,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,morality ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau] ,translat$ ) ,introduction & ,notes by ,,ar?ur ,,brodrick ,,bullock1 ,,ma4 ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,,london ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e #aijc ,,prize ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,morality ,,n ,,approv$ ,,by ,,! ,,dani% ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,cop5hag51 #cj ,janu>y1 #ahdj4 ,to prea* ,morality is easy1 to f\nd x difficult4-- 7,,s*op5hau]3 ,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur2 p4 #abh7 ,,matri ,,c>issimae4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,translator',s ,,preface ,,translator',s ,,introduction ,,! ,,"q ,,"p ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,retrospect ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,critique ,,( ,,kant',s ,,basis ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,imp]ative ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,assumption ,,( ,,duties ,,t[>ds ,,ourselves ,,9 ,,p>ticul> ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics4 ,,note4 ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,d]iv$ ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics ,,vii4 ,,kant',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,consci5ce ,,viii4 ,,kant',s ,,doctr9e ,,op ,,! ,,intelligible ,,& ,,empirical ,,"*1 ,,!ory ,,( ,,fre$om ,,note ,,ix4 ,,fi*te',s ,,e?ics ,,z ,a ,,magnify+ ,,glass ,,= ,,! ,,errors ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,i4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,ii4 ,,sceptical ,,view ,,iii4 ,,antimoral ,,inc5tives ,,iv4 ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,actions ,,( ,,moral ,,wor? ,v4 ,,/atem5t ,,& ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,only ,,true ,,moral ,,inc5tive ,,vi4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,vii4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,lov+-,,k9dness ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pro( ,,n[ ,,giv5 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,exp]i5ce ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,e?ical ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,"*4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,metaphysical ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,primal ,,e?ical ,,pha5om5on4 ,i4 ,,h[ ,,?is ,,app5dix ,,mu/ ,,be ,,und]/ood ,,ii4 ,,! ,,metaphysical ,,gr\ndwork ,,judicium ,,regiae ,,danicae ,,sci5ti>um ,,societatis ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,?is translation 0 und]tak5 9 ! belief t !re are _m ,engli%-speak+ p :o feel m ?an a m]ely sup]ficial int]e/ 9 e?ical rese>*1 b :o may n read ,g]man ) suffici5t ease to make !m c>e to take up ! orig9al4 ,! pres5t ,essay is "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to ,e?ics s9ce ! "t ( ,kant1 &1 z su*1 is indisp5sable to a ?or\gh k ( ! subject4 ,moreov]1 f :atev] po9t ( view x be reg>d$1--:e!r ! read] f9d1 :5 he closes ! book1 t 8 conviction h>monises ) ! conclusion rea*$1 or n2 x w\ld be difficult to f9d any treatise on ,moral ,sci5ce m calculat$ to /imulate ?\ght1 & lift x out ( infantile imitation ( "s prescrib$ patt]n4 ,! believ] 9 ! ,kantian1 or any o!r1 basis ( ,e?ics1 c\ld h>dly measure ! /r5g? or ! weakness ( 8 own position m surely ?an by comp>+ x ) ! ,s*op5hau]ian2 :ile he :o is yet 9 se>* ( a f\ndation w f9d mu* 9 ! foll[+ pages to claim 8 att5tion4 ,^? acqua9t$ ) ! lum9\s imag]y1 ! subtle irony1 ! brusque & p5etrat+ vig\r ( ! ,g]man1 w d\btless admit t x is no easy task to r$uce ,s*op5hau] to adequate ,engli% prose2 & if ?is has be5 attempt$ by ! pres5t writ]1 no "o c be m consci\s ?an he ( ! manifold %ortcom+s discov]able4 ,b su* z x is1 ! "w is he>tily (f]$ to all :o /ill foll[ ! true /ud5t's rule1 ,gladig wolde he l]ne und gladig te*e1 ) ! s+le hope t x may help1 h[ev] slightly1 to wid5 _! k1 & rip5 _! judgm5t4 ,my fri5d1 ,r4 ,e4 ,c&y1 ,esq41 ,i4,c4,s41 has k9dly giv5 me in=mation conc]n+ sev]al ,indian names4 ,,rome3 ,june1 #aijb4 ,,translator',s ,,introduction4 1 4 --,!ognis3 #afi4 ,9 #ahcg ! ,dani% ,royal ,society ( ,sci5ces prop\nd$1 z subject = a prize competition1 ! "q ) :i* ?is treatise op5s2 & ,s*op5hau]1 :o 0 glad to seize ! opportunity ( becom+ bett] kn[n1 prep>$1 & s5t to ,cop5hag51 ! e>lie/ =m ( ,! ,basis ( ,morality4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahdj1 ! "w 0 pron\nc$ unsuccessful1 ?\gh !re 0 no o!r c&idate4 ,9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> x 0 publi%$ by ! au?or1 ) only a few unimportant additions1 b prec$$ by a long introduction1 :i*1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( an exce$+ly cau/ic philippic1 is1 9 its way1 a ma/]piece4 ,9 #ahfj1 7only a mon? be=e ,s*op5hau]'s dea?17 ! second edition 0 pr9t$ ) _m enl>gem5ts & ins]tions1 ! %ort preface1 dat$ ,augu/ be+ "o ( ! la/ ?+s he wrote4#a ,! reason :y ! prize 0 )held is n f> to seek1 & ne$ n deta9 u4 ,at t "t ! philosophical atmosph]e 0 saturat$ ) ,hegel1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ) ,fi*te2 h5ce x is easy to imag9e ) :at ruffl$1 n to say1 sc&alis$ feel+s ! ,academy mu/ h ris5 f its p]usal ( ! "w4 ,moreov]1 putt+ ,hegel & ,fi*te out ( ! "q1 ! position advanc$ 0 9 #ahdj s new1 inde$ s p>adoxical 7z ,s*op5hau] himself admits72 !re is at times su* an aggressiv5ess 9 ! /yle2 ! :ole essay is s mu* m calculat$ to />tle ?an to conciliate2 t we _c feel mu* surprise at ! (ficial decision4 ,9 ! ,judgm5t publi%$ by ! ,society ?ree reasons are giv5 = its unfav\rable attitude4 ,! second is decl>$ to be n only dissatisfaction ) ! mode ( discussion 7ipsa diss]5di =ma71 b also inability to see t ,s*op5hau] proves 8 case4 ,z ! ?ird is alleg$ ! unseemly language employ$ 9 connection ) c]ta9 summi philosophi 7,hegel & ,fi*te74 ,^! two objections are ( c\rse 9 !mselves p]fectly legitimate1 & h[ f> ! ,academy 0 "r or wrong may be left = ! read] to det]m9e4 ,b ! fir/ reason /at$ is ( a diff]5t k9d1 & af=ds z neat an in/ance ( self-/ultification proce$+ ex ca!dra z c well be f\nd4 ,x is true t ! "q is word$ vaguely en\gh1 b if x means any?+1 x asks :]e ! philosophiae moralis fons et fundam5tum--! f\ndation ( moral sci5ce--is to be s\ght =1 i4e41 :]e x is to be f\nd4 ,turn+ to ! ,judgm5t we read3 ,he 7,s*op5hau]7 has omitt$ to deal ) ! ess5tial "p ( ! "q1 app>5tly ?9k+ t he 0 requir$ to e/abli% "s fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,e?ics3 :i* he 0 requir$ to d1 unless ! ,society's ,lat9 is borr[$ f 4 ,& !n x goes on to decl>e t he treat$ z second>y1 inde$ z an opus sup]]ogationis1 ! v ?+ :i* ! ,academy int5d$ %\ld occupy ! fir/ place1 namely1 ! connection betwe5 ,metaphysics & ,e?ics4#b ,b ! metaphysicae et e?icae nexus1 s f> f be+ =mulat$ 9 ! "q z ! *ief po9t to be consid]$1 is n ev5 m5tion$6 ,! ,society ?us d5ies hav+ ask$ :at x actually did ask1 :ile ! discussion1 :i* x ass]ts 0 specially indicat$1 is n sugge/$ by a s+le ^w4 ,its emb>rassm5t is suffici5tly %[n by ?is unwor?y %ift+1 to enl>ge ^u :i* w\ld "h be out ( place4#c ,x is n int5d$ to (f] any criticism ei!r on ,s*op5hau]'s ma9 position 9 ?is essay1 or on ! v>i\s side-issues involv$4 ,! read] is suppos$ to be accurately acqua9t$ ) ! fundam5tals ( 8 philosophy1 z conta9$ 9 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 & is invit$ to be ! critic himself4 ,b p]haps a few rem>ks on ! /ructure & g5]al tr5d ( ! "w may n be amiss4 ,aft] prelim9>y consid]ations1 p>tly to %[ ! difficulty ( ! subject1 p>tly to cle> ! gr\nd 7,"p ,i471 ! treatise op5s ) a se>*+ critique ( ,kant's ,e?ical ,basis1 ( ! ,lead+ ,pr9ciple ( 8 sy/em1 & ( its d]iv$ =ms4 7,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt]s ,i4-,,vi47#d ,s*op5hau]'s conclusion is t ! ,categorical ,imp]ative is a v clev]ly wov5 web1 yet 9 reality no?+ b ! old !ological basis 9 disguise1 ! latt] be+ ! indisp5sable1 if invisible1 clo!s' peg = ! =m]2 & t ,kant's t\r de ma9 ( d$uc+ 8 ,moral ,!ology f ,e?ics is l inv]t+ a pyramid4 ,! !ory ( ,consci5ce is next discuss$ 7,*apt] ,,vii474 ,! half-sup]natural elem5t :i* ,kant introduc$ "u ! highly dramatic =m ( a c\rt ( ju/ice hold+ secret session 9 ! brea/1 is exam9$1 & elim9at$2 & ,consci5ce is def9$ z ! k t we h ( ourselves ?r\gh our acts4 ,b if1 s f>1 ! result obta9$ is di/9ctly unfav\rable to ,kant1 ,s*op5hau] is glad to agree ) him on "o po9t1 namely1 ! !ory ( ,fre$om1 to a brief notice ( :i* he n[ passes 7,*apt] ,,viii474 ,he po9ts out t ! solution ( ?is "q is f\nd 9 ! doctr9e ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ,lib]ty & ,necessity3 accord+ to :i* ! basis ( our nature1 ! s-call$ ,intelligible ,"*1 t lies outside ! =ms atta*+ to pha5om5a1 namely1 ,"t1 ,space1 & ,causality1 is transc5d5tally free2 :ile ! ,empirical ,"*1 toge!r ) ! :ole p]son1 be+1 z a pha5om5on1 ! transi5t objectivation ( ! ,intelligible ,"*1 "u ! laws ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 is /rictly det]m9$4#e ,"p ,,ii4 closes ) a suffici5tly amus+ exam9ation ( ,fi*te 7,*apt] ,,ix474 ,8 prop] function is %[n to be t ( a magnify+ glass = ,kant4 ,by means ( ?is p[]ful human l5s we c see ! mon/r\s %apes into :i* ! ,kantian pet creations are capable ( develop+4 ,?us we f9d ! ,categorical ,imp]ative become a ,despotic ,imp]ative1 ! ,absolute ,ought gr[n into a fa?omless inscrutable 1 etc4 ,) ,"p ,,iii4 we rea* ! positive "p ( ! "w4 ,s*op5hau] beg9s 7,*apt] ,i47 by emphasis+ ! necessity ( f9d+ a basis = ,e?ics t appeals1 n to ! intellect1 b to ! intuitive p]ception4 ,su* 7he says7 c nev] be any artificial =mula1 :i* surely crumbles to p[d] b5ea? ! r\gh t\* ( real life2 r mu/ x be some?+ spr++ out ( ! he>t ( ?+s1 & !re=e ly+ at ! root ( man's nature4 ,b is !re1 he asks 7,*apt] ,,ii471 aft] all1 su* a ?+ z natural morality8 ,is any?+ good ev] done absolutely )\t an egoi/ic motive8 ,! conclusion arriv$ at is t1 al?\gh mu* may be1 & has be51 at all times1 said 9 fav\r ( ! ,sceptical ,view1 & al?\gh ?is view is 9 fact true z reg>ds ! great] numb] ( app>5tly unselfi% acts1 yet !re c be no d\bt t truly moral conduct does occur1 t de$s ( ju/ice & lov+-k9dness are occasionally p]=m$ )\t ! smalle/ hope ( rew>d1 or fe> ( puni%m5t involv$ 9 _! omission4 ,! la/ p>agraph ( *is *apt] is important because x puts 9 ! cle>e/ light :at1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 is ! end ( ,e?ics4 ,its aim1 he says1 is n to treat ( t :i* p ought to d 7= ought has no place except 9 !ological ,morals1 :e!r explicit1 or implicit72 b to po9t out all ! v>i$ moral l9es ( human conduct2 to expla9 !m2 & to trace !m to _! ultimate s\rce4 ,?is def9ition1 :i* assigns no educative function to ,e?ics1 /rictly agrees ) ! doctr9e ( ! un*angeabl5ess ( "*4 7,v4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ( ?is ,"p47 ,our philosoph] !n proce$s to %[ 7,*apt] ,,iii47 t !re are two fundam5tal antimoral inc5tives 9 man's nature3 ,egoism & ,malice4 ,be x1 h[ev]1 "h rem>k$ t a /ill simpl] classification w\ld r$uce ^! two to "o4 ,malice may well be reg>d$ z no?+ b ,egoism c>ri$ to its extreme1 develop$ to gigantic proportions4 ,x is a di/9ct s\rce ( gratification to c]ta9 natures to witness ! suff]+ ( ano!r2 because a dim9ution ( ! latt]'s capacity = action1 :e!r effect$ by itself1 or n1 is reg>d$ by an ego ( ?is k9d z an increase ( its own p[] to d z x likes1--z an enhancem5t ( its own glorification4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ! ultimate te/ ( truly moral conduct is expla9$ to be ! abs5ce ( all egoi/ic motivation2 & 9 ,*apt]s ,v4-,,vii41 by a process ( c>eful reason+1 e human act is trac$ to "o ( ?ree orig9al spr+s1 namely1 7#a7 ,egoism1 7#b7 ,malice1 & 7#c7 ,compassion2 or to a comb9ation ( 7#a7 & 7#c71 or 7#a7 & 7#b74f ,( ^! ! ?ird is %[n to be ! only c\nt]-motive to ! fir/ & second1 & 9 fact ! sole s\rce ( ! two c>d9al virtues1 ju/ice & lov+-k9dness1 :i* are expla9$ z ! manife/ation ( ,compassion 9 a l[]1 & a high]1 degree1 respectively4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! demon/ration ! "q z to h[ f> a lie is legitimate comes incid5tally "u discussion2 z also ! !ory ( ,duty2 duties be+ def9$ z actions1 ! simple omission ( :i* con/itutes a wrong4 7,cf4 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,iii47 ,! position n[ rea*$1 namely1 t ,compassion is ! "o & only f\nt ( true morality1 because x is ! sole non-egoi/ic s\rce ( action1 is 7says ,s*op5hau]7 a /range p>adox2 h5ce ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce & ( univ]sal human s5tim5t is appeal$ to1 9 confirmation ( x1 "u n9e diff]5t consid]ations 7,*apt] ,,viii474 ,!y are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,an imag9>y case4 7#b7 ,cruelty1 :i* means ! maximum defici5cy 9 ,compassion1 is ! m>k ( ! deepe/ moral depravity4 ,!re=e ! real moral inc5tive mu/ be ,compassion4 7#c7 ,compassion is ! only ?or\ghly effective spr+ ( moral conduct4 7#d7 ,limitless ,compassion = all liv+ ?+s is ! sure/ & mo/ c]ta9 tok5 ( a really good man4 7#e7 ,! evid5ce ( sep>ate matt]s ( detail4 7#f7 ,compassion is m easily disc]n$ 9 its high] p[]2 x is m obvi\sly ! root ( lov+-k9dness ?an ( ju/ice4 7#g7 ,compassion does n /op %ort ) m52 x includes all liv+ be+s4 7#h7 ,consid]$ simply f ! empirical po9t ( view1 ,compassion is ! be/ possible antidote to ,egoism1 no less ?an ! mo/ soo?+ balsam = ! _w's inevitable suff]+4 7#i7 ,r\sseau's te/imony is quot$1 z well z passages f ! ,paa-tantra1 ,pausanias1 ,lucian1 ,/obaeus1 & ,less+2 & ref]5ce is made to ,*9ese ,e?ics & ,h9du cu/oms4 ,"p ,,iii4 closes 7,*apt] ,,ix47 ) an inquiry into ! ,e?ical ,diff]5ce ( ,"*4 ,! !ory t ?is diff]5ce is innate & immutable is support$ by num]\s extracts f v>i\s writ]s ( all p]iods1 & illu/rat$ 9 _m ways4 ,b all ! evid5ce accumulat$ h>dly am\nts to m ?an s _m h9ts & indications1 & ! matt] 7says ,s*op5hau]7 0 only satisfactorily expla9$ by ,kant's doctr9e ( ! ,intelligible & ,empirical ,"*4 7,cf4 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,viii47 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! e?ical diff]5ce betwe5 man & man is an orig9al & ultimate datum1 caus$ by ! transc5d5tally free act ( ! ,intelligible ,"*1 t is1 ! ,w1 z ,?+ 9 itself1 outside pha5om5a2 ! ,empirical ,"* be+1 s to say1 ! reflection ( ! ,intelligible1 mirror$ ?r\gh ! functions ( our p]ceptive faculty1 namely1 ,"t1 ,space1 & ,causality4 ,h5ce ! =m]1 :ile manife/$ 9 plurality & diff]5ce ( acts1 yet necess>ily always we>s ! same un*angeable features1 inasmu* z x is b ! appe>ance-=m ( ! unity beh9d4 ,if ! read] asks :y ! ess5tial con/itution ( ! ,?+ 9 itself und]ly+ ! pha5om5on is s enorm\sly diff]5t 9 diff]5t individuals1 x c only be said t our intellect1 condition$1 z x is1 by ! laws ( ,causality1 ,space1 & ,"t1 has no p[] to deal ) n\m5a1 its range be+ limit$ to pha5om5a2 & t !re=e ?is "q is "o ( ^? :i* h no conceivable answ]4 7,cf4 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 #ej41 ,epiphilosophie47#g ,! discussion n[ t]m9at$ po9ts to ! conclusion t n9e-t5?s1 or p]haps n9ete5-tw5tie?s1 ( :at we d is1 m or less1 due to ,egoism1 consci\s or unconsci\s2 :ile acts ( real morality1 t is1 ( unselfi% ju/ice & pure lov+-k9dness 7admitt+ t !y occur7 are to be attribut$ to ,compassion1 t is1 ! s5se ( suff]+ ) ano!r4 ,nor is ! pr9ciple ( ,altruism new4 ,x is z old z man himself4 ,all ! r>e & s5sitive natures 9 ! _w h giv5 utt]ance to x1 ea* 9 8 own way4 ,l a gold5 ?read x runs f ! e>lie/ ,indian lit]ature to ,george ,eliot1 to ,tol/o2 & e day1 = unnumb]$ ages1 f y\? to eld1 f sire to son1 9 l[ly dwell+s & 9 pr9ces' palaces1 x has be5 unaw>es translat$ into action4 ,& if we may =eca/ ! future f ! pa/1 x w\ld appe> t 9 all ! /ormy seas yet to be trav]s$ by ! human race1 be=e its little day is sp5t1 ,compassion w ev] be ! sure/ guide to bett] ?+s2 & t ! light ( k illum9at+ ! pa?1 :]eby ! _w may become relatively happi]1 w always v>y directly z man's susceptibility to its prompt+s3 = ,dur* ,mitleid wiss5d is n tru] ( ,p>sifal ?an ( all o!r savi\rs4 ,9 ! f\r? ,"p ( ! treatise ,s*op5hau] attempts ! metaphysical explanation ( ,compassion1 :i* = ^?1 :o /ill ?9k t ,metaphysics is some?+ m ?an a pseudo-sci5ce ( ! pa/--l ,al*emy or ,a/rology--w h special int]e/4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ 7z is po9t$ out 9 our au?or's ,preface to ! fir/ edition7 t ! l9e ( ?\ght foll[$ does n belong to any p>ticul> metaphysical s*ool1 b to _m2 be+ 9 fact a pr9ciple at ! root ( ! olde/ sy/ems 9 ! _w1 & traceable 9 "o =m or ano!r d[n to ,kant4 ,z 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory x 0 our own ,aryan =efa!rs1 :o div9$ ) subtle intuition ! ideality ( ,"t & ,space2 s 9 ! fulness ( ! ages x 0 res]v$ = ano!r ,aryan ( ,scot* desc5t to =mulate ! same 9 exact language4 ,n[1 by ! va/ majority ( m5 ! ideality ( ! pr9cipium individuationis is und\bt$ly ei!r n consci\sly realis$ at all1 or else b dimly p]ceiv$ "u ! =m ( allegories & my?ologies4 ,yet1 if ?is !ory be true1 if individuation be only a pha5om5on dep5d+ on ! subjectivity ( ,"t & ,space1 !n ,compassion1 & its ext]nal expression1 ! t is great] ?an ,fai? & ,hope1 receive _! f9al explanation4 ,& e 2 e ^w t vibrates 9 h>mony ) ! inspir$ rhapsody ( #a ,cor9?ians xiii42 e act ( g5u9e ju/ice1 or ( true lov+-k9dness1 done by man to man1 z well z ! uplift+ emotion :i* /irs our he>ts at ! sight ( su* conduct3--all ^! ?+s become fraught ) a new & lum9\s significance3 ! secret writ+ is int]pret$1 its deepe/ mean+ disclos$4 ,moreov]1 ! ?\ %alt1 & ! ?\ %alt n1 no less ( ! v>i\s !ologies ?an ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 may f ?is po9t ( view be acc\nt$ =1 on ! gr\nd ( ! id5tity ( man1 s f> z he is n\m5al1 ) ! transc5d5tal ,reality beh9d pha5om5a4 ,! crude ?reats ( puni%m5t & promises ( rew>d1 ! /]n ,moral ,law1 pois$ 9 mid air1--^! hypo!ses1 & all _! v>ieties 7^: function is 9 reality no?+ else b to *eck ,egoism71 are se5 to be due to ! intellect's imp]fect compreh5sion (1 or r1 its vague grop+ aft]1 ! transc5d5tal unity ( life1 h[ev] individualis$ & diff]5tiat$ z a pha5om5on 9 ,"t & ,space4#h ,x ?us becomes app>5t t ! position develop$ by ,s*op5hau] 9 ! ?ird & f\r? p>ts ( ! ,essay is n s mu* de/ructive1 z explanatory1 ( ! usual !ories1 :i*1 if once ! =m] be fully grasp$1 lose !mselves 9 x z />s & moon 9 ! light ( day4 ,!y are at once int]pret$1 & %[n to be no long] ( importance4 ,simil>ly1 all ! religions ( ! _w1 :i* are ! ,metaphysics ( ! p1 f9d _! raison d'tre 9 ! same doctr9e4 ,! !ory ( an ext]nal takes its place z ! natural mode ( d5ot+1 9 *ildr5's language1 ! int]nal metaphysical ,entity1 ^: appe>ance-=m1 9 t]ms ( our consci\sness1 is call$ ! ,univ]se4 ,! circle is complet$2 ! discords vani%1 & an ultimate h>mony is rea*$4 ,& s ov] ! ?rice-tangl$ ske9 ( pha5om9al exi/5ce a simplify+ & integrat+ light is %$1 %[+ t ! is b ! reflection ( ! 1 "u ! =ms ( our faculty ( p]ception1 namely1 ,"t1 ,space1 & ,causality--=ms1 :i* necess>ily imply plurality & *ange1 on :i*1 aga91 9 ! la/ resort ! ,welt-,s*m]z dep5ds4 ,! ,"o rema9s1 ! _m *ange & pass2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,life1 l a dome ( _m-col\r$ glass1 ,/a9s ! :ite radiance ( ,et]nity1 ,until ,dea? tramples x to fragm5ts4 ,:at an unspeakable ga91 says ,ri*>d ,wagn]1#i we %\ld br+ to ^? :o are t]rifi$ by ! ?reats ( ! ,*ur*1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ^? :o are r$uc$ to despair by our physici/s1 if we c\ld quick5 ! noble edifice ( ',love1 ,fai?1 & ,hope1' ) a cle> consci\sness ( ! ideality ( ! _w1 condition$ by ! laws ( ,space & ,"t1 :i* =m ! sole basis ( our p]ceptive capacity6 ,9 t case all anxi\s inquiries z to a ',:]e' & ',:5' ( ! 'o!r _w' w\ld be und]/ood to be only answ]able by a blissful smile4 ,=1 if !re is a solution to ^! que/ions1 :i* seem ( su* b\ndless importance1 our philosoph] has giv5 x ) incomp>able precision & beauty 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 is only a coroll>y to ! def9ition ( ! ideality ( ,"t & ,space3 ',peace1 ,re/1 & ,bliss dwell only !re :]e !re is no :]e1 & no :54' 7,v4 ,s*op5hau]3 ,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 #c1 #cj bis47 #a ,he di$ ,septemb] #ba/4 #b ,x %\ld be notic$ t ?is ess5tial "p ( ! "q1 a few l9es be=e1 is said to h be5 pass$ ov] altoge!r 7omisso enim eo1 quod potissimum po/ulabatur74 #c ,any "o :o c>es to see h[ ?is ,judgm5t1 ! ,dani% ,royal ,society ( ,sci5ces1 ,hegel1 ,fi*te1 & ,pr(essors ( ,philosophy 9 g5]al1 are all pulv]is$ toge!r "u our sage's )]+ wra? & tr5*ant irony1 %\ld read 8 ,introduction to ea* ,edition4 #d ,incid5tally 7,*apt] ,,iii471 duties t[>ds ourselves1 prop]ly s call$1 are %[n to be non-exi/5t f ! ,s*op5hau]ian /&po9t4 ,cf4 ! def9ition ( ,duty 9 ,"p ,,iii41 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #e ,s*op5hau] treat$ ?is subject exhau/ively 9 8 ,essay on ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 :i*1 writt5 imm$iately be=e1 & m =tunate ?an1 ! pres5t treatise1 0 aw>d$ ! prize by ! ,royal ,norwegian ,society ( ,sci5ces 9 ,janu>y1 #ahci4 #f ,if1 z above sugge/$1 ,malice be tak5 z a =m ( ,egoism1 we may simplify z foll[s3-- ,egoism4 ,compassion4 7a7 ,l[] p[]3 se5 9 7a7 ,l[] p[]3 se5 9 selfi%ness1 covet\sness1 etc4 ju/ice4 7b7 ,high] p[]3 se5 9 7d7 ,high] p[]3 se5 9 malice1 cruelty1 etc4 lov+-k9dness4 ,egoism 7n 9 its high] p[]7 may be simultane\sly op]ative ) ,compassion 9 e possible proportion4 #g ,v4 ,also ! ,neue ,p>alipom5a1 *ap4 vii42 ,zur ,e?ik1 #bdh1 :]e ,s*op5hau] calls ?is ! h>de/ ( all problems4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h ! metaphysical unity ( ! ,w1 z ,?+ 9 itself1 :i*1 z ! ,intelligible ,"*1 is pres5t1 :ole & undivid$1 9 all pha5om5a1 9 e individual2 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d1 z a fact ( exp]i5ce1 ! wide/ possible diff]5ce 9 ! ,empirical ,"*1 no less ( animals ?an ( m54 ,t is to say1 diff]5ce mu/ be pr$icat$ ( ! ,?+ 9 itself6 ,x is obvi\s t we "h t\* a contradiction1 :i*1 = ! re/1 lies at ! root ( ! ,s*op5hau]ian doctr9e ( ! ,w4 #h ,! read] w rememb] ! f9e poetic pres5tm5t ( ?is view ( ?+s1 :i* ,goe! ) intuitive p]ception gives 9 ! ,fau/1 ,"p ,i41 :]e ! ,erdgei/ says3 ,s s*aff' i* am saus5d5 ,,web/uhl ,,d] ,,zeit1 ,und wirke ,,d] ,,got!it ,,leb5diges ,,kleid4 #i ,v4 ,gesammelte ,s*rift5 und ,di*tung5 von ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,zweite ,auflage1 vol4 x4 ,0 ntzt diese ,erk5ntnis8 p4 #cfa3--,wel*5 unsgli*5 ,gew9n wrd5 wir ab] d5 e9]seits von d5 ,drohung5 d] ,kir*e ,ers*reckt51 &]]seits d5 dur* uns]e ,physik] zur ,v]zweiflung ,gebra*t5 zufhr51 w5n wir de9 erhab55 ,gebude von ,liebe1 ,glaube und ,h(fnung e9e deutli*e ,erk5ntnis d]1 dur* die uns]] ,wahrnehmung e9zig zu ,grunde lieg5d5 ,gesetze des ,raumes und d] ,zeit b$+t51 ,idealitt d] ,welt e9fg5 knnt51 dur* wel*e dann alle die ,frag5 des beng/igt5 ,gem!s na* e9em ,wo und ,wann d] &]5 ,welt als nur dur* e9 seliges ,l*eln beantwortb> erkannt w]d5 ms/58 ,d5n1 giebt es auf diese1 s gr5z5los wi*tig dnk5d5 ,frag5 e9e ,antwort1 s hat sie uns] ,philosoph1 mit unb]treffli*] ,przision und ,s*nheit1 mit diesem1 gewiss]maass5 nur d] ,def9ition d] ,idealitt von ,zeit und ,raum beigegeb55 ,ausspru*e er!ilt3 ,fri$a1 ,ruhe1 und ,glckseligkeit wohnt alle9 da1 wo es ,,ke9 ,,wo ,,und ,,ke9 ,,wann giebt4 ,,! ,,"q ,! "q advanc$ by ! ,royal ,society1 toge!r ) ! consid]ations lead+ up to x1 is z foll[s3-- ,quum primitiva1'1 moralitatis idea1 sive de summa lege morali pr9cipalis notio1 sua quadam 'propria eaque m9ime logica necessitate1 turn 9 ea discipl9a app>eat1 cui propositum e/ cognitionem explic>e1 turn 9 vita1 p>tim 9 consci5tiae judicio de no/ris actionibus1 p>tim 9 c5sura morali de actionibus aliorum hom9um2 quumque complures1 quae ab illa id] insep>ables sunt1 eamque tanquam orig9em respiciunt1 notiones pr9cipales ad spectantes1 velut (ficii notio et imputationis1 eadem necessitate eodemque ambitu vim suam exs]ant1--et tam5 int] eos cursus viasque1 quas no/rae aetatis m$itatio philosophica p]sequitur1 magni mom5ti esse videatur1 hoc argum5tum ad disputationem revoc>e1--cupit ,societas1 ut accurate haec quae/io p]p5datur et p]tractetur3 ,philosophiae moralis fons et fundam5tum utrum 9 idea moralitatis1 quae imm$iate consci5tia cont9eatur1 et cet]is notionibus fundam5talibus1 quae ex illa prodeant1 explic&is qua]5da sunt1 an 9 alio cognosc5di pr9cipio8 7,! orig9al idea ( morality1 or ! lead+ conception ( ! supreme moral law1 occurs by a necessity :i* seems peculi> to ! subject1 b :i* is by no means a logical "o1 bo? 9 t sci5ce1 ^: object x is to set =? ! k ( :at is moral1 & also 9 real life1 :]e x %[s itself p>tly 9 ! judgm5t pass$ by consci5ce on our own actions1 p>tly 9 our moral e/imation ( ! actions ( o!rs2 moreov]1 mo/ ( ! *ief conceptions 9 ,e?ics1 spr++ z !y d out ( t idea1 & insep>able f x 7z1 = in/ance1 ! conception ( duty1 & ! ascription ( praise or blame7 ass]t !mselves ) ! same necessity1 & "u ! same conditions4 ,9 view ( ^! facts & because x appe>s highly desirable1 consid]+ ! tr5d ( philosophic inve/igation 9 our "t1 to submit ?is matt] to fur!r scrut9y2 ! ,society desires t ! foll[+ "q be c>efully consid]$ & discuss$3-- ,is ! f\nta9 & basis ( ,morals to be s\ght = 9 an idea ( morality :i* lies directly 9 ! consci\sness 7or consci5ce71 & 9 ! analysis ( ! o!r lead+ e?ical conceptions :i* arise f x8 or is x to be f\nd an "s o!r s\rce ( k87 ,,"p ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,problem4 ,:y d philosoph]s diff] s widely z to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,morals1 b agree respect+ ! conclusions & duties :i* !y d$uce f ^? pr9ciples8 ,?is is ! "q :i* 0 set z subject = a prize essay by ! ,royal ,society ( ,holl& at ,h>lem1 #ahaj1 & solv$ by ,j4,c4,f4 ,mei/]2 & 9 comp>ison ) ! task be=e u1 ! inquiry pres5t$ no extraord9>y difficulty4 ,=3-- 7#a7 ,! pres5t "q ( ! ,royal ,society has to d ) no?+ less important ?an ! objectively true basis ( morals1 & consequ5tly ( morality4 ,x is an ,academy1 be x obs]v$1 :i* invites ?is inquiry2 & h5ce1 f its position1 x has no practical purpose 9 view2 x asks = no disc\rse inculcat+ ! ex]cise ( uprightness & virtue1 ) argum5ts bas$ on evid5ce1 ( :i* ! plausibility is dwelt on1 & ! sophi/ry evad$1 z is done 9 popul> manuals4 ,r1 z its aim is n practical1 b only !oretical1 x desires no?+ b ! purely philosophical1 t is1 ! objective1 undisguis$1 & nak$ exposition ( ! ultimate basis ( all good moral conduct1 indep5d5t ( e positive law1 ( e improv$ assumption1 & h5ce free f all gr\ndwork1 :e!r metaphysical or my?ical4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a problem ^: bri/l+ difficulties are atte/$ by ! circum/ance t all philosoph]s 9 e age & l& h blunt$ _! wits on x1 & /ill m by ! fact t all gods1 ori5tal & occid5tal1 actually d]ive _! exi/5ce !refrom4 ,%\ld !re=e ?is opportunity s]ve to solve x1 assur$ly ! ,royal ,society w n h exp5d$ its money amiss4 7#b7 ,ap>t f ?is1 a peculi> disadvantage w be f\nd to atta* to any !oretical exam9ation ( ! basis ( morals1 because su* an inve/igation is suspici\sly l an attempt to und]m9e1 & occasion ! collapse (1 ! /ructure itself4 ,! fact is1 t 9 ?is matt] we are apt to s closely associate practical aims ) !ory1 t ! well-meant zeal ( ! =m] is ) difficulty re/ra9$ f ill-tim$ int]v5tion4 ,nor is x )9 ! p[] ( e "o to cle>ly dissociate ! purely !oretical se>* = objective tru?1 purg$ ( all int]e/1 ev5 ( t ( morality z practis$1 f a %ameless attack on ! he>t's sacr$ convictions4 ,!re=e he1 :o "h puts 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 mu/1 = 8 enc\ragem5t1 ev] be> 9 m9d t f ! do+s & affairs ( ! populace1 f ! turmoil & bu/le ( ! m>ket-place1 no?+ is fur!r remov$ ?an ! quiet retreat & sanctu>y ( ! ,academy1 :]e no noise ( ! _w may ent]1 & :]e ! only god rais$ on a p$e/al is ,tru?1 9 solit>y1 nak$ sublimity4 ,! conclusion f ^! two premises is t ,i mu/ be all[$ complete fre$om ( spee*1 z well z ! "r ( que/ion+ ev]y?+2 & fur!rmore1 t if ,i succe$ 9 really contribut+ some?+1 h[ev] small1 to ?is subject1 !n t contribution w be ( no little importance4 ,b !re are /ill o!r difficulties ob/ruct+ my pa?4 ,! ,royal ,society asks = a %ort monograph sett+ =? ! basis ( ,e?ics entirely by itself2 :i* means to say1 indep5d5t ( its connection ) ! g5]al sy/em1 i4e41 ! actual metaphysics ( any philosophy4 ,su* a dem& mu/ n only r5d] ! accompli%m5t ( ! task m difficult1 b necess>ily make x imp]fect4 ,long ago ,*ri/ian ,wolff1 9 8 ,philosophia ,practica 7,p4 ,,ii41 #bh7 obs]v$3 ,t5ebrae 9 philosophia practica non dispelluntur1 nisi luce metaphysica effulg5te 7,d>kness 9 practical philosophy is only disp]s$1 :5 ! light ( metaphysics %9es on x27 & ,kant 9 ! ,preface to 8 ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5 rem>ks3 ,metaphysics mu/ prec$e1 & is 9 e case indisp5sable to1 moral philosophy4 ,=1 j z e religion on e>?1 s f> z x prescribes morality1 does n leave ! latt] to re/ on itself1 b backs x by a body ( dogmas 7! *ief end ( :i* is precisely to be ! prop ( ! moral s5se72 s ) philosophy1 ! e?ical basis1 :atev] x be1 mu/ itself atta* to1 & f9d its support 91 "o sy/em ( metaphysics or ano!r1 t is to say1 9 a presuppos$ explanation ( ! _w1 & ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,?is is s1 because ! ultimate & true conclusion conc]n+ ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,univ]se mu/ necess>ily be closely connect$ ) t t\*+ ! e?ical significance ( human action2 & because1 9 any case1 t :i* is pres5t$ z ! f\ndation ( morality1 if x is n to be m]ely an ab/ract =mula1 float+ 9 ! cl\ds1 & out ( contact ) ! real _w1 mu/ be "s fact or o!r discov]able ei!r 9 ! objective kosmos1 or else 9 man's consci\sness2 b1 z su*1 x c itself be only a pha5om5on2 & consequ5tly1 l all o!r pha5om5a1 x requires a fur!r explanation2 & ?is explanation is suppli$ by ,metaphysics4 ,philosophy inde$ is su* a connect$ :ole t x is impossible to exhau/ively discuss any "o "p )\t all ! o!rs be+ involv$4 ,?us ,plato says q correctly3 s o o 1 2 7,pha$r41 p4 #cga1 ,ed4 ,bip47 7,d y ?9k !n x is possible to und]/& at all adequately ! nature ( ! s\l1 )\t at ! same "t und]/&+ ! nature ( ! ,:ole1 i4e41 ! totality ( ?+s87 ,! metaphysics ( nature1 ! metaphysics ( morals1 & ! metaphysics ( ! beautiful mutually presuppose ea* o!r1 & only :5 tak5 z connect$ toge!r d !y complete ! explanation ( ?+s z !y really are1 & ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,s t :oev] %\ld exactly trace "o ( ^! ?ree to its ultimate orig91 w\ld be f\nd to h necess>ily br\ght ! o!rs into 8 solution ( ! problem2 j z an absolutely cle> & exhau/ive und]/&+ ( any s+le ?+ 9 ! _w w\ld imply a p]fect compreh5sion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,n[ if we 7 to />t f a giv5 sy/em ( metaphysics1 :i* is assum$ to be true1 we %\ld rea* syn!tically a basis ( morals1 & ?is basis1 be+1 s to say1 built up f bel[1 w\ld provide ! result+ e?ical /ructure ) a sure f\ndation4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case1 s9ce ! t]ms ( ! "q en=ce ! sep>ation ( e?ics f all metaphysics1 !re rema9s no?+ b ! analytic me?od1 :i* proce$s f facts ei!r ( ext]nal exp]i5ce1 or ( consci\sness4 ,x is true t ?us ! ultimate orig9 ( ! latt] may be trac$ back to ! human _s1 a s\rce :i* !n1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 z a fundam5tal fact1 a prim>y pha5om5on1 und]ivable f any?+ else1 ) ! result t ! :ole explanation rema9s simply a psy*ological "o4 ,at be/ its connection ) any g5]al metaphysical /&po9t c only be describ$ z accessory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fundam5tal datum1 ! prim>y pha5om5on ( ,e?ics1 s f\nd 9 man's nature1 c\ld itself 9 its turn be acc\nt$ = & expla9$1 if we might fir/ treat ( metaphysics1 & !n by ! syn!tic me?od d$uce ,e?ics f x4 ,?is w\ld mean1 h[ev]1 no?+ less ?an ! con/ruction ( a complete sy/em1 ( philosophy1 :]eby ! limits ( ! giv5 "q w\ld be f> exce$$4 ,i am1 !re=e1 compell$ to answ] x )9 ! l9es :i* its own isolat$ n>r[ness has laid d[n4 ,& la/ly1 !re is ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,! basis on :i* x is "h int5d$ to place ,e?ics w prove to be a v small "o2 & ! consequ5ce is t ( ! _m lawful1 approvable1 & praisewor?y actions ( mank9d1 only ! m9ority w be f\nd to spr+ f purely moral motives1 :ile ! majority w h to be attribut$ to o!r s\rces4 ,?is gives less satisfaction1 has n su* a speci\s glitt] z1 let u say1 a ,categorical ,imp]ative1 :i* always /&s ready = comm&s1 only t itself 9 its turn may comm& :at ought to be done1 & :at ought to be left undone2#a n to m5tion o!r f\ndations t are entirely mat]ial4 ,i c only1 !re=e1 rem9d ! read] ( ! say+ 9 ,ecclesia/es 7iv4 #f73 ,bett] is an h&ful ) quietness1 ?an bo? ! h&s full ) travail & vexation ( _s4 ,9 all k ! g5u9e1 pro(-resi/+1 inde/ructible coeffici5t is nev] l>ge2 j z 9 ! e>?'s metallic /rata a hundr$weight ( /one hides b a few ounces ( gold4 ,b :e!r o!rs w pref]--z ,i d--! assur$ to ! bulky possession1 ! small quantity ( gold :i* rema9s 9 ! crucible to ! big lump ( matt] t 0 br\ght along ) x2 or :e!r ,i %all r be *>g$ ) hav+ remov$ f ,e?ics its basis1 in/ead ( provid+ "o1 9 s f> z ,i prove t ! lawful & comm5dable actions ( mank9d (t5 d n conta9 a p>ticle ( pure moral wor?1 & 9 mo/ cases only a v little1 re/+1 z !y d1 o!rwise on motives1 ! suffici5cy ( :i* mu/ ultimately be ref]r$ to ! egoism ( ! do]2 all ?is ,i mu/ leave undecid$2 & ,i d s1 n )\t anxiety1 nay1 r ) resignation1 because ,i h long s9ce be5 ( ! same m9d z ,johann ,georg von ,zimm]mann1 :5 he said3 ,re/ assur$ until y\r dy+ day1 t no?+ 9 ! _w is s r>e z a good judge4 7,ueb] die ,e9samkeit2 ,pt4 ,i41 ,*4 iii41 p4 #ic47 ,= all true & volunt>y righte\sness1 = all lov+-k9dness1 = all nobl5ess1 :]ev] ^! qualities may be f\nd1 my !ory c only po9t to a v small f\ndation2 :]eas my oppon5ts confid5tly con/ruct broad bases = ,morals1 :i* are made /rong en\gh = e possible burd51 & are at ! same "t ?ru/ ^u e d\bt]'s consci5ce1 accompani$ ) a ?reat5+ side-glance at 8 own morality4 ,z contra/$ ) ^!1 my own position is inde$ 9 sore & sorry plight4 ,x is l t ( ,cordelia be=e ,k+ ,le>1 ) h] weakly word$ assurance ( dutiful affection1 comp>$ ) ! effusive prote/ations ( h] m eloqu5t si/]s4 ,s t !re seems to be ne$ ( a cordial t may be furni%$ by "s maxim tak5 f intellectual hunt+ gr\nds1 su* z1 ,magna e/ vis v]itatis1 et praevalebit4 7,great is ! /r5g? ( tru?1 & x w prevail47 ,b to a man :o has liv$ & lab\r$ ev5 ?is fails to give mu* enc\ragem5t4 ,mean:ile1 ,i w = once make ! v5ture ) tru? on my side2 & :at opposes me w at ! same "t oppose tru?4 #a ,t is1 ! ,categorical ,imp]ative appe>s at fir/ z y\r ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ready to p]=m any useful s]vice1 e4g41 ! solv+ ( e?ical riddles2 :ile x ends by ga9+ ! upp] h&1 & comm&+4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,retrospect4 ,= ! p morality comes ?r\gh1 & is f\nd$ on1 !ology1 z ! express w ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see philosoph]s1 ) few exceptions1 tak+ special pa9s to entirely exclude ?is k9d ( f\ndation2 inde$1 s !y may b avoid x1 !y pref] ev5 to f9d a refuge 9 sophi/ry4 ,:5ce comes ?is anti!sis8 ,assur$ly no m effici5t basis = ,e?ics c be imag9$ ?an ! !ological2 = :o w\ld be s bold z to oppose ! w ( ! ,almighty & ! ,omnisci5t8 ,unque/ionably1 no "o2 if only ?is w 7 proclaim$ 9 an au!ntic1 (ficial mann] 7if "o may say s71 :]eby no possible room = d\bt c\ld be left4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is precisely ! condition :i* does n admit ( be+ realis$4 ,x is r ! inv]se process :i* is attempt$4 ,! law decl>$ to be ! w ( ,god m5 try to accr$it z su*1 by demon/rat+ its agreem5t ) our own indep5d5t1 & h5ce1 natural moral views1 & an appeal is consequ5tly made to ^! z be+ m direct & c]ta94 ,b ?is is n all4 ,we p]ceive t an action p]=m$ solely ?r\gh ?reat ( puni%m5t & promise ( rew>d w\ld be moral mu* m 9 appe>ance ?an 9 reality2 s9ce1 aft] all1 x w\ld h its root 9 ,egoism1 & 9 ! la/ resort ! scale w\ld be turn$ by ! great] or less am\nt ( cr$ulity ev9c$ 9 ea* case4 ,n[ x 0 none o!r ?an ,kant :o de/roy$ ! f\ndations ( ,speculative ,!ology1 :i* up to 8 "t 7 acc\nt$ un%akable4 ,speculative ,!ology _h hi!rto su/a9$ ,e?ics1 & 9 ord] to procure = ! =m] an exi/5ce ( "s sort1 if only an imag9>y "o1 8 wi% 0 to proce$ inv]sely1 & make ,e?ics su/a9 ,speculative ,!ology4 ,s t x is n[ m ?an ev] impossible to ?9k ( bas+ ,e?ics on ,!ology2 = no "o kn[s any long] :i* ( ! two is to be ! support]1 & :i* ! support$1 & ! consequ5ce is a circulus vitiosus4 ,x is precisely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,kant's philosophy2 ?r\gh ! contemporane\s effect ( ! unp>allel$ progress made 9 all ! natural sci5ces1 ) reg>d to :i* e pa/ age 9 comp>ison ) our own appe>s *ildi%2 & la/ly1 ?r\gh ! k ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 & ( ^? mo/ anci5t & wide/ spread fai?s1 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 :i*1 z f> z "t & space g1 are ! mo/ important religions sy/ems ( mank9d1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 are ! orig9al native religions ( our own race1 n[ well kn[n to be ( ,asiatic desc5t--our race1 to :i* 9 its new /range home !y once m s5d a message across ! c5turies2--x is because ( all ?is1 ,i say1 t ! fundam5tal philosophical convictions ( le>n$ ,europe h 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ fifty ye>s und]gone a revolution1 :i* p]haps _m only reluctantly admit1 b :i* _c be d5i$4 ,! result ( ?is *ange is t ! old supports ( ,e?ics h be5 %[n to be rott51 :ile ! assurance rema9s t ,e?ics itself c nev] collapse2 :5ce ! conviction arises t = x !re mu/ exi/ a gr\ndwork diff]5t f any hi!rto provid$1 & adaptable to ! advanc$ views ( ! age4 ,! ne$ ( su* is mak+ itself felt m & m1 & 9 x we und\bt$ly f9d ! reason t has induc$ ! ,royal ,society to make ! pres5t important "q ! subject ( a prize essay4 ,9 e age mu* good morality has be5 prea*$2 b ! explanation ( its raison d'tre has always be5 encompass$ ) difficulties4 ,on ! :ole we disc]n an endeav\r to get at "s objective tru?1 f :i* ! e?ical injunctions c\ld-be logically d$uc$2 & x has be5 s\ght = bo? 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & 9 ! nature ( man2 b 9 va94 ,! result 0 always ! same4 ,! w ( ea* human unit 0 f\nd to gravitate solely t[>ds its own individual welf>e1 ! idea ( :i* 9 its entirety is designat$ by ! t]m blissfulness 7,glckseligkeit72 & ?is /riv+ aft] self-satisfaction leads mank9d by a pa? v1 diff]5t to ! "o morality w\ld fa9 po9t out4 ,! endeav\r 0 next made n[ to id5tify blissfulness ) virtue1 n[ to repres5t x z virtue's consequ5ce & effect4 ,bo? attempts h always fail$2 & ?is = no want ( sophi/ry4 ,!n rec\rse 0 _h to artificial =mulas1 purely objective & ab/ract1 z well a po/]iori z a priori1 f :i* correct e?ical conduct und\bt$ly admitt$ ( be+ d$uc$4 ,b !re 0 no?+ f\nd 9 man's nature to af=d ^! a foot+1 :]eby !y might h avail$ to guide ! /riv+s ( 8 volition1 9 face ( its egoi/ic t5d5cy4 ,x appe>s to me sup]flu\s to v]ify all ?is by describ+ & criticis+ e hi!rto exi/+ f\ndation ( morality2 n only because ,i %>e ,augu/9e's op9ion1 non e/ pro magno hab5dum quid hom9es s5s]9t1 s$ quae sit rei v]itas 7,x is ! tru? ab\t a ?+1 n m5's op9ions !reon1 t is ( importance72 b also because x w\ld be l ',a 7i4e41 c>ry+ coals to ,newca/le72 = previ\s attempts to give a f\ndation to ,e?ics are suffici5tly well-kn[n to ! ,royal ,society1 & ! v "q propos$ %[s t x is also conv9c$ ( _! inadequat5ess4 ,any read] less well-in=m$ w f9d a c>eful1 if n complete1 pres5tm5t ( ! attempts hi!rto made1 9 ,g>ve's ,ueb]si*t d] vornehm/5 ,pr9cipi5 d] ,sitt5lehre1 & aga91 9 ,/udl9's ,ges*i*te d] ,moralphilosophie4 ,x is ( c\rse v di%e>t5+ to reflect t ,e?ics1 :i* s directly conc]ns life1 has met ) ! same unhappy fate z ! ab/ruse sci5ce ( ,metaphysics1 & t its fir/ pr9ciple1 ?\gh p]petually s\ght = ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,socrates1 has /ill to be f\nd4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ rememb] t 9 ,e?ics1 mu* m ?an 9 any o!r sci5ce1 :at is ess5tial is conta9$ 9 its fundam5tal propositions2 ! d$uctions are s simple t !y come ( !mselves4 ,= all are capable ( draw+ a conclusion1 b few ( judg+4 ,& ?is is exactly ! reason :y l5g?y text-books & diss]tations on ,morals are z sup]flu\s z !y are t$i\s4 ,meantime1 if ,i may po/ulate an acqua9tance ) all ! =m] f\ndations ( ,e?ics1 my task w be light5$4 ,:oev] obs]ves h[ anci5t z well z mod]n philosoph]s 7! ,*ur* cre$ suffic$ = ! middle ages7 h _h rec\rse to ! mo/ div]se & extraord9>y argum5ts1 9 ord] to provide = ! g5]ally recognis$ requirem5ts ( morality a basis capable ( pro(1 & h[ not)/&+ !y admitt$ly fail$2 he w be able to measure ! difficulty ( ! problem1 & e/imate my contribution accord+ly4 ,& he :o has le>n$ to "k t none ( ! roads hi!rto /ruck on lead to ! goal1 w be ! m will+ to tread ) me a v diff]5t pa? f ^!--a pa? :i* up to n[ ei!r has n be5 notic$1 or else has be5 pass$ ov] ) contempt2 p]haps because x 0 ! mo/ natural "o4#a ,z a matt] ( fact my solution ( ! "q w rem9d _m ( ,columbus' egg4 ,x is solely to ! late/ attempt at giv+1 a basis to ,e?ics--,i mean ! ,kantian--t a critical exam9ation w be devot$4 ,i %all make x all ! m exhau/ive1 p>tly because ! great e?ical re=m ( ,kant gave to ?is sci5ce a f\ndation hav+ a real sup]iority to previ\s ones & p>tly because x /ill rema9s ! la/ important pron\ncem5t 9 ?is doma92 = :i* reason x has obta9$ g5]al acceptance up to ! pres5t day1 & is univ]sally taught1 al?\gh diff]5tly g>ni%$ by c]ta9 *anges 9 ! demon/ration & 9 ! t]m9ology4 ,x is ! e?ical sy/em ( ! la/ sixty ye>s1 :i* mu/ be remov$ ere we ent] on ano!r pa?4 ,fur!rmore1 my criticism ( ! ,kantian basis w give me occasion to exam9e & discuss mo/ ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ,e?ics1 & ! outcome ( ?is inve/igation ,i %all lat] on be able to po/ulate4 ,besides1 inasmu* z opposites illu/rate ea* o!r1 x is exactly ?is c\rse :i* w be ! be/ prep>ation & guide1 inde$ ! direct way1 to my own position1 :i* 9 its ess5tial po9ts is diametrically oppos$ to ,kant's4 ,x w\ld !re=e be a v p]v]se beg9n+ to skip ! foll[+ criticism1 & turn at once to ! positive "p ( my exposition1 :i* !n w\ld rema9 only half intelligible4 ,9 any case ! "t has assur$ly arriv$ = once to cite ,e?ics be=e ! b> ( a se>*+ scrut9y4 ,dur+ m ?an half a c5tury x has be5 ly+ com=tably on ! re/ful cu%ion :i* ,kant arrang$ = x--! cu%ion ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative ( ,practical ,reason4 ,9 our day ?is ,imp]ative is mo/ly introduc$ to u "u a "n :i*1 be+ smoo!r & less o/5tati\s1 has obta9$ m curr5cy4 ,x is call$ ! ,moral ,law2 & ?us entitl$1 ) a pass+ b[ to reason & exp]i5ce1 x slips ?r\gh unobs]v$ into ! h\se4 ,once inside1 !re is no end to its ord]s & comm&s2 nor c x ev] aft]w>ds be br\ght to acc\nt4 ,x 0 prop]1 inde$ inevitable1 t ,kant1 z ! inv5tor ( ! ?+1 %\ld rema9 satisfi$ ) 8 creation1 p>ticul>ly z he %elv$ by its means errors /ill m gl>+4 ,b to be oblig$ to look on & see asses disport+ !mselves on ! com=table cu%ion :i* he prep>$1 & :i* s9ce 8 "t has be5 m & m trampl$ on & flatt5$ out--?is truly is h>d4 ,i allude to ! daily hackney compil]s1 :o1 ) ! ready confid5ce born ( /upidity1 imag9e t !y h giv5 a f\ndation to ,e?ics1 if !y d b appeal to t ,moral ,law :i* ,is alleg$ to be inh]5t 9 our reason2 & !n !y complac5tly weave ^u ?is su* a confus$ & wide-rea*+ tissue ( phrases t !y succe$ 9 r5d]+ un9telligible ! cle>e/ & simple/ relations ( life3 & all ?is1 )\t ev] once s]i\sly ask+ !mselves :e!r 9 po9t ( fact !re really does exi/ su* a ,moral ,law1 z a conv5i5t code ( morality1 grav5 9 our heads or he>ts4 ,h5ce ,i admit ! especial pleasure ,i feel 9 proce$+ to remove f ,e?ics its broad cu%ion ( repose1 & ,i unres]v$ly decl>e my int5tion ( prov+ t ,kant's ,practical ,reason & ,categorical ,imp]ative are completely unw>rantable1 baseless1 & fabricat$ assumptions2 & ,i %all fur!r %[ t ,kant's :ole sy/em1 l ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 is 9 want ( a solid f\ndation4 ,consequ5tly ,e?ics w aga9 be consign$ to its =m] entirely helpless condition1 !re to rema91 until ,i come to demon/rate ! true moral pr9ciple ( human nature--a pr9ciple :i* is inconte/ably effici5t1 & has its root 9 our v be+4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 has no su* broad basis to (f] z ! above-m5tion$ cu%ion2 s t1 d\btless1 ^? :o are accu/om$ to take ?+s easily1 w n ab&on _! com=table old seat1 be=e !y are ?or\ghly aw>e h[ deeply ! gr\nd on :i* x /&s is und]m9$4 #a ,io dir non vi saprei p] qual sv5tura1 ,o piutto/o p] qual fatalit1 ,da noi cr$ito otti5 pi l'impo/ura1 ,*e la semplice e nuda v]it4 ,,ca/i4 ,i _c tell :at mis*ief sly1 ,or r :at fatality1 ,leads man to cr$it m ! lie ,?an tru? 9 nak$ purity4 7,translator7 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,critique ,,( ,,kant',s ,,basis ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks4 ,x is ,kant's great s]vice to moral sci5ce t he purifi$ x ( all ,eudaemonism4 ,) ! anci5ts1 ,e?ics 0 a doctr9e ( ,eudaemonism2 ) ! mod]ns = ! mo/ "p x has be5 a doctr9e ( salvation4 ,! =m] wi%$ to prove t virtue & happ9ess are id5tical2 b ?is 0 l hav+ two figures :i* nev] co9cide ) ea* o!r1 no matt] h[ !y may be plac$4 ,! latt] h endeav\r$ to connect ! two1 n by ! pr9ciple ( id5tity1 b by t ( causation1 ?us mak+ happ9ess ! result ( virtue2 b to d ?is1 !y 7 oblig$ to h rec\rse to sophisms1 or else to assume ! exi/5ce ( a _w beyond any possible p]ception ( ! s5ses4 ,among ! anci5ts ,plato alone =ms an exception3 8 sy/em is n eudaemoni/ic2 x is my/ic1 in/ead4 ,ev5 ! ,e?ics ( ! ,cynics & ,/oics is no?+ b a special =m ( ,eudaemonism1 to prove :i*1 !re is no lack ( evid5ce & te/imony1 b ! nature ( my pres5t task =bids ! space4#a ,! anci5ts1 !n1 equally ) ! mod]ns1 ,plato be+ ! s+le exception1 agree 9 mak+ virtue only a means to an end4 ,inde$1 /rictly speak+1 ev5 ,kant bani%$ ,eudaemonism f ,e?ics m 9 appe>ance ?an 9 reality1 = betwe5 virtue & happ9ess he /ill leaves a c]ta9 my/]i\s connection2--!re is an obscure & difficult passage 9 8 doctr9e ( ! ,highe/ ,good1 :]e !y occur toge!r2 :ile x is a pat5t fact t ! c\rse (2 virtue runs entirely c\nt] to t ( happ9ess4 ,b1 pass+ ov] ?is1 we may say t ) ,kant ! e?ical pr9ciple appe>s z some?+ q indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce & its tea*+2 x is transc5d5tal1 or metaphysical4 ,he recognises t human conduct possesses a significance t ov]/eps all possibility ( exp]i5ce1 & is !re=e actually ! bridge lead+ to t :i* he calls ! intelligible#b _w1 ! mundus n\m5n1 ! _w ( ,?+s 9 !mselves4 ,! fame1 :i* ! ,kantian ,e?ics has won1 is due n only to ?is high] level1 :i* x rea*$1 b also to ! moral purity & l(t9ess ( its conclusions4 ,x is by ! latt] t mo/ p h be5 attract$1 )\t pay+ mu* att5tion to ! f\ndation1 :i* is prop\nd$ 9 a v complex1 ab/ract & artificial =m2 & ,kant himself requir$ all 8 p[]s ( acum5 & syn!sis to give x an appe>ance ( solidity4 ,=tunately1 he sep>at$ 8 ,e?ics f ! exposition ( its basis1 devot+ to ! latt] a special "w entitl$ ! ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 ! !me ( :i* w be f\nd to be precisely ! same z t ( our prize essay4 ,= on page xiii ( ! preface he says3 ,! pres5t treatise is no?+ else b an attempt to f9d out & e/abli% ! supreme pr9ciple ( morality4 ,?is is an inve/igation1 ^: scope is complete 9 itself1 & :i* %\ld be kept ap>t f all o!r moral rese>*es44 ,x is 9 ?is book t we f9d ! basis1 t is to say1 ! ess5tials ( 8 ,e?ics set =? ) an acute p5etration & sy/ematic concis5ess1 z 9 no o!r ( 8 writ+s4 ,x has1 moreov]1 ! great advantage ( be+ ! fir/ ( ,kant's moral works1 appe>+1#c z x did1 only f\r ye>s lat] ?an ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft1 & consequ5tly x dates f ! p]iod :51 al?\gh he 0 sixty-"o1 ! detrim5tal effect ( old age on 8 intellect 0 n yet p]ceptible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is is di/9ctly traceable 9 ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aghh1 or "o ye> lat] ?an ! unhappy remodell+ ( ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft 9 ! second edition1 :]eby ! latt]1 8 immortal ma/]-piece1 0 obvi\sly m>r$4 ,an analysis ( ?is "q is to be f\nd 9 ! preface to ! new edition by ,ros5kranz1#d f :i* my own inve/igation makes x impossible = me to diss5t4 ,! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft conta9s 9 its ess5tials ! same mat]ial z ! above-m5tion$--,grundlegung2 only ! latt] has a m concise & rigor\s =m1 :ile 9 ! =m] ! subject is h&l$ ) great] prolixity1 int]sp]s$ ) digressions & ev5 padd$ ) "s pieces ( moral rhetoric1 to height5 ! impression4 ,:5 ,kant wrote x1 he _h at la/1 & late 9 life1 become des]v$ly fam\s2 h5ce1 be+ c]ta9 ( b\ndless att5tion1 he all[$ great] play to ! g>rulity ( old age4 ,b ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft conta9s two sections :i* are peculi> to itself4 ,fir/3 ! exposition ( ! relation betwe5 ,fre$om & ,necessity 7pp4 #afi-agi ( ! f\r? edition1 & pp4 #bbc-bca 9 ,ros5kranz74 ,?is passage is above all praise1 & und\bt$ly 0 fram$ e>li] 9 8 life1 z x is entirely 9 h>mony ) 8 treatm5t ( ! same subject 9 ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft 7pp4 #efj-ehf2 ,ros5kranz1 p4 #dch1 sqq474 ,& secondly3 ! ,moral!ologie1 :i* w m & m come to be recognis$ z ! real object ,kant _h 9 view4 ,9 8 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde d] ,tug5dlehre ?is p5dant to ! deplorable ,re*tslehre1 writt5 9 #agig1 ! debility ( old age is at l5g? fully pre-pond]ant4 ,= all ^! reasons ! pres5t criticism w ma9ly deal ) ! treatise fir/ m5tion$1 viz41 ! ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 & ! read] w please und]/& t all ! page numb]s giv5 by !mselves ref] to x4 ,bo? ! o!r works w only be consid]$ z accessory & second>y4 ,= a prop] compreh5sion ( ! pres5t criticism1 :i*1 9 prob+ ! ,kantian ,e?ics to its dep?s1 be>s directly & pr9cipally on ?is ,grundlegung1 x is v desirable t ! latt] be c>efully read ?r\gh aga91 s t ! m9d may h a p]fectly cle> & fre% pres5tm5t ( :at x conta9s4 ,x is b a matt] ( #abh & xiv pages 79 ,ros5kranz only #ajj pages altoge!r74 ,i %all quote f ! ?ird edition ( #agib1 add+ ! page numb] ( ! new complete publication by ,ros5kranz1 ) an ,r4 prefix$4 #a ,= a complete demon/ration v4 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ,vol4 ,i41 #af1 p4 #ajc1 sqq41 & ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,*ap4 #af1 p4 #aff1 sqq4 ( ! ?ird edition4 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 t is1 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea2 ,idea be+ us$ mu* z sometimes is 7cf4 ,x54 ,sym41 #d1 #ba71 9 ! s5se ( an image 9 ! m9d1 a m5tal picture4--7,translator47 #b ,x seems bett] to keep ?is te*nical ^w ?an to attempt a cumbr\s p]iphrasis4 ,! mean+ is p]fectly cle>4 ,! s5sibilia 7pha5om5a7 are oppos$ to ! intelligibilia 7n\m5a71 :i* compose ! transc5d5tal _w4 ,s ! individual1 9 s f> z he is a pha5om5on1 has an empirical "*2 9 s f> z he is a n\m5n1 8 "* is intelligible 7intelligibilis74 ,! mundus intelligibilis1 or mundus n\m5n is ! ( ,new ,platonism4--7,translator47 #c ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #aghe3 ,! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft1 fir/ edition1 9 #agha4--7,translator47 #d ,8 analysis is really d]iv$ f myself1 b 9 ?is place ,i am speak+ incognito4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,imp]ative ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics4 ,kant's 7fir/ false /ep7 lies 9 8 conception ( ,e?ics itself1 & ?is is f\nd v cle>ly express$ on page #fb 7,r41 p4 #ed73 ,9 a sy/em ( practical philosophy we are n conc]n$ ) adduc+ reasons = t :i* takes place1 b ) =mulat+ laws reg>d+ t :i* ought to take place1 ev5 if x nev] does take place4 ,?is is at once a di/9ct petitio pr9cipii4 ,:o tells y t !re are laws to :i* our conduct ought to be subject8 ,:o tells y t t ought to take place1 :i* 9 fact nev] does take place8 ,:at ju/ification h y = mak+ ?is assumption at ! outset1 & consequ5tly = =c+ ^u u1 z ! only possible "o1 a sy/em ( ,e?ics c\*$ 9 ! imp]ative t]ms ( legislation8 ,i say1 9 contradi/9ction to ,kant1 t ! /ud5t ( ,e?ics1 & no less ! philosoph] 9 g5]al1 mu/ cont5t himself ) expla9+ & int]pret+ t :i* is giv51 9 o!r words1 t :i* really is1 or takes place1 s z to obta9 an und]/&+ ( x1 & ,i ma9ta9 fur!rmore t !re is pl5ty to d 9 ?is direction1 mu* m ?an has hi!rto be5 done1 aft] ! lapse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,foll[+ ! above petitio pr9cipii1 ,kant /raightway1 )\t any previ\s inve/igation1 assumes 9 ! preface 7:i* is entirely devot$ to ! subject71 t purely moral laws exi/2 & ?is assumption rema9s !nce=? undi/urb$1 & =ms ! v f\ndation ( 8 :ole sy/em4 ,we1 h[ev]1 pref] fir/ ( all to exam9e ! conception d5ot$ by ! ^w law4 ,! true & orig9al mean+ ( ! t]m is limit$ to law z betwe5 citiz5s2 x is ! lex1 1 ( ! ,romans & ,greeks1 a human in/itution1 & dep5d+ on human volition4 ,x has a second>y1 d]iv$1 figurative1 metaphorical mean+1 :5 appli$ to ,nature1 ^: op]ations1 p>tly kn[n a priori1 p>tly le>nt by exp]i5ce1 & :i* are always con/ant1 we call natural laws4 ,only a v small portion ( ^! natural laws c be disc]n$ a priori1 & ) admirable acut5ess1 ,kant set !m ap>t1 & class$ !m "u ! "n ,metaphysics ( ,nature4 ,!re is also und\bt$ly a law = ! human w1 9 s f> z man belongs to ,nature2 & ?is law is /rictly provable1 admits ( no exception1 is inviolable1 & immovable z ! m\nta9s1 & does n1 l ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 imply a quasi-necessity1 b r a complete & absolute "o4 ,x is ! law ( motivation1 a =m ( ! law ( causation2 9 o!r words1 x is ! causation :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! m$ium ( ! und]/&+4 ,x is ! sole demon/rable law to :i* ! human w z su* is subject4 ,x means t e action c only take place 9 consequ5ce ( a suffici5t motive4 ,l causality 9 g5]al1 x is a natural law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 moral laws1 ap>t f human in/itution1 /ate ord9ance1 or religi\s doctr9e1 _c rightly be assum$ z exi/+ )\t pro(4 ,kant1 !re=e1 by tak+ su* laws = grant$1 is guilty ( a petitio pr9cipii1 :i* is all ! bold]1 9 t he at once adds 7page vi ( ! preface7 t a moral law ought to imply absolute necessity4 ,b absolute necessity is ev]y:]e *>act]is$ by an inevitable *a9 ( consequ5ce2 h[1 !n1 c su* a conception be atta*$ to ^! alleg$ moral laws 7z an in/ance ( :i* he adduces ?\ %alt n lie#a78 ,e "o kn[s1 & he himself admits1 t no su* consecution = ! mo/ "p takes place2 ! rev]se1 inde$1 is ! rule4 ,9 sci5tific ,e?ics be=e we admit z controll+ ! w o!r laws besides t ( motivation-laws :i* are orig9al & indep5d5t ( all human ord9ance--we mu/ fir/ prove & d$uce _! exi/5ce2 t is1 provid$ 9 ?+s e?ical we are conc]n$ n m]ely ) recomm5d+ hone/y1 b ) practis+ x4 ,until t pro( be furni%$1 ,i %all recognise only "o s\rce to :i* is traceable ! importation into ,e?ics ( ! conception ,law1 ,precept1 ,obligation4 ,x is "o :i* is =eign to philosophy4 ,i mean ! ,mosaic ,decalogue4 ,inde$ ! spell+ du sollt#b 9 ! above in/ance ( a moral law1 ! fir/ put =w>d by ,kant1 navely betrays ?is orig94 ,a conception1 h[ev]1 :i* c po9t to no o!r s\rce ?an ?is1 has no "r1 )\t und]go+ fur!r scrut9y1 ?us to =ce its way into philosophical ,e?ics4 ,x w be reject$1 until introduc$ by duly accr$it$ pro(4 ,?us on ! ?re%old ( ! subject ,kant makes 8 fir/ petitio pr9cipii1 & t no small "o4 ,our philosoph]1 !n1 by begg+ ! "q 9 8 preface1 simply assumes ! conception ( ,moral ,law z giv5 & exi/+ beyond all d\bt2 & he treats ! closely relat$ conception ( ,duty 7page #h1 ,r41 p4 #af7 exactly 9 ! same way4 ,)\t subject+ x to any fur!r te/1 he admits x =?) z a prop] appurt5ance ( ,e?ics4 ,b "h1 aga91 ,i am compell$ to ent] a prote/4 ,?is conception1 equally ) ! k9dr$ notions ( ,law1 ,comm&1 ,obligation1 etc41 tak5 ?us unconditionally1 has its s\rce 9 !ological morals1 & x w rema9 a /rang] to philosophical morals1 s long z x fails to furni% suffici5t cr$5tials drawn ei!r f man's nature1 or f ! objective _w4 ,till !n1 ,i c only recognise ! ,decalogue z ! orig9 ( all ^! connect$ conceptions4 ,s9ce ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity !re is no d\bt t philosophical has be5 unconsci\sly m\ld$ by !ological e?ics4 ,& s9ce ! latt] is ess5tially dictatorial1 ! =m] appe>s 9 ! %ape ( precepts & inculcation ( ,duty1 9 all innoc5ce1 & )\t any suspicion t fir/ an ult]ior sanction is ne$ful = ?is rle2 r does %e suppose x to be h] prop] & natural =m4 ,x is true t all peoples1 ages1 & cre$s1 & inde$ all philosoph]s 7) ! exception ( ! mat]iali/s prop]7 h und5iably recognis$ t ! e?ical significance ( human conduct is a metaphysical "o1 9 o!r words1 t x /ret*es out beyond ?is pha5om5al exi/5ce & rea*es to et]nity2 b x is equally true t ! pres5tm5t ( ?is fact 9 t]ms ( ,comm& & ,ob$i5ce1 ( ,law & ,duty1 is no "p ( its ess5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 sep>at$ f ! !ological hypo!ses :5ce !y h sprung1 ^! conceptions lose 9 reality all mean+1 & to attempt a sub/itute = ! =m] by talk+ ) ,kant ( absolute obligation & ( uncondition$ duty1 is to fe$ ! read] ) empty words1 nay m1 is to give him a contradictio 9 adjecto#c to dige/4 ,e obligation d]ives all s5se & mean+2 simply & solely f its relation to ?reat5$ puni%m5t or promis$ rew>d4 ,h5ce1 long be=e ,kant 0 ?\ght (1 ,locke says3 ,= s9ce x w\ld be utt]ly 9 va91 to suppose a rule set to ! free actions ( man1 )\t annex+ to x "s en=cem5t ( good & evil to det]m9e 8 w2 we mu/1 :]ev] we suppose a law1 suppose also "s rew>d or puni%m5t annex$ to t law4 7,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 *4 #cc1 #f74 ,:at ought to be done is !re=e necess>ily condition$ by puni%m5t or rew>d2 consequ5tly1 to use ,kant's language1 x is ess5tially & inevitably hypo!tical1 & nev]1 z he ma9ta9s1 categorical4 ,if we ?9k away ^! conditions1 ! conception ( obligation becomes void ( s5se2 h5ce absolute obligation is mo/ c]ta9ly a contradictio 9 adjecto4 ,a comm&+ voice1 :e!r x come f )91 or f )\t1 _c possibly be imag9$ except z ?reat5+ or promis+4 ,consequ5tly ob$i5ce to x1 :i* may be wise or fooli% accord+ to circum/ances1 is yet always actuat$ by selfi%ness1 & !re=e morally wor?less4 ,! complete un?9kabl5ess & nons5se ( ?is conception ( an uncondition$ obligation1 :i* lies at ! root ( ! ,kantian ,e?ics1 appe>s lat] 9 ! sy/em itself1 namely 9 ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft3 j z "s conceal$ poison 9 an organism _c rema9 hid1 b soon] or lat] mu/ come out & %[ itself4 ,= ?is obligation1 said to be s uncondition$1 nev]!less po/ulates m ?an "o condition 9 ! backgr\nd2 x assumes a rew>d]1 a rew>d1 & ! immortality ( ! p]son to be rew>d$4 ,?is is ( c\rse unavoidable1 if "o really makes ,duty & ,obligation ! fundam5tal conception ( ,e?ics2 = ^! ideas are ess5tially relative1 & dep5d = _! significance on ! ?reat5$ p5alty or ! promis$ rew>d4 ,! gu]don :i* is assum$ to be 9 /ore = virtue %[s cle>ly en\gh t only 9 appe>ance %e works = no?+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 put =w>d mode/ly veil$1 "u ! "n ( ! ,highe/ ,good1 :i* is ! union ( ,virtue & ,happ9ess4 ,b ?is is at bottom no?+ else b a morality t d]ives its orig9 f ,happ9ess1 :i* means1 a morality re/+ on selfi%ness4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ,eudaemonism1 :i* ,kant _h solemnly ?ru/ out ( ! front door ( 8 sy/em z an intrud]1 only to let x creep 9 aga9 by ! po/]n "u ! "n ( ! ,highe/ ,good4 ,?is is h[ ! assumption ( uncondition$ absolute obligation1 conceal+ z x does a contradiction1 av5ges itself4 ,condition$ obligation1 on ! o!r h&1 _c ( c\rse be any fir/ pr9ciple = ,e?ics1 s9ce ev]y?+ done out ( reg>d = rew>d or puni%m5t is necess>ily an egoi/ic transaction1 & z su* is )\t any real moral value4 ,all ?is makes x cle> t a nobl] & wid] view ( ,e?ics is ne$$1 if we are 9 e>ne/ ab\t our endeav\r to truly acc\nt = ! significance ( human conduct--a significance :i* ext5ds beyond pha5om5a & is et]nal4 ,z all obligation is entirely dep5d5t on a condition1 s also is all duty4 ,bo? conceptions are v closely relat$1 inde$ almo/ id5tical4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m might be said to be t obligation 9 g5]al may re/ on m]e =ce1 :]eas duty involves ! s5se ( obligation delib]ately und]tak51 su* z we see betwe5 ma/] & s]vant1 pr9cipal & subord9ate1 rul]s & ! rul$4 ,& s9ce no "o und]takes a duty gratis1 e duty implies also a "r4 ,! slave has no duties1 because he has no rights2 b he is subject to an obligation :i* re/s on %e] =ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,"p ,i %all expla9 ! only mean+ :i* ! conception ,duty has 9 ,e?ics4 ,if we put ,e?ics 9 an imp]ative =m1 mak+ x a ,doctr9e ( ,duties1 & reg>d ! moral wor? or wor?lessness ( human conduct z ! fulfilm5t or violation ( duties1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is view ( ,duty1 & ( ,obligation 9 g5]al1 is und5iably d]iv$ solely f !ological ,morals1 & prim>ily f ! ,decalogue1 & consequ5tly t x re/s ess5tially & insep>ably on ! assumption ( man's dep5d5ce on ano!r w :i* gives him comm&s & ann\nces rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,b ! m ! assumption ( su* a w is 9 ,!ology positive & precise1 ! less %\ld x be quietly & unsuspect+ly introduc$ into philosophical ,morals4 ,h5ce we h no "r to assume be=eh& t = ! latt] ! imp]ative ,=m1 ! orda9+ ( comm&s1 laws1 & duties is an ess5tial & a matt] ( c\rse2 & x is a v poor %ift to sub/itute ! ^w absolute or categorical = ! ext]nal condition :i* is indissolubly atta*$ to su* conceptions by _! v nature3 = ?is gives rise1 z expla9$ above1 to a contradictio 9 adjecto4 ,kant1 !n1 )\t m ado or any close exam9ation1 borr[$ ?is imp]ative ,=m ( ,e?ics f !ological ,morals4 ,! hypo!ses ( ! latt] 79 o!r words1 ,!ology7 really lie at ! root ( 8 sy/em1 & z ^! alone 9 po9t ( fact l5d x any mean+ or s5se1 s !y _c be sep>at$ f1 inde$ are implicitly conta9$ 91 x4 ,aft] ?is1 :5 he _h exp\nd$ 8 position ! task ( develop+ 9 turn a ,!ology out ( 8 ,morals--! fam\s ,moral!ologie--0 easy en\gh4 ,= ! conceptions :i* are implicitly involv$ 9 8 ,imp]ative1 & :i* lie hidd5 at ! base ( 8 ,morals1 only requir$ to be br\ght =w>d & express$ explicitly z po/ulates ( ,practical ,reason4 ,& s x 0 t1 to ! _w's great edification1 a ,!ology appe>$ dep5d+ simply on ,e?ics1 inde$ actually d]iv$ !refrom4 ,b ?is came ab\t because ! e?ical sy/em itself re/s on conceal$ !ological hypo!ses4 ,i mean no d]isive comp>ison1 b 9 its =m ! process is analog\s to t :]eby a conjur] prep>es a surprise = u1 :5 he lets u f9d some?+ :]e he _h previ\sly employ$ 8 art to place x4 ,describ$ 9 ! ab/ract1 ,kant's proc$ure is ?is3 :at ought to h be5 8 fir/ pr9ciple1 or hypo!sis 7viz41 ,!ology7 he made ! conclusion1 & :at ought to h be5 d$uc$ z ! conclusion 7viz41 ! ,categorical ,comm&7 he took z 8 hypo!sis4#d ,b aft] he _h ?us turn$ ! ?+ upside d[n1 nobody1 n ev5 he himself1 recognis$ x z be+ :at x really 01 namely ! old well-kn[n sy/em ( !ological ,morals4 ,h[ ?is trick 0 accompli%$ we %all consid] 9 ! six? & sev5? *apt]s ( ! pres5t ,"p4 ,e?ics 0 ( c\rse frequ5tly put 9 ! imp]ative =m1 & treat$ z a doctr9e ( duties also 9 pre-,kantian philosophy2 b x 0 always !n bas$ ^u ! w ( a ,god ^: exi/5ce _h be5 o!rwise prov$1 & s !re 0 no inconsequ5ce4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! attempt 0 made1 z ,kant attempt$1 to give a f\ndation to ,e?ics indep5d5t ( ?is w1 & e/abli% x )\t metaphysical hypo!ses1 !re 0 no long] any ju/ification = tak+ z its basis ! words ?\ %alt1 & x is ?y duty 7t is1 ! imp]ative =m71 )\t fir/ d$uc+ ! tru? !re( f "s o!r s\rce4 #a ,du sollt 7sic7 ni*t lg54 #b ,sollt is ! old =m = soll/4 ,cf4 ,eng41 %alt3 ,icel2 skalt--7,translator47 #c ,a contradiction 9 ! adjective4 ,?is occurs :5 ! epi!t appli$ to a n\n contradicts its ess5tial mean+4--7,translator47 #d ,l ! conv]se ( a geometrical proposition1 ?is ,kantian inv]sion is n necess>ily true2 its validity1 9 fact1 dep5ds on ! conclusion be+ implicitly conta9$ 9 ! hypo!sis4 --7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,assumption ,,( ,,duties ,,t[>ds ,,ourselves ,,9 ,,p>ticul>4 ,?is =m ( ! doctr9e ( duties 0 v acceptable to ,kant1 & 9 work+ out 8 position he left x unt\*$2 =1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 along ) ! duties t[>ds o!rs he rang$ also duties t[>ds ourselves4 ,i1 h[ev]1 entirely reject ?is assumption1 &1 z !re w be no bett] opportunity1 ,i %all "h incid5tally expla9 my view4 ,duties t[>ds ourselves mu/1 j z all o!rs1 be bas$ ei!r on "r or on love4 ,duties t[>ds ourselves bas$ on "r are impossible1 because ( ! self-evid5t fundam5tal pr9ciple vol5ti non fit injuria 7:]e ! w ass5ts1 no injury is done74 ,= :at ,i d is always :at ,i w2 consequ5tly also :at ,i d to myself is nev] any?+ b :at ,i w1 !re=e x _c be unju/4 ,next1 z reg>ds duties t[>ds ourselves bas$ on love4 ,e?ics "h f9ds h] "w already done1 & comes too late4 ,! impossibility ( violat+ ! duty ( self-love is at once assum$ by ! fir/ law ( ,*ri/ian ,morals3 ,love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! love :i* ea* man *]i%es = himself is po/ulat$ z ! maximum1 & z ! condition ( all o!r love2 :ile ! conv]se1 ,love ?yself z ?y neighb\r is nev] add$2 = e "o w\ld feel t ! latt] does n claim en\gh4 ,moreov]1 self-love w\ld be ! sole duty regul>ly involv+ an opus sup]]ogationis4 ,kant himself says 9 ! ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde zur ,tug5dlehre1 p4 #ac 7,r41 p4 #bcj73 ,t :i* ea* man inevitably wills ( himself1 does n belong to ! conception ( ,duty4 ,?is idea ( duties t[>ds ourselves is nev]!less /ill held 9 repute1 inde$ x enjoys = ! mo/ "p special fav\r2 nor ne$ we feel surprise4 ,b x has an amus+ effect 9 cases :]e p beg9 to %[ anxiety ab\t _! p]sons1 & talk q e>ne/ly ( ! duty ( self-pres]vation2 ! :ile x is suffici5tly cle> t fe> w l5d !m legs soon en\gh1 & t !y h no ne$ ( any law ( duty to help !m along4 ,fir/ among ! duties t[>ds ourselves is g5]ally plac$ t ( n committ+ suicide1 ! l9e ( argum5t tak5 be+ extremely prejudic$ & re/+ on ! %all[e/ basis4 ,unlike animals1 man is n only a prey to bodily pa9 limit$ to ! pass+ mom5t1 b also to ^? incomp>ably great] m5tal suff]+s1 :i*1 rea*+ =w>ds & backw>ds1 draw ^u ! future & ! pa/2 & nature1 by way ( comp5sation1 has grant$ to man alone ! privilege ( be+ able to end 8 life at 8 own pleasure1 be=e %e h]self sets a t]m to x2 ?us1 :ile animals necess>ily live s long z !y c1 man ne$ only live s long z he w4 ,:e!r he ought on e?ical gr\nds to =ego ?is privilege is a difficult "q1 :i* 9 any case _c be decid$ by ! usual sup]ficial reason+4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ suicide :i* ,kant does n deem unwor?y ( adduc+ 7p4 #ec1 ,r41 p4 #dh & p4 #fg1 ,r41 p4 #eg71 ,i _c consci5ti\sly describe z o!r ?an pitiable1 & q undes]v+ ( an answ]4 ,x is laughable inde$ to suppose t reflections ( su* a k9d c\ld h wre/$ ! dagg] f ! h&s ( ,cato1 ( ,cleopatra1 ( ,cocceius ,n]va 7,tac4 ,ann41 vi4 #bf7 or ( ,arria ! wife ( ,paetus 7,pl941 ,ep41 iii4 #af74 ,if real moral motives = n committ+ suicide actually exi/1 x is c]ta9 t !y lie v deep1 & _c be rea*$ by ! plummet ( ord9>y ,e?ics4 ,!y belong to a high] view ( ?+s ?an is adaptable ev5 to ! /&po9t ( ! pres5t treatise4#a ,t :i* g5]ally comes next on ! rubric ( duties t[>ds ourselves may be divid$ p>tly into rules ( worldly wisdom1 p>tly into hygi5ic prescriptions2 b nei!r class belongs to ,morals 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,la/ on ! catalogue comes ! prohibition ( unnatural lu/--onanism1 pa$]a/ia1 & be/iality4 ,( ^! onanism is ma9ly a vice ( *ildhood1 & mu/ be f\ght aga9/ mu* m ) ! weapon ( dietetics ?an ) t ( e?ics2 h5ce we f9d t ! au?ors ( books direct$ aga9/ x are physicians 7e4g41 ,tissot & o!rs7 r ?an morali/s4 ,aft] dietetics & hygi5e h done _! "w1 & /ruck x d[n by irrefutable reason+1 if ,e?ics desires to take up ! matt]1 %e f9ds little left = h] to d4 ,be/iality1 aga91 is ( v r>e occurr5ce2 x is ?or\ghly abnormal & exceptional1 &1 moreov]1 s loa?some & =eign to human nature1 t itself1 bett] ?an all argum5ts ( reason1 passes judgm5t on itself1 & det]s by %e] disgu/4 ,= ! re/1 z be+ a degradation ( human nature1 x is 9 reality an (f5ce aga9/ ! species z su*1 & 9 ! ab/ract2 n aga9/ human units4 ,( ! ?ree sexual p]v]sions ( :i* we are speak+ x is consequ5tly only ) pa$]a/ia t ,e?ics has to d1 & 9 treat+ ( ,ju/ice ?is vice f9ds its prop] place4 ,= ,ju/ice is infr+$ by x1 9 face ( :i* fact1 ! dictum vol5ti non fit injuria is unavail+4 ,! inju/ice consi/s 9 ! s$uction ( ! y\ng] & inexp]i5c$ p]son1 :o is !reby ru9$ physically & morally4 #a ,!re are ascetic reasons1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 ,vol4 ,i41 #fi1 ( my *ief "w 7,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics4 ,) ! imp]ative ,=m ( ,e?ics1 :i* 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 we prov$ to be a petitio pr9cipii1 is directly connect$ a fav\rite idea ( ,kant's1 t may be excus$1 b _c be adopt$4 ,sometimes we see a physician1 aft] hav+ employ$ a c]ta9 rem$y ) conspicu\s success1 h5ce=? prescrib+ x = almo/ all diseases2 to su* a "o ,kant may be lik5$4 ,by sep>at+ ! a priori f ! a po/]iori 9 human k he made ! mo/ brilliant & pregnant discov]y t ,metaphysics c boa/ (4 ,:at wond] !n t !reaft] he %\ld try to apply ?is me?od1 ?is sund]+ ( ! two =ms1 ev]y:]e1 & %\ld consequ5tly make ,e?ics also consi/ ( two p>ts1 a pure1 i4e4 an a priori kn[able "p1 & an empirical8 ,! latt] ( ^! he rejects z unreliable = ! purpose ( f\nd+ ,e?ics4 ,to trace out ! =m] &2 exhibit x by itself is 8 purpose 9 ! ,grundlegung d] ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 :i* he accord+ly repres5ts z a sci5ce purely a priori1 exactly 9 ! same way z he sets =? ! ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde d] ,naturwiss5s*aft4 ,he ass]ts 9 fact t ! ,moral ,law1 :i* )\t w>rant1 )\t d$uction1 or pro( ( any sort1 he po/ulates z exi/+1 is fur!rmore a ,law kn[able a priori & indep5d5t ( all int]nal or ext]nal exp]i5ce2 x re/s 7he says7 solely on conceptions ( pure ,reason2 & is to be tak5 z a syn!tic proposition a priori 7,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft3 p4 #ef ( f\r? ,edition2 ,r41 p4 #adb74 ,b f ?is def9ition ! implication imm$iately foll[s t su* a ,law c only be =mal1 l ev]y?+ else kn[n a priori1 & consequ5tly has only to d ) ! ,=m ( actions1 n ) _! ,ess5ce4 ,let x be ?\ght :at ?is means6 ,he emphatically adds 7p4 vi ( ! preface to ! ,grundlegung2 ,r41 p4 #e7 t x is useless to look = x ei!r subjectively 9 man's nature1 or objectively 9 ! accid5ts ( ! ext]nal _w1 & 7preface ( ! same1 page vii2 ,r41 p4 #f7 t no?+ :atev] connect$ ) x c be borr[$ f k relat+ to man1 i4e41 f an?ropology4 ,on page #ei 7,r41 p4 #eb7 he repeats1 ,t "o ought on no acc\nt to fall into ! mi/ake ( try+ to d]ive "o's pr9ciple ( morality f ! special con/itution ( human nature2 & aga91 on page #fj 7,r41 p4 #eb71 he says t1 ,ev]y?+ d]iv$ f any natural disposition peculi> to man1 or f c]ta9 feel+s & prop5sities1 or inde$ f any special tr5d atta*+ solely to human nature1 & n necess>ily to be tak5 z ! ,w ( e rational be+1 is incapable ( af=d+ a f\ndation = ! moral law4 ,?is %[s beyond all possibility ( contradiction t ,kant does n repres5t ! alleg$ moral law z a fact ( consci\sness1 capable ( empirical pro(--:i* is h[ ! lat] w\ld-be philosoph]s1 bo? individually & collectively1 wi% to pass x (f4 ,9 disc>d+ e empirical basis = ,morals1 he rejects all int]nal1 & /ill m decid$ly all ext]nal1 exp]i5ce41 ,accord+ly he f\nds--& ,i call special att5tion to ?is--8 moral pr9ciple n on any provable fact ( consci\sness1 su* z an inn] natural disposition1 nor yet ^u any objective relation ( ?+s 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,no6 ,t w\ld be an empirical f\ndation4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 pure conceptions a priori1 i4e41 conceptions1 :i* s f> conta9 no?+ d]iv$ f int]nal or ext]nal exp]i5ce1 & ?us are simply %ells )\t k]nels--^! are to be made ! basis ( ,morals4 ,let u consid] ! full mean+ ( su* a position4 ,human consci\sness z well z ! :ole ext]nal _w1 toge!r ) all ! exp]i5ce & all ! facts !y comprise1 are swept f "u our feet4 ,we h no?+ to /& ^u4 ,& :at h we to hold to8 ,no?+ b a few entirely ab/ract1 entirely unsub/antial conceptions1 float+ 9 ! air equally ) ourselves4 ,x is f ^!1 or1 m correctly1 f ! m]e =m ( _! connection ) judgm5ts made1 t a ,law is decl>$ to proce$1 :i* by s-call$ absolute necessity is suppos$ to be valid1 & to be /rong en\gh to lay bit & bridle on ! surg+ ?rong ( human desires1 on ! /orm ( passion1 on ! giant might ( egoism4 ,we %all see if su* be ! case4 ,) ?is preconceiv$ notion t ! basis ( ,morals mu/ be necess>ily & /rictly a priori1 & entirely free f ev]y?+ empirical1 ano!r ( ,kant's fav\rite ideas is closely connect$4 ,! moral pr9ciple t he seeks to e/abli% is1 he says1 a syn!tic proposition a priori1 ( m]ely =mal cont5ts1 & h5ce exclusively a matt] ( ,pure ,reason2 & accord+ly1 z su*1 to be reg>d$ z valid n only = m51 b = all possible rational be+s2 inde$ he decl>es x to hold good = man on ?is acc\nt alone1 i4e41 because p] accid5s man comes "u ! category ( rational be+s4 ,"h lies ! cause ( 8 bas+ ! ,moral pr9ciple n on any feel+1 b on pure ,reason 7:i* kn[s no?+ b itself & ! /atem5t ( its anti!sis74 ,s t ?is pure ,reason is tak51 n z x really & exclusively is--an intellectual faculty ( man--b z a self-exi/5t hypo/atic ess5ce1 yet )\t ! smalle/ au?ority2 ! p]nici\s effects ( su* example & prec$5t be+ suffici5tly %[n 9 ! pitiful philosophy ( ! pres5t day4 ,inde$1 ?is view ( ,morals z exi/+ n = m51 z m51 b = all rational be+s1 z su*1 is ) ,kant a pr9ciple s firmly e/abli%$1 an idea s fav\rite1 t he is nev] tir$ ( repeat+ x at e opportunity4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9 t we are nev] entitl$ to raise into a g5us t :i* we only "k ( 9 a s+le species4 ,= we c\ld br+ no?+ into our idea ( ! g5us b :at we _h ab/ract$ f ?is "o species2 s t :at we %\ld pr$icate ( ! g5us c\ld aft] all only be und]/ood ( ! s+le species4 ,:ile1 if we %\ld attempt to ?9k away 7)\t any w>rant7 ! p>ticul> attributes ( ! species1 9 ord] to =m our g5us1 we %\ld p]haps remove ! exact condition :]eby ! rema9+ attributes1 hypo/atis$ z a g5us1 are made possible4 ,j z we recognise intellig5ce 9 g5]al to be an attribute ( animal be+s alone1 & are !re=e nev] ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ ( x z exi/+ outside1 & indep5d5t1 ( animal nature2 s we recognise ,reason z ! exclusive attribute ( ! human race1 & h n ! smalle/ "r to suppose t ,reason exi/s ext]nally to x1 & !n proce$ to set up a g5us call$ ,rational ,be+s1 diff]+ f its s+le kn[n species ,man2 /ill less are we w>rant$ 9 lay+ d[n laws = su* imag9>y rational be+s 9 ! ab/ract4 ,to talk ( rational be+s ext]nal to m5 is l talk+ ( heavy be+s ext]nal to bodies4 ,"o _c help suspect+ t ,kant 0 ?9k+ a little ( ! de> *]ubim1 or at any rate c\nt$ on _! pres5ce 9 ! conviction ( ! read]4 ,9 any case ?is doctr9e conta9s a tacit assumption ( an anima rationalis1 :i* z be+ entirely diff]5t f ! anima s5sitiva1 & ! anima vegetativa1 is suppos$ to p]si/ aft] dea?1 & !n to be inde$ no?+ else b rationalis4 ,b 9 ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft ,kant himself has expressly & elaborately made an end ( ?is mo/ transc5d5t hypo/asis4 ,nev]!less1 9 8 e?ics g5]ally1 & 9 ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft especially1 !re seems always to hov] 9 ! backgr\nd ! ?\ght t ! inn] & et]nal ess5ce1 ( man consi/s ( ,reason4 ,9 ?is connection1 :]e ! matt] only occurs incid5tally1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) simply ass]t+ ! contr>y4 ,reason1 z inde$ ! intellectual faculty z a :ole1 is second>y1 is an attribute ( pha5om5a1 be+ 9 po9t ( fact condition$ by ! organism2 :]eas x is ! ,w 9 man :i* is 8 v self1 ! only "p ( him :i* is metaphysical1 & !re=e inde/ructible4 ,! success ) :i* ,kant _h appli$ 8 me?od to ! !oretical side ( philosophy l$ him on to ext5d x to ! practical4 ,"h also he endeav\r$ to sep>ate pure a priori f empirical a po/]iori k4 ,= ?is purpose he assum$ t j z we "k a priori ! laws ( ,space1 ( ,"t1 & ( ,causality1 s 9 l mann]1 or at any rate analog\sly1 we h ! moral plumb-l9e = our conduct giv5 u prior to all exp]i5ce1 & reveal$ 9 a ,categorical ,imp]ative1 an absolute ,ought4 ,b h[ wide is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is alleg$ moral law a priori1 & our !oretical k a priori ( ,space1 ,"t1 & ,causality6 ,! latt] are no?+ b ! expression ( ! =ms1 i4e41 ! functions ( our intellect1 :]eby alone we are capable ( grasp+ an objective _w1 & :]e9 alone x c be mirror$2 s t ! _w 7z we "k x7 is absolutely condition$ by ^! =ms1 & all exp]i5ce mu/ inv>iably & exactly correspond to !m--j z ev]y?+ t ,i see ?r\gh a blue glass mu/ appe> blue4 ,:ile ! =m]1 ! s-call$ moral law1 is some?+ t exp]i5ce p\rs ridicule on at e /ep2 inde$1 z ,kant himself says1 x is d\btful :e!r 9 practice x has ev] really be5 foll[$ on any s+le occasion4 ,h[ completely unlike are ! ?+s :i* are "h class$ toge!r "u ! conception ( apriority6 ,moreov]1 ,kant ov]look$ ! fact t1 accord+ to 8 own tea*+1 9 !oretical philosophy1 x is exactly ! ,apriority ( our k ( ,"t1 ,space1 & ,causality--indep5d5t z ?is is ( exp]i5ce--t limits x /rictly to pha5om5a1 i4e41 to ! picture ( ! _w z reflect$ 9 our consci\sness1 & makes x entirely invalid z reg>ds ! real nature ( ?+s1 i4e41 z reg>ds :atev] exi/s indep5d5tly ( our capacity to grasp x4 ,simil>ly1 :5 we turn to practical philosophy1 8 alleg$ moral law1 if x h an a priori orig9 9 ourselves1 mu/ also be only pha5om5al1 & leave entirely unt\*$ ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s4 ,only ?is conclusion w\ld /& 9 ! %>pe/ contradiction z mu* to ! facts !mselves1 z to ,kant's view ( !m4 ,= x is precisely ! moral pr9ciple 9 u t he ev]y:]e 7e4g41 ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 p4 #age2 ,r41 p4 #bbh7 repres5ts z be+ 9 ! close/ connection ) ! real ess5ce ( ?+s1 inde$1 z directly 9 contact ) x2 & 9 all passages 9 ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft1 :]e ! my/]i\s ,?+ 9 itself comes =w>d a little m cle>ly1 x %[s itself z ! moral pr9ciple 9 u1 z ,w4 ,b ( ?is he fail$ to take acc\nt4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ( ?is ,"p1 ,i expla9$ h[ ,kant took ov] bodily f !ological ,morals ! imp]ative =m ( ,e?ics1 i4e41 ! conception ( obligation1 ( law1 & ( duty2 & h[ at ! same "t he 0 con/ra9$ to leave beh9d t :i* 9 ! realm ( !ology alone l5ds =ce & significance to ^! ideas4 ,b he felt ! ne$ ( "s basis = !m1 & accord+ly w5t s f> z to require t ! conception ( duty itself %\ld be also ! gr\nd ( its fulfilm5t2 9 o!r words1 t x %\ld itself be its own en=cem5t4 ,an action1 he says 7p4 #aa2 ,r41 p4 #ah71 has no g5u9e moral wor?1 unless x be done simply z a matt] ( duty1 & = duty's sake1 )\t any lik+ = x be+ felt2 & ! "* only beg9s to h value1 if a man1 :o has no sympa?y 9 8 he>t1 & is cold & indiff]5t to o!rs' suff]+s1 & :o is n by nature a lov] ( 8 k9d1 is nev]!less a do] ( good actions1 solely out ( a pitiful s5se ( duty4 ,?is ass]tion1 :i* is revolt+ to true moral s5tim5t2 ?is apo!osis ( lovelessness1 ! exact opposite1 z x is1 ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,morals1 :i* places love be=e ev]y?+ else1 & tea*es t )\t x no?+ pr(ite? 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #c72 ?is /upid moral p$antry has be5 ridicul$ by ,s*ill] 9 two apposite epigrams1 entitl$ ,gewiss5sskrupel 7,scruples ( ,consci5ce7 & ,ents*eidung 7,decision74#a ,x appe>s t "s passages 9 ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 :i* exactly suit ?is connection1 7 ! imm$iate occasion ( ! v]ses4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 on p4 #aej 7,r41 p4 #baa7 we f9d3 ,ob$i5ce to ! moral law1 :i* a man feels incumb5t on him1 is bas$ n on volunt>y incl9ation1 nor on endeav\r will+ly put =?1 )\t any au?oritative comm&1 b on a s5se ( duty4 ,yes1 x mu/ be comm&$6 ,:at slavi% morality6 ,& aga9 on p4 #bac 7,r41 p4 #beg73 ,feel+s ( compassion1 & ( t5d]-he>t$ sympa?y w\ld be actually tr\blesome to p]sons :o ?9k aright1 because ?r\gh su* emotions _! well weigh$ maxims w\ld become confus$1 & s ! desire w\ld gr[ up to be rid ( !m1 & to be subject solely to ! lawgiv]--,reason4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 )\t hesitation t :at op5s ! h& ( ! above-describ$ 7p4 #aa2 ,r41 p4 #ah7 loveless do] ( good1 :o is indiff]5t to ! suff]+s ( o!r p1 _c 7provid$ he h no second>y motives7 be any?+ else ?an a slavi% 7fe> ( ! gods71 equally :e!r he calls 8 feti* ,categorical ,imp]ative or ,fitzlipuzli4#b ,= :at b fe> c move a h>d he>t8 ,fur!rmore1 on p4 #ac 7,r41 p4 #ai71 9 accordance ) ! above view1 we f9d t ! moral wor? ( an action is suppos$ to lie1 by no means 9 ! int5tion :i* l$ to x1 b 9 ! maxim :i* 0 foll[$4 ,:]eas ,i1 on ! contr>y1 ask ! read] to reflect t x is ! int5tion alone :i* decides z to ! moral wor?1 or wor?lessness1 (f an action1 s t ! same act may des]ve condemnation or praise accord+ to ! int5tion :i* det]m9$ x4 ,h5ce x is t1 :5ev] m5 discuss a proce$+ to :i* "s moral importance is atta*$1 ! int5tion is always inve/igat$1 & by ?is /&>d alone ! matt] is judg$2 z1 likewise1 x is 9 ! int5tion alone t e "o seeks ju/ification1 if he see 8 conduct mis9t]pret$ or excuse1 if its consequ5ce be mis*iev\s4 ,on p4 #ad 7,r41 p4 #bj7 we at la/ rea* ! def9ition ( ,duty1 :i* is ! fundam5tal conception ( ,kant's entire e?ical sy/em4 ,x is3 ,! necessity ( an action out ( respect = ! law4 ,b :at is necess>y takes place ) absolute c]ta9ty :ile conduct bas$ on pure duty g5]ally does n come (f at all4 ,& n only ?is2 ,kant himself admits 7p4 #be2 ,r41 p4 #bh7 t !re are no c]ta9 in/ances on record ( conduct det]m9$ solely by pure duty2 & on p4 #bf 7,r41 p4 #bi7 he says3 ,x is utt]ly impossible to "k ) c]ta9ty f exp]i5ce :e!r !re has ev] really be5 "o s+le case 9 :i* an action1 h[ev] true to duty1 has re/$ simply on its idea4--,& simil>ly on p4 #bh 7,r41 p4 #cj7 & p4 #di 7,r41 p4 #ej74 ,9 :at s5se !n c necessity be attribut$ to su* an action8 ,z x is only fair always to put ! mo/ fav\rable int]pretation on an au?or's words1 we w suppose him to mean t an act true to duty is objectively necess>y1 b subjectively accid5tal4 ,only x is precisely ?is t is m easily said ?an ?\ght = :]e is ! ,object ( ?is objective necessity1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* = ! mo/ "p1 p]haps inde$ always1 fails to be realis$ 9 objective reality6 ,) e wi% to be unbiass$1 ,i _c b ?9k t ! expression--necessity ( an action--is no?+ b an artificially conceal$1 v =c$ p>aphrase ( ! ^w ought4#c ,?is w become cle>] if we notice t 9 ! same def9ition ! ^w ,a*tung 7respect7 is employ$1 :]e ,gehorsam 7ob$i5ce7 is meant4 ,simil>ly 9 ! note on p4 #af 7,r41 p4 #bj7 we read3 ,a*tung signifies simply ! subord9ation ( my w to a law4 ,! direct det]m9ation ( ! w by a law1 & ! consci\sness t x is s det]m9$--?is is :at is d5ot$ by ,a*tung ,9 :at language8 ,9 ,g]man ! prop] t]m is ,gehorsam4 ,b ! ^w ,a*tung1 s unsuitable z x is1 _c )\t a reason h be5 put 9 place ( ! ^w ,gehorsam4 ,x mu/ s]ve "s purpose2 & ?is is obvi\sly none o!r ?an to veil ! d]ivation ( ! imp]ative =m1 & ( ! conception ( duty1 f !ological ,morals2 j z we saw above t ! expression necessity ( an action1 :i* is su* a =c$ & awkw>d sub/itute = ! ^w %all1 0 only *os5 because %all is ! exact language ( ! ,decalogue4 ,! above def9ition3 ,duty is ! necessity ( an action out ( respect = ! law1 w\ld !re=e read 9 natural1 undisguis$1 pla9 language3 ,duty signifies an action :i* ought to be done out ( ob$i5ce to a law4 ,?is is ! real =m ( ! poodle4#d ,b n[ z to ! ,law1 :i* is ! real f\ndation /one ( ! ,kantian ,e?ics4 ,:at does x conta98 ,& :]e is x inscrib$8 ,?is is ! *ief po9t ( inquiry4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 be x obs]v$ t we h two que/ions to deal )3 ! "o has to d ) ! ,pr9ciple1 ! o!r ) ! ,basis ( ,e?ics--two entirely diff]5t ?+s1 al?\gh !y are frequ5tly1 & sometimes inde$ int5tionally1 confus$4 ,! pr9ciple or ma9 proposition ( an e?ical sy/em is ! %orte/ & mo/ concise def9ition ( ! l9e ( conduct :i* x prescribes1 or1 if x h no imp]ative =m1 ( ! l9e ( conduct to :i* x atta*es real moral wor?4 ,x ?us conta9s1 9 ! g5]al t]ms ( a s+le enunciation1 ! direction = foll[+ ! pa? ( virtue1 :i* is d]iv$ f t sy/em3 9 o!r words1 x is ! 1#e ( virtue4 ,:]eas ! ,basis ( any !ory ( ,e?ics is ! #f ( virtue1 ! reason ( ! obligation enjo9$1 ( ! exhortation or praise giv51 :e!r x be s\ght 9 human nature1 or 9 ! ext]nal conditions ( ! _w1 or 9 any?+ else4 ,z 9 all sci5ces1 s also 9 ,e?ics ! 1 mu/ be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! 4 ,b mo/ tea*]s ( ,morals wilfully conf\nd ?is diff]5ce3 probably because ! 1 is s easy1 ! s exce$+ly difficult1 to give4 ,!y are !re=e glad to try to make up = ! pov]ty on ! "o h&1 by ! ri*es on ! o!r1 & to br+ ab\t a happy m>riage betwe5 7pov]ty7 & 7pl5ty71 by putt+ !m toge!r 9 "o proposition4#g ,?is is g5]ally done by tak+ ! famili> 1 out ( ! simple =m 9 :i* x c be express$1 & =c+ x into an artificial =mula1 f :i* x is only to be d$uc$ z ! conclusion ( giv5 premises2 & ! read] is l$ by ?is p]=mance to feel z if he _h grasp$ n only ! ?+1 b its cause z well4 ,we may easily conv9ce ourselves ( ?is by recall+ all ! mo/ famili> pr9ciples ( ,morals4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 :at foll[s ,i h no int5tion ( imitat+ acrobatic tricks ( ?is sort1 b purpose proce$+ ) all hone/y & /raight=w>dness1 ,i _c make ! pr9ciple ( ,e?ics equival5t to its basis1 b mu/ keep ! two q sep>ate4 ,accord+ly1 ?is 1--i4e41 ! pr9ciple1 ! fundam5tal proposition--z to :i* 9 its ess5ce all tea*]s ( ,morals are really at "o1 h[ev] mu* !y may clo! x 9 diff]5t co/umes1 ,i %all at once express 9 ! =m :i* ,i take to be ! simple/ & pure/ possible1 viz43 ,nem9em la$e1 immo omnes1 quantum potes1 juva4 7,d h>m to no "o2 b r help all p1 z f> z lies 9 y\r p[]47 ,?is is 9 tru? ! proposition :i* all e?ical writ]s exp5d _! en]gies 9 endeav\r+ to acc\nt =4 ,x is ! common result ( _! manifold & widely diff]+ d$uctions2 x is ! 1 = :i* ! is /ill s\ght aft]2 ! consequ5ce1 ! cause ( :i* is want+4 ,h5ce x is itself no?+ b ! ,datum 7! ?+ giv571 9 relation to :i* ! ,quaesitum 7! ?+ requir$7 is ! problem ( e e?ical sy/em1 z also ( ! pres5t prize essay4 ,! solution ( ?is riddle w disclose ! real f\ndation ( ,e?ics1 :i*1 l ! philosoph]'s /one1 has be5 se>*$ = f "t immemorial4 ,t ! ,datum1 ! 11 ! pr9ciple is mo/ purely express$ by ! enunciation ,i h giv51 c be se5 f ! fact t x /&s to e o!r precept ( ,morals z a conclusion to giv5 premises1 & !re=e con/itutes ! real goal x is desir$ to atta92 s t all o!r e?ical comm&m5ts c only be reg>d$ z p>aphrases1 z indirect or disguis$ /atem5ts1 ( ! above simple proposition4 ,?is is true1 = in/ance1 ev5 ( t trite & app>5tly elem5t>y maxim3 ,quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is#h 7,d n to ano!r :at y are unwill+ %\ld be done to y\rself47 ,! defect "h is t ! word+ only t\*es ! duties impos$ by law1 n ^? requir$ by virtue2--a ?+ :i* c be easily rem$i$ by ! omission ( non & ne4 ,?us *ang$1 x really means no?+ else ?an3 ,nem9em la$e1 immo omnes1 quantum potes1 juva4 ,b z ?is s5se is only rea*$ by a p]iphrasis1 ! =mula ga9s ! appe>ance ( hav+ also reveal$ its own ultimate f\ndation1 its 2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 because x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t1 if ,i am unwill+ t some?+ be done to myself1 ,i ought n to d x to o!rs4 ,! same is true ( e o!r pr9ciple or lead+ proposition ( ,e?ics t has hi!rto be5 put =w>d4 ,if we n[ return to ! above "q3--h[ does ! law read1 9 obey+ :i*1 accord+ to ,kant1 duty consi/s8 & on :at is x bas$8--we %all f9d t our philosoph]1 l mo/ o!rs1 has 9 an extremely artificial mann] closely connect$ ! pr9ciple ( ,morals ) its basis4 ,i aga9 call att5tion to :at ,i h already exam9$ at ! outset--,i mean1 ! ,kantian claim t ! pr9ciple ( ,e?ics mu/ be purely a priori & purely =mal1 inde$ an a priori syn!tical proposition1 :i* consequ5tly may n conta9 any?+ mat]ial1 nor re/ ^u any?+ empirical1 :e!r objectively 9 ! ext]nal _w1 or subjectively 9 consci\sness1 su* z any feel+1 incl9ation1 impulse1 & ! l4 ,kant 0 p]fectly aw>e ( ! difficulty ( ?is position2 = on p4 #fj 7,r41 p4 #ec7 he says3 ,x w be se5 t philosophy has "h inde$ rea*$ a prec>i\s /&po9t1 :i* yet is to be immovable1 not)/&+ t x is nei!r dep5d5t on1 nor support$ by1 any?+ 9 heav5 or on e>?4 ,we %all !re=e ) all ! great] int]e/ & curiosity await ! solution ( ! problem he has set himself1 namely1 h[ some?+ is to arise out ( no?+1 t is1 h[ out ( purely a priori conceptions1 :i* conta9 no?+ empirical or mat]ial1 ! laws ( mat]ial human action are to gr[ up4 ,?is is a process :i* we may f9d symbolis$ 9 *emi/ry1 :]e out ( ?ree invisible gases 7,azote1 ,hydrog51 & ,*lor9e#i71 & ?us 9 app>5tly empty space1 solid sal-ammoniac is evolv$ be=e our eyes4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 expla91 m cle>ly ?an ,kant ei!r w\ld or c\ld1 ! me?od :]eby he accompli%es ?is difficult task4 ,! demon/ration is all ! m necess>y because :at he did appe>s to be seldom prop]ly und]/ood4 ,almo/ all ,kant's disciples h fall5 into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t he pres5ts 8 ,categorical ,imp]ative directly z a fact ( consci\sness4 ,b 9 t case its orig9 w\ld be an?ropological1 &1 z re/+ on exp]i5ce1 al?\gh int]nal1 x w\ld h an empirical basis3 a position :i* runs directly c\nt] to ! ,kantian view1 & :i* he repeat$ly rejects4 ,?us on p4 #dh 7,r41 p4 #dd7 he says3 ,x _c be empirically det]m9$ :e!r any su* ,categorical ,imp]ative exi/s ev]y:]e2 & aga91 on p4 #di 7,r41 p4 #de73 ,! possibility ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative mu/ be inve/igat$ entirely on a priori gr\nds1 because "h we are n help$ by any te/imony ( exp]i5ce z to its reality4 ,ev5 ,re9hold1 8 fir/ pupil1 miss$ ?is po9t2 = 9 8 ,beitrage zur ,ueb]si*t d] ,philosophie am ,anfange des #ai4 ,jahrhund]ts1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ba1 we f9d him say+3 ,kant assumes ! moral law to be a direct & c]ta9 reality1 an orig9al fact ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,b if ,kant _h wi%$ to make ! ,categorical ,imp]ative a fact ( consci\sness1 & ?us give x an empirical f\ndation1 he c]ta9ly w\ld n h fail$ at lea/ to put x =w>d z su*4 ,& ?is is precisely :at he nev] does4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ! ,categorical ,imp]ative appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft 7p4 #hjb ( ! fir/1 & p4 #hcj ( ! fif? edition71 entirely ex nunc 7unexpect$ly71 )\t any preamble1 & m]ely connect$ ) ! prec$+ s5t5ce by an altoge!r unju/ifiable !re=e42 ,x is only 9 ! ,grundlage zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5--a book to :i* we "h devote especial att5tion--t x is fir/ introduc$ expressly & =mally1 z a d$uction f c]ta9 concepts4 ,:]eas 9 ,re9hold's ,=mula concordiae des ,kriticismus1#aj we actually read on p4 #abb ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,we di/+ui% moral self-consci\sness f ! exp]i5ce ) :i* x1 z an orig9al fact transc5d+ all k1 is b\nd up 9 ! human consci\sness2 & we und]/& by su* self-consci\sness ! direct consci\sness ( duty1 t is1 ( ! necessity we are "u ( admitt+ ! legitimacy--:e!r pleasurable or ! rev]se--( ! w1 z ! /imulus & z ! measure ( its own op]ations4 ,?is w\ld ( c\rse be a *>m+ !sis1 ) a v pretty hypo!sis to boot4#aa ,b s]i\sly3 into :at an outrage\s petitio pr9cipii d we f9d ,kant's moral law "h develop$6 ,if t 7 true1 ,e?ics w\ld indubitably h a basis ( incomp>able solidity1 & !re w\ld be no ne$ ( any que/ions be+ set = prize essays1 to enc\rage inquiry 9 ?is direction4 ,b ! greate/ m>vel w\ld be1 t m5 _h be5 s sl[ 9 discov]+ su* a fact ( consci\sness1 consid]+ t = ! space ( ?\s&s ( ye>s a basis = ,morals has be5 s\ght aft] ) zeal\s pati5t toil4 ,h[ ,kant himself is responsible = ?is deplorable mi/ake1 ,i %all expla9 fur!r on2 nev]!less1 "o _c b wond] at ! undisput$ pr$om9ance ( su* a radical error among 8 disciples4 ,h !y nev]1 :il/ writ+ all _! numb]less books on ! ,kantian philosophy1 notic$ ! disfigurem5t :i* ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft und]w5t 9 ! second edition1 & :i* made x an incoh]5t1 self-contradictory "w8 ,x seems t ?is has only n[ come to light2 &1 9 my op9ion1 ! fact has be5 q correctly analys$ 9 ,ros5kranz's preface to ! second volume ( 8 complete edition ( ,kant's works4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t _m s*ol>s1 be+ unceas+ly occupi$ z tea*]s & au?ors1 f9d v little "t left = private & exact rese>*4 ,x is c]ta9 t doc5do disco 7,i le>n by tea*+7 is n unconditionally true2 sometimes inde$ "o is tempt$ to p>ody x by say+3 semp] doc5do nihil disco 7by always tea*+ ,i le>n no?+72 & ev5 :at ,did]ot puts into ! m\? ( ,rameau's nephew is n altoge!r )\t reason3 ',& z = ^! tea*]s1 d y suppose !y und]/& ! sci5ces !y give in/ruction 98 ,n a bit ( x1 my de> sir1 n a bit ( x4 ,if !y possess$ suffici5t k to be able to tea* !m1 !y w\ld n d s4' ',:y8' ',because !y w\ld h devot$ _! lives to ! /udy ( !m4'--7,goe!'s translation1 p4 #ajd47 ,li*t5b]g too says3 ,i h r obs]v$ t pr(essional p are (t5 exactly ^? :o d n "k be/4 ,b to return to ! ,kantian ,e?ics3 mo/ p]sons1 provid$ only ! conclusion rea*$ agrees ) _! moral feel+s1 imm$iately assume t !re is no flaw to be f\nd 9 its d]ivation2 & if ! process ( d$uction looks difficult1 !y d n tr\ble !mselves mu* ab\t x1 b are cont5t to tru/ ! faculty4 ,?us ! f\ndation :i* ,kant gave to 8 moral law by no means consi/s 9 its be+ prov$ empirically to be a fact ( consci\sness2 nei!r does he base x on an appeal to moral feel+1 nor yet on a petitio pr9cipii1 "u its f9e mod]n "n ( an absolute ,po/ulate4 ,x is =m$ r ( a v subtle process ( ?\ght1 :i* he twice advances1 on p4 #ag & p4 #ea 7,r41 p4 #bb1 & p4 #df71 & :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to make cle>4 ,kant1 be x obs]v$1 ridicul$ all empirical /imuli ( ! w1 & began by remov+ ev]y?+1 :e!r subjective or objective1 on :i* a law det]m9+ ! w's action c\ld be empirically bas$4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t he has no?+ left = ! sub/ance ( 8 law b simply its ,=m4 ,n[ ?is c only be ! ab/ract conception ( lawfulness4 ,b ! conception ( lawfulness is built up out ( :at is valid = all p]sons equally4 ,!re=e ! sub/ance ( ! law consi/s ( ! conception ( :at is univ]sally valid1 & its cont5ts are ( c\rse no?+ else ?an its univ]sal validity4 ,h5ce ! =mula w read z foll[s3 ,act only 9 accordance ) t precept :i* y c also wi% %\ld be a g5]al law = all rational be+s4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! real f\ndation--= ! mo/ "p s greatly misund]/ood--:i* ,kant con/ruct$ = 8 pr9ciple ( ,morals1 & !re=e = 8 :ole e?ical sy/em4 ,comp>e also ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 p4 #fa 7,r41 p4 #adg72 ! end ( ,note #a4 ,i pay ,kant a tribute ( s9c]e admiration = ! great acum5 he display$ 9 c>ry+ out ?is dext]\s feat1 b ,i cont9ue 9 all s]i\sness my exam9ation ( 8 position accord+ to ! /&>d ( tru?4 ,i w only obs]ve--& ?is po9t ,i %all take up aga9 lat] on--t "h reason1 because1 & 9 s f> z1 x works out ! above expla9$ special ratioc9ation1 receives ! "n ( practical reason4 ,n[ ! ,categorical ,imp]ative ( ,practical ,reason is ! law :i* results f ?is process ( ?\ght4 ,consequ5tly ,practical ,reason is n 9 ! lea/ :at mo/ p1 includ+ ev5 ,fi*te1 h reg>d$ x--a special faculty t _c be trac$ to its s\rce1 a qualitas occulta1 a sort ( moral in/9ct1 l ,hut*eson's moral s5se2 b x is 7z ,kant himself 9 8 preface1 p4 xii4 ,r41 p4 #h1 & else:]e1 (t5 en\gh decl>es7 "o & ! same ) !oretical reason--is1 9 fact1 !oretical reason itself1 9 s f> z ! latt] works out ! ratioc9ative process ,i h describ$4 ,x is noticeable t ,fi*te calls ! ,categorical ,imp]ative ( ,kant an absolute ,po/ulate 7,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 ,tb+51 #ahjb1 p4 #bdj1 ,note74 ,?is is ! mod]n1 m %[y1 expression = petitio pr9cipii1 & ?us we see t he1 too1 regul>ly accept$ ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 & consequ5tly mu/ be includ$ among ^? :o h fall5 into ! mi/ake above criticis$4 ,! objection1 to :i* ?is ,kantian basis ( ,morals is at once & directly expos$1 lies 9 ! fact t su* an orig9 ( a moral law 9 u is impossible1 because ( its assumption t man w\ld q ( 8 own accord hit on ! idea ( look+ ab\t =1 & inquir+ aft]1 a law to :i* 8 w %\ld be subject1 & :i* %\ld %ape its actions4 ,?is proc$ure1 h[ev]1 _c possibly occur to him ( itself2 at be/ x c\ld only be aft] ano!r moral2 /imulus _h suppli$ ! fir/ impulse & motive !reto2 & su* a /imulus w\ld h to be positively op]ative1 & real2 & %[ itself to be su*1 z well z spontane\sly influ5ce1 inde$ =ce its pres5ce ^u1 ! m9d4 ,b any?+ ( ?is sort w\ld run c\nt] to ,kant's assumption1 :i*1 accord+ to ! *a9 ( reason+ above describ$1 is to be reg>d$ z itself ! orig9 ( all moral conceptions--9 fact1 ! punctum sali5s ( ,morality4 ,consequ5tly1 z long z !re is no su* antec$5t inc5tive 7because1 ex hypo!si1 !re exi/s no o!r moral /imulus b ! process ( ?\ght already expla9$71 s long ,egoism alone mu/ rema9 z ! plumb-l9e ( human conduct1 z ! guid+ ?read ( ! law ( motivation2 s long ! entirely empirical & egoi/ic motives ( ! mom5t1 alone & un*eck$1 mu/ det]m9e1 9 ea* sep>ate case1 ! conduct ( a man2 s9ce1 on ?is assumption1 !re is no voice to arre/ him1 nei!r does any reason :atev] exi/1 :y he %\ld be m9d$ to inquire aft]1 to say no?+ ( anxi\sly se>*+ =1 a law :i* %\ld limit & gov]n 8 w4 ,& yet x is only possible on ?is supposition t he %\ld ?9k out ! above rem>kable piece ( m5tal leg]dema94 ,x matt]s n h[ f> we may c>e to put a /rict & exact int]pretation on ?is ,kantian process1 or :e!r we *oose to tone x d[n to "s dim1 obscurely felt op]ation ( ?\ght4 ,no modification ( x c attack ! prim>y tru?s t out ( no?+1 no?+ comes1 & t an effect requires a cause4 ,! moral /imulus1 l e motive t effects ! w1 mu/ 9 all cases make itself felt spontane\sly1 & !re=e h a positive work+1 & consequ5tly be real4 ,& because = m5 ! only ?+ :i* has reality is ! empirical1 or else t :i* is suppos$ to h a possibly empirical exi/5ce1 !re=e x foll[s t ! moral /imulus _c b be empirical1 & %[ itself z su* ( its own accord2 & )\t wait+ = u to beg9 our se>*1 x mu/ come & press itself ^u u1 & ?is ) su* =ce t x may1 at lea/ possibly1 ov]come ! oppos+ egoi/ic motives 9 all _! giant /r5g?4 ,= ,e?ics has to d ) actual human conduct1 & n ) ! a priori build+ ( c>d h\ses--a p]=mance :i* yields results t no man w\ld ev] turn to 9 ! /]n /ress & battle ( life1 & :i*1 9 face ( ! /orm ( our passions1 w\ld be ab\t z s]viceable z a syr+e 9 a great fire4 ,i h already notic$ above h[ ,kant consid]$ x a special m]it ( 8 moral law t x is f\nd$ solely on ab/ract1 pure a priori conceptions1 consequ5tly on pure reason2 :]eby its validity obta9s 7he says7 n only = m51 b = all rational be+s z su*4 ,all ! m mu/ we regret t pure1 ab/ract conceptions a priori1 )\t real cont5ts1 & )\t any k9d ( empirical basis c nev] move1 at any rate1 m52 ( o!r rational be+s ,i am ( c\rse incapable ( speak+4 ,! second defect1 !n1 9 ,kant's e?ical basis is its lack ( real sub/ance4 ,s f> ?is has escap$ notice1 because ! real nature ( 8 f\ndation has 9 all probability be5 ?or\ghly und]/ood only by an exce$+ly small numb] ( ^? :o 7 its en?usia/ic propag&i/s4 ,! second fault1 ,i repeat1 is entire want ( reality1 & h5ce ( possible efficacy4 ,! /ructure floats 9 ! air1 l a web ( ! subtle/ conceptions devoid ( all cont5ts2 x is bas$ on no?+1 & c !re=e support no?+1 & move no?+4 ,& yet ,kant load$ x ) a burd5 ( enorm\s weight1 namely1 ! hypo!sis ( ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,9 spite ( 8 (t decl>$ conviction t fre$om 9 human action has absolutely no place2 t !oretically n ev5 its possibility is ?9kable 7,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 p4 #afh2 ,r41 p4 #bbc72 t1 if ! "* ( a man1 & all ! motives :i* "w on him 7 exactly kn[n1 8 conduct c\ld be calculat$ z c]ta9ly & z precisely z an eclipse ( ! moon 7ibidem1 p4 #agg2 ,r41 p4 #bcj73 he nev]!less makes an assumption ( fre$om 7al?\gh only idealit]1 & z a po/ulate7 by 8 celebrat$ conclusion3 ,y c1 because y ought2 & ?is on ! /r5g? ( 8 preci\s e?ical basis1 :i*1 z we see1 floats 9 ! air incorporeal4 ,b if x has once be5 cle>ly recognis$ t a ?+ is n1 & _c be1 :at is ! use ( all ! po/ulates 9 ! _w8 ,x w\ld be mu* m to ! purpose to ca/ away t on :i* ! po/ulate is bas$1 because x is an impossible supposition2 & ?is c\rse w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! rule a non posse ad non esse valet consequ5tia2#ab & by a r$uctio ad absurdum1 :i* w\ld at ! same "t be fatal to ! ,categorical ,imp]ative4 ,in/ead ( :i* "o false doctr9e is built up on ! o!r4 ,! inadmissibility ( a basis = ,morals consi/+ ( a few entirely ab/ract & empty conceptions mu/ h be5 app>5t to ,kant himself 9 secret4 ,= 9 ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 :]e 7z ,i h already said7 he is n s /rict & me?odical 9 8 "w1 & :]e we f9d him becom+ bold] on acc\nt ( ! fame he _h ga9$1 x is rem>kable h[ ! e?ical basis gradually *anges its nature1 & almo/ =gets t x is a m]e web ( ab/ract ideas2 9 fact1 x seems di/9ctly desir\s ( becom+ m sub/antial4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 on p4 #ha 7,r41 p4 #afc7 ( ! above "w are ! words3 ,! ,moral ,law 9 "s sort a fact ( ,pure ,reason4 ,:at is "o to ?9k ( ?is extraord9>y expression8 ,9 e o!r place t :i* is fact is oppos$ to :at is kn[able by pure reason4 ,simil>ly on p4 #hc 7,r41 p4 #afd7 we read ( a ,reason :i* directly det]m9es ! ,w2 & s on4 ,n[ let u rememb] t 9 lay+ 8 f\ndation ,kant expressly & repeat$ly rejects e an?ropological basis1 ev]y?+ t c\ld prove ! ,categorical ,imp]ative to be a fact ( consci\sness1 because su* a pro( w\ld be empirical4 ,nev]!less1 8 successors 7 s embold5$ by incid5tal utt]ances l ! above t !y w5t to mu* great] l5g?s4 ,fi*te 9 8 "w1 ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 p4 #di1 w>ns u expressly n to all[ ourselves to be misl$ into try+ to expla91 & d]ive f ext]nal s\rces1 ! consci\sness t we h duties1 because ?is w\ld be detrim5tal to ! dignity & absolut5ess ( ! law4 ,a v nice excuse6 ,aga9 on p4 #ff he says3 ,! pr9ciple ( ,morality is a ?\ght :i* is bas$ on ! intellectual intuition ( ! absolute activity ( ! intellig5ce1 & :i* is directly conceiv$ by ! pure intellig5ce ( its own accord4 ,:at a f9e fl\ri% to conceal ! helplessness ( ?is clap-trap6 ,:oev] may l to conv9ce himself h[ ,kant's disciples1 little by little1 totally =got & ignor$ ! real nature ( ! f\ndation & d]ivation :i* _! ma/] orig9ally gave to ! moral law1 %\ld read a v int]e/+ essay 9 ,re9hold's ,beitrage zur ,ueb]si*t d] ,philosophie im ,anfange des #ai4 ,jahrhund]ts1 ,no4 #b1 #ahja4 ,9 x1 on pp4 #aje & #ajf1 x is ma9ta9$ t 9 ! ,kantian philosophy ,autonomy 7:i* is ! same ?+ z ! ,categorical ,imp]ative7 is a fact ( consci\sness1 & _c be trac$ fur!r back1 inasmu* z x decl>es itself by means ( a direct consci\sness4 ,b 9 ?is case1 x w\ld h an an?ropological1 & consequ5tly empirical1 f\ndation--a position :i* is diametrically oppos$ to ,kant's explicit & repeat$ utt]ances4 ,aga91 on p4 #ajh we f9d3 ,bo? 9 ! practical philosophy ( criticism1 & 9 ! :ole ( ! purifi$ or high] transc5d5tal philosophy1 ,autonomy is t :i* is f\nd$1 & :i* f\nds1 by itself alone2 & :i* is nei!r capable (1 nor requires1 any o!r f\ndation2 x is t :i* is absolutely orig9al1 true & c]ta9 p] se2 ! primal tru?2 ! prius ' 7p> excell5ce72 ! absolute pr9ciple4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 imag9es1 requires1 or seeks any basis = ?is ,autonomy ext]nal to itself1 c only be reg>d$ by ! ,kantian ,s*ool z want+ 9 moral consci\sness2#ac or else z fail+ to int]pret ?is consci\sness correctly1 ?r\gh ! employm5t ( false fir/ pr9ciples 9 8 speculations4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,fi*te & ,s*ell+ decl>es him to be afflict$ ) a dulness ( intellect t r5d]s him incapable ( be+ a philosoph]1 & =ms ! *>act]i/ic ( ! unholy canaille1 & ! sluggi% brute1 or 7to use ,s*ell+'s m veil$ expression7 ( ! pr(anum vulgus & ! ignavum pecus4 ,e "o w und]/& h[ mu* tru? !re c be 9 a doctr9e :i* x is s\ght to uphold by su* defiant & dogmatic rhetoric4 ,mean:ile1 we mu/ d\btless expla9 by ! respect t ?is language inspir$1 ! really *ildi% cr$ulity ) :i* ,kant's foll[]s accept$ ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 & at once treat$ x z a matt] beyond dispute4 ,! tru? is t 9 ?is case any objections rais$ to a !oretical ass]tion might easily be conf\nd$ ) moral obliquity2 s t e "o1 al?\gh he _h no v cle> idea 9 8 own m9d ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 yet pref]r$ to be sil5t1 believ+1 z he did1 9 secret1 t o!rs 7 probably bett] (f1 & _h succe$$ 9 evolv+ a cle>] & m def9ite m5tal picture ( x4 ,= no "o likes to turn 8 consci5ce inside out4 ,?us 9 ! ,kantian ,s*ool ,practical ,reason ) its ,categorical ,imp]ative appe>s m & m z a hyp]physical fact1 z a ,delphian temple 9 ! human s\l1 out ( ^: d>k recesses proce$ oracles t infallibly decl>e n1 alas6 :at w1 b :at ought to1 happ54 ,?is doctr9e ( ,practical ,reason1 z a direct & imm$iate fact1 once x _h be5 adopt$1 or r introduc$ by artifice comb9$ ) defiance1 0 unhappily lat] on ext5d$ also to ,!oretical ,reason2 & n unnaturally3 = ,kant himself _h (t5 said t bo? are b "o & ! same ,reason 7e4g41 ,preface1 p4 xii2 ,r41 p4 #h74 ,aft] x _h be5 once admitt$ t 9 ! doma9 ( ! ,practical !re is a ,reason :i* dictates ex tripode1#ad x 0 an easy /ep to conc$e ! same privilege to ,!oretical ,reason also1 closely relat$ z ! latt] is to ! =m]--inde$1 consub/antial ) x4 ,! "o 0 ?us pron\nc$ to be j z imm$iate z ! o!r1 ! advantage ( ?is be+ no less imm5se ?an obvi\s4 ,!n x 0 t all philosopha/]s & fancy-mong]s1 ) ,j4,h4 ,jacobi--! d5\nc] ( a!i/s--at _! head1 came cr[d+ to ?is po/]n :i* 0 s unexpect$ly op5$ to !m4 ,!y want$ to br+ _! small w>es to m>ket1 or at lea/ to save :at !y mo/ valu$ ( ! old heirlooms :i* ,kant's tea*+ ?reat5$ to pulv]ise4 ,z 9 ! life ( ! individual a s+le y\?ful mi/ake (t5 ru9s ! :ole c>e]2 s :5 ,kant made t "o false assumption ( a ,practical ,reason furni%$ ) cr$5tials exclusively transc5d5t1 & 7l ! supreme c\rts ( appeal7 ) p[]s ( decision )\t gr\nds1 ! result 0 t out ( ! au/]e gravity ( ! ,critical ,philosophy 0 evolv$ a tea*+ utt]ly het]og5e\s to x4 ,we he> ( a ,reason at fir/ only dimly surmis+1 !n cle>ly compreh5d+ ! ,sup]s5su\s1 & at la/ end[$ ) a p]fect intellectual intuition ( x4 ,e dream] c\ld n[ promulgate 8 m5tal freaks z ! absolute1 i4e41 (ficially issu$1 deliv]ances1 & revelations ( ?is ,reason4 ,nor ne$ we be surpris$ if ! new privilege 0 fully tak5 advantage (4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( t philosophical me?od :i* appe>$ imm$iately aft] ,kant1 & :i* is made up ( clap-trap1 ( my/ification1 ( impo/ure1 ( deception1 & ( ?r[+ du/ 9 ! eyes4 ,?is era w be kn[n "o day 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy z ,! ,p]iod ( ,di%one/y4 ,= x 0 signalis$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! *>act]i/ic ( hone/y1 ( se>*+ aft] tru? 9 common ) ! read]1 :i* 0 well m>k$ 9 ! writ+s ( all previ\s philosoph]s4 ,! philosopha/]'s object 0 n to in/ruct1 b to befool 8 he>]s1 z e page atte/s4 ,at fir/ ,fi*te & ,s*ell+ %9e z ! h]oes ( ?is epo*2 to be foll[$ by ! man :o is q unwor?y ev5 ( !m1 & greatly _! inf]ior 9 po9t ( tal5t--,i mean ! /upid & clumsy *>latan ,hegel4 ,! ,*orus is compos$ ( a mix$ company ( pr(essors ( philosophy1 :o 9 solemn fa%ion disc\rse to _! public ab\t ! ,endless1 ! ,absolute1 & _m o!r matt]s ( :i* !y c "k absolutely no?+4 ,z a /epp+-/one to raise ,reason to h] prophetic ?rone a wret*$ jeu d'esprit 0 actually dragg$ 91 & made to s]ve4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t1 z ! ^w ,v]nunft 7,reason7 comes f v]nehm5 7to compreh5d71 !re=e ,v]nunft means a capacity to compreh5d ! s-call$ ,sup]s5su\s1 i4e41 1#ae or ,cl\d-cuckoo-t[n4 ,?is pretty notion met ) b\ndless1 approval1 & = ! space ( ?irty ye>s 0 con/antly repeat$ 9 ,g]many ) imm5se satisfaction2 inde$1 x 0 made ! f\ndation ( philosophic manuals4 ,& yet x is z cle> z noon-day t ( c\rse ,v]nunft 7,reason7 comes f4 v]nehm5 7to compreh5d71 b only because ,reason makes man sup]ior to animals1 s t he n only he>s1 b also compreh5ds 7v]nimmt7--by no means1 :at is go+ on 9 ,cl\d-cuckoo-t[n--b :at is said1 z by "o reasonable p]son to ano!r1 ! words spok5 be+ compreh5d$ 7v]nomm57 by ! li/5]2 & ?is capacity is call$ ,reason 7,v]nunft74 ,su* is ! int]pretation t all peoples1 ages1 & languages h put on ! ^w ,reason4 ,x has always be5 und]/ood to mean ! possession ( g5]al1 ab/ract1 non-intuitive ideas1 nam$ concepts1 :i* are d5ot$ & fix$ by means ( words4 ,?is faculty alone x is :i* 9 reality gives to m5 _! advantage ov] animals4 ,= ^! ab/ract ideas1 or concepts1 t is1 m5tal impressions =m$ ( ! sum ( _m sep>ate ?+s1 are ! condition ( language & ?r\gh x ( actual ?\ght2 ?r\gh :i* aga9 !y det]m9e ! consci\sness n only ( ! pres5t 7:i* animals also h71 b ( ! pa/ & ! future z su*2 :5ce x results t !y are ! modulus1 s to say1 ( cle> recollection1 ( circumspection1 ( =esight1 & ( int5tion2 ! con/ant factor 9 ! evolution ( sy/ematic co-op]ation1 ( ! /ate1 ( trades1 arts1 sci5ces1 religions1 & philosophies1 9 %ort1 ( ev]y?+ t s %>ply di/+ui%es human f animal life4 ,bea/s h only intuitive ideas1 & !re=e also only intuitive motives2 consequ5tly ! dep5d5ce ( _! volition on motives is manife/4 ,) man ?is dep5d5ce is no less a fact2 he1 too 7) due all[ance = individual "*71 is affect$ by motives "u ! /ricte/ law ( necessity4 ,only ^! are = ! mo/ "p n intuitive b ab/ract ideas1 t is1 conceptions1 or ?\ghts1 :i* nev]!less are ! result ( previ\s intuitions1 h5ce ( ext]nal influ5ces4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 gives him a relative fre$om--relative1 t is1 z comp>$ ) an animal4 ,= 8 action is n det]m9$ 7z x is 9 all o!r creatures7 by ! surr\nd+s ( ! mom5t z intuitively p]ceiv$1 b by ! ?\ghts he has d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 or ga9$ by in/ruction4 ,consequ5tly ! motive1 by :i* he1 too1 is necess>ily sway$1 is n always at once obvi\s to ! look]-on simultane\sly ) ! act2 x lies conceal$ 9 ! bra94 ,x is ?is t l5ds to all 8 movem5ts1 z well z to 8 conduct & "w z a :ole1 a "* manife/ly diff]5t f t obs]vable 9 ! habits ( bea/s4 ,he seems z ?\gh guid$ by f9]1 invisible ?reads2 :5ce all 8 acts be> ! /amp ( delib]ation & prem$itation1 ?us ga9+ an appe>ance ( indep5d5ce1 :i* suffici5tly di/+ui%es !m f ^? ( animals4 ,all ^! great diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 spr+ solely out ( ! capacity = ab/ract ideas1 concepts4 ,?is capacity is !re=e ! ess5tial "p ( ,reason1 t is1 ( ! faculty peculi> to man1 & x is call$ 1#af 1 ratio1 la ragione1 il discorso1 raison1 reason1 disc\rse ( reason4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ :at ! di/9ction is betwe5 x & ,v]/&1 1 intellectus1 ent5dem5t1 und]/&+2 ,i %\ld reply ?us3 ,! latt] is t capacity = k :i* animals also possess 9 v>y+ degrees1 & :i* is se5 9 u at its highe/ developm5t2 9 o!r words1 x is ! direct consci\sness ( ! law ( ,causality--a consci\sness :i* prec$es all exp]i5ce1 be+ con/itut$ by ! v =m ( ! und]/&+1 ^: ess5tial nature is1 9 fact1 !re9 conta9$4 ,on x dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place ! intuitive p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w2 = ! s5ses by !mselves are only capable ( impression1 a ?+ :i* is v f> f be+ intuitive p]ception2 inde$1 ! =m] is no?+ b ! mat]ial ( ! latt]3 1 1 ' 4 7,! m9d sees1 ! m9d he>s2 ev]y?+ else is deaf & bl9d47 ,intuitive p]ception is ! result ( our directly ref]r+ ! impressions ( ! s5se-organs to _! cause1 :i*1 exactly because ( ?is act ( ! intellig5ce1 pres5ts itself z an ext]nal object "u ! mode ( intuition prop] to u1 i4e41 9 space4 ,?is is a pro( t ! ,law ( ,causality is kn[n to u a priori1 & does n arise f exp]i5ce1 s9ce exp]i5ce itself1 inasmu* z x presupposes intuitive p]ception1 is only possible ?r\gh ! same law4 ,all ! high] qualities ( ! intellect1 all clev]ness1 sagacity1 p5etration1 acum5 are directly proportional to ! exactness & fulness ) :i* ! work+s ( ,causality 9 all its relations are grasp$2 = all k ( ! connection ( ?+s1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 is bas$ on ! compreh5sion ( ?is law1 & ! cle>ness & accuracy ) :i* x is und]/ood is ! measure ( "o man's sup]iority to ano!r 9 und]/&+1 %rewdness1 cunn+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! epi!t reasonable has at all times be5 appli$ to ! man :o does n all[ himself to be guid$ by intuitive impressions1 b by ?\ghts & conceptions1 & :o !re=e always sets to "w logically aft] due reflection & =e?\ght4 ,conduct ( ?is sort is ev]y:]e kn[n z reasonable4 ,n t ?is by any means implies uprightness & love = "o's fell[s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is q possible to act 9 ! mo/ reasonable way1 t is1 accord+ to conclusions sci5tifically d$uc$1 & weigh$ ) ! nice/ exactitude2 & yet to foll[ ! mo/ selfi%1 unju/1 & ev5 iniquitons maxims4 ,s t nev] be=e ,kant did x occur to any "o to id5tify j1 virtu\s1 & noble conduct ) reasonable2 ! two l9es ( behavi\r h always be5 completely sep>at$1 & kept ap>t4 ,! "o dep5ds on ! k9d ( motivation2 ! o!r on ! diff]5ce 9 fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,only aft] ,kant 7because he taught t virtue has its s\rce 9 ,pure ,reason7 did ! virtu\s & ! reasonable become "o & ! same ?+1 despite ! usage ( ^! words :i* all languages h adopt$--a usage :i* is n =tuit\s1 b ! "w ( univ]sal1 & !re=e uni=m1 human judgm5t4 ,reasonable & vici\s are t]ms t g v well toge!r2 inde$ great1 f>-rea*+ crimes are only possible f _! union4 ,simil>ly1 unreasonable & noble-m9d$ are (t5 f\nd associat$2 e4g41 if ,i give to-day to ! ne$y man :at ,i %all myself require to-morr[ m urg5tly ?an he2 or1 if ,i am s f> affect$ z to h& ov] to "o 9 di/ress ! sum :i* my cr$itor is wait+ =2 & su* cases c\ld be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,we h se5 t ?is exaltation ( ,reason to be ! s\rce ( all virtue re/s on two ass]tions4 ,fir/1 z ,practical ,reason1 x is said to issue1 l an oracle1 p]emptory ,imp]atives purely a priori4 ,secondly1 tak5 9 connection ) ! false explanation ( ,!oretical ,reason1 z giv5 9 ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft1 x is pres5t$ z a c]ta9 faculty ess5tially conc]n$ ) ! ,uncondition$1 z manife/$ 9 ?ree alleg$ ,ideas#ag 7! impossibility ( :i* ! intellect at ! same "t recognises a priori74 ,& we f\nd t ?is position1 z an exempl> vitiis imitabile1#ah l$ our muddy-head$ philosoph]s1 ,jacobi at _! head1 f bad to worse4 ,!y talk$ ( ,reason 7,v]nunft7 z directly compreh5d+ 7v]nehm5d7 ! ,sup]s5su\s1 & absurdly decl>$ t x is a c]ta9 m5tal prop]ty :i* has to d ess5tially ) ?+s transc5d+ all exp]i5ce1 i4e41 ) metaphysics2 & t x p]ceives directly & intuitively ! ultimate causes ( all ?+s1 & ( all ,be+1 ! ,sup]s5su\s1 ! ,absolute1 ! ,div9e1 etc4 ,n[1 _h x be5 wi%$ to use ,reason1 in/ead ( deify+ x1 su* ass]tions z ^! mu/ long ago h be5 met by ! simple rem>k t1 if man1 by virtue ( a special organ1 furni%$ by 8 ,reason1 = solv+ ! riddle ( ! _w1 possess$ an innate metaphysics t only requir$ developm5t2 9 t case !re w\ld h to be j z complete agreem5t on metaphysical matt]s z on ! tru?s ( ari?metic & geometry2 & ?is w\ld make x totally impossible t !re %\ld exi/ on ! e>? a l>ge numb] ( radically diff]5t religions1 & a /ill l>g] numb] ( radically diff]5t sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,inde$1 we may r suppose t1 if any "o 7 f\nd to diff] f ! re/ 9 8 religi\s or philosophical views1 he w\ld be at once reg>d$ z a subject = m5tal pa?ology4 ,nor w\ld ! foll[+ pla9 reflection h fail$ to pres5t itself4 ,if we discov]$ a species ( apes :i* int5tionally prep>$ in/rum5ts = fight+1 or build+1 or = any o!r purpose2 we %\ld imm$iately admit t x 0 end[$ ) ,reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we meet ) savages de/itute ( all metaphysics1 or ( all religion 7& !re are su*72 x does n occur to u to d5y !m ,reason on t acc\nt4 ,! ,reason t proves its pret5d$ sup]s5su\s k 0 duly br\ght back to b\nds by ,kant's critique2 b ,jacobi's wond]ful ,reason1 t directly compreh5ds ! sup]s5su\s1 he mu/ inde$ h ?\ght b5ea? all criticism4 ,mean:ile1 a c]ta9 imp]i\s & oracul> ,reason ( ! same k9d is /ill1 at ! ,univ]sities1 fa/5$ on ! %\ld]s ( our innoc5t y\?4 ,,note4 ,if we wi% to rea* ! real orig9 ( ?is hypo!sis ( ,practical ,reason1 we mu/ trace its desc5t a little fur!r back4 ,we %all f9d t x is d]iv$ f a doctr9e1 :i* ,kant totally confut$1 b :i* nev]!less1 9 ?is connection1 lies secretly 7inde$ he himself is n aw>e ( x7 at ! root ( 8 assumption ( a ,practical ,reason ) its ,imp]atives & its ,autonomy--a rem9isc5ce ( a =m] mode ( ?\ght4 ,i mean ! s-call$ ,rational ,psy*ology1 accord+ to :i* man is compos$ ( two entirely het]og5e\s sub/ances--! mat]ial body1 & ! immat]ial s\l4 ,plato 0 ! fir/ to =mulate ?is dogma1 & he endeav\r$ to prove x z an objective tru?4 ,b x 0 ,desc>tes :o1 by work+ x out ) sci5tific exactness1 p]fectly develop$ & complet$ x4 ,& ?is is j :at br\ght its fallacy to light1 z demon/rat$ by ,sp9oza1 ,locke1 & ,kant successively4 ,x 0 demon/rat$ by ,sp9oza2 because 8 philosophy consi/s *iefly 9 ! refutation ( 8 ma/]'s tw(old dualism1 & because he entirely & expressly d5i$ ! two ,sub/ances ( ,desc>tes1 & took z 8 ma9 pr9ciple ! foll[+ proposition3 ,sub/antia cogitans et sub/antia ext]na una eademque e/ sub/antia1 quae jam sub hoc1 jam sub illo attribute compreh5ditur4#ai ,x 0 demon/rat$ by ,locke2 = he combat$ ! !ory ( innate ideas1 d]iv$ all k f ! s5su\s1 & taught t x is n impossible t ,matt] %\ld ?9k4 ,& la/ly1 x 0 demon/rat$ by ,kant1 9 8 ,kritik d] ,rational5 ,psy*ologie1 z giv5 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,leibnitz & ,wolff 7 ! *ampions on ! bad side2 & ?is br\ght ,leibnitz ! undes]v$ hon\r ( be+ comp>$ to ! great ,plato1 :o 0 really s unlike him4 ,b to ent] into details "h w\ld be out ( place4 ,accord+ to ?is ,rational ,psy*ology1 ! s\l 0 orig9ally & 9 its ess5ce a p]ceiv+ sub/ance1 & only z a consequ5ce !re( did x become possess$ ( volition4 ,accord+ z x c>ri$ on ^! two modes ( its activity1 ,p]ception & ,volition1 conjo9$ ) ! body1 or incorporeal1 & entirely p] se1 s x 0 end[$ ) a l[] or high] faculty ( p]ception1 & ( volition 9 l k9d4 ,9 its high] faculty ! immat]ial s\l 0 active solely by itself1 & )\t co-op]ation ( ! body4 ,9 ?is case x 0 intellectus purus1 be+ compos$ ( concepts1 belong+ exclusively to itself1 & ( ! correspond+ acts ( w1 bo? ( :i* 7 absolutely spiritual1 & _h no?+ s5su\s ab\t !m--! s5su\s be+ d]iv$ f ! body4#bj ,s t x p]ceiv$ no?+ else b pure ,ab/racts1 ,univ]sals1 innate conceptions1 aet]nae v]itates1 etc42 :]e=e also its volition 0 entirely controll$ by purely spiritual ideas l ^!4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\l's l[] faculty ( ,p]ception & ,volition 0 ! result ( its work+ 9 conc]t & close union ) ! v>i\s organs ( ! body1 :]eby a prejudicial effect 0 produc$ on its an mix$ spiritual activity4 ,"h1 i4e41 to ?is l[] faculty1 0 suppos$ to belong e intuitive p]ception1 :i* consequ5tly w\ld h to be obscure & confus$1 :ile ! ab/ract1 =m$ by sep>at+ f objects _! qualities1 w\ld be cle>6 ,! w1 :i* 0 det]m9$ by preceptions ?us s5su\sly condition$1 =m$ ! l[] ,volition1 & x 0 = ! mo/ "p bad2 = its acts 7 guid$ by ! impulse ( ! s5ses2 :ile ! o!r w 7! high]7 0 untrammell$1 0 guid$ by ,pure ,reason1 & app]ta9$ only to ! immat]ial s\l4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! ,c>tesians has be5 be/ exp\nd$ by ,de la ,=ge1 9 8 ,tractatus de ,m5te ,humana1 :]e 9 *ap4 #bc we read3#ba ,non nisi eadem voluntas e/1 quae appellatur appetitus s5sitivus1 qu&o excitatur p] judicia1 quae =mantur consequ5t] ad p]ceptiones s5suum2 et quae appetitus rationalis nom9atur1 cum m5s judicia =mat de propriis suis ideis1 indep5d5t] a cogitationibus s5suum confusis1 quae incl9ationum ejus sunt causae4444 ,id1 quod occasionem d$it1 ut duae i/ae div]sae voluntatis prop5siones pro duobus div]sis appetitibus sum]5tur1 e/1 quod saepissime unus alt]i opponatur1 quia propositum1 quod m5s sup]a$ificat propriis suis p]ceptionibus1 non semp] cons5tit cum cogitationibus1 quae m5ti a corporis dispositione sugg]untur1 p] quam saepe obligatur ad aliquid vol5dum1 dum ratio ejus e>n aliud opt>e facit4 ,out ( ! dim rem9isc5ce ( su* views !re f9ally arose ,kant's doctr9e ( ! ,autonomy ( ! ,w1 :i*1 z ! m\?-piece ( ,pure1 ,practical ,reason1 lays d[n ! law = all rational be+s z su*1 & recognises no?+ b =mal motives1 z oppos$ to mat]ial2 ! latt] det]m9+ only ! l[] faculty ( desires1 to :i* ! high] is ho/ile4 ,= ! re/1 ?is :ole !ory1 :i* 0 n really sy/ematically set =? till ! "t ( ,desc>tes1 is nev]!less to be f\nd z f> back z ,ari/otle4 ,9 8 ,de ,anima ,i4 #a1 x is suffici5tly cle>ly /at$2 :ile ,plato 9 ! ,pha$o 7pp4 #ahh & #ahi1 edit4 ,bipont47 _h already pav$ ! way1 ) no unc]ta9 h9ts4 ,aft] be+ elaborat$ to great p]fection by ! ,c>tesian doctr9e1 we f9d x a hundr$ ye>s lat] wax$ bold & /rong1 & occupy+ ! =emo/ place2 b precisely = ?is reason =c$ to reveal its true nature4 ,an excell5t rsum ( ! view :i* !n prevail$ is pres5t$ 9 ,muratori's ,della ,=za della ,fantasia1 *aps4 #a-d & #ac4 ,9 ?is "w ! imag9ation is reg>d$ z a purely mat]ial1 corporeal organ ( ! bra9 7! l[] faculty ( p]ception71 its function be+ to intuitively appreh5d ! ext]nal _w on ! data ( ! s5ses2 & n\ght rema9s = ! immat]ial s\l b ?9k+1 reflect+1 & det]m9+4 ,x mu/ h be5 felt h[ obvi\sly ?is position involves ! :ole subject 9 d\bt4 ,= if ,matt] is capable ( ! intuitive appreh5sion ( ! _w 9 all its complexity1 x is inconceivable t x %\ld n also be capable ( ab/ract+ ?is intuition2 :]efrom ev]y?+ else w\ld foll[4 ,ab/raction is ( c\rse no?+ else ?an an elim9ation ( ! qualities atta*+ to ?+s :i* are n necess>y = g5]al purposes1 9 o!r words1 ! individual & special diff]5ces4 ,= in/ance1 if ,i disreg>d1 or ab/ract1 t :i* is peculi> to ! %eep1 ox1 /ag1 camel1 etc41 ,i rea* ! conception ( rum9ants4 ,by ?is op]ation ! ideas lose _! intuitiv5ess1 & z m]ely ab/ract1 non-intuitive notions or concepts1 !y require words to fix !m 9 ! consci\sness1 & all[ ( _! be+ adequately h&l$4 ,all ?is %[s t ,kant 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! aft]-effect ( t old-"t doctr9e1 :5 he prop\nd$ 8 ,practical ,reason ) its ,imp]atives4 #a ,^! epigrams =m ! close ( ,s*ill]'s poem ,die ,philosoph51 :i* is wor? read+ 9 ?is connection--7,translator47 #b ,m correctly1 ,huitzilopo*tli3 a ,mexican deity4 #c ,or %all1 z 9 ! ?\ %all1 ( ! ,decalogue --7,translator47 #d ,des ,pudels ,k]n2 ,v4 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 ,"p ,i4 ,/udirzimm]4 ,s*op5hau] means t 8 analysis has =c$ ! real mean+ out ( ,kant's language1 j z ,fau/ by 8 exorcism compels ,mephi/opheles1 :o 0 9 ! =m ( a poodle1 to resume 8 true =m4--7,translator47 #e 13 i4e41 ! :at a ?+ is2 its pr9ciple1 or ess5ce4--7,translator47 #f 3 i4e41 ! :]e=e ( a ?+2 its raison d'tre1 its und]ly+ cause4--7,translator47 #g ,s*op5hau] 0 d\btless ?9k+ ( ! fam\s my? 9 ,plato's ,symposium ,*ap4 #bc 7,teubn]'s edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahge71 :]e ,eros is repres5t$ z ! (fspr+ ( & 1 :o on ! bir?day ( ,aphrodite 7 unit$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,zeus4--7,translator47 #h ,hugo ,grotius attributes x to ! ,emp]or ,sev]us4 #i ,azote,nitrog54 ,! =mula = ,ammonium ,*loride or ,sal-ammoniac is ,,nh#d;,cl4--7,translator74 #aj ,to be f\nd 9 ! fif? numb] ( ! ,beitrge zur ,ueb]si*t d] ,philosophie am ,anfange des #ai4 ,jahrhund]ts--a j\rnal ( ! greate/ importance = critical philosophy4 #aa ,e95 erkleckli*5 ,,satz1 ja1 und d] au* 0 ,,setzt4 ,,s*ill]4 #ab ,to argue f impossibility to non-exi/5ce is valid--i4e4 ! impossibility ( a ?+ makes its non-exi/5ce a safe conclusion4--7,translator47 #ac ,da*t' i*'s do*6 ,wiss5 sie ni*ts ,v]nnftiges mehr zu erwid]n1 ,s*ieb5 sie's ,e9em ges*w9d 9 das ,gewiss5 h9e94 --,,s*ill]1 ,die ,philosoph54 ,j z ,i ?\ght6 ,c !y give no m any answ] ( reason1 ,quickly ! gr\nd is *ang$3 ,consci5ce1 !y say1 is at fault4 --7,translator47 #ad ,z f ! ,py?ian tripod3 i4e41--) (ficial au?ority1 ex ca!dra4 #ae ,v4 ,ari/oph41 ,aves1 #hai et alibi4--7,translator47 #af means rem>kable1 be+ nev] us$ 9 ! s5se ( rational4 ,t logikn is p]haps a possible expression2 ! "r ^w is 4--7,translator47 #ag ,! ?ree ,ideas are3 7#a7 ,! ,psy*ological2 7#b7 ,! ,cosmological2 7#c7 ,! ,!ological4 ,v4 ,! ,p>alogisms ( ,pure ,reasons1 9 ! ,dialectics3 ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft1 ,"p ,i4--7,translator47 #ah ,an example easy to be imitat$ 9 its faults4 ,v4 ,horace1 ,ep4 ,lib4 ,i41 xix4 #ag4--7,translator47 #ai ,! ?9k+ sub/ance1 & sub/ance 9 ext5sion are "o & ! self-same sub/ance1 :i* is conta9$ n[ "u ! latt] attribute 7i4e41 ext5sion71 n[ "u ! =m] 7i4e41 ! attribute ( ?9k+74--,e?ica1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,prop4 #g4 ,coroll>y4 #bj ,intellectio pura e/ intellectio1 quae circa nullas imag9es corporeas v]satur4 7,pure intellig5ce is intellig5ce t has no?+ to d ) any bodily =ms47--,c>t41 ,m$it41 p4 #ahh4 #ba ,x is no?+ b "o & ! same w1 :i* at "o "t is call$ s5su\s desire1 :5 x is /imulat$ by acts ( judgm5t1 =m$ 9 consequ5ce ( p]ceptions ( ! s5ses2 & :i* at ano!r "t is call$ rational desire 7i4e4 desire ( ! reason71 :5 ! m9d =ms acts ( judgm5t ab\t its own prop] ideas1 indep5d5tly ( ! ?\ghts belong+ to1 & mix$ up )1 ! s5ses2 :i* ?\ghts are ! causes ( ! m9d's t5d5cies4444 ,t ^! two div]se prop5sities ( ! w %\ld be reg>d$ z two di/9ct desires is occasion$ by ! fact t v (t5 ! "o is oppos$ to ! o!r1 because ! int5tion1 :i* is built up by ! m9d on ! f\ndation ( its own prop] p]ceptions1 does n always agree ) ! ?\ghts :i* are sugge/$ to ! m9d by ! body's disposition2 :]eby x 7! m9d7 is (t5 con/ra9$ to w some?+1 :ile its reason makes x *oose some?+ diff]5t4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,lead+ ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics4 ,aft] hav+ te/$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! actual basis ( ,kant's ,e?ics1 ,i n[ turn to t :i* re/s on x--8 lead+ pr9ciple ( ,morals4 ,! latt] is v closely connect$ ) ! =m]2 inde$1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !y bo? grew up toge!r4 ,we h se5 t ! =mula express+ ! pr9ciple reads z foll[s3 ,act only 9 accordance ) t precept :i* y c also wi% %\ld be a g5]al law = all rational be+s4 ,x is a /range proce$+ = a man1 :o ex hypo!si is seek+ a law to det]m9e :at he %\ld d1 & :at he %\ld leave undone1 to be in/ruct$ fir/ to se>* = "o fit to regulate ! conduct ( all possible rational be+s2 b we w pass ov] t4 ,x is suffici5t only to notice ! fact t 9 ! above guid+ rule1 z put =? by ,kant1 we h obvi\sly n rea*$ ! moral law itself1 b only a f+]-po/1 or indication :]e x is to be look$ =4 ,! money1 s to say1 is n yet paid d[n1 b we hold a safe draft = x4 ,& :o1 !n1 is ! ca%i]8 ,to say ! tru? at once3 a payma/] 9 ?is connection surely v unexpect$1 be+ nei!r m nor less ?an ,egoism1 z ,i %all n[ demon/rate4 ,! precept1 x is said1 :i* ,i c wi% 7 ! guide ( all m5's conduct1 is itself ! real moral pr9ciple4 ,t :i* ,i c wi% is ! h+e on :i* ! giv5 direction turns4 ,b :at c ,i truly wi%1 & :at n8 ,cle>ly1 9 ord] to det]m9e :at ,i c wi% 9 ! matt] "u discussion1 ,i require yet ano!r crit]ion2 = )\t su* ,i c\ld nev] f9d ! key to ! in/ruction :i* comes to me l a seal$ ord]4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ?is crit]ion to be discov]$8 ,c]ta9ly n[h]e else b 9 my ,egoism1 :i* is ! ne>e/1 ev] ready1 orig9al1 & liv+ /&>d ( all volition1 & :i* has at any rate ! jus primi occupantis be=e e moral pr9ciple4 ,! direction = f9d+ ! real moral law1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,kantian rule1 re/s1 z a matt] ( fact1 on ! tacit assumption t ,i c only wi% = t :i* is mo/ to my advantage4 ,n[ because1 9 fram+ a precept to be g5]ally foll[$1 ,i _c reg>d myself z always active1 b mu/ contemplate my play+ a passive "p ev5tualit] & at times2 !re=e f ?is po9t ( view my egoism decides = ju/ice & lov+-k9dness2 n f any wi% to practise ^! virtues1 b because x desires to exp]i5ce !m4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! mis]1 :o1 aft] li/5+ to a s]mon on b5efic5ce1 exclaims3 ,wie grndli* ausgefhrt1 wie s*n6-- ,fa/ m*t' i* betteln gehn4 7,h[ well ?\ght out1 h[ excell5t6-- ,almo/ ,i'd l to beg47 ,?is is ! indisp5sable key to ! direction 9 :i* ,kant's lead+ pr9ciple ( ,e?ics is emb$d$2 nor c he help supply+ x himself4 ,only he refra9s f do+ s at ! mom5t ( prop\nd+ 8 precept1 le/ we %\ld feel %ock$4 ,x is f\nd fur!r on 9 ! text1 at a dec5t di/ance1 s z to prev5t ! fact at once leap+ to light1 t "h1 aft] all1 9 spite ( 8 gr& a priori edifice1 ,egoism is sitt+ on ! judge's seat1 scales 9 h&4 ,moreov]1 x does n occur1 till aft] he has decid$1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ev5tualit] passive side1 t ?is position holds good = ! active rle z well4 ,?us1 on p4 #ai 7,r41 p4 #bd7 we read3 ,t ,i c\ld n wi% = a g5]al law to e/abli% ly+1 because p w\ld no long] believe me1 or else pay me back 9 ! same co94 ,aga9 on p4 #ee 7,r41 p4 #di73 ,! univ]sality ( a law to ! effect t e "o c\ld promise :at he likes1 )\t any int5tion ( keep+ 8 ^w1 w\ld make ! promise itself1 toge!r ) ! object 9 view1 :atev] t might be1 impossible2 = no "o w\ld believe x4 ,on p4 #ef 7,r41 p4 #ej71 9 connection ) ! maxim ( h>d-he>t$ness1 we f9d ! foll[+3 ,a w1 :i* %\ld det]m9e ?is1 w\ld contradict itself2 = cases c occur1 9 :i* a man ne$s ! love & sympa?y ( o!rs1 & 9 :i* he1 by virtue ( su* a natural law1 evolv$ f 8 own w1 w\ld deprive himself ( all hope ( ! help1 :i* he desires4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft 7,"p ,i41 vol4 i41 *ap4 #b1 p4 #abc2 ,r41 p4 #aib73 ,if e "o 7 to reg>d o!rs' di/ress ) total indiff]5ce1 & y 7 to belong to su* an ord] ( ?+s2 w\ld y be !re ) ! concurr5ce ( y\r w8 ,quam tem]e 9 nosmet legem sancimus iniquam6#a "o c\ld reply4 ,^! passages suffici5tly %[ 9 :at s5se ! phrase1 to be able to wi%1 9 ,kant's =mula is to be und]/ood4 ,b x is 9 ! ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde d] ,tug5dlehre1 t ?is real nature ( 8 e?ical pr9ciple is mo/ cle>ly /at$4 ,9 #cj we read3 ,= e "o wi%es to be help$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man 7 to give utt]ance to 8 rule ( unwill+ness to help o!rs1 all p w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ him assi/ance4 ,?us ?is rule ( selfi%ness contradicts itself4 ,w\ld be ju/ifi$1 he says1 w\ld be ju/ifi$6 ,"h1 !n1 x is decl>$1 z explicitly z any?+ c be1 t moral obligation re/s solely & entirely on presuppos$ reciprocity2 consequ5tly x is utt]ly selfi%1 & only admits ( be+ int]pret$ by egoism1 :i*1 "u ! condition ( reciprocity1 kn[s h[ to make a compromise clev]ly en\gh4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld be q 9 place if x 7 a "q ( lay+ d[n ! fundam5tals ( /ate-organisation1 b n1 :5 we come to con/ruct ^? ( e?ics4 ,9 ! ,grundlegung1 p4 #ha 7,r41 p4 #fg71 ! foll[+ s5t5ce occurs3 ,! pr9ciple ( always act+ 9 accordance ) t precept :i* y c also wi% 7 univ]sally e/abli%$ z law--?is is ! only condition "u :i* a man's w c nev] be 9 antagonism ) itself4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 x w be app>5t t ! true mean+ ( ! ^w antagonism may be ?us expla9$3 if a man %\ld sanction ! precept ( inju/ice & h>d-he>t$ness1 he w\ld subsequ5tly1 9 ! ev5t ( 8 play+ a passive "p1 recall x1 & s 8 w w\ld contradict itself4 ,f ?is analysis x is abundantly cle> t ,kant's fam\s lead+ pr9ciple is n--z he ma9ta9s ) tireless repetition--a categorical1 b 9 reality a hypo!tical ,imp]ative2 because x tacitly presupposes ! condition t ! law to be e/abli%$ = :at ,i d--inasmu* z ,i make x univ]sal--%all also be a law = :at is done to me2 & because ,i1 "u ?is condition1 z ! ev5tualit] non-active p>ty1 _c possibly wi% = inju/ice & h>d-he>t$ness4 ,b if ,i /rike out ?is proviso1 &1 tru/+ p]haps to my surpass+ /r5g? ( m9d & body1 ?9k ( myself z always active1 & nev] passive2 !n1 9 *oos+ ! precept :i* is to be univ]sally valid1 if !re exi/s no basis = e?ics o!r ?an ,kant's1 ,i c p]fectly well wi% t inju/ice & h>d-he>t$ness %\ld be ! g5]al rule1 & consequ5tly ord] ! _w ,^u ! simple plan1 ,t !y %\ld take1 :o h ! p[]1 ,& !y %\ld keep1 :o c4 --7,,wordswor?47 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt] we %[$ t ! ,kantian lead+ pr9ciple ( ,e?ics is devoid ( all real f\ndation4 ,x is n[ cle> t to ?is s+ul> defect mu/ be add$1 not)/&+ ,kant's express ass]tion to ! contr>y1 its conceal$ hypo!tical nature1 :]eby its basis turns out to be no?+ else ?an ,egoism1 ! latt] be+ ! secret int]pret] ( ! direction :i* x conta9s4 ,fur!rmore1 reg>d+ x solely z a =mula1 we f9d t x is only a p]iphrasis1 an obscure & disguis$ mode ( express+ ! well-kn[n rule3 ,quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is 7d n to ano!r :at y are unwill+ %\ld be done to y\rself72 if1 t is1 by omitt+ ! non & ne1 we remove ! limitation1 & include ! duties taught by love z well z ^? prescrib$ by law4 ,= x is obvi\s t ?is is ! only precept :i* ,i c wi% %\ld regulate ! conduct ( all m5 7speak+1 ( c\rse1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! possibly passive "p ,i may play1 :]e my ,egoism is t\*$74 ,?is rule1 ,quod tibi fi]i1 etc41 is1 h[ev]1 9 its turn1 m]ely a circumlocution =1 or1 if x be pref]r$1 a premise (1 ! proposition :i* ,i h laid d[n z ! simple/ & pure/ def9ition ( ! conduct requir$ by ! common cons5t ( all e?ical sy/ems2 namely1 ,nem9em la$e1 immo omnes1 quantum potes1 juva 7d h>m to no "o2 b r help all p1 z f> z lies 9 y\r p[]74 ,! true & real sub/ance ( ,morals is ?is1 & nev] c be any?+ else4 ,b on :at is x bas$8 ,:at is x t l5ds =ce to ?is comm&8 ,?is is ! old & difficult problem ) :i* man is /ill to-day confront$4 ,=1 on ! o!r side1 we he> ,egoism cry+ ) a l\d voice3 ,nem9em juva1 immo omnes1 si =te conducit1 la$e 7help nobody1 b r injure all p1 if x br+s y any advantage72 nay m1 ,malice gives u ! v>iant3 ,immo omnes1 quantum potes1 la$e 7b r injure all p z f> z y c74 ,to br+ into ! li/s a combatant equal1 or r sup]ior to ,egoism & ,malice comb9$--?is is ! task ( all ,e?ics4 ,heic ,rhodus1 heic salta6#b ,! division ( human duty into two classes has long be5 recognis$1 & no d\bt owes its orig9 to ! nature ( morality itself4 ,we h4 7#a7 ! duties orda9$ by law 7o!rwise call$ !--p]fect1 obligatory1 n>r[] duties71 & 7#b7 ^? prescrib$ by virtue 7o!rwise call$ imp]fect1 wid]1 m]itori\s1 or1 pref]ably1 ! duties taught by love74 ,on p4 #eg 7,r41 p4 #fj7 we f9d ,kant desir+ to give a fur!r confirmation to ! moral pr9ciple1 :i* he prop\nd$1 by und]tak+ to d]ive ?is classification f x4 ,b ! attempt turns out to be s =c$1 & s obvi\sly bad1 t x only te/ifies 9 ! /ronge/ way aga9/ ! s\ndness ( 8 position4 ,=1 accord+ to him1 ! duties laid d[n by /atutes re/ on a precept1 ! contr>y ( :i*1 tak5 z a g5]al natural law1 is decl>$ to be q un?9kable )\t contradiction2 :ile ! duties inculcat$ by virtue are made to dep5d on a maxim1 ! opposite ( :i* c 7he says7 be conceiv$ z a g5]al natural law1 b _c possibly be wi%$ =4 ,i beg ! read] to reflect t ! rule ( inju/ice1 ! reign ( might in/ead ( "r1 :i* 9 ! ,kantian view is n ev5 ?9kable z a natural law1 is 9 reality1 & 9 po9t ( fact1 ! dom9ant ord] ( ?+s n only 9 ! animal k+dom1 b among m5 z well4 ,x is true t an attempt has be5 made among civilis$ peoples to obviate its injuri\s effects by means ( all ! ma*9]y ( /ate gov]nm5t2 b z soon z ?is1 :]ev]1 or ( :atev] k9d1 x be1 is susp5d$ or elud$1 ! natural law imm$iately resumes its sway4 ,inde$ betwe5 nation & nation x nev] ceases to prevail2 ! cu/om>y j>gon ab\t ju/ice is well kn[n to be no?+ b diplomacy's (ficial /yle2 ! real arbit] is brute =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 g5u9e1 i4e41 volunt>y1 acts ( ju/ice1 d occur beyond all d\bt1 b always only z exceptions to ! rule4 ,fur!rmore3 wi%+ to give in/ances by way ( introduc+ ! above-m5tion$ classification1 ,kant e/abli%es ! duties prescrib$ by law fir/ 7p4 #ec2 ,r41 p4 #dh7 ?r\gh ! s-call$ duty t[>ds oneself1--! duty ( n end+ "o's life volunt>ily1 if ! pa9 outweigh ! pleasure4 ,accord+ly1 ! rule ( suicide is held to be n ev5 ?9kable z a g5]al natural law4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9 t1 s9ce "h !re c be no int]v5tion ( /ate control1 x is exactly ?is rule :i* is prov$ to be an actually exi/+1 un*eck$ natural law4 ,= x is absolutely c]ta9 7z daily exp]i5ce atte/s7 t m5 9 ! va/ majority ( cases turn to self-de/ruction directly ! gigantic /r5g? ( ! innate in/9ct ( self-pres]vation is di/9ctly ov]p[]$ by great suff]+4 ,to suppose t !re is any ?\ght :atev] t c h a def]r+ effect1 aft] ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* is s /rong & s closely b\nd up ) ! nature ( e liv+ ?+1 has %[n itself p[]less2 9 o!r words1 to suppose t !re is a ?\ght /ill mighti] ?an ?is fe>--is a d>+ assumption1 all ! m s1 :5 we see1 t x is "o :i* is s difficult to discov] t ! morali/s are n yet able to det]m9e x ) precision4 ,9 any case1 x is c]ta9 t argum5ts aga9/ suicide ( ! sort put =w>d by ,kant 9 ?is connection 7p4 #ec3 ,r41 p4 #dh1 & p4 #fg2 ,r41 p4 #eg7 h nev] hi!rto re/ra9$ any "o tir$ ( life ev5 = a mom5t4 ,?us a natural law1 :i* inconte/ably exi/s1 & is op]ative e day1 is decl>$ by ,kant to be simply un?9kable )\t contradiction1 & all = ! sake ( mak+ 8 ,moral ,pr9ciple ! basis ( ! classification ( duties6 ,at ?is po9t x is1 ,i confess1 n )\t satisfaction t ,i look =w>d to ! gr\ndwork :i* ,i %all give to ,e?ics 9 ! sequel4 ,f x ! division ( ,duty into :at is prescrib$ by law1 & :at is taught by love1 or1 bett]1 into ju/ice & lov+-k9dness1 results q naturally ?\gh a pr9ciple ( sep>ation :i* arises f ! nature ( ! subject1 & :i* entirely ( itself draws a %>p l9e ( dem>kation2 s t ! f\ndation ( ,morals1 :i* ,i %all pres5t1 has 9 fact ready to h& t confirmation1 to :i* ,kant1 ) a view to support 8 own position1 lays a completely gr\ndless claim4 #a ,h[ ra%ly d we sanction an unju/ law1 :i* w come home to ourselves6--7,hor41 ,sat41 ,lib4 ,i41 iii4 #fg47 #b ,"h is ,rhodes1 "h make y\r leap6 ,i4e41 ,"h is ! place ( trial1 "h let u see :at y c d6 ,?is ,lat9 prov]b is d]iv$ f "o ( ,aesop's fables4 ,a bragg>t boa/s ( hav+ once accompli%$ a wond]ful jump 9 ,rhodes1 & appeals to ! evid5ce ( ! eye-witnesses4 ,! by/&]s !n exclaim3 ,fri5d1 if ?is be true1 y h no ne$ ( witnesses2 = ?is is ,rhodes1 & y\r leap y c make "h4 ,! words are3 '1 1 t 1 o t ',r 4 ,v4 ,fabulae ,aesopicae ,collectae4 ,edit4 ,halm1 ,leipzig3 ,teubn]4 #ahge4 ,nr4 #bjc;b1 p4 #ajb4 ,! o!r v]sion ( ! fable 7,nr4 #bjc1 p4 #aja7 gives3 otos1 e l?s o /91 odn de soi m>tyrn d 1 d ka 4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,d]iv$ ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,e?ics4 ,x is well kn[n t ,kant put ! lead+ pr9ciple ( 8 ,e?ics into ano!r q diff]5t %ape1 9 :i* x is express$ directly2 ! fir/ be+ indirect1 inde$ no?+ m ?an an indication z to h[ ! pr9ciple is to be s\ght =4 ,beg9n+ at p4 #fc 7,r41 p4 #ee71 he prep>es ! way = 8 second =mula by means ( v /range1 ambigu\s1 n to say di/ort$1#a def9itions ( ! conceptions ,end & ,means1 :i* may be mu* m simply & correctly d5ot$ ?us3 an ,end is ! direct motive ( an act ( ! ,w1 a ,means ! indirect3 simplex sigillum v]i 7simplicity is ! seal ( tru?74 ,kant1 h[ev]1 slips ?r\gh 8 wond]ful enunciations to ! /atem5t3 ,man1 inde$ e rational be+1 exi/s z an end 9 himself4 ,on ?is ,i mu/ rem>k t to exi/ z an end 9 oneself is an un?9kable expression1 a contradictio 9 adjecto4#b ,to be an end means to be an object ( volition4 ,e end c only exi/ 9 relation to a w1 ^: end1 i4e41 7z above /at$71 ^: direct motive x is4 ,only ?us c ! idea1 end h any s5se1 :i* is lo/ z soon z su* connection is brok54 ,b ?is relation1 :i* is ess5tial to ! ?+1 necess>ily excludes e 9 itself4 ,end 9 oneself is exactly l say+3 ,fri5d 9 oneself2--enemy 9 oneself2--uncle 9 oneself2--nor? or ea/ 9 itself2--above or bel[ 9 itself2 & s on4 ,at bottom ! end 9 itself is 9 ! same case z ! absolute ought2 ! same ?\ght--! !ological--secretly1 inde$1 unconsci\sly lies at ! root ( ea* z its condition4 ,nor is ! absolute wor?1 :i* is suppos$ to be atta*$ to ?is alleg$1 ?\gh un?9kable1 end 9 itself1 at all bett] circum/anc$4 ,x also mu/ be *>act]is$1 )\t pity1 z a contradictio 9 adjecto4 ,e wor? is a valuation by comp>ison1 & its be>+ is necess>ily tw(old4 ,fir/1 x is relative1 s9ce x exi/s = "s "o2 & secondly1 x is comp>ative1 z be+ comp>$ ) some?+ else1 & e/imat$ accord+ly4 ,sev]$ f ^! two conditions1 ! conception1 wor?1 loses all s5se & mean+1 & s obvi\sly1 t fur!r demon/ration is ne$less4 ,b m3 j z ! phrases end 9 itself & absolute wor? outrage logic1 s true morality is outrag$ by ! /atem5t on p4 #fe 7,r41 p4 #ef71 t irrational be+s 7t is1 animals7 are ?+s1 & %\ld !re=e be treat$ simply z means1 :i* are n at ! same "t ends4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is1 x is expressly decl>$ 9 ! ,metaphysis*e ,anfanggrnde d] ,tug5dlehre1 #af3 ,a man c h no duties t[>ds any be+1 except t[>ds 8 fell[-m52 & !n1 #ag1 we read3 ,to treat animals cruelly runs c\nt] to ! duty ( man t[>ds himself2 because x dead5s ! feel+ ( sympa?y = !m 9 _! suff]+s1 & ?us weak5s a natural t5d5cy :i* is v s]viceable to morality 9 relation to o!r m54 ,s "o is only to h compassion on animals = ! sake ( practice1 & !y are z x 7 ! pa?ological phantom on :i* to tra9 "o's sympa?y ) m56 ,9 common ) ! :ole ( ,asia t is n ta9t$ by ,islm 7:i* is tantam\nt to ,judaism71 ,i reg>d su* t5ets z odi\s & revolt+4 ,"h1 once aga91 we see )al h[ entirely ?is philosophical morality1 :i* is1 z expla9$ above1 only a !ological "o 9 disguise1 dep5ds 9 reality on ! biblical ,e?ics4 ,?us1 because ,*ri/ian morals leave animals out ( consid]ation 7( :i* m lat] on72 !re=e 9 philosophical morals !y are ( c\rse at once outlaw$2 !y are m]ely ?+s1 simply means to ends ( any sort2 & s !y are good = vivisection1 = de]-/alk+1 bull-fights1 horse-races1 etc41 & !y may be :ipp$ to dea? z !y /ruggle along ) heavy qu>ry c>ts4 ,%ame on su* a morality :i* is wor?y ( ,p>iahs1 ,*&alas & ,mle**as#c2 :i* fails to recognise ! ,et]nal ,reality imman5t 9 ev]y?+ t has life1 & %9+ =? ) inscrutable significance f all eyes t see ! sun6 ,?is is a morality :i* kn[s & values only ! preci\s species t gave x bir?2 ^: *>act]i/ic--reason--x makes ! condition "u :i* a be+ may be an object ( moral reg>d4 ,by ?is r\gh pa?1 !n1--inde$1 p] fas et nefas 7by fair means & by f\l71 ,kant rea*es ! second =m 9 :i* he expresses ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 ,e?ics3 ,act 9 su* a way t y at all times treat mank9d1 z mu* 9 y\r own p]son1 z 9 ! p]son ( e "o else1 n only z a ,means1 b also z an ,end4 ,su* a /atem5t is a v artificial & r\ndab\t way ( say+3 ,d n consid] y\rself alone1 b o!rs also2 ?is 9 turn is a p>aphrase =3 ,quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is 7d n to ano!r :at y are unwill+ %\ld be done to y\rself72 & ! latt]1 z ,i h said1 conta9s no?+ b ! premises to ! conclusion1 :i* is ! true & f9al goal ( all morals & ( all moralis+2 ,nem9em la$e1 immo omnes1 quantum potes juva 7d h>m to no "o2 b r help all p z f> z lies 9 y\r p[]74 ,l all beautiful ?+s1 ?is proposition looks be/ unveil$4 ,be x only obs]v$ t ! alleg$ duties t[>ds oneself are dragg$ into ?is second ,kantian edict int5tionally & n )\t difficulty4 ,"s place ( c\rse _h to be f\nd = !m4#d ,ano!r objection t c\ld be rais$ aga9/ ! =mula is t ! malefactor condemn$ to be execut$ is treat$ m]ely z an in/rum5t1 & n z an end1 & ?is ) p]fectly good reason2 = he is ! indisp5sable means ( uphold+ ! t]ror ( ! law by its fulfilm5t1 & ( ?us accompli%+ ! law's end--! repression ( crime4 ,b if ?is second def9ition helps no?+ t[>ds lay+ a f\ndation = ,e?ics1 if x _c ev5 pass mu/] z its lead+ pr9ciple1 t is1 z an adequate & direct summ>y ( e?ical precepts2 x has nev]!less ! m]it ( conta9+ a f9e ap]u ( moral psy*ology1 = x m>ks egoism by an exce$+ly *>act]i/ic tok51 :i* is q wor? :ile be+ "h m closely consid]$4 ,?is egoism1 !n1 ( :i* ea* ( u is full1 & to conceal :i*1 z our p>tie honteuse1 we h inv5t$ polit5ess1 is p]petually pe]+ ?r\gh e veil ca/ ov] x1 & may especially be detect$ 9 ! fact t our deal+s ) all ^?1 :o come across our pa?1 are direct$ by ! "o object ( try+ to f9d1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 & z if by in/9ct1 a possible means to any ( ! num]\s ends ) :i* we are always engross$4 ,:5 we make a new acqua9tance1 our fir/ ?\ght1 z a rule1 is :e!r ! man c be useful to u 9 "s way4 ,if he c d no?+ = our b5efit1 !n z soon z we are conv9c$ ( ?is1 he himself g5]ally becomes no?+ to u4 ,to seek 9 all o!r p a possible means to our ends1 9 o!r words1 to make !m our in/rum5ts1 is almo/ "p ( ! v nature ( human eyes2 & :e!r ! in/rum5t w h to suff] m or less 9 ! us+1 is a ?\ght :i* comes mu* lat]1 sometimes n at all4 ,t we assume o!rs to be simil>ly dispos$ is %[n 9 _m ways2 e4g41 by ! fact t1 :5 we ask any "o = in=mation or advice1 we lose all confid5ce 9 8 words directly we discov] t he may h "s int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 h[ev] small or remote4 ,= !n we imm$iately take = grant$ t he w make u a means to 8 ends1 & h5ce give 8 advice n 9 accordance ) 8 disc]nm5t1 b ) 8 desire1 & ?is1 no matt] h[ exact ! =m] may be1 or h[ little ! latt] seem involv$2 s9ce we "k only too well t a cubic in* ( desire weighs mu* m ?an a cubic y>d ( disc]nm5t4 ,conv]sely1 :5 we ask 9 su* cases3 ,:at ought ,i to d8 z a rule1 no?+ else w occur to our c\nsellor1 b h[ we %\ld %ape our action to suit 8 own ends2 & to ?is effect he w give 8 reply imm$iately1 & z x 7 me*anically1 )\t s mu* z be/[+ a ?\ght on our ends2 because x is 8 ,w t directly dictates ! answ]1 or ev] ! "q c come be=e ! b> ( 8 real judgm5t4 ,h5ce he tries to m\ld our conduct to 8 own b5efit1 )\t ev5 be+ consci\s ( x1 & :ile he supposes t he is speak+ out ( ! abundance ( 8 disc]nm5t1 9 reality he is no?+ b ! m\?-piece ( 8 own desire2 inde$1 su* self-deception may lead him s f> z to utt] lies1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,s greatly does ! influ5ce ( ! ,w prepond]ate t ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 x is n ! te/imony ( our own consci\sness1 b r1 = ! mo/ "p1 t ( our int]e/1 :i* avails to det]m9e :e!r our language be 9 accordance ) :at we disc]n1 or :at we desire4 ,to take ano!r case4 ,let u suppose t a man pursu$ by enemies & 9 dang] ( life1 meets a p$l> & inquires = "s by-way ( escape2 x may happ5 t ! latt] w answ] him by ! "q3 ,d y ne$ any ( my w>es8 ,x is n ( c\rse meant t matt]s are always l ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m a man is f\nd to %[ a direct & real p>ticipation 9 ano!r's weal & woe1 or 79 ,kant's language7 to reg>d him z an end & n z a means4 ,h[ f> x seems natural1 or ! rev]se1 to ea* "o to treat 8 neighb\r = once 9 ! way z an end1 in/ead ( 7z usual7 a means1--?is is ! crit]ion ( ! great e?ical diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 "* & "*2 & t on :i* ! m5tal attitude ( sympa?y re/s 9 ! la/ resort w be ! true basis ( ,e?ics1 & w =m ! subject ( ! ?ird "p ( ?is ,essay4 ,?us1 9 8 second =mula1 ,kant di/+ui%es ,egoism & its opposite by a v *>act]i/ic trait2 & ?is po9t ( m]it ,i h all ! m gladly br\ght out into /rong light & illu/rat$1 because 9 o!r respects !re is little 9 ! gr\ndwork ( 8 ,e?ics t ,i c admit4 ,! ?ird & la/ =m 9 :i* ,kant put =w>d 8 ,moral ,pr9ciple is ! ,autonomy ( ! ,w3 ,! ,w ( e rational be+ is univ]sally legislative = all rational be+s4 ,?is ( c\rse foll[s f ! fir/ =m4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! ?ird1 h[ev]1 we are ask$ to believe 7see p4 #ga2 ,r41 p4 #fj7 t ! specific *>act]i/ic ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative lies 9 ! r5unciation ( all int]e/ by ! ,w :5 act+ f a s5se ( duty4 ,all previ\s moral pr9ciples _h ?us 7he says7 brok5 d[n1 because ! latt] inv>iably attribut$ to human actions at bottom a c]ta9 int]e/1 :e!r orig9at+ 9 compulsion1 or 9 pleasurable attraction--an int]e/ :i* might be "o's own1 or ano!r's 7p4 #gc2 ,r41 p4 #fb74 7,ano!r's3 let ?is be p>ticul>ly notic$47 ,:]eas a univ]sally legislative ,w mu/ prescribe actions :i* are n bas$ on any int]e/ at all1 b solely on a feel+ ( duty4 ,i beg ! read] to ?9k :at ?is really means4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 no?+ less ?an volition )\t motive1 9 o!r words1 effect )\t cause4 ,int]e/ & ,motive are int]*angeable ideas2 :at is int]e/ b quod mea int]e/1 t :i* is ( importance to me8 ,& is n ?is1 9 "o ^w1 :atev] /irs & sets 9 motion my ,w8 ,consequ5tly1 :at is an int]e/ o!r ?an ! work+ ( a motive ^u ! ,w8 ,!re=e :]e a motive moves ! ,w1 !re ! latt] has an int]e/2 b :]e ! ,w is affect$ by no motive1 !re 9 tru? x c be z little active1 z a /one is able to leave its place )\t be+ pu%$ or pull$4 ,no educat$ p]son w require any demon/ration ( ?is4 ,x foll[s t e action1 inasmu* z x necess>ily mu/ h a motive1 necess>ily also presupposes an int]e/4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 prop\nds a second entirely new class ( actions :i* are p]=m$ )\t any int]e/1 i4e41 )\t motive4 ,& ^! actions are--all de$s ( ju/ice & lov+-k9dness6 ,x w be se5 t ?is mon/r\s assumption1 to be refut$1 ne$$ only to be r$uc$ to its real mean+1 :i* 0 conceal$ ?r\gh ! ^w int]e/ be+ trifl$ )4 ,mean:ile ,kant celebrates 7p4 #gd sqq42 ,r41 p4 #fb7 ! triumph ( 8 ,autonomy ( ! ,w by sett+ up a moral ,utopia call$ ! ,k+dom ( ,ends1 :i* is peopl$ ) no?+ b rational be+s 9 ab/racto4 ,^!1 "o & all1 are always will+1 )\t will+ any actual ?+ 7i4e41 )\t int]e/73 ! only ?+ t !y w is t !y may all p]petually w 9 accordance ) "o maxim 7i4e41 ,autonomy74 ,difficile e/ satiram non scrib]e#e 7x is difficult to refra9 f writ+ a satire74 ,b !re is some?+ else to :i* ,kant is l$ by 8 autonomy ( ! w2 & x involves m s]i\s consequ5ces ?an ! little innoc5t ,k+dom ( ,ends1 :i* is p]fectly h>mless & may be left 9 peace4 ,i mean ! conception ( human dignity4 ,n[ ?is dignity is made to re/ solely on man's autonomy1 & to lie 9 ! fact t ! law :i* he ought to obey is 8 own "w1 8 relation to x ?us be+ ! same z t ( ! subjects ( a con/itutional gov]nm5t to _! /atutes4 ,z an ornam5tal f9i% to ! ,kantian sy/em ( morals su* a !ory might aft] all be pass$ ov]4 ,only ?is expression ,human ,dignity1 once x 0 utt]$ by ,kant1 became ! %ibbole? ( all p]plex$ & empty-head$ morali/s4 ,= beh9d t impos+ =mula !y conceal$ _! lack1 n to say1 ( a real e?ical basis1 b ( any basis at all :i* 0 possess$ ( an intelligible mean+2 suppos+ clev]ly en\gh t _! read]s w\ld be s pleas$ to see !mselves inve/$ ) su* a dignity t !y w\ld be q satisfi$4#f ,let u1 h[ev]1 look at ?is conception a little m c>efully1 & submit x to ! te/ ( reality4 ,kant 7p4 #gi2 ,r41 p4 #ff7 def9es dignity z an uncondition$1 incomp>able value4 ,?is is an explanation :i* makes su* an effect by its magnific5t s\nd t "o does n readily summon up c\rage to exam9e x at close qu>t]s2 else we %\ld f9d t x too is no?+ b a holl[ hyp]bole1 )9 :i* !re lurks l a gnaw+ worm1 ! contradictio 9 adjecto4 ,e value is ! e/imation ( "o ?+ comp>$ ) ano!r2 x is ?us a conception ( comp>ison1 & consequ5tly relative2 & ?is relativity is precisely t :i* =ms ! ess5ce ( ! idea4 ,accord+ to ,diog5es ,la]tius 7,book ,,vii41 *ap4 #ajf71g ?is 0 already correctly taught by ! ,/oics4 ,he says3 n 1 1 4#h ,an incomp>able1 uncondition$1 absolute value1 su* z dignity is decl>$ by ,kant to be1 is ?us1 l s mu* else 9 ,philosophy1 ! /atem5t 9 words ( a ?\ght :i* is really un?9kable2 j z mu* z ! highe/ numb]1 or ! greate/ space4 ,do* eb5 wo ,begriffe fehl51 ,da /ellt e9 ,,wort zu re*t] ,zeit si* e94 7,b :]e conceptions fail1 ,j !re a ,,^w comes 9 to fill ! blank47 ,s x 0 ) ?is expression1 ,human ,dignity4 ,a mo/ acceptable phrase 0 br\ght into curr5cy4 ,!reon e sy/em ( ,morals1 t 0 spun out ?r\gh all classes ( duty1 & all =ms ( casui/ry1 f\nd a broad basis2 f :i* s]5e elevation x c\ld com=tably g on prea*+4 ,at ! end ( 8 exposition 7p4 #abd2 ,e41 p4 #ig71 ,kant says3 ,b h[ x is t ,pure ,reason )\t o!r motives1 t may h _! d]ivation else:]e1 c by itself be practical2 t is1 h[1 )\t !re be+ any object = ! ,w to take an antec$5t int]e/ 91 ! simple pr9ciple ( ! univ]sal validity ( all ! precepts ( ,pure ,reason1 z laws1 c ( itself provide a motive & br+ ab\t an int]e/ :i* may be call$ purely moral2 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ x is t ,pure ,reason c be practical2--to expla9 ?is problem1 all human reason is inadequate1 & all tr\ble & "w sp5t on x are va94 ,n[ x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 if any "o ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ :i* _c ev5 be conceiv$ z possible1 x is incumb5t on him to prove t x is an actual reality2 :]eas ! ,categorical ,imp]ative ( ,practical ,reason is expressly n put =w>d z a fact ( consci\sness1 nor o!rwise f\nd$ on exp]i5ce4 ,r are we frequ5tly caution$ n to attempt to expla9 x by hav+ rec\rse to empirical an?ropology4 7,cf4 e4g41 p4 vi4 ( ! preface2 ,r41 p4 #e2 & pp4 #ei1 #fj2 ,r41 p4 #eb74 ,moreov]1 we are repeat$ly 7e4g41 p4 #dh2 ,r41 p4 #dd7 assur$ t no in/ance c %[1 & consequ5tly !re c be no empirical pro(1 t an ,imp]ative ( ?is sort exi/s ev]y:]e4 ,& fur!r1 on p4 #di 7,r41 p4 #de71 we read1 t ! reality ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative is n a fact ( exp]i5ce4 ,n[ if we put all ?is toge!r1 we c h>dly avoid ! suspicion t ,kant is je/+ at 8 read]s' exp5se4 ,b al?\gh ?is practice may be all[$ by ! pres5t philosophical public ( ,g]many1 & seem good 9 _! eyes1 yet 9 ,kant's "t x 0 n s mu* 9 vogue2 & besides1 ,e?ics1 !n1 z always1 0 precisely ! subject t lea/ ( all c\ld l5d itself to jokes4 ,h5ce we mu/ cont9ue to hold ! conviction t :at c nei!r be conceiv$ z possible1 nor prov$ z actual1 is de/itute ( all cr$5tials to atte/ its exi/5ce4 ,& if1 by a /rong ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 we try to picture to ourselves a man1 possess$1 z x 71 by a daemon1 9 ! =m ( an absolute ,ought1 t speaks only 9 ,categorical ,imp]atives1 &1 confront+ 8 wi%es & incl9ations1 claims to be ! p]petual controll] ( 8 actions2 9 ?is figure we see no true portrait ( human nature1 or ( our inn] life2 :at we d disc]n is an artificial sub/itute = !ological ,morals1 to :i* x /&s 9 ! same relation z a wood5 leg to a liv+ "o4 ,our conclusion1 !re=e1 is1 t ! ,kantian ,e?ics1 l all ant]ior sy/ems1 is devoid ( any sure f\ndation4 ,z ,i %[$ at ! outset1 9 my exam9ation ( its imp]ative ,=m1 ! /ructure is at bottom no?+ b an inv]sion ( !ological ,morals1 cloak$ 9 v ab/ract =mulae ( an app>5tly a priori orig94 ,t ?is disguise 0 mo/ artificial & unrecognisable is ! m c]ta91 f ! fact t ,kant1 9 all good fai?1 0 actually himself deceiv$ by x1 & really believ$ t he c\ld e/abli%1 indep5d5tly ( all !ology1 & on ! basis ( pure intellig5ce a priori1 ^? conceptions ( ! ,law & ( ! he/s ( ,duty1 :i* obvi\sly h no mean+ except 9 !ological ,e?ics2 :]eas ,i h suffici5tly prov$ t ) him !y are de/itute ( all real f\ndation1 & float loosely 9 mid air4 ,h[ev]1 ! mask at l5g? falls away 9 8 own work%op1 & !ological ,e?ics /&s =? unveil$1 z witness 8 doctr9e ( ! ,highe/ ,good1 ! ,po/ulates ( ,practical ,reason2 & la/ly1 8 ,moral ,!ology4 ,b ?is revelation fre$ nei!r ,kant nor ! public f _! illusion z to ! real /ate ( ?+s2 on ! contr>y1 bo? he & !y rejoic$ to see all ^? precepts1 :i* hi!rto _h be5 sanction$ by ,fai?1 n[ ratifi$ & e/abli%$ by ,e?ics 7al?\gh only idealit]1 & = practical purposes74 ,! tru? is t !y1 9 all s9c]ity1 put ! effect = ! cause1 & ! cause = ! effect1 inasmu* z !y fail$ to p]ceive t at ! root ( ?is sy/em ( ,morals !re lay1 z absolutely necess>y assumptions1 h[ev] tacit & conceal$1 all ! alleg$ consequ5ces t _h be5 drawn f x4 ,at ! end ( ?is sev]e inve/igation1 :i* mu/ also h be5 tir+ to my read]s1 p]haps ,i may be all[$1 by way ( div]sion1 to make a je/+1 inde$ frivol\s comp>ison4 ,i w\ld lik5 ,kant1 9 8 self-my/ification1 to a man :o at a ball has be5 flirt+ ! :ole ev5+ ) a mask$ beauty1 9 hopes ( mak+ a conque/2 till at la/1 ?r[+ (f h] disguise1 %e reveals h]self--z 8 wife4 #a ,to keep ! play ( words 9 ges*rob5e1 v]s*rob5e1 we may p]haps r5d] !m3 twi/$ 444 mi/wi/$4--7,translator47 #b ,a contradiction 9 t :i* is add$4 ,a t]m appli$ to two ideas :i* _c be br\ght into a ?9kable relation%ip4--7,translator47 #c ,a ,*ala 7or ala7 means "o :o is born ( a ,brahman woman by a dra husb&1 su* a union be+ an abom9ation4 ,h5ce x is a t]m appli$ to a l[ common p]son4 ,mle**a 7or ,mleha7 means a =eign]2 "o :o does n speak ,sanskx1 & is n subject to ,h9du in/itutions4 ,! transition f a a b>b>ian to a bad or wick$ man1 is easy4--7,translator47 #d ,^! s-call$ duties h be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ( ?is ,"p4 #e ,juv5al1 ,sat4 ,i4 #cj4 #f ,x appe>s t ,g4 ,w4 ,block 9 8 ,neue ,grundlegung d] ,philosophie d] ,sitt51 #ahjb1 0 ! fir/ to make ,human ,dignity expressly & exclusively ! f\ndation-/one ( ,e?ics1 :i* he !n built up entirely on x4 #g ,v4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 de ,cl>orum ,philosophorum ,vitis1 etc41 edit4 ,o4 ,gabr4 ,cobet4 ,p>is2 ,didot1 #ahfb4 ,9 ?is edition ! passage quot$ is 9 *ap4 #aje ad f9411 p4 #ahb4--7,translator47 #h ,!y tea* t wor? is ! equival5t value ( a ?+ :i* has be5 te/$1 :atev] an exp]t may fix t value to be2 z1 = in/ance1 to take :eat 9 ex*ange = b>ley & a mule4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,kant',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,! alleg$ ,practical ,reason ) its ,categorical ,imp]ative1 is manife/ly v closely connect$ ) ,consci5ce1 al?\gh ess5tially diff]5t f x 9 two respects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 z comm&+1 necess>ily speaks be=e ! act1 :]eas ,consci5ce does n till aft]w>ds4 ,be=e ! act ,consci5ce c at be/ only speak indirectly1 t is1 by means ( reflection1 :i* holds up to x ! recollection ( previ\s cases1 9 :i* simil> acts aft] !y 7 committ$ receiv$ its disapproval4 ,x is on ?is t ! etymology ( ! ^w ,gewiss5 7,consci5ce7 appe>s to me to re/1 because only :at has already tak5 place is gewiss#a 7c]ta974 ,und\bt$ly1 ?r\gh ext]nal inducem5t & k9dl$ emotion1 or by reason ( ! int]nal discord ( bad hum\r1 impure1 base ?\ghts1 & evil desires rise up 9 all p1 ev5 9 ! be/4 ,b = ^! a man is n morally responsible1 & ne$ n load 8 consci5ce ) !m2 s9ce !y only %[ :at ! g5us homo1 n :at ! individual1 :o ?9ks !m1 w\ld be capable ( do+4 ,o!r motives1 if n simultane\sly1 yet almo/ imm$iately1 come into 8 consci\sness1 & confront+ ! unwor?y incl9ations prev5t !m f ev] be+ cry/allis$ into de$s2 ?us caus+ !m to resemble ! out-vot$ m9ority ( an act+ committee4 ,by de$s alone ea* p]son ga9s an empirical k no less ( himself ?an ( o!rs1 j z x is de$s alone t burd5 ! consci5ce4 ,=1 unlike ?\ghts1 ^! are n problematic2 on ! contr>y1 !y are c]ta9 7gewiss71 !y are un*angeable1 & are n only ?\ght1 b kn[n 7gewus/74 ,! ,lat9 consci5tia1#b & ! ,greek #c h ! same s5se4 ,consci5ce is ?us ! k t a man has ab\t :at he has done4 ,! second po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! alleg$ ,categorical ,imp]ative & ,consci5ce is1 t ! latt] always draws its mat]ial f exp]i5ce2 :i* ! =m] _c d1 s9ce x is purely a priori4 ,nev]!less1 we may reasonably suppose t ,kant's ,doctr9e ( ,consci5ce w ?r[ "s light on ?is new conception ( an absolute ,ought :i* he introduc$4 ,8 !ory is mo/ completely set =? 9 ! ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde zur ,tug5dlehre1 #ac1 & 9 ! foll[+ criticism ,i %all assume t ! few pages :i* conta9 x are ly+ be=e ! read]4 ,! ,kantian int]pretation ( ,consci5ce makes an exce$+ly impos+ effect1 be=e :i* "o us$ to /& ) rev]5tial awe1 & all ! less confid5ce 0 felt 9 demurr+ to x1 because !re lay heavy on ! m9d ! ev]-pres5t fe> ( hav+ !oretical objections con/ru$ z practical1 &1 if ! correctness ( ,kant's view 7 d5i$1 ( be+ reg>d$ z devoid ( consci5ce4 ,i1 h[ev]1 _c be l$ a/ray 9 ?is mann]1 s9ce ! "q "h is ( !ory1 n ( practice2 & ,i am n conc]n$ ) ! prea*+ ( ,morals1 b ) ! exact inve/igation ( ! ultimate e?ical basis4 ,we notice at once t ,kant employs exclusively ,lat9 legal t]m9ology1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem little adapt$ to reflect ! mo/ secret /irr+s ( ! human he>t4 ,yet ?is language1 ?is judicial way ( treat+ ! subject1 he reta9s f fir/ to la/1 z ?\gh x 7 ess5tial & prop] to ! matt]4 ,& s we f9d br\ght ^u ! /age ( our inn] self a complete ,c\rt ( ju/ice1 ) indictm5t1 judge1 pla9tiff1 def5dant1 & s5t5ce2--no?+ is want+4 ,n[ if ?is tribunal1 z portray$ by ,kant1 really exi/$ 9 our brea/s1 x w\ld be a/oni%+ if a s+le p]son c\ld be f\nd to be1 ,i d n say1 s bad1 b s /upid1 z to act aga9/ 8 consci5ce4 ,= su* a sup]natural assize1 ( an entirely special k9d1 set up 9 our consci\sness1 su* a secret c\rt--l ano!r ,fehmg]i*t#d--;held 9 ! d>k recesses ( our inmo/ be+1 w\ld inspire ev]ybody ) a t]ror & fe> ( ! gods /rong en\gh to really keep him f grasp+ at %ort transi5t advantages1 9 face ( ! dreadful ?reats ( sup]human p[]s1 speak+ 9 tones s ne> & s cle>4 ,9 real life1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d1 t ! effici5cy ( consci5ce is g5]ally consid]$ su* a vani%+ quantity t all peoples h be?\ght !mselves ( help+ x out by means ( positive religion1 or ev5 ( entirely replac+ x by ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 if ,consci5ce 7 inde$ ( ?is peculi> nature1 ! ,royal ,society c\ld nev] h ?\ght ( ! "q put = ! pres5t ,prize ,essay4 ,b if we look m closely at ,kant's exposition1 we %all f9d t its impos+ effect is ma9ly produc$ by ! fact t he attributes to ! moral v]dict pass$ on ourselves1 z its peculi> & ess5tial *>act]i/ic1 a =m :i* 9 fact is n s at all4 ,?is metaphorical b> ( judgm5t is no m applicable to moral self-exam9ation ?an x is to e o!r reflection z reg>ds :at we h done1 & might h done o!rwise1 :]e no e?ical "q is involv$4 ,= x is n only true t ! same proc$ure ( indictm5t1 def5ce1 & s5t5ce is occasionally assum$ by t obvi\sly spuri\s & artificial consci5ce :i* is bas$ on m]e sup]/ition2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a ,h9du reproa*es himself ) hav+ be5 ! murd]] ( a c[1 or :5 a ,jew rememb]s t he has smok$ 8 pipe at home on ! ,sabba?2 b ev5 ! self-que/ion+ :i* spr+s f no e?ical s\rce1 be+ inde$ r unmoral ?an moral1 (t5 appe>s 9 a %ape ( ?is sort1 z ! foll[+ case may exemplify4 ,suppose ,i1 good-natur$ly1 b ?\ghtlessly1 h made myself surety = a fri5d1 & suppose !re comes ) ev5+ ! cle> p]ception ( ! heavy responsibility ,i h tak5 on myself--a responsibility t may easily involve me 9 s]i\s tr\ble1 z ! wise old say+1 ' 6#e pr$icts2 !n at once !re rise up )9 me ! ,accus] & ! ,c\nsel = ! def5ce1 ready to confront ea* o!r4 ,! latt] endeav\rs to palliate my ra%ness 9 giv+ bail s ha/ily1 by po9t+ out ! /ress ( circum/ance or ( obligation1 or1 x may be1 ! simple /raight=w>dness ( ! transaction2 p]haps he ev5 seeks excuse by comm5d+ my k9d he>t4 ,la/ ( all comes ! ,judge :o inexorably passes ! s5t5ce3 ,a fool's piece ( "w6 & ,i am ov]:elm$ ) confusion ,s mu* = ?is judicial =m ( :i* ,kant is s fond2 8 o!r modes ( expression are1 = ! mo/ "p1 op5 to ! same criticism4 ,= in/ance1 t :i* he attributes to consci5ce1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! p>agraph1 z its peculi> prop]ty1 applies equally to all o!r scruples ( an entirely diff]5t sort4 ,he says3 ,x 7consci5ce7 foll[s him l 8 %ad[1 try ?\gh he may to escape4 ,by pleasures & di/ractions he may be /upefi$ & bill$ to sleep1 b he _c avoid occasionally wak+ up & com+ to himself2 & !n he is imm$iately aw>e ( ! t]rible voice1 etc4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is may be j z well und]/ood1 ^w = ^w1 ( ! secret consci\sness ( "s p]son ( private means1 :o feels t 8 exp5ses f> exce$ 8 income1 & t ?us 8 capital is be+ affect$1 & w gradually melt away4 ,we h se5 t ,kant repres5ts ! use ( legal t]ms z ess5tial to ! subject1 & t he keeps to !m f beg9n+ to end2 let x n[ be not$ h[ he employs ! same /yle = ! foll[+ f9ely devis$ sophism4 ,he says3 ,t a p]son accus$ by 8 consci5ce %\ld be id5tifi$ ) ! judge is an absurd way ( portray+ a c\rt ( ju/ice2 = 9 t case ! accus] w\ld inv>iably lose4 ,& he adds1 by way ( elucidat+ ?is /atem5t1 a v ambigu\s & obscure note4 ,8 conclusion is t1 if we w\ld avoid fall+ into a contradiction1 we mu/ ?9k ( ! judge 79 ! judicial consci5ce-drama t is enact$ 9 our brea/s7 z diff]5t f u1 9 fact1 z ano!r p]son2 nay m1 z "o t is an omnisci5t kn[] ( he>ts1 ^: he/s are obligatory on all1 & :o is almighty = e purpose ( executive au?ority4#f ,he ?us passes by a p]fectly smoo? pa? f consci5ce to sup]/ition1 mak+ ! latt] a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! =m]2 :ile he is secretly sure t he w be all ! m will+ly foll[$ because ! read]'s e>lie/ tra9+ w h c]ta9ly r5d]$ him famili> ) su* ideas1 if n h made !m 8 second nature4 ,"h1 !n1 ,kant f9ds an easy task1--a ?+ he ought r to h despis$2 = he %\ld h conc]n$ himself n only ) prea*+1 b also ) practis+ tru?fulness4 ,i entirely reject ! above quot$ s5t5ce1 & all ! conclusions consequ5t !reon1 & ,i decl>e x to be no?+ b a %uffl+ trick4 ,x is n true t ! accus] mu/ always lose1 :5 ! accus$ is ! same p]son z ! judge2 at lea/ n 9 ! c\rt ( judgm5t 9 our he>ts4 ,9 ! in/ance ,i gave ( "o man go+ surety = ano!r1 did ! accus] lose8 ,or mu/ we 9 ?is case also1 if we wi% to avoid a contradiction1 really assume a p]sonification aft] ,kant's fa%ion1 & be driv5 to view objectively z ano!r p]son t voice ^: deliv]ance w\ld h be5 ^? t]rible words3 ,a fool's piece ( "w68 ,a sort ( ,m]cury1 =soo?1 9 liv+ fle%8 ,or p]haps a prosopopoeia ( ! 7cunn+7 recomm5d$ by ,hom] 7,il4 xxiii4 #cac sqq478#g ,b ?us we %\ld only be l&$1 z be=e1 on ! broad pa? ( sup]/ition1 aye1 & pagan sup]/ition too4 ,x is 9 ?is passage t ,kant indicates 8 ,moral ,!ology1 briefly inde$1 yet n )\t all its vital po9ts4 ,! fact t he takes c>e1 n to attribute to x any objective validity1 b r to pres5t x m]ely z a =m subjectively unavoidable1 does n free him f ! arbitr>9ess ) :i* he con/ructs x1 ev5 ?\gh he only claims its necessity = human consci\sness4 ,8 fabric re/s1 z we h se51 on a tissue ( baseless assumptions4 ,s mu*1 !n1 is c]ta94 ,! entire imag]y--t ( a judicial drama--:]eby ,kant depicts consci5ce is :olly uness5tial & 9 no way peculi> to x2 al?\gh he keeps ?is figure1 z if x 7 prop] to ! subject1 "r ?r\gh to ! end1 9 ord] f9ally to d$uce c]ta9 conclusions f x4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is a suffici5tly common =m1 :i* our ?\ghts easily take :5 we consid] any circum/ance ( real life4 ,x is due = ! mo/ "p to ! conflict ( oppos+ motives :i* usually spr+ up1 & :i* are successively weigh$ & te/$ by our reflect+ reason4 ,& no diff]5ce is made :e!r ^! motives are moral or egoi/ic 9 _! nature1 nor :e!r our delib]ations are conc]n$ ) "s action 9 ! pa/1 or 9 ! future4 ,n[ if we /rip f ,kant's exposition its dress ( legal metaphor1 :i* is only an optional dramatic app5dage1 ! surr\nd+ nimbus ) all its impos+ effect imm$iately disappe>s z well1 & !re rema9s no?+ b ! fact t sometimes1 :5 we ?9k ov] our actions1 we are seiz$ ) a c]ta9 self-dissatisfaction1 :i* is m>k$ by a special *>act]i/ic4 ,x is ) our conduct p] se t we are discont5t$1 n ) its result1 & ?is feel+ does n1 z 9 e o!r case 9 :i* we regret ! /upidity ( our behavi\r1 re/ on egoi/ic gr\nds4 ,= on ^! occasions ! cause ( our dissatisfaction is precisely because we h be5 too egoi/ic1 because we h tak5 too mu* ?\ght = ourselves1 & n en\gh = our neighb\r2 or p]haps ev5 because1 )\t any result+ advantage1 we h made ! mis]y ( o!rs an object 9 itself4 ,t we may be dissatisfi$ ) ourselves1 & sadd5$ by reason ( suff]+s :i* we h inflict$1 n und]gone1 is a pla9 fact & impossible to be d5i$4 ,! connection ( ?is ) ! only e?ical basis t c /& an adequate te/ we %all exam9e fur!r on4 ,b ,kant1 l a clev] special plead]1 tri$ by magnify+ & embelli%+ ! orig9al datum to make all t he possibly c\ld ( x1 9 ord] to prep>e a v broad f\ndation = 8 ,e?ics & ,moral ,!ology4 #a ,bo? words are1 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ f wiss5 scire 4--7,translator47 #b ,cf4 ,horace's conscire sibi1 pallesc]e culpa3 ,epi/4 ,i4 #a1 #fa4 ,to be consci\s ( hav+ done wrong1 to turn pale at ! ?\ght ( ! crime4 #c consci\sness 7( "r or wrong done74--7,translator47 #d ,! celebrat$ ,secret ,tribunal ( ,we/phalia1 :i* came into prom95ce ab\t ,a4,d4 #abbj4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #acce ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne 0 appo9t$ head ( all ! ,fehme b5*es 9 ,we/phalia by ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv4 ,! read] w rememb] ! description ( ! trial sc5e 9 ,scott's ,anne ( ,gei]/e94 ,p]haps ! ,c\rt ( ,/> ,*amb] comes ne>e/ to x 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory4--7,translator47 #e ,if y give a pl$ge1 be sure t ,ate 7! goddess ( mis*ief7 is beside y2 i4e41 bew>e ( giv+ pl$ges4--,?ales ap4 ,plat4 ,*>m4 #afe ,a4 #f ,kant leads up to ?is position ) great +5uity1 by hav+ rec\rse to ! !ory ( ! two *>act]s coexi/5t 9 man--! n\m5al 7or intelligible7 & ! empirical2 ! "o be+ 9 "t1 ! o!r1 timeless2 ! "o1 fa/ b\nd by ! law ( causality1 ! o!r free4--7,translator47 #g ,greek3 ' 1 1 1 444 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,kant',s ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,intelligible#a ,,& ,,empirical ,,"*4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,fre$om4 ,! attack ,i h made1 9 ! cause ( tru?1 on ,kant's sy/em ( ,morals1 does n1 l ^? ( my pr$ecessors1 t\* ! surface only1 b p5etrates to its deepe/ roots4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 only j t1 be=e ,i leave ?is "p ( my subject1 ,i %\ld br+ to remembrance ! brilliant & conspicu\s s]vice :i* he nev]!less r5d]$ to e?ical sci5ce4 ,i allude to 8 doctr9e ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ,fre$om & ,necessity4 ,we f9d x fir/ 9 ! ,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft 7pp4 #ecc-eed ( ! fir/1 & pp4 #efa-ehb ( ! fif?1 edition72 b x is /ill m cle>ly exp\nd$ 9 ! ,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft 7f\r? edition1 pp4 #afi-agi2 ,r41 pp4 #bbd-bca74 ,! /rict & absolute necessity ( ! acts ( ,w1 det]m9$ by motives z !y arise1 0 fir/ %[n by ,hobbes1 !n by ,sp9oza1 & ,hume1 & also by ,dietri* von ,holba* 9 8 ,sy/me de la ,nature2 & la/ly by ,prie/ley x 0 mo/ completely & precisely demon/rat$4 ,?is po9t1 inde$1 has be5 s cle>ly prov$1 & plac$ beyond all d\bt1 t x mu/ be reckon$ among ! numb] ( p]fectly e/abli%$ tru?s1 & only crass ignorance c\ld cont9ue to speak ( a fre$om1 ( a lib]um arbitrium indiff]5tiae 7a free & indiff]5t *oice7 9 ! individual acts ( m54 ,nor did ,kant1 ow+ to ! irrefutable reason+ ( 8 pr$ecessors1 hesitate to consid] ! ,w z fa/ b\nd 9 ! *a9s ( ,necessity1 ! matt] admitt+1 z he ?\ght1 ( no fur!r dispute or d\bt4 ,?is is prov$ by all ! passages 9 :i* he speaks ( fre$om only f ! !oretical /&po9t4 ,nev]!less1 x is true t our actions are att5d$ ) a consci\sness ( indep5d5ce & orig9al initiative1 :i* makes u recognise !m z our own "w1 & e "o ) in]adicable c]ta9ty feels t he is ! real au?or ( 8 conduct1 & morally responsible = x4 ,b s9ce responsibility implies ! possibility ( hav+ act$ o!rwise1 :i* possibility means fre$om 9 "s sort or mann]2 !re=e 9 ! consci\sness ( responsibility is indirectly involv$ also ! consci\sness ( fre$om4 ,! key to resolve ! contradiction1 t ?us arises out ( ! nature ( ! case1 0 at la/ f\nd by ,kant ?r\gh ! di/9ction he drew ) pr(\nd acum51 betwe5 pha5om5a & ! ,?+ 9 itself 7das ,d+ an si*74 ,?is di/9ction is ! v core ( 8 :ole philosophy1 & its greate/ m]it4 ,! individual1 ) 8 immutable1 innate "* /rictly det]m9$ 9 all 8 modes ( expression by ! law ( ,causality1 :i*1 z act+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! intellect1 is "h call$ by ! "n ( ,motivation1--! individual s con/itut$ is only ! pha5om5on 7,ers*e9ung74 ,! ,?+ 9 itself :i* und]lies ?is pha5om5on is outside ( ,"t & ,space1 consequ5tly free f all succession & plurality1 "o1 & *angeless4 ,its con/itution 9 itself is ! intelligible "*1 :i* is equally pres5t 9 all ! acts ( ! individual1 & /amp$ on e "o ( !m1 l ! impress ( a signet on a ?\s& seals4 ,! empirical "* ( ! pha5om5on--! "* :i* manife/s itself 9 "t1 & 9 succession ( acts--is ?us det]m9$ by ! intelligible "*2 & consequ5tly1 ! individual1 z pha5om5on1 9 all 8 modes ( expression1 :i* are call$ =? by motives1 mu/ %[ ! inv>iabl5ess ( a natural law4 ,:5ce x results t all 8 actions are gov]n$ by /rict necessity4 ,n[ x us$ to be commonly ma9ta9$ t ! "* ( a man may be trans=m$ by moral admonitions & remon/rances appeal+ to reason2 b :5 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! intelligible & empirical "* _h once be5 drawn1 x foll[$ t ! un*angeabl5ess1 ! inflexible rigidity ( ! empirical "*1 :i* ?9k+ p _h always obs]v$1 0 expla9$ & trac$ to a rational basis1 & consequ5tly accept$ z an e/abli%$ fact by ,philosophy4 ,?us ! latt] 0 s f> h>monis$ ) exp]i5ce1 & ceas$ to /& aba%$1 be=e popul> wisdom1 :i* long be=e _h spok5 ! words ( tru? 9 ! ,spani% prov]b3 ,lo que entra con el capillo1 sale con la mortaja 7t :i* comes 9 ) ! *ild's cap1 goes out ) ! w9d+-%eet72 or3 ,lo que en la le*e se mama1 en la mortaja se d]rama 7:at is imbib$ ) ! milk1 is p\r$ out aga9 9 ! w9d+-%eet74 ,?is doctr9e ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ,fre$om & ,necessity ,i reg>d z ! greate/ ( all ! a*ievem5ts ( human sagacity4 ,) ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetics x =ms ! two great diamonds 9 ! cr[n ( ,kant's fame1 :i* w nev] pass away4 ,9 8 ,treatise on ,fre$om1 ,s*ell+ obvi\sly s]v$ up ! ,kantian tea*+ 9 a p>aphrase1 :i* by reason ( its lively col\r+ & graphic del9eation1 is = _m p m compreh5sible4 ,! "w w\ld des]ve praise if its au?or _h _h ! hone/y to say t he is draw+ on ,kant's wisdom1 n on 8 own4 ,z x is1 a c]ta9 "p ( ! philosophic public /ill cr$its him ) ! entire p]=mance4 ,! !ory itself1 & ! :ole "q reg>d+ ! nature ( ,fre$om1 c be bett] und]/ood if we view !m 9 connection ) a g5]al tru?1 :i* ,i ?9k1 is mo/ concisely express$ by a =mula frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ! s*ola/ic writ+s3 ,op]>i sequitur esse4#b ,9 o!r words1 ev]y?+ 9 ! _w op]ates 9 accordance ) :at x is1 9 accordance ) its inh]5t nature1 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 all its modes ( expression are already conta9$ pot5tially1 :ile actually !y are manife/$ :5 elicit$ by ext]nal causes2 s t ext]nal causes are ! means :]eby ! ess5tial con/itution ( ! ?+ is reveal$4 ,& ! modes ( expression s result+ =m ! empirical "*2 :]eas its hidd51 ultimate basis1 :i* is inaccessible to exp]i5ce1 is ! intelligible "*1 t is1 ! real nature p] se ( ! p>ticul> ?+ 9 "q4 ,man =ms no exception to ! re/ ( nature2 he too has a *angeless "*1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is /rictly individual & diff]5t 9 ea* case4 ,?is "* is ( c\rse empirical z f> z we c grasp x1 & !re=e only pha5om5al2 :ile ! intelligible "* is :atev] may be ! real nature 9 itself ( ! p]son4 ,8 actions "o & all1 be+1 z reg>ds _! ext]nal con/itution1 det]m9$ by motives1 c nev] be %ap$ o!rwise ?an 9 accordance ) ! un*angeable individual "*4 ,z a man is1 s he 8 b\nd to act4 ,h5ce = a giv5 p]son 9 e s+le case1 !re is absolutely only "o way ( act+ possible3 ,op]>i sequitur esse#c ,fre$om belongs only to ! intelligible "*1 n to ! empirical4 ,! op]>i 7conduct7 ( a giv5 individual is necess>ily det]m9$ ext]nally by motives1 int]nally by 8 "*2 !re=e ev]y?+ t he does necess>ily takes place4 ,b 9 8 esse 7i4e41 9 :at he is71 !re1 we f9d ,fre$om4 ,he might h be5 some?+ diff]5t2 & guilt or m]it atta*es to t :i* he is4 ,all t he does foll[s f :at he is1 z a m]e coroll>y4 ,?r\gh ,kant's doctr9e we are fre$ f ! prim>y error ( connect+ ,necessity ) esse 7:at "o is71 & ,fre$om ) op]>i 7:at "o does72 we become aw>e t ?is is a misplacem5t ( t]ms1 & t exactly ! inv]se arrangem5t is ! true "o4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! moral responsibility ( a man1 :ile x1 fir/ ( all1 & obvi\sly1 ( c\rse1 t\*es :at he does1 yet at bottom t\*es :at he is2 because1 :at he is be+ ! orig9al datum1 8 conduct1 z motives arise1 c\ld nev] take any o!r c\rse ?an t :i* x actually does take4 ,b1 h[ev] /rict be ! necessity1 :]eby1 9 ! individual1 acts are elicit$ by motives1 x yet nev] occurs to anybody--n ev5 to him :o is conv9c$ ( ?is necessity--to exon]ate himself on t acc\nt1 & ca/ ! blame on ! motives2 = he kn[s well en\gh t1 objectively consid]$1 any giv5 circum/ance1 & its causes1 p]fectly admitt$ q a diff]5t1 inde$1 a directly opposite c\rse ( action2 nay1 t su* a c\rse w\ld actually h tak5 place1 if only he _h be5 a diff]5t p]son4 ,t he is precisely su* a "o z 8 conduct proclaims him to be1 & no o!r--?is x is = :i* he feels himself responsible2 9 8 esse 7:at he is7 lies ! vuln]able place1 :]e ! /+ ( consci5ce p5etrates4 ,= ,consci5ce is no?+ b acqua9tance ) "o's own self--an acqua9tance t arises out ( "o's actual mode ( conduct1 & :i* becomes ev] m intimate4 ,s t x is ! esse 7:at "o is7 :i* 9 reality is accus$ by consci5ce1 :ile ! op]>i 7:at "o does7 supplies ! incrim9at+ evid5ce4 ,s9ce we are only consci\s ( ,fre$om ?r\gh ! s5se ( responsibility2 !re=e :]e ! latt] lies ! =m] mu/ also be2 9 ! esse 79 "o's be+74 ,x is ! op]>i 7:at "o does7 t is subject to necessity4 ,b we c only get to "k ourselves1 z well z o!rs empirically2 we h no a priori k ( our "*4 ,c]ta9ly our natural t5d5cy is to *]i% a v high op9ion ( x1 because ! maxim3 ,quisque praesumitur bonus1 donec probetur contr>ium 7e "o is presum$ to be good1 until ! contr>y is prov$71 is p]haps ev5 m true ( ! inn] c\rt ( ju/ice ?an ( ! _w's tribunals4 ,,note4 ,he :o is capable ( recognis+ ! ess5tial "p ( a ?\ght1 ?\gh clo!d 9 a dress v diff]5t f :at he is famili> )1 w see1 z ,i d1 t ?is ,kantian doctr9e ( ! intelligible & empirical "* is a piece ( insight already possess$ by ,plato4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t ) ,kant x is sublimat$ to an ab/ract cle>ness2 ) ,plato x is treat$ my?ically1 & connect$ ) metempsy*osis1 because1 z he did n p]ceive ! ideality ( ,"t1 he c\ld only repres5t x "u a temporal =m4 ,! id5tity ( ! "o doctr9e ) ! o!r becomes exce$+ly pla91 if we read ! explanation & illu/ration ( ! ,platonic my?1 :i* ,porphyrius has giv5 ) su* cle> exactitude1 t its agreem5t ) ! ab/ract language ( ,kant comes out unmi/akably4 ,9 ! second book ( 8 ,eclogues1 *ap4 #h1 #cg-dj1d ,/obaeus has pres]v$ = u 9 ext5so t "p ( "o ( ,porphyrius' lo/ writ+s :i* specially comm5ts on ! my? 9 "q1 z ,plato gives x 9 ! second half ( ! t5? book ( ! ,republic4#e ,! :ole section is em95tly wor? read+4 ,z a specim5 ,i %all quote ! %ort #ci1 9 ! hope ( induc+ any "o :o c>es = ^! ?+s to /udy ,/obaeus = himself4 ,x w !n imm$iately become app>5t t ?is ,platonic my? is no?+ less ?an an allegory ( ! pr(\nd tru? :i* ,kant /at$ 9 its ab/ract purity1 z ! doctr9e ( ! intelligible & empirical "*1 & consequ5tly t ! latt] _h be5 rea*$1 9 its ess5tials1 by ,plato ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,inde$1 ?is view seems to g back mu* fur!r /ill1 = ,porphyr9s is ( op9ion t ,plato took x f ! ,egyptians4 ,c]ta9ly we already f9d ! same !ory 9 ! ,brahmanical doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 & x is f ?is ,indian s\rce t ! ,egyptian prie/s1 9 all probability1 d]iv$ _! wisdom4 #ci is z foll[s3-- ' 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 7 ' ai 1 74 ,kake eo1 1 4 1 a 1 1 ' ai 1 ' 1 ' 1 4 eo o 1 1 4#f #a ,v4 ,note on intelligible 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ( ?is ,"p4--7,translator7 #b ,i4e41 :at is done is a consequ5ce ( t :i* is4 #c ,i4e41 8 acts are a consequ5ce ( :at he is4 #d ,v4 ,joannes ,/obaeus4 ,eclogae ,physicae et ,e?icae1 edit4 ,curtius ,wa*smu? et ,otto ,h5se2 ,weidmann1 ,b]l91 #ahhd4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #afc-afh4--7,translator47 #e ,v4 ,plat41 ,rep41 edit4 ,/allbaum1 #fad sqq4 ,x is ! oos 4--7translator47 #f ,to sum up4 ,:at ,plato meant seems to be ?is4 ,s\ls 7he said7 h free p[]1 be=e pass+ into bodies & diff]5t modes ( be+1 to *oose ?is or t =m ( life1 :i* !y w pass ?r\gh 9 a c]ta9 k9d ( exi/5ce1 & 9 a body adapt$ !reto4 7,= a s\l may *oose a lion's1 equally ) a man's1 mode ( be+47 ,b ?is free p[] ( *oice is remov$ simultane\sly ) entrance into "o or o!r ( su* =ms ( life4 ,= :5 once !y h desc5d$ into bodies1 & in/ead ( unfett]$ s\ls h become ! s\ls ( liv+ ?+s1 !n !y take t measure ( free p[] :i* belongs 9 ea* case to ! organism ( ! liv+ ?+4 ,9 "s =ms ?is p[] is v intellig5t & full ( movem5t1 z 9 man2 9 "s x has b little en]gy1 & is ( a simple nature1 z 9 almo/ all o!r creatures4 ,moreov]1 ?is free p[] dep5ds on ! organism 9 su* a way t :ile its capability ( action is caus$ by itself alone1 its impulses are det]m9$ by ! desires :i* h _! orig9 9 ! organism4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fi*te',s ,,e?ics ,,z ,a ,,magnify+ ,,glass ,,= ,,! ,,errors ,,( ,,! ,,kantian4 ,j z 9 ,anatomy & ,zoology1 _m ?+s are n s obvi\s to ! pupil 9 prep>ations & natural products z 9 engrav+s :]e !re is "s exagg]ation2 s if !re is any "o :o1 aft] ! above criticism1 is /ill n entirely satisfi$ z to ! wor?lessness ( ! ,kantian f\ndation ( ,e?ics1 ,i w\ld recomm5d him ,fi*te's ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 z a sure means ( free+ him f all d\bt4 ,9 ! old ,g]man ,m>ionnettes a fool always accompani$ ! emp]or1 or h]o1 s t he might aft]w>ds give 9 8 own way a highly col\r$ v]sion ( :at _h be5 said or done ,9 l mann] beh9d ! great ,kant !re /&s ! au?or ( ! ,wiss5s*aftslehre1#a a true ,wiss5s*aftsle]e#b4 ,9 ord] to secure 8 own1 & 8 family's welf>e1 ,fi*te =m$ ! idea ( creat+ a s5sation by means ( subtle my/ification4 ,x 0 a v suitable & reasonable plan1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! ,g]man philosophic public1 & he execut$ x admirably by outdo+ ,kant 9 e p>ticul>4 ,he appe>$ z ! latt]'s liv+ sup]lative1 & produc$ a p]fect c>icature ( 8 philosophy by magnify+ all its sali5t po9ts4 ,nor did ! ,e?ics escape simil> treatm5t8 ,9 8 ,sy/em d] ,sitt5lehre1 we f9d ! ,categorical ,imp]ative gr[n into a ,despotic ,imp]ative2 :ile ! absolute ,ought1 ! law-giv+ ,reason1 & ! ,he/ ( ,duty h develop$ into a moral ,fate1 an unfa?omable ,necessity1 requir+ mank9d to act /rictly 9 accordance ) c]ta9 maxims4 ,to judge 7pp4 #cjh1 #cji7 f ! pomp\s %[ made1 a great deal mu/ dep5d on ^! =mulae1 al?\gh "o nev] q discov]s :at4 ,s mu* only seems cle>4 ,z 9 bees !re is implant$ an in/9ct to build cells & a hive = life 9 common1 s m5 7x is alleg$7 are end[$ ) an impulse lead+ !m to play 9 common a great1 /rictly moral1 _w-embrac+ ,com$y1 _! "p be+ m]ely to figure z puppets--no?+ else4 ,b !re is ?is important diff]5ce betwe5 ! bees & m54 ,! hive is really br\ght to completion2 :ile in/ead ( a moral ,_w-,com$y1 z a matt] ( fact1 an exce$+ly immoral "o is enact$4 ,"h1 !n1 we see ! imp]ative =m ( ! ,kantian ,e?ics1 ! moral ,law1 & ! absolute ,ought pu%$ fur!r & fur!r till a sy/em ( e?ical ,fatalism is evolv$1 :i*1 z x is work$ out1 lapses at times into ! comic4#c ,if 9 ,kant's doctr9e we trace a c]ta9 moral p$antry2 ) ,fi*te ?is p$antry rea*es ! absurd1 & furni%es abundant mat]ial = satire4 ,let ! read] notice1 = example 7pp4 #djg-dji71 h[ he decides ! well-kn[n in/ance ( casui/ry1 :]e ( two human lives "o mu/ be lo/4 ,we f9d inde$ all ! errors ( ,kant rais$ to ! sup]lative4 ,?us1 on p4 #aii1 we read3 ,to act 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( sympa?y1 ( compassion1 & ( lov+-k9dness is di/9ctly unmoral2 inde$ ?is l9e ( conduct1 z su*1 is contr>y to morality4 ,aga91 on p4 #djb3 ,! impulse t makes u ready to s]ve o!rs mu/ nev] be an inconsid]ate good-nature1 b a cle>ly ?\ght-out purpose2 t1 namely1 ( fur!r+ z mu* z possible ! causality ( ,reason4 ,h[ev]1 betwe5 ^! sallies ( ridicul\s p$antry1 ,fi*te's real philosophic crud5ess peeps out cle>ly en\gh1 z we might only expect 9 ! case ( a man ^: tea*+ left no "t = le>n+4 ,he s]i\sly puts =w>d ! lib]um arbitrium indiff]5tiae 7a free & indiff]5t *oice71 giv+ z its f\ndation ! mo/ trivial & frivol\s reasons4 7,pp4 #afj1 #agc1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bcg1 #bei1 #bfa47 ,!re c be no d\bt t a motive1 al?\gh work+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! intellig5ce1 is1 nev]!less1 a cause1 & consequ5tly involves ! same necessity ( effect z all o!r causes2 ! coroll>y be+ t all human action is a /rictly necess>y result4 ,:oev] rema9s unconv9c$ ( ?is1 is /ill1 philosophically speak+1 b>b>\s1 & ignorant ( ! rudim5ts ( exact k4 ,! p]ception ( ! /rict necessity gov]n+ man's conduct =ms ! l9e ( dem>cation :i* sep>ates philosophic heads f all o!rs2 arriv$ at ?is limit ,fi*te cle>ly %[$ t he belong$ to ! o!rs4 ,moreov]1 foll[+ ! foot/eps ( ,kant 7p4 #cjc71 he proce$s to make v>i\s /atem5ts :i* are 9 direct contradiction to ! above m5tion$ passages2 b ?is inconsi/5cy1 l _m m 9 8 writ+s1 only proves t he1 be+ "o :o 0 nev] s]i\s 9 ! se>* = tru?1 possess$ no /rong convictions to build on2 z inde$ = 8 purpose !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ necess>y4 ,no?+ is m laughable ?an ! fact t ?is man has receiv$ s mu* po/hum\s praise = /rictly consequ5tial reason+2 8 p$antic /yle full ( l\d declamation ab\t trifl+ matt]s be+ actually mi/ak5 = su*4 ,! mo/ complete developm5t ( ,fi*te's sy/em ( moral ,fatalism is f\nd 9 8 la/ "w3 ,die ,wiss5s*aftslehre 9 ihrem ,allgeme95 ,umrisse ,d>ge/ellt1 ,b]l91 #ahaj4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ only =ty-six pages 7duodecimo7 long1 :ile x conta9s 8 :ole philosophy 9 a nut%ell4 ,x is !re=e to be recomm5d$ to all ^? :o consid] _! "t too preci\s to be wa/$ on 8 l>g] productions1 :i* are fram$ ) a l5g? & t$i\sness wor?y ( ,*ri/ian ,wolff1 & ) ! int5tion1 9 reality1 ( delud+1 n ( in/ruct+ ! read]4 ,9 ?is little treatise we read on p4 #cb3 ,! intuitive p]ception ( a pha5om5al _w only came ab\t1 to ! end t 9 su* a _w ! ,ego z ! absolute ,ought might be visible to itself4 ,on p4 #cc we actually f9d3 ,! ought1 7i4e41 ! moral necessity17 ( ! ,ought's visibility2 & on p4 #cf3 ,an ought1 7i4e41 a moral necessity17 ( ! p]ception t ,i ought4 ,?is1 !n1 is :at we h come to s soon aft] ,kant6 ,8 imp]ative ,=m1 ) its unprov$ ,ought1 :i* x secur$ z a mo/ conv5i5t 7/&po9t71 is inde$ an exempl> vitiis imitabile6 ,= ! re/1 all t ,i h said does n ov]?r[ ! s]vice ,fi*te r5d]$4 ,kant's philosophy1 ?is late ma/]piece ( human sagacity1 9 ! v l& :]e x arose1 he obscur$1 nay1 supplant$ by empty1 bomba/ic sup]latives1 by extravagances1 & by ! nons5se :i* is f\nd1 9 8 ,grundlage d] gesammt5 ,wiss5s*aftslehre1 appe>+ "u ! disguise ( pr(\nd p5etration4 ,8 m]it 0 ?us to %[ ! _w unmi/akably :at ! capacity ( ! ,g]man philosophical public is2 = he made x play ! "p ( a *ild :o is coax$ into giv+ up a preci\s gem 9 ex*ange = a ,nrnb]g toy4 ,! fame he obta9$ 9 ?is fa%ion /ill lives on cr$it2 & /ill ,fi*te is always m5tion$ 9 ! same brea? ) ,kant z be+ ano!r su* k 6#d ,inde$ 8 "n is (t5 plac$ above ! latt]'s4#e ,x 01 ( c\rse1 ,fi*te's example t enc\rag$ 8 successors 9 ! art ( envelop+ ! ,g]man p1 9 philosophic fog4 ,^! 7 animat$ by ! same _s1 & cr[n$ ) ! same prosp]ity4 ,e "o kn[s _! names2 nor is ?is ! place to consid] !m at l5g?4 ,ne$less to say1 _! diff]5t op9ions1 d[n to ! m9ute/ details1 are /ill set =?1 & s]i\sly discuss$1 by ! ,pr(essors ( ,philosophy2 z if "o _h really to d ) philosoph]s6 ,we mu/1 !n1 ?ank ,fi*te = lucid docum5ts n[ exi/+1 :i* w h to be revis$ "o day be=e ! ,tribunal ( po/]ity1 t ,c\rt ( ,appeal f ! v]dicts ( ! pres5t1 :i*--l ! ,la/ ,judgm5t look$ =w>d to by ! ,sa9ts--at almo/ all p]iods1 has be5 left to give to true m]it its j aw>d4 #a ,i4e4 ,sci5tific ,doctr9e4 #b ,i4e4 ,sci5tific ,blank4 ,p]haps we might translate3--,sci5tific ,in/ruction & ,sci5tific ,mis9/ruction4--7,translator47 #c ,z evid5ce ( ! tru? ( my words1 space prev5ts me f quot+ m ?an a few passages4 ,p4 #aif3 ,! moral in/9ct is absolute1 & its requirem5ts are p]emptory1 )\t any object outside itself4 ,p4 #bcb3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ,moral ,law1 ! empirical ,be+ 9 ,"t mu/ be an exact copy ( ! orig9al ,ego4 ,p4 #cjh3 ,! :ole man is a vehicle ( ! ,moral ,law4 ,p4 #cdb3 ,i am only an in/rum5t1 a m]e tool ( ! ,moral ,law1 n 9 any s5se an end4 ,p4 #cdc3 ,! end laid be=e e "o is to be ! means ( realis+ ,reason3 ?is is ! ultimate purpose ( 8 exi/5ce2 = ?is alone he has 8 be+1 & if ?is end %\ld n be atta9$1 !re is n ! lea/ occasion = him to live4 ,p4 #cdg3 ,i am an in/rum5t ( ! ,moral ,law 9 ! pha5om5al _w4 ,p4 #cfj3 ,x is an ord9ance ( ! ,moral ,law to n\ri% "o's body1 & /udy "o's heal?2 ?is ( c\rse %\ld be done 9 no way1 & = no o!r purpose1 except to provide an effici5t in/rum5t = fur!r+ ! end decre$ by ,reason1 i4e41 its realisation1--7cf4 p4 #cga47 ,p4 #cgf3 ,e human body is an in/rum5t = fur!r+ ! end decre$ by ,reason1 i4e41 its realisation2 !re=e ! greate/ possible fitness ( ea* in/rum5t mu/ con/itute = me an end3 consequ5tly ,i mu/ take ?\ght = e "o4--,?is is ,fi*te's d]ivation ( lov+-k9dness6 ,p4 #cgg3 ,i c & d>e take ?\ght = myself1 solely because1 & is s f> z ,i am1 an in/rum5t ( ! ,moral ,law4 ,p4 #chh3 ,to def5d a hunt$ man at ! risk ( "o's own life1 is an absolute duty2 :5ev] ! life ( ano!r human be+ is 9 dang]1 y h no "r to ?9k ( ! safety ( y\r own4 ,p4 #dbj3 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,moral ,law !re is no way :atev] ( reg>d+ my fell[-man except z an in/rum5t ( ,reason4 #d ,i4e41 ,h]cules & an ape4 ,a ,greek prov]b d5ot+ ! juxtaposition ( ! sublime & ! ridicul\s4 ,v4 ,greg4 ,cypr4 ,m4#c1 #ff2 ,mac>4 #d1 #ec2 ,luc4 pisc4 #cg2 & ,s*ol4 ,ba*m4 ,an4 #b1 #ccb4--7,translator47 #e ,my pro( = ?is is a passage f ! late/ philosophical lit]ature4 ,h]r ,feu]ba*1 an ,hegelian 7c'e/ t\t dire67 9 8 book1 ,pi]re ,bayle3 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 #ahch1 p4 #hj1 writes z foll[s3 ,b /ill m sublime ?an ,kant's are ,fi*te's ideas z express$ 9 8 ,doctr9e ( ,morals & else:]e4 ,*ri/ianity has no?+ 9 sublimity t c\ld be> comp>ison ) !m4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,problem4 ,?us ! f\ndation :i* ,kant gave to ,e?ics1 :i* = ! la/ sixty ye>s has be5 reg>d$ z a sure basis1 proves to be an inadmissible assumption1 & m]ely !ological ,morals 9 disguise2 x s9ks !re=e be=e our eyes into ! deep gulf ( philosophic error1 :i* p]haps w nev] be fill$ up4 ,t ! previ\s attempts to lay a f\ndation are /ill less satisfactory1 ,i take = grant$1 z ,i h already said4 ,!y consi/1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( unprov$ ass]tions1 drawn f ! impalpable _w ( dreams1 & at ! same "t--l ,kant's sy/em itself--full ( an artificial subtlety deal+ ) ! f9e/ di/9ctions1 & re/+ on ! mo/ ab/ract conceptions4 ,we f9d difficult comb9ations2 rules inv5t$ = ! purpose2 =mulae balanc$ on a ne$le's po9t2 & /ilt$ maxims1 f :i* x is no long] possible to look d[n & see life z x really is ) all its turmoil4 ,su* niceties are d\btless admirably adapt$ = ! lecture-room1 if only ) a view to %>p5+ ! wits2 b !y c nev] be ! cause ( ! impulse to act ju/ly & to d good1 :i* is f\nd 9 e man2 z also !y are p[]less to c\nt]balance ! deep-seat$ t5d5cy to inju/ice & h>dness ( he>t4 ,nei!r is x possible to fa/5 ! reproa*es ( consci5ce ^u !m2 to attribute ! =m] to ! break+ ( su* hair-splitt+ precepts only s]ves to make ! same ridicul\s4 ,9 a ^w1 artificial associations ( ideas l ^! _c possibly--if we take ! matt] s]i\sly--conta9 ! true inc5tive to ju/ice & lov+-k9dness4 ,r mu/ ?is be some?+ t requires b little reflection1 & /ill less ab/raction & complicat$ syn!sis2 some?+ t1 indep5d5t ( ! tra9+ ( ! und]/&+14 speaks to e "o1 ev5 to ! rude/1--a some?+ re/+ simply on intuitive p]ception1 & =c+ its way home z a direct emanation f ! reality ( ?+s4 ,s long z ,e?ics _c po9t to a f\ndation ( ?is sort1 %e may g on ) h] discussions1 & make a great display 9 ! lecture-rooms2 b real life w only p\r contempt ^u h]4 ,i mu/ !re=e give our morali/s ! p>adoxical advice1 fir/ to look ab\t !m a little among _! fell[-m54 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sceptical ,,view4 ,b :5 we ca/ a retrospect ov] ! attempts made1 & made 9 va91 = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 to f9d a sure basis = ,e?ics1 ought we n p]haps to ?9k t aft] all !re is no natural morality1 indep5d5t ( human in/itution8 ,%all we n conclude t all moral sy/ems are no?+ b artificial products1 means inv5t$ = ! bett] re/ra9t ( ! selfi% & wick$ race ( m52 & fur!r1 t1 z !y h no int]nal cr$5tials & no natural basis1 !y w\ld fail 9 _! purpose1 if )\t ! support ( positive religion8 ,! legal code & ! police are n suffici5t 9 all cases2 !re are (f5ces1 ! discov]y ( :i* is too difficult2 "s1 inde$1 :]e puni%m5t is a prec>i\s matt]2 :]e1 9 %ort1 we are left )\t public protection4 ,moreov]1 ! civil law c at mo/ en=ce ju/ice1 n lov+-k9dness & b5efic5ce2 because1 ( c\rse1 ^! are qualities z reg>ds :i* e "o w\ld l to play ! passive1 & no "o ! active1 "p4 ,all ?is has giv5 rise to ! hypo!sis t morality re/s solely on religion1 & t bo? h ! same aim--t ( be+ complem5t>y to ! necess>y inadequacy ( /ate ma*9]y & legislation4 ,consequ5tly1 !re _c be 7x is said7 a natural morality1 i4e41 "o bas$ simply on ! nature ( ?+s1 or ( man1 & ! fruitless se>* ( philosoph]s = its f\ndation is expla9$4 ,?is view is n )\t plausibility2 & we f9d x z f> back z ! ,pyrrhonians3 1 o 1 1 ,t#a --,sext4 ,emp4 adv4 ,ma?41 ,,xi41 #adj4 ,also 9 mod]n times di/+ui%$ ?9k]s h giv5 _! adh]5ce to x4 ,a c>eful exam9ation !re=e x des]ves2 al?\gh ! easi] c\rse w\ld be to %elve x by giv+ an inquisitorial glance at ! consci5ces ( ^? 9 :om su* a !ory c\ld arise4 ,we %\ld fall into a great1 a v *ildi% blund]1 if we believ$ all ! j & legal actions ( mank9d to h a moral orig94 ,?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,z a rule1 betwe5 ! ju/ice1 :i* m5 practise1 & g5u9e s+l5ess ( he>t1 !re exi/s a relation analog\s to t betwe5 polite expressions1 & ! true love ( "o's neighb\r1 :i*1 unlike ! =m]1 does n o/5sibly ov]come ,egoism1 b really does s4 ,t hone/y ( s5tim5t1 ev]y:]e s c>efully exhibit$1 :i* requires to be reg>d$ z above all suspicion2 t deep indignation1 :i* is /irr$ by ! smalle/ sign ( a d\bt 9 ?is direction1 & is ready to break out into furions ang]2--to :at are we to attribute ^! symptoms8 ,none b ! inexp]i5c$ & simple w take !m = pure co91 = ! work+ ( a f9e moral feel+1 or consci5ce4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! g5]al correctness ( conduct :i* is adopt$ 9 human int]c\rse1 & insi/$ on z a rule no less immovable ?an ! hills1 dep5ds pr9cipally on two ext]nal necessities2 fir/1 on legal ord9ance1 by virtue ( :i* ! rights ( e man are protect$ by public au?ority2 & secondly1 on ! recognis$ ne$ ( possess+ civil hon\r1 9 o!r words1 a good "n1 9 ord] to advance 9 ! _w4 ,?is is :y ! /eps tak5 by ! individual are closely wat*$ by public op9ion1 :i* is s inexorably sev]e t x nev] =gives ev5 a s+le false move or slip1 b rememb]s x aga9/ ! guilty p]son z an indelible blot1 all 8 life long4 ,z f> z ?is goes1 public op9ion is wise en\gh2 =1 />t+ f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple3 ,op]>i sequitur esse 7:at "o does is det]m9$ by :at "o is71 x %[s its conviction t ! "* is un*angeable1 & t !re=e :at a man has once done1 he w assur$ly d aga91 if only ! circum/ances be precisely simil>4 ,su* are ! two cu/odians t keep gu>d on ! correct conduct ( p1 )\t :i*1 to speak frankly1 we %\ld be 9 a sad case1 especially ) ref]5ce to prop]ty1 ?is c5tral po9t 9 human life1 ar\nd :i* ! *ief "p ( its en]gy & activity revolves4 ,= ! purely e?ical motives to integrity1 assum+ t !y exi/1 _c z a rule be appli$1 except v indirectly1 to ! "q ( own]%ip z gu>ante$ by ! /ate4 ,^! motives1 9 fact1 h a direct & ess5tial be>+ only on natural "r2 ) positive "r _! connection is m]ely indirect1 9 s f> z ! latt] is bas$ on ! =m]4 ,natural "r1 h[ev]1 atta*es to no o!r prop]ty ?an t :i* has be5 ga9$ by "o's own ex]tion2 because1 :5 ?is is seiz$1 ! own] is at ! same "t robb$ ( all ! ef=ts he exp5d$ 9 acquir+ x4 ,! !ory ( preoccupancy ,i reject absolutely1 b _c "h set =? its refutation4#b ,n[ ( c\rse all e/ate bas$ on positive "r ought ultimately & 9 ! la/ in/ance 7x matt]s n h[ _m int]m$iate l9ks are involv$7 to re/ on ! natural "r ( possession4 ,b :at a di/ance !re is1 9 mo/ cases1 betwe5 ! title-de$s1 t belong to our civil life1 & ?is natural "r--_! orig9al s\rce6 ,inde$ _! connection ) ! latt] is g5]ally ei!r v difficult1 or else impossible1 to prove4 ,:at we hold is ours by inh]itance1 by m>riage1 by success 9 ! lott]y2 or if 9 no way ( ?is k9d1 /ill x is n ga9$ by our own "w1 ) ! sweat ( ! br[1 b r by %rewdness & bright ideas 7e4g41 9 ! field ( speculation71 yes1 & sometimes ev5 by our v /upidity1 :i*1 ?r\gh a conjunction ( circum/ances1 is cr[n$ & glorifi$ by ! ,deus ev5tus4 ,x is only 9 a v small m9ority ( cases t prop]ty is ! fruit ( real lab\r & toil2 & ev5 !n ! "w is usually m5tal1 l t ( lawy]s1 doctors1 civilians1 tea*]s1 etc42 & ?is 9 ! eyes ( ! rude appe>s to co/ b little ef=t4 ,n[1 :5 weal? is acquir$ 9 any su* fa%ion1 !re is ne$ ( consid]able education be=e ! e?ical "r c be recognis$ & respect$ out ( a purely moral impulse4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t n a few secretly reg>d ! possessions ( o!rs z held m]ely by virtue ( positive "r4 ,s1 if !y f9d means to wre/ f ano!r man 8 goods1 by us+1 or p]haps by evad+1 ! laws1 !y feel no scruples2 = 9 _! op9ion he w\ld lose :at he holds1 9 ! same way 9 :i* he _h previ\sly obta9$ x1 & !y consequ5tly reg>d _! own claims z equal to 84 ,f _! po9t ( view1 ! "r ( ! /rong] 9 civil society is sup]s$$ by ! "r ( ! clev]]4 ,incid5tally we may notice t ! ri* man (t5 %[s an inflexible correctness ( conduct4 ,:y8 ,because ) 8 :ole he>t he is atta*$ to1 & rigidly ma9ta9s1 a rule1 on ! obs]vance ( :i* 8 entire weal?1 & all its att5dant advantages1 dep5d4 ,= ?is reason 8 pr(ession ( ! pr9ciple3 ,suum cuique 7to ea* 8 own71 is ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/1 & %[s an unsw]v+ consi/5cy4 ,no d\bt !re is an objective loyalty to s9c]ity & good fai?1 :i* avails to keep !m sacr$2 b su* loyalty is bas$ simply on ! fact t s9c]ity & good fai? are ! f\ndation ( all free int]c\rse among m52 ( good ord]2 & ( secure own]%ip4 ,consequ5tly !y v (t5 b5efit ourselves1 & ) ?is end 9 view !y mu/ be pres]v$ ev5 at "s co/3 j z a good piece ( l& is wor? a c]ta9 outlay4 ,b integrity ?us d]iv$ is1 z a rule1 only to be met ) among weal?y p1 or at lea/ ^? :o are engag$ 9 a lucrative bus9ess4 ,x is an especial *>act]i/ic ( tradesm52 because !y h ! /ronge/ conviction t = all ! op]ations ( comm]ce ! "o ?+ indisp5sable is mutual tru/ & cr$it2 & ?is is :y m]cantile hon\r /&s q by itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! poor man1 :o _c make bo? ends meet1 & :o1 by reason ( ! unequal division ( prop]ty1 sees himself condemn$ to want & h>d "w1 :ile o!rs be=e 8 eyes are lapp$ 9 luxury & idl5ess1 w n easily p]ceive t ! raison d'tre ( ?is inequality is a correspond+ inequality ( s]vice & hone/ indu/ry4 ,& if he does n recognise ?is1 h[ is he to be gov]n$ by ! purely e?ical motive to uprightness1 :i* %\ld keep him f /ret*+ out 8 h& to grasp ! sup]fluity ( ano!r8 ,g5]ally1 x is ! ord] ( gov]nm5t z e/abli%$ by law t re/ra9s him4 ,b %\ld ev] ! r>e occasion pres5t itself :5 he discov]s t he is beyond ! rea* ( ! police1 & t he c\ld by a s+le act ?r[ (f ! gall+ burd5 ( p5ury1 :i* is aggravat$ by ! sight ( o!rs' opul5ce2 if he feels ?is1 & realises t he c\ld ?us ent] into ! possession & enjoym5t ( all t he has s (t5 covet$3 :at is !re !n to /ay 8 h&8 ,religions dogmas8 ,x is seldom t fai? is s firm4 ,a purely moral inc5tive to be j & upright8 ,p]haps 9 a few isolat$ cases4 ,b 9 by f> ! great] numb] !re is 9 reality no?+ b ! anxiety a man feels to keep 8 good "n1 8 civil hon\r--a ?+ t t\*es closely ev5 ^? 9 humble circum/ances4 ,he kn[s ! imm95t dang] incurr$ ( hav+ to pay = di%one/ conduct by be+ expell$ f ! great ,masonic ,lodge ( hon\rable p :o live correct lives4 ,he kn[s t prop]ty all ov] ! _w is 9 _! h&s1 & duly apportion$ among !mselves1 & t !y wield ! p[] ( mak+ him an outca/ = life f good society1 9 case he commit a s+le disgraceful action4 ,he kn[s t :oev] takes "o false /ep 9 ?is direction is m>k$ z a p]son t no "o tru/s1 ^: company e "o %uns1 & f :om all advancem5t is cut (f2 to :om1 z be+ a fell[ t has /ol51 ! prov]b is appli$3 ,he :o /eals once is a ?ief all 8 life4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! gu>ds t wat* ov] correct behavi\r betwe5 man & man1 & he :o has liv$1 & kept 8 eyes op51 w admit t ! va/ majority ( hon\rable actions 9 human int]c\rse mu/ be attribut$ to !m2 nay1 he w g fur!r1 & say t !re are n want+ p :o hope to elude ev5 _! vigilance1 & :o reg>d ju/ice & hone/y m]ely z an ext]nal badge1 z a flag1 "u ! protection ( :i* !y c c>ry out _! own freeboot+ prop5sities ) bett] success4 ,we ne$ n !re=e break out into holy wra?1 & buckle on our arm\r1 if a morali/ is f\nd to sugge/ t p]haps all integrity & uprightness may be at bottom only conv5tional4 ,?is is :at ,holba*1 ,helvetius1 d',alemb]t1 & o!rs ( _! "t did2 &1 foll[+ out ! !ory1 !y endeav\r$ ) great acum5 to trace back all moral conduct to egoi/ic motives1 h[ev] remote & indirect4 ,t _! position is lit]ally true ( mo/ j actions1 z hav+ an ultimate f\ndation c5tr$ 9 ! ,self1 ,i h %[n above4 ,t x is also true to a l>ge ext5t ( :at is done 9 k9dness & humanity1 !re c be no d\bt2 acts ( ?is sort (t5 arise f love ( o/5tation1 /ill (t5] f belief 9 a retribution to come1 :i* may be dealt out 9 ! second or ev5 ! ?ird p[]2#c or !y c be expla9$ by o!r egoi/ic motives4 ,nev]!less1 x is equally c]ta9 t !re occur actions ( dis9t]e/$ good-w & entirely volunt>y ju/ice4 ,to prove ! latt] /atem5t1 ,i appeal only to ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 n to ^? ( consci\sness4 ,!re are isolat$1 yet indisputable cases on record1 :]e n only ! dang] ( legal prosecution1 b also all *ance ( discov]y1 & ev5 ( suspicion has be5 exclud$1 & :]e1 not)/&+1 ! poor man has r5d]$ to ! ri* 8 own4 ,= example1 ?+s lo/1 & f\nd1 h be5 giv5 back )\t any ?\ght or hope ( rew>d2 a deposit made by a ?ird p]son has be5 re/or$ aft] 8 dea? to ! rightful own]2 a poor man1 secretly intru/$ ) a treasure by a fugitive1 has fai?fully kept1 & !n return$1 x4 ,in/ances ( ?is sort c be f\nd1 beyond all d\bt2 only ! surprise1 ! emotion1 & ! high respect awak5$1 :5 we he> ( !m1 te/ify to ! fact t !y are unexpect$ & v exceptional4 ,!re are 9 tru? really hone/ p3 l f\r-leav$ clov]1 _! exi/5ce is n a fiction4 ,b ,hamlet uses no hyp]bole :5 he says3 ,to be hone/1 z ?is _w goes1 is to be "o man pick'd out ( t5 ?\s&4 ,if x be object$ t1 aft] all1 religi\s dogmas1 involv+ rew>ds & p5alties 9 ano!r _w1 are at ! root ( conduct z above describ$2 cases c\ld probably be adduc$ :]e ! actors possess$ no religions fai? :atev]4 ,& ?is is a ?+ by no means s infrequ5t z is g5]ally ma9ta9$4 ,^? :o combat ! sceptical view appeal specially to ! te/imony ( consci5ce4 ,b consci5ce itself is impugn$1 & d\bts are rais$ ab\t its natural orig94 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re is a consci5tia spuria 7false consci5ce71 :i* is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! true4 ,! regret & anxiety :i* _m a man feels = :at he has done is frequ5tly1 at bottom1 no?+ b fe> ( ! possible consequ5ces4 ,n a few p1 if !y break ext]nal1 volunt>y1 & ev5 absurd rules1 suff] f pa9ful se>*+s ( he>t1 exactly simil> to ^? inflict$ by ! real consci5ce4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a bigot$ ,jew1 if on ,saturday he %\ld smoke a pipe at home1 becomes really oppress$ ) ! s5se ( hav+ disobey$ ! comm& 9 ,exodus xxxv4 #c3 ,ye %all k9dle no fire ?r\gh\t y\r habitations ^u ! ,sabba? day4 ,h[ (t5 x happ5s t a nobleman or (fic] is ! victim ( self-reproa*1 because on "s occasion or o!r he has n prop]ly compli$ ) t fools' codex1 :i* is call$ knightly hon\r6 ,nay m3 !re are _m ( ?is class1 :o1 if !y see ! impossibility ( m]ely do+ en\gh 9 "s qu>rel to satisfy ! above-nam$ code--to say no?+ ( keep+ _! pl$g$ ^w ( hon\r--are ready to %oot !mselves4 7,in/ances ( bo? h come "u my k47 ,& ?is1 :ile ! self-same man w\ld ) an easy m9d break 8 promise e day1 if only ! %ibbole? ,hon\r be n involv$4 ,9 %ort1 e inconsequ5t1 & ?\ghtless action1 all conduct contr>y to our prejudices1 pr9ciples1 or convictions1 :atev] ^! may be2 inde$1 e indiscretion1 e mi/ake1 e piece ( /upidity rankles 9 u secretly1 & leaves its /+ beh9d4 ,! av]age individual1 :o ?9ks 8 consci5ce su* an impos+ /ructure1 w\ld be surpris$1 c\ld he see ( :at x actually consi/s3 probably ( ab\t "o-fif?1 fe> ( m52 "o-fif?1 sup]/ition2 "o-fif?1 prejudice2 "o-fif?1 vanity2 & "o-fif?1 habit4 ,s t 9 reality he is no bett] ?an ! ,engli%man1 :o said q frankly3 ,i _c af=d to keep a consci5ce4 ,religi\s p ( e cre$1 z a rule1 und]/& by consci5ce no?+ else ?an ! dogmas & injunctions ( _! religion1 & ! self-exam9ation bas$ !reon2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t ! expressions co]cion ( consci5ce & lib]ty ( consci5ce are us$4 ,! same int]pretation 0 always giv5 by ! !ologians1 s*oolm51 & casui/s ( ! middle ages & ( lat] times4 ,:atev] a man knew ( ! =mulae & prescriptions ( ! ,*ur*1 c\pl$ ) a resolution to believe & obey x1 con/itut$ 8 consci5ce4 ,?us we f9d ! t]ms a d\bt+ consci5ce1 an op9ionat$ consci5ce1 an err+ consci5ce1 & ! l2 & c\ncils 7 held1 & confessors employ$1 = ! special purpose ( sett+ su* irregul>ities /raight4 ,h[ little ! conception ( consci5ce1 j z o!r conceptions1 is det]m9$ by its own object2 h[ diff]5tly x is view$ by diff]5t p2 h[ wav]+ & unc]ta9 x appe>s 9 books2 all ?is is briefly b cle>ly set =? 9 ,/udl9's ,ges*i*te d] ,lehre vom ,gewiss54 ,^! facts tak5 9 conjunction are n calculat$ to e/abli% ! reality ( ! ?+2 !y h r giv5 rise to ! "q :e!r !re is 9 tru? a g5u9e1 inborn consci5ce4 ,i h already _h occasion 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,viii41 :]e ! !ory ( ,fre$om is discuss$1 to t\* on my view ( consci5ce1 & ,i %all return to x bel[4 ,all ^! sceptical objections add$ toge!r d n 9 ! lea/ avail to prove t no true morality exi/s1 h[ev] mu* !y may mod]ate our expectations z to ! moral t5d5cy 9 man1 & ! natural basis ( ,e?ics4 ,und\bt$ly a great deal t is ascrib$ to ! e?ical s5se c be prov$ to spr+ f o!r inc5tives2 & :5 we contemplate ! moral depravity ( ! _w1 x is suffici5tly cle> t ! /imulus = good _c be v p[]ful1 especially z x (t5 does n "w ev5 9 cases :]e ! oppos+ motives are weak1 al?\gh !n ! individual diff]5ce ( "* makes itself fully felt4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is moral depravity is all ! m difficult to disc]n1 because its manife/ations are *eck$ & cloak$ by public ord]1 z en=c$ by law2 by ! necessity ( hav+ a good "n2 & ev5 by ord9>y polite mann]s4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,p commonly suppose t 9 ! education ( ! "y _! moral int]e/s are fur!r$ by repres5t+ uprightness & virtue z pr9ciples g5]ally foll[$ by ! _w4 ,lat] on1 x is (t5 to _! great h>m t exp]i5ce tea*es !m some?+ else2 = ! discov]y1 t ! in/ructors ( _! e>ly ye>s 7 ! fir/ to deceive !m1 is likely to h a m mis*iev\s effect on _! morality ?an if ^! p]sons _h giv5 !m ! fir/ example ( +5u\s tru?fulness1 by say+ frankly3 ,! _w is sunk 9 evil1 & m5 are n :at !y ought to be2 b be n misl$ !reby1 & see t y d bett]4 ,all ?is1 z ,i h said1 increases ! difficulty ( recognis+ ! real immorality ( mank9d4 ,! /ate --?is ma/]piece1 :i* sums up ! self-consci\s1 intellig5t egoism ( all--consigns ! rights ( ea* p]son to a p[]1 :i*1 be+ enorm\sly sup]ior to t ( ! individual1 compels him to respect ! rights ( all o!rs4 ,?is is ! lea% t re/ra9s ! limitless egoism ( ne>ly e "o1 ! malice ( _m1 ! cruelty ( n a few4 ,! illusion ?us aris+ is s great t1 :5 9 special cases1 :]e ! executive p[] is ineffective1 or is elud$1 ! insatiable covet\sness1 ! base gre$1 ! deep hypocrisy1 or ! spiteful tricks ( m5 are app>5t 9 all _! ugl9ess1 we recoil ) horror1 suppos+ t we h /umbl$ on "s unhe>d-( mon/]3 :]eas1 )\t ! compulsion ( law1 & ! necessity ( keep+ an hon\rable "n1 ^! sights w\ld be ( e day occurr5ce4 ,9 ord] to discov] :at1 f a moral po9t ( view1 human be+s are made (1 we mu/ /udy an>*i/ records1 & ! proce$+s connect$ ) crim9als4 ,! ?\s&s t ?rong be=e our eyes1 9 peaceful int]c\rse ea* ) ! o!r1 c only be reg>d$ z s _m tig]s & wolves1 ^: tee? are secur$ by a /rong muzzle4 ,let u n[ suppose ?is muzzle ca/ (f1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! p[] ( ! /ate aboli%$2 ! contemplation ( ! spectacle !n to be await$ w\ld make all ?9k+ p %udd]2 & !y w\ld ?us betray ! small am\nt ( tru/ !y really h 9 ! effici5cy ei!r ( religion1 or ( consci5ce1 or ( ! natural basis ( ,morals1 :atev] x be4 ,b if ^! immoral1 ant9omian =ces %\ld be un%ackl$ & let loose1 x is precisely !n t ! true moral inc5tive1 hidd5 be=e1 w\ld reveal its activity1 & consequ5tly be mo/ easily recognis$4 ,& no?+ w\ld br+ out s cle>ly z ?is ! prodigi\s moral diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 man & man2 x w\ld be f\nd to be z great z ! intellectual1 :i* is say+ mu*4 ,! objection w p]haps be rais$ t ,e?ics is n conc]n$ ) :at m5 actually d1 b t x is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( :at _! conduct ought to be4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! position :i* ,i d5y4 ,9 ! critical "p ( ! pres5t treatise ,i h suffici5tly demon/rat$ t ! conception ( ought1 9 o!r words1 ! imp]ative =m ( ,e?ics1 is valid only 9 !ological morals1 outside ( :i* x loses all s5se & mean+4 ,! end :i* ,i place be=e ,e?ical ,sci5ce is to po9t out all ! v>i$ moral l9es ( human conduct2 to expla9 !m2 & to trace !m to _! ultimate s\rce4 ,consequ5tly !re rema9s no way ( discov]+ ! basis ( ,e?ics except ! empirical4 ,we mu/ se>* & see :e!r we c f9d any actions to :i* we are oblig$ to ascribe g5u9e moral wor?3 actions1 t is1 ( volunt>y ju/ice1 ( pure lov+-k9dness1 & ( true nobl5ess4 ,su* conduct1 :5 f\nd1 is to be reg>d$ z a giv5 pha5om5on1 :i* has to be prop]ly acc\nt$ =2 9 o!r words1 its real orig9 mu/ be explor$1 & ?is w involve ! inve/igation & explanation ( ! peculi> motives :i* lead m5 to actions s radically di/9ct f all o!rs1 t !y =m a class by !mselves4 ,^! motives1 toge!r ) a responsive susceptibility = !m1 w con/itute ! ultimate basis ( morality1 & ! k ( !m w be ! f\ndation ( ,e?ics4 ,?is is ! humble pa? to :i* ,i direct ! ,sci5ce ( ,morals4 ,x conta9s no con/ruction a priori1 no absolute legislation = all rational be+s 9 ab/racto2 x lacks all (ficial1 academic sanction4 ,!re=e1 :oev] ?9ks x n suffici5tly fa%ionable1 may return to ! ,categorical ,imp]ative2 to ! ,%ibbole? ( ,human ,dignity2 to ! empty phrases1 ! cobwebs1 & ! soap-bubbles ( ! ,s*ools2 to pr9ciples on :i* exp]i5ce p\rs contempt at e /ep1 & ( :i* no "o1 outside ! lecture-rooms kn[s any?+1 or has ev] _h ! lea/ notion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\ndation :i* is rea*$ by foll[+ my pa? is upheld by exp]i5ce2 & x is exp]i5ce :i* daily & h\rly deliv]s its sil5t te/imony 9 fav\r ( my !ory4 #a ,i4e41 !re is no?+ ei!r good or bad by nature1 b ^! ?+s are decid$ by human judgm5t1 z ,timon says4 ,v4 ,sexti ,empirici ,op]a ,quae ,ex/ant3 ,adv]sus ,ma!maticos2 p4 #dfb ,a ad f94 ,aurelianae3 ,petrus et ,jacobus ,*\t1 #afba4 ,v4 also3 ,sexti ,empirici ,op]a1 edit4 ,jo4 ,alb]tus ,fabricius3 ,lipsiae1 #agah1 ,lib4 ,,xi41 #adj1 p4 #gaf4 #b ,see ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ,vol ,i41 #fb1 p4 #cif sqq41 & ,vol4 ,,ii41 *ap4 #dg1 p4 #fhb4 #c ,9 o!r words3 ,if a be a giv5 (f5ce1 or virtu\s act1 & x ! puni%m5t1 or rew>d1 proportional to x2 !n ! puni%m5t1 or rew>d1 actually inflict$1 in/ead ( be+ x1 may be x#b or x#c4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,antimoral#a ,,inc5tives4 ,! *ief & fundam5tal inc5tive 9 man1 z 9 animals1 is ,egoism1 t is1 ! urg5t impulse to exi/1 & exi/ "u ! be/ circum/ances4 ,! ,g]man ^w ,selb/su*t 7self-seek+7 involves a false second>y idea ( disease 7,su*t74#b ,! t]m ,eig5nutz 7self-int]e/7 d5otes ,egoism1 s f> z ! latt] is guid$ by reason1 :i* enables x1 by means ( reflection1 to prosecute its purposes sy/ematically2 s t animals may be call$ egoi/ic1 b n self-int]e/$ 7eig5nutzig74 ,i %all !re=e reta9 ! ^w ,egoism = ! g5]al idea4 ,n[ ?is ,egoism is1 bo? 9 animals & m51 connect$ 9 ! close/ way ) _! v ess5ce & be+2 inde$1 x is "o & ! same ?+4 ,= ?is reason all human actions1 z a rule1 h _! orig9 9 ,egoism1 & to x1 accord+ly1 we mu/ always fir/ turn1 :5 we try to f9d ! explanation ( any giv5 l9e ( conduct2 j z1 :5 ! endeav\r is made to guide a man 9 any direction1 ! means to ?is end are univ]sally calculat$ ) ref]5ce to ! same all-p[]ful motive4 ,egoism is1 f its nature1 limitless4 ,! individual is fill$ ) ! unqualifi$ desire ( pres]v+ 8 life1 & ( keep+ x free f all pa91 "u :i* is includ$ all want & privation4 ,he wi%es to h ! greate/ possible am\nt ( pleasurable exi/5ce1 & e gratification t he is capable ( appreciat+2 inde$1 he attempts1 if possible1 to evolve fre% capacities = enjoym5t4 ,ev]y?+ t opposes ! /riv+s ( 8 ,egoism awak5s 8 dislike1 8 ang]1 8 hate3 ?is is ! mortal enemy1 :i* he tries to annihilate4 ,if x 7 possible1 he w\ld l to possess ev]y?+ = 8 own pleasure2 z ?is is impossible1 he wi%es at lea/ to control ev]y?+4 ,all ?+s = me1 & no?+ = o!rs is 8 maxim4 ,egoism is a huge giant ov]topp+ ! _w4 ,if ea* p]son 7 all[$ to *oose betwe5 8 own de/ruction & t ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 ,i ne$ n say :at ! decision w\ld be 9 mo/ cases4 ,?us1 x is t e human unit makes himself ! c5tre ( ! _w1 :i* he views exclusively f t /&po9t4 ,:atev] occurs1 ev51 = in/ance1 ! mo/ sweep+ *anges 9 ! de/9ies ( nations1 he br+s into relation fir/ & =emo/ ) 8 own int]e/s1 :i*1 h[ev] slightly & indirectly !y may be affect$1 he is sure to ?9k ( be=e any?+ else4 ,no %>p] contra/ c be imag9$ ?an t betwe5 ! pr(\nd & exclusive att5tion :i* ea* p]son devotes to 8 own self1 & ! indiff]5ce ) :i*1 z a rule1 all o!r p reg>d t self1--an indiff]5ce precisely l t ) :i* he 9 turn looks ^u !m4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t x is actually comic to see h[ ea* individual out ( innum]able multitudes consid]s himself1 at lea/ f ! practical po9t ( view1 z ! only real ?+1 & all o!rs 9 "s sort z m]e phantoms4 ,! ultimate reason ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t e "o is directly consci\s ( himself1 b ( o!rs only indirectly1 ?r\gh 8 m9d's eye2 & ! direct impression ass]ts its "r4 ,9 o!r words1 x is 9 consequ5ce ( ! subjectivity :i* is ess5tial to our consci\sness t ea* p]son is himself ! :ole _w2 = all t is objective exi/s only indirectly1 z simply ! m5tal picture ( ! subject2 :5ce x comes ab\t t ev]y?+ is inv>iably express$ 9 t]ms ( self-consci\sness4 ,! only _w :i* ! individual really grasps1 & ( :i* he has c]ta9 k1 he c>ries 9 himself1 z a mirror$ image fa%ion$ by 8 bra92 & he is1 !re=e1 its c5tre4 ,consequ5tly he is all 9 all to himself2 & s9ce he feels t he conta9s )9 8 ego all t is real1 no?+ c be ( great] importance to him ?an 8 own self4#c ,moreov] ?is supremely important self1 ?is microcosm1 to :i* ! macrocosm /&s 9 relation z its m]e modification or accid5t1--?is1 :i* is ! individual's :ole _w1 he kn[s p]fectly well mu/ be de/roy$ by dea?2 :i* is !re=e = him equival5t to ! de/ruction ( all ?+s4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! elem5ts out ( :i*1 on ! basis ( ! ,w to live1 ,egoism gr[s up1 & l a broad tr5* x =ms a p]5nial sep>ation betwe5 man & man4 ,if on any occasion "s "o actually jumps across1 to help ano!r1 su* an act is reg>d$ z a sort ( miracle1 :i* calls =? amazem5t & w9s approval4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,vi41 :]e ,kant's pr9ciple ( ,morals is discuss$1 ,i _h ! opportunity ( describ+ h[ ,egoism behaves 9 ev]yday life1 :]e x is always pe]+ out ( "s corn] or o!r1 despite ord9>y polit5ess1 :i*1 l ! traditional fig-leaf1 is us$ z a cov]+4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 polit5ess is ! conv5tional & sy/ematic disav[al ( ,egoism 9 ! trifles ( daily int]c\rse1 & is1 ( c\rse1 a piece ( recognis$ hypocrisy4 ,g5tle mann]s are expect$ & comm5d$1 because t :i* !y conceal--,egoism--is s odi\s1 t no "o wi%es to see x1 h[ev] mu* x is kn[n to be !re2 j z p l to h repulsive objects hidd5 at lea/ by a curta94 ,n[1 unless ext]nal =ce 7"u :i* mu/ be includ$ e s\rce ( fe> :e!r ( human or sup]human p[]s71 or else ! real moral inc5tive is 9 effective op]ation1 x is c]ta9 t ,egoism always pursues its purposes ) unqualifi$ directness2 h5ce )\t ^! *ecks1 consid]+ ! c\ntless numb] ( egoi/ic individuals1 ! bellum omnium contra omnes#d w\ld be ! ord] ( ! day1 & prove ! ru9 ( all4 ,?us is expla9$ ! e>ly con/ruction by reflect+ reason ( /ate gov]nm5t1 :i*1 aris+1 z x does1 f a mutual fe> ( reciprocal viol5ce1 obviates ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( ! g5]al ,egoism1 z f> z x is possible to d by negative proc$ure4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! two =ces t oppose ,egoism fail to be op]ative1 ! latt] is n sl[ to reveal all its horrible dim5sions1 nor is ! spectacle exactly attractive4 ,9 ord] to express ! /r5g? ( ?is antimoral p[] 9 a few words1 to portray x1 s to say1 at "o /roke1 "s v emphatic hyp]bole is want$4 ,x may be put ?us3 _m a man w\ld be q capable ( kill+ ano!r1 simply to rub 8 boots ov] ) ! victim's fat4 ,i am only d\btful :e!r ?is1 aft] all1 is any exagg]ation4 ,egoism1 !n1 is ! fir/ & pr9cipal1 ?\gh n ! only1 p[] t ! moral ,motive has to cont5d aga9/2 & x is surely suffici5tly cle> t ! latt]1 9 ord] to ent] ! li/s aga9/ su* an oppon5t1 mu/ be some?+ m real ?an a hair-splitt+ sophism or an a priori soap-bubble4 ,9 w> ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to "k ! enemy well2 & 9 ! %ock ( battle1 n[ imp5d+1 ,egoism1 z ! *ief combatant on its own side1 is be/ set aga9/ ! virtue ( ,ju/ice1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is ! fir/ & orig9al c>d9al virtue4 ,! virtue ( lov+-k9dness1 on ! o!r h&1 is r to be mat*$ ) ill-w1 or spitefulness1 ! orig9 & successive /ages ( :i* we w n[ consid]4 ,ill-w1 9 its l[] degrees1 is v frequ5t1 inde$1 almo/ a common ?+2 & x easily rises 9 ! scale4 ,goe! is assur$ly "r :5 he says t 9 ?is _w indiff]5ce & av]sion are q at home4--7,wahlv]w&ts*aft51 ,"p ,i41 *ap4 #c47 ,x is v =tunate = u t ! cloak1 :i* prud5ce & polit5ess ?r[ ov] ?is vice1 prev5ts u f see+ h[ g5]al x is1 & h[ ! bellum omnium contra omnes is con/antly wag$1 at lea/ 9 ?\ght4 ,yet ev] & anon !re is "s appe>ance ( x3 = in/ance1 9 ! rel5tless backbit+ s frequ5tly obs]v$2 :ile its cle>e/ manife/ation is f\nd 9 all out-breaks ( ang]1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are q disproportional to _! cause1 & :i* c\ld h>dly be s viol5t1 _h !y n be5 compress$--l gunp[d]--into ! explosive comp\nd =m$ ( long *]i%$ brood+ hatr$4 ,ill-w usually arises f ! unavoidable collisions ( ,egoism :i* occur at e /ep4 ,x is1 moreov]1 objectively excit$ by ! view ( ! weakness1 ! folly1 ! vices1 fail+s1 %ortcom+s1 & imp]fections ( all k9ds1 :i* e "o m or less1 at lea/ occasionally1 af=ds to o!rs4 ,inde$1 ! spectacle is su*1 t _m a man1 especially 9 mom5ts ( melan*oly & depression1 may be tempt$ to reg>d ! _w1 f ! ae/hetic /&po9t1 z a cab9et ( c>icatures2 f ! intellectual1 z a madh\se2 & f ! moral1 z a ne/ ( %>p]s4 ,if su* a m5tal attitude be indulg$1 misan?ropy is ! result4 ,la/ly1 "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( ill-w is envy2 or r1 ! latt] is itself ill-w1 k9dl$ by ! happ9ess1 possessions1 or advantages ( o!rs4 ,no "o is absolutely free f envy2 & ,h]odotus 7,,iii4 #hj7 said long ago3 7envy is a natural gr[? 9 man f ! beg9n+74 ,b its degrees v>y consid]ably4 ,x is mo/ poison\s & implacable :5 direct$ aga9/ p]sonal qualities1 because !n ! envi\s h no?+ to hope =4 ,& precisely 9 su* cases its vile/ =m also appe>s1 because m5 are made to hate :at !y ought to love & hon\r4 ,yet s ! _w wags1 ev5 z ,petr>ca compla9$3 ,di lor p> pi1 *e d'altri1 invidia s'abbia1 ,*e p] se /essi son levati a volo1 ,usc5do fuor della commune gabbia4 7,= envy fa/5s mo/ ( all on ^?1 ,:o1 ris+ on _! own /rong w+s1 escape ,! b>s :]e9 ! vulg> cr[d is cag'd47 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,p>]ga1 vol4 ii41 #aad1 = a m complete exam9ation ( envy4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! opposite ( envy is ! habit ( gloat+ ov] ! mis=tunes ( o!rs1 ,at any rate1 :ile ! =m] is human1 ! latt] is diabolical4 ,!re is no sign m infallible ( an entirely bad he>t1 & ( pr(\nd moral wor?lessness ?an op5 & c&id enjoym5t 9 see+ o!r p suff]4 ,! man 9 :om ?is trait is obs]v$ ought to be = ev] avoid$3 ,hic nig] e/1 hunc tu1 ,romane1 caveto4#e ,^! two vices are 9 !mselves m]ely !oretical2 9 practice !y become malice & cruelty4 ,x is true t ,egoism may lead to wick$ness & crime ( e sort2 b ! result+ injury & pa9 to o!rs are simply ! means1 n ! end1 & are !re=e involv$ only z an accid5t4 ,:]eas malice & cruelty make o!rs' mis]y ! end 9 itself1 ! realisation ( :i* af=ds di/9ct pleasure4 ,!y !re=e con/itute a high] degree ( moral turpitude4 ,! maxim ( ,egoism1 at its wor/ is3 ,nem9em juva1 immo omnes1 si =te conducit 7?us !re is always a condition71 la$e 7help no body1 b r injure all p1 if x br+s y any advantage74 ,! guid+ rule ( malice is3 ,omnes1 quantum potes1 la$e 7injure all p z f> z y c74 ,z malici\s joy is 9 fact !oretical cruelty1 s1 conv]sely1 cruelty is no?+ b malici\s joy put into practice2 & ! latt] is sure to %[ itself 9 ! =m ( cruelty1 directly an opportunity (f]s4 ,an exam9ation ( ! special vices t spr+ f ^! two prim>y antimoral =ces =ms no "p ( ! pres5t treatise3 its prop] place w\ld be f\nd 9 a detail$ sy/em ( ,e?ics4 ,f ,egoism we %\ld probably d]ive gre$1 gluttony1 lu/1 selfi%ness1 av>ice1 covet\sness1 inju/ice1 h>dness ( he>t1 pride1 arrogance1 etc42 :ile to spitefulness might be ascrib$ disaffection1 envy1 ill-w1 malice1 pleasure 9 see+ o!rs suff]1 pry+ curiosity1 sl&]1 insol5ce1 petulance1 hatr$1 ang]1 trea*]y1 fraud1 ?ir/ = rev5ge1 cruelty1 etc4 ,! fir/ root is m be/ial1 ! second m devili%2 & accord+ z ei!r is ! /rong]2 or accord+ z ! moral inc5tive1 to be describ$ bel[1 pr$om9ates1 s ! sali5t po9ts = ! e?ical classification ( "* are det]m9$4 ,no man is entirely free f "s traces ( all ?ree4 ,"h ,i br+ to an end my review ( ^! t]rible p[]s ( evil2 x is an array rem9d+ "o ( ! ,pr9ces ( ,d>kness 9 ,milton's ,p&emonium4 ,b my plan1 :i* 9 ?is respect ( c\rse diff]s f t ( all o!r morali/s1 requir$ me to consid] at ! outset ?is gloomy side ( human nature1 &1 l ,dante1 to desc5d fir/ to ,t>t>us4 ,x w n[ be fully app>5t h[ difficult our problem is4 ,we h to f9d a motive capable ( mak+ a man take up a l9e ( conduct directly oppos$ to all ^? prop5sities :i* lie deeply +ra9$ 9 8 nature2 or1 giv5 su* conduct z a fact ( exp]i5ce1 we mu/ se>* = a motive capable ( supply+ an adequate & non-artificial explanation ( x4 ,! difficulty1 9 fact1 is s great t1 9 ord] to solve x1 = ! va/ majority ( mank9d1 x has be5 ev]y:]e necess>y to h rec\rse to ma*9]y f ano!r _w4 ,gods h be5 po9t$ to1 ^: w & comm& ! requir$ mode ( behavi\r 0 said to be1 & :o 7 repres5t$ z emphasis+ ?is comm& by p5alties & rew>ds ei!r 9 ?is1 or 9 ano!r _w1 to :i* dea? w\ld be ! gate4 ,n[ let u assume t belief 9 a doctr9e ( ?is sort took g5]al root 7a ?+ :i* is c]ta9ly possible ?r\gh /r5u\s inculcation at a v e>ly age72 & let u also assume t x br\ght ab\t ! int5d$ effect1--?\gh ?is is a mu* h>d] matt] to admit1 & n ne>ly s well confirm$ by exp]i5ce2 we %\ld !n no d\bt succe$ 9 obta9+ /rict legality ( action1 ev5 beyond ! limits t ju/ice & ! police c rea*2 b e "o feels t ?is w\ld n 9 ! lea/ imply :at we mean by morality ( ! he>t4 ,= obvi\sly1 e act aris+ f motives l ^? j m5tion$ is aft] all d]iv$ simply f pure ,egoism4 ,h[ c ,i talk ( unselfi%ness :5 ,i am entic$ by a promis$ gu]don1 or det]r$ by a ?reat5$ puni%m5t8 ,a recomp5se 9 ano!r _w1 ?or\ghly believ$ 91 mu/ be reg>d$ z a bill ( ex*ange1 :i* is p]fectly safe1 ?\gh only payable at a v di/ant date4 ,x is ?us q possible t ! pr(use assurances1 :i* begg>s s con/antly make1 t ^?1 :o relieve !m1 w receive a ?\s&fold m = _! gifts 9 ! next _w1 may lead _m a mis] to g5]\s alms-giv+2 = su* a "o complac5tly views ! matt] z a good inve/m5t ( money1 be+ p]fectly conv9c$ t he w rise aga9 z a ,croesus4 ,= ! mass ( mank9d1 x w p]haps be always necess>y to cont9ue ! appeal to inc5tives ( ?is nature1 & we "k t su* is ! tea*+ promulgat$ by ! diff]5t religions1 :i* are 9 fact ! metaphysics ( ! p4 ,be x1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ 9 ?is connection t a man is sometimes j z mu* 9 error z to ! true motives t gov]n 8 own acts1 z he is ) reg>d to ^? ( o!rs4 ,h5ce x is c]ta9 t _m p]sons1 :ile !y c only acc\nt to !mselves = _! noble/ actions by attribut+ !m to motives ( ! k9d above describ$1 are1 nev]!less1 really guid$ 9 _! conduct by f> high] & pur] inc5tives1 ?\gh ! latt] may be mu* m difficult to discov]4 ,!y are do+1 no d\bt1 out ( direct love ( _! neighb\r1 t :i* !y c b expla9 z ! comm& ( _! ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,philosophy1 9 deal+ ) ?is1 z ) all o!r problems1 endeav\rs to extract ! true & ultimate cause ( ! giv5 pha5om5a f ! disclosures :i* ! nature itself ( man yields1 & :i*1 fre$ z !y mu/ be f all my?ical int]pretation1 f all religi\s dogmas1 & transc5d5t hypo/ases1 %e requires to see confirm$ by ext]nal or int]nal exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 z our pres5t task is a philosophical "o1 we mu/ entirely disreg>d all solutions condition$ by any religion2 & ,i h "h t\*$ on !m m]ely 9 ord] to ?r[ a /rong] light on ! magnitude ( ! difficulty4 #a ,i v5ture to use ?is ^w al?\gh irregul>ly =m$1 because antie?ical w\ld n "h give an adequate mean+4 ,sittli* 79 accordance ) good mann]s7 & unsittli* 7contr>y to good mann]s71 :i* h lately come into vogue1 are bad sub/itutes = moralis* 7moral7 & unmoralis* 7immoral73 fir/1 because moralis* is a sci5tific conception1 :i*1 z su*1 requires to be d5ot$ by a ,greek or ,lat9 t]m1 = reasons :i* may be f\nd 9 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 #ab1 p4 #acd sqq42 & secondly1 because sittli* is a weak] & tam] expression1 difficult to di/+ui% f sittsam 7mode/7 :i* 9 popul> acceptation means zimp]li* 7simp]+74 ,no concessions mu/ be made to ?is extravagant love ( g]manis+6 #b ,9 ,su*t 7sie* sick7 & ,selb/-su*t 7su*5 seek7 !re is an app>5t confusion betwe5 ! two bases ,,suk 7seuka7 to be ill1 & ,s,,kyan1 to seek4 ,v4 ,skeat's ,etymological ,diction>y4--7,translator47 #c ,x %\ld be notic$ t :ile f ! subjective side a man's self assumes ^! gigantic proportions1 objectively x %r9ks to almo/ no?+--namely1 to ab\t ! "o-?\s&-million? "p ( ! human race4 #d ,! w> ( all aga9/ all4 ,hobbes uses ?is expression4 --7,translator47 #e ,?is man is black2 ( him %alt ?\1 ,o ,roman1 bew>e4 ,v4 ,horace1 ,sat41 ,lib4 ,i4 #d4 #he4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,actions ,,( ,,moral ,,wor?4 ,!re is fir/ ! empirical "q to be settl$1 :e!r actions ( volunt>y ju/ice & unselfi% lov+-k9dness1 :i* are capable ( ris+ to nobl5ess & magnanimity1 actually occur 9 exp]i5ce4 ,un=tunately1 ?is inquiry _c be decid$ altoge!r empirically1 because x is inv>iably only ! act t exp]i5ce gives1 ! inc5tives n be+ app>5t4 ,h5ce ! possibility always rema9s t an egoi/ic motive may h _h weight 9 det]m9+ a j or good de$4 ,9 a !oretical inve/igation l ! pres5t1 ,i %all n avail myself ( ! inexcusable trick ( %ift+ ! matt] on to ! read]'s consci5ce4 ,b ,i believe !re are few p :o h any d\bt ab\t ! matt]1 & :o are n conv9c$ f _! own exp]i5ce t j acts are (t5 p]=m$ simply & solely to prev5t a man suff]+ f inju/ice4 ,mo/ ( z1 ,i d n hesitate to say1 are p]suad$ t !re are p]sons 9 :om ! pr9ciple ( giv+ o!rs _! due seems to be innate1 :o nei!r int5tionally injure any "o1 nor unconditionally seek _! own advantage1 b 9 consid]+ !mselves %[ reg>d also = ! rights ( _! neighb\rs2 p]sons :o1 :5 !y und]take matt]s involv+ reciprocal obligations1 n only see t ! o!r p>ty does 8 duty1 b also t he gets 8 own1 because x is really aga9/ _! w t any "o1 ) :om !y h to d1 %\ld be %abbily treat$4 ,^! are ! m5 ( true probity1 ! few aequi 7j7 among ! c\ntless numb] ( ! iniqui 7unju/74 ,su* p exi/4 ,simil>ly1 x w be admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 t _m help & give1 p]=m s]vices1 & d5y !mselves1 )\t hav+ any fur!r int5tion 9 _! he>ts ?an t ( assi/+ ano!r1 ^: di/ress !y see4 ,:5 ,arnold von ,w9kelri$ exclaim$3 ,trw51 lieb5 ,eidg5oss51 wullt's m9em ,wip und ,k9de g$5k51#a & !n clasp$ 9 8 arms z _m ho/ile spe>s z he c\ld grasp2 c any "o believe t he _h "s selfi% purpose8 ,i _c4 ,to cases ( volunt>y ju/ice1 :i* _c be d5i$ )\t delib]ate & wilful trifl+ ) facts1 ,i h already drawn att5tion 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ( ?is ,"p4 ,%\ld any "o1 h[ev]1 p]si/ 9 refus+ to believe t su* actions ev] happ51 !n1 accord+ to 8 view1 ,e?ics w\ld be a sci5ce )\t any real object1 l ,a/rology & ,al*emy1 & x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to discuss its basis any fur!r4 ,) him1 !re=e1 ,i h no?+ to d1 & address myself to ^? :o all[ t we are deal+ ) some?+ m ?an an imag9>y citation4 ,x is1 !n1 only to conduct ( ! above k9d t g5u9e moral wor? c be ascrib$4 ,its special m>k is t x rejects & excludes ! :ole class ( motives by :i* o!rwise all human action is prompt$3 ,i mean ! self-int]e/$ motives1 us+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,consequ5tly ! moral value ( an act is l[]$ by ! disclosure ( an accessory selfi% inc5tive2 :ile x is entirely de/roy$1 if t inc5tive /ood alone4 ,! abs5ce ( all egoi/ic motives is ?us ! ,crit]ion ( an action ( moral value4 ,x may1 no d\bt1 be object$ t also acts ( pure malice & cruelty are n selfi%4#b ,b x is manife/ t ! latt] _c be meant1 s9ce !y are1 9 k9d1 ! exact opposite ( ^? n[ be+ consid]$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! def9ition be insi/$ on 9 its /rict s5se1 !n we may expressly except su* actions1 because ( _! ess5tial tok5--! compass+ ( o!rs' suff]+4 ,!re is also ano!r *>act]i/ic ( conduct hav+ real moral wor?1 :i* is entirely int]nal & !re=e less obvi\s4 ,i allude to ! fact t x leaves beh9d a c]ta9 self-satisfaction :i* is call$ ! approval ( consci5ce3 j z1 on ! o!r h&1 inju/ice & unk9dness1 & /ill m malice & cruelty1 involve a secret self-condemnation4 ,la/ly1 !re is an ext]nal1 second>y1 & accid5tal sign t draws a cle> l9e betwe5 ! two classes4 ,acts ( ! =m] k9d w9 ! approval & respect ( dis9t]e/$ witnesses3 ^? ( ! latt] incur _! disapproval & contempt4 ,^? actions t be> ! /amp ( moral value1 s det]m9$1 & admitt$ to be realities1 con/itute ! pha5om5on t lies be=e u1 & :i* we h to expla94 ,we mu/ accord+ly se>* out :at x is t moves m5 to su* conduct4 ,if we succe$ 9 our inve/igation1 we %all necess>ily br+ to light ! true moral inc5tive2 &1 z x is ^u ?is t all e?ical sci5ce mu/ dep5d1 our problem w !n be solv$4 #a ,comrades1 true & loyal to our oa?1 c>e = my wife & *ild 9 remembrance ( ?is4 #b ,acts ( malice & cruelty are s _m gratifications ( ! ego1 & are !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 selfi%4 ,v4 ,introduction1 pp4 xvi4 & xvii4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,/atem5t ,,& ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,only ,,true ,,moral ,,inc5tive4 ,! prec$+ consid]ations1 :i* 7 unavoidably necess>y 9 ord] to cle> ! gr\nd1 n[ enable me to indicate ! true inc5tive :i* und]lies all acts ( real moral wor?4 ,! s]i\sness1 & indisputable g5u95ess1 ) :i* we %all f9d x is di/+ui%$1 removes x f> inde$ f ! hair-splitt+s1 subtleties1 sophisms1 ass]tions =mulat$ out ( airy no?+s1 & a priori soap-bubbles1 :i* all sy/ems up to ! pres5t h tri$ to make at once ! s\rce ( moral conduct & ! basis ( ,e?ics4 ,?is inc5tive ,i %all n put =w>d z an hypo!sis to be accept$ or reject$1 z "o pleases2 ,i %all actually prove t x is ! only possible "o4 ,b z ?is demon/ration requires sev]al fundam5tal tru?s to be borne 9 m9d1 ! read]'s att5tion is fir/ call$ to c]ta9 propositions :i* we mu/ presuppose1 & :i* may prop]ly be consid]$ z axioms2 except ! la/ two1 :i* result f ! analysis conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,iii4 7#a7 ,no action c take place )\t a suffici5t motive2 z little z a /one c move )\t a suffici5t pu% or pull4 7#b7 ,simil>ly1 no action c be left undone1 :51 giv5 ! "* ( ! do]1 a suffici5t motive is pres5t2 unless a /rong] c\nt]-motive necess>ily prev5ts x4 7#c7 ,:atev] moves ! ,w1--?is1 & ?is alone1 implies ! s5se ( weal & woe1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m2 & conv]sely1 weal & woe signify t :i* is 9 con=mity )1 or :i* is contr>y to1 a ,w4 ,h5ce e motive mu/ h a connection ) weal & woe4 7#d7 ,consequ5tly e action /&s 9 relation to1 & has z its ultimate object1 a be+ susceptible ( weal & woe4 7#e7 ,?is be+ is ei!r ! do] himself2 or ano!r1 ^: position z reg>ds ! action is !re=e passive2 s9ce x is done ei!r to 8 h>m1 or to 8 b5efit & advantage4 7#f7 ,e action1 :i* has to d1 z its ultimate object1 ) ! weal & woe ( ! ag5t himself1 is egoi/ic4 7#g7 ,! =ego+ propositions ) reg>d to :at is done apply equally to :at is left undone1 9 all cases :]e motive & c\nt]-motive play _! p>ts4 7#h7 ,f ! analysis 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 x results t ,egoism & ! moral wor? ( an action absolutely exclude ea* o!r4 ,if an act h an egoi/ic object z its motive1 !n no moral value c be atta*$ to x2 if an act is to h moral value1 !n no egoi/ic object1 direct or indirect1 ne> or remote1 may be its motive4 7#i7 ,9 consequ5ce ( my elim9ation 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,iii41 ( alleg$ duties t[>ds ourselves1 ! moral significance ( our conduct c only lie 9 ! effect produc$ ^u o!rs2 its relation to ! latt] is alone t :i* l5ds x moral wor?1 or wor?lessness1 & con/itutes x an act ( ju/ice1 lov+-k9dness1 etc41 or ! rev]se4 ,f ^! propositions ! foll[+ conclusion is obvi\s3 ,! weal & woe1 :i* 7accord+ to our ?ird axiom7 mu/1 z its ultimate object1 lie at ! root ( ev]y?+ done1 or left undone1 is ei!r t ( ! do] himself1 or t ( "s o!r p]son1 ^: rle ) ref]5ce to ! action is passive4 ,conduct 9 ! fir/ case is necess>ily egoi/ic1 z x is impell$ by an int]e/$ motive4 ,& ?is is n only true :5 m5--z !y ne>ly always d--pla9ly %ape _! acts = _! own pr(it & advantage2 x is equally true :5 f any?+ done we expect "s b5efit to ourselves1 no matt] h[ remote1 :e!r 9 ?is or 9 ano!r _w4 ,nor is x less ! fact :5 our hon\r1 our good "n1 or ! wi% to w9 ! respect ( "s "o1 ! sympa?y ( ! look]s on1 etc41 is ! object we h 9 view2 or :5 our int5tion is to uphold a rule ( conduct1 :i*1 if g5]ally foll[$1 w\ld occasionally be useful to ourselves1 = in/ance1 ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 ( mutual succ\r & aid1 & s =?4 ,simil>ly1 ! proce$+ is at bottom egoi/ic1 :5 a man consid]s x a prud5t /ep to obey "s absolute comm& issu$ by an unkn[n1 b evid5tly supreme p[]2 = 9 su* a case no?+ c be ! motive b fe> ( ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( disob$i5ce1 h[ev] g5]ally & indi/9ctly ^! may be conceiv$4 ,nor is x a :it ! less ,egoism t prompts u :5 we endeav\r to emphasise1 by some?+ done or left undone1 ! high op9ion 7:e!r di/9ctly realis$ or n7 :i* we h ( ourselves1 & ( our value or dignity2 = ! dim9ution ( self-satisfaction1 :i* might o!rwise occur1 w\ld involve ! w\nd+ ( our pride4 ,la/ly1 x is /ill ,egoism t is op]ative1 :5 a man1 foll[+ ,wolff's pr9ciples1 seeks by 8 conduct to "w out 8 own p]fection4 ,9 %ort1 "o may make ! ultimate inc5tive to an action :at "o pleases2 x w always turn out1 no matt] by h[ circuit\s a pa?1 t 9 ! la/ resort :at affects ! actual weal & woe ( ! ag5t himself is ! real motive2 consequ5tly :at he does is egoi/ic1 & !re=e )\t moral wor?4 ,!re is only a s+le case 9 :i* ?is fails to happ53 namely1 :5 ! ultimate inc5tive = do+ some?+1 or leav+ x undone1 is precisely & exclusively c5tr$ 9 ! weal & woe ( "s "o else1 :o plays a passive "p2 t is to say1 :5 ! p]son on ! active side1 by :at he does1 or omits to d1 simply & solely reg>ds ! weal & woe ( ano!r1 & has absolutely no o!r object ?an to b5efit him1 by keep+ h>m f 8 door1 or1 x may be1 ev5 by af=d+ help1 assi/ance1 & relief4 ,x is ?is aim alone t gives to :at is done1 or left undone1 ! /amp ( moral wor?2 :i* is ?us se5 to dep5d exclusively on ! circum/ance t ! act is c>ri$ out1 or omitt$1 purely = ! b5efit & advantage ( ano!r4 ,if & :5 ?is is n s1 !n ! "q ( weal & woe :i* incites to1 or det]s f1 e action contemplat$1 c only relate to ! ag5t himself2 :5ce its p]=mance1 or non-p]=mance is entirely egoi/ic1 & )\t moral value4 ,b if :at ,i d is to take place solely on acc\nt ( "s "o else2 !n x foll[s t 8 weal & woe mu/ directly con/itute my motive2 j is1 ord9>ily1 my own weal & woe =m x4 ,?is n>r[s ! limits ( our problem1 :i* may n[ be /at$ z foll[s3 ,h[ is x possible t ano!r's weal & woe %\ld influ5ce my w directly1 t is1 exactly 9 ! same way z o!rwise my own move x8 ,h[ c t :i* affects ano!r = good or bad become my imm$iate motive1 & actually sometimes assume su* importance t x m or less supplants my own int]e/s1 :i* are1 z a rule1 ! s+le s\rce ( ! inc5tives t appeal to me8 ,obvi\sly1 only because t o!r p]son becomes ! ultimate object ( my w1 precisely z usually ,i myself am t object2 9 o!r words1 because ,i directly desire weal1 & n woe1 = him1 j z habitually ,i d = myself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 necess>ily implies t ,i suff] ) him1 & feel 8 woe1 exactly z 9 mo/ cases ,i feel only m9e1 & !re=e desire 8 weal z imm$iately z at o!r times ,i desire only my own4 ,b1 = ?is to be possible1 ,i mu/ 9 "s way or o!r be id5tifi$ ) him2 t is1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 myself & him1 :i* is ! precise raison d'tre ( my ,egoism1 mu/ be remov$1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,n[1 s9ce ,i d n live 9 8 sk91 !re rema9s only ! k1 t is1 ! m5tal picture1 ,i h ( him1 z ! possible means :]eby ,i c s f> id5tify myself ) him1 t my action decl>es ! diff]5ce to be practically effac$4 ,! process "h analys$ is n a dream1 a fancy float+ 9 ! air2 x is p]fectly real1 & by no means infrequ5t4 ,x is1 :at we see e day1--! pha5om5on ( ,compassion2 9 o!r words1 ! direct p>ticipation1 indep5d5t ( all ult]ior consid]ations1 9 ! suff]+s ( ano!r1 lead+ to sympa!tic assi/ance 9 ! ef=t to prev5t or remove !m2 :]eon 9 ! la/ resort all satisfaction & all well-be+ & happ9ess dep5d4 ,x is ?is ,compassion alone :i* is ! real basis ( all volunt>y ju/ice & all g5u9e lov+-k9dness4 ,only s f> z an action spr+s !refrom1 has x moral value2 & all conduct t proce$s f any o!r motive :atev] has none4 ,:5 once compassion is /irr$ )9 me1 by ano!r's pa91 !n 8 weal & woe g /raight to my he>t1 exactly 9 ! same way1 if n always to ! same degree1 z o!rwise ,i feel only my own4 ,consequ5tly ! diff]5ce betwe5 myself & him is no long] an absolute "o4 ,no d\bt ?is op]ation is a/oni%+1 inde$ h>dly compreh5sible4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! great my/]y ( ,e?ics1 its orig9al pha5om5on1 & ! b\nd>y /one1 pa/ :i* only transc5d5tal speculation may d>e to take a /ep4 ,h]e9 we see ! wall ( p>tition1 :i*1 accord+ to ! light ( nature 7z reason is call$ by old !ologians71 entirely sep>ates be+ f be+1 brok5 d[n1 & ! non-ego to a c]ta9 ext5t id5tifi$ ) ! ego4 ,i wi% = ! mom5t to leave ! metaphysical explanation ( ?is enigma unt\*$1 & fir/ to inquire :e!r all acts ( volunt>y ju/ice & true lov+-k9dness really arise f x4 ,if s1 our problem w be solv$1 = we %all h f\nd ! ultimate basis ( morality1 & %[n t x lies 9 human nature itself4 ,?is f\ndation1 h[ev]1 9 its turn _c =m a problem ( ,e?ics1 b r1 l e o!r ultimate fact z su*1 ( ,metaphysics4 ,only ! solution1 t ! latt] (f]s ( ! prim>y e?ical pha5om5on1 lies outside ! limits ( ! "q put by ! ,dani% ,royal ,society1 :i* is conc]n$ solely ) ! basis2 s t ! transc5d5tal explanation c be giv5 m]ely z a volunt>y & uness5tial app5dix4 ,b be=e ,i turn to ! d]ivation ( ! ,c>d9al virtues f ! orig9al inc5tive1 z "h disclos$1 ,i h /ill to br+ to ! notice ( ! read] two obs]vations :i* ! subject r5d]s necess>y4 7#a7 ,= ! purpose ( easi] compreh5sion ,i h simplifi$ ! above pres5tation ( compassion z ! sole s\rce ( truly moral actions1 by int5tionally leav+ out ( consid]ation ! inc5tive ( ,malice1 :i* :ile x is equally useless to ! self z compassion1 makes ! pa9 ( o!rs its ultimate purpose4 ,we are n[1 h[ev]1 9 a position1 by includ+ x1 to /ate ! above pro( m completely1 & rigor\sly1 z foll[s3-- ,!re are only ?ree fundam5tal spr+s ( human conduct1 & all possible motives arise f "o or o!r ( ^!4 ,!y are3 7a7 ,egoism2 :i* desires ! weal ( ! self1 & is limitless4 7b7 ,malice2 :i* desires ! woe ( o!rs1 & may develop to ! utmo/ cruelty4 7c7 ,compassion2 :i* desires ! weal ( o!rs1 & may rise to nobl5ess & magnanimity4 ,e human act is ref]able to "o ( ^! spr+s2 al?\gh two ( !m may "w toge!r4 ,n[1 z we h assum$ t actions ( moral wor? are 9 po9t ( fact realities2 x foll[s t !y also mu/ proce$ f "o ( ^! primal s\rces4 ,b1 by ! eigh? axiom1 !y _c arise f ! fir/1 & /ill less f ! second2 s9ce all conduct spr++ f ! latt] is morally wor?less1 :ile ! (f%oots ( ! =m] are 9 "p nei!r good nor bad 9 !mselves4 ,h5ce !y mu/ h _! orig9 9 ! ?ird inc5tive2 & ?is w be e/abli%$ a po/]iori 9 ! sequel4 7#b7 ,direct sympa?y ) ano!r is limit$ to 8 suff]+s1 & is n imm$iately awak5$ by 8 well-be+3 ! latt] p] se leaves u indiff]5t4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau 9 8 mile 7,bk4 ,,iv47 expresses ! same view3 ,premire maxime3 il n'e/ pas dans le cur huma91 de se mettre la place des g5s1 qui sont plus heureux que n\s1 mais seulem5t de ceux1 qui sont plus pla9dre1#a etc4 ,! reason ( ?is is t pa9 or suff]+1 :i* includes all want1 privation1 ne$1 inde$ e wi%1 is positive1 & works directly on ! consci\sness4 ,:]eas ! nature ( satisfaction1 ( enjoym5t1 ( happ9ess1 & ! l1 consi/s solely 9 ! fact t a h>d%ip is done away )1 a pa9 lull$3 :5ce _! effect is negative4 ,we ?us see :y ne$ or desire is ! condition ( e pleasure4 ,plato und]/ood ?is well en\gh1 & only except$ sweet od\rs1 & intellectual enjoym5t4 7,de ,rep41 ,,ix41 p4 #bfd sq41 edit4 ,bipont47#b ,& ,voltaire says3 ,il n'e/ pas de vrais plaisirs1 qu'avec de vrais beso9s4#c ,pa91 !n1 is positive1 & makes itself kn[n by itself3 satisfaction or pleasure is negative--simply ! removal ( ! =m]4 ,?is pr9ciple expla9s ! fact t only ! suff]+1 ! want1 ! dang]1 ! helplessness ( ano!r awak5s our sympa?y directly & z su*4 ,! lucky or cont5t$ man1 z su*1 leaves u indiff]5t--9 reality because 8 /ate is negative2 he is )\t pa91 indig5ce1 or di/ress4 ,we may ( c\rse take pleasure 9 ! success1 ! well-be+1 ! enjoym5t ( o!rs3 b if we d1 x is a second>y pleasure1 & caus$ by our hav+ previ\sly sorr[$ ov] _! suff]+s & privations4 ,or else we %>e ! joy & happ9ess ( a man1 n z su*1 b because1 & 9 s f> z1 he is our *ild1 fa!r1 fri5d1 relation1 s]vant1 subject1 etc4 ,9 a ^w1 ! good =tune1 or pleasure ( ano!r1 purely z su*1 does n ar\se 9 u ! same direct sympa?y z is c]ta9ly elicit$ by 8 mis=tune1 privation1 or mis]y1 purely z su*4 ,if ev5 on our own behalf x is only suff]+ 7"u :i* mu/ be reckon$ all wants1 ne$s1 wi%es1 & ev5 ennui7 t /irs our activity2 & if cont5tm5t & prosp]ity fill u ) indol5ce & lazy repose2 :y %\ld x n be ! same :5 o!rs are conc]n$8 ,= 7z we h se57 our sympa?y re/s on an id5tification ( ourselves ) !m4 ,inde$1 ! sight ( success & enjoym5t1 purely z su*1 is v apt to raise ! envy1 to :i* e man is prone1 & :i* has its place among ! antimoral =ces enum]at$ above4 ,9 connection ) ! exposition ( ,compassion "h giv51 z ! com+ into play ( motives directly occasion$ by ano!r's calamity1 ,i take ! opportunity ( condemn+ ! mi/ake ( ,cass9a1#d :i* has be5 s (t5 repeat$4 ,8 view is t compassion arises f a sudd5 halluc9ation1 :i* makes u put ourselves 9 ! place ( ! suff]]1 & !n imag9e t we are und]go+ 8 pa9 9 own own p]son4 ,?is is n 9 ! lea/ ! case4 ,! conviction nev] leaves u = a mom5t t he is ! suff]]1 n we2 & x is precisely 9 8 p]son1 n 9 ours1 t we feel ! di/ress :i* afflicts u4 ,we suff] ) him1 & !re=e 9 him2 we feel 8 tr\ble z 81 & are n "u ! delusion t x is ours2 inde$1 ! happi] we are1 ! great] ! contra/ betwe5 our own /ate & 81 ! m we are op5 to ! prompt+s ( ,compassion4 ,! explanation ( ! possibility ( ?is extraord9>y pha5om5on is1 h[ev]1 n s easy2 nor is x to be rea*$ by ! pa? ( pure psy*ology1 z ,cass9a suppos$4 ,! key c be furni%$ by ,metaphysics alone2 & ?is ,i %all attempt to give 9 ! la/ ,"p ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,i n[ turn to consid] ! d]ivation ( actions ( real moral wor? f ! s\rce :i* has be5 indicat$4 ,! g5]al rule by :i* to te/ su* conduct1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 is ! lead+ pr9ciple ( ,e?ics1 ,i h already enl>g$ ^u 9 ! =ego+ ,"p1 & enunciat$ z foll[s3 ,nem9em la$e2 immo omnes1 quantum potes1 juva4 7,d h>m to no "o2 b r help all p1 z f> z lies 9 y\r p[]47 ,z ?is =mula conta9s two clauses1 s ! actions correspond+ to x fall naturally into two classes4 #a ,fir/ maxim3 x is n 9 our he>ts to id5tify ourselves ) ^? :o are happi] ?an we are1 b only ) ^? :o are less happy4 #b ,/allbaum3 p4 #ehd1 sq4--7,translator47 #c ,!re are no real pleasures1 )\t real ne$s4 #d ,v4 8 ,saggio ,analitico sulla ,compassione1 #aghh2 ,g]man translation by ,pockels1 #agij4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,ju/ice4 ,if we look m closely at ?is process call$ ,compassion1 :i* we h %[n to be ! prim>y e?ical pha5om5on1 we rem>k at once t !re are two di/9ct degrees 9 :i* ano!r's suff]+ may become directly my motive1 t is1 may urge me to d some?+1 or to leave x undone4 ,! fir/ degree ( ,compassion is se5 :51 by c\nt]-act+ egoi/ic & malici\s motives1 x keeps me f br++ pa9 on ano!r1 & f becom+ myself ! cause ( tr\ble1 :i* s f> does n exi/4 ,! o!r high] degree is manife/$1 :5 x works positively1 & incites me to active help4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! s-call$ duties ( law & duties ( virtue1 bett] describ$ z ju/ice & lov+-k9dness1 :i* 0 effect$ by ,kant 9 su* a =c$ & artificial mann]1 "h results entirely ( itself2 :5ce ! correctness ( ! pr9ciple is atte/$4 ,x is ! natural1 unmi/akable1 & %>p sep>ation betwe5 negative & positive1 betwe5 do+ no h>m1 & help+4 ,! t]ms 9 common use--namely1 ! duties ( law1 & ! duties ( virtue1 7! latt] be+ also call$ duties ( love1 or imp]fect duties17 are 9 ! fir/ place faulty because !y co-ord9ate ! g5us ) ! species2 = ju/ice is "o ( ! virtues4 ,& next1 !y owe _! orig9 to ! mi/ake ( giv+ a mu* too wide ext5sion to ! idea ,duty2 :i* ,i %all r$uce to its prop] limits bel[4 ,9 place1 !re=e1 ( ^! duties ,i put two virtues2 ! "o1 ju/ice1 & ! o!r1 lov+-k9dness2 & ,i "n !m c>d9al virtues1 s9ce f !m all o!rs n only 9 fact proce$1 b also may be !oretically d]iv$4444 ,bo? h _! root 9 natural ,compassion4 ,& ?is ,compassion is an und5iable fact ( human consci\sness1 is an ess5tial "p ( x1 & does n dep5d on assumptions1 conceptions1 religions1 dogmas1 my?s1 tra9+1 & education4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is orig9al & imm$iate1 & lies 9 human nature itself4 ,x consequ5tly rema9s un*ang$ "u all circum/ances1 & reveals itself 9 e l&1 & at all times4 ,?is is :y appeal is ev]y:]e confid5tly made to x1 z to some?+ necess>ily pres5t 9 e man2 & x is nev] an attribute ( ! /range gods4 #a ,z he1 :o appe>s to be )\t compassion1 is call$ inhuman2 s humanity is (t5 us$ z its synonyme4 ,! fir/ degree1 !n1 9 :i* ?is natural & g5u9e moral inc5tive %[s itself is only negative4 ,orig9ally we are all dispos$ to inju/ice & viol5ce1 because our ne$1 our desire1 our ang] & hate pass into ! consci\sness directly1 & h5ce h ! ,jus primi occupantis4 7,! "r ( ! fir/ occupant47 ,:]eas ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 caus$ by our inju/ice & viol5ce1 ent] ! consci\sness indirectly1 t is1 by ! second>y *annel ( a m5tal picture1 & n till !y are und]/ood by exp]i5ce4 ,?us ,s5eca 7,ep4 #ej7 says3 ,ad nem9em ante bona m5s v5it1 quam mala4 7,good feel+s nev] come be=e bad ones47 ,9 its fir/ degree1 !re=e1 ,compassion opposes & baffles ! design to :i* ,i am urg$ by ! antimoral =ces dwell+ )9 me1 & :i* w br+ tr\ble on a fell[-be+4 ,x calls out to me3 ,/op6 & encircles ! o!r z ) a f5ce1 s z to protect him f ! injury :i* o!rwise my egoism or malice w\ld lead me to inflict on him4 ,s arises out ( ?is fir/ degree ( compassion ! rule3 ,nem9em la$e4 7,d h>m to no "o47 ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! virtue ( ju/ice1 & "h alone is to be f\nd its orig91 pure & simple1--an orig9 :i* is truly moral1 & free f all extrane\s admixture4 ,o!rwise d]iv$1 ju/ice w\ld h to re/ on ,egoism1--a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,if my nature is susceptible ( ,compassion up to ?is po9t1 !n x w avail to keep me back1 :5ev] ,i %\ld l to use o!rs' pa9 z a means to obta9 my ends2 equally1 :e!r ?is pa9 be imm$iate1 or an aft]-consequ5ce1 :e!r x be effect$ directly1 or indirectly1 ?r\gh int]m$iate l9ks4 ,i %all !re=e lay h&s on ! prop]ty z little z on ! p]son ( ano!r1 & avoid caus+ him di/ress1 no less m5tal ?an bodily4 ,i %all ?us n only ab/a9 f do+ him physical injury1 b also1 ) equal c>e ,i %all gu>d aga9/ inflict+ on him ! suff]+ ( m9d1 :i* mortification & calumny1 anxiety & vexation s surely "w4 ,! same s5se ( ,compassion w *eck me f gratify+ my desires at ! co/ ( wom5's happ9ess = life1 or f s$uc+ ano!r man's wife1 or f ru9+ y\?s morally & physically by tempt+ !m to pa$]a/ia4 ,n t x is at all necess>y 9 ea* s+le case t ,compassion %\ld be def9itely excit$2 inde$ x w\ld (t5 come too late2 b r ! rule3 ,nem9em la$e1 is =m$ by noble m9ds out ( ! k1 ga9$ once = all1 ( ! injury :i* e unju/ act necess>ily entails ^u o!rs1 & :i* is aggravat$ by ! feel+ ( hav+ to endure wrong ?r\gh a =ce majeure4 ,su* natures are l$ by reflect+ reason to c>ry out ?is pr9ciple ) unsw]v+ resolution4 ,!y respect ! rights ( e man1 & ab/a9 f all encroa*m5t on !m2 !y keep !mselves free f self-reproa*1 by refus+ to be ! cause ( o!rs' tr\ble2 !y d n %ift on to %\ld]s n _! own1 by =ce or by trick]y1 ! burd5s & sorr[s ( life1 :i* circum/ances br+ to e "o2 !y pref] to be> !mselves ! portions allott$ to !m1 s z n to d\ble ^? ( _! neighb\rs4 ,= al?\gh g5]alis+ =mulae1 & ab/ract k ( :atev] k9d1 are n 9 ! lea/ ! cause1 or ! real basis ( morality2 ^! are nev]!less indisp5sable = a moral c\rse ( life4 ,!y are ! ci/]n or res]voir1 9 :i* ! habit ( m9d1 t spr+s f ! f\nt ( all morality 7a f\nt n at all mom5ts fl[+71 may be /or$ up1 !nce to be drawn (f1 z occasion requires4 ,!re is ?us an analogy betwe5 ?+s moral & ?+s physiological2 among _m in/ances ( :i* we ne$ only m5tion t ( ! gall-bladd]1 :i* is us$ = keep+ ! secretion ( ! liv]4 ,)\t firmly held pr9ciples we %\ld inevitably be at ! m]cy ( ! antimoral inc5tives1 directly !y are r\s$ to activity by ext]nal influ5ces2 & self-control lies precisely 9 /eadfa/ adh]5ce & ob$i5ce to su* pr9ciples1 despite ! motives :i* oppose !m4 ,9 g5]al1 ! fem99e half ( humanity is inf]ior to ! mascul9e 9 ! virtue ( ju/ice1 & its d]ivatives1 uprightness1 consci5ti\sness1 etc42 ! explanation is f\nd 9 ! fact t1 ow+ to ! weakness ( its reason+ p[]s ! =m] is mu* less capable ?an ! latt] ( und]/&+ & hold+ to g5]al laws1 & ( tak+ !m z a guid+ ?read4 ,h5ce inju/ice & fals5ess are wom5's besett+ s9s1 & lies _! prop] elem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y surpass m5 9 ! virtue ( lov+-k9dness2 because usually ! /imulus to ?is is intuitive1 & consequ5tly appeals directly to ! s5se ( ,compassion1 ( :i* females are mu* m susceptible ?an males4 ,= ! =m] no?+ b :at is intuitive1 pres5t1 & imm$iately real has a true exi/5ce2 t :i* is kn[able only by means ( concepts1 z = in/ance1 ! abs5t1 ! di/ant1 ! pa/1 ! future1 !y d n readily grasp4 ,we ?us f9d comp5sation "h1 z 9 s mu* else2 ju/ice is m ! mascul9e1 lov+-k9dness m ! fem99e virtue4 ,! m]e idea ( see+ wom5 sitt+ on ! judges' b5* raises a smile2 b ! si/]s ( m]cy f> excel ! bro!rs ( *>ity4 ,n[ animals1 z !y h no p[] ( ga9+ k by reason1 t is1 ( =m+ ab/ract ideas1 are entirely incapable ( fix$ resolutions1 to say no?+ ( pr9ciples2 !y consequ5tly totally lack self-control1 & are helplessly giv5 ov] to ext]nal impressions & int]nal impulses4 ,?is is :y !y h no consci\s morality2 al?\gh ! diff]5t species %[ great contra/s ( good & evil 9 _! *>act]s1 & z reg>ds ! highe/ races ^! are traceable ev5 9 individuals4 ,f ! =ego+ consid]ations we see t 9 ! s+le acts ( ! j man ,compassion works only indirectly ?r\gh 8 =mulat$ pr9ciples1 & n s mu* actu z pot5ti2 mu* 9 ! same way z 9 /atics ! great] l5g? ( "o ( ! scale-beams1 ow+ to its great] p[] ( motion1 balances ! small] weight atta*$ to x ) ! l>g] on ! o!r side1 & works1 :ile at re/1 only pot5ti1 n actu2 yet ) ! same effici5cy4 ,nev]!less1 ,compassion is always ready to pass into active op]ation4 ,!re=e1 :5ev]1 9 special cases1 ! e/abli%$ rule %[s signs ( break+ d[n1 ! "o inc5tive 7= we exclude ( c\rse ^? bas$ on ,egoism71 :i* is capable ( infus+ fre% life into x1 is t drawn f ! f\nta9-head itself--,compassion4 ,?is is true n only :]e x is a "q ( p]sonal viol5ce1 b also :]e prop]ty is conc]n$1 = in/ance1 :5 any "o feels ! desire to keep "s valuable object :i* he has f\nd4 ,9 su* cases1--if we set aside all motives prompt$ by worldly wisdom1 & by religion--no?+ br+s a man back s easily to ! pa? ( ju/ice1 z ! realisation ( ! tr\ble1 ! grief1 ! lam5tation ( ! los]4 ,x is because ?is is felt to be true1 t1 :5 publicity is giv5 to ! loss ( money1 ! assurance is s (t5 add$ t ! los] is a poor man1 a s]vant1 etc4 ,x is hop$ t ^! consid]ations h made x cle> t1 h[ev] contr>y appe>ances may be at fir/ sight1 yet und\bt$ly ju/ice1 z a g5u9e & volunt>y virtue has its orig9 9 ,compassion4 ,b if any "o %\ld suppose su* a soil too b>r5 & meagre to be> ?is great c>d9al virtue1 let him reflect on :at is said above1 & rememb] h[ small is ! am\nt ( true1 spontane\s1 unselfi%1 unfeign$ ju/ice among m52 h[ ! real ?+ only occurs z a surpris+ exception1 & h[1 to its c\nt]feit1--! ju/ice t re/s on m]e worldly wisdom & is ev]y:]e publi%$ abroad--x is relat$1 bo? 9 quality & quantity1 z gold is to copp]4 ,i %\ld l to call ! "o 7common1 ord9>y ju/ice71 ! o!r 7heav5ly ju/ice74#b ,= ! latt] is %e1 :o1 accord+ to ,hesiod1#c leaves ! e>? 9 ! iron age1 to dwell ) ! cele/ial gods4 ,to produce su* a r>e exotic z ?is ! root we h indicat$ is surely vigor\s en\gh4 ,x w n[ be se5 t inju/ice or wrong always consi/s 9 work+ h>m on ano!r4 ,!re=e ! conception ( wrong is positive1 & antec$5t to ! conception ( "r1 :i* is negative1 & simply d5otes ! actions p]=mable )\t injury to o!rs2 9 o!r words1 )\t wrong be+ done4 ,t to ?is class belongs also :atev] is effect$ ) no o!r object ?an t ( w>d+ (f f oneself m$itat$ mis*ief is an easy inf]5ce4 ,= no p>ticipation 9 ano!r's int]e/s1 & no sympa?y = him1 c require me to let myself be h>m$ by him1 t is1 to und]go wrong4 ,! !ory t "r is negative1 9 contradi/9ction to wrong z positive1 we f9d support$ by ,hugo ,grotius1 ! fa!r ( philosophical jurisprud5ce4 ,! def9ition ( ju/ice :i* he gives at ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w1 ,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis 7,bk4 ,i41 *ap4 #a41 #c71 runs z foll[s3--,jus hic nihil aliud1 quam quod ju/um e/1 significant1 idque negante magis s5su1 quam ai5te1 ut jus sit1 quod inju/um non e/4#d ,! negative "* ( ju/ice is also e/abli%$1 little z x may appe>1 ev5 by ! famili> =mula3 ,give to ea* "o 8 own4 ,n[1 !re is no ne$ to give a man 8 own1 if he has x4 ,! real mean+ is !re=e3 ,take f none 8 own4 ,s9ce ! requirem5ts ( ju/ice are only negative1 !y may be effect$ by co]cion2 = ! ,nem9em la$e c be practis$ by all alike4 ,! co]cive app>atus is ! /ate1 ^: sole raison d'tre is to protect its subjects1 individually f ea* o!r1 & collectively f ext]nal foes4 ,x is true t a few ,g]man w\ld-be philosoph]s ( ?is v5al age wi% to di/ort ! /ate into an in/itution = ! spread ( morality1 education1 & edify+ in/ruction4 ,b su* a view conta9s1 lurk+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! ,jesuitical aim ( do+ away ) p]sonal fre$om & individual developm5t1 & ( mak+ m5 m]e :eels 9 a huge ,*9ese gov]nm5tal & religi\s ma*9e4 ,& ?is is ! road t once l$ to ,inquisitions1 to ,autos-da-f1 & religi\s w>s4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great %[$ t he at lea/ nev] wi%$ to tread x1 :5 he said3 ,9 my l& e "o %all c>e = 8 own salvation1 z he himself ?9ks be/4 ,nev]!less1 we /ill see ev]y:]e 7) ! m app>5t ?an real exception ( ,nor? ,am]ica7 t ! /ate und]takes to provide = ! metaphysical ne$s ( its memb]s4 ,! gov]nm5ts appe> to h adopt$ z _! guid+ pr9ciple ! t5et ( ,qu9tus ,curtius3 ,nulla res efficacius multitud9em regit1 quam sup]/itio3 alioqu9 impot5s1 saeva1 mutabilis2 ubi vana religione capta e/1 melius vatibus1 quam ducibus suis p>et4#e ,we h se5 t wrong & "r are conv]tible synonymes ( to d h>m & to refra9 f do+ x1 & t "u "r is includ$ ! w>d+ (f ( injury f oneself4 ,x w be obvi\s t ^! conceptions are indep5d5t (1 & antec$5t to1 all positive legislation4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a pure e?ical "r1 or natural "r1 & a pure doctr9e ( "r1 deta*$ f all positive /atutes4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( ?is doctr9e h no d\bt an empirical orig91 s f> z !y arise f ! idea ( h>m done1 b p] se !y re/ on ! pure und]/&+1 :i* a priori furni%es ready to h& ! axiom3 causa causae e/ causa effectus4 7,! cause ( a cause is ! cause ( ! effect47 ,tak5 9 ?is connection ! words mean3 if any "o desires to injure me1 x is n ,i1 b he1 t is ! cause ( :atev] ,i am oblig$ to d 9 self-def5ce2 & ,i c consequ5tly oppose all encroa*m5ts on 8 "p1 )\t wrong+ him4 ,"h we h1 s to say1 a law ( moral rep]cussion4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ! union ( ! empirical idea ( injury done ) ! axiom suppli$ by ! pure und]/&+1 gives rise to ! fundam5tal conceptions ( wrong & "r1 :i* e "o grasps a priori1 & le>ns by actual trial to imm$iately adopt4 ,! empiric1 :o d5ies ?is1 & refuses to accept any?+ b ! v]dict ( exp]i5ce1 may be ref]r$ to ! te/imony ( ! savage races1 :o all di/+ui% betwe5 wrong & "r q correctly1 (t5 inde$ ) nice precision2 z is /rik+ly manife/$ :5 !y are engag$ 9 b>t]+ & o!r transactions ) ,europeans1 or visit _! %ips4 ,!y are bold & self-assur$1 :5 !y are 9 ! "r2 b uneasy1 :5 !y "k !y are wrong4 ,9 disputes a j settlem5t satisfies !m1 :]eas unju/ proc$ure drives !m to w>4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,eight is a bran* ( ,e?ics1 ^: function is to det]m9e ^? actions :i* may n be p]=m$1 unless "o wi%es to injure o!rs1 t is1 to be guilty ( wrong-do+2 & "h ! active "p play$ is kept 9 view4 ,b legislation applies ?is *apt] ( moral sci5ce conv]sely1 t is1 ) ref]5ce to ! passive side ( ! "q1 & decl>es t ! same actions ne$ n be endur$1 s9ce no "o ought to h wrong inflict$ on him4 ,to fru/rate su* conduct ! /ate con/ructs ! complete edifice ( ! law1 z positive ,"r4 ,its int5tion is t no "o %all suff] wrong2 ! int5tion ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,moral ,"r is t no "o %all d wrong4#f ,if by unju/ action ,i mole/ "s "o1 :e!r 9 8 p]son1 8 fre$om1 8 prop]ty1 or 8 hon\r1 ! wrong z reg>ds quality rema9s ! same4 ,b ) respect to quantity x may v>y v mu*4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( wrong effect$ appe>s n to h be5 z yet inve/igat$ by morali/s1 al?\gh x is ev]y:]e recognis$ 9 real life1 because ! c5sure pass$ is always proportional to ! h>m inflict$4 ,s also ) j actions1 ! "r done is con/ant 9 quality1 b n 9 quantity4 ,to expla9 ?is bett]3 he1 :o :5 dy+ ( />vation /eals a loaf1 commits a wrong2 b h[ small is ?is wrong 9 comp>ison ) ! act ( an opul5t proprietor1 :o1 9 :atev] way1 despoils a poor man ( 8 la/ p5ny6 ,aga93 ! ri* p]son :o pays 8 hir$ lab\r]1 acts ju/ly2 b h[ insignificant is ?is piece ( ju/ice :5 contra/$ ) t ( a p5niless toil]1 :o volunt>ily returns to its weal?y own] a purse ( gold :i* he has f\nd6 ,! measure1 h[ev]1 ( ?is /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( ju/ice1 & inju/ice 7! quality be+ always con/ant71 is n direct & absolute1 z on a graduat$ scale2 x is indirect & relative1 l ! ratio ( s9es & tang5ts4 ,i give !re=e ! foll[+ def9ition3 ! am\nt ( inju/ice 9 my conduct v>ies z ! am\nt ( evil1 :i* ,i !reby br+ on ano!r1 divid$ by ! am\nt ( advantage1 :i* ,i myself ga92 & ! am\nt ( ju/ice 9 my conduct v>ies z ! am\nt ( advantage1 :i* injury done to ano!r br+s me1 divid$ by ! am\nt ( h>m :i* he !reby suff]s4 ,we h fur!r to notice a d\ble =m ( inju/ice :i* is specifically diff]5t f ! simple k9d1 be x nev] s great4 ,?is v>iety may be detect$ by ! fact t ! am\nt ( indignation %[n by dis9t]e/$ witnesses1 :i* is always proportional to ! am\nt ( wrong inflict$1 nev] rea*es ! maximum except :5 x is pres5t4 ,we !n see h[ ! de$ is loa!d1 z some?+ revolt+ & he9\s1 z an 7i4e41 abom9ation71 be=e :i*1 z x 71 ! gods veil _! faces4 ,d\ble inju/ice occurs :5 "s "o1 aft] def9itely und]tak+ ! obligation ( protect+ 8 fri5d1 ma/]1 cli5t1 etc41 9 a special way1 n only is guilty ( non-fulfilm5t ( t duty 7:i* ( itself w\ld be injuri\s to ! o!r1 & !re=e a wrong72 b :51 9 addition1 he turns r\nd1 & attacks ! man1 & /rikes at ! v spot :i* he promis$ to gu>d4 ,in/ances are3 ! appo9t$ wat*1 or guide1 :o becomes an assass92 ! tru/$ c>etak]1 :o becomes a ?ief2 ! gu>dian1 :o robs 8 w>d ( h] prop]ty2 ! lawy]1 :o prev>icates2 ! judge1 :o is corruptible2 ! advis]1 :o delib]ately gives "s fatal c\nsel4 ,all su* conduct is kn[n by ! "n ( trea*]y1 & is view$ ) abhorr5ce by ! :ole _w4 ,h5ce ,dante puts traitors 9 ! l[e/ circle ( ,hell1 :]e ,satan himself is f\nd 7,inf]no3 xi1 #fa-fj74 ,z we h "h _h occasion to m5tion ! ^w obligation1 ?is is ! place to det]m9e ! conception ( ,duty1 :i* is s (t5 spok5 ( bo? 9 ,e?ics & 9 real life1 b ) too wide an ext5sion ( mean+4 ,we h se5 t wrong always signifies injury done to ano!r1 :e!r x be 9 8 p]son1 8 fre$om1 8 prop]ty1 or 8 hon\r4 ,! consequ5ce appe>s to be t e wrong mu/ imply a positive aggression1 & s a def9ite act4 ,only !re are actions1 ! simple omission ( :i* con/itutes a wrong2 & ^! are ,duties4 ,?is is ! true philosophic def9ition ( ! conception ,duty1--a t]m :i* loses its *>act]i/ic note1 & h5ce becomes valueless1 if x is us$ 7z hi!rto x has be5 9 ,moral ,sci5ce7 to designate all praisewor?y conduct4 ,x is =gott5 t ,duty#g necess>ily means a debt :i* is ow+1 be+ ?us an action1 by ! simple omission ( :i* ano!r suff]s h>m1 t is1 a wrong comes ab\t4 ,cle>ly 9 ?is case ! injury only takes place ?r\gh ! p]son1 :o neglects ! duty1 hav+ di/9ctly pl$g$ or b\nd himself to x4 ,consequ5tly all duties dep5d on an obligation :i* has be5 ent]$ into4 ,?is1 z a rule1 takes ! =m ( a def9ite1 if sometimes tacit1 agreem5t betwe5 two p>ties3 z = in/ance1 betwe5 pr9ce & p1 gov]nm5t & its s]vants1 ma/] & man1 lawy] & cli5t1 physician & pati5t2 9 a ^w1 betwe5 any & e "o :o und]takes to p]=m "s task1 & 8 employ] 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,h5ce e duty involves a "r2 s9ce no "o und]takes an obligation )\t a motive1 :i* means1 9 ?is case1 )\t see+ "s advantage = himself4 ,!re is only "o obligation t ,i "k ( :i* is n subject to an agreem5t1 b arises directly & solely ?r\gh an act2 ?is is because "o ( ! p]sons ) :om x has to d 0 n 9 exi/5ce :5 x 0 contract$4 ,i ref] to ! duty ( p>5ts t[>ds _! *ildr54 ,:oev] br+s a *ild into ! _w1 has incumb5t on him ! duty ( support+ 8 (fspr+1 until ! latt] is able to ma9ta9 himself2 & %\ld ?is "t nev] come1 ow+ to incapacity f bl9dness1 de=mity1 cret9ism1 & ! l1 nei!r does ! duty ev] come to an end4 ,x is cle> t m]ely by fail+ to provide = ! ne$s ( 8 son1 t is1 by a simple omission1 ! fa!r w\ld injure him1 inde$ jeop>dise 8 life4 ,*ildr5's duty t[>ds _! p>5ts is n s direct & imp]ative4 ,x re/s on ! fact t1 z e duty involves a "r1 p>5ts also mu/ h "s j claim on _! issue4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! duty ( filial ob$i5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 c\rse ( "t ceases simultane\sly ) ! "r out ( :i* x sprang4 ,x is replac$ by gratitude = t :i* 0 done by fa!r & "m ov] & above _! /rict duty4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh +ratitude is a hateful1 (t5 inde$ a revolt+ vice1 gratitude _c be call$ a duty2 because its omission inflicts no injury on ! o!r side1 & is !re=e no wrong4 ,o!rwise we %\ld h to suppose t 9 8 he>t ( he>ts ! b5efactor aims at mak+ a good b>ga94 ,x %\ld be notic$ t rep>ation made = h>m done may also be reg>d$ z a duty aris+ directly ?r\gh an action4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is some?+ purely negative1 z x is no?+ b an attempt to remove & blot out ! consequ5ces ( an unju/ de$1 z a ?+ t ought nev] to h tak5 place4 ,be x also obs]v$ t equity#h is ! foe ( ju/ice1 & (t5 comes into h>% collision ) x2 s t ! =m] ought only to be admitt$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! ,g]man is a fri5d ( equity1 :ile ! ,engli%man holds to ju/ice4 ,! law ( motivation is j z /rict z t ( physical causality1 & h5ce involves ! same irresi/ible necessity4 ,consequ5tly wrong may be compass$ n only by viol5ce1 b also by cunn+4 ,if by viol5ce ,i am able to kill or rob ano!r1 or compel him to obey me1 ,i c equally use cunn+ to accompli% ! same ends2 t is1 ,i c place false motives be=e 8 intellect1 by reason ( :i* he mu/ d :at o!rwise he w\ld n4 ,^! false motives are effect$ by lies4 ,9 reality lies are unju/ifiable solely 9 s f> z !y are in/rum5ts ( cunn+1 9 o!r words1 ( compulsion1 by means ( motivation4#i ,& ?is is precisely _! function1 z a rule4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c tell a falsehood )\t a motive1 & ?is motive w c]ta9ly be1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 an unju/ "o2 namely1 ! int5tion ( hold+ o!rs1 ov] :om ,i h no p[]1 "u my w1 t is1 ( co]c+ !m ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( motivation4 ,also 9 m]e exagg]ations & untru?ful bomba/ !re is ! same purpose at "w2 =1 by employ+ su* language1 a man tries to place himself high] 9 ! sight ( o!rs ?an is 8 due4 ,! b9d+ =ce ( a promise or a compact is conta9$ 9 ! fact t1 if x be n obs]v$1 x is a delib]ate lie1 pron\nc$ 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]1--a lie1 ^: int5tion 7t ( putt+ o!rs "u moral compulsion7 is1 9 ?is case1 all ! cle>]1 because its motive1 ! desir$ p]=mance ( some?+ on ! o!r side1 is expressly decl>$4 ,! contemptible "p ( ! fraud is t hypocrisy is us$ to dis>m ! victim be=e he is attack$4 ,! highe/ po9t ( villa9y is rea*$ 9 trea*]y1 :i*1 z we h se51 is a d\ble inju/ice1 & is always1 reg>d$ ) loa?+4 ,x is1 !n1 obvi\s t1 j z ,i am n wrong1 t is1 "r 9 resi/+ viol5ce by viol5ce1 s :]e viol5ce is n feasible1 or x appe>s m conv5i5t1 ,i am at lib]ty to resort to cunn+2 accord+ly1 :5ev] ,i am entitl$ to use =ce1 ,i may1 if ,i please1 employ falsehood2 = in/ance1 aga9/ robb]s & miscreants ( e sort1 :om 9 ?is way ,i entice into a trap4 ,h5ce a promise :i* is extort$ by viol5ce is n b9d+4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! "r to avail myself ( lies ext5ds fur!r4 ,x occurs :5ev] an unju/ifiable "q is ask$1 :i* has to d ) my private1 or bus9ess affairs1 & is h5ce prompt$ by curiosity2 = to answ] x1 or ev5 to put x (f by ! suspicion-awak5+ words1 ,i c't tell y1 w\ld expose me to dang]4 ,"h an untru? is ! indisp5sable weapon aga9/ unw>rant$ inquisitiv5ess1 ^: motive is h>dly ev] a well-mean+ "o4 ,=1 j z ,i h ! "r to oppose ! app>5t bad w ( ano!r1 & to anticipate ) physical resi/ance1 to ! dang] ( my w\ld-be aggressor1 ! physical viol5ce presumably !nce result+2 s t1 = in/ance1 z a precaution1 ,i c protect my g>d5 wall ) %>p spikes1 let loose savage dogs 9 my c\rt at night1 & ev51 if circum/ances require x1 set man-traps & spr+-guns1 = ! evil consequ5ces ( :i* ! burgl> has only himself to ?ank3--if ,i h ! "r to d ?is1 !n ,i am equally au?oris$ 9 keep+ secret1 at any price1 t :i*1 if kn[n1 w\ld lay me b>e to ! attack ( o!rs4 ,& ,i h good reason = act+ ?us1 because1 9 moral1 no less ?an 9 physical1 relations1 ,i am driv5 to assume t ! bad w ( o!rs is v possible1 & mu/ !re=e take all necess>y prev5tive measures be=eh&4 ,:5ce ,ario/o says3-- ,quantunque il simil> sia le pi volte ,ripreso1 e dia di mala m5te indict1 ,si trova pure 9 molte cose e molte ,av]e fatti evid5ti b5efici1 ,e danni e biasmi e morti av]e tolte3 ,*e non conv]siam' sempre con gli amici1 ,9 que/a assai pi oscura *e s]5a ,vita mortal1 tutta d'invidia pi5a#aj --,orl4 ,fur41 ,,iv41 #a4 ,i may1 !n1 )\t any inju/ice mat* cunn+ ) cunn+1 & anticipate all crafty encroa*m5ts on me1 ev5 if !y be only probable2 & ,i ne$ nei!r r5d] an acc\nt to him :o unw>rantably pries into my p]sonal circum/ances1 nor by reply+3 ,i _c answ] ?is1 %[ him ! spot :]e ,i h a secret1 :i* p]il\s to me1 & p]haps advantage\s to him1 9 any case puts me 9 8 p[]1 if divulg$3 ,scire volunt secreta domus1 atque inde tim]i4 7,!y wi% to "k family secrets1 & ?us become fe>$47 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 putt+ him (f ) a lie1 involv+ dang] to himself1 9 case he is !reby l$ into a mi/ake t works him h>m4 ,inde$1 a falsehood is ! only means ( oppos+ inquisitive & suspici\s curiosity2 to meet :i* x is ! "o weapon ( necess>y self-def5ce4 ,ask me no que/ions1 & ,i'll tell y no lies is "h ! "r maxim4 ,= among ! ,engli%1 :o reg>d ! reproa* ( be+ a li> z ! deepe/ insult1 & :o on t acc\nt are really m tru?ful ?an o!r nations1 all unju/ifiable que/ions1 hav+ to d ) ano!r's affairs1 are look$ ^u z a piece ( ill-bre$+1 :i* is d5ot$ by ! expression1 to ask que/ions4 ,c]ta9ly e s5sible p]son1 ev5 :5 he is ( ! /ricte/ rectitude1 foll[s ! pr9ciple above set =?4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 su* a "o is return+ f a remote spot1 :]e he has rais$ a sum ( money2 & suppose an unkn[n travell] jo9s him1 & aft] ! cu/om>y :i!r & :5ce gradually proce$s to inquire :at may h tak5 him to t place2 ! =m] w und\bt$ly give a false answ] 9 ord] to avoid ! dang] ( robb]y4 ,aga93 if a man be f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ano!r1 ^: daught] he is woo+2 & he is ask$ ! cause ( 8 unexpect$ pres5ce2 unless he has entirely lo/ 8 head1 he w n give ! true reason1 b unhesitat+ly inv5t a pretext4 ,& ! cases are numb]less 9 :i* e reasonable be+ tells an untru?1 )\t ! lea/ scruple ( consci5ce4 ,x is ?is view ( ! matt] alone t removes ! cry+ contradiction betwe5 ! morality :i* is taught1 & t :i* is daily practis$1 ev5 by ! be/ & mo/ upright ( m54 ,at ! same "t1 ! re/riction ( a falsehood to ! s+le purpose ( self-def5ce mu/ be rigidly obs]v$2 = o!rwise ?is doctr9e w\ld admit ( t]rible abuse1 a lie be+ 9 itself a v dang]\s in/rum5t4 ,b j z1 ev5 9 "t ( public peace1 ! law all[s e "o to c>ry weapons & to use !m1 :5 requir$ = self-def5ce1 s ,e?ics p]mits lies to be employ$ = ! same purpose1 &--be x obs]v$--= ?is "o purpose only4 ,e m5daci\s ^w is a wrong1 except+ only :5 ! occasion arises ( def5d+ oneself aga9/ viol5ce or cunn+4 ,h5ce ju/ice requires tru?fulness t[>ds all m54 ,b ! entirely unconditional & unres]v$ condemnation ( lies1 z prop]ly involv$ 9 _! nature1 is suffici5tly refut$ by well kn[n facts4 ,?us1 !re are cases :]e a falsehood is a duty1 especially = doctors2 & !re are magnanim\s lies1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! ,m>quis ,posa 9 ,don ,c>los#aa or t 9 ! ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 ,,ii41 #bb2ab !y occur1 inde$1 :5ev] a man wills to take on himself ! guilt ( ano!r2 & la/ly1 ,jesus ,*ri/ himself is report$ 7,john vii4 #h2 cf4 v]4 #aj7 on "o occasion to h int5tionally told an untru?4 ,! read] w rememb] t ,campanella1 9 8 ,poesie ,filos(i*e 7,delia ,bellezza3 ,madr4 #i71 does n hesitate to say3 ,bello il m5tir1 se a f>e gran b5' si trova4#ac ,on ! o!r h&1 ! curr5t tea*+ z reg>ds necess>y falsehoods is a wret*$ pat* on ! dress ( a pov]ty-/rick5 morality4 ,kant is responsible = ! !ory f\nd 9 _m text-books1 :i* d]ives ! unju/ifiabl5ess ( lies f man's faculty ( spee*2 b ! argum5ts are s tame1 *ildi% & absurd t "o might well be tempt$1 if only to p\r contempt on !m1 to jo9 sides ) ! devil1 & say ) ,talleyr&3 l'homme a reu la p>ole p\r p\voir ca*] sa p5se#ad4 ,! unqualifi$ & b\ndless horror %[n by ,kant = falsehoods1 :5ev] he has ! opportunity1 is due ei!r to affectation1 or to prejudice4 ,9 ! *apt] ( 8 ,tug5dlehre1 deal+ ) lies1 he loads !m ) e k9d ( defamatory epi!t1 b does n adduce a s+le adequate reason = _! condemnation2 :i* w\ld h be5 m to ! po9t4 ,declamation is easi] ?an demon/ration1 & to moralise less difficult ?an to be s9c]e4 ,kant w\ld h done bett] to op5 ! vials ( 8 wra? on t vice :i* takes pleasure 9 see+ o!rs suff]2 x is ! latt]1 & n a falsehood1 :i* is truly fi5di%4 ,= malignant joy is ! exact opposite ( ,compassion1 & no?+ else b p[]less cruelty1 :i*1 unable itself to br+ ab\t ! mis]y x s gladly beholds o!rs endur+1 is ?ankful to = hav+ done s in/ead4 ,accord+ to ! code ( knightly hon\r1 ! reproa* ( be+ a li> is ( extreme gravity1 & only to be wa%$ out ) ! accus]'s blood4 ,n[ ?is obta9s1 n because ! lie is wrong 9 itself1 s9ce1 7 su* ! reason1 to accuse a man ( an injury done by viol5ce w\ld c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z equally outrage\s1--:i* is n ! case1 z e "o kn[s2 b x is due to t pr9ciple ( *ivalry1 :i* 9 reality bases "r on might2 s t :oev]1 :5 try+ to "w mis*ief1 has rec\rse to falsehood1 proves t he lacks ei!r p[]1 or ! requisite c\rage4 ,e untru? be>s witness ( 8 fe>2 & ?is is :y a fatal v]dict is pass$ on him4 #a ,?us1 :5 ! fir/ gleam ( ,mitleid /ole into h] he>t1 ,brnhilde c\ld no long] rema9 a ,walkre2 & ,wotan's end comes1 :5 by ! same solv5t he is at l5g? set free f ! delusion ( ! pr9cipium individuationis4--7,translator47 #b ,!re is "h an allusion to ! & ,o 9 ,plato's ,symposium4 ,v4 ,*ap4 #h1 sq4 ,edit4 ,s*melz]3 ,weidmann1 ,b]l91 #ahhb4--7,translator47 #c ,v4 ,hesiod1 ,op]a et ,dies1 #agd-bja4--7,translator47 #d ,ju/ice "h d5otes no?+ else ?an t :i* is j1 & ?is1 r 9 a negative ?an 9 a positive s5se2 s t :at is n unju/ is to be reg>d$ z ju/ice4 #e ,!re is no m effici5t in/rum5t 9 rul+ ! masses ?an sup]/ition4 ,)\t ?is !y h no self-control2 !y are bruti%2 !y are *angeable2 b once !y are caught by "s va9 =m ( religion1 !y l5d a m will+ e> to its soo?say]s ?an to _! own lead]s4 #f ,! ,doctr9e ( ,eight 9 detail may be f\nd 9 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 i41 #fb4 #g ,duty le devoir ,pfli*t cf4 plight1 ,o4 ,h4 ,g4 plegan4--7,translator47 #h ,! ^w "h translat$ equity 7,billigkeit3 ,lat4 aequitas7 means ! s5se ( fairness1 or ( natural ju/ice :i* det]m9es :at is fitt+ & due 9 all human relations1 z oppos$ to ju/ice 7,g]e*tigkeit7 tak5 z positive writt5 law4--7,translator47 #i ,motivation is def9$ 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,viii41 z ! law ( ,causality act+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! intellect4 ,x is ?us ! law ( ! det]m9ation ( conduct by motives4--7,translator47 #aj ,h[ev] mu* we're won't to blame a lie1 ,z index ( a m9d e/rang$ f "r1 ,yet times unnumb]'d x ha? %ap'd results ,( good mo/ evid5t2 disgrace & loss1 ,x *ang'd2 e'en dea? x *eat$4 ,= ) fri5ds1 ,alas6 n always 9 ?is mortal life1 ,:]e envy fills all he>ts1 & gloom prevails ,mu* m ?an light1 are we 9 conv]se jo9'd4 --7,translator47 #aa ,vide1 ,s*ill]'s ,don ,c>los3 ,act ,v41 ,sc4 #c4--7,translator47 #ab ,magnanima m5zogna1 or qu&o il v]o ,si hello *e si possa a te preporre8 ,cf4 also ! ,horatian spl5did m5dax4 ,c>m4 ,,iii41 #aa1 #ce4--7,translator47 #ac ',tis well to lie1 an !re result mu* good !refrom4 ,vide1 ,op]e di ,tommaso ,campanella1 da ,aless&ro d',ancona1 ,tor9o1 #ahed4--7,translator47 #ad ,man has receiv$ ! gift ( language1 s z to be able to conceal 8 ?\ghts4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,virtue ,,( ,,lov+-,,k9dness4 ,?us ju/ice is ! prim>y & ess5tially c>d9al virtue4 ,anci5t philosoph]s recognis$ x z su*1 b made x co-ord9ate ) ?ree o!rs unsuitably *os54#a ,lov+-k9dness 7c>itas1 7 0 n z yet rank$ z a virtue4 ,plato himself1 :o rises highe/ 9 moral sci5ce1 rea*es only s f> z volunt>y1 dis9t]e/$ ju/ice4 ,x is true t lov+-k9dness has exi/$ at all times 9 practice & 9 fact2 b x 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity1--^: greate/ s]vice is se5 9 ?is--to !oretically =mulate1 & expressly advance x n only z a virtue1 b z ! que5 ( all2 & to ext5d x ev5 to enemies4 ,we are ?9k+ ( c\rse only ( ,europe4 ,= 9 ,asia1 a ?\s& ye>s be=e1 ! b\ndless love ( "o's neighb\r _h be5 prescrib$ & taught1 z well z practis$3 ! ,v$as#b are full ( x2 :ile 9 ! ,dh>ma-/ra1#c ,itihsa1#d & ,purna#e x con/antly recurs1 to say no?+ ( ! prea*+ ( akya-muni1 ! ,buddha4 ,& to be q accurate we mu/ admit t !re are traces to be f\nd among ! ,greeks & ,romans ( a recomm5dation to foll[ lov+-k9dness2 = in/ance1 9 ,cic]o1 ,de ,f9ibus1 ,v41 #bc2f & also 9 ,py?agoras1 accord+ to ,iambli*us1 ,de vita ,py?agorae1 *ap4 #cc4g ,my task is n[ to give a philosophical d]ivation ( ?is virtue f ! pr9ciple ,i h laid d[n4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ( ?is ,"p1 t ! s5se ( ,compassion1 h[ev] mu* its orig9 is %r\d$ 9 my/]y1 is ! "o & sole cause :]eby ! suff]+ ,i see 9 ano!r1 ( itself1 & z su*1 becomes directly my motive2 & we h se5 t ! fir/ /age ( ?is process is negative4 ,! second degree is %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! fir/1 ?r\gh ! positive "* ( ! actions result+ !refrom2 = at ?is po9t ,compassion does m ?an keep me back f injur+ my neighb\r2 x impels me to help him4 ,& accord+ z1 on ! "o h&1 my s5se ( direct p>ticipation is ke5 & deep1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! di/ress is great & urg5t1 s %all ,i be con/ra9$ by ?is motive1 :i* 7be x not$7 is purely & :olly moral1 to make a great] or less sacrifice 9 ord] to meet ! ne$ or ! calamity :i* ,i obs]ve2 & ?is sacrifice may involve ! exp5diture ( my bodily or m5tal p[]s1 ! loss ( my prop]ty1 fre$om1 or ev5 life4 ,s t 9 ?is direct suff]+ ) ano!r1 :i* re/s on no argum5ts & requires none1 is f\nd ! "o simple orig9 ( lov+-k9dness1 c>itas1 a 9 o!r words1 t virtue ^: rule is3 ,omnes1 quantum potes1 juva 7help all p1 z f> z lies 9 y\r p[]72 & f :i* all ^? actions proce$ :i* are prescrib$ by ,e?ics "u ! "n ( duties ( virtue1 o!rwise call$ duties ( love1 or imp]fect duties4 ,x is solely by direct &1 z x 71 in/9ctive p>ticipation 9 ! suff]+s :i* we see1 9 o!r words1 by ,compassion1 t conduct s def9$ is occasion$2 at lea/ :5 x c be said to h moral wor?1 t is1 be decl>$ free f all egoi/ic motives1 & :5 on t acc\nt x awak5s 9 u t inw>d cont5tm5t :i* is call$ a good1 satisfi$1 approv+ consci5ce1 & elicits f ! spectator 7n )\t mak+ him ca/ a humiliat+ glance at himself71 t rem>kable comm5dation1 respect1 & admiration :i* are too well-kn[n to be d5i$4 ,b if a b5efic5t action h any o!r motive :atev]1 !n x mu/ be egoi/ic1 if n actually malici\s4 ,= z ! fundam5tal spr+s ( all human conduct 7v4 ,*apt] ,v4 ( ?is ,"p71 are ?ree1 namely1 ,egoism1 ,malice1 ,compassion2 s ! v>i\s motives :i* are capable ( affect+ m5 may be gr\p$ "u ?ree g5]al heads3 7#a7 "o's own weal2 7#b7 o!rs' woe2 7#c7 o!rs' weal4 ,n[ if ! motive ( a k9d act does n belong to ! ?ird class1 x mu/ ( c\rse be f\nd 9 ! fir/ or second4 ,to ! second x is occasionally to be ascrib$2 = in/ance1 if ,i d good to "s "o1 9 ord] to vex ano!r1 to :om ,i am ho/ile2 or to make ! latt]'s suff]+s m acute2 or1 x may be1 to put to %ame a ?ird p]son1 :o refra9$ f help+2 or la/ly1 to inflict a mortification on ! man :om ,i b5efit4 ,b x mu* m usually spr+s f ! fir/ class4 ,& ?is is ! case :5ev]1 9 do+ "s good1 ,i h 9 view my own weal1 no matt] h[ remote or indirect x may be2 t is1 :5ev] ,i am influ5c$ by ! ?\ght ( rew>d :e!r 9 ?is1 or 9 ano!r1 _w1 or by ! hope ( w9n+ high e/eem1 & ( ga9+ a reputation = nobl5ess ( "*2 or aga91 :5 ,i reflect t ! p]son1 :om ,i n[ aid1 may "o day be able to assi/ me 9 return1 or o!rwise be ( "s s]vice & b5efit2 or :51 la/ly1 ,i am guid$ by ! consid]ation t ,i mu/ keep ! rules ( magnanimity & b5efic5ce1 because ,i too may on "s occasion pr(it !reby4 ,9 a ^w1 my motive is egoi/ic z soon z x is any?+ o!r ?an ! purely objective desire ( simply kn[+1 )\t any ult]ior purpose1 t my neighb\r is help$1 deliv]$ f 8 di/ress & ne$1 or fre$ f 8 suff]+4 ,if su* an aim--%orn1 z x is1 ( all subjectivity--be really m9e1 !n1 & !n only1 h ,i giv5 pro( ( t lov+-k9dness1 c>itas1 1 :i* x is ! great & di/+ui%+ m]it ( ,*ri/ianity to h prea*$4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 9 ?is connection1 t ! injunctions :i* ! ,gospel adds to its comm&m5t ( love1 e4g41 1 7let n ?y left h& "k :at ?y "r h& doe?71 & ! l1 are1 9 po9t ( fact1 bas$ on a consci\sness ( ! conclusion ,i h "h rea*$1--namely1 t ano!r's di/ress1 ( itself alone1 )\t any fur!r consid]ation1 mu/ be my motive1 if :at ,i d is to be ( moral value4 ,& 9 ! same place 7,mat?4 vi4 #b7 we f9d x /at$ ) p]fect tru? t o/5tations almsgiv]s 4 7,get 9 full--exhau/ _! rew>d47 ,al?\gh1 9 ?is respect too1 ! ,v$as %$ on u ! light ( a high] tea*+4 ,!y repeat$ly decl>e t he1 :o desires any sort ( recomp5se = 8 "w1 is /ill w&]+ 9 ! pa? ( d>kness1 & n yet ripe = deliv]ance4 ,if any "o %\ld ask me :at he gets f a *>itable act1 my answ] 9 all s9c]ity w\ld be3 ,?is1 t ! lot ( ! poor man y relieve is j s mu* ! light]2 o!rwise absolutely no?+4 ,if y are n satisfi$1 & feel t su* is n a suffici5t end1 !n y\r wi% 0 n to give alms1 b to make a pur*ase2 & y h effect$ a bad b>ga94 ,b if ! "o ?+ y are conc]n$ ) is t he %\ld feel ! pressure ( pov]ty less2 !n y h ga9$ y\r object2 y h dim9i%$ 8 suff]+1 & y see exactly h[ f> y\r gift is requit$4 ,n[1 h[ is x possible t tr\ble :i* is n m9e1 & by :i* ,i am unt\*$1 %\ld become z direct a motive to me z if x 7 my own1 & incite me to action8 ,z already expla9$1 only ?r\gh ! fact t1 al?\gh x comes be=e me m]ely z some?+ outside myself1 by means ( ! ext]nal m$ium ( sight or he>+2 ,i am1 nev]!less1 s5sible ( x ) ! suff]]2 ,i feel x z my own1 n inde$ 9 myself1 b 9 him ,& s :at ,cald]on said comes to pass3 que entre el v] ,padec] y el padec] ,n+una di/ancia habia4 7,no ,siempre lo ,peor es ,ci]to4 ,jorn4 ,,ii41 ,esc4 #i47h ,?is1 h[ev]1 presupposes t to a c]ta9 ext5t ,i h become id5tifi$ ) ! o!r1 & consequ5tly t ! b>ri] betwe5 ! ego & ! non-ego is1 = ! mom5t1 brok5 d[n4 ,x is !n1 & !n only1 t ,i make 8 int]e/s1 8 ne$1 8 di/ress1 8 suff]+ directly my own2 x is !n t ! empirical picture ,i h ( him vani%es1 & ,i no long] see ! /rang]1 :o is entirely unlike myself1 & to :om ,i am indiff]5t2 b ,i %>e 8 pa9 9 him1 despite ! c]ta9ty t 8 sk9 does n enclose my n]ves4 ,only 9 ?is way is x possible = 8 woe1 8 di/ress to become a motive = me2 o!rwise ,i %\ld be influ5c$ solely by my own4 ,?is process is1 ,i repeat1 my/]i\s4 ,= x is "o :i* ,reason c give no direct acc\nt (1 & its causes lie outside ! field ( exp]i5ce4 ,& yet x is ( daily occurr5ce4 ,e "o has (t5 felt its work+ )9 himself2 ev5 to ! mo/ h>d-he>t$ & selfi% x is n unkn[n4 ,ea* day t passes br+s x be=e our eyes1 9 s+le acts1 on a small scale2 :5ev] a man1 by direct impulse1 )\t mu* reflection1 helps a fell[-creature & comes to 8 aid1 sometimes ev5 expos+ himself to ! mo/ imm95t p]il = ! sake ( "o he has nev] se5 be=e1 & ?is1 )\t once ?9k+ ( any?+ b ! fact t he witnesses ano!r's great di/ress & dang]4 ,x 0 manife/$ on a l>ge scale1 :5 aft] long consid]ation1 & _m a /ormy debate1 ! noble-he>t$ ,briti% nation gave tw5ty millions ( p\nds to ransom ! negroes 9 its colonies1 ) ! approbation & joy ( a :ole _w4 ,if any "o refuses to recognise 9 ,compassion ! cause ( ?is de$1 magnific5t z x is 9 its gr& proportions1 & pref]s to ascribe x to ,*ri/ianity2 let him rememb] t 9 ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t n "o ^w is said aga9/ slav]y1 ?\gh at t "t x 0 practically univ]sal2 & fur!r1 t z late z ,a4,d4 #ahfj1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 ! "q 0 be+ discuss$1 a man 0 f\nd :o ?\ght to /r5g!n 8 case by appeal+ to ! fact t ,abraham & ,jacob kept slaves6 ,:at w be 9 ea* sep>ate case ! practical effect ( ?is my/]i\s inn] process may be left to ,e?ics to analyse1 9 *apt]s & p>agraphs entitl$ ,duties ( ,virtue1 ,duties ( ,love1 ,imp]fect ,duties1 or :atev] o!r "n be us$4 ,! root1 ! basis ( all ^! is ! "o "h indicat$2 = out ( x arises ! prim>y precept3 ,omnes1 quantum potes1 juva2 f :i* 9 turn ev]y?+ else requir$ c v easily be d$uc$2 j z out ( ! ,nem9em la$e--! fir/ half ( my pr9ciple--all duties ( ju/ice are d]ivable4 ,e?ics is 9 tru? ! easie/ ( all sci5ces4 ,& ?is is only to be expect$1 s9ce x is incumb5t on ea* p]son to con/ruct x = himself1 & himself =m ! rule = e case1 z x occurs1 out ( ! fundam5tal law :i* lies deep 9 8 he>t2 = few h leisure & pati5ce en\gh to le>n a ready-made sy/em ( ,morals4 ,f ju/ice & lov+-k9dness spr+ all ! o!r virtues2 = :i* reason ^! two may prop]ly be call$ c>d9al1 & ! disclosure ( _! orig9 lays ! corn]-/one ( ,moral ,sci5ce4 ,! entire e?ical cont5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is ju/ice2 lov+-k9dness be+ t ( ! ,new4 ,! latt] is ! 7! new comm&m5t ,john xiii4 #cd71 :i* accord+ to ,paul 7,romans xiii4 #h-aj7 includes all ,*ri/ian virtues4 #a ,plato taught t ,ju/ice 77 includes 9 itself ! ?ree o!r virtues ( ,wisdom 771 ,=titude 717 & ,temp]ance 774 ,) ,ari/otle1 too1 ,ju/ice is ! *ief ( virtues2 :ile ! ,/oic doctr9e is t ,virtue is manife/$ 9 f\r lead+ co-ord9ate =ms3 ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 ,=titude1 & ,temp]ance4--7,translator47 #b ,!re are f\r ,v$as3 ! ,big-,v$a1 ,yajur-,v$a1 ,sma-,v$a1 & ,a?>va-,v$a4--7,translator47 #c ,dh>ma-/ra 7a law book73 ! body or code ( ,h9du law4--7,translator47 #d ,itihsa 7iti-ha-sa1 s inde$ x is73 talk1 leg5d1 traditional acc\nts ( =m] ev5ts1 h]oic hi/ory2 e4g41 ! ,mah-bhrata4--7,translator47 #e ,purna 7anci5t1 leg5d>y73 ! "n giv5 to c]ta9 well-kn[n sacr$ works1 eighte5 9 numb]1 compris+ ! :ole body ( mod]n ,h9du my?ology4 ,v4 ,moni] ,williams' ,sanskrit ,diction>y4--7,translator47 #f ,ipsa ,,c>itas g5]is humani1 quae nata a primo satu1 quod a procreatoribus nati diliguntur1 et tota domus conjugio et /irpe conjungitur1 s]pit s5sim =as1 cognationibus primum1 tum aff9itatibus1 de9de amicitiis1 po/ vic9itatibus tum civibus et iis1 qui publice socii atque amici sunt1 de9de ,,totius ,,complexu ,,g5tis ,,humanae4 #g ,?is *apt] describes ! ,py?agorean 1 :i* comes v ne> to lov+-k9dness4 ,x conta9s also c]ta9 4--7,translator47 #h ,= betwe5 ! view ,( pa91 & pa9 itself1 ,i nev] knew ,a di/ance lie4 ,x is n ,always ! ,wor/ t is ,c]ta93 ,act ,,ii41 ,sc4 #i4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pro( ,,n[ ,,giv5 ,,confirm$ ,,by ,,exp]i5ce4 ,! tru? ,i h "h laid d[n1 t ,compassion is ! sole non-egoi/ic /imulus1 & !re=e ! only really moral "o1 is a /range1 inde$ almo/ incompreh5sible p>adox4 ,i %all hope1 !re=e1 to r5d] x less extraord9>y to ! read]1 if ,i %[ t x is confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 & by ! univ]sal te/imony ( human s5tim5t4 7#a7 ,= ?is purpose ,i %all1 9 ! fir/ place1 /ate an imag9>y case1 :i* 9 ! pres5t inve/igation may s]ve z an exp]im5tum crucis#a 7a crucial te/74 ,b n to make ! matt] too easy1 ,i %all take no in/ance ( lov+-k9dness1 b r a brea* ( lawful "r1 & t ( ! worse k9d4 ,let u suppose two "y p1 ,caius & ,titus1 to be passionately 9 love1 ea* ) a diff]5t girl1 & t bo? are completely ?w>t$ by two o!r m5 :o are pref]r$ because ( c]ta9 ext]nal circum/ances4 ,!y h bo? resolv$ to put _! rivals out ( ! way1 & are p]fectly secure f e *ance ( detection1 ev5 f all suspicion4 ,b :5 !y come to actually prep>e = ! murd]1 ea* ( !m1 aft] an inw>d /ruggle1 draws back4 ,!y are n[ to give u a tru?ful & cle> acc\nt ( ! reasons :y !y ab&on$ _! project4 ,z = ,caius1 ,i leave x entirely to ! read] to *oose :at motive he likes4 ,x may be t religions gr\nds *eck$ him2 = in/ance1 ! ?\ght ( ! ,div9e ,w1 ( future retribution1 ( ! judgm5t to come1 etc4 ,or p]haps he may say3 ,i reflect$ t ! pr9ciple ,i 0 go+ to apply 9 ?is case w\ld n be adapt$ to provide a rule univ]sally valid = all possible rational be+s2 because ,i %\ld h treat$ my rival only z a means1 & n at ! same "t z an end4 ,or1 foll[+ ,fi*te1 he may deliv] himself z foll[s3 ,e human life is a means t[>ds realis+ ! moral law2 consequ5tly1 ,i _c1 )\t be+ indiff]5t to ?is realisation1 de/roy a be+ orda9$ to d 8 "p 9 effect+ x4--7,sitt5lehre1 p4 #cgc47 7,?is scruple1 be x obs]v$ 9 pass+1 he might well ov]come by ! hope ( soon produc+ a new in/rum5t ( ! moral law1 :5 once 9 possession ( 8 belov$47 ,or1 aga91 he may speak aft] ! fa%ion ( ,wolla/on3 ,i consid]$ t su* an action w\ld be ! expression ( a false t5et4 ,or l ,hut*eson3 ,! ,moral ,s5se1 ^: p]ceptions1 equally ) ^? ( e o!r s5se1 admit ( no f9al explanation1 =bade me to commit su* a de$4 ,or l ,adam ,smi?3 ,i =esaw t my act w\ld awak5 no sympa?y ) me 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators4 ,or 8 language may be borr[$ f ,*ri/ian ,wolff3 ,i recognis$ t ,i %\ld !reby advance nei!r ! "w ( mak+ myself p]fect1 nor ! same process 9 any "o else4 ,or f ,sp9oza3 ,hom9i nihil utilius hom9e3 ergo hom9em int]im]e nolui4 7,to man no?+ is m useful ?an man3 !re=e ,i 0 unwill+ to de/roy a man47 ,9 %ort1 he may say :at "o pleases4 ,b ,titus1 ^: explanation is suppli$ by myself1 w speak z foll[s3 ,:5 ,i came to make arrangem5ts = ! "w1 & s1 = ! mom5t1 _h to occupy myself n ) my own passion1 b ) my rival2 !n = ! fir/ "t ,i saw cle>ly :at 0 go+ to happ5 to him4 ,b simultane\sly ,i 0 seiz$ ) compassion & pity2 sorr[ = him laid hold ^u me1 & ov]ma/]$ me3 ,i c\ld n /rike ! bl[4 ,n[ ,i ask e hone/ & unprejudic$ read]3 ,:i* ( ^! two is ! bett] man8 ,to :i* w\ld he pref] to entru/ 8 own de/9y8 ,:i* is re/ra9$ by ! pur] motive8 ,consequ5tly1 :]e does ! basis ( morality lie8 7#b7 ,!re is no?+ t revolts our moral s5se s mu* z cruelty4 ,e o!r (f5ce we c p>don1 b n cruelty4 ,! reason is f\nd 9 ! fact t cruelty is ! exact opposite ( ,compassion4 ,:5 we he> ( int5sely cruel conduct1 z1 = in/ance1 ! act1 :i* has j be5 record$ 9 ! pap]s1 ( a "m1 :o murd]$ h] little son ( five ye>s1 by p\r+ boil+ oil into 8 ?roat1 & h] y\ng] *ild1 by bury+ x alive2 or :at 0 rec5tly report$ f ,algi]s3 h[ a casual dispute betwe5 a ,spani>d & an ,alg]9e end$ 9 a fight2 & h[ ! latt]1 hav+ vanqui%$ ! o!r1 tore out ! :ole ( 8 l[] jaw bone1 & c>ri$ x (f z a trophy1 leav+ 8 adv]s>y /ill alive2--:5 we he> ( cruelty l ?is1 we are seiz$ ) horror1 & exclaim3 ,h[ is x possible to d su* a ?+8 ,n[1 let me ask :at ?is "q signifies4 ,does x mean3 ,h[ is x possible to fe> s little ! puni%m5ts ( ! future life8 ,x is difficult to admit ?is int]pretation4 ,!n p]haps x int5ds to say3 ,h[ is x possible to act accord+ to a pr9ciple :i* is s absolutely unfitt$ to become a g5]al law = all rational be+s8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or1 once m3 ,h[ is x possible to neglect s utt]ly "o's own p]fection z well z t ( ano!r8' ,?is is equally unimag9able4 ,! s5se ( ! "q is assur$ly no?+ b ?is3 ,h[ is x possible to be s utt]ly b]eft ( compassion8 ,! conclusion is t :5 an action is *>act]is$ by an extraord9>y abs5ce ( compassion1 x be>s ! c]ta9 /amp ( ! deepe/ depravity & loa?som5ess4 ,h5ce ,compassion is ! true moral inc5tive4 7#c7 ,! e?ical basis1 or ! orig9al moral /imulus1 :i* ,i h disclos$1 is ! only "o t c be ju/ly said to h a real & ext5d$ sph]e ( effective influ5ce4 ,no "o w surely v5ture to ma9ta9 z mu* ( all ! o!r moral pr9ciples t philosoph]s h set up2 = ^! are compos$ ( ab/ract1 sometimes ev5 ( hair-splitt+ propositions1 ) no f\ndation o!r ?an an artificial comb9ation ( ideas2 su* t _! application to actual conduct w\ld (t5 incl9e to ! comic4 ,a good action1 inspir$ solely by ,kant's ,moral ,pr9ciple1 w\ld be at bottom ! "w ( philosophic p$antry2 or else w\ld lead ! do] into self-deception1 ?r\gh 8 reason int]pret+ conduct1 :i* _h o!r1 p]haps nobl]1 inc5tives1 z ! product ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 & ( ! conception ( ,duty1 :i*1 z we h se51 re/s on no?+4 ,b n only is x true t ! philosophic moral pr9ciples1 purely !oretical z !y are1 h seldom any op]ative p[]2 ( ^? e/abli%$ by religion1 & expressly fram$ = practical purposes1 x is equally difficult to pr$icate any m>k$ effici5cy4 ,! *ief evid5ce ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t 9 spite ( ! great religi\s diff]5ces 9 ! _w1 ! am\nt ( morality1 or r ( immorality1 %[s no correspond+ v>iation1 b 9 ess5tials is pretty mu* ! same ev]y:]e4 ,only x is important n to conf\nd rud5ess & ref9em5t ) morality & immorality4 ,! religion ( ,hellas _h an exce$+ly small moral t5d5cy1--x h>dly w5t fur!r ?an respect = oa?s4 ,no dogma 0 taught1 & no sy/em ( ,e?ics publicly prea*$2 nev]!less1 all ?+s consid]$1 x does n appe> t ! ,greeks 7 morally inf]ior to ! m5 ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! morality ( ,*ri/ianity is ( a mu* high] k9d ?an t ( any o!r religion :i* previ\sly appe>$ 9 ,europe4 ,b if any "o %\ld believe = ?is reason t ,european morals h improv$ proportionally1 & t n[ at any rate !y surpass :at obta9s else:]e1 x w\ld n be difficult to demon/rate t among ! ,mohamm$ans1 ,gnebres1 ,h9dus1 & ,buddhi/s1 !re is at lea/ z mu* hone/y1 fidelity1 tol]ation1 g5tl5ess1 b5efic5ce1 nobl5ess1 & self-d5ial z among ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,inde$1 ! scale w be f\nd r to turn unfav\rably = ,*ri/5dom1 :5 we put into ! balance ! long li/ ( inhuman cruelties :i* h con/antly be5 p]petrat$ )9 its limits & (t5 9 its "n4 ,we ne$ only recall = a mom5t ! num]\s religi\s w>s2 ! crusades t no?+ c ju/ify2 ! extirpation ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es1 & ! peopl+ ( t cont95t by negroes1 br\ght ov] f ,africa1 )\t ! %ad[ ( a "r1 torn f _! families1 _! c\ntry1 _! hemisph]e1 &1 z slaves1 condemn$ = life to =c$ lab\r2#b ! tireless p]secution ( h]etics2 ! unspeakable atrocities ( ! ,inquisition1 t cri$ al\d to heav52 ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 ! execution ( #ah1jjj p]sons 9 ! ,ne!rl&s by ! ,duke ( ,alva2 & ^! are b a few facts among _m4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 if we comp>e ) ! p]=mances ( its foll[]s ! excell5t morality :i* ,*ri/ianity1 &1 m or less1 e cre$ prea*es1 & !n try to imag9e h[ f> !ory w\ld become practice1 if crime 7 n imp$$ by ! secul> arm ( ! /ate2 nay m1 :at w\ld probably happ51 if1 = only "o day all laws %\ld be susp5d$2 we %all be oblig$ to confess t ! effect ( ! v>i\s religions on ,morals is 9 fact v small4 ,?is is ( c\rse due to weakness ( fai?4 ,!oretically1 & s long z x is only a "q ( piety 9 ! ab/ract1 e "o supposes 8 belief to be firm en\gh4 ,only ! se>*+ t\*-/one ( all our convictions is--:at we d4 ,:5 ! mom5t = act+ arrives1 & our fai? has to be te/$ by great self-d5ial & heavy sacrifices1 !n its feebl5ess becomes evid5t4 ,if a man is s]i\sly plann+ "s evil1 he has already brok5 ! b\nds ( true & pure morality4 ,!nce=w>d ! *ief re/ra9t t *ecks him is inv>iably ! dread ( ju/ice & ! police4 ,%\ld he be s hopeful ( escap+ detection z to ca/ su* fe>s aside1 ! next b>ri] t meets him is reg>d = 8 hon\r4 ,if ?is second ramp>t be cross$1 !re is v little likelihood1 aft] bo? ^! p[]ful h9drances are )drawn1 t any religi\s dogma w appeal to him /rongly en\gh to keep him back f ! de$4 ,= if he be n fright5$ by ne> & imm$iate dang]s1 he w h>dly be curb$ by t]rors :i* are di/ant1 & re/ m]ely on belief4 ,moreov]1 !re is a positive objection t may be br\ght aga9/ all good conduct proce$+ solely f religions conviction2 x is n purg$ ( self-int]e/1 b done out ( reg>d = rew>d & puni%m5t1 & h5ce c h no purely moral value4 ,?is view we f9d v cle>ly express$ 9 a lett] ( ! celebrat$ ,gr&-,duke ( ,weim>1 ,k>l ,augu/4 ,he writes3 ,b>on ,weyh]s 0 himself ( op9ion t he1 :o is good ?r\gh religion1 & n by natural incl9ation1 mu/ be a bad fell[ at he>t4 ,9 v9o v]itas4#c--7,lett]s to ,j4 ,h4 ,m]ck2 ,no4 #bbi47 ,b n[ let u turn to ! moral inc5tive :i* ,i h disclos$4 ,:o v5tures = a mom5t to d5y t x displays a m>k$ & truly wond]ful influ5ce at all times1 among all peoples1 9 all circum/ances ( life2 ev5 :5 con/itutional law is susp5d$1 & ! horrors ( revolutions & w>s fill ! air2 9 small ?+s & 9 great1 e day & e h\r8 ,:o w refuse to admit t x is con/antly prev5t+ mu* wrong1 & call+ into exi/5ce _m a good action1 (t5 q unexpect$ly1 & :]e !re is no hope ( rew>d8 ,is !re any "o :o w ga9say ! fact t1 :]e x & x alone has be5 op]ative1 we all ) deep respect & emotion unres]v$ly recognise ! pres5ce ( g5u9e moral wor?8 7#d7 ,b\ndless compassion = all liv+ be+s is ! sure/ & mo/ c]ta9 gu>antee ( pure moral conduct1 & ne$s no casui/ry4 ,:oev] is fill$ ) x w assur$ly injure no "o1 d h>m to no "o1 encroa* on no man's rights2 he w r h reg>d = e "o1 =give e "o1 help e "o z f> z he c1 & all 8 actions w be> ! /amp ( ju/ice & lov+-k9dness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we try to say3 ,?is man is virtu\s1 b he is a /rang] to ,compassion2 or3 he is an unju/ & malici\s man1 yet v compassionate2 ! contradiction at once leaps to light4 ,9 =m] times ! ,engli% plays us$ to f9i% ) a petition = ! ,k+4 ,! old ,indian dramas close ) ^! words3 ,may all liv+ be+s be deliv]$ f pa94 ,ta/es diff]2 b 9 my op9ion !re is no m beautiful pray] ?an ?is4 7#e7 ,also f sep>ate matt]s ( detail x may be inf]r$ t ! orig9al /imulus ( true morality is ,compassion4 ,= in/ance1 to make a man lose a hundr$ ?al]s1 by legal tricks involv+ no dang]1 is equally unju/1 :e!r he be ri* or poor2 b 9 ! latt] case ! rapp+ ( consci5ce is mu* l\d]1 ! c5sure ( dis9t]e/$ witnesses m emphatic4 ,ari/otle 0 well aw>e ( ?is1 & said3 1 1 4 7,x is worse to injure a man 9 adv]sity ?an "o :o is prosp]\s47--7,probl4 xxix4 #b47 ,if ! man h weal?1 self-reproa* is proportionally fa9t1 & gr[s /ill fa9t]1 if x be ! treasury t has be5 ov]rea*$2 = /ate c(f]s c =m no object ( ,compassion4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! gr\nds = self-accusation z well z = ! spectators' blame are n furni%$ directly by ! infr+em5t ( ! law1 b *iefly by ! suff]+ !reby br\ght ^u o!rs4 ,! violation ( "r1 by itself & z su*1 :i* is involv$ 9 *eat+ ! ex*equ]1 7to take ! above in/ance17 w be disapprov$ by ! consci5ce alike ( actor & witness2 b only because1 & 9 s f> z1 ! rule ( respect+ e "r1 :i* =ms ! s9e qua non ( all hon\rable conduct1 is 9 consequ5ce brok54 ,! /ricture pass$ w1 9 fact1 be indirect & limit$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be a confid5tial employ 9 ! s]vice t commits ! fraud1 ! case assumes q ano!r aspect2 x !n has all ! specific attributes (1 & belongs to1 t class ( actions describ$ above1 ^: *>act]i/ic is a d\ble inju/ice4 ,! analysis "h giv5 expla9s :y ! wor/ *>ge :i* c ev] be br\ght aga9/ rapaci\s extortion]s & legal %>p]s is1 t !y appropriate = !mselves ! goods ( wid[s & orphans4 ,! reason appe>s 9 ! fact t ! latt]1 m ?an o!rs1 ow+ to _! helplessness1 might be expect$ to excite ,compassion 9 ! mo/ call\s he>t4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! entire abs5ce ( ?is s5se is suffici5t to l[] a man to ! la/ degree ( villa9y4 7#f7 ,compassion is ! root no less ( ju/ice ?an ( lov+-k9dness2 b x is m cle>ly evid5c$ 9 ! latt] ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,we nev] receive pro(s ( g5u9e lov+-k9dness on ! "p ( o!rs1 s long z we are 9 all respects prosp]\s4 ,! happy man may1 no d\bt1 (t5 he> ! words ( good-w on 8 relations' & fri5ds' lips2 b ! expression ( t pure1 dis9t]e/$1 objective p>ticipation 9 ! condition & lot ( o!rs1 :i* lov+-k9dness begets1 is res]v$ = him :o is /rick5 ) "s sorr[ or suff]+1 :atev] x be4 ,= ! =tunate z su* we d n feel sympa?y2 unless !y h "s o!r claim on u1 !y rema9 ali5 to our he>ts3 habeant sibi sua4 7,!y may keep _! own affairs1 pleasures1 etc41 to !mselves47 ,nay1 if a man has _m advantages ov] o!rs1 he w easily become an object ( envy1 :i* is ready1 %\ld he once fall f 8 height ( prosp]ity1 to turn into malignant joy4 ,nev]!less ?is m5ace is1 = ! mo/ "p1 n fulfill$2 ! ,sophoclean ' 78 enemies laugh7 does n g5]ally become an actual fact4 ,z soon z ! day ( ru9 comes to "o ( =tune's spoil$ *ildr51 !re usually takes place a great trans=mation 9 ! m9ds ( 8 acqua9tances1 :i* = u 9 ?is connection is v in/ructive4 ,9 ! fir/ place ?is *ange cle>ly reveals ! real nature ( ! int]e/ t ! fri5ds ( 8 happ9ess took 9 him3 diffugiunt cadis cum faece siccatis amici4 7,:5 ! casks are dra9$ to ! dregs1 "o's fri5ds run away47#d ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exultation ( ^? :o envi$ 8 prosp]ity1 ! mock+ laugh ( malici\s satisfaction1 :i* he fe>$ m ?an adv]sity itself1 & ! contemplation ( :i* he c\ld n face1 are ?+s usually sp>$ him4 ,jeal\sy is appeas$1 & disappe>s ) its cause2 :ile ,compassion :i* takes its place is ! p>5t ( lov+-k9dness4 ,^? :o 7 envi\s (1 & ho/ile to1 a man 9 ! full tide ( success1 aft] 8 d[nfall1 h n seldom become 8 fri5ds1 ready to protect1 com=t1 & help4 ,:o has n1 at lea/ 9 a small way1 himself exp]i5c$ some?+ ( ! sort8 ,:]e is ! man1 :o1 :5 ov]tak5 by "s calamity1 ( :atev] nature1 has n notic$ ) surprise h[ ! p]sons t previ\sly _h display$ ! greate/ coldness1 nay1 ill-w t[>ds him1 !n came =w>d ) unfeign$ sympa?y8 ,= mis=tune is ! condition ( ,compassion1 & ,compassion ! s\rce ( lov+-k9dness4 ,:5 our wra? is k9dl$ aga9/ a p]son1 no?+ qu5*es x s quickly1 ev5 :5 x is righte\s1 z ! words3 ,he is an un=tunate man4 ,& ! reason is obvi\s3 ,compassion is to ang] z wat] to fire4 ,!re=e1 :oev] w\ld fa9 h no?+ to rep5t (1 let him li/5 to my advice4 ,:5 he is inflam$ ) rage1 & m$itates do+ "s "o a griev\s injury1 he %\ld br+ ! ?+ vividly be=e 8 m9d1 z a fait accompli2 he %\ld cle>ly picture to himself ?is o!r fell[-be+ torm5t$ ) m5tal or bodily pa91 or /ruggl+ ) ne$ & mis]y2 s t he is =c$ to exclaim3 ,?is is my "w6 ,su* ?\ghts z ^!1 if any?+1 w avail to mod]ate 8 wra?4 ,= ,compassion is ! true antidote ( ang]2 & by practis+ on oneself ?is artifice ( ! imag9ation1 "o awakes be=eh&1 :ile !re is yet "t1 la piti1 dont la voix1 ,alors qu'on e/ v5g1 fait ent5dre ses lois4#e --7,voltaire1 ,smiramis1 ,v4 #f47 ,& 9 g5]al1 ! hatr$ we may *]i% = o!rs is ov]come by no?+ s easily z by our tak+ a po9t ( view :5ce !y c appeal to our ,compassion4 ,! reason inde$ :y p>5ts1 z a rule1 specially love ! sickly "o ( _! *ildr5 is because ! sight ( x p]petually /irs _! ,compassion4 7#g7 ,!re is ano!r pro( t ! moral inc5tive disclos$ by me is ! true "o4 ,i mean ! fact t animals also are includ$ "u its protect+ aegis4 ,9 ! o!r ,european sy/ems ( ,e?ics no place is f\nd = !m1--/range & inexcusable z ?is may appe>4 ,x is ass]t$ t bea/s h no rights2 ! illusion is h>b\r$ t our conduct1 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 has no moral significance1 or1 z x is put 9 ! language ( ^! codes1 t !re are no duties to be fulfill$ t[>ds animals4 ,su* a view is "o ( revolt+ co>s5ess1 a b>b>ism ( ! ,we/1 ^: s\rce is ,judaism4 ,9 philosophy1 h[ev]1 x re/s on ! assumption1 despite all evid5ce to ! contr>y1 ( ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/1--a doctr9e :i*1 z is well kn[n1 0 proclaim$ ) m tr5*ant emphasis by ,desc>tes ?an by any "o else3 x 0 inde$ ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 mi/akes4 ,:5 ,leibnitz & ,wolff1 foll[+ out ! ,c>tesian view1 built up out ( ab/ract ideas _! ,rational ,psy*ology1 & con/ruct$ a dea?less anima rationalis 7rational s\l72 !n ! natural claims ( ! animal k+dom visibly rose up aga9/ ?is exclusive privilege1 ?is human pat5t ( immortality1 & ,nature1 z always 9 su* circum/ances1 ent]$ h] sil5t prote/4 ,our philosoph]s1 ow+ to ! qualms ( _! intellectual consci5ce1 7 soon =c$ to seek aid = _! ,rational ,psy*ology f ! empirical me?od2 !y accord+ly tri$ to reveal ! exi/5ce ( a va/ *asm1 an immeasurable gulf betwe5 animals & m51 9 ord] to repres5t !m1 9 ! tee? ( oppos+ te/imony1 z exi/5ces ess5tially diff]5t4 ,^! ef=ts did n escape ! ridicule ( ,boileau2 = we f9d him say+3 ,les animaux ont-ils des univ]sits8 ,voit-on fleurir *ez eux des quatre facults8#f ,su* a supposition w\ld end 9 animals be+ pron\nc$ incapable ( di/+ui%+ !mselves f ! ext]nal _w1 & ( hav+ any self-consci\sness1 any ego6 ,z answ] to su* absurd t5ets1 x w\ld only be necess>y to po9t to ! b\ndless ,egoism innate 9 e animal1 ev5 ! smalle/ & humble/2 ?is amply proves h[ p]fectly !y are consci\s ( _! self1 z oppos$ to ! _w1 :i* lies outside x4 ,if any "o ( ! ,c>tesian p]suasion1 ) views l ^! 9 8 head1 %\ld f9d himself 9 ! claws ( a tig]1 he w\ld be taught 9 ! mo/ =cible mann] :at a %>p di/9ction su* a bea/ draws betwe5 8 ego & ! non-ego4 ,correspond+ to ^! philosophical fallacies we notice a peculi> sophism 9 ! spee* ( _m peoples1 especially ! ,g]mans4 ,= ! commone/ matt]s connect$ ) ! processes ( life1--= food1 dr9k1 conception1 ! br++ =? ( "y2 = dea?1 & ! dead body2 su* languages h special words applicable only to animals1 n to m54 ,9 ?is way ! necessity ( us+ ! same t]ms = bo? is avoid$1 & ! p]fect id5tity ( ! ?+ conceal$ "u v]bal diff]5ces4 ,n[1 s9ce ! anci5t tongues %[ no trace ( su* a dual mode ( expression1 b frankly d5ote ! same ?+s by ! same words2 x foll[s t ?is mis]able artifice is beyond all d\bt ! "w ( ,european prie/craft1 :i*1 9 its pr(anity1 kn[s no limit to its disav[al (1 & blasphemy aga9/1 ! ,et]nal ,reality t lives 9 e animal4 ,?us 0 laid ! f\ndation ( t h>%ness & cruelty t[>ds bea/s :i* is cu/om>y 9 ,europe1 & on :i* a native ( ! ,asiatic upl&s c\ld n look )\t righte\s horror4 ,9 ,engli% ?is infam\s inv5tion is n to be f\nd2 assur$ly because ! ,saxons1 :5 !y conqu]$ ,engl&1 7 n yet ,*ri/ians4 ,nev]!less ! ,engli% language %[s some?+ analog\s 9 ! /range fact t x makes all animals ( ! neut] g5d]1 ! pron\n x be+ employ$ = !m1 j z if !y 7 lifeless ?+s4 ,?is idiom has a v objectionable s\nd1 especially 9 ! case ( dogs1 monkeys1 & o!r ,primates1 & is unmi/akably a prie/ly trick1 design$ to r$uce bea/s to ! level ( inanimate objects4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 :o d$icat$ all _! days to religion1 7 accu/om$ to place 9 ! same vault ) a human mummy t ( an ibis1 a crocodile1 etc42 9 ,europe x is a crime1 an abom9ation to bury a fai?ful dog beside ! re/+-place ( 8 ma/]1 ?\gh x is !re p]haps t he1 ) a fidelity & atta*m5t unkn[n to ! sons ( m51 await$ 8 own end4 ,to a recognition ( ! id5tity1 9 all ess5tials1 ( ! pha5om5a :i* we call man & bea/1 no?+ leads m surely ?an ! /udy ( zoology & anatomy4 ,:at %all we say !n1 :5 9 ^! days 7#ahci7 a cant+ dissector has be5 f\nd1 :o presumes to insi/ on an absolute & radical diff]5ce betwe5 human be+s & animals1 & :o goes s f> z to attack & calumniate hone/ zoologi/s t keep alo( f all prie/ly guile1 eye-s]vice1 & hypocrisy1 & d>e to foll[ ! lead+ ( nature & ( tru?8 ,^? p]sons mu/ inde$ be totally bl9d1 or else completely *lor(orm$ by ! foetor ,judaicus 7,jewi% /5*71 :o d n disc]n t ! truly ess5tial & fundam5tal "p 9 man & bea/ is id5tically ! same ?+4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es ! "o f ! o!r does n lie 9 ! prim>y & orig9al pr9ciple1 9 ! inn] nature1 9 ! k]nel ( ! two pha5om5a 7?is k]nel be+ 9 bo? alike ! ,w ( ! individual72 x is f\nd 9 :at is second>y1 9 ! intellect1 9 ! degree ( p]ceptive capacity4 ,x is true t ! latt] is incomp>ably high] 9 man1 by reason ( 8 add$ faculty ( ab/ract k1 call$ ,reason2 nev]!less ?is sup]iority is traceable solely to a great] c]ebral developm5t1 9 o!r words1 to ! corporeal diff]5ce1 :i* is quantitative1 n qualitative1 ( a s+le "p1 ! bra94 ,9 all o!r respects ! simil>ity betwe5 m5 & animals1 bo? psy*ical & bodily1 is suffici5tly /rik+4 ,s t we mu/ rem9d our judais$ fri5ds 9 ! ,we/1 :o despise animals1 & idolise ,reason1 t if !y 7 suckl$ by _! mo!rs1 s also 0 ! dog by 84 ,ev5 ,kant fell into ?is common mi/ake ( 8 age1 & ( 8 c\ntry1 & ,i h already adm9i/]$ ! c5sure#g :i* x is impossible to )hold4 ,! fact t ,*ri/ian morality takes no ?\ght = bea/s is a defect 9 ! sy/em :i* is bett] admitt$ ?an p]petuat$4 ,"o's a/oni%m5t is1 h[ev]1 all ! great]1 because1 ) ?is exception1 x %[s ! close/ agreem5t ) ! ,e?ics ( ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 be+ only less /rongly express$1 & n c>ri$ to ! la/ consequ5ces impos$ by logic4 ,on ! :ole1 !re seems little room = d\bt+ t1 9 common ) ! idea ( a god become man1 or ,avat>1#h x has an ,asiatic orig91 & probably came to ,judaea by way ( ,egypt2 s t ,*ri/ianity w\ld be a second>y reflection ( ! primordial light t %one 9 ,india1 :i*1 fall+ fir/ on ,egypt1 0 unhappily refract$ f its ru9s ^u ,jewi% soil4 ,an apt symbol ( ! ins5sibility ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics to animals1 :ile 9 o!r po9ts its simil>ity to ! ,indian is s great1 may be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t ,john ! ,bapti/ comes be=e u 9 all respects l a ,h9du ,sannyas91#i except t he is clo!d 9 sk9s3 a ?+ :i* w\ld be1 z is well kn[n1 an abom9ation 9 ! eyes ( e foll[] ( ,brahmanism or ,buddhism4 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,calcutta only receiv$ _! copy ( ! ,v$as on _! di/9ctly promis+ t !y w\ld n h x b\nd 9 lea!r1 aft] ,european fa%ion4 ,9 silk5 b9d+1 !re=e1 x is n[ to be se5 on ! %elves ( _! libr>y4 ,aga93 ! ,gospel /ory ( ,pet]'s draught ( fi%es1 :i* ! ,savi\r blesses s signally t ! boats are ov]lad51 & beg9 to s9k 7,luke v4 #a-aj71 =ms a *>act]i/ic contra/ to :at is relat$ ( ,py?agoras4 ,x is said t ! latt]1 initiat$ z he 0 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 b\ght ! draught f ! fi%]m51 :ile ! net 0 /ill "u wat]1 9 ord] to at once set at lib]ty ! captive d5iz5s ( ! sea4 7,apuleius3 ,de ,magia1 p4 #cf3 edit4 ,bipont47#aj ,compassion = animals is intimately connect$ ) goodness ( "*1 & x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t he1 :o is cruel to liv+ creatures1 _c be a good man4 ,moreov]1 ?is compassion manife/ly fl[s f ! same s\rce :5ce arise ! virtues ( ju/ice & lov+-k9dness t[>ds m54 ,?us1 = in/ance1 p ( delicate s5sitiv5ess1 on realis+ t 9 a fit ( ill-hum\r1 or ang]1 or "u ! influ5ce ( w9e1 !y puni%$ _! dog1 _! horse1 _! ape undes]v$ly1 or unnecess>ily1 or excessively1 are seiz$ ) ! same remorse1 feel ! same dissatisfaction ) !mselves1 z :5 !y are consci\s ( hav+ done "s wrong to "o ( _! fell[s4 ,! only diff]5ce--a purely nom9al "o--is t 9 ! latt] case ?is remorse1 ?is dissatisfaction is call$ ! voice ( consci5ce ris+ 9 rebuke4 ,i rememb] hav+ read ( an ,engli%man1 :o1 :5 hunt+ 9 ,india1 _h kill$ a monkey1 t he c\ld n =get ! dy+ look :i* ! creature ca/ on him2 s t he nev] fir$ at ^! animals aga94 ,ano!r sportsman1 ,william ,h>ris by "n1 a true ,nimrod1 has mu* ! same /ory to tell4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahcf-g he travell$ f> into ! he>t ( ,africa1 m]ely to indulge 8 passion = ! *ase4 ,a passage 9 8 book1 publi%$ at ,bombay 9 #ahch1 describes h[ he %ot 8 fir/ elephant1 a female4 ,next morn+ on go+ to look = 8 game1 he f\nd t all ! elephants _h fl$ f ! neighb\rhood1 except a "y "o :i* _h sp5t ! night beside its dead "m4 ,see+ ! huntsm51 x =got all fe>1 & came to meet !m1 ) ! cle>e/ & mo/ lively signs ( disconsolate grief1 & put its t9y trunk ab\t !m1 z if to beg = help4 ,!n1 says ,h>ris1 ,i 0 fill$ ) real remorse = :at ,i _h done1 & felt z if ,i _h committ$ a murd]4 ,! ,engli% nation1 ) its f9e s5sibility1 is1 9 fact1 di/+ui%$ above all o!rs = extraord9>y compassion t[>ds animals1 :i* appe>s at e opportunity1 & is s /rong t1 despite ! cold sup]/ition :i* o!rwise degrades !m1 ^! ,anglo-,saxons h be5 l$ ?r\gh its op]ation to fill up by legislation ! lacuna t _! religion leaves 9 morality4 ,= ?is gap is precisely ! reason :y 9 ,europe & ,am]ica !re is ne$ ( societies = ! protection ( animals1 :i* are entirely dep5d5t on ! law = _! effici5cy4 ,9 ,asia ! religions !mselves suffice1 consequ5tly no "o !re ev] ?9ks ( su* associations4 ,mean:ile ,europeans are awak5+ m & m to a s5se t bea/s h rights1 9 proportion z ! /range notion is be+ gradually ov]come & outgr[n1 t ! animal k+dom came into exi/5ce solely = ! b5efit & pleasure ( man4 ,?is view1#aa ) ! coroll>y t non-human liv+ creatures are to be reg>d$ m]ely z ?+s1 is at ! root ( ! r\gh & altoge!r reckless treatm5t ( !m1 :i* obta9s 9 ! ,we/4 ,to ! hon\r1 !n1 ( ! ,engli% be x said t !y are ! fir/ p :o h1 9 d[nright e>ne/1 ext5d$ ! protect+ arm ( ! law to animals3 9 ,engl& ! miscreant1 t commits an outrage on bea/s1 has to pay = x1 equally :e!r !y are 8 own or n4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,!re exi/s 9 ,london ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals1 a corporate body volunt>ily =m$1 :i*1 )\t /ate assi/ance1 & at great co/1 is ( no small s]vice 9 less5+ ! tale ( tortures inflict$ on animals4 ,its emiss>ies are ubiquit\s1 & keep secret wat* 9 ord] to in=m aga9/ ! torm5tors ( dumb1 s5sitive creatures2 & su* p]sons h !re=e good reason to /& 9 fe> ( !m4#ab ,at all ! /eep bridges 9 ,london ?is ,society /ations a pair ( horses1 :i* )\t any *>ge is atta*$ to heavy freight-waggons4 ,is n ?is admirable8 ,does x n elicit our approval1 z unfail+ly z any b5efic5t action t[>ds m58 ,also ! ,philan?ropic ,society ( ,london has done its "p4 ,9 #ahcg x (f]$ a prize ( #cj = ! be/ exposition ( ! moral reasons :i* exi/ to keep m5 f tortur+ animals4 ,! l9e ( argum5t1 h[ev]1 _h to be tak5 almo/ exclusively f ,*ri/ianity1 :]eby ! difficulty ( ! task 01 ( c\rse1 increas$2 b two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahci1 ,mr4 ,macnam>a 0 ! successful competitor4 ,at ,philadelphia !re is an ,animals' ,fri5ds' ,society1 hav+ ! same aims2 & x is to ! ,presid5t ( ! latt] t a book call$ ,philozoia2 or1 ,moral ,reflections on ! ,actual ,condition ( ,animals1 & ! ,means ( ,improv+ ! ,same 7,brussels1 #ahci71 has be5 d$icat$ by its au?or1 ,t4 ,=/]4 ,x is orig9al & well writt54 ,mr4 ,=/] e>ne/ly comm5ds to 8 read]s ! humane treatm5t ( animals4 ,z an ,engli%man he naturally tries to /r5g!n 8 position by ! support ( ! ,bible2 b he is on slipp]y gr\nd1 & meets ) su* poor success t he ends by cat*+ at ! foll[+ +5i\s position3 ,jesus ,*ri/ 7he says7 0 born 9 a /able among ox5 & asses2 :i* 0 meant to indicate symbolically t we ought to reg>d ! bea/s z our bro!rs1 & treat !m accord+ly4 ,all t ,i h "h adduc$ suffici5tly proves t ! moral *ord1 ( :i* we are speak+1 is n[ at l5g? beg9n+ to vibrate also 9 ! ,we/4 ,= ! re/1 we may obs]ve t compassion = s5ti5t be+s is n to c>ry u to ! l5g? ( ab/a9+ f fle%1 l ! ,brahmans4 ,?is is because1 by a natural law1 capacity = pa9 keeps pace ) ! intellig5ce2 consequ5tly m51 by go+ )\t animal food1 especially 9 ! ,nor?1 w\ld suff] m ?an bea/s d ?r\gh a quick dea?1 :i* is always un=ese52 al?\gh ! latt] ought to be made /ill easi] by means ( *lor(orm4 ,inde$ )\t meat n\ri%m5t mank9d w\ld be q unable to )/& ! rig\rs ( ! ,nor!rn climate4 ,! same reason+ expla9s1 too1 :y we are "r 9 mak+ animals "w = u2 x is only :5 !y are subject$ to an excessive am\nt ( toil t cruelty beg9s4 7#h7 ,x is p]haps n impossible to inve/igate & expla9 metaphysically ! ultimate cause ( t ,compassion 9 :i* alone all non-egoi/ic conduct c h its s\rce2 b let u = ! mom5t put aside su* inquiries1 & consid] ! pha5om5on 9 "q1 f ! empirical po9t ( view1 simply z a natural arrangem5t4 ,n[ if ,nature's int5tion 0 to s(t5 z mu* z possible ! numb]less suff]+s ( e sort1 to :i* our life is expos$1 & :i* no "o altoge!r escapes2 if %e wi%$ to provide "s c\nt]balance = ! burn+ ,egoism1 :i* fills all be+s1 & (t5 develops into malice2 x w at once /rike e "o z obvi\s t %e c\ld n h *os5 any me?od m effectual ?an t ( plant+ 9 ! human he>t ! wond]ful disposition1 :i* incl9es "o man to %>e ! pa9 ( ano!r1 & f :i* proce$s ! voice t bids u1 9 tones /rong & unmi/akable1 take ?\ght = our neighb\r2 call+1 at "o "t1 ,protect6 at ano!r1 ,help6 ,assur$ly1 f ! mutual succ\r ?us aris+1 !re 0 m to be hop$ =1 t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( univ]sal well-be+1 ?an f a /]n ,comm& ( duty1 c\*$ 9 g5]al1 ab/ract t]ms1--! product ( c]ta9 reason+ processes1 & ( artificial comb9ations ( conceptions4 ,f su* an ,imp]ative1 inde$1 all ! less result c\ld be expect$ because to ! r\gh human unit g5]al propositions & ab/ract tru?s are un9telligible1 ! concrete only hav+ "s mean+ = him4 ,& x %\ld be rememb]$ t mank9d 9 its entirety1 a v small "p alone except$1 has always be5 rude1 & mu/ rema9 s1 s9ce ! l>ge am\nt ( bodily toil1 :i* = ! race z a :ole is inevitable1 leaves no "t = m5tal culture4 ,:]eas1 9 ord] to awak5 t s5se1 :i* has be5 prov$ to be ! sole s\rce ( dis9t]e/$ action1 & consequ5tly ! true basis ( ,morals1 !re is no ne$ ( ab/ract k1 b only ( intuitive p]ception1 ( ! simple compreh5sion ( a concrete case4 ,to ?is ,compassion is at once responsive1 )\t ! m$iation ( o!r ?\ghts4 7#i7 ,! foll[+ circum/ance w be f\nd 9 complete accord ) ! la/ p>agraph4 ,! f\ndation1 :i* ,i h giv5 to ,e?ics1 leaves me )\t a =]unn] among ! ,s*ool ,philosoph]s2 inde$1 my position is p>adoxical1 z f> z _! tea*+ goes1 & _m ( !m1 = in/ance1 ! ,/oics 7,s5eca1 ,de ,clem5tia1 ,,ii41 #e71 ,sp9oza 7,e?ica1 ,,iv41 prop4 #ej71 & ,kant 7,kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 p4 #bac2 ,r4 p4 #beg7 only notice ! motive ( ,compassion to utt]ly reject & contemn x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my basis is support$ by ! au?ority ( ! greate/ morali/ ( mod]n times2 = su*1 und\bt$ly1 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau is1--t pr(\nd read] ( ! human he>t1 :o drew 8 wisdom n f books1 b f life1 & int5d$ 8 doctr9e n = ! pr(essorial *air1 b = humanity2 he1 ! foe ( all prejudice1 ! fo/]-*ild ( nature1 :om alone %e end[$ ) ! gift ( be+ able to moralise )\t t$i\sness1 because he hit ! tru? & /irr$ ! he>t4 ,i %all !re=e v5ture "h to cite "s passages f 8 works 9 support ( my !ory1 obs]v+ t1 s f>1 ,i h be5 z sp>+ z possible ) reg>d to quotations4 ,9 ! ,disc\rs sur l',orig9e de l',9galit1 p4 #ia 7edit4 ,bipont471 he says3 ,il y a un autre pr9cipe1 que ,hobbes n'a po9t ap]u1 et qui ayant t donn l'homme p\r ad\cir1 en c]ta9es circon/ances1 la frocit de son am\r-propre1 tempre l'ardeur qu'il a p\r son bi5-tre p> une ,r,,pugnance ,,inn,e ,,voir ,,s\ffrir ,,son ,,semblable4 ,je ne crois pas avoir aucune contradiction cra9dre en accordant l'homme la ,,seule ,,v]tu ,,naturelle qu'ait t =c de reconnatre le dtracteur le plus outr des v]tus huma9es4 ,je p>le ,,de ,,la ,,piti1 etc4#ac ,p4 #ib3 ,m&eville a bi5 s5ti qu'avec t\te leur morale les hommes n'euss5t jamais t que des mon/res1 si la nature ne leur eut donn ,,la ,,piti l'appui de la raison3 mais il n'a pas vu1 que ,,de ,,cette ,,seule ,,qualit ,,dec\l5t ,,t\tes ,,les ,,v]tus ,,sociales1 qu'il veut disput] aux hommes4 ,en effet1 qu'e/-ce que la gnrosit1 la clm5ce1 l'humanit1 s9on ,,la ,,piti1 applique aux faibles1 aux c\pables1 ou a l'espce huma9e en gnral8 ,la bi5veillance et l'amiti mme sont1 le bi5 pr5dre1 des productions d'une piti con/ante1 fixe sur un objet p>ticuli]2 c> dsir] que quelqu'un ne s\ffre po9t1 qu'e/-ce autre *ose1 que dsir] qu'il soit heureux8444 ,la commisration s]a d'autant plus n]gique1 que ,l',,animal ,,spectateur ,s',,id5tifi]a plus intimem5t avec ,l',,animal ,,s\ffrant4#ad ,p4 #id3 ,il e/ donc bi5 c]ta91 que la piti e/ un s5tim5t naturel1 qui1 modrant dans *aque individu l'am\r de soi-mme1 conc\rt la cons]vation mutuelle de t\te l'espce4 ,c'e/ elle1 qui dans l'tat de nature1 ti5t lieu de lois1 de murs1 et de v]tus1 avec cet avantage1 que nul ne s]a t5t de dsobir sa d\ce voix3 c'e/ elle1 qui dt\rn]a t\t sauvage robu/e d'enlev] un faible enfant1 ou un vieill>d infirme1 sa subsi/5ce acquise avec pe9e1 si lui mme espre p\voir tr\v] la si5ne ailleurs3 c'e/ elle qui1 au lieu de cette maxime sublime de ju/ice raisonne3 ,fais autrui comme tu veux qu'on te fasse2 inspire t\s les hommes cette autre maxime de bont naturelle1 bi5 mo9s p>faite1 mais plus utile peut-tre que la prcd5te3 ,fais ton bi5 avec le mo9dre mal d'autrui qu'il e/ possible4 ,c'e/1 en un mot1 ,,dans ,,ce ,,s5tim5t ,,naturel ,,plut,t1 ,,que ,,dans ,,les ,,argum5ts ,,subtils1 qu'il faut *]*] la cause de la repugnance qu'pr\v]ait t\t homme mal faire1 mme indp5damm5t des maximes de l'ducation4#ae ,let ?is be comp>$ ) :at he says 9 mile1 ,bk4 ,,iv41 pp4 #aae-abj 7edit4 ,bipont471 :]e ! foll[+ passage occurs among o!rs3-- ,en effet1 comm5t n\s laissons-n\s m\voir la piti1 si ce n'e/ en n\s transportant hors de n\s et en n\s ,,id5tifiant ,,avec ,l',,animal ,,s\ffrant3 ,,en ,,quittant1 p\r a9si dire1 ,,notre ,,tre1 ,,p\r ,,pr5dre ,,le ,,si58 ,n\s ne s\ffrons qu'autant que n\s jugeons qu'il s\ffre3 ,,ce ,n',,e/ ,,pas ,,dans ,,n\s1 ,c',,e/ ,,dans ,,lui1 que n\s s\ffrons 444 (frir au jeune homme des objets1 sur lesquels puisse agir la =ce expansive de son cur1 qui le dilat5t1 qui l't5d5t sur les autres tres1 qui le fass5t p>t\t ,,se ,,retr\v] ,,hors ,,de ,,lui3 c>t] avec so9 ceux1 qui le ress]r5t1 le conc5tr5t1 et t5d5t le ressort ,,du ,,moi ,,huma91 etc4#af ,inside ! pale ( ! ,s*ools1 z above rem>k$1 !re is n a s+le au?ority 9 fav\r ( my position2 b outside1 ,i h o!r te/imony to cite1 9 addition to ,r\sseau's4 ,! ,*9ese admit five c>d9al virtues 7,ts*ang71 ( :i* ! *ief is ,compassion 799,s974 ,! o!r f\r are3 ju/ice1 c\rtesy1 wisdom1 & s9c]ity4#ag ,simil>ly1 among ! ,h9dus1 we f9d t on ! tablets plac$ to ! memory ( dead *iefta9s1 compassion = m5 & animals takes ! fir/ place 9 ! record ( _! virtues4 ,at ,a!ns !re 0 an alt> to ,compassion 9 ! ,agora1 z we "k f ,pausanias1 ,i4 #ag3 1 1 -1 4#ah ,lucian also m5tions ?is alt> 9 ! ,timon1 #ii4ai ,a phrase ( ,phocion1 pres]v$ by ,/obaeus1 describes ,compassion z ! mo/ sacr$ ?+ 9 human life3 n 1 4#bj ,9 ! ,sapi5tia ,indorum1 ! ,greek translation ( ! ,paa-tantra1 we read 7,section #c1 p4 #bbj73 1 4#ba ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! real s\rce ( morality has be5 di/9ctly recognis$ at all times & 9 all c\ntries2 ,europe alone except$1 ow+ to ! foetor ,judaicus 7,jewi% /5*71 :i* "h p]vades ev]y?+1 & is ! reason :y ! ,we/]n races require = ! object ( _! ob$i5ce a comm& ( duty1 a moral law1 an imp]ative1 9 %ort1 an ord] & decree4 ,!y rema9 w$d$ to ?is habit ( ?\ght1 & refuse to op5 _! eyes to ! fact t su* a view is1 aft] all1 bas$ ^u no?+ b ,egosim4 ,( c\rse1 n[ & !n1 isolat$ individuals ( f9e p]ception h felt ! tru?1 & giv5 x utt]ance3 su* a "o 0 ,r\sseau2 & su*1 ,less+4 ,9 a lett] writt5 by ! latt] 9 #agef we read3 ,! be/ man1 & ! "o mo/ likely to excel 9 all social virtues1 9 all =ms ( magnanimity1 is he :o is mo/ compassionate4 #a ,?is t]m appe>s to h be5 fir/ us$ by ,newton & ,boyle4 ,! s5se is und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ,bacon's phrase in/antia crucis1 :i* is "o ( 8 ,pr]ogative ,in/ances4 ,vide1 ,novum ,organum3 ,lib4 ,,ii41 xxxvi41 :]e x is expla9$ z foll[s3 ,int] ,pra]ogativas ,in/anti>um ponemus loco decimo qu>to ,,in/antias ,,crucis2 translate vocabulo a ,crucibus1 quae erectae 9 ,biviis1 indicant et signant vi>um sep>ationes4 ,has etiam ,in/antias ,decisorias et ,judiciales1 et 9 ,casibus nonnullis ,in/antias ,oraculi et ,m&ati1 appell>e consuevimus1 etc4--7,translator47 #b ,accord+ to ,buxton 7,! ,african ,slave-trade1 #ahci71 _! numb] is ev5 n[ ye>ly increas$ by ab\t #aej1jjj fre%ly import$2 & to ^! m ?an #bjj1jjj mu/ be add$1 :o p]i% mis]ably at ! "t ( _! capture1 or on ! voyage4 #c ,i4e41 "u ! influ5ce ( w9e "o speaks ! tru?4 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/1 xiv41 *ap4 #bb1 #bh1 #ada1 edit4 ,teubn]2 vulgoque ,,v]itas jam attributa ,,v9o e/4 ,gk4 4 ,v4 ,p>oemiographi1 edit4 ,gais=d4--7,translator47 #d ,hor41 ,c>m41 ,i41 #ce1 #bf4--7,translator4 7 #e ,compassion1 :o ) no unc]ta9 tone1 ,! "w ( v5geance done1 h] laws makes kn[n4 #f ,h bea/s1 =soo?1 _! univ]sities1 ,end[$1 l ours1 ) all f\r faculties8 #g ,v4 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,vi4 #h ,avatra 7ava-t to desc5d71 desc5t ( a deity f heav52 e4g41 ! t5 inc>nations ( ,vi%u4 ,v4 ,moni] ,williams' ,sanskrit ,diction>y4--7,translator47 #i ,sannys9 7"o :o lays d[n1 or resigns71 an ascetic2 a religi\s m5dicant1 or ,brhman ( ! f\r? ord]4 ,v4 ,moni] ,williams' ,sanskrit ,diction>y4--7,translator47 #aj ,v4 ,apuleius3 ,apologia sive ,de ,magia ,lib] 7,lipsiae1 ,teubn]1 #aijj3 page #da1 *ap1 xxxi73 ,py?agoram 444 memoriae prodid]unt1 cum animadu]tisset proxime ,metapontum 9 litore ,italiae suae1 quam subsiciuam ,graeciam fec]at1 a quibusdam piscatoribus eu]riculum trahi1 =tunam iactus eius emisse et pretio dato iussisse1 ilico piscis eos qui capti t5ebantur solui retibus et r$di pr(undo4--7,translator47 #aa ,9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( my ,p>]ga1 #agg1 ,i h %[n t its orig9 c be trac$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #ab ,h[ s]i\sly ! matt] is be+ tak5 up may be se5 f ! foll[+ case :i* is q rec5t4 ,i quote f ! ,birm+ham ,j\rnal ( ,decemb]1 #ahci4 ,arre/ ( a company ( eighty-f\r abettors ( dog-fights4--,x _h come to ! k ( ! ,society ( ,animals' ,fri5ds t ! ,squ>e 9 ,fox ,/reet1 ,birm+ham1 0 ye/]day to be ! sc5e ( a dog-fight4 ,measures 7 accord+ly tak5 to secure ! assi/ance ( ! police1 & a /rong deta*m5t ( con/ables 0 s5t to ! spot4 ,at ! "r mom5t all ! p]sons pres5t 7 arre/$4 ,^! preci\s conspirators 7 !n h&cuff$ toge!r 9 pairs1 & ! :ole p>ty 0 made fa/ by a long rope pass+ betwe5 ea* c\ple4 ,9 ?is fa%ion !y 7 m>*$ (f to ! ,police ,/ation1 :]e mayor & magi/rate 7 sitt+ 9 read9ess = !m4 ,! two r+lead]s 7 condemn$ to pay1 ea*1 a f9e ( #a1 & #hs4 #f;d4 co/s2 9 default1 to und]go #ad days' h>d lab\r4 ,! coxcombs ^: habit is nev] to miss noble sport ( ?is sort1 mu/ h look$ some:at cre/fall5 9 ! mid/ ( ! procession4 ,b ! ,times ( ,april #f1 #ahee1 p4 #f1 supplies a /ill m /rik+ in/ance f ! pres5t day2 & "h we f9d ! pap] itself assum+ judicial functions1 & impos+ ! "r puni%m5t4 ,x rec\nts ! case ( a v weal?y ,scot* b>onet's daught]4 ,! matt] _h be5 br\ght be=e ! law1 & ! evid5ce %[$ t ! girl _h us$ a cudgel & knife on h] horse ) ! greate/ cruelty2 = :i* %e 0 ord]$ to pay a f9e ( #e4 ,b = "o 9 h] position su* a sum means no?+1 & %e w\ld practically h got (f scot-free1 _h n ! ,times int]v5$ to inflict on h] a prop] correction1 su* z %e w\ld really feel4 ,x twice m5tions ! "y lady's "n 9 full1 pr9t+ x 9 l>ge type1 & concludes z foll[s3 ,we _c help say+ t a few mon?s' imprisonm5t ) ! addition ( an occasional :ipp+ adm9i/]$ 9 private1 b by ! mo/ muscul> woman 9 ,hamp%ire1 w\ld h be5 a mu* m suitable p5alty = ,miss ,m4 ,n4 ,a wret*$ be+ ( ?is sort has =feit$ all ! consid]ation & ! privileges t atta* to h] sex2 we _c reg>d h] any long] z a woman4 ,^! newspap] p>agraphs ,i w\ld especially recomm5d to ! notice ( ! associations n[ =m$ 9 ,g]many aga9/ cruelty to animals2 = !y %[ :at l9es %\ld be adopt$1 9 ord] to rea* "s solid result4 ,at ! same "t ,i desire to express my cordial appreciation ( ! praisewor?y zeal %[n by ,h]rn ,h(ra? ,p]n]1 ( ,muni*1 :o has entirely devot$ himself to ?is bran* ( well-do+1 & succe$$ 9 ar\s+ int]e/ 9 x all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! fir/ portion ( ?is note belongs to ! e>lie/ edition ( ! "w1 publi%$ ,septemb]1 #ahdj2 ! latt] "p 0 writt5 = ! second edition1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahfj4 ,?is expla9s :y ,s*op5hau] says t ! fir/ in/ance1 dat$ #ahci1 is q rec5t1 & t ! second1 dat$ #ahee1 is tak5 f ! pres5t day4--7,translator47 #ac ,!re is ano!r pr9ciple :i* ,hobbes did n p]ceive at all4 ,x 0 implant$ 9 man 9 ord] to s(t51 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! fi]c5ess ( 8 self-love1 & x mod]ates ! ard\r1 :i* he feels = 8 own well-be+1 by produc+ a c]ta9 innate av]sion to ! sight ( a fell[-creature's suff]+4 ,9 attribut+ to man ! only natural virtue1 :i* ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ scepticism has be5 =c$ to recognise1 ,i /&1 assur$ly1 9 no fe> ( any contradiction4 ,i allude to compassion1 etc4 #ad ,m&eville 0 "r 9 ?9k+ t ) all _! sy/ems ( morality1 m5 w\ld nev] h be5 any?+ b mon/]s1 if nature _h n giv5 !m compassion to support _! reason2 b he fail$ to see t f ?is "o quality spr+ all ! social virtues1 :i* he 0 unwill+ to cr$it mank9d )4 ,9 reality1 :at is g5]osity1 clem5cy1 humanity1 if n compassion1 appli$ to ! weak1 to ! guilty1 or to ! human race1 z a :ole8 ,ev5 b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip1 if we look at ! matt] rightly1 are se5 to result f a con/ant compassion1 direct$ ^u a p>ticul> object2 = to desire t "s "o %\ld n suff] is no?+ else ?an to desire t he %\ld be happy4444 ,! m closely ! liv+ spectator id5tifies himself ) ! liv+ suff]]1 ! m active does pity become4 #ae ,x is1 !n1 q c]ta9 t compassion is a natural feel+1 :i* *eck+1 z x does1 ! love ( self 9 ea* individual1 helps by a reciprocal process to pres]ve ! :ole race4 ,?is x is1 :i* 9 ! /ate ( nature1 takes ! place ( laws1 cu/oms1 & virtues1 ) ! add$ advantage t no "o w be tempt$ to disobey its g5tle voice2 ?is x is1 :i* w re/ra9 e able-bodi$ savage1 provid$ he hope to f9d 8 own livelihood else:]e1 f robb+ a weak *ild1 or depriv+ an infirm old man ( ! subsi/5ce won by h>d toil2 ?is x is1 :i* inspires all m51 n inde$ ) t sublime maxim ( reason$ ju/ice3 ,d to o!rs z y w\ld !y %\ld d unto y2 b ) ano!r rule ( natural goodness1 no d\bt less p]fect1 b p]haps m useful1 namely3 ,d :at is good = y\rself ) ! lea/ possible h>m to o!rs4 ,9 a ^w1 x is 9 ?is natural feel+ r ?an 9 subtle argum5ts t we mu/ look = ! reason ( ! repugnance ) :i* e "o is accu/om$ to view bad conduct1 q indep5d5tly ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n by education4 #af ,9 fact1 h[ is x t we let ourselves be mov$ to pity1 if n by gett+ out ( our own consci\sness1 & becom+ id5tifi$ ) ! liv+ suff]]2 by leav+1 s to say1 our own be+1 & ent]+ into 88 ,we d n suff]1 except z we suppose he suff]s2 x is n 9 u1 x is 9 him1 t we suff] 444 (f] a "y man objects1 on :i* ! expansive =ce ( 8 he>t c act2 objects su* z may enl>ge 8 nature1 & incl9e x to g out to o!r be+s1 9 :om he may ev]y:]e f9d himself aga94 ,keep c>efully away ^? ?+s :i* n>r[ 8 view1 & make him self-c5tr$1 & :i* tight5 ! /r+s ( ! human ego4 7,t5d5t le ressort 7/ret* ! spr+7 du moi huma93 i4e41 /imulate ! egoi/ic t5d5cy47--7,translator47 #ag ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,vol4 ix41 p4 #fb4 ,cf4 ,m5g-,tseu 7o!rwise call$ ,m5cius71 edit$ by ,/anislas ,juli51 #ahbd1 ,bk4 ,i1 #de2 also ,m5g-,tseu 9 ! ,livres ,sacrs de l',ori5t1 by ,pan?i] p4 #bha4 ,v4 ,dictionnaire ,franais--,lat9--,*9ois1 p> ,paul ,p]ny 7,didot ,frres1 ,p>is1 #ahfi72 :]e ! five c>d9al virtues 7image7 are translit]at$ ou *ng4 ,v4 also3 ,a ,syllabic ,diction>y ( ! ,*9ese ,language2 by ,s4 ,wells ,williams1 ,,ll4,b4 7,%anghai3 #ahgd72 :]e ,s9 7,s971 i4e41 humanity1 love ( "o's neighb\r1 is writt5 ,s9'4--7,translator47 #ah ,! ,a!nians h an alt> 9 _! ,agora to ,compassion2 = ?is deity1 !y believe1 is ( all ! gods ! mo/ helpful 9 human life1 & its vicissitudes4 ,!y are ! only ,greeks :o h in/itut$ ?is cultus4--7,translator47 #ai ,v4 ,lucian1 ,timon1 *ap4 #db 7,ausgewhlte ,s*rift5 des ,lucian1 edit4 ,julius ,somm]brodt2 ,weidmann1 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 p4 #ge73 4 ,v4 also ,apollodorus 7edit4 ,j4 ,bekk]72 #b1 #h1 #a4 #c1 #g1 #a4 ,dem4 7edit4 ,reisk471 #eg4 ,s*olia/ on ,soph4 d4 ,col41#beh4--7,translator47 #bj ,a temple mu/ n be despoil$ ( its alt>1 nor human nature ( compassion4 ,v4 ,joannis ,/obaei ,an?ologium1 edit4 ,curtius ,wa*smu? et ,otto ,h5se2 ,weidmann1 ,b]l91 #ahid2 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bj1 ,nr4 #eb4--7,translator47 #ba ,! *ief ( virtues is said to be ,compassion4 ,! ,paa-tantra is a well-kn[n collection ( moral /ories & fables 9 five 7paan7 books or *apt]s 7tantra71 f :i* ! au?or ( ! ,hitopadea drew a l>ge portion ( 8 mat]ials4 ,v4 ,moni] ,williams' ,sanskrit ,diction>y4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,e?ical ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,"*4 ,!re /ill rema9s a "q to be resolv$1 be=e ! basis :i* ,i h giv5 to ,e?ics c be pres5t$ 9 all its complet5ess4 ,x is ?is4 ,on :at does ! great diff]5ce 9 ! moral behavi\r ( m5 re/8 ,if ,compassion be ! orig9al inc5tive ( all true1 t is1 dis9t]e/$ ju/ice & lov+-k9dness2 h[ comes x t "s are1 :ile o!rs are n1 influ5c$ !reby8 ,are we to suppose t ,e?ics1 :i* discloses ! moral /imulus1 is also capable ( sett+ x 9 motion8 ,c ,e?ics fa%ion ! h>d-he>t$ man anew1 s t he becomes compassionate1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 j & humane8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! diff]5ce ( "* is innate1 & in]adicable4 ,! wick$ man is born ) 8 wick$ness z mu* z ! s]p5t is ) its poison-fangs & gl&s1 nor c ! =m] *ange 8 nature a :it m ?an ! latt]4#a ,velle non discitur 7to use "o's w is n a ?+ t c be taught7 is a say+ ( ,n]o's tutor4 ,9 ! ,m5o1 ,plato m9utely inve/igates ! nature ( virtue1 & inquires :e!r x c1 or _c1 be taught4 ,he quotes a passage f ,!ognis3 ' 4 7,b ?\ wilt ne'er1 ,by tea*+ make ! bad man virtu\s47 & f9ally rea*es ?is conclusion3 o 1 o 1 1 1 4#b ,"h ! t]ms & 1 =m a di/9ction1 9 my op9ion1 mu* ! same z t betwe5 physical & metaphysical4 ,socrates1 ! fa!r ( ,e?ics1 if we may tru/ ,ari/otle1 decl>$ t o ' 1 4#c 7,moralia ,magna1 i4 #i47 ,moreov]1 ,ari/otle himself expresses ! same view2 ' 1 1 a y 4#d 7,e?4 ,nicom4 vi4 #ac47 ,we f9d also a simil> conviction v decid$ly express$ 9 ! fragm5ts attribut$ to ! ,py?agorean ,ar*ytas1 & pres]v$ by ,/obaeus 9 ! ,florilegium 7,*ap4 i4 #gg74e ,if n au!ntic1 !y are c]ta9ly v old4 ,orelli gives !m 9 8 ,opuscula ,graecorum ,s5t5tiosa et ,moralia4 ,!re 7,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bdj7 we read 9 ! ,dorian dialect z foll[s3-- 1 1 1 ' 1 1 4#f ,on exam9+ ! virtues & vices1 z summ>is$ by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,de ,virtutibus et ,vitiis1 x w be f\nd t all ( !m1 )\t exception1 are n prop]ly ?9kable unless assum$ to be inborn qualities1 & t only z su* c !y be g5u9e4 ,if1 9 consequ5ce ( reason$ reflection1 we take !m z volunt>y1 !y are !n se5 to lose _! reality1 & pass into ! region ( empty =ms2 :5ce x imm$iately foll[s t _! p]man5ce & resi/ance "u ! /orm & /ress ( circum/ance c\ld n be c\nt$ on4 ,& ! same is true ( ! virtue ( lov+-k9dness1 ( :i* ,ari/otle1 9 common ) all ! anci5ts1 kn[s no?+4 ,montaigne keeps1 ( c\rse1 8 sceptical tone1 b he practically agrees ) ! v5]able au?orities above quot$1 :5 he says3 ,s]ait-il vrai1 que p\r tre bon t\t fait1 il n\s le faille tre p> occulte1 naturelle et univ]selle proprit1 sans lot1 sans raison1 sans exemple8#g--7,liv4 ,,ii41 *ap4 #aa47 ,li*t5b]g hits ! m>k exactly 9 8 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 7v4 ,moralis*e ,bem]kung574 ,he writes3 ,all virtue aris+ f prem$itation is n wor? mu*4 ,:at is want$ is feel+ or habit4 ,la/ly1 x %\ld be not$ t ,*ri/ianity itself1 9 its orig9al tea*+1 recognises1 & be>s witness to ?is inh]5t1 immutable diff]5ce betwe5 "* & "*4 ,9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt we f9d ! allegory ( ! fruit :i* is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! tree t be>s x 7,luke vi4 #dc1 #dd2 cf4 ,mat!w vii4 #af-ah72 & !n 9 ! foll[+ v]se 7,luke vi4 #de71 we read3 o 4#h 7,cf4 ,mat!w xii4 #ce47 ,b x 0 ,kant :o fir/ completely cle>$ up ?is important po9t ?r\gh 8 pr(\nd doctr9e ( ! empirical & intelligible#i "*4 ,he %[$ t ! empirical "*1 :i* manife/s itself 9 "t & 9 multiplicity ( action1 is a pha5om5on2 :ile ! reality beh9d x is ! intelligible "*1 :i*1 be+ ! ess5tial con/itution ( ! ,?+ 9 itself und]ly+ ! pha5om5on1 is indep5d5t ( "t1 space1 plurality1 & *ange4 ,9 ?is way alone c be expla9$ :at is s a/oni%+1 & yet s well kn[n to all :o h le>nt life's lessons1--! fix$ un*angeabl5ess ( human "*4 ,!re are c]ta9 e?ical writ]s1 ^: aim is ! moral improvem5t ( m51 & :o talk ( progress made 9 ! pa? ( virtue2 b _! assurances are always met & victori\sly confut$ by ! irrefragable facts ( exp]i5ce1 :i* prove t virtue is nature's "w & _c be inculcat$4 ,! "* is an orig9al datum1 immutable1 & incapable ( any amelioration ?r\gh correction by ! intellect4 ,n[1 7 ?is n s2 & fur!r3 if 7z ! above-m5tion$ dull-head$ prea*]s ma9ta97 an improvem5t ( ! "*1 & h5ce a con/ant advance t[>ds ! good 7 possible by means ( moral in/ruction2 !n1 unless we are prep>$ to suppose t all ! v>i\s religi\s in/itutions1 & all ! ef=ts ( ! morali/s fail 9 _! purpose1 we %\ld c]ta9ly expect to f9d t ! old] half ( mank9d1 at lea/ on an av]age1 is di/9ctly bett] ?an ! y\ng]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is s f> f be+ ! case1 t x is n to ! old1 :o h1 z we see1 gr[n worse by exp]i5ce1 b to ! "y t we look = some?+ good4 ,x may happ5 t 9 8 old age "o man appe>s some:at bett]1 ano!r worse1 ?an he 0 9 8 y\?4 ,b ! reason is n f> to seek4 ,x is simply because ) l5g? ( days ! intellig5ce by con/ant correction becomes rip]1 & h5ce ! "* /&s out 9 pur] & cle>] %ape2 :ile e>ly life is a prey to ignorance1 mi/akes1 & *im]as1 :i* n[ pres5t false motives1 & n[ veil ! real4 ,= a full] explanation ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ( ! prec$+ ,essay1 on ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,w4#aj ,x is true t among convicts ! "y h a l>ge majority2 b ?is is because1 :5 a t5d5cy to crime exi/s 9 ! "*1 x soon f9ds a way ( express+ itself 9 acts1 & ( rea*+ its goal--! galleys1 or ! gibbet2 :ile he1 :om all ! inducem5ts to wrong do+1 :i* a long life (f]s1 h fail$ to lead a/ray1 is n likely to fall at ! elev5? h\r4 ,h5ce ! respect paid to age is1 9 my op9ion1 due to ! fact t ! old are consid]$ to h pass$ ?r\gh a te/ ( sixty or sev5ty ye>s1 & kept _! integrity unsulli$2 = ?is ( c\rse is ! s9e qua non ( ! hon\r accord$ !m4 ,^! ?+s are too well kn[n = any "o1 9 real life1 to be misl$ by ! promises ( ! morali/s we h spok5 (4 ,he :o has once be5 prov$ guilty ( evil-do+1 is nev] aga9 tru/$1 j z ! noble nature1 ( :i* a man has once giv5 evid5ce1 is always confid5tly believ$ 91 :atev] else may h *ang$4 ,op]>i sequitur esse 7:at "o does foll[s f :at "o is7 =ms1 z we h se5 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,viii41 a pregnant t5et ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w works accord+ to ! un*angeable con/itution ( :i* its be+1 its ess5tia is compos$4 ,& man is no exception4 ,z ! individual is1 s w he1 s mu/ he1 act3 & ! lib]um arbitrium indiff]5tiae 7free & indiff]5t *oice7 is an inv5tion ( philosophy 9 h] *ildhood1 long s9ce explod$2 al?\gh !re are "s old wom51 9 doctor's academicals1 :o /ill l to drag x ab\t ) !m4 ,! ?ree fundam5tal spr+s ( human action--,egoism1 ,malice1 ,compassion--are inh]5t 9 e "o 9 diff]5t & /rangely unequal proportions4 ,_! comb9ation 9 any giv5 case det]m9es ! weight ( ! motives t pres5t !mselves1 & %apes ! result+ l9e ( conduct4 ,to an egoi/ic "* egoi/ic motives alone appeal1 & ^?1 :i* sugge/ ei!r compassion or malice1 h no appreciable effect4 ,?us1 a man ( ?is type w sacrifice 8 int]e/s z little to take v5geance on 8 foes1 z to help 8 fri5ds4 ,ano!r1 ^: nature is highly susceptible to malici\s motives1 w n %r9k f do+ great h>m to himself1 s only he may injure 8 neighb\r4 ,= !re are *>act]s :i* take su* delight 9 work+ mis*ief on o!rs1 t !y =get _! own loss1 :i* is p]haps1 equal to :at !y inflict4 ,"o may say ( su*3 ,dum alt]i noceat sui neglig5s#aa 7disreg>d+ himself s long z he injures ! o!r74 ,^! are ! p t plunge ) passionate joy into ! battle 9 :i* !y expect to receive q z _m w\nds z !y deal2 inde$1 exp]i5ce n seldom te/ifies t !y are ready delib]ately1 fir/ to kill ! man :o ?w>ts _! purposes1 & !n !mselves1 9 ord] to escape ! p5alty ( ! law4 ,on ! o!r h&1 goodness ( he>t consi/s ( a deeply felt1 all-embrac+ ,compassion = ev]y?+ t has brea?1 & especially = man2 because1 9 proportion z ! intellig5ce develops1 capacity = pa9 increases2 & h5ce1 ! c\ntless suff]+s ( human be+s1 9 m9d & body1 h a mu* /rong] claim to ,compassion ?an ^? ( animals1 :i* are only physical1 & 9 any case less acute4 ,?is goodness ( he>t1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place re/ra9s a man f do+ any sort ( h>m to o!rs1 &1 next1 x bids him give succ\r :5ev] & :]ev] he sees di/ress4 ,& ! pa? ( ,compassion may lead z f> 9 "o direction z ,malice does 9 ! o!r4 ,c]ta9 r>e *>act]s ( f9e s5sibility take to he>t ! calamities ( o!rs m ?an _! own1 s t !y make sacrifices1 :i*1 x may be1 entail on !mselves a great] am\nt ( suff]+ ?an t remov$ f ^? !y b5efit4 ,nay1 9 cases :]e sev]al1 or1 p]haps1 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons1 at "o "t1 c be help$ 9 ?is way1 su* m5 d n1 if ne$ be1 fl9* f absolute self-effacem5t4 ,arnold von ,w9kelri$ 0 "o ( ^!4 ,s 0 ,paul9us1 ,bi%op ( ,nola1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 :5 ! ,v&als cross$ ov] f ,africa & invad$ ,italy4 ,( him we read 9 ,johann von ,mll]'s ,weltges*i*te 7,bk4 ,x41 *ap4 #aj7 t 9 ord] to ransom "s ( ! prison]s1 he _h already dispos$ ( all ! *ur* plate1 8 own & 8 fri5ds' private prop]ty4 ,!n1 on see+ ! angui% ( a wid[1 ^: only son 0 be+ c>ri$ (f1 he (f]$ himself = s]vitude 9 ! o!r's /ead4 ,= :oev] 0 ( suitable age1 & _h n fall5 by ! sword1 0 tak5 captive to ,c>?age4 ,!re is1 !n1 an enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 "* & "*4 ,be+ orig9al & innate1 x measures ! responsiv5ess ( ! individual to ?is or t motive1 & ^? alone1 to :i* he is specially s5sitive1 w appeal to him ) any?+ l compell+ =ce4 ,z 9 *emi/ry1 ) un*angeable c]ta9ty1 "o sub/ance reacts only ^u acids1 ano!r only ^u alkalies1 s1 ) equal inv>iabl5ess1 diff]5t natures respond to diff]5t /imuli4 ,! motives sugge/+ lov+-k9dness1 :i* /ir s deeply a good disposition1 c1 ( !mselves1 effect no?+ 9 a he>t t li/5s only to ! prompt+s ( ,egoism4 ,if x be wi%$ to induce ! egoi/ to act ) b5efic5ce & humanity1 ?is c be done b 9 "o way3 he mu/ be made to believe t ! assuag+ ( o!rs' suff]+ w1 someh[ or o!r1 surely turn out to 8 own advantage4 ,:at1 inde$1 are mo/ moral sy/ems b attempts ( diff]5t k9ds 9 ?is direction8 ,b su* proc$ure only misleads1 does n bett]1 ! w4 ,to make a real improvem5t1 x w\ld be necess>y to trans=m ! entire nature ( ! individual's susceptibility = motives4 ,?us1 f "o we %\ld h to remove 8 indiff]5ce to ! suff]+ ( o!rs z su*2 f ano!r1 ! delight :i* he feels 9 caus+ pa92 f a ?ird1 ! natural t5d5cy :i* makes him reg>d ! smalle/ increase ( 8 own well-be+ z s f> outweigh+ all o!r motives1 t ! latt] become z du/ 9 ! balance4 ,only x is f> easi] to *ange lead into gold ?an to accompli% su* a task4 ,= x means ! turn+ r\nd1 s to say1 ( a man's he>t 9 8 body1 ! rem\ld+ ( 8 v be+4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 all t c be done is to cle> ! intellect1 correct ! judgm5t1 & s br+ him to a bett] compreh5sion ( ! objective realities & actual relations ( life4 ,?is effect$1 ! only result ga9$ is t 8 w reveals itself m logically1 di/9ctly1 & decid$ly1 ) no false r+ 9 its utt]ance4 ,x %\ld be not$ t j z _m a good act re/s at bottom on false motives1 on well-meant1 yet illusory repres5tations ( an advantage to be obta9$ !reby 9 ?is1 or ano!r1 _w2 s n a few misde$s are due solely to an imp]fect und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( human life4 ,x is on ?is latt] tru? t ! ,am]ican p5it5ti>y sy/em is bas$4 ,"h ! aim is n1 to improve ! he>t1 b simply1 to educate ! head ( ! crim9al1 s t he may intellectually come to p]ceive t prosp]ity is m surely1 inde$ m easily1 rea*$ by "w & hone/y ?an by idl5ess & knav]y4 ,by ! prop] pres5tm5t ( motives legality may be secur$1 b n morality4 ,x is possible to remodel :at "o does1 b n :at "o wills to d2 & x is to ! w alone t real moral wor? belongs4 ,x is n possible to *ange ! goal :i* ! w /rives aft]1 b only ! pa? expect$ to lead ?i!r4 ,in/ruction may alt] ! selection ( means1 b n ! *oice ( ! ultimate object :i* ! individual keeps be=e him 9 all he does2 ?is is det]m9$ by 8 w 9 accordance ) its orig9al nature4 ,x is true t ! egoi/ may be br\ght to und]/& t1 if he gives up c]ta9 small advantages1 he w ga9 great]2 & ! malici\s man may be taught t by injur+ o!rs he w injure himself /ill m4 ,b ,egoism itself1 & ,malice itself1 w nev] be argu$ out ( a p]son2 z little z a cat c be talk$ out ( h] incl9ation = mice4 ,simil>ly ) goodness ( he>t4 ,if ! judgm5t be tra9$1 if ! relations & conditions ( life become und]/ood1 9 a ^w1 if ! intellect be enlight5$2 ! "* dom9at$ by lov+-k9dness w be l$ to express itself m consi/5tly & completely ?an x o!rwise c\ld4 ,?is happ5s :5 we p]ceive ! remot] consequ5ces :i* our conduct has = o!rs3 ! suff]+s1 p]haps1 t ov]take !m indirectly1 & only aft] lapse ( "t1 ?r\gh "o act or ano!r ( ours1 :i* we _h no idea 0 s h>mful4 ,x occurs1 too1 :5 we come to disc]n ! evil results ( _m a well-meant action1 z1 = in/ance1 ! scre5+ ( a crim9al2 & x is especially true :5 we realise t ! ,nem9em la$e 7injure no "o7 has 9 all cases prec$5ce ov] ! ,omnes juva 7help all m574 ,9 ?is s5se !re is und\bt$ly su* a ?+ z a moral education1 an e?ical tra9+ capable ( mak+ m5 bett]4 ,b x goes only z f> z ,i h indicat$1 & its limits are quickly discov]$4 ,! head is fill$ ) ! light ( k2 ! he>t rema9s unimprov$4 ,! fundam5tal & det]m9+ elem5t1 9 ?+s moral1 no less ?an 9 ?+s intellectual1 & ?+s physical1 is t :i* is inborn4 ,art is always subord9ate1 & c only l5d a help+ h&4 ,ea* man is1 :at he is1 z x 71 by ! grace ( ,god1 jure div9o1 1 1 7by div9e disp5sation74 ,du bi/ am ,ende--,,0 ,,du ,,bi/4 ,setz' dir ,p]rck5 auf von ,million5 ,lock51 ,setz' de95 ,fuss auf ell5hohe ,sock53 ,,du ,,bleib/ ,,do* ,,imm] ,,0 ,,du ,,bi/4#ab ,b ! read]1 ,i am sure1 has long be5 wi%+ to put ! "q3 ,:]e1 !n1 does blame & m]it come 98 ,! answ] is fully conta9$ 9 ,"p ,,il1 ,*apt] ,,viii41 to :i* ,i !re=e beg to call p>ticul> att5tion4 ,x is !re t ! explanation1 :i* o!rwise w\ld n[ foll[1 f\nd a natural place2 because ! matt] is closely connect$ ) ,kant's doctr9e ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ,fre$om & ,necessity4 ,our inve/igation l$ to ! conclusion t1 once ! motives are br\ght into play1 ! ,op]>i 7:at1 is done7 is a ?+ ( absolute necessity2 consequ5tly1 ,fre$om1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is betok5$ solely by ! s5se ( responsibility1 _c b belong to ! ,esse 7:at "o is74 ,no d\bt ! reproa*es ( consci5ce h to d1 9 ! fir/ place1 & o/5sibly1 ) our acts1 b ?r\gh ^! !y1 9 reality1 rea* d[n to :at we are2 = :at we d is ! only indisputable index ( :at we are1 & reflects our "* j z fai?fully z symptoms betray ! malady4 ,h5ce x is to ?is ,esse1 to :at we are1 t blame & m]it mu/ ultimately be attribut$4 ,:atev] we e/eem & love1 or else despise & hate1 9 o!rs1 is n a *angeable1 transi5t appe>ance1 b some?+ con/ant1 /able1 & p]si/5t2 x is t :i* !y are4 ,if we f9d reason to alt] our fir/ op9ion ab\t any "o1 we d n suppose t he is *ang$1 b t we h be5 mi/ak5 9 him4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we are pleas$ or displeas$ ) our own conduct1 we say t we are satisfi$ or dissatisfi$ ) ourselves1 mean+1 9 reality1 ) t :i* we are1 & are unalt]ably1 irrev]sibly2 & ! same is true ) reg>d to our intellectual qualities1 nay1 x ev5 applies to ! physiognomy4 ,h[ is x possible1 !n1 = blame & m]it to lie o!rwise ?an 9 :at we are8 ,z we saw 9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,vii41 ,consci5ce is t regi/] ( our acts1 :i* is always gr[+ long]1 & !re=e t acqua9tance ) ourselves :i* e day becomes m complete4 ,consci5ce conc]ns itself directly ) all t we d2 :51 at "o "t1 actuat$ by ,egoism1 or p]haps ,malice1 we turn a deaf e> to ,compassion1 :i* bids u at lea/ refra9 f h>m+ o!rs1 if we w n af=d !m help & protection2 or :5 aga91 at ano!r "t1 we ov]come ! fir/ two inc5tives1 & li/5 to ! voice ( ! ?ird4 ,bo? cases measure ! di/9ction we draw betwe5 ourselves & o!rs4 ,& on ?is di/9ction dep5ds 9 ! la/ resort ! degree ( our morality or immorality1 t is1 ( our ju/ice & lov+-k9dness1 or ! rev]se4 ,little by little ! numb] ( ^? actions1 ^: te/imony is significant on ?is po9t1 accumulates 9 ! /oreh\se ( our memory2 & ?us ! l9eam5ts ( our "* are depict$ ) ev] great] cle>ness1 & a true k ( ourselves is ne>] atta9m5t4 ,& out ( su* k !re spr+s a s5se ( satisfaction1 or dissatisfaction ) ourselves1 ) t :i* we are1 accord+ z we h be5 rul$ by ,egoism1 by ,malice1 or else by ,compassion2 9 o!r words1 accord+ z ! diff]5ce we h made betwe5 ourselves & o!rs is great] or small]4 ,& :5 we look outside ourselves1 x is by ! same /&>d t we judge ^? ab\t u2 & we become acqua9t$ ) _! "*--less p]fectly inde$--yet by ! same empirical me?od z we employ ) ref]5ce to our own4 ,9 ?is case our feel+s take ! =m ( praise1 approval1 respect1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ( reproa*1 displeasure1 contempt1 & !y are ! objective translation1 s to say1 ( ! subjective satisfaction or dissatisfaction 7! latt] deep5+ p]haps into remorse71 :i* arises 9 u :5 we sit 9 judgm5t on ourselves4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! evid5ce ( language4 ,we f9d c]ta9 con/antly occurr+ =ms ( spee* :i* be> eloqu5t te/imony to ! fact t ! blame we ca/ ^u o!rs is 9 reality direct$ aga9/ _! un*angeable "*1 t\*+ b sup]ficially :at !y d2 t virtue & vice are practically1 if tacitly1 reg>d$ z inh]5t unalt]able qualities4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ^! expressions3 ,jetzt sehe i*1 wie du bi/6 7,n[ ,i "k y\r nature67 ,9 dir habe i* mi* geirrt4 7,i 0 mi/ak5 9 y47 ,n[ ,i see :at y are6 ,voil donc1 comme tu es6 7,?is1 !n1 is :at y are67 ,s b9 i* ni*t6 7,i am n a p]son ( t sort67 ,i* b9 ni*t d] ,mann1 d] fhig wre1 ,sie zu h9t]geh54 7,i am n ! man to impose ^u y47 ,also3 les mes bi5 nes 7p]sons well-born1 i4e41 noble-m9d$71 ! ,spani% bi5 nacido2 7prop]ly well-born71 7prop]ly nobility ( bir?7 us$ = virtu\s & virtue2 g5]osioris animi amicus 7a fri5d ( l(ty m9d4 ,g5]osus3 lit4 ( noble bir?71 etc4 ,reason is a necess>y condition = consci5ce1 b only because )\t ! =m] a cle> & connect$ recollection is impossible4 ,f its v nature consci5ce does n speak till aft] ! act2 h5ce we talk ( be+ arraign$ be=e its b>4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is improp] to say t consci5ce speaks be=eh&2 = x c only d s indirectly2 t is1 :5 ! remembrance ( p>ticul> cases 9 ! pa/ leads u1 ?r\gh reflection1 to disapprove ( "s analog\s c\rse ( action1 :ile yet 9 embryo4 ,su* is ! e?ical fact z deliv]$ by consci\sness4 ,x =ms ( itself a metaphysical problem1 :i* does n directly belong to ! pres5t "q1 b :i* w be t\*$ on 9 ! la/ "p4 ,consci5ce1 !n1 is no?+ else ?an ! acqua9tance we make ) our own *angeless "* ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( our acts4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ t ?is def9ition h>monises p]fectly )1 & h5ce receives additional confirmation f1 :at ,i h "h specially emphasis$3 namely1 ! fact t susceptibility = ! motives ( ,egoism1 ( ,malice1 & ( ,compassion1 :i* is s widely dissimil> 9 diff]5t individuals1 & on :i* ! :ole moral value ( a man dep5ds1 _c be int]pret$ by any?+ else1 nor be ga9$1 or remov$1 by in/ruction1 z if x 7 some?+ born 9 "t1 & !re=e v>iable1 & subject to *ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h se5 t x is innate & fix$1 an ultimate datum1 admitt+ ( no fur!r explanation4 ,?us an entire life1 ) ! :ole ( its manifold activity1 may be lik5$ to a clock-dial1 t m>ks e movem5t ( ! int]nal works1 z !y 7 made once = all2 or x resembles a mirror1 :]e9 alone1 ) ! eye ( 8 intellect1 ea* p]son sees reflect$ ! ess5tial nature ( 8 own ,w1 t is1 ! core ( 8 be+4 ,:oev] takes ! tr\ble to ?or\ghly ?9k out :at has be5 put =w>d "h1 & 9 ,"p4 ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,,viii41 w discov] 9 ! f\ndation giv5 by me to ,e?ics a logical consecution1 a r\nd$ complet5ess1 want+ to all o!r !ories2 to say no?+ ( ! consonance ( my view ) ! facts ( exp]i5ce1--a consonance :i* he w look = 9 va9 else:]e4 ,= only ! tru? c uni=mly & consi/5tly agree ) itself & ) nature2 :ile all false pr9ciples are int]nally at v>iance ) !mselves1 & ext]nally contradict ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 :i* at e /ep records its sil5t prote/4 ,i am p]fectly aw>e t ! tru?s advanc$ 9 ?is ,essay1 & p>ticul>ly "h at ! close1 /rike directly at _m deeply root$ prejudices & mi/akes1 & especially at ^? atta*+ to a c]ta9 rudim5t>y sy/em ( morals1 n[ mu* 9 vogue1 & suitable = elem5t>y s*ools4 ,b ,i _c own to feel+ any p5it5ce or regret4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i am address+ nei!r *ildr51 nor ! pr(anum vulgus1 b an ,academy ( light & le>n+4 ,_! inquiry is a purely !oretical "o1 conc]n$ ) ! ultimate fundam5tal v]ities ( ,e?ics2 & to a mo/ s]i\s "q a s]i\s answ] is und\bt$ly expect$4 ,& secondly1 9 my op9ion1 !re c be no su* ?+ z h>mless mi/akes1 /ill less privileg$ or useful ones4 ,on ! contr>y1 e error works inf9itely m evil ?an good4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is wi%$ to make exi/+ prepossessions ! /&>d ( tru?1 or ! b\nd>y beyond :i* its inve/igation is n to g1 !n x w\ld be m hone/ to aboli% philosophical ,faculties & ,academies altoge!r4 ,= :]e no reality exi/s1 !re also no semblance ( x %\ld be4 hr classr#e _/ #a ,cf4 ,j]emiah xiii4 #bc4--7,translator47 #b ,virtue w\ld appe> n to come naturally 7i4e41 ?r\gh ! physical ord] ( ?+s71 nor c x be taught2 b 9 :omsoev] x dwells1 !re x is pres5t1 ap>t f ! intellect1 "u div9e ord9ance4 ,v4 ,platonis ,op]a1 edit4 ,didot1 ,p>is1 #ahef2 ,vol4 ,i4 ,m5o1 #if & #ii1 ad f94-- 7,translator47 #c ,x is n 9 our p[] to be ei!r good or bad4 #d ,= x appe>s t ! diff]5t *>act]s ( all m5 are 9 "s way implant$ 9 !m by nature2 if we are j1 & temp]ate1 & o!rwise virtu\s1 we are s /raightway f our bir?4 #e ,v4 ,joannis ,/obaei ,florilegium1 edit4 ,me9eke1 publ4 ,lipsiae1 ,teubn]1 #ahee2 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cc1a4 #ad1 sqq4--7,translator47 #f ,= ! s-call$ virtues1 t require reason+ & demon/ration1 ought to be call$ sci5ces4 ,by ! t]m virtue we mean r a c]ta9 moral & excell5t disposition ( ! s\l's unreason+ "p4 ,?is disposition det]m9es ! "* :i* we %[1 & 9 accordance ) :i* we are call$ g5]\s1 j1 or temp]ate4 #g ,are we to believe x true t we c only be ?or\ghly good by virtue ( a c]ta9 occult1 natural1 & univ]sal faculty1 )\t law1 )\t reason1 )\t prec$5t8 #h ,! good man out ( ! good treasure ( 8 he>t br+e? =? t :i* is good2 & ! evil man out ( ! evil treasure ( 8 he>t br+e? =? t :i* is evil4 #i ,v4 ,note on intelligible1 ,"p4 ,,ii41 ,*apt] ,i4--7translator47 #aj ,die ,freiheit des ,will5s & ! pres5t treatise 7 publi%$ by ,s*op5hau] toge!r1 "u ! title ( ,die ,beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik4 ,v4 ,introduction1 p4 xv41 note4--7,translator47 #aa ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 ,i4 #a4 #ab ,9 spite ( all1 ?\ art /ill--:at ?\ art4 ,?\gh wigs ) c\ntless curls ?y head-ge> be1 ,?\gh %oes an ell 9 height adorn ?y feet3 ,un*ang'd ?\ e'er rema9e/ :at ?\ art4 ,v4 ,goe!'s ,fau/1 ,"p ,i41 ,/udirzimm]4--7,translator47 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,metaphysical ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,primal ,,e?ical ,,pha5om5on4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h[ ,,?is ,,app5dix ,,mu/ ,,be ,,und]/ood4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages ! moral inc5tive 7,compassion7 has be5 e/abli%$ z a fact1 & ,i h %[n t f x alone c proce$ unselfi% ju/ice & g5u9e lov+-k9dness1 & t on ^! two c>d9al virtues all ! re/ dep5d4 ,n[1 = ! purpose ( supply+ ,e?ics ) a f\ndation1 ?is is suffici5t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 t is1 9 s f> z ,moral ,sci5ce necess>ily requires to be support$ by "s actual & demon/rable basis1 :e!r exi/+ 9 ! ext]nal _w1 or 9 ! consci\sness4 ,! only alt]native is to tread 9 ! foot/eps t s _m ( my pr$ecessors h left1 9 o!r words1 to *oose arbitr>ily "s proposition or o!r1--"s b>e & ab/ract =mula--& make x ! s\rce ( all t morality prescribes2 or1 l ,kant1 to sublimate a m]e idea1 t ( law1 into ! key-/one ( ! e?ical ar*4 ,b1 dismiss+ ?is me?od = ! reasons discuss$ above1 9 ! ,second ,"p1 ! inve/igation propos$ by ! ,royal ,society appe>s to me n[ complet$4 ,= _! "q1 z x /&s1 deals only ) ! f\ndation ( ,e?ics2 z to a possible metaphysical explanation ( ?is f\ndation no?+ :atev] is ask$4 ,nev]!less1 at ! po9t we h rea*$1 ,i am v s5sible t ! human _s c f9d no abid+ satisfaction1 no real repose4 ,z 9 all bran*es ( practical rese>*1 s also 9 ,e?ical ,sci5ce1 :5 all is said1 man is inevitably confront$ ) an ultimate pha5om5on1 :i* :ile x r5d]s an acc\nt ( ev]y?+ t x includes1 & ev]y?+ d$ucible f x1 rema9s itself an unexpla9$ riddle4 ,s t "h1 z else:]e1 ! want is felt ( a f9al int]pretation 7:i*1 obvi\sly1 _c b be metaphysical7 ( ! ultimate data1 z su*1 & ?r\gh ^!1--if !y be tak5 9 _! entirety--( ! _w4 ,& "h1 too1 ?is want f9ds utt]ance 9 ! "q3 ,h[ is x t1 :at is pres5t to our s5ses1 & grasp$ by our intellect1 is z x is1 & n o!rwise8 ,& h[ does ! "* ( ! pha5om5on1 z manife/ to u1 %ape itself out ( ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s8 ,inde$1 9 ,moral ,sci5ce ! ne$ ( a metaphysical basis is m urg5t ?an 9 any o!r1 because all sy/ems1 philosophical no less ?an religi\s1 are at "o 9 p]si/5tly atta*+ to conduct n only an e?ical1 b also a metaphysical significance1 :i*1 pass+ beyond ! m]e appe>ance ( ?+s1 transc5ds e possibility ( exp]i5ce1 & !re=e /&s 9 ! close/ connection ) human de/9y & ) ! :ole cosmic process4 ,= if life 7x is av]r$7 h a mean+1 !n ! supreme goal to :i* x po9ts is und\bt$ly e?ical4 ,nor is ?is view a b>e unsupport$ !ory2 x is suffici5tly e/abli%$ by ! und5iable fact t1 z dea? draws nigh1 ! ?\ghts ( ea* individual assume a moral tr5d1 equally :e!r he be cr$ul\s ( religi\s dogmas1 or n2 he is manife/ly anxi\s to w9d up ! affairs ( 8 life1 n[ v]g+ to its end1 entirely f ! moral /&po9t4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts is ( special value1 /&+1 z !y d1 outside ! pale ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,i %all !re=e "h quote a rem>kable passage pres]v$ by ,/obaeus1 9 8 ,florilegium 7*ap4 #dd1 4 #bj74 ,x has be5 attribut$ to ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic lawgiv]1 ,zaleucus1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,b5tley & ,heyne1 its s\rce is ,py?agorean4 ,! language is graphic & unmi/akable4 1 4 1 1 4#a ,fur!rmore1 to come to an hi/orical p]sonage1 we f9d ,p]icles1 on 8 dea?-b$1 unwill+ to he> any?+ ab\t 8 great a*ievem5ts1 & only anxi\s to "k t he _h nev] br\ght tr\ble on a citiz54 7,plut>*1 ,life ( ,p]icles47 ,turn+ to mod]n times1 if a v diff]5t case may be plac$ beside ! prec$+1 ,i rememb] hav+ notic$ 9 a report ( depositions made be=e an ,engli% jury ! foll[+ occurr5ce4 ,a r\gh negro lad1 fifte5 ye>s old1 _h be5 mortally injur$ 9 "s brawl on bo>d a %ip4 ,z he 0 dy+1 he eag]ly begg$ t all 8 companions might be fet*$ 9 ha/e3 he want$ to ask if he _h ev] vex$ or insult$ any "o ( !m1 & aft] he>+ t he _h n1 8 m9d appe>$ greatly reliev$4 ,x is inde$ ! uni=m tea*+ ( exp]i5ce t ^? ne> dea? wi% to be reconcil$ ) e "o be=e !y pass away4 ,b !re is evid5ce ( ano!r k9d t ,e?ics c only be f9ally expla9$ by ,metaphysics4 ,x is well kn[n t1 :ile ! au?or ( an intellectual p]=mance1--ev5 %\ld x be a supreme ma/]piece--is q will+ to take :atev] remun]ation he c get1 ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o h done some?+ morally excell5t1 almo/ )\t exception1 refuse comp5sation = x4 ,! latt] fact is specially obs]vable :]e conduct rises to ! h]oic4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a man at ! risk ( 8 life has sav$ ano!r1 or p]haps _m1 f de/ruction1 z a rule1 he simply decl9es all rew>d1 poor ?\gh he may be2 because he in/9ctively feels t ! metaphysical value ( 8 act w\ld be !reby impair$4 ,at ! end ( ,brg]'s song1 ,! ,brave ,man1 we f9d a poetical pres5tm5t ( ?is psy*ological process4 ,nor does ! reality1 = ! mo/ "p1 diff] at all f ! ideal1 z ,i h frequ5tly notic$ 9 ,engli% pap]s4 ,conduct ( ?is k9d occurs 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & indep5d5tly ( all religi\s diff]5ces4 ,9 human be+s !re is an und5iable e?ical t5d5cy1 root$ 7h[ev] unconsci\sly7 9 ,metaphysics1 & )\t an explanation ( life on ^! l9es1 no religion c\ld ga9 /&+-gr\nd2 = x is by virtue ( _! e?ical side t !y all alike keep _! hold on ! m9d4 ,e religion makes its body ( dogmas ! basis ( ! moral inc5tive :i* ea* man feels1 b :i* he does n1 on t acc\nt1 und]/&2 & x unites ! two s closely1 t !y appe> to be insep>able4 ,inde$ ! prie/s take special pa9s to proclaim unbelief & immorality z "o & ! same ?+4 ,! reason is ?us app>5t1 :y believ]s reg>d unbeliev]s z id5tical ) ! vici\s1 & :y expressions su* z godless1 a!i/ic1 un*ri/ian1 h]etic1 etc41 are us$ z synonymes = moral depravity4 ,! religions h1 9 fact1 a suffici5tly easy task4 ,fai? is ! pr9ciple !y />t f4 ,h5ce !y are 9 a position to simply insi/ on its application to _! dogmas1 & ?is1 ev5 to ! po9t ( employ+ ?reats4 ,b philosophy has no su* conv5i5t in/rum5t ready to h&4 ,if ! diff]5t sy/ems be exam9$1 x w be f\nd t ! situation is beset ) difficulties1 bo? z reg>ds ! f\ndation to be provid$ = ,e?ics1 & 9 relation to ! po9t ( connection discov]able 9 any su* f\ndation ) ! giv5 metaphysical !ory4 ,& yet1--z ,i h emphasis$ 9 ! introduction1 ) an appeal to ! au?ority ( ,wolff & ,kant--we are "u ! /r+5t necessity ( obta9+ f ,metaphysics a support = ,moral ,sci5ce4 ,n[1 ( all ! problems t ! human intellect has to grapple )1 t ( ,metaphysics is by f> ! h>de/2 s mu* s t x is reg>d$ by _m ?9k]s z absolutely insoluble4 ,ap>t f ?is1 9 ! pres5t case1 ,i lab\r "u ! special disadvantage :i* ! =m ( a deta*$ monograph involves4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am n at lib]ty to />t f "s def9ite metaphysical sy/em1 ( :i* ,i may be an adh]5t2 because1 if ,i did1 ei!r x w\ld h to be exp\nd$ 9 detail1 :i* w\ld take too mu* space2 or else !re w\ld be ! necessity ( suppos+ x grant$ & unque/ion$1--an exce$+ly prec>i\s proce$+4 ,! consequ5ce is t ,i am z little able to use ! syn!tic me?od "h z 9 ! =ego+ ,"p4 ,analysis alone is possible3 t is1 ,i mu/ "w backw>ds f ! effects to _! cause1 & n vice v]s4 ,?is /]n obligation1 h[ev]1 ( hav+ at ! outset no previ\s hypo!sis1 no /&po9t o!r ?an ! commonly accept$ "o1 made ! discov]y ( ! e?ical basis s labori\s t1 z ,i look back ^u ! task1 ,i seem to h accompli%$ "s wondr\s feat ( dext]ity1 n unlike t ( a man :o executes ) subtle/ skill 9 mid air :at o!rwise is only done on a solid support4 ,b n[ t we h come to ! "q :e!r !re c be giv5 a metaphysical explanation ( ! f\ndation obta9$1 ! difficulty ( proce$+ )\t any assumption becomes s enorm\s1 t b "o c\rse appe>s to me op51 namely1 to attempt no?+ beyond a g5]al sket* ( ! subject4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 indicate r ?an elaborate ! l9e ( ?\ght3 ,i %all po9t out ! way lead+ to ! goal1 b n foll[ x ?i!r2 9 %ort1 ,i %all pres5t b a v small "p ( :at1 "u o!r circum/ances1 c\ld be adduc$4 ,9 adopt+ ?is attitude = ! reasons /at$1 ,i wi%1 be=e beg9n+1 to emphatically rem>k1 t 9 any case ! actual problem put =w>d has n[ be5 solv$2 consequ5tly1 t :at ,i "h add is an opus sup]]ogationis1 an app5dix to be giv5 & tak5 entirely at w4 #a ,we ought to realise z if be=e our eyes t mom5t ( "t :5 ! end comes to ea* "o = deliv]ance f liv+4 ,because all :o are ab\t to die are seiz$ ) rep5tance1 rememb]+1 z !y d1 _! unju/ de$s1 & be+ fill$ ) ! wi% t !y _h always act$ ju/ly4-- ,erlsung4 ,v4 ,joannes ,/obeaus1 ,florilegium1 edit4 ,me9eke2 publ4 ,lipsiae3 ,teubn]1 #ahee4 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #afd1 l4 #g sqq4--7,translator47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,metaphysical ,,gr\ndwork4 ,s f> all our /eps h be5 support$ by ! firm rock ( exp]i5ce4 ,b at ?is po9t x fails u1 & ! solid e>? s9ks f "u our feet1 z we press =w>d 9 our se>* aft] a f9al !oretical satisfaction1 !re1 :]e no exp]i5ce c ev] by any possibility p5etrate2 & happy %all we be1 if p]*ance we ga9 "o h9t1 "o transi5t gleam1 t may br+ u a c]ta9 measure ( cont5t4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 %all n des]t u is ! hone/y t has hi!rto att5d$ our proc$ure4 ,we %all n make %ift ) dreams1 & s]ve up fairy tales1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! s-call$ po/-,kantian philosoph]s2 nor %all we1 l !m1 seek1 by a wordy exub]ance1 to impose ^u ! read]1 & ca/ du/ 9 8 eyes4 ,a little is all we promise2 b t little w be pres5t$ 9 p]fect s9c]ity4 ,! pr9ciple1 :i* we discov]$ to be ! f9al explanation ( ,e?ics1 n[ 9 turn itself requires expla9+2 s t our pres5t problem has to deal ) t natural ,compassion1 :i* 9 e man is innate & inde/ructible1 & :i* has be5 %[n to be ! sole s\rce ( non-egoi/ic conduct1 ?is k9d alone be+ ( real moral wor?4 ,n[ _m mod]n ?9k]s treat ! conceptions ( ,good & ,bad z simple1 t is1 z nei!r ne$+1 nor admitt+ any elucidation1 & !n !y g on1 = ! mo/ "p1 to talk v my/]i\sly & dev\tly ( an ,idea ( ! ,good1 out ( :i* !y make a p$e/al = _! moral sy/em1 or at lea/ a cloak = _! pov]ty4#a ,h5ce ,i am oblig$ 9 ?is connection to po9t out p>5!tically1 t ^! conceptions are any?+ b simple1 mu* less a priori2 t !y 9 fact express a relation1 & are d]iv$ f ! commone/ daily exp]i5ce4 ,:atev] is 9 con=mity ) ! desires ( any individual w1 is1 relatively to x1 t]m$ good2 = in/ance1 good food1 good roads1 a good om52 ! contr>y is call$ bad1 &1 9 ! case ( liv+ be+s1 malici\s4 ,& s "o1 :o by virtue ( 8 "*1 has no wi% to oppose :at o!rs /rive aft]1 b r1 z f> z he reasonably may1 %[s himself fav\rable & helpful to !m2 "o1 :o1 in/ead ( injur+1 assi/s 8 neighb\rs1 & promotes _! int]e/s1 :5 he c2 is nam$ by ! latt]1 9 respect to !mselves1 a good man2 ! t]m good be+ appli$ to him 9 ! s5se ( ! above def9ition1 & f _! own po9t ( view1 :i* is ?us relative1 empirical1 & c5tr$ 9 ! passive subject4 ,n[1 if we exam9e ! nature ( su* a man1 n only z x affects o!rs1 b z x is 9 itself1 we are enabl$ by ! =ego+ exposition to p]ceive t ! virtues ( ju/ice & lov+-k9dness1 :i* he practises1 are due to a direct p>ticipation 9 weal & woe ext]nal to himself2 & we h le>nt t ! s\rce ( su* p>ticipation is ,compassion4 ,if1 fur!r1 we pause to consid] :at is ! ess5tial "p 9 ?is type ( "*1 we %all c]ta9ly f9d x to lie 9 ! fact t su* a p]son draws less di/9ction betwe5 himself & o!rs ?an is usually done4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! malici\s individual ?is diff]5ce is s great t he takes direct delight 9 ! spectacle ( suff]+1--a delight1 :i* he accord+ly seeks )\t ?\ght ( any o!r b5efit to himself1 nay1 sometimes1 ev5 to 8 own hurt4 ,f ! egoi/'s po9t ( view ! same diff]5ce is /ill l>ge en\gh to make him br+ mu* tr\ble on 8 neighb\rs1 9 ord] to obta9 a small p]sonal advantage4 ,h5ce = bo? ( ^!1 betwe5 ! ego1 :i* is limit$ to _! own p]sons1 & ! non-ego1 :i* includes all ! re/ ( ! _w1 !re is fix$ a great gulf1 a mighty abyss3 ,p]eat mundus1 dum ego salvus sim 7! _w may p]i%1 provid$ ,i be safe71 is _! maxim4 ,= ! good man1 on ! contr>y1 ?is di/9ction is by no means s pron\nc$2 inde$1 9 ! case ( magnanim\s de$s1 x appe>s to become a vani%+ quantity1 because !n ! weal ( ano!r is advanc$ at ! co/ ( ! b5efactor1 ! self ( ano!r plac$ on an equality ) 8 own4 ,& :5 x is a "q ( sav+ a numb] ( fell[-be+s1 total self-oblit]ation may be develop$1 ! "o giv+ 8 life = _m4 ,! inquiry n[ pres5ts itself1 :e!r ! latt] way ( look+ at ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! ego & ! non-ego1 :i* =ms ! ma9spr+ ( a good man's conduct1 is mi/ak5 & due to an illusion2 or :e!r ! error does n r atta* to ! opposite view1 on :i* ,egoism & ,malice are bas$4 ,no d\bt ! !ory ly+ at ! root ( ,egoism is1 f ! empirical /&po9t1 p]fectly ju/ifi$4 ,f ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 ! di/9ction betwe5 "o's own p]son & t ( ano!r appe>s to be absolute4 ,i d n occupy ! same space z my neighb\r1 & ?is diff]5ce1 :i* sep>ates me f him physically1 sep>ates me also f 8 weal & woe4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! k we h ,( our own selves is by no means exhau/ive & transp>5t to its dep?s4 ,by means ( ! intuition1 :i* ! bra9 con/ructs out ( ! data suppli$ by ! s5ses1 t is to say1 9 an indirect mann]1 we recognise our body z an object 9 space2 ?r\gh an inw>d p]ception1 we are aw>e ( ! cont9u\s s]ies ( our desires1 ( our volitions1 :i* arise ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ext]nal motives2 & f9ally1 we come to disc]n ! manifold movem5ts1 n[ /rong]1 n[ weak]1 ( our w itself1 to :i* all feel+s f )9 are ultimately traceable4 ,& t is all3 = ! p]ceiv+ faculty is n 9 its turn p]ceiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! real sub/ratum ( our :ole pha5om5al nature1 our inmo/ ess5ce 9 itself1 t :i* wills & p]ceives1 is n accessible to u4 ,we see only ! outw>d side ( ! ego2 its inw>d "p is veil$ 9 d>kness4 ,consequ5tly1 ! k we possess ( ourselves is 9 no sort radical & complete1 b r v sup]ficial4 ,! l>g] & m important "p ( our be+ rema9s unkn[n1 & =ms a riddle to speculate ab\t2 or1 z ,kant puts x3 ,! ego kn[s itself only z a pha5om5on2 ( its real ess5ce1 :atev] t may be1 x has no k4 ,n[1 z reg>ds t side ( ! self :i* falls )9 our k51 we are1 und\bt$ly1 %>ply di/+ui%$1 ea* f ! o!r2 b x does n foll[ !refrom t ! same is true ( ! rema9d]1 :i*1 %r\d$ 9 imp5etrable obscurity1 is yet1 9 fact1 ! v sub/ance ( :i* we consi/4 ,!re rema9s at lea/ ! possibility t ! latt] is 9 all m5 uni=m & id5tical4 ,:at is ! explanation ( all plurality1 ( all num]ical div]sity ( exi/5ce8 ,"t & ,space4 ,inde$ x is only ?r\gh ! latt] t ! =m] is possible3 because ! concept _m inevitably connotes ! idea ei!r ( succession 7"t71 or ( relative position 7space74 ,n[1 s9ce a homog5e\s plurality is compos$ ( ,individuals1 ,i call ,space & ,"t1 z be+ ! conditions ( multiplicity1 ! pr9cipium individuationis 7! pr9ciple ( individuation72 & ,i d n "h pause to consid] :e!r ?is expression 0 exactly s employ$ by ! ,s*oolm54 ,if 9 ! disclosures :i* ,kant's wond]ful acum5 gave to ! _w !re is any?+ true beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt1 ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! ,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetics1 t is to say1 9 8 doctr9e ( ! ideality ( ,space & ,"t4 ,on su* solid f\ndations is ! /ructure built t no "o has be5 able to raise ev5 an app>5t objection4 ,x is ,kant's triumph1 & belongs to ! v small numb] ( metaphysical !ories :i* may be reg>d$ z really prov$1 & z actual conque/s 9 t field ( rese>*4 ,x tea*es u t ,space & ,"t are ! =ms ( our own faculty ( intuition1 to :i* !y consequ5tly belong1 & n to ! objects !reby p]ceiv$2 & fur!r1 t !y c 9 no way be a condition ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 b r atta* only to _! mode ( appe>+1 su* z is alone possible = u :o h a consci\sness ( ! ext]nal _w det]m9$ by /rictly physiological limits4 ,n[1 if to ! ,?+ 9 itself1 t is1 to ! ,reality und]ly+ ! kosmos1 z we p]ceive x1 ,"t & ,space are =eign2 s also mu/ multiplicity be4 ,consequ5tly t :i* is objectivat$ 9 ! c\ntless pha5om5a ( ?is _w ( ! s5ses _c b be a unity1 a s+le indivisible entity1 manife/$ 9 ea* & all ( !m4 ,& conv]sely1 ! web ( plurality1 wov5 9 ! loom ( ,"t & ,space1 is n ! ,?+ 9 itself1 b only its appe>ance-=m4 ,ext]nally to ! ?9k+ subject1 ?is appe>ance-=m1 z su*1 has no exi/5ce2 x is m]ely an attribute ( our consci\sness1 b\nd$1 z ! latt] is1 by manifold conditions1 inde$1 dep5d+ on an organic function4 ,! view ( ?+s z above /at$1--t all plurality is only app>5t1 t 9 ! endless s]ies ( individuals1 pass+ simultane\sly & successively into & out ( life1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 age aft] age1 !re is b "o & ! same entity really exi/+1 :i* is pres5t & id5tical 9 all alike2--?is !ory1 ,i say1 0 ( c\rse kn[n long be=e ,kant2 inde$1 x may be c>ri$ back to ! remote/ antiquity4 ,x is ! alpha & omega ( ! olde/ book 9 ! _w1 ! sacr$ 99,v$as1 ^: dogmatic "p1 or r esot]ic tea*+1 is f\nd 9 ! 99,upani%ads4#b ,!re1 9 almo/ e page ?is pr(\nd doctr9e lies en%r9$2 ) tireless repetition1 9 c\ntless adaptations1 by _m v>i$ p>ables & similes x is exp\nd$ & inculcat$4 ,t su* 01 moreov]1 ! f\nt :5ce ,py?agoras drew 8 wisdom1 _c be d\bt$1 despite ! scanty k we possess ( :at he taught4 ,t x =m$ practically ! c5tral po9t 9 ! :ole philosophy ( ! ,eleatic ,s*ool1 is likewise a famili> fact4 ,lat] on1 ! ,new ,platoni/s 7 /eep$ 9 ! same1 "o ( _! *ief t5ets be+3 u m 4 7,all s\ls are "o1 because all ?+s =m a unity47 ,9 ! n9? c5tury we f9d x unexpect$ly appe>+ 9 ,europe4 ,x k9dles ! _s ( no less a div9e ?an ,johannes ,scotus ,erig5a1 :o endeav\rs to clo! x ) ! =ms & t]m9ology ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,among ! ,mohamm$ans we detect x aga9 9 ! rapt my/icism ( ! 99,sfi4#c ,9 ! ,we/ ,giordano ,bruno _c resi/ ! impulse to utt] x al\d2 b 8 rew>d is a dea? ( %ame & torture4 ,& at ! same "t we f9d ! ,*ri/ian ,my/ics los+ !mselves 9 x1 aga9/ _! own w & int5tion1 :5ev] & :]ev] we read ( !m6#d ,sp9oza's "n is id5tifi$ ) x4 ,la/ly1 9 our own days1 aft] ,kant _h annihilat$ ! old dogmatism1 & ! _w /ood agha/ at its smok+ ru9s1 ! same tea*+ 0 reviv$ 9 ,s*ell+'s eclectic philosophy4 ,! latt] took all ! sy/ems ( ,plot9us1 ,sp9oza1 ,kant1 & ,jacob ,boehm1 & mix+ !m toge!r ) ! results ( mod]n ,natural ,sci5ce1 spe$ily s]v$ up a di% suffici5t to satisfy = ! mom5t ! press+ ne$s ( 8 contempor>ies2 & !n proce$$ to p]=m a s]ies ( v>iations on ! orig9al !me4 ,! consequ5ce is t 9 ! le>n$ circles ( ,g]many ?is l9e ( ?\ght has come to be g5]ally accept$2 inde$ ev5 among p ( ord9>y education1 x is almo/ univ]sally diffus$4#e ,a solit>y exception is =m$ by ! ,univ]sity philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,!y h ! h>d task ( fight+ :at is call$ ,pan!ism4 ,be+ br\ght ?r\gh ! /ress ( battle into great emb>rassm5t & difficulty1 !y anxi\sly cat* n[ at ! mo/ pitiful sophisms1 n[ at phrases ( *oice/ bomba/1 s only !y may pat* toge!r "s sort ( respectable disguise1 :]e9 to dress up ! fav\rite petticoat ,philosophy1 t has duly receiv$ (ficial sanction4 ,9 a ^w1 ! #f has be5 9 all ages ! laugh+-/ock ( fools1 = ! wise a subject ( p]petual m$itation4 ,nev]!less1 ! /rict demon/ration ( ?is !ory is only to be obta9$ f ! ,kantian tea*+1 z ,i h j %[n4 ,kant himself did n c>ry x out2 aft] ! fa%ion ( clev] orators1 he only gave ! premises1 leav+ to 8 he>]s ! pleasure ( draw+ ! conclusion4 ,n[ if plurality & diff]5ce belong only to ! appe>ance-=m2 if !re is b "o & ! same ,entity manife/$ 9 all liv+ ?+s3 x foll[s t1 :5 we oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ego & ! non-ego1 we are n ! sport ( an illusion4 ,r are we s1 :5 we ma9ta9 ! reality ( individuation1--a ?+ ! ,h9dus call 99,my1#g t is1 a deceptive vision1 a phantasma4 ,! =m] !ory we h f\nd to be ! actual s\rce ( ! pha5om5on ( ,compassion2 inde$ ,compassion is no?+ b its translation into def9ite expression4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is :at ,i %\ld reg>d z ! metaphysical f\ndation ( ,e?ics1 & %\ld describe x z ! s5se :i* id5tifies ! ego ) ! non-ego1 s t ! individual directly recognises 9 ano!r 8 own self1 8 true & v be+4 ,f ?is /&po9t ! pr(\nde/ tea*+ ( !ory pu%$ to its fur!/ limits may be %[n 9 ! end to h>monise p]fectly ) ! rules ( ju/ice & lov+-k9dness1 z ex]cis$2 & conv]sely1 x w be cle> t practical philosoph]s1 t is1 ! upright1 ! b5efic5t1 ! magnanim\s1 d b decl>e ?r\gh _! acts ! same tru? z ! man ( speculation w9s by labori\s rese>*1 by ! l(tie/ flights ( intellect4 ,mean:ile moral excell5ce /&s high] ?an all !oretical sapi5ce4 ,! latt] is at be/ no?+ b a v unf9i%$ & p>tial /ructure1 & only by ! circuit\s pa? ( reason+ atta9s ! goal :i* ! =m] rea*es 9 "o /ep4 ,he :o is morally noble1 h[ev] defici5t 9 m5tal p5etration1 reveals by 8 conduct ! deepe/ insight1 ! true/ wisdom2 & puts to %ame ! mo/ accompli%$ & le>n$ g5ius1 if ! latt]'s acts betray t 8 he>t is yet a /rang] to ?is great pr9ciple1--! metaphysical unity ( life4 ,individuation is real4 ,! pr9cipium individuationis1 ) ! consequ5t di/9ction ( individuals1 is ! ord] ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,ba* liv+ unit is an entity radically diff]5t f all o!rs4 ,9 my own self alone ,i h my true be+2 ev]y?+ outside x belongs to ! non-ego1 & is =eign to me4 ,?is is ! cre$ to ! tru? ( :i* fle% & bone be> witness3 :i* is at ! root ( all egoism1 & :i* f9ds its objective expression 9 e loveless1 unju/1 or malici\s act4 ,individuation is m]ely an appe>ance1 born ( ,space & ,"t2 ! latt] be+ no?+ else ?an ! =ms "u :i* ! ext]nal _w necess>ily manife/s itself to me1 condition$ z !y are by my bra9's faculty ( p]ception4 ,h5ce also ! plurality & diff]5ce ( individuals is b a pha5om5on1 t is1 exi/s only z my m5tal picture4 ,my true inmo/ be+ subsi/s 9 e liv+ ?+1 j z really1 z directly z 9 my own consci\sness x is evid5c$ only to myself4 ,?is is ! high] k3 = :i* !re is 9 ,sanskrit ! /&+ =mula1 tat tvam asi1 t art ?\4#h ,out ( ! dep?s ( human nature x wells up 9 ! %ape ( ,compassion1 & is !re=e ! s\rce ( all g5u9e1 t is1 dis9t]e/$ virtue1 be+1 s to say1 inc>nate 9 e good de$4 ,x is ?is :i* 9 ! la/ resort is invok$1 :5ev] we appeal to g5tl5ess1 to lov+-k9dness2 :5ev] we pray = m]cy in/ead ( ju/ice4 ,= su* appeal1 su* pray] is 9 reality ! ef=t to rem9d a fell[-be+ ( ! ultimate tru? t we are all "o & ! same entity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,egoism & its d]ivatives1 envy1 hatr$1 ! _s ( p]secution1 h>dness ( he>t1 rev5ge1 pleasure at ! sight ( suff]+1 & cruelty1 all claim support f ! o!r view ( ?+s1 & seek _! ju/ification 9 x4 ,! emotion & joy we exp]i5ce :5 we he> (1 /ill m1 :5 we see1 & mo/ ( all1 :5 we ourselves d1 a noble act1 are at bottom traceable to ! feel+ ( c]ta9ty su* a de$ gives1 t1 beyond all plurality & di/9ction ( individuals1 :i* ! pr9cipium individuationis1 l a kaleidoscope1 %[s u 9 ev]-%ift+ evanesc5t =ms1 !re is an und]ly+ unity1 n only truly exi/+1 b actually accessible to u2 = lo6 9 tangible1 objective =m1 x /&s be=e our sight4 ,( ^! two m5tal attitudes1 accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r is adopt$1 s ! 7,love7 or ! 7,hatr$7 ( ,emp$ocles appe>s betwe5 man & man4 ,if any "o1 :o is animat$ by 1 c\ld =cibly break 9 ^u 8 mo/ dete/$ foe1 & compel him to lay b>e ! inmo/ recesses ( 8 he>t2 to 8 surprise1 he w\ld f9d aga9 9 ! latt] 8 v self4 ,= j z 9 dreams1 all ! p]sons t appe> to u are b ! mask$ images ( ourselves2 s 9 ! dream ( our wak+ life1 x is our own be+ :i* looks on u f out our neighb\rs' eyes1--?\gh ?is is n equally easy to disc]n4 ,nev]!less1 tat tvam asi4 ,! prepond]ance ( ei!r mode ( view+ life n only det]m9es s+le acts2 x %apes a man's :ole nature & temp]am5t4 ,h5ce ! radical diff]5ce ( m5tal habit betwe5 ! good "* & ! bad4 ,! latt] feels ev]y:]e t a ?ick wall ( p>tition h$ges him (f f all o!rs4 ,= him ! _w is an absolute non-ego1 & 8 relation to x an ess5tially ho/ile "o2 consequ5tly1 ! key-note ( 8 disposition is hatr$1 suspicion1 envy1 & pleasure 9 see+ di/ress4 ,! good "*1 on ! o!r h&1 lives 9 an ext]nal _w homog5e\s ) 8 own be+2 ! re/ ( mank9d is n 9 8 eyes a non-ego2 he ?9ks ( x r z myself once m4 ,he !re=e /&s on an ess5tially amicable foot+ ) e "o3 he is consci\s ( be+1 9 8 inmo/ nature1 ak9 to ! :ole human race1#i takes direct int]e/ 9 _! weal & woe1 & confid5tly assumes 9 _! case ! same int]e/ 9 him4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( 8 deep inw>d peace1 & ( t happy1 calm1 cont5t$ mann]1 :i* goes out on ^? ar\nd him1 & is z ! pres5ce ( a good diffus$4 ,:]eas ! bad "* 9 "t ( tr\ble has no tru/ 9 ! help ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,if he invokes aid1 he does s )\t confid5ce3 obta9$1 he feels no real gratitude = x2 because he c h>dly disc]n !re9 any?+ b ! effect ( o!rs' folly4 ,= he is simply incapable ( recognis+ 8 own self 9 "s "o else2 & ?is1 ev5 aft] x has furni%$ ! mo/ inconte/ible signs ( exi/5ce 9 t o!r p]son3 on :i* fact ! repulsive nature ( all un?ankfulness 9 reality dep5ds4 ,! moral isolation1 :i* ?us naturally & inevitably encompasses ! bad man1 is (t5 ! cause ( 8 becom+ ! victim ( despair4 ,! good man1 on ! contr>y1 w appeal to 8 neighb\rs = assi/ance1 ) an assurance equal to ! consci\sness he has ( be+ ready himself to help !m4 ,z ,i h said3 to ! "o type1 humanity is a non-ego2 to ! o!r1 myself once m4 ,! magnanim\s "*1 :o =gives 8 enemy1 & returns good = evil1 rises to ! sublime1 & receives ! highe/ me$ ( praise2 because he recognises 8 real self ev5 !re :]e x is mo/ conspicu\sly dis[n$4 ,e purely b5efic5t act all help entirely & g5u9ely unselfi%1 be+1 z su*1 exclusively inspir$ by ano!r's di/ress1 is1 9 fact1 if we probe ! matt] to ! bottom1 a d>k enigma1 a piece ( my/icism put into practice2 inasmu* z x spr+s out (1 & f9ds its only true explanation 91 ! same high] k t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( :atev] is my/ical4 ,= h[1 o!rwise ?an metaphysically1 are we to acc\nt = ev5 ! smalle/ (f]+ ( alms made ) absolutely no o!r object ?an t ( less5+ ! want :i* afflicts a fell[-creature8 ,su* an act is only conceivable1 only possible1 9 s f> z ! giv] kn[s t x is 8 v self :i* /&s be=e him1 clad 9 ! g>m5ts ( suff]+2 9 o!r words1 s f> z he recognises ! ess5tial "p ( 8 own be+1 "u a =m n 8 own4#aj ,x n[ becomes app>5t1 :y 9 ! =ego+ "p ,i h call$ ,compassion ! great my/]y ( ,e?ics4 ,he1 :o goes to meet dea? = 8 fa!rl&1 has fre$ himself f ! illusion :i* limits a man's exi/5ce to 8 own p]son4 ,su* a "o has brok5 ! fett]s ( ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,9 8 wid5$1 enlight5$ nature he embraces all 8 c\ntrym51 & 9 !m lives on & on4 ,nay1 he rea*es =w>d to1 & m]ges himself 9 ! g5]ations yet unborn1 = :om he works2 & he reg>ds dea? z a w9k ( ! eyelids1 s mom5t>y t x does n int]rupt ! sight4 ,we may "h sum up ! *>act]i/ics ( ! two human types above indicat$4 ,to ! ,egoi/ all o!r p are uni=mly & intr9sically /rang]s4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 he consid]s no?+ to be truly real1 except 8 own p]son1 & reg>ds ! re/ ( mank9d practically z troops ( phantoms1 to :om he assigns m]ely a relative exi/5ce1 s f> z !y may be in/rum5ts to s]ve1 or b>ri]s to ob/ruct1 8 purposes2 ! result be+ an immeasurable diff]5ce1 a va/ gulf betwe5 8 ego on ! "o side1 & ! non-ego on ! o!r4 ,9 a ^w1 he lives exclusively c5tr$ 9 8 own individuality1 & on 8 dea?-day he sees all reality1 inde$ ! :ole _w1 com+ to an end along ) himself4#aa ,:]eas ! ,altrui/ disc]ns 9 all o!r p]sons1 nay1 9 e liv+ ?+1 8 own entity1 & feels !re=e t 8 be+ is comm+l$1 is id5tical ) ! be+ ( :atev] is alive4 ,by dea? he loses only a small "p ( himself4 ,patt+ (f ! n>r[ limitations ( ! individual1 he passes into ! l>g] life ( all mank9d1 9 :om he always recognis$1 &1 recognis+1 lov$1 8 v self2 & ! illusion ( ,"t & ,space1 :i* sep>at$ 8 consci\sness f t ( o!rs1 vani%es4 ,^! two opposite modes ( view+ ! _w are probably ! *ief1 ?\gh n inde$ ! sole cause ( ! diff]5ce we f9d betwe5 v good & exceptionally bad m51 z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y meet _! la/ h\r4 ,9 all ages ,tru?1 poor ?+1 has be5 put to %ame = be+ p>adoxical2 & yet x is n h] fault4 ,%e _c assume ! =m ( ,error seat$ on 8 ?rone ( _w-wide sov]eignty4 ,s !n1 ) a sigh1 %e looks up to h] tutel>y god1 ,"t1 :o nods assurance to h] ( future victory & glory1 b ^: w+s beat ! air s sl[ly ) _! mighty /rokes1 t ! individual p]i%es or ev] ! day ( triumph be come4 ,h5ce ,i1 too1 am p]fectly aw>e ( ! p>adox :i* ?is metaphysical explanation ( ! ultimate e?ical pha5om5on mu/ pres5t to ,we/]n m9ds1 accu/om$1 z !y are1 to v diff]5t me?ods ( provid+ ,morals ) a basis4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c (f] viol5ce to ! tru?4 ,all t is possible = me to d1 out ( consid]ation = ,european bl9dness1 is to ass]t once m1 & demon/rate by actual quotation1 t ! ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics1 :i* ,i h "h sugge/$1 0 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,indian wisdom4 ,& to ?is wisdom ,i po9t back1 z ,cop]nicus did to ! ,py?agorean cosmic sy/em1 :i* 0 suppress$ by ,ari/otle & ,ptolemaeus4 ,9 ! ,bhagavadgt 7,lectio ,,xiii42 #bg1 #bh71 accord+ to ,a4 ,w4 von ,s*legel's translation1 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 ,eundem 9 omnibus animantibus consi/5tem summum dom9um1 i/is p]euntibus kaud p]euntem qui c]nit1 is v]e c]nit4 ,eundem v]o c]n5s ubique praes5tem dom9um1 non violat semet ipsum sua ipsius culpa3 ex9de p]git ad summum it]4#ab ,) ^! h9ts t[>ds ! elaboration ( a metaphysical basis = ,e?ics ,i mu/ close1 al?\gh an important /ep /ill rema9s to be tak54 ,! latt] w\ld presuppose a fur!r advance 9 ,moral ,sci5ce itself2 & ?is c h>dly be made1 because 9 ! ,we/ ! highe/ aim ( ,e?ics is rea*$ 9 ! !ory ( ju/ice & virtue4 ,:at lies beyond is unkn[n1 or at any rate ignor$4 ,! omission1 !re=e1 is unavoidable2 & ! read] ne$ feel no surprise1 if ! above slight outl9e ( ! ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics does n br+ into view--ev5 remotely--! corn]-/one ( ! :ole metaphysical edifice1 nor reveal ! connection ( all ! p>ts compos+ ! ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,su* a pres5tm5t1 moreov]1 is involv$ nei!r 9 ! "q set1 nor 9 my own plan4 ,a man _c say ev]y?+ 9 "o day1 & %\ld n answ] m ?an he is ask$4 ,he :o tries to promote human k & insight is de/9$ to always enc\nt] ! opposition ( 8 age1 :i* is l ! dead weight ( "s mass t has to be dragg$ along3 !re on ! gr\nd x lies1 a huge in]t de=mity1 defy+ all ef=ts to quick5 its %ape ) new life4 ,b su* a "o mu/ take com=t f ! c]ta9ty t1 al?\gh prejudices beset 8 pa?1 yet ! tru? is ) him4 ,& ,tru? does b wait = h] ally1 ,"t1 to jo9 h]2 once he is at h] side1 %e is p]fectly sure ( victory1 :i*1 if to-day delay$1 w be won to-morr[4 #a ,! conception ( ! ,good1 9 its purity1 is an ultimate "o1 an absolute ,idea1 ^: sub/ance loses itself 9 inf9ity4--7,b\t]week3 ,praktis*e ,aphorism51 p4 #ed47 ,x is obvi\s t ?is writ] w\ld l to trans=m ! famili>1 nay1 trivial conception ,good into a sort ( 1 to be set up z an idol 9 8 temple4 lit41 fall5 f ,zeus2 & s heav5-s5t1 a ?+ ( div9e orig94 ,cf4 ,horn41 ,il44 ,,xvi1 #agd2 ,od44 ,,iv4 #dgg4 ,eur41 ,bac*41 #abfh4--7,translator47 #b ,! g5u95ess ( ! ,oupnek'hat has be5 disput$ on ! gr\nd ( c]ta9 m>g9al glosses :i* 7 add$ by ,mohamm$an copyi/s1 & !n int]polat$ 9 ! text1 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 fully e/abli%$ by ! ,sanskrit s*ol>1 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9dis*mann 7junior7 9 8 ,sanc>a1 sive de ,!ologum5is ,v$anticorum1 #ahcc1 p4 xix2 & also by ,bo*+] 9 8 book ,de la ,vie ,contemplative *ez les ,ind\s1 #ahca1 p4 #ab4 ,! read] ?\gh ignorant ( ,sanskrit1 may yet conv9ce himself t ,anquetil ,dup]ron's ^w = ^w ,lat9 translation ( ! ,p]sian v]sion ( ! ,upani%ads made by ! m>tyr ( ?is cre$1 ! ,sultan ,dr-,%ukoh1 is bas$ on a ?or\gh & exact k ( ! language4 ,he has only to comp>e x ) rec5t translations ( "s ( ! ,upani%ads by ,rammohun ,boy1 by ,poley1 & especially ) t ( ,colebrooke1 z also ) ,rer's1 7! late/74 ,^! writ]s are obvi\sly grop+ 9 obscurity1 & driv5 to make %ift ) hazy conjectures1 s t )\t d\bt _! "w is mu* less accurate4 ,m w be f\nd on ?is subject 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( ! ,p>]ga1 *ap4 #af1 #ahd4 ,v4 ,! ,upani%ads1 translat$ by ,max ,mll]1 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,xv4 ,cf4 also ,max ,mll]1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aga4 ,n[ t an adequate translation ( ! orig9al exi/s1 ! ,oupnek'hat has only an hi/orical int]e/4 ,! value :i* ,s*op5hau] atta*$ to ! ,upani%ads is v cle>ly express$ also 9 ! ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ,preface to ! fir/ ,edition2 & 9 ! ,p>]ga1 ,,ii41 *ap1 xvi41 #ahd4--7,translator47 #c ,= ! ,sfi1 m correctly 99,sfy a sect :i* appe>$ already 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijrah1 ! read] is ref]r$ to3 ,?oluck's ,bl!nsammlung aus d] ,morg5lndis*5 ,my/ik 7,b]l91 #ahbe72 ,?oluck's ,sfismus1 sive ,!osophia ,p]s>um ,pan!i/ica 7,b]l91 #ahba72 ,krem]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,h]rs*5d5 ,ide5 des ,islms 7,leipzig1 #ahfh72 ,palm]'s ,ori5tal ,my/icism 7,london1 #ahfg72 ,gob9eau's ,les ,religions et les ,philosophies dans l',asie ,c5trale 7#bnd edit4 ,p>is1 #ahff72 ,a ,diction>y ( ,islm1 by ,t4 ,p4 ,hughes 7,london1 #ahhe71 p4 #fjh sqq4--7,translator47 #d ,?is is too well-kn[n to ne$ v]ification by ref]5ces4 ,! ,cantico del ,sole by ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi s\nds almo/ l a passage f ! ,upani%ads or ! 99,bhagavadgt4--7,translator47 #e3 ,on ne peut assez longtemps1 *ez notre espce1 ,f]m] la porte la ,raison4 ,mais1 ds qu'elle entre avec adresse1 ,elle re/e dans la maison1 ,et bi5tt elle en e/ matresse4 --7,voltaire47 7,we m5 may1 d\btless1 all our lives ,to ,reason b> ! door4 ,b if to ent] %e contrives1 ,! h\se %e leaves no m1 ,& soon z mi/ress !re presides47 #f ! et]nal ,reality outside ,"t & ,space ,t ! pha5om5al univ]se4--7,translator47 #g ,my is ! delusive reflection ( ! true et]nal ,entity4--7,translator47 #h ,?is expression is us$ 9 ! ,brahmanical philosophy to d5ote ! relation betwe5 ! _w-fiction z a :ole & its individualis$ p>ts4 ,v4 ,a4 ,e4 ,g\gh1 ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 #ahhb4--7,translator47 #i ,homo sum3 humani nil a me ali5um puto4 ,t]5ce1 ,heaut41 ,i4 #a1 #be4--7,translator47 #aj ,x is probable t _m1 p]haps1 mo/ cases ( truly dis9t]e/$ ,compassion--:5 !y really occur--are due n to any consci\s k ( ?is sort1 b to an unconsci\s impulse spr++ f ! ultimate unity ( all liv+ ?+s1 & act+1 s to say1 automatically4--7,translator47 #aa ,cf4 ,ri*>d ,wagn]3 ,jesus von ,naz>e?2 pp4 #gi-ij4--7,translator47 #ab ,t man is end[$ ) true insight :o sees t ! same rul+ p[] is inh]5t 9 all ?+s1 & t :5 ^! p]i%1 x p]i%es n4 ,= if he disc]ns ! same rul+ p[] ev]y:]e pres5t1 he does n degrade himself by 8 own fault3 !nce he passes to ! highe/ pa?4--,= ! ,bhagavadgt ! read] is ref]r$ to ,vol4 ,,viii4 ( ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7,ox=d3 ,cl>5don ,press71 :]e 7p4 #aje7 ?is passage is translat$ z foll[s3--,he sees 7truly7 :o sees ! supreme "l abid+ alike 9 all entities1 & n de/roy$ ?\gh !y are de/roy$4 ,= he :o sees ! "l abid+ ev]y:]e alike1 does n de/roy himself99 by himself1 & !n rea*es ! highe/ goal4 99,n to h true k1 is equival5t to self-de/ruction4 ,cf4 ,fau*e ,le ,mah-bhrata3 ,p>is1 #ahfg2 ,vol4 ,,vii41 p4 #abh3-- ,celui-l possde une vue nette des *oses1 qui voit ce pr9cipe s\v]a9 en t\s les tres d'une manire gale1 et leur survivre1 qu& ils priss5t4 ,il ne se fait aucun tort soi-mme p> cette vue d'un pr9cipe qui subsi/e galem5t p>t\t3 puis1 aprs cette vie1 il entre dans la voie suprieure4 ,! obscurity ( ,s*legel's ,lat9 9 ! second s5t5ce is suffici5tly remov$ by ^! m rec5t translations4--7,translator47 ,,judicium ,,regiae ,,danicae ,,sci5ti>um ,,societatis4 ,quae/ionem anno #ahcg propositam1 utrum philosophiae moralis fons et fundam5tum 9 idea moralitatis1 quae imm$iate consci5tia cont9eatur1 et cet]is notionibus fundam5talibus1 quae ex ilia prodeant1 explic&is qua]5da s9t1 an 9 alio cognosc5di pr9cipio1 unus tantum scriptor explic>e conatus e/1 cujus comm5tationem1 g]manico s]mone compositam1 et 8 v]bis notatam3 ,,moral ,,pr$ig5 ,,i/ ,,lei*t1 ,,moral ,,begr,,nd5 ,,i/ ,,s*w]1 praemio dignam judic>e nequivimus4 ,omisso enim eo1 quod potissimum po/ulabatur1 hoc expeti putavit1 ut pr9cipium aliquod e?icae cond]etur1 itaqae eam p>tem comm5tationis suae1 9 qua pr9cipii e?icae a se propositi et metaphysicae suae nexum exponit1 app5dices loco habuit1 9 qua plus quam po/ulatum esset prae/>et1 quum tam5 ipsum !ma ejusmodi disputationem flagit>et1 9 qua vel praecipuo loco metaphysicae et e?icae nexus consid]>etur4 ,quod autem scriptor 9 sympa?ia fundam5tum e?icae con/itu]e conatus e/1 neque ipsa diss]5di =ma nobis satisfecit1 neque reapse1 hoc fundam5tum suffic]e1 evicit2 qu9 ipse contra esse confit]i coactus e/4 ,neque retic5dum videtur1 plures rec5tioris aetatis summos philosophos tam indec5t] commemor>i1 ut ju/am et gravem (f5sionem habeat4 ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,dani% ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,sci5ces4 ,9 #ahcg ! foll[+ "q 0 set z subject = a ,prize ,essay3 ,is ! f\nta9 & basis ( ,morals to be s\ght = 9 an idea ( morality :i* lies directly 9 ! consci\sness 7or consci5ce71 & 9 ! analysis ( ! o!r lead+ e?ical conceptions :i* arise f x8 ,or is x to be f\nd 9 "s o!r s\rce ( k8 ,!re 0 only "o competitor2 b 8 diss]tation1 writt5 9 ,g]man1 & be>+ ! motto3 ,to prea* ,morality is easy1 to f\nd x is difficult#a we _c adjudge wor?y ( ! ,prize4 ,he has omitt$ to deal ) ! ess5tial "p ( ! "q1 app>5tly ?9k+ t he 0 ask$ to e/abli% "s fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,e?ics4 ,consequ5tly1 t "p ( ! treatise1 :i* expla9s h[ ! moral basis he proposes is relat$ to 8 sy/em ( metaphysics1 we f9d relegat$ to an app5dix1 z an opus sup]]ogationis1 al?\gh x 0 precisely ! connection betwe5 ,metaphysics & ,e?ics t our "q requir$ to be put 9 ! fir/ & =emo/ place4 ,! writ] attempts to %[ t compassion is ! ultimate s\rce ( morality2 b nei!r does 8 mode ( discussion appe> satisfactory to u1 nor has he1 9 po9t ( fact1 succe$$ 9 prov+ t su* a f\ndation is adequate4 ,inde$ he himself is oblig$ to admit t x is n4#b ,la/ly1 ! ,society _c pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! fact t he m5tions sev]al rec5t philosoph]s ( ! highe/ /&+ 9 an unseemly mann]1 su* z to ju/ly occasion s]ions (f5ce4 #a ,! ,academy has be5 good en\gh to ins]t ! second is on its own acc\nt1 by way ( prov+ ! tru? ( ,long9us' !ory 7,v4 ,de ,sublimitate3 *ap4 #ci1 ad f9471 t ! addition or subtraction ( a s+le syllable is suffici5t to de/roy ! :ole =ce ( a s5t5ce4 7,p4 ,long9us3 ,de ,sublimitate ,libellus2 edit4 ,joannes ,vabl51 ,bonnae1 #ahhg47--7,translator7 #b ,i suppose ?is is ! mean+ ( contra esse confit]i4--7,translator47