,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,irregul>ities & inconsi/5cies 9 ! text h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,words pr9t$ 9 italics are not$ ) und]scores3 italics4 ,,james ,,fr$]ick ,,f]ri] ,,fam\s ,,scots ,,s]ies ,! foll[+ ,volumes are n[ ready-- ,,?omas ,,c>lyle4 ,by ,,hector ,c4 ,,macph]son ,,allan ,,ramsay4 ,by ,,oliphant ,,smeaton ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,by ,w4 ,,kei? ,,leask ,,john ,,knox4 ,by ,a4 ,,taylor ,,innes ,,rob]t ,,burns4 ,by ,,gabriel ,,set\n ,,! ,,balladi/s4 ,by ,,john ,,g$die ,,ri*>d ,,cam]on4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,h]kless ,,sir ,,james ,y4 ,,simpson4 ,by ,,eve ,,blantyre ,,simpson ,,?omas ,,*alm]s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,,g>d5 ,,blaikie ,,james ,,boswell4 ,by ,w4 ,,kei? ,,leask ,,tobias ,,smollett4 ,by ,,oliphant ,,smeaton ,,flet*] ,,( ,,salt\n4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,omond ,,! ,,blackwood ,,gr\p4 ,by ,,sir ,,george ,,d\glas ,,norman ,,macleod4 ,by ,,john ,,wellwood ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,sa9tsbury ,,kirkcaldy ,,( ,,grange4 ,by ,,l\is ,a4 ,,b>b ,,rob]t ,,f]gusson4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,gros>t ,,james ,,?omson4 ,by ,,william ,,bayne ,,mungo ,,p>k4 ,by ,t4 ,,banks ,,macla*lan ,,david ,,hume4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,cald]wood ,,william ,,dunb>4 ,by ,,oliphant ,,smeaton ,,sir ,,william ,,wallace4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,murison ,,rob]t ,,l\is ,,/ev5son4 ,by ,,m>g>et ,,moyes ,,black ,,?omas ,,reid4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,campbell ,,fras] ,,pollok & ,,ayt\n4 ,by ,,rosal9e ,,masson ,,adam ,,smi?4 ,by ,,hector ,c4 ,,macph]son ,,&rew ,,melville4 ,by ,,william ,,morrison ,,james ,,fr$]ick ,,f]ri]4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,haldane ,,james ,,fr$]ick ,,f]ri] ,,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,haldane ,,fam\s ,,scots ,,s]ies ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,oliphant ,,&]son ,,f]ri] ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london ,! designs & ornam5ts ( ?is volume are by ,mr4 ,joseph ,br[n1 & ! pr9t+ f ! press ( ,morrison ,gibb ,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 #ahii4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #g ,,*apt] ,i ,,e>ly ,,life #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,w&]jahre--,,social ,,life ,,9 ,,scotl&--,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,8 ,,lit]>y ,,"w #bg ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,philosophy ,,be=e ,,f]ri]',s ,,day #da ,,*apt] ,,iv ',,fi]ce ,,w>res ,,& ,,fai?ful ,,loves' #ef ,,*apt] ,v ,,developm5t ,,( ',,scotti% ,,philosophy1 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,! ,,new'--,,f]ri] ,,z ,a ,,correspond5t #gb ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f]ri]',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,philosophy--,,8 ,,philosophical ,,works #hh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,col]idge ,,plagi>ism--,,miscellane\s ,,lit]>y ,,"w #ajf ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pr(essorial ,,life #abb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,life ,,at ,,/4 ,,&rews #ach ,,*apt] ,x ,,la/ ,,days #aeb ,,james ,,fr$]ick ,,f]ri] ,,introduction ,mr4 ,oliphant ,smeaton has ask$ me to write a few words ( preface to ?is little book4 ,if ,i try1 x is only because ,i am old en\gh to h _h ! privilege ( kn[+ "s ( ^? :o 7 mo/ closely associat$ ) ,f]ri]4 ,:5 ,i sat at ! feet ( ,pr(essor ,campbell ,fras] 9 ! ,metaphysics classroom at ,ed9burgh 9 #ahge1 ,f]ri]'s writ+s 7 be+ mu* read by u /ud5ts4 ,! influ5ce ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 fa/ crumbl+ 9 ! m9ds ( "y m5 :o felt r ?an saw t mu* lay beyond x4 ,we 7 /ill engross$ ) ! controv]sy1 wag$ 9 books :i* n[1 alas6 sell = a t5? ( _! =m] price1 ab\t ! ,condition$ & ! ,uncondition$4 ,we /ill work$ at ,reid1 ,hamilton1 & ,mansel4 ,b ! attacks ( ,mill on ! "o side1 & ( ,f]ri] & ,dr4 ,/irl+ on ! o!r1 7 sl[ly b surely )draw+ our int]e/4 ,f]ri] _h po9t$ out a pa? :i* seem$ to lead u 9 ! direction ( ,g]many if we w\ld escape f ,mill1 & ,/irl+ 0 urg+ u 9 ! same s5se4 ,x 0 n m]ely t ,f]ri] _h writt5 books4 ,he _h di$ m ?an t5 ye>s e>li]1 b 8 p]sonality 0 /ill a liv+ influ5ce4 ,e*oes ( 8 words came to u ?r\gh ,grant & ,sell>4 ,outside ! ,univ]sity1 m5 l ,blackwood & ,makgill made u feel :at a p[] he _h be54 ,b t 0 n all = at lea/ "s ( u4 ,mrs4 ,f]ri] _h remov$ to ,ed9burgh--& ,i endorse all t my si/] says ( h] r>e quality4 ,%e liv$ 9 a h\se 9 ,torphi*5 ,/reet1 :i* 0 ! resort ( ^? attract$1 n only by ! memory ( h] husb&1 b by h] own great gifts4 ,%e 0 an old lady & an invalid4 ,b ?\gh %e c\ld n move f h] *air1 p>alysis _h n dimm$ h] m5tal p[]s4 ,%e 0 a true daught] ( ',*ri/oph] ,nor?4' ,i d\bt :e!r ,i h se5 h] rival 9 quickness1 h] sup]ior ,i nev] saw4 ,%e c\ld talk admirably to ^? sitt+ ne> h]1 & yet foll[ & jo9 9 ! conv]sation ( ano!r gr\p at ! end ( ! room4 ,%e c\ld adapt h]self to ev]yone--to ! %y & awkw>d /ud5t ( eighte51 :o l myself 0 too mu* 9 awe ( h] to d m unhelp$ ?an answ]1 & to ! di/+ui%$ m5 ( lett]s :o came f e qu>t] attract$ by h] reputation = brilliance4 ,! words ( no "o c\ld be m incisive1 ! words ( no "o 7 habitually m k9d ?an h]s4 ,%e _h kn[n ev]ybody4 ,%e =got nobody4 ,9 ^? days ! relation betwe5 ,lit]ature & ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se1 if less close ?an x _h be51 0 m app>5t ?an x is to-day1 & di/+ui%$ ,scotti% judges & advocates m+l$ 9 ! aft]noon 9 ! draw+-room1 :]e %e sat 9 a great arm-*air1 ) su* m5 z ,sell> & ,/ev5son & ,grant & ,%airp & ,tullo*4 ,b h] p]sonality 0 ! supreme bond4 ,^? days are ov]1 & ) !m has pass$ away mu* ( :at /imulat$ "o to read 9 ! ,in/itutes or ! ,philosophical ,rema9s4 ,b = ! hi/orian ( ,briti% philosophy ,f]ri] cont9ues z a prom95t figure4 ,he x 0 :o fir/ did1 :at ,/irl+ & ,gre5 did aga9 at a /age lat] on--make a s]i\s appeal to ?\ghtful p to foll[ no long] ! %all[ rivulets d[n :i* ! tea*+ ( ! great ,g]man ?9k]s _h trickl$ to !m1 b to seek ! s\rces4 ,if z a guide to ^? s\rces we d n look on him to-day z adequate1 we are n ! less "u a deep obligation to him = hav+ be5 ! pione] ( lat] guides4 ,:at ,f]ri] wrote ab\t =ty ye>s ago has n[ become readily accessible1 & :at has be5 got by go+ !re is 9 process ( rapid & complete assimilation4 ,! op9ions :i* 7 9 #ahef reg>d$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,free & ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*es z disqualify+ ,f]ri] = ! opportunity ( influ5c+ ! m9d ( ! y\? ( ,ed9burgh1 f ! ,*air ( ,logic & ,metaphysics 9 succession to ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 are reg>d$ by ! pres5t g5]ation ( ,presbyt]ians z ! ma9 reliable bulw>k aga9/ ! attacks ( unbeliev]s4 ,if "o may judge by ! essays 9 ! rec5t volume call$ ,lux ,mundi1 ! same ph5om5on displays itself among ! "y ,high ,*ur* p>ty 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,"t-,_s is fond ( rev5ges4 ,b ev5 = o!rs ?an ! hi/orians ( ! movem5t ( ,?\ght ! books ( ,f]ri] rema9 attractive4 ,!re is ab\t !m a c]ta9 atmosph]e 9 :i* ev]y?+ seems alive & fre%4 ,_! au?or 0 no ,dryasdu/4 ,he 0 a liv+ human be+1 tr\bl$ z we are tr\bl$1 & int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s :i* int]e/ u4 ,he spoke to u1 n f ! skies1 b f among a cr[d ( 8 fell[ human be+s1 & we feel t he 0 "o ( ourselves4 ,z su* x is good t a memorial ( him %\ld be plac$ :]e x may easily be se54 ,r4 ,b4 ,,haldane4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,e>ly ,,life ,x may be a truism1 b x is none ! less a fact1 t x is n always he ( :om ! _w he>s mo/ :o influ5ces mo/ deeply ! ?\ght ( ! age 9 :i* he lives4 ,! "n ( ,james ,fr$]ick ,f]ri] is little he>d ( beyond ! comp>atively small circle ( philosophic ?9k]s :o rev]5ce 8 memory & d _! be/ to keep x gre53 to o!rs x is a "n ( little import--"o among a multitude at a "t :5 ,scotl& _h _m sons ris+ up to call h] bless$1 & n p]haps "o ( ! mo/ notable ( ^!4 ,& yet1 c\ld we b e/imate ! value ( "w accompli%$ 9 ! high] sph]e ( ?\ght z we e/imate x 9 ! o!r regions ( practical "w--an impossibility1 ( c\rse--we might be dispos$ to modify our views1 & accord our praises 9 v diff]5t qu>t]s f ^? 9 :i* !y are usually be/[$4 ,james ,f]ri] wrote no popul> books2 he came be=e ! public comp>atively little2 he made no ef=t to reconcile religion ) philosophy on ! "o h&1 or to prop\nd !ories />tl+ 9 _! unor?odoxy on ! o!r4 ,& /ill we may claim = him a place--& an hon\rable place--among/ ! o!r ,fam\s ,scots1 = ! simple reason t aft] a long c5tury ( we>isome reit]ation ( tiresome platitudes--platitudes :i* _h lo/ _! orig9al mean+ ev5 to ! utt]]s ( !m1 & :i* _h become mislead+ to ^? :o he>d & ?\ght !y und]/ood--,f]ri] _h ! c\rage to /rike out new l9es = himself1 to look abroad = new inspiration1 & to h& on ^! inspirations to ^? :o c\ld "w !m into a truly national philosophy4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e1 9 spite ( politics1 traditions are hon\r$ to a degree unkn[n to mo/ o!r c\ntries1 family & family associations c\nt = mu*2 & 9 ^! ,james ,f]ri] 0 ri*4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ,writ] to ! ,signet1 ,john ,f]ri] by "n1 ^: si/] 0 ! fam\s ,scotti% noveli/1 ,susan ,f]ri]1 au?oress ( ,! ,inh]itance1 ,de/9y1 & ,m>riage4 ,susan ,f]ri] did = high life 9 ,scotl& :at ,gait a*iev$ = ! humbl] ranks ( society1 & atta9$ to consid]able em95ce 9 ! l9e ( fiction :i* %e adopt$4 ,h] works are /ill l>gely read1 h rec5tly be5 republi%$1 & 9 _! day 7 greatly admir$ by no less an au?ority ?an ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 himself a p]sonal fri5d ( ! au?oress4#a ,f]ri]'s gr&fa!r1 ,james ,f]ri]1 also a ,writ] to ! ,signet1 0 a man ( great en]gy ( "*4 ,he act$ 9 a bus9ess capacity = _m ye>s bo? to ! ,duke ( ,argyle ( ! "t & to v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,clan ,campbell3 x 01 inde$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,duke t he obta9$ ! appo9tm5t :i* he held ( ,pr9cipal ,cl]k ( ,session4 ,james ,f]ri]1 l 8 daught]1 0 on t]ms ( intimate fri5d%ip ) ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ) :om he likewise 0 a colleague 9 (fice4 ,scott alludes to him 9 8 ,j\rnal z ',uncle ,adam1' ! "n ( a "* 9 ,miss ,f]ri]'s ,inh]itance1 drawn1 z %e h]self ackn[l$ges1 f h] fa!r4 ,he di$ 9 #ahbi1 at :i* "t ,scott writes ( him3 ',hone/ old ,mr4 ,f]ri] is dead1 at extreme old age4 ,i confess ,i %\ld n l to live s long4 ,he 0 a man ) /rong passions & /rong prejudices1 b ) g5]\s & manly s5tim5ts at ! same "t4' ,james ,f]ri]'s wife1 ,miss ,c\tts1 0 rem>kable = h] beauty3 a l>ge family 0 born to h]1 ! elde/ son ( :om 0 ,james ,fr$]ick ,f]ri]'s fa!r4 ,"y ,f]ri]1 ! subject ( ?is sket*1 us$ frequ5tly to d9e ) 8 gr&fa!r at 8 h\se 9 ,morn+side1 :]e ,susan ,f]ri] act$ 9 ! capacity ( ho/ess2 & x is easy to imag9e ! bright talk :i* w\ld take place on ^! occasions1 & ! impression :i* mu/ h be5 made ^u ! lad1 bo? !n & aft] he atta9$ to manhood2 = ,miss ,f]ri] surviv$ until #ahed4 ,9 lat] life1 inde$1 h] wit 0 said to be some:at cau/ic1 & %e 0 possibly dread$ by h] y\ng] fri5ds & relatives z mu* z %e 0 respect$2 b ?is1 to d h] ju/ice1 0 p>tly ow+ to infirmities4 ,%e 0 at anyrate ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! =tunes ( h] nephew1 to :om %e 0 9 ! habit ( allud+ z '! la/ ( ! metaphysicians'--sc>cely1 p]haps1 a v happy title = "o :o 0 some:at ( an iconocla/1 & began a new era r ?an conclud$ an old4 #a ,9 a ,life ( ,susan ,f]ri]1 lately publi%$1 an acc\nt ( ! family is giv5 :i* 0 writt5 by ,miss ,f]ri]1 = h] nephew1 ! subject ( our memoir4 ,james ,fr$]ick ,f]ri]'s "m1 ,m>g>et ,wilson1 0 a si/] ( ,pr(essor ,john ,wilson--! ',*ri/oph] ,nor?' ( immortal memory1 ^: daught] he 0 aft]w>ds to m>ry4 ,m>g>et ,f]ri] 0 a woman ( /rik+ p]sonal beauty4 ,h] features 7 p]fect 9 _! symmetry1 z is %[n 9 a lovely m9iature1 pa9t$ by ,saund]s1 a well-kn[n m9iature pa9t] ( ! day1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,pr(essor ,f]ri]'s son1 h] gr&son4 ,_m ( ^! p]sonal *>ms desc5d$ to ,james ,f]ri]1 ^: well-cut features bore consid]able resemblance to 8 "m's4 ,& 8 close connection ) ! ,wilson family _h ! result ( br++ ! "y man into association ) :atev] 0 be/ 9 lit]ature & art4 ,:ile yet a boy1 we are told1 he sat ^u ,sir ,walt]'s knee2 ! ,ettrick ,%eph]d _h told him tales & recit$ ,bord] ballads2 :ile ,lockh>t took ! tr\ble to draw pictures1 z he only c\ld1 to amuse ! *ild4 ,9 surr\nd+s su* z ^! ,james ,fr$]ick ,f]ri] 0 born on ! #af? day ( ,june #ahjh1 8 bir?place be+ ,h]iot ,r[1 9 ! new t[n ( ,ed9burgh--a /reet :i* has be5 made hi/oric to u by ! recollections ( ano!r *ild :o liv$ !re long ye>s aft]w>ds1 & :o left ! grey city ( 8 bir? to die f> (f 9 an isl& 9 ! ,pacific4 ,b ( ,f]ri]'s *ild-life we "k no?+3 :e!r he play$ at 'tig' or '%9ty' ) ! *ildr5 9 ! adjo9+ g>d5s1 or climb$ ,ar?ur's ,seat1 or tri$ to scale ! ',cats' ,nick' 9 ! ,salisbury ,crags close by2 or :e!r he 0 a grave boy1 'hold+ at' 8 lessons1 or read+ o!r books t int]e/$ him1 9 pref]5ce to 8 play4 ,f]ri] did n dwell on ^! ?+s or talk mu* ( 8 y\?2 or if he did s1 8 words h be5 =gott54 ,:at we d "k are ! b>e/ facts3 t 8 second "n 0 giv5 him 9 consid]ation ( 8 fa!r's fri5d%ip ) ,"l ,fr$]ick ,campbell1 ,"l ,cl]k ,regi/] ( ,scotl&2 t 8 fir/ "n1 z is usual 9 ,scotl& = an eld] son1 0 8 pat]nal gr&fa!r's2 & t he 0 s5t to live ) ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,duncan1 ! p>i% m9i/] ( ,ru?well1 9 ,dumfries%ire1 to receive 8 e>ly education4 ,dr4 ,duncan ( ,ru?well 0 a man ( consid]able ability & en]gy ( "*1 ?\gh n fam\s 9 any special sph]e ( le>n+4 ,he is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl& z ! orig9ator ( ,sav+s ,banks !re1 & 8 works on ! ,seasons be> evid5ce ( an int]e/ 9 ! natural _w4 ,at anyrate ! "t pass$ 9 ,dumfries%ire w\ld appe> to h left pleasant recollections2 = :5 ,f]ri] 9 lat] life allud$ to x1 x 0 ) e indication ( gratitude = ! in/ruction :i* he receiv$4 ,he kept up 8 fri5d%ip ) ! sons ( 8 in/ructor z ye>s w5t on1 & always express$ himself z deeply atta*$ to ! place :]e a happy *ildhood _h be5 pass$4 ,nor 0 le>n+ app>5tly neglect$1 = ,f]ri] began 8 ,lat9 /udies at ,ru?well1 & !re fir/ le>n$--an unusual lesson = s "y a boy--to delight 9 ! read+ ( ! ,lat9 poets1 & ( ,virgil & ,ovid 9 p>ticul>4 ,aft] leav+ ,ru?well1 he att5d$ ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,ed9burgh1 ! great ,gramm> ,s*ool ( ! metropolis1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 soon to h a rival 9 ano!r day s*ool set up 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! rapidly gr[+ t[n2 & !n he 0 s5t to s*ool at ,gre5wi*1 :]e he 0 plac$ "u ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,burney1 a nephew ( ! fam\s ,fanny ,burney1 aft]w>ds ,madame d',arblay4 ,f s*ool1 z ! mann] ( ! "t 01 ! boy pass$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh at ! age ( sev5te51--old] really ?an 0 cu/om>y 9 8 day1--& "h he rema9$ = ! two sessions #ahbe-bf & #ahbf-bg1 or until he 0 old en\gh to matriculate at ,ox=d4 ,at ,ed9burgh1 ,f]ri] di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! class ( ,moral ,philosophy1 & c>ri$ (f ! prize ( ! ye> = a poem :i* 0 look$ ^u z giv+ promise ( lit]>y p[] aft]w>ds fulfill$4 ,8 k ( ,lat9 & ,greek 7 consid]$ good 7! /&>d might n h be5 v high71 b 9 ma!matics he 0 n[h]e4 ,at ,ox=d he 0 ent]$ 9 #ahbh z a 'g5tleman-common]' at ,magdal5 ,college1 ! ,college ( 8 future fa!r-9-law1 ,john ,wilson4 ,a g5tleman-common] ( ,magdal5 9 ! e>li] half ( ! c5tury is n sugge/ive ( sev]e m5tal ex]cise1#b & f ! v little "o c ga!r f tradition--= contempor>ies & fri5ds h naturally pass$ away--,james ,f]ri] 0 no exception to ! common rule4 ,t he rode is v cle>2 ! ,college 0 an exp5sive "o1 & he 0 probably incl9$ to be extravagant4 ,tradition speaks ( 8 pelt+ ! de] 9 ,magdal5 ,p>k ) eggs2 b z to fur!r di/9ction 9 m intellectual l9es1 record does n tell4 ,9 ?is respect he pres5ts a contra/ to 8 pr$ecessor at ,ox=d1 & fri5d ( lat] days1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ^: monum5tal le>n+ creat$ him a reputation :ile /ill an und]graduate4 ,sir ,r\ndell ,palm]1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,selborne1 0 a contempor>y ( ,f]ri]'s at ,ox=d2 ,%]iff ,campbell ,smi? 0 at ! b> ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords act+ z ,palm]'s junior ! day aft] ,f]ri]'s dea?1 & ,sir ,r\ndell told him t he rememb]$ ,f]ri] well at ,college2 he describ$ him z 'c>eless ab\t ,univ]sity "w1' b z writ+ clev] v]ses1 sev]al ( :i* he repeat$ ) consid]able gu/o4 ,( o!r fri5ds ! names alone are pres]v$1 ,william ,edw>d ,coll9s1 aft]w>ds ,coll9s-,wood ( ,kei?ick1 ,p]?%ire1 :o di$ 9 #ahgg1 & ,j4 ,p4 ,%irley ( ,ett+ton ,p>k1 9 ,w>wick%ire2#c b :at influ5ces 7 br\ght to be> ^u him by 8 ,univ]sity life1 or :e!r 8 int]e/ 9 philosophical pursuits 7 9 any way ar\s$ dur+ 8 "t at ,college1 we h no means ( tell+4 ,a lat] fri5d1 ,h5ry ,+lis1 wrote ( ^! e>ly days3 ',my fri5d%ip ) ,f]ri] began ab\t ! "t he 0 leav+ ,ox=d1 or imm$iately aft] he _h left x--,i %\ld say ab\t #ahcj or !reab\t4 ,at t ,univ]sity ,i don't ?9k he did any?+ m rem>kable ?an contract+ a l>ge tailor's bill2 :i* annoy$ him = _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,at t "t he 0 a wond]fully h&some1 intellectual-look+ "y man1--a trem5d\s swell f top to toe1 & ) 8 hair hang+ d[n ov] 8 %\ld]s4' ,?\gh lat] on 9 life ?is la/ *>act]i/ic 0 n s m>k$1 ,f]ri]'s photographs %[ 8 hair /ill fairly long & bru%$ (f a f9ely-modell$ squ>e =ehead1 su* z is usually associat$ ) /rongly develop$ intellectual faculties4 #b ,! g5tlem5-common]s at ,magdal51 z else:]e1 paid high] fees & wore a di/9ctive co/ume2 at ,magdal5 !y _h a common room ( _! own1 di/9ct f t ( ! ,fell[s1 or ! ,demies or ,s*ol>s1 & seldom read = hon\rs4 ,9 ,f]ri]'s days ,magdal5 ,college admitt$ no ord9>y common]s1 & !re 7 b few resid5t und]graduates1 _m ( ! ?irty demies be+ graduates & non-resid5t4 ,9 ! ye> ( 8 matriculation !re 7 only t5 g5tlem5-common]s2 ?us1 z f> z und]graduates w5t1 ! ,college 0 a small "o4 #c ,mr4 ,%irley 0 ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,s\? ,w>wick%ire1 a well-kn[n g5ealogi/1 & ! au?or ( ,! ,noble & ,g5tle ,m5 ( ,engl&4 ,x is kn[n t ,f]ri] took 8 ,ba*elor's degree 9 #ahcb1 & t he _h by t "t manag$ to acquire a v tol]able k ( ! classics & begun to /udy philosophy1 s t 8 "t c\ld n h be5 entirely idle4 ,= ! re/1 he probably pass$ happily ?r\gh 8 ye>s at ,college1 z _m o!rs h done be=e & aft] him1 )\t all[+ m weighty c>es to dwell ^u 8 m9d4 ,ano!r fri5d ( aft] days1 ! late ,pr9cipal ,tullo*1 aft] not+ ! fact t ,ox=d _h n !n develop$ ! philosophic _s :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has m>k$ h] s*ools1 & :i* _h n !n tak5 root any m ?an ! ,high ,*ur* movem5t :i* prec$$ x1 goes on3 ',x may be d\bt$1 inde$1 :e!r ,ox=d ex]cis$ any def9ite intellectual influ5ce on ,pr(essor ,f]ri]4 ,he _h imbib$ 8 love = ! ,lat9 poets be=e he w5t !re1 & 8 devotion to ,greek philosophy 0 an aft]-gr[? ) :i* he nev] associat$ 8 ,magdal5 /udies4 ,to "o :o visit$ ! ,college ) him _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 & to :om he po9t$ out ) admiration its noble walks & trees1 8 associations ) ! place seem$ to be ma9ly ^? ( amusem5t4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t few ( ^? :o knew him at ,magdal5 w\ld h aft]w>ds recognis$ him 9 ! labori\s /ud5t at ,/4 ,&rews1 :o = weeks toge!r w\ld sc>cely cross ! ?re%old ( 8 /udy2 & yet to all :o knew him well1 !re 0 nev]!less a cle> connection betwe5 ! gay g[nsman & ! h>d-work+ ,pr(essor4' ,9 #ahcb1 ,f]ri] became an advocate at ,ed9burgh1 b x does n appe> t he _h any s]i\s idea ( practis+ at ! ,b>4 ,?is is ! p]iod at :i* we "k t ! passion = metaphysical speculation laid hold ( him1--a passion :i* is un9telligible & inexplicable to ^? :o d n %>e 9 x1--& z ,f]ri] c\ld n cle>ly say 9 :at direction ?is 0 lead+ him1 z f> z practical life 0 conc]n$1 he probably deem$ x be/ to atta* himself to a pr(ession :i* left mu* scope to ! adopt] ( x1 to /rike out l9es ( 8 own4 ,:at l$ ,f]ri] to det]m9e to sp5d "s mon?s ( ! ye> #ahcd at ,heidelb]g x w\ld be extremely int]e/+ to "k4 ,! fri5d fir/ quot$ writes3 ',i _c tell ( ! influ5ces "u :i* he devot$ himself to metaphysics4 ,my op9ion is t !re 7 none1 b t he 0 a philosoph] born4 ,he atta*$ himself at once to ! fell[%ip ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 to :om he 0 introduc$ by a common fri5d--,i ?9k ! late ,mr4 ,ludovic ,colquh\n4 ,i "k t he look$ on ,sir ,william at t "t z 8 ma/]4' ,probably ! fri5d%ip ) ,hamilton simply arose f ! natural attraction :i* two sympa!tic spirits feel to "o ano!r4 ,x is cle> t at ?is "t ,f]ri]'s b5t 0 t[>ds metaphysics1 & t1 z ,mr4 ,+lis says1 ?is b5t 0 born ) him & 0 only beg9n+ to f9d its natural outlet2 !re=e x w\ld be v natural to suppose t acqua9tance w\ld be s\ght ) "o :o 0 at ?is "t 9 ! z5i? ( 8 p[]s1 & ^: writ+s 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 7 excit+ livelie/ int]e/4 ,a casual acqua9tance%ip betwe5 ! "y man ( ?ree-&-tw5ty & ! matur$ philosoph] tw5ty ye>s 8 s5ior soon rip5$ into a fri5d%ip1 n p]haps common betwe5 two m5 s diff]5t 9 age4 ,x is p]haps m rem>kable consid]+ ! diff]5ces 9 op9ion on philosophical que/ions :i* soon arose betwe5 ! two2 = x is j z difficult = ^? ^: po9t ( view is fundam5tally oppos$ on speculative que/ions to c>ry on an int]c\rse conc]n+ _! pursuits :i* %all be bo? fri5dly & uncon/ra9$1 z = two political oppon5ts to discuss vital que/ions ( policy )\t any und]curr5t ( self-re/ra9t1 :5 !y />t f entirely opposite pr9ciples4 ,mo/ likely _h ! two be5 actually contempor>ies x might n h be5 s easy1 b z x 01 ! y\ng] man />t$ )1 & pres]v$1 ! w>me/ feel+s to 8 s5ior2 & ev5 9 8 criticisms he expresses himself 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ( gratitude3 ',he 7,hamilton7 has taught ^? :o /udy him to ?9k1 & he mu/ take ! consequ5ces1 :e!r !y ?9k 9 unison ) himself or n4 ,we conceive1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ^? :o diff] f him mo/1 w\ld readily own t to 8 in/ructive disquisitions !y 7 indebt$ = at lea/ half ( all !y "k ( philosophy4' ,& 9 ! app5dix to ! ,in/itutes1 writt5 soon aft] ,sir ,william's dea?1 ,f]ri] says3 ',morally & intellectually1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 among ! greate/ ( ! great4 ,a simpl] & a gr&] nature nev] arose out ( d>kness into human life2 a tru] & a manli] "* ,god nev] made4 ,= ye>s toge!r sc>cely a day pass$ 9 :i* ,i 0 n 9 8 company = h\rs1 & nev] on ?is e>? may ,i expect to live su* happy h\rs aga94 ,i h le>n$ m f him ?an f all o!r philosoph]s put toge!r2 m1 bo? z reg>ds :at ,i ass5t$ to & :at ,i diss5t$ f4' ,x 0 ?is op5 & free discussion ( all que/ions t came be=e !m--discussion 9 :i* !re mu/ h be5 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion freely express$ on bo? sides1 t made ^! ev5+s sp5t 9 ,manor ,place1 :]e ! ,hamiltons1 !n a rec5tly m>ri$ c\ple1 _h lately settl$1 s delightful to "y ,f]ri]4 ,he _h individuality & orig9ality en\gh n to be c>ri$ away by ! argum5ts us$ by s great an au?ority & s le>n$ a man z 8 fri5d 0 reckon$1 & !n z lat] he con/antly express$ 8 regret t p[]s s great _h be5 devot$ to ! s]vice ( a philosophic sy/em--t ( ,reid--( :i* ,f]ri] s ?or\ghly disapprov$4 ,b at ! same "t he h>dly d>$ to expect t ! lab\rs ( a lifetime c\ld be set aside at ! bidd+ ( a man s mu* 8 junior1 & to say ! tru? x is d\btful :e!r ,hamilton ev] fully grasp$ 8 oppon5t's po9t ( view4 ,/ill1 ,f]ri] tells u t f fir/ to la/ 8 :ole int]c\rse ) ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 m>k$ ) m pleasure & less pa9 ?an ev] att5d$ 8 int]c\rse ) any human be+1 & aft] ,hamilton 0 gone he *]i%$ t memory ) affectionate e/eem4 ,a t\*+ acc\nt is giv5 9 ,sir ,william's life ( h[ dur+ t t]rible illness :i* s sadly impair$ 8 p[]s & ne>ly took 8 life1 ,f]ri] might be se5 pac+ to & fro on ! /reet opposite 8 b$room w9d[ dur+ ! :ole anxi\s night1 wat*+ = indications ( 8 condition1 yet unwill+ to intrude on ! att5dants1 & unable to te> himself f ! spot :]e 8 fri5d 0 possibly pass+ ?r\gh ! la/ agony4 ,su* fri5d%ip is hon\rable to bo? m5 conc]n$4 ,p]haps1 !n1 x 0 ?is int]c\rse ) k9dr$ spirits 7= _m su* 7 9 ! habit ( ga!r+ at ! ,pr(essor's h\se7 t caus$ ,f]ri] f9ally to det]m9e to make philosophy ! pursuit ( 8 life--?is comb9$1 x may be1 ) ! int]e/ 9 lett]s :i* he c\ld n fail to d]ive f 8 own imm$iate circle4 ,he 0 9 con/ant communication ) ,susan ,f]ri]1 8 aunt1 :o enc\rag$ 8 lit]>y b5t to ! utmo/ ( h] p[]4 ,!n ,pr(essor ,wilson1 8 uncle1 ?\gh ( a v diff]5t "* f 8 own1 attract$ him by 8 brightness & wit--a brightness :i* he says he c h>dly br+ be=e himself1 f> less communicate to o!rs :o _h n kn[n him4 ,p]haps1 z ! same fri5d quot$ be=e sugge/s1 ! attraction 0 p>tly due to ano!r s\rce4 ,he says3 ',h[ ,f]ri] got on ) ,wilson ,i nev] c\ld div9e2 unless x 7 ?r\gh ! bright eyes ( 8 daught]4 ,wilson & ,f]ri] seem$ to me z opposite z ! poles2 ! "o all poetry1 ! o!r all prose4 ,b ! y\? probably yield$ to ! mature maje/y & g5ius ( ! man4 ,_h !y met on equal t]ms ,i don't ?9k !y c\ld h agre$ = t5 m9utes4 ,z x 01 !y _h s]i\s diff]5ces at times1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i believe 7 all ultimately & happily adju/$4' ,! visits to 8 uncle's home1 & ! attractive "y lady :om he !re met1 mu/ h l>gely contribut$ to ,f]ri]'s happ9ess 9 ^! ye>s ( m5tal f]m5tation4 ,su* times come 9 _m m5's lives :5 y\? is turn+ into manhood1 & p[]s are wak5+ up )9 t seem z ?\gh !y w\ld lead u we "k n :i!r4 ,& s x may h be5 ) ,f]ri]4 ,b he 0 end[$ ) consid]able calmness & self-comm&1 comb9$ ) a confid5ce 9 8 p[]s suffici5t to c>ry him ?r\gh _m difficulties t might o!rwise h got ! bett] ( him4 ,wilson's home1 ,ell]ay1 ne> ! ,lake ( ,w9d]m]e1 0 ! c5tre ( a circle ( brilliant />s4 ,f]ri] recollect$1 :ile /ill a lad ( sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 meet+ !re at "o "t1 9 ! summ] ( #ahbe1 ,scott1 ,wordswor?1 ,lockh>t1 & ,cann+1 a conjunction difficult to beat4#d ,once m1 we are told1 & on a sadd] occasion1 he came into association ) ! greate/ ,scotti% noveli/4 ',x 0 on t gloomy voyage :5 ! suff]+ man 0 convey$ to ,lei? f ,london1 on 8 return f 8 ill-fat$ =eign j\rney4 ,mr4 ,f]ri] 0 also a pass5g]1 & sc>cely d>$ to look on ! almo/ unconsci\s =m ( "o ^: g5ius he s w>mly admir$4' ,! end 0 !n v ne>4 #d ,?is meet+ occurr$ aft] ! ,iri% t\r ( ,scott1 ,miss ,anne ,scott1 & ,lockh>t1 :5 !y visit$ ,wilson at ,ell]ay4 ,cann+ 0 /ay+ at ,/orre1 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,pr(essor ,f]ri]'s daught] tells u t long aft]1 9 ! summ] ( #ahef1 ! family w5t to visit ! ,engli% ,lakes1 ! c5tre ( attraction be+ ,ell]ay1 ,mr4 ,f]ri]'s old home & bir?place4 ',! v "n ( ,ell]ay brea!s ( poetry & romance4 ,our fa!r & "m _h1 ( c\rse1 kn[n x 9 its glori\s prime1 :5 our gr&fa!r1 ,*ri/oph] ,nor?1 wre/l$ ) dalesm51 /roll$ 9 8 slipp]s ) ,wordswor? to ,keswick 7a di/ance ( sev5te5 miles71 & kept 8 t5-o>$ b>ge 9 ! long draw+-room ( ,ell]ay4 ,9 ^! days !y _h ri* company1 & ! names ( ,s\!y1 ,wordswor?1 ,de ,qu9cey1 & ,col]idge 7 to !m famili> h\sehold words4 ,! cottage my "m 0 born 9 /ill /&s1 ov]%ad[$ by a giant sycamore4' ,we c easily imag9e ! effect :i* society su* z ?is w\ld h on a "y man's m9d4 ,b m ?an t1 ! fri5d%ip ) ! attractive c\s91 ,m>g>et ,wilson1 develop$ into some?+ w>m]1 & an engagem5t 0 f9ally =m$1 :i* culm9at$ 9 8 m>riage 9 #ahcg4 ,n _m ( ,james ,f]ri]'s lett]s to 8 c\s9 dur+ ! long engagem5t h be5 pres]v$2 ! few t are 7 writt5 f ,g]many 9 #ahcd1 ! ye> 9 :i* he w5t to ,heidelb]g2 !y 7 address$ to ,?irl/ane ,h\se1 ne> ,selkirk1 :]e ,miss ,wilson 0 resid+1 & !y give a lively acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures4 ,! voyage f ,lei? to ,rott]dam1 judg+ f ! fir/ lett] writt5 f ,heidelb]g1 & dat$ ,augu/ #ahcd1 w\ld appe> to h begun 9 inauspici\s fa%ion4 ,f]ri] writes3 ',i h j be5 "h a week1 & w\ld h answ]$ y\r lett] soon]1 _h x n be5 t ,i wi%$ to make myself tol]ably well acqua9t$ ) ! surr\nd+ sc5]y be=e writ+ to y1 & really ! heat has be5 s ov]:elm+ t ,i h be5 impell$ to take matt]s leisurely1 & h n ev5 yet be5 able to get ?r\gh s mu* view-hunt+ z ,i %\ld h wi%$4 ,:at ,i h se5 ,i w endeav\r to describe to y4 ,?is place itself is mo/ delightful1 & ! c\ntry ab\t x is magnific5t4 ,b ?is1 z a review] w\ld say1 by way ( anticipation4 ,h pati5ce1 & 9 ! meantime let me take ev5ts 9 _! natural ord]1 & beg9 by tell+ y ,i sail$ f ,lei? on ! morn+ ( ! second ( ?is mon?1 ) no w9d at all4 ,we drift$ on1 ,i "k n h[1 & t[>d ev5+ 7 )9 gun%ot ( ,in*kei?2 on ! foll[+ morn+ we 7 9 sight ( ! ,bass1 & 9 sight ( ! same we cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole day4 ,= ! next two or ?ree days we w5t beat+ up aga9/ a head-w9d1 :i* =c$ u to tack s mu* t :5ev] we made "o mile we travell$ t51 a pleasant mode ( progress+1 is x n8 ,h[ev]1 ,i _h ! :ole %ip to myself1 & pl5ty ( female society 9 ! p]son ( ! capta9's lady1 :o1 be+ fond ( pleasure1 _h *os5 to div]sify h] monoton\s exi/5ce at ,lei? by tak+ a delightful summ] trip to ,rott]dam1 :i* conf9$ h] to h] crib dur+ almo/ ! :ole ( our passage "u ! pressure ( rack+ heada*es & ro>+ sickness4 ,%e _h a we>y "t ( x1 poor woman1 & no?+ c\ld d h] any good--nei!r speld+1 *eese1 nor f9nan haddies1 nor bacon1 nor bro?1 nor salt beef1 nor ale1 nor g91 nor br&y & wat]1 nor ,epsom salts1 ?\gh ( "o or o!r ( ^! %e 0 aye tak9' a wee bit1 or a little drop4 ,we 7 ne>ly a week 9 cle>+ our own ,fir?1 & did no good till we got z f> z ,sc>bor\gh4 ,at ?is place ,i _h s]i\s int5tions ( gett+ a%ore if possible1 & mak+ out ! re/ ( my j\rney by means t 7 m to be dep5d$ on4 ,j 9 ! nick ( "t1 h[ev]1 a fair w9d sprang up1 & f ,sc>bor\gh we _h a capital run1 ) little or no int]ruption1 to ! end ( our voyage4' ,an acc\nt ( a t5 days' voyage :i* makes u ?ankful to be 9 great measure indep5d5t ( ! w9ds at sea6 ,holl&1 our travell] ?9ks an intol]able c\ntry to live 91 & ! fir/ impressions ( ! ,rh9e are di/9ctly unfav\rable4 ',! riv] himself is a f9e fell[1 c]ta9ly1 b ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* he fl[s is /ale1 flat1 ?\gh ,i believe1 n unpr(itable4 ,! banks on ei!r side are cov]$ ei!r ) re$s or ) a matt+ ( rank %rubb]y =m$ app>5tly out ( dirty gre5 wor/$1 & ! cont9uance ( x s palls ^u ! s5ses t ! m9d at la/ becomes unconsci\s ( ev]y?+ except ! con/ant flap-flapp+ ( ! we>y paddles z !y g beat+ on1 awak5+ ! dull e*oes ( ! s$gy %ores4 ,! eye is occasionally reliev$ by pat*es ( nak$ s&1 & n[ & !n a /one ab\t ! size ( y\r fi/1 div]sifies ! monotony ( ! sc5e4 ,occasionally1 9 ! di/ance1 are to be se5 funny1 =lorn-look+ objects1 try+ evid5tly to look l trees1 b :e!r !y w\ld really turn out to be trees on a ne>] inspection is :at ,i v mu* d\bt4' ,at ,cologne he _h an amus+ meet+ ) an ,engli%man1 ':om ,i at once twigg$ to be an ,ox=d man1 & m1 ev51 an ,ox=d tutor4 ,!re is a /iff twit* 9 ! "r %\ld] ( ! tribe1 answ]+ to a simil> "o 9 ! hip-bone on ! same side1 :i* !re is no mi/ak+4' ,! tutor appe>s to h done valiant s]vice 9 mak+ kn[n ! travell]'s wants 9 ,fr5* to wait]s1 etc41 ?\gh 'he sp5t r too mu* ( 8 "t 9 s*em+ h[ to abridge ! sixp5ce :i*1 "t out ( m9d1 has be5 ! p]quisite ( ,boots1 doorkeep]s1 etc4' ',b1' he adds 9 excuse1 '8 "n 0 ,bull1 & !re=e1 z ! au!ntic epitome ( 8 c\ntrym51 he w\ld n fail to possess ?is along ) ! o!r peculi>ities ( ,engli%m54' ,f ,cologne1 ,f]ri] w5t to ,bonn1 :]e he _h an introduction to ,dr4 ,wel%1 & !n proce$$ up ! ,rh9e to ,may5ce4 ,he does n =m a v high e/imate ( ! beauty ( ! sc5]y4 ,he feels 'a want ( some?+2 9 fact1 to my m9d1 !re is a want ( ev]y?+ :i* makes e>?1 wood1 & wat] some?+ m ?an m]e wat]1 wood1 & e>?4 ,we h "h a con/ant & endless v>iety ( impos+ objects 7impos+ is j ! ^w = !m71 b !re is no v>iety 9 !m1 no?+ b "o r\nd-back$ hill aft] ano!r1 g5]ally c>ry+ _! woods1 :5 !y h any1 v /iffly1 & :5 !y h none pres5t+ to ! eye a surface ( tawdry & squalid pat*work1' ?us sugge/+1 9 8 view1 a s]ies ( *ildr5's g>d5s--an impression (t5 left on travell]s :5 visit+ ?is same c\ntry4 ,8 next lett]s f9d him settl$ 9 ! ,univ]sity t[n ( ,heidelb]g4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,w&]jahre--,,social ,,life ,,9 ,,scotl&--,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,8 ,,lit]>y ,,life ,9 ! pres5t c5tury 9 ,g]many we h se5 a p]iod ( almo/ unp>allel$ lit]>y glory succe$$ by a "t ( great comm]cial prosp]ity & national en?usiasm4 ,b :5 ,f]ri] visit$ t c\ntry 9 #ahcd ! era ( its intellectual greatness _h h>dly pass$ away2 "s1 at lea/1 ( its />s rema9$1 & o!rs _h v rec5tly ceas$ to be4 ,goe! _h di$ j two ye>s be=e1 b ,he9e liv$ till _m ye>s aft]w>ds2 among/ ! philosoph]s1 ?\gh ,kant & ,fi*te1 ( c\rse1 7 long s9ce gone1 ,s*ell+ 0 /ill at "w at ,muni*1 & ,hegel liv$ at ,b]l9 till ,novemb] ( #ahca1 :5 he 0 cut (f dur+ an epidemic ( *ol]a4 ,mo/ ( ! great m5 _h disappe>$1 & yet ! memory ( _! a*ievem5ts /ill surviv$1 & ! impetus !y gave to ?\ght c\ld n h be5 lo/4 ,! traditional l9es ( speculation consi/5tly c>ri$ out s9ce ,re=mation days _h surviv$ w> & national calamity1 & x rema9$ to be se5 :e!r ! great] te/s ( prosp]ity & success w\ld be z triumphantly und]gone4 ,we c imag9e ,f]ri]'s feel+s :5 ?is new _w op5$ up be=e him1 a ,scotti% y\?1 to :om x 0 a new1 untrodd5 c\ntry4 ,x may be true t x 0 8 lit]>y r ?an 8 speculative aff9ities t fir/ attract$ him to ,g]many4 ,to =m 9 lit]ature he always atta*$ ! greate/ value1 & to ! end 8 int]e/ 9 lett]s 0 only second to 8 atta*m5t to philosophy4 ,g]man poetry 0 to him :at x 0 to s _m ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry f :i* x came--! expression ( _! deepe/1 & likewise ( _! fre%e/ aspiration4 ,! poetry ( o!r c\ntries & o!r tongues--,engli% & ,lat91 = example--meant mu* to him1 b t ( ,g]many 0 ne>e/ to 8 he>t4 ,fr5* le>n+ did n attract him2 nei!r its lit]ature nor its metaphysics & psy*ological me?od appeal$ to 8 ?\ghtful1 analytic m9d2 b 9 ,g]many he f\nd a nation :i* _h n z yet resign$ its int]e/ 9 ?+s ( transc5d5tal import 9 fav\r ( :at p]ta9$ to m]e mat]ial welf>e4 ,su* 0 ! ,g]many into :i* ,f]ri] came 9 #ahcd4 ,he did n1 s f> z we c he>1 ent] deeply into its social life2 he visit$ x z a travell]1 r ?an z a /ud5t1 & 8 /ay 9 x 0 brief4 ,consid]+ ! %ortness ( 8 "t !re1 & ! circum/ances ( 8 visit1 ! impression t x made ^u him is all ! m rem>kable1 = x 0 an impression t la/$ & 0 evid5t ?r\gh\t all 8 aft] life4 ,s9ce 8 day1 inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to say h[ _m "y ,scotsm5 h be5 impress$ 9 a simil> way by a few mon?s' resid5ce at a ,univ]sity t[n 9 ,g]many4 ,= p>tly ow+ to ,f]ri]'s own ef=ts1 & p]haps ev5 m ow+ to ! 'boom'--to use a vulg>ism--br\ght ab\t by ,c>lyle's writ+s1 & by 8 fir/ mak+ kn[n ! m>vels ( ,g]man lit]ature to ! ord9>y ,engli%-speak+ public1 :o _h nev] le>n$ ! language or tri$ to und]/& its rec5t hi/ory1 ! old traditional lit]>y alliance betwe5 ,scotl& & ,france appe>$ = ! "t be+ to h brok5 d[n 9 fav\r ( a simil> association ) its rival c\ntry1 ,g]many4 ,! "w ( ,goe! 0 at la/ appreciat$1 no?+ 0 n[ too fav\rable to say ab\t its m]its2 philosophy 0 sudd5ly discov]$ to h its home 9 ,g]many1 & !re alone2 our insul>ity 9 keep+ to our antiquat$ me?ods--dryasdu/1 we 7 told1 z ! old ones ( ! s*ools1 & p]haps z edify+--0 vigor\sly d5\nc$4 ,!ology1 :i* _h hi!rto f\nd complete support f ! philosophic sy/em :i* act$ z h] h&maid1 & 0 only tol]at$ z su*1 0 naturally affect$ 9 l mann] by ! *ange2 & to h] cr$it be x said1 t in/ead ( ) av]t$ eyes look+ else:]e1 z might easily h be5 done1 %e det]m9$ to face ! wor/1 & wisely ask$ ! "q :e!r 9 h] dep>tm5t too %e _h n some?+ %e c\ld le>n f a si/] c\ntry across ! sea4 ,h5ce a great *ange 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! m5tal attitude ( ,scotl&2 b we anticipate4 ,f]ri]1 aft] leav+ ,heidelb]g1 paid a %ort visit to ,leipzig1 & !n = a few weeks took up 8 abode at ,b]l94 ,f ,leipzig he writes to ,miss ,wilson aga93 ',h[ d y l an epi/ola dat$ f ?is great emporium ( ta/e & lett]s1 ?is culm9at+ po9t ( ,g]manism1 :]e waggons jo/le philosophy1 & tobacco-impregnat$ air is articulat$ into div9e/ music8 ,x is fair-"t1 & ,i did n arrive1 z "o usually does1 a day beh9d x1 b on ! v day x comm5c$4 ,x w la/1 ,i believe1 "s weeks1 & dur+ t "t all bus9ess is done on ! op5 /reets1 :i* are l9$ on ea* side ) l>ge wood5 boo?s1 & are sw>m+ ) m5 & m]*&ise ( e description & f e qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,x v mu* resembles a ,ladies' ,sale 9 ! ,assembly ,rooms 7:at ,i nev] saw71 only ! ladies "h are frequ5tly ,jews ) fi]ce be>ds1 & h always a pipe 9 _! m\?s :5 n eat+ or dr9k+4 ,z y walk along y w f9d ! ord] ( ! day to be some:at z foll[s4 ,y fir/ come to pipes1 !n %awls1 !n nails1 !n pipes1 pipes aga91 pipes1 g+]bread1 dolls1 !n pipes1 bridles1 spurs1 pipes1 books1 w>m+-pans1 pipes1 *9a1 writ+-desks1 pipes aga91 pipes1 pipes1 pipes1 no?+ b pipes--! v p5 w write no?+ b pipes4 ,pipes1 y see1 decid$ly c>ry x4 ,i wond] !y don't erect public tobacco-smoke works1 lay pipes = x along ! /reets1 & smoke away--a city at a "t4 ,private families might take x 9 z we d gas6' ,f]ri] appe>s to h sp5t a week at ,frank=t be=e rea*+ 8 de/9ation at ,leipzig4 ,he describes 8 j\rney !re3 ',at ,frank=t ,i saw no?+ wor?y ( note except a div9e /atue ( ,ariadne rid+ on a leop>d4 ,aft] lumb]+ along = two nights & two days 9 a clumsy dilig5ce1 ,i rea*$ ,leipzig two days ago4 ,i ?\ght t by ! way ,i might p]haps see some?+ wor?y ( m5tion1 & accord+ly sometimes put my head out ( ! w9d[ to look4 ,b no--! trees1 = in/ance1 _h all to a man plant$ _! heads 9 ! e>?1 & 7 gr[+ ) _! legs upw>ds1 j z !y d ) u2 & z = ! natives1 !y1 on ! contr>y1 _h ea* ( !m fill$ a fl[]-pot1 call$ a skull1 full ( e>?1 put _! heads 9 x1 & 7 gr[+ d[nw>ds1 j z ! same animal does 9 our c\ntry2 & on com+ to "o's recollection 9 ! morn+ 9 a ,g]man dilig5ce y f9d y\rself surr\nd$ by ! same dr[sy1 idiotical1 glaz$1 /a9$1 & gummy complem5t ( faces :i* might h accompani$ y into ,c>lisle on an autumn morn+ aft] a night ( travel 9 ,8 ,maje/y's mail coa*4' ,b]l9 impress$ ,f]ri] by its impos+ public build+s & g5]al aspect ( prosp]ity4 ,x _h1 ( c\rse1 long be=e rea*$ a position ( importance "u ! great ,fr$]ick's gov]nm5t1 ?\gh n ! importance or ! size t x aft]w>ds atta9$4 ,/ill1 x 0 ! c5tre ( attraction = all classes ?r\gh\t ,prussia1 & possess$ a cultivat$ society 9 :i* ! middle-class elem5t 0 to all appe>ances pr$om9ant4 ,f]ri] writes ( ! t[n3 ',( ! inside ( ! build+s & :at is to be se5 !re ,i h no?+ yet to say1 b _! ext]nal aspect is mo/ magnific5t4 ,palaces1 *ur*es1 mosque-l /ructures1 spires & domes & t[]s all /&+ toge!r1 b ) l>ge spaces & f9e op5 drives betwe51 s t all are se5 to ! greate/ possible advantage1 conspire to =m a mo/ glori\s city4 ,at ?is mom5t a f\nta9 :i* ,i c see f my w9d[ is play+ 9 ! middle ( ! squ>e4 ,a jet d'eau inde$66 ,x may d v well = a ,fr5*man to call x t1 b we mu/ call x a p]fect volcano ( wat]4 ,a huge column goes hiss+ up z high z a /eeple1 ) ! spe$ & =ce ( a rocket1 & comes d[n 9 ?und]1 & little ra9b[s are flitt+ ab\t 9 ! %[]y spray4 ,x be+ ,sunday1 e ?+ & p]son is gay] ?an usual4 ,b&s are play+ & soldi]s are p>ad+ all ?r\gh ! t[n2 ev]y?+1 inde$1 is milit>y1 & yet little is foppi%--a /atem5t :i* to ,engli% e>s w s\nd l a direct contradiction4' ,our travell] _h be5 giv5 lett]s to c]ta9 ,b]l9 ,pr(essors f "y ,blackie1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 :o _h j translat$ ,goe!'s ,fau/ into ! ,engli% tongue4 ',i w5t ab\t half an h\r ago to call ^u a sort ( ,pr(essor "h to :om ,i _h a lett] & a ,fau/ to pres5t f ,blackie--f\nd him ill & conf9$ to b$--0 admitt$1 h[ev]1 v well receiv$1 & %all call aga9 :5 ,i ?9k !re is a *ance ( 8 be+ bett]4 ,i h /ill ano!r ,pr(essor to call on ) a lett] & book f ,blackie1 & !re my acqua9tance ) ! society ( ,b]l9 is likely to t]m9ate4' ,"o o!r introduction to ,f]ri] on ?is exp$ition to ,g]many is m5tion$ 9 a note f 8 aunt1 ,miss ,susan ,f]ri]1 ! only lett] to h] nephew t has app>5tly be5 pres]v$3 :e!r or n he avail$ himself ( ! (f]1 hi/ory does n record4 ,x runs z foll[s3-- ',,ed9r41 #a/ ,augu/4 ',i c\ld n get a lett] to ,"l ,coreh\se's ,g]man si/] 7,c\ntess ,purg/all71 z x seems %e is 9 bad heal?1 & n fit to ent]ta9 vagabonds2 b ,i enclose a v k9d "o f my fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,ersk9e1 to ! ambassadress at ,muni*1 & if y don't g !re y may s5d x by po/1 z x w be welcome at any "t on its own acc\nt4' ,x 01 z has be5 said1 only ab\t ?ree ye>s previ\sly to ?is visit t ,hegel _h pass$ away at ,b]l91 & "o wond]s :e!r ,f]ri] fir/ began to int]e/ himself 9 8 writ+s at ?is "t1 & :e!r he visit$ ! gravey>d ne> ! city gate :]e ,hegel lies1 close to 8 great pr$ecessor ,fi*te4 ,"o w\ld almo/ ?9k ?is la/ 0 s f ! exact description giv5 9 8 %ort biography ( ,hegel2 & x is significant t on 8 return he br\ght ) him a m$allion & a photograph ( ! great philosoph]4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t 8 ?\ghts 7 already t5d+ 9 ! direction ( ,hegelian metaphysics1 b h[ f> ?is 0 s we _c tell4 ,c]ta9ly ! k ( ! ,g]man language acquir$ by ,f]ri] dur+ ?is visit to ! c\ntry prov$ mo/ valuable to him1 & enabl$ him to /udy its philosophy at a "t :5 translations 7 practically non-exi/5t1 & few _h le>n$ to read x4 ,t k mu/ inde$ h be5 tol]ably complete1 = 9 #ahea1 :5 ,sir ,edw>d ,bulw] 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,lytton7 0 ab\t to republi% 8 translation ( ,s*ill]'s ,ballads1 he correspond$ ) ,f]ri] reg>d+ ! accuracy & exactness ( 8 "w4 ,he aft]w>ds1 9 ! preface to ! volume1 ackn[l$ges ! great s]vices ,f]ri] _h r5d]$2 & 9 d$icat+ ! book to him1 speaks ( ! debt ( gratitude he owes to "o ^: 'critical judgm5t & skill 9 detect+ ! f9] %ades ( mean+ 9 ! orig9al' _h be5 s useful4 ,f]ri] likewise has ! cr$it1 accord$ him by ,de ,qu9cey1 ( hav+ correct$ sev]al errors 9 all ! ,engli% translations ( ,fau/ !n extant--errors :i* 7 n m]ely lit]>y inaccuracies1 b :i* also detract$ f ! vital s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,z to ,"l ,lytton1 ,f]ri] mu/ at ?is "t h be5 int]e/$ 9 8 writ+s2 = 9 a lett] to ,miss ,wilson1 he advises h] to read ,bulw]'s ,pilgrims ( ! ,rh9e if %e wi%es = a description ( ! sc5]y1 & speaks ( ! high e/eem ) :i* he 0 reg>d$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,x 0 9 #ahcg t ,f]ri] m>ri$ ! "y lady ) :om he _h s long correspond$4 ,! m>riage 0 9 all respects a happy "o4 ,mrs4 ,f]ri]'s gifts & graces1 inh]it$ f h] fa!r1 w n soon be =gott51 ei!r 9 ,/4 ,&rews :]e %e liv$ s long1 or 9 ,ed9burgh1 ! lat] home ( h] wid[hood4 ,"o ^: spirits 7 less gay might h f\nd a husb& ^: int]e/s 7 s completely 9 8 "w--& t a "w 9 :i* %e c\ld n %>e--difficult to deal )2 b %e possess$ und]/&+ to appreciate t "w1 z well z hum\r1 & c\ld accommodate h]self to ! circum/ances 9 :i* %e f\nd h]self2 :ile he1 on 8 "p1 ent]$ into ! gaiety on occasion ) ! be/4 ,a fri5d & /ud5t ( ! ,/4 ,&rews' days writes ( ,f]ri]3 ',he m>ri$ 8 c\s9 ,m>g>et1 ,pr(essor's ,wilson's daught]1 & ,i don't d\bt t a %or?& report ( _! c\rt%ip w\ld h be5 bett] wor? read+ ?an n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e out ( e ?\s& c\rt%ips1 = %e _h wit z well z beauty1 & he 0 capable ( appreciat+ bo?4 ,no m *>m+ woman h ,i ev] se5 or he>d mak+ game ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> ( p$ants & hypocrites4 ,%e w\ld ev5 laugh at h] husb& on occasion1 b x 0 dang]\s = any volunte] to try to help h] 9 t sport4 ,a f9]-look+ c\ple ,i h nev] se54#e #e ,ano!r si/] m>ri$ ,william ,edmond/\ne ,ayt\n1 ! poet4 ,x 0 reg>d+ ,pr(essor ,ayt\n's proposal = ,miss ,wilson's h& t ! foll[+ /ory is told4 ,:5 ! engagem5t 0 be+ =m$1 ,ayt\n some:at demurr$ to int]view+ ! fa!r ( ! lady1 & %e h]self und]took ! mission4 ,pres5tly %e return$ ) a c>d p9n$ ^u h] brea/ be>+ ! satisfactory inscription1 ',) ! au?or's complim5ts'6 ,ayt\n1 z is well kn[n1 0 extremely pla91 & x 0 ( 8 bu/ 9 ! ,blackwoods' saloon1 a recognisable b ideali/ic lik5ess1 t ,f]ri] rem>k$1 ',i %\ld call t ! pursuit ( beauty "u difficulties4' ,dur+ h] infancy ,ed9burgh _h become ,mrs4 ,f]ri]'s home1 ?\gh %e made frequ5t visits to ,we/morl&1 ( ^: dialect %e _h a complete comm&4 ,! c\rt%ip1 h[ev]1 _h be5 = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ on at ! picturesque old h\se ( ,gorton1 :]e ',*ri/oph] ,nor?' 0 tempor>ily resid+1 & :i*1 situat$ z x is ov]look+ ! lovely gl5 made immortal by ! "n ( ,haw?ornd51 9 view ( ,rosl9 ,*apel1 & surr\nd$ by old-fa%ion$ walks & g>d5s1 mu/ h be5 an ideal spot = a romantic c\ple l ! ,f]ri]s to roam 94 ,ano!r fri5d writes ( ,wilson's lat] home at ,ell]ay3 ',9 8 hospitable h\se1 :]e ! wits ( ,blackwood ga!r$ at int]vals & visit$ individually 9 season & out ( season1 8 daught] saw /range m5 ( g5ius1 su* z few "y ladies _h ! =tune to see1 & he>d talk su* z h>dly ano!r has ! =tune to he>4 ,lockh>t1 ) 8 c>icatures & 8 incisive s>casm1 0 an intimate ( ! h\se4 ,! ,ettrick ,%eph]d1 ) 8 plaid & homely ,doric1 broke 9 occasionally1 z did also ,de ,qu9cey1 g5]ally t[>ds midnight1 :5 he us$ to sit p\r+ =? 8 f9ely-balanc$1 graceful s5t5ces f> on among ! small h\rs ( ! morn+4 ,!re 7 /ud5ts1 too1 ye> aft] ye>1 _m ( !m n undi/+ui%$1 & "s ( :om _h1 we d\bt n1 ideas ( _! own reg>d+ ! fla%+ hazel eyes ( _! eloqu5t ,pr(essor's elde/ daught]4' ,b h] c\s9 0 h] *oice1 ?\gh weal? (f]$ no attraction1 & nei!r side _h reason to regret ! m>riage ( affection4 ,at ! "t ( 8 m>riage ,f]ri] _h be5 practis+ at ! ,b>1 probably ) no great measure ( success1 see+ t 8 he>t 0 n really set ^u 8 "w4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t he fir/ began to write1 & 8 fir/ contribution to lit]ature took ! =m ( c]ta9 pap]s contribut$ to ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 ! subject be+ ! ',philosophy ( ,consci\sness4' ,f t "t onw>ds ,f]ri] cont9u$ to write on philosophic or lit]>y topics until 8 dea?1 & _m ( ^! writ+s 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! fam\s magaz9e4 ,be=e ent]+1 h[ev]1 on any consid]ation ( ,f]ri]'s writ+s & ( ! philosophy ( ! day1 x might be wor? :ile to try to picture to ourselves ! social conditions & feel+s ( ! "t1 9 ord] t we may get "s idea ( ! influ5ces :i* surr\nd$ him1 & be assi/$ 9 our ef=ts to und]/& 8 outlook4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,scotl& _h be5 gr\nd d[n by a /range tyranny--! tyranny ( "o man z x seem$1 :i* man 0 ,h5ry ,dundas1 fir/ ,visc\nt ,melville1 :o = _m long ye>s rul$ our c\ntry z few c\ntries h be5 rul$ be=e4 ,:at ?is despotism meant x is difficult = u1 a c5tury lat]1 to figure to ourselves4 ,all (fices 7 dep5d5t on 8 patronage2 x 0 to him t ev]yone _h to look = :atev] po/1 advancem5t1 or concession 0 requir$4 ,& ,dundas1 ) consummate p[] & adm9i/rative ability1 m\ld$ ,scotl& to 8 w1 & by 8 own acts made h] :at %e 0 be=e ! _w4 ,b all ! :ile1 ?\gh unp]ceiv$1 a new _s 0 really dawn+2 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,revolution1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 _h spread1 & all unobs]v$ ! "t-_s made its influ5ce felt bel[ a surface ( app>5t calm4 ,x laid hold fir/ ( all ( ! common p--weav]s & ! l3 x r\s$ ^! r\gh1 un$ucat$ m5 to a s5se ( wrong & ! resolution to seek a rem$y4 ,n mu*1 h[ev]1 0 accompli%$4 ,"s futile ris+s took place--ris+s pitiable 9 _! inadequacy--( h>d-work+ weav]s arm$ ) pikes & antiquat$ muskets4 ,( c\rse1 su* rebels 7 easily suppress$2 ! lead]s 7 s5t5c$ to execution or transportation1 z ! case might be2 b ?\gh peace app>5tly 0 re/or$ & public meet+s to oppose ! ,gov]nm5t 7 rigor\sly suppress$1 trade & manufactures 7 aris+3 ,scotl& 0 n really dead1 z %e appe>$4 ,a new life 0 dawn+3 re=m 0 9 ! air1 & 9 due "t made its pres5ce felt4 ,b ! memory ( ^! times ( political oppression1 :5 ! fran*ise 0 ! privilege ( ! few1 & ( ! few :o 7 entirely out ( sympa?y ) ! mo/ "p ( _! c\ntrym5 or _! c\ntry's wants1 rema9$ ) ! p j z did ! ',kill+-"t' ( ,cov5ant+ days two c5turies be=e4 ,"t heals ! w\nds ( a c\ntry z ( an individual1 b ! op]ation is sl[1 & x is d\btful :e!r ei!r p]iod ( hi/ory w ev] be =gott54 ,at anyrate1 if !y are s z ?is c5tury closes1 !y 7 n 9 ! ,scotl& kn[n to ,f]ri]2 !y 7 /ill a v pres5t memory & "o ^: influ5ce 0 ke5ly felt4 ,& along ) ?is political /ruggle yet ano!r /ruggle 0 tak+ place1 no less real ?\gh n s evid5t4 ,! religion ( ! c\ntry _h be5 z dead z 0 ! politics 9 ! c5tury t 0 gone--dead 9 ! sleep ( ,mod]atism & indiff]5tism4 ,b x1 too1 _h awak5$2 ! evangelical s*ool arose1 lib]ty ( *ur* gov]nm5t 0 claim$1 a lib]ty :i*1 :5 d5i$ x1 r5t ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 9 twa94 ,9 our c\ntry x has be5 *>act]i/ic t great movem5ts h usually begun ) ^? mo/ 9 t\* ) its inmo/ life1 ! s-call$ l[] ord]s ( its citiz5s4 ,! nobles & ! k+s h r foll[$ ?an tak5 ! lead4 ,9 ! awak5+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ?is at anyrate 0 ! case4 ',society1' s call$1 rema9$ cons]vative 9 its view = long aft] ! p _h det]m9$ to advance4 ,scott1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 a retrogressive influ5ce4 ,! romanticism ( 8 novels l5t a *>m to days gone by :i* might or might n be des]v$2 b !y also enc\rag$ _! read]s to imag9e a revival ( ^? days ( *ivalry z a possibility ev5 n[1 :5 m5 7 cry+ = _! rights1 :5 !y _h awak5$ to a s5se ( _! possessions1 & w\ld take no?+ 9 _! place4 ,! real *iefta9s 7 no m2 !y 7 imitation *iefta9s only :o 7 play+ at ! game1 & x 0 a game ! clansm5 w\ld n jo9 94 ,few ex]cises c\ld be m /range ?an fir/ to read ! acc\nt ( ,scotti% life 9 "o ( ! immortal novels by ,scott deal+ ) la/ c5tury1 & !n to turn to ,miss ,f]ri] or ,galt1 depict+ a p]iod n s v diff]5t4 ,sett+ aside all que/ions ( g5ius1 :]e comp>ison w\ld be absurd1 x w\ld seem z if a beautiful enamel _h be5 remov$1 & a b>e reality reveal$1 some:at sordid 9 comp>ison4 ,! life 0 n really sordid1--realism z usual _h ov]%ot its m>k1--b ! enamel _h be5 some:at ?ickly laid1 & might require to be remov$1 if tru? 7 to be reveal$4 ,s 9 ! high] grades ( ,ed9burgh society ! enamel ( g5tility has done its be/ to prejudice u aga9/ mu* true & g5u9e wor?4 ,x 0 *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 conv5tional unconv5tionality1 a c]ta9 'preciosity' :i* br\ght x ne> des]v+ a /ill /rong] "n1 & x ma9ta9$ its "r to =mulate ! canons ( criticism = ! k+dom4 ,ed9burgh1 x mu/ be recollect$1 0 no 'mean city1' no ord9>y prov9cial t[n4 ,x 0 /ill e/eem$ a metropolis4 ,x _h its ari/ocracy1 ?\gh ma9ly ( ! ord] ( ^? unable to be> ! great] exp5se ( ,london life4 ,x _h no manufactories to speak (1 no m]cantile class to 'vulg>ise' x2 x possess$ a ,univ]sity1 & ! law c\rts ( ! nation4 ,b above all x _h a lit]>y society4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury x _h su* m5 z ,h5ry ,mack5zie1 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,john ,playfair1 ,dr4 ,gregory1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n1 n to speak ( ,scott & ,jeffrey--a society unrivall$ out ( ,london4 ,& 9 lat] days1 :5 ^! 7 gone1 o!rs rose to fill _! places4 ,( c\rse1 9 addition to ! movem5t ( ! work+ p1 !re 0 an educat$ prote/ aga9/ ,toryism1 & x 0 made by a p>ty :o1 to _! cr$it be x said1 risk$ _! prospects ( advancem5t = ! pr9ciples ( fre$om4 ,9 _! days ,toryism1 we mu/ recollect1 meant some?+ v diff]5t f :at x might be suppos$ to signify 9 our own4 ,x meant an attitude ( ob/ruction z reg>ds all *ange f e/abli%$ /&>ds ( :atev] k9d2 x signifi$ a po9t ( view :i* said t grievances %\ld be unr$ress$ unless x 0 9 its int]e/ to r$ress !m4 ,! new p>ty ( opposition includ$ 9 its numb]s ,:ig lawy]s l ,gibson ,craig & ,h5ry ,ersk9e1 9 e>li] days1 & ,francis ,jeffrey & ,"l ,cockburn lat] on2 a p>ty ( progress 0 also =m$ )9 ! ,*ur*1 & ! same )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! movem5t1 z became a movem5t on ! political side l>gely head$ by lawy]s1 _h no t5d5cy to viol5ce2 x 0 mod]ate 9 its policy1 & by no means revolution>y--inde$ x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re ev] 0 mu* t5d5cy to revolt ev5 among/ ^? work+ m5 :o express$ !mselves mo/ /rongly4 ,! advance p>ty1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ ! day1 & :5 ,f]ri] began to write1 ,scotl& 0 9 a v diff]5t /ate f t ( tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,! ,re=m ,bill _h pass$1 & m5 _h ! m\ld+ ( _! c\ntry's de/9y practically plac$ )9 _! h&s4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity1 aga91 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 a ,:ig1 _h j be5 appo9t$ to ! ,*air ( ,logic1 :ile ,moncreiff1 ,*alm]s1 & ! re/1 7 prom95t 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! traditions ( lit]>y ,ed9burgh at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury _h be5 kept up by a circle among/ :om ,lockh>t1 ,wilson1 & ,de ,qu9cey may be m5tion$2 n[ ,c>lyle1 :o _h left ,ed9burgh n long be=e1 0 com+ into notice1 & a new era seem$ to be dawn+1 n s glori\s z ! pa/1 b m untrammell$ & m free4 ,h[ philosophy 0 affect$ by ! *ange1 & h[ ,f]ri] assi/$ 9 its progress1 x is our bus9ess n[ to tell2 b we mu/ fir/ briefly sket* ! hi/ory ( ,scotti% speculation to ?is date1 9 ord] to %[ ! position 9 :i* he f\nd x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,philosophy ,,be=e ,,f]ri]',s ,,day ,9 attempt+ to give "s idea ( philosophy z x 0 9 ,scotl& 9 ! e>li] portion ( ! pres5t c5tury1 we %all h to g back two hundr$ ye>s or !reab\t1 9 ord] to f9d a satisfactory basis f :i* to />t4 ,= philosophy1 z no "o realis$ m ?an ,f]ri]1 is no arbitr>y succession ( sy/ems foll[+ "o ^u ano!r z _! prop\nd]s might decree2 x is a developm5t 9 ! true/ & highe/ significance ( t ^w4 ,x means ! gradual work+ out ( ! que/ions :i* reason sets to be answ]$2 & ?\gh x seems z if we _h sometimes to turn our faces backw>ds1 & to rev]t to sy/ems ( bygone days1 we always f9d1 :5 we look m closely1 t 9 our onw>d c\rse we h m]ely dropp$ "s ?read 9 our web1 ! recov]y ( :i* is requisite 9 ord] t x may be duly tak5 up & wov5 ) ! re/4 ,at ! "t ( :i* we write ! s-call$ ',scotti% ,s*ool' ( ,reid1 ,/ew>t1 & ,beattie reign$ supreme 9 or?odox ,scotl&2 x _h undisput$ p[] 9 ! ,univ]sities1 & besides ?is obta9$ a v reputable place 9 ! e/imation ( ,europe1 & m especially ( ,france4 ,z x 0 ?is s*ool m especially t ,f]ri] sp5t mu* ( 8 "t 9 combat+1 x is its hi/ory & place t we wi% %ortly to describe4 ,to d s1 h[ev]1 x is ne$ful to g back to its real f\nd]1 ,locke1 9 ord] t its po9t ( view may fairly be set =?4 ,9 apply+ 8 m9d to ! views ( ,locke1 ! ord9>y man f9ds himself arriv+ at v commonplace & well-accu/om$ conceptions4 ,locke1 inde$1 may reasonably be said to repres5t ! ideas ( common1 ev]yday life4 ,! ord9>y man does n "q ! reality ( ?+s1 he accepts x )\t ask+ any que/ions1 & bases 8 !ories--sci5tific or o!rwise--^u ?is impli$ reality4 ,locke work$ out ! !ory :i* _h be5 prop\nd$ by ,"l ,bacon1 t k is obta9$ by ! obs]vation ( facts :i* are implicitly accept$ z realities2 & :at1 x 0 ask$1 c\ld be m self-evid5t & sane8 ,x is easy to conceive a numb] ( p]ceiv+ m9ds ^u ! "o h&1 ready to take up p]ceptions ( an outside mat]ial sub/ance ^u ! o!r4 ,! m9d may be consid]$ z a piece ( :ite pap]--a tabula rasa1 z x 0 call$--on :i* ext]nal ?+s may make :at impression !y w1 & k is app>5tly expla9$ at once4 ,b ?\gh ,locke c]ta9ly succe$$ 9 mak+ ^! t]ms ! common co9 ( ord9>y life1 difficulties crop up :5 we come to exam9e !m m closely4 ,aft] all1 x is evid5t1 ! only k our m9d c h is a k ( its own ideas--ideas :i* are1 ( c\rse1 caus$ by some?+ :i* is outside1 or at lea/1 z ,locke w\ld say1 by its quality4 ,n[1 f ?is x w\ld appe> t ^! 'ideas' aft] all come betwe5 ! m9d & ! '?+1' :atev] x is1 t causes !m--t is to say1 we c p]haps ma9ta9 t we only "k our 'ideas1' & n ?+s z 9 !mselves4 ,locke passes into elaborate di/9ctions betwe5 prim>y qualities ( ?+s1 ( :i* he holds exact repres5tations are giv51 & second>y qualities1 :i* are n 9 ! same position2 b ! :ole difficulty we meet ) is summ$ up 9 ! "q :e!r we really "k sub/ance1 or :e!r x is t we c only hope to "k ideas1 & 'suppose' "s sub/ratum ( reality outside4 ,!n ano!r difficulty is t we c h>dly really "k our selves4 ,h[ c we "k t ! self exi/s2 & if1 l ,malebran*e1 we speak ( ,god reveal+ sub/ance to u1 h[ d we "k ab\t ,god8 ,we _c =m any 'g5]al' impressions1 h any 'g5]al' k2 only a sort ( conglom]ation ( unrelat$ or deta*$ bits ( k c possibly come home to u4 ,! fact is1 t mod]n philosophy />ts ) two sep>ate & self-exi/5t sub/ances2 t x does n see h[ !y c be comb9$1 & t ! ':ite-pap]' !ory is s ab/ract t we c nev] arrive at self-consci\sness by its means4 ,b]keley foll[$ out ! logical consequ5ces ( ,locke1 ?\gh p]haps he h>dly knew :]e ^! w\ld c>ry him4 ,he ackn[l$g$ t we "k no?+ b ideas--no?+ outside ( our m9d4 ,b he adds ! conception ( self1 & by analogy ! conception ( ,god1 :o acts z a pr9ciple ( causation4 ,:e!r !re is necess>y connection 9 8 s5sations or n1 he does n say4 ,hume foll[$ ) criticism1 sca?+ & m]ciless4 ,he /ates t all we "k ( is ! exp]i5ce we h2 & by exp]i5ce he signifies p]ceptions4 ,ideas to him are no?+ m ?an p]ceptions1 & :e!r !y are ideas simply ( ! m9d1 or ideas ( "s object1 is to him ! same4 ,if we beg9 to imag9e su* conceptions z ^? ( univ]sality or necessity1 ( ,god or ! self1 beyond a complex ( successive ideas1 we are go+ f>!r ?an exp]i5ce p]mits4 ,we _c connect our p]ceptions ) an object1 nor c we get beyond :at exp]i5ce all[s4 ,cu/om m]ely br+s ab\t c]ta9 conclusions :i* are (t5 en\gh mislead+4 ,x connects effect & cause1 really diff]5t ev5ts3 x br+s ab\t ideas ( morality v (t5 deceptive4 ,we h our cu/om ( reg>d+ ?+s1 ano!r has 8--:o c say :i* is correct8 ,all we c d is1 :at seems a hopeless task en\gh--we c try to %[ h[ ^! unrelat$ p>ticul>s seem by repetition to produce an illusion>y connection 9 our m9ds4 ,bo? m9d & matt] appe>1 !n1 to be want+1 & exp]i5ce alone is sugge/$ z ! means ( solv+ ! difficulty 9 :i* we are plac$--a po9t 9 ! argum5t :i* left an opportunity op5 to ,kant to sugge/ a new developm5t1 to ask :e!r ?+s be+ f\nd inadequate 9 produc+ k1 we might n ask if k c\ld n be m successful ) ?+s4 ,b x is ! ,scotti% l9es ( attempt$ solution t we wi% to foll[ out1 & n ! ,g]man4 ,p]haps !y are n s v diff]5t4 ,philosophy1 z ,reid f\nd x1 0 9 a bad way en\gh1 z f> z ! or?odox m9d ( ,scotl& 0 conc]n$4 ,all ju/ification = belief 9 ,god1 9 immortality1 9 all t 0 held sacr$ 9 a c5tury ( mu* or?odoxy if little zeal1 0 gone4 ,su* ?+s might be believ$ 9 by ^? :o f\nd any com=t 9 s believ+1 b to ! educat$ man :o _h s]i\sly reflect$ on !m1 !y 7 ana*ronisms4 ,! v desp]at5ess ( ! case1 h[ev]1 seem$ to promise a rem$y4 ,m5 c\ld n re/ 9 a /ate ( p]man5t scepticism1 9 a _w utt]ly incapable ( be+ rationally expla9$4 ,ev5 ! prop\nd] ( ! !ories all[$ ?is to be true2 & z = o!rs1 !y felt t !y 7 rational be+s1 & ?is signifi$ t !re 0 sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,a *ampion arose :5 ?+s 7 at _! wor/ 9 ,?omas ,reid1 ! f\nd]1 or at lea/ ! *iefe/ ornam5t1 ( ! s-call$ ,scotti% ,s*ool ( ,philosophy4 ,he x 0 :o set himself to add ! pr9ciple ( ! coh]5ce ( ! ,univ]se1 & ! consequ5t possibility ( e/abli%+ ,fai? once m 9 ! _w4 ,reid1 to beg9 )1 in/ead ( look+ at ,hume's results z s]i\s1 reg>d$ !m z necess>ily absurd4 ,he />t$ a new !ory ( 8 own1 ! !ory ( ,imm$iate ,p]ception1 :i* signifi$ t we are able imm$iately to appreh5d--n ideas only1 b ! ,tru?4 ,& h[1 we may ask1 c ?is be done8 ,x _h be5 po9t$ out fir/ ( all t s5sations z und]/ood by ,locke--t is1 ! relations s call$ by ,locke--might be sep>at$ f s5sation 9 itself2 9 fact1 t ^! fir/ p]ta9$ to m9d4 ,h5ce we h a duali/ic sy/em giv5 u to />t )1 & ! "q is h[ ! two sides are to be connect$8 ,:at does ?is !ory ( ,imm$iate ,p]ception1 :i* ,reid puts =w>d z ! solution1 mean8 ,is x j a me*anical union ( two anti!ses1 or is x some?+ m8 ,z to ?is la/1 p]haps ! real answ] w\ld be t x bo? is1 & is n4 ,t is1 ! philosophy ( ,reid w\ld seem /ill duali/ic 9 its nature2 x c]ta9ly implies ! me*anical contact ( two confront+ sub/ances ^: indep5d5ce is vigor\sly ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to ! ideali/ic sy/em :i* x sup]s$$2 b 9 ref]5ce to ,reid we mu/ recollect t 8 !ory ( ,imm$iate ,p]ception 0 also some?+ m4 ,z reg>ds s5sation1 = example1 he says t we d n beg9 ) unrelat$ s5sations1 b ) judgm5t--t is1 we ref] our s5sations to a p]man5t subject1 ',i4' ,s5sations 'sugge/' ! nature ( a m9d & ! belief 9 its exi/5ce4 ,& ?is signifies t we h ! p[] ( mak+ inf]5ces--h[ we d n exactly "k1 b we believe x to be1 n by any special reason+ process1 b by ! 'common-s5se' innately born )9 u4 ,common-s5se is responsible = a good deal m--= ! conceptions ( exi/5ce & ( cause1 = in/ance2 = ,reid ackn[l$ges t s5sations alone mu/ fail to acc\nt = ideas su* z ^? ( ext5sion1 space1 & motion4 ,?is /&po9t seems inde$ z if x did n diff] widely f ! ,kantian1 b at ! same "t ,reid appe>s to ?9k t x is n an ess5tial t feel+s %\ld be p]ceptively ref]r$ to an ext]nal object2 ! fir/ "p ( ! process ( p]ception is c>ri$ on )\t our consci\sness--! m5tal s5sation m]ely foll[s--& s5sation simply supposes a s5ti5t be+ & a c]ta9 mann] 9 :i* t be+ is affect$1 :i* leaves u mu* :]e we 71 z f> z ! subjectivity ( our ideas is conc]n$4 ,he does n hold t all s5sation is a p]cept involv+ ext5sion & mu* else--involv+1 inde$1 exi/5ce4 ,foll[+ ^u ,reid1 ,dugald ,/ew>t obta9$ a v consid]able reputation1 & he 0 liv+ & writ+ at ! "t ,f]ri] 0 a "y man4 ,8 ma9 idea w\ld1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 to gu>d 8 utt]ances c>efully1 & ent] ^u no ke5 discussions or cont5tions3 :5 a bold ass]tion is made1 x is always "u %elt] ( "s good au?ority4 ,b 8 r\nd$ phrases ga9$ him consid]able admiration1 z su* writ+ (t5 does4 ,he c>ri$--p]haps inadv]t5tly--,reid's views f>!r ?an he w\ld probably h held z ju/ifiable4 ,he says we are n1 prop]ly speak+1 consci\s ( self or ! exi/5ce ( self1 b m]ely ( a s5sation or "s o!r quality1 :i*1 by a subsequ5t sugge/ion ( ! und]/&+1 leads to a belief 9 t :i* ex]cises ! quality4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ,reid put v crudely1 & 9 a mann] calculat$ to br+ u back to unrelat$ s5sation 9 e>ne/4 ,/ew>t adopt$ a new expression = ,reid's 'common-s5se1' i4e4 ! 'fundam5tal laws ( belief1' :i* might be less ambigu\s1 b nev] took popul> hold z did ! fir/4 ,!re 7 _m o!rs belong+ to ?is s*ool besides ,reid & ,/ew>t1 :om x w\ld be impossible to speak ( "h4 ,! ,scotti% ,philosophy _h its "w to d1 & no d\bt und]/ood t "w--! fir/ ess5tial 9 a criticism3 x endeav\r$ to v9dicate p]ception z aga9/ s5sational idealism1 & x only p>tially succe$$ 9 its task4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful n to =get t x op5$ up ! way = a m compreh5sive & satisfactory po9t ( view4 ,x 0 ) ,kant t ! di/9ction arose betwe5 s5sation & ! =ms necess>y to its p]ception1 ! =m ( space & "t1 & s on4 ,z to ?is "p ( ! !ory ( k1 ,reid & 8 s*ool 7 n cle>2 !y only made an ef=t to express ! fact t some?+ 0 requir$ to v]ify our k1 b !y 7 f> f satisfactorily atta9+ to _! goal4 ,! v "n ( 'common-s5se' 0 mislead+--mak+ p imag9e1 z x did1 t !re 0 no?+ 9 philosophy aft] all t ! man 9 ! /reet c\ld n "k by apply+ ! smalle/ modicum ( reflection to ! subject4 ,philosophy ?us came to be consid]$ z sup]flu\s1 & x 0 ?\ght t ! soon] we got rid ( x & 7 cont5t to obs]ve ! m&ates ( our he>ts1 ! bett] = all conc]n$4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! "w :i* ,f]ri] plac$ be=e himself :5 he comm5c$ to write ^u & tea* philosophy8 ,he 0 ?or\ghly & entirely dissatisfi$ ) ! old po9t ( view1 ! po9t ( view ( ! 'common-s5se' s*ool ( metaphysicians1 to beg9 )4 ,sometimes x seems z ?\gh we c\ld n judge a sy/em altoge!r f ! be/ expon5t ( x1 al?\gh !oretically we are always b\nd to turn to him4 ,9 a national philosophy1 at lea/1 we want some?+ t w we>1 t w be> to be put 9 ord9>y language1 some?+ :i* c be und]/ood ( ! p1 :i* c be assimilat$ ) ! popul> religion & politics--9 fact1 :i* c really be liv$ z well z ?\ght2 & x is only aft] _m ye>s ( use t we c really tell :e!r ^! conditions h be5 fulfill$4 ,= ?is reason we are 9 "s measure ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ! popul> e/imate ( a sy/em1 & 9 consid]+ its practical results z well z ! value ( its !ory4 ,n[1 ! commonly accept$ view ( ! eighte5?-c5tury philosoph]s 9 ,scotl& is t !re is no?+ v wond]ful ab\t ! subject--l ! ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme ( ,molire1 we are %[n t we h be5 philosophis+ all our lives1 only we nev] knew x4 ',common-s5se'--an attribute ) :i* we all believe we are 9 "s small measure end[$--expla9s ev]y?+ if we simply ex]cise x1 & t is op5 to u all3 !re has be5 mu* talk1 x w\ld seem1 ab\t no?+2 secrets hidd5 to wise m5 are reveal$ to babes1 & we h b to keep our m9ds op5 9 ord] to receive !m4 ,we are all acqua9t$ ) ?is talk 9 speculative regions ( k1 b we mo/ ( u also "k h[ disa/r\s x is to any true advancem5t 9 su* directions4 ,:at happ5s n[ is j :at happ5$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,m5 relapse into a self-satisfi$ indol5ce ( m9d3 9 religion !y are cont5t ) believ+ 9 a sort ( g5]al div9e ,b5efic5ce :i* w someh[ make matt]s /raight1 h[ev] crook$ !y may seem to be2 & 9 philosophy !y are guid$ by _! in/9cts1 :i* tea* !m t :at !y wi% to believe is true4 ,n[1 all ?is is :at ,f]ri] & ! mod]n movem5t1 l>gely influ5c$ by ,g]man modes ( ?\ght1 wi% to prote/ aga9/ ) all _! might4 ,! scepticism ( ,hume & ,gibbon 0 logical1 if utt]ly impossible z a work+ cre$ & necess>ily end+ 9 absurdity2 b ?is irrational k9d ( optimism 0 altoge!r repugnant to ^? :o dem&$ a reasonable explanation ( !mselves & ( _! place 9 nature4 ,! "q _h become summ$ up 9 "o ( sup]lative importance1 namely1 ! di/9ction t exi/$ betwe5 ! natural & sup]natural sides ( our exi/5ce4 ,! mat]iali/ic s*ool _h practically done away ) ! latt] 9 its entirety1 _h said t nature is capable ( be+ expla9$ by me*anical means1 & t ^! mu/ necess>ily suffice = u4 ,b ! or?odox section adopt$ o!r l9es2 x accept$ all ! ord9>ily receiv$ ideas ( ,god1 immortality1 & ! l1 b x ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute :i* c only be inf]r$1 b n pres5t$ to ! m9d1 &1 /range/ ( all1 decl>$ t ! 'la/ & highe/ consecration ( all true religion mu/ be an alt> ,to ! unkn[n & unkn[able ,god4'#f ,?is s-call$ 'pi\s' philosophy decl>es t ',to ?9k t ,god is1 z we c ?9k ,him to be1 is blasphemy1' & ',a ,god und]/ood w\ld be no ,god at all4' ,! ,g]man philosophy saw t if once we are to r5\nce our reason1 or tru/ to x only )9 a c]ta9 sph]e1 all hope = u is lo/1 z f> z )/&+ ! attack ( outside enemies is conc]n$4 ,we are liable to sceptical attacks f e side1 & all we c ma9ta9 aga9/ !m is a p]sonal conviction :i* is n pro(4 ,h[1 !n1 0 ! difficulty met8 #f ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$ 7,sir ,william ,hamilton71 p4 #ae4 ,kant1 z we h said1 made an important developm5t ^u ! position ( ,hume4 ,hume _h arriv$ at ! po9t ( decl>+ ! p>ticul> m9d & matt] equally incompet5t to af=d an ultimate explanation ( ?+s1 & he sugge/$ exp]i5ce 9 _! place4 ,?is is ! fir/ note ( ! new philosophy3 exp]i5ce1 n a process ( ! int]action ( two sep>ate ?+s1 m9d on ! "o h&1 matt] on ! o!r1 b some?+ compreh5d+ bo?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 sc>cely realis$ ei!r by ,hume or ,kant1 ?\gh ! latt] came v ne> ! =mulation ( x4 ,kant saw1 at lea/1 t ?+s c\ld n produce k1 & he !re=e *ang$ 8 front & sugge/$ />t+ ) ! k t 0 be=e reg>d$ z result--a *ange 9 po9t ( view t caus$ a revolution 9 ?\ght simil> to t caus$ 9 our ideas ( ! natural _w by ! introduction ( ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4 ,/ill1 :ile foll[+ out 8 ,cop]nican !ory1 ,kant did n g f> en\gh4 ,8 me?ods 7 /ill some:at psy*ological 9 nature4 ,he /ill reg>d$ ?\ght z some?+ :i* c be sep>at$ f ! ?9k]2 he /ill ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 !mselves indep5d5t & outside ( ?\ght4 ,he gives u a '!ory' ( k1 :5 :at we want to rea* is k itself1 & n a subjective conception ( x4 ,"h x is t ! ,absolute ,idealism comes 9--! ,idealism mo/ associat$ ) ! "n ( ,hegel4 ,hegel takes exp]i5ce1 k1 or ?\ght1 9 ano!r & mu* m compreh5sive fa%ion ?an did 8 pr$ecessors4 ,k1 9 fact1 is all-compreh5d+2 x embraces bo? sides 9 itself1 & expla9s !m z 'mom5ts1' i4e4 complem5t>y factors 9 ! "o ,reality4 ,to make ?is cle>]3 we h be5 all along tak+ k z a duali/ic process1 z hav+ two sides involv$ 9 x1 a subject & an object4 ,n[1 ,hegel says our mi/ake is ?is3 we _c make a sep>ation ( su* a k9d except by a process ( ab/raction3 ! "o really implies ! o!r1 & c\ld n possibly exi/ )\t x4 ,we may 9 our ord9>y pursuits d s1 )\t d\bt2 we may conc5trate our att5tion on "o side or ! o!r1 z ! case may be2 we may look at ! _w z if x c\ld be expla9$ by me*anical means1 z1 inde$1 to a c]ta9 po9t x c4 ,b1 ,hegel says1 ^! explanations are n suffici5t2 !y c easily be %[n to be untrue1 :5 driv5 f> en\gh3 ! _w is some?+ l>g]2 x has ! ideal side z well z ! real1 &1 z we are plac$1 !y are bo? necess>ily !re1 & mu/ bo? be recognis$1 if we are to atta9 to true conceptions4 ,)\t say+ t ,f]ri] :olly assimilat$ ! mod]n ,g]man view1--= ( c\rse he did n1--he 0 cle>ly l>gely influ5c$ by x1 m l>gely p]haps ?an he 0 ev5 himself aw>e4 ,x p>ticul>ly met ! pres5t difficulties ) :i* he 0 confront$4 ,! negative attitude 0 felt to be impossible1 & ! o!r1 ! ,belief :i* !n1 z n[1 0 s /rongly advocat$1 ! ,belief :i* meant a m or less bl9d acceptance ( a spiritual p[] beyond our own1 ! ,belief 9 ! ,god we _c "k & glory 9 n be+ able s to "k1 he felt to be an equal impossibility4 ,f]ri]1 & _m o!rs1 ask$ ! "q1 ,are ^! alt]natives exhau/ive8 ,c we n h a rational explanation ( ! _w & ( ourselves8 ,c we n1 t is1 atta9 to fre$om8 ,! new po9t ( view seem$ 9 "s measure to meet ! difficulty1 & !re=e x 0 look$ to ) hope & anticipation ev5 al?\gh its be>+ 0 n at fir/ entirely compreh5d$4 ,f]ri] 0 "o ( ^? :o p]ceiv$ ! mom5t\s consequ5ces :i* su* a *ange ( front w\ld cause1 & he set himself to "w x out z be/ he c\ld4 ,9 an int]e/+ pap] :i* he writes on ',! ,philosophy ( ,common-,s5se1' ) special ref]5ce to ,sir ,william ,hamilton's edition ( ! works ( ,dr4 ,reid1 we see 9 :at way 8 op9ions _h develop$4 ,! po9t :i* ,f]ri] made ! real crux ( ! :ole "q ( philosophy 0 ! di/9ction :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ord9>y psy*ological doctr9e ( p]ception & ! metaphysical4 ,! =m] drew a di/9ction betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ m9d & matt]1 & bas$ its reason+s on ! assum$ modification ( our m9ds br\ght ab\t by matt] reg>d$ z self-exi/5t1 i4e4 exi/5t 9 itself & )\t reg>d to any p]ceiv+ m9d4 ,n[1 ,f]ri] po9ts out t ?is sy/em ( 'repres5tationalism1' ( repres5tative ideas1 necess>ily leads to scepticism2 = :o c tell u m1 ?an t we h c]ta9 ideas--t is1 h[ c x be kn[n t ! real matt] suppos$ to cause !m has any "p at all 9 ! process8 ,scepticism1 z we saw be=e1 has ! way op5$ up = x1 & x d\bts ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 see+ t x has be5 giv5 no reasonable gr\nds = belief 9 x1 :ile ,idealism boldly d5ies its in/rum5tality & exi/5ce4 ,:at !n1 he asks1 ( ,dr4 ,reid & 8 ,s*ool ( ,common-,s5se8 ,reid _c say t matt] is kn[n 9 consci\sness1 b :at he does say is t some?+ innately born )9 u =ces u to believe 9 its exi/5ce4 ,b !n1 z ,f]ri] p]t95tly po9ts out1 scepticism & idealism d n m]ely d\bt & d5y ! exi/5ce ( a self-exi/5t matt] z an object ( consci\sness1 b also because x is no object ( belief4 ,& :at has ,reid to %[ = 8 beliefs8 ,no?+ b 8 ^w4 ,we mu/ all1 ,f]ri] says1 be sceptics or ideali/s2 we are all =c$ on to d5y t matt] 9 any =m exi/s1 = x is only self-exi/5t matt] t we recognise z psy*ologi/s4 ,/ew>t tries to re9/ate x by an appeal to 'direct obs]vation1' an appeal :i*1 ,f]ri] truly says1 is manife/ly absurd2 reason+ is useless1 & we mu/1 x w\ld appe>1 all[ any ef=ts we might make t[>ds rectify+ our position to be recognis$ z futile4 ,b n[1 ,f]ri] says1 ! metaphysical solution ( ! problem comes 94 ,we are 9 an impasse1 x w\ld appe>2 ! analysis ( ! giv5 fact is f\nd impossible4 ,b ! failure ( psy*ology op5s up ! way to metaphysic4 ',! turn+-r\nd ( ?\ght f psy*ology to metaphysic is ! true int]pretation ( ! ,platonic conv]sion ( ! s\l f ignorance to k1 f m]e op9ion to c]ta9ty & satisfaction2 9 o!r words1 f a discipl9e 9 :i* ! ?9k+ is only app>5t1 to a discipl9e 9 :i* ! ?9k+ is real4' ',! diff]5ce is z great betwe5 ! sci5ce ( ! human m9d & metaphysic1 z x is betwe5 ! ,ptolemaic & ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy1 & x is v mu* ( ! same k9d4' ,x is n t metaphysic proposes to d m ?an psy*ology2 x aims at no?+ b :at x c fully ov]take1 & does n propose to c>ry a man f>!r ?an 8 te!r ext5ds1 or ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,metaphysic 9 ! h&s ( all true a/ronom]s ( ?\ght1 f ,plato to ,hegel1 if x accompli%es m1 attempts less4 ,metaphysic1 ,f]ri] says1 dem&s ! :ole giv5 fact1 & t fact is summ$ up 9 ?is3 ',we appreh5d ! p]ception ( an object1' & no?+ %ort ( ?is suffices--t is1 n ! p]ception ( matt]1 b our appreh5sion ( t p]ception1 or :at we be=e call$ k1 ultimate k 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,& ?is giv5 fact is unlike ! m]e p]ception ( matt]1 = x is capable ( analysis & is n simply subjective & egoi/ic4 ,psy*ology recognises p]ception on ! "o h& 7subjective71 & matt] on ! o!r 7objective71 b metaphysic says ! di/9ction ought to be drawn betwe5 'our appreh5sion' & '! p]ception-(-matt]1' ! latt] be+ "o fact & indivisible1 & on no acc\nt to be tak5 z two sep>ate facts or ?\ghts4 ,! :ole po9t is1 t by no possible means c ! p]ception-(-matt] be divid$ into two facts or exi/5ces1 z 0 done by psy*ology4 ,& ,f]ri] goes on to po9t out t ?is is n a subjective idealism1 x is n a condition ( ! human s\l alone1 b x 'dwells ap>t1 a mighty & indep5d5t sy/em1 a city fitt$ up & upheld by ! liv+ ,god4' ,& 9 au!nticat+ ?is la/ belief ,f]ri] calls 9 int]nal convictions1 'common-s5se1' to assi/ ! evid5ce ( speculative reason1 :]e1 _h he foll[$ m ^u ! l9es ( ! great ,g]man ,ideali/s1 he might h done )\t x4 ,n[1 ,f]ri] cont9ues1 we are safe aga9/ ! cavils ( scepticism2 ! metaphysical !ory ( p]ception /e]s cle> ( all ! p]plexities ( repres5tationalism2 = x gives u 9 p]ception "o only object1 ! p]ception ( matt]2 ! objectivity ( ?is datum keeps u cle> f subjective idealism4 ,f ! p]ception ( matt]1 a fact 9 :i* man m]ely p>ticipates1 ,f]ri] inf]s a ,div9e m9d1 ( :i* p]ceptions are ! prop]ty3 !y are /ates ( ! ev]la/+ intellect4 ,! ex]cise ( ! s5ses is ! condition ^u :i* we are p]mitt$ to appreh5d or p>ticipate 9 ! objective p]ception ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,?is1 %ortly1 is ! position f :i* he />ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ',,fi]ce ,,w>res ,,& ,,fai?ful ,,loves' ',if ,f]ri]'s life %\ld be writt5 h]eaft]1' said "o1 :o knew & valu$ him1 j aft] 8 dea?1#g 'let 8 biograph] take = its motto ^! five words f ! ,fa]y ,que5 :i* ! biograph] ( ! ,napi]s has s happily *os54' ,f]ri]'s life 0 n1 :at x p]haps seems1 look+ back on its comp>atively unev5tful c\rse1 consi/5tly calm & placid1--a life su* z is commonly suppos$ to befit ^? :o so> into l(ty speculative heights1 & f9d ! 'difficult air' 9 :i* !y dwell suit$ to _! contemplative temp]am5ts4 ,f]ri] 0 intrepid & d>+ 9 8 reason+2 a sort ( free lance1 ,dr4 ,skelton says he 0 consid]$ 9 or?odox philosophical circles2 a ,high ,tory 9 politics1 yet "o :o did n hesitate to probe to ! bottom ! que/ions :i* came be=e him1 ev5 ?\gh ! task meant *ang+ ! :ole attitude ( m9d f :i* he />t$4 ,& once sure ( 8 po9t1 ,f]ri] nev] hesitat$ op5ly to decl>e x4 ,:at he hat$ mo/ ( all 0 'labori\s dulness & consecrat$ feebl5ess'2 commonplace or?odoxy 0 repugnant to him 9 ! extreme1 & possibly few ?+s gave him m s9c]e pleasure ?an viol5tly to combat x4 ,! fight+ in/9ct is prop] to mo/ m5 :o h '/uff' 9 !m1 & ,f]ri] 9 spite ( 8 slight & delicately made frame 0 manly to ! core4 ,b1 z ! same writ] says1 '?\gh combative ov] 8 books & !ories1 8 nature 0 s+ul>ly pure1 affectionate1 & tol]ant4 ,he lov$ 8 fri5ds ev5 bett] ?an he hat$ 8 foes4 ,8 prejudices 7 inv9cible2 b1 ap>t f 8 prejudices1 8 m9d 0 op5 & receptive--prep>$ to welcome tru? f :atev] qu>t] x came4' ,su* a ke51 eag] nature 0 sure to be 9 ! fray if battle _h to be f\ght1 & we ?9k none ! worse ( him = t4 ,battles ( intellect are n less ke5 ?an battles ( physical /r5g?1 & mu* m d>+ & subtlety may be call$ into play 9 ! fight+ ( !m2 & ,f]ri]1 ref9$1 s5sitive1 fa/idi\s1 z he 01 _h 8 battles to fight1 & f\ght !m ) an eag]ness & zeal almo/ too great = ! object he _h 9 view4 #g ,! late ,sir ,john ,skelton1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,aft] 8 m>riage 9 #ahcg1 ,f]ri] devot$ 8 att5tion almo/ entirely to ! philosophy he lov$ s well4 ,he did n succe$--did n p]haps try to succe$--at ! ,b>1 to :i* he _h be5 call$4 ,_m qualities are requir$ by a successful advocate besides ! subtle m9d & acute reason+ p[]s :i* ,f]ri] und\bt$ly possess$3 possibly--we might almo/ say probably--^! c\ld h be5 cultivat$ _h he made ! ef=t4 ,he _h1 to beg9 )1 a fair junior c\nsel's practice1 ow+ to 8 family connections1 & ?is might h be5 easily develop$2 8 ambition1 h[ev]1 did n so> 9 ! direction ( ! law c\rts1 & he did n give t :ole-he>t$ devotion to ! subject :i* is requisite if success is to foll[ ! ef=ts ( ! novice4 ,b if he 0 n attract$ by ! "w at ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se1 he 0 attract$ else:]e2 & to 8 fir/ mi/ress1 ,philosophy1 none c\ld be m fai?ful4 ,9 o!r l9es1 x is true1 he read mu* & deeply3 lit]ature 9 its wide/ s5se attract$ him z x w\ld attract any educat$ man4 ,poetry1 above all1 he lov$1 9 spite ( ! tale sometimes told aga9/ him1 t he gravely propos$ turn+ ,9 ,memoriam into prose 9 ord] to asc]ta9 logically ':e!r its m]its 7 su/a9$ by reason z well z by rhyme'--a proposition :i* is said greatly to h ent]ta9$ its au?or1 :5 relat$ to him by a mutual fri5d4 ,works ( imag9ation he delight$ 9--all sph]es ( lit]ature appeal$ to him2 he _h ! s5se ( =m :i* is d5i$ to _m ( 8 craft2 he wrote 9 a /yle at once brilliant & cle>1 & c>elessness on ?is score 9 "s ( ! writ+s ( 8 c\ntrym5 irritat$ him1 z ^? s5sitive to su* ?+s are irritat$4 ,he has (t5 be5 spok5 ( z a liv+ prote/ aga9/ ! mat]ialism ( ! age1 work+ away 9 ! quiet1 reg>dless ( ! busy ?rong1 )\t its ambitions & its c>es4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 he tempor>ily des]t$ ! "w he lov$ ! be/ = regions less remote2 sometimes he cons5t$ to lecture on purely lit]>y topics1 & (t5 he wrote biographies = a diction>y1 or articles or reviews = ,blackwood's ,ed9burgh ,magaz9e4 ,z x 0 to ?is s]ial t ,f]ri] made 8 mo/ important contributions1 bo? philosophic & lit]>y1 = ! next fifte5 ye>s1 & z x 0 9 its pages t ! developm5t ( 8 sy/em may be trac$1 a few words ab\t its hi/ory may n be out ( place1 al?\gh x is a hi/ory ) :i* we h e reason to be famili> n[4 ,ab\t #ahaf ! ,ed9burgh ,review reign$ supreme 9 lit]ature4 ,:at 0 mo/ /range1 h[ev]1 0 t ! ,cons]vative p>ty1 s /rong 9 politics1 _h no lit]>y organ ( _! own--& ?is at a "t :5 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! rival sides 9 politics 0 s fix$ t no virtue c\ld be recognis$ 9 an oppon5t or 9 an oppon5t's views1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 held reg>d+ matt]s q remote f politics4 ,! ,:ig p>ty1 ?\gh 9 a m9ority politically & socially1 repres5t$ a m9ority ( trem5d\s p[]1 & possess$ lat5t capabilities :i* soon broke =? into action4 ,at ?is "t1 = in/ance1 !y _h lit]>y ability ( a s+ul>ly m>k$ description2 !y 7 n b\nd d[n by traditions z 7 _! oppon5ts1 & 7 consequ5tly mu* m free to /rike out l9es ( _! own1 always ( c\rse "u ! guidance ( t pa/-ma/] 9 criticism1 ,francis ,jeffrey4 ,al?\gh 8 words 7 receiv$ z oracul> by 8 fri5ds1 ?is dictator%ip 9 matt]s ( lit]>y ta/e 0 naturally extremely di/a/eful to ^? :o diff]$ f him1 especially z ! influ5ce x ex]t$ 0 n a local or national influ5ce alone1 b "o :i* affect$ ! op9ion ( ! :ole ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,= a "t1 no d\bt1 ! p>ty 0 s /rong t ! matt] 0 n tak5 z s]i\s1 b x soon became evid5t t a /r5u\s ef=t mu/ be made if affairs 7 to be plac$ on a bett] foot+1 & if a prote/ 7 to be rais$ aga9/ ! cynical criticism 9 :i* ! ,review]s indulg$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ,april #ahag1 a lit]>y p]iodical call$ ! ,ed9burgh ,mon?ly ,magaz9e 0 />t$ by two g5tlem5 ( "s exp]i5ce 9 lit]>y matt]s1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,william ,blackwood1 an ent]pris+ ,ed9burgh publi%]1 ^: reputation _h gr[n ( rec5t ye>s to consid]able dim5sions4 ,?is magaz9e 0 n a great success3 ! editors & publi%] did n agree1 & f9ally ,mr4 ,blackwood pur*as$ ! =m]s' %>e 9 x1 took ov] ! magaz9e himself1 &1 to make matt]s cle>1 gave x 8 "n2 ?us 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> ! fir/ numb] ( ,blackwood's ,ed9burgh ,magaz9e appe>$4 ,f a quiet & unobtrusive ',miscellany' ! magaz9e develop$ into a /rongly p>tisan p]iodical1 ) a brilliant array ( "y contributors1 det]m9$ to oppose ! ,ed9burgh ,review rgime ) all its might1 & n afraid to speak its m9d respect+ ! lit]>y gods ( ! day4 ,e mon? "s "o came "u ! la%2 ,col]idge1 ,leigh ,hunt1 & _m o!rs 7 dealt ) 9 t]ms unmeasur$ 9 _! sev]ity1 & 9 ! v fir/ numb] appe>$ ! fam\s ',*aldee ,manuscript' :i* made ! hair ( ,ed9burgh society /& on end ) horror4 ,9 spite ( ! immod]ate expression ( its op9ions1 ! magaz9e fl\ri%$--x 0 fre% & novel1 & mu* g5ius 0 enli/$ 9 writ+ = its pages4 ,! editor's id5tity 0 always matt] = conjecture2 b ?\gh ! contributors includ$ a numb] ( di/+ui%$ m51 su* z ,mack5zie1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,hogg1 ,fras] ,tytl]1 & ,jameson1 !re 7 two names :i* 7 always associat$ ) ! p]iodical--^? ( ,john ,gibson ,lockh>t & ,f]ri]'s uncle & fa!r-9-law1 ,john ,wilson4 ,! latt] 9 p>ticul> 0 (t5 held to be ! real editor :om ev]yone 0 s anxi\s to discov]1 b ?is belief has be5 emphatically d5i$4 ,al?\gh ! managem5t might appe> to be 9 ! control ( a triumvirate1 ,blackwood himself kept ! supreme p[] 9 8 h&s1 :atev] he might at times f9d x politic to lead outsid]s to inf]4 ,:5 ,f]ri] began to write = x 9 #ahch1 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e 0 n ( c\rse ! same fi]y publication ( tw5ty ye>s be=e2 nor 7 ,f]ri]'s articles = ! mo/ "p ( a nature su* z to appeal /rongly to an excitable & p>tisan public4 ,?+s _h *ang$ mu* s9ce #ahag3 ! ,re=m ,bill _h pass$2 ! politics ( ! c\ntry 7 v diff]5t2 ! ,toryism ( ,f]ri] & 8 fri5ds 0 q unlike ! ,toryism ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury3 x m resembl$ ! ,cons]vatism or ,traditionalism ( a yet lat] date1 :i* object$ to viol5t *anges only ow+ to _! viol5ce1 & by no means to re=m1 if gradually c>ri$ out4 ,?is policy 0 reflect$ 9 ,maga's pages1 to :i* ,f]ri] w\ld naturally turn :5 he wi%$ to rea* ! public e>1 bo? f family association & h]$it>y politics4 ,8 fir/ contribution 0 c]ta9ly n light 9 "*2 nor did x resemble ! 'bright1 racy' articles :i* are suppos$ to be ! requisite = mod]n s]ial publications4 ,! subject 0 ',an ,introduction to ! ,philosophy ( ,consci\sness1' & x consi/$ ( a s]ies ( pap]s contribut$ dur+ two successive ye>s 7#ahch & #ahci71 :i* really embodi$ ! result ( ! "w 9 :i* ,f]ri] _h dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s be5 engag$1 & signifi$ a complete div]g5ce f ! accept$ mann] ( reg>d+ consci\sness1 & a prote/ aga9/ ! 'fai?-philosophy' :i* x became ,f]ri]'s special mission to combat4 ,p]haps x is only 9 ,scotl& t a public c\ld be f\nd suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 speculative que/ions to make !m ! subject ( int]e/ to a fairly wide & g5]al circle1 su* z w\ld be likely to p]use ! pages ( a mon?ly magaz9e l ,blackwood's4 ,b ( ?is int]e/+ contribution to metaphysical speculation1 9 :i* ,f]ri] comm5c$ 8 philosophical c>e] by grappl+ ) ! deepe/ & mo/ fundam5tal que/ions 9 a mann]1 z ,hamilton ackn[l$ges1 hi!rto unattempt$ 9 ! humbl] speculations ( ?is c\ntry1 we %all speak lat] on1 z also ( 8 fur!r contributions to ! magaz9e4 ,9 ! ye> #ahba1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton _h be5 a c&idate = ! ,*air ( ,moral ,philosophy along ) ,john ,wilson1 ,f]ri]'s future fa!r-9-law4 ,9 spite ( ,wilson's lit]>y gifts1 !re is probably no "q t ( ! two 8 oppon5t 0 be/ qualifi$ to tea* ! subject1 ow+ to ! greatness ( 8 philosophical atta9m5ts & ! pr(undity ( 8 le>n+4 ,b 9 ! temp] ( ! "t ! m]its ( ! c&idates c\ld n be calmly weigh$ by ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 ! elect+ body2 & ,hamilton 0 a ,:ig1 & a ,:ig contributor to t a!i/ical & ,jacob9 ,ed9burgh ,review1 & 0 !re=e on no acc\nt to be elect$4 ,! disappo9tm5t to ,hamilton 0 great2 b x 0 slightly salv$ by 8 subsequ5t election--to _! cr$it be x said1 = ,:ig pr9ciples 7 f> f popul> among !m--by ! ,faculty ( ,advocates to a *air r5d]$ vacant 9 #ahba by ! resignation ( ,pr(essor ,fras] ,tytl]--! ,*air ( ,civil ,hi/ory4 ,9 #ahcf1 h[ev]1 ,sir ,william's m]its at l5g? receiv$ _! rew>d1 & he became ! ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics4 ,:5 ,f]ri] probably felt ! ne$ ( "s m lucrative =m ( employm5t1 he appli$ = ! ,*air ( ,hi/ory once occupi$ by ,hamilton1 & r5d]$ vacant by ! resignation ( ,pr(essor ,sk5e2 he obta9$ ! appo9tm5t 9 #ahdb1 & held x = f\r ye>s subsequ5tly4 ,l>ge remun]ation x c]ta9ly did n br+ ) x1 b ! duties 7 comp>atively & correspond+ly light4#h ,inde$1 z att5dance 0 n requir$ ( /ud5ts /udy+ = ! degrees 9 ,arts1 or = any ( ! pr(essions1 ! difficulty 0 to =m a regul> class at all4 ,! sal>y paid to ,sir ,william 0 #ajj a ye>1 & ev5 ?is small sum 0 app>5tly only to be obta9$ ) difficulty4 ,! ma9 advantage ( hold+ ! *air at all 0 ! prospect x held out ( succe$+ lat] on to "s m important (fice4 ,( ,f]ri]'s class-"w at ?is "t we "k b little4 ,! read+ requisite = ! po/ 0 likely to prove useful 9 lat] days1 & c\ld n h be5 uncong5ial2 b probably 9 a class sometimes =m$--if tradition speak aright--( "o solit>y /ud5t1 ! "w ( prep>ation w\ld n be tak5 v s]i\sly4 ,anyh[1 !re 0 pl5ty ( "t left to pursue 8 philosophic /udies2 & 9 #ahdd-de1 :5 ,sir ,william ,hamilton came s ne> to dea?1 ,f]ri] act$ z 8 sub/itute1 & c>ri$ on 8 classes ) zeal & ) success--a success :i* 0 w>mly ackn[l$g$ by ! ,pr(essor4 ,( c\rse1 ?\gh he conduct$ ! exam9ations & o!r class-"w1 ,f]ri] m]ely read ! lectures writt5 by ,hamilton2 else !re might1 "o w\ld fancy1 be f\nd to be a lack ( cont9uity betwe5 ! deliv]ances ( ! two /aun* fri5ds b uncompromis+ oppon5ts4 ,any diff]5ces ( op9ion made1 h[ev]1 no diff]5ce 9 _! fri5d%ip4 ,! di/ress ( ,f]ri] on 8 fri5d's sudd5 p>alytic seizure has already be5 describ$2 to 8 affectionate nature x 0 no small ?+ t "o = :om he _h s deep a reg>d came s v ne> dea?'s door4 ,e ,sunday :ile 9 ,ed9burgh1 he sp5t ! aft]noon 9 walk+ ) 8 fri5d & 9 talk+ ( ! subjects :i* mo/ int]e/$ bo?4 #h ,!re 0 a movem5t among/ ! /ud5ts to secure ! *air = ,?omas ,c>lyle1 !n com+ into fame among/ !m2 b ,f]ri] 0 *os5 by ! patrons1 ! ,faculty ( ,advocates4 ,( ^! e>ly days ,pr(essor ,fras] writes3--',my p]sonal int]c\rse ) ,f]ri] 0 v infrequ5t1 b v delightful :5 x did occur4 ,he 0 surely ! mo/ picturesque figure among ! ,scotti% philosoph]s--easy1 graceful1 humor\s1 em95tly subtle1 & ) a f9e lit]>y faculty--qualities n conspicu\s 9 mo/ ( !m4 ,:5 ,i 0 a private memb] ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's advanc$ class 9 metaphysics 9 #ahch-ci1 & = "s ye>s aft]1 ,i 0 (t5 at ,sir ,william's h\se1 & ,f]ri] 0 sometimes ( ! p>ty on ^! occasions4 ,i rememb] 8 k9dly famili>ity ) u /ud5ts1 ! int]e/ & sympa?y ) :i* he ent]$ into metaphysical discussion1 8 help & co-op]ation 9 a metaphysical society :i* we 7 endeav\r+ to organise4 ,8 essays on ! ,philosophy ( ,consci\sness 7 !n be+ issu$ 9 ,blackwood1 & 7 felt to op5 que/ions /range at a "t :5 speculation 0 almo/ dead 9 ,scotl&--,reid at a disc\nt1 ,br[n f\nd empty1 & ,hamilton1 ) ,kant1 only /ruggl+ into asc5d5cy4 ',9 ^! days1 if ,i rememb] "r1 ,f]ri] liv$ 9 ,c>lton ,/reet1 ,/ockbridge--an advocate ^: int]e/ 0 all 9 lett]s & philosophy1 a /ud5t ( simple habits1 fond ( ,g]man1 n a conspicu\s talk]1 ( easy poli%$ mann]s & fond ( a joke1 ) a sci5tific int]e/ 9 all sorts ( facts & _! mean+s1 & p]haps a disposition to p>adox4 ,i rememb] ! int]e/ he took 9 ph5om5a ( mesm]ic sleep1 z x 0 call$4 ,an em95t /ud5t 0 sometimes induc$ = exp]im5t to submit himself to mesm]ic influ5ce at ^! n[ f>-(f ev5+ ga!r+s at ,sir ,william's4 ,to ,f]ri] ! ph5om5a sugge/$ curi\s speculation1 b ,i ?9k )\t sci5tific result4' ,! subject 0 "o on :i* ,f]ri] aft]w>ds wrote 9 ,blackwood1 & x 0 a subject :i* always _h ! deepe/ int]e/ = him4 ,x1 h[ev]1 z he believ$1 co/ him ! fri5d%ip ( ,pr(essor ,cairns1 a frequ5t subject at ^! in=mal sances1 & "o :om ,f]ri] ra%ly twitt$ = :at he evid5tly reg>d$ z a weakness1 8 easily accompli%$ subjection to ! application ( mesm]ic p[]4 ,9 #ahde ! ,*air ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews1 !n occupi$ by ,dr4 ,cook1 & once held by ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 became vacant by ! =m]'s dea?1 & ,f]ri] ent]$ z a c&idate4 ,highly recomm5d$ z he 0 by ,hamilton & o!rs1 ,f]ri] 0 ! successful applicant1 & ,/4 ,&rews became 8 home = n9ete5 ye>s !reaft]1 or until 8 dea? 9 #ahfd4 ,su* is a bald /atem5t ( ! facts ( :at w\ld seem a s+ul>ly unev5tful life4 ,life divid$ betwe5 ! /udy1 libr>y1 & classroom1 !re 0 little room = incid5t outside ! ord9>y incid5ts ( dome/ic & academic r\t9e4 ,yet ,f]ri] nev] sank into ! conv5tionality :i* life 9 a small ,univ]sity t[n might induce4 ,8 int]e/s 7 always fre%2 he 0 con/antly engag$ 9 writ+ & rewrit+ 8 lectures1 :i*1 unlike "s ( 8 call+1 he 0 n cont5t to read & re-read f ye> to ye> unalt]$4 ,8 ?\ghts 7 con/antly on 8 subject & on 8 /ud5ts1 plann+ h[ be/ to communicate to !m ! k t he 0 endeav\r+ to convey--a life :i* came z ne> ! ideal ( philosophic devotion z is p]haps possible 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury ( turmoil & unre/4 ,/ill1 g5tleman & man ( culture z he 01 ,f]ri] _h a fight+ side z well1 & t side 0 once or twice ar\s$ 9 all ! vehem5ce ( its native /r5g?4 ,twice ,f]ri] made application = a philosophical *air 9 ! t[n ( 8 bir? & boyhood4 ,9 #aheb1 :5 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,john ,wilson1 retir$1 he became a c&idate = ! pr(essor%ip ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 & !n aga91 9 #ahef1 he (f]$ himself z a successor to ,sir ,william ,hamilton z ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics4 ,on nei!r occasion 0 he successful1 & on bo? occasions he suff]$ mu* f calumni\s /atem5ts respect+ 8 ',g]man' & unor?odox views--a k9d ( calumny :i* is m ?an likely to arise & c>ry weight :5 ! judges are m5 ( hon\rable "* b ( little education1 m5 to :om a %ibbole? is ev]y?+ & real progress 9 le>n+ no?+4 ,on ! fir/ occasion !re 7 sev]al c&idates :o submitt$ _! applications1 b on ,pr(essor ,m',co%'s retir+ f ! combat1 ! two :o 7 '9 ! runn+' 7 ,pr(essor ,f]ri] ( ,/4 ,&rews & ,pr(essor ,macd\gall ( ! ,free ,*ur* ,college 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,x is curi\s1 z in/anc+ ! /range *ange :i* _h come ov] ! politics ( ,scotl& s9ce ! ,re=m ,act _h pass$1 t ! v influ5ces t told 9 fav\r ( ,john ,wilson 9 apply+ = a pr(essor%ip 9 #ahba %\ld ?irty ye>s lat] tell z /rongly aga9/ 8 son-9-law4 ,9 #aheb1 n9e ye>s aft] ! ,disruption1 s greatly _h matt]s alt]$1 t ! ,free ,*ur* lib]al p>ty c>ri$ all be=e x 9 ! ,corporation4 ,& al?\gh ! lib]al j\rnals ( ! e>li] date 7 nev] tir$ ( ma9ta9+ lib]ty ( ?\ght & action1 yet :5 circum/ances *ang$1 ! lib]ty appe>$ 9 a some:at diff]5t light2 & ! qualification ( be+ a ,:ig 0 add$ to a consid]able numb] ( appo9tm5ts bo? 9 ! ,*ur* & 9 ! ,/ate4 ,pr(essor ,macd\gall1 ,f]ri]'s oppon5t1 _h held 8 pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,free ,*ur* ,college1 lately e/abli%$ = ! tea*+ ( !ology & prep>ation ( c&idates = ! m9i/ry4 ,on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,college1 ! subject ( ,moral ,philosophy 0 consid]$ to be "o :i* %\ld be taught else:]e ?an 9 an ',era/ian' ,univ]sity1 & accord+ly x 0 ?\ght necess>y to in/itute ! *air occupi$ by ,pr(essor ,macd\gall4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! class 0 em95tly successful 9 po9t ( numb]s1 & ! correspond+ class 9 ! ,univ]sity proportionately suff]$2 b z "t w5t on ! att5dance 9 ! ,free ,*ur* class dw9dl$1 & x 0 consid]$ t ?is *air ne$ n be cont9u$1 b t /ud5ts might be p]mitt$ to att5d at ! ,univ]sity4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,macd\gall n[ (f]$ himself z c&idate = ! ,univ]sity *air1 !re 0 ( c\rse an imm$iate outcry ( a 'job4' ,rightly or wrongly x 0 said1 ',let ! ,free ,*ur* h a ,pr(essor ( h] own body & op9ions if %e w1 b :y =ce him ^u ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* z well2 are h] c\ntry & m9i/]s to be indoctr9at$ ) ,volunt>y pr9ciples8' ,!re might n h be5 mu* =ce 9 ! argum5t _h ! /atus ( ! two c&idates be5 ! same1 b x 0 evid5t to all unprejudic$ obs]v]s t ?is 0 f> f be+ ! case4 ,& x c\ld h>dly be plead$ 9 ju/ification ( ! ,c\ncil's action t !y =m$ _! judgm5t ^u ! te/imonials laid be=e !m2 = ,f]ri]'s f> exce$$ 8 rival's 9 weight1 if n 9 /r5g? ( expression1 & includ$ 9 _! numb] communications f su* m5 z ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,bulw]1 ,alison1 & ,lockh>t--m5 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! age4 ,de ,qu9cey's op9ion ( ,f]ri] is wor? quot+4 ,he says t he reg>ds him z '! metaphysician ( greate/ promise among 8 contempor>ies ei!r 9 ,engl& or 9 ,scotl&1' & ! te/imonial :i* at ?is "t he accord$ ,f]ri] is z rem>kable a docum5t z is (t5 produc$ on su* occasions1 :5 commonplace w\ld usually appe> to be ! object aim$ at4 ,x is sev]al pages 9 l5g?1 & goes fully into ! "q n only ( :at ,f]ri] 01 b also ( :at a c&idate ought to be4 ,de ,qu9cey speaks w>mly ( ,f]ri]'s s]vices 9 respect ( ! ,engli% r5d]+ ( ,fau/ be=e allud$ to1 & po9ts out ! b5efit !re is 9 hav+ _h an education :i* has run along two sep>ate pa?s--pa?s diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 nature1 d\btless1 b integrat+ likewise--! "o be+ t result+ f 8 int]c\rse ) ,wilson & 8 lit]>y cot]ie1 ! o!r t ( ! c\rse ( /udy he _h pursu$ on ,g]man l9es4 ,he sums up ,f]ri]'s philosophic qualities by say+1 ',out ( ,g]many1 & comp>+ him ) ! m5 ( 8 own g5]ation1 su* at lea/ z ,i _h any means ( e/imat+1 ,mr4 ,f]ri] 0 ! only man :o exhibit$ mu* ( true metaphysical subtlety1 z contra/$ ) m]e dialectical acut5ess4' ,= ?is te/imonial1 we may incid5tally m5tion1 ,f]ri] writes a mo/ int]e/+ lett] ( ?anks1 :i* is publi%$ 9 8 ,rema9s4 ,z a return = ! k9dness done him1 he 'sets =? a slight *>t ( ! speculative latitudes' he _h rea*$1 & :i* he 'expects to navigate )\t be+ wreck$'--really an admirably cle> epitome 9 s %ort a space ( ! argum5t ( ! ,in/itutes4 ,b to come back to ! conte/3 9 spite ( te/imonials1 ! fact rema9$ t ,f]ri] _h /udi$ ,g]man philosophy1 & might h imbib$ "s ,g]man infidelity1 :ile 8 oppon5t made no pr(essions ( be+ acqua9t$ ei!r ) ! ,g]man philosophy or language1 besides hav+ ! advantage ( be+ a ,lib]al & ,free ,*ur*man2 & he 0 consequ5tly appo9t$ to ! *air4 ,( c\rse1 !re 0 an outcry4 ,! election 0 put =w>d z an argum5t aga9/ ! abolition ( ,te/s1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ,f]ri]1 z an ,episcopalian1 might be said to be a ,diss5t] equally ) 8 oppon5t4 ,x 0 argu$ t ! election %\ld be set aside unless ! necess>y subscription 7 made be=e ! ,presbyt]y ( ! b\nds4 ,= a c5tury back su* te/s _h n be5 exact$ z f> z ! ,moral ,philosophy *air 0 conc]n$1 nor w\ld !y probably h be5 s _h ,f]ri] himself be5 nom9at$4 ,b ?\gh ! ,presbyt]y conc]n$ 0 9 ?is case prep>$ to g all l5g?s1 x appe>$ t x 0 n 9 its memb]s t ! initiative 0 ve/$1 ! practice be+ to take ! oa? be=e ! ,"l ,provo/ or o!r au?oris$ magi/rate4 ,consequ5tly1 indignant at discov]+ _! impot5ce1 ! memb]s ( ! body retaliat$ by decl>+ t !y w\ld div]t pa/ ! new ,pr(essor's class ! /ud5ts :o %\ld aft]w>ds come )9 _! jurisdiction1 & ?us1 by _! fooli% action1 !y probably did _! be/ to br+ ab\t ! result !y deprecat$ s mu*--! abolition ( ,te/s 9 _! entirety4 ,ecclesia/ical feel+ ran high at ! "t1 & ?+s 7 said & done on bo? sides :i* 7 f> f be+ wise or prud5t4 ,b ! effect on a s5sitive nature l ,f]ri]'s is easy to imag9e4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ bl[ he _h met )1 & be+ ! fir/ he did n take x q s s]i\sly to he>t4 ,b :5 x 0 foll[$ ye>s lat] by yet ano!r repulse1 signify+ to 8 view an attitude ( m9d 9 or?odox ,scotl& oppos$ to any lib]ty ( ?\ght among/ its tea*]s1 ,f]ri] felt ! day = sil5ce 0 end$1 &1 wisely or unwisely1 he publi%$ a hot def5ce ( 8 position 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,scotti% ,philosophy1 ! ,old & ! ,new4 ,on ?is occasion ! "q _h ris5 above ! m]e discussion ( ,*ur* & ,te/s2 ! :ole future ( philosophy 9 ,scotl& 01 he believ$1 at /ake2 x 0 "t1 he felt1 t someone %\ld speak out 8 m9d1 & :o m suitable ?an ! lead] ( ! mod]n movem5t & ! "o1 z he consid]$ x1 :o _h suff]$ mo/ by 8 op9ions8 ,)\t hav+ liv$ ?r\gh ! "t or se5 some?+ ( its effects1 x w\ld be difficult to realise h[ n>r[ 7 ! b\nds all[$ to speculative ?\ght "s =ty ye>s ago 9 ,scotl&4 ,s9ce ! old days ( ,mod]atism & apa?y !re _h1 inde$1 be5 a great revival ( int]e/ 9 su* matt]s z conc]n$ ,belief4 ,m5's convictions 7 int5se & s9c]e2 & :at _h once be5 a subject ( conv5tion & common usage1 _h n[ become ! "o important topic ( _! lives4 ,s f> ! *ange 0 all = ! good2 x promot$ _m important virtues2 x made m5 s]i\s ab\t s]i\s ?+s2 x made !m realise _! responsibilities z human be+s4 ,b z ^? :o liv$ ?r\gh x1 or saw ! results x br\ght ab\t1 mu/ also "k1 x _h ano!r side4 ,a c]ta9 spiritual self-assurance sprang into exi/5ce1 :i*1 ?\gh x 0 br$ ( int5se reality ( conviction1 br\ght ) x consequ5ces ( a specially try+ k9d to ^? :o did n altoge!r %>e 9 x4 ,z s (t5 happ5s :5 a new light dawns1 m5 ?\ght t to !m at l5g? all tru? _h be5 reveal$1 & act$ 9 accordance ) ?is belief4 ,!y =mulat$ _! sy/ems--hide-b\nd almo/ z be=e--& decid$ 9 _! m9ds t 9 !m !y _h ! /&>ds = judg+ ( _! fell[s4 ,b ,tru? is a /range w-o'-!-wisp aft] all1--:5 we ?9k we h rea*$ h]1 %e has elud$ our grasp1--& s :5 ^? rose up :o said ! end ( ! matt] 0 n yet1 a /orm ( indignation fell ^u _! heads4 ,?is is :at happ5$ ) ,f]ri] & ! or?odox ,ed9burgh _w4 ,!re might1 x 0 said by ! latt]1 be m5 lax en\gh to li/5 to reason+s su* z 81 & ev5 to agree ) !m1 b = ^? :o knew ! tru? z x 0 9 its reality1 su* p&]+ to latitud9>ian doctr9es 0 unp>donable4 ,& z at ?is "t ! ,t[n ,c\ncil ( ,ed9burgh 0 s]i\sly incl9$ 7"s ( ! memb]s1 9 ! second in/ance1 7 ! same z ^? :o _h adjudicat$ 9 ! =m] conte/71 ,f]ri]'s fate 01 he consid]$1 seal$ be=e ! "q really came be=e !m4 ,:e!r ! matt] 0 q z s]i\s z ,f]ri] ?\ght1 x is p]haps unnecess>y to say4 ,at anyrate1 !re 0 a consid]able elem5t ( tru? 9 ! view he took ( x1 & he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 mu*--if n 9 all--( :at he said 9 8 def5ce4 ,! ,in/itutes1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahed1 _h j rea*$ a second edition1 s t 8 views 7 fairly be=e ! _w4 ,:at caus$ ! trem5d\s outbur/ ( opposition we mu/ take ano!r *apt] to consid]2 & !n we mu/ try to trace ! c\rse ( ,f]ri]'s developm5t f ! "t at :i* he fir/ began to write on philosophic subjects1 & :5 he op5ly broke ) ! ,scotti% ,s*ool ( ,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,developm5t ,,( ',,scotti% ,,philosophy1 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,! ,,new'--,,f]ri] ,,z ,a ,,correspond5t ,x is probably 9 ! ma9 a wise rule = defeat$ c&idates to keep sil5ce ab\t ! cause ( _! defeat4 ,b e rule has its exception1 & !re are times 9 :i* we hon\r a man none ! less because--contr>y to ! dictates ( worldly wisdom--he gives voice to ! s5se ( inju/ice t is rankl+ 9 8 m9d4 ,f]ri] _h be5 disappo9t$ 9 #aheb 9 n obta9+ ! ,*air ( ,moral ,philosophy = :i* he 0 a c&idate2 b !n he _h n publi%$ ! "w :i* has made 8 "n fam\s1 & 8 claims 7 !re=e n :at aft]w>ds !y became4 ,b :5 9 #ahef1 aft] ! ,in/itutes _h be5 two ye>s be=e ! public1 & j aft] ! book _h rea*$ a second edition1 ano!r defeat foll[$ on ! fir/1 ,f]ri] ascrib$ ! result to ! opposition to1 & misrepres5tation (1 8 sy/em1 & claim$ ) "s degree ( ju/ice t x 0 n 8 m]its t 7 tak5 into acc\nt1 b ! suppos$ or?odoxy1 or want ( or?odoxy1 ( 8 views4 ,= ?is reason he issu$ a ',/atem5t' 9 pamphlet =m1 entitl$ ,scotti% ,philosophy1 ! ,old & ! ,new1 deal+ ) ! matt] at l5g?4 ,9 ,f]ri]'s view1 a s]i\s crisis _h be5 arriv$ at 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & "o :i* might lead to yet fur!r evil 7 n some?+ done to place matt]s on a bett] foot+4 ,_h ! ,t[n ,c\ncil1 ! elect+ body1 be5 affect$ simply by p]sonal or sect>ian feel+s1 x w\ld n s mu* h matt]$2 b :5 ,f]ri] 0 =c$ to ! conclusion t :at !y did mu/ end 9 ! curtailm5t ( all lib]ty 9 reg>d to philosophical op9ion1 s f> z ! ,univ]sity 0 conc]n$1 he felt ! "t _h come to speak4 ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury he _h devot$ ! be/ "p ( 8 life & en]gies to ! /udy ( philosophy1 & he held he _h a duty to dis*>ge to x z "o ( ! public in/ructors ( ! l&4 ,:at cause1 he ask$1 _h a body l ! ,c\ncil to say orig9ality 0 to be proscrib$ & indep5d5ce utt]ly =bidd58 ,?r\gh _! lib]alism te/s _h be5 practically aboli%$3 0 ano!r te/1 f> m exact+ ?an ! la/1 to be sub/itut$ 9 _! place8 ,a c&idate = a philosoph]'s *air ne$ n be a believ] 9 ,*ri/ or a memb] ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*2 b he mu/1 x w\ld appe>1 believe 9 ,dr4 ,reid & ! ,hamiltonian sy/em ( philosophy4 ,! 'common-s5se' s*ool1 aga9/ :i* ,f]ri]'s attacks 7 ma9ly direct$1 too (t5 f\nd its satisfaction 9 commonplace /atem5ts ( obvi\s facts1 & we _c wond] t ,f]ri] %\ld ask :y ,scotti% /ud5ts %\ld be requir$ to pay = 'bottl$ air' :ile ! :ole atmosph]e is 'float+ ) liquid balm t c\ld be _h = no?+8'--a "q1 inde$1 :i* _c fail to /rike :oev] tries to wade ?r\gh c]ta9 t$i\s diss]tations ( ! "t1 all express+ tru?s :i* seem incontrov]tible 9 _! nature1 b all ( :i* are also inexpressibly un9t]e/+4 ,philosophy to ,f]ri] is n ! elem5t>y sci5ce t x w\ld appe> f ^! disc\rses3 loose ways ( ?9k+ :i* we ord9>ily adopt mu/1 he consid]s1 be rectifi$ & n confirm$4 ,& yet he disclaims ! accusation t he has conjur$ ) '! port5t\s "n ( ,hegel1' or d]iv$ 8 sy/em f ,g]man soil4 ,hegel1 he con/antly confesses1 is frequ5tly to him inexplicable1 & 8 sy/em is ,scotti% to ! core4 ,a w>m debt ( gratitude to ,hamilton1 ,f]ri]1 x is true1 ackn[l$ges ev5 :ile he diff]s f 8 views--a debt to "o ^: 's\l c\ld travel on eagles' w+s1' & f :om he _h le>n$ s mu*--:om1 inde$1 he _h lov$ s w>mly4 ,hamilton _h n agre$ ) ,f]ri]2 he _h ?\ght him wrong1 & told him s1 & ,f]ri] 0 ! la/ to res5t ?is action1 or ?9k ! less ( him = n recant+ at 8 ^w ! conclusions ( a lifetime's lab\r4 ,provocation1 ! y\ng] man ackn[l$ges1 he _h (t5 giv5 him1 & 'nev] 0 su* r\gh provocation retaliat$ ) su* g5tle sple54' ,b :at mo/ r\s$ ,f]ri]'s ire 01 n ! criticisms ( m5 l ,hamilton1 b su* z 7 conta9$ 9 a pamphlet publi%$ by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,cairns ( ,b]wick1 aft]w>ds ,pr9cipal ,cairns ( ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,college--a pamphlet :i* he believ$ _h biass$ ! judgm5t ( ! electors 9 mak+ _! decision4 ,we n[ "k t indirectly !y _h reque/$ ,mr4 ,cairns's advice1 & he1 consid]+ t or?odoxy 0 be+ s]i\sly ?reat5$ by ,g]man rationali/ic views1 _h =mulat$ 8 indictm5t aga9/ ,f]ri] 9 ! /ronge/ possible t]ms4 ,he believ$ t 9 ,f]ri]'s writ+s !re 0 an attempt to sub/itute =mal demon/ration ( real exi/5ce = 'belief1' !reby mak+ fai? ( no effect2 also t he d5i$ ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w & ! m9d1 & t 7& probably ?is is ! mo/ s]i\s c\nt 9 ! *>ge7 ! sub/antiality ( ! m9d 0 subv]t$1 & consequ5tly belief 9 p]sonal id5tity r5d]$ impossible4 ,he fur!r said t by ,f]ri] absolute exi/5ce is r$uc$ to a m]e relation1 & f9ally1 t 8 conception ( a ,deity is inadequate1 & metaphysics & natural !ology are divorc$4 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 deal 9 detail ) ,f]ri]'s en]getic repudiation ( ! accusation br\ght s specifically aga9/ him4 ,! heat ) :i* he wrote seems sc>cely ju/ifi$ n[ t we look back on x f ! /&po9t ( m ?an =ty ye>s ahead4 ,b we d n realise h[ mu* su* accusations meant at ! "t at :i* !y 7 made--h[ !y affect$ n a man's p]sonal advancem5t only1 b also ! op9ion 9 :i* he 0 held by ^? = ^: op9ion he c>$ ! mo/4 ,! great] tol]ation ( ! pres5t day may mean correspond+ lack ( zeal or int]e/1 b surely x also means a recognition ( ! fact t m5 may *oose _! own me?ods 9 ! se>* = tru? )\t !reby endang]+ ! object held 9 view4 ,mr4 ,cairns's attack--)\t int5tion1 = he 0 an hon\rable man & able s*ol>--0 unju/4 ,f]ri] does n claim to prove exi/5ce--he accepts x1 & only reasons z to :at x is2 z to ! mat]ial _w1 he ackn[l$ges n a m]e mat]ial _w1 b "o along ) :i* intellig5ce is & mu/ be kn[n2 ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( m9d he likewise d5ies only 9 s f> z to ass]t t m9d )\t ?\ght is nons5se4 ,! sub/antiality ( ! m9d he ma9ta9s z ! "o great p]man5t exi/5ce amid all fluctuations & cont+5cies1 & )\t p]sonal id5tity1 he tells u1 !re c be no cont9u$ consci\sness amid ! *anges ( ! unfluctuat+ exi/5ce call$ ! ',i'--?\gh 9 ?is reg>d "o feels t some?+ is left to say 9 criticism1 f ! or?odox po9t ( view4 ,absolute exi/5ce is inde$ r$uc$ into relations1 b into relations toge!r con/itut+ ! tru?1 if contradictory 9 !mselves2 t is1 a concrete1 z di/+ui%$ f an ab/ract tru?4 ,z to ! f9al accusation ( ! insuffici5cy ( ,f]ri]'s view ( ! ,deity1 x is true he /ates t ! ,deity is n indep5d5t ( ,8 creative p[]s1 revelation & manife/ation2 b surely ?is is a wor?i] conception ?an ! old "o ( ! ,unkn[n ,god1 :i* tells u to wor%ip we "k n :at4 ,! pity is t 9 ?is publication1 & ano!r on v simil> l9es1#i ,f]ri] all[$ himself to turn f philosophical to p]sonal criticism1 & to say :at he mu/ aft]w>ds h regrett$4 ,9 ! second edition ( 8 fir/ pamphlet ^! ref]5ces 7 modifi$1 & 9 any case !y mu/ be ascrib$ to ! quick temp] ) :i* he 0 naturally end[$1 & :i* l$ him to express 8 feel+s m /rongly ?an he %\ld1 r ?an to delib]ate judgm5t4 ,no "o 0 m s5sible ?an he ( ! dang] to :i* he 0 subject ( all[+ himself to be c>ri$ (f 8 feet 9 ! heat ( argum5t4 ,?is is v cle>ly %[n by a lett] to a fri5d quot$ 9 ! ,rema9s3 ',"o ?+ ,i w\ld recomm5d1 n to be too %>p 9 y\r criticism ( o!rs4 ,no "o has committ$ ?is fault (t5]1 or is m dispos$ to commit x ?an myself2 b ,i am c]ta9 t x is n pleas+ to ! read]1 & aft] an int]val x is displeas+ to oneself4 ,9 ! heat & hurry ( writ+ a lecture ,i (t5 hit a bro!r philosoph] z ,i ?9k clev]ly en\gh1 b on com+ to x coolly next ye> ,i v seldom repeat ! passage4' ,an admission & ackn[l$gm5t :i* does a pr\d man l ,f]ri] cr$it4 #i ,a ,lett] to ! ,"l ,advocate on ! ,necessity ( a ,*ange 9 ! ,patronage ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,"o _c help speculat+ on ! effect ( ! mass ( criticism & c\nt]-criticism 7= !re 7 o!rs :o took up ! cudgels on ei!r side1 once ! controv]sy 0 fairly />t$7 ^u ! un=tunate ,t[n ,c\ncillors ( ,ed9burgh1 to :om !y 7 direct$3 "o w\ld imag9e !m to wi% _! p[]s curtail$ if !y 7 to involve _! ma/]+ sev]al conflict+ !ories ( exi/5ce1 & =m+ a j judgm5t reg>d+ _! respective m]its4 ,! ex]cise ( patronage is always a difficult & ?ankless task1 b surely 9 no case c\ld x h be5 m difficult ?an 9 ?is1 & we c h>dly wond] n[ t ! electors simply took ! advice ( ^? !y deem$ mo/ wor?y to be/[ x2 c]ta9ly ! c&idate f9ally select$ 0 "o :o did ev]y?+ 9 ! occupation ( 8 *air to dis>m ! criticism !n br\ght to be> ^u ! appo9tm5t4 ,9 cool] mom5ts probably none w\ld h be5 readi] to admit ?is ?an 0 ,f]ri]2 b :5 he wrote he 0 sm>t+ "u ! s5se ( hav+ fail$ to receive a fair consid]ation ( 8 claims1 & he und\bt$ly spoke m /rongly ?an ! case requir$4 ,aft] ?is controv]sy 0 ov]1 ,f]ri]'s int]e/ 9 polemical philosophy 9 great degree wan$2 & 9 ! quiet ( ! old ,univ]sity t[n ( ,/4 ,&rews--! t[n :i* provides s ri* a fund ( hi/oric int]e/ comb9$ ) ! academic calm ( ,univ]sity life--,f]ri] pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 days work+ at 8 fav\rite subjects4 ,sometimes ^! 7 v>i$ by incursions into lit]ature1 9 :i* 8 int]e/ grew ev] ke5]2 & economics1 :i* 0 "o ( ! subjects he 0 b\nd to tea*4 ,8 life 0 unev5tful2 x 0 v>i$ little by exp$itions into ! out] _w1 mu* z ^! w\ld h be5 appreciat$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,8 :ole int]e/ 0 c5tr$ 9 8 "w & 9 ! ,univ]sity 9 :i* he taught1 & ^: well-be+ 0 s de> to him4 ,( 8 lett]s1 few1 un=tunately1 h be5 pres]v$2 & ?is is ! m un=tunate t he _h ! gift1 n[ comp>atively s r>e1 ( express+ himself ) ease1 & 9 bright1 well-*os5 language4 ,( 8 correspond5ts "o only seems to h pres]v$ ! lett]s writt5 to him1 ,mr4 ,george ,makgill ( ,kemback1 a neighb\r+ laird 9 ,fife & advocate 9 ,ed9burgh1 ^: simil>ity 9 ta/es drew him t[>ds ! ,/4 ,&rews ,philosophy ,pr(essor4 ,( ^! lett]s !re are "s ( suffici5t int]e/ to be> quotation4 ,"o ( ! fir/ is writt5 9 ,octob] #ahea f ,/4 ,&rews1 & plunges into ! deepe/ topics )\t mu* preface4 ,f]ri] says3-- ',:at is ! ,beg9n+ ( ,philosophy8 ,philosophy mu/ h _h ! same ,beg9n+ t all o!r ?+s h1 o!rwise !re w\ld be some?+ peculi> or anomal\s or sect>ian 9 its orig91 :i* w\ld de/roy its claims to g5u95ess & ca?olicity4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ,beg9n+ ( all ?+s & consequ5tly ! ,beg9n+ ( ,philosophy8 ',answ]--,,want4 ',want is ! ,beg9n+ ( ,philosophy because x is ! ,beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,is ! ,beg9n+ ( ,philosophy a bodily want8 ,no4 ,:y n8 ,because no?+ t may be giv5 to ! ,body has any effect 9 appeas+ ! want4 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,philosophy1 !n1 mu/ be an intellectual want--a ,hung] ( ! ,s\l4 ',b all wants h _! objects 9 :i* !y seek & f9d _! gratification4 ,:at !n is ! object ( ! hung] ( ! s\l8 ',answ]--,,k4 ',philosophy is a ,hung] ( ! ,s\l aft] ,k4 ,:at is ,k8--r$uc$ ?r\gh v>i\s int]m$iate /ages to "q1 :at is ! common & ess5tial quality 9 all k--! quality :i* makes k k8 ,answ] approa*$ by rais+ "q3 ,:at is ! ess5tial quality 9 all food--! quality :i* makes food food8 ,?is is obvi\sly its physically nutritive quality4 ,:atev] has ! nutritive prop]ty is food2 :atev] has x n is n food1 h[ev] l excell5t beef & mutton x may be4 ,s 9 reg>d to k1 its common & ess5tial quality--! quality 9 virtue ( :i* k is k--is its nutritive quality4 ,:atev] n\ri%es & satisfies ! m9d is k1 z :atev] n\ri%es & satisfies ! body is food4 ,! intellectually nutritive prop]ty 9 k is ! common & ess5tial prop]ty 9 k4 ,:at is ! nutritive quality 9 k8 ,answ] 7)\t beat+ ab\t ! bu%7--,,tru?4 ',:at is ,,tru?8 ,answ]--,tru? is :atev] is support$ by ,evid5ce4 ',:at is ,,evid5ce8 ,evid5ce is :atev] is support$ by ,exp]i5ce4 ,:at is ,,exp]i5ce8 ,"h we /op2 we c only divide ,exp]i5ce into its k9ds1 :i* are two1 ,exp]i5ce ( ,fact & ,exp]i5ce ( ,pure ,reason4 ,obs]ve ! manoeuvre 9 ! la/ l9e by :i* y knaves ( ! anti-metaphysical s*ool are outwitt$4 ,y oppose ,pure ,reason to ,exp]i5ce1 & philosoph]s g5]ally ass5t to ! di/9ction4 ,?is at once gives y\r s*ool ! advantage1 = ! _w w always cleave to exp]i5ce 9 pref]5ce to any?+ else1 leav+ u metaphysicians1 :o are suppos$ to ab&on exp]i5ce1 hang+ z x 7 9 baskets 9 ! cl\ds4 ,b ,i d n ab&on exp]i5ce z ! ultimate f\ndation ( all k2 only ,i ma9ta9 t !re are two k9ds ( exp]i5ce1 bo? ( :i* are equally exp]i5ce1 ! exp]i5ce ( ,fact & ! exp]i5ce ( ,pure ,reason4 ,y are ?us depriv$ ( y\r advantage4 ,i am z mu* a man ( exp]i5ce z y are4' ,evid5tly x _h be5 a "q ) ,f]ri] :e!r he %\ld use ! expression ,exp]i5ce1 s well kn[n to u n[1 or sub/itute = x ,consci\sness1 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 he aft]w>ds did3 ',:y is x s griev\s & fatal an error to conf\nd ,exp]i5ce & ,consci\sness8 ,is n a man's exp]i5ce ! :ole develop$ cont5ts ( 8 consci\sness8 ,i _c see h[ ?is c be d5i$4 ,& !re=e1 be=e y wrote1 ,i 0 s)]+ 7& am s /ill7 :e!r ,i %\ld n make consci\sness ! basis ( ! :ole sup]/ructure--! raw mat]ial ( ! article :i* 9 its f9i%$ /ate is k4 ,aft] all1 ! dispute1 ,i suspect1 is ma9ly v]bal4' ,!re are _m evid5ces 9 ^! lett]s t ,f]ri] 0 n neglect+ ,g]man ,philosophy1 = tak+ ,exp]i5ce z 8 basis he %[s h[ x may be divid$ into ,wes5 7-an si*71 ,seyn 7fr si*71 & ! ,begriff 7anundfrsi*7 on ! l9es ( ,g]man metaphysics4 ,z to ! ',common-,s5se' ,philosophy1 he expresses himself 9 no measur$ t]ms3 ',i am glad we agree 9 op9ion z to ! m]its ( ! ,common-,s5se ,philosophy4 ,consid]$ 9 its details & accessories1 x c]ta9ly conta9s _m good ?+s2 b1 view$ z a :ole & 9 ess5tialibus1 x is ab\t ! greate/ humbug t ev] 0 palm$ (f ^u an unw>y _w4 ,z an in/ance among _m :i* might be adduc$1 ( ! ambiguity ( ! ^w1 & ( ! vacillation ( ! memb]s ( ?is s*ool1 x may be rem>k$ t :ile ,reid made ! ess5ce ( common-s5se to consi/ 9 ?is1 t its judgm5ts are n conclusions obta9$ by ratioc9ation 7,works1 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's edition1 p4 #dbe71 ,/ew>t1 on ! contr>y1 holds t ^! judgm5ts are ! result ( a tra9 ( reason+ s rapid z to escape notice 7,elem5ts1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajc74 ,sir ,w4's "o hundr$ & six witnesses are a mo/ conglom]ate set1 & a little cross-exam9ation w\ld try _! mettle sev]ely4' ,! mo/ important "p ( ,f]ri]'s sy/em 0 8 work+ out ( ! ',!ory ( ,ignorance1' 9 :i*1 inde$1 he might congratulate himself 9 hav+ 9 great measure brok5 op5 new gr\nd4 ,he says ( x3 ',hurrah1 ,greek3 eurka1 ,i h discov]$ ! ,law ( ,ignorance--& if ,i _h a hecatomb ( ka9 h5s at my comm& ,i w\ld sacrifice !m in/ant] to ! propiti\s patron ( metaphysics4 ,look y "h4 ,! ,law ( ,k is ?is1 t1 9 ord] to "k any "o ?+ we mu/ always "k two ?+s2 hoc cum alio--object plus subject--?+ me4 ,?is is ! unit ( k4 ,analog\sly1 only inv]sely1 9 ord] to be ignorant ( any "o ?+ we mu/ be ignorant ( two ?+s--hujus cum alio--object plus subject--?+ me4 ,?is is ! unit ( ignorance4' ,app>5tly1 9 spite ( full explanation ( 8 newly-discov]$ view1 ,f]ri]'s correspond5t _h fail$ to take x 91 & consequ5tly he g5tly rails at him = '/ick+ at ! axiom1' & wi%es him to help him to a "n = :at he calls ! ',agnoiology' = want ( some?+ bett]4 ,he goes on3 ',i take x t ,i h caught y 9 my net1 & t wallop ab\t z y w ,i %all l& y at la/4 ,i h n[ little fe> t ,i %all succe$ 9 conv9c+ y1 or at anyrate less h>d5$ s9n]s1 t ! k ( object-subject is a self-contradiction1 & t !re=e object-subject1 or matt] p] se1 is n a ?+ ( :i* we c ) any s5se or propriety be said to be ignorant4 ,be ?is z x may1 y mu/ at anyrate recognise 9 ?is doctr9e a v great novelty 9 philosophy4 ,! m incogitable a ?+ becomes1 ! m ignorant ( x d we become--t is ! natural supposition4 ,is x n !n a bold & orig9al /roke to %[ t :5 a ?+ passes into absolute incogitability we cease t in/ant to be ignorant ( x8 ,i believe t doctr9e to be "r & true1 b ,i am c]ta9 t1 obvi\s z x is1 x has be5 n[h]e anticipat$ or ev5 h9t$ at 9 ! bygone c>e] ( speculation4 ,i claim ?is z my discov]y4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( ,ignorance ,i believe t ,i h absolutely no precursor4 ,:at ?9k y8' ,mr4 ,makgill _h accus$ ,f]ri] ( an?ropomorphism 9 8 sy/em1 & he replies z foll[s3--',y _c *>ge me ) an?ropomorphism )\t be+ guilty ( x y\rself4 ,don't y see t ! ,beyond all human ?\ght & k is itself a category ( human ?\ght8 ,!re is mu* navet 9 ! proc$ure ( y cauti\s g5try :o w\ld keep scrupul\sly )9 ! l5g? ( y\r te!r3 z if ! conception ( a )\t t te!r 0 n a mode ( ?9k+4 ,w y tell me :y y & ,kant & o!rs don't make exi/5ce a category ( human ?\ght8 ,?is has always puzzl$ me4 ',surely ! man :o made ext5sion & "t m]e =ms ( human k ne$ h made no bones ( exi/5ce4 ,mean:ile1 z ! po/ is j />t+1 ,i beg y to consid] ?is1 t ! an?ropomorphi/ & ! anti-an?ropomorphi/s are bo? ( necessity an?ropomorphi/s1 & = my "p ,i ma9ta9 t ! anti-man is ! bigg] an?ropomorphi/ ( ! two4' ,?is criticism ( ! ',beyond' & its unkn[abl5ess1 :ile yet x 0 ackn[l$g$1 is z mu* to ! po9t 9 ! pres5t day z x 0 9 ^?1 & its /atem5t br+s =cibly be=e our m9ds ! tru? ( ,goe!'s well-kn[n say+3 ',d] ,m5s* begreift niemals wie an?ropomorphis* er i/4' ,! doctr9e ( ,ignorance1 s ess5tial to ,f]ri]'s sy/em1 he f\nd x h>d to make cle> to o!rs3--',i am a/oni%$ at y\r n see+ ! use1 inde$ ! absolute necessity1 ( a true doctr9e ( ignorance4 ,?is bl9dness ( y\rs %[s me :at ,i may expect f ! public2 & h[ c>eful ,i mu/ be1 if ,i w\ld g d[n at all1 to r5d] myself p]fectly cle> & explicit4 ,don't y see t a correct doctr9e ( ignorance is necess>y = two reasons--fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! false doctr9e ( ignorance univ]sally preval5t1 "o :i* has hi!rto r5d]$1 & mu/ ev] r5d]1 any?+ l a sci5tific ontology impossible2 &1 secondly1 because ?is correct !ory ( ignorance foll[s inevitably f my doctr9e ( k8 ,?is1 :i* ,i consid] a v /rong recomm5dation1 an indisp5sable condition ( ! !ory ( ignorance1 is ! v gr\nd on :i* y object to x4 ,surely y w\ld n h me e/abli% a doctr9e ( ignorance :i* 0 n consi/5t ) my doctr9e ( k4 ,surely ,i am entitl$ to d$uce all t is logically d$ucible f my pr9ciples4 ,y\r mean+ ,i presume is t my doctr9e ( ignorance fl[s s manife/ly f my doctr9e ( k t x is unnecess>y to develop & p>ade x4 ,!re ,i diff] f y4 ,x fl[s inevitably1 b ,i _c ?9k t x fl[s obvi\sly4 ,else :y 0 x nev] hit ^u until n[8444 ,don't tell me1 !n1 t my conclusions t matt] p] se1 ,d+ an si*1 is :at x is impossible = u to be ignorant (1 j because x is absolutely unkn[able 7& = no o!r reason74 ,don't tell me t ?is conclusion is s obvi\s z n to require to be put d[n 9 black & :ite1 :5 we f9d ,kant & e o!r philosoph] draw+1 b mo/ errone\sly1 ! directly opposite conclusion f ! same premises4 ,matt] p] se1 ,d+ an si*1 0 ( all ?+s t ( :i* we 7 mo/ ignorant66 & ! ru9 ( metaphysics 0 ! consequ5ce ( _! infatuat$ bl9dness4 ,y\r objection1 !n1 to my doctr9e ( ignorance1 viz41 t x is fix$ 9 ! v fix+ ( ! doctr9e ( k1 & !re=e does n require explication or elucidation1 ,i _c reg>d z a good objection4 ,x is true t ! "o ( ^! fixes ! o!r2 b x requires "s am\nt ( explanation & demon/ration to make ?is palpable to ! und]/&+s ev5 ( ! mo/ acute1 & ,i am n sure t ev5 y 7yes1 put on y\r be/ pair ( spectacles1 y w ne$ !m7 yet see h[ impossible x is = u to be ignorant ( matt] p] se1 or ( any?+ :i* is absolutely unkn[able4' ,?is matt] ( ! ,d+ an si* ,f]ri] felt to be ! crucial po9t 9 8 sy/em3 ',y talk glibly ( exi/5ce p] se1 z maids ( fifte5 d ( puppy dogs4 ,?is %[s t1 l a c>pet knight1 y h nev] smelt ! real smoke ( metaphysical battle1 b at mo/ h tak5 "p 9 ! %am fights & li/5$ to ! %otless popguns ( ! m>t9et ( ,knigsb]g4 ,y w f9d exi/5ce p] se a t\gh] cu/om] ?an y imag9e4' ,z to ! ,in/itutes1 !n on ! v]ge ( publication1 ! au?or says3 ',i am incl9$ to foll[ y\r advice1 s f>1 9 reg>d to ! title ( ! "w1 & to call x ! ,!ory ( ,kn[+ & ,be+1 leav+ out ignorance4 ,b :y an introduction to metaphysics8 ,if ?is be an introduction to metaphysics1 pray1 ,mr4 ,pundit1 :at & :]e are metaphysics !mselves8 ,no1 sir1 x %all be call$ a text-book ( metaphysics1 mean+ !reby1 t x is a complete body 7& s\l7 ( metaphysics4 ,y are an uncommonly mode/ fell[ 9 s f> z ! prote/ations ( y\r fri5ds are conc]n$6' ,?is correspond5ce appe>s to h cont9u$ regul>ly = "s ye>s1 & to h dealt almo/ entirely ) metaphysical & economic subjects--! subjects :i* 7 con/antly 9 ,f]ri]'s m9d1 z he taught !m 9 ! ,univ]sity & tri$ to "w !m out 9 8 /udy4 ,d\btless x 0 ( ! greate/ use to him to be able to write ab\t !m z he w\ld1 _h opportunity s]v$1 h spok52 & ?is opportunity 0 af=d$ by 8 fri5d%ip ) 8 correspond5t1 ^: int]e/ 9 philosophy 0 ke51 & ^: critical faculties 7 exceptionally acute1 al?\gh he nev] accompli%$ any orig9al "w on philosophical l9es4 ,( o!r lett]s few h be5 pres]v$4 ,abs5ce f home did n make a reason = writ+1 = ,f]ri]'s j\rney+s 7 b few4 ,9 #ahei1 h[ev]1 he made an exp$ition to ,engl& to see 8 newly-m>ri$ daught]1 ,lady ,grant1 />t = ,india ) h] husb&1 ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,*ancellor%ip ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bombay4 ,f ,s\?ampton he made 8 way to ! sc5e ( 8 s*ooldays at ,gre5wi*1 f :i* place he writes to "o ( ! sons ( ,dr4 ,bruce ( ,ru?well1 ) :om he sp5t a happy *ildhood3 ',"o ( our ftes 0 a sumptu\s fi% d9n] at ,gre5wi*4 ,i call x sumptu\s1 b 9 tru? ! fi% 0 utt] tra%1 ! be/ ( !m n comp>able to ,lo* ,fyne h]r+4 ,:itebait is ! greate/ humbug ( ! age1 ?\gh x may be h]esy to say s 9 y\r neighb\rhood4' ,?is j\rney 0 conclud$ by a visit to ,ox=d & to ! ,lake c\ntry1 ) bo? ( :i* ,f]ri]'s associations 7 s _m & s agreeable4 ,! foll[+ is a lett]1 dat$ #ba/ ,m>* #ahfb1 to ,pr(essor ,lu%+ton1 8 fri5d & biograph]3--',i h be5 v remiss 9 n ackn[l$g+ y\r photograph1 :i* came safe1 & is mu* admir$ by all :o h se5 x4 ,i mu/ get a book = its reception & t ( "s o!r wor?ies1 o!rwise my *ildr5 w appropriate x = _! collections1 ) :i* ! h\se is sw>m+4444 ,! ego is an inf9ite & active capacity ( nev] be+ any?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,i w uphold t def9ition aga9/ ! _w4 ,did y nev] feel h[ mu* y revolt$ f be+ fix$ & det]m9$8 ,dep5d ^u x1 t is ! true nature ( a _s--nev] to be any det]m9ate exi/5ce4 ,?is is our real immutability--= dea? c get hold only ( t :i* has a det]m9ate be+4 ,we /& loose f all det]m9ations4 ,t is our *ance ( escap+ 8 clut*es4 ,?is expresses ,f]ri]'s views & hopes = an aft] life3 he look$ =w>d to an immortality 9 :i* ! p>ticul> & det]m9ate %\ld disappe> & only ! absolute elem5t rema9--9 :i* dea? %\ld mean only ! ris+ f ! individual into a true & univ]sal life4 ,x is a matt] to :i* he frequ5tly ref]s1 & always 9 t]ms ( a v simil> nature4 ,we %all see h[1 :5 ! end 0 com+ ne>1 8 views rema9$ ! same1 & he 0 able to face ! inevitable )\t a qualm or %ad[ ( compla9t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,f]ri]',s ,,sy/em ,,( ,,philosophy--,,philosophical ,,writ+s ',if "o 7 ask$1' says ,pr(essor ,fras]1 '= ! ,engli% writ+s :i* are fitt$ 9 ! mo/ attractive way to absorb a read] ( compet5t intellig5ce & imag9ation 9 ! f9al or metaphysical "q conc]n+ ! ,be+ 9 :i* we & ! _w ( s5sible ?+s p>ticipate1 ,b]keley's ,dialogues1 ,hume's ,inquiry into ,human ,und]/&+1 & "s ( ! lately publi%$ ,philosophical ,rema9s ( ,pr(essor ,f]ri] are probably ^? :i* w\ld be/ des]ve to be m5tion$4' ,x has be5 giv5 to few philosoph]s ( mod]n days to write on philosophic que/ions 9 a mann] at once s lucid & s conv9c+ z t ( ,f]ri]4 ,nor c x 9 8 case be said t matt] is sacrific$ to =m1 = ! writ] does n hesitate to 'nail 8 col\rs to ! ma/1' z he himself expresses x1 & to tackle que/ions ! mo/ vital 9 _! "* 9 a /raight=w>d & uncompromis+ fa%ion4 ,8 e>lie/ publi%$ writ+s1 z we h se51 took ! =m ( a s]ies ( sev5 articles1 :i* appe>$1 r\ghly speak+1 9 alt]nate mon?s1 betwe5 ,febru>y ( #ahch & ,m>* ( #ahci4 ,^! articles1 entitl$ ,an ,introduction to ! ,philosophy ( ,consci\sness1 repres5t$ ! results ( _! au?or's "w dur+ ! ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce he fir/ began to be really int]e/$ 9 philosophy1 & to feel t ! way ( look+ at x adopt$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ,scotl& 0 n satisfy+ to himself1 or 9 any way def5sible4 ,! :ole po9t 9 ,f]ri]'s view turns ^u ! way 9 :i* we look at ',m9d4' ',! human m9d1 to speak x pr(anely1' says ,f]ri]1 'is l ! goose t laid ! gold5 eggs4 ,! metaphysician resembles ! analytic p\lt]] :o slew x to get at !m 9 a lump1 & f\nd no?+ = 8 pa9s4444 ,look at ?\ght1 & feel+1 & passion1 z !y gl[ 9 ! pages ( ,%akespe>e--gold5 eggs inde$6 ,look at ! same z !y /agnate on ! dissect+-table ( ,dr4 ,br[n1 & m>vel at ! *ange4 ,behold h[ %apeless & ext9ct !y h become6' ,locke began by say+ !re are no orig9al ideas1 simply impressions f )\t2 ,hume !n says cause & effect are incapable ( explanation1 & ! notion :i* we =m ( !m is a non5tity1 see+ t we h a s]ies ( impressions alone to "w f2 ,reid says !re is a m9d & !re is an object1 & calls 9 common-s5se to int]pret betwe5 ! two4 ,b ! mi/ake all ?r\gh is v evid5t3 man looks at ,nature 9 a c]ta9 way1 int]prets h] by c]ta9 categories1 & !n he turns 8 eye ^u himself1 endeav\r+ !reby to judge ( :at he f9ds )9 by me?ods ( a simil> k9d4 ,& ! human m9d _c be s 'objectis$'2 x is some?+ m ?an ! sum ( its 'feel+s1' 'passions1' & '/ates ( m9d4' ,dr4 ,reid _h done a s]vice by explod+ ! old doctr9e ( 'ideas'2 he br\ght m9d into contact ) imm$iate ?+s1 b mu* m is left = u to d2 ! same (fice has to be p]=m$ = 'm9d'--t is1 m9d :5 we reg>d x z some?+ :i* connects u ) ! univ]se1 or some?+ :i* c be look$ at & exam9$1 z we might look at or exam9e a ?+ outside ourselves1 & n z t :i* is necess>y to any su* exam9ation4 ',is x n en\gh = a man t he is himself8 ,!re c be no dispute ab\t t4 ,i am2 :at m w\ld ,i h8 ,:at m w\ld ,i be8 ,:y w\ld ,i be m9d8 ,i am myself !re=e let x p]i%4' ,:at1 !n1 makes a man :at he is8 ,x is ! fact ( consci\sness1 ! fact :i* m>ks him (f f all o!r ?+s ) a deep l9e ( sep>ation4 ,x is ?is & ?is alone1 ,f]ri] says1 ?is 'human ph5om5on1' & n its objects1 passions1 or emotions1 :i* leads u into pa/ures fre% & f> sep>at$ f ! dre>y r\nd :i* ! old metaphysicians foll[$4 ,! same discov]y1 ( c\rse1 is always be+ made1 ?\gh to ,f]ri] x 0 new2 we are always /ray+ into devi\s ways1 ways t lead u into grey regions ( ab/raction1 & we always want to be call$ back to ! concrete & ! real1 to ! fre%ness & ! brightness ( life z x is & lives4 ,f]ri] f ?is "t onw>ds1 f 8 y\? until 8 dea?1 kept "o def9ite aim 9 view3 ! object ( 8 life 0 to insi/ ) all 8 might t our int]e/s mu/ be conc5trat$ on man z he is z man1 & n on a m]e sum-total ( passions & s5sations by :i* ! human be+ is affect$4 ,! consci\sness ( a /ate ( m9d is v diff]5t f t /ate ( m9d itself1 & ! two mu/ be kept absolutely di/9ct4 ',let m9d h ! ?+s :i* are m9d's1 & man ! ?+s :i* are man's4' ,we %\ld1 ,f]ri] says1 fl+ 'm9d' & its lumb] ov]bo>d1 busy ourselves ) ! man & 8 facts4 ,man's passions & s5sations may be ref]r$ to 'm9d' inde$1 b he _c lay 8 h&s ^u ! fact ( consci\sness4 ,t fact _c be conceiv$ ( z ve/$ 9 ! object call$ ! 'human m9d1' an object be+ some?+ really or ideally diff]5t f ourselves4 ,9 speak+ ( 'my m9d1' m9d may be :at x *ooses1 b ! consci\sness is 9 ! ego2 & m9d is really de/itute ( consci\sness1 o!rwise ! ego w\ld necess>ily be pres5t 9 x4 ,! dilemma is z foll[s3 ',unless ! philosoph]s ( m9d attribute consci\sness to m9d1 !y leave out ( view ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( man2 & if !y attribute consci\sness to m9d1 !y annihilate ! object ( _! rese>*1 9 s f> z ! :ole ext5t ( ?is fact is conc]n$4' ,s9ce ,f]ri]'s "t ?is po9t has be5 work$ out v fully1 & by none m successfully ?an by an ,engli% philosoph]1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 ( ,ox=d1 9 8 ,introduction to ! works ( ,hume4 ,b :5 ,f]ri] wrote1 8 ideas 7 new2 9 ,engl& at lea/ he 0 break+ up gr\nd hi!rto unt\*$1 & !re=e ! debt ( gratitude we owe him is n small1 especially :5 we consid] ! =ces aga9/ :i* he w>r$4 ',common-s5se1' ! solution (f]$ = all philosophic difficulties1 is really ! problem ( philosophy1 & to speak ( ! 'philosophy ( common-s5se' is simply to confuse ! problem ) its solution4 ,common-s5se1 or r :at is giv5 by its means1 has simply to be con/ru$ into intelligible =ms3 9 itself x makes no attempt to solve ! difficulties t pres5t !mselves1 & x is folly to sugge/ its do+ s4 ,:5 a man speaks ( my s5sations or my /ates ( m9d1 he means some?+ ( :i* he--z consci\sness--is indep5d5t1 & :i* c be made an object to him4 ,7 x n s1 ( c\rse he c\ld n possibly arrive at fre$om1 b w\ld m]ely be ! helpless *ild ( de/9y2 &1 z ,f]ri] po9ts out1 7 consci\sness & s5sation "o1 consci\sness w\ld n h ! p[]1 und\bt$ly possess$ by x1 ( 'recov]+ ! balance' t x loses on exp]i5c+ pa9 or passion2 ! return ( consci\sness1 z he puts x1 'l[]s ! temp]ature' ( ! s5sation or ! passion1 & ! man rega9s ! p]sonality t = ! "t _h almo/ vani%$4 ,a man1 he tells u1 c h>dly ev5 be said to be ! 'victim' ( 8 m9d1 & irresponsible--i4e41 man /&s alo( f ! modifications :i* may visit him1 !re=e we %\ld /udy him z he is1 & n m]ely ^! '/ates ( m9d' common to him & to animals alike4 ,& consci\sness mu/ be active1 ex]cis+ itself ^u ^? /ates1 & !reby realis+ human fre$om4 ,philosophy1 !n1 is ! gospel ( fre$om z contra/$ ) ! bondage ( ! physical k+dom4 ,b we are 9 subjection at ! fir/1 & all our lifetime a con/ant fight is be+ c>ri$ on4 ,philosophy pa9ts its grey 9 grey1 ano!r great philosoph] has told u1 only :5 ! fre%ness & life ( y\? has gone3 ! reconciliation is 9 ! ideal1 n ! actual _w4 ,& s ) ,f]ri]3 ',! fl[]s ( ?y happ9ess1' says he1 'are )]$4 ,!y c\ld n la/2 !y gild$ b = a day ! op5+ portals ( life4 ,b 9 _! place ,i w give !e fre$om's fl[]s4 ,to act accord+ to ?y incl9ation may be enjoym5t2 b "k t to act aga9/ x is lib]ty1 & ?\ only acte/ ?us because ?\ art really free4' ,great & weighty words1 :i* might be pond]$ by _m m ?an ^? to :om !y 7 orig9ally address$4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ 8 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ,f]ri] goes on to trace ! bir? ( self-consci\sness 9 ! *ild--! k ( itself z ',i1' :i* means ! k ( good & evil--! moral bir?4 ,p]ception1 aga91 is a syn!sis ( s5sation & consci\sness--! realisation ( self 9 conjunction ) ! s5sation exp]i5c$3 x is1 ( c\rse1 peculi> to man4 ,?+s c only take effect on 'me' :5 !re is a 'me' to take effect ^u1 & n at bir?1 or be=e ,i come to consci\sness4 ,consci\sness is ! v ess5ce & orig9 ( ! ego2 )\t consci\sness no man w\ld be ',i4' ,x is our refusal to be act$ on by outside impressions t con/itutes our p]sonality & p]ception ( !m2 our communication ) ! univ]se is ! communication ( non-communication4 ,& ! ego is n some?+ :i* comes into ! _w ready-made2 x is a liv+ activity :i* is nev] passive1 = 7 x passive1 x w\ld be annihilat$2 9 submitt+ to ! action ( causality its life w\ld be gone4 ,our de/9y is to free ourselves f ! bonds ( nature1 f t 'bless$ /ate ( primeval innoc5ce1' ! bless$ness1 aft] all1 ( bondage4 ,a man _c be until he acts1 = 8 ,be+ arises out ( 8 actions3 consci\sness be+ an act1 our prop] exi/5ce is ! consequ5ce ( t act4 ,8 natural condition = o!rs1 & be=e he comes to exi/5ce1 ,f]ri] says1 is giv51 :ile 8 exi/5ce = himself is made by 8 ?9k+ himself4 ,x is only 9 ! latt] case t he c atta9 to ,lib]ty1 in/ead ( rema9+ b\nd by ! bonds impos$ ^u him by ,necessity4 ,! ?ree great mom5ts ( humanity are3 fir/1 ! natural or giv5 man 9 enslav$ ,be+2 second1 ! consci\s man 9 action work+ into fre$om aga9/ passion2 ?ird1 ! ',i'3 man z free1 t is1 real p]sonal ,be+4 ,philosophy has ?us a great future be=e h]4 ,in/ead ( be+ a m]e dead !ory z h]et(ore1 %e becomes r5ovat$ into a new life :5 %e gets h] prop] place2 %e is sep>at$ f h] suppos$ connection ) ! physical _w1 & is recognis$ z consci\sness4 ,:5 ?is is s1 %e loses h] m]ely !oretic aspect1 & is id5tifi$ ) ! liv+ practical int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,! dead symbols become liv+ realities1 ! dead twigs are clo!d ) v]dure4 ',"k ?yself1 & 9 kn[+ ?yself ?\ %alt see t ?is self is n ?y true self2 b1 9 ! v act ( kn[+ ?is1 ?\ %alt at once displace ?is false self1 & e/abli% ?y true self 9 its room4' ,& ,f]ri] goes on to trace ! be>+s ( 8 !ories 9 ! moral & intellectual _w4 ,he f9ds 9 morality some?+ m ?an a ref9$ self-love2 he f9ds ! dawn+ w endeav\r+ to ass]t itself1 to break free f ! trammels impos$ ^u x by nature4 ,fre$om1 ! great end ( man1 is contrav5$ by ! passive conditions ( 8 nature2 ^! are !re=e wrong1 & e act ( resi/ance t5ds to ! accompli%m5t ( ! "o important end1 :i* is to procure 8 lib]ty4 ,?is essay1 or s]ies ( essays1 gives ! keynote to ,f]ri]'s ?\ght & writ+s1 !re=e x seem$ wor? :ile to consid] its argum5t 9 detail4 ,! complet5ess ( ! break ) ! old philosophy is manife/4 ,! 'sci5tific' me?ods appli$ to e region ( k 7 !n 9 univ]sal use1 & no little c\rage 0 requir$ to *all5ge _! pret5sions z !y 7 *all5g$ by ,f]ri]4 ,b 9 c\rage1 z we "k1 ,f]ri] 0 nev] lack+4 ,8 m9d once made up1 he _h no fe> 9 mak+ 8 op9ions kn[n4 ,he consid]$ t ! ,scotti% ,philosophy _h become some?+ v l mat]ialism 9 ! h&s ( ,br[n & o!rs1 & he believ$ t ! :ole po9t ( view mu/ be *ang$ if a really spiritual philosophy 0 to take its place4 ,!re may be traces ( ! impetuosity ( y\? 9 ?is attack3 mu* work+ out 0 und\bt$ly requir$ be=e x c\ld be said t a sy/em _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,b all ! same ?is essay is a brilliant piece ( philosophic writ+--in/9ct ) life & en?usiasm--"o :i* mu/ h made its read]s feel t ! dry bones ( a dead sy/em _h wak5$ into life1 & t :at !y _h imag9$ an ab/ract & dismal sci5ce _h become in/9ct ) liv+1 practical int]e/--some?+ to be 'liv$' z well z /udi$4 ,! ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysics--! "w by :i* ,f]ri]'s "n w desc5d to po/]ity--is a developm5t ( ! ,philosophy ( ,consci\sness2 b x is m c>efully reason$ out & sy/ematis$--! result ( _m ye>s ( ?\ghtful lab\r4 ,= sev]al ye>s be=e ! "w 0 publi%$ 79 #ahed7 ! propositions :i* are conta9$ 9 x 7 develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ,f]ri]'s regul> lectures4 ,! ,in/itutes1 or ,!ory ( ,kn[+ & ,be+1 comm5ces ) a def9ition ( philosophy z a 'body ( reason$ tru?1' & /ates t ?\gh !re 7 pl5ty ( diss]tations on ! subject 9 exi/5ce1 !re 0 no philosophy itself--no s*eme ( demon/rat$ tru?2 & ?is1 & n simply a 'contribution' to philosophy 0 :at 0 n[ requir$1 & :at ! writ] propos$ to give4 ,! divisions into :i* he sep>ates ,philosophy are3 fir/1 ! ,epi/emology1 or !ory ( k2 secondly1 ! ,agnoiology1 or !ory ( ignorance2 & ?irdly1 ! ,ontology1 or !ory ( be+4 ,! fundam5tal "q is1 ',:at is ! "o feature :i* is id5tical1 inv>iable1 & ess5tial 9 all ! v>ieties ( our k8' ,! fir/ condition ( k is t we %\ld "k ourselves1 & reason gives c]ta9ty to ?is proposition :i* is n capable ( demon/ration1 ow+ to its be+ itself ! />t+-po9t2 ! c\nt]-proposition1 ass]t+ ! sep>ate subject & object ( k1 & ! mutual pres5ce ( ! two )\t intellig5ce's be+ necess>ily cognisant ( itself1 repres5ts g5]al op9ion1 & ! ord9>y view ( popul> psy*ology4 ,k1 !n1 ,f]ri] goes on1 always has ! self z an ess5tial "p ( x2 x is k-9-union-)-:atev]-x-appreh5ds4 ,! objective "p ( ! object ( k1 ?\gh di/+ui%able1 is n really sep>able f ! subjective or ego2 bo? con/itute ! unit ( k--an utt]ance ?or\ghly ,hegelian 9 its "*1 h[ev] ,f]ri] may disclaim a connection ) ,hegel's sy/em4 ,9 space !y may be sep>at$1 b n 9 cognition1 & ?is idealism does n = "o mom5t d5y ! exi/5ce ( 'ext]nal' ?+s1 b only says !y c h no mean+ if out ( relation to ^? :i* are 'int]nal'2 z ,hegel might h put x1 !y c\ld be kn[n z sep>able by means ( 'ab/raction' only4 ,f ?is po9t we are l$ on to ! next /atem5t1 & a mo/ important /atem5t x is1 t matt] p] se is ( necessity absolutely unkn[able2 or to :at ,f]ri] calls ! ,!ory ( ,ignorance4 ,:e!r or n ?is !ory c make good ! title to orig9ality :i* its au?or claims = x1 !re is no d\bt t its /atem5t 9 cle> language1 su* z no "o c fail to und]/&1 m>ks an important era 9 ,engli% speculation4 ,!re are1 ,f]ri] says1 two sorts ( s-call$ ignorance3 "o ( ^! is incid5tal to "s m9ds1 b n to all--an ignorance ( defect1 he puts x--j z we might be said to be ignorant ( a language we _h nev] le>n$4 ,b ! o!r ignorance 7n1 prop]ly speak+1 ignorance at all7 is incid5t to all intellig5ce by its v nature1 & is no defect or imp]fection4 ,! law ( ignorance h5ce is t 'we c be ignorant only ( :at c be kn[n1' or '! kn[able is alone ! ignorable4' ,! be>+ ( ?is important po9t is se5 at once :5 we turn back to ! !ory ( kn[+4 ,k is some?+ ( :i* ! subject _c %ake himself free2 ',i' mu/ always1 9 :atev] ,i appreh5d1 appreh5d 'me4' ,we don't appreh5d '?+s1' t is1 b :at is appreh5d$ is 'me-appreh5d+-?+s4' ,?+s-plus-me is ! only kn[able1 & consequ5tly ! only 'ignorable4' ,?is br+s u a great way t[>ds ! ,absolute ,idealism associat$ ma9ly ) ! "n ( ,hegel--t[>ds ! ,k or ',exp]i5ce' 7a ^w :i* ,f]ri] aft]w>ds himself makes use (7 :i* %all cease to be a '!ory1' be+ recognis$ z compreh5d+ )9 itself all ,reality--z recognis+ no di/9ction betwe5 object & subject1 except+ :5 !y are reg>d$ z two poles bo? equally ess5tial1 & sep>at$ only :5 look$ at 9 ab/raction4 ,if ,f]ri]'s '!ory ( k' did n proce$ s f>1 he at lea/ made ! discov]y t ! subjective idealism ( ,kant 0 z unsatisfactory z ! relativity ( ,hamilton1 & z c]ta9ly t5d+ to agno/icism4 ,kant's '?+-9-itself' is n t ( :i* we are ignorant1 or a hidd5 reality :i* c be kn[n by fai?4 ,x is t :i* _c possibly be kn[n--&1 9 o!r words1 a contradiction or nons5se4 ,n[1 ,f]ri] says1 we arrive at ! true ,idealism--! triumph ( philosophy4 ,if x is said to r$uce all ?+s to ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 x does ! same to e no?+4 ,:at falls out ( consci\sness becomes incogitable2 x lapses1 n into no?+1 b into :at is contradictory4 ,! mat]ial univ]se p] se1 & all its qualities p] se1 are n only absolutely unkn[able1 b absolutely un?9kable4 ,we d inde$ "k sub/ance1 b only z object plus subject--z matt] mecum or 9 cognition z ?\ght toge!r ) ! self4 ,x may be true t we _c claim = ,f]ri] complete orig9ality 9 8 ?9k+2 "w on v simil> l9es 0 be+ c>ri$ on else:]e4 ,x is n difficult to trace ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s ! mode ( 8 developm5t4 ,! e>li] works are evid5tly influ5c$ by ,fi*te & 8 s*ool1 s9ce ! p]sonal ego & individual fre$om figure z ! pr9cipal conceptions 9 our k2 & ev5 :ile ! ,scotti% s*ool ( psy*ologi/s is be+ combat$1 ! influ5ce ( ,hamilton is v manife/4 ,b z "t goes on1 ,f]ri]'s ideas become m concrete2 ! !ory ( consci\sness becomes m absolute 9 its conception2 ! human or individual elem5t is less conspicu\s z ! univ]sal elem5t is m1 :i* signifies t gradually he approa*es clos] to ! /&po9t ( ! lat] ,g]man ?9k]s by a c>eful /udy ( _! works1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p x is ,reid & ,hamilton 8 criticisms h 9 view1 & n ! correspond+ "w ( ,kant4 ,/ill1 we %\ld say t ,f]ri]'s attitude repres5t$ ano!r phase 9 ! same /ruggle aga9/ ab/raction & t[>ds unity 9 k1 r ?an be+ a simple outcome ( ! ,g]man influ5ce 9 ,scotl&4 ,?is la/ assumption he at lea/ repudiat$ ) en]gy1 & boldly claim$ to h develop$ & complet$ 8 sy/em = himself4 ,he claim$ to h work$ on national l9es2 to h />t$ f ! philosophy ( 8 c\ntry z x 0 curr5tly accept$1 & to h little difficulty 9 prov+ f itself its absolute inadequacy4 ,he felt t 9 8 doctr9e ( ! reality ( k he _h f\nd ! means ( solv+ problems hi!rto d>k & obscure1 & he us$ 8 in/rum5ts bravely1 & on ! :ole successfully4 ,! fai?-philosophy :i* pr(ess$ to "k reality ?r\gh ! s5ses1 :5 ^! s5ses 7 a "p ( ! ext]nal univ]se1 or signifi$ tak+ = grant$ ! matt] 9 dispute1 0 utt]ly repugnant to ,f]ri]4 ,! ,unkn[able ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton 0 inconceivable to him1 & he ev] kept ?is !ory & its errors 9 8 m9d1 :ile develop+ a sy/em ( 8 own4 ,x is bett] t a philosophic sy/em %\ld gr[ up ?us1 in/ead ( com+ to u f )\t 9 language h>d to und]/& because ( =eign idioms & unwont$ modes ( expression4 ,to be ( use1 a philosophy %\ld speak ! language ( ! p3 until x becomes id5tifi$ ) ord9>y ways ( ?9k+1 its influ5ce is nev] really great2 & ! ,idealism ( ,g]many has 9 ?is c\ntry always suff]$ f be+ intelligible only to ! few4 ,!re=e we hold all cr$it due to ,f]ri] = consi/5tly refus+ to adopt ! phraseology ( a =eign c\ntry1 & sett+ himself1 he>t & s\l1 to f9d expression = 8 ?\ghts 9 ! language ( 8 bir?4 ,f]ri] introduces 8 ,lectures on ,greek ,philosophy1 ! la/ subject on :i* he und]took to write1 9 a mann] :i* rem9ds u ( ,hegel's rem>kable ,introduction to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy2 he beg9s1 l ,hegel1 by po9t+ out t ! /udy ( philosophy is j ! /udy ( our own reason 9 its developm5t1 b t :at is work$ out 9 our m9ds hurri$ly & )9 contract$ limits1 is 9 philosophy evolv$ at leisure1 & se5 9 its j proportions3 ! hi/orian ( philosophy has n m]ely to record ! exi/5ce ( dead sy/ems ( ?\ght t are pa/ & gone1 b ! liv+ products ( 8 own1 full ( pres5t1 vital int]e/1 & !re is no?+ arbitr>y or caprici\s 9 su* a hi/ory3 all is reason$ ?\ght z x manife/s & reveals itself4 ,philosophy1 ,f]ri] def9es1 by call+ x ! pursuit ( ,tru?--n relative ,tru?1 b absolute1 :at necess>ily exi/s = all m9ds alike2 & man's faculties 7contr>y to :at is g5]ally suppos$7 are compet5t to atta9 to x1 provid$ only t !y h some?+ 9 common ) all o!r m9ds1 i4e41 are p>tak]s 9 a univ]sal intellig5ce4 ,he works ?is out 9 8 ,introduction 9 an extremely int]e/+ way1 %[+1 z he does1 h[ 9 all intellig5ce !re mu/ be a univ]sal1 a unity2 t ! v ess5ce ( religion1 = example1 re/s on ! unity :i* con/itutes ! bond betwe5 ,god & man1 & t :5 ?is is d5i$1 religion is made impossible4 ,:at !n1 we may ask1 is ! ,tru? t has to be pursu$8 ,x is t :i* is ! real1 ! object ( philosophy--! real :i* exi/s = all intellig5ce4 ,! hi/orian ( philosophy mu/ %[ t philosophy 9 its hi/ory corresponds ) ?is def9ition1 if ! def9ition be a true "o4 ,! lectures beg9 ) ,?ales & ! foll[]s ( ! ,ionic s*ool1 & ,f]ri] po9ts out h[1 9 spite ( ! mat]ial elem5ts :i* are tak5 z a basis1 _! sy/ems are philosophic1 9 s f> z !y aim at ! e/abli%m5t ( a univ]sal 9 all ?+s1 & c>ry ) !m ! belief t ?is univ]sal is ! ultimately real2 & ?is gives !m an int]e/ :i* f _! s5su\s =ms we c\ld h>dly h expect$ to f9d4 ,b x 0 ,h]aclitus' doctr9e ( ,becom+ t 0 mo/ cong5ial to ,f]ri]1 z x 0 to 8 great pr$ecessor ,hegel4 ,be+ & ,n-,be+1 ! unity ( contr>ies z ess5tial sides ( ,tru?1 9 su* conceptions z ^! ,f]ri] believes we come ne>] to ! tru? ( ! univ]se ?an 9 ! curr5t views ( philosophy1 9 :i* ! unity ( contr>y det]m9ations 9 "o subject is reg>d$ z impossible4 ,ap>t1 ei!r side is incompreh5sible1 & h5ce ,mr4 ,mansel & ,sir ,william ,hamilton argue ! impot5ce ( human reason2 b if1 z ,f]ri] believes1 !y are %[n to be b mom5ts or ess5tial factors 9 conception1 ! antagonism w be prov$ unreal--x w be an antagonism prop] to ! v life & ess5ce ( reason4 ,possibly 9 8 acc\nt ( ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s ,f]ri] may h done :at _m hi/orians ( philosophy h done be=e him1 he may h read into ! sy/ems :i* he has be5 describ+ mu* m ?an he 0 entitl$ s to read4 ,he may1 :5 he is talk+ ( ! ,eleatics ( ,h]aclitus1 & ev5 ( ,socrates & ,plato1 h _h be=e 8 m9d ! special battle :i* he _h *os5 to fight--! battle aga9/ s5sationalism 9 ,scotl&1 aga9/ mat]ialism 9 ! =m 9 :i* he f\nd x--r ?an fairly to set be=e 8 read]s an exact & accurate acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ! p>ticul> philosoph] ( :om he writes4 ,b has x ev] be5 o!rwise 9 any hi/ory ( ?\ght t 0 ev] writt51 except+ p]haps 9 "s dryasdu/ comp5dium :i* none except+ ^? weigh$ d[n ) dread ( exam9ation que/ions1 c>e to p]use8 ,?\ght reads itself f itself1 & if x sometimes reads ! pres5t into ! pa/1 & ?9ks to see x !re1 is !re matt] = surprise1 or is x s v f> wrong8 ,if x tells u some?+ ( ! secrets x itself conceals1 x is surely tell+ u aft] all mu* ( ^? t are gone4 ,= ,plato1 ,f]ri] naturally _h a v great aff9ity2 he deals ) him at l5g?1 & evid5tly _h made a special & c>eful /udy ( 8 writ+s4 ,b ! same me?od is appli$ by him to ,plato z 0 be=e appli$ to ! o!r ,greek philosoph]s4 ',x is n s mu* by read+ ,plato z by /udy+ our own m9ds t we c f9d out :at ideas are1 & p]ceive ! significance ( ! !ory :i* exp\nds !m4 ,x is only by v]ify+ 9 our own consci\sness ! discov]ies ( antec$5t philosoph]s t we c hope rightly to und]/& _! doctr9es or appreciate ! value & importance ( _! speculations4' ,& s ,f]ri] proce$s to prove ! necessity = ! exi/5ce ( 'ideas'--( univ]sals--z ! absolute tru? & gr\ndwork ( :atev] is4 ,no intellig5ce c be intellig5t except+ by _! light1 & !y are ! necess>y laws or pr9ciples on :i* all ,be+ & ,kn[+ are dep5d5t4 ',all philosophy1' he says ( ,plato1 'speculative & practical1 has be5 =e%ad[$ by 8 prophetic intellig5ce2 (t5 dimly1 b always s attractively z to :et ! curiosity & /imulate ! ard\r ( ^? :o h *os5 him z a guide4' ,& x 0 z su* t ,f]ri] m>k$ him out & *ose him z 8 own4 ,) ,ari/otle he _h probably less 9 common1 & 8 treatm5t bo? ( him & ( ! ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,neo-,platoni/s1 ) :i* ! hi/ory ends1 is less sympa!tic 9 its tone & und]/&+ 9 its /yle4 ,b ^! lectures z a :ole1 ?\gh nev] put toge!r = pr9t+ z a book1 mu/ always be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( philosophy4 ,a philosophic article1 entitl$ ,b]keley & ,idealism1 & publi%$ 9 ,june ( #ahdb1 0 design$ to meet ! attack ( ,mr4 ,samuel ,bailey1 :o _h writt5 a ,review ( ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision1 criticis+ ! s\ndness ( 8 views4 ,mr4 ,bailey repli$1 & ,f]ri] a ye> lat] publi%$ an article on t reply4 ,f]ri] rightly appreciates ! v important place :i* ought to be all[$ to ,b]keley z a factor 9 ! developm5t ( philosophic tru?--a place :i* has only be5 prop]ly und]/ood 9 lat] ye>s4 ,he saw ! "p he _h play$ 9 br++ ! real significance ( ,absolute ,idealism into view1 & deprecat$ ! repres5tation ( 8 sy/em made by ,david ,hume1 or ! popul> idea t ,b]keley d5i$ all reality to matt]4 ,:at he did d5y 0 ! reality :i* is suppos$ to lie beyond exp]i5ce1 & 8 criticism 9 ?is reg>d 0 invaluable z a basis = a future sy/em4 ,9 8 own words1 he did n wi% to *ange ?+s into ideas1 b ideas into ?+s3 matt] c\ld n exi/ indep5d5tly ( m9d4 ,b yet ,f]ri] is p]fectly aw>e t ,b]keley did n entirely grasp ! absolute /&po9t t ! ?+ is ! appe>ance1 & ! appe>ance is ! ?+4 ,reg>d$ m]ely z a lit]>y production1 ?is article is entitl$ to rank ) ! classics ( philosophic writ+s bo? z reg>ds ! beauty ( its /yle & its logical developm5t4 ,f]ri] does n (t5 t\* directly on que/ions ( religion or !ology1 b !re is an int]e/+ passage 9 ?is essay :i* %[s 8 views reg>d+ ! "q ( immortality4 ,he is talk+ ( ! impossibility ( our ev] conceiv+ to ourselves ! idea ( our annihilation4 ,su* an idea c\ld n be rationally articulat$4 ,we appe>1 inde$1 to be able to realise x1 b we only ?9k we ?9k x3 real ?\ght ( dea? 9 ?is s5se w\ld involve our be+ already dead2 b 9 ?\ght we are & mu/ be immortal4 ',we h no?+ to wait =2 et]nity is ev5 n[ )9 u1 & "t1 ) all its vex+ tr\bles1 is no m4' ,x 0 some?+ absolute & endur+ = :i* ,f]ri] 0 ev] on ! se>*4 ,^? ( 8 ,introductory ,lectures :i* are pres]v$ be> out ?is /atem5t1 if no?+ else 7 left to d s4 ,philosophy1 ?\ght1 is m ?an sy/ems3 ',z long z man ?9ks1 ! light mu/ burn4' ,c\ld he b tea* ! "y m5 :o ga!r$ r\nd him day by day to ?9k1 he c>$ little z to :at s-call$ 'sy/em' !y adopt$4 ,he put 8 argum5ts cle>ly be=e !m1 b !y 7 free to criticise z !y w\ld4 ,& p]haps x 0 because !y realis$ t ! ,tru? 0 m to him ?an p]sonal fame t _! affection = him 0 s great4 ,he always kept be=e him1 too1 t 9 tea*+ any sci5ce ! m5tal discipl9e :i* x involves mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,! practical rule ( discipl9+ ! m9d %\ld run side by side ) ! !oretical in/ruction1 :i* might soon be =gott52 ! great ef=t ( a tea*] %\ld be 9 ! be/ & highe/ s5se to educate 8 /ud5ts4 ,t is1 he has n only to in/il _! m9ds ) multif>i\s le>n+1 b to make _! ?9k+ sy/ematic4 ,& philosophy mu/1 he tells u1 be made int]e/+ if x is to be ( any use3 we mu/ arrive at a 'philosophic consci\sness1' & di/+ui% philosophy f m]e op9ion4 ,x is m9d :i* is ! p]man5t & immutable 9 all *ange & mutation2 ev5 ! ,greeks f\nd ! idea ( p]man5ce 9 m9d :ile !y reg>d$ *ange z ! pr9ciple ( matt]4 ,?us1 :5 ! end ( ! day _h come1 :5 ! lamp grew dim1 & ! books he lov$ s mu* mu/ be = ! la/ "t %ut1 ,f]ri]'s tea*+ 0 n s v diff]5t f :at x 0 ne>ly ?irty ye>s be=e4 ,! only real *ange 0 t ! impetuosity ( y\? _h gone2 ! man & 8 sy/em _h bo? become matur$3 ! "o m tol]ant1 m c>eful 9 expression1 m consid]ate ( ! feel+s ( 8 oppon5ts2 ! o!r m sy/ematic1 m coord9at$1 firm] 9 its grasp4 ,!re 0 mu* to d if ! sy/em 7 to be %[n to hold its place 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 z an absolute sy/em mu/3 mu* t has n ev5 yet be5 accompli%$4 ,b = ^? :o came 9 contact ) him1 ! man 0 m ev5 ?an 8 cre$--to !m ?is frail =m :i* seem$ to be wa/+ away be=e _! eyes1 yet nev] los+ ! ke5 int]e/ 9 "w to be accompli%$1 mu/ h taught a lesson m ?an sy/ems ( philosophy dream (4 ,= !y c\ld n fail to le>n t ! et]nal c be f\nd 9 hi/ory--ev5 9 hi/ory ( long c5turies ago1 z 9 e o!r sph]e ( k--& t ! se>* = x supports ! seek] 9 8 daily life1 takes all its bitt]ness f :at is h>de/1 f pa91 suff]+1 & ev5 dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,col]idge ,,plagi>ism--,,miscellane\s ,,lit]>y ,,"w ,! /ory ( ! s-call$ ,col]idge plagi>ism is an old "o n[1 b x is "o :i* r\s$ mu* feel+ at ! "t1 & likewise "o on :i* !re is consid]able division ( op9ion ev5 9 ! pres5t day4 ,into ?is controv]sy ,f]ri] plung$ by writ+ a =midable indictm5t ( ,col]idge's position 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e = ,m>* ( #ahdj4 ,:5 ,f]ri] took up ! cudgels ! matt] /ood ?us4 ,9 ! e>li] qu>t] ( ! c5tury ,g]man ,philosophy 0 com+1 or r _h already come1 m or less into vogue 9 ,engl&2 & z ! ,g]man language 0 n l>gely read1 & yet p 7 vaguely int]e/$1 ?\gh 9 :at !y h>dly knew1 !y welcom$ an appreciative int]pret] ( t philosophy1 & an orig9al writ] on simil> l9es1 9 "o ^: reputation 0 e/eem$ s highly z t ( ,col]idge4 ,col]idge 9 ?is matt]1 inde$1 occupi$ a position :i* 0 unique2 = ! treasures ( ,g]man poetry & prose _h n z yet be5 fully op5$ up1 & he 0 held to possess ! means ( do+ ?is 9 a q exceptional degree4 ,! works ( ,s*ill]1 ,goe!1 & ! o!r poets came to ! _w--& to ,col]idge ) ! re/--z a sort ( revelation4 ,b ! poet 9 8 own m9d 0 no?+ if n a philosoph]--a k9d ( se] among/ m51 speculat+1 some:at vaguely x might be1 on matt]s ( transc5d5tal import--& 9 ,s*ell+ he ?\ght he _h discov]$ a k9dr$ _s2 9 8 writ+s he believ$ he _h f\nd ! ,idealism = :i* he _h s long be5 seek+ 9 ,bhme1 ,fox1 & ! o!r my/ics--a cre$ :i*1 ?\gh pan!i/ic 9 its ess5ce1 yet fulfill$ ! condition ( be+ bo? or?odox & ,tr9it>ian 9 its =m4 ,?is1 = _m reasons1 0 a cre$ pres5t+ _m attractions to ! y\ng] m5 ( ! day1 especially :5 set =? ) a c]ta9 lit]>y flav\r4 ,we h ,c>lyle's immortal picture ( h[ x influ5c$ ,john ,/]l+ & 8 fri5ds4 ,col]idge's ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal s-call$ ,s*ell+ plagi>isms are conta9$1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahag1 b x 0 n = a consid]able "t aft] t t ! plagi>isms 7 discov]$1 or at lea/ tak5 notice (4 ,! fir/ s]i\s indictm5t came f no less an au?ority ?an ,de ,qu9cey1 ^: int]e/ 9 philosophical matt]s 0 z great z ,col]idge's1 & :o publi%$ 8 views 9 an appreciative b gossipy article 9 ,tait's ,magaz9e ( ,septemb] #ahcd4 ,to comm5ce )1 he took up ! "q ( ! ',hymn to ,*am\ni'2 b s9ce1 9 ?is matt]1 ,col]idge aft]w>ds admitt$ 8 indebt$ness to a ,g]man poetess1 ,fr$]ica ,brun1 x does n seem an important "o4 ,nor1 inde$1 does ,de ,qu9cey pret5d to take exception to c]ta9 expressions 9 ,col]idge's ',france' :i* are evid5tly borr[$ f ,milton1 or to reg>d !m z indicat+ m ?an a peculi> omission ( quotation m>ks4 ,b ! really s]i\s matt]1 "o = :i* ,de ,qu9cey _c by any means acc\nt1 is t 9 ! ,biographia ,lit]>ia !re occurs a diss]tation on ! doctr9e ( ,kn[+ & ,be+ :i* is an exact translation f an essay writt5 by ,s*ell+4 ,de ,qu9cey _c inde$ expla9 away ! my/]y1 b he makes ! be/ ( x1 plead+ excuses su* z we (t5 he> adduc$ 9 cases ( 'kleptomania' :5 !y occur among/ ! well-to-d1 or s-call$ high] classes--e4g41 ! evid5t fact t !re 0 no necessity s to /eal1 no motive = /eal+1 ev5 ?\gh ! !ft _h evid5tly be5 committ$4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! def5ce may be +5i\s1 & ?\gh we may g s f> z to ackn[l$ge t ,col]idge _h suffici5t orig9ality ( m9d to weave out !ories ( 8 own )\t borr[+ f o!rs1 x mu/ be confess$ t "u ! aggravat$ circum/ances ! argum5t falls some:at flat2 & ?is 0 ! impression made on _m m9ds ev5 at ! "t4 ,! ball once set roll+1 ! dispute w5t on1 & ! next important incid5t 0 an article by ,julius ,h>e 9 ! ,briti% ,magaz9e ( ,janu>y #ahce4 ,?is is a hot def5ce ( ! s-call$ ',*ri/ian' philosoph]1 :o is said to be influ5c+ ! be/ & mo/ promis+ "y m5 ( ! day1 z aga9/ ! assault ( ! ',engli% ,opium-,eat]'--'t ill-bod+ alias ( evil record4' ,z to ,de ,qu9cey's some:at unk9d b ent]ta9+ /ories1 !re is "s reason 9 ,h>e's objections1 see+ t !y 7 told ( "o to :om ! writ] own$ himself indebt$4 ,b :5 ,h>e tackles ! plagi>isms !mselves1 & endeav\rs to def5d !m1 8 task is h>d]4 ,col]idge _h inde$ /at$ t 8 ideas 7 ?\ght out & matur$ be=e he _h se5 a page ( ,s*ell+2 b at ! same "t1 9 an e>li] portion ( 8 "w1 he made a some:at ambigu\s ref]5ce to 8 indebt$ness to ! ,g]man philosoph]1 & deprecat$ 8 be+ accus$ ( int5tion$ plagi>ism f 8 writ+s4 ,( c\rse x may be said t a ?ief does n draw att5tion to ! goods f :i* he has /ol51 b yet ev5 ,h>e ackn[l$ges t x is h>d to und]/& h[ half a doz5 pages 7we n[ "k t x really exce$$ ?irty7 %\ld h be5 bodily transf]r$ f "o "w to ano!r1 & sugge/s t ! mo/ probable solution is t ,col]idge _h a practice ( keep+ notebooks = 8 ?\ghts1 m+l$ ) extracts f :at he _h be5 read+ at ! "t1 & t he ?us became confus$ betwe5 ! two4 ,at ?is po9t ,f]ri] /eps 9 & takes ! :ole matt] "u review--a matt] :i* he look$ ^u z s]i\s 7p]haps m s]i\s ?an we %\ld n[ consid] x7 f a national z well z an individual po9t ( view4 ,he held t ! reputation ( 8 c\ntry 0 at /ake1 z well z t ( a s+le philosophic ?9k]1 & t nei!r ,de ,qu9cey nor ,h>e _h gone into ! matt] ) suffici5t c>e or k1 or asc]ta9$ h[ l>ge x really 04 ,x 0 und\bt$ly ! case t ,col]idge's reputation 9 philosophic matt]s--& 9 ^! days t reputation 0 n small--0 d]iv$ f :at he _h purlo9$ f ! writ+s ( a ,g]man y\?1 & :atev] ! poet's claim on our reg>d on o!r scores may be1 x 0 c]ta9ly due to ,s*ell+ t ! debt %\ld be ackn[l$g$4 ,z f> z ! ,biographia ,lit]>ia is conc]n$1 ! facts are pla94 ,col]idge makes c]ta9 g5]al ackn[l$gm5ts ( indebt$ness to ,s*ell+ to beg9 )4 ,he ackn[l$ges t !re may be f\nd 9 8 works an id5tity ( ?\ght or phrase ) ,s*ell+'s1 & all[s him to be ! f\nd] ( ! philosophy ( nature2 b he claims at ! same "t ! hon\r ( mak+ t philosophy intelligible to 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & ev5 ( ?9k+ x out be=eh&4 ,hav+ said s mu*1 !re foll[ pages toge!r--sometimes z _m z six or eight on end--:i* are virtually copi$ v]batim f ,s*ell+1 ?\gh ) occasional int]polations ( ! s-call$ au?or "h & !re4 ,f]ri] has exam9$ ! :ole matt] mo/ m9utely1 & made a long li/ ( ! m flagrant cases ( copy+3 ?irty-"o pages1 he po9ts out1 are fai?fully transcrib$1 p>tially or :olly1 f ,s*ell+'s works alone1 )\t all[+ = :at ! au?or admits to be translat$ 9 "p f a 'contempor>y writ] ( ! ,cont95t4' ,& ,s*ell+ 0 n ! only suff]]1 nor 0 x only 9 ! region ( metaphysics t ! !fts 7 made4 ,! sub/ratum ( a :ole *apt] ( ! ,biographia ,lit]>ia is1 ,f]ri] discov]$1 tak5 f ano!r au?or nam$ ,maasz1 & ,col]idge's lecture ',on ,poesy or ,art' is closely copi$ & l>gely translat$ f ,s*ell+'s ',disc\rse ^u ! ,relations 9 :i* ! ,pla/ic ,arts /& to ,nature4' ,?is 0 a bl[ inde$ to ^? :o _h boa/$ ( ! pr(undity ( ,col]idge's views on art2 b 8 poetry surely rema9$ intact4 ,b no1 ',v]ses exemplify+ ! ,hom]ic ,metre' are f\nd to be--unackn[l$g$--a translation f ,s*ill]2 & yet worse1 because less likely to be discov]$1 ! l9es writt5 ',to a ,cat>act' h ! same metre1 language1 & ?\ght z c]ta9 v]ses by ,c\nt von ,/olb]g1 :i* 7 %[n to ,f]ri] by a fri5d4 ,! :ole matt] is a v /range "o & n easy to expla94 ,( c\rse ! ref]5ces to ,s*ell+'s lab\rs 9 simil> l9es are !re1 & may 9 a s5se dis>m our criticism4 ,b !n1 un=tunately1 !re also are ! /atem5ts t ! ideas _h be5 matur$ 9 ,col]idge's m9d be=e he _h se5 a s+le l9e ( ,s*ell+'s "w1 & he cle>ly gives u to und]/& t he _h toil$ out ! sy/em = himself1 & t x 0 ! '(fspr+ ( 8 own _s4' ,x is ?is ov]mu* prote/+ t makes u1 l ,f]ri]1 dispos$ to take ! d>ke/ view ( ! affair3 any?+ t c be said 9 ,col]idge's def5ce is f\nd 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 tak5 by ! "o :o _h mo/ "r to feel aggriev$4 ,9 ! life ( ,j[ett1#aj rec5tly publi%$1 !re is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,s*ell+'s views on ,col]idge1 tak5 f a conv]sation1 notes ( :i* 7 made by ! late ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 ,f]ri]'s son-9-law1 :5 /ill an und]graduate4 ,j[ett1 :ile at ,b]l91 _h1 x appe>s1 se5 ,s*ell+1 & talk$ to him ( ! plagi>isms4 ,he took ! matt]1 ,j[ett /ates1 good-natur$ly1 ?\ght ,col]idge to h be5 attack$ unfairly1 & ev5 w5t s f> z to ass]t t he _h express$ _m ?+s bett] ?an he c\ld h done himself--c]ta9ly a v g5]\s ackn[l$gm5t4 ,probably ! mo/ *>itable con/ruction we c put on ,col]idge's act is t :i* ,j[ett himself advances 9 say+ t ! poet is n to be look$ ^u or judg$ z an ord9>y man w\ld be1 see+ t (t5 en\gh he h>dly c\ld be said to h be5 responsible = 8 actions2 :ile 8 egotism1 :i* 0 extreme1 may h likewise l$ him--x may be almo/ unconsci\sly--into acts ( d\btful hone/y4 ,b evid5tly1 9 spite ( ,f]ri]'s "w1 ,j[ett1 & possibly ev5 ,s*ell+ himself1 _h no idea ( ! ext5t to :i* ! plagi>isms ext5d$4 ,!re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 comp>atively little h>m 9 ,col]idge's action _h he be5 cont5t to borr[ mat]ials :i* he 0 ab\t to "w up 9 8 own way1 or to d :at 8 biograph] ,gillman says is done by ! 'bee :i* flies f fl[] to fl[] 9 que/ ( food1' b :i* 'dige/s & elaborates' t food by its native p[]4 ,un=tunately1 ! m we read ,col]idge's philosophic writ+s1 ! m we feel con/ra9$ to agree ) ,f]ri] t ! matt] is n dige/$ z ,gillman sugge/s1 b tak5 possession ( 9 its ready-made condition4 ,! p>ts :i* he adds d n assi/ 9 ?r[+ light on :at prec$es1 b are evid5tly padd+ ( a some:at commonplace & sup]ficial k9d4 ,we c only say1 l ,j[ett1 t ! mann] ( 8 life may h injur$ ,col]idge's moral s5se1 & t 8 desire to pose z a philosoph] :o %\ld yet be a s-call$ ',*ri/ian' may h l$ him to encroa* ^u ! sph]es ( o!rs1 in/ead ( keep+ to ^? 9 :i* he c\ld hold 8 own un*all5g$4 #aj ,life ( ,b5jam9 ,j[ett1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ih & #ade4 ,a lab\r ( love ) ,f]ri]1 on v diff]5t l9es ?an ! above1 0 to br+ out 9 five volumes ! works ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,john ,wilson1 ',*ri/oph] ,nor?1' includ+ ! ,noctes ,ambrosian1 & 8 ,essays & ,pap]s contribut$ to ,blackwood4 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 b mu/1 ( c\rse1 h meant a consid]able am\nt ( "w to ! editor = "s "t previ\sly4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! "w is ,f]ri]'s preface to ! fam\s ',*aldee ,manuscript1' 9 vol4 iv4 ,! /ory ( ! ',*aldee ,,ms4' is n[ a matt] ( hi/ory1 fully record$ 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ records ( ! fam\s h\se ( ,blackwood4 ,9 #ahag ! ,:igs rul$ 9 matt]s lit]>y1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 !n 9 its heyday ( fame4 ,a reaction1 h[ev]1 set 91 & ! *ange 0 inaugurat$ by ! publication ( ! s-call$ ',*aldee ,,ms41' a wild extravaganza1 or jeu d'esprit1 hitt+ (f ! foibles ( ,:iggism1 "u ! guise ( an allegory describ+ ! orig9 & rise ( ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 ! rival :i* _h ris5 up 9 opposition to ! ,review1 & ! discomfiture ( ano!r j\rnal c>ri$ on "u ! auspices ( ,con/able4 ,x 0 9 ! sev5? numb] ( ,blackwood t ! satire appe>$--t is1 ! fir/ numb] ( ,blackwood's ,ed9burgh ,magaz9e z di/+ui%$ f ! ,ed9burgh ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 publi%$ f ,blackwood's (fice to beg9 )1 b on comp>atively mild & in(f5sive l9es4 ,"o may imag9e ! effect ( ?is ,tory outbur/ on ! society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,all ! lit]ati ( ! t[n 7 involv$3 ,sir ,walt] ,scott himself1 ,mack5zie1 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,pr(essor ,jamieson1 ,tytl]1 ,playfair1 & _m o!rs1 "s ( :om em]g$ b seldom f ! retirem5t ( private life4 ,n[adays x w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 to id5tify ! diff]5t *>act]s1 7 x n = ! assi/ance ( ,pr(essor ,f]ri]'s m>g9al notes2 b 9 ^? days !y 7 no d\bt recognisable en\gh4 ,( c\rse ! magaz9e w5t l wildfire2 b ! ludicr\s description 9 semi-biblical language ( individuals ) absurd allegorical app5dages1 con/itut$1 z ,f]ri] ackn[l$ges1 an (f5ce aga9/ propriety :i* c\ld n be def5d$1 ev5 ?\gh no real malevol5ce might be signifi$4 ,:e!r ,f]ri] 0 ju/ifi$ 9 republi%+ ! ,noctes1 9 s f> z !y c\ld be id5tifi$ ) ,wilson1 has be5 disput$2 b1 z ! publi%]1 ,major ,blackwood1 po9ts out1 ! "t 0 pa/ = anyone to be hurt by ! p]sonalities :i* !y conta9$1 & ! only h>m ! republication c\ld inflict 0 ^u ! ,noctes !mselves4 ,! conception ( ! ',*aldee ,manuscript1' he tells u1 0 9 ! fir/ "p due to ,hogg2 & ,wilson & ,lockh>t 7 held responsible = ! la/4 ,!re is a tradition1 too1 ?\gh ,f]ri] does n m5tion x1 t ,hamilton 0 "o ( ! p>ty 9 ,mr4 ,wilson's h\se 7#ec ,que5 ,/reet7 :]e ! skit 0 said to h be5 concoct$1 & t he ev5 contribut$ to x a v]se4 ,?is may h be5 ! case1 z ,wilson & ,lockh>t 7 8 intimate fri5ds2 b x seems /range to ?9k ( s ?or\ghgo+ a ,:ig be+ f\nd mix$ up 9 su* a plot1 & ) su* companions4 ,?\gh x is easy to und]/& t ,f]ri] felt ! edit+ ( 8 fa!r-9-law & uncle's "w 0 a duty :i* x 0 incumb5t ^u him to p]=m1 "o _c help surmis+ t x may h be5 a less cong5ial task to him ?an _m o!rs4 ,!re 0 little 9 common betwe5 ! two m51 bo? di/+ui%$ 9 _! way1 & ,wilson's hum\r & poetic fancy1 h[ev] bright & vivid1 0 n ( ! sort t w\ld appeal mo/ to ,f]ri]4 ,a few ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,f]ri] gave up ! project he _h 9 view ( writ+ ,wilson's life1 p>tly 9 despair ( sett+ =? 8 tal5ts z he felt !y %\ld be set =?1 & p>tly f ! lack ( mat]ial to "w f4 ,he says1 9 a lett] writt5 at ! "t1 ',x w\ld d no good to talk 9 g5]al t]ms ( 8 wond]ful p[]s1 ( 8 g5ius be+ great] 7z 9 "s s5se x 07 ?an t ( any ( 8 contempor>ies--great]1 too1 ?an any ( 8 publications %[4 ,! public w\ld require o!r evid5ces ( ?is beyond "o's m]e ^w--some?+ might h be5 done _h "s ( u ,boswelliz$ him judici\sly1 b ?is hav+ be5 omitt$1 ,i d n see h[ x is possible to d him ju/ice4' ,! book 0 ev5tually und]tak51 & successfully accompli%$1 by ,wilson's daught]1 ,mrs4 ,gordon4 ,we h spok5 ( ,f]ri]'s int]e/ 9 ,g]man lit]ature2 s e>ly z #ahci he publi%$ a translation ( ,pietro d',abano by ,ludwig ,tieck1 "o ( ! inn] circle ( ! s-call$ ,romantic ,s*ool to :i* ! ,s*legels & ,novalis also belong$--! s*ool :i* oppos$ itself to ! eighte5?-c5tury enlight5m5t1 mak+ its cry ! return to nature1 & dem&+ ) ,fi*te t a "w ( art %\ld be a 'free product ( ! inn] consci\sness4' ,ano!r specim5 ( ,f]ri]'s translat+ p[]s is giv5 9 a r5d]+ f ,de9h>d/e9's ,bild d] ,dan1 a love /ory 9 :i* ,salvator ,rosa figures4 ,?is appe>$ 9 ,blackwood ( ,septemb] #ahda1 & an extract f x is publi%$ 9 ! ,rema9s4 ,b "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ rem>kable ( ,f]ri]'s lit]>y criticisms 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e 0 an anonym\s article on ! v>i\s translations ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ publi%$ 9 #ahdj4 ,we h se5 t ,f]ri] _h made a special /udy ( ! writ+s ( ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 & t 8 "w _h be5 mu* appreciat$ bo? by ,lytton & ,de ,qu9cey4 ,9 ?is article ! writ] takes sev5 diff]5t r5d]+s ( ! drama1 c>efully analyses !m1 po9ts out _! defici5cies1 & ev5 adv5tures on ! difficult task1 = a critic1 ( himself translat+ "o or two pages4 ,n[ t ,g]man is s widely read 9 ,engl&1 we are all too well aw>e ( ! insuffici5cy ( any translation ( ,fau/ to reg>d ev5 ! be/ 9 any o!r light ?an z a make%ift4 ,b !n ?+s 7 diff]5t1 & x 0 possible t wrong impressions ( ! orig9al might be convey$ by inadequate translations4 ,f]ri]'s po9t 0 t ,goe!1 :ile writ+ 9 rhyme & 9 exquisitely poetical language1 manag$ at ! same "t to f9d words su* z might really be us$ by ord9>y mortals2 b ! translators1 9 endeav\r+ rightly en\gh to keep to ! rhym+ =m1 entirely fail 9 _! endeav\r aft] ! same end4 ,he consid]s t ?\gh 9 prose we may deviate f ! ord9>y proprieties ( language1 we may n d s 9 rhym+ poetry2 = ?\gh ! poet has to describe ! ?\ght & passion ( real m5 9 ! language ( real life1 8 dialect mu/ at ! same "t be tak5 out ( ! category ( ord9>y disc\rse because ( ! use ( rhyme2 & he is !re=e call$ ^u z f> z possible to remove ?is b>1 & reconcile u to ! peculi>ity ( 8 /yle by ! simplicity ( 8 language2 o!rwise all illusion w be at an end4 ,rhymes br\ght toge!r by =ce c succe$ 9 giv+ u no pleasure2 ! writ] %\ld possess ! p[] ( ma/]+ 8 mat]ial & compell+ x to s]ve 8 ends4 ,f]ri]'s speculative in/9cts naturally l$ him to discuss ! (t5-discuss$ motive ( ! play4 ,is x s1 z ,col]idge says1 t ! love ( k = itself c\ld n br+ ab\t ! evil consequ5ces depict$ 9 ! "* ( ,fau/1 b only ! love ( k = "s base purpose8 ,f]ri] replies1 ,no1 ! love ( k z an end 9 itself w\ld p ! _w ) ,fau/s4 ',su* a love ( k ex]cises itself 9 speculation m]ely1 & n 9 action2 & if ! exp]i5ces ( purely speculative m5 7 ga!r$1 we ?9k t mo/ ( !m w\ld be f\nd to confess1 bitt]ly confess1 t indulg5ce 9 an ab/ract reflective ?9k+ 7:atev] effect x may h ultimately ^u _! nobl] g5ius1 suppos+ !m to h "o7 9 ! meantime absolutely kills1 or appe>s to kill1 all ! m9or faculties ( ! s\l--all ! less] g5ial p[]s1 ^u ! ex]cise ( :i* ! great] "p ( human happ9ess dep5ds4 ,!y w\ld own1 n )\t remorse1 t pure speculation--t is1 k pursu$ = itself alone--has (t5 be5 ta/$ by !m to be1 z ,col]idge else:]e says1 '! bitt]e/ & rott5e/ "p ( ! core ( ! fruit ( ! =bidd5 tree4' ,?is seems a /range confession = a ?9k] reput$ s ab/ract z ,f]ri]1 b ( c\rse ! tru? ( :at he says is evid5t4 ,k reg>d$ z an end 9 itself might h br\ght ,fau/ into 8 tr\bles1 x is true1 & he might likewise h f\nd himself ready to ru% into :at he conceives to be ! opposite extreme2 b a great] philosoph] ?an ,f]ri] has said t ?\gh 'k br\ght ab\t ! ,fall1 x also conta9s ! pr9ciple ( ,r$emption1' & we take ?is to signify t we mu/ look at k z a necess>y elem5t 9 ! culture & education ( an individual or a p1 :i*1 ?\gh x c>ries tr\ble 9 its wake1 does n leave u 9 our di/ress1 b br+s along ) x ! pr9ciple ( heal+1 or is ! 'heal] ( itself4' ,soon aft] ! above1 ,f]ri] contributes to ! same j\rnal an article entitl$ ',! ,tittle-,tattle ( a ,philosoph]1' or an acc\nt ( ! ',j\rney ?r\gh ,life' ( ,pr(essor ,krug ( ,leipzig4 ,krug appe>s to h be5 a sort ( ,admirable ,cri*ton among/ philosoph]s1 to :om no subject came amiss1 & :o 0 ready to take 8 "p 9 e sort ( philosophical discussion4 ,by ,hegel & ! ideali/ s*ool he is some:at contemptu\sly ref]r$ to z "o ( t class ( writ]s ( :om x is said ',ils se sont battus les flancs p\r tre de gr&s hommes4' ,anyh[1 8 recollections are at lea/ amus+1 if n philosophically edify+4 ,a review ( ! poems ( ,cov5try ,patmore a few ye>s lat] is a v diff]5t production4 ,x c>ries u back to ! old days ( ,blackwood1 :5 calm judgm5t 0 n s mu* an object z /r5g? ( expression1 )]+ criticism1 & bit+ s>casm4 ,f]ri] no d\bt believ$ x w\ld be well = lit]ature to turn back to ! old days ( ! kn\t2 b few1 we fancy1 w agree ) him1 ev5 if !y suff] = s diff]+ by p]mitt+ c]ta9 tra%y publications to see ! light4 ,too (t51 un=tunately1 ! kn\t1 :5 x is appli$1 arrives on %\ld]s t are innoc5t4 ,( c\rse ,f]ri] believ$ t ! wor/ progno/ications ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e 7 n[ be+ realis$ by ! application n be+ p]sev]$ 92 b z to ?is p>ticul> piece ( criticism1 :atev] our op9ion ( ,patmore's poetic p[]s may be1 surely ! writ] 0 unreasonably sev]e2 surely ! "w does n des]ve to be dealt ) 9 su* unmeasur$ t]ms ( opprobrium4 ,x is refre%+ to turn to an appreciative1 if also some:at critical review ( ! poems ( ,elizabe? ,b>rett1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>1 #ahdd1 "p ( :i* has be5 republi%$ 9 ! ,rema9s4 ,9 ?is article ,f]ri] urges once m ! po9t on :i* he cont9ually insi/s--! adoption ( a direct simplicity ( /yle3 "o :i* goes /raight to ! po9t1 or1 z he puts x1 :i* is felt to 'get ?r\gh bus9ess4' ,except+ c]ta9 criticism on ! score ( /yle & phraseology1 h[ev]1 ,f]ri] is all praise ( ! high degree ( poetic m]it :i* ! writ+s reveal$--m]it :i* he mu/ h be5 among/ ! fir/ to discov] & make kn[n4 ,! la/ ( ,f]ri]'s "w = ! magaz9e 9 :i* he _h s (t5 writt51 0 a s]ies ( articles on ! ,new ,read+s f ,%akespe>e1 publi%$ 9 #ahec4 ,^! articles 7 9 ! ma9 a criticism ( ,mr4 ,payne ,colli]'s ',notes & ,em5dations' to ! ,text ( ,%akespe>e's ',plays' f e>ly ,,ms4 corrections :i* he _h discov]$ 9 a copy ( ! folio #afcb4 ,f]ri]1 :o 0 a ?or\gh ,%akespe>e /ud5t1 & ^: appreciation ( ,%akespe>e is (t5 spok5 ( by ^? :o knew him1 _h no fai? 9 ! au!nticity ( ! new read+s1 ?\gh he ?9ks !y h a c]ta9 int]e/ z matt] ( curiosity4 ,he goes ?r\gh ! plays & ! alt]ations made 9 !m s]iatim1 & comes to ! conclusion t 9 mo/ cases !y h little value4 ,9 fact1 he proce$s s f> z to say t !y h op5$ 8 eyes to 'a dep? ( purity & correctness 9 ! receiv$ text ( ,%akespe>e' ( :i* he _h no suspicion--a satisfactory conclusion to ! ord9>y read]4 ,besides 8 "w = ,blackwood1 ,f]ri] 0 9 ! habit ( contribut+ articles to ! ,imp]ial ,diction>y ( ,univ]sal ,biography on ! v>i\s philosoph]s4 ,two ( ^!1 ! biographies ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 are pr9t$ 9 ! ,rema9s1 b besides ^! he wrote on ,adam ,smi?1 ,swift1 ,s*ill]1 etc41 & occasionally utilis$ ! articles 9 8 lectures4 ,on yet ano!r l9e ,f]ri] wrote a pamphlet 9 #ahdh1 entitl$ ,obs]vations on ,*ur* & ,/ate1 sugge/$ by ! ,duke ( ,argyll's essay on ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&4 ,?is pamphlet aims at prov+ t ! ,assembly ( ! ,*ur* is really1 z ! ,duke argues1 n m]ely an ecclesia/ical1 b a national c\ncil1 or1 z ,f]ri] t]ms x1 ! 'second & junior ( ! ,scotti% ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4' ,be+ !re=e am5able to no o!r e>?ly p[]1 x 0 ju/ifi$ 9 oppos+ ! decrees ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session2 ?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! ,free ,*ur* m9i/]s 7 "r 9 def5d+ _! con/itutional privileges1 ,f]ri] holds t !y 7 wrong 9 do+ s z ! ',*ur*' 9 opposition to ! ',/ate1' & t ?is br\ght ^u !m _! discomfiture4 ,!y %\ld n1 9 8 view1 h ackn[l$g$ t ! ,*ur*'s prop]ty c\ld be =feit to ! ,/ate1 & consequ5tly %\ld n h volunt>ily resign$ _! liv+s4 ,! pamphlet %[s consid]able int]e/ 9 ! controv]sy rag+ s vehem5tly at ! "t4 ,9 ,/4 ,&rews !re 0 no social meet+ at :i* ,f]ri] 0 n a welcome gue/4 ,:5 popul> lectures1 !n com+ into vogue1 7 in/itut$ 9 ! t[n1 ,f]ri] 0 call$ ^u to deliv] "o ( ! s]ies1 ! subject *os5 be+ ',our ,contempor>y ,poetical ,lit]ature4' ,he says 9 a lett]3 ',i am 9 p]fect agony 9 que/ ( some?+ to say ab\t ,our ,contempor>y ,poets 9 ! ,t[n ,hall "h on ,friday4 ,i mu/ pump up some?+1 be+ committ$ l an ass to t subject1 b devil a ?+ w come4 ,i wi% ,ayt\n w\ld come ov] & plead _! cause4' ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( fe>s1 ! lecture appe>s to h be5 a success3 x 0 an eloqu5t appeal on behalf ( poetry z an invaluable educational factor & ag5t 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! "w ( human civilisation1 & an appreciation ( ! "w ( ,t5nyson1 ,macaulay1 ,ayt\n1 & ,lytton4 ,9 ! same ye>1 b a few mon?s lat]1 ,f]ri] 0 ask$ to deliv] ! op5+ address ( ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,in/itution4 ,?is ,in/itution has = long be5 ! means ( br++ celebrities f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to lecture be=e an ,ed9burgh audi5ce1 & its orig9 & conception 0 l>gely due to ,pr(essor ,wilson1 ,f]ri]'s fa!r-9-law1 :o 0 9 ! habit ( op5+ ! session ) an introductory address4 ,8 heal? no long] p]mitt+ ?is to be done1 ! directors reque/$ ,f]ri] to take 8 place4 ,! address 0 on purely g5]al topics1 deal+ ma9ly ) ! objects ( ! ,in/itution1 !n some:at ( a novelty4 ,he conclud$3 ',lab\r is ! lot ( man4 ,no pleasure c surpass ! satisfaction :i* a man feels 9 ! effici5t dis*>ge ( ! active duties ( 8 call+4 ,b x is equally true t e pr(essional occupation1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 requires to be c\nt]pois$ & alleviat$ by pursuits ( a m lib]al ord] ?an itself4 ,)\t ^! ! be/ faculties ( our s\ls mu/ s9k d[n into an ignoble torpor1 & human int]c\rse be %orn ( its highe/ enjoym5ts1 & its brighte/ bless+s4' ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( ,f]ri]'s view ( life4 ,"o-sid$ness 0 8 p>ticul> abhorr5ce1 & if he c\ld 9 any measure impress its evil ^u ^? ^: daily bus9ess 0 apt to engross _! att5tion1 to ! detrim5t ( ! high] sph]es ( ?9k+1 he 0 glad at lea/ to make ! attempt4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pr(essorial ,,life ,! ,/4 ,&rews ,univ]sity has ! reputation ( be+ giv5 to /rife1 & nev] be+ ?or\ghly at re/ unless x has at lea/ "o law-plea 9 op]ation be=e ! ,c\rt ( ,session 9 ,ed9burgh1 or an appeal be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ,london4 ,9 a small t[n1 & m especially 9 a small ,univ]sity t[n1 !re is ( c\rse unlimit$ opportunity = discuss+ e matt] ( int]e/1 & battles are f\ght & won be=e our v doors--battles (t5 j z int]e/+ z ^? ( ! great _w outside1 & m engross+ because 9 !m we probably play ! "p ( active p>ticipators1 in/ead ( be+ simple spectators f outside4 ,( ?is "t ,%]iff ,smi?1 h[ev]1 writes3 ',nev] 0 ! ,univ]sity set m social1 & less giv5 to /rife ?an 9 ,f]ri]'s day4 ,gr&] feats ,i h (t5 se5 else:]e1 b bright] or m intellectual talk1 rang+ f ! playful to ! pr(\nd1 nev] h ,i he>d any:]e4' ,9 ?is respect x contra/s ) ! m self-consci\s & less natural social ga!r+s ( ! neighb\r+ city ( ,ed9burgh1 ^: /iffness & =mality 0 unkn[n to ! small] t[n4 ,! company1 )\t pass+ beyond ,univ]sity b\nds1 0 excell5t4 ,!re 0 ,tullo* at ,/4 ,m>y's1 /ill a "y man at 8 prime1 & a w>m fri5d ( ,f]ri]'s 9 spite ( ! traditional decree t ,/4 ,m>y's deal+s ) ! o!r ,college %\ld be z few z might be2 !re 0 ,%airp1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,poetry 9 ,ox=d1 & always a delightful & inspir+ companion2 9 ! ,*air ( ,logic !re 0 ,pr(essor ,spald+1 ^: ill-heal? alone prev5t$ him f %>+ l>gely 9 ! social life2 & he 0 succe$$ by ,pr(essor ,veit*1 aft]w>ds ( ,glasg[1 ^: appreciation ( ,f]ri] 0 ke51 & ) :om ,f]ri] _h s mu* int]c\rse ( a mutually enjoyable sort4 ,!n !re 0 ,pr(essor ,sell>1 a /aun* fri5d & true1 & likewise ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ! vet]an man ( sci5ce1 :om ,scotl& delights to hon\r4 ,:5 ,brew/] resign$ ! ,pr9cipal%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,college 9 #ahei1 ,f]ri] 0 press$ to become a c&idate = ! po/1 & ,brew/] himself promis$ 8 support1 & urg$ ,f]ri]'s claims2 b !re 7 difficulties 9 ! way1 & 8 place 0 fill$ by ano!r foll[] ( sci5ce1 ,pr9cipal ,=bes4 ,f]ri]'s /ud5ts are n[1 ( c\rse1 disp]s$ abroad f> & wide4 ,"o ( _! numb]1 ,%]iff ,campbell ,smi? ( ,dundee1 writes ( !m z foll[s3--',8 old /ud5ts are scatt]$ ev]y:]e--?r\gh all c\ntries1 pr(essions1 & climates4 ,to _m ( !m ! _w ( fai? & action has become m n>r[ & less ideal ?an x seem$ :5 !y sat li/5+ to 8 l(ty & eloqu5t speculations 9 ! little old classroom among e>ne/ "y faces t are no long] "y1 & ne>ly all gr[n dim to memory2 b to none ( !m c !re be any feel+ reg>d+ him ali5 to respect & affection1 :ile to _m !re w rema9 ! conviction t he 0 = !m & _! exp]i5ce ! fir/ imp]sonation ( liv+ lit]ature1 ^: lectures1 set (f by 8 ?rill+ voice1 slight int]e/+ burr1 & solemn pauses1 & hold+ 9 solution pr(\nd orig9al ?\ght & subtle critical sugge/ions1 7 a sort ( revelation1 op5+ up new worlds1 & %$d+ a flood ( new light ^u ! old famili> _w ( ?\ght & k 9 :i* g5ius alone c\ld see & disclose wond]s4' ,& ?is sometime /ud5t tells h[ 9 passages f ! /&>d poets undetect$ mean+s 7 discov]$1 & new light 0 ?r[n ^u ! subject ( 8 talk by quotations f ! classics1 f ,milton & ,byron z well z f 8 fav\rite ,horace4 ,8 eloqu5ce1 he tells u1 might n be s /rong & ov]:elm+ z t ( ,*alm]s1 b x 0 m f9e1 subtle1 & poetical 9 its aff9ities1 reveal+ ?\ght m spl5did & transc5d5tal4 ',9 p]son & mann] ,pr(essor ,f]ri] 0 ! v ideal ( a ,pr(essor & a g5tleman4 ,nature _h made him 9 ! body :at he /rove aft] 9 _s4 ,8 features 7 ca/ 9 ! f9e/ classic m\ld1 & 7 faultlessly p]fect1 z 0 also 8 tall ?9 p]son1--f ! f9ely =m$ head1 ?ickly cov]$ ) black hair1 :i* ! la/ t5 ye>s turn$ into iron-grey1 to ! noticeably h&some foot4444 ,a human be+ less "u ! influ5ce ( l[ or selfi% motives c\ld n be conceiv$ 9 ?is m]c5>y anti-ideal age4 ,if he made mi/akes1 !y 7 due to 8 liv+ 9 an ideal _w1 & n to ei!r malice or guile1 bo? ( :i* 7 entirely =eign to 8 nature4'#aa ,& yet !re 0 no?+ ( ! ,puritan ab\t ! ,pr(essor's nature4 ,!re are celebrations 9 ,/4 ,&rews 9 commemoration ( a c]ta9 damsel1 ,kate ,k5n$y by "n1 :i* are *>act]is$ by demon/rations ( a some:at noisy ord]4 ,"s ( ! ,pr(essors d5\nc$ ?is in/itution & dem&$ its abolition4 ,b ,f]ri] _h too mu* s5se ( hum\r to d ?is2 he did n rebuke ! lads = ! exub]ance ( _! spirits1 b by 8 calm dignity contriv$ to keep !m )9 due b\nds4 #aa ,writ+s by ! ,way1 by ,john ,campbell ,smi?1 p4 #ceg seq4 ,a picture ( ,f]ri] 0 pa9t$ ab\t a ye> be=e 8 dea? by ,sir ,john ,watson ,gordon1 & x may /ill be se5 9 ! ,univ]sity ,hall beside ! o!r m5 ( le>n+ :o h adorn$ _! ,univ]sity4 ,x 0 pa9t$ = 8 fri5ds & =m] /ud5ts1 b ?\gh a fairly accurate lik5ess1 x is said n to h convey$ to o!rs ! ke51 intellectual look s *>act]i/ic ( ! face4 ,x 0 ! nameless *>m--*>m ( mann] & p]sonality--t drew ,f]ri]'s /ud5ts s =cibly t[>ds him4 ,z 8 colleague1 ,pr9cipal ,tullo*1 said 9 a lecture aft] 8 dea?3 ',!re 0 a buoyant & graceful *>m 9 all he did--a p]fect sympa?y1 cordiality1 & frankness :i* won ! he>ts ( 8 /ud5ts z ( all :o s\ght 8 intellectual companion%ip4 ,ma9ta9+ ! dignity ( 8 position ) easy indiff]5ce1 he c\ld desc5d to ! mo/ free & affectionate int]c\rse2 make 8 /ud5ts z x 7 p>ties ) him 9 8 discussions1 &1 :ile guid+ !m ) a ma/] h&1 awak5 at ! same "t _! own activities ( ?\ght z fell[-work]s ) himself4 ,!re 0 no?+1 ,i am sure1 m valuable 9 8 tea*+ ?an ?is--no?+ = :i* 8 /ud5ts w long] rememb] x ) gratitude4 ,no man c\ld be m free f ! small vanity ( mak+ disciples4 ,he lov$ speculation too de>ly = itself--he priz$ too highly ! sacr$ "r ( reason1 to wi% any man or any /ud5t m]ely to adopt 8 sy/em or repeat 8 ?\ght4 ,n to manufacture ?\ght = o!rs1 b to excite ?\ght 9 o!rs2 to /imulate ! p[]s ( inquiry1 & brace all ! high] functions ( ! intellect1 0 8 great aim4 ,he might be comp>atively c>eless1 !re=e1 ( ! small process ( drill+1 & m9ute lab\r ( correction4 ,^!1 inde$1 he greatly valu$ 9 _! own place4 ,b he felt t 8 /r5g? lay 9 a diff]5t direction--9 ! intellectual impulse :i* 8 own ?9k+1 9 its life1 its zeal\s & cle> op5 c&\r1 0 capable ( imp>t+4' ,f]ri] 0 n1 p]haps1 naturally end[$ ) any special capacity = bus9ess1 b ! bus9ess t fell to him z a memb] ( ! ,s5atus ,academicus 0 p]=m$ ) ! greate/ c>e & zeal4 ,) ! movem5t = wom5's ,univ]sity education1 :i* has always be5 to ! front 9 ,/4 ,&rews1 he 0 sympa!tic1 al?\gh x 0 n a matt] 9 :i* he play$ any special "p4 ',no "o1' x 0 said1 '_h cle>] p]ceptions or a cool] & fair] judgm5t 9 any matt] :i* seem$ to him ( importance4' ,pr9cipal ,tullo* tells h[ on "o occasion 9 p>ticul>1 :]e ! int]e/s ( ! ,univ]sity 7 at /ake1 8 cle> s5se & vigilance c>ri$ x ?r\gh its tr\bles4 ,8 loyalty to ,/4 ,&rews at all times 0 inde$ unque/ion$4 ,x is possible t _h he made x 8 endeav\r to devote m int]e/ to practical affairs outside ! ,univ]sity limits1 x might h be5 bett] = himself4 ,!re may1 p]haps1 be tru? 9 ! say+ t metaphysics is apt to h an en]vat+ effect ^u ! moral s5ses1 or at lea/ ^u ! practical activities1 & to take f m5's usefulness 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life2 b "o c h>dly realise ,f]ri] o!r ?an he 01 a /ud5t ^: :ole int]e/s 7 devot$ to ! philosophy he _h esp\s$1 & :o lov$ to deal ) ! fundam5tal que/ions t rema9$ b5ea? all action & all ?\ght1 r ?an ) ^? m concrete2 & ! =m] lay 9 a region purely speculative4 ,su* z he 01 he nev] fail$ to pres]ve ! mo/ p]fect ord] 9 8 class1 & to d :at 0 requir$ ( him ) praisewor?y accuracy & m9ute att5tion to details4 ',life 9 8 /udy1' says ,pr9cipal ,tullo*1 '0 ,pr(essor ,f]ri]'s *>act]i/ic life4 ,!re h be51 ,i d>esay1 ev5 9 our "t1 h>d] /ud5ts ?an he 02 b !re c\ld sc>cely be anyone :o 0 m habitually a /ud5t1 :o liv$ m among/ books1 & took m special & con/ant delight 9 int]c\rse ) !m4 ,9 8 v ext5sive b *oice libr>y he knew e book by head-m>k1 z he w\ld say1 & c\ld lay 8 h&s ^u ! desir$ volume at once4 ,x 0 a great pleasure to him to br+ to ! light f an obscure corn] "s comp>atively unkn[n ,engli% speculator ( :om ! ,univ]sity libr>y knew no?+4' ,we are (t5 told h[ he w\ld be f\nd seat$ 9 8 libr>y clad 9 a long dress+-g[n :i* clung r\nd 8 tall =m1 & mak+ him look ev5 tall]--a typical philosoph]1 ?\gh p]haps h&som] ?an _m ( 8 craft4 ',my fa!r r>ely w5t f home1' writes 8 daught]1 '& :5 n 9 ! ,college class-room 0 to be f\nd 9 8 snug1 well-/ock$1 ill-b\nd libr>y1 writ+ or read+1 clad 9 a v becom+ d>k blue dress+-g[n4 ,he 0 no smok]1 b c>ri$ ) him a small silv] snuff-box4' ,pr(essor ,%airp says t n[ & !n he us$ to g to he> him lecture4 ',i nev] saw any?+ bett] ?an 8 mann] t[>ds 8 /ud5ts4 ,!re 0 9 x ease1 yet dignity s respectful bo? to !m & to himself t no "o c\ld ?9k ( presum+ ) him4 ,yet x 0 unusually k9dly1 & full ( a playful hum\r :i* greatly atta*$ !m to him4 ,no "o c\ld be f>!r remov$ f ei!r ! ,don or ! ,discipl9>ian4 ,b 8 look ( ke5 intellect & high bre$+1 comb9$ ) g5tl5ess & feel+ = 8 /ud5ts1 comm&$ att5tion m ?an any discipl9e c\ld h done4 ,9 matt]s ( ,college discipl9e1 :ile he 0 fair & j1 he always leant to ! =be>+ side4444 ,till 8 illness took a m s]i\s =m1 he 0 to be met at d9n]-p>ties1 to :i* 8 society always gave a great *>m4 ,9 g5]al society 8 conv]sation 0 full ( hum\r & playful jokes1 & he _h a quick yet k9dly eye to note ! extravagances & absurdities ( m54' ,& ! ,pr(essor goes on to n>rate h[ on a w9t] aft]noon he w\ld fall to talk+ ( ,horace1 an especial fav\rite ( 81 & h[ !n he w\ld read ! racy & unconv5tional translation he _h made up = amusem5t4 ,& aft]w>ds he w\ld talk ( ,wordswor? & ! feel+s he awoke 9 him1 %[+ 'a ri*ness ( lit]>y k1 & a delicacy & ke5ness ( appreciation1 ( :i* 8 philosophical writ+s1 except by _! f9e /yle1 give no h9t4' ,hegel & ,plato 7 ! fav\rite objects ( 8 /udy4 ,( ! =m] he nev] satisfi$ himself t he _h completely ma/]$ ! conception4 ,b ! insight t he _h got into 8 dialectic & into ! doctr9e ( ,reality contribut$ v l>gely to mak+ 8 philosophy :at x 04 ,he endeav\r$ to apply ! sy/em 9 v>i\s directions1 & ev] cont9u$ 9 8 ef=ts to "w x out m fully4 ,ano!r =m] /ud5t1 :o has be5 quot$ be=e1 writes 9 8 ,recollections ( /ud5t life at ,/4 ,&rews3#ab ',f]ri] _h n ,spald+'s ?or\gh me?od ( tea*+4 ,he _h no regul> "t = receiv+ & correct+ essays2 he _h only "o writt5 exam9ation2 = oral exam9ation he _h an easy way1 9 :i* ! que/ions sugge/$ ! answ]s2 yet all ^! drawbacks 7 aton$ = by 8 liv+ pres5ce4 ,x 0 an embodim5t ( lit]>y & philosophical en?usiasm1 happily bl5d$ ) sympa?y & urbanity4 ,x did ! "w ( ! mo/ ?or\gh class drill1 = x arre/$ ! att5tion1 op5$ ! m9d1 & fill$ x ) love ( le>n+ & wisdom4 ,intellect & humanity seem$ to radiate f 8 c\nt5ance l light & heat1 & illum9$ & fasc9at$ all on :om !y fell4444 ,let me recall him z he appe>$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahed4 ,! elev5-o'clock bell has rung4 ,all ! o!r classes h gone 9 to lecture4 ,we1 ! /ud5ts ( ,moral ,philosophy1 are l+]+ 9 ! quadrangle1 = ! ,pr(essor1 punctual 9 8 unpunctuality1 comes 9 regul>ly two or ?ree m9utes aft] ! h\r4 ,?r\gh ! ar*way "u ! "t-hon\r$ /eeple ( ,/4 ,salvator's he approa*es--a tall some:at emaciat$ figure1 ) intellectual & b5evol5t c\nt5ance4 ,z he hurries 9 we foll[ & take our seats4 ,9 a m9ute he issues g[n$ f 8 ant]oom1 seats himself 9 8 *air1 & places 8 silv] snuff-box be=e him4 ,n[ t he is )\t 8 hat & 9 8 g[n1 he has a /rik+ appe>ance4 ,8 head is l>ge1 well-develop$1 & cov]$ ) ?ick iron-grey hair2 8 features are regul>1 8 m\? is ref9$ & s5sitive1 8 *9 is /rong1 & 8 eyes z se5 beh9d 8 spectacles are ke5ly intellig5t & at ! same "t b5evol5t4 ,he beg9s by call+ up a /ud5t to be orally exam9$2 & ! cate*is+ goes on v mu* 9 ! foll[+ /yle3-- #ab ,pleasant ,recollections ( a ,busy ,life1 by ,david ,pryde1 ,,ll4,d41 p4 #ei4 ',pr(essor4--,well1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 answ] a few que/ions1 if y please4 ,:at is ! fir/ proposition ( ! lectures8 ',/ud5t repeats x4 ',pr(essor4--,q "r1 ,mr4 ,br[n4 ,&1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 is ?is q true8 ',/ud4--,yes4 ',pr(4--,q "r1 ,mr4 ,br[n4 ,at lea/1 s ,i ?9k4 ,&1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 is x n absurd to hold ! rev]se8 ',/ud4--,yes4 ',pr(4--,yes1 yes4 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,br[n4 ,t w d4 ',! ,pr(essor !n beg9s 8 lecture4 ,z long z he is /at+ & prov+ ! propositions 9 8 metaphysical sy/em1 8 tone is simple & matt]-(-fact4 ,8 great aim is to make 8 mean+ pla91 & = t purpose he (t5 expresses an important idea 9 v>i\s ways1 us+ synonyms1 & sometimes read+ a s5t5ce twice4 ,b :5 he comes to illu/rate 8 ?\ghts1 8 mann] *anges4 ,he lets loose 8 fancy1 8 imag9ation1 & ev5 8 hum\r2 & 8 :ole s\l comes into 8 voice4 ,8 burr1 sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 8 ord9>y spee*1 n[ becomes /rong1 & 8 :ole utt]ance is sl[1 int5se1 & f]vid4 ,he is p>ticul>ly happy 9 8 quotations f ! poets1 & he has a peculi>ity 9 read+ !m :i* increases ! effect4 ,:5 roll+ =? a l9e he sometimes pauses be=e he comes to ! end1 z if to collect 8 /r5g?1 & !n utt]s ! la/ ^w or words ) r$\bl$ emphasis4 ,! effect ( 8 eloqu5ce on ! /ud5ts is electrical4 ,!y cease to take notes2 e head is rais$2 e face beams ) delight2 & at ! end ( a passage _! feel+s f9d v5t 9 a ?und]/orm ( applause4 ',! two mo/ rem>kable features ( 8 lectures 7 _! me?od & cle>ness4 ,ord] & light 7 ! v elem5ts 9 :i* 8 m9d liv$ & mov$4 ,he kept ?is end 9 view1 ?rew aside ! facts t 7 unnecess>y1 arrang$ ! facts t 7 necess>y1 & express$ !m ) a precision ab\t :i* !re c\ld be no ambiguity4 ,9 fact1 ea* idea & ! :ole *a9 ( ideas 7 visible by _! own light4 ,s p]spicu\s 7 ! words t !y might h be5 call$ cry/allis$ ?\ghts4 ',out ( ! classroom ,f]ri] 0 equally polite & k9d1 especially to ^? /ud5ts :o %[$ a love & a capacity = philosophy4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+ = him to /op a /ud5t 9 ! /reet & invite him to ! h\se to h a talk ab\t ! "w ( ! class4 ,i h a di/ant recollection ( my fir/ visit to 8 /udy2 ,i see him yet1 ) 8 noble1 b5ignant c\nt5ance1 z he reads & discusses passages 9 my fir/ essay1 gravely reason+ ) me on ! po9ts t 7 reasonable1 pass+ lightly ov] ^? t 7 m]ely rhetorical1 & smil+ good-natur$ly at ^? t attack$ 9 no measur$ language 8 own sy/em4' ,pr(essor ,f]ri] 0 nev] fail+ 9 hospitality to 8 /ud5ts z to 8 o!r fri5ds4 ,dr4 ,pryde goes on3 ',e ye> ,f]ri] invit$ ! be/ ( 8 /ud5ts to d9n]4 ,at ! d9n] at :i* ,i 0 pres5t !re 7 two ( 8 fell[-pr(essors1 ,sell> & ,fis*]4 ,x 0 a great treat = a y\? l me4 ,mrs4 ,f]ri] 0 eff]vesc5t ) animal spirits & talk2 ,f]ri] himself1 look+ l a nobleman 9 8 old-fa%ion$ dress-coat ) gold buttons1 int]pos$ occasionally ) 8 subtle t\*es ( wit & hum\r4' ,! ,pr(essor appe>s to h be5 an invet]ate snuff]4 ,8 /ud5ts us$ to tell h[ ! silv] snuff-box 0 made ! m$ium ( expla9+ ! ,b]keleian sy/em1 & h[ to _! m9ds ! sy/em1 fairly cle> 9 words1 became a hopeless tangle :5 ! assi/ance ( ! snuff-box 0 resort$ to4 ,& ,dr4 ,pryde n>rates h[ he us$ to see ,pr(essor ,spald+ & ,pr(essor ,f]ri] seat$ side by side 9 ! /ud5ts' b5*es1 look+ on ! same book1 li/5+ to _! "y colleague ,pr(essor ,sell>'s inspir+ lectures1 & at int]vals ex*ang+ snuff-boxes4 ,he gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 la/ visit to ,f]ri]1 :5 he 0 on 8 dea?b$1 b /ill 9 8 libr>y among 8 books3 ',he told me t 8 disease 0 mortal2 b face to face ) dea? he 0 *e]ful & cont5t$1 & _h bat$ n "o jot ( 8 int]e/ 9 le>n+ & 9 public ev5ts4 ,he 0 v anxi\s t ,i %\ld take lun* ) ,mrs4 ,f]ri] & ! re/ ( ! family2 & ?\gh he c\ld n jo9 u1 he s5t into ! d9+-room a special bottle ( w9e z a sub/itute = himself4 ,two mon?s aft]w>ds he _h pass$ away4' ,tullo* writes aft] ! sad ev5t _h occurr$3#ac ',i h1 ( c\rse1 he>d ! sad news f ,/4 ,&rews4 ,:at sadness x has be5 to me ,i _c tell y4 ,/4 ,&rews nev] c be ! same place )\t ,f]ri]4 ,god kn[s :at is to become ( ! ,univ]sity ) all ^! breaks ^u its old society2 & :]e c we supply su* a place z ,f]ri]'s8' ,& 8 biograph] adds3 ',! removal ( t delicate & cle> _s f a little society 9 :i* 8 position 0 s important1 & 8 innate ref9em5t ( m9d s p[]ful & b5eficial an influ5ce1 0 a loss almo/ indescribable1 n only to ! fri5ds :o lov$ him1 b to ! ,univ]sity4 ,8 great reputation 0 an hon\r to ! place1 comb9+ z x did s _m associations ( ! brilliant pa/ ) t due to ! f9e/ intellectual p]ception & ! mo/ engag+ & attractive "*4 ,ev5 8 little :imsicalities & /ra9 ( qua9t hum\r gave a *>m ! m2 & ! clos+ ( ! *e]ful h\se1 ! c5tre ( wit & brightness to ! academical community1 0 a loss :i* ,/4 ,&rews nev] fail$ to feel1 nor ! survivors to lam5t4' #ac ,memoir1 p4 #aif1 by ,mrs4 ,oliphant4 ,pr(essor ,f]ri] 0 occasionally call$ ^u to make a visit to ,london1 al?\gh ?is did n seem to h be5 by any means a frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,bus9ess he mu/ occasionally h _h !re1 = 9 #ahfa he 0 appo9t$ to exam9e 9 ! ,london ,univ]sity1 & 9 #ahfc1 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ! ,society ( ,arts (f]$ him an exam9]%ip 9 ,logic & ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 9 place ( ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 :i* he accept$4 ,b ( "o visit :i* he paid 9 #aheh1 ) ,pr9cipal ,tullo* z jo9t delegate f ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews1 ,mrs4 ,oliphant gives an amus+ acc\nt1 9 h] ,memoir ( ,pr9cipal ,tullo*4#ad ,! object ( ! deputation 0 to wat* ! progress ( ! ,univ]sity ,bill ?r\gh ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,?is ,bill 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts aft] regulat+ ! /udies1 degrees1 etc41 ( ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 & also dealt ) an increase 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y grant :i*1 if x pass$1 w\ld consid]ably affect ! ,pr(essors' incomes z well z ! res\rces ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! ,bill1 :i* 0 "u ! *>ge ( ,"l ,advocate ,+lis 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,ju/ice-,g5]al ( ,scotl&71 likewise provid$ t 9 ea* ,univ]sity a ,univ]sity ,c\rt %\ld be e/abli%$1 z also a ,univ]sity ,c\ncil compos$ ( graduates4 ,f]ri] & ,tullo* no d\bt did _! "p 9 ! bus9ess :i* !y _h 9 h&3 !y visit$ all ! ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t :o 7 likely to be int]e/$1 z o!r ,scotti% deputations h done be=e & s9ce1 & receiv$ ! same evasive & v>y+ replies4 ,b 9 ! ev5+s1 & :5 !y 7 free1 !y ent]ta9$ !mselves 9 diff]5t fa%ion4 ,fir/ ( all1 !y h h>dly arriv$ aft] _! long night's j\rney's travel be=e !y bur/ ^u ! 'trim & well-ord]$ room :]e ,mr4 ,john ,blackwood & 8 wife 7 seat$ at breakfa/'--?is evid5tly at ,f]ri]'s in/igation4 ,!n1 hav+ settl$ 9 ,duke ,/reet1 ,/4 ,james's1 !y are ask$1 r inappropriately1 x w\ld seem1 to a ball1 :]e !y 7 'equally impress$ by ! size ( ! cr9ol9e & ! abs5ce ( beauty4' ,next ,cremorne 0 visit$1 ,tullo* decl>+ t 8 object 0 to take c>e ( 8 companion4 ',if y _h se5 ,f]ri] z he gaz$ frae him ) ! half-amus$1 half-sc[l+ expression he n unfrequ5tly assumes1 look+ bor$1 & yet ) a vague philosophical int]e/ at ! wond]ful expanse ( gay dresses & fre% womanhood ar\nd him6' ',he w g n[h]e )\t a cab2 to-day = ! fir/ "t ,i got him into an omnibus 9 se>* ( an ,ab]de5 ,pr(essor1 a wild & w&]+ di/ance :i* we ?\ght we nev] %\ld rea*4' ,! !atre 0 visit$1 too2 ,le> 0 be+ play$1 v possibly by ,*>les ,kean4 ,9 ! ,royal ,academy1 ,fri?'s ,d]by ,day 0 ! attraction ( ! ye>4 ,b q rem>kable 0 ! int]e/ :i* ,f]ri]--:o did n appreciate 9 g5]al 'go+ to *ur*1' & us$ to say he pref]r$ to sit & li/5 to ! fa9t s\nds ( ! organ f ! quiet ( 8 room--betray$ 9 ! eloqu5ce ( ,spurgeon1 !n at ! height ( 8 fame & attract+ enorm\s congregations r\nd him 9 ! ,surrey ,g>d5 ,!atre4 ,tullo* wrote to 8 wife3 ',we h j be5 to he> ,spurgeon1 & h be5 bo? s mu* impress$ t ,i write to give y my impressions :ile !y are fre%4 ,z we came out we bo? confess$1 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t t1 & ,i 0 /ruck ) ,f]ri]'s rem>kable expression1 ,i feel x w\ld d me good to he> ! l ( t1 x sat s close to reality4 ,! s]mon is ab\t ! mo/ real ?+ ,i h come 9 contact ) = a long "t4' ,! build+ 0 l>ge & airy1 ) w9d[-doors f :i* y c\ld walk into ! g>d5s beyond1 & ,f]ri]1 ,tullo* writes1 n[ & !n took a turn 9 ! fre% air outside :ile ! s]mon 0 progress+4 #ad ,p4 #abg4 ,aft] ,london1 ,ox=d 0 visit$1 & "h ! fri5ds liv$ at ,balliol ) ,mr4 ,j[ett1 :o _h n yet become ! ,ma/]4 ,f]ri] w\ld d\btless delight 9 %[+ to 8 fri5d ! beauties ( ! place ) :i* he _h s _m memories1 b to att5d eight-o'clock *apel ) ,tullo* 01 ! latt] tells u1 beyond ! limits ( 8 zeal4 ,j be=e ?is1 9 #aheg1 ano!r visit 0 paid by ,f]ri] to ,ox=d ) 8 family1 & ?is "t to visit ,lady ,grant1 ! "m ( 8 future son-9-law4 ,x 0 at ,commemoration-"t1 we are told1 & a ball 0 giv5 9 hon\r ( ! p>ty4 ,on ?is occasion ,f]ri] = ! fir/ "t met ,pr(essor ,j[ett1 besides _m o!r k9dr$ spirits1 & he ?or\ghly enjoy$ w&]+ ab\t ! old haunts at ,magdal51 :]e 9 8 y\? he _h pelt$ ! de] & play$ ! "p ( a "y & ?\ghtless g[nsman4 ,a little book 0 publi%$ "s ye>s ago1 on beho( ( ! ,/4 ,&rews ,/ud5ts' ,union1 entitl$ ,speculum ,univ]sitatis1 9 :i* =m] /ud5ts & alumni pi\sly record _! recollections ( _! ,alma ,mat]4 ,"s ( ^! pap]s br+ be=e u v vividly ! sort ( impression :i* ! life left ^u ! lads1 drawn toge!r f all mann] ( home surr\nd+s1 & equally influ5c$ by ! memories ( ! pa/ & ! liv+ pres5ce ( ^? :o 7 ! means ( op5+ up new tracts ( k to _! view4 ,"o ( !m1 already (t5 quot$1 says 9 a pap] call$ ',! ,light ( ,long ,ago'3 ',i always s9k into ! conviction t ! ,/4 ,&rews ,unit$ ,college 0 nev] s well wor? att5d+ z dur+ ! days :5 9 its classrooms ,duncan taught ,ma!matics1 ,spald+ taught ,logic1 & ,f]ri] taught ,metaphysics & ,moral ,sci5ce1 illu/rat+ liv+ lit]ature 9 8 lit]>y /yle1 & 9 ! /range tones1 pauses1 & inflections ( 8 voice4 ,to ! field ( lit]ature & speculation ,f]ri] re/or$ glimpses ( ! sun%9e ( ,p>adise4 ,"u 8 magical spell !y ceas$ to look l fields t _h be5 curs$ ) we$s1 wat]$ ) sweat & te>s1 & levell$ & plant$ ) untold lab\r4 ,e utt]ance ( 8 t5d$ alike to disclose ! beauty & p5etrate ! my/]y ( exi/5ce4 ,he 0 a p]sev]+ philosoph]1 b he 0 also a poet by a gift ( nature4 ,! burd5 ( ?is mo/ un9telligible _w did n oppress him1 nor any o!r burd54 ,intellectual action prov+ ! riddles ( reason 0 a joy to him4 ,he lov$ philosophy & poetry = _! own sake1 & he infect$ o!rs ) a k9dr$1 b n an equal1 passion4 ,he c\ld je/ & laugh & play4 ,if he ev] discov]$ t mu* /udy is a we>9ess ( ! fle%1 he mo/ effectually conceal$ t discov]y4' ,& to conclude1 we h ! te/imony ( ano!r =m] /ud5t :o is n[ di/+ui%$ 9 ! fields ( lit]ature1 b :o always rema9s fai?ful to 8 home ( e>ly days4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang says3 ',pr(essor ,f]ri]'s lectures on ,moral ,philosophy 7 ! mo/ int]e/+ & inspirit+ t ,i ev] li/5$ to ei!r at ,ox=d or ,/4 ,&rews4 ,i look$ on ,mr4 ,f]ri] ) a k9d ( my/]i\s rev]5ce1 z on ! la/ ( ! gold5 *a9 ( great philosoph]s4 ,!re 01 ,i "k n :at ( dignity1 ( hum\r1 & ( wisdom 9 8 face2 !re 0 an air ( ! /ud5t1 ! vanqui%] ( difficulties1 ! discov]] ( hidd5 k1 9 him t ,i h se5 9 no o!r4 ,8 me?od at t "t 0 to lecture on ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 & 8 mann] 0 s p]suasive t "o believ$ firmly 9 ! t5ets ( ea* s*ool he describ$1 till he advanc$ ^? ( ! next6 ,?us ! :ole hi/orical evolution ( ?\ght w5t on 9 ! m9d ( ea* ( 8 li/5]s4' ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,life ,,at ,,/4 ,,&rews ,9 an old-_w t[n l ,/4 ,&rews ! /ately1 old-_w ,moral ,philosophy ,pr(essor mu/ h seem$ wond]fully 9 8 place4 ,!re are m5 :o1 good-look+ 9 y\?1 become 'ord9>y-look+' 9 lat] ye>s1 b ,f]ri]'s looks 7 n ( su* a k9d4 ,to ! la/--( c\rse he 0 n an old man :5 he di$--he pres]v$ ! same di/+ui%$ appe>ance t we are told m>k$ him out f among/ 8 fell[s :ile /ill a y\?4 ,! tall figure1 clad 9 old-fa%ion$1 well-cut coat & :ite duck tr\s]s1 ! close-%av5 face1 & m]ry tw9kle ab\t ! eye signify+ a s5se ( hum\r :i* remov$ him f> f any?+ :i* we associate ) ! "n ( p$ant2 ! dignity1 :5 dignity 0 requir$1 & yet ! sympa?y always ready to be ext5d$ to ! /ud5t1 h[ev] f> he 0 f tak+ up ! po9t1 if he 7 only try+ 8 be/ to compreh5d--all ?is made up to ^? :o knew him1 ! man1 ! s*ol>1 & ! high-br$ g5tleman1 :i*1 9 no ord9>y or conv5tional s5se1 ,pr(essor ,f]ri] 04 ,x is ! p]sonality :i*1 :5 ye>s h pass$ & individual traits h be5 =gott51 x is s difficult to reproduce4 ,! p]sonal attraction1 ! atmosph]e ( culture & *ivalry1 :i* 0 always felt to hang ab\t ! ,pr(essor1 has n be5 =gott5 by ^? :o c recall him 9 ! old ,/4 ,&rews days2 b :o c reproduce ?is *>m1 or d m ?an /ate its exi/5ce z a fact8 ,p]haps ?is sort only comes to ^? ^: life is ma9ly intellectual--:o h n mu*1 comp>atively speak+1 to suff] f ! r\gh & tumble to :i* ! 'practical' man is subject$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e]4 ,sometimes x is said t ^? :o prea* high maxims ( philosophy & conduct belie _! doctr9es 9 _! outw>d lives2 b on ! :ole1 :5 we review _! c>e]s1 ?is w\ld wond]fully seldom seem to be ! case4 ,f ,socrates' "t onw>ds we h _h philosoph]s :o h taught virtue & practis$ x simultane\sly1 & 9 no case has ?is comb9ation be5 bett] exemplifi$ 9 rec5t days ?an 9 t ( ,james ,fr$]ick ,f]ri]1 & "o :o unsuccessfully conte/$ 8 *air ^u 8 dea?1 ,?omas ,hill ,gre51 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy at ,ox=d4 ,x seems z ?\gh x may aft] all be good to speculate on ! deep ?+s ( ! e>? z well z to d ! de$s ( righte\sness4 ,if ! say+ is true1 t ! happie/ man is he :o is )\t a hi/ory1 !n ,f]ri] has e claim to be enroll$ 9 ! ranks ( ^? :o h atta9$ _! end4 ,= happ9ess 0 an end to ,f]ri]3 he _h no idea ( practis+ virtue 9 ! ab/ract1 & f9d+ a suffici5cy 9 ?is4 ,he believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! happ9ess to be s\ght = 0 ! happ9ess ( realis+ our highe/ aims1 & ! aim he put be=e him he v l>gely succe$$ 9 atta9+4 ,8 life 0 :at mo/ p w\ld consid] monoton\s en\gh3 few ev5ts outside ! ord9>y occurr5ces ( family & ,univ]sity life broke 9 ^u its tranquil c\rse4 ,unlike ! cu/om ( "s ( 8 colleagues1 summ] & w9t] alike 7 pass$ by ,f]ri] 9 ! qua9t old sea-b\nd t[n4 ,he liv$ !re l>gely = 8 "w & books4 ,n t he dislik$ society2 he took ! deepe/ int]e/ ev5 9 8 d9n]-p>ties1 & :e!r z a ho/ or z a gue/1 0 equally delightful z a companion or z a talk]4 ,b 9 8 books he f\nd 8 real life2 he w\ld take !m d[n to table1 & b$ he seldom rea*$ till midnight 0 pass$ by two h\rs at lea/4 ,"o :o knew & c>$ = him1 ! attractive wife ( "o ( 8 colleagues1 :o sp5t t5 sessions at ,/4 ,&rews be=e di/+ui%+ ! ,humanity ,*air 9 ,ed9burgh1 tells h[ ! ,we/ ,p>k h\se _h some?+ ab\t its atmosph]e t m>k$ x out z unique--some?+ :i* 0 due 9 great measure to ! cultur$ fa!r1 b also to ! bright & witty "m & ! ?ree beautiful "y daught]s1 :o toge!r =m$ a h\sehold by itself1 & "o :i* made ! grey old t[n a diff]5t place to ^? :o liv$ 9 x4 ,f]ri]1 z we h se51 _h _m di/+ui%$ colleagues 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,besides ,pr(essor ,sell>1 :o held ! ,*air ( ,greek1 !re 0 ! ,pr9cipal ( ,/4 ,m>y's 7,pr9cipal ,tullo*71 ,pr(essor ,%airp1 !n ,pr(essor ( ,lat91 & lat] on ! ,pr9cipal2 ! ,logic ,pr(essor1 ,veit*1 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,unit$ ,colleges1 & o!rs4 ,b ! society 0 unconv5tional 9 ! extreme4 ,! sal>ies 7 n l>ge3 includ+ fees1 ! ord9ance ( ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities ,commission appo9t+ ! sal>ies ( ,pr(essors 9 #ahfa1 e/imates ! sal>y ( ! pr(essor%ip ( ,moral ,philosophy at ,/4 ,&rews at #ddd1 #ahs41 & ! ,pr9cipal only receiv$ ab\t #ajj m4 ,b !re 7 n ^? social cu/oms & conv5tions to ma9ta9 t succe$ 9 mak+ life on a small income irksome 9 a l>g] city4 ,all 7 practically on ! same level 9 ! ,univ]sity circle1 & ,/4 ,&rews 0 n invad$ by s l>ge an army ( golf+ visitors !n z n[1 ?\gh ! game ( c\rse 0 play$ ) equal ke5ness & en?usiasm4 ,pr(essor ,f]ri] took no "p 9 ?is or o!r physical amusem5t3 possibly x _h be5 bett] = him _h he left 8 books & /udy at times to d s4 ,! fri5d spok5 ( above tells1 h[ev]1 ( ! m]ry p>ties :o walk$ home aft] d9+ out1 ! laugh+ prote/s :i* %e made aga9/ ! ,pr(essor's ra% /atem5t 79 allusion to 8 !ory ( p]ception-mecum7 t %e 0 'unr$eem$ nons5se' )\t him2 ! way 9 :i*1 :5 an idea /ruck him1 he w\ld walk to h] h\se ) 8 daught]1 reg>dless ( ! lat5ess ( ! h\r1 & ?r[ pebbles at ! light$ b$room w9d[s to ga9 admittance--& ( c\rse a hospitable supp]2 h[ %e1 kn[+ t a tablemaid 0 want$ 9 ! ,f]ri] e/abli%m5t1 dress$ up z su* & int]view$ ! mi/ress1 :o f\nd h] highly satisfactory b curi\sly resembl+ h] fri5d ,mrs4 ,sell>2 & h[ :5 ?is 0 told h] husb&1 he exclaim$1 ',:y1 ( c\rse x's %e dress$ up2 let u pursue h]1' :i* 0 done ) good effect6 ,all ^! tales1 & _m o!rs l !m1 %[ :at ! homely1 sociable1 & yet cultur$ life 0 l--a life su* z we 9 ?is c\ntry seldom h exp]i5ce (3 p]haps t ( a ,g]man ,univ]sity t[n may mo/ resemble x4 ,9 spite ( be+ 9 _m ways a recluse1 ,f]ri] 0 ev] a fav\rite ) 8 /ud5ts1 j because he treat$ !m1 n ) famili>ity inde$1 b z g5tlem5 l himself4 ,o!r ,pr(essors 7 *e]$ :5 !y appe>$ 9 public1 b ! l\de/ *e]s 7 always giv5 to ,f]ri]4 ,mrs4 ,f]ri]'s brilliant p]sonality _m c rememb] :o knew h] dur+ h] wid[hood 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,%e _h inh]it$ _m ( h] fa!r1 ',*ri/oph] ,nor?'s' physical & m5tal gifts1 %[n 9 looks & wit4 ,a fri5d ( old days writes3 ',%e 0 a que5 9 ,/4 ,&rews1 at once admir$ = h] wit1 h] eloqu5ce1 h] p]sonal *>ms1 & dread$ = h] free spee*1 h] p[]s ( ridicule1 & h] )]+ mimicry4 ,fai?ful1 h[ev]1 to h] fri5ds1 %e 0 belov$ by !m1 & !y w lam5t h] n[ z "o ( ! w>me/-he>t$ & mo/ highly-gift$ ( h] sex4' ,mrs4 ,f]ri] nev] wrote = publication1--%e is said to h scorn$ ! idea1--b ^? :o knew h] nev] c =get ! fl[ ( eloqu5ce1 ! wit & satire m+l$1 ! humor\s t\*es & ! ke5 s5se ( fun t *>act]is$ h] talk2 = %e 0 "o ( an era ( brilliant talk]s t w\ld seem to h pass$ away4 ,mrs4 ,f]ri]'s capacity = giv+ appropriate nicknames 0 well kn[n3 ,j[ett1 aft]w>ds ,ma/] ( ,balliol1 %e *ri/5$ ! 'little d[ny owl4' ,h] husb&'s philosophy %e graphically describ$ by say+ t 'x made y feel z if y 7 sitt+ up on a cl\d ) no?+ on1 a lucif] mat* 9 y\r h&1 b no?+ to /rike x on1'--a description appeal+ vividly to _m :o h tri$ to ma/] x6 ,9 _m ways %e seem$ a l9k ) ! pa/ ( bright memories 9 ,scotl&1 :5 ^! l9ks 7 v ne>ly sev]$4 ,five *ildr5 9 all 7 born to h]2 ( h] sons "o1 n[ dead1 inh]it$ _m ( 8 fa!r's gifts4 ,h] eld] daught]1 ,lady ,grant1 ! wife ( ,sir ,alex&] ,grant1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity & a di/+ui%$ classical s*ol>1 likewise succe$$ to mu* ( h] "m's grace & *>m z well z ( h] fa!r's accompli%m5ts4 ,"u ! initials ',o4 ,j4' %e 0 9 ! habit ( contribut+ delightful humor\s sket*es to ,blackwood's ,magaz9e--! magaz9e :i* h] fa!r & h] gr&fa!r _h s (t5 contribut$ to 9 _! day2 b h] life 0 n a long "o3 %e di$ 9 #ahie1 elev5 ye>s aft] h] husb&1 & :ile _m possibilities seem$ /ill be=e h]4 ,p]haps we might try to picture to ourselves ! life 9 :i* ,f]ri] play$ s prom95t a "p 9 ! only real ,univ]sity t[n ( :i* ,scotl& c boa/4 ,= x is 9 ,/4 ,&rews t ! traditional di/9ctions betwe5 ! ,college & ! ,univ]sity are ma9ta9$1 t !re is ! solemn /illness :i* befits an anci5t seat ( le>n+1 t e /ep br+s "o 9 view ( "s monum5t ( ages t are pa/ & gone1 & t we are rem9d$ n only ( ! le>n+ ( our ance/ors1 ( _! piety & devotion to ! ,college !y built & end[$1 b ( ! secul> hi/ory ( our c\ntry z well4 ,9 ?is1 at lea/1 ! little ,univ]sity ( ! ,nor? has an advantage ov] h] ri* & p[]ful rivals1 inasmu* z !re is h>dly any important ev5t :i* has tak5 place 9 ,scotti% hi/ory b has left its m>k ^u ! place4 ,no wond] ! love ( h] /ud5ts to ! ,alma ,mat] is prov]bial4 ,9 ,scotl& we h little left to tell u ( ! m$ival *ur* & life1 s completely has ! ,re=mation done its "w1 & s ?or\ghly 0 ! l& cle>$ ( its 'popi% images'2 & h5ce we value :at little !re rema9s to u all ! m4 ,& ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews1 ! olde/ ( our seats ( le>n+1 has come d[n to u f m$ival days4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by a ,ca?olic bi%op 9 #adaa1 ab\t a c5tury aft] ! d$ication ( ! ,ca!dral1 n[1 ( c\rse1 a ru94 ,b x is to ! good ,bi%op ,k5n$y :o e/abli%$ ! ,college ( ,/4 ,salvator1 "o ( ! two ,unit$ ,colleges ( lat] times1 t we ascribe mo/ hon\r 9 ref]5ce to ! old f\ndation4 ,n only did he build ! ,college on ! site :i* 0 aft]w>ds occupi$ by ! classrooms 9 :i* ,f]ri] & 8 colleagues taught1 b he likewise end[$ !m ) ve/m5ts & ri* jewels1 includ+ among/ _! numb]s a beautifully *as$ silv] mace :i* may /ill be se54 ,( ! old ,college build+s !re is b ! *apel & janitor's h\se n[ exi/+2 )9 ! *apel1 :i* is mod]nis$ & us$ = ,presbyt]ian s]vice1 is ! anci5t f\nd]'s tomb4 ,! quadrangle1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 fell into disrepair1 & ! pres5t build+s are comp>atively ( rec5t date4 ,! next ,college f\nd$--t ( ,/4 ,leon>d--:i* became e>ly imbu$ ) ,re=mation pr9ciples1 01 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 its f9ances _h become l[1 incorporat$ ) ,/4 ,salvator's1 & :5 conjo9$ !y 7 9 ,f]ri]'s "t1 z n[1 kn[n z ! ',unit$ ,college4' ,besides ! ,unit$ ,college !re 0 a ?ird & la/ ,college1 call$ ,/4 ,m>y's4 ,?\gh f\nd$ by ! la/ ( ! ,ca?olic bi%ops be=e ! ,re=mation1 x 0 subsequ5tly presid$ ov] by ! anti-prelati/s ,&rew ,melville & ,samuel ,ru!r=d4 ,/4 ,m>y's has always be5 devot$ to ! /udy ( !ology4 ,b ! hi/ory ( h] colleges is n all t has to be told ( ! anci5t city4 ,association x has ) ne>ly all :o h _h to d ) ! mak+ ( our hi/ory--! good ,que5 ,m>g>et1 ,beaton1 &1 above all1 ,que5 ,m>y & h] great oppon5t ,knox4 ,! ru9$ ,ca/le has _m tales to tell c\ld /ones & trees h tongues--/ories ( blood%$1 ( battle1 ( ! long siege :5 ,knox 0 =c$ to yield to ,france & be c>ri$ to ! galleys4 ,aft] ! murd] ( ,ar*bi%op ,%>p1 & ! revolution ( #afhh1 ! t[n once s prosp]\s dw9dl$ away1 & decay$ into an unimportant seaport4 ,!re is curi\sly little attractive ab\t its situation 9 _m reg>ds4 ,x is out ( ! way1 difficult ( access once ^u a "t1 & ev5 n[ n on a ma9 l9e ( rail1 too ne> ! great cities1 & yet at ! same "t too f> (f4 ,! coa/ is dang]\s = fi%]m51 & !re is no h>b\r t c be call$ su*4 ,no wond]1 x seems1 t ! t[n became neglect$ & insanit>y1 t ,dr4 ,johnson speaks ( '! sil5ce & solitude ( inactive indig5ce & gloomy depopulation1' & left x ) 'm\rnful images4' ,b if ,/4 ,&rews _h its drawbacks1 x _h /ill m its comp5sations4 ,x _h its l9ks--! long /ret* ( s&hills spread f> along ! coa/1 & br++ cr[ds ( visitors to ! t[n e summ] z x comes r\nd2 & = ! pursuit ( le>n+ ! remot5ess ( position has "s advantages4 ,ev5 at its wor/ ! ,univ]sity %[$ signs ( its recup]ative p[]s4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury ,*alm]s 0 assi/ant to ! ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 & !n occupi$ ! ,*air ( ,moral ,philosophy 7t *air to :i* ,f]ri] 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$71 & drew cr[ds ( /ud5ts r\nd him4 ,!n came a "t ( innovation4 ,if 9 #ahba ,/4 ,&rews 0 badly pav$1 ill-light$1 & ru9\s1 an era ( re=m set 94 ,new classrooms 7 built1 ! once neglect$ libr>y 0 add$ to & re>rang$1 & ! t[n 0 put to rights ?r\gh an en]getic provo/1 ,major1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,hugh1 ,lyon ,playfair4 ,he made 'crook$ places /raight' 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 swept away ! 'midd5s' t pollut$ ! air1 saw to ! light+ & pav+ ( ! /reets1 & g5]ally br\ght ab\t ! improvem5ts :i* we expect to f9d 9 a mod]n t[n4 ',on be+ plac$ 9 ! civic *air1 he _h f\nd ! /reets unpav$1 unev51 ov]gr[n ) we$s1 & dirty2 ! ru9s ( ! "t-hon\r$ ,ca!dral & ,ca/le us$ z a qu>ry = gre$y & sacrilegi\s build]s1 & ! ,univ]sity build+s fall+ into disrepair2 & he _h resolv$ to *ange all ?is4 ,) p]si/5cy almo/ unexampl$1 he _h employ$ all ! arts ( p]suasion & compulsion ^u ^? :o _h ! p[] to rem$y ^! abuses4 ,he _h dunn$1 he _h coax$1 he _h bant]$1 he _h b>ga9$1 he _h borr[$1 he _h begg$2 & he _h be5 successful4 ,9 #ahea ! /reets 7 pav$ & clean1 ! f9e old ru9s 7 decl>$ sacr$1 & ! dilapidat$ p>ts ( ! ,univ]sity build+s _h be5 replac$ by a new edifice4 ,& he--! ,major1 z he 0 call$--a little man1 :ite-hair$1 %aggy-eyebr[$1 blue-ey$1 r$-fac$1 ) 8 hat cock$ on ! side ( 8 head1 & a /\t cane 9 8 h&1 walk$ ab\t 9 triumph1 ! uncr[n$ k+ ( ! place4'#ae #ae ,pleasant ,memories1 by ,david ,pryde1 ,,ll4,d4 ,( ?is same r5ovat+ provo/1 x is told t "o day he dropp$ 9 to see ! ,moral ,philosophy ,pr(essor1 :o1 h[ev] deeply engag$ ) 8 books1 0 always ready to receive 8 visitors4 ',well1 ,major1 ,i h j complet$ ! great "w ( my life4 ,9 ?is book ,i claim to make philosophy intelligible to ! meane/ und]/&+4' ,playfair at once reque/$ to he> "s ( x read al\d4 ,f]ri] reluctantly />t$ to read 9 8 sl[1 emphatic way1 till ! ,major became fidgety2 /ill he w5t on1 till ,playfair />t$ to 8 feet4 ',i say1 ,f]ri]1 d y mean to say ?is is intelligible to ! meane/ und]/&+8' ',d y und]/& x1 ,major8' ',yes1 ,i ?9k ,i d4' ',!n1 ,major1 ,i'm satisfi$4' ,( ! social life1 ,mrs4 ,oliphant says 9 h] ,life ( ,pr9cipal ,tullo*3 ',! society1 ,i believe1 0 m /ation>y ?an x has be5 s9ce1 & m entirely dispos$ to make ( ,/4 ,&rews ! pleasante/ & brighte/ ( abid+-places4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] 0 /ill ?ron$ 9 ,/4 ,leon>d's4 ,pr(essor ,f]ri]1 ) 8 witty & brilliant wife--he full ( quiet hum\r1 %e ( wilde/ wit1 a mimic ( al>m+ & delightful p[]1 ) some?+ ( ! c\nt5ance & mu* ( ! g5ius ( h] fa!r1 ! great ,*ri/oph] ,nor? ( ,blackwood's ,magaz9e--made ! brighte/ c5tre ( social mir? & meet+s4 ,we/ ,p>k1 _! pleasant home1 at ! p]iod :i* ,i record x1 0 ev] op51 ev] s\nd+ ) gay voices & m]ry laught]1 ) a b\ndless fre$om ( talk & comm5t1 & an endless /ream ( good company4 ,pr(essor ,f]ri] himself 0 "o ( ! greate/ metaphysicians ( 8 "t--! fir/ c]ta9ly 9 ,scotl&2 b ?is 0 p]haps less ^u ! surface ?an a numb] ( humor\s ways :i* 7 ! delight ( 8 fri5ds1 _m qua9t ab/ractions prop] to 8 philosophic "*1 & a happy fri5dl9ess & g5tl5ess along ) 8 wit1 :i* gave 8 society a cont9ual *>m4' ,pr(essor ,knight1 :o n[ occupies ,f]ri]'s place 9 ! pr(essoriate ( ,/4 ,&rews1 9 8 ,life ( ,pr(essor ,%airp1 quotes f a pap] ( rem9isc5ces by ,pr(essor ,sell>3 ',! c5tre ( all ! intellectual & social life ( ! ,univ]sity & ( ! t[n 0 ,pr(essor ,f]ri]4 ,he inspir$ 9 ! /ud5ts a feel+ ( affectionate devotion z well z admiration1 su* z ,i h h>dly ev] kn[n inspir$ by any tea*]2 & to _m ( !m 8 m]e pres5ce & be>+ 9 ! classroom 0 a l>ge elem5t 9 a lib]al education4 ,by all 8 colleagues he 0 e/eem$ z a man ( mo/ /]l+ hon\r1 a /aun* fri5d1 & a mo/ humor\s & delightful companion4444 ,!re c]ta9ly nev] 0 a h\sehold kn[n to ei!r ( u 9 :i* ! _s ( racy & orig9al hum\r & fun 0 s exub]ant & spontane\s 9 e memb] ( x1 z t ( :i* ! ,pr(essor & 8 wife--! mo/ gift$ & brilliant1 & mo/ l h] fa!r ( ! ?ree gift$ daught]s ( ,*ri/oph] ,nor?--7 ! heads4 ,our ev5+s !re g5]ally end$ 9 ! ,pr(essor's /udy1 :]e he 0 always ready to discuss1 ei!r f a s]i\s or humor\s po9t ( view 7n )\t cong5ial accompanim5t71 ! v>i\s po9ts ( 8 sy/em till ! morn+ 0 well advanc$4' ,f]ri]'s daught] writes ( ! h\se at ,we/ ,p>k3 ',x 0 an old-fa%ion$1 r\gh ca/ or h>l$ h\se /&+ on ! road 9 ,m>ket ,/reet1 b approa*$ ?r\gh a small gre5 gate & a %ort av5ue ( trees--trees t 7 engrav5 on ! he>t & memory f *ildhood4 ,! g>d5 at ! back /ill rema9s4 ,9 our "t x 0 a real old-fa%ion$ ,scot* g>d51 well /ock$ ) b]ries1 pe>s1 & apples2 qua9t grass walks ran ?r\gh x1 & a summ]-h\se ) /a9$-glass w9d[s /ood 9 a corn]4 ,we/ ,p>k 0 built on a site once occupi$ by ! ,grey ,fri>s1 & ,i am n romanc+ :5 ,i say t bones & co9s 7 kn[n to h be5 discov]$ 9 ! g>d5 ev5 9 our "t4 ,our home 0 socially a v amus+ & happy "o1 ?\gh my fa!r liv$ a good deal ap>t f u1 com+ d[n f 8 de> old libr>y occasionally 9 ! ev5+s to jo9 ! family circle4' ,?is family circle 0 occasionally supplem5t$ by a ,fr5* tea*] or a ,g]man1 & = "o ye> by a c]ta9 ,mrs4 ,hugg9s1 an old ex-actress :o orig9ally came to give a ,%akespe>e read+ 9 ,/4 ,&rews1 & :o fell into f9ancial difficulties1 & 0 invit$ by ! hospitable ,mrs4 ,f]ri] to make h] home = a "t at ,we/ ,p>k4 ,! visit 0 n 9 all respects a success1 ,mrs4 ,hugg9s be+ some:at exact+ 9 h] requirem5ts & difficult to satisfy4 ,s little "p did its ma/] take 9 h\sehold matt]s t x 0 only by accid5t1 aft] read+ pray]s "o ,sunday ev5+1 t he notic$ h] pres5ce4 ,on inquir+ :o ! /rang] 01 ,mrs4 ,f]ri] repli$1 ',oh1 t is ,mrs4 ,hugg9s4' ',!n :at is h] avocation8' ',to read ,%akespe>e & draw y\r w9d[-curta9s1' said ! ev]-ready ,mrs4 ,f]ri]6 ,! *ildr5 ( ! h\se 7 br\ght up to love ! /age & ev]yone p]ta9+ to x1 & :5ev] a /roll+ company came to ,/4 ,&rews ! ,f]ri]s 7 ! fir/ to att5d _! play4 ,! same daught] writes t :5 *ildr5 _! fa!r us$ to ?rill !m ) tales ( ,burke & ,h>e1 ! murd]]s & resurrectioni/s ^: do+s br\ght ab\t a reign ( t]ror 9 ,ed9burgh e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 ,z a boy1 ,f]ri] us$ to walk out to 8 gr&fa!r's 9 ,morn+side--!n a c\ntry suburb--9 fe> & trembl+1 expect+ e mom5t to meet ,burke1 ! object ( 8 t]ror4 ,on "o occasion he believ$ t he _h done s1 & skulk$ beh9d a h$ge & lay d[n till ! sc\rge ( ,ed9burgh pass$ by4 ,9 #ahbh he witness$ 8 hang+ 9 ! ,ed9burgh prison4 ,pr(essor ,wilson1 8 fa!r-9-law1 x may be recollect$1 spoke out 8 m9d ab\t ! fam\s ,dr4 ,knox 9 ! ,noctes z well z 9 8 classroom1 & x 0 a well-kn[n fact t 8 fav\rite ,newf\ndl& dog ,bront 0 poison$ by ! /ud5ts z an act ( retaliation4 ,murd] trials _h always a fasc9ation = ,f]ri]4 ,on "o occasion he read al\d to 8 *ildr5 ,de ,qu9cey's essay1 ',murd] z a ,f9e ,art1' :i* s t]rifi$ 8 y\nge/ daught] t %e c\ld h>dly br+ h]self to leave h] fa!r's libr>y = b$4 ,some:at sev]e to 8 sons1 to 8 daught]s ,f]ri] 0 specially k9d & indulg5t1 help+ !m ) _! ,g]man /udies1 read+ ,s*ill]'s plays to !m1 & :5 little *ildr5 tell+ !m old-_w fairy tales4 ,a pres5t ( ,grimm's ,tales1 br\ght by h] fa!r aft] a visit to ,london1 01 %e tells u1 a nev]-to-be-=gott5 joy to ! recipi5t4 ,! *>m ( ! ,we/ ,p>k h\se 0 spok5 ( by all ! num]\s "y m5 p]mitt$ to frequ5t its hospitable bo>d4 ,!re 0 a wond]ful concoction kn[n by ! "n ( ',bi%op1' aga9/ ^: attraction "o :o suff]$ by its pot5cy says t novices 7 w>n$1 m especially 9 view ( a c]ta9 sunk f5ce 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity :i* _h aft]w>ds to be avoid$4 ,! jokes t pass$ at ^! ent]ta9m5ts1 :i* 7 nev] dull1 are pa/ & gone1--_! piquancy w\ld be gone ev5 c\ld !y be reproduc$1--b ! impression left on ! m9ds ( ^? :o %>$ 9 !m is ineffaceable1 & is z vivid n[ z =ty ye>s ago4 ,!re 0 a cu/om1 n[ almo/ ext9ct1 ( keep+ books ( s-call$ ',confessions1' 9 :i* ! contributors _h ! r =midable task ( fill+ up _! likes or dislikes = ! ent]ta9m5t ( _! own]s4 ,9 ,mrs4 ,sell>'s album ,f]ri] made sev]al int]e/+ 'confessions'--:e!r we take !m au gr& srieux or only z playful je/s ) a gra9 ( tru? beh9d4 ,"h are "s ( ! que/ions & _! answ]s4 ,"q4 ,answ]4 ,y\r fav\rite "* 9 ,socrates4 hi/ory4 ,! "* y mo/ dislike4 ,calv94 ,y\r fav\rite k9d ( lit]ature4 ,! ,arabian ,nights4 ,y\r fav\rite au?or4 ,hegel4 ,y\r fav\rite occupation & ,driv+ ) a h&some amusem5t4 woman4 ,^? y dislike mo/4 ,fi%+1 walk+1 & danc+4 ,y\r fav\rite topics ( ,humor\s & t5d]4 conv]sation4 ,^? y dislike mo/4 ,/ati/ical & p]sonal4 ,y\r ambition4 ,to rea* ! ,tru?4 ,y\r ideal4 ,always to pay ready money4 ,y\r hobby4 ,peacemak+4 ,! virtue y mo/ admire4 ,reasonabl5ess4 ,! vices to :i* y are ,! _w1 ! fle%1 & mo/ l5i5t4 ! devil4 ,^! la/ two answ]s are v *>act]i/ic ( ,f]ri]'s po9t ( view 9 lat] days4 ,he 0 above all reasonable--no ascetic :o c\ld n und]/& ! temptations ( ! _w1 b "o :o enjoy$ its pleasures1 saw ! humor\s side ( life1 appreciat$ ! /hetic1 & yet kept ! dictates ( reason ev] be=e 8 m9d4 ,& 8 ambition to rea* ! ,tru? ',diff]$ f a ho/ ,( aims alike 9 "* & k9d1 ,mo/ly 9 ?is--t 9 itself alone ,%all its rew>d be1 n an ali5 end ,bl5d+ !re)4' ,?us1 l ,p>acelsus1 he aspir$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,la/ ,,days ,x us$ to be said t none c be c\nt$ happy until !y die1 & c]ta9ly ! mann] ( a man's dea? (t5 ?r[s light ^u 8 previ\s life1 & enables u to judge x z we %\ld n o!rwise h be5 able to d4 ,f]ri]'s dea? 0 :at 8 life _h be53 x 0 ) calm c\rage t he look$ x 9 ! face--! same calm c\rage ) :i* he fac$ ! p]haps ev5 great] problems ( life t pres5t$ !mselves4 ,dea? _h no t]rors to him2 he _h liv$ 9 ! consci\sness t x 0 an ess5tial factor 9 life1 & a factor :i* 0 n ev] to be ov]look$4 ,& he _h e opportunity1 physically speak+1 = expect+ its approa*4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahfa he _h a viol5t seizure ( ang9a pectoris1 aft] :i*1 al?\gh he tempor>ily recov]$1 he nev] completely rega9$ 8 /r5g?4 ,= "s weeks he 0 unable to meet 8 /ud5ts1 & !n1 :5 p>tially recov]$1 he arrang$ to hold ! class 9 ! d9+-room ( 8 h\se1 :i* 0 fitt$ up specially = ! purpose4 ,twice 9 ! ye> #ahfc 0 he attack$ 9 a simil> way2 9 ,june ( t ye> he w5t up to ,london to conduct ! exam9ation 9 philosophy ( ! /ud5ts ( ! ,london ,univ]sity2 b 9 ,octob]1 :5 he ought to h gone !re once m1 he 0 unable to c>ry out 8 int5tion4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,octob]1 ,dr4 ,*ri/ison 0 consult$ ab\t 8 /ate1 & pron\nc$ 8 case to be pa/ hope ( rem$y4 ,he op5$ 8 class on ! #aa? ( ,novemb] 9 8 own h\se1 b dur+ ?is mon? 0 g5]ally conf9$ to b$4 ,on ! #h? ( ,decemb] he 0 attack$ by conge/ion ( ! bra91 & nev] lectur$ aga94 ,8 class 0 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,rhoades1#af !n ,w>d5 ( ! rec5tly-f\nd$ ,college ,hall1 :o1 z _m o!rs among 8 colleagues w\ld h be5 ready to d1 will+ly und]took ! melan*oly task ( (ficiat+ = s belov$ & hon\r$ a fri5d4 ,aft] ?is1 all sev]e /udy & m5tal ex]tion 0 =bidd54 ,he became gradually weak]1 ) glimpses n[ & !n ( transitory improvem5t4 ,s 9 unfail+ c\rage & resignation1 n unwill+ to hope = long] respite1 b always prep>$ to die1 he placidly1 rev]5tly1 await$ ! close1 t5d$ by ! wat*ful c>e ( 8 devot$ wife & *ildr54#ag ,on ! #aa? day ( ,june #ahfd1 ,f]ri] pass$ away4 ,he is buri$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 ! old *ur*y>d ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t's1 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 ne> 8 fa!r & 8 gr&fa!r1 & _m o!rs ^: names are fam\s 9 ! annals ( 8 c\ntry4 #af ,aft]w>ds ,f]ri]'s son-9-law4 #ag ,lectures & ,philosophical ,rema9s1 ,introductory ,notes1 p4 xxii4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree ye>s1 9 :i* dea? _h be5 a "q ( b a %ort "t1 ,f]ri] _h n ceas$ to be busy & int]e/$ 9 8 "w4 ,! dates ( 8 lectures on ,greek ,philosophy %[ t he _h n fail$ to c>ry on ! "w ( br++ !m into %ape1 & ?\gh ! wi% c\ld n be accompli%$ 9 its entirety1 x speaks mu* = 8 resolution & det]m9ation t ?r\gh all 8 bodily weakness he kept 8 "w 9 h&4 ,( c\rse mu* _h to be =gone4 ,f]ri] 0 nev] :at is call$ robu/1 & 8 mann] ( life 0 n conducive to physical heal?1 comb9+ z x did late h\rs ) lack ( physical ex]cise4 ,b 9 ^! lat] ye>s he 0 unable to walk m ?an ! %orte/ di/ance1 ! asc5t ( a /aircase 0 an ef=t to him1 & t5d5cies to a/hma develop$ :i* mu/ h made 8 life (t5 en\gh a physical pa94 ,/ill1 ?\gh x 0 evid5t t !re c\ld be b "o end+ to ! /ruggle1 ,f]ri] gave expression to no compla9ts1 & ?\gh he might1 z ,pr9cipal ,tullo* says1 utt] a half-playful1 half-grim expression reg>d+ 8 suff]+s1 he nev] seem$ to ?9k !re 0 any?+ /range 9 !m1 any?+ t he %\ld n be> calmly z a man & z a ,*ri/ian4 ,nor did he talk ( *ange ( sc5e or climate z likely to give relief4 ,he 'quietly1 /eadily1 & *e]fully' fac$ ! issue1 be x :at x might4 ,! v day be=e he di$1 he 01 we are told1 9 8 libr>y1 busy among/ 8 books4 ,truly1 x may be said ( him z ( ano!r cut (f :ile yet 9 8 prime1 'he di$ le>n+4' ',t[>ds 8 fri5ds dur+ ?is "t1' says 8 biograph]1 'all t 0 sweete/ 9 8 disposition seem$ to ga9 /r5g? & expansion f ! ne> %ad[ ( dea?4 ,he spoke ( dea? ) entire fe>lessness1 & ?\gh ?is 0 no?+ new to ^? :o knew him be/1 x impress$ _! m9ds at ?is "t m vividly ?an ev]4 ,! less !y d>$ to hope = 8 life be+ prolong$1 ! m _! love & reg>d 7 deep5$ by 8 t5d] ?\ghtfulness = o!rs1 & ! k9dl9ess :i* annihilat$ all absorb+ conc]n = himself4 ,9 _m little *>act]i/ic t\*es ( hum\r1 frankness1 b5efic5ce1 beautiful gratitude = any slight help or att5tion1 8 true/ & be/ nature seem$ to come out all ! m freely2 he grew z x 7 m & m entirely himself inde$4 ,if ev] a man 0 true to philosophy1 or a man's philosophy true to him1 x 0 s ) ,f]ri] dur+ all ! "t :5 he look$ dea? 9 ! face & possess$ 8 s\l 9 pati5ce4' ,&1 z s (t5 happ5s :5 ! ?+s ( ?is _w are reg>d$ sub specie t]nitatis1 ! old animosities1 su* z !y 71 fad$ away4 ,x is told h[ a =m] oppon5t on philosophical que/ions ^: criticisms he _h res5t$1 call$ to inquire = him1 & :5 ! c>d 0 giv5 to him1 ,f]ri] exclaim$1 ',t mu/ be a good fell[6' ,pr9cipal ,tullo*1 8 fri5d & = t5 ye>s 8 colleague1 0 ) him con/antly1 & talk$ (t5 to him ab\t 8 "w--! "w on ,plato & 8 philosophy1 t he w\ld h lik$ to accompli% 9 ord] to complete 8 lectures4 ,! summ] be=e 8 dea? !y read toge!r "s ( ,plato's dialogues :i* he _h c>efully p5cill$ ) 8 notes4 ,he also took to read+ ,virgil1 9 :i* occupation 8 fri5d frequ5tly jo9$ ) him1 & ?is seem$ to relieve ! languor f :i* he suff]$4 ,z to religion1 :i* 0 a subject on :i* he ?\ght mu*1 al?\gh he did n frequ5tly express an op9ion1 ,tullo* says3 ',he 0 unable to feel mu* int]e/ 9 any ( its popul> =ms1 b he _h a mo/ int5se int]e/ 9 its great my/]ies1 & a ?or\gh rev]5ce = its tru?s :5 ^! 7 n disfigur$ by sup]/ition & =malism4' ,immortality1 z we h se51 meant to him t !re is a p]man5t & abid+ elem5t beyond ! m]ely p>ticul> & individual :i* mu/ pass away1 & s f> x 0 a reality 9 8 m9d4 ,god 0 a real pres5ce 9 ! _w1 & n a f> away div9ity 9 :om m5 believ$ b :om !y c\ld n "k2 b z to ! cre$s & doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 !y seem$ f> remov$ f ! ,ess5tial1 f true ,reality4 ,pr(essor 7aft]w>ds ,pr9cipal7 ,%airp writes3 ',9 ! visits :i* ,i made to 8 b$room f "t to "t1 :5 ,i f\nd him sometimes on *air or s(a1 sometimes 9 b$1 ,i nev] he>d "o peevi% or compla9+ ^w escape him1 no?+ b :at 0 calm & *e]ful1 ?\gh to himself z to o!rs x 0 evid5t t ! outw>d man 0 fa/ p]i%+4 ,! la/ "t b "o t ,i saw him 0 on a ,sunday 9 ,april4 ,he 0 sitt+ up 9 b$4 ,! conv]sation fell on s]i\s subjects1 on ! crav+ ! s\l feels = "s /r5g? & support out f & above itself1 on ! c]ta9ty t all m5 feel t ne$1 & on ! te/imony left by ^? :o h tri$ x mo/1 t !y _h f\nd t ne$ met by ,him ( ^: e>?ly life ! gospel hi/ories be> witness4 ,?is1 or some?+ l ?is1 0 ! subject on :i* our conv]sation turn$4 ,he paus$ & dwelt on ! ?\ght ( ! s\l's hung]4 ,hung] is ! great weav] 9 moral ?+s z 9 physical4 ,! hung] t is 9 ! new-born *ild sits weav+ ! :ole bodily frame1 bones & s9ews1 out ( no?+4 ,& s ,i suppose 9 moral & spiritual ?+s x is hung] t builds up ! be+4' ,pr(essor ,veit*1 a lat] colleague at ,/4 ,&rews1 adds3 ',we miss ! f9ely-cut decisive face1 ! erect manly pres5ce1 ! measur$ m$itative /ep1 ! fri5dly greet+4 ,b !re are m51 & ,f]ri] 0 "o ( !m1 = :om1 once kn[n1 !re is no real pa/4 ,! *>act]i/ic features & qualities ( su* m5 become "p ( our consci\s life2 memory keeps !m be=e u liv+ & influ5tial1 9 a high]1 tru] pres5t :i* ov]%ad[s ! actual & visible4' ,& ,pr(essor ,baynes speaks ( him z "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ pure-he>t$ m5 t he _h ev] kn[n1 comb9+ 'a f9e e!real intellig5ce ) a mo/ gallant1 t5d]1 & c\rage\s _s4' ,su* is ! man z he pres5t$ himself to 8 fri5ds ev5 :5 ! %ad[s 7 d>k5+ & ! la/ long j\rney com+ v ne>3 a true man & a good2 "o 9 ^: foot/eps we fa9 w\ld tread1 "o :o makes x easi] = ^? :o foll[ him to tread !m too4 ,8 "w 0 done2 x might seem unf9i%$--:at "w is ev] complete8 ,b he _h tak5 8 %>e 9 x1 ! little bit t any individual man c d1 & _h done x ) all 8 /r5g?4 ,& :at did x am\nt to8 ,0 x wor? ! lab\r ( s _m ye>s ( toil8 ,:o is !re :o c reply8 ,& yet we c see some?+ ( :at has be5 accompli%$2 we c see t philosophy has be5 made a m liv+ ?+ = ,scotl&1 t a bl[ has be5 /ruck aga9/ mat]iali/ic cre$s1 or beliefs :i* are m]ely =mal & )\t any true conv9c+ p[]4 ,x may n h be5 mu*3 ! "w 0 b begun1 & x 0 left to o!rs to c>ry t "w on4 ,b 9 philosophy1 z 9 ! re/1 x is ! fir/ /ep t co/s1 & amid great difficulty & consid]able opposition ,f]ri] took t /ep4 ,he left mu* unexpla9$2 he dwelt too mu* 9 ! cl\ds1 & did n try to solve ! real difficulties ( p]sonal1 individual life2 he did n %[ h[ 8 high-fl[n !ories work$ 9 a _w ( /rife & /ruggle1 ( s9 & sorr[4 ,he c\ld only be said to h /ruck a keynote1 b t keynote z f> z x w5t 0 true1 & ! h>monies may be left to foll[4 ,,fam\s ,,scots ,,s]ies4 ,"s ,op9ions ( ! ,press on ,,adam ,,smi?4 ,,by ,,hector ,c4 ,,macph]son4 ,! /yle is pleasant1 & ! treatm5t lum9\s4 ,! monograph1 z a :ole1 %\ld be f\nd attractive & in=m+4--,globe4 ,smi?'s life is briefly & cle>ly told1 & !re is a good deal ( indep5d5t criticism int]sp]s$ amid/ ! *apt]s on ! philosoph]'s two pr9cipal treatises4 ,mr4 ,macph]son's analysis ( ,smi?'s economic tea*+ makes excell5t read+4--,e*o4 ,8 p]sonal & intellectual c>e]1 s f> z ! limits ( ! ',fam\s ,scots' ,s]ies p]mitt$1 is cle>ly & ent]ta9+ly pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,macph]son4--,morn+ ,lead]4 ,! book is ( great price4 ,x is complete1 proportion$1 vivid1 ! picture ( a great man1 & ) all its brevity1 wor?y ( 8 greatness4--,expository ,times4 ,int]e/+ bo? z a contribution to ! lit]ature ( political economy1 & z a sket* ( ! c>e] ( "o ( ,scotl&'s mo/ illu/ri\s sons4--,publi%]s' ,circul>4 ,! monograph is a cle> & able exposition & criticism ( its subject4 ,x des]ves a prom95t place 9 ! s]ies x belongs to4--,bookman4 ,an int]e/+ & lively /udy ( ! ,engli% f\nd] ( political economy1 ?is little book is rem>kable z a :ole-he>t$ v9dication ( ! ,cobd5ic ideas ( int]national policy4 ,! au?or consid]s x to be ,adam ,smi?'s *ief a*ievem5t t he has demon/rat$ ) sci5tific complet5ess t ,free ,trade1 z ,cobd5 happily express$ x1 is ! int]national law ( ,god ,almighty4--,spectator4 ,?is little book is writt5 ) bra9s & a degree ( c\rage :i* is 9 keep+ ) its convictions4 ,x has vision1 too1 & t c\nts = righte\sness1 if any:]e1 9 political economy4--,speak]4 ,a s\nd & able piece ( "w1 & conta9s a fair & disc]n+ e/imate ( ,smi? 9 8 ess5tial "* z ! au?or ( ! doctr9e ( ,free ,trade1 & consequ5tly ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( economics4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,! writ] ( ?is biography des]ves to be w>mly congratulat$ on ! result ( 8 lab\r4 ,he has writt51 to my m9d at lea/1 "o ( ! be/ ( ! s]ies ( ',fam\s ,scots1' & has en%r9$ ! au?or ( ! ',weal? ( ,nations' 9 a mann] at once attractive1 int]e/+1 & in/ructive4--,nor!rn ,fig>o4 ,( ,adam ,smi? ! man !re are "s int]e/+ /ories 9 ?is volume4--,academy4 ,?is book is "o w>mly to be comm5d$ z among ! v be/ ( a notable s]ies4--,kilm>nock ,/&>d4 ,! /ory ( ,smi?'s life is pla9ly b int]e/+ly told1 ) occasional graphic descriptions ( ! society ( 8 "t2 b x w und\bt$ly be z an exposition ( ! philosophical que/ions involv$ t ! book w be mo/ highly priz$4--,daily ,free ,press4 ,x is a biography ) a specific purpose1 & ?is purpose is admirably work$ out4 ,9 "s respects1 inde$1 ,mr4 ,macph]son's object is educational4 ,n cont5t ) do+ ju/ice to ! great ma/] ( economic sci5ce1 he %[s :at we owe to o!r work]s 9 ! same s*ool ( ?\ght4--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,^? :o h read ,mr4 ,macph]son's ',?omas ,c>lyle1' ) :i* ?is highly int]e/+ s]ies 0 op5$1 w turn ) pleasure & expectancy to ! volume j issu$4 ,mr4 ,macph]son has giv5 u a volume mu* above ! av]age ( ! s]ies bo? 9 lit]>y m]it & ?\ghtfulness4 ,we /rongly recomm5d ?is excell5t p5-&-ink portrait1 ( ! man :o gave ,brita9 ! key to ! weal? ( ! _w1 ( our fell[-/ud5ts4--,/ud5t4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( an admirable s]ies4--,scots ,pictorial4 ,an admirable monograph4--,london ,daily ,mail4 ,a ?\ghtful & capably writt5 monograph4--,liv]pool ,daily ,po/4 ,mr4 ,macph]son /ates ! facts mo/ admirably1 & he has su* a k ( ! movem5ts & ev5ts ( ! times 9 :i* ,smi? liv$ t he is able to make an excell5t use ( !m z %[+ h[ !y influ5c$ su* a ?9k] z ! au?or ( ! ',weal? ( ,nations1' & h[1 9 turn1 he 0 able to *ange ! tr5d ( ! ?9k+ ( 8 age4--,p]?%ire ,c\ri]4 ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] says3 ,i h le>n$ mu* f y\r sket* ( ,adam ,smi?'s life & "w4 ,x pres5ts ! ess5tial facts 9 a lucid & int]e/+ way4 ,especially am ,i glad to see t y h insi/$ ^u ! individuali/ic "* ( 8 tea*+4 ,x is well t 8 au?ority on ! side ( individualism %\ld be put =w>d 9 ^! days ( rampant ,socialism1 :5 ! great mass ( legislative measures ext5d public ag5cy & re/rict private ag5cy2 ! advocates ( su* measures be+ bl9d to ! fact t by small /eps !y are br++ ab\t a /ate 9 :i* ! citiz5 w h lo/ all fre$om4