,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,italic text is denoted by underscores1 bold text by equal marks4 ,,learn ,,one ,,thing ,,every ,,day ,,january #ae #aiai ,,serial ,,no4 #aga ,,the ,,mentor ,,italy ,,under ,,war ,,conditions ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,newman ,lecturer and ,traveler ,,department ,,of ,,travel ,,volume #f ,,number #bc ,,twenty ,,cents ,a ,,copy ,,to ,,italy ,you had to choose 'twixt liberty and guilt2 ,there is no half-way house for human kind ,if human kind is still to breathe ,god's air4 ,and so you placed your lips upon the hilt ,of ,freedom's sword1 devoted soul with mind ,to this great task which frees sad ,europe from despair4 ,hence we who loved and love you1 ,italy1444 ,send winged words of greeting4 ,you are free2 ,sun-smitten the cloud that hid the soaring dome ,of ,liberty1 your ,palace and your ,home4 ,we who are free greet you from sea to sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mazzini1 ,garibaldi1 great ,cavour ,watch now and greet you from their timeless place1 ,whence they behold the growth of your great race ,which so they knit that long it should endure4 ,spectators of eternity1 whose pure1 ,untarnished brows recall their ancient grace1 ,behold them once again1 and in them trace ,the soul of freedom1 splendid1 patient1 sure6 ,j4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,de ,,montmorency4 ,in ,the ,contemporary ,review4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,association ,,established ,,for ,,the ,,development ,,of ,a ,,popular ,,interest ,,in ,,art1 ,,literature1 ,,music1 ,,science1 ,,history1 ,,nature1 ,,and ,,travel ,,the ,,mentor ,,is ,,published ,,twice ,a ,,month ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc41 ,,at #aad-aaf ,,east #af,,th ,,street1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,subscription1 ,,four ,,dollars ,a ,,year4 ,,foreign ,,postage #ge ,,cents ,,extra4 ,,canadian ,,postage #ej ,,cents ,,extra4 ,,single ,,copies ,,twenty ,,cents4 ,,president1 ,,thomas ,h4 ,,beck2 ,,vice-,,president1 ,,walter ,p4 ,,ten ,,eyck2 ,,secretary1 ,w4 ,d4 ,,moffat2 ,,treasurer1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,campbell2 ,,assistant ,,treasurer ,,and ,,assistant ,,secretary1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,crowe4 ,,january #ae1 #aiai ,,volume #f ,,number #bc ,entered as second-class matter1 ,march #aj1 #aiac1 at the postoffice at ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 under the act of ,march #c1 #ahgi4 ,copyright1 #aiai1 by ,the ,mentor ,association1 ,inc4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,bank ,,in ,,venice ,,protected ,,against ,,attack ,,photograph ,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,newman ,,italy ,,under ,,war ,,conditions ,,prepared ,,specially ,,for ,,the ,,mentor ,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,newman ,,illustration ,,for ,,the ,,mentor1 ,,vol4 #f1 ,no4 #bc1 ,,serial ,no4 #aga ,,copyright1 #aiai1 ,,by ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,the ,business of ,war ,,one ,none of the ,allied ,nations has had more or greater problems confronting it than ,italy has4 ,manpower has not been lacking1 but the want of raw materials for the making of munitions has been a serious handicap1 and one that has been most difficult to overcome4 ,italy has been absolutely dependent upon her allies for steel and coal4 ,after her declaration of war against ,germany1 she was left helpless4 ,badly as ,france and ,england needed these raw materials1 they had to come to the assistance of their ally4 ,for a long time the quantities received were insufficient1 and a sustained offensive against ,austria was impossible1 for want of ammunition4 ,this condition was greatly improved when the ,united ,states entered the war1 and ,italy received from us vast quantities of steel1 and sufficient coal came from ,england to supply her needs4 ,it must be borne in mind that when war was declared 7,august #a1 #aiad7 practically all the industrial and commercial organizations in ,italy were controlled by ,germany4 ,the largest banks and financial houses were ,german-owned4 ,one of the most prolific sources of income1 the electric and other plants operated by water-power1 were in ,german hands4 ,germany had a firm grip on the resources of the country4 ,her agents carried on a propaganda which required the utmost courage of the ,italians to overcome1 and let it be said to the credit of the ,italian people1 they risked financial ruin when they decided to enter the war on the side of the ,allies4 ,the first result of their entry into the ,world ,war was to demoralize their securities and almost to destroy the value of their money4 ,the lira1 a coin which1 before the war1 was worth about #ai cents1 decreased in buying power to about #aa cents4 ,bonds dropped alarmingly4 ,with the ,united ,states as an ally1 loans have been made to ,italy1 her credit has been re-established1 the lira has gradually increased in value1 and with steel and coal in sufficient quantities for all purposes1 prosperity is returning4 ,it was the shrewd ,bismarck who arranged with ,signor ,crispi1 twice ,premier1 to come to the assistance of ,italy4 ,a loan was made1 and the best ,italian securities were obtained for a song4 ,ever since1 the ,german grip has tightened4 ,as a result of the war ,italy will be restored to commercial freedom and she will have a new and much needed opportunity to expand4 ,the ,ansaldo ,company1 a new and gigantic corporation1 is now one of the largest munition plants in the world4 ,italy has tremendous resources in her water-power which is now being developed4 ,like her allies1 she will be able to manufacture many of the things she needs4 ,her airplanes are among the best that are made4 ,her engines are wonders of mechanical perfection4 ,her motor cars are unexcelled4 ,italy1 prepared as she never was1 is ready for the future4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,market ,,square ,,in ,,rome ,,photograph ,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,newman ,the ,food ,problem and ,how ,it ,is ,met ,,two ,how to keep the soldiers supplied with sufficient nourishing food was one of the first and most serious matters the ,italian ,government had to consider4 ,as everyone knows1 the principal articles of food consumption among ,italians of every station1 rich or poor1 are macaroni and spaghetti4 ,the staff of life of the ,italian people1 they are made almost entirely of flour4 ,italy never has grown enough wheat to supply her needs4 ,under war conditions her imports fell to such an extent that little or no wheat could be obtained4 ,hence the country faced a critical situation4 ,the first step was conservation4 ,it was ruled that macaroni and spaghetti could be served only on certain days4 ,manufacturers were restricted in the amount they could make4 ,then flours of mixed cereals were used4 ,italians are great lovers of bread4 ,to meet a shortage1 every available acre of ground where wheat would grow was cultivated4 ,if the men on the farm had gone to war1 the women took their places4 ,the ,government encouraged and aided the farmers in every possible way1 and then when aid came from the ,united ,states1 in addition to sacrifices and restrictions in ,italy1 the situation improved4 ,fruit and vegetables are plentiful and1 for these times1 reasonably cheap4 ,italians are not great meat-eaters2 they have sufficient meat for their needs1 and by adhering rigidly to the regulations they have been able to keep the army fully supplied4 ,the ,adriatic and the ,mediterranean abound with fish of almost every variety4 ,fishermen are therefore able to meet the country's needs4 ,next to macaroni and spaghetti the ,italians like fish1 and as it is far cheaper than meat1 for the poorer classes it forms a food which they can afford to buy4 ,olive oil1 formerly used in great quantities1 many of the people even drinking it1 is now on the restricted list1 and can be obtained only in limited quantities4 ,bread1 as in ,america1 is mixed with other cereals1 and for civilians practically no white bread can be obtained4 ,in the army1 there are no restrictions--the best of food is given to the soldiers4 ,they obtain meat1 butter1 milk1 sugar and other edibles denied wholly or in part to civilians4 ,as in ,france1 wine is a part of the regular rations4 ,various welfare organizations see that the people do not suffer for want of food4 ,irrigation and intensive farming1 in which representatives of all classes are now helping1 is aiding in the solution of the food problem4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,italian ,,kindergarten ,,shattered ,,by ,,an ,,air ,,bomb ,,western ,,newspaper ,,union ,,photo ,,service ,educational ,conditions ,,three ,war did not seriously interfere with the grammar and high schools throughout ,italy4 ,it is in the higher schools1 such as the universities1 the medical colleges and in the technical schools that a changed condition is seen4 ,women came to the aid of the country in the crisis which called so many men to the colors4 ,many of the teachers in the elementary schools are women and girls1 who are ably taking the places of the men whose positions were made vacant4 ,for the schools where higher education is taught1 it is quite a different and more complex problem4 ,to teach in a university or in a medical college certain qualifications are absolutely essential4 ,years of study and preparation are needed1 and for this work but a limited number of women were available4 ,on the other hand1 the necessities of war called to action thousands of young men who otherwise would have attended the various schools for higher education4 ,as a result the number of students in practically all of these schools has fallen off materially1 and there has not been the need for so many professors4 ,the ,government is anxious not to discourage higher education2 in fact1 it is doing all it can to maintain it1 as was evident in the establishment of the ,camp ,universities4 ,it was inevitable that the attendance at the higher schools could not be maintained as in peace time1 and the reduction in the number of pupils fortunately made possible a corresponding diminution of teachers4 ,by a system which permitted the return of professors in service at the front1 although only for a limited period1 the efficiency of the various universities and colleges was continued through the war4 ,students co-operated with the ,government1 some even giving up their furloughs to attend school4 ,education for the youth of the land is still compulsory4 ,the standard of wages among teachers remains very low1 and out of proportion to the increased cost of living1 but the recipients seem willing to sacrifice comfort for the general good4 ,old men1 who in their youth taught school1 volunteered to return to a labor of love4 ,it was this spirit which made possible the maintenance of education4 ,italy is a poor country1 but her sons and daughters are eager to learn1 and1 poor as they are1 they are willing to make sacrifices rather than give up attending school4 ,many of the art students are gone1 and some of the schools are closed4 ,beppo the model is no longer to be found on the steps of the ,piazza ,espagne1 but the love of art has sufficed to keep some of the art schools going1 no matter how rigorous the conditions4 ,music is in the soul of the ,italian1 and the conservatories will continue in session as long as there is a pupil left4 ,on the whole1 educational conditions are as good as present-day circumstances will permit4 ,illustration3 ,,taking ,,down ,,the ,,horses ,,of ,,st4 ,,mark',s1 ,,venice ,,italian ,,official ,,photograph ,protection of ,art ,work ,,four ,when ,italy entered the war1 a commission was immediately appointed by the ,government to consider measures for the protection of the country's art treasuries4 ,under the direction of the curators of galleries and museums1 a civil engineer or architect was placed in charge of each principal building in all the art centers of northern ,italy4 ,the persons so appointed set about devising individual means adapted to the shielding of walls1 towers1 statues and pictures from attack by air and water1 from shell and fire4 ,in ,venice the chief works and structures selected for protection were the ,doges' 7,dukes'7 ,palace1 with its rich arcades1 sculptured faade and splendid halls1 the superb ,church of ,st4 ,mark1 the medieval ,loggetta1 or vestibule1 on the east side of the ,campanile1 the ,church of ,st4 ,john and ,st4 ,paul1 the ,san ,rocco ,school1 the noble equestrian statue known as the ,colleoni ,monument1 and the ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 with its canvases by ,bellini1 ,carpaccio1 ,palma ,vecchio1 ,tintoretto and ,titian4 ,at ,padua1 ,donatello's equestrian monument of ,gattamelata1 erected in #adec1 and the sepulchral church of ,st4 ,anthony of ,padua received special care2 likewise the ,gate of the ,scaligeri1 ,verona2 the early ,renaissance ,colleoni ,chapel and some precious frescoes at ,bergamo2 ,leonardo da ,vinci's immortal canvas1 ,the ,last ,supper1 in the refectory of the abbey-church of ,santa ,maria della ,grazie at ,milan2 the ,fountain of ,neptune and the ,church of ,san ,petronio at ,bologna2 the early ,christian edifice of ,san ,vitale1 the ,mausoleum of ,galla ,placidia 7a queen of the fifth century7 and the ,tomb of ,dante1 in the deserted old city of ,ravenna2 and at ,cremona1 in the ,church of ,sant' ,agostino1 the famously beautiful altar-piece of the ,madonna and ,two ,saints1 by ,perugino4 ,the most renowned works of art in ,rome1 including the statue of ,caesar in the ,capitoline ,museum1 were padded and boarded up1 and from ,firenze and ,naples rare examples of ,italian craftsmanship1 guarded through the centuries--manuscripts1 statuary1 paintings1 tapestries1 metalware1 mosaics1 glass--were carried away to safety1 some of them to the vaults of the ,uffizi ,gallery in ,florence4 ,titian's masterpiece1 the ,assumption of the ,virgin1 was laboriously removed from the ,academy of ,fine ,arts at ,venice and transported by boat and wagon to a place of security against attack by the ,vandals4 ,tintoretto's ,paradise1 the largest oil painting in the world 7#gb feet by #bc feet7 was unframed and removed from the wall of the ,hall of the ,great ,council in the ,palace of the ,doges4 ,ceiling paintings were taken down1 rolled around great sticks thirty inches in diameter1 hermetically sealed in copper cylinders1 and stored in crypts to rest until the joyous day of their unrolling4 ,altogether1 seven thousand square yards of canvas were thus protected from attack and pillage4 ,statues were wrapped in mattresses and covered by brick flooring2 the beloved horses above the doorway of ,st4 ,mark's were lowered and taken away4 ,domes were roofed at an angle of sixty degrees1 so that aerial bombs would glance harmlessly off4 ,in the defence of ,venetian art treasures alone1 sixty men worked for three months to wall in everything delicate and beautiful4 ,even ,rheims and ,louvain could not offer such tempting morsels to the vandal wrecker as ,venice and ,rome1 writes ,herbert ,vivian in ,italy at ,war4 ,venice1 mistress of medieval art as well as queen of the sea1 girded her armor on1--like the army1 donned a vesture of gray-green4 ,just as in ,holy ,week the more signal emblems veil themselves in respectful mourning for the ,passion1 so1 in war time1 the monuments of ,venice hide in their hoods1 as though to proclaim sympathy with the nation's anxiety4 ,at ,st4 ,mark's 444 the venerated mosaics on the lunettes are blotted out by modern masonry1 the golden cupolas are shapeless bags1 the pillars and arches have become a brick fortress that goes on to engulf all that fairy portico of the ,doges' ,palace hard by4 ,where are the four famous horses of golden bronze1 brought from ,constantinople to defy the world through seven centuries from the portals of ,st4 ,marks8 ,it was a sad scene when on ,may #bg1 #aiae1 a silent crowd watched their descent for conveyance to a safer stable4 ,in the interior of the holy house heaps and heaps of heavy sandbags huddle against the porphyries and malachites and alabasters1 throttle the carved columns1 scale walls1 bury pulpit1 choir1 altars and baptistery4 ,such are the bulwarks which ,italian foresight provided against probable forays of the ,hun4 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,of ,,st ,,mark',s1 ,,venice4 ,,boarded ,,up ,,for ,,protection ,,photograph ,,by ,,central ,,news ,,photo ,,service ,venice in ,war ,time ,,five ,in time of peace all the world flocked to ,venice4 ,in war time many changes were necessary4 ,many of the people who make up the inhabitants of the earth were barred from the city1 not only by regulations1 but by cannon and walls of steel4 ,it required influence even for an ,italian to get into ,venice4 ,for an ,american to enter the city1 it was necessary to get special permission from the ,minister of ,marine1 and he had to present the best of reasons before that permission was granted4 ,several times the city was menaced by the ,austrians and once it was near capture4 ,time and again1 fleets of airplanes dropped bombs1 destroying churches1 hospitals and other property1 as well as killing non-combatants4 ,the strain was more than many of the inhabitants could bear and they sought safety in flight4 ,the result was almost to drain the city of its normal population1 which was evident in its almost deserted canals and streets4 ,the soft1 musical voices of the gondoliers were occasionally heard4 ,a few gondolas were left1 but very few1 and there was no longer any singing4 ,the beautiful hotels1 where so many of us had lived in comfort and luxury1 were either closed or converted into hospitals4 ,most of the shops around ,st4 ,mark's ,square closed4 ,the famous glass and lace factories shut their doors4 ,picture postcards and photographs were taboo4 ,the ,government did not permit them to be mailed4 ,no damage has been done to the ,basilica of ,st4 ,mark4 ,a bomb dropped in front of it1 but did not hit it4 ,during the war this famous temple was1 however1 but a shadow of its former glory4 ,it no longer glistened with ,byzantine mosaic4 ,its golden covering was removed or covered with sandbags4 ,beside the ,doges' ,palace was a thing of brick supports1 destroying its beauty4 ,the ugliness of boarding and sandbags saddened the visitor who recalled the ,venice of former days4 ,motor and passenger boats plying along the ,grand ,canal were discontinued2 there were no passengers4 ,a few ferries remained for those who still lived in the city4 ,venice has not been seriously marred4 ,much damage has been done to churches and hospitals1 but most of this can be repaired4 ,only a careful search of the city would reveal the damage done by bombardment4 ,within a few churches and buildings art objects have been destroyed that can never be replaced4 ,it should comfort the lovers of ,venice to know that the city gives no outward evidence of destruction4 ,the inhabitants will soon return1 the hotels will reopen1 ,st4 ,mark's and the ,doges' ,palace will be restored to their former appearance1 and ,venice will once again reign in splendor as the ,queen of the ,adriatic4 ,illustration3 ,,piazza ,,del ,,popolo 7,,people',s ,,square71 ,,rome ,,photograph ,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,newman ,rome in ,war ,time ,,six ,rome still sits proudly on her seven hills1 undismayed1 undisturbed by the ravages of war4 ,there is little real difference to be seen in the ,italian capital as it is and as it was before the war4 ,in the evening hours1 when all ,rome goes for a promenade or a drive1 the ,corso is as crowded as ever4 ,one sees more uniforms1 but otherwise the scene is similar to that of peace times4 ,romans still love to dine on the sidewalks1 partake of their ices1 and sip their wine and coffee at little tables placed where pedestrians are supposed to pass4 ,they attend the theater1 the opera and the various other places of amusement of which they are so fond4 ,the main difference in the city's aspect is in the dress of the people4 ,officers are seen only in field uniform1 privates in the gray of the battle-field4 ,women no longer attempt display1 only the simplest effects are seen4 ,all ostentation in the wearing of gowns and jewelry is frowned upon4 ,none has suffered more than the nobility4 ,most of them being of moderate means1 the war brought many sacrifices1 endangering slender purses and curtailing most needed comforts4 ,a number have had to sell their prized art treasures to keep from actual want4 ,the beautiful ,palace on the ,quirinal is now a hospital4 ,many of its nurses are the noble women of ,italy4 ,the city is filled with welfare organizations4 ,buried in the heart of ,rome1 its ruins telling us the story of the birth of civilization1 lies the ,forum1 unchanged1 unaffected by the world struggle4 ,it speaks of days that were1 of other wars1 of ,caesar1 who1 like the ,kaiser1 was ambitious1 of ,marc ,antony who sacrificed everything for love of a woman1 of ,cicero1 and others whose deeds and words have made history4 ,above the ruins of the ,forum is the ,palatine4 ,here once lived the ,caesars4 ,their palaces once covered the hill from which they looked down upon ,rome4 ,the ,golden ,palace of ,nero has been obliterated by time1 just as the chateaus and beautiful structures of northern ,france have been leveled by the invading ,germans4 ,fortunate is the world that the treasures of ,rome are intact4 ,st4 ,peter's and all the wonderful churches still stand unharmed4 ,the ,vatican with its storehouse of treasures remains as it was4 ,art galleries containing world's masterpieces are preserved for posterity4 ,rome is still the ,rome familiar to travelers4 ,its hotels are filled1 not with tourists1 but with officers and their families4 ,its streets are still throbbing with life1 it remains one of the most interesting cities on this spinning globe4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,department ,,of ,,travel ,,serial ,,number #aga ,entered as second-class matter ,march #aj1 #aiac1 at the postoffice at ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 under the act of ,march #c1 #ahgi4 ,copyright1 #aiai1 by the ,mentor ,association1 ,inc4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,baby ,,nest--,a retreat for children of ,italian soldiers in service ,by courtesy of the ,italian ,embassy1 ,washington ,,italy ,,under ,,war ,,conditions ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,newman1 ,traveler and ,lecturer ,,mentor ,,gravures--,a ,,bank ,,in ,,venice1 ,,protected ,,against ,,attack ,a ,,market ,,square ,,in ,,rome ,,an ,,italian ,,kindergarten ,,shattered ,,by ,a ,,bomb ,,taking ,,down ,,the ,,horses ,,of ,,st4 ,,mark',s ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,mark',s ,,boarded ,,up ,,for ,,protection ,,piazza ,,del ,,popolo1 ,,rome ,italy has played a far more important part in the ,world ,war than is apparent to one who has not given the subject special consideration4 ,the neutral nations have directed most of their thoughts to ,england and ,france4 ,to do ,italy full justice1 the fact must be emphasized that she came into the war at a time when the ,allies were in great need of her4 ,the outlook for ,england and ,france was most serious when the ,italian people1 roused by love of liberty and democracy1 demanded that their ,government cast its lot with the ,allies and declare war4 ,as a result1 ,austria was compelled to mobilize and mass her forces on the ,italian frontier1 and she was no longer able to give aid and support to the ,germans on the western front4 ,the entire course of the war was then materially changed4 ,illustration3 ,,peace ,,in ,,the ,,midst ,,of ,,war ,this picture of ,italian children playing with dolls was taken in ,italy's darkest hour before the turn of the fortunes of war ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,austria's army and navy were thereafter kept busy trying to hold the ,italians in check4 ,what happened in the fall of #aiag will always be more or less of a mystery4 ,after two years of the hardest kind of fighting1 during which time the ,austrians were being gradually pushed back until ,vienna itself was threatened1 there came a retreat1 one of the most disastrous in the annals of war4 ,the ,italians lost in two weeks all that they had gained in two years4 ,worse still1 ,italy was invaded and a considerable area occupied by the ,austrian army4 ,consternation ensued1 the ,italian people were dazed4 ,something had gone wrong2 no one could understand it4 ,but one thing every ,italian knew1 and that was that no braver soldiers were to be found in any country1 and that when ,italy had time to recover from her surprise ,austria would pay the price4 ,how the ,italian ,army ,came ,back ,illustration3 ,,bookstalls ,,in ,,rome ,war did not drive the booklovers from their favorite haunts ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,the retreat of the ,italian army was followed by a wave of patriotism that swept from one end of ,italy to the other4 ,if there were some that were lukewarm before1 they were roused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm for the prosecution of the war4 ,italy had been invaded1 and that was sufficient to stir the blood of every ,italian4 ,when1 in the spring of #aiah1 ,austria launched her great offensive1 she faced an army wholly changed4 ,indifference had vanished1 every man thirsted for revenge4 ,no ,italian would breathe freely until the stain of the retreat was wiped out4 ,not an ,austrian must remain on ,italian soil4 ,the ,austrians were bewildered when1 instead of encountering a demoralized and beaten army1 they found themselves face to face with a new and rejuvenated force4 ,instead of advancing1 the ,austrians were swept off their feet4 ,instead of a crumbling line1 they met a wall of steel against which their onslaughts were of no avail4 ,on came the infuriated ,italians1 crushing the ,austrian offensive and forcing them to beat a hasty retreat4 ,austria will never forget the punishment she received on the ,piave 7pee-ah-vuh71 along the ,asiago plateau1 and in the vicinity of ,monta ,grappa4 ,illustration3 ,,among ,,the ,,columns ,,of ,,st4 ,,peter',s1 ,,rome ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,fields were strewn with ,austrian dead4 ,so precipitate had been their flight that they had to abandon guns1 ammunition1 supplies1 in fact everything they possessed4 ,when1 a few days later1 ,i crossed the delta of the ,piave1 ,i saw thousands of ,austrian helmets1 overcoats1 and supplies of every description covering the ground that extended for many miles to the ,little ,piave1 across which the ,austrian army had been driven4 ,it had been impossible in their retreat to bury their dead4 ,heaps of bodies still lay where they fell4 ,every ditch was filled with slain ,austrians1 the roadways were lined with them4 ,it was a gruesome sight1 but it told the story of a changed ,italy1 of a new army that meant to retrieve the honor of the country1 and bring to the ,italian arms the glory to which they were entitled4 ,italy needed coal1 she wanted steel for ammunition1 and these deficiencies threatened her effort4 ,her allies came to her assistance1 and equipped and replenished her for the prosecution of the war to a successful conclusion4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,humble ,,four-,,footed ,,citizen ,,of ,,rome ,his voice was never for war ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,in relief work the ,italians are particularly efficient4 ,the central organization of the ,italian ,red ,cross has naturally assumed the responsibility and direction of all relief work1 both for soldiers and civilians4 ,numerous other organizations have sprung into existence2 chief among them is ,le ,samaritane1 which is under the presidency of ,her ,majesty1 ,queen ,helena of ,italy4 ,in this organization are thousands of women who are members of the best ,italian society1 and they have rendered effective and generous assistance in many ways1 relieving distress wherever they find it4 ,a hospital for wounded soldiers has been established at the ,royal ,palace of the ,quirinal1 which is under the direct supervision of the ,queen4 ,the ,duchess of ,aosta1 wife of the ,king's cousin1 is ,general ,inspector of the ,red ,cross nurses1 and both of these noble ladies give actual1 effective1 and intelligent service to the various relief organizations to which their names are attached4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,red ,,cross ,,headquarters1 ,,padua ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,italian women have proved themselves worthy mates and daughters of the heroic sons and soldiers of ,italy4 ,to them is due the initiative in the forming of several patriotic organizations1 such as the ,white ,cross1 for the protection of little children1 ,the ,sowers of ,courage1 and ,the ,smile to the ,strong1 formed for helping and encouraging the fighting sons of ,italy4 ,soldiers' huts have been erected and put in charge of the members of an association known as ,soldiers' ,mammas4 ,the members are women that have sons at the front1 and may therefore be expected to give affectionate and maternal care to the young soldiers4 ,there are other organizations1 such as ,the ,mothers of ,fallen ,soldiers and ,the ,widows of the ,war1 whose object is mutual help among the women that have suffered the loss of son or husband4 ,men who1 because of advanced age1 have been compelled to remain at home1 have not failed to take up the burden of assistance and relief4 ,local committees have everywhere been formed under the name of ,assistenza ,civile4 ,there is also the ,segratariato del ,popolo1 besides many others4 ,all these societies are banded together to assist the families of soldiers1 to care for the mutilated1 and to aid wherever help is needed4 ,the ,italian ,government has enacted special laws for the benefit of those stricken by the war4 ,for instance1 the ,government furnishes shoes below cost to ,government employees earning less than four thousand lire per year 7about #hjj74 ,illustration3 ,,tramway ,,in ,,rome ,showing women as conductor1 motorist1 and despatcher ,press ,illustrating ,service1 ,inc4 ,education ,school life continues practically as in normal times1 with the exception that1 in the elementary schools and in the grades of the grammar and high schools1 there is a larger proportion of women teachers4 ,many instructors who had been retired have asked to re-enter service1 thus relieving the young men called to the colors4 ,in the universities a few distinguished professors of military age have been permitted to retain their chairs1 but a considerable number have gone to the front4 ,naturally the number of students has been greatly reduced4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,small ,,canals ,,of ,,venice ,,were ,,almost ,,deserted ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,special dispensations have been made for the schools of medicine1 so that the services of the more advanced students may be utilized while at the same time they are enabled to continue their studies4 ,this has been made possible by the establishment of the so-called ,universita ,castrense1 or ,camp ,university1 situated in the war zone1 where distinguished physicians who are also university professors teach the young students1 while teachers and pupils alternate the hours of class with those of service in the camp hospitals4 ,the change caused by the war in the condition of women has probably been more profound and more keenly felt in ,italy than in other countries1 such as ,england and ,france1 where women have for many years been engaged in various useful pursuits4 ,in ,italy the women of the middle class1 with rare exceptions1 remained at home4 ,those of the lower class1 when they worked at all1 generally chose some occupation such as teaching4 ,most women had no economic independence4 ,unmarried girls usually lived with their parents or some married brother or sister4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,mark',s ,,place1 ,,venice ,though the beautiful buildings were protected1 crowds gathered daily and regular occupations were pursued ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,an ardent group of ,italian women prepared the ground and labored for years to convince their sisters that they were wrong in the belief that under all conditions a woman's place is in her home4 ,this belief was almost a religion in the southern provinces of ,italy2 the prejudice there was so strong that it required the utmost courage of the women to combat it4 ,intelligent1 progressive and cultured ,italian girls are now to be found in almost every occupation in which their ,english1 ,french and ,american sisters are engaged4 ,this revolution in the attitude of ,italian women is accepted1 not as a temporary war necessity1 but as a permanent change that cannot fail to have a deep and1 on the whole1 beneficent effect upon social conditions in ,italy4 ,food ,regulations ,conditions in civil life are comparatively good4 ,of course1 there are many restrictions1 above all in food conservation and supply4 ,prices have increased1 but so have salaries4 ,there are no unemployed1 and the working classes generally are prosperous4 ,war conditions required three meatless days per week1 as in the other countries of the ,allies4 ,cards were given for bread1 sugar1 coal1 olive oil1 macaroni and rice4 ,that the quantity allowed to each individual was sufficient was proved by the fact that the authorities often received offers to diminish the rations of some families who found they had more than they needed4 ,the use of gas was limited to meal hours for heating1 and for illumination until ten o'clock at night4 ,illustration3 ,hall of the ,great ,council1 ,ducal ,palace1 ,venice4 ,on the floor may be seen in rolls paintings taken from ceiling and wall ,,note--,the pictures on pages #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 are printed through the courtesy of the ,italian ,embassy1 ,washington4 ,they are reproduced from photographs owned by the ,italian ,government4 ,illustration3 ,ceiling showing spaces from which art masterpieces have been removed ,no restrictions were placed on the use of electricity in most city homes1 although street illumination was diminished and in certain cities in the advanced zone was abolished entirely1 as a defensive measure4 ,the abundance of electricity is explained by the fact that it is very often generated by water power1 as1 for instance1 in ,rome4 ,restaurants must send to the authorities a list of food furnished1 with prices charged for each portion1 or for the whole meal1 or for the week4 ,they must indicate also any extra charges1 and the reason for such charges4 ,the authorities will approve the menu only if it corresponds with normal or prescribed prices1 and a copy1 stamped and signed by an authorized person1 must be exposed to the public where it can easily be seen4 ,no food can be served unless it is on the approved list4 ,in large cities1 there is a committee of control1 composed of five citizens appointed by the mayor1 whose duty it is to see that the restrictions are rigidly observed4 ,if the police authorities do not approve of a certain menu1 it is submitted to the committee1 and unless they put their ,o4 ,k4 upon it1 the restaurant is not permitted to use it4 ,two factors combine to keep prices of necessities and even luxuries down to a reasonable level4 ,one is the so-called calmiere1 or government regulation1 that certain products may not be sold at a higher price than that fixed by the regularly constituted authorities4 ,the other factor is the prevalence of co-operative societies that sell to their members at cost or almost at cost4 ,retailers have to compete with these societies1 and there is a consequent curb on profiteering4 ,nearly every trade or profession has its own co-operative stores4 ,the entrance fee which must be paid to join a co-operative society is very moderate1 in some instances as low as five lire 7about one dollar74 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,assumption ,,of ,,the ,,virgin ,titian's great masterpiece in the ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 ,venice ,amusements and ,sports ,theaters1 cinematograph theaters1 and other places of amusement had to close at midnight4 ,restaurants and cafs closed an hour earlier4 ,this did not apply to the war zone1 where the military authorities made their own regulations and imposed all kinds of restrictions for defensive purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,titian',s ,,assumption ,,being ,,taken ,,out ,illustration3 ,,titian',s ,,assumption ,,being ,,transported ,,across ,,country ,,to ,a ,,secure ,,place ,in general1 theaters and motion-picture shows in ,italy are well patronized4 ,opera is still popular1 and performances are given in various cities4 ,society does not consider it good form to wear evening dress4 ,it would not be in taste for women to be elaborately gowned1 or to attempt to give dances or house parties4 ,officers do not wear their dress uniforms1 no matter what may be the function they attend4 ,ladies avoid the use of jewels1 and there is1 generally speaking1 a soberness in the dressing of both men and women4 ,italy1 however1 is not gloomy nor depressed4 ,on the contrary1 the ,italians are vivacious1 and their sunny dispositions are manifested throughout the troublous times4 ,sports generally have been abolished4 ,there is no horse-racing1 but1 for the purpose of breeding fine animals1 horses are still being trained4 ,travel is freely permitted1 though1 of course1 the war zone has been carefully guarded4 ,in the restricted area a pass was necessary1 and vital reasons had to be given for permission to travel4 ,on account of the shortage of coal1 the number of trains has been reduced1 as well as the number of cars in each train4 ,travel is therefore lacking in comfort1 and it is not uncommon to see people standing even in first-class compartments throughout journeys lasting six or seven hours4 ,the discomforts are accepted good-naturedly1 and there is far less grumbling than one would expect4 ,conditions in ,venice ,the morale of the ,italians has never been better4 ,caporetto has been avenged1 the ,austrians were thrown back across the ,little ,piave1 and brought to their knees4 ,venice has been saved4 ,the city by the sea has had its trials4 ,severe1 indeed1 have been some of the air raids1 and three-fourths of the population fled4 ,about fifty thousand of the inhabitants remained1 but this represents but one-fourth of the people that lived along the canals of ,venice before the war4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,last ,,supper4 ,by ,leonardo da ,vinci ,this famous painting has been half effaced by the ravages of time ,illustration3 ,,the ,,last ,,supper ,,protected ,,by ,,padding ,da ,vinci's great picture is painted on the wall of the ,refectory of the ,church of ,santa ,maria della ,grazie1 ,milan1 ,italy ,many hotels are closed1 tourists come no more4 ,no ,italian city has suffered from the effects of war so much as ,venice4 ,industries have been ruined1 its commerce depleted4 ,its churches and hospitals have again and again been bombed from the air4 ,frescoes have been obliterated that can never be replaced1 though much of the damage done will soon be repaired4 ,all about the populous ,square of ,st4 ,mark heaps of sand-bags were piled to protect the arcades4 ,the beautiful faade of ,st4 ,mark's ,cathedral has been1 for some time1 hidden from view4 ,the famous horses were taken down1 the wonderful ,byzantine mosaics were removed1 and the entire front of the building covered with sand-bags and protected by huge timbers4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,colleoni ,,statue ,,under ,,protective ,,covering ,illustration3 ,,the ,,famous ,,equestrian ,,statue ,,of ,,bartolommeo ,,colleoni1 ,,by ,,verrochio--,,venice ,the ,doges' 7,ducal7 ,palace was supported by columns of bricks2 everywhere evidence could be seen of the attempt of the ,italians to save the most remarkable city in the world4 ,inside the sumptuous ,cathedral of ,st4 ,mark's1 the effect was startling--all the works of art gone1 the altar covered beyond recognition1 mounds upon mounds of sand-bags heaped around the columns4 ,it was more like a cave than the interior of one of the most beautiful of churches4 ,along the ,grand ,canal the large hotels have been converted into hospitals4 ,vast palaces have been closed and deserted4 ,life on the ,canal is so quiet that it is almost painful4 ,it is not the same ,venice so many travelers recall4 ,only one good-class hotel is open4 ,there are a few boarding-houses1 but all the magnificent hotels are either closed or filled with wounded men4 ,it was difficult in war times to get into ,venice1 and more difficult to get out4 ,everyone was looked upon as a spy until he proved that he was not4 ,officials inquired into your life history1 traced your every movement1 watched every step you took1 and if finally you passed muster and got away without a long delay1 you knew that there was not a suspicion of your ever having even dreamed of being a spy4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,madonna ,,and ,,two ,,saints ,,by ,,perugino-,,cremona ,at the right1 the painting covered with timber and sand-bags ,it was1 of course1 more difficult in the war zone4 ,once inside the restricted area one became a suspect1 and it sometimes took weeks to obtain police and military permission to leave ,italy4 ,the ,italians were in earnest1 they had had a severe lesson1 and they did not intend to be caught napping4 ,an ,allied victory was the one object1 and ,italy was ready to pay her share of the price4 ,no braver men ever faced an enemy than the ,arditi1 and no enemy army ever forgot an encounter with these shock troops of the ,italian army4 ,these men were born and brought up in an atmosphere that has taught them how to fight4 ,they are as hard as nails1 as fearless as lions--the pick of ,italy's best troops4 ,illustration3 ,,market ,,women ,,of ,,italy ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,italy1 though needing food1 is not starving1 nor is she depressed4 ,she has recovered from the shock of #aiag1 and there is no disaffection among her people4 ,all are united4 ,socialists cannot overturn the conditions of the nation4 ,as for their military stamina--,austrians can testify to the fact that the ,italian army is a foe worthy to engage itself at any time1 against any hostile power4 ,illustration3 ,,lace ,,makers ,,hold ,,to ,,their ,,trade ,island of ,burrano1 ,venice ,photograph by ,e4 ,m4 ,newman ,the ,spirit of ,italy ,we cannot close more fittingly than by quoting ,mr4 ,sidney ,low's highly informing comments on the spirit of ,italy3#b ,of all the belligerent nations ,i have seen1 ,italy seems to me the most tranquil1 contented and serenely confident4 ,she has endured heavy losses and is called upon to make great sacrifices1 but her people have counted the cost and they pay it resolutely1 cheerfully1 almost1 one would say1 gaily4 ,they have no love for war and on this one they entered with hesitating and doubtful steps1 but now1 ,i think1 they feel1 not only that it was necessary and right1 but that it will give them some things which were wanting in the years of peace4 ,war is a monstrous evil2 but from its furnace of pain and suffering ,italy1 with other nations1 may emerge hardened and tempered4 ,she will gain a larger unity and that not merely by annexing the unredeemed territory4 ,the war has gone far to obliterate that division of classes and localities which was the inheritance of her troubled past4 ,the common effort and the common burden have crowned the edifice which the makers of ,italy built up in the nineteenth century4444 ,what ,italy needs is security1 sufficient to develop to the full her economic resources and her national individuality2 and that she intends to obtain4 ,she is resolved to be independent of external patronage1 protection and supervision of any kind1 and to enjoy all the rights1 privileges1 ambitions1 which belong to the greater nations of the earth4 ,she believes herself capable of excelling1 not merely in art1 science1 letters1 philosophy1 laws1 but in production1 manufacturing1 commerce1 the exploitation of waste and backward lands4 ,she is not content that her people1 so intelligent1 so industrious1 so capable1 should be packed off year by year in shoals to form the ill-paid labor helots of wealthier communities2 she prefers that they should be kept at home to develop the riches and intensified vitality of their own land4 ,she has watched the rise of ,germany from poverty and weakness to strength and industrial magnificence2 and she believes that the ,latin capacity for organization1 invention1 scientific adaptation and enterprise1 is not inferior to the ,teutonic4 ,she thinks she can do many of the things that ,germany has done1 and some things which ,germany will never do2 and she means to try4 ,it is for the great free nations1 with which she is now associated1 to survey her effort with sympathetic eyes1 and extend to it all the aid and encouragement in their power4 #b ,from ,italy in the ,war ,illustration3 ,,woman ,,letter ,,carrier1 ,,rome ,copyright1 ,western ,newspaper ,union ,illustration3 ,,school ,,instituted ,,by ,,american ,,red ,,cross ,at the ,italian front1 behind the war zone ,press ,illustrating ,service4 ,inc ,,supplementary ,,reading ,,italy ,,in ,,the ,,war4 ,by ,sidney ,j4 ,m4 ,low ,,italy ,,at ,,war4 ,by ,h4 ,vivian ,,europe',s ,,fateful ,,hour4 ,by ,g4 ,ferrero ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,italy4 ,edited by ,raffaelo ,piccoli ,a book of story1 essay1 verse and picture1 interpreting the spirit of ,italy4 999999 ,information concerning the above books may be had on application to the ,editor of ,the ,mentor4 ,,the ,,open ,,letter ,in the coming months of reconstruction and restoration in ,europe1 ,italy will have special problems of her own to solve4 ,victory in the world war means for ,italy five million additional mouths to feed in her redeemed territory4 ,close rationing will1 therefore1 be necessary for a long time1 and a liberal food allotment from outside relief sources must be made4 ,italy cannot be accused of having neglected her land4 ,the total area of the country comprises #gj1hbj1aig acres1 only a little over #g per cent of which is unproductive land4 ,in her agricultural production1 however1 cereals do not play an important part4 ,her wheat product did not meet her domestic demands even before the war1 and annual importations of grain were always necessary4 ,the situation1 therefore1 today1 after the terrible toll that war has taken1 is acute and distressing as far as the main staff of life is concerned4 ,italy produces fruits in quantity1 but a starving nation cannot live by fruit alone4 ,the traveler in ,italy today may feast his eyes on twelve million acres of vine-covered slopes1 but the children of the land are crying for milk and bread4 ,the wines of ,italy are famous for their flavor and quality1 and her olives and lemons are known throughout the world1 but the people cannot survive on wine and olives4 ,they need more substantial food1 and1 under the present strict rationing1 each person receives only seventeen pounds of bread a month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,italy's exports have been chiefly olives1 lemons and cheese--,gorgonzola and ,parmesan being among the famous brands4 ,these fine ,italian cheeses are made from goats' milk1 and1 as there is little enough of that now to feed wounded soldiers and children1 the exportation of cheese has been stopped4 ,before the war olives and olive oil were shipped in huge quantities4 ,there are miles and miles of olive trees to be seen from train windows when traveling through ,italy4 ,today just as many olives are grown1 and as much olive oil is obtained1 but it is needed at home and is carefully guarded there4 ,the ,italian government practically controls the output and very little is permitted for export4 ,lemons are grown in great quantities and are still exported to some extent4 ,the difficulty in obtaining boats1 however1 has made it impossible to ship any considerable quantity of lemons1 and so this source of income has been virtually eliminated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,italy has found it necessary1 therefore1 to cultivate her products exclusively for home consumption1 and1 in this cultivation1 thought is given only to the supply of things necessary for the maintenance of the ,italian people4 ,things that are most needed1--that give most sustenance1 are being cultivated to the exclusion of things that brought income from outside1 but did not fill the hungry mouths of the people4 ,also1 food products that formerly had to be imported1 are now being home grown4 ,fortunately1 this is made easy by the fact that ,italy is a clime where every season smiles4 ,it is favored by climatic conditions to a degree comparable to those of ,southern ,california1 and1 accordingly1 a great range of crops1 both of a temperate-zone and of a tropical kind1 can be grown readily4 ,in the southern part of ,italy the climate is semitropical4 ,the soil is fertile and garden-truck grows in abundance--and many kinds of fruit1 including oranges1 lemons1 grapes1 apples1 plums and pears4 ,in the fertile plains of the north are fields where cereals are grown and these are being extended and prepared for intensified cultivation4 ,the delta of the ,piave1 captured and held for a short time by the ,austrians1 is again in possession of ,italy4 ,comprising some of the richest soil in the world1 it will soon be flourishing with growing crops1 and its fields will contribute substantially to the solution of ,italy's food problem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may be sure then that ,italy1 plucky and staunch1 will carry on through hardship to renewed prosperity4 ,with the sympathetic assistance that is her due from the ,united ,states1 there can be no question of the future4 ,italy's firmly booted leg will continue to kick its sturdy way down into the warm waters that ,germany so desired2 her fair domains will continue to enjoy that place in the sun that ,prussia so imperiously demanded4 ,with all her advantages of land and sea1 ,italy must come through and find plenty in the wake of peace4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,d4 ,moffat ,,new ,,year ,,greeting ,the ,mentor receives friendly messages from its readers daily1 and1 at the turn of the ,new ,year1 many cordial greetings come in--for all of which thanks6 full hearted and fervent thanks6 ,these messages are a great encouragement and inspiration to us4 ,with such endorsement of past accomplishment we look to the future with joyful confidence4 ,the shortest1 pithiest1 and most expressive message that we have received came over the phone one morning not many days ago3 ,i like ,the ,mentor because it is absolutely unique4 ,the ,mentor has a genius for making knowledge human4 ,think of it1 making knowledge human6 ,that is a new phrase1 and it pleases us mightily4 ,to many people1 knowledge1 while much desired and sought after1 presents an imposing and awesome front4 ,to many1 knowledge means toilsome and tedious study4 ,if ,the ,mentor has succeeded in making the halls and chambers in the ,temple of ,knowledge bright1 sunny1 and attractive2 if it has made the pathways in the fields of research alluring and easy to pursue--in brief1 if1 as our reader says1 it has made knowledge human1--we shall feel that we have accomplished something well worth while4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from far out in ,montana a doctor writes to us3 ,i was glad to get your letter today as a reminder4 ,i have missed ,the ,mentor since my membership ran out4 ,i've been lonesome without it4 ,if you have any rates for five years or so1 let me know1 and ,i'll take advantage of them4 ,i want it to belong to our family from now on4 ,the ,mentor will never get old1 and my growing family will appreciate it in ten years from now as much as my wife and ,i do now4 ,i do not know you people who get out this magazine1 and probably never will1 but please take this note as a whole-hearted appreciation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,winnipeg the head of a prominent insurance company greets us as follows3 ,i want again to congratulate you on the very high standard maintained in every number issued4 ,i certainly enjoy reading ,the ,mentor and the beautiful pictures accompanying each issue are most delightful4 ,i simply cannot speak too highly of the merits of your excellent publication4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another message comes from ,quebec4 ,a member of our ,association1 with the fine old ,french-,canadian name of ,gaston ,beaupr1 writes to us3 ,allow me to congratulate you for your service to me since ,i joined ,mentor ,association4 ,it is needless to tell you how much ,i appreciate my ,mentors4 ,i am looking forward to our dreaded and cold ,canadian winter evenings without fear since ,i have plenty of ,mentors to while away the time4 ,the loneliest country in the world is lovely enough for me if ,i have a few copies of ,mentor with me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a well-wishing friend out in middle ,pennsylvania1 carrying out what seemed to be a ,new ,year's resolution1 sent us this greeting3 ,i have intended for a long time to write you a personal letter telling you of my appreciation of ,the ,mentor4 ,it has seemed to me to be the one place of resort where ,i could find enjoyment and forget for awhile4 ,the ,mentor is indeed a real part of my life4 ,i should like to drop in and visit you at the home of ,the ,mentor4 ,by all means drop in4 ,the latchstring of ,the ,mentor door is always loose and a warm welcome within awaits every member of ,the ,mentor ,association4 ,if you are ever in ,new ,york1 come in and visit us so that we may come to know each other well4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,moffat4 ,,the ,,mentor ,a ,new ,volume in the ,mentor ,library ,it gives us great pleasure to advise our friends that the sixth volume of ,the ,mentor ,library is now ready for distribution4 ,it contains issues one hundred twenty-one to one hundred forty-four inclusive1 and is1 in every particular1 uniform with the volumes previously issued4 ,one of the great advantages of owning ,the ,mentor ,library is that it grows in value from year to year--giving an endless supply of instructive and wonderfully illustrated material that would be impossible to obtain elsewhere4 ,it constitutes one of the most valuable educational sets that you could possibly own1 and1 each year1 the set is enlarged by one volume at a very small additional cost4 ,the beautiful numbers of the unique ,mentor ,library will never be out of date1 as every issue of ,the ,mentor is devoted to an important subject of enduring interest4 ,the concise form in which scores of subjects are covered makes it of the greatest practical value to the business man1 to the active woman who appreciates the importance of being well informed1 and to children1 who will find it of great direct value in their school work4 ,you will want volume ,number ,six1 which will complete ,the ,mentor ,library to date4 ,that you may receive it you need only send the coupon or postcard without money4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the volume will be forwarded to you1 all charges paid4 ,you can remit #a4be upon receipt of bill1 and #a4jj a month for only six months2 or a discount of #e is allowed if payment in full is made within ten days from date of bill4 ,if you are now paying for the ,bound ,volumes we will ship this volume to you and add the amount to your account4 ,we urge you to act at once4 ,the ,mentor ,association1 #aad-aaf ,east #afth ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,gentlemen3 ,i am anxious to have the new volume of ,the ,mentor ,library4 ,please send it to me all charges paid1 and ,i will send you #a4be upon receipt of bill and #a4jj per month for six months--#g4be in all4 ,very truly yours1 ,name44444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 ,street444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 ,town444444444444444444444 ,state44444444444444444 ,a discount of #e is allowed if payment in full is made within #aj days from date of bill4 ,,the ,,mentor ,,association1 #aad-aaf ,east #afth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,,make ,,the ,,spare ,,moment ,,count