,,transcrib]',s ,,note4 ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> are mo/ly reta9$4 ,text enclos$ by _/solidus *>act]s_/ 0 9 italics4 ,text t 0 orig9ally 9 bold or 9 small caps is capitaliz$4 ,! phrase a means t a is subscript$1 z 9 ,h#b,o4 ,! phrase ab means t ! phrase ab is sup]script$4 ,?is book conta9s sev]al uncommon ,unicode *>act]s1 includ+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,a monospace font capable ( r5d]+ ^! is necess>y = read+ ?is book4 ,fur!r details are provid$ 9 ! ,transcrib]'s ,endnote4 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation #b,,nd ,,edition1 #aiad4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,h>d54 ,,monographs ,,on ,,bio*emi/ry ,,edit$ ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,plimm]1 ,d4,sc4 ,,& ,f4 ,g4 ,,hopk9s1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,g5]al ,,preface4 ,! subject ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry1 or ,bio*emi/ry1 is enl>g+ its bord]s to su* an ext5t at ! pres5t "t t no s+le text-book ^u ! subject1 )\t be+ cumbr\s1 c adequately deal ) x z a :ole1 s z to give bo? a g5]al & a detail$ acc\nt ( its pres5t position4 ,x is1 moreov]1 difficult1 9 ! case ( ! l>g] text-books1 to keep abrea/ ( s rapidly gr[+ a sci5ce by means ( new editions1 & su* volumes are !re=e issu$ :5 mu* ( _! cont5ts has become obsolete4 ,= ?is reason1 an attempt is be+ made to place ?is bran* ( sci5ce 9 a m accessible position by issu+ a s]ies ( monographs ^u ! v>i\s *apt]s ( ! subject1 ea* indep5d5t ( & yet dep5d5t ^u ! o!rs1 s t f "t to "t1 z new mat]ial & ! dem& !re= necessitate1 a new edition ( ea* monograph c be issu$ )\t reissu+ ! :ole s]ies4 ,9 ?is way1 bo? ! exp5ses ( publication & ! exp5se to ! pur*as] w be dim9i%$1 & by a mod]ate outlay x w be possible to obta9 a full acc\nt ( any p>ticul> subject z ne>ly curr5t z possible4 ,! editors ( ^! monographs h kept two objects 9 view3 fir/ly1 t ea* au?or %\ld be himself work+ at ! subject ) :i* he deals2 &1 secondly1 t a _/,bibliography_/1 z complete z possible1 %\ld be includ$1 9 ord] to avoid cross ref]5ces1 :i* are apt to be wrongly cit$1 & 9 ord] t ea* monograph may yield full & indep5d5t in=mation ( ! "w :i* has be5 done ^u ! subject4 ,x has be5 decid$ z a g5]al s*eme t ! volumes fir/ issu$ %all deal ) ! pure *emi/ry ( physiological products & ) c]ta9 g5]al aspects ( ! subject4 ,subsequ5t monographs w be devot$ to su* que/ions z ! *emi/ry ( special tissues & p>ticul> aspects ( metabolism4 ,s ! s]ies1 if cont9u$1 w proce$ f physiological *emi/ry to :at may be n[ m prop]ly t]m$ *emical physiology4 ,?is w dep5d ^u ! success :i* ! fir/ s]ies a*ieves1 & ^u ! divisions ( ! subject :i* may be ( int]e/ at ! "t4 ,r4 ,h4 ,a4 ,p4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,monographs ,,on ,,bio*emi/ry ,,royal #hvo4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,enzyme ,,action4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,bayliss1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?ird ,edition4 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,prote9s4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,plimm]1 ,d4,sc4 ,"p ,i4--,analysis4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #es4 #f;d4 net4 ,"p ,,ii4--,syn!sis1 etc4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,! ,,prote9s4 ,by ,s4 ,b4 ,,s*ryv]1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,sc4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,vegetable ,,prote9s4 ,by ,,?omas ,b4 ,,osborne1 ,ph4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,simple ,,c>bohydrates ,,& ,,! ,,glucosides4 ,by ,e4 ,,frankl& ,,arm/rong1 ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,fats4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lea!s1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 #ds4 net4 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,by ,a4 ,,h>d51 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition4 #ds4 net4 ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,prote9 ,,metabolism4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,ca?c>t1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,soil ,,conditions ,,& ,,plant ,,gr[?4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,russell1 ,d4,sc4 #es4 net4 ,,oxidations ,,& ,,r$uctions ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,body4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,dak91 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c4 #ds4 net4 ,,! ,,simpl] ,,natural ,,bases4 ,by ,g4 ,,b>g]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc4 #fs4 net4 ,,nucleic ,,acids4 ,,_! ,,*emical ,,prop]ties ,,& ,,physiological ,,conduct4 ,by ,,walt] ,,jones1 ,ph4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,& ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,biological ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,f4 ,,g[l& ,,hopk9s1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,polysac*>ides4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,r4 ,,l+1 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,colloids4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,h>dy1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,respiratory ,,ex*ange ,,9 ,,animals4 ,by ,a4 ,,krogh1 ,ph4,d4 ,,protam9es ,,& ,,hi/ones4 ,by ,a4 ,,kossel1 ,ph4,d4 ,,leci?9 ,,& ,,alli$ ,,sub/ances4 ,by ,h4 ,,maclean1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc4 ,,! ,,ornam5tal ,,plant ,,pigm5ts4 ,by ,a4 ,g4 ,,p]k91 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,*lorophyll ,,& ,,haemoglob94 ,by4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,page1 ,b4,sc4 ,,organic ,,comp\nds ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,& ,,antimony4 ,by ,,gilb]t ,t4 ,,morgan1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,co41 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,& ,,madras4 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,h>d51 ,,ph4,d41 ,d4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,bio*emi/ry1 ,,london ,,univ]sity ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,bio*emical ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,li/] ,,in/itute1 ,,*elsea ,illu/ration3 sail+ %ip 9 cr[n-l frame _/,,second ,,edition_/ ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,f\r? ,,av5ue #cj,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,& ,,madras #aiad ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s are bas$ on c\rses ( lectures deliv]$ at ! ,london ,univ]sity & ! ,royal ,in/itution dur+ #aiji-aiaj4 ,9 !m an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! "w done on alcoholic f]m5tation s9ce ,bu*n]'s epo*-mak+ discov]y ( zymase1 only 9 s f> z x appe>s to ?r[ light on ! nature ( t ph5om5on4 ,_m int]e/+ subjects1 !re=e1 h p]=ce be5 left unt\*$1 among !m ! problem ( ! =mation ( zymase 9 ! cell1 & ! vex$ "q ( ! relation ( alcoholic f]m5tation to ! metabolic processes ( ! high] plants & animals4 ,my ?anks are due to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society1 & to ! ,publi%]s ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,physiology = p]mission to make use ( blocks 7,figs4 #b1 #d & #g7 :i* h appe>$ 9 _! publications4 ,a4 ,h4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ! ,new ,edition no *ange has be5 made 9 ! scope ( ! "w4 ,! rapid progress ( ! subject has1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ necess>y _m additions to ! text & a consid]able increase 9 ! bibliography4 ,a4 ,h4 _/,may_/1#aiad4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,zymase ,,& ,,its ,,prop]ties #ah ,,iii4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,phosphates ,,9 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation #da ,,iv4 ,,! ,,co-,,enzyme ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice #ei ,v4 ,,action ,,( ,,"s ,,inhibit+ ,,& ,,accel]at+ ,,ag5ts ,,on ,,! ,,enzymes ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice #gj ,,vi4 ,,c>boxylase #ha ,,vii4 ,,! ,,by-,,products ,,( ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation #he ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,*anges ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,f]m5tation #if ,,ix4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,f]m5tation #aai ,,bibliography #acf ,,index #aee p#jja ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction4 ,! problem ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 ( ! orig9 & nature ( t my/]i\s & app>5tly spontane\s *ange :i* conv]t$ ! insipid juice ( ! grape into /imulat+ w9e1 seems to h ex]t$ a fasc9ation ov] ! m9ds ( natural philosoph]s f ! v e>lie/ times4 ,no date c be assign$ to ! fir/ obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! process4 ,hi/ory f9ds man 9 ! possession ( alcoholic liquors1 & 9 ! e>lie/ *emical writ+s we f9d f]m5tation1 z a famili> natural process1 invok$ to expla9 & illu/rate ! *anges ) :i* ! sci5ce ( ^? e>ly days 0 conc]n$4 ,?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( al*emy f]m5tation plays an important "p2 x is1 9 fact1 sc>cely too mu* to say t ! language ( ! al*emi/s & _m ( _! ideas 7 f\nd$ on ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation4 ,! subtle *ange 9 prop]ties p]meat+ ! :ole mass ( mat]ial1 ! fro?+ ( ! f]m5t+ liquid1 r5d]+ evid5t ! vig\r ( ! action1 seem$ to !m ! v emblems ( ! my/]i\s process by :i* ! long s\ght = philosoph]'s /one 0 to conv]t ! bas] metals into gold4 ,z *emical sci5ce em]g$ f ! mi/s ( al*emy1 def9ite ideas ab\t ! nature ( alcoholic f]m5tation & ( putrefaction began to be =m$4 ,f]m5tation 0 di/+ui%$ f o!r *emical *anges 9 :i* gases 7 evolv$1 su* z ! action ( acids on alkali c>bonates 7,sylvius de le ,bo1 #afei72 ! gas evolv$ 0 exam9$ & t]m$ gas v9orum1 & 0 di/+ui%$ f ! alcohol ) :i* x _h at fir/ be5 confus$ 7van ,helmont1 #afdh72 aft]w>ds x 0 f\nd t l ! gas f pota%es x 0 soluble 9 wat] 7,wr51 #affd74 ,! gase\s product ( f]m5tation & putrefaction 0 id5tifi$ by ,mac,bride1 9 #agfd1 ) ! fix$ air ( ,black1 :il/ ,cav5di% 9 #agff %[$ t fix$ air alone 0 evolv$ 9 alcoholic f]m5tation & t a mixture ( ?is ) inflammable air 0 produc$ by putrefaction4 ,9 ! meantime x _h be5 recognis$ t only sweet liquors c\ld be f]m5t$ 7,ubi not&um1 nihil f]m5t>e quod non sit dulce1 ,be*]1 #afhb71 & f9ally ,cav5di% p#jjb #aggf det]m9$ ! proportion ( fix$ air obta9able f sug> by f]m5tation & f\nd x to be #eg p] c5t4 ,x gradually became recognis$ t f]m5tation might yield ei!r spiritu\s or acid liquors1 :il/ putrefaction 0 ?\ght to be an action ( ! same k9d z f]m5tation1 diff]+ ma9ly 9 ! "* ( ! products 7,be*]74 ,z reg>ds ! nature ( ! process v confus$ ideas at fir/ prevail$1 b 9 ! "t ( ! phlogi/ic *emi/s a def9ite !ory ( f]m5tation 0 propos$1 fir/ by ,willis 7#afei7 & aft]w>ds by ,/ahl #afig1 ! fundam5tal idea ( :i* surviv$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! phlogi/ic sy/em by ,lavoisi] & =m$ ! f\ndation ( ! views ( ,liebig4 ,to expla9 ! spontane\s orig9 ( f]m5tation & its propagation f "o liquid to ano!r1 !y suppos$ t ! process consi/$ 9 a viol5t int]nal motion ( ! p>ticles ( ! f]m5t+ sub/ance1 set up by an aque\s liquid1 :]eby ! comb9ation ( ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ?is mat]ial 0 loos5$ & new p>ticles =m$1 "s ( :i* 7 ?ru/ out ( ! liquid 7! c>bon dioxide7 & o!rs reta9$ 9 x 7! alcohol74 ,/ahl specifically /ates t a body 9 su* a /ate ( int]nal disquietude c v readily communicate ! di/urbance to ano!r1 :i* is itself at re/ b is capable ( und]go+ a simil> *ange1 s t a putrefy+ or f]m5t+ liquid c set ano!r liquid 9 putrefaction or f]m5tation4 ,tak+ acc\nt ( ! gradual accumulation ( fact & !ory we f9d at ! "t ( ,lavoisi]1 f :i* ! mod]n aspect ( ! problem dates1 t ,/ahl's !oretical views 7 g5]ally accept$4 ,alcoholic f]m5tation 0 kn[n to require ! pres5ce ( sug> & 0 ?\ght to lead to ! production ( c>bon dioxide1 acetic acid1 & alcohol4 ,! composition ( organic comp\nds 0 at t "t n und]/ood1 & x 0 ,lavoisi] :o e/abli%$ ! fact t !y consi/$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 & :o made sy/ematic analyses ( ! sub/ances conc]n$ 9 f]m5tation 7#aghd-aghi74 ,lavoisi] #aghi appli$ ! results ( ^! analyses to ! /udy ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 & by employ+ ! pr9ciple :i* he reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( exp]im5tal *emi/ry1 t !re is ! same quantity ( matt] be=e & aft] ! op]ation1 he drew up an equation betwe5 ! quantities ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 9 ! orig9al sug> & 9 ! result+ sub/ances1 alcohol1 c>bon dioxide1 & acetic acid1 %[+ t ! products conta9$ ! :ole matt] ( ! sug>1 & ?us = ! fir/ "t giv+ a cle> view ( ! *emical p#jjc *ange :i* occurs 9 f]m5tation4 ,! conclusion to :i* he came 01 we n[ "k1 v ne>ly accurate1 b ! rese>* mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? rem>kable in/ances 9 :i* ! g5ius ( ! inve/igator triumphs ov] exp]im5tal defici5cies1 = ! analytical numb]s employ$ conta9$ grave errors1 & x 0 only by a =tunate comp5sation ( ^! t a result s ne> ! tru? 0 atta9$4 ,lavoisi]'s equation or balance %eet 0 z foll[s3-- ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,oxyg54 #iei p\nds ( sug> 7cane sug>7 consi/ #bfh #gg #fad ( ,^! yield3-- #egg p\nds ( alcohol conta9+ #afg #if #cad #cec c>bon dioxide conta9+ #ii -- #bed #be acetic acid conta9+ #jf #jb #ag ----- ---- ----- ,total conta9$ 9 products #bgb #ih #ehe ,! true composition ( ! sug> us$ 0 c>bon #djd1 hydrog5 #fa1 oxyg5 #did4 ,lavoisi] express$ no view z to ! ag5cy by :i* f]m5tation 0 br\ght ab\t1 b came to a v def9ite & *>act]i/ic conclusion z to ! *emical nature ( ! *ange4 ,! sug>1 :i* he reg>d$ 9 h>mony ) 8 g5]al views z an oxide1 0 split into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* 0 oxidis$ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r to =m c>bonic acid1 :il/ ! o!r 0 deoxyg5is$ 9 fav\r ( ! =m] to produce ! combu/ible sub/ance alcohol1 s t if x 7 possible to recomb9e ^! two sub/ances1 alcohol & c>bonic acid1 sug> w\ld result4 ,f ?is po9t comm5ces ! mod]n /udy ( ! problem4 ,provid$ by ! g5ius ( ,lavoisi] ) ! assurance t ! hi!rto my/]i\s process ( f]m5tation 0 to be rank$ along ) famili> *emical *anges1 & t x proce$$ 9 h>mony ) ! same quantitative laws z ^! simpl] reactions1 *emi/s 7 /imulat$ 9 _! desire to p5etrate fur!r into ! my/]ies ( ! ph5om5on1 & ! importance & int]e/ ( ! problem attract$ _m work]s4 ,s important inde$ did ! matt] appe> to ,lavoisi]'s c\ntrym5 t 9 ! ye> #h ( ! ,fr5* ,republic 7#ahjj7 a prize--consi/+ ( a gold m$al1 ! value ( :i*1 express$ 9 t]ms ( ! newly introduc$ metric sy/em1 0 t ( "o kilogram ( gold--0 (f]$ by ! ,in/itute = ! be/ answ] to ! "q3 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics by :i* animal & vegetable sub/ances :i* act z f]m5ts c be di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* !y are capable ( f]m5t+8 p#jjd ,?is valuable prize 0 aga9 (f]$ 9 #ahjb b 0 nev] aw>d$1 z ! fund f :i* x 0 to be drawn 0 seque/rat$ f ! ,in/itute 9 #ahjd4 ,! fir/ response to ?is /imulat+ (f] 0 an important memoir by citiz5 ,!n>d #ahjc1 :i* provid$ _m ( ! facts ^u :i* ,liebig subsequ5tly bas$ 8 views4 ,!n>d combats ! prevail+ idea1 fir/ express$ by ,fabroni 7#aghg-agii71 t f]m5tation is caus$ by ! action ( glut5 d]iv$ f gra9 on />* & sug>1 b is himself unc]ta9 z to ! actual nature ( ! f]m5t4 ,he po9ts out t all f]m5t+ liquids deposit a mat]ial resembl+ brew]'s yea/1 & he %[s t ?is conta9s nitrog51 mu* ( :i* is evolv$ z ammonia on di/illation4 ,8 mo/ important result is1 h[ev]1 t :5 yea/ is us$ to f]m5t pure sug>1 x und]goes a gradual *ange & is f9ally left z a :ite mass1 mu* r$uc$ 9 weight1 :i* conta9s no nitrog5 & is )\t action on sug>4 ,!n>d1 moreov]1 x is int]e/+ to note1 diff]s f ,lavoisi]1 inasmu* z he ascribes ! orig9 ( "s ( ! c>bonic acid to ! c>bon ( ! f]m5t1 an op9ion :i* 0 /ill held 9 v>i\s degrees by _m inve/igators 7see ,segu91 quot$ by ,!n>d74 ,!n>d's memoir 0 foll[$ by a communication ( fundam5tal importance f ,gay-,lussac #ahaj4 ,a process = pres]v+ food _h be5 introduc$ by ,app]t1 :i* consi/$ 9 plac+ ! mat]ial 9 bottles1 clos+ ^! v c>efully & expos+ !m to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] = "s "t4 ,gay-,lussac 0 /ruck by ! fact t :5 su* a bottle 0 op5$ f]m5tation or putrefaction set 9 rapidly4 ,analysis ( ! air left 9 su* a seal$ bottle %[$ t all ! oxyg5 _h be5 absorb$1 & ^! facts l$ to ! view t f]m5tation 0 set up by ! action ( oxyg5 on ! f]m5table mat]ial4 ,exp]im5t appe>$ to confirm ?is 9 ! mo/ /rik+ way4 ,a bottle ( pres]v$ grape-juice 0 op5$ ov] m]cury & "p ( its cont5ts pass$ ?r\gh ! m]cury into a bell-j> conta9+ air1 ! rema9d] into a simil> vessel free f air4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( air f]m5tation set 9 at once1 9 ! abs5ce ( air no f]m5tation :atev] occurr$4 ,?is connection betwe5 f]m5tation & ! pres5ce ( air 0 e/abli%$ by num]\s exp]im5ts & appe>$ inconte/able4 ,f]m5tation1 x 0 f\nd1 c\ld be *eck$ by boil+ ev5 aft] ! addition ( oxyg51 & h5ce food c\ld be pres]v$ 9 free contact ) ! air1 provid$ only t x 0 rais$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] at %ort int]vals ( "t4 ,gay-,lussac's op9ion 0 t ! f]m5t 0 =m$ by ! action ( ! oxyg5 on ! p#jje liquid1 & t ! product ( ?is action 0 alt]$ by heat & r5d]$ incapable ( produc+ f]m5tation1 z 0 also brew]'s yea/1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he reg>d$1 on acc\nt ( its insolubility1 z diff]5t f ! soluble f]m5t :i* initiat$ ! *ange 9 ! limpid grape-juice4 ,col91 on ! o!r h& #ahbe1 recognis$ t alcoholic f]m5tation by :atev] sub/ance x 0 />t$1 result$ 9 ! =mation ( an insoluble deposit m active ?an ! orig9al sub/ance1 & he sugge/$ t ?is deposit might possibly 9 e case be ( ! same nature4 ,s f> no suspicion appe>s to h aris5 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o _h occupi$ !mselves ) ! /udy ( f]m5tation t ?is *ange diff]$ 9 any ess5tial mann] f _m o!r reactions famili> to *emi/s4 ,! orig9 & prop]ties ( ! f]m5t 7 inde$ rem>kable & involv$ 9 obscurity1 b ! unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ?is sub/ance 0 no great] ?an t surr\nd+ _m1 if n all1 comp\nds ( animal & vegetable orig94 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! purely *emical view z to ! nature ( yea/ 0 g5]ally recognis$ & adopt$1 isolat$ obs]vations 7 n want+ :i* t5d$ to %[ t yea/ might be some?+ m ?an a m]e *emical reag5t4 ,z e>ly z #afhj 9 lett]s to ! ,royal ,society ,leeuw5hoek describ$ ! microscopic appe>ance ( yea/ ( v>i\s orig9s z t ( small1 r\nd1 or oval p>ticles1 b no fur!r progress seems to h be5 made 9 ?is direction = ne>ly a c5tury & a half1 :5 we f9d t ,desmazires #ahbf exam9$ ! film =m$ on be]1 figur$ ! elongat$ cells ( :i* x 0 compos$1 & describ$ x "u ! "n ( ,mycod]ma ,c]evisi4 ,he1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ x r z ( animal ?an ( vegetable orig91 & does n appe> to h connect$ ! pres5ce ( ^! cells ) ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,^u ?is long p]iod dur+ :i* yea/ 0 reg>d$ m]ely z a *emical comp\nd !re foll[$1 z has s frequ5tly occurr$ 9 simil> cases1 a sudd5 outbur/ ( discov]y4 ,no less ?an ?ree obs]v]s hit almo/ simultane\sly ^u ! secret ( f]m5tation & decl>$ t yea/ 0 a liv+ organism4 ,fir/ among ^! 9 /rict ord] ( "t 0 ,cagni>d-,lat\r #ahch1 :o made a numb] ( communications to ! ,academy & to ! ,socit ,philomatique 9 #ahce-f1 ! cont5ts ( :i* 7 collect$ 9 a pap] pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on #ab ,june1 #ahcg1 & publi%$ 9 #ahch4 ,! obs]vations ^u :i* ?is memoir 0 bas$ 7 almo/ exclusively microscopical4 ,yea/ 0 recognis$ z consi/+ ( sph]ical p>ticles1 :i* 7 capable ( p#jjf reproduction by budd+ b incapable ( motion1 & x 0 !re=e reg>d$ z a liv+ organism probably belong+ to ! vegetable k+dom4 ,alcoholic f]m5tation 0 obs]v$ to dep5d on ! pres5ce ( liv+ yea/ cells1 & 0 attribut$ to "s effect ( _! vegetative life 7quelque effet de leur vgtation74 ,x 0 also notic$ t yea/ 0 n depriv$ ( its f]m5t+ p[] by exposure to ! temp]ature ( solid c>bonic acid1 a sample ( :i* 0 suppli$ to ,cagni>d-,lat\r by ,?ilori]1 :o _h only rec5tly prep>$ x = ! fir/ "t4 ,!odor ,s*wann #ahcg1 ^: rese>*es 7 q indep5d5t ( ^? ( ,cagni>d-,lat\r1 approa*$ ! problem f an entirely diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahcf ,franz ,s*ulze #ahcf publi%$ a rese>* on ! subject ( spontane\s g5]ation1 9 :i* he prov$ t :5 a solution conta9+ animal or vegetable matt] 0 boil$1 no putrefaction set 9 provid$ t all air :i* 0 all[$ to h access to ! liquid 0 previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh /rong sulphuric acid4 ,s*wann p]=m$ a v simil> exp]im5t by :i* he %[$ t ?is same result1 ! abs5ce ( putrefaction1 0 atta9$ by heat+ all air :i* came into contact ) ! boil$ liquid4 ,wi%+ to %[ t o!r processes 9 :i* air took "p 7 n affect$ by ! air be+ heat$1 he made exp]im5ts ) f]m5t+ liquids & f\nd1 contr>y to 8 expectation1 t a liquid capable ( und]go+ v9\s f]m5tation & conta9+ yea/ did n und]go ?is *ange aft] x _h be5 boil$1 provid$ t1 z 9 ! case ( 8 previ\s exp]im5ts1 only air :i* _h be5 heat$ 0 all[$ to come into contact ) x4 ,s*wann's exp]im5ts on ! prev5tion ( putrefaction 7 unexceptionable & q decisive4 ,! analog\s exp]im5ts deal+ ) alcoholic f]m5tation 7 n q s satisfactory4 ,yea/ 0 add$ to a solution ( cane sug>1 ! flask conta9+ ! mixture plac$ 9 boil+ wat] = t5 m9utes1 & !n inv]t$ ov] m]cury4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! liquid 0 !n displac$ by air & ! flasks cork$ & kept inv]t$ at air temp]ature4 ,9 two flasks ! air introduc$ 0 ord9>y atmosph]ic air1 & 9 ^! flasks f]m5tation set 9 aft] ab\t f\r to six weeks4 ,into ! o!r two flasks air :i* _h be5 heat$ 0 l$1 & 9 ^! no f]m5tation occurr$4 ,z describ$1 ! exp]im5t is q satisfactory1 b ,s*wann f\nd on repetition t ! results 7 irregul>4 ,sometimes all ! flasks %[$ f]m5tation1 sometimes none ( !m4 ,?is 0 correctly ascrib$ to ! exp]im5tal difficulties1 b none p#jjg ! less s]v$ z a po9t ( attack = ho/ile & damag+ criticism at ! h&s ( ,b]zelius 7p4 #h74 ,! orig9 ( putrefaction 0 def9itely attribut$ by ,s*wann to ! pres5ce ( liv+ g]ms 9 ! air1 & ! simil>ity ( ! result obta9$ ) yea/ sugge/$ ! idea t alcoholic f]m5tation 0 also br\ght ab\t by a liv+ organism1 a conception :i* 0 at once confirm$ by a microscopical exam9ation ( a f]m5t+ liquid4 ,! ph5om5a obs]v$ "u ! microscope 7 simil> to ^? not$ by ,cagni>d-,lat\r1 & 9 accordance ) ^! obs]vations alcoholic f]m5tation 0 attribut$ to ! developm5t ( a liv+ organism1 ! f]m5tative function ( :i* 0 f\nd to be de/roy$ by potassium ars5ite & n by extract ( ,nux vomica1 s t ! organism 0 reg>d$ r z ( vegetable ?an ( animal nature4 ,?is plant receiv$ ! "n ( ,zuck]pilz or sug> fungus 7:i* has be5 p]petuat$ 9 ! g5]ic t]m ,sac*>omyces74 ,alcoholic f]m5tation 0 expla9$ z ! decomposition br\ght ab\t by ?is sug> fungus remov+ f ! sug> & a nitrog5\s sub/ance ! mat]ials necess>y = its gr[? & n\ri%m5t1 :il/ ! rema9+ elem5ts ( ^! comp\nds1 :i* 7 n tak5 up by ! plant1 comb9$ *iefly to =m alcohol4 ,ktz+'s memoir1 ! ?ird ( ! trio #ahcg1 also dates f #ahcg1 & 8 op9ions1 l ^? ( ,cagni>d-,lat\r1 are f\nd$ on microscopical obs]vations4 ,he recognises yea/ z a vegetable organism & accurately describes its appe>ance4 ,alcoholic f]m5tation dep5ds on ! =mation ( yea/1 :i* is produc$ :5 ! necess>y elem5ts & ! prop] conditions are pres5t & !n propagates itself4 ,! action on ! liquid ?us increases & ! con/itu5ts n requir$ to =m ! organism comb9e to =m unorganis$ sub/ances1 ! c>bonic acid & alcohol4 ,x is obvi\s1 says ,ktz+1 9 a passage :i* r\s$ ! s>casm ( ,b]zelius1 t *emi/s mu/ n[ /rike yea/ (f ! roll ( *emical comp\nds1 s9ce x is n a comp\nd b an organis$ body1 an organism4 ,^! ?ree pap]s1 :i* 7 publi%$ almo/ simultane\sly1 7 receiv$ at fir/ ) incr$ulity4 ,b]zelius1 at t "t ! arbit] & dictator ( ! *emical _w1 review$ !m all 9 8 ,jahresb]i*t = #ahci #ahci ) imp>tial scorn4 ,! microscopical evid5ce 0 d5i$ all value1 & yea/ 0 no m to be reg>d$ z an organism ?an 0 a precipitate ( alum9a4 ,s*wann's exp]im5t 7p4 #f7 0 criticis$ on ! gr\nd t ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! add$ yea/ _h be5 only p>tially de/roy$ 9 ! p#jjh flasks 9 :i* f]m5tation ensu$1 completely 9 ^? :i* rema9$ un*ang$1 ! admission ( heat$ or unheat$ air be+ indiff]5t1 a criticism to "s ext5t ju/ifi$ by ,s*wann's /atem5t1 already quot$1 ( ! unc]ta9 result ( ! exp]im5t4 ,b]zelius himself reg>d$ f]m5tation z be+ br\ght ab\t by ! yea/ by virtue ( t catalytic =ce1 :i* he _h suppos$ to int]v5e 9 s _m reactions1 bo? betwe5 sub/ances ( m9]al & ( animal & vegetable orig9 #ahcf1 & :i* enabl$ bodies1 by _! m]e pres5ce1 & n by _! aff9ity1 to ar\se aff9ities ord9>ily quiesc5t at ! temp]ature ( ! exp]im5t1 s t ! elem5ts ( a comp\nd body arrange !mselves 9 "s diff]5t way1 by :i* a great] degree ( electro-*emical neutralisation is atta9$4 ,to ! scorn ( ,b]zelius 0 soon add$ ! s>casm ( ,whl] & ,liebig #ahci4 ,/imulat$ 9 "p by ! publications ( ! ?ree au?ors already m5tion$1 & 9 "p by ! report ( ,turp9 #ahch1 :o at ! reque/ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces _h satisfi$ himself by obs]vation ( ! accuracy ( ,cagni>d-,lat\r's conclusions1 ,whl] prep>$ an elaborate skit on ! subject1 :i* he s5t to ,liebig1 to :om x appeal$ s /rongly t he add$ "s t\*es ( 8 own & publi%$ x 9 ! ,annal51 foll[+ imm$iately ^u a translation ( ,turp9's pap]4 ,yea/ 0 "h describ$ ) a consid]able degree ( anatomical realism z consi/+ ( eggs :i* develop$ into m9ute animals1 %ap$ l a di/ill+ app>atus1 by :i* ! sug> 0 tak5 9 z food & dige/$ into c>bonic acid & alcohol1 :i* 7 sep>ately excret$1 ! :ole process be+ easily foll[$ "u ! miscroscope4 ,close ^u ?is pleasantry foll[$ a s]i\s & important communication f ,liebig #ahci1 9 :i* ! nature ( f]m5tation1 putrefaction1 & decay 0 exhau/ively discuss$4 ,liebig did n admit t ^! ph5om5a 7 caus$ by liv+ organisms1 nor did he attribute !m l ,b]zelius to ! catalytic action ( a sub/ance :i* itself surviv$ ! reaction un*ang$4 ,z reg>ds alcoholic f]m5tation1 ,liebig's *ief argum5ts may be briefly summ>is$4 ,z ! result ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! :ole ( ! c>bon ( ! sug> reappe>s 9 ! alcohol & c>bon dioxide =m$4 ,?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by a body t]m$ ! f]m5t1 :i* is =m$ z ! result ( a *ange set up by ! access ( air to plant juices conta9+ sug>1 & :i* conta9s all ! nitrog5 ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! juice4 ,?is f]m5t is a sub/ance rem>kably susceptible ( *ange1 :i* und]goes an un9t]rupt$ & progressive metamorphosis1 ( p#jji ! nature ( putrefaction or decay1 & produces ! f]m5tation ( ! sug> z a consequ5ce ( ! trans=mation :i* x is itself und]go+4 ,! decomposition ( ! sug> is !re=e due to a condition ( in/ability transf]r$ to x f ! un/able & *ang+ f]m5t1 & only cont9ues s long z ! decomposition ( ! f]m5t proce$s4 ,?is communication ( in/ability f "o sub/ance und]go+ *emical *ange to ano!r is ! basis ( ,liebig's conception1 & is illu/rat$ by a numb] ( *emical analogies1 "o ( :i* w suffice to expla9 8 mean+4 ,plat9um is itself incapable ( decompos+ nitric acid & dissolv+ 9 x2 silv]1 on ! o!r h&1 possesses ?is p[]4 ,:5 plat9um is alloy$ ) silv]1 ! :ole mass dissolves 9 nitric acid1 ! p[] possess$ by ! silv] be+ transf]r$ to ! plat9um4 ,9 l mann] ! condition ( active decomposition ( ! f]m5t is transf]r$ to ! sug>1 :i* by itself is q /able4 ,! c5tral idea is t ( ,/ahl 7p4 #b7 :i* 0 ?us re9troduc$ into sci5tific ?\ght4 ,9 a pure sug> solution ! decomposition ( ! f]m5t soon comes to an end & f]m5tation !n ceases4 ,9 be] wort or vegetable juices1 on ! o!r h&1 m f]m5t is cont9ually =m$ 9 ! mann] already describ$ f ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! juice1 & h5ce ! sug> is completely f]m5t$ away & unexhau/$ f]m5t left beh9d4 ,liebig's views 7 reit]at$ 9 8 celebrat$ ,*emis*e ,briefe1 & became ! g5]ally accept$ doctr9e ( *emi/s4 ,!re seems little d\bt t bo? ,b]zelius & ,liebig 9 _! scornful rejection ( ! results ( ,cagni>d-,lat\r1 ,s*wann & ,ktz+1 7 influ5c$1 p]haps almo/ unconsci\sly1 by a desire to avoid see+ an important *emical *ange relegat$ to ! doma9 ( t vital =ce f b5ea? ! sway ( :i* a l>ge "p ( organic *emi/ry _h j be5 rescu$ by ,whl]'s brilliant syn!tical production ( urea & by ! less recognis$ syn!sis ( alcohol by ,h5nell 7see on ?is po9t ,ahr5s #aijb74 ,a /rong body ( evid5ce1 h[ev]1 gradually accumulat$ 9 fav\r ( ! vegetable nature ( yea/1 s t x may be said t by #ahdh a p[]ful m9ority adh]$ to ! views ( ,cagni>d-,lat\r1 ,s*wann1 & ,ktz+ see ,s*rohe1 #aijd1 p4 #bah1 & comp>e ,bu*n]1 #aijd4 ,among ^! mu/ be includ$ ,b]zelius #ahdh1 :o _h s =cibly repudiat$ ! idea only t5 ye>s be=e1 :]eas ,liebig 9 ! #ahea edition ( 8 lett]s does n m5tion ! fact t yea/ is a liv+ organism 7,lett] ,,xv74 ,! recognition ( ! vegetable nature ( yea/1 h[ev]1 by no p#jaj means disprov$ ,liebig's view ( ! nature ( ! *ange by :i* sug> 0 conv]t$ into c>bon dioxide & alcohol1 z 0 c>efully po9t$ out by ,s*lossb]g] #ahdd 9 a rese>* on ! nature ( yea/1 c>ri$ out 9 ,liebig's laboratory b )\t decisive results4 ,mits*]li* 0 also conv9c$ ( ! vegetable "* ( yea/1 & %[$ #ahda t :5 yea/ 0 plac$ 9 a glass tube clos$ by p>*m5t & plung$ into sug> solution1 ! sug> ent]$ ! glass tube & 0 !re f]m5t$1 b 0 n f]m5t$ outside ! tube4 ,he reg>d$ ?is z a pro( t f]m5tation only occurr$ at ! surface ( ! yea/ cells1 & expla9$ ! process by contact action 9 ! s5se ( ! catalytic action ( ,b]zelius1 r ?an by ,liebig's transf]5ce ( molecul> in/ability4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ ) an animal membrane by ,helmholtz #ahdc1 :o also express$ 8 conviction t yea/ 0 a vegetable organism4 ,9 #ahed ,s*rd] & von ,dus* #ahed1 #ahei1 #ahfa /rongly re9=c$ ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is view by succe$+ 9 prev5t+ ! putrefaction & f]m5tation ( _m boil$ organic liquids by ! simple process ( filt]+ all air :i* _h access to !m ?r\gh cotton-wool4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 cont9u$ until #ahfa1 l$ to ! conclusion t ! spontane\s alcoholic f]m5tation ( liquids 0 due to liv+ g]ms c>ri$ by ! air1 & t :5 ! air 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! cotton-wool ^! g]ms 7 held back4 ,at ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury op9ions ) reg>d to alcoholic f]m5tation1 not)/&+ all t _h be5 done1 7 /ill divid$4 ,on ! "o h& ,liebig's !ory ( f]m5tation 0 widely held & taught4 ,g]h>dt1 = example1 z late z #ahef 9 ! article on f]m5tation 9 8 treatise on organic *emi/ry #ahef1 gives entire support to ,liebig's views1 & 8 treatm5t ( ! matt] af=ds an int]e/+ glimpse ( ! argum5ts :i* 7 !n held to be decisive4 ,! gr\nds on :i* he rejects ! conclusions ( ,s*wann & ! o!r inve/igators :o %>$ ! belief 9 ! vegetable nature ( yea/ are t1 al?\gh 9 "s cases animal & vegetable matt] & infusions c be pres]v$ f *ange by ! me?ods describ$ by ^! au?ors1 9 o!rs !y _c1 a /rik+ case be+ t ( milk1 :i* ev5 aft] be+ boil$ becomes s\r ev5 9 filt]$ air1 & ?is )\t %[+ any trace ( liv+ organisms4 ,! action ( heat1 sulphuric acid1 & filtration on ! air is to remove1 or de/roy1 n liv+ organisms b p>ticles ( decompos+ matt]1 t is to say1 f]m5ts :i* w\ld add _! activity to t ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,moreov]1 _m f]m5ts1 z = example dia/ase1 act )\t p#jaa produc+ any insoluble deposit :atev] :i* c be reg>d$ z an organism4 ,evidemm5t1 he concludes1 la ?orie de ,m4 ,liebig explique seule t\s les phnomnes de la manire la plus complte et la plus logique2 c'e/ elle que t\s les bons esprits ne peuv5t manqu] de se ralli]4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 held by _m to h be5 %[n t ,liebig's view ( ! orig9 ( yea/ by ! action ( ! air on a vegetable infusion 0 errone\s1 & t f]m5tation only arose :5 ! air transf]r$ to ! liquid an active ag5t :i* c\ld be remov$ f x by sulphuric acid 7,s*ulze71 by heat 7,s*wann71 & by cotton-wool 7,s*rd] & von ,dus*74 ,accompany+ alcoholic f]m5tation !re 0 a developm5t ( a liv+ organism1 ! yea/1 & f]m5tation 0 believ$1 )\t any v /rict pro(1 to be a ph5om5on due to ! life & vegetation ( ?is organism4 ,?is doctr9e seems inde$ ,s*rohe1 #aijd to h be5 widely taught 9 ,g]many f #ahdj-ef1 & to h e/abli%$ itself 9 ! practice ( ! f]m5tation indu/ries4 ,9 #aheg comm5c$ ! classical rese>*es ( ,pa/eur :i* f9ally decid$ ! "q z to ! orig9 & functions ( yea/ & l$ him to ! conclusion t alcoholic f]m5tation is an act correlat$ ) ! life & organisation ( ! yea/ cells1 n ) ! dea? or putrefaction ( ! cells1 any m ?an x is a ph5om5on ( contact1 9 :i* case ! trans=mation ( sug> w\ld be accompli%$ 9 pres5ce ( ! f]m5t )\t yield+ up to x or tak+ f x any?+ #ahfj4 ,x is impossible "h to ent] 9 detail into ,pa/eur's exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 or inde$ to d m ?an indicate ! g5]al l9es ( 8 inve/igation4 ,8 />t+-po9t 0 ! lactic acid f]m5tation4 ,! organism to :i* ?is *ange 0 due _h hi!rto escap$ detection1 & z we h se5 ! spontane\s lactic f]m5tation ( milk 0 "o ( ! ph5om5a adduc$ by ,g]h>dt 7p4 #aj7 9 fav\r ( ,liebig's views4 ,pa/eur #aheg discov]$ ! lactic acid produc+ organism & conv9c$ himself t x 0 9 fact a liv+ organism & ! active cause ( ! production ( lactic acid4 ,"o ( ! *ief buttresses ( ,liebig's !ory 0 ?us remov$1 & ,pa/eur next proce$$ to apply ! same me?od & reason+ to alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,liebig's !ory ( ! orig9 ( yea/ by ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air on ! nitrog5\s matt] ( ! f]m5table liquid 0 conclusively & /rik+ly disprov$ by ! brilliant device ( produc+ a crop ( yea/ 9 a liquid m$ium conta9+ only comp>atively p#jab simple sub/ances ( kn[n composition--sug>1 ammonium t>trate & m9]al phosphate4 ,"h !re 0 obvi\sly pres5t 9 ! orig9al m$ium no matt] :i* c\ld be put into a /ate ( putrefaction by contact ) oxyg5 & ext5d its in/ability to ! sug>4 ,any su* mat]ial mu/ fir/ be =m$ by ! vital processes ( ! yea/4 ,9 ! next place ,pa/eur %[$ by c>eful analyses & e/imations t1 :5ev] f]m5tation occurr$1 gr[? & multiplication ( yea/ accompani$ ! ph5om5on4 ,! sug>1 he prov$1 0 n completely decompos$ into c>bon dioxide & alcohol1 z _h be5 assum$ by ,liebig 7p4 #h74 ,a balance-%eet ( mat]ials & products 0 con/ruct$ :i* %[$ t ! alcohol & c>bon dioxide =m$ am\nt$ only to ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( ! inv]t sug> f]m5t$1 ! diff]5ce be+ made up by glyc]ol1 succ9ic acid1 cellulose1 & o!r sub/ances #ahfj1 p4 #cdg4 ,9 e case ( f]m5tation1 ev5 :5 a pa/e ( yea/ 0 add$ to a solution ( pure cane sug> 9 wat]1 ! yea/ 0 f\nd by quantitative measurem5ts to h tak5 some?+ f ! sug>4 ,?is some?+ 0 indet]m9ate 9 "*1 b1 includ+ ! :ole ( ! extractives :i* _h pass$ f ! yea/ cells into ! surr\nd+ liquid1 x am\nt$ to z mu* z #afc p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! sug> f]m5t$ #ahfj1 p4 #cdd4 ,pa/eur 0 !re=e l$ to consid] f]m5tation z a physiological process accompany+ ! life ( ! yea/4 ,8 conclusions 7 c\*$ 9 unmi/akable words3 ,! *emical act ( f]m5tation is ess5tially a ph5om5on correlative ) a vital act1 comm5c+ & ceas+ ) ! latt]4 ,i am ( op9ion t alcoholic f]m5tation nev] occurs )\t simultane\s organisation1 developm5t1 multiplication ( cells1 or ! cont9u$ life ( cells already =m$4 ,! results express$ 9 ?is memoir seem to me to be completely oppos$ to ! op9ions ( ,liebig & ,b]zelius4 ,if ,i am ask$ 9 :at consi/s ! *emical act :]eby ! sug> is decompos$ & :at is its real cause1 ,i reply t ,i am completely ignorant ( x4 ,ought we to say t ! yea/ fe$s on sug> & excretes alcohol & c>bonic acid8 ,or %\ld we r ma9ta9 t yea/ 9 its developm5t produces "s sub/ance ( ! nature ( a peps91 :i* acts ^u ! sug> & !n disappe>s1 = no su* sub/ance is f\nd 9 f]m5t$ liquids8 ,i h no?+ to reply to ^! hypo!ses4 ,i nei!r admit !m nor reject !m1 & wi% only to re/ra9 myself f go+ beyond ! facts4 ,& ! facts tell me simply t all true f]m5tations are correlative ) physiological ph5om5a4 ,liebig felt to ! full ! weight ( ,pa/eur's criticisms2 8 reply p#jac 0 long delay$ #ahgj1 &1 accord+ to 8 biograph]1 ,volh>d #aiji1 caus$ him mu* anxiety4 ,9 x he admits ! vegetable nature ( yea/1 b does n reg>d ,pa/eur's conclusion z 9 any way a solution ( ! problem ( ! nature ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,pa/eur's physiological act is = ,liebig ! v ph5om5on :i* requires explanation1 & :i* he /ill ma9ta9s c be expla9$ by 8 orig9al !ory ( communicat$ in/ability4 ,on "s ( ,pa/eur's results1 notably ! v important "o ( ! cultivation ( yea/ 9 a syn!tic m$ium1 he ca/s grave d\bt1 :il/ he expla9s ! production ( glyc]ol & succ9ic acid z due to indep5d5t reactions4 ,! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation is /ill = him "o :i* accompanies ! decomposition ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! cell1 r ?an _! build+ up by vegetative gr[?4 ,:5 ! fungus ceases to gr[1 ! bond :i* holds toge!r ! con/itu5ts ( ! cell cont5ts is relax$1 & x is ! motion :i* is ?us set up 9 !m :i* is ! means by :i* ! yea/ cells are enabl$ to br+ ab\t a displacem5t or decomposition ( ! elem5ts ( sug> or o!r organic molecules4 ,pa/eur repli$ 9 a brief & unansw]able note #ahgb4 ,all 8 att5tion 0 conc5trat$ on ! "o "q ( ! production ( yea/ 9 a syn!tic m$ium1 :i* he recognis$ z fundam5tal4 ,! validity ( ?is exp]im5t he emphatically reaffirm$1 & f9ally und]took1 f mat]ials suppli$ by ,liebig himself1 to produce z mu* yea/ z c\ld be reasonably desir$4 ,?is *all5ge 0 nev] tak5 up1 & ?is communication =m$ ! la/ ^w ( ! controv]sy4 ,pa/eur _h at ?is "t firmly e/abli%$ 8 !sis1 _/no f]m5tation )\t life_/1 bo? = alcoholic f]m5tation & = ^? o!r f]m5tations :i* are produc$ by bact]ia1 & _h put ^u a s\nd & p]man5t basis ! conclusions drawn by ,s*ulze1 ,cagni>d-,lat\r1 ,s*wann1 & ,ktz+ f _! e>ly exp]im5ts4 ,x became g5]ally recognis$ t putrefaction & o!r f]m5tative *anges 7 due to specific organisms1 :i* produc$ !m 9 ! ex]cise ( _! vital functions4 ,pa/eur subsequ5tly #ahge came to ! conclusion t f]m5tation 0 ! result ( life )\t oxyg51 ! cells be+ able1 9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg51 to avail !mselves ( ! en]gy lib]at$ by ! decomposition ( sub/ances conta9+ comb9$ oxyg54 ,?is view1 :i* did n involve any alt]ation ( ,pa/eur's orig9al !sis b 0 an attempt to expla9 ! physiological orig9 & function ( f]m5tation1 gave rise to a prolong$ controv]sy1 :i* _c be fur!r discuss$ 9 ^! pages4 p#jad ,nev]!less1 ,liebig's desire to p5etrate m deeply into ! nature ( ! process ( f]m5tation rema9$ 9 _m m9ds1 & num]\s endeav\rs 7 made to obta9 fur!r insight into ! problem4 ,9 spite ( an entire lack ( direct exp]im5tal pro(1 ! conception t alcoholic f]m5tation 0 due to ! *emical action ( "s sub/ance elaborat$ by ! cell & n directly to ! vital processes ( ! cell z a :ole f\nd /r5u\s support]s ev5 among ^? :o 7 conv9c$ ( ! vegetable "* ( yea/4 ,z e>ly z #ahcc dia/ase1 discov]$ /ill e>li] by ,kir*h(f & ,dubrunfaut1 _h be5 extract$ by means ( wat] f g]m9at+ b>ley & precipitat$ by alcohol z a :ite p[d]1 ! solution ( :i* 0 capable ( conv]t+ />* into sug>1 b lo/ ?is p[] :5 heat$ ,pay5 & ,p]soz1 #ahcc4 ,bas+ 8 ideas 9 "p ^u ! behavi\r ( ?is sub/ance1 ,moritz ,traube #aheh enunciat$ 9 ! cle>e/ possible mann] ! !ory t all f]m5tations produc$ by liv+ organisms are caus$ by f]m5ts1 :i* are def9ite *emical sub/ances produc$ 9 ! cells ( ! organism4 ,he reg>d$ ^! sub/ances z be+ closely relat$ to ! prote9s & consid]$ t _! function 0 to transf] ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( wat] to diff]5t p>ts ( ! molecule ( ! f]m5table sub/ance & ?us br+ ab\t t app>5t intramolecul> oxidation & r$uction :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( f]m5tative *ange & _h arre/$ ! att5tion ( ,lavoisi] &1 long aft] him1 ( ,liebig4 ,traube's ma9 !sis1 t f]m5tation is caus$ by def9ite f]m5ts or enzymes1 attract$ mu* att5tion1 & receiv$ fre% support f ! sep>ation ( inv]tase 9 #ahfj f an extract ( yea/ by ,b]!lot1 & f ! advocacy & au?ority ( ?is great c\ntryman ( ,pa/eur1 :o def9itely express$ 8 op9ion t insoluble f]m5ts exi/$ :i* c\ld n be sep>at$ f ! tissues ( ! organism1 & fur!r1 t ! organism c\ld n itself be reg>d$ z ! f]m5t1 b only z ! produc] ( ! f]m5t #aheg1 #ahfj4 ,hoppe-,seyl] #ahgf also support$ ! enzyme !ory ( f]m5tation1 b diff]$ 9 "s respects f ,traube z to ! exact function ( ! f]m5t see ,traube1 #ahgg2 ,hoppe-,seyl]1 #ahgg4 ,direct exp]im5tal evid5ce 01 h[ev]1 /ill want+1 & ,pa/eur's reit]at$ ass]tion #ahge t all f]m5tation ph5om5a 7 manife/ations ( ! life ( ! organism rema9$ uncontrov]t$ by exp]i5ce4 ,num]\s & repeat$ direct exp]im5tal attacks _h be5 made p#jae f "t to "t ^u ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( a f]m5tation enzyme1 b all _h yield$ negative or unreliable results4 ,z e>ly z #ahdf a bold attempt _h be5 made by ,ld]sdorff #ahdf to asc]ta9 :e!r f]m5tation 0 or 0 n b\nd up ) ! life ( ! yea/ by gr9d+ yea/ & exam9+ ! gr\nd mass4 ,a s+le gram ( yea/ 0 ?or\ghly gr\nd1 ! process la/+ = an h\r1 & ! product 0 te/$ ) sug> solution4 ,n a s+le bubble ( gas 0 evolv$4 ,a simil> result 0 obta9$ 9 a repetition ( ! exp]im5t by ,s*midt 9 ,liebig's laboratory #ahdg1 ! gr9d+ be+ cont9u$ 9 ?is case = six h\rs1 b ! natural conclusion t liv+ yea/ 0 ess5tial = f]m5tation 0 n accept$1 on ! gr\nd t dur+ ! l5g?y process ( trituration 9 contact ) air ! yea/ _h become alt]$ & n[ no long] possess$ ! p[] ( produc+ alcoholic f]m5tation1 b in/ead _h acquir$ t ( *ang+ sug> into lactic acid see ,g]h>dt1 #ahef1 p4 #ede4 ,simil> exp]im5ts made 9 #ahga by ,m>ie von ,manassen #ahgb1 #ahig1 9 :i* yea/ 0 gr\nd = six to fifte5 h\rs ) p[d]$ rock cry/al1 yield$ products :i* f]m5t$ sug>1 b !y conta9$ unbrok5 yea/ cells1 s t ! results obta9$ c\ld n be consid]$ decisive ,bu*n] & ,rapp1 #ahih1 #a1 al?\gh ,frau von ,manassen h]self drew f !m & f o!rs 9 :i* sug> solution 0 treat$ ) heat$ yea/1 b n "u aseptic conditions1 ! conclusion t liv+ yea/ cells 7 n necess>y = f]m5tation4 ,q unsuccessful 7 also ! attempts made to accompli% ! sep>ation ( f]m5tation f ! liv+ cell by ,adolf ,may] #ahgi1 p4 #ff1 &1 z we le>n f ,r\x1 by ,pa/eur himself1 gr9d+1 freez+1 & plasmolys+ ! cells1 hav+ 9 8 h&s prov$ alike 9 va94 ,extraction by glyc]ol or wat]1 a me?od by :i* _m enzymes c be obta9$ 9 solution1 gave no bett] results ,ngeli & ,loew1 #ahgh1 & ! enzyme !ory ( alcoholic f]m5tation appe>$ q unju/ifi$ by exp]im5t4 ,hav+ conv9c$ himself ( ?is1 ,ngeli #ahgi sugge/$ a new explanation ( ! facts bas$ on molecul>-physical gr\nds4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :i* unites 9 itself "s ( ! conceptions ( ,liebig1 ,pa/eur1 & ,traube1 f]m5tation is ! transf]5ce ( a /ate ( motion f ! molecules1 atomic gr\ps1 & atoms ( ! comp\nds con/itut+ ! liv+ plasma ( ! cell to ! f]m5table mat]ial1 :]eby ! equilibrium exi/+ 9 ! molecules ( ! latt] is di/urb$ & decomposition ensues #ahgi1 p4 #bi4 p#jaf ,?is some:at complex idea1 :il/ includ+1 z did ,liebig's !ory1 ,/ahl's fundam5tal conception ( a transmission ( a /ate ( motion1 satisfies ,pa/eur's cont5tion t f]m5tation _c occur )\t life1 & at ! same "t expla9s ! specific action ( diff]5t organisms by diff]5ces 9 ! con/itution ( _! cell cont5ts4 ,! really ess5tial "p ( ,ngeli's !ory consi/$ 9 ! limitation ( ! p[] ( transf]5ce ( molecul> motion to ! liv+ plasma1 by :i* ! failure ( all attempts to sep>ate ! p[] ( f]m5tation f ! liv+ cell 0 expla9$4 ,?is 0 ! special ph5om5on :i* requir$ explanation2 to acc\nt = ?is ! !ory 0 devis$1 & :5 ?is 0 exp]im5tally disprov$1 ! !ory lo/ all significance4 ,= ne>ly tw5ty ye>s no fur!r progress 0 made1 & !n 9 #ahig ! "q :i* _h ar\s$ s mu* discussion & conjecture1 & _h giv5 rise to s mu* exp]im5tal "w1 0 f9ally answ]$ by ,edu>d ,bu*n]1 :o succe$$ 9 prep>+ f yea/ a liquid :i*1 9 ! complete abs5ce ( cells1 0 capable ( effect+ ! resolution ( sug> into c>bon dioxide & alcohol #ahig1 #a4 ,9 ! light ( ?is discov]y ! contribution to ! tru? made by ea* ( ! great protagoni/s 9 ! prolong$ discussion on ! problem ( alcoholic f]m5tation c be disc]n$ ) "s degree ( cle>ness4 ,liebig's ma9 cont5tion t f]m5tation 0 ess5tially a *emical act 0 correct1 al?\gh 8 explanation ( ! nature ( ?is act 0 inaccurate4 ,pa/eur1 9 s f> z he consid]$ ! act ( f]m5tation z indissolubly connect$ ) ! life ( ! organism1 0 %[n to be 9 error1 b ! function ( ! organism has only be5 re/rict$ by a s+le /age1 ! active enzyme ( alcoholic f]m5tation has s f> only be5 obs]v$ z ! product ( ! liv+ cell4 ,ne>e/ ( all to ! tru? 0 ,traube1 :o 9 #aheh enunciat$ ! !orem1 :i* 0 only prov$ = alcoholic f]m5tation 9 #ahig1 t all f]m5tations produc$ by liv+ organisms are due to f]m5ts secret$ by ! cells4 ,bu*n]'s discov]y ( zymase has introduc$ a new exp]im5tal me?od by means ( :i* ! problem ( alcoholic f]m5tation c be attack$1 & ! result has be5 t s9ce #ahig a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation has be5 ga9$ ) reg>d to ! nature & conditions ( action ( ! enzymes ( ! yea/ cell4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! ma*9]y ( f]m5tation is mu* m complex ?an _h be5 surmis$4 ,! enzyme zymase1 :i* is ess5tial = f]m5tation1 _c ( itself br+ ab\t ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug>1 b is dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( a second sub/ance1 t]m$1 = p#jag want ( a m reasonable "n1 ! co-enzyme4 ,! *emical nature & function ( ?is my/]i\s coadjutor are /ill unkn[n1 b z x )/&s ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] & is dialysable1 x is probably m simple 9 con/itution ?an ! enzyme4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all2 = ! decomposition ( sug> a phosphate is also indisp5sable4 ,x appe>s t 9 yea/-juice1 & !re=e also mo/ probably 9 ! yea/ cell1 ! phosphorus pres5t takes an active "p 9 f]m5tation & goes ?r\gh a rem>kable cycle ( *anges4 ,! breakd[n ( sug> into alcohol & c>bon dioxide is accompani$ by ! =mation ( a complex hexosephosphate1 & ! phosphate is split (f f ?is comp\nd & ?us aga9 r5d]$ available = action by means ( a special enzyme1 t]m$ hexosephosphatase4 ,9 addition to ?is complex ( f]m5ts1 ! cell also possesses special enzymes by :i* ! zymase & ! co-enzyme c be de/roy$1 &1 fur!r1 at lea/ "o sub/ance1 kn[n z an anti-enzyme1 :i* directly *ecks ?is de/ructive action4 ,x seems probable1 moreov]1 t ! decomposition ( ! sug> molecule takes place 9 /ages1 al?\gh mu* d\bt yet exi/s z to ! nature ( ^!4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! subject rema9s "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! :ole field ( biological *emi/ry1 ! limit$ degree ( insight :i* has already be5 ga9$ into ! m>vell\s complexity ( ! cell l5d+ additional ze/ to ! attempt to p5etrate ! d>kness :i* %r\ds ! /ill hidd5 my/]ies4 p#jah ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,zymase ,,& ,,its ,,prop]ties4 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,zymase4 ,! hi/ory ( ,bu*n]'s discov]y is ( great int]e/ ,grub]1 #aijh2 ,hahn1 #aijh4 ,z e>ly z #ahic ,hans & ,edu>d ,bu*n] f\nd t ! cells ( ev5 ! smalle/ micro-organism c\ld be brok5 by be+ gr\nd ) s& ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #bj1 & 9 #ahif ! same process 0 appli$ by ^! two inve/igators to yea/1 ) ! object ( obta9+ a prep>ation = !rapeutic purposes4 ,difficulties arose 9 ! sep>ation ( ! cell cont5ts f ! gr\nd-up mixture ( cell membranes1 unbrok5 cells1 & s&1 b ^! 7 ov]come by c>ry+ out ! sugge/ion ( ,m>t9 ,hahn 7at t "t assi/ant to ,hans ,bu*n]7 t kieselguhr %\ld be add$ & ! liquid squeez$ out by means ( a hydraulic press ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #eh4 ,! yea/-juice ?us obta9$ 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 employ$ = animal exp]im5ts1 b und]w5t *ange v rapidly4 ,! ord9>y antiseptics 7 f\nd to be unsuitable1 & h5ce sug> 0 add$ z a pres]vative1 & x 0 ! m>k$ action ( ! juice ^u ?is add$ cane sug> t drew ,edu>d ,bu*n]'s att5tion to ! fact t f]m5tation 0 proce$+ 9 ! abs5ce ( yea/-cells4 ,z 9 ! case ( s _m discov]ies1 ! new ph5om5on 0 br\ght to light1 app>5tly by *ance1 z ! result ( an inve/igation direct$ to q o!r ends1 b =tunately fell "u ! eye ( an obs]v] possess$ ( ! g5ius :i* enabl$ him to realise its importance & give to x ! true int]pretation4 ,9 8 fir/ pap]s #ahig1 #a1 #b2 #ahih1 ,bu*n] e/abli%$ ! foll[+ facts3 7#a7 yea/-juice free f cells is capable ( produc+ ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( glucose1 fructose1 cane sug>1 & maltose2 7#b7 ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! juice is nei!r de/roy$ by ! addition ( *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 or sodium ars5ite ,hans ,bu*n]1 #ahig1 by filtration ?r\gh a ,b]kefeld filt]1 by evaporation to dryness at #cj to #ce1 nor by precipitation ) alcohol2 7#c7 ! f]m5t+ p[] is completely de/roy$ :5 ! liquid is heat$ to #ej4 p#jai ,f ^! facts he drew ! conclusion t ! production ( alcoholic f]m5tation does n require s complicat$ an app>atus z ! yea/ cell1 & t ! f]m5tative p[] ( yea/-juice is due to ! pres5ce ( a dissolv$ sub/ance4 ,to ?is active sub/ance he gave ! "n ( zymase4 ,bu*n]'s discov]y 0 n receiv$ )\t "s hesitation4 ,a numb] ( inve/igators prep>$ yea/-juice1 b fail$ to obta9 an active product ,w1 #ahig2 ,delbrck1 #ahig2 ,m>t9 & ,*apman1 #ahih2 ,reynolds ,gre51 #ahig2 ,l9tn]1 #ahii4 ,a m accurate k ( ! necess>y conditions & ( ! prop]ties ( yea/-juice1 h[ev]1 l$ to m successful results ,w1 #ahih2 ,reynolds ,gre51 #ahih2 ,lange1 #ahih1 & x 0 soon e/abli%$ t1 giv5 suitable yea/1 an active prep>ation c\ld be readily procur$ by ,bu*n]'s me?od4 ,criticism 0 !n direct$ to ! effect ( ! admitt$ pres5ce ( a c]ta9 numb] ( micro-organisms 9 yea/-juice ,/av5hag51 #ahig1 b ,bu*n] ,bu*n] & ,rapp1 #ahig 0 able to %[ by exp]im5ts 9 ! pres5ce ( antiseptics & ) juice filt]$ ?r\gh a ,*amb]l& c&le t ! f]m5tation 0 n due to liv+ organisms ( any k9d4 ,! mo/ weighty criticism ( ,bu*n]'s conclusion consi/$ 9 an attempt to %[ t ! prop]ties ( yea/-juice might be due to ! pres5ce1 susp5d$ 9 x1 ( fragm5ts ( liv+ protoplasm1 :i*1 al?\gh sev]$ f _! orig9al surr\nd+s 9 ! cell1 might reta9 = "s "t ! p[] ( produc+ alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,?is1 x w be se51 0 an endeav\r to ext5d ,ngeli's !ory to include 9 x ! newly discov]$ fact4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view 7 adduc$ ! simil>ity betwe5 ! effects ( _m antiseptics on liv+ yea/ & on ! juice1 ! ephem]al nature ( ! f]m5t+ ag5t pres5t 9 ! juice1 ! effect ( dilution ) wat]1 & ! ph5om5on ( aut(]m5tation :i* is exhibit$ by ! juice 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ sug> ,abeles1 #ahih2 v4 ,kupff]1 #ahig2 v4 ,voit1 #ahig2 ,wehm]1 #ahih2 ,neumei/]1 #ahig2 ,macfady51 ,morris1 & ,r[l&1 #aijj2 ,bokorny1 #aijf2 ,fis*]1 #aijc2 ,beij]9ck1 #ahig1 #aijj2 ,wroblewski1 #ahii1 #aija4 ,a brief g5]al description ( ! actual prop]ties ( yea/-juice & ( ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation by its means is suffici5t to %[ ! great improbability ( ?is view4 ,! juice prep>$ by ,bu*n]'s me?od =ms a some:at visc\s opalesc5t br[ni%-yell[ liquid1 :i* is usually fa9tly acid 9 reaction comp>e ,ahr5s1 #aijj & almo/ optically inactive4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #ajc to #ajf1 conta9s #he to #ad p] c5t4 p#jbj ( dissolv$ solids1 & leaves an a% am\nt+ to #ad to #b p] c5t4 ,ab\t #jg to #ag p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 is pres5t1 ne>ly all 9 ! =m ( prote91 :i* coagulates to a ?ick :ite mass :5 ! juice is heat$4 ,a p[]ful dige/ive enzyme ( ! type ( tryps9 is also pres5t1 s t :5 ! juice is pres]v$ its album9 und]goes dige/ion at a rate :i* dep5ds on ! temp]ature ,hahn1 #ahih2 ,g]et & ,hahn1 #ahih1 #a1 #b2 #aijj2 ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #bhg-cdj1 & is conv]t$ into a mixture ( bases & am9o-acids4 ,aft] ab\t six days at #cg1 or #aj to #ad days at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 ! dige/ion is s complete t no coagulation occurs :5 ! juice is boil$4 ,z ?is proteocla/ic enzyme1 l ! alcoholic enzyme1 _c be extract$ f ! liv+ cells1 x is t]m$ yea/ endotryps9 or endotryptase4 ,fre% yea/-juice produces a sl[ f]m5tation ( sug>1 :i* la/s = =ty-eight to n9ety-six h\rs at #be to #cj1 ab\t a week at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & !n ceases1 ow+1 n to exhau/ion ( ! sug>1 b to ! disappe>ance ( ! f]m5t+ ag5t4 ,:5 ! juice is pres]v$ or incubat$ 9 ! abs5ce ( a f]m5table sug> ?is disappe>ance occurs consid]ably soon]1 s t ev5 aft] /&+ = a s+le day at room temp]ature1 or two days at #j1 no f]m5tation may occur :5 sug> is add$4 ,! reason = ?is behavi\r has n be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,z w be se5 lat] on 7p4 #fd7 ! ph5om5on is a complex "o1 b ! disappe>ance ( ! enzyme 0 orig9ally ascrib$ by ,bu*n] to ! dige/ive action ^u x ( ! endotryps9 ( ! juice #ahig1 #b1 & no bett] explanation has yet be5 f\nd4 ,confirmation ( ?is view is af=d$ by ! fact t ! addition ( a tryptic enzyme ( animal orig9 greatly ha/5s ! disappe>ance ( ! alcoholic enzyme ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #abf1 & t "s sub/ances :i* h9d] ! tryptic action fav\r f]m5tation ,h>d51 #aijc4 ,! am\nt ( f]m5tation produc$ is almo/ unaffect$ by ! pres5ce ( su* antiseptics z *lor(orm or tolu5e1 al?\gh "s o!rs1 su* z ars5ites & fluorides1 decrease x :5 add$ 9 comp>atively high conc5trations1 & x is only slightly dim9i%$ by dilution ) ?ree or f\r volumes ( sug> solution1 some:at m consid]ably by dilution ) wat]4 ,:5 x is filt]$ ?r\gh a ,*amb]l& filt] ! fir/ portions ( ! filtrate are capable ( br++ ab\t f]m5tation1 b ! f]m5t+ p[] dim9i%es 9 ! succe$+ portions & f9ally disappe>s4 ,! juice c be spun 9 a c5trifugal ma*9e )\t be+ 9 any way alt]$1 & no sep>ation into m or less active lay]s takes place "u ^! conditions4 p#jba ,! amorph\s p[d] obta9$ by dry+ ! precipitate produc$ :5 ! juice is add$ to a mixture ( alcohol & e!r is also capable ( produc+ f]m5tation1 & ! process ( precipitation may be repeat$ )\t s]i\sly dim9i%+ ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! product4 ,^! facts cle>ly %[ t ! v>i\s ph5om5a adduc$ by ! support]s ( ! !ory ( protoplasmic fragm5ts are q consi/5t ) ! pres5ce ( a dissolv$ enzyme z ! active ag5t ( ! juice1 & at ! same "t t ! prop]ties dem&$ ( ! liv+ fragm5ts ( protoplasm to :i* f]m5tation is ascrib$ are su* z _c be reconcil$ ) our k ( liv+ matt]4 ,if liv+ protoplasm is ! cause ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 a new conception ( life w be necess>y2 ! prop]ties ( ! po/ulat$ fragm5ts ( protoplasm mu/ be s diff]5t f ^? :i* ! protoplasm ( ! liv+ cell possesses z to deprive ! !ory ( all real value ,bu*n]1 #aijj1 #b2 ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #cc4 ,fur!r & v conv9c+ evid5ce aga9/ ! protoplasm !ory is af=d$ by ! behavi\r ( yea/ t[>ds v>i\s desiccat+ ag5ts4 ,:5 yea/ is dri$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature x reta9s its vitality = a consid]able p]iod4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! dri$ yea/ be heat$ = six h\rs at #ajj x loses ! p[] ( gr[? & reproduction b /ill reta9s t ( f]m5t+ sug>1 & :5 gr\nd ) s&1 kieselguhr & #aj p] c5t4 glyc]ol solution yields an active juice ,bu*n]1 #ahig1 #b2 #aijj1 #a4 ,prep>ations 7kn[n z zym97 obta9$ by treat+ yea/ ) a mixture ( alcohol & e!r ,alb]t1 #aijj1 #aija1 #a1 or ) acetone & e!r ,alb]t1 ,bu*n]1 & ,rapp1 #aijb1 %[ precisely simil> prop]ties 7p4 #ch74 ,! pro( 9 ?is case has be5 c>ri$ a /ep fur!r1 = ! active juice obta9$ by gr9d+ su* acetone-yea/1 :5 precipitat$ ) alcohol & e!r1 yields an amorph\s p[d]1 /ill capable ( f]m5t+ sug>4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,bu*n]'s process = ! prep>ation ( active yea/-juice is *>act]is$ by extreme simplicity4 ,! yea/ employ$1 :i* %\ld be fre% brew]y yea/1 is wa%$ two or ?ree times by be+ susp5d$ 9 a l>ge am\nt ( wat] & all[$ to settle 9 deep vessels4 ,x is !n collect$ on a filt] clo?1 wrapp$ 9 a press clo?1 & submitt$ to a pressure ( ab\t #ej kilos1 p] sq4 cm4 = five m9utes4 ,! result+ friable mass conta9s ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( wat] & is free f adh]+ wort4 ,! wa%$ yea/ is !n p#jbb mix$ ) an equal weight ( silv] s& & #jb to #jc p>ts ( kieselguhr1 c>e be+ tak5 t ?is is free f acid4 ,! correct am\nt ( kieselguhr to be add$ c only be asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 & v>ies ) diff]5t samples ( yea/4 ,! dry p[d] ?us obta9$ is br\ght 9 portions ( #cjj to #djj grams into a l>ge porcela9 mort> & gr\nd by h& by means ( a porcela9 pe/le fa/5$ to a long iron rod :i* passes ?r\gh a r+ fix$ 9 ! wall 7,fig4 #a74 ,! mort> us$ by ,bu*n] has a diamet] ( #dj cm4 & ! pe/le & rod toge!r weigh #h kilos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 7,mort> & ,pe/le--,ed47 ,z ! gr9d+ proce$s ! light-col\r$ p[d] gradually d>k5s & becomes br[n1 & ! mass becomes moi/ & adh]es to ! pe/le1 until f9ally1 aft] two to ?ree m9utes' gr9d+1 x takes ! consi/5cy ( d\gh1 at :i* /age ! process is /opp$4 ,! mass is next envelop$ 9 a press clo? & submitt$ to a pressure ( #ij kilos1 p] sq4 cm4 9 a hydraulic h& press1 ! pressure be+ v gradually rais$ 9 ord] to avoid rupture ( ! clo?4 ,! clo? requir$ = #ajjj grams ( yea/ measures #fj by #ge cm4 & is previ\sly soak$ 9 wat] & !n submitt$ to a pressure ( #ej kilos1 p] sq4 cm41 reta9+ ab\t #ce to #dj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,! juice runs f ! press on to a fold$ filt] pap]1 to remove kieselguhr & yea/ cells1 & passes into a vessel /&+ 9 ice wat]4 ,! yield ( juice obta9$ by ,bu*n] 9 an op]ation ( ?is k9d f #a kilo4 ( yea/ am\nts to #cbj to #dfj c4c4 ,x may be increas$ by re-gr9d+ ! press cake & aga9 submitt+ x to pressure1 & !n am\nts on ! av]age to #dej to #ejj c4c4 ,s9ce ! cell membranes con/itute ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! dry yea/1 ?is yield corresponds to m ?an #fj p] c5t4 ( ! total cell cont5ts ( ! yea/4 ,x has be5 comput$ by ,w quot$ by ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #ff t p#jbc only ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! cells are left unalt]$ by "o gr9d+ & press+1 & only #d p] c5t4 aft] a repetition ( ! process1 at lea/ #eg p] c5t4 ( ! cells be+ actually ruptur$ by ! d\ble process1 & ! rema9d] to "s ext5t alt]$4 ,x seems probable f ^! figures t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! juice may be d]iv$ f ! unbrok5 cells1 & ,w expressly /ates t _m unbrok5 cells h lo/ _! vacuoles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 7,hydraulic ,h& ,press--,ed47 ,if ! yea/ be submitt$ to a process ( reg5]ation1 :i* consi/s 9 exposure to a well-a]at$ solution ( sug> & m9]al salts until f]m5tation is complete1 ! juice subsequ5tly obta9$ p#jbd is m active ?an t yield$ by ! orig9al yea/ ,alb]t1 #ahii1 #a4 ,a modifi$ me?od ( gr9d+ yea/ 0 introduc$ by ,macfady51 ,morris1 & ,r[l& #aijj1 :o plac$ a mixture ( yea/ & s& 9 a jacket$ & cool$ vessel1 9 :i* a sp9dle c>ry+ brass flanges 0 rapidly rotat$ ,r[l&1 #aija4 ,"o kilo4 ( yea/ gr\nd 9 ?is way = #ce h\rs yield$ #cej c4c4 ( juice4 ,?is gr9d+ process 0 at fir/ adopt$ by ,h>d5 & ,"y 9 _! exp]im5ts b 0 aft]w>ds ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ,bu*n]'s h&-gr9d+ process1 z x 0 f\nd liable to yield juices ( l[ f]m5t+ p[]1 probably on acc\nt ( ineffici5t cool+ dur+ ! gr9d+ process4 ,a slight modification ( ,bu*n]'s process has1 h[ev]1 be5 introduc$1 ! h&-gr\nd mass be+ mix$ ) a fur!r quantity ( kieselguhr until a ne>ly dry p[d] is =m$1 & ! mass pack$ betwe5 two lay]s ( *a9 clo? 9 /eel filt] plates & press$ out 9 a hydraulic press at ab\t #b tons to ! squ>e in* 7#cjj kilos4 p] sq4 cm474 ,! press & plates are %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x has also be5 f\nd conv5i5t to remove yea/ cells & kieselguhr f ! fre%ly press$ juice by c5trifugalisation in/ead ( by filtration ?r\gh pap]1 & to wa% ! yea/ be=e gr9d+ by means ( a filt]-press4 ,work+ ) ,engli% top yea/s ,h>d5 & ,"y h f\nd ! yield ( juice extremely v>iable1 ! g5]al rule be+ t ! am\nt ( juice obta9able f fre%ly skimm$ yea/ is small] ?an t yield$ by ! same yea/ aft] /&+ = a day or two aft] be+ skimm$4 ,! yield = #ajjj grams ( press$ brew]'s yea/ v>ies f #aej to #cge c4c41 & is on ! av]age ab\t #bej c4c4 ,v fre% yea/ occasionally pres5ts ! peculi> ph5om5on t sc>cely any juice c be express$ f ! gr\nd mass1 al?\gh ! latt] does n diff] 9 appe>ance or consi/5cy f a mass :i* gives a good yield4 ,,extraction ,,( ,,zymase ,,f ,,ungr\nd ,,yea/4 _/#a4 ,mac]ation ( ,dri$ ,yea/4_/ ,a valuable addition to ! me?ods ( obta9+ an active solution ( zymase 0 made 9 #aiaa by ,leb$eff #aiaa1 #b2 #aiab1 #b2 see also #aiaa1 #c1 #g1 & #aiab1 #a4 ,?is inve/igator _h be5 9 ! habit ( gr9d+ dri$ yea/ ) wat] = prep>+ samples ( yea/-juice ( uni=m "* & obs]v$ t :5 ! dri$ yea/ 0 dige/$ ) sug> solution & ! mixture heat$1 coagulation p#jbe took place ?r\gh\t ! :ole liquid1 ! prote9s ( ! yea/ hav+ pass$ out ( ! cells4 ,fur!r exam9ation reveal$ ! int]e/+ fact t dri$ yea/ readily yield$ an active extract :5 mac]at$ 9 wat] = "s "t4 ,! quality ( ! result+ mac]ation extract dep5ds on a consid]able numb] ( factors1 ! *ief ( :i* are3 7#a7 ! temp]ature ( dry+ ( ! yea/2 7#b7 ! temp]ature ( mac]ation2 7#c7 ! duration ( mac]ation2 & 7#d7 ! nature ( ! yea/1 z well z1 ( c\rse1 ! am\nt ( wat] add$ 9 mac]ation4 ,9 g5]al ! yea/ %\ld be dri$ at #be-cj & !n mac]at$ ) #c p>ts ( wat] = #b h\rs at #ce4 ,! temp]ature ( mac]ation may z a rule be v>i$1 )\t detrim5t to ! product provid$ t ! "t ( mac]ation is also suitably alt]$2 ?us ) dri$ ,muni* yea/1 mac]ation = #de h\rs at #be is ab\t z effective z #b h\rs at #ce1 :]eas treatm5t = a %ort] "t at #be or a long] "t at #ce produces 9 g5]al a less efficaci\s extract4 ,yea/ dri$ at a l[] temp]ature ?an #be t5ds to yield an extract poor 9 co-enzyme 7p4 #ei7 & h5ce ( l[ f]m5t+ p[]1 ?is be+ especially m>k$ at air temp]ature4 ,! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! yea/ dur+ mac]ation may1 h[ev]1 be ( great influ5ce 9 su* cases4 ,?us a yea/ dri$ at #ae gave by mac]ation at #be = #de h\rs a weak extract 7yield+ ) excess ( sug> #jcc;g4 ,,co#b71 :]eas :5 mac]at$ at #ce = #b h\rs x yield$ a normal extract 7#acf;g4 ,,co#b74 ,! nature ( ! yea/ is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,?us :ile ,muni* 7bottom7 yea/ usually gives a good result1 a top yea/ f a ,p>is brew]y 0 f\nd to yield extracts conta9+ nei!r zymase nor its co-enzyme 9 :atev] way ! prep>ation 0 conduct$4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* yea/s is ( great int]e/1 & x 0 probably due to ! un=tunate selection ( su* a yea/ = 8 exp]im5ts t ,pa/eur 0 unable to prep>e active f]m5t+ extracts & !re=e fail$ to anticipate ,bu*n] by m ?an #cj ye>s 7see p4 #ae74 ,! ,engli% top yea/s z a rule give poor results see ,dixon & ,atk9s1 #aiac & sometimes yield totally inactive mac]ation extract4 ,x is n und]/ood :y ! enzyme passes out ( ! cell dur+ ! process ( mac]ation & ! :ole me?od gives rise to a numb] ( extremely int]e/+ problems4 _/,me?od4_/--,a suitable yea/ is wa%$ by decantation1 filt]$ ?r\gh a clo?1 lightly press$ by means ( a h& press1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( #emm4 me%1 spread out 9 a lay] #a-ae;cm4 ?ick & left at #be-ce = two days4 ,fifty grams ( ! dri$ yea/ is ,pg #jbf ?or\ghly & c>efully mix$ ) #aej c4c4 ( wat] 9 a bas9 by means ( a spatula & ! :ole dige/$ = two h\rs at #ce4 ,! mass (t5 fro?s consid]ably4 ,x is !n filt]$ ?r\gh ord9>y fold$ filt] pap]1 pref]ably 9 two portions1 & collect$ 9 a vessel cool$ by ice4 ,! sep>ation may also be effect$ by c5trifug+ or press+ out ! mass1 & ! mac]ation may be conv5i5tly conduct$ 9 a flask imm]s$ 9 ! wat] ( a !rmo/at4 ,x is n advisable to mac]ate m ?an #ej grams 9 "o op]ation4 ,"u ^! conditions #be-cj c4c4 ( extract are obta9$ aft] #bj m9utes' filtration1 #gj-hj c4c4 9 twelve h\rs4 ,dri$ ,muni* yea/ c be b\ght f ,messrs4 ,s*rod] ( ,muni* & s]ves z a conv5i5t s\rce ( ! extract4#a #a ,! mat]ial suppli$ is occasionally f\nd to yield an inactive extract & e sample %\ld be te/$4 ,?is extract closely resembles 9 prop]ties ! juice obta9$ by gr9d+ ! same yea/1 b x is usually m active & conta9s m inorganic phosphate 7see p4 #df74 _/#b4 ,o!r ,me?ods4_/ ,attempts to prep>e active extracts f undri$ yea/ 9 an analog\s mann] h s f> n be5 v successful4 ,?us ,r9ckleb5 #aiaa f\nd t plasmolysis by glyc]ol 7#h p] c5t47 or sodium phosphate 7#e p] c5t47 sometimes yield$ an active juice & sometimes a juice :i* conta9$ enzyme b no co-enzyme1 b m (t5 an inactive juice incapable ( activation 7p4 #fd7 see also ,kays]1 #aiaa4 ,giglioli #aiaa by ! addition ( *lor(orm also obta9$ an active liquid4 ,x appe>s 9 fact z ?\gh almo/ any me?od ( plasmolys+ ! yea/ cell may yield a c]ta9 proportion ( zymase 9 ! exudate4 ,an +5i\s process has be5 devis$ by ,dixon & ,atk9s #aiac :o appli$ ! me?od ( freez+ 9 liquid air :i* !y _h f\nd efficaci\s = obta9+ ! sap f v>i\s plant organs4 ,!y ?us succe$$ 9 obta9+ f yea/1 d]iv$ f ,gu9ness' brew]y 9 ,dubl91 liquids capable ( f]m5t+ sug> & ( ab\t ! same efficacy z ! mac]ation extracts prep>$ by ,leb$eff's me?od f ! same yea/4 ,! results 71 h[ev]1 9 bo? cases v l[1 ! maximum total production ( ,,co#b by #be c4c4 ( liquid f excess ( sug> be+ #cbe c4c4 7air temp]ature7 or ab\t #jjf;g4 ,muni* yea/ on ! o!r h& yields1 ei!r by mac]ation or gr9d+1 a liquid giv+ z mu* z #ae-b;g4 ( ,,co#b p] #be c4c41 :il/ p#jbg ,engli% yea/-juice prep>$ by gr9d+ (t5 gives z mu* z #je-jg;g4 ( ,,co#b4 ,no direct comp>ison ) ! juice prep>$ by gr9d+ 0 made by ,dixon & ,atk9s1 b x may be conclud$ f _! results t ! be/ me?od ( obta9+ an active prep>ation f ! top yea/s us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is t ( gr9d+4 ,mac]ation1 freez+ & plasmolysis alike yield poor results4 ,) ,muni* yea/ on ! o!r h& ! mac]ation process yields excell5t results1 :il/ ! liquid air process has n s f> be5 tri$4 ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,= ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,! ,,f]m5t+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ 9 a giv5 "t & ! total am\nt evolv$ by ! action ( yea/-juice on sug>1 ,bu*n] adopt$ an extremely simple me?od1 :i* consi/$ 9 c>ry+ out ! f]m5tation 9 an ,erl5mey] flask provid$ ) a small wa%-bottle1 :i* conta9$ sulphuric acid & 0 clos$ by a ,buns5 valve1 & asc]ta9+ ! loss ( weight dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,corrections are necess>y = ! c>bon dioxide pres5t 9 ! orig9al juice & reta9$ 9 ! liquid at ! close ( ! exp]im5t & = t pres5t 9 ! air space ( ! app>atus1 b x 0 f\nd t = mo/ purposes ^! c\ld be neglect$4 ,9 cases 9 :i* great] accuracy 0 desir$1 ! c>bon dioxide 0 displac$ by air be=e ! weigh+s 7 made4 ,a typical exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 )\t displacem5t ( c>bon dioxide1 is ! foll[+3-- ,m>* #bb1 #ahii1 ,b]l9 bottom yea/ ,v4 #bj c4c4 juice #h grams cane sug> #jb c4c4 tolu5e z antiseptic at #af4 ,grams ( c>bon dioxide aft] #bd #dh #gb #if h\rs4 #jdj #jfd #jii #aaa ,! total weight ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ "u ^! conditions is t]m$ ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! juice 7,bu*n]74 ,a m accurate me?od ,macfady51 ,morris1 & ,r[l&1 #aijj consi/s 9 pass+ ! c>bon dioxide into cau/ic soda solution & e/imat+ x by titration4 ,! yea/-juice1 sug>1 & antiseptic are plac$ 9 an ,erl5mey] flask provid$ ) a /raight glass tube1 ?r\gh :i* air c be pass$ ov] ! surface ( ! liquid1 & a conduct+ tube lead+ into a second flask :i* conta9s #ej c4c4 ( #aj p] c5t4 cau/ic soda solution & is connect$ ) ! air by a gu>d tube conta9+ soda lime4 ,! juice c be fre$ f c>bon dioxide by agitation 9 a curr5t ( air be=e ! flask is connect$ to p#jbh t conta9+ ! cau/ic soda solution1 & at ! end ( ! p]iod ( incubation air is pass$ ?r\gh ! app>atus1 ! liquid be+ boil$ out if great accuracy is requir$4 ,! absorption flask is !n disconnect$ & ! am\nt ( absorb$ c>bon dioxide e/imat$ by titration4 ,?is is c>ri$ out by mak+ up ! cont5ts ( ! flask to #bjj c4c41 tak+ out an aliquot portion1 r5d]+ ?is exactly neutral to ph5oph?ale9 by ! addition fir/ ( normal & f9ally ( dec9ormal acid1 add+ me?yl orange & titrat+ ) dec9ormal acid to exact neutrality4 ,ea* c4c4 ( dec9ormal acid us$ 9 ?is la/ titration repres5ts #jjjdd gram ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! quantity ( solution titrat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 7,s*iff's ,azotomet]--,ed47 ,^! me?ods are only suitable = obs]vations at consid]able int]vals ( "t4 ,= ! cont9u\s obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( f]m5tation ,h>d51 ,?ompson & ,"y #aiaj connect ! f]m5tation flask ) a ,s*iff's azotomet] fill$ ) m]cury & measure ! volume ( gas evolv$1 ! liquid hav+ be5 previ\sly saturat$ ) c>bon dioxide 7,fig4 #c74 ,! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! res]voir is kept con/ant by a syphon ov]fl[1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 or1 accord+ to a modification introduc$ by ,s4 ,g4 ,pa9e1 by a specially con/ruct$ bottle provid$ ) two tubulures ne> ! bottom4 ,?is ensures t no *ange 9 ! pressure 9 ! flask occurs1 & ! volume ( gas obs]v$ is r$uc$ to normal pressure by means ( a table4 ,be=e mak+ a read+ x is necess>y to %ake ! f]m5t+ mixture ?or\ghly1 z ! album9\s liquid v readily becomes greatly sup]saturat$ ) c>bon dioxide1 s mu* s 9 fact t v little gas is evolv$ 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! %ak+s4 ,! exact proc$ure 9 mak+ an obs]vation consi/s 9 %ak+ ! flask p#jbi ?or\ghly1 replac+ 9 ! !rmo/at1 all[+ to rema9 = "o m9ute1 & !n read+ ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! azotomet]4 ,aft] ! requir$ "t1 say five m9utes1 has elaps$ f ! "t at :i* ! flask 0 fir/ %ak51 x is aga9 remov$ f ! ba?1 %ak5 z be=e1 replac$1 all[$ to rema9 = "o m9ute & ! read+ !n tak54 ,9 ?is way read+s c be conv5i5tly made at int]vals ( ?ree or five m9utes or ev5 less1 & mu* m detail$ in=mation obta9$ ab\t ! c\rse ( ! reaction ?an is possible by means ( obs]vations made at int]vals ( sev]al h\rs4 ,ano!r =m ( volumetric app>atus1 design$ by ,walton #aijd1 has be5 us$ by ,leb$eff #aiji4 ,an app>atus on a diff]5t pr9ciple has be5 design$ by ,slator #aijf = use ) liv+ yea/1 b is equally applicable to yea/-juice1 & a v simil> =m has be5 m rec5tly employ$ by ,iwan(f #aiji1 #b4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! *ange ( pressure produc$ by ! evolution ( c>bon dioxide is measur$ at con/ant volume1 & comp>ative rates ( evolution c be obta9$ ) consid]able accuracy1 al?\gh ! me?od has ! disadvantage t ! absolute volume ( gas evolv$ is n measur$4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a bottle or flask connect$ ) a m]cury manomet]4 ,! f]m5t+ mixture is plac$ 9 ! bottle along ) glass beads to facilitate agitation1 ! pressure is r$uc$ to a small am\nt by ! wat]-pump1 & ! rise ( pressure is !n obs]v$ at int]vals1 ?is be+ proportional to ! volume ( gas produc$4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ case1 ! liquid mu/ be well %ak5 be=e a read+ is made4 ,,! ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,! ,,sug>s ,,by ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,yea/-juice br+s ab\t a sl[ f]m5tation ( ^? sug>s :i* are f]m5t$ by ! yea/ f :i* x is prep>$ z well z ( dextr91 & ( />* & glycog51 :i* are n f]m5t$ by liv+ yea/4 7_/a_/7 _/,relation to ,f]m5tation by liv+ ,yea/4_/ ,bo? 9 rate ( f]m5tation & 9 ! total f]m5tation produc$1 yea/-juice /&s f> beh9d ! equival5t am\nt ( liv+ yea/4 ,tak+ #be c4c4 ( yea/-juice to be equival5t to at lea/ #cf grams ( press$ yea/ conta9+ #gj p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 x is f\nd t :]eas ! yea/-juice 7f ,engli% top yea/7 gives ) glucose a maximum rate ( f]m5tation ( ab\t #c c4c4 9 five m9utes1 ! liv+ yea/ f]m5ts ! sug> at ! rate ( ab\t #abf c4c4 9 ! same "t1 or p#jcj ab\t =ty times z quickly4 ,! total c>bon dioxide obta9able f ! yea/-juice1 moreov]1 corresponds to ! f]m5tation ( only #b to #c grams ( sug>1 :il/ ! liv+ yea/ w readily f]m5t a mu* l>g] quantity1 al?\gh ! exact limit 9 ?is respect has n be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,! reasons = ?is great diff]5ce 9 behavi\r w be discuss$ lat] on1 aft] ! v>i\s factors conc]n$ 9 f]m5tation h be5 consid]$ 7p4 #abc74 7_/b_/7 _/,relation ( ,alcohol to ,c>bon ,dioxide4_/ ,9 all cases ( f]m5tation by yea/-juice & zym91 ! relative am\nts ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol produc$ are sub/antially 9 ! ratio ( ! molecul> weights ( ! comp\nds1 t is z #dd3 #df1 s t = #a "p ( c>bon dioxide #ajd ( alcohol are =m$4 ,?is has be5 %[n = ! juice & zym9 f bottom yea/s by ,bu*n] ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #baj1 #baa1 :o obta9$ ! ratios #aja1 #jih1 #aja1 & #jii f exp]im5ts 9 :i* f #h to #ae grams ( alcohol 7 produc$4 ,simil> numb]s1 #jij1 #aab1 #jie1 #jia & #jib1 h be5 obta9$ = ! juice f top yea/s by ,h>d5 & ,"y #aijd1 :o work$ ) mu* small] quantities4 ,! v>iable results obta9$ ) juice f top yea/ by ,macfady51 ,morris & ,r[l& #aijj1 h n be5 confirm$4 7_/c_/7 _/,relation ( ,c>bon ,dioxide & ,alcohol ,produc$ to ! ,am\nt ( ,sug> ,f]m5t$4_/ ,! con/ruction ( a balance-%eet betwe5 ! sug> f]m5t$ & ! products =m$ is ( special int]e/ 9 ! case ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 because1 !re be+ no cell gr[? z 9 ! case ( liv+ yea/1 an opportunity appe>s to be af=d$ ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! :ole ( ! sug> is conv]t$ into alcohol & c>bon dioxide1 or :e!r "s fraction ( ! sug> passes into any ( ! well-kn[n subsidi>y products ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/1 su* z glyc]ol1 fusel oil1 or succ9ic acid4 ,un=tunately ! "q _c be settl$ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ! loss ( sug> dur+ ! f]m5tation is e/imat$ directly1 x is usually f\nd to be consid]ably great] ?an ! sum ( ! alcohol & c>bon dioxide produc$ f x4 ,?is fact 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,macfady51 ,morris & ,r[l& #aijj1 & 0 !n confirm$ by ,bu*n] ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #bab1 9 "o in/ance1 ! excess ( sug> lo/ ov] products be+ 9 ?is case ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( ! total sug> :i* _h disappe>$4 ,! matt] 0 !n m ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,h>d5 & ,"y #aijd4 p#jca ,! conditions "u :i* ! exp]im5t mu/ be c>ri$ out are n v fav\rable to ! atta9m5t ( extreme accuracy4 ,yea/-juice conta9s glycog5 & a dia/atic enzyme :i* conv]ts ?is into dextr9s & f9ally into sug>4 ,?is process goes on ?r\gh\t f]m5tation1 t5d+ to increase ! sug> pres5t & to make ! app>5t loss ( sug> less ?an ! sum ( ! products4 ,9 spite ( ?is x 0 f\nd t a c]ta9 am\nt ( sug> inv>iably disappe>$ )\t be+ acc\nt$ = z alcohol or c>bon dioxide1 & ?is :e!r ! f]m5tation la/$ sixty or a hundr$ & eight h\rs1 & indep5d5tly ( ! dilution ( ! juice4 ,?is disappe>+ sug> am\nt$ 9 "s cases to #dd p] c5t4 ( ! total loss ( sug>1 & on ! av]age ( tw5ty-five exp]im5ts 0 #ch p] c5t4 ,fur!r in=mation 0 s\ght by conv]t+ all ! sug>-yield+ con/itu5ts ( ! juice into sug> by hydrolysis be=e & aft] ! f]m5tation4 ,?is process reveal$ ! fact t :5 ! glucose equival5t ( ! juice be=e & aft] f]m5tation 0 det]m9$ aft] hydrolysis ) ?ree times normal acid = ?ree h\rs 7& a correction made = ! loss ( r$uc+ p[] exp]i5c$ by glucose itself :5 submitt$ to ?is treatm5t71 ! diff]5ce 0 almo/ exactly equal to ! alcohol & c>bon dioxide produc$4 ,9 o!r words1 accompany+ f]m5tation1 a *ange proce$s by :i* sug> is conv]t$ into a less r$uc+ sub/ance1 reconv]tible into sug> by hydrolysis ) acids4 ,simil> results 7 subsequ5tly obta9$ by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aijf1 :o employ$ #ae normal acid & obs]v$ a small nett loss ( sug>4 ,/ill m rec5tly ,leb$eff #aiji1 #aiaj1 see also #aiac1 #b has c>ri$ out simil> e/imations ) ! same result4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! exp]im5ts :i* h s f> be5 made on ?is po9t are suffici5tly accurate to decide ) c]ta9ty :e!r or n ! loss ( sug> is exactly equal to ! sum ( ! c>bon dioxide & alcohol produc$4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aijf t glyc]ol is a con/ant product ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/-juice 7p4 #ie71 & no o!r s\rce = ?is ?an ! sug> has yet be5 f\nd1 s t x is n improbable t a small am\nt ( sug> is conv]t$ into non-c>bohydrate sub/ances o!r ?an c>bon dioxide & alcohol4 ,x has also be5 %[n ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiac t ! deficit ( sug> is n due to ! =mation ( hexosephosphate 7p4 #dg71 :i* has a l[] r$uction ?an glucose1 & t ! solution f :i* ! sug> 7ei!r glucose or fructose7 has disappe>$ actually conta9s "s sub/ance ( relatively high dextrorotation & ( l[ r$uc+ p[]4 p#jcb ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x may be consid]$ z e/abli%$ t dur+ alcoholic f]m5tation sug> is conv]t$ by an enzyme into "s comp\nd ( less r$uc+ p[]1 :i* aga9 yields sug> on hydrolysis ) acids4 ,! exact nature ( ?is sub/ance has n be5 asc]ta9$1 b x appe>s likely t ! process is a syn!tical "o result+ 9 ! =mation ( "s polysac*>ide1 possibly int]m$iate betwe5 ! hexoses & glycog54 ,a simil> ph5om5on has be5 obs]v$ ) liv+ yea/ by ,eul] & ,johansson #aiab1 #a1 & ,eul] & ,b]ggr5 #aiab1 ^: int]pretation ( ! obs]vation is discuss$ lat] on 7p4 #eg74 7_/d_/7 _/,f]m5tation ( ,diff]5t ,c>bohydrates4 ,aut(]m5tation4_/ ,yea/-juice & zym9 f]m5t all ! sug>s :i* are f]m5t$ by ! yea/ f :i* !y are prep>$1 &1 9 addition1 a numb] ( colloidal sub/ances :i* _c pass ?r\gh ! membrane ( ! liv+ yea/ cell1 b :i* are hydrolys$ by enzymes 9 ! juice & ?us conv]t$ into simpl] sug>s capable ( f]m5tation ,bu*n] & ,rapp1 #ahih1 #c2 #ahii1 #b4 ,( ! simple sug>s :i* h be5 exam9$1 glucose1 fructose1 & mannose are freely f]m5t$1 l-arab9ose n at all1 :il/ ! case ( galactose is d\btful4 ,galactose is1 h[ev]1 f]m5t$ by juice prep>$ f a yea/ :i* has be5 tra9$ to f]m5t galactose ,h>d5 & ,norris1 #aiaj4 ,z reg>ds bo? ! rate ( f]m5tation & ! total am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ f glucose & fructose by ! action ( a def9ite am\nt ( yea/-juice1 ,bu*n] & ,rapp obta9$ practically id5tical numb]s4 ,h>d5 & ,"y #aiji1 us+ juice f top yea/1 f\nd t fructose 0 slightly m rapidly f]m5t$ & gave a some:at l>g] total ?an glucose1 :il/ mannose 0 initially f]m5t$ at almo/ ! same rate z glucose1 b gave a decid$ly l[] total1 ! foll[+ be+ ! av]age result3-- ,sug>4 ,relative ,rates4 ,relative ,totals4 ,glucose #a #a ,fructose #abi #aae ,mannose #ajd #jfg ,among ! disac*>ides1 cane sug> & maltose are freely f]m5t$1 & ! juice c be %[n l liv+ yea/ to conta9 inv]tase & maltase4 ,! ext5t ( f]m5tation does n diff] mat]ially f t atta9$ ) glucose4 ,lactose is n f]m5t$4 ,( ! high] sug>s raff9ose is f]m5t$ by juice f bottom yea/1 b m sl[ly ?an cane sug> or maltose4 ,no exp]im5ts seem to h be5 made ) juice f top yea/4 p#jcc ,z reg>ds ! f]m5tation ( ! high] c>bohydrates1 v little exp]im5tal "w has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,bu*n] & ,rapp f\nd t ! f]m5tation ( />* pa/e 0 d\btful1 b t soluble />* & comm]cial dextr9 7 f]m5t$ ) "s fre$om4 ,no special /udy has be5 made ( ! dia/atic enzymes :i* br+ ab\t ! hydrolysis ( ^! sub/ances4 ,! f]m5tation ( glycog5 by yea/-juice is ( consid]able int]e/1 s9ce x is kn[n t ! *>act]i/ic res]ve c>bohydrate ( ! yea/ cell is glycog5 see ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijb1 :]e ! lit]ature is cit$1 & moreov] t 9 liv+ yea/ ! intracellul> f]m5tation ( glycog5 proce$s readily1 :]eas glycog5 add$ to a solution 9 :i* yea/ is susp5d$ is n affect$4 ,yea/-juice conta9s a dia/atic enzyme :i* hydrolyses glycog5 to a r$uc+ & f]m5table sug>1 s t 9 a juice poor 9 zymase to :i* glycog5 has be5 add$1 ! am\nt ( sug> is f\nd to increase1 ! hydrolysis ( ! glycog5 proce$+ m quickly ?an ! f]m5tation ( ! result+ sug> ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijd1 b ! c\rse ( ?is enzymic hydrolysis ( glycog5 by yea/-juice has n yet be5 /udi$4 ,z a rule1 x is f\nd bo? ) juices f top & bottom yea/ t ! evolution ( c>bon dioxide f glycog5 proce$s less rapidly & rea*es a l[] total ?an f an equival5t am\nt ( glucose4 ,s9ce ne>ly all samples ( yea/ conta9 glycog51 yea/-juice & also zym9 usually conta9 ?is sub/ance z well z ! products ( its hydrolysis4 ,^! provide a s\rce ( sug> :i* ent]s into alcoholic f]m5tation1 s t a sl[ spontane\s production ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol proce$s :5 yea/-juice is pres]v$ )\t any addition ( sug>4 ,! ext5t ( ?is aut(]m5tation v>ies consid]ably1 z might be expect$1 ) ! nature ( ! yea/ employ$ or ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ial1 b is g5]ally conf9$ )9 ! limits ( #jjf to #je gram ( c>bon dioxide = #be c4c4 ( juice4 ,9 juice f bottom yea/ x am\nts to ab\t #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total f]m5tation obta9able ) glucose ,bu*n]1 #aijj1 #b1 :]eas 9 juice f top yea/s1 :i* gives a small] total f]m5tation ) glucose1 x may occasionally equal1 or ev5 exce$1 ! glucose f]m5tation1 & frequ5tly am\nts to #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( x4 ,x is !re=e g5]ally advisable 9 /udy+ ! effect ( yea/-juice on any p>ticul> sub/ance to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( aut(]m5tation by means ( a p>allel exp]im5t4 ,! mac]ation extract ( ,leb$eff 7p4 #bd7 is usually1 b n inv>iably ,opp5heim]1 #aiad1 #b1 free f glycog51 :i* is hydrolys$ p#jcd & f]m5t$ dur+ ! processes ( dry+ & mac]at+1 & !re=e z a rule %[s no appreciable aut(]m5tation4 7_/e_/7 _/,effect ( ,conc5tration ( ,sug> on ! ,total ,am\nt ( ,f]m5tation4_/ ,! k9etics ( f]m5tation by zymase w be consid]$ lat] on 7p4 #abj71 b ! effect on ! total f]m5tation ( diff]5t conc5trations ( sug>1 ?is sub/ance be+ pres5t ?r\gh\t 9 consid]able excess1 may be advantage\sly discuss$ at ?is /age4 ,! subject has be5 inve/igat$ by ,bu*n] ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #aej-h2 ,bu*n] & ,rapp1 #ahig us+ cane sug>1 & he has f\nd bo? = yea/-juice & = dri$ yea/-juice dissolv$ 9 wat] t 7_/a_/7 ! total am\nt ( f]m5tation increases ) ! conc5tration ( ! sug>2 7_/b_/7 ! initial rate ( f]m5tation decreases ) ! conc5tration ( ! sug>4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( a typical exp]im5t1 #bj c4c4 ( yea/-juice be+ employ$ 9 pres5ce ( tolu5e at #bb3-- ,cane ,sug>4 ,,co#b 9 grams aft] ,weight4 ,p] c5t4 #f h\rs4 #bd h\rs4 #if h\rs4 #bb #aj #jag #jej #jee #ceb #ae #jad #jec #jfd #e #bj #jac #jed #jgc #fff #be #jac #jeb #jhj #hef #cj #jab #jdf #jha #ajgf #ce #jab #jdj #jhb #accc #dj #jaa #jcf #jhb #ajgf #ce #jab #jdj #jhb #accc #dj #jaa #jcf #jhb ,! results z to ! total f]m5tations 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d are liable to be vitiat$ by ! circum/ance t :5 a l[ initial conc5tration ( sug> is employ$1 ! supply ( sug> may be s greatly exhau/$ be=e ! close ( ! exp]im5t z to cause a m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! rate ( f]m5tation & h5ce an unduly l[ total4 ,ev5 all[+1 h[ev]1 = any effect ( ?is k9d1 ! =ego+ table cle>ly %[s ! increase 9 total f]m5tation & ! decrease 9 initial rate accompany+ ! increase ( sug> conc5tration f #aj to #dj p] c5t4 ,work+ ) a great] range ( conc5trations 7#cc-ecc grm4 p] #ajj c4c47 ,leb$eff has obta9$ simil> results ) mac]ation extract #aiaa1 #d1 b has f\nd t ! total am\nt f]m5t$ dim9i%es aft] a c]ta9 optimum conc5tration 7ab\t #ccc grm4 p] #ajj c4c47 is rea*$4 ,a practical conclusion f ^! exp]im5ts is t a high p#jce conc5tration ( sug> t5ds to pres]ve ! enzyme 9 an active /ate = a long] "t4 ,simultane\sly x prev5ts ! developm5t ( bact]ia & yea/ cells4 7_/f_/7 _/,effect ( ,v>y+ ,conc5tration ( ,yea/-,juice4_/ ,?is subject1 :i* is ( consid]able importance ) ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! protoplasmic or enzymic nature ( ! active ag5t 9 yea/-juice1 has be5 exam9$ 9 "s detail by ,bu*n] ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #aeh-fe & by ,meis5heim] #aijc = juices f bottom yea/1 by ,h>d5 & ,"y #aijd = ^? f top yea/1 & by ,leb$eff #aiaa1 #d = mac]ation extract1 ! results obta9$ be+ 9 sub/antial agreem5t4 ,dilution ( yea/-juice ) sug> solution1 s t ! conc5tration ( ! sug> rema9s con/ant1 produces a small progressive dim9ution 9 ! total f]m5tation1 :i* only becomes m>k$ :5 m ?an #b volumes are add$1 & ?is indep5d5tly ( ! actual conc5tration ( ! sug>4 ,dilution ) wat] produces a some:at m decid$ dim9ution1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n exce$ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total = ! addition ( #c volumes ( wat]4 ,! effect on mac]ation extract is some:at great] b ( ! same k9d4 ,! aut(]m5tation ( juice f top yea/ is sc>cely affect$ by dilution ) #d volumes ( wat]4 ,nature ( ,p] c5t4 ,volumes ( ,volumes ( ,total ,juice ( ,sug> ,sug> ,wat] ,add$4 ,f]m5tation 7#a1b1c7 ,employ$ ,solution 9 g4 by ,weight ,add$4 ( ,,co#b4 ,bottom ,yea/ #a #bi #j -- #jii #a -- #aac #b -- #jib #d -- #jgi #b #i #j -- #jdc #a -- #jfj #b -- #jec #d -- #jda #c #i -- #j #jdf -- #a #jcb -- #b #jcc -- #c #jcf ,top ,yea/ #a #j -- #j #jbi 7,aut(]m5tation7 -- #b #jbi -- #c #jbh #b #bi #j -- #jca #a -- #jcd #b -- #jca #d -- #jce #f -- #jbh #c #gd -- #j #jdd -- #a #jce -- #b #jcj -- #c #jbh p#jcf ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 yea/-juice may be said to be only slightly affect$ by dilution ev5 ) pure wat]1 & ! effect ( ! latt] c 9 no way be reg>d$ z comp>able ) ! poison\s effect :i* x ex]ts on liv+ protoplasm1 z sugge/$ by ,macfady51 ,morris1 & ,r[l& #aijj4 7_/g_/7 _/,! ,effect ( ,antiseptics on ! ,f]m5tation ( ,sug>s by ,yea/-,juice4_/ ,bu*n] has paid special att5tion to ! effect ( antiseptics on ! c\rse ( f]m5tation by yea/-juice ,bu*n] & ,rapp1 #ahig2 #ahih1 #b1 #c2 #ahii1 #a2 ,bu*n] & ,antoni1 #aije1 #a2 ,bu*n] & ,h(fmann1 #aijg2 ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #afi-bje2 see also ,alb]t1 #ahii1 #b2 ,grom(f & ,grigorieff1 #aijd2 ,du*aek1 #aiji 9 ord] 7#a7 to obta9 evid5ce z to ! possibility ( ! active ag5t 9 yea/-juice consi/+ ( fragm5ts ( protoplasm & n ( a soluble enzyme1 & 7#b7 also to provide a safe me?od ( avoid+ contam9ation1 by ! gr[? ( bact]ia or yea/s1 ( ! liquids us$ :i* 7 (t5 kept at #be = sev]al days4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts are briefly summ>is$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 9 :i* ! effect ( ea* sub/ance on ! total f]m5tation produc$ is not$3-- ,sub/ance4 ,effect on ,total ,f]m5tation4 ,conc5trat$ solution ( glyc]ol ,slight dim9ution sug> increase ,tolu5e 7to saturation or excess7 ,less ?an #aj p] c5t4 dim9ution ,*lor(orm #je p] c5t4 ,slight increase #jh p] c5t4 7saturation7 ,no *ange ,l>ge excess 7#ag p] c5t47 #fd p] c5t4 dim9ution ,*loral hydrate #jg p] c5t4 ,increase up to #bg p] c5t4 #ce-ed p] c5t4 ,completely de/roy$ ,ph5ol #ja p] c5t4 ,no *ange #je #dj p] c5t4 dim9ution #ab ,completely de/roy$ ,?ymol #a ,slight dim9ution #e ,m>k$ ,b5zoic acid #ja #g p] c5t4 dim9ution #jbe #bf ,salicylic acid #ja #aj #jbg #ce ,=maldehyde #jab #bj #jbd #cj-fj ,acetone #f #bj #ad #hj ,alcohol #f #j-bj #ad #ge ,sodium fluoride #je #ij #b ,almo/ completely de/roy$ ,ammonium fluoride #jee p] c5t4 ,completely de/roy$ ,sodium azoimide1 ,na,n#c1 #jcf p] c5t4 ,slight dim9ution #jga ,m>k$ ,qu99e hydro*loride #a ,slight increase ,ozone #ajd-cdh milligrams p] #bj c4c4 ,m>k$ dim9ution ,hydrocyanic acid #ab p] c5t4 ,completely de/roy$ p#jcg ,! g5]al result ( ^! exp]im5ts is to %[ t quantities ( antiseptics :i* are suffici5t to inhibit ! *>act]i/ic action ( liv+ cells h only a slight effect on ! f]m5tative activity ( yea/-juice4 ,a l>ge excess ( ! antiseptic 9 _m cases produces a v decid$ dim9ution or total de/ruction ( ! f]m5t+ p[]1 & accompany+ ?is a precipitation ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! juice4 ,! decid$ increase ( activity produc$ by small quantities ( *loral hydrate1 & to a less m>k$ ext5t by *lor(orm & a few o!r sub/ances1 is ( consid]able int]e/4 ,x is ascrib$ by ,du*aek to a selective action on ! proteocla/ic enzyme1 b )\t satisfactory evid5ce4 ,hydrocyanic acid1 ev5 9 dilute solution1 completely susp5ds ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! juice1 )\t1 h[ev]1 produc+ any p]man5t *ange 9 ! f]m5t+ complex1 z is %[n by ! fact t :5 ! hydrocyanic acid is remov$ by a curr5t ( air1 ! juice rega9s its f]m5t+ p[]4 ,9 ?is respect hydrocyanic acid behaves precisely z ) _m o!r enzymes & ) colloidal plat9um ,br$ig1 #aija4 ,sodium ars5ite is a pron\nc$ protoplasmic poison1 :i* rapidly de/roys ! p[] ( gr[? & reproduction 9 liv+ cells1 & 0 !re=e appli$ to yea/-juice to diff]5tiate betwe5 protoplasmic & enzymic action4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f\nd t ! action ( ?is sub/ance 0 complicat$ by "s unkn[n factor & v irregul> results 7 obta9$ ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #aic ff44 ,^! ph5om5a appe> to be ( ! same ord] z ^? produc$ by ! addition ( ars5ates to yea/-juice ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijf1 #c1 & w be discuss$ along ) ! latt] 7p4 #gg74 ,,p]man5t ,,prep>ations ,,conta9+ ,,active ,,zymase4 ,a consid]able numb] ( prep>ations h be5 obta9$ 9 ! dry /ate :i* reta9 "s proportion ( ! f]m5t+ p[] ( yea/ or yea/-juice4 ,/>t+ ) yea/-juice1 x is possible to arrive at ?is result ei!r by evaporation or precipitation4 ,:5 ! juice is v rapidly evaporat$ to a syrup at #bj to #be & !n fur!r dri$ at #ce1 ei!r 9 ! air or 9 a vacuum & f9ally expos$ ov] sulphuric acid 9 a vacuum desiccator1 a dry brittle mass is obta9$ :i* is soluble 9 wat] & reta9s practically ! :ole ( ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! juice4 ,! success ( ! prep>ation dep5ds on ! nature ( ! yea/ f :i* ! juice is d]iv$1 ,b]l9 yea/s ,v & ,s yield+ mu* less satisfactory results ?an ,muni* yea/4 ,! p[d] :5 p#jch ?or\ghly dry is f\nd to reta9 its prop]ties almo/ unimpair$ = at lea/ a ye>1 & c be heat$ to #he = eight h\rs )\t und]go+ any s]i\s loss ( f]m5t+ p[] ,bu*n] & ,rapp1 #ahih1 #d2 #aija2 ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #acb-i4 ,active p[d]s c also be obta9$ by precipitat+ yea/-juice ) alcohol1 alcohol & e!r1 or acetone4 ,! prep>ation is be/ effect$ by br++ ! juice into #aj volumes ( acetone1 c5trifug+ at once & z rapidly z possible1 wa%+1 fir/ ) acetone & !n ) e!r1 & f9ally dry+ ov] sulphuric acid4 ,! :ite p[d] ?us obta9$ is n completely soluble 9 wat] b is almo/ entirely dissolv$ by aque\s glyc]ol 7#be to #bj p] c5t471 =m+ a solution :i* has practically ! same f]m5t+ p[] z ! orig9al juice4 ,! precipitation c be repeat$ )\t any s]i\s loss ( f]m5t+ p[]4 ,prolong$ contact ( ! precipitate ) ! sup]natant liquid1 especially :5 alcohol or alcohol & e!r are us$1 causes a rapid loss ( ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ,alb]t & ,bu*n]1 #aijj1 #a1 #b2 ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #bbh-bdf2 ,bu*n] & ,du*aek1 #aiji4 ,dry prep>ations capable ( f]m5t+ sug> c also be readily obta9$ f yea/ )\t any prelim9>y rupture ( ! cells4 ,heat alone 7yield+ a product kn[n z hefanol7 or treatm5t ) dehydrat+ ag5ts may be us$ = ?is purpose1 & a brief allusion has already be5 made 7p4 #ba7 to ! diff]5t v>ieties ( p]man5t yea/ 7,dau]hefe7 obta9able 9 ^! ways4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! products are ! dri$ ,muni* yea/ 7,leb$eff1 see p4 #be71 & ! mat]ial kn[n z zym91 :i* is n[ made "u pat5t rights = m$ic9al purposes by ,s*rod] ( ,muni*4 ,! latt] has prov$ ( value 9 ! inve/igation ( ! production ( zymase 9 ! yea/ cell ,bu*n] & ,spitta1 #aijb1 & ( _m o!r problems conc]n$ ) alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,9 ord] to prep>e x #ejj grams ( f9ely divid$ press$ brew]'s yea/1 conta9+ ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 are br\ght into #c litres ( acetone1 /irr$ = t5 m9utes1 & filt]$ & dra9$ at ! pump4 ,! mass is !n well mix$ ) #a litre ( acetone = two m9utes & aga9 filt]$ & dra9$4 ,! residue is r\ghly p[d]$1 well knead$ ) #bej c4c4 ( e!r = ?ree m9utes1 filt]$1 dra9$1 & spread on filt] pap] or por\s plates4 ,aft] /&+ = an h\r 9 ! air x is dri$ at #de = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ab\t #aej grams ( an almo/ :ite p[d] conta9+ only #ee to #fe p] c5t4 ( wat] are obta9$4 ,?is is q incapable ( gr[? or reproduction b produces a v consid]able am\nt ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 f> great] inde$ ?an a correspond+ p#jci quantity ( yea/-juice4 ,two grams ( ! p[d] correspond+ to #f grams ( yea/ & ab\t #ce to #d c4c4 ( yea/-juice1 are capable ( f]m5t+ ab\t #b grams ( sug>1 :]eas ! #d c4c4 ( yea/-juice w\ld on ! av]age only f]m5t f "o-qu>t] to "o-six? ( ?is am\nt ( sug>4 ,! rate produc$ by ?is am\nt ( zym9 is ab\t "o-eigh? ( t giv5 by ! correspond+ am\nt ( liv+ yea/ ,alb]t1 #aijj2 ,alb]t1 ,bu*n]1 & ,rapp1 #aijb4 ,! proteocla/ic f]m5t is /ill pres5t 9 zym91 :i* und]goes autolysis 9 pres5ce ( wat] 9 a simil> mann] to yea/-juice ,alb]t1 #aija1 #b4 ,z already m5tion$ an active juice c be prep>$ by gr9d+ acetone-yea/ ) wat]1 s&1 & kieselguhr1 & ?is process pres5ts ! advantage t samples ( yea/-juice ( approximately con/ant composition c be prep>$ at int]vals f successive portions ( a uni=m supply ( acetone-yea/4 ,prep>ations ( acetone-yea/1 made f yea/ fre$ f glycog5 by exposure 9 a ?9 lay] to ! air = ?ree or f\r h\rs at #ce to #de1 or eight h\rs at ! ord9>y temp]ature ,bu*n] & ,mits*]li*1 #aijd1 %[ practically no aut(]m5tation & may be us$ analytically = ! e/imation ( f]m5table sug>s4 ,all ! =ego+ prep>ations exhibit ! same g5]al prop]ties z yea/-juice1 z reg>ds _! behavi\r t[>ds ! v>i\s sug>s1 antiseptics1 etc4 ,:5 zym9 is mix$ ) sug> solution )\t be+ previ\sly gr\nd1 x exhibits a peculi>ity :i* is ( "s practical int]e/4 ,! "t :i* elapses be=e ! normal rate ( f]m5tation is atta9$ & ! total f]m5tation obta9able v>y ) ! am\nt ( sug> solution add$1 ! "t increas+ & ! total dim9i%+ z ! quantity ( ?is increases4 ,?is ph5om5on appe>s to h be5 notic$ by ,trommsdorff #aijb1 & a s+le exp]im5t ( ,bu*n] %[s ! influ5ce ( ! same conditions ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #bfe1 ,nos4 #gjj-a4 ,h>d5 & ,"y h f\nd t :5 #b grams ( zym9 are mix$ ) v>y+ quantities ( #aj p] c5t4 sug> solution ! foll[+ results are obta9$3-- ,volumes ( ,total ,gas ,evolv$ 9 ,sug> #a #b #c #d #bbe h\rs4 ,solution #e c4c4 #aeg #caf #ddh #efe #bccc #aj #bb #aje #bc #cah #bjbc #bj #ji #bd #acf #bcg #abee #dj #ad #ag #bc #bi #efc p#jdj ,?is behavi\r appe>s to be due to ! removal ( soluble matt] ess5tial = f]m5tation f ! cell1 :i* is discuss$ lat] on4 ,x foll[s t :5 zym9 is be+ te/$ = f]m5t+ p[]1 a uni=m me?od %\ld be adopt$1 & all comp>ative te/s %\ld be made ) ! same volumes ( add$ sug> solution4 ,gr\nd zym9 appe>s to beg9 to f]m5t some:at m sl[ly ?an ungr\nd 7#b grm4 to #abd c4c4 ( sug> solution 9 ea* case71 b ev5tually produces ! same total volume ( gas ,bu*n] & ,antoni1 #aije1 #a4 p#jda ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,phosphates ,,9 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s prelim9>y exp]im5ts 7comm5c$ by ! late ,allan ,macfady51 b subsequ5tly ab&on$7 on ! production ( anti-f]m5ts by ! injection ( yea/-juice into animals1 ! s]um ( ! treat$ animals 0 te/$ = ! pres5ce ( su* antibodies bo? = ! alcoholic & proteocla/ic enzymes ( yea/-juice1 & x 0 !n obs]v$ t ! s]um ( normal & ( treat$ animals alike greatly dim9i%$ ! autolysis ( yea/-juice4 ,z ! explanation ( ! comp>atively rapid disappe>ance ( ! f]m5t+ p[] f yea/-juice _h be5 s\ght1 z already m5tion$ 7p4 #bj71 9 ! hydrolytic action ( ! tryptic enzyme :i* always accompanies zymase1 ! exp]im5t 0 made ( c>ry+ out ! f]m5tation 9 ! pres5ce ( s]um1 ) ! result t ab\t #fj to #hj p] c5t4 m sug> 0 f]m5t$ ?an 9 ! abs5ce ( ! s]um ,h>d51 #aijc4 ,?is fact 0 ! />t+-po9t ( a s]ies ( attempts to obta9 a simil> effect by diff]5t means1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* a boil$ & filt]$ solution ( autolys$ yea/-juice 0 us$1 9 ! hope t ! products =m$ by ! action ( ! tryptic enzyme on ! prote9s ( ! juice w\ld1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al rule1 prove to be an effective inhibitant ( t enzyme4 ,?is solution 01 9 fact1 f\nd to produce a v m>k$ increase 9 ! total f]m5tation effect$ by yea/-juice1 ! addition ( a volume ( boil$ juice equal to t ( ! yea/-juice d\bl+ ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aije1 #a4 ,?is effect 0 f\nd to be common to ! filtrates f boil$ fre% yea/-juice & f boil$ autolys$ yea/-juice1 & 0 ultimately trac$ 9 ! ma91 n to ! antitryptic effect :i* _h be5 surmis$1 b to two indep5d5t factors1 ei!r ( :i* 0 capable 9 "s degree ( br++ ab\t ! obs]v$ result4 ,boil$ yea/-juice 0 inde$ f\nd to possess a decid$ anti-autolytic effect1 z det]m9$ by a comp>ison ( ! am\nts ( nitrog5 r5d]$ non-precipitable by tannic acid 9 yea/-juice alone p#jdb & 9 a mixture ( yea/-juice & boil$ juice on pres]vation ,h>d51 #aije4 ,! anti-autolytic effect1 h[ev]1 appe>$ to v>y indep5d5tly ( ! effect on ! f]m5tation1 & ! conclusion 0 drawn1 z /at$ above1 t ! increase 9 ! alcoholic f]m5tation 0 n directly dep5d5t on ! decrease 9 ! action ( ! proteocla/ic enzyme b 0 due to "s indep5d5t cause4 ,! prop]ty possess$ by boil$ yea/-juice ( dim9i%+ ! autolysis ( yea/-juice has n[ be5 c>efully exam9$ by ,bu*n] & ,haehn #aiaj1 #b & ascrib$ by !m to a soluble antiprotease 7p4 #fe74 ,! two factors to :i* ! increase 9 f]m5tation produc$ by ! addition ( boil$ juice 7 ultimately trac$ 7 7#a7 ! pres5ce ( phosphates 9 ! liquid1 & 7#b7 ! exi/5ce 9 boil$ fre% yea/-juice ( a co-f]m5t or co-enzyme1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is indisp5sable = f]m5tation ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aije1 #a1 #b4 ,! =m] ( ^! factors w be "h discuss$ & ! co-enzyme w =m ! subject ( ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! g5]al fact t sodium phosphate increases ! total f]m5tation produc$ by a giv5 volume ( yea/ juice 0 obs]v$ on sev]al occasions by ,wroblewski #aija & also by ,bu*n] ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #ada-b1 :o ascrib$ ! action ( ?is salt to its alkal9ity1 comp>+ x 9 ?is respect ) potassium c>bonate & rem>k+ t ! increase 9 bo? cases took place *iefly 9 ! fir/ tw5ty h\rs ( f]m5tation4 ,! increas$ am\nt ( f]m5tation foll[+ ! addition ( boil$ yea/-juice 0 also not$ by ,bu*n] & ,rapp #ahii1 #b1 ,no4 #bfe1 p4 #bjic 9 a s+le exp]im5t4 ,obs]vations made at int]vals ( a few m9utes in/ead ( tw5ty h\rs h1 h[ev]1 reveal$ ! fact t phosphates play a "p ( fundam5tal importance 9 alcoholic f]m5tation & t _! pres5ce is absolutely ess5tial = ! production ( ! ph5om5on4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,phosphate ,,to ,a ,,f]m5t+ ,,mixture ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice ,,& ,,sug>4 ,:5 a suitable quantity#b ( a soluble phosphate is add$ to a f]m5t+ mixture ( glucose1 fructose1 or mannose ) yea/-juice1 ! rate ( f]m5tation rapidly rises1 sometimes increas+ z mu* z tw5ty-fold1 cont9ues at ?is high value = a c]ta9 p]iod & !n falls aga9 to a value approximately equal to1 b g5]ally p#jdc some:at high] ?an1 t :i* x orig9ally _h4 ,c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n t dur+ ?is p]iod ( enhanc$ f]m5tation ! am\nts ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol produc$ exce$ ^? :i* w\ld h be5 =m$ 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ phosphate by a quantity exactly equival5t to ! phosphate add$ 9 ! ratio ,,co#b or ,c#b;,h#f,o3,r#b;,,hpo#d ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijf1 #a4 #b ,! effect ( an excess ( phosphate is discuss$ lat] on1 p4 #ga4 ,?is result is ( fundam5tal importance1 & ! evid5ce on :i* x re/s des]ves "s consid]ation4 ,quantitative exp]im5ts on ?is subject require c]ta9 prelim9>y precautions4 ,! acid phosphates are too acid to p]mit ( any ext5d$ f]m5tation & ! phosphates ( ! =mula ,r#b;,,hpo#d absorb a consid]able volume ( c>bon dioxide ) production ( a bic>bonate1 accord+ to ! reaction3-- ,r#b;,,hpo#d ,h#b;,,co#c ,,rhco#c ,,rh#b,,po#d4 ,! me?od :i* has be5 adopt$1 !re=e1 is to employ ei!r a second>y phosphate saturat$ ) c>bon dioxide at ! temp]ature ( ! exp]im5t1 or a mixture ( five molecul> proportions ( ! second>y phosphate ) "o molecul> proportion ( a prim>y phosphate1 9 :i* ! am\nt ( bic>bonate =m$ is negligible4 ,9 ! =m] case x is necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r any ( ! c>bon dioxide evolv$ is d]iv$ f ! bic>bonate by ! action ( acid orig9ally pres5t or produc$ 9 ! yea/-juice or by a di/urbance ( ! orig9al equilibrium ow+ to ! *emical *ange :i* occurs4 ,?is is done by acidify+ duplicate samples ) hydro*loric acid be=e & aft] ! f]m5tation & measur+ ! gas evolv$ 9 ea* case4 ,any necess>y correction c !n be made4 ,! calculation ( ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ f yea/-juice conta9+ sug> :5 a phosphate is add$ involves an e/imation ( ! am\nt :i* w\ld h be5 evolv$ 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ phosphate1 & ?is is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,s9ce ! f9al /eady rate ( f]m5tation atta9$ is (t5 slightly diff]5t f ! initial rate1 ! practice has be5 adopt$ ( asc]ta9+ ?is f9al rate & !n calculat+ ! total evolution correspond+ to x = ! :ole p]iod f ! "t ( ! addition ( ! phosphate to ! end ( ! obs]vations4 ,?is am\nt d$uct$ f ! obs]v$ total leaves ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide =m$1 & x is ?is quantity :i* is equival5t to ! phosphate add$4 ,alcohol is simultane\sly produc$ 9 ! normal ratio4 ,! ju/ification = ?is me?od ( calculation w be f\nd lat] 7p4 #ed74 ,! foll[+ table1 conta9+ ! results ( exp]im5ts ) ,pg #jdd glucose1 fructose1 & mannose1 indicates v cle>ly ! nature ( ! me?od ( calculation & also ( ! agreem5t betwe5 obs]vation & !ory4 ,?ree quantities ( #be c4c4 ( yea/-juice #e c4c4 ( a solution conta9+ #a gram ( ! sug> to be exam9$ 7a l>ge excess7 7 incubat$ ) tolu5e at #be = "o h\r1 9 ord] to remove all free phosphate1 & to ea* 7 !n add$ #e c4c4 ( a solution ( sodium phosphate correspond+ to #jafcb gram ( ,mg#b,p#b,o#g & equival5t to #cbf c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide at ,n4,t4,p4 ,! rates ( f]m5tation 7 !n obs]v$ until !y _h pass$ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( accel]ation & _h fall5 & atta9$ a /eady value1 ! gases be+ measur$ moi/ at #aic & #gfjae mm4 ,glucose4 ,mannose4 ,fructose4 ,maximum rate atta9$1 c4cs4 p] five m9utes #if #g #aac ,f9al rate ( f]m5tation #aa #jif #ajh ,total c>bon dioxide produc$ by f]m5tation 9 fifty-five m9utes aft] addition ( phosphate #dig #dgh #dgf ,correction = evolution 9 abs5ce ( phosphate 9 fifty-five m9utes #aba #ajf #aai ,extra c>bon dioxide equival5t to phosphate #cgf #cgb #ceg at ,n4,t4,p4 #cdd #cd #cbf ,^! numb]s agree well ) ! value calculat$ f ! phosphate add$1 viz4 #cbf ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiji4 ,ano!r exp]im5t is illu/rat$ graphically 9 ,fig4 #d1 9 :i* ! volume ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ is plott$ aga9/ "t4 ,! det]m9ation 0 9 ?is case made by add+ #be c4c4 ( an aque\s solution conta9+ #e grams ( glucose to "o quantity ( #be c4c4 ( yea/-juice 7curve ,a7 & #e c4c4 ( #jc mol> solution ( ! mix$ prim>y & second>y sodium phosphates1 & #bj c4c4 ( a solution conta9+ #e grams ( glucose to a second equal quantity ( yea/-juice 7curve ,b74 ,curve ,a %[s ! normal c\rse ( f]m5tation ( yea/-juice ) glucose4 ,!re is a slight prelim9>y accel]ation dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty m9utes1 due to free phosphate 9 ! juice1 & ! rate !n becomes /eady at ab\t #ad c4c4 9 five m9utes4 ,dur+ ?is prelim9>y accel]ation #aj c4c4 ( extra c>bon dioxide are evolv$1 ?is numb] be+ obta9$ graphically by cont9u+ ! l9e ( /eady rate back to ! axis ( z]o "t4 ,curve ,b %[s ! effect ( ! add$ phosphate4 ,! rate rises to ab\t #ie c4c4 9 five m9utes1 i4e4 to m ?an six times ! normal rate1 & !n gradually falls until aft] an h\r x is aga9 /eady & almo/ exactly equal to #ad c4c4 p] five m9utes4 ,cont9u+ ! l9e ( /eady rate back to ! axis ( z]o p#jde "t x is f\nd t ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide is #dh c4c4 ,subtract+ f ?is ! #aj c4c4 %[n 9 curve ,a z due to ! juice alone1 a diff]5ce ( #ch c4c4 is obta9$ due to ! add$ phosphate4 ,! am\nt calculat$ f ! phosphate add$ 9 ?is case is1 at atmosph]ic temp]ature & pressure1 #chi c4c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d 7,graph ( ,c>bon ,dioxide ,evolution v ,"t--,ed47 ,aft] ! expiration ( sev5ty m9utes f ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 a second addition is made ( an equal am\nt ( phosphate4 ,! :ole ph5om5on !n recurs1 z %[n 9 curve ,c1 ! maximum rate be+ slightly l[] ?an be=e1 ab\t #f c4c4 p] five m9utes1 & ! rate aga9 becom+ f9ally /eady at #ad c4c4 z be=e4 ,! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ 9 ?is second p]iod obta9$ graphically z 9 ! =m] case1 is #ajg-fh #ci c4c4 ,x may be not$ t 9 ?is case ! obs]vations aft] ea* addition la/ fifty to sev5ty m9utes1 s t an error ( #ja c4c4 p] five m9utes 9 ! e/imat$ f9al rate w\ld make an error ( #a to #ad c4c4 9 ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide1 i4e4 ab\t #c to #d p] c5t4 ( ! total1 & ?is is approximately ! limit ( accuracy ( ! me?od4 p#jdf ,! results are m precise :5 ! yea/-juice employ$ is an active "o1 s9ce1 :5 ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! juice is l[1 ! initial p]iod ( accel]at$ f]m5tation is unduly prolong$ & ! calculation ( ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide is r5d]$ unc]ta94 ,zym9 7p4 #ch7 yields precisely simil> results to yea/-juice1 b 9 ?is case ! rate ( f]m5tation is n s l>gely increas$4 ,?is has ! effect t ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide _c be q s accurately e/imat$ = zym91 because a slight error 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! f9al rate ( f]m5tation has a great] influ5ce on ! result4 ,! equival5ce betwe5 ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ & ! phosphate add$ is1 h[ev]1 unmi/akable1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ results ( an exp]im5t ) zym91 9 :i* #f grams ( zym9 7,s*rod]7 #c grams ( fructose 7,s*]+7 #be c4c4 ( wat] 7 incubat$ at #be 9 pres5ce ( tolu5e until a /eady rate _h be5 atta9$4 ,five c4c4 ( a solution ( sodium phosphate equival5t to #cbb c4c4 c>bon dioxide at ,n4,t4,p4 7 !n add$4 ,maximum rate atta9$1 c4c4 p] five m9utes #ada ,f9al rate ( f]m5tation #fb ,total evolv$ by f]m5tation 9 eighty m9utes aft] addition ( phosphate #aca ,correction = evolution 9 abs5ce ( phosphate 9 eighty m9utes #iib ,extra c>bon dioxide at #af & #gfga mm #cah ,n4,t4,p #bih ,consid]+ ! small proportional rise 9 rate & ! long p]iod ( accel]at$ f]m5tation1 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! volume obs]v$1 #bih c4c41 & t calculat$ f ! phosphate1 #cbb1 is q satisfactory ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaj1 #a4 ,precisely ! same relations hold = mac]ation extract1 b 9 ?is case x mu/ be rememb]$ t a l>ge am\nt ( free phosphate is pres5t 9 ! extract1 z mu* z #jcabi grm4 ,mg#b,p#b,o#g be+ obta9$ f #bj c4c4 9 "o prep>ation1 s t ! orig9al extract _h ! conc5tration ( a #jad mol> solution ( sodium phosphate4 ,x is 9 fact n improbable t ! delay 9 ! onset ( f]m5tation sometimes obs]v$ ) mac]ation extract 7see ,leb$eff1 #aiab1 #b2 ,neub]g & ,ros5?al1 #aiac7 may be due to ! pres5ce ( phosphate 9 s great an excess ( ! am\nt :i* c be rapidly e/]ifi$ by ! enzymes t ! rate ( f]m5tation is at fir/ greatly l[]$ 7see p4 #ga74 ,:5 ?is phosphate is remov$ by incubation ) glucose or fructose1 ! subsequ5t addition ( phosphate produces ! *>act]i/ic action & ! extra c>bon dioxide evolv$ is1 z ) o!r yea/ prep>ations1 equival5t to ! phosphate add$4 ,an actual e/imation c>ri$ out 9 ?is way gave #ce c4c4 ( ,,co#b = an addition ( phosphate equival5t to #cbi c4c4 ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiab4 p#jdg ,)9 ! limits impos$ by ! exp]im5tal conditions1 !n1 ! fact is well e/abli%$ t ! addition ( a soluble phosphate to a f]m5t+ mixture ( a hexose ) yea/-juice1 mac]ation extract1 dri$ yea/1 or zym9 causes ! production ( an equival5t am\nt ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol4 ,?is fact indicates t a def9ite *emical reaction occurs 9 :i* sug> & phosphate are conc]n$1 & ?is conclusion is confirm$ :5 ! fate ( ! add$ phosphate is inve/igat$4 ,if an exp]im5t1 su* z "o ( ^? describ$ above1 be int]rupt$ z soon z ! rate ( f]m5tation has aga9 become normal1 & ! liquid be boil$ & filt]$1 x is f\nd t ne>ly ! :ole ( ! phosphorus pres5t passes into ! filtrate1 b t only a small proportion ( ?is exi/s z m9]al phosphate1 :il/ ! rema9d]1 includ+ t add$ 9 ! =m ( a soluble phosphate1 is no long] precipitable by magnesium citrate mixture ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aije1 #b4 ,a simil> obs]vation 0 made at a lat] date by ,iwan(f #aijg1 :o _h previ\sly obs]v$ #aije t liv+ yea/1 l _m o!r vegetable organisms1 conv]t$ m9]al phosphates into organic d]ivatives4 ,iwan(f employ$ zym9 & hefanol 7p4 #ch7 in/ead ( yea/-juice1 & f\nd t phosphates 7 !reby r5d]$ non-precipitable by uranium acetate solution1 b did n obs]ve ! accel]at$ f]m5tation caus$ by _! addition4 ,! =ego+ conclusions h be5 /rik+ly confirm$ by exp]im5ts ) mac]ation extract c>ri$ out by ,eul] & ,johansson #aiac1 9 :i* bo? ! c>bon dioxide evolv$ & ! phosphate r5d]$ non-precipitable by magnesia 7 det]m9$ at int]vals4 ,:5 dri$ yea/ is employ$ z ! f]m5t+ ag5t1 ! am\nt ( phosphate e/]ifi$ 9 ! e>li] /ages is great] ?an w\ld be expect$1 b ultimately becomes exactly equival5t to ! c>bon dioxide evolv$4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,phospho-,,organic ,,comp\nd ,,=m$ ,,by ,,yea/-,,juice ,,& ,,zym9 ,,f ,,! ,,hexoses ,,& ,,phosphate4 ,! =mation & prop]ties ( ! comp\nd produc$ f phosphates 9 ! mann] j describ$ h be5 inve/igat$ by ,h>d5 & ,"y #aije1 #b2 #aijh1 #a2 #aiji2 #aiaa1 #b1 ,"y #aiji2 #aiaa1 ,iwan(f #aijg2 #aiji1 #a1 ,leb$eff #aiji2 #aiaj2 #aiaa1 #e1 #f2 #aiab1 #c2 #aiac1 #a2 & ,eul] #aiab1 #a2 ,eul] & ,fodor1 #aiaa2 ,eul] & ,kullb]g1 #aiaa1 #c2 ,eul] & ,ohlsn1 #aiaa2 #aiab2 ,eul] & ,johansson1 #aiab1 #d2 ,eul] & ,bck/rm1 #aiab1 b its exact con/itution _c z yet be reg>d$ z def9itely kn[n4 p#jdh ,phosphates und]go ?is *>act]i/ic *ange :5 ! sug> und]go+ f]m5tation is glucose1 mannose1 or fructose1 & x may be said at once t no di/9ction c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! products =m$ f ^! v>i\s hexoses2 !y all appe> to be id5tical4 ,! comp\nd produc$ is1 z already m5tion$1 n precipitat$ by ammoniacal magnesium citrate mixture1 nor by uranium acetate solution4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be precipitat$ by copp] acetate 7,iwan(f7 & by lead acetate 7,"y74 ,! prep>ation ( ! pure lead salt f ! liquid obta9$ by f]m5t+ a sug> ) yea/-juice or zym9 9 pres5ce ( phosphate is comm5c$ by boil+ & filt]+ ! liquid4 ,magnesium nitrate solution & a small quantity ( cau/ic soda solution are !n add$ to precipitate any free phosphate1 & ! liquid well /irr$ & all[$ to /& ov] night4 ,to ! neutralis$ filtrate lead acetate is !n add$ toge!r ) suffici5t cau/ic soda solution to ma9ta9 ! reaction neutral to litmus1 until no fur!r precipitate is =m$4 ,! liquid is !n filt]$ or1 bett]1 c5trifugalis$1 & ! precipitate repeat$ly wa%$ ) wat] until a portion ( ! cle> filtrate gives no r$uction :5 boil$ ) ,fehl+'s solution4 ,x is ess5tial t ?is wa%+ %\ld be ?or\gh z evid5ce has rec5tly be5 obta9$ ( ! =mation "u c]ta9 conditions ( a hexosephosphate1 ! lead salt ( :i* is n s sp>+ly soluble z t ( ! hexos$iphosphate ,h>d5 & ,robison1 #aiad4 ,! lead precipitate is !n susp5d$ 9 wat]1 decompos$ by a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! cle> filtrate fre$ f sulphurett$ hydrog5 by a curr5t ( air1 & f9ally neutralis$ ) cau/ic soda4 ,! removal ( phosphate & conv]sion into lead salt are repeat$ twice1 & ! result+ lead salt is !n f\nd to be free f nitrog5 & to h a composition repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#d7,,po#d,pb7#b4 ,leb$eff c>ries out ! prep>ation 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]4 ,! f]m5tation is effect$ by means ( air-dri$ yea/ 7#aej grams to #a litre ( wat]1 #baj grams cane-sug> & #aje grams ( a mixture ( #b p>ts ,na#b;,,hpo#d & #a "p ,na,h#b,,po#d7 & ! liquid 7ab\t #gjj c4c47 aft] boil+ & filt]+1 is treat$ ) an equal volume ( acetone4 ,ab\t #cjj c4c4 ( a ?ick liquid is precipitat$ & ?is is r$issolv$ 9 wat] & precipitat$ by an equal volume ( acetone two or ?ree times4 ,! f9al liquid is !n precipitat$ ) w>m lead acetate solution & filt]$ & wa%$ ) dilute lead acetate solution until ! filtrate is cle> & no long] r$uces ,fehl+'s solution aft] removal ( ! lead #aiaj4 ,eul] & ,fodor #aiaa on ! o!r h& precipitate ! free phosphate ) magnesia mixture & !n add acetone1 dissolve ! syrup ?us precipitat$ 9 wat] & add copp] p#jdi acetate solution4 ,a blue copp] salt is precipitat$ :i* is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat] & us$ = ! prep>ation ( solutions ( ! acid4 ,a solution ( ! free acid c readily be prep>$ by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 on ! lead salt susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,x =ms a /rongly acid liquid1 :i* requires exactly two equival5ts ( base = ea* atom ( phosphorus pres5t to r5d] x neutral to ph5olph?ale94 ,x decomposes :5 evaporat$1 leav+ a *>r$ mass conta9+ free phosphoric acid4 ,! acid is slightly optically active1 & has _/a_/,d #cd4 ,a numb] ( amorph\s salts h be5 prep>$ by precipitation f a solution ( ! sodium salt1 & ( ^! ! silv]1 b>ium1 & calcium salts h be5 analys$ ) results agree+ ) ! g5]al =mula ,c#f;,h#aj,o#d7,,po#d,r#b7b4 ,! magnesium1 calcium1 b>ium1 & manganese salts1 :i* are only sp>+ly soluble1 are all precipitat$ :5 _! solutions are boil$ b re-dissolve on cool+1 & ?is prop]ty c be utilis$ = _! purification4 ,! alkali salts h only be5 obta9$ z viscid residues4 ,a diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! molecul> weight & con/itution ( ?is sub/ance4 ,iwan(f #aiji1 #a reg>ds x z a triosephosphoric acid1 ,c#c;,h#e,o#b7,,po#d;,h#b71 bas+ ?is view on ! prep>ation ( an osazone :i* melt$ at #adb1 b :5 recry/allis$ f b5z5e gave a product melt+ at #abg-h1 :i* _h ! same appe>ance1 melt+-po9t1 & nitrog5 cont5t z ! triosazone =m$ by ! action ( ph5ylhydraz9e on ! oxidation products ( glyc]ol4 ,nei!r ,leb$eff #aiji nor ,"y c\ld obta9 ,iwan(f's osazone1 & all attempts to r$uce ! acid ) =mation ( glyc]ol ei!r by sodium amalgam or hydriodic acid 7 unsuccessful 7,"y74 ,!re is !re=e practically no s]i\s exp]im5tal evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,iwan(f's view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h>d5 & ,"y reg>d ! acid z a diphosphoric e/] ( a hexose4 ,?is view is bas$ on ! fact t :5 ! acid is boil$ ) wat]1 or an acid1 free phosphoric acid is produc$ along ) a levo-rotatory solution conta9+ fructose & possibly a small proportion ( "s o!r sug> or sug>s4 7,eul] & ,fodor h[ev] did n obta9 a hexose 9 ?is way #aiaa47 ,! acid itself only r$uces ,fehl+'s solution aft] "s h\rs 9 ! cold1 rapidly :5 boil$1 :]eas :5 its solution is fir/ boil$1 & !n treat$ ) ,fehl+'s solution 9 ! cold1 ! products ( decomposition br+ ab\t r$uction 9 a few m9utes4 ,! r$uction br\ght ab\t :5 ! acid is boil$ ) ,fehl+'s solution is consid]ably less 7#cc p] c5t47 ?an t produc$ by an equival5t am\nt ( glucose4 ,! behavi\r ( ! comp\nd t[>ds ph5ylhydraz9e is also 9 complete agreem5t p#jej ) ?is view4 ,leb$eff f\nd #aiji1 #aiaj t ! acid or its salts heat$ ) ph5ylhydraz9e 9 pres5ce ( acetic acid gave an insoluble comp\nd :i* 0 ultimately f\nd to be ! _/ph5ylhydraz9e salt ( hexosemonophosphoric acid osazone_/ ,c#f;,h#e,,nh,,nh#b;,h#b,,po#d;,c#d;,h#e 7,,oh7#c ,c7,n#b;,,hc#f;,h#e7;,,*7,n#b;,,hc#f;,h# e7 ,leb$eff1 #aiaj2 #aiaa1 #f2 ,"y1 #aiaa4 ,aft] recry/allisation f alcohol ?is comp\nd =ms yell[ ne$les1 melt+ at #aea-aeb4 ,x is decompos$ by cau/ic soda yield+ a _/sodium salt_/ ,na#b,,po#d;,c#d;,h#e7,,oh7#c7;,,cn#b;,, hc#f;,h#e7;,,*7,n#b;,,hc#f;,h#e7 & on boil+ ) cau/ic soda decomposes giv+ a hexosazone 7free f phosphorus7 :i* is probably glucosazone1 & 9 addition glyoxalosazone1 probably z ! result ( a second>y decomposition4 ,t[>ds acids x is rem>kably /able yield+ ) hydro*loric acid a _/hexosonephosphoric e/]_/ f :i* ! orig9al osazone c be reg5]at$ 7,leb$eff74 ,leb$eff at fir/ #aiaj argu$ f ! =mation ( ?is osazone t ! orig9al hexosephosphate conta9$ only "o phosphoric acid gr\p p] molecule ( hexose4 ,x 0 h[ev] %[n by ,"y #aiaa & subsequ5tly confirm$ by ,leb$eff #aiaa1 #f t "o molecule ( phosphoric acid is split (f dur+ ! =mation ( ! osazone1 ev5 9 neutral solution4 ,moreov] x has be5 f\nd t 9 ! cold hexos$iphosphoric acid reacts ) #c molecules ( ph5ylhydraz9e =m+ ! _/diph5ylhydraz9e salt ( hexos$iphosphoric acid ph5ylhydrazone_/ 7,c#f;,h#e,,nh,,nh#b;,h#b,,po#d7b;,c#f;, h#g7,,oh7#c,n#b;,,hc#f;,h#e4 ,?is comp\nd cry/allises out :5 #a volume ( alcohol is add$ to a solution ( #c molecules ( ph5ylhydraz9e 9 "o ( ! acid & =ms col\rless ne$les melt+ at #aae-aag4 p-,bromoph5ylhydraz9e yields an analog\s comp\nd melt+ at #abg-abh4 ,precisely ! same products are giv5 ) ph5ylhydraz9e by ! hexosephosphoric acid prep>$ f glucose1 mannose1 & fructose1 prov+ t all ^! sug>s yield ! same hexos$iphosphoric acid1 a po9t ( fundam5tal importance4 ,direct measurem5ts ( ! molecul> weight ( ! acid by ! freez+-po9t me?od1 comb9$ ) ! det]m9ation ( ! degree ( dissociation by ! rate ( cane-sug> inv]sion1 are indecisive1 b indicate t ! acid has a molecul> weight consid]ably high] ?an t requir$ = a triosephosphoric acid4 ,a simil> unc]ta9ty atta*es to ! det]m9ation ( ! molecul> weight f ! freez+-po9t depression & conductivity ( ! acid potassium salt ,eul] & ,fodor1 #aiaa4 ,eul] h[ev] concludes p#jea t bo? a hexos$iphosphoric acid & a triosemonophosphoric acid are =m$1 b has n prep>$ any d]ivatives ( ! latt]4 ,z reg>ds ! con/itution ( ! hexosephosphoric e/] sev]al sugge/ions h be5 made by ,"y1 b no decisive evid5ce at pres5t exi/s4 ,! id5tity ( ! products f glucose1 mannose1 & fructose may be expla9$ by reg>d+ ! acid z a d]ivative ( ! enolic =m common to ^! ?ree sug>s 7p4 #ig71 or by suppos+ t portions ( two sug> molecules may be conc]n$ 9 its production4 ,! =mation & composition ( ! hydrazone & osazone are ( great importance z !y indicate t 9 all probability "o ( ! phosphoric acid residues is unit$ ) ! c>bon atom adjac5t to ! c>bonyl gr\p ( ! hexose4 ,!y moreov] r5d] x c]ta9 t ! orig9al phosphoric e/] is a hexos$iphosphoric e/] & n a triosemonophosphoric e/]4 ,hexos$iphosphoric acid has n z yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! animal body4 ,! action ( a numb] ( enzymes ^u x has be5 exam9$ ,eul]1 #aiab1 #b2 ,eul] & ,funke1 #aiab2 ,h>d+1 #aiab2 ,plimm]1 #aiac ) ! foll[+ results4 ,! lipase ( ca/or oil se$s1 a glyc]ol extract ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane ( ! rabbit & pig1 & an aque\s extract ( bran h a sl[ hydrolytic action1 :]eas peps9 & tryps9 are )\t effect4 ,fe$+ exp]im5ts ) rabbits & dogs indicate t ! e/] is capable ( hydrolysis 9 ! animal body1 a l>ge proportion ( ! phosphorus be+ excret$ z inorganic phosphate4 ,! e/] is also decompos$ by _/,bacillus coli communis_/4 ,x is rem>kable t ! hexosephosphate is n f]m5t$ nor hydrolys$ by liv+ yea/1 a fact obs]v$ by ,iwan(f1 ,h>d5 & ,"y1 & ,eul]1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,pa9e #aiaa1 ! yea/ cell is at all ev5ts p>tially p]meable to ! sodium salt4 ,,! ,,equation ,,( ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,an equation c readily be con/ruct$ = ! reaction 9 :i* hexosephosphate is =m$1 ! data available be+ ! =mula ( ! product & ! relation betwe5 ! phosphate add$ & ! c>bon dioxide & alcohol produc$3-- 7#a7 #b;,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b,,po#d;,,hr#c #b;,,co#b #b;,c#b;,h#f,o #b;,h#b,o ,c#f;,h#aj,o#d7,,po#d,r#b7b4 ,accord+ to ?is1 two molecules ( sug> are conc]n$ 9 ! *ange1 ! c>bon dioxide & alcohol be+ equal 9 weight to "o p#jeb half ( ! sug> us$1 & ! hexosephosphate & wat] repres5t+ ! o!r half4 ,additional confirmation ( ?is equation is af=d$ by ! det]m9ation ( ! ratio betwe5 sug> us$ & c>bon dioxide evolv$ :5 a kn[n weight ( sug> toge!r ) an excess ( phosphate is add$ to yea/-juice at #be4 ,! ph5om5a !n obs]v$ are precisely simil> to ^? :i* occur :5 a phosphate is add$ to a f]m5t+ mixture ( yea/-juice & excess ( sug> z describ$ above4 ,! rate ( f]m5tation rapidly rises & !n gradually falls until a rate is atta9$ approximately equal to t ( ! aut(]m5tation ( ! juice 9 pres5ce ( phosphate4 ,at ?is po9t x is f\nd t ! extra am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$1 beyond t :i* w\ld h be5 giv5 (f 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ sug>1 be>s ! ratio express$ 9 equation 7#a7 to ! sug> add$ ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaj1 #b4 ,! results ( f\r e/imations made 9 ?is way 7 7_/a_/7 #jb grams ( glucose gave #bfe & #bgi c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide at ,n4,t4,p42 7_/b_/7 #jb grams ( fructose gave #bgi & #bhi c4c4 ,! c>bon dioxide calculat$ f ! sug> add$ 9 ea* ( ! f\r cases is #bfif c4c4 ,x has also be5 %[n by ,eul] & ,johansson #aiac t 9 ! f]m5tation ( a mixture ( equival5t am\nts ( phosphate & glucose1 ! :ole ( ! glucose _h disappe>$ :5 ! :ole ( ! phosphate _h become e/]ifi$4 ,,cycle ,,( ,,*anges ,,und]gone ,,by ,,phosphate ,,9 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,accord+ to equation 7#a7 ! free phosphate pres5t is us$ up 9 ! reaction1 & ! "q at once arises :e!r !re is any s\rce f :i* a con/ant supply ( free phosphate c be elaborat$ 9 ! juice1 or :e!r "s o!r *ange occurs :i* results 9 ! =mation ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol 9 ! abs5ce ( free phosphate4 ,! exp]im5tal evid5ce po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! =m] ( ^! alt]natives1 b ! "q is a v difficult "o to decide ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,:5 a mixture ( a phosphate ) yea/-juice & sug> is exam9$ at int]vals & ! am\nt ( free phosphate e/imat$1 ! foll[+ /ages are obs]v$3-- #a4 ,dur+ ! initial p]iod ( accel]at$ f]m5tation foll[+ ! addition ( ! phosphate1 ! conc5tration ( free phosphate rapidly dim9i%es4 #b4 ,at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 ! am\nt ( free phosphate p#jec pres5t is v l[1 &1 z long z active f]m5tation cont9ues1 no m>k$ increase 9 x occurs4 #c4 ,z alcoholic f]m5tation slack5s & f9ally ceases1 a m>k$ & rapid rise 9 ! am\nt ( free phosphate occurs at ! exp5se ( ! hexosephosphate1 :i* /eadily dim9i%es 9 am\nt1 & ?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by an enzyme 9 ! juice & ceases if ! liquid be boil$4 ,?is la/ reaction may be repres5t$ by ! equation 7#b7 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#d7,,po#d,r#b7b #b;,h#b,o ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b,,po#d;,,hr#b4 ,9 ! light ( ?is equation1 toge!r ) equation ,no4 #a1 giv5 above1 all ^! facts c be simply & easily und]/ood4 ,! rapid dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( free phosphate dur+ /age #a corresponds ) ! occurr5ce ( reaction 7#a74 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( f]m5tation ! enzymic hydrolysis ( ! hexosephosphate is proce$+ accord+ to equation 7#b74 ,up to ! end ( /age #b ! phosphate ?us produc$ ent]s into reaction1 accord+ to equation 7#a71 ) ! sug> :i* is pres5t 9 excess & is ?us reconv]t$ into hexosephosphate1 s t z long z alcoholic f]m5tation is proce$+ freely1 no accumulation ( free phosphate c occur4 ,z soon z alcoholic f]m5tation ceases1 h[ev]1 x is no long] possible = ! phosphate to pass back into hexosephosphate1 & h5ce x accumulates 9 ! free /ate4 ,a simil> hydrolysis ( hexosephosphate & accumulation ( phosphate occur :5 a solution ( hexosephosphate is treat$ ) yea/-juice :i* has be5 depriv$ ( ! p[] ( f]m5tation by dialysis1 or ) zym9 fre$ f co-enzyme by wa%+ 7p4 #fc74 ,! actual rate ( f]m5tation obs]v$ 9 any p>ticul> case 9 pres5ce ( excess ( sug>1 enzyme1 & co-enzyme mu/ on ?is view dep5d on ! supply ( phosphate :i* is available4 ,9 pres5ce ( an adequate am\nt ( phosphate1 z well z ( sug>1 ! highe/ rate atta9$ repres5ts ! maximum velocity at :i* reaction 7#a7 c proce$ 9 t sample ( yea/-juice or zym91 & ?is high rate is *>act]i/ic ( ! initial p]iod ( accel]at$ f]m5tation :i* foll[s ! addition ( a suitable quantity ( phosphate4 ,by ! simple exp$i5t ( r5ew+ ! supply ( phosphate z rapidly z x is conv]t$ into hexosephosphate1 ?is high rate c be ma9ta9$ = a consid]able "t ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijh1 #a4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 an av]age rate ( evolution ( c>bon dioxide ( #ae c4c4 9 five m9utes 0 ma9ta9$ = an h\r & a p#jed qu>t]1 :]eas ! normal rate 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ phosphate 0 #c c4c4 ,z soon z all ! free phosphate has ent]$ into ! reaction1 h[ev]1 ! supply ( phosphate dep5ds 9 ! ma9 on ! rate at :i* ! result+ hexosephosphate is decompos$1 & ! rate ( f]m5tation n[ atta9$ is condition$ by ! rate at :i* reaction 7#b7 proce$s1 & ?is evid5tly dep5ds on ! exi/+ conc5tration ( ! hydrolytic enzyme1 :i* may be provisionally t]m$ _/hexosephosphatase_/4 ,! rates atta9$ dur+ ! initial p]iod ( rapid f]m5tation & ! subsequ5t p]iod ( sl[ f]m5tation are ?us se5 to repres5t ! velocities ( two entirely diff]5t *emical reactions4 ,^! consid]ations also expla9 :y x is ! _/extra_/ c>bon dioxide evolv$ dur+ ! initial p]iod1 & n ! total c>bon dioxide1 :i* is equival5t to ! add$ phosphate4 ,z ! production ( phosphate is proce$+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod at a rate :i* is equival5t to ! normal rate ( f]m5tation1 x is obvi\sly necess>y to d$uct ! correspond+ am\nt ( c>bon dioxide f ! total evolv$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! am\nt equival5t to ! add$ phosphate4 ,an explanation is also af=d$ ( ! fact t a consid]able increase 9 ! conc5tration ( hexosephosphate does n mat]ially increase ! normal rate ( f]m5tation4 ,?is is probably due to ! circum/ance t1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al behavi\r ( enzymes 9 pres5ce ( excess ( ! f]m5table sub/ance1 ! hexosephosphatase hydrolyses approximately equal am\nts ( hexosephosphate 9 equal times :atev] ! conc5tration ( ! latt] may be1 above a c]ta9 limit4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,eul] & ,johansson #aiac ! hydrolytic activity ( ! hexosephosphatase is greatly dim9i%$ by ! pres5ce ( tolu5e4 ,,effect ,,( ,,phosphate ,,on ,,! ,,total ,,f]m5tation ,,produc$ ,,by ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,! addition ( a phosphate to yea/-juice n only produces ! effect already describ$1 b also enables a giv5 volume ( yea/-juice to effect a l>g] total f]m5tation1 ev5 aft] all[ance is made = ! c>bon dioxide equival5t to ! quantity ( phosphate add$4 ,! increase 9 ! case ( ord9>y yea/-juice has be5 f\nd to am\nt to f #aj to #aej p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al total f]m5tation p#jee produc$ by ! juice 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ phosphate4 ,! numb]s conta9$ 9 columns #a & #b ( ! table on p4 #ef illu/rate ?is effect1 ! ratio ( ! total 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphate to t obta9$ 9 its abs5ce be+ giv51 z well z t ( ! total 9 pres5ce ( phosphate less ! equival5t ( ! phosphate add$1 to ! orig9al f]m5tation4 ,! cause ( ?is increase 9 ! total f]m5tation is probably to be s\ght ma9ly 9 a protective action ( ! excess ( hexosephosphate on ! v>i\s enzymes1 =1 z has be5 /at$ above1 ! rate ( f]m5tation aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! initial p]iod1 is practically ! same z 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ phosphate 7see p4 #dc74 ,n[ x foll[s f equation 7#a7 7p4 #ea7 t 9 ! total abs5ce ( phosphate no f]m5tation %\ld occur1 & ! exp]im5tal realisation ( ?is result w\ld af=d v /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is int]pretation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 x has n be5 f\nd possible to free ! mat]ials employ$ completely f phosphorus comp\nds :i* yield phosphates by enzymic hydrolysis dur+ ! exp]im5t1 b x has be5 f\nd t :5 ! phosphate cont5ts are r$uc$ to z l[ a limit z possible1 ! am\nt ( sug> f]m5t$ becomes correspond+ly small1 &1 fur!r1 t 9 ^! circum/ances ! addition ( a small am\nt ( phosphate or hexosephosphate produces a relatively l>ge increase 9 ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! enzyme4 ,:5 ! total phosphorus pres5t is ?us l>gely r$uc$1 ! increase produc$ by ! addition ( a small am\nt ( phosphate may am\nt to z mu* z eighty-eight times ! orig9al1 9 addition to ! quantity equival5t to ! phosphate1 :il/ ! actual total evolv$1 includ+ ?is equival5t1 may be z mu* z tw5ty times ! orig9al f]m5tation4 ,?is result mu/ be reg>d$ z /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t phosphates are indisp5sable = alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! results indicat$ above 7 exp]im5tally obta9$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways & are exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,9 ! fir/ place 7cols4 #c & #d71 advantage 0 tak5 ( ! fact t ! residues obta9$ by filt]+ yea/-juice ?r\gh a ,m>t9 gelat9 filt] 7p4 #ei7 are sometimes f\nd to be almo/ free f m9]al phosphates1 :il/ !y /ill conta9 a small am\nt ( co-enzyme4 ,! exp]im5t !n consi/s 9 comp>+ ! f]m5tation produc$ by su* a residue poor 9 phosphate ) t obs]v$ :5 a small am\nt ( phosphate is add$4 ,! second me?od 7col4 #e7 consi/$ 9 c>ry+ out two p>allel f]m5tations by means ( a residue r5d]$ inactive by filtration p#jef & a solution ( co-enzyme free f phosphate & hexosephosphate 7p4 #fg7 ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaj1 #b4 ,! ?ird me?od 7col4 #f7 consi/$ 9 wa%+ zym9 ) wat]1 to remove soluble phosphates1 & !n add+ to x a solution ( co-enzyme conta9+ only a small am\nt ( phosphate1 & asc]ta9+ ! effect ( ! addition ( a small kn[n am\nt ( hexosephosphate ^u ! f]m5tation produc$ by ?is mixture ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaa1 #a4 #a #b #c #d #e #f c4c4 c4c4 c4c4 c4c4 c4c c4c4 ,gas evolv$ 9 abs5ce ( add$ phosphate #cfi #bbj #ad #ab #bjc #ae ,9 ! pres5ce ( #fbi #fbi #beh #bfh #ibc #acbg ,increase due to phosphate #bfj #dji #bdd #bef #gbj #acab ,c>bonic acid equival5t to phosphate #fc #fa #afi #afh #afh -- ,increase aft] initial p]iod #aig #cdh #ge #hh #eeb -- ,ratio ( totals #ag #bi #ahd #bac #de #hh ,ratio ( increase aft] initial p]iod to orig9al f]m5tation #je #af #ec #gc #bg -- ,,production ,,( ,a ,,f]m5table ,,sug> ,,f ,,hexosephosphate ,,by ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,an ,,enzyme ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,! sug> :i*1 accord+ to equation 7#b7 accompanies ! phosphate =m$ by ! enzymic hydrolysis ( hexosephosphate is "u ord9>y circum/ances f]m5t$ by ! alcoholic enzyme ( ! juice & ?us escapes detection4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a solution ( a hexosephosphate is expos$ to ! action ( ei!r yea/-juice or zym91 entirely or p>tially fre$ f co-enzyme1 ?is sug>1 be+ no long] f]m5t$1 accumulates & c be exam9$4 ,x has ?us be5 f\nd ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaj1 #b t a sug> is 9 fact produc$ 9 ?is way :i* c be f]m5t$ by liv+ yea/ & exhibits ! reactions ( fructose1 al?\gh ! pres5ce ( o!r hexoses is n exclud$4 ,! products ( ! enzymic hydrolysis ( ! hexosephosphates !re=e appe> to be ! same z1 or simil> to1 ^? =m$ by ! action ( acids ,"y1 #aiji4 ,a fur!r consequ5ce ( ^! facts is t a hexosephosphate w yield c>bon dioxide & alcohol :5 x is add$ to yea/-juice or zym91 & ?is has also be5 f\nd to be ! case ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaj1 #b2 ,iwan(f1 #aiji1 #a4 p#jeg ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,hexos$iphosphoric ,,acid4 ,on ?is subject little is yet kn[n1 b a numb] ( extremely int]e/+ results1 ! int]pretation ( :i* is /ill d\btful1 h be5 obta9$ by ,eul] & 8 colleagues4 ,eul] has obta9$ a yea/ ,yea/ ,h ( ! ,/4 ,erik's brew]y 9 ,/ockholm :i* diff]s f ,muni* yea/ 9 sev]al respects4 ,a mac]ation extract prep>$ f ! yea/ dri$ at #dj 9 a vacuum produces no effect on a glucose solution conta9+ phosphate4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! glucose solution be previ\sly p>tially f]m5t$ ) liv+ yea/ & !n boil$ & filt]$1 ! addition ( ! extract prep>$ f ,yea/ ,h br+s ab\t ! e/]ification ( phosphoric acid )\t any accompany+ evolution ( c>bon dioxide ,eul] & ,ohlsn1 #aiaa1 #aiab4 ,eul] int]prets ?is z foll[s3 7_/a_/7 ,glucose itself is n directly e/]ifi$1 b mu/ fir/ und]go "s prelim9>y *ange1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! action ( liv+ yea/4 ,no pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a new modification ( glucose 9 ?is solution has h[ev] be5 advanc$1 o!r ?an its behavi\r to extract ( ,yea/ ,h1 s t ,eul]'s conclusion _c be unres]v$ly accept$4 ,x is moreov] possible & ev5 m probable t "s !rmo/able catalytic sub/ance 7p]haps a co-enzyme7 passes f ! yea/ into ! glucose solution & enables ! yea/ extract to attack ! glucose & phosphoric acid4 ,a v small degree ( e/]ification 0 also produc$ :5 an extract hav+ no action on glucose & phosphate 0 add$ to glucose :i* _h be5 treat$ ) #b p] c5t4 cau/ic soda = =ty h\rs1 b ! nature ( ! comp\nd =m$ 0 n asc]ta9$ ,eul] & ,johansson1 #aiab1 #d4 7_/b_/7 ,! e/]ification ( phosphoric acid )\t ! evolution ( c>bon dioxide implies t ! enzyme by :i* ?is process is effect$ is di/9ct f t :i* causes ! actual decomposition ( ! sug>4 ,eul] goes fur!r ?an ?is & reg>ds ! enzyme z a purely syn!tic "o1 giv+ x ! "n ( hexosephosphatese to di/+ui% x f ! hexosephosphatase :i* hydrolyses ! hexosephosphate4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ?is conclusion is bas$ _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory1 inasmu* z x consi/s 9 ! obs]vation t _/9 pres5ce ( sug>_/ yea/ extract does n hydrolyse ! phosphoric e/]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be expect$ s9ce hydrolysis & syn!sis "u ^! conditions w\ld ultimately proce$ at equal rates4 ,9 any case ! adoption ( ?is nom5clature is inconsi/5t ) ! conception ( an enzyme z a cataly/ & is !re=e inadvisable until ! reaction has be5 mu* m ?or\ghly /udi$4 p#jeh ,x may fur!r be po9t$ out t no pro( has yet be5 advanc$ t ! phosphoric e/] produc$ )\t evolution ( c>bon dioxide is id5tical ) hexos$iphosphoric acid produc$ ) evolution ( c>bon dioxide4 ,x is by no means improbable t x repres5ts "s int]m$iate /age 9 ! production ( ! latt] 7see p4 #aag74 ,eul]'s o!r results on ?is subject may be briefly summ>is$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,9 pres5ce ( excess ( sug> ! e/]ification ( ! phosphoric acid proce$s by a monomolecul> reaction & is mo/ rapid 9 fa9tly alkal9e reaction ,eul] & ,kullb]g1 #aiaa1 #c4 7#b7 ,:5 yea/ extract has be5 heat$ = #cj m9utes to #dj x effects ! e/]ification ( phosphoric acid at a mu* great] rate ?an ! unheat$ extract 7#b-aj times74 ,heat+ at #ej = #cj m9utes h[ev] completely inactivates ! extract4 ,! cause ( ! activation is z yet unkn[n4 ,! temp]ature coeffici5t = ! unheat$ extract 7#age-cj7 is #ad-ae = #aj rise ( temp]ature ,eul] & ,ohlsn1 #aiaa4 7#c7 ,yea/s :i* 9 ! dri$ /ate all produce rapid e/]ification ( phosphoric acid1 yield extracts ( v unequal p[]s 9 ?is respect ,eul]1 #aiab1 #a4 p#jei ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,co-,,enzyme ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] ref]5ce 0 made to ! fact t ! addition ( boil$ yea/-juice greatly increases ! am\nts ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol =m$ f sug> by ! action ( a giv5 volume ( yea/-juice4 ,:5 ! boil$ juice is dialys$ ! sub/ance or sub/ances to :i* ?is effect is due pass into ! dialysate1 ! residue be+ q inactive4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! effect on ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! complete removal ( ^! unkn[n sub/ances f yea/-juice itself1 dialysis exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$ ) fre% yea/-juice1 capable ( br++ ab\t an active production ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol f sug>4 ,x 0 already kn[n f ! exp]im5ts ( ,bu*n] & ,rapp #ahih1 #a t dialysis 9 p>*m5t pap] = sev5te5 h\rs at #j aga9/ wat] or physiological salt solution only produc$ a dim9ution ( ab\t #bj p] c5t4 9 ! total am\nt ( f]m5tation obta9able1 & 9 view ( ! less p]man5t "* ( ! juice f top yea/s a m rapid me?od ( dialysis 0 s\ght4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 ! process ( filtration "u pressure ?r\gh a film ( gelat91 support$ 9 ! pores ( a ,*amb]l& filt] c&le1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ by ,m>t9 #ahif4 ,9 ?is way x 0 f\nd possible to divide ! juice into a residue & a filtrate1 ea* ( :i* 0 itself incapable ( sett+ up ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( glucose1 :]eas1 :5 !y 7 reunit$1 ! mixture produc$ almo/ z active a f]m5tation z ! orig9al juice ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aije1 #a2 #aijf1 #b4 ,! app>atus employ$ = ?is purpose consi/s ( a brass tube provid$ ) a flange 9 :i* ! gelat9is$ c&le is held by a compress$ india-rubb] r+1 & is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,two su* app>atus are us$1 ea* capable ( hold+ ab\t #gj c4c4 ( ! liquid to be filt]$4 ,! tubes1 aft] be+ fill$ ) ! yea/-juice1 are connect$ by means ( a screw jo9t ) a cyl9d] ( compress$ air & ! filtration c>ri$ out "u a pressure ( #ej atmosph]es1 p#jfj ! arrangem5t employ$ be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 ! e>li] exp]im5ts #be to #ej c4c4 ( yea/-juice 7 plac$ 9 ea* tube & ! filtration cont9u$ until no m liquid pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! residue 0 !n wa%$ sev]al times _/9 situ_/ by add+ wat] & =c+ x ?r\gh ! c&le4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ?is process v>i$ f six to twelve h\rs ) diff]5t prep>ations ( yea/-juice4 ,! c&le 0 !n remov$ f ! brass cas+ & ! ?ick1 br[n-col\r$ residue scrap$ (f1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & at once exam9$4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd to be possible to dry ?is residue _/9 vacuo_/ ov] sulphuric acid )\t s]i\sly alt]+ ! f]m5t+ p[]1 & ?is l$ to a slight modification ( ! me?od1 :i* is n[ conduct$ z foll[s4 ,two quantities ( #ej c4c4 ea* ( yea/-juice are filt]$1 )\t wa%+1 & ! residues spread on wat*-glasses & dri$ _/9 vacuo_/4 ,two fre% quantities ( #ej c4c4 are !n filt]$ ?r\gh ! same c&les & ! residues also dri$4 ,! #bjj c4c4 ( juice treat$ 9 ?is way give a dry residue ( #ag to #bd grams4 ,! residue is !n dissolv$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] & filt]$ 9 quantities ( #ej c4c4 ?r\gh two fre% gelat9is$ c&les & ! residue aga9 dri$4 ,a consid]able dim9ution 9 weight occurs1 p>tly ow+ to incomplete removal f ! c&le & brass cas+1 & ! f9al residue only am\nts to ab\t #i to #ab grams4 ,occasionally x is necess>y to repeat ! processes ( dissolv+ 9 wat]1 filt]+1 & dry+1 b a consid]able loss bo? ( mat]ial & f]m5t+ p[] att5ds ea* su* op]ation4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #e4 7,filt] ,app>atus1 ,tube_/,flange ,detail--,ed47 ,! /icky residue dries up v rapidly _/9 vacuo_/ to a brittle1 scaly mass1 :i* is conv]t$ by gr9d+ into a light yell[ p[d]4 ,! filtrate 0 inv>iably f\nd to be q devoid ( f]m5t+ p[]1 none ( ! enzyme pass+ ?r\gh ! gelat94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 7,filt] ,app>atus--,ed47 _/,prop]ties ( ! ,filt]$ & ,wa%$ ,residue4_/--,! residue prep>$ z describ$ above consi/s ma9ly ( ! prote91 glycog51 & dextr9s ( ! yea/-juice1 & is almo/ free f m9]al phosphates1 b conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( comb9$ phosphorus4 ,x also conta9s ! enzymes ( ! juice1 includ+ ! proteocla/ic enzyme1 & ! hexosephosphatase 7p4 #ed74 ,its solution 9 wat] is usually q inactive to glucose or fructose1 b 9 "s cases produces a small & evanesc5t f]m5tation4 ,:5 ! orig9al filtrate or a correspond+ p#jfa quantity ( ! filtrate f boil$ fre% yea/-juice is add$1 ! mixture f]m5ts glucose or fructose q readily4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! quantitative relations obs]v$1 ! sug> be+ 9 all cases pres5t 9 excess3-- ,filtrate ,boil$ ,wat] ,,co#b ,no4 ,mat]ial4 ,volume4 add$4 ,juice add$4 evolv$4 add$4 c4c4 c4c4 c4c4 #a ,undri$ & unwa%$ residue #ae c4c4 #j #j #ae #j g4 #ae #ae #j #j #jjce #b #ae #j #j #ae #jjbd #ae #j #ae #j #jbhb #c ,undri$ & wa%$ residue #be #j #j #j #jd c4c4 #be #j #be #j #bfh #d #bj #j #j #j #hc #bj #bj #j #j #ijc #e ,wa%$ & dri$ residue #a gram 9 #ae c4c4 #j #j #j #j #j #ab #j #ajh #f #a gram 9 #be c4c4 #j #j #j #j #j #be #j #cfd p#jfb ,^! exp]im5ts lead to ! conclusion t ! f]m5tation ( glucose & fructose by yea/-juice is dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce1 n only ( ! enzyme1 b also ( ano!r sub/ance :i* is dialysable & !rmo/able4 ,precisely simil> results 7 subsequ5tly obta9$ by ,bu*n] & ,antoni #aije1 #b by ! dialysis ( yea/-juice4 ,"o hundr$ c4c4 ( juice 7 dialys$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at #j aga9/ #acjj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! dialysate 0 !n evaporat$ at #dj to #ej to #bj c4c4 ,! f]m5t+ p[] ( #bj c4c4 ( ! dialys$ juice 0 !n det]m9$ ) ! foll[+ additions3-- 7#a7 #bj c4c4 ( dialys$ juice #aj c4c4 ( wat] gave #jjb gram ,,co#b4 7#b7 #bj c4c4 ( dialys$ juice #aj c4c4 ( evaporat$ dialysate gave #jeb gram ,,co#b4 7#c7 #bj c4c4 ( dialys$ juice #aj c4c4 ( boil$ juice gave #jhi gram ,,co#b4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt] t phosphates are ess5tial to f]m5tation1 & h5ce x becomes necess>y to inquire :e!r ! effect ( dialysis is simply to remove ^!4 ,exp]im5t %[s t ?is is n ! case4 ,soluble phosphates d n conf] ! p[] ( produc+ f]m5tation on ! inactive residue obta9$ by filtration4 ,moreov]1 :5 yea/-juice is dige/$ = "s "t be=e be+ boil$1 x is f\nd1 z w be subsequ5tly describ$1 t ! boil$ autolys$ juice is q incapable ( sett+ up f]m5tation 9 ! inactive residue1 al?\gh free phosphates are abundantly pres5t ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijf1 #b4 ,! filtration residue is nev] obta9$ q free f comb9$ phosphorus1 b ! production f ?is ( ! phosphate necess>y = f]m5tation to proce$1 may be s sl[ z to r5d] ! te/ = co-enzyme unc]ta91 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( suffici5t phosphate4 ,:5 a filtration residue is be+ te/$ x is !re=e necess>y to secure ! pres5ce ( suffici5t phosphate to enable ! *>act]i/ic reaction to proce$1 & at ! same "t to avoid add+ phosphate 9 too great conc5tration1 z ?is may1 9 ! pres5ce ( only small am\nts ( enzyme or co-enzyme1 inhibit ! f]m5tation 7p4 #ga74 ,! pro( t a filtration residue or dialys$ juice is q free f co-enzyme is !re=e a some:at complicat$ matt]1 & n only involves ! exp]im5tal demon/ration t ! mat]ial w n f]m5t sug>1 b also t ?is p[] is n imp>t$ to x by ! addition ( a small conc5tration ( phosphate4 ,z x has be5 f\nd 7p4 #gc7 t ! f]m5tation ( fructose is less affect$ ?an t ( glucose by ! pres5ce ( excess ( phosphate1 ! practical me?od ( exam9+ a filtration residue = co-enzyme is to te/ its action on a solution ( fructose 7#a7 alone & 7#b7 9 pres5ce ( a small conc5tration ( phosphate4 ,if ! residue produces no action p#jfc 9 ei!r case1 b produces f]m5tation :5 a solution ( co-enzyme is add$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! same conc5tration ( phosphate z 0 previ\sly employ$1 x may be conclud$ t ?is sample 0 free f co-enzyme b conta9$ enzyme2 su* an exp]im5t also af=ds a def9ite pro( t ! co-enzyme does n consi/ ( phosphate4 ,?is dialysable1 !rmo/able sub/ance1 )\t :i* alcoholic f]m5tation _c proce$1 has be5 provisionally t]m$ ! co-f]m5t or co-enzyme ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,?is expression 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,b]tr& #ahig1 to d5ote sub/ances ( ?is k9d1 & he appli$ x 9 two in/ances--to ! calcium salt :i* he consid]$ 0 necess>y = ! action ( pectase on pect5 sub/ances1 & to ! manganese :i* he suppos$ to be ess5tial = ! activity ( laccase4 ,)\t inquir+ :e!r ^! sub/ances are precisely comp>able 9 function ) t conta9$ 9 yea/-juice1 ! t]m may be v well appli$ to signify ! sub/ance ( unkn[n con/itution )\t ! co-op]ation ( :i* ! !rmolabile enzyme ( yea/-juice is unable to set up ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! active ag5t ( yea/-juice consi/+ ( bo? enzyme & co-enzyme may be conv5i5tly spok5 ( z ! f]m5t+ complex1 & ?is t]m w occasionally be employ$ 9 ! sequel4 ,! co-enzyme is pres5t alike 9 ! filtrates f fre% yea/-juice & f boil$ yea/-juice1 & is also conta9$ 9 ! liquids obta9$ by boil+ yea/ ) wat] & by wa%+ zym9 or dri$ yea/ ) wat]4 ,practically ! only *emical prop]ty ( ! co-enzyme1 o!r ?an t ( r5d]+ possible ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 :i* has s f> be5 obs]v$1 is t x is capable ( be+ decompos$1 probably by hydrolysis1 by a v>iety ( reag5ts1 prom95t among :i* is yea/-juice4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ by ,h>d5 & ,"y 9 ! c\rse ( _! attempts to prep>e a completely inactive residue by filtration4 ,9 _m cases a residue 0 obta9$ :i* /ill possess$ a v limit$ p[] ( f]m5tation1 only a small am\nt ( c>bon dioxide be+ =m$ & ! action ceas+ entirely aft] ! expiration ( a %ort p]iod2 on ! subsequ5t addition ( boil$ juice1 h[ev]1 a v consid]able evolution ( c>bon dioxide 0 produc$4 ,?is 0 int]pret$ to mean t ! residue 9 "q conta9$ an ample supply ( enzyme b only a small proportion ( co-enzyme1 & t ! latt] 0 rapidly de/roy$1 s t ! f]m5tation soon ceas$4 ,! boil$ juice !n add$ provid$ a fur!r proportion ( co-enzyme by ! aid ( :i* ! surplus enzyme 0 p#jfd enabl$ to c>ry on ! f]m5tation4 ,?is view 0 confirm$ by add+ to a solution ( a completely inactive filtration residue & glucose successive small quantities ( boil$ juice & obs]v+ ! volumes ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ aft] ea* su* addition4 ,?us 9 "o case successive additions ( volumes ( #c c4c4 ( boil$ juice produc$ evolutions ( #hb1 #f1 & #f c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide4 ,9 ano!r case two successive additions ( #ae c4c4 ( boil$ juice produc$ evolutions ( #ed & #dab c4c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! enzyme itself also gradually disappe>s f yea/-juice :5 ! latt] is incubat$ ei!r alone or ) sug> 7p4 #bj74 ,! cessation ( f]m5tation 9 any p>ticul> mixture ( enzyme & co-enzyme may1 !re=e1 be due to ! disappe>ance ( ei!r ( ^! factors f ! liquid4 ,if ! am\nt ( co-enzyme pres5t be relatively small x is ! fir/ to disappe>1 & f]m5tation c !n only be r5ew$ by ! addition ( a fur!r quantity1 :il/ ! addition ( m enzyme produces no effect4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! am\nt ( co-enzyme be relatively l>ge1 ! inv]se is true2 ! enzyme is ! fir/ to disappe>1 & f]m5tation c only be r5ew$ by ! addition ( m enzyme1 a fur!r quantity ( co-enzyme produc+ no effect4 ,x has1 moreov]1 be5 f\nd t ! co-enzyme1 l ! enzyme1 disappe>s m rapidly 9 ! abs5ce ( glucose ?an 9 its pres5ce1 incubation at #be = two days be+ z a rule suffici5t to remove all ! co-enzyme f yea/-juice f top yea/s 9 ! abs5ce ( sug>1 :il/ 9 ! pres5ce ( f]m5table sug> co-enzyme may /ill be detect$ at ! end ( f\r days4 ,9 all ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,h>d5 & ,"y ) juice f ,engli% top yea/ x 0 f\nd t :5 a mixture ( ! juice ) glucose 0 incubat$ until f]m5tation _h ceas$1 ! fur!r addition ( co-enzyme 9 ! =m ( boil$ juice did n cause any r5ewal ( ! action2 9 o!r words1 ! :ole ( ! enzyme _h disappe>$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,bu*n] & ,klatte #aijh1 work+ ) juice & zym9 prep>$ f bottom yea/1 obs]v$ ! extremely int]e/+ fact t aft] ! cessation ( f]m5tation ! addition ( an equal volume ( boil$ juice caus$ a r5ew$ decomposition ( sug>1 & t ! processes ( incubation until no fur!r evolution ( gas occurr$ & re-excitation ( f]m5tation by ! boil$ juice c\ld be repeat$ z _m z six times4 ,?us 9 "o exp]im5t ! duration ( ! f]m5tation 0 ext5d$ f ?ree to a total ( tw5ty-f\r days1 & ! total gas evolv$ f #jgc gram to #bai grams4 ,! ph5om5on has be5 f\nd to be common to yea/ f ,muni* & p#jfe f ,b]l9 z well z to zym9 & mac]ation extract1 & x 0 fur!r obs]v$ t ! boil$ juice f "o yea/ c\ld reg5]ate ! juice f ano!r1 al?\gh ! quantitative relations 7 diff]5t4 ,9 ^! samples ( yea/-juice1 !re=e1 !re is pres5t a natural condition ( affairs precisely simil> to t obta9+ 9 ! artificial mixtures ( inactive filtration residue & co-enzyme solution made by ,h>d5 & ,"y4 ,! balance ( quantities is su* t ! co-enzyme disappe>s be=e ! enzyme1 leav+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( enzyme capable ( ex]cis+ its usual function z soon z suffici5t co-enzyme is add$4 ,?is e/abli%es an int]e/+ po9t ( contra/ ) ! juice prep>$ f top yea/ 9 ,engl&1 9 :i* ! enzyme does n outla/ ! co-enzyme ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijg4 ,! diff]5ce may be due to "s v>iation 9 ! relative proportions ( enzyme & co-enzyme or ( ! enzymes to :i* ! disappe>ance ( ea* ( ^! is presumptively due1 or to a comb9ation ( ^! two causes4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f\nd1 ev5 9 ! juice f bottom yea/1 t incubation = ?ree days at #bb )\t ! addition ( sug> caus$ ! disappe>ance ( ! enzyme z well z ( ! co-enzyme1 & left a residue alike incapable ( be+ reg5]at$ by ! addition ( co-enzyme or ( re/or+ ! p[] ( produc+ f]m5tation to an inactive mixture conta9+ enzyme & sug>4 ,if ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! juice is to be pres]v$ by repeat$ reg5]ation = a long p]iod1 x is absolutely necess>y to add ! co-enzyme solution ea* "t z soon z f]m5tation has ceas$1 s9ce ! enzyme 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is addition rapidly disappe>s1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( sug>4 ,?is result is probably to be expla9$1 at all ev5ts 9 ! ma91 by ! pres5ce 9 ! co-enzyme solution ( ! antiprotease to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made ,bu*n] & ,haehn1 #aiaj1 #b4 ,?is ag5t1 ! con/itution ( :i* is /ill unkn[n1 protects prote9s 9 g5]al f ! action ( dige/ive enzymes1 & on ! assumption t ! alcoholic enzyme ( yea/-juice belongs to ! class ( prote9s1 may be suppos$ to less5 ! rate at :i* ?is enzyme is de/roy$ by ! endotryptase ( ! juice4 ,?is antiprotease is1 l ! co-enzyme 7p4 #fh71 de/roy$ by lipase b is m /able ?an ! co-enzyme t[>ds hydrolytic ag5ts1 & c be obta9$ free f co-enzyme by boil+ ! solution = "s h\rs alone or by heat+ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,su* a solution possesses no reg5]ative p[]1 b /ill reta9s its p[] ( protect+ prote9s aga9/ dige/ion & ( pres]v+ ! f]m5t+ p[] ( yea/-juice4 p#jff ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! addition ( a phosphate alone may greatly prolong ! p]iod ( f]m5tation ( yea/-juice 7p4 #ee71 & sug> is well kn[n to ex]t a simil> action4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! enzyme is prolong$ n only by ! pres5ce ( ! antiprotease b also by t ( sug> & hexosephosphate1 into :i* phosphate passes 9 pres5ce ( sug>4 ,simil> effects are ex]t$ on ! co-enzyme by sug> & probably also by hexosephosphate4 ,! f]m5t+ complex1 !re=e1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! sub/ances1 ei!r sep>ately or toge!r1 falls (f m sl[ly 9 activity & is pres5t = a long] "t1 & = bo? ( ^! reasons produces an increas$ am\nt ( f]m5tation4 ,x seems probable also t ! hexosephosphatase is simil>ly affect$1 s t ! supply ( free phosphate is at ! same "t bett] ma9ta9$1 & ! rate ( f]m5tation = ?is reason decreases m sl[ly ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,x is 9 ?is way t an explanation may be f\nd ( ! rem>kable increase 9 total f]m5tation1 :i* is produc$ by ! addition to yea/-juice & sug> ( boil$ yea/-juice1 conta9+ free phosphate 7:i* passes into hexosephosphate7 z well z co-enzyme1 ( boil$ autolys$ yea/-juice1 conta9+ free phosphate b no co-enzyme1 or ( phosphate solution alone4 ,9 no case is ! orig9al rate ( f]m5tation greatly increas$ aft] ! initial accel]ation has disappe>$1 b 9 e case ! total f]m5tation is consid]ably augm5t$1 & ?is is no d\bt ma9ly to be attribut$1 z j expla9$1 to ! dim9i%$ rate ( decomposition ( ! f]m5t+ complex & probably ( ! hexosephosphatase4 ,al?\gh bo? enzyme & co-enzyme are completely precipitat$ f yea/-juice1 z already describ$ 7p4 #ch71 by #aj volumes ( acetone1 ! co-enzyme is less easily precipitat$ ?an ! enzyme1 & a c]ta9 degree ( sep>ation c !re=e be atta9$ by fractional precipitation ,bu*n] & ,du*aek1 #aiji4 ,! enzyme _c1 h[ev]1 be completely fre$ f co-enzyme 9 ?is mann]1 & ! process is att5d$ by a v consid]able loss ( enzyme4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t only small quantities ( acetone c be add$ 7#ae to #c volumes71 9 ord] to avoid precipitation ( co-enzyme1 & t ! precipitates ?us =m$ conta9 a l>ge proportion ( wat]1 a condition :i* appe>s to be fatal to ! pres]vation ( ! enzyme4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n q c]ta9 :e!r x is ! zymase or ! hexosephosphatase :i* is de/roy$ 9 ^! cases1 z no attempt ,pg #jfg 0 made to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,9 any case ! precipitates obta9$ by fractional treatm5t ) acetone1 ev5 :5 reunit$1 produce a mu* small] f]m5tation ?an ! orig9al juice or ! p[d] prep>$ by br++ x into #aj volumes ( acetone4 ,attempts to isolate ! co-enzyme f boil$ yea/-juice h also be5 hi!rto unsuccessful4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd possible to remove a consid]able am\nt ( mat]ial f ! solution )\t affect+ ! co-enzyme4 ,:5 #a volume ( alcohol is add$ to boil$ yea/-juice1 a bulky precipitate1 consi/+ l>gely ( c>bohydrates1 is produc$1 & ! filtrate f ?is is f\nd to conta9 ! co-enzyme & c be fre$ f alcohol by evaporation4 ,fur!r precipitation ) alcohol has n l$ to useful results4 ,:5 a solution :i* has be5 treat$ 9 ?is way is precipitat$ ) lead acetate & kept neutral to litmus1 ! free phosphate & hexosephosphate are ?r[n d[n & ! co-enzyme rema9s 9 solution4 ,! filtrate c be fre$ f lead by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & neutralis$1 & !n =ms a solution ( co-enzyme free f phosphate & hexosephosphate b /ill conta9+ comb9$ phosphorus4 ,m complete purification ?an ?is has n yet be5 accompli%$4 ,occasionally ! precipitate ( lead salts reta9s "s ( ! co-enzyme1 app>5tly by adsorption1 b usually ! great] "p rema9s 9 ! solution 7,h>d5 & ,"y74 ,! co-enzyme is p>tially remov$ f yea/-juice by means ( a colloidal solution ( f]ric hydroxide 7,res5s*eck74 ,a precipitate is ?us obta9$ :i* conta9s phosphorus & resembles boil$ yea/-juice 9 its reg5]ative action on yea/-juice r5d]$ inactive by f]m5tation4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 s f> be5 f\nd possible to isolate any def9ite comp\nd f ?is precipitate4 ,!re are also indications t :5 yea/-juice1 ei!r fre% or boil$1 is electrolys$1 ! co-enzyme t5ds to accumulate at ! ca?ode ,res5s*eck1 #aijh1 #a1 #b4 ,bu*n] & ,klatte #aijh made use ( yea/-juice r5d]$ free f co-enzyme by incubation ) sug> solution to exam9e ! nature ( ! ag5t by :i* ! co-enzyme is de/roy$4 ,?is ag5t is c]ta9ly an enzyme1 s9ce boil$ yea/-juice c be pres]v$ ) unimpair$ p[]s = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 & suspicion fell naturally1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! endotryptase ( ! yea/ cell4 ,direct exp]im5t %[$1 h[ev]1 t yea/-juice1 :i*1 :5 fre%1 rapidly de/roy$ ! co-enzyme ( boil$ juice1 lo/ ?is p[] on pres]vation1 b reta9$ its proteocla/ic prop]ties )\t dim9ution1 s t ! tryptic enzyme c\ld n be ! "o conc]n$4 ,! direct action ( comm]cial tryps9 on boil$ yea/-juice also yield$ p#jfh a negative result1 al?\gh ?is _c /rictly be reg>d$ z an indication ( ! effect ( ! specific proteocla/ic enzymes ( yea/-juice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 f\nd t :5 boil$ juice 0 treat$ = "s "t ) an emulsion conta9+ ! lipase ( ca/or oil se$s1 ! co-enzyme 0 completely de/roy$4 ,?is is a result ( great importance1 inasmu* z x probably indicates t ! co-enzyme is *emically alli$ to ! class ( sub/ances hydrolysable by lipase1 i4e4 to ! fats & o!r e/]s4 ,fur!r1 obs]vations by ,bu*n] & ,haehn #aiji h %[n t dige/ion ) potassium c>bonate solution conta9+ #be grams p] #ajj c4c4 also br+s ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! co-enzyme1 & t ?is is also sl[ly accompli%$ by ! repeat$ boil+ ( ! juice4 ,! co-enzyme is also de/roy$ bo? by acid & alkal9e hydrolysis1 & :5 ! solution is evaporat$ to dryness & ! residue ignit$4 ,beyond ?is g5]al indication no?+ is kn[n ( ! *emical nature ( ! co-enzyme4 ,! intimate relation ( phosphoric acid to ! process ( f]m5tation r5d]s x n impossible t ! co-enzyme may conta9 ?is gr\p1 b !re is no def9ite evid5ce = su* a belief4 ,purely negative results h be5 obta9$ ) all ! sub/ances ( kn[n composition :i* h yet be5 te/$1 among ^! be+ soluble phosphates1 hexosephosphates & a numb] ( oxidisable & r$ucible sub/ances1 su* z qu9ol1 p-ph5yl5$iam9e1 me?yl5e blue1 peptone beef bro?1 etc4 7,h>d5 & ,"y2 ,h>d5 & ,norris #aiad2 see also ,eul] & ,bck/rm #aiab71 glyc]o-phosphates 7,bu*n] & ,klatte74 ,! precise function ( ! co-enzyme is ev5 m obscure ?an its *emical nature4 ,! sy/em ( react+ sub/ances consi/+ ( f]m5table mat]ial1 enzyme & co-enzyme1 be>s1 h[ev]1 an obvi\s sup]ficial resemblance to _m ( ! sy/ems requir$ = ! accompli%m5t ( *emical *anges 9 ! animal or vegetable organism4 ,su* a triad ( sub/ances is1 = example1 requisite = ! process by :i* ! r$ blood corpuscles ( an animal are brok5 up by ! s]um ( a diff]5t animal into ! blood ( :i* ! r$ corpuscles ( ! fir/ animal h be5 inject$4 ,?is effect is only produc$ :5 two sub/ances are pres5t1 ! amboceptor or immune body & ! complem5t4 ,! analogy may be c>ri$ to a fur!r /age s9ce ! amboceptor is1 l ! co-enzyme1 m !rmo/able ?an ! complem5t1 :i* !re=e corresponds ) ! enzyme4 ,immune s]um c1 9 fact1 be fre$ f complem5t by be+ heat$ at #eg-fj = half an h\r1 :]eas ! amboceptor is unaffect$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! complem5t & amboceptor d n p#jfi appe> to act l enzymes b r l ord9>y *emical reag5ts1 rema9+ 9 comb9ation ev5 aft] ! blood corpuscle has be5 brok5 up1 :]eas ! enzyme & co-enzyme ( yea/-juice are aga9 lib]at$ :5 ! reaction betwe5 sug> & phosphate has be5 complet$4 ,pg #jgj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,action ,,( ,,"s ,,inhibit+ ,,& ,,accel]at+ ,,ag5ts ,,on ,,! ,,enzymes ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & at ! same "t mo/ difficult problems conc]n+ enzyme action 9 g5]al is ! nature ( ! inhibit+ or accel]at+ effect produc$ by _m sub/ances ^u ! rate or total result ( ! *emical process set up 9 pres5ce ( ! enzyme4 ,inhibition1 x is usually suppos$1 involves ei!r ! decomposition ( ! enzyme1 9 :i* case x is irrev]sible1 its removal f ! sph]e ( action by "s *ange 9 its mode ( solution1 or ! =mation ( an inactive or less active comp\nd betwe5 ! enzyme & ! inhibit+ ag5t4 ,?is comp\nd x may sometimes be possible to decompose1 ) ! result t ! activity ( ! enzyme is re/or$4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made1 is ! effect ( hydrocyanic acid on alcoholic f]m5tation 7p4 #cg74 ,accel]ation ( enzyme action c 9 "s cases be ascrib$ to ! fact t ! accel]at+ sub/ance possesses an assignable *emical function 9 ! reaction1 s t an increase 9 ! conc5tration ( ?is sub/ance causes an increase 9 ! rate ( ! reaction4 ,z we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ?is is ! explanation ( ! accel]at+ effect ( phosphates on f]m5tation by yea/-juice4 ,9 _m o!r cases1 h[ev]1 no su* *emical function c be trac$1 z1 = example1 9 ! effect ( neutral salts on ! hydrolytic action ( inv]tase1 or ! effect ( ! addition ( ! co-enzyme to zymase1 & x is necess>y to fall back on "s assumption1 su* z t ! accel]at+ ag5t acts by increas+ ! effective conc5tration ( ! enzyme or by comb9+ ei!r ) ! enzyme or ! sub/rate1 =m+ a comp\nd :i* und]goes ! reaction m readily4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! foll[+ examples ( inhibition & accel]ation ( f]m5tation by yea/-juice lies n only 9 _! relation to ^! g5]al problems b also1 & p]haps *iefly1 9 _! be>+ on ! specific problem ( ! nature & mode ( action ( ! v>i\s ag5ts conc]n$ 9 ! production ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide f sug> 9 ! yea/-cell4 p#jga ,i4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,phosphate ,,on ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,f]m5tation4 ,prom95t among ^! in/ances ( inhibition & accel]ation are ! ph5om5a att5dant on ! addition ( excess ( phosphate to yea/-juice4 ,:5 a phosphate is add$ to a f]m5t+ mixture ( a sug> & yea/-juice1 ! effect v>ies ) ! conc5tration ( ! phosphate & ! sug> & ) ! p>ticul> specim5 ( yea/-juice employ$4 ,) l[ conc5trations ( phosphate 9 pres5ce ( excess ( glucose ! accel]ation produc$ is s transi5t t no accurate measurem5ts ( rate c be made4 ,z soon z ! am\nt ( phosphate add$ is suffici5tly l>ge1 x is f\nd t ! rate ( evolution ( c>bon dioxide v rapidly increases f five to t5 times1 & !n quickly falls approximately to its orig9al value4 ,z ! conc5tration ( phosphate is /ill fur!r increas$1 x is fir/ obs]v$ t ! maximum velocity1 :i* is /ill atta9$ almo/ imm$iately aft] ! addition ( ! phosphate1 is ma9ta9$ = a c]ta9 p]iod be=e ! fall comm5ces1 & !n1 z ! increase 9 conc5tration ( phosphate proce$s1 t ! maximum is only gradually atta9$ aft] ! addition1 ! p]iod requir$ = ?is increas+ ) ! conc5tration ( ! phosphate4 ,moreov]1 ) /ill high] conc5trations1 ! maximum rate atta9$ is less ?an t rea*$ ) l[] conc5trations1 & fur!r1 ! rate falls (f m sl[ly4 ,! conc5tration ( phosphate :i* produces ! highe/ rate1 :i* may be t]m$ ! optimum conc5tration1 v>ies v consid]ably ) diff]5t specim5s ( yea/-juice ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijh1 #a4 ,all ^! po9ts are illu/rat$ by ! accompany+ curves 7,fig4 #g7 :i* %[ ! rate ( evolution p] five m9utes plott$ aga9/ ! "t = f\r solutions 9 :i* ! initial conc5trations ( phosphate 7 7,a7 #jjcc1 7,b7 #jjfg1 7,c7 #ja1 & 7,d7 #jacc mol>1 ! volumes ( #jc mol> phosphate be+ #e1 #aj1 #ae1 & #bj c4c4 9 ea* case add$ to #be c4c4 ( yea/-juice1 & made up to #de c4c1 ea* solution conta9+ #de grams ( glucose4 ,! "t ( addition is tak5 z z]o1 ! rate be=e addition be+ con/ant1 z %[n 9 ! curves4 ,x w be obs]v$ t #e & #aj c4c4 7,a & ,b7 give ! same maximum1 :il/ #ae c4c4 7,c7 produce a mu* l[] maximum1 & #bj c4c4 7,d7 a /ill l[] "o1 ! rate at :i* ! velocity dim9i%es aft] ! atta9m5t ( ! maximum be+ correspond+ly sl[ 9 ^! la/ two cases4 ,by calculat+ ! am\nt ( phosphate :i* has disappe>$ z su* f ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$1 p#jgb x is f\nd t ! maximum does n occur at ! same conc5tration ( free phosphate 9 ea* case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 7,graph ,,co#b rate vs "t--,ed47 ,^! results sugge/ t ! phosphate is capable ( =m+ two or m diff]5t un/able associations ) ! f]m5t+ complex4 ,"o ( ^!1 =m$ ) l[ conc5trations ( ! phosphate1 has ! composition mo/ fav\rable = ! decomposition ( sug>1 :il/ ! o!rs1 =m$ ) high] conc5trations ( phosphate1 conta9 m ( ! latt]1 probably associat$ 9 su* a way ) ! f]m5t+ complex z to r5d] ! latt] p>tially or :olly incapable ( effect+ ! decomposition ( ! sug> molecule4 ,z ! f]m5tation proce$s sl[ly 9 ! pres5ce ( excess ( phosphate1 ! conc5tration ( ! latt] is r$uc$ by conv]sion into hexosephosphate1 & a re-di/ribution ( phosphate occurs1 result+ 9 ! gradual *ange ( ! less active into ! m active association ( phosphate ) f]m5t+ complex1 & a consequ5t rise 9 ! rate ( f]m5tation4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! maximum rate correspond+ to ! optimum conc5tration ( phosphate is nev] atta9$1 "s second>y cause may be suppos$ to int]v5e1 su* z a p]man5t *ange 9 a portion ( ! f]m5t+ complex1 accumulation ( ! products ( ! reaction1 etc4 ,x is also possible z sugge/$ by ,bu*n] = ! analog\s case ( ars5ite 7p4 #gh7 t ! addition ( increas+ am\nts ( phosphate causes a progressive b rev]sible *ange 9 ! mode ( disp]sion p#jgc ( ! colloidal enzyme1 & t ?is has ! second>y effect ( alt]+ ! rate ( f]m5tation4 ,no decisive evid5ce is z yet available ^u ! subject4 ,! results obta9$ by ,eul] & ,johansson #aiac to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made indicate t 9 pres5ce ( a mod]ate excess ( phosphate e/]ification is m rapid ?an production ( c>bon dioxide4 ,no explanation ( ?is ph5om5on has yet be5 giv51 b x might obvi\sly be due ei!r to ! production ( "s phosphorus comp\nd :i* subsequ5tly takes "p 9 ! production bo? ( hexos$iphosphate & ( c>bon dioxide1 or1 less probably1 to ! entire indep5d5ce ( ! two *anges--e/]ification ( phosphate & production ( c>bon dioxide--:i* might !n be diff]5tly affect$ by ! pres5ce ( excess ( phosphate & !re=e take place at diff]5t rates4 ,,ii4 ,,reaction ,,( ,,fructose ,,) ,,phosphates ,,9 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,al?\gh1 z has be5 po9t$ out 7p4 #db71 glucose1 mannose1 & fructose all react ) phosphate 9 a simil> mann] 9 pres5ce ( yea/-juice1 !re are nev]!less c]ta9 quantitative diff]5ces betwe5 ! behavi\r ( glucose & mannose on ! "o h&1 & fructose on ! o!r1 :i* appe> to be ( consid]able importance4 ,fructose diff]s f ! o!r two f]m5table hexoses 9 two p>ticul>s3 7#a7 ! optimum conc5tration ( phosphate is mu* great]2 7#b7 ! maximum rate ( f]m5tation atta9able is mu* high] ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijh1 #b2 #aiji4 ,^! po9ts are cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ results1 :i* all ref] to #aj c4c4 ( yea/-juice1 & %[ t ! optimum conc5tration ( phosphate = ! f]m5tation ( fructose is f #ae to #aj times t ( glucose1 & t ! maximum rate ( f]m5tation = fructose 9 pres5ce ( phosphate is #b to #f times t ( glucose4 ,sug> ,total ,optimum ,volume ( ,maximum ,rate 9 ,cubic 9 ,volume4 #jf ,mol> ,phosphate ,c5timetres ( ,,co#b ,grams4 9 c4c4 p] ,five ,m9utes ,glucose4 ,fructose4 ,glucose4 ,fructose4 #b #ce #b #e #ge #cbb #d #ej #a #aj #ed #bhd #af #bc #b #e #h #ag #a #be #age #e #eb #bei #b #be #e #ge #afb #cab #b #bj #b #ce #gi #bbf #b #bbe #jge #b #cd #bbb p#jgd ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! two high rates1 #cbb & #cab c4c4 p] five m9utes1 are equal to ab\t half ! rate obta9able ) an am\nt ( liv+ yea/ correspond+ to #aj c4c4 ( yea/-juice1 assum+ t ab\t #af to #bj grams ( yea/ are requir$ to yield ?is volume ( juice1 & t ?is am\nt ( yea/ w\ld give ab\t #ef to #gj c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide p] five m9utes at #be1 :i* has be5 f\nd exp]im5tally to be ab\t ! rate obta9able ) ! top yea/ employ$ = ^! exp]im5ts4 ,,iii4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,fructose ,,on ,,! ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,glucose ,,or ,,mannose ,,9 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,excess ,,( ,,phosphate4 ,:5 ! maximum rate ( f]m5tation ( glucose or mannose by yea/-juice 9 pres5ce ( phosphate is greatly l[]$ by ! addition ( a l>ge excess ( phosphate1 ! addition ( a relatively small am\nt ( fructose 7z little z #be p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! glucose7 causes rapid f]m5tation to occur4 ,?is induc$ activity is n due solely to ! selective f]m5tation ( ! add$ fructose1 s9ce ! am\nt ( gas evolv$ may be greatly 9 excess ( t obta9able f ! quantity add$4 ,ano!r way ( express+ ! same ?+ is to say t ! optimum conc5tration ( phosphate 7p4 #ga7 is greatly rais$ :5 #be p] c5t4 ( fructose is add$ to glucose1 & t consequ5tly ! rate ( f]m5tation rises4 ,! effect is extremely /rik+1 s9ce a mixture ( glucose & yea/-juice f]m5t+ 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( phosphate at ! rate ( less ?an #a c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide 9 five m9utes may be made to f]m5t at six to eight times ?is rate by ! addition ( only #jje gram ( fructose 7#be p] c5t4 ( ! glucose pres5t71 & to cont9ue until ! total gas evolv$ is at lea/ five to six times z great z t obta9able f ! add$ fructose1 ! conc5tration ( ! phosphate be+ ! :ole "t at su* a height z w\ld limit ! f]m5tation ( glucose alone to its orig9al value4 ,! effect is n produc$ :5 ! conc5tration ( ! phosphate is s high t ! rate ( f]m5tation ( fructose is itself greatly l[]$4 ,?is rem>kable inductive effect is specific to fructose & is n produc$ :5 glucose is add$ to mannose or fructose1 or by mannose :5 add$ to glucose or fructose1 "u ! prop] conditions ( conc5tration ( phosphate 9 ea* case4 ,?is int]e/+ prop]ty ( fructose1 tak5 9 connection ) ! p#jge facts t ?is sug> 9 pres5ce ( phosphate is mu* m rapidly f]m5t$ ?an glucose or mannose1 & t ! optimum conc5tration ( phosphate = fructose is mu* high] ?an = glucose or mannose1 appe>s to indicate t fructose :5 add$ to yea/-juice does n m]ely act z a sub/ance to be f]m5t$1 b 9 addition1 be>s "s specific relation to ! f]m5t+ complex4 ,all ! ph5om5a obs]v$ are1 inde$1 consi/5t ) ! supposition t fructose actually =ms a p]man5t "p ( ! f]m5t+ complex1 & t1 :5 ! conc5tration ( ?is sug> 9 ! yea/-juice is increas$1 a great] quantity ( ! complex is =m$4 ,z ! result ( ?is increase 9 ! conc5tration ( ! active catalytic ag5t1 ! yea/-juice w\ld be capable ( br++ ab\t ! reaction ) sug> 9 pres5ce ( phosphate at a high] rate1 & at ! same "t ! optimum conc5tration ( phosphate w\ld become great]1 exactly z is obs]v$4 ,! "q :e!r1 z sugge/$ above1 fructose actually =ms "p ( ! f]m5t+ complex1 & ! fur!r que/ions1 :e!r1 if s1 x is an ess5tial con/itu5t1 or :e!r x c be replac$ by glucose or mannose ) =mation ( a less active complex1 rema9 at pres5t undecid$1 & _c pr(itably be m fully discuss$ until fur!r in=mation is available4 ,x mu/1 moreov]1 be rememb]$ t diff]5t samples ( yea/-juice v>y to a consid]able ext5t 9 _! relative behavi\r to glucose & fructose1 s t ! ph5om5a "u discussion may be expect$ to v>y ) ! nature & pa/ hi/ory ( ! yea/ employ$4 ,,iv4 ,,effect ,,( ,,ars5ates ,,on ,,! ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,sug>s ,,by ,,yea/-,,juice ,,& ,,zym94 ,! close analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! *emical functions ( phosphorus & ars5ic l5ds "s int]e/ to ! exam9ation ( ! action ( sodium ars5ate ^u a mixture ( yea/-juice & sug>1 & exp]im5ts reveal ! fact t ars5ates produce a v consid]able accel]ation 9 ! rate ( f]m5tation ( su* a mixture ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aijf1 #c2 #aiaa1 #a4 ,! ph5om5a obs]v$1 h[ev]1 diff] m>k$ly f ^? :i* accompany ! action ( phosphate4 ,! accel]ation produc$ is ( ! same ord] ( magnitude z t obta9$ ) phosphate1 b x is ma9ta9$ )\t alt]ation = a consid]able p]iod1 s t !re is no equival5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( ars5ate add$ & ! extra am\nt ( f]m5tation effect$4 ,fur!r1 no organic ars5ic comp\nd correspond+ 9 composition ) ! hexosephosphates appe>s to be =m$4 ,increase ( conc5tration ( ars5ate produces a rapid inhibition ( p#jgf f]m5tation1 probably due to "s second>y effect on ! f]m5t+ complex1 possibly to be int]pret$ z ! =mation ( comp\nds incapable ( comb9+ ) sug> & h5ce unable to c>ry on ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,an optimum conc5tration ( ars5ate !re=e exi/s j z ( phosphate1 at :i* ! maximum rate is obs]v$1 & ?is optimum conc5tration & ! correspond+ rate v>y ) diff]5t samples ( juice & are less = glucose ?an = fructose4 ,! rate ( f]m5tation by zym9 is relatively less increas$ ?an t by yea/-juice4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! rate is p]man5tly ma9ta9$ ! addition ( a suitable am\nt ( ars5ate increases ! total f]m5tation produc$ to a mu* great] ext5t ?an phosphate4 ,! nature ( ^! effects may be ga!r$ f ! result ( a few typical exp]im5ts4 ,9 "o case ! rate ( f]m5tation ( glucose by yea/-juice 0 rais$ by ! pres5ce ( #jjc mol> ars5ate f #b to #bc c4c4 p] five m9utes1 & ! total evolv$ 9 n9ety-five m9utes f #ea to #dei c4c4 ,! accel]at+ effect on #bj c4c4 ( juice1 ( z little z #jjje c4c4 ( #jc mol> ars5ate1 conta9+ #jaa mgrm4 ( ars5ic1 c be di/9ctly obs]v$1 b ! maximum effect is usually produc$ by ab\t #a to #c c4c41 ! conc5tration be+ !re=e #jjae to #jjde mol>4 ,great] conc5trations ?an ?is produce a less degree ( accel]ation accompani$ by a %ort] duration ( f]m5tation1 z %[n by ! foll[+ numb]s :i* ref] to #bj c4c4 ( yea/-juice 9 a total volume ( #dj c4c4 conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( glucose3-- ,c4cs4 ( ,mol> ,maximum #jc ,mol> ,conc5tration ( ,rate ( ,ars5ate ,ars5ate4 ,f]m5tation4 9 #dj c4c4 #j #j #ce #jjje #jjjjjcge #fc #jja #jjjjjge #h #jjb #jjjjae #adb #jjd #jjjjc #aii #ja #jjjjge #big #jb #jjjae #ce #je #jjjcge #cdi #aj #jjjge #bie #bj #jjae #bcb #ej #jjcge #ade #ajj #jjge #hg #aej #jaabe #ec #bj #jae #cb ,! contra/ betwe5 glucose & fructose 9 _! relations to p#jgg ars5ate are well exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 9 :i* ! rates ( f]m5tation produc$ by ars5ate 9 pres5ce ( excess ( glucose & fructose respectively are giv53-- ,rate4 ,conc5tration ( ,ars5ate4 ,glucose4 ,fructose4 #jjjge mol> #aba #bff #jjbbe 7opt4 = glucose7 #acd -- #jjebe 7opt4 = fructose7 -- #deh #jaabe #ea #ci ,"h ! optimum conc5tration = fructose is m ?an twice t = glucose1 :il/ ! maximum rate ( f]m5tation obta9able ) fructose is betwe5 ?ree & f\r times ! maximum giv5 by glucose4 ,v4 ,,effect ,,( ,,ars5ites ,,on ,,! ,,f]m5tation ,,produc$ ,,by ,,yea/-,,juice4 ,effects some:at simil> to ^? produc$ by ars5ates 7 obs]v$ by ,bu*n] ,bu*n] & ,rapp1 #ahig2 #ahih1 #a1 #b1 #c2 #ahii1 #b2 ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #ahd-bje :5 potassium ars5ite 0 add$ to yea/-juice4 ,?is sub/ance1 ! action ( :i* on yea/ _h be5 adduc$ by ,s*wann z a pro( ( ! vegetable nature ( ?is organism1 0 employ$ by ,bu*n] on acc\nt ( its poison\s effect on vegetable cells z an antiseptic & z a means ( te/+ = ! protoplasmic nature ( ! ag5t pres5t 9 yea/-juice4 ,its effect on ! f]m5tation 01 h[ev]1 f\nd to be irregul>1 & at ! same "t x did n act z an effici5t antiseptic 9 ! conc5trations :i* c\ld be employ$4 ,ev5 #b p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s oxide1 add$ z ! potassium salt1 _h 9 _m cases a decid$ effect 9 dim9i%+ ! total f]m5tation obta9$ ) cane sug>1 & ?is effect increas$ ) ! conc5tration4 ,a numb] ( irregul>ities 7 also obs]v$ :i* _c "h be discuss$4 ,x 0 fur!r f\nd t 9 "s cases #b p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s oxide inhibit$ ! f]m5tation ( glucose b n ( sac*>ose1 or ( a mixture ( glucose & fructose1 :il/ its effect on fructose alone 0 ( an int]m$iate "*4 ,! important obs]vation 0 also made by ,bu*n] t ! addition ( a suitable quantity ( ars5ite z a rule caus$ a greatly increas$ f]m5tation dur+ ! fir/ sixte5 h\rs ev5 9 exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! total f]m5tation 0 dim9i%$4 ,by exam9+ ! effect ( ars5ite on f]m5tation 9 a simil> mann] to t ( ars5ate1 ,h>d5 & ,"y #aiaa1 #a h f\nd t a close analogy exi/s ,pg #jgh betwe5 ! effects & modes ( action ( ^! sub/ances1 b t ars5ite produces a mu* small] accel]ation ?an ars5ate4 ,an optimum conc5tration ( ars5ite exi/s1 j z 9 ! case ( ars5ate1 :i* produces a maximum rate ( f]m5tation4 ,fur!r increase 9 conc5tration leads to inhibition1 & 9 no case is !re any indication ( ! production ( an exactly equival5t am\nt ( f]m5tation z 9 ! case ( phosphate4 ,9 v>i\s exp]im5ts ) dialys$1 evaporat$1 & dilut$ yea/-juice 9 :i* #b p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s oxide 0 f\nd by ,bu*n] to inhibit f]m5tation1 x is probable t1 ow+ to ! small am\nt ( f]m5t+ complex left1 ?is am\nt ( ars5i\s oxide 0 consid]ably 9 excess ( ! optimum conc5tration1 al?\gh ,bu*n] ascribes ! effect to ! removal ( "s ( ! protective colloids ( ! juice1 ow+ to ! prolong$ treatm5t to :i* x _h be5 subject$4 ,! ext5t ( ! action ( ars5ite appe>s f ! foll[+ results4 ,9 "o case a rate ( #ag c4c4 0 increas$ to #g c4c4 by #jjf mol> ars5ite4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t x 0 f\nd t ! optimum conc5tration 0 #jjd mol> ars5ite1 ! addition ( :i* increas$ ! rate ?ree-fold4 ,z 9 ! case ( ars5ate ! optimum conc5tration & ! correspond+ maximum rate ( f]m5tation are consid]ably great] = fructose ?an = glucose4 ,! relative rates produc$ by ! addition ( equival5t am\nts ( ars5ate & ars5ite 7#a c4c4 ( #jc mol> solution 9 ea* case to #bj c4c4 ( yea/-juice7 7 #bge & #ca1 ! orig9al rate ( ! juice be+ #ag4 ,9 g5]al ! optimum conc5tration ( ars5ite is consid]ably great] ?an t ( ars5ate4 ,! inhibit+ effects ( high] conc5trations ( ars5ite & ars5ate also pres5t close analogies1 b ?is mo/ int]e/+ aspect ( ! "q has n yet be5 suffici5tly exam9$ to repay detail$ discussion4 ,bu*n] ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #aii-bje has sugge/$ t ! inhibition is due prim>ily to "s *ange 9 ! colloidal condition ( ! enzyme & has %[n t c]ta9 colloidal sub/ances appe> to protect x1 z does also sug>4 ,! possibility is also pres5t t inactive comb9ations ( "s sort are =m$ betwe5 ! f]m5t+ complex & ! inhibit+ ag5t1 9 ! mann] sugge/$ to acc\nt = ! inhibit+ effect ( excess ( phosphate 7p4 #gb74 ,x seems mo/ probable t ! effect is a complex "o1 9 :i* _m factors p>ticipate4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,accel]ation ,,produc$ ,,by ,,ars5ate ,,& ,,ars5ite4 ,9 explanation ( ! rem>kable accel]at+ action ( ars5ates & ars5ites two obvi\s possibilities pres5t !mselves4 ,9 ! p#jgi fir/ place ! ars5ic comp\nd may actually replace phosphate 9 ! reaction *>act]i/ic ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! result+ ars5ic analogue ( ! hexosephosphate be+ s un/able t x und]goes imm$iate hydrolysis1 & is !re=e only pres5t 9 extremely small conc5tration at any p]iod ( ! f]m5tation & _c be isolat$4 ,9 ! second place x is possible t ! ars5ic comp\nd may accel]ate ! action ( ! hexosephosphatase ( ! juice1 & ?us by increas+ ! rate ( circulation ( ! phosphate produce ! p]man5t rise ( rate4 ,) ?is effect may possibly be associat$ a direct accel]ation ( ! action ( ! f]m5t+ complex4 ,! exp]im5tal decision betwe5 ^! alt]native explanations is r5d]$ possible by ! use ( a mixture ( enzyme & co-enzyme free f phosphate & hexosephosphate4 ,z has already be5 describ$ 7p4 #ee7 a mixture ( boil$ yea/-juice1 :i* has be5 treat$ ) lead acetate1 glucose or fructose1 & wa%$ zym9 c be prep>$ :i* sc>cely und]goes any f]m5tation unless phosphate be add$4 ,if n[ ars5ates or ars5ites c replace phosphate1 !y %\ld be capable ( sett+ up f]m5tation 9 su* a mixture4 ,exp]im5t %[s t !y d n possess ?is p[]4 ,= f]m5tation to proce$ phosphate mu/ be pres5t & x _c be replac$ ei!r by ars5ate or ars5ite ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaa1 #a4 ,! effect ( ^! salts on ! action ( ! hexosephosphatase c also be asc]ta9$ by a modification ( ! =ego+ exp]im5t4 ,if a hexosephosphate be made ! sole s\rce ( phosphate 9 su* a mixture z t describ$ above1 9 :i* x mu/ be rememb]$ abundance ( sug> is pres5t1 ! rate at :i* f]m5tation c proce$ w be controll$ by ! rate at :i* ! hexosephosphate is decompos$ ) =mation ( phosphate4 ,exp]im5t %[s t 9 ! pres5ce ( add$ ars5ate or ars5ite ! rate ( f]m5tation is l>gely increas$1 s t ! effect ( ^! salts mu/ be to increase ! rate ( lib]ation ( phosphate1 or 9 o!r words1 to accel]ate ! hydrolytic action ( ! hexosephosphatase4 ,?is conclusion is ev5 m /rik+ly confirm$ by a comp>ison ( ! direct action ( yea/-juice on hexosephosphate 9 pres5ce & 9 abs5ce ( ars5ate1 z measur$ by ! actual production ( free phosphate4 ,9 a p>ticul> exp]im5t ?is gave rise to #jjgjg gram ( ,mg#b,p#b,o#g 9 ! abs5ce ( ars5ate & #jfacf gram ( ,mg#b,p#b,o#g 9 ! pres5ce ( ars5ate4 ,! results obta9$ ) ars5ite are ?r\gh\t v simil> to ^? giv5 by ars5ate1 b are n q s /rik+4 ,x may !re=e be affirm$ ) "s confid5ce t ! *ief action ( ars5ates p#jhj & ars5ites 9 accel]at+ ! rate ( f]m5tation ( sug>s by yea/-juice or zym91 consi/s 9 an accel]ation ( ! rate at :i* phosphate is produc$ f ! hexosephosphate by ! action ( ! hexosephosphatase4 ,x has fur!r be5 f\nd t ars5ates1 & to a less degree ars5ites1 also produce an accel]ation ( ! rate ( aut(]m5tation ( yea/-juice & ( ! rate at :i* glycog5 is f]m5t$4 ,?is turns out to be due 9 all probability to an increase 9 ! activity ( ! glycog5ase by ! action ( :i* ! sug> is suppli$ :i* is ! direct subject ( f]m5tation4 ,?us 9 "o case an initial rate ( f]m5tation ( glycog5 ( #ai c4c4 p] five m9utes 0 increas$ by #jje mol> ars5ate to #ig & ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide evolv$ 9 two h\rs f #ch to #aeh c4c4 ,ev5 ?is enhanc$ production ( glucose f glycog51 h[ev]1 is n ne>ly suffici5t = ! complete utilisation ( ! phosphate also be+ lib]at$ by ! action on ! hexosephosphatase1 = ! addition ( an excess ( sug> produces a mu* high] rate1 9 ?is case #cf c4c4 p] five m9utes4 ,! effect ( ars5ate on ! rate ( action ( ! glycog5ase seems !re=e to be mu* small] ?an on t ( ! hexosephosphatase4 ,no o!r sub/ances h yet be5 f\nd :i* %>e ^! int]e/+ prop]ties ) ars5ates & ars5ites1 & no advance has be5 made t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ! me*anism ( ! accel]at+ action ( ^! salts on ! specific enzymes :i* are affect$ by !m4 p#jha ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,c>boxylase4 ,an obs]vation ( rem>kable int]e/1 :i* promises to ?r[ light on sev]al important features ( ! bio*emi/ry ( yea/1 0 made 9 #aiaa1 & has s9ce !n =m$ ! subject ( detail$ inve/igation by ,neub]g & a numb] ( co-work]s4 ,x 0 f\nd t yea/ _h ! p[] ( rapidly decompos+ a l>ge numb] ( hydroxy-& keto-acids ,neub]g & ,hilde%eim]1 #aiaa2 ,neub]g & ,tir1 #aiaa2 see also ,k>czag1 #aiab1 #a1 #b4 ,! mo/ important among ^! are pyruvic acid1 ,,*#c;,,co,,cooh1 & a consid]able numb] ( o!r aliphatic a-keto-acids :i* are decompos$ ) evolution ( c>bon dioxide & =mation ( ! correspond+ aldehyde3-- ,r,,co,,cooh ,r,,*o ,,co#b4 ,! reaction is produc$ by all races ( brew]'s yea/ :i* h be5 tri$1 z well z by active yea/ prep>ations & extracts & by w9e yea/s ,neub]g & ,k>czag1 #aiaa1 #d2 ,neub]g & ,k]b1 #aiab1 #b4 ,! ph5om5on c readily be exhibit$ z a lecture exp]im5t by %ak+ up #b g4 ( press$ yea/ ) #ab c4c4 ( #a p] c5t4 pyruvic acid1 plac+ ! mixture 9 a ,s*rtt]'s f]m5tation tube1 clos+ ! op5 limb by means ( a rubb] /opp] c>ry+ a long glass tube & plung+ ! :ole 9 wat] ( #ch-dj4 ,comp>ison tubes ( yea/ & wat] & yea/ & #a p] c5t4 glucose may be />t$ at ! same "t1 & x is !n se5 t glucose & pyruvic acid are f]m5t$ at approximately ! same rate ,neub]g & ,k>czag1 #aiaa1 #a4 ,if ,engli% top yea/ be us$ x is well to take #je p] c5t4 pyruvic acid solution & to saturate ! liquids ) c>bon dioxide be=e comm5c+ ! exp]im5t4 ,! production ( acetaldehyde c be readily demon/rat$ by di/ill+ ! mixture at ! close ( f]m5tation & te/+ = ! aldehyde ei!r by ,rim9i's reaction 7a blue coloration ) die?ylam9e & sodium nitroprusside7 or by means ( p-nitroph5ylhydraz9e :i* precipitates ! hydrazone1 melt+ at #abhe ,neub]g & ,k>czag1 #aiaa1 #b1 #c4 p#jhb ,z ! result ( quantitative exp]im5ts x has be5 %[n t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical am\nt ( acetaldehyde c be recov]$4 ,! salts ( ! acids are also attack$1 ! c>bonate ( ! metal1 :i* may be /rongly alkal9e1 be+ =m$4 ,?us tak+ ! case ( pyruvic acid1 ! salts are decompos$ accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3-- #b;,,*#c;,,co,,cook ,h#b,o #b;,,*#c;,,*o ,k#b;,,co#c ,,co#b4 ,"u ^! conditions a consid]able portion ( ! aldehyde und]goes cond5sation to aldol ,neub]g1 #aiab3-- #b;,,*#c;,,*o ,,*#c;,,*7,,oh7,,*#b;,,*o4 ,?is *ange appe>s to be due entirely to ! alkali & n to an enzyme s9ce ! aldol obta9$ yields inactive -hydroxybutyric acid on oxidation ,neub]g & ,k>czag1 #aiaa1 #c2 ,neub]g1 #aiab4 ,! v>i\s prep>ations d]iv$ f yea/ :i* are capable ( produc+ alcoholic f]m5tation also effect ! decomposition ( pyruvic acid 9 ! same mann] z liv+ yea/4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 m s5sitive to ! acidity ( ! pyruvic acid1 & x is !re=e advisable to employ a salt ( ! acid 9 pres5ce ( excess ( a weak acid1 su* z boric or ars5i\s acid1 :i* decomposes ! c>bonate =m$ b has no inhibit+ action on ! enzyme ,h>d51 #aiac2 ,neub]g & ,ros5?al1 #aiac4 ,z already m5tion$ ! action is ex]t$ on -ketonic acids z a class & proce$s ) great read9ess ) oxalacetic acid1 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,co,,cooh1 all ! ?ree =ms ( :i* are decompos$1 ) -ketoglut>ic acid1 & ) -ketobutyric acid4 ,hydroxypyruvic acid ,,*#b7,,oh7,,co,,cooh is sl[ly decompos$ yield+ glycolaldehyde1 ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*o1 & ?is cond5ses to a sug> ,neub]g & ,k]b1 #aiab1 #c2 #aiac1 #a4 ,positive results h also be5 obta9$ ) diketobutyric1 ph5ylpyruvic1 p-hydroxyph5ylpyruvic1 ph5ylglyoxylic & aceton$ic>boxylic acids ,neub]g & ,k>czag1 #aiaa1 #e4 ,,relation ,,( ,,c>boxylase ,,to ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,) reg>d to ! relation ( c>boxylase to ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 no?+ def9ite is yet kn[n4 ,z ,neub]g po9ts out see ,neub]g & ,k]b1 #aiac1 #a ! univ]sal pres5ce ( ! enzyme 9 yea/s capable ( produc+ alcoholic f]m5tation1 & ! extreme read9ess ) :i* ! f]m5tation ( pyruvic acid takes place create a p#jhc /rong presumption t ! decomposition ( pyruvic acid actually =ms a /age 9 ! process ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! sug>s4 ,on ! o!r h& ,ehrli*'s alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! am9o-acids 7p4 #hg7 provides ano!r function = c>boxylase--t ( decompos+ ! -ketonic acids produc$ by ! deam9isation ( ! am9o-acids4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t c>boxylase is n specific 9 its action1 b catalyses ! decomposition n only ( pyruvic acid b also ( a l>ge numb] ( o!r -ketonic acids1 includ+ _m ( ^? :i* correspond to ! am9o-acids ( prote9s & are d\btless =m$ 9 ! *>act]i/ic decomposition ( ^! am9o-acids by yea/4 ,c>boxylase und\bt$ly effects "o /age 9 ! production ( alcohols f am9o-acids1 :e!r x is also ! ag5t by :i* "o /age 9 ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug> is br\ght ab\t /ill rema9s to be prov$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! conditions ( action ( c>boxylase & zymase has reveal$ sev]al int]e/+ po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,neub]g & ,ros5?al #aiac h obs]v$ t ! f]m5tation ( pyruvic acid by mac]ation extract comm5ces mu* m rapidly ?an t ( glucose & int]pret ?is to mean t 9 ! f]m5tation ( glucose a long prelim9>y process occurs be=e suffici5t pyruvic acid has be5 produc$ to yield a p]ceptible am\nt ( c>bon dioxide4 ,! long delay 7#c h\rs7 :i* !y sometimes obs]v$ 9 ! action ( mac]ation juice on glucose is h[ev] by no means inv>iable 7see p4 #df71 b 9 any case indicates t ! sug> f]m5tation c be affect$ by conditions :i* are )\t influ5ce on ! pyruvic f]m5tation4 ,a simil> conclusion is to be drawn f ! fact t ! pyruvic acid f]m5tation is less affect$ by antiseptics ?an ! glucose f]m5tation ,neub]g & ,k>czag1 #aiaa1 #d2 ,neub]g & ,ros5?al1 #aiac1 *lor(orm suffici5t to /op ! glucose f]m5tation br\ght ab\t by yea/ or dri$ yea/ be+ usually )\t effect on ! f]m5tation ( ! pyruvates ei!r alone or 9 pres5ce ( boric or ars5i\s acid4 ,a m important diff]5ce is t c>boxylase decomposes pyruvic acid 9 ! abs5ce ( ! co-enzyme :i* is necess>y = ! f]m5tation ( glucose ,h>d51 #aiac2 ,neub]g & ,ros5?al1 #aiac4 ,?is c be demon/rat$ exp]im5tally by wa%+ dri$ yea/ or zym9 ) wat] 7see p4 #fc7 until x is no long] capable ( decompos+ glucose 7,h>d571 or by all[+ mac]ation extract to autolyse or dialyse until x is free f co-enzyme 7,neub]g & ,ros5?al74 ,! zymase ( mac]ation extract is moreov] inactivat$ 9 #aj m9utes at #ej-ea1 :]eas aft] ?is treatm5t ! c>boxylase is /ill active4 p#jhd ,! only conclusion t c be legitimately drawn f ^! highly int]e/+ facts is t if ! decomposition ( pyruvic acid actually be a /age 9 ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( glucose ! soluble co-enzyme is requir$ = "s *ange prec$5t to ?is1 s t 9 its abs5ce ! production ( pyruvic acid _c be effect$4 p#jhe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,by-,,products ,,( ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,:5 pure yea/ is all[$ to develop 9 a solution ( sug> conta9+ a suitable nitrog5\s diet & ! prop] m9]al salts1 ! liquid at ! close ( ! f]m5tation conta9s n only alcohol & "s c>bon dioxide b also a consid]able numb] ( o!r sub/ances1 "s aris+ f ! c>bonace\s & o!rs f ! nitrog5\s metabolism ( ! cell4 ,prom95t among ! non-nitrog5\s sub/ances :i* are ?us f\nd 9 f]m5t$ sug> solutions are fusel oil1 succ9ic acid1 glyc]ol1 acetic acid1 aldehyde1 =mic acid1 e/]s1 & traces ( _m o!r aldehydes & acids4 ,9 addition to ^! sub/ances :i* are f\nd 9 ! liquid1 !re are also ! c>bonace\s con/itu5ts ( ! newly =m$ cells ( ! organism1 compris+ ! mat]ial ( ! cell walls1 yea/ gum1 glycog51 complex organic phosphates1 z well z o!r sub/ances4 ,! att5tion ( *emi/s has be5 direct$ to ^! comp\nds s9ce ,pa/eur fir/ emphasis$ _! importance z ess5tial products ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug>1 & 8 example 0 g5]ally foll[$ 9 attribut+ _! orig9 to ! sug>4 ,! /udy ( cell-free f]m5tation by means ( yea/-juice or zym9 has1 h[ev]1 reveal$ ! facts t c]ta9 ( ^! sub/ances are n =m$ 9 ! abs5ce ( liv+ cells1 & t _! orig9 is to be s\ght 9 ! metabolic processes :i* accompany ! life ( ! cell4 ,_! s\rce1 moreov]1 has be5 trac$ n to ! sug> b to ! am9o-acids1 =m$ by ! hydrolysis ( ! prote9s1 :i* occur 9 all su* liquids z be] wort1 grape juice1 etc41 :i* are usually submitt$ to alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,?is has s f> be5 prov$ ) c]ta9ty = ! fusel oil & succ9ic acid1 & r5d]$ highly probable = all ! v>i\s aldehydes & acids ( :i* traces h be5 detect$4 ,,fusel ,,oil4 ,all =ms ( alcohol prep>$ by f]m5tation conta9 a fraction ( high boil+-po9t1 :i* is t]m$ fusel oil1 & am\nts to ab\t p#jhf #ja to #jg p] c5t4 ( ! crude _s obta9$ by di/illation4 ,?is mat]ial is n an individual sub/ance1 b consi/s ( a mixture ( v v>i$ comp\nds1 all occurr+ 9 small am\nt relatively to ! e?yl alcohol f :i* !y h be5 sep>at$4 ,! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! mixture are ! two amyl alcohols1 isoamyl alcohol1 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh1 & _/d_/-amyl alcohol1 ,,*#c;,,*7,c#b;,h#e7;,,*#b,,oh1 :i* conta9s an asymmetric c>bon atom & is optically active4 ,9 addition to ^!1 mu* small] am\nts ( propyl alcohol & isobutyl alcohol are pres5t1 toge!r ) traces ( fatty acids1 aldehydes1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,! orig9 ( ^! purely non-nitrog5\s comp\nds 0 usually s\ght 9 ! sug> ( ! liquid f]m5t$1 f :i* !y 7 ?\ght to be =m$ by ! yea/ itself or by ! ag5cy ( bact]ia ,emm]l+1 #aijd1 #aije2 ,pr+%eim1 #aije1 #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji1 :il/ o!rs trac$ _! =mation to ! direct r$uction ( fatty acids4 ,felix ,ehrli* has1 h[ev]1 conclusively %[n 9 a s]ies ( ma/]ly rese>*es t ! alcohols1 & probably also ! aldehydes1 conta9$ 9 fusel oil are 9 reality d]iv$ f ! am9o-acids :i* are =m$ by ! hydrolysis ( ! prote9s4 ,! close relation%ip betwe5 ! composition ( leuc9e1 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 & isoamyl alcohol1 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh1 _h previ\sly l$ to ! surmise t a g5etic relation might exi/ betwe5 ^! sub/ances1 b ! idea _h n be5 exp]im5tally confirm$4 ,9 #aijc ,ehrli* discov]$ #aijc2 #aijd1 #a1 #b2 #aijg1 #b2 #aijh2 ,ehrli* & ,w5del1 #aijh1 #b t prote9s also yield on hydrolysis an isom]ide ( leuc9e kn[n z isoleuc9e1 :i* has ! con/itution ,,*#c;,,*7,c#b;,h#e7;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 & !re=e /&s to _/d_/-amyl alcohol1 ,,*#c;,,*7,c#b;,h#e7;,,*#b,,oh1 9 precisely ! same relation z leuc9e to isoamyl alcohol4 ,?is sugge/ive fact at once direct$ 8 att5tion to ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! amyl alcohols 9 alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,us+ a pure culture ( yea/1 & ?us exclud+ ! p>ticipation ( bact]ia 9 ! *ange1 he f\nd t leuc9e readily yield$ isoamyl alcohol1 & isoleuc9e _/d_/-amyl alcohol :5 ^! am9o-acids 7 add$ 9 ! pure /ate p#jhg to a solution ( sug> & treat$ ) a consid]able proportion ( yea/ #aije2 #aijf1 #b1 #c2 #aijg1 #a1 #c4 ,! *emical reactions involv$ are simple ones & are repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equations3-- 7#a7 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,h#b,o ,leuc9e 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh ,,co#b ,,nh#c ,isoamyl alcohol 7#b7 ,,*#c;,,*7,c#b;,h#e7;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,h#b,o ,isoleuc9e ,,*#c;,,*7,c#b;,h#e7;,,*#b,,oh ,,co#b ,,nh#c _/d_/-,amyl alcohol ,! exp]im5ts by :i* ^! important *anges 7 demon/rat$ 7 ( a v simple & conv9c+ "* ,ehrli*1 #aijg1 #a4 ,two hundr$ grams ( sug> & #c to #aj grams ( ! nitrog5\s sub/ance to be exam9$ 7 dissolv$ 9 #b to #be litres ( tap wat] 9 a #c to #d litre flask1 ! liquid 0 /]ilis$ by be+ boil$ = sev]al h\rs1 & aft] cool+ #dj to #fj grams ( fre% yea/ 7 add$ & ! flask all[$ to /& at room temp]ature until ! :ole ( ! sug> _h be5 decompos$ by f]m5tation4 ,9 ! e>li] exp]im5ts ! amyl alcohols 7 isolat$ & id5tifi$ by conv]sion into ! correspond+ val]ianic acids1 b z a rule ! fusel oil z a :ole 0 quantitatively e/imat$ 9 ! filtrate by ! ,rse-,h]zfeld me?od ,lunge1 #aije1 p4 #ega4 ,! foll[+ are typical results4 7#a7 ,an exp]im5t c>ri$ out z above )\t any addition ( leuc9e gave #igcb grams ( alcohol conta9+ #jdj p] c5t4 ( fusel oil4 7#b7 ,:5 #f grams ( syn!tic1 optically inactive leuc9e 7 add$1 #igbf grams ( alcohol 7 obta9$1 conta9+ #baa p] c5t4 ( fusel oil1 :i* 0 also optically inactive2 #be grams ( leuc9e 7 recov]$1 s t #hg p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical yield ( isoamyl alcohol 0 obta9$ f ! #ce grams ( leuc9e decompos$4 7#c7 ,9 ! pres5ce ( #be grams ( _/d_/-isoleuc9e 7prep>$ f molasses residues71 #bjj grams ( sug> gave #icii grams ( alcohol1 conta9+ #add p] c5t4 ( fusel oil1 :i* 0 lvo-rotatory4 ,?is corresponds ) #hj p] c5t4 ( ! !oretical yield ( _/d_/-amyl alcohol f ! isoleuc9e add$4 ,?is *ange1 :i* ,ehrli* has t]m$ ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! am9o-acids1 al?\gh br\ght ab\t by liv+ yea/1 does n appe> to occur at all :5 zym9 ,ehrli*1 #aijf1 #d2 ,pr+%eim1 #aijf or yea/-juice ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]1 #aijf is sub/itut$ = ! intact organism1 nor is x effect$ ev5 by liv+ yea/ 9 ! abs5ce ( a f]m5table sug> ,ehrli*1 #aijg1 #a4 ,! reaction appe>s inde$ to be intimately connect$ ) ! nitrog5\s metabolism ( ! cell1 & ! :ole ( ! ammonia produc$ is at once assimilat$ & does n appe> 9 ! f]m5t$ liquid4 ,o!r am9o-acids p#jhh und]go a correspond+ *ange1 & ! reaction appe>s to be a g5]al "o4 ,?us tyros9e1 ,,oh,c#f;,h#d;,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 yields p-hydroxyph5yle?yl alcohol1 or tyrosol ,ehrli*1 #aiaa1 #a2 ,ehrli* & ,pi/s*imucka1 #aiab1 #b1 ,,oh,c#f;,h#d;,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh1 a sub/ance ( int5sely bitt] ta/e1 :i* 0 fir/ prep>$ 9 ?is way & is probably "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 det]m9+ ! flav\r ( be]s1 etc4 ,ph5ylalan9e1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 9 a simil> way yields ph5yle?yl alcohol1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh1 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( oil ( roses1 :il/ tryptophane1 ,c#f;,h#d ,,hn ,c,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 ,,* yields tryptophol1 ,c#f;,h#d ,,hn ,c,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh1 ,,* :i* 0 also fir/ prep>$ 9 ?is way ,ehrli*1 #aiab & has a v fa9tly bitt]1 some:at bit+ ta/e4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! am9o-acids ( a m$ium 9 :i* yea/ is produc+ f]m5tation are decompos$ 9 ?is s5se dep5ds on ! am\nt ( ! available nitrog5 & on ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t4 ,?us ! addition ( ammonium c>bonate to a mixture ( yea/ & sug> 0 f\nd to l[] ! production ( fusel oil f #jg to #jcc p] c5t4 ( ! alcohol produc$4 ,! addition ( leuc9e alone rais$ ! p]c5tage f #jg to #bgh1 b ! addition ( bo? leuc9e & ammonium c>bonate result$ 9 ! =mation ( only #jgh p] c5t4 ( fusel oil1 ,! production ( fusel oil !re=e & ! "* ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! fusel oil alike dep5d on ! composition ( ! m$ium 9 :i* f]m5tation occurs4 ,?is af=ds a ready explanation ( ! fact t molasses1 :i* conta9s almo/ equal am\nts ( leuc9e & isoleuc9e1 yields a fusel oil also conta9+ approximately equal am\nts ( isoamyl alcohol & _/d_/-amyl alcohol ,m>ckwald1 #aijb1 :il/ corn & potatoes1 9 :i* leuc9e prepond]ates ov] isoleuc9e1 yield fusel oils conta9+ a relatively l>ge am\nt ( ! inactive alcohol4 ,! subject is1 9 fact1 "o ( great int]e/ to ! te*nologi/1 = z ,ehrli* po9ts out ! great v>iety ( ! b\quets ( w9e & aromas ( br&y1 cognac1 arrak1 rum1 etc41 may be v simply ref]r$ to ! manifold v>iety ( ! prote9s ( ! raw mat]ials 7grapes1 corn1 rice1 sug> cane1 etc47 f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,yea/ c also =m fusel oil at ! exp5se ( its own prote91 b ?is only occurs to any consid]able ext5t :5 ! ext]nal p#jhi supply ( nitrog5 is insuffici5t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! am9o-acids =m$ by autolysis may be decompos$ & _! nitrog5 employ$ ov] aga9 = ! con/ruction ( ! prote9 ( ! cell4 ,! yield is also influ5c$ by ! condition ( ! yea/ employ$ ) reg>d to nitrog51 a yea/ poor 9 nitrog5 be+ m efficaci\s 9 decompos+ am9o-acids ?an "o :i* is already well suppli$ ) nitrog5\s mat]ials4 ,! nature ( ! c>bonace\s nutrim5t & f9ally ! species ( yea/ are also ( great importance see ,ehrli*1 #aiaa1 #b2 ,ehrli* & ,jacobs51 #aiaa4 ,a v important *>act]i/ic ( ! action ( yea/ on ! am9o-acids is t ! two /]eo-isom]ides ( ^! optically active comp\nds are f]m5t$ at diff]5t rates4 ,:5 inactive1 racemic leuc9e is treat$ ) yea/ & sug>1 ! naturally occurr+ compon5t1 ! _/l_/-leuc9e1 is m rapidly attack$1 s t if ! exp]im5t be int]rupt$ at ! prop] mom5t ! o!r compon5t1 ! _/d_/-leuc9e1 alone is pres5t & may be isolat$ 9 ! pure /ate4 ,9 an actual exp]im5t #ch grams ( ?is compon5t 7 obta9$ 9 ! pure /ate f #aj grams ( _/dl_/-leuc9e ,ehrli*1 #aijf1 #a1 s t ! :ole ( ! _/l_/-leuc9e 7#e grams7 _h be5 decompos$ b only #ab grams ( ! _/d_/-leuc9e4 ,?is mode ( action has be5 f\nd to be *>act]i/ic ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! am9o-acids by yea/4 ,9 all ! in/ances s f> obs]v$1 bo? compon5ts ( ! inactive am9o-acid are attack$1 b usually ! naturally occurr+ isom]ide is ! m rapidly decompos$1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( -am9obutyric acid bo? compon5ts disappe> at ! same rate ,ehrli* & ,w5del1 #aijh1 #a4 ,?is reaction !re=e mu/ be class$ along ) ! action ( m\lds on hydroxy-acids ,mc,kenzie & ,h>d51 #aijc1 & ! action ( lipase on inactive e/]s ,dak91 #aijc1 #aije1 9 :i* bo? isom]ides are attack$ b at unequal rates1 & diff]s %>ply f ! action ( yea/ itself on sug>s ,fis*] & ,?i]feld]1 #ahid1 & ( emuls91 maltase1 etc41 :i* only act on "o isom]ide & leave ! o!r entirely unt\*$ see ,bayliss1 #aiad1 pp4 #ee1 #gg1 #aag4 ,,succ9ic ,,acid4 ,! orig9 ( ! succ9ic acid =m$ 9 f]m5tation has also be5 trac$ by ,ehrli* #aiji to ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! am9o-acids4 ,x 0 %[n by ,bu*n] & by ,kunz #aijf t succ9ic acid l fusel oil is n =m$ dur+ f]m5tation by yea/-juice or zym91 &1 9 ! light ( ,ehrli*'s "w on fusel oil1 sev]al p#jij modes ( =mation appe>$ possible = ?is sub/ance ,ehrli*1 #aijf1 #c4 ,! dibasic am9o-acids might1 = example1 und]go simple r$uction1 ! ,,nh#b gr\p be+ remov$ z ammonia & replac$ by hydrog54 ,asp>tic acid w\ld ?us pass into succ9ic acid3-- ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh #b;,h ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,cooh ,,nh#c4 ,?is *ange c be effect$ 9 ! laboratory only by heat+ ) hydriodic acid4 ,biologically x has be5 obs]v$ ,e4 & ,h4 ,salk[ski1 #ahgi :5 asp>tic acid is submitt$ to ! action ( putrefactive bact]ia1 & almo/ quantitatively :5 _/,bacillus coli communis_/ is cultivat$ 9 a mixture ( asp>tic acid & glucose ,h>d51 #aija4 ,9 ?is case a well-def9$ s\rce ( hydrog5 exi/s 9 ! glucose1 :i* :5 act$ on by ?is bacillus yields a l>ge volume ( gase\s hydrog51 :i* is n evolv$ 9 ! pres5ce ( asp>tic acid4 ,"s su* s\rce is also available 9 ! case ( yea/1 al?\gh x _c be *emically def9$1 = ?is organism is kn[n to produce _m r$uc+ actions1 :i* are usually ascrib$ to ! pres5ce ( r$uc+ f]m5ts or r$uctases 9 ! cell4 ,a simil> action w\ld conv]t glutamic acid1 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*7,,nh7#b;,,cooh1 into glut>ic acid1 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*#b;,,cooh1 :i* also is f\nd among ! products ( f]m5tation1 :il/ ! monam9o-acids w\ld pass into ! simple fatty acids4 ,on submitt+ ^! ideas to ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 ,erhli* f\nd t ! addition ( asp>tic acid did n 9 any way increase ! yield ( succ9ic acid1 & t ( all ! am9o-acids :i* 7 tri$ only glutamic acid1 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 produc$ a def9ite increase 9 ! am\nt ( ?is sub/ance4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts %[$ t glutamic acid 0 actually ! s\rce ( ! succ9ic acid1 ! relations be+ q simil> to ^? :i* exi/ = ! production ( fusel oil4 ,succ9ic acid is =m$ :5ev] sug> is f]m5t$ by yea/1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( add$ nitrog5\s matt]1 & am\nts to #jb to #jf p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! sug> decompos$1 its orig9 9 ?is case be+ ! glutamic acid =m$ by ! autolysis ( ! yea/ prote94 ,:5 "s o!r s\rce ( nitrog5 is pres5t1 su* z asp>ag9e or an ammonium salt1 ! am\nt falls to #jje to #ja4 ,if glutamic acid be add$ x rises to ab\t #a to #ae p] c5t4 b falls aga9 to ab\t #jje to #ja :5 o!r s\rces ( nitrog51 su* z asp>ag9e or ammonium salts1 are simultane\sly available1 ei!r 9 ! pres5ce or p#jia abs5ce ( add$ glutamic acid4 ,z 9 ! case ( fusel oil1 ! production does n occur 9 ! abs5ce ( sug>1 & is n effect$ by yea/-juice or zym94 ,! *emical reaction involv$ 9 ! production ( succ9ic acid diff]s to "s ext5t f t by :i* fusel oil is =m$1 inasmu* z an oxidation is involv$3-- ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh #b,o ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,cooh ,,nh#c ,,co#b4 ,f analogy ) ! production ( amyl alcohol f leuc9e1 glutamic acid w\ld be expect$ to yield -hydroxybutyric acid3-- ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,h#b,o ,,nh#c ,,co#b ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh4 ,z a matt] ( fact ?is sub/ance _c be detect$ among ! products ( f]m5tation1 b succ9ic acid z already expla9$ is =m$4 ,?is acid might1 h[ev]1 possibly be =m$ by ! oxidation ( ! -hydroxybutyric acid3-- ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh #b,o ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,cooh ,h#b,o1 al?\gh ?is *ange is on biological gr\nds improbable4 ,! conv]sion ( ! gr\p ,,*7,,nh#b7 into ! t]m9al ,,*#b,,oh 9 fusel oil1 or ,,cooh 9 succ9ic acid1 may possibly be effect$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 ! mo/ probable ( :i* are ! foll[+3-- ,i4 ,direct elim9ation ( c>bon dioxide1 foll[$ by hydrolysis ( ! result+ am9e3-- 7#a7 ,r,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,r,,*#b,,nh#b ,,co#b4 7#b7 ,r,,*#b,,nh#b ,h#b,o ,r,,*#b,,oh ,,nh#c4 ,! reaction 7#a7 is actually effect$ by _m bact]ia & has be5 employ$ = ! prep>ation ( bases f am9o-acids cf4 ,b>g]1 #aiad1 p4 #g1 al?\gh !re is no direct evid5ce t x c be br\ght ab\t by yea/4 ,on ! o!r h& reaction 7#b7 has actually be5 obs]v$ ) "s yea/s4 ,?us x has be5 f\nd ,ehrli* & ,pi/s*imuka1 #aiab1 #a t _m wild yea/s produce ?is *ange ) great read9ess 9 pres5ce ( sug>1 glyc]ol or e?yl alcohol z s\rces ( c>bon & gr[ well 9 m$ia 9 :i* am9es1 su* z p-hydroxyph5yle?ylam9e or iso-amylam9e1 =m ! only s\rce ( nitrog54 _/,willia anomala_/ 7,hans571 a yea/ :i* =ms surface gr[?s1 succe$s admirably "u ^! conditions1 :]eas culture yea/s are mu* less active 9 ?is way1 al?\gh !y produce a c]ta9 am\nt ( *ange4 ,x is !re=e possible t ?is mode ( decomposition plays "s "p 9 ! production ( fusel oil1 b 9 ! case ( culture yea/s x is entirely subord9at$ to ! mode next to be discuss$4 p#jib ,,ii4 ,oxidative removal ( ! ,,nh#b gr\p ) =mation ( an -ketonic acid3-- 7#a7 ,r,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,o ,r,,co,,cooh ,,nh#c foll[$ by ! decomposition ( ! ketonic acid into c>bon dioxide & an aldehyde & ! subsequ5t r$uction or oxidation ( ! aldehyde3-- 7#b7 ,r,,co,,cooh ,r,,*o ,,co#b4 7#c7 7_/a_/7 ,r,,*o #b;,h ,r,,*#b,,oh4 7_/b_/7 ,r,,*o ,o ,r,,cooh4 ,! evid5ce = ! occurr5ce ( reaction 7#a7 is suppli$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,neubau] & ,fromh]z #aiaa4 ,hav+ previ\sly f\nd t am9o-acids und]go a *ange ( ?is k9d 9 ! animal body1 ,neubau] inve/igat$ _! behavi\r t[>ds yea/4 ,tak+ _/dl_/-ph5ylam9oacetic acid1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 x 0 f\nd t ! *anges produc$ 7 ess5tially ! same z 9 ! animal body4 ,! _/l_/-compon5t ( ! acid 0 p>tly acetylat$ & p>tly un*ang$1 :]eas ! _/d_/-compon5t ( ! acid yield$ b5zyl alcohol1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,*#b,,oh1 ph5ylglyoxylic acid1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,co,,cooh1 & ! hydroxy-acid ,c#f;,h#e;,,*7,,oh7,,cooh4 ,s9ce h[ev] ?is hydroxy-acid 0 produc$ 9 ! _/l_/-=m x probably arose by ! asymmetric r$uction ( ph5ylglyoxylic acid1 a reaction :i* c be effect$ by yea/ z 0 also f\nd to be ! case 9 ! animal body see ,dak91 #aiab1 pp4 #eb1 #gh4 ,moreov] x 0 %[n t :5 ! effects ( yea/ on a ketonic acid & ! correspond+ hydroxy-acid 7 comp>$1 ! alcohol 0 =m$ 9 mu* bett] yield f ! ketonic acid 7#gj p] c5t47 ?an f ! hydroxy-acid 7#c-d p] c5t471 ! actual example be+ ! production ( tyrosol 7p-hydroxyph5yle?yl alcohol71 ,,oh,c#f;,h#d;,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh1 f p-hydroxyph5ylpyruvic acid1 ,,oh,c#f;,h#d;,,*#b;,,co,,cooh1 & p-hydroxyph5yl-lactic acid1 ,,oh,c#f;,h#d;,,*#b;,,*7,,oh7,,cooh respectively4 ,neubau] by ^! exp]im5ts e/abli%$ two extremely important po9ts4 #a4 ,t ! am9o-acids actually yield ! correspond+ -ketonic acids :5 treat$ ) yea/ & sug> solution4 #b4 ,t ! a-ketonic acids "u simil> conditions give ! alcohol conta9+ "o c>bon atom less 9 good yield1 :]eas ! correspond+ hydroxy-acids only give an extremely small am\nt ( ^! alcohols4 ,x is !re=e probable t at an e>ly /age 9 ! decomposition ( ! am9o-acids by yea/ a ketonic acid is produc$1 :i* !n und]goes fur!r *ange4 ,! s\rce ( ! oxyg5 requir$ = ?is reaction & ! me*anism ( oxidation h n yet be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,x is possible p#jic ,,oh t hydrat$ im9o-acids ( ! type ,r,c,,cooh are fir/ =m$ ,,nh#b ,knoop1 #aiaj1 b ^! h n z yet be5 isolat$4 ,! spontane\s production ( ketonic aldehydes f am9o-acids & f hydroxy-acids 9 aque\s solution1 :i* has be5 demon/rat$ by ,dak9 & ,dudley #aiac1 po9ts h[ev] to ! possibility t ! ketonic acid may be a second>y product d]iv$ f ! correspond+ ketonic aldehyde see also ,dak91 #aijh2 ,neub]g1 #aijh1 #aiji4 ,?is itself may ei!r arise directly f ! am9o-acid or f a previ\sly =m$ hydroxy-acid1 ! latt] alt]native be+1 h[ev]1 improbable 9 view ( ! small yield ( alcohol obta9$ f hydroxy-acids by ! action ( yea/ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,neubau] & ,fromh]z4 ,r,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,r,,*7,,oh7,,cooh ,r,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,r,,co,,*o ,r,,co,,*o ,r,,*7,,oh7,,cooh #b,r,,co,,*o ,o#b #b,r,,co,,cooh 7#b7 ,:atev] be ! exact mode by :i* ! ketonic acid is =m$1 x appe>s mo/ probable t a comp\nd ( ?is nature =ms ! />t+-po9t = ! next /age 9 ! production ( ! alcohols4 ,! rese>*es ( ,neub]g1 :i* h already be5 discuss$ on p4 #ha1 h reveal$ a me*anism 9 yea/--! enzyme c>boxylase--by :i* ^! -ketonic acids are rapidly brok5 up into an aldehyde & c>bon dioxide3 ,r,,co,,cooh ,r,,*o ,,co#b & x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ?is is ! actual c\rse ( ! reaction4 7#c7 ,! f9al conv]sion ( ! aldehyde into ! correspond+ alcohol is also a *ange :i* x has be5 prov$ c be effect$ by yea/ ,neub]g & ,ros5?al1 #aiac probably by ! aid ( ! r$uctase :i* is "o ( ! weapons 9 its arm\ry ( enzymes4 ,yea/ is capable ( produc+ _m vigor\s r$uc+ actions & rapidly r$uces me?yl5e blue & sodium sel5ite4 ,x is 9 all probability due to a reaction ( ?is k9d t ! iso-amylaldehyde & isoval]aldehyde 7 r$uc$ to ! alcohols 9 ,neub]g & ,/e5bock's exp]im5ts #aiac1 #aiad1 & t consid]able quantities ( e?yl alcohol are =m$ 9 ! sug> free f]m5tation ( pyruvic acid ,neub]g & ,k]b1 #aiac1 #a 7see lat] p4 #aaj = a discussion ( ?is "q74 ,a fur!r possibility exi/s t 9 "s cases ! aldehyde may p#jid be simultane\sly oxidis$ & r$uc$ or ! molecule ( "o aldehyde r$uc$ & t ( ano!r oxidis$ ) production ( ! correspond+ acid & alcohol by an aldehydo-mutase1 simil> to t :i* has be5 obs]v$ by ,p>nas #aiaj 9 _m animal tissues4 ,f9ally ! aldehyde may simply be conv]t$ into ! correspond+ acid by oxidation z appe>s to take place 9 ! =mation ( succ9ic acid4 ,! int]m$iate production ( an aldehyde w\ld ?us be consi/5t bo? ) ! production ( alcohols & acids f am9o-acids4 ,fusel oil w\ld be =m$ by ! r$uction ( ! aldehydes aris+ f ! simple monobasic am9o-acids1 succ9ic acid w\ld be produc$ by oxidation ( ! aldehyde d]iv$ f ! dibasic glutamic acid4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view is to be adduc$ ! fact t aldehydes su* z isobutyraldehyde & val]aldehyde h be5 f\nd 9 crude _s1 :il/ acetaldehyde is a regul> product ( alcoholic f]m5tation see ,a%d[n & ,hewitt1 #aiaj4 ,b5zaldehyde1 moreov]1 has be5 actually detect$ z a product ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( ph5ylam9oacetic acid1 ,c#f;,h#e;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,ehrli*1 #aijg1 #a4 ,fur!r1 ! aldehydes s produc$ w\ld readily pass by oxidation into ! correspond+ fatty acids1 small quantities ( :i* are inv>iably produc$ 9 f]m5tation4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! am9o-acids is und\bt$ly to be pref]r$ to t previ\sly sugge/$ by ,ehrli* #aijf1 #c accord+ to :i* a hydroxy-acid is fir/ =m$ & !n ei!r directly decompos$ into an alcohol & c>bon dioxide or into an aldehyde & =mic acid1 ! aldehyde be+ r$uc$ & ! =mic acid de/roy$ 7see p4 #aae74 ,r,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,r,,*7,,oh7,,cooh ,r,,*7,,oh7,,cooh ,r,,*#b,,oh ,,co#b or ,r,,*o ,h,,co#b;,h ,r,,*o ,r,,*#b,,oh ,! mo/ probable c\rse ( ! decomposition by :i* isoamyl alcohol & succ9ic acid are produc$ f leuc9e & glutamic acid respectively is !re=e ! foll[+3-- 7_/a_/7 _/,isoamyl ,alcohol4_/ 7#a7 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh 7#c7 7,,*#c7b;,,**#b;,,*o,,co#b ,leuc9e ,isoval]aldehyde 7#b7 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,co,,cooh 7#d7 7,,*#c7b;,,*,,*#b;,,*#b,,oh -,ketoisoval]ianic acid ,isoamyl alcohol 7_/b_/7 _/,succ9ic ,acid4_/ 7#a7 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh 7#c7 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,*o ,,co#b ,glutamic acid ,succ9ic semialdehyde 7#b7 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,co,,cooh 7#d7 ,,cooh,,*#b;,,*#b;,,cooh -,keto-glut>ic acid ,succ9ic acid p#jie ,,glyc]ol4 ,( ! ?ree *ief by-products ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 only glyc]ol rema9s at pres5t ref]able directly to ! sug>4 ,?is sub/ance1 z %[n by ! c>eful exp]im5ts ( ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aijf1 is =m$ by ! action bo? ( yea/-juice & zym9 to ! ext5t ( #ch p] c5t4 ( ! sug> decompos$1 & no o!r s\rce = its production has s f> be5 exp]im5tally demon/rat$4 ,if x be true t dur+ ! decomposition ( sug> into alcohol & c>bon dioxide1 sub/ances conta9+ ?ree c>bon atoms are =m$ z int]m$iate comp\nds 7see p4 #ajj71 x is obvi\s t ^! might by r$uction be conv]t$ into glyc]ol :i* w\ld ?us be a true by-product ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug>4 ,see ,opp5heim]1 #aiad1 #b4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 sugge/$ t x may 9 reality be a product ( decomposition ( lipoid sub/ances or ( ! nucle9 ( ! cell 7,ehrli*74 ,! effect ( ,ehrli*'s "w has be5 cle>ly to di/+ui% ! *emical *anges involv$ 9 ! production ( fusel oil & succ9ic acid f ^? conc]n$ 9 ! decomposition ( sug> into alcohol & c>bon dioxide1 & to br+ to light a mo/ important s]ies ( reactions by means ( :i* ! yea/-cell is able to supply itself ) nitrog51 "o ( ! indisp5sable conditions ( life4 p#jif ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,*anges ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,f]m5tation4 ,x has long be5 ! op9ion ( *emi/s t ! rem>kable & almo/ quantitative conv]sion ( sug> into alcohol & c>bon dioxide dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation is mo/ probably ! result ( a s]ies ( reactions1 dur+ :i* v>i\s int]m$iate products are mom5t>ily =m$ & !n us$ up 9 ! succe$+ /age ( ! process4 ,no v good gr\nd c be adduc$ = ?is belief except ! contra/ betwe5 ! *emical complexity ( ! sug> molecule & ! comp>ative simplicity ( ! con/itution ( ! products4 ,_m attempts h1 h[ev]1 be5 made to obta9 evid5ce ( su* a s]ies ( reactions1 & num]\s sugge/ions h be5 made ( probable directions 9 :i* su* *anges might proce$4 ,9 mak+ ^! sugge/ions1 inve/igators h be5 guid$ ma9ly by ! *anges :i* are produc$ 9 ! hexoses by reag5ts ( kn[n composition4 ,! f]m5table hexoses1 glucose1 fructose1 mannose1 & galactose1 appe> to be relatively /able 9 ! pres5ce ( dilute acids at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & are only sl[ly decompos$ at #ajj1 m rapidly by conc5trat$ acids1 ) =mation ( ketonic acids1 su* z levul9ic acid1 & ( col\r$ sub/ances ( complex & unkn[n con/itution4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( alkalis1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sug> molecule is extremely susceptible ( *ange4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z 0 discov]$ by ,lobry de ,bruyn #ahie2 ,bruyn & ,ek5/e91 #ahie2 #ahif2 #ahig1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ea* ( ! ?ree hexoses1 glucose1 fructose1 & mannose is conv]t$ by dilute alkalis into an optically almo/ inactive mixture conta9+ all ?ree1 & probably ultimately ( ! same composition :i*ev] hexose is employ$ z ! />t+-po9t4 ,?is int]e/+ ph5om5on is mo/ simply expla9$ on ! assumption t 9 ! aque\s solution ( any "o ( ^! hexoses1 along ) ! molecules ( ! hexose itself1 !re exi/s a small proportion ( ^? ( an enolic =m :i* is common to all ! ?ree hexoses1 z illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ =mul1 ! aldehyde =mul p#jig be+ employ$ in/ead ( ! -oxide =mul = ! sake ( simplicity3-- ,,*o ,,*o ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,hcoh ,,ho* ,,co ,,coh ,,ho* ,,ho* ,,ho* ,,ho* ,,hcoh ,,hcoh ,,hcoh ,,hcoh ,,hcoh ,,hcoh ,,hcoh ,,hcoh ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,glucose4 ,mannose4 ,fructose4 ,enolic =m4 ,?is enolic =m is capable ( giv+ rise to all ?ree hexoses1 & ! *ange by :i* ! enolic =m is produc$ & conv]t$ into an equilibrium mixture ( ! ?ree correspond+ hexoses is catalytically accel]at$ by alkalis1 or r by hydroxyl ions4 ,9 neutral solution ! *ange is s sl[ t x has nev] be5 exp]im5tally obs]v$2 9 ! pres5ce ( dec9ormal cau/ic soda solution at #gj ! conv]sion is complete 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,precisely simil> effects are produc$ ) galactose1 :i* yields an equilibrium mixture conta9+ talose & tagatose1 sug>s :i* appe> n to be f]m5table4 ,! cont9u$ action ev5 ( dilute alkal9e solutions c>ries ! *ange mu* fur!r & br+s ab\t a complex decomposition :i* is mu* m rapidly effect$ by m conc5trat$ alkalis & at high] temp]atures4 ,?is *ange has be5 ! subject ( v num]\s inve/igations = an acc\nt ( ^! see ,e4 v4 ,lippmann1 #aijd1 pp4 #cbh1 #gac1 #hce1 b = ! pres5t purpose ! results rec5tly obta9$ by ,meis5heim] #aijh may be quot$ z typical4 ,us+ normal solutions ( cau/ic soda & conc5trations ( f #b to #e grams ( hexose p] #ajj c4c41 x 0 f\nd t at air temp]ature 9 #bg to #aci days f #cj to #ed p] c5t4 ( ! hexose 0 conv]t$ into inactive lactic acid1 ,c#c;,h#f,o#c1 f #je to #b p] c5t4 into =mic acid1 ,,*#b,o#b1 & ab\t #dj p] c5t4 into a complex mixture ( hydroxy-acids1 conta9+ six & f\r c>bon atoms 9 ! molecule4 ,usually only ab\t #gd to #ij p] c5t4 ( ! sug> :i* _h disappe>$ 0 acc\nt$ =1 b 9 "o case ! products am\nt$ to #ig p] c5t4 ( ! sug>4 ,ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! sug> 0 probably conv]t$ into alcohol & c>bon dioxide4 ,no glycollic acid1 oxalic acid1 glycol1 or glyc]ol 0 produc$4 ,! fact t alcohol is actually =m$ by ! action ( alkalis on sug> 0 e/abli%$ by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aije1 :o obta9$ small quantities ( alcohol 7#ah to #bh grams f #c kilos4 ( cane sug>7 by act+ on cane sug> ) boil+ conc5trat$ cau/ic soda p#jih solution4 ,x is evid5t t "u ^! conditions an extremely complex s]ies ( reactions occurs1 b ! =mation ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide & ( a l>ge proportion ( lactic acid des]ves m p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! direct =mation ( alcohol f sug> by ! action ( alkalis appe>s fir/ to h be5 obs]v$ by ,duclaux #ahhf1 :o expos$ a solution ( glucose & cau/ic pota% to sunlight & obta9$ bo? alcohol & c>bon dioxide4 ,z mu* z #bf p] c5t4 ( ! sug> 0 conv]t$ into alcohol 9 a simil> exp]im5t made by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aijd4 ,:5 ! weak] alkalis1 lime wat] or b>yta wat]1 7 employ$ in/ead ( cau/ic pota%1 h[ev]1 no alcohol 0 =m$1 b #ej p] c5t4 ( ! sug> 0 conv]t$ into inactive lactic acid ,duclaux1 #ahic1 #ahif4 ,duclaux !re=e reg>d$ ! alcohol & c>bon dioxide z second>y products ( ! action ( a comp>atively /rong alkali on pre=m$ lactic acid4 ,e?yl alcohol c1 9 fact1 be produc$ f lactic acid bo? by ! action ( bact]ia ,fitz1 #ahhj & ( m\lds ,maz1 #aijb1 & also by *emical means4 ,?us ,duclaux #ahhf f\nd t calcium lactate solution expos$ to sunlight und]w5t decomposition1 yield+ alcohol & calcium c>bonate & acetate1 :il/ ,hanriot #ahhe1 #ahhf1 by heat+ calcium lactate ) slak$ lime obta9$ a consid]able quantity ( a liquid :i* he reg>d$ z e?yl alcohol1 b :i* 0 %[n by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aije to be a mixture ( e?yl alcohol ) isopropyl alcohol4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t inactive lactic acid c be q readily obta9$ 9 l>ge proportion f ! sug>s by ! action ( alkalis1 :il/ alcohol c only be prep>$ 9 comp>atively small am\nt & probably only z a second>y product ( ! decomposition ( lactic acid4 ,! /udy ( ! action ( alkalis on sug> has1 h[ev]1 yield$ /ill fur!r in=mation z reg>ds ! me*anism ( ! reaction by :i* lactic acid is =m$4 ,a consid]able body ( evid5ce has accumulat$1 t5d+ to %[ t "s int]m$iate product ( ! nature ( an aldehyde or ketone conta9+ ?ree c>bon atoms is fir/ =m$4 ,?us ,p9kus #ahih & subsequ5tly ,nef #aijd1 #aijg1 by act+ on glucose ) alkali 9 pres5ce ( ph5ylhydraz9e obta9$ ! osazone ( me?ylglyoxal1 ,,*#c;,,co,,*o4 ,?is osazone may be =m$ ei!r f me?ylglyoxal itself1 f acetol1 ,,*#c;,,co,,*#b,,oh1 or f lactic aldehyde1 ,,*#c;,,*7,,oh7,,*o ,wohl1 #aijh4 ,me?ylglyoxal itself may also be reg>d$ z a second>y p#jii product d]iv$ f glyc]aldehyde1 ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*o1 or dihydroxyacetone1 ,,*#b7,,oh7,,co,,*#b7,,oh71 by a process ( intramolecul> dehydration1 s t ! osazone might also be d]iv$ indirectly f ei!r ( ^! comp\nds see also ,neub]g & ,o]tel1 #aiac4 ,me?ylglyoxal itself readily passes into lactic acid :5 x is treat$ ) alkalis1 a molecule ( wat] be+ tak5 up3-- ,,*#c;,,co,,*o ,h#b,o ,,*#c;,,*7,,oh7,,cooh4 ,fur!r evid5ce 9 ! same direction is af=d$ by ! int]e/+ discov]y ( ,w9daus & ,knoop #aije1 t glucose is conv]t$ by ammonia 9 pres5ce ( z9c hydroxide into me?ylim9oazole1 ,,*#c;,c,,nh ,,*1 ,,*,n a sub/ance :i* is a d]ivative ( me?ylglyoxal4 ,! idea sugge/$ by ,p9kus t acetol is ! fir/ product ( ! action ( alkalis on sug> has be5 r5d]$ v improbable by ! exp]im5ts ( ,nef1 & ! prevail+ view 7,nef1 ,w9daus & ,knoop1 ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]7 is t ! fir/ product is glyc]aldehyde1 :i* !n passes into me?ylglyoxal1 & f9ally into lactic acid3-- 7#a7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b;,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*o4 7#b7 ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*o ,,*#c;,,co,,*o ,h#b,o4 7#c7 ,,*#c;,,co,,*o ,h#b,o ,,*#c;,,*7,,oh7,,cooh4 ,all ^! *anges may occur at ord9>y temp]atures 9 ! pres5ce ( a cataly/1 & 9 s f> resemble ! processes ( f]m5tation by yea/s & bact]ia4 ,! fir/ attempt to sugge/ a s*eme ( *emical reactions by :i* ! *anges br\ght ab\t by liv+ organisms might be effect$ 0 made 9 #ahgj by ,baey] #ahgj1 :o po9t$ out t ^! decompositions might be produc$ by ! successive removal & re-addition ( ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,! result ( ?is w\ld be to cause an accumulation ( oxyg5 atoms t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! *a9 ( six c>bon atoms1 :i*1 9 accordance ) g5]al exp]i5ce1 w\ld r5d] ! *a9 m easily brok54 ,baey] =mulat$ ! *anges *>act]i/ic ( ! alcoholic & lactic f]m5tations z foll[s1 ! int]m$iate /ages be+ d]iv$ f ! hydrat$ aldehyde =mula ( glucose by ! successive removal & addition ( ! elem5ts ( wat]3 p#ajj ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,*#b,,oh ,,*#b444,,oh ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,*,,oh ,,coh44,h ,,*,,oh ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*#b ,,*,,oh ,c44,,oh44,h ,c7,,oh7#b ,,co ,o ,,*,,oh ,,coh444,h ,c7,,oh7#b ,o ,,co ,,*,,oh ,,coh444,h ,c7,,oh7#b ,,co ,o ,,*7,,oh7#b ,,*4447,,oh7#b ,,*#c ,,*7,,oh7 ,,co ,,*#c ,o ,,*#b ,,*#c ,! imm$iate precursor ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide is "h se5 to be ! anhydride ( e?oxyc>boxylic acid 7,v71 :il/ t ( lactic acid is lactic anhydride 7,,iv74 7,baey] does n appe>1 z rec5tly /at$ by ,meis5heim] #aijg1 p4 #h1 ,wohl #aijg1 #b1 & ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aiji to h sugge/$ t lactic acid 0 an int]m$iate product 9 alcoholic f]m5tation1 b r to h repres5t$ indep5d5tly ! c\rse ( ! two diff]5t k9ds ( f]m5tation1 ! alcoholic & ! lactic47 ,x 0 subsequ5tly po9t$ out by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aijd t ,baey]'s pr9ciple ( oxyg5 accumulation might be appli$ 9 a diff]5t way1 s t a ketonic acid w\ld be produc$1 ! decomposition ( :i*1 9 a mann] analog\s to t ( acetoacetic acid1 w\ld lead to ! =mation ( two molecules ( lactic acid1 f :i* ! f9al products alcohol & c>bon dioxide might be directly d]iv$1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ =mul3-- ,,*o ,,cooh ,,cooh ,,co#b ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*#b,,oh ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*#b ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,*7,,oh7 ,,co ,,cooh ,,co#b ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*#b,,oh ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,*#c ,a s*eme bas$ on some:at diff]5t pr9ciples has be5 prop\nd$ by ,wohl ,lippmann1 #aijd1 p4 #ahia1 & has be5 accept$ by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aije z m probable ?an t quot$ above4 ,wohl & ,oe/]l9 #aija 7 able to trace exp]im5tally ! v>i\s /ages ( ! conv]sion ( t>t>ic acid 7,i7 into oxalacetic acid 7,,iii71 :i* c be c>ri$ out by reactions tak+ place at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & !y f\nd t ! fir/ /age consi/$ 9 ! removal ( ! elem5ts ( wat] leav+ an unsaturat$ hydroxy d]ivative 7,,ii7 :i* 9 ! second /age und]w5t intramolecul> *ange into ! correspond+ keto-comp\nd 7,,iii73 p#aja ,,cooh ,,cooh ,,cooh ,,*7,,oh7 m9us ,h ,c7,,oh7 ,,co ,,*7,,oh7 ,,oh ,,* ,,*#b ,,cooh ,,cooh ,,cooh ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,t>t>ic acid4 ,oxalacetic acid4 ,?is *ange diff]s 9 pr9ciple f t assum$ by ,baey]1 inasmu* z ! second /age is n effect$ by ! re-addition ( wat]1 b by ! keto-enol trans=mation1 :i* is n[ usually ascrib$ to ! migration ( ! hydrog5 atom1 al?\gh ! same result c !oretically be arriv$ at by ! addition & removal ( ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,! analogy ( ?is process to :at might be suppos$ to occur 9 ! conv]sion ( sug> into c>bon dioxide & alcohol 0 po9t$ out by ,wohl & ,oe/]l91 & subsequ5tly ,wohl develop$ a !oretical s*eme ( reactions by :i* ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation c\ld be repres5t$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! elem5ts ( wat] are remov$ f ! & c>bon atoms ( glucose 7,i7 & ! result+ enol 7,,ii7 und]goes conv]sion into ! correspond+ ketone 7,,iii71 :i* has ! con/itution ( a cond5sation product ( me?ylglyoxal & glyc]aldehyde1 & h5ce is readily resolv$ by hydrolysis into ^! comp\nds 7,,iv74 ,! glyc]aldehyde passes by a simil> s]ies ( *anges 7,v1 ,,vi7 into me?ylglyoxal1 & ?is is !n conv]t$ by addition ( wat] into lactic acid 7,,vii71 a reaction :i* is common to all ketoaldehydes ( ?is k9d4 ,f9ally1 ! lactic acid is split up into alcohol & c>bon dioxide 7,,viii73-- ,,*o ,,*o ,,*o ,,*7,,oh7 ,h ,c7,,oh7 ,,co m9us ,,*7,,oh7 ,,oh ,,* ,,*#b ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,glucose4 ,me?ylglyoxal ,,*o ,,cooh ,,co#b ------ ,,co ,h#b,o ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*#b,,oh ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,*o ,,*o ,,*o ,,cooh ,,co#b ,h ------ ,,*7,,oh7 m9us ,c7,,oh7 ,,co ,h#b,o ,,*7,,oh7 ,,*#b,,oh ,,oh ,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,*#b ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,*#c ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,glyc]aldehyde4 ,me?yl- ,lactic ,alcohol glyoxal4 acid4 & c>bon dioxide4 p#ajb ,?is s*eme agrees well ) ! curr5t ideas z to ! =mation ( lactic acid f glucose "u ! influ5ce ( alkalis 7p4 #ii74 ,x po/ulates ! =mation z int]m$iate products ( no less ?an ?ree comp\nds conta9+ a *a9 ( ?ree c>bon atoms--glyc]aldehyde1 me?ylglyoxal1 & lactic acid4 ,,! ,,lactic ,,acid ,,!ory ,,( ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation4 ,a practical int]e/ 0 giv5 to ^! v>i\s s*emes by ! fact t ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] adduc$ exp]im5tal evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t lactic acid is an int]m$iate product 9 ! =mation ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide f sug> by f]m5tation #aijd1 #aije1 #aijf1 #aiji4 ,^! obs]v]s prov$ by a s]ies ( v c>eful analyses t yea/-juice frequ5tly1 b n inv>iably1 conta9s small quantities ( lactic acid1 n exce$+ #jb p] c5t4 ,:5 yea/-juice is incubat$ alone or ) sug> ! am\nt ( lactic acid may ei!r increase or decrease4 ,moreov]1 lactic acid add$ to ! juice is sometimes dim9i%$ & sometimes increas$ 9 quantity4 ,on ! :ole x appe>s t ! addition ( a consid]able quantity ( sug> or ( "s lactic acid fav\rs ! disappe>ance ( lactic acid4 ,juices ( l[ f]m5t+ p[] produce a dim9ution 9 ! lactic acid pres5t1 ^? ( high f]m5t+ p[] an increase4 ,9 all cases ! am\nts ( lactic acid ei!r produc$ or de/roy$ are v small 9 relation to ! volume ( ! yea/-juice employ$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! greate/ increase am\nt$ to #jdg p] c5t4 on ! juice employ$1 & ! greate/ decrease to #jc p] c5t4 ,see also ,opp5heim]1 #aiad1 #a4 ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] at "o "t reg>d$ ^! facts z /rong evid5ce t lactic acid is an int]m$iate product ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,x 0 ?\ght probable t ! production ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide f sug> occurr$ 9 at lea/ two /ages & "u ! influ5ce ( two di/9ct enzymes4 ,! fir/ /age consi/$ 9 ! conv]sion ( sug> into lactic acid1 & = ! enzyme :i* br\ght ab\t ?is decomposition 0 res]v$ ! "n zymase or yea/-zymase4 ,! lactic acid 0 !n brok5 d[n into alcohol & c>bon dioxide by ! second enzyme1 lactacidase4 ,?is !ory1 :i* is q 9 h>mony ) ! curr5t ideas z to ! mode ( decomposition ( sug>s by alkalis1 & is also consi/5t ) ,wohl's s*eme ( reactions1 is op5 to adv]se criticism f sev]al po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is noticeable t ! total am\nt ( lactic acid us$ up by ! juice is extremely small1 ev5 p#ajc 9 ! mo/ fav\rable cases1 relatively to ! am\nt ( ! juice ,h>d51 #aije1 & x may be add$ to ! sug>-f]m5t+ p[] ( ! juice4 ,moreov]1 z po9t$ out by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] !mselves #aiji1 no pro( is af=d$ t ! lactic acid :i* disappe>s is conv]t$ into alcohol & c>bon dioxide4 ,x is n ev5 c]ta91 al?\gh d\btless probable1 t ! lactic acid :i* occurs or is produc$ 9 ! juice is really d]iv$ f sug>4 ,! mo/ weighty criticism ( ! !ory is t ( ,slator #aijf1 #aijg2 #aijh1 #a1 #b1 :i* is bas$ on ! consid]ation t if lactic acid be an int]m$iate product ( alcoholic f]m5tation ! reaction by :i* x is f]m5t$ mu/ proce$ at lea/ z rapidly z t by :i* x is =m$1 9 ord] to prev5t accumulation ( lactic acid4 ,! f]m5tation ( lactic acid by yea/ %\ld !re=e proce$ at lea/ z rapidly z t ( glucose4 ,s f> is t f be+ ! case t x has be5 exp]im5tally demon/rat$ t lactic acid is n f]m5t$ at all by liv+ yea/4 ,?is conclusion 0 r5d]$ extremely probable by ,slator1 :o %[$ t lactic acid1 ev5 9 conc5trations insuffici5t to prev5t ! f]m5tation ( glucose1 is n f]m5t$ to any consid]able ext5t4 ,! f9al pro( t lactic acid is nei!r =m$ nor f]m5t$ by pure yea/ has be5 br\ght by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] 9 a s]ies ( v c>eful quantitative exp]im5ts c>ri$ out ) a pure yea/ & ) /rict precautions aga9/ bact]ial contam9ation #aiji1 #aiaj4 ,at fir/ sight ?is fact appe>s decisive aga9/ ! validity ( ! lactic acid !ory1 & x is recognis$ z su* by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]4 ,wohl has1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ t ! non-f]m5tability ( lactic acid by yea/ is n really conclusive #aijg1 #a2 see also ,franz5 & ,/eppuhn1 #aiab1 #a4 ,! production ( lactic acid f glucose is att5d$ by ! evolution ( a consid]able am\nt ( heat 7#bb cal471 & x is possible t at ! mom5t ( production ! molecule ( ! acid is 9 a condition ( activity correspond+ ) a mu* high] temp]ature ?an ! av]age temp]ature ( ! f]m5t+ liquid4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! molecule w\ld be mu* m susceptible ( *emical *ange ?an at a lat] p]iod :5 temp]ature equilibrium _h be5 atta9$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 po9t$ out by ,tafel #aijg1 t su* a decomposition ( ! lactic acid w\ld occur at ! v in/ant ( =mation ( ! molecule1 s t no gr\nd rema9s ev5 on ?is view = assum+ ! actual exi/5ce ( lactic acid z a def9ite int]m$iate product4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ by ,lu!r #aijg t an unkn[n isom]ide ( lactic acid is =m$ z an int]m$iate product & f]m5t$1 & t traces ( lactic p#ajd acid are =m$ by a second>y reaction f ?is1 b no satisfactory evid5ce = ?is view is =?com+4 ,!re /ill rema9s a d\bt z to :e!r ! liv+ yea/-cell is p]meable to lactic acid1 a fact :i* w\ld ( c\rse af=d a v simple explanation ( ! non-f]m5tability ( ! acid4 ,ap>t f ?is1 h[ev]1 x is difficult1 9 face ( ! evid5ce j quot$1 to believe t lactic acid is 9 reality an int]m$iate product 9 alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,,me?ylglyoxal1 ,,dihydroxyacetone ,,& ,,glyc]aldehyde4 ,z reg>ds ! f]m5tability by yea/ ( comp\nds conta9+ ?ree c>bon atoms1 :i* may possibly appe> z int]m$iate products 9 ! trans=mation ( sug> into c>bon dioxide & alcohol1 _m exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out1 ) some:at unc]ta9 results4 ,c>e has to be tak5 t ! sub/ance to be te/$ is n add$ 9 su* quantity z to inhibit ! f]m5t+ p[] ( ! yea/ or yea/-juice1 & fur!r t ! conditions are su* t ! sub/ance 9 "q1 (t5 ( a v un/able nature1 is n conv]t$ by "s *emical *ange into a diff]5t f]m5table comp\nd4 ,x is also possible t ! sub/ance to be te/$ may accel]ate ! rate ( aut(]m5tation 9 a simil> mann] to ars5ates 7pp4 #hj1 #abf7 & _m o!r sub/ances4 ,^! are all po9ts :i* h n up to ! pres5t receiv$ suffici5t att5tion4 ,9 ! case ( liv+ yea/ ! fur!r "q arises ( ! p]meability ( ! cell4 ,me?ylglyoxal1 ,,*#c;,,co,,*o1 has be5 te/$ by ,may] #aijg & ,wohl #aijg1 #b ) yea/1 & by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] bo? ) acetone-yea/ #aijf & yea/-juice #aiaj1 9 e case ) negative results1 b x may be not$ t ! conc5tration employ$ 9 ! la/ m5tion$ ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 su* z consid]ably to dim9i% ! aut(]m5tation ( ! juice4 ,glyc]aldehyde1 ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*o1 0 also te/$ ) yea/ ) negative results by ,wohl #ahih & by ,emm]l+ #ahii1 :o employ$ a numb] ( diff]5t yea/s4 ,! same negative result att5d$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,piloty #ahig & ,emm]l+ #ahii ) pure dihydroxyacetone4 ,fis*] & ,tafel #ahhh1 #ahhi1 h[ev]1 _h previ\sly f\nd t glyc]ose1 a mixture ( glyc]aldehyde & dihydroxyacetone prep>$ by ! oxidation ( glyc]ol1 0 readily f]m5t$ by yea/1 agree+ 9 ?is respect ) ! /ill old] obs]vations ( ,van ,de5 & ( ,grimaux4 ,! reason = ?is div]sity ( result has n be5 def9itely asc]ta9$1 b x has be5 suppos$ by ,emm]l+ to lie 9 ! =mation ( "s f]m5table sug> f p#aje glyc]ose :5 ! latt] is subject$ to too high a temp]ature dur+ its prep>ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,b]tr& #aijd succe$$ 9 f]m5t+ pure dihydroxyacetone by treat+ a solution ( #a gram 9 #cj c4c4 ( liquid ) a small quantity ( yea/ = t5 days at #cj1 ! be/ result be+ a f]m5tation ( #be p] c5t4 ( ! sub/ance tak54 ,moreov]1 ,boys5-,j5s5 #aijh1 #aiaj1 #aiad /ates t he has also obs]v$ bo? ! =mation f glucose & ! f]m5tation ( ?is sub/ance by liv+ yea/1 b ! am\nts ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide produc$ 7 s m9ute & ! evid5ce = ! production ( dihydroxyacetone s inconclusive t ! exp]im5ts _c be reg>d$ z 9 any way decisive see ,*ick1 #aiab2 ,eul] & ,fodor1 #aiaa2 ,k>aus*an(f1 #aiaa2 ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]1 #aiab4 ,a c>eful inve/igation by ,bu*n] #aiaj & ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aiaj has l$ !m to ! conclusion t bo? glyc]aldehyde & dihydroxyacetone are f]m5table4 ,glyc]aldehyde ex]ts a p[]ful inhibit+ action bo? on yea/ & yea/-juice1 & 0 only f\nd to give rise to a v limit$ am\nt ( c>bon dioxide1 quantities ( #jae to #jjbe gram be+ treat$ ) #a gram ( yea/ or #e c4c4 ( yea/-juice & a production ( #d to #ab c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide be+ atta9$4 ,:5 #ja gram ( dihydroxyacetone 9 #e c4c4 ( wat] 0 br\ght 9 contact ) #a gram ( liv+ yea/1 ab\t half 0 f]m5t$1 #ag c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide 7at #bj & #fjj mm47 be+ evolv$ 9 excess ( ! aut(]m5tation ( ! yea/ 7#ac c4c474 ,a mu* great] effect 0 obta9$ by ! aid ( yea/-juice1 & ! rem>kable obs]vation 0 made t :il/ yea/-juice alone produc$ comp>atively little action a mixture ( yea/-juice & boil$ yea/-juice 0 mu* m effective1 quantities ( #bj to #ej c4c4 ( yea/-juice mix$ ) an equal volume ( boil$ juice1 :i* 9 "s exp]im5ts 0 conc5trat$1 yield+ ) #jd1 #a1 & #b grams ( dihydroxyacetone almo/ ! !oretical am\nt ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol 9 excess ( t evolv$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is sub/ance4 ,x 0 fur!r obs]v$ t ! f]m5tation ( ?is sub/ance comm5c$ mu* m sl[ly ?an t ( glucose4 ,no explanation ( ei!r ( ^! facts has at pres5t be5 (f]$4 ,! conclusion drawn f _! exp]im5ts by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] t dihydroxyacetone is readily f]m5table1 0 confirm$ by ,leb$eff #aiaa1 #a1 :o fur!r made ! important obs]vation t dur+ ! f]m5tation ( dihydroxyacetone ! same hexosephosphoric acid is produc$ z is =m$ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! hexoses4 ,leb$eff accord+ly prop\nd$ a s*eme ( alcoholic f]m5tation accord+ to :i* ! hexose p#ajf 0 fir/ conv]t$ into two molecules ( triose1 ! latt] be+ fir/ e/]ifi$ to triosephosphoric acid & !n cond5s$ to hexos$iphosphoric acid1 :i* !n und]w5t f]m5tation1 aft] be+ hydrolys$ to phosphoric acid1 & "s unid5tifi$ sub/ance1 probably an un/able modification ( a hexose1 mu* m readily attack$ by an appropriate enzyme ?an ! orig9al glucose or fructose #aiaa1 #a1 pp4 #bida-b4 ,! idea t ! sug> is fir/ conv]t$ into triose & ?is into triosemonophosphoric acid _h be5 previ\sly sugge/$ by ,iwan(f :o po/ulat$ ! ag5cy ( a special enzyme t]m$ _/syn!ase_/ #aiji1 #a1 & suppos$ t ?is triosemonophosphoric acid 0 !n directly f]m5t$ to alcohol1 c>bon dioxide & phosphoric acid4 ,accord+ bo? to ,iwan(f & ,leb$eff ! phosphoric e/] is an int]m$iate product & its decomposition provides ?is sole s\rce ( c>bon dioxide & alcohol4 ,?is is q inconsi/5t ) ! facts rec\nt$ above 7,*ap4 ,,iii71 :i* prove t ! =mation ( ! hexosephosphate is _/accompani$_/ by an am\nt ( alcoholic f]m5tation exactly equival5t to ! quantity ( hexosephosphate produc$1 & t ! rate ( f]m5tation rapidly falls z soon z ! free phosphate has disappe>$1 9 spite ( ! fact t at t mom5t ! conc5tration ( ! hexosephosphate is at its highe/1 :]eas accord+ to ,iwan(f's !ory x is precisely "u ^! conditions t ! maximum rate ( f]m5tation %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,x has also be5 %[n t ! argum5ts adduc$ by ,iwan(f 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( 8 syn!ase are n valid ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiaj1 #a4 ,! f]m5tation ( dihydroxyacetone 0 moreov] prov$ by ,h>d5 & ,"y #aiab to be effect$ by yea/-juice & mac]ation extract at a mu* sl[] rate ?an t ( ! sug>s1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! addition ( dihydroxyacetone did n inhibit ! sug> f]m5tation4 ,! same ?+ has be5 %[n = liv+ yea/ by ,slator #aiab 9 agreem5t ) ! e>li] results ( ,bu*n] #aiaj & ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] #aiaj4 ,! logical conclusion f ,leb$eff's exp]im5ts w\ld appe> r to be t dihydroxyacetone is sl[ly cond5s$ to a hexose & t ?is is !n f]m5t$ 9 ! normal mann] ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiab2 ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]1 #aiab2 ,ko/yts*eff1 #aiab1 #b4 ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]1 h[ev]1 reg>d ?is z improbable on ! gr\nd t dihydroxyacetone1 be+ symmetric 9 con/itution1 w\ld yield an inactive hexose ( :i* only at mo/ #ej p] c5t4 w\ld be f]m5table4 ,aga9/ ?is x may be urg$1 h[ev]1 p#ajg t enzymic cond5sation ( dihydroxyacetone might v probably occur asymmetrically yield+ an active & completely f]m5table hexose4 ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]1 h[ev]1 /ill support ! view t dihydroxyacetone =ms an int]m$iate /age 9 ! f]m5tation ( glucose & adduce z confirmatory evid5ce ( ! probability ( su* a *ange ! obs]vation ( ,f]nba* #aiaj t ?is comp\nd is produc$ f glucose by a bacillus1 ,tyro?rix t5uis1 :i* effects ! *ange bo? :5 liv+ & aft] treatm5t ) acetone4 ,! balance ( evid5ce1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t dihydroxyacetone does n fulfil ! conditions laid d[n by ,slator 7see p4 #ajc7 z ess5tial = an int]m$iate product 9 ! process ( f]m5tation see also ,lb1 #aiaj4 ,leb$eff subsequ5tly #aiab1 #d2 ,leb$eff & ,griazn(f1 #aiab ext5d$ 8 exp]im5ts to glyc]aldehyde & modifi$ 8 !ory v consid]ably4 ,us+ mac]ation extract x 0 f\nd 9 g5]al agreem5t ) ! results ( ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] 7p4 #aje7 t #bj c4c4 ( juice 7 capable ( produc+ ab\t half ! !oretical am\nt ( c>bon dioxide f #jb gram ( glyc]aldehyde1 :]eas #jd gram caus$ coagulation ( ! extract & a dim9i%$ evolution ( c>bon dioxide4 ,! addition ( phosphate dim9i%$ r ?an increas$ ! f]m5tation4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\rable conc5tration h[ev] 7#jb gram p] #bj c4c47 ! glyc]aldehyde is f]m5t$ mu* m sl[ly ?an dihydroxyacetone or sac*>ose1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ figures3-- #bj c4c4 ,extract ,,co#b 9 grams 9 ,duration ,total #jb gram4 successive p]iods ( ( f]m5- ,,co#b4 #f h\rs4#ah h\rs4#bd h\rs4 tation4 ,cane sug> #jjej #jjjj #jjjj #f #jje ,dihydroxyacetone #jjdb #jjjj #jjjj #f #jjdb ,glyc]aldehyde #jjjh #jjbb #jjje #dh #jjce ,fur!r1 dur+ an exp]im5t 9 :i* #jabi gram ( ,,co#b 0 evolv$ 9 #bbe h\rs f #ji gram ( glyc]aldehyde 9 pres5ce ( phosphate1 no *ange 9 free phosphate 0 obs]v$1 :]eas 9 a simil> exp]im5t ) glucose a loss ( ab\t #jb gram ( ,p#b,o#e w\ld h occurr$4 ,h5ce ! f]m5tation takes place )\t =mation ( hexos$iphosphate4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by ! fact t ! osazone ( hexosephosphoric acid 0 readily isolat$ f ! products ( f]m5tation ( dihydroxyacetone 7#jbei gram ( ,,co#b hav+ be5 evolv$ 9 tw5ty h\rs7 b c\ld n be obta9$ f ^? ( glyc]aldehyde 7#jach gram ,,co#b 9 tw5ty h\rs74 p#ajh ,?is result is extremely int]e/+1 al?\gh x is n impossible t ! rate ( f]m5tation ( ! glyc]aldehyde is s sl[ t any phosphoric e/] produc$ is hydrolys$ z rapidly z x is =m$4 ,leb$eff reg>ds ! exp]im5ts z pro( t phosphate takes no "p 9 ! f]m5tation ( glyc]aldehyde & bases on ?is conclusion & 8 o!r "w ! foll[+ !ory ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 #a4 ,! sug> is split up into equimolecul> proportions ( glyc]aldehyde & dihydroxyacetone3-- 7a7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f ,c#c;,h#f,o#c ,c#c;,h#f,o#c4 #b4 ,! dihydroxyacetone !n passes ?r\gh ! /ages previ\sly po/ulat$ 7p4 #ajf74 7b7 #d ,c#c;,h#f,o#c #d ,r#b;,,hpo#d #d ,c#c;,h#e,o#b,,po#d,r#b #d ,h#b,o4 7c7 #d ,c#c;,h#e,o#b,,po#d,r#b #b ,c#f;,h#aj,o#d7,r#b,,po#d7b4 7d7 #b ,c#f;,h#aj,o#d7,r#b,,po#d7b #d ,h#b,o #b ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #d ,r#b;,,hpo#d4 ,aft] :i* ! hexose1 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f re-ent]s ! cycle at 7a74 #c4 ,! f]m5tation ( ! glyc]aldehyde occurs accord+ to ! s*eme develop$ by ,ko/yts*eff 7p4 #aji71 pyruvic acid be+ =m$ along ) hydrog5 & !n decompos$ into c>bon dioxide & acetaldehyde1 :i* is r$uc$ by ! hydrog54 ,leb$eff1 h[ev]1 sugge/s #aiad1 #a1 #b t glyc]ic acid is fir/ =m$ 7#a7 & !n conv]t$ by an enzyme1 :i* he t]ms _/dehydratase_/ into pyruvic acid 7#b73-- 7#a7 ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*o ,h#b,o ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7#b ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7#b ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,cooh #b;,h 7#b7 ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,cooh ,,*#c;,,co,,cooh ,h#b,o4 ,! exp]im5tal basis = ?is idea is ! fact t glyc]ic acid is f]m5t$ by dri$ yea/ & mac]ation juice comp>e ,neub]g & ,tir1 #aiaa4 ,?is s*eme has ! m]it ( recognis+ ! fact t ! c>bon dioxide does n :olly arise f ! products ( decomposition ( hexosephosphate1 nor f its direct f]m5tation4 ,! function assign$ to ! phosphate is t ( remov+ dihydroxyacetone & ?us prev5t+ x f inhibit+ fur!r conv]sion ( hexose into triose1 accord+ to ! rev]sible reaction ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b ,c#c;,h#f,o#c4 ,?is h[ev] appe>s to be q inadequate1 s9ce1 on ! "o h&1 ! f]m5tation ( glucose proce$s q freely 9 pres5ce ( z mu* z #e grams p] #ajj c4c4 ( dihydroxyacetone ,h>d5 & ,"y1 #aiab1 & on ! o!r h& alcoholic f]m5tation appe>s n to proce$ at all 9 ! abs5ce ( phosphate 7see p4 #ee74 ,?is =ms ! *ief objection to ! !ory 9 its pres5t =m4 ,! sl[ rate at :i* p#aji glyc]aldehyde is f]m5t$ also af=ds an argum5t aga9/ ! validity ( ,leb$eff's view1 b ?is may possibly be acc\nt$ = to "s ext5t by ! fact t glyc]aldehyde is a /rong inhibit+ ag5t s t x might be m rapidly f]m5t$ if add$ 9 a m dilute condition4 ,! unf]m5t$ glyc]aldehyde _c be recov]$ f ! solution & no?+ is kn[n z to its fate except t x readily gives rise bo? to lactic acid & glyc]ol ,opp5heim]1 #aiad1 #a1 #b4 ,evid5tly ! reaction betwe5 glyc]aldehyde & yea/-juice is by no means a simple "o4 ,,! ,,pyruvic ,,acid ,,!ory4 ,! ?ird /age ( ,leb$eff's !ory po/ulates ! int]m$iate =mation ( pyruvic acid4 ,?is idea imm$iately sugge/$ itself :5 x became kn[n t yea/ 0 capable ( rapidly decompos+ _/a_/-ketonic acids ) evolution ( c>bon dioxide see ,neubau] & ,fromh]z1 #aiaa1 p4 #cej2 ,neub]g & ,k]b1 #aiab1 #d2 ,ko/yts*eff1 #aiab1 #b4 ,?is s*eme has be5 diff]5tly elaborat$ by diff]5t work]s4 ,accord+ to ,ko/yts*eff x involves 7#a7 ! production ( pyruvic acid f ! hexoses1 a process accompani$ by loss ( hydrog52 7#b7 ! decomposition ( pyruvic acid into acetaldehyde & c>bon dioxide2 & 7#c7 ! r$uction ( ! acetaldehyde to e?yl alcohol4 7#a7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b;,,*#c;,,co,,cooh #d;,h4 7#b7 #b;,,*#c;,,co,,cooh #b;,,*#c;,,*o #b;,,co#b4 7#c7 #b;,,*#c;,,*o #d;,h #b;,,*#c;,,*#b,,oh4 #a4 ,z reg>ds ! production ( pyruvic acid f ! hexoses by yea/1 ! only direct evid5ce is af=d$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,f]nba* & ,s*o5 #aiac :o h obta9$ a calcium salt hav+ ! qualitative prop]ties ( a pyruvate by c>ry+ out alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/ 9 pres5ce ( calcium c>bonate1 b h n yet def9itely settl$ ei!r ! id5tity ( ! acid or its orig9 f sug>4 ,pyruvic acid is1 h[ev]1 v closely relat$ to sev]al sub/ances :i* are intimately connect$ bo? *emically & bio*emically ) ! hexoses4 ,?us lactic acid is its r$uction product1 ,,*#c;,,co,,cooh ,,*#c;,,*7,,oh7,,cooh1 #b;,h glyc]aldehyde c readily be conv]t$ into x by oxidation to glyc]ic acid foll[$ by ab/raction ( wat] 7,erl5mey]71 p#aaj ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*o ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,cooh ,,*#c;,,co,,cooh1 ,o ,h#b,o & f9ally me?ylglyoxal ,,*#c;,,co,,*o is its aldehyde4 #b4 ,! decomposition ( pyruvic acid into acetaldehyde & c>bon dioxide has already be5 fully discuss$ 7,*apt] ,,vi74 ,! univ]sality ( ! enzyme c>boxylase 9 yea/s & ! rapidity ( its action on pyruvic acid =m ! /ronge/ evid5ce at pres5t available 9 fav\r ( ! pyruvic acid !ory4 ,giv5 ! pyruvic acid1 !re is no d\bt t yea/ is provid$ ) a me*anism capable ( decompos+ x at ! same rate z an equival5t am\nt ( sug>4 #c4 ,! f9al /ep po/ulat$ by ! pyruvic acid !ory is ! quantitative r$uction to e?yl alcohol ( ! acetaldehyde =m$ f ! pyruvic acid4 ,! idea t acetaldehyde is an int]m$iate product 9 ! v>i\s f]m5tations ( sug> has frequ5tly be5 ent]ta9$ ,magnus ,levy1 #aijb2 ,lea!s1 #aijf2 ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]1 #aijh2 ,h>d5 & ,norris1 ,d41 #aiab al?\gh no v def9ite exp]im5tal f\ndation exi/s = ! belief4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a well-kn[n fact t traces ( acetaldehyde are inv>iably =m$ dur+ alcoholic f]m5tation see ,a%d[n & ,hewitt1 #aiaj1 & ?is is ( c\rse consi/5t ) ! occurr5ce ( acetaldehyde z an int]m$iate product4 ,important evid5ce z to ! specific capability ( yea/ to r$uce acetaldehyde to alcohol has be5 obta9$ by sev]al work]s4 ,?us ,ko/yts*eff #aiab1 #c2 ,ko/yts*eff & ,hbb5et1 #aiac f\nd t press$ yea/1 dri$ yea/ & zym9 all r$uc$ acetaldehyde to alcohol1 #ej grams ( yea/ 9 #aj h\rs produc+ f #ffj mg4 ( aldehyde #bfe mg4 ( alcohol 9 excess ( ! am\nt produc$ by aut(]m5tation 9 abs5ce ( add$ aldehyde4 ,mac]ation extract 0 f\nd to r$uce bo? 9 abs5ce & 9 pres5ce ( sug>1 :]eas ,leb$eff & ,griazn(f #aiab obta9$ no r$uction 9 pres5ce ( sug>1 & obs]v$ t ! p[] ( r$uction 0 lo/ by ! extract on dige/ion1 a circum/ance :i* sugge/s ! co-op]ation ( a co-enzyme 9 ! process4 ,neub]g & ,k]b #aiab1 #d2 #aiac1 #a h also be5 able to %[ by l>ge scale exp]im5ts t alcohol is produc$ 9 consid]able quantity by ! f]m5tation ( pyruvic acid by liv+ yea/ 9 abs5ce ( sug> & t ! yield is increas$ by ! pres5ce ( glyc]ol4 ,:5 treat$ ) #bb kilos1 ( yea/1 #a kilo1 ( pyruvic acid yield$ #bda grams ( alcohol 9 excess ( t giv5 by ! yea/ alone1 :il/ 9 pres5ce ( glyc]ol ! am\nt 0 #cfj grams1 ! am\nt !oretically obta9able be+ #ebc grams4 ,! function ( ! glyc]ol is n und]/ood b is probably t ( less5+ ! rate ( de/ruction ( ! yea/ enzymes4 p#aaa ,t yea/ possesses p[]ful r$uc+ prop]ties has long be5 kn[n & _m inve/igations h be5 made z to ! relation ( ^! prop]ties to ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,?us ,hahn 7,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 p4 #cdc7 f\nd t ! p[] ( r$uc+ me?yl5e blue 0 possess$ bo? by yea/ & zym9 & on ! :ole ran p>allel to ! f]m5t+ p[] 9 ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! int]v5tion ( a r$uc+ enzyme 0 sugge/$ by ,grss #aijd1 #aijh1 #a1 #b & 0 support$ by ,pallad9 #aijh4 ,! latt] obs]v$ t zym9 :i* r$uces sodium sel5ite & me?yl5e blue 9 abs5ce ( sug> almo/ ceases to d s 9 pres5ce ( a f]m5table sug>1 & conclud$ t ! great dim9ution ( r$uction dur+ f]m5tation 0 due to ! fact t ! r$uc+ enzyme 0 l>gely comb9$ ) a diff]5t sub/rate aris+ f ! sug>1 ! r$uction ( :i* 0 necess>y = alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,grss1 h[ev]1 f\nd t ) liv+ yea/ ! r$uction is greatly increas$ 9 pres5ce ( a f]m5table sug>1 :ile ,h>d5 & ,norris1 ,r4 ,v4 #aiad confirm$ ! obs]vation ( ,grss1 b f\nd t ! r$uc+ p[] ( zym9 is n s]i\sly affect$ by ! pres5ce ( a f]m5table sug> 9 conc5tration less !n #bj grams p] #ajj c4c41 :il/ its f]m5t+ p[] = glucose is inhibit$ by #a p] c5t4 sodium sel5ite4 ,h5ce ,pallad9's conclusion _c be reg>d$ z prov$4 ,int]e/+ attempts h be5 made by ,ko/yts*eff & lat] by ,lv(f to obta9 evid5ce ( ! p>ticipation ( a r$uctase 9 alcoholic f]m5tation by add+ "s sub/ance :i* w\ld be capable ei!r ( tak+ up hydrog5 & ?us prev5t+ ! r$uction ( ! acetaldehyde or ( conv]t+ ! aldehyde into "s comp\nd less liable to r$uction4 ,ko/yts*eff #aiab1 #a2 #aiac1 #a1 #b2 #aiad2 ,ko/yts*eff & ,hbb5et1 #aiac2 ,ko/yts*eff & ,s*el\m(f1 #aiac2 ,ko/yts*eff & ,brilliant1 #aiac has exam9$ ! effect ( ! addition ( z9c *loride1 *os5 ) ! idea t x might polym]ise ! aldehyde & ?us remove x f ! sph]e ( action4 ,z po9t$ out by ,neub]g & ,k]b #aiab1 #a ?is action is n v probable1 & x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd ,ko/yts*eff & ,s*el\m(f1 #aiac t ! effect ( add$ z9c salts 0 m probably specifically due to ! z9c ion4 ,f]m5tation ( sug> by dri$ yea/ /ill proce$s :5 #jf gram ( ,zn,cl#b is add$ to #aj grams ( ! yea/ & #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 :]eas x ceases 9 ! pres5ce ( #ab gram ( ,zn,cl#b4 ,ev5 ! addition ( #jjge gram h[ev] greatly dim9i%es ! rate ( f]m5tation & ! total am\nt ( sug> decompos$4 ,! mo/ notewor?y effect is t ! production ( acetaldehyde is increas$ bo? 9 aut(]m5tation & p#aab 9 sug> f]m5tation4 ,! c\rse ( ! reaction is fur!r modifi$ 9 ! s5se t ! p]c5tage ( sug> us$ up :i* c be acc\nt$ = 9 ! products decreases1 9 o!r words ! disappe>+ sug> 7p4 #ca7 increases4 ,9 long cont9u$ f]m5tations moreov] & p>ticul>ly ) high conc5trations ( z9c *loride less alcohol is produc$ ?an is equival5t to ! c>bon dioxide evolv$4 ,! int]pretation ( ^! results is difficult4 ,ko/yts*eff takes !m to mean 7#a7 t ! z9c salt modifies "o /age ( ! reaction s t a high] conc5tration ( int]m$iate products is obta9$1 & 7#b7 t ! c>bon dioxide & alcohol mu/ be produc$ at diff]5t /ages or _! ratio1 9 ! abs5ce ( second>y *anges1 w\ld be unalt]able4 ,alt]native int]pretations are1 h[ev]1 by no means exclud$4 ,?us ,neub]g & ,k]b #aiab1 #a2 #aiac1 #b d n reg>d x z conclusively prov$ t ! aldehyde really arises f ! sug> s9ce !y h obs]v$ its production 9 mac]ation extract free f aut(]m5tation4 ,! me?od us$ by ,ko/yts*eff = ! sep>ation ( alcohol & aldehyde 7treatm5t ) bisulphite7 has also prov$ unsatisfactory 9 _! h&s & ! results obta9$ z to ! r$uction ( acetaldehyde by yea/1 etc41 are n accept$4 ,!y also consid] t 9 any case ! small am\nts produc$ 7less ?an #jb p] c5t4 ( ! sug> us$7 w\ld n af=d conv9c+ evid5ce t ! aldehyde is an int]m$iate product1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t no l>ge accumulation ( an int]m$iate product c\ld be reasonably expect$4 ,x may also be po9t$ out t ! increase 9 disappe>+ sug> may be simply due to ! fact t 9 ! controls ! :ole ( ! sug> 0 f]m5t$1 s t any polysac*>ide =m$ at an e>li] /age w\ld h be5 hydrolys$ & f]m5t$1 :]eas 9 ! pres5ce ( z9c *loride excess ( sug> 0 pres5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole exp]im5t4 ,lv(f #aiac1 #a1 #b1 #c has made quantitative exp]im5ts on ! effect ( me?yl5e blue bo? on ! sug> f]m5tation & aut(]m5tation ( dri$ yea/ & mac]ation extract4 ,9 pres5ce ( sug> ! me?yl5e blue causes a decrease 9 ! ext5t ( f]m5tation1 ! diff]5ce dur+ ! "t requir$ = r$uction ( ! me?yl5e blue be+ repres5t$ by an am\nt ( glucose equimolecul> to ! latt]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( sug> on ! o!r h& an excess ( c>bon dioxide equimolecul> to ! me?yl5e blue is evolv$ b no correspond+ increase 9 ! alcohol production occurs4 ,! effect ( me?yl5e blue is evid5tly complex & x is impossible at pres5t to say :e!r ,lv(f's cont5tion is correct t ! me?yl5e blue actually p#aac int]f]es ) ! f]m5tation by tak+ up hydrog5 7#b atoms p] molecule ( glucose7 de/9$ = ! subsequ5t r$uction ( "s int]m$iate product or :e!r ! effect is "o ( g5]al depression ( ! f]m5t+ p[] :i* w\ld be presumably proportional to ! conc5tration ( me?yl5e blue & inv]sely proportional to t ( ! f]m5t+ complex see ,h>d5 & ,norris1 ,r4 ,v41 #aiad4 ,9 any case x w be notic$ t ,lv(f s int]pretation ( ! results is at v>iance ) ! requirem5ts ( ,ko/yts*eff's !ory 7p4 #aji7 accord+ to :i* #d atoms ( hydrog5 %\ld be giv5 (f by a molecule ( glucose4 ,ko/yts*eff #aiac1 #b2 ,ko/yts*eff & ,s*el\m(f1 #aiac has also obs]v$ a depression ( ! ext5t ( f]m5tation by me?yl5e blue )\t any s]i\s alt]ation 9 ! ratio ( ,,co#b to alcohol1 al?\gh an increase occurs 9 ! production ( acetaldehyde4 ,on ! :ole x _c be said t ! evid5ce ga!r$ f exp]im5ts on ! r$uction ( acetaldehyde & me?yl5e blue is v conv9c+4 ,all t is e/abli%$ beyond d\bt seems to be t yea/ possesses a r$uc+ me*anism = _m aldehydes see also 9 ?is connection ,l9tn] & ,lu]s1 #aiac2 ,l9tn] & von ,liebig1 #aiaa2 z well z ,neub]g & ,/e5bock1 #aiac1 #aiad & col\r+ matt]s4 ,?is me*anism appe>s to be capable ( activity 9 ! abs5ce ( sug> & x is to be suppos$ t 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,ba* #aiac ! necess>y hydrog5 is d]iv$ f wat] & t "s acceptor = ! oxyg5 simultane\sly lib]at$ is also pres5t4 ,!re seems h[ev] at ! mom5t to be no suffici5t reason to suppose t ?is mode ( r$uction is 9 any way alt]$ by ! pres5ce ( sug> & until ! production ( int]m$iate products equival5t to ! am\nt ( sub/ance r$uc$ is actually demon/rat$1 ! conclusions ( ^! work]s may be reg>d$ z n fully ju/ifi$4 ,neub]g & ,k]b #aiac1 #b !mselves t5tatively propose a complicat$ s*eme possess+ "s novel features accord+ to :i* me?ylglyoxal is ! />t+-po9t = ! lat] /ages ( ! *ange4 7_/a_/7 ,a small portion ( ?is is conv]t$ by a reaction :i* may be v>i\sly int]pret$ z a ,cannizz>o trans=mation or a r$uctase reaction into glyc]ol & pyruvic acid4 ,,*#b3;,c7,,oh7,,*o ,h#b,o ,h#b ,,*#b7,,oh7,,*7,,oh7,,*#b7,,oh7 glyc]ol ,,*#b3;,c7,,oh7,,*o ,o ,,*#b3;,c7,,oh7,,cooh ,pyruvic acid 7_/b_/7 ,! pyruvic acid is !n decompos$ by c>boxylase yield+ aldehyde & c>bon dioxide 7equation #b1 p4 #aji74 p#aad 7_/c_/7 ,! aldehyde & a molecule ( glyoxal !n und]go a ,cannizz>o reaction & yield alcohol & pyruvic acid1 ,,*#c;,,co,,*o ,o ,,*#c;,,co,,cooh ,,*#c;,,*o ,h#b ,,*#c;,,*#b7,,oh7 & ! latt] !n und]goes reaction 7_/b_/74 ,a small am\nt ( glyc]ol is ?us necess>ily =m$1 z is actually f\nd to be ! case4 ,! exp]im5tal f\ndation = /ages 7_/a_/7 & 7_/c_/7 w be await$ ) great int]e/1 z well z ! pro( t me?ylglyoxal is readily f]m5table 7see p4 #ajd74 ,,! ,,=mic ,,acid ,,!ory4 ,an int]e/+ int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation 0 attempt$ by ,s*ade #aijf bas$ ^u ! conception t glucose "u ! influ5ce ( catalytic ag5ts readily decomposes into acetaldehyde & =mic acid4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd t ! exp]im5tal evid5ce ^u :i* ?is conclusion 0 f\nd$ _h be5 wrongly int]pret$ ,bu*n]1 ,meis5heim]1 & ,s*ade1 #aijf2 ,s*ade1 #aijg1 b ,s*ade has succe$$ 9 devis+ an int]e/+ s]ies ( reactions by means ( :i* alcohol & c>bon dioxide c be obta9$ f sug> by ! successive action ( v>i\s cataly/s4 ,! foll[+ are ! /ages ( ?is s]ies3 7#a7 ,glucose1 fructose1 & mannose are conv]t$ by alkalis into lactic acid along ) o!r products4 7#b7 ,lactic acid :5 heat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid yields a mixture ( acetaldehyde & =mic acid3-- ,,*#c;,,*7,,oh7,,cooh ,,*#c;,,*o ,h,,cooh4 7#c7 ,x has long be5 kn[n t =mic acid is catalys$ by metallic rhodium at ! ord9>y temp]ature into hydrog5 & c>bon dioxide1 & ,s*ade has f\nd t :5 a mixture ( acetaldehyde & =mic acid is submitt$ to ! action ( rhodium ! acetaldehyde is r$uc$ to alcohol at ! exp5se ( ! hydrog5 & ! c>bon dioxide is evolv$3-- ,,*#c;,,*o ,h,,cooh ,,*#c;,,*#b7,,oh7 ,,co#b4 ,s*ade sugge/s #aijh t ! f]m5tation ( sug> may proce$ by a simil> s]ies ( reactions catalys$ by enzymes1 ! acetaldehyde & =mic acid be+ d]iv$ n f ! relatively /able lactic acid b m probably f a labile sub/ance capable ( und]go+ *ange ei!r into lactic acid or into aldehyde & =mic acid4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is !ory resembles ! pyruvic acid p#aae !ory 9 po/ulat+ ! imm$iate =mation ( acetaldehyde b diff]s f x by suppos+ t ! r$uction is effect$ at ! exp5se ( =mic acid produc$ at ! same "t4 ,! acetaldehyde "q has already be5 discuss$4 ,9 view ( ! fact t =mic acid is a regul> product ( ! action ( _m bact]ia on glucose see ,h>d51 #aija1 ,s*ade's !ory ( alcoholic f]m5tation may be said to be a possible int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,=mic acid is kn[n to be pres5t 9 small am\nts 9 f]m5t$ sug> solutions & ! actual behavi\r ( yea/ t[>ds ?is sub/ance has be5 inve/igat$ 9 "s detail by ,franz5 & ,/eppuhn #aiaa2 #aiab1 #a1 #b1 :o h obta9$ results /rongly rem9isc5t ( ^? obta9$ ) lactic acid by ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim] 7p4 #ajb74 ,_m yea/s :5 gr[n 9 pres5ce ( sodium =mate decompose a c]ta9 proportion ( x1 :]eas 9 abs5ce ( =mate !y actually produce a small am\nt ( =mic acid--! absolute quantities be+ usually ( ! ord] ( #jjjje gram molecule 7#jjbc gram7 p] #ajj c4c4 ( m$ium 9 #d to #e days4 ,only 9 ! case ( _/,s4 validus_/ did ! consumption ( =mic acid 9 #e days rea* #jjjag gram molecule 7#jjh gram74 ,some:at simil> b r small] results 7 giv5 by yea/-juice1 a small consumption ( =mic acid be+ usually obs]v$4 ,! possibility ?us exi/s t =mic acid may be an int]m$iate product ( alcoholic f]m5tation & ,franz5 argues /rongly 9 fav\r ( ?is view4 ,direct exp]im5t1 on ! o!r h&1 %[s t yea/-juice _c f]m5t a mixture ( acetaldehyde & =mic acid1 ev5 :5 ^! are gradually produc$ 9 molecul> proportions 9 ! liquid by ! sl[ hydrolysis ( a comp\nd ( ! two1 e?ylid5eoxy=mate1 ,,ohc,o,,*7,,*#c7,o,,*7,,*#c7,o,,*o1 ?is me?od be+ adopt$ to avoid ! inhibit+ effect ( free acetaldehyde & =mic acid ,bu*n] & ,meis5heim]1 #aiaj4 ,nor is ! r$uction ( acetaldehyde assi/$ by ! pres5ce ( =mate ,neub]g & ,k]b1 #aiab1 #d2 ,ko/yts*eff & ,hbb5et1 #aiab4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ,s*ade's !ory has be5 sugge/$ by ,a%d[n & ,hewitt #aiaj1 :o h f\nd t :5 brew]'s yea/ is cultivat$ 9 pres5ce ( sodium =mate ! yield ( aldehyde1 z a rule1 becomes less4 ,!y reg>d ! aldehyde z d]iv$ f alan9e1 ,,*#c;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh1 "o ( ! am9o-acids =m$ f ! prote9s by hydrolysis1 :i* is kn[n to be attack$ by yea/ 9 ! *>act]i/ic mann] 7p4 #hg71 =m+ alcohol1 c>bon dioxide1 & ammonia4 ,f]m5tation is suppos$ to proce$ 9 su* a way t ! sug> is fir/ decompos$ into two small] molecules1 ,c#c;,h#f,o#c p#aaf 7equation i71 & t ^! react ) =mamide to produce alan9e & =mic acid 7ii74 ,! alan9e !n ent]s into reaction ) =mic acid1 produc+ alcohol1 c>bon dioxide1 & =mamide 7iii73-- 7i7 ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b;,c#c;,h#f,o#c4 7ii7 ,c#c;,h#f,o#c ,h,,co,,nh#b ,,*#c;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,h,,cooh4 7iii7 ,,*#c;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,h,,cooh ,,*#c;,,*#b,,oh ,,co#b ,h,,co,,nh#b4 ,accord+ to ?is s*eme all ! sug> f]m5t$ passes ?r\gh ! =m ( alan9e1 & ! =mic acid acts along ) ! enzyme z cataly/1 pass+ into =mamide 9 reaction 7iii7 & be+ reg5]at$ 9 7ii74 ,! alan9e is 9 ! fir/ place d]iv$ f ! hydrolysis ( prote9s1 or possibly by ! reaction ( ! ,c#c;,h#f,o#c gr\p ) "o ( ! high] am9o-acids3-- ,c#c;,h#f,o#c ,cn,h#bn#a;,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh ,cn,h#bn#a;,,*#b,,oh ,,co#b ,,*7,,nh#b7;,,cooh4 ,!re is z little positive evid5ce = ?is c\rse ( ev5ts z = t po/ulat$ by ,s*ade1 & ! !ory suff]s f ! additional disability t ! *emical reactions involv$ h n be5 realis$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,direct exp]im5ts ) yea/-juice1 moreov]1 %[ t a mixture ( alan9e ) =mic acid or a =mate is n f]m5t$1 :il/ nei!r ! add$ mixture nor =mamide s]i\sly effects ! action ( ! juice on glucose4 ,,o!r ,,!ories4 ,among o!r sugge/ions may be m5tion$ t ( ,kohl #aiji :o ass]ts t sodium lactate is readily f]m5t$1 :il/ ,kuss](f #aiaj holds ! view t ! glucose is fir/ r$uc$ to sorbitol & ! latt] f]m5t$1 9 spite ( ! fact t sorbitol itself 9 ! free /ate is n f]m5t$ by yea/4 ,! rapid appe>ance & disappe>ance ( glycog5 9 ! yea/ cell at v>i\s /ages ( f]m5tation see ,pavy & ,bywat]s1 #aijg2 ,wag] & ,p5i/on1 #aiaj has l$ to ! sugge/ion ,grss1 #aijd2 ,kohl1 #aijg t ?is sub/ance is ( great importance 9 f]m5tation1 & repres5ts a /age ?r\gh :i* all ! sug> mu/ pass be=e be+ f]m5t$4 ,! fact t ! =mation ( glycog5 has be5 obs]v$ 9 yea/-juice by ,crem] #ahii1 & t complex c>bohydrates are also und\bt$ly =m$ 7p4 #ca71 are consi/5t ) ?is !ory4 ,! l[ rate ( aut(]m5tation ( liv+ yea/1 :i* is only a few p] c5t4 ( ! rate ( sug> f]m5tation1 r5d]s ?is supposition v improbable 7,slator71 z does ! fact t ! f]m5tation ( glycog5 by yea/-juice is usually sl[] ?an t ( glucose see also ,eul]1 #aiad4 ,an entirely diff]5t explanation ( ! *emical *anges att5dant on alcoholic f]m5tation has be5 sugge/$ by p#aag ,lb #aijf2 #aijh1 #a1 #b2 #aiji1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d2 #aiaj2 ,lb & ,pulv]ma*]1 #aiji1 f\nd$ on ! idea t ! v>i\s decompositions ( ! sug> molecule bo? by *emical & biological ag5ts are to be expla9$ by a rev]sal ( ! syn!sis ( sug> f =maldehyde4 ,z ! sug> molecule c be built up by ! cond5sation ( =maldehyde1 s x t5ds to break d[n aga9 into ?is sub/ance1 & ! products obs]v$ 9 any p>ticul> case are =m$ ei!r by p>tial depolym]isation 9 ?is s5se or by p>tial re-syn!sis foll[+ on depolym]isation4 ,lb has adduc$ _m /rik+ facts 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 & has %[n t v dilute alkalis produce no lactic acid b =maldehyde & a p5tose z prim>y products4 ,^! sub/ances repres5t ! fir/ /age ( depolym]isation & are also =m$ by ! electrolysis ( glucose4 ,lb has himself be5 unable to detect def9ite int]m$iate products ( f]m5tation by add+ reag5ts1 su* z anil9e1 ammonia1 & phlorogluc9ol1 :i* w\ld comb9e ) su* sub/ances & prev5t _! fur!r decomposition #aijf4 ,! occurr5ce ( traces ( =maldehyde z a product ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/-juice ,leb$eff1 #aijh is at lea/ consi/5t ) ?is !ory1 b no decisive evid5ce has s f> be5 obta9$ ei!r = or aga9/ x4 ,9 all ! =ego+ attempts to indicate ! probable /ages 9 ! production ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide f sug>1 a s+le molecule ( ! sug> =ms ! />t+-po9t4 ,! facts rec\nt$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii z to ! function ( phosphates 9 alcoholic f]m5tation1 :i* are summ$ up 9 ! equation3-- #b;,c#f;,h#ab,o#f #b,r#b;,,hpo#d #b;,,co#b #b;,c#b;,h#f,o #b;,h#b,o ,c#f;,h#aj,o#d7,,po#d,r#b7b1 r5d] x 9 ! highe/ degree probable t two molecules ( ! sug> are conc]n$4 ,! mo/ reasonable int]pretation ( ?is equation appe>s to be t 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphate & ( ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( enzyme & co-enzyme two molecules ( ! hexose1 or possibly ( ! enolic =m1 are ea* decompos$ prim>ily into two gr\ps4 ,( ! f\r gr\ps ?us produc$1 two g to =m alcohol & c>bon dioxide & ! o!r two are syn!sis$ to a new *a9 ( six c>bon atoms1 :i* =ms ! c>bohydrate residue ( ! hexosephosphate4 ,! introduction ( ! phosphoric acid gr\ps may possibly occur be=e ! rupture ( ! orig9al molecules1 & may ev5 be ! det]m9+ factor ( ?is rupture1 or aga9 ?is introduction may take place dur+ or aft] ! =mation ( ! new c>bon p#aah *a94 ,suffici5t in=mation is n yet available = ! exact =mulation ( a s*eme = ?is reaction4 ,su* a s*eme1 x may be not$1 w\ld n necess>ily be inconsi/5t ) ! views ( ,wohl & ( ,bu*n] z to ! way 9 :i* ! c>bon *a9 ( a hexose is brok5 9 ! process ( f]m5tation1 b w\ld int]pret diff]5tly ! subsequ5t *anges :i* are und]gone by ! simpl] gr\ps :i* are ! result ( ?is rupture4 ,! reaction might ?us proce$ )\t ! =mation ( def9ite int]m$iate products1 :il/ opportunity w\ld be af=d$ = ! production ( a small quantity ( by-products su* z =maldehyde1 glyc]ol1 lactic acid1 acetic acid1 etc41 by second>y reactions4 ,a symmetrical s*eme c readily be con/ruct$ = su* a *ange1 b mu* fur!r in=mation is requir$ be=e any decisive conclusion c be drawn z to ! precise c\rse ( ! reaction :i* actually occurs 9 alcoholic f]m5tation4 p#aai ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,f]m5tation4 ,! analysis ( ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/-juice & o!r prep>ations f yea/ :i* has be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s has %[n t ! ph5om5on is "o ( a v complex "*4 ,! pr9cipal sub/ances directly conc]n$ 9 ! *ange appe> to be ! enzyme & co-enzyme ( ! juice1 a second enzyme1 hexosephosphatase1 &1 9 addition1 sug>1 phosphate1 & ! hexosephosphate =m$ f ^!4 ,dur+ aut(]m5tation two o!r factors are involv$1 ! complex c>bohydrates ( ! juice1 includ+ glycog5 & dextr9s1 & ! dia/atic f]m5t by :i* ^! are conv]t$ into f]m5table sug>s4 ,x is also possible t ! supply ( free phosphate is p>tially provid$ by ! action ( proteocla/ic f]m5ts on phosphoprote9s4 ,"u special circum/ances ! rate at :i* f]m5tation proce$s may be controll$ by ! available am\nt ( any "o ( ^! num]\s sub/ances4 ,:5 ! juice f well-wa%$ yea/ is incubat$1 ! ph5om5on ( aut(]m5tation is obs]v$4 ,! juice conta9s an abundant supply ( enzyme1 co-enzyme1 & phosphate or hexosephosphate1 & 9 ?is case ! controll+ factor is usually ! supply ( sug>1 :i* is condition$ by ! conc5tration ( ! dia/atic enzyme or ( ! complex c>bohydrates z ! case may be4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! measur$ rate ( f]m5tation is ! rate at :i* sug> is be+ produc$ 9 ! juice1 ?is be+ ! sl[e/ ( ! v>i\s reactions :i* are proce$+ "u ^! circum/ances4 ,if sug> be n[ add$1 an entirely diff]5t /ate ( affairs is set up4 ,z soon z any accumulat$ phosphate has be5 conv]t$ into hexosephosphate1 ! normal rate ( f]m5tation :i* is usually high] ?an t ( aut(]m5tation is atta9$1 &1 provid$ t excess ( sug> be pres5t1 f]m5tation cont9ues = a consid]able p]iod at a sl[ly dim9i%+ rate & f9ally ceases4 ,dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ?is f]m5tation ! rate is controll$ entirely by ! supply ( free phosphate1 & ?is dep5ds ma9ly on ! conc5tration ( ! hexosephosphatase & ( ! hexosephosphate1 & only 9 a second>y degree on ! decomposition p#abj ( o!r phosphorus comp\nds by o!r enzymes & on ! conc5tration ( ! sug>4 ,! am\nt ( hexosephosphate 9 yea/-juice is usually su* t an increase 9 its conc5tration does n greatly affect ! rate ( f]m5tation1 & h5ce ! measur$ rate dur+ ?is p]iod repres5ts ! rate at :i* hexosephosphate is be+ decompos$1 & ?is 9 its turn dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( hexosephosphatase1 :i* is !re=e ! controll+ factor4 ,z f]m5tation proce$s1 ! conc5tration ( bo? enzyme & co-enzyme /eadily dim9i%es1 z already expla9$1 probably ow+ to ! action ( o!r enzymes1 s t at an advanc$ /age ( ! f]m5tation1 ! controll+ factor may be ! conc5tration ( ei!r ( ^!1 or ! product ( ! two conc5trations 7see p4 #abb74 ,! hexosephosphatase appe>s inv>iably to outla/ ! enzyme & co-enzyme4 ,! condition at any mom5t c\ld be det]m9$ exp]im5tally if x 7 possible to add enzyme1 co-enzyme & hexosephosphatase at w & s asc]ta9 :i* ( ^! produc$ an accel]ation ( ! rate4 ,un=tunately ?is c at pres5t be only v imp]fectly accompli%$1 ow+ to ! impossibility ( sep>at+ ^! sub/ances f ea* o!r & f accompany+ matt] :i* int]f]es ) ! int]pretation ( ! result4 ,a ?ird condition c also be e/abli%$ by add+ to ! f]m5t+ mixture ( ! juice & sug> a solution ( phosphate4 ,! supply ( phosphate is n[ almo/ indep5d5t ( ! action ( ! hexosephosphatase1 & ! measur$ rate repres5ts ! rate at :i* reaction 7#a71 p4 #ea1 c occur betwe5 sug> & phosphate 9 ! pres5ce ( ! f]m5t+ complex consi/+ ( enzyme & co-enzyme4 ,?is *ange is controll$1 s long z sug> & phosphate are pres5t 9 ! prop] am\nts1 by ! conc5tration ( ! f]m5t+ complex or possibly ( ei!r ! enzyme or ! co-enzyme4 ,if only a s+le addition ( a small quantity ( phosphate be made1 ! rate falls z soon z ! :ole ( ?is has be5 conv]t$ into hexosephosphate & ! reaction !n passes into ! /age j consid]$1 9 :i* ! rate is controll$ by ! production ( free phosphate4 ,al?\gh ^! v>y+ reactions h n yet be5 exhau/ively /udi$ f ! k9etic po9t ( view1 ow+ to ! exp]im5tal difficulties to :i* allusion has already be5 made1 inve/igations h nev]!less be5 c>ri$ out on ! effect ( ! v>iation ( conc5tration ( yea/-juice & zym9 z a :ole1 z well z ( ! c>bohydrate4 ,h]zog #aijb1 #aijd has made exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d ) zym91 & ,eul] #aije ) yea/-juice1 :il/ _m ( ! results p#aba obta9$ by ,bu*n] & by ,h>d5 & ,"y are also available4 ,! actual obs]vations made by ^! au?ors %[ t ! initial velocity ( f]m5tation is almo/ indep5d5t ( ! conc5tration ( sug> )9 c]ta9 limits1 b decreases sl[ly z ! conc5tration increases4 ,:5 ! velocity con/ant is calculat$ on ! assumption t ! reaction is monomolecul> see ,bayliss1 #aiad1 ,*ap4 ,,vi1 approximate con/ancy is f\nd = ! fir/ p]iod ( ! f]m5tation4 ,?is me?od ( deal+ ) ! results is1 h[ev]1 z po9t$ out by ,slator1 mislead+1 ! app>5t agreem5t ) ! law ( monomolecul> reactions be+ probably due to ! gradual de/ruction ( ! f]m5t+ complex4 ,exp]im5ts ) l[ conc5trations ( sug> are difficult to int]pret1 ! influ5ce ( ! hydrolysis ( glycog5 & ( dextr9s on ! "o h&1 & ! syn!sis ( sug> to m complex c>bohydrates on ! o!r 7p4 #ca71 hav+ a relatively great effect on ! conc5tration ( ! sug>4 ,unpubli%$ exp]im5ts 7,h>d5 & ,"y7 indicate1 h[ev]1 t ! velocity ( f]m5tation rema9s approximately con/ant1 until a c]ta9 v l[ limit ( sug> conc5tration is rea*$1 & !n falls rapidly4 ,! fall 9 rate1 h[ev]1 only cont9ues ov] a small int]val ( conc5tration1 aft] :i* ! velocity aga9 becomes approximately con/ant & equal to ! rate ( aut(]m5tation4 ,dur+ ?is la/ phase1 z already indicat$1 ! velocity is g5]ally controll$ by ! rate ( production ( sug> & no long] by t ( phosphate1 ?is sub/ance be+ n[ pres5t 9 excess4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rate ( f]m5tation ( sug> by yea/-juice & zym9 is n proportional to ! conc5tration ( ! sug> pres5t z requir$ by ! law ( mass1 b1 aft] a c]ta9 l[ limit ( sug> conc5tration1 is indep5d5t ( ?is & is actually slightly decreas$ by increase 9 ! conc5tration ( ! sug>4 ,! relations "h are v simil> to ^? %[n to exi/ by ,duclaux #ahii & ,adrian ,br[n #aijb = ! action ( inv]tase on cane sug> & are probably to be expla9$ 9 ! mann] sugge/$ by ! latt]4 ,accord+ to ?is inve/igator1 ! enzyme unites ) ! f]m5table mat]ial1 or z x is n[ t]m$1 ! sub/rate or zymolyte1 =m+ a comp\nd :i* only sl[ly decomposes s t x rema9s 9 exi/5ce = a p]ceptible int]val ( "t4 ,! rate ( f]m5tation dep5ds on ! rate ( decomposition ( ?is comp\nd & h5ce v>ies ) its conc5tration4 ,?is conception leads to ! result t ! rate ( f]m5tation w increase ) ! conc5tration ( ! sub/rate up to a c]ta9 limit & w !n rema9 p#abb con/ant1 unless int]f]$ ) by second>y actions4 ,?is limit ( conc5tration is t at :i* !re is j suffici5t ( ! mat]ial 9 "q pres5t to comb9e ) practically ! :ole ( ! enzyme1 s t no fur!r increase 9 its am\nt c cause a correspond+ increase 9 ! quantity ( its comp\nd ) ! enzyme or 9 ! rate ( f]m5tation :i* dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( t comp\nd4 ,! curve relat+ ! rate ( action ( su* an enzyme ) ! conc5tration ( ! zymolyte !re=e consi/s ( two portions1 "o 9 :i* ! rate at any mom5t is proportional to ! conc5tration ( ! zymolyte1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n law ( ! action ( mass1 & a second 9 :i* ! rate at any mom5t is almo/ indep5d5t ( t conc5tration1 approximately equal am\nts be+ decompos$ 9 equal times :atev] ! conc5tration ( ! sub/rate4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts ) yea/-juice !re=e indicate t :at is be+ measur$ is a typical enzyme action1 b af=d no in=mation z to :i* ( ! _m possible actions is ! controll+ "o1 a fact :i* mu/ be asc]ta9$ = ea* p>ticul> case 9 ! mann] indicat$ above4 ,cl[es #aiji1 us+ wa%$ zym9 free f f]m5t+ p[] & add+ v>i\s volumes ( boil$ yea/ extract1 f\nd t ! velocity ( reaction 0 proportional to ! product ( ! conc5trations ( zym9 & yea/ extract up to a c]ta9 optimum conc5tration4 ,he int]prets ^! conc5trations z repres5t+ ! conc5trations ( zymase & co-enzyme1 b !y also repres5t ! conc5trations ( hexosephosphatase 7pres5t 9 ! zym97 & phosphate 7pres5t 9 ! yea/ extract71 s t at lea/ f\r factors 7 be+ alt]$ in/ead ( only two4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ,eul] & ,kullb]g #aiaa1 #c f\nd ! conv]sion ( phosphate into hexosephosphate 9 pres5ce ( excess ( glucose to proce$ accord+ to a monomolecul> reaction 7p4 #eh74 ,! rate ( f]m5tation is dim9i%$ by dilution ( ! yea/-juice1 b less rapidly ?an ! conc5tration ( ! juice4 ,h]zog f\nd t :5 ! relation betwe5 conc5tration ( enzyme & ! velocity con/ant ( ! reaction is express$ by ! =mula ,k#a_/,k#b 7,c#a_/;,c#b7_/n_/ :]e ,k#a & ,k#b are ! velocity con/ants correspond+ ) ! enzyme conc5trations ,c#a & ,c#b1 ! value = _/n_/ is #b = zym91 :il/ ,eul] work+ ) yea/-juice obta9$ values v>y+ f #abi to #afg & decreas+ z ,k increas$4 ,! temp]ature coeffici5t ( f]m5tation by zym9 0 f\nd p#abc by ,h]zog to be ,k#bde_/,k#ade #bhh1 :i* agrees well ) ! value f\nd by ,slator = yea/-cells 7p4 #abi74 ,:5 we endeav\r to apply ! results ( ! inve/igations ( ! f]m5tation ( sug> by yea/-juice1 zym91 etc41 to ! process :i* goes on 9 ! liv+ cell1 consid]able difficulties pres5t !mselves4 ,a s*eme ( f]m5tation 9 ! liv+ cell c1 h[ev]1 easily be imag9$1 :i* is 9 h>mony ) ^! results4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ simple =m ( ?is ideal s*eme1 ! sug> :i* has diffus$ into ! cell unites ) ! f]m5t+ complex & und]goes ! *>act]i/ic reaction ) phosphate1 already pres5t 9 ! cell1 yield+ c>bon dioxide1 alcohol1 & hexosephosphate4 ,! latt] is !n decompos$1 j z x is 9 yea/-juice1 b m rapidly1 & ! lib]at$ phosphate aga9 ent]s into reaction1 p>tly ) ! sug> =m$ f ! hexosephosphate & p>tly ) fre% sug> suppli$ f outside ! cell4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 f]m5tation by yea/-juice & by ! liv+ cell w\ld !n consi/ 9 ! rate ( decomposition ( ! hexosephosphate1 = x has be5 %[n t yea/-juice 9 pres5ce ( suffici5t phosphate c f]m5t sug> at a rate ( ! same ord] ( magnitude 7f #cj to #ej p] c5t47 z t atta9$ by liv+ yea/4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two !re=e w\ld appe> to lie n s mu* 9 _! cont5t ( f]m5t+ complex z 9 _! v diff]5t capacity = lib]at+ phosphate f hexosephosphate & ?us supply+ ! necess>y conditions = f]m5tation4 ,a simple calculation bas$ on ! phosphorus cont5t ( liv+ yea/ ,bu*n] & ,haehn1 #aiaj1 #b %[s t ! :ole ( ?is phosphate mu/ pass ?r\gh ! /age ( hexosephosphate e five or six m9utes 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! normal rate ( f]m5tation1 :]eas 9 an av]age sample ( yea/-juice ! cycle1 calculat$ 9 ! same way1 w\ld la/ ne>ly two h\rs4 ,:]e9 ?is diff]5ce resides is a difficult "q1 :i* _c at pres5t be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! fir/ place x mu/ be rememb]$ t a v great accel]ation ( ! action ( ! hexosephosphatase is produc$ by ars5ates 7p4 #gi71 & ?is sugge/s ! possibility t "s sub/ance possess+ a simil> accel]at+ p[] is pres5t 9 ! yea/-cell & is lo/ or de/roy$ 9 ! v>i\s processes involv$ 9 r5d]+ ! yea/ susceptible to phosphate4 ,! great v>iety ( ^! processes--extraction ( yea/-juice by gr9d+ & press+1 dry+ & mac]at+1 heat+1 treat+ ) acetone & ) tolu5e--r5d]s ?is some:at improbable1 & s f> no su* sub/ance has be5 detect$4 p#abd ,a comp>ison ( liv+ yea/1 zym91 & yea/-juice %[s t ^! are situat$ on an asc5d+ scale ) respect to _! response to phosphate4 ,tak+ fructose z ! sub/rate 9 ea* case1 yea/ does n respond to phosphate at all 7,slator71 ! rate ( f]m5tation by zym9 is approximately d\bl$ 7p4 #df71 & t by yea/-juice increas$ t5 to =ty times1 :il/ ! maximum rates are 9 ea* case ( ! same ord] ( magnitude4 ,eul] & ,kullb]g1 h[ev]1 h obs]v$ an accel]ation ( ab\t #be p] c5t4 9 ! rate ( f]m5tation ( yea/ 9 pres5ce ( a #b p] c5t4 solution ( monosodium phosphate1 ,na,h#b,,po#d #aiaa1 #a1 #b4 ,! high rate ( f]m5tation by liv+ yea/ & its lack ( response to phosphate may possibly be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! balance ( enzymes 9 ! liv+ cell is su* t ! supply ( phosphate is ma9ta9$ at ! optimum1 & ! rate ( f]m5tation _c !re=e be increas$ by a fur!r supply4 ,a fur!r diff]5ce lies 9 ! fact t yea/-juice & zym9 respond to phosphate m /rongly 9 pres5ce ( fructose ?an ( glucose1 :]eas yea/ f]m5ts bo? sug>s at ! same rate 7p4 #aca71 & ?is prop]ty has be5 %[n to be connect$ ) ! specific relations ( fructose to ! f]m5t+ complex4 ,x seems possible t ^! diff]5ces are associat$ ) ! gradual passage f ! complete liv+ cell ( yea/1 ?r\gh ! dead & p>tially disorganis$ cell ( zym9 to yea/-juice 9 :i* ! la/ trace ( cellul> organisation has disappe>$ & ! cont5ts ( ! cell are uni=mly diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! liquid4 ,liv+ yea/ is1 moreov]1 n only unaffect$ by phosphate b only decomposes hexosephosphate extremely sl[ly 7,iwan(f74 ,"s light is ?r[n on ^! int]e/+ problems by ! effect ( antiseptics on f]m5tation by yea/-cells & by yea/-juice4 ,! action ( tolu5e has hi!rto be5 mo/ completely /udi$1 & ?is sub/ance is an extremely suitable "o = ! purpose s9ce x has practically no action :atev] on f]m5tation by yea/-juice4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,bu*n] h1 9 fact1 %[n t ! normal rate ( f]m5tation & ! total f]m5tation produc$1 are almo/ unaffect$ by ! pres5ce ( tolu5e ev5 9 ! proportion ( #a c4c4 to #bj c4c4 ( yea/-juice4 ,:at !n is ! effect ( tolu5e on ! liv+ yea/-cell8 ,:5 tolu5e 9 l>ge excess is agitat$ ) a f]m5t+ mixture ( yea/ & sug>1 ! rate ( f]m5tation falls rapidly at fir/ & !n m sl[ly until a relatively con/ant rate is atta9$ :i* gradually decreases 9 a simil> mann] to ! rate ( f]m5tation by yea/-juice4 ,?us at air temp]ature 7#af7 #aj grams ( p#abe yea/ susp5d$ 9 #ej c4c4 ( #f p] c5t4 glucose solution gave ! foll[+ results :5 agitat$ ) tolu5e3-- ,"t aft] ,addition ,c4c4 ( ,,co#b ,"t4 ,c4c4 p] ( ,tolu5e1 ,m9utes p] ,m9ute4 ,m9ute #j #df #f #af #a #d #h #ab #b #cc #ab #jhe #c #bf #bd #jh #d #b #cb #je #e #ah con/ant ,simultane\sly ) ?is1 ! yea/ acquires ! prop]ty ( decompos+ & f]m5t+ hexosephosphate & ( respond+ to ! addition ( phosphate4 ,?is la/ prop]ty is only acquir$ to a small degree 9 ?is way b x becomes mu* m /rongly develop$ if ! press$ yea/ be wa%$ ) tolu5e on ! filt] pump4 ,?us #aj grams ( yea/ aft] ?is treatm5t f]m5t$ fructose at #ab c4c4 p] ?ree m9utes2 aft] ! addition ( phosphate 7#e c4c4 ( #jf mol> phosphate7 ! rate rose to #fi & !n gradually fell 9 ! typical mann] ,h>d51 #aiaj2 see also ,eul] & ,johansson1 #aiab1 #c4 ,! curr5t explanation ( ! great decrease 9 rate ( f]m5tation :i* att5ds ! action ( tolu5e & o!r antiseptics on liv+ yea/1 & also foll[s ^u ! dis9tegration ( ! cell1 appe>s to be t 9 liv+ yea/ ! high rate ( f]m5tation is ma9ta9$ by ! cont9u$ production ( relatively l>ge fre% supplies ( f]m5t+ complex1 & t :5 ! p[] ( produc+ ?is catalytic ag5t is de/roy$ by ! poison1 ! rate ( f]m5tation falls to a l[ value1 correspond+ to ! /ore ( zymase /ill pres5t 9 ! cell 7cf4 ,bu*n]1 ,e4 & ,h41 & ,hahn1 #aijc1 pp4 #agf1 #ahj74 ,?is explanation implies t ! rate ( f]m5tation aft] ! action ( ! tolu5e repres5ts ! am\nt ( f]m5t+ complex pres5t1 a supposition :i* has be5 %[n 7p4 #ec7 to be highly improbable4 ,x fur!r necessitates1 z also po9t$ out indep5d5tly by ,eul] & ,ugglas #aiaa1 a rapid de/ruction ( ! f]m5t+ complex bo? 9 ! process ( f]m5tation & by ! action ( ! antiseptic1 z o!rwise ! /ore ( zymase rema9+ 9 ! dead cell w\ld be practically ! same z t conta9$ 9 ! liv+ cell at ! mom5t :5 x 0 subject$ to ! antiseptic1 & ?is /ore w\ld !re=e suffice to c>ry out f]m5tation at ! same rate 9 ! dead z 9 ! liv+ cell4 ,no su* rapid de/ruction1 h[ev]1 occurs 9 yea/-juice1 z judg$ by ! rate ( f]m5tation1 :i* falls (f p#abf sl[ly & to ab\t ! same ext5t 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( tolu5e4 ,moreov]1 z %[n above1 x is highly probable t ! actual am\nt ( f]m5t+ complex 9 yea/-juice is a l>ge fraction ( t pres5t at any mom5t 9 ! cell1 & is capable "u suitable conditions ( produc+ f]m5tation at a rate comp>able ) t ( ! liv+ cell4 ,?is la/ criticism also applies to ! view express$ by ,eul] ,eul] & ,ugglas1 #aiaa2 ,eul] & ,kullb]g1 #aiaa1 #a1 #b t 9 ! liv+ cell ! zymase is p>tly free & p>tly comb9$ ) ! protoplasm2 :5 ! vital activity ( ! cell is int]f]$ )1 ! comb9$ portion ( ! zymase is ?r[n out ( action & only t :i* 0 free rema9s active4 ,! sugge/ion made by ,rubn] #aiac t ! action ( yea/ on sug> is 9 reality *iefly a vital act1 b t a small proportion ( ! *ange is due to enzyme action1 is simil> 9 its consequ5ces to t ( ,eul] & may be met by ! same argum5ts4 ,bu*n] & ,skraup #aiad h moreov] %[n t ! effects ( sodium *loride & tolu5e on ! f]m5t+ p[] ( yea/ :i* 7 obs]v$ by ,rubn]1 c be expla9$ 9 o!r ways4 ,"s o!r explanation mu/ !re=e be s\ght = ?is ph5om5on4 ,great significance mu/ be atta*$ 9 ?is connection to ! relation not$ above betwe5 ! degree ( dis9tegration & disorganisation ( ! cell & ! fall 9 ! normal rate ( f]m5tation4 ,x seems n impossible t f]m5tation may be associat$ 9 ! liv+ cell ) "s special /ructure1 or c>ri$ on 9 "s special portion ( ! cell1 p]haps ! nucle> vacuole describ$ by ,janss5s & ,leblanc #ahih1 ,wag] #ahih1 #aiaa2 ,wag] & ,p5i/on1 #aiaj & o!rs :i* und]goes rem>kable *anges bo? dur+ f]m5tation & aut(]m5tation ,h>d5 & ,r[l&1 #aija4 ,! disorganisation ( ! cell might lead to _m modifications ( ! conditions1 among o!rs to ! dilution ( ! v>i\s catalytic ag5ts by diffusion ?r\gh\t ! :ole volume ( ! cell4 ,z a matt] ( obs]vation ! dilution ( yea/-juice leads to a consid]able dim9ution ( ! rate ( f]m5tation ( sug>1 & x is possible t ?is is "o ( ! *ief factors conc]n$4 ,t ph5om5a ( ?is k9d may be involv$ is %[n by ! rem>kable effect ( tolu5e on ! aut(]m5tation ( yea/4 ,:]eas ! f]m5tation ( sug> is greatly dim9i%$ by ! action ( tolu5e1 ! rate ( aut(]m5tation1 :i* is c>ri$ on at ! exp5se ( ! glycog5 ( ! cell1 is greatly increas$4 ,9 a typical case1 = example1 ! aut(]m5tation ( #aj grams ( yea/ susp5d$ 9 #bj c4c4 ( wat] am\nt$ to #bh c4c4 9 #dh h\rs p#abg at #be1 :]eas ! same am\nt ( yea/ 9 pres5ce ( #b c4c4 ( tolu5e gave #igf c4c4 9 ! same "t4 ,_m salts produce a simil> effect on ,engli% top yea/s 79 :i* ! aut(]m5tation is l>ge7 ,h>d5 & ,pa9e1 #aiab1 :]eas ,neub]g & ,k>czag 9 ,b]l9 #aiaa1 #b 7 unable to obs]ve ?is ph5om5on4 ,a necess>y prelim9>y ( ! f]m5tation ( glycog5 is its conv]sion by a dia/atic enzyme into a f]m5table sug>1 & x is probable t ! effect ( ! disorganisation ( ! cell by tolu5e is t ?is enzyme f9ds m ready access to ! glycog51 :i* is /or$ 9 ! plasma ( ! cell4 ,no su* accel]ation ( aut(]m5tation is effect$ by ! addition ( tolu5e to yea/-juice1 & h5ce ! result is n due to an accel]ation ( ! action ( ! dia/atic enzyme on ! glycog54 ,?is effect ( tolu5e is simil> 9 "* to ! action ( an/hetics on ! leaves ( _m plants conta9+ glucosides & enzymes1 :]eby an imm$iate decomposition ( ! glucoside is initiat$ see ,h4 ,e4 & ,e4 ,f4 ,arm/rong1 #aiaj4 ,al?\gh z indicat$ above ,eul]'s !ory _c apply to zymase itself1 if appli$ to ! hexosephosphatase x w\ld af=d a consi/5t explanation ( ! facts4 ,accord+ to ?is modifi$ view x w\ld be ! hexosephosphatase ( yea/ :i* exi/$ l>gely 9 ! comb9$ =m1 s t 9 extracts1 9 dri$ yea/ & 9 pres5ce ( tolu5e only ! small fraction :i* 0 free w\ld rema9 active4 ,! zymase on ! o!r h& w\ld h to be reg>d$ z exi/+ to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! free /ate s t x w\ld pass into extracts comp>atively unimpair$ 9 am\nt & capable "u prop] conditions 7i4e4 :5 suppli$ ) suffici5t phosphate7 ( br++ ab\t a v vigor\s f]m5tation4 ,! !ory ( comb9$ & free enzymes is und\bt$ly ( consid]able value1 al?\gh x _c be consid]$ z fully e/abli%$4 ,,f]m5tation ,,by ,,liv+ ,,yea/4 ,mu* important in=mation z to ! nature ( ! processes involv$ 9 f]m5tation has be5 acquir$ by ! direct exp]im5tal /udy ( ! action ( liv+ yea/ on diff]5t sug>s4 ,?is ph5om5on has =m$ ! subject ( sev]al inve/igations f ! k9etic po9t ( view1 & its g5]al features may n[ be reg>d$ z well e/abli%$4 ,! difficulty1 :i* mu/ z f> z possible be avoid$ 9 quantitative exp]im5ts ( ?is sort ) liv+ yea/1 is ! alt]ation p#abh 9 ! am\nt or prop]ties ( ! yea/1 due to gr[? or to "s *ange 9 ! cells4 ,?is has be5 obviat$ 9 ! "w ( ,slator #aijf by det]m9+ 9 e case ! initial rate ( f]m5tation1 s t ! process only cont9ues = a v %ort p]iod1 dur+ :i* any *ange 9 ! am\nt or con/itution ( ! yea/ is negligible4 ,! me?od has ! fur!r advantage t int]f]5ce ( ! products ( ! reaction is to a l>ge ext5t avoid$4 ,! pressure app>atus already describ$ 7p4 #bi7 0 employ$ by ,slator1 ! rate ( production ( c>bon dioxide be+ measur$ by ! increase ( pressure 9 ! exp]im5tal vessel4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,dextrose ,,on ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,f]m5tation4 ,) reg>d to ?is important factor x is f\nd t ! action ( liv+ yea/ foll[s ! same law z t ( mo/ enzymes 7p4 #aba72 )9 c]ta9 wide limits ! rate ( f]m5tation is almo/ indep5d5t ( ! conc5tration ( ! sug>4 ,?is conclusion has be5 drawn by _m previ\s inve/igators f _! exp]im5ts ,dumas1 #ahgd2 ,tammann1 #ahhi2 ,adrian ,br[n1 #ahib2 ,o',sullivan1 #ahih1 #ahii & is implicitly conta9$ 9 ! results ( ,ab]son #aijc1 al?\gh he himself reg>d$ ! reaction z monomolecul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 7,graph ,f]m5tation ,velocity vs ,conc4 ,dextrose--,ed47 ,slator1 work+ ) a susp5sion ( t5 to twelve yea/-cells p] #a_/djjj cubic millimetre at #cj1 obta9$ ! results :i* are embodi$ 9 ! curve 7,fig4 #h74 ,?is %[s t1 = ! am\nt ( yea/ 9 "q1 ! rate ( f]m5tation is almo/ con/ant = conc5trations ( glucose betwe5 p#abi #a & #aj grams p] #ajj c4c41 b gradually decreases z ! conc5tration increases4 ,bel[ #a gram p] #ajj c4c4 ! rate decreases v rapidly ) ! conc5tration4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 9 ! light ( :at has already be5 said 7p4 #aba71 t ! action ( liv+ yea/ on sug> foll[s ! same c\rse z a typical enzyme reaction1 al?\gh 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( yea/-juice1 no in=mation is giv5 z to ! exact nature ( ?is reaction4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,yea/4 ,x appe>s to be well e/abli%$ t1 :5 *anges 9 ! quantity & con/itution ( ! yea/ employ$ are elim9at$1 ! rate ( f]m5tation is exactly proportional to ! numb] ( ! yea/-cells pres5t 7,ab]son1 ,slator74 ,?is result might be anticipat$1 z po9t$ out by ,slator1 f ! fact t ! f]m5tation takes place )9 ! cell1 ea* cell act+ z an indep5d5t individual4 ,! diffusion ( sug> into ! yea/-cell :i* necess>ily prec$es ! act ( f]m5tation has be5 %[n by ,slator & ,s& #aiaj to occur at su* a rate t ! supply ( sug> is always 9 excess ( ! am\nt :i* c be f]m5t$ by ! cell4 ,,temp]ature ,,coeffici5t ,,( ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation ,,by ,,yea/4 ,! temp]ature coeffici5t ( f]m5tation by liv+ yea/ has be5 c>efully det]m9$ by ,slator by measurem5ts ( ! initial rates at a s]ies ( temp]atures f #e to #dj ,c4 ,! coeffici5t is f\nd to be ( ! same ord] z t = _m *emical reactions1 b to v>y consid]ably ) ! temp]ature1 a rise 9 temp]ature correspond+ ) a dim9ution 9 ! coeffici5t4 ,! foll[+ values 7 obta9$ = glucose2 !y are indep5d5t ( ! conc5tration ( yea/ & glucose1 ! class ( yea/1 & pres5ce or abs5ce ( nutri5t salts1 & rema9 ! same :5 inhibit+ ag5ts are pres5t4 ,almo/ precisely ! same ratios are obta9$ = fructose & mannose3-- t4 ,v_/t_/ #e_/,v_/t4_/ ,v_/t_/ #aj_/,v_/t4_/ #e #bfe #ef #aj #baa #ch #ae #ahj #bh #bj #aeg #bbe #be #adc #aie #cj #ace #af #ce #abj ,ab]son's result1 ,k_/t_/ #aj_/,k_/t_/ #bgb1 :i* repres5ts ! mean coeffici5t = #aj betwe5 #ab & #cc1 agrees well ) ?is4 p#acj ,,action ,,( ,,accel]at+ ,,ag5ts ,,on ,,liv+ ,,yea/4 ,slator #aijh1 #a 0 unable to f9d any ag5t :i* greatly accel]at$ ! rate ( f]m5tation ( liv+ yea/4 ,small conc5trations ( v>i\s inhibit+ ag5ts :i* are (t5 suppos$ to act 9 ?is way 7 q ineffective1 & phosphates1 :i* produce su* a /rik+ *ange 9 yea/-juice1 7 almo/ )\t action 7cp4 p4 #abd74 ,eul] & ,bck/rm #aiab1 h[ev]1 h made ! important obs]vation t sodium hexosephosphate causes a consid]able accel]ation al?\gh x is itself nei!r f]m5t$ nor hydrolys$ "u ^! conditions4 ,! ext5t ( ?is is evid5t f ! foll[+ numb]s3-- #bj c4c4 ( #bj p] c5t4 glucose solution4 #jbe g4 yea/ ,yea/ ,h ( ,/4 ,erik's brew]y4 ,)\t addition4 #je g4 ,na hexosephosphate4 ,"t4 ,,co#b4 ,"t4 ,,co#b4 ,m94 ,m94 #df #aje #cg #h #gf #age #gc #ai #aig #de #ahh #ebe #cdg #gde #cba #abc #dhh #ie #dej #aice ,! obs]vation has be5 confirm$ ) ,engli% top yea/ 7,h>d5 & ,"y1 unpubli%$ exp]im5ts71 b no explanation ( ! ph5om5on is at pres5t =?com+4 ,eul] has also f\nd ,eul] & ,cassel1 #aiac2 ,eul] & ,b]ggr51 #aiab t yea/ extract1 sodium nucle9ate & ammonium =mate also increase ! rate ( f]m5tation ( glucose by yea/1 b ^! results h be5 criticis$ by ,h>d5 & ,"y #aiac on ! gr\nd t ! possibility ( gr[? ( ! yea/ dur+ ! exp]im5t has n be5 exclud$4 ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,sug>s ,,by ,,yea/4 ,_m valuable ideas z to ! nature ( f]m5tation h be5 obta9$ by a consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! action ( yea/ on ! diff]5t hexoses4 ,( ^! only glucose1 fructose1 mannose1 & galactose are susceptible ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/1 ! /]eoisom]ic hexoses prep>$ 9 ! laboratory be+ unf]m5table1 z are also ! p5toses1 tetroses1 & ! alcohols correspond+ to all ! sug>s4 ,! yea/-cell is !re=e mu* m limit$ 9 its p[] ( produc+ f]m5tation ?an su* an organism z1 = example1 _/,bacillus coli communis_/1 :i* attacks sub/ances z p#aca div]se z arab9ose1 glucose1 glyc]ol & mannitol1 & yields ) all ( !m products ( ! same *emical "*1 al?\gh 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( a numb] ( diff]5t g5]a & species ( ! ,sac*>omycetace & alli$ organisms by ,e4 ,f4 ,arm/rong #aije has %[n t all yea/s :i* f]m5t glucose also f]m5t fructose & mannose4 ,arm/rong grew 8 yea/s 9 a nutri5t solution conta9+ ! sug> to be inve/igat$1 & 8 exp]im5ts are op5 to ! criticism t ! organisms 7 h]eby af=d$ an opportunity = becom+ acclimatis$ to ! sug>4 ,8 results1 !re=e1 only demon/rate ! fact t ! organisms 9 "q :5 cultivat$ 9 pres5ce ( ! sug>s exam9$ br\ght ab\t _! f]m5tation1 & d n exclude ! possibility t ! same organism :5 gr[n 9 pres5ce ( a diff]5t sug> might n be capable ( f]m5t+ ! "o to :i* x _h 9 ! o!r type ( exp]im5t become acclimatis$4 ,?is has actually be5 %[n to be ! case = galactose by ,slator #aijh1 #a1 & x is possible t ?is circum/ance expla9s ! negative results obta9$ by ,l9dn] #aije ) _/,s4 exiguus_/ & _/,s*izosac*>omyces ,pombe_/ ^u mannose1 a sug> :i*1 accord+ to ,arm/rong1 is f]m5t$ by bo? ^! organisms4 ,! same problem has be5 attack$ quantitatively by ,slator1 :o has %[n t liv+ yea/ ( v>i\s species & g5]a f]m5ts glucose & fructose at approximately ! same rate4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! yea/ is act$ ^u by v>i\s inhibit+ ag5ts1 su* z heat1 iod9e1 alcohol1 or alkalis1 ! crippl$ yea/ also f]m5ts glucose & fructose at ! same rate4 ,) mannose ! relations are some:at diff]5t4 ,! relative rate ( f]m5tation ( mannose & glucose by yea/ is dep5d5t on ! v>iety ( ! yea/ & ! treatm5t :i* x has receiv$4 ,fre% samples ( yea/ f]m5t mannose m quickly ?an glucose1 b by old] samples ! glucose is ! m rapidly decompos$4 ,?is is especially ! case ) yea/1 ! activity ( :i* has be5 p>tly de/roy$ by heat1 ! relative f]m5t+ p[] to mannose be+ sometimes r$uc$ by ?is treatm5t f #abj p] c5t4 ( t ( glucose to only #ab p] c5t4 7,slator74 ,a fur!r diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! fact t ) c]ta9 yea/s ! rate ( f]m5tation ( glucose is some:at increas$ by monosodium phosphate :il/ t ( mannose is unaffect$ ,eul] & ,lundeqvi/1 #aiaa4 ,mixtures ( glucose & fructose are f]m5t$ by yea/ at ! p#acb same rate z ei!r ! glucose or ! fructose conta9$ 9 ! mixture w\ld be alone4 ,:51 h[ev]1 mannose & glucose are f]m5t$ simultane\sly int]f]5ce betwe5 ! reactions takes place1 & ?is is especially evid5t :5 ! yea/ has comp>atively little action on mannose4 ,! foll[+ are ! results obta9$ by ,slator3-- ,relative ,rates4 ,yea/4 #be p] c5t4#be p] c5t4#be p] c5t4 ,glucose ,glucose4 ,mannose4 #be p] c5t4 ,mannose4 ,s4 ,!rmantitonum #ajj #aje #ib ,brew]y yea/1 #ec p] c5t4 activity de/roy$ by heat #ajj #ba #cc ,brew]y yea/1 #fj p] c5t4 activity de/roy$ by heat #ajj #ab #db ,! case ( galactose m]its special att5tion4 ,previ\s inve/igations see ,lippmann1 #aijd1 p4 #gcd h %[n t ! f]m5tation ( galactose by yea/ diff]s greatly f t ( ! o!r hexoses4 ,! subject has be5 re-inve/igat$ by ,e4 ,f4 ,arm/rong #aije1 & by ,slator #aijh1 #a4 ,arm/rong c>ri$ out 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7p4 #aca71 & f\nd t "s yea/s _h1 & o!rs _h n1 ! p[] ( f]m5t+ galactose1 al?\gh all 7 capable ( f]m5t+ glucose1 fructose1 & mannose4 ,slator made quantitative exp]im5ts on ! same subject4 ,he 0 able to confirm ! /atem5t :i* _h previ\sly be5 made1 t c]ta9 yea/s :i* h ! prop]ty ( f]m5t+ galactose possess x only aft] ! yea/ has become acclimatis$ by culture 9 pres5ce ( ! sug>4 ,?is 0 %[n = brew]y yea/ & = ! species m5tion$ bel[4 ,?is ph5om5on is "o ( great int]e/ & is /rictly analog\s to ! adaptation ( bact]ia :i* has n[ be5 q conclusively e/abli%$ ,neiss]1 #aijf4 ,relative ,rates4 ,yea/4 ,mode ( ,culture4 ,gr[n 93 ,glucose4 ,galactose4 ,s4 ,c>lsb]g5sis wort #ajj #a hydrolys$ lactose #ajj #hf1 #hc1 #he1 #be1 #df1 #ea1 #fi1 #ed1 #aee ,s4 ,c]evisi wort #ajj #a hydrolys$ lactose #ajj #ba1 #bf1 #bi ,s4 ,!rmantitonum4 wort #ajj #a hydrolys$ lactose #ajj #gg1 #ec1 #ce ,s4 ,ludwigii wort #ajj #a hydrolys$ lactose #ajj #a p#acc ,x w be se5 t 9 "o case ! rate ( f]m5tation ( galactose 0 consid]ably great] ?an t ( glucose4 _/,s4 ,ludwigii_/ did n respond to ! cultivation 9 hydrolys$ lactose1 b1 z ,slator po9ts out1 x is q possible t repeat$ cultivation 9 ?is m$ium might effect ! *ange1 & ?is w\ld be /rictly analog\s to ! results obta9$ ) bact]ia4 ,slator's results h be5 confirm$ by ,h>d5 & ,norris1 ,r4 ,v4 #aiaj1 & by ,eul] & ,johansson #aiab1 #b :o h made an exce$+ly int]e/+ /udy ( ! progress ( ! adaptation4 ,z 9 ! case ( mannose ! rates ( f]m5tation ( glucose & galactose are diff]5tly affect$ by ag5ts su* z heat & alcohol2 moreov]1 ! rate ( f]m5tation ( mixtures ( dextrose & galactose is 9 no case ei!r ! sum or ! mean ( ! rates obta9$ ) ! sep>ate sug>s4 ,! temp]ature coeffici5t ( ! f]m5tation ( galactose also diff]s slightly f t ( ! o!r hexoses4 ,relative ,rates4 ,yea/4 ,glucose4 ,galactose4 ,glucose ,galactose4 ,s4 ,c]evisi #ajj #j #ajc #ajj #cd #ajc ,s4 ,c>lsb]g5sis #ajj #aee #aai ,s4 ,!rmantitonum #ajj #gf #abd ,assum+ t 8 conclusion t all yea/s :i* f]m5t glucose also f]m5t fructose & mannose is correct1 ,arm/rong has drawn att5tion to ! fact t ^! ?ree hexoses are also relat$ by ! possession ( a common enolic =m 7p4 #ig7 & has sugge/$ t ?is enolic =m is ! sub/ance actually f]m5t$ to c>bon dioxide & alcohol #aijd4 ,! idea t su* an int]m$iate =m is ! direct subject ( f]m5tation has mu* to recomm5d x4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is almo/ c]ta91 z already po9t$ out1 t ! sug>s 9 aque\s solution d exi/1 al?\gh to a v small ext5t1 9 ?is enolic =m4 ,! sl[ rate at :i* equilibrium is e/abli%$ 9 aque\s solution1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 z def9ite evid5ce t "u ^! circum/ances ! enolic =m is only produc$ v sl[ly comp>e ,l[ry1 #aijc4 ,?is has be5 us$ by ,slator #aijh1 #a z an argum5t aga9/ ! probability ( ! prelim9>y conv]sion ( ! sug>s into ! enolic =m be=e f]m5tation4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 q possible t "u ! influ5ce ( ! f]m5t+ complex ( ! yea/-cell1 or ( special enzymes1 ?is *ange might occur mu* m rapidly1 p#acd & at diff]5t rates ) ! diff]5t sug>s4 ,?is reaction might 9 fact control ! obs]v$ rate ( f]m5tation4 ,?is conception af=ds a simple explanation ( ! diff]5t rates ( f]m5tation ( mannose & glucose1 & also ( galactose1 ! enolic =m ( :i* is q diff]5t1 by yea/ "u diff]5t circum/ances1 b does n expla9 ! uni=mity ( rate obs]v$ by ,slator = glucose & fructose nor ! results ) mixtures ( sug>s4 ,! direct f]m5tation ( a common enolic =m is also consi/5t ) ! fact t ! same hexosephosphate is produc$ f all ?ree hexoses4 ,slator himself pref]s ! view t ! fir/ /age ( f]m5tation consi/s 9 ! rapid comb9ation ( ! sug> ) ! enzyme1 produc+ a comp\nd1 :i* !n breaks up at a rate :i* det]m9es ! obs]v$ rate ( f]m5tation4 ,?is rate w ( c\rse v>y ) ! nature ( ! comp\nd1 s t if two sug>s =m ! same comp\nd !y w be f]m5t$ at ! same rate2 if !y =m diff]5t comp\nds1 diff]5t rates may result4 ,slator supposes t glucose & fructose =m ! same comp\nd ) ! enzyme4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s to involve an intramolecul> *ange ( ! same ord] z ! production ( ! enolic =m1 & moreov] is n absolutely ess5tial1 z x is probably suffici5t to suppose t ! two comp\nds d]iv$ f glucose & fructose are v simil>1 al?\gh possibly n absolutely id5tical4 ,mannose & galactose1 on ! o!r h&1 =m /]eoisom]ic comp\nds1 & ! capacity ( ! f]m5t+ complex to =m ^! comp\nds may be affect$ by v>i\s ag5ts to a diff]5t ext5t f its capacity = comb9+ ) glucose or fructose4 ,a ?ird !ory has also be5 sugge/$ to expla9 ^! ph5om5a1 accord+ to :i* ! v>i\s sug>s are f]m5t$ by diff]5t enzymes see ,slator1 #aijh1 #a4 ,! uni=mity ( ! result obta9$ ) glucose & fructose sugge/s t ^! two sug>s are f]m5t$ by ! same enzyme 7glucozymase71 mannose & galactose by diff]5t ones 7mannozymase & galactozymase74 ,?is w\ld af=d a simple explanation ( ! diff]5t rates ( f]m5tation = diff]5t sug>s & ( diff]5t degrees ( s5sitiv5ess t[>ds reag5ts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a sep>ate & indep5d5t me*anism 7 pres5t = ea* sug>1 ! rate ( f]m5tation ( mixtures %\ld be ! sum ( ! rates = ! con/itu5ts4 ,?is1 z %[n above1 is n f\nd to be ! case1 & x is !re=e necess>y to suppose1 ei!r t "o sug> influ5ces ! f]m5tation ( ano!r 9 "s unkn[n way1 or t only a "p ( ! me*anism ( f]m5tation is specific = ! p>ticul> sug>4 ,?us ! enzyme may be specific &1 ! co-enzyme p#ace non-specific1 s t only a c]ta9 maximum rate is atta9able1 or aga91 ! supply ( free phosphate may be ! controll+ factor4 ,9 ! prevail+ /ate ( ignorance z to ! exact function ( ! co-enzyme & ( ! conditions ^u :i* ! velocity ( f]m5tation 9 ! cell dep5ds1 x is at pres5t impossible to decide betwe5 ^! v>i\s !ories1 b !y all (f] po9ts ( attack :i* ju/ify ! hope t mu* fur!r in=mation c be obta9$ by exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ t ,bu*n]'s discov]y ( zymase has op5$ a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( alcoholic f]m5tation :i* is yet f> f be+ complet$4 ,9 e direction fre% problems pres5t !mselves1 & x _c be d\bt$ t z 9 ! pa/1 ! inve/igation ( ! action ( ! yea/-cell w /ill prove to be ( fundam5tal importance = our k ( ! mode 9 :i* *emical *ange is br\ght ab\t by liv+ organisms4 p#acf ,,bibliography4 ,page ( ,text on :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,,abeles1 ,,hans 7#ahih71 _/,zur ,frage d] alkoholis*5 ,ghrung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ai ,b]41 #ca1 #bbfa-bbfg4 ,,ab]son1 ,j4 ,h4 7#aijc71 _/,la f]m5tation alcoolique_/ #abh ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #bb1 #gh-acb4 ,,ahr5s1 ,,felix ,b4 7#aijj71 _/,e9 ,beitrag zur zell5frei5 ,grung_/ #ai ,zeits*4 angew4 ,*emie1 #dhc4 ,,ahr5s1 ,,felix ,b4 7#aijb71 _/,das ,grungsproblem_/ #i 7,f4 ,enke1 ,/uttg>t47 ,,alb]t1 ,r4 7#ahii1 #a71 _/,ueb] kn/li*e ,anrei*]ung d] ,hefe an ,zymase_/ #bd ,b]41 #cb1 #bcgb-bcgd4 ,,alb]t1 ,r4 7#ahii1 #b71 _/,erfahrung5 bei d] ,h]/ellung von ,hefepresssaft aus unt]ghrig] ,bi]hefe d] ,v]su*s- und ,lehrbrau]ei zu ,b]l9_/ #cf ,wo*5s*4 ,brau]ei1 #af1 #dhe-dhh4 ,,alb]t1 ,r4 7#aijj71 _/,e9fa*] ,v]su* zur ,v]ans*auli*ung d] ,zymase-,wirkung_/ #ba1 #ci ,b]41 #cc1 #cgge-cggh4 ,,alb]t1 ,r4 7#aija71 _/,v]fahr5 zur ,h]/ellung grwirksam] /]il] ,dau]hefe mittels ,aceton_/ #ba ,g]man ,pat5t ,kl4 #f;a1 ,nr4 #aceece4 ,,alb]t1 ,r4 & ,w4 7#aija71 _/,*emis*e ,vorgnge 9 d] abgettet5 ,hefezelle_/ #ci ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #g1 #gcg-gdb4 ,,alb]t1 ,r41 und ,e4 ,,bu*n] 7#aijj1 #a71 _/,hefepresssaft und ,fllungsmittel_/ #ch ,b]41 #cc1 #bff-bga4 ,,alb]t1 ,r41 und ,e4 ,,bu*n] 7#aijj1 #b71 _/,hefepresssaft und ,fllungsmittel_/ #ch ,b]41 #cc1 #iga-ige4 ,,alb]t1 ,r41 ,e4 ,,bu*n]1 und ,r4 ,,rapp 7#aijb71 ,h]/ellung von ,dau]hefe mittels ,aceton_/ #ba1 #ci ,b]41 #ce1 #bcgf-bchb4 ,,arm/rong1 ,,edw>d ,,frankl& 7#aijd71 _/,/udies on enzyme action1 ,,iii4 ,! influ5ce ( ! products ( *ange on ! rate ( *ange condition$ by sucro-cla/ic enzymes_/ #acc ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #gc1 #eaf-ebf4 ,,arm/rong1 ,,edw>d ,,frankl& 7#aije71 _/,/udies on enzyme action1 ,,viii4 ,! me*anism ( f]m5tation_/ #aca1 #acb ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #gf1 #fjj-fje4 ,,arm/rong1 ,h4 ,e41 & ,e4 ,f4 ,,arm/rong 7#aiaj71 _/,! orig9 ( osmotic effects1 ,,iii4 ,! function ( hormones 9 /imulat+ enzymic *ange 9 relation to n>cosis & ! ph5om5a ( deg5]ative & reg5]ative *ange 9 liv+ /ructures_/ #abg ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #hb1 #ehh-fjb4 ,,a%d[n1 ,o4 ,e41 & ,j4 ,t4 ,,hewitt 7#aiaj71 _/,! by-products ( alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #id1 #aaj1 #aae ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #afcf-afdh4 ,,ba*1 ,a4 7#aiac71 _/,oxydationsprozesse 9 d] leb5d5 ,sub/anz4_/ ,h&bu* d] ,bio*emie1 ,opp5heim]4 ,ergnzungsb& #aac 7,g4 ,fis*]1 ,j5a71 #acc-ahb4 ,,baey]1 ,,adolf 7#ahgj71 _/,ueb] die ,wass]5tziehung und ihre ,b$eutung fr das ,pflanz5leb5 und die ,grung_/ #ii ,b]41 #c1 #fc-ge4 ,,b>g]1 ,g4 7#aiad71 _/,! simpl] natural bases_/ 7?is s]ies7 #ij ,,bayliss1 ,w4 ,m4 7#aiad71 _/,! nature ( enzyme action_/ #hi1 #aba 7,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,london47 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w4 7#ahig71 _/,weit]e ,beoba*tung5 b] die ,octosporu%efe_/ #ai ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #c1 #ddi-ded4 ,,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w4 7#aijj71 _/,ueb] ,*9onbildung dur* ,/repto?rix *romog5a und ,leb5sweise dieses ,mikrob5_/ #ai ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #f1 #b-ab4 ,,b]!lot1 ,m4 7#aheg71 _/,sur la f]m5tation alcoolique_/ #ad ,compt4 r5d41 #dd1 #gjb-gjf4 ,,b]!lot1 ,m4 7#ahfj71 _/,sur la f]m5tation glucosique du sucre de canne_/ #ad ,compt4 r5d41 #ej1 #ihj-ihd4 ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 7#ahig71 _/,sur l'int]v5tion du manganse dans les oxydations provoques p> la laccase_/ #fc ,compt4 r5d41 #abd1 #ajcb-ajce4 ,,b]tr&1 ,g4 7#aijd71 _/tude ,bio*imique de la ,bact]ie du ,sorbose_/ #aje ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 7#h71 #c1 #aha-bhh4 ,,b]zelius1 ,,jacob 7#ahcf71 _/,e9ige ,ide5 b] e9e bei d] ,bildung organis*] ,v]b9dung5 9 d] leb5d5 ,natur wirksame1 ab] bi%] ni*t bem]kte ,kraft_/ #h ,b]z4 ,jahresb]i*t1 #ae1 #bcg-bde4 ,,b]zelius1 ,,jacob 7#ahci7 #g ,b]z4 ,jahresb]i*t1 #ah1 #djj-djc4 ,,b]zelius1 ,,jacob 7#ahdh7 #i ,b]z4 ,jahresb]i*t1 #bg1 #ejj4 ,,bokorny1 ,,?4 7#aijf71 _/,ueb] die ,tr5nung von ,leb5 und ,grkraft 9 d] ,hefe_/ #ai ,pflg]'s ,ar*41 #aad1 #ece-edd4 ,,boys5-,,j5s51 ,p4 7#aijh71 _/,die ,z]setzung des ,zuck]s whr5d des ,respirationsprocesses_/4 7,vorlufige ,mitteilung7 #aje ,b]4 deut4 bot4 ,ges41 #bf;a1 #fff-ffg4 ,,boys5-,,j5s51 ,p4 7#aiaj71 _/,sukk]snd]del+5 "u ,respirationsprocess5 hos hj]e ,plant]_/ #aje ,diss]tation1 ,kb5havn4 7,h4 ,h4 ,hag]up47 ,,boys5-,,j5s51 ,p4 7#aiad71 _/,die ,z]setzung des ,zuck]s bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aje ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #eh1 #dea-dff4 ,,br$ig1 ,,georg 7#aija71 _/,anorganis*e ,f]m5te_/ #cg 7,engelmann1 ,leipzig71 #fh4 ,,br[n1 ,,adrian1 ,j4 7#ahib71 _/,influ5ce ( oxyg5 & conc5tration on alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #abh ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #fa1 #cfi-che4 ,,br[n1 ,,adrian1 ,j4 7#aijb71 _/,enzyme action_/ #aba ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ha1 #cgc-chh4 ,,bruyn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,lobry ,,de 7#ahie71 _/,action des alcalis sur les hydrates de c>bone1 ,i4_/ 7,expri5ces provisoires7 #if ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #ad1 #aef-afe4 ,,bruyn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,lobry ,,de1 & ,w4 ,a4 ,,van ,,ek5/e9 7#ahie71 _/,action des alcalis sur les sucres1 ,,ii4 ,trans=mation rciproque des uns dans les autres des sucres glucose1 fructose et mannose_/ #if ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #ad1 #bjc-baf4 ,,bruyn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,lobry ,,de1 & ,w4 ,a4 ,,van ,,ek5/e9 7#ahif71 _/,action des alcalis sur les sucres1 ,,iii4 ,trans=mations des sucres s\s l'influ5ce de l'hydroxyde de plomb_/ #if ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #ae1 #ib-if4 ,,bruyn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,lobry ,,de1 & ,w4 ,a4 ,,van ,,ek5/e9 7#ahig1 #a71 _/,action des alcalis sur les sucres1 ,,iv4 ,rem>ques gnrales_/ #if ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #af1 #beg-bfa4 ,,bruyn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,lobry ,,de1 & ,w4 ,a4 ,,van ,,ek5/e9 7#ahig1 #b71 _/,action des alcalis sur les sucres1 ,v4 ,trans=mation de la galactose1 les tagatoses et la galtose_/ #if ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #af1 #bfb-bgc4 ,,bruyn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,lobry ,,de1 & ,w4 ,a4 ,,van ,,ek5/e9 7#ahig1 #c71 _/,action des alcalis sur les sucres1 ,,vi4 ,la glutose et la pseudo-fructose_/ #if ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #af1 #bgd-bha4 ,,bruyn1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,lobry ,,de1 & ,w4 ,a4 ,,van ,,ek5/e9 7#ahig1 #d71 _/,action de l'eau b\illante sur la fructose_/ #if ,rec4 trav4 *im41 #af1 #bhb-bhc4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d 7#ahig1 #a71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ ,vorluf4 ,mitt4 #af1 #ah ,b]41 #cj1 #aag-abd4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d 7#ahig1 #b71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ ,zweite ,mitt4 #ah1 #bj1 #ba ,b]41 #cj1 #aaaj-aaac4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d 7#ahih71 _/,ueb] zell5freie ,grung_/ #ah ,b]41 #ca1 #efh-egd4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d 7#aijj1 #a71 _/,zymase aus gettet] ,hefe_/ #ba ,b]41 #cc1 #ccjg-ccaj4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d 7#aijj1 #b71 _/,bem]kung5 zur ,arbeit von ,a4 ,macfady51 ,g4 ,h4 ,morris & ,s4 ,r[l& ,ueb] ausgepres/es ,hefezellplasma 7,bu*n]'s ,zymase7_/ #ba1 #cc ,b]41 #cc1 #ccaa-ccae4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d 7#aijd71 _/,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,grung/heori5_/ #i ,wo*5s*4 ,brau]ei1 #ba1 #ejg-eaj4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d 7#aiaj71 _/,sur la f]m5tation alcoolique du ,sucre_/ #aje1 #ajf ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,wilhelm ,,antoni 7#aije1 #a71 _/,weit]e ,v]su*e b] die zellfreie ,grung_/ #cf1 #dj ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #dd1 #bjf-bbh4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,wilhelm ,,antoni 7#aije1 #b71 _/,exi/i]t e9 ,co5zym fr die ,zymase8_/ #fb ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #df1 #acf-aed4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 ,,hans ,,bu*n]1 und ,,m>t9 ,,hahn 7#aijc71 _/,die ,zymasegrung4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,inhalt d] ,hefezell5 und die biologis*e ,seite des ,grungsproblems_/ #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #db1 #gg1 #gh1 #aaa1 #abe ,r4 ,old5b\rg1 ,mn*51 pp4 viii1 #daf4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,franz ,,du*a,,ek 7#aiji71 _/,ueb] fraktioni]te ,fllung des ,hefepresssaftes_/ #ch1 #ff ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ae1 #bba-bec4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,hugo ,,haehn 7#aiji71 _/,ueb] das ,spiel d] ,enzyme im ,hefepresssaft_/ #fb1 #fh ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ai1 #aia-bah4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,hugo ,,haehn 7#aiaj1 #a71 _/,ueb] e9e ,antiprotease im ,hefepresssaft_/ #db ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bf1 #aga-aih4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,hugo ,,haehn 7#aiaj1 #b71 _/,/udi5 b] d5 ,phosphorgehalt d] ,hefe und e9ig] ,hefeprp>ate_/ #fe1 #abc ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bg1 #dah-dbf4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rob]t ,,h(fmann 7#aijg71 _/,e9ige ,v]su*e mit ,hefepresssaft_/ #cf ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #d1 #bae-bcd4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,f4 ,,klatte 7#aijh71 _/,ueb] das ,ko5zym des ,hefepresssaftes_/ #fd1 #fg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #h1 #ebj-eeg4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,jakob ,,meis5heim] 7#aijd71 _/,die *emis*5 ,vorgnge bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb ,b]41 #cg1 #dag-dbh4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,jakob ,,meis5heim] 7#aije71 _/,die *emis*5 ,vorgnge bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung4_/ 7,zweite ,mitteilung7 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb ,b]41 #ch1 #fbj-fcj4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,jakob ,,meis5heim] 7#aijf71 _/,die *emis*5 ,vorgnge bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung4_/ 7,dritte ,mitteilung7 #ca1 #hg1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ajd ,b]41 #ci1 #cbja-cbah4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,jakob ,,meis5heim] 7#aijh71 _/,ueb] ,butt]suregrung_/ #aaj ,b]41 #da1 #adaj-adai4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,jakob ,,meis5heim] 7#aiji71 _/,ueb] die ,rolle d] ,mil*sure bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung des ,zuck]s_/ #ajj1 #ajb1 #ajc ,zeits*4 wiss4 ,l&wirts*aft1 #ch1 ,ergnzungsb& ,v41 #bfe-bhh4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,jakob ,,meis5heim] 7#aiaj71 _/,die *emis*5 ,vorgnge bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung4_/ 7,,iv4 ,mitteilung7 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aae ,b]41 #dc1 #aggc-agie4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,jakob ,,meis5heim] 7#aiab71 _/,die *emis*5 ,vorgnge bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aje1 #ajf ,b]41 #de1 #afcc-afdc4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 ,j4 ,,meis5heim]1 und ,h4 ,,s*ade 7#aijf71 _/,zur ,v]grung des ,zuck]s ohne ,enzyme_/ #aad ,b]41 #ci1 #dbag-dbca4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,sigurd ,,mits*]li* 7#aijd71 _/,h]/ellung glykog5>m] ,hefe und d]5 ,anw5dung zum ,zuck]na*weis im ,h>n_/ #ci ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #db1 #eed-efb4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolf ,,rapp 7#ahig71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ai1 #cd1 #cf1 #gg ,b]41 #cj1 #bffh-bfgh4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolph ,,rapp 7#ahih1 #a71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ae1 #ei1 #gg ,b]41 #ca1 #bji-bag4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolf ,,rapp 7#ahih1 #b71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ 7#e ,mitteilung7 #cf1 #gg ,b]41 #ca1 #ajhd-ajij4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolf ,,rapp 7#ahih1 #c71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ 7#f ,mitteilung7 #cb1 #cf1 #gg ,b]41 #ca1 #ajij-ajid4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolf ,,rapp 7#ahih1 #d71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ 7#g ,mitteilung7 #ch ,b]41 #ca1 #aeca-aecc4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolf ,,rapp 7#ahii1 #a71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ 7#h ,mitteilung7 #cf ,b]41 #cb1 #abg-acg4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolf ,,rapp 7#ahii1 #b71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ 7#i ,mitteilung7 #cb1 #db1 #gg ,b]41 #cb1 #bjhf-bjid4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,rudolf ,,rapp 7#aija71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell54_/ 7#aj ,mitteilung7 #ch ,b]41 #cd1 #aebc-aecj4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 und ,,siegfri$ ,,skraup 7#aiad71 _/,i/ die ,enzym-,!orie d] ,grung e9zus*rnk58_/ #abg ,b]41 #aiad1 #dg1 #hec-hgj4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,edu>d1 & ,,alb]t ,,spitta 7#aijb71 _/,zymasebildung 9 d] ,hefe_/ #ch ,b]41 #ce1 #agjc-agjf4 ,,bu*n]1 ,,hans 7#ahig71 _/,die ,b$eutung d] aktiv5 lsli*5 ,zellprodukte fr d5 ,*emismus d] ,zelle_/ #ah ,mn*54 m$4 ,wo*5s*4 7,no4 #ab71 #dd1 #cjj-cjb1 & #cbb4 ,,cagni>d-,,lat\r 7#ahch71 _/,mmoire sur la ,f]m5tation v9euse4_/ 7,prs5t l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 le #ab ju91 #ahcg7 #e ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #fh1 #bjf-bbb4 ,,cav5di%1 ,,h5ry 7#agff71 _/,?ree pap]s conta9+ exp]im5ts on factiti\s air4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,conta9+ exp]im5ts on ! air1 produc$ by f]m5tation & putrefaction4_/ 7,read #ac ,nov41 #agff7 #b ,phil4 ,trans41 #age-ahd4 ,,*ick1 ,,frances 7#aiab71 _/,die v]me9tli*e ,dioxyacetonbildung whr5d d] alkoholis*5 ,grung und die ,wirkung von ,ti]kohle und von ,me?ylph5ylhydraz9 auf ,dioxyaceton_/ #aje ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #dj1 #dgi-dhe4 ,,cl[es1 ,,george ,h4 ,a4 7#aiji71 _/,a critical /udy ( ! conditions "u :i* zymase & its associat$ co5zyme br+ ab\t alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #abb ,proc4 ,exp]4 ,biol4 & ,m$ic9e1 #f1 #dd-df4 ,,col9 7#ahbe71 _/,mmoire sur la ,f]m5tation du ,sucre_/4 7,lu l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 le #ca/ janvi]1 #ahbe7 #e ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #bh1 #abh-adb4 ,,crem]1 ,m4 7#ahii71 _/,ueb] ,glykog5bildung im ,hefepresssaft_/ #aaf ,b]41 #cb1 #bjfb-bjfd4 ,,dak91 ,h4 ,d4 7#aijc71 _/,! hydrolysis ( e?yl m&elate by lipase_/ #hi ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ai1 #afa4 ,,dak91 ,h4 ,d4 7#aije71 _/,! fractional hydrolysis ( optically inactive e/]s by lipase ,"p ,,ii4_/ #hi ,j4 ,physiol41 #cb1 #aii-bjf4 ,,dak91 ,h4 ,d4 7#aijh71 _/,! oxidation ( leuc91 -amido-isoval]ic acid & ( -amido-n-val]ic acid ) hydrog5 p]oxide_/ #ic ,j4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #d1 #fc-gf4 ,,dak91 ,h4 ,d4 7#aiab71 _/,oxidations & r$uctions 9 ! animal body_/ 7?is s]ies7 #ib ,,dak91 ,h4 ,d41 & ,h4 ,w4 ,,dudley 7#aiac71 _/,! int]conv]sion ( -am9o-acids1 -hydroxyacids1 & -ketonic aldehydes4 ,"p ,,ii4_/ #ic ,j4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #ae1 #abg-adc4 ,,delbr,,ck1 ,,max 7#ahig71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ai ,wo*5s*4 ,brau]ei1 #ad1 #cfc-cfd4 ,,desmazi,,res 7#ahbf7 #e ,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 #aj1 #db-fg4 ,,dixon1 ,,h5ry ,h41 & ,w4 ,r4 ,g4 ,,atk9s 7#aiac71 _/,! extraction ( zymase by means ( liquid air4_/ 7,prelim9>y ,note7 #be1 #bf ,sci4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,dubl9 ,soc41 #ad1 #a-h4 ,,du*a,,ek1 ,,franz 7#aiji71 _/,e9wirkung v]s*i$5] ,antiseptika auf die ,enzyme des ,hefepresssaftes_/ #cf ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ah1 #baa-bbg4 ,,duclaux1 ,e4 7#ahhf71 _/,sur les trans=mations *imiques provoques p> la lumire solaire_/ #ih ,compt4 r5d41 #ajc1 #hha-hhb4 ,,duclaux1 ,e4 7#ahic71 _/,sur les analogies entre les procs de f]m5tation et de combu/ion solaire_/ #ih ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 #g1 #gea-ged4 ,,duclaux1 ,e4 7#ahif71 _/tudes sur l'action solaire_/4 7,premi] ,mmoire7 #ih ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 #aj1 #abi-afh4 ,,duclaux1 ,e4 7#ahii7 #aba ,mikrobiologie1 #b1 #adb4 ,,dumas1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e 7#ahgd71 _/,re*]*es sur la f]m5tation alcoolique_/ #abh ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #c1 #eg-ajh4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijc71 _/,ueb] neue /ick/(fhaltige ,be/&teile d] ,zuck]ablufe_/ #hf ,zeits*4 ,v]e94 ,rb5zuck]-,ind41 #hji-hbi4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijd1 #a71 _/,ueb] das natrli*e ,isom]e des ,leuc9s_/ #hf ,b]41 #cg1 #ahji-ahdj4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijd1 #b71 _/,ueb] d5 neu5 optis*aktiv5 ,ni*tzuck]1 das ,isoleuc9_/ #hf ,zeits*4 ,v]e94 ,rb5zuck]-,ind41 #gge-hjc4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aije71 _/,ueb] die ,ent/ehung des ,fuselles_/ #hg ,zeits*4 ,v]e94 ,rb5zuck]-,ind41 #eci-efg4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijf1 #a71 _/,ueb] e9e ,me?ode zur ,spaltung racemis*] ,am9osur5 mittels ,hefe_/ #hi ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #a1 #h-ca2 ,zeits*4 ,v]e94 ,rb5zuck]-,ind41 #hdj-hfj4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijf1 #b71 _/,v]fahr5 zur ,gew9nung von ,fusell5 und dess5 ,be/&teil5_/ #hg ,g]man ,pat5t ,kl4 #abj1 ,nr4 #aggagd1 vom4 #a1 #d1 #aije 7#ag ,nov41 #aijf74 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijf1 #c71 _/,die *emis*5 ,vorgnge bei d] ,hefegrung_/ #hg1 #ij1 #id ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #b1 #eb-hj2 ,zeits*4 ,v]e94 ,rb5zuck]-,ind41 #aade-aafh4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijf1 #d71 _/,zur ,frage d] ,fusellbildung d] ,hefe_/ #hg ,b]41 #ci1 #djgb-djge4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijg1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,b$+ung5 d] ,fusellbildung und b] ihr5 ,zusamm5hang mit dem ,eiweissaufbau d] ,hefe_/ #hg1 #id ,b]41 #dj1 #ajbg-ajdg2 ,zeits*4 ,v]e94 ,rb5zuck]-,ind41 #aijg1 #dfa4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijg1 #b71 _/,ueb] das natrli*e ,isom]e des ,leuc9s_/ #hf ,b]41 #dj1 #bech-befb4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijg1 #c71 _/,die ,rolle des ,eiweisses und d] ,eiweissabbauprodukte bei d] ,grung_/ #hg ,jahrb4 d4 ,v]su*s u4 ,lehran/alt f4 ,brau]ei 9 ,b]l91 #aj1 #eae-ebi4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aijh71 _/,ueb] e9e ,syn!se des ,isoleuc9s_/ #hf ,b]41 #da1 #adec-adeh2 ,zeits*4 ,v]e94 deuts*4 ,zuck]9d41 #aijh1 #ebh-ecc4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aiji71 _/,ueb] die ,ent/ehung d] ,b]n/e9sure bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #hi ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ah1 #cia-dbc4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aiaa1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,v]grung des ,tyros9s zu p-,oxyph5yle?yl alkohol4 7,tyrosol7_/ #hh ,b]41 #dd1 #aci-adg4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aiaa1 #b71 _/,ueb] die ,bildung des ,plasmaeiweisses bei ,hef5 und ,s*immelpilz5_/ #hi ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cf1 #dgg-dig4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7#aiab71 _/,ueb] ,tryptophol 7-,indolyl?ylalkohol71 e9 neues ,grprodukt d] ,hefe aus ,am9osur5_/ #hh ,b]41 #de1 #hhc-hhi4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix1 & ,k4 ,a4 ,,jacobs5 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] die ,umw&lung von ,am9osur5 9 ,oxysur5 dur* ,s*immelpilze_/ #hi ,b]41 #dd1 #hhh-hig4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix1 & ,p4 ,,pi/s*imuka 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,ueb]fuhrung von ,am95 9 ,alkohole dur* ,hefe und ,s*immelpilze_/ #ia ,b]41 #de1 #ajjf-ajab4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix1 & ,p4 ,,pi/s*imuka 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,syn!s5 des ,tyrosols und se9e ,umw&lung 9 ,hord59_/ #hh ,b]41 #de1 #bdbh-bdcg4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix 7mit ,a4 ,,w5del7 7#aijh1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,spaltung racemis*] ,amidosur5 mittels ,hefe1 ,,ii4_/ #hi ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #h1 #dch-dff4 ,,ehrli*1 ,,felix1 und ,,adolph ,,w5del 7#aijh1 #b71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,leuc9fraktion des ,eiweisses_/ #hf ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #h1 #cii-dcg4 ,,emm]l+1 ,o4 7#ahii71 _/,das ,v]halt5 von ,glyc]9aldehyd und ,dioxyaceton geg5 ,hefe_/ #ajd ,b]41 #cb1 #edb-edd4 ,,emm]l+1 ,o4 7#aijd71 _/,ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] ,fuselle_/ #hf ,b]41 #cg1 #cece-cech4 ,,emm]l+1 ,o4 7#aije71 _/,ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] ,fuselle_/ #hf ,b]41 #ch1 #iec-ief4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans 7#aije71 _/,*emis*e ,dynamik d] zellfrei5 ,grung_/ #abj ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #dd1 #ec-gc4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,wirkungsweise d] ,phosphatese_/4 7#c ,mitteilung7 #dg1 #eh ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #da1 #bae-bbc4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,v]halt5 d] ,kohl5hydratphosphorsure-e/] im ,ti]krp]4 ,na* ,v]su*5 von ,e4 ,?or9 und ,d4 ,johansson_/ #ea ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gi1 #cge-cig4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans 7#aiad71 _/,ueb] die ,rolle des ,glykog5s bei d] ,grung dur* leb5de ,hefe_/ #aaf ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hi1 #ccg-cdd4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,b,,ck/r,m1 ,,helma 7#aiab71 _/,zum ,k5ntnis d] ,hefegrung_/4 7#b ,mitteilung7 #dg1 #fh1 #acj ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gg1 #cid-dja4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,?4 ,,b]ggr5 7#aiab71 _/,ueb] die primre ,umw&lung d] ,hexos5 bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #cb1 #acj ,zeits*4 ,grungsphysiol41 #a1 #bjc-bah4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,h5ry ,,cassel 7#aiac71 _/,ueb] ,katalysator5 d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/4 ,vorlufige ,mitteilung #acj ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hf1 #abb-abi4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,a4 ,,fodor 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] e9 ,zwis*5produkt d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #aje ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cf1 #dja-daj4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,yngve ,,funke 7#aiab71 _/,ueb] die ,spaltung d] ,kohl5hydratphosphorsure-e/]_/ #ea ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gg1 #dhh-dif4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,david ,,johansson 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,umw&lung des ,zuck]s und ,bildung d] ,kohl5sure bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #cb ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gf1 #cdg-ced4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,david ,,johansson 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,unt]su*ung5 b] die *emis*e ,zusamm5setzung und ,bildung d] ,enzyme4 ,,iv4 ,ueb] die ,anpassung e9] ,hefe an ,galaktose_/ #acc ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gh1 #bdf-bfe4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,david ,,johannson 7#aiab1 #c71 _/,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss des ,toluols auf die ,zymase und auf die ,phosphatese_/ #abe ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hj1 #age-aha4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,david ,,johansson 7#aiab1 #d71 _/,v]su*e b] die enzymatis*e ,phosphatb9dung_/ #dg1 #eg ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hj1 #bje-baa4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,david ,,johansson 7#aiac71 _/,ueb] die ,reaktionsphas5 d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #dg1 #eb1 #ed1 #gc ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #he1 #aib-bjh4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,sixt5 ,,kullb]g 7#aiaa1 #a71 _/,unt]su*ung5 b] die *emis*e ,zusamm5setzung und ,bildung d] ,enzyme_/ #abd1 #abf ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #ga1 #ad-cj4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,sixt5 ,,kullb]g 7#aiaa1 #b71 _/,ueb] das ,v]halt5 frei] und an ,protoplasma gebund5] ,hef55zyme_/ #abd1 #abf ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gc1 #he-ajj & p>tly 9 ,arkiv4 ,kem4 ,m94 ,geol41 #d1 ,no4 #ac1 #a-aa4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,sixt5 ,,kullb]g 7#aiaa1 #c71 _/,ueb] die ,wirkungsweise d] ,phosphatese_/ #dg1 #eh1 #abb ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gd1 #ae-bh4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,gunn> ,,lundeqvi/ 7#aiaa71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,hefegrung_/ #aca ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gb1 #ig-aab4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,hjalm> ,,ohls,n 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss d] ,temp]atur auf die ,wirkung d] ,phosphatese_/ #dg1 #eg1 #eh ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cg1 #cac-cbj4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,hjalm> ,,ohls,n 7#aiab71 _/,ueb] die ,wirkungsweise d] ,phosphatese1 ,,ii_/ #dg1 #eg ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gf1 #dfh-dgg4 ,,eul]1 ,,hans1 & ,,be? ,,af4 ,,ugglas 7#aiaa71 _/,unt]su*ung5 b] die *emis*e ,zusamm5setzung und ,bildung d] ,enzyme4_/ 7#b ,mitteilung7 #abe1 #abf ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gj1 #bgi-bij4 ,,f]nba*1 ,a4 7#aiaj71 _/,sur la dgradation biologique des hydrates de c>bone_/ #ajg ,compt4 r5d41 #aea1 #ajjd-ajjf4 ,,f]nba*1 ,a41 & ,,s*o5 ,m4 7#aiac71 _/,l'acide pyruvique1 produit de la vie de la levure_/ #aji ,compt4 r5d41 #aeg1 #adgh-adhj4 ,,fis*]1 ,,emil1 und ,,julius ,,tafel 7#ahhh71 _/,oxydation des ,glyc]9s_/ #ajd ,b]41 #ba1 #bfcd-bfcg4 ,,fis*]1 ,,emil1 und ,,julius ,,tafel 7#ahhi71 _/,oxydation des ,glyc]9s1 ,,ii4_/ #ajd ,b]41 #bb1 #ajf-aaj4 ,,fis*]1 ,,emil1 und ,,hans ,,?i]feld] 7#ahid71 _/,v]halt5 d] v]s*i$55 ,zuck] geg5 re9e ,hef5_/ #hi ,b]41 #bg1 #bjca-bjcg4 ,,fis*]1 ,,hugo 7#aijc71 _/,ueb] ,enzymwirkung und ,grung_/ #ai ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #aj1 #edg-h4 ,,fitz1 ,,alb4 7#ahhj71 _/,ueb] ,spaltpilzgrung5_/4 7#f ,mitteilung7 #ih ,b]41 #ac1 #acji-acab4 ,,franz51 ,,h>twig1 & ,o4 ,,/eppuhn 7#aiaa71 _/,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aae ,b]41 #dd1 #biae-biai4 ,,franz51 ,,h>twig1 & ,o4 ,,/eppuhn 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,v]grung und ,bildung d] ,ameis5sure dur* ,hef5_/ #ajc1 #aae ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gg1 #abi-ahb4 ,,franz51 ,,h>twig1 & ,o4 ,,/eppuhn 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,b]i*tigung zu d] ,abh&lung3 ,ueb] die ,v]grung und ,bildung d] ,ameis5sure dur* ,hef5_/ #aae ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gh1 #afd4 ,,gay-,,lussac1 ,,l\is ,,joseph 7#ahaj71 _/,extrait d'un ,mmoire sur la ,f]m5tation_/4 7,lu l',in/41 #c ,dec1 #ahaj7 #d ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #gf1 #bde-bei4 ,,g]et1 ,l41 und ,m4 ,,hahn 7#ahih1 #a71 _/,zum ,na*weis des im ,hefepresssaft en?alt55 proteolytis*5 ,enzyms_/ #bj ,b]41 #ca1 #bjb-bje4 ,,g]et1 ,l41 und ,m4 ,,hahn 7#ahih1 #b71 _/,weit]e ,mitteilung5 b] das im ,hefepresssaft en?alt5e proteolytis*e ,enzym_/ #bj ,b]41 #ca1 #bcce-bcdd4 ,,g]et1 ,l41 und ,m4 ,,hahn 7#aijj71 _/,ueb] das ,hefe-endotryps9_/ #bj ,zeits*4 ,biologie1 #dj1 #aag-agb4 ,,g]h>dt1 ,,*>les 7#ahef71 _/,trait de ,*imie ,organique_/1 #d1 #ecg-edf #aj1 #ae ,,giglioli1 ,j4 7#aiaa71 _/,della probabile funzione degli olii ess5ziali e di altri prodotti volatili delle piante1 quale causa di movem5to dei suc*i nei tessuli viv5ti_/ #bf ,atti4 ,r4 ,accad4 ,l9cei1 #bj1 ,,ii41 #cdi-cfa4 ,,gre51 ,j4 ,,reynolds 7#ahig71 _/,! suppos$ alcoholic enzyme 9 yea/_/ #ai ,annals ( ,botany1 #aa1 #eee-efb4 ,,gre51 ,j4 ,,reynolds 7#ahih71 _/,! alcohol-produc+ enzyme ( yea/_/ #ai ,annals ( ,botany1 #ab1 #dia-dig4 ,,grom(f1 ,t41 und ,o4 ,,grigorieff 7#aijd71 _/,die ,arbeit d] ,zymase und d] ,endotryptase 9 d5 abgettet5 ,hefezell5 unt] v]s*i$55 ,v]hltniss5_/ #cf ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #db1 #bii-cbi4 ,,grub]1 ,m4 7#aijh71 _/,edu>d ,bu*n]_/ #ah ,mn*51 m$4 ,wo*5s*41 #cdb4 ,,gr,,ss1 ,j4 7#aijd71 _/,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,atmung und ,atmungs5zyme d] ,hefe_/ #aaa ,zeits*4 ,ges4 ,brauwes51 #bg1 #fhi4 ,,gr,,ss1 ,j4 7#aijh1 #a71 _/,ueb] d5 ,na*weis mittel/ ,*romogramm-,me?ode dass die ,hydrog5ase aktiv bei d] ,alkoholgrung beteiligt i/_/ #aaa ,b]4 deuts*1 botan4 ,ges41 #bf;,a1 #aia-aif4 ,,gr,,ss1 ,j4 7#aijh1 #b71 _/,hydrog5ase od] ,r$uktase8_/ #aaa ,b]4 deuts*1 botan4 ,ges41 #bf;,a1 #fbg-fcj1 ,ab/ract ,j4 ,in/4 ,brew+1 #aiji1 #cdd4 ,,hahn1 ,,m>t9 7#ahih71 _/,das proteolytis*e ,enzym des ,hefepresssaftes_/ #bj ,b]41 #ca1 #bjj-bja4 ,,hahn1 ,,m>t9 7#aijh71 _/,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,zymase5tdeckung_/ #ah ,mn*54 m$4 ,wo*5s*41 #eae4 ,,hanriot1 ,m4 7#ahhe1 #ahhf71 _/,sur la dcomposition pyrogne des acides de la srie grasse_/ #ih ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 #dc1 #dag2 #de1 #gi-hj4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur 7#aija71 _/,! *emical action ( ,bacillus coli communis & simil> organisms on c>bohydrates & alli$ comp\nds_/ #ij1 #aae ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #gi1 #fab-fbh4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur 7#aijc71 _/,ueb] alkoholis*e ,grung mit ,hefepresssaft 7,bu*n]'s ,zymase7 bei ,geg5w>t von ,bluts]um_/ #bj1 #da ,b]41 #cf1 #gae-gaf4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur 7#aije71 _/,zymase & alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #db1 #ajc ,j4 ,in/4 ,brew+1 #aa1 ,no4 #a4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur 7#aiaj71 _/,rec5t rese>*es on alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #abe ,j4 ,in/4 ,brew+1 #af1 #fbc-fci4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur 7#aiac71 _/,! enzymes ( wa%$ zym9 & dri$ yea/_/ 7,leb$eff74 _/,i4 ,c>boxylase_/ #hb1 #hc ,bio*em4 ,j41 #g1 #bad-bag4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,,doro?y ,,norris 7#aiab71 _/,! bact]ial production ( acetylme?ylc>b9ol & #b-c butyl5e glycol f v>i\s sub/ances_/ #aaj ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #hd1 #dib-dii4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,,rol& ,v4 ,,norris 7#aiaj71 _/,! f]m5tation ( galactose by yea/ & yea/-juice4_/ 7,prelim9>y ,communication7 #cb1 #acc ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #hb1 #fde-fdi4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,,rol& ,v4 ,,norris 7#aiad71 _/,! enzymes ( wa%$ zym9 & dri$ yea/_/ 7,leb$eff74 _/,,ii4 ,r$uctase_/ #fh1 #aaa1 #aac ,bio*em4 ,j41 #h1 #ajj-ajf4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,s4 ,g4 ,,pa9e 7#aiab71 _/,! action ( dissolv$ sub/ances on ! aut(]m5tation ( yea/_/ #abg ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #hd1 #ddh-dei4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,,rob]t ,,robison 7#aiad71 _/,a new phosphoric e/] obta9$ by ! aid ( yea/-juice4_/ 7,prelim9>y ,note7 #dh ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #cj1 #af-ag4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,,sydney ,,r[l& 7#aija71 _/,aut(]m5tation & liquefaction ( press$ yea/_/ #abf ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #gi1 #abbg-abce4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 ,j4 ,,?ompson1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiaj71 _/,app>atus = ! collection ( gases evolv$ 9 f]m5tation_/ #bh ,bio*em4 ,j41 #e1 #bcj-bce4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijb71 _/,glycog5 f yea/_/ #cc ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ha1 #abbd-abcc4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijd71 _/,grv]su*e mit ,presssaft aus ob]grig] ,hefe_/ #cj1 #cc1 #ce ,b]41 #cg1 #ajeb-ajgj4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aije1 #a71 _/,! alcoholic f]m5t ( yea/-juice_/ #da1 #db1 #ei ,j4 ,physiol41 #cb4 ,proce$+s ( #ab ,novemb]1 #aijd4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aije1 #b71 _/,! influ5ce ( phosphates on ! f]m5tation ( glucose by yea/-juice4_/ 7,prelim9>y communication1 #a ,june1 #aije7 #db1 #dg ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ba1 #ahi-aia4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijf1 #a71 _/,! alcoholic f]m5t ( yea/-juice_/ #dc ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #gg1 #dje-dbj4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijf1 #b71 _/,! alcoholic f]m5t ( yea/-juice4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! co-f]m5t ( yea/-juice_/ #ei1 #fb ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc1 ,b41 #gh1 #cfi-cge4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijf1 #c71 _/,influ5ce ( sodium ars5ate on ! f]m5tation ( glucose by yea/-juice_/4 7,prelim9>y notice7 #cg1 #ge ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc1 #bb1 #bhc-bhd4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijg7 #fe ,bio*em4 ,c5tr41 #f1 #hhh4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijh1 #a71 _/,! alcoholic f]m5t ( yea/-juice4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,! function ( phosphates 9 ! f]m5tation ( glucose by yea/-juice_/ #dg1 #ec1 #ga ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #hj1 #bii-caa4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aijh1 #b71 _/,! f]m5tation ( mannose & lvulose by yea/-juice_/4 7,prelim9>y note7 #gc ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #bd1 #aae-aag4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiji71 _/,! alcoholic f]m5t ( yea/-juice4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,! f]m5tation ( glucose1 mannose1 & fructose by yea/-juice_/ #cb1 #dd1 #dg1 #gc ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #ha1 #ccf-cdg4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiaj1 #a71 _/,! function ( phosphates 9 alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #df1 #ajf ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #bf1 #agh-ahd4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiaj1 #b71 _/,! alcoholic f]m5t ( yea/-juice4 ,"p ,v4 ,! function ( phosphates 9 alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #dd1 #eb1 #ef ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #hb1 #cba-ccj4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiaa1 #a71 _/,! alcoholic f]m5t ( yea/-juice4 ,"p ,,vi4 ,! effect ( ars5ates & ars5ites on ! f]m5tation ( ! sug>s by yea/-juice_/ #ef1 #ge1 #gg1 #gi ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #hc1 #dea-dge4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiaa1 #b71 _/,ueb] die ,zusamm5setzung d] dur* ,hefepresssaft gebildet5 ,hexosephosphorsure ,i_/4 #dg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cb1 #agc-agf4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiab71 _/,d] ,me*anismus d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #df1 #ajf1 #ajh ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #dj1 #deh-dgh4 ,,h>d51 ,,ar?ur1 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,"y 7#aiac71 _/,! enzymatic =mation ( polysac*>ides by yea/ prep>ations_/ #ca1 #acj ,bio*em4 ,j41 #g1 #fcj-fcf4 ,,h>d+1 ,,victor ,j4 7#aiab71 _/,! action ( enzymes on hexosephosphate_/ #ea ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #he1 #dah-dbb4 ,,helmholtz1 ,,h]mann ,,ludwig 7#ahdc71 _/,ueb] das ,wes5 d] ,fulnis und ,grung_/ #aj ,ar*4 ,anat4 ,physiol4 ,joh4 ,mll]1 #e1 #dec-dfb4 ,,h]zog1 ,r4 ,o4 7#aijb71 _/,ueb] alkoholis*e ,grung1 ,i4_/ #abj ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #cg1 #adi-afj4 ,,h]zog1 ,r4 ,o4 7#aijd71 _/,ueb] die ,ges*w9digkeit enzymatis*] ,reaktion5_/ #abj ,zeits*1 physiol4 ,*em41 #da1 #daf4 ,,hoppe-,,seyl]1 ,f4 7#ahgf71 _/,ueb] die ,processe d] ,grung5 und ihre ,beziehung5 zum ,leb5 d] ,organism5_/ #ad ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ab1 #a-ag4 ,,hoppe-,,seyl]1 ,f4 7#ahgg71 _/,ueb] ,grung54 ,antwort auf e95 ,angriff des ,h]rn ,moritz ,traube_/ #ad ,b]41 #aj1 #fic-fie4 ,,iwan(f1 ,,leonid 7#aije71 _/,ueb] ,umw&lung5 des ,phosphors 9 d] ,pflanze_/ #dg ,s4 ,travaux de la ,soc4 des ,naturali/es de ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #cd4 ,,iwan(f1 ,,leonid 7#aijg71 _/,ueb] die ,syn!se d] phospho-organis*5 ,v]b9dung5 9 abgettet5 ,hefezell5_/ #dg ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #ej1 #bha-bhh4 ,,iwan(f1 ,,leonid 7#aiji1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,bildung d] phospho-organis*5 ,v]b9dung und ihre ,rolle bei d] ,zymasegrung_/ #dg1 #di1 #ef1 #ajf ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #bd1 #a-ab4 ,,iwan(f1 ,,leonid 7#aiji1 #b71 _/,ueb] e95 neu5 ,app>at fr ,grungsv]su*e_/ #bi ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #bd1 #dbi-dcb4 ,,janss5s1 ,a41 & ,a4 ,,leblanc 7#ahih71 _/,re*]*es cytologiques s\s la cellule de levure_/ #abf ,la ,cellule1 #ad1 #bjc-bda4 ,,k>aus*an(f1 ,s4 7#aiaa71 _/,zur ,frage na* d] ,b$eutung des ,dioxyacetons als e9es int]m$ir5 ,produktes d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aje ,b]4 deuts*1 bot4 ,ges41 #bi1 #cbb4 ,,k>czag1 ,l4 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,grung d] v]s*i$55 ,we9sur5_/ #ha ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ch1 #eaf-eah4 ,,k>czag1 ,l4 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,9 wel*] ,weise wird die ,we9sure dur* ,hefe angegriff58_/ #ha ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #dc1 #dd-df4 ,,kays]1 ,e4 7#aiaa71 _/,sur le suc de levure de bire_/ #bf ,compt4 r5d41 #aeb1 #abgi-abhj4 ,,knoop1 ,f4 7#aiaj71 _/,ueb] d5 physiologis*5 ,abbau d] ,sur5 und die ,syn!se e9] ,am9osure im ,ti]korp]_/ #ic ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #fg1 #dhg-ejb4 ,,kohl1 ,f4 ,g4 7#aijg71 _/,ueb] das ,glykog5 und e9ige ,ers*e9ung5 bei d] ,sporulation d] ,hefe_/ #aaf ,b]4 deut4 bot4 ,ges41 #be1 #gd-he4 ,,kohl1 ,f4 ,g4 7#aiji71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung_/ #aaf ,inaug4 ,diss4 ,leipzig ,ab/r4 9 ,zeits*4 ,brau]eiwes51 #cb1 #djf-g1 & ,j4 ,in/4 ,brew+1 #ae1 #gaj-gaa4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s4 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,bildung von ,acetaldehyd bei d] alkoholis*5 ,zuck]grung_/4 7,vorlufige ,mitteilung7 #aaa ,b]41 #de1 #abhi-abic4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s4 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,ueb] ,alkoholgrung_/4 7#a ,mitteilung47 _/,ueb] die ,bildung von ,acetaldehyd bei d] alkoholis*5 ,zuck]grung_/ #ajf1 #aji ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gi1 #acj-ade4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s4 7#aiab1 #c71 _/,ueb] ,alkoholgrung_/4 7#b ,mitteilung47 _/,ueb] die ,bildung von ?ylalkohol aus ,acetaldehyd dur* leb5de und gettete ,hefe4 ,von ,s4 ,ko/yts*eff und ,e4 ,hbb5et_/ #aaj ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gi1 #cei-cgd4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s4 7#aiac1 #a71 _/,ueb] d5 ,me*anismus d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aaa ,b]41 #df1 #cci4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s4 7#aiac1 #b71 _/,ueb] ,alkoholgrung4 ,,iii4 ,die ,b$+ung5 d] ,bildung von ,acetaldehyd bei d] ,grung von ,dau]hefe_/ #aaa1 #aac ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hc1 #ic-aaa4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s4 7#aiad71 _/,ueb] ,alkoholgrung_/ 7#f ,mitteilung7 _/,das ,wes5 d] r$uktion von ,acetaldehyd dur* leb5d5 ,hefe_/ #aaa ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hi1 #cfg-cgb4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s41 & ,e4 ,h,,bb5et 7#aiac71 _/,zur ,frage d] ,r$uktion von ,acetaldehyd dur* ,hefesaft_/ #aaj1 #aae ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #he1 #djh-daa4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s41 & ,w4 ,,brilliant 7#aiac71 _/,ueb] ,alkoholgrung4 ,v4 ,ueb] ,eiweissspaltung dur* ,dau]hefe 9 ,geg5w>t von ,z9k*lorid_/ #aaa ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #he1 #ejg-eaf4 ,,ko/yts*eff1 ,s41 & ,a4 ,,s*el\m(f 7#aiac71 _/,ueb] ,alkoholgrung4 ,,iv4 ,ueb] ,zuck]spaltung dur* ,dau]hefe 9 ,geg5w>t von ,z9k*lorid_/ #aaa1 #aac ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #he1 #dic-ejf4 ,,kunz1 ,r4 7#aijf71 _/,i/ die bei d] alkoholis*5 ,hefegrung ent/eh5de ,b]n/e9sure als ,spaltungsprodukt des ,zuck]s anzuseh58_/ #hi ,zeits*4 ,unt]s4 ,nahr4 ,g5ussmittel1 #ab1 #fda-fde4 ,,kupff]1 ,c4 ,v4 7#ahig7 #ai ,mn*51 m$4 ,wo*5s*41 #dd1 #cba-cbb4 ,,kuss](f1 ,r4 7#aiaj71 _/,e9e neue ,!orie d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aaf ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #bf1 #ahd-ahg4 ,k,,tz+1 ,,fri$ri* 7#ahcg71 _/,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,hefe und ,essigmutt]1 neb/ mehr]5 &]5 dazugehrig5 vegetabilis*5 ,gebild5_/4 7_/,im ,auszuge vorgetrag5 9 d] ,v]s4 d4 ,naturhi/or4 ,v]e9s des ,h>zes1 9 ,alexisbad am #bf ,juli1 #ahcg_/7 #g ,j4 pr4 ,*em41 #aa1 #che-dji4 ,,lange1 ,h4 7#ahih71 _/,beitrag zur alkoholis*5 ,grung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ai ,wo*5s*4 ,brau]ei1 #ae1 #cgg-cgh4 ,,lavoisi]1 ,a4 7#aghi71 _/,trait lm5taire de ,*ymie_/1 ,*ap4 ,,xiii #b ,,lea!s1 ,j4 ,b4 7#aijf71 _/,problems 9 ,animal ,metabolism_/ #aaj ,london1 #ha-hf4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aijh71 _/,auftret5 von ,=maldehyd bei d] zellfrei5 ,grung_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #aj1 #ded-deg4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiji71 _/,v]su*e zur ,aufklrung des zell5frei5 ,grungsprocesses mit ,hilfe des ,ultrafilt]s_/ #bi1 #ca1 #dg1 #di1 #ej ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bj1 #aad-abe4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaj71 _/,ueb] ,hexosephosphorsuree/]_/4 7#a ,mitteilung7 #ca1 #dg1 #dh1 #ej ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bh1 #bac-bbi4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaa1 #a71 _/,ueb] d5 ,me*anismus d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aje1 #ajf ,b]41 #dd1 #bicb-bidb4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaa1 #b71 _/,extraction de la zymase p> simple macration_/ #bd ,compt4 r5d41 #aeb1 #di-ea4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaa1 #c71 _/,sur l'extraction de la zymase_/ #bd ,compt4 r5d41 #aeb1 #aabi4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaa1 #d71 _/,la zymase e/-elle une dia/ase8_/ #cd1 #ce ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/41 #be1 #fhb-fid4 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 ,,iv41 #i1 #fgb-fhb47 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaa1 #e71 _/,bem]kung5 zu d] ,arbeit von ,hans ,eul] und ,sixt5 ,kullb]g4 ,ueb] die ,wirkungsweise d] ,phosphatese_/ #dg ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #ge1 #dii-ejj4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaa1 #f71 _/,ueb] ,hexosephos phorsuree/]4 ,,ii4_/ #dg1 #ej ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cf1 #bdh-bfj4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiaa1 #g71 _/,sur l'extraction de la zymase_/ #bd ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 ,,iv41 #i1 #gdd-gej4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,extraktion d] ,zymase_/ #bd ,*em4 ,zeit41 #cf1 #cfe4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,extraction de la ,zymase p> simple macration_/ #bd ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/41 #bf1 #h-cg4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiab1 #c71 _/,notiz b] ,phosphatese_/ #dg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ci1 #aee-aeg4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiab1 #d71 _/,ueb] d5 ,me*anismus d] alkoholis*5 ,grung4_/ #ajg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #df1 #dhc-dhi 7& ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 ,,iv41 #aa1 #ajci-ajda74 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiac1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,v]e/]ung von ,dioxyaceton mit ,phosphat5_/ #dg ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hd1 #cje4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiac1 #b71 _/,ueb] d5 k9etis*5 ,v]lauf d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #ca ,zeits*4 ,grungsphysiol41 #b1 #ajd-ajf4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiad1 #a71 _/,ueb] d5 ,me*anismus d] alkoholis*5 ,grung ,,iii4 ,zell5freie ,grung d] ,polyoxy-c>bonsur5_/ #ajh ,b]41 #aiad1 #dg1 #ffj-fgb4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v4 7#aiad1 #b71 _/,notij b] zell5freie ,grung d] ,poly-oxyc>bonsur5_/ #ajh ,b]41 #aiad1 #dg1 #ife-ifg4 ,,leb$eff1 ,,alex4 ,v41 & ,n4 ,,griazn(f 7#aiab71 _/,ueb] d5 ,me*anismus d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #ajg1 #aaj ,b]41 #de1 #cbef-cbgb4 ,,liebig1 ,,ju/us ,v4 7#ahci71 _/,ueb] die ,ers*e9ung5 d] ,grung1 ,fulnis und ,v]wesung und ihre ,ursa*5_/ #h ,annal51 #cj1 #bej-bhg4 ,,liebig1 ,,ju/us ,v4 7#ahgj71 _/,ueb] die ,grung und die ,quelle d] ,muskelkraft_/ #ac ,annal51 #aec1 #a-dg2 #acg-bbh4 ,,l9dn]1 ,,paul 7#aije71 _/,mikroskopis*e ,betriebskontrolle 9 d5 ,grungsgew]b5_/ #aca ,b]l91 #d? edition1 #bcd4 ,,l9tn]1 ,c4 ,j4 7#ahii7 #ai ,*em4 ,zeit1 #bc1 #hea4 ,,l9tn]1 ,c4 ,j41 & ,h4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,liebig 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] die ,r$uktion des ,furfurols dur* ,hefe bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aac ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gb1 #ddi-ded4 ,,l9tn]1 ,c4 ,j41 & ,h4 ,l,,ers 7#aiac71 _/,ueb] die ,r$uktion des ,*loralhydrates dur* ,hefe bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aac ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hh1 #abb-abc4 ,,lippmann1 ,e4 ,v4 7#aijd71 _/,die ,*emie d] ,zuck]>t5_/ #ig1 #ajj1 #acb ,brauns*weig4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aijf71 _/,zur *emis*5 ,!orie d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #aaf1 #aag ,l&wirts*4 ,jahrb41 #ce1 #eda2 ,*em4 ,zeit41 #db1 #edj2 ,zeits*4 ,elektro*em41 #aijf1 #ab1 #bhb2 #aijg1 #ac1 #caa-eaf4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aijh1 #a71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,zuck]spaltung5_/4 ,i4 ,mitteilung4 _/,die ,e9wirkung von ,z9kc>bonat auf ,=maldehydlsung5_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ab1 #gh-if4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aijh1 #b71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,zuck]spaltung5_/4 ,,ii4 ,mitteilung4 _/,die ,e9wirkung von ,z9k/aub und ,eis5 auf ,=maldehydlsung52 die ,e9wirkung von ,z9k/aub auf ,traub5zuck]_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ab1 #dff-dgb4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aiji1 #a71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,zuck]spaltung5_/4 ,,iii4 ,mitteilung4 _/,die ,elektrolyse des ,traub5zuck]s_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ag1 #acb-add4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aiji1 #b71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,zuck]spaltung5_/4 ,v4 7,vorlufige7 ,mitteilung4 _/,die ,umkehrung d] ,zuck]syn!se_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bj1 #eaf-ebb4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aiji1 #c71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,zuck]spaltung5_/4 ,,vi4 ,mitteilung4 _/,die elektrolytis*e ,r$uktion des ,traub5zuck]s_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bb1 #ajc-aje4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aiji1 #d71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,zuck]spaltung5_/4 ,,vii4 ,mitteilung4 _/,die ,umkehrung d] ,zuck]syn!se 7von ,walt] ,lb und ,georg ,pulv]ma*]7_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bc1 #aj-bf4 ,l,b1 ,,walt] 7#aiaj71 _/,zur ges*i*te d] *emis*5 ,grung%ypo!s5_/ #ajg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bi1 #caa-cae4 ,l,b1 ,,walt]1 und ,,georg ,,pulv]ma*] 7#aiji71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,zuck]spaltung_/4 ,,iv4 ,mitteilung4 _/,die ,elektrolyse des glyc]9s und des ,glykols_/ #aag ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ag1 #cdc-cee4 ,,l[ry1 ,t4 ,,m>t9 7#aijc71 _/,/udies ( dynamic isom]ism4 ,i4 ,! mut>otation ( glucose_/ #acc ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc1 #hc1 #acad-acbc4 ,l,,d]sdorff1 ,f4 ,v4 7#ahdf71 _/,ueb] die ,natur d] ,hefe_/ #ae ,ann4 ,physik41 #gf1 #djh-daa4 ,,lunge1 ,g4 7#aije71 _/,*emis*-te*nis*e ,unt]su*ungsme?od5_/ #hg 7,b]l91 #ete ,aufgabe71 #c1 #ega4 ,,lu!r 7#aijg7 #ajc ,zeits*4 ,elektro*em41 #ac1 #eag4 ,,lv(f1 ,,s]gius 7#aiac1 #a71 _/,zymase und ,r$uktase 9 ihr5 geg5seitig5 ,beziehung5_/ #aab ,b]4 deut4 bot4 ,ges41 #ca1 #ada-adg4 ,,lv(f1 ,,s]gius 7#aiac1 #b71 _/,sur le rle de la r$uctase dans la f]m5tation alcoolique_/ #aab ,bull4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #eja-ecb4 ,,lv(f1 ,,s]gius 7#aiac1 #c71 _/,hefegrung und ,wass]/(f_/ #aab ,zeits*4 ,grungsphysiol41 #c1 #bhi-cbj4 ,,macfady51 ,,allan1 ,g4 ,,h>ris ,,morris1 & ,,sydney ,,r[l& 7#aijj71 _/,ueb] ausgepres/es ,hefezellplasma_/ 7_/,bu*n]'s ,zymase_/7 #ai1 #bd1 #bg1 #cj ,b]41 #cc1 #bgfd-bgij4 ,,mck5zie1 ,,alex41 & ,,ar?ur ,,h>d5 7#aijc71 _/,! biological me?od = resolv+ inactive acids into _! optically active compon5ts_/ #hi ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc1 #hc1 #dbd-dch4 ,,magnus-,,levy1 ,a4 7#aijb71 _/,ueb] d5 ,aufbau d] hoh5 ,fettsur5 aus ,zuck]_/ #aaj ,ar*4 ,anat4 ,physiol41 #cfe-cfh4 ,,manasse,n1 ,,m>ie ,v4 7#ahgb71 _/,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung54 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,wiesn]_/ #ae ,/uttg>t1 #abh4 ,,manasse,n1 ,,m>ie ,v4 7#ahig71 _/,zur ,frage von d] alkoholis*5 ,grung ohne leb5de ,hefezell5_/ #ae ,b]41 #cj1 #cjfa-cjfb4 ,,m>ckwald1 ,w4 7#aijb71 _/,ueb] die ,tr5nung d] ,amylalkohole des ,fuselles4 ,,iii4_/ #hh ,b]41 #ce1 #aeie-afja4 ,,m>t91 ,c4 ,j4 7#ahif71 _/,a rapid me?od ( sep>at+ colloids f cry/alloids 9 solutions conta9+ bo?_/ #ei ,j4 ,physiol41 #bj1 #cfd-cga4 ,,m>t91 ,c4 ,j41 & ,h4 ,g4 ,,*apman 7#ahih71 _/,an endeav\r to procure an alcoholic f]m5t f yea/-cells_/ #ai ,proc4 physiol4 ,soc41 #aa ,june1 ii4 ,,may]1 ,,adolf 7#ahgi71 _/,lehrbu* d] ,grungs*emie #c4 ,ausgabe_/ #ae ,heidelb]g1 ,c>l ,w9t]s' ,univ4-bu*h4 ,,may]1 ,p4 7#aijg71 _/,zur ,frage d] ,v]grb>keit von ,me?ylglyoxal_/ #ajd ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #b1 #dce-dcg4 ,,maz1 ,p4 7#aijb71 _/,re*]*es sur les modes d'utilisaion du c>bone trnaire p> les vgtaux et les microbes_/ #ih ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 #af1 #ddf2 ,compt4 r5d41 #acd1 #bda4 ,,meis5heim]1 ,,jakob 7#aijc71 _/,neue ,v]su*e mit ,hefepresssaft_/ #ce ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #cg1 #eah-ebf4 ,,meis5heim]1 ,,jakob 7#aijg71 _/,ueb] die *emis*5 ,vorgnge bei d5 als ,enzymreaktion5 erkannt5 ,grung5_/ #ajj ,bio*em4 ,c5tr41 #f1 #a-ac4 ,,meis5heim]1 ,,jakob 7#aijh71 _/,ueb] das ,v]halt5 d] ,glukose1 ,fructose und ,galaktose geg5 v]dnnte ,natronlauge_/ #ig ,b]41 #da1 #ajji-ajai4 ,,mits*]li*1 ,,eilh>d 7#ahda71 _/,ueb] die *emis*e ,z]setzung und ,v]b9dung mittels ,contactsub/anz5_/ #aj ,monatsb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,b]l91 #ahda1 #cib2 ,ann4 ,physik41 #ahdb1 #ee1 #bji-bbi4 ,n,,geli1 ,c4 ,v4 7#ahgi71 _/,!orie d] ,grung_/ #ae ,mn*54 ,r4 ,old5b\rg1 #aef4 ,n,,geli1 ,c41 und ,o4 ,,loew 7#ahgh71 _/,ueb] die *emis*e ,zusamm5setzung d] ,hefe_/ #ae ,annal51 #aic1 #cbb-cdh4 ,,nef1 ,j4 ,u4 7#aijd71 _/,dissoziationsvorgnge 9 d] ,glycolglyc]9reihe_/ #ih ,annal51 #cce1 #bdg-ccc4 ,,nef1 ,j4 ,u4 7#aijg71 _/,dissoziationsvorgnge 9 d] ,zuck]gruppe_/4 7,i4 ,abh&lung47 _/,ueb] das ,v]halt5 d] ,zuck]>t5 geg5 die ,fehl+'s*e ,lsung s[ie geg5 &]e ,oxydationsmittel_/ #ih ,annal51 #ceg1 #bad-cab4 ,,neiss]1 ,m4 7#aijf71 _/,e9 ,fall von ,mutation na* de ,vries bei ,bakt]i5 und &]e ,demon/ration5_/ #acb ,c5t4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,i41 ,ref4 #ch1 ,app5d41 #ih-ajb4 ,,neubau]1 ,,otto & ,,konrad ,,fromh]z 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] d5 ,abbau d] ,am9osur5 bei d] ,hefegrung_/ #ib1 #aji ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #gj1 #cbf-cej4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l 7#aijh71 _/,*emis*e ,umw&lung5 dur* ,/rahl5>t5_/4 ,i4 ,mitteilung4 _/,katalytis*e ,reaktion5 des ,sonn5li*tes_/ #ic ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ac1 #cje-cbj4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l 7#aiji71 _/,*emis*e ,umw&lung5 dur* ,/rahl5>t5_/4 ,,ii4 ,mitteilung4 _/,wirkung5 des elektris*5 ,glei*/roms_/ #ic ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ag1 #bgj-bib4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l 7#aiab71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,vii4 ,bildung von -,oxybutt]surealdehyd 7,aldol7 bei d] ,v]grung von ,br5ztraub5sure_/ #hb ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #dc1 #dia-dic4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,a4 ,,hilde%eim] 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,i4_/ #ha ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ca1 #agj-agf4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,l4 ,,k>czag 7#aiaa1 #a71 _/,die ,grung d] ,br5ztraub5sure und ,oxalessigsure als ,vorlesungsv]su*_/ #ha ,b]41 #dd1 #bdgg-bdgi4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,l4 ,,k>czag 7#aiaa1 #b71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,iii4_/ #hb1 #abg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cf1 #fj-fg4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,l4 ,,k>czag 7#aiaa1 #c71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,iv4 ,c>boxylase e9 neues ,enzym d] ,hefe_/ #hb ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cf1 #fh-ge4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,l4 ,,k>czag 7#aiaa1 #d71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,v4 ,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,c>boxylase_/ #ha1 #hc ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cf1 #gf-ha4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,l4 ,,k>czag 7#aiaa1 #e71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,vi4_/ #hb ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cg1 #agj-agf4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,,johannes ,,k]b 7#aiab1 #a71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,viii4 ,en/ehung von ,acetaldehyd bei d] sog4 ,selb/grung_/ #aaa1 #aab ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #dc1 #did-dii4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,,johannes ,,k]b 7#aiab1 #b71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,ix4 ,v]grung von ,ketosur5 dur* ,we9hef5_/ #ha ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #dg1 #dje-dab4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,,johannes ,,k]b 7#aiab1 #c71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,x4 ,die ,grung d] -,ketobutt]sure_/ #hb ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #dg1 #dac-dbj4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,,johannes ,,k]b 7#aiab1 #d71 _/,ent/eht bei zuck]frei5 ,hefegrung5 ?ylalkohol8_/ #aji1 #aaj1 #aae ,zeits*4 ,grungphysiol41 #a1 #aad-abj4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,,johannes ,,k]b 7#aiac1 #a71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,xii4 ,ueb] die ,vorgnge bei d] ,hefegrung_/ #hb1 #ic1 #aaj ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ec1 #djf-dai2 ,b]41 #df1 #bbbe-bbbh4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,,johannes ,,k]b 7#aiac1 #b71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,xiii4 ,zur ,frage d] ,aldehydbildung bei d] ,grung von ,hexos5 s[ie bei d] sog4 ,selb/grung_/ #aab1 #aac ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #eh1 #aeh-agj4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,w4 ,,o]tel 7#aiac71 _/,/udi5 b] ,me?ylglyoxalbildung_/ #ii ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ee1 #die-ejc4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,p4 ,,ros5?al 7#aiac71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,xi4 ,weit]es zur ,k5ntnis d] ,c>boxylase_/ #df1 #hb1 #hc1 #ic ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ea1 #abh-adb4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,h4 ,,/e5bock 7#aiac71 _/,ueb] die ,bildung hh]] ,alkohole aus ,aldehyd5 dur* ,hefe1 ,i4 ,ueb]gang von ,val]aldehyd 9 ,amyl ,alkohol_/ #ic1 #aac ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #eb1 #did-ejc4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,h4 ,,/e5bock 7#aiad71 _/,ueb] die ,bildung hh]] ,alkohole aus ,aldehyd5 dur* ,hefe1 ,,ii4_/ #ic1 #aac ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ei1 #ahh-aib4 ,,neub]g1 ,,c>l1 & ,l4 ,,tir 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] zuck]freie ,hefegrung51 ,,ii4_/ #ha ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cb1 #cbc-cca4 ,,neumei/]1 ,r4 7#ahig71 _/,bem]kung5 zu ,edu>d ,bu*n]'s ,mitteilung5 b] ,zymase_/ #ai ,b]41 #cj1 #bifc-biff4 ,,opp5heim]1 ,,max 7#aiad1 #a71 _/,ueb] die ,bildung von ,mil*sure bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #ajb1 #aji ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hi1 #de-fb4 ,,opp5heim]1 ,,max 7#aiad1 #b71 _/,ueb] die ,bildung von ,glyc]9 bei d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #cc1 #ie1 #ajb1 #aji ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #hi1 #fc-gg4 ,o',,sullivan1 ,,james 7#ahih71 _/,on ! rate ( alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #abh ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 #ag1 #eei-efj4 ,o',,sullivan1 ,,james 7#ahii71 _/,! hydrolytic & f]m5tative functions ( yea/_/ #abh ,j4 ,in/4 ,brew+ 7#c71 #e1 #afa-age4 ,,p>nas1 ,,jakob 7#aiaj71 _/,ueb] f]m5tative ,bes*leunigung d] ,cannizz>os*5 ,aldehydumlag]ung dur* ,gewebesfte_/ #id ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #bh1 #bgd-bid4 ,,pa9e1 ,,sydney1 ,g4 7#aiaa71 _/,! p]meability ( ! yea/ cell_/ #ea ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc11 ,b41 #hd1 #bhi-cjg4 ,,pallad91 ,w4 7#aijh71 _/,beteiligung d] ,r$uktase im ,prozesse d] ,alkoholgrung_/ #aaa ,zeits*4 physiol4 ,*em41 #ef1 #ha-hh4 ,,pa/eur1 ,,l\is 7#aheg71 _/,mmoire sur la f]m5tation appele lactique_/ #aa ,compt4 r5d41 #de1 #iac-iaf4 ,,pa/eur1 ,,l\is 7#ahfj71 _/,mmoire sur la f]m5tation alcoolique_/ #aa1 #ab ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 7#c71 #eh1 #cbc-dbf4 ,,pa/eur1 ,,l\is 7#ahgb71 _/,note sur la mmoire de ,m4 ,liebig relatif aux f]m5tations_/ #ac ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 7#d71 #be1 #ade-aea4 ,,pa/eur1 ,,l\is 7#ahge71 _/,n\velles obs]vations sur la nature de la f]m5tation alcoolique_/ #ac1 #ad ,compt4 r5d41 #hj1 #deb-deg4 ,,pavy1 ,f4 ,w41 & ,h4 ,w4 ,,bywat]s 7#aijg71 _/,on glycog5 =mation by yea/_/ #aaf ,j4 ,physiol41 #cf1 #adi-afc4 ,,pay51 ,,anselme et ,,p]soz 7#ahcc71 _/,mmoire sur la dia/ase1 les pr9cipaux produits de ses reactions et leur applications aux arts indu/riels_/ #ad ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #ec1 #gc-ib4 ,,piloty1 ,,osc> 7#ahig71 _/,ueb] e9e neue ,totalsyn!se des glyc]9s & des ,dioxyacetons_/ #ajd ,b]41 #cj1 #cafa-cafi4 ,,p9kus1 ,,georg 7#ahih71 _/,ueb] die ,e9wirkung von ,b5zhydrazid auf ,glukose_/ #ih ,b]41 #ca1 #ca-cg4 ,,plimm]1 ,,rob]t ,,h5ry ,,ad]s 7#aiac71 _/,! metabolism ( organic phosphorus comp\nds4 ,_! hydrolysis by ! action ( enzymes_/ #ea ,bio*em4 ,j41 #g1 #dc-ga4 ,,pr+%eim1 ,,hans ,h4 7#aije71 _/,zur ,fusellfrage_/ #hf ,b]41 #ch1 #dhf-dhg4 ,,pr+%eim1 ,,hans ,h4 7#aijf71 _/,ueb] die ,bildung von ,fusell bei ,acetondau]hefe-,grung_/ #hg ,b]41 #ci1 #cgac-cgae4 ,,pr+%eim1 ,,hans ,h4 7#aijg71 _/,ueb] die ,/ick/(f]nhrung d] ,hefe4 7,e9 ,beitrag zur ,physiologie d] ,hefe7_/ #hf ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #c1 #aba-bhf4 ,,pr+%eim1 ,,hans ,h4 7#aijh71 _/,ueb] die ,unt]drckung d] ,fusellbildung und die ,mitwirkung von ,bakt]i5 an d] ,bildung hh]] ,alkohole bei d] ,grung_/ #hf ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #aj1 #dij-dig4 ,,pr+%eim1 ,,hans ,h4 7#aiji71 _/,bem]kung5 zur ,mitwirkung von ,bakt]i5 an d] ,fusellbildung_/ #hf ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #af1 #bdc-bde4 ,,res5s*eck1 ,,fri$]i* 7#aijh1 #a71 _/,e9wirkung des elektris*5 ,/romes auf d5 ,hefepresssaft_/ #fg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #i1 #bee-bfc4 ,,res5s*eck1 ,,fri$]i* 7#aijh1 #b71 _/,e9wirkung von kolloidalem ,eis5hydroxyd auf d5 ,hefepresssaft_/ #fg ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #ae1 #a-aa4 ,,r9ckleb51 ,p4 7#aiaa71 _/,gew9nung von ,zymase aus fris*] ,brau]eihefe dur* ,plasmolyse_/ #bf ,*em4 ,zeit41 #ce1 #aadi-aaej4 ,,r[l&1 ,,sydney 7#aija71 _/,a me?od ( obta9+ intracellul> juices_/ #bd ,j4 ,physiol41 #bg1 #ec-ef4 ,,rubn]1 ,,max 7#aiac71 _/,die ,ernhrungsphysiologie d] ,hefezelle bei alkoholis*] ,grung_/ #abf ,rubn]'s ,ar*iv4 ,physiologie ,suppl4 ,bd41 #a-cfi4 ,,salk[ski1 ,e4 und ,h4 7#ahgi71 _/,weit]e ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,fulnisprodukte des ,eiweiss_/ #ij ,b]41 #ab1 #fdh-fee4 ,,s*ade1 ,h4 7#aijf71 _/,ueb] die ,v]grung des ,zuck]s ohne ,enzyme_/ #aad ,zeits*4 physikal4 ,*em41 #eg1 #a-df4 ,,s*ade41 ,h4 7#aijg71 _/,b]i*tigung und ,na*trag zu d] ,arbeit ,ueb] die ,v]grung des ,zuck]s ohne ,f]m5te_/ #aad ,zeits*4 physikal4 ,*em41 #fj1 #eaj-eab4 ,,s*ade1 ,h4 7#aijh71 _/,ueb] die ,vorgnge d] ,grung vom ,/&punkt d] ,katalyse_/ #aad ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #g1 #bii-cbf4 ,,s*lossb]g]1 ,j4 7#ahdd71 _/,ueb] die ,natur d] ,hefe1 mit ,rcksi*t auf die ,grungs]s*e9ung5_/ #aj ,annal51 #ea1 #aic-bab4 ,,s*midt1 ,c4 7#ahdg71 _/,grungsv]su*e_/ #ae ,annal51 #fa1 #afh-agd4 ,,s*ro$]1 ,h4 7#ahei1 #ahfa71 _/,ueb] ,filtration d] ,luft 9 ,beziehung auf ,fulnis und ,grung_/ #aj ,annal51 #aji1 #ce-eb2 #aag1 #bgc-bie4 ,,s*ro$]1 ,h41 und ,,?4 ,v4 ,,dus* 7#ahed71 _/,ueb] ,filtration d] ,luft 9 ,beziehung auf ,fulnis und ,grung_/ #aj ,annal51 #hi1 #bcb-cdc4 ,,s*rohe1 ,a4 7#aijd71 _/,eilh>d ,mits*]li* und die vitali/is*e ,grung/heorie 9 d] deuts*5 ,lit]atur vor ,pa/eur_/ #i1 #aa ,hefe1 ,grung und ,fulnis1 #bjh-bbi ,p>ey1 ,b]l94 ,,s*ulze1 ,,franz 7#ahcf71 _/,vorlufige ,mitteilung d] ,resultate e9] exp]im5tell5 ,beoba*tung b] ,g5]atio aequivoca_/ #f ,ann4 ,physik41 #ci1 #dhg-dhi4 ,,s*wann1 ,,!odor 7#ahcg71 _/,vorlufige ,mitteilung1 betreff5d ,v]su*e b] die ,we+rung und ,fulnis_/ #f ,ann4 ,physik41 #da1 #ahd-aic4 ,,slator1 ,,ar?ur 7#aijf71 _/,/udies 9 f]m5tation_/4 ,"p ,i4 _/,! *emical dynamics ( alcoholic f]m5tation by yea/_/ #bi1 #ajc1 #abh ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #hi1 #abh-adb4 ,,slator1 ,,ar?ur 7#aijg71 _/,ueb] ,zwis*5produkte d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #ajc ,b]41 #dj1 #abc-abf4 ,,slator1 ,,ar?ur 7#aijh1 #a71 _/,/udies 9 ,f]m5tation_/4 ,"p ,,ii4 _/,! me*anism ( alcoholic f]m5tation_/ #ajc1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ic1 #bag-bdb4 ,,slator1 ,,ar?ur 7#aijh1 #b71 _/,factors :i* influ5ce f]m5tation_/ #ajc ,*em4 ,news1 #ih1 #age1 & ,brit4 ,ass4 ,reports1 #aijh4 ,,slator1 ,,ar?ur 7#aiab71 _/,ueb] ,dioxyaceton als zwis*5/ufe d] alkoholis*5 ,grung_/ #ajf ,b]41 #de1 #dc-df4 ,,slator1 ,,ar?ur1 & ,h4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,s& 7#aiaj71 _/,/udies 9 f]m5tation_/4 ,"p ,,iii4 _/,! rle ( diffusion 9 f]m5tation by yea/-cells_/ #abi ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc1 #ibb-ibg4 ,,/ahl1 ,,georg ,,ern/ 7#afig71 _/,zymote*nia fundam5talis_/ #b 7,franckfur?1 #agcd71 #cjd4 ,,/av5hag51 ,a4 7#ahig71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,grungs]s*e9ung5_/ #ai ,b]41 #cj1 #bdbb-bdbc & #bifc4 ,,tafel1 ,,julius 7#aijg71 _/,ueb] ,zwis*5produkte bei *emis*5 ,reaktion5_/ #ajc ,b]41 #dj1 #ccah-ccba4 ,,tammann1 ,g4 7#ahhi71 _/,ueb] die ,wirkung d] ,f]m5te_/ #abh ,zeits*4 physikal4 ,*em41 #c1 #be-cg4 ,,!n>d1 ,,l\is ,,jacques 7#ahjc71 _/,mmoire sur la f]m5tation v9euse_/ #d ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #df1 #bid-cbj4 ,,traube1 ,,moritz 7#aheh71 _/,!orie d] ,f]m5twirkung5_/ #ad ,b]l91 ,f]d4 ,dumml]'s ,v]lagsbu*h41 #aai4 ,,traube1 ,,moritz 7#ahgg71 _/,die *emis*e ,!orie d] ,f]m5twirkung5 und d] ,*emismus d] ,respiration4 ,antwort auf die ,auss]ung5 des ,h]rn ,hoppe-,seyl]_/ #ad ,b]41 #aj1 #aihd-aiib4 ,,trommsdorff1 ,,ri*>d 7#aijb71 _/,ueb] die ,beziehung5 d] ,gram's*5 ,frbung zu *emis*5 ,vorgng5 9 d] abgettet5 ,hefezelle_/ #ci ,c5tr4 ,bakt4 ,p>41 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #h1 #hb4 ,,turp9 7#ahch71 _/,mmoire sur la cause et les effets de la f]m5tation alcoolique et acteuse_/ #h ,compt4 r5d41 #g1 #cfi-djb4 ,,voit1 ,,c>l ,v4 7#ahig7 #ai ,mn*51 m$4 ,wo*5s*41 #dd1 #cba4 ,,volh>d1 ,,jakob 7#aiji71 _/,ju/us von ,liebig_/ #ac ,johann ,ambrosius ,b>?4 ,leipzig4 ,,wag]1 ,,h>old 7#ahih71 _/,! nucleus ( ! yea/ plant_/ #abf ,annals ( ,botany1 #ab1 #ddi4 ,,wag]1 ,,h>old 7#aiaa71 _/,! yea/ cell_/ #abf ,j4 ,in/4 ,brew+1 #b-bb4 ,,wag]1 ,,h>old1 & ,,annie ,,p5i/on 7#aiaj71 _/,cytological obs]vations on ! yea/ plant_/ #aaf1 #abf ,annals ( ,botany1 #bd1 #de-hc4 ,,walton1 ,,james ,,h5ri1 ,jr4 7#aijd71 _/,die ,jodion5katalyse des ,wass]/(fsup]oxyds_/ #bi ,zeits*4 physikal4 ,*em41 #dg1 #ahe-bbb4 ,,wehm]1 ,c4 7#ahih7 #ai ,botan4 ,zeit41 #ec4 ,,w1 ,h4 7#ahig71 _/,alkoholis*e ,grung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ai ,zeits*4 ges4 ,brauwes541 #bj1 #cfc-cfd4 ,,w1 ,h4 7#ahih71 _/,zur ,frage d] alkoholis*5 ,grung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ai ,zeits*4 ges4 ,brauwes541 #ba1 #bia4 ,,w9daus1 ,a41 und ,f4 ,,knoop 7#aije71 _/,ueb]fhrung von ,traub5zuck] 9 ,me?ylimidazol_/ #ii ,b]41 #ch1 #aaff-aagj4 ,,wohl1 ,a4 7#aihi71 _/,ueb] die ,acetale des ,akrolens und des ,glyc]9aldehyds_/ #ajd ,b]41 #ca1 #agif-ahja4 ,,wohl1 ,a4 7#aijg1 #a71 _/,ueb] ,oxyfum>- und ,oxymalensure_/ #ajc ,b]41 #dj1 #bbhb-bcjj4 ,,wohl1 ,a4 7#aijg1 #b71 _/,die neu]5 ,ansi*t5 b] d5 *emis*5 ,v]lauf d] ,grung_/ #ajj1 #ajd ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #e1 #de-fe1 & ,zeits*4 angew4 ,*em41 #bj1 #aafi-aagg4 ,,wohl1 ,a4 7#aijh71 _/,zur ,k5ntnis d] ,dreikohl5/(freihe_/ #ih ,b]41 #da1 #ceii-cfab4 ,,wohl1 ,a41 und ,c4 ,,oe/]l9 7#aija71 _/,ueb]fhrung d] ,we9sure 9 ,oxalessigsure dur* ,wass]abspaltung bei ni$]] ,temp]atur_/ #ajj ,b]41 #cd1 #aaci-aadh4 ,w,,hl] 7#ahci71 _/,das entrtselte ,geheimniss d] gei/ig5 ,grung_/4 7_/,vorlufige briefli*e ,mitteilung4_/7 #h ,annal51 #bi1 #ajj-ajd4 ,,wroblewski1 ,a4 7#ahih71 _/,grung ohne ,hefezell5_/ #ai ,b]41 #ca1 #cbah-cbbe2 ,c5tr4 ,physiol41 #ab1 #fig-gja4 ,,wroblewski1 ,a4 7#ahii71 _/,ueb] d5 ,bu*n]'s*5 ,hefepresssaft_/ #ai ,c5tr4 ,physiol41 #ac1 #bhd-big4 ,,wroblewski1 ,a4 7#aija71 _/,ueb] d5 ,bu*n]'s*5 ,hefepresssaft_/ #ai1 #db ,j4 pr4 ,*em41 7#b71 #fd1 #a-gj4 ,,"y1 ,w4 ,j4 7#aiji71 _/,! hexosephosphate =m$ by yea/-juice f hexose & phosphate_/ #dg1 #ef 7,prel4 ,note1 ,proc4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aijg1 #fe47 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b41 #ha1 #ebh-ede4 ,,"y1 ,w4 ,j4 7#aiaa71 _/,ueb] die ,zusamm5setzung d] dur* ,hefepresssaft gebildet5 ,hexosephosphorsure ,,ii4_/ #dg1 #ej ,bio*em4 ,zeits*41 #cb1 #agh-ahh4 ,,index4 ,,acetaldehyde1 z an int]m$iate product ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 #aaj4 -- r$uction ( by yea/1 #aaj4 ,acetone-yea/1 #ch4 ,alan9e1 z an int]m$iate product ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 #aae4 ,alcohol1 =mation (1 f sug> by alkalis1 #ig4 ,alcoholic f]m5tation1 attempts to sep>ate enzymes (1 f yea/-cell1 #ae4 -- -- by-products (1 #he4 -- -- equation (1 #ea4 -- -- ,gay-,lussac's !ory (1 #d4 -- -- ,iwan(f's !ory (1 #ajf4 -- -- k9etics (1 #abj1 #abh4 -- -- ,lavoisi]'s views on1 #c4 -- -- ,liebig's !ory (1 #h4 -- -- ,ngeli's !ory (1 #ae4 -- -- ( ! am9o-acids1 #hg4 -- -- -- -- !ory (1 #ia4 -- -- ,pa/eur's rese>*es on1 #aa4 -- -- ,traube's enzyme !ory (1 #ad4 ,alkalis1 effect (1 on hexoses1 #if4 ,am9o-acids1 alcoholic f]m5tation (1 #hg4 -- /]eoisom]ides (1 f]m5t$ at diff]5t rates by yea/1 #hi4 d-,amyl alcohol1 =mation ( f isoleuc9e1 #hf4 ,antiprotease 9 yea/-juice1 #db1 #fe4 ,antiseptics1 action (1 on yea/-juice1 #ai1 #cf4 ,ars5ate1 effect (1 on f]m5tation by yea/-juice & zym91 #gc4 -- -- on aut(]m5tation ( yea/-juice1 #hj4 -- nature ( accel]ation produc$ by1 #gh4 ,ars5ite1 effect (1 on f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 #gg4 -- -- on aut(]m5tation ( yea/-juice1 #hj4 -- nature ( accel]ation produc$ by1 #gh4 ,aut(]m5tation ( yea/-juice1 #cc1 #aai4 -- -- effect ( ars5ates & ars5ites on1 #hj4 ,,baey]',s !ory ( f]m5tation1 #ii4 ,boil$ yea/-juice1 effect (1 on f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 #da4 ,,c>boxylase1 #ha1 #ic4 -- relation ( to alcoholic f]m5tation1 #hc4 ,co-enzyme1 effect ( electric curr5t on1 #fg4 -- enzymic de/ruction (1 #fc4 -- ( yea/-juice1 #ei4 -- precipitation (1 by f]ric hydroxide1 #fg4 -- prop]ties (1 #fc4 -- removal (1 f yea/-juice1 #ei4 -- sep>ation f phosphate & hexosephosphate1 #fg4 ,conc5tration ( sug>1 effect (1 on f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 #cd1 ,,dau]hefe1 #ch4 ,dia/atic enzyme ( yea/-juice1 #cc4 ,dihydroxyacetone1 f]m5tability (1 #ajd4 -- =mation (1 9 f]m5tation1 #aje4 ,dri$ yea/ 7,leb$eff71 #bd1 #ch4 ,,endotryptase1 #bj4 ,enzyme action1 laws (1 #aba4 ,enzymes1 comb9$ ) protoplasm1 #abf4 ,equation ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 #ea4 ,,f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 causes ( cessation (1 #fd4 ,f]m5t+ complex1 #fc4 -- p[] ( yea/-juice1 e/imation (1 #bg4 ,=maldehyde1 production ( 9 alcoholic f]m5tation1 #aag4 ,=mic acid !ory ( f]m5tation1 #aad4 ,fructose1 f]m5tation (1 by yea/-juice1 #cb4 -- -- 9 pres5ce ( phosphate1 #gc4 -- relation (1 to f]m5t+ complex1 #gd4 ,fusel oil1 =mation (1 f am9o-acids1 #he4 ,,galactose1 f]m5tation (1 by yea/1 #aca4 -- f]m5tation (1 by yea/-juice1 #cb4 ,glucose1 f]m5tation (1 by yea/-juice1 #cb4 ,glyc]aldehyde1 f]m5tability (1 #ajd4 ,glyc]ic acid1 f]m5tation (1 #ajh4 ,glyc]ol1 =mation 9 f]m5tation1 #ie4 ,glycog5 z an int]m$iate product ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 #aaf4 -- f]m5tation (1 by yea/-juice1 #cc4 -- removal (1 f yea/1 #ci4 ,gr9d+ ( yea/ by h&1 #bb4 -- -- -- me*anical1 #bc4 ,glutamic acid1 decomposition (1 by yea/1 #ij4 ,,hefanol1 #ch4 ,hexos$iphosphoric acid ph5ylhydrazone1 hydraz9e salt (1 #ej4 ,hexosemonophosphoric acid osazone1 hydraz9e salt (1 #ej4 ,hexosephosphatase1 #ed4 -- effect ( ars5ate & ars5ite on action (1 #gi4 ,hexosephosphate1 con/itution (1 #ea4 -- enzymic decomposition (1 9 yea/-juice1 #ef4 -- -- hydrolysis (1 #ea4 -- =mation (1 #dh4 -- hydrolysis (1 by acids1 #di4 -- prep>ation (1 #dh4 -- prop]ties (1 #di4 -- !ory ( =mation (1 #eg1 #aag1 ,hexoses1 action ( alkalis on1 #if1 ,,isoamyl alcohol1 =mation f leuc9e1 #hg4 ,isoleuc9e1 decomposition (1 by yea/1 #hg4 -,,ketonic acids1 f]m5tation (1 #ha4 ,,lactic acid1 de/ruction (1 by yea/-juice1 #ajb4 -- -- =mation f sug>s by alkalis1 #ig4 -- -- -- (1 9 yea/-juice1 #ajb4 -- -- non-f]m5tability (1 by yea/1 #ajc4 -- -- !ory ( f]m5tation1 #ajb4 ,leuc9e1 decomposition (1 by yea/1 #hg4 ,,mac]ation extract1 prep>ation (1 #be4 ,mannose1 f]m5tation (1 by yea/1 #aca4 -- -- ( by yea/-juice1 #cb4 ,me?ylglyoxal1 conv]sion (1 into lactic acid1 #aja4 -- non-f]m5tability (1 #ajd4 -- z an int]m$iate product ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 #aac4 ,,oxalacetic acid1 =mation (1 f t>t>ic acid1 #aja4 ,,p]man5t yea/1 #ch4 ,ph5yle?yl alcohol1 #hh4 ,phosphate1 *anges (1 9 alcoholic f]m5tation1 #dg4 -- effect (1 on f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 #db4 -- -- -- -- -- by zym91 #df4 -- -- -- -- -- ( fructose1 #gc4 -- -- ( on total f]m5tation ( yea/-juice1 #ed4 -- influ5ce on f]m5tation ( conc5tration (1 #ga4 -- inhibition by1 #ga4 ,phosphates1 ess5tial = alcoholic f]m5tation1 #ee4 ,proteocla/ic enzyme ( yea/1 #bj4 ,protoplasmic !ory ( activity ( yea/-juice1 #ai4 ,pyruvic acid1 f]m5tation (1 #ha4 -- -- !ory ( f]m5tation1 #aji4 ,,rate ( f]m5tation1 controll+ factors (1 #aai4 ,r$uctase1 int]v5tion (1 9 alcoholic f]m5tation1 #aaa4 ,,s]um1 effect (1 on f]m5tation by yea/-juice1 #da4 ,succ9ic acid1 =mation (1 9 f]m5tation1 #hi4 -- -- =m$ f glutamic acid by yea/1 #ij4 ,syn!tic enzyme 9 yea/-juice1 #cb4 ,,temp]ature coeffici5t ( f]m5tation by yea/1 #abi4 -- -- -- -- by zym91 #abb4 -- -- -- e/]ification ( phosphoric acid by yea/ extract1 #eh4 ,tryptophol1 #hh4 ,tyrosol1 #hh4 ,,wohl',s !ory ( f]m5tation1 #aja4 ,,yea/1 action ( tolu5e on1 #abd4 -- & yea/-juice1 f]m5tation by1 comp>$1 #bi1 #abd4 -- discov]y ( ! vegetable nature (1 #e4 -- f]m5tation by1 #abg4 -- -- ( diff]5t sug>s by1 #acj4 -- influ5ce ( conc5tration ( dextrose on f]m5tation by1 #abh4 -- -- -- -- (1 on rate ( f]m5tation1 #abi4 -- -- ( tolu5e on aut(]m5tation (1 #abf4 -- nature ( ! process ( f]m5tation by1 #abc4 -- temp]ature coeffici5t ( f]m5tation by1 #abi4 -- !ories ( f]m5tation by1 #acc4 ,yea/-juice & yea/1 f]m5t+ p[]s comp>$1 #bi1 #abd4 -- co-enzyme (1 #ei4 -- dialysis (1 #ei1 #fb4 -- effect ( ars5ate on f]m5tation by1 #ge4 -- -- ( conc5tration ( sug> on f]m5tation by1 #cd4 -- -- ( dilution on f]m5tation by1 #ce4 -- -- ( phosphate on total f]m5tation1 produc$ by1 #ed4 -- e/imation ( f]m5t+ p[] (1 #bg4 -- evaporation (1 #cg4 -- filtration ( ?r\gh gelat9 filt]1 #ei4 -- precipitation (1 #ch4 -- prep>ation (1 #ba4 -- prop]ties (1 #ai4 -- ratio ( alcohol & c>bon dioxide1 produc$ by1 #cj4 -- syn!sis ( complex c>bohydrate by1 #ca4 -- v>iation ( rate ( f]m5tation by1 ) conc5tration ( sug>1 #aba4 ,,zymase1 ,bu*n]'s discov]y (1 #af4 -- enzymic de/ruction (1 #fd4 -- prop]ties (1 #ah4 -- reg5]ation ( inactive1 #fd4 -- sep>ation f co-enzyme1 #ei4 ,zym91 #ba1 #ch4 -- f]m5tation by1 #ci4 -- rate ( f]m5tation by1 #ci4 -- temp]ature coeffici5t ( f]m5tation by1 #abb4 ,,ab]de53 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,transcrib]',s ,,endnote4 ,full /ops1 middle dots 1 or ev5 dots align$ ) ! top ( ! font 7 v>iably us$ 9 ! orig9al z decimal po9ts1 & also = d5ot+ *emical bond+4 ,^! h be5 r5d]$ z middle dots h]e94 ,tables & =mulas h be5 edit$ = cl>ity & readability1 :ile honor+ ! orig9al =m4 ,9 p>ticul>1 "s tables & *emical equations 7 made m compact to control l9e l5g?4 ,! ref]5ce to ,col9's pap] on page #e has be5 *ang$ f #ahbf to #ahbe1 to agree ) ! correspond+ entry 9 ! ,bibliography4 ,! ref]5ce to ,turp9's pap] on page #h 0 *ang$ to #ahch f #ahci1 = ! same reason4 ,on page #ic1 ! complex reaction sy/em has be5 revis$ into f\r simple reactions4 ,! unbalanc$ orig9al equations h be5 reta9$4 ,simil>ly on page #id1 ! orig9al l>ge diagram 0 conv]t$ into f\r simple reactions4 ,! incorrect =mula = ! enol ,,ii4 9 ! equation = glucose dehydration ne> bottom ( page #aja 0 correct$4 ,equations 7#a7 on page #ajh %[+ production ( glyc]ic acid f glyc]aldehyde h be5 simplifi$ & cl>ifi$4