,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,ma!matical problems c\ld n be repres5t$ z 9 ! orig9al z we _c /ack numb]s4 ,! foll[+ rules 7 us$3 ,p>5!ses add$ to gr\p+s ( numb]s4 ,bracket & rt squ>e roots4 #crt ,c>ets & curly brackets indicate a sup]script$ numb]1 lett] or symbol4 #dc ,an und]score & curly brackets indicate a subscript4 ,h#b,o ,bold text is surr\nd$ by equal signs & italic text is surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,suna be=e ! ,explosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,torp$o4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,suna aft] ! ,explosion4 ,griff9 ,co4 ,portsm\?4 ,w4,f4 ,mit*ell del4 ,,torp$oes ,,& ,,torp$o ,,w>f>e3 ,,conta9+ ,a ,,complete ,,& ,,concise ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,subm>9e ,,w>f>e2 ,,also ,a ,,detail$ ,,description ,,( ,,all ,,matt]s ,,app]ta9+ ,,!reto1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,late/ ,,improvem5ts4 ,,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,sleeman1 ,,esq41 ,,late ,,lieut4 ,r4,n41 ,,& ,,late ,,comm&] ,,imp]ial ,,ottoman ,,navy4 ,,) ,,fifty-,,sev5 ,,full-,,page ,,illu/rations1 ,,diagrams1 ,,woodcuts1 c4 ,,portsm\?3 ,,griff9 ,,co41 #b1 ,,! ,,h>d1 7,publi%]s by ,appo9tm5t to ,h4,r4,h4 ,! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh47 ,,london ,,ag5ts3 ,,simpk91 ,,m>%all1 ,,co4 #ahhj4 ,all ,rights res]v$4 ,,preface4 ,,9 ! foll[+ pages ! ,au?or has endeav\r$ to supply a want1 viz4 a compreh5sive "w on ,torp$o ,w>f>e1 br\ght d[n to ! late/ date4 ,! in=mation has be5 obta9$ :ile practically engag$ 9 torp$o "w at home & abroad1 & f ! /udy ( ! pr9cipal books :i* h already appe>$ on ! subject1 & to ! au?ors ( :i* he w\ld n[ beg to express 8 ackn[l$gm5ts1 viz43 ,subm>9e ,w>f>e1 by ,lieut4-,comm&] ,b>nes1 ,u4,s4,n42 ,notes on ,torp$oes1 by ,major ,/o!rd1 ,r4,e42 ,art ( ,w> 9 ,europe1 by ,g5]al ,delafield1 ,u4,s4,a42 ,life ( ,fulton1 by ,c4 ,d4 ,cold52 ,torp$o ,w>1 by ,r4 ,fulton2 ,armsme>1 by ,h4 ,b>n>d2 ,treatise on ,coa/ ,def5ce1 by ,colonel ,von ,s*eliha2 ,pr(essional ,pap]s ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s2 ,! ,eng9e]+2 ,! ,eng9e]2 ,sci5tific ,am]ican2 ,iron2 c41 c4 ,! ,au?or is also desir\s ( ?ank+ ! foll[+ g5tlem51 to :om he is indebt$ = mu* ( ! valuable in=mation conta9$ h]e93-- ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs1 ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t & ,co41 ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,co41 ,capta9 ,c4 ,a4 ,mc,evoy1 #ah ,adam ,/reet1 ,w4,c41 ,mr4 ,l4 ,lay1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,vavaseur & ,co4 ,,london1 #ahgi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,preface iii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,torp$o--,rem>ks on ! exi/+ ,/ate ( ,torp$o ,w>f>e #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,def5sive ,torp$o ,w>f>e--,me*anical ,subm>9e ,m9es--,me*anical ,fuzes--,moor+ ,me*anical ,m9es #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,def5sive ,torp$o ,w>f>e 7cont9u$7--,electrical ,subm>9e ,m9es--,electrical ,fuzes--,insulat$ ,electric ,cables--,electric ,cable ,jo9ts--,junction ,boxes--,moor+ ,electrical ,subm>9e ,m9es #bg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,def5sive ,torp$o ,w>f>e 7cont9u$7--,circuit ,clos]s--,fir+ by ,obs]vation--,voltaic ,batt]ies--,electrical ,ma*9es--,fir+ ,keys & ,%utt] ,app>atus--,te/+ ,subm>9e ,m9es--,cle>+ a ,passage ?r\gh ,torp$o ,def5ces #fj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,(f5sive ,torp$o ,w>f>e--,drift+ ,torp$oes--,t[+ ,torp$oes--,locomotive ,torp$oes--,sp> ,torp$oes--,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,(f5sive ,torp$oes #aae ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,torp$o ,vessels & ,boats--,! ,uhlan--,! ,al>m--,! ,de/roy]--,?ornycr(t's ,torp$o ,boats--,y>r['s ,torp$o ,boats--,s*ibau's ,torp$o ,boats--,h]re%(f's ,torp$o ,boats--,torp$o ,boat ,attacks--,subm>9e ,boats #aeh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,torp$o ,op]ations--,! ,crimean ,w> 7#ahed-ef7--,! ,au/ro-,italian ,w> 7#ahei7--,! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> 7#ahfa-fe7--,! ,p>aguayan ,w> 7#ahfd-fh7--,! ,au/rian ,w> 7#ahff7--,! ,franco-,g]man ,w> 7#ahgj-ga7--,! ,russo-,turki% ,w> 7#ahgg-gh7 #ahg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,on ,explosives--,def9itions--,exp]im5ts--,g unp[d]--,picric ,p[d]--,nitro-,glyc]9e--,dynamite--,gun- cotton--,fulm9ate ( ,m]cury--,dual9--,li?(racteur--,horsley' s ,p[d]--,torp$o ,explosive ,ag5ts--,torp$o ,explosions #bjd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,torp$o ,exp]im5ts--,*a?am1 ,engl&1 #ahfe--;,au/ria--,c>lscrona1 ,sw$51 #ahfh--,kiel1 ,prussia--,engl&1 #ahgd--;,cop5hag51 ,d5m>k1 #ahgd--;,c>lscrona1 ,sw$51 #ahgd-ge--,portsm\?1 ,engl&1 #ahgd-ge--,pola1 ,au/ria1 #ahge--,portsm\?1 ,engl&1 #ahgf--;,exp]im5ts ) ,c\nt]m9es--,! ,m$way1 ,engl&1 #ahgj--,/okes ,bay1 ,engl&1 #ahgc--;,c>lscrona1 ,sw$51 #ahgd #bbj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,electric ,light--,! ,nord5felt & ,hot*kiss ,torp$o ,guns--,div+ #bci ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,electricity #bfe ,,app5dix4 ,mc,evoy's ,s+le ,ma9 ,sy/ems #bhc ,siem5s' ,univ]sal ,galvanomet] ,tables #bhg ,synopsis ( ! ,pr9cipal ,ev5ts t h occurr$ 9 connection ) ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,torp$o #bij ,index #big ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,turki% ,,gunboat ,,suna 7,frontispiece74 ,i4 ,,fulton',s ,,torp$oes4 ,,ii4 ,,frame ,,torp$oes1 ,,buoyant ,,me*anical ,,m9es4 ,,iii4 ,,s+]',s ,,& ,,mcevoy',s ,,me*anical ,,m9es4 ,,iv4 ,,extempore ,,me*anical ,,m9e1 ,,me*anical ,,prim]s4 ,v4 ,,me*anical ,,fuzes4 ,,vi4 ,,=m ,,( ,,case ,,( ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,vii4 ,,electric ,,fuzes4 ,,viii4 ,,electric ,,cables1 ,,extempore ,,cable ,,jo9ts4 ,,ix4 ,,p]man5t ,,jo9ts ,,= ,,electric ,,cables4 ,x4 ,,junction ,,boxes1 ,,me*anical ,,turk',s ,,head4 ,,xi4 ,,moor+s ,,= ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,xii4 ,,/eam ,,laun* ,,= ,,moor+ ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,xiii4 ,,ma?ieson',s ,,circuit ,,clos]4 ,,xiv4 ,,au/rian ,,circuit ,,clos]1 ,,m]cury ,,circuit ,,clos]4 ,,xv4 ,,mcevoy',s ,,magneto ,,electro ,,circuit ,,clos]4 ,,xvi4 ,,russian ,,subm>9e ,,m9e1 ,,fir+ ,,by ,,obs]vation4 ,,xvii4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,fir+ ,,by ,,obs]vation4 ,,xviii4 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,def5ce ,,by ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,xix4 ,,fir+ ,,batt]ies1 ,,te/+ ,,batt]ies4 ,,xx4 ,,fir+ ,,keys1 ,,%utt] ,,app>atus4 ,,xxi4 ,,%utt] ,,app>atus4 ,,xxii4 ,,galvanomet]s ,,= ,,te/+4 ,,xxiii4 ,,siem5s' ,,univ]sal ,,galvanomet]4 ,,xxiiia4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xxiv4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xxiva4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xxv4 ,,%unt1 ,,commutator1 ,,rheo/at4 ,,xxvi4 ,,:eat/one',s ,,bridge4 ,,xxvii4 ,,te/ ,,table1 ,,diff]5tial ,,galvanomet]4 ,,xxviii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,te/+--,,arm/rong--,,au/rian4 ,,xxix4 ,,drift+ ,,torp$oes4 ,,xxx4 ,,h>vey',s ,,t[+ ,,torp$o4 ,,xxxi4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xxxii4 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,attack ,,) ,,h>vey',s ,,sea ,,torp$o4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xxxv4 ,,g]man ,,& ,,fr5* ,,t[+ ,,torp$oes4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,:itehead',s ,,fi% ,,torp$oes4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,?ornycr(t',s ,,boat ,,app>atus ,,= ,,fi% ,,torp$oes4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,lay',s ,,locomotive ,,torp$o4 ,,xxxix4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xl4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xli4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xlii4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xliii4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xliv4 ,,mcevoy',s ,,duplex ,,sp> ,,torp$oes4 ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,al>m ,,torp$o ,,%ip4 ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,de/roy] ,,torp$o ,,%ip4 ,,xlvii4 ,,?ornycr(t',s ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,,xlviii4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,xlix4 ,,y>r[',s ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,l4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,li4 ,,russian ,,torp$o ,,boat1 ,,h]re%(f',s ,,torp$o ,,boat4 ,,lii4 ,,subm>9e ,,m9e ,,explosion4 ,,liii4 ,,ditto ,,ditto4 ,,liv4 ,,mcevoy',s ,,s+le ,,ma9 ,,sy/em4 ,illu/ration ,torp$oes & ,torp$o ,w>f>e4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,torp$o4--,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,exi/+ ,,/ate ,,( ,,torp$o ,,w>f>e4 ,,! e>lie/ record we h ( ! employm5t ( an inf]nal ma*9e at all resembl+ ! torp$o ( ! pres5t day1 0 9 #aehe at ! siege ( ,antw]p4 ,"h by means ( c]ta9 small vessels1 drift$ d[n ! /ream1 9 ea* ( :i* 0 plac$ a magaz9e ( gunp[d]1 to be fir$ ei!r by a trigg]1 or a comb9ation ( lev]s & clockwork1 an ,italian eng9e]1 ,lambelli1 succe$$ 9 demoli%+ a bridge t ! enemy _h =m$ ov] ! ,s*eldt4 ,s successful 0 ?is fir/ attempt1 & s trem5d\s 0 ! effect produc$ on ! spectators1 by ! explosion ( "o ( ^! torp$oes1 t fur!r inve/igation ( ?is new mode ( ,naval w>f>e 0 at once in/itut$4 ,b x 0 n until "s two hundr$ ye>s aft] t any real progress 0 effect$1 ?\gh num]\s attempts 7 made dur+ ?is p]iod1 to de/roy vessels by means ( sub-m>9e inf]nal ma*9es4 ,x 0 ow+ to ! fact1 t ! condition :i* is n[ consid]$ z ess5tial 9 torp$o w>f>e1 viz41 t ! *>ge mu/ be subm]g$1 0 !n entirely ignor$1 t s long a /&/ill occurr$ 9 ?is new art ( mak+ w>4 ,capta9 ,bu%nell1 ! ,inv5tor ( ,torp$oes4--,to ,capta9 ,david ,bu%nell1 ( ,connecticut1 9 #agge1 is mo/ c]ta9ly due ! cr$it ( inv5t+ torp$oes1 or z he t]m$ !m subm>9e magaz9es4 ,= he fir/ prov$ practically t a *>ge ( gunp[d] c\ld be fir$ "u wat]1 :i* is inconte/ably ! ess5ce ( subm>9e w>f>e4 ,subm>9e ,boat4--,to ,capta9 ,bu%nell is also due ! cr$it ( fir/ deviz+ a subm>9e boat = ! purpose ( convey+ 8 magaz9es to ! bottom ( ho/ile %ips & !re explod+ !m4 ,drift+ ,torp$oes4--,ano!r plan ( 8 = de/roy+ vessels1 0 t ( connect+ two ( 8 inf]nal ma*9es toge!r by means ( a l9e1 & ?r[+ !m into ! wat]1 all[+ ! curr5t to c>ry !m across ! b[s ( ! attack$ %ip4 ,mode ( ,ignition4--,! ignition ( 8 magaz9es 0 g5]ally effect$ by means ( clockwork1 :i*1 :5 set 9 motion1 w\ld run = "s "t be=e explod+ ! ma*9es1 ?us enabl+ ! op]ators to get cle> ( ! explosion4 ,capta9 ,bu%nell's few attempts to de/roy our %ips (f ! ,am]ican coa/ 9 #aggf & #aggg1 ) 8 subm>9e boat1 & 8 drift+ torp$oes 7 all att5d$ ) failure1 a result g5]ally exp]i5c$1 :]e new inv5tions are = ! fir/ "t subject$ to ! te/ ( actual s]vice4 ,rob]t ,fulton4--,rob]t ,fulton1 an ,am]ican1 foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps1 "s tw5ty ye>s aft]1 reviv$ ! subject ( subm>9e w>f>e1 :i* dur+ t int]val seems to h be5 entirely =gott54 ,a resid5t 9 ,france1 9 #agig1 he is f\nd dur+ t ye> mak+ v>i\s exp]im5ts on ! ,se9e ) a ma*9e :i* he _h con/ruct$1 & by :i* he design$ to imp>t to c>casses ( gunp[d] a progressive motion "u wat]1 to a c]ta9 po9t1 & !re explode !m4,a ,fulton's ,failures4--,?\gh ^! fir/ essays ( 8 result$ 9 failure1 ,fulton ?or\ghly believ$ 9 ! efficacy ( 8 s*emes1 & we f9d him1 dur+ t & succe$+ ye>s1 va9ly importunat+ ! ,fr5* & ,dut* ,gov]nm5ts1 to grant him aid & support 9 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts ) 8 new inv5tions1 :]eby he might p]fect !m1 & ?us ensure to :i*ev] gov]nm5t acc$$ to 8 views1 ! total de/ruction ( _! enemy's fleets4 ,bonap>te aids ,fulton4--,?\gh hold+ out su* fav\rable t]ms1 x 0 n until #ahjj1 :5 ,bonap>te became ,fir/ ,consul1 t ,fulton's solicitations 7 successful1 & t money 0 grant$ him to c>ry out a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahja71 "u ,bonap>te's imm$iate patronage1 ,fulton c>ri$ out v>i\s & num]\s exp]im5ts 9 ! h>b\r ( ,bre/1 pr9cipally ) a subm>9e boat devis$ by him 7nam$ ! ,nautilus71 subsequ5tly to 8 inv5tion ( subm>9e c>casses z a means ( approa*+ a %ip & fix+ "o ( 8 inf]nal ma*9es b5ea? h]1 unbekn[n to ! crew ( ! attack$ %ip4 ,fir/ ,vessel de/roy$ by ,torp$oes4--,9 ,augu/1 #ahja1 ,fulton completely de/roy$ a small vessel 9 ,bre/ h>b\r by means ( "o ( 8 subm>9e bombs1 !n call$ by him = ! fir/ "t1 torp$oes1 conta9+ "s tw5ty p\nds ( gunp[d]4 ,?is is ! fir/ vessel kn[n to h be5 sunk by a subm>9e m9e4 ,bonap>te's patronage )drawn4--,not)/&+ ! app>5t success1 & enorm\s p[] ( ,fulton's projects1 on acc\nt ( a failure on 8 "p to de/roy "o ( ! ,engli% ,*annel fleet1 at ! end ( #ahja1 ,bonap>te at once )drew 8 support & aid4 ,disgu/$ ) ?is treatm5t1 & hav+ be5 previ\sly press$ by "s ( ,engl&'s mo/ influ5tial m51 to br+ 8 projects to t c\ntry1 s t ! ,engli% might reap ! b5efit ( 8 wond]ful s*emes1 ,fulton left ,france1 & arriv$ 9 ,london1 9 ,may1 #ahjd4 ,pitt supports ,fulton4--,mr4 ,pitt1 !n ,prime ,m9i/]1 0 mu* /ruck ) ,fulton's v>i\s s*emes ( subm>9e w>f>e1 & aft] exam9+ "o ( 8 inf]nal ma*9es1 or torp$oes1 exclaim$1 t if introduc$ into practice1 x c\ld n fail to annihilate all milit>y m>9es4,b ,?\gh hav+ secur$ ! approval ( ,mr4 ,pitt1 & a few o!r memb]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 he 0 q unable to induce ! ,engli% to accept 8 s*emes 9 toto1 & at once employ !m 9 ! ,naval s]vice4 ,twice ,fulton attempt$ to de/roy ,fr5* m5-(-w>1 ly+ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,b\logne1 by means ( 8 drift+ torp$oes1 b ea* "t he fail$1 ow+ z he !n expla9$1 & :i* aft]w>ds prov$ to be ! case1 to ! simple mi/ake ( hav+ made 8 ma*9es specifically heavi] ?an wat]1 ?us prev5t+ ! curr5t f c>ry+ !m "u a vessel's bottom4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,doro!a4--,?\gh 9 ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ attempts ,fulton succe$$ 9 explod+ 8 ma*9es1 & ?\gh on ! #ae? ,octob]1 #ahje1 9 ! pres5ce ( a num]\s company ( ,naval & o!r sci5tific m51 he completely demoli%$ a /\t brig1 ! ,doro!a1 (f ,walm] ,ca/le1 by means ( 8 drift+ torp$oes1 simil> to ^? employ$ by him at ,b\logne1 b consid]ably improv$1 /ill ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t refus$ to h any?+ fur!r to d ) him or 8 s*emes4 ,engl&1 at t "t1 be+ mi/ress ( ! seas1 x 0 cle>ly h] int]e/ to make ! _w believe t ,fulton's s*emes 7 impracticable & absurd4 ,e>l ,/4 ,v9c5t1 9 a conv]sation ) ,fulton1 told him 9 v /rong language1 t ,pitt 0 a fool = enc\rag+ a mode ( w>f>e1 :i*1 if successful1 w\ld wre/ ! trid5t f ^? :o !n claim$ to be> x1 z ! sceptre ( supremacy on ! ocean4,c ,we>i$ ) incessant applications & neglect1 & ) failures1 n ) 8 inv5tions1 b 9 induc+ gov]nm5ts to accept !m1 he left ,engl& 9 #ahjf1 & return$ to 8 native c\ntry4 ,application to ,congress = ,help4--,arriv$ !re1 he lo/ no "t 9 solicitat+ aid f ,congress to enable him to c>ry out exp]im5ts ) 8 torp$oes & subm>9e boats1 practice alone 9 8 op9ion be+ necess>y to develop ! extraord9>y p[]s ( 8 inv5tion1 z an auxili>y to h>b\r def5ce4 ,by incessant applications to 8 gov]nm5t1 & by circulat+ 8 torp$o book,d among ! memb]s1 9 :i* he _h giv5 detail$ acc\nts ( all 8 previ\s exp]im5ts 9 ,france & ,engl&1 & elaborate plans = r5d]+ ,am]ican h>b\rs1 etc41 invuln]able to ,briti% attack1 a ,commission 0 appo9t$ to inquire into & practically te/ ! value ( ^! s*emes4 ,!y 7 z foll[s3-- #a4--;,drift+ ,torp$oes4--,two torp$oes connect$ by a l9e float$ 9 ! tide at a c]ta9 dep?1 & suff]$ to drift across ! b[s ( ! vessel to be attack$2 ! c\pl+ l9e be+ arre/$ by ! %ip's cable w\ld cause ! torp$oes to be =c$ "u h] bottom2 ?is plan is repres5t$ & w be readily und]/ood by ,fig4 #c4 #b4--;,h>poon ,torp$o4--,a torp$o atta*$ to "o end ( a l9e1 ! o!r "p to a h>poon1 :i* 0 to be fir$ into ! b[s ( ! doom$ vessel f a piece ( ordnance m\nt$ 9 ! b[s ( a boat1 specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose2 ! l9e be+ fix$ to ! vessel by ! h>poon1 ! curr5t1 if ! vessel 7 at an*or1 or h] progress if und]weigh1 w\ld c>ry ! torp$o "u h] bottom4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ?is type ( ,fulton's subm>9e inf]nal ma*9e4 #c4--,sp> ,torp$o4--,a torp$o atta*$ to a sp> susp5d$ by a swivel f ! b[sprit ( a torp$o boat1 s ne>ly balanc$1 t a man c\ld easily depress1 or elevate ! torp$o ) "o h&1 :il/ ) ! o!r he pull$ a trigg] & explod$ x4 #d4--;,block ,%ip4--,block %ips1 t is vessels f #ej to #ajj tons1 con/ruct$ ) sides imp]vi\s to cannon %ot1 & decks made imp5etrable to musket %ot4 ,a sp> torp$o a1 a1 a1 to be c>ri$ on ea* b[ & qu>t] ,fig4 #d repres5ts ?is curi\s craft4 ,/ation>y ,m9es4--,/ation>y buoyant torp$oes = h>b\r def5ce1 to be fir$ by means ( lev]s atta*$ to trigg]s4 ,?is k9d ( m9e is %[n at ,fig4 #a4 #e4--;,cable ,cutt]s4--,cable cutt]s1 t is subm>9e guns dis*>g+ a %>p piece ( iron 9 ! %ape ( a cresc5t1 ) suffici5t =ce to cut ?r\gh %ip's cables1 or o!r ob/ructions4,e ,practical ,exp]im5ts4--,v>i\s & exhau/ive exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,commission]s1 t5d+ g5]ally to impress !m ) a fav\rable view ( ,fulton's _m projects4 ,z a f9al te/1 ! sloop ,argus 0 ord]$1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,commodore ,rodg]s1 to :om ,fulton _h previ\sly expla9$ 8 mode ( attack1 to be prep>$ to repel all attempts made aga9/ h] by ,fulton1 ) 8 torp$oes4 ,def5ce ( ! ,argus4--,?\gh repeat$ attempts 7 made1 none 7 successful1 ow+ to ! en]getic1 ?\gh some:at exagg]at$ mann] 9 :i* ! def5ce ( ! sloop _h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,%e 0 surr\nd$ by num]\s sp>s la%$ toge!r1 nets d[n to ! gr\nd1 grappl+ irons1 heavy pieces ( metal susp5d$ f ! y>d arms ready to be dropp$ into any boat t came b5ea? !m1 scy!s fitt$ to long sp>s = ! purpose ( m[+ (f ! heads ( any :o might be ra% en\gh to get )9 range ( !m4 ,z ,rob]t ,fulton v ju/ly rem>k$1 a sy/em1 !n only 9 its infancy1 :i* compell$ a ho/ile vessel to gu>d h]self by su* extraord9>y means c\ld n fail ( becom+ a mo/ important mode ( w>f>e4 ,?ree ( ! ,commission]s report$ z fav\rably z c\ld be expect$1 consid]+ its infancy1 on ! practical value ( ,fulton's s*eme ( torp$o w>f>e4 ,congress refuse aid4--,b on ! /r5g? ( ,commodore ,rodg]s's report1 :i* 0 z unfair & prejudic$1 z ! o!rs 7 fair & unprejudic$1 ,congress refus$ ,fulton any fur!r aid1 or to c\nt5ance any fur!r exp]im5ts t he might /ill feel incl9$ to prosecute4 ,?\gh undet]r$ by ?is fre% in/ance ( neglect1 & /ill hav+ a firm belief 9 ! efficacy ( 8 v>i\s torp$o projects1 yet o!r important matt]s connect$ ) ! improvem5t ( ! /eam eng9e occupi$ 8 :ole "t & prev5t$ him f mak+ any fur!r exp]im5ts ) 8 subm>9e inv5tions4 ,mode ( ,fir+1 #ahbi4--,up to #ahbi1 t is to say = ne>ly sixty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( torp$oes1 me*anical means only 7 employ$ to effect ! ignition ( ! torp$o *>ges1 su* z lev]s1 clockwork1 & trigg]s pull$ by h&2 ) su* crude means ( explod+ !m1 x is n extraord9>y to f9d1 t all ! attempts made to de/roy ho/ile %ips1 result$ 9 failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fulton',s ,,torp$oes4 ,,plate ,i ,briefly review+ ! hi/ory ( ! torp$o dur+ its fir/ p]iod ( exi/5ce1 viz41 f ,capta9 ,bu%nell's inv5tion ( subm>9e magaz9es 9 #agge1 d[n to ! introduction ( electricity1 z a means ( explod+ subm>9e m9es1 by ,colonel ,colt1 9 #ahbi1 we f9d t due to ! unwe>i$ ex]tions1 & num]\s exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,capta9 ,bu%nell1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,fulton & o!rs1 ! foll[+ v important pr9ciples 9 ! art ( torp$o w>f>e 7 fully prov$3-- #a4--,t a *>ge ( gunp[d] c\ld be explod$ "u wat]4 #b4--,t any vessel c\ld be sunk by a torp$o1 provid$ only ! *>ge 7 l>ge en\gh4 #c4--,t x 0 possible to con/ruct a boat :i* c\ld be navigat$1 & rema9 = sev]al h\rs "u wat]1 )\t detrim5t to h] crew4 #d4--,t a %ip at an*or c\ld be de/roy$1 by means ( drift+ torp$oes1 or by a subm>9e or ord9>y boat1 arm$ ) a sp> torp$o4 #e4--,t a vessel und]weigh c\ld be de/roy$ by means ( /ation>y subm>9e m9es1 & by ! h>poon torp$o4 ,^! pr9ciples1 :i* at ! "t 7 fully admitt$1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! sy/ems ( torp$o w>f>e1 t are at ! pres5t day 9 vogue1 all ov] ! _w4 ,second ,epo*4--,! second epo* 9 ! life ( ! torp$o dates f #ahbi1 :5 ,colonel ,colt1 !n a m]e lad1 comm5c$ exp]im5ts ) 8 subm>9e batt]y4 ,colt's ,exp]im5ts4--,8 fir/ public essay1 0 on ! #d? ,june1 #ahdb1 :5 he explod$ a case ( p[d] 9 ,new ,york h>b\r1 :ile himself /&+ at a great di/ance (f4 ,hav+ by num]\s successful exp]im5ts satisfactorily prov$ t vessels at an*or c\ld be sunk by means ( 8 electrical m9es1 ,colonel ,colt engag$ to de/roy a vessel und]weigh by simil> means1 :i* feat he successfully accompli%$ on #ac? ,april1 #ahdd4 ,colt's ,electric ,cable4--,! electric cable z us$ by ,colonel ,colt1 0 insulat$ by cotton y>n1 soak$ 9 a solution ( asphaltum & beeswax1 & ! :ole enclos$ 9 a metal case4 ,colt's ,reflector4--,on exam9+ ,colt's pap]s aft] 8 dea?1 "o 0 f\nd illu/rat+ "o ( 8 _m devices = effect+ ! explosion ( a subm>9e m9e at ! prop] in/ant4 ,description ( ,reflector4--,"o set ( conduct+ wires f all ! m9es is p]man5tly atta*$ to a s+le pole ( a v p[]ful fir+ batt]y1 ! o!r wires lead to metal po9ts :i* are atta*$ to m>ks on a *>t ( ! *annel 9 front ( ! op]ator & :i* m>ks correspond ) ! actual positions ( ! m9es 9 ! *annel4 ,a reflector1 is arrang$ to ?r[ ! image ( a ho/ile vessel on ! *>t1 & z ?is image passes ov] ei!r ( ! wire t]m9ations on x1 ! op]ator ) ! o!r batt]y wire1 completes ! circuit1 & explodes ! torp$o1 ov] :i* by h] image ?r[n on ! *>t1 ! vessel is suppos$ to be at t precise mom5t4,f ,9 8 exp]im5t ) a vessel "u weigh1 ,colt _h probably tak5 ! precaution ( lay+ d[n sev]al circles ( m9es1 & ?us aid$ by cross /affs1 ensur$ ! exp]im5t be+ a success4 ,) reg>d to ! inv5tion ( ! ^w torp$o1 = subm>9e inf]nal ma*9es1 ,dr4 ,b>n>d 9 8 life ( ,colt says1 t ,fulton us$ ! ^w torp$o1 probably on acc\nt ( its p[] ( /unn+ or mak+ torpid1 & t a long way ?r\gh ! wat]1--9 s nam+ x1 he builde? bett] ?an he knew1 = ,colt's torp$oes be+ fir$ by electricity may ) special fitness take its "n f ! electric eel4,g ,!oretical ,k4--,?\gh _m opportunities h occurr$ dur+ ! la/ ?irty-five ye>s = practically te/+ ! effectiv5ess ( torp$oes :5 employ$ on actual s]vice1 especially dur+ ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> 7#ahfa-fe7 & ! late ,turco-,russian ,w> 7#ahgg-gh71 yet 9 s f> z ! (f5sive & electrical portion ( subm>9e w>f>e is conc]n$1 our k ( !m is /ill pr9cipally !oretically4 ,failure ( ,(f5sive ,torp$oes4--,! manipulation ( ! ord9>y sp> or outrigg] torp$o boats1 & ( ! v>i\s automatic torp$oes1 appe>s simple en\gh1 :5 practice is made ) ^? subm>9e weapons dur+ peace "t1 also ! results ( su* practice is )\t d\bt uni=mly successful1 yet :5 ! crucial te/ ( actual s]vice is appli$1 z 0 ! case dur+ ! w> ( #ahgg1 ) ! ,:itehead & sp> torp$oes1 !n a succession ( failures _h to be record$4,h ,! cause ( ?is want ( success 9 w>-"t ) (f5sive torp$oes1 lies 9 ! fact1 t dur+ peace "t ! exp]im5ts & practice c>ri$ out ) !m1 are done s1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 t is to say 9 daylight1 & ! n]ves ( ! op]ators n 9 t high /ate ( t5sion1 :i* w\ld be ! case1 7 !y attack+ a man-(-w> on a pit* d>k night1 ^: exact position _c be kn[n1 & f ^: guns at any mom5t a %eet ( fire may be bel*$ =?1 & a /orm ( %ot & bullets be p\r$ on !m1 :il/ on actual s]vice1 ?is w\ld 9 n9e out ( t5 in/ances be ! case4 ,"s unc]ta9ty mu/ & w always exi/ 9 (f5sive torp$o op]ations :5 c>ri$ out 9 actual w>1 :]e1 z 9 ?is case1 ! success ( ! ent]prise dep5ds almo/ :olly on ! /ate ( a man's n]ves1 yet ?is defect1 a want ( c]ta9ty1 may to a consid]able ext5t be eradicat$ 7 means to be f\nd ( c>ry+ out 9 "t ( peace1 a sy/ematic practice ( ?is bran* ( torp$o w>f>e1 "u circum/ances simil> to ^? exp]i5c$ 9 w> "t1 & ?is is n only possible1 b practicable4 ,moral ,effect ( ,torp$oes4--,we n[ come to ! moral effect ( torp$oes1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! v ess5ce ( ! va/ p[] ( ^! t]rible eng9es ( w>4 ,ea* successive w> t has occurr$1 9 :i* ! torp$o has tak5 a "p1 s9ce ,capta9 ,bu%nell's futile attempt 9 #agge to de/roy our fleet by drift+ num]\s kegs *>g$ ) gunp[d] d[n ! ,delaw>re1 teem ) pro(s ( ! great wor? ( torp$oes 9 ?is respect alone4 ,t su* a dread ( !m %\ld & always w be met ) 9 future ,naval w>s1 at times creat+ a regul> torp$o sc>e or funk1 is n extraord9>y1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ^! subm>9e weapons ( ! pres5t day1 are capable ( s9k+ ! f9e/ ironclad afloat1 & ( laun*+ into et]nity )\t a mom5t's w>n+ or prep>ation1 :ole %ips' crews4 ,! torp$oes exi/+ at ! pres5t day h1 )\t d\bt1 rea*$ a v high degree ( excell5ce1 9 s f> z _! con/ruction1 fuzes1 cables1 c41 bo? electrically & me*anically1 is conc]n$1 b mu* has yet to be done to develop _! actual effectiv5ess4 ,! result ( ! num]\s & exhau/ive exp]im5ts t h ( late ye>s be5 c>ri$ out by ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 & ,europe prove t ! necess>y di/ances betwe5 /ation>y subm>9e m9es are by f> great] ?an ^? )9 :i* ! explosions are effective4 ,!re=e x w be f\nd necess>y to supplem5t ^? subm>9e h>b\r def5ces1 by automatic torp$oes t c be controll$ & direct$ f ! %ore1 z well z by specially con/ruct$ torp$o boats4 ,automatic ,arrangem5ts4--,& to ensure c]ta9ty1 :i* is ! desid]atum 9 torp$o w>f>e1 circuit clos]s1 or o!r automatic arrangem5ts = explod+ ! subm>9e m9es1 mu/ be employ$1 z ! sy/em ( fir+ !m by judgm5t is n at all a sure "o4 ,%ip ,def5ce4--,! problem1 :i* occupies ! att5tion ( ,naval & o!r sci5tific m51 at ! pres5t day1 is h[ be/ to enable a %ip to gu>d h]self aga9/ attacks f ! fi% & o!r automatic torp$oes1 & ?is )\t 9 any way impair+ h] effici5cy z a man-(-w>4 ,! means ( su* def5ce1 %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be inh]5t 9 ! vessel h]self1 outw>d me?ods1 su* z nets1 booms1 etc41 are to great ext5t impracticable1 besides "o ( ! above m5tion$ torp$oes1 be+ caught by su* ob/ructions w\ld1 on explod+1 mo/ probably de/roy !m1 ?us leav+ ! vessel undef5d$ aga9/ fur!r attacks4 ,me*anical ,m9es4--,sev]al +5i\s me?ods h ( late be5 devis$ = ! purpose ( obviat+ "o ( ! pr9cipal defects common to all k9ds ( me*anical subm>9e m9es1 ! mo/ effici5t & practical ( :i* w be f\nd fully describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 viz41 ! great dang] att5dant on ! moor+ ( su* m9es2 b z yet1 no really practical mode ( r5d]+ me*anical m9es safe1 aft] !y h once be5 moor$ & put 9 action1 has be5 discov]$1 7 su* to be devis$1 a v difficult & extremely important problem ( def5sive torp$o w>f>e w\ld be solv$4 ,electrical ,m9es4--,9 reg>d to electrical subm>9e m9es1 mu* has be5 done by torp$oi/s 9 g5]al to simplify ?is o!rwise some:at complicat$ bran* ( def5sive torp$o w>f>e1 by adopt+ ! plat9um wire fuze1 9 ! place ( ! high t5sion "o1 by ! employm5t ( ,leclan* fir+ batt]ies1 by ! simplification ( ! circuit clos]1 & disc>d+ ! use ( a circuit break]1 by alt]+ ! =m ( torp$o case1 & :5ev] possible by enclos+ ! circuit clos] 9 ! subm>9e m9e4 ,! necessity ( a v elaborate sy/em ( te/+ %\ld1 if possible1 be ov]come1 = a sy/em ( subm>9e m9es t requires ! num]\s & v>i\s te/s t are at ! pres5t day employ$1 to enable ^? 9 *>ge ( !m to "k = c]ta9 t :5 want$ ! m9es w explode1 _c be consid]$ z adaptable to actual s]vice4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! safety ( _m ports1 etc41 w 9 future w>s dep5d almo/ entirely on ! practical effici5cy ( electrical & me*anical m9es4 ,z yet1 9 actual w>1 little or no exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ ( ! real value ( a mode ( coa/ def5ce by electrical m9es1 except+ f a moral po9t ( view1 ?\gh 9 ?is p>ticul> !y h mo/ und\bt$ly be5 prov$ to be exce$+ly effective4 ,a subm>9e m9e mu* want$ on active s]vice1 is "o t c be c>ri$ on bo>d %ips1 capable ( be+ fitt$ = use at a mom5t's notice1 & ( be+ easily & rapidly plac$ 9 position by ! ord9>y boats ( a man-(-w>4 ,x %\ld be a self-act+ electrical m9e1 ) ! circuit clos+ app>atus enclos$ 9 ! torp$o case1 & capable ( c>ry+ ab\t #ajj lbs4 ( guncotton4 ,?is =m ( m9e w\ld be f\nd extremely useful to secure ! entrance to a h>b\r1 etc41 :]e %ips might happ5 to be an*or$ = ! night1 or :i* might h be5 wre/$ f ! enemy1 etc4 ,!y %\ld be capable ( be+ plac$ 9 position & pick$ up aga91 9 ! %orte/ possible space ( "t4 ,(f5sive ,torp$oes4--,com+ to ! "q ( (f5sive torp$oes !re /ill seems to be a great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! real value ( ! ,:itehead fi% torp$o1 & ?is po9t w nev] be f9ally settl$ until t weapon has be5 m ?or\ghly te/$ on actual s]vice2 f a specially built torp$o boat1 by :i* is meant a ,?ornycr(t or ,y>r[ craft1 ! sp> torp$o w\ld seem to be ! mo/ effective weapon4 ,torp$o vessels = ! special purpose ( exp]im5t+ ) ! ,:itehead torp$o h be5 built by ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 & sev]al cont95tal gov]nm5ts1 s t we may soon hope to get "s m decid$ op9ion z to ! utility ( t weapon4 ,:5 manipulat$ f ! %ore1 or l>ge %ips1 ! ,lay torp$o boat1 if only its spe$ be increas$ w prove an exce$+ly effective subm>9e weapon1 = ! purposes ( (f5ce1 active def5ce1 or cle>+ h>b\rs1 etc41 ( m9es1 9 fact1 x may be m truly said ( ?is weapon1 ?an ( ! ,:itehead1 t x c d ev]y?+ b speak4 ,capta9 ,h>vey has greatly improv$ 8 t[+ torp$o1 b x is /ill a some:at complicat$ & difficult weapon to manipulate by ord9>y p]sons1 t is1 ^? n specially tra9$ = ! "w4 ,drift+ torp$oes "u c]ta9 circum/ances %\ld prove invaluable1 b little or no improvem5t has be5 effect$ 9 ?is direction4 ,subm>9e boats h also rema9$ 9 /atu quo1 ?\gh = ! purpose ( cle>+ an enemy's h>b\r ( m9es1 x seems impossible to devise any bett] me?od4 ,electric lights are n[ univ]sally adopt$ = use on bo>d %ip1 & w play a v important "p 9 ! def5ce ( %ips aga9/ torp$o attacks 9 future w>s4 ,glanc+ back on :at has be5 effect$ 9 ! matt] ( improv+ ! sy/em ( torp$o w>f>e 9 all its bran*es dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 ) ! exception ( ! va/ improvem5ts 9 ! =m & con/ruction ( /eam torp$o boats1 _! eng9es1 etc41 v little has be5 done1 ow+ pr9cipally to ! want ( t practical k :i* un=tunately c only be ga9$ f _! employm5t 9 actual w>4 ,! late ,turco-,russian w> af=d$ a spl5did opportunity = apply+ ! crucial te/ ( actual s]vice to bo? ! (f5sive & def5sive bran*es ( torp$o w>f>e1 yet little or no light 0 ?r[n on ! some:at %ad[y subject ( subm>9e w>f>e4 ,! pres5t /ruggle betwe5 ,p]u & ,*ili may furni% "s exp]i5ce1 b x w n be v satisfactory1 z h>dly any k ( manipulat+ torp$oes is possess$ by ei!r side4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,a3 ,c4 ,d4 ,cold5's ,life ( ,fulton4 ,footnote ,b3 ,c4 ,d4 ,cold5's ,life ( ,fulton4 ,footnote ,c3 ,c4 ,d4 ,cold5's ,life ( ,fulton4 ,footnote ,d3 ,torp$o ,w>f>e1 by ,r4 ,fulton1 #ahaj4 ,footnote ,e3 ,c4 ,d4 ,cold5's ,life ( ,fulton4 ,footnote ,f3 ,john/on's ,cyclopdia4 ,footnote ,g3 ,armsme>4 ,footnote ,h3 ,see ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,def5sive ,,torp$o ,,w>f>e4--,,me*anical ,,m9es4--,,me*anical ,,fuzes4--,,moor+ ,,me*anical ,,m9es4 ,,by def5sive torp$o w>f>e is meant ! protection ( h>b\rs1 riv]s1 etc41 by means ( v>i\s descriptions ( torp$oes moor$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,subm>9e1 or sea m9e1 is ! t]m t has be5 g5]ally adopt$ to designate ?is p>ticul> species ( torp$o4 ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,def5ce 9 ,future ,w>s4--,! v conspicu\s "p play$ by subm>9e m9es1 9 ! _m w>s t h tak5 place s9ce ! introduction ( ! torp$o z a legitimate mode ( ,naval w>f>e1 :5 _! manipulation 0 comp>atively little und]/ood1 & con/ruction v imp]fect1 proves t1 ) ! exp]i5ce s ga9$1 & ! va/ improvem5ts t h be51 & are daily be+ effect$1 9 all t app]ta9s to ! art ( torp$o w>f>e1 ! protection ( h>b\rs1 etc41 w 9 future w>s dep5d 9 a great measure on ! adoption ( a sy/ematic & ext5sive employm5t ( subm>9e m9es4 ,! utility & p[] ( ?is mode ( coa/ def5ce has be5 fully exemplifi$ 9 actual w>1 m especially dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> 7#ahgj-a7 & ! late ,turco-,russian w> 7#ahgg-h74 ,torp$oes 9 ! ,franco-,g]man ,w>4--,9 ! =m] in/ance1 ! sup]iority ( ! ,fr5* ov] ! ,g]mans1 9 ! matt] ( %ips1 0 m ?an neutralis$1 by ! use on ! "p ( ! latt] ( electrical1 me*anical1 & dummy m9es = ! protection ( _! h>b\rs1 etc4 ,9 reg>d to ! utility ( ! latt]1 x is on record t a c]ta9 ,g]man port 0 entirely def5d$ by dummy m9es1 ! ,burgoma/] ( t place hav+ be5 unable to obta9 m5 to place ! active me*anical ones 9 position1 ow+ to ! num]\s & s]i\s accid5ts t _h previ\sly occurr$ 9 o!r ,g]man ports at ! comm5cem5t ( ! w>1 9 moor+ ! latt] k9d ( subm>9e m9e4 ,! effect1 s f> z keep+ ! ,fr5* fleet at a di/ance 0 conc]n$1 0 precisely ! same1 z ?\gh active in/ead ( dummy m9es _h be5 employ$1 ?us /ill fur!r prov+ ! va/ moral p[] possess$ by torp$oes4 ,torp$oes 9 ! ,russo-,turki% ,w>4--,9 ! w> ( #ahgg1 ! ,turks1 ?\gh possess+ a p[]ful fleet 9 ! ,black ,sea & flotilla on ! ,danube1 made little or no use ( _! sup]iority ov] ! ,russians 9 ?is respect4 ,!y fail$ to ev5 attempt to de/roy ! bridges =m$ by ! ,russians ov] ! ,danube1 nor did !y make any attempt to capture ,poti1 re-take ,ku/5dje1 or to create div]sions on ! ,russian coa/ 9 ! ,black ,sea4 ,_h ! latt] s]vice alone be5 effectually c>ri$ out1 by :i* means1 a l>ge =ce ( ! enemy w\ld h be5 held 9 *eck1 imm5se help w\ld h be5 af=d$ to ! ,ottoman armies 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,aga91 dur+ ! :ole ( ! w>1 ! ,russian port ( ,odessa 0 nev] sight$1 & ,seba/opol only once by ! ,ottoman fleet4 ,cause ( ,failure ( ! ,ottoman ,fleet4--,! cause ( ?is repeat$ neglect on ! "p ( ! ,turki% fleet may be trac$ almo/ entirely to ! assumption 7:i* 9 n9e out ( t5 cases 0 an errone\s "o7 on ! "p ( ! ,naval ,pa%as & ,beys t e ,russian h>b\r1 etc41 0 a mass ( subm>9e m9es1 & ?is 9 sev]al in/ances ext5d+ _m miles to seaw>d4 ,s also1 "s ( ! _m failures exp]i5c$ by ! ,russians 9 _! num]\s torp$o boat attacks1 7 due 9 a great measure to an errone\s supposition on ! "p ( ! capta9 ( ! ,russian /eam]1 ,con/ant9e 7employ$ to convoy ! torp$o boats71 t ! ,turks _h def5d$ ! entrance1 to a di/ance ( "s miles to seaw>d1 ( _! h>b\rs1 etc41 & ?us ! torp$o boats 7 dispat*$ to ! attack "s miles (f ! entrance1 caus+ !m1 ow+ to ! d>kness1 to ent] ! h>b\r 9 :i* ! ,turki% vessels 7 ly+1 9 a v /raggl+ mann]4 ,& to a simil> reason ! failure ( ! ,russians to capture ,sul9a1 9 ! attack made on t place 9 ,octob]1 #ahgg1 0 pr9cipally ow+ to _! n d>+ to s5d _! ,pop(fkas to attack f ! sea4 ,"o ( ! *ief po9ts ( usefulness ( an ext5sive & sy/ematic employm5t ( subm>9e m9es1 w be to m9imise ! numb] ( vessels necess>y = ! protection ( h>b\rs1 etc41 ?us enabl+ a f> l>g] numb] ( %ips to op]ate at sea aga9/ ^? ( an enemy1 ?is especially applies to c\ntries l ,engl& & ,am]ica possess+ a l>ge ext5t ( seacoa/1 num]\s h>b\rs1 riv]s1 etc41 :i* x w\ld be necess>y to def5d 9 ! ev5t ( w>4 ,sci5ce ( ,torp$o ,w>f>e4--,! sci5ce ( def5sive torp$o w>f>e may be consid]$ to consi/ (3-- #a4--,! arrangem5t ( ! m9es 9 positions1 su* t x w\ld n be possible = a ho/ile vessel attempt+ to =ce a passage into a h>b\r1 etc41 def5d$ by su* means1 to pass m ?an "o l9e ( !m1 )\t com+ )9 ! de/ructive radius ( "s "o or o!r ( ! rema9+ m9es4 ,,note4--,! difficulty ( atta9+ ! above effect1 lies 9 ! fact t ! de/ructive radius ( a subm>9e m9e1 is consid]ably less ?an ! di/ance t mu/ be ma9ta9$ betwe5 !m1 to prev5t injury by concussion to ! cases1 circuit clos]s1 electric cables1 etc41 ( su* m9es on ! explosion ( an adjac5t "o4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! above1 take ! case ( a #ejj lb4 guncotton subm>9e m9e4 ,n[ ! de/ructive radius ( a sea-m9e is f\nd by ! =mula ,r #crt7#cb ,c71 :]e ,r is ! de/ructive radius 9 feet ( a m9e moor$ at its mo/ effective dep?1 & ,c is ! *>ge 7guncotton7 9 lbs4 ,9 ! above case ,r w\ld be ab\t #bd feet1 :i* 9 s f> z ! actual de/ruction ( a %ip is conc]n$1 may be tak5 z correct1 b if injury to a vessel's eng9es1 boil]s1 etc41 be also tak5 into consid]ation1 & z ! vessel w\ld mo/ probably be und]weigh on su* an occasion1 ?is w\ld be a v vital & important consid]ation1 ,r w\ld "u ^? circum/ances be m ?an d\bl$4 ,n[ ! necess>y int]val = safety betwe5 su* m9es1 accord+ to torp$o au?orities1 is equal to #aj ,r1 & %\ld c]ta9ly be n less ?an #h ,r1 :i* 9 ?is case w\ld give ab\t #bjj feet1 !re=e assum+ ! radius ( de/ruction to be #ej feet1 x is se5 t !re w\ld be "u ^? conditions a cle> undef5d$ space ( ab\t #ajj feet betwe5 ea* c\ple ( #ejj lb4 m9es 9 ! same l9e4 #b4--,! comb9$ arrangem5t ( subm>9e m9es ) =ts & batt]ies1 9 su* a mann]1 t e "o ( ! =m] %all be well cov]$ by ! guns ( ! latt]1 & also t x w\ld be impossible = an enemy's %ips to get )9 effective range ( ! =ts1 or batt]ies1 )\t mov+ ov] gr\nd :]e m9es 7 laid4 ,,note4--,?is applies to ! def5ce ( ! m important h>b\rs1 etc41 9 :i* case ! subm>9e m9es 7:i* w\ld be *iefly electrical ones7 w\ld only act z auxili>ies to ! l& def5ces4 ,to effectually c>ry out ! above1 !re c be no "q b t !y :o plan ! =ts1 etc41 %\ld also plan ! sy/ems ( subm>9e def5ce4 ,a h>b\r1 riv]1 etc41 :i* x is necess>y to protect by electrical subm>9e m9es1 etc41 & :]e no l& def5ces exi/1 %\ld h its m9es support$ by a p[]ful %ip or %ips1 z maybe ?\ght desirable4 ,success 9 ,torp$o ,w>f>e4--,! two mo/ important conditions ess5tially necess>y to ! successful employm5t ( torp$oes1 bo? (f5sive & def5sive1 are3-- #a4 ,,c]ta9ty ,,( ,,action4 #b4 ,,simplicity ,,( ,,manipulation4 ,)\t ! =m] ?is mode ( ,naval w>f>e is comp>atively useless1 :ile )\t ! latt] ! =m] condition is r>ely obta9$1 m especially 9 ! case ( (f5sive torp$oes4 ,subm>9e m9es are divid$ into sep>ate classes1 viz43-- #a4 ,,me*anical ,,m9es4 #b4 ,,electrical ,,m9es4 ,me*anical ,m9es4--,by ?is description ( subm>9e m9es1 is meant ^? ^: *>ges are fir$ by me*anical means alone4 ,me*anical ,m9es 9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>4--,dur+ ! civil w> ( ,am]ica 7#ahfa-e71 ! ,conf$]ates dep5d$ almo/ entirely on me*anical subm>9e m9es = ! protection ( _! h>b\rs1 riv]s1 etc41 & to ?is ext5sive use ( su* m9es may be trac$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,f$]al disa/]s afloat4 ,9 ! pr9cipal w>s t h subsequ5tly occurr$1 ?\gh ?is =m ( subm>9e m9e has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t us$1 x has g5]ally be5 only z an auxili>y to ! m effective electrical torp$o1 & ow+ to ! det]r5t effect produc$ by ! num]\s torp$o successes t *>act]is$ ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 on ,naval ,comm&]s1 etc41 few vessels h be5 de/roy$ by _! means1 ! effect ( ! employm5t ( def5sive torp$oes hav+ be5 almo/ :olly a moral "o4 ,me*anical ,m9es = ,coa/ ,def5ce4--,! exp]i5ce hi!rto ga9$1 ) reg>d to ! employm5t ( me*anical m9es = coa/ def5ce 9 actual w>1 proves t !y w be f\nd exce$+ly valuable 9 ! foll[+ positions3-- #a4--;,9 comb9ation ) booms or o!r ob/ructions plac$ 9 def5ce ( n>r[ *annels1 etc41 :i* are int5d$ to be completely block$ up4 #b4--;,9 %all[ wat] on ! flanks ( electrical m9es4 #c4--;,9 protect+ unfrequ5t$ bays1 *annels1 etc41 & a long l9e ( seacoa/1 :i* may o!rwise be entirely undef5d$4 ,,note4--,9 ?is latt] in/ance1 ?\gh ! m9es may n be cov]$ by any guns1 /ill !y w be ( great use1 9 s f>1 t be+ me*anical ones1 !y _c be r5d]$ useless by ! process ( cutt+ cables1 etc41 b mu/ be de/roy$1 :i* 9 "t ( peace is a "w ( consid]able lab\r & dang]1 &1 !re=e1 w\ld 9 ! "t ( w>1 cause at ! v lea/1 s]i\s delay to an enemy desir\s ( effect+ a l&+1 etc41 at a po9t s protect$4 ,!re are num]\s objections aga9/ _! employm5t1 ! pr9cipal ones be+3-- #a4--,t !y are all1 m or less dang]\s to place 9 position4 #b4--,t !y _c be te/$ :5 moor$4 #c4--,t !y are z dang]\s to fri5d z to foe1 :5 once plac$ 9 action4 #d4--,t an explod$1 or kn[n damag$ m9e _c be replac$4 ,,note4--,! above objections1 especially #b & #c1 con/itute )\t d\bt v s]i\s defects 9 a sy/em ( def5ce by me*anical m9es1 & 9 ! case ( purely me*anical ones1 x seems almo/ impossible to eradicate any ( !m1 ?\gh1 not)/&+1 "u ! p>ticul> circum/ance be=e-m5tion$1 ^! species ( def5sive torp$o w be f\nd extremely useful4 ,! ,advantages ( ,me*anical ,m9es4--,!y possess a few advantages1 :i* are z foll[s3-- #a4--,!y are comp>atively *eap4 #b4--,!y c be kept 9 /ore & ready = use at a mom5t's notice4 #c4--,!y d n require specially tra9$ m5 to manipulate !m4 #d4--;,extempore ones c be easily & readily made4 ,be/ ,k9ds ( ,me*anical ,m9es4--,among ! v num]\s & v>i\s k9ds ( me*anical subm>9e m9es t h be5 devis$ ! foll[+ may be consid]$ z ! mo/ effective1 & practicable ( !m all3-- #a4--;,,frame ,,torp$oes4 #b4--;,,buoyant ,,m9es4 ,?is includes3-- a4--,,b>rel ,,m9e4 b4--,,brook',s ,,m9e4 #c4--,,s+]',s ,,m9e4 #d4--,,mcevoy',s ,,improv$ ,,m9e4 #e4--;,,extempore ,,m9e4 ,frame ,torp$oes4--,?is =m ( def5sive m9e is %[n at ,fig4 #f4 ,x consi/s ( a frame "w :i* is =m$ ( f\r /rong timb]s a1 a1 a1 a1 ^! be+ kept p>allel & only a few feet ap>t by means ( cross timb]s b1 b4 ,a ca/-iron torp$o c1 c1 c1 9 ! %ape ( a %ell1 is bolt$ to ! head ( ea* ( ! timb]s a1 a1 a1 conta9+ ab\t ?irty p\nds ( f9e gra9$ gunp[d]1 & fitt$ ) a p]cussion fuse1 :i* is s plac$ t x w\ld come into contact ) a vessel /rik+ aga9/ ! framework1 directly or n4 ,"o end ( ! frame is securely an*or$1 ! o!r1 t on :i* ! torp$oes are fix$1 is kept at its prop] di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] by means ( *a9s1 d1 d1 & an*ors4 ,to prev5t ! frame f s9k+ :5 sodd5 ) wat]1 ! uprights e1 e1 are provid$4 ,?is =m ( me*anical m9e1 :i* p]=ms ! d\ble function ( torp$o & ob/ruction1 0 mu* us$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 & f\nd extremely useful1 no passage 0 attempt$ to be =c$ by ! ,f$]als :]e ^! torp$oes 7 kn[n to be plac$4 ,/ake ,torp$o4--,fig4 #g repres5ts ano!r =m ( ! frame torp$o4 ,x consi/s ( a piece ( timb]1 a1 its heels secur$ by a heavy metal %oe b1 work+ 9 a univ]sal jo9t 9 ! moor+1 c4 ,at ! head ( ! piece ( timb] is secur$ a torp$o d1 conta9+ ab\t fifty p\nds ( gunp[d]1 & fitt$ ) f\r or five s5sitive fuzes4 ,! prop] angle ( incl9ation is obta9$ by secur+ ! upp] end ( ! timb] to an an*or z %[n at e4 ,z a pro( ( ! effici5cy ( ?is species ( me*anical m9e1 ev5 ?\gh hav+ be5 9 position = a great l5g? ( "t1 ! ,u4,s4 gunboat1 ,jonquil1 0 ne>ly de/roy$ :il/ attempt+ to remove "s simil> torp$oes :i* _h be5 9 position = two ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frame ,,torp$oes1 ,,buoyant ,,me*anical ,,m9es4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,! ,b>rel ,torp$o4--,"o description ( ?is =m ( me*anical subm>9e m9e is %[n at ,fig4 #h4 ,x consi/s ( a b>rel a1 to ! ends ( :i* are atta*$ two cones ( p9e b1 b1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! curr5t f turn+ ! m9e ov]4 ,to ensure its be+ wat]tight1 pit* is p\r$ into ! int]ior ?r\gh ! bunghole1 & ! b>rel roll$ ab\t1 s t ! inside may be ev5ly cov]$4 ,! outside 0 also ?or\ghly coat$ ) pit*4 ,^! m9es usually conta9 ab\t #ajj lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 & are explod$ by means ( p]cussion or *emical fuzes 7c1 c1 c17 g5]ally five 9 numb]1 screw$ into sockets on ea* side & on ! top ( ! bilge ( ! b>rels4 ,to keep !m upright a weight d is hung bel[ ! m9e4 ,?is k9d ( me*anical m9e 0 mu* us$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 & to "s ext5t by ! ,turks 9 _! late w> ) ,russia4 ,!y are *eap1 conv5i5t1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances v effective4 ,"o ( ! objections to _! use is ! difficulty ( moor+ !m securely 9 /rong curr5ts1 z o!rwise !y are v liable to %ift _! positions4 ,?ree ,conf$]ate vessels 7 hoi/$ by _! own pet>ds1 f ?is cause4,i ,brook's ,torp$o4--,ano!r =m ( buoyant me*anical m9e is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #i4 ,x 0 design$ = ! express purpose ( prev5t+ its discov]y by dragg+1 etc41 by ! enemy4 ,x consi/s ( ! torp$o case a1 =m$ ( copp]1 :i* is atta*$ to a sp> b1 ! l[] end ( :i* is secur$ to an univ]sal jo9t 9 its an*or c4 ,five p]cussion or *emical fuzes d1 d1 d1 are screw$ into ! head ( ! copp] case4 ,turtle ,torp$o4--,to increase ! dang] & unc]ta9ty ( any attempt to remove ?is =m ( buoyant m9e1 a turtle torp$o ,a1 is atta*$ to x by a wire e4 ,?is torp$o conta9s ab\t #ajj lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 & is explod$ by means ( a friction prim] :i* passes ?r\gh a wat]tight jo9t f1 & is atta*$ to ! wire e4 ,:e!r ?is comb9ation w\ld prove effective1 has yet to be se51 b ! buoyant m9e alone 0 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s us$ by ! ,conf$]ates4 ,s+]'s ,me*anical ,m9e4--,an elevation & section ( ?is =m ( me*anical m9e is %[n at ,fig4 #aj4 ,x consi/s ( an air *amb] a1 & a p[d] *amb] b2 9 ! latt] is fix$ a rod ( iron c1 "o end ( :i* re/s 9 a cup =m$ 9 a lug d1 :]e !re is a screw by means ( :i* ! rod c may be screw$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! torp$o case1 on ! int]ior4 ,9 ! cup is plac$ ! fulm9at+ sub/ance4 ,a heavy ca/ iron cap ,a ,b re/s ^u ! top ( ! case & is prev5t$ f fall+ (f by a l[ rim ( t91 :i* ent]s an ap]ture 9 ! cap z at e3 a wire f connects ?is cap ) a p9 g1 :i* keeps a plung] h at re/4 ,! head ( ?is plung] h is directly b5ea? ! bottom ( ! rod c1 )9 ! case2 by means ( a spr+ i1 directly ! p9 g is drawn out1 :i* is done by a ho/ile vessel /rik+ aga9/ ! m9e & knock+ (f ! cap ,a ,b1 ! plung] h is =c$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! case & drives ! rod c into ! cup conta9+ ! fulm9ate1 & s explodes ! torp$o4 ,! case ( ^! m9es1 z us$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 0 =m$ ( t91 & !y conta9$ f #ej to #ajj lbs4 ( p[d]4 ,a safety p9 k is provid$ to prev5t a premature explosion due to ! p9 g be+ accid5tally )drawn4 ,?is =m ( subm>9e m9e 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful & mo/ ext5sively employ$ ( all1 on ! "p ( ! ,conf$]ates4 ,?\gh no accid5ts are /at$ to h occurr$ 9 plac+ ?is m9e 9 position1 yet ! fact ( ! iron rod c hav+ to be fix$ = action1 & t close aga9/ ! int]ior ( ! bottom ( ! case1 be=e ! *>ge ( p[d] has be5 put 91 is an elem5t ( great dang]1 = a comp>atively slight bl[ b5ea? x1 :i* might easily occur 9 transport1 etc41 w\ld explode ! torp$o prematurely4 ,mc,evoy's ,improv$ ,s+]'s ,m9e4--,to obviate ?is defect ,capta9 ,mc,evoy has design$ an improv$ mode ( ignition = ,s+]'s m9e4 ,?is is %[n at ,fig4 #aa4 ,! =m ( case1 & arrangem5t ( heavy cap are simil> to ^? 9 ,s+]'s m9e4 ,! mode ( ignition is z foll[s3--,9 ! p[d] *amb] b is fix$ a friction fuze f1 :i* by means ( a piece ( wire secur$ to a l5g? ( *a9 k1 k1 is connect$ ) ! heavy ca/ iron cap ,a ,b4 ,! piece ( wire passes ?r\gh a diaphragm ( ?9 metal h1 :i* is sold]$ all ar\nd1 ?us =m+ a complete wat]tight jo9t4 ,premature explosion is prev5t$ by pass+ a l9k ( ! *a91 ?r\gh a slot 9 ! bolt c1 secur+ x !re by a p9 ( b5t wire l4 ,! dott$ l9e ( *a9 k1 k1 %[s its position dur+ ! process ( moor+ ?is =m ( ,s+]'s torp$o4 ,! mann] ( l[]+ ?is & also ,s+]'s m9e is %[n at ,fig4 #ab4 ,a buoy x1 is atta*$ by means ( a l9e1 9 ! =m] case to ! p9 l1 ,fig4 #ab1 9 ! latt] case to ! p9 k1 ,fig4 #aj1 ! pull+ out ( ei!r1 sets _! respective m9es 9 action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+]',s ,,& ,mc,,evoy',s ,,me*anical ,,m9es4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,ma?ieson's ,cem5t ,safety ,plug4--,9 ! place ( ! safety p9 l1 ,fig4 #aa1 employ$ by ,capta9 ,mc,evoy 9 8 improv$ =m ( ,s+]'s m9e1 ,qu>t]ma/]-,s]geant ,ma?ieson1 late ,royal ,eng9e]s1 employs a plug or disc ( soluble cem5t1 s arrang$ t ! action ( ! sea-wat] aft] ! m9e has be5 plac$ 9 position de/roys ! plug or disc1 & s frees ! *a9 :i* is connect$ ) ! fuze & ! heavy cap ( ! torp$o4 ,?is plan does away ) ! necessity ( us+ a buoy & l9e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 & also af=ds ample "t = ! m5 engag$ 9 moor+ ! m9e to get f> away be=e x is ready = action4 ,me*anical ,m9e4--,! extempore me*anical subm>9e m9e1 %[n at ,fig4 #ac1 w be f\nd to possess all ! qualities :i* are necess>y to a p]fect m9e ( t description4 ,x is extremely simple1 x c be readily & quickly made1 all ! mat]ials ( :i* x is con/ruct$ are at h& on bo>d e man-(-w>1 & x is c]ta9 9 its action4 ,x consi/s ( a b>rel a1 :i* is ?or\ghly coat$ inside & out ) hot pit*1 etc41 to make x wat]tight1 a block ( wood b1 secur$ to ! top ( ! cask a1 & hav+ a recess cut 9 x to receive a r\nd %ot c1 also a hole ?r\gh :i* a /rop d1 is pass$1 & ano!r hole to receive a toggle e4 ,at ! bottom ( ! cask on ! inside1 is fix$ a wood5 frame "w f1 f1 to ! top ( :i* two ord9>y gun friction tubes are fix$ g1 g4 ,a piece ( wood h1 is secur$ to ! bottom ( ! cask on ! outside1 bor$ ) two holes1 "o to receive a ?9 iron rod i1 ! o!r = ! safety p9 k4 ,wires x1 x1 secure ! gun tubes g1 g1 to "o end ( ! iron rod i1 ! o!r end ( :i* is connect$ by means ( a rope lany>d to ! %ot c4 ,weights are slung b5ea? ! b>rel to keep ! m9e upright4 ,! pr9ciple ( action ( ?is =m ( me*anical m9e is precisely simil> to t ( ,capta9 ,mc,evoy's improv$ ,s+]'s m9e1 & ne$ n1 !re=e1 be describ$4 ,mc,evoy's ,me*anical ,prim]4--,a sectional view ( ?is app>atus is repres5t$ by ,fig4 #ad4 ,x consi/s ( two brass tubes fitt+ accurately "o )9 ! o!r1 ( :i* a1 a1 is ! inn] "o4 ,to ?is inn] tube are affix$ two brass diaphragms b1 b4 ,a brass sp9dle c1 c>ries a weight d1 :i* is regulat$ by a spr+1 e4 ,a lock+ rod1 f1 moves 9 a ball & socket jo9t at g4 ,a hamm] h1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 at full cock1 is kept 9 t position by ! rod f4 ,a vessel1 /rik+ ! m9e1 9 :i* ?is app>atus is plac$ causes ! weight1 d1 to cant ov]1 all[+ ! rod1 f1 to be =c$ upw>ds by means ( ! spr+ e1 & s frees ! hamm] h1 :i* falls on a nipple i1 on :i* is plac$ ! p]cussion sub/ance1 & s explodes ! m9e4 ,mc,evoy's ,papi] ,ma* ,safety ,plug4--,to prev5t a premature explosion dur+ transport1 etc41 ( a m9e 9 :i* ?is app>atus is plac$1 a plug ( papi] ma*1 :i* is soluble 9 wat]1 is ins]t$ 9 ! two spaces p1 p1 by :i* ! sp9dle c1 is prev5t$ f mov+ to "o side or ! o!r4 ,! use ( a papi] ma*1 in/ead ( a cem5t plug = ! purposes ( safety1 is a great improvem5t1 z by ! simple process ( pressure1 any p]iod ( "t t x is necess>y %\ld elapse be=e ! complete de/ruction ( ! plug1 c be readily & c]ta9ly obta9$1 :i* :5 a cem5t plug1 =m$ ( diff]5t +r$i5ts is us$1 is n always ! case4 ,mc,evoy's ,me*anical ,m9es4--,capta9 ,mc,evoy has also devis$ a plan1 :]eby a me*anical m9e ( ! =ego+ =m may be plac$ 9 a /ate ( safety1 ev5 aft] x has be5 r5d]$ active4 ,9 ! place ( ! a=esaid papi] ma* wad at p1 ,fig4 #ad1 he uses a plung] :i* fits into ! cavity p1 ( ! heavy weight d4 ,?is plung] is always kept 9 a position cle> ( ! weight by means ( a spiral spr+1 unless x is desir$ to r5d] ! m9e inactive :5 ! plung] is =c$ into ! a=esaid cavity & kept !re by means ( a p9 ins]t$ above x4 ,above ?is !re is ano!r plung]1 act$ on by a spiral spr+ suffici5tly p[]ful to enable x to =ce ! previ\s m5tion$ plung] into ! safety position2 ?is upp] plung] is r5d]$ inactive by means ( a p94 ,! m9e be+ plac$ 9 position1 t p9 :i* is keep+ ! l[] plung] ins]t$ 9 ! cavity p1 ( ! weight d1 is )drawn & ! m9e r5d]$ active4 ,to ! p9 ( ! upp] plung] is atta*$ a l9e :i* is an*or$ "s di/ance f ! m9e 9 a kn[n position4 ,!n to r5d] ! m9e inactive = ! purpose ( pick+ x up1 etc41 x is only necess>y to raise ! a=esaid l9e1 & draw out ! p9 ( ! upp] plung]1 :i* by means ( ! /rong spiral spr+ w =ce ! l[] plung] into ! safety position1 & r5d] ! m9e inactive4 ,:e!r ?is inv5tion is a practicable "o or n1 rema9s to be prov$1 b anyh[ x is a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,extempore ,,me*anical ,,m9e1 ,,me*anical ,,prim]s4 ,,plate #d ,abel's ,me*anical ,prim]4--,?is is %[n 9 section & elevation at ,fig4 #ae 7,a & ,b74 a1 a1 is ! p[d] *amb] 9 :i* ! prim+ *>ge is plac$2 b is a screw plug to close ! *amb]2 c is a flexible india rubb] tube2 d1 d1 are screw b&s2 e is a glass tube conta9+ oil ( vitriol enclos$ 9 a lead tube2 f :i* conta9s ! explosive mixture2 g1 an eye at ! head ( ! prim] to receive ! fir+ l9e2 h1 h are segm5tal gu>ds2 i is ! gu>d r+2 & j ! safety screw p94 ,?is app>atus is screw$ into a socket 9 ! upp] "p ( ! torp$o case1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ae 7,c74 ,mode ( ,action4--,:5 plac$ 9 position1 to r5d] ! prim] ready = action1 ! gu>d r+1 i1 is pull$ (f1 fir/ hav+ remov$ ! safety p9 j1 :5 ! segm5tal gu>ds h1 h1 w fall away1 leav+ ! india rubb] tube c1 c1 expos$4 ,a suffici5t /ra9 be+ br\ght on ! rope secur$ to ! r+ g1 ! lead tube f b5ds1 caus+ ! fracture ( ! glass tube e1 ?us ignit+ ! prim+ *>ge & explod+ ! m9e4 ,a subm>9e m9e s fitt$ may be fir$ at w1 by br++ a l9e1 f ! r+ g1 to ! %ore1 or x may be made self-act+ by connect+ two ( !m toge!r1 etc4 ,p]cussion & ,*emical ,fuzes4--,_m =ms ( ?is mode ( me*anical ignition h be5 f "t to "t devis$1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important ones3-- ,s5sitive ,fuze4--,x consi/s ( an inn] cyl9d] a1 a1 ,fig4 #ae1 ( composition metal1 #a-a_/b diamet]1 & #b-a_/b long1 hav+ a ?read cut on its outside1 & a b\*+ b1 #b-a_/d diamet] & #b long ) a sexagonal projection c1 = apply+ a wr5*1 also ) an ext]nal & int]nal ?read4 ,! upp] end ( ! inn] cyl9d] a1 is solid = #a1 & is p]=at$ by ?ree holes d1 d1 d1 9 ea* ( :i* a p]cussion prim] is plac$ e1 e4 ,a piece ( ?91 s(t & well anneal$ copp] f is sold]$ to ! upp] end ( ! b\*+ b1 to keep moi/ure f ! prim]s1 & is s ?9 t a slight bl[ w cru% )\t break+ x4 ,a safety cap c be screw$ on to ! ext]nal ?read above ! projection c4 ,ra9's ,detonat+ ,composition4--,! detonat+ composition employ$ 9 ?is & _m o!r =ms ( p]cussion fuzes by ! ,conf$]ates1 etc41 consi/$ ( a comb9ation ( fulm9ate ( m]cury & gr\nd glass1 & 0 inv5t$ by1 & is nam$ aft]1 ,g5]al ,ra9s1 ,*ief ( ! ,torp$o ,bureau1 at ,ri*mond1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w> 7#ahfa-e74 ,s s5sitive 0 ?is composition t sev5 p\nds pressure1 appli$ to ! head ( "o ( ! prim]s1 w\ld explode x4 ,:5 requir$ = use ! int]nal cyl9d] a1 conta9+ ! prim]s e1 e1 is screw$ up until contact betwe5 !m & ! copp] cap f is secur$4 ,mc,evoy's ,p]cussion ,fuze4--,fig4 #af repres5ts a longitud9al section1 full size1 ( ! me*anical p]cussion fuze1 us$ by ,capta9 ,mc,evoy 9 connection ) 8 drift+ torp$o1 :i* latt] w be h]eaft] describ$4 a is a piece ( metal1 hav+ an ext]nal & int]nal ?read1 & a projection b1 to :i* is appli$ ! spann] = screw+ x into ! torp$o case4 ,?is piece a is holl[ at its upp] end1 & is clos$ by means ( a ?9 copp] dome c1 :i* is sold]$ to x4 ,screw$ into ! piece a is ! plug1 or nipple d1 ) a hole ?r\gh x f end to end1 x is ramm$ full ( meal$ p[d]1 & !n a f9e hole is drill$ ?r\gh ! composition4 ,a cavity e at ! head ( ! plug1 or nipple d1 is fill$ ) a fulm9at+ sub/ance4 ,a spiral spr+ f1 encircles ! plug d1 on :i* a cap g re/s2 h is a ne$le 9 ?is cap4 ,! action ( ?is fuze w be readily und]/ood f ! plan ( ! fuze at ,fig4 #af4 ,a safety cap is provid$1 :i* fits into ! slots i1 i1 & is fix$ !re by means ( a set screw4 ,improv$ ,=m ( ,jacobi's fuze4--,! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag is an improv$ =m ( ! *emical fuze1 inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,jacobi1 & us$ by ! ,russians 9 _! l& & sea m9es dur+ ! ,crimean w> 7#ahed-e74 ,x consi/$ ( a small glass tube a1 conta9+ sulphuric acid1 enclos$ 9 a lead cyl9d] b4 ,a mixture ( *lorate ( pota% & :ite sug> surr\nds ! tube & holds x 9 position2 c is a prim] fill$ ) meal$ p[d] 9 connection ) ! *>ge ( ! m9e4 ,! action ( ?is fuze is z foll[s3--,on a vessel /rik+ aga9/ ! lead cyl9d] b1 x is cru%$ 91 break+ ! glass tube conta9+ ! sulphuric acid1 & ?us causes x 7acid7 to fl[ into ! mixture ( *lorate ( pota% & :ite sug>1 produc+ fire1 :i* by means ( ! prim] c1 passes into ! *>ge1 & explodes ! m9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me*anical ,,fuzes4 ,,plate ,v4 ,defect ( ,*emical ,fuze4--,! defect ( ! *emical fuze j describ$ is its sl[ rate ( ignition :5 comp>$ to gunp[d]4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by add+ a small quantity ( sulphuret ( antimony or p]ro cyanide ( potassium4 ,bo? ! ,turks & ! ,g]mans employ$1 z a mode ( ignition = _! me*anical subm>9e m9es1 ! *emical fuze describ$ above1 ) b slight modifications 9 ! %ape ( ! lead cyl9d] & mann] ( fix+ ! fuze into ! torp$o case4 ,me*anical fuzes1 bo? p]cussion & *emical1 :i* require a bl[ to effect _! ignition1 are to a c]ta9 ext5t defective :5 appli$ to subm>9e me*anical m9es 7:i* are always buoyant ones7 9 s f> t a ho/ile vessel pass+ ov] gr\nd suppos$ to be def5d$ by torp$oes ( any description1 w\ld d s at z sl[ a rate ( spe$ z x w\ld be possible to proce$ at1 & w\ld1 "u ^? circum/ances1 pu% away r ?an /rike a buoyant m9e1 ) :i* %e might come 9 contact4 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w> & ! ,russo-,turki% w>1 especially 9 ! =m]1 !re are sev]al in/ances on record ( vessels pass+ ov] buoyant me*anical m9es unh>m$1 :il/ simil> vessels h aft]w>ds be5 de/roy$ by ^? self-same m9es2 & ! only cause = su* app>5t inconsi/5cy be+ ! above-m5tion$ "o1 viz41 ! pu%+ r ?an /rik+ effect produc$ on a buoyant m9e by a vessel "u weigh proce$+ at a v sl[ spe$1 or m]ely drift+ ) ! curr5t4 ,/ew>d's ,safety-,cock ,arrangem5ts4--,to obta9 security to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 plac+ me*anical subm>9e m9es 9 position1 :i*1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 is "o ( ! defects common to all =ms ( su* torp$oes1 _m +5i\s me?ods h be5 devis$1 su* z safety caps to _! fuzes1 safety p9s1 soluble plugs1 c4 ,ano!r me?od1 sugge/$ by ,capta9 ,h>d+ ,/ew>d1 ,r4,e41 :i* x is int5d$ %\ld be us$ 9 connection ) ! o!r safety arrangem5ts1 is %[n at ,fig4 #ah4 ,x consi/s ( a /op-cock ,a1 :i*1 9 connection ) a tube1 is introduc$ betwe5 ! fuze & ! *>ge4 ,x is s arrang$ t :5 ! cock is turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! tube1 z %[n 9 section ,b at e1 ! gas on =mation c pass easily ?r\gh & explode ! *>ge2 b :5 ! cock is %ut (f1 ! gas on =mation escapes ?r\gh ! side d1 z %[n 9 section ,c4 ,to prev5t de/ruction ( ! *>ge ?r\gh leakage "u ! pressure ( ! wat]1 ! cone 9 connection ) ! /op-cock %\ld fit v accurately1 &1 z an additional prev5tive1 ! escape hole %\ld be cov]$ ) a wat]pro( pla/]1 :i* at a mod]ate dep? w\ld keep ! wat] out & yet (f] no mat]ial resi/ance to ! escape ( ! gas if ! /op-cock 7 %ut (f1 z at ,c4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is arrangem5t1 z f> z relates to its cutt+ (f ! gas f ! *>ge1 has be5 satisfactorily prov$ by practical exp]im5ts4 ,moor+ ,me*anical ,m9es4--,?is description ( def5sive torp$o w r>ely be us$ 9 deep-wat] *annels1 c41 & on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( asc]ta9+ :e!r su* a m9e has drift$ or o!rwise1 x %\ld n be moor$ 9 a v rapid curr5t4 ,su* be+ ! case1 an ord9>y mu%room an*or1 heavy /one1 c41 & s+le /eel wire moor+-rope1 w be g5]ally f\nd q suffici5t to keep su* m9es 9 position4 ,:5 only a few me*anical subm>9e m9es are moor$ 9 position1 & at "s di/ance ap>t1 x w\ld be f\nd a useful plan to moor !m ea* ) ?ree an*ors1 "o an*or be+ up-/ream4 ,by ?is me?od1 at l[ wat]1 on ! up-/ream an*or be+ rais$1 ! m9e w\ld %[ itself1 & might 9 t position be approa*$ & r5d]$ inactive4 ,7 ?is plan to be adopt$ :5 sev]al su* m9es are 9 position1 !re w\ld be ! dang] ( ! up-/ream an*or on be+ rais$1 br++ up to ! surface1 & probably 9 contact ) ! boat at "w1 a m9e to :i* t p>ticul> an*or does n belong1 an explosion be+ ! result4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,i3 ,subm>9e ,w>f>e1 by ,comm&] ,s4 ,b>nes1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,def5sive ,,torp$o ,,w>f>e--cont9u$4 ,,by electrical subm>9e m9es is meant ^? ^: *>ges are ignit$ by ! ag5cy ( electricity4 ,subm>9e ,m9es dur+ ! ,crimean & ,am]ican ,w>s4--,x 0 dur+ ! ,crimean w> 7#ahed-f7 t ?is description ( def5sive torp$oes 0 = ! fir/ "t employ$ on actual s]vice4 ,sev]al ( ! pr9cipal ,russian h>b\rs 7 protect$ by ?is =m ( subm>9e m9e1 b ow+ to ! smallness ( _! *>ges1 & to ! want ( electrical k on ! "p ( ! ,russian (fic]s & m5 9 *>ge ( !m1 none ( ! %ips ( ! ,allies 7 sunk1 or ev5 r5d]$ hors de combat by ?is mode ( h>b\r def5ce1 ?\gh 9 sev]al in/ances gr\nd kn[n to be cov]$ ) subm>9e m9es 0 pass$ ov] by bo? ,engli% & ,fr5* vessels ( w>4 ,subsequ5tly ! ,conf$]ates1 dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>1 employ$ electrical subm>9e m9es 9 consid]able numb]s = ! def5ce ( _! num]\s h>b\rs1 riv]s1 c42 b ?\gh 9 s f> z ! size ( ! torp$o *>ges 0 conc]n$1 !y did n make ! same mi/ake z ! ,russians1 yet1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( prop] electrical app>atus1 & ! want ( any practical k ( ! manipulation ( electrical sea m9es1 on ! "p ( ! ,conf$]ate torp$oi/s1 !y 7 almo/ entirely unsuccessful 9 de/roy+ ! ,f$]al w>%ips2 ! ,commodore ,jones be+ ! sole in/ance1 out ( ! l>ge numb] ( vessels belong+ to ! ,nor!rn]s :i* 7 sunk & sev]ely injur$ by torp$oes1 ( a w> /eam] be+ sunk by means ( electrical subm>9e m9es4 ,9 ! ,franco-,g]man & ,russo-,turki% w>s :i* h lately occurr$1 electrical sea m9es 7 v ext5sively us$ 9 coa/ def5ce1 b ) ! exception ( ! loss ( ! gunboat ,suna to ! ,turks1 dur+ ! latt] /ruggle1 by ?is =m ( def5sive torp$o1 no o!r damage to vessels result$ f _! use1 yet ow+ to ! va/ moral p[] possess$ by ^! subm>9e weapons1 !y 7 enabl$ to mo/ effectually c>ry out ! "w ( def5ce entru/$ to _! c>e4 ,( late ye>s _m important discov]ies h be5 made 9 ! sci5ce ( electricity1 & va/ improvem5ts h be5 effect$ 9 electrical app>atus1 to :i* causes may be trac$ ! va/ly improv$ sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es z adopt$ by ! ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 & pr9cipal ,european gov]nm5ts at ! pres5t day1 z comp>$ ) ^? t h hi!rto be5 employ$4 ,! c]ta9ty ( action :5 requir$ ( electrical subm>9e m9es1 :i* is ( c\rse ! desid]atum ( all torp$oi/s1 has1 by ! improv$ mode & mann] ( asc]ta9+ ! exact electrical condition ( ea* p>ticul> m9e1 & ( ! sy/em z a :ole1 :i* is at pres5t 9 vogue1 be5 made almo/ absolute4 ,advantages ( ,electrical ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,?is =m ( def5sive torp$o possesses num]\s important advantages1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are z foll[s3-- #a4--,!y are always absolutely "u control4 ,,note4--,by deta*+ or connect+ ! fir+ batt]y1 :i* is effect$ by means ( a plug1 key1 c41 !y may be respectively r5d]$ h>mless1 or dang]\s4 ,?us fri5dly %ips may pass ov] !m 9 safety1 :il/ ^? ( ! enemy are deb>r$ f s do+4 ,on ?is acc\nt h>b\rs1 c41 protect$ by su* m9es are t]m$ ,h>b\rs ( refuge4 #b4--;,fre% m9es may be add$ to a sy/em ( su* def5sive torp$oes1 !reby all[+ an explod$ m9e to be replac$4 ,,note4--,?is is a v important po9t 9 connection ) a sy/em ( def5ce by subm>9e m9es1 z 9 ! case ( a deep wat] *annel1 a ho/ile vessel be+ sunk by "o ( !m1 w\ld n become an ob/ruction1 z1 7 ! *annel a comp>atively %all[ "o w\ld mo/ probably be ! result1 & !re=e x w\ld be necess>y to put a fre% m9e 9 ! place ( ! explod$ "o2 ?is w\ld also apply 7 a m9e to be prematurely ignit$1 or if any portion ( its fir+ app>atus 7 injur$4 #c4--;,at night1 or 9 a fog1 no vessel c pass ?r\gh a *annel1 c41 s protect$ )\t af=d+ a means ( asc]ta9+ h] pres5ce4 ,,note4--,?is is also a v important advantage ( a sy/em ( def5ce by electrical sea m9es1 af=d+ z x does a complete safegu>d aga9/ surprise4 #d4--,! p[] ( obta9+ pro(1 )\t go+ ne> x1 by a sy/em ( te/+ t ! electrical condition ( ! m9e1 c41 is p]fect4 ,,note4--,?is aga9 is an extremely important po9t4 ,= 7 a *>ge to become wet1 "o ( ! electric cables ( ! m9e brok51 or damag$1 c41 x w\ld in/antly be made app>5t at ! fir+ /ation1 & c\ld be at once rem$i$4 #e4--,!y c be rais$ = exam9ation1 or remov$ :5 no long] requir$1 ) ease & safety4 ,su* are "s ( ! *ief advantages ( employ+ ! ag5cy ( electricity to effect ! ignition ( ! *>ge 9 a sy/em ( def5ce by subm>9e m9es4 ,defects ( ,electrical ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,! foll[+ are ! *ief defects connect$ ) ! use ( electrical m9es3-- #a4--,! numb] ( wires t are requir$ to be us$ ) !m4 #b4--,! necessity ( employ+ specially tra9$ m5 9 _! manipulation4 ,9 "t !re seems little d\bt b t ! =m] ob/acle w be to a consid]able ext5t ov]come1 b ! latt] mu/ always be a flaw 9 an o!rwise p]fect sy/em ( coa/ def5ce by subm>9e m9es4 ,rules to be obs]v$ 9 us+ ,electrical ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,9 connection ) a sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es ! foll[+ rules %\ld be c>efully obs]v$3-- #a4--,!y %\ld be moor$ 9 deep *annels1 t is to say1 :]e ! l>g] class ( vessels w\ld 9 attempt+ to =ce a passage be oblig$ to g4 ,,note4--,me*anical subm>9e m9es %\ld nev] be us$ "u ^! circum/ances1 z ! difficulties ( moor+ !m & keep+ !m 9 position w\ld be v consid]able1 also a vessel be+ sunk 9 a v deep *annel w\ld n necess>ily block x1 & z a me*anical m9e _c be replac$1 a gap w\ld be left 9 ! def5ce4 #b4--,!y %\ld be plac$ 9 ! n>r[e/ p>ts ( ! *annel4 ,,note4--,! object ( ?is rule is evid5t1 few] m9es be+ requir$1 & consequ5tly 9 ! case ( electrical ones1 a f> less numb] ( wires are ne$$1 :i* gives an increase ( simplicity1 & consequ5tly m effectiv5ess4 ,?is po9t %\ld be obs]v$ 9 connection ) me*anical1 z well z electrical subm>9e m9es4 #c4--,!y %\ld :]e practicable be moor$ on ! gr\nd4 ,,note4--,! advantages att5dant on an obs]vance ( ?is rule are3-- a4--,increas$ v]tical effect4 b4--,avoidance ( moor+ difficulties4 c4--,less liability ( %ift+ f its orig9al position4 d4--,less *ance ( its be+ discov]$ & r5d]$ useless by an enemy4 e4--,by f> heavi] *>ges may be conv5i5tly employ$4 #d4--,:]e possible1 no indication :atev] %\ld be giv5 ( ! position ( ! m9es by _! circuit clos]s1 or 9 ! case ( small buoyant ones1 by ! m9es !mselves4 ,,note4--,9 "s in/ances ?is w be almo/ impracticable1 z = example1 :]e !re is a v great rise & fall ( tide4 ,= in/ance1 at ,noel ,bay 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 ! rise is ov] fifty feet4 ,"h1 :5 circuit clos]s1 or small buoyant m9es are us$1 bo? ( :i* ought nev] to be m ?an tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface1 long be=e l[ wat] !y w\ld be f\nd float+ on ! surface 9 full view4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to ov]come ?is difficulty1 b z yet no really practicable means h be5 devis$4 #e4--,! /ations :]e ! fir+ batt]ies1 c41 are plac$1 %\ld be 9 ! def5sive "w likely to be held ! longe/1 ?us enabl+ ! m9es to be comm&$ up to ! la/ mom5t4 #f4--,! electric cables %\ld be laid 9 positions su* t _! discov]y by ! enemy w\ld be extremely difficult1 & almo/ impossible4 ,,note4--,?is may be to a c]ta9 ext5t effect$ by lead+ !m f ! m9es to ! fir+ & obs]v+ /ations by circuit\s r\tes1 & by bury+ !m 9 tr5*es4 #g4--,!y %\ld n be ?r[n away on boats4 ,,notes4--,z !y c 9 all cases be fir$ by w1 ev5 :5 circuit clos]s are us$1 ?is rule is easily obs]v$4 ,b to prev5t an enemy's boats f r5d]+ ! m9es useless1 a l9e ( small torp$oes might be plac$ 9 advance ( ! l>ge ones1 or ! circuit clos]s !mselves might be *>g$4 ,at night1 or 9 foggy wea!r x w be necess>y to employ gu>d-boats1 electric lights1 c41 to protect !m aga9/ damage by an enemy's boats1 c4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages ( ?is *apt] w be f\nd ! requirem5ts & conditions ess5tial to a p]fect sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es = ! def5ce ( a h>b\r1 riv]1 c42 9 ! foll[+ pages a g5]al description ( ! compon5t p>ts ( su* def5sive torp$oes1 "u ! foll[+ heads--,=m & ,con/ruction ( ,case2 ,electrical ,fuzes2 ,electric ,cables2 ,wat]tight ,jo9ts2 ,junction ,boxes2 & ,mode ( ,moor+1 w be consid]$4 ,=m & ,con/ruction ( ,torp$o ,case4--,! case ( a subm>9e m9e %\ld be capable ( fulfill+ ! foll[+ conditions3-- #a4 ,x mu/ be able at great dep?s to )/& a great pressure ( wat]1 & rema9 p]fectly wat]tight4 ,,note4--,?is 9 ! case ( a *>ge ( gunp[d] be+ an imp]ative necessity4 #b4 ,z a buoyant m9e1 x mu/ be capable ( af=d+ a consid]able excess ( buoyancy1 by :i* x may be r5d]$ /ation>y :5 moor$4 ,,note4--,?is is g5]ally obta9$ by hav+ an air space )9 ! torp$o1 ?us requir+ a mu* l>g] case 9 :i* ! *>ge is enclos$ ?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y1 caus+ increas$ difficulties 9 transportation1 moor+1 & rais+ !m = exam9ation1 c4 #c4 ,:5 explosive ag5ts :i* require a c]ta9 "t = ?or\gh combu/ion are us$ z ! *>ge1 su* z gunp[d]1 picric p[d]1 gun-cotton 7n fir$ by detonation71 c41 a mu* /rong] case is necess>y to obta9 ! full explosive effect ?an w\ld be ! case 7 detonat$ *>ges1 "u ! same conditions1 employ$4 ,,note4--,?is is an extremely important po9t1 = if a weak case is employ$ ) a *>ge ( gunp[d]1 c41 fir$ by a fuze prim$ ) p[d] only1 a portion ( x on be+ fir$ w\ld g5]ate a suffici5t quantity ( gas to bur/ ! case1 ?us bl[+ out ! rema9d] ( ! *>ge be=e its ignition _h be5 effect$4 #d4 ,x %\ld be ( su* a =m t ! complete ignition ( ! *>ge is obta9$ by ! employm5t ( ! lea/ numb] ( fuzes possible to effect ?is result4 ,,note4--,?is po9t is especially to be obs]v$ :5 gunp[d] is ! explosive ag5t4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( def5sive torp$o cases may be class$ "u ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4--,sph]ical %ape4 #b4--;,cyl9drical %ape4 #c4--;,conical %ape4 ,sph]ical ,%ape4--,?is =m ( case is !oretically ! v be/ "o possible to devise1 b on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( con/ruct+ x1 & its comp>ative co/l9ess1 su* a =m may be put aside z be+ impracticable4 ,cyl9drical ,%ape4--,torp$oi/s 9 g5]al h hi!rto adopt$ ! cyl9drical =m ( case z be+ ! be/ adaptable = bo? gr\nd & buoyant m9es conta9+ a heavy *>ge4 ,! ,conf$]ates employ$ exclusively ?is %ape = _! electrical subm>9e m9es1 :i* 7 gr\nd ones1 & ! ,au/rians 9 ! w> ( #ff approv$ ( ?is =m ( case = _! electrical subm>9e m9es1 :i* 7 buoyant ones4 ,figs4 #ai & #bj repres5t respectively ! ,am]ican & ,au/rian m9es4 ,9 ,engl& ! cyl9drical %ape has up to q lately f\nd mo/ fav\r ) h] torp$oi/s = bo? buoyant & gr\nd m9es4 ,at ,fig4 #ba is repres5t$ a #ajj-lb4 buoyant electrical m9e1 surr\nd$ by a wood5 jacket1 e1 & hav+ its circuit clos]1 ,c1 enclos$ )9 x2 & at ,fig4 #bb is %[n a #bej-lb4 electrical m9e1 :i* may be us$ ei!r z a buoyant or gr\nd "o4 ,= l>ge gr\nd m9es1 ! be/ =m ( torp$o case seems to be t ( ! turtle m9e1 :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #i4 ,a heavy *>ge may be conta9$ 9 x2 x =ms its own an*or2 & x w\ld )/& an explosion ( an adjac5t m9e )\t su/a9+ any injury4 ,at pres5t ! cyl9drical %ape is ! =m g5]ally us$1 ?\gh z f> z reta9+ its position on ! gr\nd 9 a /rong tide1 x _c be comp>$ to ! turtle =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=m ,,( ,,case ,,( ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,! ,conical ,%ape4--,hi!rto ?is %ape ( subm>9e m9e case 0 only us$ 9 connection ) me*anical m9es1 b n[ x is ! =m consid]$ mo/ suitable = all buoyant m9es1 electrical or me*anical4 ,at ,fig4 #bc is %[n ! conical %ap$ me*anical m9e1 employ$ by ! ,conf$]ates = use ) s5sitive fuzes4 ,! conical =m ( torp$o case lately approv$ ( by ! ,engli% torp$o au?orities is some:at simil> to t "o1 ! *>ge be+ conta9$ 9 a k9d ( box hung f ! top ( ! case1 & ! circuit clos] is screw$ into ! bottom ( ! case2 surr\nd+ ! upp] "p ( ! case is a ?ick buff] ( wood1 by :i* damage to ! m9e is prev5t$ by ! passage ( fri5dly %ips4 ,?is is altoge!r a v neat & s]viceable =m ( torp$o case4 ,?is =m ( case is also m difficult to discov] by dragg+1 & easi] to reta9 9 position4 ,electrical ,fuzes4--,! fuzes employ$ 9 connection ) electrical subm>9e m9es may be divid$ into two classes3-- #a4 ,plat9um wire bridge fuzes4 ,,note4--,t is :]e ! evolution ( heat is caus$ by a l>ge quantity ( ! electric =ce fl[+ ?r\gh a good conductor ( l>ge section1 su* z ! copp] core ( electric cables1 be+ sudd5ly *eck$ by a v ?9 wire compos$ ( a metal :i* comp>$ ) ! conductor (f]s a v great resi/ance1 su* z plat9um4 #b4 ,high t5sion fuzes4 ,,note4--,t is :]e ! evolution ( heat is caus$ by ! electric sp>k1 or by ! electric dis*>ge tak+ place ?r\gh a sub/ance :i* (f]s v great resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electric =ce4 ,plat9um ,wire ,fuze4--,?is is ! =m ( electrical fuze mo/ commonly us$1 & :i* w mo/ c]ta9ly sup]s$e altoge!r ! high t5sion fuze4 ,!re are num]\s advantages accru+ f ! use ( plat9um wire fuzes1 ! *ief ( :i* are "h enum]at$3-- a4--,great facilities =1 & entire safety :il/ te/+ ! circuit4 b4--,extreme simplicity ( manufacture4 c4--,non-liability to det]iorate4 d4--,p]fect insulation ( ! electric cables us$ 9 connection ) subm>9e m9es n necess>y4 ,engli% ,s]vice ,plat9um ,wire ,fuze4--,! foll[+ is a description ( ! plat9um wire fuze ( ! =m adopt$ 9 ! ,engli% s]vice1 a section ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #bd4 ,x consi/s ( a head ( ebonite a1 holl[$ out1 9 :i* a metal m\ld is fix$1 ! wires :i* h be5 previ\sly b>$ are ins]t$ into holes 9 ?is m\ld1 & firmly fix$ !reto by means ( a composition p\r$ into ! m\ld1 :il/ hot2 ?is is %[n at b4 ,! two b>$ ends ( ! wires :i* project beyond ! metal m\ld1 z c1 c1 are connect$ by a bridge ( plat9um-silv] wire #jjad 9 diamet] & weigh+ #ba grs4 p] y>d4 ,?is is effect$ z foll[s3-- ,a v f9e %all[ groove is made 9 ! flat ends ( ! b>e wires c1 c1 & ! plat9um-silv] wire is laid across 9 ! incisions1 & fix$ !re by means ( sold]4 ,! l5g? ( ! bridge d is #be4 ,a tube e1 made ( t91 & sold]$ to a brass socket f1 is fix$ by means ( cem5t to ! ebonite head a2 9 ?is tube is plac$ ! fulm9ate ( m]cury1 ! op5 end ( ! tube g be+ clos$ ) a pellet ( r$ lead & %ellac v>ni%2 ar\nd ! bridge ( ! fuze is plac$ "s loose gun-cotton4 ,mc,evoy's ,plat9um ,wire ,fuze4--,ano!r =m ( plat9um wire fuze1 :i* has be5 devis$ by ,capta9 ,mc,evoy1 =m]ly ( ! ,conf$]ate ,s]vice1 is %[n at ,fig4 #be4 ,x consi/s ( ! head a1 =m$ ( a mixture ( gr\nd glass1 or ,portl& cem5t1 work$ up ) sulphur z a base3 ?is mixture :5 hot is p\r$ into a m\ld1 9 :i* ! two insulat$ copp] wires1 b1 b1 h be5 previ\sly plac$2 :5 cold1 ! mixture ) ! wires affix$ is remov$ f ! m\ld1 & ! plat9um wire bridge c be+ secur$ to ! b>e ends ( ! copp] wires1 ! :ole is firmly fix$ 9 a brass socket d1 by means ( cem5t2 ! space e is fill$ ) loose dry gun-cotton1 s z to surr\nd ! bridge c2 a copp] tube f1 clos$ at "o end1 is p>tly fill$ ) fulm9ate ( m]cury1 & :5 ! fuze is requir$ = s]vice1 ?is tube is secur$ to ! brass socket d by means ( cem5t4 ,9 ?is =m ( l[ t5sion fuze !re is no liability :atev] ( any injury be+ caus$ to ! bridge by ! work+ ( ! wires 9 ! head1 or by damp ev5 aft] ly+ 9 ! wat] = a mon? or m4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ?is fuze is t ! composition is run ov] ! insulat$ wires )\t mat]ially s(t5+ ! dielectric1 or affect+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ! insulation ( ! wires4 ,high ,t5sion ,fuzes4--,! high t5sion fuze 0 devis$ = use ) electrical subm>9e m9es1 9 ! place ( ! plat9um wire fuze1 on acc\nt ( ! little k possess$1 9 ! e>ly days ( subm>9e w>f>e1 9 reg>d to ! manipulation ( ,voltaic batt]ies4 ,plat9um wire requires a temp]ature ( "s #ejj ,f4 to heat x to inc&esc5ce1 & !re=e necessitates ! use ( a p[]ful ,voltaic batt]y1 bo? 9 int5sity & p[]1 to effect ! ignition ( gunp[d] by ?is means at consid]able di/ances4 ,! ,grove & ,buns5 pile 7 ! only suitable =m ( ,voltaic batt]y kn[n at ! p]iod ( ! introduction ( high t5sion fuzes1 bo? ( :i* possess$ ! defects ( unc]ta9ty & incon/ancy1 & also 7 by f> too cumb]some & too difficult to keep 9 effective work+ ord] to be ( any real practicable value4 ,high t5sion fuzes may be ignit$ by means ( ei!r an electro-magneto ma*9e1 an electro-dynamo ma*9e1 a frictional ma*9e1 or by a ,voltaic batt]y1 g5]at+ an electric curr5t ( high int5sity4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( ?is =m ( electrical fuze h be5 design$1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are z foll[s3-- #a4--,/a?am's fuze4 #b4--;,be>dslee's fuze4 #c4--,von ,ebn]'s fuze4 #d4--;,abel's fuze4 #e4--;,extempore fuze4 ,/a?am's ,fuze4--,a section & elevation ( ?is electric fuze are %[n at ,fig4 #bf2 a1 b is a gutta p]*a tube1 ) an op5+ cut 9 x1 z %[n 9 figure4 ,! int]ior ( ?is vulcanis$ gutta p]*a tube is coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( sulphide ( copp]1 :i* coat+ is obta9$ by leav+ a b>e copp] wire = "s "t 9 connection ) ! above-m5tion$ tube4 ,! extremities ( two insulat$ copp] wires c1 c1 consid]ably small] ?an ! conduct+ wires1 are uncov]$1 scrap$1 & !n ins]t$ into ! tube a1 b1 ) an int]val ( #ae in* betwe5 !m4 ,! wires are !n b5t z %[n 9 ! figure1 & ! prim+ plac$ betwe5 ! t]m9als4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) a gutta p]*a bag1 :i* is fill$ ) f9e gra9$ gunp[d]4 ,! prim+ sub/ance is compos$ ( fulm9ate ( m]cury work$ up ) gum wat]4 ,! objection to ?is fuze1 :i* 0 us$ by ! ,allies 9 _! de/ruction ( ! ,russian =tifications at ,seba/opol1 is ! want ( s5sitiv5ess ( sulphide ( copp]1 & ! consequ5t necessity ( a v p[]ful fir+ batt]y4 ,be>dslee's ,fuze4--,?is high t5sion fuze is %[n at ,fig4 #bg4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical piece ( s(t wood a1 :i* is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g? & 9 diamet]2 two copp] nails1 b1 b1 are driv5 ?r\gh ?is piece ( wood a1 9 su* a way t :ile ! two heads come toge!r z close z possible )\t absolutely t\*+1 ! po9t$ ends are "s di/ance ap>t f ea* o!r1 & project ?r\gh ! wood a2 two insulat$ copp] wires1 c1 c1 are firmly sold]$ to ^! project+ ends1 & a piece ( s(t wax1 d1 is press$ ar\nd ! junction po9ts4 ,9 a groove1 across ! heads ( ! copp] nails1 is plac$ a little black lead1 to :i* is add$ a m9ute quantity ( "s sub/ance1 ! nature ( :i* is kn[n only to ,mr4 ,be>dslee4 ,sev]al folds ( pap] are wrapp$ r\nd ! wood5 cyl9d]1 =m+ a cyl9d] ab\t #b-a_/b in*es long1 "o end ( :i* is tightly fa/5$ r\nd ! insulat$ wires z at e4 ,! o!r end ( ! cyl9d] is !n fill$ ) p[d]1 f1 & clos$ by a piece ( tw9e4 ,! :ole fuze is !n coat$ ) black v>ni%4 ,?\gh n highly s5sitive1 ,be>dslee's fuze is exce$+ly effici5t1 & extremely simple4 ,von ,ebn]'s ,fuze4--,?is =m ( fuze 0 devis$ by ,colonel ,von ,ebn] ( ! ,au/rian ,eng9e]s4 ,a section & elevation ( x is %[n at ,fig4 #bh4 ,x consi/s ( an out] cyl9d]1 a1 ( gutta p]*a1 & an inn] "o ( copp]1 b1 :i* latt] encloses a core =m$ ( gr\nd glass & sulphur1 c1 :i* core is ca/ r\nd ! two conduct+ wires d1 d 9 su* a way t !y are completely insulat$ f "o ano!r4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! wire is 9 "o cont9u\s l5g?1 ! op5+ e be+ subsequ5tly made1 & c>efully gaug$1 s z to ensure a uni=m break1 or int]val 9 ! conductor ( ea* fuze4 ,! prim+ composition1 :i* consi/s ( equal p>ts ( sulphide ( antimony & *lorate ( pota%1 is plac$ 9 ! holl[ f1 to :i* is add$ "s p[d]$ plumbago1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! conduct+ p[] ( ! composition4 ,?is mixture is put into ! holl[1 f1 ( ! fuze "u consid]able pressure1 ! t]m9als be+ connect$ ) a s5sitive galvanomet]1 9 circuit ) a te/ batt]y1 & ! pressure appli$ s z to obta91 z f> z possible1 uni=mity 9 ! electrical resi/ance ( ea* fuze4 ,! ,au/rians employ$ ?is =m ( high t5sion fuze 9 connection ) a frictional ma*9e = ! electrical m9es us$ 9 _! def5ce ( ,v5ice1 c4 dur+ ! w> ( #ahff4 ,abel's ,fuze4--,mr4 ,abel devis$ a high t5sion fuze1 :i* 9 #aheh 0 ext5sively exp]im5t$ )2 ! ,be>dslee & ,von ,ebn] fuze be+ bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples appli$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,abel's fuze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electrical ,,fuzes4 ,,plate ,,vii ,_m modifications ( x h be5 f "t to "t devis$ by ,mr4 ,abel2 a section & elevation ( ! m rec5t =m ( 8 fuze is %[n at ,fig4 #bi4 ,x consi/s ( b1 b1 a body ( bee* wood1 holl[$ = half its l5g?1 9 :i* space ! prim+ *>ge is plac$2 x is also p]=at$ by ?ree holes1 "o v]tical = ! reception ( ! capsule ( s5sitive mixture1 ! o!r two horizontal1 9 :i* ! conduct+ wires are plac$2 a1 a are two insulat$ copp] wires1 pass+ into ! v]tical hole1 & re/+ on ! s5sitive mixture2 9 a cavity1 d1 ( ! body ( ! fuze is plac$ "s meal$ p[d]1 :i* is fir$ by ! ignition ( ! s5sitive mixture on ! passage ( ! electrical curr5t4 ,! insulat$ wires us$ 9 connection ) ?is fuze consi/ ( two copp] wires1 ab\t #b in*es long1 & #jbb in* 9 diamet]1 enclos$ 9 a cov]+ ( gutta p]*a #ac in* 9 diamet]1 & sep>at$ ab\t #jf in* f ea* o!r4 ,at "o end ! wires are b>$ to #abe in*1 at ! o!r !y are m]ely cut across by a v %>p pair ( scissors4 ,?is end ( ! d\ble cov]$ wire is ins]t$ into a pap] cyl9d] c1 c1 :i* holds a small quantity ( ! prim+ mixture4 ,?is capp$ end ( ! wires is ins]t$ into ! wood5 body ( ! fuze ?r\gh ! v]tical hole i1 & projects #ae in* into ! cavity d4 ,! b>e ends ( ! d\ble cov]$ wires are press$ into small grooves 9 ! head ( ! cyl9d] e e1 & ea* extremity is b5t into "o ( ! small *annels d' d'1 :i* are at "r angles to ! v]tical p]=ation4 d' d' are two small copp] tubes driv5 into ^! *annels ov] ! wire ends1 to keep ! wires 9 position1 & to =m ! op5+ into :i* ! conduct+ wires f are ins]t$ & b5t r\nd1 z at e'4 ,! prim+ mixture ( ,abel's orig9al fuze1 :i* 0 ! "o us$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 0 compos$ ( #aj p>ts ( subphosphide ( copp]1 #de p>ts ( subsulphide ( copp]1 & #ae p>ts ( *lorate ( pota%4 ,^! +r$i5ts r$uc$ to a v f9e /ate ( division1 & intimately mix$1 9 a mort>1 ) ! addition ( a little alcohol1 are dri$ at a l[ temp]ature & pres]v$ 9 bottles until requir$ = use4 ,! s5sitive mixture us$ by ,mr4 ,abel m rec5tly = 8 subm>9e electrical high t5sion fuzes1 is compos$ ( an intimate mixture ( graphite & fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,by ! process ( ramm+1 ! electrical resi/ance ( ! fuze is regulat$4 ,extempore ,fuzes4--,x may be necess>y 9 "s cases1 :5 a specially manufactur$ fuze is n atta9able1 to make a fuze on ! spot4 ,! foll[+ is a neat & simple me?od ( con/ruct+ an extempore high t5sion fuze4 ,fi%]'s ,extempore ,fuze4--,?is =m ( fuze 0 devis$ by ,lieut5ant n[ ,capta9 ,fi%]1 ,r4,n4 ,x consi/s ( a small disc ( gutta p]*a1 ?r\gh :i* ! ends ( two wires are ins]t$ ab\t #a_/d in* ap>t1 _! ends t]m9at+ 9 small copp] plates =m$ by hamm]+ d[n ! wire4 ,^! flat ends %\ld be fix$ p>allel1 & 9 ! fir/ place 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 also %\ld be level ) ! surface ( ! gutta p]*a4 ,! o!r two extremities ( ! wires are !n plac$ 9 circuit ) a s5sitive galvanomet] & a te/ batt]y2 ! ne$le ( ! =m] deflects viol5tly1 !re be+ a complete metallic circuit2 ! flat ends ( ! wires or poles ( ! fuze are !n sep>at$ v c>efully1 until ! ne$le j ceases to deflect4 ,9 ! space ?us =m$1 a little scrap$ *>coal is plac$1 & ramm$ 9 by a piece ( wood4 ,by ! application ( pressure1 any degree ( s5sitiv5ess may be atta9$1 m]ely obs]v+ ! deflection ( ! galvanomet] ne$le4 ,ov] ! *>coal a little p[d]$ res9 is %ak51 & press$ d[n1 by :i* means ! *>coal is fix$ 9 position1 & ow+ to ! inflammability ( ! res91 ! ignition ( ! gunp[d] prim+ is ensur$4 ,! disc ( gutta p]*a is !n plac$ 9 an empty ,snid] ball c>tridge1 c41 & by ! application ( a little w>m gutta p]*a appli$ ext]nally1 ! holes :]e ! project+ ends ( ! wires pass are clos$1 & ! disc is fix$ & insulat$4 ,! case is !n fill$ ) "s meal$ p[d] & f9e gra9$ p[d]1 on ! top ( :i* is plac$ a little cotton wool1 & ! :ole press$ d[n tightly ) ! f+]1 ! op5 end ( ! case be+ !n *ok$1 z 9 ,be>dslee's fuze & ,abel's extempore "o4 ,! apex is !n cov]$ ) "s w>m gutta p]*a1 & ! :ole ( ! fuze coat$ ov] ) r$ seal+-wax dissolv$ 9 me?ylat$ spirits4 ,insulat$ ,electric ,cables4--,= ! "w ( def5ce by electrical subm>9e m9es1 ! wires along :i* ! electric curr5t fl[s h1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ l$ und]gr\nd & ?r\gh ! wat]1 to be cov]$ ) "s sub/ance :i* %all prev5t ! curr5t dur+ its passage f escap+ to e>?1 or 9 o!r words1 !y 7! wires7 mu/ be insulat$4 ,! sub/ances 9 g5]al use = su* purposes are z foll[s3-- #a4--;,gutta p]*a4 #b4--,ord9>y india rubb]4 #c4--;,hoop]'s mat]ial4 ,gutta ,p]*a4--,?is sub/ance 0 us$ by ,messrs4 ,siem5s 9 ! cables manufactur$ by !m = ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t 9 #ahff1 & is to "s ext5t /ill employ$1 ?\gh ,hoop]'s mat]ial or vulcanis$ india rubb]1 has be5 f\nd to be m suitable4 ,! dielectric1 gutta p]*a1 possesses ! foll[+ advantages3-- a4--,x c be put on ! conduct+ wire1 z an unbrok5 tube4 b4--,x only absorbs #a p] c5t4 ( wat]4 c4--,x has ! prop]ty ( cl++ to ! metallic conductor1 by :i* is meant1 t %\ld x 7conductor7 be cut ?r\gh1 & any /ra9 be br\ght on ! cable1 !re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! gutta p]*a to cl+ to ! conduct+ wire1 !reby n increas+ ! fault4 ,! defects ( su* an insulator are3-- a4--,its liability to become h>d & brittle :5 expos$ to dry heat1 & consequ5tly x requires to be /or$ "u wat]4 b4--,x becomes comp>atively a bad dielectric at #ajj ,f4 c4--,x becomes pla/ic at high temp]atures1 :i* causes ! conduct+ wire to alt] its position4 ,9 "s p>ticul>s ord9>y india rubb] is a bett] insulator ?an gutta p]*a1 b ?is sub/ance is equally inf]ior to ,hoop]'s mat]ial1 c4 ,! advantages possess$ by ?is sub/ance are3-- a4--,x is n easily affect$ by a dry heat4 b4--,x is a v excell5t dielectric4 ,! defects ( ?is mode ( insulation are3-- a4--,x mu/ be put on ! conduct+ wires 9 a s]ies ( jo9t$ pieces4 b4--,x does n cl+ to ! conduct+ wire1 s t if ! electric cable be cut1 & any /ra9 be br\ght on x 7cable71 ! previ\s fault is increas$4 c4--,x absorbs #be p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,hoop]'s ,mat]ial4--,?is insulat+ mat]ial consi/s ( an inside coat+ ( pure india rubb]1 !n ano!r simil> coat+ 9 conjunction ) oxide ( z9c1 :i* is t]m$ ! sep>ator1 & an outside coat+ ( india rubb] comb9$ ) sulphur4 ,! use ( ! sep>ator is to prev5t any damage to ! conduct+ wires by ! action ( ! sulphur4 ,! ?ree coat+s are !n bak$ = "s h\rs at a v high temp]ature1 :i* fuses ! :ole into a solid mass1 & vulcanises ! out] coat+4 ,! prop]ties ( ! pure india rubb] :i* is 9 contact ) ! metallic conductor are ?us pres]v$1 :ile any decay ( ! out] cov]+ is prev5t$ by ! vulcanis+ process4 ,! advantages claim$ by ,mr4 ,hoop] = ?is mode ( insulat+ electric subm>9e cables1 are3-- a4--,high insulation4 b4--,flexibility4 c4--,capability ( )/&+ ! bad effects ( dry heat4 ,! qualifications ess5tial to a p]fect insulat$ electrical cable = use ) subm>9e m9es are z foll[s3-- #a4--;,capacity to be> a c]ta9 am\nt ( /ra9 )\t break+4 #b4--,p]fect insulation1 or at lea/ z ne>ly s z x is possible to obta91 & compos$ ( a sub/ance capable ( be+ readily /or$1 & kept = a consid]able l5g? ( "t )\t be+ injur$4 #c4--,pliability s t x may be w\nd on1 or paid out f1 a mod]ately siz$ drum )\t injury4 #d4--,provid$ ) an ext]nal cov]+ capable ( protect+ ! dielectric f injury :5 us$ 9 situations :]e !re is a rocky or %+ly bottom1 c4 ,! insulat$ wire ( a subm>9e cable is te*nically spok5 ( z its core4 ,by a cable is meant to be und]/ood any piece ( cov]$ wire4 ,sev]al =ms ( subm>9e electrical cables h be5 devis$1 all ( :i* m or less possess ! qualifications enum]at$ above4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! mo/ effective3-- #a4--,siem5s's cable4 #b4--;,hoop]'s cable4 #c4--;,gray's cable4 #d4--,s]vice cable4 ,siem5s's ,cable4--,?is =m ( cable is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #cj4 ,x consi/s ( a /r& a1 :i* is compos$ ( ?ree or m copp] wires =m$ by lay+ up ! sev]al s+le copp] wires spirally1 sev]al lay]s ( gutta p]*a1 or india rubb]1 b1 two cov]+s ( hemp1 saturat$ ) ,/ockholm t>1 c & d1 & sev]al plies ( copp] tape e1 w\nd on1 s t ea* /rip ov]laps ! prec$+ "o1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cj4 ,! conductivity ( ! copp] employ$ = ! /r& is equal to at lea/ #ij p] c5t4 ( t ( pure copp]4 ,?is ext]ior cov]+ ( copp] tape is a pat5t ( ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs1 & :5 once laid d[n1 ! cable s cov]$ is v effici5tly protect$1 & ( c\rse x is little affect$ by ! action ( ! sea wat]4 ,?is mode ( protection has "o great defect1 viz41 t 9 ! ev5t ( a k9k occurr+ 9 pay+ out ! l9e1 & at ! same "t a %>p /ra9 be+ appli$1 ! copp] tape at t po9t is extremely likely to de/roy ! insulation by be+ drawn 9 su* a way z to cut ?r\gh ! dielectric4 ,on ?is acc\nt great c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 h&l+ ?is =m ( cable4 ,9 practice precautions mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! copp] tape cov]+ f be+ br\ght into contact ) any iron1 = 7 su* to happ51 electrical action w\ld at once ensue1 caus+ ! iron to corrode ) enorm\s rapidity4 ,9 "s ( ,siem5s's cables1 vulcanis$ india rubb] replaces ! gutta p]*a insulation4 ,iron cov]$ cables1 ei!r galvanis$ or pla91 are manufactur$ z well z ! copp] tape cov]$ ones by t firm4 ,hoop]'s ,cable4--,?is =m ( cable is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #ca4 ,x consi/s ( a metal conduct+ wire1 g5]ally copp]1 a1 cov]$ ) an alloy to protect x f *emical action1 ! insulat+ sub/ance b1 kn[n z ,hoop]'s mat]ial1 previ\sly describ$ at page #ci1 a cov]+ ( t>r$ hemp c1 & an out] cov]+ ( iron wires 7,no4 #aa ,b4 ,w4 ,g471 ea* ( :i* is sep>ately cov]$ ) t>r$ hemp & w\nd on spirally1 d4 ,gray's cable is v simil> to ! "o j describ$1 ! *ief diff]5ce 9 x z comp>$ ) ,hoop]'s be+ ! abs5ce ( ! sep>ator4 ,silv]t[n ,cables4--,! foll[+ is a description ( ! core ( an electrical subm>9e cable1 :i* is us$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 & is suppos$ to conta9 all ! advantages ( ! =ego+1 & none ( _! defects4 ,x consi/s ( a /r& conductor ( f\r copp] wires 7,no4 #bj ,b4 ,w4 ,g47 ( quality n less ?an #ib p] c5t4 ( pure copp]1 & possess+ an electrical resi/ance ( n m ?an #ad ohms p] nautical mile4 ,?is /r& is t9n$ & insulat$ ) vulcanis$ india rubb] to a diamet] ( #bd in*1 & !n cov]$ ) a lay] ( felt1 & ! :ole subject$ to a temp]ature ( #cjj ,f4 "u /eam pressure4 ,?is =ms ! core ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cables employ$ 9 connection ) a sy/em ( def5ce by electrical subm>9e m9es1 :i* are enum]at$ z foll[s3-- #a4--,s+le core arm\r$ cable4 #b4--,multiple cable4 #c4--;,circuit clos] cable4 #d4--,s+le core un>m\r$ cable4 #e4--,special cables = fir+ by cross be>+s4 ,s+le ,core ,arm\r$ ,cable4--,?is =m ( cable is us$ 9 connection ) ea* m9e ( a gr\p or sy/em1 & also to connect =ts1 c4 across an arm ( ! sea4 ,ov] ! core1 :i* has be5 fully describ$1 is laid a spiral cov]+ ( tann$1 pick$ ,russian hemp1 ov] ?is are laid t5 galvanis$ iron wires 7,no4 #ac ,b4 ,w4 ,g471 ea* "o ( :i* is cov]$ ) a simil> hemp1 :i* is laid 9 an opposite spiral to ! =m] simil> cov]+1 ) a twi/ ( "o revolution 9 ab\t ?irte5 in*es2 9 ord] to prev5t ^! wires f gap+ :5 ! cable is k9k$1 a fur!r cov]+ ( two s]v+s ( hemp pass$ spirally 9 opposite directions is laid1 & ! :ole pass$ ?r\gh a hot composition ( a t> & pit* mixture4 ,ext]ior diamet] ( ?is cable is #g_/h in*4 ,its weight 9 air is #bg-ej_/aab cwt41 & 9 wat] #ad-dj_/aab cwt4 p] nautical mile4 ,! break+ /ra9 ( a cable ?us manufactur$ is #fb-a_/b cwt41 & its co/ ab\t #dg p] nautical mile4 ,a diagram ( ?is cable is %[n at ,fig4 #cb4 ,multiple ,cable4--,?is =m ( cable is employ$ 9 cases :]e x is necess>y to c>ry a l>ge numb] ( cables into ! fir+ /ation1 c4 ,x consi/s ( sev5 s+le cores =m$ into a /r&1 ov] :i* a padd+ ( hemp fibres is laid longitud9ally1 & ov] ?is aga9 is laid an arm\r+ ( sixte5 7,no4 #i ,b4 ,w4 ,g47 galvanis$ iron wires1 ea* "o ( :i* is cov]$ ) a lay] ( t>r$ tape put on spirally ) a twi/ ( "o revolution 9 #ae in*es4 ,! ext]ior cov]+ consi/s ( two lay]s ( hemp & composition1 :i* is laid on ) a %ort twi/1 & 9 opposite directions4 ,! ext]nal diamet] ( ?is cable is #a-a_/d in*4 ,its weight 9 air & wat] is #gh-be_/aab cwt41 & #de-cb_/aab cwt4 respectively p] nautical mile4 ,its break+ /ra9 is #ace cwt41 & co/ ab\t #ceg p] nautical mile4 ,?is =m ( cable is us$ 9 connection ) a junction box1 f :i* ! s+le arm\r$ cables lead+ to ! diff]5t m9es radiate1 & is %[n at ,fig4 #cc4 ,circuit ,clos] ,cable4--,?is cable1 :i* connects ! m9e & circuit clos]1 has be5 f\nd to be subject$ to exceptional we> & te>1 & !re=e requires a special =m ( ext]ior protection4 ,! core ( ?is cable is ! same z ! "o describ$ at page #da1 also x is cov]$ ) a simil> padd+ ( hemp1 b in/ead ( ! iron wires z 9 ! case ( ! multiple cable1 c41 n9e /r&s1 ea* ( :i* is compos$ ( f\rte5 ,no4 #bb ,bessem] ,/eel ,wires1 are w\nd on1 ea* su* /r& be+ cov]$ ) hemp1 :i* is put on ) a twi/ ( "o revolution 9 e #g-a_/b in*es1 ! ext]nal cov]+ be+ ! same z 9 o!r cables4 ,?is =m ( arm\r+ = an electric cable possesses ! qualifications ( pliability1 lightness1 & great t5sile /r5g?4 ,its weight 9 air is #eb-ajf_/aab cwt41 & 9 wat] #bh-d_/aab cwt4 p] nautical mile4 ,its break+ /ra9 #fe cwt41 & co/ ab\t #abg p] nautical mile4 ,s+le ,core ,un>m\r$ ,cable4--,?is =m ( cable is us$ 9 a sy/em ( def5ce by subm>9e m9es to connect ! deta*$ works ( a m>itime =tress1 c41 = ! purpose ( telegraph+4 ,x consi/s ( ! ord9>y s]vice core1 ov] :i* are laid two s]v+s ( t>r$ hemp1 put on spirally4 ,! weight ( ?is cable 9 air is #d-ac_/aab cwt41 & 9 wat] #a-cf_/aab cwt4 p] nautical mile2 its break+ /ra9 is #g-a_/b cwt41 & its co/ p] nautical mile is ab\t #ce4 ,special ,cables4--,9 fir+ electrical subm>9e m9es by means ( cross be>+s1 a special cable is employ$4 ,z a g5]al rule !re w\ld be ?ree l9es ( m9es plac$ to conv]ge on "o ( ! /ations4 ,ea* ( ^! l9es w\ld be provid$ ) a conduct+ wire 9 connection ) ! fir+ arrangem5ts1 :ile "o l9e ( wire 9 connection ) ! fir+ /ation w\ld be requir$ = telegraph+4 ,= ! purpose 9 "q a f\r cor$ cable is us$4 ,l& ,s]vice ,cable4--,! cable employ$ = ?is s]vice consi/s ( a core =m$ simil> to t ( ! multiple cable1 describ$ at page #da2 ov] :i* is laid a padd+ ( hemp1 & f9ally two s]v+s ( t>r$ hemp laid spirally 9 opposite directions are w\nd on4 ,its weight 9 air is #af cwt41 & 9 wat] #d-ej_/aab cwt4 p] nautical mile4 ,its break+ /ra9 #ag-a_/b cwt41 & co/ p] nautical mile ab\t #acg4 ,sea ,s]vice ,cable4--,?is consi/s ( a simil> core to ! l& s]vice cable1 & padd+ ( hemp1 ov] :i* is laid an arm\r+ ( fifte5 ,no4 #ac galvanis$ iron wires1 ea* "o be+ cov]$ ) t>r$ tape1 & f9ally ! ord9>y s]v+s ( t>r$ hemp4 ,its weight 9 air is #di-aja_/aab cwt41 & 9 wat] #be-aji_/aab cwt4 p] nautical mile4 ,its break+ /ra9 #fe-ajj_/aab cwt41 & co/ p] nautical mile ab\t #bjb4 ,:5 frictional electricity is us$ to fire high t5sion fuzes1 x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t if sev]al l9es ( insulat$ cables are laid 9 ! same tr5* = a few hundr$ y>ds1 ! inductive effect ( ! electrical *>ge g5]at$ by a frictional ma*9e is s great t its dis*>ge ?r\gh "o cable is suffici5t n only to fire ! fuze 9 imm$iate connection ) x1 b by induction e o!r fuze 9 connection ) ! rema9+ wires laid 9 ! tr5*4 ,& ?is effect equally occurs :5 ! electric cables are "s feet ap>t1 provid$ !y run p>allel = a few hundr$ y>ds1 & :e!r ! %ore ends ( ! cables1 ! fuzes 9 connection ) :i* are n int5d$ to be fir$1 are insulat$1 or put directly to e>?1 ! connections beyond ! fuzes be+ to e>?1 or ev5 insulat$1 provid$ a v few y>ds ( conductor exi/ beyond ! fuze4 ,! l5g? ( wire :i* x is necess>y to use betwe5 ! m9e & its circuit clos] w\ld be q suffici5t = ! purpose ( effect+ ignition by induction4 ,) plat9um wire fuses !re is no dang] :atev] ( ! above happ5+1 nor 9 ! case ( high t5sion fuzes is !re s mu* dang] ( ignition by induction1 :5 a con/ant in/ead ( a frictional electric batt]y is us$ to g5]ate ! curr5t4 ,ano!r mode ( protect+ an insulat$ cable is to place x1 z x 71 9 ! core ( a hemp5 cable4 ,9 =m+ ! rope on ! cable1 great c>e is necess>y to prev5t any s]i\s am\nt ( torsion1 or t5sion com+ on ! insulat$ wire1 ei!r ( :i* w\ld mo/ assur$ly result 9 injury to ! cable4 ,?is =m ( cable might 9 connection ) ob/ructions1 c41 be ( great use1 z on acc\nt ( its closely resembl+ an ord9>y rope1 x w\ld be v unlikely to excite suspicion1 & s w\ld mo/ probably be cut1 ! result ( :i*1 by previ\s arrangem5t1 w\ld be an explosion ( a m9e1 or by means ( a galvanomet]1 c41 an indication t ! ob/ructions1 c41 7 be+ int]f]$ )4 ,jo9t+ ,electrical ,cables4--,?is is a v important po9t 9 connection ) a sy/em ( def5ce or (f5ce by electrical torp$oes4 ,9 _m in/ances x w be f\nd necess>y to jo9 ei!r two l5g?s ( cable1 or an insulat$ wire & a cable1 toge!r1 9 bo? ( :i* cases1 great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 mak+ ! jo9ts1 s t ! insulation & ! cont9uity ( ! circuit may be p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,cables1 ,,extempore ,,cable ,,jo9ts4 ,,plate ,,viii ,_m species ( junctions h be5 f "t to "t devis$1 ! mo/ practical & g5]ally employ$ ( :i* are3-- #a4--;,india rubb] tube jo9t4 #b4--,ma?ieson's jo9t4 #c4--;,be>dslee's jo9t4 #d4--,mc,evoy's jo9t4 #e4--,p]man5t junction4 ,india rubb] ,tube ,jo9t4--,?is =m ( jo9t is a v useful "o = extempore purposes1 be+ easily & quickly made1 & be+ v effective4 ,at ,fig4 #cd is %[n a sket* ( su* a junction4 ,ab\t #ae in*es ( ! copp] conductor ( ! two insulat$ cables are laid b>e & connect$ toge!r by means ( ,nicoll's metallic jo9t1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cf1 or by turn+ "o ( ! conductors r\nd ! o!r1 _! ends be+ c>efully press$ d[n by means ( pli]s1 to prev5t any *ance ( ! india rubb] tube be+ pi]c$2 ov] ! splice ?us =m$ s]ve "s tw9e1 & ov] ! :ole put a coat+ ( india rubb] cem5t1 grease1 c41 !n draw ! vulcanis$ india rubb] tube1 :i* has be5 previ\sly plac$ on "o ( ! insulat$ cables1 ov] ! splice a1 z %[n at b1 & secure x firmly by means ( tw9e1 c1 c1 & !n to prev5t any /ra9 be+ br\ght on ! jo9t1 =m a half-cr[n z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce at ,a4 ,9 =m+ ! splice1 x is v important t ! metallic ends %\ld be p]fectly clean4 ,! dang] to ?is mode ( jo9t+ ( ! pi]c+ ( ! tube by ! ends ( ! conductors is entirely remov$ by employ+ ! ,nicoll metallic jo9t1 :i* is =m$ z foll[s3-- ,nicoll ,metallic ,jo9t4--,"o ( ! conduct+ wires1 z a1 ,fig4 #cf1 is =m$ into a spiral twi/ by means ( a v simple in/rum5t1 & ! o!r wire b1 :i* is left /raight1 is ins]t$ into ! spiral1 ! :ole be+ plac$ on an anvil1 & press$ closely & securely toge!r by a s+le bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,ma?ieson's ,jo9t4--,?is some:at complicat$1 ?\gh v effective mode ( jo9t+1 :i* is adopt$ 9 ! ,engli% torp$o s]vice1 is %[n at ,fig4 #cg1 9 elevation & section4 ,x consi/s ( two ebonite cyl9d]s a1 a1 ?r\gh :i* ! cables to be connect$ are pass$4 ,)9 ^! cyl9d]s an ebonite tube b1 b is plac$1 ! ends ( :i* are w$ge-%ap$1 & :i* press aga9/ two vulcanite r+s c1 c2 9 ! int]ior ( ?is tube b1 b is ! metallic jo9t d ( ! two cables4 ,! c5tre ( ! tube b1 b is ( squ>e section1 & fits into a holl[ ( simil> =m 9 ! cyl9d]s a1 a1 ! object ( ?is be+ to prev5t any twi/+ ( ! wires dur+ ! process ( screw+ up1 :i* w\ld be liable to injure ! metallic jo9t d4 ,! mann] ( mak+ ?is jo9t w be easily und]/ood f ! figure4 ,) ?is1 z ) all o!r tempor>y jo9ts1 x is advisable to =m a half-cr[n 9 ! cable1 includ+ ! jo9t4 ,be>dslee's ,jo9t4--,?is =m ( tempor>y jo9t :5 us$ ) /r& conductors1 :i* are compos$ ( a numb] ( small wires1 has be5 f\nd to be exce$+ly useful & effective1 ! only defect ( su* a jo9t be+ ! liability ( /raight5+ ! wires ( ! conductors %\ld a direct /ra9 be br\ght ^u ! wire extremities4 ,fig4 #ch repres5ts a section ( ?is jo9t2 x consi/s ( an ebonite cyl9d] a1 "o end ( :i* is solid1 & ! o!r op5 & fitt$ ) a screw ?read1 into :i* is screw$ a plug b2 ?r\gh bo? ! plug b1 & ! solid end ( ! cyl9d] a1 p]=ations are made j l>ge en\gh to admit ! insulat$ wires c1 c2 ab\t half an in* ( ! extremities ( ^! wires are b>$ & clean$1 & !n pass$1 ! "o ?r\gh ! plug b1 a disc ( vulcanis$ india rubb] d1 & a metal disc e1 & ! end ( ! /r& conductor turn$ back on ! face ( ?is metal disc1 ! o!r ?r\gh ! p]=ation 9 ! solid end ( ! cyl9d] a1 !n ?r\gh simil> discs d & e1 & ! end ( ! /r& conductor treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! =m] "o2 !n by means ( ! screw plug b1 ! two metallic discs b1 b1 & consequ5tly ! b>e extremities ( ! /r& conductors are br\ght into close metallic contact4 ,mc,evoy's ,jo9t = ,iron ,wire cov]$ ,cable4--,?is =m ( jo9t is %[n 9 section at ,fig4 #ci4 ,two brass caps a1 a are slipp$ ov] ! ends ( ! cables requir$ to be jo9$1 !n ! iron wire & o!r cov]+s ( ! cables d[n to ! insulat+ sub/ance are remov$1 ! =m] be+ b5t back close aga9/ ! bottom ( ! caps a1 a1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci at b1 b2 ! cores ( ! cables are !n jo9$ by an india rubb] tempor>y jo9t c1 :i* has be5 describ$ at page #de3 ! :ole is !n plac$ 9 ! body ( ! jo9t1 & ! brass caps a1 a screw$ up1 jamm+ ! b5t back iron wires aga9/ a solid piece ( brass d1 d1 by :i* means a firm & p]fect jo9t is made 9 ! cables4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]man5t ,,jo9ts ,,= ,,electric ,,cables4 ,,plate ,,ix ,fig4 #dj repres5ts a section ( a ,mc,evoy tempor>y jo9t = s+le cor$ un>m\r$ cables1 :i* seems to fulfil all ! conditions necess>y to a p]fect jo9t ( t description4 ,?is jo9t is1 ) ! exception ( !re be+ two screw plugs in/ead ( "o1 v simil> to ,be>dslee's jo9t describ$ at page #df2 ?is alt]ation is a great improvem5t1 rem$y+ z x does ! "o defect ( ,be>dslee's jo9t1 viz41 ! liability ( ! cables to be drawn ap>t due to any great t5sion be+ br\ght on !m4 ,a p]man5t jo9t 9 electrical subm>9e cables1 :i* f its nature requires to be an exceptionally good "o1 is a some:at difficult & tr\blesome op]ation1 & also requires a consid]able "t to =m a ?or\ghly reliable "o4 ,siem5s's ,me?ods ( ,jo9t+4--,! foll[+ me?ods1 & in/ructions = =m+ su* jo9ts1 are ^? adopt$ by ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs 9 connection ) _! telegraph cables1 & :i* w be f\nd g5]ally applicable to all insulat$ cables4 ,! ,=mation ( a ,jo9t 9 ! ,conductor ( an ,insulat$ ,cable4--,! conductor is ei!r cov]$ ) a gutta p]*a or an india rubb] dielectric4 ,9 bo? cases cut (f ! dielectric s z to b>e ! conductor-wire = a l5g? ( ab\t ?ree in*es1 tak+ c>e nev] to cut at "r angles to ! conductor-wire1 = fe> ( injur+ x ) ! cutt+-knife or scissors4 ,!n clean ! wires =m+ ! /r& ) file-c>d & em]y-pap]1 & sold] !m into a solid b> = a l5g? ( ab\t "o in*4 ,hav+ sold]$ ! wires1 =m+ ! ends ( ! two l5g?s ( conductors to be jo9$1 into two solid rods1 file ea* ( !m (f 9 a slant+ mann]1 s t !y w =m a sc>f-jo9t :5 put toge!r4 ,place ! two ends ( /r& 9 ! two small vices on a /& :i* is suppli$ = ! purpose1 s t ! two sc>f$ ends ov]lap ea* o!r1 & b9d !m r\nd ) a piece ( f9e black iron wire1 9 ! %ape ( a spiral1 s z to keep ! ends close toge!r1 !n sold] ! two ends toge!r by apply+ a hot sold]+ iron4 ,!n remove ! iron b9d+ wire & clean up ! jo9t1 fil+ (f all unnecess>y sold]4 ,& make a b& ( f\r f9e t9n$ copp] wires1 & b9d !m tightly side by side r\nd ! jo9t1 cov]+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! sc>f1 & !n sold] ! b& & jo9t solidly toge!r4 ,!n make ano!r b& ( f\r f9e t9n$ copp] wires & b9d !m r\nd ! jo9t 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 b ext5d+ ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* beyond ea* end ( ! o!r b9d+ wire1 ! p>ts only ( ?is second b9d+ :i* project beyond ! end ( ! fir/ b9d+ are to be sold]$1 s t ! c5tre "p rema9s loose & may keep up a connection betwe5 ! two ends by =m+ a spiral betwe5 !m 9 ! ev5t ( ! sc>f giv+ way & ! two ends ( ! conductor sep>at+ slightly4 ,?is =m ( jo9t is call$ ! spr+ jo9t4 ,! f9i%$ jo9t %\ld be wa%$ ) _s ( w9e & bru%$1 s z to take away all p>ticles ( sold]+ flux1 & to avoid oxidation ( ! wire4 ,! wa%$ jo9t %\ld !n be dri$ ) a piece ( clo? & expos$ to ! flame ( a _s lamp to dry x ?or\ghly4 ,a cable conductor ought nev] to be jo9t$ ) ! help ( sold]+ acid1 b ) t ( res91 sal ammoniac1 or borax only1 s t any *ance oxidation1 & consequ5tly de/ruction1 ( ! conduct+ wire may be avoid$4 ,!re are o!r modes ( jo9t+ conductors1 su* z ! twi/+ & scale jo9t1 b ! =ego+ me?od w suffici5tly expla9 ?is "p ( electric cable "w4 ,! ,=mation ( a ,jo9t 9 an ,india rubb] ,insulat$ ,cable4--,9 mak+ a jo9t 9 any insulat$ cable1 ! v greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! h&s1 tools1 & mat]ials clean & dry4 ,remove ! felt = ab\t twelve in*es f ea* end ( ! core by soak+ x ) m9]al naph?a & !n rubb+ x (f clean ) ! file-c>d4 ,! clean$ surface se> ) a r$-hot iron1 to burn (f all rema9+ fibres ( ! felt4 ,wa% ^! se>$ ends clean ) naph?a4 ,!n cut (f ab\t f\r in*es ( ! insulat+ mat]ial 7tak+ c>e nev] to cut at "r angles to ! conduct+ wire = fe> ( injur+ x7 s z to leave en\gh ( ! conductor b>e to jo9 & sold] 9 ! mann] describ$ at page #dg4 ,aft] ! conductor is jo9t$ & sold]$1 clean aga9 ! se>$ p>ts ( ! insulator ) ! glaz$ side ( ! squ>es ( clo? moi/5$ ) m9]al naph?a1 s z to leave a clean adhesiv5ess only2 tap] aga9 ! insulat+ mat]ial d[n to ! conductor = ab\t two in*es on ea* side ( ! conductor-jo9t ) a pair ( curv$ & v clean scissors4 ,! tap]+ mu/ be complet$ 9 su* slant+ way t ! diff]5t lay]s ( ! dielectric are s f> expos$ z to enable a secure lay+ on ( ! new jo9t+ mat]ial4 ,india rubb] core consi/s *iefly ( ?ree lay]s ( insulat+ mat]ial3 ! fir/ lay] next to ! /r& is call$ ! pure or br[n2 ! second lay] is ! :ite or sep>at+2 ! ?ird lay] is ! light r$ or jacket rubb]4 ,coat ! conductor ) a pure 7br[n7 rubb] tape tightly laid on 9 a spiral =m1 comm5c+ at ! spot :]e ! sep>ator 7:ite7 ends1 across ! correspond+ place on ! opposite side ( ! jo9t & back aga9 9 a contr>y direction4 ,! ends are fa/5$ d[n by press+ a clean1 heat$ se>+-iron or a heat$ knife on !m4 ,by do+ s ! b& w /ick2 ! rema9+ portions ( ! b& to be cut (f ) ! scissors4 ,lay on tightly ! sep>at+ india rubb] tape 9 ! same mann]1 b beg9n+ :]e ! jacket or out] lay] ( rubb] ends4 ,"o lap w be suffici5t4 ,complete ! insulation by lapp+ on tightly two lay]s ( r$ india rubb] tape3 ! la/ lap mu/ cov] ea* end ( ! core to f\r in*es on ea* side ( ! conductor-jo9t1 or ext5d to ! se>+ or tack9ess1 b n beyond x4 ,lay on ?ree tight b9d+s ( ! clo? tapes1 all 9 ! same direction1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid wr9kles4 ,! ends ( ! clo? tapes are cem5t$ d[n ) a ?9 coat+ ( india rubb] cem5t4 ,imm]se ! jo9t 9 ! jo9t+-ba? at #aej to #bjj ,f4 & gradually raise ! heat s t 9 half an h\r ! temp]ature w be #cbj ,f41 at :i* temp]ature keep ! jo9t = tw5ty m9utes3 !n take x out & let x cool 9 ! op5 air4 ,! ,=mation ( a ,jo9t 9 a ,gutta p]*a ,insulat$ ,cable4--,hav+ jo9t$ ! conduct+ wires 9 ! mann] describ$ at page #dg1 clean & dry ! jo9t well & cov] ! b>e conductor ) a ?9 lay] ( comp\nd4 ,?is is be/ done by heat+ a small /ick ( comp\nd to ne>ly its melt+ po9t1 & rubb+ x ov] ! b>e conductor1 :i* has be5 previ\sly heat$ ) ! flame ( a _s-lamp4 ,heat ! gutta p]*a cov]+ ( bo? ends g5tly until x is q s(t1 )\t1 h[ev]1 caus+ x to bubble or burn4 ,draw1 !n1 ) ! f+]s1 ! gutta p]*a cov]+s ( bo? ends d[n1 tap]+ !m (f until !y meet 9 ! middle ( ! jo9t2 heat !m suffici5tly to make !m adh]e toge!r4 ,apply a lay] ( comp\nd on ! tap]$-(f gutta p]*a 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = coat+ ! b>e conductor1 & cov] x ) a fir/ coat+ ( gutta p]*a %eet to ab\t half ! ?ickness necess>y to f9i% ! jo9t4 ,?is is done by heat+ a small %eet ( gutta p]*a1 ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 until x is q s(t1 & by press+ x 9 t /ate r\nd ! jo9t to ! requir$ size2 ! greate/ c>e to be tak5 to expel all ! air4 ,! project+ lips are !n cut (f ) a pair ( curv$ scissors4 ,! seam ?us produc$ is to be rubb$ ) a hot iron until x is completely clos$ & ! jo9t well r\nd$ (f4 ,apply ano!r lay] ( comp\nd & a second lay] ( gutta p]*a 9 exactly ! same mann] z describ$ = ! fir/ lay]2 c>e1 h[ev]1 is to be tak5 to get ! seam 9 ?is second lay] ( gutta p]*a n ov]1 b z ne>ly z possible "r opposite to1 ! seam 9 ! lay] und]nea?4 ,! :ole to be work$ z cyl9drical z possible1 & to a size n exce$+ ! orig9al core4 ,! jo9t1 s f> f9i%$1 is !n to be cool$ ) wat] until ! gutta p]*a is q consolidat$4 ,ano!r1 ! ov]lapp+ gutta p]*a jo9t1 is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,cut (f ! two ends ( ! core1 s t ! gutta p]*a & ! conductor-wire are flu%4 ,w>m ! gutta p]*a = a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree in*es f ea* ( ! ends ) ! flame ( a _s lamp1 &1 :5 suffici5tly s(t1 pu% x back until x =ms an enl>gem5t4 ,! two ends ( ! conductor are !n to be sold]$ accord+ to in/ructions = mak+ jo9t 9 conductors4 ,to h a p]fectly clean surface ( ! two gutta p]*a enl>gem5ts1 remove all impurities by ! way ( peel+ !m ) a %>p knife4 ,w>m g5tly bo? knobs & ! copp] jo9t1 & cov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! b>e wire ) comp\nd1 plan+ x ) a w>m smoo?+-iron4 ,draw !n ) ! f+]s "o ( ! w>m$ & s(t5$ knobs c>efully up to ! o!r knob or enl>gem5t1 leav+ on its way a p]fect tube ( gutta p]*a ^u ! wire1 decreas+ gradually to ! ?ickness ( ! copp] /r& t[>ds ! o!r knob4 ,any sup]flu\s gutta p]*a is remov$4 ,?is sc>f is f9i%$ ) a w>m smoo?+-iron1 s z to unite x to ! comp\nd on ! wire /r&1 & a ?9 lay] ( comp\nd is also put ov] ! sc>f 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,! o!r knob is !n w>m$ & drawn 9 ! same way ov] ! tube already =m$1 :i* is at ! same "t heat$ suffici5tly to make ! two adh]e4 ,apply a lay] ( comp\nd on ! second sc>f ( gutta p]*a1 cov]+ x 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = coat+ ! b>e conductor1 & cov] x ) a small %eet ( gutta p]*a 9 ! same mann] z describ$ above1 s z to make ! f9i%$ jo9t to ! size ( ! core z manufactur$4 ,rules to be obs]v$ 9 =m+ ,jo9ts4--,! foll[+ rules mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ 9 =m+ ei!r a tempor>y or p]man5t jo9t3-- #a4--;,9 lay+ b>e ! conductor1 ! dielectric %\ld be w>m$ & !n pull$ (f1 s prev5t+ any *ance ( x be+ damag$1 :i* might be ! case 7 ! dielectric to be cut (f4 #b4--;,= a p]fect junction1 sold]+ is necess>y4 #c4--,! wires be=e connection %\ld be c>efully clean$1 & ! h&s ( ^? p]=m+ ! "w mu/ be dry4 #d4--;,gutta p]*a %\ld n be giv5 too mu* heat1 = x !n becomes oily & w n1 9 t /ate1 prop]ly adh]e4 #e4--;,grease & dirt mu/ be scrupul\sly avoid$4 ,great c>e is absolutely necess>y 9 mak+ junctions1 z !y are ! pr9cipal s\rces ( defect 9 ! insulation ( electrical subm>9e cables4 ,junction ,boxes4--,:5 x is necess>y to employ a multiple cable1 a junction box is us$ to facilitate ! connection ( ! sev]al sep>ate wires div]g+ f ! extremities ( su* a cable4 ,9 "o angle ( su* a box ! multiple cable is introduc$1 :ile ! sep>ate cables make _! exit on ! opposite sides & pass to ! diff]5t m9es4 ,diff]5t views ( a junction box are %[n at ,fig4 #da1 :]e ,a is a plan ( ! top or lid1 ,b a plan ( ! bottom1 ) ! lid (f1 ,c an elevation1 & ,d a section ( ! box4 ,! mann] ( us+ ! junction box is z foll[s3-- ,! multiple cable is put 9 at a1 & secur$ !re by means ( a nipp+ hook1 %[n at ,fig4 #db1 :i* hook passes ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! junction & is made secure by means ( a nut4 ,! s+le core cables radiat+ f ! junction box pass ?r\gh ! op5+s b1 b1 b on ! sides1 & angle opposite to :]e ! multiple cable a ent]s4 ,ea* multiple cable is compos$ ( sev5 cores1 & ea* ( ^! is connect$ by means ( jo9ts ) ! m9e cables )9 ! junction box1 & ea* ( ^! sev5 cables is secur$ by means ( a nipp] simil> to1 b small] ?an1 ! "o %[n at ,fig4 #db1 :i* are also secur$ by means ( nuts1 z 9 ! case ( ! multiple cable nipp+ hook4 ,:5 all ! connections are made1 ! lid ,a is plac$ s z to re/ on ! /uds c1 c1 c1 & firmly secur$ by a bolt d1 :i* is made wat]-tight by means ( a wa%] & nut4 ,by means ( ! nipp+ hooks1 :i* take any /ra9 t may be br\ght on ! cables1 ! connections )9 ! box are ensur$ aga9/ injury by su* a cause4 ,to enable ! :ole to be lift$ toge!r = ! purposes ( exam9ation ( ! cables1 c41 a buoy$ rope is connect$ to ! eye-bolt e4 ,= ?is s]vice a dummy circuit clos] is ! be/ =m ( buoy1 x hav+ great buoyancy & resembl+ 9 appe>ance an active circuit clos]4 ,a junction box %\ld be plac$ 9 su* a position z to be easily atta9$1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( an enemy1 & its buoy %\ld1 if possible1 n be se54 ,x is also v ess5tial t x %\ld be 9 a safe & gu>d$ position1 = any injury to ! junction box or multiple cable w\ld be fatal to ! gr\p ( m9es 9 connection4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases1 special junction boxes are us$3-- #a4--;,a sev5 cor$ arm\r$ cable to be connect$ direct to ano!r l5g? ( ! same4 #b4--;,a s+le arm\r$ cable to be connect$ z 9 =ego+ in/ance4 #c4--;,a ,t junction box = ! bran* sy/em ( electrical contact m9es4 ,junction ,box = ,multiple ,cables4--,at ,fig4 #dc is repres5t$ a plan ( l[] half ( ?is =m ( junction box4 ,x consi/s ( a pair ( ca/ iron plates ( precisely simil> =m to ! "o %[n at ,fig4 #dc1 & s made z to be capable ( be+ fa/5$ tightly toge!r by means ( f\r bolts & nuts pass+ ?r\gh ! holes a1 a4 ,! grooves b1 b at ! two extremities are j l>ge en\gh to grip ! arm\r$ cable firmly1 :5 ! upp] & l[] p>ts are screw$ toge!r4 ,a l>g] space is provid$ 9 ! holl[ = ! jo9t4 ,junction ,box = ,s+le ,cor$ ,cables4--,= ?is purpose a junction box simil> to1 b small] ?an ! "o above describ$ is employ$4 ,t ,junction ,box4--,?is =m ( junction box is employ$ :5 ! sy/em ( electrical contact m9es on bran*es f a s+le cable is us$4 ,?is sy/em is dep5d5t on ! use ( a plat9um wire fuze 9 connection ) a plat9um wire bridge 9 ea* bran* close to its junction ) ! ma9 cable4 ,?is =m ( junction box1 :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #dd is v simil> to ! "o us$ = ! connection ( two multiple cables1 only diff]+ 9 its %ape1 :i* is t ( a ,t4 a is a disconnector1 :i* w be describ$ fur!r on2 b1 b1 b' are ! arm\r$ electric cables1 b1 b be+ ! ma91 & b' ! bran* cable 9 connection ) ! =k$ jo9t =m$ )9 ! ,t junction box2 c1 c1 c are ,turk's heads =m$ to prev5t any /ra9 be+ br\ght on ! =k$ jo9t4 ,?is =m ( ,turk's head is made by turn+ back ! wires ( ! cable arm\r+1 & frapp+ !m r\nd ) spun y>n until ! necess>y size & %ape is atta9$4 ,mc,evoy's ,turk's ,head4--,ano!r =m ( ,turk's head1 devis$ by ,capta9 ,mc,evoy1 is %[n at ,fig4 #de4 ,x consi/s ( two sep>ate pieces ( brass1 a & b1 ! =m] screw+ ov] ! latt]4 ,! mode ( us+ x is z foll[s3-- ,slip ! piece ( brass b ov] ! cable c1 & turn back ! wires ( ! cable d1 d1 c41 s t !y lie aga9/ ! %\ld] ( ! brass piece b1 !n slip ! o!r piece ( brass a ov] ! cable & screw x on ! piece b1 firmly jamm+ ! turn$ back wires d1 d1 c4 ,?is is a v neat & quick me?od ( =m+ a ,turk's head1 & x %\ld be inv>iably us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! =ego+ me?od1 :i* is clumsy1 & :i* takes "s "t to =m4 ,! section ( a disconnector is %[n at ,fig4 #df4 ,x consi/s ( an iron cov]1 or dome a1 :i* is provid$ ) a screw fitt+ on to ano!r screw on ! ebonite body b ( ! app>atus4 ,:5 ! dome a is screw$ tightly d[n on ! wa%] i1 ! :ole is made p]fectly wat]tight4 c1 c are insulat$ t]m9als = connect+ ! cores ( ! bran* & ma9 cables aft] _! arm\r+ has be5 remov$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #dd4 d1 d are two copp] conduct+ wires 7,no4 #af ,b4 ,w4 ,g47 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ebonite body b1 & project+ into ! int]ior ( ! app>atus4 ,^! wires are held 9 position & insulat$ by means ( a composition =m$ ( a mixture ( pit*1 tall[1 beeswax & gutta p]*a4 ,?is composition is put on :il/ hot & all[$ to cool gradually1 :5 x becomes h>d & durable4 ,great c>e is necess>y to ensure ! cavity )9 ! ebonite body b be+ completely fill$1 z o!rwise a leakage might occur1 ow+ to ! great pressure ( wat] at dep?s :]e ! disconnection w\ld be g5]ally us$4 f is a boxwood cov] :i* is slipp$ on1 & fits fairly tight to ! ebonite body b2 g is a piece ( ?9 plat9um wire1 weigh+ #af gra9s to ! y>d1 & be+ #d_/aj in* 9 l5g?2 h is an ebonite p91 :i* passes ?r\gh two small holes 9 ! boxwood cov] f1 into :i* x fits tightly1 & 9 su* a position z to be directly b5ea? ! plat9um wire bridge g1 :5 ! boxwood cov] f is fix$ on4 ,! p9 h is pu%$ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! cov] f f ! outside1 s z to pass b5ea? ! bridge g aft] ! prim+ has be5 ins]t$1 & ! cov] has be5 plac$ on4 ,:5 prep>$ = use1 ! plat9um wire bridge g is surr\nd$ by "s loose gun-cotton prim+1 suffici5t 9 quantity to bl[ (f ! boxwood cov] f1 )\t de/roy+ ! dome a2 ! cov] f be+ bl[n (f1 c>ries ! ebonite p9 h ) x1 & ?r\gh ! plat9um wire bridge g1 !reby ruptur+ x1 & break+ ! cont9uity ( ! circuit4 ,! object ( s do+ is to cut (f ! connection ( an explod$ m9e1 s t ! full am\nt ( ! fir+ curr5t is available = ! o!r m9es1 & n suff]$ to be wa/$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! expos$ wire ( ! brok5 circuit1 :i*1 7 ! disconnector n employ$1 w\ld be ! case4 ,:5 any p>ticul> m9e ( a sy/em is /ruck1 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! ma9 cable b1 ! disconnector a 7:i* is 9 connection ) t m9e71 & bran* cable b' to ! fuze1 & s explodes ! m9e1 & de/roys ! plat9um wire bridge g ( ! disconnector at practically ! same in/ant4 ,! effect ( ! latt] op]ation w\ld be to cut (f & insulate ! bran* cable ( ! explod$ m9e1 & s prev5t any loss ( ! electrical curr5t1 :5 ano!r m9e ( t sy/em is requir$ to be fir$4 ,! plat9um wire bridge g is #d_/aj in* long1 :ile t ( ! fuze is #c_/aj in*1 ! object ( ?is diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( ! bridges be+ to ensure ! =m] "o g be+ fir$1 & ?us ! insulation made d\bly sure4 ,_m o!r =ms ( disconnectors h be5 devis$1 b none h prov$ 9 practice s effective z ! "o j describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,junction ,,boxes4 ,,me*anical ,,turk',s ,,head4 ,,plate ,x ,moor+ ,electrical ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems to be solv$ 9 connection ) a sy/em ( subm>9e m9es4 ,! objects to be atta9$ 9 moor+ are z foll[s3-- #a4--,! m9es %\ld pres]ve ! exact positions 9 :i* !y are laid d[n4 ,,note4--,f ! comp>atively small radius ( de/ructive effect1 ( ev5 heavily *>g$ subm>9e m9es1 x w be und]/ood h[ absolutely ess5tial1 9 ! case ( m9es fir$ by judgm5t1 x is t ?is object %\ld be atta9$4 #b4--,! moor+ *a9s1 or ropes1 mu/ be s arrang$ t no twi/+ :atev] %\ld occur1 z o!rwise fracture ( ! insulat$ wire w\ld be likely to happ54 #c4--;,9 ! case ( buoyant m9es1 _! di/ance f ! bottom mu/ be s adju/$1 t at no "t %all a vessel pass+ ov] !m be out ( _! v]tical range ( de/ruction1 nor %all !y be visible4 ,! difficulties att5dant ^u ! effici5t moor+ ( subm>9e m9es are imm5se1 z w be und]/ood :5 ! action ( gales ( w9d1 & /rong tides1 :i* latt] v>y cont9ually 9 _! direction & 9 _! rise & fall1 are tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks apply m p>ticul>ly to a sy/em ( buoyant subm>9e m9es1 z ^? plac$ on ! gr\nd are comp>atively easy to moor4 ,sev]al modes ( moor+ buoyant subm>9e m9es h be5 sugge/$1 ! mo/ practicable ( :i* are z foll[s3-- #a4--,ladd] moor+s4 #b4--;,=e & aft moor+s4 #c4--;,au/rian me?od ( moor+4 #d4--,s+le rope moor+4 ,ladd] ,moor+4--,?is is a me?od ( moor+1 :i* 9 places :]e x may be necess>y to place ! an*ors f> ap>t w be f\nd useful4 ,! circuit clos] is connect$ to ! m9e by two ropes :i* lead !nce to two an*ors1 ! ropes be+ sep>at$ by wood5 r\nds1 or spread]s1 #a to #c feet long1 by :i* ! t5d5cy to twi/+ is prev5t$4 ,! an*ors are plac$ "s #ab feet ap>t4 ,! only defect ( ! ladd] moor+ is ! quantity ( sea-we$1 c41 t is liable to be lodg$ on ! r\nds1 ?us caus+ ! circuit clos] to be drawn out ( its prop] position4 ,=e & aft ,moor+4--,?is mode may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 a tideway :]e ! curr5t runs v /rong1 t is to say1 five knots p] h\r1 or m4 ,x consi/s simply ( two an*ors1 "o ( :i* is moor$ up1 & ! o!r d[n ! /ream4 ,au/rian ,me?od ( ,moor+4--,?is me?od ( moor+1 adopt$ by ! ,au/rians dur+ ! w> ( #ahff1 is %[n at ,fig4 #dg4 ,x consi/s ( a wood5 triangul> plat=m on :i* sev]al heavy weights a1 a1 a are plac$2 ! m9e is atta*$ to ?is plat=m by means ( ?ree wire ropes b1 b1 b1 connect$ to ! angles ( ! latt]1 & fa/5$ to ?ree *a9s1 :i* by means ( a cat* holds ! m9e at ! position requir$4 ,?is cat* consi/s ( a pulley atta*$ to ! extremity ( ! wire rope ( ! plat=m1 ?r\gh :i* ! moor+ *a9 ( ! m9e is pass$1 & fa/5$ by a key at ! requir$ dep? by means ( a self-act+ arrangem5t4 ,?is key1 :i* is ( consid]able weight1 slips d[n z ! m9e is be+ haul$ into position1 b ! mom5t ! *a9 is slack$1 two arms cat* into a l9k ( ! *a91 & s hold ! m9e 9 position4 ,! weight ( su* a key is ab\t #fj lbs4 ,x is fitt$ ) nuts1 c41 to enable x to be tak5 to pieces4 ,?is plan ( moor+ prov$ v effective 9 ! h>b\rs ( ! ,adriatic1 :]e !re is h>dly any tide or curr5t to twi/ ! moor+ ropes1 or o!rwise di/urb ! m9es4 ,! ,au/rians h lately adopt$ ! mu%room s9k] 9 place ( ! wood5 plat=m & weights1 = _! an*or4 ,s+le ,rope ,moor+4--,?is simple me?od ( moor+ has aft] num]\s exhau/ive exp]im5ts be5 adopt$ z ! mo/ practicable & effective ( all o!rs4 ,:5ev] possible1 a wire in/ead ( hemp5 cable %\ld be us$ to connect ! m9e & its circuit clos] to ! moor+ an*or1 z ! =m] is less liable to twi/1 k9k1 or we> f friction ?an ! latt]4 ,a gr\nd m9e ) circuit clos] atta*$ is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #dh1 :]e a is ! wire moor+ rope1 b ! electric cable lead+ f ! m9e to ! circuit clos]1 ,c1 & c ! cable lead+ f ! fir+ /ation to ! m9e2 d is ! oblong s9k] atta*$ to ! m9e1 & e ! tripp+ *a9 lead+ to ! %ore1 to :i* ! cable c is atta*$ at int]vals1 s t by und]runn+ ! electric cable1 ! tripp+ *a9 may be easily pick$ up1 & ! m9e rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,moor+s ,,= ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,plate ,,xi ,at ,fig4 #di is %[n a buoyant m9e4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! moor+ ( ?is & ! "o be=e describ$1 is t in/ead ( re/+ on its an*or on ! gr\nd1 x is moor$ at a c]ta9 di/ance above its an*or d1 to :i* x is secur$ by a *a9 e4 ,fig4 #ej repres5ts an electro contact m9e4 ,m is ! m9e ) circuit clos] enclos$1 a ! wire moor+ rope1 d ! mu%room an*or1 & b ! electric cable lead+ f ! m9e to ! disconnector ,d4 ,! mu%room s9k] or an*or1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! mo/ effective ( all o!r =ms ( moor+ an*ors us$ = ! purposes ( an*or+ subm>9e m9es1 is %[n at e1 ,fig4 #di2 ! legs are add$ = use on rocky or h>d bottoms1 "u :i* circum/ances ! weight ( ! an*or %\ld also be increas$4 ,= gr\nd m9es ! =m ( s9k] %[n at d1 ,fig4 #dh is employ$2 x is ( an oblong %ape1 & holl[$ out 9 ! c5tre to all[ ( its be+ la%$ close up to ! m9e4 ,l>ge blocks ( /ones ) _! bases slightly holl[$ are useful z extempore moor+s1 s also is ! "o %[n at ,fig4 #ea1 :i* consi/s ( a /rong heavy wood5 %aft a1 ) a numb] ( wood5 arms b1 b atta*$ to its base2 ?is =m ( extempore s9k] 0 consid]$ v effici5t by ! ,am]ican au?orities4 ,! wood5 weight$ plat=m1 :i* 0 describ$ at page #ef1 is also a v useful =m ( extempore s9k]4 ,= dead weight moor+s1 pigs ( balla/1 heavy /ones1 c41 may be us$4 ,! weight ( ! an*or or s9k] = moor+ subm>9e m9es is a v important consid]ation4 ,x w dep5d on ! am\nt ( buoyancy ( ! m9e1 on ! /r5g? ( curr5t1 & on ! nature ( ! bottom1 also :e!r ! m9es are to be haul$ d[n to1 or moor$ ) ! an*or4 ,/o!rd uses ! foll[+ =mula3 ,w #brt7,b#b ,p#b7 :]e ,b is ! excess ( ! flotation ov] ! weight ( ! *>ge ( a giv5 subm>9e m9e2 ,p is ! pressure ex]t$ by any giv5 curr5t on ! same buoyant m9e2 ,w ! weight ( s9k] necess>y to ov]come ! t5d5cy ( ! m9e to move4 ,9 /ill wat] ,p becomes no?+1 & !re=e ,w equal to #b ,b1 t is1 9 /ill wat] d\ble ! buoyancy ( a m9e is a suffici5t weight = its an*or4 ,! value ( ,p may be f\nd f ! =mula ,p #djhe ,v#b1 :]e ,v is ! velocity ( ! curr5t 9 miles p] h\r4 ,f ?is equation ,p w be f\nd 9 t]ms ( pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e foot ( flat surface1 :i* is ne>ly d\ble t on ! curv$ surface ( a cyl9d]4 ,9 reg>d to ! am\nt ( buoyancy ( a subm>9e m9e1 x has be5 f\nd by actual practice t 9 ! case ( a m9e moor$ 9 /ill wat] x %\ld c]ta9ly be n less ?an ! weight ( ! *>ge1 :il/ if subject$ to ! lat]al pressure due to a curr5t1 x %\ld be n less ?an ?ree times ! pressure ex]t$ by ! curr5t4 ,x is always necess>y to all[ an excess ( buoyancy ov] ! calculat$ am\nt to c\nt]act any leakage1 or o!r di/urb+ cause :i* might o!rwise mat]ially affect ! effici5cy ( ! m9e4 ,!re are two modes ( plac+ a m9e 9 position2 ei!r by atta*+ ! an*or1 ) ! cable necess>y = ! dep? ( wat]1 to ! m9e1 & l[]+ bo? toge!r1 or by plac+ ! an*or fir/1 & !n haul+ ! m9e d[n to x1 & by means ( a cat*1 fa/5+ x at ! requir$ dep?4 ,! fir/ mode is exce$+ly simple1 b except "u v fav\rable circum/ances _c be reli$ on :5 fir+ by obs]vation is ! means adopt$ to explode a sy/em ( subm>9e m9es4 ,! second plan is practically easy to c>ry out1 & by x a m9e may be plac$ m accurately4 ,to enable ei!r ( ! above me?ods to be prop]ly c>ri$ out1 specially fitt$ /eamboats1 c41 are requisite4 ,at ,fig4 #eb is repres5t$ a #db feet laun* fitt$ = lay+ d[n a subm>9e m9e by ! fir/ ( ! two modes enum]at$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,laun* ,,= ,,moor+ ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,plate ,,xii4 a is ! m9e2 b is ! electric cable c>ri$ f ! drum c to ! *>ge1 & connect$ = use2 d is ! circuit clos]1 :i* is atta*$ to ! m9e by its electric cable & moor+ rope2 f is ! mu%room s9k] atta*$ by means ( its moor+ *a9 to ! m9e1 x is susp5d$ by a slip rope g1 :i* passes ov] a small crut* fitt$ ) a %eave h2 i is a holl[ iron d]rick1 & k ! tackle & fall = lift+ m9e into boat2 ?is d]rick is =m$ ( an iron tube ab\t #c in*es diamet]1 #c_/h in* ?ick1 & #aj feet #f in*es long2 x is atta*$ to an iron tube ma/ ( simil> diamet] & ?ickness to ! d]rick1 b #ab feet #c in*es long1 an iron *a9 #f feet #f in*es long & #e_/h in* diamet]1 connects ! d]rick to ! ma/2 m is a lead+ %eave to keep ! cable cle> :il/ x is be+ paid out2 l is a crab1 = work+ ! tackle k1 c41 & c is ! drum on :i* ! electric cable is w\nd4 ,9 connection ) ! def5ce ( a h>b\r by a sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es ( l>ge size1 x w be necess>y to employ a s]vice ( /eamtugs1 /eamboats1 moor+-b>ges1 c41 specially fitt$ = su* "w4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( ! haul+ d[n me?od ( plac+ m9es 9 position1 is1 t ! an*ors1 ) ! cables connect$ !reto1 may be c>efully & accurately got into position dur+ ! "t ( peace1 & ! m9es !mselves1 :i* %\ld be kept 9 /ore ready fitt$ = imm$iate use1 ne$ n be plac$ 9 position until !y are actually requir$4 ,! drums us$ = reel+ a multiple cable on1 are capable ( hold+ half a nautical mile 9 l5g?4 ,t us$ = a s+le core arm\r$ cable is simil> to b small] ?an ! a=esaid drum1 & is capable ( /[+ "o nautical mile ( su* a cable4 ,= transportation wood5 drums are ord9>ily us$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,def5sive ,,torp$o ,,w>f>e--cont9u$4 ,,clos+ ! ,electric ,circuit4--,9 connection ) ! sy/em ( coa/ def5ce by means ( electrical subm>9e m9es1 !re are two di/9ct me?ods ( effect+ ! clos+ ( ! electric circuit1 & consequ5tly1 ! fir+ batt]y be+ connect$1 ! explosion ( ! m9e or m9es1 :i* me?ods may be us$ sep>ately1 or 9 comb9ation1 & are z foll[s3-- #a4--,! self-act+ me?od4 #b4--,! fir+ by judgm5t1 or obs]vation me?od4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( subm>9e def5sive w>f>e1 ! latt] me?od alone 0 us$1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any?+ l a practicable =m ( self-act+ app>atus2 b )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ! =m] has almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! latt] me?od1 except 9 v exceptional cases2 ?is revolution be+ due to ! va/ improvem5ts t h be51 & /ill are be+ effect$ 9 ! sy/em ( fir+ electrical subm>9e m9es automatically4 ,use ( ,circuit ,clos]s4--,electrical subm>9e m9es may by means ( an app>atus1 t]m$ a circuit clos]1 be r5d]$ self-act+2 t is to say1 by ! action ( a vessel com+ 9 contact ) su* an app>atus1 :i* may be ei!r )9 ! m9e itself1 or )9 a buoy atta*$ to ! m9e1 ! electric circuit is clos$1 & ! m9e 9 connection ) ! circuit clos] s /ruck1 explod$4 ,! ess5tial feature ( su* a mode ( clos+ ! electric circuit is1 t electrical subm>9e m9es may be r5d]$ ei!r active or h>mless1 at ! w ( ! op]ator1 :i* is effect$ by ! putt+ 91 or tak+ out ( a plug1 by :i* means ! fir+ curr5t is ei!r ?r[n 91 or out ( ! circuit4 ,circuit clos]s4--,_m diff]5t =ms ( circuit clos]s h be5 devis$1 among :i* ! foll[+ seem ! mo/ suitable & are ^? g5]ally us$3-- #a4--,ma?ieson's in]tia circuit clos]4 #b4--,ma?ieson's spiral spr+ circuit clos]4 #c4--;,au/rian self-act+ circuit clos]4 #d4--,mc,evoy's m]cury circuit clos]4 #e4--,mc,evoy's weight magneto circuit clos]4 ,ma?ieson's ,circuit ,clos]4--,?is =m ( circuit clos] has be5 adopt$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t 9 connection ) _! sy/em ( def5ce by electrical subm>9e m9es4 ,! details ( ?is app>atus are %[n at ,pl4 xiii4 ,fig4 #ec1 a is a gun-metal dome screw$ on to a metal base b1 its foot re/+ on a gutta p]*a wa%] c1 s z to exclude any wat]2 d is a cap screw$ on to ! top ( ! dome1 & made wat]tight by ! lea!r wa%] e2 f is a gu>d cap screw$ into ! cap d1 ?is is to keep ! sp9dle ( ! circuit clos] /eady dur+ transport1 & w\ld be remov$ :5 ! app>atus is prep>$ = s]vice2 g is ! ebonite base plug ?r\gh :i* pass ! insulat$ wires ,e & ,l2 h is an hexagonal coll>1 work+ 9 ! metal base plate b1 by means ( :i*1 & ! brass coll> i1 & ! lea!r wa%] k1 ! base plug is secur$1 & wat] is exclud$ f ! int]ior ( ! circuit clos]2 l1 l1 l are brass columns support+ a circul> ebonite piece m2 n is a metal bridge screw$ on to ! base plate b1 into :i* is screw$ ! sp9dle p1 bo? ( :i* are prev5t$ f mov+ aft] be+ screw$ up by ! set screws r & s4 ,! sp9dle p c>ries a lead5 ball t1 :i* is support$ ^u ! re/ v1 & is secur$ 9 position by ! screw nut w2 x is an india rubb] r+1 ! object ( :i* is to prev5t any damage be+ done to ! sp9dle %\ld ! ball :5 set 9 action by a heavy bl[ f a pass+ vessel be br\ght into contact ) ! dome2 #b is a brass disc atta*$ to ! sp9dle c>ry+ an ebonite disc #d1 connect$ to x by screws2 #f is a brass contact r+ also fix$ to ! ebonite disc #d1 provid$ ) a screw #h1 = ! atta*m5t ( "o ( ! base plug wires1 & ) plat9is$ projections #c1 #c1 #c1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! contact r+ #f is completely insulat$ f ! sp9dle & brass disc #b4 ,?ree contact spr+s #e1 are atta*$ to ! circul> ebonite piece m1 & ! faces opposite to ! plat9is$ projections ( ! disc #b are also plat9is$4 #g %[s ! contact screws ( ! connect+ pieces1 :i* s]ve also z adju/+ screws to regulate ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! app>atus1 ! po9ts ( :i* z well z _! be>+s on ! spr+s are plat9is$4 ,! spr+s are connect$ toge!r by means ( ! wires #i1 ,fig4 #ee1 "o end ( :i* is secur$ to ! connect+ piece by ! screw #aj1 & ! o!r passes ?r\gh to ! top ( ! ebonite piece1 & is atta*$ to ! top ( ! spr+ next 9 succession to t to :i* x is fix$ bel[4 ,"o t]m9al ( a coil ( #ajjj ohms resi/ance 7:i* is us$ = te/+ purposes7 is atta*$ to ! l9e ,l1 t]m9al ( ! ebonite base plug1 :i* latt] is also connect$ to ! screw #h1 on ! circumf]5ce ( ! contact r+ #f2 ! o!r t]m9al ( ! resi/ance coil is connect$ to ! e>?1 ,e t]m9al ( ! base plug4 ,a b>e copp] wire ( ,no4 #af ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 connects ! top ( ! la/ contact spr+ ) ! set screw s2 a piece ( simil> wire jo9t$ to x is pass$ r\nd "o ( ! brass coll>s & connect$ to ! screw r4 ,z a precaution aga9/ bad contact1 ! contact spr+s are connect$ toge!r by b>e wires ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,?is completes ! connections = ! signall+ circuit1 ! e>? be+ =m$ by ! body ( ! in/rum5t2 ,d is a hole left 9 ! metal base = ! passage ( ! insulat+ wire :i* connects ! e>? plate to ! e>? ,e t]m9al ( ! base plug4 ,te/+ ,curr5t4--,= te/+ purposes ! curr5t f ! te/ batt]y arrives by ! l9e wire ,l1 & passes !nce ?r\gh ! resi/ance coil to e>? by means ( ! wire ,e1 :i* is atta*$ to a z9c e>? plate plac$ 9 a recess 9 ! jacket ( ! circuit clos]4 ,action ( ! ,circuit4--,! action ( ! app>atus is z foll[s3-- ,clos]4--,on ! circuit clos] be+ /ruck1 ! weight ( ! lead ball t causes ! /eel rod p to be deflect$ & br+s ! brass r+ #f 9 contact ) "o ( ! spr+s #e2 ! signall+ curr5t :i* up to ?is mom5t has be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! #ajjj ohms coil to e>?1 !n passes to ! contact r+ #f 7avoid+ ! resi/ance coil7 !nce to ! spr+ :i* is 9 contact ) x1 & f !re by means ( ! wire connections to ! set screws s & r1 & s to e>? ?r\gh ! metal body ( ! app>atus2 ! effect ( ! resi/ance coil be+ ?us elim9at$1 is to /r5g!n ! signall+ curr5t1 & ?us enable x to "w ! %utt] app>atus1 by :i* means ! fir+ curr5t is ?r[n into circuit & ! m9e explod$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma?ieson',s ,,circuit ,,clos]4 ,,plate ,,xiii ,circuit ,break]4--,by alt]+ ! mode ( connect+ ! wires1 ! above app>atus may be us$ z a circuit break]1 t is to say1 ! signal may be giv51 & ! m9e explod$ by ! cessation ( a pass+ curr5t1 in/ead ( by ! clos+ ( ! electric circuit4 ,?is sy/em 0 specially design$ = use ) plat9um wire fuzes1 b is r>ely us$4 ,circuit ,clos] ( ,electro ,contact ,m9es4--,:5 ! in]tia circuit clos] is employ$ 9 connection ) electro contact m9es1 ! circul> ebonite piece m is replac$ by a simil> %ap$ piece ( brass1 & :i* is 9 metallic connection ?r\gh ! brass pill>s l1 l1 l ) ! mass ( ! metal ( ! app>atus :i* =ms ! e>? plate4 ,! insulat$ wire ( ! base plug is connect$ to "o pole ( a plat9um wire fuze1 ! o!r pole ( :i* is connect$ by ano!r wire to ! out] metal rim ( ! disc ( ! sp9dle4 ,z long z ! circuit clos] rema9s undi/urb$1 a break w rema9 9 ! circuit1 :i* is due to ! ebonite insulation betwe5 ! sp9dle & ! out] metal rim ( ! disc2 b ! mom5t ! app>atus is /ruck1 :i* causes ! sp9dle to vibrate1 ! out] metal rim w come 9 contact ) "o ( ! spr+s complet+ ! circuit1 ?r\gh ! circul> metal portion & ! pill>s ( ! circuit clos] to e>?4 ,adju/m5t ( ,circuit ,clos]4--,! s5sitiv5ess ( ,ma?ieson's in]tia circuit clos] is det]m9$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! disc #d & ! spr+s #e1 #e1 #e1 :i* is regulat$ by means ( ! adju/+ screws #g1 #g1 #g1 :i* press aga9/ ! inn] faces ( ! spr+s4 ,ow+ to ! great weight ( ! lead5 ball1 :5 by any cause ! circuit clos] is incl9$ = a l5g? ( "t1 a p]man5t set is giv5 to ! sp9dle1 !reby de/roy+ ! adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,in]tia ,circuit ,clos]4--,to rem$y ?is v s]i\s defect1 a cyl9d] ( india rubb] is sub/itut$ = ! lead5 ball2 a circuit clos] s fitt$ is also less affect$ by ! action ( c\nt] m9es1 :i* is a v important advantage4 ,ma?ieson's ,spiral ,spr+ ,circuit ,clos]4--,a sectional elevation ( ?is =m ( circuit clos] is %[n at ,fig4 #eg4 ,x consi/s ( a brass base a1 provid$ ) a groov$ flange = c>ry+ a gutta p]*a wa%]1 & x has also an hexagonal projection = ! purpose ( screw+ ! circuit clos] into ! gun-metal m\? ( its air-tight cyl9d]1 or buoy2 b is a brass dome enclos+ ! app>atus = ! purpose ( protect+ x f injury1 & also by means ( india rubb] wa%]s to prev5t an +ress ( wat]1 %\ld ! circuit clos] case become injur$1 & leak2 c is a brass coll> to :i* ! brass contact spr+s i1 i are atta*$1 & :i* are regulat$ by ! set screws j1 j2 a brass spiral spr+ d c>ries a metal rod e1 :i* supports a brass ball f1 surr\nd$ by an india rubb] b& h4 ,a contact disc g is secur$ to ! base ( ! sp9dle e1 b insulat$ f x by an ebonite boss2 k is an ebonite base plug ) two *annels 9 x1 ?r\gh :i* ! wires m1 m#a pass4 ,an ,improvem5t on ! ,in]tia ,circuit ,clos]4--,?is in/rum5t is a va/ improvem5t on ! in]tia app>atus previ\sly describ$1 be+ m simple & m c]ta9 9 its action1 a desid]atum 9 all circuit clos]s2 b not)/&+1 up to ! pres5t "t ,ma?ieson's in]tia app>atus has be5 us$ by our gov]nm5t1 to ! exclusion ( all o!r in/rum5ts ( a simil> nature1 "s ( :i* 7 prov$ to be f> sup]ior :5 subject$ to ! crucial te/ ( actual practice4 ,au/rian ,self-act+ ,circuit ,clos]4--,?is =m ( circuit clos+ app>atus1 :i* is purely a self-act+ "o1 t is to say1 a m9e s fitt$ _c be fir$ at w1 is %[n at ,fig4 #eh4 ,x consi/s ( sev]al buff]s a1 a1 a1 :i* by means ( /rong spr+s are held 9 position1 _! heads project+ outside ! torp$o case b2 on be+ press$ 9 by ! contact ( a pass+ vessel1 ! ends ( ^! buff]s w\ld be =c$ aga9/ a rat*et :eel c1 :i* is also kept 9 position by means ( a spr+4 ,sev]al /rong pieces ( wood d1 d )9 ! case keep ! buff]s & _! atta*$ arms 9 ! prop] direction1 & also af=d rigidity to ! torp$o case4 ,! brass rat*et :eel c be+ put 9 motion c>ries r\nd ) x a c5tral arrangem5t e1 ! l[] "p ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #eh1 ,a4 ,?is portion consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( brass f divid$ into two p>ts insulat$ "o f ! o!r by a piece ( ebonite g2 on "o side ( ?is cyl9d] !re are ?ree arms ( brass1 h1 i1 & k1 & on ! o!r !re are two arms1 l & m1 all ( :i* are insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/rian ,,circuit ,,clos]1 ,,m]cury ,,circuit ,,clos]4 ,,plate ,,xiv ,! arm h is close to1 b insulat$ f a metal plate n1 :i* latt] is p]man5tly connect$ ) ! conduct+ wire lead+ f ! fir+ batt]y1 & ?us :ile 9 a /ate ( re/ is electrically *>g$2 beyond ! arm i is a spr+ o1 :i* is connect$ ) ! e>?1 & 9 su* a position t :5 ! c5tral portion is mov$ r\nd1 ?is spr+ o comes 9 contact ) ! arm i1 & ! plate n ) ! arm h simultane\sly1 & ! circuit is ?us complet$ ?r\gh e>? to ! batt]y1 b ! curr5t ( electricity does n pass ?r\gh ! fuze4 ,! arms k1 l on ! opposite sides ( ! cyl9d]1 & consequ5tly insulat$ "o f ! o!r1 are connect$ ) ! fuze1 & ! arm m is connect$ ) ! e>?4 ,on a fur!r pressure ( ! vessel on ! buff]1 ! arm i is pu%$ beyond ! spr+1 & 9 contact !re)1 & consequ5tly ! circuit by e>? to ! batt]y is brok51 :ile ! contact ( ! arm h & plate n is /ill reta9$1 & ! curr5t is pass$ by ! arm k ?r\gh ! fuze to ! arm l1 & !n to e>? ?r\gh ! arm m1 ?us complet+ ! electric circuit ( ! fir+ batt]y ?r\gh ! fuze1 & to explod+ ! m9e4 ,! spr+ acts z a circuit break]1 & by means ( an int5sity coil 9 connection ) ! fir+ batt]y1 ! curr5t is only pass$ ?r\gh ! fuze :5 at ! po9t ( greate/ int5sity4 ,by deta*+ ! fir+ batt]y1 ! *annel def5d$ by su* subm>9e m9es may be r5d]$ safe4 ,fuze only 9 ,circuit at ,mom5t ( ,fir+ x4--,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects to be ga9$ by ! employm5t ( su* an arrangem5t = ! clos+ ( ! electric circuit 9 connection ) subm>9e m9es1 is ! prev5tion ( premature explosion f induction :i* might be caus$ by ! proximity ( any atmosph]ic electricity1 ! fuze 9 ?is sy/em be+ entirely cut out ( circuit until ! mom5t :5 x is necess>y to fire x4 ,! ,au/rians employ$ ?is =m ( circuit clos+ in/rum5t dur+ ! w> ( #ahff1 & /ill cont9ue to use x 9 connection ) _! coa/ def5ce by subm>9e m9es4 ,mc,evoy's ,m]cury ,circuit ,clos]4--,at ,fig4 #ei is repres5t$ a longitud9al section ( a circuit clos] ( ?is con/ruction4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! m9e 9 su* a mann] t :5 undi/urb$ x ma9ta9s an approximately upright position4 ,x consi/s ( a metal tube a into :i* ! cup b ( vulcanite1 or o!r insulat+ mat]ial is fix$4 ,! cup is contract$ at "s di/ance f ! top by ! p]=at$ plug c1 :i* is also ( insulat+ mat]ial2 d is a metal p9 fix$ into ! bottom ( ! cup b1 x is connect$ ) ! wire e1 :i* is insulat$ & passes to ! batt]y2 f is a metal plug clos+ ! tube a & ! cup b at ! top2 g is a wire atta*$ to ! plug f1 & pass+ f x to an e>? connection4 ,! cup b is fill$ ) m]cury up to ! level ( ! plug c4 ,by ! contact ( a pass+ vessel ! in/rum5t w\ld be tilt$ suffici5tly to cause ! m]cury to fl[ into contact ) ! metal plug f1 ?us complet+ ! electric circuit & explod+ ! m9e4 ,?is =m ( circuit clos]1 ?\gh n g5]ally adopt$1 w\ld1 on acc\nt ( its be+ less liable to d]angem5t by ! motion ( ! waves1 or by ! explosion ( an adjac5t or c\nt] m9e1 seem to fulfil ! _m requirem5ts ( a circuit clos] = g5]al s]vice4 ,mc,evoy's ,weight ,magneto ,circuit ,clos]4--,?is =m ( circuit clos]1 :i* is %[n 9 section & plan at ,figs4 #fj & #fa1 is "o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts t has ev] be5 effect$ 9 su* app>atus1 & bids fair to become univ]sally adopt$4 ,a heavy metal conical %ap$ weight a 7,fig4 #fj71 holl[$ out 9 its base & work+ 9 a ball & socket jo9t b1 re/s on a solid brass base c1 & is s arrang$ t on ! app>atus be+ /ruck1 ! weight a w fall ov]1 pivot+ on "o ( its supports d1 d2 e is a b& ( india rubb]1 encircl+ ! weight a1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ a j> on its fall+ aga9/ ! sides ( ! brass cyl9d] f1 :i* conta9s ! weight a & jo9t b4 ,a brass rod g1 connect$ to ! ball & socket jo9t1 passes ?r\gh ! base c1 ?r\gh a /rong spiral spr+ h 7:i* latt] re/s on an adju/+ screw k71 ?r\gh a piece ( ebonite l1 :i* supports ! bobb9s & core m1 m#a2 !n betwe5 ^! bobb9s m1 m#a ?r\gh an armature n1 :i* is pivot$ at p2 & la/ly ?r\gh a slight spiral spr+ o1 :i* is kept 9 position by ! adju/+ screw i4 ,! armature n is fitt$ ) a small piece ( brass r1 s arrang$ t :5 x 7! armature7 is 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 ?is piece ( brass r does n make contact ) ! two /rips ( metal1 s1 s1 betwe5 :i* x1 r1 works2 b :5 ! armature n is 9 contact ) ! cores ( ! bobb9s m1 m#a1 !n ! piece ( brass r makes contact ) ! metal /rips s s1 & s makes a %ort circuit = ! electric curr5t4 ,an ord9>y telephone t1 ,fig4 #fa1 9 :i* "s small %ot1 bells1 c41 are plac$1 is fix$ to ! top ( ! brass cyl9d] f4 ,action ( ,circuit ,clos]4--,! action ( ?is app>atus is z foll[s3-- ,on ! m9e c>ry+ ?is =m ( circuit clos] be+ /ruck by a pass+ vessel1 ! weight a is caus$ to fall ov] t[>ds ! side ( ! brass cyl9d] f1 ?us all[+ ! /rong spiral spr+ h to act on ! brass rod g 9 an upw>d direction1 by :i* means ! armature n is br\ght into contact ) ! s(t iron cores ( ! bobb9s m1 m#a4 ,illu/ration3 ,mc4,,evoy',s ,,magneto ,,electro ,,circuit ,,clos]4 ,,plate ,,xv ,! connections ( ! wires are made z foll[s3-- ,! l9e wire w is l$ ?r\gh ! base ( ! app>atus & connect$ to a piece ( brass "u ! ebonite support l1 9 connection ) "o ( ! wires ( ! bobb9 m1 ! o!r wire ( :i* is atta*$ to ! metal /rip s2 ! wires ( ! bobb9 m#a are connect$1 ! "o to ! metal /rip s#a1 ! o!r to a piece ( brass "u ! ebonite support l2 f ?is latt] piece ( brass a wire w#a is l$ to ! brass screw x4 ,! wires w#b1 w#c1 f ! fuzes are l$1 ! "o to ! brass screw x1 ! o!r to a screw y1 :i* =ms ?r\gh ! metal ( ! app>atus ! e>? plate4 ,"o ( ! wires ( ! telephone t is connect$ to ! brass screw x1 ! o!r w#d is connect$ to ! piece ( brass to :i* ! l9e wire w is also atta*$4 ,:ile ! circuit clos] rema9s 9 a /ate ( re/1 ! curr5t f ! signall+ batt]y fl[s along ! l9e wire w1 up ! telephone wire w#d1 ?r\gh ! telephone :i* has a high resi/ance1 !n by ! wire w#b ?r\gh ! fuzes1 & to e>? by ! wire w#c4 ,on ! circuit clos] be+ /ruck1 by :i* cause ! armature n is br\ght up to ! cores ( ! bobb9s m1 m#a1 & ! piece ( brass r 9 contact ) ! metal /rips s1 s#a1 ! signall+ curr5t1 in/ead ( circulat+ ?r\gh ! high resi/ance ( ! telephone t1 passes r\nd ! bobb9 m1 d[n ! metal /rip s1 across ! brass piece r1 up ! metal /rip s#a1 r\nd ! bobb9 m#a 7?us =m+ an electro magnet ( m1 m#a71 & by ! wire w1 direct ?r\gh ! fuzes to e>?1 & s explodes ! torp$o4 ,! effect ( ! telephone resi/ance be+ cut out1 is to /r5g!n ! signall+ curr5t1 & enable x to "w ! %utt] app>atus & s ?r[ ! fir+ batt]y 9 circuit & explode ! m9e4 ,! advantages ( ?is circuit clos+ app>atus are3-- #a4--,simplicity4 #b4--;,compactness4 #c4--;,increas$ c]ta9ty ( action1 due to ! su/a9$ contact ( ! armature n1 on ! app>atus be+ /ruck4 #d4--;,additional means ( te/+ a sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es1 :i* is af=d$ by ! telephone3-- ,:5 ?is =m ( circuit clos] is put 9 action by a fri5dly vessel com+ 9 contact ) x1 or :5 exp]im5ts are be+ made1 ! signall+ curr5t mu/ be rev]s$1 s t no d\bt may exi/ z to ! armature n hav+ dropp$1 on ! app>atus com+ to re/4 ,! telephone te/ indicates :e!r ! circuit clos] is 9 position or n1 ! %ot1 c41 )9 ! telephone be+ %ak5 ab\t by ! movem5t ( ! buoyant circuit clos]1 ! noise s creat$ is readily di/+ui%$ by ! receiv+ telephone at ! /ation4 ,ano!r =m ( subm>9e m9e is t kn[n z ! ,electro ,me*anical m9e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is =m & an ord9>y me*anical m9e is1 t ! explod+ ag5t is electricity1 & t x may be conv]t$ into an electro contact m9e if desirable4 ,description ( a ,russian ,electro4--,! electro me*anical m9e1 us$ by ! ,russians dur+ ! late ,turco-,russian w>1 is %[n 9 elevation & section at ,figs4 #fb & #fc4 ,me*anical ,subm>9e ,m9e1 us$ by !m dur+ ! late ,turco-,russian ,w>4--,a is ! conical %ap$ case2 ,b ! load+ hole2 ,c ! base plug2 ,d1 ,d1 c41 are five horns1 screw$ into ! head ( ! case ,a2 ^! are compos$ ( a glass tube ,a1 conta9+ a *lorate ( pota% mixture1 enclos$ 9 a lead tube ,b1 ov] :i* is screw$ a brass safety cyl9d] ,c2 :5 ready = action ?is latt] tube ,c is remov$2 directly b5ea? ea* ( ! horns ,a1 on ! inside ( ! case1 z at ,e1 is a ?9 brass cyl9d]1 clos$ at "o end by a piece ( wood d1 & conta9+ sev]al pieces ( z9c & c>bon1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a batt]y1 ! z9c & c>bon wires z & x be+ l$ ?r\gh ! piece ( wood d2 ,f is a copp] cyl9d] conta9+ ! prim+ *>ge ( gun-cotton g1 & detonat+ fuse f2 ! t]m9als ( ! fuze are connect$ to two insulat$ wires1 w & w#a1 ! =m] ( :i* is l$ direct to ! load+ hole ,b1 & atta*$ on ! inside to ! five z9c connect+ wires z1 c42 ! latt] is atta*$ to "o end ( a safety arrangem5t ,s1 ! o!r end ( :i* is connect$ to ! wire w#b1 :i* is atta*$ on ! inside to ! c>bon wires x1 c42 ! safety arrangem5t ,s consi/s ( an ebonite cyl9d]1 conta9+ a brass spiral spr+ fix$ to "o end ( x1 & press+ aga9/ a brass plate at ! o!r1 ?us pres]v+ a metallic connection betwe5 ! wires w#a1 & w#b2 ! m9e is r5d]$ inactive by press+ ! spr+ d[n1 & ins]t+ a piece ( ebonite betwe5 x & ! plate4 ,its ,action4--,! action ( ?is =m ( electro me*anical subm>9e m9e is v simple2 ! brass safety cyl9d]s c1 c1 c41 be+ remov$ on a vessel /rik+ ei!r ( ! horns1 ,d1 ,d1 c41 ! lead tube b is b5t1 caus+ ! glass tube a to be brok51 & ! mixture conta9$ !re9 to fl[ into ! cyl9d] ,e1 in/antly g5]at+ a curr5t ( electricity 9 ! z9c c>bon batt]y1 & explod+ ! m9e4 ,mode ( ,conv]t+ into an ,electro ,contact or ,obs]vation ,m9e4--,to conv]t ?is m9e into an electro contact "o1 x is only necess>y to connect ! wires w#a & w#b to o!r wires lead+ f ! %ore2 also by replac+ ! horns ,d1 ,d by solid brass screw plugs1 ! m9e may be conv]t$ into an ord9>y obs]vation "o4 ,9 ?is case ! two wires w & w#a atta*$ to ! fuze f1 t]m9als w\ld h to be connect$ to ! obs]vation in/rum5ts on %ore4 ,turki% ,vessel sunk4--,x 0 by means ( "o ( ^! electro me*anical m9es1 t ! ,turki% gunboat ,suna 0 sunk at ,s\l9a4 ,fir+ by obs]vation1 t is to say1 effect+ ! ignition ( an electrical subm>9e m9e at ! precise mom5t ( a ho/ile vessel be+ v]tically ov] x1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "o or two obs]v]s /ation$ at a v consid]able di/ance f ! m9e1 %\ld1 ) ! v p]fect self-act+ circuit clos]s t exi/ at ! pres5t "t1 be resort$ to only 9 v exceptional cases1 or 9 connection ) ! self-act+ sy/em4 ,!re are two defects1 :i* are common to all me?ods ( fir+ subm>9e m9es by obs]vation1 & ^! are3-- #a4--;,at night "t1 or 9 foggy wea!r1 x _c be employ$4 #b4--;,x is necess>y to employ at lea/ two obs]v]s1 at a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 :o to effect a prop] action at ! "r mom5t1 mu/ "w 9 p]fect unison4 ,^! defects alone are suffici5t to expla9 ! pref]5ce giv5 to a self-act+ me?od ( clos+ ! electric circuit at ! precise mom5t ( a vessel be+ 9 position ov] a m9e by ^? gov]nm5ts :o h adopt$ electrical subm>9e m9es z a means ( coa/ def5ce4 ,me?ods ( ,fir+ by ,obs]vation4--,!re are sev]al me?ods ( fir+ by obs]vation1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! ones pr9cipally us$3-- #a4--;,by pickets or range /akes4 #b4--;,by cross be>+s4 #c4--;,by int]sectional arcs fitt$ ) telescopes4 #d4--,! ,prussian sy/em4 ,int]section by ,pickets or ,range ,/akes4--,9 n>r[ *annels & at %ort di/ances1 ?is sy/em ( asc]ta9+ ! relative position ( a ho/ile vessel & a subm>9e m9e may be us$1 provid$ t skill$ & c>eful m5 are employ$ to "w x4 ,two or m pickets or /akes are arrang$ 9 front ( ! fir+ /ation 9 su* a mann] t a vessel pass+ up ! *annel on ! prolongation ( ^! /akes w be ov] a m9e4 ,?is arrangem5t %\ld ( c\rse always be consid]$ z an extempore "o2 x 0 us$ on sev]al occasions by ! ,conf$]ates dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>4 ,fir+ by ,cross ,be>+s4--,! simple/ me?od ( s det]m9+ ! relative position ( a vessel & a subm>9e m9e1 & explod+ x at ! "r mom5t1 is t 9 :i* obs]v]s are plac$ on ! prolongation ( ! m9es4 ,?is mode is %[n at ,fig4 #fd1 :]e m#a1 m#b1 m#c1 c41 & n#a1 n#b1 n#c1 c41 are ! m9es2 ,a & ,b1 ! po9ts 9 prolongation ( ! m9es :]e ! obs]v]s are /ation$2 ,d ! fir+ batt]y1 & s1 & s#a two ho/ile vessels4 ,at ! /ations ,a & ,b fir+ keys are plac$1 at ! =m] "o = ea* sep>ate m9e1 p]fectly di/9ct & insulat$ f ea* o!r1 at ! latt] a s+le key4 ,! pivot po9ts ( ! s]ies ( keys at ,a are connect$ by sep>ate wires to "o pole ( ! fir+ batt]y ,d1 ! o!r pole ( :i* is connect$ by a s+le cor$ insulat$ cable to ! pivot po9t ( ! key at ,b2 ! contact po9ts ( ! s]ies ( keys at ,a are connect$ by sep>ate l9e wires z ,a m#a1 ,a m#b1 ,a m#c1 c41 to ! diff]5t m9es1 :ile ! contact po9t ( ! key at ,b is put to e>?4 ,?us x w be se5 t1 9 ! case ( ! r[ ( m9es1 m#a1 m#b1 c41 unless ! key at ,b1 & ! key at ,a1 ( ei!r ( ^? m9es are bo? press$ d[n at ! same in/ant1 no curr5t c pass1 & !re=e none ( ^? m9es c be explod$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,russian ,,subm>9e ,,m9e1 ,,fir+ ,,by ,,obs]vation4 ,,plate ,,xvi ,9 ! case ( ! vessel ,s1 ?\gh at ,c1 %e is on ! prolongation ( ! l9e ,a m#e1 ,c1 & !re=e ! key ( ! m9e m#e1 is press$ d[n at ,a1 yet n be+ on ! prolongation ( ! l9e ,b1 ,e1 ! key at ,b is n press$ d[n1 !re=e ! fir+ batt]y is n ?r[n 9 circuit1 or ! m9e m#e explod$1 b :5 ! vessel s rea*es ! position ,n1 t is ov] ! m9e m#c1 %e be+ on ! prolongation ( ! l9es ,a m#c1 & ,b ,e1 ! key 7m#c7 at ,a1 & ! key at ,b w\ld bo? be press$ d[n1 & !re=e ! m9e m#c explod$1 & ! %ip de/roy$4 ,9 ! case ( a vessel pass+ ?r\gh an int]val betwe5 any two m9es at su* a di/ance z to be out ( ! radius ( de/ructive effect ( ei!r ( ! m9es belong+ to ! fir/ r[ 7:i* is %[n at s#a17 only ! key at ,b w\ld be press$ d[n1 & ?us ! vessel enabl$ to pass safely ?r\gh1 b only to come to grief at ! second or ?ird r[ ( m9es1 provid$ !y h be5 prop]ly plac$1 & sep>ate ?\gh simil> arrangem5ts z 9 ! case ( ! l9e ( m9es1 m#a1 m#b1 c4 h be5 made4 ,fir+ by a ,preconc]t$ ,signal4--,at ,fig4 #fe is repres5t$ a some:at simil>1 ?\gh a mu* simpl] plan ( ! =ego+ sy/em1 by employ+ a preconc]t$ signal at ! /ation ,b 9 ! place ( ! fir+ key & insulat$ cable1 z 9 ! =m] case4 ,! only mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! two me?ods1 is t 9 ! latt] case ! pole ( ! fir+ batt]y at ,a1 :i* 9 ! =m] case 0 connect$ to ! fir+ key at ,b1 is put direct to e>?4 ,z w be readily und]/ood1 ?is latt] sy/em requires great coolness & n]ve on ! "p ( ! op]ator at ,a1 :o has n only to wat* ! vessel pass+ across 8 int]sections1 b also to be on ! al]t to receive ! signal f ! obs]v] at ,b4 ,%\ld x ev] be necess>y to adopt ?is latt] sy/em1 x w be f\nd advisable to employ two m5 at /ation ,a1 "o to wat* /ation ,b1 ! o!r to att5d to ! fir+ key & int]sections4 ,a sep>ate signal-flag = ea* l9e ( m9es1 & also a sep>ate fir+ arrangem5t1 w\ld be requir$4 ,z 9 _m cases x w\ld n be practicable to h a /ation 9 su* an advanc$ position z at ,b1 9 ,figs4 #fd & #fe1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( its be+ cut (f by an enemy1 ano!r comb9ation becomes necess>y4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! /ation ,b is plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 c41 to t on :i* ! /ation ,a is plac$1 & a s]ies ( fir+ keys1 in/ead ( a s+le "o1 is "h us$1 necessitat+ a multiple cable betwe5 ! /ations ,a & ,b1 9 ! place ( s+le cor$ cable2 ! mann] ( manipulat+ ?is me?od is v simil> to t previ\sly describ$4 ,fir+ by ,int]sectional ,arcs fitt$ ) ,telescopes4--,! =ego+ me?ods ( fir+ by cross be>+s are replete ) _m s]i\s defects1 to rem$y :i*1 to a consid]able ext5t1 special arrangem5ts h be5 devis$1 t is1 ! employm5t ( int]sectional arcs fitt$ ) telescopes at ! /ations ,a & ,b4 ,figs4 #ff & #fg %[ ! arrangem5ts ( ^! arcs1 ! =m] be+ ! "o us$ at ! fir+ /ation ,a1 ! latt] at ! conv]g+ /ation ,b4 ,at ea* /ation "o arc is provid$ = ea* r[ ( m9es plac$ 9 position4 ,! fir+ arc ,fig4 #ff consi/s ( a ca/ iron frame a1 ) ?ree feet b1 b1 b1 ^! be+ provid$ ) levell+ screws4 ,to asc]ta9 :5 ?is frame is level1 a circul> _s level is atta*$ !reto1 a telescope d provid$ ) "o horizontal & ?ree v]tical cross wires1 support$ on ,y's1 admitt+ ( v]tical motion & atta*$ to an upright e4 ,a mill-head$ screw f enables ! telescope d to be rais$ or l[]$2 ! telescope1 :i* is rigidly connect$ to a v]ni] g1 trav]s+ ov] a graduat$ arc h1 c be mov$ rapidly 9 a lat]al direction by means ( a rack & p9ion arrangem5t i1 & x c be clamp$ 9 any position by means ( ! screw h4 ,sights are fix$ on ! telescope 9 a v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh its axis4 ,to ! out] rim ( ! frame ( ! arc1 :i* is smoo?1 are secur$ ! sights l l 7%[n on a l>ge scale at ,fig4 #fh71 to give ! direction ( ! m9es4 ,^! sights are provid$ ea* ) a brass po9t ( ,v =m1 m1 & a b9d+ screw1 n1 9 metallic connection ) ea* o!r1 b insulat$ by means ( an ebonite plate f ! re/ ( ! metal ( ! sight4 ,"o end ( a %ort piece ( insulat$ wire is atta*$ to ! b9d+ screw n1 & ! o!r passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! base ( ! sight & projects bel[ x2 o is a brass tube rigidly connect$ to & mov+ ) ! upright c>ry+ ! telescope d1 & project+ 9 front ( ?is latt]4 ,a brass spr+ p 7see ,fig4 #fi7 is atta*$ to1 b insulat$ f ! out] extremity ( ?is tube1 & is s arrang$ z to make contact ) ! ,v po9t m on ! sight1 by means ( a correspond+ projection fitt$ to its "u side4 ,an insulat$ wire pass+ ! tube o1 ! out] end ( :i* is connect$ to a screw on ! spr+ p1 =ms a metallic connection betwe5 ?is projection & ! fir+ key4 ,at ,fig4 #fh is %[n an enl>g$ view ( ! front ( ! sight2 9 addition to ! ,v projection m1 & b9d+ screw n1 x is fitt$ ) a cap/an-head$ screw to be> aga9/ ! inn] rim ( ! frame1 & a ?9 wire upright t = giv+ ! alignm5t ( ! m9e1 to :i* a disc is atta*$1 on :i* ! numb] ( ! m9e is affix$4 ,:5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! /ation & ! m9e is only ab\t "o mile1 an ord9>y eyepiece is us$ 9 ! place ( ! telescope d4 ,at ,fig4 #fg is repres5t$ ! arc employ$ at ! conv]g+ /ation1 :i* ) ! exception ( !re be+ no tube o1 & only "o sight1 is precisely simil> 9 con/ruction to ! "o us$ at ! fir+ /ation1 & :i* has be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,fir+ ,,by ,,obs]vation4 ,,plate ,,xvii ,application ( ! ,int]sectional ,arc ,me?od4--,! application ( ! me?od ( fir+ by obs]vation1 by means ( int]sectional arcs fitt$ ) telescopes1 is %[n at ,fig4 #gj4 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e are ?ree ( ! l>g] k9d ( arcs1 "o be+ us$ = ea* r[ ( m9es at ! fir+ /ation ,a4 ,at ! conv]g+ /ation ,b1 "o ( ! small] arcs is us$ = ea* r[ ( m9es1 z %[n at ,f1 ,g1 & ,h4 ,s1 ,s#a1 ,s#b1 are ! signall+ app>atus1 ! ,f t]m9als ( :i* are connect$ to ! sights l1 l1 l1 ,fig4 #fi1 ( arcs ,c1 ,d1 ,e4 ,fir+ keys a1 a1 a at /ation ,a are connect$ to ea* arc1 & to ?ree ( ! cores ( ! cable connect+ ! two /ations ,a & ,b1 respectively4 ,at ! conv]g+ /ation ,b1 ?ree fir+ keys b1 b1 b are connect$ to e>? & to ?ree cores ( ! connect+ cable respectively4 ,! rema9+ core ( ?is cable is connect$ to ! record+ in/rum5ts d1 e4 ,! action ( ! arcs1 c41 w be readily und]/ood f ! diagram at ,fig4 #gj4 ,?is arrangem5t does n int]f]e ) ! action ( ! circuit clos]1 z all t is effect$ by ! obs]v+ arc circuit is to put ! signall+ batt]y curr5t at ! conv]g+ /ation ,b to e>? in/ead ( at ! circuit clos]4 ,prussian ,sy/em ( ,fir+ by ,obs]vation4--,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is sy/em is bas$1 dep5ds ^u ! proposition t if c d1 9 ! triangle %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 be always kept p>allel to ,h ,b1 !n ,a c1 c d1 d ,a be> exactly ! same proportion to ea* o!r z ,a ,b1 ,b ,h1 ,h ,a d to "o ano!r2 s t by means ( ! small triangle ,a d c1 ! l5g?s ( ! sides ( ! l>ge triangle ,a ,b ,h c be obta9$1 & h5ce ! position ( ! po9t ,h1 ! base ,a ,b be+ ( c\rse kn[n4 ,9 ,fig4 #ga at ,a !re is a slate table repres5t+ ! road/ead1 & ^u x ! exact position ( e torp$o is laid d[n1 correspond+ to _! position 9 ! road/ead4 ,at ,a & ,b1 #ejj y>ds ap>t1 telescopes hav+ cross wires are plac$2 at ,a a long n>r[ /raight-edg$ /rip ( glass ,a d is arrang$ to move 9 unison ) ! telescope at ,a2 & by ! application ( dynamo electricity1 a simil>ly con/ruct$ piece ( glass c d moves 9 exact unison ) ! telescope at ,b1 & hav+ its pivot at ,c2 t is to say1 ,c d keeps p>allel ) ,b ,h1 ! l9e ( sight ( ! obs]v] at ,b4 ,!n if ! obs]v]s at ,a & ,b h got a %ip 9 _! telescopes1 ! po9t ( int]section d ( ! two pieces ( glass ,a d & ,c d gives ! position ( ! %ip on ! slate table at ,a1 & :5 ?is po9t d comes ov] ! position ( any "o m9e on ! slate1 x is kn[n t ! %ip is ov] t p>ticul> m9e 9 ! h>b\r1 & %e may be de/roy$ accord+ly1 by ?r[+ ! fir+ batt]y into circuit4 ,by ! employm5t ( electricity & a mirror1 ! great defect ( ?is me?od1 viz41 ! necessity ( employ+ f\r p to manipulate x1 w\ld be rem$i$4 ,! =ego+ is a modification ( ,siem5s's me?od ( asc]ta9+ di/ances at sea1 c4 ,rules obs]v$ 9 ,plant+ ,m9es4--,9 plac+ a sy/em ( subm>9e m9es 9 position1 ! foll[+ are "s ( ! *ief po9ts to be att5d$ to1 ?is "w dep5d+ 9 a great measure on local circum/ances1 & on ! me?od t is to be adopt$ 9 explod+ & moor+ !m3-- #a4--,! plan ( def5ce mu/ be c>efully laid d[n on a *>t1 on a scale ( n less ?an six in*es to ! mile1 & on ?is plan are to be m>k$ ! sites ( ! obs]v+ /ations1 ! positions ( ea* m9e1 circuit clos]1 & junction box1 ) _! correspond+ numb]s1 & also ( ! electric cables4 #b4--,! position ( ea* m9e hav+ be5 det]m9$1 %\ld be m>k$ (f by buoys4 #c4--,! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to lay ! electric cables1 s t !y %all be z f> z possible away f ! m9es 9 ! vic9ity ( :i* x may be necess>y to take !m1 s z to less5 ! liability ( injury to !m1 by ! explosion ( ! latt]4 #d4--,! electric cables %\ld be laid p>allel1 & nev] be all[$ to cross directly ov] ea* o!r1 o!rwise ! op]ation ( und]runn+ !m w be mu* complicat$1 also a c]ta9 am\nt ( slack %\ld be all[$ to facilitate 9 pick+ ! cables up = repair1 c4 #e4--;,e mann] ( device is to be us$ to conceal ! electric cables1 su* z lay+ dummies1 mak+ det\rs inl&1 c4 #f4--;,all m>ks indicat+ position ( ! m9es to be remov$1 aft] ! m9es h be5 plac$ 9 position4 #g4--,! id5tity ( ea* cable & m9e to be v c>efully pres]v$ ?r\gh\t1 by means ( a numb]4 #h4--;,a numb] ( electro contact m9es %\ld be plac$ 9 advance ( ! lead+ l9e ( m9es1 at irregul> int]vals1 to prev5t ! enemy1 hav+ once asc]ta9$ ! position ( "o m9e ( a l9e1 f kn[+ )9 limits ! position ( ! o!rs ( t l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,def5ce ,,by ,,subm>9e ,,m9es4 ,,plate ,,xviii ,9 connection ) a sy/em ( def5ce by electrical subm>9e m9es1 ! foll[+ batt]ies are requir$3-- #a4--;,fir+ batt]y4 #b4--,signall+1 or %utt] batt]y4 #c4--,te/+ batt]y4 #d4--,telegraph batt]y4 ,fir+ ,batt]y4--,! fir+ batt]y %\ld be suit$ to ! nature ( ! fuze employ$1 & %\ld possess consid]able excess ( p[] to enable x to ov]come accid5tal defects1 su* z increas$ resi/ance 9 ! v>i\s connections1 or defective insulation 9 ! l9e wire1 c4 ,z plat9um wire or l[ t5sion fuzes are n[ univ]sally adopt$ z ! mode ( ignition = subm>9e m9es1 x w be only necess>y to describe ^? electrical batt]ies :i* are mo/ suitable z an explod+ ag5t 9 connection ) su* fuzes2 ^! are z foll[s3-- #a4--,siem5s's dynamo l[ t5sion ma*9e4 #b4--,von ,ebn]'s ,voltaic batt]y4 #c4--;,*romic acid or ,bi*romate ,voltaic batt]y4 #d4--,leclan*'s ,voltaic batt]y4 ,siem5s's ,l[ ,t5sion ,dynamo ,electrical ,ma*9e4--,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( an electro magnet & an ord9>y ,siem5s armature1 :i*1 by ! turn+ ( a h&le1 is caus$ to revolve betwe5 ! poles ( ! electro magnet4 ,! coils ( ! electro magnet are 9 circuit ) ! wire ( ! revolv+ armature1 & dur+ rotation ! residual magnetism ( ! s(t iron electro magnet cores at fir/ excites weak curr5ts :i* pass into ! electro magnet coils1 increas+ ! magnetism ( ! core1 ?us induc+ /ill /rong] curr5ts 9 ! armature wire4 ,?is accumulation by mutual action goes on until ! limit ( magnetic saturation ( ! iron cores ( ! electro magnets is rea*$4 ,by ! automatic action ( ! ma*9e1 ! p[]ful curr5t s produc$ is s5t into ! lead+ wire or cable to ! fuze to be explod$4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! electric curr5t passes cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! l9e wire until a suffici5tly p[]ful curr5t is g5]at$ to heat or fuze ! bridge ( ! fuze1 & s ignite ! gun-cotton prim+4 ,! coils ( ! armature & electro magnets are w\nd ) wire ( l>ge diamet]1 to a total resi/ance ( #h to #aj ,siem5s units1 or #gf to #ie ohms1 9 ab\t #b1jjj w9d+s4 ,) a plat9um wire weigh+ #afe gra9s p] y>d1 #f-a_/b in*es c be fuz$ on %ort circuit1 & #ad in*es c be heat$ to r$ness4 ,! total weight ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs1 is ab\t #fj lbs4 ,advantages ( ,siem5s's ,dynamo ,electrical ,ma*9e4--,! advantages ( su* a ma*9e ov] ,voltaic app>atus are3-- #a4--,! abs5ce ( *emical ag5ts4 #b4--,!re is less liability to get out ( ord]4 #c4--,no special k is requir$ to "w !m1 or to keep !m 9 ord]4 #d4--;,great] durability4 ,! great defect ( ?is & all simil> ma*9es is t ! electric =ce has to be develop$ by turn+ a h&le = a c]ta9 "t be=e x is possible to g5]ate a curr5t suffici5tly p[]ful to ignite a fuze1 :i* defect1 9 connection ) a sy/em ( def5ce by self-act+ subm>9e m9es1 p>ticul>ly at night1 r5d]s !m inf]ior to ,voltaic batt]ies1 z "u su* circum/ances1 an app>atus is requir$ t w cause an electric curr5t to fl[ at any mom5t :5 ! circuit is complet$4 ,! application ( /eam p[] w\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t rem$y ! above-m5tion$ defect1 b ! co/ ( su* a me?od1 comp>$ to t ( a ,voltaic arrangem5t1 w\ld be f> too great to all[ ( its sup]s$+ ! latt] arrangem5t4 ,von ,ebn]'s ,voltaic ,batt]y4--,?is =m ( ,voltaic batt]y1 :i* may be consid]$ z a modification ( t kn[n z ,smee's1 0 design$ by ,b>on von ,ebn]1 colonel ( ! ,au/rian imp]ial corps ( eng9e]s1 = use 9 connection ) ! ,au/rian sy/em ( subm>9e def5ce1 by self-act+ electrical m9es4 ,a section ( "o ( ^! cells is %[n at ,fig4 #gb4 ,x consi/s ( a glass vessel a1 to conta9 ! dilut$ sulphuric acid1 )9 :i* is susp5d$ a plate b ( plat9is$ lead1 :i* is b5t r\nd into a cyl9drical =m to fit close ar\nd ! inn] surface ( ! glass vessel4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is latt] is hung a porcela9 p]=at$ cup c1 conta9+ "s cut-up z9c & m]cury to keep x 7! z9c7 amalgamat$4 ,! top ( ea* cell is furni%$ ) a porcela9 cov]1 ?r\gh :i* ! wires atta*$ to ! positive & negative poles ( ! cell project4 ,due to ! l>ge quantity ( liquid conta9$ 9 ! cell1 ! t5d5cy to alt] its int]nal resi/ance is ret>d$2 also by ! arrangem5t ( ! porcela9 cup1 above detail$1 ! consumption ( z9c & m]cury1 :i* 9 an ord9>y ,voltaic batt]y is v consid]able1 is mat]ially dim9i%$4 ,*romic ,acid or ,bi*romate ,batt]y4--,?is =m ( batt]y is v simil> to ,grove's1 ! diff]5ce be+ t1 9 ! place ( ! nitric acid z ! excit+ liquid1 ei!r *romic acid1 or a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 sulphuric acid & wat] is sub/itut$4 ,a =m ( ?is batt]y1 z design$ by ,dr4 ,h]tz1 is us$ 9 connection ) ! ,g]man sy/em ( torp$o def5ce4 ,leclan* ,voltaic ,batt]y4--,?is =m ( ,voltaic batt]y 0 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,leclan*1 "s twelve ye>s ago4 ,at ,fig4 #gc is %[n a cell ( ?is batt]y 9 its orig9al =m4 ,! positive pole a consi/s ( a plate ( graphite 9 a por\s pot b1 & surr\nd$ by a mixture ( p]oxide ( manganese & graphite4 ,! negative pole c is a rod or p5cil ( amalgamat$ z9c4 ,! :ole is enclos$ 9 an out] vessel ( glass d conta9+ a solution ( sal ammoniac4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ! ,leclan* cell z us$ 9 a fir+ batt]y is %[n at ,fig4 #gd4 ,x consi/s ( an ebonite tr\gh or out] vessel a ab\t #af long1 #i deep1 & #b-c_/d wide4 ,! negative pole or z9c plate b is ( simil> %ape to ! tr\gh a1 b ) its base remov$1 & does n fit ! tr\gh exactly1 ! space betwe5 x & ! tr\gh be+ left to ensure ! =m] be+ completely surr\nd$ by ! sal ammoniac solution2 ! positive pole1 or c>bon elem5t1 consi/s ( f\r gas c>bon plates c atta*$ toge!r at _! head by means ( lead1 & enclos$ 9 a flannel bag1 9 :i* !y are firmly emb$d$ 9 ! p]oxide ( manganese mixture2 ! positive elem5t is ( su* a %ape t x fits loosely betwe5 ! sides1 & is ne>ly ( ! same height z ! z9c plate4 ,! object ( su* a =m ( cell 0 to obta9 an electric curr5t ( l>ge quantity1 ) z few cells z possible1 by :i* means ! loss ( p[] :i* might occur f ! employm5t ( a great numb] ( small cells is avoid$4 ,advantages ( a ,leclan* ,fir+ ,batt]y4--,! advantages ( ! ,leclan* fir+ batt]y are3-- #a4--,! abs5ce ( *emical action :5 ! batt]y circuit is n complete1 & consequ5tly !re is no wa/e ( mat]ial4 #b4--,requires little or no look+ aft]4 #c4--;,x may be kept ready = action 9 /ore )\t 9 any way det]iorat+4 #d4--;,x is comp>atively v *eap4 ,^! advantages comb9e to make a ,leclan* batt]y ! mo/ suitable ( any o!r =m ( electrical batt]y = use z ! explod+ ag5t = electrical subm>9e m9es1 & x is n[ univ]sally us$ = su* purposes4 ,signall+ ,batt]y4--,! signall+ batt]y %\ld be s con/itut$ z to be capable ( work+ ! electro magnet ( ! %utt] app>atus effectually :5 ! circuit is clos$ direct to e>?1 & yet n s p[]ful z by ! cont9u\s passage ( ! curr5t g5]at$ by x to fire ! fuze 9 ! m9e4 ,9 ! case ( a plat9um wire fuze be+ 9 ! circuit1 pl5ty ( p[] may be giv5 to ! batt]y )\t fe> ( a premature explosion f ?is cause1 b 9 ! case ( a high t5sion fuze x is necess>y to be v c>eful 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ su* a cont+5cy4 ,z 9 ! case ( a signall+ or %utt] batt]y1 ! electric curr5t w be cont9ually fl[+1 x is necess>y to employ a con/ant batt]y1 or "o t requires lea/ tr\ble & exp5se to ma9ta9 x 9 work+ ord]1 & x is = ?is reason t a modifi$ =m ( ,daniell batt]y has be5 adopt$ to "w ! %utt] app>atus4 ,daniell ,signall+ ,batt]y4--,at ,fig4 #ge is %[n ! mann] ( arrang+ a ,daniell cell4 ,a glass or porcela9 vessel a conta9s a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 9 :i* is imm]s$ a copp] cyl9d] b op5 at bo? ends & p]=at$ by holes2 at ! upp] "p ( ?is cyl9d] !re is an annul> %elf d1 also p]=at$ by holes1 & bel[ ! level ( ! liquid2 ?is is = ! purpose ( support+ cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] = ! replac+ ( t decompos$ z ! electrical action proce$s4 ,inside ! cyl9d] b is a ?9 por\s vessel c ( unglaz$ e>!nw>e2 ?is conta9s ei!r wat]1 or a solution ( common salt1 or dilute sulphuric acid1 9 :i* is plac$ ! cyl9d] ( amalgamat$ z9c e4 ,two /rips ( copp] p & n1 fix$ by b9d+ screws to ! copp] & to ! z9c1 s]ve = connect+ ! elem5ts 9 s]ies1 or o!rwise4 ,= ! purposes ( te/+1 ei!r ! ,leclan* or ,daniell batt]y specially arrang$1 or ! ,m5otti batt]y1 :i* is really a modification ( ! ,daniell1 may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir+ ,,batt]ies1 ,,te/+ ,,batt]ies4 ,,plate ,,xix ,description ( a ,m5otti ,cell4--,a ,m5otti cell1 %[n at ,fig4 #gf1 consi/s ( a copp] cup conta9+ "s cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] & cov]$ ) a fe>n\ght diaphragm a1 plac$ at ! bottom ( an ebonite cell b2 ov] ?is cup is put "s sawdu/1 & re/+ on top ( ?is is a disc ( z9c c on ano!r piece ( fe>n\ght4 ,! upp] portion ( ! z9c & its connection ) ! insulat$ wire are c>efully insulat$4 ,fre% wat] p\r$ on ! sawdu/ r5d]s ! batt]y active4 ,description ( a ,m5otti ,te/ ,batt]y4--,fig4 #gg repres5ts a plan ( ! top ( su* a te/ batt]y ) a #bj-ohm galvanomet] atta*$ !reto4 ,! connections are made z foll[s3-- ,"o ( ! wires w ( ! object to be te/$ is atta*$ to ! t]m9al f1 :i* is also connect$ by an insulat$ wire to ! copp] cup a2 ! o!r ma9 wire w#a is atta*$ to ! t]m9al g ( ! galvanomet]2 h1 ! o!r t]m9al ( ! galvanomet]1 is connect$ by a %ort piece ( wire k to ! t]m9al l ( ! contact key m2 & ! contact po9t n is 9 connection ) ! z9c plate c2 ?us ! curr5t f ! batt]y fl[s along ! wire w ?r\gh ! object to be te/$1 back along ! wire w#a1 ?r\gh ! coils ( ! galvanomet]1 along ! wire k to ! contact key m1 & if ?is is press$ d[n to ! z9c plate c1 s complet+ ! circuit4 ,to /eady ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] a b> magnet is us$1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! space r4 ,! :ole ( ! app>atus is enclos$ 9 a lea!rn case fitt$ ) a cov] & /rap4 ,?is is a v compact & simple =m ( te/ batt]y1 & w be f\nd extremely useful 9 boats1 c41 :5 plac+ m9es 9 position4 ,telegraph ,batt]y4--,= ! purposes ( telegraph+ betwe5 torp$o /ations1 c41 a =m ( ,leclan* batt]y1 kn[n z ,no4 #c comm]cial patt]n1 is g5]ally us$4 ,voltaic ,batt]ies4--,! foll[+ po9ts 9 connection ) ! use ( voltaic batt]ies1 :i* are tak5 f ,bee*ey's ',electro ,telegraphy1' %\ld be c>efully obs]v$3-- #a4--;,ea* cell ( a batt]y %\ld be c>efully insulat$4 #b4--,! floors & tables 9 ! batt]y room %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean & dry1 s z to prev5t ! lea/ leakage or escape ( ! curr5t4 #c4--,! plates ( a batt]y %\ld be clean4 #d4--,por\s cells %\ld be exam9$1 & crack$ ones replac$4 #e4--,no sulphate ( z9c or dirt %\ld be all[$ to collect at ! lips ( ! cells4 ,9 ! case ( a ,daniell batt]y-- #a4--,! solutions %\ld be inspect$ daily1 & cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] add$ z requir$4 #b4--,! z9c plate mu/ n t\* ! por\s cell1 or copp] w be deposit$ on x 7! z9c74 #c4--,! batt]y %\ld be *>g$ ) sulphate ( z9c f ! fir/4 #d4--,! copp] solution mu/ be wat*$ & prev5t$ f ris+ ov] ! edge ( ! por\s j>1 ! t5d5cy ( su* solutions be+ to mix ) ea* o!r by an action t]m$ osmosis4 ,^! be+ 9 addition to =ego+ g5]al directions = ,voltaic batt]ies4 ,defects 9 a ,voltaic ,batt]y on its ,curr5t becom+ ,defici5t4--,on ! electric curr5t ( a ,voltaic batt]y becom+ defici5t1 ! foll[+ defects %\ld be look$ =3-- #a4--,solutions exhau/$2 = in/ance1 sulphate ( copp] 9 a ,daniell's entirely or ne>ly gone1 leav+ a col\rless solution4 #b4--,t]m9als or connections betwe5 ! cells corrod$1 s t in/ead ( metallic contact !re are oxides ( almo/ insulat+ resi/ance int]v5+ 9 ! circuit4 #c4--;,cells empty1 or ne>ly s4 #d4--;,filam5ts ( deposit$ metals /ret*+ f electrode 7pole7 to electrode 7pole74 ,also int]mitt5t curr5ts are sometimes produc$ by loose wires or a brok5 electrode1 :i* alt]nately makes & breaks contact :5 %ak54 ,incon/ant curr5ts are also sometimes produc$ :5 batt]ies are %ak54 ,! motion %akes ! gases (f ! electrodes1 ?us increas+ tempor>ily ! electro-motive =ce ( ! batt]y4 ,fir+ ,keys & ,%utt] ,app>atus4--,! foll[+ is a description ( ! v>i\s fir+ keys & %utt] signall+ app>atus1 :i* is us$ 9 connection ) a sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es4 ,by means ( ! =m] ! fir+ or o!r batt]ies may be ?r[n into circuit at w1 :il/ by means ( ! latt] ! fir+ batt]y is ?r[n 9 circuit )\t ! aid ( an op]ator1 & a signal at ! same in/ant giv51 indicat+ t a c]ta9 m9e ( ! sy/em has be5 /ruck4 ,description ( a ,s]ies ( ,fir+ ,keys4--,at ,fig4 #gh is %[n a plan & section ( a s]ies ( fir+ keys z arrang$ = fir+ sev]al m9es by obs]vation4 ,x consi/s ( a /rong wood5 frame a1 ( a conv5i5t =m = ! purpose ( atta*+ x to ! fir+ table by screws ?r\gh ! holes b1 b4 ,on ?is frame a s]ies ( keys c1 c1 c are fix$ at conv5i5t int]vals4 ,^! consi/ ( a /rong brass spr+ firmly screw$ to a s]ies ( brass plates d1 d1 d on ! front ( ! wood5 box a4 ,f ^! latt] %ort copp] wires pass ?r\gh ! woodwork1 & ( su* a l5g? t1 :5 requir$1 ! m9e wires may be easily atta*$ by means ( b9d+ screws1 z %[n at f4 ,! inn] end ( ea* key is fitt$ ) an ebonite knob 7:i* is %[n at c 9 ! section7 to insulate ! h& ( ! op]ator :5 us+ ! key4 ,on ! frame1 & directly "u ea* ( ! ebonite knobs1 are arrang$ a s]ies ( metallic po9ts g1 g1 g1 s plac$ t on ei!r ( ! keys c be+ press$ d[n1 a p]fect contact is made betwe5 x & its respective metallic po9t2 h1 h1 h are copp] wires lead+ f ! metallic po9ts g1 g1 g ?r\gh ! box1 & ( su* a l5g? t b9d+ screws f1 f1 f c be easily atta*$ to !m :5 necess>y4 ,a s+le fir+ key ( an improv$ =m is %[n at ,fig4 #gi4 ,x consi/s ( a /rong wood5 box a a1 weight$ at ! bottom ) lead 9 ord] to /eady ! key on ! table1 c41 on :i* x may be plac$2 on ! inside ( ! bottom ( ! box is fix$ a piece ( ebonite1 by :i* means ! metallic po9t b1 & ! t]m9al ( ! fir+ key c1 are insulat$ f ea* o!r2 d d' are two t]m9als at ! end ( ! box1 to :i* ! circuit wires are atta*$1 "o ( ^! t]m9als is connect$ 9 metallic circuit to ! fir+ key at c1 ! o!r "o to ! metallic po9t b2 a wood5 cov] h1 fitt$ ) a cat* k1 protects ! connections ( ! wires2 by means ( a plate1 & cat* e e1 ! key c be r5d]$ inactive1 ?us prev5t+ ! dang] ( a premature clos+ ( ! electric circuit2 by means ( a spr+ s a break is always e/abli%$ betwe5 ! key & ! metallic po9t4 ,x is immat]ial to :i* ( ! two t]m9als d d' ei!r wire is connect$4 ,! ,morse ,fir+ ,key4--,?is =m ( key is s well kn[n 9 connection ) ! ,morse telegraph1 t x is n necess>y to describe x4 ,x is usually employ$ 9 torp$o "w 9 connection ) a te/+ & fir+ table4 ,! ,%utt] ,app>atus4--,! %utt] signall+ & fir+ app>atus 0 devis$ to enable ! fir+ batt]y curr5t to be ?r[n 9 circuit )\t ! aid ( a p]sonal op]ator1 ! signall+ curr5t 7:i* is always kept 9 circuit7 at ! same in/ant r++ a bell1 by :i* is kn[n ! p>ticul> m9e t has be5 /ruck4 ,at ,fig4 #hj is repres5t$ a diagram ( su* an app>atus4 a is an armature work+ on a pivot betwe5 ! two horns ( an electro magnet b b1 & held 9 position by a spiral spr+ c2 ! latt] is 9 connection ) a regulat+ screw1 by :i* m or less pressure may be br\ght to be> 9 an opposite direction to t ( ! attractive action ( ! electro magnet4 ,a /ud i regulates ! di/ance to :i* ! armature may be drawn back2 d is a %utt] on :i* a ref]5ce numb] = ea* m9e %\ld be indicat$1 atta*$ to a lev] pivot$ at ! po9t e1 ! inn] arm ( :i* is j long en\gh to cat* "u ! po9t ( ! armature a2 :5 a curr5t ( suffici5t /r5g? is pass$ ?r\gh ! coils b b ( ! electro magnet1 ! armature a is attract$1 releas+ ! lev] atta*$ to ! %utt] d1 :i* by its own weight falls into ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 f & g are two m]cury cups1 ! =m] be+ 9 connection ) ! signall+ curr5t1 & ! latt] ) ! fir+ curr5t4 ,:5 ! lev] is horizontal & ! %utt] drawn up & ready = action1 ! circuit ( ! signall+ batt]y s is complet$ ?r\gh ! m]cury cup f1 along an arm h ( ! lev] to ! pivot e1 & !nce to ! m9e by ! l9e wire w4 ,:5 ! circuit clos] is /ruck by a pass+ vessel1 & consequ5tly ! %utt] ?r[n into ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ano!r arm k1 a prolongation ( ! lev]1 falls into ! m]cury cup g1 :i* latt] is 9 connection ) ! fir+ batt]y ,f4 ,! armature a is prev5t$ f com+ into actual contact ) ! horns ( ! electro magnet by two small /uds4 ,! object ( ?is is to prev5t any effect ( residual magnetism :i* might o!rwise int]f]e ) ! rapidity ( action ( ! armature :5 releas$ & drawn back by ! spr+ c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir+ ,,keys1 ,,%utt] ,,app>atus4 ,,plate ,,xx ,! object ( employ+ ,m]cury ,cups4--,m]cury cups 7 devis$ 9 ! place ( ! spr+s us$ 9 connection ) ! orig9al design ( a %utt] app>atus1 = ! reason t electrical circuits dep5d5t on ! pressure ( spr+s are always liable to int]ruption f dirt or oxide int]v5+ betwe5 ! po9ts ( contact4 ,%utt] ,app>atus us$ ) a ,circuit ,break]4--,:5 ! circuit break+ sy/em is us$ ) ! %utt] signall+ app>atus1 ! action ( ! armature 9 releas+ ! lev] mu/ be rev]s$2 t is to say1 t :5 ! curr5t is pass+ & ! armature a attract$ to ! electro magnet b b1 ! %utt] d mu/ be held up1 & :5 ! curr5t ceases1 & ! armature a drawn back by ! spr+ c1 ! lev] mu/ be releas$1 & ! %utt] all[$ to fall4 ,?is is effect$ by alt]+ ! end ( ! lev]1 s t x hooks into1 in/ead ( abutt+ aga9/ ! armature a4 ,to ea* %utt] app>atus an electric bell is fitt$1 by :i* notice is giv5 :5 a circuit clos] has be5 /ruck4 ,= g5]al s]vice1 a box conta9+ sev5 su* %utt] signall+ & fir+ app>atus has be5 adopt$1 a plan ( :i* is repres5t$ at ,figs4 #ha1 #hb & #hc4 ,! connections ( ! diff]5t circuits are z foll[s3-- ,! insulat$ wire ( ! upp] bobb9 ( ! electro magnet is connect$ to ! spr+ ( ! armature2 ! pivot ( ! lev] is connect$ ) ! "r-h& t]m9al ,b1 or ma9 l9e connection on ! top ( ! box2 ! insulat$ wire f ! l[] bobb9 is connect$ to ! middle brass plate k 9 ! front l$ge ( ! app>atus1 ! circuit f ,b to k be+ ?us complet$4 ,! front adjo9+ brass plate ,a1 provid$ ) a t]m9al1 is connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! signall+ batt]y1 ! positive pole be+ put to e>?4 ,on a brass plug be+ put 9 ! hole l1 ! signall+ curr5t w fl[ to ! plate k1 !nce ?r\gh ! l[] & upp] bobb9 to ! spr+ ( ! armature1 along ! latt] to ! %utt] lev]1 & f ! pivot ?r\gh ! ma9 l9e wire to ! m9e4 ,! inn]mo/ brass plates ,h ,h are all connect$ 9 ! same metallic circuit1 & to !m are atta*$ by means ( ! b9d+ screw ,d ! te/ batt]y & galvanomet]4 ,?us on ! brass plug be+ remov$ f l1 & plac$ 9 m1 ! signall+ batt]y is cut out ( circuit1 & ! te/ batt]y ?r[n 94 ,9 ?is way ! condition ( ea* individual m9e may be asc]ta9$ :ile ! connections ( ! rema9+ m9es are left undi/urb$4 ,! positive pole ( ! fir+ batt]y 7! negative be+ to e>?7 is connect$ to ! t]m9al ,s at ! "r-h& corn] ( ! l[] l$ge ( ! box2 ! plate to :i* ! t]m9al ,s is fix$ is divid$ at ,g1 ! left-h& portion be+ connect$ to a b> :i* runs horizontally ! :ole l5g? ( ! box1 & 9 metallic connection ) ea* m]cury cup g1 ,fig4 #hj4 ,a brass plug is plac$ 9 ! hole ,g1 & :5 f any cause ! lev] drops1 ! fir+ batt]y w be ?r[n into circuit1 & ! m9e to :i* ! lev] t has fall5 is atta*$ w be explod$4 ,%utt] ,in/rum5t & ,obs]v+ ,telescope4--,ea* m9e is giv5 a numb]1 :i* is put on ! disc ( ! %utt] in/rum5t connect$ to x1 & also on ! correspond+ tablet ,c4 ,f ! brass plate 9 connection ) ! spr+ c1 ,fig4 #hj1 a wire is tak5 to ! t]m9al f1 ,fig4 #ha1 on top ( ! box4 ,f ?is t]m9al a wire is l$ to ! connections ( ! obs]v+ telescope1 & ?us ! m9es c be fir$ by judgm5t if requir$1 )\t ! aid ( ! circuit clos]4 ,! signal batt]y curr5t is always circulat+1 ev5 :5 ! sy/em is 9 a /ate ( re/1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! resi/ance plac$ 9 ?is circuit1 :i* may be ei!r a resi/ance coil 9 ! circuit1 add$ to ! resi/ance ( ! fuzes1 :5 high t5sion fuzes are us$1 or only ! =m] resi/ance 9 ! case ( l[ t5sion fuzes1 ?is curr5t is too feeble to =m an electro magnet2 directly1 h[ev]1 a circuit clos] is /ruck1 ?is resi/ance is cut out1 & ?us ! signal batt]y curr5t becomes suffici5tly p[]ful to "w ! electro magnet ( t p>ticul> m9e4 ,! circuit ( ! signal batt]y1 & t to ! obs]v+ telescope1 are brok5 ! in/ant ! lev] comm5ces to fall4 ,to enable ! app>atus to be us$ on ! circuit break+ sy/em1 a sp>e lev] ,e is provid$ = t purpose ) ea* box4 ,! object to be ga9$ by a sy/em ( te/+ is to asc]ta9 ! condition ( ! electrical subm>9e m9es plac$ 9 ! def5ce ( a h>b\r1 c41 & %\ld !re exi/ any fault1 n only to detect its exact position & cause1 b also its magnitude1 s t x may be at once det]m9$ :e!r x is necess>y to rem$y ! fault1 or :e!r ! electrical app>atus is suffici5tly p[]ful to ov]come ! defect4 ,te/s4--,!re are two di/9ct k9ds ( te/s1 viz43-- #a4--,me*anical te/s4 #b4--;,electrical te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%utt] ,,app>atus4 ,,plate ,,xxi ,me*anical te/s are appli$ to asc]ta9 t ! me*anical arrangem5ts ( ! %utt] app>atus1 circuit clos]s1 & all simil> appliances "w effici5tly & easily2 t ! sev]al p>ts ( ! m9e case :5 put toge!r = s]vice are ?or\ghly wat]tight2 t ! *a9s1 wire cables1 & ropes 9 connection ) ! moor+ app>atus are ( suffici5t /r5g? to p]=m ! "w requir$ ( !m2 t ! weights ( ! an*ors1 or s9k]s1 are su* z to keep ! m9es 9 position aft] subm]sion2 & t ! case ( ! m9e be suffici5tly /rong to enable x to be> ! ext]nal pressure due to ! dep? at :i* x may be subm]g$ = a consid]able "t )\t any leakage4 ,! =ego+ te/s ( ! m9e case & moor+s w\ld ( c\rse be p]=m$ dur+ ! process ( manufacture1 b to prev5t any *ance ( failure !y %\ld be repeat$ be=e be+ employ$ on actual s]vice4 ,electrical ,te/s4--,electrical te/s are ^? :i* are appli$ to ! sev]al compon5t p>ts ( ! sy/em1 to asc]ta9 t ! electrical conditions necess>y to a successful result exi/4 ,! importance ( be+ able to c>ry out ! above 9 its entirety is und]/ood :5 x is rememb]$ t a subm>9e m9e becomes practically valueless unless x acts effici5tly at ! s+le in/ant ( "t t x w\ld be requir$ s to d4 ,li/ ( ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,te/+4--,! foll[+ are "s ( ! in/rum5ts t are employ$ 9 connection ) a sy/em ( electrical te/s3-- #a4--,?omson's electromet]4 #b4--,?omson's reflect+ galvanomet]4 #c4--;,a/atic galvanomet]4 #d4--;,diff]5tial galvanomet]4 #e4--;,detector galvanomet]4 #f4--,?ree coil galvanomet]4 #g4--,!rmo galvanomet]4 #h4--,siem5s's univ]sal galvanomet]4 #i4--;,a %unt4 #aj4--;,commutator4 #aa4--,rheo/at4 #ab4--,resi/ance coils4 #ac4--,:eat/one's balance4 ,electromet]s indicate ! pres5ce ( a /atical *>ge ( electricity1 by %[+ ! =ce ( attraction or repulsion betwe5 two conduct+ bodies plac$ ne> toge!r4 ,?is =ce dep5d+ 9 ! fir/ place on ! quantity ( electricity ) :i* ! conduct+ bodies are *>g$1 ultimately dep5ds on ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 !m2 an electromet] is !re=e /rictly an in/rum5t = measur+ diff]5ce ( pot5tial4,j ,sir ,william ,?omson's quadrant electromet] is ! mo/ p]fect =m ( electromet] yet con/ruct$1 & ! "o usually employ$ 9 cable te/+4 ,x consi/s ( a v ?9 flat alum9ium ne$le spread out into two w+s1 & hung by a wire f an insulat$ /em inside a ,leyd5 j>1 :i* conta9s a cupful ( /rong sulphuric acid1 ! out] surface ( :i* =ms ! inn] coat+ ( ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,a wire /ret*$ by a weight connects ! a=esaid ne$le ) ?is inn] coat+4 ,a mirror1 rigidly atta*$ to ?is ne$le by a rod1 s]ves to indicate ! deflection ( ! ne$le by reflect+ ! image ( a flame on to a scale4 ,! ne$le hangs inside f\r quadrants1 :i* are insulat$ by glass /ems3 ea* pair ( opposite quadrants are 9 electrical connection4 ,above & bel[ ! quadrants two tubes1 at ! same pot5tial z ! ne$le1 s]ve to scre5 x & ! wires 9 connection ) x f all induction except t produc$ by ! f\r quadrants4 ,suppose ! ne$le *>g$ to a high negative pot5tial 7-71 !n if ! quadrants are symmetrically plac$1 x w deflect nei!r to ! "r nor to ! left1 s long z ! ne> quadrants are at ! same pot5tial4 ,if "o ( ^! be positive relatively to ! o!r1 ! end ( ! ne$le "u !m w be repell$ f ! negative quadrant to ! positive "o1 & at ! same "t ! o!r end ( ! ne$le w be repell$ f 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is motion w be indicat$ by ! motion ( ! spot ( light reflect$ by ! mirror1 & ! numb] ( divisions :i* ! spot ( light trav]ses on ! scale measures 9 an arbitr>y unit ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! & - quadrants4 ,! reflect+ electromet] be+ a v delicate in/rum5t1 requires c>eful h&l+1 & %\ld only be us$ by a practis$ electrician4 ,its use w\ld !re=e be re/rict$ to important /ations1 & special te/s ( a delicate nature4 ,?omson's ,reflect+ ,galvanomet]4--,a galvanomet] is an in/rum5t int5d$ to detect ! pres5ce ( a curr5t & measure its magnitude4 ,! mo/ s5sitive galvanomet] z yet con/ruct$ is ! reflect+ galvanomet] ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 a diagram ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #hd4 ,a small piece ( magnetis$ /eel wat* spr+1 #c_/h?s ( an in* long1 is fa/5$ ) %ellac on ! back ( a little r\nd concave mirror1 & ( ab\t ! size ( a f\rp5ny piece4 ,?is is susp5d$ by a piece ( unspun silk ?read 9 ! c5tre ( a coil ( _m hundr$ turns ( f9e copp] wire insulat$ ) silk1 & well protect$ betwe5 ! turns ) v>ni%4 ,! two ends ( ! coils are sold]$ to t]m9al screws a1 b1 s t any conduct+ wire c be jo9$ up to x z requir$4 ,! little mirror hangs 9 ! middle ( its coil1 ) ! magnet ly+ horizontally4 ,by means ( a lamp ,l plac$ beh9d ! scre51 ! light ( :i* passes ?r\gh a slit ,m1 & is ?r[n on ! face ( ! mirror1 a spot ( light is reflect$ on ! scale ,n4 ,:5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! coil1 ! little magnet is deflect$1 & s9ce ! magnet is atta*$ to ! mirror1 :i* is v light1 bo? are deflect$ z =m+ "o body1 & ! spot ( light moves accord+ly along ! scale ,n4 ,a p[]ful /eel magnet ,s is plac$ above ! coil1 & c be mov$ up or d[n1 :]eby ! directive =ce ( ! e>? may be increas$ or weak5$4 ,?is magnet ,s is us$ to /eady ! spot ( light1 :i* o!rwise w\ld %ake ab\t1 & !re w\ld be no c]ta9ty ab\t ! measurem5t4 ,a second magnet ,t is plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic m]idian1 to adju/ ! z]o ( ! in/rum5t1 i4e41 to br+ back ! spot ( light to a fiducial m>k at ! c5tre ( ! scale :5 no curr5t is pass+4 ,?is in/rum5t %\ld only be us$ at important /ations1 & :5 special te/s ( a delicate nature are requir$ to be appli$4 ,a/atic ,galvanomet]4--,an a/atic galvanomet] is t 9 connection ) :i* an a/atic ne$le is employ$1 by ! use ( :i* ! s5sitiv5ess ( a galvanomet] is greatly increas$4 ,an a/atic ne$le is a comb9ation ( magnetis$ ne$les ) _! poles turn$ opposite ways4 ,at ,fig4 #he a diagram ( su* an in/rum5t is %[n4 ,two magnets ,d & ,c are jo9$1 ) ! nor? pole ( "o ov] ! s\? pole ( ! o!r1 =m+ "o susp5d$ sy/em4 ,9 ! ord9>y =m ( a/atic galvanomet] ! ne$les ,d & ,c are ab\t two in*es long1 & are ea* cov]$ by a coil1 ^! latt] be+ s jo9$ t ! curr5t mu/ circulate 9 opposite directions r\nd ! two s z to deflect bo? magnets simil>ly4 ,! deflection ( ! ne$les ,d & ,c is obs]v$ by means ( a po9t] or glass ne$le ,a1 ,b1 rigidly connect$ ) ! a/atic sy/em by a prolongation ( ! brass rod connect+ ! ne$les ,d & ,c4 ,! coils are flat & ( ! %ape indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #he1 & are also made 9 two halves1 plac$ side by side ) j suffici5t space betwe5 !m to all[ ! rod to hang freely4 ,?is =m ( galvanomet]1 ?\gh less delicate ?an ! prec$+ "o1 is /ill a v s5sitive "o1 & %\ld only be appli$ 9 ! case ( f9e & delicate te/s4 ,diff]5tial ,galvanomet]4--,a diff]5tial galvanomet] consi/s ( a magnetic ne$le surr\nd$ by two sep>ate coils ( equal l5g? & mat]ial c>efully insulat$ f ea* o!r & w\nd 9 opposite directions4 ,9 us+ x "o circuit acts aga9/ ! o!r4 ,if a curr5t ( equal /r5g? 7 pass+ ?r\gh ea* !re w\ld be no deflection ( ! ne$le1 because ! influ5ce 9 bo? directions is equal4 ,if "o curr5t 7 /rong] ?an ! o!r1 ! ne$le w\ld be deflect$ by ! /rong]4 ,?is =m ( galvanomet] w be f\nd extremely useful 9 connection ) a sy/em ( electrical te/s4 ,latim] ,cl>k's d\ble %unt diff]5tial galvanomet] is ! in/rum5t be/ adapt$ = subm>9e m9e te/s4 ,detector ,galvanomet]4--,a detector galvanomet] is usually made ) a v]tical ne$le1 & is employ$ to detect & r\ghly e/imate ! /r5g? ( a curr5t :]e no p>ticul> accuracy is requir$4 ,x consi/s ( a magnetic ne$le pivot$ 9 ! c5tre ( a coil ( insulat$ wire1 & hav+ an index ne$le atta*$ to move ) x1 ! latt] appe>+ on a dial1 divid$ into #cfj equal arcs or portions3 a diagram ( su* an in/rum5t is %[n at ,fig4 #hf4 ,?is in/rum5t %\ld be ( small size & portable =m1 & z s5sitive z x is possible to make x1 "u su* conditions4 ,?ree ,coil ,galvanomet]4--,! ?ree coil galvanomet] is provid$ ) a v]tical ne$le1 & is 9 o!r respects v simil> 9 appe>ance to ! detector galvanomet] be=e describ$4 ,x is =m$ ) ?ree coils ( #b1 #aj1 & #ajjj ohms resi/ance2 ea* coil is connect$ ) a brass plate on ! top ( ! box :i* encloses ! :ole1 & may be swit*$ into circuit by means ( a plug at w4 ,! object ( ! ?ree resi/ances is to suit ! diff]5t resi/ances t may occur1 ) a p]fect1 or imp]fect /ate ( ! electrical comb9ation 9 connection ) ea* m9e4 ,a diagram ( ?is in/rum5t is %[n at ,fig4 #hg1 ! dott$ portions are inside ! case4 ,!rmo ,galvanomet]4--,a !rmo galvanomet] is an in/rum5t us$ to asc]ta9 ! p[] ( a fir+ batt]y :i* is employ$ to ignite plat9um wire or l[ t5sion fuzes4 ,! =m ( !rmo galvanomet] g5]ally us$ 9 connection ) a te/ table1 is arrang$ z foll[s3-- ,two ebonite /uds1 fitt$ ) brass connect+ screws1 are fix$ to ! lid ( a box conta9+ "s resi/ance coils1 & plac$ 9 circuit ) !m2 ^! /uds1 plac$ ab\t #c ( an in* ap>t1 are arrang$ to receive a piece ( plat9um wire :i* is /ret*$ f "o /ud to ! o!r2 ! fir+ batt]y be+ plac$ 9 circuit ) ! plat9um wire1 & ! resi/ance coils1 its work+ p[] w\ld !n be te/$ by ! fusion ( ! wire ?r\gh a giv5 electrical resi/ance1 z indicat$ by ! resi/ance coils put 9 circuit4 ,ano!r =m ( !rmo galvanomet]1 :i* is v compact & portable1 is %[n at ,fig4 #hh4 ,x consi/s ( a wood5 box a1 ) a cov] ( ebonite b1 )9 ! box is plac$ a resi/ance coil c2 d & e are two ebonite /&>ds #c ap>t1 ! =m] ( :i* is connect$ by a copp] wire ) ! t]m9al f1 ! latt] to ! t]m9al g2 ! t]m9al h is simil>ly connect$ to ! contact piece k1 & ! t]m9al l to ! fir+ key m1 at n2 ! resi/ance coil c is connect$ to ! t]m9al g & to ! copp] wire n2 ! plat9um wire 7( :i* sev]al l5g?s are us$1 accord+ to ! resi/ance ( ! coil c7 is plac$ betwe5 ! /&>ds d & e4 ,to te/ a batt]y1 x is only necess>y to connect x to ! t]m9als f & h1 :5 by press+ d[n ! key m ! p[] ( ! batt]y1 accord+ z to its fus+ or n ! plat9um wires1 w be asc]ta9$2 ! use ( ! t]m9als g & l is to cut out ! resi/ance1 :i* is effect$ by connect+ !m by means ( a copp] wire4 ,siem5s's ,univ]sal ,galvanomet]4--,siem5s's univ]sal galvanomet] is an in/rum5t comb9+ 9 itself all ! arrangem5ts necess>y = ! foll[+ op]ations3-- #a4--;,= measur+ electrical resi/ances4 #b4--;,= comp>+ electromotive =ces4 #c4--;,= measur+ ! int5sity ( a curr5t4 ,! in/rum5t :i* is %[n 9 elevation & plan at ,pl4 xxiii41 ,figs4 #a & #b respectively1 consi/s ( a s5sitive galvanomet] :i* c be turn$ 9 a horizontal plane1 comb9$ ) a resi/ance bridge 7! wire ( :i* bridge in/ead ( be+ /raight is /ret*$ r\nd "p ( a circle74 ,! galvanomet] has an a/atic ne$le1 susp5d$ by a cocoon fibre1 & a flat bobb9 frame w\nd ) f9e wire4 ,! ne$le sw+s above a c>dbo>d dial divid$ 9 degrees2 z h[ev]1 :5 us+ ! in/rum5t ! deflection ( ! ne$le is nev] read (f1 b ! ne$le in/ead always br\ght to z]o1 two ivory limit+ p9s are plac$ at ab\t #bj degrees on ea* side ( z]o4 ,! galvanomet] is fix$ on a graduat$ slate disc1 r\nd :i* ! plat9um wire is /ret*$4 ,und]nea? ! slate disc ?ree resi/ance coils ( ! value ( #aj1 #ajj1 & #ajjj ,siem5s' units are w\nd on a holl[ wood5 block1 :i* protrudes at "o side1 & on ! projection c>ries ! t]m9als = ! reception ( ! lead+ wires f ! batt]y & unkn[n resi/ance4 ,! adoption ( ?ree diff]5t resi/ance coils enables ! measur+ ( l>ge z well z small resi/ances ) suffici5t accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,galvanomet]s ,,= ,,te/+4 ,,plate ,,xxii ,! :ole in/rum5t is m\nt$ on a wood5 disc1 :i* is support$ by ?ree levell+ screws1 s t x may be turn$ r\nd its axle4 ,on ! same axle a lev] is plac$ :i* be>s at its end an upright arm1 c>ry+ a contact roll]4 ,?is roll] is press$ aga9/ ! plat9um wire r\nd ! edge ( ! slate disc by means ( a spr+ act+ on ! upright arm1 & =ms ! junction betwe5 ! ,a & ,b resi/ances ( a ,:eat/one's bridge1 :i* resi/ances are =m$ by ! plat9um wire on ei!r side ( ! contact roll]1 "o ( ! ?ree resi/ance coils =m+ ! ?ird resi/ance ( ! bridge4 ,g is ! galvanomet]1 k a mill$ head f :i* ! ne$les are susp5d$1 & by turn+ k !y c be rais$ or l[]$1 m is ! head ( a screw :i* arre/s or frees ! ne$le :5 9 motion4 h#a1 h#b1 h#c1 h#d1 are ! t]m9als ( ! respective ends ( ! ?ree resi/ance coils1 viz41 #aj1 #ajj1 & #ajjj units1 :i* are w\nd on ! wood5 block ,c2 ^! t]m9als may be connect$ to ea* o!r by means ( /opp]s1 & !re=e "o or m ( ! resi/ances may be br\ght into circuit z desir$1 & to ! ends ( ^! t]m9als ! wires ( ! artificial resi/ances are connect$ z %[n on diagrams ,pl4 xxiv41 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c;a & #c;b2 f is ! graduat$ slate disc1 r\nd :i* ! plat9um wire is /ret*$ 9 a slight groove at ! edge ( ! disc1 & is ins]t$ 9 su* mann] t ab\t half its diamet] protrudes beyond ! slate4 ,! ends ( ! plat9um wire are sold]$ to two brass t]m9als l & l#a1 :i* are plac$ at ! angles =m$ by ! sides ( ! gap 9 ! slate disc1 & :i* =m ! junctures1 z 9 ! ord9>y resi/ance bridge1 betwe5 ,a1 n1 & ! galvanomet] on "o side1 & ,b1 ,x1 & ! galvanomet] on ! o!r side1 ( ! p>allelogram4 ,! t]m9al l is p]man5tly connect$ by a ?ick copp] wire or metal /rip to t]m9al h#a1 & ! o!r t]m9al l#a is connect$ 9 a simil> mann] to t]m9al ,,iii4 ,slate is adopt$ = ! mat]ial ( :i* to make ! disc f1 because x is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be ! mat]ial :i* is ! lea/ s5sitive to v>iations 9 ! wea!r or temp]ature4 ,! slate disc is graduat$ on its upp] edge ?r\gh an arc ( #cjj degrees1 z]o be+ 9 ! c5tre1 & ! graduations figur$ up to #aej on ea* side at ! t]m9als l & l#a ( ! bridge wire4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! circul> plate ,e ( poli%$ wood1 support$ ^u ?ree levell+ screws b1 b1 b1 a metal boss is ins]t$1 9 :i* turns ! v]tical p9 a :i* c>ries ! in/rum5t4 ,?is p91 be+ well fitt$ to ! boss1 supports ! in/rum5t firmly1 b at ! same "t all[s x to be turn$ freely r\nd its v]tical axis )\t los+ its horizontal position :5 once obta9$4 ,on ! arm ,d ,d1 :i* turns on ! p9 a1 & some:at beh9d ! h&le g1 !re is a small upright brass arm d turn+ betwe5 two screw po9ts r1 & c>ry+ 9 a gap at its upp] end a small plat9um jockey pulley e turn+ on a v]tical axis4 ,?is pulley =ms ! movable contact po9t along ! bridge wire1 aga9/ :i* x is kept firmly press$ by means ( a spr+ act+ on ! arm d4 ,! arm ,d ,d1 :i* is insulat$ f ! o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus1 is p]man5tly connect$ ) ! t]m9al ,i4 ,on ! top ( d a po9t] ,z or a v]ni] is fix$1 :i* laps ov] ! upp] edge ( ! slate disc & po9ts to ! graduations4 ,to ! p9 a is atta*$ a circul> disc ( poli%$ wood ,c1 ab\t "o in* ?ick1 & hav+ a groove turn$ 9 its edge = ! reception ( ! insulat$ wires compos+ ! resi/ances4 ,! disc ,c has a projection c1 :i* c>ries ! five insulat$ t]m9als m>k$ ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 z %[n on ,figs4 #a & #b1 ,pl4 xxiii4 ,t]m9als ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 c be connect$ by a plug1 ,,ii4 & ,v4 by ! contact key ,k4 ,t]m9al ,i4 is 9 connection ) ! lev] ,d ,d4 ,figs4 #c & #d1 ,pl4 xxiii4 %[ ! %unt box suppli$ ) ! galvanomet] if specially desir$2 ! copp] connect+ arms a1 a are screw$ to ! t]m9als ,,ii4 & ,,iv4 ,by ins]t+ a plug at c 7,fig4 #d1 ,pl4 xxiii471 ! galvanomet] is put out ( circuit altoge!r1 :il/ by plugg+ ei!r ( ! o!r holes %unts ( ! value ( #a_/i1 #a_/ii1 or #a_/iii1 are introduc$ into ! circuit1 & ! effect ^u ! galvanomet] is r$uc$ to #a_/aj1 #a_/ajj1 #a_/ajjj1 respectively ( :at x w\ld h be5 )\t ! ins]tion ( ! %unt4 ,figs4 #e & #f1 ,pl4 xxiii41 %[ a batt]y commutator all[+ to br+ into ! circuit f\r diff]5t am\nts ( batt]y p[]4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! batt]y circuit :5ev] consecutive te/s ) diff]5t batt]ies are desir$ to be made1 x be+ only necess>y to *ange ! place ( ! /opp] 9 ! batt]y commutator1 ! t]m9al screw a ( ! batt]y commutator be+ connect$ to t]m9al ,v4 ( ! galvanomet]1 & ! screws b1 b1 b1 b to v>i\s sections ( ! batt]y3 see diagram ( connections1 ,fig4 #d1 ,pl4 xxiv4 ,! application ( ! univ]sal galvanomet] w be cle> f ! diagrams on ,pl ii42 in/ructions1 h[ev]1 = its practical use are add$ fur!r on1 & also tables = use :5 measur+ conduct+ resi/ances4 ,z w be se5 f diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 ,pl4 xxiv41 ! proportion betwe5 ! unkn[n resi/ance ,x1 & ! artificial resi/ance n is1 :5 ! deflection is read (f on ! side ( ! slate disc m>k$ ,a3 ,x 3 n #aej a 3 #aej - a or1 ,x 77#aej a7 _/ 7#aej - a77 n4 b if read (f on ! ,b side ( ! disc-- ,x 77#aej - a7 _/ 7#aej a77 n4 ,! values ( ^! two fractions1 = e half degree1 w be f\nd 9 ! columns head$ ,a & ,b ( ! table 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration3 ,,siem5',s ,,univ]sal ,,galvanomet]4 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,illu/ration3 ,,siem5',s ,,univ]sal ,,galvanomet]4 ,,plate ,,xxiii,a ,illu/ration3 ,,siem5',s ,,univ]sal ,,galvanomet]4 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,illu/ration3 ,,siem5',s ,,univ]sal ,,galvanomet] ,,plate ,,xxiv,a ,measur+ ,electrical ,resi/ances4--,= ?is purpose ! in/rum5t is arrang$ z a ,:eat/one's balance4 ,! connections are made z %[n at ,pl4 xxiv41 ,figs4 #a & #e1 :]e ,x is ! unkn[n resi/ance4 a4--,! ne$le i is to be br\ght to ! z]o po9t ( ! small c>dbo>d scale by turn+ ! galvanomet] ,g r\nd its v]tical axis1 tak+ c>e t ! ne$le moves ) p]fect fre$om4 b4--,! po9t] or v]ni] ,z is to be br\ght1 by means ( ! h&le g1 to ! z]o po9t ( ! l>ge scale on ! slate disc4 c4--,a plug is to be ins]t$ betwe5 ! t]m9als m>k$ ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 d4--,! holes #aj1 #ajj1 & #ajjj are1 two ( !m1 to be plugg$1 & "o left op51 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! unkn[n resi/ance to be measur$2 ei!r #aj or #ajj mu/ be left op5 if ! resi/ance is small1 & #ajjj if x is l>ge4 e4--,! two ends ( ! unkn[n resi/ance are to be connect$ to t]m9als ,,ii4 & ,,iv4 f4--,! two poles ( "s galvanic batt]y are to be connect$ to t]m9als ,i4 & ,v4 ,:5 ! above-m5tion$ connections h be5 made1 & on depress+ ! key ,k1 ! batt]y curr5t is s5t into ! comb9ation & deflects ! ne$le1 say1 to ! "r-h& or ,b side ( ! in/rum5t1 ! po9t] or v]ni] ,z mu/ !n be pu%$1 by means ( ! h&le g1 to ! ,b side ( ! in/rum5t4 ,if ?is is f\nd to increase ! deflection ( ! ne$le i1 ! po9t] ,z %\ld be pu%$ to ! o!r or ,a side ( ! in/rum5t beyond ! z]o po9t ( ! l>ge scale until ! ne$le rema9s /ation>y :5 ! key ,k is depress$4 ,! numb] indicat$ by ! v]ni] ,z %\ld be read (f c>efully1 & notice tak5 :e!r x is on ! ,a or ,b side ( ! l>ge scale4 ,?is numb] mu/ !n be ref]r$ to ! galvanomet] table1,k :5 ! figure opposite to ! numb]1 multipli$ by ! resi/ance unplugg$1 is ! resi/ance ( ,x4 ,! value ( ! resi/ance to be det]m9$ w be ?us f\nd by a s+le op]ation4 ,suppos+ ! read+ to be #ej on ! ,a side ( ! l>ge scale1 ! resi/ance n unplugg$ hav+ be5 #ajj units1 we get accord+ to ! be=e-m5tion$ law ( resi/ance bridge ! foll[+ proportion 7see ,fig4 #e1 ,pl4 xxiv473-- ,x 3 #ajj #aej #ej 3 #aej - #ej ,x 77#aej #ej7 _/ 7#aej - #ej77 #ajj ,x #bjj units4 ,= measur+ v small resi/ances a s+le cell w be f\nd suffici5t2 b = l>ge resi/ances m %\ld be us$1 say1 #ae to #bj4 ,if v accurate measurem5ts ( small resi/ances are to be tak51 ! screw at ! end ( ! mov+ arm ,d ,d %\ld receive "o batt]y wire1 t]m9al ,v4 receiv+ ! o!r4 ,comp>+ ,electromotive ,=ces4--,= ?is purpose ,pr(essor ,e4 du ,bois-,reymond's modification ( ,pogg5dorff's comp5sation me?od is us$4 ,! connections are made z %[n at ,pl4 xxiv41 ,figs4 #b & #f4 ,= comp>+ two electromotive =ces ,e#a & ,e#b1 a ?ird electromotor ( high] electromotive =ce ,e#j is us$1 & two sep>ate te/s tak54 ,! manipulations a & b are to be ! same z be=e4 c4--,! hole betwe5 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 to be left unplugg$4 d4--,plugs to be ins]t$ 9 #aj1 #ajj & #ajjj4 e4--,! two poles ( ! electromotor ( an electromotive =ce ,e#j are to be connect$ to ! t]m9als ,,iii4 & ,v4 f4--,! poles ( ! batt]y ^: electromotive =ce ,e#a is to be comp>$ are connect$ to t]m9als ,i4 & ,,iv4 9 su* a mann] t ! simil> poles ( ! two electromotors are jo9$ to t]m9als ,i4 & ,,iii41 & to ,,iv4 & ,v4 respectively4 ,:5 depress+ ! key ,k ! galvanomet] ne$le w be deflect$ & c be br\ght back to z]o by turn+ ! po9t] ,z ei!r to ! "r or to ! left4 ,%\ld = in/ance ! po9t] h to be br\ght to #cj on ! ,a side we h ! foll[+ equation-- ,e#a ,e#j 77#aej - #cj7 _/ 7 #cjj n77 7#a71 :]e n is ! resi/ance ( ! batt]y ,e#j4 ,! electromotor ,e#b is n[ to be ins]t$ 9 ! place ( ,e#a1 & ! galvanomet] ne$le1 :5 x deflects1 aga9 br\ght back to z]o by mov+ ! po9t] ,z4 ,if = in/ance ! po9t] has to be pu%$ to #dj on ! ,b side to obta9 equilibrium we h-- ,e#b ,e#j 77#aej #dj7 _/ 7 #cjj n77 7#b74 ,by elim9at+ n f equations #a & #b we h ,e#a 3 ,e#b 7#aej - #cj7 _/ 7#aej #dj7 #ab 3 #ai 7#c74 ,! two electromotive =ces are 9 ! same proportion z ! two obs]v$ di/ances ( ! po9t] ,z f #aej on ! ,a side ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= measur+ ! ,int5sity ( a ,curr5t4--,= ?is purpose ! in/rum5t is simply us$ z a s9e galvanomet]4 ,! connections are made z %[n at ,pl4 xxiv41 ,figs4 #c;a & #g4 ,! manipulations a1 b1 c1 & d same z 9 ! second case4 e4--,connect "o pole ( a batt]y to t]m9al ,,ii4 & put ! o!r pole to e>?4 f4--,connect ! l9e to t]m9al ,,iv4 ,! galvanomet] is !n to be turn$ 9 ! same direction z ! ne$le is deflect$ until ! ne$le co9cides ) ! z]o po9t4 ,:il/ ?is is be+ done ! l>ge scale on ! slate disc w move "u ! po9t] ,z1 :i* mu/ be left /ation>y2 ! s9e ( ! angle indicat$ by ,z w ?us give ! value proportionate to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,%\ld ! %unt box be requir$1 x has to be connect$ ) t]m9als ,,ii4 & ,,iv4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! same connections z ,fig4 #g1 b )\t ! %unt box1 & ) ! batt]y commutator4 ,fig4 #c;a %[s diagram ( ! same connections b ) ! key ,k1 & ,fig4 #c;b ! same )\t ! key4 ,a ,%unt4--,a ,%unt is a second pa? (f]$ to a curr5t trav]s+ a giv5 circuit1 or portion ( a circuit1 s z to dim9i% ! am\nt ( ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh t portion ( ! circuit4 ,9 ! diagram %[n at ,fig4 #hi ! %unt dim9i%es ! am\nt ( ! curr5t fl[+ along ! circuit betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,if only #a_/,n? ( ! curr5t is to pass along ! circuit betwe5 ,a & ,b 7( resi/ance ,r7 !n ! resi/ance ( ! %unt mu/ equal ,r_/7,n - #a74 ,by ! aid ( %unts x is q possible to make use ( v s5sitive in/rum5ts to measure p[]ful curr5ts4 ,commutators or ,swit* ,plates4--,a commutator or swit* plate is an app>atus by :i* ! direction ( curr5ts may be *ang$ at w1 or by :i* !y may be op5$ or clos$4 ,b]t9's commutator1 :i* is repres5t$ at ,fig4 #ij1 consi/s ( a small base ( h>d wood on :i* is an ebonite plate1 ?is by means ( ! h&le m is turn$ ab\t a c5tral axis betwe5 two /ops c & c'4 ,on ! disc are fix$ two copp] plates1 "o ( :i* o is always positive1 be+ connect$ by ! axis & by a plate 77 ) ! b9d+ screw ,p1 :i* receives ! positive electrode ( ! batt]y2 ! o!r copp] plate i1 e1 b5t 9 ! =m ( a horse-%oe1 is connect$ by friction bel[ ! disc ) a plate 7-71 :i* plate is connect$ ) ! negative electrode ,n4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! bo>d are two b9d+ screws b1 & b'1 to :i* are atta*$ two ela/ic metal plates r1 & r'4 ,on ! disc be+ turn$ z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! curr5t com+ by ! b9d+ screw ,p passes into ! piece o1 ! plate r1 & f9ally ! b9d+ screw b1 :i* by means ( a copp] wire leads ! curr5t to ! app>atus 9 connection ) b2 !n return+ to ! b9d+ screw b'1 ! curr5t rea*es ! plate r'1 ! piece i1 e1 & s to ! batt]y by ! b9d+ screw ,n4 ,if ! disc is turn$ s t ! h&le m is half way betwe5 c & c'1 ! pieces o & i1 e1 be+ no long] 9 contact ) ! plates r & r'1 ! curr5t w n pass4 ,if m is turn$ z f> z c1 ! plate o w !n t\* r'1 & ! curr5t pass to b'1 & return by b1 ?us rev]s+ its direction4 ,peg swit*es are also (t5 us$2 !y are arrang$ s t ! removal or ins]tion ( a brass peg or plug cuts out1 or completes a circuit4 ,rheo/at4--,a rheo/at is an in/rum5t us$ = ! comp>ison ( resi/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%unt1 ,,commutator1 ,,rheo/at4 ,,plate ,,xxv ,:eat/one's rheo/at1 :i* is %[n 9 elevation at ,fig4 #ia1 consi/s ( two cyl9d]s ,a & ,b1 "o ( brass & ! o!r ( non-conduct+ mat]ial1 s arrang$ t a copp] wire c be w\nd (f ! "o on to ! o!r by turn+ a h&le ,c4 ,! surface ( ! non-conduct+ cyl9d] ,b has a screw ?read cut 9 x = its :ole l5g?1 9 :i* ! turns ( ! copp] wire lie1 s t its successive convolutions are well insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,two b9d+ screws ,d1 ,d' connect$ ) ! ends ( ! copp] wire are provid$1 to :i* ! circuit wires are connect$4 ,a scale is atta*$ at ,e1 by means ( :i* ! numb] ( convolutions on ,b c be read (f2 & p>ts ( a revolution are indicat$ on a circle at "o end4 ,! h&le ,c c be %ift$ f "o cyl9d] to ! o!r4 ,suppos+ ! rheo/at introduc$ into a circuit1 & ! :ole ( ! copp] wire wrapp$ on ! metal cyl9d] ,a1 !n1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge section ( ?is metal cyl9d]1 its resi/ance may be entirely neglect$1 b = e convolution ( ! wire on ! non-conduct+ cyl9d] ,b1 a specific resi/ance is introduc$ into ! circuit4 ,! am\nt ( resi/ance c ?us be v>i$ z gradually z desir$ by w9d+ on & (f ! cyl9d] ,b4 ,?is in/rum5t is (t5 us$ 9 connection ) ! !rmo galvanomet]4 ,resi/ance ,box4--,! g5]al arrangem5t ( a resi/ance box is %[n 9 ! diagram ,fig4 #ib4 ,betwe5 two t]m9al b9d+ screws ,t & ,t#a secur$ on a vulcanite slab are fix$ a s]ies ( brass junction pieces a1 b1 c1 d2 ea* ( ^! is connect$ by a resi/ance coil to its neighb\r1 z %[n at #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,a numb] ( brass conical plugs ) insulat+ h&les ( vulcanite are provid$1 :i* c be ins]t$ betwe5 any two successive junction pieces1 z betwe5 ,t & a1 or a & b4 ,) all ! plugs ins]t$1 ! electrical curr5t w fl[ direct f ,t to ,t#a1 ! l>ge metallic junction pieces directly connect$ by ! plugs w\ld (f] no s5sible resi/ance2 b if all ! plugs 7 remov$1 !n ! curr5t w\ld fl[ ?r\gh ea* ( ! coils #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 & ! resi/ance 9 ! circuit w\ld be ! sum ( ! resi/ances ( ^? f\r coils4 ,) ! plugs arrang$ z 9 ! figure1 ! curr5t w\ld fl[ ?r\gh coil #d only1 & ! resi/ance 9 ! circuit w\ld be equal to ! resi/ance ( t coil4 ,:eat/one's ,balance4--,! electrical conductivity ( a body is det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ ! ratio betwe5 ! resi/ance ( a c]ta9 l5g? ( ! conductor 9 "q1 hav+ a giv5 section1 to t ( a kn[n l5g? ( a kn[n section ( "s sub/ance tak5 z a /&>d4 ,= ?is purpose ,:eat/one's bridge 9 connection ) a box ( resi/ance coils is ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od4 ,at ,fig4 #id is %[n ,:eat/one's balance 7,po/-(fice patt]n71 & at ,fig4 #ic ! app>atus is r$uc$ into ! =m ( a p>allelogram1 :i* is ! usual diagram ( ,:eat/one's bridge4 ,! !ory ( ! bridge is z foll[s3 ,f\r conductors ,a ,b1 ,b ,c1 ,a ,d1 & ,d ,c are jo9$ at ,a & ,c to ! poles ( a batt]y ,z2 ! resi/ance betwe5 ,a & ,b is ,r2 t betwe5 ,a & ,d is r2 t betwe5 ,d & ,c is ,r#a2 & t betwe5 ,b & ,c is x1 ! unkn[n resi/ance to be measur$4 ,a conv5i5t con/ant ratio is *os5 = ,r#a & r1 su* z equality #a to #aj1 #a to #ajj1 or #a to #ajjj2 & !n ,r#a is adju/$ until no curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! galvanomet] ,g2 :5 ?is is ! case we h ,r 3 r,r#a 3 x1 or x 7r_/,r7 ,r#a2 s t if r ,r_/#ajj1 x w be equal to ,r#a_/ajj4 ,two keys a & b are ins]t$2 ! curr5t is :olly cut (f ! f\r conductors until contact is made at a2 & !n aft] ! curr5ts 9 ! f\r conductors h come to _! p]man5t condition1 contact is made at b to te/ :e!r any curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! galvanomet]4 ,! ?ree resi/ances ,r1 ,r#a & r & ! resi/ance ( ! galvanomet] %\ld be small if x is small1 & great if x is great4 ,! conductors ,a ,b & ,a ,d ( ! bridge are ea* =m$ ( ?ree resi/ance coils hav+ a resi/ance ( #aj1 #ajj1 & #ajjj ohms respectively1 ins]t$ betwe5 ! t]m9als ,b & ,d ( ! balance1 ,fig4 #id4 ,! conductor ,d ,c is =m$ ( a set ( resi/ance coils f #a up to #djjj ohms1 am\nt+ altoge!r to #aa1aaj ohms1 ins]t$ betwe5 ! t]m9als ,d & ,c ( ! balance2 9 ! balance1 a brass plug be+ ins]t$ betwe5 ! t]m9als ,d & ,d#a1 !y may be consid]$ z "o t]m9al ,d4 ,! conductor ,b ,c is ! wire to be te/$1 & is connect$ to ! t]m9als ,b & ,c ( ! balance4 ,measurem5t ( ,resi/ances4--,:5 a resi/ance is to be measur$ t is )9 ! range ( ! coils 9 ,r#a1 ,r & r are made equal4 ,! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] w move 9 a diff]5t direction1 ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ z ! resi/ance 9 ,r#a is great] or less ?an ! l9e wire x4 ,! ne$le rema9s at z]o only :5 ! resi/ance 9 ,r#a is equal to t 9 x4 ,= r 3 ,r 33 ,r#a 3 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eat/one',s ,,bridge4 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,:5 ! resi/ance ( x is great] ?an t ( ,r#a1 z 9 an insulation te/1 ! resi/ance 9 r is made less ?an t 9 ,r1 9 ord] t r & ,r may h su* a proportion "o to ! o!r z w enable ! coils 9 ,r#a to balance a resi/ance 9 x1 great] ?an _! own1 t is to say1 great] ?an #aa1ajj ohms2 ?us r 3 ,r 33 ,r#a 3 x1 or #aj 3 #ajjj 33 #aj1jjj 3 #a1jjj1jjj1 ! resi/ance 9 ! l9e to be te/$ w\ld be #a1jjj1jjj ohms1 suppos+ ! values ( r1 ,r & ,r#a to be respectively #aj1 #ajjj1 & #aj1jjj ohms4 ,:5 ! resi/ance to be te/$ is less ?an t ( ! lea/ coil 9 ,r#a 7#a ohm71 !n ! resi/ance 9 r is made great] ?an 9 ,r4 ,?us r 3 ,r 33 ,r#a 3 x1 or #ajj 3 #aj 33 #b 3 #jb2 ! resi/ance ( ! l9e to be te/$ w\ld 9 ?is case be #a_/bj ( an ohm4 ,manipulation4--,9 all cases ! key 9 connection ) ! batt]y %\ld fir/ be depress$1 !n ! galvanomet] key1 mak+ v %ort contacts by ! latt]1 j suffici5t to %[ ! direction ( ! deflection1 until ! coils 9 ,r#a are ne>ly adju/$1 o!rwise consid]able "t w be lo/ 9 mak+ a s]ies ( te/s1 ow+ to ! sw+ giv5 to ! ne$le1 :i* w take "s little "t be=e x aga9 rema9s /eady at z]o4 ,:5 once ! coils 9 ,r#a are adju/$1 & a balance obta9$1 x %\ld be asc]ta9$ :e!r ! ne$le w rema9 /eady :5 contact is made & brok54 ,te/ ,tables4--,9 connection ) a sy/em ( te/+ electrical subm>9e m9es1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce & simplicity x is necess>y to use a table 7t]m$ a ,te/ ,table71 on :i* all ! app>atus us$ = ! purpose ( te/+ are fix$4 ,sev]al =ms ( tables h be5 design$ = su* a purpose4 ,at ,fig4 #ie is %[n ! me?od ( arrang+ su* a table4,l ,a is an a/atic galvanomet] plac$ betwe5 two swit* plates1 ,b & ,c2 t5 o!r simil> swit* plates1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 ,e1 & #h1 are arrang$ 9 front ( ! galvanomet] ,a2 ,f1 ,g1 & ,h are ?ree t]m9al plates2 ,k is a box ( resi/ance coils us$ 9 connection ) ! !rmo galvanomet] ,m2 ,l is a fir+ key1 & ,n a batt]y commutator2 ,o is a ?ree-coil galvanomet]2 ,r is a ,:eat/one balance 7,po/-(fice patt]n74 ,! t5 swit* plates1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,d1 c41 are us$ = ! connection ( any p>ticul> l9e to be te/$1 z well z = ! e>? connections & in/rum5ts employ$ 9 t op]ation4 ,sea ,cell ,te/s4--,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ! figure is t requir$ 9 connection ) ! sea cell te/1 & ,mr4 ,br[n's me?od ( keep+ c]ta9 e>? plates 9 a bucket in/ead ( 9 ! sea4 ,if two plates ( suitable metal to =m a ,voltaic batt]y are plac$ 9 salt wat] & connect$ by a metallic conductor1 a batt]y is at once =m$ capable ( produc+ consid]able deflection on a mod]ately delicate galvanomet]4 ,te/+ by ?is arrangem5t has be5 t]m$ ! sea cell te/4 ,arrang+ ,e>? ,plates4--,mr4 ,br[n's1 ,assi/ant-,*emi/ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 me?od ( arrang+ ! e>? plates is z foll[s3-- ,a s]ies ( e>? plates1 su* z copp]1 c>bon1 t91 z9c1 c41 are plac$ 9 a bucket fill$ ) sea wat]1 & :i* is plac$ 9 ! te/+ room4 ,! wat] 9 ! bucket is put 9 connection ) ! wat] ( ! sea by means ( a conduct+ wire1 t]m9at+ at "o end ) a z9c plate 9 ! bucket1 & at ! o!r ) a z9c plate 9 ! sea4 ,by ?is means ! te/s made ) ! diff]5t e>? plates 9 ! bucket are id5tical ) ^? made ) correspond+ e>?s plac$ absolutely 9 ! sea1 & !re=e ^! latt] may be done away )1 ! sea cell te/s be+ entirely c>ri$ out by means ( ! bucket e>? plates4 ,9 addition to ! bucket e>? plates !re w be sev]al o!r e>? plates 9 connection ) ! te/+ room1 ^! be+ plac$ 9 ! sea1 su* z ! z9c e>? = ! fir+ batt]y1 ! z9c e>? = ! signall+ batt]y1 c4 ,connections ( ,swit* ,plates4--,! swit* plate ,d is us$ = ! connection ( any p>ticul> m9e cable :i* x may be requir$ to te/4 ,! swit* plate ,e is connect$ ) a z9c e>? plate us$ = te/+ ! fir+ batt]y4 ,?is mu/ always be 9 ! sea4 ,! swit* plate #a is 9 connection ) a z9c e>? 9 ! bucket2 #b is atta*$ to a copp] e>? plate 9 ! bucket2 #c is atta*$ to a c>bon e>? plate 9 ! bucket2 #d to a t9 e>? plate 9 ! bucket2 #e is us$ = connection ) ! z9c signall+ e>? connection 9 ! sea2 #f is atta*$ to a copp] e>? plate us$ = ! sea cell te/1 or any o!r purpose requir$1 9 ! sea2 #g is atta*$ to a z9c e>? plate 9 ! sea2 & #h is a common z9c e>? 9 ! sea4 ,! t]m9al plates ,g & ,h are us$ = ! connection1 = te/+ purposes ( ! negative & positive poles1 ( ! fir+ batt]y1 & ,f is connect$ ) a z9c e>? 9 ! sea1 = a simil> purpose4 ,^! plates are 9 connection ) ! resi/ance coils ,k & ! !rmo galvanomet] ,m1 employ$ = te/+ ! fir+ batt]y1 ! circuit be+ clos$ by ! fir+ key ,l4 ,o!r ways ( us+ ^! plates may ( c\rse be adopt$ if desir$4 ,! resi/ance coils ,k range f #je to #ajj ohms1 & are compos$ ( wire adapt$ = ! passage ( a quantity curr5t4 ,a rev]s+ key is g5]ally us$ 9 connection ) a te/+ batt]y & ! ?ree-coil galvanomet] ,o4 ,?is rev]s+ key w\ld consi/ ( two bridges completely insulat$ f ea* o!r1 ! upp] "o atta*$ to ! negative1 ! l[] "o to ! positive pole ( ! te/ batt]y4 ,9 _! normal position bo? keys press aga9/ ! upp] bridge1 & until "o or o!r ( ! keys is press$ d[n no curr5t w pass1 ! direction ( ! curr5t be+ alt]$ by press+ d[n a diff]5t key4 ,! po9t ( ea* key is provid$ ) a t]m9al & connect$1 ! "o to a z9c e>? ?r\gh ! swit* plate #h1 ! o!r to "o t]m9al ( ! ?ree-coil galvanomet] :5 ! te/s are to be appli$4 ,! ,:eat/one balance ,r is us$ 9 f9d+ ! resi/ances ( electrical cables1 balanc+ fuzes1 c4 ,by means ( a commutator1 ,n1 ! necess>y numb] ( cells = any p>ticul> te/ may be ?r[n 9 circuit :5 requir$4 ,te/ ( ,plat9um ,wire ,fuze = ,conductivity4--,! plat9um wire fuze may be te/$ electrically z foll[s3-- ,if plac$ 9 circuit ) a few cells ( a ,daniell or ,leclan* batt]y & a detector galvanomet]1 be=e ! plat9um wire bridge ( ! fuze is fix$1 !re %\ld be no deflection ( ! ne$le1 = no metallic circuit exi/s2 if x did1 su* w\ld be fatal to ! effici5cy ( ! fuze4 ,if simil>ly plac$ 9 circuit aft] ! bridge has be5 fix$1 a consid]able deflection ( ! ne$le %\ld result1 su* deflection be+ due to ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! metallic bridge1 :i* to be effici5t ought to be ! sole m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! circuit is complet$4 ,te/ ( ,resi/ance ( ,plat9um ,wire ,fuze4--,! electrical resi/ance ( a plat9um wire fuze is asc]ta9$ by means ( ! ,:eat/one's balance ,r & galvanomet] ,a1 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! t]m9als ( ! fuze are connect$ to ! b9d+ screws ( ! balance1 ! commutator ,n & galvanomet] ,a be+ connect$ up 9 circuit4 ,! resi/ance ( ! coils is !n adju/$ by tak+ out plugs until ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] ,a is br\ght to z]o1 :5 ! sum ( ! resi/ances indicat$ by ! unplugg$ coils w be equal to t ( ! fuze4 ,! resi/ance ( a plat9um wire fuze might also be asc]ta9$ by means ( a diff]5tial galvanomet] in/ead ( a ,:eat/one balance4 ,! electrical resi/ance ( #c_/aj ( f9e plat9um wire1 weigh+ #ai gra9s to ! y>d1 is #c_/aj ( an ohm ne>ly 7,s*aw74 ,te/+ ,high ,t5sion ,fuzes4--,high t5sion fuzes require v delicate & c>eful managem5t 9 te/+ !m1 due to ! high electrical resi/ance ( su* fuzes1 :i* ranges f #aejj to #bjjj ohms1 comb9$ ) ! dang] ( premature explosion :5 te/+ ev5 ) a small numb] ( batt]y cells4 ,v s5sitive galvanomet]s1 su* z ! reflect+ galvanomet]1 %\ld if possible be us$1 o!rwise ! mode ( mak+ ! te/s = conductivity & resi/ance ( a high-t5sion fuze is simil> to t already giv5 = a plat9um wire fuze4 ,detonat+ fuzes %\ld always be plac$ 9 an iron case dur+ ! process ( te/+4 ,insulation ,te/ = ,electrical ,cables4--,to te/ an electrical cable = insulation1 x %\ld fir/ be put 9 a tank ( wat]1 or 9 ! sea1 & all[$ to soak = at lea/ =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! object ( ?is is to all[ ! wat] to p5etrate ! out] protection ( hemp & iron wires1 c41 & to se>* out & get into any weak places !re may be 9 ! insulation "u ! arm\r+4 ,at ,fig4 #if is %[n ! me?od ( p]=m+ ?is te/4 ,a is a tank hold+ ! electrical cable1 :i* has be5 9 soak = =ty-eight h\rs2 ,b is an a/atic galvanomet]2 ,c1 ,z a ,leclan* or ,daniell batt]y ( great p[]2 & ,c is an ord9>y fir+ key4 ,"o end ( ! electric cable ,d is connect$ to ! galvanomet] ,b ?r\gh ! fir+ key ,c2 ! o!r end ( ! cable is v c>efully insulat$2 "o pole ( ! batt]y is connect$ to ! galvanomet] ,b1 ! o!r is put to e>? 9 ! tank at ,f2 %\ld ! insulation be p]fect1 no deflection ( ! ne$le %\ld foll[ on ! key be+ press$ d[n4 ,a v slight deflection might be obs]v$ on a mod]ately s5sitive galvanomet]1 due to ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! insulation2 its :ole l5g? be+ imm]s$1 ! surface ?r\gh :i* su* a curr5t w\ld pass w\ld be l>ge1 & ! sum ( ! inf9itesimally small quantities escap+ ov] ! :ole l5g?1 w\ld 9 ! aggregate be suffici5t to deflect ! ne$le to a small ext5t 9 complet+ ! circuit ( ! batt]y4 ,%\ld any consid]able deflection occur1 x w\ld indicate a defect or leak 9 ! insulation ( ! cable1 ! ext5t ( :i* w\ld be r\ghly measur$ by ! am\nt ( su* deflection4 ,by us+ a reflect+ galvanomet] a v mu* m delicate te/ w\ld be obta9$1 b = ! comp>atively %ort l5g?s ( electric cables us$ 9 connection ) subm>9e m9es1 su* accuracy is h>dly necess>y4 ,to te/ an electric cable = conductivity1 x w\ld be only necess>y to expose ! metallic conductor ,g1 & put x 9 ! wat] ( ! tank4 ,if ! conductivity 7 good1 !n ! :ole ( ! curr5t w\ld pass ?r\gh ! cable & ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] w\ld be viol5tly deflect$4 ,if ! cont9uity 7 brok51 no deflection w\ld be obs]v$4 ,defects obs]v$ 9 ! ,conductivity ( ! ,cable4--,to asc]ta9 ! position ( a defect 9 ! insulation ( a cable1 z indicat$ by ! te/s above describ$1 x w\ld be only necess>y to keep a cont9u\s curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! cable1 & gradually take x out ( ! tank4 ,if ! fault exi/$ at a s+le po9t1 ! deflection ( ! ne$le w\ld be sudd5ly r$uc$ at ! mom5t ( t po9t ( ! cable be+ lift$ out ( ! wat]1 & !re=e its position w\ld be det]m9$ ) consid]able accuracy4 ,%\ld sev]al defects exi/ z ea* 0 lift$ out1 a sudd5 r$uction ( ! deflection w\ld occur4 ,dis*>ge ,te/4--,! conductor ( an electrical cable may be brok5 )\t de/roy+ ! insulation1 & on apply+ ! =ego+ te/s1 good insulation w\ld be indicat$1 b no conductivity1 & no in=mation w\ld be giv5 z to ! position ( ! fault4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! foll[+ te/ mu/ be appli$3-- ,put "o pole ( a v p[]ful batt]y to e>?1 & *>ge "o end ( ! defective cable1 !n imm$iately dis*>ge x ?r\gh a reflect+ galvanomet]1 & note ! extreme limit ( ! sw+ ( ! ne$le1 !n1 *>ge ! o!r end ( ! cable 9 a simil> mann]1 & dis*>ge x ?r\gh ! same galvanomet]1 not+ z be=e ! sw+ ( ! ne$le4 ,?is %\ld be done ?ree or f\r times1 & ! av]age ( ! deflections tak54 ,!n ! position ( ! fault w\ld be indicat$ by ! proportion betwe5 ! av]age deflections 9 ea* case1 & ! cable might safely be cut at t po9t4 ,%\ld ! precise position ( ! fault n be discov]$ 9 ?us cutt+ ! cable1 ea* section %\ld be te/$ aga9 = conductivity1 & t 9 :i* a fault 0 /ill f\nd to exi/ %\ld be aga9 te/$ by ! dis*>ge z be=e4 ,te/ ( ,electrical ,resi/ance ( ,cable4--,?is is effect$ by balanc+ x aga9/ ! ,:eat/one balance1 9 a simil> mann] to t expla9$ = a fuze4 ,! electrical resi/ance ( ! conductor ( a cable af=ds a v correct indication ( ! quality ( ! metal ( :i* x is compos$4 ,= a v delicate te/ ! reflect+ galvanomet] %\ld be us$4 ,electrical ,te/ ( ,insulat$ ,jo9ts4--,insulat$ jo9ts & connections1 :e!r ( a p]man5t or tempor>y nature1 %\ld be te/$ electrically1 9 a precisely simil> mann] to t expla9$ = electric cables4 ,!y %\ld be soak$ = =ty-eight h\rs1 & !n te/$ = insulation1 conductivity1 & electrical resi/ance4 ,9 te/+ p]man5t jo9ts special te/s are c>ri$ out1 :i* are describ$ by ,mr4 ,culley 9 8 ',h&book ( ,practical ,telegraphy4' ,voltaic batt]ies %\ld be subject$ to ! foll[+ te/s3-- #a4--;,= pot5tial4 #b4--;,= int]nal resi/ance4 #c4--;,= electromotive =ce4 ,= ! purpose ( te/+ ! pot5tial ( a batt]y1 "o pole %\ld be put to e>?1 & ) ! o!r "o pair ( ! quadrants ( a ,?omson's reflect+ galvanomet] %\ld be *>g$2 :5 ?is is done1 a c]ta9 deflection ( ! spot ( light w occur1 & ! am\nt ( su* deflection1 z comp>$ ) t produc$ by a /&>d cell appli$ to ! in/rum5t 9 a simil> mann]1 w\ld give ! relative value ( ! pot5tial ( ! batt]y4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( det]m9+ ! int]nal resi/ance ( a batt]y is t recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k 9 8 book on electrical measurem5ts4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ is a d\ble %unt diff]5tial galvanomet]1 a diagram ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #ig4 ,connect ! batt]y & a set ( resi/ance coils 9 circuit betwe5 ! t]m9als ,a & ,d1 & ins]t plugs 9 ! resi/ance coils s t !y give no resi/ance2 ins]t plugs at ,a & ,c1 & also bo? ! %unt plugs at ,a & ,d4 ,! curr5t w n[ fl[ ?r\gh "o half ( ! galvanomet] circuit only1 be+1 h[ev]1 r$uc$ to #a_/ajj ( its am\nt by ! %unt ,d2 ! deflection ( ! ne$le mu/ be c>efully read4 ,! plug ,a mu/ n[ be remov$ to ,b1 :i* causes ! batt]y curr5t to fl[ ?r\gh bo? halves ( ! galvanomet] 7ea* be+ %unt$74 ,! circuit w n[ be z %[n 9 ! figure1 & ! ne$le w ( c\rse be deflect$ some:at m ?an be=e4 ,n[ unplug ! resi/ance coils :i* are 9 circuit ) ! batt]y until ! deflection ( ! ne$le is r$uc$ to its orig9al am\nt1 & ! resi/ances unplugg$ w be equal to ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! batt]y4 ,! foll[+ is ano!r me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! int]nal resi/ance ( a batt]y cell4 ,a circuit is =m$1 consi/+ ( ! batt]y cell1 a rheo/at1 & a galvanomet]1 & ! /r5g? ,c is not$ on ! galvanomet]4 ,a second cell is !n jo9$ ) ! fir/1 s z to =m "o ( d\ble ! size1 & !re=e half ! resi/ance1 & !n by add+ a l5g? l ( ! rheo/at1 ! /r5g? is br\ght to :at x orig9ally 01 ,c4 ,!n if ,e is ! electromotive =ce1 & ,r ! resi/ance ( cell1 r ! resi/ance ( ! galvanomet]1 & o!r p>ts ( ! circuit1 ! /r5g? ,c 9 ! "o case is ,c ,e _/ 7,r r71 & 9 ! o!r ,e _/ 77#a_/b7,r r l71 & s9ce ! /r5g? 9 bo? cases is ! same1 ,r #bl1 i4e41 ! int]nal resi/ance ( ! cell is equal to twice ! resi/ance correspond+ to ! l5g? l ( ! rheo/at wire4 ,! comp>ative electromotive =ce ( a batt]y may be det]m9$ by means ( a d\ble %unt diff]5tial galvanomet] 9 ! foll[+ me?od1 z recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,latim] ,cl>k4 ,?is c only be done relatively 9 t]ms ( "s o!r /&>d batt]y4 ,fir/ det]m9e ! resi/ance ( ! /&>d & ( ! o!r cells to be measur$2 !n ins]t ! %unt plugs at ,a & ,d1 ,fig4 #ig1 & also at ,c & ,b1 & jo9 up ! /&>d cell 9 circuit ) a resi/ance coil to ! t]m9als ,a & ,d1 & unplug ! resi/ance coils until a conv5i5t deflection is obta9$1 say #ae2 note ! sum ( ! resi/ances 9 circuit1 includ+ t ( ! batt]y galvanomet]1 resi/ance coil & connect+ wires2 n[ *ange ! batt]y = ano!r1 & by unplugg+ ! resi/ance coils br+ ! ne$le aga9 to ! same deflection1 #ae2 hav+ aga9 f\nd ! total resi/ance 9 ! circuit1 ! relative electromotive =ce w be directly proportional to ^! resi/ances4 ,! electromotive =ce ( a batt]y may also be measur$ /atically by means ( ,?omson's quadrant electromet]1 ! poles ( ! batt]y be+ connect$ ) ! two *ief electrodes ( ! in/rum5t1 9 :i* arrangem5t no curr5t w pass1 & ! electromotive =ce w be directly indicat$ by ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial obs]v$4 ,9 ! case ( a quantity batt]y1 t is1 a batt]y capable ( fus+ a f9e plat9um wire1 its electromotive =ce & int]nal resi/ance may be det]m9$ by means ( ! resi/ance coils ,k1 & !rmo galvanomet] ,m1 %[n at ,fig4 #ie4 ,te/s aft] ,subm]sion4--,aft] an electrical subm>9e m9e has be5 plac$ 9 position1 x %\ld be imm$iately te/$ to asc]ta9 t all is "r1 & simil> te/s %\ld be appli$ at int]vals to asc]ta9 t ! *>ge rema9s dry2 t ! insulation & conductivity ( ! electric cable rema9s ! same2 & t its electrical resi/ance indicates a /ate ( effici5cy4 ,! nature ( ! te/s appli$ to det]m9e ^! po9ts w dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! comb9ation 9 :i* ! m9e is arrang$4 ,! mann] ( apply+ ! sea cell te/1 by :i* is asc]ta9$ ! condition ( a sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es1 w be readily und]/ood f ! foll[+ examples4 ,! arrangem5ts = te/+ to asc]ta9 :e!r a *>ge is dry1 or wet1 is %[n at ,fig4 #ih4 z is a plate ( z9c introduc$ 9 ! circuit )9 ! *>ge1 & betwe5 ! fuze & ! %ore2 ano!r e>? plate ( c>bon x is connect$ ) ! electric cable beyond ! fuze1 =m+ ! ord9>y e>? connection ( ! sy/em at t po9t2 & at home a copp] e>? plate c is us$4 ,fir/1 9 ! case ( a dry *>ge ) ! insulation & conductivity ( ! cable1 good2 "u ^! circum/ances !re w\ld be =m$ a sea cell betwe5 ! e>? plates x1 & c1 :i* w\ld produce a c]ta9 deflection ( ! ne$le ( a galvanomet] g1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! circuit1 & 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,secondly1 9 ! case ( a *>ge becom+ wet1 ?r\gh leakage1 ) ! insulation & conductivity ( ! cable1 good2 "u ^! circum/ances1 a sea cell w\ld be =m$ betwe5 ! plates c & z1 caus+ a diff]5t deflection ( ! ne$le 9 am\nt & 9 direction1 by :i* x w\ld be at once indicat$ t ! *>ge _h become wet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,te/ ,,table1 ,,diff]5tial ,,galvanomet]4 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,sea cell ,te/ = ,insulation4--,aga91 9 ! case ( ! insulation ( ! electric cable be+ damag$ to su* an ext5t z to expose ! copp] conductor4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !re w\ld be =m$ a sea cell betwe5 ! copp] e>? plate c1 & ! expos$ copp] conductor ( ! cable1 by :i* a c]ta9 def9ite deflection ( ! galvanomet] w\ld be obs]v$1 :i* deflection w\ld diff] 9 "* f t produc$ by ! copp] c>bon sea cell1 :5 ! insulation ( ! cable 0 good1 & ! sy/em 9 work+ ord]1 & !re=e x w\ld indicate t "s *ange 9 ! electrical conditions ( ! sy/em _h occurr$4 ,! fact t a leak exi/$ 9 ! insulation w\ld be prov$ by *ang+ ! e>? plate at home f copp] to z9c1 c>bon1 t91 c4 ,9 ! case ( no deflection be+ produc$ on ! galvanomet]1 on apply+ ! sea cell te/1 a want ( cont9uity1 or ineffici5t connections w\ld be indicat$4 ,! =ego+ af=d examples ( ! va/ utility ( ! sea cell 9 connection ) a sy/em ( electrical te/s = subm>9e m9es1 num]\s v>iations ( :i* may be effect$ by employ+ a s]ies ( e>? plates1 ( diff]5t metals1 at ! home end ( ! circuit1 9 connection ) a c>bon & z9c e>? plate at ! o!r end4 ,& ! mode ( manipulat+ ^! te/s may1 by means ( num]\s swit* plates1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ie1 be made extremely simple & effici5t4 ,arm/rong's ,sy/em ( ,electrical ,te/+4--,a v simple me?od ( te/+ electrical subm>9e m9es1 ) :i* l[ t5sion fuzes are us$1 has be5 devis$ by ,capta9 ,arm/rong1 ,r4,e41 & is %[n at ,fig4 #ii4 a is ! electric cable lead+ f ! %ore2 b ! cable atta*$ to a pol>is$ relay c1 & connect+ ! *>ge ?r\gh ! fuze f to ! e>?2 b' ! cable1 atta*$ to ano!r pol>is$ relay c'1 & connect+ ! m9e ) ! circuit clos]2 ! pol>is$ relay c1 9 ! m9e1 is arrang$ to be work$ by a positive curr5t1 t is to say1 ! wire surr\nd+ ! core is s w\nd z to increase ! pol>ity ( ! electro magnet1 ne> ! armature d1 :5 a positive curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x1 & to dim9i% ! pol>ity :5 a negative curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! wire surr\nd+ ! core2 ! pol>is$ relay c' )9 ! circuit clos] is arrang$ to be work$ by a negative curr5t1 ! coil be+ s w\nd z to produce an influ5ce exactly ! rev]se ( c4 ,!n1 a positive curr5t pass+ along ! l9e wire a1 ! armature d 9 ! *>ge w be attract$1 :ile d' w rema9 unaffect$2 aga91 if a negative curr5t be circulat$1 ! armature d' )9 ! circuit clos] w be attract$1 :ile ! armature d w rema9 unaffect$4 ,two insulat$ wires =k$ toge!r are w\nd r\nd ea* electro magnet1 "o a ?9 wire 7g & g'7 hav+ a consid]able resi/ance1 ab\t #ajjj ohms1 be+ connect$ direct to ! e>? plates e & e'1 & ! o!r a ?ick wire 7h & h'7 (f]+ a v small resi/ance1 & s arrang$ t :5 ! armature is attract$1 !y may be 9 contact ) & complete ! circuit ?r\gh ! armature to e>?4 ,! ?9 wire coils are s arrang$ t a c]ta9 numb] ( ,leclan* cells 7t5 or twelve1 z may be desir$7 w make ! electro magnets act1 :ile ) few] cells ! curr5t w\ld be too weak1 & w\ld !re=e pass ?r\gh !m to e>? )\t affect+ ! armature4 ,by means ( ! ?ree-coil galvanomet]1 a table ( ! deflections1 obta9$ by ! =ego+ sy/em ( te/+1 %\ld be c>efully record$1 :5 ! circuit is kn[n to be 9 good work+ ord]1 s t any defect 9 ! circuit w\ld be at once indicat$ on ! application ( ! v>i\s te/s1 by ! results s obta9$ diff]+ f ^? orig9ally record$4 ,:5 a sy/em ( subm>9e m9es is plac$ 9 position = ! purposes ( practice & exp]im5t1 e tr\ble %\ld be tak5 to endeav\r to fix ! exact position ( any defect t may exi/1 also to asc]ta9 its magnitude1 c41 b 9 "t ( w>1 %\ld a defect exi/ 9 ! sy/em1 no "t mu/ be lo/ 9 su* op]ations1 b ! m9e at once lift$1 & ! fault repair$1 or a fre% "o laid 9 its place1 unless ! pres5ce ( an enemy or o!r imp]ative cause %\ld prev5t su* "w be+ done4 ,au/rian ,te/+ ,table4--,! foll[+ is a description ( ! ,au/rian te/+ table1 & _! mode ( mak+ electrical te/s ) x1 9 connection ) _! sy/em ( self-act+ electrical subm>9e m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,te/+4--,,arm/rong1--,,au/rian4 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,its design is %[n at ,fig4 #ajj2 c z repres5ts ! batt]y ) "o pole to e>? at e1 & ! o!r 9 connection ) an int5sity coil a1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes to ! contact plate b4 ,:5 x is desir$ to put ! sy/em ( m9es 9 connection ) ! table1 9 a /ate ( prep>ation to be fir$ by ! contact ( a vessel1 a plug is ins]t$ betwe5 ! contact plates b & f1 & ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! galvanomet] g1 & electrically *>ges ! conduct+ wires connect+ ! m9es ) ! batt]y1 ?r\gh ! sev]al b9d+ screws on ! contact plates1 numb]+ #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,! fact t ! *>ge has be5 fir$ is also at once indicat$ on ! galvanomet] g4 ,te/ to discov] an ,explod$ ,*>ge4--,x !n becomes necess>y to asc]ta9 :i* p>ticul> m9e ( ! sy/em has be5 explod$2 = ?is purpose a sep>ate circuit 9 connection ) a s+le cell d is employ$4 ,?is cell is 9 connection ?r\gh a galvanomet] g' 7a m s5sitive in/rum5t ?an ! galvanomet] g7 ) ! pivot ( ! key h1 & rheotome ,r1 :i* latt] is connect$1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ) ea* individual m9e ( ! sy/em atta*$ to ! contact plates numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 ,! h&le ( ! rheotome is mov$ r\nd1 to ea* numb] 9 succession & directly x is plac$ 9 contact ) t correspond+ to ! explod+ m9e1 ! electrical circuit is complet$ ?r\gh ! expos$ end ( ! fractur$ wire1 & ?is is indicat$ by ! galvanomet] g'4 ,dur+ ! te/+ process ! fir+ batt]y c z mu/ be disconnect$2 ?is is done by rais+ "o ( ! bridges i i ) :i* ea* gr\p ( t5 m9es is provid$4 ,insulation ,te/4--,! rheotome & te/+ galvanomet] g' are also us$ to te/ ! insulation ( ! electric cables connect+ ! m9es to ! te/+ table4 ,?is is done 9 precisely ! same mann] z te/+ = an explod$ m9e3 ! h&le ( ! rheotome is turn$ r\nd1 & ea* cable connect$ 9 succession ) ! te/+ circuit z be=e2 %\ld ! galvanomet] g' rema9 /ation>y1 ! insulation is good2 b %\ld a defect ( insulation exi/1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh x w\ld act on & deflect ! galvanomet]1 indicat+ ! p>ticul> l9e 9 :i* x exi/s1 &1 r\ghly1 its ext5t 9 proportion to ! deflection %[n2 %\ld ! fault be consid]able1 ! defective cable %\ld be at once deta*$1 z ! curr5t lo/ ?r\gh x might s dim9i% ! work+ p[] ( ! fir+ batt]y1 z to prev5t x explod+ any ( ! fuzes atta*$ to ! gr\p 9 connection ) x4 ,by ! above arrangem5t1 ! insulation ( ea* l9e c be te/$ at any mom5t requir$4 ,9 mak+ ! delicate te/ = insulation1 :i* %\ld inv>iably be done at leisure1 &1 if possible1 :5 an enemy's vessels are n 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m9es1 a l>ge numb] ( ,daniell's or o!r cells ( suitable =m %\ld always be us$4 ,to d ?is1 x w\ld only be necess>y to connect su* a batt]y 9 place ( a s+le cell p]man5tly arrang$1 z describ$1 9 ! te/+ circuit1 & to proce$ ) ! details ( ! op]ation z be=e4 ,z ! cable w\ld1 9 actual "w1 always be *>g$ ) ! full p[] ( a fir+ batt]y1 ! value ( its insulation to resi/ an electrical *>ge at su* a high pot5tial w\ld be an important po9t to det]m9e4 ,! fuzes be+ entirely out ( ! circuit till ! mom5t ( ! action arrives1 no dang] ( a premature explosion ne$ be appreh5d$2 if a fuze 7 9 su* a position z to be fir$ prematurely1 x w\ld be explod$1 9 connection ) ! fir+ circuit1 indep5d5tly ( ! op]ation ( te/+ ! insulation ( ! cables4 ,to r5d] a ,*annel ,safe4--,9 ord] to r5d] ! *annel safe = a fri5dly vessel1 x is only necess>y to remove ! plug f betwe5 ! contact plates b & f2 ?is disconnects ! fir+ batt]y f ! circuit4 ,def5ce ( ,h>b\rs by ,booms1 c4--,booms or cables support$ by rafts may also be employ$ 9 ! def5ce ( h>b\rs1 or riv]s1 ei!r by !mselves1 or 9 comb9ation ) subm>9e m9es2 9 ! latt] case1 ! booms1 c41 may be moor$ ei!r 9 advance ( ! m9es1 or 9 re> ( ! front r[1 ?is la/ me?od ( moor+ !m be+ ! mo/ effective "o4 ,!re are a great v>iety ( =ms 9 :i* a boom may be con/ruct$4 ,! qualities ess5tial = a good & practicable boom are3-- #a4--;,great /r5g?4 #b4--;,great p[] ( resi/ance4 #c4--;,conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 #d4--;,easy to manipulate4 #e4--;,its mat]ials easily procurable4 ,con/ruction ( a ,boom4--,! g5]al con/ruction ( a boom consi/s ( a ma9 cable1 buoy$ up at int]vals by floats4 ,! ma9 cable may be ei!r wire1 *a91 or rope1 ! =m] be+ v mu* sup]ior = ?is purpose to *a9 or rope4 ,! floats consi/ ( balks ( timb] built r\nd ! ma9 cable & b\nd toge!r by means ( iron hoops c4 ,a space is left betwe5 ea* float1 by :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( flexibility 9 ! boom is obta9$1 )\t :i* x w\ld be ( comp>atively little use1 z x might be easily ov]run4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 9 con/ruct+ all su* booms1 t ! small] ! proportion ( timb] us$ 9 =m+ ! floats to ! cable1 consi/5t ) buoyancy1 ! /rong] w be ! /ructure4 ,a v important feature 9 connection ) su* a mode ( def5ce is ! mann] ( moor+ x2 = if x be moor$ s z to be unyield+1 !n its sole p[] ( resi/+ a vessel *>g+ x is ! actual /r5g? ( ! mat]ials compos+ ! /ructure1 b if x be moor$ s t x is capable ( yield+ to a sudd5 bl[1 ?is =ce w be to "s ext5t absorb$1 & resi/ance ( ! def5ce greatly increas$4 ,! raft employ$ to support ! ma9 cable %\ld be moor$ by means ( v heavy *a9s 7)\t an*ors7 9 ! direction ( ! attack1 & ) ord9>y an*ors & cables on ! o!r side4 ,z a rule1 ! booms %\ld be moor$ obliquely to ! direction ( ! curr5t1 :]e !re is any1 z ! t5d5cy ( ! curr5t to ov]run ! boom :5 s plac$ w be less1 & also a %ip ramm+ x mu/ place h]self a?w>t ! curr5t to attack ! boom at "r angles4 ,cle>+ a ,passage ?r\gh ! ,torp$o ,def5ces ( an ,enemy4--,! subject ( cle>+ a passage ?r\gh ! torp$o def5ces ( an enemy is "o fraught ) innum]able difficulties1 on acc\nt ( ! v>i$ nature & impracticability ( obta9+ accurate & c]ta9 in=mation ( su* def5ces1 & ?us x is impossible to lay d[n any fix$ rule or plan = c>ry+ out su* an op]ation4 ,9 fact1 x w be only "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances t su* a s]vice w be successfully accompli%$1 t is to say1 9 ! case ( a h>b\r or riv] def5d$ by subm>9e m9es b unsupport$ by guns1 or gu>d boats1 or :]e ! electric light is us$4 ,num]\s me?ods h be5 devis$ f "t to "t to effect ! de/ruction ( an enemy's subm>9e def5ces1 among :i* are ! foll[+3-- #a4--,project+ frames1 c41 f ! b[s ( a vessel4 #b4--;,creep+ & sweep+ by boats4 #c4--;,c\nt]m9+4 ,project+ ,frames1 c41 f ! ,b[s ( a ,vessel4--,?is me?od 0 adopt$ by ! ,f$]als dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w> ( #ahfa-e1 & 9 _m in/ances x 0 ! means ( sav+ _! %ips :5 proce$+ up riv]s :i* _h be5 torp$o$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 ?\gh not)/&+ ?is precaution sev]al vessels 7 sunk4 ,! subm>9e m9es aga9/ :i* ?is mode ( def5ce 0 us$1 7 9 n9e cases out ( t5 me*anical ones1 & !re=e ! framework def5ce af=d$ a bett] means ( protection !n1 ?an w\ld be ! case n[ t electrical gr\nd m9es & circuit clos]s are us$1 z ! framework w\ld cat* ! circuit clos] only1 & ! vessel w\ld probably be ov] ! m9e :5 ! explosion took place4 ,! ,am]icans moor _! circuit clos]s 9 re> ( _! m9es1 s t a vessel fitt$ ) a b[ frame or n1 com+ 9 contact ) ! =m] mu/ be "r ov] ! *>ge at ! in/ant ( explosion4 ,aga9/ gr\nd electrical m9es fir$ at w1 ! b[ net1 c41 is no protection :atev]1 /ill "u c]ta9 circum/ances x w\ld be f\nd extremely useful4 ,sweep+ = ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,?is me?od ( cle>+ a *annel ( subm>9e m9es c\ld n possibly be c>ri$ out "u artill]y fire1 b 9 wat]s n s def5d$ x w\ld prove ( "s value4 ,:]e only buoyant m9es1 or gr\nd m9es ) circuit clos]s are to be cle>$ away1 two or m boats dragg+ a haws] betwe5 !m w\ld be suffici5t to discov] !m1 & s lead to _! de/ruction2 b :]e dummy m9es & inv]t$ creep]s are moor$ 9 addition1 ano!r me?od ( sweep+ mu/ be resort$ to1 viz41 t ( br++ an explosive *>ge ( gun-cotton to act on ! ob/ruction grappl$1 & ?us de/roy x4 ,?is is effect$ by la%+ a *>ge to ea* end ( ! sweep1 s t :atev] is grappl$ may slide along x1 until caught by hooks1 :i* are atta*$ = ?is purpose to ! c5tre ( ! *>ge4 ,on grappl+ an ob/ruction1 ! two boats drop _! an*ors1 "o haul+ 91 ! o!r ve]+ out ! sweep1 until ! *>ge is hook$ by ! ob/ruction2 ?is be+ effect$1 ! boats move out ( range1 & ! *>ge is fir$4 ,creep+ = ,electrical ,cables1 c4--,creep+ is ! me?od employ$ = pick+ up ! electric cables ( ! enemy's subm>9e m9es1 & is effect$ by boats t[+ an ord9>y grappl+ iron1 or specially prep>$ creep] on ! gr\nd4 ,9 bo? sweep+ & creep+ x w\ld be f\nd necess>y to employ a div]1 :o w\ld asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! grappl$ ob/ructions :i* c\ld n be easily rais$ by ! boats4 ,! ,lay torp$o boat1 :i* is fully describ$ 9 ! *apt] on (f5sive torp$oes1 is capable ( be+ us$ = ! =ego+ purposes4 ,c\nt]m9+4--,c\nt]m9+1 t is1 ! de/ruction ( subm>9e m9es by ! explosion ( o!r m9es dropp$ close to !m1 w "u c]ta9 conditions prove ( great use 9 cle>+ h>b\rs ( m9es4 ,?is me?od c\ld n be op]at$ 9 wat]s prop]ly gu>d$ & swept by artill]y fire4 ,!re are two di/9ct me?ods ( lay+ out c\nt]m9es1 viz43-- #a4--;,9 a boat1 :i* may be ei!r t[$1 or haul$ out to its de/9ation1 or may be /e]$1 & controll$ by electricity4 #b4--;,by atta*+ !m to buoys s t !y are susp5d$ at ! prop] dep?s1 & !n haul$ out by means ( a w>p to an an*or :i* has be5 previ\sly plac$ 9 position4 ,bo? ( ! =ego+ me?ods h be5 successfully manipulat$ 9 practice1 ! fir/ me?od1 :]e ! boat c>ry+ ! c\nt]m9es is t[$ ei!r by a pull+ or /eam boat be+ ! mo/ practicable "o4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial w\ld be requir$ = cle>+ a *annel by means ( c\nt]m9es3 = example1 if ! m9es to be attack$ require #ejj-lb4 gun-cotton *>ges to be us$1 #g-a_/b tons ( ! explosive1 besides cables1 buoys1 c41 w\ld be requir$ to cle> a passage ab\t "o mile 9 l5g? & #bjj feet 9 wid?4 ,a %ip's laun* w c>ry ab\t twelve ( ^! #ejj-lb4 c\nt]m9es1 ) all ! ge> atta*$ !reto4 ,exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! effect ( c\nt]m9+ h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,engl& & ,europe = ! la/ five ye>s1 "s ( :i* are giv5 at l5g? 9 ! *apt] on ,torp$o ,exp]im5ts4 ,dur+ ! ,turco-,russian w>1 a portion ( ! ,danube 0 swept 9 ! ord9>y & mo/ simple mann] by ! ,turks1 & five ,russian electro contact buoyant m9es 7 pick$ up2 "o o!r explod$ dur+ ! process ( dragg+ x to ! surface1 b no injury occurr$ to ^? at "w4 ,de/ruction ( ,passive ,ob/ructions4--,to cle> away booms1 or o!r passive ob/ructions1 if n possible to cut !m away1 !y may be de/roy$ by outrigg] boats explod+ _! torp$oes und]nea?1 & 9 contact1 or by atta*+ *>ges ( gun-cotton at int]vals1 & !n explod+ !m simultane\sly4 ,:5 a *a9 is horizontal1 & !re=e some:at taut1 a *>ge ( #c-a_/b lbs4 ( gun-cotton 7?is explosive1 be+ ! mo/ effective & conv5i5t = su* purposes1 %\ld always be us$7 w be f\nd suffici5t to de/roy x1 no matt] :at size1 & :e!r ! *a9 is 9 or out ( ! wat]1 ! *>ge be+ ( c\rse plac$ 9 contact ) x4 ,great unc]ta9ty mu/ always att5d ! suppos$ cle>ance ( a *annel1 or passage ( subm>9e m9es1 z 0 exemplifi$ dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>1 :5 mo/ ( ! ,nor!rn]s' vessels 7 de/roy$ :ile mov+ ov] gr\nd :i* _h be5 previ\sly c>efully dragg$1 & buoy$1 & ?is fact1 c\pl$ ) ! t$i\sness & dang] ( p]=m+ su* a s]vice1 proves ! enorm\s value ( a sy/em ( def5ce by subm>9e m9es4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,j3 ',electricity & ,magnetism1' by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,j5k9s4 ,footnote ,k3 ,see ,app5dix4 ,footnote ,l3 ,z con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,ma?ieson1 late ,r4,e41 at ! ,silv]t[n ,telegraph ,works1 ,essex4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,(f5sive ,,torp$o ,,w>f>e4 ,,! t]m ,torp$o is applicable m p>ticul>ly to (f5sive subm>9e m9es ?an to ^? employ$ = ! purposes ( def5ce1 & !re=e by torp$oes w be und]/ood e k9d ( subm>9e explosive weapon design$ to be us$ = active attack aga9/ vessels1 c41 no matt] h[ !y may be manipulat$4 ,(f5sive ,torp$o ,w>f>e /ill 9 its ,infancy4--,?\gh dur+ ! sev5te5 or eighte5 ye>s t torp$oes h be5 consid]$ z a legitimate mode ( naval w>f>e !re h occurr$ ?ree big w>s1 9 ea* ( :i* subm>9e weapons1 (f5sive & def5sive1 h play$ an important "p1 /ill ! subject ( (f5sive torp$o w>f>e mu/ be ev5 n[ consid]$ z 9 its infancy1 & !re=e any op9ions express$ z to ! m]its & dem]its ( ! v>i\s app>atus 9 connection !re) c b be bas$ on ! !oretical capabilities ( ea* torp$o1 & on ! results ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out ) !m dur+ peace "t1 :i* latt] z a rule are conduct$ "u f> too fav\rable conditions to be reli$ ^u4 ,_! ,use dur+ ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,am]ica4--,dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>1 ! only (f5sive subm>9e weapon t 0 us$ 0 ! outrigg] or sp> torp$o1 :i* 9 ^? days 0 a crude & imp]fect ma*9e1 & manoeuvr$ f boats possess+ all ! features :i* a torp$o boat %\ld n possess4 ,/ill "u ^! unfav\rable conditions %ips 7 sunk by su* means by bo? ,f$]als & ,conf$]ates1 prov+ t 9 future w>s ?is mode ( attack1 fav\r$ by ! va/ & important improvem5ts t h lately be5 effect$ bo? 9 connection ) ! torp$oes & torp$o boats1 %\ld play a prom95t "p1 & prove a mo/ de/ructive mode ( attack4 ,_! ,use 9 ! ,franco-,g]man & ,russo-,turki% ,w>s4--,9 ! ,franco-,g]man w> ( #ahgj-a1 (f5sive torp$o w>f>e 0 n resort$ to by ei!r side1 ! ,fr5* fleet be+ det]r$ f ent]+ ,g]man wat]s by ! subm>9e m9es plac$1 or at lea/ suppos$ to be plac$1 9 position4 ,f ! ,russo-,turki% w> mu* light 0 expect$ by torp$oi/s to be ?r[n on ! subject ( torp$o w>f>e1 b alas1 little or no?+ 0 done to settle any ( ! _m vex$ que/ions :i* exi/ 9 reg>d to (f5sive subm>9e weapons4 ,! torp$o exp]i5ce ( t /ruggle t5d$ r to prove t ! va/ importance hi!rto atta*$ to torp$o attack 0 mu* exagg]at$4 ,"o ( ! causes :i* l$ to ! failure ( (f5sive subm>9e weapons1 :5 employ$ on active s]vice1 seems to be due to ! fact t1 ow+ to ! extremely small radius ( ! de/ructive effect ( su* weapons1 x is absolutely necess>y = complete success to explode ! m9e 9 actual contact ) ! attack$ vessel2 to ensure :i*1 at night "t1 9 an unkn[n h>b\r1 ) ! position ( ! vessel attack$ some:at unc]ta91 & ev5 )\t ! additional ob/acles ( gu>d boats1 booms1 electric lights1 c41 is a s]vice ( inf9ite difficulty1 & "o :i* may easily t]m9ate 9 a failure4 ,! =ego+ w\ld m especially apply to ! sp> torp$o attack1 b 9 an attack ) ! ,:itehead fi%1 or t[+ torp$o1 !re w\ld be an additional cause ( failure1 viz41 ! complicat$ nature ( _! manipulation4 ,torp$oes may be divid$ into f\r classes1 viz43-- #a4--;,drift+ or float+ torp$oes4 #b4--,t[+ torp$oes4 #c4--,locomotive torp$oes4 #d4--,outrigg] or sp> torp$oes4 ,drift+ or ,float+ ,torp$oes4--,by drift+ or float+ torp$oes are meant all ^? subm>9e ma*9es :i* are dep5d5t on ! tide or curr5t ( a /ream = _! action & motion4 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w> ?is mode ( attack+ vessels 0 con/antly employ$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 & ?\gh n successful 9 de/roy+ any ( ! ,f$]al %ips1 0 ! means ( consid]ably hamp]+ ! movem5ts ( _! riv] flotillas4 ,drift+ torp$oes might be advantage\sly us$ = ! de/ruction ( pontoon bridges1 booms1 c41 & 9 ?is way1 _h ! ,turks 9 _! late w> us$ !m1 ! ,russians w\ld h f\nd ! cross+ ( ! ,danube a matt] ( inf9ite dang] & difficulty2 9 fact1 by a sy/ematic use ( su* weapons1 comb9$ ) a little da% on ! "p ( ! ,ottoman flotilla on ! ,danube1 t riv] %\ld h be5 to ! ,russians an impassable b>ri]4 ,to use ^! torp$oes mo/ effectively1 especially aga9/ a s+le vessel1 a ?or\gh k ( ! =ce & direction ( curr5ts %\ld be ga9$ be=e proce$+ to und]take an op]ation 9 :i* ^! subm>9e weapons are us$4 ,ano!r po9t to be rememb]$ is1 t if su* a torp$o 7 />t$ ) ! flood1 = example1 t[>ds an enemy1 & did n explode1 !re w\ld be a *ance ( its be+ return$ to ! />t+-place by ! ebb tide4 ,9 ?is class ! foll[+ torp$oes seem ! mo/ practicable3-- #a4--,lewis's drift+ torp$o4 #b4--,mc,evoy's drift+ torp$o4 #c4--;,am]ican extempore drift+ torp$o4 ,description ( ,lewis's ,drift+ ,torp$o4--,lewis's drift+ torp$o1 design$ = ! express purpose ( de/roy+ booms or o!r float+ ob/ructions plac$ r\nd a vessel at an*or = ! purposes ( def5ce1 is %[n at ,fig4 #aja4 ,x consi/s ( a box a1 conta9+ ! *>ge & fitt$ ) sev]al detonat+ fuzes4 ,?is box is atta*$ to "o side ( a beam b1 & )9 #f in*es ( "o extremity1 ! beam be+ ab\t #bj feet long & #g in*es squ>e2 to ! opposite side1 ( ! same end ( ! beam b a heavy weight c1 re/+ 9 a %oe d1 is atta*$ by a long iron rod e1 :i* rea*es to ! o!r extremity ( ! beam1 & is !re connect$ to a bell-crank lev] & spr+ f1 a pressure on :i* deta*es ! weight c2 a *a9 g1 #ah feet long1 connects ! weight loosely ) ! upp] end ( ! beam1 & ano!r *a9 h1 #i feet #f in*es long1 connects x ) a po9t m ?an #b feet bel[ ! c5tre ( ! beam4 ,! app>atus is s con/ruct$ t x floats ne>ly v]tical ) ! top ( ! beam j above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,on ! ma*9e drift+ aga9/ ! boom or o!r ob/ruction1 ! spr+ or lev] f at ! upp] extremity is press$ d[n1 ?us releas+ ! weight c1 :i* fall+1 becomes susp5d$ by ! two *a9s g & h1 & br+s ! beam into an incl9$ position4 ,! weight ( ?is mass ( iron & ! *a9 susp5d+ x are sudd5ly br\ght to be> on ! top ( ! beam1 dragg+ x "u wat] & cle> ( ! boom1 c4 ,at ! same "t ! l[] end1 releas$ f ! weight1 rises1 & ! :ole app>atus is c>ri$ =w>d by ! curr5t aga9/ ! side ( ! vessel1 on /rik+ :i* ! torp$o is explod$4 ,description ( ,mc,evoy's ,drift+ ,torp$o4--,mc,evoy's drift+ torp$o is int5d$ to be float$1 s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 by ! aid ( tides or curr5ts aga9/ vessels at an*or1 bridges1 c4 ,at ,fig4 #ajb is %[n a plan ( ?is =m ( drift+ torp$o4 ,x consi/s ( ! body ( ! torp$o a1 :i* conta9s ! *>ge1 at ! side ( :i* is plac$ ! load+ hole b2 c is ! tube conta9+ ! prim+ *>ge2 d is ! framework surr\nd+ & protect+ ! :eel or screw e2 f is ! fuze pill>1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a /eel rod g1 & on ! top a ?9 /eel plate h is plac$2 i is ! nipple = ! p]cussion cap2 k is a horizontal b>1 turn+ & re/+ on top ( ! fuze pill> f2 m is ! lev] = support+ ! hamm] n :5 x is set2 l is ! screw b>rel support+ ! :eel or screw e2 o is a safety p92 q is ! support+ *a91 & p ! spr+ = work+ ! hamm] n4 ,by means ( a buoy or log ( wood1 f :i* ! torp$o is susp5d$1 x c be adju/$ s t ! explosion %all occur at ! requisite dep?4 ,to prep>e ! torp$o = use1 unscrew ! fuze pill> f1 take (f ! horizontal b> k1 place a p]cussion cup on ! nipple i1 & screw x tightly aga9/ ! end ( ! /eel rod g4 ,! fuze pill> is !n ready = use1 & %\ld be screw$ into ! body a4 ,!n fill ! torp$o ) ! explosive & close ! load+ hole b4 ,! hamm] n is !n set by draw+ x back & br++ ! end ( ! lev] m aga9/ x1 at ! same "t runn+ ! screw b>rel l "u ! lev] m1 s t its end cat*es ! screw ( ! b>rel1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! safety p9 o is !n put 9 its place & secur$ by a few p>ts ( ?read1 :i* by a %>p j]k on ! safety l9e w be easily brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,,drift+ ,,torp$oes4 ,,plate ,,xxix ,! horizontal lev] k1 :i* c>ries ! lev] m & propell] e1 rotates on ! top ( ! fuze pill> f1 & is prev5t$ f ris+ by means ( a screw4 ,! torp$o be+ let g1 ! safety p9 o is pull$ out by means ( a l9e :i* is atta*$ to x4 ,! propell] w n revolve :il/ ! torp$o is drift+ ) ! curr5t1 b ! in/ant x is /opp$ by ! action ( ! curr5t ! :eel w be caus$ to revolve1 & aft] a few revolutions x w unscrew ! b>rel f "u ! end ( ! lev] k1 & ! latt]1 dropp+ ! hamm] n1 w be =c$ by ! spr+ p into contact ) ! ?9 /eel plate h on ! top ( ! fuze pill>1 :i* bl[ is transmitt$ by means ( ! /eel rod g to ! p]cussion cap1 & ! torp$o explod$4 ,am]ican ,extempore ,drift+ ,torp$o4--,?is =m ( drift+ torp$o1 :i* is readily made1 0 us$ 9 great numb]s by ! ,conf$]ates1 & ?\gh n successful 9 s9k+ any ,f$]al %ips1 caus$ _! vessels consid]able annoyance & delay4 ,at ,fig4 #ajc is %[n a sket* ( ?is torp$o4 ,x consi/s ( a t9 case conta9+ ab\t #gj lbs4 ( p[d]4 ,a /iff wire a1 b passes ?r\gh a hole punctur$ 9 a /rip ( t9 c1 & a /uff+ box d2 ! end a ( ! wire is cov]$ ) fulm9ate1 & s arrang$ t ! friction caus$ by its passage ?r\gh ! /rip ( t9 c w ignite x2 a numb] ( wires lead f b to pieces ( driftwood on ! surface e1 e1 e1 & ! case is support$ at ! prop] dep? by a l9e atta*$ to a section ( log4 ,t[+ ,torp$oes4--,by t[+ torp$oes are meant ^? subm>9e ma*9es :i* are s %ap$ & arrang$1 t :5 t[$ f a %ip or boat 9 motion !y w div]ge to a consid]able ext5t1 ?us enabl+ ! t[+ vessel to pass cle> ( ! %ip attack$1 & yet ne> en\gh to all[ ( ! torp$o be+ br\ght 9 contact ) "s "p or o!r ( h] hull4 ,t[+ torp$oes 7 = ! fir/ "t employ$ on actual s]vice dur+ ! late ,russo-,turki% w>1 :5 a modifi$ =m ( ! well-kn[n ,h>vey torp$o1 design$ by a ,g]man (fic]1 0 us$ by ! ,russians1 b 9 no case 0 x successful4 ,9 ?is class ( subm>9e (f5sive ma*9es may be plac$ ! foll[+3-- #a4--;,h>vey's t[+ torp$o4 #b4--,m5z+'s t[+ torp$o4 #c4--,! ,fr5* t[+ torp$o4 ,h>vey's ,torp$o4--,?is =m ( t[+ torp$o 0 inv5t$ conjo9tly by ,capta9 ,john ,h>vey & ,comm&] ,fr$]ick ,h>vey1 ,r4,n41 & is int5d$ to be us$ at sea bo? z a means ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,at ,fig4 #ajd is %[n 9 elevation ! small siz$ ,h>vey t[+ torp$o1 9 :i* all ! late/ improvem5ts t h be5 devis$ are repres5t$4 a is ! case ( ! torp$o1 =m$ ( ,muntz's metal1 b n provid$1 z ! orig9al ones 71 ) an ext]ior case ( wood2 by ?is alt]ation great] capacity comb9$ ) extreme lightness is obta9$1 :i* und\bt$ly mu* enhances ! value ( ! small size torp$o :i* is int5d$ to be c>ri$ by & manoeuvr$ f boats2 b is ! pr9cipal or aft] lev]1 h+$ on ! top ( torp$o at c1 & re/s1 :5 ready = action1 9 a crut* =m$ 9 ! top ( ! explod+ bolt d2 e is ! =emo/ lev]1 h+$ at f1 & kept 9 position on ! aft] lev] b by a groove =m$ 9 x & a la%+ :i* passes ?r\gh a slot 9 ! pr9cipal lev]1 z at g2 h is ! side lev]1 pivot$ at i1 & ex]t+ a pressure on ! fir+ bolt d by means ( a lany>d :i* is pass$ ?r\gh ! bolt k & ov] ! pr9cipal lev] b2 l is ! top lev]1 pivot$ at m1 & ex]t+ a pressure on ! bolt d by means ( a lany>d :i* is pass$ ?r\gh ! bolt n & ov] ! pr9cipal lev] b2 ?is top lev] l has be5 add$ to ensure ! action ( ! torp$o1 on its /rik+ sideways aga9/ a vessel2 o & t are h&les1 to ! =m] ( :i* ! la%+s ( ! lev]s h & l are secur$2 p is ! r+ us$ = atta*+ ! buoy rope2 r1 r are two load+ holes1 made 9 ! side ( ! torp$o case1 by :i* a *>ge ( gun-cotton may be quickly & effici5tly /[$2 ?is also is a new feature 9 ! small size torp$o2 s is ! rudd] =m$ = ! purpose ( controll+ ! direction ( ! torp$o :5 ! t[ l9e is sudd5ly slack$4 ,9 reg>d to ! l>ge size torp$o1 ! con/ruction ( ! case rema9s z 9 ! orig9al ones1 ! improvem5ts be+1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! load+ & fuze holes1 & ! addition ( ! top lev] l1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ajd4 ,! small size torp$o is capable ( hold+ #dg lbs4 ( wat]1 :il/ ! l>ge size "o w conta9 #gf lbs4 ( wat]1 or ab\t #cc lbs4 & #eh lbs4 ( gun-cotton respectively4 ,! sl+s are made ( be/ ,italian hemp1 & consi/ ( a span ( f\r legs1 :i* are secur$ to lugs at ! corn]s ( ! torp$o & connect$ to an iron ?imble1 :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #aje2 ?is ?imble is made suitable = ei!r wire or hemp rope1 & is s arrang$ t %\ld ! seiz+ become slack1 ! p>ts ( ! sl+s _c become deta*$ f ! ?imble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>vey',s ,,t[+ ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxx ,! legs ( ! sl+s %\ld be s fitt$ t :5 /ret*$ alongside ! torp$o !y ext5d #a foot beyond ! /em = ! l>ge torp$o & #h in*es = ! small "o2 ! f\r legs %\ld be s fitt$ t :5 an equal /ra9 is br\ght on !m1 ! ?imble %\ld be on a level ) ! upp] lugs1 & ! upp] =e span =m an angle ( #hj to #he ) ! side ( ! torp$o2 ?is is %[n at ,fig4 #ajf4 ,?is arrangem5t gives ! be/ div]g5ce ) ! lea/ /ra9 on ! t[ rope1 & is suitable :5 ! torp$o is kept at %ort scope1 z well z :5 a long l5g? ( t[ l9e is out4 ,! mode ( atta*+ ! =emo/ & side lev]s is %[n at ,fig4 #ajg4 ,be=e reev+ ! lany>ds !y %\ld be well greas$ 9 ! wake ( ! fair leads1 b n :]e !y are made fa/4 ,! lany>ds %\ld be made up l a reef po9t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! %ort arm ( ! side lev] h is br\ght close into ! fair lead1 & its lany>d %\ld be set up suffici5tly taut to give a slight spr+ 9 ! pr9cipal lev] b by ! /ra9 ?us br\ght on x4 ,?is lev] b has a /eel fi% on ! top1 9 ord] to prev5t x tak+ a p]man5t b5d4 ,if ! side lev] lany>d is prop]ly set up1 ! bolt w spr+ d[n ab\t #a_/h? ( an in* :5 ! safety key is )drawn1 ow+ to ! spr+ 9 ! lev]1 & ! %r9k+ ( ! lany>d2 ?is br+s ! muzzle #a_/h? ( an in* ne>] ! p9 )\t di/urb+ ! side lev]4 ,! bolt is s arrang$ t ! torp$o c be fir$ by ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- #a4--,me*anically4 #b4--;,electrically at w4 #c4--;,electrically on contact or at w4 ,me*anically4--,9 ?is case ! bottom ( ! inn] cyl9d]1 z at a1 ,fig4 #ajh1 is fitt$ ) ! ord9>y me*anical *emical fuze1 ignition be+ effect$ by ! break+ ( ! glass vessel conta9+ ! sulphuric acid on be+ =c$ into contact ) ! ne$le n1 by ! action ( ! lev]s on ! torp$o /rik+ a vessel4 ,electrically at ,w4--,= ?is purpose a plat9um wire fuze is us$1 "o t]m9al be+ connect$ to e>? ?r\gh ! bolt1 ! o!r to a wire lead+ up ?r\gh ! core ( ! bolt1 & connect$ by means ( an ebonite jo9t ) a s+le cor$ electrical cable lead+ f ! torp$o vessel4 ,electrically on ,contact1 or at ,w4--,9 ?is case1 a resi/ance coil is ins]t$ 9 addition to ! fuze1 & is s arrang$ t on ! bolt be+ =c$ d[n a %ort circuit is =m$1 cutt+ out ! resi/ance coil 7ab\t #bj ohms71 & ?us enabl+ ! batt]y to fire ! fuze1 :i*1 ow+ to ! #bj ohms resi/ance 9 ! circuit1 x 0 previ\sly unable to effect4 ,%\ld ! bolt s arrang$ be requir$ to be fir$ at w1 x is only necess>y to put a m p[]ful batt]y 9 circuit1 & s fire ! fuze ?r\gh ! #bj ohms resi/ance4 ,explod+ ,bolt4--,! explod+ bolt is fitt$ to act ) a pressure ( f #cj to #dj lbs4 on its head = ! l>ge size torp$o1 & f #ae to #bj lbs4 = ! small size "o4 ,! bolts are all ! same size1 & diff] only 9 ! direction ( ! slot = ! safety key k1 be+ port or />bo>d bolts accord+ly4 ,! muzzle ( ! explod+ bolt /&s #a in* (f ! p9 :5 9 ! safety position1 t is1 :5 ! safety key re/s on ! brass "w ( ! prim+ case4 ,! safety key is secur$ 9 ! slot ( ! explod+ bolt1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ajh1 by eight or n9e p>ts ( /rong :itey-br[n ?read secur$ to ! key1 pass$ r\nd ! bolt1 & securely knott$2 ! p>ts ( ! ?read %\ld come away ) ! key1 9 ord] t none ( ! p>ts may be work$ d[n ! tube by ! explod+ bolt4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! l>ge torp$o be+ cut away 9 deep wat] aft] ! )drawal ( ! safety key1 x w explode by pressure on ! head ( ! bolt at ab\t sixty fa?oms dep?2 ! small "o at ab\t ?irty fa?oms4 ,buoys4--,! buoys are ( two sizes1 & are made ( solid cork 7su* cork only be+ us$ z w ensure great float+ p[] aft] be+ imm]s$ = a "t72 ea* buoy is built ^u a galvanis$ iron tube runn+ longitud9ally ?r\gh2 on ! ends ( ! tube are screw$ wood5 cones1 :i* b9d all toge!r1 & r5d] ! buoy inde/ructible4 ,two buoys are us$ = ea* torp$o1 ! l>g] buoys = ! l>ge size torp$o1 & ! small] buoys = ! small size torp$o4 ,! buoy rope is ( hemp1 ab\t five or six fa?oms 9 l5g? & two in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 an eye be+ splic$ 9 ! end ne>e/ ! torp$o2 to ?is eye is b5t ! t[ rope1 ) a s+le or d\ble %eet b5d =m+ ! knot by :i* ! torp$o is t[$2 ! o!r end ( ! buoy rope is pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! r+s 9 ! /]n end ( ! torp$o 7accord+ to :e!r work+ 9 deep or %all[ wat]71 !n ?r\gh ! tube ( ! fir/ buoy1 & an ov]h& knot made 9 ! re>2 !n ?r\gh ! next buoy1 & a knot 9 ! re> ( t4 ,rec5tly1 ,capta9 ,h>vey has adopt$ a l>ge & a small buoy = ea* torp$o1 ! l>ge "o be+ practically suffici5t1 ! small] "o be+ add$ 9 ! ev5t ( ! o!r "o becom+ sodd54 ,brakes4--,! brakes are us$ = ! purpose ( controll+ ! t[ ropes2 !y c be fix$ by screws into ! deck at ! mo/ conv5i5t place = comm&1 & 9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ torp$o vessel w\ld be plac$ bel[ ! wat] l9e1 to prev5t exposure ( ! m5 work+ !m4 ,!y are s arrang$ z to admit ( ! t[ rope be+ quickly ve]$1 & at ! same "t are suffici5tly p[]ful to br+ ! torp$o to ! surface :5 requir$4 ,success greatly dep5ds on ! skilful h&l+ ( ^! brakes1 = 9 conjunction ) ! cork buoys !y give ! op]ator comm& ( ! dep? at :i* ! enemy is to be /ruck4 ,unless a v high rate ( spe$ is requir$1 "o h&spike w control ! t[ rope2 ! o!r /rap c be ?r[n (f ! drum1 & ! h&spike all[$ to lie on ! deck ready to be ?r[n into ge>1 if necess>y4 ,! surface ( ! drum 9 contact ) ! /rap %\ld be p[d]$ ) ros9 to increase ! friction4 ,! t[ rope %\ld be s reel$ up t 9 ve]+ ! reel may revolve t[>ds ! m5 at ! h&spike4 ,! sp9dle w conta9 sev]al t[ ropes1 t1 9 ! ev5t ( "o torp$o be+ cut away1 ano!r c be imm$iately b5t4 ,! brake = small torp$o requires only "o drum & h&spike4 ,x c be fitt$ to a /eam laun* by plac+ an extra ?w>t across ne> "o ( ! o!rs4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! rid+ turns lie fairly ov] ea* o!r1 to prev5t a jamb :5 ve]+4 ,! brakes1 bo? l>ge & small1 are s made z to ensure durability1 !y be+ consid]$ a "p ( ! %ip's furniture4 ,brake = safety key l9e is a small reel on ! same pr9ciple4 ,:5 go+ a sl[ spe$1 x may n be necess>y1 z ! safety key l9e c be att5d$ by h&2 b :5 go+ t5 or elev5 knots1 x w be f\nd ( consid]able advantage1 bo? 9 keep+ ! bight ( ! safety key l9e f dragg+ a/]n1 !reby less5+ ! div]g5ce ( ! torp$o1 & also 9 draw+ ! safety key :5 a /rong /op is us$4 ,arrangem5ts = ,laun*+ & ,t[+ ! ,torp$oes4--,a y>d across ei!r ! ma9 or miz5 ma/ ( a torp$o vessel1 f #bj to #be feet above ! wat] l9e1 is a v conv5i5t me?od = laun*+ & t[+4 ,! lead+ block on ! y>d1 ?r\gh :i* ! t[ rope is rove1 may be fitt$ to a travell] on ! y>d ) an inhaul & ou?aul1 t ! di/ance out f ! %ip's side may be regulat$ z conv5i5t4 ,9 a l>ge vessel1 ! lead+ block = t[ rope c be fix$ to ! end ( ! qu>t]-boat's davits4 ,! brakes = comm&+ ! t[ rope %\ld be screw$ firmly to ! deck4 ,9 a vessel prop]ly con/ruct$ = ! s]vice1 !y w\ld be on ! l[] deck1 ! t[ rope hav+ be5 l$ along ! y>d1 & d[n ea* side ( ! ma/4 ,a lead+ block = ! t[ rope is plac$ on ! deck by span or bolt a few feet 9 front ( ! brake4 ,! safety key reel1 if us$1 mu/ be fix$ 9 a conv5i5t position on deck1 t ! man att5d+ x c see h[ to control x2 9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ vessel he w\ld be 9 ! pilot h\se4 ,! safety key l9e leads ?r\gh a small lead+ block on ! ensign /aff or "s conv5i5t po9t abaft ! lead ( ! t[ rope1 #ae to #bj feet above ! wat]4 ,! lead+ block on ! y>d may be fitt$ ) a liz>d1 if ?\ght necess>y4 ,a %>p in/rum5t %\ld be kept by ! brakes ready to sev] ! t[ rope4 ,9 l>ge m5 ( w>1 arrangem5ts are made = c>ry+ a load$ torp$o & two buoys 9 a conv5i5t position on ea* side ( ! vessel1 9 su* a mann] t ! t[ l9e c be b5t1 ! explod+ bolt screw$ 91 ! lev]s adju/$1 & ! torp$oes & buoys dropp$ simultane\sly :5 requir$4 ,prep>+ ! ,torp$oes = ,use4--,! torp$oes1 port & />bo>d1 load$ & balla/$1 hav+ be5 hoi/$ out ( ! torp$o room1 are plac$ on ! deck on _! own sides1 ) _! heads =w>d "u ! lead+ block1 & ! buoys plac$ abaft !m & /rung toge!r2 ! explod+ bolts are n[ ent]$ into ! torp$oes1 & =c$ d[n until _! safety keys re/ on ! brass "w1 tak+ c>e t ea* safety key po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! eye ?r\gh :i* its lany>d has to pass2 ! lev]s are n[ secur$ by _! lany>ds1 z expla9$ at pages #abj & #aba4 ,! eye at ! end ( ! buoy rope is n[ rove ?r\gh ! l>ge or small r+ 9 ! /]n end ( ! torp$o4 ,! t[ rope hav+ be5 previ\sly rove ?r\gh ! lead+ block on ! deck & on ! y>d1 is rove ?r\gh ! ?imble ( ! sl+s f =w>d aft1 & b5t1 ) a s+le or d\ble %eet b5d1 to ! eye ( ! buoy rope4 ,! safety key l9e hav+ be5 previ\sly rove ?r\gh ! lead+ block on ! ensign /aff1 & ! lany>d on ! safety key hav+ be5 l$ ?r\gh ! eye ( ! h&le1 mak+ a fair lead ) ! slit 9 ! bolt1 are b5t toge!r ) a d\ble %eet b5d1 & /opp$ to ! eye ( ! h&le by a split y>n ( suitable /r5g?1 ! y>n hav+ be5 fir/ secur$ to ! l9e by a r\nd turn outside ! b5d4 ,! l9e %\ld also be /opp$ ) ano!r split y>n r\nd all p>ts ( ! sl+s close up to ! ?imble1 hav+ fir/ made an ov]h& knot 9 ! l9e at a di/ance a few in*es long] ?an t betwe5 ! eye bolt & ! ?imble4 ,! crew hav+ be5 /ation$ at _! respective po/s1 ! h&les hav+ be5 %ipp$ on ! t[ reel1 ! t[ l9e is !n reel$ up until ! torp$o w laun* cle>1 & sw+ out "u ! lead+ block on ! y>d4 ,hold ! torp$o by ! h&spikes1 & take (f ! h&les ( ! brake4 ,9 sw++ out1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t 9 />t+ f ! deck ! =e sl+s d n f\l ! =e top lev]4 ,! /]n ( ! torp$o c be /eadi$ by keep+ a slight /ra9 on ! buoy rope4 ,! safety key l9e mu/ be kept cle>1 & n *eck$1 or x might break ! /op & draw out ! key be=e int5d$4 ,! buoys mu/ be plac$ 9 a prop] position & h&s /ation$ by !m to laun* !m ov]bo>d ! in/ant ! torp$o takes ! wat]4 ,x w\ld be bett] to /op ! screw1 if circum/ances w\ld all[ ( x1 :5 l[]+ ! torp$o & buoys into ! wat]1 to prev5t ! *ance ( ! buoys f\l+ ! screw4 ,! torp$o1 on rea*+ ! wat]1 w imm$iately div]ge cle> ( ! %ip2 ! buoys be+ laun*$1 z ! /ra9 comes on ! buoy rope1 !y w be t[$ cle> away f ! screw1 & full spe$ may be put on at once4 ,! m5 at ! h&spikes mu/ ve] /eadily1 occasionally *eck+ ! torp$o1 t x may be kept ne> ! surface1 & n all[$ to dive1 :i* x w d if ! t[ rope is slack$ up altoge!r1 & !n a sudd5 /ra9 br\ght on x4 ,ev5tually x w come to ! surface1 :5 ! b[ is po9t$ up by ! /ra9 on ! t[ rope2 great] ! spe$ ! m quickly w x be br\ght to ! surface4 ,9 %all[ wat] ?is %\ld be p>ticul>ly att5d$ to1 z 9 div+ x might /rike ! bottom & injure ! lev]s1 &1 if ! safety key has be5 )drawn1 explode2 moreov]1 x br+s an undue /ra9 on ! t[ rope4 ,! torp$o c n[ be gradually ve]$ out to ! di/ance requir$1 ! safety key l9e s att5d$ t a suffici5t /ra9 is kept on x z n to all[ ( a long bight ( l9e dragg+ a/]n ( ! torp$o2 at ! same "t hav+ due reg>d to ! /r5g? ( ! y>n by :i* ! l9e is /opp$ to ! h&le ( ! torp$o4 ,! di/ance ve]$ mu/ dep5d ^u ! nature ( attack4 ,! t[ l9e %\ld be m>k$ ) knots e #aj fa?oms3 "u "s circum/ances ! torp$o w\ld be close to ! %ip until pass+ ! enemy2 at o!r times ve]$ to #dj fa?oms x w be f\nd mo/ suitable4 ,! full div]g5ce ( #de is obta9$ up to #ej fa?oms2 beyond t ! bight ( ! t[ rope 9 ! wat] drags ! torp$o a/]n1 unless ! t[ rope is tric$ mu* high] up1 :i* has its disadvantage2 #dj to #ej fa?oms ( t[ rope gives ! be/ comm& ( ! torp$o1 ve]+ #b or #c fa?oms ( t[ l9e sudd5ly w always s9k ! torp$o "s feet bel[ ! surface4 ,%\ld x become necess>y to use ! torp$oes ) a /]n bo>d1 !y c be s us$1 b 9 ?is case ! port torp$o is us$ on ! />bo>d1 b[ & />bo>d on ! port2 all o!r arrangem5ts be+ exactly ! same4 ,9 r\gh wea!r1 advantage %\ld be tak5 ( ! roll1 & ! torp$o all[$ to sw+ out f ! y>d1 & be let g by ! run1 *eck+ ! t[ rope imm$iately ! torp$o is 9 ! wat]4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to ease ! vessel :5 laun*+2 ! torp$o c be laun*$ at full spe$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( its be+ f\nd necess>y to cut adrift ! torp$o1 9 consequ5ce ( com+ sudd5ly across a fri5dly vessel1 ! t[ rope %\ld be cut ne> ! brake1 & if ! buoy rope has be5 rove ?r\gh ! l>ge /]n r+1 ! torp$o w s9k & be lo/1 ! buoy only rema9+4 ,if ! buoy rope has be5 rove ?r\gh ! small /]n r+1 ! torp$o w be susp5d$ by ! buoy rope2 & %\ld ! safety key n h be5 )drawn1 c be recov]$ ) safety4 ,9 ! ev5t ( wi%+ to recov] x :5 ! buoy rope has be5 rove ?r\gh ! l>ge r+1 a toggle mu/ be la%$ on ! t[ rope abaft ! lead+ block on ! y>d1 :5 x c be recov]$ by ! buoy rope2 z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd be/ to exp5d ! torp$o1 & n attempt its recov]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>vey',s ,,t[+ ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,illu/ration3 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,attack ,,) ,,h>vey',s ,,t[+ ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,recov]+ ! ,torp$o4--,%\ld ! safety key h be5 )drawn1 great caution is necess>y4 ,tongs1 %[n at ,fig4 #aji1 = go+ r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! bolt1 to take ! place ( ! safety key1 :5 once clasp$ & secur$ r\nd ! bolt1 r5d] ! torp$o safe to h&le2 ?is c\ld only be done f a boat4 ,) ! safety key 91 !re is no dang] 9 hoi/+ x inbo>d aga9 by its own t[ rope1 & hoi/+ up ! buoys at ! same "t ) a grapnel4 ,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,us+ ! ,torp$o4--,!re are two me?ods ( employ+ ! torp$o1 ei!r ( :i* may be adopt$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 #a4--,:5 x is t[$ ) a l5g? ( l9e v>y+ f #be to #fj fa?oms1 & dipp$ :5 9 position to /rike ! attack$ vessel4 #b4--,:5 x is kept susp5d$ f ! y>d1 c41 & dropp$ at ! spot1 :]e accord+ to ! fir/ me?od x w\ld h be5 dipp$4 ,9 ! fir/ me?od1 x is n necess>y to )draw ! safety key till j be=e dipp+2 9 ! second me?od ! safety key l9e is belay$ at ab\t tw5ty fa?oms1 & ! key )drawn :5 ! l9e is taut5$ by ! %ip go+ ahead4 ,tactics4--,description ( ! v>i\s attacks t may be made ) ! ,h>vey torp$o aga9/ a %ip at an*or or "u way4 ,9 ! foll[+ diagrams ,t is ! torp$o vessel1 ,s ! %ip attack$4 ,illu/ration 444444 ,! track4 ------ ,! t[ rope4 ,o-o-o ,! torp$o4 ,attack+ a ,vessel moor$ ,head & ,/]n4--,9 ?is case ! torp$o vessel /e]s 9 = ! b[ or qu>t] ( ! vessel attack$1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & on ! side approa*$ laun*es ! torp$o betwe5 ! moor+s1 z at ,a2 leav+ ! t[ rope slack1 ! torp$o vessel proce$s ahead or a/]n aga9/ ! curr5t1 & :5 at a suffici5t di/ance (f1 ! t[ rope is held fa/1 :i* w cause ! torp$o to div]ge into contact ) ! vessel attack$1 z %[n by ,fig4 #aaj4 ,attack+ a ,vessel at ,an*or by ,cross+ h] ,b[4--,9 ?is case ! torp$o is suffici5tly div]g$ :5 ne> to ! vessel ) a good scope ( t[ rope out4 ,aft] hav+ cross$ h] b[1 proce$+ onw>ds1 ! t[ rope w be br\ght obliquely across h] cable1 & ! torp$o w sw+ into h]1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aaa4 ,x may be "h rem>k$1 t 9 all cases ! dep? ( ! explosion c be obta9$ by ! sudd5 slack+ ( ! t[ rope2 & ! t[ rope once "u ! keel1 causes ! torp$o to be haul$ d[n ne> to x be=e explod+4 ,attack+ a ,vessel at ,an*or by com+ up f ,a/]n on ei!r ,side4--,9 ?is case ! torp$o is laun*$ :5 on ! qu>t] ( ! vessel attack$1 z at ,a1 ! t[ rope left slack4 ,aft] /eam+ ahead "s di/ance1 hold fa/ ! t[ rope1 :51 by cont9u+ to /eam on1 ! torp$o w div]ge into contact ) ! bottom ( ! vessel attack$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aab4 ,:5 skilfully p]=m$1 ! total de/ruction ( ! enemy is c]ta91 s9ce ! torp$o is spr++ f a dep? to ! surface1 & w1 9 consequ5ce1 /rike ne> h] keel4 ,! torp$o vessel c pass at h] greate/ spe$1 &1 if ?\ght necess>y1 ne> en\gh to cle> away any ( ! ord9>y ob/ructions1 su* z booms1 nets1 c4 ,pass+ ,d[n betwe5 ,two ,l9es ( ,vessels at ,an*or4--,9 ?is case x w\ld be impossible to fire at ! torp$o vessel1 = fe> ( injury to _! fri5ds4 ,two or m torp$o vessels foll[+ ea* o!r ) preconc]t$ signals w\ld cause great de/ruction4 ,see ,fig4 #aac4 ,attack+ a ,vessel 9 ,motion f ,"r ,ahead4--,9 ?is case two torp$oes are laun*$1 port & />bo>d1 ea* div]g+ to its full ext5t2 :5 pass+ ! vessel attack$1 "o or ! o!r ( ! t[ ropes is br\ght across ! cut-wat]1 & by ! simultane\s motion ( ! two vessels 9 opposite directions1 ! torp$o is br\ght alongside ( or "u ! bottom ( ! vessel attack$1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aad4 ,! torp$o vessel %\ld keep ! ma/s ( h] enemy 9 "o until close to1 :5 ei!r torp$o w be us$1 accord+ to ! movem5t ( ! enemy4 ,at ! "t ( ! t[ rope tak+ ! cut-wat]1 ! brake is sudd5ly eas$ up2 ! t[ rope w !n pass "u ! bottom1 :5 by *eck+ ! t[ rope ! torp$o w be haul$ "u ! bottom4 ,to execute ?is attack1 judgm5t1 skill1 & n]ve ( ! highe/ ord] w be requir$1 z ! risk ( be+ run d[n w be imm95t4 ,! ,attack f ,a/]n4--,9 ?is case two torp$oes are laun*$1 & div]g$ z 9 ! previ\s case2 x is assum$ 9 ?is in/ance t ! torp$o vessel c outspe$ ! vessel attack$1 :i* w enable h] to br+ a torp$o "u ! run ( ! attack$ vessel1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,attack ,,) ,,h>vey',s ,,t[+ ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,illu/ration3 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,attack ,,) ,,h>vey',s ,,t[+ ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,if ,*as$ by a ,ho/ile ,vessel1 & unable to ,face h]4--,9 ?is case ve] a torp$o a/]n1 hav+ fir/ obta9$ a position a little on ! b[ ( ! *as+ vessel4 ,:5 x is kn[n by ! l5g? ( ! t[ rope out t ! torp$o is ab\t abrea/ ( h] b[1 hold fa/ ! t[ rope1 :i* w cause ! torp$o to div]ge1 & be br\ght into contact1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aaf4 ,z a la/ resort drop spann$ torp$oes4 ,torp$oes c be us$ ) a /]n bo>d1 if necess>y4 ,! port torp$o1 9 ?is case1 w be laun*$ on ! />bo>d side1 & ! />bo>d on ! port side4 ,x %\ld be "h rem>k$ t1 al?\gh great spe$ is ess5tial 9 ! torp$o vessel to come up ) ! enemy & *oose an advantage\s position1 x is n advisable to t[ ! torp$oes1 if x c be avoid$1 at a great] spe$ ?an #aa knots2 because ! /ra9 br\ght ^u ! t[+ ge> is excessive1 & ! torp$o w\ld require a l>ge addition ( balla/ to keep x suffici5tly imm]s$ to atta9 ! full div]g5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o /yle ( attack 9 :i* ! highe/ spe$ c be ma9ta9$1 viz4 by dropp+ ! torp$o alongside 9 pass+4 ,?is mode ( attack is "o ( ! be/1 p>ticul>ly "u cov] ( d>kness1 aga9/ a %ip at an*or4 ,! position ( ! torp$o is kn[n1 & ! t[ l9e is nev] 9 contact ) ! enemy dur+ ! op]ation2 a skill$ h& at ! brakes is all t is requir$1 ! vessel keep+ a /raight c\rse at ! highe/ spe$1 pass+ z close z possible to ! enemy1 9 ord] to cle> away all ob/ructions4 ,! t[ rope mu/ n be *eck$ by ! brake too sudd5ly4 ,def5sive ,purposes4--,! ,h>vey torp$o may be us$ z a means ( def5ce by l>ge %ips aga9/ a torp$o vessel attack+ ) t species ( subm>9e weapon1 z ! latt] w\ld be =c$ to pass outside ! =m] vessel's torp$o1 & ?us decrease ! *ance ( a successful dip4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( an attack by ! ram1 ^! torp$oes af=d "s protection1 z a det]r5t4 ,night "t4--,?\gh a d>k night & tempe/u\s are fav\rable to a surprise1 yet 9 ! case ( a ,h>vey torp$o attack x is ess5tial t ! weapon %\ld be se5 to dip x at ! prop] "t1 !re=e daylight is necess>y to ?is species ( torp$o attack4 ,value ( ! ,h>vey ,torp$o4--,! ,h>vey torp$o is und\bt$ly ( consid]able value :5 ably h&l$1 yet ! skill & judgm5t requir$ is v great1 & c only be acquir$ by con/ant practice4 ,description ( ! ,m5z+ ,t[+ ,torp$o4--,?is modifi$ =m ( ! ,h>vey t[+ torp$o 0 design$ by ,capta9 ,m5z+1 ( ! ,g]man navy1 to rem$y :at is consid]$ by ! ,g]mans z ! *ief defect ( t weapon1 viz4 its liability to injure fri5dly vessels1 & also to d away ) ! necessity ( us+ two torp$oes1 "o = ea* side ( a %ip4 ,at ,fig4 #aag is %[n a plan & elevation ( ?is t[+ torp$o4 a is ! body ( ! torp$o1 some:at simil> to ! ,h>vey1 b n>r[] at ! /]n1 & bevell$ on bo? sides t[>ds ! b[2 b is an iron frame plac$ 9 ! b[1 capable ( be+ turn$ ei!r to ! "r or left2 c is ! hole = ! introduction ( ! fuze1 & d is ! load+ hole2 e is a rudd] plac$ at ! /]n ( ! torp$o2 f1 f are lev]s1 by pressure aga9/ :i* ! torp$o may be fir$ me*anically1 or electrically at w2 ^! lev]s are connect$ to a block ( wood fitt$ ) /ops to prev5t !m be+ pu%$ too f> ov]2 s & p are two t[+ ropes1 "o on ea* side ( ! torp$o1 :i* pass f its /]n ?r\gh ! po9t ( ! frame b1 & !nce to ! vessel1 ^! are also connect$ to ! rudd] e 9 su* a mann] t on ei!r ( ! ropes s & p be+ taut5$ ! rudd] e is turn$ 9 ! opposite direction2 w is an electric cable1 /rong en\gh to be> ! :ole pressure ( ! torp$o :5 be+ t[$ "r aft4 ,to div]ge ! torp$o on ! />bo>d qu>t] ( ! %ip1 ! l9e s mu/ be slack5$1 & ! :ole t[+ /ra9 br\ght on ! rope p1 caus+ ! frame b to be pull$ ov] to a knot k 9 ! rope p1 made at ! prop] position to ensure ! torp$o t[+ at ! correct angle f ! c\rse ( ! vessel1 & at ! same "t caus+ ! rudd] e to be turn$ to />bo>d2 ?is is %[n at ,fig4 #aag by ! dott$ l9es4 ,to div]ge ! torp$o on ! port qu>t]1 ! t[+ rope p w\ld be slack5$ & ! :ole /ra9 br\ght on ! rope s1 & an action opposite to t already describ$ w\ld be ! result4 ,two cork buoys are us$1 simil> to ^? employ$ ) ! ,h>vey torp$o2 "o be+ atta*$ at a di/ance ( #aj feet f ! /]n ( ! torp$o1 & ! o!r at su* a di/ance a/]n t ! torp$o w\ld be plac$ at a di/ance bel[ ! surface to all[ ( safety to a fri5dly vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,& ,,fr5* ,,t[+ ,,torp$oes4 ,,plate ,,xxxv ,! torp$o is manipulat$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! ,h>vey1 ! circuit be+ clos$ at ! mom5t ( ! fir/ buoy disappe>+1 at :i* "t ! torp$o w\ld be ab\t t5 feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! two buoys are toge!r capable ( support+ ! torp$o1 & ?us by means ( ! second "o x may be pick$ up1 %\ld x be necess>y to cut ! t[+ ropes4 ,description ( ! ,fr5* ,t[+ ,torp$o4--,! t[+ torp$o us$ by ! ,fr5* is repres5t$ 9 section & plan at ,fig4 #aah4 a is ! body ( ! torp$o1 =m$ ( wood enclos$ 9 a ?9 /eel case2 b is ! head made ( cork2 c is ! case conta9+ ! *>ge1 :i* is g5]ally #cc lbs4 ( dynamite1 ?is case is support$ by ! bolt d re/+ on ! plate e2 f1 f are :isk]s1 :i* are connect$ to ! plate e2 g & h are holl[ tubes1 "o end ( g be+ atta*$ to ! case e1 & "o end ( h to ! re> end ( ! body ( ! torp$o a1 & !y are s arrang$ t :5 ! case c is releas$1 its weight w draw out ! tube g1 :i* slides along ! tube h to ne>ly ! full ext5t ( ! latt]2 k1 k are bolts1 to :i* ! t[+ sl+ is atta*$2 l is ! fuze1 & n is a small gun us$ = fir+ ! torp$o at w4 ,! hole 9 ! plate e ?r\gh :i* ! bolt d passes is l>g] ?an ! latt]1 s t :5 ! plate is mov$ backw>ds by pressure be+ appli$ to ! :isk]s ! bolt is fre$ f support1 & case c atta*$ to x falls4 ,! modes ( fir+ are z foll[s3-- #a4--,! automatic plan ( fir+ is effect$ by ! tube h1 aft] x has fall5 a c]ta9 di/ance1 correspond+ to a dep? ( #i feet = ! case c1 draw+ d[n by means ( a l9e atta*$ to x a plug conta9$ 9 ! body a1 :i* completes ! circuit ( ! fir+ batt]y4 #b4--,! plan ( releas+ ! *>ge at w is effect$ by means ( ! small gun n1 :i* is fir$ by electricity1 & by its fir+ =ces back ! plate e1 ?us releas+ ! *>ge1 :i* is !n explod$1 z previ\sly expla9$4 ,locomotive ,torp$oes4--,by ,locomotive torp$oes are meant ^? t possess )9 !mselves ! p[] to move ?r\gh ! wat]1 :5 once />t$ 9 a giv5 direction4 ,( ?is species ( subm>9e weapons1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ effici5t & are ! ones mo/ g5]ally us$3-- #a4--,! ,:itehead fi% torp$o4 #b4--,! ,lay torp$o4 ,inv5tion & ,adoption ( ! ,fi% ,torp$o4--,! idea develop$ by ! fi% torp$o is due to an ,au/rian m>9e artill]y (fic]1 :o is n[ dead4 ,9 #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,:itehead1 !n sup]9t5d5t ( iron works at ,fiume1 act+ ^u ! sugge/ions ( a ,capta9 ,lupuis ( ! ,au/rian army1 comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! practical value ( ! above idea1 ! result be+ a fi% torp$o1 commonly call$ ,! ,:itehead1 :i* ?\gh f> inf]ior to ! fi% torp$o ( ! pres5t day1 0 !n consid]$ to be a fe>ful & wond]ful weapon4 ,! ,au/rians 7 ! fir/ to pur*ase ?is weapon1 & two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,:itehead came to ,engl&1 & prosecut$ num]\s exp]im5ts ) 8 fi% torp$o "u ! sup]vision ( sev]al ,engli% (fic]s1 & on ! #h? ( ,octob] ( ! same ye> he succe$$ 9 completely de/roy+ an old hulk moor$ at ! m\? ( ! ,m$way4 ,! fairly successful results ( ^! exp]im5ts induc$ ! ,engli% gov]nm5t to pur*ase ! secret & sev]al ( ,mr4 ,:itehead's fi% torp$oes1 "u ! foll[+ conditions3-- #a4--,! "r ( manufactur+ !m 9 ,engl&4 #b4--,to be kept fully in=m$ ( all improvem5ts1 z soon z made4 #c4--,! "r ( us+ all su* improvem5ts4 ,& ! total am\nt paid to ,mr4 ,k4 ,:itehead at t "t 0 ! sum ( sev5te5 ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds1 :i* did n include ! sum ( two ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds claim$ = ! exp5ses att5dant on ! ,m$way exp]im5ts4 ,s9ce !n a l>ge numb] ( ,:itehead's fi% torp$oes h be5 pur*as$ f "t to "t1 especially dur+ ! ,turco-,russian w>1 :5 "s two hundr$ 7 ord]$1 also great numb]s h be5 manufactur$ at ,woolwi*4 ,! ,engli% fi% torp$o1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 is a va/ly sup]ior weapon to ! ,:itehead fi% torp$o1 possess+ z x does increas$ spe$1 & !re=e f> great] accuracy4 ,besides ,au/ria & ,engl&1 ne>ly all ! ,european gov]nm5ts h pur*as$ ! ,:itehead secret & torp$oes1 b 9 ! case ( "s ( !m1 ! la/ two clauses ( ! ,engli% conditions ( pur*ase 7 omitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:itehead',s ,,fi% ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,! ,turki% is ! only gov]nm5t t has obta9$ ! ,:itehead secret & torp$oes )\t pay+ = x4 ,?is 0 manag$ z foll[s3-- ,on ! night ( ! #bj? ( ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 ! ,russians made an attack ) ,:itehead torp$oes on an ,ottoman squadron ly+ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,bat\m1 b ow+ to a want ( practical k ( ! manipulation ( su* weapons1 no vessels 7 sunk or damag$1 b two fi% torp$oes1 "o 9 p]fect condition1 7 f\nd ! next morn+ high & dry on ! bea* at t place4 ,! ,am]ican gov]nm5t h up to ! pres5t "t n sanction$ ! pur*ase ( ! co/ly ,:itehead torp$o1 pref]r+ _! own locomotive torp$o1 :i* w be fully describ$ fur!r on4 ,on a gov]nm5t pur*as+ ! fi% torp$o1 a c]ta9 numb] ( _! naval or milit>y (fic]s are s5t to ,fiume 9 ,au/ria1 :]e ,mr4 ,r4 ,:itehead's manufactories are situat$1 & :]e ! necess>y v exhau/ive exp]im5ts ) 8 torp$oes are c>ri$ out1 & are !re ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ! manipulation ( ^! ma*9es1 & are also suppli$ ) a d\ble set ( draw+s ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! torp$o4 ,^! (fic]s1 & all o!rs :om x may be necess>y to initiate into ! my/]ies ( ! ,:itehead secret1 are b\nd on _! hon\r n to divulge x4 ,employm5t ( ,fi% ,torp$oes 9 ,w>4--,! fi% torp$o has be5 employ$ on actual s]vice on ?ree kn[n occasions only1 9 two ( :i* x fail$ to fulfil its deadly mission4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,may1 #ahgg1 a ,:itehead fi% torp$o 0 fir$ by ,h4,m4,s4 ,%ah aga9/ ! ,p]uvian ironclad ,huasc>1 b fail$ to /rike h]1 ow+ to ! latt] vessel alt]+ h] c\rse at ! mom5t ( ! torp$o be+ dis*>g$4 ,! next in/ance ( ! employm5t ( ! ,:itehead torp$o 0 t "o m5tion$ at page #acb4 ,! la/ & only successful attempt yet made occurr$ on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 :5 ! ,russian /eam] ,con/ant9e fir$ a ,:itehead torp$o aga9/ a ,turki% gu>d vessel (f ! h>b\r ( ,bat\m1 & completely de/roy$ h]4 ,description ( ,torp$o4--,a g5]al view ( ! ,:itehead fi% torp$o is %[n at ,fig4 #aai4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 connect$ toge!r by screws4 #a4--,! *>ge *amb]4 #b4--,! adju/m5t *amb]1 9 :i* is plac$ :at is kn[n z ! secret4 #c4--,! air & eng9e *amb]4 ,v]tical & horizontal /eel f9s are fitt$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! torp$o 9 an upright position :il/ pass+ ?r\gh ! dis*>ge tube1 or frame2 ! =m] f9s run ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! weapon1 :ile ! latt] are consid]ably %ort]4 ,! motive p[] ( ! torp$o is compress$ air1 =c$ by means ( a p[]ful /eam air compress+ pump into a portion ( ! /eel *amb] 7#c7 at a t5sion ( upw>ds ( #ajjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 :i* is equival5t to ab\t sixty atmosph]es1 & :i* by means ( a set ( small ?ree cyl9d] ,bro!rhood eng9es1 conta9$ 9 ! /eel *amb] 7#c71 drives two screw propell]s4 ,^! eng9es are capable ( ex]t+ a =ce ( =ty indicat$ horses1 & yet only weigh ab\t ?irty-five p\nds1 f :i* x w be und]/ood t to atta9 ^! results ! workman%ip & mat]ials employ$ 9 _! manufacture are ( ! v highe/ ord] & f95ess4 ,! torp$o is made ( v>i\s sizes1 rang+ f #ad' long & #ad maximum diamet] to #ai' long & #af maximum diamet]4 ,capabilities ( ! ,fi% ,torp$o4--,! capabilities ( ! fi% torp$o are z foll[s3-- #a4--;,if adju/$ = a c]ta9 dep?1 f #e to #ae feet1 & project$ f above wat]1 or if />t$ f ! surface1 or if dis*>g$ f a subm]g$ tube1 x w rapidly atta9 t dep?1 & ma9ta9 x dur+ ! run4 #b4--;,if fir$ 9 /ill wat]1 x w make a /raight run 9 ! l9e ( projection1 provid$ t an all[ance has be5 made = ! deflection due to transv]se curr5ts4 #c4--;,x c be adju/$ to /op aft] hav+ run any di/ance up to its extreme range1 & aft] /opp+ to s9k1 float1 or explode4 #d4--;,its range & spe$ v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to ! patt]n ( ! torp$o4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,:itehead ,fi% ,torp$o4 ,woolwi* ,fi% ,torp$o4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ad' long1 #af #ad' long1 #af #ad' long1 #ad #ade' long1 #ad max4 diam4 max4 diam4 max4 diam4 max4 diam4 ,y>ds4 "o screw4 two screws4 two screws4 two screws4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #bjj 44 44 #bj knots4 #be-a_/d knots4 #bej #i-a_/b knots4 44 44 44 #cjj 44 #ab-a_/d knots4 #ai-a_/d knots4 #bd-a_/b knots4 #djj #h knots4 44 #ah knots4 #bc knots4 #fjj 44 #aa knots4 44 #bj knots4 #gej 44 #aj-a_/b knots4 44 44 #hjj #g knots4 44 #af-a_/b knots4 #ah knots4 #ajjj 44 #i knots4 44 #ae-a_/b knots4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pressure ( air 9 eng9es v>ies = di/ance & spe$ f #dj atmosph]es to #adj atmosph]es4 ,plac+ ! ,*>ge4--,! explosive is g5]ally plac$ 9 :at is t]m$ ! c>tridge case1 :i* case is simil> 9 %ape to ! int]ior ( ! *>ge *amb] 7#a71 & is fix$ !reto by means ( wood5 w$ges4 ,ignition4--,! me?od ( ignition is me*anical1 & is arrang$ z foll[s3--,ext5d+ f ! nose ( ! torp$o to ! c>tridge case is a tube t]m9at+ 9 a copp] case1 9 :i* is plac$ ! prim+ *>ge & detonat+ composition2 )9 ?is tube is a /eel rod "s #b feet long1 fitt$ ) a ne$le po9t at its inn] end1 & its out] end screw$ into a frame2 ?is frame is capable ( mov+ 9 & out1 & is connect$ ) a spiral spr+ :i* t5ds to =ce x1 & consequ5tly ! /eel rod1 or /rik]1 inw>ds4 ,by compress+ ?is spiral spr+1 ! inn] end ( ! frame is butt$ aga9/ a cat*1 by :i* x is prev5t$ f act+4 ,on ?is cat* be+ releas$1 no matt] by :at means1 ! spr+ is br\ght into action & =ces ! frame & /eel /rik] inw>ds1 ! ne$le po9t ( ! latt] com+ into contact ) ! detonator fires ! prim+ *>ge1 & s explodes ! torp$o4 ,! =emo/ extremity ( ! torp$o1 :i* is t]m$ ! nose piece1 is s fitt$ t x is capable ( be+ =c$ inw>ds1 b 9 a position ( re/ its inn] edge is j cle> ( ! cat*4 ,on a pressure be+ br\ght on ! nose piece 9 a direct l9e ) ! l5g? ( ! torp$o1 x w be =c$ inw>ds1 ! result be+ ! releas+ ( ! cat* & explosion ( ! torp$o4 ,9 addition to ! nose piece1 horizontal & v]tical lev]s1 or :isk]s1 may also be us$1 a slight pressure on ei!r ( :i* w simil>ly effect ! explosion ( ! torp$o2 also cutt]s = p5etrat+ nets1 c41 are fitt$ to ! nose piece :5 desir$4 ,safety ,w$ge & ,key4--,= safety purposes a w$ge is employ$1 :i* :5 9 ! safety position prev5ts ! cat* f act+2 ?is w$ge is s arrang$ t x may be )drawn by ! action ( ! ma*9]y aft] ! torp$o has run a c]ta9 di/ance1 & also may be replac$ by simil> means 9 ! safety position on ! completion ( ! run4 ,z an additional precaution a safety key is us$1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! head ( ! torp$o ?r\gh ! spr+ ( ! frame4 ,description ( ,adju/m5t ,app>atus4--,= adju/+ ! l5g? ( range = )draw+ & replac+ ! safety w$ge1 c41 ! foll[+ app>atus is employ$4 ,two cog :eels1 a l>ge & a small "o1 are fix$ on ! upp] "p ( ! aft] end ( ! torp$o1 j 9 front ( ! screw propell]s3 ! small :eel is fitt$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( tee?1 ?irty = in/ance1 :i* ge>s into an endless screw atta*$ to ! propell] 9 su* a mann] t "o revolution ( ! propell] moves ! :eel "o too?1 !re=e ?irty revolutions w\ld turn ! :eel "o complete revolution4 ,! big :eel is fitt$ ) mu* l>g] tee? ?an ! small "o1 & by means ( a p9 on ! latt] :eel is mov$ r\nd "o too? = e complete revolution ( ! small :eel1 & clamp$ 9 ?is new position by a spr+ cat*1 :i* is also work$ by ! p9 on ! small :eel4 ,9 front ( ^! :eels is a /ud :i* works =e & aft 9 a slot1 & atta*$ to a spr+ :i* t5ds to draw x to ! aft] end ( ! slot4 ,?is /ud is connect$ by means ( a wire rod to ! valve t admits ! compress$ air to ! eng9es2 :5 ! /ud is 9 ! =e "p ( ! slot ! valve is op51 & :5 9 ! aft] "p x is clos$4 ,adju/+ ,l5g? ( ,range4--,by means ( a lev] ! spr+ ( ! /ud is compress$1 & ! /ud mov$ to ! =e "p ( ! slot2 !n ! big :eel is mov$ r\nd until a /ud on its face is ! requir$ numb] ( tee? above ! lev]4 ,= e ?irty revolutions ( ! propell]1 & consequ5tly "o too? ( ! big :eel1 a c]ta9 kn[n di/ance is trav]s$1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! patt]n ( ! torp$o4 ,adju/+ ,app>atus4--,:5 ! propell] has made ! numb] ( revolutions correspond+ to ! l5g? ( range requir$1 & consequ5tly has mov$ ! big :eel ! numb] ( tee? x 0 set above ! lev]1 ! /ud on ! big :eel presses aga9/ ! lev] & s releases ! spr+ 9 ! slot1 caus+ ! slot /ud to fly f ! =e "p to ! aft] "p ( ! slot1 by :i* action ! valve admitt+ ! compress$ air to ! eng9es is clos$1 & consequ5tly ! eng9es cease to "w4 ,atta*$ to ! axle ( ! big :eel is a small brass arm1 :i* is connect$ by means ( a brass rod to ! safety w$ge1 & is s arrang$ t aft] ! requir$ numb] ( revolutions ( ! propell]1 ! safety w$ge w be drawn out2 or x may be drawn out at ! in/ant ( ! torp$o leav+ ! tube1 c>riage1 c4 ,also by means ( an additional lev] at ! =e "p ( ! torp$o1 :i* is connect$ by means ( a wire rod to ! valve t admits ! air to ! eng9es1 & by arrang+ ! atta*m5t ( ! safety w$ge to ! brass rod f ! big :eel1 s t on ! w$ge be+ )drawn x is releas$ f t brass rod1 on ! torp$o hav+ complet$ its run1 ! action ( clos+ ! valve :i* admits ! air to ! eng9es causes ! additional lev] to =ce ! w$ge into ! safety position4 ,torp$o to ,float at ,end ( ,run4--,?is is due to ! diff]5ce ( buoyancy at ! end ( a run f :at x 0 at ! comm5cem5t1 ow+ to ! compress$ air be+ us$ 9 work+ ! eng9es4 ,torp$o to ,s9k at ,end ( ,run4--,?is is effect$ by means ( ! adju/m5t *amb] 7#b71 9 ! aft] end ( :i* !re is a spiral spr+ valve1 :i* c be atta*$ to ! brass rod on ! outside ( ! torp$o t works ! valve :i* admits air to ! eng9es1 9 su* a way t on ! valve be+ clos$1 & !re=e ! run ( ! torp$o complet$1 ! spiral spr+ valve is op5$1 admitt+ wat] to ! adju/m5t *amb] 7#b7 ( suffici5t am\nt to s9k ! torp$o4 ,to ,explode ! ,torp$o at ,end ( ,run4--,?is is effect$ by connect+ ! v]tical fir+ :isk] to ! rod :i* o!rwise w\ld be connect$ to ! safety w$ge lev]1 by :i* means1 on ! valve admitt+ air to ! eng9es be+ clos$1 a =ce is transmitt$ to ! v]tical :isk] in/ead ( to ! safety w$ge lev]1 & consequ5tly ! torp$o is explod$4 ,adju/+ ! ,dep?4--,a small :eel1 ! face ( :i* is m>k$ 9 feet1 is plac$ on ! left side ( ! =e "p ( ! adju/m5t *amb] 7#b74 ,to adju/ = dep?1 by means ( a key turn ! :eel until ! numb] correspond+ to ! dep? ( run requir$ is opposite ! po9t]4 ,! torp$o is ma9ta9$ at ! desir$ dep? by means ( c]ta9 me*anical app>atus conta9$ )9 ! adju/m5t *amb] 7#b71 & :i* con/itutes :at is t]m$ ! secret ( ! fi% torp$o4 ,?is *amb] is connect$ by screws to ! =emo/ & aft] *amb]s ( ! torp$o1 9 su* a mann] t by means ( a numb] ( small holes bor$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce1 z %[n at 7#b71 ,fig4 #aai1 ! faces ( ! *amb] are expos$ to ! pressure ( ! wat]1 :i* v>ies ) ! dep? to :i* ! torp$o desc5ds4 ,)9 ! adju/m5t *amb] is an endless /rong spiral spr+1 atta*$ to ! aft] face ( ! *amb]1 & s arrang$ t aft] be+ set to a c]ta9 t5sion1 capable ( resi/+ an equival5t pressure on ! outside ( ! a=esaid face1 any increase or decrease 9 ?is ext]ior pressure w cause ! spiral spr+ to "w a rod by :i* ! horizontal rudd]s ( ! torp$o are regulat$1 & ?us ! desir$ dep? = :i* ! spr+ is set is ma9ta9$4 ,! c\rse ( ! torp$o is repres5t$ by a s]ies ( curves1 above & bel[ ! l9e1 repres5t+ ! dep? x is set =1 ^! curves gradually decreas+ until at #ajj y>ds' di/ance f :]e ! torp$o 0 />t$ ! curves are s small t ! pa? ( ! torp$o is almo/ id5tical to t ( a /raight l9e4 ,)9 ?is adju/m5t *amb] is also plac$ an automatic balance1 :i* also assi/s to ma9ta9 ! torp$o at ! desir$ dep?1 by reason ( its sw++ =w>d on ! torp$o desc5d+1 & sw++ aft on its ris+1 :i* motion is us$ to regulate ! horizontal rudd]s4 ,! above is m]ely a g5]al idea ( ! arrangem5t us$ 9 ! ,:itehead fi% torp$o1 to enable x to rea* & ma9ta9 :atev] dep? x may be necess>y to use x at f #e to #ae feet4 ,project+ ! ,torp$o4--,! fi% torp$o may be project$ 9 v>i\s ways1 viz43-- #a4--,?r\gh a subm]g$ tube 9 ! /em1 or on ! broadside4 #b4--;,f a c>riage above ! surface4 #c4--;,f ! surface4 ,dis*>g+ ,torp$o ?r\gh a ,subm]g$ ,tube 9 ! ,/em4--,9 ?is case a tube is fitt$ to an orifice 9 ! /em2 ?is op5+ is z f> bel[ ! wat] l9e z possible1 & is clos$ by a wat]tight cap & a sluice valve2 ! inn] end ( ! tube is fitt$ ) a wat]tight door2 ! torp$o be+ prep>$ = action is plac$ inside ! tube1 ! inn] door clos$1 & ! tube fill$ ) wat]2 !n ! wat]tight cap & sluice valve are op5$1 & ! torp$o />t$ by means ( a pi/on :i* is work$ by compress$ air4 ,?is pi/on c be work$ f deck1 & s ! torp$o fir$ at ! prop] in/ant4 ,to prev5t ! torp$o f slipp+ out ( ! tube1 a /op is plac$ 9 ! =e end ( x1 :i* c be )drawn at ! same "t z ! compress$ air is admitt$ beh9d ! pi/on4 ,! torp$o be+ cle> ( ! tube1 ! sluice valve & wat]tight cap are clos$1 & ! tube empti$ ( ! wat]1 ! project+ pi/on be+ at ! same "t =c$ back4 ,on ! ,broadside4--,9 ?is case1 ! dis*>g+ tube works inside an iron cas+1 ?r\gh a /uff+ box at ! inn] end1 & 9 a %ield atta*$ to ! out] end ( ! tube4 ,?is %ield1 plac$ on ! =e side ( ! orifice1 is ( su* a l5g? z to protect ! torp$o f ! pressure ( ! wat] pass+ ! vessel4 ,! mode ( dis*>g+ ! torp$o 9 ?is case is simil> to t us$ :5 project+ x ?r\gh ! /em4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,/em & ,broadside ,me?ods ( ,project+ ! ,torp$o4--,! =m] me?od ( project+ ! torp$o seems ! mo/ suitable to specially built torp$o vessels1 b n s to l>ge ironclads1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( fitt+ a tube to ! /em ( su* a %ip1 & also t 9 s do+ ! effici5cy ( ! vessel z a ram w\ld be impair$4 ,9 reg>d to ! accuracy ( ! fir+ ( ! above me?ods1 bo? seem equally good1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( fir+ on ! broadside x w\ld be necess>y to prep>e c>efully calculat$ tables ( deflection1 any mi/ake 9 ! us+ ( :i* w\ld be fatal to a successful torp$o %ot4 ,project+ a ,torp$o f above ,wat]4--,9 ?is case an iron c>riage is us$1 :i* is fitt$ ) a frame1 9 :i* ! torp$o re/s2 ! out] end ( ?is frame is provid$ ) a lip1 "s few feet long1 by :i* means ! re> end ( ! torp$o is slightly cant$ up on leav+ ! frame1 & any undue /ra9 on ! tail ( ! torp$o is prev5t$4 ,! frame is m\nt$ 9 ! iron c>riage 9 su* a way t x c be elevat$ or depress$ by means ( a screw1 z 9 ! case ( a gun m\nt$ 9 an ord9>y c>riage4 ,! torp$o is eject$ f ! frame by means ( a pi/on z previ\sly expla9$1 a small res]voir ( air be+ atta*$ to ! c>riage1 s t x c be us$ at any port4 ,fir+ a ,torp$o f ! ,surface4--,! torp$o possesses suffici5t buoyancy to float ) a small portion ( its upp] surface above wat]2 su* be+ ! case1 x is only necess>y to set ! v>i\s adju/m5ts1 po9t x 9 ! requir$ direction1 & by h& turn back ! lev] on ! upp] "p ( ! weapon 7:i* op5s a communication betwe5 ! air *amb] & ! eng9es71 :5 x w in/antly d>t (f & v rapidly atta9 ! dep? x is set =4 ,me?od ( ,fir+ a ,fi% ,torp$o f a ,boat4--,to manipulate a fi% torp$o f a boat1 x may be c>ri$ 9 a light frame1 :i* c be l[]$ or rais$ by means ( a pair ( davits4 ,:5 requir$ to dis*>ge ! torp$o1 ! frame conta9+ x is l[]$ into ! wat]1 s z to br+ ! torp$o ab\t two feet bel[ ! surface1 ! head be+ some:at l[] ?an ! tail4 ,?ornycr(t's ,me?od ( ,fir+ ,fi% ,torp$oes f a ,boat4--,ano!r me?od1 :i* has be5 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,?ornycr(t1 ( ! firm ( ,j4 ,i4 ,?ornycr(t & ,co41 /eam laun* build]s1 & :i* is fitt$ to ! torp$o boats built by !m = =eign gov]nm5ts1 is %[n 9 elevation & plan at ,figs4 #abj & #aba4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( two or m b5t lev]s ,a securely & rigidly fix$ on a %aft ,b1 :i* works 9 be>+s fix$ on ! deck ( ! vessel ,c f :i* ! torp$o is to be dis*>g$4 ,on ! ends ( ! lev]s ,a fur!/ f ! %aft ,b are pivot$ o!r lev]s ,d1 to :i* ! cradle or case ,e = su/a9+ ! torp$o is susp5d$4 ,! o!r ends ( ea* ( ^! lev]s are connect$ to ! vessel by means ( rods or tubes ,f1 jo9t$ at ea* end 9 su* a way t :5 ! %aft ,b is made to revolve 9 its be>+s1 ! case conta9+ ! torp$o is guid$ ov] ! side ( ! vessel & close to x1 & is held 9 a position conv5i5t = dis*>g+ ! torp$o1 z %[n at ,fig4 #abj4 ,! %aft ,b may be made to revolve by means ( ropes ,g & pulleys ,h atta*$ to ! lev]s ,a1 or by hydraulic or /eam pressure1 z may be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! torp$o case c be t[$ alongside ! vessel if necess>y )\t d]ang+ ! app>atus4 ,! torp$o case is c>ri$ 9 ! angles ( ! b5t lev]s1 & is /[$ away s t nei!r x nor ! susp5d+ lev]s project at all beyond ! hull ( ! vessel2 also :5 l[]$1 ! lev]s & susp5d+ rods fold ov] "o ano!r s z to occupy v little space1 & ! torp$o is susp5d$ close to ! hull4 ,also ! torp$o dur+ ! op]ation ( l[]+ z well z :5 9 a fir+ position rema9s close to ! side ( ! vessel1 !reby obviat+ any risk or inconv5i5ce f excessive lev]age :i* w\ld h a t5d5cy to capsize ! boat4 ,= especially built torp$o laun*es1 ! above mode ( c>ry+ & laun*+ ! fi% torp$o is c]ta9ly ! be/ yet devis$4 ,woolwi* ,fi% ,torp$o4--,9 ! ,woolwi* torp$o1 ! eng9es ex]t a =ce ( ne>ly #fj indicat$ horses1 & "w up to #ajjj revolutions p] m9ute2 ! total weight ( ! torp$o fully *>g$ 7#cc lbs4 ( gun-cotton7 is ab\t #ejj lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ornicr(t',s ,,boat ,,app>atus ,,= ,,fi% ,,torp$oes4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,! ,:itehead fi% torp$o co/s ab\t #chjl41 :ile ! ,woolwi* "o co/s only #cjjl4 ,! ,lay ,torp$o ,boat4--,priority ( inv5tion ( ?is torp$o 0 on ! #ac? ( ,june1 #ahgc1 aw>d$ by ! ,commission]s ( ,pat5ts to ,mr4 ,john ,l\is ,lay1 sev]al o!r p]sons hav+ claim$ ! inv5tion1 among :om 0 ,colonel ,von ,s*eliha1 an (fic] ( ! ,russian army4 ,?is locomotive torp$o1 or m prop]ly call$ torp$o boat1 has be5 = sev]al ye>s adopt$ by ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 dur+ :i* "t x has und]gone a s]ies ( exhau/ive exp]im5ts1 :i* has prov$ x to be a mo/ valuable & effici5t weapon ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,lately ! ,russian gov]nm5t h adopt$ x1 & int5d us+ x ext5sively 9 ! def5ce ( _! h>b\rs1 c4 ,g5]al ,description ( ! ,torp$o4--,at ,fig4 #abb is %[n a longitud9al section ( a ,lay torp$o boat con/ruct$ & provid$ ) guid+ & controll+ app>atus1 & ) means = propell+ x by ammoniacal gas4 ,fig4 #abc is a horizontal section ( ! same2 ,a is ! hull or body ( ! boat1 :i* has conical ends ,a#a1 ,a#b1 & is =m$ ( ?9 plate iron1 or /eel1 or o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,! section 9 ! end ,a#a =ms ! magaz9e conta9+ ! *>ge ( dynamite or o!r explosive mat]ial2 ,a#c is ! section conta9+ ! gas res]voir or hold]2 ! comp>tm5t ,a#d conta9s ! app>atus = hold+ & pay+ out ! electric cable2 ! comp>tm5t ,a#e 9 ! end ,a#b conta9s ! motor eng9e1 ! /e]+ app>atus1 & o!r p>ts to be h]e9aft] describ$4 ,all ( ^! comp>tm5ts or sections are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by means ( air-tight bulkheads ,a#f4 ,! torp$o boat may be propell$ by means ( a s+le screw1 d\ble screw1 or two screws4 ,9 ! latt] me?od1 :i* is %[n at ,figs4 #abb & #abc1 ! propell]s ,b & ,c are made to revolve 9 opposite directions2 ! %aft ,d ( ! propell] ,b is holl[ or tubul>1 & ! %aft ,e ( ! screw ,c passes ?r\gh ! same2 ^! screws are actuat$ by an eng9e %[n at ,f4 ,h1 ,h are ! horizontal rudd]s1 or side w+s1 two =w>d & two aft2 ^! w+s are m\nt$ on %afts or sp9dles pass+ transv]sely ?r\gh ! boat2 ^! rudd]s may be set to occupy a horizontal position1 or a m or less incl9$ position 9 ! prop] direction1 to cause ! subm]g+ ( ! boat by ! action ( ! wat] on ! said rudd]s z ! boat moves =w>d1 & !y are adju/$ be=e />t+4 ,n1 ,n are two guide rods1 "o aft & "o =w>d1 :i* project up f ! boat to enable ! op]ator to det]m9e its position at any "p ( its run1 & 9 ! case ( a night attack !y are provid$ ) lights2 ! said rods c be rais$ or l[]$ at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,q is ! electric cable1 :i* af=ds a m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! op]ator on %ore1 c41 & ! torp$o boat1 :]eby x may be />t$1 /opp$1 /e]$1 fir$1 & has h] position asc]ta9$2 ?is cable is c>ri$ 9 ! boat 9 a coil arrang$ longitud9ally 9 ! air-tight *amb] ,a#d 9 ! reel frame ,r1 & is pay$ out z ! torp$o progresses ?r\gh a tube ,s1 project+ aft "u ! boat & beyond ! rudd]s & propell]s1 s t ! said cable w n be f\l$ by ! same2 or x may be pay$ out ?r\gh a holl[ %aft 9 ! c5tre ( ! boat4 ,"o end ( ?is cable is connect$ to a keybo>d at ! /ation on %ore or on bo>d ( ! %ip or o!r /ructure f :i* ! torp$o boats are controll$4 ,?is keybo>d is provid$ ) a suitable batt]y or o!r means = g5]at+ ! electric curr5t1 z h]e9aft] describ$4 ,! said cable is compos$ ( sev]al wires1 ea* ( :i* is insulat$ f ! o!rs4 ,"o ( ^! wires is connect$ ) ! me*anism = />t+ & /opp+ ! boat1 "o is connect$ ) ! /e]+ app>atus1 "o s]ves = indicat+ to ! op]ator at all times ! exact position ( ! rudd]1 "o is connect$ ) me*anism = elevat+ & depress+ ! said guide rods1 & "o s]ves = fir+ ! *>ge 9 ! magaz9e4 ,! motive p[] = effect+ ! necess>y movem5ts ( ! me*anism or app>atus 9 p]=m+ ! above op]ations is obta9$ f ! a=esaid eng9es1 :i* are provid$ ) suitable valves arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) electro magnets1 %unts1 & ! devices connect$ ) ! said wires ( ! cable1 z h]e9aft] set =?4 ,?is =m ( cable has s9ce be5 replac$ by "o :i* consi/s ( two wires only1 ! "o = p]=m+ all ( ! necess>y op]ations1 exclusive ( ! fir+ or explod+ ( ! magaz9e1 & ! o!r exclusively = ?is latt] purpose4 ,?is improvem5t is effect$ by employ+ a s]ies ( relays or resi/ance coils1 or a multiple1 or comp\nd relay 9 ! boat4 ,! advantages ga9$ by ?is improv$ =m ( cable are3-- #a4--;,increas$ flexibility4 #b4--;,a great] l5g? ( cable may be coil$ 9 a giv5 space4 #c4--;,a ?ick] coat ( insulat+ mat]ial may be us$1 !reby m p]fectly insulat+ x4 #d4--;,x is mu* *eap]4 ,two rudd]s are g5]ally us$1 "o bel[ & "o above ! boat1 z %[n at ,u1 ,fig4 #abb4 ,^! rudd]s are op]at$ & controll$ by means ( a small auxili>y eng9e ,t1 ,fig4 #abb1 :i* is />t$1 /opp$1 & rev]s$ by ! electric curr5t conduct$ ?r\gh ! cable ,q 9 connection ) magnets atta*$ directly to a valve =m+ "p ( ! said eng9e4 ,?is valve is s actuat$ by ! magnets t :5 ! curr5t passes 9 "o direction ! eng9e ,t w move ! rudd] to />bo>d1 & :5 ! curr5t acts 9 ! opposite direction x w turn ! rudd] to port4 ,! me*anism = fir+ ! *>ge 9 ! magaz9e ,a#a is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #abd1 & op]ates z foll[s3--,project+ f ! front extremity or /em ( ! boat is a rod or p9 ,v1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh a suitable pack+ box ,w into ! said magaz9e or *>ge *amb]2 :5 ! boat /rikes an object1 ! said rod is =c$ inw>d into contact ) ! spr+s or po9ts ,x1 !reby clos+ an electrical circuit & ignit+ a c>tridge1 %[n at ,y1 9 ! magaz9e4 ,! *>ge 9 ! magaz9e c also be fir$ at any mom5t by ! op]ator on %ore clos+ a circuit on ! keybo>d & !reby cutt+ out "o ( two resi/ance coils plac$ 9 ! circuit to prev5t accid5tal or premature dis*>ge--t is to say1 !re are two resi/ance coils4 ,! batt]y is n suffici5tly p[]ful to fire ?r\gh bo? resi/ance coils at ! same "t4 ,:5 ! boat /rikes an object1 ! resi/ance coil 9 ! magaz9e is cut out by ! driv+ inw>d ( ! rod ,v1 z above describ$2 ! batt]y !n fires ?r\gh ! "o on ! keybo>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! op]ator desires to fire ! torp$o boat be=e %e t\*es ! object ( attack1 he manipulates ! swit* to cut out ! coil 9 ! keybo>d1 ! *>ge !n be+ fir$ ?r\gh ! coil 9 ! magaz9e4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! two resi/ance coils is v effectual 9 prev5t+ accid5ts4 ,9 "s in/ances ! magaz9e is made deta*able f ! hull ( ! boat1 s t on /rik+ an object x w desc5d or drop d[n 9 ! wat] be=e explod+4 ,?is modification is %[n at ,figs4 #abe & #abf4 ,! magaz9e ,a99 is atta*$ at its l[] side to ! boat by a *a9 or o!r suitable connection4 ,at its upp] edge x is held by a rod a991 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe4 ,?is rod is fitt$ to slide 9 dovetail$ be>+s1 z %[n at b991 & :5 ?is magaz9e is 9 its place on ! boat ! said rod is engag$ ) a cat* or /op c991 b :5 ! said rod is driv5 aga9/ any object x is =c$ back & releas$ f ! said cat* or /op1 & ! magaz9e !n drops1 z 9 ,fig4 #abf1 & is fir$4 ,to effect ! fir+ a ball d99 is us$ & plac$ 9 a tube conta9+ two spr+s or plates e99 & arrang$ 9 an upw>dly incl9$ position1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe1 "o ( ! said spr+s be+ connect$ ) ! cable & ! o!r ) a wire t passes ?r\gh ! c>tridge to e>?4 ,:ile ! magaz9e is 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe ! circuit is incomplete1 b :5 ! magaz9e drops ! said ball falls into ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf2 ! circuit is !n complet$1 & ! magaz9e is fir$4 ,! electrical or electro-magnetic app>atus = g5]at+1 direct+1 & controll+ ! curr5ts1 :]eby ! above-describ$ op]ations are effect$1 may be ( any suitable k9d1 ! foll[+ be+ ! =m ( app>atus usually employ$4 ,a batt]y r1 %[n at ,fig4 #abg1 consi/s ( any desir$ or requisite numb] ( cells con/ruct$ & arrang$ 9 any suitable mann]1 & connect$ by prop] conduct+ wires ) ! keybo>d s4 ,! latt] is provid$ ) a s]ies ( pole *ang]s s#a1 s#b1 s#c1 s#d1 & swit*es s#e1 s#f1 & is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh4 ,ea* ( ^! pole *ang]s is arrang$ to effect & control "o ( ! above-nam$ op]ations1 & is !re=e connect$ ) "o ( ! a=esaid insulat$ wires =m+ ! cable4 ,= in/ance1 ! pole *ang] s#a effects ! />t+ & /opp+ ( ! propell+ eng9e2 s#b controls ! /e]+ app>atus2 s#c is connect$ ) ! /e]+ index2 s#d op]ates or adju/s ! a=esaid guid+ rods2 & ! swit*es s#e1 s#f control & effect ! fir+ ( ! *>ge 9 ! magaz9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay',s ,,locomotive ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,illu/ration3 ,,lay',s ,,locomotive ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xxxix ,! connections betwe5 ^! pole *ang]s & swit*es1 & ! app>atus !y op]ate or control on bo>d ! boat1 are z foll[s--t is to say1 ! said propell+ eng9es h a ?rottle valve1 :i* controls ! admission ( ! gas f its g5]ator or res]voir to ! cyl9d]s ( ! said eng9e1 & 9 comb9ation ) ?is valve 9 ! boat !re is a %unt & set ( electro magnets4 ,! armature ( ! latt] is connect$ ) a lev]1 :i* is pivot$ s t ! action ( ! electric curr5t 9 "o direction ?r\gh ^! magnets w pull "o end ( ! said lev] d[n1 & ! action ( ! curr5t 9 ! o!r direction w pull its o!r end d[n--t is to say1 by rev]s+ ! curr5t ?r\gh ^! magnets ! movem5t ( ! said lev] is rev]s$2 & ?is lev]1 connect$ by suitable means ) ! slide ( ! said ?rottle valve1 w op5 or close ! same1 & !reby />t or /op ! eng9e z requir$4 ,= op]at+ & controll+ ! above-describ$ /e]+ app>atus1 & indicat+ ! position ( ! rudd] to ! op]ator on %ore1 ! foll[+ devices are employ$1 9 comb9ation ) ! pole *ang]s s#b1 s#c on ! keybo>d3--,! pole *ang]s are ge>$ toge!r by insulat$ too!d :eels1 :i* are fix$ on ! sp9dles or axes ( ! said pole *ang]s1 s t ! latt] "w accurately toge!r & ma9ta9 ! same relative positions to ea* o!r4 ,! pole *ang] s#b is connect$ by "o ( ! said insulat$ cable wires ) a %unt on bo>d ! boat1 :i* %unt is connect$ ) a set ( magnets arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) ! valve ( ! eng9e t drives ! /e]+ app>atus1 & :i* valve is rev]s$ or op5$ & clos$ by ! rev]sal ( ! curr5ts ?r\gh ! said magnets1 z above describ$1 & ! said eng9e moves ! rudd] to port or />bo>d at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,9 ord] t ! op]ator may "k ! exact position ( ! rudd] at any mom5t1 a s]ies ( p9s or projections fix$ on an arc or o!r portion ( ! rudd] /ock1 & arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) an insulat$ spr+ project+ into ! pa? ( ! said s]ies ( p9s1 are employ$4 ,?is spr+ is connect$ by "o ( ! cable wires ) ! pole *ang] s#c on ! keybo>d1 :i* is ge>$ ) & moves 9 unison ) ! pole *ang] s#b1 s t ! electric curr5t t controls ! /e]+ eng9e1 & ! curr5t t returns ! indication ( ! rudd]'s position1 w bo? be rev]s$ simultane\sly4 ,a sep>ate batt]y is connect$ ) ! index on ! said keybo>d1 :]eby a con/ant curr5t is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ?is index & ! indicat+ app>atus on ! boat4 ,! curr5t pass+ f ! said spr+ to ! %ore is made to indicate ! position ( ! rudd] by ! index on ! keybo>d by ! contrivance %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi4 ,?is contrivance consi/s ( a set ( magnets w1 :i* h a vibrat+ armature w#a pivot$ to oscillate betwe5 !m4 ,"o end ( ! armature lev] is provid$ ) insulat$ spr+ pawls w#b1 :i* take into rat*et :eels w#c4 ,on ! same %afts on :i* ^! rat*et :eels are fix$ are :eels w99 =m$ ) insulat$ tee? & ge>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! %aft ( "o ( ^! :eels is ge>$ by bevel p9ions w#d ) a v]tical %aft w#e1 to :i* is atta*$ ! index ne$le or f+] x99991 ,fig4 #abh4 ,!re=e x w be obvi\s t ?is index f+] is plac$ 9 connection ) ! a=esaid spr+ & s]ies ( p9s atta*$ to ! rudd] yoke on bo>d ! boat4 ,n[ x w be obvi\s t :5 ! rudd] is turn$ 9 ei!r direction ^! p9s w come successively 9 contact ) ! said spr+1 & at ea* contact & sep>ation ! circuit w be made & brok51 & an impulse w be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! cable1 :]eby a correspond+ movem5t w be transmitt$ to ! said index f+] or po9t] x9999 on ! keybo>d4 ,! pole *ang] s#d is connect$ ) ano!r ( ! insulat$ wires ( ! cable1 :i* on bo>d ! boat is connect$ ) a %unt & set ( magnets arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) ! a=esaid cyl9d]s t op]ate ! said guid+ rods1 s t by s5d+ ! curr5t 9 "o direction ! said rods w be rais$1 & by s5d+ ! curr5t 9 ! opposite direction ! said rods w be l[]$4 ,! swit* s#e is connect$ ) ano!r ( ! said insulat$ wires ( ! cable1 :i* =ms ! circuit1 includ+ ! a=esaid two resi/ance coils4 ,by adju/+ ?is swit* ! op]ator completes ! circuit ?r\gh ! two resi/ance coils1 & !n1 b n till !n1 ! *>ge c be explod$1 ei!r by ! op]ator1 or by ! action ( ! fir+ p9 or rod :5 ! same is driv5 9 & cuts out ! o!r resi/ance coils z above describ$4 ,! resi/ance coil ,x#a1 ,fig4 #abd1 is connect$ to ! b9d+ screws #i1 #aj by ! wires #g & #h4 ,^! b9d+ screws are 9 metallic connection ) ! two spr+s ,x1 b o!rwise !y are c>efully insulat$4 ,"o pole ( ! fuze ,y is connect$ to ! b9d+ screw #aj1 ! o!r put to e>? ?r\gh ! body ( ! boat1 z at ,e2 ! ma9 wire #aa is connect$ to ! b9d+ screw #i4 ,n[ :5 ! op]ator cuts out ! resi/ance coil at ! fir+ /ation1 :i* is done by mov+ ! swit* s#f1 ! electric curr5t is suffici5tly p[]ful to ignite ! fuze ,y ?r\gh ! resi/ance coil ,x#a1 s t at any mom5t ! torp$o may be explod$ by ! op]ator on %ore1 or by ! contact betwe5 ! torp$o & ! attack$ vessel ! rod ,v w be driv5 91 &1 com+ 9 contact ) ! spr+s ,x1 w bridge ov] ! space t orig9ally exi/$ betwe5 !m & s cut out ! resi/ance coil ,x#a1 & ! torp$o w be explod$ automatically4 ,capabilities ( ! ,lay ,torp$o ,boat4--,! capabilities ( ! ,lay torp$o boat are z foll[s3-- #a4--;,x may be laun*$ f ! %ore1 a vessel1 or a /ructure1 & be kept "u obs]vation1 & accurately guid$ or direct$ to ! %ip or o!r object to be attack$2 & x may be explod$ at any desir$ mom5t1 or x may be caus$ to return to ! orig9al po9t ( dep>ture )\t be+ fir$4 #b4--;,x may be totally & in/antane\sly subm]g$ to prev5t its de/ruction or capture by ! enemy1 & x may be rais$ to ! surface1 z soon z ! dang] has pass$1 9 a condition fit = imm$iate action4 #c4--;,x may be us$ z a tug or t[+ boat to take out a numb] ( torp$oes1 :i* may be sunk & explod$ :5 desir$4 #d4--;,x may be us$ 9 connection ) c]ta9 app>atus to cle> away ob/ructions f\nd to prev5t ! entrance ( %ips into h>b\rs1 & x may also be us$ to cle> h>b\rs ( m9es1 c4 ,laun*+ ! ,lay ,torp$o ,boat4--,= facilitat+ ! laun*+ & controll+ ( ! ,lay torp$o boats1 a /ructure or subm>9e =t is us$4 ,?is /ructure may be squ>e1 or oblong1 & may be made to c>ry any numb] ( ! torp$o boats4 ,! body is con/ruct$ ( plate or %eet iron ( suitable /r5g? & /iff5$ ) angle iron1 or o!rwise1 & divid$ longitud9ally or transv]sely into wat]tight comp>tm5ts1 into :i* ! wat] is admitt$ to s9k ! said /ructure4 ,at ! top or upp] side1 cyl9d]s or tubes are plac$1 ea* ( :i* is capable ( conta9+ & laun*+ "o ( ! torp$o boats4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ea* tube is a door1 or cov] secur$ to a rod or %aft fitt$ to turn 9 suitable be>+s2 ?is rod or %aft is provid$ ) an arm :i* is connect$ to ! pi/on rod ( an eng9e work$ by gas conta9$ 9 a res]voir1 or by o!r suitable means4 ,! slide or o!r valve :i* controls ! admission ( ! gas1 c41 to ?is eng9e is arrang$ 9 connection ) electro magnets1 connect$ by a suitable cable ) a keybo>d on %ore1 or :]ev] ! op]ator's /ation may be4 ,by s5d+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh ?is cable 9 "o direction ?r\gh ! electro magnets1 ! door is clos$2 & by s5d+ su* a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction x is op5$4 ,! cables c>ri$ 9 ! torp$o boats1 & ?r\gh :i* ! me*anism on bo>d ea* torp$o boat is op]at$ & controll$1 are also 9 ?is case connect$ ) ! keybo>d1 :i* mu/ be provid$ ) a numb] ( sets ( pole *ang]s & swit*es1 or equival5t devices1 correspond+ ) ! numb] ( boats to be controll$ by means ( ! said keybo>d4 ,?is app>atus w =m a v conv5i5t adjunct to =tifications or /ations liable to be attack$ by sea4 ,! said =t may be prep>$ = use by plac+ torp$o boats 9 ! said tubes1 & may be kept float+ until ! enemy's %ips h arriv$ closely en\gh to p]mit ! det]m9ation ( ! po9t :]e ! said =t c be mo/ advantage\sly locat$ = op]at+ aga9/ ! said %ips4 ,! =t is !n t[$ to ?is po9t1 or tak5 z ne> z possible !reto on rails1 & t[$ ! rema9d] ( ! di/ance4 ,x is !n subm]g$1 & w be ready = imm$iate op]ation4 ,! said =t is provid$ ) suitable valves = ! admission ( wat] to s9k ! same1 & ) means = =c+ 9 air ?r\gh ! pipe ,p99 to expel ! wat] :5 ! =t is to be rais$4 ,:5 x is desir$ to laun* ei!r ( ! said torp$o boats1 ! door ( its tube or cyl9d] is fir/ op5$ by s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! cable t controls ! door1 z above describ$4 ,!n ! curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! boat's cable to />t h] propell+ eng9es4 ,! said boat w !n em]ge f ! cyl9d] or tube & w rise to ! surface1 or z ne> ! surface z may be desir$1 & may !n be direct$ & controll$ by ! op]ator at ! keybo>d1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,& "o aft] ano!r ( ! said torp$o boats may be ?us laun*$ & explod$1 )\t giv+ to ! enemy any clue to ! po9t or position f :i* !y are be+ s5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay',s ,,locomotive ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xl ,laun*+ ! ,torp$o f a ,%ip4--,! me?od ( laun*+ ! ,lay torp$o boat f an ironclad or o!r l>ge %ip is %[n at ,fig4 #acj4 ,! tubes or cyl9d]s ,s 9 :i* ! torp$o boats ,a are held are1 9 ! app>atus %[n at ,fig4 #acj1 clos$ at _! inn] ends by plates1 or cov]s ,s#a1 :i* are provid$ ) suitable wat]-tight & insulat+ pack+ boxes ,s#b = ! passage ( ! electric cables ( ! said torp$o boats1 ea* cable be+ connect$ ) ! keybo>d1 :i* is plac$ 9 any conv5i5t "p ( ! %ip1 & at _! out] ends ! said tubes are furni%$ ) /rong & well-fitt$ slide valves1 or sluice gates ,s#c1 :i* are op5$ by screws1 connect$ by ge>+ ) a h& :eel1 & %aft ,s#d1 ,s#e1 = ! admission & exit ( ! said torp$o boats4 ,also ^! cyl9d]s are provid$ ) pack+ pieces at _! sides1 arrang$ to be press$ by screws or o!rwise up to ! sides ( ! torp$o boats 9 ^! cyl9d]s1 & !reby hold !m firmly & immovably 9 r\gh wea!r4 ,! ,me?od ( ,s9k+ & ,rais+ a ,lay ,torp$o ,boat4--,! app>atus by :i* ?is is effect$ is %[n at ,fig4 #aca1 :i* is a longitud9al section ( a portion ( a torp$o boat4 ,! hull ,a ( ! torp$o boat is provid$ ) a wat] *amb] l1 :i* has holes or ap]tures l#a 9 ! bottom ( ! same1 & is also provid$ ) an air cock at l#b4 ,9 connection ) ?is *amb] is arrang$ a small cyl9d] m1 provid$ ) a pi/on m#a1 ^: rod m#b is atta*$ to ! lev] ( ! said cock4 ,a spiral spr+ m#c is provid$ to resi/ ! inw>d movem5t ( ! said pi/on4 ,! said small cyl9d] m is connect$ by a pipe m#d ) a valve *e/1 9 :i* is arrang$ a slide valve m#e4 ,! said slide valve is connect$ by a rod or rods to ! lev] or lev]s m#f1 ^: fulcrum is at m991 & ! said lev]s are connect$ by ! l9ks or rods m#g ) ! armatures ( electro magnets n1 :i* are includ$ 9 ! circuit ( ! cable1 :]eby ! boat is controll$ f ! keybo>d at ! /ation2 o is a pipe ext5d+ f ! said valve *e/ to ! a=esaid wat] *amb] l2 p is a fe$ pipe by :i* gas is conduct$ f ! res]voir or g5]ator to ! valve *amb]4 ,:5 x is desir$ to s9k ! torp$o boat an electric curr5t is s5t 9 "o direction ?r\gh ! said magnets1 & !reby op]ates ! slide valve to admit gas to ! cyl9d] m 9 front ( ! pi/on m#a1 :i* is ?us =c$ inw>d & op5s ! air cock l#b4 ,! op5+ ( ?is cock p]mits ! escape ( ! air f ! wat] *amb] l1 & consequ5tly ! entrance ( wat] ?r\gh ! ap]tures l#a1 & ! boat !n imm$iately s9ks4 ,:5 x is desir$ to raise ! boat a curr5t is s5t 9 ! opposite direction ?r\gh ! said electro magnets1 !reby op]at+ ! said valve & pi/on 9 su* a mann] z to close ! cock l#b & op5 ! port o#a & ! pipe o1 !reby all[+ ! gas to pass f ! valve *amb] into ! comp>tm5t l2 ?is gas by its pressure expels ! wat] f ! said comp>tm5t1 & ! boat !n hav+ its normal buoyancy re/or$ imm$iately rises to ! surface4 ,! ,lay ,torp$o ,boat us$ z a ,tug to take out a ,numb] ( ,small ,torp$oes4--,?is arrangem5t is %[n at ,figs4 #acb & #acc4 ,! small vessels or torp$oes are design$ to be fir/ sunk & !n explod$1 *iefly = cle>+ h>b\r or ! l ( m9es or o!r ob/ructions4 ,^! results are accompli%$ by means ( ! foll[+ devices & arrangem5ts1 t is to say1 ea* ( ! small vessels or torp$oes ,f is provid$ ) app>atus :i* is includ$ 9 an electrical circuit =m$ by a suitable insulat$ cable ,g1 ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! tra9 ( small vessels or torp$oes ,f4 ,"o vessel ( ?is tra91 pref]ably ! re> "o1 is connect$ ) ! /ation by an electrical cable ,h1 :i* is pay$ out f a coil or coils1 or a reel or reels1 9 ! said vessel z ! same travels ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,?is cable ,h connects ) ! cable ,g1 :i* is connect$ ) ! t[+ boat ,a1 & passes ?r\gh ! s]ies ( boats ,f to ! said cable ,h4 ,"o wire ( ! said cable is arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) seal$ or cov]$ ap]tures 9 ! bottom ( a comp>tm5t or comp>tm5ts ( ^! small vessels ,f1 z %[n at ,i1 ! cov]s ( ^! ap]tures be+ s =m$ z to be ruptur$ or de/roy$ by ! explosion ( a c>tridge or c>tridges plac$ 9 ! said comp>tm5t or comp>tm5ts4 ,:5 a curr5t ( electricity is s5t ?r\gh ! a=esaid wire ( ! cable x w explode ! said c>tridges & op5 ! ap]tures1 !reby admitt+ wat] into ! said comp>tm5ts s t ! vessel ,f w s9k4 ,! cable ,g t passes ?r\gh ! tra9 ( torp$oes or vessels ,f is s arrang$ t :5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! o!r wire ( ! said cable x w fire c>tridges plac$ 9 ! *>ge *amb]s or magaz9es ( ! said small vessels1 z %[n at ,j4 ,! "p ( ! cable or t[+ l9e ,g1 :i* connects ! t[+ boat ,a ) ! tra9 ( small boats or torp$oes ,f1 is atta*$ to a hook or o!r device1 :i* c be dis5gag$ by s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! cable ,k1 connect+ ! boat ,a ) ! %ore or o!r /ation4 ,x w be und]/ood t :5 be+ us$ = ?is purpose ! said boat ,a is n or ne$ n be *>g$ ) explosive mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay',s ,,locomotive ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xli ,! a=esaid t[+ boat ,a takes ! tra9 ( torp$oes ,f to any requir$ position4 ,x is !n dis5gag$ f ! tra91 leav+ ! said small vessels or torp$oes ,f float+ 9 su* position4 ,!n by s5d+ a curr5t fir/ ?r\gh "o wire ( ! cable ,h ! boats ,f are fir/ sunk by ! explosion ( ! c>tridges & op5+ ( ! ap]tures1 z above describ$4 ,!y may !n be dis*>g$ imm$iately by s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r wire ( said cable ,h & fir+ ! c>tridges 9 _! magaz9es1 or !y may be left subm]g$ to =m m9es :i* may be explod$ at any desir$ mom5t4 ,! said small vessels or torp$oes may be provid$ ) v]tical rods to indicate _! position to ! op]ator at ! /ation2 ^! rods are %[n at ,l1 & !y %\ld be made holl[ to all[ ! air 9 ! wat] comp>tm5ts or *amb]s to escape to p]mit ! wat] to ent] ! same :5 ! vessels ,f are to be sunk2 or o!r suitable provision may be made = ! escape ( ! air f ^! comp>tm5ts4 ,! said vessels ,f are pref]ably made cyl9drical ) conical ends1 & are provid$ ) suitable insulat+ & wat]-tight pack+ boxes1 z %[n at ,f#a = ! cable ,g to pass ?r\gh at ! /em & /]n ( ea* vessel4 ,! ,lay ,torp$o 9 ,cle>+ ,ob/ructions4--,= ?is purpose ! torp$o boat is provid$ ) an app>atus1 %[n at ,figs4 #acd & #ace1 9 comb9ation ) ! electric cable1 :]eby ! said boat is controll$ & guid$1 & !re is arrang$ 9 ! boat ,a a comp>tm5t ,a#c1 f :i* ext5ds d[n into ! wat] a l9e or rod ,u1 provid$ at its out] end ) a hook or claw ,u#a1 prop]ly =m$ to take hold ( any *a9 or b> ) :i* x may come 9 contact4 ,9 ! said comp>tm5t ,a#c1 & ^u ! upp] end ( ! said l9e or rod ,u1 is plac$ a small case or cyl9d] ,u#b conta9+ a *>ge ( dynamite or o!r explosive mat]ial & a c>tridge or fulm9at+ cap1 or a bottle ( sulphuric acid1 surr\nd$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( *lorate ( pota% & sug>4 ,?is case or cyl9d] ,u#b is %[n deta*$ & drawn to an enl>g$ scale at ,fig4 #ace1 & x w be se5 t ! said case is provid$ ) a tube #a conta9+ a c>tridge1 or a phial fill$ ) explosive sub/ance at #b1 & a ball or weight at #c4 ,! said case is fitt$ to slide ^u ! said l9e or rod ,u1 & :5 plac$ at ! upp] end !re( & n held or reta9$ w slide to ! l[] end ( ! same4 ,9 ! said comp>tm5t ,a#c is arrang$ at ,u#d an electro-magnetic app>atus1 includ$ 9 ! circuit ( ! said cable1 & connect$ ) a bolt or cat* :i* 9 its normal position holds ! said explosive case & prev5ts its runn+ d[n on ! grappl+ l9e or rod ,u4 ,?is explosive case is also provid$ at its l[] end ) a grappl+ hook ,u#e4 ,:5 ! grappl+ hook ,u#a1 on ! l[] or out] end ( ! l9e or rod ,u1 engages ) any ob/ruction ! boat w be /opp$1 & ?is /oppage w be indicat$ on ! keybo>d4 ,! op]ator by ?is indication is appris$ ( ! /oppage ( ! boat by an ob/ruction1 & by s5d+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! cable by means ( a swit* provid$ = ?is purpose on ! keybo>d he c imm$iately release ! explosive case ,u#b1 :i* runs d[n ! l9e or rod ,u1 & engages by its grappl+ hook ,u#e ) ! hook ,u#a4 ,! l9e or rod ,u is !n dis5gag$ f ! boat ,a1 & ! explosive case ,u#b turns or falls ov]4 ,z x turns ov] ! ball or weight #c conta9$ 9 ! tube #a drops on ! said phial #b1 fractures x1 & !reby all[s ! acid to mix ) ! explosive or fulm9at+ *>ge & explode ! case ,u#b4 ,?is explosion w rupture or de/roy ! ob/ruct+ *a9 or b>1 s t ! ironclad %ips or o!r vessels c pass freely & safely into ! h>b\r or beyond ! po9t :]e x 0 int5d$ to /op !m4 ,us$ to cle> away ,m9es & ,electric ,cables4--,= ?is purpose !re is an implem5t ,v provid$1 ,fig4 #acf1 some:at ( an an*or =m1 b ) f\r or any desir$ numb] ( arms ,v#b ext5d+ outw>d at a suitable angle f its %ank ,v#a4 ,9 ! neck ( ea* ( ^! arms are fitt$ two small pla9 or too!d discs ,v#c1 :i* are s arrang$ z to pres5t _! tee? to any object ly+ 9 ! angle or corn] =m$ by & betwe5 ! arms ,v#b & %ank ,v#a ( ! said implem5t1 z %[n at ,w4 ,9 us+ ?is implem5t x may be atta*$ to a l9e or cable coil$ 9 ! torp$o boat1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is us$ )\t be+ *>g$ ) explosive mat]ial1 & is s5t 9 advance ( any %ip t has to ent] or pass ?r\gh ! suspect$ wat]4 ,?is l9e mu/ be arrang$ 9 comb9ation ) a deta*+ app>atus controll$ by electro-magnetic app>atus includ$ 9 ! circuit ( ! cable :i* connects ! torp$o boat ) ! keybo>d at ! op]at+ /ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay',s ,,locomotive ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xlii ,by s5d+ a curr5t f ! /ation ! op]ator releases ! said implem5t or its l9e f ! deta*+ hook or hold+ device4 ,! said implem5t !n s9ks to ! bottom2 !n ! said boat returns to ! %ip1 pay+ out ! said l9e z %e s returns4 ,! end ( ?is l9e is !n tak5 by a /eam tug or o!r vessel1 & ! said grappl+ implem5t is !reby dragg$ along ?r\gh ! wat] ov] :i* ! %ips are to advance1 ?us break+ any wires or cables t may be 9 its c\rse4 ,?is op]ation is %[n at ,fig4 #acg1 9 :i* ,a is ! t[+ boat1 ,k ! controll+ cable1 ,v ! said implem5t1 ,v99 ! l9e atta*$ to ! implem5t ,v1 ,x ,x subm]g$ m9es1 & ,x#a ,x#a are ! m9e cables4 ,9 "s in/ances x may n be practicable to rea* ! enemy's %ip or o!r object ( attack directly f ! /ation to :i* ! torp$o boat is connect$1 & f :i* x is controll$4 ,9 ?is case a small boat1 c41 is us$ 9 addition1 :i* %\ld be s arrang$ z to pres5t to ! enemy's view z slight a surface z possible4 ,?is mode ( attack is %[n at ,fig4 #ach1 :]e ,a is ! torp$o boat1 & ,n is ! small auxili>y boat4 ,?is boat ,n is provid$ ) a keybo>d & batt]y l t describ$ at page #add1 & ! electric cable ,l1 c>ri$ on & pay$ out f ! torp$o boat ,a1 is connect$ ) ! keybo>d4 ,! boat ,n is also atta*$ to & t[$ by ! torp$o boat ,a by ! t[ l9e ,o2 & ! torp$o boat is /e]$ & guid$ by means ( ! said keybo>d 9 ! boat ,n4 ,! auxili>y boat is design$ to conta9 two m51 :o lie d[n1 "o at ! b[1 ! o!r 9 any conv5i5t position abaft him2 ! latt] has control ( ! keybo>d1 :ile ! =m] by ! aid ( a telescope keeps ! torp$o boat 9 view1 & transmits 8 ord]s to ! man at ! keybo>d4 ,on arriv+ at su* a di/ance f ! enemy z to r5d] an attack practicable1 ! t[ l9e ,o is dis5gag$1 & ! torp$o boat ,a1 guid$ & controll$1 & fir$ f ! boat ,n4 ,! torp$o boat be+ explod$1 ! auxili>y boat c be r[$ back to ! /ation or %ip to :i* x belongs4 ,by ?is means ! range ( action ( ! torp$o boat is greatly ext5d$1 & ) comp>atively slight dang] to ^? employ$ 9 mak+ ! attack4 ,a m rec5t =m ( ! ,lay torp$o boat is %[n at ,figs4 #aci1 #adj1 & #ada1 :]e ,fig4 #aci is a plan or top view ( su* a boat1 ,fig4 #adj is a side elevation ( ! same1 & ,fig4 #ada is a mid%ip section on ! l9e x x4 ,a is ! hull ( ! boat1 a is ! ma9 or c5tral portion ( ! said hull1 b1 b are side or auxili>y portions ( ! same4 ,^! p>ts a & b may be oval or circul> 9 transv]se section2 !y are con/ruct$ ( ?9 /eel or o!r suitable %eet metal1 & secur$ toge!r by rivet+ or bolt+4 ,! side or auxili>y portion b =m ! res]voirs or *amb]s = ! gas2 !y also s]ve to conta9 ! propell+ eng9es4 c is ! magaz9e1 d ! *amb] or comp>tm5t = conta9+ ! coil$ cable1 e is ! comp>tm5t conta9+ ! electrical /e]+ & o!r app>atus1 f is ! fir+ rod or p91 g is ! wat] balla/ *amb]1 h is ! cable1 i ! pay+-out tube1 j1 j are ! screws or propell]s :i* rotate 9 opposite directions1 & k1 k are ! sight or guid+ rods4 ,! p>ts ( ! app>atus or me*anism :]eby ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! torp$o boat are effect$ are connect$ to ! cable & controll$ by electric curr5ts transmitt$ f ! /ation ?r\gh ! cable1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,! ,lay torp$o boat weighs ab\t #a ton1 its l5g? is #bc feet1 & spe$ #ab knots p] h\r4 ,sp> or ,outrigg] ,torp$o4--,by a sp> or outrigg] torp$o is meant a torp$o :i* is c>ri$ at ! end ( a pole or sp> project+ f a boat or vessel1 & :i* may be fir$ ei!r by contact or at w4 ,?is sy/em ( subm>9e (f5ce has up to ! pres5t "t be5 ! only "o t has successfully /ood ! crucial te/ ( actual w>f>e4 ,dur+ ! civil w> 9 ,am]ica ! sp> torp$o attack 0 resort$ to by ! ,conf$]ates & ,f$]als1 pr9cipally by ! =m]1 ! result be+ ! loss ( two l>ge m5 ( w> & sev]e injury to sev]al o!r %ips compos+ ! ,f$]al fleet1 & ! loss ( "o vessel ( w> belong+ to ! ,s\!rn]s4 ,! sp> torp$o 0 also us$ on sev]al occasions by ! ,russians 9 _! attacks on ! ,turki% %ips 9 ! w> ( #ahgg-h1 b 9 only "o attempt 0 x ! means ( s9k+ a ,turki% vessel4 ,description ( ,mc,evoy's ,duplex ,sp> ,torp$o4--,at ,fig4 #adb is %[n a sket* ( ,capta9 ,mc,evoy's improv$ pat5t duplex sp> torp$o1 :i* is ! =m mo/ g5]ally us$ at ! pres5t "t1 & :i* seems to fulfil all ! requirem5ts ( su* a subm>9e weapon1 viz43-- #a4--;,h&9ess1 at ! same "t capable ( conta9+ a *>ge ( gun-cotton suffici5t 9 contact to de/roy ! mo/ p[]ful vessel afloat4 #b4--;,c]ta9ty ( action4 #c4--;,capable ( be+ fir$ ei!r on contact or at w4 #d4--,mode ( atta*+ ! sp> simple & v secure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lay',s ,,locomotive ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xliii ,9 ,fig4 #adb1 a is ! case1 capable ( conta9+ "s #cc lbs4 ( gun-cotton2 b is ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! ?ree wires w1 w#a1 & w#b are l$2 c is ! socket 9 :i* ! wood5 or /eel sp> is introduc$ & secur$1 d is ! /rik]1 :i* is atta*$ to a brass contact plate )9 ! head ( ! case a 9 su* a mann] t any pressure ei!r on ! head or side ( ! /rik] d w =ce ! a=esaid plate 9 contact ) ! two /uds to :i* ! batt]y wires are atta*$2 e is a cradle affix$ to ! /rik] d to ensure its action on contact be+ made by ! torp$o ) ! attack$ vessel2 ! explosive is ins]t$ at f1 ! socket c be+ made to screw on & (f4 ,:5 a holl[ /eel sp> is us$1 ! batt]y wires are sometimes l$ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! torp$o & ! sp>1 by :i* means !y are well protect$2 ! only objection to ?is me?od ( lead+ ! wires be+ ! probability ( injury to !m1 %\ld ! sp> be brok5 on contact1 or by a %ot4 ,mc,evoy's ,arrangem5t ( ,torp$o ,wires4--,at ,fig4 #adc is %[n ! arrangem5t ( wires z devis$ by ,capta9 ,mc,evoy1 :]eby ! sp> torp$o may be explod$ at w or on contact4 c & z are ! poles ( ! fir+ batt]y1 to :i* are atta*$ respectively ! wires d & d#b2 f is ! fuze1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! *>ge1 & to ! poles ( :i* ! wire d#b is atta*$1 ! o!r end ( ?is wire be+ connect$ ) ! /ud s2 to ! /ud s#a is atta*$ ! o!r end ( ! wire d1 & at ! po9t c 9 ! same wire is ins]t$ a contact break]2 ano!r wire d#a is connect$ to ! wires d & d#b at ! po9ts r & r#b respectively1 & at ! po9t k 9 ?is same wire is ins]t$ a fir+ key1 :i* latt] is %[n 9 section at ,fig4 #add1 f :i* ! mode ( connect+ ! two ends ( ! wires & ( us+ ! key w be at once app>5t4 ,! contact break] is some:at simil> to ! fir+ key1 b !re is no spr+ 9 x1 contact be+ made or brok5 by screw+ ! two p>ts toge!r or ap>t4 ,! object ( ! contact break] is to prev5t ! torp$o be+ explod$ by contact1 & s to place ! control ( ! weapon entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! op]ator4 ,z w be se5 f ,fig4 #adc1 if contact is brok5 at c1 x is impossible to fire ! torp$o unless ! fir+ key k be press$ 92 b %\ld contact be made at c1 !n ei!r by means ( ! fir+ key k1 or by ! torp$o /rik+ ! ho/ile vessel1 its ignition w be effect$4 ,! =ego+ me?od ( arrang+ ! sp> torp$o wires is c]ta9ly v neat & effective1 & is at ! pres5t "t 9 ext5sive use4 ,z yet x has n be5 adopt$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 !y /ill pref]r+ to fire ! sp> torp$o at w alone4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( manipulat+ ! sp> torp$o f boats w be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,(f5sive ,torp$oes4--,! torp$oes t h be5 describ$ 9 ?is *apt] are ! only ones t at ! pres5t "t c be consid]$ z hav+ be5 prov$ to be practically useful1 & :i* 9 future w>s may be employ$ aga9/ %ips ) "s *ance ( success4 ,! sp>1 ! ,:itehead fi%1 & ! ,h>vey t[+ torp$o h ea* be5 subject$ to ! te/ ( actual s]vice1 ! =m] weapon be+ ! only "o t has "u ^? conditions be5 successfully us$4 ,tak+ ?is fact into consid]ation1 also ! high pit* ( excell5ce t has be5 atta9$ 9 ! con/ruction ( /eam torp$o boats1 & also ! results ( ! num]\s exhau/ive exp]im5ts t h be5 f "t to "t c>ri$ out 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 & ,europe1 ) v>i\s modifications ( ! locomotive1 t[+1 & sp> torp$oes1 !re c be no two op9ions z to :i* ( ! num]\s species ( (f5sive subm>9e weapons is ! mo/ practicable & effective1 & t is ! sp> or outrigg] torp$o4 ,to manipulate successfully locomotive & t[+ torp$oes 9 an attack aga9/ ho/ile vessels1 ! op]ators mu/ be n only unusually fe>less & self-possess$1 b also mu/ possess a ?or\gh practical k ( ! complicat$ me?od ( work+ & manoeuvr+ ^? weapons--9 fact1 !y mu/ be speciali/s2 :il/ 9 ! case ( ! sp> torp$o1 :i* may be fir$ by contact1 x is only necess>y to employ m5 capable ( h&l+ a boat well1 & possess$ ( da% & pluck1 to ensure an attack by su* means be+ g5]ally successful4 ,( c\rse "u "s circum/ances1 su* z 9 a g5]al action1 :5 ! locomotive & t[+ torp$oes are manipulat$ f specially con/ruct$ torp$o vessels1 !y w prove ( great value1 & ! fi% torp$o fir$ f a boat1 9 close proximity to ! attack$ vessel1 9 smoo? wat]1 & unmole/$1 w\ld s9k a vessel :i* "u ! same circum/ances1 ow+ to h] be+ protect$ by booms1 might prove impregnable to a sp> torp$o attack2 b su* fav\rable conditions w n (t5 occur 9 w> "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,mc4 ,,evoy',s ,,duplex ,,sp> ,,torp$o4 ,,plate ,,xliv ,z an (f5sive subm>9e weapon ( def5ce1 ! ,lay torp$o boat %\ld prove ( real value2 & also manoeuvr$ f specially con/ruct$ vessels1 x seems capable ( be+ us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,z yet little is kn[n ( ?is weapon1 all ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out ) x hav+ be5 conf9$ to ,am]ica2 b n[ t ,russia has adopt$ x1 & "o or two h also be5 secur$ by ! ,p]uvians1 its practical value w become m g5]ally kn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,torp$o ,,vessels1 ,,boats1 ,,& ,,subm>9e ,,boats4 ,,employm5t ( ,torp$o ,%ips4--,torp$o %ips1 t is to say1 sea-go+ vessels1 v fa/1 h&y & impregnable1 specially design$ to c>ry & op]ate (f5sive subm>9e weapons1 su* z locomotive1 t[+1 & ! sp> torp$oes1 especially ! =m]1 are n[ consid]$ z a necess>y & valuable adjunct to a fleet1 _! special "w be+ to give ! c\p de grce to disabl$ ironclads 9 a g5]al action2 !y w also be us$ to attack ! %ips ( a blockad+ =ce1 & aga9/ rival torp$o vessels4 ,z a g5]al rule ^! torp$o %ips w be arm$ ) ! ram & torp$oes only1 heavy guns be+ disp5s$ )1 ?\gh ! ,nord5felt & o!r ma*9e guns w be consid]$ necess>y4 ,! ,g]man ,torp$o ,vessel ,uhlan4--,?is torp$o vessel 0 built 9 ,g]many by ! ,/ett9 ,eng9e ,company1 & laun*$ 9 #ahgf4 ,%e is arm$ ) a contact torp$o *>g$ ) dynamite c>ri$ on a #aj-;foot ram1 ly+ deeply "u ! wat] l9e4 ,to protect ! vessel f ! effects ( ! dis*>ge ( ! torp$o1 %e is built ) two complete p>ts1 slid+ "o )9 ! o!r1 & hav+ a consid]able ext5t ( int]m$iate space betwe5 !m4 ,?is space is fill$ ) a t\gh & ela/ic mat]ial 7cork & m>9e glue71 :i* ev5 9 ! case ( ! b[s be+ c>ri$ away1 w\ld af=d a second l9e ( resi/ance4 ,! ,uhlan c>ries an eng9e ( "o ?\s& indicat$ horse p[]4 ,! /eam is suppli$ by ,belleville's tubul> g5]ator4 ,^! eng9es occupy by f> ! great] space ( ! vessel1 only a v small portion be+ left = h] crew & coal4 ,?is great p[] ( ! eng9es is necessitat$ by ! fact t %e has to be driv5 at a v high spe$1 at ! same "t %e has a v great draught1 also ! greate/ facility ( /e]+ has to be atta9$2 h5ce ! proportion ( wid? to l5g?1 #be to #gj feet4 ,9 ord] to save ! crew at ! wor/1 a raft is con/ruct$1 :i* is also fill$ ) a mixture ( cork & m>9e glue1 & is plac$ ne> ! helm4 ,! mode ( op]at+ ) ! ,uhlan is z foll[s3-- ,! dynamite torp$o is affix$ to ! po9t ( ! ram by ! aid ( div]s4 ,! rudd] is !n fix$1 & ! crew op5+ a wide port on ! vessel's side1 jump on ! a=esaid raft4 ,! /eam] !n ru%es =w>d1 & explodes its torp$o 9 contact ) ! ho/ile vessel4 ,! crew hold on to ! torp$o %ip1 & 9 case %e is n injur$ bo>d h] aga9 & repeat ! manoeuvre1 if necess>y4,m ,?is is a novel =m ( torp$o boat1 b does n seem to be a v practicable me?od ( torp$o attack4 ,admiral ,port]'s ,torp$o ,%ip ,al>m4--,! ,al>m torp$o %ip 0 built f plans design$ by ,admiral ,david ,d4 ,port]1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,h] total l5g?1 :i* includes a ram #cb feet long1 is #agb feet2 h] beam is #bg feet #f in*es1 & h] draught ( wat] is #aa feet4 ,%e is built ( iron on ! bracket plate sy/em1 t is to say1 %e has a d\ble hull1 "o %ell be+ con/ruct$ inside ! o!r4 ,h] d\ble bottom is divid$ into a numb] ( wat]-tight comp>tm5ts4 ,! :ole int]ior ( ! vessel is also built 9 comp>tm5ts1 :i* may be h]metically clos$1 s t 9 case ( bo? ! %ells be+ ruptur$1 x w\ld /ill be impossible to fill ! entire %ip ) wat]4 ,%e is /e]$ by ! same app>atus :i* propels h]1 viz4 ! ,f[l] :eel1 :i* is illu/rat$ at ,fig4 #ade4 ,?is :eel turns on a v]tical %aft1 & its paddles are fea!r$ by an ecc5tric cam 9 su* a mann] t at "o "p ( _! revolution !y h a pu%+ & draw+ action on ! wat]1 :ile at ano!r "p !y pres5t only _! edges4 ,9 fact x is simply a fea!r+ paddle :eel1 turn$ horizontally in/ead ( v]tically4 ,by suitably turn+ ! cam :eel1 :i* is done f ! helm1 ! fea!r+ ( ! paddles is caus$ to occur at diff]5t po9ts2 & 9 ?is way ! vessel may be turn$1 or r h] /]n twi/$ ar\nd1 z if on a pivot4 ,at ! same "t1 by suitably adju/+ ! paddles1 ! %ip goes ahead1 or a/]n1 ! eng9e mean:ile runn+ 9 ! same direction4 ,by ! app>atus above describ$ x is consid]$ t ! ,al>m is af=d$ n only a means ( spe$1 b ( be+ h&l$ ) ! utmo/ read9ess1 :i* latt] is absolutely ess5tial 9 su* a vessel1 z %e mu/ always meet h] antagoni/ b[s on4 ,! /e]+ is accompli%$ f ! :eel h\se locat$ aft on ! deck1 or bel[ deck1 z all ! appliances 9 ! :eel h\se = /e]+1 c41 are duplicat$ bel[4 ,by means ( a h& lev] b5ea? ! :eel1 /eam is admitt$ to a small auxili>y eng9e :i* works ! cam t adju/s ! paddles4 ,!n by turn+ ! horizontal h& :eel 9 ei!r direction1 ! helmsman controls ! movem5t ( ! cam1 z desir$4 ,j above ! :eel is a dial ) a po9t]1 :i* enables him to note ! position ( ! paddles1 & s adju/ !m z ord]$4 ,inside ! :eel h\se !re are also devices = communicat+ ) ! m5 work+ ! b[ gun1 & ) ^? manag+ ! torp$oes4 ,h] ,armam5t--,eng9es4--,at ,fig4 #adf is %[n ! sp> & mode ( work+ x4 ,x consi/s ( a long holl[ iron cyl9d] ly+ on its supports betwe5 decks4 ,its outbo>d end re/s 9 a k9d ( tr\gh1 & to ?is extremity ! torp$o is fix$4 ,! sp> is controll$ by means ( tackles & a /eam w9*4 ,! side sp>s are #ah feet1 & ! b[ sp> #cb feet 9 l5g?4 ,if ! ho/ile vessel is def5d$ by torp$o gu>ds1 by means ( a me*anical contrivance ! torp$o signals ! fact1 & is n explod$ until ! vessel has =c$ ! ob/ructions4 ,! eng9es ( ! ,al>m are comp\nd1 ) f\r cyl9d]s1 ! cond5s] be+ plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,!re are f\r cyl9drical tubul> boil]s ) an aggregate heat+ surface ( #d1fjj squ>e feet4 ,h] spe$ is ab\t #af knots4 ,h] upp] deck is only #c feet above ! wat]4 ,%e is fitt$ ) an electric light1 & also ) ma*9e guns on h] broadside4,n ,?is is und\bt$ly a mo/ =midable vessel1 bo? z a ram & a torp$o %ip1 & if capable ( p]=m+ all t is expect$ ( h]1 w prove a valuable addition to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,al>m ,,torp$o ,,%ip4 ,,plate ,,xlv ,capta9 ,ericsson's ,torp$o ,vessel ,de/roy]4--,?is torp$o vessel 0 devis$ & built by ,capta9 ,john ,ericsson4 ,! ,de/roy] is #acj feet long1 #aa feet deep1 & #ab feet beam1 extreme2 bo? ends ( h] hull are precisely alike1 & t]m9ate ) v f9e w$ges4 ,! rudd] is atta*$ to a v]tical wr\ght iron po/ weld$ to a prolongation ( ! keel1 j abaft ! propell]1 z %[n at ,fig4 #adg4 ,! till]s consi/ ( ?9 plates ( iron rivet$ on opposite sides ( ! rudd]1 a few in*es f its bottom4 ,^! till]s are op]at$ by /raight rods connect$ to ! pi/ons ( horizontal hydraulic cyl9d]s ( #e in*es diamet]1 :i* are atta*$ to ! sides ( ! keel4 ,! /e]+ ge> by ! above arrangem5t is plac$ #aj feet bel[ ! wat] l9e1 :ile ! top ( ! rudd] is #f feet bel[ ! same1 & ?us p]fect security is af=d$ to ?is mo/ important feature ( a torp$o vessel4 ,! int5tion ( ! design] 9 con/ruct+ ?is vessel is to r5d] h] s f> impregnable1 t 9 attack+ b[ on %e c defy ! oppon5t's fire1 at ! same "t (f]+ absolute protection to h] comm&] & /e]sman1 & also protect+ ! base ( h] funnel4 ,! lead+ feature ( ! con/ruction ( ! hull ( ! ,de/roy] is its be+ provid$ ) an int]m$iate curv$ deck1 :i* ext5ds f /em to /]n1 & :i* is compos$ ( plate iron /rongly ribb$1 & p]fectly wat]-tight4 ,?is int]m$iate deck supports a heavy solid arm\r plate1 fix$ transv]sely to ! l9e ( keel1 & #cb feet f ! b[1 incl9$ at an angle ( #de1 & support$ on its aft] side by a wood back+ #d feet #f in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,beh9d ?is =midable %ield ! /e]+ :eel is manipulat$1 a wire rope ext5d+ f its b>rel to a f\r-way cock plac$ ne> ! /]n1 by means ( :i* wat] pressure is admitt$ alt]nately to ! hydraulic cyl9d]s1 previ\sly m5tion$1 ! motion ( ^: pi/ons actuate ! rudd]4 ,! l[] division ( ! vessel is v5tilat$ by p[]ful bl[]s1 & conta9s ! ma*9]y2 x also af=ds a safe retreat = ! crew dur+ ! attack4 ,! upp] division is fill$ ) blocks ( cork1 except+ a small "p ne> ! b[1 occupi$ by ! a=esaid arm\r plate & wood back+4 ,! deck h\se is #gj feet long1 & compos$ ( plate iron1 rivet$ wat]-tight to ! upp] "p ( ! hull4 ,z !re are no op5+s 9 ! sides ( ?is deck h\se1 ! vessel may be run ) h] upp] deck "u wat]4 ,armam5t ( ! ,de/roy]4--,! ,de/roy] is to be arm$ ) torp$oes some:at simil> to ! projectile torp$o1 draw+s ( :i* 7 submitt$ by ,capta9 ,ericsson1 ! inv5tor1 to ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii4 9 #ahed4 ,! pres5t weapon is compos$ ( a solid block ( light wood1 ! explosive *>ge be+ conta9$ 9 a metallic vessel ins]t$ at its =w>d end4 ,in/ead ( be+ circul>1 z 0 ! case ) ! orig9al torp$o1 its transv]se section is squ>e1 ) p>allel top & bottom & v]tical sides1 =m+ v %>p w$ges at bo? ends1 cas$ ) /eel plates4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! ,de/roy] torp$o is #bc feet4 ,ignition is effect$ by means ( a p]cussion fuze plac$ 9 ! head ( ! weapon4 ,op]at+ ! ,torp$o4--,! me?od ( op]at+ ! torp$o is t ( ins]t+ x into a horizontal tube ne> ! bottom ( ! vessel1 provid$ ) valves = keep+ out ! sea dur+ ! process ( ins]tion1 z %[n at ,fig4 #adh4 ,:5 ne> ! ho/ile vessel1 ?is valve is op5$1 & ! torp$o expell$ by a pi/on actuat$ by /eam p[]1 ! expulsion be+ effect$ )\t rec\rse to gunp[d] or o!r explosive ag5t4 ,! area ( ! actuat+ pi/on ( ! ,de/roy] is #cad squ>e in*es1 :ile ! sectional area ( ! projectile is only #aif squ>e in*es2 ?is diff]5ce 9 size ( ! two areas is a special & important feature ( ! inv5tion1 z w be und]/ood f ! foll[+3 ! t5sion ( ! act+ m$ium 9 ! ,de/roy] exce$s #bjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 !re=e ! torp$o w be pu%$ out by a =ce ( 7#cad #bjj7 _/ #aif #cbj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & z ! di/ance pass$ by ! pi/on :ile impell+ ! torp$o is #cj feet1 an en]gy ( ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds w be imp>t$ to ! projectile4 ,:5 mak+ an attack1 x is int5d$ t ! vessel %\ld at ! in/ant ( fir+ h] torp$o rev]se h] eng9es1 ?is retrograde motion be+ greatly assi/$ by ! recoil1 :i* mu/ att5d ! dis*>ge ( a body weigh+ "s #a1djj lbs4 impell$ by ! a=esaid enorm\s =ce1 & mov+ ?r\gh a di/ance ( #cj feet be=e rea*+ ! wat]4,o ,c]ta9ly ?is new sy/em ( subm>9e attack seems feasible1 b x has yet to prove1 9 common ) all o!r new inv5tions1 :e!r its !oretical capabilities are also practical ones4 ,at ,fig4 #adi is %[n a g5]al view ( ?is novel torp$o vessel "u weigh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,de/roy] ,,torp$o ,,%ip4 ,,plate ,,xlvi ,torp$o ,boats4--,9 (f5sive torp$o w>f>e1 :e!r us+ ! sp>1 locomotive1 or t[+ torp$o1 especially 9 ! case ( ! =m] class ( subm>9e weapons1 to ensure a successful attack x is absolutely ess5tial to op]ate ^? weapons f /eam boats1 :i* are capable ( fulfill+ z ne> z possible ! conditions h]e9 enum]at$3-- #a4--,!y %\ld be capable ( /eam+ at lea/ #ah knots p] h\r4 #b4--,_! eng9es %\ld be noiseless1 & easily manag$4 #c4--,!y %\ld be extremely h&y4 #d4--,no smoke %\ld enable _! approa* to be detect$1 or gl>e f _! fires4 #e4--,t x %\ld be possible to raise /eam 9 !m 9 a few m9utes4 #f4--,!y %\ld be built 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 & cov]$ =e & aft to prev5t be+ swamp$4 #g4--,! crews %\ld be protect$ z f> z practicable f rifle fire4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ^! craft capable ( def5d+ !mselves aga9/ ! attack ( gu>d boats1 & also ( be+ employ$ z su*1 & on riv] exp$itions1 c41 !y %\ld be built suffici5tly /rong to enable !m to c>ry a small gun ei!r 9 ! b[s or /]n2 ?is w\ld apply m especially to ^? torp$o boats :i* are "p ( a %ip's /ores4 ,dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s a v l>ge numb] ( torp$o boats h be5 built1 :i* m or less fulfil ! a=esaid conditions1 ne>ly ! :ole ( :i* h be5 con/ruct$ by ! two ,engli% firms1 viz4 ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t & ,co4 & ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,co41 & to ! latt] firm is due ! hon\r ( con/ruct+ ! fa/e/ vessel z yet 9 ! _w4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 a specially built torp$o boat has on only "o occasion be5 us$ on active s]vice1 viz4 at ! attack on a ,turki% monitor on ! #bj? ( ,june1 #ahgg1 :i* is detail$ at l5g? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,?is boat 0 "o ( ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t & ,co4's laun*es1 & f all acc\nts %e behav$ wond]fully well "u ! mo/ unt[>d circum/ances4 ,?ornycr(t ,torp$o ,laun*es4--,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t & ,co41 ( ,*iswick1 ,london1 h dur+ ! la/ six ye>s built a l>ge numb] ( torp$o laun*es = ! ,engli% gov]nm5t & = sev]al ( ! pr9cipal ,european gov]nm5ts4 ,norwegian ,laun*4--,! fir/ torp$o boat ev] built by ?is firm 0 ! "o %[n at ,fig4 #aej1 = ! ,norwegian gov]nm5t4 ,?is boat 0 #eg feet 9 l5g? by #g feet #f in*es beam1 drew #c feet ( wat]1 & ! /ipulat$ spe$ 0 #af ,engli% /atute miles1 or ne>ly #ad knots p] h\r2 :i* spe$ 0 n to be asc]ta9$ by a m]e measur$ mile trial1 b 0 to be #af miles ?r\gh ! wat] 9 a run ( "o h\r's duration4 ,! hull ( ! vessel 0 con/ruct$ entirely ( /eel plates & angle b>s1 &1 z may be se5 f ! diagram1 0 divid$ into six wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f4 ,! comp>tm5ts m>k$ ,a & ,f 9 ! /em & /]n 7 = /ores2 ^? m>k$ ,b & ,e 7 fitt$ ) seats = ! crew1 & 7 provid$ ) movable /eel cov]s1 s t on go+ into action1 or dur+ r\gh wea!r1 !y might be completely cov]$4 ,! comp>tm5ts ,c & ,d are = ! /e]sman & ! ma*9]y respectively1 & 7 cov]$ completely by /eel plat+ #c_/af ( an in* 9 ?ickness--a ?ickness suffici5t to )/& ,snid] or ,m>t9i-,h5ry bullets1 fir$ f a di/ance ( tw5ty paces4 ,! comp>tm5t ,d 0 furni%$ ) a hood1 hav+ slits #a_/d ( an in* wide1 all r\nd1 ?r\gh :i* ! /e]sman c\ld see ) suffici5t di/9ctness to direct 8 c\rse easily4 ,motion 0 communicat$ f ! :eel to ! till] by means ( /eel wire ropes1 :i* x 0 orig9ally int5d$ %\ld be encas$ 9 wr\ght iron tubes4 ,! possibility h[ev] ( ^! tubes be+ b5t by a %ot1 & s jamm+ ! wire ropes1 l$ to ?is arrangem5t be+ ab&on$1 & ! ropes 7 simply run ?r\gh eyes at int]vals along ! side4 ,! armam5t consi/$ ( a cyl9dro-conical %ap$ torp$o t[$ f ! top ( ! funnel1 r\nd :i* a r+ 0 fitt$ ) two pulleys = ! t[+ rope1 ! /ra9 be+ tak5 (f by means ( two /ays atta*$ =w>d4 ,! l5g? ( ?is torp$o 0 #ac feet & ! diamet] #i in*es1 & ) a spe$ ( #aa knots x has div]g$ to ab\t #dj degrees f ! direction ( ! boat's motion :5 runn+ 9 smoo? wat]4 ,! torp$o is work$ by means ( a small w9* & brake fix$ on ! aft] "p ( ! eng9e room skylight2 davits are provid$ = dropp+ ! torp$o ov]bo>d4 ,! eng9es 7 comp\nd1 ( ! usual inv]t$ d\ble cyl9d] direct act+ type1 capable ( develop+ ab\t #ij indicat$ horse p[]1 & 7 fitt$ ) a surface cond5s]1 s t ! vessel c\ld run 9 salt wat]1 )\t dang] ( injur+ h] boil]4 ,a small tank conta9$ a supply ( fre% wat]1 to make good defici5cies aris+ ?r\gh leakage1 & f /eam escap+ at ! safety valves1 c4 ,! circulat+1 air1 & fe$ pumps 7 driv5 by a sep>ate eng9e4 ,! boil] 0 ( ! locomotive type1 ! %ell be+ made ( ,bessem] /eel2 ! fire box & its /ays ( copp]1 & ! tubes ( solid drawn brass4 ,on ! (ficial trial1 :i* took place on ! ,?ames on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 #ahgc1 ! numb] ( revolutions done 9 ! h\r 0 f\nd to be #bg1agg1 & ! numb] requir$ to d a mile 9 /ill wat] 0 #aegh4 ,! di/ance run 9 ! h\r 0 !n1 #bg1agg_/aegh #agbb1 or v ne>ly #ag-a_/d miles4 ,! /eam pressure dur+ ! trial av]ag$ #he lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & ! vacuum #be-a_/b in*es4 ,sw$i% & ,dani% ,boats4--,boats ( ! same size & simil> 9 all p>ticul>s to ! =ego+ "o--except+ ! eng9es1 :i* are improv$ by driv+ ! air pump1 fe$ pump1 & circulat+ pumps (f ! ma9 eng9es1 & aboli%+ ! auxili>y eng9e1 :i* p]=m$ ^! duties 9 ! case ( ! ,norwegian boat--7 made = ! ,sw$i% & ,dani% gov]nm5ts4 ,! result 0 an increase ( spe$ to #agbg miles 9 ! case ( ! ,sw$i% boat1 & to #ahjf miles1 or #ae-e_/h knots1 9 ! case ( ! ,dani% boat4 ,!re is no in=mation reg>d+ ! armam5t ( ! ,sw$i% boat1 b ! ,dani% boat 0 arm$ ) two sp9dle-%ap$ torp$oes #ab feet long & #aa-a_/b in*es diamet]1 some:at l ! ,:itehead torp$o4 ,!y 7 plac$ on deck longitud9ally ne> ! funnel1 s z to facilitate laun*+1 & 7 arrang$ to be t[$ f an upright pole #h feet high1 plac$ ab\t #f feet f ! /em4 ,a small w9* 0 fix$ on ei!r side aft1 to pay out ! t[+ l9e1 & to br+ back ! torp$o4 ,by ^! arrangem5ts ! torp$o c\ld be project$ at a l>ge angle f ! direction ( ! boat's motion1 & at consid]able velocity4 ,! spe$ ( ! boat :5 t[+ "o ( ^! torp$oes is ab\t #aj knots4 ,au/rian & ,fr5* ,boats4--,! next size ( torp$o vessel is t suppli$ to ! ,au/rian & ,fr5* gov]nm5ts1 :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #aea4 ,! dim5sions are3--l5g?1 #fg feet2 beam1 #h feet #f in*es2 draught ( wat]1 #d feet #c in*es4 ,! gu>ante$ spe$ 9 ! case ( ! ,au/rian boat 0 #ae knots 9 a run ( "o h\r's duration1 & 9 ! case ( ! ,fr5* boats #ah knots1 9 a run ( two h\rs' duration4 ,^! boats 7 built ( some:at ?ick] plat+ ?an ! #eg feet type1 & ! arm\r 0 ext5d$4 ,!y 7 divid$ into six wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 & !y diff]$ f ! ,sc&9avian boats 9 hav+ ! spaces =w>d & aft ( ! ma*9]y p]man5tly deck$1 in/ead ( be+ cov]$ ) movable /eel cov]s only4 ,! ma*9]y 0 some:at simil> to t 9 ! ,sc&9avian boats1 except+ t ! eng9es 7 capable ( develop+ #bjj indicat$ horse p[]1 & t ! air 0 suppli$ to ! furnace by be+ =c$ into an air-tight /oke hole1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ directly "u ! fire grate4 ,! armam5t ( ^! vessels consi/$ ( two torp$oes atta*$ to ! end ( wood5 poles1 #d-a_/b in*es diamet] & ab\t #dc feet long1 connect$ to ! batt]y by insulat$ wires1 & arrang$ to be fir$ ei!r by com+ 9 contact ) ! enemy's vessel or at any di/ance f x1 at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,! torp$oes !mselves 7 simply copp] cases1 ( suffici5t size1 9 ! case ( ! ,au/rian boat1 to conta9 #aa1jjj cubic c5timetres ( explosive1 & 9 ! case ( ! ,fr5* boats1 to conta9 #be kilogrammes ( dynamite4 ,! mode ( arrang+ ! wires is simil> to t expla9$ at page #aee4 ,! me?od ( manipulat+ ! torp$o poles consi/s ( two tubes rivet$ toge!r at "r angles1 s z to =m some?+ l ! lett] ,t4 ,! torp$o pole is put ?r\gh ! horizontal tube1 :i* is free to move r\nd ! c5tre ( ! v]tical tube1 & ! v]tical tube is free to move ?r\gh a qu>t] circle at "r angles to ! c5tre l9e ( ! vessel4 ,9 attack+ 9 front1 ! v]tical tube is laid ov] till x is p>allel to ! wat] surface1 & ! horizontal tube is all[$ to incl9e suffici5tly f> to all[ ( ! end ( ! pole1 :5 run out1 to be depress$ f #h to #aj feet bel[ ! wat]-l9e4 ,x is held 9 ?is position by a pair ( blocks atta*$ to ! top ( a %ort ma/4 ,9 attack+ on ! broadside1 ! v]tical tube is laid ov] till x assumes a position su* z to all[ ( ! pole1 :5 swung r\nd1 to t\* an enemy's vessel at ab\t #h or #aj feet bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,! spe$ trials ( ! ,au/rian boat took place on ! #aa? ( ,septemb]1 #ahge1 :5 %e did #bd1gjj revolutions on h] h\r's run on ! ,?ames1 & ! numb] ( revolutions requir$ to d a knot 9 /ill wat] 0 f\nd to be #aceg4 ,?is gives ! di/ance run 9 ! h\r z #ahbjb knots1 or #cbjb knots ov] ! contract spe$4 ,! /eam pressure av]ag$ #aje lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & ! vacuum #be-a_/b in*es dur+ ! run4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,fr5* boats1 ! total numb] ( revolutions done 9 ! two h\rs' run 9 ! road/ead (f ,*]b\rg 0 #di1hah1 & ! numb] requir$ to d a knot 9 /ill wat] 0 f\nd to be #achb1 s t ! di/ance run 9 ! two h\rs 0 #cfje knots1 or j ov] ! contract spe$4 ,dur+ ! two h\rs1 ! av]age /eam pressure 0 #ajh lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & ! vacuum #be in*es4 ,! ,au/rian boat 0 s5t to h] de/9ation on bo>d a /eam]1 b ! ,fr5* boats1 "u ! comm& ( an exp]i5c$ capta91 /eam$ by !mselves f ,*iswick to ,*]b\rg1 n cross+ at ! ne>e/ po9ts & runn+ along ! %ore1 b go+ boldly f ,dov] direct to ,*]b\rg4 ,%ortly aft] ! arrival ( ! ,fr5* boats 9 ,*]b\rg1 !y 7 alt]$ s z to attack 9 front only1 z ! ,fr5* au?orities f\nd t ^! small vessels 7 bett] adapt$ = resi/+ ! effects ( an explosion at ! b[ ?an at any o!r "p4 ,! arrangem5t adopt$ is %[n at ,fig4 #aeb1 & consi/$ ( a /eel pole ab\t #dj feet 9 l5g?1 hav+ "o end ab\t #f in*es diamet]1 & solid1 & ! o!r ab\t #a-a_/b in*es diamet]1 & holl[2 ?is pole 0 m\nt$ at its solid end on small pulleys1 :i* ran ^u two ropes /ret*$ =e & aft ( ! vessel2 ! o!r end1 to :i* ! torp$o 0 atta*$1 0 l$ ov] a pulley fix$ on ! b[4 ,ropes pass+ ov] pulleys to a w9dlass 9 ! aft] comp>tm5t 7 atta*$ to ! inbo>d end1 & by turn+ ! w9dlass ! pole 0 drawn backw>ds or =w>ds z requir$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t z ! pole is drawn =w>d1 ! inbo>d end be+ con/ra9$ to move 9 a l9e p>allel to ! deck1 ! out] end is depress$ 9 ! wat]1 & is s adju/$ t :5 ! pole is run out to its full extremity1 ! torp$o is depress$ to ab\t #h-a_/b feet bel[ ! wat] level4 ,dut* & ,italian ,boats4--,! ?ird size ( boat built by ?is firm = ! ,dut* & ,italian gov]nm5ts are #gf feet long & #aj feet beam1 & are gu>ante$ to d a spe$ ( #ah knots4 ,^! boats are simil> 9 design to ! ,au/rian & ,fr5* boats previ\sly describ$1 b diff] f !m 9 hav+ eng9es ( #bej indicat$ horse p[]1 & 9 hav+ m free bo>d =w>d1 s z to make !m bett] sea boats4 ,! ,dut* type are arm$ ) ! outrigg] torp$o1 z fitt$ to ! ,fr5* boats1 & ! ,italian type ) ! ,:itehead fi% torp$o4 ,! ,lightn+ ,type ( ,boat4--,n[ comes ! ,lightn+ type ( vessel1 :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #aec4 ,?is vessel1 built = ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 is #hd feet long ov] all1 #aj feet #aj in*es beam1 & draws ab\t #e feet ( wat]4 ,! ma*9]y on bo>d ! ,lightn+ is simil> 9 design to t already describ$1 & is capable ( indicat+ #cej horse p[]4 ,! hull ( ! ,lightn+ is made ( heavi] plat+ ?an usually employ$1 & h] l9es are full]1 z %e is int5d$ = use 9 a tol]ably r\gh sea if necess>y2 & 9 ord] t %e may be able to rema9 at sea = "s "t1 cab9 accommodation on a scale l>g] ?an 9 any ( ! o!r boats is provid$ = ! (fic]s & crew4 ,! /e]+ ge> is arrang$ s t ! vessel may be /e]$ f ! deck1 or f ! conn+ t[]1 & ! usual telegraph ge> is fitt$ to communicate f ! deck1 or f ! conn+ t[]1 to ! eng9e room4 ,! top ( ! conn+ t[] is support$ on ?ree screws1 s arrang$ t x may be rais$ or l[]$1 & ! space = sight adju/$ accord+ to ! range ( vision requir$1 or ! risk to be run f ! enemy's missiles4 ,! ,lightn+ is arm$ ) fi% torp$oes1 :i* are dis*>g$ f h] deck =w>d by means ( a dis*>g+ app>atus4 ,! torp$oes are *>g$ ) air1 by means ( "o ( ,mr4 ,bro!rhood's air-compress+ pumps4 ,! ,lightn+ on h] prelim9>y runs atta9$ a spe$ on ! measur$ mile ( #aid knots p] h\r1 a spe$ :i* w be some:at r$uc$ :5 %e has h] torp$oes1 c41 on bo>d1 b :i* w !n be ov] #ah knots p] h\r4 ,sev]al torp$o boats h be5 built & are 9 process ( con/ruction by ?is firm = ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ornycr(t',s ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,,plate ,,xlvii ,fr5* ,boats4--,! next size ( boats is ! #hg feet type1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aed4 ,( ?is type ( torp$o laun* sev]al h be5 built & are n[ "u con/ruction = ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,^! vessels are #aj feet #f in*es beam2 draught ( wat] ab\t #e feet4 ,!y are built ( heavi] plat+ ?an ! ,lightn+1 & are gu>ante$ to ma9ta9 a spe$ ( #ah knots4 ,! propell]s 9 ^! boats are plac$ 9 front ( ! rudd]1 s z to give increas$ read9ess 9 /e]+4 ,9 ord] to prev5t oxidation z f> z possible1 ! plates & frames bel[ ! wat] l9e are galvanis$4 ,a sp>k-cat*+ app>atus is fitt$ to ! base ( ! funnel1 s z to prev5t ! position ( ! boat be+ betray$ to ! enemy at night4 ,! armam5t ( ^! vessels consi/ ( an outrigg] arrangem5t simil> to t describ$ at page #afg4 ,!y are also well adapt$ = ! ,:itehead torp$o4 ,!y are also provid$ ) a /rong buff] 9 ! b[s = dead5+ ! %ock1 9 ! ev5t ( _! com+ into contact ) an enemy's vessel at too high a rate ( spe$4 ,second ,class ,boats & ,mode ( ,manipulat+ ! ,fi% ,torp$oes f !m4--,ano!r type ( ,?ornycr(t torp$o boats1 sev]al ( :i* h be5 built = cont95tal gov]nm5ts1 & :i* is t]m$ ,second class1 is %[n at ,fig4 #aee4 ,^! boats are #fj feet long1 #g feet #f in*es beam1 & draw "s #c feet ( wat]2 _! gu>ante$ spe$ be+ #af knots p] h\r4 ,! mode ( c>ry+ ! ,:itehead fi% torp$o1 & manipulat+ x f su* a boat by means ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,?ornycr(t's inv5tion1 :i* has be5 fully describ$ at page #adj1 is %[n at ,figs4 #aee & #aef1 :]e ,fig4 #aee repres5ts bo? torp$oes h\s$1 & ,fig4 #aef "o torp$o 9 ! fir+ position1 ! o!r "o be+ h\s$4 ,f\r ( ?is type ( ,?ornycr(t torp$o boats 7 atta*$ to ,h4,m4,s4 ,hecla dur+ h] rec5t cruise 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & h be5 v fav\rably report$ on z foll[s3--,!y d n suff] f ! bl[s ( ! sea1 nor f ! /ra9s incid5t ^u hoi/+ 9 & out2 nor yet :5 !y are susp5d$ ready = l[]+1 9 :i* latt] position !y h frequ5tly rema9$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 t "u c>eful managem5t !y are p]fectly safe 9 a heavy sea1 & !y possess good manoeuvr+ p[]s4 ,! ,?ornycr(t torp$o frames 7 f\nd to p]=m well ! s]vices = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,:5 proce$+ at ord9>y spe$ !y are ne>ly noiseless1 & _c be se5 on a d>k night at a di/ance ( #ajj y>ds4 ,! ,?ornycr(t ,propell]4--,all ! torp$o boats built by ?is firm are fitt$ ) ! propell] inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,?ornycr(t1 & :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,x is a modification ( :at is kn[n z ! ,dundonald propell]1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! ,dundonald propell] ! blades are incl9$ backw>d 9 /raight l9es1 :ile 9 ! ,?ornycr(t propell] !y are curv$4 ,exp]im5t at ,*]b\rg4--,! foll[+ acc\nt ( an exp]im5t :i* took place at ,*]b\rg 9 ,m>* #ahgg1 :]eby to te/ ! effici5cy ( a ,?ornycr(t torp$o boat 9 explod+ a sp> torp$o "u ! bottom ( a vessel proce$+ ahead at ! "t1 is tak5 f ! ,times1 "u date ! #ac? ( ,m>*1 #ahgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ornycr(t',s ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,,plate ,,xlviii ,admiral ,jaurez1 :o comm&s ! squadron1 ord]$ a disabl$ %ip1 ! ,bayonnaise1 dur+ a r r\gh sea1 to be t[$ out by a /eam] belong+ to ! navy4 ,a second lieut5ant1 ,m4 ,lemo9ne1 0 s5t =1 & in=m$ t he _h be5 select$ to make ! exp]im5t ( laun*+ ! ,?ornycr(t aga9/ ! ,bayonnaise :ile bo? 7 9 full sail4 ,he accept$ ! mission )\t hesitation1 pick$ out two eng9e m5 & a pilot1 & w5t d[n ) !m into ! int]ior ( ! ,?ornycr(t1 ( :i* only a small "p 0 above wat]2 ?is visible portion be+ pa9t$ ( a greyi% col\r1 s z to be easily confus$ ) ! sea4 ,! torp$o 0 plac$ s z to project f ! b[ ( ! vessel1 at ! extremity ( :i* 7 two late5 saily>ds ab\t ?ree metres 9 l5g?4 ,! t[+ /eam] !n took up its position 9 front ( ! squadron1 & ! ,?ornycr(t also assum$ ! position assign$ = x2 an int]val ( ?ree or f\r m>9e miles sep>at+ ! torp$o boat & ! ,bayonnaise4 ,on a signal be+ giv51 bo? 7 set 9 motion1 ! /eam] advanc+ 9 a /raight l9e1 & ! ,?ornycr(t obliquely1 s z to take ! ,bayonnaise 9 flank4 ,! /eam tug w5t at #ad knots an h\r1 go+ at full spe$ 9 ord] to escape ! ,?ornycr(t4 ,! latt] w5t at #ai knots an h\r1 a rate n atta9$ by any vessel 9 ! squadron4 ,! *ase la/$ ab\t an h\r1 ! squadron keep+ 9 ! re>1 s z to witness ! op]ations4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,?ornycr(t & ! ,bayonnaise _h s5sibly dim9i%$1 & at a giv5 mom5t ! =m]1 9 ord] to come up ) ! latt] at ! requisite di/ance1 _h to slack5 spe$ to #h knots an h\r4 ,! :ole squadron wat*$ ?is la/ phase ( ! /ruggle ) brea?less int]e/1 & p ask$ !mselves :e!r ! %ock ( ! torp$o w\ld n infallibly de/roy ! little vessel :i* bore x4 ,x 0 fe>$ t ! lives ( ! second lieut5ant1 ,lemo9ne1 & 8 ?ree companions 7 absolutely sacrific$4 ,h[ev]1 ! two vessels got visibly ne>]4 ,all at once ! ,?ornycr(t put on a la/ spurt1 & /ruck ! ,bayonnaise ) its :ole =ce on ! />bo>d b[4 ,! sea 0 t]ribly agitat$1 a deaf5+ report 0 he>d1 & ! ,bayonnaise1 ) a r5t z big z a h\se1 sank ) wond]ful rapidity4 ,z = ! ,?ornycr(t1 reb\nd+ by ! %ock ab\t fifte5 metres (f1 ev5 be=e ! explosion occurr$1 x w5t r\nd & r\nd = a few mom5ts1 & quietly resum$ ! direction ( ! squadron4 ,no trace rema9$ ( ! ,bayonnaise2 x 0 lit]ally swall[$ up by ! sea4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a mo/ complete success1 ! torp$o boat n be+ 9 ! lea/ degree injur$4 ,! ,p[] ( ,flotation ( a ,?ornycr(t ,boat aft] be+ pi]c$ by a ,rifle ,%ot4--,on ! #e? ( ,july1 #ahgg1 ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t & ,co4 made an exp]im5t ) "o ( _! torp$o boats to asc]ta9 "u :at conditions flotation is /ill reta9$ aft] ! boat has be5 pi]c$ by a rifle %ot4 ,! torp$o boat exp]im5t$ on 0 simil> to ! "o :i* has be5 describ$ at page #afi4 ,a ,m>t9i-,h5ry 0 fir$ ?r\gh h] side1 ab\t a foot "u wat] 9 ! /oke hole4 ,:il/ at an*or ! wat] ent]$ 9 suffici5t quantity to fill an ord9>y size bucket 9 tw5ty-five seconds1 b :5 %e 0 driv5 ahead less wat] ent]$1 & on ! spe$ ( #aj knots be+ rea*$1 little or no wat] ent]$4 ,! hole 0 a little m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! engagem5t on ! ,danube betwe5 ! torp$o boat ,s*ootka & "s ,turki% vessels1 9 :i* ! =m] vessel 0 pi]c$ by bullets1 b yet did n s9k1 l$ to ! above exp]im5t be+ c>ri$ out4 ,effici5cy ( ,?ornycr(t's ,eng9es4--,z a practical pro( ( ! effici5cy ( ! eng9es suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,?ornycr(t & ,co4 to _! torp$o boats1 a simil> eng9e has be5 us$ = ov] two ye>s to "w ! v>i\s ma*9es 9 connection ) _! works at ,*iswick4 ,torp$o ,boats built by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,co4--,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,co41 ( ! ,isle ( ,dogs1 ,london1 are also v well-kn[n torp$o boat build]s1 & h dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s con/ruct$ a consid]able numb] ( su* vessels = ! ,engli% & diff]5t cont95tal gov]nm5ts1 &1 z has be5 be=e /at$1 !y are ! con/ructors ( ! fa/e/ vessel 9 ! _w4 ,dut* ,torp$o ,laun*4--,9 #ahge ?is firm built a torp$o laun* = ! ,dut* gov]nm5t1 specially design$ = ocean purposes4 ,x 0 #ff feet long1 #aj feet beam1 & #e-a_/b feet deep4 ,%e 0 driv5 by a pair ( inv]t$ direct act+ eng9es4 ,! boil] 0 ( ! locomotive type1 ) a work+ pressure ( #adj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & capable ( ex]t+ a =ce ( "s #bjj indicat$ horses4 ,russian ,torp$o ,boat4--,?is firm also con/ruct$ = ! ,russian gov]nm5t two torp$o /eam]s #he feet 9 l5g?4 ,! gu>ante$ spe$ ( ^! vessels be+ #bj knots p] h\r4 ,9 #ahgh ! ,russian gov]nm5t ord]$ "o hundr$ exactly simil> boats to be con/ruct$1 mo/ly at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ?us prov+ ! high e/imation held by t gov]nm5t ( ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,co4's torp$o boats4 ,description ( a ,y>r[ ,torp$o ,laun*4--,figs4 #aeg1 #aeh1 & #aei %[ an elevation1 section1 & plan ( a torp$o boat1 ,y>r[ type1 a l>ge numb] ( :i* h be5 built = ! ,russian & o!r cont95tal gov]nm5ts4 ,! l5g? ( ?is boat is #ge feet1 its beam #aj feet1 & draught ( wat] #c feet4 ,%e is built ( /eel ( ! be/ quality1 no o!r metal possess+ ! requisite /r5g? & /iffness = scantl+1 & plates ( su* lightness4 ,x is divid$ into eight comp>tm5ts by sev5 transv]se bulkheads1 ! =w>d & aft] comp>tm5ts be+ us$ = /ores1 ! two c5tral ones enclos+ ! ma*9]y1 :ile ! /e]sman & op]ator are plac$ 9 ! comp>tm5t imm$iately abaft ! eng9es4 ,! /e]sman's head projects above ! deck1 & is protect$ by a rifle pro( /eel truncat$ cone1 ! top "p ( :i* is movable l ! visor ( a helmet4 ,! hull is deck$ ov] f end to end ) a curv$ %ield1 ! mid%ip plat+ ( :i* is capable ( resi/+ rifle %ots1 ev5 at close qu>t]s2 its curv$ =m be+ well adapt$ = giv+ ! maximum /r5g? to ! /ructure1 & quickly frees itself f any l>ge body ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,y>r[',s ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,,plate ,,xlix ,! propell+ ma*9]y consi/s ( a pair ( inv]t$ comp\nd cond5s+ eng9es4 ,! revolutions p] m9ute at full spe$ are ab\t #dgj1 & ! indicat$ horse p[] ab\t #bhj4 ,! propell] is ( /eel4 ,! funnel is fix$ at "o side ( ! c5tre l9e1 to be out ( ! way ( ! b[ torp$o pole & ge>4 ,?is type ( torp$o boat atta9s a spe$ ( f #ag-a_/b to #ah-a_/b knots p] h\r4 ,! armam5t ( "s ( ^! boats consi/s ( ?ree sp> torp$oes1 a b[1 & two qu>t] ones4 ,! b[ pole1 :i* is /rong & heavy1 is haul$ out & 9 by means ( a small auxili>y eng9e4 ,boats simil> to ^!1 b ( l>g] dim5sions1 viz4 #hd feet long & #aa feet beam1 h also be5 con/ruct$ by ?is firm4 ,spe$ f #ai to #bj knots p] h\r4 ,engli% ,torp$o ,boats4--,! foll[+ acc\nt ( two torp$o boats :i* _h be5 orig9ally built by ?is firm = ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 b1 ow+ to ! proclamation issu$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t at ?is "t prohibit+ torp$o boats leav+ ,engl&1 7 seiz$ by ! ,cu/oms au?orities :5 on ! po9t ( completion1 & 7 ultimately pur*as$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 is an extract f ! ,times "u date ! #d? ( ,july1 #ahgh4 ,^! vessels are ea* #he feet long ) #aa feet beam1 & draw1 :5 fully equipp$ = s]vice1 an av]age ( #c feet ( wat]4 ,!y are /rongly con/ruct$ ( /eel1 & are fitt$ ) comp\nd surface cond5s+ eng9es capable ( indicat+ #dbj horse p[]4 ,! high pressure /eam cyl9d] ( ^! eng9es is #ab-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! l[ pressure #ba-a_/b in*es1 bo? hav+ a #ab in* /roke4 ,^! boats are at pres5t kn[n by _! build]s' numb]s1 "o be+ ,no4 #dai & ! o!r ,no4 #dbj4 ,! =m] is propell$ by a ?ree-blad$ screw1 #e feet #f in*es diamet] & #e feet pit*2 & ! latt] by a two-blad$ screw ( simil> proportions4 ,messrs4 ,y>r[ adopt supplem5t>y eng9es = driv+ ! air pump1 circulat+ pump1 & fe$ pumps2 !y consid] ?is plan pref]able to t ( work+ ^! pumps direct (f ! ma9 eng9e1 z is sometimes done4 ,"o advantage 9 hav+ sep>ate pump+ eng9es is t1 :e!r ! vessel is 9 motion or /ation>y1 a p[]ful means is available = pump+ h] out1 %\ld ! necessity arise4 ,x is e/imat$ by h] build]s t if ! air pump & circulat+ pump 7 bo? utilis$ = ?is purpose1 ! wat] c\ld be pump$ out z fa/ z x c\ld ent] ei!r ( ^! vessels ?r\gh "o hundr$ holes made 9 ! sk9 by ,m>t9i-,h5ry rifle bullets4 ,if ?is is ! case1 ^! craft may be deem$ safe f s9k+ s long z _! ma*9]y is work+ effici5tly4 ,! boil] is ( ! locomotive type1 plac$ 9 ! =w>d "p ( ea* vessel1 & has a clos$ /oke hole4 ,9 connection ) ! boil] a v important improvem5t has be5 introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,y>r[4 ,?is consi/s 9 a means ( r5d]+ ! clos$ /oke hole safe = ! m5 9 ! ev5t ( ! collapse ( a boil] tube--a cont+5cy :i* _c be absolutely gu>d$ aga9/4 ,its effici5cy 0 prov$ beyond all "q ^u a previ\s trial ( "o ( ^! boats4 ,?is 0 ,no4 #dai1 :i* 0 tri$ on ! #bd? ( ,may la/ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,admiralty (ficials4 ,^u t occasion an accid5tal rupture ( "o ( ! boil] tubes occurr$ ne>ly at ! close ( ! runs ov] ! measur$ mile1 :i* s f> _h be5 v successful4 ,:5 ! boil] tube gave way ! /eam ru%$ out ( ! =emo/ hat*way f ! comp>tm5t 9 :i* ! smoke box end ( ! boil] is situat$1 & soon aft] f ! two funnels4 ,! m5 9 ! /oke hole1 h[ev]1 be+ %ut (f f ! boil]1 7 un9jur$1 & rema9$ at _! po/ sev]al m9utes aft] ! fir/ outbur/ ( /eam4 ,! accid5t1 al?\gh an unt[>d ev5t1 0 consid]$ by ! ,admiralty (ficials z af=d+ a highly satisfactory pro( ( ! effici5cy ( ,mr4 ,y>r['s inv5tion4 ,! eng9es are plac$ amid%ips1 & ea* vessel has spaci\s cab9 accommodation aft1 z x is int5d$ t !y may be us$ ei!r z despat* or torp$o boats4 ,= ! latt] purpose ! cab9 fram+s above deck are remov$ & replac$ by /eel plat+4 ,!y are /e]$ f ! cab91 !re be+ a look-out = ! /e]sman j above deck level4 ,! deck is cle> ( all ob/ructions1 ! two funnels be+ plac$ "o on ei!r side4 ,!y are fitt$ ) balanc$ rudd]s & /e] well1 answ]+ _! helms v quickly4 ,! trials ( ^! two torp$o boats are tak5 f ! ,eng9e] "u date ! #ai? ( ,july1 #ahgh4 ,at t "t ^! boats completely eclips$ 9 spe$ ev]y?+ t _h hi!rto be5 done4 ,at ,fig4 #afj is %[n 9 elevation ?is type ( torp$o laun*4 ,! trials 7 p]sonally conduct$ by ,mr4 ,y>r[1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! au?orities f ,:itehall1 & consi/$ 9 a two h\rs' run )\t /opp+1 dur+ :i* "t ! boats 7 te/$ at ! measur$ mile at ,long ,rea*4 ,ea* boat 0 run six times ov] ! mile1 ?ree runs ) ! tide & ?ree runs aga9/ x4 ,! boats & ma*9]y are simil> 9 e respect1 except+ t ,no4 #dai is fitt$ ) a ?ree-blad$ propell]1 & ,no4 #dbj a two-blad$ "o1 _! diamet]s & pit* be+ ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! weights on bo>d 7 accurately weigh$1 & am\nt$ to #f tons 9 ea* boat1 includ+ coals1 wat]1 crew1 & balla/4 ,trial ( ,no4 #dai4 ,m94 ,sec4 ,knots p] h\r4 #a/ run d[n occupi$ #b #cf #bcjgf #a/ run up #c #bj #ahjjj #bnd run d[n #b #ce #bcbbf #bnd run up #c #af #ahcfg #crd run d[n #b #cb #bcfhd #crd run up #c #ad #aheeg ,mean ( ! six runs1 #bjhah knots p] h\r4 ,mean /eam pressure1 #aae lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,vacuum1 #bc-a_/b in*es4 ,mean revolutions ( ma9 eng9es p] m9ute1 #def4 ,trial ( ,no4 #dbj4 ,m94 ,sec4 ,knots p] h\r4 #a/ run d[n occupi$ #b #cc-a_/b #bcdeb #a/ run up #c #be-a_/b #ageah #bnd run d[n #b #cb-a_/b #bcfjf #bnd run up #c #ba #agiaj #crd run d[n #b #cb #bcfhd #crd run up #c #bd #agfdg ,mean ( ! six runs1 #bjfcf knots p] h\r4 ,mean /eam pressure1 #aae lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,vacuum1 #bd in*es4 ,mean revolutions p] m9ute1 #dff4 ,! highe/ spe$s 7 obta9$ by ,no4 #dai1 dur+ ! ?ird runs up & d[n1 ! mean ( :i* give #baab knots1 :i* is equal to #bd-a_/c /atute miles p] h\r1 dur+ :i* "t ! eng9es 7 mak+ #dgj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,at ! close ( ! runs1 ! be>+s 7 f\nd to be 9 fir/-class condition1 & !re 0 n ! lea/ sign ( any?+ gett+ w>m dur+ any "p ( ! trials4 ,spani% ,torp$o ,boat4--,! foll[+ description ( a torp$o boat built by ?is firm = ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 enum]at+ all ! improvem5ts t h ( late be5 effect$ 9 ! con/ruction ( su* vessels by memb]s ( ?is firm1 is tak5 f ! ,eng9e]+ "u date ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y1 #ahgi4 ,! alt]ations h a tw(old "*1 & h ref]5ce to ! arrangem5ts = dis*>g+ ! products ( combu/ion f ! furnaces & to ^? = /e]+ ! vessel4 ,9 brief1 ! boat is funnelless & is fitt$ ) two rudd]s1 "o at ea* end4 ,! ma9 object 9 disp5s+ ) ! funnel is to enable ! torp$o boat to approa* z closely z possible to an enemy )\t be+ se51 a second>y1 al?\gh /ill an important1 consid]ation1 be+ ! abs5ce ( any ob/ruction to ! /e]sman's view1 su* z a funnel on deck4 ,! outlets = ! smoke 9 ! pres5t in/ance are two ports1 "o on ei!r side ( ! vessel1 & plac$ ab\t #ae feet 9 f ! b[4 ,ea* ( ^! smoke ports is fitt$ ) a damp]1 & ! smoke c be turn$ ?r\gh ei!r or bo? ( ! passages z desir$4 ,! control ( ^! damp]s is giv5 to ! /e]sman1 :o1 on approa*+ an enemy1 c direct ! products ( combu/ion ?r\gh ! port on ! unexpos$ side ( ! vessel4 ,! emission ( smoke by day & ( ! gl>e & sp>ks by night are ?us to a v l>ge ext5t hidd5 f view1 ?us enabl+ ! torp$o boat to approa* v closely to ! po9t ( attack )\t be+ obs]v$4 ,! outlets are fitt$ ) valves :i* are kept op5 by ! bla/1 b :i* close on be+ /ruck by a pass+ wave4 ,%\ld ! vessel h to be out :5 a heavy sea is runn+ ! ports are clos$1 & a sp>e funnel is rigg$ up on deck1 on "o side4 ,al?\gh ! smoke ports are plac$ =w>d 9 ?is boat1 x is int5d$ to place !m aft 9 ! next t ,messrs4 ,y>r[ build1 z t arrangem5t w obviate ! inconv5i5ce at pres5t exp]i5c$ by ^? on deck f ! heat$ gases ( ! furnace be+ c>ri$ along x at times by ! w9d1 :5 on a c]ta9 c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,y>r[',s ,,torp$o ,,boats4 ,,plate ,l ,! /e]+ p[]s ( ! boat h next _h att5tion f ,messrs4 ,y>r[1 & !y h s\ght to rem$y ! defective /e]+ common to ^! l>ge quick-spe$ torp$o craft4 ,to d ?is !y h fitt$ ! vessel "u notice ) two balanc$ rudd]s1 "o ( :i* is plac$ =w>d ab\t #aj feet f ! b[1 & ! o!r 9 its usual position at ! /]n ) ! screw abaft x4 ,bo? rudd]s are connect$ ) ! same /e]+ ge>1 & are op]at$ simultane\sly by "o /e]sman4 ,! =w>d rudd] c be rais$ out ( ! wat] into a cas+ inside ! boat if desir$ by means ( a screw cut on ! upp] "p ( its sp9dle4 ,by ! same means1 by unscrew+ ! coll> on ! sp9dle1 ! rudd] c be releas$ & dropp$ into ! wat] %\ld ! necessity arise = s do+1 by reason ( its becom+ f\l$ or damag$4 ,9 trials :i* h be5 made ) ?is d\ble-/e]+ sy/em1 x has be5 f\nd t :5 /eam+ at high spe$s ! =w>d rudd] has a mu* great] control ov] ! motion ( ! boat ?an ! /]n "o4 ,! reason assign$ = ?is is t at high spe$s ! =w>d "p ( ! boat is lift$ out ( ! wat]1 & consequ5tly (f]s a dim9i%$ side resi/ance to any turn+ motion br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,! boat 9 :i* ^! improvem5ts h be5 introduc$ is #hf feet long by #aa feet beam & #e feet #f in*es deep4 ,%e is fitt$ ) comp\nd eng9es hav+ #bb in* & #ab-a_/b in* cyl9d]s1 ) a #ab in* /roke1 & mak+ #ebj revolutions p] m9ute :5 runn+ at full spe$4 ,%e is propell$ by a ?ree-blad$ screw #e feet #f in*es 9 diamet] & #e feet pit*4 ,put ?r\gh "s evolutions ) ! view ( te/+ h] /e]+ p[]s1 ! d\ble rudd] arrangem5t 0 f\nd to answ] exce$+ly well1 & %e turn$ a circle ( a diamet] equal to ab\t ?ree times h] own l5g? 9 #a m9ute #ae seconds4 ,%e turn$ equally well ei!r go+ ahead or a/]n1 & 9 fact h] /e]+ capabilities 7 satisfactorily demon/rat$4 ,! new arrangem5t = c>ry+ (f ! smoke also answ]$ v well1 ) ! exception t ! heat$ gases occasionally swept ! deck1 :i* objectionable result w be avoid$ 9 future boats4 ,^! boats are to be arm$ ) sp> torp$oes1 & ) ! ,:itehead fi% torp$o1 ! cradles & fitt+s = :i* are %[n at ,fig4 #afa4 ,! ,fa/e/ ,vessel 9 ! ,_w4--,ano!r type ( torp$o boat1 ( :i* "o ( ! same dim5sions has be5 built by ?is firm = ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 is %[n at ,fig4 #afb4 ,?is vessel is z yet ! fa/e/ vessel 9 ! _w4 ,! trials ) ?is boat 7 made 9 ,m>* ( ?is ye>1 & 7 z foll[s3-- ,runs4 ,"t1 ,knots ,knots ,m94 sec4 p] h\r4 p] h\r4 ,fir/ #b #cg #bbic ,second #c #b #aigh ,mean ( fir/ pair #bace ,?ird #b #cc #bcec ,f\r? #b #ee #bjeg ,mean ( second pair #bbje ,fif? #b #cj #bdjj ,six? #b #ef #bjde ,mean ( ?ird pair #bbbc giv+ z a mean #baic knots p] h\r1 or #be-a_/d /atute miles4 ,! boat 0 fully equipp$ = active s]vice1 i4e4 ) a load ( #f-c_/d tons on bo>d4 ,x 0 f\nd dur+ ! trial t at spe$s ( #ag & #ai knots ! vibration ( ! boat 0 consid]able1 b :5 runn+ ov] #bj knots x 0 h>dly p]ceptible2 ! excessive vibration tak+ place :5 ! revolutions ( ! eng9es became a multiple ( ! natural vibration ( ! boat4 ,torp$o boats are at ! pres5t "t be+ built by ?is firm = ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,au/rian1 & ,italian gov]nm5ts4 ,russian ,torp$o ,boats1 built by ,mr4 ,s4 ,s*ibau1 ,prussia4--,mr4 ,s4 ,s*ibau1 ( ,elb+1 ,ea/]n ,prussia1 9 #ahgh con/ruct$ t5 torp$o boats = ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 simil> to ! "o %[n at ,fig #afc4 ,^! boats are ea* #ff feet long1 & #aa feet #c in*es beam4 ,!y are built ( /eel plates ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,_! eng9es consi/ ( ?ree cyl9d] comp\nds1 ) surface cond5s]s2 & !y run at #chj revolutions p] m9ute1 at full spe$1 driv+ a screw #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y h be5 v>i\sly arm$1 "s ) ! sp>1 "s ) ! ,:itehead fi%1 & "s ) ! ,h>vey t[+ torp$o4 ,_! spe$ is ab\t #ah knots p] h\r4 ,messrs4 ,h]re%(f's ,torp$o4--,messrs4 ,h]re%(f1 ( ,rhode ,isl&1 ,u4,s4,a41 h also con/ruct$ sev]al torp$o boats4 ,"o ( ^!1 built = ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 is %[n 9 section at ,fig4 #afd4 ,?is boat is #ei feet #f in*es long1 #g feet #f in*es beam1 & #e feet #f in*es deep2 %e draws ab\t #a foot #c in*es ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,russian ,,torp$o ,,boat1 ,,h]re%(f',s ,,torp$o ,,boat4 ,,plate ,,li ,! vessel is con/ruct$ ) five wat]-tight bulkheads1 & h] hull is ( composite con/ruction bel[ ! wat] l9e1 hav+ a /eel fram+ cov]$ ) wood plank+4 ,! upp] "p ( ! hull is :olly ( /eel1 ! plates be+ #a_/af in* ?ick1 ! top sides slop+ inw>ds & ! upp] "w =m+ a protective sup]/ructure = ! crew & ma*9]y4 ,%e is propell$ by a screw :i* is plac$ b5ea? ! vessel 9 a c5tral position1 & :i* is driv5 by a direct act+ cond5s+ eng9e plac$ 9 ! =w>d "p ( ! boat4 ,! diamet]s ( ! /eam cyl9d]s are #aj-a_/b in*es & #f in*es respectively1 ) #aj in* /roke1 & !y are ( #ajj horse p[] e/imat$4 ,!re is an indep5d5t fe$ pump & air pump4 ,! /oke hold is enclos$ & is suppli$ ) air by a ,/urtevant bl[]1 :i* is driv5 by an indep5d5t eng9e ( #b-a_/b horse p[]4 ,! propell] is a two-blad$ screw #ch in*es 9 diamet] & #e feet pit*1 ! screw %aft be+ #bc feet 9 l5g?4 ,! vessel is /e]$ by means ( a balanc$ rudd] plac$ a %ort di/ance f ! /]n & "u ! %ip1 ! helmsman be+ locat$ 9 a /]n cab9 ) a protect$ look-out rais$ j above ! deck4 ,! hull & ma*9]y toge!r weigh #f tons1 b ) ! work+ crew ( f\r m5 & fuel1 /ores1 & two torp$oes on bo>d1 boat weighs ab\t #g-a_/b tons4 ,/eam is suppli$ by a ,h]re%(f coil boil]1 :i* con/itutes ano!r novelty 9 ?is boat4 ,?is boil] consi/s ( a circul> combu/ion *amb]1 :i* 9 ! pres5t in/ance is #d feet 9 diamet] int]nally1 & )9 :i* is a coil ( ab\t #cjj feet ( #b in* pipe coil$ to ne>ly ! diamet] ( ! *amb]4 ,?is coil is cont9u$ at ! top s z to =m a k9d ( dome "u ! cov] ( ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,by ! side ( ! boil] is a sep>ator1 into :i* ! /eam passes be=e x goes to ! eng9e4 ,! wat] f ! fe$ pump is admitt$ at ! top ( ! coil1 & dur+ its c\rse to ! bottom ! great] portion ( x becomes conv]t$ into /eam4 ,hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ! coil1 ! /eam & wat] are dis*>g$ toge!r into ! sep>ator 9 su* a mann] t ! wat] is entirely sep>at$ f ! /eam1 & c be bl[n (f z requir$4 ,! /eam is tak5 f ! top ( ! sep>ator1 & returns ?r\gh a %ort coil plac$ inside ! combu/ion *amb]1 :]e x becomes sup]heat$1 & is l$ !nce to ! eng9es4 ,x is claim$ = ?is boil] t x _c explode de/ructively1 inasmu* z !re is b a v small quantity ( wat] 9 x at any "t1 & t x is di/ribut$ along ! entire l5g? ( ! coil4 ,a rupture at any po9t w\ld only be att5d$ by a mod]ate bl[+ (f ( /eam4 ,! rapid circulation ( ! wat] is f\nd to prev5t ! deposit ( salts1 ! surplus wat] n conv]t$ into /eam c>ry+ ) x all impurities4 ,a good work+ pressure c be obta9$ )9 a few m9utes ( light+ ! fire1 & ! boil] c be bl[n (f 9 a few seconds4 ,! l>ge combu/ion *amb] enables ! full economy ( ! fuel to be realis$4,p ,?is vessel is gu>ante$ = a spe$ ( #af knots p] h\r4 ,%e c be propell$ ahead or a/]n ) equal spe$1 & c be br\ght to a dead /op :5 go+ full spe$ )9 a di/ance equal to h] own l5g?4 ,h] turn+ p[]s are equally good4 ,h] armam5t w probably be ! fi% torp$o4 ,ord9>y ,torp$o ,boat4--,! mo/ effici5t & simple me?od ( fitt+ & work+ a sp> torp$o f an ord9>y /eam laun* or p9nace is %[n at ,fig4 #afe4 ,?is me?od w be readily und]/ood f ! figure2 ! dott$ l9es %[ ! position ( ! sp> & upright1 :5 rigg$ 94 ,! spe$ ( ?is type ( torp$o boat ranges f #f to #i knots4 ,occasions w\ld no d\bt occur 9 "t ( w> :5 a torp$o attack by su* boats w\ld be a feasible matt]1 & !re=e ev]y?+ %\ld be done to r5d] ^! boats fit = t special s]vice4 ,defects4--,! mo/ important defects ( su* craft are3-- #a4--,! noise creat$ by _! eng9es1 ?us r5d]+ an undetect$ approa* to a ho/ile vessel impracticable4 #b4--,_! liability to be swamp$ by ! explosion ( ! torp$o4 ,( c\rse !re are _m m9or defects1 b above are ! pr9cipal ones1 bo? ( :i* might1 to a consid]able ext5t1 be modifi$4 ,torp$o ,boat ,attacks4--,x is impossible to attempt m ?an a v g5]al idea ( h[ to conduct a torp$o boat attack1 z s mu* dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances1 ev] *ang+1 "u :i* ea* p>ticul> attack w\ld h to op]ate4 ,! sp> & ! fi% torp$o are ! subm>9e weapons t c be/ be manipulat$ f boats1 ! t[+ torp$o requir+ a m roomy craft ?an ! torp$o boat g5]ally is to op]ate x f ) any *ance ( success4 ,me?ods ( ,protect+ ,%ips f ,boat ,torp$o ,attacks4--,! pr9cipal me?ods t exi/ at ! pres5t "t ( protect+ a %ip f a boat torp$o attack are z foll[s3-- #a4--;,booms by !mselves1 or support+ nets hung v]tically1 surr\nd+ ! %ip at a di/ance ( #aj or #ae feet f ! side ( ! vessel4 #b4--;,a cr9ol9e ( wire1 or *a91 fix$ by /ays to ! vessel's side1 b capable ( be+ lift$ out ( ! wat] if requir$4 #c4--,! above me?ods supplem5t$ by gu>d boats1 & a cordon ( boats4 #d4--;,a cordon ( boats1 t is1 boats connect$ at c]ta9 di/ances by means ( haws]s1 or *a9 cables1 & at a di/ance ( "s #bjj or #cjj y>ds f ! vessel1 supplem5t$ by gu>d boats1 b )\t o!r protection4 #e4--;,electric lights & torp$o guns4 ,^! latt] are small guns capable ( p5etrat+ ! side ( a torp$o boat & ( be+ depress$ at a v small angle4 ,z x is aga9/ ^! def5ces t torp$o boats w\ld h to cont5d1 !re=e !y h be5 describ$ previ\s to expla9+ ! mode ( conduct+ a torp$o boat attack4 ,! fir/ two me?ods ( def5ce are ( c\rse q impracticable :5 ! attack$ vessel is "o ( a blockad+ squadron1 & x is aga9/ su* vessels t a torp$o boat attack w g5]ally be us$ & (t5e/ be successful4 ,9 ! case ( a vessel =c$ to an*or 9 a h>b\r :i* is accessible to ! torp$o boats ( ! enemy1 by ! application ( ei!r ( ! fir/ two me?ods1 supplem5t$ by gu>d boats & electric lights1 %e w\ld und\bt$ly be almo/ impregnable aga9/ a torp$o boat attack1 ev5 7 ! boats arm$ ) ! fi% torp$o1 ?\gh %e w\ld ( c\rse n be 9 t /ate ( read9ess :i* is ess5tial to a man-(-w>'s effici5cy4 ,z a g5]al rule1 no man-(-w> %\ld an*or unless absolutely necess>y 9 ! vic9ity ( an enemy's ports1 & !n %\ld reta9 ! p[] ( mov+ 9 any direction 9 ! quicke/ space ( "t possible1 us+ ! electric light & gu>d boats z a means ( protection4 ,an attack by boats arm$ ) ! sp> torp$o mu/ always p>take ( ! nature ( a =lorn hope1 ?is especially apply+ to ! boats !mselves1 ! crews ( :i*1 provid$ !y are suppli$ ) good life belts1 w\ld seem to run a f> great] risk ( a wett+ & a prison ?an ( be+ %ot4 ,n less ?an f\r torp$o boats %\ld compose ! attack+ =ce4 ,! crews ( ! boats1 consi/+ ( only ^? actually requir$1 %\ld fully und]/& t ! ho/ile vessel is to be torp$o$1 i4e4 !y are n to give up ! attack on ! vessel op5+ fire1 nor 9 ! case ( "o or m ( ! torp$o boats be+ sunk1 b to rememb] t "o boat is suffici5t to effectually c>ry out ! object ( ! attack1 viz4 ! s9k+ ( ! %ip4 ,9 mak+ ! attack1 "o boat %\ld be direct$ on ea* b[1 & "o on ea* qu>t]1 ! f9al ru% be+ z comb9$ z possible4 ,!re mu/ n be ! slighte/ hesitation1 & ea* boat mu/ make direct = h] po9t ( attack4 ,! cause ( ! ,russians fail+ s (t5 9 _! torp$o boat attacks dur+ ! w> ( '#gg may be trac$ to ! abs5ce ( any?+ l a sy/em1 & to _! giv+ up ! attack directly !y suppos$ !mselves discov]$4 ,:5 us+ ! t[+ torp$o1 two boats only c\ld be us$1 & !y %\ld make ! attack1 ei!r com+ d[n f ahead1 "o on ea* side ( ! vessel1 or com+ up f ! /]n1 "o on ea* side ( ! vessel1 or by ! boats cross+ ! b[ & /]n ( ! vessel 9 diff]5t directions4 ,9 ! case ( ! fi% torp$o ! attack mu/ be conduct$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 ! object 9 ?is case be+ to get )9 a c]ta9 di/ance only ( ! vessel undetect$1 & f !nce s5d ! missile on its deadly c\rse4 ,! di/ance %\ld n be m ?an #ejj y>ds2 ! clos] up to #bjj y>ds ! bett]4 ,9 connection ) su* an attack1 ! torp$o boats might be support$ by gu>d boats1 ^: p>ticul> duty x w\ld be to engage ! enemy's gu>d boats & s leave ! torp$o boats free to d _! p>ticul> "w4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to use ! electric light f ! b[s ( torp$o boats1 b ?is w\ld d away ) "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( su* boats1 viz4 _! invisible & unkn[n approa*1 on :i* ! :ole success ( ! attack 9 a great measure dep5ds4 ,fosb]ry's ,pat5t ,torp$o ,boat ,protective4--,to enable torp$o vessels & boats to rema9 afloat aft] be+ /ruck by %ot f mitrailleuses1 rifles1 & o!r arms usually employ$ aga9/ su* craft1 & at ! same "t to reta9 _! /ructural lightness1 ,colonel ,g4 ,v4 ,fosb]ry1 ( ! ,engli% army1 has design$ ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! discov]y t :5 india-rubb] or ! l is plac$ & secur$ on a metal plate1 & is p5etrat$ or punctur$ by a rifle bullet or simil> projectile1 :i* also passes ?r\gh ! metal plate1 ! hole or orifice s =m$ 9 ! india-rubb] w1 aft] ! projectile has pass$ ?r\gh x & ! metal plate1 imm$iately be clos$ by ! ela/icity ( ! surr\nd+ portions1 s t no wat] c foll[ ! projectile ?r\gh ! said hole or orifice4 ,india-rubb] or o!r ela/ic mat]ial1 or a comb9ation ( su* mat]ials1 9 ! =m ( %eets1 belts1 or coats1 is plac$ ^u or ar\nd ^? portions ( ! hull ( ! boat :i* are to be protect$4 ,vulcanis$ or m9]alis$ india-rubb] is ! mat]ial usually employ$ by ,colonel ,fosb]ry4 ,betwe5 ! metal plates & ! india-rubb] cov]+ an int]m$iate sub/ance1 g5]ally kamptulicon1 is int]pos$1 :i* is cem5t$ or rivet$ to ! said metal plates1 & to :i* ! india-rubb] is atta*$4 ,?is int]m$iate sub/ance1 :i* is ! feature ( ! inv5tion1 mu/ be ( su* a nature t x may be caus$ to adh]e closely & tightly to all p>ts ( ! metal1 & also to ! india-rubb] cov]+1 :ile ! same are unp]=at$1 b :5 ! said india-rubb] cov]+ & ! metal plate "u ! same are p]=at$ by a bullet1 ! portion ( ! said int]m$iate sub/ance adjac5t to ! p]=ation mu/ be deta*$ f ! ela/ic cov]+ & metal plate1 & leave ! =m] free to act l a valve1 & close up ov] ! hole s t no wat] may ent]2 & ?is int]m$iate sub/ance1 z appli$ by ! inv5tor 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! p]=ation1 w by ! effect ( ! %ot be s brok5 up & deta*$ f ! india-rubb] cov]+ z to all[ ! same to recov] its orig9al position indep5d5tly ( ! new %ape or position ( ! injur$ & de=m$ metal plate4 ,%\ld ! india-rubb] be plac$ ^u ! metal plates & be s atta*$ to ! said plates z to adh]e & con=m to !m 9 or aft] _! de=mation1 a hole made 9 ! india-rubb] w\ld rema9 op52 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld ! india-rubb] )\t any int]m$iate sub/ance be atta*$ to ! metal plate 9 su* a mann] t x w recov] its position aft] p]=ation1 wat] w\ld p5etrate betwe5 ! metal & ! india-rubb]1 & by ! pressure ( ?is wat] ! india-rubb] w\ld be liable to be deta*$ f a l>ge area ( ! metal plate1 & s become ineffective or ev5 dang]\s to ! boat4 ,moreov]1 if ! india-rubb] is fix$ directly ^u ! metal plates1 9 ! case ( a %ot pass+ completely ?r\gh ! boat1 t is to say1 pass+ into ! boat at "o side & out at ! o!r side1 a l>ge portion ( ! india-rubb] adjac5t to ! hole made by ! %ot 9 leav+ ! boat w be torn or de/roy$1 b ?is w n be ! case 9 boats con/ruct$ accord+ to ,colonel ,fosb]ry's pat5t4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t h rec5tly appli$ ?is inv5tion to "o ( _! torp$o boats ) v successful results1 !reby prov+ t x is n m]ely a !oretical idea4 ,subm>9e ,boats4--,subm>9e boats1 if !y c\ld be con/ruct$ to fulfil ! conditions h]e9aft] enum]at$ :i* are ess5tial to a p]fect boat ( t nature1 w\ld = _m reasons be a v important po9t solv$ 9 connection ) torp$o op]ations1 & !re=e x is mo/ extraord9>y t a practicable subm>9e boat has n yet be5 design$ & built4 ,bu%nell's ,subm>9e ,boat4--,! fir/ subm>9e vessel built = torp$o purposes 0 design$ & con/ruct$ by ,david ,bu%nell 9 #agge4 ,?is vessel1 op]at$ by a ,s]geant ,esra ,lee1 0 employ$ 9 an attempt 9 #aggf or !reab\ts on ! ,eagle1 an ,engli% man-(-w>1 :i* prov$ unsuccessful1 ow+ to ! s]geant n be+ ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ! managem5t ( 8 curi\s craft4 ,%e 0 soon aft]w>ds sunk 9 ! ,hudson riv]1 b 0 subsequ5tly recov]$ by ! inv5tor1 ?\gh nev] us$ aga94 ,?is vessel 0 capable ( hold+ "o p]son1 & air suffici5t to support him ?irty m9utes )\t receiv+ fre% air1 & is fully describ$ 9 ',b>nes's ,subm>9e ,w>f>e4' ,qualifications ess5tial to a ,subm>9e ,boat4--,a subm>9e boat %\ld possess ! foll[+ qualifications3-- #a4--;,x %\ld be ( suffici5t displacem5t to c>ry ! ma*9]y necess>y = propulsion1 & ! m5 & mat]ials = p]=m+ ! v>i\s op]ations4 #b4--;,x %\ld be ( su* a =m t x may be easily propell$ & /e]$4 #c4--;,x %\ld h suffici5t int]ior space = ! crew to "w 94 #d4--;,x %\ld be capable ( c>ry+ suffici5t pure air to support its crew = a specifi$ "t1 or ( hav+ ! means ( purify+ ! air )9 ! boat1 & exhau/+ ! f\l air4 #e4--;,x %\ld be able to rise & s9k at w to ! requir$ dep?1 ei!r :5 /ation>y or 9 motion4 #f4--;,x %\ld be s fitt$ t ! crew possess ! means ( leav+ ! boat )\t requir+ ext]nal assi/ance4 #g4--;,x %\ld c>ry a light suffici5t to /e] by1 & to c>ry on ! v>i\s op]ations4 #h4--;,x %\ld possess suffici5t /r5g? to prev5t any *ance ( its collaps+ at ! greate/ dep? to :i* x may be requir$ to manipulate x4 ,! results ( =m] exp]im5ts ) su* boats prove t manual p[]1 :i* 0 ! orig9al mode ( propulsion1 is n ! motive p[] be/ adapt$ to su* a boat2 compress$ air1 gas z us$ 9 ! ,lay torp$o boat1 & /eam1 are all ( !m f> pref]able to ! orig9al me?od1 b :i* ( ^! mod]n ones is ! mo/ practicable has yet to be decid$4 ,! mo/ difficult po9t to be ov]come 9 connection ) a subm>9e boat is t ( /e]+ x correctly :5 b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,conf$]ate ,subm>9e ,boat4--,! ,conf$]ate subm>9e torp$o boat t sunk ! ,f$]al vessel ( w> ,h\satonic on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y1 #ahfd1 0 built ( boil] iron1 #ce' long1 #c' beam 7extreme71 #e' high 9 ! c5tre4 ,%e c>ri$ a crew ( n9e m54 ,%e 0 propell$ by means ( a screw propell] work$ by eight ( ! crew1 h] greate/ spe$ be+ f\r knots an h\r 9 smoo? wat]4 ,%e c>ri$ a suffici5t quantity ( air to enable ! crew to rema9 subm]g$ = ! space ( two to ?ree h\rs4 ,two f9s 7 fitt$ on ! outside = ris+ & fall+ at w1 :5 9 motion4 ,!re 7 two manholes provid$1 fitt$ ) bull's-eyes4 ,?is boat 0 int5d$ to pass "u a vessel's bottom1 t[+ a torp$o aft] h]1 :i* 0 arrang$ to explode on contact4 ,%e 0 ! means ( dr[n+ f\rte5 m5 be=e %e made h] la/ attempt1 :5 n9e o!rs 7 add$ to ! above li/4 ,9 h] successful attack on ! ,h\satonic1 %e 0 arm$ ) ! b[ sp> torp$o1 & 0 sunk1 ow+ to h] runn+ into ! hole =m$ by ! explosion ( h] torp$o4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s aft] ! ,am]ican civil w> 0 ov]1 ?is subm>9e boat 0 recov]$4 ,div]s w5t d[n1 & f\nd h] ly+ alongside ! hull ( ! ,h\satonic1 ) ! rema9s ( ! n9e m5 9 h]4 ,fr5* ,subm>9e ,boat ,plongeur4--,! boat t]m$ ! ,plongeur 0 design$ by ,admiral ,b\gois & ,m4 ,brune1 & 0 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahfg4 ,%e 0 #bf' long1 #i' deep1 & fitt$ ) c5tre & bilge keels4 ,%e c>ri$ two small tanks conta9+ compress$ air1 & f\r l>ge tanks 7 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! boat = ! purpose ( s9k+ h]1 ^! latt] tanks communicat+ ) ! wat] outside & ! air tanks4 ,%e also 0 fitt$ ) a compass = /e]+ by1 a wat] gauge to %[ ! dep? ( subm]sion1 & an air gauge to %[ ! pressure ( air 9 ! boat4 ,rectangul> valves 7 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! boat = entrance or exit !refrom1 = ! use ( div]s1 & to affix torp$oes to a %ip's bottom4 ,on ! top a circul> op5+ = entrance & exit 0 arrang$1 also an iron cupola fitt$ ) bull's-eyes4 ,%e 0 also fitt$ ) an app>atus = spray+ wat] ?r\gh ! air 9 ! int]ior ( ! boat on its becom+ f\l1 & escape valves = releas+ any f\l air 7 plac$ at ! top ( ! boat4 ,! wat] tanks 7 fill$ by means ( pumps1 & empti$ by means ( ! compress$ air4 ,%e 0 propell$ by a ?ree-blad$ screw work$ by f\r m54 ,h] rate ( progression 0 ab\t f\r knots p] h\r4 ,! an*ors consi/$ ( two #ae in* %ot1 fitt$ ) wire rope cables1 work+ ?r\gh wat]tight /uff+ boxes4 ,?is vessel has be5 subject$ to "s exp]im5ts1 b ) :at results is n g5]ally kn[n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important uses to :i* a subm>9e boat w\ld be put 9 connection ) torp$o op]ations w\ld be to discov] ! exact position & numb] ( an enemy's subm>9e m9es1 & if necess>y de/roy !m1 ! =m] be+ an op]ation 9 ! pres5t day q impossible to p]=m1 & ! latt] "o r>ely to be dep5d$ on4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,m3 ,extract f ',european ,%ips ( ,w>1' c41 by ,j4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,u4,s4,n41 page #cab4 ,footnote ,n3 ,extract f ,eng9e]+1 "u date ,april #ac1 #ahgg4 ,footnote ,o3 ,extract f lett] ( ,capta9 ,ericsson t appe>$ 9 ,eng9e]1 "u date ,nov4 #h1 #ahgh4 ,footnote ,p3 ,extract f ! ,eng9e]+ ( ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahgi4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,torp$o ,,op]ations4 ,a ,,review1 h[ev] brief1 ( ! num]\s torp$o op]ations t h ( late ye>s be5 c>ri$ out 9 actual w>1 mu/ prove n only ( great int]e/1 b ( mat]ial aid to ^? :o may be desir\s ( /udy+ ?is bran* ( naval w>f>e1 = ! exp]i5ce s ga9$ ought alone to be ! basis on :i* a sy/em ( subm>9e (f5ce & def5ce %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,no new torp$o inv5tion %\ld be adopt$1 h[ev] !oretically p]fect x may be1 until x has be5 subject$ to a v sev]e practical te/1 "u conditions z ne>ly analog\s to ^? t w\ld occur on active s]vice z x w\ld be possible to obta94 ,! va/ importance ( a c>efully plann$ & execut$ sy/em ( subm>9e def5ce is an e/abli%$ fact1 & x only rema9s to discov] :at are ! be/ weapons =1 & mo/ practicable mode ( manipulat+ a sy/em ( subm>9e (f5ce1 to e/abli% torp$o w>f>e 9 all its bran*es z a necess>y function ( naval w>f>e4 ,x w\ld be a m]e wa/e ( "t to dwell on ! ,anglo-,fr5* & ,am]ican w>s ( ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 7#agig-ahab72 ?\gh dur+ t p]iod v>i\s attempts 7 made by ,fulton & o!rs to de/roy ho/ile vessels by means ( subm>9e inf]nal ma*9es1 inasmu* z !y all p>took m or less ( ! nature ( exp]im5ts1 & 7 all failures1 b come at once to ! ,crimean w> 7#ahed-ahef71 :5 :at may be t]m$ a sy/ematic employm5t ( torp$oes = h>b\r def5ce 0 fir/ employ$4 ,,crimean ,,w> 7#ahed-ef74 ,def5ce ( ,seba/opol ,h>b\r1 c4--,! ,russians employ$ a l>ge quantity ( subm>9e m9es1 bo? electrical & me*anical1 pr9cipally ! latt]1 9 _! def5ce ( ! h>b\rs ( ,seba/opol1 ,sveaborg1 & ,cron/adt4 ,accord+ to ,g5]al ,delafield1 ,u4,s4,a41 ! arrangem5t ( ! me*anical m9es 0 entirely new1 ! conception & idea ( an em95t ,russian *emi/1 ,pr(essor ,jacobi4 ,electrical ,m9es4--,no m5tion is made by ! ,g5]al ( ! employm5t ( electrical m9es1 b ! fact ( a hulk be+ captur$ by ! ,allies at ,y5ikale1 ) a numb] ( torp$oes on bo>d1 & all ! arrangem5ts necess>y to explode !m by electricity1 su* z ,voltaic piles1 electric fuzes1 sev]al miles ( conduct+ wire1 c41 is suffici5t pro( ( ?is type ( subm>9e m9e be+ ext5sively us$ by ! ,russians 9 _! h>b\r def5ces4 ,_m ( _! me*anical m9es 7 pick$ up by ! ,allies1 sev]al ( :i* 7 f\nd to h _! safety caps on4 ,ow+ to ?is neglect1 & ! smallness ( ! *>ge ( ! torp$oes 7only "s #be lbs4 ( gunp[d]71 x is n to be wond]$ at t no s]i\s injury 0 done to any %ips ( ! alli$ squadron4 ,det]r$ mo/ probably by ! failures ( ,bu%nell1 ,fulton1 & o!rs 9 previ\s ye>s ) ! subm>9e & o!r torp$o boat attacks1 no?+ ( ?is description 0 attempt$ by ei!r side4 ,russian ,me*anical ,m9es4--,! ,russian me*anical m9es consi/$ ( b>rels ( p[d] fitt$ ) fuzes1 s arrang$ t a bl[ w\ld sma% a glass tube conta9+ sulphuric acid1 caus+ ! acid to mix ) "s *lorate ( pota%1 result+ 9 combu/ion & ! explosion ( ! m9e4 ,,au/ro-,,italian ,,w> 7#ahei74 ,def5ce ( ,v5ice by ,von ,ebn]4--,dur+ ?is brief /ruggle1 def5sive torp$o op]ations 7 c>ri$ out "u ! direction ( ,colonel ,von ,ebn]1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,au/rian ,eng9e]s4 ,! h>b\r ( ,v5ice 0 protect$ by a mo/ elaborate sy/em ( subm>9e m9es1 devis$ by ! above-nam$ (fic]4 ,?\gh ! importance ( 8 sy/em 0 prov$ by ! fact ( no attempt be+ made on ,v5ice1 yet no opportunity 0 af=d$ ( practically te/+ its effici5cy4 ,,am]ican ,,civil ,,w> 7#ahfa-fe74 ,cause ( ! ,pres5t ,importance ( ! ,torp$o4--,! prom95t position ! torp$o n[ holds z a mo/ important & legitimate function ( naval w>f>e is ow+ )\t d\bt to ! successful & ext5sive employm5t ( !m on ! "p ( ! ,conf$]ates dur+ ?is long & bloody /ruggle4 ,reasons :i* induc$ ! ,conf$]ates to employ ,torp$oes4--,! num]\s h>b\rs & navigable riv]s 9 ! possession ( ! ,s\!rn]s1 ! few %ips ( w> at _! disposal1 ! ov]:elm+ fleet ( ! ,nor!rn]s1 & ! introduction = ! fir/ "t ( ironclads 9 naval w>f>e1 are ! pr9cipal causes :i* =c$ ! ,conf$]ates to resort to torp$oes z a means ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,?\gh a few rude & extempore subm>9e me*anical m9es 7 met ) by ! ,f$]als dur+ ! e>lie/ "p ( ! w>1 x 0 n until _m mon?s aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities t ! ,conf$]ates1 f9d+ !mselves q unable to cope ) _! rivals on ! sea1 set to "w 9 e>ne/ to organise a sy/em ( subm>9e w>f>e on a gr& scale4 ,torp$o ,corps =m$1 c4--,loss ( ,cairo4--,by ,octob]1 #ahfb1 a secret s]vice torp$o corps1 ) headqu>t]s at ,ri*mond1 0 9 full sw+1 & ! pr9cipal h>b\rs & riv]s ( ! ,conf$]ates 7 sy/ematically protect$ by means ( electrical & me*anical m9es1 also a s*eme ( (f5ce by drift+ & sp> torp$oes 0 9 prep>ation1 & 9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye> !y exp]i5c$ ! fir/-fruits ( _! lab\r by ! total de/ruction ( ! ,f$]al w> /eam] ,cairo4 ,! foll[+ brief review ( ! num]\s torp$o op]ations c>ri$ out by bo? sides1 & ! effect _! use _h on ! w>1 w be suffici5t to enable ! g5]al read] to ga9 "s idea ( ! va/ importance ( ?is subm>9e weapon 9 future w>f>e4 ,full] & m detail$ acc\nts w be f\nd 9 ,comm&] ,s4 ,b>nes's1 ,u4,s4,n41 ,colonel ,von ,s*eliha's1 & ,capta9 ,h4 ,/ew>d's torp$o works4 ,e ,species ( ,torp$o us$--,frame ,torp$oes at ,*>le/on1 c4--,f$]al ,%ip ,disa/]s--,small ,effect ( ,electrical ,m9es--,loss ( ! ,commodore ,jones1 c4--,e species ( subm>9e m9e seems to h be5 us$ by ! ,s\!rn]s = _! h>b\r & riv] def5ce1 ! mo/ effectual ( :i* 7 ! b>rel1 frame1 & ,s+]'s torp$oes4 ,^! 7 all me*anical1 fir$ by means ( s5sitive concussion fuzes4 ,at ,*>le/on & else:]e ! frame torp$o1 :i* also act$ z an ob/ruction1 0 l>gely us$1 & :]e ?is species ( m9e 0 kn[n to be laid1 ! ,nor!rn]s nev] attempt$ to =ce a passage4 ,out ( "s ?irty or =ty ,f$]al %ips sunk or injur$ by torp$oes1 by f> ! l>g] proportion ( su* disa/]s 0 effect$ by means ( ! b>rel & ,s+]'s m9es4 ,?\gh electrical m9es 7 v ext5sively us$ on ! ,/4 ,james ,riv] & at ,*>le/on1 c41 yet only "o ,f$]al /eam]1 ! ,commodore ,jones1 0 sunk1 & only "o o!r1 ! ,commodore ,b>ney1 0 injur$4 ,case ( ! ,new ,ironsides4--,! ,f$]al %ip ,new ,ironsides1 at ! attack on ,*>le/on 9 #ahfc1 0 an*or$ = "o h\r & a half exactly ov] a #ejjj lbs4 electrical m9e1 :i* despite all ! ef=ts ( ! ,conf$]ates c\ld n be explod$4 ,! reason ( ?is 0 ow+ to ! det]ioration ( ! prim]1 due to too con/ant te/+4 ,weld5 ,railway4--,a notable in/ance ( ! effect ( torp$oes on ! w> 0 ! sav+ ( ! ,weld5 l9e ( communication 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfd4 ,! ,weld5 ,railway 0 ! pr9cipal art]y ( communication to ,ri*mond = ! ,conf$]ates4 ,to int]cept ?is1 by de/roy+ ! railway bridges1 a fleet ( n9e ,f$]al gunboats 0 s5t up ! ,roanoke riv]2 :5 ne>ly arriv$ at _! de/9ation1 & ?\gh e precaution 9 ! %ape ( b[ project+ sp>s1 creep+1 c41 0 tak51 sev5 ( ! vessels 7 ei!r sunk or sev]ely injur$ by subm>9e m9es4 ,?us ! exp$ition end$ 9 a mo/ disa/r\s failure4 ,g5]al ,butl]'s ,attack on ,ri*mond4--,aga91 9 ,april1 #ahfd1 ,g5]al ,butl]'s attack on ,ri*mond utt]ly fail$1 ow+ to ! ,f$]al fleet be+ unable to co-op]ate ) him1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,commodore ,jones completely *eck+ any fur!r advance ( ,admiral ,lee's %ips1 ?us all[+ ! ,conf$]ates to employ ! g>risons ( _! riv] batt]ies 9 _! l& l9e ( entr5*m5ts4 ,m ?an ,"o ,l9e ( ,torp$oes requir$4--,! capture ( ! ,spani% =t at ,mobile 9 ,april1 #ahfe1 by a ,f$]al fleet "u ,admiral ,lee1 proves ! necessity ( employ+ m ?an "o l9e ( torp$oes1 :]e ! safety ( a position dep5ds almo/ entirely on ^? means ( def5ce1 z ?is "o did4 ,"h1 ?\gh sev]al ,f$]al vessels 7 ei!r sunk or sev]ely damag$1 yet ! =t 0 captur$4 ,boat ,torp$o ,attacks4--,9 reg>d to boat torp$o attacks1 ! ,conf$]ates 7 only successful 9 two out ( _m attempts made by !m to s9k ,f$]al vessels4 ,! ,h\satonic & ,m9nesota4--,^! successes 7 ! complete de/ruction ( ! ,h\satonic by a subm>9e boat1 fitt$ ) a sp> torp$o1 & s]i\s injury caus$ to ! ,m9nesota by ! explosion ( a contact sp> torp$o1 c>ri$ by an ord9>y gig1 commonly t]m$ ,david's4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance ! attack+ boat 0 sunk1,q 9 ! latt] in/ance %e 0 un9jur$4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,albem>le4--,on ! "p ( ! ,f$]als1 ,lieut5ant ,cu%+ ) a /eam laun* fitt$ ) a ,wood & ,lay torp$o1 succe$$ 9 s9k+ ! ,conf$]ate ram ,albem>le4 ,! boat 9 ?is in/ance 0 swamp$ by ! column ( wat] ?r[n up on ! explosion ( ! torp$o1 %e hav+ be5 driv5 full spe$ at ! ,albem>le4 ,%ip ,sp> ,torp$oes4--,on bo? sides1 sp> torp$oes fitt$ to ! b[s ( %ips1 & also on rafts slung ov] ! b[s1 7 some:at ext5sively us$1 b on no occasion 7 !y ! means ( injur+ or s9k+ any vessels4 ,to increase ! difficulties ( ! ,nor!rn]s 9 se>*+ = subm>9e m9es1 ! ,s\!rn]s laid d[n a great numb] ( dummy torp$oes1 also erect$ false torp$o /ations1 & laid false wires4 ,x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d1 9 connection ) ! torp$o op]ations above detail$1 t ! app>atus 7 v crude1 & ! op]ators at ! comm5cem5t inexp]i5c$4 ,,p>aguayan ,,w> 7#ahfd-fh74 ,torp$oes employ$ by ! ,p>aguayans4--,dur+ _! protract$ /ruggle ) ! ,brazilians1 ! ,p>aguayans employ$ subm>9e m9es = ! protection ( _! riv] =ts1 c4 ,loss ( ! ,rio ,janeiro--,brazilian ,fleet entrapp$4--,on ! #bnd ( ,septemb]1 #ahff1 ! ,brazilian ironclad ,rio ,janeiro1 aft] be+ well-batt]$ by ! guns ( ! ,curupaity =t1 0 sunk by a torp$o4 ,lat] on1 ne> ! same place1 a :ole fleet ( ,brazilian w> %ips 7 entrapp$ by ! ,p>aguayans1 betwe5 two r[s ( subm>9e m9es1 b ow+ to faulty arrangem5ts !y escap$ unh>m$4 ,,au/rian ,,w> 7#ahff74 ,v5ice1 ,pola1 c41 protect$ by ,torp$oes4--,dur+ ?is w>1 torp$oes = ! def5ce ( ,v5ice1 ,pola1 c41 7 ext5sively us$ by ! ,au/rians1 "u ! direction ( ,b>on von ,ebn]1 b z 9 '#ei no opportunity 0 af=d$ ( prov+ _! practical wor?1 ?\gh morally !y 7 ( great value1 ! ,au/rian h>b\rs s def5d$ be+ consid]$ impregnable by ! enemy1 & !re=e no attempt 0 made to =ce !m4 ,,franco-,,g]man ,,w> 7#ahgj-ga74 ,little or no?+ 9 ! matt] ( torp$o op]ations 0 attempt$ by ! ,g]mans1 & on ! "p ( ! ,fr5* no?+ :atev]4 ,g]mans employ$ ,subm>9e ,m9es4--,electrical & me*anical m9es 7 plac$ 9 sev]al ( ! ,g]man h>b\rs1 ! =m] conta9+ ab\t #bjj lbs4 ( dual9e1 ! latt] "s #hj lbs4 ( gunp[d]4 ,! only attempt to de/roy ,fr5* %ips by means ( (f5sive torp$oes 0 made by ! ,g]man vessel ! ,grille1 (f ,rg51 :i* result$ 9 failure4 ,9 lay+ d[n & 9 pick+ up aft] ! w> 0 ov] _! me*anical m9es1 sev]al explod$1 kill+ "s t5 to fifte5 m54 ,boats necess>y4--,t[>ds ! end ( ! w>1 ! ,g]mans 7 con/ruct+ special torp$o boats1 believ+ t su* 7 necess>y = ! complete def5ce ( h>b\rs4 ,?is w> add$ ano!r pro( ( ! moral wor? ( subm>9e m9es2 ! ,fr5* fleet n d>+ to approa* ,g]man wat]s suppos$ to be def5d$ by su* means4 ,,russo-,,turki% ,,w> 7#ahgg-gh74 ,sup]iority ( ,turkey to ,russia 9 ! matt] ( ,%ips4--,on ! ,danube1 9 ! ,black ,sea1 & ,m$it]ranean1 :]e ! pr9cipal naval portion ( ! w> 0 c>ri$ out1 ,turkey 0 possess$ ( a fleet ( %ips inf9itely sup]ior to ,russia1 bo? 9 po9t ( numb]s & /r5g?1 & !re=e1 to enable h] to hold h] own aga9/ ?is va/ sup]iority ( ! ,turks1 ! ,russians resort$ to an ext5sive employm5t ( torp$oes1 = bo? (f5sive & def5sive purposes4 ,russian ,torp$oes4--,= _m ye>s previ\s to ! outbreak ( ho/ilities 9 ,april1 #ahgg1 ! ,russians _h be5 /udy+ ! subject ( torp$o w>f>e 9 all its bran*es1 a c]ta9 numb] ( _! naval & milit>y (fic]s & m5 hav+ e ye> pass$ ?r\gh a regul> c\rse ( torp$o /udy1 at a s*ool specially =m$ = su* a purpose2 !y _h also laid 9 l>ge /ores ( subm>9e m9es1 sp> torp$oes1 & 7 9 possession ( ! ,:itehead & t[+ torp$oes1 & also sev]al electric lights1 & a few mon?s aft] w> 0 decl>$ !y obta9$ a fa/ ,?ornycr(t torp$o boat4 ,turki% ,torp$oes4--,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,turks 7 only 9 possession ( a numb] ( ^? huge1 unwieldy #ejj lbs4 buoyant m9es1 & "o electric light2 circuit clos]s1 contact m9es1 boats 7/eam or o!rwise7 fitt$ = use ) torp$o1 or (f5sive torp$oes1 be+ conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,?us x w be se5 t 9 ! matt] ( subm>9e (f5ce & def5ce1 ! ,russians 7 z sup]ior to ! ,turks z ! latt] 7 to ! =m] 9 ! matt] ( %ips4 ,turki% ,def5sive ,torp$o ,op]ations4--,! def5sive torp$o op]ations c>ri$ out by ! ,ottoman naval (fic]s & m5 7 z foll[s3-- ,! h>b\r ( ,bat\m 9 ! ,black ,sea 0 protect$ by a few #ejj lbs4 buoyant m9es1 arrang$ to be fir$ by obs]vation4 ,! m\? ( ! ,bosphorus & ! ,d>danelles 7 simil>ly def5d$4 ,= ?is "w great praise is due to ^? :o execut$ ! "w1 = ! v /rong curr5t & great dep? met ) 9 ^? wat]s w\ld r5d] su* a s]vice a "w ( great difficulty1 ev5 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$ moor+ boats1 & m5 tra9$ to su*1 7 employ$1 bo? ( :i* 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance 7 abs5t4 ,s\l9a1 "o ( ! m\?s ( ! ,danube1 & ,suda ,bay 7,c&ia7 7 also protect$ by simil> means4 ,russian ,def5sive ,torp$o ,op]ations4--,! ,russian def5sive torp$o op]ations 7 v ext5sive1 _! pr9cipal h>b\rs 9 ! ,baltic1 z well z ^? 9 ! ,black ,sea1 7 c>efully def5d$ by electro-contact m9es ( ! late/ type2 s also !y protect$ _! num]\s bridges across ! ,danube1 d\ble & sometimes treble r[s ( su* m9es be+ moor$ on ei!r side1 & 9 addition !y also plac$ sev]al m9es 9 ! ,danube1 on ! *ance ( de/roy+ ! ,turki% ,danube flotilla4 ,de/ruction ( ,turki% ,gunboat ,suna by a ,russian ,subm>9e ,m9e4--,! only in/ance t occurr$ dur+ ?is w> ( a vessel be+ sunk by a /ation>y subm>9e m9e 0 t ( ! ,turki% gunboat ,suna1 at ,s\l9a1 9 ,octob]1 #ahgg1 on ! occasion ( ! unsuccessful attack on t place made by ! comb9$ ,russian & ,r\manian flotilla4 ,ab\t #f ,a4,m4 on ! morn+ ( ! attack1 a l(t*a conta9+ two ( ! enemy's electro-contact m9es1 fitt$ = lay+ d[n1 0 captur$ by ! ,turks1 f :i* x 0 evid5t t ! ,russians _h be5 employ$ dur+ ! night 9 torp$o+ ! rea* imm$iately above ! ,turki% def5ces4 ,h[ev]1 n he$+ ?is v practical w>n+1 ! ,pa*a 9 comm& ( ! ,s\l9a squadron ord]$ ! ,k>tal 7a paddle-:eel tug vessel7 & ! ,suna 7an old wood5 gunboat7 to reconnoitre up ! riv]2 !y accord+ly />t$1 ! ,k>tal lead+ ! way4 ,at #h4e ,a4,m41 ab\t fifte5 m9utes aft] ! two vessels _h left _! moor+s1 an explosion 0 he>d1 & almo/ at ! same in/ant ! un=tunate gunboat ,suna 0 obs]v$ to g d[n head =emo/1 h] ma/s only rema9+ above wat]4 ,! ,k>tal1 :i* at ! "t ( ! cata/rophe 0 "s di/ance 9 advance1 at once turn$ back to ! assi/ance ( h] consort1 & manag$ to save a numb] ( ! gunboat's crew1 ?is "w hav+ to be p]=m$ "u a gall+ fire f ! alli$ flotilla4 ,ow+ to ?is day be+ ! ,fea/ ( ,bairam1 ! un=tunate gunboat 0 dress$ ) ma/head flags1 ?us f\r ,turki% ensigns fell into ! h&s ( ! enemy1 ! ,pa*a refus+ p]mission = any attempt to be made to save !m4 ,! reason t ! ,k>tal escap$ ! fate ( h] consort 0 due to h] only draw+ "s #e feet ( wat]1 :ile ! ,suna drew at lea/ #h feet4 ,! gunboat /ruck ! m9e t sunk h] on h] port b[1 ! effect ( ! explosion be+ to completely sma% 9 t side ( h] b[1 dism\nt h] =emo/ guns1 & c>ry away h] =ema/ j above ! deck 7! ma/ rema9$ /&+1 ?\gh incl9$ =w>d72 ! second lieut5ant ( ! ,suna1 :o 0 at ! "t ( ! explosion /&+ on h] =e bridge1 0 ?r[n (f & kill$1 & "s twelve ( ! crew 7 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,to complete ! de/ruction ( ! ,suna1 ano!r torp$o 0 explod$ "u h] port qu>t] by ! ,russians4 ,! torp$o t 0 us$ on ?is occasion is detail$ at page #fh4 ,(f5sive ,torp$o ,op]ations4--,! num]\s boat torp$o attacks made by ! ,russians aga9/ ! ,turki% fleet w n[ be consid]$4 ,! foll[+ acc\nts h be5 c>efully compil$ f two s\rces1 viz4 an article writt5 by ,capta9 ,*>donneau1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ',revue ,m>itime et ,coloniale1' #ahgh1 & :i* has be5 rec5tly translat$ = ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution by ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,m]yon1 ,r4,n41 & notes tak5 by ! au?or dur+ 8 s]vice ) ! ,imp]ial ,ottoman ,navy 7#ahgg-gh74 #a,,/ ,,affair4 ,! ,bat\m ,attack4--,! fir/ torp$o boat attack occurr$ on ! night ( ! #ab?-#ac? ( ,may at ,bat\m4,r ,on ! night ( ! attack !re 7 ly+ 9 ! h>b\r sev]al vessels ( ! ,ottoman fleet1 includ+ ironclads1 transports1 despat*-boats1 c4 ,^! vessels 7 totally unprotect$ by gu>d boats1 booms1 electric lights1 c41 & only ! usual numb] ( s5tries 7 po/$1 ! ,turks at t "t n q believ+ 9 su* boat attacks1 ?us (f]+ peculi> advantages = a torp$o attack4 ,f\r torp$o boats =m$ ! attack+ =ce1 viz4 ! ,t*esme1 ,s9ope1 ,nav>9o1 & ! ,s\k\m ,kal4 ,^! boats 7 c>ri$ by a %ip ( ! ,m>itime ,company ( ,odessa1 nam$ ,gr& ,duke ,con/ant9e4 ,%e 0 an iron screw /eam]1 able to /eam ab\t #aj knots p] h\r1 & fitt$ to hoi/ up ! above-m5tion$ torp$o boats4 ,%e 0 arm$ ) f\r #d-p\nd]s1 & torp$oes4 ,e>ly 9 ! ev5+ ( ! #ab? ! ,con/ant9e left ,poti1 & proce$$ (f ! h>b\r ( ,bat\m1 h] capta9 7,lieut5ant de ,vaisseau ,mak>(f7 deem+ x advisable to lay to sev5 miles f ! h>b\r1 ! supposition t ! ,turks _h plac$ subm>9e m9es (f ! entrance be+ ! cause ( 8 s do+4 ,ab\t #aa ,p4,m4 ! f\r torp$o boats />t$ to ! attack1 ,mak>(f be+ 9 comm& ( "o ( !m4 ,!y 7 all pa9t$ sea gre51 & possess$ a high spe$4 ,! night be+ d>k1 & hav+ be5 despat*$ "s di/ance (f1 !y rea*$ ! entrance 9 some:at /raggl+ ord]4 ,! ,t*esme1 comm&$ by ,lieut5ant ,zatz>5nyi1 & arm$ ) a t[+ torp$o1 0 ! fir/ to ent] ! h>b\r1 &1 )\t wait+ = h] consorts1 da%$ at ! ,ottoman fleet1 & succe$$ 9 gett+ close to a l>ge ,turki% paddle-:eel transport1 & h] comm&] dipp+ 8 torp$o1 /ruck ! %ip "u h] qu>t]2 b t little some?+ :i* s (t5 causes a failure 9 ?is mode ( w>f>e occurr$1 & no explosion foll[$ ! press+ d[n ( ! fir+ key1 mu* to ! *agr9 & disgu/ ( ,zatz>5nyi4 ,z might be suppos$1 by ?is "t an al>m _h be5 rais$1 & guns1 rifles1 c41 7 fir$ 9 & f e direction1 caus+ ! torp$o boats to beat a precipitate & ha/y retreat4 ,=tunately ! ,turks 7 n possess$ ( any /eamboats1 nor 7 any ( _! %ips ready to da% out1 or ! defeat w\ld h be5 a f> m disa/r\s "o ?an 0 ! case4 ,nei!r ( ! boats 7 damag$1 nor any ( ! crews injur$4 ,! failure ( ?is fir/ attempt 0 due 9 a great measure to ! mode ( attack1 no sy/em or unanimity ( action on ! "p ( ! f\r comm&]s be+ obs]vable2 & also to ! some:at half-he>t$ support giv5 to ! ,t*esme1 = _h h] ?ree consorts only da%$ at ! ,turki% %ips z boldly1 "o at lea/ ( ! ,ottoman fleet w\ld h be5 sunk1 ! only def5ce resort$ to be+ _! guns & small arms4 ,! moral effect ( torp$oes 0 display$ "h1 caus+ ! ,con/ant9e to lay too f> (f ! entrance to ! h>b\r1 ?us decreas+ ! *ance ( h] boats mak+ a successful attack4 ,! ,russian v]sion f9i%es up by say+1 al?\gh ?is fir/ endeav\r 0 unsuccessful1 ! au?ors ( x 7 receiv$ at ,seba/opol ) en?usiasm4 #b,,nd ,,affair4 ,! ,mat*9 ,attack4--,! second attempt 0 made on ! #be?-#bf? ( ,may on two ,turki% monitors1 ! ,fettu ,islam & ! ,duba ,saife1 & a small riv] /eam]1 ! ,kilidj ,ali1 ly+ at an*or (f ,mat*94,s ,f\r ,russian torp$o boats 7 s5t to ! attack1 viz4 ! ,cz>[it*1 ,lieut5ant ,d\bas(f2 ! ,xnie1 ,lieut5ant ,*e/ak(f2 ! ,djiquite1 ,mid%ipman ,p]s9e2 & ! ,cz>evna1 ,mid%ipman ,bali4 ,! total numb] ( (fic]s & m5 c>ri$ by ^! boats on ?is occasion 0 =ty-six4 ,! night ( ! attack 0 ra9y1 b n completely d>k1 s9ce ! moon 0 above ! horizon dur+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! exp$ition4 ,! =ce left ,brail(f at "o o'clock on ! morn+ ( ! #bf?1 & advanc$ 9 two columns up ! riv]1 f9d+ great difficulty 9 /emm+ ! /rong curr5t4 ,a boat f ! ,duba ,saife1 r[+ gu>d "s #ejj y>ds 9 advance ( ! squadron1 obs]v$ ! approa* ( ! ,russian boats1 b all[$ !m to pass on _! voyage ( de/ruction )\t attempt+ to /op !m1 or al>m ! vessels4 ,on rea*+ )9 #aej y>ds ( ! ,duba ,saife1 ,dubas(f 9 ! ,cz>[it* 0 *all5g$1 & fail+ to give ! correct answ] 0 imm$iately fir$ at2 b1 no?+ daunt$ by ! hail ( %ot & bullets1 he da%$ on1 & succe$$ 9 explod+ "o ( 8 sp> torp$oes on ! port side ( ! ,duba ,saife1 j "u h] qu>t]1 a column ( wat] & dbris be+ ?r[n up to a height ( #abj feet1 :i* p>tly fill$ 8 boat1 b not)/&+ manag$ to get safely away4 ,! monitor n s9k+ z soon z expect$1 ,*e/ak(f 9 ! ,xnie da%$ 91 & complet$ ! "w ( de/ruction1 ! un=tunate %ip s9k+ 9 a v few m9utes aft] ?is la/ explosion4 ,! ,djiquite 0 /ruck 9 ! /]n1 & _h to be run a%ore = repairs1 b ev5tually all f\r boats rea*$ ,brail(f 9 safety4 ,! ,russians all[$ to nei!r kill$ nor w\nd$1 :i*1 :5 ! "t !y 7 expos$ to ! fire ( ! ?ree ,turki% %ips 7ab\t tw5ty m9utes71 ! numb] ( m5 7=ty-six7 engag$1 & _! v close qu>t]s1 seems miracul\s4 ,! ,duba ,saife1 ?us lo/ to ! ,turks1 c>ri$ two #ab cm4 ,krupp guns1 & a crew ( "s sixty (fic]s & m51 few ( :om 7 sav$4 ,lieut5ants ,dubas(f & ,*e/ak(f 7 decorat$ ) ! #d? ,class ( ! ,cross ( ,sa9t ,george1 & ?ree seam5 receiv$ ! insignia ( ! ,ord] ( ,milit>y ,m]it4 ,?is attack 0 conduct$ 9 a mo/ gallant mann]1 & f> m sy/ematically ?an ! ,bat\m affair4 ,if in/ead ( hold+ "o ( ! boats 9 res]ve1 :i* 0 "p ( ,dubas(f's plan1 & ! rema9+ ?ree attack+ "o vessel1 ! =ce _h divid$ itself into two p>ties1 & _h made a simultane\s attack on bo? ! monitors1 ! probability is t ! ,fettu ,islam w\ld h %>$ ! fate ( h] consort4 ,! (fic] ( ! ,turki% gu>d boat 0 tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 b :at 8 ultimate fate 0 is n g5]ally kn[n4 ,he c]ta9ly des]v$ no?+ less ?an dea?4 #c,,rd ,,affair4 ,! ,s\l9a ,attack4--,! ?ird attempt took place on ! #i?-#aj? ( ,june1 #ahgg1 on a ,turki% squadron ly+ at an*or (f ,s\l9a4,t ,?is squadron consi/$ ( ! ?ree ironclads ,feteh ,bul5d1 ,mooc>demikhair1 & ,idglalieh1 & a tug1 ,k>tal4 ,! ,russian attack+ =ce consi/$ ( six torp$o boats1 viz4 ! ,no4 #a1 ,lieut5ant ,p\ts*92 ! ,no4 #b1 ,lieut5ant ,rojde/v5ski2 ! ,t*esme1 ,lieut5ant ,zatz>5nyi2 ! ,s9ope1 ! ,nav>9o1 & ! ,s\k\m ,kal4 ,! ,no4 #b 0 a specially con/ruct$ torp$o boat1 #fh feet long1 & v fa/4 ,all 7 arm$ ) sp> torp$oes1 ) ! exception ( ! ,t*esme1 :i* c>ri$ a t[+ torp$o4 ,! boats 7 convoy$ f ,odessa by ! ,con/ant9e1 "s be+ c>ri$1 & "s be+ t[$2 ano!r /eam]1 ! ,vladimir1 support$ h]4 ,! ,turki% squadron 7 an*or$ 9 qu>t] l9e1 ab\t "o mile f ! h>b\r2 ! ,k>tal1 "u weigh1 be+ us$ z an advance gu>d1 & a few boats r[+ gu>d close to ! %ips be+ ! only means ( protection adopt$ by ! ,turks4 ,passive ob/ructions1 su* z booms1 nets1 cr9ol9es1 c41 7 n ?\ght (1 mu* less us$4 ,on arriv+ ab\t five miles f ,s\l9a1 ! boats 7 =m$ into two gr\ps1 ! fir/ consi/+ ( ! ,no4 #a1 ! ,no4 #b1 & ! ,t*esme1 & despat*$ on _! way4 ,! work+ ( _! eng9es 0 sc>cely he>d1 & all lights 7 c>efully hidd5 by t>paul9s4 ,! fir/ casualty t happ5$ 0 ! disabl+ ( ! ,t*esme1 by ! electric wire ( h] t[+ torp$o f\l+ ! screw1 ?is oblig+ h] to return to ! ,con/ant9e4 ,aid$ by good =tune1 & by ! d>kness ( ! night1 ! ,no4 #a & ! ,no4 #b succe$$ 9 gett+ close to 7#cj y>ds7 "o ( ! ,turki% vessels1 ! ,idglalieh1 be=e be+ discov]$1 :5 !y 7 at once hail$1 &1 n answ]+1 a trem5d\s fire ( big guns & rifles 0 direct$ on !m f ! ,idglalieh1 :i* 0 promptly foll[$ by t ( ! :ole squadron1 ?\gh f ! o!r %ips no?+ ( ! boats c\ld be se54 ,accord+ to ! ,russians1 ! ,no4 #b succe$$ 9 explod+ h] torp$o close to1 if n 9 contact )1 a ,turki% vessel1 b f eyewitnesses on bo>d ! squadron only "o explosion 0 he>d1 viz4 t ( ,lieut5ant ,p\ts*9's torp$o4 ,any way1 no damage :atev] 0 exp]i5c$ by ! ,ottoman squadron4 ,! ,no4 #a came d[n on ! ,idglalieh's />bo>d b[1 f\l$ h] cable1 & swung alongside1 explod+ "o ( h] torp$oes 9 s do+1 b ) no o!r result ?an a wett+ to ^? ( ! ironclad's crew1 :o 7 on ! =eca/le4 ,alongside ,p\ts*9 rema9$ = "s m9utes1 b at la/ manag$ to get cle>1 & !n 0 ei!r sunk by ! ,idglalieh's fire1 or1 z he av]s1 on f9d+ 8 screw f\l1 he sunk 8 boat1 r ?an let h] fall into ! h&s ( ! ,turks4 ,p\ts*9 & f\r ( 8 crew 7 pick$ up1 aft] be+ "s h\rs 9 ! wat]1 by ! squadron's boats4 ,! ,no4 #b seems to h suff]$ sev]ely1 h] funnel be+ b5t1 ! axle ( ! /e]+ :eel damag$1 sixte5 rivets 7 />t$1 & ! iron keel plate _h dropp$ "s #ah in*es1 & f9ally ! l[] "p ( h] rudd] brok51 & "o ( ! blades ( h] screw b5t aft2 "p ( ?is damage 0 no d\bt ! effect ( ! explosion ( h] torp$o1 :i* 0 probably n 9 position1 b unless %e ran ov] "s loose /ones ( ! ,s\l9a breakwat]1 ! damage to h] keel & rudd] _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,! second gr\p ( boats _h foll[$ up ! fir/1 b on he>+ ! noise ( ! explosions & ro> ( ! guns & rifles !y return$ to ! ,con/ant9e4 ,t %ip1 on obs]v+ ! fir+1 endeav\r$ to close ! l&1 b %e gr\nd$1 & rema9$ until daylight 9 a difficult position1 b at la/ got afloat1 & return$ to ,odessa ) five out ( h] six torp$o boats4 ,lieut5ant ,rojde/v5ski1 ! ,comm&] ( ! ,no4 #b1 receiv$ ! #d? ,class ( ! ,cross ( ,sa9t ,george1 & ?ree seam5 ! insignia ( ! ,ord] ( ,milit>y ,m]it4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b1 ?is 0 a mo/ gallant affair1 ?\gh unsuccessful1 b z reg>ds ! rema9d] ( ! boats ! less said ! bett]4 ,_h ! ,turki% squadron slipp$ ! in/ant ! al>m 0 giv51 & /eam$ full spe$ 9 ! direction ( ,odessa1 ! ,con/ant9e & h] convoy might h be5 cut (f4 ,bo? ! ,moorcademikhair & ,feteh ,bul5d 7 #ac knot %ips1 & !re=e consid]ably fa/] ?an ! enemy4 ,b1 z usual1 ! ,turks 7 f> too dilatory to take advantage ( ! occasion4 #d,,? ,,affair4 ,! ,ru/*uk ,attack4--,! f\r? torp$o attack 0 made on ! aft]noon ( ! #bj? ( ,june1 #ahgg1 on a ,turki% monitor (f ,ru/*uk4 ,! only ,russian torp$o boat s5t to ! attack on ?is occasion 0 a ,?ornycr(t nam$ ! ,*\tka1 comm&$ by ,lieut5ant ,skrydl(f1 & accompani$ by a celebrat$ ,russian arti/1 ,v]e*tckagu9e by "n4 ,! in/ant ! torp$o boat 0 obs]v$1 s well direct$ & /eady a fire 0 kept up by ! monitor t bo? ! lieut5ant & ! arti/ 7 badly w\nd$1 & ! electric wires ( ! torp$o sev]$1 ?us oblig+ ! ,*\tka to beat a retreat4 ,accord+ to ! ,russian acc\nt1 ! monitor 0 /ruck by ! boat's torp$o sp>1 b ! above seems ! m likely v]sion4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly a mo/ audaci\s attack1 & _h ! ,turks only succe$$ 9 hitt+ ! ,*\tka ) h] big gun1 x w\ld h end$ fatally = ! ,russians2 z x 01 ! boat 0 /ruck by sev]al bullets1 b none ( ! crew 7 w\nd$4 #e,,? ,,affair4 ,! ,aluta ,attack4--,! fif? attack 0 made on ! #cj? ( ,june1 #ahgg1 on a ,turki% monitor (f ! m\? ( ! ,aluta1 9 ! riv] ,danube4 ,?is attempt1 l ! la/1 took place 9 broad daylight4 ,f\r ,russian boats 7 s5t =w>d1 b 9 spite ( ! capta9 ( ! ,turki% vessel do+ all he c\ld to run ! boats d[n1 none ( !m succe$$ 9 gett+ suffici5tly ne> ! vessel to enable a torp$o to be plac$ 9 contact4 ,! capta9 ( ! monitor took ! precaution to rig 8 l[] booms out1 & s manag$ to keep ! enemy's boats at a respectful di/ance1 !y imag9+ t m9es 7 fix$ to ! ends ( ! booms4 ,aft] two h\rs ( ?is dodg+ ab\t1 ! ,russians1 f9d+ ! case hopeless1 ab&on$ ! attack4 ,! ,russian acc\nt /ates--#a/1 t ! capta9 ( ! monitor 0 an ,engli%man2 #bnd1 t ! vessel 0 protect$ by nets & torp$oes la%$ to ! extremities ( h] booms--bo? ( :i* /atem5ts are radically wrong4 ,! torp$o boats =m+ ! attack 7 ! ,*\tka1 ,mid%ipman ,nil(f1 & ! ,m9a1 ,sub-,lieut5ant ,ar5s1 bo? arm$ ) ! sp> torp$o4 ,unless inde$ ! ,russians act$ up to ! old prov]b :i* says ,discretion is ! be/ "p ( val\r1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ f\r small easily h&l$ boats c\ld h be5 = "o h\r endeav\r+ to /rike a %ip 7:i* %ip 0 at ! same "t be+ manoeuvr$ ) a view ( runn+ !m d[n7 )\t ei!r effect+ _! object or be+ sunk or damag$ 9 ! attempt4 ,! ,russians1 ?\gh unsuccessful1 behav$ gallantly4 ,mid%ipman ,nil(f 0 sev]ely w\nd$1 b no m5tion is made z to ! numb] ( ! crew t 7 kill$ & w\nd$1 or ( ! damage receiv$ by ! boats4 ,nil(f receiv$ ! #d? ,class ( ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 & ,ar5s ! ,ord] ( ,milit>y ,m]it4 ,! ,turki% capta91 ,ali ,bey1 behav$ mo/ pluckily & skilfully4 ,! only wond] is t bo? ! boats 7 n sunk by ! monitor's fire4 #f,,? ,,affair4 ,! ,s\k\m ,kaleh ,attack4--,! six? attempt 0 made on ! #bcrd-#bd? ( ,augu/1 #ahgg1 on a ,turki% ironclad1 ! ,ass>i ,%efket1 at ! "t ly+ at an*or (f ,s\k\m ,kaleh4,u ,f\r torp$o boats compos$ ! attack+ =ce1 viz4 ! ,s9ope1 ,lieut5ant ,pis>efski2 ! ,torp$oi/1 ,mid%ipman ,nelson ,hir/2 ! ,nav>9o1 ,lieut5ant ,vi*nevetski2 & ! ,t*esme1 ,lieut5ant ,zatz>5nyi1 ! latt] (fic] be+ 9 comm&4 ,^! boats _h be5 br\ght to ! entrance ( ! h>b\r by ! ,con/ant9e1 & 7 despat*$ on _! mission ( de/ruction ab\t half pa/ t54 ,an eclipse ( ! moon occurr$ on ?is night1 &1 tak+ advantage ( ?is fact1 ! f\r ,russian torp$o boats da%$ into ! h>b\r at full spe$ & made = ! ,turki% vessel4 ,=tunately = ! safety ( 8 %ip & lives ( 8 crew1 ! capta9 ( ! ,turki% ironclad _h sev]al boats r[+ gu>d r\nd 8 %ip1 & o!rwise ev]y?+ on bo>d 9 read9ess = imm$iate action4 ,on ! attack+ flotilla ne>+ ! gu>d boats1 blue lights 7 burnt1 rifles fir$1 c41 & ! al>m giv5 to ^? on ! look-out 9 ! ,ass>i ,%efket4 ,! mom5t ! enemy 7 )9 range1 su* a well-direct$ & heavy fire 0 p\r$ on !m t ! attack 0 completely foil$4 ,"o ( ! ,russian torp$oes 0 explod$1 b fail$ to d m ?an ?r[ a quantity ( wat] up4 ,! next morn+ a pole ) torp$o fix$ on x 0 f\nd by ! ,turks1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is & ! num]\s fragm5ts ( wood simil>ly f\nd1 "o if n m ( ! enemy's boats x 0 suppos$ mu/ h be5 sunk1 or mu* knock$ ab\t4 ,?is 0 a mu* bett] plann$ & execut$ attack1 b 0 unsuccessful ow+ to ! extreme vigilance ( ! ,turks4 ,?is attempt w always be rememb]$ by ! ,turks1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al ord] t appe>$ 9 ! pap]s on ! "p ( ! ,russians1 9 :i* ! brilliant exploit & successful de/ruction ( ! ,turki% ironclad ,ass>i ,%efket 0 set =? at great l5g?2 %e at ! "t t ?is appe>$ be+ quietly at an*or (f ! docky>d at ,/amb\l1 n hav+ receiv$ any damage :atev]4 #g,,? ,,affair4 ,! ,second ,bat\m ,attack4--,! sev5? attempt 0 made on ! night ( ! #bg?-#bh? ( ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 on sev]al ,turki% m5-(-w> an*or$ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,bat\m 7! sc5e ( ! fir/ ,russian torp$o attempt & failure74 ,f\r boats compos$ ! attack+ =ce1 viz4 ! ,t*esme1 ,lieut5ant ,zatz>5nyi1 9 comm&1 arm$ ) a ,:itehead fi% torp$o1 conta9+ #cb kilog4 ( gun-cotton1 fitt$ to fire f a tube "u ! boat's keel2 ! ,s9ope1 ,lieut5ant ,/*el9ski1 arm$ ) a simil>ly *>g$ fi% torp$o1 fitt$ to fire f a raft1 :i* 0 t[$ by ! boat1 & two o!r boats1 arm$ ) sp> & t[+ torp$oes4 ,! means employ$ at ,bat\m = ! safegu>d ( ! ,ottoman fleet !re aga9/ su* an attack 0 t ( gu>d boats & a b>ri] =m$ ( logs ( wood1 ) planks secur$ to !m1 s arrang$ by means ( weights t ! planks rema9$ p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! wat] :5 9 position4 ,ow+ to ! extreme d>kness ( ! night1 ! ,russians manag$ to evade ! gu>d boats1 & :51 z !y imag9$1 "s #fj to #fe y>ds f a ,turki% ironclad1 ! ,t*esme & ,s9ope's ,:itehead fi% torp$oes 7 />t$ on _! deadly mission2 b1 ow+ mo/ probably to ! want ( practice ( manipulat+ ^! some:at delicate in/rum5ts1 also to ! d>kness1 & ! slight swell !re 0 on at ! "t1 bo? miss$ _! m>k1 & 7 l&$ high & dry on ! bea* a/]n ( ! %ip4 ,"o ( ^! weapons 0 p]fect1 ! o!r m9us h] =e comp>tm5t1 ?is hav+ be5 knock$ (f by ! torp$o collid+ ) "s h>d object4 ,no explosion 0 he>d or se5 by ! ,turks4 ,?is 0 ! second "t t ! fi% torp$o _h be5 employ$ on actual s]vice1 &1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance1 fail$4 ,! gu>d boats & b>ri] ( ! ,turks seem to h be5 ( little avail4 #h,,? ,,affair4 ,! ,f9al ,attack4--,! eigh? & la/ attempt 0 made on ! night ( ! #be?-#bf? ( ,janu>y1 #ahgh4 ,?is 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be an attack on ! ,turki% fleet at ,bat\m1 b on ent]+ t h>b\r ! two ,russian torp$o boats1 ! ,t*esme1 ,lieut5ant ,zatz>5nyi1 & ! ,s9ope1 ,lieut5ant ,/*el9ski1 7 met by a ,turki% rev5ue /eam]1 aga9/ :i* ! boats dis*>g$ _! ,:itehead torp$oes1 result+ 9 h] complete de/ruction1 at ! same "t ar\s+ ! squadron1 & caus+ ! boats to beat a retreat4 ,?\gh ! vessel de/roy$ 0 n a frigate1 yet ! exp$ition 0 successful 9 s f> z prov+ t x is possible to project ,:itehead fi% torp$oes f boats at a di/ance ( #gj to #ij y>ds f an enemy's %ip1 on a d>k night1 & /rike h] ) !m4 ,?is concludes ! :ole ( ! (f5sive torp$o op]ations t 7 c>ri$ out dur+ ! w>1 ( :i* two out ( eight attempts 7 successful1 :i* is )\t d\bt a fair p]c5tage4 ,!re seems e probability t ! pres5t /ruggle betwe5 ,*ili & ,p]u1 9 ! ,pacific1 w af=d torp$oi/s fur!r exp]i5ce ( ! v>i\s (f5sive torp$oes1 :5 subject$ to ! te/ ( active s]vice4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,q3 ,see page #ahe4 ,footnote ,r3 ,a ,turki% port1 situat$ on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea1 capable ( hold+ sev]al l>ge %ips :5 an*or$ head & /]n1 b o!rwise only a few4 ,footnote ,s3 ,a t[n situat$ on ! s\? bank ( ! ,danube1 ab\t eight miles f ,brail(f4 ,footnote ,t3 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal m\?s ( ! ,danube4 ,footnote ,u3 ,a place tak5 f ! ,russians 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 situat$ on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,on ,,explosives4 ,,explosion may be def9$ z ! sudd5 or extremely rapid conv]sion ( a solid or liquid body ( small bulk into gas or vap\r1 occupy+ v _m times ! volume ( ! orig9al sub/ance1 & :i* 9 addition is highly exp&$ by ! heat g5]at$ dur+ ! action4 ,?is sudd5 or v rapid expansion ( volume is att5d$ by an exhibition ( =ce :i* is m or less viol5t1 accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! orig9al body & ! circum/ances ( ! explosion4 ,any sub/ance capable ( und]go+ su* a *ange on ! application ( heat or o!r di/urb+ cause is call$ an explosive4 ,explosive ,=ce4--,explosive =ce is directly proportional to ! heat ( combu/ion & ! volume ( gas1 & inv]sely to ! specific heat ( ! mix$ products4 ,explosive effect is directly proportional to ! volume ( gas produc$ & ! temp]ature ( ! explosion1 & inv]sely z ! "t requir$ = ! *ange to take place4 ,explosive ,effect & ,=ce comp>$4--,explosive effect dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ) :i* ! conv]sion is effect$1 :ile ! same am\nt ( explosive =ce may act sudd5ly or gradually4 ,z be=e /at$1 explosions are m or less viol5t accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* !y take place4 ,^! may be consid]$ z foll[s3-- #a4--,! physical /ate ( ! explosive sub/ance4 #b4--,! ext]nal conditions "u :i* ! explosive body is fir$4 #c4--,! mode ( fir+4 ,! ,physical ,/ate ( ! ,explosive ,sub/ance4--,num]\s in/ances may be cit$ to %[ ! influ5ce ! physical condition ( an explosive body has ^u its explosion4 ,?us1 gunp[d] may1 by m]ely v>y+ ! size1 %ape1 & d5sity ( ! gra91 be made to ignite rapidly b burn comp>atively sl[ly1 or be made to ignite m sl[ly1 b once inflam$ to burn v rapidly4 ,aga91 gun-cotton 9 a loose1 uncompress$ /ate1 w1 if ignit$1 only fla% (f2 if x is spun into ?reads or wov5 into webs1 its rate ( combu/ion may be s mu* r$uc$ t x c be us$ 9 gunn]y or = a quick fuze2 :ile if p[]fully compress$ & damp x burns sl[ly4 ,wet gun-cotton requires a prim] ( dry gun-cotton & a fulm9ate fuze to explode2 dry1 x may be explod$ by a fulm9ate fuze1 c4 ,!n nitro-glyc]9e1 :5 explod$ by #ae gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 & at a temp]ature above #dj ,f41 is v viol5tly detonat$2 bel[ #dj ,f4 x freezes & _c be simil>ly explod$4 ,to obta9 ! full effect ( all explosives1 conf9em5t is absolutely necess>y4 ,! m rapid ! explosion ! less conf9em5t requir$1 approa*+ 9 ! case ( "s explosives to s small an am\nt t x ne$ n1 = practical purposes1 be consid]$4 ,?us a *>ge ( nitro-glyc]9e or gun-cotton1 :5 detonat$ 9 ! op5 air1 w de/roy wr\ght iron rails1 l>ge blocks ( /ones1 balks ( timb]1 c4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] body1 ! conf9em5t ( ! atmosph]e is suffici5t4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! me*anical cohesion due to compression is suffici5t re/ra9t4 ,abel /ates t if ! film ( atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! nitro-glyc]9e1 n exce$+ #a_/ajjj in* 9 ?ickness1 be remov$1 ! explosive effect is mu* less5$4 ,a l>ge *>ge ( gunp[d] fir$ 9 ! ord9>y way "u wat] requires a /rong case to reta9 ! gases until ! action has become g5]al1 or1 ow+ to its sl[ rate ( burn+1 ! case w\ld be brok5 be=e ! :ole ( ! *>ge _h be5 ignit$1 & "p ( ! *>ge dr[n$4 ,?is is (t5 to be notic$ :5 fir+ f9e-gra9$ p[d] 9 heavy guns4 ,ignit+ ! *>ge at sev]al po9ts dim9i%es ! conf9em5t ne$$4 ,mode ( ,fir+4--,! application ( heat1 directly or indirectly1 is ! pr9cipal means ( caus+ an explosion4 ,! flame f a p]cussion cap or prim]1 or a plat9um wire heat$ to inc&esc5ce by an electric curr5t1 w directly ignite a *>ge4 ,friction1 concussion1 c41 w indirectly ignite a *>ge due to ! conv]sion ( me*anical en]gy into heat4 ,x w\ld appe> t :5 "o explosive body is us$ z a means ( fir+ ano!r1 ! resultant explosion is due to ! bl[ sudd5ly =m$ by ! gas ( ! fir+ *>ge act+ p]cussively ^u ! mass to be explod$4 ,if su* 7 ! case1 !n ! mo/ p[]ful explosive w\ld be ! be/ ag5t = caus+ an explosion4 ,b x is n s4 ,= example1 nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* is f> m p[]ful ?an fulm9ate ( m]cury1 requires m ?an #ajjj gra9s to explode gun-cotton1 :ile only #ae gra9s ( ! latt] is ne$ful = ! same "w1 c4 ,a small quantity ( an explosive sub/ance :i* is s5sitive to friction or p]cussion is (t5 us$ to ignite ! orig9al *>ge4 ,detonation4--,! in/antane\s explosion ( ! :ole mass ( a body is def9$ z detonation4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 an explosion & a detonation is ! comp>ative sudd5ness ( ! trans=mation ( ! solid or liquid explosive sub/ance into gas & vap\r4 ,"s explosive bodies1 su* z ! fulm9ates1 c41 always detonate1 :ile ! detonation ( o!rs dep5ds on ! mode ( fir+4 ,nitro-glyc]9e always explodes viol5tly1 b :5 fir$ ) an initiatory *>ge ( fulm9ate ( m]cury x is mu* m p[]ful ?an :5 fir$ ) gunp[d]4 ,compress$ gun-cotton 9 ! air-dry /ate c be detonat$ by #b gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury emb$d$ 9 ! mat]ial1 b :5 x conta9s #c p] c5t4 ( wat] ov] & above ! #b p] c5t4 :i* exi/s normally 9 ! air-dry sub/ance1 #ae gra9s ( ! fulm9ate w n always d s4 ,!ory ( ,detonation4--,! !ory ( detonation is n yet ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,t x is n alone due to ! heat caus$ by ! impact ( ! me*anical en]gy ( ! p>ticles ( gas1 set free f ! initiatory *>ge on ! pr9cipal mass1 is prov$ by ! fact ( its be+ possible to detonate wet gun-cotton4 ,pr(essor ,bloxam t]ms detonation to be sympa!tic explosion4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ on 9 ,engl& by ,pr(essor ,abel1 & 9 ,france by ,,mm4 ,*ampion & ,pellet1 t5d to %[ t x is due to ! vibratory action ( ! detonat+ ag5t4 ,?us a glass may )/& a /rong bl[1 ?\gh a p>ticul> note or vibration w sma% x4 ,all explosive comp\nds & mixtures1 includ+ gunp[d]1 are susceptible ( viol5t explosion ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a detonation4 ,r\x & ,s>rau4--,r\x & ,s>rau divide explosions into two ord]s3-- #a/ ord]4--,detonations4 #bnd ord]4--,simple explosions4 ,simple explosions are produc$ by direct inflammation1 or by a small *>ge ( gunp[d]4 ,detonations are obta9$ f nitro-glyc]9e1 gun-cotton1 c41 by explod+ ) fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,!y /ate t fulm9ate ( m]cury does n detonate gunp[d]2 b if ! explod+ *>ge is a small am\nt ( nitro-glyc]9e1 itself detonat$ by fulm9ate ( m]cury1 !n an explosion ( ! fir/ ord] is obta9$4 ,! relative effects 7 approximately measur$ by det]m9+ ! quantities necess>y to rupture small ca/ iron %ells ( suppos$ equal /r5g?4 ,results ( _! ,exp]im5ts4--,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results3-- ---------------------------------------- -- ,explosive ,effect4 --------------------------- #bnd ,ord]4 #a/ ,ord]4 ---------------------------------------- - ,gunp[d] #ajj #dcd ,gun-cotton #cjj #fdf ,nitro-glyc]9e #dhj #ajac ---------------------------------------- - ,accord+ to ! above table1 nitro-glyc]9e is m ?an t5 times1 & gun-cotton m ?an six times1 z p[]ful z gunp[d] fir$ 9 ! ord9>y way 7#bnd ord]74 ,! want ( reciprocity betwe5 two detonat+ ag5ts is %[n 9 a rem>kable degree by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,abel3-- #a4--,! detonation ( #a_/d ounce ( gun-cotton 7! smalle/ quantity t c be ?us appli$7 induc$ ! simultane\s detonation ( nitro-glyc]9e1 enclos$ 9 a vessel ( %eet t91 & plac$ at a di/ance ( #a in* f ! gun-cotton4 #b4--,! detonation ( #a_/b ounce ( gun-cotton produces ! same effect ) an int]v5+ space ( #c in*es betwe5 ! sub/ances4 #c4--,! detonation ( #b ounces ( nitro-glyc]9e 9 close contact ) compress$ gun-cotton fail$ to accompli% ! detonation ( ! latt]1 :i* 0 simply disp]s$ 9 a f9e /ate ( division1 9 all ! in/ances b "o1 9 a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,explosive ag5ts are divid$ into explosive mixtures & comp\nds4 ,9 ! =m] ! +r$i5ts are me*anically mix$1 & c be sep>at$ by me*anical means4 ,9 ! latt] ! +r$i5ts are *emically comb9$1 & c only be sep>at$ by *emical *ange4 ,torp$o ,explosive ,ag5ts4--,! explosive ag5ts t are practically ! mo/ important1 z f> z _! employm5t z torp$o *>ges are conc]n$1 are z foll[s3-- ,explosive ,mixtures4--,a4--,explosive mixtures4 #a4--;,gunp[d]4 ,nitrate class #b4--;,ammonium picrate1 or picric p[d]4 ,explosive ,comp\nds4--,b4--,explosive comp\nds4 #a4--,nitro-glyc]9e4 #b4--;,dynamite 7,no4 #a74 #c4--;,gun-cotton4 #d4--;,fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,a4--,,explosive ,,mixtures4 ,gunp[d]4--,?is explosive mixture is compos$ ( sev5ty-five p>ts ( nitre 7saltpetre71 fifte5 p>ts ( *>coal1 & t5 p>ts ( sulphur4 ,on be+ ignit$1 ! oxyg5 :i* is feebly held by ! nitrog5 comb9es ) ! c>bon1 =m+ c>bonic oxide gas1 :il/ ! sulphur unites ) ! potassium ( ! nitre1 ! :ole comb9ation be+ accompani$ by a great evolution ( heat & expansion ( gas1 & ! nitrog5 is set free4 ,prop]ties1 c4--,a sp>k1 friction betwe5 h>d bodies1 or a temp]ature ( #egb ,f41 are any ( !m suffici5t to cause an explosion ( gunp[d]4 ,slight moi/ure1 due to damp air1 c41 produces cak+ & det]ioration4 ,wett+ causes p]man5t de/ruction4 ,fro/ does n injure x4 ,x c be fir$ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,x c be transport$ & h&l$ ) safety & great ease4 ,x is n a suitable explosive ag5t = torp$oes1 on acc\nt ( its liability to be injur$ by damp1 z well z its n be+ suffici5tly viol5t1 ?\gh = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 c41 x is (t5 employ$ = su* "w4 ,! effect produc$ by ! explosion ( a *>ge ( gunp[d]1 ignit$ by ! ord9>y me?od1 is t ( an uplift+ r ?an a %att]+ effect4 ,?is evil may be greatly rem$i$1 :5 gunp[d] is us$ z ! *>ge ( a torp$o1 by fir+ x ) a detonator1 by :i* means its fulle/ explosive effect is develop$4 ,picric ,p[d]4--,! picrates are salts ( picric acid4 ,picric acid is =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid on c>bolic acid4 ,! picrate employ$ by ,pr(essor ,abel is prep>$ f picric acid & ammonium4 ,?is prep>ation1 or salt mix$ ) nitre 7saltpetre71 =ms ,abel's picric p[d]4 ,prop]ties1 c4--,x is prep>$ = use 9 a simil> mann] to gunp[d]1 & x c be h&l$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is less viol5t ?an dynamite or gun-cotton1 ?\gh mu* m s ?an gunp[d]4 ,x is difficult to explode x by bl[s or friction4 ,if flame be appli$ to x1 ! "p t\*$ burns1 b ! combu/ion does n become g5]al4 ,?is explosive ag5t w probably be us$ = sp> torp$oes1 :5 gun-cotton or dynamite are n employ$4 ,b4--,,explosive ,,comp\nds4 ,nitro-glyc]9e4--,nitro-glyc]9e is =m$ by ! action ( nitric acid ^u glyc]9e at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! manufacture ( ?is comp\nd consi/s1 fir/1 9 ! sl[ mixture ( ! glyc]9e ) ! acid1 at a l[ temp]ature2 secondly1 9 wa%+ ! nitro-glyc]9e f ! excess ( acid ) wat]4 ,! nitric acid be=e use is mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( /rong sulphuric acid1 s t ! wat] =m$ dur+ ! reaction may be tak5 up1 & ?us any dilution ( ! nitric acid is prev5t$4 ,nitro-glyc]9e is compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg51 z indicat$ by ! equation ,c#c;,h#e,n#c,o#i4 ,prop]ties1 c4--,at ord9>y temp]atures nitro-glyc]9e is an oily liquid1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #af4 ,fre%ly made x is creamy :ite & opaque1 b cle>s & becomes col\rless on /&+ = a c]ta9 "t1 dep5d+ on ! temp]ature4 ,x does n mix )1 nor is x affect$ by1 wat]4 ,x has a sweet1 aromatic ta/e1 & produces a viol5t heada*e if plac$ ^u ! tongue4 ,! opaque1 fre%ly made nitro-glyc]9e does n freeze until ! temp]ature is l[]$ to #c-e bel[ z]o1 ,f41 b1 :5 cle>$1 x freezes at #ci-dj ,f4 ,nitro-glyc]9e freezes to a :ite cry/all9e mass1 & 9 ?is /ate x c be ?aw$ by plac+ ! vessel conta9+ x 9 wat]1 at a temp]ature n ov] #ajj ,f4 ,if flame is appli$ to freely expos$ nitro-glyc]9e1 x burns sl[ly )\t explosion4 ,nitro-glyc]9e 9 a /ate ( decomposition becomes v s5sitive1 explod+ viol5tly :5 /ruck1 ev5 :5 unconf9$4 ,pure nitro-glyc]9e does n spontane\sly decompose at any ord9>y temp]ature1 b if x conta9s any free acid1 !n decomposition may happ54 ,:5 pure1 x is n s5sitive to friction1 or mod]ate p]cussion4 ,if /ruck ) a hamm]1 only ! p>ticle receiv+ ! bl[ explodes1 ! rema9d] be+ scatt]$4 ,! fir+ po9t ( nitro-glyc]9e is ab\t #cef ,f41 ?\gh x beg9s to decompose at a l[] temp]ature4 ,! mode ( fir+ nitro-glyc]9e usually employ$ is t ( a fulm9ate ( m]cury detonat+ fuse4 ,nitro-glyc]9e 9 ! froz5 /ate _c be fir$ ev5 by l>ge *>ges ( fulm9ate4 ,9 "o in/ance1 #afjj lbs4 ( liquid nitro-glyc]9e explod$ 9 a magaz9e conta9+ #fjj lbs4 ( ! same sub/ance 9 a froz5 /ate1 b fail$ to fire ! latt]1 only break+ x up & scatt]+ x 9 e direction4 ,dynamite4--,?is explosive comp\nd is m]ely a prep>ation 9 :i* nitro-glyc]9e is itself pres5t$ = use1 its explosive prop]ties be+ ^? ( ! nitro-glyc]9e conta9$ 9 x1 z ! absorb5t is an in]t body4 ,dynamite is =m$ ( sev5ty-five p>ts ( nitro-glyc]9e absorb$ by tw5ty-five p>ts ( a por\s silice\s e>? or kieselguhr4 ,! be/ sub/itute = kieselguhr is a%es ( bog-head coal4 ,dynamite is a loose1 s(t1 readily m\ld$ sub/ance1 ( a buff col\r4 ,! prep>ation ( dynamite is v simple4 ,! nitro-glyc]9e is mix$ by means ( wood5 spatulas ) ! f9e :ite p[d] 7kieselguhr7 9 a lead5 vessel4 ,x freezes at #ci-dj ,f41 & :5 solidly froz5 _c be explod$1 b if 9 a pulv]is$ /ate x c be explod$1 ?\gh ) dim9i%$ viol5ce4 ,x c be easily ?aw$1 by plac+ ! vessel conta9+ x 9 hot wat]4 ,friction or mod]ate p]cussion does n explode x4 ,its fir+ po9t is #cef ,f4 ,if flame be appli$ to x1 x burns ) a /rong flame4 ,x is fir$ by means ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 & its explosive =ce is ab\t sev5 times t ( gunp[d]4 ,= gr\nd & buoyant m9es1 :]e actual contact betwe5 ! ho/ile vessel & ! torp$o w be r>ely a*iev$1 ?is be+ next to nitro-glyc]9e ! mo/ viol5t ( all kn[n explosive ag5ts1 & be+ *eaply & readily procur$1 is ! v be/ explosive = su* torp$oes4 ,t x is n g5]ally adopt$ is ow+ to its conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( t seem+ly dang]\s sub/ance1 nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* makes ! h&l+ ( dynamite a some:at haz>d\s op]ation4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,abel1 !re are n[ z _m z fifte5 dynamite factories 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w 7includ+ a v ext5sive "o 9 ,scotl&7 work+ "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,nobel1 ! orig9ator ( ! nitro-glyc]9e indu/ry2 & six or sev5 o!r e/abli%m5ts exi/ :]e dynamite or prep>ations ( v simil> "* are also manufactur$4 ,! total production ( dynamite 9 #ahfg 0 only elev5 tons1 :ile 9 #ahgh x am\nt$ to #fadj tons4 ,?is explosive comp\nd is mo/ ext5sively us$ = g5]al bla/+ purposes all ov] ! _w1 & = ?is purpose1 ow+ to its *eapness & ! conv5i5ce 9 manipulat+ x1 is f> sup]ior to compress$ gun-cotton4 ,gun-cotton is =m$ by ! action ( conc5trat$ nitric acid on cotton1 its composition be+ indicat$ by ! =mula ,,*#g7,,no#b7c,o#e4 ,pr(essor ,abel's process = manufactur+ pulp$ & compress$ gun-cotton is z foll[s3-- ,cotton wa/e is ! =m ( cotton us$2 x is pick$ & clean$1 ?or\ghly dri$ at #afj ,f41 & !n all[$ to cool4 ,! /ronge/ nitric & sulphuric acids are employ$1 mix$ 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! =m] to ?ree ( ! latt] by weight4 ,^! are mix$ 9 l>ge quantities1 & /or$ 9 ca/-iron tanks4 ,! cotton 9 #a-lb4 *>ges is imm]s$ 9 ! acid mixture1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a tr\gh surr\nd$ by cold wat]4 ,aft] be+ subject$ to ! action ( ! acid = a %ort space ( "t1 ! cotton is tak5 up1 plac$ ^u a p]=at$ %elf1 & z mu* z possible ( ! acid squeez$ out ( x4 ,x is !n put into j>s1 cov]$ ) fre% acid1 & ! j>s plac$ 9 fre% wat]1 rema9+ !re = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,to remove ! acid1 ! gun-cotton f ! j>s is ?r[n into a c5trifugal /ra9]1 by :i* ne>ly all ! acid is expell$4 ,x is !n diffus$ quickly 9 small quantities ?r\gh a l>ge volume ( wat]1 & aga9 pass$ ?r\gh a c5trifugal ma*9e4 ,! next process is t ( ?or\ghly wa%+ ! gun-cotton1 = ! purpose ( remov+ ! traces ( ! acid /ill adh]+ to x4 ,by pulp+1 :i* op]ation is p]=m$ 9 pulp+ eng9es or beat]s1 ! wa%+ is exp$iti\s & ?or\gh4 ,a beat] is an oblong tub 9 :i* is plac$ a revolv+ :eel c>ry+ /rips ( /eel on its circumf]5ce4 ,f ! bottom "u ! :eel project simil> /eel /rips4 ,! action ( ?is ma*9e is z foll[s3-- ,by ! rotation ( ! :eel1 ! gun-cotton :i* is susp5d$ 9 wat] circulates ar\nd ! tub1 & is drawn betwe5 ! two sets ( /eel projections1 by :i* x is r$uc$ to a /ate ( pulp4 ,! bottom ( ! tub is movable1 & ?us ! space ?r\gh :i* ! gun-cotton mu/ pass may be contract$1 z ! op]ation proce$s4 ,! pulp+ be+ complete1 ! cont5ts are run into poa*]s = ! f9al wa%+4 ,a poa*] is a l>ge oblong wood5 tub4 ,on "o side at ! middle is plac$ a wood5 paddle-:eel1 :i* ext5ds half way across ! tub4 ,9 ! poa*] ! pulp$ gun-cotton is /irr$ = a long "t ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,! revolution ( ! paddle-:eel keeps up a con/ant circulation1 & c>e is tak5 t no deposit occurs 9 any "p ( ! tub4 ,hav+ conv]t$ ! cotton into gun-cotton1 r$uc$ x to a /ate ( pulp1 & ?or\ghly wa%$ x1 ! next process is to sep>ate ! wat] f ! pulp1 & compress x into cakes or discs4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( two presses1 ! fir/ ( :i* has #cf holl[ cyl9d]s1 9 :i* p]=at$ plung]s "w upw>ds4 ,^! plung]s hav+ be5 drawn d[n1 ! cyl9d]s are fill$ ) ! wat]-lad5 pulp1 & _! tops cov]$ ) a weight2 ! plung]s are !n =c$ up by hydraulic p[]1 compress+ ! pulp1 & =c+ ! wat] to escape ?r\gh _! p]=ations4 ,! second "o is us$ to m solidly compress ! cyl9drical masses ( gun-cotton =m$ by ! action ( ! fir/ press1 a pressure ( #f tons to ! in* be+ 9 ?is case appli$4 ,ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( moi/ure /ill rema9s 9 ! discs1 :i* c be readily remov$ by dry+4 ,prop]ties4--,cotton conv]t$ into gun-cotton is little *ang$ 9 appe>ance1 ?\gh ! latt] is h>%] to ! t\* ?an ! =m]4 ,if a flame be appli$ to dry loose gun-cotton1 x fla%es up1 )\t explosion2 if compress$ x burns rapidly1 b quietly4 ,moi/ compress$ gun-cotton "u ! same circum/ances burns away sl[ly4 ,gun-cotton conta9+ #ab to #ad p] c5t4 ( wat] is ignit$ ) mu* difficulty on apply+ a highly heat$ body4 ,z x leaves ! hydraulic press ^u be+ conv]t$ f ! pulp$ /ate to masses1 x conta9s ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( wat]2 9 ?is condition x may be ?r[n on to a fire or held 9 a flame )\t exhibit+ any t5d5cy to burn2 ! masses may be p]=at$ by means ( a r$-hot iron1 or ) a drill+ tool1 & !y may ) p]fect safety be cut into slices by means ( saws revolv+ ) great rapidity4 ,if plac$ ^u a fire & all[$ to rema9 !re1 a feeble & transp>5t flame flick]s ov] ! surface ( ! wet gun-cotton f "t to "t z ! ext]ior becomes suffici5tly dry to inflame2 9 ?is way a piece ( compress$ gun-cotton w burn away v gradually inde$4 ,to te/ ! safety ( wet gun-cotton1 ! foll[+ two exp]im5ts among _m h be5 made3-- ,quantities ( wet gun-cotton1 #bj cwt4 ea*1 pack$ 9 "o in/ance 9 a l>ge1 /rong wood5 case1 & 9 ! o!r 9 a numb] ( /rong pack+ cases1 7 plac$ 9 small magaz9es1 v sub/antially built ( concrete & brickwork4 ,l>ge fires 7 k9dl$ ar\nd ! packages 9 ea* build+1 ! doors be+ j left aj>4 ,! entire cont5ts ( bo? build+s _h burn$ away1 )\t any?+ approa*+ explosive action1 9 less ?an two h\rs4 ,?is comp>atively great safety ( wet gun-cotton1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t its detonation 9 t /ate may be readily accompli%$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a small quantity ( dry gun-cotton1 t]m$ a prim]1 :i*1 by means ( a fulm9at+ fuze1 or detonator1 is made to act z ! initiative detonat+ ag5t1 gives x important advantages ov] o!r viol5t explosive ag5ts1 :5 us$ = purposes :i* involve ! employm5t ( a consid]able quantity ( ! mat]ial1 on acc\nt ( ! safety att5d+ its /orage & necess>y manipulation4 ,f exp]im5ts conduct$ by eng9e] (fic]s 9 ,au/ria1 x 0 f\nd t if boxes conta9+ dry compress$ gun-cotton are fir$ into f small arms1 ev5 at a %ort range1 ! gun-cotton is g5]ally inflam$1 b nev] explod$1 ! %>pness ( ! bl[ ess5tial to effect an explosion1 :i* ! bullet might o!rwise give1 be+ dim9i%$ by its p5etration ?r\gh ! side ( ! box be=e rea*+ ! explosive4 ,wet gun-cotton1 conta9+ ev5 z little z #ae p] c5t4 ( wat]1 is nev] inflam$ on ^! conditions4 ,dynamite1 on ! o!r h&1 is inv>iably detonat$ :5 /ruck by a bullet on pass+ ?r\gh ! side ( ! box4 ,gun-cotton is insoluble 9 & unaffect$ by wat]4 ,! fir+ po9t ( gun-cotton is ab\t #cfj ,f4 ,! temp]ature ( explosion ( gun-cotton is ab\t #hgjj ,f41 be+ m ?an d\ble t ( gunp[d]4 ,gun-cotton is n s5sitive to friction or p]cussion4 ,if n p]fectly conv]t$ or ?or\ghly wa%$1 gun-cotton is liable to spontane\s decomposition1 :i* "u fav\rable conditions may result 9 explosion4 ,compress$ gun-cotton is free f su* dang]1 z x may be kept & us$ saturat$ ) wat]4 ,x is /or$ 9 ! wet /ate1 c>e be+ tak5 t x is n expos$ to a temp]ature t w freeze ! wat] 9 ! cakes1 z if ?is occurs !y are liable to be dis9tegrat$ by ! expansion ( ! wat] 9 freez+4 ,gun-cotton is ! ag5t mo/ ext5sively us$ = all k9ds ( milit>y eng9e]+ & subm>9e op]ations 9 ,great ,brita91 x be+ especially manufactur$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t = t express purpose2 b 9 o!r c\ntries x is n s manufactur$1 & !re=e1 z x is little us$ = o!r ?an milit>y purposes1 x is n to any ext5t privately manufactur$1 z is ! case ) o!r explosives1 su* z dynamite1 dual9e1 li?(racteur1 c41 & ?us1 9 case ( w>1 w\ld be some:at difficult to obta9 out ( ,engl&4 ,comp>$ ) dynamite1 x is n s viol5t1 & occupies m space1 weight = weight1 & also requires a m complicat$ means ( detonat+ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 gun-cotton is inf9itely saf] to /ore & manipulate1 & is n s subject to detonation by concussion 7n be+ s s5sitive7 z dynamite4 ,fulm9ate ( ,m]cury4--,fulm9ate ( m]cury is =m$ by ! action ( m]curic nitrate & nitric acid ^u alcohol4 ,! mode ( prep>ation is z foll[s3-- ,dissolve "o "p ( m]cury 9 twelve p>ts ( nitric acid1 & p\r ?is solution into twelve p>ts ( alcohol4 ,p\r ?is mixture into a vessel :i* is plac$ 9 hot wat] until x d>k5s & becomes turbid & beg9s to evolve d5se :ite fumes1 !n remove x f ! wat]4 ,! reaction goes on1 ) /rong eff]vesc5ce & copi\s evolution ( d5se :ite e!real vap\rs4 ,if r$ fumes appe>1 cold alcohol %\ld be add$ to *eck ! viol5ce ( ! action4 ,! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ at a di/ance f a fire or flame1 & 9 a /rong draught1 s t ! vap\rs may be c>ri$ (f4 ,:5 ! liquid cle>s1 & ! d5se :ite fumes are no long] giv5 (f1 fur!r action is /opp$ by fill+ up ) cold wat]4 ,! fulm9ate settles to ! bottom ( ! vessel z a grey cry/all9e precipitate4 ,! liquid is !n p\r$ (f1 & ! fulm9ate wa%$ sev]al times by decantation or ^u a filt]4 ,dry fulm9ate ( m]cury explodes viol5tly :5 heat$ to #cfg ,f41 :5 =cibly /ruck by ! electric sp>k1 c4 ,:5 wet x is inexplosive1 & !re=e x is always kept wet1 be+ dri$ 9 small am\nts :5 requir$ = use4 ,fulm9ate ( m]cury is appli$ 9 _m ways1 ei!r pure or mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 z 9 p]cussion caps1 p]cussion p[d]1 prim]s1 detonators1 c4 ,= ! purpose ( detonat+ nitro-glyc]9e or its prep>ations1 #ae gra9s ( ! fulm9ate are suffici5t1 b to detonate gun-cotton #be gra9s are necess>y4 ,! fulm9ate 9 detonat+ fuzes %\ld be enclos$ 9 a copp] case or cap1 & mu/ nev] be loose4 ,! fulm9ate %\ld be wet :5 *>g+ ! detonators1 z x is v dang]\s to h&le :5 dry4 ,great c>e is requisite 9 h&l+ ?is explosive comp\nd4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ explosive comp\nds & mixtures1 ! foll[+ explosive ag5ts h also be5 employ$ = ! purposes ( subm>9e op]ations1 ?\gh only to a small ext5t4 ,dual94--,dual9 is a nitro-glyc]9e prep>ation =m$ by mix+ sawdu/ & saltpetre ) t sub/ance4 ,?is prep>ation1 inf]ior to dynamite1 0 employ$ by ! ,g]mans z ! explosive ag5t = _! subm>9e m9es dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> 7#ahgj-ga74 ,li?(racteur4--,li?(racteur is also a prep>ation ( nitro-glyc]9e4 ,x is compos$ ( ! foll[+ mat]ials3--,nitro-glyc]9e1 kieselguhr1 coal1 soda1 saltpetre1 & sulphur4 ,?is explosive ag5t1 also inf]ior to dynamite1 is us$1 ?\gh n v ext5sively1 by ! ,fr5* = _! subm>9e m9es4 ,horsley's ,p[d]4--,horsley's p[d] is a *lorate mixture =m$ ( potassium1 *lorate1 & galls4 ,?is explosive mixture 0 =m]ly us$ by ,capta9 ,h>vey = 8 t[+ torp$o1 b has rec5tly be5 disc>d$ = compress$ gun-cotton4 ,abel's ,detonation ,exp]im5ts4--,! foll[+ are ! results ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,abel1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 on ! subject ( detonation3-- #a4--;,a fuze conta9+ r m ?an #a ounce ( gunp[d]1 /rongly conf9$1 explod$ 9 contact ) a mass ( compress$ gun-cotton1 only inflames x1 al?\gh ! explosion ( ! fuze is app>5tly a %>p "o4 #b4--de gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 explod$ unconf9$ on ! surface ( a piece ( compress$ gun-cotton1 only inflames or disp]ses x4 #c4--;,a fuze conta9+ #i gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 /rongly conf9$1 explod$ 9 contact ) compress$ gun-cotton1 or dynamite1 detonates x ) c]ta9ty4 #d4--;,an equal quantity ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 simil>ly conf9$1 does n detonate uncompress$ gun-cotton 9 :i* x is imb$d$1 b m]ely disp]ses & inflames x4 #e4--aej gra9s ( compress$ gun-cotton1 detonat$ 9 proximity to dynamite1 detonates ! latt]4 #f4--c ounces ( dynamite1 & v mu* l>g] quantities1 detonat$ 9 contact ) compress$ gun-cotton1 only disp]ses x4 #g4--;,a wr\ght-iron rail c be de/roy$ by detonat+ #h ounces ( compress$ gun-cotton plac$ unconf9$ on ! rail4 #h4--;,a piece ( wet gun-cotton1 q un9flammable1 remov$ f a fire1 & detonat$ ^u a block ( granite1 us+ a small prim] ( dry gun-cotton1 %att]s ! block4 #i4--;,a subm]g$ *>ge ( wet gun-cotton1 op5 on all sides to ! wat]1 & m]ely conf9$ ar\nd ! dry initiative1 or prim]1 by means ( a net1 c be explod$4 ,explosive ,ag5ts 9 ,torp$oes4--,! explosive ag5ts t at ! pres5t "t are mo/ g5]ally us$ 9 torp$oes are gunp[d]1 gun-cotton 9 ! wet compress$ /ate1 & dynamite1 & ^! may be comp>$ z to _! prop]ties & _! explosive effects4 ,gunp[d]4--,gunp[d] is a famili> mat]ial1 9 g5]al use = all milit>y purposes4 ,x c be h&l$ & transport$ ) safety & ease1 & x c be fir$ by ord9>y me?ods4 ,b = subm>9e purposes x has ! disadvantage ( be+ v easily injur$ by wat]1 s t x is absolutely necess>y to enclose x 9 wat]-tight cases4 ,gun-cotton4--,gun-cotton is free f liability to accid5ts1 & 9 ?is matt]1 & ! safety ( its manufacture1 x comp>es fav\rably ) gunp[d]4 ,x is peculi>ly adapt$ to subm>9e "w1 be+ unaffect$ by wat]4 ,& z x may be kept 9 wat]1 ready = use1 x c be safely c>ri$ on bo>d %ip 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x is f> m viol5t 9 its action :5 detonat$ ?an gunp[d]4 ,! *ief objection to its use is1 t be+ appli$ only = special purposes1 x is n readily obta9$4 ,also x requires a peculi> & some:at complicat$ mode ( fir+ x4 ,dynamite4--,dynamite is m easily manufactur$ ?an ! two =ego+ explosives4 ,! fact ( x conta9+ nitro-glyc]9e1 :i* has a bad reputation1 has militat$ aga9/ its use z a torp$o explosive ag5t1 ?\gh = bla/+ purposes x is mo/ ext5sively us$4 ,?\gh n directly affect$ by wat]1 its fir+ is h9d]$ :5 diffus$ ?r\gh wat]4 ,ano!r disadvantage is its high freez+ po9t4 ,l gun-cotton1 x requires special means to fire x1 ?\gh mu* simpl]1 & also is mu* m p[]ful ?an gunp[d]4 ,! explosive effect ( dynamite or gun-cotton is a r5d+ or a %att]+ "o1 :ile t ( gunp[d] is an uplift+ or heav+ "o4 ,aga91 x is necess>y :5 us+ gunp[d] t ! object be 9 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 b ) dynamite or gun-cotton ! effect is ne>ly equal 9 e direction1 !re=e = subm>9e op]ations1 ei!r dynamite or gun-cotton is ! explosive ag5t t %\ld be inv>iably us$4 ,size ( ,torp$o ,*>ges4--,= p]man5t m9es1 a *>ge ( #gjj lbs4 to #ajjj lbs4 ( gun-cotton is q suffici5t1 ?\gh too l>ge a *>ge _c be employ$1 except z reg>ds ! matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,= buoyant m9es1 #ejj lbs4 to #gjj lbs4 ( gun-cotton is an ample *>ge1 & = contact m9es1 #bjj lbs4 to #cjj lbs4 ( gun-cotton is suffici5t4 ,9 sp> torp$oes1 :]e lightness is a consid]ation1 gun-cotton *>ges ( #cj lbs4 to #ej lbs4 w be f\nd ample1 & simil>ly 9 ! case ( ! t[+ or locomotive torp$oes4 ,( c\rse1 ) reg>d to su* a subm>9e weapon z ! ,lay torp$o boat1 any size *>ge may be c>ri$1 accord+ to ! wi% ( ! build]4 ,torp$o ,explosions illu/rat$4--,at ,fig4 #aff is repres5t$ a sket* ( a torp$o explosion1 f a photograph tak5 at ! mom5t ! column ( wat] 0 at its greate/ elevation4 ,! torp$o conta9$ #dcb lbs4 ( gun-cotton1 & 0 explod$ "u #bg feet ( wat]4 ,! height ( ! column ?r[n up measur$ #ha feet1 & ! diamet] at ! base #acb feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,subm>9e ,,m9e ,,explosion4 ,,plate ,,lii ,illu/ration3 ,,subm>9e ,,m9e ,,explosions4 ,,plate ,,liii ,at ,fig4 #afe is %[n a sket* ( two subm>9e m9e explosions f an in/antane\s photograph2 ! s*oon] :i* is %[n 9 ! sket* happ5$ to be pass+ at ! mom5t ( explosion1 ?us af=d+ a comp>ison z to ! size ( ! columns ( wat] ?r[n up4 ,! column on ! left 0 due to ! explosion ( a subm>9e m9e conta9+ #ajj lbs4 gunp[d] at a dep? ( #aj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,t on ! "r 0 ! result ( an explosion ( a simil> m9e1 b at a dep? ( #da feet bel[ ! surface4 ,its extreme height 0 #djj feet4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,torp$o ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m important torp$o exp]im5ts t h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,engl& & ,europe1 to inve/igate ! subject ( subm>9e explosions z appli$ to %ips & to m9es1 c41 ^! exp]im5ts ext5d+ ov] a space ( ?irte5 ye>s4 ,exp]im5t at ,*a?am1 ,engl&1 #ahfe4--,?is exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out to asc]ta9 ! effect ( gunp[d] torp$oes on ! bottom ( a wood5 %ip4 ,t>get3--,h4,m4,s4 ,t]psi*ore1 a wood5 sloop ( w>4 ,torp$o3--#aej lbs4 ( f9e-gra9$ p[d]4 ,two 7 us$4 ,!y 7 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 ab\t #ac' bel[ ! %ip's keel1 & #b' horizontally cle> ( h] side4 ,effect ( explosion3--,a hole ( ab\t #d' radius 0 made1 ab\t #ai' ne>ly v]tical f ! *>ge2 ! ,t]psi*ore s9k+ a few m9utes aft] ! explosion4 ,exp]im5t 9 ,au/ria4--,! object ( ?is exp]im5t 0 to asc]ta9 ! effect ( a v l>ge *>ge ( gun-cotton explod$ at "s di/ance f ! side ( a wood5 vessel4 ,t>get3--,a wood5 sloop4 ,torp$o3--#djj lbs4 ( gun-cotton1 plac$ #aj' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & #bd' horizontally f ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,effect ( explosion3--,complete de/ruction ( ! vessel4 ,exp]im5ts at ,c>lscrona1 ,sw$51 #ahfh4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 made to inve/igate ! effect ( subm>9e contact m9es1 *>g$ ) dynamite1 aga9/ a /rong wood5 vessel1 z well z aga9/ a d\ble-bottom$ iron vessel4 ,!y 7 c>ri$ out "u ! sup]vision ( ,lieut4-,colonel ,ze?ations1 ( ! ,royal ,sw$i% ,navy4 ,t>get3--,! hull ( a #fj gun frigate1 :i* _h be5 built 9 #ahdd2 x _h be5 cut d[n to ! batt]y deck1 & ! copp] remov$4 ,h] timb]s & plank+ 7 q s\nd2 timb]s ( oak ab\t #ac squ>e1 & #a ap>t2 plank+ ( ,sw$i% p9e1 #e-a_/b2 bottom /r5g!n$ inside ) wr\ght-iron diagonal b&s1 #f by #a-a_/d2 inside plank+ runn+ half way up to ! batt]y deck ( oak2 #f ?ick4 ,?is completes ! wood5 t>get4 ,on ! port side a quadrangul> op5+ 0 made1 & fitt$ ) a con/ruction repres5t+ a /rong d\ble iron bottom1 firmly fa/5$ to an oak5 frame t _h be5 put on inside1 on ! f\r sides ( ! op5+1 & ) ?r\gh-go+ bolts1 #a 9 diamet]1 to ! timb]s4 ,torp$oes3--,no4 #a4--ac lbs4 dynamite1 enclos$ 9 #a_/ab iron case4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! />bo>d side1 amid%ips1 #g' bel[ ! wat] l9e1 & #b' #b f ! bottom ( ! %ip4 ,no4 #b4--af lbs4 dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a glass vessel4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! />bo>d side1 #g-c_/d' bel[ ! wat] l9e1 #c' f ! bottom ( ! %ip1 & #dj' f h] /]n4 ,no4 #c4--af lbs4 dynamite1 enclos$ 9 #a_/ab iron case4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! port side1 #e-c_/d' bel[ ! wat] l9e1 #b' f ! bottom ( ! %ip1 & #cj' f h] /]n4 ,no4 #d4--aj lbs4 dynamite1 9 a case z above4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! port side1 #f-a_/b' bel[ ! wat] l9e1 #b-a_/f' f ! bottom ( ! %ip1 & #gj' f h] /]n4 ,no4 #e4--ac lbs4 dynamite1 9 case z above4 ,x 0 plac$ #g-a_/c' bel[ ! wat] l9e1 #b-a_/f' f ! c5tre ( ! iron bottom4 ,^! five torp$oes 7 fir$ at ! same mom5t4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! hull ( ! %ip 0 lift$ ab\t a foot1 & sunk 9 #a-a_/b m9utes4 ,no4 #a ,m9e4--,timb]s brok5 & ?r[n inside1 into ! hold1 on a space ( ab\t #ae' #h'2 ?ree m timb]s on "o side ( ?is hole brok52 inside oak plank+ r5t (f on a l5g? ( #ad'2 two iron b&s torn up & b5t1 "o ( !m brok5 9 two places2 outside plank+ torn (f on a space ( #ba' #ab'2 sev]al planks /ill high] up brok54 ,no4 #b ,m9e4--,timb]s bl[n away on a space ( ab\t #h' squ>e2 inside plank+ torn (f on a l5g? ( #bj'2 two iron b&s brok51 & torn up & b5t2 & outside plank+ r5t (f on a space ( #ai' #ab'4 ,no4 #c ,m9e4--,timb]s bl[n away on a space ( #aj-a_/b' #ab' at "o end1 & #f' at ! o!r2 inside plank+ (f = a l5g? ( #ad'2 "o iron b& torn up1 & "o brok52 outside plank+ (f on a space ( #ah' #be' #ae'4 ,no4 #d ,m9e4--,timb]s bl[n away on a space #d' #af'2 on ! sides ( ?is hole1 t5 timb]s 7 brok52 two iron b&s torn up1 & "o brok52 inside plank+ (f = a l5g? ( #bj'2 outside plank+ (f = a space ( #bj' #bc' #aj'1 & #ac feet4 ,no4 #e ,m9e4--,! gas sph]e ( ?is m9e _h hit ! middle ( ! outside plates on "o ( ! angle-iron ribs4 ,?is rib 0 torn f ! timb]s & b5t up1 ne>ly #b' 9 ! middle1 b n brok54 ,!re 0 an oval hole 9 ! outside plates #d' #c' betwe5 two ribs1 :i* ribs1 ) ! plates on edge rivet$ to !m1 7 bulg$ out ab\t #e in*es4 ,! inn] plate1 "o l>ge piece 0 bl[n up 9 a v]tical position1 aft] hav+ cut all ! bolts & rivets1 sixty ( #a1 & ?irty ( #c_/d1 save ^? t fa/5$ ! l[] side to ! oak5 frame & timb]s4 ,on a l5g? ( #cj' & height ( #bj'1 ! bottom1 on all sides ( ! iron con/ruction1 _h be5 b5t inw>ds2 ! greate/ b5d 0 ab\t #e2 ?ree deck beams above _h be5 brok54 ,by ! jo9t effect ( all ! m9es1 almo/ all ! iron deck beam knees _h be5 r5t f ! side1 & !re 0 an op5+ betwe5 deck & hull on bo? sides = a l5g? ( ab\t #acj feet4 ,exp]im5t at ,kiel4--,t>get3--,a l>ge gun-boat1 greatly /r5g!n$ int]nally by solid balks ( timb]4 ,torp$o3--#bjj lbs4 gunp[d]4 ,x 0 plac$ ne>ly "u h] keel1 at a di/ance ( #ae feet4 ,effect ( explosion3--,complete de/ruction ( ! vessel4 ,exp]im5t 9 ,engl&1 #ahgd4--,t>get3--,a rectangul> iron case #bj' long1 #aj' high1 & #h' wide1 divid$ into six comp>tm5ts by means ( "o longitud9al bulkhead midway betwe5 ! front & re> faces ( ! t>get1 & two a?w>t%ip bulkheads equidi/ant f ! ends ( ! t>get4 ,?ickness ( front & re> faces #aa_/af1 ( longitud9al bulkhead #a_/d1 ( a?w>t%ip bulkheads #c_/h4 ,torp$o3--#ajj lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 enclos$ 9 a sp> torp$o case & fir$ by two detonators4 ,x 0 explod$ 9 contact ) ! t>get1 #g-a_/b' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & #g' f top ( t>get4 ,effect ( explosion on ! t>get3--,front ( c5tre comp>tm5t de/roy$ & top bl[n (f4 ,plate repres5t+ inn] sk9 de/roy$4 ,back ( c5tre comp>tm5t 7re> face ( ! t>get7 mu* bulg$1 & p5etrat$2 ! hole measur$ #cf' #ae4 ,l>ge portions ( ! t>get 7 ?r[n to a height ( #aej to #bjj feet1 & f #hj to #ajj y>ds' di/ance4 ,! effect ( explosion on a %ip's p9nace1 :i* _h be5 plac$ #af feet f & at "r angles to ! front face ( ! t>get1 ) /eam up1 & canopy & %ield 9 position1 0 t a l>ge quantity ( wat] 0 ?r[n back 9 ! boat1 putt+ ! fires out1 & fill+ ! boat up to h] ?w>ts1 b o!rwise ! boat 0 un9jur$4 ,exp]im5ts at ,cop5hag51 ,d5m>k1 9 #ahgd4--,! object ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 to asc]ta9 if a %ip's arm\r$ side w\ld be s]i\sly injur$ by a torp$o explod$ 9 contact ) x4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,t>get3--#a ?ick1 & #b' #b'1 support$ 9 a horizontal position on a sub/ructure consi/+ ( #h timb] re/+ on two pieces ( #f timb] "u two sides1 & completely support$ by e>? up to l[] edge ( sub/ructure4 ,torp$o3--#cc lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a squ>e wood5 case #b-a_/d high1 & #ee #ee2 x 0 plac$ on ! middle ( ! e>? ) #h ( e>? tamp+2 ?is tamp+ repres5t+ ! resi/ance ( a ?9 /ratum ( wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! plate 0 brok5 into f\r pieces1 & sub/ructure cru%$4 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,t>get3--#b ?ick1 & #b' #b-a_/b'1 support$ 9 a horizontal position on a sub/ructure z above1 b re/+ on f\r piles ( #f x #f timb]4 ,torp$o3--#hi lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a wood5 case #d high1 & #e #aj4 ,x 0 laid ) "o edge on ! plate1 ! o!r edge #c above ! plate2 same tamp+ z above4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! plate brok5 into ?ree pieces1 & sub/ructure cru%$4 #c,,rd ,,exp]im5t4 ,t>get3--#e ?ick1 & #c' #h #d' #g1 support$ 9 a horizontal position on a sub/ructure z above1 b eight piles ( #f #f timb] us$4 ,plate bolt$ to ! /ructure ) eights4 ,torp$o3--#ddd lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a wood5 case1 ( same ?ickness z ! ,h>vey torp$o1 & #d #ac #ba2 x 0 plac$ ) surface aga9/ ! plate1 "o edge #b & ! o!r #e-a_/b f ! plate2 tamp+ z be=e4 ,effect ( explosion3--,plate bulg$ #c-a_/d 9 ! middle2 sub/ructure completely cru%$4 #d,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,t>get3--#e ?ick1 & #c' #h #d' #g2 ?is 0 ! same plate z us$ 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t1 laid ) bulge upp]mo/ on two beams "u ! %ort sides4 ,torp$o3--#ddd lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical t9 box #g-a_/b #b'2 x 0 plac$ on top ( plate #aa f "o side & ) ends #i-a_/b f edge ( plate2 tamp+ z be=e4 ,effect ( explosion3--,a corn] ( ! plate brok5 (f4 #e,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,t>get3--,same plate plac$ v]tically 9 ! e>?4 ,torp$o3--#ddd lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical t9 box #he #ah2 x 0 plac$ on timb]1 s z to re/ aga9/ ! face & c5tre ( ! plate2 tamp+ z usual4 ,effect ( explosion3--,plate brok5 into f\r pieces1 two ( :i* 7 l>ge2 pieces hurl$ ov] p>apet1 "o fell at a di/ance ( #djj feet4 ,exp]im5ts at ,c>lscrona1 ,sw$51 9 #ahgd-ge4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out by ! ,sw$i% torp$o au?orities1 to asc]ta9 ! effect ( diff]5t siz$ *>ges ( dynamite & gunp[d]1 enclos$ 9 div]s cases1 & explod$ at v>i\s di/ances f a t>get :i* repres5t$ 9 all respects1 ) ! exception ( ! arm\r1 a section ( ! side ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]cules be=e ! boil] room1 %e be+ at t "t "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful vessels afloat4 ,t>get3--#cb' 9 l5g?1 & fitt$ into ! side ( an old l9e ( battle %ip4 ,simil> 9 %ape to a w+ tank1 & compris$ a d\ble bottom 9 f\r wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 a w+ passage 9 two wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 & two l>ge wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 9 re> ( all4 ,x ext5d$ f #b' above ! wat] l9e to )9 ab\t #e' ( ! vessel's keel4 ,! ?ickness ( ! plates =m+ ! t>get 73--out] bottom1 l[] portion #ac_/af2 "p :]e torp$o took effect1 #c_/d4 ,inn] bottom1 & w+ passage bulkhead1 #a_/b4 ,v]tical & longitud9al frames1 bo? solid & bracket1 #g_/af4 ,! longitud9al frames 7 bracket frames1 ) ! exception ( ! second1 :i* 0 solid & wat]-tight1 ) its out] edge ab\t #h' bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,! v]tical frames1 ( :i* !re 7 sev51 7 plac$ #d' ap>t1 ! c5tral "o be+ solid & wat]-tight1 ! o!rs be+ bracket frames4 ,! %ip 0 moor$ 9 #db feet ( wat]2 ! *>ges 7 detonat$1 "o fuze be+ us$ 9 all b ,no4 #c exp]im5t1 :5 five fuzes 7 employ$4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#cc lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 cyl9drical /eel case1 no air space2 height #ajge1 diamet] #ajge1 & ?ickness #a_/cb4 ,x 0 plac$ #bee' f ! t>get1 opposite ,no4 #g frame1 & #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,%ip appe>$ to be lift$ bodily4 ,a rivet 9 ! mid%ip longitud9al bulkhead ( =e comp>tm5t 0 loos5$4 ,! torp$o 0 fir$ f ! %ip1 & ! %ock felt 0 n v great4 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#dgb lbs4 ( dynamite1 9 cyl9drical /eel case1 no air space2 height #ab1 diamet] #ab1 & ?ickness #a_/cb4 ,x 0 plac$ #bee' f ,no4 #e frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,%ip appe>$ to be lift$ bodily4 ,a leak 0 />t$ 9 ! out] bottom opposite to *>ge1 caus$ by ! loos5+ ( five rivets4 #c,,rd ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#aab lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 rifle small gra91 enclos$ 9 cyl9drical /eel case plac$ inside an iron case1 ) an air space all r\nd2 /eel case1 #i-a_/b #bb-a_/b #a_/cb2 iron case #cc #be #a_/d4 ,x 0 plac$ #ab' f ,no4 #e frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface4 ,effect ( explosion3--,c5tre ( %ip lift$ bodily1 z if h] back 0 brok52 %ip !n roll$ heavily to port4 ,on bo>d fire eng9es & tr\ghs displac$ sev]al feet3 %ores & /ruts />t$1 %[+ t ! %ock 0 consid]able4 ,! out] bottom on ea* side ( ! c5tre divid+ plate ind5t$ to a dep? ( #a to #a-a_/b in*es2 num]\s rivets />t$1 & "s %e>$4 ,! leak 0 consid]able1 ow+ to ! numb] ( rivets t 7 />t$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! plates 0 n consid]$ to be mat]ially affect$ by ! ind5tations2 ! rivets1 #bci 9 numb]1 7 replac$2 & ! t>get prep>$ = ! next exp]im5t4 #d,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#cc lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ z 9 fir/ exp]im5t4 ,x 0 plac$ #ae' f ,no4 #g frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,%ip roll$ slightly to port4 ,a bolt secur+ ! mid%ip transv]se bulkhead to beam 0 %e>$4 ,no damage done to ! t>get4 #e,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ff lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 /eel cyl9drical case1 no air space1 #ace #ac #a_/cb4 ,x 0 plac$ #ba' f ,no4 #c frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,a rivet 9 out] bottom1 above wat] l9e at =e end ( t>get1 0 %e>$4 ,a few rivets 9 out] bottom opposite *>ge1 & two 9 aft] comp>tm5t1 7 />t$1 b no leak 0 p]ceptible4 ,sev]al %ores slightly displac$4 #f,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#cc lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ z 9 fir/ exp]im5t4 ,x 0 plac$ #abge' f ,no4 #g frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,%ip n lift$ z mu* z 0 ! case 9 ,no4 #c exp]im5t2 b explosion mu* %>p]4 ,on bo>d1 fire eng9es 7 capsiz$1 & v]tical %ores displac$4 ,out] bottom opposite *>ge ind5t$ to a dep? ( ab\t #a_/b an in*1 o!r p>ts less bulg$1 & _m rivets />t$4 #g,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#cc lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ z 9 fir/ exp]im5t4 ,x 0 plac$ #d' f ,no4 #d frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,effect v great2 %ip hurl$ sudd5ly to />bo>d4 ,on go+ on bo>d two m9utes aft] ! explosion1 ! =e comp>tm5t 0 f\nd full1 ! aft] comp>tm5t became full t5 m9utes lat]4 ,%ores & /ruts 7 consid]ably displac$1 & !re 0 evid5ce t ! %ip _h su/a9$ a sev]e %ock4 ,out] bottom injur$ ov] an area #ad' #af'1 ! plates be+ split 9 all directions2 "o piece1 #e' squ>e1 0 torn completely (f1 & an irregul> hole 0 =m$ 9 ! out] sk9 #ad' #ab'4 ,9 ! inn] bottom bel[ ! w+ passage bulkhead a piece #f' #i' 0 bl[n completely out2 ! w+ passage bulkhead 0 torn f ! longitud9al frame & split f top to bottom4 ,! inn] sk9 above ! upp] longitud9al frame 0 torn f ! latt]1 & =c$ 9 & upw>ds1 b 0 n o!rwise damag$4 ,! v]tical bracket frames ,nos4 #c & #d1 ! latt] opposite ! torp$o1 7 de/roy$1 b ! solid frame ,no4 #e 0 almo/ un9jur$4 ,! out] bottom1 :]e x 0 n torn (f1 0 =c$ 9 #g'1 or #d' beyond :]e ! inn] bottom _h be54 #h,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ffj lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 enclos$ 9 a buoyant cyl9drical #a_/d iron case4 ,x 0 plac$ #cbc' f ,no4 #d frame1 #bibe bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! %ip & t>get _h be5 ?or\ghly repair$1 & 7 9 good condition :5 ?is exp]im5t 0 made2 ! %ip 0 9 ?is case moor$ 9 #fe feet ( wat]4 ,no effect 0 produc$ on ! t>get by ! explosion4 #i,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ai lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical /eel case ) ar*$ ends4 ,x 0 plac$ #aje' f ,no4 #c frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,effect produc$ app>5tly equal to t by ,no4 #c *>ge ( #aab lbs4 ( gunp[d] at #ab'2 ind5tation be+ f #a_/b to #a-a_/d in*es 9 ! out] sk9 opposite ! torp$o4 #aj,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ai lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a case simil> to t us$ 9 ! #i? exp]im5t4 ,x 0 plac$ #cc' f ,no4 #g frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,hole produc$ 9 out] sk91 #fe' #b' to #e'2 inn] sk9 only bulg$ & slightly crack$ 9 two places4 ,above ! longitud9al frame1 a bulge 0 made 9 ! out] sk9 #h' #g'1 ) ! above-m5tion$ hole2 bel[ ! longitud9al frame ! ind5tation 0 #ad' #e' & #ba deep1 ) two horizontal cracks #aj' x #ac'1 & sev]al in*es broad4 #aa,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#aab lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 enclos$ 9 a cyl9drical case ( #c_/fd /eel1 plac$ 9 a #c_/af /eel case1 ) #bbc lbs4 ( buoyancy4 ,ignition effect$ by a glass ignit+ bottle4 ,x 0 plac$ #ege' f ,no4 #e frame1 #ibe' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,!re 0 b little upca/ ( wat] outside ! %ip1 b a great upca/ ?r\gh ! %ip4 ,%e imm$iately lur*$ to />bo>d1 & on bo>d+ h] five m9utes aft]1 ! t>get 0 f\nd full ( wat]4 ,! effect on ! t>get 0 z foll[s1 above ! #bnd longitud9al frame1 :]e /r5g!n$ by ! w+ passage bulkhead3--,out] bottom bl[n away f ! #d? to ! #f? frames = a l5g? ( #h feet & a height ( #d-a_/b feet1 & b5t 9 #f-a_/b feet4 ,inn] bottom b5t 9 & brok5 ?r\gh betwe5 ! #d? & #e? frames1 ) an irregul> hole #h' squ>e1 & betwe5 ! #e? & #f? frames1 a simil> siz$ hole4 ,w+ passage bulkhead 0 b5t 9 #b to #c1 & riv5 = a l5g? ( #bi'2 9 ! wat]-tight middle bulkhead a?w>t%ips ! rivets 9 two v]tical jo9ts 7 completely torn away4 ,betwe5 ! #bnd & #crd longitud9al frames1 & bel[ ! w+ passage bulkhead1 bo? ! inn] & out] bottoms 7 completely bl[n away = a l5g? ( #ab feet & a height ( #d feet4 ,! v]tical & horizontal frames betwe5 ! two bottoms _h kept _! position un*ang$1 & except+ t ! bracket plate by frame ,no4 #f 0 b5t1 crack$1 & torn away1 ! damage !y _h su/a9$ 0 limit$ to "s comp>atively slight b5d+4 ,! op5 hole =m$ 9 ! t>get measur$ #gf squ>e feet 9 out] bottom1 & #fj squ>e feet 9 inn] bottom4 ,comp>+ ! effect ( ?is torp$o ) ! #g?1 #cc lbs4 ( dynamite2 ) ! latt] *>ge ! brea* 0 made at ! co/ ( ! bottom plates z well z ! v]tical & longitud9al frames1 :i* 7 completely torn asund] & /ra9$2 ) ! gunp[d] *>ge1 only ! bottom plates 7 brok5 ?r\gh1 :il/ ! plates ^: directions 7 ne>ly p>allel to ! l9es ( explosive effect 7 b little affect$4 ,exp]im5ts at ,portsm\?1 ,engl&1 #ahgd-ge4--,! object ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 to asc]ta9 ! effect ( #ejj lbs4 gun-cotton torp$oes explod$ at v>i\s di/ances f a t>get repres5t+ ! d\ble bottom ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]cules4 ,!y 7 c>ri$ out 9 ,/okes ,bay1 "u ! sup]vision ( (fic]s belong+ to ! torp$o dep>tm5t ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 & a torp$o committee1 compos$ ( naval & milit>y (fic]s4 ,! ,ob]on1 ! vessel *os5 = ^! exp]im5ts1 0 fitt$ ) a d\ble bottom1 repres5t+ z ne>ly z possible t ( ! ,h]cules )\t ! arm\r2 also ) a surface cond5s]1 & its connections2 a donkey ,k+/on fe$-valve2 & a?w>t%ip wat]-tight bulkheads1 :i* divid$ ! %ip into sev5 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts4 ,! out] sk9 0 compos$ ( #c_/af & #g_/h iron plates4 ,9 h] />bo>d side at diff]5t po9ts 7 fix$ =ty-f\r cru%] gauges1 & ov] ea* side 7 susp5d$ six %ots1 ea* fitt$ ) a cru%] gauge4 ,displacem5t ( ! ,ob]on ab\t #aajj tons4 ,! %ip 0 an*or$ head & /]n4 ,h] mean draught ( wat] dur+ ! exp]im5ts 0 #aa feet4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ejj lbs4 ( gun-cotton1 9 discs saturat$ ) wat]1 & enclos$ 9 an iron cyl9drical case1 #cd #cj #a_/d1 ) ar*$ ends2 ! prim] consi/$ ( two dry discs1 & two detonators4 ,x 0 plac$ #aja' horizontal f ! t>get1 & opposite ! cond5s] on ! />bo>d side2 #dg' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 on ! gr\nd4 ,effect ( explosion3--,no damage 0 done to ! hull1 or cond5s]1 b light articles1 su* z bunk] plates1 grat+s1 tank lids1 c41 7 displac$4 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--,z 9 fir/ exp]im5t4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 #hj' horizontal & opposite ! cond5s] on ! />bo>d side1 #dh' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,no damage 0 done to ! hull1 ( cond5s]1 b ! bunk] plates1 grat+s1 c41 7 displac$ to a great] ext5t ?an 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t4 #c,,rd ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--,z be=e4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 #fj' horizontal1 & opposite ! cond5s] on ! />bo>d side2 #dg' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,no damage 0 done to ! hull4 ,flanges ( ! cond5s] inlet pipe 7 crack$1 & sev]al ( ! jo9t bolts 7 brok54 ,! cond5s] _h be5 ?r[n up bodily1 & _h torn away its hold+ d[n bolts2 b x 0 n z well secur$ z x w\ld h be5 _h x =m$ "p ( ! ma*9]y ( a %ip4 #d,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--,z be=e4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 #ej' horizontal1 & opposite ! cond5s] on ! />bo>d side2 #dh' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,out] bottom on />bo>d ind5t$ ov] a l5g? ( ab\t #ajj'1 be+ =c$ 9 betwe5 ! frames2 maximum ind5tation1 #c_/d4 ,_m bracket frames 7 di/urb$1 & out] angle iron ( wat]-tight longitud9al 0 />t$ = a l5g? ( #cj'1 & made to leak slightly4 ,! %ell ( ! cond5s] 0 crack$ 9 two places1 #c' & #e' 9 l5g?4 ,bolts secur+ cond5s]1 & flanges ( pipes & valves1 7 all m or less damag$4 ,cond5s] 0 r5d]$ uns]viceable4 #e,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--,same *>ge z be=e1 b ! prim] consi/$ ( f\r dry discs1 & two detonators4 ,x 0 plac$ #bhe' horizontal1 opposite ,no4 #i frame1 on ! />bo>d side1 #cf' f ! /]n2 #dh' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & #bb' f ! gr\nd4 ,effect ( explosion3--,b[ obs]v$ to be lift$ sev]al feet4 ,sev]al angle irons & bracket frames 7 crack$1 & num]\s rivets 9 out] bottom 7 brok5 (f4 ,! out] bottom on ! />bo>d side 0 ind5t$ betwe5 ! frames1 & brackets 7 di/urb$ ov] a space ( #ajj feet2 inn] bottom un9jur$4 #f,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--,z 9 previ\s exp]im5t4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 #bhe' horizontal1 opposite ,no4 #cf frame on ! />bo>d side1 & #cj feet f ! /]n2 #die' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,sev]al plates 9 ! out] bottom 7 crack$1 & out] bottom made to leak 9 sev]al places1 ow+ to ! fractures 9 ! plates1 rivets be+ />t$1 & seams be+ op5$4 ,consid]ably m damage 0 effect$ ?an 9 previ\s exp]im5t1 b inn] bottom /ill rema9$ un9jur$4 #g,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--,z 9 ! #e? exp]im5t4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 imm$iately "u ! edge ( ! out] bottom1 #ci-c_/d' f ! t>get1 & opposite ,no4 #ah frame1 #gj' f ! /]n2 #ej' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,out] & inn] bottom brok5 entirely asund] at ,no4 #ai frame on ! />bo>d side1 & betwe5 ,nos4 #af & #ag on ! portside4 ,a fracture 0 caus$ 9 ! out] bottom ext5d+ f ! %elf plate to upp] edge ( /rake next ! keel on ! />bo>d side1 & f ! %elf plate to upp] edge ( flat keel plate on ! port side4 ,a fracture 0 also caus$ 9 ! inn] sk9 ext5d+ f ! topside to ! out] edge ( ! g>bo>d /rake on ! />bo>d side1 & f ! topside to upp] edge ( g>bo>d /rake on ! port side2 ?is includ+ a fracture ( ! keel at ,no4 #ag4 ,! v]tical keel1 ! longitud9als1 z well z num]\s bracket plates & angle irons1 7 brok51 & ab\t #bjjj rivets 9 ! out] bottom 7 r5d]$ defective4 ,! out] bottom 0 ind5t$ ov] a consid]able l5g?1 ! ind5tation be+ greate/ betwe5 ! frames1 & ! maximum be+ #h in*es4 ,! inn] bottom 0 n ind5t$ or damag$1 ) ! exception ( ! fractures be=e m5tion$4 ,exp]im5ts at ,pola1 ,au/ria1 #ahge4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out to det]m9e ! effect ( v heavy *>ges ( dynamite on an iron pontoon fitt$ ) a d\ble bottom1 simil> to t ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]cules4 ,t>get3--,an iron pontoon #fj' long & #dj' beam1 ) circul> ends & fitt$ ) a d\ble bottom1 also a cond5s] & two ,k+/on valves4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#fag lbs4 ( dynamite4 ,x 0 #fb' horizontally f ! keel1 #ec' actual di/ance f ! side1 & opposite amid%ips1 #dje' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & #bj' f ! gr\nd4 ,pontoon3--,draught ( wat] #ai'1 & moor$ 9 #fb' ( wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! pontoon mov$ away bodily a di/ance ( #ac feet2 a few rivets 9 ! out] bottom 7 />t$1 & ! out] sk9 0 slightly ind5t$ betwe5 ! frames2 ! maximum ind5tation be+ #ae4 ,no o!r damage 0 su/a9$ by ! hull4 ,sev]al ( ! screws secur+ ! flanges ( ! ,k+/on valves 7 slightly loos5$4 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ehe lbs4 ( dynamite4 ,x 0 plac$ #fj' horizontally f ! keel1 #dh' actual di/ance f ! side1 & opposite amid%ips2 #cf' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & #db' f ! gr\nd4 ,pontoon3--,draught ( wat] #aie'1 & moor$ 9 #gd' ( wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! pontoon1 :i* _h be5 m rigidly moor$ ?an 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t1 0 mov$ bodily away a di/ance ( #d feet4 ,_m rivets 7 loos5$1 & a few connect+ ! angle irons 7 %e>$2 also ! out] sk9 0 slightly ind5t$4 ,no damage 0 done to ! cond5s] or ,k+/on valves4 ,exp]im5t 9 ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 #ahge4--,?is exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out by ,turki% (fic]s atta*$ to _! naval s*ool at ,halki1 an isl& 9 ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 ab\t eight miles f ,/amb\l4 ,x consi/$ 9 de/roy+ a ,turki% s*oon] by ! explosion ( an #ajj-lb4 gun-cotton m9e 9 contact ) h]1 moor$ 9 #eh feet ( wat]1 & #aj feet b5ea? ! surface4 ,exp]im5t at ,c>lscrona1 ,sw$51 #ahgf4--,?is exp]im5t 0 a cont9uation ( ^? previ\sly c>ri$ out 9 #ahgd-ge1 & :i* h be5 detail$ at page #bbd1 c4 ,t>get3--,! same z _h be5 us$ = ! previ\s exp]im5ts 7#ahgd-ge71 & :i* _h be5 ?or\ghly repair$4 ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ffj lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 enclos$ 9 a buoyant cyl9drical #a_/d /eel case ) dom$ ends1 & conta9$ 9 an inn] #a_/af /eel case4 ,x 0 ignit$ by two ,von ,ebn] fuzes plac$ 9 a *>ge ( #a_/d lb4 ( gunp[d] & enclos$ 9 a glass bottle4 ,x 0 plac$ #e' horizontally f ! wat] l9e1 #bcge' actual di/ance f t>get1 & opposite ,no4 #e 7middle7 frame ( t>get1 #bi' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! %ip 0 moor$ 9 #ed' ( wat]4 ,%e 0 lift$ by ! explosion1 roll$ ov] to port1 & !n settl$ to />bo>d1 sundry l>ge pieces ( timb] be+ ?r[n up 9 ! air4 ,! out] bottom ( ! t>get 0 brok5 ?r\gh above ! second longitud9al frame1 f ! f\r? to ! sev5? frames lat]ally1 & f ! top ( ! t>get to ! second longitud9al frame v]tically1 ! hole made measur+ ab\t #i' high by #ab' wide1 or ab\t #ajj squ>e feet 9 area4 ,! inn] bottom 0 also brok5 ?r\gh betwe5 ! top ( ! t>get & second longitud9al frame1 & betwe5 ! f\r? & sev5? v]tical frames1 ! hole made be+ ab\t #ge squ>e feet 9 area4 ,! bracket frames )9 ! damag$ area 7 b little damag$4 ,! w+ passage bulkhead 0 brok5 ?r\gh opposite to ,nos4 #e & #g frames1 ! holes made be+ respectively #ah & #ag squ>e feet 9 area4 ,?r\gh ^! holes ! =ce ( ! explosion _h made its way to ! horizontal iron deck1 =m+ ! top ( ! t>get1 :i* 0 completely brok5 ?r\gh a little abaft ,no4 #e frame1 ! hole made measur+ ab\t #ajj squ>e feet 9 area4 ,a piece ( ?is iron deck1 weigh+1 ) ! iron fa/5+s atta*$ to x1 ab\t #afej lbs41 0 ?r[n #af' aga9/ ! upp] deck beams4 ,! t>get bel[ ! second longitud9al frame 0 comp>atively b little injur$4 ,! out] bottom 0 ind5t$ & crack$ 9 "o or two places1 b ! inn] bottom 0 un9jur$4 ,9 addition to ! damage to ! t>get1 ! %ip h]self su/a9$ s]i\s injury1 elev5 ( ! l[] deck beams1 ) _! knees be+ brok5 7six be+ brok5 completely across74 ,! ma9 keel imm$iately "u ! t>get 0 also op5$ at ! sc>f1 & ! back ( ! %ip 0 app>5tly brok54 ,! hull _h giv5 out lat]ally to su* an ext5t z to prev5t ! %ip be+ tak5 into dock4 ,exp]im5ts at ,portsm\?1 ,engl&1 #ahgf4--,! object ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 0 to det]m9e ! effect ( comp>atively small *>ges ( gunp[d] & gun-cotton explod$ 9 actual contact ) an ironclad1 z w\ld be ! case 9 a torp$o attack ei!r ) locomotive t[+ or sp> torp$oes4 ,t>get3--! same z us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( #ahgd-e1 :i* h be5 detail$ at page #bbi1 c41 viz41 ! ,ob]on fitt$ to repres5t ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]cules )\t ! arm\r4 ,h] mean draught 0 #aa'1 & %e 0 moor$ 9 #bf-a_/b' ( wat]4 ,! ,ob]on _h be5 plac$ 9 a ?or\gh /ate ( repair4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#fj lbs4 ( gun-cotton 9 slabs1 saturat$ ) wat]4 ,total weight ( *>ge #ge lbs4 ,x 0 enclos$ 9 a #a_/d iron case ) ca/ iron ends4 ,x 0 plac$ at #ae' actual di/ance f ! ne>e/ side ( ! case to ! t>get1 & opposite ,no4 #d frame on ! port side1 #aj' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( ! explosion3--,! effect ^u ! vessel 0 unappreciable4 ,?is *>ge repres5t$ ! l>ge ,:itehead fi% torp$o1 & its position correspond$ to t ( ?is torp$o :5 /rik+ a net at a small angle ) ! keel4 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--,! ,h>vey t[+ torp$o1 *>g$ ) #ff lbs4 ( gunp[d]1 prim$ ) gunp[d]1 & fir$ by means ( an electric fuze4 ,x 0 plac$ at #c' actual di/ance f ! t>get1 measur+ f ! c5tre ( ! torp$o1 & opposite ,no4 #d solid frame on ! />bo>d side1 ! v]tical axis ( ! torp$o be+ at "r angles to ! vessel's side1 #i-a_/d' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,?is & ! two foll[+ torp$oes 7 fir$ simultane\sly4 ,! out] bottom 0 bl[n 9 f ! upp] edge ( ! flat keel plate to ! und]side ( ! wat]-tight longitud9al1 & =e & aft f ,no4 #b to ,no4 #f frames2 an area #af' #h-e_/f'4 ,flat keel plates 7 brok5 betwe5 ,no4 #b & ,no4 #d frames1 & ! #d? /rake ( ! bottom plat+ 0 brok51 & ! frames = t space bl[n 94 ,two holes 7 bl[n ?r\gh ! inn] bottom1 measur+ respectively #b' #b' & #g' #a'1 mak+ ! total area ( ! inn] bottom de/roy$1 #aa squ>e feet4 #c,,rd ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#cc lbs4 ( granulat$ gun-cotton1 saturat$ ) wat]2 total weight ( *>ge be+ ab\t #da lbs4 ,x 0 enclos$ 9 a #a_/d iron case1 #ab-a_/b #ab #ab-a_/b1 ! prim] be+ #b-a_/b lbs4 ( slab gun-cotton1 includ$ 9 ! #cc lbs4 ,x 0 plac$ at #d' actual di/ance f ! t>get1 measur+ f ! c5tre ( ! case1 & opposite ,no4 #cj-a_/b solid frame on ! />bo>d side2 #i-a_/d' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,out] bottom bl[n 9 f upp] edge ( ! l[] longitud9al to ! l[] edge ( ! upp] longitud9al betwe5 ,nos4 #bh & #cb frames2 an area ( #ah #aa feet4 ,! butts ( ! flat keel 7 />t$ & ! plat+ brok5 across ,no4 #cj-a_/b frame f ! flat keel plate to ! upp] deck4 ,%elf plate at ,nos4 #cj-a_/b & #cb-a_/b frames 0 brok54 ,nos4 #bi1 #cj1 & #ca frames 7 bl[n 9 f fir/ to ?ird longitud9al2 l[] longitud9al f ,no4 #bh to #ca also bl[n 94 ,two holes 7 bl[n ?r\gh ! inn] bottom1 measur+ respectively #f #ae' & #e' #be'1 mak+ ! total area ( inn] bottom de/roy$ #aj squ>e feet4 ,a /eam laun* ) /eam up & outrigg] torp$o ge> 9 place1 "o pole be+ rigg$ out1 0 plac$ ) ! /em ( ! boat #bb' horizontally f ! torp$o4 ,%e 0 un9jur$ & %ipp$ v little wat]4 #d,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,torp$o3--#ca lbs4 #ad oz4 ( gun-cotton 9 slabs1 saturat$ ) wat]1 total weight ab\t #dj lbs4 ,x 0 enclos$ 9 a #a_/d iron case #ab-a_/b #ab-a_/b #f2 prim] be+ #bj oz4 ( gun-cotton1 includ$ 9 ! #ca lbs4 #ad oz4 ,x 0 plac$ at #d' actual di/ance f ! t>get measur+ f ! c5tre ( ! case1 & opposite ,no4 #cj-a_/b solid frame on ! port side2 #i-a_/d' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,effect ( explosion3--,out] bottom & frames injur$ 9 a simil> mann] to t describ$ 9 ! ?ird exp]im5t4 ,out] angle irons ( ! #a/1 #bnd1 & #crd longitud9als 7 />t$ 9 ! wake ( ! brok5 place4 ,a hole 0 bl[n ?r\gh ! inn] bottom1 measur+ #ie' #a'1 or ab\t #aj squ>e feet 9 area4 ,! bolts ( ! out] bottom plate ( /]n po/ mu* op51 & at ,nos4 #af & #ag on ! port side ! upp] two /rakes 7 buckl$ & ! %elf plate />t$4 ,a /eam laun*1 arrang$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! f\r? exp]im5t1 0 un9jur$1 & %ipp$ b little wat]4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,c\nt]m9e4--,! foll[+ exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries to asc]ta9 "s reliable data = c\nt]m9+ op]ations4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,m$way1 ,engl&1 #ahgj4--;,c\nt]m9e3--#dcb lbs4 ( compress$ gun-cotton1 enclos$ 9 a #c_/af iron case4 ,x 0 moor$ at a dep? ( #cg' bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,subm>9e m9es3--,a s]ies ( simil> cases conta9+ coal du/1 c41 7 moor$ at di/ances ( #ej' to #ajj' f ! c\nt]m9e1 & #cg feet bel[ ! surface4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! subm>9e m9e at #hj' di/ance 0 completely de/roy$2 ! dome ( its circuit clos] 0 d5t$ 94 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,c\nt]m9e3--,z be=e1 b moor$ #bg' bel[ ! surface4 ,subm>9e m9es3--,z be=e1 b moor$ at di/ances ( #gj' to #abj' f ! c\nt]m9e1 & #bg' bel[ ! surface4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! subm>9e m9e case at #abj' di/ance 0 d5t$1 b rema9$ wat]-tight2 ! copp] gu>d ( fuze piece collaps$1 & ! e>? connection ( ! fuzes 0 ruptur$2 ! dome ( its circuit clos] 0 d5t$4 #c,,rd ,,exp]im5t4 ,c\nt]m9e3--,z be=e1 b moor$ #dg' bel[ ! surface4 ,subm>9e m9es3--,z be=e1 b moor$ at di/ances ( #gj' to #bjj' f ! c\nt]m9e4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! subm>9e m9e case at #bjj' di/ance 0 d5t$1 b x did n leak4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,exp]im5ts at ,/okes ,bay1 ,engl&1 #ahgc4--;,c\nt]m9e3--#ejj lbs4 ( gun-cotton1 enclos$ 9 a #c_/af iron case4 ,x 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 9 #dg' ( wat]4 ,subm>9e m9es3--,six gr\nd m9es1 #a_/d ?ick cases1 fitt$ ) circuit1 #aj' bel[ ! surface1 at di/ances ( #ajj' to #bjj' f ! c\nt]m9e4 ,effect ( explosion3--,subm>9e m9es at #ajj' & #abj' di/ance 7 de/roy$1 & _! circuit clos]s ?r[n out ( adju/m5t2 subm>9e m9es at #adj' & #agj' di/ance 7 mu* bulg$1 & leak$1 & _! circuit clos] sp9dles 7 b5t2 subm>9e m9e at #bjj' di/ance 0 un9jur$1 b its circuit clos] 0 ?r[n out ( adju/m5t4 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,c\nt]m9e3--#ajj lbs4 ( gun-cotton enclos$ 9 case1 ?ickness ,no4 #ab ,b4 ,w4 ,g4 ,x 0 moor$ #aj' bel[ ! surface1 9 #ce' ( wat]4 ,subm>9e m9es3--,five simil> m9es plac$ at same dep?1 at di/ances ( #ej' to #aej' f ! c\nt]m9e4 ,effect ( explosion3--,! subm>9e m9e at #ej' di/ance %[$ cont9u$ or dead e>?1 two screws brok51 & its case d5t$2 ! o!r m9es 7 un9jur$4 #a,,/ ,,exp]im5t4 ,exp]im5ts at ,c>lscrona1 ,sw$51 #ahgd4--;,c\nt]m9es3--#bbf lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a case #ag-a_/b #bj #a_/h4 ,x 0 moor$ #i-c_/d' bel[ ! surface1 ! dep? ( wat] be+ #da feet4 ,subm>9e m9es3--7a7 ca/ iron gr\nd #fjj lb4 m9es1 dome %ap$1 #dh-c_/d #ba-a_/b #b2 7b7 cyl9drical cases1 wr\ght iron1 empty1 #aa-a_/b #aa-a_/b #a_/h2 7c7 cyl9drical cases1 wr\ght iron1 *>g$1 #aa-a_/b #aa-a_/b #a_/h2 7d7 cyl9drical cases1 wr\ght iron1 #cj-a_/d #cj-a_/d #a_/h2 7e7 sph]ical cases1 wr\ght iron1 #cb-a_/b #a_/h2 7f7 sph]ical cases1 t9n$ /eel1 #ab #a_/h4 ,effect ( explosion3--7b7 m9e1 at #cd' di/ance1 0 de/roy$1 & "o at #ib' di/ance 0 slightly bulg$2 7c7 m9e1 #eh' di/ance1 m\?piece injur$ & case leaky2 7d7 m9e1 #bdd' di/ance1 a rivet />t$4 #b,,nd ,,exp]im5t4 ,c\nt]m9e3--,z be=e1 b moor$ at #bi-a_/d' bel[ ! surface2 dep? ( wat]1 #da feet4 ,subm>9e m9es3--,z be=e4 ,effect ( explosion3--7a7 m9e1 at #adf' di/ance1 split 9 two2 7b7 m9e1 #cd' di/ance1 de/roy$2 at #di' di/ance1 fractur$2 at #fh' di/ance1 ind5t$ b n fractur$2 7c7 m9e1 #eh' di/ance1 case mu* bulg$1 & leaky2 7d7 m9e1 at #bdd' di/ance1 rivets />t$1 case half full ( wat]2 at #aie' di/ance1 sunk1 sev]al rivets />t$2 7e7 m9e1 at #aie' di/ance1 bolt loos5$2 7f7 m9e1 at #fh' di/ance1 n injur$4 #c,,rd ,,exp]im5t4 ,c\nt]m9e3--#dec lbs4 ( dynamite1 enclos$ 9 a case1 #bd-a_/b #bh-a_/d #a_/h4 ,x 0 moor$ #i-c_/d' bel[ ! surface2 dep? ( wat] z be=e4 ,subm>9e m9es3--,z be=e4 ,effect ( explosion3--7b7 m9e1 at #di' di/ance1 sunk & n recov]$2 at #eh' di/ance1 v mu* ind5t$2 7c7 m9e1 at #eh' di/ance1 case mu* ind5t$ & leaky2 7f7 m9e1 at #dh-a_/b' di/ance1 un9jur$4 #d,,? ,,exp]im5t4 ,c\nt]m9e3--,z be=e1 b moor$ #bi-a_/d' bel[ ! surface4 ,effect ( explosion3--7a7 m9e1 at #aie' di/ance1 completely /ove 92 7c7 m9e1 at #eh' di/ance1 case ind5t$ b *>ge dry2 7e7 m9e1 at #age' di/ance1 slightly leaky2 7f7 m9e1 at #dh-a_/b' di/ance1 upp] half ind5t$ 9 ?ree places4 ,x 0 also discov]$ dur+ ! above exp]im5ts t subm>9e m9es *>g$ ) dynamite c be caus$ to explode by ! detonation ( a *>ge ( ! same explosive1 at di/ances f x consid]ably beyond ^? at :i* ! cases !mselves are damag$ by a simil> *>ge4 ,to prev5t ! =ego+1 x is necess>y to pack ! dynamite v c>efully1 us+ at ! same "t special precautions4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,electric ,,light--,,torp$o ,,guns--,,div+4 ,,electric lights comb9$ ) fa/ /eam laun*es z gu>d boats & specially con/ruct$ torp$o guns1 su* z ! ,nord5felt & ,hot*kiss ma*9e guns1 are at ! pres5t "t ! only truly practicable means af=d$ to a man-(-w> ( def5d+ h]self aga9/ ! attack ( torp$o boats1 :e!r ^! latt] are arm$ ) ! sp>1 fi%1 or t[+ torp$o2 ! torp$o gun s9k+ ! boats aft] ! electric light & gu>d boats h detect$ _! approa* & position4 ,z has be5 be=e /at$1 nets1 %ields1 booms1 c41 plac$ ar\nd a vessel ( w>1 mu/1 h[ev] slightly con/ruct$1 affect to a consid]able degree h] effici5cy1 by decreas+ h] p[] ( mov+ quickly 9 any desir$ direction1 :i* is ess5tial to ! utility ( su* a vessel 9 "t ( w>2 & ?us on electric lights1 gu>d boats1 & torp$o guns mu/ ! safety ( %ips 9 future w>s really dep5d1 :5 attack$ by torp$o boats4 ,! ,electric ,light4--,! ph5om5on ( ! ,voltaic arc 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,sir ,humphry1 !n ,mr41 ,davy at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( ! matt] z giv5 by him 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy3-- ,! mo/ p[]ful comb9ation t exi/s1 9 :i* numb] ( alt]nations is comb9$ ) ext5t ( surface1 is t con/ruct$ by ! subscription ( a few zeal\s cultivators & patrons ( sci5ce 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,x consi/s ( #bjj in/rum5ts1 connect$ toge!r 9 regul> ord]1 ea* compos$ ( t5 d\ble plates arrang$ 9 cells ( porcela91 & conta9+ 9 ea* plate ?irty-two squ>e in*es2 s t ! :ole numb] ( d\ble plates is #b1jjj1 & ! :ole surface #abh1jjj squ>e in*es4 ,?is batt]y1 :5 ! cells 7 fill$ ) sixty p>ts ( wat]1 mix$ ) "o "p ( nitric acid1 & "o "p ( sulphuric acid1 af=d$ a s]ies ( brilliant & impressive effects4 ,:5 pieces ( *>coal ab\t an in* long & "o-six? ( an in* 9 diamet] 7 br\ght ne> ea* o!r 7)9 ! ?irtie? or =tie? "p ( an in*71 a bright sp>k 0 produc$1 & m ?an half ! volume ( ! *>coal became ignit$ to :it5ess1 & by )draw+ ! po9ts f ea* o!r1 a con/ant dis*>ge took place ?r\gh ! heat$ air1 9 a space equal at lea/ to f\r in*es2 produc+ a mo/ brilliant asc5d+ ar* ( light1 broad1 & conical 9 =m 9 ! middle4 ,:5 any sub/ance 0 introduc$ into ?is ar*1 x in/antly became ignit$4 ,plat9a melt$ z readily 9 x z wax 9 ! flame ( a common c&le2 qu>tz1 ! sapphire1 magnesia1 lime1 all ent]$ into fusion2 fragm5ts ( diamond1 & po9ts ( *>coal & plumbago1 rapidly disappe>$1 & seem$ to evaporate 9 x1 ev5 :5 ! connection 0 made 9 a receiv] exhau/$ by ! air pump2 b !re 0 no evid5ce ( _! hav+ previ\sly und]gone fusion4 ,! philosoph] also %[$ t1 :5 ! ,voltaic or electric arc is produc$ 9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air pump1 ! ph5om5a are z brilliant 9 "*1 & ! *>coal po9ts c be m widely sep>at$1 ?us prov+ t ! electric light is q indep5d5t ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air = its support4 ,ow+ to ! crude nature ( ! ,voltaic batt]ies ( t day1 & also to ! great exp5se ( ma9ta9+ a l>ge batt]y ( t nature1 no?+ practical result$ f ,davy's discov]y ( ! electric or ,voltaic arc4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday1 ! great physici/1 by 8 discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( magneto-electricity1 has enabl$ ! electric light to be br\ght into practical use4 ,z e>ly z #ahcc ,pixii appli$ ! pr9ciple practically 9 ! con/ruction ( a magneto-electric ma*9e ) revolv+ magnets2 he 0 foll[$ by ,laxton1 ,cl>k1 ,nollet1 ,holmes1 & o!rs1 :o made ma*9es ) fix$ magnets4 ,9 #ahed ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s1 ( ,b]l91 introduc$ ! ,siem5s' ,armature1 :i*1 f its compact =m1 p]mitt$ a v high velocity ( rotation 9 an int5se magnetic field1 giv+ p[]ful alt]nat+ curr5ts1 :i*1 :5 requir$1 7 commutat$ into "o direction4 ,! late/ improvem5t has be5 t f ! magneto-electric to ! dynamo-electric ma*9e4 ,x is due to bo? ,dr4 ,siem5s & ,sir ,c4 ,:eat/one4 ,induc$ curr5ts are direct$ ?r\gh ! coils ( ! electro-magnets :i* produce !m1 increas+ _! magnetic int5sity1 :i* 9 its turn /r5g!ns ! induc$ curr5ts1 & s on1 accumulat+ by mutual action until a limit is rea*$4 ,siem5s' ,electric ,light4--,! foll[+ is a description ( ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs' dynamo-electric light app>atus1 :i*1 = use on bo>d %ip aga9/ boat torp$o attacks1 c41 is equal1 if n sup]ior1 to any simil> app>atus yet produc$1 & :i* is ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,g]man & o!r ,european navies4 ,?is app>atus 0 "o ( _m o!rs exp]im5t$ on by ,dr4 ,tyndal & ,mr4 ,d\glas1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 = ! ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,dr4 ,tyndal says3 ,i entirely concur 9 ! recomm5dation ( ,mr4 ,d\glas1 t ! ,siem5s ma*9e rec5tly tri$ at ! ,s\? ,=el& be adopt$ = ! ,liz>d4 ,f ! fir/ ,i reg>d$ ! p]=mance ( ?is h&y little in/rum5t z wond]ful4 ,x is simple 9 pr9ciple1 & s mod]ate 9 co/ t a res]ve ( p[] c always be ma9ta9$ )\t mu* outlay4 ,by c\pl+ two su* ma*9es toge!r1 a great augm5tation ( ! light is moreov] obta9able4 ,pr9ciple4--,:5 a clos$ electrical circuit is mov$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a magnetic pole1 s z to cut ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 a curr5t is g5]at$ 9 ! circuit1 ! direction ( :i* dep5ds ^u :e!r ! magnetic pole is ,n or ,s2 x also dep5ds on ! direction ( motion ( ! circuit1 & accord+ to ! law ( ,l5z1 ! curr5t g5]at$ is always su* z to oppose ! motion ( ! clos$ circuit4 ,all magneto-electric & dynamo-electric ma*9es are bas$ on ! pr9ciple /at$ above1 & are subject to _m modifications4 ,! "n dynamo-electric ma*9e is giv5 to x1 because ! electric curr5t is n induc$ by a p]man5t magnet1 b is accumulat$ by ! mutual action ( electro-magnets & a revolv+ wire cyl9d] or armature4 ,x is f\nd t1 z ! dynamic =ce requir$ to drive ! ma*9e increases1 s also does ! electric curr5t2 x is !re=e call$ a dynamo-electric ma*9e4 ,description4--,9 ! ma*9e "h describ$1 ( :i* ,fig4 #afd is an elevation1 ,fig4 #agc a "p elevation1 & ,fig4 #afe a longitud9al section1 ! electric curr5t is produc$ by ! rotation ( an insulat$ conductor ( copp] wire or armature coil$ 9 sev]al l5g?s1 #h1 #ab1 #af1 c41 up to #bh1 & 9 sev]al lay]s1 longitud9ally1 ^u a cyl9d] ) a /ation>y iron core nn' ss'1 s t ! :ole surface ( ! armature is cov]$ ) longitud9al wires & clos$ at bo? ends1 z 9 ,fig4 #afe4 ,?is revolv+ armature is enclos$ to ! ext5t ( two-?irds ( its cyl9drical surface by curv$ s(t iron b>s ,,nn#a1 ,,ss#a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,! curv$ b>s are ! prolongations ( ! cores ( ! electro-magnets ,e ,e ,e ,e4 ,!y are held firmly toge!r by screws to ! sides or bottom ( ! ca/ iron frame ( ! ma*9e1 mak+ x compact & /rong4 ,! coils ( ! electro-magnet =m ) ! wires ( ! revolv+ armature "o cont9u\s electric circuit1 &1 :5 ! armature is caus$ to rotate1 an electric curr5t 7:i* at fir/ is v feeble7 is induc$ by ! reman5t magnetism 9 ! s(t iron b>s & direct$ ?r\gh ! collect+ bru%es into ! electro-magnet coils1 ?us /r5g!n+ ! magnetism ( ! iron b>s1,v :i* aga9 induce a /ill m p[]ful curr5t 9 ! revolv+ armature4 ,! electric curr5t ?us becomes /rong] & /rong]1 & ! armature !re=e revolves 9 a magnetic field ( ! highe/ int5sity1 ! limit ( :i* is gov]n$ by ! limit ( saturation ( ! s(t iron4 ,at ea* revolution ! maximum magnetic effect ^u ea* convolution ( ! armature is produc$ j aft] x passes ?r\gh ! middle ( bo? magnetic fields1 :i* are 9 a v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! ma*9e 7i4 e4 ,n#a,s#a 9 ,fig4 #agc74 ,! m9imum effect is produc$ :5 9 a plane at "r angles to x1 i4 e4 horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,accord+ to ! law ( ,l5z already ref]r$ to1 :5 a circuit />ts f a neutral position on "o side ( an axis t[>ds ! pole ( a magnet1 x has a direct curr5t induc$ 9 x1 & ! o!r "p ( ! circuit :i* approa*es ! opposite pole ( ! magnet has an inv]se curr5t induc$ 9 x2 ^! two induc$ curr5ts are1 h[ev]1 9 ! same direction z reg>ds circuit4 ,a simil> curr5t w also be induc$ 9 all ! convolutions ( wire 9 succession z !y approa* ! poles ( ! magnets4 ,^! curr5ts1 almo/ z soon z !y are induc$1 are collect$ by t]m9al roll]s or bru%es ,b1 usually ! latt]1 plac$ 9 contact ) ! commutator 9 ! position :i* gives ! /ronge/ curr5t4 ,! position giv+ ! /ronge/ curr5t gives also ! lea/ sp>k1 s t :5 !re are no sp>ks at ! commutator ! be/ light+ effect is produc$4 ,fig4 #aff %[s position ( bru%es :5 ! armature revolves 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! revolv+ armature is divid$ into an ev5 numb] ( equal p>ts1 ea* opposite pair be+ fill$ ) convolutions ( insulat$ wire w\nd p>allel to ! axis ( ! armature4 ,! ends ( ^! wires are br\ght to a commutator & connect$ to ! segm5ts ei!r by screws or by sold]+4 ,! bru%es collect ! electric curr5ts z !y are induc$1 :i* is ne>ly con/ant & cont9u\s4 ,! collect+ bru%es are combs ( copp] wire plac$ tang5tially to ! cyl9drical commutator1 & press lightly ^u x ) an ela/ic pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,p[] & ,light produc$4--,an increase ( ! armature spe$ produces a correspond+ increase 9 ! curr5t produc$1 b n 9 ! same proportion4 ,! curr5t increases m rapidly ?an ! spe$1 & c\ld be made to rea* any int5sity b = consid]ations expla9$ bel[4 ,) increase ( curr5t !re is also increase ( heat4 ,! spe$ = cont9u\s "w mu/ n be tak5 too high1 because ! heat develop$ at high velocities might de/roy ! insulation ( ! coils ( ! electro-magnet4 ,! spe$ giv5 = ?is ma*9e produces no su* injuri\s heat+ effect4 ,! /r5g? ( ! curr5t is also influ5c$ by ! resi/ance ( ! electric lamp & its lead+ wires4 ,) an electric lamp 9 a circuit ( prop] resi/ance ! armature %\ld revolve at ! rate giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,table4 ,! heat+ w !n rea* its maximum1 :i* is v mod]ate1 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] :i* !re w be no fur!r *ange4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,size4 ,numb] ( revolutions,int5sity ( light 9,,hp 7actual7 to ( armature4 /&>d c&les4 drive4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,m$ium #hjj to #hej #d1jjj to #f1jjj #c-a_/b to #d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! int5sity ( ! unassi/$ light is giv5 9 /&>d c&les4 ,! /&>d "h us$ is a /e>9e c&le consum+ #aj grammes p] h\r4 ,regulation4--,f ! fact t a clos$ circuit rotat+ 9 a magnetic field exp]i5ces resi/ance to its motion :i* a brok5 circuit does n1 motive p[] to any ext5t is only requir$ :5 ! circuit is clos$4 ,an int]ruption ( ! curr5t is !re=e equival5t to remov+ ! load f ! motor1 :i* = me*anical reasons may be injuri\s to x & = electrical reasons to ! dynamo ma*9e4 ,! sudd5 int]ruption ( ! circuit ( ! l>ge ma*9e produces an electric t5sion s dang]\sly high z to /ra9 or de/roy ! insulation ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 contact is aga9 made aft] su* int]ruption1 ! increase ( spe$ result+ f ! int]ruption causes a mom5t>y curr5t ( great int5sity1 accompani$ by sp>ks at ! commutator4 ,9 ord] t ! light may be q /eady ! spe$ %\ld be z uni=m z possible4 ,z too high an increase ( spe$ may result 9 tempor>y ext9ction ( ! light1 x ought nev] to be p]mitt$4 ,! motor %\ld !re=e be provid$ ) a good & s5sitive gov]nor1 t w keep ! spe$ p]fectly uni=m h[ev] ! /eam & load may v>y4 ,a l>ge & heavy fly-:eel is also v useful 9 keep+ ! spe$ ne>ly uni=m dur+ *ange ( load4 ,al?\gh ! circuit1 :5 ! ma*9e is 9 full action1 %\ld nev] be sudd5ly int]rupt$1 int]ruption aris+ f ! ext9ction ( ! light is n dang]\s1 because x is always prec$$ by a decrease 9 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,:5 x is desir$ to div]t ! curr5t into ano!r circuit x is advisable to /op ! ma*9e4 ,al?\gh 9 practice ) small ma*9es ?is is r>ely done1 ) l>ge ma*9es x is necess>y4 ,self-act+ ,%unt4--,= great security1 especially ) ! two ma*9es c\pl$ toge!r1 :]e ! electric curr5t is /rong & ! light equival5t to ab\t #ad1jjj c&les1 x is advisable to ins]t 9 ! circuit a self-act+ %unt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,?is is plac$ betwe5 ! lamp & ma*9e & connect$ to bo? lead+ wires4 ,its pr9ciple is z foll[s3-- ,! t]m9al ,m1 ,fig4 #afg1 is jo9$ by a %ort connect+ wire to "o t]m9al ( ! ma*9e4 ,! t]m9al ,l ,m is connect$ to ! rema9+ t]m9al ( ! ma*9e & also to "o ( ! lamp t]m9als4 ,! t]m9al ,l is connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! lamp4 ,! %unt conta9s a small electro-magnet ,e m\nt$ ^u a squ>e wood5 slab or basebo>d ) its armature a1 a contact c1 &1 bel[ ! slab1 a resi/ance coil ,w1 :i* is equal to ! resi/ance ( ! electric arc ( ! light1 ab\t #a ,s4 u4,w ,z long z ! lamp is burn+ well1 ! curr5t circulates 9 ! coils ( ! electro-magnet1 & ! armature a be+ /rongly attract$1 !re is no contact at c4 ,! resi/ance coil ,w is !re=e n 9 electrical circuit4 ,:5 ! light is ext+ui%$ ! curr5t 9 ! coils ( ! electro-magnet ceases1 & ! armature is )drawn by ! spr+ f mak+ contact at c4 ,?is (f]s to ! electric curr5t a pa? ?r\gh ,w ( equal resi/ance to t ( ! lamp1 & ! curr5t is subject$ to sc>cely any *ange1 s t ! motor has practically no cause to alt] its rate4 ,:5 ! c>bon po9ts ( ! lamp aga9 t\*1 ! electric curr5t returns to !m1 break+ contact at c1 re-e/abli%+ ! =m] conditions4 ,direction ( ,rotation4--,! armature may revolve 9 ei!r direction4 ,if x becomes necess>y to drive x 9 ! opposite direction to t = :i* ! ma*9e has be5 made1 x is only necess>y to rev]se ! bru%es1 plac+ _! po9ts 9 ! direction ( motion1 & to *ange two ( ! wire connections1 :i* op]ations c be effect$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,fig4 #aff %[s ! position ( bru%es = "o direction ( rotation & ,fig4 #afh t = ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,conduct+ or ,lead+ ,wires4--,! lead+ wires are usually ( copp] ( high electrical conductivity4 ,!y mu/ be insulat$ f "o ano!r ! :ole ( _! l5g? & n plac$ too close toge!r4 ,z _! resi/ance affects ! int5sity ( ! light v mu*1 ! section mu/ be c>efully proportion$ to ! di/ance ( ! lamp f ! ma*9e4 ,! be/ practical result is obta9$ :5 _! resi/ance toge!r ) t ( ! lamp is equal to ! total int]nal resi/ance ( ! dynamo ma*9e4 ,wires ( v>i\s sizes are !re=e requir$4 ,decrease 9 /r5g? ( ! curr5t caus$ by a lead+ wire ( too high resi/ance c be ov]come by a high] velocity1 :i* is obta9$ only by increas$ motive p[]1 b if ! wire is mu* too small1 x w become heat$4 ,! prop] rem$y is to increase ! sectional area ( ! lead+ wire4 ,bright sp>ks %\ld nev] be all[$ to appe> at ! commutator & bru%es1 z sp>ks result f a rapid burn+ ( ! metallic p>ts4 ,!y c easily be avoid$ by prop]ly incl9+ ! two arms :i* c>ry ! bru%es4 ,! position ( ! bru%es yield+ ! lea/ sp>k at ! commutator is t giv+ ! highe/ int5sity ( light 9 ! electric arc4 ,! commutator %\ld1 :ile 9 motion1 be freely oil$1 to prev5t ! bru%es we>+ away too rapidly4 ,! /icky oil %\ld f "t to "t be remov$ by wa%+ ) p>aff9e oil or b5zol9e4 ,we> & ,te>4--,! *ances ( /oppage s common to ! old =ms ( electric light app>atus h 9 ?is =m be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & n[ d n exce$ ^? t arise ) ma*9es g5]ally4 ,! ,tr9ity ,h\se ,report /ates t ! ,siem5s' ma*9e work$ well = a mon? )\t any necessity = /opp+4 ,! bru%es are ! only p>ts :i* we> away1 & !y are v easily replac$4 ,9 ?ick wea!r !y %\ld be connect$ 9 :at is call$ p>allel circuit 7or p>allel arc1 or = quantity71 because x has be5 f\nd t :5 !y are s arrang$ ! int5sity ( ! electric light produc$ exce$s by "s tw5ty p] c5t4 ! int5sity ( ! sum ( ! two :5 work$ sep>ately4 ,?us ! two ma*9es1 giv+ respectively a c&le p[] ( #d1ddf & #f1efc :5 work$ sep>ately 7total #aa1jji71 h giv5 :5 c\pl$ up 9 p>allel circuit a light equival5t to #ac1agi c&les2 j z 9 telegraphy x has be5 f\nd t ! rate ( s5d+ c be increas$ f #bj to #be p] c5t4 :5 ! app>atus is c\pl$ up 9 p>allel arc4 ,= ?is reason x is usual to employ two ma*9es ( m$ium size in/ead ( "o ma*9e ( l>ge size4 ,! int5se light s produc$ is also mu* m uni=m ?an f "o l>ge ma*9e4 ,automatic ,electric ,lamp4--,automatic electric lamps h be5 con/ruct$ ) spr+ clockwork to cause ! c>bons to approa* "o ano!r to a c]ta9 po9t1 :51 by means ( an electro-magnet1 ! clockwork is *eck$1 & ! c>bon po9ts are all[$ to burn away to su* a di/ance t1 by ! decrease ( curr5t1 ! clockwork is releas$ & ! c>bons caus$ to approa* aga94 ,) su* lamps ! clockwork has be5 a s\rce ( tr\ble1 & x is liable to get out ( ord]4 ,siem5s' ,pat5t ,electric ,lamp4--,! lamp "h describ$ is actuat$ )\t clockwork2 x also automatically sep>ates ! c>bons aft] !y h approa*$ too closely or t\*1 &1 by ?is comb9$ action ( approa*+ & sep>at+1 ! c>bon po9ts are kept at a prop] di/ance ap>t1 & a /eady light is obta9$4 ,! work+ p>ts are repres5t$ 9 ! diagram ,fig4 #afi1 & at ,fig4 #agj is %[n ! size employ$ on bo>d %ip4 ,e is ! horse-%oe magnet ) ! armature ,a plac$ 9 front ( its poles a %ort di/ance f !m4 ,a regulat+ screw b ) ! spiral spr+ f is atta*$ to ! lev] ,a'1 =c+ x aga9/ ! /op d1 & )draw+ ! armature f ! poles ( ! electro-magnet4 ,:5 a curr5t trav]ses ! coils ( ! latt] ( suffici5t /r5g? to attract ! armature & ov]come ! t5sion ( ! spr+ f1 contact is made at c1 :i* div]ts ! curr5t f ^? coils4 ,! consequ5t release ( ! armature breaks contact at c1 ! armature is aga9 attract$1 & ?is action is repeat$1 produc+ a vibrat+ motion ( ! lev] & armature1 :i* cont9ues z long z !re is suffici5t curr5t to ov]come ! t5sion ( ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,! spr+ pawl s at ! upp] end ( ! lev] ,a'1 & oscillat+ ) x1 actuates a rat*et-:eel u1 :i* is 9 ge> ) a tra9 ( :eels & ! c>bon hold]s2 x ?us opposes _! t5d5cy to approa* by pu%+ !m ap>t1 too? by too?1 until ! curr5t is s mu* weak5$ by ! increas$ l5g? ( electric arc t ! armature & lev] cease to oscillate en\gh to move ! tee? ( ! rat*et-:eel1 & x re/s ne> ! /op d4 ,:ile 9 ?is position ! spr+ pawl is releas$ f ! rat*et-:eel & ! prepond]at+ weight ( ! upp] c>bon hold] causes ! c>bon po9ts to approa* aga94 ,increase ( curr5t foll[s decrease ( resi/ance1 ! armature aga9 oscillates1 & ?is cycle ( action is cont9u\sly repeat$4 ,:5 9 action ! movem5ts ( ! c>bons are sc>cely p]ceptible1 b :51 by any ext]nal cause1 ! c>bons are sep>at$ s z to ext+ui% ! light1 !y imm$iately run toge!r until !y t\*1 :5 !y ignite & sep>ate to a prop] work+ di/ance by means ( ! electro-magnet above describ$4 ,! only op]ation requir+ att5tion 9 ! use ( ?is lamp is ! adju/m5t ( ! t5sion ( ! spr+ f4 ,:5 ?is t5sion is once regulat$ to ! curr5t at disposal1 ! lamp w cont9ue to give a /eady light z long z ! curr5t rema9s uni=m4 ,! relative rate ( consumption ( ! two c>bon po9ts diff]s4 ,! positive c>bon burns away r m ?an twice z quickly z ! negative c>bon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,! duration ( ! light dep5ds ma9ly on ! l5g?s & sizes ( ! c>bons4 ,provision is made 9 ?is lamp t ! rack :i* supports ! negative c>bon may be made to ge> ei!r into ! tee? ( ! same p9ion z t ( ! positive c>bon1 or into "o ( ab\t half ! size4 ,by ^! means ! light1 :5 once focuss$ 9 a reflector1 w rema9 9 focus z long z ! c>bons la/1 :e!r p]man5t or rev]s$ curr5ts are employ$4 ,besides its tw(old application1 ! lamp is v compact1 is simple 9 con/ruction1 & !re=e n likely to get out ( ord]1 & x is capable ( be+ regulat$ ) great precision4 ,!re is no spr+ to be w\nd up4 ,! contact ne$ n be clean$1 z ! sp>ks are sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,by remov+ two screws 9 ! outside cas+1 all ! *ief work+ p>ts c be easily remov$ & inspect$4 ,c>bons are made f ! h>d c>bon deposit$ 9 ! int]ior ( gas retorts1 also f graphite4 ,v>i\s sizes1 bo? squ>e & r\nd 9 section1 ( f #e to #bj mm4 9 diamet]1 are us$ 9 ! electric lamp accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! electric curr5t4 ,^? commonly employ$ are f #aj to #ab mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! c>bons suppli$ ) ! ,siem5s pat5t lamp are coat$ ) a ?9 film ( copp]4 ,?is enhances ! co/ some:at1 b x greatly improves ! result1 z ! c>bons burn long]1 & d n split1 :5 s coat$4 ,by coat+ !m ! resi/ance is dim9i%$1 except at ! po9ts1 s t all ! heat is conc5trat$ 9 ! electric arc1 & a bright] light is ! result4 ,:5 two dynamo ma*9es are c\pl$ toge!r 7see page #bdh71 to give a v p[]ful curr5t1 ! sizes up to #bj mm4 are requir$4 ,! consumption v>ies a little1 b ! av]age is f #c to #d in*es p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,conc5tration ( ,light4--,two k9ds ( conc5trat+ app>atus are suppli$ 9 comb9ation ) ! automatic lamp1 bo? ( :i* are capable ( giv+ a p[]ful p>allel beam1 :i* w rea* to an enorm\s di/ance1 & are well adapt$ = naval purposes4 ,! "o k9d consi/s ( a p>abolic reflector ( /\t metal1 its concave surface be+ silv]$ & burni%$4 ,! app>atus is m\nt$ ) a ball-&-socket jo9t ^u a wood5 /&1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aga4 ,! o!r k9d is ! ,fresnel catadioptric l5s or holophote1 ,fig4 #agb1 :i* may be sub/itut$ = ! reflector1 & gives a m p[]ful beam ?an "o giv5 by reflection4 ,! l5s is surr\nd$ by a metal case or lant]n1 9 :i* is plac$ ! electric lamp ^u a slide = focuss+4 ,beh9d ! c>bon po9ts a hemisph]ical reflector is plac$1 to cat* all ! back rays1 & reflect !m back ?r\gh ! lamp focus4 ,! entire lant]n is capable ( revolv+ on horizontal roll]s1 & sw+s ^u pivots4 ,two h&les are plac$ at ! back to manipulate x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,z ! electric arc is mu* too bright to be look$ into ) ! nak$ eye1 bo? conc5trat+ app>atus are suppli$ ) a l5s1 call$ a focus or flame obs]v]1 by means ( :i* an image ( ! burn+ c>bons is ?r[n ^u small scre5s at ! back1 s t ! lamp c be easily adju/$ )\t fatigue to ! eye4 ,! focus obs]v] is %[n on ! lamp 9 holophote1 ,fig4 #agb4 ,precautions4--,be=e />t+ ! app>atus1 ! electric lamp t]m9als & ^? ( ! dynamo ma*9e mu/ be connect$ up by means ( ! lead+ wires provid$ ) ea* set ( app>atus4 ,! t]m9als are m>k$ ,c & ,z respectively1 & !y %\ld be connect$1 ,c ( ma*9e to ,c ( ! lamp1 & ,z ( ! ma*9e to ,z ( ! lamp1 9 ord] t ! electric curr5t may be s5t 9 ! prop] direction ?r\gh ! c>bons ( ! lamp4 ,%\ld x1 h[ev]1 be f\nd t ! top c>bon 7:i* %\ld consume twice z fa/ z t ( ! bottom "o7 does n consume s fa/ z ! bottom "o1 x may be assum$ t ! dynamo ma*9e has rev]s$ its poles1 & ! lead+ wires w consequ5tly require *ang+ across4 ,?is rev]sal ( poles1 ?\gh possible1 is ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,! dynamo-electric ma*9e %\ld n be driv5 )\t its prop] lead+ wires to lamp & lamp be+ connect$ up1 or at lea/ an ext]nal resi/ance equival5t to t ( ! lamp 7:i* is approximately "o ,siem5s' unit7 mu/ be ins]t$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ma*9e mu/ n be driv5 :5 a wire ( small resi/ance connects ! two t]m9als ,c & ,z4 ,?is is express$ m briefly by say+ ! ma*9e mu/ n be %ort-circuit$4 ,if x is %ort-circuit$ :5 9 motion ! electric curr5t becomes s p[]ful t x w leap f segm5t to segm5t ( ! commutator1 :]e v bright & l>ge sp>ks w be se51 & if cont9u$ w\ld de/roy ! insulation1 ?us weak5+ ! curr5t g5]at$4 ,! lead+ wires %\ld nev] be disconnect$ sudd5ly :ile ! ma*9e is revolv+ at its full spe$1 z su* a sudd5 int]ruption w produce an int5se sp>k1 :i* w burn ! ends ( ! wire :]e ! contact is sudd5ly brok54 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to disconnect ! wires1 ! belt %\ld be pu%$ on to ! loose pulley by means ( ! /rik+ ge>1 or ! /eam eng9e %\ld be /opp$4 ,x may be "h /at$ t all connections %\ld be clean$ bright & screw$ tightly1 to ensure p]fect metallic contacts be+ made4 ,c\pl+ two ,ma*9es4--,at ,fig4 #agd is %[n a diagram ( h[ to make ! connections :5 c\pl+ two ma*9es 9 p>allel circuit4 ,,mm'1 m1 m'1 repres5t ! ends ( ! wires ( ! electro-magnets2 ,,bb' are ! bran*es2 ,c & ,z are ! t]m9als ( ea* ma*9e respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,! ?ree ways 9 :i* ! v>i\s wire connections ( ^! ma*9es are jo9$ up1 & :i* are en\gh = all ord9>y purposes1 are giv5 bel[ 9 p>agraphs 7a71 7b71 & 7c74 7a7 ,:5 ! ma*9e is work+ s+ly & revolv+ 9 ! direction indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aff1 ! foll[+ connections are made3-- ,m is connect$ ) ,b1 ,m' ,b'1 m ,z1 m' ,c1 & ! lead+ wires ( ! lamp are connect$ ) ,c & ) ,z z expla9$4 7b7 ,:5 work+ s+ly & revolv+ 9 ! direction indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #afh3-- ,m is connect$ to ,b'1 ,m' ,b1 m ,z1 m' ,c4 ,?us ! only *ange necess>y :5 ! ma*9e is to be driv5 9 ! opposite direction to t = :i* x is made1 is to disconnect at ,b ! wire f ,m to ,b & at ,b' ! wire f ,m' to ,b'1 & to cross !m4 ,! ma*9e w !n be connect$ z above 7b74 7c7 ,:5 work+ two ma*9es 9 p>allel circuit1 z 9 ,fig4 #agd1 !y mu/ be connect$ z foll[s 7t on ! left ( ! page be+ call$ ! fir/ ma*9e1 & t on ! "r ! second ma*9e73-- ,c ( fir/ to ,c ( ! second4 ,z ,z ,m ,b ,b ,m ,m' ,b' ,b' ,m' & !n connect ,c & ,z ( ! second ma*9e ) ! lead+ wires ( ! lamp4 ,! connections m to ,z & m' to ,c 9 ea* ma*9e are ! same z 9 cases 7a7 & 7b74 ,!y d n require to be alt]$1 & may !re=e be left out ( consid]ation 9 all ?ree cases 7a71 7b71 & 7c74 ,! :ole ( ! connections "h indicat$ c be quickly made by means ( a cross-b> commutator or swit*1 :i* is suppli$ ) ! ma*9es 9 cases :]e su* *anges are likely to be requir$ frequ5tly4 ,?is is usually atta*$ to a wall1 lead+ wires be+ tak5 to x f ! dynamo ma*9es sep>ately1 & o!rs f ! swit* be+ l$ to ! electric lamps4 ,! lead+ wires f ma*9e to lamp %\ld1 :5ev] possible1 be kept sep>ate1 to prev5t !m rubb+ toge!r & mak+ contact4 ,a di/ance ( two in*es is q suffici5t to prev5t accid5ts ( any k9d4 ,:5 ! lead+ wires are erect$ 9 places :]e !y are likely to rub & *afe aga9/ h>d sub/ances1 x is advisable to enclose ea* wire sep>ately 9 india-rubb] tub+ at all ! po9ts :]e !y are likely to be rubb$4 ,?is becomes v important on bo>d %ip1 :]e ev]y?+ is 9 motion1 & special c>e is 9 consequ5ce requir$4 ,"s dynamo ma*9es are c\pl$ direct to ! crank %aft ( ! /eam eng9es2 !y require ! same k9d ( att5tion z o!rs1 t is to say1 !y %\ld be driv5 at a uni=m spe$1 %\ld be well oil$ z well z ! /eam-eng9e1 & !y %\ld be kept clean & free f %>p grit4 ,application4--,! electric light us$ 9 ! case ( a direct attack by torp$o boats1 )\t ! assi/ance ( gu>d boats1 w n prove ( mu* assi/ance1 on acc\nt ( ! v small space cov]$ by ! beam ( light1 & !re=e if ! direction ( attack is n exactly kn[n1 ! beam ( light mu/ be kept cont9ually sweep+ r\nd ! horizon on ! *ance ( pick+ out ! attack+ boats1 & ?us1 :ile fla%+ 9 "o direction1 !y may be approa*+ 9 ano!r1 & effect _! deadly mission4 ,e man-(-w> %\ld be fitt$ ) at lea/ ?ree electric lights1 :]eby ! above-m5tion$ want ( space cov]$ w\ld be to a consid]able degree obviat$4 ,if a p[]ful beam ( light be ?r[n 9 a p>ticul> direction1 & !re kept /ation>y1 all boats or vessels cross+ its pa? at a di/ance n exce$+ #afjj y>ds f ! %ip us+ ! electric light1 w\ld become di/9ctly visible to obs]v]s plac$ beh9d ! light2 ^! vessels rema9+ visible z long z !y cont9ue 9 su* a position t ! beam ( light acts z a backgr\nd to !m4 ,"u v fav\rable circum/ances1 ! di/ance at :i* ! above effect may be obs]v$ is mu* increas$4 ,! p>abolic reflector ext5ds only ab\t an arc ( #cc at #edj y>ds' di/ance f ! light4 ,"o defect ( ?is =m ( reflector is1 t x is rapidly dimm$ by spray1 ra91 & by ! p>ticles giv5 (f by ! c>bons4 ,! catadioptric l5s1 or holophote1 gives a f> m p[]ful b a m conc5trat$ beam ?an ! p>abolic reflector4 ,by means ( su* a beam ( light1 a torp$o boat may be disc]n$ at ab\t "o mile di/ance4 ,by add+ div]g5t l5s to ! holophote1 a less p[]ful & less conc5trat$ beam ( light w be ?r[n out2 9 ?is case ab\t #bj ( surr\nd+ wat] w\ld be well illum9at$ at ab\t #ijj y>ds' di/ance1 :ile )\t ! div]g5t l5s !re w\ld be only ab\t #e s illum9at$ b f> m brilliantly4 ,! di/ance at :i* objects c be detect$ by ! electric light dep5ds on _! size & col\r1 m p>ticul>ly on ! latt]4 ,! obs]v] %\ld z a rule be well remov$ f ! light4 ,9 ! case ( an electric light be+ ?r[n on ! obs]v]1 ! vessel1 c41 us+ x w\ld to t obs]v] be invisible1 ! light only be+ se52 also :5 direct$ on any p>ticul> object1 surr\nd+ objects w\ld be ?r[n into %ade4 ,! electric light w be f\nd v useful = signal purposes by fitt+ a plane mirror 9 front ( ! catadioptric l5s2 s arrang$ t x be turn$ to any desir$ angle to ! axis ( ! beam ( light4 ,by alt]+ ! angle ( ! mirror1 ! reflect$ beam ( light c be swept f ! horizon on "o side1 ?r\gh ! z5i?1 to ! horizon on ! o!r side4 ,! "t ( pass+ ! z5i? be+ equival5t to ! long & %ort fla%es ( ! usual night signal code4 ,9 addition to us+ ! electric light to detect ! approa* ( torp$o boats1 x may be us$ by ! boats !mselves to prev5t ! attack$ vessel f disc]n+ !m4 ,9 turret %ips1 electric lights may be s arrang$ t ! in/ant an object is br\ght into ! field ( ! beam ( light1 ! turret guns w be be>+ on x4 ,"o great disadvantage ( electric lights is ! impossibility ( protect+ !m f ! enemy's fire1 & ?is is a defect t _c be eradicat$1 ?\gh x may be less5$1 by manipulat+ !m f ! tops ( a %ip4 ,torp$o ,guns4--,hi!rto by torp$o guns has be5 meant small guns m\nt$ on c>riages s con/ruct$ t a %ot may be fir$ into ! wat] only a few feet f ! %ip's side1 or mitrailleuses1 ,gatl+s1 c4 ,"h ! t]m is appli$ only to ma*9e guns1 :i* are con/ruct$ to fire ei!r volleys1 or1 extremely rapidly1 s+le %ot1 ea* %ot ( :i* w\ld be capable ( p5etrat+ & s9k+ torp$o boats1 su* z ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,?ornycr(t are daily laun*+ f _! y>ds4 ,( su* weapons !re are at pres5t only two1 viz41 ! ,nord5felt & ,hot*kiss gun4 ,! =m] has1 aft] v exhau/ive exp]im5ts1 be5 adopt$ by ! ,engli%1 ,au/rian1 ,sw$i%1 & o!r naval au?orities1 :ile ! latt] has be5 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,nord5felt ,torp$o ,gun4--,?is gun1 z x at pres5t is con/ruct$1 consi/s ( f\r b>rels ( #a in* calibre4 ,! b>rels are fix$ 9 a horizontal plane1 & are n mov$ dur+ ! fir+2 & ! movem5t ( ! lev]1 ! load+1 ! fir+1 & ! extract+ are all p]=m$ 9 ! same plane1 s t ! elevation ( ! gun is n di/urb$ by ! fir+4 ,! gun is f$ by means ( hopp]s1 ea* ( :i* conta9s t5 r\nds p] b>rel1 i4 e41 =ty %ots4 ,! cont9u\s supply ( c>tridges1 z well z ! fir+ & extract+1 are all p]=m$ by "o motion ( ! lev]1 ?us enabl+ ! gunn] to use 8 left h& to lay ! gun4 ,a volley ( f\r %ots c be fir$ at ! same mom5t1 or "o %ot c be fir$ sep>ately4 ,eight %ots c be fir$ 9 #a-a_/d seconds2 tw5ty1 ?irty1 or =ty %ots c be fir$ at a rapidity ( two hundr$ %ots p] m9ute )\t difficulty4 ,! recoil be+ tak5 up by ! :ole framework ( ! gun does n 9 ! lea/ di/urb ! aim4 ,! entire me*anism ( ! gun c be op5$ up )\t undo+ a s+le screw1 9 less ?an #bj seconds4 ,all ! f\r spiral fir+ spr+s c be tak5 out1 )\t op5+ ! re/ ( ! me*anism1 9 #a-a_/b seconds4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! me*anism are made int]*angeable1 s t res]v$ p>ts c at any "t be sub/itut$4 ,! gun c be plac$ on half cock1 s t ! /rik]s d n act2 & = fur!r security ! lev] c be lock$4 ,! c>ri] block1 )\t :i* ! gun _c be fir$1 is loose1 & c be tak5 away1 9 case x becomes necess>y to ab&on a gun1 :i* is ?us made useless to ! enemy4 ,! bullets are solid /eel1 weigh+ ab\t #a_/b lb4 ,at #agfj y>ds at "r angles ?is gun w p5etrate a #c_/af in* /eel plate1 :i* repres5ts ! ?ickness ( ! plates ( a torp$o boat4 ,at #bjj y>ds at "r angles x w p5etrate "o #c_/af in* /eel plate plac$ 9 front ( a #a_/b in* /eel plate ) a space ( #c feet betwe5 !m1 ?is t>get repres5t+ ! plates & boil] ( a torp$o boat4 ,at ! same di/ance1 at #cj angle aga9/ ! l9e ( fire1 x w p5etrate a #a_/b1 #a_/d1 or #c_/af /eel plate4 ,! holes 9 "s in/ances are f #f to #aa in*es 9 l5g?1 & #b-a_/b in*es 9 height4 ,angle ( depression #bj1 ( elevation #cj1 & ( direction #cfj4 ,weight ( ! gun #c-c_/d cwt41 & weight ( c>riage #b-a_/b cwt4 ,hot*kiss ,torp$o ,gun4--,?is gun consi/s ( a gr\p ( five b>rels1 revolv+ on a c5tral %aft1 a bree* block1 conta9+ ! fir+ me*anism1 a fe$+ hopp]1 & ! necess>y h& crank = tra9+ & fir+4 ,! gun is m\nt$ on trunnions atta*$ to a v]tical column1 :i* re/s 9 a suitable socket bolt$ to ! %ip's side2 by ?is means a univ]sal motion is obta9$4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! ,nord5felt gun is1 t ! b>rels & me*anism are put into rotatory motion4 ,ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce is t s+le %ots only c be fir$1 & n a volley1 z 9 ! ,nord5felt gun4 ,) ! ,hot*kiss gun1 only "s ?irty %ots c be fir$ 9 "o m9ute at an advanc+ torp$o boat4 ,! weight ( ! ,hot*kiss /eel %ot is ab\t #a lb41 b ow+ to ! l[ velocity ( ! gun1 its p5etrative p[] is little m ?an t ( ! ,nord5felt #a_/b lb4 bullet4 ,! object to be ga9$ 9 fir+ at an attack+ torp$o boat is to s9k h]1 & n m]ely to kill or disable h] crew1 = suppos+ ! attack to be made ) a contact sp> torp$o1 & ! boat to h rea*$ )9 #cjj y>ds' di/ance f ! %ip1 !n1 ev5 if all ! crew 7probably two or ?ree m57 7 disabl$ or kill$1 ! boat w\ld1 if n sunk1 /ill c>ry out its "w ( de/ruction2 !re=e ! projectiles to be us$ "u su* circum/ances %\ld be only ^? capable ( p5etrat+ a torp$o boat's plates1 i4 e41 solid /eel %ot1 n %ells4 ,div+4--,9 lay+ d[n & 9 pick+ up subm>9e m9es1 div]s w be f\nd extremely useful2 also 9 cle>+ a passage 9 a riv]1 c41 ( an enemy's torp$oes 9 "t ( w>4 ,dur+ ! late ,turco-,russian w>1 ! h>b\r ( ,s\k\m ,kaleh tak5 by ! ,turks 0 popul>ly suppos$ to h be5 cle>$ ( its m9es by native div]s 7,lazees71 b z ! torp$oes s captur$ 7 nev] se5 at ,/amb\l1 x mu/ h be5 a /ret* ( imag9ation2 probably su* w\ld h be5 done1 _h !re be5 any m9es 9 ! h>b\r to cle> away4 ,! foll[+ is a g5]al description ( ,messrs4 ,siebe & ,gorman's improv$ div+ app>atus4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( #a4 ,an air-pump4 #b4 ,! div+ dress4 #c4 ,! brea/-plate4 #d4 ,! helmet4 #e4 ,! boots4 #f4 ,! cr9ol9e4 ,air-pump4--,?is improv$ air-pump consi/s ( two d\ble action cyl9d]s1 ea* cyl9d] capable ( supply+ ab\t #ace cubic in*es p] revolution4 ,! advantage ( ?is air-pump is1 t x c supply air to two div]s1 work+ indep5d5tly & at diff]5t levels1 ea* div] be+ 9 direct connection ) "o ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! air-pipes are 9 l5g?s ( #de feet & #cj feet1 made ( vulcanis$ india-rubb] ) a galvanis$ iron wire imb$d$2 ?is protects f corrosion1 & all[s ! air to pass ?r\gh ! pipes ) less friction4 ,div+ ,dress4--,! div+ dress is made ( solid %eet india-rubb]1 cov]$ on bo? sides ) tann$ twill2 x has a d\ble coll>1 ! inn] "o to pull up r\nd ! neck1 & ! out] "o ( vulcanis$ india-rubb] to g ov] ! brea/-plate & =m a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,! cuffs are also ( vulcanis$ india-rubb]1 & fit tightly r\nd ! wri/1 mak+1 :5 secur$ by ! vulcanis$ india-rubb] r+s1 a wat]-tight jo9t1 at ! same "t leav+ ! div]'s h& free4 ,brea/-plate4--,! brea/-plate is made ( t9n$ copp]1 & has a valve 9 front1 by :i* ! div] c regulate ! pressure ( air inside 8 dress & helmet4 ,! out] edge ( ! brea/-plate is ( brass1 & is secur$ by screws to ! out] coll> ( ! dress4 ,helmet4--,! helmet is made ( t9n$ copp]1 & has a segm5t bayonet screw at ! neck1 correspond+ to t ( ! brea/-plate1 :i* enables ! helmet to be remov$ f ! brea/-plate by "o-eigh? ( a turn4 ,x has ?ree /rong plate glasses 9 brass frames1 protect$ by gu>ds2 two oval at sides1 & a r\nd "o on ! front2 ! front "o c be unscrew$1 to enable ! div] to give & take ord]s4 ,at ! side is an outlet valve1 :i*1 by ins]t+ a f+]1 ! div] c close1 & s rise to ! surface4 ,! valve all[s ! f\l air to escape1 & prev5ts ! entrance ( ! wat]4 ,an elb[ tube is securely fitt$ on ! helmet1 to :i* is fix$ an inlet valve1 to :i* ! air-pipe is atta*$4 ,! inlet valve is made t ! air c ent]1 b 9 case ( a break 9 ! air-pipe x _c escape4 ,! front & back weights are ( lead1 he>t-%ap$1 & weigh ab\t #dj lbs4 ea*4 ,boots4--,! boots are made ( /\t lea!r1 ) lead5 soles1 & are secur$ ov] ! in/ep by a c\ple ( buckles & /raps4 ,ea* boot %\ld weigh at lea/ #bj lbs4 ,cr9ol9e4--,! cr9ol9e or %ackle is us$ = deep wat]2 x is plac$ r\nd ! body & ti$ 9 ! front ( ! /oma*3 be+ support$ by braces1 x af=ds protection to ! /oma*1 & enables ! div] to brea! m freely4 ,ladd]4--,an iron ladd] %\ld be provid$ ) /ays to be> aga9/ ! side ( ! boat f :i* ! div+ is c>ri$ on1 to :i* may be atta*$ 7if work+ 9 deep wat]7 an ord9>y rope ladd]1 ) a% r\nds1 & weight$ at ! end4 ,"s div]s h ! ladd] only #bj feet long1 to ! la/ r\nd a rope ) a weight atta*$1 :i* re/s on ! gr\nd2 by t means !y desc5d4 ,directions = us+ ! ,app>atus4--,! ladd] hav+ be5 fix$1 ! position ( ! pump %\ld be decid$ on1 & x %\ld be securely la%$ by means ( ! ropes atta*$ to ! h&les d[n to a /age1 into :i* ! screw-eyes %\ld be fa/5$ if necess>y2 ! pump %\ld be plac$ out ( ! way ( ! div]s1 ! m5 att5d+ on !m1 & all ! m5 employ$4 ,! be/ position = ! pump is fac+ ! head ( ! ladd]1 & ab\t six feet f x4 ,:ile ! div] is dress+1 ! pump %\ld be prep>$ = use1 ! w9* h&les %\ld be tak5 out ( ! pump case1 ! nipples protect+ ! crank axles remov$1 ! nuts be+ replac$ on _! screws4 ,! nuts = ! ends ( ! crank axles are tak5 (f1 ! fly-:eel plac$ on ! %aft1 & ! w9* h&les put on1 & secur$ by ! nuts1 :i* are screw$ home ) ! spann]4 ,! pump is always work$ 9 its case4 ,! flaps cov]+ ! pressure gauges & t at ! back ( ! pump case %\ld be op5$1 ! screw on ! ov]fl[+ nozzle ( ! ci/]n remov$1 & ! ci/]n fill$ ) wat]2 ! caps ( ! air deliv]y pipes %\ld be remov$1 ! necess>y l5g?s ( air-pipe %\ld be put toge!r c>efully ) wa%]s 9 place1 & all ! screws mu/ be work$ home by means ( ! two d\ble-end$ spann]s4 ,! air-pipes %\ld be te/$ by hold+ ! palm ( ! h& to ! end ( ! pipe1 till ! pressure %[n on ! pressure gauge is consid]ably above t correspond+ to ! dep? ! div] is to desc5d4 ,dress+ ! ,div]--,cr9ol9e only = ,deep ,wat]4--,! div] hav+ tak5 (f 8 own clo!s1 puts on a gu]nsey1 a pair ( draw]s1 v c>efully adju/$ outside ! gu]nsey1 & securely fa/5$ by ! tape r\nd ! wai/1 to prev5t !m f slipp+ d[n1 & !n a pair ( inside /ock+s4 ,if ! wat] be cold1 ! div] may put on two or m ( ea* ( ! above articles4 ,he !n puts on ! cr9ol9e & wooll5 cap1 draw+ ! latt] well ov] 8 e>s2 "s div]s f9d relief f putt+ cotton saturat$ ) oil 9 _! e>s4 ,! %\ld] pad is !n put on1 & ti$ "u ! div]'s arms4 ,he !n gets into ! div+-dress1 :i* 9 cold wea!r %\ld be slightly w>m$1 draw+ x well up to 8 wai/2 he next puts 8 arms into ! sleeves1 an assi/ant op5+ ! cuffs by means ( ! cuff exp&]s1 or by ins]t+ ! fir/ & second f+]s ( bo? h&s1 tak+ c>e to keep 8 f+]s /raight4 ,! div]1 by pu%+1 =ces 8 h& ?r\gh ! cuff4 ,he puts on a pair ( outside /ock+s & a canvas ov]all to pres]ve ! dress f injury4 ,! div] !n sits d[n1 & ! inn] coll> ( ! dress is drawn well up & ti$ r\nd ! neck ) a piece ( spun y>n1 & ! brea/-plate put on1 great c>e be+ tak5 t ! india-rubb] ( ! out] coll> is n torn 9 putt+ x ov] ! project+ screws ( ! brea/-plate4 ,! f\r pieces ( ! brea/-plate b&1 :i* ) ! ?umbscrews _h be5 previ\sly plac$ = safety 9 "o ( ! boots1 are !n put ov] ! out] coll>1 & secur$ to ! project+ screws by means ( ! ?umbscrews2 ! c5tre screw ( ea* plate %\ld be tight5$ fir/4 ,x w g5]ally be suffici5t if ! ?umbscrews be screw$ up h&-tight1 ! spann] be+ only us$ :5 necess>y4 ,! canvas ov]all is n[ adju/$ & ! boots are put on4 ,! r+s are pass$ ov] ! cuffs1 & ! sleeves ( ! ov]all are drawn d[n to cov] !m4 ,if gloves are to be us$1 ! r+s w be put on ov] !m1 z well z ! cuffs4 ,! helmet 7)\t ! front bull's-eye7 is !n put on2 be=e do+ s1 ! att5dant %\ld bl[ ?r\gh ! outlet valve ( ! helmet2 he c d s by plac+ 8 head 9 ! int]ior1 & plac+ 8 m\? to ! hole :]e ! air escapes4 ,bl[ /rongly2 if 9 prop] work+ ord]1 ! valve w vibrate4 ,a loop ( ! life l9e is plac$ r\nd ! div]'s wai/1 ! l9e br\ght up 9 front ( ! man's body1 & secur$ ) a piece ( small rope pass+ r\nd 8 neck1 or to ! /ud on ! helmet4 ,! wai/-belt is buckl$ on ) ! knife on ! left side1 ! end ( ! air-pipe be+ pass$ f ! front1 ?r\gh ! r+ on ! belt on ! man's left1 & up to ! inlet valve on ! helmet1 to :i* x is secur$2 ! upp] "p ( ! pipe is !n made fa/ by a la%+ to ! /ud on ! left ( ! helmet4 ,! div] !n /eps on ! ladd]1 & two m5 are told (f to man ! pump4 ,! weights are !n put on1 ! front weight fir/1 ! clips be+ plac$ ov] ! /uds on ! brea/-plate4 ,! back weights are !n put on1 & ! clip la%+s ov] ! hooks on ! helmet1 & ! two are secur$ to ! div]'s body by means ( ! la%+ f ! back weight1 :i* is pass$ r\nd ! wai/1 ?r\gh ! ?imble b5ea? ! front weight1 & ti$ to ! o!r end ( ! la%+ at ! back weight4 ,:5 ! signalman is sure t all is "r1 & t ! div] und]/&s all ! signals1 he gives ! ^w ,pump1 & screws ! c5tre bull's-eye into ! helmet securely2 ?is done1 he takes hold ( ! life l9e & pats ! top ( ! helmet1 :i* is ! signal = ! div] to desc5d4 ,signals employ$4--,! signalman is ! responsible p]son1 & mu/ be v vigilant all ! "t ! div] is d[n2 occasionally he w give "o pull on ! life l9e1 & ! div] %\ld return ! signal by "o pull signify+ all "r2 if ! signal be n return$1 ! div] mu/ be haul$ up1 b if ! div] wi%es to "w )\t be+ int]rupt$ by signal1 he gives "o pull on ! l9e1 indep5d5tly1 = ,all "r2 let me alone4 ,if ! signalman feels any irregul> j]ks1 su* z might be occasion$ by ! div] fall+ into a hole1 he %\ld signal to "k if he is all "r1 & if he does n receive any reply1 he %\ld haul him up imm$iately4 ,if ! div] f any cause is unable to asc5d ! ladd]1 & wi%es to be pull$ up1 he gives f\r %>p pulls on ! life l9e4 ,if :ile be+ haul$ up ! div] gives "o pull1 x signifies ,all "r2 don't haul me any m4 ,! div] %\ld be haul$ up sl[ly & /eadily4 ,if ! signalman wi%es ! div] to come to ! surface1 he gives f\r %>p pulls on ! l9e1 on :i* ! div] %\ld answ] ,all "r1 return to ! foot ( ! ladd]1 & signal to be haul$ up4 ,"o pull on ! air-pipe signifies t ! div] wants m air4 ,two pulls on ! life l9e & two pulls on ! air-pipe 9 rapid succession1 signify t ! div] is f\l & _c release himself1 & requires ! help ( ano!r div]2 on receiv+ su* a signal1 no attempt %\ld be made to haul ! div] to ! surface4 ,! above signals are to be inv>iably us$2 b o!r signals may be arrang$ z is mo/ conv5i5t = any p>ticul> "w1 z a great v>iety c be made ) ! life l9e & air-pipe4 ,! div] c communicate ) ! surface by means ( a slate4 ,fur!r in=mation on ?is subject1 especially ) reg>d to ! =ego+ div+ app>atus1 w be f\nd 9 ,messrs4 ,siebe & ,gorman's ,manual = ,div]s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,v3 ,9 wr\ght iron !re is always "s residual magnetism2 !re is !re=e no necessity to />t ! magnetism ) a p]man5t magnet4 ,footnote ,w3 ,siem5s' unit4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,electricity4 ,,!ory ( ,electricity4--,! !ory mo/ readily und]/ood1 & :i* mo/ satisfactorily expla9s ! v>i\s electrical ph5om5a1 is z foll[s3-- ,t e sub/ance & e atom ( ! _w is p]vad$ by a peculi>1 subtle1 impond]able fluid :i* is t]m$ ,electricity1 b :i* is n kn[n to exi/1 or rema9s 9 a /ate ( electrical equilibrium1 until evok$ by c]ta9 causes4 ,! effect ( caus+ a di/urbance ( ?is equilibrium is to increase ! normal1 or natural1 electricity 9 "s p>ticles1 & to equally decrease x 9 o!r p>ticles1 i4e4 :at "o loses ! o!r ga9s4 ,an excess ( natural electricity is d5ot$ by ! t]m positive1 or ma!matical symbol 77 :ile a defici5cy is d5ot$ by ! t]m negative1 or symbol 7-74 ,l electricities repel ea* o!r4 ,t is to say1 two bodies *>g$ ) an excess (1 or positive1 electricity1 be+ br\ght toge!r repel ea* o!r1 nei!r wi%+ to increase ! excess t has be5 evok$ 9 !m4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( two bodies *>g$ ) a defici5cy (1 or negative1 electricity1 nei!r wi% to add to ! defici5cy already !re4 ,9 bo? ^! cases !re c be no t5d5cy to electrical equilibrium1 :i* is ! pr9ciple at "w4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !re be+ already too mu*1 m w b increase ! di/urbance4 ,9 ! latt] case1 fur!r defici5cy w b add to ! irregul>ity4 ,unlike electricities attract ea* o!r4 ,t is to say1 if two bodies1 "o *>g$ ) positive1 or hav+ an excess ( electricity1 ! o!r *>g$ ) negative1 or hav+ a defici5cy ( electricity1 be br\ght toge!r1 !y w attract ea* o!r2 bo? be+ desir\s ( alt]+ _! exi/+ /ate1 ! "o by decreas+ its excess1 & ! o!r by decreas+ its defici5cy ( electricity4 ,9 ?is case1 !re w be a t5d5cy to equilibrium1 caus$ by attraction4 ,! e>? is suppos$ to be a va/ res]voir ( electricity1 f :i* a quantity c be drawn to fill up a defici5cy1 & :i* is always ready to receive an excess f o!r bodies4 ,e body 9 nature has its own natural quantity ( electricity1 & :5 an object is negatively electrifi$1 or has a defici5cy 9 its normal quantity1 !re is a t5d5cy to receive a supply f any conv5i5t s\rce4 ,su* an object w\ld receive electricity f ! e>? if means 7 af=d$2 & a body positively electrifi$1 w\ld t5d to "p ) its excess 9 ! same mann]4 ,:]e su* facilities = e/abli%+ electrical equilibrium are af=d$1 ! result is ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity4 ,conductors4--,s5sible effects c be produc$ by electricity at great di/ances f ! s\rce1 provid$ !re be a m$ium ( communication1 t is1 good conductors to transf] x4 ,:5 a glass rod is rubb$ ) a piece ( silk1 x becomes *>g$ ) an excess (1 or positive1 electricity1 & at ! same "t ! silk becomes *>g$ ) negative electricity4 ,! glass rod w reta9 ! positive electricity ^u x = "s "t1 unless t\*$ ) ! wet h&1 a wet clo?1 a metal1 c41 :5 x w in/antly cease to be electrifi$4 ,! electricity is !n said to h be5 conduct$ away1 & ! bodies :i* all[ x to run (f ! glass are call$ conductors ( electricity4 ,metals1 wat]1 ! human body1 *>coal1 damp wood1 & _m o!r bodies are conductors4 ,^? bodies :i* conduct electricity h>dly at all1 su* z ! air1 silk1 glass1 seal+ wax1 gutta p]*a1 india rubb]1 c41 are t]m$ nonconductors or insulators4 ,/rictly speak+1 all sub/ances conduct electricity 9 "s degree1 & a nonconductor is m]ely a bad conductor4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! bodies are arrang$ 9 _! ord] ( conductivity1 i4e4 ea* sub/ance conducts bett] ?an t :i* prec$es x2 ! fir/-nam$ body is ! be/ insulator1 & ! la/-nam$ "o is ! be/ conductor4 ,dry air4 ,ebonite4 ,p>aff94 ,%ellac4 ,india rubb]4 ,gutta p]*a4 ,res94 ,sulphur4 ,seal+ wax4 ,glass4 ,silk4 ,wool4 ,dry pap]4 ,porcela94 ,dry wood4 ,/one4 ,pure wat]4 ,r>efi$ air4 ,sea wat]4 ,sal9e solutions4 ,acids4 ,*>coal1 or ,coke4 ,m]cury4 ,lead4 ,t94 ,iron4 ,plat9um4 ,z9c4 ,gold4 ,copp]4 ,silv]4 ,?\gh two sub/ances are ne> "o ano!r 9 ! above li/1 !y d n necess>ily approa* "o ano!r 9 _! p[] ( conduct+4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ ! conduct+ p[] ( pure silv] z repres5t$ by ! numb] #ajj1 !n ,pure ,copp] w be equal to #iii1 ,gold w be equal to #ghj1 :ile ,z9c w be only equal to #bij1 & pure wat]1 :i* is half-way d[n ! li/1 w (f] #f1ged millions m resi/ance ?an silv] to ! passage ( ! electric curr5t4 ,! metals be+ ! be/ kn[n conductors1 are usually employ$ z ! means ( transf]r+ ! electric curr5t f "o place to ano!r4 ,electric ,circuit4--,! conditions att5d+ ?is op]ation are diff]5t f ^? ( any o!r kn[n me?od ( transmission4 ,a complete circuit mu/ always be =m$ by ! electric curr5t1 i4e4 x _c />t f "o place ,a1 travel to ano!r place ,b1 & cease !re1 b ! curr5t mu/ be complet$ be=e x c be said to h rea*$ ,b4 ,!re _c be a curr5t ( electricity )\t a means ( recomb9ation1 :i* recomb9ation mu/ be at ! s\rce1 or place ( orig9al di/urbance4 ,?is place ( di/urbance or s\rce mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ two sides1 i4e4 at "s spot ! normal or natural electrical equilibrium is di/urb$1 & electricity is sep>at$ into too mu* 7positive7 on "o side1 & too little 7negative7 on ! o!r side4 ,if !n no means ( recomb9ation be af=d$1 ! electricities rema9 sep>at$1 & no curr5t exi/s2 b if a conductor be made to connect ! two sides1 electricity is set 9 motion1 & a curr5t e/abli%$4 ,orig9ally to =m a circuit betwe5 two /ations ,a & ,b1 a conduct+ wire & a return wire 7 necess>y1 b 9 #ahcg ,/e9way discov]$ t ! e>? itself answ]$ all ! purposes ( a return wire1 9 fact "u fav\rable conditions mu* bett]4 ,?us1 to =m a circuit betwe5 ,a & ,b1 a conduct+ wire is requir$1 & a buri$ metal plate at ,a & ,b1 ! e>? by ^! means tak+ ! place ( ! return wire4 ,! a=esaid metal plates are te*nically t]m$ e>? plates4 ,! great] ! size ( ! e>? plates 7up to c]ta9 limits71 ! deep] !y are buri$1 & ! bett] ! conduct+ p[] ( ! soil surr\nd+ !m1 ! bett] conductors ! plates become1 or ! less resi/ance ! e>? portion ( ! circuit (f]s4 ,if ei!r plate be n 9 communication ) ! e>?1 or else be sep>at$ f ! wire1 ! circuit is n complete1 or1 z x is t]m$1 x is brok51 & no curr5t w fl[1 ! signal n made1 torp$o n fir$1 c4 ,%ort ,circuit4--,due to ! fact t recomb9ation1 or a t5d5cy to equilibrium1 is always at "w :5 electricity has be5 evok$1 ! conduct+ pa? along :i* ! electric curr5t fl[s mu/ be cov]$ ) a nonconduct+ sub/ance1 or1 z x t]m$1 insulat$1 or else ! curr5t w\ld n p]=m its duty1 b escape to e>?1 & s =m :at is t]m$ a %ort circuit4 ,a curr5t ( electricity always *ooses ! easie/ pa? to effect recomb9ation1 or electrical equilibrium4 ,insulators1 c4--,on l&1 telegraph wires are z a rule laid above ! gr\nd1 & !re=e require support+ at e few y>ds2 ?is is done by means ( po/s1 & z ^! are =m$ ( sub/ances :i* are conductors ( electricity1 ! wires require to be insulat$ f !m4 ,! insulators g5]ally employ$ = su* purposes are cup-%ap$ pieces ( porcela91 or pott]y1 fix$ to ! head ( ! telegraph po/s4 ,by means ( ^! insulators1 ! curr5t ( electricity is prev5t$ f escap+ to ! e>? by ! po/ conductors4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( leakage1 or loss ( electricity1 mu/ occur at ea* ( ^! po/s1 z !re is no su* ?+ z a p]fect insulator4 ,:5 ! wires are laid on ! gr\nd or "u gr\nd1 or "u wat]1 !y are insulat$ by cov]+ !m ) gutta p]*a1 india rubb]1 c41 & any loss ( curr5t is ?us prev5t$4 ,me?ods ( g5]at+ ,electricity4--,= ! purposes ( torp$o w>f>e !re are two me?ods ( evok+ electricity1 viz4-- #a4--;,by *emical action4 #b4--;,by friction4 ,by ,*emical ,action4--,*emical action is ! *ief s\rce ( free electricity1 ! repres5tative ( :i* is ! galvanic1 or ,voltaic1 batt]y4 ,! electricity s g5]at$ is also t]m$ dynamical electricity1 due to !re be+ a con/ant electric curr5t1 s long z ! poles ( ! batt]y produc+ x are kept clos$2 ! electricity be+ ?us 9 a dynamic or mov+ /ate4 ,by *emical action is signifi$ t :i* occurs :5 two or m sub/ances s act ^u "o ano!r z to produce a ?ird sub/ance diff]+ altoge!r f ! orig9al ones 9 its prop]ties1 or :5 "o sub/ance is br\ght "u su* conditions t x =ms two or m bodies diff]+ f ! orig9al ones 9 _! prop]ties4 ,def9ition & ,prop]ties ( a ,voltaic ,cell4--,! ,voltaic cell consi/s ( an insulat+ j>1 conta9+ a liquid1 9 :i* are plac$ two plates or pieces ( dissimil> metals2 ! liquid mu/ be compos$ ( two or m *emical elem5ts1 "o ( :i* at lea/ t5ds to comb9e ) "o or o!r ( ! metals1 or ) bo? 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,by a ,voltaic batt]y is meant a numb] ( cells above "o2 ?is t]m1 h[ev]1 is (t5 appli$ to a s+le cell :5 work+ by itself4 ,a simple ,voltaic cell1 elem5t1 or c\ple1 consi/s ( two metals plac$ 9 a conduct+ liquid4 ,if two metals--= in/ance1 z9c & copp]--are plac$ 9 wat] slightly acidulat$1 )\t t\*+ ea* o!r1 no effect is app>5t2 b if !y be made to t\*1 bubbles ( hydrog5 gas are =m$ ov] ! copp] plate1 & cont9ue =m+ ^! until ! plates are sep>at$4 ,aft] be+ 9 contact = "s "t1 ! copp] plate w be f\nd unalt]$ 9 weight1 b ! z9c plate w h lo/ weight1 & ! portion s lo/ w be f\nd 9 ! liquid 9 ! =m ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,! same effects are also produc$ by connect+ ! two plates by means ( "s conduct+ sub/ance1 in/ead ( plac+ !m 9 contact4 ,z9c is inv>iably employ$ z "o ( ! metal plates1 on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* x dissolves 9 dilute acids2 & ! greate/ results are obta9$ :5 ! second metal plate is n act$ ^u at all by ! liquid1 = !n ! :ole effect due to ! oxidation ( ! z9c plate is obta9$2 b :5 ! second plate is also *emically act$ ^u1 !n only ! effect due to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two *emical actions is obta9$1 =1 z w be expla9$ fur!r on1 !y ea* act 9 directly opposite directions4 ,voltaic ,curr5t4--,! ,voltaic curr5t makes its appe>ance "u ! g5]al laws ( electrical action4 ,:5 a body *>g$ ) an excess (1 or positive1 electricity1 is connect$ ) ! e>?1 electricity is transf]r$ f ! *>g$ body to ! e>?2 & simil>ly :5 a body is *>g$ ) a defici5cy (1 or negative1 electricity1 is connect$ ) ! e>?1 electricity is transf]r$ f ! e>? to ! body4 ,g5]ally :5ev] two conductors 9 diff]5t electrical conditions are put 9 contact1 electricity w fl[ f "o to ! o!r4 ,t :i* det]m9es ! direction ( ! transf] is ! relative pot5tial ( ! two conductors4 ,electricity always fl[s f a body at high] pot5tial to "o at l[] pot5tial1 :5 ! two are 9 contact1 or connect$ by a conductor4 ,:5 no transf] ( electricity takes place "u ^! conditions1 ! bodies are said to be at ! same pot5tial1 :i* may be ei!r high or l[4 ,! pot5tial ( ! e>? is assum$ to be z]o4 ,def9ition ( ,pot5tial4--,! pot5tial ( a body or po9t1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pot5tial ( ! body or po9t1 & ! pot5tial ( ! e>?4 ,diff]5ce ( pot5tial = electricity is analog\s to diff]5ce ( level = wat]4 ,n[1 s9ce1 :5 a metal is plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ a liquid1 electricity is produc$1 ! liquid becomes ( a diff]5t pot5tial to ! metal1 ea* be+ electrifi$ 9 an opposite way2 & !re=e1 z above /at$1 !re be+ a diff]5ce ( pot5tials1 electricity w t5d to fl[ f "o to ! o!r4 ,?is is evid5ce ( a =ce be+ 9 action1 = !re c be no motion )\t "s =ce to produce x4 ,electro-motive ,=ce4--,electro-motive =ce is ! "n giv5 to a peculi> =ce to :i* is due ! prop]ty ( produc+ a diff]5ce ( pot5tials4 ,:5 x is said t z9c & wat] produce a def9ite electro-motive =ce1 :at is meant is1 t by _! contact a c]ta9 def9ite diff]5ce ( pot5tials is produc$4 ,! electro-motive =ce ( a ,voltaic elem5t may be t]m$ its work+ p[]1 9 ! same way z ! pressure ( /eam is ! work+ p[] ( a /eam eng9e1 ?\gh ?is is n to be consid]$ z ! real s\rce ( p[]1 :i*1 z w be se51 is unc]ta94 ,due to ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( ! metal & ! liquid1 a curr5t ( electricity w fl[ f "o to ! o!r1 caus+ ! *emical decomposition ( ! liquid1 & ! reaction may be tak5 z ! orig9 ( ! p[] employ$4 ,b :ile ! exp5diture ( en]gy 7:i* is necess>y to produce a =ce7 is acc\nt$ = by tak+ ! *emical action z ! s\rce ( p[]1 ! prec$+ cause ( ?is *emical action1 viz4 ! fl[+ ( ! curr5t ( electricity due to ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial ( ! metal & ! liquid1 mu/ also h fir/ involv$ ! exp5diture ( en]gy2 ?us ! real s\rce ( p[] is v unc]ta94 ,electrolytes4--,z be=e /at$1 a ,voltaic cell consi/s ( two plates ( dissimil> metals1 :i* mu/ be imm]s$ 9 a liquid compos$ ( two or m *emical elem5ts1 "o ( :i* at lea/ w comb9e ) "o or o!r ( ! metals1 or bo? 9 a diff]5t degree4 ,^? liquids :i* are ?us decompos$ by ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity are t]m$ electrolytes4 ,! elem5ts1 !n1 =m+ ! electrolyte may h *emical aff9ity = bo? metals1 ?\gh 9 a great] degree = "o ?an ! o!r4 ,oxyg5 is ! mo/ important elem5t ( an electrolyte1 & to ! aff9ity = oxyg5 ( ! metals is ! magnitude ( ! result & effect4 ,t]ms ,electro-positive & ,electro-negative4--,all metals h a def9ite relation to ea* o!r z to ! pot5tial :i* any "o may h :5 br\ght into contact ) ano!r4 ,?us1 :5 z9c is br\ght into contact ) copp]1 ! =m] has a pot5tial positive to ! latt]1 i4e4 a curr5t ( electricity w t5d to fl[ f ! z9c to ! copp]4 ,! metals may be s plac$ 9 a li/ t ea* "o w\ld be positive to any ( ^? t foll[ x2 x is !n said to be electro-positive to !m1 & !y are electro-negative to x4 ,z ^? metals :i* are electro-positive to o!rs h a great] aff9ity = oxyg51 & ^? t are electro-negative to o!rs a less aff9ity = ?is elem5t1 ! t]ms electro-positive & electro-negative signify1 9 effect1 great] or less aff9ity = ?is elem5t4 ,conv]sely1 oxyg5 w comb9e m readily ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt]4 ,! foll[+ li/ %[s ! common] metals arrang$ 9 electro-*emical ord]4 ,z9c4 ,lead4 ,t94 ,iron4 ,antimony4 ,copp]4 ,silv]4 --,gold4 ,take ! case ( a ,voltaic cell compos$ ( z9c & copp] plates imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,! passage ( electricity ?r\gh ! wat] w decompose x into its elem5ts hydrog5 & oxyg51 ! latt] hav+ an aff9ity = bo? ! plates1 b consid]ably m s = ! z9c plate4 ,!n1 an electro-motive =ce w be g5]at$ at ea* metal1 & ^! =ces w act 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 b ! great] /r5g? ( ! "o w ov]come ! weak]1 & ! real p[] ( ! electric curr5t w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,def9ition ( ,elem5ts4--,! batt]y plates are t]m$ ! positive & negative elem5ts4 ,a ,voltaic batt]y has two poles--a positive & a negative--:i* are ! t]m9ations ( ! plates4 ,direction ( ,curr5t4--,! c\rse ( ! curr5t 9 a ,voltaic cell is z foll[s3--,)9 x leaves ! electro-positive plate 7or elem5t71 & fl[s to ! electro-negative plate1 b outside ! cell 7or z x 7 on its return pa?7 x fl[s f ! positive pole to ! negative pole4 ,! curr5t always leaves ! batt]y by ! positive pole1 & ?us ! copp] is ! negative elem5t1 b ! positive pole1 because ! curr5t leaves ! batt]y by x2 & ! z9c is ! positive elem5t because ! curr5t beg9s !re1 )9 ! cell1 & ! negative pole because x ends !re1 outside4 ,! positive pole is ! t]m9al ( ! negative plate1 & vice v]s4 ,!re is b "o curr5t f a batt]y1 viz4 a positive "o2 :at is call$ a negative curr5t is m]ely ! positive curr5t pass+ 9 ! rev]se direction f ! same pole1 t is1 ! positive pole4 ,s+le & ,d\ble ,fluid ,batt]ies4--,galvanic batt]ies may be divid$ into s+le fluid & d\ble fluid batt]ies4 ,! simple/ =m ( galvanic cell practically 9 use is a s+le fluid cell1 consi/+ ( a z9c & a copp] elem5t1 imm]s$ 9 wat] slightly acidulat$ by ! addition ( a little sulphuric acid4 ,9 a batt]y ( sev]al cells1 ! z9c & copp] plates are g5]ally sold]$ toge!r 9 pairs1 & plac$ 9 a long /onew>e or glass tr\gh1 divid$ into sep>ate cells by means ( p>titions4 ,by fill+ ! cells ) s&1 ?is batt]y is made m portable1 ! plates be+ ?us support$1 & ! liquid prev5t$ f spla%+ ab\t dur+ transit4 ,9 ?is =m x is call$ ! common s& batt]y4 ,action 9 a ,s+le ,fluid ,cell4--,! foll[+ process goes on 9 ! s+le fluid cell :5 ! circuit is clos$--t is1 :5 ! batt]y is set to "w4 ,! wat] 7compos$ ( hydrog5 & oxyg57 is decompos$ by ! passage ( ! electric curr5t1 & oxide ( z9c is =m$4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! wat] hav+ great] aff9ity = ! z9c1 leaves ! hydrog54 ,! z9c dur+ ! process is be+ consum$1 z coal is consum$ :5 x burns1 :ile comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,?is oxide ( z9c comb9es ) ! sulphuric acid1 & =ms sulphate ( z9c2 ?is salt is f\nd to accumulate 9 solution 9 ! liquid ( ! cell4 ,at ! same "t ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] goes to ! negative or copp] plate1 & ga!rs ov] x 9 bubbles4 ,! process w be bett] se5 by ! accompany+ plan ( ! *emical decomposition & recomb9ations4 ,sulphuric ,acid ,z9c ,sulphate ( z9c f\nd at ,oxyg5 ,oxide ( ,z9c positive plate4 ,wat] ,hydrog5 ,hydrog5 f\nd at negative plate4 ,no s+le fluid cell c give a con/ant electro-motive =ce because ( ! pol>isation ( ! plates4 ,def9ition ( ! t]m ,pol>isation4--,! ^w pol>isation means t ! plates become coat$ ) ! products ( ! decomposition ( ! electrolyte1 produc+ a dim9ution ( curr5t4 ,9 ! above describ$ batt]y1 ! hydrog5 ga!rs on ! surface ( ! copp] plate1 & an electro-motive =ce is set up :i* c\nt]acts ! electro-motive =ce produc+ ! curr5t--! copp] plate is said to be pol>is$4 ,by ! bubbles ( hydrog5 collect+ on ! face ( ! negative plate1 ! surface 9 contact ) ! liquid is gradually decreas$2 ?us ! plate becomes practically small]1 & a s+le fluid cell :i* at />t+ gave a good curr5t soon %[s t x is really weak5$4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! z9c is consum$ extravagantly z well z ! acid1 & ! cell work+ ) poor results4 ,also ! resi/ance ( ! cell is increas$1 due to ! sulphuric acid1 :i* is add$ to ! wat] to increase its conductivity1 be+ gradually us$ up1 by comb9+ ) ! oxide 7see plan7 & =m+ sulphate ( z9c4 ,liquids are v bad conductors ( electricity2 ! great] "p ( ! ord9>y int]nal resi/ance ( a batt]y arises f ?is cause4 ,! common s& batt]y is ! wor/ ( all batt]ies z reg>ds con/ancy ( electro-motive =ce1 ! pol>isation be+ great] 9 ?is batt]y ?an any o!r because ! gas _c readily escape4 ,! common copp] & z9c cell is ! next 9 ord] ( dem]it4 ,! ,smee s+le fluid cell1 9 :i* ! negative plate is a plat9um in/ead ( a copp] "o1 is bett] ?an ! copp] z9c cell1 because ! free hydrog5 does n /ick to ! r\gh surface ( ! plat9um plate s mu* z to ! copp]4 ,d\ble ,fluid ,batt]ies4--,all ! defects ( ! s+le fluid batt]y1 :i* are z foll[s-- #a4 ,dim9ution ( electro-motive =ce1 #b4 ,incon/ancy1 #c4 ,increase ( int]nal resi/ance1 are rem$i$ 9 ! d\ble fluid batt]y1 ( :i* ! ,daniell's cell 0 ! fir/ inv5t$1 & is a good example4 ,( ?is k9d ( cell _m =ms are 9 use1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is a positive & negative elem5t1 & ! cell is divid$ into two receptacles = ! two fluids4 ,9 ! mo/ con/ant =m ( ,daniell cell1 ! z9c is plung$ into a semi-saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( z9c1 ! copp] 9 a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & ^! two solutions are sep>at$ ei!r by a por\s b>ri]1 or by tak+ advantage ( ! diff]5t specific gravities ( ! two solutions4 ,by a saturat$ solution is meant a liquid :i* has dissolv$ z mu* ( ! sub/ance z x possibly c4 ,! ,*emical ,action ( a ,daniell ,cell4--,! *emical action ( ?is =m ( ,daniell cell is z foll[s3-- ,! z9c electrode comb9es ) oxyg52 ! oxide ?us =m$ comb9es ) sulphuric acid & =ms sulphate ( z9c4 ,oxide ( copp] is sep>ate f ! sulphate2 & ! copp] 9 ?is oxide is sep>at$ f ! oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 ( ! wat] is sep>at$ at ! z9c electrode f ! hydrog51 & at ! o!r electrode ?is hydrog5 recomb9es ) ! oxyg5 f ! oxide ( copp]4 ,?is alt]nate decomposition & recomb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( wat] c nei!r increase nor decrease ! ,e4,m4,f4 ( ! cell1 ! actions be+ equal & opposite4 ,! result ( ! s]ies ( actions above describ$ is t ! sulphuric acid & oxyg5 ( ! sulphate ( z9c are transmitt$ to ! z9c1 comb9e ) x1 & =m fre% sulphate ( z9c2 ! sulphuric acid & oxyg5 ( ! sulphate ( copp] are transmitt$ to ! z9c set free by ! above process1 & reconv]t x into sulphate ( z9c2 ! copp] ( ! sulphate ( copp] is transmitt$ to ! copp] electrode1 & rema9s adh]+ to x4 ,! :ole result is !re=e ! sub/itution ( a c]ta9 quantity ( sulphate ( z9c = an equival5t quantity ( sulphate ( copp]1 toge!r ) a deposition ( copp] on ! copp] or negative electrode4,x ,! foll[+ is a plan ( ! process3-- ,z9c444444444444 4 ,sulphate ( ,z9c f\nd ,oxide ( ,z9c44 4 at positive plate4 ,wat] ,oxyg544 4 ,hydrog544444444444444444444444 ,sulphuric ,acid44444 ,wat]4 ,sulphate ( ,oxyg544 ,copp] ,oxide ( ,copp] ,copp] at negative ,copp]4444 plate4 ,description ( ! ,callaud & ,m>i-,davy ,batt]ies4--,! ,voltaic batt]ies 9 g5]al use = ! diff]5t purposes ( torp$o w>f>e h be5 fully describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 & !re=e x w be only necess>y "h to expla9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,callaud & ,m>i-,davy batt]ies1 ^! be+ mu* us$ abroad 9 connection ) telegraphy4 ,! ,callaud cell1 nam$ f ! inv5tor1 is a modification ( ! ,daniell cell1 & is also call$ a gravity batt]y1 ! liquids be+ simply prev5t$ f mix+ by ! law ( gravity =bidd+ ! heavi] ( ! two f ris+ ?r\gh ! light]4 ,x consi/s ( a ?9 plate ( copp]1 :i* is laid on ! bottom ( a good insulat+ j> hav+ an insulat$ wire lead+ up ! side1 & on ?is plate are plac$ cry/als ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( z9c is !n p\r$ 91 & on ! top is fitt$ a z9c plate1 :i* =ms ! positive elem5t4 ,! vessel mu/ n be %ak51 or ! sulphate ( copp] :5 dissolv+ w mix ) ! solution above x4 ,! ,m>i-,davy cell consi/s ( a c>bon electrode 9 a pa/e ( proto-sulphate ( m]cury & wat] conta9$ 9 a por\s pot1 & a z9c electrode 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 or 9 sulphate ( z9c4 ,! ,circuit4--,9 connection ) ! manipulation ( batt]ies1 !re is "o important item to consid]1 viz4 ! resi/ance 9 ! circuit1 :i* may be divid$ into ext]nal & int]nal4 ,resi/ances4--,! ext]nal resi/ance 9 practice is t :i* exi/s 9 ! conduct+ l9e1 & ! v>i\s in/rum5ts connect$ ) x4 ,! int]nal resi/ance is t :i* exi/s 9 ! batt]y itself4 ,all kn[n conductors oppose a s5sible resi/ance to ! passage ( an electric curr5t1 & ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 or 9 o!r words1 ! quantity ( electricity pass+ p] second f "o po9t to ano!r1 :5 a con/ant diff]5ce ( pot5tials is ma9ta9$ betwe5 !m1 dep5ds on ! resi/ance ( ! wire on ! conductor jo9+ !m4 ,a bad conductor does n let ! electricity pass s rapidly z a good conductor1 t is1 x (f]s m resi/ance4 ,resi/ance 9 a wire ( con/ant section & mat]ial is directly proportional to ! l5g?1 & inv]sely proportional to ! area ( ! cross section4 ,! electrical resi/ance ( a conductor mu/ n be consid]$ z analog\s to me*anical resi/ance1 su* z ! friction :i* wat] exp]i5ces 9 pass+ ?r\gh a pipe1 = ?is frictional resi/ance is n con/ant :5 diff]5t quantities ( wat] are be+ =c$ ?r\gh ! pipe1 :]eas electrical resi/ance is con/ant :atev] quantity ( electricity be =c$ ?r\gh ! conductor4 ,application ( ,ohm's ,law4--,ohm's law1 :i* gov]ns ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 is express$ by ! equation ,c ,e _/ ,r or ,r ,e _/ ,c or ,e ,,cr4 ,:]e ,c is ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t2 ,e is ! ,e4,m4,f4 or diff]5ce ( pot5tials2 & ,r is ! resi/ance ( ! circuit4 99_/ ,9 words1 ,ohm's law means t ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t is directly proportional to ! ,e4,m4,f41 & inv]sely proportional to ! resi/ance ( ! circuit4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! resi/ance ( ! circuit consi/s ( an ext]nal & an int]nal resi/ance1 !re=e :5 ^! resi/ances are sep>ately consid]$1 ! equation ,c ,e _/ ,r mu/ be conv]t$ into ,c ,e _/ 7x r71 :]e x is ! ext]nal1 & r ! int]nal1 resi/ance4 ,! resi/ance ( ! batt]y or ! int]nal resi/ance dep5ds on ! size ( ! plates & ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 t is1 x is directly proportional to ! di/ance1 & inv]sely proportional to ! size4 ,! electro-motive =ce ( a batt]y is dep5d5t g5]ally on ! numb] ( cells jo9$ 9 s]ies1 & n on ! size ( ! plates4 ,! cells ( a batt]y may be jo9$ 9 two ways1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,9 s]ies3 t is1 by connect+ ! negative elem5t ( "o cell to ! positive elem5t ( ano!r1 & s on4 #b4 ,9 multiple arc3 t is1 by connect+ negative to negative1 & positive to positive2 :i* is ! same z increas+ ! size ( ! cells4 ,if ! conductor betwe5 ! batt]y poles be su* t ! ext]nal resi/ance x may be practically left out1 !n ,c ,e _/ r1 & no *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t w be effect$ by add+ any numb] ( cells 9 s]ies1 z r w increase equally ) ,e1 & !re=e ,c w rema9 ! same2 b if "u ! same conditions ! cells be jo9$ 9 multiple arc1 !n r w decrease z ,e increases1 & !re=e ,c w be increas$4 ,?us ) a %ort circuit ( small ext]nal resi/ance1 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t w be increas$ by increas+ ! size ( ! plates1 or by jo9+ ! cells 9 multiple arc1 b n 9 s]ies4 ,if ! conductor betwe5 ! poles ( ! batt]y be su* t ! ext]nal resi/ance x becomes v great1 !n ,c ,e _/ 7x r71 :]e x is v great comp>$ to r4 ,by jo9+ ! cells 9 multiple arc r is decreas$1 b ,e & x rema9 ! same1 & !re=e ,c is n mat]ially alt]$1 z x is v great comp>$ to r4 ,by connect+ ! cell 9 s]ies1 r is increas$1 & s is ,e1 b z r is /ill v small comp>$ to x1 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t ,c is increas$4 ,?us ) a long circuit ( great ext]nal resi/ance1 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t w be increas$ by jo9+ ! cells 9 s]ies1 b n 9 multiple arc4 ,:5 ! ext]nal resi/ance x is nei!r v l>ge nor v small 9 comp>ison ) ! batt]y or int]nal resi/ance r1 !n ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t ,c w be increas$ by add+ ! cells 9 s]ies1 & also 9 multiple arc4 ,by ! =m] process ! ,e4,m4,f4 ,e is increas$ m ?an ! resi/ance ( ! circuit ,r or 7x r71 & by ! latt] process1 ! ,e4,m4,f4 ,e is unalt]$1 :il/ ! circuit resi/ance 7x r7 is decreas$4 ,all ! above may be practically demon/rat$ by ! employm5t ( suitable galvanomet]s4 ,frictional ,electricity4--,frictional electricity is produc$ by ! friction ( two insulators4 ,!re is no diff]5ce :atev] 9 k9d betwe5 ,voltaic & frictional electricity4 ,comp>ison ) ,voltaic ,electricity4--,! electricity g5]at$ by friction possesses a great electro-motive =ce1 produc+ on ev5 a small conductor a l>ge *>ge1 :]eas ! electricity g5]at$ by ! galvanic cell possesses a v small electro-motive =ce1 & produces only a small *>ge on a small conductor4 ,b :5 ! conductor is l>ge1 ! electricity produc$ by ! galvanic cell w almo/ in/antane\sly *>ge ! conductor to ! maximum pot5tial x c produce1 ! galvanic cell develop+ an imm5se quantity ( electricity by ! *emical reaction2 :]eas ! quantity develop$ by friction betwe5 two insulators is s small1 t if x be diffus$ ov] a l>ge conductor ! pot5tial ( ! conductor w be v little increas$4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,f>aday has prov$ t "o cell ( a ,voltaic pile possesses ! same quantity ( electricity z an ord9>y siz$ frictional ma*9e aft] be+ w\nd r\nd #hjj1jjj times1 ?us %[+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! qualities ( frictional & ,voltaic electricity4 ,! electricity ( ! frictional ma*9e & t ( ! galvanic batt]y may be made to produce ! same effect1 !re be+ no diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 !m4 ,frictional electricity c be made to pass 9 a curr5t1 b x is comp>atively feeble4 ,aga91 ,voltaic electricity c be made to produce a sp>k1 b "u ord9>y circum/ances x sc>cely am\nts to any?+4 ,description ( a ,frictional ,electric ,ma*9e4--,a frictional electrical ma*9e consi/s ( a vulcanite or glass disc or cyl9d]1 :i* is made to revolve betwe5 cu%ions or rubb]s ( lea!r or silk4 ,by ! friction ! 7silk7 rubb]s become negatively1 & ! glass disc or cyl9d] positively1 electrifi$4 ,! revolv+ disc imm$iately aft] contact ) ! fix$ rubb]s passes close by a s]ies ( brass po9ts1 :i* are connect$ ) a cond5s]4 ,^! po9ts collect ! positive electricity ( ! glass1 ! rubb]s be+ put to e>?4 ,! positive electricity :i* ! glass loses is suppli$ ?r\gh ! rubb]2 a /ream ( negative electricity fl[s f ! rubb]s to ! e>? dur+ ! *>g+ ( ! conductor or cond5s]2 9 o!r words1 ! positive electricity fl[s f ! e>? to ! rubb]1 :5ce x crosses to ! glass disc & s to ! cond5s]4 ,def9ition ( a ,cond5s]4--,a cond5s] is an arrangem5t = accumulat+ a l>ge quantity ( electricity on a comp>atively small surface4 ,! ,leyd5 ,j>4--,! ,leyd5 j>1 :i* is ! orig9al type ( ! cond5s]1 or accumulator1 consi/s ( a glass j> coat$ inside & out1 up to )9 a few in*es ( ! m\?1 ) t9foil pa/$ on1 b hav+ no connection ) ea* o!r4 ,! m\? is usually clos$ by means ( a wood5 /opp]1 ?r\gh :i* a brass rod passes1 to ! head ( :i* is affix$ a brass knob1 c41 ! rod & knob be+ metallically connect$ ) ! inn] coat+ by means ( a *a94 ,! ,leyd5 j> may be *>g$ ei!r by connect+ ! out] coat+ to e>? 7! rubb]s ( ! ma*9e be+ also to e>?71 & ! inn] coat+ to ! conductor ( ! ma*9e2 or else by connect+ ! out] coat+ to ! rubb]s1 & ! inn] coat+ to ! conductor1 a complete circuit be+ necess>y to *>ge ! j> z highly z ! frictional electrical ma*9e w admit (4 ,! conductor ( ! ma*9e be+ *>g$1 also =ms a k9d ( ,leyd5 j>1 ! conductor 9 ?is case be+ ! inn] coat+1 ! air1 ! dielectric1 & ! ne>e/ surr\nd+ conductors1 su* z ! walls ( ! room1 c41 be+ ! out] coat+4 ,mean+ ( ,dielectric4--,by dielectric is meant a non-conduct+ m$ium1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! ,leyd5 j> is ! glass4 ,frictional ,electricity v little us$ = ,torp$o ,purposes4--,frictional electricity is n[ seldom us$ 9 connection ) torp$o w>f>e1 z on acc\nt ( its v great p[]1 or electro-motive =ce1 a v p]fectly insulat$ cable mu/ be employ$1 :i* is some:at difficult to obta92 x is also necess>y to employ a cond5s]1 :i* requires a c]ta9 "t to *>ge4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 frictional electricity has be5 ab&on$ = ! f> m practical ,voltaic electricity4 ,magnetism4--,a magnet is a piece ( /eel1 :i* has ! peculi> prop]ty1 among o!rs1 ( attract+ iron to its ends4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( iron ore1 t]m$ ! load/one1 h ! same prop]ties4 ,! ^w magnet is tak5 f ! c\ntry ,magnesia1 :]e ! load/one 0 fir/ discov]$4 ,magnetism 9 a body is consid]$ to be a peculi> condition caus$ by electrical action4 ,bo? electricity & magnetism h ! p[] ( communicat+ _! prop]ties to o!r bodies )\t be+ 9 contact ) !m1 i4e4 induc+ ! p[]1 :i* on ! bodies be+ plac$ f> ap>t becomes ins5sible4 ,! ,poles ( a ,magnet4--,e magnet has two poles1 call$ ! nor? & s\? poles4 ,a magnetic /eel ne$le if pivot$ on an upright po9t1 or susp5d$ f its c5tre1 w fix itself1 po9t+ nor? & s\?2 9 ,engl& ! end ( ! ne$le po9t+ to ! nor? is t]m$ ! nor? pole1 b 9 ,france x is t]m$ ! s\? pole4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce is ow+ to ! fact t ! nor? pole ( "o magnet attracts ! s\? pole ( ano!r1 & !re=e1 z ! e>? is consid]$ z "o va/ magnet1 ! end ( ! magnetic ne$le attract$ to ! nor? pole ( e>? magnet %\ld be ! s\? pole ( ! magnet2 ?us ! ,fr5* s\? pole 9 a magnet is ! ,engli% nor? pole1 & vice v]s4 ,p]man5t ,magnets4--,a piece ( /eel :5 magnetis$ is t]m$ a p]man5t magnet1 because x reta9s its magnetism = a consid]able l5g? ( "t2 b s(t iron _c be p]man5tly magnetis$4 ,a piece ( s(t iron r5d]$ magnetic by induction reta9s a portion ( its magnetism = "s "t aft] x has be5 remov$ f ! magnetic field1 by reason ( :at is call$ its co]cive =ce4 ,?is remnant ( magnetisation is call$ residual magnetism4 ,effect ( an ,electrical ,curr5t on a ,magnetic ,ne$le4--,a magnetic b> or ne$le pivot$ on its c5tre w po9t nor? & s\?1 b if an electric curr5t is caus$ to fl[ along a wire p>allel to & ei!r ov] or "u ! magnetic ne$le1 ! latt] w be turn$ f its position1 & rema9 s z long z ! curr5t cont9ues2 on ! curr5t ceas+ ! ne$le w resume its orig9al position4 ,! magnetic ne$le c be turn$ ei!r to ! ea/ or ! we/1 accord+ to ! direction & c\rse ( ! electrical curr5t4 ,?us3-- ,curr5t f ,s4 to ,n4 ov] deflects to ,w4 ,curr5t f ,n4 to ,s4 "u deflects to ,w4 ,curr5t f ,n4 to ,s4 ov] deflects to ,e4 ,curr5t f ,s4 to ,n4 "u deflects to ,e4 ,! ,galvanomet]1 ! ,mirror1 & ,?omson's reflector all dep5d on ?is pr9ciple = _! usefulness4 ,^! in/rum5ts h be5 fully describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,electro-,magnet4--,if a piece ( insulat$ wire be coil$ r\nd a rod ( s(t iron1 & a curr5t ( electricity be made to pass ?r\gh ! coil1 ! iron core becomes magnetic z long z ! curr5t passes2 :5 ! curr5t ceases ! magnetism disappe>s4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! electric curr5t1 ! iron core possesses all ! prop]ties ( a magnet4 ,!re=e if a piece ( iron 7 plac$ ne> its poles x w\ld be attract$ & releas$ f attraction z (t5 z ! curr5t pass$ or ceas$2 & suppos+ su* a piece ( iron to be reta9$ by a spr+1 c41 a s]ies ( movem5ts1 attraction1 & draw+ back w\ld be effect$4 ,a piece ( iron s arrang$ is t]m$ an armature1 & ! in/rum5t is call$ an electro-magnet4 ,! coil ( wire mu/ be c>efully insulat$1 or else ! electric curr5t w pass ?r\gh ! iron core to e>? in/ead ( p]=m+ its prop] "w4 ,an electro-magnet is mu* m p[]ful ?an a /eel magnet ( equal dim5sions1 & dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t by :i* ! magnetism is induc$1 & ! numb] ( turns ( wire r\nd ! core4 ,! nor? & s\? poles ( an electro-magnet are det]m9$ by ! direction 9 :i* ! curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! wire4 ,at ! s\? pole ! curr5t passes ) ! h&s ( a wat*1 & at ! nor? pole aga9/ ! h&s ( a wat*4 ,def9ition ( ! ,ohm4--,! ohm is ! /&>d us$ = electrical resi/ance2 x is obta9$ by obs]v+ :at effect is produc$ by a curr5t ( electricity on a c]ta9 conductor 9 a c]ta9 "t4 ,! ohm is a small coil ( ,g]man silv] wire repres5t+ ! resi/ance ov]come by a curr5t 9 a c]ta9 "t4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,x3 ,j5k9s' ',electricity4' ,,app5dix4 ,mc,evoy's ,s+le ,ma9 ,sy/em4--,hi!rto 9 connection ) a sy/em ( electrical subm>9e m9es1 x has be5 necess>y to employ ei!r a s+le cable betwe5 ea* subm>9e m9e & ! torp$o /ation1 or a s+le cable1 t]m$ a multiple cable1 conta9+ a limit$ numb] ( insulat$ wires1 lead+ f ! /ation1 & bran*+ (f f a junction box to ea* m9e1 by :i* consid]able co/ & complication is incurr$4 ,to rem$y ! above s]i\s defects ( su* a sy/em1 & also to simplify ! arrangem5t ( electrical te/s1 ,capta9 ,mc,evoy has devis$ & pat5t$ ! foll[+ app>atus2 at ! fir+1 or torp$o /ation1 ! end ( ! s+le ma9 cable1 t is1 ! s+le core cable lead+ to ! junction box1 is connect$ to a make & break contact app>atus1 by :i*1 by ! movem5t ( a dial or po9t] ar\nd a fix$ c5tre1 a batt]y c be successively put 9 connection ) ! wire1 & disconnect$ f x1 9 a some:at simil> mann] to ,:eat/one's /ep by /ep dial telegraphs4 ,9 ! junction box at ! opposite end ( ! s+le core ma9 cable is an electro-magnetic app>atus = work+ a dial or po9t] 9 exact unison ) ! a=esaid dial or po9t] at ! torp$o /ation4 ,?is junction box dial or po9t] s]ves z a contact mak] to put ! wire ( ! ma9 cable successively 9 contact ) ! bran* wires lead+ to ! sev]al torp$oes1 z x is caus$ to turn ) a /ep by /ep motion by ! s5d+ ( a succession ( curr5ts f ! fir+ /ation4 ,z ! contact mak] completes ! circuit betwe5 ! ma9 cable & "o ( ! bran* wires1 ! curr5t passes f ! cable ?r\gh ! wire1 & ?r\gh ! fuze ( t p>ticul> torp$o to e>?2 b :5 any "o or o!r ( ! torp$oes is to be explod$1 ! circuit betwe5 ! ma9 cable & ! torp$o wire be+ complet$1 x is only necess>y to s5d a curr5t ?r\gh ! ma9 cable ( suffici5t /r5g? to ignite ! fuze1 & s explode ! m9e4 ,! /r5g? ( ! curr5t us$ = giv+ ! a=esaid /ep by /ep motion to ! junction box dial or po9t] is n suffici5t to cause ! ignition ( ! fuzes 9 ! torp$oes4 ,aga91 if x be desir$ t ! torp$oes %\ld be s arrang$ t :5 any ( !m are /ruck by a pass+ vessel1 ! fact ( its hav+ be5 /ruck %\ld be in/antly signall$ to ! fir+ /ation4 ,! dial app>atus 9 ! junction box is arrang$ s t at "o po9t ( its revolution1 t]m$ ! z]o po9t1 all ! torp$o bran* wires are 9 circuit ) ! ma9 cable1 & t !n a con/ant curr5t is pass+ f ! fir+ /ation ?r\gh all ! circuit clos]s1 & out ?r\gh resi/ance coils to e>?4 ,9 ?is case1 if "o ( ! circuit clos]s be /ruck1 & !re=e %ort circuit =m$1 ! curr5t passes direct to e>? )\t go+ ?r\gh ! a=esaid resi/ance1 & ! fact ( its hav+ done s is at once indicat$ by a galvanomet] at ! fir+ po9t1 by ! movem5t ( :i* a bell is rung at ! /ation4 ,! op]ator c !n explode su* torp$o at once by m]ely swit*+ 9 ! fir+ batt]y4 ,at ! same "t ! passage ( ! /rong fir+ curr5t may fuze a connection 9 ! junction app>atus1 by :i* ! explod$ torp$o is deta*$1 i4e4 ! direct e>? connection ( su* a torp$o is cut (f1 & ! rema9+ subm>9e m9es are left 9 prop] work+ ord]2 ?is effect may also be arriv$ at by o!r means4 ,g5]al ,description ( ,app>atus4--,! foll[+ is a g5]al description ( ?is exce$+ly clev] & useful inv5tion3-- ,at ,fig4 #afh is %[n a diagram view ( ! app>atus4 ,a is ! in/rum5t at ! fir+ po9t on ! %ore or vessel2 ,b is ! cable wire l$ to a subm]g$ box situat$ ne> ! spot :]e ! sev]al torp$oes are gr\p$2 ,c is ! in/rum5t enclos$ 9 ! subm]g$ box2 ,d1 ,d are insulat$ wires l$ away f ! box to ! sev]al torp$oes1 !re be+ a sep>ate wire = ea* torp$o4 ,ea* ( ! wires ,d is c\pl$ to "o or o!r ( a s]ies ( metallic contact pieces ,e rang$ 9 a circle r\nd ! axis ( a metallic po9t] ,f1 :i* c be turn$ ) a /ep by /ep motion & successively br\ght into electrical contact ) ! sev]al contact pieces ,e4 ,! axis ( ! po9t] is 9 electrical communication ) ! wire ( ! cable4 ,! wire f ! cable is fir/ l$ to ! coils ( an electro magnet ,g1 & !nce passes to ! axis ( ! po9t]4 ,h is a magnetic armature 9 front ( ! electro magnet ,g2 :5 a positive curr5t ( suffici5t /r5g? is s5t ?r\gh ! cable ! armature is rock$ 9 "o direction1 & :5 a negative curr5t is s5t1 x is rock$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,f ! armature motion is transmitt$ to a pawl :i* works into ! tee? ( a rat*et :eel on ! axis ( ! po9t] ,f1 s t by s5d+ a succession ( rev]s$ curr5ts ( suffici5t /r5g? ?r\gh ! cable1 ! po9t] ,f is turn$ ) a /ep by /ep motion & is successively br\ght into electrical contact ) ! sev]al contact pieces ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,mc4,,evoy',s ,,s+le ,,ma9 ,,sy/em ,,plate ,,liv4 ,9 ! in/rum5t1 at ! fir+ po9t a is a h&le1 by ! turn+ ( :i* a /ep by /ep motion is giv5 to ! po9t] ( a dial b & a simultane\s movem5t to ! po9t] ,f ( ! in/rum5t ,c 9 ! subm]g$ box4 ,:5 ! h&le a has made a half turn x c\ples "o pole ( ! batt]y to ! cable & ! o!r to ! e>? connection1 & :5 x has made a complete turn ! connections are rev]s$4 ,! po9t] ( ! dial b !n moves =w>d f "o division ( ! dial to ! next1 & simultane\sly ! po9t] ,f is turn$ 9 unison ) x4 ,! op]ator at ! fir+ po9t c !re=e always see :i* ( ! torp$oes is 9 electrical connection ) ! wire ( ! cable1 & he c te/ ea* torp$o 9 succession by mov+ a h&le1 say at h1 to cause ! curr5t pass+ back f ! torp$o to pass ?r\gh a galvanomet] at e1 & by ! movem5t ( ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] x c be se5 :e!r ! resi/ance ( ! circuit ?r\gh ?is torp$o is 9 its normal & prop] work+ /ate4 ,:5 ! po9t] ( ! dial b is br\ght to z]o1 or z x is m>k$ 9 ! draw+ to signal1 !n ! po9t] ,f ( ! app>atus ,c is 9 electrical communication ) a contact po9t :i* is c\pl$ to all ( ! bran* wires ,d1 & usually ! app>atus is left 9 ?is condition1 ! h&le a be+ !n lock$ & prev5t$ f turn+ by a bolt actuat$ by a h&le at ,g4 ,! curr5t f ! batt]y at ! fir+ po9t !n passes to e>? ?r\gh ! resi/ances 9 all ( ! torp$oes4 ,if n[ any "o or o!r ( ! torp$oes is /ruck by a pass+ vessel & ! wire f its fuze put directly to e>?1 s t ! curr5t passes freely to e>? in/ead ( hav+ fir/ to pass ?r\gh ! resi/ance1 ! fact ( ! curr5t pass+ freely to e>? is notifi$ at ! fir+ po9t by ! movem5t ( ! ne$le ( a galvanomet] d2 ! movem5t ( ! ne$le ( ?is galvanomet] effects an electrical connection by :i* a small batt]y is caus$ to s\nd a bell at c4 ,! op]ator at ! fir+ po9t c !n if he pleases at once fire ! torp$o t has be5 /ruck by mov+ a h&le at f & c\pl+ up to ! wire ( ! cable a batt]y ( great] /r5g?2 ! /rong fir+ curr5t w pass to e>? ?r\gh ! fuze ( ! torp$o t has be5 /ruck1 & w ignite ?is fuze1 b w n affect ! fuzes ( ! o!r torp$oes1 z to pass ?r\gh ^! fuzes x has also to pass ?r\gh resi/ances :i* imp$e its passage & r$uce its /r5g?1 s t ! portion ( ! curr5t :i* passes to e>? ?r\gh !m is n ( suffici5t /r5g? to ignite ! fuzes4 ,:5 ! fuze ( any "o or o!r ( ! torp$oes is explod$ by ! pass+ ( a /rong fir+ curr5t ?r\gh x1 ! wire lead+ f ! box ,c to ?is torp$o is simultane\sly cut (f f electrical connection ) ! contact p9 ,e to :i* x 0 previ\sly connect$1 & ?is p9 is put to e>? ?r\gh a resi/ance ei!r some:at great] or less ?an ! resi/ances 9 ! torp$oes1 s t ! fir+ ( "o or m ( ! torp$oes does n int]f]e ) ! p[] ( be+ able to turn ! po9t] ,f ( ! app>atus ,c 9 unison ) ! po9t] ( ! dial b4 ,aft]w>ds ! op]ator at ! fir+ po9t c asc]ta9 :i* ( ! torp$oes has be5 fir$ by pass+ ! po9t] ( ! dial b to ea* ( ! divisions ( ! dial 9 succession1 & asc]ta9+ by ! galvanomet] a ! resi/ance ( ! circuit ?r\gh ea* ( ! torp$oes1 s t he at once asc]ta9s :i* torp$o has be5 put to e>? ?r\gh ! great] or less resi/ance4 ,! cutt+ (f ( ! wire ,d f its contact ,e :5 a /rong curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x may be effect$ by ! wire be+ coil$ ar\nd an iron core =m+ an electro magnet1 :i* :5 a /rong curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! wire is ( suffici5t /r5g? to %ift ! position ( a contact app>atus & !n effect ! requir$ alt]ations 9 ! connections1 b :i* is n ( suffici5t /r5g? to effect any *ange :5 ! weak] curr5ts us$ = ! signall+ & te/+ op]ations are pass$ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,x w be evid5t t ) ! above describ$ app>atus any "o or o!r ( ! torp$oes c if desir$ be explod$ by ! op]ator at ! fir+ po9t :5ev] he desires to d s4 ,to effect ?is he w\ld by turn+ ! h&le a br+ ! po9t] ( ! dial b opposite to ! division ( ?is dial2 t w\ld indicate t ! cable _h be5 br\ght into electrical communication ) ! torp$o requir$ to be explod$1 & !n :5 x is asc]ta9$ by previ\sly adju/$ sight po9ts t ! vessel is above ! torp$o1 he c fire ! torp$o by pass+ a /rong fir+ curr5t to ! cable4 ,9 ?is way ! app>atus c be us$ = fir+ any "o or o!r ( a gr\p ( sunk5 torp$oes1 or if ! torp$oes are buoyant ones1 !y ne$ n be fitt$ ) app>atus = putt+ ! wire f _! fuze directly to e>? :5ev] ! torp$o is /ruck by a pass+ vessel4 ,! same arrangem5t ( app>atus c also be us$ = fir+ any "o or o!r ( a numb] ( m9es or torp$oes on l& & = sep>ately te/+ ! fir+ me*anism ( ea* m9e :5ev] desir$4 ,capta9 ,mc,evoy's s+le ma9 sy/em w %ortly und]go a s]ies ( exp]im5ts "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,engli% torp$o au?orities at ,*a?am1 :i* w mo/ probably result 9 its adoption by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 & also by ! pr9cipal cont95tal p[]s4 ,,table,y ,,%[+ ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,fractions ,a ,,& ,b ,,= ,,e ,,half ,,degree4 --------------------------------- ,a ,b ,arc4 #aej alpha#aej - alpha -------------------------- alpha#aej - alpha#aej alpha --------------------------------- #ade #eijj #jjag #adde #eced #jjai #add #dijj #jjbj #adce #deae #jjbb #adc #dahf #jjbd #adbe #cijj #jjbf #adb #cfej #jjbh #adae #cdbi #jjbi #ada #cbcc #jjca #adje #cjeh #jjcc #adj #bijj #jjce #acie #bgeg #jjcf #aci #bfbg #jjch #ache #beji #jjdj #ach #bdjj #jjdb #acge #bcjj #jjdd #acg #bbjh #jjde #acfe #babb #jjdg #acf #bjdc #jjdi #acee #aifi #jjea #ace #aijj #jjeb #acde #ahce #jjed #acd #agge #jjef #acce #agah #jjeh #acc #affe #jjfj #acbe #afad #jjfb #acb #aefg #jjfd #acae #aebb #jjff #aca #adgi #jjfh #acje #adch #jjgj #acj #adjj #jjga #abie #acfc #jjgc #abi #acbh #jjge #abhe #abie #jjgg #abh #abfd #jjgi #abge #abcc #jjha #abg #abjd #jjhc #abfe #aagf #jjhe #abf #aaej #jjhg #abee #aabd #jjhi #abe #aajj #jjia #abde #ajgf #jjic #abd #ajed #jjie #abce #ajcb #jjig #abc #ajaa #jjii #abbe #iia #jaja #abb #igb #jajc #abae #iec #jaje #aba #ice #jajg #abje #iag #jaji #abj #ijj #jaaa #aaie #hhd #jaac #aai #hfh #jaae #aahe #heb #jaag #aah #hcg #jaai #aage #hbc #jaba #aag #hji #jabc #aafe #gif #jabf #aaf #ghb #jabh #aaee #gfi #jacj #aae #geg #jacb #aade #gde #jacd #aad #gcc #jacf #aace #gbb #jaci #aac #gaa #jada #aabe #gjj #jadc #aab #fhi #jade #aaae #fgi #jadg #aaa #ffi #jaej #aaje #fei #jaeb #aaj #fej #jaed #ajie #fda #jaef #aji #fcb #jaeh #ajhe #fbc #jafj #ajh #fad #jafc #ajge #fjf #jafe #ajg #eig #jafh #ajfe #ehi #jagj #ajf #ehb #jagb #ajee #egd #jagd #aje #efg #jagf #ajd #eeb #jahb #ajce #ede #jahc #ajc #ech #jahf #ajbe #eca #jahh #ajb #ebe #jaij #ajae #eah #jaic #aja #eab #jaie #ajje #ejf #jaih #ajj #ejj #jbjj #iie #did #jbjb #ii #dhh #jbje #ihe #dhb #jbjg #ih #dgg #jbji #ige #dga #jbab #ig #dff #jbae #ife #dfa #jbag #if #dee #jbbj #iee #dej #jbbb #ie #dde #jbbd #ide #ddj #jbbg #id #dcf #jbcj #ice #dca #jbcb #ic #dbf #jbce #ibe #dbb #jbcg #ib #dag #jbdj #iae #dac #jbdb #ia #djh #jbde #ije #djd #jbdg #ij #djj #jbej #hie #cif #jbec #hi #cib #jbee #hhe #chh #jbeh #hh #chd #jbfj #hge #chj #jbfc #hg #cgf #jbff #hfe #cgb #jbfi #hf #cfi #jbga #hee #cfe #jbgd #he #cfb #jbgf #hde #ceh #jbgi #hd #ced #jbhb #hae #cch #jbif #ha #cce #jbii #hje #cca #jcjb #hj #cbh #jcjd #gie #cbe #jcjg #gi #cbb #jcaj #ghe #cai #jcac #gh #cag #jcaf #gge #cad #jcai #gg #caa #jcbb #gfe #cjh #jcbe #gf #cje #jcbg #gee #cjc #jccj #ge #cjj #jccc #gde #bigc #jccf #gd #bidg #jcci #gce #biba #jcdb #gc #bhif #jcde #gbe #bhga #jcdh #gb #bhdf #jcea #gae #bhbb #jced #ga #bgig #jceg #gje #bggc #jcfj #gj #bgej #jcfd #fie #bgbf #jcfg #fi #bgjc #jcgj #fhe #bfhj #jcgc #fh #bfeh #jcgf #fge #bfcf #jcgi #fg #bfad #jchb #ffe #beib #jchf #ff #bega #jchi #fee #beej #jcib #fe #bebi #jcie #fde #beji #jcih #fd #bdhh #jdjb #fce #bdfh #jdje #fc #bddh #jdjh #fbe #bdbh #jdab #fb #bdji #jdae #fae #bchi #jdah #ei #bbif #jdce #ehe #bbgh #jdci #eh #bbfa #jddb #ege #bbdc #jddf #eg #bbbf #jddi #efe #bbjh #jdec #ef #baia #jdef #eee #bagd #jdfj #ee #baeh #jdfc #ede #bada #jdfg #ed #babe #jdga #ece #baji #jdgd #ec #bjic #jdgh #ebe #bjgg #jdha #eb #bjfa #jdhe #eae #bjde #jdhi #ea #bjcj #jdib #eje #bjae #jdif #ej #bjjj #jejj #die #aihe #jejd #di #aigj #jejh #dhe #aiee #jeaa #dh #aida #jeae #dge #aibf #jeai #dg #aiac #jebc #dfe #ahih #jebg #df #ahhd #jeca #dee #ahgj #jece #de #aheg #jech #dde #ahdc #jedb #dd #ahcj #jedf #dce #ahaf #jeej #dc #ahjc #jeed #dbe #agij #jeeh #db #aggg #jefb #dae #agfe #jefg #da #ageb #jega #dje #agci #jege #dj #agbg #jegi #cie #agad #jehc #ci #agjb #jehg #cfe #afdc #jfji #cf #afca #jfac #cee #afbj #jfag #ce #afjh #jfbb #cde #aeig #jfbf #cd #aehf #jfcj #cce #aege #jfce #cc #aefd #jfci #cbe #aeec #jfdd #cb #aedb #jfdh #cae #aeca #jfec #ca #aeba #jfeg #cje #aeaj #jffb #cj #aejj #jffg #bie #adhi #jfga #bi #adgi #jfgf #bhe #adfi #jfha #bh #adei #jfhe #bge #addi #jfij #bg #adci #jfie #bfe #adbi #jgjj #bf #adai #jgje #bee #adji #jgji #be #adjj #jgad #bde #acij #jgai #bd #achj #jgbd #bce #acga #jgbi #bc #acfb #jgcd #bbe #aceb #jgci #bb #acdc #jgdd #bae #accd #jgdi #ba #acbe #jged #bje #acaf #jgfj #bj #acjg #jgfe #aie #abih #jggj #ai #abij #jgge #ahe #abha #jghj #ah #abgb #jghf #age #abfd #jgia #ag #abee #jgif #afe #abdg #jhjb #af #abch #jhjg #aee #abcj #jhac #ae #abbb #jhah #ade #abad #jhbc #ad #abjf #jhbi #ace #aaih #jhce #ac #aahi #jhda #abe #aaha #jhdg #ab #aagc #jheb #aae #aaff #jheh #aa #aaeh #jhfc #aje #aaej #jhfi #aj #aadc #jhge #ie #aace #jhha #i #aabg #jhhg #he #aabj #jhic #h #aaab #jhii #ge #aaje #jije #g #ajig #jiaa #fe #ajij #jiag #f #ajhc #jibc #ee #ajgf #jibi #e #ajfh #jice #de #ajfa #jidb #d #ajed #jidh #ce #ajdg #jied #c #ajdj #jifj #be #ajcc #jifg #b #ajbg #jigd #ae #ajbj #jihj #a #ajac #jihg #je #ajjf #jiic --------------------------------- ,a ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,ev5ts ,,t ,,h ,,occurr$ ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,torp$o4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,date4 ,op]ator1 c4 ,ev5t4 ,place4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aehe4 ,italian ,attack on a bridge =m$ ,antw]p4 ,bridge completely de/roy$4 ,eng9e]1 ov] ! ,s*eldt4 ,vessels1 ea* c>ry+ a heavily ,zambelli4 *>g$ magaz9e1 fir$ by clockwork1 7 c>ri$ by ! /ream aga9/ ! bridge4 #agge4 ,capta9 ,d4 ,num]\s small exp]im5ts ,am]ica4 ,by :i* he prov$ t a *>ge ,bu%nell4 ) gunp[d] *>ges4 ( gunp[d] c\ld be fir$ "u wat]4 #aggf4 ,attack on ! ,engli% ,new ,york4 ,boat manag$ by ,s]geant ,e4 ,lee4 frigate ,h4,m4,s4 ,eagle by ,attack fail$1 ow+ to 8 8 subm>9e torp$o inexp]i5ce 9 manipulat+ boat4 ?is novel k9d ( craft4 #aggg4 ,attack on ! ,engli% ,new ,london4,drift+ torp$oes employ$4 man-(-w> ,h4,m4,s4 ,crew ( a prize s*oon] a/]n ,c]b]us by 8 ( ! ,c]b]us haul$ "o ( drift+ torp$oes4 ! torp$oes on bo>d1 :i* explod$1 kill+ #c m5 & de/roy+ a boat4 #aggg4 ,attack on ,engli% %ips by ,?is fail$1 ow+ to ! %ips num]\s float+ hav+ previ\sly haul$ into torp$oes4 ,kn[n by ! dock to avoid ! ice1 b x "n ( ,battle ( ,kegs4 creat$ a great am\nt ( confusion & al>m among ! crews ( ! vessels4 #agig4 ,r4 ,fulton4 ,exp]im5ts ) torp$oes ,france4 ,^! fir/ attempts 7 on ! ,se9e4 g5]ally failures4 ,july #c1 ,exp]im5ts ) 8 ,bre/1 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 successful #ahja4 subm>9e boat nam$ ! ,france4 9 s f> z prov+ t ) ,nautilus4 su* a boat he c\ld desc5d to any giv5 dep? & reasc5d to ! surface at w1 & t he c\ld rema9 bel[ = a consid]able "t4 ,augu/ ,attempt$ to s9k a small ,completely successful4 ,?is is #ahja4 vessel by means ( "o ( ! fir/ vessel kn[n to be 8 torp$oes4 de/roy$ by means ( a torp$o4 ,*>ge ( subm>9e m9e #bj lbs4 gunp[d]4 #ahja4 ,attempt$ to de/roy "o ,(f ,ow+ to ! %ip alt]+ h] ( ! ,engli% *annel ,b\logne1 position at ! mom5t ( fleet by means ( 8 ,france4 sett+ ! torp$o adrift1 ?is drift+ torp$oes4 attack fail$4 ,oct4 #c1 ,catam>ran exp$ition "u ,b\logne1 ,fail$1 ow+ to a mi/ake 9 ! #ahjd4 ,"l ,kei? to de/roy ! ,france4 con/ruction ( ! torp$oes4 ,fr5* fleet4 ,! m9es explod$1 b did no damage to ! ,fr5* %ips4 ,oct4 ,simil> exp$ition4 ,simil> failure1 ow+ to causes #ahje4 above m5tion$4 ,oct4 #ae1 ,attempt$ to de/roy a brig ,dov]1 ,! brig 0 completely #ahje4 ,doro!a ) 8 ,engl&4 demoli%$4 ,two torp$oes drift+ torp$oes4 employ$1 ea* *>g$ ) #ahj lbs4 gunp[d] & fir$ by clockwork4 ,july #bj1 ,exp]im5t on a l>ge hulk ,new ,york1 ,f9ally successful1 sev]al #ahjg4 brig4 ,am]ica4 attempts be+ necess>y1 ow+ to faulty con/ruction4 ,oct4 ,attack on ! ,u4,s4 sloop ,new ,york4 ,fail$1 ow+ to ! v #ahaj4 ,argus = f9ally +5i\s ?\gh elaborate te/+ ! efficacy ( def5ce ( ! vessel1 c>ri$ 8 torp$o s*emes4 out "u ! directions ( ,commodore ,rodg]s4 #ahab4 ,mr4 ,mix4 ,attack on ! ,engli% ,lynn1 ,hav5,complete failure1 ?\gh six frigate ,h4,m4,s4 ,bay1 diff]5t attempts 7 made4 ,plantag5et ) 8 ,am]ica4 drift+ torp$oes4 ,june #ae1 ,attack on ,h4,m4,s4 ,ramilies ,new ,york4 ,an utt] failure4 #ahac4 by bl[+ up a s*oon] alongside4 #ahbj4 ,capta9 ,exp]im5t ) a subm>9e ,m\ls=d1 ,idea 0 to fa/5 ! torp$o by ,johnson4 boat c>ry+ a torp$o ,b]ks1 means ( screws to ! bottom ( on its back4 ,engl&4 ! ho/ile vessel4 ,trial prov$ successful1 b ! ,engli% gov]nm5t refus$ to sanction ! project z be+ too diabolical4 ,july #d1 ,colonel ,exp]im5t on a raft ) ,w>e ,pond1 ,successful4 #ahbi4 ,samuel 8 subm>9e batt]y4 ,am]ica4 ,colt4 #ahci4 ,g5]al ,de/ruction ( ! wreck ,portsm\?1,he is /at$ to h employ$ ,paisley1 ( ! ,royal ,george by ,engl&4 galvanic fir+ to explode ! ,r4,e4 subm>9e m9es4 m9es4 #ahdj4 ,capta9 ,exp]im5t on ! ,john ,engl&4 ,successful4 ,details n kn[n4 ,w>n]4 ,o',gaunt4 ,june #d1 ,colonel ,s4 ,exp]im5t to explode a ,new ,york4 ,successful4 ,! op]ator 0 at a #ahdb4 ,colt4 subm>9e m9e by great di/ance f ! torp$o4 electricity4 ,july #d1 ,exp]im5t on ! ,u4,s4 ,ca/le ,successful4 ,! op]ator 0 on #ahdb4 gunboat ,box] ) ,g>d51 bo>d ,u4,s4 man-(-w> at "s electric subm>9e m9es4 ,new ,york4 di/ance f ! place :]e ! explosion occurr$4 ,aug4 #bj1 ,colonel ,s4 ,simil> exp]im5t on a ,potomac ,successful1 ! op]ator be+ #ahdb4 ,colt4 s*oon]4 ,riv]1 /ation$ at a di/ance ( #e ,am]ica4 miles f :]e ! m9e 0 plac$4 ,oct4 #ah1 ,simil> exp]im5t on ! ,new ,york4 ,successful4 ,! op]ator be+ on #ahdb4 brig ,volta1 #cjj tons4 bo>d ! rev5ue cutt] ,ew+1 at a consid]able di/ance f ! sc5e ( ! explosion4 ,april #ac1 ,exp]im5t to de/roy a ,potomac ,successful4 ,! vessel 01 at #ahdc4 vessel ( #ejj tons "u ,riv]1 ! "t ( ! explosion1 weigh by electric ,am]ica4 sail+ at ! rate ( #e knots subm>9e m9es4 p] h\r1 & to prev5t ! possibility ( any collusion betwe5 ! op]ator & crew1 !y left ! %ip a few mom5ts be=e ! cata/rophe4 ,op]ator #e miles di/ant4 ,probably sev]al m9es 7 plac$ 9 ! =m ( a circle4 ,july1 ,capta9 ,exp]im5t ) 8 ,brighton1 ,! vessel completely de/roy$4 #ahdd4 ,w>n]4 invisible %ell1 on a ,engl&4 b>que ( #dej tons4 ,jan4 #a1 ,colonel ,s4 ,exp]im5t ) an electric ,new ,york4 ,successful4 ,! op]ator be+ at #ahde4 ,colt4 subm>9e m9e4 a di/ance ( #dj miles f :]e ! explosion took place4 #ahdf4 ,pr(essor ,discov]$ ! explosive 44 ,br\ght into use = milit>y ,s*onbe94 ag5t gun-cotton4 purposes ab\t #ahfc1 by ,pr(essor ,abel4 #ahdf4 ,sobr]o4 ,discov]$ ! explosive 44 ,br\ght into use ab\t #ahfc1 = ag5t nitro-glyc]9e4 bla/+ purposes by ,m4 ,alfr$ ,nobel1 a ,sw$e4 #ahed4 ,russians4 ,attempt$ de/ruction ( ,cron/adt4 ,sev]al torp$oes 7 explod$ ! ,engli% m5-(-w> ne> ^! %ips1 b ) no ,m]l9 & ,firefly1 o!r results ?an a wett+ to by /ation>y subm>9e "s ( _! m54 m9es4 ,feb4 #ah1 ,conf$]ates4,f$]al gunboats attempt+ ,am]ica4 ,consid]ably delay$1 caus$ by #ahfb4 to =ce ! ,savannah ! subm>9e m9es1 b no riv]4 actual damage done4 ,?is 0 _! fir/ appe>ance 9 a practical =m dur+ ! civil w>4 ,dec4 #ac1 ,de/ruction ( ! ,f$]al,yazoo ,riv]1,two torp$oes explod$ "u h]2 #ahfb4 ironclad ,cairo1 by ,am]ica4 vessel mu* %att]$1 & sunk /ation>y torp$oes4 9 #ab m9utes4 ,fir/ vessel de/roy$ 9 ?is w>4 ,feb4 #bh1 ,! ,f$]al monitor ,ogee*ee ,%e 0 sav$ f s9k+ by #ahfc4 ,montauk1 sev]ely ,riv]1 be+ run on ! mud1 ?us damag$ by a subm>9e ,georgia4 enabl+ ! hole to be m9e4 tempor>ily clos$1 & ! vessel tak5 to ,port ,royal4 ,july #bb1 ,! ,f$]al ironclad ,yazoo ,riv]4,! vessel w5t d[n 9 #ae #ahfc4 gunboat ,b>on de ,kalb1 m9utes4 ,z %e 0 s9k+ a sunk by a subm>9e m9e4 second torp$o explod$ "u h] /]n4 ,no lives 7 lo/4 ,aug4 #h1 ,! ,f$]al gunboat ,james ,riv]4,! %ip 01 at ! "t ( ! #ahfc4 ,commodore ,b>ney explosion1 /eam+ #i knots1 & sev]ely damag$4 ran into x1 los+ #bj m51 & be+ "s :at sev]ely damag$4 ,x 0 an electric subm>9e m9e *>g$ ) #agej lbs4 gunp[d]4 ,oct4 #e1 ,boat torp$o attack on ! ,*>le/on4,fail$4 ,x 0 made by a boat #ahfc4 ,f$]al %ip ,ironsides4 arm$ ) a sp> torp$o ) #fj lbs4 gunp[d]4 #ahfc4 ,conf$]ate /eam]s ,ow+ to ! %ift+ ( ! ,m>ion & ,ettiwa position ( b>rel torp$oes4 de/roy$ by _! own m9es4 #ahfc4 ,conf$]ate flag ( truce ,james ,riv]4 ,! same cause4 boat ,%ultz4 ,feb4 #ag1 ,boat torp$o attack on !,*>le/on4 ,successful1 ! %ip be+ sunk4 #ahfd4 ,f$]al frigate ,a subm>9e boat 0 employ$ on ,h\satonic4 ?is occasion1 & ow+ to h] runn+ into ! hole made by h] torp$o1 w5t d[n ) ! %ip4 ,m>* #f1 ,boat torp$o attack on !,nor? ,edi/o,fail$1 ow+ to ! torp$o sp> #ahfd4 ,f$]al %ip ,memphis4 ,riv]1 ,s\? be+ brok5 by ! vessel's ,c>ol9a4 screw4 ,april #a1 ,de/ruction ( ! ,f$]al ,/4 ,john's ,?is 0 effect$ by a float+ #ahfd4 transport ,maple ,leaf4 ,riv]1 torp$o4 ,florida4 ,april #i1 ,boat torp$o attack on !,james ,riv]4,! %ip 0 sev]ely damag$1 #ahfd4 ,f$]al %ip ,m9nesota4 b n sunk4 ,sp> torp$o1 *>ge #ec lbs4 gunp[d]4 ,april #ai1 ,boat torp$o attack on !,*>le/on4 ,fail$1 ow+ to ! boat be+ #ahfd4 ,f$]al frigate ,waba%4 discov]$4 ,may #f1 ,loss ( ! ,commodore ,james ,riv]4,completely demoli%$ by an #ahfd4 ,jones4 electric torp$o1 #agej lbs4 gunp[d]4 ,?is "p ( ! riv] hav+ be5 c>efully dragg$4 ,aug4 #e1 ,conf$]ates4,loss ( ! ,f$]al monitor ,mobile ,bay4,?is occurr$ dur+ ! ,f$]al #ahfd4 ,tecumseh4 attack on ! def5ces ( ,mobile ,bay1 ! %ip disappe>+ almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,! capta9 & #gj ( ! crew 7 kill$4 ,oct4 #bg1 ,f$]als4 ,boat torp$o attack on ! ,ne> ,! only ,f$]al torp$o success #ahfd4 ,conf$]ate ironclad ,plym\?1 dur+ ! w>4 ,! boat 0 ,albem>le4 ,am]ica4 arm$ ) ! ,wood & ,lay disconnect+ sp> torp$o4 ,! %ip 0 sunk4 ,dec4 #i1 ,conf$]ates4 ,loss ( ! ,f$]al ,roanoke ,! latt] vessel 0 proce$+ #ahfd4 /eam]s ,otsego & ,riv]4 to ! assi/ance ( ! =m]4 ,bazeby4 ,bo? 7 totally de/roy$4 #ahfd4 ,m4 ,a4 ,nobel4 ,introduction ( dynamite4 44 ,a modifi$ =m ( ! explosive nitro-glyc]9e4 #ahfd4 ,capta9 ,fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,fiume1 ,! idea ( su* a weapon ,lupuis & ) ! fi% torp$o4 ,au/ria4 previ\sly kn[n1 b n act$ ,mr4 on4 ,:itehead4 ,jan4 #ae1 ,conf$]ates4,loss ( ! ,f$]al monitor,*>le/on4 ,completely de/roy$ by a b>rel #ahfe4 ,patapsco4 torp$o1 s9k+ 9 a few m9utes4 ,sixty-two (fic]s & m5 dr[n$4 ,m>* #a1 ,loss ( ! ,f$]al /eam],ne> ,! place :]e ?is cata/rophe #ahfe4 ,h>ve/ ,moon4 ,georget[n4 occurr$ _h be5 previ\sly swept = torp$oes4 ,m>* #cj ,loss ( two ,f$]al ,mobile ,bay4 ,^! losses occurr$ 9 ! to ,april1 monitors1 & ?ree f9al attack on ,mobile1 at ! #ai #ahfe4 gunboats4 close ( ! w>4 ,sept4 #b1 ,p>aguayans4 ,loss ( ! ,brazilian w> ,currupaity1 ,completely de/roy$ by a #ahff4 /eam] ,rio ,janeiro4 ,p>aguay4 /ation>y torp$o at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,currupaity by ! ,brazilian fleet4 #ahgd4 ,engl&4 ,adoption ( ! electric light 9 ! ,navy4 ,may #bi1 ,engli%4 ,torp$o attack by ,h4,m4,s4 44 ,?is is ! fir/ ,:itehead fi% #ahgg4 ,%ah on ! ,p]uvian torp$o ev] fir$ aga9/ an ironclad ,huasc>4 ho/ile %ip4 ,x fail$1 ow+ to ! ,huasc> be+ at too great a di/ance4 ,may #ab1 ,russians4 ,russian torp$o boat attack ,bat\m4 ,fail$4 ,a ,turki% %ip 0 /ruck #ahgg4 on sev]al ,turki% %ips4 by a t[+ torp$o1 b x fail$ to explode4 ,may #bf1 ,russian torp$o boat ,mat*9es1 ,successful4 ,a ,turki% monitor1 #ahgg4 attack on ! ,turki% ,riv] ,duba ,saife1 0 sunk4 %ips ,fettu ,islam1 ,danube4 ,duba ,saife1 & ,kilidj ,ali4 ,june #i1 ,russian torp$o boat ,sul9a1 ,fail$4 ,! ,russian torp$o boat #ahgg4 attack on ! ,turki% m\? ( ,no4 #a 0 sunk1 & h] ironclads ,feteh ,bul5d1 ! comm&]1 ,lieut5ant ,p\ts*91 ,mooc>demikhair1 & ,danube4 ) 8 crew1 tak5 prison]4 ,idglalieh4 ,! attack 0 made by six boats4 ,june #bj1 ,turki% monitor attack$ ,ruts*uk1 on,fail$4 ,! (fic] 9 comm& ( #ahgg4 by ! ,russian sp> ! ,danube4 ! boat be+ sev]ely w\nd$1 torp$o boat,*\tka4 & ! torp$o wires cut4 ,?is attack 0 made 9 ! daytime4 ,june #bc1 ,two ,russian torp$o boats ,m\? ( !,fail$1 ow+ to ! spirit$ #ahgg4 attack$ a ,turki% ,aluta1 def5ce on ! "p ( ! monitor4 ,danube4 ,turks4 ,ano!r day affair4 ,aug4 #bb1 ,! ,turki% ironclad ,s\k\m ,fail$4 ,! capta9 ( ! #ahgg4 ,ass>i ,%efket attack$ ,kaleh4 ,ass>i ,%efket _h plac$ by f\r ,russian torp$o gu>d boats 9 advance ( 8 boats4 %ip1 by :i* he 0 w>n$ ( ! approa* ( ! torp$o boats1 & s enabl$ to foil ! attack by a well-direct$1 hot fire4 ,oct4 #aj1 ,loss ( ,turki% gunboat ,sul9a4 ,! gunboat 0 sunk by /rik+ #ahgg4 ,suna at ! ,russian an electro-contactm9e1 plac$ attack on ,sul9a4 by ! ,russians ab\t #c_/d mile above ! ,turki% def5ces4 ,ab\t fifte5 (fic]s & m5 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,dec4 #bg1 ,turki% squadron attack$ ,bat\m4 ,fail$4 ,! ,russians fir$ two #ahgg4 by f\r ,russian torp$o ,:itehead fi% torp$oes 7! boats1 two be+ arm$ fir/ attack ( ?is nature ) ! ,:itehead fi% dur+ ! w>71 bo? ( :i* torp$o4 7 pick$ up by ! ,turks4 ,jan4 #be1 ,attack on ,turki% %ips by ,bat\m4 ,successful4 ,a ,turki% rev5ue #ahgh4 two ,russian torp$o boats1 /eam] on gu>d be+ sunk4 arm$ ) ! ,:itehead ,f9al torp$o attack made 9 ! fi% torp$o4 ,russo-,turki% w> 7#ahgg-gh74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,y3 ,see page #ib4 ,,errata4 ,on ,page #g 7l9e #aa7 ins]t words c\ld be de/roy$ aft] an*or4 ,on ,page #bhd1 7,middle ( page7 ,fig4 #agf %\ld be ,fig4 #afh4 ,on ,page #bhe 7#d? l9e f bottom7 e %\ld be d4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abel1 exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor1 #bjg ,abel's detonation exp]im5ts1 #baf ---- high t5sion fuzes1 #cg ---- me*anical prim]1 #bc ,action1 *emical1 #bfi ---- ----1 9 a ,daniell cell1 #bgd ---- ---- s+le fluid cell1 #bgc ,adju/m5ts ( ,:itehead's fi% torp$o1 !1 #acf ,admiral ,port]'s torp$o %ip ,al>m1 #aei ---- ----1 ! armam5t (1 #afj ,adoption ( ! fi% torp$o1 ! inv5tion &1 #aca ,advantages ( electrical subm>9e m9es1 !1 #bh ---- ---- me*anical m9es1 !1 #ag ,ag5ts1 torp$o explosive1 #bag ,air pump1 !1 #bfj ,al>m1 ,admiral ,port]'s torp$o %ip1 #aei ,albem>le1 de/ruction ( !1 #aia ,aluta1 ! ,russian torp$o boat attack (f !1 #bjj ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 !1 #ahi ---- ----1 me*anical m9es 9 !1 #af ---- ----1 torp$oes dur+ !1 #aae ---- ----1 subm>9e m9es dur+ !1 #bg ---- extempore drift+ torp$oes1 #aai ,app>atus1 directions = us+ ! div+1 #bfa ----1 fir+ keys & %utt]1 #hj ----1 ,siem5s' electric light1 #bda ---- ----1 conduct+ wires =1 #bdg ---- ----1 rotation ( armatures 91 #bdf ---- ----1 we> & te> (1 #bdg ----1 ! %utt]1 #hb ---- us$ ) a circuit break]1 %utt]1 #hc ,application ( ,ohm's law1 !1 #bgf ---- ---- ! electric light1 !1 #bef ,arcs1 fir+ by int]sectional1 #ga ,argus1 ,fulton's attempt aga9/ !1 #f ,armatures 9 ,siem5s' electric light app>atus1 rotation (1 #bdf ,arm\r$ cables1 s+le cor$1 #dc ,arm/rong's sy/em ( electrical te/+1 #ajg ,arrangem5t ( e>? plates1 ,br[n's1 #ajj ---- ---- wires 9 ,mc,evoy's sp> torp$o1 #aee ,arrangem5ts1 ,/ew>d's safety cock1 #be ,a/atic galvanomet]1 !1 #hg ,attack ) ,h>vey's torp$oes1 me?ods (1 #abg ,attacks1 boat torp$o1 #aia ---- ----1 me?ods ( protect+ %ips aga9/1 #ahj ,au/rian me?od ( moor+1 !1 #ef ---- ---- te/+1 !1 #aji ---- self-act+ circuit clos]s1 #fd ---- te/+ table1 !1 #ajh ---- torp$o exp]im5ts1 #bbj ---- ---- laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afe ---- w>1 torp$o op]ations dur+ !1 #aib ,au/ro-,italian w>1 torp$o op]ations dur+ !1 #ahh ,automatic arrangem5ts1 #aj ---- electric lamps1 #bdh ,b4 ,balance1 ,:eat/one's1 #ig ---- ----1 manipulation (1 #ii ---- ----1 measurem5t ( resi/ances by1 #ih ,b>rel torp$oes1 #ai ,bat\m1 ,russian torp$o boat attack at1 #aie1 #bjb ,batt]ies1 bi*romate1 #gg ----1 d\ble fluid1 #bgd ----1 fir+1 #ge ,batt]ies1 ,leclan*'s ,voltaic1 #gg ----1 ,m5otti te/1 #gi ----1 signall+1 #gh ---- ----1 ,daniell's1 #gh ----1 s+le & d\ble fluid1 #bgb ----1 telegraph1 #gi ----1 ,voltaic1 #gi ----1 ,von ,ebn]'s1 #gf ,batt]y te/ = electro-motive =ce1 ,voltaic1 #aje ---- ---- int]nal resi/ance1 ,voltaic1 #ajd ---- ---- pot5tial1 ,voltaic1 #ajd ,be>dslee's high t5sion fuze1 #cf ---- jo9t1 #df ,be>+s1 fir+ by cross1 #gj ,bi*romate batt]ies1 #gg ,boat1 ,bu%nell's subm>9e1 #b1 #ahd ----1 ,conf$]ate subm>9e1 #ahe ----1 exp]im5t at ,*]b\rg1 torp$o1 #agj ----1 ,fr5* subm>9e1 a1 #ahe ----1 ,lay torp$o1 !1 #ada ---- ----1 capabilities ( !1 #adg ---- ----1 cle>+ ob/ructions ) !1 #aea ---- ----1 improv$ =m ( !1 #aec ---- ----1 laun*+ !1 #adg ---- ----1 me?od ( s9k+ & rais+ !1 #adi ---- ----1 us$ z a tug1 #aej ---- ---- to cle> away m9es1 #aeb ----1 ,lightn+1 ,?ornycr(t's torp$o1 #afh ----1 torp$o1 attack at ,bat\m1 #aie1 #bjb ---- ---- ,ru/*uk1 #bjj ---- ---- ,s\k\m ,kaleh1 #bja ---- ---- ,s\l9a1 #aih ---- ---- (f ,mat*91 #aif ---- ---- ! ,aluta1 #bjj ---- ----1 ! f9al1 #bjc ---- ----1 attacks1 #ahj1 #aia ---- ----1 me?ods ( protect+ %ips aga9/1 #ahj ---- ----1 protective1 ,fosb]ry's pat5t1 #ahb ,boats1 subm>9e1 #ahc ---- ----1 qualifications ess5tial to1 #ahd ----1 torp$o1 #afb ---- ----1 ,engli%1 #agc ---- ----1 ,h]re%(f's1 #agh ---- ----1 ord9>y type (1 #agi ---- ----1 ,s*ibau's ,russian1 #agh ---- ----1 ,spani%1 #age ---- ----1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afc ---- ----1 ,y>r['s1 #agb ,booms1 con/ruction (1 #aaj ----1 def5ce ( h>b\rs by1 #aaj ,boots = div]s1 #bfa ,boxes1 junction1 #ea ---- ----1 = multiple cables1 #eb ---- ---- s+le cor$ cables1 #eb ----1 resi/ance1 #ig ,brakes = ,h>vey's torp$oes1 #abc ,break]1 ! circuit1 #fb ,brea/-plate = div]s1 #bfj ,brook's torp$oes1 #ai ,br[n's arrangem5t ( e>? plates1 #ajj ,buoys = ,h>vey's torp$oes1 #abb ,bu%nell1 ! inv5tor ( torp$oes1 #b ,bu%nell's drift+ torp$oes1 #b ---- mode ( ignition1 #b ---- subm>9e boat1 #b1 #ahd ,c4 ,cable1 ,colt's electric1 #g ---- cutt]s1 ,fulton's1 #e ,cables1 circuit clos]1 #db ----1 creep+ = electric1 #aab ----1 defects obs]v$ 9 ! conductivity (1 #ajc ----1 ,hoop]'s1 #da ----1 insulat$ electric1 #ch ----1 insulation te/ = electric1 #ajb ----1 jo9t+ electric1 #dd ----1 junction boxes = multiple1 #eb ---- ---- s+le cor$1 #eb ----1 l& s]vice1 #dc ----1 multiple1 #db ----1 sea s]vice1 #dc ----1 ,siem5s' electric1 #dj ----1 ,silv]t[n electric1 #da ----1 s+le cor$ arm\r$1 #db ---- ---- un>m\r$1 #dc ----1 special1 #dc ----1 te/ ( electrical resi/ance (1 #ajd ,cairo1 ! loss ( !1 #ahi ,call& & ,m>i-,davy batt]ies1 description ( !1 #bge ,capabilities ( ,lay's torp$o boat1 #adg ---- ---- ,:itehead's fi% torp$o1 #acd ,c>lscrona1 exp]im5ts ) c\nt]m9es at1 #bcg ----1 torp$o exp]im5ts at1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bcb ,case1 conical-%ap$ torp$o1 #cb ----1 cyl9drical-%ap$ torp$o1 #cb ----1 =m & con/ruction ( torp$o1 #ca ----1 sph]ical-%ap$ torp$o1 #cb ,cell1 action 9 a s+le fluid1 #bgc ----1 *emical action ( a ,daniell1 #bgd ----1 def9ition & prop]ties ( a ,voltaic1 #bfi ----1 description ( a ,m5otti1 #gh ----1 te/s = insulation1 sea1 #ajf ---- ----1 sea1 #ajj ,*>ges1 size ( torp$o1 #bah ,*a?am1 torp$o exp]im5ts at1 #bbj ,*emical action1 #bfi ---- fuzes1 #bc ---- ----1 defects (1 #bd ,*]b\rg1 torp$o boat exp]im5t at1 #agj ,circuit break]s1 #fb ---- clos] cables1 #dc ---- clos]s1 ,au/rian self-act+1 #fd ---- ----1 electro-contact m9e1 #fc ---- ----1 ,ma?ieson's in]tia1 #fa ---- ----1 improvem5ts 91 #fc ---- ---- spiral spr+1 #fc ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's m]cury1 #fe ---- ---- weight magneto1 #ff ---- ----1 ! use (1 #fj ----1 clos+ ! electric1 #fj ---- resi/ances1 #bgf ----1 %ort1 #bfh ----1 ! electric1 #bfg ,civil w>1 torp$o op]ations dur+ ! ,am]ican1 #ahi ----1 torp$oes 9 ! ,am]ican1 #aae ,cle>+ a passage ?r\gh torp$o def5ces1 #aaa ,coil galvanomet]1 ! ?ree1 #hh ,colt1 exp]im5ts by ,colonel1 #g ,colt's electric cable1 #g ---- reflector1 #g ,commodore ,jones1 ! loss ( !1 #ahi ,commutators or swit* plates1 #if ,comp>+ electro-motive =ces1 #id ,composition1 ,ra9's detonat+1 #bc ,comp\nds1 explosive1 #bjh ,conc5tration ( ! electric light1 #bea ,cond5s]1 def9ition ( a1 #bgi ,conductivity ( cables1 defects obs]v$ 9 !1 #ajc ----1 te/ ( plat9um wire fuze =1 #aja ,conductors1 #bff ,conf$]ate subm>9e boat1 #ahe ,connections ( swit* plates1 #ajj ,con/ruction ( booms1 #aaj ---- ---- torp$o case1 #ca ,cop5hag51 torp$o exp]im5ts at1 #bbc ,c\nt]m9+1 #aab ,c\nt]m9es1 exp]im5ts )1 #bce ---- ---- at ,c>lscrona1 #bcg ---- ---- ,/okes ,bay1 #bcf ---- ---- 9 ! ,m$way1 #bcf ,c\pl+ dynamo-electric ma*9es1 me?ods (1 #bed ,creep+ = electric cables1 #aab ,crimean w>1 subm>9e m9es dur+ !1 #bg ---- ----1 torp$o op]ations dur+ !1 #ahg ,cr9ol9e = div]s1 #bfa ,cross be>+s1 fir+ by1 #gj ,curr5t1 direction (1 #bgb ----1 measur+ ! int5sity ( a1 #ie ----1 ! ,voltaic1 #bgj ,d4 ,daniell's signall+ batt]y1 #gh ,defects obs]v$ 9 ! conductivity ( cables1 #ajc ---- ( *emical fuses1 #bd ---- electrical subm>9e m9es1 #bi ,def5ce ( h>b\rs by booms1 #aaj ----1 %ip1 #aj ,def5ces1 cle>+ a passage ?r\gh torp$o1 #aaa ,def5sive purposes1 ,h>vey's torp$o =1 #abi ---- torp$o op]ations1 ,russian1 #aic ---- ----1 ,turki%1 #aic ---- ---- w>f>e1 #ac ,def9ition & prop]ties ( a ,voltaic cell1 #bfi ---- ( a cond5s]1 #bgi ---- pot5tial1 #bgj ---- ! ohm1 #bha ---- ---- t]m explosion1 #bjd ---- ---- explosive =ce1 #bjd ---- ---- pol>ization1 #bgc ,description ( a frictional electric ma*9e1 #bgh ---- ---- s]ies ( fir+ keys1 #ha ---- ---- ,y>r['s torp$o boat1 #agb ---- ---- ,call&'s & ,m>i-,davy's batt]ies1 #bge ---- ---- ,siem5s' electric light app>atus1 #bda ---- ---- ,:itehead's fi% torp$o1 #acc ,de/roy]1 ,ericsson's torp$o vessel1 #afj ,de/ruction ( passive ob/ructions1 !1 #aac ---- ---- ! ,albem>le1 #aia ---- ---- ,duba ,saife1 #aig ---- ---- ,suna1 #aid ,detector galvanomet]1 !1 #hh ,detonat+ composition1 ,ra9's1 #bc ,detonation1 #bjf ---- exp]im5ts1 ,abel's1 #baf ----1 !ory (1 #bjf ,dielectric1 gutta p]*a z a1 #ch ----1 mean+ (1 #bgi ,diff]5tial galvanomet]1 !1 #hh ,direction ( curr5t1 #bgb ,directions = us+ ! div+ app>atus1 #bfa ,dis*>ge te/1 !1 #ajc ,disconnector1 !1 #ec ,div]1 dress+ !1 #bfb ,div]s1 boots =1 #bfa ----1 brea/ plate =1 #bfj ----1 cr9ol9e =1 #bfa ----1 helmet =1 #bfj ----1 ladd] =1 #bfj ,div+1 #bei ---- dress1 !1 #bfj ----1 signals employ$ 91 #bfc ,doro!a1 ,fulton's de/ruction ( !1 #d ,d\ble fluid batt]ies1 #bgd ---- ----1 s+le &1 #bgb ,drift+ torp$oes1 #aaf ---- ----1 ,am]ican extempore1 #aai ---- ----1 ,bu%nell's1 #b ---- ----1 ,fulton's1 #e ---- ----1 ,lewis's1 #aag ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #aah ,dual91 #baf ,duba ,saife1 de/ruction ( !1 #aig ,duplex sp> torp$o1 ,mc,evoy's1 #aed ---- ----1 arrangem5t ( wires 91 #aee ,dut* torp$o laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afh ---- ----1 ,y>r['s1 #agb ,dynamite1 #baa ,dynamo-electric ma*9es1 me?ods ( c\pl+1 #bed ---- ma*9e1 ,siem5s' l[ t5sion1 #ge ,e4 ,e>? plates1 ,br[ne's arrangem5t (1 #ajj ,effect comp>$1 explosive =ce &1 #bjd ,effici5cy ( ,?ornycr(t's boat eng9es1 #aga ,electric cables1 creep+ =1 #aab ---- ----1 ,hoop]'s1 #da ---- ----1 insulat$1 #ch ---- ----1 insulation te/ =1 #ajb ---- ----1 jo9t+1 #dd ---- ----1 ,siem5s'1 #dj ---- ----1 ,silv]t[n1 #da ---- circuit1 clos+ !1 #fj ,electric circuit1 !1 #bfg ---- fuses1 #cc ---- lamps1 automatic1 #bdh ---- ----1 ,siem5s' pat5t1 #bdh ---- light app>atus1 ,siem5s'1 #bda ---- ----1 conduct+ wires =1 #bdg ---- ----1 light produc$ by1 #bdd ---- ----1 rotation ( armatures 91 #bdf ---- ----1 we> & te> (1 #bdg ---- ----1 application ( !1 #bef ---- ----1 conc5tration ( !1 #bea ---- ----1 precautions 9 manipulat+1 #beb ---- ----1 self-act+ %unt = ,siem5s'1 #bde ---- ----1 !1 #bci ---- ma*9e1 description ( a frictional1 #bgh ---- ma*9es1 me?ods ( c\pl+ dynamo1 #bed ,electrical resi/ance ( cables1 te/ ( !1 #ajd ---- resi/ances1 measur+1 #ic ---- subm>9e m9es1 #aj1 #bg ---- ----1 advantages (1 #bh ---- ----1 defects (1 #bb ---- ----1 moor+1 #ed ---- ----1 rules = us+1 #bi ---- te/ ( insulat$ jo9ts1 #ajd ---- te/+1 ,arm/rong's sy/em (1 #ajg ---- te/s1 #he ,electricity1 frictional1 #bgh ----1 me?ods ( g5]at+1 #bfi ----1 !ory (1 #bfe ,electro-contact m9es1 circuit clos]s =1 #fc ,electrolytes1 #bga ,electro-positive & electro-negative1 ! t]ms1 #bga ,electro-magnet1 !1 #bha ,electro-me*anical m9es1 ,russian1 #fh ,electromet]s1 #hf ----1 ,?omson's quadrant1 #hf ,electro-motive =ce1 #bgj ---- ----1 ,voltaic batt]y te/ =1 #aje ---- =ces1 comp>+1 #id ,employm5t ( torp$o %ips1 !1 #aeh ,eng9es1 effici5cy ( ,?ornycr(t's boat1 #aga ,engl&1 torp$o exp]im5ts 91 #bbb ,engli% s]vice plat9um wire fuse1 !1 #cc ---- torp$o boats1 ,y>r['s1 #agc ,ericsson's torp$o vessel ,de/roy]1 #afj ,exp]im5t at ,*]b\rg1 torp$o boat1 #agj ---- ) a torp$o boat1 flotation1 #aga ,exp]im5ts1 ,abel's detonation1 #baf ---- by ,pr(essor ,abel1 #bjg ---- ---- ,r\x & ,s>rau1 #bjg ----1 ,colt's torp$o1 #g ----1 ,fulton's practical1 #e ----1 torp$o1 at ,c>lscrona1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bcb ---- ---- ,*a?am1 #bbj ---- ---- ,cop5hag51 #bbc ---- ---- ,kiel1 #bbb ---- ---- ,pola1 #bca ---- ---- ,portsm\?1 #bbi1 #bcc ---- ----1 ,fulton's ,fr5*1 #c ---- ----1 9 ,au/ria1 #bbj ---- ---- ,engl&1 #bbb ---- ---- ,turkey1 #bcb ---- ) c\nt]m9es1 #bce ---- ---- at ,c>lscrona1 #bcg ---- ---- ,/okes ,bay1 #bcf ---- ---- 9 ! ,m$way1 #bcf ,explosion1 def9ition ( ! t]m1 #bjd ,explosive ag5ts1 torp$o1 #bag ---- comp\nds1 #bjh ---- =ce & effect comp>$1 #bjd ---- ----1 def9ition ( ! t]m1 #bjd ---- mixtures1 #bjh ---- sub/ance1 physical /ate ( !1 #bjd ,explosions1 illu/rat$ torp$o1 #bah ,extempore drift+ torp$oes1 ,am]ican1 #aai ---- high t5sion fuzes1 #cg ---- ----1 ,fi%]'s1 #cg ---- me*anical m9e1 #ba ,f4 ,failure ( (f5sive torp$oes1 !1 #h ,fa/e/ vessel 9 ! _w1 !1 #agg ,f9al ,russian torp$o boat attack1 !1 #bjc ,fir+ batt]ies1 #ge ---- by cross be>+s1 #gj ---- ---- int]sectional arcs1 #ga ---- ---- obs]vation1 #fi ---- ---- preconc]t$ signal1 #ga ---- ,h>vey's torp$oes1 mode (1 #aba ---- keys1 #hj ---- ----1 description ( a s]ies (1 #ha ---- ----1 ,morse1 #ha ----1 mode (1 #bje ---- ----1 9 #ahbi1 #f ---- ,:itehead torp$oes1 ,?ornycr(t's me?od (1 #adj ,fi% torp$o1 adju/m5ts ( ,:itehead's1 #acf ---- ----1 description ( !1 #acc ---- ----1 inv5tion & adoption ( !1 #aca ---- ----1 me?ods ( project+ !1 #ach ---- ----1 ! mode ( ignition ( !1 #ace ,fi% torp$oes 9 w>1 employm5t (1 #acc ---- ----1 ,?ornycr(t's me?od ( fir+1 #adj ---- ----1 ,woolwi*1 #adj ,fi%]'s extempore high t5sion fuze1 #cg ,float+ torp$oes1 #aaf ,flotation exp]im5t ) a torp$o boat1 #aga ,fluid batt]ies1 d\ble1 #bgd ---- ----1 s+le & d\ble1 #bgb ,fluid cell1 action 9 a s+le1 #bgc ,=ce comp>$1 explosive effect &1 #bjd ----1 def9ition ( ! t]m explosive1 #bjd ----1 electro-motive1 #bgj ----1 ,voltaic batt]y te/ = electro-motive1 #aje ,=ces1 comp>+ electro-motive1 #id ,=e & aft moor+1 #ef ,=m ( ,lay's torp$o boat1 an improv$1 #aec ---- ---- torp$o case1 #ca ,fosb]ry's pat5t torp$o boat protective1 #ahb ,frame torp$oes1 #ah ,frames1 project+1 #aaa ,franco-,g]man w>1 torp$o op]ations dur+ !1 #aib ---- ----1 torp$oes 9 !1 #ac ,fr5* subm>9e boat ,plongeur1 #ahe ---- torp$o laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afe1 #afi ---- t[+ torp$oes1 #aca ,frictional electric ma*9e1 description ( a1 #bgh ---- electricity1 #bgh ,fulm9ate ( m]cury1 #bae ,fulton1 ,rob]t1 #b ,fulton's attempt aga9/ ! ,argus1 #f ---- block %ip1 #e ---- cable cutt]s1 #e ---- de/ruction ( ! ,doro!a1 #d ---- drift+ torp$oes1 #e ---- failures1 #b ---- ,fr5* torp$o exp]im5ts1 #c ---- h>poon torp$oes1 #e ---- practical exp]im5ts1 #e ---- return to ,am]ica1 #d ---- sp> torp$oes1 #e ---- /ation>y subm>9e m9es1 #e ,fuzes1 ,abel's1 #cg ----1 ,be>dslee's1 #ce ----1 *emical1 #bc ----1 defects ( *emical1 #bd ----1 electric1 #cc ----1 extempore1 #cg ----1 extempore1 ,fi%]'s1 #cg ---- = conductivity1 te/ ( plat9um wire1 #aja ----1 high t5sion1 #cd ----1 improv$ =m ( ,jacobi's1 #bd ----1 ,mc,evoy's p]cussion1 #bd ----1 p]cussion1 #bc ----1 plat9um wire1 #cc ----1 ----1 ,engli% s]vice1 #cc ----1 ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #cd ----1 s5sitive1 #bc ----1 ,/a?am's1 #ce ----1 te/ ( resi/ance ( plat9um wire1 #aja ----1 te/+ high t5sion1 #ajb ----1 ,von ,ebn]'s1 #cf ,g4 ,galvanomet]1 a/atic1 #hg ----1 detector1 #hh ----1 diff]5tial1 #hh ----1 tables1 ,siem5s' univ]sal1 #bhg ----1 !rmo1 #hi ----1 ,?omson's reflect+1 #hg ----1 ?ree coil1 #hh ----1 univ]sal1 ,siem5s'1 #hi ,g5]at+ electricity1 me?ods (1 #bfi ,g]man torp$o vessel ,uhlan1 !1 #aeh ,gun1 ! ,nord5felt torp$o1 #beg ----1 ,hot*kiss torp$o1 #bei ,gun-cotton1 #bab ,gunp[d]1 #bjh ,guns1 torp$o1 #beg ,gutta-p]*a z a dielectric1 #ch ,h4 ,h>b\rs by booms1 def5ce (1 #aaj ,h>poon torp$oes1 ,fulton's1 #e ,h>vey's t[+ torp$o1 #aai ---- ----1 brakes =1 #abc ---- ----1 buoys =1 #abb ---- ----1 = def5sive purposes1 #abi ---- ----1 laun*+1 #abc ---- ----1 me?ods ( attack )1 #abg ---- ----1 mode ( fir+1 #aba ---- ----1 tactics )1 #abg ---- ----1 ! value (1 #abi ,helmet = div]s1 #bfj ,h]re%(f's torp$o boats1 #agh ,high t5sion fuzes1 #ajb ,hoop]'s electric cables1 #da ---- mat]ial1 #ci ,horsley's p[d]1 #baf ,hot*kiss torp$o gun1 !1 #bei ,i4 ,ignition1 ,bu%nell's mode (1 #b ---- ( ,:itehead's fi% torp$o1 mode (1 #ace ,illu/rat$ torp$o explosions1 #bah ,improv$ =m ( ,lay's torp$o1 an1 #aec ,india rubb] tube jo9t1 !1 #de ,in]tia circuit clos]1 ,ma?ieson's1 #fa ---- ----1 improvem5ts 91 #fc ,in/rum5t & obs]v+ telescope1 %utt]1 #hd ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 te/+1 #he ,insulat$ electric cables1 #ch ---- jo9ts1 electrical te/ (1 #ajd ,insulation1 sea cell te/s =1 #ajf ---- te/ = electric cables1 #ajb ,insulators1 #bfh ,int5sity ( a curr5t1 measur+ !1 #ie ,int]nal resi/ance1 ,voltaic batt]y te/ =1 #ajd ,int]sectional arcs1 fir+ by1 #ga ,inv5tion & adoption ( ! fi% torp$o1 !1 #aca ,italian torp$o laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afh ,j4 ,jacobi's fuze1 improv$ =m (1 #bd ,j>1 ! ,leyd51 #bgi ,jo9t+ electric cables1 #dd ,jo9ts1 ,be>dslee's1 #df ----1 electrical te/ ( insulat$1 #ajd ----1 india rubb] tube1 #de ----1 ,ma?ieson's1 #de ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #df ----1 ,ni*oll's metallic1 #de ----1 rules to be obs]v$ 9 =m+1 #ea ----1 ,siem5s' p]man5t1 #dg ,jones1 ! loss ( ! ,commodore1 #ahi ,junction boxes1 #ea ---- ---- = multiple cables1 #eb ---- ---- s+le cor$ cables1 #eb ---- ----1 ,t1 #ec ,k4 ,keys1 fir+1 #hj ---- ----1 description ( a s]ies (1 #ha ---- ----1 ,morse1 #ha ,kiel1 torp$o exp]im5ts at1 #bbb ,k1 !oretical1 #h ,l4 ,ladd] = div]s1 #bfa ---- moor+1 #ee ,lamps1 automatic electric1 #bdh ----1 ,siem5s' pat5t electric1 #bdh ,l& s]vice cables1 #dc ,laun*1 description ( a ,y>r[ torp$o1 #agb ---- = plac+ moor+s1 /eam1 #eh ,laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's torp$o1 #afc ---- ---- ,au/rian & ,fr5* torp$o1 #afe ---- ---- ,dut* & ,italian torp$o1 #afh ---- ---- ,fr5* torp$o1 #afi ---- ---- ,norwegian torp$o1 #afc ---- ---- ,sw$i% & ,dani% torp$o1 #afe ----1 ,y>r['s ,dut* torp$o1 #agc ---- ---- ,russian torp$o1 #agb ,laun*+ ,h>vey's torp$o1 mode (1 #abc ---- ,lay's torp$o boat1 #adg ,law1 ! application ( ,ohm's1 #bgf ,lay's torp$o boat1 #ada ---- ----1 an improv$ =m (1 #aec ---- ----1 capabilities (1 #adg ---- ----1 laun*+1 #adg ---- ----1 me?od ( s9k+ & rais+1 #adi ---- ----1 us$ z a tug1 #aej ---- ----1 9 cle>+ ob/ructions1 #aea ---- ----1 to cle> away m9es1 #aeb ,leclan*'s ,voltaic batt]y1 #gg ,lewis's drift+ torp$o1 #aag ,leyd5 j>1 !1 #bgi ,light1 ,siem5s' electric1 #bda ---- ----1 conduct+ wires =1 #bdg ---- ----1 conc5tration (1 #bea ---- ----1 precautions 9 manipulat+1 #beb ---- ----1 rotation ( armatures 91 #bdf ---- ----1 we> & te> (1 #bdg ----1 ! electric1 #bci ---- ----1 application (1 #bef ,lightn+1 ,?ornycr(t's torp$o boat1 #afh ,li?(racteur1 #baf ,locomotive torp$oes1 #aca ,loss ( ! ,cairo1 #ahi ---- ---- ,commodore ,jones1 #ahi ,m4 ,ma*9e1 description ( a frictional electric1 #bgh ----1 ,siem5s' l[ t5sion dynamo-electric1 #ge ,ma*9es1 me?ods ( c\pl+ dynamo-electric1 #bed ,magnet1 ! electro1 #bha ,magnetism1 #bgi ,magneto circuit clos]1 ,mc,evoy's weight1 #ff ,magnets1 p]man5t1 #bhj ,ma9 sy/em1 ,mc,evoy's s+le1 #bhc ,manipulation ( ,:eat/one's balance1 !1 #ih ,m>i-,davy batt]y1 description ( !1 #bge ,mat*91 ,russian torp$o boat attack at1 #aif ,mat]ial1 ,hoop]'s insulat+1 #ci ,ma?ieson's cem5t safety plug1 #ba ---- circuit clos]1 in]tia1 #fa ---- ----1 improvem5ts 91 #fc ---- ----1 spiral spr+1 #fc ---- jo9t1 #de ,mc,evoy's drift+ torp$o1 #aah ---- duplex sp> torp$o1 #aed ---- improv$ ,s+]'s m9e1 #bj ---- jo9t1 #df ---- me*anical m9e1 #bb ---- ---- prim]1 #ba ---- ---- ,turk's head1 #ec ---- m]cury circuit-clos]1 #fe ---- papi] ma* safety plug1 #bb ---- p]cussion fuzes1 #bd ---- plat9um wire fuzes1 #cd ---- s+le ma9 sy/em1 #bhc ---- weight magneto circuit-clos]1 #ff ,measurem5t ( resi/ance by ,:eat/one's balance1 #ih ,measur+ electrical resi/ances1 #ic ---- ! int5sity ( a curr5t1 #ie ,me*anical m9es1 #aj1 #af ---- ----1 advantages (1 #ag ---- ----1 be/ k9ds (1 #ag ---- ----1 extempore1 #ba ---- ----1 = coa/ def5ce1 #af ---- ----1 9 ! ,am]ican w>1 #af ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #bb ---- ---- improv$ ,s+]'s1 #bj ---- ----1 moor+1 #bf ---- ----1 ,russian electro1 #fh ---- ----1 ,s+]'s1 #ai ,me*anical prim]1 ,abel's1 #bc ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #ba ---- te/s1 #he ,m$way1 exp]im5ts ) c\nt]m9es 9 !1 #bcf ,m5otti cell1 description ( !1 #gh ---- te/ batt]ies1 #gi ,m5z+'s t[+ torp$o1 #acj ,m]cury circuit-clos]1 ,mc,evoy's1 #fe ----1 fulm9ate (1 #bae ,metallic jo9t1 ,ni*oll's1 #de ,me?od ( c>ry+ fi% torp$oes1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #adj ---- ---- s9k+ & rais+ ,lay's torp$o1 #adi ---- ---- te/+1 ! ,au/rian1 #aji ,me?ods ( attack ) ,h>vey's torp$oes1 #aba ---- ---- c\pl+ dynamo-electric ma*9es1 #bed ---- ---- g5]at+ electricity1 #bfi ---- ---- protect+ %ips aga9/ torp$o attacks1 #ahj ---- ---- project+ ,:itehead's fi% torp$o1 #ace ,m9es1 subm>9e1 electrical1 #aj1 #bg ---- ----1 advantages (1 #bh ---- ----1 defects (1 #bi ---- ----1 moor+1 #ed ---- ----1 9 ! ,am]ican w>1 #bg ---- ----1 electro-contact1 circuit-clos]s =1 #fc ---- ----1 ,fulton's /ation>y1 #e ---- ----1 me*anical1 #aj1 #af ---- ----1 advantages (1 #ag ---- ----1 extempore1 #ba ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #bb ---- ----1 improv$ ,s+]'s1 #bj ---- ----1 moor+1 #bf ---- ----1 ,russian electro1 #fh ---- ----1 ,s+]'s1 #ai ---- ----1 rules to be obs]v$ 9 plant+1 #gd ---- ----1 sweep+ =1 #aab ,mixtures1 explosive1 #bjh ,mode ( fir+ ,h>vey's torp$oes1 #aba ---- ----1 9 #ahbi1 #f ,monitor ,duba ,saife1 de/ruction ( ! ,turki%1 #aig ,moor+1 ,au/rian me?od (1 #ef ---- electrical subm>9e m9es1 #ed ----1 =e & aft1 #ef ----1 ladd]1 #ee ----1 laun* = plac+1 #eh ,moor+ me*anical m9es1 #bf ----1 s+le rope1 #ef ,morse fir+ keys1 #ha ,multiple cables1 #dc ---- ----1 junction boxes =1 #eb ,n4 ,ni*oll's metallic jo9t1 #de ,nitro-glyc]9e1 #bji ,nord5felt torp$o gun1 !1 #beg ,norwegian torp$o laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afc ,o4 ,obs]vation1 fir+ by1 #fi ---- ----1 ,prussian sy/em (1 #gc ,obs]v+ telescope1 %utt] app>atus &1 #hd ,ob/ructions1 de/ruction ( passive1 #aac ----1 ,lay's torp$o 9 cle>+ away1 #aea ,(f5sive torp$o op]ations1 ,russian & ,turki%1 #aie ---- ---- w>f>e /ill 9 its infancy1 #aae ---- torp$oes1 failure (1 #h1 #aa ---- ----1 g5]al rem>ks on1 #aef ,ohm1 def9ition ( !1 #bha ,ohm's law1 application (1 #bgf ,op]ations1 torp$o1 #ahg ---- ----1 dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>1 #ahi ---- ---- ,au/rian w>1 #aib ---- ---- ,au/ro-,italian w>1 #ahh ---- ---- ,crimean w>1 #ahg ---- ---- ,franco-,g]man w>1 #aib ---- ---- ,p>aguayan w>1 #aia ---- ---- ,russo-,turki% w>1 #aib ---- ---- def5sive1 ,russian1 #aic ---- ----1 ,turki%1 #aic ---- ---- (f5sive1 ,turki% & ,russian1 #aie ,ord9>y type ( torp$o boat1 !1 #agi ,ottoman fleet1 cause ( failure ( !1 #ad ,outrigg] torp$oes1 sp> or1 #aed ,p4 ,papi] ma* safety plug1 ,mc,evoy's1 #bb ,p>aguayan w>1 torp$o op]ations dur+ !1 #aia ,passage ?r\gh torp$o def5ces1 cle>+ a1 #aaa ,passive ob/ructions1 de/ruction (1 #aac ,pat5t electric lamp1 ,siem5s'1 #bdh ---- torp$o boat protective1 ,fosb]ry's1 #ahb ,p]cussion fuzes1 #bc ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #bd ,p]man5t jo9t1 ,siem5s'1 #dg ---- magnets1 #bhj ,physical /ate ( ! explosive sub/ance1 !1 #bjd ,picric p[d]1 #bji ,plant+ subm>9e m9es1 rules to be obs]v$ 91 #gd ,plates1 ,br[n's arrangem5t ( e>?1 #ajj ----1 connections ( swit*1 #ajj ,plat9um wire fuze = conductivity1 te/ (1 #aja ---- ----1 te/ ( resi/ance (1 #aja ---- ---- fuzes1 #cc ---- ----1 ,engli% s]vice1 #cc ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #cd ,plongeur1 ,fr5* subm>9e boat1 #ahe ,plug1 ,ma?ieson's cem5t safety1 #ba ----1 ,mc,evoy's papi] ma* safety1 #bb ,pola1 torp$o exp]im5ts at1 #bca ,pol>ization1 def9ition ( ! t]m1 #bgc ,port]'s torp$o %ip ,al>m1 ,admiral1 #aei ,portsm\?1 torp$o exp]im5ts at1 #bbi1 #bcc ,pot5tial1 def9ition (1 #bgj ----1 ,voltaic batt]y te/ =1 #ajd ,p[d]1 ,horsley's1 #baf ----1 picric1 #bji ,precautions 9 manipulat+ ! electric light1 #beb ,prim]1 ,abel's me*anical1 #bc ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #ba ,project+ frames = torp$o %ip def5ce1 #aaa ---- ,:itehead's fi% torp$o1 me?ods (1 #ach ,propell]1 ,?ornycr(t's screw1 #agj ,prop]ties ( a ,voltaic cell1 def9ition &1 #bfi ,prussian sy/em ( fir+ by obs]vation1 !1 #gc ,q4 ,quadrant electromet]s1 ,?omson's1 #hf ,qualifications ess5tial to subm>9e boats1 !1 #ahd ,r4 ,ra9's detonat+ composition1 #bc ,reflect+ galvanomet]1 ,?omson's1 #hg ,reflector1 ,colt's1 #g ,rem>ks on (f5sive torp$oes1 g5]al1 #aef ,resi/ance boxes1 #ig ---- ( cables1 te/ ( electrical1 #ajd ---- plat9um wire fuze1 te/ (1 #aja ----1 ,voltaic batt]y te/ = int]nal1 #ajd ,resi/ances by ,:eat/one's balance1 measurem5t (1 #ih ----1 circuit1 #bgf ----1 measur+ electrical1 #ic ,rheo/at1 !1 #if ,rope moor+1 s+le1 #ef ,rotation ( armatures 9 ,siem5s' electric light app>atus1 #bdf ,r\x & ,s>rau1 exp]im5ts by1 #bjg ,rules 9 connection ) subm>9e m9es1 #bi ---- to be obs]v$ 9 =m+ cable jo9ts1 #ea ---- ---- plant+ m9es1 #gd ,russian & ,turki% (f5sive torp$o op]ations1 #aid ---- def5sive torp$o op]ations1 #aic ---- electro-me*anical m9es1 #fh ---- torp$o boat attack at ,bat\m1 #aae1 #bjb ---- ---- ,mat*91 #aif ---- ---- ,ru/*uk1 #bjj ---- ---- ,s\k\m ,kaleh1 #bja ---- ---- ,s\l9a1 #aih ---- ---- (f ! ,aluta1 #bjj ---- ----1 ! f9al1 #bjc ---- ---- boats1 ,s*ibau's1 #agh ---- ---- laun*1 ,y>r['s1 #agb ---- torp$oes1 #aic ,russo-,turki% w>1 torp$o op]ations dur+ !1 #aib ---- ----1 torp$oes dur+ !1 #ad1 #aae ,ruts*uk1 ,russian torp$o attack at1 #bjj ,s4 ,safety cock arrangem5t1 ,/ew>d's1 #be ---- plug1 ,ma?ieson's cem5t1 #ba ---- ---- ,mc,evoy's papi] ma*1 #bb ,s*ibau's ,russian torp$o boats1 #agh ,sci5ce ( torp$o w>f>e1 !1 #ae ,sea cell te/ = insulation1 #ajf ---- ---- te/s1 #ajj ---- s]vice cables1 #dc ,second class torp$o laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afi ,self-act+ circuit clos]1 ! ,au/rian1 #fd ,s5sitive fuzes1 #bc ,s]vice cables1 l&1 #dc ---- ----1 sea1 #dc ---- plat9um wire fuze1 ,engli%1 #cc ,%ip ,al>m1 ,admiral ,port]'s torp$o1 #aei ---- def5ce1 #aj ----1 ,fulton's block1 #e ,%ips aga9/ torp$o attacks1 me?ods ( protect+1 #ahj ----1 employm5t ( torp$o1 #aeh ,%unt1 def9ition ( a1 #ie ---- = ,siem5s' electric light1 self-act+1 #bde ,%utt] app>atus1 fir+ keys &1 #hj ---- ----1 !1 #hb ---- us$ ) a circuit break]1 #hc ---- in/rum5t & obs]v+ telescope1 #hd ,siem5s' electric cables1 #dj ---- ---- light app>atus1 #bda ---- ----1 conduct+ wires =1 #bdg ---- ----1 description (1 #bda ---- ----1 p[] & light produc$ by1 #bdd ---- ----1 rotation ( armatures 91 #bdf ---- ----1 self-act+ %unt =1 #bde ---- ----1 we> & te> (1 #bdg ---- l[ t5sion dynamo ma*9e1 #ge ---- pat5t electric lamp1 #bdh ---- p]man5t jo9ts1 #dg ---- univ]sal galvanomet]1 #hi ---- ---- tables1 #bhg ,signal1 fir+ by preconc]t$1 #ga ,signals employ$ 9 div+1 #bfc ,silv]t[n electric cables1 #da ,s+]'s me*anical m9e1 #ai ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's improv$1 #bj ,s+le & d\ble fluid batt]ies1 #bgb ---- cor$ arm\r$ cables1 #dc ---- ---- un>m\r$ cables1 #dc ---- fluid cell1 action 9 a1 #bgc ---- ma9 sy/em1 ,mc,evoy's1 #bhc ---- rope moor+s1 #ef ,size ( torp$o *>ges1 #bah ,s\k\m ,kaleh1 ,russian torp$o attack at1 #bja ,s\l9a1 ,russian torp$o attack at1 #aih ,spani% torp$o boats1 ,y>r['s1 #age ,sp> or outrigg] torp$oes1 #aed ---- torp$o1 ,mc,evoy's duplex1 #aed ---- torp$oes1 ,fulton's1 #e ,special cables1 #dc ,sph]ical %ap$ torp$o case1 !1 #cb ,spiral spr+ circuit clos]1 ,ma?ieson's1 #fc ,/ake torp$oes1 #ah ,/ate ( ! explosive sub/ance1 ! physical1 #bjd ,/a?am's high t5sion fuze1 #ce ,/ation>y m9es1 ,fulton's1 #e ,/ew>d's safety cock arrangem5t1 #be ,/okes ,bay1 exp]im5ts ) c\nt]m9es at1 #bcf ,subm>9e boat1 ,bu%nell's1 #b1 #ahd ---- ----1 ,conf$]ate1 #ahe ---- ----1 ,fr5*1 #ahe ---- boats1 #ahc ---- ----1 qualifications ess5tial to1 #ahd ---- m9es #ac ---- ----1 dur+ ! ,crimean & ,am]ican w>s1 #bg ---- ----1 rules = us+1 #bi ---- ----1 sweep+ =1 #aab ---- ----1 electrical1 #bg ---- ----1 advantages (1 #bh ---- ----1 defects (1 #bi ---- ----1 moor+1 #ed ,subm]sion1 te/s aft]1 #ajf ,success 9 torp$o w>f>e1 elem5ts (1 #af ,suna1 de/ruction ( ! ,turki% vessel1 #aid ,sw$i% torp$o laun*1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afe ,sweep+ = subm>9e m9es1 #aab ,swit* plates1 commutators or1 #if ---- ----1 connections (1 #ajj ,synopsis1 #bij ,sy/em1 ,mc,evoy's s+le ma91 #bhc ---- ( electrical te/+1 ,arm/rong's1 #ajg ---- ---- fir+ by obs]vation1 ,prussian1 #gc ---- ---- te/s1 object (1 #hd ,t4 ,t junction box1 !1 #ec ,table1 ! ,au/rian te/+1 #ajh ,tables1 ,siem5s' univ]sal galvanomet]1 #bhg ----1 te/1 #ii ,tactics ) ,h>vey's torp$oes1 #abg ,telegraph batt]ies1 #gi ,telescope1 %utt] in/rum5t & obs]v+1 #hd ,t5sion dynamo ma*9es1 ,siem5s' l[1 #ge ---- fuses1 te/+ high1 #ajb ,t]m torp$o1 def9ition ( !1 #aae ,t]ms electro-positive & electro-negative1 !1 #bga ,te/ batt]y1 ! ,m5otti1 #gi ----1 dis*>ge1 #ajc ---- = electrical cables1 insulation1 #ajb ---- ( electrical resi/ance ( cables1 #ajd ---- ---- insulat$ jo9ts1 electrical1 #ajd ---- ---- plat9um wire fuze = conductivity1 #aja ---- ---- resi/ance1 #aja ---- tables1 #ii ,te/+1 ,arm/rong's sy/em ( electrical1 #ajg ----1 ,au/rian me?od (1 #aji ---- high t5sion fuzes1 #ajb ----1 in/rum5ts us$ 91 #he ---- table1 ,au/rian1 #ajh ,te/s aft] subm]sion1 #ajf ----1 electrical1 #he ---- = insulation1 sea cell1 #ajf ----1 me*anical1 #he ----1 object ( a sy/em1 #hd ----1 sea cell1 #ajj ,!oretical k ( torp$oes1 #h ,!ory ( detonation1 !1 #bjf ---- ---- electricity1 !1 #bfe ,!rmo galvanomet]1 !1 #hi ,?omson's quadrant electromet]1 #hf ---- reflect+ galvanomet]1 #hg ,?ornycr(t's boat eng9es1 effici5cy (1 #aga ---- me?od ( c>ry+ fi% torp$oes1 #adj ---- propell]1 #agj ---- torp$o laun*es1 #afc ---- ----1 ,au/rian & ,fr5*1 #afe ---- ----1 ,dani% & ,sw$i%1 #afe ---- ----1 ,dut* & ,italian1 #afh ---- ----1 ,fr5*1 #afi ---- ----1 ,norwegian1 #afc ---- ----1 second class1 #afi ,?ree coil galvanomet]1 #hh ,torp$o attacks1 boat1 #ahj1 #aia ---- ----1 me?ods ( protect+ %ips aga9/1 #ahj ---- boat1 ,lay's1 #ada ---- ----1 capabilities (1 #adg ---- ----1 an improv$ =m (1 #aec ---- ---- attack1 ,russian1 at ,bat\m1 #aie1 #bjb ---- ---- ---- ---- ,mat*91 #aif ---- ---- ---- ---- ,ru/*uk1 #bjj ---- ---- ---- ---- ,s\k\m ,kaleh1 #bja ---- ---- ---- ---- ,s\l9a1 #aih ---- ---- ----1 (f ! ,aluta1 #bjj ---- ---- ----1 ! f9al1 #bjc ---- ---- exp]im5t at ,*]b\rg1 #agj ---- ---- = flotation1 #aga ---- ---- ,lightn+1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afh ---- ---- protective1 ,fosb]ry's pat5t1 #ahb ---- boats1 #afb ---- ----1 ,h]re%(f's1 #agh ---- ----1 ord9>y type (1 #agi ---- ----1 ,s*ibau's ,russian1 #agh ---- ----1 ,y>r['s1 #agb ---- ----1 description ( a1 #agb ---- ---- ,dut*1 #agb ---- ---- ,engli%1 #agc ---- ---- ,russian1 #agb ---- ---- ,spani%1 #age ---- case1 =m & con/ruction (1 #ca ---- ----1 conical %ap$1 #cb ---- ----1 cyl9drical %ap$1 #cb ---- ----1 sph]ical %ap$1 #cb ---- *>ges1 size (1 #bah ---- def5ces1 cle>+ a passage ?r\gh1 #aaa ---- exp]im5ts at ,c>lscrona1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bcb ---- ---- ,*a?am1 #bbj ---- ---- ,cop5hag51 #bbc ---- ---- ,kiel1 #bbb ---- ---- ,pola1 #bca ---- ---- ,portsm\?1 #bbi1 #bcc ---- ---- 9 ,au/ria1 #bbj ---- ---- ,engl&1 #bbb ---- ---- ,turkey1 #bcb ---- explosive ag5ts1 #bag ,torp$o guns1 #beg ---- ----1 ,hot*kiss1 #bei ---- ----1 ,nord5felt1 #beg ---- inv5tion & adoption ( ! fi%1 #aca ---- laun*es1 ,?ornycr(t's1 #afc ---- op]ations1 #ahg ---- ---- dur+ ! ,au/ro-,italian w>1 #ahh ---- ---- ,crimean w>1 #ahg ---- ---- ,franco-,g]man w>1 #aib ---- ---- ,p>aguayan w>1 #aia ---- ---- ,russo-,turki% w>1 #aib ---- ----1 ,russian def5sive1 #aic ---- ----1 ,turki% def5sive1 #aic ---- ---- & ,russian (f5sive1 #aie ---- %ip ,al>m1 ,admiral ,port]'s1 #aei ---- ---- ,de/roy]1 ,ericsson's1 #afj ---- ---- ,uhlan1 ! ,g]man1 #aeh ---- %ips1 employm5t (1 #aeh ---- sp>1 ,mc,evoy's duplex1 #aed ---- ---- or outrigg]1 #aed ----1 ! t]m1 #aae ---- w>f>e1 def5sive1 #ac ---- ----1 elem5ts ( success1 #af ---- ----1 sci5ce (1 #ae ---- ---- /ill 9 its infancy1 (f5sive1 #aae ----1 ,:itehead's fi%1 #acc ---- ----1 adju/m5ts (1 #acf ---- ----1 capabilities (1 #acd ---- ----1 me?ods ( project+1 #ach ----1 ,woolwi* fi%1 !1 #adj ----1 ,am]ican extempore drift+1 #aai ----1 b>rel1 #ai ----1 ,brook's1 #ai ----1 ,bu%nell's drift+1 #b ---- ----1 inv5tion (1 #b ----1 drift+1 #aaf ----1 float+1 #aaf ----1 frame1 #ah ----1 ,fulton's drift+1 #e ---- ---- h>poon1 #e ---- ---- sp>1 #e ----1 g5]al rem>ks on (f5sive1 #aef ---- 9 w>1 ! employm5t ( fi%1 #acc ----1 ,lewis's drift+1 #aag ----1 locomotive1 #aca ----1 ,mc,evoy's drift+1 #aah ----1 moral effect (1 #i ----1 (f5sive1 #aa ---- ----1 failure ( #h ----1 /ake #ah ----1 t[+ #aai ---- ----1 ,fr5*1 #aca ---- ----1 ,h>vey's1 #aai ---- ----1 me?ods ( attack )1 #abg ---- ----1 ! value (1 #abi ---- ----1 ,m5s+'s1 #acj ----1 turtle #ai ,turkey1 torp$o exp]im5ts 91 #bcb ,turki% def5sive torp$o op]ations1 #aic ---- monitor ,duba ,saife1 de/ruction ( !1 #aig ---- (f5sive torp$o op]ations1 #aie ---- %ip ,suna1 loss ( !1 #aid ---- torp$oes1 #aic ---- w>1 torp$oes dur+ ! ,russo-1 #aae ,turk's head1 ,mc,evoy's me*anical1 #ec ,turtle torp$oes1 #ai ,u4 ,uhlan1 ! ,g]man torp$o vessel1 #aeh ,un>m\r$ cables1 s+le cor$1 #dc ,univ]sal galvanomet]1 ,siem5s'1 #hi ---- ----1 tables1 #bhg ,use ( circuit clos]s1 !1 #fj ,v4 ,vessel ,de/roy]1 ,ericsson's torp$o1 #afj ---- 9 ! _w1 ! fa/e/1 #agg ---- ,uhlan1 ! ,g]man torp$o1 #aeh ,voltaic batt]ies1 #gi ---- batt]y1 ,leclan*'s1 #gg ---- ----1 ,von ,ebn]'s1 #gf ---- ----1 te/ = electro-motive =ce1 #aje ---- ---- int]nal resi/ance1 #ajd ---- ---- pot5tial1 #ajd ---- cell1 def9ition & prop]ties ( a1 #bfi ---- curr5t1 !1 #gj ,von ,ebn]'s high t5sion fuze1 #cf ---- ---- ,voltaic batt]y1 #f ,w4 ,w>1 employm5t ( fi% torp$oes 91 #acc ----1 torp$o op]ations dur+ ! ,am]ican civil1 #ahi ---- ---- ,au/rian1 #aib ---- ---- ,au/ro-,italian1 #ahh ---- ---- ,crimean1 #ahg ---- ---- ,franco-,g]man1 #aib ---- ---- ,p>aguayan1 #aia ---- ---- ,russo-,turki%1 #aib ----1 torp$oes dur+ ! ,am]ican civil1 #aae ---- ----1 ,russo-,turki%1 #aae ,w>f>e1 def5sive torp$o1 #ac ----1 elem5ts ( success 9 torp$o1 #af ----1 sci5ce ( torp$o1 #ae ---- /ill 9 its infancy1 (f5sive torp$o1 #aae ,w>s1 subm>9e m9es 9 ! ,crimean & ,am]ican1 #bg ,we> & te> ( ,siem5s' electric light app>atus1 #bdg ,weld5 railway sav$ by torp$oes1 !1 #aij ,:eat/one's balance1 #ig ---- ----1 manipulation (1 #ii ---- ----1 measurem5t ( resi/ances by1 #ih ,:itehead's fi% torp$o1 #acc ---- ----1 adju/m5ts (1 #acf ---- ----1 capabilities (1 #acd ---- ----1 me?ods ( project+1 #ach ---- ----1 mode ( ignition (1 #ace ,wire fuze = conductivity1 te/ ( plat9um1 #aja ---- ----1 te/ ( resi/ance ( plat9um1 #aja ,wire fuzes1 plat9um1 #cc ---- ----1 ,engli% s]vice1 #cc ---- ----1 ,mc,evoy's1 #cd ,wires 9 ,mc,evoy's sp> torp$o1 arrangem5t (1 #aee ,woolwi* fi% torp$o1 !1 #adj ,y4 ,y>r['s torp$o boats1 #agb ---- ----1 ,engli%1 #agc ---- ----1 ,spani%1 #age ---- ---- laun*1 description ( a1 #agb ---- ---- laun*es1 ,dut*1 #agb ---- ----1 ,russian1 #agb ,,griff9 ,,& ,,co41 ,,publi%]s ,,by ,,appo9tm5t ,,to ,h4,r4,h4 ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 #b1 ,,! ,,h>d1 ,,portsm\?4 ,,publications ,,( ,j4 ,,griff9 ,,co41 ,naval ,publi%]s1 7,by ,appo9tm5t1 to ,h4,r4,h4 ,! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh47 #b1 ,,! ,,h>d1 ,,portsm\?4 ,,london ,,ag5ts3--,simpk91 ,m>%all1 & ,co41 ,london4 ,,! ,,duel3 ,a ,,naval ,,w> ,,game1 ,inv5t$ & arrang$ by ,,capt4 ,,philip ,h4 ,,colomb1 ,r4,n41 ) ,explanations & ,rules ( ! ,game1 & ! necess>y ,scales1 & l>ge ,draw+ ,block4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,capta9 ,colomb's ,w> ,game w prove v useful to all ,executive ,(fic]s4 ,x w become ! ,naval ,*ess4 ,i ?9k x w prove ( mu* advantage to ! ,s]vice4 ,x w op5 ! eyes ( _m m5 :o h hi!rto ?\ght & talk$ ( ! subject p]haps intellig5tly b n accurately4 ,,torp$oes ,,& ,,torp$o ,,w>f>e3 ,(f5sive & ,def5sive4 ,be+ a ,complete ,hi/ory ( ,torp$oes & _! application to ,mod]n ,w>f>e4 ,by ,c4 ,,sleeman1 ,,esq41 late ,lieut5ant ,r4,n41 & late ,comm&] ,imp]ial ,ottoman ,navy4 #a vol41 ,royal #hvo41 ) ,illu/rations & ,plates4 ,price #bds4 ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,sea ,,words4 ,9 ,,engli%1 ,,fr5*1 ,,g]man1 ,,spani%1 & ,,italian4 ,by ,comm&] ,,! ,,hon4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,littleton1 ,r4,n4 ,= ! use ( ,(fic]s ( ! ,royal & ,m]cantile ,navies1 ,ya*tsm51 ,travell]s1 c4 ,/rongly b\nd & int]leav$ ?r\gh\t4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,9 addition to ! ,engli% t]ms us$ 9 connection ) ! ,sea1 we h ! same 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,spani% & ,italian4444 ,n m]ely to ! seaf>+ man1 b also to ! ord9>y travell]1 ?is book recomm5ds itself4--,u4,s4 ,gazette4 ,x is h&y 9 size & complete 9 all respects1 provision hav+ be5 made by blank leaves betwe5 ea* page = any additions t may h to be made4--,broad ,arr[4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,naval ,,tactics4 ,by ,,vice-,,admiral ,,r&olph1 ,c4,b4 ,) f\r ,full-,page ,diagrams4 ,demy #hvo4 #bs4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,capta9 ,,colomb',s ,,naval ,,tactics ,9 ,prep>ation4 ,,que5',s ,,regulations ,,& ,,admiralty ,,in/ructions--,new ,edition1 #ahgi4 #bs4#f;d4 ,,manual ,,( ,,gunn]y1 ,correct$ to #ahhj4 ,,! ,,%ips ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,navy #crd ,edition4 ,portraits ( #bd ,%ips1 beautifully ,li?ograph$ 9 ,colors f ,orig9al ,draw+s4 ,demy #dto4 blue clo?1 extra gilt1 #cjs42 ,be/ ,morocco1 #c #cs42 ,russia1 #c #acs4 #f;d4 ',among illu/rat$ works1 none has appe>$ ( great] int]e/ ?an ?is ^u ! ,royal ,navy4'--,times4 ',z an illu/rat$ gift-book1 indep5d5t ( its hi/oric int]e/1 ,! ,royal ,navy1 f ! tru?fulness ( its illu/rations1 _c b recomm5d itself1 n only to ! ,royal ,s]vice1 b also to ! public4'--,unit$ ,s]vice ,gazette4 ',?is beautiful "w does cr$it to all conc]n$ 9 its production4'--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,! ,,w> ,,%ips ,,( ,,europe ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,by ,*ief-,eng9e] ,,k+1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,descriptions ( ! ,con/ruction1 ,arm\r & ,fight+ ,p[] ( ! ,ironclads ( ,engl& & o!r ,european ,p[]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,revis$ & ,correct$ ?r\gh\t1 & ) additional ,notes by an ,engli% ,naval ,ar*itect4 ,a valuable & int]e/+ contribution to m>itime lit]ature 444 int]e/+ to ! public 444 & in/ructive to ! ,naval ,executive g5]ally4--,unit$ ,s]vice ,gazette4 ,! book is invaluable z a brief b accurate description ( ! fight+ p[]s ( ! ,ironclads ( ,engl& & o!r ,european p[]s ( ! pres5t day4--,broad ,arr[4 ,! :ole volume possesses a deep int]e/4 ,its details are tru/wor?y4--,john ,bull4 ,,! ,,armies ,,( ,,europe ,,& ,,asia ,demy #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #ads4 ,by ,major-,g5]al ,,upton1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,embrac+ ,(ficial ,reports on ! ,armies ( ,japan1 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,accompani$ by ,lett]s descriptive ( a ,j\rney f ,japan to ! ,caucasus4 ,8 sket* ( travel1 ?\gh mo/ unpret5ti\s 9 mann]1 is highly int]e/+ z a prelim9>y introduction to ! v important results ( ?is milit>y t\r4 ,! value ( ?is "w1 p>ticul>ly z a book ( ref]5ce1 may be e/imat$ f ! fact t x conta9s ! results ( a l5g!n$ & se>*+ inquiry into matt]s connect$ ) ! great armies ( ! _w1 :i* 0 conduct$ by (fic]s ( prov$ ability & enjoy+ exceptional advantages4444 ,x ab\nds 9 useful in=mation1 & may be /udi$ ) no little advantage by ^? :o wi% to improve _! k ( ! art ( mod]n w>4--,unit$ ,s]vice ,gazette4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,! ,,sailor',s ,,pocket ,,book #crd ,edition4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,by ,capta9 ,f4 ,g4 ,d4 ,,b$=d1 ,r4,n4 ,a ,collection ( ,practical ,rules1 ,notes1 & ,tables1 = ! use ( ! ,royal ,navy1 ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e1 & ,ya*t ,squadrons4 ,) ,color$ ,signal ,flags1 ,*>ts1 & ,illu/rations4 ,b\nd 9 lea!r1 #ejj pages1 & c>efully compil$ ,index4 ,a ,nautical ,cyclopdia4--,liv]pool ,albion4 ,! mo/ p]fect & complete ( any publication ( ! k9d4--,u4,s4 ,gazette4 ,a valuable addition to a ya*tsman's libr>y4--,l& & ,wat]4 ,valuable & excell5tly arrang$ little "w4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,a volume q indisp5sable4--,! ,graphic4 ,an admirable & mu* want$ little book4--,ed9burgh ,review4 ,,capt4 ,,sir ,,george ,s4 ,,n>es' ,,seaman%ip #e? ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 #djj beautifully engrav$ ,woodcuts1 & ,plates ( ,flags1 accurately ,color$4 ',x is ! be/ "w on ,seaman%ip we h4'--,/&>d4 ',is a book = ! in/ruction ( "y (fic]s1 & ( ref]5ce = old] ones x _c be excell$1 _m mo/ valuable additions are made 9 ?is edition4 ,! book %\ld be ! (fic]s' vade mecum4'--,unit$ ,s]vice ,gazette4 ',e necess>y p>ticul> is giv5 s fully & completely z to leave no?+ to be desir$4'--,%ipp+ ,gazette4 ,,capta9 ,,al/on',s ,,seaman%ip #bnd ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,conta9s #bjj ,illu/rations ( ,rigg+1 ,sails1 ,ma/s1 c42 ) ,in/ructions = ,(fic]s ( ! ,m]*ant ,s]vice1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,ross]2 =m+ a complete ,manual ( ,practical ,seaman%ip4 ,! illu/rations1 ( :i* !re are #bjj1 are well execut$1 & ! revis] has br\ght d[n to ! pres5t day all *anges 9 ! rig & build ( %ips ( w>4 ,! frontispiece gives sectional views ( ! screw /eam%ip ,russia ( ! ,cun>d l9e1 & ,h4,m4,s4 ,mon>*4--,%ipp+ ,gazette4 ,x has be5 revis$ & enl>g$ by ,comm&] ,r4 ,h4 ,h>ris1 ,r4,n41 & includes a treatise on nautical survey+ by ,/aff-,comm&] ,may1 & also "s useful in/ructions = (fic]s ( ! m]*ant s]vice4 ,! book seems well adapt$ = junior (fic]s ( ! navy1 & ! s\nd advice & high moral tone ( its introduction give x an additional recomm5dation4--,liv]pool ,m]cury4 ,,! ,,rigg]',s ,,guide4 #aj? ,?\s&4 ,new ,edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 ,clo?1 #cs4 ,by ,,*>les ,,bu%ell4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,be+ ! be/ & only complete book ( ! ,rigg+ ( ,%ips4 ,?is is a valuable little book1 adapt$ to suit e class ( %ip1 :e!r /eam or sail+ vessel1 & %\ld =m "p ( ! kit ( e y\ng/] adopt+ ! pr(ession ( ! sea4 ,_m old/]s w also f9d x valuable1 f ! g5]al in=mation x conta9s4 ,! pres5t is ! six? edition1 :i* has be5 c>efully revis$ & correct$4--,u4 ,s4 ,gazette4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,! ,,navy ,,( ,,to-,,day2 ,its ,moral & ,intellectual ,condition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,sew$1 #bs2 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,9 ! ,navy ( ,to-,day1 we h a numb] ( ?\ghtfully writt5 essays :i* des]ve to obta9 ! wide/ publicity4--,broad ,arr[4 ,a little "w :i* all %\ld p]use :o h ! int]e/s ( ! ,navy at he>t4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 ,we c ) confid5ce recomm5d ! ,navy ( ,to-,day z a book well wor?y ( att5tive read+4 ,we recomm5d *ap4 v4 m p>ticul>ly to ! e>ne/ consid]ation ( ,naval ,(fic]s4--,u4,s4 ,gazette4 ,,sea ,,t]ms ,,& ,,phrases4 ,,engli% ,,& ,,fr5*4 ,by ,lieut4 ,e4 ,,porna91 ,fr5* ,navy4 ,= ! use ( ,(fic]s ( ,royal & ,m]cantile ,navies1 ,eng9e]s1 ,%ipbuild]s1 ,%ip ,own]s1 ,m]*ants1 ,%ip ,brok]s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 ,a copy %\ld be possess$ by ev]yone ^: pr(ession1 occupation1 or int]e/s br+ !m into relation%ip ) a seaf>+ life4--,briti% ,m]cantile ,review4 ,a ,nautical ,phrase ,book 9 two languages 444 a complet5ess :i* leaves no?+ to be desir$4--,hamp%ire ,telegraph4 ,,! ,,active ,,li/ ,( ,,admirals & ,,capta9s4 ,by ,capt4 ,,william ,,ar?ur1 ,r4,n4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) p>ticul>s exhibit+ ! progress1 c41 ( ,(fic]s1 ( ! ,royal ,navy1 f _! entry into ! ,s]vice to ,jan4 #a/1 #ahgi4 ,,! ,,active ,,li/ ,( all ,,comm&]s & ,,lieut5ants3 ,correct$ to ,july #a/1 #ahgh4 ,by ,lieut4 ,m4 ,r4 ,,hayes1 ,r4,n4 ,demy #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,%[+ ,dates ( ,entry1 & ,commissions1 ,,ages1 ,,& ,,am\nt ,,( ,,sea ,,"t1 ,causes ( ,special ,promotions1 ,special ,acquirem5ts1 ,comp>ative ,progress ) o!r ,(fic]s1 ,li/ ( all ,(fic]s n[ on ! ,active ,li/ :o 7 promot$ to ! rank ( ,comm&] f ,flag-,lieut4 or ,h] ,maje/y's ,ya*t1 ! ,age & ,sea ,"t ( ,comm&]s1 & o!r int]e/+ p>ticul>s4 ,,h>vey',s ,,sea ,,torp$oes4 ,) #ab ,plates1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,on ,,! ,,relative ,,m]its ,,( ,,simple ,,& ,,comp\nd ,,eng9es4 ,demy #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,by ,,niel ,,macd\gall1 ,esq4 ,) num]\s ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 ,! ,book w prove in/ructive & int]e/+ to all engag$ 9 ,m>9e ,eng9e]+ pursuits1 & ! ,eng9e] ,(fic]s ( ! ,royal ,navy 9 p>ticul> are he>tily recomm5d$ x4--,broad ,arr[4 ,mr4 ,macd\gall has treat$ ?is mu*-debat$ & highly-important "q ( ! ,relative ,m]its ( ,simple & ,comp\nd ,eng9es 9 a vigor\s1 practical1 & highly cr$itable mann]4--,naval ,sci5ce4 ,,j\rnal ,,book ,,& ,,di>y1 ,= ! use ( ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,aft] ! ,/yle & ,size ( ,letts's ,di>y4 ,conta9+ ,two ,days on a page1 ) rul$ pap]1 & a ,pr9t$ ,j\rnal ,=m to ea* ,day1 = record+ ,c\rse & ,di/ance1 ,w9d & ,wea!r1 ,b>omet] & ,!rmomet]1 ,latitude & ,longitude1 c4 ,conta9+ also a v>iety ( useful in=mation--,regulations & ,c\rse ( ,/udy = ! ,royal ,naval ,college1 ,gre5wi*2 ,c\rse ( ,in/ruction1 ,exam9ation1 & ,regulations = pass+ ?r\gh ,h4,m4 ,gunn]y ,%ips2 ,=eign ,monies & _! ,engli% ,equival5ts2 & a ,table %[+ ! probable /ate ( ! ,,active ,,li/ ,,( ,,flag ,,(fic]s ,,= ,,! ,,next ,,t5 ,,ye>s2 also ,notable ,ev5ts--,navy & ,army2 ,directions = mak+ a ,w2 ,area ( ! ,pr9cipal ,/ates ( ! ,_w2 ,passports1 c41 c4 ,prices1 /rongly b\nd3-- ,"o ye>1 #ds4 #f;d42 #b ye>s1 #fs4 #f;d42 #c ye>s1 #hs4 #f;d42 ,"o ye> 7int]leav$7 #es4 #f;d42 #b ye>s 7int]leav$7 #hs4 #f;d4 ,we w\ld direct ! att5tion ( ,naval (fic]s to a v complete ,naval ,di>y1 :i* has j be5 compil$ & publi%$4 ,x has only to be %[n to be appreciat$4--,u4,s4 ,gazette4 ,,our ,,p]il ,,afloat2 ,,or1 ,,collisions ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,avoid ,,!m4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #as4 ,by ,capta9 ,p4 ,h4 ,,colomb1 ,r4,n4 7,gold ,m$ali/1 ,royal ,u4,s4 ,in/itution47 ,,cont5ts3 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,rule ( ! ,road at ,sea3 its hi/ory & pres5t condition2 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( avoid+ ,collision at ,sea2 & ! ,regulations issu$ by ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,nautical ,,survey+4 ,by ,comm&] ,,may1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,repr9t$ f ,al/on's ,seaman%ip4 ,) ,*>ts4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! treatise is simple & cle> 9 arrangem5t1 & writt5 ) ! especial object ( in/ruct+ ! (fic]s ( ! ,naval ,s]vice 9 g5]al1 & only deals ) ! use ( su* in/rum5ts z are f\nd on bo>d ( e man-(-w>4 ,we h nev] met ) any treatise on nautical survey+ by any means s well calculat$ to answ] ! purpose = :i* x 0 writt54--,naval ,sci5ce4 ,,! ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,hydromet]4 #bnd ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,by ,,lionel ,,swift1 ,r4,n4 '444 ,has be5 treat$ 9 ! cle> & simple mann] :i* has be5 already manife/$ by ,mr4 ,swift1 9 8 accurate description ( ! hi/ory & philosophy ( ! ,hydromet]4'--,army & ,navy ,gazette4 ',w be f\nd ( consid]able int]e/ to ,eng9e]s & all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! safe & economical work+ ( ,/eam ,eng9es4'--,%ipp+ & ,m]cantile ,gazette4 ,by ,au?ority ( ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty4 ,,que/ions ,,answ]s ,,on ,,! ,,ammunition ,,in/ruction4 ,= ,(fic]s pass+ ?r\gh ,h4,m4 ,gunn]y ,e/abli%m5ts4 ,pap] #as42 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,by ,j4 ,,kite1 ,in/ruct+ ,gunn]1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,excell5t4 ,?is book is a valuable multum 9 p>vo4 ,all ! multif>i\s details connect$ ) ,ammunition ,in/ruction1 are dealt ) ably & concisely4--,portsm\? ,times4 ,,trav]se ,,tables ,clo?1 #es4 #f;d4 ,) simple & brief me?od ( ,correct+ ,compass ,c\rses4 ,by ,comm&] ,r4 ,e4 ,,edw91 ,r4,n4 ,lieut5ant ,edw9 has be5 at great pa9s & tr\ble1 & he w probably save _m hundr$s ( p]sons f calculations :i* are frequ5tly we>isome to ! fle%4--,broad ,arr[4 ,,def9itions ,,9 ,,navigation ,,& ,,nautical ,,a/ronomy4 7,,f ,,v>i\s ,,au?orities47 ,new ,edition4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,demy #hvo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,= ! use ( ! ,naval ,cadets1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,britannia4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,be>4 ,! ,cruise ( ! ,p&ora1 to ! ,arctic ,seas 9 #ahge4 ,by ,,lieut4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,innes-,,lill+/on1 ,r4,n4 ,) beautiful full-page ,illu/rations4 ,clo? ,gilt1 #es4 ,! volume is prettily got up1 & ! views ( ,arctic sc5]y are ab\t ! be/ we h se5 9 any rec5t "w ( ! k9d4--,a!num4 ,?anks to ,engli% pluck & p]sev]ance1 comb9$1 9 s _m in/ances1 ) ! ability to write a book1 we h become z famili> ) ,arctic-life sc5es & adv5tures z !y c be made s by description4 ,9 ! pres5t well-got-up little volume1 we h an acc\nt ( ! fir/ voyage ( ! ,p&ora4444 ,we c he>tily recomm5d ,lieut4 ,innis-,lill+/on's n>rative--8 fir/ attempt1 z he tells u1 at book-writ+--z giv+ a graphic acc\nt1 9 a v unpret5ti\s /yle1 ( 8 mo/ int]e/+1 b p]il\s cruise4444 ,z a gilt book1 we c also recomm5d ! ,l& ( ! ,:ite ,be>1 = x is exce$+ly well illu/rat$1 & bo? 9 lett]-press & b9d+ is 9 ! ,messrs4 ,griff9's usually good /yle4--,u4,s4 ,gazette4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,f\r ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,eurydice4 ,by ,capta9 ,e4 ,h4 ,,v]ney1 ,r4,n4 ,) ,portrait ( ! ,eurydice4 ,clo?4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,capt4 ,v]ney has done 8 "w rem>kably well1 & ) ! be/ possible ta/e4 ,he does n moralize or try to improve ! occasion1 b1 writ+ ) a re/ra9$ pa?os & a graphic t\*1 he lets ! /]n simple facts speak = !mselves4--,a!num4 ,! circum/ances att5d+ ! f\nd]+ are giv5 z f> z !y are kn[n1 & also details ( ! %ip & its armam5t1 ) li/s1 ( ! (fic]s & crew :o p]i%$4 ,! book =ms an int]e/+ s\v5ir ( ! melan*oly ev5t4--,c\rt ,j\rnal4 ,,memoir ,,( ,,commodore ,j4 ,g4 ,,good5\gh1 ,c4,b4 ,,by ,,clem5ts ,r4 ,,m>kham1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,) ,,portrait4 ,cr[n #hvo41 ,clo?4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a complete acc\nt ( a s+ul>ly beautiful c>e]4--,broad ,arr[4 ,a t\*+ mem5to ( ! gallant sailor4--,c\rt ,j\rnal4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,h4,m4,s4 ,,victory4 #as4 clo?2 pap]1 #f;d4 #be? ,?\s&4 ,by ,comm&] ,w4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,:>ton1 ,r4,n4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ ,memoir ( ! fam\s %ip 9 :i* ,nelson won 8 cr[n+ triumph & dea?4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,mod]n ,,naval ,,hygi5e4 ,clo?4 #bs4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,,john ,,buckley1 ,esq41 ,/aff-,surgeon1 ,r4,n4 ,,! ,,we/ ,,coa/ ,,( ,,africa1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,deck ,,( ,a ,,man-,,(-,,w>4 ,illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo41 ,clo?4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,by ,capta9 ,h4 ,,dy]1 ,r4 ,n4 ,we ?9k ! fri5ds ( ! late ,comm&] ,dy] h done well 9 publi%+ ?is little volume z a memorial to "o :om !y lov$1 bo? z a g5ial companion & an (fic]4 ,! "* ( ! book1 :i* s9ce x be>s ! /amp-m>k ( m]it1 ne$s no eulogy to make x a successful publication4 ,t l>ge class ( read]s :i* takes pleasure 9 p]us+ books ( travel _c d bett] ?an read ?is well-pr9t$ volume4--,broad ,arr[4 ,,light ,,f ,h4,m4,s4 ,,tor*4 ,demy #hvo41 ,clo?4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,by ,capt4 ,h4 ,,dy]1 ,r4,n4 ,) ,portrait4 ,,memoir ,,( ,,admiral ,,sir ,h4 ,d4 ,,*ads1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,) ,portrait4 #bs4 ,,se>* ,,= ,,sir ,,john ,,frankl94 ,price #as4 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ,capt4 ,sir ,,all5 ,,"y4 ,illu/rat$4 ,by ,au?ority4 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,gunn]y ,,%ips ,,= ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,m54 ,demy #hvo4 #as4 ,,royal ,,naval ,,artill]y ,,volunte]s ,,gunn]y ,,drill ,,book4 ,copi\sly illu/rat$ ) ,diagrams4 #as4 #f;d4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\? ,,eng9e] ,,(fic]',s ,,wat*1 ,,/ation1 ,,qu>t]1 ,,fire ,,bills4 ,by ,,william ,j4 ,j4 ,,spry1 ,r4,n4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a complete vade mecum = ,eng9e] ,(fic]s 9 ,h] ,maje/y's ,navy4 ,,table ,,= ,,correction ,,( ,,longitude ,,:]e ,,error ,,arises ,,f ,,incorrect ,,latitude4 #bnd ,edition4 #as4 ,by ,,gilb]t ,t4 ,,key1 ,comm&]1 ,r4,n4 ,,! ,,pilot',s ,,h&book ,,= ,,! ,,engli% ,,*annel4 #g? ,edition4 #gs4 ,illu/rat$ ) #ag plates4 ,by ,/aff-,comm&] ,,k+1 ,r4,n4 ,manual = ! use ( ! ,boatm5 prep>+ = ,exam9ation 9 ,,coa/ ,,gu>d ,,s]vice4 ,publi%$ by ,au?ority4 ,) ,*>t4 ,demy #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mess ,,w9e ,,books ,) ,ca% ,book & ,l$g]1 complete 9 ,"o ,volume4 ,= #bd ,memb]s1 #aes42 ,= #ab ,memb]s1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,r\gh ,daily ,w9e ,book1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,progress ,,book ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,naval ,,in/ructors4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,wat*1 ,,qu>t]1 ,,/ation1 ,,& ,,fire ,,bill4 ,admiralty ,=m1 ,no4 #b1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,no4 #c1 #bs4 ,,! ,,admiralty ,,manual ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,enquiry4 #d? ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,j\rnal ,,books4 ,"o ,ye>1 #fs4 #f;d2 ,two ,ye>s1 #hs4 #f;d42 ,?ree ,ye>s1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,f\r ,ye>s1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,log ,,books 7,,rul$74 ,two quires1 #hs4 ,?ree quires1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,c]tificate ,,cases4 ,half roan1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,text ,,book ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ordnance4 ,pr9t$ by ,ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w>4 ,second ,edition4 ,color$ ,illu/rations4 ,clo? ,bo>ds4 #ahgi4 ,abridg$ ,edition4 #is4 ,h&book ( ! ,manufacture & ,pro( ( ,gunp[d]4 ,by ,capt4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,smi?1 ,royal ,artill]y4 #hvo41 clo? bo>ds4 ,) ,plates & ,diagrams4 #es4 ,text ,book on ! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,projectiles1 ! ,hi/ory1 ,manufacture1 & ,explosive ,=ce ( ,gunp[d]2 & ! ,hi/ory ( ,small ,arms4 ,publi%$ by ,au?ority4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,clo? ,bo>ds4 #bs42 int]leav$1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,rifle ,,& ,,field ,,ex]cises ,,& ,,musketry ,,in/ruction ,,= ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,fleet1 #ahgh4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,manual ,,& ,,fir+ ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,! ,,m>t9i-,,h5ry ,,rifle4 ,= ! use ( ! ,navy4 ,by ,au?ority4 ,?reep5ce4 ,,field ,,ex]cise4 #ahgg4 #as4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,rifle ,,ex]cise ,,& ,,musketry ,,in/ruction--#ahgi4 #as4 ,,*ronomet] ,,j\rnal--,) ,diagrams4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,nosological ,,j\rnal--#is4 ,,clo!s ,,& ,,slop ,,li/--#es4 & #hs4 #f;d4 ,,clo!s ,,li/--,new ,patt]n4 #ds4 #f;d4 & #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,sick ,,li/--#ds4 #f;d4 & #gs4 #f;d4 ,,) ,,alphabet--#es4 ,,& #hs4 ,,night ,,ord] ,,book--#es4 #f;d4 ,,wa%+ ,,book ,,= ,,naval ,,(fic]s--#f;d4 ,,annual ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,s*ool ,,( ,,naval ,,ar*itecture ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]+4 ,p>ts #a to #d--bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,p>ts #a & #d conta9 p>ticul>s ( ,engli% & ,=eign ,ironclads4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,ammunition--#fs4 ,,manual ,,( ,,field ,,=tification--#cs4 ,,notes ,,on ,,ammunition4 ,publi%$ by ,au?ority4 ,correct$ to ,july1 #ahgg4 ,) ,diagrams1 clo? bo>ds1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,battalion ,,words ,,( ,,comm&--#c;d4 ,,! ,,sapp]s' ,,manual--,"p #a4--bs4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,! ,,arctic ,,navy ,,li/3 ,,or ,a ,c5tury ( ,arctic & ,ant>ctic ,(fic]s4 #aggc-ahgc4 ,by ,,clem5ts ,r4 ,,m>kham1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,(fic]s ( #ahge ,exp$ition1 & ,circumpol> ,*>t4--#cs4#f;d4 ,,sailor',s ,,^w ,,book ,a ,nautical & ,milit>y ,vocabul>y4 ,by ,admiral ,,smy?4 ,?ick #hvo41 clo?4 ,publi%$ at #bas4 ,r$uc$ to #abs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,ju/ices' ,,pocket ,,manual #crd ,edition4 ,by ,,?omas ,,c\s9s1 ,esq4 ,b\nd 9 ,lea!r4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,! great m]it ( ,mr4 ,c\s9s' ,manual is1 t x gives ,magi/rates explicit in=mation on mo/ ( ! details ( _! (fice 9 a surpris+ly brief space4 ,! magi/rates' vade mecum4--,law ,times4 ,,%ort ,,:i/ ,,regi/] ,,& ,,summ>y ,) ! ,laws ( ! ,game1 c4 ,by ,t4 ,c4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,%ips' ,,cre/s4 ,/amp$ 9 ,colors4 #dj ,cre/s on ea* %eet1 #e diff]5t %eets1 ,"o ,%ill+ ea* ,,also1 ,illum9at$ ,%ips' ,cre/s1 #i on ea* %eet1 #aj diff]5t ,%eets4 ,"o ,%ill+ ea*4 ,a complete set1 consi/+ ( #ij ,cre/s1 ,illum9at$ 9 ,gold & ,colors1 & #bjj 9 ,colors1 co/s #aes4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,pamphlets4 ,rem>ks on ,naval ,w>f>e & on ! ,navy4 ,by a ,naval ,(fic]4 ,"o ,%ill+4 ,! ,admiralty4 ,by a ,flag ,(fic]4 ,second ,edition4 ,"o ,%ill+4 ,a ,naval ,res]ve ( ! ,future4 ,by ,comm&] ,ar?ur ,h4 ,gilmore1 ,r4,n4 ,"o ,%ill+4 ,imp]ial ,def5ce4 ,by ,capta9 ,p4 ,c4 ,colomb4 ,two ,%ill+s4 ,! ,loss ( ! ,capta94 ,by an ,(fic] ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,m9otaur4 ,sixp5ce4 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,navy1 its ,communicants & ,bible ,classes4--#f;d4 ,on ! ,holy ,communion 9 ! ,navy4 ,by a ,comm&]1 ,r4,n4 ,demy #afmo4 ,sixp5ce4 ,"s ,rem>ks on ,naval ,education4 ,by ,capta9 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,r4,n4 ,sixp5ce4 ,life-,sav+ at ,sea1 ,,by ,,cork ,,life-,,belts ,,or ,,mattresses1 c41 ,by ,vice-,admiral ,a4 ,p4 ,ryd]4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,"o ,%ill+4 ,,seam5',s ,,pray]s4 ,= ! use ( ! ,royal ,navy2 & also ,m]*ant ,s]vice4 #hd? ,,?\s&2 on ,c>d4 #bs4 p] #ajj4 ,p] po/1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 ,,naval ,,pr(essional ,,books4 ,,sold ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,griff9 ,,co4 ,,on ,,mod]n ,,artill]y2 ,its ,pr9ciples & ,practice4 ,by ,lieut-,col4 ,c4 ,h4 ,ow54 #aes4 ,,! ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,& ,,its ,,meteorology4 #ae? ,edition4 ,by ,m4 ,f4 ,maury1 ,,ll4,d4 #es4 ,,on ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,/orms4 ,consid]$ practically4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,ross]4 #es4 ,,! ,,sailor',s ,,horn-,,book ,,= ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,/orms3 ,be+ a ,practical ,exposition ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,law ( ,/orms4 ,by ,h4 ,pidd+ton4 #e? ,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,on ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,by ,w4 ,ew]s4 #cs4 ,,lights ,,& ,,tides ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 #d? ,edition4 #as4 ,,naval ,,ar*itecture4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,:ite4 #bds4 ,,naval ,,ar*itecture4 ,by ,samuel ,j4 ,p4 ,!>le4 ,) ,volume ( ,plates4 7,practical7 #gs4 #f;d4 7,!oretical7 #ajs4 #f;d4 #b ,vols4 ,,wea!r ,,*>ts ,,& ,,/orm ,,w>n+s4 ,by ,rob]t ,h4 ,scott1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,crim9al ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,navy4 ,by ,!odore ,?r+4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,h&book ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,/orms4 ,by ,william ,radcliffe ,birt4 #es4 ,a ,,naval ,,& ,,milit>y ,,te*nical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,language4 ,by ,colonel ,burn1 ,r4,a4 #e? ,edition4 #aes4 ,,navigation ,,& ,,nautical ,,a/ronomy4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,inskip1 ,c4,b4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,norie',s ,,complete ,,epitome ,,( ,,practical ,,navigation4 ,illu/rat$ by sev]al ,engrav+s4 #bj? ,edition4 #afs4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,/>s1 ,,& ,,_! ,,use ,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,latitude1 ,,longitude1 & ,,! ,,error ,,( ,,! ,,compass2 ,illu/rat$ ) ,woodcuts1 & f\r l>ge ,maps ( ! ,/>s4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,ross]4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,ganot',s ,,elem5t>y ,,treatise ,,on ,,physics4 ,illu/rat$ by #d ,color$ ,plates & #geh woodcuts1 #aes4 ,,ganot',s ,,natural ,,philosophy4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,heav5s4 ,an ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,popul> ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,am$e ,guillem94 #abs4 ,,! ,,=ces ,,( ,,nature4 ,by ,am$e ,,guillem94 ,illu/rat$ by #aa color$ plates & #dee woodcuts4 #a #as4 ,,des*anel',s ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,by ,pr(essor ,ev]ett4 #ahs4 ,,physical ,,geography ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,w9ds ,,curr5ts4 ,by ,j4 ,k4 ,laughton1 ,m4,a4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,jeans' ,,navigation ,,nautical ,,a/ronomy4 ,price #ads4 ,,"p ,i4--,conta9+ ,rules & ,examples4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,inve/igations & ,pro(s ( ,rules4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,regulations ,,= ,,prev5t+ ,,collisions ,,at ,,sea4 #as4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,code ,,( ,,signals ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e ( all ,nations4 ,by ,g4 ,b4 ,ri*>dson4 #abs4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,sol> ,,physics4 ,by ,norman ,locky]1 ,f4,r4,s4 #cas4 #f;d4 ,,jeans' ,,h&book ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,half ,,h\rs ,,) ,,! ,,/>s4 ,by ,proctor4 #es4 ,,a9sley',s ,,guide to ! ,exam9ations ( ! ,local ,m>9e ,bo>d4 #fs4 ,,sails ,,& ,,sail ,,mak+1 ,,) ,,draught+1 ,c4 ,by ,rob]t ,kipp+1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,evans' ,,elem5t>y ,,manual = ! ,deviation ( ! ,compass 9 ,iron ,%ips4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,m>9e ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,by ,ma9e & ,br[n4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,spon',s ,,tables ,,& ,,memor&a = ,eng9e]s4 #as4 ,,moleswor?',s ,,eng9e]',s ,,pocket ,,book4 #fs4 ,,proctor',s ,,pocket ,,book ,,= ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]s4 #ds4 ,,! ,,nautical ,,almanac4 #cs4 ,,ma/+1 ,,ma/-,,mak+1 & ,,rigg+ ,,( ,,%ips 1 ) ,tables ( ,sp>s1 c4 ,by ,rob]t ,kipp+4 #bs4 ,griff9 ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d1 ,portsm\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation errors h be5 repair$4 ,v>i$ hyph5ation 0 reta9$4 ,! errors not$ 9 ! book's errata section h be5 repair$ 9 ! text except = ! f9al "o = page #bhe :]e ! transcrib] c\ld n f9d a e to *ange to a d at t location4 ,text uses bo? fuse & fuze4 ,fuze is usually us$ 9 ! ,engli% language to mean m complicat$ fuses4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 italic usage 0 reta9$4 ,= example1 on page #ih1 ,r is ref]5c$ orig9ally )\t italics 9 an equation & aft] on ! same page is italiciz$ :5 m5tion$4 ,page #ag1 pr9ciple *ang$ to pr9cipal 7pr9cipal ones be+7 ,page #gg1 #af' *ang$ to #af 7ab\t #af long1 #i deep7 ,page #aad1 ,nor!rn]s' *ang$ to ,nor!rn]s' 7mo/ ( ! ,nor!rn]s' vessels7 ,page #acb1 torp$os *ang$ to torp$oes 7,:itehead's fi% torp$oes h7 ,page #acd1 #ad *ang$ to #adj 7#adj atmosph]es7 ,page #afb1 equal sign add$ to equation 77#cad #bjj7 _/ #aif #cbj lbs7 ,page #afh1 ,,?ornicr(t',s *ang$ ,,?ornycr(t',s on ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,page #agj1 ,,?ornicr(t',s *ang$ ,,?ornycr(t',s on ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,page #aii1 ,p\/*9 *ang$ to ,p\ts*9 7,alongside ,p\ts*9 rema9$ = "s7 ,page #bjh1 spaces *ang$ to space 7int]v5+ space (7 ,page #bab1 subscript = ,o 9 *emical =mula 0 unreadable4 #e 0 presum$ & add$4 7! =mula ,,*#g7,,no#b7c,o#e7 ,page #bdj1 ,seim5s *ang$ to ,siem5s 7due to bo? ,dr4 ,siem5s7 ,page #bda1 ,seim5s *ang$ to ,siem5s 7t ! ,siem5s ma*9e7 ,page #bga1 ?is p>agraph seems to be miss+ a ^w b 0 reta9$ z pr9t$ z ! ^w c\ld n be presum$ by rese>*4 ,oxyg5 is ! mo/ important elem5t ( an electrolyte1 & to ! aff9ity = oxyg5 ( ! metals is ! magnitude ( ! result & effect4 ,page #bih1 ,call& *ang$ to ,callaud 7,call& & ,m>i-,davy7 ,page #cjb1 dislectric *ang$ to dielectric 7,gutta-p]*a z a dielectric7 ,page #aa1 adv]tis+ page1 ,portsm\?4 add$ to publi%] l9e at bottom ( page4 ,orig9al end$ ) 7,griff9 ,co ,publi%]s1 #b1 ,! ,h>d17