,italics are m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,ex ,libris ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogd5 ,,conway ,,memorial ,,lecture ,,free ,,?\ght ,,& ,,(ficial ,,propag&a ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,s\? ,,place ,,in/itute ,,on ,,m>* #bd1 #aibb ,,by ,! ,hon4 ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,pr(essor ,graham ,wallas 9 ! ,*air7 ,,watts ,,co41 ,,johnson',s ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4#d #aibb ,,*airman',s ,,introductory ,,address ,i h come "h to-night1 p>tly because ,i want to he> ,mr4 ,russell1 & p>tly because ( an old affection = ,s\? ,place & its traditions4 ,i myself h be5 = m ?an =ty ye>s a pr(essional tea*]2 & x is z a tea*]--:o ?irty-sev5 ye>s ago 0 dismiss$ = refus+ religi\s con=mity--t ,i mo/ easily approa* ! problem ( free ?\ght4 ,?\gh sy/ems ( education pr(ess+ to tea* m5 & wom5 h[ to ?9k h be5 9 use 9 ,europe =1 p]haps1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 we h n yet rea*$ t degree ( success :i* w\ld be %[n if mo/ educat$ p came to mu* ! same conclusions on ! great problems ( life f a /udy ( ! same evid5ce4 ,ev]y:]e y h rebels2 b n9ety p] c5t4 ( ,fr5* or ,am]ican /ud5ts ( hi/ory come to ,fr5* or ,am]ican conclusions1 & eighty-five p] c5t4 ( ,engli% /ud5ts come to ,engli% conclusions2 eighty p] c5t4 ( ,eton boys hold ,eton political op9ions all _! lives2 n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! ,iri% ,ca?olic population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates seem to hold g5]ation aft] g5]ation id5tical op9ions on religion & politics :i* are n held by ! va/ majority ( ,am]icans4 ,x may be said t 9 ^! cases only "o k9d ( evid5ce is all[$ to rea* ! /ud5ts 9 ea* in/itution4 ,b ev]ybody reads newspap]s1 & talks ) 8 neighb\rs1 & travels1 & visits museums2 & mo/ intellig5t p read books & magaz9es4 ,soon] or lat] mu* ( ! same evid5ce rea*es u all4 ,i myself believe t "o ( ! ma9 reasons :y we d n to a great] degree draw ! same conclusions f t evid5ce is t we d n really le>n ! difficult art ( ?\ght4 ,a boy at s*ool is taught to memorize & to und]/& ma!matical =mul or =eign languages or sci5tific /atem5ts4 ,b 9 weigh+ evid5ce ! ef=t ( memoriz+1 & ev5 ! ef=t ( und]/&+1 are n ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! effective process is a sort ( pa9ful & wat*ful expectancy4 ,a s*oolboy or a college /ud5t f9ds t he has an uncom=table s5se ( unreality 9 repeat+ "s accu/om$ =mula1 or writ+ an essay to en=ce "s accu/om$ l9e ( argum5t4 ,he %r9ks f t feel+1 z all animals %r9k f discom=t4 ,if he 7 taught :at are ! conditions ( effective ?\ght1 & 7 enc\rag$ to act on t lesson1 he w\ld "k t x is only by resolutely fa/5+ on su* vague & pa9ful premonitions1 & =c+ !m to come into full consci\sness & disclose _! deep] causes & t5d5cies t he c arrive at new tru? or make "s old tru? 8 own4 ,b :o is go+ to tell him ?is secret8 ,e day 9 ,london ?\s&s ( clev] & sympa!tic boys & girls beg9 ! day by sitt+ ?r\gh ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r ( ! dre>y 8,c[p]-,temple0 in/ruction :i* consi/s1 z ,bi%op ,temple once said1 ( tea*+ at ev]ybody's exp5se :at nobody believes4 ,!y may be consci\s or half-consci\s ( a feel+ ( unreality2 b1 ev5 if !y h n be5 taught t x is a sacr$ duty to 8/ruggle aga9/ d\bt10 !y %r9k1 z ! clev]e/ ( !m feel t ! tea*] is %r9k+1 f any fur!r exploration on t pa?4 ,p]haps "s day ! tea*]s & /ud5ts ( ! ord9>y s*ool & college subjects may le>n some?+ f ^? little isolat$ in/itutions :]e m5 & wom5 try to prep>e !mselves = ! creative arts4 ,! "y pa9t] or sculptor or memb] ( a gr\p ( "y poets is (t5 que]ly ignorant & "o-sid$4 ,b he lives 9 ano!r _w f t ( ! big conv5tional six?-=m boy at ,h>r[ or ,/4 ,paul's1 or ! hockey-play+ a?lete ( a girls' ,high ,s*ool1 because he has felt ! pa9 & ! exhil>ation rea*$ ?r\gh pa9 by :i* alone new tru? & new beauty are born into ! _w4 ,,free ,,?\ght ,,& ,,(ficial ,,propag&a ,moncure ,conway1 9 ^: hon\r we are assembl$ to-day1 devot$ 8 life to two great objects3 fre$om ( ?\ght & fre$om ( ! individual4 ,9 reg>d to bo? ^! objects1 some?+ has be5 ga9$ s9ce 8 "t1 b some?+ also has be5 lo/4 ,new dang]s1 some:at diff]5t 9 =m f ^? ( pa/ ages1 ?reat5 bo? k9ds ( fre$om1 & unless a vigor\s & vigilant public op9ion c be ar\s$ 9 def5ce ( !m1 !re w be mu* less ( bo? a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ?an !re is n[4 ,my purpose 9 ?is address is to emphasize ! new dang]s & to consid] h[ !y c be met4 ,let u beg9 by try+ to be cle> z to :at we mean by 8free ?\ght40 ,?is expression has two s5ses4 ,9 its n>r[] s5se x means ?\ght :i* does n accept ! dogmas ( traditional religion4 ,9 ?is s5se a man is a 8free ?9k]0 if he is n a ,*ri/ian or a ,mussulman or a ,buddhi/ or a ,%9toi/ or a memb] ( any ( ! o!r bodies ( m5 :o accept "s inh]it$ or?odoxy4 ,9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries a man is call$ a 8free ?9k]0 if he does n decid$ly believe 9 ,god1 ?\gh ?is w\ld n suffice to make a man a 8free ?9k]0 9 a ,buddhi/ c\ntry4 ,i d n wi% to m9imize ! importance ( free ?\ght 9 ?is s5se4 ,i am myself a diss5t] f all kn[n religions1 & ,i hope t e k9d ( religi\s belief w die out4 ,i d n believe t1 on ! balance1 religi\s belief has be5 a =ce = good4 ,al?\gh ,i am prep>$ to admit t 9 c]ta9 times & places x has _h "s good effects1 ,i reg>d x z belong+ to ! infancy ( human reason1 & to a /age ( developm5t :i* we are n[ outgr[+4 ,b !re is also a wid] s5se ( 8free ?\ght10 :i* ,i reg>d z ( /ill great] importance4 ,inde$1 ! h>m done by traditional religions seems *iefly traceable to ! fact t !y h prev5t$ free ?\ght 9 ?is wid] s5se4 ,! wid] s5se is n s easy to def9e z ! n>r[]1 & x w be well to sp5d "s little "t 9 try+ to arrive at its ess5ce4 ,:5 we speak ( any?+ z 8free10 our mean+ is n def9ite unless we c say :at x is free f4 ,:atev] or :oev] is 8free0 is n subject to "s ext]nal compulsion1 & to be precise we ought to say :at ?is k9d ( compulsion is4 ,?us ?\ght is 8free0 :5 x is free f c]ta9 k9ds ( outw>d control :i* are (t5 pres5t4 ,"s ( ^! k9ds ( control :i* mu/ be abs5t if ?\ght is to be 8free0 are obvi\s1 b o!rs are m subtle & elusive4 ,to beg9 ) ! mo/ obvi\s4 ,?\ght is n 8free0 :5 legal p5alties are incurr$ by ! hold+ or n hold+ ( c]ta9 op9ions1 or by giv+ expression to "o's belief or lack ( belief on c]ta9 matt]s4 ,v few c\ntries 9 ! _w h z yet ev5 ?is elem5t>y k9d ( fre$om4 ,9 ,engl&1 "u ! ,blasphemy ,laws1 x is illegal to express disbelief 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ?\gh 9 practice ! law is n set 9 motion aga9/ ! well-to-d4 ,x is also illegal to tea* :at ,*ri/ taught on ! subject ( non-resi/ance4 ,!re=e1 :oev] wi%es to avoid becom+ a crim9al mu/ pr(ess to agree ) ,*ri/'s tea*+1 b mu/ avoid say+ :at t tea*+ 04 ,9 ,am]ica no "o c ent] ! c\ntry )\t fir/ solemnly decl>+ t he disbelieves 9 an>*ism & polygamy2 &1 once inside1 he mu/ also disbelieve 9 communism4 ,9 ,japan x is illegal to express disbelief 9 ! div9ity ( ! ,mikado4 ,x w ?us be se5 t a voyage r\nd ! _w is a p]il\s adv5ture4 ,a ,mohamm$an1 a ,tol/oyan1 a ,bol%evik1 or a ,*ri/ian _c und]take x )\t at "s po9t becom+ a crim9al1 or hold+ 8 tongue ab\t :at he consid]s important tru?s4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 applies only to /e]age pass5g]s2 saloon pass5g]s are all[$ to believe :atev] !y please1 provid$ !y avoid (f5sive obtrusiv5ess4 ,x is cle> t ! mo/ elem5t>y condition1 if ?\ght is to be free1 is ! abs5ce ( legal p5alties = ! expression ( op9ions4 ,no great c\ntry has yet rea*$ to ?is level1 al?\gh mo/ ( !m ?9k !y h4 ,! op9ions :i* are /ill p]secut$ /rike ! majority z s mon/r\s & immoral t ! g5]al pr9ciple ( tol]ation _c be held to apply to !m4 ,b ?is is exactly ! same view z t :i* made possible ! tortures ( ! ,inquisition4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,prote/antism seem$ z wick$ z ,bol%evism seems n[4 ,please d n inf] f ?is rem>k t ,i am ei!r a ,prote/ant or a ,bol%evik4 ,legal p5alties are1 h[ev]1 9 ! mod]n _w1 ! lea/ ( ! ob/acles to fre$om ( ?\ghts4 ,! two great ob/acles are economic p5alties & di/ortion ( evid5ce4 ,x is cle> t ?\ght is n free if ! pr(ession ( c]ta9 op9ions makes x impossible to e>n a liv+4 ,x is cle> also t ?\ght is n free if all ! argum5ts on "o side ( a controv]sy are p]petually pres5t$ z attractively z possible1 :ile ! argum5ts on ! o!r side c only be discov]$ by dilig5t se>*4 ,bo? ^! ob/acles exi/ 9 e l>ge c\ntry kn[n to me1 except ,*9a1 :i* is ! la/ refuge ( fre$om4 ,x is ^! ob/acles ) :i* ,i %all be conc]n$--_! pres5t magnitude1 ! likelihood ( _! increase1 & ! possibility ( _! dim9ution4 ,we may say t ?\ght is free :5 x is expos$ to free competition among beliefs--i4e41 :5 all beliefs are able to /ate _! case1 & no legal or pecuni>y advantages or disadvantages atta* to beliefs4 ,?is is an ideal :i*1 = v>i\s reasons1 c nev] be fully atta9$4 ,b x is possible to approa* v mu* ne>] to x ?an we d at pres5t4 ,?ree incid5ts 9 my own life w s]ve to %[ h[1 9 mod]n ,engl&1 ! scales are weight$ 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,my reason = m5tion+ !m is t _m p d n at all realize ! disadvantages to :i* av[$ ,agno/icism /ill exposes p4 ,! fir/ incid5t belongs to a v e>ly /age 9 my life4 ,my fa!r 0 a ,free?9k]1 b di$ :5 ,i 0 only ?ree ye>s old4 ,wi%+ me to be br\ght up )\t sup]/ition1 he appo9t$ two ,free?9k]s z my gu>dians4 ,! ,c\rts1 h[ev]1 set aside 8 w1 & _h me educat$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,i am afraid ! result 0 disappo9t+1 b t 0 n ! fault ( ! law4 ,if he _h direct$ t ,i %\ld be educat$ z a ,*ri/adelphian or a ,muggletonian or a ,sev5?-,day ,adv5ti/1 ! ,c\rts w\ld n h dream$ ( object+4 ,a p>5t has a "r to orda9 t any imag9able sup]/ition %all be in/ill$ into 8 *ildr5 aft] 8 dea?1 b has n ! "r to say t !y %all be kept free f sup]/ition if possible4 ,! second incid5t occurr$ 9 ! ye> #aiaj4 ,i _h at t "t a desire to /& = ,p>liam5t z a ,lib]al1 & ! ,:ips recomm5d$ me to a c]ta9 con/itu5cy4 ,i address$ ! ,lib]al ,association1 :o express$ !mselves fav\rably1 & my adoption seem$ c]ta94 ,b1 on be+ que/ion$ by a small inn] caucus1 ,i admitt$ t ,i 0 an ,agno/ic4 ,!y ask$ :e!r ! fact w\ld come out1 & ,i said x probably w\ld4 ,!y ask$ :e!r ,i %\ld be will+ to g to *ur* occasionally1 & ,i repli$ t ,i %\ld n4 ,consequ5tly1 !y select$ ano!r c&idate1 :o 0 duly elect$1 has be5 9 ,p>liam5t ev] s9ce1 & is a memb] ( ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ?ird incid5t occurr$ imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,i 0 invit$ by ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 to become a lectur]1 b n a ,fell[4 ,! diff]5ce is n pecuni>y2 x is t a ,fell[ has a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,college1 & _c be dispossess$ dur+ ! t]m ( 8 ,fell[%ip except = grave immorality4 ,! *ief reason = n (f]+ me a ,fell[%ip 0 t ! cl]ical p>ty did n wi% to add to ! anti-cl]ical vote4 ,! result 0 t !y 7 able to dismiss me 9 #aiaf1 :5 !y dislik$ my views on ! ,w>4#a ,if ,i _h be5 dep5d5t on my lecture%ip1 ,i %\ld h />v$4 ,^! ?ree incid5ts illu/rate diff]5t k9ds ( disadvantages atta*+ to av[$ free?9k+ ev5 9 mod]n ,engl&4 ,any o!r av[$ ,free?9k] c\ld supply simil> incid5ts f 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce1 (t5 ( a f> m s]i\s "*4 ,! net result is t p :o are n well-to-d d>e n be frank ab\t _! religi\s beliefs4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 only or ev5 *iefly 9 reg>d to religion t !re is lack ( fre$om4 ,belief 9 communism or free love h&icaps a man mu* m ?an ,agno/icism4 ,n only is x a disadvantage to hold ^? views1 b x is v mu* m difficult to obta9 publicity = ! argum5ts 9 _! fav\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,russia ! advantages & disadvantages are exactly rev]s$3 com=t & p[] are a*iev$ by pr(ess+ ,a!ism1 communism1 & free love1 & no opportunity exi/s = propag&a aga9/ ^! op9ions4 ,! result is t 9 ,russia "o set ( fanatics feels absolute c]ta9ty ab\t "o set ( d\btful propositions1 :ile 9 ! re/ ( ! _w ano!r set ( fanatics feels equal c]ta9ty ab\t a diametrically opposite set ( equally d\btful propositions4 ,f su* a situation w>1 bitt]ness1 & p]secution inevitably result on bo? sides4 ,william ,james us$ to prea* ! 8w to believe40 ,= my "p1 ,i %\ld wi% to prea* ! 8w to d\bt40 ,none ( our beliefs are q true2 all h at lea/ a p5umbra ( vagu5ess & error4 ,! me?ods ( increas+ ! degree ( tru? 9 our beliefs are well kn[n2 !y consi/ 9 he>+ all sides1 try+ to asc]ta9 all ! relevant facts1 controll+ our own bias by discussion ) p :o h ! opposite bias1 & cultivat+ a read9ess to disc>d any hypo!sis :i* has prov$ inadequate4 ,^! me?ods are practis$ 9 sci5ce1 & h built up ! body ( sci5tific k4 ,e man ( sci5ce ^: outlook is truly sci5tific is ready to admit t :at passes = sci5tific k at ! mom5t is sure to require correction ) ! progress ( discov]y2 nev]!less1 x is ne> en\gh to ! tru? to s]ve = mo/ practical purposes1 ?\gh n = all4 ,9 sci5ce1 :]e alone some?+ approximat+ to g5u9e k is to be f\nd1 m5's attitude is t5tative & full ( d\bt4 ,9 religion & politics1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh !re is z yet no?+ approa*+ sci5tific k1 ev]ybody consid]s x de rigueur to h a dogmatic op9ion1 to be back$ up by inflict+ />vation1 prison1 & w>1 & to be c>efully gu>d$ f argum5tative competition ) any diff]5t op9ion4 ,if only m5 c\ld be br\ght into a t5tatively agno/ic frame ( m9d ab\t ^! matt]s1 n9e-t5?s ( ! evils ( ! mod]n _w w\ld be cur$4 ,w> w\ld become impossible1 because ea* side w\ld realize t bo? sides mu/ be 9 ! wrong4 ,p]secution w\ld cease4 ,education w\ld aim at exp&+ ! m9d1 n at n>r[+ x4 ,m5 w\ld be *os5 = jobs on acc\nt ( fitness to d ! "w1 n because !y flatt]$ ! irrational dogmas ( ^? 9 p[]4 ,?us rational d\bt alone1 if x c\ld be g5]at$1 w\ld suffice to introduce ! mill5nium4 ,we h _h 9 rec5t ye>s a brilliant example ( ! sci5tific temp] ( m9d 9 ! !ory ( relativity & its reception by ! _w4 ,e9/e91 a ,g]man-,swiss-,jew pacifi/1 0 appo9t$ to a rese>* pr(essor%ip by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,w>2 8 pr$ictions 7 v]ifi$ by an ,engli% exp$ition :i* obs]v$ ! eclipse ( #aiai1 v soon aft] ! ,armi/ice4 ,8 !ory upsets ! :ole !oretical framework ( traditional physics2 x is almo/ z damag+ to or?odox dynamics z ,d>w9 0 to ,g5esis4 ,yet physici/s ev]y:]e h %[n complete read9ess to accept 8 !ory z soon z x appe>$ t ! evid5ce 0 9 its fav\r4 ,b none ( !m1 lea/ ( all ,e9/e9 himself1 w\ld claim t he has said ! la/ ^w4 ,he has n built a monum5t ( infallible dogma to /& = all "t4 ,!re are difficulties he _c solve2 8 doctr9es w h to be modifi$ 9 _! turn z !y h modifi$ ,newton's4 ,?is critical undogmatic receptiv5ess is ! true attitude ( sci5ce4 ,:at w\ld h happ5$ if ,e9/e9 _h advanc$ some?+ equally new 9 ! sph]e ( religion or politics8 ,engli% p w\ld h f\nd elem5ts ( ,prussianism 9 8 !ory2 anti-,semites w\ld h reg>d$ x z a ,zioni/ plot2 nationali/s 9 all c\ntries w\ld h f\nd x ta9t$ ) lily-liv]$ pacifism1 & proclaim$ x a m]e dodge = escap+ milit>y s]vice4 ,all ! old-fa%ion$ pr(essors w\ld h approa*$ ,scotl& ,y>d to get ! importation ( 8 writ+s prohibit$4 ,tea*]s fav\rable to him w\ld h be5 dismiss$4 ,he1 meantime1 w\ld h captur$ ! ,gov]nm5t ( "s backw>d c\ntry1 :]e x w\ld h become illegal to tea* any?+ except 8 doctr9e1 :i* w\ld h gr[n into a my/]i\s dogma n und]/ood by anybody4 ,ultimately ! tru? or falsehood ( 8 doctr9e w\ld be decid$ on ! battlefield1 )\t ! collection ( any fre% evid5ce = or aga9/ x4 ,?is me?od is ! logical outcome ( ,william ,james's w to believe4 ,:at is want$ is n ! w to believe1 b ! wi% to f9d out1 :i* is its exact opposite4 ,if x is admitt$ t a condition ( rational d\bt w\ld be desirable1 x becomes important to inquire h[ x comes ab\t t !re is s mu* irrational c]ta9ty 9 ! _w4 ,a great deal ( ?is is due to ! inh]5t irrationality & cr$ulity ( av]age human nature4 ,b ?is se$ ( intellectual orig9al s9 is n\ri%$ & fo/]$ by o!r ag5cies1 among :i* ?ree play ! *ief "p--namely1 education1 propag&a1 & economic pressure4 ,let u consid] ^! 9 turn4 7#a7 ,education4--,elem5t>y education1 9 all advanc$ c\ntries1 is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate4 ,"s ( ! ?+s taught are kn[n to be false by ! (ficials :o prescribe !m1 & _m o!rs are kn[n to be false1 or at any rate v d\btful1 by e unprejudic$ p]son4 ,take1 = example1 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory4 ,ea* nation aims only at self-glorification 9 ! s*ool text-books ( hi/ory4 ,:5 a man writes 8 autobiography he is expect$ to %[ a c]ta9 mode/y2 b :5 a nation writes its autobiography !re is no limit to its boa/+ & va+lory4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y1 s*ool books taught t ! ,fr5* 7 wick$ & ! ,g]mans virtu\s2 n[ !y tea* ! opposite4 ,9 nei!r case is !re ! slighte/ reg>d = tru?4 ,g]man s*ool books1 deal+ ) ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 repres5t ,well+ton z all b defeat$ :5 ,bl*] sav$ ! situation2 ,engli% books repres5t ,bl*] z hav+ made v little diff]5ce4 ,! writ]s ( bo? ! ,g]man & ! ,engli% books "k t !y are n tell+ ! tru?4 ,am]ican s*ool books us$ to be viol5tly anti-,briti%2 s9ce ! ,w> !y h become equally pro-,briti%1 )\t aim+ at tru? 9 ei!r case 7see ,! ,freeman1 ,feb4 #ae1 #aibb1 p4 #ecb74 ,bo? be=e & s9ce1 "o ( ! *ief purposes ( education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 to turn ! motley collection ( immigrant *ildr5 into 8good ,am]icans40 ,app>5tly x has n occurr$ to any "o t a 8good ,am]ican10 l a 8good ,g]man0 or a 8good ,japanese10 mu/ be1 pro tanto1 a bad human be+4 ,a 8good ,am]ican0 is a man or woman imbu$ ) ! belief t ,am]ica is ! f9e/ c\ntry on e>?1 & ought always to be en?usia/ically support$ 9 any qu>rel4 ,x is j possible t ^! propositions are true2 if s1 a rational man w h no qu>rel ) !m4 ,b if !y are true1 !y ought to be taught ev]y:]e1 n only 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is a suspici\s circum/ance t su* propositions are nev] believ$ outside ! p>ticul> c\ntry :i* !y glorify4 ,mean:ile ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate1 9 all ! diff]5t c\ntries1 is turn$ on to mak+ def5celess *ildr5 believe absurd propositions ! effect ( :i* is to make !m will+ to die 9 def5ce ( s9i/] int]e/s "u ! impression t !y are fight+ = tru? & "r4 ,?is is only "o ( c\ntless ways 9 :i* education is design$1 n to give true k1 b to make ! p pliable to ! w ( _! ma/]s4 ,)\t an elaborate sy/em ( deceit 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools x w\ld be impossible to pres]ve ! cam\flage ( democracy4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( education1 ,i w take ano!r example f ,am]ica#b--n because ,am]ica is any worse ?an o!r c\ntries1 b because x is ! mo/ mod]n1 %[+ ! dang]s t are gr[+ r ?an ^? t are dim9i%+4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york a s*ool _c be e/abli%$ )\t a lic5ce f ! ,/ate1 ev5 if x is to be support$ :olly by private funds4 ,a rec5t law decrees t a lic5ce %all n be grant$ to any s*ool 8:]e x %all appe> t ! in/ruction propos$ to be giv5 includes ! tea*+s ( ! doctr9e t organiz$ ,gov]nm5ts %all be ov]?r[n by =ce1 viol5ce1 or unlawful means40 ,z ! ,new ,republic po9ts out1 !re is no limitation to ?is or t organiz$ ,gov]nm5t4 ,! law !re=e w\ld h made x illegal1 dur+ ! ,w>1 to tea* ! doctr9e t ! ,kais]'s ,gov]nm5t %\ld be ov]?r[n by =ce2 &1 s9ce !n1 ! support ( ,kol*ak or ,d5ik9 aga9/ ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 illegal4 ,su* consequ5ces1 ( c\rse1 7 n int5d$1 & result only f bad draughtsman%ip4 ,:at 0 int5d$ appe>s f ano!r law pass$ at ! same "t1 apply+ to tea*]s 9 ,/ate s*ools4 ,?is law provides t c]tificates p]mitt+ p]sons to tea* 9 su* s*ools %all be issu$ only to ^? :o h 8%[n satisfactorily0 t !y are 8loyal & ob$i5t to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ?is ,/ate & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 & %all be refus$ to ^? :o h advocat$1 no matt] :]e or :51 8a =m ( gov]nm5t o!r ?an ! ,gov]nm5t ( ?is ,/ate or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,! committee :i* fram$ ^! laws1 z quot$ by ! ,new ,republic1 laid x d[n t ! tea*] :o 8does n approve ( ! pres5t social sy/em444444mu/ surr5d] 8 (fice10 & t 8no p]son :o is n eag] to combat ! !ories ( social *ange %\ld be entru/$ ) ! task ( fitt+ ! "y & old = ! responsibilities ( citiz5%ip40 ,?us1 accord+ to ! law ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,*ri/ & ,george ,wa%+ton 7 too degrad$ morally to be fit = ! education ( ! "y4 ,if ,*ri/ 7 to g to ,new ,york & say1 8,suff] ! little *ildr5 to come unto me10 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,s*ool ,bo>d w\ld reply3 8,sir1 ,i see no evid5ce t y are eag] to combat !ories ( social *ange4 ,inde$1 ,i h he>d x said t y advocate :at y call ! k+dom ( heav51 :]eas ?is c\ntry1 ?ank ,god1 is a republic4 ,x is cle> t ! ,gov]nm5t ( y\r k+dom ( heav5 w\ld diff] mat]ially f t ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 !re=e no *ildr5 w be all[$ access to y40 ,if he fail$ to make ?is reply1 he w\ld n be do+ 8 duty z a function>y entru/$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! law4 ,! effect ( su* laws is v s]i\s4 ,let x be grant$1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! gov]nm5t & ! social sy/em 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york are ! be/ t h ev] exi/$ on ?is planet2 yet ev5 !n bo? w\ld presumably be capable ( improvem5t4 ,any p]son :o admits ?is obvi\s proposition is by law incapable ( tea*+ 9 a ,/ate s*ool4 ,?us ! law decrees t ! tea*]s %all all be ei!r hypocrites or fools4 ,! gr[+ dang] exemplifi$ by ! ,new ,york law is t result+ f ! monopoly ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( a s+le organization1 :e!r ! ,/ate or a ,tru/ or f$]ation ( ,tru/s4 ,9 ! case ( education1 ! p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 :i* c prev5t ! "y f he>+ ( any doctr9e :i* x dislikes4 ,i believe !re are /ill "s p :o ?9k t a democratic ,/ate is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! p4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a delusion4 ,! ,/ate is a collection ( (ficials1 diff]5t = diff]5t purposes1 draw+ com=table incomes s long z ! /atus quo is pres]v$4 ,! only alt]ation !y are likely to desire 9 ! /atus quo is an increase ( bureaucracy & ( ! p[] ( bureaucrats4 ,x is1 !re=e1 natural t !y %\ld take advantage ( su* opportunities z w> excitem5t to acquire inquisitorial p[]s ov] _! employees1 involv+ ! "r to inflict />vation ^u any subord9ate :o opposes !m4 ,9 matt]s ( ! m9d1 su* z education1 ?is /ate ( affairs is fatal4 ,x puts an end to all possibility ( progress or fre$om or intellectual initiative4 ,yet x is ! natural result ( all[+ ! :ole ( elem5t>y education to fall "u ! sway ( a s+le organization4 ,religi\s tol]ation1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 has be5 won because p h ceas$ to consid] religion s important z x 0 once ?\ght to be4 ,b 9 politics & economics1 :i* h tak5 ! place =m]ly occupi$ by religion1 !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to p]secution1 :i* is n by any means conf9$ to "o p>ty4 ,! p]secution ( op9ion 9 ,russia is m sev]e ?an 9 any capitali/ c\ntry4 ,i met 9 ,petrograd an em95t ,russian poet1 ,alex&] ,block1 :o has s9ce di$ z ! result ( privations4 ,! ,bol%eviks all[$ him to tea* /hetics1 b he compla9$ t !y insi/$ on 8 tea*+ ! subject 8f a ,m>xian po9t ( view40 ,he _h be5 at a loss to discov] h[ ! !ory ( rhy?mics 0 connect$ ) ,m>xism1 al?\gh1 to avoid />vation1 he _h done 8 be/ to f9d out4 ,( c\rse1 x has be5 impossible 9 ,russia ev] s9ce ! ,bol%eviks came into p[] to pr9t any?+ critical ( ! dogmas ^u :i* _! regime is f\nd$4 ,! examples ( ,am]ica & ,russia illu/rate ! conclusion to :i* we seem to be driv5--namely1 t s long z m5 cont9ue to h ! pres5t fanatical belief 9 ! importance ( politics free ?\ght on political matt]s w be impossible1 & !re is only too mu* dang] t ! lack ( fre$om w spread to all o!r matt]s1 z x has done 9 ,russia4 ,only "s degree ( political scepticism c save u f ?is mis=tune4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! (ficials 9 *>ge ( education desire ! "y to become educat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! problem is to imp>t in=mation )\t imp>t+ intellig5ce4 ,education %\ld h two objects3 fir/1 to give def9ite k--read+ & writ+1 languages & ma!matics1 & s on2 secondly1 to create ^? m5tal habits :i* w enable p to acquire k & =m s\nd judgm5ts = !mselves4 ,! fir/ ( ^! we may call in=mation1 ! second intellig5ce4 ,! utility ( in=mation is admitt$ practically z well z !oretically2 )\t a lit]ate population a mod]n ,/ate is impossible4 ,b ! utility ( intellig5ce is admitt$ only !oretically1 n practically2 x is n desir$ t ord9>y p %\ld ?9k = !mselves1 because x is felt t p :o ?9k = !mselves are awkw>d to manage & cause adm9i/rative difficulties4 ,only ! gu>dians1 9 ,plato's language1 are to ?9k2 ! re/ are to obey1 or to foll[ lead]s l a h]d ( %eep4 ,?is doctr9e1 (t5 unconsci\sly1 has surviv$ ! introduction ( political democracy1 & has radically vitiat$ all national sy/ems ( education4 ,! c\ntry :i* has succe$$ be/ 9 giv+ in=mation )\t intellig5ce is ! late/ addition to mod]n civilization1 ,japan4 ,elem5t>y education 9 ,japan is said to be admirable f ! po9t ( view ( in/ruction4 ,b1 9 addition to in/ruction1 x has ano!r purpose1 :i* is to tea* wor%ip ( ! ,mikado--a f> /rong] cre$ n[ ?an be=e ,japan became mod]niz$4#c ,?us ! s*ools h be5 us$ simultane\sly to conf] k & to promote sup]/ition4 ,s9ce we are n tempt$ to ,mikado-wor%ip1 we see cle>ly :at is absurd 9 ,japanese tea*+4 ,our own national sup]/itions /rike u z natural & s5sible1 s t we d n take su* a true view ( !m z we d ( ! sup]/itions ( ,nippon4 ,b if a travell$ ,japanese 7 to ma9ta9 ! !sis t our s*ools tea* sup]/itions j z inimical to intellig5ce z belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! ,mikado1 ,i suspect t he w\ld be able to make out a v good case4 ,= ! pres5t ,i am n 9 se>* ( rem$ies1 b am only conc]n$ ) diagnosis4 ,we are fac$ ) ! p>adoxical fact t education has become "o ( ! *ief ob/acles to intellig5ce & fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,?is is due prim>ily to ! fact t ! ,/ate claims a monopoly2 b t is by no means ! sole cause4 7#b7 ,propag&a4--,our sy/em ( education turns "y p out ( ! s*ools able to read1 b = ! mo/ "p unable to weigh evid5ce or to =m an indep5d5t op9ion4 ,!y are !n assail$1 ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( _! lives1 by /atem5ts design$ to make !m believe all sorts ( absurd propositions1 su* z t ,blank's pills cure all ills1 t ,spitzb]g5 is w>m & f]tile1 & t ,g]mans eat corpses4 ,! art ( propag&a1 z practis$ by mod]n politicians & gov]nm5ts1 is d]iv$ f ! art ( adv]tisem5t4 ,! sci5ce ( psy*ology owes a great deal to adv]tis]s4 ,9 =m] days mo/ psy*ologi/s w\ld probably h ?\ght t a man c\ld n conv9ce _m p ( ! excell5ce ( 8 own w>es by m]ely /at+ emphatically t !y 7 excell5t4 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 mi/ak5 9 ?is4 ,if ,i 7 to /& up once 9 a public place & /ate t ,i am ! mo/ mode/ man alive1 ,i %\ld be laugh$ at2 b if ,i c\ld raise en\gh money to make ! same /atem5t on all ! busses & on ho>d+s along all ! pr9cipal railway l9es1 p w\ld pres5tly become conv9c$ t ,i _h an abnormal %r9k+ f publicity4 ,if ,i 7 to g to a small %opkeep] & say3 8,look at y\r competitor ov] ! way1 he is gett+ y\r bus9ess2 don't y ?9k x w\ld be a good plan to leave y\r bus9ess & /& up 9 ! middle ( ! road & try to %oot him be=e he %oots y80--if ,i 7 to say ?is1 any small %opkeep] w\ld ?9k me mad4 ,b :5 ! ,gov]nm5t says x ) emphasis & a brass b&1 ! small %opkeep]s become en?usia/ic1 & are q surpris$ :5 !y f9d aft]w>ds t bus9ess has suff]$4 ,propag&a1 conduct$ by ! means :i* adv]tis]s h f\nd successful1 is n[ "o ( ! recogniz$ me?ods ( gov]nm5t 9 all advanc$ c\ntries1 & is especially ! me?od by :i* democratic op9ion is creat$4 ,!re are two q diff]5t evils ab\t propag&a z n[ practis$4 ,on ! "o h&1 its appeal is g5]ally to irrational causes ( belief r ?an to s]i\s argum5t2 on ! o!r h&1 x gives an unfair advantage to ^? :o c obta9 mo/ publicity1 :e!r ?r\gh weal? or ?r\gh p[]4 ,= my "p1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t too mu* fuss is sometimes made ab\t ! fact t propag&a appeals to emotion r ?an reason4 ,! l9e betwe5 emotion & reason is n s %>p z "s p ?9k4 ,moreov]1 a clev] man c\ld frame a suffici5tly rational argum5t 9 fav\r ( any position :i* has any *ance ( be+ adopt$4 ,!re are always good argum5ts on bo? sides ( any real issue4 ,def9ite mis-/atem5ts ( fact c be legitimately object$ to1 b !y are by no means necess>y4 ,! m]e words 8,pe>'s ,soap10 :i* affirm no?+1 cause p to buy t article4 ,if1 :]ev] ^! words appe>1 !y 7 replac$ by ! words 8,! ,lab\r ,p>ty10 millions ( p w\ld be l$ to vote = ! ,lab\r ,p>ty1 al?\gh ! adv]tisem5ts _h claim$ no m]it = x :atev]4 ,b if bo? sides 9 a controv]sy 7 conf9$ by law to /atem5ts :i* a committee ( em95t logicians consid]$ relevant & valid1 ! ma9 evil ( propag&a1 z at pres5t conduct$1 w\ld rema94 ,suppose1 "u su* a law1 two p>ties ) an equally good case1 "o ( :om _h a million p\nds to sp5d on propag&a1 :ile ! o!r _h only a hundr$ ?\s&4 ,x is obvi\s t ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ri*] p>ty w\ld become m widely kn[n ?an ^? 9 fav\r ( ! poor] p>ty1 & !re=e ! ri*] p>ty w\ld w94 ,?is situation is1 ( c\rse1 int5sifi$ :5 "o p>ty is ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,russia ! ,gov]nm5t has an almo/ complete monopoly ( propag&a1 b t is n necess>y4 ,! advantages :i* x possesses ov] its oppon5ts w g5]ally be suffici5t to give x ! victory1 unless x has an exceptionally bad case4 ,! objection to propag&a is n only its appeal to unreason1 b /ill m ! unfair advantage :i* x gives to ! ri* & p[]ful4 ,equality ( opportunity among op9ions is ess5tial if !re is to be real fre$om ( ?\ght2 & equality ( opportunity among op9ions c only be secur$ by elaborate laws direct$ to t end1 :i* !re is no reason to expect to see enact$4 ,! cure is n to be s\ght prim>ily 9 su* laws1 b 9 bett] education & a m sceptical public op9ion4 ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 ,i am n conc]n$ to discuss cures4 7#c7 ,economic pressure4--,i h already dealt ) "s aspects ( ?is ob/acle to fre$om ( ?\ght1 b ,i wi% n[ to deal ) x on m g5]al l9es1 z a dang] :i* is b\nd to increase unless v def9ite /eps are tak5 to c\nt]act x4 ,! supreme example ( economic pressure appli$ aga9/ fre$om ( ?\ght is ,soviet ,russia1 :]e1 until ! trade agreem5t1 ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld & did inflict />vation ^u p ^: op9ions x dislik$--= example1 ,kropotk94 ,b 9 ?is respect ,russia is only some:at ahead ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,france1 dur+ ! ,dreyfus affair1 any tea*] w\ld h lo/ 8 position if he _h be5 9 fav\r ( ,dreyfus at ! />t or aga9/ him at ! end4 ,9 ,am]ica at ! pres5t day ,i d\bt if a univ]sity pr(essor1 h[ev] em95t1 c\ld get employm5t if he 7 to criticize ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company1 because all college presid5ts h receiv$ or hope to receive b5efactions f ,mr4 ,rockefell]4 ,?r\gh\t ,am]ica ,sociali/s are m>k$ m51 & f9d x extremely difficult to obta9 "w unless !y h great gifts4 ,! t5d5cy1 :i* exi/s :]ev] indu/rialism is well develop$1 = tru/s & monopolies to control all indu/ry1 leads to a dim9ution ( ! numb] ( possible employ]s1 s t x becomes easi] & easi] to keep secret black books by means ( :i* any "o n subs]vi5t to ! great corporations c be />v$4 ,! gr[? ( monopolies is introduc+ 9 ,am]ica _m ( ! evils associat$ ) ,/ate ,socialism z x has exi/$ 9 ,russia4 ,f ! /&po9t ( lib]ty1 x makes no diff]5ce to a man :e!r 8 only possible employ] is ! ,/ate or a ,tru/4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :i* is ! mo/ advanc$ c\ntry indu/rially1 & to a less] ext5t 9 o!r c\ntries :i* are approximat+ to ! ,am]ican condition1 x is necess>y = ! av]age citiz51 if he wi%es to make a liv+1 to avoid incurr+ ! ho/ility ( c]ta9 big m54 ,& ^! big m5 h an outlook--religi\s1 moral1 & political--) :i* !y expect _! employees to agree1 at lea/ outw>dly4 ,a man :o op5ly diss5ts f ,*ri/ianity1 or believes 9 a relaxation ( ! m>riage laws1 or objects to ! p[] ( ! great corporations1 f9ds ,am]ica a v uncom=table c\ntry1 unless he happ5s to be an em95t writ]4 ,exactly ! same k9d ( re/ra9ts ^u fre$om ( ?\ght are b\nd to occur 9 e c\ntry :]e economic organization has be5 c>ri$ to ! po9t ( practical monopoly4 ,!re=e ! safegu>d+ ( lib]ty 9 ! _w :i* is gr[+ up is f> m difficult ?an x 0 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 free competition 0 /ill a reality4 ,:oev] c>es ab\t ! fre$om ( ! m9d mu/ face ?is situation fully & frankly1 realiz+ ! inapplicability ( me?ods :i* answ]$ well en\gh :ile indu/rialism 0 9 its infancy4 ,!re are two simple pr9ciples :i*1 if !y 7 adopt$1 w\ld solve almo/ all social problems4 ,! fir/ is t education %\ld h = "o ( its aims to tea* p only to believe propositions :5 !re is "s reason to ?9k t !y are true4 ,! second is t jobs %\ld be giv5 solely = fitness to d ! "w4 ,to take ! second po9t fir/4 ,! habit ( consid]+ a man's religi\s1 moral1 & political op9ions be=e appo9t+ him to a po/ or giv+ him a job is ! mod]n =m ( p]secution1 & x is likely to become q z effici5t z ! ,inquisition ev] 04 ,! old lib]ties c be legally reta9$ )\t be+ ( ! slighte/ use4 ,if1 9 practice1 c]ta9 op9ions lead a man to />ve1 x is poor com=t to him to "k t 8 op9ions are n puni%able by law4 ,!re is a c]ta9 public feel+ aga9/ />v+ m5 = n belong+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 or = hold+ slightly unor?odox op9ions 9 politics4 ,b !re is h>dly any feel+ aga9/ ! rejection ( ,a!i/s or ,mormons1 extreme communi/s1 or m5 :o advocate free love4 ,su* m5 are ?\ght to be wick$1 & x is consid]$ only natural to refuse to employ !m4 ,p h h>dly yet wak$ up to ! fact t ?is refusal1 9 a highly indu/rial ,/ate1 am\nts to a v rigor\s =m ( p]secution4 ,if ?is dang] 7 adequately realiz$1 x w\ld be possible to r\se public op9ion1 & to secure t a man's beliefs %\ld n be consid]$ 9 appo9t+ him to a po/4 ,! protection ( m9orities is vitally important2 & ev5 ! mo/ or?odox ( u may f9d himself 9 a m9ority "s day1 s t we all h an int]e/ 9 re/ra9+ ! tyranny ( majorities4 ,no?+ except public op9ion c solve ?is problem4 ,socialism w\ld make x some:at m acute1 s9ce x w\ld elim9ate ! opportunities t n[ arise ?r\gh exceptional employ]s4 ,e increase 9 ! size ( indu/rial und]tak+s makes x worse1 s9ce x dim9i%es ! numb] ( indep5d5t employ]s4 ,! battle mu/ be f\ght exactly z ! battle ( religi\s tol]ation 0 f\ght4 ,& z 9 t case1 s 9 ?is1 a decay 9 ! int5sity ( belief is likely to prove ! decisive factor4 ,:ile m5 7 conv9c$ ( ! absolute tru? ( ,ca?olicism or ,prote/antism1 z ! case might be1 !y 7 will+ to p]secute on acc\nt ( !m4 ,:ile m5 are q c]ta9 ( _! mod]n cre$s1 !y w p]secute on _! behalf4 ,"s elem5t ( d\bt is ess5tial to ! practice1 ?\gh n to ! !ory1 ( tol]ation4 ,& ?is br+s me to my o!r po9t1 :i* conc]ns ! aims ( education4 ,if !re is to be tol]ation 9 ! _w1 "o ( ! ?+s taught 9 s*ools mu/ be ! habit ( weigh+ evid5ce1 & ! practice ( n giv+ full ass5t to propositions :i* !re is no reason to believe true4 ,= example1 ! art ( read+ ! newspap]s %\ld be taught4 ,! s*oolma/] %\ld select "s incid5t :i* happ5$ a good _m ye>s ago1 & r\s$ political passions 9 its day4 ,he %\ld !n read to ! s*ool *ildr5 :at 0 said by ! newspap]s on "o side1 :at 0 said by ^? on ! o!r1 & "s imp>tial acc\nt ( :at really happ5$4 ,he %\ld %[ h[1 f ! bias$ acc\nt ( ei!r side1 a practis$ read] c\ld inf] :at really happ5$1 & he %\ld make !m und]/& t ev]y?+ 9 newspap]s is m or less untrue4 ,! cynical scepticism :i* w\ld result f ?is tea*+ w\ld make ! *ildr5 9 lat] life immune f ^? appeals to idealism by :i* dec5t p are induc$ to fur!r ! s*emes ( sc\ndrels4 ,hi/ory %\ld be taught 9 ! same way4 ,napoleon's campaigns ( #ahac & #ahad1 = in/ance1 might be /udi$ 9 ! ,moniteur1 lead+ up to ! surprise :i* ,p>isians felt :5 !y saw ! ,allies arriv+ "u ! walls ( ,p>is aft] !y _h 7accord+ to ! (ficial bullet9s7 be5 beat5 by ,napoleon 9 e battle4 ,9 ! m advanc$ classes1 /ud5ts %\ld be enc\rag$ to c\nt ! numb] ( times t ,l59 has be5 assass9at$ by ,trotsky1 9 ord] to le>n contempt = dea?4 ,f9ally1 !y %\ld be giv5 a s*ool hi/ory approv$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ask$ to inf] :at a ,fr5* s*ool hi/ory w\ld say ab\t our w>s ) ,france4 ,all ?is w\ld be a f> bett] tra9+ 9 citiz5%ip ?an ! trite moral maxims by :i* "s p believe t civic duty c be inculcat$4 ,x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ t ! evils ( ! _w are due to moral defects q z mu* z to lack ( intellig5ce4 ,b ! human race has n hi!rto discov]$ any me?od ( eradicat+ moral defects2 prea*+ & exhortation only add hypocrisy to ! previ\s li/ ( vices4 ,intellig5ce1 on ! contr>y1 is easily improv$ by me?ods kn[n to e compet5t educator4 ,!re=e1 until "s me?od ( tea*+ virtue has be5 discov]$1 progress w h to be s\ght by improvem5t ( intellig5ce r ?an ( morals4 ,"o ( ! *ief ob/acles to intellig5ce is cr$ulity1 & cr$ulity c\ld be enorm\sly dim9i%$ by in/ruction z to ! preval5t =ms ( m5dacity4 ,cr$ulity is a great] evil 9 ! pres5t day ?an x ev] 0 be=e1 because1 ow+ to ! gr[? ( education1 x is mu* easi] ?an x us$ to be to spread mis9=mation1 &1 ow+ to democracy1 ! spread ( mis9=mation is m important ?an 9 =m] times to ! hold]s ( p[]4 ,h5ce ! increase 9 ! circulation ( newspap]s4 ,if ,i am ask$ h[ ! _w is to be induc$ to adopt ^! two maxims--namely 7#a7 t jobs %\ld be giv5 to p on acc\nt ( _! fitness to p]=m !m2 7#b7 t "o aim ( education %\ld be to cure p ( ! habit ( believ+ propositions = :i* !re is no evid5ce--,i c only say t x mu/ be done by g5]at+ an enlight5$ public op9ion4 ,& an enlight5$ public op9ion c only be g5]at$ by ! ef=ts ( ^? :o desire t x %\ld exi/4 ,i d n believe t ! economic *anges advocat$ by ,sociali/s w1 ( !mselves1 d any?+ t[>ds cur+ ! evils we h be5 consid]+4 ,i ?9k t1 :atev] happ5s 9 politics1 ! tr5d ( economic developm5t w make ! pres]vation ( m5tal fre$om increas+ly difficult1 unless public op9ion insi/s t ! employ] %all control no?+ 9 ! life ( ! employee except 8 "w4 ,fre$om 9 education c\ld easily be secur$1 if x 7 desir$1 by limit+ ! function ( ! ,/ate to inspection & paym5t1 & conf9+ inspection rigidly to ! def9ite in/ruction4 ,b t1 z ?+s /&1 w\ld leave education 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ur*es1 because1 un=tunately1 !y are m anxi\s to tea* _! beliefs ?an ,free?9k]s are to tea* _! d\bts4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 give a free field1 & w\ld make x possible = a lib]al education to be giv5 if x 7 really desir$4 ,m ?an t ought n to be ask$ ( ! law4 ,my plea ?r\gh\t ?is address has be5 = ! spread ( ! sci5tific temp]1 :i* is an altoge!r diff]5t ?+ f ! k ( sci5tific results4 ,! sci5tific temp] is capable ( reg5]at+ mank9d & provid+ an issue = all our tr\bles4 ,! results ( sci5ce1 9 ! =m ( me*anism1 poison gas1 & ! yell[ press1 bid fair to lead to ! total d[nfall ( our civilization4 ,x is a curi\s anti!sis1 :i* a ,m>tian might contemplate ) amus$ deta*m5t4 ,b = u x is a matt] ( life & dea?4 ,^u its issue dep5ds ! "q :e!r our gr&*ildr5 are to live 9 a happi] _w1 or are to ext]m9ate ea* o!r by sci5tific me?ods1 leav+ p]haps to negroes & ,papuans ! future de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,conway ,,memorial ,,lecture%ip ,at a g5]al meet+ ( ! ,s\? ,place ,e?ical ,society1 held on ,octob] #bb1 #aijh1 x 0 resolv$1 aft] full discussion1 t an ef=t %\ld be made to e/abli% a s]ies ( lectures1 to be pr9t$ & widely circulat$1 z a p]man5t ,memorial to ,dr4 ,conway4 ,moncure ,conway's untir+ zeal = ! emancipation ( ! human m9d f ! ?raldom ( obsolete or wan+ beliefs1 8 plead+s = sympa?y ) ! oppress$ & = a wid] & pr(\nd] conception ( human frat]nity ?an ! _w has yet rea*$1 claim1 x is urg$1 an (f]+ ( gratitude m p]man5t ?an ! eloqu5t obitu>y or rev]5tial s]vice ( m\rn+4 ,! range ( ! lectures 7( :i* ! ?irte5? is publi%$ h]e)7 mu/ be regulat$ by ! f9ancial support accord$ to ! s*eme2 b x is hop$ t suffici5t funds w be ev5tually =?com+ = ! end[m5t ( p]iodical lectures by di/+ui%$ public m51 to fur!r ! cause ( social1 political1 & religi\s fre$om1 ) :i* ,dr4 ,conway's "n mu/ ev] be associat$4 ,! ,conway ,memorial ,lecture ,committee1 al?\gh n yet 9 possession ( ! necess>y capital = ! p]man5t end[m5t ( ! ,lecture%ip1 h inaugurat$ & ma9ta9$ ! "w :ile invit+ fur!r contributions4 ,! funds 9 h&1 toge!r ) ^? :i* may reasonably be expect$ f support]s ( ! ,movem5t1 w ensure ! deliv]y ( an annual lecture = "s ye>s at lea/4 ,! ,committee e>ne/ly appeal = ei!r donations or subscriptions f ye> to ye> until ! ,memorial is p]man5tly e/abli%$4 ,contributions may be =w>d$ to ! ,hon4 ,treasur]4 ,on behalf ( ! ,executive ,committee3-- 7,mrs47 ,c4 ,flet*] ,smi? & ,erne/ ,c>r1 ,hon4 ,secret>ies4 7,mrs47 ,f4 ,m4 ,cockburn1 ,hon4 ,treasur]1 8,p]ad5iya10 ,nor?ampton ,road1 ,croydon4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,watts ,,& ,,co41 ,,johnson',s ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4#d4 ,footnotes #a ,i %\ld add t !y re-appo9t$ me lat]1 :5 w> passions _h begun to cool4 #b ,see ,! ,new ,republic1 ,feb4 #a1 #aibb1 p4 #bei ff4 #c ,see ,! ,inv5tion ( a ,new ,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,*amb]la91 ( ,tokio4 ,publi%$ by ! ,rationali/ ,press ,association4 7,n[ out ( pr9t47