,italics are indicat$ by und]scores4 ,sup]script is indicat$ by ?is =mat3 sup]script4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,civilization ,,& ,,decay ,an ,essay on ,hi/ory ,,by ,,brooks ,,adams ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,ltd4 #ahig ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #ahif1 ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$ ,septemb]1 #ahif4 ,repr9t$ ,febru>y1 ,septemb]1 #ahig4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4 ,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,9 (f]+ to ! public a second edition ( ,! ,law ( ,civilization & ,decay ,i take ! opportunity to say emphatically t su* value z ! essay may h lies 9 its fre$om f any preconceiv$ bias4 ,all !ories conta9$ 9 ! book1 :e!r religi\s or economic1 are ! effect1 & n ! cause1 ( ! way 9 :i* ! facts unfold$ !mselves4 ,i h be5 passive4 ,! value ( hi/ory lies n 9 ! multitude ( facts collect$1 b 9 _! relation to ea* o!r1 & 9 ?is respect an au?or c h no l>g] responsibility ?an any o!r sci5tific obs]v]4 ,if ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts seems to indicate ! exi/5ce ( a law gov]n+ social developm5t1 su* a law may be sugge/$1 b to approve or disapprove ( x w\ld be z futile z to discuss ! moral be>+s ( gravitation4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 writ+ a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! colony ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 ,i became deeply int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 religi\s aspects ( ! ,re=mation1 :i* seem$ h>dly reconcilable ) ! !ories usually advanc$ to expla9 !m4 ,aft] ! book _h be5 publi%$1 ,i cont9u$ read+ !ology1 &1 /ep by /ep1 0 l$ back1 ?r\gh ! s*oolm5 & ! crusades1 to ! revival ( ! pilgrimage to ,pale/9e1 :i* foll[$ ^u ! conv]sion ( ! ,huns4 ,z f]oci\s pagans1 ! ,huns _h long clos$ ! road to ,con/ant9ople2 b ! *ange :i* swept ov] ,europe aft] ! ye> #ajjj1 :5 ,sa9t ,/eph5 0 cr[n$1 0 unmi/akable2 ! ,we/ receiv$ an impulsion f ! ,ea/4 ,i ?us became conv9c$ t religi\s en?usiasm1 :i*1 by /imulat+ ! pilgrimage1 re/or$ communication betwe5 ! ,bosphorus & ! ,rh9e1 0 ! p[] :i* produc$ ! accel]at$ movem5t culm9at+ 9 mod]n c5tralization4 ,mean:ile ,i ?\ght ,i _h discov]$ n only t fai?1 dur+ ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & e>ly ?irte5? c5turies1 spoke by pref]5ce ?r\gh ar*itecture1 b also t 9 ,france & ,syria1 at lea/1 a precise relation exi/$ betwe5 ! ecclesia/ical & milit>y sy/ems ( build+1 & t ! "o c\ld n be und]/ood )\t ! o!r4 ,9 ! comm]cial cities ( ! same epo*1 on ! contr>y1 ! religi\s idea assum$ no def9ite =m ( arti/ic expression1 = ! ,go?ic nev] fl\ri%$ 9 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 ,pisa1 or ,flor5ce1 nor did any pure s*ool ( ar*itecture ?rive 9 ! m]cantile atmosph]e4 ,fur!rmore1 comm]ce f ! outset seem$ antagoni/ic to ! imag9ation1 = a univ]sal decay ( ar*itecture set 9 ?r\gh\t ,europe aft] ! great comm]cial expansion ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & ! inf]5ce ,i drew f ^! facts 01 t ! economic in/9ct mu/ h *os5 "s o!r m$ium by :i* to express itself4 ,my obs]vations l$ me to suppose t ! co9age might be su* a m$ium1 & ,i ultimately conclud$ t1 if ! developm5t ( a m]cantile community is to be und]/ood1 x mu/ be approa*$ ?r\gh its money4 ,ano!r conviction =c$ ^u my m9d1 by ! exam9ation ( long p]iods ( hi/ory1 0 ! exce$+ly small "p play$ by consci\s ?\ght 9 m\ld+ ! fate ( m54 ,at ! mom5t ( action ! human be+ almo/ inv>iably obeys an in/9ct1 l an animal2 only aft] action has ceas$ does he reflect4 ,^! controll+ in/9cts are involunt>y1 & divide m5 into species di/9ct en\gh to cause opposite effects "u id5tical conditions4 ,= in/ance1 impell$ by fe>1 "o type w ru% ^u an enemy1 & ano!r w run away2 :ile ! love ( wom5 or ( money has /amp$ c]ta9 races z %>ply z f]ocity or cunn+ has /amp$ ! lion or ! fox4 ,l o!r p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 ! peculi>ities ( ! m9d are app>5tly /rongly h]$it>y1 &1 if ^! in/9cts be transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 x is pla9 t1 z ! ext]nal _w *anges1 ^? :o receive ?is h]itage mu/ rise or fall 9 ! social scale1 accord+ z _! n]v\s sy/em is well or ill adapt$ to ! conditions to :i* !y are born4 ,no?+ is common]1 = example1 ?an to f9d families :o h be5 fam\s 9 "o c5tury s9k+ into obscurity 9 ! next1 n because ! *ildr5 h deg5]at$1 b because a c]ta9 field ( activity :i* af=d$ ! ance/or full scope1 has be5 clos$ aga9/ 8 (fspr+4 ,p>ticul>ly has ?is be5 true 9 revolution>y epo*s su* z ! ,re=mation2 & families s situat$ h v g5]ally become ext9ct4 ,:5 ?is /age _h be5 rea*$1 ! ,re=mation began to we> a new aspect1 b sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e ,i saw :i!r my /udies l$4 ,only v sl[ly did a sequ5ce ( cause & effect take %ape 9 my m9d1 a sequ5ce :olly unexpect$ 9 "*1 ^: gr[? resembl$ ! arrangem5t ( ! fragm5ts ( an inscription1 :i* _c be read until ! /ones h be5 set 9 a det]m9$ ord]4 ,f9ally1 z ! hi/orical "w ne>$ an end1 ,i p]ceiv$ t ! intellectual ph5om5a "u exam9ation fell into a s]ies :i* seem$ to correspond1 some:at closely1 ) ! laws :i* are suppos$ to regulate ! movem5ts ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,!ories c be te/$ only by apply+ !m to facts1 & ! facts relat+ to successive phases ( human ?\ght1 :e!r consci\s or unconsci\s1 con/itute hi/ory2 !re=e1 if intellectual ph5om5a are evolv$ 9 a regul> sequ5ce1 hi/ory1 l matt]1 mu/ be gov]n$ by law4 ,9 support ( su* a conjecture1 ,i v5ture to (f] an hypo!sis by :i* to classify a few ( ! m int]e/+ intellectual phases ?r\gh :i* human society mu/1 app>5tly1 pass1 9 its oscillations betwe5 b>b>ism & civilization1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 9 its movem5t f a condition ( physical disp]sion to "o ( conc5tration4 ,! accompany+ volume conta9s ! evid5ce :i* sugge/$ ! hypo!sis1 al?\gh1 x seems h>dly necess>y to add1 an essay ( ?is size on s va/ a subject c only be reg>d$ z a sugge/ion4 ,! !ory propos$ is bas$ ^u ! accept$ sci5tific pr9ciple t ! law ( =ce & en]gy is ( univ]sal application 9 nature1 & t animal life is "o ( ! outlets ?r\gh :i* sol> en]gy is dissipat$4 ,/>t+ f ?is fundam5tal proposition1 ! fir/ d$uction is1 t1 z human societies are =ms ( animal life1 ^! societies mu/ diff] among !mselves 9 en]gy1 9 proportion z nature has end[$ !m1 m or less abundantly1 ) en]getic mat]ial4 ,?\ght is "o ( ! manife/ations ( human en]gy1 & among ! e>li] & simpl] phases ( ?\ght1 two /& conspicu\s--,fe> & ,gre$4 ,fe>1 :i*1 by /imulat+ ! imag9ation1 creates a belief 9 an invisible _w1 & ultimately develops a prie/hood2 & ,gre$1 :i* dissipates en]gy 9 w> & trade4 ,probably ! velocity ( ! social movem5t ( any community is proportionate to its en]gy & mass1 & its c5tralization is proportionate to its velocity2 !re=e1 z human movem5t is accel]at$1 societies c5tralize4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( conc5tration1 fe> appe>s to be ! *annel ?r\gh :i* en]gy f9ds ! readie/ outlet2 accord+ly1 9 primitive & scatt]$ communities1 ! imag9ation is vivid1 & ! m5tal types produc$ are religi\s1 milit>y1 arti/ic4 ,z consolidation advances1 fe> yields to gre$1 & ! economic organism t5ds to sup]s$e ! emotional & m>tial4 ,:5ev] a race is s ri*ly end[$ ) ! en]getic mat]ial t x does n exp5d all its en]gy 9 ! daily /ruggle = life1 ! surplus may be /or$ 9 ! %ape ( weal?2 & ?is /ock ( /or$ en]gy may be transf]r$ f community to community1 ei!r by conque/1 or by sup]iority 9 economic competition4 ,h[ev] l>ge may be ! /ore ( en]gy accumulat$ by conque/1 a race mu/1 soon] or lat]1 rea* ! limit ( its m>tial en]gy1 :5 x mu/ ent] on ! phase ( economic competition4 ,b1 z ! economic organism radically diff]s f ! emotional & m>tial1 ! effect ( economic competition has be51 p]haps inv>iably1 to dissipate ! en]gy amass$ by w>4 ,:5 surplus en]gy has accumulat$ 9 su* bulk z to prepond]ate ov] productive en]gy1 x becomes ! controll+ social =ce4 ,!nce=w>d1 capital is autocratic1 & en]gy v5ts itself ?r\gh ^? organisms be/ fitt$ to give expression to ! p[] ( capital4 ,9 ?is la/ /age ( consolidation1 ! economic1 &1 p]haps1 ! sci5tific intellect is propagat$1 :ile ! imag9ation fades1 & ! emotional1 ! m>tial1 & ! arti/ic types ( manhood decay4 ,:5 a social velocity has be5 atta9$ at :i* ! wa/e ( en]getic mat]ial is s great t ! m>tial & imag9ative /ocks fail to reproduce !mselves1 int5sify+ competition appe>s to g5]ate two extreme economic types1--! usur] 9 8 mo/ =midable aspect1 & ! peasant ^: n]v\s sy/em is be/ adapt$ to ?rive on scanty nutrim5t4 ,at l5g? a po9t mu/ be rea*$ :5 pressure c g no fur!r1 & !n1 p]haps1 "o ( two results may foll[3 ,a /ation>y p]iod may sup]v5e1 :i* may la/ until end$ by w>1 by exhau/ion1 or by bo? comb9$1 z seems to h be5 ! case ) ! ,ea/]n ,empire2 or1 z 9 ! ,we/]n1 dis9tegration may set 91 ! civiliz$ population may p]i%1 & a rev]sion may take place to a primitive =m ( organism4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 seems to po9t to ! conclusion t1 :5 a highly c5traliz$ society dis9tegrates1 "u ! pressure ( economic competition1 x is because ! en]gy ( ! race has be5 exhau/$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! survivors ( su* a community lack ! p[] necess>y = r5ew$ conc5tration1 & mu/ probably rema9 in]t until suppli$ ) fre% en]getic mat]ial by ! infusion ( b>b>ian blood4 ,,brooks ,,adams4 ,qu9cy1 ,augu/ #bj1 #ahif4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,romans #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,middle ,age #dh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,fir/ ,crusade #gi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,second ,crusade #ajc ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople #abd ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,suppression ( ! ,temple #aeb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,engli% ,re=mation #ahf ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,suppression ( ! ,conv5ts #bbj ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,eviction ( ! ,yeom5 #bdc ,,*apt] ,x ,spa9 & ,india #bhf ,,*apt] ,,xi ,mod]n ,c5tralization #cac ,,*apt] ,,xii ,conclusion #ceb ,index #che ,,civilization ,,& ,,decay ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,romans ,:5 ! ,romans fir/ em]g$ f ! mi/ ( fable1 !y 7 already a race ( l&-own]s :o held _! prop]ty 9 sev]alty1 &1 z ! "r ( ali5ation 0 e/abli%$1 ! =mation ( relatively l>ge e/ates _h begun4 ,! ord9>y family1 h[ev]1 held1 p]haps1 twelve acres1 &1 z ! l& 0 arable1 & ! /aple gra91 x support$ a d5se rural population4 ,! husb&m5 :o till$ ?is l& 7 ( ! m>tial type1 &1 probably = t reason1 ?\gh supremely gift$ z adm9i/rators & soldi]s1 7 ill-fitt$ to endure ! /ra9 ( ! unre/rict$ economic competition ( a c5traliz$ society4 ,consequ5tly _! conque/s _h h>dly consolidat$ be=e decay set 91 a decay ^: causes may be trac$ back until !y are lo/ 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,! ,lat9s _h little economic v]satility2 !y lack$ ! in/9ct ( ! ,greeks = comm]ce1 or ( ! ,syrians & ,h9doos = manufactures4 ,!y 7 ess5tially l&-own]s1 &1 :5 end[$ ) ! acquisitive faculty1 usur]s4 ,! latt] e>ly develop$ into a di/9ct species1 at once m subtle ( intellect & m t5aci\s ( life ?an ! f>m]s1 & on ! disp>ity betwe5 ^! two types ( m51 ! fate ( all subsequ5t civilization has h+$4 ,at a remote antiquity ,roman society divid$ into cr$itors & debtors2 z x consolidat$1 ! p[] ( ! =m] increas$1 ?us int5sify+ ! pressure on ! weak1 until1 :5 c5tralization culm9at$ "u ! ,cs>s1 reproduction slack5$1 dis9tegration set 91 &1 aft] "s c5turies ( decl9e1 ! ,middle ,ages began4 ,! hi/ory ( ! mon>*y mu/ probably always rema9 a matt] ( conjecture1 b x seems reasonably c]ta9 t ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s 0 ! victory ( an h]$it>y moni$ ca/e1 :i* succe$$ 9 conc5trat+ ! functions ( gov]nm5t 9 a practically self-p]petuat+ body drawn f _! own ord]4#a ,niebuhr has demon/rat$1 9 "o ( 8 mo/ /rik+ *apt]s1 t usury 0 orig9ally a patrician privilege2 & "s ( ! fi]ce/ /ruggles ( ! e>ly republic seem to h be5 decid$ aga9/ ! olig>*y by weal?y plebeians1 :o 7 det]m9$ to break d[n ! monopoly 9 money-l5d+4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! conditions ( life evid5tly fav\r$ ! gr[? ( ! in/9ct :i* causes its possessor to suck ! vitality ( ! economically weak2 & ,macaulay1 9 ! preface to ,virg9ia1 has giv5 s vivid a picture ( ! dom9ant class1 t "o passage at lea/ %\ld be read entire4 8,! rul+ class 9 ,rome 0 a moni$ class2 & x made & adm9i/]$ ! laws ) a view solely to its own int]e/4 ,?us ! relation betwe5 l5d] & borr[] 0 mix$ up ) ! relation betwe5 sov]eign & subject4 ,! great m5 held a l>ge portion ( ! community 9 dep5d5ce by means ( advances at enorm\s usury4 ,! law ( debt1 fram$ by cr$itors1 & = ! protection ( cr$itors1 0 ! mo/ horrible t has ev] be5 kn[n among m54 ,! lib]ty1 & ev5 ! life1 ( ! insolv5t 7 at ! m]cy ( ! patrician money-l5d]s4 ,*ildr5 (t5 became slaves 9 consequ5ce ( ! mis=tunes ( _! p>5ts4 ,! debtor 0 imprison$1 n 9 a public gaol "u ! c>e ( imp>tial public function>ies1 b 9 a private workh\se belong+ to ! cr$itor4 ,frightful /ories 7 told respect+ ^! dungeons40 ,b a prison] is an exp5se1 & ! patricians want$ money4 ,_! problem 0 to exhau/ ! productive p[] ( ! debtor be=e sell+ him1 &1 z slaves h less en]gy ?an freem51 a sy/em 0 devis$ by :i* ! plebeians 7 left on _! l&1 & /imulat$ to lab\r by ! hope ( r$eem+ !mselves & _! *ildr5 f s]vitude4 ,niebuhr has expla9$ at l5g? h[ ?is 0 done4 ,= money weigh$ out a p]son c\ld pl$ge himself1 8 family1 & all t belong$ to him4 ,9 ?is condition he became nexus1 & rema9$ 9 possession ( 8 prop]ty until brea* ( condition1 :5 ! cr$itor c\ld proce$ by summ>y process4#b ,su* a contract satisfi$ ! requirem5ts1 & ! usur]s _h !n only to inv5t a judgm5t = debt sev]e en\gh to =ce ! debtor to become nexus :5 ! alt]native 0 (f]$ him4 ,?is pres5t$ no difficulty4 ,:5 an action 0 begun ! def5dant _h ?irty days ( grace1 & 0 !n arre/$ & br\ght be=e ! prtor4 ,if he c\ld nei!r pay nor f9d security1 he 0 fett]$ ) irons weigh+ n less ?an fifte5 p\nds1 & tak5 home by ! pla9tiff4 ,!re he 0 all[$ a p\nd ( corn a day1 & giv5 sixty days 9 :i* to settle4 ,if he fail$1 he 0 tak5 aga9 be=e ! prtor & s5t5c$4 ,"u ?is s5t5ce he might be sold or execut$1 &1 :]e !re 7 sev]al pla9tiffs1 !y might cut him up among !m1 nor 0 any individual liable = c>v+ m ?an 8 %>e4#c ,a man s s5t5c$ involv$ 8 desc5dants1 & !re=e1 r ?an submit1 ! :ole debtor class became nexi1 toil+ = ev] to fulfil contracts q beyond _! /r5g?1 & ye> by ye> s9k+ m hopelessly into debt1 = ord9>ily ! accumulat$ int]e/ soon rais$ 8! pr9cipal to _m times its orig9al am\nt40#d ,niebuhr has ?us summ$ up ! economic situation3-- 8,to und]/& ! condition ( ! plebeian debtors1 let ! read]1 if he is a man ( bus9ess1 imag9e t ! :ole ( ! private debts 9 a giv5 c\ntry 7 turn$ into bills at a ye>1 be>+ int]e/ at tw5ty p] c5t or m2 & t ! non-paym5t ( !m 7 foll[$ on summ>y process by imprisonm5t1 & by ! transf] ( ! debtor's :ole prop]ty to 8 cr$itor1 ev5 ?\gh x exce$$ :at he ow$4 ,we d n ne$ ^? fur!r circum/ances1 :i* are incompatible ) our mann]s1 ! p]sonal slav]y ( ! debtor & ( 8 *ildr51 to =m an e/imate ( ! fe>ful condition ( ! un=tunate plebeians40#e ,?us ! usur] fir/ exhau/$ a family & !n sold x2 & z 8 class f$ on insolv5cy & controll$ legislation1 ! laws 7 z +5i\sly contriv$ = creat+ debt1 z = mak+ x pr(itable :5 contract$4 ,"o *>act]i/ic device 0 ! p[] giv5 ! magi/rate ( f9+ = 8(f5ces aga9/ ord]40 ,"u ?is head 8m5 might include any accusations !y pleas$1 & by ! high] grades 9 ! scale ( f9es !y might accompli% :atev] !y desir$40#f ,z ! capitali/s own$ ! c\rts & adm9i/]$ ju/ice1 !y _h ! means at h& ( ru9+ any plebeian ^: prop]ty 0 tempt+4 ,nev]!less1 ! /ronghold ( usury lay 9 ! fiscal sy/em1 :i* d[n to ! fall ( ! ,empire 0 an eng9e = work+ bankruptcy4 ,rome's policy 0 to f>m ! taxes2 t is to say1 aft] assessm5t1 to sell !m to a publican1 :o collect$ :at he c\ld4 ,! bus9ess 0 pr(itable 9 proportion z x 0 extortionate1 & ! c\ntry 0 subject$ to a levy unregulat$ by law1 & conduct$ to enri* speculators4 8,ubi publicanus e/10 said ,livy1 quot+ ! ,s5ate1 8ibi aut jus publicum vanum1 aut lib]tatem sociis nullam esse40#g ,usury 0 ! cream ( ?is bus9ess4 ,! cu/om 0 to l5d to default]s at su* high rates ( int]e/ t insolv5cy 0 ne>ly c]ta9 to foll[2 !n ! p 7 tak5 on execution1 & slave-hunt+ =m$ a regul> bran* ( ! rev5ue s]vice4 ,9 ,cic]o's "t :ole prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or 7 /ripp$ b>e by ! traffic4 ,! effect ^u ! ,lat9 society ( ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 0 s+ul>ly de/ructive4 ,italy 0 fill$ ) petty /ates 9 *ronic w>1 ! troops 7 an unpaid militia1 :i* compris$ ! :ole able-bodi$ population1 & ?\gh ! f>ms yield$ en\gh = ! family 9 good times1 :5 ! males 7 ) ! legions lab\r 0 c]ta9 to be lack+4 ,! campaigns !re=e br\ght want1 & ) want came ! inability to pay taxes4 ,z late z ! ,tunic ,w>1 ,regulus ask$ to be reliev$ f 8 comm&1 because ! dea? ( 8 slave & ! incompet5ce ( 8 hir$ man left 8 fields unc>$ =2 & if a g5]al & a consul 7 p9*$ by abs5ce1 ! case ( ! m5 9 ! ranks c be imag9$4 ,ev5 9 victory ! lot ( ! common soldi] 0 h>d en\gh1 =1 beside ! *ance ( w\nds & disease1 !re 0 ! c]ta9 loss ( "t1 = :i* no comp5sation 0 made4 ,?\gh ! plebeians =m$ ! :ole infantry ( ! l9e1 !y receiv$ no "p ( ! conqu]$ l&s1 & ev5 ! plund] 0 tak5 f !m1 & appropriat$ by ! patricians to _! private use4#h ,9 defeat1 ! op5 c\ntry 0 ov]run1 ! cattle 7 driv5 (f or slaught]$1 ! fruit trees cut d[n1 ! crops laid wa/e1 & ! h\ses burn$4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,gallic invasion1 ,niebuhr has po9t$ out t ! ravag+ ( ! enemy1 & ! new taxes laid to rebuild ! ru9$ public works1 l$ to g5]al insolv5cy4#i ,su* conditions fo/]$ ! rapid propagation ( di/9ct types ( m9d1 & at a v e>ly p]iod ,romans _h be5 br$ de/itute ( ! m>tial in/9ct1 b m crafty & m t5aci\s ( life ?an ! soldi]4 ,^! 7 ! m5 :o conceiv$ & en=c$ ! usury laws1 & :o held to p]sonal pl$ges z ! de>e/ privilege ( _! ord]2 nor does ,livy attempt to disguise ! fact 8t e patrician h\se 0 a gaol = debtors2 & t 9 seasons ( great di/ress1 aft] e sitt+ ( ! c\rts1 h]ds ( s5t5c$ slaves 7 l$ away 9 *a9s to ! h\ses ( ! nobless40#aj ,( ?is r$\btable type ! ,claudian family 0 a fam\s specim51 & ! picture :i* has be5 drawn by ,macaulay ( ! great usur]1 ,appius ,claudius1 ! decemvir1 is s brilliant t x _c be omitt$4 8,appius ,claudius ,crassus 444 0 desc5d$ f a long l9e ( ance/ors di/+ui%$ by _! haughty demean\r1 & by ! inflexibility ) :i* !y _h )/ood all ! dem&s ( ! plebeian ord]4 ,:ile ! political conduct & ! deportm5t ( ! ,claudian nobles drew ^u !m ! fi]ce/ public hatr$1 !y 7 accus$ ( want+1 if any cr$it is due to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome1 a class ( qualities :i*1 9 a milit>y commonweal?1 is suffici5t to cov] a multitude ( (f5ces4 ,! *iefs ( ! family appe> to h be5 eloqu5t1 v]s$ 9 civil bus9ess1 & le>n$ aft] ! fa%ion ( _! age2 b 9 w> !y 7 n di/+ui%$ by skill or val\r4 ,"s ( !m1 z if consci\s :]e _! weakness lay1 _h1 :5 fill+ ! highe/ magi/racies1 tak5 int]nal adm9i/ration z _! dep>tm5t ( public bus9ess1 & left ! milit>y comm& to _! colleagues4 ,"o ( !m _h be5 entru/$ ) an army1 & _h fail$ ignom9i\sly4 ,none ( !m _h be5 hon\r$ ) a triumph4444 8,8 gr&fa!r1 call$1 l himself1 ,appius ,claudius1 _h left a "n z mu* dete/$ z t ( ,sextus ,t>qu9ius4 ,?is eld] ,appius _h be5 consul m ?an sev5ty ye>s be=e ! introduction ( ! ,lic9ian ,laws4 ,by avail+ himself ( a s+ul> crisis 9 public feel+1 he _h obta9$ ! cons5t ( ! commons to ! abolition ( ! tribune%ip1 & _h be5 ! *ief ( t ,c\ncil ( ,t5 to :i* ! :ole direction ( ! ,/ate _h be5 committ$4 ,9 a few mon?s 8 adm9i/ration _h become univ]sally odi\s4 ,x _h be5 swept away by an irresi/ible outbreak ( popul> fury2 & its memory 0 /ill held 9 abhorr5ce by ! :ole city4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ! d[nfall ( ?is execrable gov]nm5t 0 said to h be5 an attempt made by ,appius ,claudius ^u ! *a/ity ( a beautiful "y girl ( humble bir?4 ,! /ory ran t ! ,decemvir1 unable to succe$ by bribes & solicitations1 resort$ to an outrage\s act ( tyranny4 ,a vile dep5dant ( ! ,claudian h\se laid claim to ! damsel z 8 slave4 ,! cause 0 br\ght be=e ! tribunal ( ,appius4 ,! wick$ magi/rate1 9 defiance ( ! cle>e/ pro(s1 gave judgm5t = ! claimant4 ,b ! girl's fa!r1 a brave soldi]1 sav$ h] f s]vitude & di%on\r by /abb+ h] to ! he>t 9 ! sight ( ! :ole ,=um4 ,t bl[ 0 ! signal = a g5]al explosion4 ,camp & city rose at once2 ! ,t5 7 pull$ d[n2 ! tribune%ip 0 re-e/abli%$2 & ,appius escap$ ! h&s ( ! execution] only by a volunt>y dea?40#aa ,virg9ia 0 sla9 9 #ddi ,b4,c41 j 9 ! mid/ ( ! long convulsion :i* began ) ! secession to ! ,mons ,sac]1 & end$ ) ! ,lic9ian ,laws4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury & a qu>t]1 usury dra9$ ! ,roman vitality l[4 ,niebuhr 0 d\btless "r 9 8 conjecture t ! mut9\s legions 7 fill$ ) nexi to :om ! cont9uance ( ! exi/+ /atus meant slav]y1 & ,momms5 also po9t$ out t ! convulsions ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 9 :i* x seem$ z ?\gh ,roman society mu/ dis9tegrate1 7 caus$ by 8! insolv5cy ( ! middle class ( l&-hold]s40#ab ,_h ,italy be5 m tranquil1 x is n inconceivable t ! small f>m]s might ev5 !n h sunk into ! s]fdom :i* await$ !m "u ! ,empire1 = 9 peace ! patricians might h be5 able to repress insurrection ) _! cli5ts2 b ! accumulation ( capital _h h>dly begun1 & sev]al c5turies 7 to elapse be=e money 0 to take its ultimate =m 9 a /&+ army4 ,mean:ile1 troops 7 ne$$ almo/ e ye> to def5d ! city2 &1 z ! legions 7 a militia1 !y 7 ! enemy & n ! in/rum5t ( weal?4 ,until ! organization ( a p]man5t paid police !y 71 h[ev]1 ! highe/ expression ( =ce1 &1 :5 oppos$ to !m1 ! moni$ olig>*y 0 helpless1 z 0 prov$ by ! secession to ! ,mons ,sac]4 ,! /orm ga!r$ sl[ly4 ,! rural population 0 gr\nd d[n "u ! usury laws1 & 9 #die ,b4,c4 ! f>m]s refus$ to respond to ! levy4 ,! consul ,publius ,s]vilius _h to susp5d prosecutions = debt & to lib]ate debtors 9 prison2 b at ! end ( ! campaign ! promises he _h made 9 ! mom5t ( dang] 7 repudiat$ by ,appius ,claudius1 :o rigor\sly en=c$ ! usury legislation1 & :o 01 = ! "t1 too /rong to be oppos$4 ,t ye> ! m5 submitt$1 b ! next ! legions _h aga9 to be embodi$2 !y aga9 return$ victori\s2 _! dem&s 7 aga9 reject$2 & !n1 in/ead ( disb&+1 !y m>*$ 9 m>tial array into ! di/rict ( ,cru/um]ia1 & occupi$ ! hill :i* ev] aft] 0 call$ ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt4#ac ,resi/ance 0 n ev5 attempt$2 & precisely ! same surr5d] 0 repeat$ 9 #ddi4 ,:5 ,virg9ius /abb$ 8 daught] he fl$ to ! camp1 & 8 comrades seiz$ ! /&>ds & m>*$ = ,rome4 ,! ,s5ate yield$ at once1 decre$ ! abolition ( ! ,decemvirate1 & ! triumphant cohorts1 drawn up ^u ! ,av5t9e1 *ose _! tribunes4 ,f9ally1 9 ! la/ great /ruggle1 :5 ,camillus 0 made dictator to co]ce ! p1 he f\nd himself impot5t4 ,! moni$ olig>*y collaps$ :5 confront$ ) an arm$ =ce2 & ,camillus1 r$uc$ to act z m$iator1 v[$ a temple to ,concord1 on ! passage ( ! ,lic9ian ,laws4#ad ,! ,lic9ian ,laws provid$ = a p>tial liquidation1 & also = an increase ( ! means ( ! debtor class by r$i/ribution ( ! public l&4 ,?is l& _h be5 seiz$ 9 w>1 & _h be5 monopoliz$ by ! patricians )\t any p>ticul> legal "r4 ,lic9ius obta9$ a /atute by :i* back paym5ts ( int]e/ %\ld be appli$ to ext+ui%+ ! pr9cipal ( debts1 & balances !n rema9+ due %\ld be liquidat$ 9 ?ree annual in/alm5ts4 ,he also limit$ ! quantity ( ! public doma9 :i* c\ld be held by any individual1 & direct$ t ! residue :i* rema9$ aft] ! r$uction ( all e/ates to t /&>d %\ld be di/ribut$ 9 five-acre lots4 ,pyrrhus saw ) a soldi]'s eye t ,rome's /r5g? did n lie 9 h] g5]als1 :o 7 frequ5tly 8 inf]iors1 b 9 h] f>m]s1 :om he c\ld n cru% by defeat1 & ?is 0 ! class :i* 0 fav\r$ by ! ,lic9ian ,laws4 ,!y multipli$ greatly :5 ! usur]s capitulat$1 &1 z ,macaulay rem>k$1 ! effect ( ! re=m 0 8s+ul>ly happy & glori\s40 ,x 0 inde$ no less ?an ! conque/ ( ,italy4 ,rome1 8:ile ! disabilities ( ! plebeians cont9u$ 444 0 sc>cely able to ma9ta9 h] gr\nd aga9/ ! ,volscians & ,h]nicans4 ,:5 ^? disabilities 7 remov$1 %e rapidly became m ?an a mat* = ,c>?age & ,mac$on40#ae ,b nature's v b\nty to ! ,roman husb&man & soldi] prov$ 8 ru94 ,pati5t ( suff]+1 endur+ ( fatigue1 wise 9 c\ncil1 fi]ce 9 w>1 he r\t$ all :o oppos$ him2 & yet ! vigor\s m9d & ! robu/ frame :i* made him victori\s 9 battle1 7 8 weakness :5 at peace4 ,he ne$$ co/ly nutrim5t1 & :5 br\ght into free economic competition ) ,africans & ,asiatics1 he />v$4 ,su* competition result$ directly f =eign conque/s1 & came rapidly :5 ,italy _h consolidat$1 & ! ,italians began to ext5d _! p[] ov] o!r races4 ,ne>ly five c5turies int]v5$ betwe5 ! f\ndation ( ! city & ! defeat ( ,pyrrhus1 b )9 little m ?an two hundr$ ye>s f ! victory ( ,b5ev5tum1 ,rome 0 mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,inde$1 beyond ! p59sula1 !re 0 n mu*1 save ,c>?age1 to /op ! m>* ( ! legions4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 9 #cbc ,b4,c41 ,greece fell into decl9e1 & by #bjj1 :5 ,rome attack$ ,mac$on1 %e 0 9 decrepitude4 ,! population ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ,egypt 0 n m>tial1 & _h nev] be5 able to cope 9 battle ) ! we/]n races2 :ile ,spa9 & ,gaul1 ?\gh inhabit$ by fi]ce & h>dy tribes1 lack$ cohesion1 & c\ld n )/& ! onset ( organiz$ & discipl9$ troops4 ,di/ance1 !re=e1 r ?an ho/ile milit>y =ce1 fix$ ! limit ( ! anci5t c5tralization1 = ! ,romans 7 n m>itime1 & consequ5tly fail$ to absorb ,india or discov] ,am]ica4 ,?us _! relatively imp]fect movem5t made ! mo/ mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n economic sy/em4 ,by conque/ ! c\ntries inhabit$ by races ( a l[ vitality & great t5acity ( life 7 op5$ bo? = trade & slav+1 & _! *eap lab\r ext]m9at$ ! husb&m5 ( ,italy4 ,p>ticul>ly aft] ! annexation ( ,asia ,m9or ?is lab\r ov]ran ,sicily1 & ! cultivation ( ! c]eals by ! natives became impossible :5 ! isl& _h be5 p>cell$ out into great e/ates /ock$ by capitali/s ) ea/]n slaves :o1 at ,rome1 und]sold all competitors4 ,dur+ ! second c5tury ! preci\s metals p\r$ into ,latium 9 a flood1 great =tunes 7 amass$ & inve/$ 9 l&1 & ! ,asiatic prov9ces ( ! ,empire 7 swept ( _! m5 9 ord] to make ^! inve/m5ts pay4 ,no data rema9 by :i* to e/imate1 ev5 approximately1 ! size ( ?is involunt>y migration1 b x mu/ h rea*$ enorm\s numb]s1 = sixty ?\s& captives 7 ! common booty ( a campaign1 & aft] prov9ces 7 annex$ !y 7 depopulat$ by ! publicans4 ,! be/ field h&s came f ! regions :]e pov]ty _h always be5 extreme1 & :]e1 = c\ntless g5]ations1 m5 _h be5 inur$ to toil on scanty food4 ,di/ricts l ,bi?ynia & ,syria1 :]e slaves c\ld be b\ght = little or no?+1 _h always be5 till$ by races f> m t5aci\s ( life ?an any ,europeans4 ,aft] ,lucullus plund]$ ,pontus1 a slave br\ght only f\r dra*m1 or1 p]haps1 sev5ty c5ts4#af ,on ! o!r h&1 competition grew %>p] among ! ,italians !mselves4 ,z capital accumulat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! /ronge/1 ! poor grew poor]1 & paup]ism spread4 ,z e>ly z ! ,m>sian ,w>1 9 #ij ,b4,c41 ,lucius ,m>cius ,philippus e/imat$ t !re 7 only two ?\s& weal?y families among ! burgesses4 ,9 ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s nature _h cull$ a pure plutocracy f :at _h be5 orig9ally an ess5tially m>tial race4 ,! primitive ,roman 0 a high ord] ( husb&man1 :o c\ld only :5 well f$ fl\ri% & multiply4 ,he 0 adapt$ to t /age ( society :5 ! remnants ( ca/e gave a c]ta9 fixity ( t5ure to ! f>m]1 & :5 prices 7 ma9ta9$ by ! co/ ( communication ) =eign c\ntries4 ,z ! _w c5traliz$1 ?r\gh conque/1 ^! b>ri]s 7 swept away4 ,economic competition became free1 l& t5d$ to conc5trate 9 few] & few] h&s1 & ?is l& 0 work$ by ea/]n slaves1 :o r$uc$ ! wages ( lab\r to ! l[e/ po9t at :i* ! human be+ c survive4 ,! effect 0 to split society 9 halves1 ! basis be+ s]vile1 & ! freem5 be+ sep>at$ into a s]ies ( classes1 accord+ to ! economic p[] ( ! m9d4 ,weal? =m$ ! title to nobility ( ! great olig>*y :i* ?us came to con/itute ! core ( ! ,empire4 ,at ! head /ood ! s5ators1 ^: rank 0 h]$it>y unless !y lo/ _! prop]ty1 = to be a s5ator a man _h to be ri*4 ,augu/us fix$ #dh1jjj z ! m9imum ( ! s5atorial =tune1 & made up ! defici5cy to c]ta9 fav\r$ families1#ag b ,tib]ius summ>ily eject$ sp5d?rifts4#ah ,all ,lat9 lit]ature is r$ol5t ( money4 ,tacitus1 ) an opul5t connection1 nev] fail$ to speak ) disda9 ( ! base-born1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! less prosp]\s4 8,poppu ,sab9us1 a man ( humble bir?10 rais$ to position by ! caprice ( two emp]ors2#ai 8,cassius ,sev]us1 a man ( mean extraction02#bj &1 9 ! poetry ( antiquity1 !re are few m fam\s l9es ?an ^? 9 :i* ,juv5al has describ$ ! burd5 ( pov]ty3 8,haud facile em]gunt1 quorum virtutibus ob/at ,res angu/a domi40#ba ,p]haps no mod]n writ] has be5 s imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! lat] ,empire z ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 & on ?is subject he has be5 emphatic4 ,n only 7 ! ,romans n democratic1 b at no p]iod ( h] hi/ory did ,rome love equality4 ,9 ! ,republic rank 0 det]m9$ by weal?4 ,! c5sus 0 ! basis ( ! social sy/em4 ,e citiz5 _h to decl>e 8 =tune be=e a magi/rate1 & 8 grade 0 !n assign$ him4 8,pov]ty & weal? e/abli%$ ! legal diff]5ces betwe5 m540 ,! fir/ l9e ( dem>cation lay betwe5 ^? :o own$ l& & ^? :o did n4 ,! =m] 7 assidui3 h\sehold]s root$ 9 ! soil4 ,! latt] 7 prolet>ians4 ,! prolet>ians 7 equal 9 _! pov]ty2 b ! assidui 7 unequal 9 _! weal?1 & 7 consequ5tly divid$ into five classes4 ,among ^! categories all 0 unequal--taxes1 milit>y s]vice1 & political rights4 ,!y did n mix toge!r4 8,if "o transports oneself to ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic 444 "o f9ds !re an ari/ocracy z /rongly consolidat$ z ! anci5t patrician4444 ,at ! summit came ! s5atorial ord]4 ,to belong to x ! fir/ condition 0 to possess a great =tune4444 ,! ,roman m9d did n und]/& t a poor man c\ld belong to ! ari/ocracy1 or t a ri* man 0 n "p ( x40#bb ,ar*aic cu/oms l+]$ late 9 ,rome1 = ! city 0 n a c5tre ( comm]cial ex*anges2 & long aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 :5 ,greece pass$ its m]idian1 ! ,republic kept its copp] co9age4 ,regulus f>m$ 8 field ) a s+le slave & a hir$ s]vant1 & !re 01 9 tru?1 no?+ extraord9>y 9 ! fam\s meet+ ) ,c9c9natus at ! pl\gh1 al?\gh su* simplicity a/oni%$ a contempor>y ( ,augu/us4 ,advanc+ c5tralization swept away ^! anci5t cu/oms1 a c5tralization ^: m>* is1 p]haps1 z %>ply m>k$ by ! migration ( vagrants to ! cities1 z by any s+le ph5om5on4 ,vagrant paup]s =m$ ! prolet>iat = ^: relief ! 8,frum5t>i ,leges0 7 fram$2 & yet1 ?\gh poor-laws 9 "s =m are consid]$ a necessity 9 mod]n times1 few in/itutions ( antiquity h be5 m sev]ely criticis$ ?an ^? regulat+ *>ity4 ,f ! "t ( ,cato d[nw>d1 ! t5d5cy has be5 to ma9ta9 t at ,rome demagogues f$ ! rabble at ! co/ ( ! lives ( ! free-hold]s4 ,probably ! exact conv]se is ! tru?2 ! public gifts ( food appe> to h be5 ! effect ( ! ru9 ( agriculture1 & n its cause4 ,aft] ! ,italian husb&m5 _h be5 made insolv5t by ! competition ( races ( l[] vitality1 !y flock$ />v+ to ! capital1 b x 0 only reluctantly t ! great speculators 9 gra91 :o controll$ ! ,s5ate1 admitt$ ! necessity ( grant+ ,/ate aid to ! class :om !y _h de/roy$4 ,long be=e ! ,punic ,w>s ! ,c>?ag9ians _h f>m$ ,sicily on capitali/ic pr9ciples2 t is to say1 !y _h /ock$ doma9s ) slaves1 & _h trad$ on ! basis ( l>ge sales & n>r[ pr(its4 ,! ,romans :5 !y annex$ ! isl& only c>ri$ out ?is sy/em to its logical end4 ,hav+ all ,asia ,m9or to draw ^u = lab\r1 !y delib]ately />v$ & ov]work$ _! field-h&s1 s9ce x 0 *eap] to buy o!rs ?an to lose comm& ( ! m>ket4 ,! famili> /ory ( ! outbreak ( ! ,s]vile ,w>1 ab\t #acd ,b4,c41 %[s h[ f> ! contempor>ies ( ! ,sicilian speculators believ$ !m capable ( go+4 ,damophilus1 an opul5t ,sicilian l&lord1 be+ "o day implor$ by 8 slaves to h pity on _! nak$ness & mis]y1 indignantly dem&$ :y !y w5t hungry & cold1 ) arms 9 _! h&s1 & ! c\ntry be=e !m4 ,!n he b\nd !m to /akes & flay$ !m ) ! la%4#bc ,! r$uction ( ,syracuse by ,m>cellus broke ! ,c>?ag9ian p[] 9 ! isl&1 &1 aft] ! fall ( ,agrig5tum 9 #baj ,b4,c41 ! pacification ( ! c\ntry w5t on rapidly4 ,probably f ! outset1 ev5 9 ! matt] ( transportation1 ! prov9ces ( ! ma9l& 7 at a disadvantage because ( ! *eapness ( sea freights1 b at all ev5ts ! op5+ ( ! ,sicilian gra9 trade _h an imm$iate & disa/r\s effect on ,italy4 ,! migration ( vagrants to ,rome began =?)1 & )9 sev5 ye>s1 #bjc ,b4,c41 a public di/ribution ( :eat took place1 probably by ! advice ( ,scipio4 ,nev]!less ! *>ity 0 private & n gratuit\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 a *>ge ( six se/]ces1 or tw5ty-five c5ts ! bu%el1 0 made1 app>5tly ne> half ! m>ket rate1 a price pretty regul>ly ma9ta9$ on su* occasions d[n to ! ,empire4 ,?is int]val compreh5d$ ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,sicilian supremacy 9 ! corn trade1 = 9 #cj ,b4,c4 ,egypt 0 annex$ by ,augu/us4 ,! di/ress :i* foll[$ ^u free trade ) ,egypt f9ally broke d[n ! resi/ance ( ! ri* to gratuit\s relief = ! poor4 ,previ\sly ! opposition to ,/ate aid _h be5 s /ubborn t until #abc ,b4,c4 no legal provision :atev] 0 made = paup]s2 & yet ! acc\nt left by ,polybius ( ! condition ( ,lomb>dy t[>d ! middle ( ! second c5tury %[s ! complete wreck ( agriculture4 8,! yield ( corn 9 ?is di/rict is s abundant t :eat is (t5 sold at f\r obols a ,sicilian m$imnus ab\t eight c5ts by ! bu%el1 or a little less ?an two se/]ces1 b>ley at two1 or a metretes ( w9e = an equal measure ( b>ley4444 ,! *eapness & abundance ( all articles ( food may also be cle>ly %[n f ! fact t travell]s 9 ^! p>ts1 :5 /opp+ at inns1 d n b>ga9 = p>ticul> articles1 b simply ask :at ! *>ge is p] head = bo>d4 ,& = ! mo/ "p ! innkeep]s are cont5t0 ) half an z 7ab\t half a c5t7 a day4#bd ,^! prices indicate a lack ( dem& s complete1 t ! debtors among ! peasantry mu/ h be5 ru9$1 & yet tax-pay]s rema9$ obdurate4 ,gratuit\s di/ributions 7 tri$ 9 #eh ,b4,c4 by ! ,lex ,clodia1 b soon ab&on$ z co/ly1 & ,cs> appli$ himself to r$uc+ ! outlay on ! ne$y4 ,he hop$ to rea* 8 end by cutt+ d[n ! numb] ( gra9-receiv]s "o-half1 by provid+ t no gra9 %\ld be giv5 away except on pres5tation ( a ticket1 & by ord]+ t ! numb] ( ticket-hold]s %\ld n be increas$4 ,! law ( nature prevail$ aga9/ him1 = ! absorption ( ,egypt 9 ! economic sy/em ( ! ,empire1 m>k$1 9 ! words ( ,momms5 8! end ( ! old & ! beg9n+ ( a new epo*40#be ,among ! races :i* h surviv$ ?r\gh ages ^u scanty nutrim5t1 none h1 p]haps1 excell$ ! ,egyptian fellah4 ,ev5 9 ! ,ea/ no peasantry has probably be5 s cont9u\sly ov]work$1 s "u-paid1 & s tax$4 8,if x is ! aim ( ! ,/ate to "w out ! utmo/ possible am\nt f its t]ritory1 9 ! ,old ,_w ! ,lagids 7 absolutely ! ma/]s ( /atecraft4 ,9 p>ticul> !y 7 9 ?is sph]e ! in/ructors & ! models ( ! ,cs>s40#bf ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ,egypt 01 z x /ill is1 preem95tly a l& ( *eap lab\r2 b x 0 also some?+ m4 ,! valley ( ! ,nile1 enri*$ by ! ov]fl[ ( ! riv]1 return$ an hundr$-fold1 )\t manure2 & ?is wond]ful di/rict 0 adm9i/]$1 n l an ord9>y prov9ce1 b l a private f>m belong+ to ! citiz5s ( ,rome4 ,! emp]or res]v$ x to himself4 ,h[ l>ge a rev5ue he drew f x is immat]ial2 x suffices t "o-?ird ( all ! gra9 consum$ 9 ! capital came f !nce4 ,accord+ to ,a!nu1 "s ( ! gra9 %ips 9 use 7 ab\t #dbj feet long by #eg broad1 or ne>ly ! size ( a mod]n /eam] 9 ! ,atlantic trade4#bg ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re=e1 ! wages ( ! ,egyptian fellah regulat$ ! price ( ! c]eals )9 ! limits :]e trade 0 made free by ,roman consolidation1 & x is safe to say t1 !nce=w>d1 su* ( ! highly n\ri%$ races z 7 con/ra9$ to su/a9 ?is competition1 7 doom$ to p]i%4 ,x is ev5 extremely d\btful :e!r ! di/ributions ( gra9 by ! gov]nm5t mat]ially accel]at$ ! m>* ( ! decay4 ,spa9 %\ld h be5 f> en\gh remov$ f ! c5tre ( ex*anges to h _h a c]ta9 local m>ket ( h] own1 & yet ,m>tial1 writ+ ab\t #ajj ,a4,d41 describ$ ! ,spani% husb&man eat+ & dr9k+ ! produce he c\ld n sell1 & receiv+ b f\r se/]ces ! bu%el = 8 :eat1 :i* 0 ! price paid by paup]s 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o4#bh ,?us by economic necessity great e/ates 7 =m$ 9 ! h&s ( ! economically /rong4 ,z ! value ( c]eals fell1 arable l& pass$ into v9ey>ds or pa/ure1 &1 ! prov9ces be+ unable to su/a9 _! old population1 eviction w5t on ) gigantic /rides4 ,_h ! ,romans possess$ ! v]satility to enable !m to turn to indu/ry1 factories might h af=d$ a tempor>y %elt] to ?is surplus lab\r1 b manufactures 7 monopoliz$ by ! ,ea/2 !re=e ! begg>$ peasantry 7 ei!r enslav$ = debt1 or w&]$ z p5niless paup]s to ! cities1 :]e gradually _! numb]s s increas$ z to enable !m to extort a gratuit\s dole4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! ?ird c5tury1 _! condition fell s l[ t !y 7 unable ev5 to cook ! food freely giv5 !m1 & ,aurelian _h _! bread bak$ at public ov5s4#bi ,z c5tralization advanc$ ) ! accel]ation ( human movem5t1 =ce express$ itself m & m exclusively ?r\gh money1 & ! *annel 9 :i* money *ose to fl[ 0 9 inve/m5ts 9 l&4 ,! social sy/em fo/]$ ! gr[? ( l>ge e/ates4 ,! ,romans always _h an inord9ate respect = ! l&$ magnate1 & a contempt = ! tradesman4 ,indu/ry 0 reput$ a s]vile occupation1 &1 "u ! ,republic1 ! citiz5 :o p]=m$ manual lab\r 0 almo/ depriv$ ( political rights4 ,ev5 comm]ce 0 ?\ght s unwor?y ( ! ari/ocracy t x 0 =bidd5 to s5ators4 8,! soil 0 always1 9 ?is ,roman society1 ! pr9cipal s\rce &1 above all1 ! only measure ( weal?40 ,a law ( ,tib]ius oblig$ capitali/s to inve/ two-?irds ( _! prop]ty 9 l&4 ,trajan n only exact$ ( aspirants to (fice t !y %\ld be ri*1 b t !y %\ld place at lea/ "o-?ird ( _! =tune 9 ,italian real e/ate2 &1 d[n to ! end ( ! ,empire1 ! s5atorial class 80 at ! same "t ! class ( great l&$ proprietors40#cj ,! m prop]ty consolidat$1 ! m resi/less ! mom5tum ( capital became4 ,"u ! ,empire small prop]ties grew /eadily r>]1 & ! few] !y 71 ! great] ! disadvantage at :i* _! own]s /ood4 ,! small f>m] c\ld h>dly su/a9 himself 9 competition ) ! great l&lord4 ,! gr& doma9 ( ! capitali/ 0 n only provid$ ) a full complem5t ( lab\r]s1 v9e-dress]s1 & %eph]ds1 b ) ! necess>y artisans4 ,! poor f>m] dep5d$ on 8 ri* neighb\r ev5 = 8 tools4 8,he 0 :at a workman w\ld be to-day :o1 amid/ great factories1 work$ alone40#ca ,he b\ght de>] & sold *eap]1 8 m>g9 ( pr(it /eadily %runk2 at la/ he 0 r$uc$ to a b>e subsi/5ce 9 good ye>s1 & ! fir/ bad h>ve/ left him bankrupt4 ,! ,roman husb&man & soldi] 0 doom$1 = nature _h turn$ aga9/ him2 ! task ( hi/ory is b to asc]ta9 8 fate1 & trace ! =tunes ( 8 c\ntry aft] he _h gone4 ,( ! evict$1 _m c]ta9ly drift$ to ! cities & liv$ ^u *>ity1 =m+ ! prolet>iat1 a class alike despis$ & lo/ to self-respect3 "s 7 sold into slav]y1 o!rs />v$2 b :5 all d$uctions h be5 made1 a surplus is left to be acc\nt$ =1 & !re is reason to suppose t ^! /ay$ on _! f>ms z t5ants to ! pur*as]s4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury su* t5ancies 7 common4 ,! lessee rema9$ a freeman1 "u no subjection to 8 l&lord1 provid$ he paid 8 r5t2 b 9 case ( default ! law 0 rigor\s4 ,ev]y?+ ^u ! l& 0 liable z a pl$ge1 & ! t5ant himself 0 held 9 pawn unless he c\ld give security = :at he ow$4 ,9 case1 !re=e1 ( prolong$ agricultural depression1 all t 0 left ( ! anci5t rural population c\ld h>dly fail to pass into ! condition ( s]fs1 b\nd to ! l& by debts beyond ! possibility ( paym5t4 ,t su* a depression actually occurr$1 & t x ext5d$ ?r\gh sev]al c5turies1 is c]ta94 ,nor is x possible t its only cause 0 ,egyptian competition1 = _h x be5 s1 an equilibrium w\ld h be5 rea*$ :5 ! ,african ex*anges _h be5 adju/$1 :]eas a cont9u\s decl9e ( prices w5t on until long aft] ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,! only o!r possible explanation ( ! ph5om5on is t a contraction ( ! curr5cy began soon aft] ! dea? ( ,augu/us1 & cont9u$ )\t mu* int]ruption d[n to ,*>lemagne4 ,betwe5 ! fall ( ,c>?age & ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 ! ,romans plund]$ ! ri*e/ portions ( ! _w we/ ( ! ,indus2 9 ! second c5tury1 ,nor? ,africa1 ,mac$on1 ,spa91 & p>ts ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or2 9 ! fir/1 ,a!ns1 ,cappadocia1 ,syria1 ,gaul1 & ,egypt4 ,^! c\ntries yield$ an enorm\s mass ( treasure1 :i* 0 br\ght to ,rome z spoil ( w>1 b :i* 0 n fix$ !re by comm]cial ex*anges1 & :i* cont9ually t5d$ to fl[ back to ! natural c5tres ( trade4 ,!re=e1 :5 conque/s ceas$1 ! s\rces ( new bullion dri$ up1 & ! quantity held 9 ,italy dim9i%$ z ! balance ( trade grew m & m unfav\rable4 ,"u ,augu/us ! preci\s metals 7 pl5ty & *eap1 & ! prices ( commodities 7 correspond+ly high2 b a full g5]ation _h h>dly pass$ be=e a de>? began to be felt1 :i* manife/$ itself 9 a debasem5t ( ! co9age1 ! sure/ sign ( an appreciation ( ! curr5cy4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! manufactures & ! m co/ly products ( antiquity came f c\ntries to ! ea/ ( ! ,adriatic1 :ile ! ,we/ 0 ma9ly agricultural2 & no?+ is bett] e/abli%$ ?an t luxuries 7 de> "u ! ,empire1 & food *eap4#cb ,!re=e ex*anges 7 unfav\rable to ! capital f ! outset2 ! exports did n cov] ! imports1 & ea* ye> a deficit _h to be made good 9 specie4 ,! ,romans p]fectly und]/ood ! situation1 & ?is adv]se balance caus$ !m mu* uneas9ess4 ,tib]ius dwelt ^u x 9 a lett] to ! ,s5ate z e>ly z #bb ,a4,d4 ,9 t ye> ! diles br\ght =w>d proposals = c]ta9 sumptu>y re=ms1 & ! ,s5ate1 probably to rid itself ( a delicate "q1 ref]r$ ! matt] to ! executive4 ,mo/ ( ! emp]or's reply is int]e/+1 b !re is "o p>ticul>ly notewor?y p>agraph4 8,if a re=m is 9 tru? int5d$1 :]e mu/ x beg98 & h[ am ,i to re/ore ! simplicity ( anci5t times8444 ,h[ %all we re=m ! ta/e = dress8444 ,h[ are we to deal ) ! peculi> articles ( female vanity1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ) t rage = jewels & preci\s tr9kets1 :i* dra9s ! ,empire ( its weal?1 & s5ds1 9 ex*ange = bawbles1 ! money ( ! ,commonweal? to =eign nations1 & ev5 to ! enemies ( ,rome80#cc ,half a c5tury lat] matt]s 71 app>5tly1 worse1 = ,pl9y m ?an once return$ to ! subject4 ,9 ! twelf? book ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 aft] enum]at+ ! _m well-kn[n spices1 p]fumes1 drugs1 & gems1 :i* h always made ! ,ea/]n trade ( su* surpass+ value1 he e/imat$ t at ! mo/ mod]ate computation #ajj1jjj1jjj se/]ces1 or ab\t #d1jjj1jjj 9 co91 7 annually export$ to ,arabia & ,india alone2 & at a "t :5 silk 0 wor? its weight 9 gold1 ! e/imate c]ta9ly does n seem excessive4 ,he add$1 8,s de> d pleasures & wom5 co/ u40#cd ,! dra9 to ,egypt & ! ,asiatic prov9ces c\ld h>dly h be5 mu* less s]i\s4 ,adrian almo/ seems to h be5 jeal\s ( ! =m]1 = 9 8 lett] to ,s]vianus1 aft] hav+ criticis$ ! p1 he rem>k$ t x 0 also a ri* & productive c\ntry 89 :i* no "o 0 idle10 & 9 :i* glass1 pap] & l95 7 manufactur$4#ce ,! ,syrians 7 bo? indu/rial & comm]cial4 ,tyre1 = example1 work$ ! raw silk ( ,*9a1 dy$ & export$ x4 ,! glass ( ,tyre & ,sidon 0 fam\s2 ! local ari/ocracy 7 m]*ants & manufactur]s1 8&1 z lat] ! ri*es acquir$ 9 ! ,ea/ fl[$ to ,g5oa & ,v5ice1 s !n ! comm]cial ga9s ( ! ,we/ fl[$ back to ,tyre & ,apamea40#cf ,)9 ab\t sixty ye>s f ! f9al consolidation ( ! ,empire "u ,augu/us1 ?is cont9u\s efflux ( ! preci\s metals began to cause ! curr5cy to contract1 & prices to fall2 & ! fir/ effect ( %r9k+ values appe>s to h be5 a f9ancial crisis 9 #cc ,a4,d4 ,probably ! dim9ution 9 ! wor? ( commodities relatively to money1 _h already made x difficult = debtors to meet _! liabilities1 = ,tacitus has prefac$ 8 /ory by po9t+ out t usury _h always be5 a sc\rge ( ,rome1 & t j previ\s to ! panic an agitation aga9/ ! money-l5d]s _h begun ) a view to en=c+ ! law reg>d+ int]e/4 ,z mo/ ( ! s5ators 7 deep 9 usury !y appli$ = protection to ,tib]ius1 :o grant$ :at am\nt$ to a /ay ( proce$+s1 & !n1 z soon z ! capitali/s felt !mselves safe1 !y proce$$ to take _! rev5ge4 ,loans 7 call$1 accommodation refus$1 & mortgagors 7 ru?lessly sold out4 8,!re 0 great sc>city ( money 444 &1 on acc\nt ( sales on execution1 co9 accumulat$ 9 ! imp]ial1 or ! public treasury4 ,^u ?is ! ,s5ate ord]$ t e "o %\ld inve/ two-?irds ( 8 capital on loan1 9 ,italian real e/ate2 b ! cr$itors call$ 9 ! :ole1 nor did public op9ion all[ debtors to compromise40 ,mean:ile !re 0 great excitem5t b no relief1 8z ! usur]s ho>d$ = ! purpose ( buy+ l[4 ,! quantity ( sales broke ! m>ket1 & ! m liabilities 7 ext5d$1 ! h>d] liquidation became4 ,_m 7 ru9$1 & ! loss ( prop]ty endang]$ social /ation & reputation40#cg ,! panic f9ally subsid$1 b contraction w5t on & next %[$ itself1 tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 9 adult]at$ co9age4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,punic ,w>s1 ab\t two c5turies & a half be=e ,*ri/1 ! silv] d5>ius1 wor? ne>ly sev5te5 c5ts1 _h be5 ! /&>d ( ! ,roman curr5cy1 & x kept its weight & purity unimpair$ until ,n]o1 :5 x dim9i%$ f #ahd to #aif ( a p\nd ( silv]1 ! pure metal be+ mix$ ) #aaj ( copp]4#ch ,"u ,trajan1 t[>d #ajj ,a4,d41 ! alloy rea*$ tw5ty p] c5t2 "u ,septimius ,sev]us a hundr$ ye>s lat] x _h m\nt$ to fifty or sixty p] c5t1 & by ! "t ( ,elagabalus1 #bbj ,a4,d41 ! co9 _h deg5]at$ into a tok5 ( base metal1 & 0 repudiat$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,some?+ simil> happ5$ to ! gold4 ,! aureus1 ?\gh x kept its f95ess1 lo/ 9 weight d[n to ,con/ant9e4 ,9 ! reign ( ,augu/us x equall$ "o-=tie? ( a ,roman p\nd ( gold1 9 t ( ,n]o "o =ty-fif?1 9 t ( ,c>acalla b "o-fiftie?1 9 t ( ,diocletian "o-sixtie?1 & 9 t ( ,con/ant9e "o sev5ty-second1 :5 ! co9 ceas$ pass+ by tale & 0 tak5 only by weight4#ci ,! repudiation ( ! d5>ius 0 an act ( bankruptcy2 nor did ! f9ancial position improve :ile ! adm9i/ration rema9$ at ,rome4 ,!re=e ! inf]5ce is t1 t[>d ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,italy _h lo/ ! treasure %e _h won 9 w>1 :i* _h gradually gravitat$ to ! c5tre ( ex*anges4 ,?is inf]5ce is confirm$ by hi/ory4 ,! movem5ts ( ,diocletian seem to demon/rate t aft] #bej ,a4,d4 ,rome ceas$ to be ei!r ! political or comm]cial capital ( ! _w4 ,unque/ionably ,diocletian mu/ h liv$ a life ( int5se activity at ! focus ( affairs1 to h rais$ himself f slav]y to ! purple at ?irty-n9e2 & yet ,gibbon ?\ght he did n ev5 visit ,rome until he w5t ?i!r to celebrate 8 triumph1 aft] he _h be5 tw5ty ye>s ^u ! ?rone4 ,he nev] seem$ anxi\s ab\t ! temp] ( ! city4 ,:5 proclaim$ emp]or he ignor$ ,italy & e/abli%$ himself at ,nicom$ia on ! ,propontis1 :]e he liv$ until he abdicat$ 9 #cje4 ,8 p]sonal pref]5ces evid5tly did n influ5ce him1 s9ce 8 successors imitat$ 8 policy2 & ev]y?+ po9ts to ! conclusion t he1 & ^? :o foll[$ him1 only yield$ to ! same resi/less =ce :i* fix$ ! economic capital ( ! _w ^u ! ,bosphorus4 ,9 ! case ( ,con/ant9e ! op]ation ( ?is =ce 0 conspicu\s1 = x 0 n only p[]ful en\gh to ov]come ! habit ( a lifetime1 b to cause him to und]take ! gigantic task ( build+ ,con/ant9ople4 ,con/ant9e 0 proclaim$ 9 ,brita9 9 #cjf1 :5 only ?irty-two4 ,six ye>s lat] he defeat$ ,max5tius1 & !n gov]n$ ! ,we/ alone until 8 w> ) ,lic9ius1 :om he captur$ 9 #cbc & aft]w>d put to dea?4 ,?us1 at fifty1 he return$ to ! ,ea/1 aft] an abs5ce ( ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 & 8 fir/ act 0 to *oose ,byzantium z 8 capital1 a city ne>ly opposite ,nicom$ia4 ,! sequ5ce ( ev5ts seems pla94 ,v soon aft] ! insolv5cy ( ! gov]nm5t at ,rome1 ! adm9i/ration quitt$ ! city & mov$ t[>d ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,europe & ,asia2 !re1 aft] "s =ty ye>s ( vacillation1 x settl$ p]man5tly at ! true seat ( ex*anges1 = ,con/ant9ople rema9$ ! economic c5tre ( ! e>? = m ?an eight c5turies4 ,simil> conclusions may be drawn f ! fluctuations ( ! curr5cy4 ,at ,rome ! co9 c\ld n be ma9ta9$ at ! /&>d1 because ( adv]se ex*anges2 b :5 ! political & economic c5tres _h come to co9cide1 at a po9t ^u ! ,bosphorus1 depreciation ceas$1 & ! aureus fell no fur!r4 ,?is migration ( capital1 :i* caus$ ! rise ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 ! true op5+ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 = x occasion$ ! gradual decl9e ( ! rural population1 & ?us br\ght ab\t ! dis9tegration ( ! ,we/4 ,victory c>ri$ weal? to ,rome1 & weal? manife/$ its p[] 9 a p]man5t police2 z ! attack 9 w> ga9$ ^u ! def5ce1 & individual resi/ance became impossible1 transportation grew *eap & safe1 & human movem5t 0 accel]at$4 ,!n economic competition began1 & int5sifi$ z c5tralization advanc$1 tell+ always 9 fav\r ( ! acute/ intellect & ! *eape/ lab\r4 ,soon1 ex*anges became p]man5tly unfav\rable1 a /eady dra9 ( bullion set 9 to ! ,ea/1 &1 z ! outfl[ deplet$ ! treasure amass$ at ,rome by plund]1 contraction began1 & ) contraction came t fall ( prices :i* fir/ ru9$1 !n enslav$1 & f9ally ext]m9at$1 ! native rural population ( ,italy4 ,9 ! "t ( ,diocletian1 ! anci5t silv] curr5cy _h long be5 repudiat$1 &1 9 8 well-kn[n edict1 he spoke ( prices z hav+ ris5 n9efold1 :5 reckon$ 9 ! d5>ii ( base metal2 ! pur*as+ p[] ( pure gold & silv] _h1 h[ev]1 ris5 v consid]ably 9 all ! we/]n prov9ces4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,x appe>s to be a natural law t :5 social developm5t has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age1 & capital has accumulat$ suffici5tly1 ! class :i* has _h ! capacity to absorb x %all try to enhance ! value ( _! prop]ty by legislation4 ,?is is done mo/ easily by r$uc+ ! quantity ( ! curr5cy1 :i* is a legal t5d] = ! paym5t ( debts4 ,a curr5cy obvi\sly ga9s 9 p[] z x %r9ks 9 volume1 & ! usur]s ( ,con/ant9ople intuitively cond5s$ to ! utmo/ t ( ! ,empire4 ,aft] ! insolv5cy "u ,elagabalus1 paym5ts 7 exact$ 9 gold by weight1 & z x grew sc>c] its value rose4 ,aurelian issu$ an edict limit+ its use 9 ! arts2 & :ile !re are abundant reasons = inf]r+ t silv] also ga9$ 9 pur*as+ p[]1 gold f> out/ripp$ x4 ,al?\gh no /ati/ics rema9 by :i* to e/abli%1 ) any exactness1 ! movem5t ( silv] 9 comp>ison ) commodities1 ! ratio betwe5 ! preci\s metals at diff]5t epo*s is kn[n1 & gold appe>s to h d\bl$ betwe5 ,cs> & ,romulus ,augu/ulus4 #dg ,b4,c4 gold /ood to silv] z #a 3 #h4i #a ,a4,d4 "u ,augu/us1 8 8 8 #a 3 #i4c #ajj-bjj1 ,trajan to ,sev]us1 8 8 8 #a 3 #i-aj #caj1 ,con/ant9e1 8 8 8 #a 3 #ab4e #dej1 ,!odosius ,,ii41 8 8 8 #a 3 #ah ,z gold _h become ! sole legal t5d]1 ?is *ange ( ratio repres5ts a dim9ution1 dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 ( at lea/ fifty p] c5t 9 ! value ( prop]ty 9 relation to debt1 leav+ altoge!r out ( view ! appreciation ( silv] itself1 :i* 0 s consid]able t ! gov]nm5t 0 unable to ma9ta9 ! d5>ius4#dj ,resi/ance to ! =ce ( c5traliz$ weal? 0 va94 ,aurelian's attempt to re=m ! m9ts is said to h caus$ a rebellion1 :i* co/ him ! lives ( sev5 ?\s& ( 8 soldi]s2 & ?\gh 8 policy 0 cont9u$ by ,probus1 & ,diocletian co9$ bo? metals aga9 at a ratio1 expansion 0 s antagoni/ic to ! int]e/s ( ! moni$ class t1 by #cfj1 silv] 0 def9itely disc>d$1 & gold 0 made by law ! only legal t5d] = ! paym5t ( debts4#da ,fur!rmore1 ! usur]s protect$ !mselves aga9/ any possible tamp]+ ) ! m9ts by provid+ t ! solidus %\ld pass by weight & n by tale2 t is to say1 !y res]v$ to !mselves ! "r to reject any gold5 son :i* conta9$ less ?an "o sev5ty-second ( a p\nd ( /&>d metal1 ! weight fix$ by ,con/ant9e4#db ,?us1 at a "t :5 ! exhau/ion ( ! m9es caus$ a failure 9 ! annual supply ( bullion1 ! old composite curr5cy 0 split 9 two1 & ! half reta9$ made to pass by weight alone1 s z to ?r[ ! loss by clipp+ & abrasion ^u ! debtor4 ,s /rong a contraction eng5d]$ a /eady fall ( prices1 a fall :i* t5d$ r to increase ?an dim9i% z "t w5t on4 ,b 9 prolong$ p]iods ( decl9e 9 ! m>ket value ( agricultural products1 f>m]s c ) difficulty meet a money r5t1 because ! sale ( _! crops leaves a great] deficit ea* ye>1 & f9ally a "t comes :5 insolv5cy c no long] be po/pon$4 ,9 8 op5+ *apt] ,gibbon describ$ ! ,empire "u ! ,anton9es z enjoy+ 8a happy p]iod ( m ?an f\rscore ye>s0 ( peace & prosp]ity2 & yet no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ?is halcyon age 0 9 reality an int]val ( agricultural ru94 ,on ?is po9t ,pl9y 0 explicit1 & ,pl9y 0 a l>ge l&-own]4 ,he wrote "o day to ,calvisius ab\t an inve/m5t1 & w5t at l5g? into ! condition ( ! prop]ty4 ,a l>ge e/ate adjo9+ 8 own 0 = sale1 & he 0 tempt$ to buy1 8= ! l& 0 f]tile1 ri*1 & well wat]$10 ! fields produc$ v9es & wood :i* promis$ a fair return1 & yet ?is natural fruitfulness 0 m>r$ by ! mis]y ( ! husb&m54 ,he f\nd t ! =m] own] 8_h (t5 seiz$ ! #8pignora1' or pl$ges t is1 all ! prop]ty ! t5ants possess$2 & ?\gh1 by s do+1 he _h tempor>ily r$uc$ _! arre>s1 he _h left !m0 )\t ! means ( till+ ! soil4 ,^! t5ants 7 freem51 :o _h be5 unable to meet _! r5t because ( fall+ prices1 & :o1 :5 !y _h lo/ _! tools1 cattle1 & h\sehold effects1 7 left paup]s on ! f>ms !y c\ld nei!r cultivate nor ab&on4 ,consequ5tly ! prop]ty _h suff]$1 ! r5t _h decl9$1 & = ^! reasons & 8! g5]al h>dness ( ! times10 its value _h fall5 f five million to ?ree million se/]ces4#dc ,9 ano!r lett] he expla9$ t he 0 deta9$ at home mak+ new arrangem5ts ) 8 t5ants1 :o 7 app>5tly insolv5t1 = 89 ! la/ five ye>s1 9 spite ( great concessions1 ! arre>s h increas$4 ,= ?is reason mo/ t5ants take no tr\ble to dim9i% _! debt1 :i* !y despair ( pay+4 ,inde$1 !y plund] & consume :at !re is ^u ! l&1 s9ce !y ?9k !y _c save = !mselves40 ,! rem$y he propos$ 0 to make no m money leases1 b to f>m on %>es4#dd ,! tone ( ^! lett]s %[s t !re 0 no?+ unusual 9 all ?is4 ,pl9y n[h]e intimat$ t ! t5ants 7 to blame1 or t bett] m5 7 to be _h4 ,on ! contr>y1 he said emphatically t 9 su* h>d times money c\ld n be collect$1 & !re=e ! int]e/ ( ! l&lord 0 to cultivate 8 e/ates on %>es1 tak+ ! s+le precaution to place slaves ov] ! t5ants z ov]se]s & receiv]s ( ! crops4 ,9 ! same way ! dige/ ref]r$ to su* arre>s z habitual4#de ,9 /ill ano!r lett] to ,trajan1 ,pl9y obs]v$1 8,cont9u /]ilitates cogunt me de remissionibus cogit>e40#df ,c]ta9ly ^! insolv5t f>m]s c\ld h held no bett] position :5 work+ on %>es ?an be=e _! disa/]s1 = z bankrupts !y 7 :olly 9 _! cr$itors' p[]1 & c\ld be hunt$ l slaves1 & br\ght back 9 fett]s if !y fl$4 ,!y 7 ti$ to ! prop]ty by a debt :i* nev] c\ld be paid1 & !y & _! desc5dants 7 doom$ to /ay = ev] z coloni or s]fs1 *attels to be devis$ or sold z "p ( ! realty4 ,9 ! words ( ! law1 8!y 7 consid]$ slaves ( ! l&40#dg ,! anci5t m>tial husb&man _h ?us 8fall5 f po9t to po9t1 f debt to debt1 into an almo/ p]petual subjection40#dh ,deliv]ance 0 impossible1 = paym5t 0 out ( ! "q4 ,he 0 b\nd to ! soil = 8 life1 & 8 *ildr5 aft] him inh]it$ 8 s]vitude ) 8 debt4 ,! cu/oms1 accord+ to :i* ! coloni held1 7 inf9itely v>i$2 !y diff]$ n only betwe5 e/ates1 b betwe5 ! h&s on ! same e/ate4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! life mu/ h be5 h>d1 = ! s]fs ( ! ,empire did n multiply1 & ! sc>city ( rural lab\r became a *ronic disease4 ,yet1 relatively1 ! position ( ! colonus 0 good1 = 8 wife & *ildr5 7 8 own2 slav]y 0 ! ulc] :i* ate into ! fle%1 & ! ,roman fiscal sy/em1 c\pl$ z x 0 ) usury1 0 calculat$ to enslave all b ! olig>*y :o made ! laws4 ,! taxes ( ! prov9ces 7 assess$ by ! c5sors & !n sold = ca% to ! publicans1 :o und]took ! collection4 ,italy 0 at fir/ exempt$1 b aft] h] bankruptcy %e %>$ ! common fate4 ,companies 7 =m$ to h&le ^! v5tures4 ,! knights usually subscrib$ ! capital & divid$ ! pr(its1 :i* correspond$ ) ! sev]ity ( _! adm9i/ration2 &1 z ! ,roman conque/s ext5d$1 ^! companies grew too p[]ful to be controll$4 ,! only (ficials 9 a position to act 7 ! prov9cial gov]nors1 :o 7 afraid to int]f]e1 & pref]r$ to %>e 9 ! ga9s ( ! traffic1 r ?an to run ! risk ( excit+ ! wra? ( s dang]\s an enemy4#di ,accord+ to ,pl9y ! collection ( a r5t 9 money _h become impossible 9 ! reign ( ,trajan4 ,! reason 0 t ) a contract+ curr5cy prices ( produce fell1 & ea* ye>'s crop nett$ less ?an t ( ! ye> be=e2 !re=e a r5t mod]ate 9 "o decade 0 extortionate 9 ! next4 ,b taxes did n fall ) ! fall 9 values2 on ! contr>y1 ! t5d5cy ( c5tralization is always t[>d a m co/ly adm9i/ration4 ,"u ,augu/us1 "o emp]or ) a mod]ate h\sehold suffic$2 b 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,diocletian f\nd x necess>y to reorganize ! gov]nm5t "u f\r ,cs>s1 & ev]y?+ became specializ$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,9 ?is way ! p 7 caught betwe5 ! upp] & ! ne!r mill/one4 ,! actual quantity ( bullion tak5 f !m 0 great]1 ! l[] prices ( _! prop]ty fell1 & arre>s ( taxes accumulat$ precisely z ,pl9y describ$ ! accumulation ( arre>s ( r5t4 ,^! arre>s 7 c>ri$ ov] f reign to reign1 & ev5 f c5tury to c5tury2 & ,petronius1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,val5s1 is said to h precipitat$ ! rebellion ( ,procopius1 by exact+ ! tribute unpaid s9ce ! dea? ( ,aurelian a hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,! processes employ$ 9 ! collection ( ! rev5ue 7 sev]e4 ,torture 0 freely us$1#ej & slav]y 0 ! fate ( default]s4 ,arm$ ) su* p[]1 ! publicans held debtors at _! m]cy4 ,?\gh usury 0 =bidd51 ! mo/ lucrative "p ( ! trade 0 op5+ acc\nts ) ! treasury1 assum+ debts1 & *>g+ int]e/ sometimes z high z fifty p] c5t4 ,?\gh1 z prices fell1 ! pressure grew sev]]1 ! abuses ( ! adm9i/ration 7 nev] p]haps worse ?an t[>d ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,9 8 oration aga9/ ,v]res1 ,cic]o said ! condition ( ! p _h become intol]able3 8,all ! prov9ces are 9 m\rn+1 all ! nations t are free are compla9+2 e k+dom is expo/ulat+ ) u ab\t our covet\sness & inju/ice40#ea ,! well-kn[n transactions ( ,brutus are typical ( :at w5t on :]ev] ! ,romans m>*$4 ,brutus l5t ! ,s5ate ( ,salam9ia at =ty-eight p] c5t a ye>4 ,z ! contract 0 illegal1 he obta9$ two decrees ( ! ,s5ate at ,rome = 8 protection1 & !n to en=ce paym5t ( 8 int]e/1 ,scaptius1 8 man ( bus9ess1 borr[$ f ! gov]nor ( ,cilicia a deta*m5t ( troops4 ,) ?is he blockad$ ! ,s5ate s closely t sev]al memb]s />v$ to dea?4 ,! ,salam9ians1 want+ at all co/s to free !mselves f su* a load1 (f]$ to pay (f bo? int]e/ & capital at once2 b to ?is ,brutus w\ld n cons5t1 & to impose 8 own t]ms ^u ! prov9ce he dem&$ f ,cic]o m troops1 8only fifty horse40#eb ,:5 at la/1 by su* proce$+s1 ! debtors 7 s exhau/$ t no torm5t c\ld wr+ m f !m1 !y 7 sold z slaves2 ,nicodemus1 k+ ( ,bi?ynia1 on be+ reproa*$ = n furni%+ 8 cont+5t ( auxili>ies1 repli$ t all 8 able-bodi$ subjects _h be5 tak5 by ! f>m]s ( ! rev5ue4#ec ,nor1 ?\gh ! adm9i/ration d\btless 0 bett] regulat$ "u ! ,empire ?an "u ! ,republic1 did ! oppression ( ! prov9ces cease4 ,juv5al1 :o wrote ab\t #ajj1 implor$ ! "y noble tak+ possession ( 8 gov]nm5t to put "s curb ^u 8 av>ice1 8to pity ! pov]ty ( ! allies4 ,y see ! bones ( k+s suck$ ( _! v m>r[40#ed ,& ?\gh ! te/imony ( ,juv5al may be reject$ z sav\r+ too mu* ( poetical lic5ce1 ,pl9y mu/ always be treat$ ) respect4 ,:5 ,maximus 0 s5t to ,a*aia1 ,pl9y ?\ght x well to write him a long lett] ( advice1 9 :i* he n only decl>$ t to wre/ f ! ,greeks ! %ad[ ( lib]ty left !m w\ld be 8durum1 f]um1 b>b>umque20 b adjur$ him to try to rememb] :at ea* city _h be51 & n to despise x = :at x 04#ee ,mo/ impressive1 p]haps1 ( all1 is ! /atem5t ( ,dio ,cassius t ! revolt l$ by ,boadicea 9 ,brita9 9 #fa ,a4,d41 :i* co/ ! ,romans sev5ty ?\s& lives1 0 provok$ by ! rapacity ( ,s5eca1 :o1 hav+ =c$ a loan ( t5 million dra*mas 7#a1fgj1jjj7 on ! p at usuri\s int]e/1 sudd5ly )drew 8 money1 !reby inflict+ int5se suff]+4#ef ,z ,pl9y said ) bitt]ness & tru?1 8,! arts ( av>ice 7 ^? mo/ cultivat$ at ,rome40#eg ,! /rong] type ext]m9at$ ! weak]2 ! money-l5d] kill$ out ! husb&man2 ! race ( soldi]s vani%$1 & ! f>ms1 :]eon !y _h once fl\ri%$1 7 left desolate4 ,to quote ! words ( ,gibbon3 8,! f]tile & happy prov9ce ( ,campania 444 ext5d$ betwe5 ! sea & ! ,ap5n9es f ! ,tib] to ! ,sil>us4 ,)9 sixty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,con/ant9e1 & on ! evid5ce ( an actual survey1 an exemption 0 grant$ 9 fav\r ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& ,engli% acres ( des]t & uncultivat$ l&2 :i* am\nt$ to "o-eigh? ( ! :ole surface ( ! prov9ce40#eh ,x is true t ,gibbon1 9 ?is p>agraph1 describ$ ,italy z %e 0 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 j be=e ! b>b>ian invasions1 b a simil> fate _h ov]tak5 ! prov9ces "u ! ,cs>s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,domitian1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,greece _h be5 almo/ depopulat$4 8,%e c ) mu* difficulty raise ?ree ?\s& m51 :i* numb] ! s+le city ( ,meg>a s5t h]et(ore to ! battle ( ,plata4444 ,= ( :at use w\ld ! oracle be n[1 :i* 0 h]et(ore at ,tegyra or at ,pt\s8 ,= sc>cely %all y meet1 9 a :ole day's "t1 ) s mu* z a h]dsman or %eph]d 9 ^? p>ts40#ei ,wallon has obs]v$ t ,rome1 89 ! e>ly times ( ! ,republic1 0 *iefly preoccupi$ ) hav+ a num]\s & /rong population ( freem54 ,"u ! ,empire %e _h b "o anxiety--taxes40#fj ,to speak ) m precision1 =ce *ang$ ! *annel ?r\gh :i* x op]at$4 ,native f>m]s & native soldi]s 7 ne$less :5 su* mat]ial c\ld be b\ght *eap] 9 ! ,nor? or ,ea/4 ,) money ! cohorts c\ld be fill$ ) ,g]mans2 ) money1 slaves & s]fs c\ld be settl$ ^u ! ,italian fields2 & = ! la/ c5tury1 be=e ! great inroads began1 "o *ief problem ( ! imp]ial adm9i/ration 0 ! regulation ( ! infl[ ( new blood f )\t1 lack+ :i* ! social sy/em mu/ h collaps$4 ,! lat] campaigns on ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube 7 really slave-hunts on a gigantic scale4 ,probus br\ght back sixte5 ?\s& m5 f ,g]many1 8! brave/ & mo/ robu/ ( _! y\?10 & di/ribut$ !m 9 knots ( fifty or sixty among ! legions4 8,_! aid 0 n[ become necess>y4444 ,! infrequ5cy ( m>riage1 & ! ru9 ( agriculture1 affect$ ! pr9ciples ( population2 & n only de/roy$ ! /r5g? ( ! pres5t1 b int]cept$ ! hope ( future g5]ations40#fa ,8 importations ( agricultural lab\r 7 mu* m consid]able4 ,9 a s+le settlem5t 9 ,?race1 ,probus e/abli%$ "o hundr$ ?\s& ,ba/>n2 ,con/antius ,*lorus is said to h made ,gaul fl\ri% by ! h]ds ( slaves he di/ribut$ among ! l&lords2 9 #cgj1 l>ge numb]s ( ,alemanni 7 plant$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,po1 & on ! va/ spaces ( ! public doma9 !re 7 b>b>ian villages :]e ! native language & cu/oms 7 pres]v$4 ,probably none ( ^! ,g]mans came z freem54 ,_m1 ( c\rse1 7 captives sold z slaves1 b p]haps ! majority 7 s]fs4 ,frequ5tly a tribe1 h>d press$ by enemies1 ask$ leave to pass ! fronti]1 & settle z tribut>ies1 t is to say z coloni4 ,on "o su* occasion ,con/antius ,,ii4 0 ne>ly murd]$4 ,a body ( ,limigantes1 :o _h made a raid1 surr5d]$1 & petition$ to be giv5 l&s at any di/ance1 provid$ !y might h protection4 ,! emp]or 0 delight$ at ! prospect ( su* a h>ve/ ( lab\r]s1 to say no?+ ( recruits1 & w5t among !m to receive _! submission4 ,see+ him alone1 ! b>b>ians attack$ him1 & he escap$ ) difficulty4 ,8 troops slaught]$ ! ,g]mans to ! la/ man4 ,?is unceas+ emigration gradually *ang$ ! "* ( ! rural population1 & a simil> alt]ation took place 9 ! army4 ,z e>ly z ! "t ( ,cs>1 ,italy 0 exhau/$2 8 legions 7 ma9ly rais$ 9 ,gaul1 & z ! native f>m]s sank into s]fdom or slav]y1 & !n at la/ vani%$1 recruits 7 drawn m & m f beyond ! limits ( ! ,empire4 ,at fir/ !y 7 tak5 s+ly1 aft]w>ds 9 tribes & nations1 s t1 :5 ,atius defeat$ ,attila at ,*lons1 ! battle 0 f\ght by ! ,visigo?s "u ,!odoric1 & ! equipm5t ( ! ,romans & ,huns 0 s simil> t :5 drawn up ! l9es 8pres5t$ ! image ( civil w>40 ,?is milit>y metamorphosis indicat$ ! ext9ction ( ! m>tial type1 & x ext5d$ ?r\gh\t society4 ,rome n only fail$ to bre$ ! common soldi]1 %e also fail$ to produce g5]als4 ,aft] ! fir/ c5tury1 ! *ange 0 m>k$4 ,trajan 0 a ,spani>d1 ,septimius ,sev]us an ,african1 ,aurelian an ,illyrian peasant1 ,diocletian a ,dalmatian slave1 ,con/antius ,*lorus a ,d>danian noble1 & ! son ( ,con/antius1 by a ,dacian woman1 0 ! great ,con/ant9e4 ,all ^! m5 7 a peculi> species ( milit>y adv5tur]1 = !y comb9$ qualities :i* made !m1 n only effective *iefs ( police1 b acceptable z heads ( ! civil bureaucracy1 :i* repres5t$ capital4 ,sev]us 0 ! type1 & ,sev]us has nev] be5 bett] describ$ ?an by ,ma*iavelli1 :o said he unit$ ! f]ocity ( ! lion to ! cunn+ ( ! fox4 ,?is bureaucracy 0 ! core ( ! consolidat$ mass call$ ! ,empire2 x 0 ! embodim5t ( money1 ! ultimate expression ( =ce1 & x recogniz$ & advanc$ m5 :o 7 adapt$ to its ne$s4 ,:5 su* m5 7 to be f\nd1 ! adm9i/ration 0 ?\ght good2 b :5 no "o precisely adapt$ = ! purple appe>$1 & an ord9>y (fic] _h to be hir$ to keep ! peace1 friction 0 apt to foll[1 & ! soldi]1 ev5 ?\gh ( ! highe/ ability1 0 (t5 remov$4 ,bo? ,/ili*o & ,atius 7 murd]$4 ,! moni$ olig>*y :i* =m$ ?is bureaucracy 0 a gr[? z *>act]i/ic ( ! high c5tralization ( ! age1 z a sacr$ ca/e is *>act]i/ic ( dec5tralization4 ,p]haps ! capitali/ic class ( ! lat] ,empire has be5 bett] und]/ood & appreciat$ by ,fu/el de ,c\langes ?an by any o!r hi/orian4 8,all ! docum5ts :i* %[ ! _s ( ! epo* %[ t ?is noblesse 0 z mu* hon\r$ by ! gov]nm5t z respect$ by ! p4444 ,x 0 f x t ! imp]ial gov]nm5t *ose ord9>ily its high function>ies40 ,^! function>ies 7 n s\ght among ! l[] classes4 ,! high (fices 7 n giv5 z a rew>d ( long & fai?ful s]vice2 !y belong$ by prescriptive "r to ! great families4 ,! ,empire made ! weal?y1 s5ators1 prtors1 consuls1 & gov]nors2 all dignities1 except only ! milit>y1 7 practically h]$it>y 9 ! opul5t class4 8,?is class is ri* & ! gov]nm5t is poor4 ,?is class is mi/ress ( ! l>g] "p ( ! soil2 x is 9 possession ( ! local dignities1 ( ! adm9i/rative & judicial functions4 ,! gov]nm5t has only ! appe>ance ( p[]1 & an arm$ =ce :i* is cont9ually dim9i%+4444 8,! ari/ocracy _h ! l&1 ! weal?1 ! di/9ction1 ! education1 ord9>ily ! morality ( exi/5ce2 x did n "k h[ to fight & to comm&4 ,x )drew itself f milit>y s]vice2 m ?an t1 x despis$ x4 ,x 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ic signs ( ?is society to h always plac$ ! civil functions n on a level )1 b mu* above1 ! grades ( ! army4 ,x e/eem$ mu* ! pr(ession ( ! doctor1 ( ! pr(essor1 ( ! advocate2 x did n e/eem t ( ! (fic] & ! soldi]1 & left x to m5 ( l[ e/ate40#fb ,?is supremacy ( ! economic in/9ct trans=m$ all ! relations ( life1 ! dome/ic z well z ! milit>y4 ,! family ceas$ to be a unit1 ! memb]s ( :i* coh]$ f ! necessity ( self-def5ce1 & became a bus9ess association4 ,m>riage took ! =m ( a contract1 dissoluble at ! w ( ei!r p>ty1 &1 z x 0 some:at co/ly1 x grew r>e4 ,z ) ! dra9 ( _! bullion to ! ,ea/1 :i* cru%$ _! f>m]s1 ! ,romans 7 consci\s1 z ,augu/us said1 t /]ility mu/ f9ally deliv] _! city into ! h& ( ! b>b>ians4#fc ,!y knew ?is & !y /rove to av]t _! fate1 & !re is little 9 hi/ory m impressive ?an ! impot5ce ( ! anci5t civilization 9 its conflict ) nature4 ,ab\t ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,/ate address$ itself to ! task4 ,probably 9 ! ye> #d ,a4,d41 ! emp]or succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! fir/ legislation fav\r+ m>riage1 & ?is enactm5t n prov+ effective1 x 0 supplem5t$ by ! fam\s ,leges ,julia & ,papia ,poppa ( ! ye> #i4 ,9 ! spr+1 at ! games1 ! knights dem&$ ! repeal ( ^! laws1 & !n ,augu/us1 hav+ call$ !m to ! ,=um1 made !m ! well-kn[n spee*1 ^: viol5ce n[ seems incr$ible4 ,^? :o 7 s+le 7 ! wor/ ( crim9als1 !y 7 murd]]s1 !y 7 impi\s1 !y 7 de/roy]s ( _! race1 !y resembl$ brig&s or wild bea/s4 ,he ask$ ! equites if !y expect$ m5 to />t f ! gr\nd to replace !m1 z 9 ! fable2 & decl>$ 9 bitt]ness t :ile ! gov]nm5t lib]at$ slaves = ! sole purpose ( keep+ up ! numb] ( citiz5s1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,m>cii1 ( ! ,fabii1 ( ! ,val]ii1 & ! ,julii1 let _! names p]i% f ! e>?4#fd ,9 va9 celibacy 0 made almo/ crim9al4 ,9 va9 celibates 7 decl>$ incapable ( inh]it+1 :ile fa!rs 7 (f]$ e bribe1 7 pref]r$ 9 appo9tm5ts to (fice1 7 ev5 giv5 ! *oice seats at games2 9 ! words ( ,tacitus1 8n = t did m>riage & *ildr5 increase1 = ! advantages ( *ildlessness prevail$40#fe ,all t 0 done 0 to bre$ a race ( in=m]s1 & to /imulate ! lawy]s to fre% *icane4#ff ,:5 weal? became =ce1 ! female might be z /rong z ! male2 !re=e %e 0 emancipat$4 ,?r\gh easy divorce %e came to /& on an equality ) ! man 9 ! m>riage contract4 ,%e controll$ h] own prop]ty1 because %e c\ld def5d x2 & z %e _h p[]1 %e ex]cis$ political privileges4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,julia ,domna1 ,julia ,mama1 ,smias1 & o!rs1 sat 9 ! ,s5ate1 or conduct$ ! adm9i/ration4 ,! evolution ( ?is c5traliz$ society 0 z logical z e o!r "w ( nature4 ,:5 =ce rea*$ ! /age :]e x express$ itself exclusively ?r\gh money1 ! gov]n+ class ceas$ to be *os5 because !y 7 valiant or eloqu5t1 arti/ic1 le>n$1 or dev\t1 & 7 select$ solely because !y _h ! faculty ( acquir+ & keep+ weal?4 ,z long z ! weak reta9$ en\gh vitality to produce some?+ :i* c\ld be absorb$1 ?is olig>*y 0 inv9cible2 & = v _m ye>s aft] ! native peasantry ( ,gaul & ,italy _h p]i%$ "u ! load1 new blood inject$ f m t5aci\s races kept ! dy+ civilization alive4 ,! weakness ( ! moni$ class lay 9 _! v p[]1 = !y n only kill$ ! produc]1 b 9 ! /r5g? ( _! acquisitiv5ess !y fail$ to propagate !mselves4 ,! ,/ate feign$ to reg>d m>riage z a debt1 & yet ! opul5t families di$ out4 ,9 ! reign ( ,augu/us all b fifty ( ! patrician h\ses _h become ext9ct1 & subsequ5tly ! emp]or seem$ de/9$ to rema9 ! univ]sal heir ?r\gh beque/s ( ! *ildless4 ,) ! peasantry ! case 0 worse4 ,by ! second c5tury b>b>ian lab\r _h to be import$ to till ! fields1 & ev5 ! b>b>ians lack$ ! t5acity ( life necess>y to endure ! /ra94 ,!y ceas$ to bre$1 & ! population dw9dl$4 ,!n1 some:at sudd5ly1 ! collapse came4 ,) %r9k+ numb]s1 ! s\rces ( weal? ran dry1 ! rev5ue fail$ to pay ! police1 & on ! effici5cy ( ! police ! life ( ?is unw>like civilization hung4 ,9 e>ly ages e ,roman _h be5 a l&-own]1 & e l&-own] _h be5 a soldi]1 s]v+ )\t pay4 ,to fight _h be5 z ess5tial a "p ( life z to pl\gh4 ,b by ! f\r? c5tury milit>y s]vice _h become comm]cial2 ! legions 7 z purely an expression ( money z ! bureaucracy itself4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,s]vian con/itution d[nw>d1 ! *ange 9 ! army _h kept pace ) ! accel]ation ( movem5t :i* caus$ ! economic competition t c5traliz$ ! ,/ate4 ,rome ow$ h] triumphs ov] ,hannibal & ,pyrrhus to ! val\r ( h] infantry1 r ?an to ! g5ius ( h] g5]als2 b f ,m>ius ! c5sus ceas$ to be ! basis ( recruitm5t1 & ! ri* refus$ to s]ve 9 ! ranks4 ,?is 0 equival5t 9 itself to a social revolution2 =1 f ! mom5t :5 ! weal?y succe$$ 9 )draw+ !mselves f s]vice1 & ! poor saw 9 x a trade1 ! citiz5 ceas$ to be a soldi]1 & ! soldi] became a m]c5>y4 ,f t "t ! army c\ld be us$ = 8all purposes1 provid$ t !y c\ld c\nt on _! pay & _! booty40#fg ,! adm9i/ration ( ,augu/us organiz$ ! p]man5t police1 :i* replac$ ! m]c5>ies ( ! civil w>s1 & ?is ma*9e 0 ! greate/ triumph & ! cr[n+ glory ( capital4 ,dio ,cassius has describ$ h[ ! la/ ve/ige ( an ,italian army pass$ away4 ,up to ! "t ( ,sev]us x _h be5 cu/om>y to recruit ! ,prtorians ei!r f ,italy itself1 f ,spa91 ,mac$onia1 or o!r neighb\r+ c\ntries1 ^: population _h "s aff9ity ) t ( ,latium4 ,sev]us1 aft] ! trea*]y ( ! gu>d to ,p]t9ax1 disb&$ x1 & reorganiz$ a corps select$ f ! brave/ soldi]s ( ! legions4 ,^! m5 7 a horde ( b>b>ians1 repulsive to ,italians 9 _! habits1 & t]rible to look ^u4#fh ,?us a body ( wage-e>n]s1 drawn f ! ends ( ! e>?1 0 made cohesive by money4 ,= m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s ?is corps ( hirel+s cru%$ revolt )9 ! ,empire1 & regulat$ ! injection ( fre% blood f )\t1 ) p]fect promptitude & precision2 nor did x fail 9 its functions :ile ! money :i* vitaliz$ x la/$4 ,b a "t came :5 ! suction ( ! usur]s s wa/$ ! life ( ! community t ! /ream ( bullion ceas$ to fl[ f ! capital to ! fronti]s2 !n1 z ! su/a9+ =ce fail$1 ! l9e ( troops along ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e 0 drawn out until x broke1 & ! b>b>ians p\r$ 9 un*eck$4 ,! s-call$ invasions 7 n conque/s1 = !y 7 n necess>ily ho/ile2 !y 7 only ! logical conclusion ( a process :i* _h be5 go+ on s9ce ,trajan4 ,:5 ! p[] to control ! ,g]man emigration decay$1 x fl[$ freely into ! prov9ces4 ,by ! ye> #djj dis9tegration 0 f> advanc$2 ! ,empire 0 crumbl+1 n because x 0 corrupt or deg5]ate1 b because ! mo/ m>tial & en]getic race ! _w _h ev] se5 _h be5 s ?or\ghly ext]m9at$ by m5 ( ! economic type ( m9d1 t petty b&s ( sorry adv5tur]s might rove :i!r !y w\ld1 on :at _h once be5 ,roman soil1 )\t meet+ an enemy capable ( fac+ !m1 save o!r adv5tur]s l !mselves4 ,go?s1 n ,romans1 defeat$ ,attila at ,*lons4 ,! ,v&als1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s1 w&]$ f ! ,elbe to ! ,atlas1 7 n a nation1 n an army1 n ev5 a tribe1 b a motley horde ( nor!rn b>b>ians1 ru9$ prov9cials1 & escap$ slaves--a rabble :om ,cs>'s legions w\ld h scatt]$ l *aff1 _h !y be5 z _m z ! s&s ( ! %ore2 & yet :5 ,g5s]ic r\t$ ,boniface & sack$ ,c>?age1 9 #dci1 he l$ b>ely fifty ?\s& fight+ m54 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,middle ,,age ,probably ! appreciation ( ! ,roman monet>y /&>d culm9at$ dur+ ! invasion ( ! ,huns t[>d ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! reign ( ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 gold sold = eighte5 times its weight ( silv]1 & ,val5t9ian's f9al cata/rophe 0 ! murd] ( ,atius 9 #ded1 ) ^: life ! la/ sp>k ( vitality at ! he>t ( ,roman c5tralization di$4 ,! rise ( ,ricim] & ! accession ( ,odoac]1 m>k ! successive /eps by :i* ,italy rec$$ into b>b>ism1 &1 9 ! "t ( ,!od]ic ! ,o/rogo?1 %e _h become a primitive1 dec5traliz$ community1 ^: pov]ty & sluggi%ness protect$ h] f ,african & ,asiatic competition4 ,! ,o/rogo?s subdu$ ,italy 9 #dic1 & by t date ! b>b>ians _h ov]run ! :ole civiliz$ _w we/ ( ! ,adriatic1 caus+ ! dem& = money to su/a9 a consolidat$ society to cease1 ! volume ( trade to %r9k1 ! m>ket = ea/]n w>es to contract1 & gold to accumulate at ! c5tre ( ex*anges4 ,z gold accumulat$1 its value fell1 & dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! six? c5tury x /ood at a ratio to silv] ( less ?an fifte5 to "o1 a decl9e ( eighte5 p] c5t4#fi ,z prices correspond+ly rose1 ! pressure on ! peasantry relax$1 prosp]ity at ,con/ant9ople return$1 & ! collapse ( ! ,we/]n ,empire may h prolong$ ! life ( ! ,european population ( ! ,ea/]n = above "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! city :i* ,con/ant9e plant$ 9 #cbd on ! %ore ( ! ,bosphorus1 0 9 reality a horde ( ,roman capitali/s wa%$ to ! conf9es ( ,asia by ! curr5t ( =eign ex*anges2 & ^! emigrants c>ri$ ) !m1 to a l& ( mix$ ,greek & b>b>ian blood1 _! language & _! cu/oms4 ,= _m ye>s ^! moni$ pot5tates rul$ _! new c\ntry absolutely4 ,all t legislation c\ld d = !m 0 done4 ,!y ev5 annex$ rations to _! e/ates1 to be suppli$ at ! public co/1 to help _! *ildr5 ma9ta9 _! palaces4 ,z long z prices fell1 no?+ avail$2 ! ari/ocracy grew poor] day by day4 ,_! prop]ty lay g5]ally 9 l&1 & ! same /r+5cy :i* wa/$ ,italy & ,gaul op]at$1 ?\gh p]haps less acutely1 ^u ! ,danubian peasantry also4 ,by ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ! c\ntry 0 exhau/$ & at ! m]cy ( ! ,huns4 ,weal? is ! weapon ( a moni$ society2 =1 ?\gh itself lack+ ! m>tial in/9ct1 x c1 ) money1 hire soldi]s to def5d x4 ,b to raise a rev5ue f ! p1 !y mu/ reta9 a c]ta9 surplus ( income aft] provid+ = subsi/5ce1 o!rwise ! gov]nm5t mu/ tr5* on ! supply ( daily food1 & exhau/ion mu/ sup]v5e4 ,f9lay has expla9$ t *ronic exhau/ion 0 ! normal condition ( ,byzantium "u ! ,romans4 8,! :ole surplus pr(its ( society 7 annually drawn into ! c(f]s ( ! ,/ate1 leav+ ! inhabitants only a b>e suffici5cy = p]petuat+ ! race ( tax-pay]s4 ,hi/ory1 inde$1 %[s t ! agricultural classes1 f ! lab\r] to ! l&lord1 7 unable to reta9 possession ( ! sav+s requir$ to replace t depreciation :i* "t is con/antly produc+ 9 all ve/$ capital1 & t _! numb]s gradually dim9i%$40#gj ,"u ,!odosius ,,ii41 :5 gold rea*$ its maximum1 complete pro/ration prevail$4 ,! ,huns m>*$ :i!r !y w\ld1 & "o sw>m 8( b>b>ians foll[$ ano!r1 z long z any?+ 0 left to plund]40 ,! gov]nm5t c\ld no long] keep armies 9 ! field4 ,a s+le example w %[ h[ l[ ! community _h fall54 ,9 #ddf1 ,attila dem&$ ( ,!odosius six ?\s& p\nds ( gold z a condition ( peace1 & c]ta9ly six ?\s& p\nds ( gold1 equall+ p]haps #a1cgj1jjj1 0 a small sum1 ev5 :5 measur$ by ! /&>d ( private weal?4 ,! end ( ! ?ird c5tury 0 n a prosp]\s p]iod 9 ,italy1 & yet be=e 8 election z emp]or 9 #bge1 ! =tune ( ,tacitus rea*$ #bhj1jjj1jjj se/]ces1 or upw>ds ( #aa1jjj1jjj4ga ,nev]!less ,!odosius 0 unable to wr+ ?is inconsid]able indemnity f ! p1 & he _h to levy a private assessm5t on ! s5ators1 :o 7 !mselves s poor t to pay !y sold at auction ! jewels ( _! wives & ! furniture ( _! h\ses4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] ! collapse ( ! ,we/]n ,empire ! tide turn$4 ,) ! fall 9 ! price ( gold ! peasantry reviv$ & ! ,greek prov9ces fl\ri%$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ju/9ian1 ,belis>ius & ,n>ses m>*$ f end to end ( ,africa & ,europe1 & ,ana/asius roll$ 9 weal?4 ,ana/asius1 ! contempor>y ( ,!od]ic1 acc$$ to ! ?rone 9 #dia4 ,he n only built ! fam\s long wall f ! ,propontis to ! ,eux9e1 & left beh9d him a treasure ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds ( gold1 b he remitt$ to 8 subjects ! mo/ oppressive ( _! taxes1 & ! reign ( ,ju/9ian1 :o succe$$ him at an int]val ( only t5 ye>s1 mu/ always rank z ! prime ( ! ,byzant9e civilization4 ,! obs]vation is n new1 x has be5 made by all /ud5ts ( ,byzant9e hi/ory4 8,! increas$ prosp]ity 444 infus$ into society soon display$ its effects2 & ! brilliant exploits ( ! reign ( ,ju/9ian mu/ be trac$ back to ! re9vigoration ( ! body politic ( ! ,roman ,empire by ,ana/asius40#gb ,ju/9ian inh]it$ ! ?rone f 8 uncle ,ju/91 a ,d>danian peasant1 :o c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,b ! b>b>ian %eph]d 0 a ?or\gh soldi]1 & ! army he left beh9d him 0 probably n inf]ior to ! legions ( ,titus or ,trajan4 ,at all ev5ts1 _h ,ju/9ian's funds suffic$1 !re seems reason to suppose he might h re/or$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,empire4 ,8 difficulty lay n 9 lack ( physical =ce1 b 9 de>? ( opul5t enemies2 9 ! six? c5tury conque/ _h ceas$ to be pr(itable4 ,! t]ritory op5 to invasion _h be5 h>ri$ = g5]ations1 & h>dly a c\ntry 0 to be f\nd ri* en\gh to repay ! co/ ( a campaign by m]c5>ies4 ,!re=e1 ! m ! emp]or ext5d$ 8 dom9ions1 ! m !y langui%$2 & f9ally to provide = w>s1 b>b>ian subsidies1 & build+1 ,ju/9ian _h to resort to ov]-taxation4 ,) r5ew$ want came r5ew$ decay1 & p]haps ! completion ( ,sa9t ,sophia1 9 #eeh1 may be tak5 z ! po9t :5ce ! race :i* conceiv$ ?is ma/]piece ha/5$ to its ext9ction4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,asiatic competition dev\r$ ! ,europeans 9 ! ,levant1 z ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e x _h dev\r$ ! husb&m5 ( ,italy2 & ?is 0 a disease :i* isolation alone c\ld cure4 ,b isolation ( ! c5tre ( ex*anges 0 impossible1 = ! vital pr9ciple ( an economic age is competition1 &1 :5 ! relief af=d$ by ! collapse ( ,rome _h be5 exhau/$1 competition did its "w ) rel5tless rapidity4 ,"u ,h]aclius 7#faj-fdj7 ! population sank fa/1 & by #gag ! we/]n blood _h run s l[ t an ,asiatic dyna/y reign$ supreme4 ,ev]y:]e ,greeks & ,romans vani%$ be=e ,arm5ians & ,slavs1 & = ye>s previ\s to ! accession ( ,leo ! ,isaurian ! great wa/e tracts :]e !y once liv$ 7 sy/ematically repeopl$ by a m endur+ race4 ,! coloni/s ( ,ju/9ian ,,ii4 furni%$ him an auxili>y army4 ,at ,ju/9ian's dea? 9 #gaa ! revolution _h be5 complet$2 ! population _h be5 r5ovat$1 & ,con/ant9ople _h become an ,asiatic city4#gc ,! new ari/ocracy 0 ,arm5ian1 z /rong an economic type z ev] exi/$ 9 we/]n ,asia2 :ile ! ,slavic peasantry :i* und]lay !m 7 among ! mo/ endur+ ( mank9d4 ,!re competition end$1 = x c\ld g no fur!r2 &1 app>5tly1 f ! accession ( ,leo 9 #gag1 to ! rise ( ,flor5ce & ,v5ice1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]1 ,byzant9e society1 9 fixity1 almo/ resembl$ ! ,*9ese4 ,su* movem5t z occurr$1 l ,iconoclasm1 came f ! friction ( ! migrat+ races ) ! old population4 ,z ,texi] has obs]v$ ( ar*itecture3 8,f ! "t ( ,ju/9ian until ! end ( ! ,empire we _c rem>k a s+le *ange 9 ! modes ( con/ruction40#gd ,only long aft]1 :5 ! money :i* su/a9$ x 0 div]t$ t[>d ,italy dur+ ! crusades1 did ! social fabric crumble2 & ,gibbon has decl>$ t ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! t5? c5tury 8=ms ! mo/ spl5did p]iod ( ! ,byzant9e annals40#ge ,! lat] ,byzant9e 0 an economic civilization1 )\t aspiration or imag9ation1 & p]haps ! mo/ vivid description :i* has surviv$ ( t o/5tati\s1 sordid1 c[>dly1 & /agnant race1 is ! little sket* ( ! ,jew1 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 :o travell$ to ! ,levant 9 #aagc4 ,b5jam9 call$ ! inhabitants ( ,con/ant9ople ,greeks1 because ( _! language1 & he describ$ ! city z a va/ comm]cial metropolis1 8common to all ! _w1 )\t di/9ction ( c\ntry or religion40 ,m]*ants f ! ,ea/ & ,we/ flock$ ?i!r--f ,babylon1 ,mesopotamia1 ,m$ia1 & ,p]sia1 z well z f ,egypt1 ,hung>y1 ,russia1 ,lomb>dy1 & ,spa94 ,! rabbi ?\ght ! p well educat$ & social1 lik+ to eat & dr9k1 8e man "u 8 v9e & "u 8 fig tree40 ,!y lov$ gold & jewels1 pomp\s display1 & gorge\s c]emonial2 & ! ,jew has dwelt ) delight on ! palace1 ) its columns ( gold & silv]1 & ! wond]ful cr[n s /udd$ ) gems t x light$ ! night )\t a lamp4 ,! ,greeks also r\s$ 8 en?usiasm = ! spl5d\r ( _! clo!s & ( _! horses' trapp+s1 = :5 !y w5t abroad !y resembl$ pr9ces2 b on ! o!r h&1 he rem>k$ ) a c]ta9 scorn1 t !y 7 utt]ly c[>dly1 &1 l wom51 _h to hire m5 to protect !m4 8,! ,greeks :o inhabit ! c\ntry are extremely ri* & possess great weal? ( gold & preci\s /ones4 ,!y dress 9 g>m5ts ( silk1 ornam5t$ by gold & o!r valuable mat]ials4444 ,no?+ ^u e>? equals _! weal?40 8,! ,greeks hire soldi]s ( all nations :om !y call b>b>ians1 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ on 444 w>s ) 444 ! ,turks40 8,!y h no m>tial _s !mselves & l wom5 are unfit = w>40#gf ,! movem5t ( races 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire proce$$ ) automatic regul>ity4 ,! *eap] organism ext]m9at$ ! m co/ly1 because en]gy op]at$ ?r\gh money /rongly en\gh to cause free economic competition2 nor is ! evid5ce ^u :i* ?is conclusion re/s to be drawn f books alone4 ,co9age & ar*itecture1 sculpture & pa9t+1 tell ! tale ) equal precision4 ,:51 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 weal?1 ebb+ on ! ,tib]1 float$ to ! ,bosphorus ! core ( ! ,lat9 ari/ocracy1 x c>ri$ ) x also ! ,lat9 co9age4 ,= sev]al g5]ations ?is co9age und]w5t little app>5t alt]ation1 b aft] ! f9al division ( ! ,empire1 9 #cie1 betwe5 ! sons ( ,!odosius1 a subtle *ange began 9 ! composition ( ! rul+ class2 a *ange reflect$ f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 ! issues ( _! m9ts4 ,sabati] has describ$ ! trans=mation wr\ght 9 eight hundr$ ye>s ) ! m9ut5ess ( an antiqu>y4 ,if a set ( ,byzant9e co9s are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 ^? ( ,ana/asius1 ab\t #ejj1 %[ at a glance an influ5ce :i* is n ,lat94 ,/range devices h appe>$ on ! rev]se1 toge!r ) ,greek lett]s4 ,a c5tury lat]1 :5 ! great decl9e 0 9 progress "u ,h]aclius1 ! type _h become b>b>\s1 & ! preval5ce ( ,greek inscriptions proves ! /eady exhau/ion ( ! ,roman blood4 ,ano!r fifty ye>s1 & by #fij1 "u ,ju/9ian ,,ii41 ! p]man5t & conv5tional phase _h be5 develop$4 ,religi\s emblems 7 us$2 ! head ( ,*ri/ 0 /ruck on ! gold5 son1 & fixity ( =m presag$ ! ,asiatic dom9ation4 ,! (ficial co/umes1 ! portraits ( ! emp]ors1 c]ta9 consecrat$ inscriptions1 all 7 *angeless2 & 9 #gag1 an ,arm5ian dyna/y asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 ! p]son ( ,leo ! ,isaurian4#gg ,?is motionless p]iod la/$ = full ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 z long z ! ex*anges ( ! _w c5tr$ at ,byzantium1 & ! moni$ race :o dwelt !re suck$ copi\s nutrim5t f ! pool ( weal? 9 :i* x lay4 ,b ev5 be=e ! crusades ! tide ( trade began to fl[ to ! s\?1 & quitt+ ,con/ant9ople pass$ directly f ,bagdad to ! cities ( ,italy4 ,!n ! su/5ance ( ! money-*ang]s gradually fail$4 ,f ! reign ( ,mi*ael ,,vi4 effigies ( ! sa9ts 7 engrav$ ^u ! co91 & aft] ! revolution l$ by ,alexius ,comn5us1 9 #ajha1 ! execution deg5]at$ & debasem5t began4 ,?is revolution m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! end4 ,imm$iately prec$+ ! crusades1 & att5d$ by %>p di/ress1 x 0 probably eng5d]$ by an alt]ation 9 ! drift ( =eign ex*anges4 ,c]ta9ly ! curr5cy contract$ %>ply1 & ! gold money soon became s bad t ,alexius _h to /ipulate to pay 8 debts 9 ! byzants ( 8 pr$ecessor ,mi*ael4#gh ,= ! next hundr$ ye>s1 z ! ,italian cities rose1 ! ,empire langui%$1 & ) ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,v5ice e/abli%$ its p]man5t silv] /&>d by co9+ ! 8grosso10 ,con/ant9ople crumbl$ into ru94 ,9 ar*itecture ! same ph5om5a appe>1 only diff]5tly clo!d4 ,?\gh ! ,g]mans1 :o sw>m$ across ! ,danube1 (t5 surg$ aga9/ ! walls ( ,con/ant9ople1 !y nev] became ! rul+ class ( ! community1 because !y 7 ( ! imag9ative type4 ,money reta9$ its supremacy1 & :ile x did s en]gy express$ itself ?r\gh ! economic m9d4 ,?\gh ,ju/9ian 0 ( b>b>ian blood1 ! nephew ( a b>b>ian %eph]d1 ! ari/ocracy ab\t him1 :i* =m$ ! core ( society1 0 nei!r imag9ative nor devotional4 ,h>dly ,*ri/ian1 x t5d$ t[>d paganism or scepticism4 ,! arti/s 7 ( ! subject ca/e1 & !y e>n$ _! liv+ by gratify+ ! ta/es ( ! nobles2 b ! nobles lov$ magnific5ce & gorge\s functions2 h5ce all ,byzant9e ar*itecture fav\r$ display1 & n[h]e m s ?an 9 ,sa9t ,sophia4 8,art delight$ 9 repres5t+ ,*ri/ 9 all ! spl5d\r ( p[]4444 ,to glorify him ! m all ! magnific5ce ( ! imp]ial c\rt 0 introduc$ into heav54444 ,*ri/ no long] appe>$ "u ! b5evol5t aspect ( ! good %eph]d1 b 9 ! sup]b guise ( an ori5tal mon>*3 he is seat$ on a ?rone glitt]+ ) gold & preci\s /ones40#gi ,"h !n lay ! impassable gulf betwe5 ,byzantium & ,p>is2 :ile ,byzantium rema9$ economic & mat]iali/ic1 ,p>is pass$ into ! glory ( an imag9ative age4 ,! ,g]mans :o ov]ran ! ,roman t]ritory 7 ( ! same race z ! ,greeks1 ! ,lat9s1 or ! ,gauls1 b 9 a diff]5t /age ( developm5t4 ,!y till$ f>ms & built villages & p]haps =tresses1 b !y 7 n consolidat$1 & _h nei!r nations nor f$]ations4 ,!y 7 sub/antially 9 ! condition 9 :i* ! common family _h be51 :5 x divid$ _m c5turies be=e1 & _! m9ds diff]$ radically f ! m9ds ( ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries beyond ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e4 ,!y 7 inf9itely m imag9ative1 &1 z ! flood ( emigration p\r$ d[n f ! nor?1 ! imag9ation came m & m to prevail4 ,al?\gh ! l[e/ ( exi/+ savages are relatively advanc$1 !y sugge/ t ! /ronge/ passion ( primeval man mu/ h be5 fe>2 & fe>1 n s mu* ( liv+ ?+s1 z ( nature1 :i* seem$ to him resolutely ho/ile4 ,aga9/ wild bea/s1 or savages l himself1 he might prevail by cunn+ or by /r5g?2 b aga9/ dr\ght & fam9e1 pe/il5ce & e>?quake1 he 0 helpless1 & he reg>d$ ^! sc\rges z malevol5t be+s1 made l himself1 only m =midable4 ,8 fir/ & mo/ press+ task 0 to mollify !m1 & above ! w>rior class rose ! sacr$ ca/e1 ^: function 0 to m$iate betwe5 ! visible & ! invisible _w4 ,orig9ally ^! int]cessors appe> to h be5 sorc]]s1 r ?an prie/s1 = spirits 7 believ$ to be ho/ile to man2 & p]haps ! fir/ conception ( a god may h be5 rea*$ ?r\gh ! victory ( a clan ( sorc]]s 9 fight4 ,z ,/atius said eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 8,primus 9 orbe deos fecit timor40#hj ,probably ! e>ly wiz>ds won _! p[] by ! discov]y ( natural secrets1 :i*1 ?\gh !y c\ld be transmitt$ to _! desc5dants1 might also be discov]$ by /rang]s4 ,! lat] discov]]s w\ld become rival m$ic9e m51 & battle w\ld be ! only te/ by :i* ! or?odoxy ( ! competitors c\ld be det]m9$4 ,! victors w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly /igmatize ! be+s ! vanqui%$ s]v$1 z devils :o torm5t$ m54 ,!re is an example ( ?is process 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( #a ,k+s3-- 8,& ,elijah 444 said1 ,h[ long halt ye betwe5 two op9ions8 if ! ,"l be ,god1 foll[ him3 b if ,baal1 !n foll[ him4 ,& ! p answ]$ him n a ^w40 ,!n ,elijah propos$ t ea* side %\ld dress a bullock1 & lay x on wood1 & call ^u _! _s2 & ! "o :o s5t d[n fire %\ld be ,god4 ,& all ! p answ]$ t x 0 well spok54 ,& ,jezebel's prophets took _! bullock & dress$ x1 & call$ on 8,baal f morn+ ev5 until noon1 say+1 ,o ,baal1 he> u60 ,b no?+ came ( x4 ,!n ,elijah mock$ !m1 8& said1 ,cry al\d3 444 ei!r he is talk+1 or he is pursu+1 or he is 9 a j\rney1 or p]adv5ture he sleepe?1 & mu/ be awak$40 ,& !y cri$ al\d1 & cut !mselves ) knives till 8blood gu%$ out ^u !m4 ,& 444 !re 0 nei!r voice1 nor any to answ]40 ,!n ,elijah built 8 alt>1 & cut up 8 bullock & laid him on wood1 & p\r$ twelve b>rels ( wat] ov] ! :ole1 & fill$ a tr5* ) wat]4 ,& 8! fire ( ! ,"l fell1 & consum$ ! burnt sacrifice1 & ! wood1 & ! /ones1 & ! du/1 & lick$ up ! wat] t 0 9 ! tr5*4 8,& :5 all ! p saw x1 !y fell on _! faces3 & !y said1 ,! ,"l1 he is ! ,god4 8,& ,elijah said unto !m1 ,take ! prophets ( ,baal2 let n "o ( !m escape4 ,& !y took !m3 & ,elijah br\ght !m d[n to ! brook ,ki%on1 & slew !m !re40 ,! ,g]mans ( ! f\r? c5tury 7 a v simple race1 :o compreh5d$ little ( natural laws1 & :o !re=e ref]r$ ph5om5a !y did n und]/& to sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,?is int]v5tion c\ld only be controll$ by prie/s1 & ?us ! invasions caus$ a rapid rise 9 ! influ5ce ( ! sacr$ class4 ,! p[] ( e ecclesia/ical organization has always re/$ on ! miracle1 & ! cl]gy h always prov$ _! div9e commission z did ,elijah4 ,?is 0 em95tly ! case ) ! m$ival ,*ur*4 ,at ! outset ,*ri/ianity 0 sociali/ic1 & its spread among ! poor 0 app>5tly caus$ by ! pressure ( competition2 = ! sect only became ( en\gh importance to be p]secut$ "u ,n]o1 contemporane\sly ) ! fir/ signs ( di/ress :i* appe>$ ?r\gh ! debasem5t ( ! d5>ius4 ,b socialism 0 only a pass+ phase1 & disappe>$ z ! money value ( ! miracle rose1 & br\ght weal? to ! ,*ur*4 ,"u ! ,emp]or ,decius1 ab\t #bej1 ! magi/rates ?\ght ! ,*ri/ians opul5t en\gh to use gold & silv] vessels 9 _! s]vice1 &1 by ! f\r? c5tury1 ! sup]natural s possess$ ! popul> m9d1 t ,con/ant9e n only all[$ himself to be conv]t$ by a miracle1 b us$ en*antm5t z an eng9e ( w>4 ,9 "o ( 8 m>*es1 he enc\rag$ ! belief t he saw a lum9\s cross 9 ! sky1 ) ! words 8,by ?is conqu]40 ,! next night ,*ri/ appe>$ to him1 & direct$ him to con/ruct a /&>d be>+ ! same design1 &1 arm$ ) ?is1 to advance ) confid5ce aga9/ ,max5tius4 ,! leg5d1 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 grew up aft] ! ev5t2 b1 = t v reason1 x reflects ! feel+ ( ! age4 ,! imag9ation ( 8 m5 _h gr[n s vivid t1 :e!r he believ$ or n1 ,con/ant9e f\nd x exp$i5t to use ! ,lab>um z a *>m to ensure victory4 ,! /&>d support$ a cross & a my/ic monogram2 ! army believ$ its gu>ds to be invuln]able1 & 9 8 la/ & mo/ critical campaign aga9/ ,lic9ius1 ! sight ( ! talisman n only excit$ 8 own troops to en?usiasm1 b spread dismay ?r\gh ! enemy4 ,! action ( ! ,milvian ,bridge1 f\ght 9 #cab1 by :i* ,con/ant9e e/abli%$ himself at ,rome1 0 probably ! po9t :5ce nature began to discrim9ate decisively aga9/ ! moni$ type 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,capital _h already ab&on$ ,italy2 ,*ri/ianity 0 soon aft] (ficially recogniz$1 & dur+ ! next c5tury ! prie/ began to rank ) ! soldi] z a =ce 9 w>4 ,mean:ile1 z ! population sank into exhau/ion1 x yield$ less & less rev5ue1 ! police det]iorat$1 & ! gu>ds became unable to protect ! fronti]4 ,9 #cgf1 ! ,go?s1 h>d press$ by ! ,huns1 came to ! ,danube & implor$ to be tak5 z subjects by ! emp]or4 ,aft] mature delib]ation1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,val5s grant$ ! pray]1 & "s five hundr$ ?\s& ,g]mans 7 canton$ 9 ,msia4 ,! int5tion ( ! gov]nm5t 0 to scatt] ?is multitude ?r\gh ! prov9ces z coloni1 or to draft !m into ! legions2 b ! deta*m5t detail$ to h&le !m 0 too feeble1 ! ,go?s mut9i$1 cut ! gu>d to pieces1 & hav+ ravag$ ,?race = two ye>s1 defeat$ & kill$ ,val5s at ,hadrianople4 ,9 ano!r g5]ation ! disorganization ( ! ,roman army _h become complete1 & ,al>ic gave x its dea?bl[ 9 8 campaign ( #daj4 ,al>ic 0 n a ,go?ic k+1 b a b>b>ian des]t]1 :o1 9 #cib1 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,!odosius4 ,subsequ5tly1 he sometimes held imp]ial comm&s1 & sometimes l$ b&s ( m>aud]s on 8 own acc\nt1 b 0 always 9 difficulty ab\t 8 pay4 ,f9ally1 9 ! revolution 9 :i* ,/ili*o 0 murd]$1 a corps ( auxili>ies mut9i$ & *ose him _! g5]al4 ,alleg+ t 8 arre>s 7 unpaid1 ,al>ic accept$ ! comm&1 & ) ?is army sack$ ,rome4 ,dur+ ! campaign ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 m int]e/+ ?an ! /rategy ( ! soldi]s4 ,al>ic 0 a robb]1 lead+ mut9e]s1 & yet ! or?odox hi/orians did n condemn him4 ,!y did n condemn him because ! sacr$ class in/9ctively lov$ ! b>b>ians :om !y c\ld ov]awe1 :]eas !y c\ld make little impression on ! mat]iali/ic intellect ( ! old c5traliz$ society4 ,"u ! ,empire ! prie/s1 l all o!r individuals1 _h to obey ! p[] :i* paid ! police2 & z long z a rev5ue c\ld be drawn f ! prov9ces1 ! ,*ri/ian hi]>*y 7 subord9ate to ! moni$ bureaucracy :o _h ! means to co]ce !m4 8,x 0 long s9ce e/abli%$1 z a fundam5tal maxim ( ! ,roman con/itution1 t e rank ( citiz5s 7 alike subject to ! laws1 & t ! c>e ( religion 0 ! "r z well z duty ( ! civil magi/rate40#ha ,_! conv]sion made little *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! emp]ors1 & ,con/ant9e & 8 successors cont9u$ to ex]cise a supreme jurisdiction ov] ! hi]>*y4 ,! sixte5? book ( ! ,!odosian ,code suffici5tly sets =? ! pl5itude ( _! au?ority4 ,9 !ory1 bi%ops 7 elect$ by ! cl]gy & ! p1 b 9 practice ! emp]or c\ld control ! patronage if x 7 valuable2 & :e!r bi%ops 7 elect$ or appo9t$1 z long z !y 7 creat$ & paid by laym51 !y 7 dep5d5t4 ,! prie/hood c\ld only become autocratic :5 fe> ( ! miracle exempt$ !m f arre/2 & t[>d ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ?is po9t 0 approa*+1 z appe>s by ! effect ( ! embassy ( ,leo ! ,great to ,attila4 ,9 #deb ! ,huns _h cross$ ! ,alps & _h sack$ ,aquileia4 ,! ,roman army 0 demoraliz$2 ,atius c\ld n make head aga9/ ! b>b>ians 9 ! field2 :ile ,val5t9ian 0 s panic-/rick5 t he ab&on$ ,rav5na1 :i* 0 ?\ght impregnable1 & retreat$ to ! capital1 :i* 0 indef5sible4 ,at ,rome1 f9d+ himself helpless 9 an op5 city1 ! emp]or conceiv$ ! idea ( invok+ ! p[] ( ! sup]natural4 ,he propos$ to ,leo to visit ,attila & p]suade him to sp>e ! t[n4 ,! pope cons5t$ )\t hesitation1 & ) p]fect intrepidity caus$ himself to be c>ri$ to ! ,hun's t5t1 :]e he met ) respect n unalloy$ by fe>4 ,! leg5d probably reflects pretty accurately ! feel+ ( ! "t4 ,z ! bi%op /ood be=e ! k+1 ,pet] & ,paul appe>$ on ei!r side1 m5ac+ ,attila ) flam+ swords2 & ?\gh ?is p>ticul> =m ( app>ition may be d\bt$1 ,attila seems beyond "q to h be5 oppress$ by a belief t he w\ld n long survive ! capture ( ,rome4 ,he !re=e readily agre$ to accept a ransom & evacuate ,italy4 ,f ! sci5tific /&po9t ! sa9t & ! sorc]] are ak92 = ?\gh ! sa9t uses ! sup]natural = man's b5efit1 & ! sorc]] = 8 hurt1 bo? deal 9 magic4 ,! m$ival sa9t 0 a p[]ful necromanc]4 ,he heal$ ! sick1 ca/ out devils1 rais$ ! dead1 =etold ! future1 put out fires1 f\nd /ol5 prop]ty1 br\ght ra91 sav$ f %ipwreck1 r\t$ ! enemy1 cur$ heada*e1 0 sov]eign 9 *ild-bir?1 &1 inde$1 c\ld d almo/ any?+ t 0 ask$ ( him1 :e!r he 7 alive or dead4 ,?is p[] 0 believ$ to lie 9 "s occult prop]ty ( ! fle%1 :i* pass$ by contact4 ,! woman 9 ! ,bible said1 8,if ,i may t\* b 8 clo!s1 ,i %all be :ole40 ,moreov]1 ?is fluid 0 a sub/ance ^: passage c\ld be felt1 = 8,jesus1 imm$iately kn[+ 9 himself t virtue _h gone out ( him1 turn$ him ab\t 9 ! press1 & said1 ,:o t\*$ my clo!s80#hb ,any?+ :i* came 9 contact ) ! sa9t 0 likely to h be5 impregnat$ ) ?is magical quality1 & ?us became a *>m1 or relic1 ^: value dep5d$ prim>ily on ! p[] ( ! man himself1 & secondly1 on ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! mat]ial _h be5 *>g$4 ,! tomb1 :i* held ! :ole body1 naturally /ood highe/2 !n p>ts ( ! body1 accord+ to _! importance--a head1 an arm1 a leg1 d[n to hairs ( ! be>d4 ,!n came hats1 boots1 girdles1 cups1 any?+ inde$ :i* _h be5 us$4 ,! v gr\nd on :i* a great miracle-work] _h /ood might h high value4 ,! ,holy ,grail1 :i* _h held ,*ri/'s blood1 w\ld cure w\nds1 raise ! dead1 & fill itself ) *oice food1 at ! comm& ( ! own]4 ,! eu*>i/1 ?\gh n prop]ly a relic1 & :i* only became ,god ?r\gh an incantation1 w\ld1 9 exp]t h&s1 /op fires1 cure disease1 ca/ out devils1 exp\nd philosophy1 & detect p]jury by *ok+ ! li>4 ,e prize 9 life 0 to be obta9$ by ?is k9d ( magic4 ,:5 ! k+s ( ,france made w>1 !y c>ri$ ) !m ! en*ant$ bann] ( ,sa9t ,d5is1 & ,froiss>t has told h[ ev5 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vi4 x decid$ ! battle ( ,roosebeke4#hc ,disease 0 treat$ altoge!r by miracle1 & ! ,*ur* f\nd ! bus9ess s pr(itable t %e ana!matiz$ exp]im5tal practition]s4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,sa9t ,?omas ( ,cant]bury & ,sa9t ,james ( ,compo/ello 7 among ! mo/ r5[n$ ( heal]s1 & _! %r9es blaz$ ) ! gifts ( ! greate/ & ri*e/ p]sons ( ,europe4 ,:5 ,philip ,augu/us lay v ill1 ,l\is ! ,pi\s obta9$ leave to visit ! tomb ( ,sa9t ,?omas1 !n 9 ! height ( ! fa%ion1 & left z "p ( 8 fee ! fam\s regal ( ,france1 a jewel s magnific5t t ?ree c5turies & a half lat] ,h5ry ,,viii4 seiz$ x & set x 9 a ?umb r+4 ,beside ?is wond]ful gem1 at ! pillage ( ! ,re=mation1 8! k+'s receiv] confess$ t ! gold & silv] & preci\s /ones & sacr$ ve/m5ts tak5 away 444 fill$ six-&-tw5ty c>ts40#hd ,! old books ( travel are fill$ ) acc\nts ( ?is m>vell\s %r9e4 8,b ! magnific5ce ( ! tomb ( ,sa9t ,?omas ! ,m>tyr1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 is t :i* surpasses all belief4 ,?is1 not)/&+ its great size1 is entirely cov]$ ) plates ( pure gold2 b ! gold is sc>cely visible f ! v>iety ( preci\s /ones ) :i* x is /udd$1 su* z sapphires1 diamonds1 rubies1 balas-rubies1 & em]alds 444 & agates1 jasp]s & cornelians set 9 relievo1 "s ( ! cameos be+ ( su* a size1 t ,i d n d>e to m5tion x2 b ev]y?+ is left f> beh9d by a ruby1 n l>g] ?an a man's ?umb-nail1 :i* is set to ! "r ( ! alt>4444 ,!y say t x 0 ! gift ( a k+ ( ,france40#he ,b beside ^! %r9es ( _w-wide reputation1 no hamlet 0 too remote to possess its local feti%1 :i* work$ at *eap rates = ! peasantry4 ,a curi\s li/ ( ^! 0 s5t to ! ,gov]nm5t by two ( ,cromwell's visitors 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! nuns ( ,sa9t ,m>y1 at ,d]by1 _h "p ( ! %irt ( ,sa9t ,?omas1 rev]5c$ by pregnant wom52 s 0 ! girdle ( ,sa9t ,francis at ,grace ,dieu4 ,at ,repton1 a pilgrimage 0 made to ,sa9t ,gu?lac & 8 bell1 :i* 0 put on ! head = heada*e4 ,! wimple ( ,sa9t ,audr$e 0 us$ = sore brea/s1 & ! rod ( ,a>on = *ildr5 ) worms4 ,at ,bury ,sa9t ,edmund's1 ! %r9e ( ,sa9t ,botulph 0 c>ri$ 9 procession :5 ra9 0 ne$$1 8& ,k5ti% m5 444 c>ry !nce 444 wax c&les1 :i* !y light at ! end ( ! field :ile ! :eat is s[n1 & hope f ?is t nei!r t>es nor o!r we$s w gr[ 9 ! :eat t ye>40#hf ,mo/ curi\s ( all1 p]haps1 at ,pontefract1 ,?omas1 ,duke ( ,lanca/]'s belt & hat 7 v5]at$4 ,!y 7 believ$ to aid wom5 9 *ild-bir?1 & also to cure heada*e4 ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as1 a great v5]ator ( ! eu*>i/1 us$ x to help him 9 8 lectures4 ,:5 treat+ ( ! dogma ( ! ,supp] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 _m que/ions 7 ask$ him :i* he nev] answ]$ )\t m$itat+ at ! foot ( ! alt>4 ,"o day1 :5 prep>+ an answ] to a v difficult "q1 he plac$ x on ! alt>1 & cri$1 8,"l1 :o really & v]itably dwells 9 ! ,holy ,sacram5t1 he> my pray]4 ,if :at ,i h writt5 ^u y\r div9e eu*>i/ be true1 let x be giv5 me to tea* & demon/rate x4 ,if ,i am deceiv$1 /op me f propos+ doctr9es contr>y to ! tru? ( y\r div9e ,sacram5t40 ,=?) ! ,"l appe>$ ^u ! alt>1 & said to him1 8,y h writt5 well ^u ! ,sacram5t ( ,my body1 & y h answ]$ ! "q :i* has be5 propos$ to y z well z human intellig5ce c fa?om ^! my/]ies40#hg ,primitive p argue directly f !mselves to _! div9ities1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages m5 believ$ t envy1 jeal\sy1 & vanity 7 z rampant 9 heav5 z on e>?1 & behav$ accord+ly4 ,! root ( ! mona/ic movem5t 0 ! hope ( obta9+ advantages by adulation4 8,a c]ta9 cl]k1 :o _h m confid5ce 9 ! ,"m ?an ! ,son1 cont9ually repeat$ ! ,ave ,m>ia z 8 only pray]4 ,"o day1 :ile s engag$1 ,*ri/ appe>$ to him & said1 #8,my "m ?anks y v mu* = y\r salutations1 444 tam5 et me salut>e mem5to4'0#hh ,to insure p]petual int]cession x 0 necess>y t ! song ( praise & ! smoke ( inc5se %\ld be p]petual1 & !re=e monks & nuns work$ day & night at _! call+4 ,z a twelf?-c5tury bi%op ( ,metz obs]v$1 :5 wak5$ "o freez+ morn+ by ! bell ( ,sa9t ,pet] ( ,b\illon toll+ = mat9s3 8,nei!r ! dr[s9ess ( ! night nor ! bitt]ness ( a glacial w9t] kept !m f prais+ ! ,creator ( ! _w40#hi ,beque/s to conv5ts 7 9 ! nature ( policies ( insurance 9 fav\r ( ! grantor & 8 heirs1 n only aga9/ puni%m5t 9 ! next _w1 b aga9/ accid5t 9 ?is4 ,on ?is po9t d\bt is impossible1 = ! belief ( ! donor is set =? 9 numb]less *>t]s4 ,c$ric de ,guillac1 9 a de$ to la ,gr&e-,sauve1 said t he gave because 8z wat] ext+ui%es fire1 s gifts ext+ui% s940#ij ,& an anecdote pres]v$ by ,dugdale1 %[s h[ valuable an inve/m5t aga9/ accid5t a conv5t 0 ?\ght to be z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,:5 ,ralph1 ,e>l ( ,*e/]1 ! f\nd] ( ! mona/]y ( ,dieulacres1 0 return+ by sea f ! ,holy ,l&1 he 0 ov]tak5 "o night by a sudd5 tempe/4 8,h[ long is x till midnight80 he ask$ ( ! sailors4 ,!y answ]$1 8,ab\t two h\rs40 ,he said to !m1 8,"w on till midnight1 & ,i tru/ 9 ,god t y may h help1 & t ! /orm w cease40 ,:5 x 0 ne> midnight ! capta9 said to ! e>l1 8,my "l1 comm5d y\rself to ,god1 = ! tempe/ increases2 we are worn out1 & are 9 mortal p]il40 ,!n ,e>l ,ralph came out ( 8 cab91 & began to help ) ! ropes1 & ! re/ ( ! %ip's tackle2 nor 0 x long be=e ! /orm subsid$4 ,! next day1 z !y 7 sail+ ov] a tranquil sea1 ! capta9 said to ! e>l1 8,my "l1 tell u1 if y please1 :y y wi%$ u to "w till ! middle ( ! night1 & !n y work$ h>d] ?an all ! re/40 ,to :i* he repli$1 8,because at midnight my monks1 & o!rs1 :om my ance/ors & ,i h end[$ 9 div]s places1 rise & s+ div9e s]vice1 & !n ,i h fai? 9 _! pray]s1 & ,i believe t ,god1 because ( _! pray]s & int]cessions1 gave me m =titude ?an ,i _h be=e1 & made ! /orm cease z ,i pr$ict$40#ia ,philip ,augu/us1 :5 caught 9 a gale 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 %[$ equal confid5ce 9 ! mat9s ( ,clairvaux1 & 0 also rew>d$ = 8 fai? by good wea!r t[>ds morn+4 ,! p[] ( ! imag9ation1 :5 /imulat$ by ! my/]y :i*1 9 an age ( dec5tralization1 %r\ds ! op]ations ( nature1 c be measur$ by its effect 9 creat+ an autocratic class ( miracle-work]s4 ,betwe5 ! six? & ! ?irte5? c5turies1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! soil ( ,europe pass$ into ! h&s ( religi\s corporations1 :ile ! bulk ( ! highe/ tal5t ( ! age s\ght its outlet ?r\gh mona/ic life4 ,! =ce op]at$ on all2 =1 beside religi\s ec/asy1 ambition & fe> 7 at "w1 & l$ to results inconceivable :5 c5tralization has begot mat]ialism4 ,sa9t ,b]n>d's position 0 m conspicu\s & spl5did ?an t ( any mon>* ( 8 g5]ation1 & ! agony ( t]ror :i* assail$ ! w>riors 0 usually proportionate to ! fre$om ) :i* !y _h violat$ ecclesia/ical comm&s4 ,!y fl$ to ! cloi/] = protection f ! fi5d1 & took _! weal? ) !m4 ,gr>d le ,blanc 0 ev5 m not$ = 8 cruelty ?an = 8 c\rage4 ,he 0 return+ to 8 ca/le "o day1 aft] hav+ committ$ a murd]1 :5 he saw ! demon :om he s]v$ appe> to claim him4 ,seiz$ ) horror1 he gallop$ to :]e six p5it5ts _h j f\nd$ ! conv5t ( ,afflighem1 & supplicat$ !m to receive him4 ,! news spread1 & ! :ole prov9ce gave ?anks to ,god t a mon/] ( cruelty %\ld h be5 s conv]t$4 ,a few days aft]1 8 example 0 foll[$ by ano!r knight1 equally a murd]]1 :o _h visit$ ! recluses1 &1 t\*$ by _! piety & au/]ity1 resolv$ to r5\nce 8 patrimony & live a p5it5t4#ib ,_h ! ,g]man migrations be5 w>s ( ext]m9ation1 z !y h sometimes be5 describ$1 ! imag9ation1 among ! new b>b>ic population1 might h be5 s /imulat$ t a pure !ocracy w\ld h be5 develop$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,sa9t ,b5$ict & ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 ,b ! b>b>ians 7 n animat$ by hate2 on ! contr>y1 !y readily amalgamat$ ) ! old population1 among/ :om ! mat]ialism ( ,rome lay l a rock 9 a ris+ tide1 sometimes subm]g$1 b nev] oblit]at$4 ,! ob/acle :i* ! true emotionali/s nev] ov]came 0 ! inh]itance ( a secul> cl]gy1 :o1 d[n to ! elev5? c5tury1 7 g5]ally m>ri$1 & 9 ! high] grades 7 r b>ons ?an prelates4 ,9 ,france ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 ! ,bi%ops ( ,beauvais1 ,noyon1 ,langres1 & o!rs1 7 c\nts2 :ile 9 ,g]many ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,may5ce1 ( ,treves1 & ( ,cologne 7 pr9ces & electors1 /&+ on ! same foot+ z ! ,dukes ( ,saxony & ,bav>ia4 ,z feudal nobles ^! ecclesia/ics 7 reta9]s ( ! k+1 ow$ feudal s]vice1 l$ _! vassals 9 w>1 & "s ( ! fi]ce/ soldi]s ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 cl]ks4 ,milo ( ,treves 0 a fam\s eigh?-c5tury bi%op4 ,*>les ,m>tel gave ! ar*bi%opric ( ,rheims to a w>rior nam$ ,milo1 :o manag$ also to obta9 ! see ( ,treves4 ,?is ,milo 0 ! son ( ,bas9us1 ! la/ incumb5t ( ! pref]m5t4 ,he 0 a fi]ce & irreligi\s soldi]1 & 0 f9ally kill$ hunt+2 b dur+ ! =ty ye>s 9 :i* he held 8 (fices1 ,boniface1 ) all ! aid ( ! cr[n & ! pope1 0 unable to prevail aga9/ him1 & 9 #geb ,pope ,za*>y wrote advis+ t he %\ld be left to ! div9e v5geance4#ic ,su* a sy/em 0 incompatible ) ! supremacy ( a !ocracy4 ,! ess5ce ( a !ocracy is fre$om f secul> control1 & ?is crav+ = fre$om 0 ! dom9ant in/9ct ( mona/icism4 ,sa9t ,anselm1 p]haps ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( a monk1 felt x 9 ! m>r[ ( 8 bones2 x 0 ! ma/] passion ( 8 life1 & he insi/$ ^u x ) all ! fire ( 8 nature3 8,nihil magis diligit ,deus 9 hoc mundo quam lib]tatem ecclesi su4444 ,lib]am vult esse ,deus sponsam suam1 non ancillam40 ,yet only v sl[ly1 z ! ,empire dis9tegrat$1 did ! !ocratic idea take %ape4 ,z late z ! n9? c5tury ! pope pro/rat$ himself be=e ,*>lemagne1 & did homage z to a ,roman emp]or4#id ,sa9t ,b5$ict f\nd$ ,monte ,cass9o 9 #ebi1 b c5turies elaps$ be=e ! ,b5$ict9e ord] rose to p[]4 ,! e>ly conv5ts 7 isolat$ & feeble1 & mu* at ! m]cy ( ! laity1 :o invad$ & debau*$ !m4 ,abbots1 l bi%ops1 7 (t5 soldi]s1 :o liv$ )9 ! walls ) _! wives & *ildr51 _! hawks1 _! h\nds1 & _! m5-at-arms2 & x has be5 said t1 9 all ,france1 ,corbie & ,fleury alone kept always some?+ ( _! e>ly discipl9e4 ,only 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! mo/ lurid c5tury ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 dec5tralization culm9at$1 & ! imag9ation began to ga9 its fulle/ int5sity1 did ! p]iod ( mona/ic consolidation op5 ) ! f\ndation ( ,cluny4 ,9 #iaj ,william ( ,aquita9e drew a *>t]#ie :i*1 s f> z possible1 provid$ = ! complete indep5d5ce ( 8 new corporation4 ,!re 0 no episcopal visitation1 & no int]f]5ce ) ! election ( ! abbot4 ,! monks 7 put directly "u ! protection ( ! pope1 :o 0 made _! sole sup]ior4 ,john ,,xi4 confirm$ ?is *>t] by 8 bull ( #icb1 & au?oriz$ ! affiliation ( all conv5ts :o wi%$ to %>e 9 ! re=m4#if ,! gr[? ( ,cluny 0 m>vell\s2 by ! twelf? c5tury two ?\s& h\ses obey$ its rule1 & its weal? 0 s great1 & its build+s s va/1 t 9 #abde ,innoc5t ,,iv41 ! ,emp]or ,baldw91 & ,sa9t ,l\is 7 all lodg$ toge!r )9 its walls1 & ) !m all ! att5dant tra9s ( prelates & nobles ) _! s]vants4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury no o!r =ce ( equal en]gy exi/$4 ,! monks 7 ! mo/ opul5t1 ! able/1 & ! be/ organiz$ society 9 ,europe1 & _! effect ^u mank9d 0 proportion$ to _! /r5g?4 ,!y intuitively s\ght autocratic p[]1 & dur+ ! c5turies :5 nature fav\r$ !m1 !y pass$ f triumph to triumph4 ,!y fir/ seiz$ ^u ! papacy & made x self-p]petuat+2 !y !n gave battle to ! laity = ! possession ( ! secul> hi]>*y1 :i* _h be5 "u temporal control s9ce ! v f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ajjj ,rome 0 9 *aos4 ,! ,c\nts ( ,tusculum1 :o _h (t5 dispos$ ( ! ti>a1 on ! dea? ( ,john ,,xix41 b\ght x = ,b5$ict ,,ix4 ,b5$ict 0 !n a *ild ( t51 b he grew worse z he grew old]1 & f9ally he fell s l[ t he 0 expell$ by ! p4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,sylve/]2 b1 a few mon?s aft] 8 coronation1 ,b5$ict re-ent]$ ! city1 & cr[n$ ,john ,,xx4 ) 8 own h&s4 ,%ortly aft]1 he assault$ ! ,vatican1 & !n ?ree popes reign$ toge!r 9 ,rome4 ,9 ?is crisis ,gregory ,,vi4 tri$ to re/ore ord] by buy+ ! papacy = himself2 b ! transaction only add$ a f\r? pope to ! ?ree already consecrat$1 & two ye>s lat] he 0 set aside by ! ,emp]or ,h5ry1 :o appo9t$ 8 own *ancellor 9 8 place4 ,x 0 a la/ triumph = ! laity1 b a triumph easi] to w9 ?an to su/a94 ,:5 ! soldi] creat$ ! high prie/ ( ,*ri/5dom1 he did inde$ inspire su* t]ror t no man 9 ! great assembly d>$ prote/2 b 9 n9e mon?s ,clem5t 0 dead1 8 successor liv$ only tw5ty-f\r days1 poison$1 z x 0 rum\r$1 by ! p]fidi\s ,italians2 & :5 ,h5ry s\ght a ?ird pope among 8 prelates1 he met ) g5]al timidity to accept ! po/4 ,!n ! opportunity ( ! monks came3 !y seiz$ x1 & ) un]r+ in/9ct fix$ !mselves ^u ! ?rone f :i* !y h nev] be5 expell$4 ,accord+ to ! picturesque leg5d1 ,bruno1 ,bi%op ( ,t\l1 s$uc$ by ! flatt]y ( c\rti]s & ! allurem5ts ( ambition1 accept$ ! ti>a f ! emp]or1 & set out ^u 8 j\rney to ,italy ) a spl5did ret9ue1 & ) 8 robe & cr[n4 ,on 8 way he turn$ aside at ,cluny1 :]e ,hildebr& 0 prior4 ,hildebr&1 fill$ ) ! _s ( ,god1 reproa*$ him ) hav+ seiz$ ^u ! seat ( ! vic> ( ,*ri/ by =ce1 & accept$ ! holy (fice f ! sacrilegi\s h& ( a layman4 ,he exhort$ ,bruno to ca/ away 8 pomp1 & to cross ! ,alps humbly z a pilgrim1 assur+ him t ! prie/s & p ( ,rome w\ld recognize him z _! bi%op1 & elect him accord+ to canonical =ms4 ,!n he w\ld ta/e ! joys ( a pure consci5ce1 hav+ ent]$ ! fold ( ,*ri/ z a %eph]d & n z a robb]4 ,inspir$ by ^! words1 ,bruno dismiss$ 8 tra91 & left ! conv5t gate z a pilgrim4 ,he walk$ b>efoot1 & :5 aft] two mon?s ( pi\s m$itations he /ood be=e ,sa9t ,pet]'s1 he spoke to ! p & told !m x 0 _! privilege to elect ! pope1 & s9ce he _h come unwill+ly he w\ld return aga91 7 he n _! *oice4 ,he 0 answ]$ ) acclamations1 & on ,febru>y #b1 #ajdi1 he 0 en?ron$ z ,leo ,,ix4 ,8 fir/ act 0 to make ,hildebr& 8 m9i/]4 ,! leg5d tells ( ! triumph ( ,cluny z no hi/orical facts c\ld d4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,ni*olas ,,ii41 ! !ocracy made itself self-p]petuat+ ?r\gh ! assumption ( ! election ( ! pope by ! college ( c>d9als1 & 9 #ajgc ,hildebr&1 ! inc>nation ( mona/icism1 0 cr[n$ "u ! "n ( ,gregory ,,vii4 ,) ,hildebr&'s election1 w> began4 ,! c\ncil ( ,rome1 held 9 #ajge1 decre$ t holy ord]s %\ld n be recogniz$ :]e inve/iture _h be5 grant$ by a layman1 & t pr9ces guilty ( conf]r+ inve/iture %\ld be excommunicat$4 ,! c\ncil ( ! next ye>1 :i* excommunicat$ ! emp]or1 also enunciat$ ! fam\s propositions ( ,b>onius--! full expression ( ! !ocratic idea3-- 8,t ! ,roman pontiff alone c be call$ univ]sal4 8,t he alone c depose or reconcile bi%ops4 8,t 8 legate1 ?\gh ( inf]ior rank1 takes prec$5ce ( all bi%ops 9 c\ncil1 & c pron\nce s5t5ce ( deposition aga9/ !m4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,t all pr9ces %\ld kiss ! pope's feet alone4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,t he may depose emp]ors4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,t 8 judgm5ts c be ov]rul$ by none1 & he alone c ov]rule ! judgm5ts ( all4 8,t he c be judg$ by no "o4 8,t ! ,roman ,*ur* nev] has1 & nev] c err1 z ! ,scriptures te/ify4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,t by 8 precept & p]mission x is lawful = subjects to accuse _! pr9ces4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,t he is able to absolve f _! allegiance ! subjects ( ! wick$40#ig ,! monks _h won ! papacy1 b ! emp]or /ill held 8 secul> cl]gy1 &1 at ! diet ( ,worms1 :]e he und]took to depose ,hildebr&1 he 0 su/a9$ by 8 prelates4 ,)\t a mom5t ( hesitation ! en*ant] ca/ 8 spell1 & x is int]e/+ to see1 9 ! curse :i* he laun*$ at ! layman1 h[ ! head ( mona/icism _h become id5tifi$ ) ! _s :i* he s]v$4 ,! prie/ _h gr[n to be a god on e>?4 8,s /rong 9 ?is confid5ce1 = ! hon\r & def5ce ( y\r ,*ur*1 on behalf ( ! omnipot5t ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 by y\r p[] & au?ority1 ,i =bid ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,g]man & ,italian k+doms1 to ,k+ ,h5ry1 ! son ( ! ,emp]or ,h5ry1 :o1 ) unhe>d-( arrogance1 has rebell$ aga9/ y\r ,*ur*4 ,i absolve all ,*ri/ians f ! oa?s !y h made1 or may make to him1 & ,i =bid t any "o %\ld obey him z k+40#ih ,h5ry m>*$ on ,italy1 b 9 all ,european hi/ory !re has be5 no drama m trem5d\s ?an ! expiation ( 8 sacrilege4 ,to 8 soldi]s ! _w 0 a va/ space1 peopl$ by ^? fanta/ic be+s :i* are /ill se5 on ,go?ic t[]s4 ,^! demons obey$ ! monk ( ,rome1 & 8 army1 melt+ f ! emp]or "u a nameless horror1 left him helpless4 ,gregory lay l a magician 9 ! =tress ( ,canossa2 b he _h no ne$ ( c>nal weapons1 = :5 ! emp]or rea*$ ! ,alps he 0 almo/ alone4 ,!n 8 imag9ation also took fire1 ! panic seiz$ him1 & he su$ = m]cy4 ,= ?ree days long he /ood b>efoot 9 ! sn[ at ! ca/le gate2 & :5 at la/ he 0 admitt$1 half-nak$ & b5umb$1 he 0 p>alyz$ r by t]ror ?an by cold4 ,!n ! great miracle 0 wr\ght1 by :i* ,god 0 made to publicly judge betwe5 !m4 ,hildebr& took ! consecrat$ waf] & broke x1 say+ to ! suppliant1 8,man's judgm5ts are fallible1 ,god's are infallible2 if ,i am guilty ( ! crimes y *>ge me )1 let ,him /rike me dead z ,i eat40 ,he ate1 & gave :at rema9$ to ,h5ry2 b ?\gh = him m ?an life 0 at /ake1 he d>$ n ta/e ! bread4 ,f t h\r 8 fate 0 seal$4 ,he und]w5t 8 p5ance & receiv$ absolution2 & :5 he _h escap$ f ! t]rible old man1 he r5ew$ ! w>4 ,b ! spell 0 ov] him1 ! horror clung to him1 ev5 8 sons betray$ him1 & at la/ 8 m9d gave way "u ! /ra9 & he abdicat$4 ,9 8 own words1 to save 8 life he 8s5t to ,may5ce ! cr[n1 ! sceptre1 ! cross1 ! sword1 ! lance40 ,on ,augu/ #g1 #aajf1 ,h5ry di$ at ,lige1 an outca/ & a m5dicant1 & = five long ye>s 8 body lay at ! *ur* door1 an accurs$ ?+ :i* no man d>$ to bury4 ,su* 0 ! evolution ( ! m$ival !ocracy1 ! result ( t social dis9tegration :i* /imulates ! human imag9ation1 & makes m5 c[] be=e ! unkn[n4 ,! =ce :i* caus$ ! rise ( an indep5d5t prie/hood 0 ! equival5t ( magic1 & x 0 ! wax+ ( ?is =ce ?r\gh ! dissolution ( ! ,empire ( ! ,we/ :i* made ! s*ism :i* split ,*ri/5dom 9 two4 ,! ,lat9 ,*ur* divid$ f ! ,greek because x 0 ! reflection ( ! imag9ative m9d4 ,:ile ! ,we/ grew emotional1 ,con/ant9ople /ay$ ! c5tre ( ex*anges1 ! seat ( ! moni$ class2 & :5 ,cluny captur$ ,rome1 ! antagonism betwe5 ^! irreconcilable in/9cts precipitat$ a rupture4 ,! s*ism dat$ f #ajed1 five ye>s aft] ! coronation ( ,leo4 ,nor is ! !ory new2 x 0 expla9$ by ,gibbon long ago4 8,! ris+ maje/y ( ,rome c\ld no long] brook ! insol5ce ( a rebel2 & ,mi*ael ,c]ul>ius 0 excommunicat$ 9 ! he>t ( ,con/ant9ople by ! pope's legates4444 8,f ?is ?und]bolt we may date ! consummation ( ! s*ism4 ,x 0 enl>g$ by ea* ambiti\s /ep ( ! ,roman pontiffs2 ! emp]ors blu%$ & trembl$ at ! ignom9i\s fate ( _! royal bre?r5 ( ,g]many2 & ! p 7 sc&aliz$ by ! temporal p[] & milit>y life ( ! ,lat9 cl]gy40#ii ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,crusade ,until ! me*anical arts h advanc$ f> en\gh to cause ! attack 9 w> to pr$om9ate ov] ! def5ce1 c5tralization _c beg92 = :5 a mud wall c /op an army1 a police is impossible4 ,! sup]iority ( ! attack 0 ! secret ( ! p[] ( ! moni$ class :o controll$ ,rome1 because ) money a ma*9e c\ld be ma9ta9$ :i* made individual resi/ance out ( ! "q1 & revolt difficult4 ,titus _h h>dly m tr\ble 9 r$uc+ ,j]usalem1 & disp]s+ ! ,jews1 ?an a mod]n (fic] w\ld h "u simil> circum/ances4 ,z ! b>b>ians ov]ran ! ,roman prov9ces1 & ! arts decl9$1 ! conditions ( life *ang$4 ,! def5ce ga9$ /eadily on ! attack1 &1 aft] "s c5turies1 a t[n ) a good g>rison1 solid ramp>ts1 & abundant provisions _h no?+ to fe> f ! greate/ k+4 ,ev5 ! small1 squ>e ,norman t[] 0 practically impregnable4 ,z ,viollet-le-,duc has expla9$1 ^! t[]s 7 m]e passive def5ces1 =midable to a besieg] only because no ma*9]y exi/$ = mak+ a brea* 9 a wall4 ,! beleagu]$ nobles _h only to wat* _! own m51 see to _! doors1 ?r[ projectiles at ! enemy if he approa*$ too ne>1 c\nt]-m9e if m9$1 & !y might defy a great army until _! food fail$4 ,fam9e 0 ! enemy mo/ fe>$4#ajj ,by ! elev5? c5tury ^! t[]s _h sprung up all ov] ! ,we/4 ,ev5 ! conv5ts & *ur*es c\ld be def5d$1 & e su* /ronghold 0 ! seat ( a c\nt or b>on1 an abbot or bi%op1 :o 0 a sov]eign because no "o c\ld co]ce him1 & :o !re=e ex]cis$ all ! rights ( sov]eignty1 made w>1 disp5s$ ju/ice1 & co9$ money4 ,9 ,france alone !re 7 ne>ly two hundr$ m9ts 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,d[n to ! close ( ! ,m]ov+ian dyna/y ! gold /&>d _h be5 ma9ta9$1 & contraction _h /eadily gone on2 b1 = reasons :i* are n und]/ood1 "u ! second race1 ! pur*as+ p[] ( bullion tempor>ily decl9$1 & ?is expansion 0 probably "o *ief cause ( ! prosp]ity ( ! reign ( ,*>lemagne4 ,p]haps ! relief 0 due to ! gradual re/oration ( silv] to circulation1 = ! co9age 0 !n re=m$1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! silv] p\nd z ! measure ( value may be consid]$ z ! basis ( all ! monet>y sy/ems ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! int]val ( prosp]ity 01 h[ev]1 brief2 no p]man5t addition 0 made to ! /ock ( preci\s metals1 & prices cont9u$ to fall1 z is demon/rat$ by ! rapid det]ioration ( ! curr5cy4 ,9 ?is second p]iod ( relapse dis9tegration rea*$ its limit4 ,dur+ ! t5? & elev5? c5turies ! ,nor?m5 infe/$ ! coa/s ( ,france1 & sail$ up ! riv]s burn+ & ravag+1 z f> z ,r\5 & ,orlans4 ,ev5 ! conv5ts ( ,sa9t ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs & ,sa9t ,g]ma9 des ,prs 7 sack$4 ,! ,m$it]ranean sw>m$ ) ,s>ac5ic corsairs1 :o took ,frax9etum1 ne> ,t\lon1 seiz$ ! passes ( ! ,alps1 & levi$ toll on travel into ,italy4 ,! cannibali/ic ,huns ov]ran ! ,l[] ,danube1 & clos$ ! road to ,con/ant9ople4 ,we/]n ,europe 0 cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,comm]ce ne>ly ceas$--! roads 7 s bad & dang]\s1 & ! sea s full ( pirates4 ,! anci5t /ock ( sci5tific k 0 gradually =gott51 & ! imag9ation _h full play4 ,^u philosophy ! effect 0 decisive2 ,*ri/ianity sank to a plane :]e x appeal$ m vividly to ! m9ds ( ! surr\nd+ pagans ?an _! own fai?s1 & conv]sion !n w5t on rapidly4 ,9 #iab ,rollo ( ,norm&y 0 baptiz$2 ! ,danes1 ,norwegians1 ,poles1 & ,russians foll[$2 & 9 #iig ,sa9t ,/eph5 asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,hung>y & reop5$ to ,lat9 ,*ri/ians ! way to ! ,sepul*re4 ,p]haps ! de/9y ( mod]n ,europe has h+$ ^u ! fact t ! ,*ri/ian sacr$ places lay 9 ,asia1 & !re=e ! pilgrimage br\ght ! ,we/ into contact ) ! ,ea/4 ,b ! pilgrimage 0 ! effect ( relic-wor%ip1 & relic-wor%ip ! vital pr9ciple ( mona/icism4 ,9 ^! c5turies ( extreme cr$ulity mona/icism _h its /ronge/ gr[?4 ,a faculty = sci5tific /udy 0 abnormal1 & exp]im5tal k 0 ascrib$ to sorc]y4 ,! monk ,g]b]t1 :o became pope z ,sylve/] ,,ii41 0 probably ! mo/ rem>kable man ( 8 g5]ation4 ,?\gh poor & ( humble bir?1 he attract$ s mu* att5tion t he 0 s5t to ,spa91 :]e he /udi$ 9 ! ,moori% s*ools at ,b>celona & ,cordova1 & :]e he le>n$ ! rudim5ts ( ma!matics & geography4 ,8 contempor>ies 7 s bewild]$ by 8 k t !y ?\ght x due to magic1 & told h[ he _h be5 se5 fly+ home f ,spa91 borne on ! back ( ! demon he s]v$1 & load$ ) ! books he _h /ol5 f ! wiz>d1 8 ma/]4 ,sylve/] di$ 9 #ajjc1 b long aft]w>ds anatomy 0 /ill condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 & f\r sep>ate c\ncils ana!matiz$ exp]im5tal m$ic9e1 because x ?reat5$ to de/roy ! value ( ! %r9es4 ,! asc5d5cy ( ,cluny began ) ,sa9t ,hugh1 :o 0 *os5 abbot 9 #ajdi1 ! ,ye> ,leo's election4 ,! corporation !n obta9$ control ( ,rome1 & 9 ano!r tw5ty-five ye>s 0 engag$ 9 its desp]ate /ruggle ) ! rema9s ( ! old secul> police p[]4 ,b ?\gh ,hildebr& cru%$ ,h5ry1 ! anci5t mat]ialism 0 too deeply imb$d$ to be eradicat$ 9 a s+le g5]ation1 & mean:ile ! imag9ation _h be5 br\ght to an uncontrollable int5sity4 ,a new & fi]c] excitem5t see!d among ! p--a vision ( ! conque/ ( talismans s p[]ful z to make _! own]s sure ( heav5 & absolute on e>?4 ,! attraction ( ,pale/9e _h be5 v e>ly felt1 = 9 #ccc a guide-book _h be5 writt51 call$ ! ,it9]>y f ,bordeaux to ,j]usalem1 :i* gave ! r\te ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,danube1 toge!r ) an excell5t acc\nt ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,9 ^? days1 be=e ! b>b>ic inroads1 ! j\rney 0 safe en\gh2 b aft]w>ds communication ne>ly ceas$1 & :5 ,/eph5 0 baptiz$ 9 #iig1 ! relics ( ,j]usalem _h all ! excitem5t ( novelty4 ,europe gl[$ ) en?usiasm4 ,sylve/] propos$ a crusade1 & ,hildebr& decl>$ he w\ld r risk 8 life = ! holy places 8?an rule ! univ]se40 ,ea* ye> ! ?rongs ^u ! road increas$1 conv5ts sprang up along ! way to %elt] ! pilgrims1 ! :ole population succ\r$ & v5]at$ !m1 & by ! "t ,cluny _h seiz$ ! triple cr[n1 !y left 9 v]itable armies4 ,+ulf1 secret>y to ,william ! ,conqu]or1 set out 9 #ajfd ) a b& sev5 ?\s& /rong4 ,9 t age ( fai? no su* mighty /imulant c\ld inflame ! human bra9 z a m>* to ,j]usalem4 ,a crusade 0 no vulg> w> = a vulg> prize1 b an alliance ) ! sup]natural = ! conque/ ( talismans ^: possession 0 tantam\nt to omnipot5ce4 ,urban's words at ,cl]mont1 :5 he fir/ prea*$ ! holy w>1 h lo/ _! mean+ n[2 b !y burn$ l fire into ! he>ts ( 8 he>]s !n1 = he promis$ !m glory on e>? & felicity 9 heav51 & he spoke 9 sub/ance ?us3 ,no long] d y attack a ca/le or a t[n1 b y und]take ! conque/ ( ! holy places4 ,if y triumph1 ! bless+s ( heav5 & ! k+doms ( ! ,ea/ w be y\r %>e2 if y fall1 y w h ! glory ( dy+ :]e ,*ri/ di$1 & ,god w n =get hav+ se5 y 9 ,8 holy army4#aja ,urban told !m 8t "u _! g5]al ,jesus ,*ri/ 444 !y1 ! ,*ri/ian1 ! inv9cible army10 w\ld m>* to c]ta9 victory4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury ?is language 0 no metaphor1 = ! ,cluniac monk spoke z ! m\?piece ( a god :o 0 !re actually among !m1 (f]+ ! cross he br\ght f ! grave1 & promis+ !m triumphs3 n ! common triumphs :i* may be won by man's unaid$ /r5g?1 b ! transc5d5t glory :i* belongs to be+s ( ano!r _w4 ,s ! crusad]s rode out to fight1 ! orig9als ( ! fairy knights1 clad 9 imp5etrable arm\r1 m\nt$ on miracul\s horses1 arm$ ) resi/less swords1 & be>+ *>m$ lives4 ,:ole villages1 ev5 :ole di/ricts1 7 left des]t$2 l& lo/ its value2 :at c\ld n be sold 0 ab&on$2 & ! peasant1 load$ ) 8 poor possessions1 />t$ on foot ) 8 wife & *ildr5 9 que/ ( ! ,sepul*re1 s ignorant ( ! way t he mi/ook ea* t[n ^u ! road = ,zion4 ,:e!r he w\ld or no1 ! noble _h to lead 8 vassals or be =sak51 & rid+ at _! head ) 8 hawks & h\nds1 he j\rney$ t[>ds t m>vell\s l& ( weal? & spl5d\r1 :]e k+doms wait$ ! com+ ( ! devot$ knight ( ,god4 ,?us m51 wom51 & *ildr51 pr9ces & s]fs1 prie/s & laym51 9 a c\ntless1 motley ?rong1 surg$ t[>d t mighty cross & tomb ^: possessor 0 rais$ above ! limitations ( ! fle%4 ,! crusad]s _h no commiss>iat & no supply tra91 no eng9es ( attack1 or o!r weapons ?an ^? 9 _! h&s1 & ! holy relics !y bore ) !m4 ,!re 0 no g5]al1 no common language1 no organization2 & s ov] unkn[n roads1 & ?r\gh ho/ile peoples1 !y w&]$ f ! ,rh9e to ! ,bosphorus1 & f ! ,bosphorus to ,syria4 ,^! e>li] crusades 7 arm$ migrations1 n milit>y invasions1 & _h !y met ) a det]m9$ enemy1 !y mu/ h be5 annihilat$2 b x *anc$ t ! ,syrians & ,egyptians 7 at w>1 & ! qu>rel 0 s bitt] t ! caliph actually s\ght ! ,*ri/ian alliance4 ,ev5 "u su* circum/ances ! wa/e ( life 0 fabul\s1 &1 _h n ,antio* be5 betray$1 ! />v+ rabble mu/ h p]i%$ "u its walls4 ,at ,j]usalem1 also1 ! ,franks 7 r$uc$ to ! la/ extremity be=e !y c>ri$ ! t[n2 & _h x n be5 = ! arrival ( a corps ( ,g5oese eng9e]s1 :o built movable t[]s1 !y w\ld h di$ mis]ably ( hung] & ?ir/4 ,nor 0 ! com+ ( ?is re9=cem5t preconc]t$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,italians accid5tally lo/ _! %ips at ,joppa1 &1 be+ left )\t %elt]1 s\ght protection 9 ! camp ( ! besieg]s j 9 "t4 ,s incapable 7 ! crusad]s ( regul> op]ations1 t ev5 :5 ! t[]s 7 f9i%$ & arm$1 ! lead]s did n "k h[ to fill ! moat1 & ,raymond ( ,sa9t ,gilles _h no?+ bett] to propose ?an to (f] a p5ny = e ?ree /ones ?r[n into ! dit*4 ,on ,july #ae1 #ajii1 ,j]usalem 0 /orm$2 almo/ exactly ?ree ye>s aft] ! m>* began4 ,eight days lat] ,godfrey de ,b\illon 0 elect$ k+1 & !n ! invad]s spread out ov] ! /rip ( m\nta9\s c\ntry :i* bord]s ! coa/ ( ,pale/9e & ,syria1 & ! *iefs built ca/les 9 ! defiles ( ! hills1 & b\nd !mselves toge!r by a loose alliance aga9/ ! common enemy4 ,! dec5tralization ( ! colony 0 almo/ incr$ible4 ,! core ( ! k+dom 0 ! b>ony ( ,j]usalem1 :i* ext5d$ only f ! ,egyptian des]t to a /ream j nor? ( ,beyr\t1 & inl& to ! ,jordan & ! spurs ( ! hills beyond ! ,dead ,sea1 & yet x 0 divid$ into m ?an eighte5 indep5d5t fiefs1 ^: lords _h all ! rights ( sov]eignty1 made w>1 adm9i/]$ ju/ice1 & co9$ money4#ajb ,beside ^! petty /ates1 ! ports 7 c$$ to ! ,italian cities ^: fleets help$ 9 ! conque/4 ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 & ,pisa held qu>t]s 9 ,ascalon1 ,joppa1 ,tyre1 ,acre1 & ,beyr\t1 :i* 7 gov]n$ by consuls or visc\nts1 :o wrangl$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,su* 0 ! k+dom ov] :i* ,godfrey reign$1 b !re 7 ?ree o!rs l x :i* toge!r made up ! ,franki% mon>*y4 ,to ! nor? ( ! b>ony ( ,j]usalem lay ! c\nty ( ,tripoli1 & beyond ,tripoli1 ext5d+ to ,arm5ia1 ! pr9cipality ( ,antio*4 ,to ! ea/ ( ,antio* ! c\nty ( ,edessa /ret*$ along ! base ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s & spread out some:at indef9itely beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,?us on ! nor? ,edessa 0 ! outwork ( ,*ri/5dom1 :ile to ! s\? ! ca/le ( ,k>ak1 :i* comm&$ ! c>avan road betwe5 ,suez & ,damascus1 held a correspond+ position among ! hills to ! ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,beyond ! m\nta9s ! great pla9 sweeps away into ,c5tral ,asia1 & 9 ?is pla9 ! ,franks nev] c\ld ma9ta9 _! foot+4 ,_! failure to d s prov$ _! ru91 = _! position lay expos$ to attack f ,damascus2 & x 0 by op]at+ f ,damascus z a base t ,salad9 succe$$ 9 =c+ ! pass ( ,banias1 & 9 cutt+ ! ,lat9 possessions 9 two at ! battle ( ,tib]ias4 ,a consid]able body ( ,europeans 7 ?us driv5 9 l a w$ge betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,greek ,empire1 ! two highe/ civilizations ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile 9 front lay ! ,syrian cities ( ! pla91 ) :om ! ,*ri/ians 7 at p]man5t w>4 ,! contact 0 ! close/1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ! %>pe/1 & ! b>b>ic m9d receiv$ a /imulus n unlike ! impulse ,gaul receiv$ f ,rome2 = ! int]val :i* sep>at$ ! ,ea/ f ! ,we/1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 0 probably n less ?an t :i* divid$ ,italy f ,gaul at ! "t ( ,cs>4 ,:5 ,godfrey de ,b\illon took ! cross1 ! ,byzant9e ,empire 0 already s9k+4 ,! ,ea/]n trade :i*1 = s _m c5turies1 _h n\ri%$ its population1 0 beg9n+ to fl[ directly f ,asia into ,italy1 &1 z ! economic ari/ocracy ( ! capital lo/ its nutrim5t1 x lo/ its en]gy4 ,app>5tly x fell 9 #ajha1 9 ! revolution :i* rais$ ,alexius ,comu5us to ! ?rone4 ,because ,alexius sack$ ,con/ant9ople ) a foll[+ ( mongrel ,greeks1 ,slavs1 & ,bulg>ians1 he has be5 call$ ! fir/ ,greek emp]or1 b 9 reality ! pure ,greek blood _h long s9ce p]i%$4 ,! ,byzant9e population at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury 0 ! lees ( a multitude ( races1--a mixture ( ,slavs1 ,arm5ians1 ,jews1 ,?racians1 & ,greeks2 a residuum ( ! mo/ t5aci\s organisms1 aft] all t 0 high] _h disappe>$4 ,! army 0 a mix$ horde ( ,huns1 ,arabs1 ,italians1 ,britons1 ,franks2 ( all 9 %ort :o c\ld fight & 7 = sale1 :ile ! ,*ur* 0 s]vile1 ! fancy dead1 & art & lit]ature 7 r$ol5t ( decay+ weal?4 ,nev]!less1 ev] s9ce ! fall ( ,rome1 ,con/ant9ople _h be5 ! res]voir :5ce ! ,we/ _h drawn all its mat]iali/ic k1 & !re=e1 x 0 dur+ ! c5turies :5 ! valley ( ! ,danube 0 clos$1 t ! arts fell to _! l[e/ ebb beyond ! ,alps & ,rh9e4 ,aft] pilgrimages began aga9 9 ! reign ( ,/eph51 ! ,bosphorus lay once m 9 ! pa? ( travel1 & z ! return+ palm]s spread ov] ! ,we/1 a revival foll[$ 9 _! track2 a revival 9 :i* ! _s ( ,byzantium may yet be cle>ly read 9 ! ar*itecture ( ,italy & ,france4 ,sa9t ,m>k is a feeble imitation ( ,sa9t ,sophia1 :ile ,viollet-le-,duc has describ$ h[ long he hesitat$ be=e he c\ld decide :e!r ! c>v+ ( ,vzelay1 ,autun1 & ,moissac 0 ,greek or ,fr5*2 & has dwelt ^u ! labori\s c>e ) :i* he por$ ov] all ! mat]ial1 be=e he became conv9c$ t ! /ones 7 cut by arti/s tra9$ at ,cluny1 :o copi$ ,byzant9e models4#ajc ,b ! great gulf betwe5 ! economic & ! imag9ative developm5t1 sep>at$ ! moribund ,greek society f ! semi-*ildhood ( ! ,franks2 a *asm 9 its nature impassable because caus$ by a diff]5ce ( m9d1 & :i* is1 p]haps1 se5 mo/ /rik+ly 9 religi\s ar*itecture2 = religi\s ar*itecture1 ?\gh always embody+ ! highe/ poetical aspirations ( e civilization1 yet _h 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ diametrically opposite po9ts ( dep>ture4 ,sa9t ,sophia is pregnant ) ! _s ( ! age ( ,ju/9ian4 ,!re 0 no attempt at my/]y1 or ev5 solemnity1 ab\t ! *ur*1 = ! m9d ( ! ar*itect 0 evid5tly fix$ ^u solv+ ! problem ( provid+ ! l>ge/ & lighte/ space possible1 9 :i* to display ! functions ( a plutocratic c\rt4 ,8 solution 0 brilliantly successful4 ,he enl>g$ ! dome & dim9i%$ ! supports1 until1 no?+ rema9+ to int]rupt ! view1 x seem$ z ?\gh ! ro( _h be5 susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,= 8 purpose ! ext]ior _h little value1 & he sacrific$ x4 ,! conception ( ! ar*itects ( ,france 0 ! conv]se ( ?is1 = x 0 highly emotional4 ,! gloom ( ! l(ty vaults1 dimly light$ by ! subdu$ spl5d\r ( ! col\r$ w9d[s1 made ! int]ior ( ! ,go?ic ca!dral ! mo/ my/]i\s & excit+ sanctu>y = ! celebration ( ! miracle :i* has ev] be5 conceiv$ by man2 :ile )\t1 ! doors & w9d[s1 ! p9nacles & buttresses1 7 cov]$ ) ! t]rific %apes ( demons & ! maje/ic figures ( sa9ts1 admoni%+ ! laity ( ! dang] lurk+ abroad1 & w>n+ !m to take refuge )94 ,b if ! ,greeks & ! ,franks _h little aff9ity = ea* o!r1 ! case 0 diff]5t ) ! ,s>ac5s1 :o 7 !n 9 ! full vig\r ( _! intellectual prime1 & 9 ! m]idian ( _! mat]ial spl5d\r4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 ,p>is 0 /ill a clu/] ( huts c[]+ = %elt] on ! isl&s ( ! ,se9e1 & ! palace ( ! ,duke ( ,norm&y & ,k+ ( ,engl& 0 ! paltry ,:ite ,t[] ( ,london1 ,cairo 0 be+ adorn$ ) ^? ma/]pieces :i* are /ill ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,prisse d',av5nes consid]$ t1 among ! city gates ! ,bab-el-,nasr /&s fir/ 9 8ta/e & /yle10 & ! fam\s ,bab-el-,z\ilyeh is ( ! same p]iod4 ,he also ?\ght ! mosque ( ,teyl\n a 8model ( elegance & gr&eur10 & obs]v$1 :5 criticis+ ! mosque ( ! ,sultan ,hassan1 built 9 #acef1 t ?\gh impos+ & beautiful1 x lacks ! unity :i* is only f\nd 9 ! e>li] ,arabic monum5ts1 su* z ,teyl\n4#ajd ,inde$1 ! signs are b too app>5t t1 f ! twelf? c5tury1 ! in/9ct = =m began to fail 9 ,egypt1 ! sure/ precursor ( arti/ic decay4 ,! magnific5ce ( ! decoration & furni%+ ( ! ,arabic palaces & h\ses has seldom be5 surpass$1 & a few extracts f an inv5tory ( a sale ( ! collections ( ! ,caliph ,mo/ans]-,billah1 held 9 #ajej1 may give "s idea ( its gorge\sness4 ,preci\s ,/ones4--,a *e/ conta9+ #g ,mudds ( em]alds2 ea* ( ^! wor? at lea/ #cjj1jjj dyn>s1 :i* makes 9 all at ! l[e/ e/imation1 #cf1jjj1jjj francs4 ,a necklace ( preci\s /ones wor? ab\t #hj1jjj dyn>s4 ,sev5 ,wabah ( magnific5t pe>ls s5t by ! ,emir ( ,mecca4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,glass4--,sev]al *e/s1 conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( vases 444 ( ! pure/ cry/al1 *as$ & pla94 ,o!r *e/s fill$ ) preci\s vases ( diff]5t mat]ials4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,table ,ut5sils4--,a l>ge numb] ( gold di%es1 enamell$ or pla91 9 :i* 7 incru/$ all sorts ( col\rs1 =m+ mo/ v>i$ designs4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,"o hundr$ cups & o!r %apes1 ( bezo>-/one1 on mo/ ( :i* 0 engrav$ ! "n ( ! ,caliph ,h>\n-el-,ras*id4 ,ano!r cup :i* 0 #c #ab h&s wide & "o deep4 ,diff]5t ,articles4--,*e/s conta9+ ink/&s ( diff]5t %apes1 r\nd or squ>e1 small or l>ge1 ( gold or silv]1 s&al wood1 aloe1 ebony1 ivory1 & all k9ds ( woods1 enri*$ ) /ones1 gold & silv]1 or rem>kable = beauty & elegance ( workman%ip4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tw5ty-eight enamel di%es inlaid ) gold1 :i* ! ,caliph ,aziz _h receiv$ z a pres5t f ! ,greek emp]or & ea* ( :i* 0 valu$ at #cjjj dyn>s4 ,*e/s fill$ ) an enorm\s quantity ( /eel1 *9a1 & glass mirrors1 ornam5t$ ) gold & silv] filagree2 "s 7 bord]$ ) /ones1 & _h cornelian h&les1 & o!rs preci\s /ones4 ,"o ( !m _h q a long & ?ick h&le ( em]alds4 ,^! mirrors 7 enclos$ 9 cases made ( velvet or silk or mo/ beautiful wood2 _! locks 7 ( gold or silv]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,f\r hundr$ l>ge cases1 ornam5t$ ) gold & fill$ ) all sorts ( jewels4 ,v>i\s silv] h\sehold goods1 & six ?\s& gold vases1 9 :i* 7 put n>cissus or violets4 ,?irty-six ?\s& pieces ( cry/al1 among !m a box ornam5t$ ) figures 9 relief1 weigh+ #ag roks4 ,a l>ge numb] ( knives :i*1 at ! l[e/ price1 7 sold = #cf1jjj dyn>s4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,a turban enri*$ ) preci\s /ones1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & valuable articles 9 ! palace3 x 0 said to be wor? #acj1jjj dyn>s4 ,! /ones :i* cov]$ x1 & ^: weight 0 #ag roks1 7 divid$ betwe5 two *iefs1 :o bo? claim$ x4 ,"o _h 9 8 %>e a ruby weigh+ #bc mitqls1 & 9 ! %>e :i* fell to ! o!r 7 #ajj pe>ls ea* ( :i* weigh$ #c mitqls4 ,:5 ! two g5]als 7 oblig$ to fly f ,fo/at1 all ^! valuables 7 giv5 up to pillage4 ,a gold5 peacock enri*$ ) ! mo/ valuable preci\s /ones3 ! eyes 7 rubies1 ! fea!rs gild$ enamel repres5t+ all ! col\rs ( peacock fea!rs4 ,a cock ( ! same metal1 ) a comb ( ! l>ge/ rubies cov]$ ) pe>ls & o!r /ones2 ! eyes also 7 made ( rubies4 ,a gazelle ^: body 0 cov]$ all ov] ) pe>ls & ! mo/ preci\s /ones2 ! /oma* 0 :ite & compos$ ( a s]ies ( pe>ls ( ! pure/ wat]4 ,a s>donyx table1 ) conical feet ( ! same sub/ance2 x 0 l>ge en\gh = sev]al p to eat !re at ! same "t4 ,a g>d51 ! soil made ( *as$ & gilt silv] & yell[ e>?4 ,!re 7 silv] trees1 ) fruits made ( preci\s mat]ials4 ,a gold5 palm-tree enri*$ ) sup]b pe>ls4 ,x 0 9 a gold5 *e/ & its fruit 0 made ( preci\s /ones repres5t+ dates 9 e /age ( rip5ess4 ,?is tree 0 ( ine/imable value4#aje ,ab\t ! "t ! monk ,g]b]t 0 accus$ ( sorc]y because he und]/ood ! elem5ts ( geometry1 ! ,caliph ,aziz-,billah f\nd$ ! univ]sity ( ,cairo1 ! greate/ ,mohamm$an in/itution ( le>n+4 ,?is 0 two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! organization ( ! univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & ! lectures at ! mosque ( ,el-,azh> are said to h be5 att5d$ by twelve ?\s& /ud5ts4 ,munk 0 ( op9ion t ,arabic philosophy rea*$ its apogee ) ,av]rhos1 :o 0 born ab\t #aabj4ajf ,c]ta9ly he 0 ! la/ ( a fam\s l9e :i* began at ,bagdad ?ree c5turies e>li]2 & ,haurau1 9 describ+ ! great p]iod ( ,sa9t ,?omas at ,p>is1 dwelt ^u ! debt ,we/]n le>n+ ow$ to ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! spl5d\r ( ,h>\n-al-,ras*id is /ill prov]bial4 ,! tales ( 8 gold & silv]1 8 silks & gems1 almo/ surpass belief1 & ev5 9 8 reign ! me*anical arts 7 s advanc$ t he s5t a clock to ,*>lemagne4 ,humboldt consid]$ ! ,arabs z ! f\nd]s ( mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & !y 7 relatively skilful *emi/s1 = !y und]/ood ! composition ( sulphuric & nitric acid1 & ( aqua regia1 beside ! prep>ation ( m]cury & ( v>i\s oxides ( metals4 ,z physicians !y 7 f> 9 advance ( ,europe4 ,:ile ! ,*ur* heal$ by miracles1 & put exp]im5tal me?ods "u h] ban1 ! fam\s ,rhazes conduct$ ! hospitals ( ,bagdad1 & 9 ! t5? c5tury wrote a "w 9 t5 books1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,v5ice z late z #ae #aj4 ,practition]s ( all nations h us$ 8 treatise on small-pox & measles2 he introduc$ mild purgatives1 inv5t$ ! seton1 & 0 a rem>kable anatomi/4 ,he di$ 9 #icb4 ,william ( ,tyre /at$ t ! ,franki% nobles ( ,syria pref]r$ ! native or ,jewi% doctors2 & ?\gh ,salad9 s5t 8 physician to ,ri*>d1 ,ri*>d nev] ?\ght ( s5d+ an ,engli%man to ,salad9 :5 aft]w>ds attack$ by illness4 ,ev5 z late z ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury little advance seems to h be5 made 9 ,europe1 = "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ph5om5a ( ! crusades 0 ! improvem5t 9 ! heal? ( ! army ( ,sa9t ,l\is aft] x surr5d]$4 ,dur+ ! campaign v>i\s epidemics _h be5 v fatal2 b :5 ! soldi]s 7 subject$ to ! sanit>y regulations ( ! ,egyptian m$ical /aff1 disease disappe>$4 ,! ,arabs _h a /rong ta/e = ma!matics1 & 7 famili> ) mo/ ( ! discov]ies :i* h be5 attribut$ to a/ronom]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,z e>ly z #ajjj sph]ical trigonometry 0 9 use1 & ,ab\l-,hassan wrote an excell5t treatise on conic sections4 ,9 #hcc ! ,caliph ,el-,mam\n1 hav+ f\nd$ obs]vatories at ,bagdad & ,damascus1 caus$ a degree to be measur$ on ! pla9 ( ,palmyra4 ,by ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,arabic in/rum5ts 7 comp>atively p]fect4 ,!y _h ! a/rolabe1 ! gnomon1 ! sextant1 & ! m>9]'s compass1 & ,ab\l-,wafa det]m9$ ! ?ird lun> v>iation six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,to enum]ate all ! improvem5ts 9 agriculture & manufactures :i* came f ! m$ival pilgrimage w\ld take a sep>ate treatise4 ,a ,fr5* savant ?\ght ( writ+ a book ^u ! flora ( ! crusades alone4 ,! mulb]ry & ! silkworm 7 br\ght f ,greece1 ! maize f ,turkey1 ! plum f ,damascus1 ! es*alot f ,ascalon1 & ! w9dmills ) :i*1 d[n to ! pres5t c5tury1 corn 0 gr\nd1 7 "o ( ! importations f ! ,levant4 ,x might almo/ be said t all ! ,we/ knew ( ! arts 0 le>n$ on ! road to ! sepul*re4 ,! ,tyrians taught ! ,sicilians to ref9e sug>1 & ! ,v5etians to make glass2 ,damascus /eel 0 a prov]b1 ,damascus pott]s 7 ! ma/]s ( ! pott]s ( ,france2 ! silk1 brocades1 & c>pets ( ,syria & ,p]sia 7 9 ! twelf? c5tury :at !y h be5 d[n to ! pres5t day1 at once ! admiration & despair ( ,we/]n weav]s1 :ile !re c be little d\bt t gunp[d] 0 ! inv5tion ( ! *emi/s ( ! ,ea/4 ,all ! evid5ce t5ds to prove t ! ogive came f ! ,levant1 & )\t ! ogive ,go?ic ar*itecture c\ld nev] h develop$4#ajg ,prior to ! c\ncil ( ,cl]mont ! po9t$ ar* 0 practically unkn[n we/ ( ! ,adriatic2 b ! ,arabs _h long us$ x1 & x may /ill be se5 9 ! n9? c5tury mosque ( ,teyl\n4 ,9 ,pale/9e ! ,franks 7 surr\nd$ by ,s>ac5ic build+s1 & employ$ ,s>ac5ic masons1 & ! att5tion ( ,we/]n ar*itects seems no soon] to h be5 drawn to ! possibilities ( ! ogive1 ?an !y saw 9 x ! solution ( ^? problems :i* _h be=e defi$ !m4 ,an ar* =m$ by two int]sect+ segm5ts ( a circle c\ld be rais$ to any height f any base1 & 0 p]fectly adapt$ to vault+ ! p>allelograms =m$ by ! columns ( ! nave4 ,!re=e1 contemporane\sly ) ! build+ ( ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 ! p]iod ( transition betwe5 ! ,romanesque & ! ,go?ic op5$ 9 ,france4 ,! two mo/ important transition build+s 7 ! abbey ( ,sa9t ,d5is & ! ca!dral ( ,noyon1 &1 :ile ! ,holy ,sepul*re 0 d$icat$ 9 #aadi1 ! abbey 0 complet$ 9 #aadd1 & ! ca!dral 0 begun almo/ imm$iately aft]4#ajh ,!nce=w>d ! movem5t 0 rapid1 & be=e ! ye> #abjj1 ,*ri/ian sacr$ ar*itecture 0 culm9at+ 9 ^? m>vels ( beauty1 ! ca!drals ( ,p>is1 ( ,b\rges1 ( ,*>tres1 & ( ,le ,alans4 ,yet1 ?\gh sacr$ ar*itecture tells ! /ory ( ! rise ( ! imag9ation z no?+ else c1 if x be true t c5tralization h+es on ! prepond]ance ( ! attack 9 w>1 ! sure/ way ( measur+ ! advance t[>d civilization ( rude peoples mu/ be by milit>y eng9e]+4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 nor? ( ! ,alps1 ?is sci5ce 0 rudim5t>y1 & no?+ c be m impressive ?an to comp>e ! mighty ramp>ts ( ,con/ant9ople ) ! small squ>e t[] :i* ,william ! ,conqu]or f\nd ample = 8 ne$s 9 ,london4 ,:5 ! crusad]s 7 fir/ confront$ ) ! ,greek & ,arabic works1 !y 7 helpless2 nor 7 _! difficulties altoge!r ^? ( ignorance4 ,su* =tifications 7 excessively co/ly1 & a feudal ,/ate 0 poor because ! c5tral p[] _h n ! =ce to con/ra9 individuals to pay taxes4 ,! k+dom ( ,j]usalem 0 9 *ronic insolv5cy4 ,! life ( ! ,lat9 colony 9 ,syria1 !re=e1 hung on ! developm5t ( "s f9ancial sy/em :i* %\ld make ! =tification ( ,pale/9e possible1 & su* a sy/em grew up ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! imag9ation1 ?\gh 9 an unusual mann]4 ,feti% wor%ip drew a v l>ge annual contribution f ! population 9 ! %ape ( pres5ts to propitiate ! sa9ts1 & "o ( ! effects ( ! en?usiasm = ! crusades 0 to build up conv5tual societies 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 :i* act$ z /&+ armies4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! milit>y ord]s 7 ! ,knights ( ! ,temple & ! ,knights ( ,sa9t ,john4 ,william ( ,tyre has left an int]e/+ description ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,temple came to be organiz$3-- 8,z ?\gh ! ,"l ,god s5ds 8 grace !re :]e he pleases1 wor?y knights1 :o 7 ( ! l& beyond ! sea1 propos$ to /ay = ev] 9 ! s]vice ( ,our ,"l1 & to live 9 common1 l regul> canons4 ,9 ! h& ( ! patri>* !y v[$ *a/ity & ob$i5ce1 & r5\nc$ all prop]ty4444 ,! k+ & ! o!r b>ons1 ! patri>* & o!r prelates ( ! ,*ur*1 gave !m funds to live on & to clo! !mselves4444 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* 0 enjo9$ on !m 9 p>don = _! s9s 0 to gu>d ! roads by :i* ! pilgrims pass$1 f robb]s & ?ieves1 :o did great h>m4 ,?is p5ance ! patri>* & ! o!r bi%ops enjo9$4 ,n9e ye>s !y rema9$ ?us 9 secul> habit1 we>+ su* g>m5ts z 7 giv5 !m by ! knights & o!r good p1 = ! love ( ,god4 ,9 ! n9? a c\ncil 0 assembl$ 9 ,france 9 ! city ( ,troyes4 ,!re 7 assembl$ ! ar*bi%ops ( ,rheims & ,s5s & all _! bi%ops4 ,! bi%op ( ,albano especially 0 !re z papal legate1 ! abbots ( ,citeau & ,clairvaux1 & _m o!r ( ! religi\s4 8,!re 7 e/abli%$ ! ord] & ! rules by :i* !y 7 to live z monks4 ,_! habit 0 ord]$ to be :ite1 by ! au?ority ( ,pope ,honorius & ! patri>* ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is ord] _h already exi/$ n9e ye>s1 z ,i h told y1 & !re 7 z yet only n9e bro!rs1 :o liv$ f day to day on *>ity4 ,f t "t _! numb]s began to increase1 & rev5ues & t5ures 7 giv5 !m4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pope ,etig5ius x 0 ord]$ t !y %\ld h sewn ^u _! copes & on _! robes a cross ( r$ clo?1 s t !y %\ld be kn[n among all m54444 ,f !nce h _! possessions s increas$ z y c see1 t ! ord] ( ! ,temple is 9 ! asc5dant4444 ,h>dly c y f9d on ei!r side ( ! sea a ,*ri/ian l& :]e ?is ord] has n to-day h\ses & bre?r51 & great rev5ues40#aji ,! c\ncil ( ,troyes 0 held 9 #aabh1 & 9 ! next fifty ye>s1 9 proportion z ! feudal organization ( ! ,lat9 k+dom decay$1 ! milit>y ord]s increas$ 9 weal? & p[]4 ,! ,hospital held n9ete5 ?\s& manors 9 ,europe1 ! ,temple n9e ?\s&1 & ea* manor c\ld ma9ta9 a knight 9 ! field4 ,at ,p>is ! h\se ( ! ,temple fill$ a :ole qu>t]2 its donjon 0 "o ( ! mo/ sup]b build+s ( ! ,middle ,ages2 at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! corporation took to bank+1 x s]v$ z a place ( deposit = bo? public & private treasure1 & 9 times ( dang] ! k+ himself 0 glad to take %elt] )9 its walls4 ,! creation ( ?is mona/ic /&+ army 0 evid5tly due to ! inf]iority ( ! attack to ! def5ce1 :i* made ! civil p[] incapable ( co]c+ ! individual :o refus$ to pay taxes4 ,! petty b>ons :o built ! ca/les ?r\gh\t ,pale/9e 7 too poor to erect =tifications capable ( resi/+ ! sup]ior eng9es us$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!re=e ! :ole burd5 ( ! w> 0 ?r[n ^u ! ,*ur*1 & 9 all mod]n hi/ory no?+ is m wond]ful ?an ! way 9 :i* ?is "w 0 done4 ,)9 fifty ye>s aft] ! conque/ ! feudal ma*9]y 0 9 ru91 & ! /rategic po9ts1 "o aft] ano!r1 pass$ into ! h&s ( ! /ronge/ =ce ( ! age1 ! =ce :i* 0 inc>nate imag9ation4 ,! =tresses built by ! monks 7 ! ramp>ts ( ,*ri/5dom1 & among ! rema9s :i* h surviv$ ! pa/1 p]haps none are m impressive ?an ! huge ca/les ( ! crusad]s 9 ! gorges ( ! ,syrian m\nta9s2 nor d any %[ s cle>ly :5ce came ! rationali/ic /imulus :i* revolutioniz$ ,europe1 %att]$ ! ,*ur*1 & br\ght 9 ! economic society :i* has rul$ ,europe s9ce ! ,templ>s pass$ away4 ,tw5ty-five miles due we/ ( ,homs1 at ! po9t :]e ! ,lebanon melts into ! ,ans>ieh range1 ! m\nta9s op51 & two passes lead by easy desc5ts to ! sea4 ,?r\gh ! s\!rn runs ! road to ,tripoli1 ?r\gh ! nor!rn t to ,tortosa4 ,betwe5 !m1 on a crag a ?\s& feet above ! valleys1 /ill /&s ! ca/le ( ! ,krak des ,*evali]s1 c$$ by ,c\nt ,raymond ( ,tripoli to ! ,hospital 9 #aade4 ,t[]+ above ! pla9 x c be se5 = miles1 & no description c give an idea ( its gigantic size & p[]4 ,c\cy & ,pi]refonds are among ! l>ge/ =tresses ( ,europe1 & yet ,c\cy & ,pi]refonds comb9$ are no l>g] ?an ! ,krak4 ,comp>$ ) x1 ! works !n built 9 ! ,we/ 7 toys1 & ! eng9e]+ tal5t %[n 9 its conception 0 equall$ by ! magnific5ce ( its masonry4 ,! ,byzant9e sy/em 0 adopt$4 ,a d\ble wall1 ! inn] comm&+ ! out]1 ) a moat betwe52 & ?ree enorm\s t[]s ris+ f ! moat1 =m$ ! donjon4 ,!re 7 /one ma*ic\lis & all ! ref9em5ts ( def5ce :i* appe>$ 9 ,france "u ,sa9t ,l\is & 8 son1 & a /udy ( ?is /up5d\s monum5t %[s pla9ly :5ce ,europeans drew _! milit>y in/ruction = a c5tury to come4 ,! ,krak 0 ! outwork dom9at+ ! pla9 :]e ! ,*ri/ians nev] made _! foot+ good1 & /ood at ! apex ( a triangle ( =tresses z rem>kable z itself4 ,f its ramp>ts ! great :ite t[] ( ,*a/el-,blanc c be se51 midway betwe5 ! outpo/ comm&+ ! m\nta9 passes & ! base ^u ! sea held by ! ,temple2 & f t t[] ! troop ( ,templ>s rode to relieve ! knights ( ,sa9t ,john1 on ! day :5 ! crusad]s r\t$ ! conqu]or ,n\r-ed-,d91 & cut 8 army to pieces z x fl$ t[>d ! ,lake ( ,homs1 :i* lies 9 ! di/ance4 ,b ! :ite t[] is unlike ! donjons ( o!r l&s1 & be>s ! impr9t ( ! =ce :i* built x1 = x is n a layman's hold1 b a *ur*1 ^: w9d[s are cut 9 walls ?irte5 feet ?ick1 :5ce ! dim light falls across ! alt> :]e ! magicians wr\ght _! miracles4 ,)9 easy support+ di/ance lay ,tortosa1 a wall$ t[n1 ! outwork ( a donjon at lea/ z /rong z ! ,krak1 & built ) a p]fection ( workman%ip1 & a beauty ( masonry1 :i* proves at once ! k & ! res\rces ( ! ord]4 ,no mon>* ( ! ,we/ c\ld1 probably1 at t "t h und]tak5 s co/ly an ent]prise1 & yet ,tortosa 0 b "o ( f\r va/ /ructures :i* lie )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,! place 0 c$$ to ! ,temple 9 #aahc1 j at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,philip ,augu/us1 be=e m5 dream$ ( ! m important ,fr5* =tifications4 ,at ,m>gat1 a day's j\rney to ! nor?1 ! ,hospital _h _! base ^u ! sea3 a /ronghold ^: co/ mu/ h be5 fabul\s1 = x is p]*$ ^u a crag high above ! ,m$it]ranean1 & s inaccessible t x is n easy to und]/& h[ ! mat]ials = build+ 7 collect$4 ,viollet-le-,duc1 :o 0 lo/ 9 admiration at ,c\cy1 decl>$ t x 0 colossal en\gh to befit a race ( giants1 & yet ,c\cy c\ld h /ood 9 ! c\rty>d ( ,m>gat4 ,! ,arabs1 :o 7 excell5t eng9e]s1 deem$ x a ma/]piece1 & ! ,sultan ,kala\n c\ld n endure ! ?\ght ( injur+ x4 ,aft] he _h m9$ ! great t[] & 0 sure ( victory1 he prov$ to ! g>rison 8 p[] to de/roy x1 9 ord] to induce !m to accept mo/ lib]al t]ms ( surr5d]1 & let him h ! prize4 ,p]haps ! be/ description ev] giv5 ( ! "w is 9 a lett] writt5 by ! ,sultan ( ,hamah to 8 vizi] to ann\nce its fall3 8,! devil himself _h tak5 pleasure 9 consolidat+ its f\ndations4 ,h[ _m times h ! ,mussulmans tri$ to rea* its t[]s & fall5 d[n ! precipices6 ,m>kab is unique1 p]*$ on ! summit ( a rock4 ,x is accessible to relief1 & inaccessible to attack4 ,! eagle & ! vulture alone c fly to its ramp>ts40#aaj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,second ,,crusade ,z ! ,ea/ 0 ri*] ?an ! ,we/1 ! ,s>ac5s 7 capable ( a high] c5tralization ?an ! ,franks1 & al?\gh !y 7 divid$ among/ !mselves at ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury1 no long "t elaps$ aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem be=e ! consolidation began :i* annihilat$ ! ,lat9 k+dom4 ,! ,sultan ( ,p]sia made ,z5ghi gov]nor ( ,mosul 9 #aabg4 ,z5ghi1 :o 0 ! fir/ ,atabek1 0 a comm&] & organiz] ( ability1 & ) a soldi]'s in/9ct /ruck :]e 8 enemy 0 vuln]able4 ,he fir/ occupi$ ,aleppo1 ,hamah1 & ,homs4 ,he !n a*iev$ ! triumph ( 8 life by ! capture ( ,edessa4 ,! next ye> he 0 murd]$1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 /ill m celebrat$ son1 ,n\r-ed-,d91 :o made ,aleppo 8 capital1 & devot$ 8 life to complet+ ! "w 8 fa!r _h begun4 ,aft] a s]ies ( brilliant campaigns1 by a mixture ( vig\r & address1 ,n\r-ed-,d9 made himself ma/] ( ,damascus1 &1 op]at+ !nce z a base1 he conqu]$ ,egypt1 & occupi$ ,cairo 9 #aafi4 ,dur+ ! ,egyptian w>1 a "y emir1 nam$ ,salad91 rose rapidly into prom95ce4 ,he 0 ! nephew ( ! g5]al 9 comm&1 at ^: dea? ! caliph made him vizi]1 because he ?\ght him pliable4 ,9 ?is ! caliph 0 mi/ak51 = ,salad9 0 a man ( iron w & consummate ability4 ,william ( ,tyre ev5 accus$ him ( hav+ murd]$ ! la/ ,fatimite caliph ) 8 own h&s 9 ord] to cause ! succession to pass to ,n\r-ed-,d91 & to seize on ! sub/ance ( p[] himself1 z ,n\r-ed-,d9's repres5tative4 ,c]ta9ly he adm9i/]$ ,egypt 9 8 own int]e/1 & n 9 8 ma/]'s2 s mu* s t ,n\r-ed-,d91 hav+ fail$ to obta9 ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s1 _h prep>$ to m>* aga9/ him 9 p]son1 :51 on ! eve ( 8 dep>ture1 he di$4 ,salad9 !n mov$ on ,damascus1 & hav+ defeat$ ! army ( ,el ,melek1 ! heir to ! cr[n1 at ,hamah1 he _h himself decl>$ ,sultan ( ,egypt & ,syria4 ,) a p[] s c5traliz$ ! ,franks w\ld probably1 "u ! be/ circum/ances1 h be5 unable to cope4 ,! weakness ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 radical1 & arose f ! exub]ance ( _! imag9ation1 :i* caus$ !m to proce$ by miracles1 or m correctly1 by magical =mulas4 ,an exalt$ imag9ation 0 ! basis ( ! *>act]s ( bo? ,l\is ,,vii4 & ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 & ! fai? result+ !refrom l$ to ! defeat ( ! second crusade4 ,! ,*ri/ian collapse began ) ! fall ( ,edessa1 = ! ,c\nty ( ,edessa 0 ! extreme nor!a/]n /ate ( ! ,lat9 community1 & ! key to ! cities ( ! pla94 ,:5 ! fir/ crusad]s rea*$ ,arm5ia1 ,baldw91 bro!r ( ,godfrey de ,b\illon1 conceiv$ ! idea ( c>v+ a k+dom = himself out ( ! ,*ri/ian c\ntry to ! s\? ( ! ,taurus range4 ,tak+ ) him su* pilgrims z he c\ld p]suade to g1 he />t$ f ,mami/ra1 j nor? ( ! mod]n ,alex&retta1 & m>*$ ea/ along ! c>avan road4 ,edessa lay sixte5 h\rs' ride beyond ! ,euphrates1 & he rea*$ x 9 safety4 ,at ?is "t1 ?\gh ,edessa /ill nom9ally =m$ "p ( ! ,greek ,empire1 x 0 9 reality indep5d5t1 & 0 gov]n$ by an old man nam$ ,!odore1 :o _h orig9ally be5 s5t f ,con/ant9ople1 b :o _h gradually tak5 ! position ( a sov]eign4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry _h be5 ov]run by ,moslems1 & ,!odore only ma9ta9$ himself by pay+ tribute4 ,! p1 !re=e1 7 ready to welcome any ,franki% b>on capable ( def5d+ !m2 & ,baldw91 ?\gh a ne$y adv5tur]1 0 an excell5t (fic]1 & well adapt$ to ! em]g5cy4 ,z he drew ne>1 ! t[nsm5 w5t out to meet him1 & escort$ him to ! city 9 triumph1 :]e he soon supplant$ ! old ,!odore1 :om he probably murd]$4 ,he !n became ,c\nt ( ,edessa1 b he rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry only two ye>s1 = 9 #aajj he 0 elect$ to succe$ 8 bro!r ,godfrey4 ,he 0 foll[$ z ,"l ( ,edessa by 8 c\s9 ,godfrey de ,b\rg1 :o1 9 8 turn1 0 cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem 9 #aaai1 & ! next c\nt 0 de ,b\rg's c\s91 ,joscel9 de ,c\rtney1 :o _h previ\sly held z a fief ! t]ritory to ! we/ ( ! ,euphrates4 ,?is ,joscel9 0 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ w>riors :o ev] came f ,france1 & :ile he liv$ ! fronti] 0 well def5d$4 ,s high 0 8 pr[ess t he e>n$ ! title ( 8! great10 9 an age :5 e man 0 a soldi]1 & 9 a c\ntry :]e arms 7 ! only pa? to =tune save ! ,*ur*4 ,! /ory ( 8 dea? is "o ( ! mo/ dramatic ( t dramatic "t4 ,z he /ood b5ea? ! wall ( a ,s>ac5ic t[] he _h m9$1 x sudd5ly fell & buri$ him 9 ! ru9s4 ,he 0 tak5 out a mangl$ mass to die1 b1 z he lay langui%+1 news came t ! ,sultan ( ,iconium _h laid siege to "o ( 8 ca/les ne> ,tripoli4 ,feel+ t he c\ld n sit 8 horse1 he call$ 8 son & direct$ him to collect 8 vassals & ride to ! relief ( ! =tress4 ,! y\? hesitat$1 fe>+ t ! enemy 7 too num]\s4 ,!n ! old man1 griev+ to ?9k ( ! fate ( 8 p :5 he %\ld be gone1 _h himself slung 9 a litt] betwe5 two horses1 & m>*$ aga9/ ! foe4 ,he _h n gone f> be=e he 0 met by a mess5g]1 :o told him t :5 ! ,s>ac5s he>d ! ,"l ( ,c\rtney 0 ^u ! m>*1 !y _h rais$ ! siege & fl$4 ,!n ! w\nd$ b>on ord]$ 8 litt] to be set d[n ^u ! gr\nd1 &1 /ret*+ out 8 h&s to heav51 he ?ank$ ,god :o _h s hon\r$ him t 8 enemies d>$ n abide 8 com+ ev5 :5 9 ! jaws ( dea?1 & di$ !re :]e he lay4 ,! second g5]ation ( ,franks seems to h det]iorat$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! climate1 b ! "* ( ! y\ng] ,joscel9 0 n ! sole cause ( ! disa/]s :i* ov]took him4 ,probably ev5 8 fa!r c\ld n p]man5tly h made head aga9/ ! =ces :i* 7 comb9+ aga9/ him4 ,! weakness ( ! ,franki% k+dom 0 inh]5t3 x c\ld n cont5d ) enemies :o 7 fur!r advanc$ ^u ! road t[>d consolidation4 ,_h ,we/]n society be5 en\gh c5traliz$ to h organiz$ a =ce capable ( collect+ taxes1 & ( en=c+ ob$i5ce to a c5tral adm9i/ration1 a wage-e>n+ army might h be5 ma9ta9$ on ! fronti]4 ,z x 01 conc5tration 0 impossible1 & ! scatt]$ nobles 7 cru%$ 9 detail4 ,antio* 0 ! ne>e/ support+ po9t to ,edessa1 &1 :5 ,z5ghi made 8 attack1 ,raymond de ,poiti]s1 "o ( ! able/ soldi]s ( 8 g5]ation1 0 ! reign+ pr9ce4 ,b he 0 at feud ) ! ,c\rtneys2 ! k+ at ,j]usalem c\ld n =ce him to d 8 duty2 ! o!r b>ons 7 too di/ant1 ev5 _h !y be5 well dispos$2 & ?us ! key to ! ,*ri/ian position fell )\t a bl[ be+ /ruck 9 its def5ce4 ,to t emotional g5]ation ! loss ( ,edessa seem$ a rev]sal ( ! laws ( nature2 a consequ5ce n ( bad organization b ( div9e wra?4 ,! inv9cible relics _h sudd5ly refus$ to act1 & ! only explanation :i* occurr$ to ! m5 ( ! "t 01 t !re mu/ h be5 neglect ( ! magical =mulas4 ,sa9t ,b]n>d nev] d\bt$ t ,god w\ld fight if duly propitiat$2 !re=e all else mu/ b5d to ! task ( propitiation3 8,:at ?9k ye1 bre?r58 ,is ! h& ( ! ,"l weak5$1 or unequal to ! "w ( def5ce1 t he calls mis]able worms to gu>d & re/ore 8 h]itage8 ,is he n able to s5d m ?an twelve legions ( angels1 or1 to speak truly1 by ^w deliv] 8 c\ntry80#aaa ,sa9t ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 ! s\l ( ! second crusade1 0 born at ! ca/le ( ,fonta9es1 ne> ,dijon1 9 #ajia1 s t 8 e>lie/ impressions mu/ h be5 t+$ by ! emotional outbur/ :i* foll[$ ! c\ncil ( ,cl]mont4 ,! ?ird son ( noble p>5ts1 he resembl$ 8 "m1 :o _h ! ec/atic temp]am5t4 ,:ile %e liv$ %e tri$ to imitate ! nuns1 & at h] dea? %e 0 surr\nd$ by holy cl]ks1 :o sung ) h] :ile %e c\ld speak1 &1 :5 articulation fail$1 wat*$ h] lips mov+ 9 praise to ,god4 ,f ! outset1 ,b]n>d crav$ a mona/ic life1 & :5 he grew up insi/$ on d$icat+ himself to ,heav54 ,8 fir/ success 0 ! conv]sion ( 8 bro!rs1 :om he c>ri$ ) him to ! cloi/]1 ) ! exception ( ! y\nge/1 :o 0 !n a *ild4 ,z ! bro!rs pass$ ?r\gh ! ca/le c\rty>d1 on _! way to ! conv5t1 ,guy1 ! elde/1 said to ! boy1 :o 0 play+ !re ) o!r *ildr51 8,well1 ,niv>d1 all our l& is n[ y\rs40 8,s y w h heav5 & ,i e>?10 ! *ild answ]$2 8t is an unequal division40 ,& a few ye>s aft] he jo9$ 8 bro!rs4#aab ,! fa!r & "o daught] !n 7 left alone1 & at la/ !y too ent]$ conv5ts1 :]e !y di$4 ,at tw5ty-two1 :5 ,b]n>d took 8 v[s at ,citeaux1 8 influ5ce 0 s /rong t he c>ri$ ) him ?irty ( 8 comrades1 & mo!rs are said to h hid _! sons f him1 & wives _! husb&s1 le/ he %\ld lure !m away4 ,he actually broke up s _m homes t ! ab&on$ wives =m$ a nunn]y1 :i* aft]w>d grew ri*4 ,8 abilities 7 s m>k$ t 8 sup]iors s+l$ him out1 :5 he _h h>dly f9i%$ 8 novitiate1 to f\nd a h\se 9 ! wild]ness4 ,?is h\se became ,clairvaux1 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! mo/ fam\s mona/]y ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 conv5ts 7 little patroniz$ until by "s miracle !y _h prov$ !mselves wor?y ( hire2 _! e>ly ye>s 7 (t5 pass$ 9 pov]ty1 & ,clairvaux 0 no exception to ! rule1 = ! bre?r5 suff]$ privations :i* ne>ly caus$ revolt4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 difficulties1 ,b]n>d's bro!r ,gr>d1 :o 0 cell>]1 came to him to compla9 t ! frat]nity 7 )\t ! b>e/ necessities ( life4 ,! man ( ,god ask$1 8,h[ mu* w suffice = pres5t wants80 ,gr>d repli$1 8,twelve p\nds40 ,b]n>d dismiss$ him & betook himself to pray]4 ,soon aft] ,gr>d return$ & ann\nc$ t a woman 0 )\t & wi%$ to speak ) him4 8,%e1 :5 he _h come to h]1 pro/rat+ h]self at 8 feet1 (f]$ him a gift ( twelve p\nds1 implor+ ! aid ( 8 pray]s = h] husb&1 :o 0 dang]\sly sick4 ,hav+ briefly spok5 ) h]1 he dismiss$ h]1 say+3 #8,g4 ,y w f9d y\r husb& well4' ,%e1 go+ home1 f\nd :at %e _h he>d _h come to pass4 ,! abbot com=t+ ! weakness ( 8 cell>]1 made him /rong] = be>+ o!r trials f ,god40#aac ,al?\gh 8 family 7 some:at sceptical ab\t 8 gifts1 & ev5 teas$ him to te>s1 ! monk ,william tells1 9 8 *ronicle1 h[ he soon p]=m$ an a/\nd+ miracle :i* made ,clairvaux a 8v]itable valley ( light10 & !n weal? p\r$ 9 ^u him4 ,mean:ile1 8 con/itution1 :i* _h nev] be5 vigor\s1 _h be5 s impair$ by 8 p5ances t he 0 unable to foll[ ! mona/ic life 9 its full rig\r1 & he !re=e ?rew himself into politics1 to :i* he 0 l$ bo? by ta/e & by ! curr5t ( ev5ts4 ,clairvaux 0 f\nd$ 9 #aaae1 & fifte5 ye>s lat] ,b]n>d _h ris5 high 9 8 pr(ession4 ,! turn+-po9t 9 8 life 0 ! "p he took 9 ! recognition ( ,innoc5t ,,ii4 ,9 #aacj1 ,honorius ,,ii4 di$1 & two popes 7 *os5 by ! college ( c>d9als1 ,anacletus & ,innoc5t ,,ii4 ,anacletus /ay$ 9 ,rome1 b ,innoc5t cross$ ! ,alps1 & a c\ncil 0 summon$ at tampes to decide ^u 8 title4 ,by a unanim\s vote ! "q 0 ref]r$ to ,b]n>d1 & 8 biograph] describ$ h[ he exam9$ ! evid5ce ) fe> & trembl+1 & h[ at la/ ! ,holy ,gho/ spoke ?r\gh 8 m\?1 & he recogniz$ ,innoc5t4 ,8 decision 0 ratifi$1 & soon aft] he manag$ to obta9 ! adhesion ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl& to ! new pontiff4 ,8 success made him ! =emo/ man 9 ,europe1 & :51 9 #aade1 "o ( 8 monks 0 rais$ to ! papacy z ,eug5ius ,,iii41 he wrote ) tru?1 8,i am said to be m pope ?an y40 ,p]haps no "o ev] liv$ m highly gift$ ) ! ec/atic temp]am5t ?an ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 ,he _h ! my/]i\s attribute ( miracles1 &1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! miracle 01 p]haps1 ! highe/ expression ( =ce4 ,to "w !m 0 a p]sonal gift1 & ! possessor ( ! faculty might1 at 8 caprice1 use 8 p[]1 l ! sorc]]1 to aid or injure o!r m54 ,"o day z ,sa9t ,b]n>d 0 on 8 way to a field at h>ve/ "t1 ! monk :o drove ! donkey on :i* he rode1 fell 9 an epileptic fit4 8,see+ :i* ! holy man _h pity on him1 & entreat$ ,god t = ! future he w\ld n seize him unaw>e40 ,accord+ly f t day until 8 dea?1 tw5ty ye>s aft]1 8:5ev] he 0 to fall f t disease1 he felt ! fit com+ = a c]ta9 space ( "t1 s t he _h an opportunity to lie d[n on a b$1 & s av]t ! bruises ( a sudd5 fall40#aad ,?is cure 0 a pure act ( grace1 l alms1 made to gratify ! :im ( ! sa9t2 & a man :o c\ld s control nature 0 m p[]ful ?an any o!r on e>?4 ,b]n>d 0 su* a man1 & = ?is reason he 0 *os5 by acclamation to prea* ! second crusade4 ,8 s]mons h p]i%$1 b two ( 8 lett]s h surviv$1#aae & !y expla9 ! ess5tial weakness ( a milit>y =ce rais$ on ! basis ( sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,he look$ ^u ! approa*+ campaign z m]ely ! vehicle = a miracle1 & z devis$ to (f] to ^? :o ent]$ on x a special *ance = salvation4 ,!re=e he appeal$ to ! crim9al classes4 8,= :at is x b an exquisite & priceless *ance ( salvation due to ,god alone1 t ! ,omnipot5t %\ld deign to summon to 8 s]vice1 z ?\gh !y 7 innoc5t1 murd]]s1 ravi%]s1 adult]]s1 p]jur]s1 & ^? guilty ( e crime80#aaf ,ev5 _h an army compos$ ( su* mat]ial be5 well discipl9$ & well l$1 x w\ld h be5 untru/wor?y 9 ! face ( an adv]s>y l ,n\r-ed-,d92 b ,l\is ,,vii4 ( ,france 0 z emotional & z irrational z ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 ,8 fa!r _h be5 a great comm&]1 b he himself _h be5 educat$ 9 ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t ,d5is1 & ju/ifi$ 8 wife's scornful je/1 :o1 :5 %e left him = ,raymond de ,poiti]s1 said %e _h m>ri$ a monk4 ,! :ole _w held him lightly1 ev5 ! prie/s sne]$ at him1 & ,innoc5t ,,ii4 spoke ( him z a *ild 8:o mu/ be /opp$ f le>n+ rebellion40 ,inde$1 ! pope und]rat$ him1 = he appo9t$ 8 own nephew to ! ,see ( ,b\rges 9 defiance ( ! k+1 & ! insult r\s$ him to resi/ance4 ,l\is rais$ an army & invad$ ! ,c\nty ( ,*ampagne1 :]e ! bi%op _h tak5 refuge4 ,!re he /orm$ & burnt ,vitry1 & "s ?irte5 hundr$ m51 wom51 & *ildr51 :o _h tak5 refuge 9 ! *ur*1 p]i%$ 9 ! flames ( ! blaz+ t[n4 ,horror seems to h unh+$ 8 m9d1 absolution did n calm him1 & at la/ he came to believe t 8 only hope ( salvation lay 9 a pilgrimage to ! ,sepul*re4 ,on ,palm ,sunday1 #aadf1 :5 ,b]n>d h>angu$ a va/ ?rong at ,vzelay1 ! k+ 0 ! fir/ to pro/rate himself1 & take ! cross f 8 h&s4 ,) t day began ! mo/ m>vell\s "p ( ! sa9t's m>vell\s c>e]1 & 7 ! ev5ts :i* foll[$ less well au!nticat$1 !y w\ld be incr$ible4 ,9 t age miracles 7 z common z m$ical cures are n[1 & yet ,b]n>d's p]=mances s a/oni%$ 8 contempor>ies t !y drew up a solemnly atte/$ record ( :at !y saw1 t ! /ory ( 8 prea*+ might nev] be que/ion$4 ,:5 he ne>$ a t[n ! bells 7 rung1 & "y & old1 f f> & ne>1 ?rong$ ab\t him 9 cr[ds s d5se t1 at ,con/ance1 no "o saw :at pass$1 because no "o d>$ to v5ture into ! press4 ,at ,troyes he 0 9 dang] ( be+ suffocat$4 ,else:]e ! sick 7 br\ght to him by a ladd] z he /ood at a w9d[ out ( rea*4 ,:at he did may be judg$ by ! "w ( a s+le day4 8,:5 ! holy man ent]$ ,g]many he %one s m>vell\sly by cures1 t x c nei!r be told 9 words1 nor w\ld x be believ$ if x 7 told4 ,= ^? te/ify :o 7 pres5t 9 ! c\ntry ( ,con/ance1 ne> ! t[n ( ,don+51 :o dilig5tly inve/igat$ ^! ?+s1 & saw !m ) _! eyes1 t 9 "o day elev5 bl9d receiv$ _! sight by ! lay+ on ( 8 h&s1 t5 maim$ 7 re/or$1 & eighte5 lame made /raight40#aag ,?us1 lit]ally by ?\s&s1 ! bl9d saw1 ! lame walk$1 ! maim$ 7 made :ole4 ,he ca/ out devils1 turn$ wat] into w9e1 rais$ ! dead4 ,b no mod]n description c give an idea ( ! p>oxysm ( excitem5t2 ! /ories mu/ be read 9 ! *ronicles !mselves4 ,yet1 /rangely en\gh1 su* 0 ! /r5g? ( ! mat]iali/ic inh]itance f ! ,empire1 t ,b]n>d does n always seem fully to h believ$ 9 himself4 ,he 0 t+$ ) "s %ade ( scepticism4 ,! meet+ at ,vzelay 0 held on ,m>* #bd1 #aadf4 ,f\r weeks lat]1 on ,april #ba1 at a c\ncil held at ,*>tres1 ! comm& ( ! army to invade ,pale/9e 0 (f]$ to ! ,abbot ( ,clairvaux4 ,_h ! sa9t ?or\ghly believ$ 9 himself & 8 twelve legions ( angels1 he w\ld n h hesitat$1 = no enemy c\ld h )/ood ,god4 ,9 fact he 0 panic-/rick51 & wrote a lett] to ! pope :i* might befit a mod]n cl]gyman4 ,aft] expla9+ t he _h be5 *os5 comm&] aga9/ 8 w1 he exclaim$1 8,:o am ,i1 t ,i %\ld set camps 9 ord]1 or %\ld m>* be=e arm$ m58 ,or :at is s remote f my pr(ession1 ev5 _h ,i ! /r5g?1 & ! k 7 n lack+8444 ,i besee* y1 by t *>ity y especially owe me1 t y d n ab&on me to ! wills ( m540#aah ,dur+ #aadf & #aadg two va/ mix$ multitudes1 sw>m+ ) crim9als & wom51 ga!r$ at ,metz & ,ratisbon4 ,z a fight+ =ce ^! ho/s 7 decid$ly inf]ior to ! b&s :i* _h left ,europe fifty ye>s be=e1 "u ,tancr$ & ,godfrey de ,b\illon1 & !y 7 besides comm&$ by ! semi-emasculat$ ,k+ ( ,france4 ,! ,g]mans _c be consid]$ z hav+ tak5 any "p 9 ! w>1 = !y p]i%$ )\t hav+ /ruck a bl[4 ,! ,greek emp]or caus$ !m to be lur$ into ! m\nta9s ( ,asia ,m9or1 :]e !y 7 ab&on$ by _! guides1 & wa/$ away f exposure1 hung]1 & ?ir/1 until ! ,s>ac5s de/roy$ !m )\t all[+ !m to come to battle4 ,! ,fr5* f>$ little bett]4 ,9 cross+ ! ,cadmus ,m\nta9s1 _! lack ( discipl9e occasion$ a defeat1 :i* made ,william ( ,tyre wond] at ! ways ( ,god4 8,to no "o %\ld ! ?+s done by our ,"l be displeas+1 = all 8 works are "r & good1 b accord+ to ! judgm5t ( m5 x 0 m>vell\s h[ our ,"l p]mitt$ ! ,franks 7:o are ! p 9 ! _w :o believe 9 him & hon\r him mo/7 to be ?us de/roy$ by ! enemies ( ! fai?40#aai ,soon aft] ?is *eck ,l\is 0 jo9$ by ! ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,temple1 "u ^: guidance he rea*$ ,atalia1 a ,greek port 9 ,pamphylia3 & "h1 _h ! k+ be5 a rationali/1 he w\ld h /orm$ ! t[n & us$ x z a base ( op]ations aga9/ ,syria4 ,9 ! eyes ( laym51 ! undisguis$ ho/ility ( ! emp]or w\ld h fully ju/ifi$ su* an attack4 ,b ,l\is 0 a devotee1 b\nd by a v[ to ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 my/ic =mula1 & "o "p ( 8 v[ 0 n to attack ,*ri/ians dur+ 8 pilgrimage4 ,9 8 m9d ! dang] ( disa/] f sup]natural displeasure 0 great] ?an ! /rategic advantage2 & s he all[$ 8 army to rot be=e ! walls 9 ! dead ( w9t]1 )\t t5ts or supplies1 until x wa/$ to a %ad[ ( its =m] /r5g?4 ,f9ally ! gov]nor contract$ to provide %ipp+1 b he delay$ = ano!r five weeks1 & :5 ! transports came !y 7 too few4 ,ev5 !n ,l\is w\ld n /rike1 b ab&on+ ! poor & sick to _! fate1 he sail$ away ) ! fl[] ( 8 troops1 & by spr+ ! corpses ( ^? :om he _h des]t$ br$ a pe/il5ce :i* depopulat$ ! city4 ,:5 he arriv$ at ,antio* new humiliations & disa/]s await$ him4 ,raymond de ,poiti]s 0 "o ( ! h&some/ & mo/ gift$ m5 ( ?is "t4 ,affable1 c\rte\s1 brave1 & sagaci\s1 9 _m respects a great capta91 8 fail+ 0 a hot temp]1 :i* l$ him to 8 ru94 ,he =sook ,joscel9 ?r\gh jeal\sy1 & ! fall ( ,edessa co/ him ?rone & life4 ,aft] ! successes ( ,z5ghi1 a v %ort exp]i5ce ( ,n\r-ed-,d9 suffic$ to conv9ce ,pr9ce ,raymond t ,antio* c\ld n be held )\t re-e/abli%+ ! fronti]2 & :5 ,l\is arriv$1 ,raymond tri$ h>d to p]suade him to ab&on 8 pilgrimage = t season1 & make a campaign 9 ! nor?4 ,william ( ,tyre ?\ght ! plan good1 & believ$ t ! ,s>ac5s 71 = ! mom5t1 too demoraliz$ to resi/4 ,evid5tly1 by advanc+ f ,antio*1 ,n\r-ed-,d9 c\ld h be5 isolat$1 :]eas on ! s\? he 0 cov]$ by ,damascus1 "o ( ! /ronge/ places 9 ! ,ea/4 ,su* consid]ations _h no weight ) ,l\is1 =1 to 8 emotional temp]am5t1 milit>y /rategy lay 9 obta9+ sup]natural aid1 )\t :i* no wisdom c\ld avail1 & ) :i* victory 0 sure4 ,he !re=e insi/$ on ! punctili\s p]=mance ( ! religi\s rites1 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ passages 9 ,william ( ,tyre is ! acc\nt ( ! int]view betwe5 him & ,raymond1 :5 a movem5t aga9/ ! cities ( ! nor? 0 discuss$4 8,! pr9ce1 :o _h tri$ ! temp] ( ! k+ sev]al times privately1 & n f\nd :at he want$1 came "o day to him be=e 8 b>ons & made 8 reque/s to ! be/ ( 8 p[]4 ,_m reasons he %[$ t if he w\ld agree1 he w\ld d 8 s\l mu* good1 & w\ld w9 ! applause ( 8 age2 ,*ri/5dom w\ld be s b5efit$ by ?is ?+4 ,! k+ took c\nsel1 & !n he answ]$ t he 0 v[$ to ! ,sepul*re1 & _h tak5 ! cross p>ticul>ly to g !re2 t1 s9ce he _h left 8 c\ntry1 he _h met ) _m h9drances1 & t he _h no wi% to beg9 any w>s until he _h p]fect$ 8 pilgrimage40#abj ,?is refusal s exasp]at$ ,pr9ce ,raymond t he ?rew (f all disguise1 & became ! av[$ lov] ( ! que51 :o dete/$ h] husb&4 ,l\is1 %ortly aft]w>d1 escap$ by night f ,antio*1 tak+ ,eleanor ) him by =ce1 & ?us ! only hope = ! recov]y ( ,edessa 0 lo/4 ,= ! emotionali/ ev]y?+ yield$ to ! transc5d5t importance ( propitiatory rites2 !re=e ,l\is asc5d$ ,calv>y1 kiss$ ! /ones1 inton$ ! *ants1 receiv$ ! b5$iction1 & lo/ ,pale/9e4 ,?us1 by ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ideali/ _h begun to flag 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,an attempt1 inde$1 0 aft]w>ds made ^u ,damascus1 b x only s]v$ to expose ! weakness ( ! m5 :o reli$ on magic4 ,by ! "t ! advance began1 confid5ce _h be5 re/or$ among ! ,s>ac5s1 ! attack 0 repuls$1 & ,n\r-ed-,d9 _h only to move f ! nor? to ?r[ ! crusad]s back ^u ,j]usalem1 cov]$ ) ridicule4 ,no?+ conveys s vivid an idea ( ! %ock ^! rev]ses gave believ]s1 z ! words 9 :i* ,sa9t ,b]n>d def5d$ 8 prophecies4 8,d !y n say among ! pagans1 :]e is _! ,god8 ,nor is x wond]ful4 ,! sons ( ! ,*ur*1 :o are kn[n by ! "n ( ,*ri/ians1 are laid l[ 9 ! des]t1 de/roy$ by ! sword1 or consum$ by fam9e4 ,! ,"l ha? p\r$ contempt ^u pr9ces1 & ha? caus$ !m to w&] 9 ! wild]ness1 :]e !re is no way4 ,grief & mis=tune h foll[$ _! /eps1 fe> & confusion h be5 9 ! palaces ( ! k+s !mselves4 ,h[ h ! feet /ray$ ( ^? promis+ peace & bless+s4 ,we h said peace & !re is no peace1 we h promis$ good =tune & behold tribulation1 z if we _h act$ 9 ?is matt] ) ra%ness & levity4444 ,yet if "o ( two ?+s mu/ be1 ,i pref] to h m5 murmur aga9/ me r ?an ,god4 ,x is good if ,i am wor?y to be us$ z a %ield4 ,i take will+ly ! sl&]s ( detractors1 & ! poison$ /+s ( blasphem]s1 t !y may n rea* him4 ,i d n %r9k f loss ( glory t 8 may n be attack$1 :o gives x to me to be glorifi$ 9 ! words ( ! ,psalmi/3 #8,because = ?y sake ,i h borne reproa*2 %ame ha? cov]$ my face4'0#aba ,accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,william ( ,tyre1 bo? sides felt ! end to be ne>4 ,aft] ! failure ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 ,pr9ce ,raymond 0 ! fir/ to g d[n be=e ! /orm he _h too late se5 ga!r+4 ,n\r-ed-,d9 fell ^u 8 c\ntry ) fire & sword1 defeat$ him1 cut (f 8 head & "r arm1 & s5t !m to ,bagdad z trophies4 ,! wret*$ ,joscel9 di$ 9 a dungeon at ,aleppo1 :ile ,n\r-ed-,d9 ent]$ ,damascus1 & ?us consolidat$ ! ,syrian cities ( ! pla94 ,!nce=w>d ! dec5traliz$ ,franks lay helpless 9 ! grasp ( _! compact adv]s>y1 & all t 0 imag9ative 9 ! ,middle ,ages receiv$ its dea?-w\nd at ,tib]ias4 ,t action 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! decay ( feti%-wor%ip4 ,! crusad]s believ$ !y _h f\nd ! cross on :i* ,*ri/ di$ at ,j]usalem4 ,!y v5]at$ x z a *>m no less p[]ful ?an ! ,sepul*re itself1 & hav+ ?is advantage ov] ! tomb1 t x 0 portable4 ,!y ?\ght x inv9cible1 & us$ x n only z a weapon aga9/ liv+ enemies1 b z a means ( controll+ nature4 ,a rem>kable example ( ! magical prop]ties ( ?is relic 0 giv5 9 ! retreat f ,bosra4 ,baldw9 ,,iii4 0 cr[n$ 9 #aadd1 :5 only ?irte54 ,! k+dom 0 !n at peace ) ,damascus1 9 ^: t]ritory ,bosra lay2 b1 not)/&+1 ! *ild's advis]s eag]ly li/5$ to ! (f] ( ! emir 9 comm& to betray ! t[n1 & ha/5$ =w>d ! dep>ture ( an exp$ition1 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ! envoys f ,damascus4 ,on ! m>* ! troops suff]$ sev]ely f heat & ?ir/1 & on _! arrival 7 appall$ to f9d a loyal g>rison4 ,a siege 0 out ( ! "q1 & a regul> retreat s haz>d\s t ! b>ons bes\ght ! k+ to fly & save ! cross2 b ! boy refus$1 & /ay$ ) 8 m5 to fight to ! la/4 ,! outlook 0 t]rible1 = ! vegetation 0 dry1 & :5 ! m>* began-- 8,! ,turks ?rew ,greek fire ev]y:]e1 s t x seem$ z if ! :ole c\ntry burn$4 ,! high flames & ?ick smoke bl9d$ our m54 ,!n 7 !y s beset !y knew n :at to d4 ,b :5 !re is great ne$1 & m5's help fails1 !n %\ld "o seek aid ( our ,"l1 & cry to him to c>e = u2 s did our ,*ri/ians !n2 = !y call$ ! ,ar*bi%op ,rob]t ( ,naz>e?1 :o c>ri$ ! true cross be=e !m1 & begg$ him t he w\ld pray our ,"l1 :o to save !m _h suff]$ dea? ^u t cross1 t he w\ld br+ !m f ?is p]il2 = !y c\ld n endure x1 nor did !y look = o!r help ?an 84 ,truly1 !y 7 !re all black & scor*$1 l smi?s1 f ! fire & smoke4 ,! ar*bi%op dism\nt$ & kneel$ d[n1 & pray$ our ,"l ) _m te>s t he w\ld h m]cy on 8 p2 !n he arose & held ! true cross t[>d ! fire :i* ! w9d br\ght /rongly aga9/ !m4 ,our ,"l by 8 great m]cy reg>d$ 8 p 9 ! great p]il :i* !y suff]$2 = ! w9d *ang$ /raightway & blew ! fire & smoke into ! faces ( ! enemy :o _h light$ x1 s t !y 7 =c$ to scatt] ov] ! c\ntry & fly4 ,our m51 :5 !y saw ?is1 wept = joy1 = !y p]ceiv$ t our ,"l _h n =gott5 !m40 ,ev5 !n !y 7 9 extreme p]il1 = b "o way 0 op51 = :i* !y _h no guide4 ,sudd5ly1 a 8knight appe>$ be=e ! troop :om no "o 9 ! ho/ knew4 ,he sat a :ite horse1 & c>ri$ a crimson bann]1 he wore a haub]k1 ^: sleeves came only to ! elb[4 ,he (f]$ to guide !m1 & he put himself 9 front2 he br\ght !m to cool sweet spr+s2 444 he made !m sleep 9 com=table & good places4 ,& he s guid$ !m t on ! ?ird day !y came to ! city ( ,gadre40#abb ,! mighty relic ( ! cross 0 tak5 & defil$ by ! ,s>ac5s at ,hatt91 :]e ! ,*ri/ians suff]$ a decisive defeat1 caus$ by ! impot5ce ( ! c5tral adm9i/ration at ,j]usalem4 ,reg9ald de ,*atillon 0 ! type ( ! twelf? c5tury adv5tur]4 ,he came to ,pale/9e 9 ! tra9 ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 & he /ay$ !re because he m>ri$ a pr9cess4 ,he 0 a brave soldi]1 b gre$y1 viol5t1 & ra%1 & 8 insubord9ation precipitat$ ! cata/rophe :i* l$ to ! fall ( ! capital4 ,at ! siege ( ,ascalon he s fasc9at$ ,con/ance1 ,pr9cess ( ,antio*1 wid[ ( ,raymond1 t %e p]si/$ 9 m>ry+ him1 al?\gh %e 0 s\ght by _m ( ! greate/ nobles1 & he 0 only a knight4 ,h] *oice 0 disa/r\s4 ,he _h h>dly ent]$ on 8 gov]nm5t 9 ! nor? be=e he qu>rell$ ) ! ,greek emp]or1 :o =c$ him to d p5ance ) a rope ab\t 8 neck4 ,aft]w>d he 0 tak5 prison] by ,n\r-ed-,d91 :o only lib]at$ him aft] sixte5 ye>s1 :5 8 wife 0 dead4 ,he soon m>ri$ aga91 ?is "t also ano!r great heiress1 ,eti5nette de ,milly1 ,lady ( ,k>ak & ,montral1 &1 z h] husb&1 ,reg9ald became comm&] ( ! =tress ( ,k>ak to ! ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* =m$ ! def5ce aga9/ ,egypt4 ,b z ! comm&] ( s important a po/1 ?is reckless & rapaci\s adv5tur] defi$ ! au?ority ( 8 feudal sup]ior1 & by plund]+ c>avans on ! ,damascus road s irritat$ ,salad9 t 89 #aahg he bur/1 ) a p[]ful army1 into ! ,holy ,l&1 made ,k+ ,guy prison]1 & ! ,pr9ce ,reg9ald1 ^: head he cut (f ) 8 own h&40#abc ,guy de ,lusignan _h be5 cr[n$ at ,j]usalem ! ye> be=e ,salad9's invasion1 & :5 w> broke out he 0 at feud ) ! ,c\nt ( ,tripoli4 ,! imm95ce ( ! common dang] br\ght ab\t "s semblance ( cohesion among ! nobles1 :o agre$ to put e available man 9 ! field4 ,! ca/les 7 /ripp$ ( _! g>risons s t !y 7 indef5sible 9 case ( rev]se1 & ab\t fifty ?\s& troops 7 conc5trat$ at ,sepphoris 9 ,galilee4 ,! cont+5ts ( ! ,temple & ,hospital 7 well organiz$ & well discipl9$1 b ! army1 z a :ole1 0 r a loose ga!r+ ( ! reta9]s ( ?irty or =ty indep5d5t *iefs1 ?an a compact mass1 subject to a s+le w1 su* z ! ,egyptian rev5ues enabl$ ,salad9 to put 9 ! field4 ,sudd5ly news came to ,sepphoris1 t ! ,s>ac5s _h p\r$ ?r\gh ! pass ( ,banias & lay be=e ,tib]ias4 ,diss5sions broke out at once1 :i* ,guy de ,lusignan c\ld n control4 ,he 0 n a man ( /rong "*1 & _h he be51 he 0 only "o among a doz5 pr9ces1 any "o ( :om c\ld quit ! army & retire to 8 ca/le if he felt s dispos$4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,tripoli1 :o seems to h be5 ! able/ soldi] among ! ,franks1 saw ! folly ( leav+ wat] & m>*+ across a burn+ c\ntry "u a ,july sun1 in/ead ( wait+ to be attack$4 ,z he repres5t$1 he ( all m5 0 mo/ int]e/$ 9 reliev+ ,tib]ias1 = x 0 8 t[n1 & 8 wife 0 )9 ! walls2 yet su* 0 ! jeal\sy ( him 9 ! ,lat9 camp t 8 advice 0 reject$1 & an advance began on ,july #c1 #aahg4 ,?ree miles f ,tib]ias ! action op5$ by a furi\s attack on ! re>gu>d1 =m$ by ! ,temple & ! ,hospital4 ,:5 !y gave gr\nd ,guy lo/ he>t & ord]$ a halt4 ,! night :i* foll[$ 0 frightful4 ,! ,moslems fir$ ! dry und]gr[?1 &1 amid/ flames & smoke1 ! ,franks lay till dawn1 torm5t$ by hung] & ?ir/1 & expos$ to cl\ds ( arr[s :i* ! enemy p\r$ 9 on !m4 ,at dawn fight+ began aga91 b ! demoraliz$ infantry fl$ to a hill1 :5ce !y refus$ to move4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,tripoli1 see+ ! battle lo/1 cut 8 way out ) a b& ( 8 foll[]s1 b ,guy de ,lusignan1 ,reg9ald de ,*atillon1 & a multitude ( knights & nobles 7 captur$4 ,! ord]s 7 practically annihilat$1 ! :ole able-bodi$ population cut to pieces1 & ! holy cross1 :i* _h be5 borne be=e ! ho/ z an inv9cible eng9e ( w>1 0 seiz$ & defil$ on ! m\nta9 :]e ,jesus taught 8 disciples to love _! enemies4 ,emmad-,edd91 an ,arabic hi/orian1 has describ$ ! v5]ation ( ! ,*ri/ians = _! talisman1 _! adoration ( x 9 peace1 & _! devotion to x 9 battles2 & 8 words help a mod]n g5]ation to conceive ! %ock its wor%ipp]s receiv$ :5 x betray$ its helplessness4 8,! great cross 0 tak5 be=e ! k+1 & _m ( ! impi\s s\ght dea? ab\t x4 ,:5 x 0 held al(t ! infidels b5t ! knee & b[$ ! head4 ,!y _h enri*$ x ) gold & jewels2 !y c>ri$ x on days ( great solemnity1 & look$ ^u x z _! fir/ duty to def5d x 9 battle4 ,! capture ( ?is cross 0 m griev\s to !m ?an ! capture ( _! k+40 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,con/ant9ople ,mo/ writ]s on ! crusades h notic$ ! *ange :i* foll[$ ! battle ( ,tib]ias4 ,pigeonneau1 = example1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce1 po9t$ out t1 aft] ! loss ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,*ri/ians 8became m & m int5t on economic int]e/s10 & ! 8crusades became m & m political & comm]cial1 r ?an religi\s1 exp$itions40 #abd ,9 o!r words1 :5 dec5tralization rea*$ its limit1 ! =m ( competition *ang$1 & consolidation began4 ,) ! reop5+ ( ! valley ( ! ,danube1 ! curr5t turn$4 ,at fir/ ! tide ran feebly1 b aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,holy ,l& ! *annels ( trade alt]$2 capital began to accumulate2 & by ! ?irte5? c5tury money controll$ ,pale/9e & ,italy1 & 0 rapidly subdu+ ,france4 ,heyd rem>k$ t 8! comm]ce to ! ,levant took a leap1 dur+ ! crusades1 ( :i* ! bolde/ imag9ation c\ld h>dly h dream$ %ortly be=e10#abe because ! possession ( ! ,syrian ports br\ght ,europe into direct communication ) ,asia1 & accel]at$ ex*anges4 ,f ! dawn ( ,european hi/ory to ! rise ( mod]n ,london1 ! ,ea/]n trade has enri*$ e community :]e x has c5tr$1 &1 among o!rs1 ,nor? ,italy 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa1 & ,pisa 7 its creations4 ,9 ! ye> #deb1 :5 ! b>b>ian migrations 7 fl[+ ov] ! ,roman prov9ces 9 /eadily increas+ volume1 ! ,huns sack$ ,aquileia1 & ! inhabitants ( ! ravag$ di/ricts fl$ = %elt] to ! isl&s :i* lie 9 ! %all[ wat] at ! head ( ! ,adriatic4 ,= _m g5]ations ^! fugitives rema9$ poor1 subsi/+ ma9ly on fi%1 & sell+ salt z _! only product2 b gradually !y develop$ into a race highly adapt$ to fl\ri% "u ! conditions :i* began to prevail aft] ! c\ncil ( ,cl]mont4 ,isolat$ save t[>d ! sea1 )\t agriculture or m9es1 b two pa?s 7 op5 to !m1 piracy & comm]ce3 & !y excell$ 9 bo?4 ,by ! reign ( ,*>lemagne !y 7 prosp]\s2 & :5 ! clos+ ( ! valley ( ! ,danube =c$ traffic to g by sea1 ,v5ice & ,amalfi obta9$ a monopoly ( :at 0 left ( ! ,ea/]n trade4 ,= _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 t trade 0 n highly lucrative4 ,?\gh ,rome always (f]$ a c]ta9 m>ket = brocades = ve/m5ts & = alt> cov]+s1 = inc5se1 & jewels = %r9es1 ready money 0 sc>ce1 ! ,we/ hav+ few products :i* ,asiatics or ,africans 7 will+ to take 9 ex*ange = _! goods4 ,!re=e x 0 n ?r\gh ent]prises sanction$ by ! prie/hood1 t ,v5ice won 9 ! economic competition :i* began to prevail 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,v5etians prosp]$ because !y 7 bold] & m unscrupul\s ?an _! neighb\rs4 ,!y did )\t compunction :at 0 ne$ful = ga91 ev5 :5 ! ne$ful ?+ 0 a damnable crime 9 ! eyes ( ! dev\t4 ,! valley ( ! ,nile1 ?\gh f]tile1 produces nei!r wood nor iron1 nor m5 ( ! fight+ type2 = ^! ! caliphs 7 ready to pay1 & ! ,v5etians provid$ !m all4 ,ev5 z e>ly z #iga deal+s ) ! common enemy 9 mat]ial ( w> _h rea*$ proportions :i* n only /imulat$ ! ,emp]or ,john ,zimisces to en]getic diplomatic remon/rance1 b made him ?reat5 to burn all ! %ips he captur$ lad5 ) suspici\s c>goes4 ,to sell timb] = %ips1 & iron = swords1 to ! ,s>ac5s1 0 a mortal s9 9 *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur*2 b su* a s9 0 z no?+ beside ! infamy ( kidnapp+ believ]s z slaves = infidels1 :o made !m soldi]s to fight aga9/ _! ,god4 ,*>lemagne & ! popes aft] him tri$ to suppress ! traffic1 b )\t avail4 ,slav+ 0 s lucrative t x 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! /reets ( ,rome h]self1#abf & 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury two ?\s& ,europeans 7 annually dispos$ ( 9 ,damietta & ,alex&ria1 f :om ! ,mamelukes1 ! f9e/ corps ( soldi]s 9 ! ,ea/1 7 recruit$4 ,?us a race grew up 9 ,italy1 :i* diff]$ f ! p ( ,france & ,g]many because ( ! abs5ce ( ^? qualities :i* _h caus$ ! ,g]mans to survive :5 ! inhabitants ( ! ,empire decay$4 ,! m$ival ,italians prosp]$ because !y 7 lack+ 9 ! imag9ation :i* made ! ,nor!rn peoples subs]vi5t to ! miracle-work]1 & among m$ival ,italians ! ,v5etians1 f _! expos$ position1 came to be ! mo/ d>+1 en]getic1 & unscrupul\s4 ,by ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury _! fleet 0 s sup]ior to ! ,greek1 t ! ,emp]or ,alexis _h to confide to !m ! def5ce ( ! h>b\r ( ,durazzo aga9/ ,rob]t ,guisc>d4 ,guisc>d attack$ ,durazzo 9 #ajha1 at ! "t ( ! revolution :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! debasem5t ( ! ,byzant9e co9age2 & ! demon/ration t ,v5ice _h already absorb$ mo/ ( ! c>ry+ trade1 seems to prove t1 dur+ ! la/ half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ! c5tre ( ex*anges _h a pron\nc$ t5d5cy to ab&on ,con/ant9ople4 ,moreov]1 ! result ( ! campaign %[$ t ! ,v5etian navy 0 ! /ronge/ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ?is 0 ( vital mom5t to ! success ( ! crusades tw5ty ye>s lat]1 =1 )\t ! comm& ( ! sea1 ! p]man5t occupation ( ,pale/9e w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,aft] ! capture ( ,j]usalem 9 #ajii1 almo/ ! fir/ op]ations ( ,godfrey de ,b\illon 7 aga9/ ! ,syrian ports2 b z he controll$ too small a =ce to act alone1 he made a treaty ) ,v5ice1 by :i*1 9 consid]ation ( two hundr$ %ips1 he promis$ to c$e to h] a ?ird "p ( e t[n tak54 ,baldw9 made a simil> arrangem5t ) ! ,g5oese1 &1 z ! coa/ 0 subdu$1 ! ,italian cities assum$ _! grants1 & e/abli%$ _! adm9i/rations4 ,9 ! end ! ,v5etians pr$om9at$ at ,tyre1 ! ,g5oese at ,acre1 & ! ,pisans at ,antio*4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! spices1 drugs1 brocades1 c>pets1 porcela9s1 & gems ( ,india & ,*9a1 rea*$ ! ,m$it]ranean ma9ly by two r\tes4 ,"o by way ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,bagdad1 up ! ,euphrates to ,rakka1 & by l& to ,aleppo1 :5ce !y 7 convey$ by c>avan ei!r to ,antio* or ,damascus4 ,damascus1 beside be+ ! />t+-place ( c>avans = ,mecca & ,egypt1 & ! emporium = ! products ( ,p]sia1 _h important manufactures ( its own4 ,its glass1 porcela91 /eel1 & brocades 7 fam\s1 & x 0 a *ief m>ket = furs1 :i* 7 highly priz$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 heat+ 0 n und]/ood4 ,! second r\te 0 by wat]4 ,indian m]*ants usually sold _! c>goes at ,ad51 :5ce !y 7 tak5 to a port 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 float$ d[n ! ,nile to ,cairo1 & b\ght by ,europeans at ,damietta or ,alex&ria4 ,! products ( ,egypt itself 7 valuable1 & next to ,con/ant9ople1 ,cairo 0 ! ri*e/ city we/ ( ! ,indus4 ,:at ,europe gave to ! ,ori5tals 9 return is n s well kn[n2 b1 beside raw mat]ials & slaves1 h] wooll5s 7 mu* e/eem$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ex*anges mu/ h become m fav\rable to h]1 z is prov$ by ! increas$ supply ( ! preci\s metals4 ,:y ! %ort p]iod ( expansion1 :i* foll[$ ^u ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! silv] /&>d 9 ! ,we/1 %\ld h be5 succe$$ by a %>p contraction is unkn[n1 b ! fact seems prov$ by ! co9age4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>lemagne a silv] p\nd ( #gfhj gra9s 0 made ! monet>y unit1 :i* 0 divid$ into #bdj d5>ii1 or p5ce4#abg ,= "s "t ^! p5ce 7 tol]ably ma9ta9$1 b z ! empire ( ,*>lemagne dis9tegrat$1 !y det]iorat$ until1 by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ^? co9$ at ,v5ice 7 b a qu>t] ( _! orig9al weight & ?ree p>ts alloy4#abh ,aft] ,hatt9 a new expansion began1 9 :i* ,v5ice took ! lead4 ,! battle 0 f\ght 9 #aahg1 & "s ye>s lat]1 b probably be=e #abjj1 ! grosso 0 /ruck1 a piece ( f9e silv]1 ( good weight1 :i* !reaft] 0 ma9ta9$ at ! /&>d4 ,half a c5tury lat] gold appe>$4 ,flor5ce co9$ ! flor9 9 #abeb1 ,v5ice ! ducat 9 #abhd1 & betwe5 ! two dates1 ,sa9t ,l\is issu$ 8 cr[ns4 ,! return ( ! preci\s metals to ! ,we/ indicat$ a revival ( trade & a *ange 9 ! =m ( competition4 ,in/ead ( ! imag9ation1 ! economic faculty began to pr$om9ate1 & en]gy *ose money z its v5t4 ,)9 a g5]ation ! miracle fell decisively 9 p[]1 & ! beg9n+ ( ?is mo/ crucial ( social revolutions is visible 9 ! ?ird crusade1 ! fam\s exp$ition l$ by ,philip ,augu/us & ,cur de ,lion4 ,^! two great soldi]s probably le>n$ ! art ( =tification at ! siege ( ,acre1 ! mo/ rem>kable passage ( arms ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! siege is said to h co/ "o hundr$ ?\s& lives1 & c]ta9ly call$ =? all ! eng9e]+ skill ( ! "t4 ,guy de ,lusignan1 hav+ be5 lib]at$ by ,salad9 soon aft] ,hatt91 w&]$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 ab&on$ & =lorn1 until at la/ he sat d[n be=e ,acre1 9 #aahi1 ) a =ce inf]ior to ! g>rison4 ,!re he 0 jo9$ by ! k+s ( ,france & ,engl&1 :o succe$$ 9 captur+ ! city aft] a desp]ate def5ce ( two ye>s4 ,an imm5se booty 0 tak51 b ! cl]gy compla9$ t two secul> pr9ces _h embezzl$ ! h]itage ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! troops _h n receiv$ ! usual assi/ance f miracles2 = ?\gh assaults 7 deliv]$ almo/ daily1 none 7 work$1 & ! ,virg9 h]self only appe>$ once1 & !n s quietly z to ar\se no en?usiasm4 ,aft] ! surr5d] ,philip w5t home1 :ile ,ri*>d rema9$ 9 comm&4 ,! :ole c\ntry _h be5 ov]run1 only a few /rongholds l ! ,krak des ,*evali]s & ,tortosa held out2 & ,ri*>d1 f> f foll[+ ! example ( ! fir/ crusad]s1 :o m>*$ /raight = ! relics at ,j]usalem1 turn$ 8 att5tion to re-e/abli%+ ! c5tres ( trade ^u ! coa/4 ,he mov$ s\? along ! %ore1 keep+ close to 8 fleet1 ) ! enemy foll[+ on ! m\nta9s4 ,z he approa*$ ,joppa1 ! ,s>ac5s desc5d$ into ! pla9 & gave battle4 ,!y 7 decisively defeat$1 & ,ri*>d occupi$ ,joppa )\t resi/ance4 ,f ,joppa ! road ran direct to ,j]usalem4 ,! way 0 n long nor ! c\ntry difficult1 & !re is no reason to suppose an attack to h be5 p>ticul>ly haz>d\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ,ri*>d advanc$1 ! opposition 0 n unusually /ubborn1 & he actually pursu$ ! enemy to )9 sight ( ! walls4 ,yet he resolutely resi/$ ! pressure ( ! cl]gy to und]take a siege1 ! inf]5ce be+ t ! p[] :i* controll$ him held ,j]usalem to be wor?less4 ,t p[] mu/ h be5 capital1 = ! treaty :i* he negotiat$ 0 z frankly m]c5>y z ?\gh made 9 mod]n times4 ,! seabo>d f ,tyre to ,joppa 0 c$$ to ! ,franks2 ,ascalon1 :i* 0 ! key to ,egypt1 0 dismantl$1 & ! only m5tion made ( ,j]usalem 0 t x %\ld be op5 to pilgrims 9 ! future1 z x _h be5 9 ! pa/4 ,( ! cross1 :i* fifty ye>s be=e _h be5 priz$ above all ! treasures ( ! ,ea/1 n a ^w 0 said1 nor does x appe> t1 aft] ,hatt91 ei!r ,infidels or ,*ri/ians atta*$ a money value to x4 ,"s *ronicl]s h insi/$ t ,ri*>d felt remorse at ?us ab&on+ 8 ,god2 & :51 9 a skirmi%1 he saw ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 !y relat$ t he hid 8 face & wept4 ,he may h done s1 b1 dur+ 8 life1 ! "t came :5 ,*ri/ian knights felt naught b exultation at hav+ successfully b>t]$ ! ,sepul*re = money4 ,aft] ,ri*>d's dep>ture1 ! situation ( ! ,franks 9 ! ,holy ,l& w5t rapidly f bad to worse4 ,! decay ( fai? con/antly relax$ ! bond :i* _h once unit$ !m aga9/ ! ,moslems1 :ile !y 7 divid$ among/ !mselves by comm]cial jeal\sies4 ,! ,temple & ! ,hospital c>ri$ on p]petual private w>s ab\t disput$ prop]ty1 ! f\r? crusade misc>ri$1 & ! g>rison ( ,joppa 0 massacr$1 :ile ,europe look$ on ) indiff]5ce4 ,:5 ?is po9t 0 rea*$1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation seems to h r\s$ ! cl]gy to ! fact t _! fate 0 b\nd up ) ! fate ( ! holy places3 if ! miracle 7 discr$it$1 _! reign 0 at an end4 ,accord+ly1 ,innoc5t ,,iii41 on 8 election1 ?rew himself into a new agitation ) all ! int5sity ( 8 nature4 ,f\lques de ,neuilly 0 *os5 to prea*1 l ,sa9t ,b]n>d2 b 8 success1 at fir/1 0 n flatt]+4 ,he 0 insult$ publicly by ,ri*>d1 & 0 ev5 accus$ ( hav+ embezzl$ ! funds entru/$ to him4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! ye> #aaii1 ,tybalt1 ,c\nt ( ,*ampagne1 & ,l\is1 ,c\nt ( ,blois1 took ! cross at a t\rnam5t !y 7 hold+ at ! ca/le ( ,ecry4 ,!y soon 7 jo9$ by o!rs1 b probably ! mo/ fam\s b>on ( ! pilgrimage 0 ,simon de ,mont=t4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ! great fiefs _h n be5 absorb$1 & ! ,c\nt ( ,*ampagne 0 a p[]ful sov]eign4 ,he 0 !re=e *os5 lead] ( ! exp$ition1 &1 at a meet+ held at ,compigne1 ! ?ree *ief pr9ces agre$ to s5d a committee ( six to ,v5ice to contract = transportation4 ,9 ?is committee1 ,ville-,h>d\91 :o wrote ! *ronicle ( ! w>1 repres5t$ ,tybalt4 ,! doge 0 !n ,h5ry ,d&olo1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable man ,v5ice ev] produc$4 ,?\gh ne>ly n9ety-five1 he 0 z vigor\s z 9 middle life4 ,a mat]iali/ & a sceptic1 he 0 ! be/ sailor1 ! able/ diplomati/1 & ! ke5e/ speculator 9 ,europe2 & :ile1 z a /atesman & a comm&]1 he rais$ 8 c\ntry to ! p9nacle ( glory1 he prov$ himself ! easy sup]ior ( ,innoc5t ,,iii4 9 intrigue4 ,s em95t 7 8 abilities t1 by common cons5t1 he 0 *os5 lead] ( a =ce :i* held "s ( ! =emo/ capta9s ( ! age2 & :51 by 8 sagacity1 ,con/ant9ople _h be5 captur$1 he refus$ ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,ville-,h>d\9 always spoke ( him ) deep respect z 8! good duke1 exce$+ wise & prud5t20 &1 inde$1 )\t him ! ,franki% pr9ces w\ld c]ta9ly h fall5 victims to ! cunn+ ( ! ,greeks1 :om he alone knew h[ to ov]-rea*1 & :om he hat$ because 8 eyes _h be5 se>$ by ! ,emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us1 :5 he _h be5 ^u a mission at 8 c\rt4 ,9 8 h&s ! ,franki% envoys 7 l *ildr51 bewild]$ by ! weal? & spl5d\r :i* surr\nd$ !m4 ,aft] /at+ _! err& to ,d&olo1 !y wait$ eight days = an answ]1 & 7 !n t5d]$ a contract :i* has ! look ( hav+ be5 "p ( a prem$itat$ plan to ensn>e ! crusad]s1 & make !m s]ve ! republic4 ,! ,v5etians b\nd !mselves to provide %ipp+ = #dejj knights ) _! horses1 #ijjj squires1 & #bj1jjj foot1 ) provisions = n9e mon?s1 = #he1jjj m>ks ( silv]2 probably ab\t equal to #e1ejj1jjj ( our money4 ,b beside ?is ! city propos$1 8= ! love ( ,god10 to add fifty galleys1 & divide ! conque/s equally4 ,:atev] its "*1 & h[ev] mu* su* obligations 7 beyond ! ability ( ! ,franks1 ! contract 0 execut$ & s5t to ,innoc5t = ratification1 :o approv$ x ) ! proviso t no ho/ilities %\ld be und]tak5 aga9/ ,*ri/ians dur+ ! crusade4 ,! pilgrims 7 to meet at ,v5ice 9 ! spr+4 ,:5 ,ville-,h>d\9 return$1 ,tybalt 0 dy+1 & 8 loss ?rew all into confusion4 ,possibly also ! suspicion spread t ! ,v5etians _h impos$ on ! committee1 = _m ( ! nobles sail$ f o!r ports :]e bett] t]ms 7 to be made1 among :om 0 ,reg9ald de ,dampi]re1 to :om ,tybalt _h confid$ 8 treasure4 ,s1 9 ! spr+ ( #abjb1 h>dly m ?an half ! knights pres5t$ !mselves at ,v5ice1 & ^! f\nd x q impossible to meet _! engagem5ts4 ,ev5 :5 ! pr9ces _h s5t _! plate & jewels to ! ,ducal ,palace1 a deficit1 e/imat$ at #cd1jjj m>ks1 rema9$4 ,on _! side ! ,v5etians decl9$ to make any abatem5t ( _! price1 b (f]$ z a compromise to give "t1 & collect ! balance f plund]4 ,z a prelim9>y !y propos$ an attack on ,z>a1 an ,adriatic port1 :i* _h revolt$ & transf]r$ its allegiance to ! ,k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,few propositions c\ld h be5 a great] outrage on ! ,*ur*4 ,n only 7 ! p ( ,z>a fell[-,*ri/ians1 aga9/ :om ! ,franks _h no compla9t1 b ! ,k+ ( ,hung>y 0 himself a crusad]1 8 dom9ions 7 "u ! protection ( ! pope1 & an attack on him 0 tantam\nt to an attack on ,rome h]self4 ,on ^! po9ts diff]5ce ( op9ion 0 impossible1 & ! papal legate1 ) all ! o!r ecclesia/ics1 d5\nc$ ! ,v5etians & ?reat5$ !m ) excommunication4 ,! result %[$ t =ce already express$ itself 9 ! ,we/ ?r\gh money1 & n ?r\gh ! imag9ation4 ,:at foll[$ is ! m int]e/+ s9ce x c be demon/rat$ t1 :5 beyond ! ,alps1 & )drawn f ! pressure ( capital1 ! ,fr5* b>ons 7 z emotional z ev]4 ,:ile ^! v negotiations 7 p5d+1 ! subjects ( ,philip ,augu/us _h des]t$ him 9 a mass1 & _h grovell$ be=e ,innoc5t z submissively z if he _h be5 ,hildebr&4 ,! fir/ wife ( ,philip ,augu/us 0 ,+eburga1 a ,dani% pr9cess1 = :om he _h an irrepressible dis9cl9ation4 ,9 #aaie he obta9$ a divorce f h]1 by an assembly ( prelates presid$ ov] by ! ,c>d9al ( ,*ampagne4 ,he !n m>ri$ ,agnes de ,mranie1 to :om he 0 devot$ly atta*$2 ,+eburga appeal$ to ,rome1 & ,innoc5t decl>$ ! divorce void1 & ord]$ ,philip to sep>ate 8f 8 concub9e40 ,philip refus$1 & ,innoc5t comm&$ 8 legate to put ! k+dom "u int]dict4 ,at ,vi5ne1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #abjj1 at ! dead ( night1 ! magical =mulas 7 recit$4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ ^u ! alt> _h be5 veil$1 ! sacr$ waf] burn$1 ! miracle-work+ corpses hidd5 9 ! crypt1 be=e ! %udd]+ p1 ! prie/ laid 8 curse ^u ! k+ until he %\ld put away 8 h>lot4 ,f t h\r all religi\s rites 7 susp5d$4 ,! *ur* doors 7 b>r$1 ! bells 7 sil5t1 ! sick di$ un%riv51 ! dead lay unburi$4 ,! k+ summon$ 8 bi%ops1 & ?reat5$ to drive !m f ,france3 x 0 ( no avail4 ,! b>ons %rank f him1 8 v m5-at-arms fell (f f him2 he 0 alone z ,h5ry _h be5 at ,canossa4 ,! p 7 fr5zi$1 & ev5 w5t to ,engl& to obta9 prie/ly aid4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,pon?ieu _h to m>ry ,philip's si/] at ,r\51 )9 ! ,norman jurisdiction4 ,9 8 extremity ,philip call$ a p>liam5t at ,p>is1 & ,agnes1 clad 9 m\rn+1 implor$ protection1 b n a man mov$2 a mortal t]ror 0 9 e he>t4 ,%e 0 !n 9 ! sev5? mon?4 ,! assembly decid$ t ! k+ mu/ submit1 & ,agnes supplicat$ ! pope n to divide h] f h] husb&2 ! cr[n1 %e said1 0 indiff]5t to h]4 ,b ?is 0 a /ruggle = supremacy1 & ,innoc5t 0 inexorable4 ,a c\ncil 0 conv5$ at ,nelle1 :]e ,philip promis$ to take back ,+eburga & "p f ,agnes4 ,he expla9$ t %e 0 pregnant1 & to leave ! realm might kill h]2 b ! prie/s dem&$ absolute submission1 & he swore ^u ! evangeli/s to see h] no m4 ,agnes1 brok5 by h] mis]y1 set =? = a ,norman ca/le1 :]e %e di$ 9 be>+ a son1 :om %e call$ ,tri/an1 f h] sorr[ at 8 bir?4 ,! soldi]1 :o belong$ to ! old imag9ative society1 _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 ! inc>nation ( ! imag9ation2 b ,d&olo 0 a diff]5t developm5t4 ,he 0 ! creation ( economic competition1 & he trampl$ ! cl]gy "u 8 feet4 ,al?\gh1 app>5tly1 pr(\ndly sceptical1 z ! man mu/ be :o is ! *annel ?r\gh :i* money acts1 he und]/ood h[ to play ^u ! imag9ations ( o!rs1 & arrang$ a solemn function to glorify ! ,sepul*re4 ,"o ,sunday he summon$ bo? citiz5s & pilgrims to ,sa9t ,m>k's1 & m\nt+ ! pulpit1 he address$ ! congregation4 8,my lords1 y are engag$ to ! greate/ p ( ! _w1 = ! highe/ ent]prise t ev] 0 und]tak52 & ,i am old & feeble1 & ne$ repose1 & am infirm 9 body2 b ,i see t none c comm& & control y z ,i c1 :o am y\r doge4 ,if y w p]mit me to take ! cross to lead y1 & let my son /ay "h 9 my place & conduct ! gov]nm5t1 ,i w g to live or die ) y1 & ) ! pilgrims40#abi ,ville-,h>d\9's simple *ronicle %[s h[ p]fectly ! old man knew 8 audi5ce3-- 8,!re 0 great pity among ! p ( ! c\ntry & ! pilgrims1 & _m te>s 7 %$1 because ?is wor?y man _h s mu* cause to /ay beh9d2 = he 0 old & 444 8 sight poor40#acj ,amid/ an outbur/ ( en?usiasm ass5t 0 giv54 ,!n1 :ile ! *ur* rang ) %\ts1 ,d&olo knelt be=e ! alt>1 9 a passion ( te>s fix$ ! cross to ! ducal bonnet1 & rose1 ! comm&] ( ! f9e/ army 9 ! _w4 ,& ,d&olo 0 a great comm&]2 a comm&] ( ! highe/ /amp4 ,he tol]at$ no insubord9ation1 & trod ! cl]gy d[n4 ,:5 ,pet] ( ,capua1 ! papal legate1 int]f]$1 ,d&olo /]nly told him t ! army ( ,*ri/ lack$ n = milit>y *iefs1 & t if prie/s w\ld /ay !re9 !y mu/ cont5t !mselves ) pray]s4 ,a ,ci/]cian monk1 nam$ ,gun!r1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ to foll[ 8 abbot on ! pilgrimage1 kept a *ronicle ( :at he saw4 ,8 sup]ior1 nam$ ,m>t91 0 s di%e>t5$ at ,v5ice t he ask$ ! legate = absolution f 8 v[1 & = p]mission to return to 8 conv5t at ,ble2 b ?is reque/ ! c>d9al refus$4 ,! prie/s _h det]m9$ to /ay by ,d&olo & fight him to ! la/4 ,!re=e ! abbot sail$ ) ! ,v5etians1 b he le>n$ a bitt] lesson at ,z>a4 ,!re ! cl]gy receiv$ a lett] f ,innoc5t1 expla9+ ! position ( ! ,*ur*1 & ?reat5+ ) excommunication all :o %\ld mole/ ! ,k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,simon de ,mont=t & a portion ( ! m dev\t1 :o _h f ! fir/ be5 sc&aliz$ at ! contract made ) ,d&olo1 !n )drew & camp$ ap>t2 &1 at a meet+ call$ to consid] ! situation1 ,guy1 ,abbot ( ,vaux-de-,c]nay1 tri$ to read ! lett]4 ,an outbreak foll[$1 & "s ( ! *ronicl]s ass]t t ! ,v5etians w\ld h murd]$ ,guy1 _h n ,simon de ,mont=t /ood by him sword 9 h&4#aca ,on ! ma9 po9t !re is no d\bt4 ,! prie/s ignom9i\sly fail$ to protect _! ally2 ! attack 0 made1 & no?+ %[s t ev5 de ,mont=t refus$ to %>e 9 x1 or to p>take ( ! plund] aft] ! city fell4 ,!re 0 no resi/ance4 ,! besieg$ made no bett] def5ce ?an hang+ crosses on _! walls1 & on ! fif? day capitulat$4 ,fir/ ! ,franks divid$ ! plund] ) ! ,italians2 !n !y s5t an embassy to ,rome to ask = absolution4 ,!y alleg$ t !y 7 helpless1 & ei!r _h to accept ! t]ms (f]$ by ,d&olo1 or ab&on _! ent]prise4 ,innoc5t submitt$4 ,he c\pl$ 8 =giv5ess1 inde$1 ) ! condition t ! plund] %\ld be return$2#acb yet no record rema9s t a s+le m>k1 ( all ! treasures tak5 f ,z>a1 ev] f\nd its way back to ! orig9al own]s4 ,! ,v5etians nei!r ask$ = p>don nor notic$ ! excommunication4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,d&olo us$ ! "t :5 ! envoys 7 at ,rome 9 matur+ ! mon/r\s crime ( div]t+ ! crusade f ,pale/9e to ,con/ant9ople4 ,j be=e ! dep>ture f ,v5ice1 an ev5t happ5$ :i* ,ville-,h>d\9 call$ 8"o ( ! greate/ m>vels y ev] he>d (40 ,9 #aaie ! ,greek emp]or1 nam$ ,isaac1 _h be5 de?ron$1 imprison$1 & bl9d$ by 8 bro!r ,alexis1 :o usurp$ ! ?rone4 ,isaac's son1 also nam$ ,alexis1 escap$1 & took %elt] ) 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,philip ( ,swabia4 ,philip c\ld n help him1 b sugge/$ to him to apply to ! crusad]s 9 ,v5ice1 & ask !m = aid4 ,:e!r or n ?is application _h be5 arrang$ by ,d&olo1 does n appe>4 ,alexis w5t to ,v5ice1 :]e he 0 cordially receiv$ by ! doge2 b z ! fleet 0 !n weigh+ an*or1 8 affairs 7 po/pon$ until aft] ! attack on ,z>a1 :5 an embassy f ,philip arriv$1 :i* br\ght up ! :ole situation at ,con/ant9ople = consid]ation4 ,9 ! /ruggle :i* foll[$ betwe5 ! ,v5etians & ! ,*ur*1 ! ,franks lay l a prize de/9$ to fall to ! /rong]1 & 9 ,gun!r's n>rative ! love ! prie/s bore _! natural *ampions c be pla9ly se54 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 z 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! ecclesia/ics recogniz$ t ov] a moni$ olig>*y !y c\ld nev] h control2 accord+ly ! monks hat$ ! ,v5etians1 :om ,gun!r /igmatiz$ z 8a p excessively gre$y ( money10 always ready to commit sacrilege = ga94 ,on 8 side ,d&olo foll[$ 8 in/9ct1 & tri$ to bribe ! pope by (f]+ him an union ( ! communions4 ,b ,innoc5t 0 inflexible4 ,he wrote 9 indignation t ! crusad]s _h sworn to av5ge ! wrongs ( ,*ri/1 & lik5$ ^? :o %\ld turn back to ,lot's wife1 :om ,god turn$ into a pill> ( salt = disobey+ 8 comm&s4#acc ,yet1 ?\gh ! prie/hood put =? its :ole /r5g?1 x 0 beat54 ,! p[] ( weal? 0 too great4 ,no s]i\s defection took place4 ,ville-,h>d\9 gave a li/ ( ^? :o left ! fleet1 among :om 0 ,simon de ,mont=t1 add+ contemptu\sly1 8,?us ^? left ! ho/1 444 :i* 0 great %ame to !m40#acd ,judg+ by ! words alone1 a c5tury might h sep>at$ ! writ] & 8 comrades f ! b>ons :o ab&on$ ,agnes to ,innoc5t2 yet !y 7 ! same m5 transplant$ to an economic civilization1 & excit$ by ! p[] ( weal?4 ,on ,ea/] ,monday1 #abjc1 ! fleet sail$ = ,corfu1 :]e ano!r & m s]i\s split occurr$4 ,b ! dazzl+ prize f9ally prevail$ ov] ! fe> ( ! sup]natural1 &1 gett+ "u way once m1 ! pilgrims cross$ ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 & an*or$ at ! conv5t ( ,sa9t ,/eph51 ab\t twelve miles f ,con/ant9ople4 ,s9ce ex*anges _h aga9 return$ to ,italy1 ! vitality ( ! ,greek ,empire _h burn$ l[4 ,x 0 fail+ fa/ ?r\gh inanition4 ,b ,byzantium 0 /ill def5d$ by ^? /up5d\s =tifications :i* 7 impregnable f ! l&1 & only to be assail$ f ! sea by an admiral ( g5ius4 ,su* an "o 0 ,d&olo1 a born seaman1 sagaci\s yet fi]y2 &1 besides1 a pilot ( ! port4 ,at a c\ncil ( w> he laid out a plan ( campaign3-- 8,my lords1 ,i "k m ( ! "* ( ?is c\ntry ?an y d1 = ,i h be5 "h be=e4 ,y h be=e y ! greate/ & mo/ p]il\s ent]prise :i* any m5 h ev] und]tak51 & !re=e x w\ld be well t we %\ld act prud5tly40#ace ,he !n expla9$ h[ ! attack %\ld be made2 & _h ! ,franks implicitly obey$ him1 ! t[n w\ld h be5 c>ri$ at ! fir/ assault4 ,?ree days lat] ! allies occupi$ ,scut>i1 ! ,asiatic suburb ( ,con/ant9ople1 & lay !re t5 days collect+ supplies4 ,on ! twelf? !y /orm$ ! t[] ( ,galata1 :i* comm&$ ,p]a1 ! key to ! ,gold5 ,horn4 ,:ile ! action 0 go+ on1 ,d&olo =c$ 8 way into ! port4 ,! entrance 0 def5d$ n only by a great t[]1 b by a huge iron *a91 fa/5$ to piles1 & cov]$ by tw5ty galleys arm$ ) ma*9es4 ,no?+ /opp$ ! ,v5etians4 ,disreg>d+ ! fire1 ! sailors sprang on ! *a91 & f !nce ga9$ ! decks ( ! ,greek galleys1 ^: crews !y ?rew ov]bo>d4 ,mean:ile1 "o ( ! ,italian %ips1 provid$ ) /eel %e>s1 bore d[n on ! cable1 cut x1 & l$ ! way into ! h>b\r4 ,! weake/ "p ( ! walls be+ uncov]$1 ,d&olo insi/$ t ! only hope = success lay 9 assault+ f %ip-bo>d :]e ! battlem5ts 7 l[e/2 b ! ,fr5* ob/9ately refus$ to dep>t f _! habits1 & det]m9$ to fight on horseback4 ,! ev5t prov$ ,d&olo's wisdom2 = ?\gh ! attack fail$ ?r\gh ! mi/ake ( divid+ ! =ce1 & ( attempt+ ! =tifications t[>d ! l&1 ! doge s l$ 8 sailors t ,ville-,h>d\9 k9dl$ ) en?usiasm z he told ! tale4 ,:5 ! old man saw 8 %ips recoil be=e ! trem5d\s fire f ! battlem5ts1 8s t ! galleys c\ld n make ! l&1 !n !re 0 se5 a /range sight1 = ! duke ( ,v5ice1 :o 0 an old man1 & saw n well1 0 fully arm$ & comm&$ 8 galley1 & _h ! gonfalon ( ,sa9t ,m>k's be=e him2 & he cri$ to 8 m5 to put him a%ore1 or if !y w\ld n he w\ld d ju/ice on _! bodies2 & !y br\ght ! galley to %ore1 & !y salli$ =? & c>ri$ ! bann] be=e him to ! %ore4 ,& :5 ! ,v5etians saw ! gonfalon ( ,sa9t ,m>k's a%ore1 & ! galley ( ! "l a%ore be=e !m1 !y 7 all a%am$ & made = ! l&1 & ru%$ out f _! %ips pell-mell4 ,!n might "o see a m>vell\s assault4 ,& ?us te/ifies ,ge(frey de ,ville-,h>d\91 ! m>%al ( ,*ampagne1 :o dictates ?is book1 t m ?an =ty decl>e !y saw ! bann] ( ,sa9t ,m>k ( ,v5ice on "o ( ! t[]s1 & none knew :o c>ri$ x ?i!r40#acf ,once a foo?old on ! ramp>ts _h be5 ga9$1 ! ,greeks fl$1 tw5ty-five t[]s fell 9 quick succession1 & ! ,italians _h already ent]$ ! /reets & fir$ ! h\ses to drive ! enemy f ! ro(s1 :5 news 0 br\ght t ,alexis 0 advanc+ f ! gates1 & ?reat5$ to envelop ! ,fr5*4 ,inde$1 ! dang] 0 extreme2 =1 z ,ville-,h>d\9 expla9$1 ! crusad]s 7 wondr\s few :5 comp>$ ) ! g>rison1 = !y 8_h s _m m5 we %\ld all h be5 engulf$ among/ !m40#acg ,) ! in/9ct ( a great comm&]1 ,d&olo in/antly s\nd$ a retreat1 ab&on$ ! half-conqu]$ t[n1 & ha/5$ to ! support ( 8 allies4 ,he rea*$ ! gr\nd opportunely1 = ,alexis1 :5 he saw ! re9=cem5t1 retreat$ )\t /rik+ a bl[4 ,t night ,alexis fl$1 leav+ ,con/ant9ople )\t a gov]nm5t2 & ! p took ! bl9d ,isaac f 8 dungeon & set him on ! ?rone4 ,9 !ory1 !re=e1 ! "w ( ! crusad]s 0 done1 & !y 7 free to emb>k = ,pale/9e to battle = ! ,sepul*re4 ,9 fact1 ! ?+ !y came = rema9$ to be obta9$1 & :at !y dem&$ am\nt$ to ! ru9 ( ! empire4 ,"y ,alexis _h promis$ #bjj1jjj m>ks ( silv]1 to jo9 ! crusade himself1 to provide rations = a ye>1 & to recognize ! supremacy ( ,rome2 b su* promises 7 impossible to fulfil4 ,dur+ a delay ( six mon?s ! situation daily grew m /ra9$1 a bitt] hatr$ sprang up betwe5 ! =eign]s & ! natives1 riots broke out1 conflagrations foll[$1 & at la/ ! allies s5t a deputation to ! palace to dem& ! execution ( ! treaty4 ,9 despair1 ,alexis attack$ ! fleet ) fire-%ips1 & 8 failure l$ to a revolution 9 :i* he 0 kill$4 ,isaac di$ f t]ror1 & "o ,m\rs\ffle 0 rais$ to ! ?rone4 ,9 _! extremity ! ,greeks _h rec\rse to trea*]y1 & ne>ly succe$$ 9 entic+ ! ,franki% pr9ces to a banquet1 at :i* !y 7 to h be5 assass9at$4 ,! plot 0 fru/rat$ by ! sagacity ( ,d&olo1 :o w\ld all[ no "o to tru/ !mselves )9 ! walls2 !n bo? sides prep>$ = w>4 ,defeat _h taught ! ,franks ob$i5ce1 & !y cons5t$ to s]ve on ! galleys4 ,!y emb>k$ on ,april #h1 #abjd1 to be ready = an assault 9 ! morn+4 ,b ?\gh ! attack 0 made 9 m ?an "o hundr$ places at once1 8yet = our s9s 7 ! pilgrims repuls$40 ,!n ! l&sm5 propos$ to try "s o!r "p ( ! walls1 b ! sailors told !m t else:]e ! curr5t w\ld sweep !m away2 & 8"k10 said ! m>%al1 8!re 7 "s :o w\ld h be5 well cont5t _h ! curr5t swept !m away0 altoge!r1 8= !y 7 9 great p]il40#ach ,?is repulse fell on a ,friday2 ! foll[+ ,monday ! attack 0 r5ew$1 & at fir/ ) small success1 b at l5g?-- 8,our ,"l rais$ a w9d call$ ,boreas 444 & two %ips :i* 7 la%$ toge!r1 ! "o nam$ ! ,pilgrim & ! o!r ! ,p>adise1 approa*$ a t[] on ei!r side1 j z ,god & ! w9d br\ght !m1 s t ! ladd] ( ! ,pilgrim 0 fix$ to ! t[]2 & /raightway a ,v5etian & a ,fr5* knight 444 scal$ ! t[]1 & o!rs foll[$ !m1 & ^? 9 ! l[] 7 discom=t$ & fl$40#aci ,f ! mom5t ! walls 7 c>ri$1 ! battle turn$ into a massacre4 ,! ramp>ts 7 scal$ 9 all directions1 ! gates 7 bur/ op5 ) batt]+ rams1 ! allies p\r$ into ! /reets1 & "o ( ! mo/ awful sacks ( ! ,middle ,ages began4 ,no?+ 0 s sacr$ z to escape f pillage4 ,! tombs ( ! emp]ors 7 violat$1 & ! body ( ,ju/9ian /ripp$4 ,! alt> ( ! ,virg91 ! glory ( ,sa9t ,sophia1 0 brok5 9 pieces1 & ! veil ( ! sanctu>y torn to rags4 ,! crusad]s play$ dice on ! tables :i* repres5t$ ! apo/les1 & drank !mselves drunk 9 ! holy *alices4 ,horses & mules 7 driv5 into ! sanctu>y1 & :5 !y fell "u _! burd5s1 ! blood f _! w\nds /a9$ ! floor ( ! ca!dral4 ,at la/ a "y pro/itute m\nt$ ! patri>*'s *air1 inton$ a lewd *ant1 & danc$ be=e ! pilgrims4 ,?us fell ,con/ant9ople1 by ! arms ( ! soldi]s ( ,*ri/1 on ! twelf? day ( ,april1 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& two hundr$ & f\r4 ,s9ce ! sack ( ,rome by ,al>ic no su* prize _h ev] fall5 to a victor1 & ! crusad]s 7 drunk ) _! success4 ,ville-,h>d\9 e/imat$ t ! %>e ( ! ,franks1 aft] d$uct+ "s fifty ?\s& m>ks :i* ! ,v5etians collect$ f !m1 came to f\r hundr$ ?\s& m>ks ( silv]1 n to speak ( masses ( plund] ( :i* no acc\nt 0 tak54 ,! ga9 0 s great !re seem$ no end to ! gold & silv]1 ! preci\s /ones1 ! silks1 ! erm9es1 & :atev] 0 co/ly 9 ! _w4 8,& ,ge(frey de ,ville-,h>d\9 te/ifies ( 8 own k1 t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t1 !re 0 nev] s mu* tak5 9 "o t[n4 ,e "o took :at he want$1 & !re 0 en\gh4 ,?us 7 ! ho/ ( ! pilgrims & ( ! ,v5etians qu>t]$1 & !re 0 great joy & hon\r = ! victory :i* ,god _h giv5 !m1 s9ce ^? :o _h be5 poor 7 ri* & happy40#adj ,9 ob$i5ce to ! soo?say]s1 ! devotees ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s _h p]i%$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 & ov] _! corpses ! ,moslems _h m>*$ to victory4 ,! def5d]s ( ,*ri/'s cross _h be5 slaught]$ l %eep ^u ! m\nta9s ( ! ,beatitudes1 & sold into slav]y 9 h]ds at ,damascus & ,aleppo2 ev5 ! m5 :o1 at ! bidd+ ( ,god's vic>1 _h left ,d&olo to fight = ! ,sepul*re ^u ! b>r5 hills ( ,pale/9e1 _h be5 immolat$4 ,five hundr$ _h p]i%$ 9 %ipwreck1 m _h be5 massacr$ 9 ,illyria1 none _h receiv$ rew>d4 ,b ^? :o1 9 defiance ( ! sup]natural & 9 contempt ( _! v[1 _h foll[$ ! excommunicat$ ,v5etian to plund] fell[-,*ri/ians1 _h won immeasurable glory1 & be5 sat$ ) incalculable spoil4 ,! pilgrims :o1 con/ant to ! end1 _h be5 spill+ _! blood 9 ,god's s]vice1 came troop+ to ! ,bosphorus to %>e 9 ! la/ rema9+ crumbs2 ! knights ( ! ,temple & ! ,hospital set sail = ,greece1 :]e money might /ill be made by ! sword1 & ! ,k+ ( ,j]usalem /ood be=e ! ,tomb1 nak$ unto 8 enemies4 ,innoc5t himself 0 c[$2 8 comm&s _h be5 disreg>d$ & 8 curse defi$2 laym5 _h insult$ 8 legate1 & _h1 )\t consult+ him1 divid$ among !mselves ! patronage ( ! ,*ur*2 & yet = ! /ronge/ !re 0 no moral law4 ,:5 ,baldw9 ann\nc$ t he 0 emp]or1 ! pope call$ him 88 de>e/ son10 & receiv$ 8 subjects into ! ,roman communion4#ada ,b ye/]day1 ! greate/ k+ ( ,*ri/5dom _h /ood weep+1 begg+ = ! life ( 8 wife2 a hundr$ ye>s e>li] an emp]or _h /ood b>efoot1 & freez+ 9 ! sn[1 at ! gate ( ,canossa1 z a p5ance = rebellion2 b 9 #abjd a ,v5etian m]*ant 0 bless$ by ! haughtie/ ( popes = hav+ /ol5 ,*ri/'s army1 made w> on 8 flock1 spurn$ 8 vic]eg5t1 fl\t$ 8 legate1 & usurp$ 8 patrimony4 ,he _h appo9t$ a patri>* )\t a ref]5ce to ,rome4 ,all 0 =giv51 ! appo9tm5t 0 confirm$1 ! s9n] 0 %riv52 no?+ c\ld long] resi/ ! p[] ( money1 = consolidation _h begun4 ,yet1 ?\gh nature may discrim9ate aga9/ him1 ! emotionali/ w always be an emotionali/1 = su* is ! texture ( 8 bra92 & :ile he brea!s1 he w hate ! mat]iali/4 ,! next ye> ,baldw9 0 defeat$ & captur$ by ! ,bulg>ians1 & !n ,innoc5t wrote a lett] to ! ,m>quis ( ,montf]rat1 :i* %[$ h[ ! w\nd _h rankl$ :5 he bless$ ! conqu]or4 ,he said bitt]ly3-- 8,y _h no?+ aga9/ ! ,greeks1 & y 7 false to y\r v[s because y did n fight ! ,s>ac5s1 b ! ,*ri/ians2 y did n capture ,j]usalem1 b ,con/ant9ople2 y pref]r$ e>?ly to heav5ly treasures4 ,b :at 0 f> grav]1 y h sp>$ nei!r religion1 nor age1 nor sex1 & y h committ$ adult]ies1 =nications & ince/s be=e m5's eyes4444 ,nor did ! imp]ial treasures suffice y1 nor ! plund] alike ( ri* & poor4 ,y laid y\r h&s on ! possessions ( ! ,*ur*1 y tore ! silv] panels f ! alt>s1 y broke into ! sanctu>ies & c>ri$ away ! images1 ! crosses & ! relics1 s t ! ,greeks1 ?\gh afflict$ by p]secution1 scorn to r5d] ob$i5ce to ! apo/olic *air1 s9ce !y see 9 ! ,lat9s no?+ b an example ( p]dition & ( ! works ( d>kness1 & !re=e rightly abhor !m m ?an dogs40#adb ,= ! nor? & we/ ( ,europe ! crusade ( ,con/ant9ople seems to h be5 ! turn+ po9t :5ce ! imag9ation rapidly decl9$4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ev]y?+ %[s t ! g5u9e ec/atic type pr$om9at$ 9 ! ,*ur*--! quality ( m9d :i* believ$ 9 ! miracle1 & !re=e valu$ ! amulet m ?an money4 ,innoc5t himself1 ) all 8 app>5t worldl9ess1 mu/ h be5 su* a man2 =1 ?\gh ! mat]ial advantages ( a union ) ! ,greek ,*ur* f> outweigh$ ! ,sepul*re1 8 resi/ance to ! div]sion ( ! army f ,pale/9e 0 un%ak5 to ! la/4 ,! same feel+ p]meat$ ! inf]ior cl]gy2 & an anecdote told by ,gun!r %[s t ev5 s late z ! ye> #abjd ! monks unaffect$ly despis$ weal? 9 its vulg> =m4 8,:5 !re=e ! victors set !mselves ) alacrity to spoil ! conqu]$ t[n1 :i* 0 !irs by "r ( w>1 ! abbot ,m>t9 began to ?9k ab\t 8 %>e ( ! plund]2 & le/1 :5 ev]y?+ _h be5 giv5 to o!rs1 he %\ld be left empty-h&$1 he propos$ to /ret* out 8 consecrat$ h& to ! booty4 ,b s9ce he ?\ght ! tak+ ( secul> ?+s unwor?y1 he be/irr$ himself to obta9 a portion ( ! sacr$ relics1 :i* he knew 7 !re 9 great quantities40#adc ,! idea 0 no soon] conceiv$ ?an execut$4 ,al?\gh private m>aud+ 0 puni%$ ) dea?1 he did n hesitate1 b ha/5$ to a *ur*1 :]e he f\nd a fright5$ old monk ^u 8 knees1 :om he comm&$ 9 a t]rible voice to produce 8 relics or prep>e = dea?4 ,he 0 %[n a *e/ full to ! brim4 ,plung+ 9 8 arms1 he took all he c\ld c>ry1 hurri$ to 8 %ip & hid 8 booty 9 8 cab92 & he did ?is 9 a t[n ^: /reets 7 lit]ally fl[+ ) gold & silv]4 ,he _h 8 rew>d4 ,?\gh a sacrilegi\s ?ief1 angels gu>d$ him by sea & l& until he rea*$ 8 cloi/] at ,ble4 ,!n he di/ribut$ 8 plund] ?r\gh ! diocese4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! =m ( competition has abruptly *ang$1 nature works rapidly4 ,)9 a s+le g5]ation aft] ,hatt91 ! attitude1 n only ( ! laity b ( ! cl]gy1 _h be5 rev]s$1 & money 0 recogniz$1 ev5 by ! monks1 z ! end ( human ef=t4 ,! relics at ,j]usalem _h fir/ drawn ! crusad]s to ! ,ea/1 &1 incid5tally1 ! capture ( ! ,syrian seaports l$ to ! reop5+ ( trade & ! rec5tralization ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,z long z imag9ation rema9$ ! dom9ant =ce1 & ! miracle reta9$ its p[]1 ! ambition ( ! ,franks 0 limit$ to hold+ ! c\ntry :i* conta9$ _! talismans2 b z weal? accumulat$1 & ! economic type began to supplant ! ec/atic1 a diff]5t policy came to prevail4 ,beside ! cities ( ! ,holy ,l&1 two o!r portions ( ! ,levant _h a high money value--! ,bosphorus & ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,9 spite ( ,rome1 ! ,v5etians1 9 #abjd1 _h seiz$ ,con/ant9ople2 at ! ,lat]an c\ncil ( #abae1 ,innoc5t himself propos$ an attack on ,cairo4 ,?\gh conceiv$ by ,innoc5t1 ! details ( ! campaign 7 arrang$ by ,honorius ,,iii41 :o 0 consecrat$ 9 ,july1 #abaf2 ^! details are1 h[ev]1 unimportant3 ! int]e/ ( ! crusade lies 9 its close4 ,john ( ,bri5ne1 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 nom9ally comm&$1 b ! =ce he l$ little resembl$ ,d&olo's4 ,f> f be+ t compact mass :i* c only be giv5 cohesion by money1 x r _h ! "* ( su* an hy/]ical mob z ,l\is ! ,pi\s l$ to de/ruction4 ,aft] "s semblance ( a movem5t on ,j]usalem1 ! army 0 convey$ to ! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 & ,damietta 0 inve/$ 9 #abah4 ,"h ! besieg]s am\nt$ to little m ?an a fluctuat+ rabble ( pilgrims1 :o came & w5t at _! pleasure1 usually s]v+ ab\t six mon?s4 ,among su* mat]ial1 milit>y discipl9e c\ld n exi/2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! inflammable multitude 7 peculi>ly adapt$ to be h&l$ by a prie/1 & soon ! papal legate assum$ control4 ,c>d9al ,pelagius 0 a ,spani>d :o _h be5 promot$ by ,innoc5t 9 #abjf4 ,8 temp]am5t 0 highly emotional1 &1 arm$ ) pl5>y p[] by ,honorius1 he ex]t$ himself to inflame ! pilgrims to ! utmo/4 ,aft] a blockade ( eighte5 mon?s ,damietta 0 r$uc$ to extremity1 & to save ! city ! sultan (f]$ ! :ole ,holy ,l&1 except ! =tress ( ,k>ak1 toge!r ) ! funds ne$$ to rebuild ! walls ( ,j]usalem4 ,k+ ,john1 & all ! soldi]s1 :o und]/ood ! difficulty ( invad+ ,egypt1 fav\r$ a peace2 b ,pelagius1 ^: he>t 0 fix$ on ! plund] ( ,cairo1 prev5t$ ! c\ncil f rea*+ a decision4 ,!re=e ! siege w5t on1 & pres5tly ! ramp>ts 7 c>ri$ )\t loss1 z ! :ole population _h p]i%$ f hung] & pe/il5ce4 ,?is victory made ,pelagius a dictator1 & he insi/$ on an advance on ! capital4 ,john1 & ! gr& ma/]s ( ! milit>y ord]s1 po9t$ out ! disa/] :i* mu/ foll[1 z x 0 ,july1 & ! ,nile 0 ris+4 ,9 a few weeks ! c\ntry w\ld be "u wat]4 ,moreov]1 ! fleet c\ld n asc5d ! riv]1 !re=e ! army mu/ be isolat$ 9 ! he>t ( a ho/ile c\ntry1 & probably ov]:elm$ by sup]ior numb]s4 ,pelagius revil$ !m4 ,he told !m ,god lov$ n c[>ds1 b *ampions :o valu$ 8 glory m ?an !y fe>$ dea?4 ,he ?reat5$ !m ) excommunication %\ld !y hang back4 ,ne> midsumm]1 #abba1 ! m>* began1 & ! pilgrims advanc$ to ! apex ( ! delta1 :]e !y halt$1 ) ! enemy on ! opposite %ore4 ,! riv] 0 level ) its banks1 ! situation 0 desp]ate1 & yet ev5 !n ! sultan s5t an embassy (f]+ ! :ole ( ! ,holy ,l& 9 ex*ange = ! evacuation ( ,egypt4 ,! soldi]s ( all nations 7 /r5u\sly = peace1 ! prie/s z /r5u\sly = w>4 ,!y felt confid5t ( repeat+ ! sack ( ,con/ant9ople at ,cairo1 nor c !re be a great] contra/ ?an ,m>t9 spurn+ ! weal? ( ,con/ant9ople z dross1 & ,pelagius reject+ ! ,sepul*re t he might glut himself ) ,egyptian weal?4 ,b all hi/ory %[s t ! emotionali/ _c compete ) ! mat]iali/ ^u 8 own gr\nd4 ,9 ! end1 "u free economic competition1 he mu/ be elim9at$4 ,pelagius t>ri$ idly 9 ! jaws ( dea? until ! ,nile rose & engulf$ him4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,suppression ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,physical weakness has always be5 ! vuln]able po9t ( ! sacr$ ca/e1 = prie/s h r>ely be5 w>riors1 & fai? has seldom be5 s pr(\nd z to gu>antee ecclesia/ics aga9/ attack4 ,?is difficulty 0 m>k$ 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 :51 al?\gh dis9tegration s f> prevail$ z to ?reat5 ! v tradition ( c5traliz$ p[]1 a /rong leav5 ( ! anci5t mat]ialism rema9$4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ! tr5d t[>d dec5tralization 0 resi/less4 ,al?\gh sev]al ( ! desc5dants ( ,*>lemagne 7 m5 ( ability & en]gy1 ! def5ce 0 s sup]ior to ! attack t !y c\ld n co]ce _! vassals1 & _! doma9s melt$ away into indep5d5t sov]eignties until ! cr[n became elective1 & ! mon>*y almo/ a tradition4 ,dur+ ! t5? c5tury x seems possible t ! regal au?ority might h be5 oblit]at$1 ev5 to ! la/ trace1 _h x n be5 = ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 9 sore ne$ ( a *ampion4 ,! prie/hood c>$ no?+ = ! legitimate l9e2 :at !y s\ght 0 a protector1 & accord+ly !y *ose1 n ! desc5dant ( ,*>lemagne1 b him :o1 9 ! words ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 0 8di/+ui%$ by 8 wisdom & :o f\nd support 9 ! greatness ( 8 s\l40 ,hugh ,capet succe$$ ,l\is ,v4 because he 0 ! be/ *ief ( police 9 ,france4 ,f su* an alliance1 betwe5 ! prie/ & ! soldi]1 has always sprung ! dogma ( ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,9 m$ival ,europe1 en*antm5t 0 a *ief elem5t ( ! royal p[]4 ,! mon>* 0 ano9t$ ) a magic oil1 girt ) a sacr$ sword1 giv5 a sup]natural bann]1 & end[$ ) ! gift ( miracles4 ,8 t\* heal$ disease4 ,9 return = ^! gifts1 he f\ght ! battles ( ! ,*ur*1 ^: prop]ty 0 ! natural prey ( a pr$atory b>onage4 ,e diocese & e abbey 0 embroil$ 9 endless local w>s1 :i* la/$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & sometimes f c5tury to c5tury4 ,a good example 0 ! int]m9able feud betwe5 ! ,abbey ( ,vzelay & ! ,c\nts ( ,nev]s1 & a lett] ( a papal legate nam$ ,conon1 :i* describ$ "o ( ! c\ntless raids1 gives an idea ( ! f]ocity ( ! attack4 8,! m5 ( ! ,c\nt ( ,nev]s h bur/ op5 ! doors ( ! cloi/]1 h ?r[n /ones on ! reliqu>ies :i* conta9 ! bodies ( ,sa9t ,laz>us1 ( ,sa9t ,m>?a1 ( ,sa9t ,&oci\s1 & ( ,sa9t ,pontianus2 !y h n ev5 respect$ ! crucifix 9 :i* 0 pres]v$ a morsel ( ! true cross1 !y h beat5 ! monks1 !y h driv5 !m out ) /ones1 & hav+ tak5 "o ( !m1 !y h treat$ him 9 an infam\s mann]40#add ,until ! /imulus giv5 by ! crusades 0 felt1 sub9feudation w5t on un9t]rupt$ly2 ! ,capetians 7 z unable to /em ! curr5t z ! ,c>lov+ians be=e !m1 s t1 "u ,philip ,i41 ! royal doma9 _h become almo/ z mu* dismemb]$ z ! k+dom ( ,lo?aire a c5tury e>li]4 ,consolidation began aft] ! c\ncil ( ,cl]mont1 & ,sug]'s ,life ( ,l\is ! ,fat is ! /ory ( ! la/ ye>s ( ! p>tisan w>f>e betwe5 ! cr[n & ! petty nobility :i* _h be5 go+ on s9ce ! "t ( ,hugh ,capet4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod ! k+s _h f\ght a los+ battle1 & )\t ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5 ov]p[]$4 ,ev5 z x 0 !y fail$ to hold _! own1 & yet ! weal? ( ! cl]gy 0 relatively enorm\s4 ,! s+le abbey ( ,sa9t ,d5is 0 said to h controll$ t5 ?\s& m51 & ?\gh ?is may be an exagg]ation1 ! corporation 0 organiz$ on a gigantic scale4 ,betwe5 ! elev5? & ?irte5? c5turies x held 9 ,france alone ?ree cities1 upw>ds ( sev5ty-f\r villages1 tw5ty-n9e manors atta*$ to ^! possessions1 ov] a hundr$ p>i%es1 & a great _m *apels br++ 9 valuable r5tals1 beside num]\s v9ey>ds1 mills & fields1 ) fifte5 =e/s ( ! fir/ class4#ade ,sug]'s description ( ! c\ntry at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury is highly dramatic4 ,e /rong position1 l a hill or a =e/1 0 a b>on's hold1 f :5ce he rode to plund] & torm5t ! p4 ,"o ( ! mo/ t]rible ( ^! robb]s 0 ,hugh du ,puiset1 a man :om ! ,abbot ( ,sa9t ,d5is calls a ruffian1 ! issue ( a long l9e ( ruffians4 ,to ! *ur*man1 ,hugh 0 ! inc>nation ( evil4 ,he oppress$ ! cl]gy1 & ?\gh hat$ by all1 few d>$ oppose him4 ,at la/ he attack$ ,adle1 ,c\ntess ( ,*>tres1 daught] ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 :o w5t ) h] son ,tybalt to seek r$ress f ! k+4 ,l\is did n reli% ! campaign1 & ! monk describ$ h[ ! lady taunt$ him ) ! defeat 8 fa!r _h suff]$ f ! fa!r ( ,hugh1 :o pursu$ him to ,orlans1 captur$ a hundr$ ( 8 knights1 & ca/ 8 bi%ops into dungeons4 ,aft]w>d1 an assembly 0 held at ,melun to consid] ! situation1 & !re a conc\rse ( prelates1 cl]ks1 & monks 8?rew !mselves at ! k+'s feet & implor$ him1 to 8 great emb>rassm5t1 to repress ?is mo/ gre$y robb] ,hugh1 :o1 m rapaci\s ?an a wolf1 dev\r$ _! l&s40#adf ,c]ta9ly ! prie/s _h cause = al>m1 = ! v5]able ,ar*bi%op ( ,*>tres1 :o 0 pres5t1 _h be5 captur$1 load$ ) irons1 & long left to langui% 9 prison4 ,?ree times ?is b>on 0 defeat$1 b ev5 :5 a prison]1 8 family connection 0 s p[]ful he 0 p]mitt$ to escape4 ,at la/ he di$ l a wolf1 fight+ to ! la/1 hav+ impal$ ! ,s5es*al ( ,france on 8 spe>4 ,ev5 s+ly1 su* m5 7 almo/ a mat* = bo? ,*ur* & ,cr[n2 b :5 jo9$ 9 a league1 especially if alli$ to "o ( ! great feudatories1 su* z ! ,duke ( ,norm&y1 !y felt sure ( victory4 ,"o day1 :5 ,eudes1 ,c\nt ( ,corbeil1 0 to jo9 ?is v ,hugh1 he put aside 8 arm\r-be>] :o 0 att5d+ him1 & said to 8 wife3 8,pray1 noble c\ntess1 br+ ! glitt]+ sword to ! noble c\nt1 s9ce he :o takes x f y z a c\nt1 %all to-day return x z a k+40#adg ,! imm$iate effect ( ! crusades 0 to c>ry numb]s ( ^! petty pr9ces to ,pale/9e1 :]e !y 7 (t5 kill$ or ru9$4 ,z _! p[] ( resi/ance weak5$1 ! cr[n ga9$1 & ,l\is ! ,fat reconqu]$ ! doma94 ,8 active life began 9 #ajig1 ! ye> ( ! invasion ( ,pale/9e1 & 8 absorption ( ! lord%ip ( ,montlhri is a good illu/ration ( 8 success4 ,! family ( ,ro*e=t-,montlhri own$ sev]al ( ! /ronge/ donjons ne> ,p>is1 & 0 divid$ into two bran*es1 ! "o repres5t$ by ,guy ,tr\sseau1 ,"l ( ,montlhri1 ! o!r by ,guy ! ,r$1 ,"l ( ,ro*e=t4 ,guy ,tr\sseau's fa!r 0 nam$ ,milo1 & all ?ree w5t to ,syria1 :]e ,milo 0 kill$1 & 8 son disgrac$ himself4 ,sug] spoke ( him ) extreme disda93-- 8,guy ,tr\sseau1 son ( ,milo ( ,montlhri1 a re/less man & a di/urb] ( ! k+dom1 return$ home f a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 brok5 d[n by ! anxiety ( a long j\rney & by ! vexation ( _m tr\bles4 ,& 444 be+ panic /rick5 at ,antio* at ! approa* ( ,corboran1 & escap+ d[n f a wall he 444 ab&on$ ! army ( ,god & fl$ de/itute ( ev]y?+40 #adh ,return+ a ru9$ man1 he m>ri$ 8 daught] to ! illegitimate son ( ,philip1 a half-bro!r ( ,l\is1 a *ild ( twelve2 & z 8 gu>dians1 ! k+ & pr9ce got possession ( ! ca/le4 ,?is ca/le 0 almo/ at ! gates ( ,p>is1 & a /&+ m5ace to ! communications ( ! k+dom3 !re=e _! delight 0 great4 8,!y rejoic$ z ?\gh !y _h tak5 a /raw f _! eyes1 or z ?\gh !y _h bur/ ! b>ri] :i* imprison$ !m40#adi ,& ! old k+ said to 8 son3 8,gu>d well ! t[]1 ,l\is1 :i* has ag$ me ) *agr91 & ?r\gh ^: trea*]y & wick$ fraud ,i h nev] kn[n peace & quiet40#aej ,yet ! de/ruction ( ! local nobility 9 ,syria 0 ! lea/ important "p ( ! social revolution wr\ght by ! crusades1 = ?\gh ! p[] ( ! b>ons might h ?us be5 tempor>ily brok51 !y c\ld nev] h be5 r$uc$ to impot5ce unless weal? _h gr[n equal to organiz+ an ov]:elm+ attack4 ,! accumulation ( weal? foll[$ ! op5+ ( ! ,ea/]n trade1 & its fir/ effect 0 to cause ! incorporation ( ! communes4 ,prior to #ajie b "o t[n is kn[n to h be5 *>t]$1 ,sa9t ,qu5t91 ! capital ( ,v]m&ois1 ab\t #ajhj1aea b aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,syrian ports ! :ole complexion ( society *ang$4 ,noyon 0 *>t]$ 9 #aajh1 ,laon 9 #aaaa1 ,ami5s 9 #aaac1 & !n free bor\ghs sprang up on e side4 ,= want ( ! m>9]'s compass1 comm]ce c\ld n pass nor? by ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,m]*&ise _h !re=e to g by l&1 & ex*anges betwe5 ! nor? & s\? ( ,europe c5tr$ 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,*ampagne1 ^: fairs became ! great m>ket ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ docum5t relat+ to ^! fairs is a de$ drawn 9 #aaad by ,hugh1 ,c\nt ( ,troyes1 by :i* he convey$ c]ta9 rev5ues d]iv$ f !m to ! ,abbey ( ,monti]-en-,d]4 ,fifty ye>s lat]1 su* m5tions _h gr[n frequ5t1 & by ! ye> #abjj ! fairs _h atta9$ _! full developm5t4#aeb ,weav+ _h be5 an indu/ry 9 ,fl&]s "u ! ,romans1 & 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne ! clo? ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries _h be5 fam\s2 b 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! manufacture spread into ! adjo9+ prov9ces ( ,france1 & wooll5 became ! mo/ valuable ,european export4 ,! fleeces 7 br\ght *iefly f ,engl&1 ! weav+ 0 done on ! ,cont95t1 & "o ( ! s\rces ( ! ,flor5t9e weal? 0 ! dress+ & dye+ ( ^! fabrics to prep>e !m = ! ,asiatic m>ket4 ,= mutual def5ce1 ! indu/rial t[ns ( ! nor? =m$ a league call$ ! ,hanse ( ,london1 because ,london 0 ! seat ( ! *ief c\nt+-h\se4 ,?is league at fir/ includ$ only sev5te5 cities1 ) ,ypres & ,bruges at ! head1 b ! association aft]w>d increas$ to fifty or sixty1 /ret*+ z f> we/ z ,le ,mans1 z f> s\? z ! ,burgundian fronti]1 & z f> ea/ z ,lige4 ,exclusive ( ! royal doma91 :i* 0 well consolidat$ "u ,philip ,augu/us1 ! ,fr5* portion ( ?is region sub/antially compris$ ! c\nties ( ,blois1 ,v]m&ois1 ,anj\1 ,*ampagne1 & ! ,du*y ( ,norm&y4 ,?is di/rict1 :i* has ev] s9ce =m$ ! core ( ,france1 became c5traliz$ at ,p>is betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,philip ,augu/us 9 #aahj & ! reign ( ,philip ! ,fair a c5tury lat]1 & !re c be little d\bt t ?is c5tralization 0 ! effect ( ! accumulation ( capital1 :i* creat$ a p]man5t police4 ,! m]*ants ( all ! cities ( ! league b\nd !mselves to trade exclusively at ! fairs ( ,*ampagne1 &1 to prosp]1 ! fir/ ob/acle !y _h to ov]come 0 ! difficulty & co/ ( transportation4 ,n only 7 ! roads unsafe1 because ( ! /r5g? ( ! ca/les 9 :i* ! pr$atory nobility liv$1 b ! multiplicity ( jurisdictions add$ to taxes4 ,z late z ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a conv5tion 0 made betwe5 fifte5 ( ! m important ,italian cities1 su* z ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa1 ,v5ice1 & ,milan1 & ,o?o ( ,burgundy1 by :i*1 9 consid]ation ( protection ^u ! roads1 tolls 7 to be paid at ,gevry1 ,dle1 ,aug]ans1 ,sal9s1 ,*alamont1 & ,pont>li]4 ,:5 six impo/s 7 levi$ = cross+ a s+le du*y1 ! co/ ( import+ ! *eap] goods mu/ h be5 prohibitory4 ,! ,italian c>avans rea*$ ,*ampagne ord9>ily by two r\tes3 "o by "s ,alp9e pass to ,g5eva1 & !n ?r\gh ,burgundy2 ! o!r by wat] to ,m>seilles or ,aigues-,mortes1 up ! ,rhone to ,lyons1 & nor?1 sub/antially z be=e4 ,! t[ns ( ,prov9s1 ,troyes1 ,b>-sur-,aube1 & ,lagny-sur-,m>ne lie ab\t midway betwe5 ,bruges & ,ypres on ! "o side1 & ,lyons & ,g5eva on ! o!r1 & x 0 at ^! cities t ex*anges c5traliz$1 until ! introduction ( ! m>9]'s compass caus$ traffic to g by ! ocean1 & made ,antw]p ! moni$ metropolis4 ,! m>ket 01 9 reality1 op5 cont9u\sly1 = six fairs 7 held1 ea* six weeks long1 & ! trade 0 s lucrative t places :i*1 9 #aajj1 _h be5 petty villages1 9 #abjj _h weal? en\gh to build ^? magnific5t ca!drals :i* are /ill wond]s ( ! _w4 ,! communal movem5t _h no?+ ab\t x necess>ily ei!r lib]al or democratic4 ,! incorporat$ bor\gh 0 m]ely an in/rum5t ( trade1 & at a c]ta9 mom5t became practically indep5d5t1 because = a %ort p]iod trad]s organiz$ locally1 be=e !y c\ld amalgamate into c5traliz$ communities ) a rev5ue suffici5t to pay a police capable ( co]c+ individuals4 ,:at ! m]*ant want$ 0 protection = trade1 &1 provid$ he _h x1 ! =m 9 :i* x came 0 immat]ial4 ,:]e ! feudal gov]nm5t 0 /rong1 communes did n exi/3 ,p>is nev] _h a *>t]4 ,conv]sely1 :]e ! gov]nm5t 0 weak1 communes grew up1 because trad]s comb9$ = mutual protection1 & !re=e ! communes rea*$ p]fection 9 ecclesia/ical capitals4 ,z a :ole1 ! secul> nobility r fav\r$ ! incorporat$ t[ns1 because !y c\ld sell to !m _! s]vices z policem51 & c\ld jo9 ) !m 9 plund]+ ! ,*ur*2#aec on _! side ! tradesm5 7 always ready to commute p]sonal milit>y s]vice into a tax1 & ?us bo? sides b5efit$4 ,to ! ,*ur*1 on ! contr>y1 ! rise ( ! m]cantile class 0 pure loss1 n only because x caus$ _! vassals to seek bett] protection ?an ecclesia/ics c\ld give1 b because ! propagation ( ! mat]iali/ic m9d br$ h]esy4 ,! cl]gy _h no police to sell1 & ! t[nsm5 _h1 !re=e1 ei!r to d ! "w !mselves or hire a secul> noble4 ,9 ! "o case !y became sub/antially indep5d5t2 9 ! o!r !y transf]r$ _! allegiance to a /rang]4 ,9 any ev5t1 a new fief 0 c>v$ out ( an ecclesia/ical lord%ip1 & su* accessions /eadily built up ! royal doma94 ,f ! outset1 ! sacr$ class seems to h be5 consci\s ( its dang]1 & "s ( ! mo/ f]oci\s w>s ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 ^? wag$ ^u ecclesia/ical s]fs :o tri$ to organize = self-def5ce4 ,9 "o ( 8 books ,lu*aire has told1 at l5g?1 ! /ory ( ! massacre ( ! peasantry ( ! ,laonnais by a soldi] :om ! *apt] ( ,laon elect$ bi%op = ! purpose1#aed & ?is 0 b a s+le case out ( hundr$s4 ,h>dly a bi%op or an abbot liv$ at peace ) 8 vassals1 &1 z ! cl]gy 7 ! natural prey ( ! secul> nobility1 ! b>ons (t5 sid$ ) ! populace1 & us$ ! burgh]s z an excuse = private w>4 ,a spee* made by "o ( ! ,c\nts ( ,nev]s1 dur+ a ris+ ( ! inhabitants ( ,vzelay1 gives a good idea ( ! intrigues :i* kept ! prelates 9 p]petual mis]y4 8,o v illu/ri\s m51 celebrat$ = great wisdom1 valiant by y\r /r5g? & ri* by ! ri*es y h acquir$ by y\r own m]it1 ,i am deeply afflict$ at ! mis]able condition to :i* y are r$uc$4 ,app>5tly ! possessors ( mu*1 9 reality y are ma/]s ( no?+2 & m ?an ?is1 y d n enjoy any portion ( y\r natural lib]ty4444 ,if ,i ?9k on ^! ?+s ,i am greatly a/oni%$1 & ask myself :at has become (1 or r to :at dep? ( c[>dice has fall5 )9 y1 t vig\r =m]ly s r5[n$1 :5 y put to dea? y\r ,"l1 ! abbot ,artaud40 ,! c\nt !n dwelt ^u ! h>%ness ( ! liv+ abbot1 & end$ ?us3-- 8,sep>ate f ?is man1 & b9d y\rselves to me by a mutual agreem5t3 if y cons5t1 ,i engage myself to free y f all exactions1 f all illegal r5tals1 & to def5d y f ! evils :i* are ready to fall ^u y40#aee ,:]ev] develop$1 ! m]cantile m9d _h always ! same *>act]i/ic3 x 0 unimag9ative1 &1 be+ unimag9ative1 x d\bt$ ! utility ( magic4 ,accord+ly1 all comm]cial communities h rebell$ aga9/ pay+ = miracles1 & x 0 ! spread ( a scepticism already well develop$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury among ! manufactur+ t[ns1 :i* caus$ ! ,re=mation ( ! sixte5?4 ,at ,sa9t-,riqui] ! monks c>ri$ ! relics ( ,sa9t ,vigor ea* ye> 9 procession4 ,9 #abfd ! burgh]s took a dead cat & put x 9 a %r9e1 :ile 9 ano!r casket !y plac$ a horse-bone1 to d s]vice z ! arm ( ,sa9t ,vigor4 ,:5 ! procession rea*$ a c]ta9 spot1 ! reliqu>ies 7 set d[n1 & a mock fight began betwe5 two mumm]s4 ,!n ! be>]s cri$ out1 8,old ,sa9t ,riqui]1 y %all g no fur!r unless y reconcile ^! enemies10 :]eupon ! combatants fell into ea* o!r's arms1 & all cri$ out t ,sa9t ,riqui] _h wr\ght a miracle4 ,aft]w>d !y built a *apel & oratory1 ) an alt> drap$ ) clo? ( gold1 & deposit$ ! dead cat & ! horse-bone2 & simple pilgrims1 ignorant ( ! sacrilege1 /opp$ to wor%ip ! relics1 ! mayor & c\ncil aid+ & abett+ ! crime1 8to ! detrim5t ( ! :ole ,*ur* univ]sal40#aef ,! cl]gy retaliat$ ) frightful f]ocity4 ,z h]esy foll[$ 9 ! wake ( trade1 ! ,inquisition foll[$ 9 ! wake ( h]esy1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury witness$ simultane\sly ! prosp]ity ( ! m]cantile class & ! organization ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,jacques de ,vitry brea!d ! ecclesia/ical _s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s prea*]s ( 8 age1 he rose f a simple monk to be ,c>d9al-bi%op ( ,tusculum1 legate 9 ,france1 & ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem4 ,he l$ a crusade aga9/ ! ,albig5ses1 0 pres5t at ! siege ( ,damietta1 & di$ at ,rome 9 #abdj4 ,8 s]mons burn ) 8 hatr$ ( ! b\rgeoisie3 8,t dete/able race ( m5 444 hurry+ to meet its fate1 :i* none or few c\ld escape10 all ( :om 87 mak+ ha/e t[>d hell4444 ,b above all o!r evils ( ^! ,babyloni% cities1 !re is "o :i* is ! wor/1 = h>dly is !re a community to be f\nd 9 :i* !re are n abettors1 receiv]s1 def5d]s (1 or believ]s 91 h]etics40#aeg ,! basis ( ! secul> society ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages 0 individual physical =ce4 ,e layman1 noble or s]f1 ow$ milit>y s]vice1 & :5 a bor\gh 0 incorporat$1 x took its place 9 ! feudal hi]>*y1 l any o!r vassal4 ,) ! spread ( ! m]cantile type1 h[ev]1 a *ange began--! transmutation ( physical =ce into money--& ?is process w5t on until individual /r5g? or c\rage ceas$ to h importance4 ,z soldi]s ! burgesses nev] excell$2 citiz5 troops h seldom be5 =midable1 & ^? ( ! communes r>ely )/ood ! fir/ onset ( ! enemy4 ,! tradesm5 !mselves recogniz$ _! own limitations1 & 9 #acag ! deputies ( ! cities met at ,p>is & reque/$ ! gov]nm5t to und]take ! adm9i/ration ( ! local militia4 ,?\gh unw>like1 ! t[nsm5 7 weal?y1 &1 9 ! reign ( ,philip ,augu/us1 ! same cause :i* l$ to ! consolidation ( ! k+dom1 br\ght ab\t1 z ,lu*aire has po9t$ out1 8a radical modification ( ! milit>y & f9ancial organization ( ! mon>*y20 ! sub/itution by ! privileg$ corporations ( money paym5ts = p]sonal s]vice4#aeh ,?us1 f ! "t :5 ! economic type _h multipli$ suffici5tly to hire a police1 ! /r5g? ( ! ,/ate came to dep5d on its rev5ue1 & f9anci]s grew to be ! controll+ elem5t ( civilization4 ,be=e ! crusades1 ! high (fices ( ! k+dom ( ,france1 su* z ! (fice ( ! s5es*al1 7 n only held by nobles1 b t5d$ to become h]$it>y 9 c]ta9 w>like families4 ,aft] ! rise ( ! ,ea/]n trade ! royal c\ncil 0 captur$ by ! b\rgeoisie4 ,jacques ,cur is a /rik+ specim5 ( ! class :i* rul$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,( ?is class ! lawy]s 7 ! spokesm51 & m5 l ,flotte & ,nog>et1 ! *ancellors ( ,philip ! ,fair1 express$ ! notion ( c5tralization z p]fectly z ! juri/s ( anci5t ,rome4 ,no "o has und]/ood ! movem5t bett] ?an ,lu*aire4 ,he has po9t$ out1 9 8 "w on ,fr5* in/itutions1 t f ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,sa9t ,l\is 7#abbf7 ! ,privy ,c\ncil /eadily ga9$ 9 consequ5ce4#aei ,! p]man5t civil s]vice1 ( :i* x 0 ! core1 s]v$ z a s*ool = judges1 cl]ks1 s5es*als1 & all judicial & executive (fic]s4 ,at fir/ ! adm9i/ration reta9$ a /rong cl]ical t+e1 probably because a g5]ation elaps$ be=e laym5 c\ld be equally well tra9$ = ! "w1 b aft] ! accession ( ,philip ! ,fair1 t[>d ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! laym5 decisively pr$om9at$1 & :5 !y pr$om9at$1 ! plund] ( ! ,*ur* began4 ,ab/ract ju/ice is1 ( c\rse1 impossible4 ,law is m]ely ! expression ( ! w ( ! /ronge/ = ! "t be+1 & !re=e laws h no fixity1 b %ift f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,:5 ! imag9ation is vivid & police weak1 emotional or ecclesia/ical law prevails4 ,z competition %>p5s1 & ! movem5t ( society accel]ates1 religi\s ritual is supplant$ by civil codes = ! en=cem5t ( contracts & ! protection ( ! cr$itor class4 ,! m society consolidates ! m legislation is controll$ by ! weal?y1 & at l5g? ! repres5tatives ( ! moni$ class acquire t absolute p[] once wield$ by ! ,roman proconsul1 & n[ ex]cis$ by ! mod]n magi/rate4 8,! two great figures ( ,sa9t ,l\is & ( ,philip ! ,fair :i* dom9ate ! ?ird p]iod are pr(\ndly unlike1 b consid]+ ! facts z a :ole 444 !y h b mod]ately influ5c$ ! direction ( ! communal developm5t4 ,) ! bailiffs & ,p>liam5t ! mon>*ical ma*9e is 9 possession ( its ess5tial works2 x op]ates & w /op no m4 ,9 va9 ! k+ %all essay to arre/ its m>*1 or to direct x 9 ano!r c\rse3 ! innum]able army ( ag5ts ( ! cr[n does n cease = a mom5t to de/roy rival jurisdictions1 to suppress emb>rass+ p[]s1 to replace ev]y:]e private jurisdictions by ! s+le au?ority ( ! sov]eign4 8,to ! inf9ite div]sity ( local lib]ties its w is to sub/itute regul>ity ( in/itutions2 political & adm9i/rative c5tralization40#afj ,z ,lu*aire has else:]e obs]v$1 ! curr5t ev]y:]e 8sub/itut$1 9 ! pa?s ( adm9i/ration1 ju/ice1 & f9ance1 ! lay & burgh] = ! ecclesia/ical & noble elem5t40 ,9 o!r words1 ! economic type /eadily ga9$ gr\nd1 & ! process w5t on until ! ,revolution4 ,sa9t ,simon nev] =gave ,l\is ,,xiv4 = surr\nd+ himself ) m5 ( mean bir?1 dep5d5t on 8 w4 8,! ,duke ( ,beauvilli]s 0 ! s+le example 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 reign1 z has be5 rem>k$ 9 speak+ ( ?is duke1 ! only nobleman :o 0 admitt$ into 8 c\ncil betwe5 ! dea? ( ,c>d9al ,maz>9 & 8 own2 t is to say1 dur+ fifty-f\r ye>s40#afa ,f ! middle ( ! twelf? to ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 an int]val ( almo/ unp>allel$ comm]cial prosp]ity--a prosp]ity :i* is suffici5tly prov$ by ! sumptu\s quality ( ! ar*itecture ( ! "t4 ,unque/ionably ! mo/ magnific5t build+s ( mod]n ,europe date f ?is p]iod1 & ?is prosp]ity 0 n limit$ to any c\ntry1 b ext5d$ f ,cairo to ,london4 ,su* an expansion ( trade w\ld h be5 impossible )\t a correspond+ expansion ( ! curr5cy1 & z no new m9es 7 discov]$1 rec\rse 0 _h to pap]4 ,by ! ye> #abjj bills ( ex*ange _h be5 introduc$1#afb & 9 ord] to give ! bill ( ex*ange its greate/ circulat+ p[]1 a sy/em ( bank+ 0 creat$ :i* op]at$ z a univ]sal cle>+ h\se1 & by means ( :i* ^! bills 7 balanc$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa1 & ,v5ice 7 ! *ief moni$ c5tres4 ,9 ^! cities ! pur*ase & sale ( comm]cial pap] 01 at ! outset1 monopoliz$ by a body ( money-*ang]s1 :o1 9 ,v5ice at lea/1 seem to h be5 controll$ by ! c\ncil ( m]*ants1 & :o probably 7 n always 9 ! be/ cr$it4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y 7 requir$ 9 #acah to make a deposit ( #c1jjj z security = _! cu/om]s1 & aft]w>d ! am\nt 0 increas$4#afc ,possibly "s su* sy/em ( deposits may h orig9ally =m$ ! capital ( ! ,bank ( ,v5ice1 b ev]y?+ relat+ to ! organization ( ! m$ival banks is obscure4 ,all t seems c]ta9 is1 t bus9ess 0 conduct$ by e/abli%m5ts ( ?is "* long be=e ! date ( any records :i* n[ rema94 ,amid/ ! multiplicity ( m$ival jurisdictions1 n only did ! curr5cy become involv$ 9 inextricable confusion1 b x g5]ally 0 debas$ ?r\gh abrasion & clipp+4 ,be=e cle>+s c\ld be conv5i5tly made1 !re=e1 a co9age ( recogniz$ value _h to be provid$1 & ?is ! banks und]took to supply by _! sy/em ( deposits4 ,!y receiv$ co9 fre% f ! m9ts1 = :i* !y gave cr$its1 & ^! cr$its or notes 7 negotiable1 & 7 always to be b\ght 9 ! m>ket4 ,! deposits !mselves 7 seldom )drawn1 z !y bore a premium ov] common curr5cy1 :i* !y lo/ :5 put 9 circulation1 & !y 7 accord+ly only transf]r$ on ! books ( ! corporations1 to correspond ) ! sales ( ! notes :i* repres5t$ !m4 ,?us m]*ants f all p>ts ( ,europe & ! ,levant c\ld draw on ,v5ice or ,g5oa1 & h _! balances settl$ by transf]s ( deposits at ! banks1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( co94 ,a calculation has be5 made t1 by ?is means1 ! effective p[] ( ! curr5cy 0 multipli$ t5fold4 ,( all ^! in/itutions1 ! corporations ( ,g5oa & ,v5ice 7 ! mo/ fam\s4 ,! ,bank ( ,sa9t ,george1 at ,g5oa1 0 =mally organiz$ 9 #adjg1 b x und\bt$ly _h conduct$ bus9ess f ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury2#afd next to no?+ is kn[n ( ! developm5t at ,v5ice4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ,flor5ce 0 m purely a moni$ c5tre ?an ei!r ,v5ice or ,g5oa1 & no money-l5d]s ( ! ,middle ,ages ev] equall$ ! great ,flor5t9e bank+ families4 ,mo/ ( ! important comm]cial c5tres came to h in/itutions ( ! k9d4 ,! introduction ( cr$it _h ! same effect z a l>ge addition to ! /ock ( bullion1 &1 z gold & silv] grew m pl5tiful1 _! relative value fell1 & a g5]al re=m ( ! curr5cy took place4 ,v5ice began ! movem5t ) ! grosso1 x spread ?r\gh ,italy & into ,france1 & ! co9 ( ,sa9t ,l\is 0 long consid]$ z p]fect money4 ,) ! expansion ( ! curr5cy w5t a rise 9 prices1 all produc]s grew ri*1 &1 = m ?an two g5]ations1 ! /ra9 ( competition 0 s relax$ t ! diff]5t classes ( ! population prey$ ^u ea* o!r less savagely ?an !y are wont to d 9 less happy times4 ,mean:ile no consid]able additions 7 made to ! volume ( ! preci\s metals1 &1 z ! bulk ( comm]ce swell$1 ! capacity ( ! new sy/em ( cr$it became exhau/$1 & contraction set 94 ,! fir/ symptom ( disord] seems to h be5 a rise 9 ! pur*as+ p[] ( bo? ! preci\s metals1 b p>ticul>ly ( gold1 :i* rose 9 its ratio to silv] f ab\t "o to n9e & a half1 to "o to twelve4#afe ,at ! same "t ! value ( commodities1 ev5 :5 measur$ 9 silv]1 appe>s to h fall5 %>ply4#aff ,! consequ5ce ( ?is fall 0 a correspond+ addition to ! burd5 ( debt1 & a v g5]al insolv5cy4 ,! communes _h be5 l>ge borr[]s1 & _! /raits 7 deplorable4 ,lu*aire has describ$ _! condition z %[n 89 ! municipal acc\nts address$ by ! communes to ! gov]nm5t40#afg ,ev]y:]e !re 0 a deficit1 almo/ ev]y:]e ru94 ,ami5s1 ,soissons1 ,roye1 ,sa9t ,qu5t91 & ,r\5 7 all 9 difficulty ) _! loans1 b ,noyon 0 p]haps ! wor/ ( all4 ,9 #abgh ,noyon ow$ #af1jjj p\nds :i* x 0 unable to pay4 ,aft] a susp5sion = f\rte5 ye>s ! k+ issu$ an ord9ance regulat+ liquidation2 a "p ( ! claims _h to be cancell$1 & ! balance collect$ by a levy on private prop]ty4 ,! bankruptcy 0 complete4 ,! royal gov]nm5t1 equally h>dly press$1 0 unable to meet its obligations 9 ! /&>d co91 & resort$ to debasem5t4 ,"u ,sa9t ,l\is ! m>k ( silv] yield$ b #b p\nds #ae s\s #f p5ce2 9 #acjf ! same weight ( metal 0 cut into #h p\nds #aj s\s4 ,! pressure ^u ! population 0 t]rible1 & l$ to t]rible results--! beg9n+ ( ! spoliation ( ! emotionali/s4 ,p]haps ! comb9ation ( ! two great =ces ( ! age1 ( ! soldi] & ! monk1 0 ! supreme ef=t ( ! emotional m9d4 ,:at a hold ! dazzl+ dream ( omnipot5ce1 ?r\gh ! possession ( ! ,sepul*re1 _h ^u ! twelf? c5tury1 c be measur$ by ! gifts %[]$ ^u ! crusad+ ord]s1 = !y repres5t$ a prodigi\s sacrifice4 ,at ,p>is ! ,temple _h a capital city ov] aga9/ ! capital ( ! k+4 ,)9 a wall$ enclosure ( sixty ?\s& squ>e metres1 /ood ! conv5tual build+s & a gigantic donjon ( su* p]fect masonry t x nev] ne$$ o!r repairs ?an ! pat*+ ( its ro(4 ,beyond ! walls ! doma9 ext5d$ to ! ,se9e1 a prop]ty :i*1 ev5 9 #acjj1 _h an almo/ incalculable value4 ,on e ,ea/]n battle-field1 & at e assault & siege1 ! knights _h f\ght ) t fi]y c\rage :i* has made _! "n a prov]b d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,9 #abfe1 at ,saf$1 ?ree hundr$ _h be5 but*]$ ^u ! ramp>ts 9 cold blood1 r ?an r5\nce _! fai?4 ,at ,acre1 ^: loss seal$ ! fate ( ,pale/9e1 !y held ! keep at all odds until ! donjon fell1 bury+ ,*ri/ians & ,moslems 9 a common grave4 ,b skill & val\r avail no?+ aga9/ nature4 ,/ep by /ep ! ,templ>s _h be5 driv5 back1 until ,tortosa surr5d]$ 9 #abia4 ,!n ! ,holy ,l& 0 clos$1 ! en?usiasm :i* _h g5]at$ ! ord] _h pass$ away1 &1 mean:ile1 economic competition _h br$ a new race at home1 to :i* monks 7 a pr$e/9$ prey4 ,9 #abhe1 z ! ,lat9 k+dom 9 ,syria 0 tott]+ t[>ds its fall1 ,philip ! ,fair 0 cr[n$4 ,subtle1 sceptical1 trea*]\s1 & cruel1 few k+s h left beh9d !m a m sombre memory1 yet he 0 ! inc>nation ( ! economic _s 9 its conflict ) ! ,*ur*4 ,n9e ye>s lat] ,b5$etto ,gaetani 0 elect$ pope3 a man z completely ! creation ( ! social revolution ( ! ?irte5? c5tury z ,philip himself4 ,tra9$ at ,bologna & ,p>is1 a juri/ r ?an a prie/1 8 fai? 9 dogma 0 s scanty t 8 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l has be5 que/ion$4 ,a ?or\gh worldl+1 gre$y1 ambiti\s1 & unscrupul\s1 he 0 suspect$ ( hav+ murd]$ 8 pr$ecessor1 ,cele/9 ,v4 ,:5 ,boniface came to ! ?rone1 ! ,*ur* is suppos$ to h own$ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! soil ( ,europe1 & on ?is prop]ty ! gov]nm5ts _h no means ( en=c+ regul> taxation4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! fall ( prices increas$ ! weight ( debt1 :ile x dim9i%$ ! p[] ( ! population to pay4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! sy/em ( adm9i/ration became m complex1 ! co/ ( gov]nm5t augm5t$1 & at la/ ! burd5 became m ?an ! laity c\ld endure4 ,bo? ,engl& & ,france _h a p]man5t deficit1 & ,edw>d & ,philip alike turn$ t[>d ! cl]gy z ! only s\rce ( supply4 ,bo? k+s met ) opposition1 b ! explosion came 9 ,france1 :]e ,clairvaux1 ! mo/ intractable ( conv5ts1 appeal$ to ,rome4 ,boniface _h be5 elect$ by a coalition betwe5 ! ,colonna & ! ,ors9i factions1 b aft] 8 coronation he turn$ ^u ! ,colonnas1 :o1 9 rev5ge1 plund]$ 8 treasure4 ,a /ruggle foll[$1 :i* end$ fatally to ! pope2 b at fir/ he _h ! advantage1 sack$ _! city ( ,prne/e1 & =c$ !m to fly to ,france4 ,on ! br9k ( ?is w>1 ,boniface 0 9 no condition to r\se s dang]\s an adv]s>y z ,philip1 &1 9 answ] to ,clairvaux's appeal1 he conf9$ himself to excommunicat+ ! pr9ce :o %\ld tax ! prie/ & ! prie/ :o %\ld pay ! impo/4 ,nev]!less1 ! issue _h to be met4 ,! ,*ur* _h weak5$ z t]ror ( ! unkn[n _h wan$1 & c\ld no long] def5d its weal?1 :i* 0 de/9$ to pass m & m completely into ! h&s ( ! laity4 ,philip cont9u$ 8 aggressions1 &1 :5 peace _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,italy1 ! rupture came4 ,n realiz+ 8 impot5ce1 & exasp]at$ at ! royal policy1 ,boniface s5t ,b]n>d de ,saisset1 ,bi%op ( ,pami]s1 to ,p>is z 8 ambassador4 ,b]n>d _h rec5tly be5 consecrat$ 9 defiance ( ,philip1 & !y 7 bitt] enemies4 ,he 0 soon dismiss$ f c\rt1 b he cont9u$ 8 provocations1 call+ ! k+ a false co9] & a blockhead1 & :5 he return$ to ,pami]s he plott$ an insurrection4 ,he 0 arre/$ & prosecut$ by ! ,*ancellor ,flotte1 b :5 deliv]$ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,n>bonne = degradation1 action 0 susp5d$ to await ! sanction ( ,rome4 ,!n ,flotte 0 s5t to ,italy to dem& ! surr5d] 8( ! *ild ( p]dition10 t ,philip might make ( him 8an excell5t sacrifice to ,god40 ,! mission necess>ily fail$1 = x 0 a /ruggle = supremacy1 & ! issue 0 well summ$ up 9 ! f9al words ( ! /ormy int]view :i* br\ght x to a close4 8,my p[]1 ! spiritual p[]10 cri$ ,boniface1 8embraces & encloses ! temporal40 8,true10 retort$ ,flotte1 8b y\rs is v]bal1 ! k+'s is real40 ,an ecclesia/ical c\ncil 0 convok$ = ,octob]1 #acjb1 & ,philip 0 summon$ to appe> be=e ! greate/ prelates ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,b1 n wait+ ! meet+ ( ?is augu/ assembly1 ,boniface1 on ,decemb] #e1 #acja1 laun*$ 8 fam\s bull1 8,ausculta1 fili10 :i* 0 8 decl>ation ( w>4#afh ,li/51 my son3 d n p]suade y\rself t y h no sup]ior1 & are n 9 subjection to ! head ( ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y3 he :o says ?is is mad1 he :o su/a9s x is an infidel4 ,y dev\r ! rev5ues ( ! vacant bi%oprics1 y pillage *ur*es4 ,i d n speak n[ ( ! alt]ations 9 ! co9age1 & ( ! o!r compla9ts :i* arise on all sides1 & :i* cry to u aga9/ y1 b n to make myself acc\ntable to ,god = y\r s\l1 ,i summon y to appe> be=e me1 & 9 case ( y\r refusal %all r5d] judgm5t 9 y\r abs5ce4#afi ,a c5tury be=e1 ! b>ons ( ,france _h ab&on$ ,philip ,augu/us1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! incantations ( ,innoc5t1 b1 9 ! ?ird g5]ation ( ! comm]cial type1 su* fe>s _h be5 disc>d$4 ,9 ,april1 #acjb1 ! e/ates ( ! realm su/a9$ ! 8little "o-ey$ h]etic10 z ,boniface call$ ,flotte1 9 burn+ ! papal bull1 & 9 answ]+ ! admonitions ( ! pope ) mock]y4 8,philip1 by ! grace ( ,god k+ ( ! ,fr5*1 to ,boniface1 :o calls himself sov]eign pontiff1 little greet+ or none4 ,let y\r v great fooli%ness "k t we are subject to no "o = ! temporalty2 t ! collation to ! vacant *ur*es & preb5ds belongs to u by royal "r2 t _! fruits are ours2 t collations :i* h be5 made1 or are to be made by u1 are valid = ! pa/ & = ! future1 & t we w manfully protect _! possessors aga9/ all com]s4 ,^? :o ?9k o!rwise we hold fools or madm540#agj ,! accept$ !ory long 0 t ! b\rgeoisie 7 neutral 9 ?is qu>rel2 t !y 7 an insignificant factor 9 ! /ate1 & obey$ passively because !y 7 )\t ! p[] to oppose4 ,9 reality1 consolidation _h already gone s f> t money _h become ! prevail+ =m ( =ce 9 ! k+dom ( ,france2 !re=e ! moni$ class 0 on ! :ole ! /ronge/ class1 & ,flotte 0 _! m\?piece4 ,!y accept$ ! pap]s drawn by ! *ancellor1 because ! *ancellor 0 _! repres5tative4#aga ,9 ,july1 #acjb1 ,philip met ) ! defeat ( ,c\rtray1 & ! tone ( ! ecclesia/ical c\ncil1 conv5$ 9 ,octob]1 %[s t ! cl]gy ?\ght 8 p[] brok54 ,a prie/ relies ^u ! miracle1 &1 if defi$1 he mu/ ei!r conqu] by sup]natural aid1 or submit to secul> co]cion4 ,boniface boldly fac$ ! issue1 & plant$ himself by ,hildebr&4 ,9 8 bull1 ,unam ,sanctam1 he def9$ 8 claim to ! implicit ob$i5ce ( laym54 8,we are provid$1 "u 8 au?ority1 ) two swords1 ! temporal & ! spiritual2 444 bo?1 !re=e1 are 9 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*2 to wit1 ! spiritual & ! mat]ial sword3 444 ! "o is to be us$ by ! prie/1 ! o!r by k+s & soldi]s2 s$ ad nutum et pati5tiam sac]dotis40#agb ,a s5t5ce ( excommunication _h also be5 prep>$ & s5t to ,france1 :i* 0 to h be5 foll[$ by deposition2 b :5 x arriv$1 ,philip conv5$ an assembly ( prelates & b>ons at ! ,l\vre1 & pres5t$ an indictm5t aga9/ ,boniface1 probably )\t a p>allel 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,! pope 0 accus$ ( e crime4 ,he 0 an infidel1 a d5i] ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 a sc(f] at ! eu*>i/1 a murd]]1 & a sorc]]4 ,he 0 guilty ( unnatural crimes & ( robb]y4#agc ,! be>] ( ! bull 0 arre/$1 ! prop]ty ( ! bi%ops :o _h att5d$ ! c\ncil seque/]$1 & ,philip prep>$ to seize ,boniface 9 8 own palace4 ,boniface1 too1 felt ! decisive h\r at h&4 ,he tri$ to reconcile himself ) 8 enemies1 drew ! bull ( deposition1 & prep>$ to affix x to ! *ur* door at ,anagni on ,septemb] #h1 #acjc4 ,be=e ! day came he 0 a prison]1 & face to face ) dea?4 ,flotte _h be5 kill$ at ,c\rtray1 & _h be5 succe$$ by ! r$\btable ,nog>et1 ^: gr&fa!r 0 believ$ to h be5 burn$ z a h]etic4 ,) ,nog>et ,philip jo9$ ,sci>ra ,colonna1 ! bloodie/ ( ! ,italian nobles1 & s5t !m toge!r to ,italy to deal ) 8 foe4 ,boniface _h made w> ^u ! ,colonnas1 & ,sci>ra _h be5 hunt$ l a wild bea/4 ,fly+ disguis$1 he _h be5 tak5 by pirates1 & _h pref]r$ to toil f\r ye>s z a galley-slave1 r ?an run ! risk ( ecclesia/ical m]cy by surr5d]+ himself to ! vic> ( ,*ri/4 ,at la/ ,philip he>d ( 8 mis=tunes1 b\ght him1 &1 at ! crisis1 let him slip l a mad dog at ! old man's ?roat4 ,nog>et & ,colonna succe$$ 9 corrupt+ ! gov]nor ( ,anagni1 & ent]$ ! t[n at dead ( night2 b ! pope's nephews _h "t to b>ricade ! /reets1 & x 0 n until ! *ur*1 :i* communicat$ ) ! papal ap>tm5ts1 _h be5 fir$1 t ! palace 0 =c$4 ,!re1 x 0 said1 !y f\nd ! pr\d old prie/ sitt+ ^u 8 ?rone1 ) 8 cr[n ^u 8 head1 & m5 :isp]$ t1 z he sat !re1 ,colonna /ruck him 9 ! face ) 8 gauntlet4 ,probably ! /ory 0 false1 b x reflect$ truly en\gh ! _s ( ! pope's captors4 ,he himself believ$ !m capable ( poison+ him1 = f ,saturday night till ,monday morn+ he lay )\t food or dr9k1 & :5 lib]at$ 0 exhau/$4 ,boniface 0 eighty-six1 & ! %ock kill$ him4 ,he 0 tak5 to ,rome1 & di$ !re ( fev]1 accord+ to ! rum\r1 blasphem+1 & gnaw+ 8 h&s 9 fr5zy4#agd ,! dea? ( ,boniface 0 decisive4 ,b5$ict ,,xi41 :o succe$$ him1 did n attempt to prolong ! conte/2 b peace )\t surr5d] 0 impossible4 ,! economic classes held ! emotionali/s by ! ?roat1 & /rangl$ !m till !y disgorg$4 ,va9ly ,b5$ict revok$ ! acts ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,philip dem&$ t ,boniface %\ld be br&$ z a h]etic1 & s5t ,nog>et to ,rome z 8 ambassador4 ,! insult 0 m ?an ! prie/hood c\ld yet endure4 ,summon+ 8 c\rage1 ,b5$ict excommunicat$ ,nog>et1 ,colonna1 & ?irte5 o!rs1 :om he _h se5 break into ! palace at ,anagni4 ,)9 a mon? he 0 dead4 ,poison 0 :isp]$1 &1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! monks captur$ ! papacy1 ! hi]>*y 0 p>alyz$ by fe>4 ,no compla9t 0 made1 or pursuit ( ! crim9al attempt$2 ! consi/ory met1 b fail$ to unite on a successor4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 :5 ! c>d9als 7 unable to agree1 ! faction oppos$ to ,philip cons5t$ to "n ?ree c&idates1 f :om ! k+ %\ld select ! pope4 ,! prelate he *ose 0 ,b]tr& de ,go?1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,bordeaux4 ,boniface _h be5 8 patron1 b ,philip1 :o knew m51 knew t ?is man _h 8 price4 ,! tale goes t ! k+ visit$ ! bi%op at an abbey ne> ,sa9t-,jean-d',angly1 & began ! conv]sation z foll[s3 8,my "l ,ar*bi%op1 ,i h t 9 my h& w make y pope if ,i l1 & x is = t ,i am come40 ,b]tr& fell on 8 knees1 & ! k+ impos$ five conditions1 res]v+ a six?1 to exact !reaft]4 ,! la/ condition 0 ! condemnation ( ! ,templ>s4#age ,d\btless ! picturesque old tale is z false 9 detail z x is true 9 _s4 ,probably no su* int]view took place1 & yet !re seems little d\bt t ,clem5t ow$ 8 election to ,philip1 & gave pl$ges :i* b\nd him f ! day ( 8 coronation4 ,c]ta9ly he surr5d]$ all lib]ty ( action1 = he e/abli%$ himself at ,avignon1 :5ce ! battlem5ts ( ,ville-,neuve c /ill be se51 built by ,philip to ov]awe ! t[n4 ,)9 an h\r he c\ld h fill$ ! /reets ) 8 m]c5>ies4 ,! victory 0 complete4 ,! ,*ur* 0 pro/rate1 & spoliation began4 ,clem5t 0 cr[n$ 9 #acje1 & aft] two ye>s ( slav]y he began to f9d 8 compact heavy ^u him4 ,he yield$ up ! patronage1 he cons5t$ to ! taxation ( ! cl]gy1 & he ord]$ ! gr&-ma/]s ( ! crusad+ ord]s to return to ,europe1 all at ,philip's bidd+4 ,b :5 he 0 comm&$ to condemn ,boniface z a h]etic1 he recoil$ 9 t]ror4 ,inde$1 to h reject$ ,boniface z an impo/or1 & a false pope1 w\ld h precipitat$ *aos4 ,8 bi%ops & c>d9als w\ld h be5 set aside1 ,clem5t's own election w\ld h be5 invalidat$2 none c\ld =esee :]e ! disorganization w\ld end4 ,to ga9 "t1 ,clem5t plead$ = a g5]al c\ncil1 :i* ! k+ morosely conc$$1 b only on ! condition t ! excommunications aga9/ 8 ag5ts1 ev5 aga9/ ,nog>et1 %\ld be )drawn4 ,clem5t ass5t$1 = he 0 practically a prison] at ,poiti]s1 a c\ncil at ,vi5ne 0 agre$ to1 & ! ,cr[n seiz$ ! ,templ>s )\t opposition f ! ,*ur*4 ,criticism has long ago dispell$ ! my/]y :i* once %r\d$ ?is bloody process4 ,no hi/orian n[ sugge/s t ! knights 7 really guilty ( ! fanta/ic enormities *>g$ aga9/ !m1 & :i* !y confess$ "u torture4 ,scepticism d\btless 0 rife among !m1 z x 0 among ! c>d9als1 b !re is no?+ to %[ t ! wor/ diff]$ mat]ially f ! population ab\t !m1 & ! sup]b =titude ) :i* !y p]i%$1 demon/rates t lack ( religi\s en?usiasm 0 n ! crime = :i* !y di$4 ,:5 ,philip conceiv$ ! idea ( fir/ murd]+ & !n plund]+ ! crusad]s1 is unc]ta94 ,"s h ?\ght x 0 9 #acjf1 :ile %elt]$ 9 ! ,temple1 :51 he hav+ sudd5ly rais$ 8 debas$ money to ! /&>d ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 ! mob de/roy$ ! h\se ( 8 ma/] ( ! m9t4 ,probably x 0 mu* e>li]1 & 0 b ! necess>y result ( ! %>p5+ ( economic competition1 :i* began ) ! accel]at$ movem5t accompany+ ! crusades4 ,aft] ,clem5t's election1 sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e ! s*eme rip5$4 ,no?+ c\ld be done until "o or bo? ( ! gr&-ma/]s _h be5 entic$ to ,france ) _! treasure4 ,"u pret5ce ( prep>+ = a new crusade ?is 0 f9ally accompli%$1 &1 9 #acjf1 ,jacques de ,molay1 a *ivalr\s ,burgundian g5tleman1 j\rney$ unsuspect+ly to ,p>is1 tak+ ) him 8 *ief (fic]s & "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& flor9s 9 gold1 beside silv] 8en\gh to load t5 mules40 ,philip fir/ borr[$ all ! money de ,molay w\ld l5d1 & !n1 at "o sudd5 swoop1 arre/$ 9 a s+le night all ! ,templ>s 9 ,france4 ,on ,octob] #ac1 #acjg1 ! seizure 0 made1 & ,philip's organization 0 s p]fect1 & 8 ag5ts s reliable1 t ! plan 0 execut$ ) precision4 ,! object ( ! gov]nm5t 0 plund]1 b be=e ! goods ( ! ord] c\ld be confiscat$1 legal conviction ( "s crime 0 necess>y1 :i* w\ld entail =feiture4 ,h]esy 0 ! only accusation adapt$ to ! purpose2 accord+ly ,philip det]m9$ to convict ! knights ( h]esy1 & ! be/ evid5ce 0 confession4 ,to extort confession ! ,inquisition _h to be set 9 motion by ! pope1 & ?us x came to pass t1 9 ord] to convey to ! laym5 ! prop]ty ( ecclesia/ics1 ,*ri/'s soldi]s 7 torm5t$ to dea? by 8 own vic>4 ,9 va91 9 ! mid/ ( ! "w1 ,clem5t1 9 agonies ( remorse1 revok$ ! commissions ( ! inquisitors4 ,philip je]$ :5 ! c>d9als deliv]$ ! message1 say+ 8t ,god hat$ ! lukew>m10 & ! torture w5t on z be=e4 ,:5 he _h extort$ :at he ne$$1 he set out = ,poiti]s2 ,clem5t fl$1 b 0 arre/$ & br\ght back a prison]4 ,!n 8 resolution gave way1 & he ab&on$ ! knights to _! fate1 res]v+ only ! gr&-ma/] & a few high (ficials = himself4 ,/ill1 ?\gh he =sook ! individuals1 he c\ld n be t]rifi$ into condemn+ ! ord] 9 its corporate capacity1 & ! f9al process 0 ref]r$ to ! approa*+ c\ncil4 ,mean:ile1 a commission1 presid$ ov] by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,n>bonne1 proce$$ ) ! trial ( ! knights4 ,= ?ree ye>s ^! mis]able wret*es langui%$ 9 _! dungeons1 & ! imag9ation recoils f pictur+ _! torm5ts4 ,f9ally ,philip felt t an end mu/ be made1 & 9 ,m>*1 #acaj1 #edf ( ! survivors 7 tak5 f _! prisons & made to *oose delegates1 = _! exasp]ation 0 s deep t ! gov]nm5t fe>$ to let !m appe> be=e ! c\rt 9 a body4 ,! precaution avail$ little1 = ! knights :o conduct$ ! common def5ce prov$ !mselves z pr\d & bold 9 ?is la/ extremity ( human mis]y1 z !y _h ev] be5 ^u ! day ( battle4 ,!y d5i$ ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ !m1 !y taunt$ _! judges ) ! lies told !m to induce !m to confess1 & !y %[$ h[ life & lib]ty _h be5 promis$ !m1 "u ! royal seal1 if !y w\ld admit ! allegations ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,!n !y told ! /ory ( ^? :o _h be5 /eadfa/ to ! end4 8,x is n a/oni%+ t "s h borne false witness1 b t any h told ! tru?1 consid]+ ! sorr[s & suff]+1 ! ?reats & insults1 !y daily endure4444 ,:at is surpris+ is t fai? %\ld be giv5 to ^? :o h te/ifi$ untruly to save _! bodies1 r ?an to ^? :o h di$ 9 _! tortures 9 su* numb]s1 l m>tyrs ( ,*ri/1 9 def5ce ( ! tru?1 or :o solely = consci5ce sake1 h suff]$ & /ill daily suff] 9 _! prisons1 s _m torm5ts1 trials1 calamities1 & mis]ies1 = ?is cause40#agf ,! witnesses call$ confirm$ _! /atem5ts4 ,b]n>d ,peleti1 :5 exam9$1 0 ask$ if he _h be5 put to ! torture4 ,he repli$ t = ?ree mon?s previ\s to 8 confession to ! ,bi%op ( ,p>is1 he _h la9 ) 8 h&s s tightly b\nd beh9d 8 back t ! blood />t$ f 8 f+] nails4 ,he _h beside be5 put 9 a pit4 ,!n he broke out3 8,if ,i am tortur$ ,i %all d5y all ,i h said n[1 & %all say all !y want me to say4 ,if ! "t be %ort1 ,i c be> to be behead$1 or to die by boil+ wat]1 or by fire1 = ! hon\r ( ! ord]2 b ,i c no long] )/& ! torm5ts :i*1 = m ?an two ye>s1 ,i h endur$ 9 prison40#agg 8,i h be5 tortur$ ?ree times10 said ,humb]t de ,podio4 8,i 0 conf9$ ?irty-six weeks 9 a t[]1 on bread & wat]1 quia non confitebatur quae volebant40#agh ,b]n>d de ,vado %[$ two bones :i* _h dropp$ f 8 heels aft] roa/+ 8 feet4#agi ,su* te/imony 0 disreg>d$1 = condemnation 0 necess>y z a prelim9>y to confiscation4 ,! suppression ( ! ,temple 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 t long spoliation ( ! ,*ur* :i* has cont9u$ to ! pres5t day1 & :i* has be5 agoniz+ to ! victims 9 proportion to _! p[] ( resi/ance4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury 0 /ill an age ( fai?1 & ! monks di$ h>d4 ,philip grasp$ ! situation ) ! intuition ( g5ius1 & provid$ himself ) an in/rum5t fit = ! task be=e him4 ,he =c$ ,clem5t to raise ,philip de ,m>igni to ! ,see ( ,s5s1 & ,m>igni 0 a man :o %rank f no?+4 ,:5 made ar*bi%op1 he convok$ a prov9cial c\ncil at ,p>is1 & condemn$1 z relaps$ h]etics1 ! knights :o _h repudiat$ _! confessions4 ,fifty-n9e ( ^! knights belong$ to 8 own diocese4 ,he _h !m br\ght to a f5c$ enclosure 9 a field ne> ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t ,anto9e1 & !re (f]$ !m p>don if !y w\ld recant4 ,!n !y 7 *a9$ to /akes1 & sl[ly burn$ to a%es f ! feet upw>d4 ,n "o fl9*$1 b amid/ %rieks ( angui%1 :5 half consum$1 !y prote/$ _! innoc5ce1 & di$ implor+ m]cy ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,virg94#ahj ,devotion s sup]b might h fir$ ! imag9ation ( ev5 su* a crav5 z ,clem5t1 b ,philip 0 equal to ! em]g5cy4 ,he _h caus$ scores ( witnesses to be exam9$ to prove t ,boniface 0 a murd]]1 a sorc]]1 a debau*ee1 & a h]etic4 ,sudd5ly he (f]$ to drop ! prosecution1 & to re/ore ! ,temple l&s to ! ,*ur*1 if ! ord] might be aboli%$ & ! process clos$4 ,clem5t yield$4 ,9 ,octob]1 #acaa1 ! c\ncil met at ,vi5ne4 ,! w9t] 0 sp5t 9 intimidation & brib]y2 ! second meet+ 0 n held until ! foll[+ ,april1 & !n ! decree ( suppression 0 publi%$4 ,by ?is decree ! corporation 0 dissolv$1 b c]ta9 ( ! high] (fic]s /ill liv$1 & 9 an evil mom5t ,clem5t be?\ght him ( _! fate4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #acac1 he appo9t$ a commission to try !m4 ,!y 7 br\ght be=e a l(ty scaffold at ! portal ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,p>is1 & !re made to reit]ate ! av[als :i* _h be5 wrung f !m 9 _! dungeons4 ,!n !y 7 s5t5c$ to p]petual imprisonm5t4 ,b at ?is supreme mom5t1 :5 x seem$ t all 0 ov]1 de ,molay1 ! gr&-ma/]1 & ! ,ma/] ( ,norm&y1 broke into a furi\s def5ce4 ,! commission]s adj\rn$ 9 a panic1 b ,philip1 ?ir/+ = blood1 sprang ^u 8 prey4 ,he gave 8 ord]s to 8 own (fic]s1 )\t consult+ any prelate4 ,on ,m>* #ah1 #acad1 z night fell1 ! two crusad]s 7 tak5 f ! provo/1 :o act$ z _! gaol]1 & c>ri$ to a little isl& 9 ! ,se9e1 on :i* a /atue ( ,h5ry ( ,nav>re n[ /&s4 ,!re !y 7 burn$ toge!r1 )\t a trial & )\t a s5t5ce4 ,!y wat*$ ! build+ ( _! fun]al pile ) 8he>ts s firm & resolute1 & p]si/$ ) su* con/ancy 9 _! d5ials to ! end1 & suff]$ dea? ) su* composure1 t !y left ! witnesses ( _! execution 9 admiration & /upor40#aha ,an anci5t leg5d told h[ de ,molay1 z he /ood ^u 8 blaz+ fagots1 summon$ ,clem5t to meet him be=e ,god's judgm5t-seat 9 =ty days1 & ,philip )9 a ye>4 ,nei!r surviv$ ! int]val4 ,philip _h promis$ to re/ore ! goods ( ! ,temple to ! ,*ur*1 b ! plund]1 = :i* ?is trem5d\s de$ 0 done1 0 n surr5d]$ tamely to ! vanqui%$ aft] _! defeat4 ,! gold & silv]1 & all t c\ld be /ol51 disappe>$4 ,! l& 0 9 ! end c$$ to ! ,hospital1 b s wa/$ t1 = a c5tury1 no rev5ue :atev] accru$ f :at _h be5 "o ( ! f9e/ conv5tual e/ates 9 ,europe4#ahb ,su* 0 ! op5+ ( t social revolution :i*1 :5 x rea*$ its height1 0 call$ ! ,re=mation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,engli% ,,re=mation ,_m writ]s h po9t$ out ! relation betwe5 comm]ce & scepticism 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 among o!rs1 ,?orold ,rog]s has a passage 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices s int]e/+ t x %\ld be read entire3-- 8,! g5]al spread ( ,loll>dy1 ab\t :i* all ! !ologians ( ! age compla91 0 at once ! cause anti ! effect ( progressive opul5ce4 ,x _c be by accid5t t all ! weal?ie/ p>ts ( ,europe1 "o di/rict only except$1 & t = v suffici5t reasons1 7 suspect$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ( !ological noncon=mity4 ,be=e ! campaigns ( ,simon de ,mont=t1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,prov5ce 0 ! g>d5 & work%op ( ,europe4 ,! /urdie/ advocates ( ! ,re=mation 7 ! burgh]s ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4444 ,9 ,engl& ! /r5g? ( ! ,loll>d p>ty 01 f ! days ( ,wiklif to ! days ( ,cranm]1 9 ,norfolk ! pr9cipal manufactur+ c\nty2 & ,i h no d\bt t 444 ! pres5ce ( /ud5ts f ?is di/rict mu/ h told on ! !ological bias ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 :i* came out m>k$ly at ! epo* ( ! ,re=mation4444 8,engli% ,loll>dy 01 l its direct desc5dant ,puritanism1 s\r & op9ionative1 b x 0 also moral & ?rifty4 ,!y :o d5\nc$ ! lazy & luxuri\s life ( ! monks1 ! worldl9ess & gre$ ( ! prelates1 & ! gross & %all[ artifices ( ! popul> religion1 7 pretty sure to inculcate p>simony & sav+4 ,by volunt>ily & /urdily cutt+ !mselves (f f ! circum/ance ( ! old fai?1 !y 7 c]ta91 l ! ,quak]s ( m ?an two c5turies lat]1 to become comp>atively weal?y4 ,!y _h no?+ to sp>e = monk or prie/44440#ahc ,! ,loll>ds 7 ( ! mod]n economic type1 & disc>d$ ! miracle because ! miracle 0 co/ly & yield$ an unc]ta9 return4 ,yet ! m$ival cult 0 bas$ ^u ! miracle1 & _m ( ! paym5ts due = ! sup]natural s]vices ( ! ecclesia/ics 7 obligatory2 beside1 gifts z an atonem5t = s9 7 a dra9 on sav+s1 & ! economi/ in/9ctively s\ght *eap] me?ods ( propitiation4 ,9 an age z unsci5tific z ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! conviction ( ! immutability ( natural laws 0 n /rong en\gh to admit ( ! abrogation ( religi\s =mulas4 ,! moni$ class1 !re=e1 proce$$ /ep by /ep1 & its fir/ exp]im5t 0 to suppress all fees to middle-m51 :e!r prie/s or sa9ts1 by becom+ _! own int]cessors ) ! ,deity4 ,z ,dr4 ,)]spoon has obs]v$1 8fe> ( wra? f ! av5g] ( blood0 made m5 8fly to ! city ( refuge02#ahd b1 z ! tradesman replac$ ! en?usia/1 a dogma 0 evolv$ by :i* m5tal angui%1 :i* co/ no?+1 0 sub/itut$ = ! (f]+ :i* 0 effective 9 proportion to its money value4 ,?is dogma 0 8,ju/ification by ,fai?10 ! corn]-/one ( ,prote/antism4 ,f> f requir+ an outlay f ! elect1 8,ju/ification by ,fai?0 disc\rag$ x4 ,! act consi/$ 9 8a deep humiliation ( m9d1 confession ( guilt & wret*$ness 444 & acceptance ( p>don & peace ?r\gh ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :i* !y h nei!r contribut$ to ! procur+1 nor c contribute to ! cont9uance (1 by _! own m]it40#ahe ,yet ! sub/itution ( a m5tal condition = a money paym5t1 l$ to consequ5ces m f>-rea*+ ?an ! suppression ( c]ta9 cl]ical rev5ues1 = x involv$ ! rejection ( ! sacr$ tradition :i* _h n only su/a9$ relic wor%ip1 b :i* _h made ! ,*ur* ! *annel ( communication betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ! invisible _w4 ,t anci5t *annel once clos$1 ,prote/ants _h to op5 ano!r1 & ?is l$ to ! deification ( ! ,bible1 :i*1 be=e ! ,re=mation1 _h be5 suppos$ to d]ive its au?ority f t div9e illum9ation :i* _h enabl$ ! prie/hood to infallibly decl>e ! canon ( ! sacr$ books4 ,calv9 saw ! weak spot 9 ! position ( ! re=m]s1 & fac$ x boldly4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! ,scripture to be 8self-au!nticat$1 c>ry+ ) x its own evid5ce1 & ought n to be made ! subject ( demon/ration & argum5ts f reason10 & t x %\ld obta9 8! same complete cr$it & au?ority ) believ]s 444 z if !y he>d ! v words pron\nc$ by ,god himself40#ahf ,?us = ! innum]able co/ly feti%es ( ! imag9ative age 7 sub/itut$ c]ta9 writ+s1 :i* c\ld be consult$ )\t a fee4 ,! exp$i5t 0 evid5tly ! device ( a m]cantile community1 & ! sav+ to ^? :o accept$ x enorm\s1 b x dis9tegrat$ ,*ri/5dom1 & made an organiz$ prie/hood impossible4 ,:5 ea* individual might pry into ! sacr$ my/]ies at 8 pleasure1 ! au?ority ( ! cl]gy 0 annihilat$4 ,m5 ( ! prie/ly type among ! re=m]s saw ! dang] & tri$ to save !mselves4 ,! !sis :i* ! e>ly evangelical div9es ma9ta9$ 0 ! unity ( tru?4 ,! ,scriptures 7 true3 !re=e if ! :ole body ( ,*ri/ians se>*$ aright !y c\ld n fail to draw tru? f !m1 & ?is tru? mu/ be ! cre$ ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,zw+li ?us expla9$ ! doctr9e3-- 8,:oev] he>s ! holy scriptures read al\d 9 *ur*1 judges :at he he>s4 ,nev]!less :at is he>d is n itself ! ,^w ?r\gh :i* we believe4 ,= if we believ$ ?r\gh ! simple he>+ or read+ ( ! ,^w1 all w\ld be believ]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 we see t _m he> & see & d n believe4 ,h5ce x is cle> t we believe only ?r\gh ! ^w :i* ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r speaks 9 our he>ts1 by :i* he enlight5s u s t we see1 & draws u s t we foll[4444 ,= ,god is n a ,god ( /rife & qu>rel1 b ( unity & peace4 ,:]e !re is true fai?1 !re ! ,holy ,_s is pres5t2 b :]e ! ,holy ,_s is1 !re is c]ta9ly ef=t = unity & peace4444 ,!re=e !re is no dang] ( confusion 9 ! ,*ur* s9ce1 if ! congregation is assembl$ ?r\gh ,god1 he is 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 & all :o h fai? /rive aft] unity & peace40#ahg ,! inf]5ce ! cl]gy s\ght to draw 01 t ?\gh all c\ld read ! ,bible1 only ! enlight5$ c\ld int]pret x1 & t !y alone 7 ! enlight5$4 ,h5ce ,calv9's pret5sions equall$ ,hildebr&'s3-- 8,?is is ! ext5t ( ! p[] ) :i* ! pa/ors ( ! ,*ur*1 by :atev] "n !y may be di/+ui%$1 ought to be inve/$2 t by ! ^w ( ,god !y may v5ture to d all ?+s ) confid5ce2 may con/ra9 all ! /r5g?1 glory1 wisdom1 & pride ( ! _w to obey & submit to 8 maje/y2 support$ by 8 p[]1 may gov]n all mank9d1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/2 may build up ! h\se ( ,*ri/1 & subv]t ! h\se ( ,satan2 may fe$ ! %eep1 & drive away ! wolves2 may in/ruct & exhort ! docile2 may reprove1 rebuke1 & re/ra9 ! rebelli\s & ob/9ate2 may b9d & loose2 may dis*>ge _! lightn+s & ?und]s1 if necess>y2 b all 9 ! ,^w ( ,god40#ahh ,9 c]ta9 regions1 poor & remote f ! c5tres ( comm]ce1 ^! pret5sions 7 respect$4 ,9 ,g5eva1 ,scotl&1 & ,new ,engl&1 m5 l ,calv91 ,knox1 & ,cotton ma9ta9$ !mselves until economic competition did its "w3 !n !y pass$ away4 ,n[h]e has fai? )/ood ! rise ( ! m]cantile class4 ,z a :ole ! ,re=mation 0 em95tly an economic ph5om5on1 & is be/ /udi$ 9 ,engl&1 :i*1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 grew to be ! c5tre ( ! _w's ex*anges4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( mod]n hi/ory1 comm]ce & scepticism h gone h& 9 h&4 ,! ,ea/]n trade began to revive aft] ! reop5+ ( ! valley ( ! ,danube1 ab\t #ajjj1 & p]haps1 9 t v ye>1 ,b]5g]1 ! fir/ great mod]n h]etic1 0 born4 ,by #ajej he _h be5 condemn$ & made to recant1 b ) ! gr[? ( ! ,fairs ( ,*ampagne 8 h]esy grew1 & 9 #abae1 j 9 ! flu% ( ! communal developm5t1 ! ,*ur* f\nd x necess>y to def9e ! dogma ( transub/antiation1 & decl>e x an article ( fai?4 ,a g5]ation lat] came ! burn+ ( s*ismatics2 9 #abeb1 by 8 bull 8,ad extirp&a10 ,innoc5t ,,iv4 organiz$ ! ,inquisition1 & ! next ye> ,grossette1 ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 di$1 ) :om ! organiz$ opposition ( ! ,engli% to ! anci5t co/ly ritual may be said to h op5$4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! agitation = re=m appe>s to h be5 practical f ! outset4 ,!re 0 no impati5ce ) dogmas simply because !y 7 incompreh5sible3 ! ,tr9ity & ! ,d\ble ,procession 7 always accept$4 ,=mulas ( fai? 7 resi/$ because !y involv$ a paym5t ( money1 & =emo/ among ^! 7 masses & p5ances4 ,ano!r grievance 0 ! papal patronage1 &1 z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,p>liam5t pass$ ! /atutes ( provisors & prmunire to prev5t ! )drawal ( money f ! realm4 ,! rise ( ! ,loll>ds 0 an organiz$ movem5t to resi/ ecclesia/ical exactions1 & to confiscate ecclesia/ical prop]ty2 &1 if #acde be tak5 z ! op5+ ( ,wickliffe's active life1 ! agitation = ! seizure ( mona/ic e/ates />t$ j a g5]ation aft] ,philip's attack on ! ,temple 9 ,france4 ,!re 0 at lea/ ?is diff]5ce 9 ! indu/rial condition ( ! two nations1 & probably mu* m4 ,wickliffe 0 r a politician ?an a !ologian1 & 8 prea*+ a diatribe aga9/ ! extravagance ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 "o ( 8 ,sa9ts' ,days s]mons he expla9$ ! wa/e ( relic wor%ip z %rewdly z a mod]n man ( bus9ess3-- 8,x w\ld be to ! b5efit ( ! ,*ur*1 & to ! hon\r ( ! sa9ts1 if ! co/ly ornam5ts s fooli%ly lavi%$ ^u _! graves 7 divid$ among ! poor4 ,i am well aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ! man :o w\ld %>ply & fully expose ?is error w\ld be held = a manife/ h]etic by ! image wor%ipp]s & ! gre$y p :o make ga9 ( su* graves2 = 9 ! adoration ( ! eu*>i/1 & su* wor%ipp+ ( dead bodies & images1 ! ,*ur* is s$uc$ by an adult]\s g5]ation40#ahi ,! laity paid ! prie/hood fees because ( _! sup]natural p[]s1 & ! possession ( ^! p[]s 0 *iefly demon/rat$ by ! miracle ( ! mass4 ,wickliffe1 ) a lead]'s eye1 saw :]e ! enemy 0 vuln]able1 & ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 pass$ 9 8 fi]ce controv]sy ) ! m5dicants ^u transub/antiation4 ,ev5 at t e>ly day he pres5t$ ! issue ) incomp>able cle>ness3 8,& ?\1 !n1 t art an e>?ly man1 by :at reason may/ ?\ say t ?\ make/ ?y mak]80#aij ,! d$uction f su* premises 0 inexorable4 ,! mass _h to be condemn$ z feti% wor%ip1 & ) x w5t ! adoration ( relics4 8,inde$1 _m nom9al ,*ri/ians are worse ?an pagans2 = x is n s bad t a man %\ld hon\r z ,god1 = ! re/ ( ! day1 ! fir/ ?+ he sees 9 ! morn+1 z t regul>ly t accid5t %\ld be really 8 ,god1 :i* he sees 9 ! mass 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/ 9 ! consecrat$ waf]40#aia ,wickliffe di$ ,decemb] #cj1 #achd1 & t5 ye>s lat] ! ,loll>ds _h det]m9$ to resi/ all paym5ts = magic4 ,!y pres5t$ _! plat=m to ,p>liam5t 9 #acie1 summ$ up 9 _! ,book ( ,conclusions4 ,"s ( ^! 8conclusions0 are rem>kably int]e/+3-- #e?4--8,t ! exorcisms & hall[+s1 consecrations & bless+s1 ov] ! w9e1 bread1 wax1 wat]1 oil1 salt1 inc5se1 ! alt>-/one1 & ab\t ! *ur*-walls1 ov] ! ve/m5t1 *alice1 mitre1 cross1 & pilgrim-/aves1 are ! v practices ( necromancy1 r ?an ( sacr$ div9ity4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g?4--8,we mightily affirm 444 t spiritual pray]s made 9 ! *ur* = ! s\ls ( ! dead 444 is a false f\ndation ( alms1 :]eupon all ! h\ses ( alms 9 ,engl& are falsely f\nd$4 #h?4--8,t pilgrimages1 pray]s1 & oblations made unto bl9d crosses or roods1 or to deaf images made ei!r ( wood or /one1 are v ne> ( k9 unto idolatry40#aib ,:5 ,"l ,cobham1 ! head ( ! ,loll>d p>ty1 0 tri$ = h]esy 9 #adac1 ,ar*bi%op ,arundel put him f\r te/ que/ions4 ,fir/1 :e!r he believ$1 aft] ! sacram5tal words _h be5 spok51 any mat]ial bread or w9e rema9$ 9 ! sacram5t2 f\r?1 :e!r he believ$ relic wor%ip m]itori\s4 ,8 answ]s did n give satisfaction1 & !y roa/$ him 9 *a9s1 9 ,sa9t ,giles's ,fields1 9 #adah4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ( high comm]cial activity foll[$ ,cobham's dea?4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ( ! sea passage to ,india1 *ang$ ! *annels ( comm]ce ?r\gh\t ! _w1 human movem5t 0 accel]at$1 gunp[d] made ! attack ov]:elm+2 c5tralization took a prodigi\s /ride1 scepticism kept pace ) c5tralization1 & 9 #aeaj ,erasmus wrote ?us1 & yet rema9$ 9 ! or?odox communion3-- 8,moreov] sav\re? x n ( ! same saulce folly 7tr[ ye7 :5 ev]ie c\ntrey *al5ge? a sev]all sa9ct = !yr patrone1 assignyng fur!r to ea* sa9ct a peculi> cure & (fice1 ) also sundrie ways ( wor%ipp+2 z ?is sa9ct helpe? = ! too?-a*e1 t soc\re? 9 *ildbyr?2 %e re/ore? /ol5e goods2 an o!r ayde? %ipm5 9 tempe/s2 an o!r take? *>ge ( husb&m5s hoggs2 & s ( ! re/2 f> too long 7 x to reh]se all4 ,!n "s sa9cts !re be1 t are g5]ally su$ = _m ?ynges2 among/ :om *iefly is ! virg9 ,"m ( ,god1 9 :om vulg> folke h an especiall confid5ce1 yea almo/ m ?an 9 h] ,sonne40#aic ,:5 ,erasmus wrote1 ! ,re=mation 0 at h&1 b ! attack on ,*ur* prop]ty _h begun 9 ,engl& full two c5turies be=e1 contemporane\sly ) ,philip's onslaught on ! ,temple4 ,all ov] ,europe ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( f9ancial di/ress2 9 ,france ! communes became bankrupt & ! co9age det]iorat$1 & 9 ,engl& ! debasem5t ( ! curr5cy began 9 #abii1 & kept pace ) ! rise ( ,loll>dy4 ,9 #abii ! silv] p5ny weigh$ #bb #ab gra9s2 ,edw>d ,i4 r$uc$ x to #bb #ad gra9s2 ,edw>d ,,iii4 to #ah gra9s2 ,h5ry ,,iv4 to #ae gra9s2 & ,h5ry ,,vi41 dur+ 8 re/oration 9 #adgj1 to #ab gra9s4 ,z ! /r+5cy increas$1 ! attack on ! cl]gy ga9$ 9 f]ocity4 ,edw>d ,i4 n only tax$ ! prie/hood1 b seiz$ ! rev5ues ( ! ali5 priories2 ( ^! !re might h be5 "o hundr$ & fifty )9 ! realm1 & :at he took f !m he sp5t on 8 army4 ,edw>d ,,ii4 & ,edw>d ,,iii4 foll[$ ! prec$5t1 & dur+ ! la/ reign1 :5 ! p5ny dropp$ f\r gra9s1 ^! rev5ues 7 seque/]$ no less ?an tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,"u ,h5ry ,,iv4 ! p5ny lo/ ?ree gra9s1 & :at rema9$ ( ! income ( ^! h\ses 0 p]man5tly appli$ to defray+ ! exp5ses ( ! c\rt4 ,h5ry ,v4 dissolv$ !m1 & ve/$ _! e/ates 9 ! cr[n4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 :5 ! p5ny 0 on ! po9t ( los+ ?ree gra9s ( its silv]1 ! tone ( ,p>liam5t 0 simil> to t ( ! p>liam5ts ( ! ,re=mation4 ,on "o occasion ! k+ ask$ = a subsidy1 & ! ,speak] sugge/$ t )\t burd5+ ! laity he might 8supply 8 occasions by seiz+ on ! rev5ues ( ! cl]gy02#aid & 9 #adaj ,"l ,cobham anticipat$ ! ,p>liam5t ( #aecf by introduc+ a bill = ! confiscation ( conv5tual rev5ues to ! am\nt ( #cbb1jjj m>ks1 a sum :i* he av]r$ repres5t$ ! income ( c]ta9 corporations ^: names he app5d$ 9 a s*$ule4#aie ,ye> by ye>1 z society consolidat$1 ! economic type 0 propagat$2 &1 z ! pressure ( a contract+ curr5cy /imulat$ ^! m5 to action1 ! dem& = *eap religion grew fi]c]4 ,london1 ! moni$ c5tre1 wax$ hott] & hott]1 & a s+le passage f ! ,supplicacyon = ,begg]s %[s h[ bitt] ! d5unciations ( ! sy/em ( pay+ = miracles became3-- 8,:ate money pull !y yn by probates ( te/am5tes1 priuy ti!s1 & by m5nes (f]+es to !yre pilgrimages1 & at !yre fir/ masses8 ,eu]y man & *ilde t is buri$1 mu/ pay sum:at = masses & diriges to be song = him1 or elles !y w accuse ! d$es fr5des & execut\rs ( h]esie4 :ate money get !y by mortu>ies1 by he>+ ( confessions 444 by hal[+ ( *ur*es1 alt>es1 sup]alt>es1 *apelles1 & bells1 by curs+ ( m5 & absolu+ !im age9 = money80#aif ,"o ( ! ballads ( ,cromwell's "t ridicul$1 9 ?is mann]1 all ! *ief pilgrimages ( ! k+dom3-- 8,ronny+ hy!r & ?y!r1 ,we _c tell :i!r1 ,9 (fryng c&els & p5ce ,to /ones & /ockes1 ,& to olde rott5 blockes1 ,t came1 we "k n f :5se4 8,to ,walsyngham a gaddyng1 ,to ,cantorbury a maddyng1 ,z m5 di/raught ( mynde2 ,) fewe clo!s on our backes1 ,b an image ( waxe1 ,= ! lame & = ! blynde4 8,yet (f] :at ye wolde1 ,7 x otes1 sylu]1 or golde ,pyn1 poynt1 broo*e1 or rynge1 ,! *ur*e 7 z !n1 ,su* *>itable m51 ,t !y w\ld refuse no?yng40#aig ,b ! w> 0 n wag$ ) words alone4 ,at ! comp>atively e>ly date ( #acic1 ,london _h gr[n s unruly t ,ri*>d assum$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! city himself4 ,fir/ he appo9t$ ,sir ,edw>d ,d>l+ton w>d51 b ,sir ,edw>d prov+ too l5i5t1 he replac$ him ) ,sir ,baldw9 ,rad+ton4 ,foxe1 v frankly1 expla9$ :y3-- 8,= ! ,london]s at t "t 7 notori\sly kn[n to be fav\r]s ( ,wickliff's side1 z p>tly be=e ?is is to be se51 & 9 ! /ory ( ,sa9t ,alban's m pla9ly do? appe>1 :]e ! au?or ( ! said hi/ory1 writ+ ^u ! fifte5? ye> ( ,k+ ,ri*>d's reign1 reporte? 9 ^! words ( ! ,london]s1 t !y 7 #8n "r believ]s 9 ,god1 nor 9 ! traditions ( _! =efa!rs2 su/a9]s ( ! ,loll>ds1 deprav]s ( religi\s m51 )hold]s ( ti!s1 & impov]i%]s ( ! common p4' 8444 ,! k+1 inc5s$ n a little ) ! compla9t ( ! bi%ops1 conceiv$ eftsoons1 aga9/ ! mayor & %]iffs1 & aga9/ ! :ole city ( ,london1 a great /oma*2 insomu*1 t ! mayor & bo? ! %]iffs 7 s5t =1 & remov$ f _! (fice40#aih ,by ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury a prie/ c\ld h>dly collect 8 dues )\t dang]2 ! ,bi%op ( ,london inde$ r\ndly decl>$ to ! gov]nm5t t ju/ice c\ld n be _h f ! c\rts4 ,9 #aead ! infant *ild ( a m]*ant tailor nam$ ,hun di$1 & ! p>son ( ! p>i% su$ ! fa!r = a be>+ %eet1 :i* he claim$ z a mortu>y4 ,hun conte/$ ! case1 & got out a writ ( prmunire aga9/ ! prie/1 :i* s al>m$ ! cl]gy t ! *ancellor ( ! diocese accus$ him ( h]esy1 & conf9$ him 9 ! ,loll>d's t[] ( ,sa9t ,paul's4 ,9 due "t ! usual articles 7 exhibit$ aga9/ ! def5dant1 *>g+ t he _h disput$ ! lawfulness ( ti!s1 & _h said !y 7 orda9$ 8only by ! covet\sness ( prie/s02 also t he possess$ div]s ( 8,wickliff's damnable works10 & m to ! same effect4 ,^u ^! articles ,fitzjames1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 exam9$ ,hun on ,decemb] #b1 & aft] ! exam9ation recommitt$ him4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #d?1 a boy s5t ) 8 breakfa/ f\nd him hang+ to a beam 9 8 cell4 ,! cl]gy said suicide1 b ! populace cri$ murd]1 & ! coron]'s jury f\nd a v]dict aga9/ ,dr4 ,horsey1 ! *ancellor4 ,! situation !n became grave1 & ,fitzjames wrote to ,wolsey a rem>kable lett]1 :i* %[$ n only high passion1 b s]i\s al>m3-- 8,9 mo/ humble wise ,i besee* y1 t ,i may h ! k+'s graci\s fav\r 444 = assur$ am ,i1 if my *ancellor be tri$ by any twelve m5 9 ,london1 !y be s malici\sly set1 #89 favorem hretic pravitatis1' t !y w ca/ & condemn any cl]k1 ?\gh he 7 z innoc5t z ,abel40#aii ,! evid5ce is conclusive t1 f ! outset1 indu/ry br$ h]etics2 agriculture1 believ]s4 ,?orold ,rog]s has expla9$ t ! ea/ ( ,engl&1 f ,k5t to ! ,wa% & on to ,york%ire1 0 ! ri*e/ "p ( ! k+dom1#bjj & ,mr4 ,blunt1 9 8 ,re=mation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 has publi%$ an analysis ( ! m>tyrdoms "u ,m>y4 ,he has %[n t out ( #bgg victims1 #bcd came f ! di/rict to ! ea/ ( a l9e drawn f ,bo/on to ,portsm\?4 ,we/ ( ?is l9e ,ox=d _h mo/ burn+s2 b1 by ! reign ( ,m>y1 manufactures _h spread s f> inl& t ! indu/ries ( ,ox=d%ire 7 only surpass$ by ^? ( ,middlesex4#bja ,9 ,wickliffe's "t ,norwi* /ood next to ,london1 & ,norwi* 0 infe/$ ) ,loll>ds1 _m ( :om 7 execut$ !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 b two executions are record$ 9 ! six agricultural c\nties nor? ( ! ,humb]--c\nties :i* 7 ! poore/ & ! f>!/ remov$ f ! l9es ( trade4 ,?us ! ea/]n c\nties 7 ! hot-b$ ( ,puritanism4 ,!re1 ,kett's rebellion broke out "u ,edw>d ,,vi42 !re1 ,cromwell recruit$ 8 ,ironsides1 & ?r\gh\t ?is region1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation1 assaults on relics 7 mo/ frequ5t & viol5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! relics 0 ! rood ( ,dov]c\rt4 ,dov]c\rt is "p ( ,h>wi*1 on ! ,essex coa/2 ,d$ham lies t5 miles inl&1 on ! bord] ( ,suffolk2 & ! description giv5 by ,foxe ( ! burn+ ( ! image ( ,dov]c\rt1 is an example ( :at w5t on ?r\gh\t ! s\!a/ j be=e ! "t ( ! divorce3-- 8,9 ! same ye> ( our ,"l #aecb1 !re 0 an idol nam$ ! ,rood ( ,dov]c\rt1 :]eunto 0 mu* & great resort ( p3 = at t "t !re 0 great rum\r bl[n abroad among/ ! ignorant sort1 t ! p[] ( ! idol ( ,dov]c\rt 0 s great1 t no man _h p[] to %ut ! *ur*-door :]e he /ood2 & !re=e !y let ! *ur*-door1 bo? night & day1 cont9ually /& op51 = ! m cr$it unto _! bl9d rum\r4 ,?is once be+ conceiv$ 9 ! heads ( ! vulg> sort1 seem$ a great m>vel unto _m m52 b to _m aga91 :om ,god _h bless$ ) 8 _s1 x 0 greatly suspect$1 especially unto ^!1 ^: names "h foll[3 z ,rob]t ,k+ ( ,d$ham1 ,rob]t ,debnam ( ,ea/b]gholt1 ,ni*olas ,m>% ( ,d$ham1 & ,rob]t ,g>dn] ( ,d$ham1 ^: consci5ces 7 sore burd5$ to see ! hon\r & p[] ( ! almighty liv+ ,god s to be blasphem$ by su* an idol4 ,:]e=e !y 7 mov$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 to travel out ( ,d$ham 9 a wondr\s goodly night1 bo? h>d fro/ & fair moon%9e1 al?\gh ! night be=e1 & ! night aft]1 7 exce$+ f\l & ra9y4 ,x 0 f ! t[n ( ,d$ham1 to ! place :]e ! fil?y ,rood /ood1 t5 miles4 ,not)/&+1 !y 7 s will+ 9 t _! ent]prise1 t !y w5t ^! t5 miles )\t pa91 & f\nd ! *ur* door op51 accord+ to ! bl9d talk ( ! ignorant p3 = !re dur/ no unfai?ful body %ut x4 ,?is happ5$ well = _! purpose1 = !y f\nd ! idol1 :i* _h z mu* p[] to keep ! door %ut1 z to keep x op52 & = pro( !re(1 !y took ! idol f 8 %r9e1 & c>ri$ him qu>t] ( a mile f ! place :]e he /ood1 )\t any resi/ance ( ! said idol4 ,:]eupon !y /ruck fire ) a fl9t-/one1 & sudd5ly set him on fire1 :o burn$ out s brim1 t he light$ !m homew>d "o good mile ( ! t54 8,?is done1 !re w5t a great talk abroad t !y %\ld h great ri*es 9 t place2 b x 0 v untrue2 = x 0 n _! ?\ght or ent]prise1 z !y !mselves aft]w>ds confess$1 = !re 0 no?+ tak5 away b 8 coat1 8 %oes1 & ! tap]s4 ,! tap]s did help to burn him1 ! %oes !y _h aga91 & ! coat "o ,sir ,?omas ,rose did burn2 b !y _h nei!r p5ny1 halfp5ny1 gold1 groat1 nor jewel4 8,not)/&+1 ?ree ( !m 7 aft]w>ds indict$ ( felony1 & hang$ 9 *a9s )9 half a ye>1 or !reab\t4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,! same ye>1 & ! ye> be=e1 !re 7 _m images ca/ d[n & de/roy$ 9 _m places3 z ! image ( ! crucifix 9 ! highway by ,cogge%all1 ! image ( ,sa9t ,petronal 9 ! *ur* ( ,great ,horksleigh1 ! image ( ,sa9t ,*ri/oph] by ,sudbury1 & ano!r image ( ,sa9t ,petronal 9 a *apel ( ,ipswi*40#bjb ,engl&'s economic supremacy is rec5t1 & has result$ f ! *ange 9 ! seat ( ex*anges :i* foll[$ ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ! sea-r\te to ,india2 long be=e ,columbus1 h[ev]1 ! introduction ( ! m>9]'s compass _h alt]$ ! pa?s comm]ce foll[$ betwe5 ! nor? & s\? ( ,europe dur+ ! crusades4 ,! necessity ( travel by l& built up ! ,fairs ( ,*ampagne2 !y decl9$ :5 safe ocean navigation _h *eap5$ m>9e freights4 ,!n ,antw]p & ,bruges sup]s$$ ,prov9s & ! t[ns ( ,c5tral ,france1 & rapidly grew to be ! di/ribut+ po9ts = ,ea/]n m]*&ise = ,g]many1 ! ,baltic1 & ,engl&4 ,9 #acag ! ,v5etians organiz$ a direct packet s]vice ) ,fl&]s1 & f9ally1 ! discov]ies ( ,vasco-da-,gama1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?rew ,italy completely out ( ! l9e ( ! ,asiatic trade4 ,briti% indu/ries seem to h sympa?iz$ ) ^! *anges1 = weav+ fir/ assum$ "s importance "u ,edw>d ,i41 al?\gh ,engli% clo? long rema9$ inf]ior to cont95tal4 ,! next advance 0 contemporane\s ) ! discov]y ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,on ,july #h1 #adig1 ,vasco-da-,gama sail$ = ,calicut1 & 9 ! previ\s ye> ,h5ry ,,vii4 negotiat$ ! 8,magnus ,int]cursus10 by :i* treaty ! ,m]*ant ,adv5tur]s succe$$ = ! fir/ "t 9 e/abli%+ !mselves advantage\sly 9 ,antw]p4 ,!nce=w>d ,engl& began to play a "p 9 ! indu/rial competition ( ,europe1 b ev5 !n h] progress 0 pa9fully sl[4 ,! accumulations ( capital 7 small1 & increas$ b mod]ately1 & a full c5tury lat]1 :5 ! ,dut* easily rais$ #fjj1jjj = _! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 only #gb1jjj 7 subscrib$ 9 ,london = ! ,engli% v5ture4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile ex*anges c5tr$ 9 ,nor? ,italy1 ,great ,brita9 hung on ! outskirts ( ! comm]cial sy/em ( ! _w1 & ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 %e c\ld n comp>e1 ei!r 9 weal?1 ref9em5t1 or organization1 ) su* a k+dom z ,france4 ,! cr[n _h n be5 ! prize ( ! /ronge/ 9 a /ruggle among equals1 b _h fall5 to a soldi] ( a sup]ior race1 "u :om no great nobility ev] grew up4 ,no b>on 9 ,engl& correspond$ ) su* pr9ces z ! dukes ( ,norm&y & ,burgundy1 ! c\nts ( ,*ampagne & ,t\l\se4 ,=tifications 7 on a puny scale2 no /rongholds l ,pi]refonds or ,vitr1 ,c\cy or ,c>cassonne exi/$1 & ! ,t[] ( ,london itself 0 insignificant beside ! ,*teau ,gaill>d1 :i* ,cur-de-,lion plant$ on ! ,se9e4 ,! population 0 scanty1 & increas$ little4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,,viii4 came to ! ?rone 9 #aeji1 ,london may h _h =ty or fifty ?\s& inhabitants1 ,york elev5 ?\s&1 ,bri/ol n9e or t5 ?\s&1 & ,norwi* six ?\s&4#bjc ,p>is at t "t probably conta9$ betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ ?\s&1 & ,milan & ,gh5t two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ea*4 ,b al?\gh ,engl& 0 n a moni$ c5tre dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & p]haps = t v reason1 %e felt ) acut5ess ! f9ancial pressure ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,%e _h little gold & silv]1 & gold & silv] rose 9 relative value2 %e _h few manufactures1 & manufactures 7 comp>atively prosp]\s2 h] weal? lay 9 h] agricultural int]e/s1 & f>m products 71 = ! mo/ "p1 sev]ely p9*$4 ,comm5t+ on ! prices betwe5 ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & ! middle ( ! sixte5?1 ,mr4 ,rog]s has obs]v$3-- 8,aga91 ^u sev]al articles ( ! fir/ importance1 !re is a m>k$ decl9e 9 ! price f ! av]age ( #abfa-adjj to t ( #adja-aedj4 ,?is w\ld h be5 m conspicu\s1 if ,i _h 9 my e>li] volumes comp>$ all prices f #abfa to #acej ) ^? ( #acea-adjj4 ,b ev5 ov] ! :ole range1 e k9d ( gra91 except :eat & peas1 is de>] 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies ?an x is 9 ! fir/ hundr$ & =ty ye>s ( ! pres5t p]iod #adja-aehb2 & _h ,i tak5 ! av]age price ( :eat dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x w\ld h be5 7#fs4 #a #ab;d47 de>] ?an ! av]age ( #adja-aedj 7#es4 #aa #cd;d471 height5$ z ?is is by ! de>ness ( ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s40#bjd ,! tables publi%$ by ,mr4 ,rog]s make x possible to =m "s idea ( ! /ra9 to :i* ! population ( ,great ,brita9 0 expos$1 dur+ ! two hundr$ & fifty ye>s :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! crisis at ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & ! discov]y ( ! m9es ( ,potosi 9 #aede1 :i* flood$ ! _w ) silv]4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long int]val an exp&+ comm]ce unceas+ly enl>g$ ! dem& = curr5cy1 :ile no adequate additions 7 made to ! /ock ( ! preci\s metals2 ! consequ5ce 0 t _! relative value rose1 :ile ! value ( commodities decl9$1 & ?is process _h a t5d5cy to debase ! co9age4 ,! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 a "t ( rapid c5tralization1 :5 ! co/ ( adm9i/ration grew f ye> to ye> b 9 proportion z ! necessities ( ! gov]nm5t increas$1 ! p[] ( ! p to pay taxes dim9i%$1 because ! products :i* !y sold br\ght less ( ! /&>d co94 ,to meet ! deficit ! same weight ( metal _h to be cut into m pieces1 & ?us by a cont9u$ inflation ( ! curr5cy1 g5]al bankruptcy 0 av]t$4 ,! v>i\s /ages ( pressure are pretty cle>ly m>k$ by ! records ( ! ,m9t4 ,app>5tly ! /r+5cy :i* began 9 ,france ab\t ! end ( ! reign ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 or some:at lat]1 did n affect ,engl& imm$iately1 = prices d n seem to h rea*$ _! maximum until aft] #abij1 & ,edw>d ,i4 only r$uc$ ! p5ny1 9 #abii1 f #bb4e gra9s ( silv] to #bb4be gra9s4 ,!nce=w>d ! decl9e1 ?\gh spasmodic1 on ! :ole t5d$ to increase 9 sev]ity f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! long ,fr5* w>s1 & ! ,black ,dea?1 produc$ a pr(\nd effect ^u ! dome/ic economy ( ! k+dom "u ,edw>d ,,iii42 & ! ,black ,dea?1 especially1 seems to h _h ! unusual result ( rais+ prices at a "t ( comm]cial collapse4 ,?is rise probably 0 due to ! de>? ( lab\r1 = half ! population ( ,europe is said to h p]i%$1 &1 at all ev5ts1 ! crops (t5 c\ld n be reap$ ?r\gh lack ( h&s4 ,m ?an a g5]ation elaps$ be=e normal conditions return$4 ,imm$iately be=e ! ,fr5* w> ! p5ny lo/ two gra9s1 & betwe5 #acdf & #acea1 dur+ ! ,black ,dea?1 x lo/ two gra9s & a qu>t] m1 a depreciation ( f\r gra9s & a half 9 fifty ye>s2 !n = half a c5tury an equilibrium 0 ma9ta9$4 ,"u ,h5ry ,,iv4 !re 0 a %>p decl9e ( ?ree gra9s1 equal to an inflation ( sev5te5 p] c5t1 & by #adgj1 "u ,h5ry ,,vi41 ! p5ny fell to twelve gra9s4 ,!n a p]iod ( /ability foll[$1 :i* la/$ until j be=e ! ,re=mation1 :5 a crisis unp>allel$ 9 sev]ity began1 a crisis :i* probably 0 ! proximate cause ( ! confiscation ( ! conv5tual e/ates4 ,9 #aebf ! p5ny sudd5ly lo/ a gra9 & a half1 or ab\t twelve & a half p] c5t1 & !n1 :5 fur!r r$uctions ( weight w\ld h made ! piece too flimsy1 ! gov]nm5t resort$ to adult]ation4 ,9 #aedb1 a t5-gra9 p5ny 0 co9$ ) "o "p 9 five ( alloy2 9 #aedd1 ! alloy _h ris5 to "o-half1 & 9 #aede1 two-?irds ( ! co9 0 base metal--a depreciation ( m ?an sev5ty p] c5t 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,mean:ile1 ?\gh prices _h fluctuat$1 ! tr5d _h be5 d[nw>d1 & d[nw>d s /rongly t x _h n be5 fully c\nt]act$ by ! r$uctions ( bullion 9 ! money4 ,rog]s ?\ght la?-nails p]haps ! be/ gauge ( prices1 & 9 comm5t+ on ! ye>s :i* prec$$ ! ,re=mation1 he rem>k$3-- 8,f #adfa to #aedj1 ! av]age ( la?-nails is v little high] ?an x 0 f #abfa to #acej1 illu/rat+ anew t significant decl9e 9 prices :i* *>act]izes ! economical hi/ory ( ,engl& dur+ ! eighty ye>s #adfa-aedj40bje ,al?\gh :eat rose m ?an o!r gra9s1 & is !re=e an unfav\rable /&>d ( comp>ison1 :eat yields sub/antially ! same result4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! av]age price ( ! qu>t] 0 #es4 #aj #cd;d41 & = ! la/ decade1 #fs4 #a;d4 ,= ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! av]age 0 #fs4 #aj;d4 ,! p5ny ( #aebf1 h[ev]1 conta9$ only ab\t =ty-sev5 p] c5t ( ! bullion ( ! p5ny ( #abii4 8,! mo/ rem>kable fact 9 connection ) ! issue ( base money by ,h5ry ,,viii4 is ! s+ul> id5tity ( ! av]age price ( gra91 especially :eat1 dur+ ! fir/ #adj ye>s ( my pres5t p]iod1 ) ! la/ #adj ( my fir/ two volumes40#bjf ,aft] a full exam9ation ( 8 tables1 ,rog]s conclud$ t ! great rise :i* made ! prosp]ity ( ,elizabe?'s reign did n beg9 until "s 8ye> betwe5 #aede & #aedi40bjg ,?is corresponds precisely ) ! discov]y ( ,potosi 9 #aede1 & t ! advance 0 due to ! new silv]1 & n to ! debasem5t ( ! co9age1 seems demon/rat$ by ! fact t no fall took place :5 ! curr5cy 0 re/or$ by ,elizabe?1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! upw>d movem5t cont9u$ until well into ! next c5tury4 ,"s idea may be =m$ f ^! figures ( ! contraction :i* prevail$ dur+ ! ye>s ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 #aedd1 t[>d ! close ( ,h5ry's reign1 ! p5ny held five gra9s ( pure silv] z aga9/ ab\t #bj4h gra9s 9 #abii1 & yet its pur*as+ p[] _h n greatly v>i$4 ,bullion mu/ !re=e h _h ab\t f\r times ! relative value 9 #aedd t x _h two hundr$ & fifty ye>s e>li]1 &1 if ! extremely debas$ issues ( #aede & lat] be tak5 z ! measure1 its value 0 mu* high]4 ,_h ,potosi be5 discov]$ a g5]ation e>li]1 ! :ole c\rse ( ,engli% developm5t might h be5 modifi$1 = x is n impossible t1 )\t ! aid ( fall+ prices1 ! ris+ capitali/ic class might h lack$ ! p[] to confiscate ! mona/ic e/ates4 ,z x 01 ! pressure cont9u$ until ! cata/rophe occurr$1 relic wor%ip 0 swept away1 ! prop]ty ( ! nation 0 r$i/ribut$1 & an impulsion 0 giv5 to l>ge f>m+ :i* l$ to ! rapid eviction ( ! yeomanry4 ,z ! yeom5 7 driv5 f _! l&1 !y roam$ ov] ! _w1 coloniz+ & conqu]+1 f ! ,mississippi to ! ,ganges2 build+ up1 9 ! c\rse ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 a c5tralization great] ?an t ( ,rome1 & m absolute ?an t ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,*anges s va/ 9 ! =ms ( competition necess>ily *ang$ ! complexion ( society4 ,m5 :o _h fl\ri%$ 9 an age ( dec5tralization & ( imag9ation pass$ away1 & 7 replac$ by a new ari/ocracy4 ,! soldi] & ! prie/ 7 ov]p[]$2 &1 f ! ,re=mation d[nw>d1 ! moni$ type possess$ ! _w4 ,?omas ,cromwell1 ,e>l ( ,essex1 0 ! ideal ( ?is type1 & he 0 accord+ly ! ,engli%man :o rose highe/ dur+ ! convulsion ( ! ,re=mation4 ,he 0 a p]fect comm]cial adv5tur]1 & ,*apuys1 ! ambassador ( ,*>les ,v4 at ,london1 ?us describ$ 8 orig9 to 8 ma/]3-- 8,cromwell is ! son ( a poor f>ri]1 :o liv$ 9 a little village a league & a half f "h1 & is buri$ 9 ! p>i% gravey>d4 ,8 uncle1 fa!r ( ! c\s9 :om he has already made ri*1 0 cook ( ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,cromwell 0 ill-behav$ :5 "y1 & aft] an imprisonm5t 0 =c$ to leave ! c\ntry4 ,he w5t to ,fl&]s1 ,rome1 & else:]e 9 ,italy4 ,:5 he return$ he m>ri$ ! daught] ( a %e>man1 & s]v$ 9 8 h\se2 he !n became a solicitor40#bjh ,! tr\ble :i* drove him abroad seems to h be5 ) 8 fa!r1 & he probably />t$ on 8 travels ab\t #aejd4 ,he l$ a dissolute & vagabond life1 s]v$ z a m]c5>y 9 ,italy1 80 wild & y\?ful1 444 z he himself 0 wont (ttimes to decl>e unto ,cranm]1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 %[+ :at a ruffian he 0 9 8 "y days 444 also :at a great do] he 0 ) ,geff]y ,*amb]s 9 publi%+ & sett+ =? ! p>dons ( ,bo/on ev]y:]e 9 *ur*es z he w5t40#bji ,^! 8p>dons0 7 indulg5ces he succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! pope = ! t[n ( ,bo/on1 :i* he p$dl$ ab\t ! c\ntry z he w5t4 ,he s]v$ z a cl]k 9 ! c\nt+ h\se ( ! ,m]*ant ,adv5tur]s at ,antw]p1 & also appe>s to h fill$ "s su* position ) a ,v5etian m]*ant4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& 9 #aeac1 he m>ri$ & set up a full+-mill2 he also became an attorney & a usur]1 dwell+ by ,f5*ur*1 9 ,london4 ,9 #aebc1 hav+ be5 elect$ to ,p>liam5t1 ,cromwell 0 a mo/ prosp]\s man4 ,at ?is "t he ent]$ ,wolsey's s]vice1 & made himself ( use 9 suppress+ conv5ts to supply end[m5ts = ! c>d9al's colleges at ,ox=d & ,ipswi*4 ,:5 ,wolsey fell1 he +ratiat$ himself ) ,h5ry1 & !nce=w>d rose rapidly4 ,he became *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]1 ma/] ( ! rolls1 secret>y ( /ate1 vic> g5]al1 a ,knight ( ! ,g>t]1 & ,e>l ( ,essex4 ,at once ! head ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 probably no ,engli% subject has ev] be5 s p[]ful4 ,bo? he & ,cranm] succe$$ ?r\gh flexibility & adroitness4 ,he sugge/$ to ,h5ry to accompli% 8 ends by robb+ ! conv5ts1 & ,mr4 ,brew]1 an excell5t au?ority1 ?\ght him notori\sly v5al f ! outset4 ,8 executive & bus9ess capacity 0 unrivall$4 ,he _h ! in/9ct = money1 & provid$ he made x1 he scrupl$ n ab\t ! means4 ,9 ! ,/ate ,pap]s !re is an amus+ acc\nt ( ! treatm5t he put up )1 :5 at ! p9nacle ( greatness3-- 8,& z = my ,"l ,prevye ,sealle1 ,i wold n be 9 8 case = all t ev] he ha!1 = ! ,k+ beknave? him twice a weke1 & "s-tyme knocke him well ab\t !e pate2 & yet :5 he ha! b5e well pomeld ab\te ! h$de1 & %ak5 up1 z x 7 a dogge1 he w come out into ! great *ambre1 %ak+ ( ! bu%e ) z m]y a c\nt5ance z ?\ghe he m\ght rule all ! ro/e40#baj ,?\gh good-natur$ :]e 8 int]e/s 7 n involv$1 he appe>s to h be5 call\s to ! sight ( pa91 & n only att5d$ to ! rack+ ( important witnesses1 b w5t 9 /ate to see ,fa!r ,=e/ roa/$ 9 *a9s = d5y+ ! royal supremacy1 :i* he 0 lab\r+ to e/abli%4 ,8 behavi\r to ,lamb]t1 :om he s5t to ! fire = confess+ 8 own pr9ciples1 a/oni%$ ev5 ^? :o knew him well4 ,h[ he became a ,prote/ant is unc]ta92 ,foxe ?\ght1 by read+ ,erasmus's translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,m probably he 0 sceptical because he 0 ( ! economic type4 ,at all ev5ts1 he hat$ ,rome1 & ,foxe said t 9 #aech he 0 8! *ief fri5d ( ! gospell]s40 ,9 t same ye> ,lamb]t 0 tri$ = h]esy reg>d+ transub/antiation1 & x 0 !n ,cromwell s5t5c$ him to be burn$ alive4 ,*>act]i/ically1 he is said to h invit$ him to breakfa/ on ! morn+ ( ! execution1 & to h !n begg$ 8 p>don = :at he _h done4 ,pole describ$ a conv]sation he _h ) ,essex ab\t ! duty ( m9i/]s to k+s4 ,pole ?\ght _! fir/ obligation 0 to consid] _! ma/]s' hon\r1 & insi/$ on ! div]g5ce betwe5 hon\r & exp$i5cy4 ,su* notions seem$ fanta/ic to ,cromwell1 :o told ,pole t a prud5t politician w\ld /udy a pr9ce's incl9ations & act accord+ly4 ,he !n (f]$ ,pole a manuscript ( ,ma*iavelli's ,pr9ce4 ,su* a temp]am5t diff]$1 n s mu* 9 degree z 9 k9d1 f t ( ,godfrey de ,b\illon or ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,bay>d or ! ,black ,pr9ce4 ,x 0 subtl]1 m acquisitive1 m t5aci\s ( life1 & m5 & wom5 ( ! bre$ ( ,cromwell rose rapidly to be ! own]s ( ,engl& dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,social /&>ds *ang$4 ,ev5 9 semi-b>b>\s ages a l(ty c\rtesy _h always be5 deem$ befitt+ ! great4 ,sa9t ,anselm & ,hlose1 ,salad9 & ,cur-de-,lion h rema9$ ideals = c5turies1 because !y repres5t$ a phase ( civilization2 & ,froiss>t has describ$ h[ ! ,black ,pr9ce ent]ta9$ 8 prison]s aft] ,poiti]s3-- 8,! pr9ce himself s]v$ ! k+'s table1 z well z ! o!rs1 ) e m>k ( humility1 & w\ld n sit d[n at x1 9 spite ( all 8 entreaties = him s to d1 say+ t #8he 0 n wor?y ( su* an hon\r1 nor did x app]ta9 to him to seat himself at ! table ( s great a k+1 or ( s valiant a man z he _h %[n himself by 8 actions t day4'0#baa ,"o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( progress _h elim9at$ *ivalry4 ,mann]s 7 co>se & morals loose at ! c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,=eign ambassadors spoke ) little respect ( ! society !y saw4 ,*apuys p]mitt$ himself to sne] at ,lady ,jane ,seym\r1 :o aft]w>d became que51 because he seems to h ?\ght ! ladies ( ! c\rt v5al3-- 8,i leave y to judge :e!r1 be+ ,engli%1 & hav+ frequ5t$ ! c\rt1 #8si elle ne ti5droit pas consci5ce de navoir p\rveu et prv5u de savoir que ce/ de faire nopces4'0#bab ,! sc&als ( ! ,boleyn family are too well kn[n to ne$ notice1#bac & x w\ld be futile to accumulate examples ( ! abs5ce ( female virtue :5 ! fact is notori\s4 ,! ris+ nobility resembl$ ,cromwell m or less feebly4 ,! m]c5>y quality 0 ! sali5t *>act]i/ic ( ! fav\r$ class4 ,?omas ,boleyn1 ,e>l ( ,wilt%ire1 made 8 =tune ?r\gh 8 own %rewdness & ! beauty ( 8 daught]s4 ,m>y1 ! y\ng]1 0 an e>ly mi/ress ( ,h5ry2 ,anne1 ! eld] & ! a/ut]1 0 8 wife4 ,boleyn's title & 8 =tune came ?r\gh ?is connection4 ,boleyn 0 a specim5 ( a class2 9 him ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation 0 highly develop$4 ,:5 8 daught] ,anne1 & 8 son1 ,"l ,ro*=d1 7 tri$ at ! ,t[] = ince/1 ! evid5ce 0 s flimsy t t5 to "o 0 bet 9 ! c\rt-room on acquittal4 ,at ?is supreme mom5t1 ! attitude ( ! fa!r 0 ?us describ$ by ,*apuys1 :o _h good s\rces ( in=mation3-- 8,on ! #ae? ! said concub9e & h] bro!r 7 condemn$ ( treason by all ! pr9cipal lords ( ,engl&1 & ! ,duke ( ,norfolk h] uncle pron\nc$ s5t5ce4 ,i am told ! ,e>l ( ,wilt%ire 0 q z ready to assi/ at ! judgm5t z he _h done at ! condemnation ( ! o!r f\r40#bad ,! gr&fa!r ( ,?omas ,boleyn _h be5 an ald]man ( ,london & a ri* tradesman2 8 son _h be5 knight$1 & _h retir$ f bus9ess1 & ,wilt%ire himself1 ?\gh a y\ng] son & ) b fifty p\nds a ye> :5 m>ri$1 rais$ himself by 8 wits1 & ! use ( 8 *ildr51 to be a weal?y e>l4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,cecil family is n dissimil>4 ,david1 ! fir/ ( ! "n :o em]g$ f obscurity1 ga9$ a c]ta9 fav\r "u ,h5ry ,,viii42 8 son ,ri*>d1 a mo/ capable manag]1 obta9$ a fair %>e ( ! mona/ic plund]1 0 groom ( ! robes1 con/able ( ,w>wick ,ca/le1 & di$ ri*4 ,8 son 0 ! great ,"l ,burleigh1 9 reg>d to :om p]haps x may be be/ to quote an imp>tial au?ority4 ,macaulay describ$ him z possess$ ( 8a cool temp]1 a s\nd judgm5t1 great p[]s ( application1 & a con/ant eye to ! ma9 *ance4444 ,he nev] des]t$ 8 fri5ds till x 0 v inconv5i5t to /& by !m1 0 an excell5t ,prote/ant :5 x 0 n v advantage\s to be a ,papi/1 recomm5d$ a tol]ant policy to 8 mi/ress z /rongly z he c\ld recomm5d x )\t haz>d+ h] fav\r1 nev] put to ! rack any p]son f :om x did n seem probable t useful in=mation might be d]iv$1 & 0 s mod]ate 9 8 desires t he left only ?ree hundr$ di/9ct l&$ e/ates1 ?\gh he might1 z 8 hone/ s]vant assures u1 h left mu* m1 #8if he w\ld h tak5 money out ( ! ex*equ] = 8 own use1 z _m treasur]s h done4'0#bae ,! ,h[>ds1 ?\gh ( an e>li] "t1 7 ( ! same temp]am5t4 ,! f\nd] 0 a lawy]1 :o sat on ! b5* ( ! ,common ,pleas "u ,edw>d ,i41 & :o1 !re=e1 did n e>n 8 knigh?ood on a /rick5 field1 z ! ,black ,pr9ce won 8 spurs at ,crcy4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 desc5dants made little /ir = a c5tury1 b !y m>ri$ advantage\sly1 accumulat$ money1 &1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 "o ,rob]t ,h[>d m>ri$ a daught] ( ,?omas ,m[bray1 ,duke ( ,norfolk4 ,?is he h>dly w\ld h done _h he n be5 a man ( sub/ance1 s9ce he seems n to h be5 a man ( w>4 ,! alliance made ! =tune ( ! family4 ,x also appe>s to h add$ "s m>tial in/9ct to ! /ock1 = ,ri*>d ,,iii4 gave ,john ,h[>d ! title ( ! ,m[brays1 & ?is ,john 0 aft]w>ds kill$ at ,boswor?4 ,8 son comm&$ at ,flodd51 & 8 gr&son 0 ! great spoil] ( ! conv5ts "u ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o also suppress$ ! nor!rn rebellion4 ,?omas ,h[>d1 ! m9i/] ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 0 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *>act]s ( 8 g5]ation4 ,he 0 naturally a /rong ,cons]vative2 ,*apuys nev] d\bt$ t 8! *ange 9 matt]s ( religion 0 n to 8 m9d03 9 #aecd he ev5 w5t s f> z to tell ! ,fr5* ambassador t he w\ld n cons5t to a *ange1 & ?is spee* hav+ be5 repeat$ to ! k+1 occasion$ 8 mom5t>y disgrace4#baf ,at "o "t ,"l ,d>cy1 ! head ( ! reaction>y p>ty1 c\nt$ on 8 support aga9/ ,cromwell1 ?\gh he w>n$ ,*apuys n to tru/ him implicitly1 because ( 88 incon/ancy40#bag ,yet1 "u a c]ta9 appe>ance ( vacillation1 he hid a pr(\nd & subtle appreciation ( ! society :i* environ$ him2 ?is 8incon/ancy0 made 8 high =tune4 ,he _h a sure in/9ct1 :i* taught him at ! critical mom5t :]e 8 int]e/s lay1 & he nev] 0 deceiv$4 ,h5ry di/ru/$ him1 b c\ld n d )\t him1 & paid high = 8 support4 ,h[>d1 on 8 side1 0 ke5ly di/ress$ :5 he f\nd he _h gone too f>1 & :5 ! nor!rn insurrection broke out1 & he 0 (f]$ ! comm& ( ! royal =ces1 ! ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle1 ) :om he d9$1 said he _h nev] se5 ! duke 8s happy z he 0 to-day40#bah ,once 9 ! field aga9/ 8 fri5ds1 !re 7 no l5g?s to :i* ,?omas ,h[>d w\ld n g4 ,he nev] we>i$ ( boa/+ ( 8 lies & ( 8 cruelty1 he wrote to assure ,h5ry he w\ld sp>e no pa9s to entrap !m1 & w\ld e/eem no promise he made to ! rebels1 8= surely ,i %all obs]ve no "p !re(1 = any respect ( t o!r might call m9e honor dy/ayn$40#bai ,z ,cromwell behav$ t[>d ,lamb]t1 s he behav$ t[>d ! ,c>?usians4 ,?\gh !y 7 m5 9 ^: religion he probably believ$ z s9c]ely z he believ$ any?+1 & 9 ^: cause he _h pr(ess$ himself ready to take up arms1 :5 !y 7 s5t to ! /ake he att5d$ ! execution z a spectacle1 & wat*$ !m expire 9 torm5ts1 )\t a pang4 ,m5 gift$ l ,h[>d 7 successful 9 ! ,re=mation1 & ,norfolk made a colossal =tune out ( 8 polities4 ,! price ( 8 s]vice 0 ?irte5 conv5ts1 & 8 son ,surrey _h two2 ( :at he made 9 o!r ways no record rema9s4 ,su* 0 ! new ari/ocracy2 b ! bulk ( ! old b>onage 0 diff]5tly br$1 & ^? :o 7 ( ! antiquat$ type 7 doom$ to pass away4 ,! publication ( ! ,/ate ,pap]s leaves no d\bt t ! anci5t feudal g5try1 bo? titl$ & untitl$1 z a body1 oppos$ ! re=m4 ,_m ( ! mo/ consid]able ( ^! 7 compromis$ 9 ! ,pilgrimage ( ,grace 9 #aecf1 among :om 0 ,?omas ,"l ,d>cy4 ,if a m$ival b>on /ill liv$ 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t man 0 ,d>cy4 ,s9ce ! ,conqu]or grant$ ! ,norman de ,areci ?irty lord%ips 9 ,l9coln%ire1 8 ance/ors _h be5 soldi]s1 & at 8 home 9 ! nor? 8 reta9]s =m$ an army z ( old4 ,born 9 #adfg1 at tw5ty-five he b\nd himself by ind5ture to s]ve ,h5ry ,,vii4 beyond ! sea1 at ! head ( a ?\s& m51 & m ?an =ty ye>s aft]w>d he promis$ ,*apuys t he w\ld m>* aga9/ ,london ) a =ce eight ?\s& /rong1 if ! emp]or w\ld attack ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,all 8 life long he _h f\ght ^u ! bord]s4 ,he _h be5 capta9 ( ,b]wick1 w>d5 ( ! ea/ & middle m>*es1 & 9 #aeaa he _h volunte]$ to lead a ,briti% cont+5t aga9/ ! ,moors4 ,he 0 a ,knight ( ! ,g>t]1 a memb] ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 & :5 ! insurrection broke out1 he comm&$ at ,pontefract ,ca/le1 ! /ronge/ position 9 ,york%ire4 ,a survival ( ! pa/1 he reta9$ ! ideas ( ,crcy & ,poiti]s1 & ^! br\ght him to ! block4 ,:ile negotiations 7 p5d+1 ,norfolk seems to h want$ to save him1 ?\gh possibly he may h be5 actuat$ by a m s9i/] purpose4 ,at all ev5ts he c]ta9ly wrote sugge/+ to ,d>cy to make 8 peace by ensn>+ ,aske1 ! rebel lead]1 & giv+ him up to ! gov]nm5t4 ,to ,norfolk ?is seem$ a p]fectly legitimate transaction4 ,by su* me?ods he rose to em95ce4 ,to ,d>cy x seem$ di%on\r1 & he di$ = x4 ,in/ead ( do+ z he 0 bid1 he reproa*$ ,norfolk = deem+ him capable ( trea*]y3-- 8,:]e y\r lord%ip advises me to take ,aske1 quick or dead1 z y ?9k ,i may d by policy1 & s ga9 ! k+'s fav\r2 alays my good "l yt ev] ye be+ a man ( s mu* hon\r & gret exp]y5ce %old advice or *uss mee a man to be ( eny su* sortt or facion to betray or dissav eny liffyng man1 ,fr5* man1 ,scott1 yea1 or a ,turke2 ( my fai?1 to gett & wyn to me & myn heyres f[r ( ! be/ dukes l&des 9 ,fraunce1 or to be kyng !re1 ,i wold nott d x to no liffyng p]son40#bbj ,d>cy av]r$ t he surr5d]$ ,pontefract to ! rebels because ! gov]nm5t neglect$ to relieve him1 & al?\gh d\btless he always sympa?iz$ ) ! ris+1 he promptly wrote to ,london :5 ! outbreak began1 to w>n ,h5ry n only ( ! weakness ( 8 =tress1 b ( ! p[] ( ! enemy4#bba ,:5 ! royal h]ald visit$ ! ca/le to treat ) ! insurg5ts1 he f\nd ,d>cy1 ,sir ,rob]t ,con/able1 ,aske1 & o!rs1 :o told him !y 7 on a pilgrimage to ,london to h all ! 8vile blood put f0 ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 8& noble blood set up aga910 & to make re/itution = ! wrongs done ! ,*ur*4#bbb ,?is ,aske 0 he :om ,d>cy refus$ to betray1 b in/ead he (f]$ to d all he c\ld 8z a true knight & subject0 to pacify ! c\ntry1 & he did help to p]suade ! rebels to disp]se on ,h5ry's promise ( a r$ress ( grievances4 ,9 ! mom5t ( p]il bo? ,d>cy & ,aske 7 p>don$ & cajol$1 b ! ris+ moni$ type 7 n ! m5 to let ! soldi]s escape !m1 once !y held !m dis>m$4 ,ev5 :ile ,h5ry 0 plott+ ! de/ruction ( ^? to :om he _h pl$g$ 8 ^w1 ,norfolk wrote f ! nor? to ,cromwell3 8,i h by policy br\ght him ,aske to desire me to yeve him lic5ce to ride to ,london1 & h promis$ to write a lett] 444 :i* 444 ,i pray y take ( ! l sort z y did ! o!r ,i wrote = ,sir ,?omas ,p]cy4 ,if nei!r ( !m bo? come nev] 9 ?is c\ntry aga9 ,i ?9k nei!r true nor hone/ m5 woll be sorry !re(1 nor 9 likewise = my ,"l ,d>cy nor ,sir ,rob]t ,con/able40#bbc ,p]cy & ,con/able1 ,aske & ,d>cy1 all p]i%$ on ! scaffold4 ,d>cy & 8 l recogniz$ t a new _w _h ris5 ab\t !m1 9 :i* !y _h no place4 ,dur+ 8 imprisonm5t 9 ,london1 be=e 8 execution1 he 0 exam9$ by ,cromwell1 & ?us1 almo/ ) 8 dy+ words1 address$ ! man :o 0 ! inc>nation ( ! =ce t kill$ him3-- 8,cromwell1 x is ?\ t art ! v orig9al & *ief caus] ( all ?is rebellion & mis*ief1 & art likewise caus] ( ! appreh5sion ( u t be noble m5 & do/ daily e>ne/ly travail to br+ u to our end & to /rike (f our heads1 & ,i tru/ t or ?\ die1 ?\gh ?\ w\ld/ procure all ! noblem5's heads )9 ! realm to be /rick5 (f1 yet %all !re "o head rema9 t %all /rike (f ?y head40#bbd ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,suppression ,,( ,,! ,,conv5ts ,at ! apex ( ! new society /ood ,h5ry ,,viii41 :o1 l ,philip ! ,fair1 _h _m ( ! qualities :i* make a great religi\s re=m] 9 an economic age4 ,9 rea*+ an e/imate ( 8 nature1 h[ev]1 ! op9ions ( ,engli%m5 are ( no great value1 s9ce !y are usually di/ort$ by prejudice4 ,! be/ obs]v]s 7 ! =eign m9i/]s at 8 c\rt1 ^: bus9ess 0 to collect in=mation = _! gov]nm5ts4 ,at a "t :5 !re 7 no newspap]s1 ^! ag5ts _h to be accurate1 & _! despat*es are tru/wor?y4 ,*>les de ,m>illac 0 born 9 #aeaj4 ,he belong$ to an old family1 & _h an unblemi%$ reputation4 ,he _h no lean+ aga9/ ,prote/ants1 = he 0 disgrac$ by ! ,guise p>ty4 ,he 0 ?irty :5 9 ,london z ambassador ( ,francis ,i4 ,aft] hav+ be5 a ye> 9 ,engl&1 he wrote3-- 8,?is pr9ce seems to me subject among o!r vices to ?ree1 :i* c]ta9ly 9 a k+ may be call$ pe/s1 ( :i* ! fir/ is1 t he is s av>ici\s & covet\s1 t all ! ri*es ( ! _w w\ld n be suffici5t to satisfy & cont5t 8 ambition4444 ,f ?is proce$s ! second evil & pe/1 :i* is di/ru/ & fe> 444 :]e=e he ceaselessly embrews 8 h&s 9 blood1 feel+ 9 8 m9d d\bt ( ^? ab\t him1 wi%+ to live )\t suspicion1 :i* e day augm5ts4444 ,& 9 "p f ^! two evils proce$s ! la/ pe/1 :i* is levity & incon/ancy2 & p>tly also f ! temp] ( ! nation1 by :i* !y h p]v]t$ ! rights ( religion1 ( m>riage1 ( hone/y & hon\r1 z if !y 7 wax1 ! :i* alloy c *ange itself into :atev] =ms !y wi%40#bbe ,cruelty 0 "o ( ,h5ry's mo/ sali5t traits1 & 01 p]haps1 ! faculty by :i* he succe$$ 9 impos+ himself mo/ /rongly ^u 8 contempor>ies4 ,he n only murd]$ 8 wives1 8 m9i/]s1 & 8 fri5ds1 b he pursu$ ^? :o oppos$ him ) a v9dictiv5ess :i* appall$ !m4 ,he 0 +5i\s 9 devis+ torm5ts4 ,fri> ,=e/1 ^: crime 0 ! d5ial ( ! royal supremacy1 he caus$ to be sl[ly roa/$ ov] a rood :i* he _h fet*$ f ,wales on purpose4 ,!y 8hang$ him 9 ,smi?field 9 *a9s1 ^u a gall[s quick1 by ! middle & arm-holes1 & fire 0 made "u him1 & s 0 he consum$ & burn$ to dea?40#bbf ,h5ry reli%$ ! idea ( ! %[ s mu*1 t ,*apuys ?\ght him disappo9t$ at n be+ able to att5d ) 8 :ole c\rt4 ,8 way ( deal+ ) ! ,c>?usians 0 equally *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,c>?usians 7 9 ! ,*ur* :at ,d>cy 0 9 ! ,/ate3 m5 ( ! old imag9ative type1 ( au/]e life & ascetic habits1 9 :om /ill gl[$ ! fi]y en?usiasm ( ,hildebr&4 ,!y c\ld n accept ,h5ry z ,god's vic]eg5t ^u e>?4 ,! ?ree priors--,h\ghton1 ,web/]1 & ,lawr5ce--7 8ripp$ up 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 _! arms torn (f1 _! he>ts cut out & rubb$ ^u _! m\?s & faces40#bbg ,?ree m 7 *a9$ upright to po/s1 :]e !y /ood = f\rte5 days1 8)\t ! possibility ( /irr+ = any purpose :atev]1 held fa/ by iron coll>s on _! necks1 arms1 & ?ighs40#bbh ,!n !y 7 hang$ & disemb[ell$4 ,9 #aecg1 t5 7 /ill resolute4 ,!y 7 *a9$ 9 ,newgate l ! o!rs1 :]e1 accord+ to ,/[e1 n9e 8di$ 444 ) /9k & mis]ably smo!r$40 ,! t5?1 :o surviv$1 0 hang$4 ,_h ,h5ry be5 hamp]$1 l ,d>cy1 ) scruples ab\t hon\r1 tru?1 or consci5ce1 he too might h be5 undone4 ,8 p[] lay 9 8 capacity = do+ :at 0 ne$ful = success4 ,he entic$ ,aske to ,london1 &1 :5 he held him1 slew him4 ,he p>don$ ,d>cy1 & !n s5t him to ,t[] ,hill4 ,lack+ =ce to cru% ! rebels1 ,norfolk1 9 ! royal "n1 pacifi$ ! p ) p>don & promises ( r$ress4 ,!y disp]s$1 ?9k+ !mselves safe4 ,h5ry ignor$ 8 pl$ges1 ris+s foll[$2 b1 :5 ! c\ntry _h be5 tranquilliz$ & 8 army 0 aga9 9 peaceful possession1 he ?us in/ruct$ ! ,duke3-- 8,our pleasure is1 t 444 y %al1 9 any wise1 cause su*e dr$full execution to be doon ^u a good nombre ( ?9habitauntes ( e t[ne1 village1 & hamlet1 t h (f5d$ 9 ?is rebellion1 aswell by ! hang+ ( !m uppe 9 trees1 z by ! qu>t]+ ( !m1 & ! sett+ ( _! h$des & qu>t]s 9 e t[ne1 greate & small1 & 9 al su*e o!r places1 z !y may be a f]efull spectacle to all o!r h]aft]1 t wold practise any l mat]3 :i*e ,we requyre y to doo1 )\t pitie or respecte1 accord+ to our =m] lett]s2 remembr+ t x %albe mo*e bett]1 t ^! trait\rs %ulde p]i%e 9 _! wilfull1 unkynde1 & traitor\s folyes1 !nne t s sl5dre puni%m5t %uld be doon ^u !m1 z ! dr$de !re( %uld n be a w>n+ to o!rs40#bbi ,norfolk 0 aft] ,h5ry's patt]n4 ,! rebels 7 8 fri5ds--m5 ) :om he _h pl$g$ himself to act %ortly be=e4 ,b he _h *os5 8 side1 he _h made 8 b>ga91 & he e>n$ 8 pay4 ,he 0 nev] we>y ( boa/+ ( 8 cruelty t[>d ! def5celess yeomanry3-- 8,!y %all be put to dea? 9 e t[n :]e !y dwelt4444 ,z _m z *a9s ( iron c be made = 9 ?is t[n & 9 ! c\ntry %all be hang$ 9 !m2 ! re/ 9 ropes4 ,iron is m>vell\s sc>ce40 ,he tri$ 8 prison]s by c\rt m>tial1 = he d>$ n tru/ ! juries4 ,_m ( ! f>m]s decl>$ !y _h be5 =c$ to jo9 9 ! insurrection ?r\gh ?reats ( viol5ce1 & ^! might h be5 acquitt$4 8,!y say ,i came out = fe> ( my life1 or = fe> ( burn+ my h\ses & de/roy+ ( my wife & *ildr540#bcj ,b :]e ,h5ry & ,norfolk 7 conc]n$ !re 7 no acquittals4 ,9 ! same way ,h5ry de/roy$ 8 m9i/]s :5 he _h done ) !m4 ,?\gh ,cromwell 0 sagaci\s1 he 0 less crafty ?an ,h5ry4 ,j be=e 8 fall ! k+ made him ,e>l ( ,essex1 & he liv$ 9 su* complete ignorance ( 8 fate t 8 disgrace fell l a ?und]-bolt4 ,m>illac has describ$ h[ "o day1 9 ! c\ncil *amb]1 ,cromwell 0 arre/$ )\t w>n+1 & 8mov$ ) indignation1 he pluck$ 8 hat f 8 head & ?rew x wra?fully ^u ! gr\nd1 say+ to ,norfolk & to ! re/ ( ! c\ncil assembl$1 t ?is 0 8 rew>d = 8 s]vices to ! k+1 444 add+ t s9ce he 0 s treat$1 he r5\nc$ all hope1 & all he ask$ ( ! k+ 8 ma/] 444 0 n to let him langui%44440 ,! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 hav+ reproa*$ him ) all ! villanies done by him1 tore f him ! ,ord] ( ,sa9t ,george1 :i* he wore ab\t 8 neck2 & ! admiral1 to %[ himself z mu* 8 enemy 9 adv]sity z he _h be5 believ$ to be 8 fri5d 9 prosp]ity1 undid 8 g>t]4#bca ,f "o po9t ( view ,h5ry's vanity 0 a weakness1 = x laid him op5 to attack1 & ! diplomatic correspond5ce is fill$ ) sne]s l ?is ( ,ca/illon's3 8,il n'oublye jamais sa gr&eur et se tai/ de celle des autres40#bcb ,probably no?+ 9 ,engli% civilization has ev] equall$ ! adulation he exact$ f 8 c\rti]s1 & especially f 8 bi%ops2 yet ev5 ?is vanity 0 a s\rce ( /r5g?1 = x made him ins5sible to ridicule :i* w\ld h unn]v$ ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,on v scanty evid5ce1 he caus$ 8 wife to be arraign$ = ince/1 & dur+ ! trial appe>$ 9 public s gaily dress$1 & aft] h] conviction danc$ be=e ! ,c\rt 9 su* op5 delight1 t ,*apuys himself 0 surpris$3-- 8,!re are /ill two ,engli% g5tlem5 deta9$ on h] acc\nt1 & x is suspect$ t !re w be _m m1 because ! k+ has said he believ$ t m ?an #ajj _h to d ) h]4 ,y nev] saw pr9ce or man :o made great] %[ ( 8 horns or bore !m m pleasantly40#bcc ,8 mann]s1 l ^? ( ,cromwell & ,norfolk1 lack$ ! c\rtesy :i* di/+ui%$ m51 ev5 ( 8 own g5]ation1 l ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,he 0 glutton\s & self-indulg5t1 &1 t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 s bloat$ z to be helpless4 ,8 habits 7 well und]/ood at ,c\rt1 & suitors tri$ to approa* him 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 he 0 tipsy4 ,m>illac ?\ght 8 gorm&iz+ w\ld kill him3-- 8,!re has be5 little d\bt ab\t ! k+1 n s mu* = ! fev] z = ! tr\ble ) ! leg :i* he has _h :i* tr\ble seizes him v (t5 because he is v gross1 & m>vell\sly excessive 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 s t y (t5 f9d him ( a diff]5t purpose & op9ion 9 ! morn+ f :at y d aft] d9n]40#bcd ,on ,may #ad1 #aech1 ,ca/illon wrote3-- 8,fur!rmore ! k+ has _h "o ( ! fi/ulas on 8 legs clos$1 & s9ce t5 or twelve days ! humors1 :i* h no v5t1 h tak5 to /ifl+ him1 s mu* s1 t he has be5 "s ( ! "t spee*less1 ! face all black1 & 9 great dang]40#bce ,! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! feudal ari/ocracy _h be5 p]sonal c\rage2 b z c5tralization advanc$ & a paid police remov$ ! necessity ( self-def5ce1 brav]y ceas$ to be ess5tial to success2 ,h5ry app>5tly 0 n c\rage\s--c]ta9ly 0 n c\rage\s 9 reg>d to disease4 ,:5 mo/ infatuat$ ) ,anne ,boleyn1 %e fell ill ( ! sweat+ sickness2 he fl$ at once1 & wrote f a di/ance to beg h] to fe> no?+1 z 8few or no wom5 444 h di$ ( x40#bcf ,m>illac decl>$ r\ndly t1 9 su* matt]s1 ! k+ 0 8! mo/ timid p]son "o c\ld "k40#bcg ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 habitually s ov]be>+ z to be brutal to ! weak4 ,lamb]t 0 a poor sect>y1 ( :om he det]m9$ to make an example4 ,he !re=e prep>$ a solemn function1 at :i* he presid$1 assi/$ by ! bi%ops & ! o!r dignit>ies ( ! realm4 ,! accus$1 :5 br\ght be=e ?is tribunal1 app>5tly %[$ "s confusion1 & ,foxe has left a /rik+ description ( h[ ,h5ry tri$ to height5 ?is t]ror4 ,h5ry 0 dress$ 8all 9 :ite10 probably emblematic ( 8 purity z ! head ( ! ,*ur*1 & 8 8look1 8 cruel c\nt5ance1 & 8 br[s b5t into sev]ity1 did n a little augm5t ?is t]ror2 pla9ly decl>+ a m9d full ( indignation1 f> unwor?y su* a pr9ce1 especially 9 su* a matt]1 & aga9/ s humble & ob$i5t a subject40#bch ,gift$ ) su* qualities1 ,h5ry c\ld n h fail$ to be a great religi\s re=m] at ! op5+ ( a great economic age4 ,m ?an five hundr$ ye>s be=e1 :5 society hung on ! br9k ( dissolution1 ! ,*ur* su/a9$ c5tralization by elect+ ,hugh ,capet k+ ( ,france4 ,a c5tury lat] ! arm$ pilgrimages to ,pale/9e _h accel]at$ ! social movem5t1 & consolidation aga9 began4 ,g5]ation by g5]ation ! rapidity ( movem5t _h increas$1 communication _h be5 re-e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 ! m>9]'s compass & gunp[d] _h be5 introduc$ into ,europe1 ! attack _h ma/]$ ! def5ce1 & z ! =ms ( competition sl[ly *ang$1 capital accumulat$1 until1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 weal? rea*$ ! po9t :]e x c\ld lay ! f\ndation ( ! paid police1 ! cr[n+ triumph ( ! moni$ class4 ,! ,re=mation 0 ! victory ( ?is class ov] ! ar*aic type ( man1 & ) ! ,re=mation ! old imag9ative civilization pass$ away2 b ) all its p[] ! moni$ intellect has c]ta9 weaknesses1 & nei!r 9 anci5t ,rome nor mod]n ,engl& h capitali/s be5 soldi]s4 ,! ,tudor ari/ocracy 0 n a m>tial ca/e4 ,lack+ physical =ce1 ?is new nobility fe>$ ! anci5t f>m+ population1 :om !y sl[ly ext]m9at$2 & !y fe>$ !m ) reason1 = f among ! yeomanry ,cromwell drew 8 ,ironsides4 ,!re=e "o ( ! *ief preoccupations ( ! ,tudor nobility 0 to devise means to hold ?is dang]\s elem5t 9 *eck1 & z x c\ld n organize an army1 x utiliz$ ! ,*ur*4 ,! l&-own]s _h o!r purposes = ! prie/hood ?an simply to rob x2 !y _h also to enslave x1 & ,h5ry's title to greatness lies 9 8 hav+ atta9$ bo? ends4 ,he n only plund]$ z no o!r man has plund]$1 b he succe$$ 9 assum+ ! functions ( ,god's high prie/1 & becom+ ,*ri/'s vic> ^u e>?4 ,^u ?is po9t !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion2 n only are ! =mul>ies ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& cle>1 b ,anglicans !mselves admit x4 ,macaulay 0 ( ,h5ry's communion2 ,macaulay is an hi/orian ^: op9ion on su* a po9t comm&s respect1 & ,macaulay has summ$ up ! position ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 z ! head ( ! capitali/ic hi]>*y 9 ^! words3-- 8,:at ,h5ry & 8 fav\rite c\nsellors meant1 at "o "t1 by ! supremacy1 0 c]ta9ly no?+ less ?an ! :ole p[] ( ! keys4 ,! k+ 0 to be ! pope ( 8 k+dom1 ! vic> ( ,god1 ! expositor ( ,ca?olic v]ity1 ! *annel ( sacram5tal graces4 ,he arrogat$ to himself ! "r ( decid+ dogmatically :at 0 or?odox doctr9e & :at 0 h]esy1 ( draw+ up & impos+ confessions ( fai?1 & ( giv+ religi\s in/ruction to 8 p4 8,he proclaim$ t all jurisdiction1 spiritual z well z temporal1 0 d]iv$ f him alone1 & t x 0 9 8 p[] to conf] episcopal au?ority1 & to take x away4444 8,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 z exp\nd$ by ,cranm]1 ! k+ 0 ! spiritual z well z ! temporal *ief ( ! nation4 ,9 bo? capacities 8 ,highness mu/ h lieut5ants4 ,z he appo9t$ civil (fic]s to keep 8 seal1 to collect 8 rev5ues1 & to disp5se ju/ice 9 8 "n1 s he appo9t$ div9es ( v>i\s ranks to prea* ! gospel1 & to adm9i/] ! sacram5ts4 ,x 0 unnecess>y t !re %\ld be any imposition ( h&s4 ,! k+--su* 0 ! op9ion ( ,cranm] giv5 9 ! pla9e/ words1--might1 9 virtue ( au?ority d]iv$ f ,god1 make a prie/2 & ! prie/ s made ne$$ no ord9ation :atev]40#bci ,"u ! ,tudors comm]ce & indu/ry 7 yet 9 _! infancy4 ,great ,brita9 /ill rema9$ sub/antially agricultural1 & capital prim>ily s\ght inve/m5t 9 l&4 ,! enclosure ( ! commons & ! confiscations ( ! mona/ic e/ates1 toge!r =m$ a gigantic real e/ate speculation1 ) :i* fai? _h little to d1 & :i* 0 possible only because =ce began to express itself ?r\gh ano!r type ( intellect ?an t :i* _h be5 able to def5d its prop]ty dur+ an imag9ative age4 ,! comm]cial community always dem&$ *eap religion4 ,"u ,h5ry !y incl9$ t[>d ,zw+li1 "u ,elizabe? t[>d ,calv91 "u ,*>les !y 7 ,presbyt]ian2 ! g5try1 on ! contr>y1 7 by nature cons]vative1 & fav\r$ or?odoxy z f> z _! int]e/ 9 ,*ur* plund] p]mitt$ !m4 ,h5ry & ,norfolk /ood at ! head ( ?is class2 ,norfolk's conv]sion to ,prote/antism has be5 expla9$ by ,*apuys1 & ,h5ry rema9$ a bigot to 8 dea?4 8,%ortly be=e he di$1 :5 ab\t to communicate1 z he always did1 "u "o k9d1 he rose up f 8 *air1 & fell on 8 knees to adore ! body ( our ,"l4 ,! ,zw+lians :o 7 pres5t said t 8 maje/y1 by reason ( 8 bodily weakness1 might make 8 communion sitt+ 9 8 *air4 ,! k+'s answ] 01 #8,if ,i c\ld ?r[ myself d[n1 n only on ! gr\nd1 b "u ! gr\nd1 ,i %\ld n !n ?9k t ,i gave hon\r en\gh to ! mo/ ,holy ,sacram5t4'0#bdj ,z to ,norfolk1 ,*apuys has left 8 op9ion 9 v pla9 words3-- 8,he ,norfolk has a good deal *ang$ 8 tune1 = x 0 he alone 9 ! ,c\rt :o %[$ himself ! be/ ( ,ca?olics1 & :o fav\r$ mo/ ! au?ority ( ! pope2 b he mu/ act 9 ?is way n to lose 8 rema9+ influ5ce1 :i* app>5tly does n ext5d mu* fur!r ?an ,cromwell wi%es40#bda ,to atta9 _! end1 ! ris+ class1 at ^: head ^! two m5 /ood1 _h to d\bly despoil ! ,*ur* 9 ^: dogmas !y believ$4 ,!y confiscat$ h] l&s to enri* !mselves1 & !y suppress$ h] rev5ues to buy ! support ( ! trad]s4 ,f9ally1 _! lack ( physical =ce sugge/$ to !m ! exp$i5t ( seiz+ on ! ecclesia/ical organization & fill+ x ) _! s]vants1 :o %\ld tea* ! p ! religi\s duty ( submission to an au?ority :i* di/ru/$ an appeal to arms4 ,z ,h5ry & ,norfolk repres5t$ ! l&$ magnates1 s ,cromwell repres5t$ ! m]cantile community2 & :5 ! alliance betwe5 ^! two moni$ int]e/s _h be5 p]fect$1 by ! appo9tm5t ( ,cromwell z secret>y ( /ate1 "s "t previ\s to ,april1 #aecd1 ev5ts mov$ ) precision & rapidity4 ,!y cr[n$ ,anne ,boleyn on ,june #a1 #aecc2 9 ,july ! brea* betwe5 ! k+ & pope became irrep>able2 9 ,novemb]1 #aecd1 ,p>liam5t decl>$ ,h5ry 8,supreme ,head0 ( ! ,*ur*2 & 9 ! foll[+ w9t] ! :ole adm9i/ration1 bo? civil & ecclesia/ical1 0 conc5trat$ 9 ,cromwell's h&s4 ,he act$ ) a/oni%+ en]gy4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aece he set on foot a visitation1 prep>atory to ! dissolution ( ! conv5ts1 & ,p>liam5t pass$ ! bill = suppression ! next ,febru>y4 ,cromwell also1 z vic> g5]al1 presid$ ov] ! convocation ( ,cant]bury1 :i* made ! fir/ re=mation ( fai?4 ,?is convocation met 9 ,june1 #aecf1 only %ortly be=e ! ,pilgrimage ( ,grace1 &1 "u ! fe> ( viol5ce1 ,h5ry & ! cons]vatives 7 r$uc$ to sil5ce4 ,! evangelical influ5ce = ! mom5t held control1 & ! 8,t5 ,articles10 ! f\ndation ( ! 8,?irty-n9e ,articles10 toge!r ) ! 8,in/itution ( a ,*ri/ian ,man10 :i* 7 produc$1 7 a great dep>ture f or?odoxy4 ,9 ! f\r? article1 ! dogma ( ! 8,supp]0 0 made broad en\gh to include ,lu!rans1 & 9 ! six?1 image wor%ip 0 condemn$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8,ju/ification by ,fai?0 began to assume ! importance x mu/ always hold 9 all really ,prote/ant confessions4 ,9 "o ( 8 homilies ,cranm]1 at a lat] "t1 %[$ ! comp>ative futility ( good works3-- 8,a man mu/ ne$s be n\ri%$ by good works2 b fir/ he mu/ h fai?4 ,he t doe? good de$s1 yet )\t fai?1 he ha? no life4 ,i c %ew a man t by fai? )\t works liv$1 & came to heav53 b )\t fai? nev] man _h life40#bdb 8,nev] _h ! ,jews1 9 _! mo/ bl9dness1 s _m pilgrimages unto images 444 z ha? be5 us$ 9 our "t4444 ,keep+ 9 div]s places1 z x 7 m>ts or m>kets ( m]its2 be+ full ( _! holy relics1 images1 %r9es1 & works ( ov]fl[+ abundance ready to be sold4444 ,holy c[ls1 holy girdles1 holy p>dons1 heads1 holy %oes1 holy rules1 & all full ( hol9ess4444 ,:i* 7 s e/eem$ & abus$ to ! great prejudice ( ,god's glory & comm&m5ts1 t !y 7 made mo/ high & mo/ holy ?+s1 :]eby to atta9 to ! ev]la/+ life1 or remission ( s940#bdc ,! anti-sac]dotal movem5t "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 culm9at$ 9 #aecf & #aecg1 :5 ! c\ntry rebell$1 & ! l&-own]s 7 9 ne$ ( help f ! t[ns4 ,z long z ! latt] felt unc]ta9 ( _! grip on ,*ur* l&s1 ! radical m]cantile int]e/ 0 p]mitt$ to m\ld doctr9e2 b :5 ,norfolk _h triumph$ 9 ! nor?1 & ,aske & ,d>cy _h be5 execut$1 a reaction set 94 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aech1 ,lamb]t 0 burn$ = d5y+ transub/antiation1 & 9 #aeci ! *apt] 9 ! /atute book#bdd :i* foll[$ t provid+ = ! suppression ( ! mitr$ abbeys1 re-e/abli%$ auricul> confession1 communion 9 "o k9d1 private masses1 &1 9 a ^w1 /rict or?odoxy1 sav+ 9 ! s+le t5et ( ! royal supremacy4 ,to h conc$$ t w\ld h endang]$ prop]ty4 ,twelve mon?s lat] ! l&$ magnates felt /rong en\gh to disc>d ! tradesm52 ! alliance :i* _h c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,re=mation 0 dissolv$1 & ,cromwell 0 behead$4 ,nev] did pope en=ce ! wor%ip ( ! miracle m savagely ?an did ,h5ry4 ,by ! act ( ! 8,six ,articles10 ! d5ial ( ! miracle ( ! mass 0 puni%$ by burn+ & =feiture ( goods1 )\t ! privilege ( abjuration4 ,purity ( fai? c\ld n h be5 ! ideal ( re=m]s4 ,until q rec5tly1 ,prote/ants h accept$ ! tradition t ! conv5ts ( ,engl& 7 suppress$ by ! revolt ( a p1 outrag$ by ! disclosure ( abom9ations p]petrat$ "u ! %elt] ( mona/icism4 ,)9 a few ye>s1 ! publication ( ! ,briti% ar*ives has ?r[n a new & sombre light ^u ! ,re=mation4 ,!y seem to prove1 beyond a d\bt1 t z ,philip dealt ) ! ,templ>s1 s did ,h5ry deal ) all ! religi\s ord]s ( 8 realm4 ,9 #aecc ,h5ry's position 0 desp]ate4 ,he confront$ n only ! pope & ! emp]or1 b all t rema9$ ( ! old feudal society1 & all t surviv$ ( ! decay+ imag9ative age4 ,no?+ c\ld resi/ ?is comb9ation save ! ris+ p[] ( c5traliz$ capital1 & ,h5ry !re=e _h to become ! m\?piece ( ! m5 :o gave expression to ?is =ce4 ,he ne$$ money1 & money 9 abundance1 & ,cromwell rose to a practical dictator%ip because he 0 fitte/ to provide x4 ,on all t relates to ,essex1 ,foxe is an und\bt$ au?ority1 & ,foxe did n hesitate to attribute to ,cromwell ,h5ry's policy at ?is crisis3-- 8,= s x pleas$ ,almighty ,god1 by means ( ! said ,"l ,cromwell1 to induce ! k+ to suppress fir/ ! *antries1 !n ! fri>s' h\ses & small mona/]ies1 till1 at l5g?1 all ! abbeys 9 ,engl&1 bo? great & less1 7 utt]ly ov]?r[n & pluck$ up by ! roots4444 8,( h[ great laud & praise ?is man 0 wor?y1 & :at c\rage & /\tness 0 9 him1 x may h]eby evid5tly appe> unto all m51 t he alone1 ?r\gh ! s+ul> dext]ity ( 8 wit & c\nsel1 br\ght to pass t1 :i*1 ev5 unto ?is day no pr9ce or k+1 ?r\gh\t all ,europe1 d>e or c br+ to pass4 ,= :]eas ,brittania alone1 ( all o!r nations1 is & ha? be51 ( h] own prop] nature1 mo/ sup]/iti\s2 ?is ,cromwell1 be+ born ( a common or base /ock1 ?r\gh a div9e me?od or policy ( wit & reason receiv$1 suff]$1 delud$1 brake (f1 & repress$1 all ! policies1 tra9s1 malice1 & hatr$ ( fri>s1 monks1 religi\s m51 & prie/s1 ( :i* sort !re 0 a great rabble 9 ,engl&40#bde ,cromwell's /r5g? lay 9 8 sup]iority to ^? scruples ( tru? & hon\r :i* hamp] feebl] m54 ,he did :at circum/ances dem&$4 ,8 object1 l ,philip's1 0 to black5 8 victims t he might de/roy !m1 &1 to ga!r ! evid5ce1 he *ose in/rum5ts adapt$ to ! "w4 ,to h us$ o!rs w\ld h demon/rat$ himself unfit4 ,mr4 ,gairdn] has rem>k$ 9 8 preface to ! t5? volume ( ! ,cal5d>3 8,we h no reason inde$ to ?9k highly ( ! "* ( ,cromwell's visitors40#bdf ,?is op9ion ( ,mr4 ,gairdn] is support$ by all ! evid5ce extant4 ,?omas ,legh1 "o ( ! commission]s1 n only always took bribes1 b1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ ma/] ( ,%]burn ,hospital1 adm9i/]$ x 8to ! utt] dis9h]itance1 decay & de/ruction ( ! anci5t & godly f\ndation ( ! same h\se40#bdg ,h5ry probably ?\ght him di%one/1 s9ce he _h 8 acc\nts inve/igat$4 ,ev5 ,legh's colleague1 ,ap ,rice1 ?\gh v5al himself1 & 9 great fe> ( be+ murd]$ = 8 trea*]y1 d5\nc$ him 9 set t]ms to ,cromwell3-- 8,& surely he aske? no less = e election ?an #bj z ( duty1 :i* 9 my op9ion is too mu*1 & above any duty t 0 ev] tak5 h]et(ore4 ,also 9 8 visitations he refuse? _m times 8 rew>d1 ?\gh x be compet5t1 = t !y (f] him s little & make? !m to s5d aft] him su* rew>ds z may please him1 = surely religi\s m5 7 nev] afraid s mu* ( ,dr4 ,all5 z !y be ( him1 he use? su* r\gh fa%ion ) !m40#bdh ,! next day1 h[ev]1 ,ap ,rice1 9 al>m le/ 8 frankness might lead to 8 assass9ation1 wrote to beg 8 ma/] to be cauti\s3-- 8,=asmu* z ! said ,mr4 ,doctor is ( su* acqua9tance & famili>ity ) _m ruffl]s & s]v+ m51 444 ,i hav+ commonly no great assi/ance ) me :5 ,i g abroad1 might take p]*ance irrevocable h>m ( him or 8 ere ,i 7 aw>e4 ,please keep secret :at ,i h said40#bdi ,ap ,rice himself _h be5 9 difficulty1 & ,legh _h expos$ him1 = he admitt$ be+ 8s aba%$0 at ! accusation he c\ld make no def5ce4 ,he _h1 also1 c]ta9ly done some?+ :i* put him 9 ! p[] ( ,cromwell1 = he wrote3 ,i "k 8f my own exp]i5ce h[ deadly x is = any man to incur y\r displeasure1 :i* ,i w\ld n wi% = my greate/ enemy40#bej ,! te/imony ( su* witnesses w\ld be ( d\btful value1 ev5 _h !y express$ !mselves freely2 b ! gov]nm5t only tol]at$ "o =m ( report4 ,a good example ( ! discipl9e en=c$ is to be f\nd 9 ,layton's correspond5ce4 ,he incauti\sly prais$ ! ,abbot ( ,gla/onbury1 & 0 reprim&$ by ,cromwell1 = he wrote to excuse himself3-- 8,:]eas ,i und]/& by ,mr4 ,poll>d y mu* m>vel :y ,i w\ld 444 s greatly praise 444 ! abbot ( ,gla/on4444 ,s t my excessive & indiscrete praise 444 mu/ ne$s n[ r$\nd to my great folly & untru?1 & _c 444 b mu* dim9i% my cr$it t[>ds 8 maje/y1 & ev5 s to y\r lord%ip4444 ,& al?\gh !y be all false1 feign$1 flatt]+ hypocritical knaves1 z und\bt$ly !re is none o!r ( t sort4 ,i mu/ !re=e n[ at ?is my necessity1 mo/ humbly besee* y\r lord%ip to p>don me = t my folly !n committ$ 444 & ( y\r goodness to mitigate ! k+'s highness maje/y 9 ! premisses40#bea ,! *>ges made by ! visitors are ( a k9d notori\sly difficult to prove1 ev5 ) ample "t1 & ) tra9$ inve/igators4 ,cromwell's exam9ation 0 c>ri$ on by m5 ( small wor?1 & 9 hot ha/e2 no opportunity 0 giv5 = m ?an a cursory inspection ( ! premises & ! inmates3-- 8,?is day we leave ,ba? = ,k5sam1 :]e we %all make an end by ,tuesday1 & !n g on t[>d ,maid5 ,bradley1 )9 two miles ( :i* is a *>t]h\se call$ ,wittame1 & ,bruton ,abbey sev5 miles1 & ,gla/onbury sev5 miles4444 ,if y t>ry ) ! k+ eight days we %all dispat* all ! h\ses above nam$40#beb ,! visitation began 9 ,augu/1 #aece1 & end$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aecf4 ,dur+ ^! six mon?s1 f\r or five m51 (t5 travell+ toge!r1 und]took to exam9e "o hundr$ & fifty-five h\ses scatt]$ all ov] ,engl&4 8,to judge by ! proportion 9 ,york%ire10 says ,mr4 ,gairdn]1 8! visitors exam9$ only ab\t f\r out ( t540#bec ,s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 ! evid5ce ^u :i* ! reports 7 bas$ 0 g5]ally ( ! flimsie/ k9d2 ei!r ! sc&al ( "s discont5t$ monk or nun1 or ! tattle ( s]vants4 ,!re 0 a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is at a nunn]y 9 ,*icks&1 :]e ,layton accus$ two nuns ( incont95ce1 al?\gh 8! two prioresses w\ld n confess ?is1 nei!r ! p>ties1 nor any ( ! nuns1 b "o old beldame40#bed ,:5 no?+ c\ld be elicit$1 ! accus$ 7 deem$ 9 a conspiracy4 ,at ,new>k ! h\se seem$ well ord]$1 & no?+ que/ionable appe>$ on ! surface1 !re=e ,layton *>g$ ! monks ) be+ 8conf$]yde10 b he add$ t he w\ld object v>i\s horrible crimes aga9/ !m1 8:i* ,i h le>nt f o!rs4 ,:at ,i %all f9d ,i _c tell40#bee ,:]e sil5ce 0 tak5 z confession1 ! nuns especially f>$ ill4 ,v g5]ally !y 7 too fright5$1 or too disgu/$1 to answ]4 ,ev5 if su* evid5ce 7 uncontradict$1 no great weight c\ld atta* to x1 b x happ5s t !re is mu* on ! o!r side4 ,n to speak ( ! episcopal visitations1 :i* 7 c>ri$ on z "p ( ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*1 ,h5ry's own gov]nm5t subsequ5tly appo9t$ bo>ds ( commission]s compos$ ( c\ntry g5tlem51 & ^! bo>ds1 :i* made exam9ations at leisure 9 five c\nties1 =m$ conclusions g5]ally fav\rable to ! ecclesia/ics4 ,two examples w suffice to %[ ! discrepancy betwe5 ! views ( ! m5 :om ,cromwell did1 & did n control4 ,at ,g]adon 9 ,leice/]%ire1 ,cromwell's bo>d report$ a conv5t ( ,:ite ,ci/]cians1 :i* conta9$ five monks addict$ to sodomy ) t5 boys4#bef ,! second bo>d describ$ ! same corporation z 8( good conv]sation1 & ,god's s]vice well ma9ta9$40#beg ,at ,grace ,dieu two nuns 7 *>g$ ) incont95ce4#beh ,! c\ntry g5tlem5 f\nd !re only fifte5 ,:ite ,nuns ( ,sa9t ,au/91 8( good & virtu\s conv]sation & liv+40#bei ,no "o famili> ) ! developm5t ( police dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 c\ld h mu* d\bt t1 on ! :ole1 ! discipl9e ( ! conv5ts w\ld correspond pretty accurately ) ! prevail+ tone ( society1 & t1 al?\gh asceticism & en?usiasm might h decl9$ s9ce ! twelf? c5tury1 subord9ation to au?ority w\ld h increas$ ) ! advance ( c5tralization4 ,rebelli\s monks1 l ^? :o tri$ to murd] ,abl>d1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 r>] at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation ?an at ! op5+ ( ! crusades4 ,! crime ( ! ,engli% monks1 l ! crime ( ! ,templ>s1 0 def5celess weal?2 &1 l ! ,templ>s1 !y f>$ h>dly 9 proportion to _! devotion & _! c\rage4 ,! flexible & ! corrupt1 :o betray$ _! tru/1 receiv$ p5sions or promotion2 ! ,c>?usians1 aga9/ ^: /]n en?usiasm torm5ts 7 p[]less1 p]i%$ z _! pr$ecessors _h p]i%$ 9 ! field ( ,sa9t ,anto9e4 ,! attack ( ,cromwell's hirel+s resembl$ ! onslaught ( an invad+ army4 ,! conv5ts f>$ l conqu]$ t[ns2 ! %r9es 7 /ripp$ & ! booty heap$ on c>ts1 z at ! sack ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,*ur*es 7 desecrat$1 w9d[s brok51 ! ro(s /ripp$ ( lead1 ! bells melt$1 ! walls sold = qu>ries4 ,europe ov]fl[$ ) ve/m5ts & alt> ornam5ts1 :ile ! libr>ies 7 de/roy$4 ,t[>d ! end ( #aeci ,legh rea*$ ,durham1 & ! purification ( ! sanctu>y ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t may be tak5 z an example ( ! univ]sal spoliation3-- 8,aft] ! spoil ( 8 ornam5ts & jewels1 com+ ne>] to 8 sacr$ body1 ?9k+ to h f\nd no?+ b du/ & bones1 & f9d+ ! *e/ t he did lie 91 v /rongly b\nd ) iron1 !n ! goldsmi? did take a great =ge-hamm] ( a smi?1 & did break ! said *e/ op54 8,& :5 !y _h op5$ ! *e/1 !y f\nd him ly+ :ole1 uncorrupt1 ) 8 face b>e1 & 8 be>d z x _h be5 a =tnight's gr[?1 & all 8 ve/m5ts ^u him1 z he 0 accu/om$ to say mass )all1 & 8 meet w& ( gold ly+ beside him4 8,!n1 :5 ! goldsmi? did p]ceive t he _h brok5 "o ( 8 legs1 :5 he did break op5 ! *e/1 he 0 v sorry = x & did cry1 #8,alas1 ,i h brok5 "o ( 8 legs4' 8,!n ,dr4 ,h5ley "o ( ! commission]s he>+ him say s1 did call ^u him1 & did bid him ca/ d[n 8 bones40#bfj ,by ! /atute ( #aecf1 only ^? conv5ts 7 suppress$ :i* 7 wor? less ?an #bjj a ye>1 or :i*1 )9 twelve mon?s aft] ! passage ( ! act1 %\ld be grant$ to ! k+ by ! abbot4 ,?is legislation sp>$ ! mitr$ abbeys1 & z long z any conv5tual prop]ty rema9$ undivid$1 ! l&-own]s kept ,cromwell 9 (fice1 n feel+1 p]haps1 q sure ( _! capacity to succe$ alone4 ,9 #aeci x _h prov$ impossible to =ce ! ?ree great abbots ( ,gla/onbury1 ,read+1 & ,col*e/] into a surr5d] to ! ,cr[n1 & accord+ly ,cromwell devis$ an act to ve/ 9 ,h5ry su* conv5tual l&s z %\ld be =feit$ ?r\gh atta9d]4 ,!n he indict$ ! abbots = treason1 & ?us s\ght to br+ ! e/ates !y repres5t$ con/ructively )9 ! /atute4 ,! fate ( ,abbot ,:it+1 :om ,layton incauti\sly prais$1 w d = all4 ,he 0 eighty :5 he di$1 & 8 m>tyrdom is unusually int]e/+1 z x laid ! =tune ( ! great h\se ( ,b$=d1 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did ( mod]n duk$oms4 ,! commission]s came unexpect$ly1 & f\nd ! old monk at a grange at ,%>pham1 ab\t a mile f ,gla/onbury4 ,on ,septemb] #ai !y appreh5d$ him1 se>*$ 8 ap>tm5t1 & f9d+ no?+ likely to be ( s]vice1 s5t him up to ,london = ,cromwell to deal )1 ?\gh he 0 8v weak & sickly40 ,cromwell lodg$ him 9 ! ,t[]1 & exam9$ him1 app>5tly 9 a purely p]functory fa%ion1 = ! gov]nm5t _h decid$ on its policy4 ,! secret>y ( /ate simply jott$ d[n a memor&um to see 8t ! evid5ce be well sort$ & ! indictm5ts well drawn10 & left ! details ( ! murd] to ,john ,russell1 a man ?or\ghly to be tru/$4 ,cromwell's only anxiety 0 ab\t ! indictm5ts1 & he _h 8! k+'s le>n$ c\nsel0 ) him 8all day0 discuss+ ! matt]4 ,f9ally !y decid$1 betwe5 !m1 t x w\ld be bett] to proce$ at ,gla/on1 & ,:it+ 0 s5t to ,som]set%ire to be dealt ) by ! prog5itor ( a long l9e ( opul5t ,:ig l&lords4 ,9 sup]9t5d+ ! trial1 ,russell %[$ an en]gy & judgm5t :i* won its rew>d4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! invalid rea*$ ,wells1 he wrote t he _h provid$ = him 8z wor%ipful a jury z 0 ev] *>g$ "h ^! _m ye>s4 ,& !re 0 nev] se5 9 ^! p>ts s great appe>ance z 7 "h at ?is pres5t "t1 & nev] bett] will+ to s]ve ! k+40#bfa ,russell wa/$ no "t4 ,he arrang$ = ! trial "o day & ! execution ! next4 8,! ,abbot ( ,gla/onbury 0 arraign$1 & ! next day put to execution ) two o!r ( 8 monks1 = ! robb+ ( ,gla/onbury *ur*40#bfb ,he _h ! old man b\nd on a hurdle & dragg$ to ! top ( ,tor ,hill1 8b 444 he w\ld confess no m gold nor silv]1 nor any o!r ?+ m ?an he did be=e y\r ,lord%ip 9 ! ,t[]4444 ,& !reupon took 8 dea? v pati5tly1 & 8 head & body be/[$ 9 l mann] z ,i c]tifi$ y\r lord%ip 9 my la/ lett]40#bfc 8,"o qu>t] /&e? at ,wells1 ano!r at ,ba?1 & at ,il*e/] & ,bridgewat] ! re/4 ,& 8 head ^u ! abbey gate at ,gla/on40#bfd ,on ! #ag? ( ! foll[+ ,april1 ,h5ry creat$ ,cromwell ,e>l ( ,essex1 prep>atory to slaught]+ him4 ,)9 two mon?s ! new e>l 0 arre/$ by 8 bitt]e/ enemy1 ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 ! *ief ( ! l&$ int]e/2 on ! #bh? ( ,july he lo/ 8 head on ,t[] ,hill1 & 8 colossal =tune f$ ! m5 :o _h divid$ ! body ( ,:it+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,eviction ,,( ,,! ,,yeom5 ,l primitive ,rome1 ,engl&1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 _h an unusually homog5e\s population ( f>m]s1 :o made a rem>kable infantry4 ,n t ! cavalry 0 defective2 on ! contr>y1 f top to bottom ( society1 e man 0 a soldi]1 & ! ari/ocracy _h excell5t fight+ qualities4 ,_m ( ! k+s1 l ,cur-de-,lion1 ,edw>d ,,iii41 & ,h5ry ,v41 rank$ among ! able/ comm&]s ( _! day2 ! ,black ,pr9ce has always be5 a h]o ( *ivalry2 & e>ls & b>ons c\ld be nam$ by ! score :o 7 fam\s 9 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! ,engli% knights 7 a m>tial body1 !re is no?+ to %[ t1 on ! :ole1 !y surpass$ ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,engli% infantry won ,crcy & ,poiti]s1 & ?is infantry1 :i* 0 long ! t]ror ( ,europe1 0 recruit$ f among ! small f>m]s :o fl\ri%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 until !y 7 ext]m9at$ by ! advance ( civilization4 ,z long z ! individual c\ld at all )/& ! attack ( ! c5traliz$ mass ( society1 ,engl& rema9$ a hot-b$ = bre$+ ?is species ( man4 ,a m$ival k+ _h no means ( collect+ a regul> rev5ue by taxation2 he 0 only ! *ief ( ! free-m51 & 8 e/ates 7 suppos$ to suffice = 8 exp5diture4 ,! rev5ue ! l& yield$ consi/$ ( m51 n money1 & to obta9 m51 ! sov]eign grant$ 8 doma9s to 8 ne>e/ fri5ds1 :o1 9 _! turn1 cut _! manors into z _m f>ms z possible1 & ea* f>m] paid 8 r5t ) 8 body4 ,a b>on's /r5g? lay 9 ! b& ( spe>s :i* foll[$ 8 bann]1 & !re=e he subdivid$ 8 acres z mu* z possible1 hav+ no great ne$ ( money4 ,himself a f>m]1 he cultivat$ en\gh ( 8 fief to supply 8 wants1 to provide 8 table1 & to furni% 8 ca/le1 b1 beyond ?is1 all he kept to himself 0 loss4 ,"u su* a sy/em money contracts play$ a small "p1 & economic competition 0 unkn[n4 ,! t5ants 7 free-m51 ^: e/ates pass$ f fa!r to son by a fix$ t5ure2 no "o c\ld und]bid !m ) _! l&lord1 & no capitali/ c\ld ru9 !m by depress+ wages1 = ! s]fs =m$ ! basis ( society1 & ^! s]fs 7 likewise l&-own]s4 ,9 !ory1 ! villa9s may h held at w2 b 9 fact !y 7 probably ! desc5dants1 or at lea/ ! repres5tatives1 ( ! coloni ( ! ,empire1 & a base t5ure c\ld be prov$ by ! roll ( ! manorial c\rt4 ,?us ev5 ! weake/ 7 protect$ by cu/om1 & !re 0 no competition 9 ! lab\r m>ket4 ,! manor 0 ! social unit1 &1 z ! c\ntry 0 sp>sely settl$1 wa/e spaces divid$ ! manors f ea* o!r1 & ^! wa/es came to be consid]$ z commons appurt5ant to ! doma9 9 :i* ! t5ants ( ! manor _h ve/$ rights4 ,! ext5t ( ^! rights v>i$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b sub/antially !y am\nt$ to a privilege ( pa/ure1 fuel1 or ! l2 aids :i*1 ?\gh unimportant to l>ge prop]ty own]s1 7 vital :5 ! m>g9 ( income 0 n>r[4 ,dur+ ! old imag9ative age1 be=e c5tralization ga!r$ headway1 little inducem5t exi/$ to pilf] ^! doma9s1 s9ce !re 0 room 9 pl5ty1 & ! population increas$ sl[ly1 if at all4 ,! mom5t ! =m ( competition *ang$1 ^! conditions 7 rev]s$4 ,precisely :5 a money r5t became a m pot5t =ce ?an arm$ m51 may be h>d to det]m9e1 b c]ta9ly t "t _h come :5 ,h5ry ,,viii4 m\nt$ ! ?rone1 = !n capitali/ic f>m+ 0 on ! increase1 & speculation 9 real e/ate already caus$ %>p di/ress4 ,at t "t ! e/abli%m5t ( a police _h de/roy$ ! value ( ! reta9]1 & competitive r5ts _h g5]ally supplant$ milit>y t5ures4 ,in/ead ( t5d+ to subdivide1 z 9 an age ( dec5tralization1 l& consolidat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! economically /rong1 & capitali/s sy/ematically enl>g$ _! e/ates by enclos+ ! commons1 & depriv+ ! yeom5 ( _! immemorial rights4 ,! sixte5?-c5tury l&lords 7 a type q di/9ct f ! anci5t feudal g5try4 ,z a class !y 7 gift$ ) ! economic1 & n ) ! m>tial in/9ct1 & !y ?rove on competition4 ,_! /r5g? lay 9 _! p[] ( absorb+ ! prop]ty ( _! weak] neighb\rs "u ! protection ( an ov]p[]+ police4 ,ev]y?+ t5d$ to accel]ate consolidation1 especially ! rise 9 ! value ( money4 ,:ile1 ev5 ) ! debasem5t ( ! co91 ! price ( c]eals did n advance1 ! gr[? ( manufactures _h caus$ wool to d\ble 9 value4 8,we ne$ n !re=e be surpris$ at f9d+ t ! temptation to %eep-f>m+ 0 almo/ irresi/ible1 & t /atute aft] /atute fail$ to arre/ ! t5d5cy40#bfe ,! conv]sion ( arable l& into pa/ure l$1 ( c\rse1 to :olesale eviction1 & by #aeae ! suff]+ _h become s acute t details 7 giv5 9 acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,places :]e two hundr$ p]sons _h liv$1 by gr[+ corn & gra91 7 left desolate1 ! h\ses _h decay$1 & ! *ur*es fall5 into ru94#bff ,! language ( ^! /atutes proves t ! descriptions ( contempor>ies 7 n exagg]at$4 8,= ,i myselfe "k _m t[nes & villages sore decay$1 = yt :]e z 9 times pa/ !re w] 9 "s t[n an hundr$ h\seholdes !re rema9 n n[ ?irty2 9 "s fifty1 !r are n n[ t52 yea 7:i* is m to be lam5t$7 ,i kn[e t[nes s :olly decay$1 t !re is ney!r /icke nor /one /&yng z !y use to say4 8,:]e _m m5 _h good lyu+es1 & maynte9$ hospitality1 able at times to helpe ! kyng 9 8 w>res1 & to su/eyne o!r *>ges1 able also to helpe _! pore neighb\res1 & v]tu\sly to br+ up !yr *ildr5 9 ,godly lett]s & good scy5ces1 n[e %eepe & conies deu\re altoge!r1 no man inhabit+ ! a=esay$ places4 ,^? bea/es :i* 7 creat$ ( ,god = ! n\ry%m5t ( man doe n[e deu\re man4444 ,& ! cause ( all ?ys wret*$nesse & begg]y 9 ! common weale are ! gr$y ,g5tylm51 :y*e are %epemong]s & grasy>s4 ,:yle !y /udy = _! owne priuate commoditie1 ! common weale is lyke to decay4 ,s9ce !y began to be %epe may/]s & f$]s ( cattell1 we ney!r _h vyttayle nor clo? ( any reasonable pryce4 ,no m]uayle1 = ^! =/all>s ( ! m>ket1 z !y use to saye1 haue gott5 all ?ynges s into !yr h&es1 t ! poore man mu/e ey!r bye x at _! pryce1 or else mis]ably />ue = hong>1 & wret*$ly dye = colde40#bfg ,! r$uction ( ! acreage 9 tillage mu/ h less5$ ! crop ( ! c]eals1 & acc\nts = _! slight rise 9 value dur+ ! second qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,nev]!less ?is rise gave ! f>m] no relief1 z1 "u competition1 r5ts advanc$ fa/] ?an prices1 & 9 ! g5]ation :i* re=m$ ! ,*ur*1 ! mis]y ( yeom5 _h become extreme4 ,9 #aedi ,latim] prea*$ a s]mon1 :i* conta9s a passage (t5 quot$1 b always int]e/+3-- 8,fur!rmore1 if ! k+'s hon\r1 z "s m5 say1 /&e? 9 ! great multitude ( p2 !n ^! grazi]s1 inclos]s1 & r5t-re>]s1 are h9d]]s ( ! k+'s hon\r4 ,= :]e z h be5 a great _m h\sehold]s & inhabitants1 !re is n[ b a %eph]d & 8 dog4444 8,my fa!r 0 yeoman1 & _h no l&s ( 8 own1 only he _h a f>m ( ?ree or f\r p\nd by ye> at ! utt]mo/1 & h]eupon he till$ s mu* z kept half a doz5 m54 ,he _h walk = a hundr$ %eep2 & my "m milk$ ?irty k9e4 ,he 0 able1 & did f9d ! k+ a h>ness1 ) himself & 8 horse1 :ile he came to ! place t he %\ld receive ! k+'s wages4 ,i c rememb] t ,i buckl$ 8 h>ness :5 he w5t unto ,blackhea? field4 ,he kept me to s*ool1 or else ,i _h n be5 able to h prea*$ be=e ! k+'s maje/y n[4 8,he m>ri$ my si/]s ) five p\nd1 or tw5ty nobles apiece2 s t he br\ght !m up 9 godl9ess & fe> ( ,god4 ,he kept hospitality = 8 poor neighb\rs1 & "s alms he gave to ! poor4 ,& all ?is he did ( ! said f>m1 :]e he t n[ ha? x paye? sixte5 p\nd by ye>1 or m1 & is n able to d any?+ = 8 pr9ce1 = himself1 nor = 8 *ildr51 or give a cup ( dr9k to ! poor40#bfh ,! small proprietor suff]$ d\bly3 he _h to meet ! competition ( l>ge e/ates1 & to endure ! curtailm5t ( 8 res\rces ?r\gh ! enclosure ( ! commons4 ,! effect 0 to paup]ize ! yeomanry & less] g5try1 & be=e ! ,re=mation ! homeless poor _h s multipli$ t1 9 #aecj1 ,p>liam5t pass$ ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( vagrant acts4#bfi ,at ! outset ! rem$y appli$ 0 comp>atively mild1 = able-bodi$ m5dicants 7 only to be :ipp$ until !y 7 bloody1 return$ to _! domicile1 & !re :ipp$ until !y put !mselves to lab\r4 ,z no lab\r 0 suppli$1 ! legislation fail$1 & 9 #aecg ! empty+ ( ! conv5ts br\ght matt]s to a climax4 ,mean:ile ,p>liam5t tri$ ! exp]im5t ( kill+ (f ! unemploy$2 by ! second act vagrants 7 fir/ mutilat$ & !n hang$ z felons4#bgj ,9 #aedg1 :5 ,edw>d ,,vi4 0 cr[n$1 ! great crisis _h rea*$ its height4 ,! silv] ( ,potosi _h n yet br\ght relief1 ! curr5cy 0 9 *aos1 lab\r 0 disorganiz$1 & ! nation see!d ) ! discont5t :i* broke out two ye>s lat] 9 rebellion4 ,! l&-own]s held absolute p[]1 & be=e !y yield$ to ! burd5 ( fe$+ ! />v+1 !y s]i\sly address$ !mselves to ! task ( ext]m9ation4 ,! preamble ( ! ?ird act /at$ t1 9 spite ( ! 8great travel0 & 8godly /atutes0 ( ,p>liam5t1 paup]ism _h n dim9i%$1 !re=e any vagrant br\ght be=e two ju/ices 0 to be adjudg$ ! slave ( 8 captor = two ye>s4 ,he might be compell$ to "w by beat+1 *a9+1 or o!rwise1 be f$ on bread & wat]1 or refuse meat1 & conf9$ by a r+ ( iron ab\t 8 neck1 arms or legs4 ,= 8 fir/ attempt at escape1 8 slav]y became p]petual1 = 8 second1 he 0 hang$4#bga ,ev5 z late z #aeia1 9 ! mid/ ( ! great expansion :i* br\ght prosp]ity to all ,europe1 & :5 ! monks & nuns1 ca/ adrift by ! suppression ( ! conv5ts1 mu/ h mo/ly di$1 begg>s s sw>m$ t at ! fun]al ( ! ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury 8!re 7 by ! report ( su* z s]v$ ! dole unto !m1 ! numb] ( #hjjj4 ,& !y ?\ght t !re 7 almo/ z _m m t c\ld n be s]v$1 ?r\gh _! unrul9ess4 ,yea1 ! press 0 s great t div]s 7 sla9 & _m hurt4 ,& fur!r x is report$ ( cr$ible p]sons1 t well e/imat$ ! numb] ( all ! said begg>s1 t !y ?\ght !re 7 ab\t #bj1jjj40 ,x 0 conjectur$ 8t all ! said poor p 7 abid+ & dwell+ )9 ?irty miles' compass ( ,%effield40#bgb ,9 #aedi1 j z ! tide turn$1 insurrection blaz$ out all ov] ,engl&4 ,9 ! we/ a pit*$ battle 0 f\ght betwe5 ! peasantry & =eign m]c5>ies1 & ,exet] 0 reliev$ only aft] a long siege4 ,9 ,norfolk ! yeom51 l$ by "o ,kett1 controll$ a l>ge di/rict = a consid]able "t4 ,!y arre/$ ! unpopul> l&lords1 ?rew op5 ! commons !y _h appropriat$1 & ransack$ ! manor h\ses to pay indemnities to evict$ f>m]s4 ,:5 attack$1 !y f\ght /ubbornly1 & /orm$ ,norwi* twice4 ,/rype describ$ 8^! mut9e]s0 z 8c]ta9 poor m5 t s\ght to h _! commons aga91 by =ce & p[] tak5 f !m2 & t a regulation be made accord+ to law ( arable l&s turn$ into pa/ure40#bgc ,cranm] und]/ood ! situation p]fectly1 & ?\gh a consummate c\rti]1 & himself a creation ( ! capitali/ic revolution1 spoke 9 ?is way ( 8 patrons3-- 8,& !y compla9 mu* ( ri* m5 & g5tlem51 say+1 t !y take ! commons f ! poor1 t !y raise ! prices ( all mann] ( ?+s1 t !y rule ! pov]ty1 & oppress !m at _! pleasure4444 8,& al?\gh "h ,i seem only to speak aga9/ ^! unlawful assembl]s1 yet ,i _c all[ ^?1 b ,i mu/ ne$s ?reat5 ev]la/+ damnation unto !m1 :e!r !y be g5tlem5 or :atsoev] !y be1 :i* nev] cease to pur*ase & jo9 h\se to h\se1 & l& to l&1 z ?\gh !y alone ought to possess & inhabit ! e>?40#bgd ,revolt aga9/ ! pressure ( ?is unre/rict$ economic competition took ! =m ( ,puritanism1 ( resi/ance to ! religi\s organization controll$ by capital1 & ev5 9 ,cranm]'s "t1 ! attitude ( ! desc5dants ( ! m5 :o =m$ ! l9e at ,poiti]s & ,crcy 0 s om9\s t ,anglican bi%ops took al>m4 8,x is report$ t !re be _m among ^! unlawful assemblies t pret5d k ( ! gospel1 & w ne$s be call$ gospell]s4444 ,b n[ ,i w g fur!r to speak some:at ( ! great hatr$ :i* div]s ( ^! s$iti\s p]sons d be> aga9/ ! g5tlem52 :i* hatr$ 9 _m is s outrage\s1 t !y desire no?+ m ?an ! spoil1 ru91 & de/ruction ( !m t be ri* & weal?y40#bge ,som]set1 :o ow$ 8 elevation to ! accid5t ( be+ ! bro!r ( ,jane ,seym\r1 prov$ unequal to ! crisis ( #addi1 & 0 supplant$ by ,john ,dudley1 n[ bett] rememb]$ z ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,dudley 0 ! /ronge/ memb] ( ! new ari/ocracy4 ,8 fa!r1 ,edmund ,dudley1 _h be5 ! celebrat$ lawy] :o rose to em95ce z ! extortion] ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 & :om ,h5ry ,,viii4 execut$1 z an act ( popul>ity1 on 8 accession4 ,john1 beside inh]it+ 8 fa!r's f9ancial ability1 _h a c]ta9 aptitude = w>1 & und\bt$ c\rage2 accord+ly he rose rapidly4 ,he & ,cromwell und]/ood ea* o!r2 he flatt]$ ,cromwell1 & ,cromwell l5t him money4#bgf ,/rype has intimat$ t ,dudley _h /rong motives = resi/+ ! re/oration ( ! commons4#bgg ,9 #aedg he 0 creat$ ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 & 9 #aedi suppress$ ,kett's rebellion4 ,?is milit>y success br\ght him to ! head ( ! ,/ate2 he ?ru/ ,som]set aside1 & took ! title ( ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,8 son 0 equally di/+ui%$4 ,he became ! fav\rite ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o creat$ him ,e>l ( ,leice/]2 b1 ?\gh an exp]t c\rti]1 he 0 "o ( ! mo/ incompet5t g5]als :om ev5 ! ,tudor l&$ ari/ocracy ev] put 9 ! field4 ,! di/urbances ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 did n rip5 into revolution1 probably because ( ! relief giv5 by ris+ prices aft] #aeej2 b1 ?\gh !y fell %ort ( actual civil w>1 !y 7 suffici5tly =midable to t]rify ! ari/ocracy into ab&on+ _! policy ( kill+ (f ! surplus population4 ,9 #aeeb ! fir/ /atute 0 pass$#bgh look+ t[>d ! sy/ematic relief ( paup]s4 ,small f>m]s prosp]$ greatly aft] #affj1 = prices rose /rongly1 v mu* m /rongly ?an r5ts2 nor 0 x until aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 r5ts aga9 began to advance1 t ! yeomanry once m grew re/ive4 ,cromwell rais$ 8 ,ironsides f among ! great-gr&*ildr5 ( ! m5 :o /orm$ ,norwi* ) ,kett4 8,i _h a v wor?y fri5d !n2 & he 0 a v noble p]son1 & ,i "k 8 memory is v grateful to all1--,mr4 ,john ,hampd54 ,at my fir/ go+ out into ?is engagem5t1 ,i saw our m5 7 beat5 at e h&4 ,i did inde$2 & desir$ him t he w\ld make "s additions to my ,"l ,essex's army1 ( "s new regim5ts2 & ,i told him ,i w\ld be s]viceable to him 9 br++ su* m5 9 z ,i ?\ght _h a _s t w\ld d some?+ 9 ! "w4 ,?is is v true t ,i tell y2 ,god kn[s ,i lie n4 #8,y\r troops1' said ,i1 #8are mo/ ( !m old decay$ s]v+-m51 & tap/]s1 & su* k9d ( fell[s2 &1' said ,i1 #8_! troops are g5tlem5's sons1 y\ng] sons & p]sons ( quality3 d y ?9k t ! spirits ( su* base & mean fell[s w ev] be able to enc\nt] g5tlem51 t h hon\r & c\rage & resolution 9 !m8'444 ,truly ,i did tell him2 #8,y mu/ get m5 ( a _s3 444 a _s t is likely to g on z f> z g5tlem5 w g2--or else y w be beat5 /ill4444' 8,he 0 a wise & wor?y p]son2 & he did ?9k t ,i talk$ a good notion1 b an impracticable "o4 ,truly ,i told him ,i c\ld d some:at 9 x1 444 & truly ,i mu/ ne$s say ?is to y1 444 ,i rais$ su* m5 z _h ! fe> ( ,god be=e !m1 z made "s consci5ce ( :at !y did2 & f t day =w>d1 ,i mu/ say to y1 !y 7 nev] beat51 & :]ev] !y 7 engag$ aga9/ ! enemy1 !y beat cont9ually40#bgi ,?us1 by degrees1 ! pressure ( int5sify+ c5tralization split ! old homog5e\s population ( ,engl& into classes1 graduat$ accord+ to _! economic capacity4 ,^? )\t ! necess>y in/9ct sank into agricultural day lab\r]s1 ^: lot1 on ! :ole1 has probably be5 some:at worse ?an t ( ord9>y slaves4 ,! gift$1 l ! ,h[>ds1 ! ,dudleys1 ! ,cecils1 & ! ,boleyns1 rose to be ri* nobles & ma/]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,betwe5 ! two accumulat$ a mass ( bold & ne$y adv5tur]s1 :o 7 de/9$ f9ally n only to dom9ate ,engl&1 b to %ape ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,"o section ( ^!1 ! %rewd] & less v5turesome1 gravitat$ to ! t[ns1 & grew ri* z m]*ants1 l ! f\nd] ( ! ,osborn family1 ^: desc5dant became ,duke ( ,le$s2 or l ! celebrat$ ,josiah ,*ild1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii41 controll$ ! :ole ea/]n trade ( ! k+dom4 ,! less a/ute & ! m m>tial took to ! sea1 & z slav]s1 pirates1 & conqu]ors1 built up ,engl&'s colonial empire1 & e/abli%$ h] m>itime supremacy4 ,( ?is class 7 ,drake & ,blake1 ,hawk9s1 ,raleigh1 & ,clive4 ,= sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,norman conque/1 ,engli%m5 %[$ little ta/e = ! ocean1 probably because suffici5t outlet = _! en]gies exi/$ on l&4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! comm]ce ( ! isl& 0 mo/ly engross$ by ! ,m]*ants ( ! ,/eely>d1 an (f%oot ( ! ,hanseatic league2 :ile ! great explor]s ( ! fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies 7 usually ,italians or ,portuguese2 m5 l ,columbus1 ,vespucius1 ,vasco-da-,gama1 or ,magellan4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s la/$1 h[ev]1 only until economic competition began to ru9 ! small f>m]s1 & !n ! h>die/ & bolde/ race ( ,europe 7 ca/ adrift1 & =c$ to seek _! =tunes 9 /range l&s4 ,= ! soldi] or ! adv5tur]1 !re 0 no op5+ 9 ,engl& aft] ! battle ( ,flodd54 ,a peaceful & in]t b\rgeoisie m & m supplant$ ! anci5t m>tial b>onage2 _! repres5tatives %rank f campaigns l ^? ( ,ri*>d ,i41 ! ,edw>ds1 & ,h5ry ,v41 & !re=e1 = ! evict$ f>m]1 !re 0 no?+ b ! f>-(f cont95ts ( ,am]ica & ,asia1 & to ^! he direct$ 8 /eps4 ,! lives ( ! admirals tell ! tale on e page4 ,drake's hi/ory is n[ kn[n4 ,8 family belong$ to ! less] ,devon g5try1 b fall5 s l[ t 8 fa!r gladly appr5tic$ him z %ip's boy on a *annel coa/]1 a life ( almo/ intol]able h>d%ip4 ,f ?is humble beg9n+ he f\ght 8 way1 by d9t ( c\rage & g5ius1 to be "o ( ,engl&'s ?ree greate/ seam52 & ,blake & ,nelson1 ! o!r two1 7 ( ! same blood4 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t 0 ( ! same we/ c\ntry /ock z ,drake2 ,frobi%] 0 a poor ,york%ire man1 & ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh came f a ru9$ h\se4 ,no less ?an five knightly bran*es ( ,raleigh's family once ?rove toge!r 9 ! we/]n c\nties2 b disa/] came ) ! ,tudors1 & ,walt]'s fa!r fell into tr\ble ?r\gh 8 ,puritanism4 ,walt] himself e>ly _h to face ! _w1 & c>v$ out 8 =tune ) 8 sword4 ,he s]v$ 9 ,france 9 ! religi\s w>s2 aft]w>d1 p]haps1 9 ,fl&]s2 !n1 ?r\gh ,gilb]t1 he obta9$ a commission 9 ,irel&1 b f9ally drift$ to ,elizabe?'s c\rt1 :]e he took to buccane]+1 & conceiv$ ! idea ( coloniz+ ,am]ica4 ,a pr(\nd gulf sep>at$ ^! adv5tur]s f ! l&$ capitali/s1 = !y 7 ( an extreme m>tial type2 a type hat$ & fe>$ by ! nobility4 ,) ! exception ( ! ye>s ( ! ,commonweal?1 ! l&lords controll$ ,engl& f ! ,re=mation to ! revolution ( #afhh1 a p]iod ( "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 &1 dur+ t long int]val1 !re is little risk 9 ass]t+ t ! ari/ocracy did n produce a s+le soldi] or sailor ( m ?an av]age capacity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! royal & ! p>liam5t>y armies 0 z great z ?\gh !y _h be5 recruit$ f diff]5t races4 ,*>les _h n a s+le (fic] ( m]it1 :ile x is d\btful if any =ce has ev] be5 bett] l$ ?an ! troops organiz$ by ,cromwell4 ,m5 l ,drake1 ,blake1 & ,cromwell 7 among ! mo/ t]rible w>riors ( ! _w1 & !y 7 di/ru/$ & fe>$ by an olig>*y :i* felt in/9ctively its inf]iority 9 arms4 ,!re=e1 9 ,elizabe?'s reign1 politicians l ! ,cecils took c>e t ! great seam5 %\ld h no voice 9 public affairs4 ,& ?\gh ^! m5 defeat$ ! ,armada1 & ?\gh ,engl& ow$ m to !m ?an to all ! re/ ( h] population put toge!r1 n "o rea*$ ! pe]age1 or 0 treat$ ) confid5ce & e/eem4 ,drake's fate %[s :at await$ !m4 ,l all 8 class1 ,drake 0 hot = w> ) ,spa91 & f "t to "t he 0 un*a9$1 :5 fight+ c\ld n be av]t$2 b 8 policy 0 reject$1 8 op]ations m ne>ly resembl$ ^? ( a pirate ?an ( an admiral1 & :5 he di$1 he di$ 9 some?+ l disgrace4 ,! ari/ocracy ev5 made ! false position 9 :i* !y plac$ _! sailors a s\rce ( pr(it1 = !y =c$ !m to buy p>don = _! victories by surr5d]+ ! treasure !y _h won ) _! blood4 ,=tescue actually _h to int]f]e to def5d ,raleigh & ,hawk9s f ,elizabe?'s rapacity4 ,9 #aeib ,bor\gh sail$ 9 comm& ( a squadron fitt$ out by ! two latt]1 ) "s contribution f ! que5 & ! city ( ,london4 ,bor\gh captur$ ! c>ack1 ! ,madre-de-,dios1 ^: pepp] alone ,burleigh e/imat$ at #ajb1jjj4 ,! c>go prov$ wor? #ada1jjj1 & ( ?is ,elizabe?'s %>e1 accord+ to ! rule ( di/ribution 9 use1 am\nt$ to "o-t5?1 or #ad1jjj4 ,%e dem&$ #hj1jjj1 & all[$ ,raleigh & ,hawk9s1 :o _h sp5t #cd1jjj1 only #cf1jjj4 ,raleigh bitt]ly contra/$ ! diff]5ce made betwe5 himself a soldi]1 & a pe]1 or a ,london speculator4 8,i 0 ! cause t all ?is came to ! ,que51 & t ! ,k+ ( ,spa9e sp5t #cjj1jjjli ! la/ y]e4444 ,i t adv5tur$ all my e/ate1 lose ( my pr9cipall4444 ,i tooke all ! c>e & pa9es2 444 !y only sate /ill 444 = :i* d\ble is giv5 to !m1 & less !n m9e own to me40#bhj ,raleigh 0 s brave he c\ld n compreh5d t 8 tal5t 0 8 p]il4 ,he fanci$ 8 capacity = w> w\ld br+ him fame & =tune1 & x l$ him to ! block4 ,:ile ,elizabe? liv$1 ! admiration ( ! woman = ! h]o probably sav$ him1 b he nev] ev5 ent]$ ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 & ( real p[] he _h none4 ,! sov]eign ! olig>*y *ose 0 ,james1 & ,james imprison$ & !n slew him4 ,nor 0 ,raleigh's fate peculi>1 =1 ?r\gh timidity1 ! ,cavali]s conceiv$ an almo/ equal hate ( _m soldi]s4 ,!y dug up ! bones ( ,cromwell1 !y tri$ to murd] ,william ,,iii41 & !y dragg$ d[n ,m>lbor\gh 9 ! mid/ ( victory4 ,su* 7 ! new classes into :i* economic competition divid$ ! p ( ,engl& dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! ,re=mation 0 only "o among _m ( ! effects ( ?is pr(\nd social revolution4 ,9 ! fir/ fifty-?ree ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,engl& pass$ ?r\gh two di/9ct phases ( ecclesia/ical re=m2 ! e>li]1 "u ,h5ry1 :5 ! conv5tual prop]ty 0 appropriat$ by ! ris+ ari/ocracy2 ! lat]1 "u ,edw>d1 :5 portions ( ! secul> end[m5ts 7 also seiz$4 ,ea* p]iod ( spoliation 0 accompani$ by innovations 9 doctr9e1 & ea* 0 foll[$ by a reaction1 ! f9al "o1 "u ,m>y1 tak+ ! =m ( reconciliation ) ,rome4 ,view$ 9 connection ) ! insurrections1 ! :ole movem5t c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f an arm$ conque/ ( ! imag9ative by ! economic section ( society2 a conque/ :i* produc$ a mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ developm5t ( a new cl]ical type4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ! hi]>*y _h be5 a body ( miracle-work]s1 indep5d5t (1 & at fir/ sup]ior to1 ! ,/ate4 ,?is great corporation _h subsi/$ ^u its own res\rces1 & _h g5]ally be5 controll$ by m5 ( ! ec/atic temp]am5t1 ( :om ,sa9t ,anselm is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ p]fect example4 ,aft] ! conque/ at ! ,re=mation1 ^! conditions *ang$4 ,hav+ lo/ its indep5d5ce1 ! prie/hood laps$ into an adjunct ( ! civil p[]2 x !n became reorganiz$ ^u an economic basis1 & gradually turn$ into a sal>i$ class1 paid to inculcate ob$i5ce to ! repres5tative ( an olig>*y :i* controll$ ! national rev5ue4 ,p]haps1 9 all mod]n hi/ory1 !re is no m /rik+ example ( ! rapid & complete mann] 9 :i*1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 "o type c sup]s$e ano!r1 ?an ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! economic displac$ ! emotional temp]am5t1 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 dur+ ! ,tudor dyna/y4 ,! m5tal processes ( ! new pa/ors did n diff] s mu* 9 degree z 9 k9d f ^? ( ! old4 ,al?\gh ! spoliations ( ,edw>d are less well rememb]$ ?an ^? ( 8 fa!r1 !y 7 h>dly less dra/ic4 ,!y began ) ! e/ates ( ! *antries & guilds1 & rapidly ext5d$ to all sorts ( prop]ty4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( rev5ue ( ! sacr$ class _h be5 _! pray]s = s\ls 9 purgatory1 & all l>ge *ur*es conta9$ *apels1 _m ( !m ri*ly end[$1 = ! p]petual celebration ( masses = ! dead2 9 ,engl& & ,wales m ?an a ?\s& su* *apels exi/$1 ^: rev5ues 7 (t5 v valuable4 ,^! 7 ! *antries1 :i* vani%$ ) ! imag9ative age :i* creat$ !m1 & ! guilds %>$ ! same fate4 ,be=e economic competition _h divid$ m5 into classes accord+ to _! f9ancial capacity1 all craftsm5 possess$ capital1 z all agriculturi/s held l&4 ,! guild e/abli%$ ! craftsman's social /atus2 z a memb] ( a trade corporation he 0 gov]n$ by regulations fix+ ! numb] ( h&s he might employ1 ! am\nt ( goods he might produce1 & ! quality ( 8 workman%ip2 on ! o!r h&1 ! guild regulat$ ! m>ket1 & ensur$ a dem&4 ,tradesm51 p]haps1 did n easily gr[ ri*1 b !y z seldom became poor4 ,) c5tralization life *ang$4 ,competition sift$ ! /rong f ! weak2 ! =m] wax$ weal?y1 & hir$ h&s at wages1 ! latt] lo/ all b ! ability to lab\r2 &1 :5 ! corporate body ( produc]s _h ?us dis9tegrat$1 no?+ /ood betwe5 ! common prop]ty & ! m5 :o controll$ ! eng9e ( ! law4 ,by ! #a ,edw>d ,,vi41 c4 #ad1 all ! possessions ( ! s*ools1 colleges1 & guilds ( ,engl&1 except ! colleges ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge & ! guilds ( ,london1 7 convey$ to ! k+1 & ! di/ribution ?us begun ext5d$ f> & wide1 & has be5 =cibly describ$ by ,mr4 ,blunt3-- 8,!y tore (f ! lead f ! ro(s1 & wr5*$ out ! brasses f ! floors4 ,! books !y despoil$ ( _! co/ly cov]s1 & !n sold !m = wa/e pap]4 ,! gold & silv] plate !y melt$ d[n ) copp] & lead1 to make a co9age s %amefully debas$ z 0 nev] kn[n be=e or s9ce 9 ,engl&4 ,! ve/m5ts ( alt>s & prie/s !y turn$ into table-cov]s1 c>pets1 & hang+s1 :5 n v co/ly2 & :5 wor? m money ?an usual1 !y sold !m to =eign]s1 n c>+ :o us$ !m = #8sup]/iti\s' purposes1 b c>+ to make ! be/ #8b>ga9s' !y c\ld ( _! spoil4 ,ev5 ! v surplices & alt> l95 w\ld fet* some?+1 & t too 0 seiz$ by _! covet\s h&s40#bha ,^! 8covet\s h&s0 7 ! privy c\ncillors4 ,h5ry _h n int5d$ t any memb] ( ! bo>d %\ld h prec$5ce1 b ! k+'s body 0 n cold be=e ,edw>d ,seym\r began an intrigue to make himself protector4 ,to consolidate a p>ty beh9d him1 he op5$ 8 adm9i/ration by di/ribut+ all ! spoil he c\ld lay h&s on2 & ,mr4 ,fr\de e/imat$ t 8on a computation mo/ fav\rable to ! c\ncil1 e/ates wor? 444 9 mod]n curr5cy ab\t five millions0 ( p\nds1 7 8appropriat$--,i suppose ,i mu/ n say /ol5--& divid$ among !mselves40#bhb ,at ! head ( ?is c\ncil /ood ,cranm]1 :o took 8 %>e )\t scruple4 ,probably ,fr\de's e/imate is f> too l[2 = ?\gh ,seym\r1 z ,duke ( ,som]set1 _h1 l ,h5ry1 to meet imp]ative claims :i* dra9$ 8 purse1 he yet built ,som]set ,h\se1 ! mo/ sumptu\s palace ( ,london4 ,seym\r 0 put to dea? by ,dudley :5 he rose to p[] by 8 milit>y success 9 ,norfolk4 ,dudley z well z ,cromwell 0 fitt$ = ! em]g5cy 9 :i* he liv$2 bold1 able1 unscrupul\s & en]getic1 8 p>ty hat$ b foll[$ him1 because )\t him !y saw no way to seize ! prop]ty !y covet$4 ,he too1 l ,cromwell1 alli$ himself ) ! evangelical cl]gy1 & "u ,edw>d ! or?odoxy ( ! 8,six ,articles0 gave way to ! doctr9e ( ,g5eva4 ,ev5 9 #aedh ,calv9 _h be5 able to write to ,som]set1 ?ank+ ,god t1 ?r\gh 8 wisdom1 ! 8pure tru?0 0 prea*$2#bhc b :5 ,dudley adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t z ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 bi%ops did n hesitate to tea* t ! dogma ( ! 8c>nal pres5ce0 9 ! sacram5t 8ma9ta9e? t bea/ly k9d ( cruelty ( ! #8,an?ropophagi1' t is1 ! dev\r]s ( man's fle%3 = x is a m cruel ?+ to dev\r a quick man1 ?an to slay him40#bhd ,dudley resembl$ ,h5ry & ,norfolk 9 be+ naturally cons]vative1 = he di$ a ,ca?olic2 b ) !m all1 money 0 ! supreme object1 & z !y lack$ ! physical =ce to plund] alone1 !y 7 oblig$ to conciliate ! ,radicals4 ,^! 7 repres5t$ by ,knox1 & to ,knox ! duke paid assidu\s c\rt4 ,! ,scot*man began prea*+ 9 ,b]wick 9 #aedi1 b ! gov]nm5t soon br\ght him to ,london1 & 9 #aeea made him a royal *apla91 &1 z *apla91 he 0 call$ ^u to approve ! ,=ty-two ,articles ( #aeeb4 ,?is he c\ld d consci5ti\sly1 z !y conta9$ ! dogmas ( election & pr$e/9ation1 orig9al s91 & ju/ification by fai?1 beside a d5ial ( 8! reall & bodilie pres5ce 444 ( ,*ri/es fle%e1 & bl\de1 9 ! ,sacram5te ( ! ,lordes ,supp]40 ,dudley tri$ h>d to buy ,knox1 & (f]$ him ! ,see ( ,ro*e/]2 b ! duke excit$ ! deepe/ di/ru/ & dislike 9 ! prea*]1 :o call$ him 8t wret*$ & mis]able ,nor?umb]l&40 ,he reject$ ! pref]m5t1 & inde$1 f ! beg9n+1 bad blood seems to h la9 betwe5 ! ,calv9i/s & ! c\rt4 ,writ+ at ! beg9n+ ( #aeed1 ,knox express$ 8 op9ion ( ! re=m+ ari/ocracy 9 emphatic language1 beg9n+ ) ,som]set1 8:o became s cold 9 he>+ ,godis ,^w1 t ! ye> befoir 8 la/ appreh5si\n1 he wald ga visit 8 masonis1 & wald n da9yie himself to ga frome 8 gall]ie to 8 hall = heir+ ( a s]mone40#bhe ,aft]w>d matt]s grew worse1 = 8! haill ,c\nsaile _h said1 ,?ay wald heir no mo ( ?air s]monis3 ?ay w] b indiff]5t fell[is2 7yea1 & sum ( ?ame es*ameit n to call ?ame pratt+ knaves470#bhf ,f9ally1 j be=e ,edw>d's dea? ! op5 rupture came4 ,knox _h a supreme contempt & antipa?y = ! ,"l ,treasur]1 ,paulet1 ,m>quis ( ,w9*e/]1 :om he call$ a 8crafty fox40 ,dur+ ,edw>d's life1 je]$ ,knox1 8:o 0 mo/e bolde to crye1 ,ba/>de1 ba/>de1 ince/u\s ba/>de1 ,m>y %all nev] rule ov] u10 & n[ t ,m>y is on ! ?rone x is to h] ,paulet 8cr\*es & kneele?40#bhg ,9 ! la/ s]mon he prea*$ be=e ! k+ he let loose 8 tongue1 & probably he w\ld h quitt$ ! c\rt1 ev5 _h ! reign cont9u$4 ,9 ?is s]mon ,dudley 0 ,ahi?ophel1 ,paulet1 ,%ebna3-- 8,i made ?is affirmacion1 ,t commonlye x 0 s5e1 t ! mo/ godly pr9ces hadde (fic]s & *ief c\nseil\rs mo/e ungodlye1 conjur$ enemies to ,goddes true religion1 & trait\rs to _! pr9ces4444 ,0 ,david1 sayd ,i1 & ,eze*ias1 pr9ces ( great & godly giftes & exp]i5ce1 abus$ by crafty c\nsail]s & dissemblyng hypocrites8 ,:at wond] is x !n1 t a yonge & innoc5t ,k+e be deceiv$ by craftye1 covet\se1 wyck$1 & ungodly c\nsel\rs8 ,i am greatly afrayd1 t ,a*itophel be c\nsail]1 t ,judas be>e ! purse1 & t ,sobna be scribe1 comptroll]1 & treasur]4 ,?is1 & som:at m ,i spake t daye1 n 9 a corn] 7z _m yet c wytnesse7 b ev5 be=e ^? :ome my consci5ce judg$ wor?y ( accusation40#bhh ,knox und]/ood ! relation :i* m5 ( 8 /amp bore to ,anglicanism4 ,9 #aedi mu* l& yet rema9$ to be divid$1 !re=e he & 8 l 7 flatt]$ & cajol$ until ,paulet & 8 fri5ds %\ld be /rong en\gh to disc>d !m4 ,fai?1 9 ! h&s ( ! moni$ olig>*y1 became an in/rum5t ( police1 &1 f ! ,re=mation d[nw>d1 revelation has be5 exp\nd$ 9 ,engl& by /atute4 ,h5ce m5 ( ! imag9ative type1 :o c\ld n accept _! cre$ ) _! /ip5d1 7 at any mom5t 9 dang] ( be+ adjudg$ h]etics1 & suff]+ ! extreme p5alty ( insubord9ation4 ,docility to lay dictation has always be5 ! te/ by :i* ! ,anglican cl]gy h be5 sift$ f ,ca?olics & ,puritans4 ,to ! imag9ative m9d a fai? mu/ spr+ f a revelation1 & a revelation mu/ be infallible & un*angeable4 ,tru? mu/ be s+le4 ,ca?olics believ$ _! revelation to be cont9u\s1 deliv]$ ?r\gh ! m\? ( an illum9at$ prie/hood1 speak+ 9 its corporate capacity4 ,puritans held t !irs _h be5 made once = all1 & 0 conta9$ 9 a book4 ,b bo? ,ca?olics & ,puritans 7 cle> t div9e tru? 0 immutable1 & t ! univ]sal ,*ur* c\ld n err4 ,to m9ds ( ?is type1 /atutes regulat+ ! appe>ance ( ,god's body 9 ! elem5ts 7 n only impi\s b absurd1 & m5 ( ! prie/ly temp]am5t1 :e!r ,ca?olic or ,puritan1 h fac$ dea? 9 its mo/ appall+ =ms1 r ?an b[ d[n be=e !m4 ,"h ,fi%] & ,knox1 ,bell>m9e & ,calv91 agre$4 ,r ?an accept ! royal supremacy1 ! fl[] ( ! ,engli% prie/hood s\ght pov]ty & exile1 ! scaffold & ! /ake4 ,= ?is1 ! ag$ ,fi%] ha/5$ to ! block on ,t[] ,hill2 = ?is1 ,=e/ dangl$ ov] ! emb]s ( ! sm\ld]+ rood2 = ?is1 ! ,c>?usians rott$ 9 _! noisome d5s4 ,nor 7 ,puritans a :it beh9d ,ca?olics 9 ass]t+ ! sac]dotal dignity2 8,erant enim blasphemi qui voc>5t eum ,h5ricum ,,viii4 summum caput ecclesi sub ,*ri/o10 wrote ,calv91 & on ?is gr\nd ! ,noncon=mi/s f\ght ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 f ,elizabe?'s accession d[nw>d4 ,! writ+s ( ,m>t9 ,m>prelate only re/at$ an issue :i* _h be5 rais$ by ,hildebr& five hundr$ ye>s be=e2 = ! advance ( c5tralization _h reproduc$ 9 ,engl& some?+ ( ! same conditions :i* prevail$ at ,con/ant9ople :5 x became a c5tre ( ex*anges4 ,:]ev] civilization has rea*$ ! po9t at :i* en]gy expresses itself ?r\gh money1 fai? mu/ be subord9ate to ! repres5tative ( weal?4 ,/eph5 ,g>d9] und]/ood ! conditions "u :i* he liv$1 & accept$ 8 s]vitude 9 consid]ation ( ! great ,see ( ,w9*e/]4 ,) /rik+ acut5ess he cit$ ,ju/9ian z a prec$5t = ,h5ry3-- 8,!n1 ,sir1 :o did ev] disall[ ,ju/9ian's fact1 t made laws conc]n+ ! glori\s ,tr9ity1 & ! ,ca?olic fai?1 ( bi%ops1 ( m51 ( ! cl]gy1 ( h]etics1 & o!rs1 su* l80#bhi ,f ! day ( ! brea* ) ,rome1 ! ,briti% prie/hood sank into wage-e>n]s1 & ^? ( ! anci5t cl]gy :o rema9$ 9 ! ,anglican hi]>*y aft] ! ,re=mation1 acquiesc$ 9 _! position1 z appe>$ 9 all _! writ+s1 b 9 none1 p]haps1 m /rik+ly ?an 9 ! ,=mul>ies ( ,fai? ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :]e ! episcopal b5* submitt$ _! views ( or?odoxy to ! revision ( ! secul> p[]3-- 8,& albeit1 mo/ dread & b5ign sov]eign "l1 we d affirm by our le>n+s ) "o ass5t1 t ! said treatise is 9 all po9ts s concordant & agreeable to holy scripture1 z we tru/ y\r maje/y %all receive ! same z a ?+ mo/ s9c]ely & purely h&l$1 to ! glory ( ,god1 y\r grace's hon\r1 ! unity ( y\r p1 ! :i* ?+s y\r highness1 we may well see & p]ceive1 do? *iefly 9 ! same desire3 yet we d mo/ humbly submit x to ! mo/ excell5t wisdom & exact judgm5t ( y\r maje/y1 to be recognis$1 ov]se51 & correct$1 if y\r grace %all f9d any ^w or s5t5ce 9 x meet to be *ang$1 qualifi$1 or fur!r exp\nd$1 = ! pla9 sett+ =? ( y\r highness's mo/ virtu\s desire & purpose 9 t behalf4 ,:]eunto we %all 9 t case con=m ourselves1 z to our mo/ b\nd5 duties to ,god & to y\r highness app]ta9e?40 ,sign$ by 8y\r highness' mo/ humble subjects & daily beadsm51 ,?omas ,cantu>i50 & all ! bi%ops4#bij ,a ,*ur* ?us ly+ at ! m]cy ( ! temporal p[]1 became a *attel 9 ! h&s ( ! class :i* controll$ ! rev5ue1 &1 f ! ,re=mation to ! revolution ( #afhh1 ?is class consi/$ ( a comp>atively few great l&$ families1 =m+ a n>r[ olig>*y :i* guid$ ! ,cr[n4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a k+ _h drawn 8 army f 8 own doma94 ,cur-de-,lion _h 8 own means ( attack & def5ce l any o!r b>on1 only on a l>g] scale4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 on ! contr>y1 /ood alone & helpless4 ,z c5tralization advanc$1 ! co/ ( adm9i/ration grew1 until regul> taxation _h become necess>y1 & yet taxes c\ld only be levi$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,! k+ c\ld h>dly pay a body-gu>d1 & su* milit>y =ce z exi/$ )9 ! realm obey$ ! l&lords4 ,_h x n be5 = a few opul5t nobles1 l ,norfolk & ,%rewsbury1 ! ,pilgrims ( ,grace might h m>*$ to ,london & pluck$ ,h5ry f 8 ?rone1 z easily z ,william aft]w>d pluck$ ,james4 ,^! l&lords1 toge!r ) ! ,london tradesm51 c>ri$ ,h5ry ?r\gh ! crisis ( #aecf1 & !reaft] he lay 9 _! h&s4 ,8 impot5ce appe>$ 9 e act ( 8 reign4 ,he ran ! risk & paid ! price1 :ile o!rs fatt5$ on ! plund]4 ,! ,h[>ds1 ! ,cecils1 ! ,russells1 ! ,dudleys1 divid$ ! ,*ur* spoil among !mselves1 & wrung f ! ,cr[n its la/ p5ny1 s t ,h5ry liv$ 9 debt1 & ,edw>d fac$ insolv5cy4 ,deeply z ,m>y abhorr$ sacrilege1 %e d>$ n ask = re/itution to ! abbeys4 ,su* a /ep w\ld probably h caus$ h] ov]?r[1 :ile ,elizabe? nev] attempt$ opposition1 b obey$ ,cecil1 ! inc>nation ( ! _s ( ! olig>*y4 ,! m5 :o =m$ ?is olig>*y 7 ( totally diff]5t type f any?+ :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! imag9ative age4 ,unw>like1 = _! insul> position made x possible = !m to survive )\t ! m>tial quality1 !y always %rank f arms4 ,nor 7 !y num]\s en\gh1 or /rong en\gh1 to ov]awe ! nation ev5 9 quiet times4 ,accord+ly !y g5]ally lay in]t1 & only f necessity alli$ !mselves ) "s m turbul5t faction4 ,! ,tudor ari/ocracy 7 ri*1 phlegmatic1 & unimag9ative m51 9 :om ! o!r faculties 7 subord9at$ to acquisition1 & !y treat$ _! religion z a f9ancial inve/m5t4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& nev] _h a fai?1 b vibrat$ betwe5 ! or?odoxy ( ! 8,six ,articles10 & ! ,calv9ism ( ! 8,lambe? ,articles10 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( real e/ate4 ,)9 a s+le g5]ation1 ! relation ,*ri/'s fle% & blood bore to ! bread & w9e 0 *ang$ five times by royal proclamation or act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,b if cre$s 7 alike to ! new economic ari/ocracy1 x well und]/ood ! value ( ! pulpit z a bran* ( ! police ( ! k+dom1 & f ! outset x us$ ! cl]gy z "p ( ! secul> adm9i/ration4 ,on ?is po9t ,cranm] 0 explicit4#bia ,elizabe? probably repres5t$ ! l&$ g5try m p]fectly ?an any o!r sov]eign1 & %e told h] bi%ops pla9ly t %e c>$ little = doctr9e1 b want$ cl]ks to keep ord]4 ,%e rem>k$ t %e _h se5 x said3-- 8t hir ,prote/ants !mselves mislik$ hir1 & 9 de$e s !y doe 7quo? %e7 = ,i h he>d t "s ( !m ( late h said1 t ,i 0 ( no religion1 nei!r hot nor cold1 b su* a "o1 z "o day w\ld give ,god ! vomit4444 ,aft] ?is %e wi%$ ! bi%ops to look unto private ,conv5ticles1 & n[ 7quo? %e7 ,i miss my ,"l ( ,london :o looke? no bett] unto ! ,citty :]e e m]*ant mu/ h 8 s*oolema/] & nightly conv5ticles40 #bib ,elizabe? rul$ h] cl]gy ) a rod ( iron4 ,no prie/ 0 all[$ to m>ry )\t ! approbation ( two ju/ices ( ! peace1 beside ! bi%op1 nor ! head ( a college )\t ! leave ( ! visitor4 ,:5 ! ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's (f5d$ ! que5 9 8 s]mon1 %e told him 8to retire f t ungodly digression & return to 8 text10 & ,gr9dall 0 susp5d$ = disob$i5ce to h] ord]s4 ,9 ,gr9dall's primacy1 mon?ly pray] meet+s1 call$ 8prophesy+s10 came into fa%ion among ! cl]gy4 ,= "s reason ^! meet+s gave ! gov]nm5t (f5ce1 & ,gr9dall 0 direct$ to put a /op to !m4 ,attack$ ?us1 9 ! prie/s' de>e/ rights1 ! ar*bi%op refus$4 ,)\t m ado ! old prelate 0 susp5d$1 nor 0 he p>don$ until he made submission five ye>s lat]4 ,! correspond5ce ( ! ,elizabe?an bi%ops is fill$ ) acc\nts ( _! ?raldom4 ,pilk+ton1 among o!rs1 compla9$ t 8,we are "u au?ority1 & _c make any innovation )\t ! sanction ( ! que5 444 & ! only alt]native n[ all[$ u is1 :e!r we w be> ) ^! ?+s or di/urb ! peace ( ! ,*ur*40#bic ,ev5 ecclesia/ical prop]ty cont9u$ to be seiz$1 :]e x c\ld be tak5 safely2 & ! /ory ( ,ely ,h\se1 al?\gh x has be5 d5i$1 is au!ntic 9 _s4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation ! ,london palaces ( ! bi%ops _h be5 a tempt+ prize4 ,h5ry took ,york ,h\se = himself1 ,raleigh _h a lease ( ,durham ,h\se1 &1 ab\t #aefe1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,hatton1 ^: relations ) ! que5 7 h>dly equivocal1 und]took to =ce ,bi%op ,cox to convey him ,ely ,h\se4 ,! bi%op resi/$4 ,hatton appli$ to ! que51 & %e is said to h cut ! matt] %ort ?us3-- 8,pr\d prelate3 ,i und]/& y are backw>d 9 comply+ ) y\r agreem5t1 b ,i w\ld h y "k t ,i :o made y :at y are c unmake y1 & if y d n =?) fulfil y\r engagem5t1 by ,god1 ,i w imm$iately unfrock y4 ,elizabe?40 ,_h ! great l&lords be5 ei!r /rong]1 s z to h controll$ ! bl\se ( ,commons1 or m milit>y1 s z to h suppress$ x1 ,engli% ecclesia/ical developm5t w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,z x 01 a knot ( rul+ families1 gorg$ ) plund]1 lay betwe5 ! ,ca?olics & ! m =tunate ( ! evict$ yeom51 :o _h made money by trade1 & :o hat$ & compet$ ) !m4 ,puritans z well z ,ca?olics s\ght to unsettle titles to ,*ur* l&s3-- 8,x is wond]full to see h[ dispitefully !y write ( ?is matt]4 ,!y call u *ur* robb]s1 dev\r]s ( holly ?+s1 cormorantes1 etc4 affirm+e t by ! lawe ( god1 ?+s once consecrat$ to god = ! s]vice ( ?is *ur*e1 belong unto him = ev]4444 f= my owne pte ,i h "s imppriations1 etc4 ,i ?anke god ,i keepe !m w? a good consci5ce1 & _m wold be ondone4 ,! law appve? u40#bid ,?us beset1 ! l&$ capitali/s /ruggl$ h>d to ma9ta9 !mselves1 &1 z _! be/ def5ce1 !y organiz$ a body ( prie/s to prea* & tea* ! div9e "r ( primog5iture1 :i* became ! di/9ctive dogma ( ?is national *ur*4 ,su* at lea/ 0 ! op9ion ( ! non-jurors1 :o h always rank$ among ! mo/ or?odox ( ! ,anglican cl]gy1 & :o c]ta9ly 7 all :o _h ! con/ancy to suff] = _! fai?4 ,john ,lake1 ,bi%op ( ,*i*e/]1 susp5d$ 9 #afhi = n swe>+ allegiance to ,william & ,m>y1 on 8 dea?-b$ made ! foll[+ /atem5t3-- 8,t :]eas ,i 0 baptiz$ into ! religion ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & suck$ x 9 ) my milk1 ,i h con/antly adh]$ to x ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( my life1 & n[1 if s be ! w ( ,god1 %all dye 9 x2 & ,i _h resolv$ ?r\gh ,god's grace assi/+ me to h dy$ s1 ?\gh at a /ake4 8,& :]eas t religion ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& taught me ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance & passive ob$i5ce1 :i* ,i h accord+ly inculcat$ ^u o!rs1 & :i* ,i took to be ! di/+ui%+ "* ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,i adh]e no less firmly & /eadfa/ly to t1 & 9 consequ5ce ( x1 h incurr$ a susp5sion f ! ex]cise ( my (fice & expect$ a deprivation40#bie ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! sov]eign drew 8 sup]natural quality f 8 consecration by ! prie/hood2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 money _h already come to repres5t a =ce s pr$om9ant t ! process _h become rev]s$1 & ! prie/hood attribut$ its pr]ogative to speak 9 ! "n ( ! ,deity1 to ! int]position ( ! k+4 ,?is 0 ! sub/ance ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,cranm] taught t ,god committ$ to ,*ri/ian pr9ces 8! :ole cure ( all _! subjects1 z well conc]n+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,god's ^w 444 z 444 ( ?+s political02 !re=e bi%ops1 p>sons1 & vic>s 7 m9i/]s ( ! temporal rul]1 to :om he confid$ ! ecclesia/ical (fice1 z he confid$ ! en=cem5t ( ord] to a *ief ( police4#bif ,z a "p ( ! secul> adm9i/ration1 ! ma9 function ( ! ,re=m$ prie/hood 0 to prea* ob$i5ce to _! patrons2 & ! doctr9e !y evolv$ has be5 ?us summ$ up by ,macaulay3-- 8,x 0 gravely ma9ta9$ t ! ,supreme ,be+ reg>d$ h]$it>y mon>*y1 z oppos$ to o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ) peculi> fav\r2 t ! rule ( succession 9 ord] ( primog5iture 0 a div9e in/itution1 ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian1 & ev5 to ! ,mosaic disp5sation2 t no human p[] 444 c\ld deprive a legitimate pr9ce ( 8 rights2 t ! au?ority ( su* a pr9ce 0 necess>ily always despotic44440#big ,9 no o!r dep>tm5t ( public affairs did ! l&$ g5try %[ p>ticul> en]gy or ability4 ,_! army 0 ineffective1 _! navy unequal to its "w1 _! f9ances indiff]5tly h&l$1 b d[n to ! "t ( _! ov]?r[1 9 #afhh1 !y 7 em95tly successful 9 ecclesia/ical organization4 ,!y *ose _! in/rum5ts ) precision1 & an olig>*y has seldom be5 m adroitly s]v$4 ,macaulay 0 a practical politician1 & ,macaulay rat$ ! cl]gy z ! *ief political p[] "u ,*>les ,,ii3-- 8,at e important conjuncture1 invectives aga9/ ! ,:igs & exhortations to obey ! ,"l's ano9t$ res\nd$ at once f _m ?\s&s ( pulpits2 & ! effect 0 =midable inde$4 ,( all ! causes :i*1 aft] ! dissolution ( ! ,ox=d ,p>liam5t1 produc$ ! viol5t reaction aga9/ ! exclusioni/s1 ! mo/ pot5t seems to h be5 ! oratory ( ! c\ntry cl]gy40#bih ,= c\ntry squires a wage-e>n+ cl]gy 0 safe1 & al?\gh ,macaulay's fam\s passage describ+ _! fe> ( an army has met ) contradiction1 x probably is true3-- 8,9 _! m9ds a /&+ army 0 insep>ably associat$ ) ! ,rump1 ) ! ,protector1 ) ! spoliation ( ! ,*ur*1 ) ! purgation ( ! ,univ]sities1 ) ! abolition ( ! pe]age1 ) ! murd] ( ! ,k+1 ) ! sull5 reign ( ! ,sa9ts1 ) cant & asceticism1 ) f9es & seque/rations1 ) ! insults :i* ,major ,g5]als1 sprung f ! dregs ( ! p1 _h (f]$ to ! olde/ & mo/ hon\rable families ( ! k+dom4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 sc>cely a b>onet or a squire 9 ! p>liam5t :o did n owe "p ( 8 importance 9 8 own c\nty to 8 rank 9 ! militia4 ,if t national =ce 7 set aside1 ! g5try ( ,engl& mu/ lose mu* ( _! dignity & influ5ce40#bii ,! "w to be done by ! ,tudor hi]>*y 0 m]c5>y1 n imag9ative2 !re=e pa/ors _h to be *os5 :o c\ld be tru/$ to lab\r fai?fully = wages4 ,p]haps no equally l>ge & intellig5t body ( m5 has ev] be5 m skilfully select$4 ,! ,anglican prie/s1 z a body1 h uni=mly be5 true to ! h& :i* f$ !m1 )\t reg>d to ! pr9ciples !y 7 requir$ to prea*4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( _! docility1 :]e loss ( income 0 ! p5alty = disob$i5ce1 0 furni%$ at ! accession ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,div9e "r 01 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ sacr$ ( ,anglican dogmas1 & yet1 :5 ! cl]gy 7 comm&$ to take ! oa? ( allegiance to him :om !y held to be an usurp]1 z ,macaulay has obs]v$1 8"s ( ! /ronge/ motives :i* c influ5ce ! human m9d1 _h prevail$4 ,above tw5ty-n9e ?irtie?s ( ! pr(ession submitt$ to ! law40#cjj ,moreov]1 ! l&lords _h ! economic in/9ct1 b>ga9+ accord+ly1 & ,elizabe? bluntly told h] bi%ops t !y mu/ get h] sob]1 respectable prea*]s1 b m5 :o %\ld be *eap4 8,!n spake my ,"l ,treasur]4444 ,h] ,maty ha? decl>$ unto y a m>vell\s great fault1 9 t y make 9 ?is "t ( light s _m lewd & unle>n$ m9i/]s4444 ,x is ! ,bi%op ( ,lit*field 444 t ,i mean1 :o made ,,lxx4 m9i/]s 9 "o day = money1 "s taylors1 "s %oemak]s1 & o!r craftsm51 ,i am sure ! greate/ "p ( !m n wor?y to keep horses4 ,!n said ! ,bp4 ( ,ro*e/]1 t may be s1 = ,i "k "o t made #g 9 "o day1 ,i w\ld e man might be>e 8 own bur!n1 "s ( u h ! greate/ wrong t c be (fr$4444 ,b my ,"l1 if y w\ld h none b le>n$ prea*]s to be admitt$ into ! m9i/]y1 y mu/ provide bett] liv+s = !m4444 8,to h le>n$ m9i/]s 9 e p>i% is 9 my judgmt impossible 7quo? my ,ld4 ( ,cant]bury7 be+ #ac1jjj p>i%es 9 ,+l&1 ,i "k n h[ ?is realm %\ld yield s _m le>n$ prea*]s4 8,jesus 7quo? ! ,que57 #ac1jjj x is n to be look$ =1 ,i ?9ke ! "t ha? be51 !re ha? n be5 #d4 prea*]s 9 a diocesse1 my mean+ is n y %\ld make *oice ( le>n$ m9i/]s only = !y are n to be f\nd1 b ( hone/1 sob]1 & wise m51 & su* z c reade ! scriptures & homilies well unto ! p40#cja ,! ,anglican cl]gy "u ! ,tudors & ! ,/u>ts 7 n s mu* prie/s1 9 ! s5se ( ! twelf? c5tury1 z hir$ political reta9]s4 ,macaulay's celebrat$ description is too well kn[n to ne$ full quotation3 8= "o :o made ! figure ( a g5tleman1 t5 7 m]e m5ial s]vants4444 ,! co>se & ignorant squire0 c\ld hire a 8"y ,levite0 = 8 bo>d1 a small g>ret1 & t5 p\nds a ye>4 ,?is cl]gyman 8might n only be ! mo/ pati5t ( butts & ( li/5]s1 might n only be always ready 9 f9e wea!r = b[ls1 & 9 ra9y wea!r = %ovelbo>d1 b might also save ! exp5se ( a g>d5]1 or ( a groom4 ,sometimes ! rev]5d man nail$ up ! apricots2 & sometimes he curri$ ! coa* horses40#cjb ,yet1 z ,macaulay has also po9t$ out1 ! hi]>*y 0 divid$ into two sections1 ! ord9>y lab\r]s & ! manag]s4 ,! latt] 7 indisp5sable to ! ari/ocracy1 s9ce )\t !m _! ma*9e c\ld h>dly h be5 kept 9 motion1 & ^! 7 m5 ( tal5t :o dem&$ & receiv$ good wages4 ,probably = ?is reason a l>ge rev5ue 0 res]v$ = ! high] secul> cl]gy1 & f ! outset ! policy prov$ successful4 ,_m ( ! able/ organiz]s & a/ute/ politicians ( ,engl&1 dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 sat on ! episcopal b5*1 & two ( ! mo/ typical1 z well z ! able/ ,anglicans :o ev] liv$1 7 ! two em95t bi%ops :o l$ ! oppos+ w+s ( ! ,*ur* :5 x 0 re=m$ by ,h5ry ,,viii43 ,/eph5 ,g>d9] & ,?omas ,cranm]4 ,g>d9] 0 ! son ( a clo?work] ( ,bury ,sa9t ,edmunds1 & 0 born ab\t #adhc4 ,at ,cambridge he made himself ! be/ civil lawy] ( ! k+dom1 & on meet+ ,wolsey1 s /rongly impress$ him ) 8 tal5t t ! c>d9al advanc$ him rapidly1 & 9 ,janu>y #aebi s5t him to negotiate = ! divorce at ,rome4 ,nobody d\bts t to ! end ( 8 life ,g>d9] rema9$ a s9c]e ,ca?olic1 b above all else he 0 a great ,anglican4 ,becom+ secret>y to ! k+ 9 ,june1 #aebi1 z ,wolsey 0 tott]+ to 8 fall1 he lab\r$ to br+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge to ! royal side1 & he also devot$ himself to ,anne until he obta9$ ! ,see ( ,w9*e/]1 :5 8 ef=ts = ! divorce slack5$4 ,he ev5 w5t s f> z to assure ,clem5t t he _h rep5t$1 & meant to quit ! c\rt1 b not)/&+ he 8bore up ! laps0 ( ,anne's robe at h] coronation4 ,9 #aece ! ways p>t$1 a decision c\ld n be def]r$1 he r5\nc$ ,rome & prea*$ 8 s]mon 8de v]a ,ob$i5tia10 9 :i* he recogniz$ 9 ,h5ry ! supremacy ( a ,byzant9e emp]or4 ,! pang ?is act co/ him la/$ till he di$1 & he told ! papal nuncio 8he made ?is book "u compulsion1 n hav+ ! /r5g? to suff] dea? pati5tly1 :i* 0 ready = him40#cjc ,inde$1 :5 dy+1 8 apo/acy seems to h be5 8 la/ ?\ght1 = 9 8 clos+ h\rs1 z ! /ory ( ! passion 0 read to him he exclaim$1 8,negavi cum ,petro1 exivi cum ,petro1 s$ nondum flevi cum ,petro40 ,all 8 life long 8 enemies accus$ him ( dissimulation & hypocrisy = acts l ^!1 b x 0 precisely ?is quality :i* rais$ him to em95ce4 ,_h he n be5 pur*asable1 he c\ld h>dly h surviv$ z an ,anglican bi%op2 an en?usia/ l ,fi%] w\ld h end$ on ,t[] ,hill4 ,p]haps m fully ?an any o!r prelate ( 8 "t1 ,g>d9] repres5t$ ! faction ( ,h5ry & ,norfolk2 he 0 z or?odox z he c\ld be & yet prosp]4 ,he hat$ ,cromwell & all 8gospell]s10 & he lov$ p[] & spl5d\r & (fice4 ,fi%]1 ) ! temp]am5t ( ,sa9t ,anselm1 %iv]+ 9 8 squalid h\se1 clad 9 8 %irt ( hair1 & sleep+ on 8 pallet ( /raw1 might inde$ 8humbly ?ank ! k+'s maje/y0 :o rid him ( 8all ?is worldly bus9ess10 b m5 :o rose to em95ce 9 ! re=m$ *ur* 7 made ( diff]5t /uff1 & ,g>d9]'s rul+ passion nev] burn$ m fi]cely ?an z he ne>$ 8 dea?4 ,?\gh 9 excruciat+ torm5ts f disease1 he clung to (fice to ! la/4 ,noailles1 ! ,fr5* ambassador1 at a la/ int]view1 f\nd him 8livid ) jaundice & bur/+ ) dropsy3 b = two h\rs he held disc\rse ) me calmly & graci\sly1 )\t a sign ( discomposure2 & at p>t+ he mu/ ne$s take my arm & walk ?r\gh ?ree saloons1 on purpose to %[ himself to ! p1 because !y said t he 0 dead40#cjd ,g>d9] 0 a man born to be a great prelate "u a moni$ olig>*y1 b1 gift$ z he surely 01 he mu/ yield 9 glory to t wond]ful ar*bi%op :o /amp$ ! impress ( 8 m9d s deeply on ! sect he lov$1 & :om mo/ ,anglicans w\ld probably call1 ) ,canon ,dixon1 ! fir/ cl]gyman ( 8 age4 ,cranm] 0 s supremely fitt$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! economic revolution 9 :i* he liv$1 t he rose at a b\nd f insignificance to :at 01 = an ,engli%man1 ! summit ( greatness4 ,9 #aebi1 :5 ! brea* came1 ,g>d9] already held ! place ( *ief secret>y1 :ile ,cranm] rema9$ a poor ,fell[ ( ,jesus4 ,)9 f\r ye>s he _h be5 consecrat$ primate1 & he _h b\ght 8 pref]m5t by swe>+ allegiance to ! pope1 ?\gh he knew himself promot$ = ! express purpose ( violat+ 8 oa?1 by decree+ ! divorce :i* %\ld sev] ,engl& f ,rome4 ,8 qualities 7 all recogniz$ by 8 contempor>ies2 8 adroitness1 8 tru/wor?9ess1 & 8 flexibility4 8,su* an ar*bi%op s nom9at$1 & 444 s & 9 su* wise consecrat$1 0 a meet in/rum5t = ! k+ to "w by 444 a meet cov] = su* a cup2 nei!r 0 !re ev] be>-w>d t might m comm& 8 be>s ?an ! k+ might comm& him40#cje ,?is judgm5t has always be5 held by ,*ur*m5 to be no small claim to fame2 ,burnet1 = example1 himself a bi%op & an admir] ( 8 em95t pr$ecessor1 0 cle> t ,cranm]'s /r5g? lay 9 t mixture ( intellig5ce & s]vility :i* made him useful to ^? :o paid him3-- 8,cranm]'s great int]e/ ) ! k+ 0 *iefly gr\nd$ on "s op9ions he _h ( ! ecclesia/ical (fic]s be+ z mu* subject to ! k+'s p[] z all o!r civil (fic]s 74444 ,b !re 0 ?is diff]5ce3 t ,cranm] 0 once ( t op9ion 444 b ,bonn] aga9/ 8 consci5ce 7if he _h any7 compli$ ) x40#cjf ,! g5ius ( ! ar*bi%op z a c\rti] may be measur$ by ! fate :i* ov]took 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 ! f\r? ( ,h5ry's great m9i/]s1 ( :om ,cromwell1 ,norfolk1 & ,wolsey 7 ! o!r ?ree4 ,wolsey 0 disgrac$1 plund]$1 & h\nd$ to dea?2 ,cromwell 0 behead$1 & ,norfolk 0 on 8 way to ! scaffold1 :5 sav$ by ! dea? ( ! man :o condemn$ him4 ,! prie/ alone1 z ,lu!ran1 or z wor%ipp] ( ! miracle :i* he aft]w>d d5i$1 always kept ! sun%9e ( fav\r4 ,burnet has describ$ h[ readily he violat$ 8 oa? by p>ticipat+ 9 ! attempt to *ange ! succession "u ,edw>d1 8,he /ood firm1 & said1 t he c\ld n subscribe x )\t p]jury2 hav+ sworn to ! obs]vance ( ,k+ ,h5ry's w4444 ,! k+ himself requir$ him to set 8 h& to ! w4444 ,x griev$ him mu*2 b su* 0 ! love t he bore to ! k+1 t 9 conclusion he yield$1 & sign$ x40#cjg ,l ! *ameleon1 he *ang$ 8 col\r to mat* ! =ce :i* upheld him4 ,"u ,edw>d1 he became radical z easily z he _h sung ! mass "u ! 8,six ,articles10 or z1 "u ,m>y1 he plead$ to be all[$ to return to ,rome4 ,nor did he act ?us f c[>dice1 = :5 he w5t to ! fire1 n a m>tyr ( ! ,re=mation %[$ m con/ancy ?an he4 ,) h>dly an exception1 ,cranm]'s contempor>ies suff]$ because !y c\ld n entirely dive/ !mselves ( _! scruples4 ,ev5 ,g>d9] _h convictions /rong en\gh to lodge him 9 ! ,t[]1 & ,bonn] end$ 8 days 9 ! ,m>%alsea1 r ?an abjure aga9 "u ,elizabe?1 b no su* weakness hamp]$ ,cranm]4 ,at ,ox=d1 be=e 8 execution1 he recant$1 9 v>i\s =ms1 v _m times1 & w\ld d\btless h gone on recant+ c\ld he h sav$ himself by s do+4 ,unlike ,g>d9]1 8 convictions 7 evangelical1 & he probably imbib$ re=m$ pr9ciples q e>ly1 = he m>ri$ ,ossi&]'s niece :5 9 ,g]many1 be=e he became ar*bi%op4 ,*>act]i/ically en\gh1 he vot$ = ! 8,six ,articles0 9 def]5ce to ,h5ry1#cjh al?\gh ! ?ird section ( ! act provid$ dea? & =feiture ( goods = any prie/ :o might m>ry4 ,aft]w>d1 he _h to conceal 8 wife & c>ry 8h] f place to place hidd5 f sight 9 a *e/40#cji ,cranm] alleg$ at 8 trial t he _h /ay$ or?odox reg>d+ ! sacram5t until ,ridley _h conv]t$ him1 aft] ,h5ry's dea?4 ,b1 leav+ out ( consid]ation ! improbability ( a man ( ,cranm]'s rem>kable acut5ess be+ influ5c$ by ,ridley1 ! judgm5t ( su* a man z ,foxe %\ld h weight4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,foxe ?\ght him a 8gospell]0 at ! "t ( ,lamb]t's trial1 & no?+ c give s vivid an idea ( ! l5g?s to :i* m5 ( ! ,anglican type 7 ready to g1 z ! acc\nt giv5 by ,foxe ( ! m>tyrdom ( ?is sect>y3-- 8,lamb]t3 #8,i answ]1 ) ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 t x is ! body ( ,*ri/1 aft] a c]ta9 mann]4' 8,! ,k+3 #8,answ] me nei!r out ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 nor by ! au?ority ( any o!r2 b tell me pla9ly1 :e!r ?\ saye/ x is ! body ( ,*ri/1 or no4'444 8,lamb]t3 #8,!n ,i d5y x to be ! body ( ,*ri/4' 8,! ,k+3 #8,m>k well6 = n[ ?\ %alt be condemn$ ev5 by ,*ri/'s own words1 8,hoc e/ corpus meum40' 8,!n he comm&$ ,?omas ,cranm]1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 to refute 8 ass]tion2 :o1 fir/ mak+ a %ort preface unto ! he>]s1 began 8 disputation ) ,lamb]t v mode/ly4444 ,!n aga9 ! k+ & ! bi%ops rag$ aga9/ ,lamb]t1 insomu* t he 0 n only =c$ to sil5ce1 b also might h be5 driv5 into a rage1 if 8 e>s _h n be5 acqua9t$ ) su* taunts be=e4444 ,& "h x is mu* to be m>vell$ at1 to see h[ un=tunately x came to pass 9 ?is matt]1 t 444 ,satan 7:o (t5times do? raise up "o bro!r to ! de/ruction ( ano!r7 did "h p]=m ! condemnation ( ?is ,lamb]t by no o!r m9i/]s ?an gospell]s !mselves1 ,taylor1 ,b>nes1 ,cranm]1 & ,cromwell2 :o1 aft]w>ds1 9 a mann]1 all suff]$ ! l = ! gospel's sake2 ( :om 7,god will+7 we w speak m h]eaft]4444 ,^u ! day t 0 appo9t$ = ?is holy m>tyr ( ,god to suff]1 he 0 br\ght out ( ! prison at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ unto ! h\se ( ! "l ,cromwell1 & s c>ri$ into 8 inw>d *amb]1 :]e1 x is report$ ( _m1 t ,cromwell desir$ ( him =giv5ess = :at he _h done4444 ,z t\*+ ! t]rible mann] & fa%ion ( ! burn+ ( ?is bless$ m>tyr1 "h is to be not$1 t ( all o!rs :o h be5 burn$ & (f]$ up at ,smi?field1 !re 0 yet none s cruelly & pite\sly h&l$ z he4 ,=1 aft] t 8 legs 7 consum$ & burn$ up to ! /umps1 & t ! wret*$ torm5tors & enemies ( ,god _h )drawn ! fire f him1 s t b a small fire & coals 7 left "u him1 !n two t /ood on ea* side ( him1 ) _! halb]ts pit*$ him ^u _! pikes1 z f> z ! *a9 w\ld rea*4444 ,!n he1 lift+ up su* h&s z he _h1 & 8 f+]'s ends flam+ ) fire1 cri$ unto ! p 9 ^! words1 #8,none b ,*ri/1 none b ,*ri/2' & s1 be+ let d[n aga9 f _! halb]ts1 fell into ! fire1 & !re end$ 8 life40#caj ,9 a hi]>*y l ! ,anglican1 ^: function 0 to prea* passive ob$i5ce to ! repres5tative ( an opul5t1 b some:at sluggi% olig>*y1 !re c\ld be no p]man5t place = ideali/s4 ,) a ,spani% invasion ?reat5+ !m1 an unw>like rul+ class might tol]ate sailors l ,drake1 or prie/s l ,latim]2 b1 9 ! long run1 _! int]e/ lay 9 purg+ ,engl& ( s dang]\s an elem5t4 ,! ari/ocracy s\ght m5 :o c\ld be b\ght2 b su* 7 ( a diff]5t type f ,latim]1 :o1 :5 !y br\ght to him ! fire1 z he /ood *a9$ to ! /ake1 8spake 9 ?is mann]3 #8,be ( good com=t1 ma/] ,ridley1 & play ! man4 ,we %all ?is day light su* a c&le1 by ,god's grace1 9 ,engl&1 z ,i tru/ %all nev] be put out4'0 ,& s1 8aft] he _h /rok$ 8 face ) 8 h&s1 & z x 7 ba!d !m a little 9 ! fire1 he soon di$40 ,ecclesia/ics l ,latim] 7 apt to be ( ! m9d ( ,knox1 :o held 8t sick z may & d brydill ! inord9att appetyteis ( ,pr9ces1 _c be accusit ( resi/ance to ! auc?oratie1 quhilk is ,godis gud ord9ance40 ,& z ! int]e/s ( l&$ capital 7 b\nd up ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! royal pr]ogative1 su* m5 _h to be elim9at$4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,m>y1 ! dang] appreh5d$ by ! l&$ g5try 0 a ,spani% invasion1 c\pl$ ) a ,ca?olic insurrection1 & !re=e ! policy ( /atesm5 l ,cecil 0 to fo/] ho/ility to ,rome4 ,until aft] ! ,armada1 ,anglicans 7 p]mitt$ to g all l5g?s t[>ds ,g5eva2 ev5 z late z #aeie ! 8,lambe? ,articles0 brea!d pure ,calv9ism4 ,b ) ! op5+ ( a new c5tury1 a *ange set 92 z ! p[] ( ,spa9 dw9dl$1 r5ts rose1 & ! f>m]s grew re/ive at ! precise mom5t :5 m5 ( ! h]oic temp]am5t c\ld be disc>d$4 ,raleigh 0 s5t to ! ,t[] 9 #afjc4 ,accord+ to ,?orold ,rog]s1 8good arable l& :i* let at less ?an a %ill+ an acre 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 let at #es4 to #fs4 at ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5?10 :ile r5t = pa/ure d\bl$4#caa ,ris+ r5ts1 & prices t5d+ to become /ation>y1 caus$ suff]+ among ! rural population1 & ) suff]+ came discont5t4 ,?is discont5t 9 ! c\ntry 0 fom5t$ by re/lessness 9 ! t[ns1 = comm]ce _h be5 /rongly /imulat$ dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe? by ! ,spani% w>s1 & ! m]cantile elem5t began to rebel aga9/ legislation pass$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! fav\r$ class4 ,sudd5ly ! dissatisfaction f\nd v5t2 = m ?an =ty ye>s ! que5's m9i/]s _h met ) no s]i\s opposition 9 ,p>liam5t2 9 #afja1 )\t w>n+1 _! sy/em ( monopolies 0 /ruck d[n1 & f t day to ! revolution ( #afhh1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons prov$ to be unmanageable by ! ,cr[n4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! accession ( ,james1 ! competition betwe5 ! ari/ocracy & _! victims _h begun to gl[ ) ! heat :i* presages civil w>4 ,_h ! ,tudor ari/ocracy be5 a m>tial ca/e1 !y w\ld d\btless h organiz$ an army1 & gov]n$ by ! sword2 b !y in/9ctively felt t1 ^u ! field ( battle1 !y might be at a disadvantage1 & !re=e !y attempt$ to control ! popul> imag9ation ?r\gh ! prie/hood4 ,?us ! div9e "r ( primog5iture came to be ! di/+ui%+ t5et ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,james felt ! full =ce ( ! curr5t :i* 0 c>ry+ him onw>d1 & express$ ! situation pi?ily 9 8 fam\s apo!gm1 8,no bi%op1 no k+40 8,i w h10 said he1 8"o doctr9e1 "o discipl9e1 "o religion 9 sub/ance & c]emony20 & ! policy ( ! int]e/ he repres5t$ 0 laid d[n z e>ly z #afjd1 at ! conf]5ce at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,passive ob$i5ce 0 to be prea*$1 & ! *ur* fill$ ) m5 :o c\ld be reli$ on by ! olig>*y4 ,six weeks aft] ! conf]5ce at ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,:itgift di$1 & ,bancr(t1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 0 translat$ to ,cant]bury4 ,)9 a week he 0 at "w4 ,he _h already prep>$ a ,book ( ,canons ) :i* to te/ ! cl]gy1 & ?is he _h ratifi$ by ! convocation :i* prec$$ 8 consecration4 ,9 ^! canons ! div9e orig9 ( episcopacy 0 ass]t$2 a /range dep>ture f ! doctr9e ( ,cranm]4 ,9 #afje !re are suppos$ to h be5 ab\t fifte5 hundr$ ,puritan cl]gym5 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 & at ,bancr(t's fir/ w9n[+ ?ree hundr$ 7 eject$4 ,among ^! ,puritans 0 a c]ta9 ,john ,rob9son1 ! tea*] ( a small congregation ( yeom51 9 ! village ( ,scrooby1 9 ,nott+ham%ire4 ,! man's bir? is unkn[n1 8 e>ly hi/ory is obscure1 b 9 him1 & 9 ! f>m]s :o he>d him prea*1 ! long & bitt] /ruggle aga9/ ! pressure ( ! class :i* 0 de/roy+ !m1 _h br$ t /]n & sombre en?usiasm :i* aft]w>d m>k$ ! sect4 ,by #afjg ,engl& _h gr[n intol]able to ?is congregation1 & !y resolv$ to emigrate4 ,!y _h he>d t 9 ,holl& lib]ty ( consci5ce 0 all[$1 & !y fondly hop$ t ) lib]ty ( consci5ce !y might be cont5t to e>n _! daily bread 9 peace4 ,probably ) !m1 h[ev]1 religion 0 n ! cause1 b ! effect ( _! uneas9ess1 z ! result prov$4 ,aft] _m trials & sorr[s1 ^! poor p f9ally assembl$ 9 ,am/]dam1 & !nce j\rney$ to ,leyd51 :]e !y dwelt "s elev5 ye>s4 ,b !y f\nd ! /ruggle = life to be full z sev]e 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries z x _h be5 at home1 & pres5tly ! exiles began to long = "s di/ant l& :]e 8!y might m glorify ,god1 d m good to _! c\ntry1 bett] provide = _! po/]ity1 & live to be m refre%$ by _! lab\rs1 ?an ev] !y c\ld d 9 ,holl&40 ,accord+ly1 obta9+ a grant f ! ,virg9ia ,company1 !y sail$ 9 ! ,mayfl[] 9 #afbj1 to settle 9 ,new ,engl&2 & ?us1 by ! eviction ( ! yeom51 ,engl& laid ! f\ndation ( "o great prov9ce ( h] colonial empire4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,spa9 ,,& ,,india ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,fr\de3 8,be=e ! sixte5? c5tury _h measur$ half its c\rse ! %ad[ ( ,spa9 already /ret*$ beyond ! ,&es2 f ! m9es ( ,p]u & ! cu/om-h\ses ( ,antw]p ! gold5 riv]s /ream$ into h] imp]ial treasury2 ! cr[ns ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile1 ( ,burgundy1 ,milan1 ,naples1 & ,sicily1 clu/]$ on ! br[ ( h] sov]eigns40#cab ,b ) all _! great m>tial qualities1 ! ,spani>ds seem to h be5 incapable ( atta9+ ! same velocity ( movem5t z ! races ) :i* !y _h to compete4 ,!y nev] em]g$ f ! imag9ative p]iod1 !y nev] develop$ ! economic type1 & 9 consequ5ce !y nev] c5traliz$ z ! ,engli% c5traliz$4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is peculi>ity _h be5 obs]v$1 = ! ,duke de ,sully rem>k$ t ) ,spa9 ! 8legs & arms are /rong & p[]ful1 b ! he>t inf9itely weak & feeble40 ,capta9 ,mahan has expla9$ ! milit>y impot5ce ( ! mighty mass :i*1 scatt]$ ov] two cont95ts1 c\ld n comm& ! sea1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury an intellig5t ,dut*man boa/$ t 8! ,spani>ds h publicly begun to hire our %ips to sail to ! ,indies4444 ,x is manife/ t ! ,we/ ,indies1 be+ z ! /oma* to ,spa9 7= f x ne>ly all ! rev5ue is drawn71 mu/ be jo9$ to ! ,spani% head by a sea =ce02#cac & ! glory ( ! ,elizabe?an sailors lay n only 9 hav+ r\t$ ?is sea =ce1 b 9 hav+ assimilat$ no small portion ( ! nutrim5t :i* ! ,am]ican /oma* %\ld h suppli$ to ! ,spani% he>t4 ,z ,spa9 l+]$ long 9 ! imag9ative age1 ! prie/ & soldi] !re reign$ supreme aft] ! m]cantile & sceptical type _h begun to pr$om9ate else:]e2 & ! in/9ct ( ! prie/ & soldi] has always be5 to ext]m9ate _! rivals :5 press$ by _! competition4 ,9 ! ,spani% p59sula itself ! ,inquisition soon trampl$ out h]esy1 b by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 7 a hotb$ ( ,prote/antism1 & 9 ,fl&]s ^! oppos+ =ces f\ght out _! battle to ! dea?4 ,! w> :i* ru9$ ,antw]p made ,engl&4 ,9 #aegf ,antw]p 0 sack$ & burn$2 9 #aehe ! t[n 0 r$uc$ to />vation by ! ,duke ( ,p>ma1 & its comm]ce hav+ be5 scatt]$ by successive disa/]s1 "s ( x migrat$ to ,am/]dam1 & "s s\ght %elt] 9 ! ,?ames4 ,9 ,london ! mod]n man 0 protect$ by ! sea1 & ! crisis ( ! combat came 9 #aehh1 :5 ! ,spani>ds1 hav+ decid$ to pursue _! enemy to 8 la/ /ronghold1 s5t ! ,armada to p]i% 9 ! ,*annel4 ,) t supreme ef=t ! vitality ( ! great imag9ative empire began to fail1 dis9tegration set 91 & on ! ru9s ( ,spa9 rose ! purely economic c5tralization ( ,great ,brita94 ,l ! ,v5etians1 ! ,briti% laid ! basis ( _! high =tune by piracy & slav+1 & _! advantage ov] ,spa9 lay n 9 mass1 b 9 a sup]ior en]gy1 :i* gave !m m rapid movem5t4 ,drake's squadron1 :5 he sail$ r\nd ! _w1 numb]$ five %ips1 ! l>ge/ measur+ only "o hundr$ & tw5ty tons1 ! smalle/ twelve1 b ) ^! he succe$$ because ( _! spe$4 ,= example1 he ov]took ! ,cacafuego1 ^: balla/ 0 silv]1 & ^: c>go gold & jewels4 ,he nev] disclos$ h] value1 b ! ,spani% gov]nm5t aft]w>d prov$ a loss ( a million & a half ( ducats1 beside ! prop]ty ( private individuals4 ,9 l mann] ! ,armada 0 de/roy$ by little %ips1 :i* sail$ r\nd _! clumsy enemy1 & disabl$ him be=e he c\ld /rike a bl[ 9 self-def5ce4 ,! ,spani% w>s 7 halcyon days = ! m5 ( m>tial blood :o _h lo/ _! l&2 !y took to ! sea by ?\s&s1 & ravag$ ! ,spani% colonies ) ! en]gy & f]ocity ( vik+s4 ,= ne>ly a g5]ation !y wall[$ 9 gold & silv] & gems1 & 9 ! plund] ( ! ,am]ican t[ns4 ,among ^! m5 ,sir ,francis ,drake /ood =emo/1 b1 aft] #aefj1 ! s\!rn c\nties sw>m$ ) pirates2 & :51 9 #aehe1 ,drake sail$ on 8 raid aga9/ ! ,we/ ,indies1 he l$ a =ce ( volunte]s tw5ty-five hundr$ /rong4 ,he held no commission1 ! crews ( 8 tw5ty-five %ips s]v$ )\t pay1 !y w5t z buccane]s to fatt5 on ! comm]ce ( ! ,spani>d4 ,z x happ5$1 ?is p>ticul> exp$ition fail$ f9ancially1 = ! treasure fleet escap$1 & ! plund] ( ! ?ree cities ( ,santiago1 ,sa9t ,dom+o1 & ,c>?ag5a yield$ only #fj1jjj1 b ! injury done to ,spa9 0 incalculable4 ,no computation c be attempt$ ( ! spoil tak5 dur+ ^! ye>s2 no reports 7 ev] made2 on ! contr>y1 all conc]n$ 7 anxi\s to conceal _! do+s1 b c]ta9 prizes 7 too dazzl+ to be hidd54 ,:5 ,drake surpris$ ?ree c>avans on ! ,i/hmus1 numb]+ "o hundr$ & n9ety mules1 ea* mule load$ ) ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( silv]1 ! fact became kn[n4 ,no wond] ,drake ate (f 8silv] ri*ly gilt1 & engrav$ ) 8 arms10 t he _h 8all possible luxuries1 ev5 to p]fumes10 t he d9$ & supp$ 8to ! music ( viol9s10 & t he c\ld bribe ! que5 ) a diamond cross & a coronet set ) spl5did em]alds1 & give ! "l *ancellor a s]vice ( plate4 ,:at he gave 9 secret he alone knew4 ,z ,francis ,drake 0 ! ideal ,engli% corsair1 s ,john ,hawk9s 0 ! ideal slav]4 ,! m5 7 k9sm51 & ( ! bre$ :i*1 :5 driv5 f _! f>ms at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 left _! m>k all ov] ! _w4 ,( c\rse ! two sailors 7 8gospell]s10 & ,mr4 ,fr\de has quot$ an int]e/+ passage f ! manuscript ( a contempor>y ,jesuit1 :i* %[s h[ _! class 0 e/eem$ t[>d ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 8,! only p>ty t w\ld fight to ! dea? = ! que51 ! only real fri5ds %e _h1 7 ! ,puritans1 ! ,puritans ( ,london1 ! ,puritans ( ! sea t[ns40#cad ,^! ! prie/ ?\ght desp]ate & det]m9$ m54 ,nev]!less !y sometimes provok$ ,elizabe? by _! s]moniz+4 ,! /ory is told t "o day aft] read+ a lett] ( ,hawk9s to ,burleigh %e cri$3 8,god's dea?6 ,?is fool w5t out a soldi]1 & has come back a div9e40 ,?\gh bo? ,drake & ,hawk9s possess$ ! pr$atory temp]am5t1 ,hawk9s _h a /rong comm]cial in/9ct1 & kept closely to trade4 ,he 0 ! son ( old ,william ,hawk9s1 ! fir/ ,briti% capta9 :o ev] visit$ ,brazil1 & :o br\ght f !nce a native *ief1 :om he pres5t$ to ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,z a "y man ,john _h discov]$ at ! ,can>ies 8t negroes 7 a v good commodity 9 ,hispaniola10#cae & t !y might easily be tak5 on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,accord+ly1 9 #aefb1 he fitt$ out ?ree %ips1 t\*$ at ,si]ra ,leone1 & 8p>tly by ! sword & p>tly by o!r means10 he obta9$ a c>go1 8& ) t prey he sail$ ov] ! ocean sea0 to ,hispaniola1 :]e he sold 8 goods at a l>ge pr(it4 ,! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 _c be cultivat$ pr(itably by :ite lab\r]s2 !re=e1 :5 ! ,spani>ds _h1 by h>d usage1 p>tially ext]m9at$ ! natives1 a fre% supply ( field h&s became necess>y1 & ^! c\ld be _h easily & *eaply on ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,at fir/ ,spa9 tri$ to exclude =eign]s f ?is mo/ lucrative traffic2 b "h aga9 ! ,engli% mov$ too quickly to be /opp$4 ,:]ev] ,hawk9s w5t1 he w5t prep>$ to fight1 &1 if prev5t$ f trad+ peaceably1 he us$ =ce4 ,9 8 fir/ voyage he met ) no opposition1 b subsequ5tly1 at ,burburata1 leave to sell 0 d5i$ him1 &1 )\t an in/ant's hesitation1 he m>*$ aga9/ ! t[n ) 8a hundr$ m5 well arm$10 & br\ght ! gov]nor to t]ms4 ,hav+ suppli$ all ! slaves ne$$ at t port1 ,hawk9s w5t on to ,rio de la ,ha*a1 :]e he1 9 l mann]1 made a demon/ration ) 8"o hundr$ m5 9 arm\r10 & two small guns1 & 9 t5 days he _h dispos$ ( 8 :ole /ock4 ,z at t "t an able negro appe>s to h be5 wor? ab\t #afj 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1#caf a c>go ( five hundr$ ought to h nett$ betwe5 sev5ty & eighty ?\s& p\nds1 = ! co/ ( kidnapp+ 0 trifl+4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t slav+ fl\ri%$1 & t1 by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,engl& probably c>ri$ n f> f "o hundr$ ?\s& blacks annually f ,africa to ! colonies4 ,! ,ea/ (f]$ no su* m>ket1 & d\btless ,adam ,smi? 0 "r 9 8 op9ion t ! comm]ce ) ,india _h nev] be5 s advantage\s z ! trade to ,am]ica4#cag ,bo? slav]s & pirates br\ght bullion to ,engl&1 & pres5tly ?is fl[ ( silv] began to /imulate at ,london a c]ta9 am\nt ( ex*ange betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! ,ori5tals h always pref]r$ paym5t 9 specie1 &1 z silv] has usually (f]$ m pr(it ?an gold z an export1 ! ,european ) a surplus ( silv] has _h ! advantage ov] all competitors4 ,accord+ly1 until ,spa9 lo/ ! p[] to protect h] communications ) h] m9es1 ! ,spani% p59sula enjoy$ almo/ a monopoly ( ! trade beyond ! ,cape2 b z ! w> w5t on1 & m ( ! preci\s metal fl[$ to ! nor?1 ,engl& & ,holl& began to s5d _! silv] to ,asia1 ! ,dut* organiz+ "o ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #aeie1 & ! ,briti% ano!r 9 #afjj4 ,sir ,josiah ,*ild1 :o 01 p]haps1 ! able/ m]*ant ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 obs]v$ t 9 #aede 8! trade ( ,engl& !n 0 inconsid]able1 & ! m]*ants v mean & few40#cah ,*ild's facts are beyond d\bt1 & ! date he fix$ is int]e/+ because x co9cides ) ! discov]y ( ,potosi1 :5ce mo/ ( ! silv] came :i* suppli$ ! pirates & ! slav]s4 ,prior to #aede specie _h be5 sc>ce 9 ,london1 b :5 ! buccane]s _h be5 scuttl+ treasure galleons = a g5]ation1 !y f\nd !mselves possess$ ( en\gh specie to set !m dream+ ( ,india1 & ?us piracy laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,briti% empire 9 ,asia4 ,b robb+ ! ,spani>ds _h ano!r m imm$iate & m />tl+ result1 = x probably precipitat$ ! civil w>4 ,z ! city grew ri* x *af$ at ! sl[ movem5t ( ! ari/ocracy1 :o1 timid & peaceful1 cramp$ x by clos+ ! *annels ?r\gh :i* x rea*$ ! prop]ty ( =eign]s2 &1 j :5 ! yeomanry 7 exasp]at$ by ris+ r5ts1 ,london began to gl[ ) t en]gy :i*1 :5 giv5 v5t1 0 de/9$ to subdue s l>ge a portion ( ! _w4 ,p]haps x is n go+ too f> to say t1 ev5 f ! organization ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ! m]cantile int]e/ controll$ ,engl&4 ,n t x c\ld !n rule alone1 x lack$ ! p[] to d s = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s to come2 b1 aft] #afjj1 its weight turn$ ! scale on :i* side soev] ?r[n4 ,be=e ! ,long ,p>liam5t ! m]*ants 7 g5]ally ,presbyt]ians or mod]ate ,puritans2 ! f>m]s1 ,indep5d5ts or ,radicals2 & ,w9?rop1 :5 prep>+ = ! emigration to ,massa*usetts1 dealt n only ) squires l ,hampd51 b ) city magnates l ,?omas ,&rews1 ! "l mayor4 ,?is alliance betwe5 ! rural & ! urban ,puritans c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,great ,rebellion1 & z _! coalition cru%$ ! mon>*y s _! sep>ation re9/at$ x4 ,macaulay has v aptly obs]v$ t 8b = ! ho/ility ( ! city1 ,*>les ! ,fir/ w\ld nev] h be5 vanqui%$1 & t1 )\t ! help ( ! city1 ,*>les ! ,second c\ld sc>cely h be5 re/or$40#cai ,at ! ,protector's dea? ! ,presbyt]ians ab&on$ ! f>m]s1 probably because !y fe>$ !m4 ,! army ( ! ,commonweal? sw>m$ ) m5 l ,cromwell & ,blake1 w>riors resi/less alike on l& & sea1 ) :om1 :5 organiz$1 ! city c\ld n cope4 ,!re=e x scatt]$ !m1 &1 ?r[+ 9 its lot ) ! ,cavali]s1 set up ! k+4 ,= ab\t a g5]ation aft] ! ,re/oration1 no s+le int]e/ _h ! =ce to impose its w ^u ! nation1 or1 9 o!r words1 p>ties 7 equally balanc$2 b f ! middle ( ! c5tury ! tide fl[$ rapidly4 ,capital accumulat$1 & z x accumulat$ ! m5 adapt$ to be its in/rum5ts grew to be ! gov]n+ class4 ,sir ,josiah ,*ild is ! mo/ int]e/+ figure ( ?is p]iod4 ,8 acqua9tance rememb]$ him a poor appr5tice sweep+ ! c\nt+-h\se :]e he work$2 & yet1 at fifty1 8 =tune rea*$ #bj1jjj a ye>1 a sum almo/ equal to ! r5t-roll ( ! ,duke ( ,ormond1 ! ri*e/ pe] ( ! realm4 ,*ild m>ri$ 8 daught] to ! elde/ son ( ! ,duke ( ,beau=t1 & gave h] #ej1jjj1 & 8 ability 0 s comm&+ t = ye>s he absolutely rul$ ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & us$ its rev5ues to corrupt ,p>liam5t4 ,on matt]s ( f9ance su* a man w\ld h>dly err1 & he gave x z 8 op9ion t 9 #afce 8!re 7 m m]*ants to be f\nd ^u ! ,ex*ange wor? ea* "o ?\s& p\nds & upw>ds1 ?an 7 9 ! =m] days1 viz41 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 to be f\nd wor? "o hundr$ p\nds ea*40 8,& n[ 444 !re are m m5 to be f\nd ^u ! ,ex*ange n[ wor? t5 ?\s& p\nds e/ates1 ?an 7 !n ( "o ?\s& p\nds4 ,& if ?is be d\bt$1 let u ask ! ag$1 :e!r five hundr$ p\nds portion ) a daught] sixty ye>s ago1 7 n e/eem$ a l>g] portion ?an two ?\s& p\nds is n[2 & :e!r g5tlewom5 9 ^? days w\ld n e/eem !mselves well clo!d 9 a s]ge g[n1 :i* a *amb]maid n[ w be a%am$ to be se5 94444 ,we h n[ almo/ "o hundr$ coa*es = "o we _h =m]ly4 ,we ) ease c pay a great] tax n[ 9 "o ye> ?an our =efa!rs c\ld 9 tw5ty4 ,our cu/oms are v mu* improv$1 ,i believe above ! proportion a=esaid1 ( six to "o2 :i* is n s mu* 9 advance ( ! rates ( goods z by increase ( ! bulk ( trade4444 8,i c myself rememb] s9ce !re 7 n 9 ,london us$ s _m :>ves or keys = ! l&+ ( m]*ants' goods1 by at lea/ "o ?ird "p1 z n[ !re are1 & ^? t 7 !n c\ld sc>ce h employm5t = half :at !y c\ld d2 & n[1 not)/&+ "o-?ird m us$ to ! same purpose1 !y are all too little1 9 "t ( peace1 to l& ! goods at1 t come to ,london40#cbj ,*ild e/imat$ t1 )9 tw5ty ye>s1 wages _h ris5 "o-?ird1 & r5ts tw5ty-five p] c5t1 :ile 8h\ses new-built 9 ,london yield twice ! r5t !y did be=e ! fire40#cba ,f>ms t 8_! gr&fa!rs or fa!rs b\ght or sold fifty ye>s pa/ 444 w\ld yield1 "o ) ano!r1 at lea/ treble ! money1 & 9 "s cases1 six times ! money1 !y 7 !n b\ght & sold =40#cbb ,macaulay has e/imat$ ! population ( ,london 9 #afhe at half a million1 & believ$ x to h !n become ! l>ge/ city 9 ,europe4 ,! ari/ocracy 7 =c$ to tol]ate m5 ( ! pr$atory type :ile !y fe>$ a ,spani% invasion1 b aft] ! defeat ( ! ,armada ^! w>riors became dang]\s at home1 & ! olig>*y1 v naturally1 tri$ to purge ! isl& ( a class :i* con/antly m5ac$ _! au?ority4 ,p]secution drove numb]s ( ,noncon=mi/s to ,am]ica1 & ! /ory ( ,capta9 ,john ,smi? %[s h[ h>dly society !n press$ on ! race ( adv5tur]s1 ev5 :]e ! bitt]ness ( ! /ruggle did n produce religi\s en?usiasm4 ,smi? liv$ a g5]ation too late4 ,born 9 #aegi1 he 0 a *ild ( n9e :5 ! ,armada p]i%$1 & only sixte5 :5 ,drake & ,hawk9s di$ at sea4 ,smi?'s fa!r _h prop]ty1 b :5 left an orphan 8 gu>dians neglect$ him1 & at fifte5 let him set out on 8 travels ) only t5 %ill+s 9 8 pocket4 ,at home no c>e] 0 op5 to him1 = ! ,cecils r incl9$ to imprison & behead soldi]s ( =tune ?an to rew>d !m4 ,accord+ly he w5t abroad1 & by tw5ty-five _h se5 s]vice 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t1 _h be5 enslav$ by ! ,turks1 _h escap$ & w&]$ to ,b>b>y1 _h f\ght ! ,spani% on a ,fr5* man-(-w>1 & at la/ _h le>n$ t ! dreams ( 8 y\? belong$ to a pa/ age1 & t he mu/ ent] a new pa?4 ,he !re=e jo9$ himself to a p>ty b\nd = ,virg9ia1 & ! h>d%ip ( ! times may be gaug$ by ! fact t out ( a company ( a hundr$1 fifty-two 7 g5tlem5 adv5tur]s z ne$y z himself1 none ( :om s\ght exile = religion4 ,smi?'s voyages to ,am]ica br\ght him no?+ b bitt]ness4 ,he return$ to ,engl& & pass$ 8 la/ ye>s 9 obscurity & neglect1 & p]haps ! fate t await$ soldi]s "u ,james1 has be5 n[h]e bett] told ?an 9 ,smi?'s own words4 ,he sp5t five ye>s & m ?an five hundr$ p\nds 9 ! s]vice ( ,virg9ia & ,new ,engl&1 yet 89 nei!r 444 h ,i "o foot ( l&1 nor ! v h\se ,i build$1 nor ! gr\nd ,i digg$ ) my own h&s1 nor ev] any cont5t or satisfaction at all1 & ?\gh ,i see ord9>ily ^? two c\ntries %>$ be=e me by !m t nei!r h !m1 nor "k !m b by my descriptions40#cbc ,z long z ! ,tudor ari/ocracy rul$1 ,great ,brita9 af=d$ small com=t = m5 l ,smi?4 ,t ari/ocracy _h g5ius nei!r = adv5ture nor = w>1 & few ,we/]n nations h a sorri] milit>y hi/ory ?an ,engl& "u ! ,/u>ts4 ,yet b5ea? ! in]t mass ( ! nobility see!d an en]gy :i* 0 to rec5tralize ! _w2 & :5 capital _h accumulat$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! m5 :o gave x an outlet laid _! grasp ^u ! ,/ate4 ,9 #afhh ! comm]cial adv5tur]s conqu]$ ! k+dom4 ,! *ange 0 radical2 at once social1 political1 & religi\s4 ,! /ronghold ( ! ,tories _h be5 ! royal pr]ogative4 ,! victors lodg$ ! p[] ( ! ,cr[n 9 a committee *os5 by ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! dogma ( div9e "r imm$iately vani%$1 & ) x all t di/+ui%$ ,anglicanism4 ,?\gh p]v]t$ by ! ,tudors1 ?is great t5et ( ! ,*ur* ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 _h be5 at lea/ a survival ( an imag9ative age2 & :5 ! m]*ants swept x away1 all trace ( idealism dep>t$4 ,!nce=w>d ,engli% civilization became a purely mat]iali/ic ph5om5on4 ,9 proportion z movem5t accel]ates societies consolidate1 & z societies consolidate !y pass ?r\gh a pr(\nd intellectual *ange4 ,en]gy ceases to f9d v5t ?r\gh ! imag9ation1 & takes ! =m ( capital2 h5ce z civilizations advance1 ! imag9ative temp]am5t t5ds to disappe>1 :ile ! economic in/9ct is fo/]$1 & ?us sub/antially new v>ieties ( m5 come to possess ! _w4 ,no?+ s port5t\s ov]hangs humanity z ?is my/]i\s & rel5tless accel]ation ( movem5t1 :i* *anges me?ods ( competition & alt]s pa?s ( trade2 = by x c\ntless millions ( m5 & wom5 are =$oom$ to happ9ess or mis]y1 z c]ta9ly z ! bea/s & trees1 :i* h fl\ri%$ 9 ! wild]ness1 are de/9$ to vani% :5 ! soil is subdu$ by man4 ,! ,romans amass$ ! treasure by :i* !y adm9i/]$ _! ,empire1 ?r\gh ! plund] & enslavem5t ( ! _w4 ,! ,empire cem5t$ by t treasure crumbl$ :5 adv]se ex*anges c>ri$ ! bullion ( ,italy to ! %ore ( ! ,bosphorus4 ,an accel]at$ movem5t among ! semi-b>b>ians ( ! ,we/ caus$ ! agony ( ! crusades1 amid/ :i* ,con/ant9ople fell z ! ,italian cities rose2 :ile ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 & ) !m ! :ole ,arabic civilization1 %rivell$1 :5 ,portugal e/abli%$ direct communication ) ,h9do/an4 ,! op5+ ( ! ocean z a highroad precipitat$ ! ,re=mation1 & built up ,antw]p1 :ile 9 ! end x ru9$ ,spa92 & f9ally ! la/ great quick5+ ( ! age ( /eam1 :i* c5traliz$ ! _w at ,london1 ba!d ! e>? 9 blood1 f ! ,mississippi to ! ,ganges4 ,?us religions are prea*$ & are =gott51 empires rise & fall1 philosophies are born & die1 art & poetry bloom & fade1 z societies pass f ! dis9tegration :]e9 ! imag9ation k9dles1 to ! consolidation ^: pressure ends 9 dea?4 ,9 #afhh1 :5 ! mom5tum ( ,engl& sudd5ly increas$1 ! *ange 0 equival5t to ! conque/ ( ! isl& by a new race4 ,among ! family ( ,european nations1 ,great ,brita9 rose z no p _h ris5 s9ce ! ,punic ,w>s4 ,almo/ in/antly %e ent]$ on a c>e] ( conque/ unp>allel$ 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,( ! hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s betwe5 ! ,boyne & ,wat]loo1 %e pass$ "s sev5ty 9 wag+ f]oci\s w>s1 f :i* %e em]g$ victori\s on l& & sea1 ! mi/ress ( a mighty empire1 ! own] ( incalculable weal?1 & ! c5tre ( ! _w's ex*anges4 ,!n1 f ?is culm9at+ po9t ( expansion by conque/1 %e glid$ subtly1 & almo/ imp]ceptibly1 into ! p]iod ( contraction1 z ,rome w5t be=e h] "u ! ,cs>s4 ,al?\gh abundant metallic curr5cy does n1 probably1 ( itself1 create m]cantile prosp]ity1 su* prosp]ity is h>dly compatible ) a %r9k+ /ock ( money2 = :5 contraction sets 9 & prices fall1 produc]s & debtors are ru9$1 z !y 7 ru9$ 9 ,italy "u ! lat] emp]ors4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,europe appe>$ to be on ! br9k ( su* a contraction1 = ?\gh ,p]u _h lavi%ly repl5i%$ ! supply ( ! preci\s metals a hundr$ ye>s previ\sly1 ! dra9 to ,asia & ! increas+ dem&s ( comm]ce _h be5 s consid]able1 t ! /&>d co9 _h g5]ally depreciat$4 ,f ! reign ( ,augu/us d[nw>d1 comm]ce betwe5 ,europe & ,asia has usually fav\r$ ,asia1 & ?is 0 p>ticul>ly true ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! value ( bullion fell 9 ! ,we/1 & !re=e enc\rag$ lavi% exports to ! ,ea/1 :]e x reta9$ its pur*as+ p[]4 ,accord+ to ,adam ,smi?1 8! banks ( ,v5ice1 ,g5oa1 ,am/]dam1 ,hamburg1 & ,nuremb]g1 seem to h be5 all orig9ally e/abli%$0 to provide an ideal curr5cy = ! settlem5t ( bills ( ex*ange1 & ! money 8( su* banks1 be+ bett] ?an ! common curr5cy ( ! c\ntry1 necess>ily bore an agio1 :i* 0 great] or small]1 accord+ z ! curr5cy 0 suppos$ to be m or less degrad$ bel[ ! /&>d ( ! ,/ate40#cbd ,smi? e/imat$ ! depreciation at ,hamburg at f\rte5 p] c5t1 & at ,am/]dam1 e>ly 9 ! previ\s c5tury1 at n9e p] c5t2 9 %ort1 all ,european c\ntries suff]$1 b 9 ,engl& ! evil rea*$ a climax ?r\gh ! in]tia ( ! new ari/ocracy4 ,9 ,engl&1 silv] _h always be5 ! /&>d1 & by ! ?ird ye> ( ,elizabe? ! co9 _h be5 re/or$ to its prop] f95ess1 :i* !nce=w>d 0 scrupul\sly ma9ta9$4 ,b ?\gh ! metal 0 n degrad$ by ! gov]nm5t1 ! /ock ( bullion1 if n con/antly repl5i%$ f )\t1 t5d$ to dim9i% 9 proportion to ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry & ! export ( specie to ,asia4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! value ( silv] 9 relation to gold fell1 9 ,europe1 to ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 to "o1 :ile 9 ,*9a or ,india x /ood pretty /eady at f t5 to twelve to "o4 ,consequ5tly f #afjj d[nw>d1 silv] rema9$ ! mo/ pr(itable c>go :i* c\ld be s5t r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 &1 unhappily = ,briti% prosp]ity1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company came into be+1 piracy ceas$4 ,! *ief supply ( bullion be+ ?us cut (f1 ! /ra9 ( ! export trade fell ^u ! co91 & )9 a little m ?an a g5]ation ! effect become app>5t 9 a deg5]ation ( ! curr5cy4 ,to make good h] position z a c5tre ( ex*anges1 ,engl& _h no *oice b to supply h] necessities by =ce4 ,cromwell und]/ood ! situation p]fectly1 & _h h>dly assum$ ! (fice ( ,protector :5 he laid plans to cut ! evil at ! root by conqu]+ ,spani% ,am]ica1 & robb+ ,spa9 ( h] m9es4 ,to ?is end he fitt$ out 8 great exp$ition aga9/ ,sa9t ,dom+o1 :i* 0 to s]ve him z 8 base2 b = once 8 milit>y g5ius fail$ him1 8 comm&]s blund]$1 ! attack misc>ri$1 & ! isl& ( ,jamaica 0 all t came ( ! campaign4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 t no "t might be lo/ :ile fight+ = ! m9es !mselves1 ,cromwell s5t ,blake to int]cept ! treasure %ips (f ! coa/ ( ,spa94 ,at fir/ ,blake also _h ill-luck4 ,9 #afee ! plate fleet escap$ him1 b ! next ye>1 ?\gh =c$ himself to g to port = supplies1 he deta*$ ,capta9 ,/ayn]1 ) six sail1 to cruise (f ,cadiz1 & on ,septemb] #ai1 ,g5]al ,montague 0 able to report t 8 8h>t 0 v mu* w>m$ ) ! appreh5sion ( ! s+ul> provid5ce ( ,god10 :o _h p]mitt$ ,/ayn] to meet1 8) ! ,k+e ( ,spa9's ,we/ ,india fleete10 & take among o!r prizes 8a gallion report$ to h 9 h] two million pieces ( plate40#cbe ,if ! 8plate0 7 ,mexican 8pieces ( eight0 at f\r %ill+s & sixp5ce1 ! c>go 0 wor? #dej1jjj1 or consid]ably m ?an ! :ole annual export to ! ,ea/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,_h ! ,protector liv$1 !re c be little d\bt t1 by "s su* means z ?is1 he w\ld h fo/]$ ,briti% res\rces1 & ma9ta9$ ! integrity ( ,briti% co92 b 9 less ?an two ye>s f ! date ( ,montague's dispat*1 ,cromwell 0 dead1 & ! in]tia ( ! ,tory l&lords p>alyz$ ! nation = ano!r g5]ation4 ,no =eign] 0 robb$1 & ! /ock ( dome/ic silv] dw9dl$ f ye> to ye>1 until at ! ,revolution ! gold5 gu9ea1 :i*1 f its fir/ issue 9 #affb d[n to ! accession ( ,william & ,m>y1 _h be5 nom9ally curr5t = tw5ty %ill+s1 actually sold 9 ! m>ket = ?irty %ill+s ( ! money 9 use4 8,?is dim9i%+ & c\nt]feit+ ! money 0 at ?is "t s excessive1 t :at 0 good silv] 0 wor? sc>cely "o-half ( its curr5t value1 :il/ a great "p ( ! co9s 0 only iron1 brass1 or copp] plat$1 & "s no m ?an wa%$ ov]40#cbf ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! new gov]nm5t 0 a complete reco9age1 :i* 0 f9i%$ 9 #afii2 b ! measure fail$ ( its purpose1 = ! reason t ! exports ( silv] regul>ly exce$$ ! imports4 ,9 #agag1 a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords consid]$ ! condition ( ! curr5cy1 & ,"l ,/anhope !n expla9$ v lucidly ! cause ( ! sc>city ( silv]4 ,among o!r pap]s he produc$ a report f ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 by :i* x appe>$ t1 9 ! ye> #agag1 8! ,ea/ ,india ,company _h export$ ne> ?ree million ounces ( silv]1 :i* f> exce$+ ! imports ( ! bullion 9 t ye>1 x necess>ily foll[$ t va/ quantities ( silv] specie mu/ h be5 melt$ d[n1 bo? to make up ! export1 & to supply ! silv]smi?40#cbg ,= ! decade f #agaa to #agbj ! annual export ( bullion by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company av]ag$ #dcd1jjj4cbh ,at ! accession ( ,george ,,iii41 9 #agfj1 ,"l ,liv]pool e/imat$ t %ill+s _h lo/ "o-six?1 & sixp5ces "o-qu>t] ( _! orig9al weight1 :ile ! cr[n-piece _h almo/ :olly disappe>$4#cbi ,ev5 ,adam ,smi? admitt$ t because ( ?is outfl[ silv] _h ris5 9 value1 & probably pur*as$ 8a l>g] quantity bo? ( lab\r & commodities0 ?an x o!rwise w\ld4#ccj ,9 ?is em]g5cy ! ,briti% m]*ants %[$ ! res\rce :i* has always be5 _! *>act]i/ic1 &1 9 default ( an adequate supply ( specie1 reliev$ ! /ra9 ^u _! curr5cy by issu+ pap]4 ,m$ival bank+ _h gone no fur!r ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( res]ves ( co91 to s]ve z a m$ium = cle>+ bills ( ex*ange2 ! ,engli% took ! great /ep ( accel]at+ ! circulation ( _! money1 by us+ ?is res]ve z a basis = a pap] curr5cy :i* might be l>gely exp&$4 ,! ,bank ( ,engl& 0 incorporat$ 9 #afid1 ! ,bank ( ,scotl& 9 #afie1 & ! effect 0 unque/ionably consid]able4 ,adam ,smi? has ?us describ$ ! impetus receiv$ by ,glasg[3-- 8,! effects ( x h be5 precisely ^? above describ$4 ,! bus9ess ( ! c\ntry is almo/ entirely c>ri$ on by means ( ! pap] ( ^? diff]5t bank+ companies1 ) :i* pur*ases & paym5ts ( all k9ds are commonly made4 ,silv] v seldom appe>s except 9 ! *ange ( a tw5ty %ill+s bank note1 & gold /ill seldom]4 ,b ?\gh ! conduct ( all ^? diff]5t companies has n be5 unexceptionable 444 ! c\ntry1 not)/&+1 has evid5tly d]iv$ great b5efit f _! trade4 ,i h he>d x ass]t$1 t ! trade ( ! city ( ,glasg[ d\bl$ 9 ab\t fifte5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ erection ( ! banks !re2 & t ! trade ( ,scotl& has m ?an quadrupl$ s9ce ! fir/ erection ( ! two public banks at ,ed9burgh40#cca ,b al?\gh by ?is means a c]ta9 degree ( relief 0 giv51 & ?\gh prices rose sl[ly ?r\gh\t ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! fundam5tal difficulty rema9$4 ,!re 0 insuffici5t silv] = export1 ex*anges 7 adv]se1 & t /ock ( co9$ money 0 lack+ :i* is ! =m 9 :i* =ce clo!s itself 9 highly c5traliz$ communities4 ,h[ ,engl& f9ally suppli$ h] ne$s is "o ( ! mo/ dramatic pages ( hi/ory4 ,z ,jevons has aptly obs]v$1 ,asia is 8! great res]voir & s9k ( ! preci\s metals40 ,f "t immemorial ! ,ori5tal cu/om has be5 to ho>d1 & f ! ,mogul blaz+ ) ! diamonds ( ,golconda1 to ! peasant />v+ on 8 wret*$ pittance1 e ,h9doo _h1 9 =m] days1 a treasure /or$ away aga9/ a day ( tr\ble4 ,ye> by ye>1 s9ce ,piz>ro _h murd]$ ! ,inca ,atahualpa = 8 gold1 a /ream ( bullion _h fl[$ f ,am]ica to ,europe1 & f ,europe to ! ,ea/3 !re x _h vani%$ z completely z ?\gh once m buri$ 9 ! b[els ( ! m9e4 ,^! ho>ds1 ! sav+s ( millions ( human be+s = c5turies1 ! ,engli% seiz$ & took to ,london1 z ! ,romans _h tak5 ! spoil ( ,greece & ,pontus to ,italy4 ,:at ! value ( ! treasure 01 no man c e/imate1 b x mu/ h be5 _m millions ( p\nds--a va/ sum 9 proportion to ! /ock ( ! preci\s metals !n own$ by ,europeans4 ,"s fa9t idea ( ! booty ( ! conqu]or may be drawn f ,macaulay's description ( ! fir/ visit ( an ,engli% soldi] to an ,ori5tal treasure *amb]3-- 8,z to ,clive1 !re 0 no limit to 8 acquisitions b 8 own mod]ation4 ,! treasury ( ,b5gal 0 ?r[n op5 to him4 ,!re 7 pil$ up1 aft] ! usage ( ,indian pr9ces1 imm5se masses ( co91 among :i* might n seldom be detect$ ! flor9s & byzants ) :i*1 be=e any ,european %ip _h turn$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! ,v5etians pur*as$ ! /uffs & spices ( ! ,ea/4 ,clive walk$ betwe5 heaps ( gold & silv]1 cr[n$ ) rubies & diamonds1 & 0 at lib]ty to help himself40#ccb ,! lives ( few m5 are bett] kn[n ?an ^? ( ,clive & ,ha/+s1 & yet !re are few ^: influ5ce ^u ! fate ( mank9d has _h su* scant appreciation4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! de/9y ( ,europe h+$ ^u ! conque/ ( ,b5gal4 ,rob]t ,clive 0 ( ! same /ock z ,drake & ,hawk9s1 ,raleigh1 ,blake1 & ,cromwell2 he 0 ! elde/ son ( "o ( ^? small f>m]s ^: ance/ors _h held _! l& ev] s9ce ! ,conque/1 & :o1 :5 at la/ evict$ & driv5 out to sea1 _h f\ght & conqu]$ on e cont95t & on e ocean4 ,among ! ?rong ( great ,engli% adv5tur]s none is great] ?an he4 ,he 0 born 9 #agbe1 & f *ildhood display$ ^? qualities :i* made him pre-em95t on ! field ( battle2 fight+ 0 8 delight1 & s fi]ce 0 8 temp] t 8 family c\ld n control him4 ,at la/1 :5 eighte51 8 fa!r gladly s5t him to ,madras z a cl]k 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company2 & !re1 9 a torrid climate :i* %att]$ 8 heal?1 poor & neglect$1 lonely & =lorn1 he p9$1 until 9 melan*oly he twice attempt$ suicide4 ,b he 0 de/9$ to f\nd an empire1 & at la/ 8 h\r came4 ,:5 ,clive w5t to ,india1 ! ,company 0 /ill a purely comm]cial conc]n1 hold+ only ! l& ne$$ = its w>eh\ses1 & hav+ 9 _! pay a few ill-discipl9$ sepoys4 ,9 ! ye> #agdf1 :5 ,clive 0 tw5ty-"o1 ! w> ( ! ,au/rian ,succession 0 rag+1 & sudd5ly a ,fr5* fleet1 comm&$ by ,lab\rdonnais1 appe>$ (f ,madras1 & attack$ ,=t ,sa9t ,george4 ,resi/ance 0 hopeless1 ! place surr5d]$1 & ! gov]nor & *ief inhabitants 7 tak5 to ,pondi*]ry4 ,clive1 h[ev]1 manag$ to escape1 &1 volunte]+1 receiv$ an ensign's commission1 & began 8 milit>y c>e]4 ,%ortly aft]1 peace 0 made 9 ,europe1 b 9 ,india ! issue ( ! /ruggle lay undecid$ betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,engli%1 ! prize be+ ! p59sula4 ,dupleix1 ! ,fr5* gov]nor ( ,pondi*]ry1 0 a man ( comm&+ intellect1 :o fir/ saw ! possibility ( con/ruct+ a ,european empire 9 ,h9do/an by controll+ native pr9ces4 ,foll[+ up 8 idea1 he mix$ 9 a w> ( succession1 & hav+ succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a sov]eign ( ! ,deccan1 he made himself ma/] ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,! ,nizam's treasure 0 ?r[n op5 to him1 & beside _m jewels ( price1 he is said to h appropriat$ two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds 9 co94 ,?is 0 ! man :om ,clive1 :5 only a cl]k ( tw5ty-five1 )\t milit>y education or exp]i5ce1 attack$ & ov]?rew4 ,clive began 8 campaigns by ! capture & def5ce ( ,arcot1 "o ( ! mo/ d>+ de$s ( a g5]ation giv5 ov] to p]petual w>4 ,aid$ by _! native allies1 ! ,fr5* _h laid siege to ,tri*9opoly1 & ,clive repres5t$ to 8 sup]iors t ) ! fate ( ,tri*9opoly 0 b\nd up ! fate ( ! :ole p59sula4 ,he recomm5d$ mak+ a div]sion by assault+ ,arcot1 ! capital ( ! ,c>natic2 8 plan met ) approval1 &1 ) two hundr$ ,europeans & ?ree hundr$ sepoys1 he m>*$ to fight ! greate/ p[] 9 ! ,ea/4 ,he succe$$ 9 surpris+ & occupy+ ! t[n )\t loss1 b :5 )9 ! city 8 real p]il began4 ,arcot _h nei!r dit*es nor def5sible ramp>ts1 ! ,engli% 7 %ort ( provisions1 & ! ,nabob hurri$ =w>d t5 ?\s& m5 to relieve 8 capital4 ,) f\r (fic]s1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty ,briti%1 & two hundr$ sepoys1 ,clive held ! t[n = fifty days1 & :5 ! enemy assault$ = ! la/ "t he s]v$ 8 own guns4 ,he won a decisive victory1 & f t h\r 0 recogniz$ z among ! mo/ brilliant (fic]s ( ! _w4 ,o!r campaigns foll[$1 b 8 heal?1 und]m9$ by ! tropics1 gave way1 & at tw5ty-sev5 he return$ home to squ&] 8 money & conte/ an election to ,p>liam5t4 ,he soon rea*$ ! end ( 8 res\rces1 &1 j be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 he accept$ a lieut5ant-colonel's commission1 & set sail to take comm& 9 ,h9do/an4 ,! ,company appo9t$ him gov]nor ( ,=t ,sa9t ,david1 a settlem5t ne> ,madras2 b he _h h>dly assum$ 8 (fice be=e an ev5t occurr$ :i* caus$ ! conque/ ( ,b5gal4 ,! ,nabob ( ,b5gal captur$ ,calcutta1 & imprison$ "o hundr$ & =ty-six ( ! ,engli% resid5ts 9 ! 8,black ,hole10 :]e1 9 a s+le night1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree p]i%$4 ,clive 0 summon$1 & act$ ) 8 usual vig\r4 ,he r\t$ ! ,nabob's army1 recov]$ ,calcutta1 & w\ld h tak5 v5geance at once _h n ! civilians1 :o want$ to be re/or$ to _! places1 int]f]$4 ,long & tortu\s negotiations foll[$1 9 :i* ,clive display$ m ?an ,ori5tal cunn+ & duplicity1 end+ 9 a m>* into ! int]ior & ! battle ( ,plassey4 ,!re1 ) "o ?\s& ,engli% & two ?\s& sepoys1 he met & cru%$ ! army ( ! ,nabob1 sixty ?\s& /rong4 ,on ,june #bc1 #ageg1 "o ( ! ri*e/ prov9ces ( ,asia lay be=e him def5celess1 ripe = plund]4 ,eight hundr$ ?\s& p\nds 7 s5t d[n ! ,hooghly to ,calcutta1 9 "o %ipm5t2 ,clive himself took betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,l ,drake & ,hawk9s1 ,clive _h done great ?+s = ,engl&1 b he 0 a milit>y adv5tur]1 "o ( ! class 9 :om ! ari/ocracy recogniz$ an enemy2 & ?\gh 9 ,london he 0 treat$ ) outw>d respect1 & ev5 giv5 an ,iri% pe]age1 ! l&$ int]e/ hat$ him1 & tri$ to de/roy him1 z 9 ! next g5]ation x tri$ to de/roy ,ha/+s4 ,^u ! plund]+ ( ,india !re c be no bett] au?ority ?an ,macaulay1 :o held high (fice at ,calcutta :5 ! adm9i/ration ( ,ha/+s 0 /ill rememb]$2 & :o less ?an any ( ! writ]s :o h foll[$ him1 0 a m\?-piece ( ! (ficial class4#ccc ,he has told h[ aft] ,plassey 8! %[] ( weal?0 began to fall1 & he has describ$ ,clive's own ga9s3 8,we may safely affirm t no ,engli%man :o />t$ ) no?+ has ev]1 9 any l9e ( life1 creat$ su* a =tune at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-f\r40#ccd ,b ! tak+s ( ,clive1 ei!r = himself or = ! gov]nm5t1 7 trifl+ comp>$ to ! :olesale robb]y & spoliation :i* foll[$ 8 dep>ture1 :5 ,b5gal 0 surr5d]$ a helpless prey to a myriad ( gre$y (ficials4 ,^! (ficials 7 absolute1 irresponsible1 & rapaci\s1 & !y empti$ ! private ho>ds4 ,_! only ?\ght 0 to wr+ "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds out ( ! natives z quickly z possible1 & hurry home to display _! weal?4 8,enorm\s =tunes 7 ?us rapidly accumulat$ at ,calcutta1 :ile ?irty millions ( human be+s 7 r$uc$ to ! extremity ( wret*$ness40 8,! misgov]nm5t ( ! ,engli% 0 c>ri$ to a po9t su* z seems h>dly compatible ) ! v exi/5ce ( society4 ,! ,roman proconsul1 :o1 9 a ye> or two1 squeez$ out ( a prov9ce ! means ( re>+ m>ble palaces & ba?s on ! %ores ( ,campania1 ( dr9k+ f amb]1 ( fea/+ on s++ birds1 ( exhibit+ armies ( gladiators & flocks ( camelop>ds2 ! ,spani% vic]oy1 :o1 leav+ beh9d him ! curses ( ,mexico or ,lima1 ent]$ ,madrid ) a long tra9 ( gild$ coa*es1 & ( sumpt]-horses trapp$ & %od ) silv]1 7 n[ outdone40#cce ,?us treasure 9 oceans fl[$ into ,engl& ?r\gh private h&s1 b 9 ,india ! affairs ( ! ,company w5t f bad to worse4 ,misgov]nm5t impov]i%$ ! p1 ! sav+s ( long ye>s ( toil 7 exhau/$1 & :51 9 #aggj1 a dr\ght br\ght fam9e1 ! res\rces ( ! p fail$1 & !y p]i%$ by millions3 8! v /reets ( ,calcutta 7 block$ up by ! dy+ & ! dead40 ,!n came an outbreak ( wra? f disappo9t$ /ockhold]s2 ! l&$ int]e/ seiz$ its opportunity to attack ,clive 9 ,p>liam5t2 & ! m]*ants *ose ,ha/+s to develop ! res\rces ( ,h9do/an4 ,z ,%]idan said1 ! ,company 8ext5d$ ! sordid pr9ciples ( _! orig9 ov] all _! successive op]ations2 connect+ ) _! civil policy1 & ev5 ) _! bolde/ a*ievem5ts1 ! meanness ( a p$l> & ! pr(ligacy ( pirates40 ,9 ,ha/+s ! ,company f\nd a man fitt$ to _! h&s1 a /atesman wor?y to organize a va/ empire on an economic basis4 ,able1 bold1 cool1 & rel5tless1 he grasp$ ! situation at a glance1 & nev] falt]$ 9 8 purpose4 ,if m treasure 0 to be wrung f ! natives1 =ce _h to be us$ sy/ematically4 ,?\gh ,b5gal might be ru9$1 ! ho>ds ( ! neighb\r+ pot5tates rema9$ safe1 & ^! ,ha/+s delib]ately set himself to dra94 ,macaulay has expla9$ ! policy & ! motives :i* actuat$ him3-- 8,! object ( 8 diplomacy 0 at ?is "t simply to get money4 ,! f9ances ( 8 gov]nm5t 7 9 an emb>rass$ /ate1 & ?is emb>rassm5t he 0 det]m9$ to relieve by "s means1 fair or f\l4 ,! pr9ciple :i* direct$ all 8 deal+s ) 8 neighb\rs is fully express$ by ! old motto ( "o ( ! great pr$atory families ( ,teviotdale1 #8,?\ %alt want ere ,i want4' ,he seems to h laid x d[n1 z a fundam5tal proposition :i* c\ld n be disput$1 t1 :5 he _h n z _m lacs ( rupees z ! public s]vice requir$1 he 0 to take !m f anybody :o _h4 ,"o ?+1 inde$1 is to be said 9 excuse = him4 ,! pressure appli$ to him by 8 employ]s at home1 0 su* z only ! highe/ virtue c\ld h )/ood1 su* z left him no *oice except to commit great wrongs1 or to resign 8 high po/1 & ) t po/ all 8 hopes ( =tune & di/9ction40#ccf ,h[ he obta9$ 8 money1 ! pl$ges he violat$1 & ! blood he spilt1 is kn[n z few passages ( hi/ory are kn[n1 = ! /ory has be5 told by ,macaulay & by ,burke4 ,h[ he robb$ ! ,nabob ( ,b5gal ( half ! income ! ,company _h solemnly promis$ to pay1 h[ he repudiat$ ! rev5ue :i* ! gov]nm5t _h cov5ant$ to yield to ! ,mogul z a tribute = prov9ces c$$ !m1 & h[1 9 consid]ation ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 he s5t a brigade to slaught] ! ,rohillas1 & placidly saw 8_! villages burn$1 _! *ildr5 but*]$1 & _! wom5 violat$10 has be5 describ$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ popul> essays 9 ! language4 ,at ,ha/+s' impea*m5t1 ! heavie/ *>ge aga9/ him 0 t bas$ on 8 conduct t[>d ! pr9cesses ( ,oude1 :om 8 creature1 ,asaph-ul-,d[lah1 imprison$ & />v$1 ^: s]vants he torm5t$1 & f :om he wrung at la/ twelve hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 z ! price ( blood4 ,by ^! acts1 & acts su* z ^!1 ! treasure :i* _h fl[$ to ,europe ?r\gh ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,p]uvians1 0 return$ aga9 to ,engl& f ! ho>ds ( conqu]$ ,h9doos4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,mod]n ,,c5tralization ,9 discuss+ ! ph5om5a ( ! highly c5traliz$ society 9 :i* he liv$1 ,mill def9$ capital 8z ! accumulat$ /ock ( human lab\r40 ,9 o!r words1 capital may be consid]$ z /or$ en]gy2 b mo/ ( ?is en]gy fl[s 9 fix$ *annels1 money alone is capable ( be+ transmut$ imm$iately into any =m ( activity4 ,!re=e ! influx ( ! ,indian treasure1 by add+ consid]ably to ! nation's ca% capital1 n only increas$ its /ock ( en]gy1 b add$ mu* to its flexibility & ! rapidity ( its movem5t4 ,v soon aft] ,plassey ! ,b5gal plund] began to arrive 9 ,london1 & ! effect appe>s to h be5 in/antane\s1 = all au?orities agree t ! 8indu/rial revolution10 ! ev5t :i* has divid$ ! n9ete5? c5tury f all antec$5t "t1 began ) ! ye> #agfj4 ,prior to #agfj1 accord+ to ,ba9es1 ! ma*9]y us$ = sp9n+ cotton 9 ,lanca%ire 0 almo/ z simple z 9 ,india2#ccg :ile ab\t #agej ! ,engli% iron indu/ry 0 9 full decl9e because ( ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s = fuel4 ,at t "t f\r-fif?s ( ! iron 9 use 9 ! k+dom came f ,sw$54 ,plassey 0 f\ght 9 #ageg1 & probably no?+ has ev] equall$ ! rapidity ( ! *ange :i* foll[$4 ,9 #agfj ! fly+-%uttle appe>$1 & coal began to replace wood 9 smelt+4 ,9 #agfd ,h>greaves inv5t$ ! sp9n+-j5ny1 9 #aggi ,crompton contriv$ ! mule1 9 #aghe ,c>twright pat5t$ ! p[]-loom1 &1 *ief ( all1 9 #agfh ,watt matur$ ! /eam-eng9e1 ! mo/ p]fect ( all v5ts ( c5traliz+ en]gy4 ,hut ?\gh ^! ma*9es s]v$ z outlets = ! accel]at+ movem5t ( ! "t1 !y did n cause t accel]ation4 ,9 !mselves inv5tions are passive1 _m ( ! mo/ important hav+ la9 dormant = c5turies1 wait+ = a suffici5t /ore ( =ce to h accumulat$ to set !m work+4 ,t /ore mu/ always take ! %ape ( money1 & money n ho>d$1 b 9 motion4 ,?us pr9t+ _h be5 kn[n = ages 9 ,*9a be=e x came to ,europe2 ! ,romans probably 7 acqua9t$ ) gunp[d]2 revolv]s & bree*-load+ cannon exi/$ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & /eam _h be5 exp]im5t$ ^u long be=e ! bir? ( ,watt4 ,! lea/ "p ( ,watt's lab\r lay 9 conceiv+ 8 idea2 he consum$ 8 life 9 m>ket+ x4 ,be=e ! influx ( ! ,indian treasure1 & ! expansion ( cr$it :i* foll[$1 no =ce suffici5t = ?is purpose exi/$2 & _h ,watt liv$ fifty ye>s e>li]1 he & 8 inv5tion mu/ h p]i%$ toge!r4 ,consid]+ ! difficulties "u :i* ,mat!w ,b\lton1 ! able/ & mo/ en]getic manufactur] ( 8 "t1 ne>ly succumb$1 no "o c d\bt t )\t ,b\lton's works at ,birm+ham ! eng9e c\ld n h be5 produc$1 & yet be=e #agfj su* works c\ld n h be5 organiz$4 ,! factory sy/em 0 ! *ild ( ! 8indu/rial revolution10 & until capital _h accumulat$ 9 masses capable ( giv+ solidity to l>ge bodies ( lab\r1 manufactures 7 necess>ily c>ri$ on by scatt]$ individuals1 :o comb9$ a h&icraft ) agriculture4 ,defoe's *>m+ description ( ,halifax ab\t ! "t ,b\lton le>n$ 8 trade1 is well kn[n3-- 8,! ne>] we came to ,halifax1 we f\nd ! h\ses ?ick]1 & ! villages great]1 9 e bottom2 444 = ! l& be+ divid$ into small enclosures1 f two acres to six or sev5 ea*1 seldom m1 e ?ree or f\r pieces ( l& _h an h\se belong+ to !m4 8,9 %ort1 aft] we _h m\nt$ ! ?ird hill1 we f\nd ! c\ntry "o cont9u$ village1 ?o' e way m\nta9\s1 h>dly an h\se /&+ out ( a speak+ di/ance f ano!r2 &1 z ! day cle>$ up1 we c\ld see at e h\se a t5t]1 & on almo/ e t5t] a piece ( clo?1 k]sie1 or %alloon2 :i* are ! ?ree articles ( ?is c\ntries lab\r4444 8,?is place !n seems to h be5 design$ by provid5ce = ! v purposes to :i* x is n[ allott$4444 ,nor is ! indu/ry ( ! p want+ to second ^! advantages4 ,?o' we met few p )\t doors1 yet )9 we saw ! h\ses full ( lu/y fell[s1 "s at ! dye vat1 "s at ! loom1 o!rs dress+ ! clo?s2 ! wom5 & *ildr5 c>d+1 or sp9n+2 all employ$ f ! y\nge/ to ! olde/2 sc>ce any?+ above f\r ye>s old1 b its h&s 7 suffici5t = its own support4 ,n a begg> to be se51 nor an idle p]son1 except "h & !re 9 an alms-h\se1 built = ^? t are anti5t1 & pa/ work+4 ,! p 9 g5]al live long2 !y enjoy a good air2 & "u su* circum/ances h>d lab\r is naturally att5d$ ) ! bless+ ( heal?1 if n ri*es40#cch ,to ! capitali/1 !n1 r ?an to ! inv5tor1 civilization owes ! /eam eng9e z a "p ( daily life1 & ,mat!w ,b\lton 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! race ( produc]s ^: reign la/$ d[n to ,wat]loo4 ,z f> back z tradition runs ! ,b\ltons appe> to h be5 ,nor?ampton%ire f>m]s1 b ,mat!w's gr&fa!r met ) mis=tunes "u ,william1 & s5t 8 son to ,birm+ham to seek 8 =tune 9 trade4 ,!re ! adv5tur] e/abli%$ himself z a silv] /amp]1 & !re1 9 #agbh1 ,mat!w 0 born4 ,"y ,b\lton e>ly %[$ bo? en]gy & +5uity1 & on com+ ( age became 8 fa!r's p>tn]1 !nce=w>d manag+ ! bus9ess4 ,9 #agei1 two ye>s aft] ! conque/ ( ,b5gal1 ! fa!r di$1 & ,mat!w1 hav+ m>ri$ 9 #agfj1 might h retir$ on 8 wife's prop]ty1 b he *ose r to plunge m deeply into trade4 ,ext5d+ 8 works1 he built ! fam\s %ops at ,soho1 :i* he f9i%$ 9 #agfb at an outlay ( #bj1jjj1 a debt :i* probably clung to him to ! end ( 8 life4 ,b\lton =m$ 8 p>tn]%ip ) ,watt 9 #aggd1 & !n began to manufacture ! /eam-eng9e1 b he met ) =midable difficulties4 ,be=e ! sales yield$ any return1 ! outlay r$uc$ him to ! br9k ( insolv5cy2 nor did he a*ieve success until he _h exhau/$ 8 own & 8 fri5ds' res\rces4 8,he mortgag$ 8 l&s to ! la/ f>?+2 borr[$ f 8 p]sonal fri5ds2 rais$ money by annuities2 obta9$ advances f bank]s2 & _h inve/$ upw>ds ( =ty ?\s& p\nds 9 ! ent]prise be=e x began to pay40#cci ,agriculture1 z well z indu/ry1 felt ! impulsion ( ! new =ce4 ,ar?ur ,"y rem>k$ 9 #aggj1 t )9 t5 ye>s !re _h be5 8m exp]im5ts1 m discov]ies1 & m g5]al good s5se display$ 9 ! walk ( agriculture ?an 9 an hundr$ prec$+ ones02 & ! reason :y su* a movem5t %\ld h occurr$ seems obvi\s4 ,aft] #agfj a complex sy/em ( cr$it sprang up1 bas$ on a metallic treasure1 & ^? :o c\ld borr[ _h ! means at _! disposal ( import+ bre$s ( cattle1 & ( improv+ tillage1 z well z ( organiz+ factories l ,soho4 ,! effect 0 to cause rapid c5tralization4 ,! spread ( high f>m+ c]ta9ly rais$ ! value ( l&1 b x also made ! position ( ! yeomanry unt5able1 & no?+ bett] reveals ! magnitude ( ! social revolution wr\ght by ,plassey1 ?an ! mann] 9 :i* ! wa/es 7 enclos$ aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,betwe5 #agaj & #agfj only #cce1jjj acres ( ! commons 7 absorb$2 betwe5 #agfj & #ahdc1 ne>ly #g1jjj1jjj4 ,9 eighty ye>s ! yeomanry became ext9ct4 ,_m ( ^! small f>m]s migrat$ to ! t[ns1 :]e ! /rong]1 l ! ance/or ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 accumulat$ weal? 9 indu/ry1 ! weak] s9k+ into factory h&s4 ,^? :o l+]$ on ! l&1 toil$ z day lab\r]s4 ,possibly s9ce ! _w began1 no inve/m5t has ev] yield$ ! pr(it reap$ f ! ,indian plund]1 because = ne>ly fifty ye>s ,great ,brita9 /ood )\t a competitor4 ,t %e %\ld h s long enjoy$ a monopoly seems at fir/ my/]i\s1 b p]haps ! condition ( ! ,cont95t may sugge/ an explanation4 ,s9ce ,italy _h be5 ru9$ by ! loss ( ! ,ea/]n trade1 %e _h ceas$ to bre$ ! economic m9d2 consequ5tly no class ( h] population c\ld sudd5ly & viol5tly accel]ate _! movem5ts4 ,9 ,spa9 ! prie/ & soldi] _h s ?or\ghly ext]m9at$ ! sceptic1 t f> f c5traliz+ dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ,engl& & ,france _h done1 h] empire 0 9 full decl9e at ! revolution ( #afhh4 ,9 ,france some?+ simil> _h happ5$1 ?\gh 9 a mu* less degree4 ,aft] a /ruggle ( a c5tury & a half1 ! ,*ur* s f> prevail$ 9 #afhe z to secure ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,at ! revocation _m ,hugu5ots w5t into exile1 & ?us no small proportion ( ! economic class1 :o %\ld h press$ ,engl& h>de/1 7 driv5 across ! ,*annel1 to add _! en]gy to ! en]gy ( ! natives4 ,g]many lack$ capital4 ,hemm$ 9 by enemies1 & )\t a seacoa/1 %e _h be5 at a disadvantage 9 pr$atory w>f>e2 accord+ly %e did n accumulate money1 & fail$ to consolidate until1 9 #ahgj1 %e extort$ a treasure f ,france4 ,?us1 9 #agfj1 ,holl& alone rema9$ z a competitor1 ri*1 m>itime1 & peopl$ by ,prote/ants4 ,b ,holl& lack$ ! mass possess$ by h] great antagoni/1 beside be+ )\t m9]als2 & accord+ly1 f> f accel]at+ h] progress1 %e prov$ unable to ma9ta9 h] relative rate ( advance4 ,?us isolat$1 & fav\r$ by m9es ( coal & iron1 ,engl& n only comm&$ ! ,european & ,am]ican m>kets1 at a "t :5 production 0 /ra9$ to ! utmo/ by w>1 b ev5 und]sold ,h9doo lab\r at ,calcutta4 ,9 "s imp]fect way h] ga9s may be e/imat$ by ! gr[? ( h] debt1 :i* mu/ repres5t sav+s4 ,9 #agef1 :5 ,clive w5t to ,india1 ! nation ow$ #gd1ege1jjj1 on :i* x paid an int]e/ ( #b1gec1jjj4 ,9 #ahae ?is debt _h swell$ to #hfa1jjj1jjj1 ) an annual int]e/ *>ge ( #cb1fde1jjj4 ,9 #agfa ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat] f9i%$ ! fir/ ( ! canals :i* 7 aft]w>d to =m an inl& wat]-way co/+ #ej1jjj1jjj1 or m ?an two-?irds ( ! am\nt ( ! public debt at ! outbreak ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,mean:ile1 also1 /eam _h be5 introduc$1 factories built1 turnpikes improv$1 & bridges erect$1 & all ?is _h be5 done ?r\gh a sy/em ( cr$it ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,cr$it is ! *os5 vehicle ( en]gy 9 c5traliz$ societies1 & no soon] _h treasure en\gh accumulat$ 9 ,london to (f] x a f\ndation1 ?an x %ot up ) m>vell\s rapidity4 ,f #afid to ,plassey1 ! gr[? _h be5 relatively sl[4 ,= m ?an sixty ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 its smalle/ note _h be5 = #bj1 a note too l>ge to circulate freely1 & :i* r>ely travell$ f> f ,lomb>d ,/reet4 ,writ+ 9 #agij1 ,burke m5tion$ t :5 he came to ,engl& 9 #agej !re 7 n 8twelve bank]s' %ops0 9 ! prov9ces1 ?\gh !n1 he said1 !y 7 9 e m>ket t[n4#cdj ,?us ! arrival ( ! ,b5gal silv] n only increas$ ! mass ( money1 b /imulat$ its movem5t2 = at once1 9 #agei1 ! bank issu$ #aj & #ae notes1 &1 9 ! c\ntry1 private firms p\r$ =? a flood ( pap]4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,napoleonic w>s1 !re 7 n f> f f\r hundr$ prov9cial h\ses1 _m ( m ?an d\btful solv5cy4 ,macleod1 :o usually does n exagg]ate su* matt]s1 has said1 t groc]s1 tailors1 & drap]s inundat$ ! c\ntry ) _! mis]able rags4#cda ,! cause ( ?is inf]iority ( ! c\ntry bank]s 0 ! av>ice ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 :i* prev5t$ ! =mation ( jo9t /ock companies1 :o might act z competitors2 &1 z ! p]iod 0 "o ( great indu/rial & comm]cial expansion1 :5 ! adv5tur\s & produc+ classes controll$ society1 en\gh curr5cy ( "s k9d 0 kept 9 circulation to prev5t ! prices ( commodities f depreciat+ relatively to co94 ,! pur*as+ p[] ( a curr5cy is1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 9 proportion to its quantity4 ,or1 to put ! proposition 9 ! words ( ,locke1 8! value ( money1 9 g5]al1 is ! quantity ( all ! money 9 ! _w 9 proportion to all ! trade40#cdb ,at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m causes comb9$ to make money pl5tiful1 & !re=e to *eap5 x4 ,n only 0 ! /ock ( bullion 9 ,engl& increas$ by importations f ,india1 b1 = ne>ly a g5]ation1 exports ( silv] to ,asia fell (f4 ,f an av]age ( #fjj1jjj annually betwe5 #agdj & #agfj1 ! %ipm5ts ( specie by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company fell to #ig1ejj betwe5 #agfj & #aghj2 nor did !y rise to _! old level until aft] ! close ( ! adm9i/ration ( ,ha/+s1 :5 trade return$ to normal *annels4 ,aft] #ahjj ! /ream ga!r$ volume1 & betwe5 #ahaj & #ahbj ! ye>ly consignm5t am\nt$ to #b1hbg1jjj1 or to ne>ly "o-half ( ! preci\s metals yield$ by ! m9es4 ,f ! crusades to ,wat]loo1 ! produc]s dom9at$ ,europe1 ! money-l5d]s (t5 f>+ h>dly1 z is prov$ by ! treatm5t ( ! ,jews4 ,f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 all _h w>es to sell2 ! f>m] 8 crop1 ! weav] 8 clo?1 ! groc] 8 goods1 & all 7 int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! value ( _! m]*&ise relatively to co91 = !y lo/ :5 sell+ on a fall+ m>ket4 ,by degrees1 z competition %>p5$ aft] ! ,re=mation1 a type 0 develop$ :i*1 p]haps1 may be call$ ! m]*ant adv5tur]2 m5 l ,*ild & ,b\lton1 bold1 en]getic1 audaci\s4 ,gradually en]gy v5t$ itself m & m freely ?r\gh ^! m]*ants1 until !y became ! rul+ p[] 9 ,engl&1 _! gov]nm5t la/+ f #afhh to #ahae4 ,at l5g? !y fell ?r\gh ! v brilliancy ( _! g5ius4 ,! weal? !y amass$ s rapidly1 accumulat$1 until x prevail$ ov] all o!r =ms ( =ce1 & by s do+ rais$ ano!r v>iety ( man to p[]4 ,^! la/ 7 ! mod]n bank]s4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! bank]s1 a pr(\nd *ange came ov] civilization1 = contraction began4 ,self-int]e/ _h f ! outset taught ! produc] t1 to prosp]1 he %\ld deal 9 w>es :i* t5d$ r to rise ?an fall 9 value1 relatively to co94 ,! opposite in/9ct possess$ ! usur]2 he f\nd t he grew ri* :5 money appreciat$1 or :5 ! borr[] _h to "p ) m prop]ty to pay 8 debt :5 x fell due1 ?an ! ca% l5t him w\ld h b\ght on ! day ! obligation 0 contract$4 ,z1 t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! great ho>ds ( ,london pass$ into ! possession ( m5 ( ! latt] type1 ! ?ird & mo/ r$\btable v>iety ( ! economic intellect arose to prom95ce1 a v>iety ( :i* p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s example is ! family ( ,ro?s*ild4 ,9 "o ( ! mean & dirty h\ses ( ! ,jewi% qu>t] ( ,frank=t1 ,may] ,ams*el 0 born 9 ! ye> #agdc4 ,! h\se 0 numb]$ #aeb 9 ! ,jud5gasse1 b 0 bett] kn[n z ! h\se ( ! ,r$ ,%ield1 & gave its "n to ! ,ams*el family4 ,may] 0 educat$ by 8 p>5ts = a rabbi2 b1 judg+ himself bett] fitt$ = f9ance1 he ent]$ ! s]vice ( a ,hanov]ian bank] nam$ ,opp5heim1 & rema9$ ) him until he _h sav$ en\gh to set up = himself4 ,!n = "s ye>s he dealt 9 old co9s1 curiosities & bullion1 m>ri$ 9 #aggj1 return$ to ,frank=t1 e/abli%$ himself 9 ! h\se ( ! ,r$ ,%ield1 & rapidly advanc$ t[>d opul5ce4 ,soon aft] he gave up 8 trade 9 curiosities1 conf9+ himself to bank+1 & 8 great /ep 9 life 0 made :5 he became 8,c\rt ,jew0 to ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse4 ,by #ahjd he 0 already s prosp]\s t he contract$ ) ! ,dani% ,gov]nm5t = a loan ( f\r millions ( ?al]s4 ,may] _h five sons1 to :om he left 8 bus9ess & 8 weal?4 ,9 #ahab he di$1 &1 z he lay ^u 8 dea?-b$1 8 la/ words 71 8,y w soon be ri* among ! ri*e/1 & ! _w w belong to y40#cdc ,8 prophecy came true4 ,^! five sons conceiv$ & execut$ an orig9al & d>+ s*eme4 ,:ile ! elde/ rema9$ at ,frank=t1 & conduct$ ! p>5t h\se1 ! f\r o!rs migrat$ to f\r diff]5t capitals1 ,naples1 ,vi5na1 ,p>is1 & ,london1 &1 act+ cont9ually 9 consort1 !y succe$$ 9 obta9+ a control ov] ! money m>ket ( ,europe1 z unprec$5t$ z x 0 lucrative to !mselves4 ,( ! five bro!rs1 ! ?ird1 ,na?an1 _h comm&+ ability4 ,9 #agih he settl$ 9 ,london1 m>ri$ 9 #ahjf ! daught] ( "o ( ! weal?ie/ ( ! ,engli% ,jews1 & by #ahae _h become ! despot ( ! ,/ock ,ex*ange2 8pe]s & pr9ces ( ! blood sat at 8 table1 cl]gym5 & laym5 b[$ be=e him40 ,he _h no ta/es1 ei!r lit]>y1 social1 or arti/ic2 89 8 mann]s & address he seem$ to delight 9 display+ 8 ?or\gh disreg>d ( all ! c\rtesies & am5ities ( civiliz$ life02 & :5 ask$ ab\t ! future ( 8 *ildr5 he said1 8,i wi% !m to give m9d1 s\l1 & he>t1 & body--ev]y?+ to bus9ess4 ,t is ! way to be happy40#cdd ,extremely o/5tati\s1 ?\gh )\t delicacy or appreciation1 88 mansions 7 cr[d$ ) works ( art1 & ! mo/ gorge\s appo9tm5ts40 ,8 b5evol5ce 0 caprici\s2 to quote 8 own words1 8,sometimes to amuse myself ,i give a begg> a gu9ea4 ,he ?9ks x is a mi/ake1 & = fe> ,i %all f9d x out (f he runs z h>d z he c4 ,i advise y to give a begg> a gu9ea sometimes4 ,x is v amus+40#cde ,?\gh an a/oni%+ly bold & unscrupul\s speculator1 ,na?an probably won 8 *ief successes by skill 9 l5d+1 &1 9 ?is bran* ( f9anci]+1 he 0 fav\r$ by ! times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,dur+ ! long w>s ,europe plung$ into debt1 contract+ loans 9 depreciat$ pap]1 or 9 co9 :i* 0 unprec$5t$ly *eap because ( ! abundance ( ! preci\s metals4 ,9 ! ye> #ahji1 prices rea*$ ! greate/ altitude !y ev] atta9$ 9 mod]n1 or ev51 p]haps1 9 all hi/ory4 ,!re is some?+ m>vell\sly impressive 9 ?is mom5t ( "t1 z ! _w /ood pois$ ^u ! br9k ( a new era4 ,to ! contempor>y eye ,napoleon _h rea*$ 8 z5i?4 ,ev]y:]e victori\s1 he _h defeat$ ! ,engli% 9 ,spa91 & =c$ ! army ( ,moore to emb>k at ,corunna2 :ile at ,wagram he _h br\ght ,au/ria to ! du/4 ,he seem$ ab\t to rival ,cs>1 & e/abli% a milit>y empire :i* %\ld consolidate ! nations ( ! ma9l& ( ,europe4 ,yet 9 reality "o ( ^? va/ & subtle *anges 0 imp5d+1 :i*1 by modify+ ! conditions "u :i* m5 compete1 alt] ! complexion ( civilizations1 & :i* has l$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ! decisive rejection ( ! m>tial & imag9ative m9d4 ,9 ,april #ahaj ,boliv> obta9$ control at ,c>acas1 &1 ) ! outbreak ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican revolutions1 ! gigantic b imag9ative empire ( ,spa9 pass$ into ! acute /age ( dis9tegration4 ,on ,decemb] #ai ( ! same ye>1 ! ,emp]or ,alex&] op5$ ! ports ( ,russia to neutral trade4 ,by s do+ ,alex&] repudiat$ ! 8cont95tal sy/em0 ( ,napoleon1 made a brea* ) him inevitable1 & ?us br\ght on ! campaign ( ,mosc[1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,gr& ,army1 & ! close ( ,fr5* milit>y triumphs on ! hill ( ,wat]loo4 ,f ! ye> #ahaj1 nature has fav\r$ ! usuri\s m9d1 ev5 z %e fav\r$ x 9 ,rome1 f ! dea? ( ,augu/us4 ,moreov]1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n life1 ! fir/ symptom ( ?is pr(\nd economic & intellectual revolution 0 id5tical4 ,tacitus has describ$ ! panic :i* 0 ! imm$iate =]unn] ( ! rise ( ! preci\s metals 9 ! fir/ c5tury2 & 9 #ahaj a simil> panic occurr$ 9 ,london1 :5 prices sudd5ly fell fifte5 p] c5t1#cdf & :5 ! mo/ fam\s magnate ( ! ,/ock ,ex*ange 0 ru9$ & kill$4 ,! great h\ses ( ,b>+ & ( ,goldsmid _h und]tak5 ! negotiation ( a gov]nm5t loan ( #ad1jjj1jjj4 ,to ! surprise ( ^! em95t f9anci]s values sl[ly rec$$1 &1 9 ,septemb]1 ! dea? ( ,sir ,francis ,b>+ precipitat$ a crisis2 ,abraham ,goldsmid1 r$uc$ to insolv5cy1 9 despair committ$ suicide2 ! acute/ intellects rose in/antane\sly ^u ! corpses ( ! weak]1 & ! ,ro?s*ilds rema9$ ! dictators ( ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,f t day to ?is ! sl[ contraction has cont9u$1 ) only ! break ( little m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 :5 ! gold ( ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia came 9 an ov]:elm+ flood2 &1 f t day to ?is1 ! same s]ies ( ph5om5a h succe$$ "o ano!r1 :i* eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago m>k$ ! emasculation ( ,rome4 ,at ! peace1 _m causes conv]g$ to make specie rise2 ! exports ( bullion to ! ,ea/ ne>ly d\bl$2 ,am]ica grew vigor\sly1 & m9+ 0 int]rupt$ by ! revolt ( ! ,spani% colonies4 ,yet fav\rable z ! position ( ! cr$itor class might be1 x c\ld be improv$ by legislation1 & probably no f9ancial policy has ev] be5 s ably conceiv$1 or s adroitly execut$1 z t ma/]piece ( /ate-craft :i* gave ,lomb>d ,/reet control ( ! curr5cy ( ,great ,brita94 ,"u ! reign ( ! produc]s1 values _h g5]ally be5 equaliz$ by *eap5+ ! curr5cy :5 prices fell4 ,9 ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies1 ! p5ny _h be5 sy/ematically degrad$1 to keep pace ) ! gr[+ de>? ( silv]4 ,:5 ! flood ( ! ,p]uvian bullion _h rea*$ its height 9 #aefa1 ! curr5cy rega9$ its f95ess2 b 9 #afja ! p5ny lo/ ano!r half-gra9 ( weight1 &1 ?\gh n aga9 adult]at$ at ! m9t1 ! :ole co9age suff]$ s sev]ely f h>d usage t1 "u ! ,/u>ts1 x fell to ab\t two-?irds ( its nom9al value4 ,a re-co9age took place "u ,william1 b !n pap] came 9 to give relief1 & ! money 9 circulation cont9u$ to deg5]ate1 z !re 0 no provision = ! )drawal ( light pieces4 ,by #aggd1 ! loss ^u ev5 ! gu9ea _h become s great t ,p>liam5t int]v5$1 & ,"l ,nor? recomm5d$ 8t all ! defici5t gold co9 %\ld be call$ 91 & re-co9$0 & also t ! 8curr5cy ( ! gold co9 %\ld1 9 future1 be regulat$ by weight z well z by tale 444 & t ! sev]al pieces %\ld n be legal t5d]1 if !y 7 dim9i%$1 by we>+ or o!rwise1 bel[ a c]ta9 weight1 to be det]m9$ by proclamation40#cdg ,by su* means z ?is1 ! integrity ( ! metallic money 0 at l5g? secur$2 b ! emission ( pap] rema9$ unlimit$1 & 9 #agig ev5 ! ,bank ( ,engl& susp5d$ ca% paym5ts4 ,!n prices advanc$ z !y _h nev] advanc$ be=e1 &1 dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! comm]cial adv5tur]s rea*$ _! m]idian4 ,f #ahaj !y decl9$ 9 p[]2 b = sev]al prec$+ g5]ations !y _h =m$ a true ari/ocracy1 %ap+ ! laws & cu/oms ( _! c\ntry4 ,!y ne$$ an abundant curr5cy1 & !y obta9$ x ?r\gh ! ,bank4 ,on _! side ! directors recogniz$ ?is duty to be _! *ief function1 & laid x d[n z a pr9ciple t all legitimate comm]cial pap] %\ld always be disc\nt$4 ,if int]e/ rose1 ! rise prov$ a de>? ( money1 & !y reliev$ t de>? ) notes4 ,"l ,ov]/one has ?us expla9$ ! sy/em ( bank+ :i* 0 accept$1 )\t "q1 until #ahaj3 8,a suppos$ obligation to meet ! real wants ( comm]ce1 & to disc\nt all comm]cial bills aris+ out ( legitimate transactions1 appe>s to h be5 consid]$ z ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! am\nt ( ! circulation 0 to be regulat$40#cdh ,& yet1 /rangely en\gh1 ev5 ! adv]s>ies ( ?is sy/em admitt$ t x work$ well4 ,a man z fix$ 9 8 op9ions z ,tooke1 c\ld n conta9 8 a/oni%m5t t 8"u ! guidance ( maxims & pr9ciples s uns\nd & ( su* app>5tly mis*iev\s t5d5cy1 z ^? pr(ess$ by ! gov]nors & "s ( ! directors ( ! ,bank 9 #ahaj1 su* mod]ation & 444 su* regul>ity ( issue %\ld1 "u *ances & *anges 9 politics & trade1 unprec$5t$ 9 viol5ce & ext5t1 h be5 pres]v$1 z t a spontane\s readju/m5t betwe5 ! value ( ! gold & ! pap] %\ld h tak5 place1 z x did1 )\t any r$uction ( _! circulation40#cdi ,) su* a sy/em ! curr5cy t5d$ to fall r ?an to rise 9 value1 9 comp>ison ) commodities1 & = ?is reason ! own]s ( ! great ho>ds 7 at a disadvantage4 ,:at p[]ful usur]s1 l ,ro?s*ild1 want$1 0 a legal t5d] fix$ 9 quantity1 :i*1 be+ unable to exp& to meet an increas$ dem&1 w\ld rise 9 price4 ,moreov]1 !y ne$$ a circulat+ m$ium suffici5tly compact to be controll$ by a comp>atively small numb] ( capitali/s1 :o w\ld ?us1 "u fav\rable conditions1 hold ! :ole debtor community at _! m]cy4 ,if ! ye> #ahaj be tak5 z ! po9t at :i* ! en]gy /or$ 9 accumulations ( money began to pr$om9ate 9 ,engl&1 ! revolution :i* end$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! produc]s1 advanc$1 ) h>dly a *eck1 to its completion by ! 8,bank ,act0 ( #ahdd4 ,! fir/ symptom ( approa*+ *ange 0 ! fam\s 8,bullion ,committee10 appo9t$ on ! motion ( ,francis ,horn] 9 #ahaj4 ,?is report is mo/ int]e/+1 = x m>ks an epo*1 & 9 x ! /ruggle = supremacy betwe5 ! l5d] & ! borr[] is br\ght out 9 full relief4 ,to ! produc]1 ! commodity 0 ! measure ( value2 to ! bank]1 co94 ,! produc] s\ght a curr5cy :i* %\ld reta9 a c]ta9 ratio to all commodities1 ( :i* gold 0 b "o4 ,! bank] insi/$ on mak+ a fix$ weight ( ! metal he controll$1 ! /&>d f :i* !re 0 no appeal4 ,a di/+ui%$ m]*ant1 nam$ ,*amb]s1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,committee1 put ! issue 9 a nut%ell3-- ,q4 8,at ! ,m9t price ( /&>d gold 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ mu* gold does a ,bank ( ,engl& note = "o p\nd repres5t8 ,a4 8#e dwts4 #c grs4 ,q4 8,at ! pres5t m>ket price ( /&>d gold ( #d #ab4 p] ounce1 h[ mu* gold d y get = a ,bank ( ,engl& note = "o p\nd8 ,a4 8#d dwts4 #h grs4 ,q4 8,d y consid] t a ,bank ( ,engl& note = "o p\nd1 "u ^! pres5t circum/ances1 is ex*angeable 9 gold = :at x repres5ts ( t metal8 ,a4 8,i d n conceive gold to be a fair] /&>d = ,bank ( ,engl& notes ?an indigo or broadclo?40 ,al?\gh ! bank]s controll$ ! 8,bullion ,committee10 ! m]cantile int]e/ /ill ma9ta9$ itself 9 ,p>liam5t1 & ! resolutions propos$ by ! *airman 9 8 report 7 reject$ 9 ! ,commons by a majority ( ab\t two to "o4 ,! tide1 h[ev]1 _h turn$1 & p]haps ! be/ index ( ! mom5t at :i* ! balance ( p[] %ift$1 may be ! c\rse ( ,peel4 ,( all ! public m5 ( 8 g5]ation1 ,peel _h ! sure/ in/9ct = ! /ronge/ =ce4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 did ?is in/9ct fail him1 & aft] #ahab 8 intuition l$ him to sep>ate f 8 fa!r2 z1 lat] 9 life1 x l$ him to des]t 8 p>ty 9 ! crisis ( #ahde4 ,! fir/ ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 ! great manufactur]1 :o made ! =tune ( ! family1 _h ! produc]'s in/9ct & utt]ly oppos$ contraction4 ,9 #ahaa he vot$ aga9/ ! report ( ! ,bullion ,committee1 & !n 8 son vot$ ) him4 ,aft] #ahaf1 h[ev]1 ! y\ng] ,peel became ! spokesman ( ,lomb>d ,/reet1 & ! /ory is told t :5 ! bill provid+ = ca% paym5ts pass$ 9 ,july1 #ahai1 ! old man1 aft] li/5+ to 8 son's great spee*1 said ) bitt]ness3 8,rob]t has d\bl$ 8 =tune1 b ru9$ 8 c\ntry40#cej ,probably ,wat]loo m>k$ ! op5+ ( ! new era1 = aft] ,wat]loo ! bank]s met ) no s]i\s defeat4 ,at fir/ !y h>dly enc\nt]$ opposition4 ,!y began by disc>d+ silv]4 ,9 #ahag ! gov]nm5t made #abc #cgdajjj grs4 ( gold ! unit ( value1 ! co9 repres5t+ ?is weight ( metal ceas+ to be a legal t5d] :5 defici5t by ab\t half a gra94 ,! /&>d hav+ ?us be5 det]m9$1 x rema9$ to en=ce x4 ,by ?is "t ,peel _h be5 *os5 by ! cr$itor class z _! m\?piece1 & 9 #ahai he introduc$ a bill to provide = ca% paym5ts4 ,he f\nd little resi/ance to 8 measure1 & propos$ #ahbc z ! "t = ! return2 z x happ5$1 ! date 0 anticipat$1 & notes 7 r$eem$ 9 gold f ,may #a1 #ahba4 ,z f> z ! co9age 0 conc]n$1 ?is legislation complet$ ! "w1 b ! task ( limit+ disc\nts rema9$ unt\*$1 a task ( ev5 m importance1 =1 z long z ! ,bank cont9u$ disc\nt+ bills1 & ?us emitt+ an unlimit$ quantity ( notes :5ev] ! rate ( int]e/ rose1 debtors n only might always be able to face _! obligations1 b ! wor? ( money c\ld n be mat]ially enhanc$4 ,?is "q 0 decid$ by ! issue ( ! panic ( #ahbe1 br\ght on by ! ,resumption ,act4 ,at ! susp5sion ( #agig1 pap] 9 small d5om9ations _h be5 au?oriz$ to replace ! co9 :i* disappe>$1 b ?is act expir$ two ye>s aft] ! return to specie paym5ts4 ,!re=e1 z "t elaps$1 ! small issues began to be call$ 91 &1 accord+ to ,macleod1 ! c\ntry circulation1 by #ahbc1 _h contract$ ab\t twelve p] c5t4 ,! ,bank ( ,engl& also )drew a l>ge body ( notes 9 d5om9ations less ?an five p\nds1 &1 to fill ! gap1 ho>d$ "s twelve million sov]eigns1 a mass ( gold ab\t equal to ! yield ( ! m9es = ! prec$+ sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,?is gold _h to be tak5 f ! curr5cy ( ,europe1 & ! sudd5 contraction caus$ a %ock :i* vibrat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/4 ,9 ,france gold co9age almo/ ceas$1 & prices dropp$ heavily1 decl9+ tw5ty-f\r p] c5t betwe5 #ahai & #ahbb4 ,yet p]haps ! mo/ vivid picture ( ! di/ress caus$ by ?is absorption ( gold1 is giv5 9 a passage writt5 by ,macleod1 to prove t ,peel's act _h no?+ to d ) ! cata/rophe3-- 8,!re 0 "o p]fectly satisfactory argum5t to %[ t ! l[ prices ( t ye> _h no?+ to d ) ! ,act ( #ahai1 namely1 t prices ( all sorts ( agricultural produce 7 equally depress$ all ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe f ! same cause4 ,! fluctuations1 inde$1 on ! cont95t 7 mu* m viol5t ?an ev5 9 ,engl&4444 ,! same ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ 9 ,italy4 ,a simil> fall1 b n to s great an ext5t1 took place at ,lisbon4 ,:at c\ld ! ,act ( #ahai h to d ) ^! places80#cea ,! sev]e & protract$ depression1 :ile affect+ all produc]s1 bore ) peculi> sev]ity ^u ! g5try1 ^: e/ates 7 burd5$ ) mortgages & all k9ds ( settlem5ts1 s mu* s t frequ5tly prop]ties sank bel[ _! encumbrances1 & ! own]s 7 begg>$4 ,at ! op5+ ( ,p>liam5t1 bo? ,h\ses 7 ov]:elm$ ) petitions = aid4 ,among ^! petitions1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n 0 pres5t$ to ! ,commons 9 ,may1 #ahbb1 by ,*>les ,&rew ,?ompson1 ( ,*iswick1 :i* s]ves to %[ ! ke5ness ( ! di/ress among debtors own+ l&4 ,?ompson /at$1 9 sub/ance1 t 9 #ahaa he & 8 fa!r1 be+ weal?y m]*ants1 pur*as$ an e/ate 9 ,h]t=d%ire = #fb1jjj1 & aft]w>d laid out #aj1jjj m 9 improvem5ts4 ,t 9 #ahab !y ent]$ into a contract = ano!r e/ate1 ^: price 0 #fj1jjj1 b1 a "q hav+ aris5 z to ! title1 a lawsuit int]v5$1 &1 be=e judgm5t1 ! petition] & 8 fa!r _h exp]i5c$ su* losses t !y c\ld n pay ! sum adjudg$ due by ! c\rt4 ,!reupon1 to raise money1 !y mortgag$ bo? e/ates = #fe1jjj4 ,9 ,july1 #ahba1 bo? e/ates 7 (f]$ = sale1 b !y fail$ to br+ ! am\nt = :i* !y 7 mortgag$4 ,e/ates 9 o!r c\nties :i* co/ #cc1aff1 _h be5 sold = #ab1jjj1 & ?r\gh ! depression ( trade ! petition]s _h become bankrupt4 ,9 #ahbb ! petition]'s fa!r di$ ( a brok5 he>t2 & he himself rema9$ a ru9$ man1 ) sev5 *ildr5 ( 8 own1 t5 ( 8 bro!r's1 & sev5 ( 8 si/]'s all dep5d+ on him4#ceb ,! nation seem$ ^u ! br9k ( "s convulsion1 = ! g5try h>dly c>$ to disguise _! design ( effect+ a readju/m5t ( bo? public & private debts4 ,passions ran high1 & 9 ,june1 #ahbb1 a long debate foll[$ ^u a motion1 made by ,mr4 ,we/]n1 to inquire into ! effects produc$ by ! resumption ( ca% paym5ts4 ,! motion 0 inde$ defeat$1 b defeat$ by a concession :i* entail$ a cata/rophe up to t "t unequall$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,great ,brita94 ,to save ! 8,resumption ,act0 ! m9i/ry 9 ,july br\ght 9 a bill to respite ! small notes until #ahcc1 a measure :i* at once quiet$ ! agitation1 b :i* produc$ ! mo/ f>-rea*+ & unexpect$ results4 ,accord+ to ,francis1 ! c\ntry banks augm5t$ _! issues fifty p] c5t betwe5 #ahbb & #ahbe1cec nor 0 ?is increase ( pap] ! only or ! mo/ s]i\s =m tak5 by ! inflation4 ,! great ho>d ( sov]eigns1 accumulat$ by ! ,bank to replace its small notes1 0 made sup]flu\s2 &1 9 a memor&um deliv]$ by ! directors to ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 no less ?an #ad1bjj1jjj 7 /at$ to h be5 ?r[n on _! h&s 9 #ahbd by ?is *ange ( policy4#ced ,! effect 0 to create a v]itable glut ( gold 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 prices rose abnormally--fifte5 p] c5t--betwe5 #ahbd & #ahbe4 ,z values t5d$ upw>d1 a fr5zy ( speculation seiz$ ^u a p :o _h long suff]$ f ! gr9d+ ( contraction1 & mean:ile ! ,bank1 adh]+ to its old policy1 freely disc\nt$ all ! s\nd bills br\ght !m4 ,9 #ahbd prices rose above ! ,cont95tal level1 & gold1 be+ *eap] 9 ,london ?an 9 ,p>is1 began to fl[ ?i!r4 ,! ,bank res]ve /eadily fell4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahbe1 ! fev] rea*$ its height1 & a decl9e set 91 :ile ! directors1 anxi\s at ! condition ( _! res]ve 9 ,may1 attempt$ to re/rict _! issues4 ,! consequ5ce 0 %>p contraction1 & 9 ,novemb] ! cra% came4 ,mr4 ,huskisson /at$1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t = =ty-eight h\rs x 0 impossible to conv]t ev5 gov]nm5t securities into ca%4 ,ex*equ] bills1 bank /ock1 & ,ea/ ,india /ock 7 alike unsalable1 & _m ( ! ri*e/ m]*ants ( ,london walk$ ! /reets1 n kn[+ :e!r on ! morr[ !y might n be insolv5t4 8,x is said0 ! ,bank itself 8mu/ h /opp$ paym5t1 & t we %\ld h be5 r$uc$ to a /ate ( b>t]1 b = a box full ( old "o & two-p\nd notes :i* 0 discov]$ by accid5t40#cee ,:at happ5$ 9 ! ,bank p>l\r dur+ ^? days is unkn[n4 ,probably ! pressure ( ! m]cantile classes became too %>p to be )/ood1 p]haps ev5 ! /ronge/ bank]s 7 al>m$2 b1 at all ev5ts1 ! f9ancial policy *ang$ completely4 ,contraction 0 ab&on$1 ! ,bank rev]t$ to ! sy/em ( #ahaj1 & 9 an in/ant relief came4 8,we l5t by e possible means1 & 9 modes we _h nev] adopt$ be=e2 444 we n only disc\nt$ outright1 b we made advances on deposit ( bills ( ex*ange to an imm5se am\nt40 ,! ,bank emitt$ five millions 9 notes 9 f\r days1 & 8?is audaci\s policy 0 cr[n$ ) ! mo/ complete success1 ! panic 0 /ay$ almo/ imm$iately40#cef ,) an expansion ( ! curr5cy suffici5t to furni% ! means ( pay+ debts1 ! panic pass$ away1 b ! disa/] gave ! bank]s _! opportunity2 !y seiz$ x1 & !nce=w>d _! hold ^u ! community nev]1 ev5 = an in/ant1 relax$4 ,! adm9i/ration fell into discr$it1 & turn$ = assi/ance to ! only m5 :o promis$ to give !m effective support3 ^! 7 ! capitali/s ( ,lomb>d ,/reet1 ^: fir/ c>e 0 to obta9 a /atute prohibit+ ! small notes1 :i*1 !y alleg$1 7 ! cause ( ! mis=tune ( #ahbe4 ,! act !y dem&$ pass$ 9 #ahbf1 & ab\t ?is "t ,samuel ,loyd rose into prom95ce1 :o 01 p]haps1 ! greate/ f9anci] ( mod]n times4 ,cauti\s & sagaci\s1 ?\gh resolute & bold1 gift$ ) an amaz+ p5etration into ! complex causes :i* control ! competition ( mod]n life1 he sway$ successive adm9i/rations1 & cru%$ d[n ! fi]ce/ opposition4 ,app>5tly he nev] falt]$ 9 8 c\rse1 & d[n to ! day ( 8 dea? he sne]$ at ! panic-/rick5 directors1 :o only sav$ !mselves f bankruptcy by accid5tally rememb]+ & issu+ a 8p>cel ( old disc>d$ "o-p\nd notes 444 drawn =? f a refuse cell> 9 #ahbe40ceg ,loyd's fa!r began life some:at humbly z a diss5t+ m9i/] 9 ,wales1 b1 aft] 8 m>riage1 he ent]$ a ,man*e/] firm1 & subsequ5tly f\nd$ 9 ,london ! h\se ( ,jones1 ,loyd & ,co41 aft]w>d m]g$ 9 ! ,london & ,we/m9/] ,bank1 "o ( ! l>ge/ conc]ns 9 ! _w4 ,samuel did n actually succe$ 8 fa!r until #ahdd1 b mu* e>li] he _h gr[n to be ! recogniz$ *ief ( ! moni$ int]e/1 & ,sir ,rob]t ,peel long s]v$ z 8 lieut5ant4 ,loyd 0 ! man :o conceiv$ ! ,bank ,act ( #ahdd1 :o succe$$ 9 lay+ 8 grasp ^u ! curr5cy ( ! k+dom1 & 9 ^: words1 !re=e1 ! policy ( ! new gov]n+ class is be/ /at$3-- 8,a pap]-circulation is ! sub/itution ( pap] 444 9 ! place ( ! preci\s metals4 ,! am\nt ( x ought !re=e to be equal to :at w\ld h be5 ! am\nt ( a metallic circulation2 & ( ?is ! be/ measure is ! influx or efflux ( bullion40#ceh 8,by ! provisions ( t ,act ! ,bank ,act ( #ahdd x is p]mitt$ to issue notes to ! am\nt ( #ad1jjj1jjj z be=e--t is1 ) no security = ! r$emption ( ! notes on dem& beyond ! legal obligation s to r$eem !m4 ,b all fluctuations 9 ! am\nt ( notes issu$ beyond ?is #ad1jjj1jjj mu/ h direct ref]5ce to correspond+ fluctuations 9 ! am\nt ( gold40#cei ,?us ,loyd's pr9ciple1 :i* he embodi$ 9 8 /atute1 0 ! rigid limitation ( ! curr5cy to ! weight ( gold available = money4 8,:5 444 notes are p]mitt$ to be issu$1 ! numb] 9 circulation %\ld always be exactly equal to ! co9 :i* w\ld be 9 circulation if !y did n exi/40#cfj ,9 #ahde ! ,bank ,act 0 ext5d$ to ,scotl&1 except t !re small notes 7 /ill tol]at$2 ! expansion ( prov9cial pap] 0 prohibit$1 & ,engl& rev]t$ to ! economic condition ( ,byzantium1--a condition ( contraction 9 :i* ! debtor class lies pro/rate1 =1 ! legal t5d] be+ absolutely limit$1 :5 cr$itors *oose to )draw _! loans1 paym5t becomes impossible4 ,p]haps no f9anci] has ev] liv$ abl] ?an ,samuel ,loyd4 ,c]ta9ly he und]/ood z few m51 ev5 ( lat] g5]ations1 h und]/ood1 ! mighty eng9e ( ! s+le /&>d4 ,he compreh5d$ t1 ) exp&+ trade1 an inela/ic curr5cy mu/ rise 9 value2 he saw t1 ) suffici5t res\rces at comm&1 8 class might be able to e/abli% su* a rise1 almo/ at pleasure2 c]ta9ly t !y c\ld manipulate x :5 x came1 by tak+ advantage ( =eign ex*anges4 ,he p]ceiv$ moreov] t1 once e/abli%$1 a contraction ( ! curr5cy might be =c$ to an extreme1 & t :5 money rose beyond price1 z 9 #ahbe1 debtors w\ld h to surr5d] _! prop]ty on su* t]ms z cr$itors might dictate4 ,fur!rmore1 he reason$ t "u pressure prices mu/ fall to a po9t l[] ?an 9 o!r nations1 t !n money w\ld fl[ f abroad1 & relief w\ld ultimately be giv51 ev5 if ! gov]nm5t did n int]f]e2 t ?is influx ( gold w\ld increase ! quantity ( money1 by s do+ w\ld aga9 raise prices1 & t1 :5 prices rose1 pl$ges =feit$ 9 ! panic might be resold at an advance4 ,he expla9$ ! pr9ciple ( ?is rise & fall ( values1 ) 8 usual lucidity1 to a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 :i* inve/igat$ ! panic ( #ahdg3-- 8,monet>y di/ress t5ds to produce fall ( prices2 t fall ( prices enc\rages exports & dim9i%es imports2 consequ5tly x t5ds to promote an influx ( bullion4 ,i c quote a fact ( r a /rik+ "*1 :i* t5ds to %[ t a contract+ op]ation ^u ! circulation t5ds to *eap5 ! co/ ( our manufactur$ productions1 & !re=e to increase our exports40 ,he !n /at$ t dur+ ! panic he _h receiv$ a lett] 8f a p]son ( great importance 9 ,lanca%ire10 begg+ him to use 8 influ5ce ) ! m9i/ry 8to be firm 9 ma9ta9+ ! act1--to be firm 9 resi/+ ^! applications = relaxation10 because 9 ,lanca%ire ! manufactur]s 7 /ruggl+ to 8resi/ ! improp]ly high price ( ! raw mat]ial ( cotton40 8,t lett] rea*$ me ! v morn+ t ! lett] ( ! gov]nm5t 0 issu$ susp5d+ ! act1 & almo/ imm$iately ! raw cotton rose 9 price40 ,q4 8,! writ] ( t lett] 0 probably a man ( consid]able sub/ance1 a v weal?y man1 ) abundant capital to c>ry on 8 bus9ess8 ,a4 8,he _h rec5tly retir$ f bus9ess4 ,i c /ate ano!r circum/ance t occurr$ 9 ,london corroborative ( ! same results4 ,)9 half an h\r ( ! "t t ! notes summon+ ! ,c\rt ( ,directors 444 7 issu$1 p>ties1 inf]r+ probably 444 t a relaxation 0 ab\t to take place1 s5t ord]s to )draw goods f a sale :i* 0 !n go+ on40#cfa ,! hi/ory ( half a c5tury has ju/ifi$ ! diagnosis ( ?is em95t f9anci]4 ,z foll[$ out by 8 successors1 ,loyd's policy has n only =c$ d[n prices ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 b has *ang$ ! aspect ( civilization4 ,9 ,engl& ! cata/rophe began ) ! passage ( ! ,bank ,act4 ,no soon] _h ?is /atute tak5 effect ?an x necess>ily caus$ a contraction ( ! curr5cy at a "t :5 gold 0 ris+ because ( comm]cial expansion4 ,betwe5 #ahci & #ahdi !re 0 a fall 9 prices ( tw5ty-eight p] c5t1 &1 sev]e z may h be5 ! decl9e1 x seems mod]ate consid]+ ! conditions :i* !n prevail$4 ,! yield ( ! m9es 0 scanty1 & ( ?is yield ,india absorb$ annually an av]age ( #b1cjh1jjj1 or some:at m ?an "o-six?4 ,am]ica 0 gr[+ ) unprec$5t$ vig\r1 indu/rial competition %>p5$ z prices fell1 & ! ye> ( ! 8,bank ,act0 0 ! ye> 9 :i* railway build+ began to take ! =m ( a mania4 ,! peasantry are always ! weake/ "p ( e population1 & !re=e agricultural prices are ! mo/ s5sitive4 ,b ! res\rces ( a peasantry are seldom l>ge1 &1 z ! value ( _! crops %r9ks1 ! m>g9 ( pr(it on :i* !y live dw9dles1 until !y are left ) only a b>e subsi/5ce 9 good ye>s1 & ) fam9e fac+ !m 9 bad4 ,! ,iri% peasants 7 ! weake/ portion ( ! population ( ,great ,brita9 :5 ,"l ,ov]/one became supreme1 & :5 ! potato crop fail$ 9 #ahde !y />v$4 ,al?\gh ! l&lords _h lo/ _! comm& ov] ! nation 9 #afhh1 !y yet1 d[n to ! la/ adm9i/ration ( ,peel1 _h kept /r5g? en\gh to secure protection f ,p>liam5t aga9/ =eign competition4 ,by #ahae ! yeomanry _h almo/ disappe>$1 ! soil belong$ to a few ri* families ^: rev5ue dep5d$ on r5ts1 & ! value ( r5ts turn$ on ! price ( ! c]eals4 ,to su/a9 ! m>ket = :eat became !re=e all-important to ! ari/ocracy1 & :51 ) ! peace1 prices collaps$1 !y obta9$ a /atute :i* prohibit$ imports until ! bu%el %\ld fet* t5 %ill+s at home4 ,?is /atute1 ?\gh frequ5tly am5d$ to make x m effective1 p>tially fail$ ( its purpose4 ,a contract+ curr5cy did its resi/less "w1 prices dropp$1 t5ants w5t bankrupt1 &1 z ! value ( money rose1 encumb]$ e/ates pass$ m frequ5tly into ! h&s ( cr$itors4 ,?us :5 ,peel took (fice 9 #ahda1 ! ,corn ,laws 7 reg>d$ by ! g5try z _! only hope1 & ,peel z _! *os5 *ampion2 b only a few ye>s elaps$ be=e x became evid5t t ! policy ( ,lomb>d ,/reet mu/ precipitate a /ruggle = life betwe5 ! manufactur]s & ! l&lords4 ,9 ! fam9e ( #ahdf ! decisive mom5t came1 & :5 ,sir ,rob]t sid$1 z 0 8 wont1 ) ! /ronge/1 & ab&on$ 8 foll[]s to _! fate1 he only yield$ to ! impulsion ( a resi/less =ce4 ,z a class bo? l&lords & manufactur]s 7 debtors1 &1 by #ahdd1 *eap bread appe>$ to be z vital to ! "o z de> corn 0 to ! o!r4 ,) a /eadily fall+ m>ket ! manufactur]s saw _! m>g9 ( pr(it %r9k1 & at la/ ,man*e/] & ,birm+ham believ$ !mselves to be confront$ ) ru9 unless wages fell proportionately1 or !y c\ld broad5 ! m>ket = _! w>es by means ( int]national ex*anges4 ,! ,corn ,laws clos$ bo? av5ues ( relief2 !re=e !re 0 w> to ! dea? betwe5 ! manufactur]s & ! ari/ocracy4 ,! savag5ess ( ! attack c be judg$ by ,cobd5's je]s at g5tlem5 :o admitt$ t free corn meant insolv5cy3-- 8,sir ,edw>d ,knat*bull c\ld n h made a bett] spee* = ! ,league ?an t :i* he made lately1 ev5 if he 7 paid = x4 ,i ro>$ s ) laught] t he call$ me specially to ord]1 & ,i begg$ 8 p>don1 = he is ! la/ man 9 ! _w ,i w\ld (f5d1 we are all s mu* oblig$ to him4 ,he said !y c\ld n d )\t ?is ,corn ,law1 because1 if x 7 repeal$1 !y c\ld n pay ! jo9tures1 *>g$ on _! e/ates4 ,"l ,m\ntca%el1 too 7he's n ov]-%>p7 said t "o half ! l& 0 mortgag$1 & !y c\ld n pay ! int]e/ unless !y _h a tax ^u bread4 ,9 ,lanca%ire1 :5 a man gets into debt & c't pay1 he goes into ! ,gazette1 & :at is good = a manufactur] is1 ,i ?9k1 good = a l&lord40#cfb ,9 su* a conte/ ! g5try 7 ov]mat*$1 = !y 7 b nature's fir/ ef=t t[>d creat+ ! economic type1 & !y 7 pitt$ aga9/ lat] =ms :i* _h long di/anc$ !m 9 ! competition ( life4 ,bright & ,cobd51 z well z ,loyd & ,peel1 belong$ to a race :i* _h be5 driv5 into trade1 by ! loss ( _! freeholds to ! =tunate ance/ors ( ! m5 :o lay at _! m]cy 9 #ahdf4 ,peel himself 0 ! son ( a cotton-sp9n]1 & ! gr&son ( a yeoman1 :o1 only 9 middle life1 _h quitt$ 8 h&-loom to make 8 =tune 9 ! 8indu/rial revolution40 ,9 mod]n ,engl&1 z 9 anci5t ,italy1 ! weake/ sank fir/1 & ! l&$ g5try succumb$1 almo/ )\t resi/ance1 to ! comb9ation :i* ,lomb>d ,/reet made aga9/ !m4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! manufactur]s seem$ to triumph1 _! exultation 0 %ort1 = ! fate imp5d$ ov] !m1 ev5 9 ! h\r ( _! victory1 :i* always ov]hangs ! debtor :5 ! curr5cy has be5 seiz$ by ! cr$itor class4 ,by ! 8,bank ,act0 ! usur]s became supreme1 & 9 #ahdf ! potato crop fail$ ev5 m completely ?an 9 #ahde4 ,cr$it always is m s5sitive 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,france1 because x re/s ^u a n>r[] basis1 & at t mom5t x happ5$ to be /ra9$ by excessive railway loans4 ,) free trade 9 corn1 l>ge imports ( :eat 7 made1 :i* 7 paid = ) gold4 ,a dra9 set 9 ^u ! ,bank1 ! res]ve 0 deplet$1 & by ,octob] #b1 #ahdg1 ! directors d5i$ all fur!r advances4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s ( ! passage ( 8 /atute1 ! ev5t ,loyd _h =ese5 arriv$4 8,monet>y di/ress0 began to =ce d[n prices4 ,! decision ( ! directors to refuse disc\nts creat$ 8a great excitem5t on ! ,/ock ,ex*ange4 ,! t[n & c\ntry bank]s ha/5$ to sell _! public securities1 to conv]t !m into money4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! price ( consols = ready money & = ! acc\nt ( ! #ad? ( ,octob] %[$ a rate ( int]e/ equival5t to #ej p] c5t p] annum4 ,ex*equ] bills 7 sold at #ces4 disc\nt40444 8,a complete cessation ( private disc\nts foll[$4 ,no "o w\ld "p ) ! money or notes 9 8 possession4 ,! mo/ exorbitant sums 7 (f]$ to & refus$ by m]*ants = _! acceptances40#cfc ,additional gold c\ld only be look$ = f abroad1 & z a consid]able "t mu/ elapse be=e specie c\ld arrive 9 suffici5t quantity to give relief1 ! curr5cy actually 9 use (f]$ ! only means ( obta9+ legal t5d] = ! paym5t ( debts4 ,consequ5tly ho>d+ became g5]al1 &1 z ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ] aft]w>d obs]v$1 8an am\nt ( circulation :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 w\ld h be5 adequate1 became insuffici5t = ! wants ( ! community40 ,boxes ( gold & bank-notes 9 8?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( p\nds0 7 8deposit$ ) bank]s40 ,! m]*ants1 ! *ancellor said1 begg$ = notes3 8,let u h notes2 444 we don't c>e :at ! rate ( int]e/ is4444 ,only tell u t we c get !m1 & ?is w at once re/ore confid5ce40#cfd ,b1 aft] ,octob] #b1 no notes 7 to be _h1 money 0 a commodity )\t price1 & _h ! policy ( ! 8,bank ,act0 be5 rigor\sly ma9ta9$1 ,engli% debtors1 ^: obligations !n matur$1 mu/ h =feit$ _! prop]ty1 s9ce cr$it _h ceas$ to exi/ & curr5cy c\ld n be obta9$ :]e) to r$eem _! pl$ges4 ,! in/9ct ( ! usur] has1 h[ev]1 nev] be5 to ru9 sudd5ly ! community 9 :i* he has liv$3 only by degrees does he exhau/ human vitality4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! great capitali/s _h satisfi$ _! appetites1 !y gave relief4 ,f ! #b;d to ! #be? ( ,octob]1 contraction 0 all[$ to d its "w2 !n ,ov]/one int]v5$1 ! gov]nm5t 0 in/ruct$ to susp5d ! 8act10 & ! community 0 promis$ all ! curr5cy x might require4 ,! effect 0 in/antane\s4 ,! lett] f ! cab9et1 sign$ by ,"l ,john ,russell1 :i* recomm5d$ ! directors ( ! ,bank to increase _! disc\nts1 80 made public ab\t "o o'clock on ,monday1 ! #be?1 & no soon] 0 x done s ?an ! panic vani%$ l a dream6 ,mr4 ,gurney /at$ t x produc$ its effect 9 t5 m9utes6 ,no soon] 0 x kn[n t notes might be _h1 ?an ! want ( !m ceas$60#cfe ,l>ge p>cels ( notes 7 8return$ to ! ,bank ( ,engl& cut into halves1 z !y _h be5 s5t d[n into ! c\ntry40 ,! /ory ( ?is crisis demon/rates t1 by #ahdd1 ! money-l5d]s _h become autocratic 9 ,london4 ,! m9i/ry 7 naturally unwill+ to susp5d a /atute :i* _h j be5 enact$1 & ! bl[ to ,sir ,rob]t ,peel 0 peculi>ly sev]e2 b ! position ( ! gov]nm5t admitt$ ( no alt]native4 ,at ! "t x 0 said t ! private bank]s ( ,london intimat$ to ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ] t1 unless he int]f]$ =?)1 !y w\ld )draw _! balances f ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,?is meant insolv5cy1 & to su* an argum5t !re 0 no reply4 ,b :e!r matt]s actually w5t s f> or n1 !re c be no "q t ! cab9et act$ "u ! dictation ( ,lomb>d ,/reet1 = ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ] def5d$ 8 policy by decl>+ t ! 8act0 _h n be5 susp5d$ until 8^? conv]sant ) comm]cial affairs1 & lea/ likely to decide 9 fav\r ( ! c\rse :i* we ultimately adopt$10 unanim\sly advis$ t relief %\ld be giv5 to ! m]cantile community4#cff ,!re 0 extreme suff]+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 :i* manife/$ itself 9 all ! well-kn[n ways4 ,! rev5ue fell (f1 emigration increas$1 :eat br\ght b ab\t five %ill+s ! bu%el1 :ile 9 ,engl& & ,wales alone !re 7 upw>ds ( n9e hundr$ ?\s& paup]s4 ,discont5t took ! =m ( ,*>tism1 & a revolution seem$ imm95t4 ,nor 0 x ,great ,brita9 only :i* 0 convuls$3 all ,europe 0 %ak5 to its c5tre1 & ev]y?+ port5d$ "s dire convulsion1 :5 nature int]v5$ & p\r$ ^u ! _w a /ream ( treasure too b\ntiful to be at once controll$4 ,9 #ahdi ! fir/ ,cali=nian gold rea*$ ,liv]pool4 ,9 f\r ye>s ! supply ( ! preci\s metals trebl$1 prices rose1 crops sold aga9 at a pr(it4 ,z ! f>m]s grew ri*1 ! dem& = manufactures quick5$1 wages advanc$1 discont5t vani%$1 & ?\gh values nev] aga9 rea*$ ! altitude ( #ahji1 !y at lea/ atta9$ t level ( sub/antial prosp]ity :i* prec$$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,nev]!less1 ! fall 9 ! pur*as+ p[] ( money1 & ! consequ5t ability ( debtors to meet _! obligations1 did n excite t univ]sal joy :i* _h ?rill$ ,europe at ! discov]y ( ,potosi1 = a pr(\nd *ange _h pass$ ov] society s9ce ! buccane]s laid ! f\ndations ( ,engl&'s =tune by ! plund] ( ! ,p]uvian galleons4 ,to ! type ( m9d :i* pr$om9at$ aft] #ahaj1 ! p]man5t rise ( commodities relatively to money 0 unwelcome1 &1 almo/ f ! op5+ ( ! gold discov]ies1 a subtle b resi/less =ce 0 work+ = contraction--a =ce :i* fir/ %[$ itself 9 ! movem5t = an uni=m gold co9age1 & aft]w>ds 9 g5]al gold monometallism4 ,! great *ange came ) ! conque/ ( ,france by ,g]many4 ,until aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,g]many held only a second>y position 9 ! economic sy/em ( ,europe1 because ( h] pov]ty4 ,) few h>b\rs1 %e _h reap$ little advantage f ! plund] ( ,am]ica & ,india1 ex*anges _h nev] c5tr$ )9 h] bord]s1 & h] accumulat$ capital _h n suffic$ to /imulate high consolidation4 ,! conque/ ( ,france sudd5ly trans=m$ ^! conditions4 ,9 #ahga %e acquir$ an enorm\s booty1 & ! effect ^u h] 0 ak9 to ! effect on ,engl& ( ! confiscations 9 ,b5gal2 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t1 unlike ,engl&1 ,g]many pass$ almo/ imm$iately into ! p]iod ( contraction4 ,! spoliation ( ,india w5t on = tw5ty ye>s1 t ( ,france 0 f9i%$ 9 a few mon?s1 &1 :ile 9 ,engl& ! 8indu/rial revolution0 int]v5$ betwe5 ,plassey & ! adoption ( ! gold /&>d1 9 ,g]many ! bank]s dom9at$ f ! outset4 ,! gov]nm5t belong$ to ! class :i* desir$ an appreciat+ curr5cy1 & 9 #ahgc ! new empire foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ,lomb>d ,/reet1 & demonetiz$ silv]4 ,g]many's action 0 decisive4 ,re/rictions 7 plac$ on ! m9ts ( ! ,lat9 ,union & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?us1 by degrees1 ! :ole /ress ( ! trade ( ! ,we/ 0 transf]r$ f ! old composite curr5cy to gold alone4 ,9 ?is way1 n only 0 ! basis ( cr$it 9 ! *ief comm]cial /ates cut 9 half1 b ! annual supply ( metal = co9age 0 dim9i%$4 ,9 #ahic ! gold m9$ fell ne>ly n9e p] c5t %ort ( ! value ( ! gold & silv] produc$ 9 #ahfe1 & yet1 dur+ ^? tw5ty-eight ye>s1 ! dem& = money mu/ h increas$ enorm\sly1 if x 9 any degree correspond$ ) ! gr[? ( trade4 ,! ph5om5a :i* foll[$ ! adoption ( ! gold /&>d by ,we/]n c\ntries 7 precisely ^? :i* _h be5 anticipat$ by ,loyd4 ,"l ,ov]/one _h expla9$ !m to an e>li] g5]ation4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s on ! 8,bank ,*>t]10 z e>ly z #ahee1 he develop$ ! :ole policy ( ! usur]s3-- 8,if a c\ntry increases 9 population1 9 weal?1 9 ent]prise1 & activity1 m circulat+ m$ium w probably be requir$ to conduct its ext5d$ transactions4 ,?is dem& = increas$ circulation w raise ! value ( ! exi/+ circulation2 x w become m sc>ce & m valuable1 444 9 o!r words--gold w rise44440#cfg ,by ! action ( ,g]many1 ,ov]/one's policy 0 ext5d$ to ! :ole ,we/]n _w1 ) ! results he _h =ese54 ,gold appreciat$1 until x acquir$ a pur*as+ p[] unequall$ s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 & :ile 9 ! silv]-us+ c\ntries prices rema9$ sub/antially un*ang$ & ! produc]s accord+ly prosp]$1 pro/ration sup]v5$ 9 ,europe1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,au/ralia4 ,z usual ! rural population suff]$ mo/1 & ! ,engli% ari/ocracy1 :o _h be5 respit$ by ! gold discov]ies1 7 ! fir/ to succumb4 ,!y n only drew _! rev5ues f f>m+ l&1 b1 /&+ at ! focus ( competition1 !y 7 expos$ to ! pressure ( ,asia & ,am]ica alike4 ,! h>ve/ ( #ahgi 0 "o ( ! wor/ ( ! c5tury1 l& depreciat$ hopelessly1 & t ye> may probably be tak5 z m>k+ ! d[nfall ( a class :i* _h ma9ta9$ itself 9 opul5ce = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,?is ,tudor ari/ocracy1 :i* sprang up at ! ,re=mation1 0 "o ( ! fir/ effects ( ! quick5$ movem5t :i* transf]r$ ! c5tre ( ex*anges f ,italy to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,!y repres5t$ %>p5+ economic competition1 & !y prosp]$ because ( an intellectual gift1 an aptitude !y enjoy$1 ( absorb+ ! l&s ( ! prie/s & soldi]s amid/ :om !y dwelt4 ,^! soldi]s 7 ! yeom5 :o1 :5 evict$1 became pirates1 slav]s1 comm]cial adv5tur]s1 religi\s coloni/s1 & conqu]ors1 & :o toge!r p\r$ ! flood ( treasure into ,london :i*1 transmut$ into movem5t1 made ! 8indu/rial revolution40 ,:5 by _! ef=ts1 t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 suffici5tly va/ res]voirs ( en]gy 9 ! %ape ( money _h accumulat$1 a new race rose to prom95ce1 fitt$ to give v5t to ?is =ce--m5 l ,na?an ,ro?s*ild & ,samuel ,loyd1 probably end[$ ) a subtl] intellect & a ke5] vision ?an any :o _h prec$$ !m1 f9anci]s beside :om ! usur]s ( ,byzantium1 or ! nobles ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 7 pigmies4 ,^! bank]s conceiv$ a policy unrivall$ 9 brilliancy1 :i* made !m ma/]s ( all comm]ce1 indu/ry1 & trade4 ,!y engross$ ! gold ( ! _w1 & !n1 by legislation1 made x ! sole measure ( values4 ,:at ,samuel ,loyd & 8 foll[]s did to ,engl&1 9 #ahdg1 became possible = 8 successors to d to all ! gold /&>d nations1 aft] #ahgc4 ,:5 ! m9ts _h be5 clos$ to silv]1 ! curr5cy be+ inela/ic1 ! value ( money c\ld be manipulat$ l t ( any article limit$ 9 quantity1 & ?us ! human race became ! subjects ( ! new ari/ocracy1 :i* repres5t$ ! /or$ en]gy ( mank9d4 ,f ! mom5t ?is ari/ocracy has det]m9$ on a policy1 z1 = example ! 8,bank ,act0 or monometallism1 resi/ance by produc]s becomes mo/ difficult4 ,be+ debtors1 produc]s are de/roy$ :5 cr$it is )drawn1 &1 at ! fir/ signs ( insubord9ation1 ! bank]s draw 9 _! gold1 contract _! loans1 & precipitate a panic4 ,!n1 to escape imm$iate ru91 ! debtor yields4 ,s9ce #ahgc prices h g5]ally fall51 & ! mortgage has t5d$ to engulf ! pl$ge2 b1 f "t to "t ! cr$itor class feels ! ne$ ( turn+ ! prop]ty x has acquir$ f bankrupts into gold1 & !n ! rise expla9$ by ,ov]/one takes place4 ,! ho>ds are op5$1 cr$it is freely giv51 ! quantity ( curr5cy is increas$1 values rise1 sales are made1 & new adv5tur]s contract fre% obligations4 ,!n ?is expansion is foll[$ by a fre% contraction1 & liquidation is repeat$ on an ev]-desc5d+ scale4 ,= _m ye>s f>m+ l& has fall5 ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 z x fell 9 ,italy 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y4 ,ev]y:]e1 z "u ,trajan1 ! peasantry are di/ress$2 ev]y:]e !y migrate to ! cities1 z !y did :5 ,rome repudiat$ ! d5>ius4 ,by ! c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom tak5 9 #ahia1 n only did x appe> t ov] sev5ty-"o p] c5t ( ! inhabitants ( ,engl& & ,wales liv$ 9 t[ns1 b t1 :ile ! urban di/ricts _h increas$ above fifte5 p] c5t s9ce ! la/ c5sus1 ! population ( ! purely agricultural c\nties _h dim9i%$4#cfh ,moreov]1 )9 a g5]ation1 !re has be5 a m>k$ loss ( fecundity among ! m co/ly races4 ,! rate ( increase ( ! population has dim9i%$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is g5]ally believ$ t ! old native ,am]ican blood is h>dly reproduc+ itself2 b1 9 all social ph5om5a1 ,france prec$es o!r nations by at lea/ a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & x is1 !re=e1 9 ,france t ! failure ( vitality is mo/ pla9ly se54 ,9 #aghi ! av]age ,fr5* family consi/$ ( #d4b *ildr54 ,9 #ahia x _h fall5 to #b4a1cfi &1 s9ce #ahij1 ! dea?s seem to h equall$ ! bir?s4#cgj ,9 #ahhi legislation 0 attempt$ to enc\rage productiv5ess1 & p>5ts ( sev5 *ildr5 7 exempt$ f c]ta9 classes ( taxes1 b ! exp]im5t fail$4 ,levasseur1 9 8 great "w on ! population ( ,france1 has express$ himself almo/ 9 ! words ( ,tacitus3 8,x c be laid d[n z a g5]al law t1 if 9 su* a social condition z t ( ! ,fr5* ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! numb] ( *ildr5 is small1 x is because ! majority ( p>5ts wi% x %\ld be small40#cga ,su* signs po9t to ! climax ( consolidation4 ,& yet1 ev5 ! rise ( ! bank]s is n ! only or ! sure/ indication t c5tralization is culm9at+4 ,! de/ruction1 wr\ght by accel]at$ movem5t1 ( ! less t5aci\s organisms1 is m evid5t bel[ ?an above1 is m /rik+ 9 ! advance ( *eap lab\r1 ?an 9 ! evolution ( ! f9anci]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,conclusion ,app>5tly nature ne$s to consume ab\t ?ree g5]ations 9 p]fect+ ! selection ( a new type4 ,accord+ly ! money-l5d]s did n become absolute imm$iately aft] ,wat]loo1 & a p]iod ( "s sixty ye>s foll[$ dur+ :i* ! adv5tur]s kept up a /ruggle1 :]e9 !y 7 aid$ by ! discov]ies ( gold ne> ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,seem+ly !y met _! f9al defeat at ,s$an1 = ! decay ( ! soldi]1 :i* _h be5 9 progress s9ce ! fall ( ,napoleon1 rea*$ a po9t1 aft] ! collapse ( ! ,second ,empire1 ev5 l[] ?an aft] ! consolidation ( ,rome4 ,f ,al>ic to ,napoleon ! soldi] _h s]v$ z an indep5d5t v5t to en]gy4 ,(t51 ev5 :5 oppos$ to capital1 he _h be5 victori\s1 & ! highe/ function ( a lead] ( m5 _h be51 9 !ory at lea/1 milit>y comm&4 ,! ideal /atesman _h be5 "o :o1 l ,cromwell1 ,fr$]ic ! ,great1 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,william ,,iii41 & ,wa%+ton1 c\ld lead 8 foll[]s 9 battle1 &1 on ! ,cont95t1 d[n to #aghi1 ! ari/ocracy _h pr(ess$ly be5 a milit>y ca/e4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many ! old tradition la/$ to )9 a g5]ation4 ,only aft] #ahga came ! new era1 an era m>k$ by _m social *anges4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 _! hi/ory ! rul] ( ! ,fr5* p pass$ admitt$ly f ! m>tial to ! moni$ type1 & ev]y:]e ! same ph5om5on appe>$2 ! :ole adm9i/ration ( society fell into ! h&s ( ! economic man4 ,no?+ s radical happ5$ at ,rome1 or ev5 at ,byzantium1 = !re ! pressure ( ! b>b>ians necessitat$ ! ret5tion ( ! comm&] at ! head ( ! ,/ate2 9 ,europe he lo/ ?is importance4 ,s9ce ! capitulation ( ,p>is ! soldi] has t5d$ to s9k m & m into a paid (ficial1 receiv+ 8 ord]s f f9anci]s ) 8 sal>y1 )\t be+ all[$ a voice ev5 9 que/ions involv+ peace & w>4 ,! same fate has ov]tak5 ! produc+ classes2 !y h fail$ to ma9ta9 !mselves1 & h become subjects ( ! possessors ( ho>d$ weal?4 ,al?\gh ! conv5tions ( popul> gov]nm5t are /ill pres]v$1 capital is at lea/ z absolute z "u ! ,cs>s1 &1 among capitali/s1 ! money-l5d]s =m an ari/ocracy4 ,debtors are 9 reality p[]less1 because ( ! ext5sion ( t v sy/em ( cr$it :i* !y inv5t$ to satisfy _! ne$s4 ,al?\gh ! volume ( cr$it is gigantic1 ! basis on :i* x re/s is s n>r[ t x may be manipulat$ by a h&ful ( m54 ,t basis is gold2 9 gold debts mu/ be paid2 !re=e1 :5 gold is )drawn1 ! debtor is helpless & becomes ! s]vant ( 8 ma/]4 ,! ela/icity ( ! age ( expansion has gone4 ,! ari/ocracy :i* wields ?is autocratic p[] is beyond attack1 = x is def5d$ by a wage-e>n+ police1 by ! side ( :i* ! legions 7 a toy2 a police s =midable t1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 revolt is hopeless & is n attempt$4 ,! only "q :i* preoccupies ! rul+ class is :e!r x is *eap] to co]ce or to bribe4 ,on look+ back ov] long p]iods ( "t1 ! sequ5ce ( causes may be foll[$ :i* h l$ to ?is result4 ,fir/1 inv5tions f ! ,ea/ facilitat$ trade2 !n1 ! p]fection ( weapons ( attack made police possible1 & individual brav]y unnecess>y2 on ?is foll[$ ! abasem5t ( ! m>tial & exaltation ( ! economic type2 & f9ally t int5se accel]ation ( movem5t by ma*9]y sup]v5$1 :i*1 9 annihilat+ space1 has de/roy$ ! protection t ! co/ly races long enjoy$ aga9/ ! competition ( simpl] organisms4 ,roman civilization 0 less complex ?an mod]n because ( ! relative inflexibility ( ! ,lat9 m9d4 ,unable to quick5 8 motions by inv5tions1 ! anci5t ,italian fail$ to discov] ,am]ica or absorb ,india1 &1 = ! same reason1 collaps$ )\t an ef=t "u ! insidi\s attack ( ,asiatic & ,african lab\r4 ,no indu/rial expansion foll[$ ! influx ( bullion "u ,cs>1 & !re=e1 :5 ! value ( c]eals fell1 ! evict$ f>m] ei!r sank into slav]y or begg$ = bread f ! magnates ( ! ,s5ate4 ,9 mod]n times an indu/rial p]iod has int]v5$2 ! evict$ long f\nd employm5t 9 ! factories ( ! t[ns1 & x has only be5 z contraction has r$uc$ ! dem& = m]*&ise1 by dim9i%+ ! pur*as+ p[] ( ! agricultural population1 t ^? /agnant pools ( ! unemploy$ h collect$1 :i* exactly correspond to ! prolet>iat4 ,b1 z ea* special faculty :i*1 = a "t1 enables its possessor to excel 9 competition1 seems to be> ) x ! se$s ( its own decay1 s ! inv5tive1 :i* once enabl$ ! ,we/]n races to und]sell ! ,ea/]n 9 _! homes seems de/9$ to r$uce all to a common economic level1 z ,rome sank to ! level ( ,egypt4 ,= ne>ly a c5tury ! inv5tions ( ,h>greaves1 ( ,crompton1 ( ,c>twright1 & ( ,watt1 enabl$ ,lanca%ire to supply ,bombay & ,calcutta ) fabrics1 z1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,surat & ,calicut _h suppli$ ,london1 & ?is sup]iority appe>$ assur$ until ,ori5tals %\ld acquire ! mom5tum necess>y = ma*9]y4 ,"o effect 9 ,europe 0 ! rapid increase ( a population congregat$ 9 t[ns1 & be>+ a m>k$ resemblance to ! 8humiliores0 ( ,rome 9 _! dis9cl9ation = w>4 ,true to _! in/9cts1 ! adv5tur]s ev] quick5$ _! movem5ts1 ev] ext5d$ ! sph]e ( _! ent]prises1 &1 f9ally1 j z ! ,second ,empire v]g$ ^u its fall1 !y op5$ ! ,suez ,canal 9 #ahfi4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is great eng9e]+ triumph h probably equall$ 9 gravity ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gold /&>d1 b ! two ph5om5a _h ?is m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,! produc]s saw _! dang] & resi/$ to ! utmo/ ! contraction ( ! curr5cy1 :]eas ! ,canal 0 a case ( suicide4 ,!nce=w>d gra91 rais$ by ! mo/ endur+ lab\r ( ! _w1 c\ld be ?r[n )\t limit on ! ,european m>ket1 &1 agricultural competition once e/abli%$1 indu/rial c\ld only be a "q ( "t4 ,! ,canal made ! importation & ! rep>ation ( ma*9]y *eap ?r\gh\t ,asia4 ,f a p]iod1 p]haps1 z remote z ,clive's victories1 ! ,h9doos _h exp]i5c$ a c]ta9 impulsion f contact ) ! ,briti%1 b x 0 n until ! build+ ( railroads1 "u ,"l ,dalh\sie1 t ! sev]] phases ( competition op5$ among ! inhabitants ( ,india4 ,"l ,dalh\sie became ,gov]nor ,g5]al 9 #ahdh1 &1 t ! accel]ation ( ! next n9e ye>s culm9at$ 9 a cata/rophe seems c]ta91 = no?+ c be pla9] ?an t ! ,mut9y ( #aheg 0 an outbreak ( a m>tial ,mohamm$an population cru%$ "u an intol]able pressure4 ,! locality ( ! di/urbance alone is en\gh to demon/rate ! accuracy ( ?is inf]5ce4 ,dalh\sie's la/ act 0 ! annexation ( ! ,k+dom ( ,oude4 ,( ?is prov9ce ,luckn[ is ! capital1 & :ile ,luckn[ 0 "o focus ( ! insurrection1 ,delhi1 ! capital ( ! anci5t ,mogul empire1 0 ! o!r4 ,once subdu$ by ! ,briti%1 & r$uc$ to an economic equality ) subtl] races1 ! old ,moslem g5try rapidly disappe>$4 ,s9ce #aheg ^! families1 :i* _h ma9ta9$ !mselves = six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 h rapidly fall5 into ru91 & _! e/ates h be5 b\ght by _! cr$itors1 ! ris+ usur] class4 ,"u immemorial native cu/om ! money-l5d]1 g5]ally speak+1 _h no =cible means ( collect+ debt2 he reli$ on public op9ion & conduct$ himself accord+ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unre/rict$ ali5ation ( l& 0 n usually incid5tal to proprietor%ip1 & ?us ! t5ant = life1 z he w\ld be call$ 9 ,engli% law1 c\ld only pl$ge 8 crops2 he c\ld n sell ! succession4 ,) c5tralization came full own]%ip1 & ) x summ>y process = debt4 ,foll[+ h] immutable law1 nature1 hav+ *ang$ ! =m ( competition1 proce$$ to select a quality ( m9d to correspond ) ! new conditions ( life4 ,%e dem&$ improv$ v5ts = h] en]gy4 ,=?)1 "u ! pressure ( accel]at$ movem5t & advanc+ consolidation1 ! trammels ( ca/e relax$1 ! population fus$1 & a new ari/ocracy arose1 compos$ ( ! /ronge/ economic types cull$ f all ! peoples :o inhabit ! pla9s s\? ( ! ,himalayas4 ,?is ari/ocracy is a /range mixture ( blood1 an amalgam ( ! mo/ div]se elem5ts1 ( ,p>sees1 ,brahm9s1 ,bunniahs ( diff]5t races1 ) gift$ individuals f o!r ca/es1 l ! lea!r-work]s or ! goldsmi?s2 b among !m all ! mo/ ru?less1 ! corrupte/1 ! mo/ hat$1 & ! mo/ successful1 are ! ,m>w>is1 :o h be5 ?us describ$ by a ,briti% commission3-- 8,! av]age ,m>w>i money-l5d] is n a pleasant "* to analyze2 8 mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics are love ( ga9 & indiff]5ce to ! op9ions or feel+s ( 8 neighb\r4 ,he has consid]able self-reliance & imm5se indu/ry1 b ! nature ( 8 bus9ess & ! me?od by :i* x is pursu$ w\ld t5d to degrade & h>d5 ev5 a humane nature1 :i* 8 is n4 ,z a l&lord he foll[s ! in/9cts ( ! usur]1 mak+ ! h>de/ t]ms possible ) 8 t5ant1 :o is also 8 debtor & (t5 little bett] ?an 8 slave40#cgb ,! effect ( ! selection ( su* a type z a dom9ant class mu/ be de/ructive to a m>tial population1 :e!r x be ,fr5* or ,engli%1 ,mohamm$an or ,h9doo4 ,! social revolution :i* swept ov] ,oude aft] its annexation has be5 ref]r$ to1 b ! fate :i* ov]took ! fam\s ,mahratta nation is ev5 m tragic & impressive4 ,:51 t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,briti% 7 pu%+ _! conque/s inl&1 ! mo/ =midable enemy !y met 7 ! ,mahrattas2 &1 p]haps1 ! mo/ r5[n$ battle1 next to ,plassey1 ev] f\ght by ,europeans aga9/ natives1 0 ,assaye1 :]e ,wellesley defeat$ ,s9dhia 9 #ahjc4 ,^! ,mahrattas 7 tribes ( ,h9doo f>m]s1 :o inhabit$ ! m\nta9\s c\ntry ab\t "o hundr$ miles to ! ea/ ( ,bombay2 a t]ritory ( :i* ,poona has always be5 consid]$ ! capital4 ,m\nt$ on _! hill ponies1 ^! bold & h>dy spe>m5 7 always ready to foll[ _! *iefs to battle1 &1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 became ! t]ror n only ( ! ,mohamm$ans ( ! ,deccan1 b ( ! ,mogul himself1 at ,delhi4 ,ev5 ! ,engli% respect$ & fe>$ !m1 & only subdu$ !m 9 #ahah aft] desp]ate fight+4 ,!n !y 7 dis>m$ & subject$ to ! comb9$ action ( peace & ,engli% law4 ,soon aft] ?is conque/ an infl[ ( ,m>w>is began4 ,z e>ly z #ahed1 9 ,dalh\sie's adm9i/ration1 ,capta9 ,&]son /at$ t 8two-?irds ( ! ryots 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,m>w>is1 & t ! av]age debt ( ea* individual 0 n less ?an ,rs4 #ajj40cgc ,competition cont9u$ un*eck$ z "t fl[$ on1 & 9 #ahge di/urbances broke out 9 c]ta9 villages ne> ,poona1 s]i\s en\gh to cause ! gov]nm5t to appo9t a commission ( inquiry4 ,aft] full inve/igation ?is commission report$ t up to #ahgb or #ahgc ! peasantry _h seem$ relatively prosp]\s1 b t aft]w>d 8prices fell quickly10 & t ?is fall _h be5 accompani$ by a rise 9 taxation ( some:at m ?an fifty p] c5t4#cgd ,"u ?is d\ble pressure ! peasantry _h rapidly sunk into insolv5cy1 & ! :ole real e/ate ( ! ,deccan 0 pass+ into ! h&s ( usur]s1 :ile ! f>m]s _h become s]fs toil+ on ! soil !y _h once own$1 to satisfy an inext+ui%able debt4 ,precisely l ! colonus1 ! del9qu5t 0 n evict$1 b rema9$1 8record$ z occupi] ( 8 hold+1 & responsible = ! paym5t ( rev5ue assess$ on x1 b virtually r$uc$ by pressure ( debt to a t5ant-at-w1 444 sweat$ by 8 ,m>w>i cr$itor4 ,x is 9 t cr$itor's p[] to eject him any day2 444 & if all[$ to hold on1 x is only on condition ( pay+ ov] to 8 cr$itor all ! produce ( 8 l& n absolutely necess>y = next ye>'s se$ gra9 or = ! support ( life4 ,he is indebt$ on an av]age to ! ext5t ( sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s' paym5t ( ! gov]nm5t rev5ue4 ,he has no?+ to hope =1 b lives 9 daily fe> ( ! f9al cata/rophe40#cge ,s9ce ,assaye ?ree g5]ations h pass$ away1 & ! ,mahratta spe>m5 h vani%$4 ,! ,we/]n ,ghats are n[ till$ by a sluggi% race :om ! ,briti% (fic]s deem unwor?y ( _! cavalry1 & 9 ! place ( ^? r5[n$ & d>+ *iefs ,sivaji & ,holk>1 /&s ! ,m>w>i "u :om no ryots c prosp] save ^? 8:o hav+ receiv$ "s education are able to combat ! s[k>s ) _! own weapons1 fraud1 *ican]y1 & ev5 =g]y40#cgf ,app>5tly ! same de/9y awaits e p :i* requires m ?an ! m9imum ( nutrim5t1 or :i* is n gift$ ) ! economic m9d1#cgg = ! 8money-l5d]s sweep (f ! crops z soon z h>ve/$1 only leav+ ) ! ryots b>ely suffici5t to eke out a subsi/5ce till ! foll[+ ye>40#cgh ,t all[ance1 9 ! ,deccan1 is e/imat$ at ab\t a doll> a mon? 9 silv]--too little to su/a9 any b ! mo/ t5aci\s organisms1 ev5 among ,asiatics4 ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh ! population ( ,india is increas+ rapidly1 ! increase lies *iefly among ! aborig9al tribes :o =m ! l[e/ ca/es1 or 9 o!r words among ! non-m>tial or s]vile races4 ,m5 :o1 ?\gh enslav$ by ! ,aryan invad]s ( prehi/oric times1 & :o h always be5 subject$ to extreme/ h>d%ip1 h be5 gift$1 l ! ,egyptian fellah1 ) an endurance :i* has enabl$ !m to survive4#cgi ,h]e91 likewise1 may be pla9ly p]ceiv$ ! de/ructive effects ( ! policy ( ! ,we/]n usur]s ^u ! population subject to !m4 ,by enhanc+ ! value ( _! own money !y h ne>ly d\bl$ ! int5sity ( ?is ,asiatic competition4 ,9 ,india1 silv] has sub/antially reta9$ its pur*as+ p[]1 !re=e ! ryot n[1 z 9 ! days ( ,capta9 ,cunn+ham1 c exi/ on two rupees a mon?1 b he _c live on less4 ,accord+ly1 ! sev]ity ( 8 competition ) ,europeans mu/ be measur$ by ! value ( 8 wages :5 reckon$ on ! ,european scale4 ,9 #ahed ! ryot's two rupees 7 wor? "o doll>2 n[1 ?r\gh ! appreciation ( gold1 !y are wor? ab\t sixty c5ts1 & ! effect is ! same z ?\gh ! t5acity ( life ( ! ,asiatic _h be5 increas$ f\r-six?s4 ,ev]y?+ ! ,indian or ,*9ese peasant produces ) 8 h&s1 :e!r on ! f>m or 9 ! factory1 has be5 r$uc$ 9 price1 9 relation to ,we/]n peoples1 9 ! ratio ( six to t54 ,! *eape/ =m ( lab\r is ?us be+ br$ on a gigantic scale1 & ?is lab\r is be+ accel]at$ by an indu/rial developm5t :i* is /imulat$ by eviction ( ! f>m]s1 z ! 8indu/rial revolution0 0 /imulat$ 9 ,engl& "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago4 ,= _m ye>s ! cotton mills ( ,bombay h und]sold ,lanca%ire 9 ! co>s] fabrics1 & :51 by means ( a canal to ! ,pacific1 ,am]ican cotton c be import$ *eaply1 !y w sp9 ! f9] also4 ,moreov]1 ,h9do/an is full ( iron & coal :i* has nev] be5 utiliz$ because ( ! imm5se diff]5ce 9 ! rapidity ( ,european & ,asiatic lab\r1 b ! /eadily fall+ range ( ,we/]n prices mu/ =ce ! *eape/ product on ! m>ket1 & :5 ! ,indian railways h be5 assum$ by ! gov]nm5t1 a new era w h op5$4 ,! same causes are affect+ ,*9a & ,japan1 &1 "u precisely simil> conditions1 ! c5tre ( ex*anges pass$ f ! ,tib] to ! ,bosphorus sixte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,su* uni=mity ( developm5t 9 ! mo/ di/ant times1 & among ! mo/ div]g5t peoples1 po9ts to a progressive law ( civilization1 ea* /age ( progress be+ m>k$ by c]ta9 intellectual1 moral1 & physical *anges4 ,z ! attack 9 w> ma/]s ! def5ce1 & ! combative in/9ct becomes unnecess>y to ! pres]vation ( life1 ! economic sup]s$es ! m>tial m9d1 be+ sup]ior 9 bread-w9n+4 ,z velocity augm5ts & competition int5sifies1 nature beg9s to sift ! economic m9ds !mselves1 cull+ a fav\r$ ari/ocracy ( ! craftie/ & ! subtle/ types2 *oos+1 = example1 ! ,arm5ian 9 ,byzantium1 ! ,m>w>i 9 ,india1 & ! ,jew 9 ,london4 ,conv]sely1 z ! co/ly n]v\s sy/em ( ! soldi] becomes an encumbrance1 organisms1 :i* c exi/ on less1 successively supplant ea* o!r1 until ! limit ( endurance is rea*$4 ,?us ! ,slavs ext]m9at$ ! ,greeks 9 ,?race & ,mac$onia1 ! ,mahrattas & ! ,moslems dw9dle be=e ! l[ ca/e tribes ( ,india1 & ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation has taught :ite races to resi/ an influx ( ,*9ese4 ,:5 nature has f9i%$ ?is d\ble task1 civilization has rea*$ its z5i?4 ,humanity c asc5d no high]4 ,9 view ( ?is possible ext]m9ation ( ! m>tial blood 9 ! high] /ages ( civilization1 ! att5tion necess>ily becomes conc5trat$ on :at is1 p]haps1 ! ma9 po9t ( div]g5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n society1--! pres5ce & ! abs5ce ( a supply ( b>b>ic life4 ,all ! evid5ce po9ts to ! conclusion t ! infusion ( vitality :i* ,rome ev] drew f t]ritories beyond h] bord]s1 0 ! cause bo? ( h] /r5g? & ( h] longevity4 ,)\t su* aid %e c\ld nev] h consolidat$ ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lack ( ?is res\rce has be5 ! weakness ( mod]n nations4 ,"o aft] ano!r !y h dream$ ( univ]sal conque/1 & "o aft] ano!r !y h fall5 ?r\gh exhau/ion 9 w>4 ,spa9 levi$ nev] a pikeman 9 ,am]ica1 & h] colonies 7 a s\rce ( debility 9 s f> z !y dra9$ h] ( h] y\?4 ,_h ,rome be5 simil>ly situat$1 %e c\ld h>dly h c>ri$ ! eagles beyond ! ,bosphorus & ! ,alps4 ,p]haps ,cs>'s army 0 ! be/ an anci5t g5]al ev] put 9 ! field1 & yet x 0 fill$ ) b>b>ians4 ,all 8 legions 7 rais$ nor? ( ! ,po1 & mo/ ( !m1 includ+ ! t5?1 nor? ( ! ,alps4#chj ,:5 pitt$ aga9/ ?is =ce native ,italians broke 9 r\t1 & "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ pages ( ,plut>* is ! /ory ( ! gradual awak5+ ( ,pompey to a s5se ( ! impot5ce ( ,romans4 ,pompey himself 0 a comm&] ( high ability1 &1 until he split ^u ! rock ( ! pure m>tial blood1 battle _h be5 ) him synonym\s ) victory4 ,at fir/ he felt su* confid5ce1 he laugh$ at ! sugge/ion ( an attack )9 ! ,rubicon4 ,) ! conviction ( ! conqu]or he said3 8,:5ev] ,i /amp ) my foot 9 any "p ( ,italy1 !re w rise up =ces en\gh 9 an in/ant1 bo? horse & foot40#cha ,a v %ort exp]i5ce ( ! m5 ( ! nor? suffic$ to sob] him2 =1 ?\gh ,cs>'s comm& am\nt$ to only tw5ty-two ?\s&1 & 8 to twice z _m1 he n only decl9$ an action1 b took :at c>e he c\ld to keep ! ?reats ( ! ,gauls f 8 m51 8:o 7 out ( he>t & despond5t1 ?r\gh t]ror at ! fi]c5ess & h>d9ess ( _! enemies1 :om !y look$ ^u z a sort ( wild bea/s40#chb ,ph>salia /unn$ him4 ,:5 ! t5? legion r\t$ 8 left w+1 he w5t to 8 t5t & sat spee*less until ! invasion ( ! camp2 !n he walk$ away 8s(tly afoot1 tak5 up altoge!r ) ?\ghts su* z probably might possess a man t = ! space ( ?irty-f\r ye>s toge!r _h be5 accu/om$ to conque/ & victory1 & 0 !n at la/1 9 8 old age1 le>n+ = ! fir/ "t :at defeat & flight 740#chc ,?us1 9 reality1 b>b>ians consolidat$ ! anci5t _w1 & ! =ce :i* creat$ ! ,empire1 aft]w>d upheld x4 ,) ea* succe$+ c5tury ! drafts ( c5traliz$ society ^u ! blood ( ! c\ntry beyond ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e increas$1 b ! supply prov$ limitless2 &1 :5 ! ,we/]n prov9ces dis9tegrat$1 a new imag9ative race p\r$ ov] ,italy & ,france1 creat+ a new religion1 a new art1 a new lit]ature1 & new in/itutions4 ,among mod]n nations ! ,russians alone h develop$ ?is p[] ( absorb+ k9dr$ conqu]$ peoples2 & yet1 obvi\sly1 ,napoleon w\ld h f\ght 8 campaigns "u v diff]5t circum/ances1 &1 p]haps1 br\ght !m to a diff]5t end1 _h he1 l ,cs>1 _h an exhau/less supply ( ! be/ soldi]s1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! population ( ,france4 ,religi\s ph5om5a become explicable :5 view$ f ! same /&po9t4 ,unque/ionably scepticism has be5 to ! full z rife 9 ,p>is s9ce #aghi z x ev] 0 9 ,rome1 & yet no new religion has be5 born4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t a va/ & highly emotional emigration fl[$ annually into ,france1 ! aspect ( life w\ld be completely *ang$4 ,*ri/ian sa9ts & m>tyrs 7 n begott5 by ! usur]s ( ,con/ant9ople or ( ,rome1 b by b>b>ian soldi]s & ,asiatic s]fs1 & ,*ri/ianity c\ld h>dly h become a ,/ate religion _h ! composition ( society1 z x exi/$ "u ,trajan1 rema9$ unalt]$4 ,ev5 9 ! reign ( ,ju/9ian ! ari/ocracy c>p$ at fai?1 & ,byzant9e ar*itecture did n bloom until ! invasions ( ,al>ic & ,attila4 ,if1 !n1 al?\gh nature nev] precisely repeats h]self1 %e op]ates ^u ! human m9d accord+ to immutable laws1 x %\ld be possible by comp>+ a liv+ civilization ) a dead1 to e/imate 9 "s degree ! c\rse :i* has be5 run4 ,= su* an attempt an inf9ite v>iety ( /&>ds might be sugge/$1 b few1 p]haps1 are m suitable ?an ! dome/ic relations :i* lie at ! basis ( ! reproduction ( life4 ,9 a m>tial & imag9ative age1 :]e en]gy v5ts itself ?r\gh fe>1 & e man mu/ be a soldi]1 ! family g5]ally =ms a unit2 ! wom5 & *ildr5 be+ "u ! control ( ! fa!r1 z !y 7 "u ! control ( ! patri>*s 9 ! ,bible1 or ( ! pat]familias 9 ,rome4 ,9 su* p]iods ! woman is s\ght aft] by ! man1 & ev5 comm&s a high money value2 8,& ,%e*em said unto h] fa!r1 444 ,ask me nev] s mu* d[ry & gift1 & ,i w give accord+ z ye %all say unto me3 b give me ! damsel to wife40#chd ,! ,hom]ic h]oes b\ght _! wives1 &1 moreov]1 7 v fond ( !m--an affection ! wom5 return$1 = 9 all classical lit]ature !re are few m *>m+ leg5ds ?an t ( ,p5elope4 ,divorce 0 unkn[n to ,hector & ,agamemnon1 ,ulysses & ,a*illes4 ,m>riage1 9 ^! simple ages1 is usually a rite half sacr$1 half w>like4 ,:5 ,abraham's s]vant f\nd ,rebekah at ! well1 he b[$ 8 head1 & bless$ ! ,"l ,god ( 8 ma/] ,abraham1 :i* _h l$ him 9 ! "r way4 ,a ,roman w$d+ 0 a solemn religi\s function accompani$ by pray] & sacrifice1 &1 at ! end1 ! bride 0 c>ri$ to h] husb&'s h\se1 :]e %e 0 viol5tly torn f h] "m's arms4 ,ari/otle1 ) 8 un]r+ acum51 made ?is obs]vation3 8,t all w>like races are prone to ! love ( wom510 & also t !y t5d to 8fall "u ! dom9ion ( _! wives40#che ,und\bt$ly ?is is ! in/9ct ( ! soldi]1 &1 9 m>tial ages1 wom5 are idealiz$4 ,:5 a =eign] ask$ ! wife ( ,leonidas1 8,:y d y ,lac$monian wives1 unlike all o!rs1 gov]n y\r husb&s80 ! ,sp>tan answ]$1 8,because we alone are ! mo!rs ( m540 ,:5 at ,rome ,tib]ius kill$ ! male s]p5t1 !reby devot+ himself to dea? to save ,cornelia1 ,plut>*1 tell+ ! /ory1 rem>k$1 8t ,tib]ius seem$ to all m5 to h done no?+ unreasonable1 9 *oos+ to die = su* a woman2 :o1 :5 ,k+ ,ptolemy himself pr(f]$ h] 8 cr[n1 & w\ld h m>ri$ h]1 refus$ x1 & *ose r to live a wid[40#chf ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 t greate/ ( m>tial & imag9ative epo*s1 m>riage develop$ into ! mo/ solemn ( sacram5ts1 & ! wor%ip ( wom5 became ! popul> religion4 ,9 ,france1 especially1 ! c5tre ( ?\ght1 en?usiasm1 & w>1 f ! mighty fane ( ,p>is d[nw>d1 ! *ur*es 7 d$icat$ to ,m>y1 & ! v[ ( *ivalry b\nd ! knight to fight = ,god & = 8 lady4 8,x ha? b5e ?r\gh all ages ev] se5e ,t ) ! praise ( armes & *evalrie ,! prize ( beautie /ill ha? ioyn$ be5e40#chg ,x might almo/ be said t ! de/9ies ( ,france h be5 m\ld$ by m5's love = wom51 & t ?is influ5ce /ill prevail$ d[n to ! adv5t ( ! usur]s aft] ! r\t ( ,wat]loo4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nature br$ a type ( woman fit to mate ) ! imag9ative man4 ,! devotion ( ,sa9t ,cl>a to ,sa9t ,francis is "o ( ! mo/ exquisite lyrics ( ! ,*ur*1 & = six hundr$ ye>s ,hlose rema9$ an ideal ( ! ,we/4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 t /range bl5d+ ( t5d]ness & en?usiasm1 :i* 0 peculi> to ! m$ival m9d1 nev] f\nd m ref9$ & exalt$ expression ?an 9 ! simple hymn :i* ,hlose is said to h compos$ & sung at ! grave ( ,abl>d3-- 8,tecum fata sum p]pessa2 ,tecum dormiam defessa1 ,et 9 ,sion v5iam4 ,solve crucem1 ,due ad lucem ,degravatam animam40 ,9 primitive ages *ildr5 are n only a s\rce ( p[]1 b ( weal?1 & !re=e ! highe/ m]it ( ! woman is fecundity4 8,& !y bless$ ,rebekah1 & said unto h]1 444 be ?\ ! "m ( ?\s&s ( millions40 ,also mat]nity is !n a glory1 & *ildlessness a %ame2 & ,ra*el said1 8,give me *ildr51 or else ,i die40 8,& %e conceiv$ & b>e a son2 & said1 ,god ha? tak5 away my reproa*40 ,t %e might live = h] boys1 ,cornelia refus$ a cr[n2 & :5 !y grew up1 %e w\ld upbraid !m because 8! ,romans z yet r call$ h] ! daught] ( ,scipio ?an ! "m ( ! ,grac*i40 ,b ,cornelia's fa!r 0 ! conqu]or ( ,hannibal1 & h] son 0 an agr>ian agitator1 :om ! moni$ olig>*y murd]$ = reviv+ ! ,lic9ian ,laws4 ,app>5tly1 "o ( ! fir/ signs ( advanc+ civilization is ! fall 9 ! value ( wom5 9 m5's eyes4 ,n v long aft] ! siege ( ,troy1 husb&s mu/ h ceas$ pay+ = _! wives2 =1 at a comp>atively e>ly date1 !y dem&$ a price = w$d+ !m4 ,euripides1 born 9 #dhj ,b4,c41 made ,m$ea compla9 t wom5 _h to buy _! husb&s = great sums ( money4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cu/om ( ! w$d+ portion _h come to prevail4 ,z ! pressure ( economic competition int5sifies ) social consolidation1 ! family regul>ly dis9tegrates1 ! *ildr5 reject+ ! p>5tal au?ority at a /eadily decreas+ age2 until1 f9ally1 ! population fuses into a compact mass1 9 :i* all individuals are equal be=e ! law1 & all are =c$ to compete ) ea* o!r = ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,:5 at l5g? weal? has accumulat$ suffici5tly to f9d v5t ?r\gh capitali/ic me?ods ( f>m+ & manufacture1 *ildr5 lose all value1 = !n hir+ lab\r is always *eap] ?an bre$+4 ,!nce=w>d1 among ! m extravagant races1 ! family dw9dles1 z 9 anci5t ,rome or mod]n ,france1 & m>riage1 hav+ become a luxury1 decreases4 ,moreov]1 ! economic in/9ct impels p>5ts to r$uce ! numb] ( possible inh]itors ( _! prop]ty1 t its bulk may n %r9k4 ,^u wom5 ! effect ( ^! *ang$ conditions is prodigi\s4 ,_! :ole relation to society is alt]$4 ,f a religi\s sacram5t m>riage is metamorphos$ into a civil contract1 dissoluble1 l o!r contracts1 by mutual cons5t2 &1 z ! obligations ( mat]nity dim9i%1 ! relation ( husb& & wife resolves itself into a sort ( bus9ess p>tn]%ip1 t5d+ always to become m ephem]al4 ,frequ5t z divorce n[ is1 x 0 ev5 m s "u ! ,anton9es4 ,on m5 ! action ( natural selection is1 at lea/1 z dra/ic4 ,! *ange wr\ght 9 ,roman "* 9 ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s has always be5 "o ( ! problems ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! words ( ,ari/otle1 ! primitive ,roman 80 prone to ! love ( wom540 ,/rong 9 8 passions1 au/]e 9 8 life1 fi]ce 9 8 jeal\sy1 he set ! undisput$ possession ( ! female z 8 supreme happ9ess4 ,virg9ius slew 8 daught] to keep h] f ,appius ,claudius1 & 8 comrades 9 ! legions wa%$ out 8 wrong 9 ! ,decemvir's blood2 :ile among ! /irr+ ballads ( ! fabl$ "t :i* 7 sung at ! f>m]'s fireside1 none r\s$ su* emotion z ! tale ( ! v5geance wreak$ on ,t>qu9 = ,lucretia's dea?4 ,comp>e ?is virile race ) ! ari/ocracy ( ! middle ,empire4 ,by ! second c5tury female purity weigh$ light aga9/ money4 ,m>cus ,aurelius is said to h cond5s$ ! :ole economic moral code 9 "o %ort s5t5ce4 ,8 wife1 ,fau/9a1 0 accus$1 by sc&al1 ( be+ ! mo/ ab&on$ woman ( h] g5]ation1 m notori\s ev5 ?an _h be5 ,messal9a4 ,:5 ! philosoph] 0 urg$ to repudiate h]1 he repli$1 8,!n ,i %\ld h to surr5d] h] portion0 7! ,empire72 & he n only liv$ ) h]1 b built a temple to h] memory4 ,ev5 if ! /ory be false1 x reflects none ! less truly ! temp] ( ! age4 ,! m9ds ( noble ,romans ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 "u ! same impulsion1 work$ diff]5tly f ^? ( _! primitive ance/ors2 !y lack$ ! m>tial & ! amatory in/9cts4 ,z a g5]al rule "o sali5t *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] reigns 0 a sexual lassitude yield+ only to ! mo/ pot5t /imulants4 ,! same ph5om5a 7 notic$ among ,fr5*m5 at ! collapse ( ! ,empire1 s9ce :5 l symptoms h become notori\s 9 ,london4 ,tak+ hi/ory z a :ole1 wom5 seem nev] to h m ?an mod]ately appeal$ to ! s5ses ( ! economic man4 ,! moni$ magnate seldom ru9s himself = love1 & *ivalry w\ld h be5 z =eign to a ,roman s5ator "u ,diocletian1 z x w\ld be n[ to a ,lomb>d ,/reet bank]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 proportion z wom5's influ5ce has decl9$ :5 measur$ by _! p[] ov] m51 x has increas$ :5 measur$ by ! economic /&>d4 ,9 _m ways ! female seems to s]ve z a v5t = ! en]gy ( capital almo/ z well z m52 9 ! high] planes ( civilization !y hold _! prop]ty 9 sev]alty1 &1 by means ( money1 wield a p[] n unlike ,fau/9a's4 ,if unm>ri$1 ! economic woman competes ) ! man on ne>ly equal t]ms1 & ev]y:]e1 & 9 all ages1 ! result is n dissimil>4 ,! /rong] & m =tunate memb]s ( ! sex h gr[n ri* & h b\ght social & political p[]4 ,roman politics "u ,septimius ,sev]us & ,c>acalla 0 mu* 9 ! h&s ( wom51 & ,julia ,msa1 :o 0 enorm\sly weal?y1 c>ri$ ?r\gh a mo/ fam\s intrigue by pur*as+ ! ?rone = ,elagabalus4 ,9 ,rome1 h[ev]1 !re 0 always a /rong admixture ( b>b>ic blood1 &1 to ! la/1 ! b>b>ians m>ri$ = love4 ,ju/9ian 0 an example4 ,born ( an obscure race ( b>b>ians 9 ! desolate ,bulg>ian c\ntry1 he fell uncontrollably 9 love ) ,!odora1 :o _h sc&aliz$ ev5 ! !atres ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,8 "m di$ ( %ame2 b ,ju/9ian p]sev]$1 &1 :ile %e liv$1 8 devotion to 8 wife nev] wav]$4 ,9 ,rome & 9 ,byzantium su* wom5 7 ! /rong] or ! m =tunate2 _! c\nt]p>ts are easily to be f\nd 9 any economic age4 ,! fate ( ! weak] !re 0 slav]y2 n[ !y are =c$ by competition into ! ranks ( ! *eape/ lab\r1--a lot1 p]haps1 h>dly pref]able4 ,& yet art1 p]haps1 ev5 m cle>ly ?an religion1 love1 or w>1 indicates ! pa?way ( consolidation2 = art reflects ) ! subtle/ delicacy ^? *anges 9 ! =ms ( competition :i* enfeeble or inflame ! imag9ation4 ,( ,greek art1 9 its z5i?1 little ne$ be said2 its great qualities h be5 too fully recogniz$4 ,x suffices to po9t out t x 0 absolutely hone/1 & t x =m$ a vehicle ( expression z flexible z ! language itself4 ,a temple app>5tly ( m>ble1 0 ( m>ble2 a colonnade app>5tly support+ a portico1 did support x2 &1 :ile ! ornam5t =m$ an integral "p ( ! /ructure1 ! p read x z intellig5tly z !y read ! poems ( ,hom]4 ,no?+ simil> ev] fl\ri%$ 9 ,rome4 ,unlike ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans 7 nev] s5sitive or imag9ative4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !y _h no?+ :i* !y c\ld express ?r\gh art2 !y 7 utilit>ian f ! outset1 & _! ar*itecture f9ally took %ape 9 ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( mat]iali/ic build+ :i*1 probably1 has ev] exi/$4 ,obvi\sly su* a sy/em c\ld only be matur$ 9 a capitali/ic society1 &1 accord+ly1 ,roman ar*itecture only rea*$ p]fection some:at late1 p]haps1 t[>d ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! ,romans1 ?\gh vulg> & o/5tati\s1 und]/ood bus9ess4 ,!y knew h[ to comb9e economy & ev5 solidity ) display4 ,z ,viollet-le-,duc has obs]v$1 8,!y 7 ri*1 & !y want$ to appe> s10#chh b !y /rove to atta9 _! end )\t wa/e4 ,!re=e !y fir/ ran up a *eap core ( rubble1 bricks1 & mort>1 :i* c\ld be put toge!r by rude slave lab\r "u ! direction ( an eng9e] & a few ov]se]s2 & _! squalid int]ior !y aft]w>d v5e]$ ) m>ble1 add+1 by way ( ornam5t1 ti] above ti] ( ,greek columns rang$ aga9/ ! walls4 ,t gaudy ext]ior _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! build+ itself1 & c\ld be /ripp$ (f )\t vital injury4 ,f ! ,greek /&po9t no?+ c\ld be fals]1 m insult+ to ! intellig5ce1 or1 9 a ^w1 m plutocratic2 b ! "w 0 s\nd & durable1 &1 to a c]ta9 degree1 impos+ f its mass4 ,?is sy/em la/$1 sub/antially unimpair$1 ev5 to ,con/ant9e or until ! f9al migration ( capital to ! ,bosphorus1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! monum5ts ( ! f\r? c5tury & ! fir/ be+ t ! =m] are some:at co>s]1 j z ! co9s ( ,diocletian are co>s] ?an ^? ( ,n]o4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! moni$ ari/ocracy rema9$ supreme d[n to ! f9al dis9tegration ( ! ,we/1 emigration began v e>ly to modify ! base ( society1 by ! injection ( a consid]able am\nt ( imag9ative blood2 &1 z e>ly z ! reign ( ,claudius1 ?is new /ore ( en]gy made its pres5ce felt ?r\gh ! outlet ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! conv]ts 71 ( c\rse1 ! antipodes ( ! rul+ class4 ,!y 7 8humiliores10 poor p1 bel[ ! notice ( a ri* man l ,tacitus2 8quos1 444 vulgus ,*ri/ianos appellabat40#chi ,^! ,*ri/ians held a position analog\s to t ( ,nihili/s n[1 :om !y resembl$ save 9 respect to viol5ce4 ,!y 7 sociali/s liv+ "u a moni$ despotism1 & !y op5ly pray$ = ! end ( ! _w2 !re=e !y 7 ?\ght 8hat]s ( ! human race10#cij & !y suff]$ ! p5alty4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 0 incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( ,roman society1 aga9/ :i* x 0 a prote/1 = x 8fully accept$ ! idea t ! ri*1 if he did n surr5d] 8 sup]fluity1 kept :at belong$ to ano!r40#cia ,by "r ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 0 clos$ to ! weal?y4 ,probably v few ( ^! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 ,italians2 mo/ ( !m 7 f ! ,levant1 & t !y 7 int5sely emotional is prov$ by _! lu/ = m>tyrdom--!y volunt>ily s\ght dea? z a means ( glorify+ ,god4 ,"o day ,arrius ,anton9us1 proconsul ( ,asia1 hav+ ord]$ c]ta9 ,*ri/ians arre/$1 saw all ! fai?ful ( ! t[n pres5t !mselves be=e 8 tribunal1 dem&+ to %>e ! fate ( ^? *os5 = m>tyrdom4 ,he dismiss$ !m 9 wra?1 tell+ !m t if !y 7 s 9 love ) dea? !y might commit suicide2#cib & ,r5an's acc\nt ( ! p]secutions "u ,n]o %[s an incr$ible exaltation4#cic ,almo/ at once ! effect ( ?is emotional temp]am5t became p]ceptible4 ,! pa9t+s 9 ! catacombs are1 p]haps1 ! olde/ example ( ,*ri/ian art1 & ( ^! ,m4 ,vitet ?us spoke _m ye>s ago3-- 8,^! decorations1 made ) ! h& rais$1 9 secret1 hurri$ly1 & m = pi\s reasons ?an = love ( ! beautiful1 nev]!less reveal to ! mo/ rebelli\s eyes & 9 spite ( /range neglig5ce & incorrectness1 ,i "k n :at ( animation1 ( y\?1 ( fecundity1 &1 s to speak1 a real trans=mation ( t v art :i*1 9 ! s]vice ( paganism1 seem$ !n1 we are all agre$1 dy+ ( exhau/ion40#cid ,z ! _w dis9tegrat$1 & ! imag9ation ev]y:]e acquir$ p[]1 & ) p[] weal? & ! means ( expression1 an entirely new ar*itecture sprang up 9 ! ,ea/1 ^: gr[? closely foll[$ ^u ! b>b>ian invasions & ! progressive failure ( ! ,roman blood4 ,! sy/em ( con/ruction 0 ,asiatic modifi$ by ,greek influ5ces1#cie & ) ?is new con/ruction came an equally new decoration1 a decoration :i* once m s]v$ z a language4 ,mosaics ( /one _h long be5 us$1 b mosaics ( glass1 :i* give su* an incomp>able lu/re to ! dome1 7 ! inv5tion ( ,levant9e ,*ri/ians1 & seem to h come into g5]al use t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,b ! fif? c5tury 0 ! p]iod ( ! great invasions ( ,al>ic1 ,attila1 & ,!od]ic1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ! population ( ,italy1 ,mac$onia1 & ,?race mu/ h und]gone pr(\nd *anges4 ,9 ,italy ! :ole fabric ( consolidat$ society crumbl$2 s\? ( ! ,danube x surviv$1 b surviv$ 9 a modifi$ =m1 a =m on :i* ! rec5t migrations left an unmi/akable impr9t4 ,galla ,placidia1 ! fir/ great patron ( ! pure ,byzant9e s*ool1 di$ 9 #dej1 aft] an ev5tful life l>gely pass$ among ! b>b>ians1 "o ( :om %e m>ri$4 ,%e began to embelli% ,rav5na1 & a comp>ison ( ^! rema9s ) ^? ( ,france & ,italy ( ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5? c5turies1 exposes ! diff]5ce 9 ! =ces :i* m\ld$ ^! ?ree civilizations4 ,) all its grace & ref9em5t ! *>act]i/ic ( ,rav5na 0 n religi\s ec/asy1 b r an abs5ce ( fe> ( ! unkn[n1 & a respect = weal?4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s or t]rible ab\t ^! *>m+ build+s1 :i* are manife/ly r a glorification ( ! ,empire on ! ,bosphorus1 ?an ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,at ,san ,vitale x is ,ju/9ian1 ) an aureole ab\t 8 head & surr\nd$ by 8 c\rti]s1 c>ry+ a gift to ! %r9e2 or ,!odora1 blaz+ ) jewels1 & foll[$ by ! magnific5t ladies ( h] h\sehold4 ,at ,san ,apoll9>e ! long procession ( sa9ts are ri*ly clad & be> cr[ns1 :ile ! ,virg9 h]self1 seat$ on a ?rone & rev]$ z a sov]eign1 is z f> remov$ f ! vulg> z ,!odora h]self4 8,byzant9e etiquette no long] p]mits h] to be approa*$ directly2 f\r angels surr\nd h] & sep>ate h] f humanity40#cif ,! t]rify+ 0 scrupul\sly avoid$4 8,by a mo/ significant scruple1 ! arti/1 9 reproduc+ v>i\s episodes ( ! ,passion1 avoid$ ! mo/ pa9ful1 ! ,crucifixion40#cig ,sa9t ,sophia (f]s e indication ( hav+ be5 expressly contriv$ to provide ! l>ge light spaces ne$ful = su* functions z ^? depict$ 9 ,san ,vitale1 & ! acc\nt giv5 by ,procopius ( its erection su/a9s ?is supposition4 ,accord+ to ,procopius1 ,sa9t ,sophia 0 a hobby ( ,ju/9ian1 :o n only select$ ! ar*itect ,an!mius because he 0 ! mo/ +5i\s me*anic ( 8 age1 b :o also suppli$ ! funds & 8assi/$ x by ! lab\r & p[]s ( 8 m9d40#cih ,! dome1 8f ! lightness ( ! build+ 444 does n appe> to re/ ^u a solid f\ndation1 b to cov] ! place b5ea? z ?\gh x 7 susp5d$ f heav5 by ! fabl$ gold5 *a902 & ! int]ior 8is s+ul>ly full ( light & ( sun%9e2 y w\ld decl>e t ! place is n light$ by ! sun f )\t1 b t ! rays are produc$ )9 itself1 su* an abundance ( light is p\r$ into ?is *ur*40#cii ,( ! decorations x is impossible to speak ) c]ta9ty1 s9ce x is probable t ! mosaics :i* n[ exi/ 7 ( a lat] p]iod4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ significant ph5om5on ab\t ! *ur* is its lonel9ess2 no?+ l x 0 built else:]e1 & ! reason seems pla94 ,!re 0 b "o imp]ial c\rt :i* ne$$ s sup]b a sett+1 & b "o emp]or :o c\ld pay = x4 ,h]e9 lies ! radical div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/2 ! great tab]nacle ( ,con/ant9ople /ood alone because x repres5t$ ! weal?1 ! pomp1 & ! imag9ation ( ! b>b>ian %eph]d :o _h be5 rais$ by =tune to be ! *ief ( police ( ! city :]e ! _w's weal? _h c5traliz$4 ,9 ,france e diocese _h a temple magnific5t accord+ to its means1 "s ( :i* exce$$ 9 maje/y t ( ,p>is2 & ! cause 0 t1 9 ,france1 ! arti/ic & imag9ative ca/e =m$ a !ocracy1 :o 7 n hir$ by k+ or emp]or1 b :o 7 !mselves ! /ronge/ =ce 9 all ! l&4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! imag9ative inroad 0 n /rong en\gh to cause dis9tegration1 & ! arti/s always rema9$ wage-e>n]s4 ,9 ! ,we/1 society fell back a ?\s& ye>s1 & consolidation began afre%4 ,six c5turies int]v5$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ,galla ,placidia & ! fam\s dream ( ! monk ,gauzon :i* conta9$ ! revelation ( ! plan ( ! ,abbey ( ,cluny1 & yet six hundr$ ye>s by no means repres5t$ ! gap betwe5 ! ,franks & ! ,burgundians1 & ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 ev5 :5 x sank l[e/ "u ,h]aclius4 ,to ,ju/9ian ! build+ ( ,sa9t ,sophia 0 a matt] ( "t & money2 to ,sa9t ,hugh ! *ur* ( ,cluny 0 a miracle4 ,9 ,france ! *ur*es long 7 miracles2 ! *ronicles are fill$ ) ! revelations v\*saf$ ! monks2 & none c cross ! ?re%old ( "o ( ^! noble monum5ts & fail to grasp its mean+4 ,!y are ! mo/ vigor\s ( all expressions ( fe> ( ! unse54 ,! ,go?ic ar*itect he$$ no liv+ pot5tate2 he held k+s 9 contempt1 & (t5] repres5t$ !m ?ru/ d[n into hell ?an seat$ on _! ?rones4 ,) ! enemy :o lurk$ 9 d>kness none b ! sa9ts c\ld cope1 & !m he idealiz$4 ,no sculpture is m t]rible ?an ! demons on ! walls ( ,rheims1 none m maje/ic & pa!tic ?an t ov] ! door ( ! ,virg9 at ,p>is1 :ile no col\r ev] equall$ ! w9d[s ( ,sa9t ,d5is & ,*>tres4 ,) ! ?irte5? c5tury came ! influx ( ! ,ea/]n trade & ! rise ( ! communes4 ,imm$iately ! glory ( ! ,go?ic began to fade2 by ! reign ( ,sa9t ,l\is x _h pass$ its prime1 & "u ,philip ! ,fair x fell 9 full decl9e4 ,! m5 :o put dead cats 9 %r9es 7 n likely to be inspir$ 9 religi\s sculpture4 ,! decay1 & ! reasons = x1 c be readily trac$ 9 col\r4 ,! monks :o conceiv$ ! twelf? c5tury w9d[s1 or pa9t$ ! pictures ( ! sa9ts1 only s\ght to r5d] an emotion by a conv5tional symbol :i* %\ld r\se a response4 ,consequ5tly !y us$ m>vell\s comb9ations ( col\rs1 9 :i* blue 0 apt to pr$om9ate1 & !y h>moniz$ _! col\rs ) gold4 ,viollet-le-,duc has elaborately expla9$ h[ ?is 0 done4#djj ,b su* a sy/em 0 n pret5ti\s1 & 0 incompatible ) p]spective4 ,! m$ival burgh]1 l ! ,roman1 0 ri*1 & want$ to appe> s4 ,he dem&$ m = 8 money ?an a solemn portrait ( a sa9t4 ,he crav$ a picture ( himself1 or ( 8 guild1 & above all he insi/$ on display4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury 0 ! p]iod :5 ! r$s & yell[s sup]s$$ ! blues1 & :5 ! s5se ( h>mony began to fail4 ,fur!rmore1 ! burgh] 0 reali/ic & requir$ a repres5tation ( ! _w he saw ab\t him4 ,h5ce came p]spective1 ! ab&onm5t ( gold1 & ! f9al degradation ( col\r1 :i* sank into a lo/ art4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s x has be5 impossible to imitate ! "w ( ! monks ( ,sa9t ,d5is4 ,9 ,italy1 ! economic ph5om5a 7 yet m /rik+2 = ,italy1 ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 always a comm]cial community1 :i* look$ on art ) ! economic eye4 ,"o example w suffice1--! treatm5t ( ! dome4 ,plac$ betwe5 ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 & hav+ little imag9ation ( 8 own1 ! ,flor5t9e bank] conceiv$ ! idea ( comb9+ ! two sy/ems & embelli%+ !m 9 a *eap & %[y mann]4 ,accord+ly on ,go?ic ar*es he plac$ an ,ea/]n dome1 & in/ead ( adorn+ 8 dome ) mosaics1 :i* are co/ly1 he _h 8 int]ior pa9t$ at ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! price4 ,! sub/itution ( ! fresco = ! mosaic is "o ( ! mo/ typical devices ( mod]n times4 ,be=e ! op5+ ( ! economic age1 :5 ! imag9ation gl[$ ) all ! passion ( religi\s en?usiasm1 ! monks :o built ! abbeys ( ,cluny & ,sa9t ,d5is took no ?\ght ( money1 = x reg>d$ !m n4 ,%elt]$ by _! conv5ts1 _! livelihood 0 assur$2 _! bread & _! robe 7 safe2 !y p&]$ to no m>ket1 = !y c>$ = no patron4 ,_! art 0 n a *attel to be b\ght1 b an inspir$ language 9 :i* !y commun$ ) ,god1 or taught ! p1 & !y express$ a poetry 9 ! /ones !y c>v$ :i* f> transc5d$ words4 ,= ^! reasons ,go?ic ar*itecture1 9 its prime1 0 spontane\s1 elevat$1 dignifi$1 & pure4 ,! adv5t ( portraiture has usually be5 consid]$ to port5d decay1 & rightly1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( ! portrait demon/rates ! supremacy ( weal?4 ,a portrait c h>dly be ! ideal ( an en?usia/1 l ! figure ( a god1 = x is a comm]cial article1 sold = a price1 & manufactur$ to suit a patron's ta/e2 7 x made to please ! arti/1 x might n f9d a buy]4 ,:5 portraits are fa%ionable1 ! economic p]iod mu/ be well advanc$4 ,portraiture1 l o!r economic ph5om5a1 blossom$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 & x 0 !n also t ! arti/1 no long] %ield$ by 8 conv5t or 8 guild1 /ood out to e>n 8 liv+ by ! sale ( 8 w>es1 l ! ,v5etian m]*ants :om he met on ! ,rialto1 ^: vanity he flatt]$1 & ^: palaces he adorn$4 ,f ! sixte5? c5tury d[nw>d1 ! man ( imag9ation1 unable to please ! economic ta/e1 has />v$4 ,?is m]c5>y quality =ms ! gulf :i* has divid$ ! art ( ! ,middle ,ages f t ( mod]n times--a gulf :i* _c be bridg$1 & :i* has broad5$ ) ! lapse ( c5turies1 until at la/ ! arti/1 l all else 9 society1 has become ! creature ( a comm]cial m>ket1 ev5 z ! ,greek 0 sold z a slave to ! plutocrat ( ,rome4 ,) ea* inv5tion1 ) ea* accel]ation ( movem5t1 prose has m completely supplant$ poetry1 :ile ! economic intellect has gr[n less tol]ant ( any dep>ture f ^? repres5tations ( nature :i* h appeal$ to ! mo/ highly gift$ ( ! moni$ type among successive g5]ations4 ,h5ce ! imp]i\sness ( mod]n realism4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( art co9cides ) ! hi/ory ( all o!r ph5om5a ( life2 = exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t1 s9ce ! ,re=mation1 a s*ool ( ar*itecture1 l ! ,greek or ,go?ic1 has become impossible4 ,no su* s*ool c\ld exi/ 9 a society :]e ! imag9ation _h decay$1 = ! ,greek & ,go?ic repres5t$ imag9ative ideals4 ,9 an economic p]iod1 l t :i* has foll[$ ! ,re=mation1 weal? is ! =m 9 :i* en]gy seeks expression2 !re=e1 s9ce ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ar*itecture has reflect$ money4 ,viollet-le-,duc has said ( ! ,romans1 t1 l all p>v5us1 ! true expression ( art lay1 = !m1 r 9 lavi% ornam5t ?an 9 purity ( =m1#dja & :at 0 true ( ! ?ird c5tury is true ( ! n9ete5?4 ,! type ( m9d be+ ! same1 its op]ation mu/ be simil>1 & ! economic1 at once o/5tati\s & p>simoni\s1 produces a *eap core fanta/ically adorn$4 ,! ,romans p]*$ ! trave/y ( a ,grecian colonnade ^u ! summit ( a ba? or an amphi!atre1 :ile ! ,engli%man1 hav+ pillag$ weak] nations ( _! imag9ative gems1 delights to cov] ) co>se imitations ! ext]ior ( banks & c\nt+-h\ses4 ,& yet1 ?\gh ?us alike1 a pr(\nd diff]5ce sep>ates ,roman ar*itecture f our own2 ! ,romans 7 nev] :olly sordid1 nor did !y ev] niggle4 ,:5 !y built a wall1 t wall 0 solid masonry1 n pa9t$ iron2 &1 ev5 d[n to ,con/ant9e1 "o *ord rema9$ :i*1 :5 /ruck1 w\ld always vibrate4 ,usur]s may h sat 9 ! ,s5ate1 b b>b>ians fill$ ! legions1 &1 z long z ! triumph w\nd its way ?r\gh ! ,=um1 m5 knew h[ to raise triumphal ar*es to ! victor4 ,p]haps1 9 all ! ages1 no m s]i\s or maje/ic monum5t has be5 conceiv$ to commemorate ! soldi] ?an ! column ( ,trajan1 a monum5t :i* x has be5 ! ambition ( our c5tury to copy4 ,9 ,p>is an imitation ( ?is trophy 0 erect$ to ! greate/ capta9 ( ,france1 & ! column ( ! ,place ,v5dme s]ves to m>k ! grave ( ! mod]n m>tial blood4 ,rais$ 9 #ahaj1 almo/ at ! mom5t :5 ,na?an ,ro?s*ild became despot ( ! ,london ,/ock ,ex*ange1 ! tide f !nce ran swiftly1 &1 s9ce ,s$an1 ! pres5t g5]ation has dra9$ to ! lees ! cup ( realism4 ,no poetry c bloom 9 ! arid mod]n soil1 ! drama has di$1 & ! patrons ( art are no long] ev5 consci\s ( %ame at pr(an+ ! mo/ sacr$ ( ideals4 ,! ec/atic dream1 :i* "s twelf?-c5tury monk cut into ! /ones ( ! sanctu>y hall[$ by ! pres5ce ( 8 ,god1 is reproduc$ to b$iz5 a w>eh\se2 or ! plan ( an abbey1 :i* ,sa9t ,hugh may h consecrat$1 is adapt$ to a railway /ation4 ,decade by decade1 = "s f\r hundr$ ye>s1 ^! ph5om5a h gr[n m %>ply m>k$ 9 ,europe1 &1 z consolidation app>5tly ne>s its climax1 art seems to presage approa*+ dis9tegration4 ,! ar*itecture1 ! sculpture1 & ! co9age ( ,london at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,p>is ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 recall ! ,rome ( ,c>acalla z contra/$ ) ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles1 save t we lack ! /ream ( b>b>ian blood :i* made ! ,middle ,age4 ,footnotes #a ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,momms51 ,dickson's trans41 i4 #bhh1 #bij4 #b ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,niebuhr1 ,h>e's trans41 i4 #egf4 ,niebuhr has be5 foll[$ 9 ! text1 al?\gh ! 8nexum0 is "o ( ! vex$ po9ts ( ,roman law4 7,see b] das altrmis*e ,s*uldre*t1 ,savigny47 ,! precise =m ( ! contract is1 h[ev]1 p]haps1 n v important = ! matt] 9 h&1 z mo/ s*ol>s seem agre$ t x resembl$ a mortgage1 ! brea* ( ^: condition involv$ n only ! loss ( ! pl$ge1 b ! p]sonal lib]ty ( ! debtor4 ,see ,gaius1 iv4 #ba4 #c ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,niebuhr1 ,h>e's trans41 ii4 #eii4 ,b comp>e ,aulus ,gellius1 xx4 #a4 #d ,ibid41 i4 #ehb4 #e ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,niebuhr1 ,h>e's trans41 i4 #ehc4 #f ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,momms51 ,dickson's trans41 i4 #dgb4 #g ,livy1 xlv4 #ah4 #h ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,niebuhr1 ,h>e's trans41 i4 #ehc4 #i ,ibid41 ii4 #fjc4 #aj ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,niebuhr1 ,h>e's trans41 i4 #egd4 #aa ,preface to ,virg9ia4 #ab ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,momms51 ,dickson's trans41 i4 #dhd4 #ac ,see ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,momms51 ,dickson's trans41 i4 #bih-i4 #ad ,see ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,niebuhr1 ,h>e's trans41 iii4 #bb1 #cj4 #ae ,preface to ,virg9ia1 ,macaulay4 #af ,hi/oire de l',esclavage1 ,wallon1 ii4 #ch4 #ag ,suet4 ,aug41 ii4 #da4 #ah ,tacitus1 ,ann41 ii4 #dh4 #ai ,ann41 vi4 #ci4 #bj ,ibid41 iv4 #ba4 #ba ,sat41 iii4 #afd4 #bb ,l',invasion ,g]manique1 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 #adf-aeg4 #bc ,diod4 xxxiv4 #ch4 ,on ! subject ( ! ,sicilian slav]y1 see ,hi/oire de l',esclavage1 ,wallon1 ii4 #cjj et seq4 #bd ,polybius1 ii4 #ae1 ,%uckburgh's trans4 #be ,prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,momms51 ii4 #bcc4 #bf ,ibid41 ii4 #bci4 #bg ,deipnosophi/s1 v4 #cg4 #bh ,m>tial1 ,ep41 xii4 #gf4 #bi ,vopiscus1 ,aurelianus1 #ce4 #cj ,l',invasion ,g]manique1 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 #aij4 #ca ,le ,colonat ,roma93 ,re*]*es sur quelques ,problmes d',hi/oire1 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 #adc4 #cb ,organisation ,f9ancire *ez les ,roma9s1 ,m>qu>dt1 #fe et seq4 #cc ,tacitus1 ,ann41 ,murphy's trans41 iii4 #ec4 #cd ,nat4 ,hi/41 xii4 #ah4 #ce ,vopiscus1 ,saturn9us1 #h4 #cf ,prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,momms51 ii4 #adj4 #cg ,ann41 vi4 #af1 #ag4 #ch ,see ,ges*i*te des ,rmis*5 ,mnzwes5s1 ,momms51 #gef4 #ci ,monnaies ,byzant9es1 ,sabati]1 i4 #ea1 #eb4 #dj ,monnaies ,byzant9es1 ,sabati]1 i4 #ej4 #da ,ges*i*te des ,rmis*5 ,mnzwes5s1 ,momms51 #hcg4 #db ,monnaies ,byzant9es1 ,sabati]1 i4 #ea1 #eb4 #dc ,pl9y's ,lett]s1 iii4 #ai4 #dd ,ibid41 ix4 #cg4 #de ,dige/1 xix4 #b1 #ae1 & xxxiii4 #g1 #bj4 #df ,lett]s1 x4 #bd4 ,on ?is :ole subject see ,le ,colonat ,roma93 ,re*]*es sur quelques ,problmes d',hi/oire1 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 *4 i4 #dg ,code ( ,ju/9ian1 xi4 #ea1 #a4 #dh ,le ,colonat ,roma91 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 #ba4 #di ,organisation ,f9ancire *ez les ,roma9s1 ,m>qu>dt1 #bdj2 ,les ,manieurs d',arg5t ,rome1 ,del\me1 #cgg4 #ej ,see ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xvii4 #ea ,9 ,c4 ,v]rem1 ,,iv4 lxxxix4 #eb ,cic]o's ,lett]s1 ,ad ,att4 vi4 #b2 also ,ad ,att4 v4 #ba1 & vi4 #a4 #ec ,diod4 xxxvi4 #c4 ,see also ,hi/oire de l',esclavage1 ,wallon1 ii4 #db1 #dd4 #ed ,satire1 viii4 #hi1 #ij4 #ee ,lett]s1 viii4 #bd4 #ef ,dio ,cassius1 lxii4 #b4 #eg ,nat4 ,hi/41 xiv41 ,promium4 #eh ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xvii4 #ei ,morals1 ,trans4 ( #agah1 #d1 #aa4 #fj ,hi/oire de l',esclavage1 iii4 #bfh4 #fa ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xii4 #fb ,l',invasion ,g]manique1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bbc4 #fc ,dio ,cassius1 lvi4 #g4 #fd ,dio ,cassius1 lvi4 #e-h4 #fe ,ann41 iii4 #be4 #ff ,ibid41 xxviii4 ,lat9 lit]ature is full ( ref]5ces to ^! fam\s laws4 ,tacitus1 ,pl9y1 ,juv5al1 & ,m>tial con/antly speak ( !m4 ,!re 7 also _m comm5t>ies on !m by ,roman juri/s4 #fg ,l',organisation ,militaire *ez les ,roma9s1 ,m>qu>dt1 #adc4 #fh ,dio ,cassius1 lxxiv4 #b4 #fi ,monnaies ,byzant9es1 ,sabati]1 i4 #ej4 #gj ,hi/ory ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 ,f9lay1 #i4 #ga ,vopiscus1 ,tacitus1 #aj4 #gb ,greece "u ! ,romans1 ,george ,f9lay1 #bad4 #gc ,byzant9e ,empire1 ,f9lay1 #bef4 #gd ,byzant9e ,ar*itecture1 ,texi]1 #bd4 #ge ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 lii4 #gf ,it9]>y ( ,rabbi ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 trans4 f ! ,hebrew by ,a%]1 #ed4 #gg ,monnaies ,byzant9es1 i4 #bf4 #gh ,see treaty ) ,bohemund4 ,anna ,comn5a1 xiii4 #g4 #gi ,l',art ,byzant91 ,bayet1 #af1 #ag4 #hj ,!b41 iii4 #ffa4 #ha ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xx4 #hb ,m>k v4 #bh1 #cj4 #hc ,*ronicles1 ii4 #abd4 #hd ,anglican ,s*ism1 ,s&]1 trans4 by ,lewis1 #adc4 #he ,a ,relation1 or r a ,true ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,engl&1 ,camd5 ,soc4 #cj4 #hf ,cal4 x4 ,no4 #cfd4 ,ref]5ces to ! cal5d> ( ,/ate pap]s edit$ by ,messrs4 ,brew] & ,gairdn] w be made by ?is ^w only4 #hg ,hi/oire du ,sacram5t de l',eu*>i/ie1 ,corblet1 i4 #dgd4 ,see also on ?is subject ,cs>ii ,dialogus ,miraculorum2 ,de ,corpore ,*ri/i4 #hh ,hi/4 ,lit4 de la ,france1 xxii4 #aai4 #hi ,les ,mo9es d',occid5t1 ,montalemb]t1 vi4 #cd4 #ij ,hi/oire de la ,gr&e-,sauve1 ii4 #ac4 #ia ,mona/icon1 v4 #fbh1 ,ed4 #ahdf4 #ib ,les ,mo9es d',occid5t1 ,montalemb]t1 vi4 #aja4 #ic ,sac]dotal ,celibacy1 ,lea1 #abi4 #id ,annales ,lauress5ses1 ,p]z1 i4 #ahh4 #ie ,recueil des ,*>tes de l',abbaye de ,cluny1 ,bruel1 i4 #abd4 #if ,bull4 ,clun41 p4 #b1 col4 #a4 ,also ,manuel des ,in/itutions ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #ic1 #ie1 :]e ! au?orities are collect$4 #ig ,annales ,ecclesia/ici1 ,b>onius1 ye> #ajgf4 #ih ,migne1 cxlviii4 #gij4 #ii ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 lx4 #ajj ,dictionnaire de l',ar*itecture1 v4 #ej4 #aja ,annales ,ecclesia/ici1 ,b>onius1 ye> #ajie4 #ajb ,les ,familles d',outre-,m]1 ed4 ,rey1 #c4 #ajc ,dictionnaire de l',ar*itecture1 viii4 #ajh4 #ajd ,l',art ,arabe1 #aaa et seq4 #aje ,l',art ,arabe1 #bjc4 #ajf ,mlanges1 #deh4 #ajg ,see ,dictionnaire de l',ar*itecture1 ,viollet-le-,duc1 vi4 #ddf4 #ajh ,see ,les glises de la ,t]re ,sa9te1 ,vog1 #bag2 ,notre ,dame de ,noyon2 tudes sur l',hi/oire de l',art1 ,vitet1 ii4 #abb2 ,dictionnaire de ,l',ar*itecture1 ,viollet-le-,duc1 ii4 #cja4 #aji ,hi/4 des ,croisades1 xii4 #g4 #aaj ,see1 on ! ,syrian ca/les1 tude sur les ,monum5ts de l',ar*itecture ,militaire des ,croiss en ,syrie1 ,rey4 #aaa ,lett] #cfc1 ed4 #ahgg1 ,p>is4 #aab ,sancti ,b]n>di1 ,vita et ,res ,ge/ae1 ,auctore ,guillelmo1 #a-c4 #aac ,secunda ,vita ,s4 ,b]n>di ,auctore ,alano1 vi4 #aad ,exordium ,magnum ,ci/]ci5se1 viii4 #aae ,nos4 #cfc & #dbc1 ed4 ( #ahgg1 ,p>is4 #aaf ,lett] #cfc4 #aag ,de ,vita ,s4 ,b]n>di1 ,auctore ,gaufrido1 iv4 #e4 #aah ,lett] #bef1 ed4 ( #ahgg1 ,p>is4 #aai ,hi/4 des ,croisades1 xvi4 #be4 #abj ,hi/4 des ,croisades1 xvi4 #bg4 #aba ,de ,consid]atione1 ii4 #a4 #abb ,willam ( ,tyre1 xvi4 #aa1 #ab4 #abc ,les ,familles d',outre-,m]1 ,du ,cange1 #dje4 #abd ,hi/oire de la ,comm]ce de la ,france1 #acb4 #abe ,hi/oire du ,comm]ce du ,levant1 ,heyd1 ,fr5* trans41 i4 #afc4 #abf ,hi/oire du ,levant1 ,heyd1 ,fr5* trans41 i4 #ie4 #abg ,see1 on ?is "q ( *eap] money 9 ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod1 ,n\veau ,manuel de ,numismatique1 ,blan*et1 i4 #aja2 also ,hi/oire du ,comm]ce de la ,france1 ,pigeonneau1 #hg et seq4 #abh ,le ,monete di ,v5ezia1 ,papadopoli1 #gc4 #abi ,ville-,h>d\91 ed4 ,wailly1 xiv4 #fe4 #acj ,ibid4 #aca ,hi/ori5s de la ,france1 xix4 #bc4 #acb ,patrologi ,cursus ,completus1 ,migne1 ccxiv4 #aahj4 #acc ,hi/ori5s de la ,france1 xix4 #dba4 #acd ,*ronique1 ed4 ,bu*on1 #dd4 #ace ,ville-,h>d\91 ed4 ,bu*on1 #ea4 #acf ,*ronique de ,ville-,h>d\91 ed4 ,bu*on1 #fi4 #acg ,*ronique1 ed4 ,wailly1 xxxvii4 #agh4 #ach ,*ronique1 ed4 ,wailly1 lii4 #bci4 #aci ,*ronique1 ed4 ,bu*on1 #if4 #adj ,*ronique1 ed4 ,bu*on1 #ii4 #ada ,patrologi ,cursus ,completus1 ,migne1 ccxv4 #ded4 #adb ,migne1 ccxv4 #gab4 #adc ,hi/oria ,capt a ,lat9is ,con/ant9opoleos1 ,migne1 ccxii4 #ai4 #add ,bibl4 de l'cole des ,*>tes1 #c;d s]ies1 ii4 #cec4 #ade ,hi/oire del',abbaye de ,sa9t ,d5is1 ,d',ayzac1 i4 #cfa-i4 #adf ,vie de ,l\is le ,gros1 ,sug]1 ed4 ,mol9i]1 #fa1 #fb4 #adg ,vie de ,l\is le ,gros1 ,sug]1 ed4 ,mol9i]1 #gj4 #adh ,ibid41 #ah4 #adi ,sug]1 ed4 ,mol9i]1 #ah4 #aej ,ibid4 #aea tudes sur les orig9es de la commune de ,sa9t ,qu5t91 ,giry1 #i4 #aeb ,see tudes sur les ,faires de ,*ampagne1 ,b\rquelot1 #gb1 #gd2 & g5]ally on ?is subject4 #aec ,les ,communes ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #bba-bbe4 #aed ,les ,communes ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #he4 #aee ,les ,communes ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #bcc-bcd4 #aef ,les ,communes ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #bfj4 #aeg ,docum5ts sur les ,relations de la ,royaut avec les ,villes de ,france1 ,giry1 #ei1 #fa4 #aeh ,les ,communes ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #ahi4 #aei ,manuel des ,in/itutions ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #ece4 #afj ,les ,communes ,franaises1 ,lu*aire1 #bhc4 #afa ,mmoires du ,duc de ,sa9t-,simon1 ed4 #ahgd1 xii4 #ai4 #afb ,le ,comm]ce de ,m>seille au ,moy5 ,age1 ,blanc>d1 #c4 #afc ,la ,lib]t delle ,ban*e a ,v5ezia1 ,lattes1 #bf4 #afd ,les ,gr&es ,compagnies de ,comm]ce1 ,bonnassieux1 #bc4 #afe ,la ,rapport entre l'or et l'arg5t au ,temps de ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,m>*ville1 #bb1 #cc4 #aff ,ibid41 #db4 #afg ,les ,communes ,franaises1 #bjj1 #bja4 #afh ,! docum5ts relat+ to ! controv]sy are pr9t$ 9 ! ,hi/oire du ,diff]5d1 ,dupuy4 #afi ,dupuy1 #dh4 #agj ,ibid41 #dd4 #aga ,see lett]s ( ,beauvais & ,laon1 ( #acjc1 ,docum5ts1 ,giry1 #afj4 #agb ,dupuy1 #ee4 #agc ,dupuy1 #cea4 ,articles pres5t$ ,june1 #acjc4 #agd ,see ,cronica di ,villani1 viii4 #fc4 #age ,cronica di ,villani1 viii4 #hj4 ,also ,ann4 ,eccl41 ,b>onius1 ye> #acje4 #agf ,docum5ts ,9dits sur l',hi/oire de ,france1 ,procs des ,templi]s1 ,mi*elet1 i4 #aff4 #agg ,procs des ,templi]s1 ,mi*elet1 i4 #cg4 #agh ,ibid41 #bfd4 #agi ,ibid41 #ge4 #ahj ,cronica di ,villani1 viii4 #ib4 #aha ,cont9uatio ,*ronici ,guilelmi de ,nangiaco1 mcccxiii4 #ahb ,la ,maison du ,temple1 ,curzon1 #bjj1 #bjd4 #ahc ,a ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 ,j4 ,e4 ,?orold ,rog]s1 iv4 #gb4 #ahd ,on ,ju/ification1 ,works1 i4 #fj4 #ahe ,on ,ju/ification1 ,works1 i4 #ea4 #ahf ,in/itutes1 ,i4 vii4 #a & #e4 #ahg ,zw+lis ,!ologie1 ,augu/ ,baur1 #cai1 #cbj4 #ahh ,in/itutes1 ,,iv4 viii4 #i4 #ahi ,john ,wicliffe & 8 ,engli% ,precursors1 ,le*l]1 ,eng4 trans41 #cjb4 #aij ,le*l]1 #cdi1 note #a4 #aia ,le*l]1 #cdh1 note4 ,extract f ,de ,eu*>i/ia4 #aib ,acts & ,monum5ts1 iii4 #bjd1 #bje4 #aic ,! ,praise ( ,folie1 #aeda4 ,engli%$ by ,sir ,?omas ,*allon]4 #aid ,p>l4 ,hi/41 ,cobbett1 i4 #bie4 #aie ,ibid41 #caj4 #aif ,a ,supplicacyon = ,begg]s1 #b4 ,e>ly ,eng4 ,text ,soc4 #aig ,acts & ,monum5ts1 v4 #djd4 #aih ,ibid41 iii4 #bah4 #aii ,acts & ,monum5ts1 iv4 #aif4 #bjj ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #ah4 #bja ,re=mation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,blunt1 ii4 #bbb4 #bjb ,acts & ,monum5ts1 iv4 #gjf4 #bjc ,indu/rial & ,comm]cial ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,rog]s1 #dh4 #bjd ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #gae4 #bje ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #ded4 #bjf ,ibid41 iv4 #bjj4 ,= ! av]age prices ( gra9 see tables 9 vol4 i4 #bde1 & iv4 #bib4 #bjg ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #gcd4 #bjh ,*apuys to ,granville1 ,cal4 ix4 ,no4 #hfb4 ,! ,/ate ,pap]s edit$ by ,messrs4 ,brew] & ,gairdn] are ref]r$ to by ! ^w 8,cal40 #bji ,acts & ,monum5ts1 v4 #cfe4 #baj ,/ate ,pap]s1 ii4 #eeb4 #baa ,*ronicles1 #a1 clxvii4 #bab ,*apuys to ,p]r5ot1 ,cal4 x4 ,no4 #ija4 #bac ,see ,anne ,boleyn1 ,fri$mann1 i4 #dc1 & else:]e4 #bad ,cal4 x4 ,no4 #ijh4 #bae ,burleigh & 8 ,times1 ,essays4 #baf ,cal4 vii4 ,no4 #bif4 #bag ,ibid41 xi4 ,no4 #egf1 ,*apuys to ,*>les4 #bah ,ibid41 xi4 ,no4 #egf4 #bai ,ibid41 xi4 ,no4 #hfd4 #bbj ,cal4 xi4 ,no4 #ajde4 #bba ,cal4 xi4 ,no4 #gbi4 #bbb ,ibid41 xi4 ,no4 #hbf4 #bbc ,ibid41 xii4 pt4 i4 ,no4 #fih4 #bbd ,cal4 xii4 pt4 i4 ,no4 #igf4 #bbe ,m>illac au ,conntable1 ,kaulek1 #baa4 #bbf ,acts & ,monum5ts1 v4 #ahj4 #bbg ,cal4 viii4 ,no4 #gbf4 #bbh ,s&]1 ,lewis' trans41 #aai4 #bbi ,/ate ,pap]s1 i4 #ech4 #bcj ,cal4 xii4 pt4 i4 ,no4 #dih4 #bca ,kaulek1 #aic1 #aid4 #bcb ,ibid41 #hb4 #bcc ,cal4 x4 ,no4 #iji4 #bcd ,kaulek1 #bgd2 ,s&]1 ,lewis1 #afb1 & note #b4 #bce ,kaulek1 #ej4 #bcf ,lettres de ,h5ri ,,viii ,anne ,boleyn1 ,crapelet1 ,lettre #c4 #bcg ,kaulek1 #aii4 #bch ,acts & ,monum5ts1 v4 #bbi4 #bci ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *ap4 #a4 #bdj ,rise & ,gr[? ( ! ,anglican ,s*ism1 ,s&]1 trans4 by ,lewis1 #afa4 #bda ,*apuys to ,*>les1 ,cal4 vi4 ,no4 #aeaj1 date ,dec41 #aecc4 #bdb ,! ,homilies1 ,corrie1 #di4 #bdc ,! ,homilies1 ,corrie1 #ef1 #eh4 #bdd #ca ,h5ry ,,viii41 c4 #ad4 #bde ,acts & ,monum5ts1 v4 #cfh1 #cfi4 #bdf ,cal4 x4 pref4 xliii4 #bdg ,see citations to ! orig9al au?orities 9 ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! ,engli% ,mona/]ies1 ,gasquet1 i4 #ded1 & note4 #bdh ,cal4 ix4 ,no4 #fbb4 ,9 ! ,cal5d> ! lett] is cond5s$4 ,! extract is giv5 9 full 9 ,gasquet1 i4 #bfa1 #bfb4 #bdi ,ibid41 ,no4 #fcj4 ,9 full 9 ,gasquet1 i4 #bfc4 #bej ,ibid41 ,no4 #fcj4 #bea ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! ,engli% ,mona/]ies1 i4 #dci4 #beb ,cal4 ix4 ,no4 #db4 #bec ,cal4 x4 pref4 xlv4 note4 #bed ,ibid41 ix4 ,no4 #ajje4 #bee ,ibid41 ix4 ,no4 #ajje4 #bef ,cal4 x4 ,no4 #cfd4 #beg ,ibid41 ,no4 #aaia4 #beh ,ibid41 ,no4 #cfd4 #bei ,ibid41 ,no4 #aaia4 #bfj ,rites ( ,durham1 ,surtees ,soc41 #hf4 #bfa ,wright1 #bfj4 #bfb ,ellis1 #a/ ,s]ies1 ii4 #ii4 #bfc ,wright1 #bfa1 #bfb4 #bfd ,ellis1 #a/ ,s]ies1 ii4 #ii4 #bfe ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #fd4 #bff #f ,h5ry ,,viii41 c4 #e2 #g ,h5ry ,,viii41 c4 #a4 #bfg ,jewel ( ,joy1 ,becon4 ,also ,engl& 9 ! ,reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,e>ly ,eng4 ,text ,soc41 ,extra ,s]41 ,no4 xxxii4 p4 #ge4 #bfh ,fir/ ,s]mon be=e ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,s]mons ( ,bi%op ,latim]1 ed4 ( ,p>k] ,soc41 #ajj1 #aja4 #bfi #bb ,h5ry ,,viii41 c4 #ab4 #bgj #bg ,h5ry ,,viii41 c4 #be4 #bga #a ,edw>d ,,vi41 c4 #c4 #bgb ,brit4 ,mus41 ,cole ,,ms4 xii4 #da4 ,cit$ 9 ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! ,engli% ,mona/]ies1 ,gasquet1 ii4 #ead1 note4 #bgc ,eccl4 ,mem41 ii4 pt4 #a1 #bfj4 #bgd ,s]mon on ,rebellion1 ,cranm]1 ,miscellane\s ,writ+s & ,lett]s1 #aid-f4 #bge ,s]mon on ,rebellion1 ,cranm]1 ,miscellane\s ,writ+s & ,lett]s1 #aie1 #aif4 #bgf ,cal4 ix4 ,no4 #aic4 #bgg ,eccl4 ,mem41 ii4 pt4 #a1 #aeb4 #bgh #e & #f ,edw4 ,,vi41 c4 #b4 #bgi ,cromwell's ,lett]s & ,spee*es1 ,c>lyle1 ,spee* ,,xi4 #bhj ,raleigh to ,burleigh1 ,life ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ,edw>ds1 ii4 #gf1 lett] xxxiv4 #bha ,! ,re=mation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ii4 #fh4 #bhb ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 v4 #dcb4 #bhc ,gorham's ,re=mation ,glean+s1 #fa4 #bhd ,ridley's disputation at ,ox=d 9 #aeed1 ,acts & ,monum5ts1 vi4 #dgd4 #bhe ,a ,godly ,lett] to ! ,fai?ful1 ,works1 iii4 #agf4 #bhf ,ibid41 #agg4 #bhg ,a ,fai?ful ,admonition1 ,works1 iii4 #bhc4 #bhh ,ibid41 iii4 #bha1 #bhb4 #bhi ,on ,true ,ob$i5ce1 ,heywood's ed41 #gc4 #bij ,! ,in/itution ( a ,*ri/ian ,man1 ,preface1 ,=mul>ies ( ,fai? ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,lloyd1 #bf4 #bia ,see ,burnet's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 ,records1 "p ,i4 book iii4 que/4 #i4 #bib ,s4 ,p4 ,dom4 ,eliz4 vol4 #agf1 ,no4 #fi4 #bic ,zuri* ,lett]s1 #a/ ,s]ies1 #bhg4 #bid ,t[*+e ! bill & ! booke exhibit$ 9 ! ,p>liam5t #aehf = a fur!r re=mation ( ! ,*ur*e1 ,s4 ,p4 ,dom4 ,eliz4 #aii1 ,no4 #a4 #bie ,hi/ory ( ! ,non-jurors1 ,la?bury1 #ej4 #bif ,see ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 ,burnet1 ,pocock's ed4 ,records1 "p ,i4 book iii4 que/ #i4 #big ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 #a4 #bih ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 iii4 #bii ,ibid41 *4 vi4 #cjj ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 xiv4 #cja ,que5's conf]5ce ^u ,graunt ( a ,subs$y1 etc41 #aehd4 ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,dom4 ,eliz41 #agf1 ,no4 #fi4 #cjb ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 iii4 #cjc ,cal4 x41 ,no4 #egj4 #cjd ,ambassades1 v4 #aej4 ,quotation f ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,dixon1 iv4 #dej4 #cje ,pret5d$ ,divorce ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,h>psfield1 ,camd5 ,society1 #bia4 #cjf ,burnet's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 ,pocock's ed41 i4 #dbh4 #cjg ,ibid41 iii4 #cgf4 #cjh ,blunt's ,re=mation1 i4 #dge4 #cji ,anglican ,s*ism1 ,s&]1 ,lewis' trans41 #aha4 ,also ,pret5d$ ,divorce ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,h>psfield1 #bij4 #caj ,acts & ,monum5ts1 v4 #bcj4 #caa ,agriculture & ,prices1 ,rog]s1 v4 #hjd4 #cab ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 viii4 #dbe4 #cac ,influ5ce ( ! ,sea ,p[] ^u ,hi/ory1 ,mahan1 #da4 #cad ,engli% ,seam5 ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 #f4 #cae ,&]son's ,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce1 i4 #djj4 #caf ,s4 ,p4 ,dom4 ,eliz41 #ec4 #cag ,weal? ( ,nations1 book #d1 *4 i4 #cah ,disc\rse ( ,trade1 ,*ild1 ed4 #agge1 #h4 #cai ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 iii4 #cbj ,disc\rse ( ,trade1 ,josiah ,*ild1 ed4 #agge1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 #cba ,ibid41 ,pref4 xxxi4 #cbb ,ibid41 #da4 #cbc ,am]ican ,biography1 ,sp>ks1 ii4 #chh4 #cbd ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 iv4 c4 #c1 pt4 #a4 #cbe ,?urloe's ,/ate ,pap]s1 v4 #dcc1 #dcd4 #cbf ,annals ( ! ,co9age ( ,brita91 ,rud+1 iii4 #cgh4 #cbg ,annals ( ! ,co9age1 ,rud+1 iii4 #dgj4 #cbh ,inve/igations 9 ,curr5cy & ,f9ance1 ,jevons1 #adj4 #cbi ,annals ( ! ,co9age1 ,rud+1 iv4 #bf4 #ccj ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 iv4 c4 #a4 #cca ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 ii4 c4 #b4 #ccb ,"l ,clive4 #ccc ,macaulay's essays h be5 ! subject ( mu* rec5t adv]se criticism2 b1 9 reg>d to ! plund]+ ( ,h9do/an1 no?+ ( consequ5ce has be5 br\ght =w>d aga9/ him4 ,all rec5t hi/orical "w relat+ to ,india mu/ be tak5 ) suspicion4 ,! :ole (ficial influ5ce has be5 turn$ to di/ort+ evid5ce 9 ord] to make a case = ! gov]nm5t4 #ccd ,"l ,clive4 #cce ,"l ,clive4 #ccf ,w>r5 ,ha/+s4 #ccg ,hi/ory ( ! ,cotton ,manufacture1 #aae4 #cch ,a ,t\r ,?ro' ! :ole ,isl& ( ,great ,brita91 ed4 #agec1 iii4 #acf1 #acg4 #cci ,lives ( ,b\lton & ,watt1 ,smiles1 #dhd4 #cdj ,fir/ ,lett] on a ,regicide ,peace4 #cda ,!ory & ,practice ( ,bank+1 i4 #ejg4 #cdb ,consid]ations ( ! ,l[]+ ( ,int]e/s4 ,works1 ed4 #ahbc1 v4 #di4 #cdc ,! ,ro?s*ilds1 ,reeves1 #ea4 #cdd ,! ,ro?s*ilds1 ,reeves1 #aib1 #aii4 #cde ,ibid41 #bjj4 #cdf ,:]ev] ref]5ce is made to comp>ative prices ( commodities1 ! au?ority us$ has be5 ! tables publi%$ by ,w4 ,s4 ,jevons 9 ,inve/igations 9 ,curr5cy & ,f9ance1 #add4 #cdg ,annals ( ! ,co9age1 ,rud+1 iv4 #cg4 #cdh ,ov]/one ,tracts1 #di4 #cdi ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #aeh4 #cej ,political ,life ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 ,d\bl$ay1 i4 #bah1 note4 #cea ,!ory & ,practice ( ,bank+1 ,macleod1 ed4 #ahic1 ii4 #ajc4 #ceb ,see ,hans>d1 ,new ,s]ies1 viii4 #ahi4 #cec ,hi/ory ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 i4 #cdh4 #ced ,hi/ory ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 i4 #cdg4 #cee ,hi/ory ( ! ,curr5cy1 ,macl>51 #afa4 #cef ,!ory & ,practice ( ,bank+1 ,macleod1 ii4 #aag1 #aah4 #ceg ,ov]/one ,tracts1 #cbe4 #ceh ,ibid41 #aia4 #cei ,ibid41 #cah4 #cfj ,!ory & ,practice ( ,bank+1 ii4 #adg4 #cfa ,ov]/one ,tracts1 #egc1 #egd4 #cfb ,cobd5 & ! ,league1 ,a%wor?1 #agd4 #cfc ,!ory & ,practice ( ,bank+1 ,macleod1 ii4 #afi1 #agj4 #cfd ,hans>d1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 xcv4 #cii4 #cfe ,!ory & ,practice ( ,bank+1 ii4 #agj4 #cff ,hans>d1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 xcv4 #cih4 #cfg ,ov]/one ,tracts1 #cai4 #cfh ,see ,j\rnal ( ,roy4 ,/at4 ,soc41 liv4 #dfd4 #cfi ,dnombrem5t de #ahia1 #bfa4 #cgj ,annuaire de l'conomie ,politique1 #ahid1 ,block1 #ah4 #cga ,la ,population ,franaise1 ii4 #bad4 #cgb ,report ( ! ,commission appo9t$ 9 ,india to enquire into ! ,causes ( ! ,riots :i* took place 9 ! ye> #ahge1 9 ! ,poona & ,ahm$nag> ,di/ricts ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 #ab4 #cgc ,report ,( ,! ,commission ,appo9t$ ,9 ,india ,to ,enquire ,into ,! ,causes ,( ,! ,riots ,:i* ,took ,place ,9 ,! ,ye> #ahge1 ,9 ,! ,poona ,& ,ahm$nag> ,di/ricts ,( ,! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 #aei4 #cgd ,report ( ! ,commission1 etc41 #be1 #bf4 #cge ,ibid41 #afg4 #cgf ,report ( ! ,commission1 etc41 #afh4 #cgg ,see ,musalmans & ,money-l5d]s 9 ! ,punjab1 ,?orburn4 #cgh ,report ( ! ,commission1 etc41 #afh4 #cgi ,see ,brief ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,peoples1 ,hunt]1 #ej4 #chj ,see ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans1 ed4 ( #aheb1 ,m]ivale1 ii4 #ha1 :]e ! au?orities are collect$4 #cha ,plut>*'s ,lives1 ,cl\gh's trans41 iv4 #abc4 #chb ,ibid41 #bih4 #chc ,ibid41 #adb4 #chd ,g5esis xxxiv4 #aa1 #ab4 #che ,ari/otle1 ,pol41 ii4 #i4 #chf ,plut>*'s ,lives1 ,cl\gh's trans41 iv4 #ejg4 #chg ,fa]y ,que5e1 ,sp5s]1 iv4 #e1 #a4 #chh ,entreti5s sur l',ar*itecture1 i4 #ajb4 #chi ,ann41 xv4 #dd4 #cij ,ann41 xv4 #dd4 #cia ,m>c-,aurle1 ,r5an1 #fjj4 #cib ,t]tullian1 ,ad ,scapulam1 #e4 #cic ,l',ante*ri/1 #afc et seq4 #cid tudes sur l',hi/oire de l',art1 ,vitet1 i4 #bjj4 #cie ,l',art de ,batir *ez les ,byzant9s1 ,*oisy1 #e1 #f4 #cif ,re*]*es p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de la ,pe9ture et de la ,sculpture ,*rti5nes en ,ori5t1 ,bayet1 #ii4 #cig ,ibid41 #ii4 #cih ,build+s ( ,ju/9ian1 ,procopius1 trans4 by ,/ew>t1 i4 #a4 #cii ,ibid4 #djj ,dictionnaire de l',ar*itecture1 ,art4 8,pe9ture40 #dja ,entreti5s1 i4 #ajb4 ,,index ,acre3 siege ( #acj2 def5ce ( by ,templ>s #aga4 ,al>ic3 s]v$ 9 ,roman army #fa4 ,alex&]1 ,emp]or ( ,russia3 brea* ) ,napoleon #cbd4 ,alexis3 treats ) crusad]s #aci2 dea? ( #adc4 ,ana/asius3 weal? ( #ea2 builds long wall #ea4 ,anglicanism1 see ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,antw]p3 rise ( #bja2 c5tre ( ex*anges #bja2 sack ( #bhg4 ,ar*itecture3 ,italian #hh2 ,go?ic #hi2 ,byzant9e #hi2 ,s>ac5ic #ij2 crusad+ #ajj2 ,greek & ,roman #cgb2 ,byzant9e #cge et seq42 ,go?ic #cgh2 mod]n #chb2 see ,ogive4 ,armada3 defeat$ by yeom5 #bef2 loss ( #bhg4 ,army1 see ,police4 ,art3 decl9e ( #chj1 #cha2 see ,ar*itecture4 ,articles1 ecclesia/ical3 ,six #bcb1 #bfh2 ,=ty-two #bfb2 ,lambe? #bfh4 ,attila3 ransoms ,con/ant9ople #ej2 vision ( #fc4 ,aureus3 depreciation ( #bg2 passes by weight #ca4 ,baldw91 ,c\nt ( ,edessa3 #aje2 ,k+ ( ,j]usalem #aje4 ,baldw91 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/3 #adf2 reprov$ by ,innoc5t #adg4 ,bank ( ,engl&3 incorporat$ #cjc2 e>ly issues ( #cai2 susp5ds ca% paym5ts #cbg2 policy ( prior to #ahaj #cbg2 resumes specie paym5ts #ccj2 ho>ds gold #cca-ccc2 pap] 9 panic ( #ahbe #cce2 ,bank ,act ( #ahdd #ccf2 susp5sion ( ,bank ,act #cdd4 ,bank ( ,g5oa3 #afh4 ,bank ( ,v5ice3 #afh1 #afi4 ,bank]s3 m$ival #afh2 increase ( ,engli% c\ntry aft] #agfj #cai2 poor cr$it ( #cbj2 increase issues 9 #ahbc #ccc2 rise ( great mod]n h\ses #cba2 policy ( #cbh2 supremacy ( #cdd2 absolute gov]nm5t by #cec4 ,b>b>ians3 import$ by ,roman emp]ors #ci2 lack ( 9 mod]n times #cfc2 =m$ /r5g? ( ,roman armies #cfc2 want ( weakness 9 mod]n civilization #cfd2 see ,coloni4 ,boadicea3 revolt ( #cg4 ,boleyn1 ,anne3 #bab2 sweat+ sickness #bbf2 cr[n$ #bcj4 ,boleyn1 ,?omas3 "* & rise ( #bac4 ,boniface ,,viii43 "* ( #agb2 qu>rel ) ,philip #agc2 bulls ( #agd1 #age2 seiz$ at ,anagni #agg4 ,bosra3 retreat f #aai2 miracle at #aai1 #abj4 ,b\lton1 ,mat!w3 rise ( #cad2 p>tn]%ip ) ,watt #caf2 debts ( #caf4 ,bullion ,committee3 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,burleigh1 ,"l3 rise ( #bac2 ho/ile to adv5tur]s #bef2 family ( typical l&lords #bfg4 ,cs>3 army ( #cfc4 ,capital3 c5tres at ,con/ant9ople #bh2 ,mill's def9ition ( #cac2 accel]ates movem5t #cad2 accumulates at ,london #cai2 see ,engl& & ,london4 ,c>?usians3 m>tyrdom ( #bba4 ,cecil1 see ,burleigh4 ,*ampagne3 fairs ( #aeh2 c5tres ( ,ea/]n trade #aeh2 decl9e ( #bja4 ,*antries3 confiscation ( #bei4 ,*ild1 ,sir ,josiah3 rise ( #bid2 e/imates ,engl&'s weal? #bie4 ,*ur*1 ,ca?olic3 see ,e>ly ,*ri/ian2 becomes dom9ant 9 ,italy #fc2 secul> "* ( m$ival cl]gy ( #ga2 secul> cl]gy ( #gc2 claims ( "u ,hildebr& #ge2 makes papacy self-p]petuat+ #ge2 emancipates itself f civil p[] #gf1 #gg2 s*ism ( ) ,con/ant9ople #gh2 "* ( cl]gy ( at ,re=mation #bfd1 #bfe2 miracles (1 see ,miracles1 ,cluny1 ,conv5ts4 ,*ur*1 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian3 sociali/ic #fj2 acquires weal? 9 ?ird c5tury #fj2 (ficially recogniz$ #fa2 fav\rs b>b>ians #fb2 subs]vi5t to ,roman emp]ors #fb2 bas$ on miracles #fc et seq42 imag9ative #cgc2 pov]ty ( #cgc2 art ( #cgd4 ,*ur*1 ,ea/]n3 rema9s subject to ! emp]ors #gh-hh2 ar*itecture ( #hi2 plund]$ #ade2 art ( #cgf4 ,*ur* ( ,engl&3 an economic ph5om5on #bbh2 ,h5ry supreme head ( #bbh2 robb$ by l&lords #bcj2 or?odox "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bcb2 spoil$ by ,edw>d ,,vi4 #bei1 #bfj2 ,calv9i/ic #bfb2 docile to lay dictation #bfd2 fai? ( regulat$ by /atute #bff2 )\t fix$ fai? #bfh2 rul$ by ,elizabe? #bfi2 hat$ by ,puritans & ,ca?olics #bgj2 div9e "r di/9ctive doctr9e ( #bga2 organiz$ z police by l&lords #bgb2 m]c5>y #bgc2 types ( cl]gy ( #bge2 great bi%ops ( #bgf et seq42 upheld by ,james ,i4 #bhd2 p]secutes ,puritans "u ,bancr(t #bhe4 ,clairvaux3 f\ndation ( #aji2 appeals to pope aga9/ ,philip ! ,fair #agb2 see ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 ,claudius1 ,appius3 a usur] #g2 enslaves ,virg9ia #h2 en=ces usury laws #i4 ,clem5t ,v43 election ( #agh2 b>ga9 ) ,philip #agh2 entices ,molay to ,p>is #ahj2 p]secutes ,templ>s #aha2 tries ,molay #ahd2 dea? ( #ahe4 ,cl]mont3 c\ncil ( #hc4 ,clive1 ,"l3 bir? ( #cjf2 campaigns ( #cjg2 ,plassey #cjh2 weal? ( #cji2 attack$ by l&lords #caj4 ,cluny3 f\nd$ #gb2 gr[? ( #gc2 controls papacy #ge4 ,cobd53 attacks l&lords #cda2 orig9 ( #cda4 ,cobham1 ,"l3 trial ( #aic2 attempts conv5tual confiscation #aie4 ,cur-de-,lion3 leads crusade #acj2 treats ) ,salad9 #aca4 ,co9age1 ,roman3 copp] #ae2 silv] #bj2 debasem5t ( #bf2 becomes gold monometallic #bg1 #cj2 passes by weight #ca2 ( ,con/ant9ople #ee2 debasem5t ( co9age ( ,con/ant9ople #ef2 becomes silv] "u ,*>lemagne #abi2 ,v5etian #abi2 gold ( ?irte5? c5tury #abi2 debasem5t ( ,fr5* p\nd #agj2 debasem5t ( ,engli% p5ny #aie2 base money ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bjf2 /&>d re/or$ by ,elizabe? #cjj2 reco9age by ,william ,,iii4 #cjb2 depreciation 9 eighte5? c5tury #cjc2 ,engli% gold ( n9ete5? c5tury #ccj2 passes by weight #cbf1 #ccj2 see ,gold /&>d4 ,coloni3 debtors #cc2 b>b>ians settl$ z #ci2 pr$ecessors ( m$ival s]fs #bdd4 ,comm]ce3 see ,ea/]n trade1 ,fairs ( ,*ampagne1 ,slav+1 ,we/ ,indies4 ,commons3 rights ( t5ants 9 #bdd2 enclosure (1 9 sixte5? c5tury #bde2 cause ( ,kett's rebellion #bej2 f9al absorption ( #cag4 ,communes3 rise ( #aeg2 "* ( #afj2 ho/ile to cl]gy #afb2 n m>tial #afd2 insolv5cy ( #afi4 ,con/ant9e3 built ,con/ant9ople #bh2 vision ( #fj2 victory ( ,milvian ,bridge #fa4 ,con/ant9ople3 becomes ! economic c5tre ( ! _w #bh2 prosp]ity ( aft] fall ( ,we/]n ,empire #di1 #ej2 coloniz$ by ,roman capitali/s #di2 taxation ( #di2 pov]ty ( "u ,!odosius ,,ii4 #ej2 prosp]ity ( "u ,ju/9ian ,i4 #ea2 population *anges "u ,h]aclius #eb2 becomes an ,asiatic city #eb2 decl9es 9 elev5? c5tury #ec2 civilization ( economic #ec2 description ( by ,rabbi ,b5jam9 #ec2 population ( economic & c[>dly #ed2 economic condition ( 9 twelf? c5tury #hg2 army ( #hh2 sack ( #add2 see ,co9age & ,ar*itecture4 ,conv5ts3 m$ival f\nd]s ( #fh2 efficacy ( int]cession ( #fi2 ,b5$ict9e #gb2 e>ly discipl9e ( #gb2 consolidation ( #gb2 ,cluny #gc2 control papacy #gh2 armies organiz$ by #ii2 =tresses built by #ii2 patroniz$ = miracles #aji2 weal? ( #aed2 attack$ by feudal nobles #aee2 ho/ile to communes #afj1 #afa2 tax$ by ,philip ! ,fair #agb2 rev5ues seiz$ by ,edw>d ,i4 #aie2 attack$ by ,loll>ds #aif2 bill to suppress #bca2 visitation ( #bce2 visitors ( #bce-bch2 spoliation ( #bci4 ,corn3 price ( at ,rome #ag2 di/ribution ( at ,rome #ah2 price ( 9 #ahdi #cde2 ,corn ,laws #cdj2 repeal ( #cdj4 ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*3 ,hildebr&'s propositions at c\ncil ( #ajgf #ge2 ( ,cl]mont #hc2 ( ,troyes #ih2 ( tampes #aaj2 ,nelle #acf2 ,vi5ne #ahd4 ,cranm]3 rise ( #bgh2 "* ( #bgi2 dea? ( #bhj4 ,cr$it3 dawn ( 9 ?irte5? c5tury #afg2 rise ( mod]n sy/em ( #cjc2 ext5sion ( aft] ,plassey #cai2 regulat$ by ,bank ,act ( #ahdd #ccf2 prices dep5d5t on #ccg2 weapon ( ! cr$itor class #cdi4 ,cromwell1 ,oliv]3 raises ,ironsides #beb2 attacks ,spani% ,am]ica #cja2 int]cepts plate fleet #cja4 ,cromwell1 ,?omas3 rise ( #bjh2 arre/ ( #bbd2 vic> g5]al #bca2 proce$s aga9/ conv5ts #bcc3 prosecutes ,abbot ( ,gla/on #bdj2 dea? ( #bdb4 ,cross3 miracle work$ by at ,bosra #aai2 see ,relics4 ,crusade3 fir/ #hd2 takes ,j]usalem #he2 second1 prea*$ by ,sa9t ,b]n>d #aab2 suff]s be=e ,atalia #aae2 defeat ( #aah2 crusad+ becomes comm]cial #abd2 ?ird1 l$ by ,cur-de-,lion #abi2 takes ,acre #acj2 ( ,con/ant9ople1 prea*$ #acb2 rea*es ,v5ice #acd2 div]t$ by ,d&olo #aci2 attacks ,z>a #ach2 sacks ,con/ant9ople #ade2 ( ,damietta #aej2 defeat$ 9 ,egypt #aea4 ,curr5cy3 regulat$ by ,*>lemagne #abi2 m$ival #afh2 contraction ( 9 ?irte5? c5tury #afi2 debasem5t ( ,engli% #aid2 depreciation ( 9 ,middle ,ages #bjd2 "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bjg2 pap] #cjc2 managem5t ( by produc]s #cbf2 by bank]s #ccj2 see ,co9age1 ,bank ( ,engl&1 ,bank]s4 ,dalh\sie1 ,"l3 adm9i/ration ( #cef4 ,damietta1 see ,crusade4 ,d&olo1 ,h5ry3 "* ( #acb2 treats ) ,franks #acc2 takes comm& ( crusade #acg2 div]ts crusade #aci2 excommunicat$ #aci2 assaults ,con/ant9ople #ada2 %riv5 #adg4 ,d>cy1 ,?omas1 ,loid3 "* ( #baf2 decl9es to betray ,aske #bag2 execution ( #bai2 dy+ spee* to ,cromwell #bai4 ,d5>ius3 depreciation ( at ,rome #bf2 repudiation ( #bf2 ( ,*>lemagne #abh2 ( ,v5ice #abi2 see ,p5ny4 ,diocletian3 a slave #bg2 e/abli%$ capital at ,nicom$ia #bg2 returns to silv] co9age #cj4 ,div9e "r3 def9$ #bgb2 see ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,divorce3 see ,dome/ic relations4 ,dome/ic relations3 anci5t & mod]n #cfe et seq4 ,dov]c\rt3 rood ( #bjj4 ,drake3 rise ( #bee2 dea? ( #bef2 cruises ( #bhh4 ,dudley1 ,john1 ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&3 rise ( #bea2 suppresses ,kett's rebellion #beb2 sup]s$es ,seym\r #bfa2 qu>rel ) ,knox #bfb4 ,ea/ ,india ,companies3 organiz$ #bib2 ,engli% company comm]cial up to #ageg #cjf2 adm9i/ration ( #cji4 ,ea/]n ,empire1 see ,con/ant9ople4 ,ea/]n trade3 9 ,rome #bc1 #bd2 c5tres at ,con/ant9ople #bh2 migrates to ,italy #abf2 e>ly r\tes ( #abh2 "* ( 9 twelf? c5tury #abh2 br+s bullion to ,europe #abi2 c5tres 9 ,*ampagne #aei2 c5tres at ,antw]p #bja2 at ,am/]dam #bhg2 at ,london #bia2 dra9s silv] f ,europe #bii2 effect ( ,plassey on #caj4 ,edessa3 position ( #hf2 capture ( #ajc2 occupi$ by ,baldw9 #aje4 ,egypt3 *eap lab\r ( #ai2 gra9 %ips ( #ai2 ar*itecture ( #ij2 conqu]$ by ,salad9 #ajc2 slave trade ) ,v5ice ( #abf2 crusad]s defeat$ 9 #aea4 ,elizabe?3 gre$ ( #beg2 sev]e to cl]gy #bfi2 lett] ab\t ,ely ,h\se #bgj4 ,engl&3 ,loll>dy 9 #ahf2 ,re=mation 91 an economic ph5om5on #aij2 debasem5t ( curr5cy 9 #aid2 m>tyrdoms 9 #aii2 condition ( 9 ,middle ,ages #bjb2 new nobility ( #bab et seq42 conv5ts suppress$ 9 #bcc et seq42 population ( 9 ,middle ,ages #bdc2 social revolution 91 9 sixte5? c5tury #bde1 #bdf2 n orig9ally m>itime #bed2 seam5 ( #bee2 prosp]ity ( 9 sev5te5? c5tury #bib2 indu/rial revolution 9 #cae2 di/ress 9 aft] #ahae #ccb2 ru9 ( ari/ocracy ( #cda1 #cdh2 money-l5d]s autocratic 9 #cdd2 see ,bank1 & ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & ,yeom54 ,ex*anges3 see ,rome1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,ea/]n trade1 ,fairs ( ,*ampagne1 ,v5ice4 ,fairs1 see ,*ampagne4 ,feti%1 see ,relics4 ,fi%]3 temp]am5t ( #bgg4 ,flotte3 *ancellor ( ,philip ! ,fair #afe4 ,france3 conv5ts ( 9 t5? c5tury #gb2 ,cluny #gc2 dec5tralization ( 9 elev5? c5tury #hj2 money ( #hj2 b>b>ian invasions ( #hj2 seat ( ,go?ic ar*itecture #hi2 ogive introduc$ into #ie2 emotional 9 elev5? c5tury #ajg2 dis9tegration ( 9 t5? c5tury #aeb2 k+s ( enjoy sup]natural p[]s #aec2 alliance ( cr[n ) cl]gy #aed2 consolidation ( "u ,philip ,augu/us #aeh2 c5tralization ( "u ,sa9t ,l\is #afe2 depreciation ( co9age ( #agj2 e/ates ( su/a9 ,philip ! ,fair #agd2 ca/les ( #bjb4 ,frum5t>i ,leges1 see ,corn4 ,g>d9]1 ,/eph53 on ,true ,ob$i5ce #bfe2 rise ( #bgf2 dea? ( #bgg4 ,g]mans3 hunt$ by ,romans = slaves #ci2 us$ z recruits #dj2 invade ! ,empire #df2 "* ( 9 f\r? c5tury #dh2 adopt ! gold /&>d #cdg4 ,gla/onbury3 suppression ( #bdj4 ,godfrey de ,b\illon3 elect$ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem #he2 8 k+dom #hf2 8 alliance ) ,v5ice #abg4 ,gold3 ratio ( to silv] 9 ,roman ,empire #cj2 fall ( value ( 9 six? c5tury #dh2 ratio ( to silv] 9 ?irte5? c5tury #afi4 ,gold /&>d3 9 ,rome #ca2 "u ! ,m]ov+ians #hj2 9 ,engl& #ccj2 ,ov]/one's views on #ccg2 9 ,g]many #cdg2 else:]e #cdh2 effect ( #cdg4 ,gun!r3 *ronicle ( #acg2 sails ) ,d&olo #ach4 ,hanse ( ,london3 organization ( #aeh2 trades at fairs ( ,*ampagne #aei2 ,italian m]*ants frequ5t #aei4 ,ha/+s3 ,gov]nor-,g5]al #caj2 policy ( #caa4 ,hatt93 battle ( #abc4 ,hawk9s1 ,john3 a slav] #bhi4 ,hlose1 hymn ( #cfh4 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,emp]or3 brea* ) ,hildebr& #ge2 p5ance at ,canossa #gg2 dea? ( #gg4 ,h5ry ,,viii43 c\rt ( #bab2 "* ( #bbj2 ,lamb]t's trial #bbf2 supreme head #bbh2 or?odox #bbi2 suppresses conv5ts #bcc2 revises ,=mul>ies ( ,fai? #bff2 helpless )\t l&lords #bfg4 ,h]aclius3 disa/]s "u #eb4 ,hildebr&3 prior ( ,cluny #gd2 propositions pres5t$ by 9 c\ncil ( ,rome #ge2 excommunicates ,h5ry ,,iv4 #gf2 ,canossa #gg4 ,holl&3 decay ( #cah4 ,hospital1 see ,knights (4 ,h[>d1 ,?omas1 ,duke ( ,norfolk3 family ( #bad2 "* ( #bae2 comm&s aga9/ ,pilgrims ( ,grace #bae2 tries to corrupt ,d>cy #bag2 arre/s ,cromwell #bbd4 ,hugh ,capet3 elect$ by cl]gy #aec4 ,hugh du ,puiset1 see ,l\is ! ,fat4 ,hun1 ,ri*>d3 dea? ( #aih4 ,imag9ation3 basis ( m$ival ,*ur* #fj2 gives p[] to prie/hood #fc2 cause ( relic wor%ip #fd2 vivid 9 age ( dec5tralization #fi2 mo/ int5se 9 t5? c5tury #gb2 evolves ,cluny #gc2 cause ( ,hildebr&'s p[] #gh2 cause ( crusades #hb2 inspires ,go?ic ar*itecture #hi2 /rong 9 ,sa9t ,b]n>d #ajh2 weakness ( ,l\is ,,vii4 #aag3 lack+ 9 ,v5etians #abf2 its p[] 9 ,france 9 ?irte5? c5tury #acf2 /r5g? ( 9 ,*ur* up to #abjj #adh2 a weakness 9 w> #aea2 economic m9d lacks #afb2 cause ( ,templ>s' m>tyrdom #ahc2 lack+ 9 ,engli% re=m]s #aia2 ,anglican cl]gy )\t #bei2 ,tudor ari/ocracy )\t #bfh2 /rong 9 e>ly ,*ri/ians #cgc2 9 contempt 9 n9ete5? c5tury #chj1 #cha4 ,india3 failure ( ,romans to conqu] #ab2 ho>ds 9 #cje2 conqu]$ by ,engl& #cjg et seq42 spoliation ( #cji-caa2 influx ( treasure f #cac2 fl[ ( silv] to #cbj2 value ( bullion export$ to 9 #ahaj #cba2 9 #ahdj #cci2 c5tralization ( #cef2 mut9y 9 #cef2 money-l5d]s ( #ceg2 fate ( w>like tribes 9 #ceh2 see ,ea/]n trade4 ,indu/rial revolution3 beg9s #cac2 caus$ by ,indian treasure #cad4 ,innoc5t ,,iii43 incites crusade #acb2 excommunicates ,philip ,augu/us #ace2 ,d&olo #ach2 absolves ,dan dolo #adg2 reproves ,baldw9 #adg4 ,inquisition3 organiz$ #aia4 ,jacques de ,vitry3 hates b\rgeoisie #afc4 ,j]usalem3 capture ( #he2 k+dom ( #hf2 conque/ ( k+dom by ,s>ac5s #abc4 ,joscel9 de ,c\rtney1 ,c\nt ( ,edessa3 #aje2 dea? ( #ajf2 son's dea? #aah4 ,ju/ification by fai?3 corn] /one ( ,prote/antism #ahg2 economic device #ahh2 taught by ,cranm] #bca2 includ$ 9 ,=ty-two ,articles #bfb4 ,ju/9ian ,i43 prosp]ity ( #ea2 army ( #ea2 taxation by #eb2 ar*itecture "u #ec4 ,k>ak3 ca/le ( #hf1 #aba4 ,kett1 see ,rebellion4 ,knights ( ,temple & ,hospital3 orig9 ( #ig1 #ih2 manors own$ by 9 ,europe #ih2 ca/les ( #ii2 ,knights ( ! ,temple3 possessions ( #agj2 fai? ( #aga2 arre/$ #ahj2 tortur$ #aha2 def5ce ( #aha2 burn$ #ahc2 disposition ( prop]ty ( #ahe4 ,knox1 ,john3 appo9t$ royal *apla9 #bfb2 (f]$ bi%opric #bfb2 brea* ) ,dudley #bfc4 ,krak des ,*evali]s3 #ajj4 ,lamb]t3 m>tyrdom ( #bha4 ,l&lords3 ,roman #ba2 enslave _! t5ants #cc2 =m ari/ocracy ( ,empire #da2 n m>tial #db2 ,engli% m]c5>y #bab2 rise ( #bbg2 confiscate ,*ur* prop]ty #bcj2 evict yeom5 #bde2 despoil *antries #bei1 #bjj2 control ,cr[n #bfg2 )\t fai? #bfh2 organize ,*ur* #bgb2 fe> army #bgc2 n m>tial #bbg1 #bde1 #bed1 #bee1 #bef1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bhc2 p]secute ,noncon=mi/s #bie2 p]secute adv5tur]s #bie2 conqu]$ 9 #afhh #big2 jeal\s ( ,clive & ,ha/+s #cji2 suff] aft] #ahae #ccb2 di/ress$ 9 #ahda #cdj2 attack$ by ,cobd5 #cda2 ru9$ #cdh2 ( ,oude #cef4 ,latim]3 describes 8 fa!r's f>m #bdg2 m>tyrdom ( #bhb4 ,leo ! ,great3 visits ,attila #fc4 ,leo ,,ix43 election ( #ge4 ,lic9ian ,laws #aj2 effect ( #aa4 ,loll>ds3 description ( #ahg2 ,book ( ,conclusions ( #aic2 policy ( t[>d monks #aie4 ,london3 hot-b$ ( ,loll>dism #aig2 population ( 9 #aejj #bjc2 p[] ( #bic2 population ( 9 #afhe #bie2 economic c5tre ( ! _w #cbb2 art ( #cha-chc2 see ,ea/]n trade & ,hanse ( ,london4 ,l\is ! ,fat3 defeats ,hugh du ,puiset #aee2 obta9s ,montlhri #aeg4 ,l\is ,,vii43 "* ( #aab2 leads second crusade #aad2 qu>rels at ,antio* #aag2 sup]/ition ( #aag2 repuls$ at ,damascus #aag2 see ,crusade4 ,madre-de-,dios3 capture ( #beg4 ,mahrattas3 conque/ ( #ceh2 disappe>ance ( #cej4 ,m>gat3 ca/le ( #aja4 ,m>riage3 see ,dome/ic relations4 ,m>t91 ,abbot3 sails ) ,d&olo #ach2 /eals relics #adh4 ,m>w>is3 #ceg2 de/roy ,mahrattas #cei4 ,milo1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims3 #ga4 ,miracles3 e>ly ,*ri/ian #fc2 m$ival #fd et seq42 see ,bosra1 ,relics4 ,molay1 ,gr& ,ma/]3 lur$ to ,p>is #ahj2 burn$ #ahd4 ,mona/icism3 see ,conv5ts4 ,money3 ,rome deplet$ ( #bc2 c5tres at ,con/ant9ople #bh2 rises 9 value "u ,empire #ce2 falls 9 value "u ,*>lemagne #abi2 rises 9 value 9 ?irte5? c5tury #afi2 rises 9 fifte5? c5tury #aid2 rises "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bjf2 falls aft] op5+ ( ,potosi #bjg2 abundant /imulates movem5t #bii2 a =m ( en]gy #cjd2 ho>d$ 9 ,india #cjd2 falls at close ( eighte5? c5tury #cbj2 rises 9 n9ete5? c5tury #ccg1 #cfj2 see ,capital1 ,co9age1 ,curr5cy1 ,prices4 ,mons ,sac]3 secession to #i4 ,monte ,cas9o3 f\nd$ #gb4 ,mont=t1 ,simon de3 jo9s crusade #acb2 leaves ,d&olo #ach4 ,montlhri3 lords ( #aef2 ca/le #aeg4 ,nantes3 revocation ( ,edict ( #cah4 ,napoleon3 decl9e ( #cbd2 lack+ soldi]s #cfd2 column erect$ to #cha4 ,nobility3 feudal ,fr5* #aed2 ,engli% #baf1 #bdc2 ,tudor1 see ,l&lords4 ,nog>et3 captures ,boniface #agf1 #agg4 ,nor?umb]l&3 see ,dudley4 ,n\r-ed-,d93 ,sultan ( ,aleppo #ajc2 occupies ,cairo #ajc2 repulses ,l\is ,,vii4 #aag2 kills ,raymond de ,poiti]s #aah4 ,ogive3 ( ,ea/]n orig9 #ie2 appe>s 9 transition ar*itecture #if4 ,ov]/one1 ,"l3 rise ( #ccf2 conceives ,bank ,act #ccf2 f9ancial policy ( #ccg et seq4 ,panic3 "u ,tib]ius #be2 ( ?irte5? c5tury #afi1 #agj2 ( #ahaj #cbe2 ( #ahbe #ccd2 allay$ by pap] money #cce2 ( #ahdg #cdb4 ,passive ob$i5ce3 see ,div9e "r4 ,patricians3 usur]s #g2 n m>tial #g2 sanction ,lic9ian ,laws #aj2 see ,usury4 ,paup]ism3 "u ,h5ry ,,vii ,i4 #bdi2 9 #ahdh #cde4 ,peel1 ,sir ,rob]t3 repres5ts ,lomb>d ,/reet #ccj2 sep>ates f 8 fa!r on money issue #ccj2 8 ,resumption ,act #cca2 effect ( #cca2 repeals ,corn ,laws #cdj2 p>5tage #cdb4 ,pelagius1 ,c>d9al3 comm&s crusade #aej4 ,p5ny3 ! ,roman1 see ,d5>ius2 ( ,*>lemagne #abi2 depreciation ( ,v5etian #abi2 depreciation ( ,engli% 9 f\rte5? c5tury #aie2 "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,philip ,augu/us3 regal ( ,france v[$ = recov]y ( #fe2 belief 9 int]cession #fi2 comm&s crusade #abi2 returns to ,fiance #acj2 divorc$ f ,+eburga #ace2 excommunicat$ #ace4 ,philip ! ,fair3 "* ( #aga2 qu>rel ) ,boniface #agb2 defeat$ at ,c\rtray #age2 seizes ,boniface #agg2 makes ,clem5t ,v4 pope #agh2 arre/s ,templ>s #ahj2 tortures ,templ>s #ahb2 dea? ( #ahe4 ,pilgrimage ( ,grace3 see ,rebellion4 ,plassey3 battle ( #cjh2 effect ( #cac4 ,plebeians3 f>m]s #f2 =m infantry #f2 sold = debt #g2 sec$e to ,mons ,sac] #i2 fav\r$ by ,lic9ian ,laws #aj2 ov]?r[ patricians #aj2 suff] f ,asiatic competition #aa2 suff] f slave lab\r #ab2 insolv5t #bb2 become coloni #cc2 disappe> #dd1 #de4 ,police1 a paid3 lack (1 causes defeat ( patricians #ci2 an effect ( money #de2 organiz$ by ,augu/us #de2 makes capital autocratic at ,rome #df2 impossible :5 ! def5ce 9 w> is sup]ior to ! attack #gi2 lack (1 causes weakness ( ! ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem #ii1 #aba1 #abb2 ! weapon ( an economic community #afd2 an effect ( weal? & ! basis ( c5tralization #afe2 9 ,engl& "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bde2 de/roys m>tial type #bde2 drives adv5tur]s f ,engl& #bed2 resi/less 9 n9ete5? c5tury #cec4 ,pompey3 defeat ( #cfd4 ,potosi3 discov]y #bjg4 ,prices3 fall (1 "u ,trajan #cc2 rise ( 9 ?irte5? c5tury #afg2 fall ( 9 fifte5? c5tury #bjc2 rise ( 9 sixte5? c5tury #bjg1 #bhc2 rise ( aft] ,plassey #cai2 culm9ate 9 #ahji #cbd2 fall ( 9 ,engl& aft] #ahae #ccj2 depress$ by gold /&>d #ccg2 fall ( aft] ,bank ,act #cci2 rise ( aft] #ahdi #cde2 fall ( s9ce #ahgc #cdi4 ,produc]s3 pr$om9ance ( #cba2 curr5cy sy/em ( #cbh1 #cbi2 weakness ( mod]n #cdi2 ,indian #cfj4 ,puritans3 reject royal supremacy #bfd2 resi/ ecclesia/ical confiscation #bgj2 eviction ( cl]gy #bhe2 emigration ( #bhe2 foes ( ,spani>ds #bhi4 ,pyrrhus3 admires ,roman infantry #aa2 defeat ( #aa4 ,raleigh3 family ( #bee2 captures ,madre-de-,dios #beg2 dea? ( #beg4 ,raymond de ,poiti]s3 at feud ) de ,c\rtney #ajg2 brea* ) ,l\is ,,vii4 #aag2 dea? ( #aah4 ,rebellion3 ( ,pilgrimage ( ,grace #baf2 suppression ( #bbb2 ,kett's #bej2 9 ,we/ ( ,engl& #bej1 #beb4 ,re=mation3 an economic movem5t #ahh2 9 ,engl& #bcj2 "u ,edw>d ,,vi4 #bei1 #bfj2 see ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,conv5ts1 ,loll>ds4 ,reg9ald de ,*atillon #aba4 ,regulus3 pov]ty ( #ae4 ,relics3 magical #fd2 gifts to #fe2 li/ ( ,engli% #ff2 wor%ip ( cause ( crusades #ha2 true cross #aai2 plund] ( at ,con/ant9ople #adh2 despis$ #aea2 relic wor%ip co/ly #aib-aif2 desecrat$ 9 ,engl& #bjj4 ,r5t3 rise ( money value ( 9 ,rome #cb2 effect ( #cc1 #cd2 sub/itution ( = milit>y s]vice #bde2 rises 9 sixte5? c5tury #bdg2 effect ( rise #bdh2 rise ( 9 sev5te5? c5tury #bhc2 fall ( aft] #ahae causes insolv5cy ( l&lords #ccb2 dep5d5t on ,corn ,laws #cdj2 fall ( aft] #ahgc ru9s g5try #cdh4 ,ridley3 doctr9e conc]n+ sacram5t #bfa2 burn$ #bhb4 ,rob9son1 ,john3 congregation ( #bhe4 ,rome3 e>ly society ( #a2 classes 9 #b2 law ( debt 9 #b-d2 e>ly army ( #i2 n m>itime #ab2 slav]y 9 #ac2 economic revolution 9 #ad2 a plutocracy #ae2 annexes ,egypt #ag2 s5ators l&-own]s #ba2 great doma9s ( #ba2 conque/s ( #bc2 unable to compete ) ,asia #bc2 =eign ex*anges unfav\rable to #bc2 insolv5t #bh2 decl9e ( #cg2 ceases bre$+ soldi]s #dj2 lat] emp]ors ( =eign adv5tur]s #dj2 gov]n$ by a moni$ olig>*y #da2 economic type autocratic 9 #db2 wom5 ( emancipat$ #dc2 paid police ( #de2 b>b>ian invasions #df1 #dg2 dome/ic relations 9 #cfi2 art ( #cgb2 ar*itecture ( #cha2 see ,co9age1 ,slav+1 ,usur]s1 ,usury4 ,ro?s*ilds3 rise ( #cbb2 e/abli% h\se 9 ,london #cbc4 ,russell1 ,john1 ,e>l ( ,b$=d3 conducts trial ( ,abbot ( ,gla/on #bda4 ,sa9t ,b]n>d3 bir? ( #ajh2 ent]s ,citeaux #ajh2 f\nds ,clairvaux #aji2 recognizes ,innoc5t ,,ii4 #aaj2 prea*es second crusade #aab2 miracles ( #aac2 decl9es to lead crusade #aad2 rem>ks on defeat ( crusade #aah4 ,sa9t ,cu?b]t3 plund] ( %r9e ( #bci4 ,sa9t ,d5is3 ,abbey ( #aed4 ,sa9t ,riqui]3 sacrilege at #afb4 ,sa9t ,sophia3 ar*itecture ( #hi1 #cgg2 desecration ( #ade4 ,sa9t ,?omas ,becket3 %r9e ( #fe4 ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as3 v5]ation ( = ,eu*>i/ #fg4 ,salad93 s5ds physician to ,ri*>d #id2 cr[n$ ,sultan #ajd2 kills ,reg9ald de ,*atillon #aba2 ,hatt9 #abb2 campaign aga9/ ,ri*>d #acj2 treats ) ,ri*>d #aca4 ,s>ac5s3 ar*itecture ( #hi1 #ij2 h\sehold decorations ( #ij2 philosophy ( #ic2 sci5ces ( #id2 see ,crusades1 ,n\r-ed-,d91 ,salad91 ,z5ghi4 ,s*ism3 ,greek #gh4 ,seym\r1 ,protector3 confiscations "u #bfa2 execut$ #bfa4 ,sicily3 *eap lab\r 9 #af2 s]vile w> 9 #af2 *eap gra9 ( #ag4 ,silv]3 ,roman /&>d #bf2 disc>d$ 9 ,rome #ca2 re/or$ by ,*>lemagne #abh2 ratio ( to gold 9 ,rome #cj2 to gold 9 ?irte5? c5tury #afi2 ,potosi #bjd2 ,spani>ds plund]$ ( #bhh2 br\ght to ,engl& by piracy #bia2 ratio to gold 9 sev5te5? c5tury #cjj2 /&>d 9 ,engl& #cjj2 export$ to ,india 9 eighte5? c5tury #bii-cjb2 9 #ahaj #cbj2 disc>d$ by ,engl& #ccj2 by ,g]many #cdg2 relation to ,asiatic competition #cfj2 see ,co9age1 ,curr5cy1 ,d5>ius1 ,gold /&>d4 ,slav]y3 = debt 9 ,rome #e2 plebeians s9k into #cc2 ,roman population exhau/$ by #cf2 9 ,we/ ,indies #bhi1 #bij4 ,slav+3 "p ( ,roman fiscal sy/em #cd2 by ,roman emp]ors #ci2 ,v5etian #abf2 ,engli% #bia2 see ,hawk9s4 ,smi?1 ,capta9 ,john3 c>e] ( #bie4 ,solidus3 see ,aureus4 ,som]set3 ,duke (1 see ,seym\r4 ,spa93 empire ( #bhf2 w> ) ,fl&]s #bhg2 plund]$ by ,drake #bhh2 attack$ by ,cromwell #cja2 see ,armada1 ,we/ ,indies4 ,spani% ,am]ica3 revolution ( #cbd4 ,suez ,canal3 effect ( #cee4 ,sylve/] ,,ii43 ?\ght a sorc]] #ha2 proposes a crusade #hc4 ,syria3 indu/rial #be2 see ,ar*itecture1 ,crusades1 ,ea/]n trade1 ,s>ac5s4 ,temple1 see ,knights ( !4 ,t5ures3 primitive ,roman #a2 s]vile ,roman #cc2 ,engli% milit>y #bdd2 ! manor #bdd2 mod]n economic #bde2 ,indian peasant #cef4 ,?ompson1 ,*>les ,&rew3 petition ( #ccb4 ,tib]ias3 battle (1 see ,hatt94 ,tortosa3 =tress ( #aja2 surr5d] ( #aga4 ,trade1 see ,ea/]n trade1 ,fairs ( ,*ampagne1 ,slav+4 ,urban ,,ii43 prea*es at ,cl]mont #hc4 ,usur]s3 =m ,roman ari/ocracy #b2 *eck$ by ,lic9ian ,laws #aj2 absolute 9 ,rome #df2 rise ( 9 ,engl& #cba2 absolute 9 ,europe #cec2 ,indian #ceg2 see ,bank]s4 ,usury3 a patrician privilege #b2 /ronghold ( 9 ,roman fiscal sy/em #e2 ru9s ,roman prov9ces #ce2 basis ( ,roman slav+ #cf2 see ,usur]s4 ,vagrant ,acts3 ,engli% #bdh4 ,v5ice3 rise ( #abe2 slave trade ( #abf2 illicit trade ( ) ,s>ac5s #abf2 population unimag9ative #abf2 navy ( #abg2 co-op]ates ) ,godfrey de ,b\illon #abg2 holds ,syrian ports #abg2 co9age ( #abi2 p>ticipates 9 crusade ( ,con/ant9ople #acg2 see ,crusade2 packet s]vice to ,fl&]s #bja2 decl9e ( #bih4 ,vzelay3 second crusade prea*$ at #aab2 feud ) ,c\nts ( ,nev]s #afa4 ,ville-,h>d\93 *ronicle ( #acb4 ,virg9ia3 /ory ( #h4 ,w>3 see ,police4 ,watt1 ,james3 inv5ts eng9e #cad2 p>tn]%ip ) ,b\lton #caf4 ,we/ ,indies3 ,spani% rev5ue drawn f #bhg2 trade ( lucrative #bia2 ,cromwell attacks #cja4 ,:it+1 ,abbot ( ,gla/on3 m>tyrdom ( #bda4 ,wickliffe3 beg9s 8 agitation #aib4 ,william ( ,tyre3 describes orig9 ( ,temple #ig2 defeat ( ,l\is ,,vii4 9 ,cadmus ,m\nta9s #aae2 brea* betwe5 ,l\is & ,pr9ce ,raymond #aag2 ! collapse ( ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem #aah4 ,wilt%ire3 ,e>l (1 see ,boleyn4 ,yeom53 =m ,briti% infantry #bdc2 small f>m]s #bdd2 decl9e ( "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bde2 =m ,ironsides #beb2 weak] become agricultural lab\r]s #bec2 become m]*ants #bed2 become adv5tur]s #bed2 =m ,engli% m>tial type #bee2 ext9ction ( #cag2 migration to t[ns ( #cag2 desc5dants ( become manufactur]s & usur]s #cda1 #cdb4 ,z>a3 attack on #acd2 /orm$ #ach4 ,z5ghi3 rise ( #ajc2 captures ,edessa #ajc4