exce$ p[]s2 9 ! social /ate1 p[]s exce$ wants1 #ih4 ,man has m wants ?an any o!r liv+ be+1 #ii4 ,w>4 ,pr9cipal ?+ :i* imp>ts to nations _! di/9ctive "* is ! mann] 9 :i* !y provide = _! subsi/5ce1 #ded4 ,lab\r1 al?\gh little notic$ by hi/orians1 held z important a place among ! anci5ts z x does ) u1 #deg4 ,w>1 spoliation1 m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( a nation :i* lives by1 #deh4 ,x presupposes production1 ib4 ,spoliation 9 ! %ape ( w> has its root 9 selfi%ness1 #dei4 ,p]sonal int]e/ gives rise to h>mony1 b !re are di/urb+ causes1 #dfj4 ,lab\r is 9 itself a good1 indep5d5t ( its results1 b we d n desire x = its own sake1 ib4 ,man1 be+ plac$ betwe5 two evils1 want & lab\r1 seeks to get rid ( bo?1 #dfa4 ,spoliation !n pres5ts itself z a solution ( ! problem1 ib4 ,w> a wa/e ( human p[]1 ib4 ,& ! spoliator does n get quit ( lab\r1 ib4 ,*ecks production by ! insecurity x creates1 #dfb4 ,contra/s betwe5 ! produc] & spoliator1 ib4 ,w> has be5 a widespread evil1 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,int]rupts human progress1 #dfc4 ,h[ ! w>like _s is propagat$1 ib4 ,h[ w> ends1 #dfd4 ,wat] has utility )\t possess+ value1 #ach2 b if br\ght f a di/ance by ano!r1 ! s]vice has value1 #ach1 #aci4 ,weal?1 natural & social1 #gc2 actual or relative1 #ahj4 ,relative weal? is measur$ by value1 n utility1 #aha4 ,ric>do gave to ! ^w ,weal? ! s5se ( utility2 ,say1 t ( value1 ib4 ,effective weal?1 ! aggregate utilities :i* lab\r1 aid$ by natural ag5ts1 places )9 our rea*1 #aib4 ,relative weal?1 proportional %>e ( ea* 9 ! g5]al ri*es1 det]m9$ by value1 ib4 ,morality (1 #aic1 #aid4 ,motive :i* leads to acquisition (1 natural1 & consequ5tly moral1 #aic4 ,desire to bett] our circum/ances also moral1 ib42 b if we seek to become ri* by inju/ice1 ?is immoral1 ib4 ,y4 ,y\? ( ,france1 address to1 #cc4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,oliv] ,,& ,,boyd4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,endnote ,! words galitaires & ,egalitaires are bo? reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,page #fd3 in/als 0 *ang$ to in/alls4 ,page #fh3 ,keppl] *ang$ to ,kepl]1 to agree ) ! correspond+ index entry4 ,page #ajh3 appe>5ce to appe>ance4 ,page #bae3 t times comes1 to t "t comes14 ,page #bfd3 ,pr\don *ang$ to ,pr\dhon4 ,page #bff3 add$ full /op aft] enc\nt]$ ! same difficulty4 ,page #bgb3 add$ full /op aft] into ! high regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,page #bgf3 add$ colon aft] pay = two k9ds ( lab\r4 ,page #bhd3 add$ full /op aft] 9 ! case ( agricultural products4 ,page #che3 add$ full /op aft] or 9 ! product4 ,page #dhh3 ,*apt] numb] ,,xxl to ,,xxi4 ,page #dic3 concide to co9cide4 ,page #ejj3 sort ( gravitation3 to sort ( gravitation24 ,page #eac3 beg9n+ d\ble quote m>k add$ to second p>agraph ( ! long quotation 9 footnote #aaf4 ,page #eba3 ,lamm5nais to ,lam5nais4