,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,?is e-text conta9s a translation ( ,h]b>t's 8,umriss pdagogis*] ,vorlesung501 ! ma9 text ( :i* is divid$ into numb]$ p>agraphs4 ,! numb]s 9 ! ,index are ref]5ces to ^! p>agraphs4 ,de ,g>mo's annotations are ind5t$ 9 ?is e-text by two spaces4 ,h]b>t's own annotations h ! run-9 head+ 8,note0 & are ind5t$ by f\r spaces4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & small-capp$ text by equal signs4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,educational ,,doctr9e ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s logo ,,outl9es ,,( ,,educational ,,doctr9e ,,by ,,john ,,fr$]ick ,,h]b>t ,,translat$ ,,by ,,alexis ,f4 ,,lange1 ,ph4,d4 ,associate ,pr(essor ( ,engli% & ,sc&9avian ,philology1 & ,dean ( ! ,faculty ( ! ,college ( ,lett]s1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,,annotat$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,de ,,g>mo1 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,education1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,ltd4 #aijd ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #aija1 ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,febru>y1 #aija4 ,repr9t$ ,june1 #aijd4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,! reasons = translat+ & annotat+ ,h]b>t's 8,outl9es0 are1 fir/1 to pres5t to ! ,engli%-speak+ public ,h]b>t's late/1 & also 8 mo/ complete1 "w on education2 &1 second1 to note to "s ext5t at lea/ ! advances made 9 educational ?\ght s9ce ,h]b>t laid d[n 8 p54 ,h]b>t's educational writ+s are di/+ui%$ by two m>k$ *>act]i/ics3 #a1 _! helpfulness 9 actual tea*+2 & #b1 _! sy/ematic complet5ess4 ,! ?\ghtful read] c see ! be>+ ( ea* "p ^u all ! o!rs2 ! purposes ( education are s completely correlat$ ) ! means1 t1 :e!r ! topic "u discussion be app]ception or int]e/ or me?ods ( tea*+ or s*ool gov]nm5t or moral tra9+ or ! pres5tation ( a p>ticul> /udy1 ! read] is nev] at a loss to see ! relation ( ?is "p to ! :ole4 ,! em95t practicability ( ,h]b>t's ?\ght dep5ds ^u 8 psy*ological po9t ( view1 :i* is always t ( concrete exp]i5ce4 ,! mom5t "o tries to apply rational psy*ology to actual tea*+1 "o beg9s to rise into ! cl\ds1 to become vague or1 at lea/1 g5]al4 ,! reason = ?is is t rational psy*ology deals ) un*angeable presuppositions ( m9d4 ,we may con=m our "w to ^! /&>ds1 b we _c modify !m1 any m ?an we c a law ( nature4 ,b :5 we h to deal ) an app]ceiv+ cont5t1 we feel at home1 = ov] ?is we h "s control4 ,we c build up moral maxims1 we c e/abli% p]man5t int]e/s1 we c reveal ! unfold+ ( :ole developm5ts ( ?\ght & ef=t1 we c fix ! "t ord] ( /udies & p>ts ( /udies2 9 %ort1 we c apply our p$agogical insight ) "s degree ( success to actual s*ool problems4 ,?\gh empirical psy*ology has 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s _h z rapid a developm5t z any o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 x has nev] dep>t$ ess5tially f ! direction fix$ by ,h]b>t4 ,new me?ods h inde$ be5 appli$1 b ! lead+ motive has rema9$ empirical2 x has _h small t5d5cy to drift t[>d rational psy*ology4 ,?is fact makes ,h]b>t's educational ?\ght1 s f> z psy*ological be>+ is conc]n$1 seem z fre% & mod]n z :5 x 0 fir/ record$4 ,9 "o important respect1 h[ev]1 ,h]b>t's sy/em ne$s mod]niz+4 ,x is 9 relat+ education to conditions ( society z x n[ exi/s4 ,g]man society has nev] be5 t ( ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries2 mu* less does ,g]man society ( ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury correspond to ,anglo-,saxon society at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie?4 ,inde$1 ev5 _h !re be5 correspond5ce be=e1 !re w\ld be div]g5ce n[4 ,x is "o ( ! ma9 purposes ( ! annotation1 !re=e1 to po9t out ! social implications ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! 8,outl9es40 ,! annotation has made no attempt to improve ,h]b>t's prophetic vision conc]n+ _m important matt]s1 or to elucidate self-evid5t propositions1 or to supplem5t obs]vations already complete1 true1 & apt4 ,especial att5tion is call$ to ! exactness & illum9at+ "* ( ,h]b>t's diagnosis ( m5tal weaknesses & disord]s 9 *ildr51 toge!r ) 8 sugge/ions z to prop] treatm5t4 ,/ud5ts ( *ild-/udy1 moreov]1 w f9d 9 ?is "w n only enc\ragem5t 9 _! "w1 b also assi/ance 9 det]m9+ :at is wor? /udy+ 9 ! *ild4 ,! read] is con/antly rem9d$ ( ! fact t1 :5 writt5 by a ma/]1 no book is new] ?an an old "o4 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction #a ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,d\ble ,,basis ,,( ,,p$agogics ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,e?ical ,basis #g ,,ii4 ,! ,psy*ological ,basis #ae ,,"p ,,ii ,,outl9es ,,( ,,g5]al ,,p$agogics ,,section ,i4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,i4 ,!oretical ,aspects #cj ,,ii4 ,practical ,aspects #cc ,,section ,,ii4 ,,in/ruction ,i4 ,! ,relation ( ,in/ruction to ,gov]nm5t & ,tra9+ #ci ,,ii4 ,! ,aim ( ,in/ruction #dd ,,iii4 ,! ,conditions ( ,_m-sid$ness #ea ,,iv4 ,! ,conditions ,det]m9+ ,int]e/ #fj ,v4 ,! ,ma9 ,k9ds ( ,int]e/ #gf ,,vi4 ,! ,mat]ial ( ,in/ruction f ,diff]5t ,po9ts ( ,view #ic ,,vii4 ,! ,process ( ,in/ruction #aje ,,viii4 ,rem>ks on ! ,plan ( ,in/ruction z a ,:ole #acd ,,section ,,iii4 ,,tra9+ ,i4 ,! ,relation ( ,tra9+ to ,gov]nm5t & to ,in/ruction #adj ,,ii4 ,! ,aim ( ,tra9+ #adc ,,iii4 ,diff]5tiation ( ,"* #adf ,,iv4 ,diff]5tiation ( ,morality #aea ,v4 ,helps 9 ,tra9+ #aed ,,vi4 ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,tra9+ #afj ,,section ,,iv4 ,,synopsis ,,( ,,g5]al ,,p$agogics ,,f ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,( ,,age ,i4 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s #aih ,,ii4 ,! ,ages f ,f\r to ,eight #bja ,,iii4 ,boyhood #bji ,,iv4 ,y\? #baf ,,"p ,,iii ,,special ,,applications ,,( ,,p$agogics ,,section ,i4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,bran*es ,,( ,,/udy ,i4 ,religion #bai ,,ii4 ,hi/ory #bbc ,,iii4 ,ma!matics & ,nature ,/udy #bda ,,iv4 ,geography #bfc ,v4 ,! ,"m-tongue #bfi ,,vi4 ,greek & ,lat9 #bge ,,vii4 ,fur!r ,specification ( ,didactics #bhi ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,faults ,,( ,,pupils ,,& ,,_! ,,treatm5t ,i4 ,g5]al ,diff]5tiation #bib ,,ii4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,moral ,weakness #cja ,,iii4 ,! ,effects ( ,tra9+ #cjh ,,iv4 ,special ,faults #cab ,,section ,,iii4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,education ,i4 ,home ,education #cag ,,ii4 ,conc]n+ ,s*ools #cba ,,outl9es ,,( ,,educational ,,doctr9e ,,introduction #a4 ,! pla/icity1 or educability1 ( ! pupil is ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( p$agogics4 ,! concept pla/icity1 or capacity = be+ m\ld$1 ext5ds f> beyond ! conf9es ( p$agogics4 ,x takes 9 ev5 ! prim>y compon5ts ( matt]4 ,x has be5 trac$ z f> z ! elem5t>y sub/ances ent]+ into ! *emical *anges ( organic bodies4 ,signs ( pla/icity ( w are f\nd 9 ! s\ls ( ! high] animals4 ,only man1 h[ev]1 exhibits pla/icity ( w 9 ! direction ( moral conduct4 ,_h n ! y\?ful m9d ! capacity to receive culture1 education w\ld be impossible4 ,?is educability ( ! "y has r>ely if ev] be5 que/ion$ 9 actual practice4 ,mu* philosophical /rife1 h[ev]1 has rag$ ab\t ! v>i\s conceptions ( ,,w1 & ! consequ5t possibility ( tea*+ virtue1 or ( tra9+ ! moral "*4 ,! extremes h be5 fatalism1 or ! det]m9ation ( conduct by means ( =ces ly+ entirely outside ! p[] ( ! individual2 & absolute caprice ( w1 or ! det]m9ation ( conduct entirely by ! individual himself )\t reg>d to outside influ5ces4 ,! doctr9e ( fatalism makes moral education me*anical2 t ( volitional caprice makes x futile4 ,educational !ory mu/ !re=e assume a middle gr\nd1 9 :i* ! self-activity ( ! individual & ! m\ld+ influ5ce ( education are bo? recogniz$4 #b4 ,p$agogics z a sci5ce is bas$ on e?ics & psy*ology4 ,! =m] po9ts out ! goal ( education2 ! latt] ! way1 ! means1 & ! ob/acles4 ,?is relation%ip involves ! dep5d5ce ( p$agogics on exp]i5ce1 inasmu* z e?ics includes application to exp]i5ce1 :ile psy*ology has its />t+-po9t1 n 9 metaphysics alone1 b 9 exp]i5ce correctly int]pret$ by metaphysics4 ,b an exclusively empirical k ( man w n suffice = p$agogics4 ,x is ! less adequate 9 any age ! great] ! in/ability ( morals1 cu/oms1 & op9ions2 =1 z ! new ga9s on ! old1 g5]alizations f =m] obs]vations cease to hold true4 ,9 ord] to accept ! /atem5t t e?ics po9ts out ! goal ( education1 we mu/ conceive ( e?ics 9 a broad way4 ,at "s p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ! developm5t ( purely individual1 or subjective1 "* w\ld h be5 ?\ght a wor?y & adequate conception ( ! f9al purpose ( education4 ,o!r-worldl9ess 0 ! rul+ ideal4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 we reg>d t man z mo/ fit = ! _w to come :o be/ p]=ms all 8 functions 9 ! _w t n[ is4 ,e?ics mu/ !re=e be conceiv$ to embrace an e/imation ( ! value ( a man's conduct 9 e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,n only mu/ x e/imate ! wor? ( pi\s feel+1 b x mu/ embrace a consid]ation ( e action 9 its relation to ! actor's social1 economic1 & political environm5t4 ,a man hav+ a praisewor?y "* mu/ be a good citiz5 ( /ate1 nation1 & community2 he mu/ be public-spirit$1 law-abid+1 giv5 to hone/ deal+4 ,e *ild %\ld be tra9$ to be a useful memb] ( civilization z x n[ exi/s4 ,piety alone is insuffici5t2 x mu/ be accompani$ by hone/y1 indu/ry1 patriotism1 public _s4 ,non-social1 or purely individuali/ic1 conceptions ( "* z ! goal ( education mu/ give way to ^? social ideals ?r\gh :i* alone ! highe/ welf>e ( bo? individual & community are to be cons]v$4 ,)\t su* conceptions an indu/rial /ate1 su* z n[ exi/s1 becomes a human jungle 9 :i* m5 ent] ^u a fi]c] /ruggle ?an d ! bea/s ( ! real jungle4 ,social cop]ation is ess5tial :5 we wi% to trans=m a /ruggle ( mutual de/ruction into "o ( mutual helpfulness4 #c4 ,philosophical sy/ems1 involv+ ei!r fatalism or its opposite1 pure caprice ( w1 are logically %ut out f p$agogics1 because ! notion ( pla/icity1 imply+ z x does a transition f ! indet]m9ate to ! det]m9ate1 _c by su* sy/ems be br\ght 9 )\t inconsi/5cy4 ,common s5se ov]comes ! logical difficulties ( ev5 ! wor/ sy/ems4 ,h]b>t's rem>k has1 !re=e1 no practical significance4 ,! philosophy ( ,sp9oza might easily be describ$ by an oppon5t z 8fatali/ic10 s9ce x leaves no room = special provid5ces 9 ! physical univ]se2 yet ,pr(essor ,pauls51 :o holds sub/antially to ,sp9oza's view1 is "o ( ! mo/ em95t promot]s ( ! !ory ( education 9 ! univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,h]b>t ?\ght ,kant's doctr9e ( transc5d5tal w "o ( absolute volitional caprice1 yet ! foll[]s ( ,kant h be5 among ! mo/ en]getic promot]s ( m5tal & moral tra9+4 ,h]b>t ?9ks he sees 9 ?is rem>k a *ance to put 8 philosophical oppon5ts out ( c\rt1 to ! b5efit ( 8 own sy/em4 ,if "o philosoph] develops a sy/em ( 8fatalism0 & ano!r "o ( 8absolute free w10 ! "o may be *>g$ ) mak+ education impossible & ! o!r ) mak+ x futile4 ,9 ei!r case1 s9ce we "k t education is nei!r impossible nor futile1 ! presumption is t bo? sy/ems are defective4 ,?is p>agraph & o!rs l x are m]e indirect me?ods ( def5d+ ,h]b>t's sy/em ( philosophy3 !y h no real significance = ! !ory ( education itself4 #d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! assumption ( unlimit$ pla/icity is equally inadmissible2 x is = psy*ology to gu>d aga9/ ?is error4 ,! educability ( ! *ild is1 to beg9 )1 limit$ by 8 individuality4 ,!n1 too1 ! possibility ( det]m9+ & m\ld+ him at w ?r\gh education is less5$ by "t & circum/ances4 ,la/ly1 ! e/abli%$ "* ( ! adult develops by an inn] process :i* 9 "t passes beyond ! rea* ( ! educator4 #e4 ,education seems ?us to f9d a b>ri]1 fir/1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 & lat] 9 ! pupil's own w4 ,! difficulty is inde$ a real "o1 if ! limitations ( education are ov]look$3 h5ce an app>5t confirmation ( fatalism z well z ( ! doctr9e ( absolute free w4 ,mod]n sci5tific evolution>y /udy ( an?ropology & hi/ory t5ds to confirm ! ha/y ?9k] 9 ! idea t ! circum/ances ( ! environm5t completely det]m9e ! "* & de/9y ( m51 s9ce _! debt to ! m\ld+ influ5ces ( society & physical surr\nd+s becomes m & m app>5t2 yet h[ev] p[]ful ! environm5t may prove to be 9 fix+ ! direction ( m5tal gr[? 9 ! race1 x _c rightly be conceiv$ z creat+ ! gr[+ =ces4 ,all ! sun%9e & w>m? 9 ! _w w n cause a pebble to spr\t2 s no ext]nal influ5ces :atev] c develop m9d :]e !re is none to develop4 ,! exig5cies ( ,h]b>t's metaphysics drove him into a crusade aga9/ ,kant's doctr9e ( innate fre$om1 or transc5d5tal w2 all ! fre$om t ,h]b>t w\ld admit 0 t psy*ological fre$om :i* is acquir$ ?r\gh in/ruction & tra9+4 ,! qu>rel belongs to eighte5?-c5tury metaphysics1 n to mod]n psy*ology1 nor to education2 = h[ev] pot5tially free an infant may be1 nobody ?9ks ( mak+ x responsible1 except s f> z gr[+ exp]i5ce gives x insight & volitional /r5g?4 ,note4--,_m ?9k]s fluctuate con/antly betwe5 ^! two errone\s extremes4 ,:5 look+ hi/orically at mank9d z a :ole1 !y arrive at fatalism1 z does ,gumpl[icz 9 8 8,outl9es ( ,sociology40 ,tea*] & pupil alike seem to !m to be 9 ! curr5t ( a mighty /ream1 n swimm+1--t is1 self-active1--:i* w\ld be ! correct view1 b c>ri$ along )\t wills ( _! own4 ,!y arrive1 on ! o!r h&1 at ! idea ( a p]fectly free w1 :5 !y contemplate ! individual & see him resi/ ext]nal influ5ces1 ! aims ( ! tea*] v (t5 includ$4 ,"h !y fail to compreh5d ! nature ( w1 & sacrifice ! concept ( natural law = t ( w4 ,"y tea*]s c h>dly avoid %>+ ?is unc]ta9ty1 favor$ z x is by ! philosophies ( ! day2 mu* is ga9$1 h[ev]1 :5 !y are able to obs]ve fluctuations ( _! own views )\t fall+ into ei!r extreme4 #f4 ,! p[] ( education mu/ be nei!r ov]- nor "u-e/imat$4 ,! educator %\ld1 inde$1 try to see h[ mu* may be done2 b he mu/ always expect t ! outcome w w>n him to conf9e 8 attempts )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,9 ord] n to neglect any?+ ess5tial1 he ne$s to keep 9 view ! practical be>+s ( ! :ole !ory ( ideas2 9 ord] to und]/& & int]pret correctly ! data furni%$ by obs]vation ( ! *ild1 ! tea*] mu/ make con/ant use ( psy*ology4 #g4 ,9 sci5tific /udy concepts are sep>at$ :i* 9 practice mu/ always be kept unit$4 ,! "w ( education is cont9u\s4 ,) an eye to e consid]ation at once1 ! educator mu/ always endeavor to connect :at is to come ) :at has gone be=e4 ,h5ce a mode ( treatm5t :i*1 foll[+ ! sev]al p]iods ( s*ool life1 simply enum]ates ! ?+s to be done 9 sequ5ce1 is inadequate 9 a "w on p$agogics4 ,9 an app5dix ?is me?od w s]ve to facilitate a bird's-eye view2 ! discussion ( g5]al pr9ciples1 arrang$ accord+ to fundam5tal ideas1 mu/ ne$s prec$e4 ,b our v fir/ task w necess>ily consi/ 9 deal+1 at lea/ briefly1 ) ! e?ical & ! psy*ological basis ( p$agogics4 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,d\ble ,,basis ,,( ,,p$agogics ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,e?ical ,basis #h4 ,! t]m virtue expresses ! :ole purpose ( education4 ,virtue is ! idea ( inn] fre$om :i* has develop$ into an abid+ actuality 9 an individual4 ,:5ce1 z inn] fre$om is a relation betwe5 insight & volition1 a d\ble task is at once set be=e ! tea*]4 ,x becomes 8 bus9ess to make actual ea* ( ^! factors sep>ately1 9 ord] t lat] a p]man5t relation%ip may result4 ,insight is conceiv$ z ! p]ception ( :at is "r or wrong4 ,?is p]ception is f\nd$ on ! spontane\s1 or intuitive1 feel+ t arises 9 ! m9d :5 c]ta9 elem5t>y w-relations are pres5t$ to ! intellig5ce4 ,! unp]v]t$ m9d has a natural antipa?y to /rife1 malevol5ce1 inju/ice1 selfi%ness2 x has a correspond+ approval ( h>mony1 good-w1 ju/ice1 b5evol5ce4 ,^! feel+s arise1 naturally1 only :5 ! appropriate ideas are pres5t4 ,insight1 !re=e1 is a /ate ( feel+ or disposition aris+ f k1 or ideas4 ,:5 volition has come into p]man5t accord ) educat$ insight1 virtue has be5 atta9$4 ,consci5ce approves e virtu\s act2 x disapproves e deviation f virtue4 ,inn] fre$om1 !re=e1 is m>k$ by approv+ consci5ce2 lack ( x1 by accus+ consci5ce4 ,! developm5t ( virtu\s "* is n s easy1 h[ev]1 z might appe> f ^! simple /atem5ts1 = virtue has a %ift+1 n to say a develop+ "*4 ,elem5t>y z ! fundam5tal e?ical ideas may be :5 pres5t$ 9 ! home or 9 ! k9d]g>t51 !y are n elem5t>y :5 met ) 9 mod]n civilization4 ,at times virtue has be5 ( a milit>y "*1 z 9 ,sp>ta & ,rome2 at o!r times x has be5 ecclesia/ical1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 9 addition to all t x has ev] be5 f a purely ,*ri/ian "*1 x is civil1 social1 indu/rial4 ,virtue 9 a mod]n city has a cont5t q diff]5t f t 9 a pione] m9+ camp4 ,fur!rmore1 virtue is unev5 9 its developm5t4 ,! race has1 = in/ance1 be5 tra9$ long & h>d to respect unprotect$ prop]ty1 s t we may fairly say su* respect has become in/9ctive2 yet :5 unprotect$ prop]ty comes into new relations to ! individual1 z 9 ! case ( borr[$ books1 we may f9d only a rudim5t>y consci5ce4 ,:at s*ol> is n a suff]] f ?is =m ( unripe virtue8 #i4 ,b ev5 "h at ! outset we ne$ to be> 9 m9d ! id5tity ( morality ) ! ef=t put =? to realize ! p]man5t actuality ( ! h>mony betwe5 insight & volition4 ,to induce ! pupil to make ?is ef=t is a difficult a*ievem5t2 at all ev5ts1 x becomes possible only :5 ! tw(old tra9+ m5tion$ above is well "u way4 ,x is easy en\gh1 by a /udy ( ! example ( o!rs1 to cultivate !oretical acum52 ! moral application to ! pupil himself1 h[ev]1 c be made1 ) hope ( success1 only 9 s f> z 8 incl9ations & habits h tak5 a direction 9 keep+ ) 8 insight4 ,if su* is n ! case1 !re is dang] le/ ! pupil1 aft] all1 kn[+ly subord9ate 8 correct !oretical judgm5t to m]e prud5ce4 ,x is ?us t evil 9 ! /rict s5se orig9ates4 ,x is helpful to give ! pupil abundant opportunity to pass judgm5t ^u ! moral quality ( actions n 8 own4 ,! be/ opportunities are at fir/ ! mo/ imp]sonal ones1 = :]e ! *ild himself is imm$iately conc]n$1 ! quality ( 8 judgm5t may be impair$ by int5se p]sonal feel+s1 su* z fe> ( blame or puni%m5t4 ,lit]ature furni%es ! e>lie/ & mo/ copi\s examples2 lat]1 hi/ory may be helpful1 ?\gh !re is great dang] ( tak+ p>tial or mi/ak5 views z to ! moral quality ( hi/orical de$s4 ,a selection ( lit]ature is an arti/ic :ole4 ,all ! relations c be easily p]ceiv$1 b any giv5 hi/orical ev5t is likely to be a small section ( a :ole too va/ = ! y\?ful m9d to compreh5d4 ,x is = ?is reason t caution is ne$$ :5 pass+ judgm5t ^u hi/orical facts4 ,to enc\rage ! *ild to pass judgm5t 9 ^! imp]sonal cases is to %>p5 8 natural p]ceptions ( "r & wrong1 & to influ5ce 8 disposition favorably4 ,"o :o has be5 l$ to condemn cruelty to animals 9 ?is way is likely to be m ?\ghtful himself1 & less dispos$ wantonly to inflict pa94 ,b e res\rce ( au?ority & p]suasion1 z well z appeal to s5sibility & consci5ce1 mu/ be employ$ to make virtu\s action habitual1 & to prev5t ! g5]ation ( evil4 #aj4 ,( ! rema9+ practical or e?ical concepts1 ! idea ( p]fection po9ts to heal? ( body & m9d2 x implies a high reg>d = bo?1 & _! sy/ematic cultivation4 ,p]fection "h means complet5ess ( effici5cy1 r ?an acquisition ( hol9ess4 ,an effici5t w is /rong1 vigor\s1 decid$2 x is self-consi/5t 9 ! pursuit ( lead+ purposes1 n vacillat+ or incoh]5t4 ,/ill1 ! idea ( moral p]fection is n a remote "o1 =1 9 ord] to be ?or\ghly effici5t1 a w mu/ be 9 sub/antial accord ) ! e?ical ord] ( a rational society4 ,all its deviations f e/abli%$ law & cu/om w be = _! improvem5t1 n = ! de/ruction ( :at is good 9 !m4 #aa4 ,! idea ( good-w c\nsels ! educator to w>d (f temptation to ill-w z long z su* temptation might prove dang]\s4 ,x is ess5tial1 on ! o!r h&1 to imbue ! pupil ) a feel+ ( respect = good-w4 ,good-w is "o ( ! ?ree concrete virtues ly+ at ! basis ( social ord]4 ,x is bo? passive1 z 9 laissez faire attitudes ( m9d1 & active z 9 ?or\ghgo+ civic1 bus9ess1 & social cop]ation4 ,s*ool tra9+ mu/ seek to impress ! m9d ) respect = ! active r ?an ! passive type ( good-w4 ,s1 too1 mu/ x w>d (f ! dang]s bo? ( passive & active ill-w1 z manife/$1 9 covet\sness1 malice1 malevol5ce1 envy1 trea*]y1 /+9ess1 cruelty1 h>d-he>t$ness4 ,h[ ^! ends may be atta9$1 w be consid]$ lat]4 #ab4 ,! idea ( ju/ice dem&s t ! pupil ab/a9 f cont5tion4 ,x dem&s1 fur!rmore1 reflection on /rife1 s t respect = ju/ice may /rike deep root4 ,no idea appeals m /rongly to ! unp]v]t$ y\?ful m9d ?an t ( ju/ice or fair play2 ev5 ! g5tle/ natures become indignant at manife/ations ( inju/ice4 ,! basis ( ! idea is1 9 ! ?\ght ( our au?or1 our natural displeasure 9 cont5tion ov] t :i*1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 only "o p]son c h4 ,prim>ily1 x conc]ns prop]ty rights1 b second>ily x may ext5d to o!r relations 9 :i* two or m wills are at issue4 ,ju/ice 9 ! acquisition1 possession1 & disposition ( weal? is ! !me ( ! great] "p ( e judicial sy/em4 ,! idea ( ju/ice is ! second ( ! ?ree concrete moral virtues necess>y = civiliz$ society4 #ac4 ,! idea ( equity is especially involv$ 9 cases :]e ! pupil has m]it$ puni%m5t z requital = ! int5tional infliction ( pa94 ,"h ! degree ( puni%m5t mu/ be c>efully asc]ta9$ & ackn[l$g$ z j4 ,note4--,?is k9d ( puni%m5t %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) educative puni%m5t--s call$1 i4e41 puni%m5t ?r\gh natural consequ5ces4 ,! ?ird concrete moral idea is t ( equity1 or requital4 ,x arises :5 exi/+ w-relations are alt]$ ei!r = good or bad4 ,! natural dem& is t ! requital %all be adequate to ! de$4 ,lack ( requital = good de$s we call +ratitude1 "o ( ! mo/ hateful ( human fail+s4 ,9 savag]y & b>b>ism private v5geance is ! normal me?od ( requit+ injuries4 ,remnants ( ?is sy/em /ill exi/ 9 ! duel1 & 9 ! fi]ce v5dettas ( "s sp>sely settl$ regions4 ,civilization dem&s t requital = evil de$s %all be rem&$ to ! executors ( e/abli%$ law4 ,only 9 ?is way is society sav$ f de/ructive broils4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 ! s*ool is ! m9iature ( ! in/itutional _w4 ,! tea*] is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 lawgiv]1 judge1 & executive4 ,n a small "p ( 8 moral influ5ce ^u 8 pupils dep5ds ^u ! ju/ice ( 8 requitals = violat$ law4 ,good-w1 ju/ice or rights1 & requital are ! ?ree fundam5tal concrete moral ideas ^u :i* s\nd "*1 bo? individual & national1 is bas$4 ,! rema9+ two are t ( inn] fre$om & t ( effici5cy4 ,?\gh =mal 9 "*1 i4e41 devoid ( positive cont5t1 !y are equally important ) ! m concrete conceptions4 #ad4 ,:]e a numb] ( pupils are assembl$ !re arises1 naturally1 on a small scale1 a sy/em ( laws & rew>ds4 ,?is sy/em1 & ! dem&s :i* 9 ! _w at l>ge spr+ f ! same ideas1 mu/ be br\ght into accord4 ,! s*ool is a m9iature _w1 to be regulat$ by ! same sy/em ( moral ideas z t :i* obta9s 9 society4 ,comp>e #ahb1 #caj4 #ae4 ,! concept ( an adm9i/rative sy/em has great significance = p$agogics1 s9ce e pupil1 :atev] 8 rank or social /atus1 mu/ be tra9$ = cop]ation 9 ! social :ole to fit him = usefulness4 ,?is requirem5t may assume v _m diff]5t =ms4 #af4 ,( ! sy/em ( civilization only ! aspect ( g5]al culture1 n t ( special tra9+1 mu/ be emphasiz$ at ?is po9t4 ,note4--,! pr9ciples ( practical philosophy :i* h j be5 briefly indicat$ are at ! same "t ! />t+-po9ts ( e?ical insight = ! pupils4 ,if ! resolve to direct ! w accord+ly be add$1 & if ! pupil obeys ?is resolve1 su* ob$i5ce con/itutes morality4 ,q di/9ct f ?is is ! ob$i5ce yield$1 be ! motive fe> or affection1 to ! p]son ( ! tea*]1 s long z t high] ob$i5ce is n securely e/abli%$4 #ag4 ,= ! bus9ess ( education1 ! idea ( p]fection1 :ile x does n rise into excessive prom95ce1 /&s out above all o!rs on acc\nt ( its un9t]rupt$ application4 ,! tea*] discov]s 9 ! z yet undevelop$ human be+ a =ce :i* requires 8 incessant att5tion to int5sify1 to direct1 & to conc5trate4 ,note4--,! maxim p]fice te is nei!r s univ]sal z ,wolff ass]t$1 z ?\gh x 7 ! sole fundam5tal pr9ciple ( e?ics1 nor s objectionable z ,kant repres5ts x to be4 ,p]fection1 quantitatively reg>d$ 7,vollkomm5heit--! /ate ( hav+ come to fulness71 is ! fir/ urg5t task :]ev] man %[s himself l[]1 small]1 weak]1 m n>r[ly limit$1 ?an he might be4 ,gr[?1 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 is ! natural de/9y ( ! *ild1 & ! prim>y condition ( :atev] else ( wor? may be expect$ ( him 9 lat] life4 ,! pr9ciple p]fice te 0 depriv$ ( its true mean+ by ! attempt to def9e by x ! :ole ( virtue--a blund]1 s9ce no s+le practical idea ev] exhau/s ! cont5ts ( t t]m4 ,q diff]5t is ! import ( ! next rem>k1 :i* applies solely to ! practice ( p$agogy4 #ah4 ,! con/ant pres5ce ( ! idea ( p]fection easily introduces a false feature into moral education 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,! pupil may get an errone\s impression z to ! relative importance ( ! lessons1 practice1 & p]=mance dem&$ ( him1 & s be betray$ into ! belief t he is ess5tially p]fect :5 ^! dem&s are satisfi$4 #ai4 ,= ?is reason alone1 if o!rs 7 want+1 x is necess>y to comb9e moral education prop]1 :i* 9 ev]yday life lays /ress cont9ually on correct self-det]m9ation1 ) religi\s tra9+4 ,! notion t some?+ really wor?y has be5 a*iev$ ne$s to be temp]$ by humility4 ,conv]sely1 religi\s education has ne$ ( ! moral also to =e/all cant & hypocrisy1 :i* are only too apt to appe> :]e morality has n already secur$ a firm foo?old ?r\gh e>ne/ self-que/ion+ & self-criticism ) a view to improvem5t4 ,f9ally1 inasmu* z moral tra9+ mu/ be put (f until aft] insight & "r habits h be5 acquir$1 religi\s education1 too1 %\ld n be begun too e>ly2 nor %\ld x be ne$lessly delay$4 ,x is well kn[n :at ob/acles confront ! ,am]ican tea*] :o desires to give a religi\s basis to moral "*4 ,= a full discussion ( ! subject view$ f num]\s /&po9ts1 ! read] is ref]r$ to 8,pr9ciples ( ,religi\s ,education10 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,?is book is a s]ies ( lectures by prom95t s*ool m5 & o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,psy*ological ,basis #bj4 ,x is an error1 inde$1 to look ^u ! human s\l z an aggregate ( all sorts ( faculties2 b ?is error only becomes worse :51 z is usually done1 ! /atem5t is add$ t faculties are aft] all at bottom "o & ! same active pr9ciple4 ,! traditional t]ms %\ld r be employ$ to di/+ui% m5tal ph5om5a t pres5t !mselves to exp]i5ce z successively pr$om9ant4 ,9 ?is way we get ! lead+ features ( s\l-life1 :i* rem9ds u suffici5tly ( psy*ology = our imm$iate purpose4 #ba4 ,! /age ( pr$om9ant s5se-activity is foll[$ by t ( memory 9 ! s5se ( exact reproduction ( s]ies ( p]cepts previ\sly =m$4 ,traces ( high] activities are z yet abs5t4 ,! only ?+ to be not$ is t ! s]ies1 unless r5d]$ long by frequ5t repetition1 are g5]ally %ort2 necess>ily s1 s9ce :ile =m+ !y are expos$ to cont9ual di/urbances caus$ by great s5sitiv5ess to new impressions4 #bb4 ,ev5 v "y *ildr5 betray at play & 9 spee* t =m ( self-activity ascrib$ to imag9ation4 ,! mo/ insignificant toys1 provid$ !y are movable1 occasion *anges & comb9ations ( p]cepts1 att5d$ ev5 ) /rong emotion1 t a/oni% ! mature obs]v]1 & p]haps excite anxiety le/ "s ( ^! motley fancies %\ld become fix$ ideas4 ,no evil aft] effects are to be fe>$1 h[ev]1 s long z ! emotional excitem5t does n ?reat5 heal?1 & passes ov] quickly4 ,a /rong play impulse is1 on ! contr>y1 a promis+ sign1 especially :5 x manife/s itself en]getically1 ?\gh late1 9 weak *ildr54 #bc4 ,soon !re foll[s a "t :5 ! obs]vation ( ext]nal objects prompts ! *ild to ask innum]able que/ions4 ,"h t activity :i* is call$ p[] ( judgm5t beg9s to /ir 9 conjunction ) reason+4 ,! *ild n[ /rives to subsume :at is new "u conceptions already 9 8 m9d1 & to affix _! symbols1 ! famili> words4 ,he is /ill f>1 )al1 f be+ able to foll[ an ab/ract tra9 ( ?\ght1 to employ p]iodic s5t5ces1 & to conduct himself rationally ?r\gh\t4 ,! slighte/ occasions w prove him a *ild /ill4 #bd4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! *ild manife/s1 besides ! physical feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 affection = "o p]son & av]sion to ano!r2 fur!rmore1 a seem+ly /rong w1 toge!r ) a viol5t _s ( contradiction1 unless ?is is suppress$ 9 "t4 #be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e?ical judgm5t z a rule %[s itself at fir/ v seldom & transi5tly--a =e%ad[+ ( ! difficulty ( secur+ = x lat]1 9 spite ( ob/9acy & selfi%ness1 ! function ( control1 on :i* control dep5d bo? morality & ! high] s5se ( art4 #bf4 ,! boy asks few] que/ions1 b tries all ! m to h&le & %ape ?+s4 ,he is ga9+ k by himself & acquir+ dext]ity4 ,gradually 8 respect = 8 eld]s increases2 he fe>s _! c5sure & /&s 9 awe ( _! sup]iority4 ,at ! same "t he atta*es himself m closely to o!r boys ( ! same age4 ,f n[ on x becomes m difficult to obs]ve him4 ,! tea*] :o has no previ\s k ( boys :o h rea*$ ?is age1 may long deceive himself 9 reg>d to !m & w seldom obta9 complete frankness4 ,?is res]ve is indicative ( m or less self-det]m9ation1 :i* is commonly attribut$ to pure reason4 #bg4 ,! names = ! m5tal faculties acquire r5ew$ importance ) ! beg9n+ ( sy/ematic in/ruction4 ,_! import1 h[ev]1 %[s a m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,n[ memory is reli$ on = ! acquisition1 )\t additions or omissions1 ( prescrib$ s]ies1 ! ord] be+ fix$ or n1 z ! case may be2 usually !re is a slight connection ) old] ideas4 ,imag9ation is call$ = to lay hold ( ! objects ( di/ant l&s & ages4 ,! und]/&+ is expect$ to d]ive g5]al notions f a limit$ numb] ( p>ticul>s1 to "n & to connect !m4 ,! developm5t ( ! e?ical judgm5t tea*]s r>ely wait =2 ob$i5ce to comm&s is dem&$4 ,ob$i5ce ( ?is k9d dep5ds *iefly on ! ease ) :i* antec$5t ideas are reviv$ & connect$ 9 response to1 b n beyond1 a giv5 /imulus4 ,9 extreme cases ! fe> ( puni%m5t effectively takes ! place ( all o!r motives4 ,b (t5 n ev5 ! usual memory-"w c be successfully exact$ ?r\gh fe>1 mu* less ob$i5ce )\t ov]sight4 #bh4 ,_m pupils reveal a curi\s contra/4 ,9 _! own sph]e !y display a good memory1 a lively imag9ation1 ke5 und]/&+2 by ! tea*] !y are cr$it$ ) little ( all ^!4 ,!y rule p]haps ov] _! playmates because ( _! sup]ior intellig5ce1 or possess at lea/ ! respect ( ! latt]1 :ile 9 _! classes !y %[ only incapacity4 ,su* exp]i5ces sugge/ ! difficulty ( mak+ in/ruction take prop] hold ( ! inn] gr[? ( ! pupil4 ,x is evid5t1 at ! same "t1 t :at is cu/om>ily ascrib$ to ! action ( ! v>i\s m5tal faculties takes place 9 c]ta9 gr\ps ( ideas4 #bi4 ,! gr[n man has "o gr\p ( ideas = 8 *ur*1 ano!r = 8 "w at home1 a ?ird = society1 & s on4 ,^! gr\ps1 ?\gh p>tially int]act+ & mutually det]m9ant1 are f> f be+ connect$ at e po9t4 ,?is is true z e>ly z boyhood4 ,! boy has "o set ( ideas = 8 s*ool1 ano!r = ! family circle1 /ill ano!r = ! playgr\nd1 etc4 ,?is fact expla9s bett] ?an int5tional res]ve ! obs]vation t a boy is "o be+ at home or at s*ool & q ano!r among /rang]s4 #cj4 ,ea* body ( ideas is made up ( complications ( ideas1 :i*1 if ! union is p]fect1 come & g 9 consci\sness z undivid$ :oles1 & ( s]ies1 toge!r ) _! int]lac+s1 ^: memb]s unfold successively1 "o by "o1 provid$ !y are n *eck$4 ,! clos] ! union ( p>ts )9 ^! complications & s]ies1 ! m absolute ! laws accord+ to :i* ideas act 9 consci\sness1 ! /rong] is ! resi/ance aga9/ ev]y?+ oppos+ _! movem5t2 h5ce ! difficulty ( act+ ^u !m ?r\gh in/ruction4 ,!y admit1 h[ev]1 ( additions & recomb9ations1 & s may 9 ! c\rse ( "t und]go ess5tial *anges2 up to a c]ta9 po9t !y ev5 *ange ( !mselves if repeat$ly call$ into consci\sness by dissimil> occasions1 e4g41 by ! frequ5t deliv]y ( ! same lecture be=e diff]5t audi5ces4 ,! g5]al notions ( ?+s are complexes or complications ( _! attributes4 ,o!r examples ( complexes important to in/ruction are furni%$ by logical concepts & words4 ,b s9ce words ( sev]al languages may be p]fectly complicat$ or b\nd toge!r ) ! same concept1 )\t be+ j z intimately connect$ ) "o ano!r1 x %\ld be not$ t :5 ! object or concept comes up at diff]5t times1 x w be jo9$ n[ ) ?is & next ) ano!r language4 ,yet ! repeat$ p]ception ( ! object is n q ! same p]ception z be=e1 al?\gh e>li] ideas mo/ly coalesce s fully ) lat] homog5e\s ideas t ! diff]5ce makes itself felt b little4 #ca4 ,! inn] /ructure ( gr\ps ( ideas becomes disc]nible 9 a measure :5 ?\ghts are bodi$ =? 9 spee*4 ,its mo/ g5]al aspect is disclos$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a p]iod4 ,conjunctions p>ticul>ly are important 9 t !y1 )\t d5ot+ a cont5t ( _! own1 s]ve z h9ts to ! li/5]4 ,!y po9t out to him ! connection1 ! anti!ses1 ! positiv5ess1 or ! unc]ta9ty ( ! speak]'s utt]ances2 = ! mean+s ( conjunctions c be trac$ back to ! s]ies-=m1 to negation & c]titude4 ,x %\ld be not$ t want & refusal are relat$ to negation2 expectation1 toge!r ) hope & fe>1 to unc]ta9ty1 s t ! consid]ation ( ?\ght masses mu/ also include emotional /ates4 ,*ildr5 possess ! /ructure ( ?\ght j z !y exp]i5ce ! emotional /ates1 long be=e !y "k h[ to embody ! same 9 words ) ! help ( conjunctions4 ,c]ta9 conjunctions1 su* z1 to be sure1 al?\gh1 on ! contr>y1 ei!r--or1 nei!r--nor1 etc41 are n adopt$ by *ildr5 until late4 #cb4 ,( equal importance ) ! inn] organization ( ! pupil's ideas are1 = ! tea*]1 ! degree ( ease or difficulty ) :i* a giv5 mass ( ideas is call$ into consci\sness1 & its relatively long or brief p]si/5ce 9 consci\sness4 ,"h we are face to face ) ! conditions ( effici5t in/ruction & tra9+4 ,! mo/ necess>y /atem5ts relative to ?is subject w be made "u ! head ( int]e/ & "*-build+4 #cc4 ,! capacity = education1 !re=e1 is det]m9$ n by ! relation%ip 9 :i* v>i\s orig9ally di/9ct m5tal faculties /& to "o ano!r1 b by ! relations ( ideas already acquir$ to "o ano!r1 & to ! physical organism4 ,e pupil mu/ be /udi$ ) ref]5ce to bo?4 ,note4--,9 ! m9ds ( ^? ^: e>ly tra9+ has be5 9 ! h&s ( sev]al p]sons1 ^: e>ly life has1 p]haps1 ev5 be5 sp5t 9 diff]5t h\seholds or has be5 toss$ ab\t by *anges ( =tune1 !re are usually =m$ ?\ght masses t are het]og5e\s & poorly correlat$4 ,nor is x easy to w9 ! s+le-he>t$ devotion ( su* boys4 ,!y *]i% secret wi%es1 !y feel contra/s1 ! nature ( :i* x is difficult to get at1 & soon /rike out 9 directions :i* education c frequ5tly n enc\rage4 ,f> m susceptible ( educative influ5ces are pupils t h be51 = a long "t1 "u ! guidance ( only "o p]son1--( ! "m especially1--:o has _h _! full confid5ce4 ,x n[ rema9s to base _! fur!r tra9+ on :at already exi/s & to refra9 f dem&+ sudd5 leaps4 #cd4 ,n[1 9 ord] to ga9 an adequate k ( ea* pupil's capacity = education1 obs]vation is necess>y--obs]vation bo? ( 8 ?\ght masses & ( 8 physical nature4 ,! /udy ( ! latt] includes t ( temp]am5t1 especially ) ref]5ce to emotional susceptibility4 ,) "s1 fe> is ! fir/ natural impulse1 ) o!rs1 ang]2 "s laugh & cry easily1 o!rs d n4 ,9 "s cases a v slight /imulus suffices to excite ! vascul> sy/em4 ,we ne$ to note fur!rmore3-- 7#a7 ,! games ( pupils4 ,d !y 9 a ?or\ghly *ildlike mann] /ill play ) any object t comes to h&8 ,d !y int5tionally *ange _! games to suit a v>y+ pref]5ce8 ,c di/9ct objects ( p]si/5t desire be discov]$8 7#b7 ,_! m5tal capacity & processes z %[n 9 _! /udies4 ,is ! pupil able to grasp long or only %ort s]ies8 ,does he make _m or few slips 9 ! recitation8 ,d 8 lessons f9d a spontane\s e*o 9 8 play8 7#c7 ,_! dep? & consi/5cy4 ,are _! utt]ances sup]ficial1 or d !y come f ! dep?s ( ! s\l8 ,a comp>ative /udy ( words & actions w gradually answ] ?is "q4 ,su* obs]vations w take acc\nt also ( ! rhy?m ( ! pupil's m5tal life z well z ( ! "* ( 8 /ore ( ?\ghts4 ,! insight ?us obta9$ det]m9es ! matt] & me?od ( in/ruction4 ,! read] w n fail to notice t mu* ( mod]n *ild /udy is anticipat$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs4 ,fur!r important contributions to ! same subject are made 9 p>agraphs #bid-cbi4 #ce4 ,in/ruction 9 ! s5se ( m]e in=mation-giv+ conta9s no gu>antee :atev] t x w mat]ially c\nt]act faults & influ5ce exi/+ gr\ps ( ideas t are indep5d5t ( ! imp>t$ in=mation4 ,b x is ^! ideas t education mu/ rea*2 = ! k9d & ext5t ( assi/ance t in/ruction may r5d] to conduct dep5d ^u ! hold x has ^u !m4 ,facts1 at lea/1 mu/ s]ve z mat]ial = me?odical treatm5t1 o!rwise !y d n enl>ge ev5 ! scope ( m5tal activity4 ,!y rise 9 value :5 !y become in/9ct ) life & acquire mobility s z to enri* ! imag9ation4 ,b _! e?ical effect always rema9s que/ionable s long z !y d n help to correct or modify ! e?ical judgm5t1 or desire & action1 or bo?4 ,?is po9t calls = a few additional di/9ctions4 ,g5]ally speak+1 rud5ess decreases 9 proportion to ! expansion ( ! m5tal horizon by in/ruction4 ,! m]e diffusion ( desires ov] ! enl>g$ ?\ght area causes !m to lose some?+ ( _! "o-sid$ en]gy4 ,moreov]1 if in/ruction pres5ts e?ical subjects ( "s k9d 9 a compreh5sible way1 ! pupil's disposition und]goes a ref9+ process s t x at lea/ approximates a correct e/imate ( ! w1 t is1 ! creation ( e?ical ideas4 ,su* favorable results are1 h[ev]1 apt to be outweigh$ by ! h>m done :5 m]e k becomes ! *ief aim ( ambition4 #cf4 ,9 ord] t in/ruction may act on ! pupil's ideas & disposition1 e av5ue ( approa* %\ld be ?r[n op54 ,! m]e fact t we c nev] "k ) c]ta9ty1 be=eh&1 :at w influ5ce ! pupil mo/1 w>ns u aga9/ "o-sid$ness ( in/ruction4 ,ideas spr+ f two ma9 s\rces1--exp]i5ce & social int]c\rse4 ,k ( nature--incomplete & crude--is d]iv$ f ! =m]2 ! lat] furni%es ! s5tim5ts ent]ta9$ t[>d our fell[-m51 :i*1 f> f be+ praisewor?y1 are on ! contr>y (t5 v repreh5sible4 ,to improve ^! is ! m urg5t task2 b nei!r ought we to neglect ! k ( nature4 ,if we d1 we may expect error1 fanta/ical notions1 & ecc5tricities ( e description4 #cg4 ,h5ce1 we h two ma9 bran*es ( in/ruction1--! hi/orical & ! sci5tific4 ,! =m] embraces n only hi/ory prop]1 b language /udy z well2 ! latt] includes1 besides natural sci5ce1 ma!matics4 8,hi/orical0 mu/ be int]pret$ to include all human sci5ces1 su* z hi/ory1 lit]ature1 languages1 /hetics1 & political1 economic1 & social sci5ce4 8,sci5tific0 may include appli$ z well z pure sci5ce1 & !n we add all =ms ( indu/rial tra9+ to ! curriculum4 ,o!r divisions ( ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction are (t5 helpful4 ,?us "o may speak ( ! human sci5ces1 ! natural sci5ces1 & ! economic sci5ces4 ,! economic sci5ces include ^? activities :]e man & nature int]act4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,t4 ,h>ris speaks ( five cord9ate gr\ps ( subjects1 correspond+ to :at he calls ! 8five w9d[s ( ! s\l40 #ch4 ,o!r reasons aside1 ! ne$ alone ( c\nt]act+ selfi%ness r5d]s x necess>y = e s*ool t und]takes ! education ( ! :ole man to place human conditions & relations 9 ! =egr\nd ( in/ruction4 ,?is humani/ic aim %\ld und]lie ! /udies ( ! hi/orical subjects1 & only ) ref]5ce to ?is aim may !y be all[$ to prepond]ate4 ,an int]e/+ attempt to realize ! aim "h dem&$ is f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey's 8,s*ool & ,society10#a :i* is 9 effect a description ( :at he is work+ out 9 8 practice or exp]im5tal s*ool 9 connection ) 8 dep>tm5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 8,if ! aim ( hi/orical in/ruction is to enable ! *ild to appreciate ! values ( social life1 to see 9 imag9ation ! =ces :i* favor & let m5's effective cop]ations ) "o ano!r1 to und]/& ! sorts ( "* t help on & t hold back1 ! ess5tial ?+ 9 its pres5tation is to make x mov+1 dynamic4 ,hi/ory mu/ be pres5t$ n z an accumulation ( results or effects1 a m]e /atem5t ( :at has happ5$1 b z a =ceful1 act+ ?+4 ,! motives1 t is1 ! motors1 mu/ /& out4 ,to /udy hi/ory is n to amass in=mation1 b to use in=mation 9 con/ruct+ a vivid picture ( h[ & :y m5 did ?us & s3 a*iev$ _! successes & came to _! failures40#b ,note4--,?is view does n %ut out ! o!r held 9 reg>d to ,gymnasia1 namely1 t _! bus9ess is to pres]ve & p]petuate a k ( classical antiquity2 ! latt] aim mu/ be made congru5t ) ! =m]4 #a ,dewey1 8,! ,s*ool & ,society10 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #ahii4 #b ,dewey1 8,! ,aim ( ,hi/ory 9 ,elem5t>y ,education10 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record1 ,no4 #h1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aijj4 #ci4 ,ma!matical /udies1 f elem5t>y ari?metic to high] ma!matics1 are to be l9k$ to ! pupil's k ( nature1 & s to 8 exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to ga9 admission into 8 sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,in/ruction 9 ma!matics1 h[ev] ?or\gh1 fails p$agogically :5 ! ideas g5]at$ =m an isolat$ gr\p4 ,!y are usually soon =gott51 or1 if reta9$1 contribute b little t[>d p]sonal wor?4 ,x may be add$ t ! lead+ practical motive 9 ! tea*+ ( ari?metic has be5 economic1 ! co/ ( ?+s =m+ ! *ief reliance = problems4 ,only ^? p>ts ( nature /udy t involve important quantitative relations are fitt$ = correlation ) ma!matics4 ,biology1 = in/ance1 :i* is qualitative1 s9ce x deals ) life1 is a poor support = ma!matics2 b physics is a good "o4 #dj4 ,9 g5]al1 x w always rema9 a matt] ( unc]ta9ty :e!r & h[ in/ruction w be receiv$ & m5tally elaborat$4 ,to dim9i% ?is unc]ta9ty1 if = no o!r reasons1 !re is ne$ ( con/ant endeavor to put ! pupil 9 a frame ( m9d suitable = in/ruction4 ,?is task falls )9 ! prov9ce ( tra9+4 #da4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ref]5ce to in/ruction1 tra9+ mu/ seek to w>d (f viol5t desires & to prev5t ! injuri\s outbur/s ( emotion4 ,we may grant t aft] ! days ( s*ool life are ov]1 individual traits w always break =? aga9 9 ?is respect2 b exp]i5ces1 too1 foll[1 & 9 connection ) ^! ! aft]-effect ( education comes to light 9 proportion z education has be5 m or less successful4 ,x %[s itself 9 ! nature & ! am\nt ( self-k ?r\gh :i* ! adult /rives to re/ra9 8 native faults4 ,seem+ exceptions are 9 mo/ cases acc\nt$ = by impressions produc$ 9 v e>ly y\? & long conceal$4 ,z soon z a p]son atta9s fre$om ( action1 he usually endeavors to a*ieve ! life :i* 9 8 e>li] ye>s seem$ mo/ desirable4 ,h5ce tra9+ & in/ruction h ea* to be direct$ aga9/ ! spr++ up ( illusive long+s & t[>d a true picture ( ! bless+s & burd5s ( v>i\s social classes & pr(essions4 ,:at modifications ( individuality tra9+ may accompli%1 is br\ght ab\t less by re/rictions1 :i* _c be p]man5t1 ?an by induc+ an e>ly developm5t ( ! high] impulses :]eby !y atta9 pr$om9ance4 #db4 ,! l>g] portion ( ! re/rictions necess>y dur+ ! p]iod ( education falls "u ano!r head1 t ( gov]nm5t4 ,! "q ( complet5ess ( education aside1 *ildr5 no less ?an adults ne$ to exp]i5ce ! con/ra9t impos$ on e "o by human society3 !y1 too1 mu/ be kept )9 b\nds4 ,?is function ! /ate delegates to ! family1 to gu>dians1 & to ! s*ools4 ,n[ ! purpose ( gov]nm5t ref]s to pres5t ord]2 t ( tra9+ to ! future "* ( ! adult4 ,! und]ly+ po9ts ( view are accord+ly s diff]5t t a di/9ction mu/ necess>ily be made 9 a sy/em ( p$agogics betwe5 tra9+ & gov]nm5t4 #dc4 ,9 matt]s ( gov]nm5t1 too1 mu* dep5ds on h[ ke5ly its discipl9>y measures are felt4 ,only good tra9+ c insure ! "r k9d ( s5sibility4 ,a g5tle rebuke may prove m effective ?an bl[s4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d1 ( c\rse1 :5 unruly *ildr5 create disord]1 is to gov]n1 to re/ore ord]2 b gov]nm5t & tra9+ %\ld1 if possible1 g toge!r4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two concepts s]ves to aid ! reflection ( ! tea*]1 :o ought to "k :at he is ab\t1 r ?an to sugge/ a p]ceptible sep>ation 9 practice4 #dd4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 g5]al p$agogics1 :i* is foll[$ necess>ily by obs]vations ( a m special nature1 w be discuss$ "u ! ?ree ma9 heads1--gov]nm5t1 in/ruction1 tra9+4 ,:at ne$s to be said conc]n+ gov]nm5t z ! prim>y condition ( education w be dispos$ ( fir/4 ,next comes ! !ory ( in/ruction & didactics4 ,! la/ place is res]v$ = tra9+2 = an endur+ effect c\ld n be expect$ f x1 if x 7 sev]$ f in/ruction4 ,= ?is reason ! tea*] mu/ always keep ! latt] 9 view :5 he fixes 8 att5tion on me?ods ( tra9+1 :i* 9 actual practice always "w h& 9 h& ) in/ruction4 ,! o!r cu/om>y =m ( treatm5t1 t accord+ to age1 :ile n adapt$ to ! exposition ( pr9ciples1 f9ds its prop] place 9 ! *apt] lead+ ov] to ! discussion ( special topics4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,outl9es ,,( ,,g5]al ,,p$agogics ,,section ,i ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,*apt] ,i ,!oretical ,aspects #de4 ,we assume at ! outset ! exi/5ce ( all ! c>e & nurture requisite = physical gr[? & well-be+2 a br++ up t %all be z free f pamp]+ z f dang]\s h>d5+4 ,!re mu/ be no actual want to lead a *ild a/ray1 nor undue indulg5ce to create unnecess>y dem&s4 ,h[ mu* h>d5+ x is safe to risk w dep5d 9 ea* case on ! *ild's con/itution4 #df4 ,! f\ndation ( gov]nm5t consi/s 9 keep+ *ildr5 employ$4 ,no acc\nt is tak5 z yet ( ! prospective ga9 to m5tal culture2 ! "t is to be fully occupi$1 at all ev5ts1 ev5 if ! imm$iate purpose be m]ely ! avoidance ( disord]4 ,?is purpose1 h[ev]1 involves ! requirem5t ( ample provision1 accord+ to ! ages ( pupils1 = ! ne$ ( physical activity1 t ! cause ( natural re/lessness may be remov$4 ,?is ne$ is m urg5t ) "s ?an ) o!rs2 !re are *ildr5 t seem ungov]nable because compell$ to sit /ill4 #dg4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 self-*os5 occupations des]ve ! pref]5ce2 b x r>ely happ5s t *ildr5 "k h[ to keep !mselves busy suffici5tly & cont9u\sly4 ,specific tasks1 n to be ab&on$ until complet$1 assure ord] mu* bett] ?an r&om play+1 :i* is apt to end 9 ennui4 ,x is desirable t adults possess+ ! requisite pati5ce assi/ *ildr51 if n always1 at lea/ frequ5tly1 9 _! games2 t !y expla9 pictures1 tell /ories1 h !m retold1 etc4 ,) advanc+ maturity1 a /eadily increas+ proportion ( ! occupations assumes ! "* ( in/ruction or ( ex]cises gr[+ out ( x2 ?is "w %\ld be prop]ly balanc$ by recreations4 #dh4 ,next 9 ord] comes sup]vision1 & ) x num]\s comm&s & prohibitions4 ,"u ?is head sev]al ?+s mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ?is3 ,:e!r "u c]ta9 circum/ances "o might )draw a comm& or p]mit :at has once be5 =bidd54 ,x is ill-advis$ to give an ord] m sweep+ ?an ! execution is meant to be2 & x weak5s gov]nm5t to yield to ! entreaties1 ! te>s1 or1 worse /ill1 ! impetu\s insi/5ce ( *ildr54 ,also ?is "q3 ,:e!r x is possible to make sure ( ob$i5ce4 ,:]e *ildr5 are n kept busy & are left )\t ov]sight1 ! issue becomes d\btful4 ,! difficulty gr[s at a rapid rate ) an increase 9 numb]s4 ,?is is true especially ( l>g] educational in/itutions1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! com+ & go+ ( pupils1 applies 9 a measure also to common day s*ools4 #di4 ,! usual solution is great] /rictness ( sup]vision4 ,b ?is involves ! risk ( utt] failure to receive volunt>y ob$i5ce1 & ( incit+ a mat* game 9 %rewdness4 ,z to volunt>y ob$i5ce1 mu* dep5ds on ! ratio ( re/ra9t to ! fre$om t /ill rema9s4 ,ord9>ily1 y\? submits readily en\gh to _m re/rictions1 provid$ su* re/rictions be> ^u specific fix$ po9ts1 & leave elb[ room = indep5d5t action4 ,9 ! "w ( sup]vision ! tea*] w f9d x h>d to rely on himself entirely1 p>ticul>ly if he has *>ge ( classes only at /at$ times4 ,o!rs mu/ assi/ him2 he himself w h to resort occasionally to surprises4 ,sup]vision is always an evil :5 c\pl$ ) unnecess>y di/ru/4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 to make ^? :o d n m]it di/ru/ und]/& t ! measures adopt$ are n direct$ aga9/ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,practical ,aspects #ej4 ,s9ce sup]vision is n to be vigor\s to ! po9t ( ev] felt pressure1 *ild gov]nm5t1 to be effective1 requires bo? g5tle & sev]e measures4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is effectiv5ess results f ! natural sup]iority ( ! adult1 a fact ( :i* tea*]s sometimes ne$ to be rem9d$4 ,:atev] ! plan ( sup]vision1 !re mu/ be c\pl$ ) x an adequate mode ( discipl9>y proc$ure4 ,a record %\ld be kept 9 s*ools1 n = ! law-abid+ pupils1 b = ^? guilty ( repeat$ acts ( disob$i5ce4 ,^! rem>ks d n ?us f> include any ref]5ce to m>ks & records p]ta9+ to education prop]2 !y are conf9$ to :at is popul>ly1 b loosely1 call$ discipl9e1 t is1 ! tra9+ ( pupils to con=m to ! sy/em ( ord] t obta9s 9 ! s*ool4 ,home tra9+ seldom requires su* bookkeep+2 b ev5 "h x may at times be useful4 ,( c\rse1 ! individual *ild kn[s 9 any case t "s "o is keep+ an eye on 8 actions1 b ! fact becomes m deeply impress$ ^u 8 memory if ! repro(s incurr$ by him are record$4 #ea4 ,x w\ld be 9 va9 to attempt to bani% entirely ! corporal puni%m5ts usually adm9i/]$ aft] fruitless reprim&s2 b use %\ld be made ( !m s sp>+ly t !y be fe>$ r ?an actually inflict$4 ,recollection ( ! rod does n hurt a boy4 ,nor is !re any h>m 9 8 pres5t conviction t a flogg+ is h5ce=? z mu* beyond ! range ( possibility z 8 m]it+ su* treatm5t4 ,b x w\ld1 no d\bt1 be injuri\s to actually violate 8 self-respect by a bl[1 h[ev] little he might m9d ! physical pa94 ,& p]nici\s 9 ! highe/ degree1 al?\gh1 nev]!less1 n q obsolete yet1 is ! practice ( cont9u+ to beat *ildr5 already h>d5$ to bl[s4 ,bruti% ins5sibility is ! consequ5ce1 & ! hope is almo/ va9 t ev5 a long p]iod ( n[ unavoidable indulg5ce w re/ore a normal /ate ( feel+4 ,!re is less objection to mak+ use1 = a few h\rs1 ( hung] z a corrective4 ,"h only an act ( deprivation takes place1 n "o involv+ a direct insult4 ,curtailm5t ( fre$om is ! mo/ commonly employ$ =m ( puni%m5t2 ju/ly s1 provid$ x be prop]ly adju/$ to ! (f5ce4 ,moreov]1 x admits ( ! mo/ v>i$ gradations f /&+ 9 a corn] to conf9em5t 9 a d>k room1 p]haps ev5 ) h&s ti$ toge!r beh9d ! back4 ,only1 = sev]al s]i\s reasons1 ?is puni%m5t mu/ n be ( long duration4 ,a :ole h\r is m ?an en\gh unless !re is c>eful sup]vision4 ,besides1 ! place mu/ be *os5 judici\sly4 ,solit>y conf9em5t1 especially 9 a d>k room1 is seldom if ev] resort$ to 9 ,am]ican public s*ools4 ,= rem>ks ^u ! social basis ( mod]n s*ool puni%m5ts1 see #ee4 #eb4 ,corrections ( su* sev]ity1 z removal f home or expulsion f an in/itution1 are to be adm9i/]$ only 9 extreme cases2 = :at is to become ( ! expell$ pupil8 ,a burd5 to ano!r s*ool8 ,& 9 case ! transf] implies ! same fre$om1 ! old disord]ly conduct w usually be resum$4 ,su* pupils mu/1 !re=e1 be plac$ "u v /rict sup]vision & giv5 new occupations4 ,we mu/ tru/ to ! new environm5t to oblit]ate gradually ! old vitiat$ circle ( ?\ght4 #ec4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t au?ority & love are sur] means ( secur+ ord] ?an h>% measures are4 ,b au?ority _c be creat$ by e "o at w4 ,x implies obvi\s sup]iority 9 m9d1 9 k1 9 physique1 9 ext]nal circum/ances4 ,love c1 inde$1 be ga9$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t by a complaisant mann]--! love ( well-dispos$ pupils2 b j :]e gov]nm5t becomes mo/ necess>y1 complaisance has to cease4 ,love mu/ n be pur*as$ at ! exp5se ( weak indulg5ce2 x is ( value only :5 unit$ ) ! necess>y sev]ity4 #ed4 ,9 e>ly *ildhood & ) heal?y *ildr51 gov]nm5t is1 on ! :ole1 easy4 ,x cont9ues to be easy aft] !y h once =m$ habits ( ob$i5ce4 ,b x %\ld n be int]rupt$4 ,ev5 if *ildr5 h be5 left to !mselves or 9 *>ge ( /rang]s only a few days1 ! *ange is noticeable4 ,x requires an ef=t to tight5 ! re9s aga9--some?+ n to be done too sudd5ly4 ,:]e boys h be5 all[$ to run wild1 ! attempt to br+ !m back to ord]ly conduct reveals ! diff]5ces ( individuality4 ,"s are easily made to return to appropriate "w by k9dness comb9$ ) a mod]ate measure ( =be>ance1 o!rs h s5se en\gh to fe> ?reats & to avoid p5alties2 b we may un=tunately also expect to f9d a few ^: sole ?\ght is to escape f sup]vision1 h[ev] unpleasant = !m ! consequ5ces may be4 ,:]e home ties are want+1 ?is _s may develop ev5 dur+ boyhood ) om9\s rapidity2 dur+ adolesc5ce ! difficulty ( *eck+ x may gr[ to be insup]able4 #ee4 ,z a rule1 x is reasonable to assume t y\? w try to break ?r\gh re/ra9ts z soon z ^! are felt4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( satisfy+ activity1 toge!r ) uni=m firmness ( ! l9es ( re/ra9t1 w1 inde$1 soon put an end to p]si/5t attempts ( ?is k9d2 yet !y w be repeat$ f "t to "t4 ,z boys gr[ old] !re is a *ange ( pursuits2 n[ ! re/ra9+ b\nd>ies mu/ gradually be enl>g$4 ,! "q n[ is :e!r education has progress$ suffici5tly f> to make gov]nm5t less indisp5sable4 ,moreov]1 ! *oice ( "w comes to be det]m9$ by ! prospects op5+ be=e ! "y man1 accord+ to 8 rank & means1 toge!r ) 8 native capabilities & acquir$ k4 ,to enc\rage su* pursuits z be+ appropriate = him1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to r$uce m]e hobbies & div]sions to h>mless proportions1 /ill rema9s ! function ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 any case gov]nm5t %\ld n be :olly surr5d]$ too e>ly1 lea/ ( all :5 ! environm5t is su* z to ju/ify appreh5sion ( temptation4 ,?\gh ,am]ican tea*]s are p]haps n accu/om$ to emphasize ! di/9ction betwe5 gov]nm5t = ord] & tra9+ = "*1 ! diff]5ce1 nev]!less1 exi/s1 (t5 9 an exagg]at$ =m4 ,j z fev] is look$ ^u z ! measure ( functional di/urbance 9 ! body1 s disord] 9 ! s*oolroom is look$ ^u z ! measure ( ! tea*]'s failure4 ,z fev] is ! univ]sal symptom ( disease1 s disord] is ! index ( failure4 ,! diagnosis may err 9 ei!r case z to :at ! seat ( ! difficulty really is1 b t some?+ is wrong is pla9 to all4 ,! fact t ! public usually gauge a tea*]'s effici5cy by ! ord] he keeps has l$ 9 ! pa/ to an exagg]at$ emphasis ^u s*ool discipl9e4 ,! means = secur+ good ord] h greatly *ang$ s9ce ,h]b>t's "t4 ,a gr[+ s5se ( social solid>ity 9 ! community1 toge!r ) ! all b univ]sal employm5t ( wom5 z tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y grades1 has transf]r$ ! basis ( discipl9e f ! tea*] to ! community4 ,x is social pressure 9 & out ( ! s*ool t is ! ma9 reliance = regul>ity1 punctuality1 & ord]4 ,h]b>t wond]s :at w become ( ! bad boy if he is expell$4 ,! mod]n answ] is1 he w be s5t to ! re=m s*ool or to ! truant s*ool4 ,! tea*] /ill /&s z ( old at ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! in/itution & ! individual2 nor c he entirely escape ! heat g5]at$ at times by su* contact1 b1 aft] all1 x is society t n[ supplies ! pressure =m]ly ex]t$ by w & bir*4 ,! tea*] is n[ m ( a m$iator betwe5 ! pupil & ! organiz$ community1 ?an an av5g] ( brok5 law4 ,,section ,,ii ,,in/ruction ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,relation ( ,in/ruction to ,gov]nm5t & ,tra9+ #ef4 ,in/ruction furni%es a "p ( ^? occupations :i* lie at ! basis ( gov]nm5t2 h[ l>ge a "p dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be kept employ$ at all ev5ts1 because idl5ess leads to misbehavior & lawlessness4 ,n[ if ! employm5t consi/s ( useful labor1 say 9 ! work%op or on ! f>m1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,bett] /ill1 if ! "w tea*es ! *ild some?+ t w contribute to 8 fur!r education4 ,b n all employm5t is in/ruction2 & 9 cases :]e ! m]e gov]nm5t ( *ildr5 is a difficult matt]1 lessons are n always ! mo/ adequate employm5t4 ,_m a gr[+ boy w be taught ord]ly conduct mu* soon] :5 plac$ ) a me*anic or m]*ant or f>m] ?an 9 s*ool4 ,! scope ( gov]nm5t is wid] ?an t ( in/ruction4 ,tea*]s ( manual tra9+ ev]y:]e te/ify to ! quiet+ effect ( direct$ physical labor ^u /ormy spirits4 ,ev5 a truant s*ool or a s*ool = incorrigibles becomes an attractive place to ! inmates :5 adequate provision is made = ! ex]cise ( ! motor p[]s4 ,mo/ *ildr5 c be controll$ ?r\gh m5tal occupation1 b !re are "s to :om motor activity is indisp5sable4 ,t a judici\s apportionm5t ( s5sory & motor activity w\ld favorably affect ! developm5t ( all *ildr5 is n to be que/ion$4 #eg4 ,in/ruction & tra9+ h ?is 9 common1 t ea* makes = education & h5ce = ! future1 :ile gov]nm5t provides = ! pres5t4 ,a di/9ction %\ld1 h[ev]1 be made "h4 ,in/ruction is f> f be+ always educative or p$agogical4 ,:]e acquisition ( weal? & ext]nal success or /rong p]sonal pref]5ce supply ! motives = /udy1 no he$ is paid to ! "q3 ,:at w be ! ga9 or loss to "*8 ,"o actuat$ by su* motives sets out1 su* z he is1 to le>n "o ?+ or ano!r1 no matt] :e!r = good or bad or = indiff]5t ends2 to him ! be/ tea*] is he :o imp>ts tuto1 cito1 jucunde1 ! pr(ici5cy desir$4 ,in/ruction ( ?is k9d is exclud$ f our discussion2 we are conc]n$ "h only ) in/ruction t educates 9 ! moral s5se ( ! t]m4 #eh4 ,man's wor? does n1 x is true1 lie 9 8 kn[+1 b 9 8 will+4 ,b !re is no su* ?+ z an indep5d5t faculty ( w4 ,volition has its roots 9 ?\ght2 n1 inde$1 9 ! details "o kn[s1 b c]ta9ly 9 ! comb9ations & total effect ( ! acquir$ ideas4 ,! same reason1 !re=e1 :i* 9 psy*ology acc\nts = consid]+ ! =mation ( ideas fir/1 & !n desire & volition1 necessitates a correspond+ ord] 9 p$agogics3 fir/ ! !ory ( in/ruction1 !n t ( tra9+4 ,note4--,=m]ly1 /range to say1 no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 gov]nm5t & tra9+1 al?\gh x is obvi\s t ! imm$iate pres5t dem&s att5tion m urg5tly ?an does ! future4 ,/ill less 0 in/ruction giv5 its true place4 ,! great] or small] am\nt ( k1 reg>d$ z a matt] ( second>y importance 9 comp>ison ) p]sonal culture1 0 tak5 up la/4 ,! treatm5t ( education z ! developm5t ( "* prec$$ t ( in/ruction1 j z ?\gh ! =m] c\ld be realiz$ )\t ! latt]4 ,dur+ ! la/ decades1 h[ev]1 a dem& has aris5 = great] activity on ! "p ( s*ools1 prim>ily ! high] s*ools4 ,humani/ic /udies are to be/[ humanity1 or culture4 ,x has come to be und]/ood t ! human be+ is m easily approa*$ f ! side ( k ?an f ! side ( moral s5tim5ts & disposition4 ,fur!rmore1 exam9ations might be set on ! =m]1 b n on ! latt]4 ,n[ ! "t = in/ruction 0 f\nd to be too limit$--a want t ! old ,lat9 s*ools _h felt b little4 ,?is l$ to discussions z to ! relative am\nt due ea* bran* ( /udy4 ,we %all treat *iefly ( ! correlation ( /udies1 = :atev] rema9s isolat$ is ( little significance4 #ei4 ,9 educative tea*+1 ! m5tal activity incit$ by x is all important4 ,?is activity in/ruction is to increase1 n to less52 to ennoble1 n to debase4 ,note4--,a dim9ution ( m5tal activity ensues1 :51 because ( mu* /udy & ( sitt+--especially at all sorts ( writt5 "w1 (t5 useless--physical gr[? is int]f]$ ) 9 a way soon] or lat] to ! injury ( heal?4 ,h5ce ! enc\ragem5t giv5 9 rec5t ye>s to gymna/ic ex]cises1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 become too viol5t4 ,det]ioration sets 9 :5 k is made subs]vi5t to o/5tation & ext]nal advantages--! objectionable feature ( _m public exam9ations4 ,s*ools ought n to be call$ ^u to display all !y accompli%4 ,by su* me?ods in/ruction n only works aga9/ its own true end1 b also conflicts ) tra9+1 ^: aim = ! :ole future ( ! pupil is--m5s sana 9 corpore sano4 #fj4 ,if all m5tal activity 7 ( only "o k9d1 ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction w\ld be ( no consequ5ce4 ,b we ne$ n g beyond exp]i5ce to see t ! opposite is true1 t !re is a great div]sity ( intellectual end[m5t4 ,yet :ile in/ruction mu/ ?us be diff]5tiat$1 x %\ld n be made s special z to cultivate only ! m prom95t gifts2 o!rwise ! pupil's less vigor\s m5tal functions w\ld be :olly neglect$ & p]haps suppress$4 ,in/ruction mu/ r be manifold1 & its manifoldness be+ ! same = _m pupils 9 s f> z x may help to correct inequalities 9 m5tal t5d5cies4 ,n only is subject-matt] to be v>i$ on acc\nt ( m5tal div]sity1 b also = social reasons z well4 ,= an enl>gem5t ( ?is !me1 see ! annotation to p>agraph #fe4 #fa4 ,:at is to be taught & le>n$ is1 accord+ly1 n left = caprice & conv5tionality to decide4 ,9 ?is respect in/ruction diff]s 9 a /rik+ mann] f gov]nm5t1 = :i*1 if only idl5ess is prev5t$1 x h>dly matt]s :at "w *ildr5 are giv5 to d4 ,note4--,*ildr5 are s5t to s*ool f _m homes simply because !y are 9 ! way & _! p>5ts d n wi% !m to be idle4 ,! s*ool is reg>d$ z an in/itution ^: *ief function is to gov]n1 b :i* incid5tally also imp>ts useful k4 ,"h !re is a lack ( insight into ! nature ( true m5tal culture2 tea*]s1 on ! contr>y1 sometimes =get t !y are giv+ pupils "w1 & t "w %\ld n exce$ reasonable limits4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,aim ( ,in/ruction #fb4 ,! ultimate purpose ( in/ruction is conta9$ 9 ! notion1 virtue4 ,b 9 ord] to realize ! f9al aim1 ano!r & ne>] "o mu/ be set up4 ,we may t]m x1 _m-sid$ness ( int]e/4 ,! ^w int]e/ /&s 9 g5]al = t k9d ( m5tal activity :i* x is ! bus9ess ( in/ruction to incite4 ,m]e in=mation does n suffice2 = ?is we ?9k ( z a supply or /ore ( facts1 :i* a p]son might possess or lack1 & /ill rema9 ! same be+4 ,b he :o lays hold ( 8 in=mation & rea*es out = m1 takes an int]e/ 9 x4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is m5tal activity1 is v>i$ 7#fj71 we ne$ to add ! fur!r det]m9ation suppli$ by ! t]m _m-sid$ness4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out#c :at ! cont5t ( ! ^w virtue mu/ be1 if ?is ^w is to be an adequate expression = ! ultimate purpose ( in/ruction4 ,virtue mu/ embrace n only :at is purely individual1 or subjective1 su* z piety & human5ess ( disposition1 b x mu/ likewise include :at is objective1 or social1 9 conduct4 ,?is fact l5ds a new significance to ! doctr9e ( int]e/1 = ?\gh a normal *ild is n naturally int]e/$ 9 introspective analysis ( 8 feel+s1 he is spontane\sly int]e/$ 9 :at is objective & )9 ! range ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,! ent]prises ( 8 mates1 ! regulations ( 8 s*ool or home1 ! erection ( h\ses1 ! introduction ( new ma*9]y1 ! social do+s ( ! neighborhood1 ! havoc creat$ by ! elem5ts1 ! prom95t features ( ! *ang+ ye>--all ^! claim 8 close/ att5tion4 ,! common s*ool /udies deal ) ^! v ?+s4 ,lit]ature 7read+7 & hi/ory reveal to him ! conduct ( m52 ! "o consid]+ x ideally1 ! o!r hi/orically4 ,ma!matics tea*es ! ma/]y ( mat]ial :5 consid]$ quantitatively1 :e!r 9 trade or manufacture or con/ruction4 ,nature /udies br+ ! *ild into intimate t\* ) ! significant 9 8 natural environm5t4 ,geography %[s him ! mo/ obvi\s features ( ! indu/rial activity ab\t him4 ,x %[s him ! *ief conditions ( production 9 crops & manufactures2 x also gives him h9ts ( ! great bus9ess ( comm]ce4 ,9 all ^! /udies1 ! natural incl9ations ( ! m9d are directly appeal$ to4 ,n a little ( ! importance ( ! doctr9e ( int]e/ 9 in/ruction dep5ds ^u ^! facts2 = bo? ! insight & ! disposition t in/ruction is capable ( imp>t+ to ! pupil relates specifically to ! objective side ( 8 "*1 ! "o mo/ 9 ne$ ( developm5t & mo/ susceptible ( x4 #c ,p>agraphs #h-ae4 #fc4 ,we may speak also ( indirect z di/+ui%$ f direct int]e/4 ,b a pr$om9ance ( indirect int]e/ t5ds to "o-sid$ness1 if n to selfi%ness4 ,! int]e/ ( ! selfi% man 9 any?+ ext5ds only s f> z he c see advantages or disadvantages to himself4 ,9 ?is respect ! "o-sid$ man approximates ! selfi% man1 al?\gh ! fact may escape 8 own obs]vation2 s9ce he relates ev]y?+ to ! n>r[ sph]e = :i* he lives & ?9ks4 ,"h lies 8 intellectual p[]1 & :atev] does n int]e/ him z means to 8 limit$ ends1 becomes an imp$im5t4 ,x is important = ! tea*] to see ! full scope ( ! doctr9e ( int]e/ 9 its relation to ef=t4 ,9 ,h]b>t's psy*ology x assumes a mo/ important place1 s9ce ! primacy ( m5tal life is1 9 ?is sy/em1 ascrib$ to ideas4 ,9 o!r sy/ems1 notably ^? ( ,kant1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,von ,h>tmann1 ,pauls51 primacy is ascrib$ to ! w1 fir/ 9 unconsci\s or subconsci\s /riv+1 lat] 9 consci\s volition4 ,?is fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 /&po9t w acc\nt = ! emphasis laid n[ ^u int]e/1 n[ ^u ef=t4 ,h]b>t conceives t consci\s feel+s1 desires1 motives1 & ! l h _! s\rce 9 ideas1 & t volition 9 turn arises f ! v>i\s emotional /ates ar\s$ by ! ideas4 ,int]e/ ) him ?us becomes a p]man5t or ev] r5ew$1 ev] *ang+1 ev] gr[+ desire = ! accompli%m5t ( c]ta9 ends4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 a direct1 necess>y /imulus to ! w4 ,sy/ems1 h[ev]1 t reg>d ! w z ! prim>y factor 9 m5tal life1 conceiv+ ( ideas only z a means = reveal+ m cle>ly ! ends ( volition1 toge!r ) ! be/ me?ods ( rea*+ !m1 are naturally prone to place ! emphasis ^u ef=t1 leav+ to int]e/ b a second>y or q incid5tal function4 ,dr4 ,john ,dewey has attempt$ to reconcile ^! two views4#d ,int]e/ & ef=t are complem5t>y1 n oppos+ ideas4 ,to emphasize "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r1 is to assume t ! ends = :i* we act lie q outside ( our p]sonality1 s t ^! ends w\ld1 on ! "o h&1 h to be made int]e/+1 or1 on ! o!r1 /ruggl$ = )\t reg>d to int]e/4 ,?is assumption is an error4 ,! ends = :i* we /rive mu/ be conceiv$ z int]nal1 our ef=ts be+ reg>d$ z attempts at self-realization 9 def9ite directions4 ,! purpose ( our action is !re=e an end desir$4 ,9 ?is we h an int]e/ surely4 ,z an educational doctr9e1 h[ev]1 int]e/ conc]ns *iefly ! means ( rea*+ ^! ends4 ,if int]e/ 9 ! means is want+1 ! *ild works ) a divid$ att5tion4 ,he gives only s mu* to ! means z he mu/2 ! rema9d] is devot$ to 8 own affairs1--! pa/ or com+ ball-game1 ! picnic1 ! walk 9 ! woods1 ! private ent]prises ( home or s*ool4 ,b if a lively int]e/ is felt 9 ! means to ! end1 !n ! :ole self is actively employ$ = ! "t be+ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! purpose ( ! h\r4 ,! att5tion is no long] divid$1 x is conc5trat$ ^u ! matt] 9 h&4 ,?is 9 ! s*ool is "w4 ,:5 ! att5tion is divid$ we h drudg]y4 ,?is signifies t ! int]e/ felt 9 ! end1 say a doll>1 is n felt 9 ! means ( atta9+ x1 say a day's labor4 ,h[ev] inevitable drudg]y may be 9 life1 x %\ld h no place 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,! tea*] mu/ s pres5t ! /udies t ! pupil c p]ceive at lea/ a fraction ( _! be>+ ^u life4 ,?is awak5s an int]e/ 9 !m z ends4 ,he mu/1 !n1 by con=mity to ! psy*ological ord] ( le>n+1 by en?usiasm & +5uity1 s tea* ! subjects t ! natural int]e/ 9 ! end w be con/antly enhanc$ ?r\gh a lively int]e/ 9 ! daily lesson z ! means ( rea*+ x4 ,! result is unifi$ att5tion1 zeal 9 ! pursuit ( k1 hospitality = e?ical ideals4 #d 8,int]e/ z ,relat$ to ! ,w10 second supplem5t to ! ,h]b>t ,ye> ,book1 revis$ & repr9t$1 ,*icago ,univ]sity ,press1 #ahii4 #fd4 ,z reg>ds ! be>+s ( int]e/ on virtue1 we ne$ to rememb] t _m-sid$ness ( int]e/ alone1 ev5 ( direct int]e/ su* z in/ruction is to eng5d]1 is yet f> f be+ id5tical ) virtue itself2 also t1 conv]sely1 ! weak] ! orig9al m5tal activity1 ! less likelihood t virtue w be realiz$ at all1 n to speak ( ! v>iety ( manife/ation possible 9 action4 ,imbeciles _c be virtu\s4 ,virtue involves an awak5+ ( m9d4 ,! conception1 t by awak5+ _m-sid$ direct int]e/ 9 ! /udies we c p[]fully affect "*1 is p]haps peculi> to ! ?\ght ( ,h]b>t4 ,yet :5 we consid] t ! k taught 9 ! s*ool goes to ! root ( e vital human relation1 t1 9 o!r words1 ! /udies may be made in/rum5ts = progressively reveal+ to ! *ild 8 place & function 9 ! _w1 x foll[s z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t to int]e/ ! pupil ?or\ghly 9 ^! bran*es ( le>n+1 is to "w at ! f\ndation ( 8 "*1 s f>1 at lea/1 z insight into duty & disposition to d x are conc]n$4 ,ev5 if int]e/ 9 e?ical ?+s is n ( itself virtue1 x is an important means = secur+ virtue4 ,?is idea adds to ! tea*]'s res\rces = ! developm5t ( "*4 ,x also op5s up to him a new realm = rese>*4 ,all lit]ature1 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 ma!matics1 geography1 language1 may be exam9$ f ?is new /&po9t1 bo? ) respect to selection & to me?ods ( pres5tation4 ,select ! portions t p]ta9 intimately to life2 tea* !m s t _! important be>+ ^u x may be se54 ,note4--,z has be5 /at$ already 7#ag71 ! mo/ imm$iate ( ! practical ideas dem&+ recognition f ! tea*] is ! idea ( p]fection4 ,n[1 ) ref]5ce to ?is idea1 ?ree factors are to be consid]$3 ! int5sity1 ! range1 ! unification ( intellectual ef=t4 ,int5sity is impli$ 9 ! ^w int]e/2 ext5sion is connot$ by _m-sid$ness2 :at is meant by unification w be briefly indicat$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 #fe4 ,scatt]+ no less ?an "o-sid$ness =ms an anti!sis to _m-sid$ness4 ,_m-sid$ness is to be ! basis ( virtue2 b ! latt] is an attribute ( p]sonality1 h5ce x is evid5t t ! unity ( self-consci\sness mu/ n be impair$4 ,! bus9ess ( in/ruction is to =m ! p]son on _m sides1 & accord+ly to avoid a di/ract+ or dissipat+ effect4 ,& in/ruction has successfully avoid$ ?is 9 ! case ( "o :o ) ease surveys 8 well-arrang$ k 9 all ( its unify+ relations & holds x toge!r z 8 v own4 ,?is section po9ts to ! correlation ( /udies1 a subject to be consid]$ h]eaft] 9 detail4 ,x also ?r[s light ^u ! mod]n sy/em ( elective c\rses or elective /udies 9 second>y & high] education4 ,! tea*able subjects h n[ become s num]\s t election is imp]ative unless :at is to be taught is det]m9$ arbitr>ily )\t reg>d to ! ne$s or incl9ations ( /ud5ts4 ,fur!rmore1 election is made imp]ative by ! fact t ! high] education is n[ op5 to all m9ds ( all social classes1 & t diff]5tiat$ indu/ry calls = _m k9ds ( education4 ,b ! ne$ = m5tal symmetry1 no less imp]ative n[ ?an 9 ! pa/1 is re9=c$ by ! ne$ = social symmetry4 ,education mu/ put ! /ud5t into sympa!tic t\* ) ! :ole ( life1 n a m]e segm5t ( x4 ,s9ce _m-sid$ness _c be int]pret$ to mean k ( all subjects1 ?is be+ impossible1 x mu/ be int]pret$ to mean k ( all dep>tm5ts ( le>n+4 ,election may be p]mitt$ to emphasize dep>tm5ts ( /udy1 b n to ignore !m entirely4 ,!re are f\r or m languages wor? tea*+1 _m dep>tm5ts ( hi/ory1 num]\s sci5ces1 & v>i\s bran*es ( ma!matics1 n to speak ( ! economic1 political1 & social sci5ces4 ,en\gh ( ea* dep>tm5t be+ giv5 to insure intellig5t sympa?y ) ! aspect ( civilization x pres5ts1 ! /ud5t may be all[$ to place ! emphasis ^u su* gr\ps ( /udies z be/ cons]ve 8 ta/es1 8 ability1 & 8 de/9ation 9 life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,conditions ( ,_m-sid$ness #ff4 ,x becomes obvi\s at once t a _m-sid$ culture _c be br\ght ab\t quickly4 ,! requisite /ore ( ideas is acquir$ only by successive ef=ts2 b unification1 a view ( ! :ole1 & assimilation are to be atta9$ besides 7#fe71 :5ce an alt]nation1 9 "t1 ( absorption & reflection4 ,! appreh5sion ( ! manifold is ( necessity a gradual process1 & ! same is true ( ! unification ( k4 ,9 absorption ! m9d surr5d]s itself to ! acquisition or contemplation ( facts4 ,?us a *ild w /& 9 op5-ey$ wond] at behold+ a novel spectacle1 ! sci5ti/ becomes absorb$ 9 wat*+ ! outcome ( a new exp]im5t1 ! philosoph] loses consci\sness to all ab\t him 9 ! unfold+ ( "s new tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,n only may absorption conc]n mom5t>y exp]i5ces1 b x may 9 a broad way be said to cov] consid]able p]iods ( life1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a /ud5t becomes absorb$ 9 ! ma/]y ( =eign languages hav+ no imm$iate relation to 8 daily life4 ,reflection is ! assimilation ( ! k ga9$ by absorption4 ,! m9d1 recov]+ f its absorption 9 :at is ext]nal1 relates its new-f\nd exp]i5ce to ! sum ( its =m] exp]i5ces4 ,new items ( k 9 ?is way f9d _! appropriate places 9 ! organic /ructure ( ! m9d4 ,!y are app]ceiv$4 ,! _m-sid$ ?us comes to unity4 ,ros5kranz calls absorption & reflection1 self-e/rangem5t & its removal4 8,all culture10 he says1 8:atev] may be its special purport1 mu/ pass ?r\gh ^! two /ages1--( e/rangem5t1 & its removal40 ,aga91 he says1 8,! m9d is 7#a7 imm$iate 7or pot5tial72 b 7#b7 x mu/ e/range itself f itself1 z x 71 s t x may place itself ov] aga9/ itself z a special object ( att5tion2 7#c7 ?is e/rangem5t is f9ally remov$ ?r\gh a fur!r acqua9tance ) ! object 444 x feels itself at home 9 t on :i* x looks1 & returns aga9 enri*$ to ! =m ( imm$iat5ess 7to unity ) itself74 ,t :i* at fir/ appe>$ to be ano!r ?an itself is n[ se5 to be itself40#e ,?is is an ab/ract /atem5t ( ! fact t 7#a7 9 le>n+ ! m9d becomes absorb$ = a "t 9 ext]nal objects1 ignor+ tempor>ily _! inn] mean+ & relation to self1 & 7#b7 ?is p]iod ( absorption is succe$$ by "o ( reflection1 9 :i* ! m9d p]ceives ! significance ( :at has be5 obs]v$1 not+ ! laws & pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ph5om5a & ?us assimilat+ !m to :at x conceives to be rational4 ,ow+ to ! fact t absorption & reflection may ref] to v %ort & also to comp>atively long p]iods1 !y may be /udi$ ) respect to _! be>+ 9 conduct+ recitations1 & to _! importance 9 fix+ c\rses ( /udy4 ,! =m] aspect ( ! two processes w 9 ?is connection *iefly occupy our att5tion4 #e 8,philosophy ( ,education10 pp4 #bg1 #bh1 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #fg4 ,"s tea*]s lay great /ress on ! explication1 /ep by /ep1 ( ! small] & smalle/ compon5ts ( ! subject1 & insi/ on a simil> reproduction on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,o!rs pref] to tea* by conv]sation1 & all[ !mselves & _! pupils great fre$om ( expression4 ,o!rs1 aga91 call especially = ! lead+ ?\ghts1 b dem& t ^! be giv5 ) accuracy & precision1 & 9 ! prescrib$ ord]4 ,o!rs1 f9ally1 are n satisfi$ until _! pupils are self-actively ex]cis+ _! m9ds 9 sy/ematic ?9k+4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( tea*+ may ?us arise2 x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t "o %\ld be habitually employ$ to ! exclusion ( ! re/4 ,we may ask r :e!r ea* does n contribute its %>e to a _m-sid$ culture4 ,9 ord] t a multitude ( facts may be appreh5d$1 explications or analyses are ne$$ to prev5t confusion2 b s9ce a syn!sis is equally ess5tial1 ! latt] process may be />t$ by conv]sation1 cont9u$ by lift+ into prom95ce ! c>d9al ?\ghts1 & complet$ by ! me?odical indep5d5t ?9k+ ( ! pupil3 cle>ness1 association1 sy/em1 me?od4 ,9 tea*+ we ne$ to h 7#a7 cle>ness 9 ! pres5tation ( specific facts1 or ! elem5ts ( :at is to be ma/]$2 7#b7 association ( ^! facts ) "o ano!r1 & ) o!r relat$ facts =m]ly acquir$1 9 ord] t assimilation1 or app]ception1 may be adequately complete2 7#c7 :5 suffici5t facts h be5 cle>ly pres5t$ & suffici5tly assimilat$1 !y mu/ be sy/ematically ord]$1 s t our k w be m p]fectly unifi$ ?an x c\ld be did we /op %ort ( ?or\gh classification1 z 9 ! /udy ( botany1 or ( ! p]ception ( rules & pr9ciples1 z 9 ma!matics & gramm>2 7#d7 f9ally ! facts1 rules1 pr9ciples1 & classifications ?us f> assum$ mu/ be secur$ = all "t by _! effici5t me?odical application 9 ex]cises t call =? ! vigor\s self-activity ( ! pupil4 ,^! f\r /ages ( tea*+ may be consid]$ fundam5tal1 ?\gh v>y+ greatly accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject & ! ability ( ! pupil4 ,x is good ex]cise = a pupil to take long1 rapid /eps :5 able to d s2 x is hopeless confusion to und]take !m :5 !y are too great or too rapid = 8 capacity4 ,^! f\r /ages 9 me?ods ( tea*+ conceiv$ to be ess5tial1 =m ! nucleus ( an int]e/+ developm5t 9 ! ,h]b>tian s*ool1 "u ! title ( 8,! ,=mal i4e4 ,ess5tial ,/eps ( ,in/ruction40 ,! lead+ ideas w be fur!r describ$ 9 a subsequ5t p>agraph 7#gj74 #fh4 ,on clos] inspection we f9d t in/ead ( be+ mutually exclusive1 ^! v>i\s modes ( in/ruction are requisite1 "o by "o1 9 ! ord] giv5 above1 = e gr\p1 small or l>ge1 ( subjects to be taught4 ,=1 fir/1 ! beg9n] is able to advance b sl[ly4 ,= him ! %orte/ /eps are ! safe/ /eps4 ,he mu/ /op at ea* po9t z long z is necess>y to make him appreh5d di/9ctly ea* individual fact4 ,to ?is he mu/ give 8 :ole ?\ght4 ,dur+ ! initial /age1 ! tea*]'s art consi/s1 !re=e1 prem95tly 9 kn[+ h[ to resolve 8 subject into v small p>ts4 ,9 ?is way he w avoid tak+ sudd5 leaps )\t be+ aw>e t he is do+ s4 ,secondly1 association _c be effect$ solely by a sy/ematic mode ( treatm5t1 lea/ ( all at fir/4 ,9 ! sy/em ea* "p has its own fix$ place4 ,at ?is place x is connect$ directly ) ! ne>e/ o!r p>ts1 b also sep>at$ f o!r m remote p>ts by a def9ite di/ance1 & connect$ ) ^! only by way ( det]m9ate int]v5+ memb]s1 or l9ks4 ,besides1 ! nature ( ?is connection is n ! same ev]y:]e4 ,fur!rmore1 a sy/em is n to be le>n$ m]ely4 ,x is to be us$1 appli$1 & (t5 ne$s to be supplem5t$ by additions ins]t$ 9 appropriate places4 ,to be able to d ?is requires skill 9 div]t+ "o's ?\ghts f any giv5 />t+-po9t to e o!r po9t1 =w>d1 backw>d1 sideways4 ,h5ce two ?+s are requisite2 prep>ation = ! sy/em1 & application ( ! sy/em4 ,prep>ation is involv$ 9 association2 ex]cise 9 sy/ematic ?9k+ mu/ foll[4 #fi4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /age1 :5 ! cle> appreh5sion ( ! individual object or fact is ! ma9 ?+1 ! %orte/ & mo/ famili> words & s5t5ces are ! mo/ appropriate4 ,! tea*] w (t5 f9d x advisable also to h "s1 if n all1 ( ! pupils repeat !m accurately aft] him4 ,z is well kn[n1 ev5 speak+ 9 conc]t has be5 tri$ 9 _m s*ools n entirely )\t success1 & = "y beg9n]s ?is me?od may inde$ at times answ] v well4 ,= association1 ! be/ mode ( proc$ure is in=mal conv]sation1 because x gives ! pupil an opportunity to te/ & to *ange ! accid5tal union ( 8 ?\ghts1 to multiply ! l9ks ( connection1 & to assimilate1 aft] 8 own fa%ion1 :at he has le>n$4 ,x enables him1 besides1 to d at lea/ a "p ( all ?is 9 any way t happ5s to be ! easie/ & mo/ conv5i5t4 ,he w ?us escape ! inflexibility ( ?\ght t results f a purely sy/ematic le>n+4 ,sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 calls = a m connect$ disc\rse1 & ! p]iod ( pres5tation mu/ be sep>at$ m %>ply f ! p]iod ( repetition4 ,by exhibit+ & emphasiz+ ! lead+ pr9ciples1 sy/em impresses ^u ! m9ds ( pupils ! value ( organiz$ k2 ?r\gh its great] complet5ess x enri*es _! /ore ( in=mation4 ,b pupils are incapable ( appreciat+ ei!r advantage :5 ! sy/ematic pres5tation is introduc$ too e>ly4 ,skill 9 sy/ematic ?9k+ ! pupil w obta9 ?r\gh ! solution ( assign$ tasks1 8 own indep5d5t attempts1 & _! correction4 ,= su* "w w %[ :e!r he has fully grasp$ ! g5]al pr9ciples1 & :e!r he is able to recognize !m 9 & apply !m to p>ticul>s4 #gj4 ,^! rem>ks on ! initial analysis & ! subsequ5t gradual unit+ ( ! matt] taught1 hold true1 9 g5]al & 9 detail1 ( ! mo/ div]se objects & bran*es ( in/ruction4 ,mu* rema9s to be add$1 h[ev]1 to def9e ) precision ! application ( ^! pr9ciples to a giv5 subject & to ! age ( ! pupil4 ,x w suffice1 = ! pres5t1 if we rem9d ourselves t in/ruction provides a portion ( ! occupations necess>y to gov]nm5t 7#ef74 ,n[1 in/ruction produces fatigue 9 proportion to its duration2 m or less1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to individual diff]5ces4 ,b ! m fatigu+ x is1 ! less x accompli%es z employm5t4 ,?is fact alone %[s cle>ly ! necessity ( int]missions & *ange ( "w4 ,if ! pupil has become actually tir$1 t is1 has n lo/ m]ely incl9ation to "w1 ?is feel+ mu/ be all[$1 z f> z is practicable1 to pass away1 at any rate to dim9i%1 be=e ! same subject is resum$ 9 a some:at modifi$ =m4 ,9 ord] to h "t en\gh = ?is1 ! sy/ematic pres5tation mu/ 9 _m cases be po/pon$ until long aft] ! fir/ lessons 9 ! elem5ts h begun1 & conv]sely1 ! rudim5ts ( a subject frequ5tly h to be at lea/ t\*$ ^u long be=e connect$ in/ruction c be ?\ght (4 ,_m a pr9ciple ne$s to be approa*$ f a great di/ance4 ,h]b>t f\nd 8 basis = ! f\r /eps ( me?od1 viz4 cle>ness1 association1 sy/em1 me?od1 9 ! ideas ( absorption & reflection1 ! alt]nate pulsation ( consci\sness 9 absorb+ & assimilat+ k4 ,o!rs1 adopt+ ?is classification z ess5tially correct1 h relat$ ^! /eps to cu/om>y psy*ological analysis4 ,?us ,drpfeld & ,wiget po9t out t ! m9d goes ?r\gh ?ree well-m>k$ processes :5 x p]=ms ! complete act ( le>n+1 namely1 p]ception ( new facts2 ?\ght1 or ! br++ ( ideas into logical relations2 & application1 or ! ex]cise ( ! motor activities ( ! m9d 9 putt+ k into use4 ,p]ception gives ! p]cept1 ?\ght gives ! conception 7or rule1 pr9ciple1 g5]alization71 & application gives p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! receptive & reflective capacities ( ! m9d come to _! full fruition :5 !y result 9 adequate motor activities4 ,) respect to p]ception a good me?od w fir/ prep>e ! m9d = facts & w !n pres5t !m s t !y may be app]ceiv$4 ,! fir/ two /eps are !re=e prep>ation & pres5tation4 ,! fir/ /ep1 z ,zill] po9t$ out1 is ess5tially analytic 9 "*1 s9ce x analyzes ! pres5t /ore ( consci\sness 9 ord] to br+ facts to ! front t are closely relat$ to ^? ( ! pres5t lesson2 ! second /ep1 i4e41 pres5tation1 is ess5tially syn!tic1 s9ce its function is to add ! matt] ( ! new lesson to relat$ k already 9 possession4 ,bo? toge!r con/itute ! initial /ages ( app]ception4 ,?\ght consi/s ( two processes t may also be t]m$ /eps1 & t are m or less obs]vable 9 all good tea*+2 !y are 7#a7 ! association ( newly app]ceiv$ facts ) "o ano!r & ) old] & m firmly e/abli%$ ideas 9 ord] t rational connection may be e/abli%$ 9 :at "o kn[s1 & especially 9 ord] t :at is g5]al & ess5tial 9 giv5 facts may be grasp$ by ! m9d2 & 7#b7 ! cond5sation ( k into a sy/em1 su* = in/ance z we see 9 ! classifications ( botany & zology1 or 9 ! int]dep5d5ce ( pr9ciples z 9 ari?metic4 ,?\ght1 9 brief1 involves ! association ( ideas & ! d]ivation ( g5]alizations su* z are appropriate to ! matt] 9 h& & to ! ?\ght p[] ( ! pupils4 ,! ?ird /age1 t ( application1 is n subdivid$4 ,mo/ o!r foll[]s ( ,h]b>t1 bo? ,g]man & ,am]ican1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 me?ods ( approa*1 con=m ess5tially to ! results ( ?is analysis1 di/+ui%+ five /eps1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,prep>ation--,analysis #b4 ,pres5tation--,syn!sis ,app]ception ( p]cepts4 #c4 ,association ,?\ght4 ,! d]ivation & arrangem5t #d4 ,sy/emization ( rule1 pr9ciple1 or class4 #e4 ,application4 ,f kn[+ to do+3 use ( motor p[]s4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! foll[+-nam$ works = ext5d$ discussion ( ?is topic3 ,mc,murray1 8,g5]al ,me?od02 ,de,garmo1 8,ess5tials ( ,me?od02 ,lange1 8,app]ception10 pp4 #bjj-bde2 ,re9 7,van ,liew's translation71 8,outl9es ( ,p$agogy02 ,h]b>t 7,felk9s' translation71 8,sci5ce ( ,education02 ,mc,murray1 ,c4 ,a4 ,f4 ,m41 8,! ,me?od ( ! ,recitation40 ,a comp>ative view ( ! treatm5t ( ! ,/eps ( ,in/ruction by v>i\s au?ors is f\nd 9 ,van ,liew's translation ( ,re9's 8,outl9es ( ,p$agogy10 p4 #ade4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,conditions ,det]m9+ ,int]e/ #ga4 ,int]e/ means self-activity4 ,! dem& = a _m-sid$ int]e/ is1 !re=e1 a dem& = _m-sid$ self-activity4 ,b n all self-activity1 only ! "r degree ( ! "r k9d1 is desirable2 else lively *ildr5 might v well be left to !mselves4 ,!re w\ld be no ne$ ( educat+ or ev5 ( gov]n+ !m4 ,x is ! purpose ( in/ruction to give ! "r direction to _! ?\ghts & impulses1 to incl9e ^! t[>d ! morally good & true4 ,*ildr5 are ?us 9 a measure passive4 ,b ?is passivity %\ld by no means involve suppression ( self-activity4 ,x %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 imply a /imulation ( all t is be/ 9 ! *ild4 ,at ?is po9t a psy*ological di/9ction becomes necess>y1 namely1 t betwe5 design$ly reproduc$1 or 8giv510 & spontane\s repres5tations4 ,9 recitations ( :at has be5 le>n$ we h an example ( ! =m]2 ! latt] appe> 9 ! games & fancies ( *ildr54 ,a me?od ( /udy t issues 9 m]e reproduction leaves *ildr5 l>gely 9 a passive /ate1 = x cr[ds out = ! "t be+ ! ?\ghts !y w\ld o!rwise h _h4 ,9 games1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! free play ( fancy1 & accord+ly also 9 t k9d ( in/ruction :i* f9ds an e*o "h1 free activity pr$om9ates4 ,?is di/9ction is n int5d$ to affirm ! exi/5ce ( two comp>tm5ts 9 :i* ! ideas1 sep>at$ once = all1 w\ld1 ( necessity1 h to rema94 ,ideas t mu/ by ef=t be rais$ into consci\sness because !y d n rise spontane\sly1 may become spontane\s by gradual /r5g!n+4 ,b ?is developm5t we _c c\nt on unless in/ruction1 advanc+ /ep by /ep1 br+ x ab\t4 ,int]e/ mu/ be conceiv$ z self-propulsive activity t[>d an end4 ,x is a "p ( ! tea*]'s function to assi/ ! pupil 9 mak+ ! appropriate ideas /rong & spontane\s4 ,occasionally a m]e sugge/ion w *ange ! :ole m5tal attitude t[>d an end & ! means = rea*+ x4 ,a /ud5t "o day approa*$ 8 in/ructor ) ?is qu]y3 8,h[ c ,i get ?r\gh ?is /udy ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( "t & ef=t80 ,! desir$ answ] 0 fir/ giv54 ,! in/ructor !n rem>k$ t !re 0 ano!r way ( view+ ! matt]1 viz41 t "o might consid] h[ to get ! mo/ r ?an ! lea/ out ( ! /udy4 ,he !n briefly unfold$ its nature & possibilities1 :]eupon ! /ud5t became "o ( ! mo/ int]e/$ memb]s ( ! class4 ,he _h come ) only an indirect int]e/ 9 ! subject z an end2 he reg>d$ ! /udy z a requir$ task & ! means ( pass+ ^u x z s mu* drudg]y2 b he s *ang$ 8 attitude t[>d x1 t ! /udy became an end p]sonally desir$1 & ! daily ef=t a pleasurable ex]cise ( 8 self-direct$ p[] ( ?\ght4 ,! int]e/ t ! in/ructor _h ar\s$ 9 ! end 0 transf]r$ to ! means4 #gb4 ,x is ! tea*]'s bus9ess1 :ile giv+ in/ruction1 to obs]ve :e!r ! ideas ( 8 pupils rise spontane\sly or n4 ,if !y d1 ! pupils are said to be att5tive2 ! lesson has won _! int]e/4 ,if n1 att5tion is1 inde$1 n always :olly gone4 ,x may1 moreov]1 be en=c$ = a "t be=e actual fatigue sets 94 ,b d\bt arises :e!r in/ruction c effect a future int]e/ 9 ! same subjects4 ,att5tion is a factor ( su* importance to education z to call = a m detail$ treatm5t4 #gc4 ,att5tion may be broadly def9$ z an attitude ( m9d 9 :i* !re is read9ess to =m new ideas4 ,su* read9ess is ei!r volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,if volunt>y1 x dep5ds on a resolution2 ! tea*] frequ5tly secures ?is ?r\gh admonitions or ?reats4 ,f> m desirable & fruitful is involunt>y att5tion4 ,x is ?is att5tion t ! art ( tea*+ mu/ seek to induce4 ,h]e9 lies ! k9d ( int]e/ to be s\ght by ! tea*]4 ,=c$ & spontane\s are m truly expressive t]ms ?an volunt>y & involunt>y 9 ?is connection4 ,x is n meant t int]e/$ activity is aga9/ ! w1 or ev5 indiff]5t to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a =m ( activity t calls e res\rce ( ! m9d into full play4 ,! w is nev] s promptly active z :5 x is do+ ! ?+s 9 :i* x is mo/ int]e/$2 x is1 h[ev]1 a spontane\s1 n a =c$ activity4 ,!re is1 z ,dr4 ,john ,dewey po9ts out1#f a contradiction betwe5 ,h]b>t's ,p$agogy & 8 ,psy*ology1 z foll[s3 ! ,p$agogy reg>ds int]e/ z ! lev] ( education1 ! means = secur+ spontane\s activity ( m9d2 ! ,psy*ology reg>ds int]e/ z a feel+ aris+ f ! relation ( ideas4 ,ideas mu/ !re=e be giv51 9 "r relations1 to ar\se int]e/1 :ile int]e/ is 9 turn conceiv$ z ! means ( ar\s+ !m4 ,?is is reason+ 9 a circle4 ,! difficulty arises f ass]t+ ! primacy ( ideas 9 m5tal life1 & !n speak+ ( self-activity1 :i* presupposes ! primacy ( motor1 or impulsive activities4 ,! read] w avoid all contradictions 9 educational !ory by accept+ ! mod]n view ( ! primacy1 n ( ideas1 b ( :at may broadly be t]m$ w4 ,! latt] view is 9 accord ) biological & hi/orical sci5ce4 ,ideas are a lat] production ( m9d2 !y s]ve to def9e m cle>ly ! ends = :i* we "w1 at ! same "t giv+ u insight into ! be/ means ( atta9+ !m4 ,= an int]e/+ discussion ( ! primacy ( ! w1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,pr(essor ,pauls5's 8,introduction to ,philosophy10 pp4 #aaa-abb4g #f 8,int]e/ z ,relat$ to ,w10 pp4 #bcg-bda1 ,second ,supplem5t to ,fir/ ,h]b>t ,ye> ,book4 #g ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 #gd4 ,involunt>y spontane\s att5tion is subdivid$ into primitive & app]ceiv+4 ,! latt] especially is ( ! greate/ importance 9 tea*+1 b x re/s on ! =m]1 ! conditions ( :i* mu/ con/antly be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,app]ception1 or assimilation1 takes place ?r\gh ! reproduction ( previ\sly acquir$ ideas & _! union ) ! new elem5t1 ! mo/ en]getic app]ception1 al?\gh n necess>ily ! be/1 be+ effect$ by ! ideas ris+ spontane\sly4 ,?is topic w be treat$ m fully bel[ 7#gg74 ,"h x suffices to say t ! app]ceiv+ att5tion obvi\sly presupposes ! primitive att5tion2 o!rwise app]ceiv+ ideas w\ld nev] h be5 =m$4 ,! psy*ological & educational importance ( ! idea ( app]ception1 or ! assimilation ( k1 has be5 mu* emphasiz$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,= a psy*ological int]pretation ( ! !ory1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,wundt's 8,human & ,animal ,psy*ology10#h pp4 #bce-bea4 ,! educational significance ( ! doctr9e has be5 well br\ght out by ,dr4 ,k>l ,lange1 9 8 able monograph on 8,app]ception40#i ,! subject has be5 m popul>ly treat$ 9 ,dr4 ,mc,murray's 8,g5]al ,me?od10#aj & 9 ! writ]'s 8,ess5tials ( ,me?od0#aa2 also 9 a numb] ( o!r works4 #h ,new ,york1 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahid4 #i ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #ahid4 #aj ,bloom+ton1 ,ill41 ,public ,s*ool ,pub4 ,co41 #ahid4 #aa ,bo/on1 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #ahic4 #ge4 ,! primitive or orig9al att5tion dep5ds prim>ily on ! /r5g? ( ! s5se-impression4 ,bright colors & l\d speak+ are m easily notic$ ?an d>k colors & l[ tones4 ,x w\ld be an error1 h[ev]1 to inf] t ! /ronge/ s5se-p]ceptions are at ! same "t ! mo/ adequate4 ,^! quickly blunt ! receptivity1 :ile weak s5se-impressions may1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 eng5d] ideation z en]getic z t produc$ by orig9ally obtrusive p]ceptions4 ,= ?is reason1 a middle c\rse mu/ be *os5 f ! fir/4 ,= *ildr51 h[ev]1 ! direct s5se-p]ception1 ev5 ( a picture1 if ! object itself is n to be _h1 is altoge!r pref]able to m]e description4 ,! pres5ce 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr5 ( ideas--^? suppli$ by in/ruction itself n except$--contr>y to ! new repres5tations to be ma/]$1 acts z a h9drance or *eck4 ,?is v fact expla9s :y cle>ness ( appreh5sion is n ga9$ :]e in/ruction piles up "o ?+ ^u ano!r 9 too rapid succession4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 9 ! case ( beg9n]s1 s to s+le out ea* fact1 to sep>ate "p f "p1 & to proce$ /ep by /ep1 t appreh5sion may be r5d]$ easy = !m4 ,a second h9drance to att5tion is ( a m tempor>y "*1 b may nev]!less "w mu* mis*ief4 ,x makes a va/ diff]5ce :e!r ! ideas ar\s$ are 9 a /ate ( equilibrium or n4 ,long s5t5ces 9 spee* & 9 books are less easily appreh5d$ ?an %ort ones4 ,!y excite a movem5t ( _m albeit connect$ ?\ghts1 :i* d n at once subside into _! prop] places4 ,n[1 j z 9 read+ & writ+ pauses mu/ be obs]v$1 :i* is done m easily 9 %ort ?an 9 long s5t5ces1 in/ruction 9 g5]al mu/ h its *os5 /opp+-places & re/+-po9ts at :i* ! *ild may t>ry z long z may be necess>y4 ,o!rwise ! accumulation ( ?\ghts w become excessive1 cr[d+ 9 ^u :at foll[s1 & ?is ^u ! next new elem5t1 until f9ally ! pupils arrive at a /ate :]e !y no long] he> any?+4 #gf4 ,! f\r ess5tials !n = primitive att5tion are3 /r5g? ( s5se-impression1 economy ( receptivity1 avoidance ( h>mful anti!ses to exi/+ ideas1 & delay until ! ar\s$ ideas h recov]$ _! equilibrium4 ,b 9 actual tea*+ x w be f\nd difficult to d ju/ice to all ( ^! requirem5ts simultane\sly4 ,sam5ess ( pres5tation %\ld n be c>ri$ too f> le/ ! *ild's receptivity be tax$ too heavily4 ,monotony produces we>9ess4 ,b a sudd5 *ange ( subject frequ5tly discloses ! fact t ! new is too remote f :at has prec$$1 & t ! old ?\ghts refuse to give way4 ,if ! *ange is delay$ too long ! lesson drags4 ,too little v>iety causes ennui4 ,! pupils beg9 to ?9k ( some?+ else1 & ) t _! att5tion is gone completely4 ,! tea*] %\ld by all means /udy lit]>y ma/]pieces = ! purpose ( le>n+ f great au?ors h[ !y escap$ ^! difficulties4 ,t he may /rike ! "r *ord 9 ! e>li] /ages ( in/ruction1 he %\ld turn p>ticul>ly to simple popul> writ]s1 ,hom]1 = example1 ^: /ory-tell+ is1 on ! o!r h&1 too g5]al & nave = old] pupils :o h lo/ ! p[] to put !mselves back into a pa/ p]iod ( culture4 ,yet x is safe to say 9 g5]al1 t classic writ]s seldom take sudd5 leaps & nev] /& /ill entirely4 ,_! me?od ( unfold+ consi/s 9 a sc>cely p]ceptible1 at any rate an always easy1 advance4 ,!y dwell1 inde$1 long on ! same ?\ght1 b nev]!less a*ieve1 little by little1 mo/ p[]ful contra/s4 ,poor writ]s1 on ! contr>y1 pile up ! mo/ gl>+ anti!ses )\t o!r ?an ! natural result--! antagoni/ic ideas expel ea* o!r & ! m9d is left empty4 ,! same result ?reat5s ! tea*] :o aims at brilliancy ( pres5tation4 #gg4 ,! app]ceiv+1 or assimilat+1 att5tion 7#gd71 ?\gh n ! fir/ 9 "t1 is yet obs]v$ v e>ly4 ,x %[s itself :5 little *ildr5 cat* & repeat al\d s+le1 famili> words ( an o!rwise un9telligible conv]sation betwe5 adults2 :5 a little lat] !y "n1 9 _! own way1 ! well-kn[n objects t !y come ^u 9 _! picture-books2 :5 lat] /ill1 :ile le>n+ to read1 !y pick out f ! book s+le names co9cid+ ) _! recollection2 & s on 9 innum]able o!r in/ances4 ,f )9 ideas are sudd5ly bur/+ =? to unite ) :atev] simil> elem5ts pres5t !mselves4 ,n[ ?is app]ceiv+ activity mu/ be ex]cis$ con/antly 9 all in/ruction4 ,= in/ruction is giv5 9 words only2 ! ideas con/itut+ _! mean+ mu/ be suppli$ by ! he>]4 ,b words are n meant to be und]/ood m]ely2 !y are int5d$ to elicit int]e/4 ,& ?is requires a high] grade & great] facility ( app]ception4 ,univ]sally popul> poems d n produce _! pleas+ effect by tea*+ some?+ new4 ,!y portray :at is already kn[n & utt] :at e "o feels4 ,ideas already possess$ are ar\s$1 exp&$1 cond5s$1 & consequ5tly put 9 ord] & /r5g!n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 defects are app]ceiv$1 e4g41 mispr9ts1 grammatical blund]s1 faulty draw+s1 false notes1 etc41 ! successive unfold+ ( ! s]ies ( ideas is int]rupt$ s t _! int]lac+ _c take place prop]ly4 ,"h we see h[ in/ruction mu/ proce$ & :at x mu/ avoid 9 ord] to secure int]e/4 ,note4--,! app]ceiv+ att5tion is ( s great importance 9 in/ruction t a ^w or two m w be 9 place4 ,! highe/ /age ( ?is k9d ( att5tion is indicat$ by ! words--gaze1 scrut9ize1 li/51 h&le4 ,! idea ( ! exam9$ object is already pres5t 9 consci\sness1 z is likewise ! idea ( ! class ( s5se-p]ceptions look$ =4 ,! psy*ic result turns on ! ensu+ s5se-impressions1 on _! contra/s1 comb9ations1 & reproductions4 ,^! are able to induce ! correspond+ m5tal /ates unh9d]$1 because di/urb+ =eign elem5ts h already be5 remov$ & rema9 exclud$4 ,pass+ f ?is highe/ grade to l[] degrees ( att5tion1 we f9d t ! idea ( ! object is n yet--at lea/ n prom95tly--pres5t1 t ?is itself fir/ ne$s to be reproduc$ & made m vivid4 ,! "q arises :e!r ?is c be accompli%$ directly or only indirectly4 ,9 ! =m] case ! idea mu/ be 9 itself /rong en\gh2 9 ! second x mu/ be suffici5tly unit$ ) o!r ideas :i* x is possible to ar\se directly4 ,moreov]1 ! ob/acles to reproduction mu/ be su* t !y c be ov]come4 ,:5 ! app]ceiv+ att5tion is once "u way1 x %\ld be utiliz$ & n di/urb$4 ,! tea*+ mu/ take ! promis$ direction until x has satisfi$ expectation4 ,! solutions mu/ correspond cle>ly to ! problems4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be connect$4 ,! att5tion is di/urb$ by untimely pauses & ! pres5ce ( extrane\s matt]4 ,x is also di/urb$ by app]ceptions t br+ into light t :i* %\ld rema9 9 %ad[4 ,?is is true ( words & phrases too (t5 repeat$1 ( mann]isms ( spee*--( ev]y?+ t gives prom95ce to ! language at ! exp5se ( ! subject-matt]1 ev5 rhymes1 v]se-=ms1 & rhetorical adornm5t :5 us$ 9 ! wrong place4 ,b t :i* is too simple mu/ be avoid$ also4 ,9 ?is case ! app]ception is soon complet$2 x does n give en\gh to d4 ,! fulle/ unit possible is to be s\ght4 ,a rule ( vital importance is t1 be=e sett+ 8 pupils at "w1 ! tea*] %\ld take !m into ! field ( ideas :]e9 _! "w is to be done4 ,he c accompli% ?is at ! beg9n+ ( a recitation h\r by means ( a brief outl9e view ( ! gr\nd to be cov]$ 9 ! lesson or lecture4 #gh4 ,in/ruction is to supplem5t t :i* has be5 ga9$ already by exp]i5ce & by int]c\rse ) o!rs 7#cf72 ^! f\ndations mu/ exi/ :5 in/ruction beg9s4 ,if !y are want+1 !y mu/ be firmly e/abli%$ fir/4 ,any defici5cy "h means a loss to in/ruction1 because ! pupils lack ! ?\ghts :i* !y ne$ 9 ord] to int]pret ! words ( ! tea*]4 ,9 ! same way1 k d]iv$ f e>li] lessons mu/ be ext5d$ & deep5$ by subsequ5t in/ruction4 ,?is presupposes su* an organization ( ! :ole "w ( in/ruction t t :i* comes lat] %all always f9d pres5t ! e>li] k ) :i* x is to be unit$4 #gi4 ,ord9>ily1 because _! eyes are fix$ solely on ! facts to be le>n$1 tea*]s conc]n !mselves little ) ! ideas already possess$ by ! pupils4 ,consequ5tly !y make an ef=t 9 behalf ( ! necess>y att5tion only :5 x is fail+ & progress is *eck$4 ,n[ !y h rec\rse to volunt>y att5tion 7#gc71 & to obta9 ?is rely on inducem5ts1 or1 m (t51 on reprim&s & p5alties4 ,indirect int]e/ is ?us sub/itut$ = direct int]e/1 ) ! result t ! resolution ( ! pupil to be att5tive fails to effect en]getic appreh5sion & realizes b little coh]5ce4 ,x wav]s con/antly1 & (t5 en\gh gives way to disgu/4 ,9 ! mo/ favorable case1 if in/ruction is ?or\gh1 i4e41 sci5tific1 a f\ndation ( elem5t>y k is gradually laid suffici5tly solid = lat] ye>s to build on2 9 o!r words1 out ( ! elem5t>y k an app]ceiv+ mass is creat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil :i* w aid him 9 8 future /udies4 ,!re may be sev]al ( su* masses2 b ea* con/itutes by itself its own k9d ( "o-sid$ le>n+1 & x is aft] all d\btful :e!r ev5 "h direct int]e/ is impli$4 ,= !re is small hope t ?is int]e/ w be ar\s$ 9 ! y\? :5 ! ye>s ( boyhood h be5 devot$ m]ely to ! ma/]+ ( prelim9>y k4 ,! prospects ( future /ation & call+ are op5+ be=e him & ! exam9ations are at h&4 #hj4 ,! fact %\ld n be ov]look$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ! be/ me?od _c secure an adequate degree ( app]ceiv+ att5tion 7#ge-gh7 f e pupil2 rec\rse mu/ accord+ly be _h to ! volunt>y att5tion1 i4e41 ! pupil's resolution4 ,b = ! necess>y measures ! tea*] mu/ dep5d1 n m]ely on rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 b *iefly on habit & cu/om4 ,in/ruction unites at ?is po9t ) gov]nm5t & tra9+4 ,9 all cases :]e ! pupil beg9s 8 "w n entirely )\t compulsion1 x is p>ticul>ly important t he %\ld soon become aw>e ( 8 own progress4 ,! sev]al /eps mu/ be di/9ctly & suitably po9t$ out to him2 !y mu/ at ! same "t be easy ( execution & succe$ ea* o!r sl[ly4 ,! in/ruction %\ld be giv5 ) accuracy1 ev5 /rictness1 s]i\sness1 & pati5ce4 #ha4 ,! volunt>y att5tion is mo/ frequ5tly dem&$ = memoriz+1 = :i*1 ap>t f all else1 ! pres5ce ( int]e/ is n always a p]fectly favorable condition4 ,?is is true ev5 ( spontane\s int]e/1 = ! ideas t rise spontane\sly h a movem5t ( _! own1 :i* by deviat+ f ! giv5 sequ5ce may lead to surreptiti\s sub/itutions4 ,l obs]vation1 int5tional memoriz+ presupposes a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-control4 ,at ?is po9t a "q arises z to ! prop] place ( le>n+ by he>t4 ,committ+ to memory is v necess>y2 use is made ( x 9 e dep>tm5t ( k4 ,b memoriz+ %\ld nev] be ! fir/ ?+ except :5 x is done )\t ef=t4 ,= if ! memoriz+ ( new matt]1 :i* ! pupil _c z yet h associat$ incorrectly1 co/s him an ef=t1 x is pla9 t ! s+le pres5tations enc\nt] "s opposition or o!r by :i* !y are repell$ too quickly = _! mutual association to take place4 ,! tea*] mu/ 9 ?is case talk ! subject ov] fir/1 set ! pupil to "w ^u x1 make him m famili> ) x1 & mu/ sometimes ev5 wait = a m opportune mom5t4 ,:]e cle>ness 9 s+le p]ceptions & _! association 7#fg et seq47 are /ill defici5t1 ^! mu/ be att5d$ to fir/ ( all4 ,aft] ! ideas h be5 /r5g!n$ 9 ?is way1 memoriz+ w be accompli%$ m easily4 ,! assign$ s]ies %\ld n be too long4 ,?ree =eign words are (t5 m ?an en\gh4 ,_m pupils h to be %[n h[ to memorize4 ,left to !mselves !y w beg9 ov] & ov] aga91 !n halt1 & try 9 va9 to g on4 ,a fundam5tal rule is t ! />t+-po9t be %ift$4 ,if1 = example1 ! "n ,me?uselah is to be le>n$1 ! tea*] w\ld1 p]haps1 say successively3 lah1--selah1--?uselah1--,me?uselah4 ,"s h to be w>n$ aga9/ try+ to get ?r\gh quickly4 ,we h to d "h ) a physical me*anism :i* requires "t & ^: op]ation ! pupil himself z little z ! tea*] %\ld endeavor to ov]-accel]ate4 ,sl[ at fir/1 !n fa/]4 ,x is n always advisable to put a /op to all bodily movem5ts4 ,_m memorize by way ( speak+ al\d1 o!rs ?r\gh copy+1 "s ?r\gh draw+4 ,recit+ 9 conc]t also may prove feasible at times4 ,incorrect associations are v mu* to be fe>$2 !y are t5aci\s4 ,a great deal1 to be sure1 may be accompli%$ ?r\gh sev]ity2 b :5 int]e/ 9 ! subject-matt] is :olly lack+1 ! pupil beg9s by memoriz+ incorrectly1 !n ceases to memorize at all1 & simply wa/es "t4 ,! absolute failure ( "s pupils 9 memory "w may p]haps be p>tly ow+ to unkn[n physical peculi>ities4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! cause ( ! evil lies 9 ! /ate ( false t5sion into :i* su* pupils put !mselves :ile attempt+ ) reluctance :at !y reg>d z an almo/ impossible task4 ,a tea*]'s injudici\s attitude dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 8 rem>ks1 = in/ance1 ab\t le>n+ by he>t z a ?+ ( toil & tr\ble1 may lead to ?is /ate ( m9d1 = :i* p]haps awkw>d fir/ /eps 9 le>n+ to read h prep>$ ! way4 ,x is fooli% to look = means ( light5+ /ill m ! ex]cises ( *ildr5 t reta9 & recite ) facility2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 great caution is necess>y because !re are also o!rs :o may be r5d]$ unfit = memoriz+ by ! fir/ attempt ( ! tea*] to make !m recite1 or ev5 only to repeat aft] him1 a c]ta9 s]ies ( words4 ,9 attempt+1 by su* e>ly te/s1 to f9d out :e!r *ildr5 reta9 & reproduce easily1 x is ess5tial t ! tea*] put !m 9 good humor1 t he select 8 matt] ) ?is end 9 view1 & t he g on only s long z !y feel !y c d :at is ask$ ( !m4 ,! results ( 8 obs]vations mu/ det]m9e ! fur!r mode ( proc$ure4 #hb4 ,h[ev] c>efully ! process ( memoriz+ may h be5 p]=m$1 ! "q rema9s3 ,h[ long w ! memoriz$ matt] be reta9$8 ,on ?is po9t tea*]s deceive !mselves "t & aga91 9 spite ( univ]sally common exp]i5ces4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 n ev]y?+ t is le>n$ by he>t ne$s to be reta9$4 ,_m an ex]cise s]ves its purpose :5 x prep>es ! way = ! next1 & r5d]s fur!r developm5t possible4 ,9 ?is way a %ort poem is sometimes le>n$ z a tempor>y means = an ex]cise 9 declamation2 or *apt]s f ,lat9 au?ors are committ$ to memory 9 ord] to spe$ ! writ+ & speak+ ( ,lat94 ,9 _m cases x is suffici5t = lat] ye>s if ! pupil kn[s h[ to look = lit]>y helps1 & h[ to make use ( !m4 ,b if1 secondly1 t :i* has be5 memoriz$ is to rema9 impress$ on ! memory = a long "t1 =ev] if possible1 x is only a que/ionable exp$i5t to reassign ! same ?+ z (t5 z x is =gott54 ,! feel+ ( we>y disgu/ may m ?an (fset ! possible ga94 ,!re is only "o effici5t me?od--practice2 practice consi/+ 9 ! con/ant application ( t :i* is to be reta9$ to t :i* actually int]e/s ! pupils1 9 o!r words1 t :i* cont9ually engages ! ideas ris+ spontane\sly4 ,"h we f9d ! pr9ciple t gov]ns ! *oice ( mat]ial = successful memoriz+4 ,& z to ! am\nt--s mu* z is ne$$ = ! imm$iate future2 = excessive quantity promotes an e>ly =gett+4 ,besides1 9 in/ruction1 z 9 exp]i5ce1 !re is a great deal t may n be accurately rememb]$1 b nev]!less r5d]s abundant s]vice by /imulat+ ! m9d & qualify+ x = fur!r "w4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,ma9 ,k9ds ( ,int]e/ #hc4 ,in/ruction is to be l9k$ to ! k t exp]i5ce provides1 & to ! e?ical s5tim5ts t arise f social int]c\rse 7#cf74 ,empirical int]e/ relates directly to exp]i5ce2 sympa!tic int]e/ to human association4 ,discursive reflection on ! objects ( exp]i5ce involves ! developm5t ( speculative int]e/1 reflection on ! wid] relations ( society t ( social int]e/4 ,) ^! we gr\p1 on ! "o h& /hetic1 on ! o!r religi\s int]e/1 bo? ( :i* h _! orig9 n s mu* 9 discursive ?\ght z 9 a non-progress+ contemplation ( ?+s & ( human de/9y4 ,! classification ( int]e/s into two gr\ps1 namely1 7a7 ^? :i* arise f k1 & 7b7 ^? :i* arise f association ) o!rs1 & ! subdivision ( ea* ( ^! into ?ree gr\ps1 mak+ six 9 all1 is "o n ( necessity1 b ( conv5i5ce4 ,! k int]e/s are1 7a7 empirical1 7b7 speculative1 7c7 /hetic2 ! int]e/s aris+ f association are1 7a7 sympa!tic1 7b7 social1 7c7 religi\s4 ,?is classification is adopt$ )\t criticism by mo/ ,h]b>tian writ]s4 ,t ! classification is made simply = conv5i5ce may be se5 f su* consid]ations z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,/rictly speak+1 all int]e/s arise f exp]i5ce1 ! social no less ?an ! speculative2 h5ce exp]i5ce is n a basis = classification at all4 #b4 /hetic int]e/s1 re/+ ^u contemplation1 ne$ n be put into a gr\p ) ^? t re/ ^u ! p]ception ( cause & effect1 or o!r relations p]ceiv$ by discursive reflection4 #c4 ,! same is true = ^? empirical int]e/s t are suppos$ to re/ ^u imm$iate s5se appreh5sion1 su* z ! int]e/ 9 color1 %ape1 s\nd1 ta/e1 odor4 #d4 ,if p]ception1 reason+1 & s5sibility are made bases = ! classification ( int]e/s1 :y %\ld n ! active volitional p[]s ( ! m9d become a basis likewise8 ,"s claim t pleasure & pa9 re/ prim>ily ^u ! motor side ( our activity1 r ?an ^u ! s5sory4 ,our int]e/ 9 do+ is antec$5t to our int]e/ 9 kn[+ or feel+4 ,?is fact is fully recogniz$ by all ,h]b>tians 9 ! !ory ( me?ods1 ?\gh x f9ds no recognition 9 _! classification ( int]e/s4 ,x mu/ be grant$1 h[ev]1 t ,h]b>t's classification is conv5i5t1 ev5 if n especially sci5tific4 ,! empirical int]e/ is ! m5tal eag]ness ar\s$ by direct appeal to ! s5ses1 z by novel %apes1 colors1 s\nds1 odors1 & ! l4 ,its fir/ /age is wond]1 admiration1 fe>1 awe4 ,! *ild t drops 8 picture-book to *ase a butt]fly ab&ons "o empirical int]e/ = a /rong] "o4 ,?is =m ( int]e/ is usually transi5t2 unless x develops into a new k9d ( int]e/1 x is soon ab&on$ = "s o!r attraction4 ,a prim>y tea*] may cat* b _c hold ! att5tion ( a *ild by s5su\s devices lead+ to no?+ beyond !mselves4 ,! speculative int]e/ is m p]man5t ?an ! empirical4 ,x re/s prim>ily on ! p]ception ( ! relations ( cause & effect2 x seeks to "k ! reasons ( ?+s4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is a high] =m ( app]ception1 or m5tal assimilation4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal idea 9 ! speculative int]e/ is t ( purpose4 ,we want to "k ! purpose ( ?+s1 ! function !y are to p]=m1 ! end !y are expect$ to rea*4 ,?us a *ild has a key to ! und]/&+ ( ev5 s complicat$ a ma*9e z a self-b9d]1 or a pr9t+ press1 provid$ he sees cle>ly ! purpose ( ea*4 ,until ?is is p]ceiv$ ! facts are an un9telligible jumble ( p>ticul>s4 ,a crude =m ( ! speculative int]e/ is se5 v e>ly 9 ! *ild1 :5 he dem&s a reason = ev]y?+4 ,x always rema9s ! ma9spr+ ( intellectual life2 :5 x ceases to be a motive p[] to ?9k+1 ?\ght is dead4 ,! /hetic int]e/ re/s ^u ! enjoym5t ( contemplation1 :5 an ideal1 sometimes di/9ct1 sometimes vague1 c be p]ceiv$ ?r\gh a s5se m$ium4 ,9 ! ,greek /atue ( ,apollo ,belvid]e1 a div9ity is repres5t$ 9 m>ble4 ,9 ! pa9t+1 ,break+ ,home ,ties1 ! feel+s ( a lad & 8 "m ^u p>t+ are portray$ ^u canvas4 ,9 music ! ideal is usually vague1 9 poetry x is cle> & di/9ct4 ,! /hetic value ( ! latt] is enhanc$ by good oral recitation1 bo? because appeal is made to an additional s5se1 & because ! e>s ( m5 7 attun$ to beautiful poetry long be=e ! eye le>n$ to appreh5d x4 ,all ( ^! int]e/s1 ! empirical1 ! speculative1 & ! /hetic1 may be class$ z individual1 s9ce !y re/ ^u purely subjective gr\nds4 ,!y might belong to any ,rob9son ,crusoe :o became isolat$ f 8 fell[s4 ,b ! rema9+ gr\ps1 ! sympa!tic1 ! social1 & ! religi\s1 re/ ^u ! idea ( int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 ( supreme importance = civiliz$ life4 ,)\t ! sympa!tic cop]ation ( m5 civilization w\ld become impossible4 ,mephi/opheles 9 8,fau/0 def9es himself z 8! ,_s t ev] d5ies40#ab ,consequ5tly any man :o becomes s absorb$ 9 8 individual conc]ns z to d5y all social duties & r5\nce all social b5efits becomes !reby a k9d ( civic devil4 ,! cynics ( old repudiat$ all social obligations1 ?us mak+ !mselves bitt] civic devils1 :ile ! ,cyr5aics1 *oos+ self-indulg5ce1 b d5y+ likewise social duties1 trans=m$ !mselves into s5suali/ic civic devils4 ,x is an imp]ative duty ( ! tea*]1 !re=e1 to ar\se ! social & civic int]e/s ( ! *ildr51 s9ce ^u ^! z active =ces ! welf>e & possibly ! /ability ( society re/4 ,! s*ool is ! place1 ! /udies & daily int]c\rse ! means1 :]eby ?is class ( int]e/s may be ar\s$4 ,pupils br\ght up 9 isolation by private tutors are likely to become non-social 9 _! disposition4 ,idiosyncrasies are fo/]$1 !re be+ little or no developm5t ( ideals ( social cop]ation4 ,! k9d]g>t51 h[ev]1 :5 rightly conduct$1 is ne>ly always able to fo/] ! social in/9cts s p[]fully t ev5 ! lack ( lat] education is n able to oblit]ate !m4 ,:5 ?is tra9+ is re9=c$ by ! well-gov]n$ s*ool1 a solid f\ndation = civic "* is likely to be laid4 ,! /udies mo/ important = ! fo/]+ ( social & civic int]e/s are lit]ature1 hi/ory1 civil gov]nm5t1 & geography1 ?\gh o!rs h a m or less intimate relation to !m4 #ab 8,i* b9 d] ,gei/ d] /ets v]ne9t40 #hd4 ,we _c expect to see all ( ^! int]e/s unfold equally 9 e individual2 b among a numb] ( pupils we may confid5tly look = !m all4 ,! dem& = _m-sid$ness w accord+ly be satisfi$ ! bett]1 ! ne>] ! s+le individual likewise approa*es a /ate ( m5tal culture 9 :i* all ^! k9ds ( int]e/ are active ) equal en]gy4 #he4 ,z has already be5 sugge/$ 7#cg71 ^! six k9ds ( int]e/ arise f two s\rces to :i* hi/orical & nature /udies respectively correspond4 ,) ?is ! facts obs]v$ 9 classical high s*ools 7,gymnasia7 co9cide3 pupils usually lean t[>d "o side or ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be a s]i\s blund]1 h[ev]1 to affirm1 on ?is acc\nt1 an anti!sis betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! natural sci5ce int]e/2 or1 worse /ill1 to speak ( a philological & a ma!matical int]e/ in/ead--z is1 inde$1 n infrequ5tly done4 ,su* confusion 9 ideas %\ld n cont9ue2 x w\ld lead to utt]ly errone\s views ( ! :ole managem5t ( in/ruction4 ,! easie/ means to c\nt]act ! evil is a consid]ation ( ! multitude ( "o-sid$ t5d5cies t occur ev5 )9 ! six k9ds ( int]e/2 we %all be able1 at all ev5ts1 to br+ out /ill m cle>ly ! manifold phases ( int]e/ t mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,= ! possible cases ( "o-sid$ness are diff]5tiat$ f> m m9utely ?an c\ld be %[n by ! discrim9ation ( only six k9ds ( int]e/4 8,is ! ideal education classical or sci5tific80 ,?is "q1 :i* is /ill debat$1 really means1 %all we cultivate *iefly ! social or ! k int]e/s4 ,! hi/orical1 or culture1 /udies belong prem95tly on ! "o side1 ! natural sci5ces mo/ l>gely on ! o!r4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 #ahfj made a special plea = sci5ce /udies 9 8 monograph1 8,education10 claim+ t su* /udies are ( *ief wor? bo? = k & tra9+4 ,at t "t classical1 or culture1 /udies _h possession ( almo/ e in/itution = high] education1 s t ,sp5c]'s special plea 0 ju/ifi$4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 sci5ce1 :i* has develop$ its own me?ods ( in/ruction1 holds an equal place ) social /udies 9 ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,:5 we are ask$ :i* half ( human int]e/s we w *oose1 ! k or ! social1 our reply c only be3 ,we w ab&on nei!r1 b *oose bo?4 ,bo? are ess5tial to human happ9ess2 bo? are necess>y = social & mat]ial advance4 #hf4 ,empirical int]e/ becomes "o-sid$ 9 its way :5 x seizes ^u "o k9d ( objects ( exp]i5ce to ! neglect ( ! re/4 ,:51 = in/ance1 a p]son wants to be a botani/ exclusively1 a m9]alogi/1 a zologi/2 or :5 he likes languages only1 p]haps only ! anci5t or only ! mod]n1 or ( all ^! only "o2 or :5 z a travell] he wi%es to see1 l _m s-call$ t\ri/s1 only ! c\ntries t ev]ybody talks ab\t1 9 ord] to h se5 !m too2 or :51 z a collector ( curiosities1 he conf9es himself to "o or ! o!r fancy2 or :51 9 ! capacity ( hi/orian1 he c>es only ab\t ! in=mation be>+ on "o c\ntry1 or "o p]iod1 etc4 ,speculative int]e/ becomes "o-sid$ by conf9+ itself to logic or to ma!matics1 ma!matics p]haps only z treat$ by ! old geometricians2 or to metaphysics re/rict$ possibly to "o sy/em2 or to physics n>r[$ d[n p]haps to "o hypo!sis2 or to pragmatic hi/ory4 /hetic int]e/ 9 "o case is conc5trat$ exclusively on pa9t+ & sculpture2 9 ano!r on poetry1 p]haps only on lyric or dramatic poetry2 9 /ill ano!r on music1 or p]haps only on a c]ta9 species ( music1 etc4 ,sympa!tic int]e/ is "o-sid$ :5 a man is will+ to live only ) 8 social pe]s1 or only ) fell[-c\ntrym51 or only ) memb]s ( 8 own family2 :ile a fell[-feel+ = all o!rs is want+4 ,social int]e/ gr[s "o-sid$ if "o gives himself up :olly to "o political p>ty1 & measures weal or woe only by p>ty success or failure4 ,religi\s int]e/ becomes "o-sid$ accord+ to diff]5ces ( cre$ & sect1 to "o ( :i* allegiance is giv51 :ile ^? :o hold a diff]5t view are reg>d$ z unwor?y ( e/eem4 ,mu* ( ?is "o-sid$ness is br\ght ab\t 9 lat] life by "o's vocation4 ,b a man's vocation mu/ n isolate him4 ,yet ?is w\ld happ5 if su* n>r[ness %\ld make headway 9 y\?4 #hg4 ,a /ill m detail$ analysis ( ! v>ieties ( "o-sid$ness w\ld be possible2 x is n ne$$1 h[ev]1 = asc]ta9+ ! position ( ! above-m5tion$ high s*ool /udies among ! subjects ( in/ruction calculat$ to /imulate int]e/4 ,languages1 to beg9 )1 =m a "p ( ! curriculum2 b :y among s _m languages is ! pref]5ce giv5 to ,lat9 & ,greek8 ,obvi\sly because ( ! lit]ature & hi/ory op5$ ?r\gh !m4 ,lit]ature ) its poets & orators falls "u /hetic int]e/2 hi/ory awak5s sympa?y ) di/+ui%$ m5 & ! weal & woe ( society1 indirectly contribut+ 9 ei!r case ev5 to religi\s int]e/4 ,no bett] focus = s _m diff]5t /imuli c be f\nd4 ,ev5 speculative int]e/ is n slight$ if inquiries into ! grammatical /ructure ( ^! languages are add$4 ,moreov]1 ! /udy ( hi/ory does n /op ) ! anci5ts2 ! k ( lit]ature also is wid5$ t ! v>i\s int]e/s may be develop$ /ill m completely4 ,hi/ory1 if taught pragmatically1 assi/s speculative int]e/ f ano!r direction4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ma!matics has prec$5ce2 only1 9 ord] to effect a sure entrance & abid+ results1 x mu/ unite ) ! natural sci5ces1 :i* appeal at once to ! empirical & ! speculative int]e/4 ,if n[ ^! /udies cop]ate prop]ly1 a great deal w be done1 9 conjunction ) religi\s in/ruction1 t[>d turn+ ! y\?ful m9d 9 ! directions t answ] to a _m-sid$ int]e/4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! languages & ma!matics 7 all[$ to fall ap>t1 if ! connect+ l9ks 7 remov$1 & e pupil 7 p]mitt$ to *oose "o or ! o!r bran* ( /udy1 accord+ to 8 pref]5ces1 m]e bald "o-sid$ness ( ! k9d suffici5tly *>act]iz$ above w\ld be ! outcome4 #hh4 ,x is admitt$ n[ t n only classical b also public high s*ools 9 g5]al %\ld provide = ?is same _m-sid$ culture1 t is1 %\ld take acc\nt ( ! same ma9 classes ( int]e/s4 ,! only diff]5ce lies 9 ! fact t = ! pupils ( ! classical high s*ools ! practice ( a vocation is n s ne> at h&2 :]eas1 9 ! public high s*ools1 !re is a c]ta9 prepond]ance ( mod]n lit]ature & hi/ory1 toge!r ) inability to equip completely ) ! helps to a manifold m5tal activity ^? :o purpose to g on4 ,mu* ! same is true ( all ! l[] s*ools ^: aim is to educate4 ,x is diff]5t ) trade s*ools & polyte*nic in/itutes2 9 %ort1 ) ^? s*ools :i* presuppose a complet$ education--complet$ to ! ext5t p]mitt$ by circum/ances4 ,if1 !n1 ! programme ( a public high s*ool is ( ! "r sort1 x w %[ z well z ! curriculum ( a classical prep>atory s*ool does1 t an attempt is be+ made to gu>d aga9/ su* "o-sid$ness z w\ld be ! outcome if "o ( ! six ma9 classes ( int]e/ 7 slight$4 ,h[ "o-sid$ness "u an elective sy/em may be avoid$ is discuss$ 9 a previ\s section 7#fe74 #hi4 ,b no in/ruction is able to prev5t ! special v>ieties ( "o-sid$ness t may develop )9 ! limits ( ea* ma9 gr\p4 ,:5 obs]vation1 reflection1 ! s5se ( beauty1 sympa?y1 public _s1 & religi\s aspiration h once be5 awak5$1 al?\gh p]haps only )9 a small range ( objects1 ! f>!r ext5sion ov] a great] numb] & v>iety ( objects mu/ be left l>gely to ! individual & to opportunity4 ,to pupils ( tal5t1 above all ( g5ius1 in/ruction may give ! necess>y outlook by enabl+ !m to see :at tal5t & g5ius a*ieve else:]e2 b _! own di/+ui%+ traits !y mu/ !mselves answ] = & reta94 ,moreov]1 ! above-m5tion$ =ms ( "o-sid$ness are n all equally detrim5tal1 because !y d n ass]t !mselves ) ! same degree ( exclusiv5ess4 ,ea* may1 inde$1 lead to self-conceit2 b ?is t5d5cy does n atta* to all 9 ! same measure4 ,hold+ to ! idea ( _m-sid$ int]e/1 :at ju/ification is !re = elective /udies8 ,to ?is1 ! reply mu/ be made t 9 elem5t>y & 9 a "p ( second>y education ! pr9ciple ( indiscrim9ate election mu/ be reject$4 ,! only rational election 9 second>y education1 z already expla9$ 7#fe71 is election among ! v>i\s memb]s ( a gr\p ( simil> /udies4 ,9 ?is way ! de/9ation & ability ( ! pupil may be reg>d$1 )\t sacrific+ ! ne$$ _m-sid$ness4 ,! case is diff]5t 9 high] education1 h[ev]1 = election & _m-sid$ness are "h q reconcilable4 ,high] education is ! comp>ative /udy ( a few bran*es4 ,?us1 = example1 on ! social side1 ! :ole civilization ( ,greece is focuss$ n[ 9 h] political hi/ory1 n[ 9 h] art1 n[ 9 h] language1 n[ 9 h] education1 n[ 9 h] philosophy4 ,! /ud5t :o /udies any "o ( ^! subjects ?or\ghly gets a comp>ative view ( ! :ole ( ,greek life4 ,x is n necess>y = him to /udy !m all4 ,! same is true ( ea* important c\ntry or epo*4 ,e culture /udy is an em95ce f :i* ! :ole is se54 ,likewise 9 sci5ce1 to /udy a typical =m ( life exhau/ively by ! comp>ative me?od gives "o an insight into all relat$ life1 z well z _m glimpses into physical & *emical sci5ce4 ,9 a l>ge s5se1 !re=e1 we /udy all nature1 :e!r we elect biology1 physics1 or *emi/ry1 provid$ we use ! comp>ative me?od ( high] education4 ,9 ! college or univ]sity1 !re=e1 a l>ge am\nt ( election is ju/ifiable4 ,t w\ld be a "o-sid$ c\rse :i* neglect$ entirely all social or all sci5ce /udies4 #ij4 ,"u favorable circum/ances ( "t & opportunity1 su* z obta9 9 classical & o!r high s*ools1 ef=t1 z we "k1 is n re/rict$ to ! initial /imulation4 ,h5ce ! "q arises3 ,9 :at sequ5ce %all ! ar\s$ int]e/s be fur!r develop$8 ,( in/ruction-mat]ial !re is no lack2 we mu/ select & arrange1 guid$ 9 ! ma9 by :at 0 said on ! conditions ( _m-sid$ness & ( int]e/4 ,?us to recapitulate3 !re mu/ be progress f ! simple to ! m complex1 & solicit\s endeavor to make spontane\s int]e/ possible4 ,b 9 apply+ ^! pr9ciples we mu/ n %ut our eyes to ! p>ticul> requirem5ts & ! difficulties 9 our way4 #ia4 ,! empirical mat]ial ( languages1 hi/ory1 geography1 etc41 calls = specific complications & s]ies ( ideas1 toge!r ) ! network ( _! int]relations4 ,z to language1 ev5 words are complex :oles1 made up ( /ems plus :atev] elem5ts ent] into inflection & d]ivation1 & fur!r resolvable into s+le spee* s\nds4 ,hi/ory has its "t-s]ies1 geography its network ( spatial relations4 ,! psy*ological laws ( reproduction det]m9e ! processes ( memoriz+ & ( reta9+4 ,! "m-tongue s]ves z a m$ium ?r\gh :i* =eign languages become intelligible1 b at ! same "t (f]s resi/ance to ! =eign s\nds & con/ructions4 ,fur!rmore1 x takes a "y boy a long "t to get famili> ) ! ?\ght t f> away 9 "t & 9 space !re h be5 & are human be+s :o spoke & speak languages o!r ?an 8 own1 & ab\t :om he ne$ conc]n himself at all4 ,tea*]s1 moreov]1 v commonly proce$ on ! fallaci\s & v mis*iev\s assumption t1 because _! mode ( expression is cle>1 x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood by ! pupil4 ,! res\rces ( *ild-language increase b sl[ly4 ,su* imp$im5ts z ^! mu/ be remov$4 ,geography ext5ds ! k ( spatial di/ances1 b ! inhabitant ( a flat c\ntry lacks ! s5se-images ( m\nta9 ranges2 "o :o gr[s up 9 a valley is )\t ! s5se-p]ception ( a pla92 ! majority ( pupils lack ! concrete idea ( an ocean4 ,t ! e>? is a sph]e revolv+ ab\t its own axis & ab\t ! sun1 = a long "t s\nds to *ildr5 m l a fairy-tale ?an l a /atem5t ( fact2 & ev5 educat$ "y m5 sometimes hesitate to accept ! !ory ( ! planet>y sy/em because !y are unable to compreh5d h[ x is possible to "k su* ?+s4 ,difficulties ( ?is k9d mu/ be met & n mass$ toge!r unnecess>ily4--,= hi/ory1 old ru9s might s]ve z />t+-po9ts if only ! mat]ial !y furni% d n prove altoge!r too scanty & is n too rec5t1 :5 ! object is to take pupils at an e>ly age into ! times & places ( ,jewi%1 ,greek1 & ,roman antiquity4 ,"h ! only satisfactory helps are /ories t excite a v lively int]e/2 ^! e/abli% po9ts ( support = ! realization 9 ?\ght ( a "t long vani%$4 ,!re is /ill lack+1 h[ev]1 a correct e/imate ( *ronological di/ances d[n to our own "t4 ,?is is atta9$ only v gradually ?r\gh ! ins]tion ( int]m$iate data4 #ib4 ,mat]ial = ! ex]cise ( reflection1 & s = ! excitation ( speculative int]e/1 is suppli$ by :atev] 9 nature1 9 human affairs1 9 ! /ructure ( languages1 & 9 religion1 p]mits u to discov]1 or ev5 m]ely to surmise1 a connection accord+ to g5]al laws4 ,b ev]y:]e--! mo/ common s*ool /udies1 su* z elem5t>y ari?metic & gramm> n except$--! pupil enc\nt]s concepts1 judgm5ts1 & inf]5ces4 ,b he cl+s to ! p>ticul>1 to ! famili>1 to ! s5su\s4 ,! ab/ract is =eign to 8 m9d2 ev5 ! geometrical figures trac$ = ! eye are to him p>ticul> ?+s ^: g5]al significance he f9ds x h>d to grasp4 ,! g5]al is to displace individual peculi>ities 9 8 ?\ghts2 b 9 8 habitual ?\ght-s]ies ! well-kn[n concrete cr[ds to ! front4 ,( ! g5]al !re rema9s 9 8 m9d almo/ no?+ beyond ! words us$ to designate x4 ,call$ ^u to draw an inf]5ce1 he loses "o premise :ile pond]+ ! next2 ! tea*] is oblig$ to g back to ! beg9n+ aga9 & aga91 to give examples1 & f !m lead up to g5]alizations2 to sep>ate & to connect concepts1 & by degrees to br+ ! propositions clos] to "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! middle t]ms & extremes h be5 successfully fus$ 9 ! premises1 !y are /ill only loosely connect$ at fir/4 ,! same propositions are repeat$ly =gott51 & yet mu/ n be review$ too _m times = fe> ( kill+ in/ead ( quick5+ int]e/4 ,s9ce =gett+ _c be prev5t$1 x is wise to ab&on = a "t a l>ge portion ( t into :i* pupils h ga9$ an insight1 b lat] on to g back to ! ess5tials by o!r pa?s4 ,! fir/ prelim9>y ex]cises s]ve _! purpose if ! p>ticul>s are made to reveal ! g5]al be=e g5]alizations become ! mat]ial = te*nical propositions1 & be=e propositions are comb9$ into inf]5ce-s]ies4 ,! processes ( association 7#fi7 mu/ n be omitt$ betwe5 ! fir/ po9t+ out ( common features & ! sy/ematic tea*+ ( _! rational connections4 #ic4 /hetic contemplation may1 inde$1 receive its impulse f _m int]e/s o!r ?an ! /hetic1 z also f ar\s$ emotions4 ,art itself1 h[ev]1 is possible only 9 a /ate ( m9d suffici5tly tranquil to p]mit an accurate & coh]5t appreh5sion ( ! simultane\sly beautiful1 & to exp]i5ce ! m5tal activity correspond+ to ! successively beautiful4 /hetic objects adapt$ to ! pupil's p[] ( appreciation mu/ be provid$2 b ! tea*] %\ld refra9 f =c+ contemplation4 ,he may1 ( c\rse1 repress unseemly manife/ations1 above all ! damag+ ( objects possess+ /hetic value & entitl$ to respectful treatm5t4 ,frequ5tly imitative attempts--al?\gh v crude at fir/--9 draw+1 s++1 read+ al\d1 &1 at a lat] p]iod1 9 translat+1 are indications ( /hetic att5tion4 ,su* ef=ts may be enc\rag$1 b %\ld n be prais$4 ,! g5u9e w>m? ( emotion1 :i* 9 /hetic culture k9dles ( itself1 is easily vitiat$ by int5sify+ artifices4 ,excess ( quantity is injuri\s4 ,works ( art appeal+ to a high] /ate ( culture mu/ n be br\ght d[n to a l[] plane4 ,art judgm5ts & criticisms %\ld n be obtrud$4 #id4 ,! sympa!tic int]e/s dep5d /ill m on social int]c\rse & family life ?an ! =ego+ classes ( int]e/s d on exp]i5ce 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,if ! social environm5t *anges frequ5tly1 *ildr5 _c become deeply atta*$ any:]e4 ,! m]e *ange ( tea*]s & ( s*ools is fraught ) h>m4 ,pupils make comp>isons 9 _! own way2 au?ority t is n p]man5t has little weight ) !m1 :]eas ! impulse to ?r[ (f re/ra9t ga9s 9 /r5g?4 ,in/ruction is p[]less to obviate su* evils1 especially s9ce in/ruction itself mu/ (t5 *ange its =m1 !reby giv+ ! impression ( a real diff]5ce 9 tea*]s4 ,?is fact makes x all ! m necess>y t ! in/ruction 9 hi/ory imp>t to pupils ! gl[ ( sympa?y due to hi/orical *>act]s & ev5ts4 ,= ?is reason--a reason ( mom5t\s significance to ! :ole process ( education--hi/ory %\ld n be made to pres5t to pupils ! appe>ance ( a *ronological skeleton4 ,?is rule %\ld be obs]v$ ) special c>e dur+ ! e>li] lessons 9 hi/ory1 s9ce on ^! dep5ds l>gely :at sort ( impression ! :ole subject w produce at a future "t4 ,( religi\s in/ruction1 ne$less to say1 we dem& t x %all br+ home to pupils ! dep5d5t condition ( man1 & we confid5tly expect t x w n leave _! he>ts cold4 ,b hi/orical in/ruction mu/ cop]ate ) religi\s in/ruction1 o!rwise ! tru?s ( religion /& isolat$1 & !re is gr\nd = fe>+ t !y w fail to ent] z pot5t factors into ! tea*+ & le>n+ ( ! rema9+ subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,mat]ial ( ,in/ruction f ,diff]5t ,po9ts ( ,view #ie4 ,diff]5ces 9 po9t ( view give rise to conflict+ op9ions conc]n+ n only ! treatm5t1 b also ! *oice ( subject-matt] = in/ruction4 ,if1 n[1 fir/ "o op9ion !n ano!r w9s pr$om9ance ov] ! re/1 ! h>mony ( ! purposes und]ly+ bo? le>n+ & tea*+ is want+4 ,n only t1 b ! pupils suff] also directly ?r\gh ! lack ( consi/5cy :]e "w is begun on "o plan & cont9u$ on ano!r4 #if4 ,! tea*] 9 *>ge ( a giv5 bran* ( /udy only too (t5 lays out 8 "w )\t tak+ acc\nt ( p$agogical consid]ations4 ,8 specialty1 he ?9ks1 suffices to sugge/ a plan2 ! successive /eps 9 its organiz$ cont5t w1 ( c\rse1 be ! prop] sequ5ce = in/ruction to foll[4 ,9 tea*+ a language1 he insi/s t pupils mu/ ma/] decl5sions & conjunctions 9 ord] t he may read an au?or ) !m lat]4 ,he expects !m to und]/& ord9>y prose be=e he passes on to elucidate ! f9i%$ /yle ( a poet1 etc4 ,9 ma!matics1 he dem&s t pupils br+ to ! subject p]fect facility 9 common ari?metic2 at a m advanc$ /age !y mu/ be able to h&le log>i?ms ) ease be=e =mul requir+ _! use are rea*$1 etc4 ,9 hi/ory1 ! fir/ ?+ = him to d is to erect a solid *ronological framework to hold ! hi/orical facts to be ins]t$ aft]w>d4 ,= anci5t hi/ory1 he presupposes a k ( anci5t geography1 etc4 ,?is same view :i* d]ives ! pr9ciple det]m9+ ! sequ5ce ( /udies f ! in/ruction-mat]ial itself1 z ?\gh x _h be5 unconditionally & f9ally settl$ t su* & su* ?+s mu/ be taught1 ass]ts itself on a l>g] scale 9 requirem5ts = admission to high] grades or s*ools4 ,*ildr5 are to be able to read1 write1 & ciph] well be=e be+ all[$ to ent] ! gramm> s*ool2 promotions to high] grades are to take place only :5 ! goal set = ! grade imm$iately prec$+ has be5 rea*$4 ,! good pupil1 accord+ly1 is "o :o fits into & will+ly submits to ^! arrangem5ts4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( all ?is is1 t little he$ is paid to ! condition ( att5tion1 namely1 ! gradual progress ( int]e/4 #ig4 ,b /ill ano!r consequ5ce ensues1 occasion+ a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,pupils are commis]at$ on ! gr\nd t !y are ov]burd5$4 ,all sorts ( d\bts spr+ up z to ! wisdom ( tea*+ ! bran*es caus+ ! tr\ble4 ,_! future utility is call$ 9 "q4 ,a ho/ ( in/ances is adduc$ ( adults neglect+ & =gett+--=gett+ )\t appreciable loss--t :i* x co/ !m s mu* toil to le>n4 ,( c\rse1 examples %[+ ! opposite to be true may also be cit$1 b t does n settle ! "q4 ,x _c be d5i$ t !re are _m1 ev5 among ! educat$1 :o aspire to no?+ high] ?an fre$om f c>e by means ( a lucrative call+1 or a life ( social enjoym5t1 & :o1 accord+ly1 e/imate ! value ( _! k by ?is /&>d4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s is n m5d$ by a k9d ( in/ruction t awak5s little int]e/1 & t 9 aft] ye>s con/itutes ! d>k side ( rem9isc5ces connect$ ) e>ly y\?4 #ih4 ,:at is urg$ 9 reply is1 g5]ally speak+1 true3 y\? mu/ be kept busy2 we _c let *ildr5 gr[ up wild4 ,& _! occupation has to be s]i\s & sev]e1 = gov]nm5t 7#de-ee7 mu/ n be weak4 ,b n[1 m ?an ev]1 d\bt fa/5s on ! *oice ( /udies4 ,might n m useful ?+s be (f]$ = employm5t8 ,if1 by way ( rejo9d]1 ! anci5t languages are comm5d$ z be+ prem95tly suit$ to give pupils div]sity ( "w1 ?is fact is acc\nt$ = by ! faulty me?ods pursu$ 9 tea*+ ! o!r subjects4 ,) ! prop] me?od ! same _m-sid$ activity w\ld be call$ =?4 ,= ! mod]n languages especially1 ! claim is made t !y1 too1 are language /udies involv+ read+1 writ+1 translat+1 & tra9+ 9 ! =ms ( ?\ght4 ,to ?is argum5t ! un=tunate answ] %\ld n be return$1 t ! classical high s*ools mu/ reta9 _! ,lat9 & ,greek because !y are educat+ future (ficials to :om ! anci5t languages are j z useful1 nay1 indisp5sable1 z ! mod]n languages to o!r classes4 ,=1 if ! classical /udies h once be5 degrad$ to ! level ( ! useful & necess>y1 ! door is ?r[n op5 to ^? :o g a /ep f>!r /ill & dem& to "k ( :at use ,hebrew is to ! c\ntry p>son1 & ,greek to ! practis+ juri/ or physician4 #ii4 ,controv]sies l ^! h (t5 be5 conduct$ z if ! humaniora or humani/ic /udies 7 radically oppos$ to ! realia & c\ld n admit !m to p>tn]%ip4 ,9 reality1 ! latt] are at lea/ z mu* a legitimate "p ( a complete education z ! =m]4 ,! :ole matt] has be5 made worse by ! practice ( "s ( ! old] g5]ation ( tea*]s :o1 9 ord] to make ! prescrib$ /udies m palatable1 desc5d$ to all k9ds ( amusem5t & play1 in/ead ( lay+ /ress on abid+ & gr[+ int]e/4 ,a view t reg>ds ! end z a necess>y evil to be r5d]$ endurable by means ( sweetmeats1 implies an utt] confusion ( ideas2 & if pupils are n giv5 s]i\s tasks to p]=m1 !y w n f9d out :at !y are able to d4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 note 9 ?is connection t !re are legitimate occasions ev5 = ! sweet5+ ( /udy1 j z 9 m$ic9e !re is a place = palliatives1 not)/&+ ! firm conviction ( ! physician t rem$ies promis+ a radical cure des]ve ! pref]5ce4 ,h>mful & repreh5sible z habitual play+ ) a subject is :5 x usurps ! place ( s]i\s & ?or\gh in/ruction1 9 cases :]e a task is n difficult1 b seems s to ! pupil1 x (t5 becomes necess>y to />t him by a dext]\s1 *e]ful1 almo/ playlike pres5tation ( t :i* he is to imitate4 ,sup]flu\s prolixity & clums9ess1 ?r\gh ! ennui alone t !y produce1 cause failure 9 ! easie/ ?+s4 ,all ?is applies especially to ! tea*+ ( y\ng] *ildr5 & to ! fir/ lessons 9 a new subject1 e4g41 le>n+ to read ,greek1 ! beg9n+ ( algebra1 etc4 #ajj4 ,if1 among ! conflict+ op9ions ref]r$ to1 !re is any vital po9t ( controv]sy1 x lies 9 ! a priori assumption t c]ta9 subjects mu/ be taught 7#if74 ,su* an assumption educative in/ruction _c all[ to be sev]$ f ! end aim$ at3 ! intellectual self-activity ( ! pupil4 ,?is1 & n m]e k1 any m ?an utility1 det]m9es ! po9t ( view ) reg>d to ! in/ruction-mat]ial4 ,exp]i5ce & social int]c\rse are ! prim>y s\rces ( ! pupil's ideas4 ,x is ) ref]5ce to ^! two factors t we e/imate /r5g? or weakness 9 ! ideas1 & decide :at in/ruction may accompli% ) comp>ative ease or difficulty1 at an e>li] or at a lat] p]iod4 ,good *ild lit]ature turns to ^! s\rces ev5 :ile *ildr5 are only j le>n+ to read1 & gradually enl>ges _! range ( ?\ghts4 ,n until ?is has be5 done c ! "q ( in/ruction 9 "o or ! o!r dep>tm5t ( k claim consid]ation4 ,! t]m educative in/ruction frequ5tly occurs4 ,x means1 prim>ily1 in/ruction t has1 9 ! broad s5se1 an e?ical be>+1 or an influ5ce ^u "*4 ,x is bas$ on ! idea t1 n s*ool discipl9e alone1 b also s*ool in/ruction 9 ! common bran*es %\ld be ( s]vice to ! *ild 9 moral & especially 9 social gr[?4 ,! /udies help to reveal to him 8 place & function 9 ! _w1 !y =m 8 disposition t[>d m5 & ?+s1 !y give him insight into e?ical relations4 ,in/ruction t conta9s ?is elem5t ( moral tra9+ is !re=e call$ educative in/ruction 7,erzieh5d] ,unt]ri*t74 #aja4 ,! realia--natural hi/ory1 geography1 hi/ory--possess ?is "o unque/ionable advantage1 viz41 easy association ) exp]i5ce & int]c\rse4 ,p>tially1 at lea/1 ! pupil's spontane\s ideas 7#ga7 may g out t[>d !m4 ,prop]ly us$1 collections ( plants1 picture-books1 maps1 w contribute _! %>e4 ,9 hi/ory1 ! fondness ( y\? = /ories is utiliz$4 ,! fact t ^! /ories are p>tly tak5 f old books writt5 9 =eign languages1 & t ^! languages 7 once actually spok51 has (t5 to be m5tion$ 9 pass+1 be=e ! /udy ( ^! languages !mselves is tak5 up1 nay1 ev5 aft] !y h be5 begun4 ,x is useless to und]take a demon/ration ( ! utility ( ! realia4 ,! "y d n act = ! sake ( ! m remote ends4 ,pupils "w :5 !y feel !y c d some?+2 & ?is consci\sness ( p[] to d mu/ be creat$4 ,! rem>k t x is useless to und]take to demon/rate to ! "y ! ultimate utility ( natural sci5ce /udies leads naturally to a di/9ction betwe5 int]e/ 9 ! /udies z ultimate ends & z imm$iate ends4 ,x is sugge/$ 9 ?is p>agraph t pupils are int]e/$ 9 %[+ _! capacity to accompli% results4 ,x is v evid5t t "o ( ! tea*]'s *ief anxieties mu/ be to awak5 an int]e/ 9 ! /udies z ends1 n p]haps 9 _! f9al utility 9 life1 b z fields 9 :i* useful "w c be done ev5 9 ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,! *ief category by :i* to measure ! pupil's int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s activities ( ! s*oolroom is ! quality ( "w t he c be taught to accompli%4 ,"o ne$ n g f> to le>n t *ildr5 l ^? /udies be/ 9 :i* !y c d ! be/ "w4 ,?is is true 9 sev]al respects4 ,!y are int]e/$ 9 ! arti/ic p]fection ( :at !y c accompli%1 z 9 draw+1 pa9t+1 writ+1 ! arrangem5t ( ari?metical problems1 s t ! page pres5ts a neat appe>ance1 & s t all ! processes are pla9ly reveal$ to ! eye4 ,!y are int]e/$ 9 read+ :5 !y c call ! words ) facility1 ) neatness1 )\t /umbl+1 mispron\nc+ or miscall+--:5 ! tones ( ! voice are agreeable4 ,! quality ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 :i* appeals p]haps mo/ p[]fully to ! *ildr51 is t ( intellectual compreh5sion4 ,9 ! read+ class x is a con/ant delight to discov] ! f9] %ades ( mean+1 to express !m ) ! voice1 to detect 9 o!rs any deviation f ! true ?\ght4 ,read+ 9 ,engli% is p>ticul>ly susceptible to ?is k9d ( treatm5t4 ,= ! ,engli% language be+ l>gely devoid ( inflections does n %[ ?r\gh ! =m ( ! words ! f9] di/9ctions ( ?\ght1 b ! m9d mu/ p]ceive ^! f a text l>gely devoid ( grammatical inflections4 ,x is q possible1 !re=e1 to read 9 su* a mann] z to miss all b ! mo/ sali5t po9ts ( ! matt] pres5t$4 ,!re is 9 read+ an int5sive & an ext5sive magnitude4 ,our old] me?od ( tea*+ read+ 0 to devote ! "t to a few extracts f lit]>y ma/]pieces1 :i* 7 exhau/$ by m9ute /udy4 ,! m rec5t t5d5cy 9 elem5t>y education is to neglect ?is side ( read+ & to devote ! "t to ! cursory read+1 n ( extracts1 b ( :ole ma/]pieces ( lit]ature4 ,! dang] ( su* a proce$+ is t ! f9] qualities ( read+ w be neglect$ = ! sake ( quantitative ma/]y ( a l>ge am\nt ( read+ matt]4 ,a middle c\rse betwe5 ! two w\ld d\btless br+ bett] results4 ,x w\ld1 on ! "o h&1 secure an int]e/ t atta*es to ma/]pieces z :oles1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! lit]>y appreciation t comes f m9ute analysis bo? 9 ?\ght & expression ( ! f9] di/9ctions ( ?\ght4 ,9 ma!matical /udies1 ! /hetic int]e/ ( =m1 or ! active int]e/ ( actual p]=mance ( problems1 is n ! sole or ev5 ! *ief int]e/ t %\ld be appeal$ to4 ,b ! pupil %\ld feel t he is mak+ a progressive ma/]y ( ! pr9ciples ( numb]4 ,x is a pleasure to apply a rule1 to solve a problem neatly2 b x is a /ill great] pleasure to compreh5d ?or\ghly ! mean+ ( ! rule1 to grasp & to feel its univ]sality1 s t al?\gh x is n wor? :ile1 z ,h]b>t sugge/s1 to urge ! ultimate function ( ma!matics 9 ! life ( ! _w1 x is q wor? :ile to set up ^? imm$iate ends ( int]e/ su* z appe> 9 ! activity ( solv+ problems1 9 ! /hetic appe>ance ( ! "w ^u pap] or bo>d or slate1 & 9 ! compreh5sion ( ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,^! ends are ne> at h&2 !y c be made to appeal to ! pupil ?r\gh ! quality ( ! "w t ! tea*] dem&s ( him4 ,! same is true 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ultimate function ( biology is an idea too remote or too complex = ! *ild to grasp ) en?usiasm1 ! imm$iate ma/]y ( a pr9ciple 9 physics1 or ! discov]y ( a law ( plant life1 or ( a fact 9 *emi/ry1 may be an end 9 :i* ! pupil's mo/ int5se int]e/ c be excit$4 #ajb4 ,geometry has o!r advantages ( association1 advantages we h begun only rec5tly to turn to acc\nt 9 e>ne/4 ,figures made ( wood or pa/ebo>d1 draw+s1 pegs1 b>s1 flexible wires1 /r+s1 ! use ( ! rul]1 ( compasses1 ( ! squ>e1 c\nt$ co9s arrang$ 9 long or %ort1 9 p>allel or div]g+ s]ies1--all ^! may be (f]$ to ! eye ad libitum & connect$ ) o!r concrete objects4 ,!y may be made ! basis ( sy/ematic employm5t & ex]cises1 & ?is w be done m & m :5 ! fact is once grasp$ t concrete ideas possess+ ! prop] degree ( /r5g? con/itute ! sure/ f\ndation ( a bran* ( in/ruction ^: success dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* ! pupil =ms 9 8 m9d ! ideas ( spatial relations4 ,?is is n grasp$1 ( c\rse1 by ^? :o reg>d space once = all z a =m ( s5se-p]ception common to all m9ds alike4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! data ( exp]i5ce w conv9ce ! practical educator t ! opposite is true2 = 9 ?is respect individual diff]5ces are v m>k$4 ,pupils r>ely hit ^u geometrical con/ructions unaid$2 ! aptitude = draw+1 t is1 = imitat+ ! objects se51 is met ) m (t54 ,x is easy by ab/raction to =m ari?metical concepts out ( ! appreh5sion ( geometrical relations4 ,to d s %\ld n be reg>d$ z sup]flu\s1 n ev5 :5 ! pupil has already fully ent]$ ^u 8 "w 9 ari?metic4 #ajc4 ,to ,g]mans ! two anci5t classical languages d n (f] ! advantages ( easy transition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /udy ( ,lat91 ev5 if only mod]ately advanc$1 prep>es ! soil = ! mo/ indisp5sable mod]n =eign languages4 ,h]e9 lies an argum5t aga9/ beg9n+ ) ,fr5*1 z 0 (t5 done =m]ly4 ,! l9k+ ( ,lat9 to ,fr5* w1 moreov]1 h>dly w9 ! approval ( /ud5ts ( languages1 s9ce1 n to m5tion o!r reasons1 ,gallicisms are a s\rce ( no little dang] to ,lat9ity4 ,! anci5t languages require long-cont9u$ labor4 ,?is fact alone r5d]s x advisable to beg9 !m e>ly4 ,! /rang5ess ( ,lat9 = ,g]mans %\ld n lead to ! conclusion t ! /udy ( ,lat9 %\ld be comm5c$ late1 b r t dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( boyhood x %\ld be c>ri$ on sl[ly4 ,! s\nds ( =eign languages mu/ be he>d e>ly1 9 ord] t ! /rang5ess may we> (f4 ,s+le ,lat9 words w be easily ma/]$ ev5 by a *ild4 ,^! may soon be foll[$ by %ort s5t5ces consi/+ ( two or ?ree words4 ,no matt] if !y are =gott5 aga9 = a "t4 ,t :i* is said to be =gott5 is n on t acc\nt lo/4 ,! real difficulty lies 9 ! multitude ( /range elem5ts t accumulate 9 relatively long s5t5ces2 x lies also 9 ! _m ways ( connect+ subord9ate clauses1 9 ! qualify+ ins]tions1 9 ! ord] ( words1 & 9 ! /ructure ( ! p]iod4 ,fur!rmore1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t *ildr5 are v sl[ to acquire ! use ( dep5d5t clauses1 ev5 9 ,g]man2 _! spee* = a long "t consi/s m]ely ( a /r++ toge!r ( ! simple/ s5t5ces4 ,! attempt to advance !m m rapidly 9 ! syntactical =ms ( ,lat9 ?an is possible 9 _! "m-tongue is a wa/e ( "t2 &1 besides1 _! incl9ation to /udy is put to a v sev]e te/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s defect ( second>y education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is its brevity4 ,languages are n begun until ! pupil is well on to fifte5 ye>s old4 ,a re=m mo/ urg5tly ne$$ 9 ?is c\ntry is ! ext5sion ( high s*ool influ5ce to ! two grades ( ! gramm> s*ool ly+ imm$iately bel[ ! high s*ool4 ,?is w\ld enable pupils to beg9 =eign languages at ab\t ! age ( twelve1 or two ye>s lat] ?an !y are n[ begun 9 ,g]many4 #ajd4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks %[ pla9ly en\gh t 9 educative in/ruction "s subjects w be f\nd a comp>atively easy & sure means ( awak5+ intellectual activity1 :ile o!rs involve a m /r5u\s ef=t1 :i*1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 may end 9 failure4 ,! concrete /udies are ne>e/ to ! pupil2 ma!matics requires "s app>atus to r5d] x tangible & vivid2 to get pupils />t$ prop]ly 9 mod]n languages c be b a sl[ process4 ,b ?is diff]5ce is1 aft] all1 n fundam5tal en\gh1 nor does x affect ! :ole c\rse ( in/ruction suffici5tly1 to con/itute a s]i\s p$agogical objection to ! /udy ( =eign languages1 s long z !re is "t to tea* !m4 ,_! fruits mature lat]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,! ,process ( ,in/ruction #aje4 ,:e!r or n in/ruction w beg9 well & g on prop]ly dep5ds on a comb9ation ( ?ree factors1--! tea*]1 ! pupil1 & ! subject taught4 ,failure ( ! subject-matt] to excite ! pupil's int]e/ is foll[$ by evil consequ5ces mov+ 9 a circle4 ,! pupil seeks to avoid ! task set = him2 he rema9s sil5t or returns wrong answ]s2 ! tea*] insi/s on gett+ a correct answ]2 ! lesson is at a /&/ill2 ! pupil's dislike gr[s m int5se4 ,to conqu] dislike & indol5ce1 ! tea*] n[ refuses altoge!r ! assi/ance he c\ld give2 z be/ he may1 he compels ! pupil to collect 8 ?\ghts1 to "w by himself1 to prep>e 8 lesson1 to memorize1 ev5 to apply 9 writt5 ex]cises :at he kn[s b imp]fectly1 etc4 ,! pres5tation prop] has come to an end2 at all ev5ts x has ceas$ to be consecutive4 ,n[ ! "r k9d ( an example is want+1 :i* ! tea*] %\ld set--"o ( read+1 ?9k+1 writ+1 t implies complete absorption 9 ! subject4 ,& yet x is ?is example concretely illu/rat+ h[ to take hold ( ! subject1 h[ to pres5t x1 & h[ to associate x ) relat$ subjects1 :i* effects ! be/ results 9 good in/ruction4 ,! tea*] mu/ set su* an example1 ! pupil mu/ imitate x z well z he c2 ! tea*] mu/ r5d] him active assi/ance4 #ajf4 ,in/ruction is ei!r syn!tic or analytic4 ,9 g5]al1 ! t]m syn!tic may be appli$ :]ev] ! tea*] himself det]m9es directly ! sequ5ce & gr\p+ ( ! p>ts ( ! lesson2 ! t]m analytic1 :]ev] ! pupil's own ?\ghts are express$ fir/1 & ^! ?\ghts1 su* z !y *ance to be1 are !n1 ) ! tea*]'s help1 analyz$1 correct$1 & supplem5t$4 ,b !re are _m ?+s "u ?is head t ne$ to be def9$ & discrim9at$ m %>ply4 ,!re are analyses ( exp]i5ce1 ( facts le>n$ 9 s*ool1 & ( op9ions4 ,!re is "o k9d ( syn!sis :i* imitates exp]i5ce2 !re is ano!r k9d :i* consi/s 9 con/ruct+ design$ly a :ole ^: compon5t p>ts h be5 pres5t$ "o by "o previ\sly4 ,"h1 aga91 _m diff]5ces arise1 ow+ to div]sities inh]5t 9 ! subject-matt]4 #ajg4 ,s9ce in/ruction builds on ! pupil's exp]i5ce1 we %all deal fir/ ) t =m ( syn!sis :i* imitates1 or copies exp]i5ce4 ,we may "n x purely pres5tative in/ruction4 ,! t]m syn!tic1 on ! o!r h&1 w h5ce=? be res]v$ = t =m ( in/ruction :i* reveals cle>ly ! process ( build+ up a :ole out ( p>ts pres5t$ s+ly be=eh&4 ,! purely pres5tative me?od ( in/ruction1 al?\gh practicable only to a limit$ ext5t1 is nev]!less s effectual z to entitle x to sep>ate treatm5t1 s effectual t ! tea*]--& ?is is ! ma9 ?+--w d well to tra9 himself c>efully 9 its use4 ,skill 9 ?is direction is ! sure/ means ( secur+ int]e/4 ,x is cu/om>y to dem& t ! pupil acquire facility 9 n>ration & description1 b we ought n to =get t "h above all ! tea*] mu/ lead ! way by sett+ a good example4 ,to be sure1 !re is an abundance ( pr9t$ n>rative & description1 b read+ does n produce ! effect t he>+ does4 ,viva vox docet4 ,z a rule1 we _c take = grant$ t a boy has ev5 ! skill & pati5ce requir$ = read+2 & if p]fect facility has be5 atta9$1 ! read+ is done too rapidly4 ,!re is too mu* hurry to get to ! end1 or too mu* delay ov] ! wrong passages1 s t ! connection is lo/4 ,at ! mo/1 we may let ! pupils t read exceptionally well read al\d to ! class4 ,by f> ! sur] means to ! end 9 view is ! oral pres5tation by ! tea*]4 ,b 9 ord] t su* pres5tation may produce its effect undi/urb$1 x ne$s to be p]fectly free & untrammell$4 #ajh4 ,! fir/ requisite = free oral pres5tation is a cultivat$ /yle ( speak+4 ,_m tea*]s ne$ to be w>n$ aga9/ ! use ( set phrases1 aga9/ m]e expletives1 faulty enunciation1 pauses fill$ 9 ) in>ticulate s\nds1 aga9/ fragm5ts ( s5t5ces1 clumsy p>5!ses1 etc4 ,9 ! second place1 adaptation ( ! vocabul>y employ$1 bo? to ! subject-matt] & to ! intellig5ce ( ! pupils1 & adju/m5t ( phraseology to ! pupil's /age ( culture are ess5tial4 ,la/ly1 c>eful memoriz+4 ,at fir/ ?is %\ld be done almo/ v]batim4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! tea*] mu/ prep>e 8 lesson z ?\gh he _h 8 pupils be=e him & 7 talk+ to !m4 ,lat] on he mu/ memorize at lea/ ! facts & turn+-po9ts ( ! subject to be pres5t$1 9 ord] t he may n be compell$ to consult books or look at notes4 ,a few rem>ks on "s p>ticul> po9ts w be made f>!r on4 #aji4 ,! effect ( ! tea*]'s n>rative & description %\ld be to make ! pupil realize ev5ts & objects z vividly z if !y 7 actually pres5t to 8 eye & e>4 ,! pupil mu/1 !re=e1 h actually he>d & se5 mu* previ\sly4 ,?is recalls to our m9ds ! necessity1 po9t$ out be=e1 ( fir/ enl>g+ ! "y pupil's range ( exp]i5ce1 :5 f\nd too limit$1 ?r\gh excursions & ! exhibition ( objects4 ,aga91 ?is =m ( in/ruction is adapt$ only to ?+s t might be he>d or se54 ,we mu/ !re=e avail ourselves ( all ! help pictures c give4 ,if ! pres5tation has be5 a success1 ! reproduction by ! pupils w %[ t !y recall1 n m]ely ! ma9 facts1 b l>gely ev5 ! tea*]'s language4 ,!y h reta9$ m exactly ?an !y h be5 ask$ to d4 ,besides1 ! tea*] :o n>rates & describes well ga9s a /rong hold on ! affections ( 8 pupils2 he w f9d !m m ob$i5t 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to discipl9e4 ,! =ego+ p>agraphs on pres5tative in/ruction may seem /range to ! ,am]ican tea*]4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 writt5 be=e ! mod]n era ( text-books1 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 ! tea*] 0 practically ! sole reliance = ! facts t ! *ildr5 7 to le>n4 ,x is ! cu/om1 ev5 to ! pres5t1 9 ! l[] s*ools ( ,g]many1 to rely v l>gely ^u ! tea*] = ! in=mation :i* ! *ildr5 are to acquire4 ,9 ,am]ican s*ools1 ?is me?od is n foll[$1 = s enorm\s has be5 ! developm5t ( text-book indu/ry1 t 9 e field ( education ! ri*e/ mat]ial is (f]$ to ! s*ools 9 ! =m ( text-books4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 /ill a legitimate field = purely pres5tative in/ruction 9 ! e>li] grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 especially 9 lit]ature & 9 ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od ( in/ruction1 z we see cle>ly 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ,grecian education1 0 ! n>rative4 ,! *ildr5 ( ^? days receiv$ _! in/ruction 9 hi/ory1 my?ology1 lit]ature1 geography1 by li/5+ to ! tales ( h]oes & h]oic de$s n>rat$ by _! p>5ts1 by w&]+ m9/rels & rhapsodi/s4 ,to ?is day1 ! tea*] :o c n>rate biographical or lit]>y matt] 9 an attractive mann] is sure to awak5 int5se int]e/ 9 ! *ildr5 "u h] control4 ,p]haps "o facility :i* ! mod]n tea*] ne$s to acquire m ?an any o!r is ! capacity ( happy1 vivaci\s1 int]e/+ n>rative ca/1 at ! same "t1 into simple yet excell5t lit]>y =m4 ,su* a tea*] is an und\bt$ treasure 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,!re is occasion1 moreov]1 9 ne>ly all s*ool /udy = ! pres5tation ( supplem5t>y mat]ial 9 almo/ e s*ool /udy4 ,?is is true especially 9 lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,x is also true 9 geography & 9 ma!matics1 z :]e1 = in/ance1 ! tea*] n>rates ! me?ods ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 9 ! developm5t ( geometrical ideas1 or ^? ( ! ,greeks4 ,if "o is tea*+ a =eign language1 "o may always f9d happy opportunities = introduc+ bits ( hi/ory1 biography1 or o!r illum9at+ mat]ial4 ,9 ! sci5ces no?+ is m int]e/+ to *ildr51 m /imulative ( r5ew$ ef=t1 ?an n>ratives conc]n+ our great sci5ti/s1 _! desire = education1 _! /ruggle to atta9 k1 _! mis=tunes1 & _! triumphs4 ,e aspect ( in/ruction may be supplem5t$ & illum9$ by in/ruction giv5 9 ! purely pres5tative =m ( n>ration4 #aaj4 ,:ile skilful pres5tation produces results ak9 to an ext5sion ( ! pupil's range ( actual exp]i5ce1 analysis helps to make exp]i5ce m in/ructive4 ,=1 left to itself1 exp]i5ce is n a tea*] ^: in/ruction is sy/ematic4 ,x does n obey ! law ( actual progress f ! simple to ! complex4 ,?+s & ev5ts cr[d 9 ^u ! m9d 9 masses2 ! result is (t5 *aotic appreh5sion4 ,inasmu*1 !n1 z exp]i5ce pres5ts aggregates be=e x gives ! compon5t p>ticul>s1 x becomes ! task ( in/ruction to rev]se ?is ord] & to adju/ ! facts ( exp]i5ce to ! sequ5ce dem&$ 9 tea*+4 ,exp]i5ce1 x is true1 associates its cont5t2 b if ?is e>li] association is to h ! %>e 9 ! "w ( ! s*ool t x %\ld h1 t :i* has be5 exp]i5c$ & t :i* has be5 le>n$ mu/ be made to h>monize4 ,) ?is end 9 view we ne$ to supplem5t exp]i5ce4 ,! facts x has furni%$ h to be made cle>] & m def9ite ?an !y are1 & mu/ be giv5 an appropriate embodim5t 9 language4 #aaa4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! e>lie/ /age ( analytic in/ruction4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! significance ( ?is me?od ( tea*+1 we mu/ exam9e ! nature ( a *ild's exp]i5ce4 ,*ildr5 are inde$ 9 ! habit ( famili>iz+ !mselves ) _! surr\nd+s2 b ! /ronge/ impressions pr$om9ate4 ,objects 9 motion h great] attraction = !m ?an objects at re/4 ,!y te> up & de/roy )\t tr\bl+ !mselves mu* ab\t ! real connection betwe5 ! p>ts ( a :ole4 ,9 spite ( _! _m :y's & :at ='s1 !y make use ( e tool or ut5sil )\t reg>d = its purpose2 !y are satisfi$ if x s]ves ! impulse ( ! mom5t4 ,_! eyes are ke51 b !y r>ely obs]ve2 ! real "* ( ?+s does n det] !m f mak+ a play?+ ( ev]y?+1 z _! fancy may direct1 & f mak+ "o ?+ /& = e o!r ?+4 ,!y receive total impressions ( simil> objects1 b d n d]ive concepts2 ! ab/ract does n ent] _! m9ds ( itself4 ,^! & simil> obs]vations1 h[ev]1 apply by no means equally to e *ild4 ,on ! contr>y1 *ildr5 diff] greatly f "o ano!r2 &1 ) ! *ild's individuality1 8 "o-sid$ness already beg9s4 #aab4 ,x foll[s at once t ! fir/ ?+ to be done1 9 a s*ool :]e _m *ildr5 are to be taught toge!r1 is to make ! *ildr5 m alike 9 _! k4 ,to ?is end ! /ore ( exp]i5ces :i* !y br+ ) !m mu/ be work$ ov]4 ,b ! homog5eity ( pupils1 desirable z x is1 is n ! sole aim4 ,we mu/ take c>e also t ! :ole ( in/ruction acts ^u ! p>ticul> /ock ( ideas ( ea* pupil tak5 individually4 ,we mu/ seek ^? po9ts ( contact & dep>ture to :i* att5tion has repeat$ly be5 call$ above1 & h5ce _c leave ! pupil's mass ( ideas 9 its orig9al crude /ate4 ,?\ghtful tea*]s h long s9ce te/ifi$ to ! necessity ( ?is requirem5t1 :i* m]e s*ol>s 9 _! zeal = le>n+ fail aga9 & aga9 to appreciate4 ,niemey]1 9 8 widely read "w1 op5s 8 treatm5t ( ! p>ticul> laws ( in/ruction ) a *apt] entitl$3 8,! ,fir/ ,/eps 9 awak5+ ,att5tion & ,reflection ?r\gh ,in/ruction1 or ,ex]cises 9 ,?9k+40 ,^! ex]cises are no o!r ?an ! elem5t>y processes ( analytic in/ruction4 ,he says3 8,:5 ! age1 ! heal?1 & ! /r5g? ( *ildr5 h made in/ruction prop] seem exp$i5t1 ! fir/ lesson %\ld be "o ( ! k9d describ$ 9 ! *apt] head+4 ,su* ex]cises might be pr(itably cont9u$ 9 "s =m or o!r until ! n9? or t5? ye>1 & probably ev5 lat]4 ,! fact t x is n easy to describe !m 9 a ^w v likely expla9s :y we fail to f9d !m 9 mo/ programmes ( private & public s*ools4 ,t at la/ "s att5tion is be+ giv5 ev5 9 ! common s*ools to ?is matt] is "o ( ! v5]able ,canon ,ro*['s imp]i%able s]vices to education40 ,pe/alozzi1 9 8 book = mo!rs1 /rikes out 9 ! same direction4 ,x w n s]ve ! purpose1 to be sure1 to conf9e oneself1 z he does1 to a s+le object2 /ill1 ! k9d ( ex]cises is indicat$ v def9itely by him2 inde$1 m def9itely1 9 "s ways1 ?an by ,niemey]4 #aac4 ,! notions ( pupils ab\t surr\nd+ objects1 t is1 notions 9 :i* ! /ronge/ impressions pr$om9ate 7#aaa71 mu/ be made to approa* uni=mity fir/4 ,?is is accompli%$ by uni=m reproduction4 ,on ?is po9t ,niemey] says1 8,! tea*] %\ld beg9 by talk+ ) 8 pupils ab\t ^? objects :i* are1 at ! "t1 affect+ _! s5ses directly4 ,po9t+ to ^! objects1 he asks ! pupils to "n !m4 ,he !n passes on to ?+s t are n pres5t1 b t ! *ildr5 h se5 or felt be=e4 ,at ! same "t he ex]cises _! p[]s ( imag9ation & expression by mak+ !m enum]ate :at !y are able to recall4 ,suitable mat]ial3 ev]y?+ 9 ! s*oolroom2 ! human body2 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to food1 dress1 com=t2 ?+s f\nd 9 ! fields1 9 ! g>d51 9 ! y>d2 animals & plants s f> z !y are kn[n by ! *ildr540 #aad4 ,! next /ep consi/s 9 po9t+ out ! ma9 facts ( a giv5 :ole1 ! relative position ( ^! p>ts1 _! connection1 & _! movability1 if !y c be mov$ )\t damage4 ,to ?is are prop]ly l9k$ ! simple/ facts conc]n+ ! uses ( ?+s4 ,at ! same "t *ildr5 are taught h[ !y mu/ n use ?+s1 & h[1 in/ead ( ru9+ !m1 !y ought to look aft] !m & use !m ) c>e4 ,! abundance & numb] ( ?+s1 _! size1 =m1 & weight1 %\ld likewise be ref]r$ to z e>ly z ?is /age1 & %\ld furni% occasion = comp>isons4 ,b some?+ m is ne$$ to give di/9ctness to ! ideas ( pupils1 & to prep>e ! way = future ab/ract ?9k+4 ,beg9n+ fir/ ) ! objects1 we d]ive f !m ! pr$icates by se>*+ out ! attributes2 ?is done1 we mu/ 9 turn make ! pr$icates our />t+-po9t1 & classify ! objects "u ! heads ?us obta9$4 ,?is di/9ction has be5 made be=e by ,pe/alozzi2 x is "o ( fundam5tal importance 9 ! prep>ation = g5]alization4 ,:ile engag$ 9 su* "w pupils w ( !mselves le>n to comp>e1 to discrim9ate1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 to obs]ve m accurately3 errone\s notions due to an active imag9ation w be correct$ by ! appeal to exp]i5ce z ! s\rce ( k4 #aae4 ,( :at rema9s to be done1 ! mo/ important task consi/s 9 secur+ a compreh5sive view ( a some:at ext5d$ "t-s]ies1 ( :i* objects1 toge!r ) _! natural or artificial orig9s1 are memb]s4 ,an elem5t>y k w ?us be ga9$1 especially ( ! simple/ facts ab\t manufactur+ processes1 & ab\t int]c\rse among human be+s1 :i* facts w s]ve subsequ5tly z ! gr\ndwork = in/ruction 9 natural hi/ory & geography4 ,b = hi/ory also ! way mu/ be prep>$ by ref]r+1 al?\gh only 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 to times :5 ! ut5sils & tools ( ! pres5t _h n yet be5 inv5t$1 :5 ! arts ( to-day 7 z yet unkn[n1 & :5 p 7 /ill )\t ^? mat]ials t are n[ import$ f =eign c\ntries4 #aaf4 ,x does n foll[1 because no def9ite p]iods are set ap>t = ! in/ruction describ$1 t x is n be+ giv5 at all4 ,we may f9d x incorporat$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ) some?+ else1 p>ticul>ly ) ! int]pretation ( elem5t>y read+ matt]1 :i* =ms "p ( ! fir/ "w 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,nev]!less1 a subject t is taught only incid5tally is always liable to suff]1 if n f indiff]5ce1 at lea/ f inadequate treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c fail to recognize t ! appo9tm5t ( sep>ate p]iods = analytic in/ruction may prove difficult1 ow+ to ! fact t ! rate ( progress dep5ds s l>gely on ! /ock ( ideas pupils br+ ) !m1 & on _! read9ess to utt] :at !y ?9k & feel4 ,besides1 :ile ,niemey] expressly says1 8,*ildr5 taught 9 ?is mann] "k no?+ ( t$ium10 he also ha/5s to add1 8b x is easy to spoil !m by too rapid *anges ( subject40 ,! same1 or simil> bad consequ5ces1 may result f o!r s*ool ex]cises :]e ! tea*] himself supplies a pr(usion ( in/ruction-mat]ial1 & s relieves 8 pupils ( ! tr\ble ( ga!r+ su* mat]ial f _! own recollections4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 x w be well en\gh to set ap>t b few h\rs1 or weeks1 = ! fir/ attempts2 & ^! c be made a "p ( ! lessons 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,9 private in/ruction ! difficulty spok5 ( is n enc\nt]$4 ,besides1 ! ample opportunities af=d$ = obs]v+ ! pupil's /ore ( ideas make x easy to devise a suitable plan = ! e>lie/ analytic tea*+4 ,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs on analytical in/ruction1 ! "q naturally arises1 8,is su* in/ruction to be reg>d$ z an end 9 itself1 or z a means = prep>+ ! m9d = m p]fect assimilation ( ! subject-matt] to be pres5t$ f day to day 9 ! v>i\s /udies80 ,s9ce ! "t ^! p>agraphs 7 writt51 n only ,g]many h]self1 b also ,am]ica has gone ?r\gh a v>i$ exp]i5ce ) respect to :at we call object tea*+4 ,x 0 at "o "t conceiv$ t a specific h\r %\ld be set ap>t ea* day = in/ruct+ ! *ildr5 9 ! obs]vation ( objects4 ,9 o!r words1 object lessons 7 a di/9ct "p ( ! programme4 ,x 0 suppos$ t 9 ?is way ! *ildr5 c\ld be made consci\s ( ! significance ( _! environm5t1 & t x 0 highly desirable t su* an end %\ld be br\ght ab\t4 ,9 ,g]many ! same ef=t 0 und]tak5 "u ! "n ( ,ans*auungsunt]ri*t1 b s9ce ! multiplication ( text-books1 & ! increas$ pressure ^u ! s*ools br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! introduction ( new subjects ( /udy1 x has be5 f\nd inadvisable to devote a specific p]iod ( ! day to isolat$ analytic in/ruction ^u objects4 ,su* in/ruction1 h[ev]1 has by no means pass$ f ! field ( usefulness1 ev5 9 our v be/ s*ools4 ,! necessity ( appeal+ p[]fully to previ\s exp]i5ce1 9 & out ( ! s*oolroom1 z a basis = und]/&+ a matt] pres5t$ 9 ! daily lessons1 is ev]y:]e recogniz$4 ,f be+ an end ( s*ool "w1 !re=e1 analytic in/ruction has pass$ to ! realm ( a useful means = ar\s+ ! m5tal activity ( ! *ildr5 conc]n+ ! regul> lessons ( ! s*oolroom4 ,x is1 9 mod]n t]ms1 an app]ceptive basis = all in/ruction4 #aag4 ,at a lat] "t analytic in/ruction reappe>s 9 o!r =ms1 ^? ( review & ! correction ( writt5 ex]cises4 ,! tea*] has pres5t$ a body ( facts2 he has furni%$ ! helps necess>y = ! solution ( c]ta9 problems4 ,:at he has giv51 ! pupils are expect$ to produce aga9 9 _! review ex]cises & essays4 ,:]e necess>y1 _! "w is analyz$ & correct$4 ,9 conduct+ reviews a p$agogical blund] is apt to be made--a blund] t br+s on ! evils specifi$ 9 a =m] p>agraph 7#aje72 review is conf\nd$ ) exam9ation4 ,! two are radically diff]5t4 ,if ! tea*] c\ld be sure ( bo? p]fect att5tion & full compreh5sion1 he himself w\ld g ov] ! gr\nd cov]$ by 8 fir/ talk once m = ! purpose ( assi/+ ! memory2 ! pupils w\ld n be call$ ^u to take "p4 ,9 ?is case1 we %\ld h nei!r analytic in/ruction nor any?+ resembl+ an exam9ation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 pupils are usually ask$ to reproduce :at & z mu* z !y rememb]4 ,?is is easily tak5 to mean t !y %\ld h reta9$ ev]y?+1 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 is n expect$ ev5 9 an exam9ation4 ,! purpose ( an exam9ation is to asc]ta9 ! actual /ate ( k1 :atev] x may prove to be2 reviews are conduct$ = ! purpose ( increas+ & deep5+ k4 ,if an exam9ation is foll[$ by praise or c5sure1 well & good2 a review has no?+ to d ) ei!r4 ,s9ce review+ & drill+1 :i* resembles ! =m]1 claim ! l>g] portion ( ! "t devot$ to s*ool "w1 x w be wor? :ile to exam9e ! subject some:at m closely4 #aah4 ,repetition ( sev]al ideas int5sifies ^? ideas4 ,x does m ?an t4 ,if !y are ( oppos$ nature1 ! reciprocal arre/ t ensues resi/s _! fusion less dur+ ! reproduction ?an x did 9 ! orig9al act ( appreh5sion4 ,! fusion increases 9 complet5ess1 &1 besides1 becomes m uni=m1 i4e41 ! weak] ideas hold _! own bett] alongside ( ! /rong]4 ,aga91 if a s]ies ( successive ideas is repeat$1 ! fir/ memb]s ( ! s]ies ( !mselves t5d to reproduce ^? t foll[ be=e ! latt] are repeat$--a t5d5cy ga!r+ en]gy 9 proportion to ! frequ5cy ( repetition4 ,?is fact und]lies ! increase 9 rapidity :i* comes ) gr[+ skill4 ,extrane\s ?\ghts1 h[ev]1 v easily int]rupt ! psy*ical process ( reproduction4 ,let u assume t ! tea*]'s pres5tation has be5 an adequate "o & has la/$ no long] ?an ! capacity ( ! pupils p]mitt$1 only a few m9utes1 p]haps4 ,he himself might n[ repeat2 b asks 8 pupils to d s1 le/ _! ?\ghts beg9 to w&] f ! subject 9 h&4 ,he comes to _! aid & repeats only :5 _! own attempts h fail$4 ,b v (t5 !y h reta9$ "s ?+s & =gott5 o!rs4 ,9 ?is case x becomes 8 bus9ess to re9=ce ! ideas /riv+ to rise into consci\sness1 b )\t di/urb+ _! movem5t4 ,9 o!r words1 he %\ld prompt nei!r m nor less1 %\ld l5d aid nei!r soon] nor lat]1 ?an w s]ve to make ! pupil's tra9 ( ?\ght co9cide z ne>ly z possible ) t ( ! pres5tation prop]ly giv54 ,unless ?is is done1 ! reproduction fails to effect ! requir$ association & facility4 ,! same gr\nd is gone ov] aga9 & aga9 9 va92 fatigue sets 91 & ! wrong association takes place--a matt] = grave appreh5sion4 ,if ! pupils are 9 an unresponsive mood1 ! tea*] mu/ g sl[1 = ! "t be+2 if int]e/ is lack+1 he _c incite ! prop] movem5t ( ideas4 ,if ! tea*] is n conduct+ ! repetition ) skill1 ! fragm5t>y answ]s ( ! pupils indicate well en\gh aft] a "t t ! desir$ curr5t ( ?\ght has n be5 g5]at$4 #aai4 ,we h tak5 x = grant$ t ! pres5tation 0 an adequate "o--"o t might s]ve z a model 7#aje74 ,:]e ?is adju/m5t ( means & ends ext5ds1 z x may1 ev5 to ! language1 ! latt] %\ld be closely foll[$ 9 ! repetition1 b )\t p$antic insi/5ce on unimportant details4 ,b v frequ5tly ! ess5tial feature ( ! pres5tation is f\nd 9 ! sequ5ce ( ?\ght4 ,9 t case expression w v>y1 & ! tea*] is satisfi$ at fir/ if1 9 repeat+1 ! pupils furni% evid5ce t !y und]/&2 he all[s !m to use _! own words1 ?\gh less appropriate4 ,he mu/1 /ill1 h[ev]1 look c>efully aft] ! giv5 sequ5ce1 :i* ! repetition is to reproduce ) ! greate/ possible coh]5ce4 #abj4 ,! case is diff]5t :5 lat] on l>g] sections ( a c\rse ( successful in/ruction are to be repeat$4 ,dur+ all ! e>li] /age p>ticul> facts 7 mov$ f> ap>t 7#fh7 = ! sake ( cle>ness2 by means ( conv]sation1 or ( incid5tal m5tion 9 o!r recitations1 or ?r\gh exp]i5ce itself 7#aaj71 provision 0 made also = association ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,n[ x becomes ! bus9ess ( repetition 9 ! fir/ place to ga!r toge!r into a small] compass :at has be5 exp&$2 next x subs]ves ! purpose ( sy/ematic arrangem5t1 & la/ly1 is (t5 ( use = mak+ ! in/ruction m complete & = add+ ! difficult to ! comp>atively easy4 ,"h ! mode ( pres5tation itself *anges to meet ! requirem5ts ( a m advanc$ grade ( "w4 ,b repetition imm$iately aft] ! pres5tation1 or1 p]haps1 dur+ ! next h\r1 w1 z a rule1 rema9 necess>y ev5 at ?is high] /age4 #aba4 ,"h1 :]e compression & ins]tions are to modify ! mat]ial ( in/ruction1 we ne$ to inquire into ! =ms ( connection peculi> to ! objects1 toge!r ) ^? ess5tial = use1 & to det]m9e accord+ly ! s]ies & web ( ideas to be =m$ 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil4 ,= su* organization ( ideas1 repetition is1 at all ev5ts1 f> bett] adapt$ ?an pres5tation1 :i* c trav]se only "o ( sev]al s]ies at a "t1 & :i* passes into repetition ! mom5t an ef=t is made to br+ ! o!r s]ies =w>d also4 ,9 natural hi/ory1 = example1 v>i\s classifications occur1 9 hi/ory ! e?nographic divisions are cross$ by ! syn*roni/ic1 :ile ! hi/ory ( culture dem&s yet ano!r basis ( association2 9 geography ea* not$ city is to be a l&m>k1 enabl+ ! pupil to take 8 be>+s 9 e direction1 b cities on riv]s sugge/ riv] bas9s & m\nta9 ranges2 9 ma!matics ea* !orem is to be kept ready = sep>ate application1 b x has also its special place 9 ! *a9 ( demon/rations2 grammatical rules1 too1 %\ld be available :5 call$ =1 b x is v necess>y at ! same "t t ! pupil become p]fectly at home 9 8 gramm> & "k :]e to look = in=mation4 ,! tea*] :o1 by skilful repetition1 does ju/ice to ^! multi=m associations1 is n always ! "o :o %[s mo/ skill 9 sy/ematic pres5tation1 & :o kn[s be/ h[ to make prom95t ! ma9 ?\ghts1 & to l9k to !m ^? t are subord9ate4 #abb4 ,! impulse to repeat mu/1 z a rule1 come f po9ts ) :i* pupils are famili>4 ,x is fur!r requisite t ! tea*]1 9 conduct+ ! repetition1 adapt himself to _! tra9 ( ?\ght2 he mu/ n adh]e /rictly to an inflexible plan4 ,! necess>y corrections require delay "h & !re2 ! correct$ /atem5ts (t5 con/itute new po9ts f :i* to take be>+s4 ,at times ! pupils !mselves %\ld feel free to indicate :i* topics x seems mo/ necess>y to repeat4 ,by s do+ !y assume a c]ta9 responsibility z to ! re/1 & are made to realize all ! m _! obligation to make up defici5cies4 #abc4 ,! correction ( writt5 "w likewise falls "u ! head ( analytic in/ruction1 b ! toil exce$s ! pr(it if writt5 "w is dem&$ too e>ly4 ,:ile writ+ ! pupil consolidates 8 ideas4 ,n[ if he does s incorrectly1 ! effect is mis*iev\s1 8 mi/akes cl+ to him4 ,moreov]1 ! tea*] has to be on 8 gu>d le/1 :ile orally correct+ & read+ ov] ! composition1 he ov]e/imate ! pupil's att5tion4 ,:5 _m slips occur1 :5 a :ole =e/ ( mi/akes is f\nd to h sprung up1 ! pupil becomes indiff]5t to !m all2 !y make humble1 b !y also di%e>t54 ,su* tasks %\ld1 !re=e1 be v brief1 if ! pupil is weak2 nay1 x is pref]able to h none at all1 z long z progress is be+ made m surely by a diff]5t k9d ( ex]cises4 ,! tea*] :o assigns home "w ) a view to sav+ labor 9 s*ool miscalculates utt]ly2 8 "w w soon h become all ! h>d]4 ,to _m x seems t ! ex]cises !y assign %\ld be v easy1 r ?an %ort2 & to make !m easy1 outl9es1 turns ( expression1 ev]y?+1 is indicat$ z def9itely z possible4 ,?is is a delusion4 ,if composition has any purpose1 x consi/s 9 mak+ ! pupil try to see :at he c d )\t ! tea*]4 ,n[ if ! pupil actually gets />t$ on ! ex]cise1 ! tea*] ought n to /ep 9 8 way ) all sorts ( prescriptions4 ,if ! pupil fails to make headway1 ! attempt 0 premature4 ,we mu/ ei!r wait or else %ort5 ! task1 no matt] if x %\ld %r9k to no m ?an ?ree l9es4 ,?ree l9es ( ! pupil's own "w are bett] ?an ?ree pages writt5 by direction4 ,x may take ye>s be=e ! self-deception due to lead+-/r+ me?ods is sup]s$$ by a true e/imate ( ! pupil's actual p[]4 #abd4 ,! case is q diff]5t if1 be=e writ+1 ! pupil has be5 assi/$ orally 9 develop+ 8 ?\ghts4 ,?is k9d ( analysis is ( special importance 9 lat] boyhood2 b ! tea*] %\ld see to x t ! pupil gives free expression to 8 own op9ion4 ,if he does1 a !me has be5 furni%$ = discussion dur+ :i* ! tea*] w avoid h>% diss5t 9 proportion to 8 eag]ness to accompli% some?+ ) 8 pupil4 ,to rebuke presum+ boldness or impud5ce is a diff]5t matt]1 ( c\rse4 ,self-*os5 !mes are pref]able by f> to ^? t are assign$1 only !y _c be expect$ ( ! majority ( pupils4 ,b :5 !y d turn up1 ! "* ( ! *oice alone1 b /ill m ! execution1 w ?r[ light on ! op9ions curr5t among ! pupils1 & on ! impressions :i* n only ! s*ool1 b exp]i5ce & society z well1 h be5 con/antly at "w to produce4 ,! writ]'s individuality reveals itself ev5 m di/9ctly4 ,e tea*] mu/ be prep>$ to come ^u ^! individual traits1 h[ev] mu* he might pref] to h 8 pupils reflect himself4 ,x w\ld be futile if he attempt$ to correct _! essays by int]polat+ 8 own view2 he w\ld n by t means make ! latt] _! own4 ,! mode ( treatm5t c be correct$2 b o!r opportunities w h to s]ve = ! rectification ( op9ions--provid$ ?is c ev] be und]tak5 successfully4 #abe4 ,) reg>d to syn!tic in/ruction1 we assume at ! outset t x w be support$ dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( tra9+ by ! m]ely pres5tative & ! analytic me?ods ( tea*+1 :]ev] ^! are 9 place4 ,o!rwise ! ultimate result w always rema9 problematical1 p>ticul>ly ! union ( le>n+ & life4 ,syn!tic in/ruction br+s 9 mu* t is new & /range2 & we mu/ take advantage ( ! univ]sal *>m ( novelty4 ,x mu/ cop]ate ) acquir$ habits ( application1 & ) ! int]e/ peculi> to ea* subject taught4 ,! affairs1 n ( ,italy alone1 b also ^? ( ,greece & ! ,ori5t1 h become a matt] ( ev]yday discussion4 ,!re has be5 a g5]al diffusion ( k ab\t ! facts & laws ( nature4 ,h5ce ev5 y\ng] *ildr5 _c help b pick up _m ?+s n[ t w t5d to =e/all ! indiff]5ce or av]sion ) :i* s*ool /udies 7 reg>d$ n long] ?an fifty ye>s ago4 ,!y seem$ to be some?+ =eign to life4 ,at pres5t1 x _c prove difficult to turn curiosity 9 ! direction ( di/ant l&s1 & ( pa/ ages ev51 especially :]e collections ( r>e articles & antiquities are accessible4 ,?is /imulation w\ld n p]si/ long1 h[ev]1 9 ! face ( ! labor ( le>n+1 if !re did n exi/ at ! same "t a widespread conviction ( ! necessity ( /udy1 a conviction re9=c$ by ! legal requirem5ts ( s*ools1 p>ticul>ly ( ! gymnasia4 ,accord+ly1 families ex]t a good influ5ce ) respect to ! indu/ry ( *ildr52 & ) ! "r sort ( gov]nm5t & tra9+ 9 s*ool1 will+ness to le>n is easily secur$4 ,less easy is x to incite a g5u9ely sci5tific desire to "k1 "o t w endure beyond exam9ations4 ,?is br+s u back to _m-sid$ness ( int]e/ 7#hc-id74 ,if int]e/ 7 n already ! end ( in/ruction1 we %\ld h to look ^u x z ! only means :]eby ! results ( tea*+ c be giv5 p]man5ce4 ,int]e/ dep5ds p>tly1 x is true1 on native capacity1 :i* ! s*ool _c create2 b x dep5ds also on ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction4 #abf4 ,syn!tic in/ruction mu/ (f] subjects capable ( ar\s+ la/+ & spontane\sly radiat+ int]e/4 ,t :i* af=ds only tempor>y pleasure or light ent]ta9m5t is ( too little consequ5ce to det]m9e ! plan ( op]ation4 ,nor c ! *oice ( su* /udies be recomm5d$ z /& isolat$1 z d n lead to cont9u$ ef=t2 =1 o!r reasons aside1 we are unable to decide be=eh& to :i* ( ! ma9 classes ( int]e/ 7#hc-id7 ! individual pupil w especially incl9e4 ,! fir/ place belongs r to ^? /udies :i* appeal to ! m9d 9 a v>iety ( ways & are capable ( /imulat+ ea* pupil accord+ to 8 individuality4 ,= su* subjects ample "t mu/ be all[$2 !y mu/ be made ! object ( prolong$1 dilig5t ef=t4 ,we may !n hope t !y w take hold 9 "s way1 & we %all be 9 a position to "k :at k9d ( int]e/ !y h inspir$ 9 "o pupil or ano!r4 ,:]e1 on ! contr>y1 ! end ( ! ?read ( "w is soon rea*$1 x rema9s que/ionable :e!r any ef=t at all w be produc$1 let alone a la/+ impression4 #abg4 ,! subject-matt] hav+ be5 *os51 ! treatm5t mu/ be adju/$ to x 9 su* a way z to br+ x )9 rea* ( ! pupils4 ,= ! ex]cises gr[+ out ( su* treatm5t1 ! well-kn[n rule holds 9 g5]al3 ! easy be=e ! difficult1 or1 m specifically1 t :i* prep>es ! way be=e t :i* _c be firmly grasp$ )\t prelim9>y k4 ,to insi/1 h[ev]1 on p]fect ma/]y 9 ?is respect1 is (t5 equival5t to sc>+ away int]e/4 ,absolute pr(ici5cy 9 prelim9>y k is a late a*ievem5t1 nor is x atta9$ )\t fatigue4 ,! tea*] has to be satisfi$ if ! ma/]y acquir$ is su* t :at is lack+ c1 )\t s]i\s delay1 be add$ by him 9 practice4 ,to make ! road s level z to d away entirely ) ! necessity = occasional leaps 7#if71 means to provide = ! conv5i5ce ( ! tea*] r ?an = t ( ! pupils4 ,! "y love to climb & jump2 !y d n take k9dly to an absolutely level pa?4 ,b !y are afraid 9 ! d>k4 ,!re mu/ be light en\gh = !m to see by2 9 o!r words1 ! subject mu/ lie spread out be=e _! eyes ) su* di/9ctness t ea* /ep is se5 to be a /ep =w>d1 :i* br+s !m p]ceptibly ne>] to a di/ant goal4 #abh4 ,) reg>d to ! sequ5ce ( /udies we ne$ to di/+ui% fir/ ( all betwe5 prep>atory k & ability to d4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! latt]1 ev5 :5 x has be5 fully atta9$1 c be secur$ aga9/ loss only by long-cont9u$ practice4 ,h5ce ! practice ( ! pupil's skill mu/ g on con/antly f ! "t :5 he fir/ le>ns to apply :at he kn[s4 ,b m]ely prelim9>y k1 :i* produc$ fatigue be=e x 0 ma/]$1 may be all[$ to drop out ( ! memory4 ,en\gh rema9s to make x easi] to resume ! subject at a lat] "t 7#ib1 #ajc74 ,accord+ly1 n ! prelim9>y k j ref]r$ to1 b ! pupil's facility 9 do+1 supplies ! pr9ciple det]m9+ sequ5ce4 ,9 ! case ( all ess5tial elem5t>y in=mation--k ( rudim5ts ( gramm>1 ari?metic1 & geometry--x w be f\nd exp$i5t to beg9 ) ! simple/ elem5ts long be=e any practical application is made4 ,9 su* fir/ lessons individual facts only are pres5t$4 ,^! are made cle> to ! pupils 7#fh1 #fi72 "h & !re !y are associat$4 ,fatigue is avoid$ if possible4 ,ev5 if ! e>lie/ attempts at memoriz+ %\ld prove successful1 x w be saf]1 in/ead ( rely+ on ?is fact1 to po/pone ! :ole matt] = a "t4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! same subject is resum$ f ! beg9n+ )\t any dem& on ! tea*]'s "p t "s ?+s %\ld h be5 reta9$4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 x w be possible to introduce a some:at l>g] quantity ( ! in/ruction-mat]ial1 & x w n be too e>ly to make pupils p]ceive ! connection betwe5 individual facts4 ,if pupils exp]i5ce difficulty 9 compreh5d+1 we %\ld be c>eful n to advance too rapidly2 ! great] ! difficulty1 ! great] ! ne$ = caution4 ,:5 ! "t comes = practical application1 an e>ne/1 dilig5t ef=t mu/ be insi/$ on1 b only = tasks ( mod]ate l5g?1 & )\t exact+ too mu* by h>% means4 ,n e pupil c d ev]y?+4 ,sometimes a pupil w at a lat] p]iod acquire ! p[] he does n possess n[1 if only 8 *ances = success h n be5 spoil$ by e>li] bl9dness on ! "p ( 8 tea*]4 #abi4 ,aga91 correspond+ to ea* /age ( in/ruction1 !re is a c]ta9 capacity = app]ceiv+ att5tion 7#gg7 :i* des]ves c>eful consid]ation4 ,= we ought to avail ourselves ( ! comp>atively easy 9 ord] to facilitate indirectly :at w\ld o!rwise prove difficult & "t-consum+4 ,we ne$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ins]tion & cont9uation1 & to connect ?is di/9ction ) ! division ( ideas into spontane\s & induc$ 7#ga74 ,x is easi] to fill 9 betwe5 famili> po9ts ?an x is to cont9ue1 because ! cont9u$ s]ies is 9 close contact ) ! well kn[n only at ! />t+-po9t4 ,easie/ ( all is ins]tion betwe5 free-ris+ ideas1 betwe5 ^? ideas t occur to ! pupil spontane\sly1 :5 he has be5 l$ into a c]ta9 field ( consci\sness4 ,h>de/ ( all1 & lea/ c]ta9 ( success1 is ! cont9uation ( lessons t c be reviv$ 9 consci\sness only by a labori\s ef=t ( memory4 ,int]m$iate 9 difficulty are ! ins]tion ( new elem5ts betwe5 induc$ or reproduc$ ideas1 & cont9uation on ! basis ( free-ris+1 or spontane\s1 ideas4 ,t !re may be _m gradations besides is ( c\rse self-evid5t4 ,! tea*] :o kn[s 8 pupils well w be able to make frequ5t use ( ^! di/9ctions4 ,only a v g5]al outl9e ( _! application c be giv5 "h4 ,! realia & ma!matics c be connect$ m easily ?an o!r /udies ) ! pupil's exp]i5ce 7#aja1 #ajb74 ,if ! tea*] has prop]ly avail$ himself ( ?is advantage1 he may c\nt on ideas t rise spontane\sly1 & 8 task w !n consi/ 9 fir/ e/abli%+ a few suitable c>d9al po9ts s t ins]tions may be made f>!r on4 ,languages pres5t m s]i\s difficulties4 ,x is true t progress 9 ! v]nacul> is made ?r\gh app]ception by ! pupil's e>li] atta9m5ts 9 8 "m-tongue1 & ?r\gh ! ins]tion ( ! new into ! old4 ,b 9 =eign languages1 :i* associate !mselves ) ! "m-tongue only gradually1 app]ception & ins]tion _c take place until aft] "s k ( ! language has be5 acquir$4 ,& ?is k mu/ gr[ consid]ably be=e we c reasonably look = spontane\s ideas4 ,if n[ ! reproduc$ ideas become encumb]$ ) additional new ones1 wor/ ( all ?r\gh m]e cont9uation1 we ne$ n wond] if ! result is useless *aos4 ,?is expla9s1 no d\bt1 :y ! attempts to tea* ! anci5t languages ex usu1 aft] ! mann] 9 :i* ! language ( a =eign c\ntry is easily le>n$ by resid5ce 9 t c\ntry1 _h to end 9 failure4 ,"o :o le>ns ,fr5* 9 ,france has p]sons & actions be=e 8 eyes2 he easily inf]s t :i* conc]ns him4 ,su* app]ception takes place und\bt$ly by means ( spontane\s ideas ) :i* ! =eign language becomes associat$4 ,be=e long ! language itself becomes an app]ceiv+ factor & p>ticipates 9 ! process ( le>n+4 ,= ! anci5t languages1 on ! contr>y1 a grammatical work+ basis is ne$$ fir/1 especially a k ( inflectional end+s1 pron\ns1 & p>ticles4 ,! blund] %\ld n be made1 to be sure1 ( beg9n+ ) a m>%all+ ( ! ho/s ( gramm>1 z ?\gh gramm> itself ne$$ no base ( op]ations4 ,long practice ( :at is mo/ necess>y mu/ prec$e4 ,b ! wor/ plan w\ld be to />t 9 ) cursory read+2 9 o!r words1 to cont9ue )\t mak+ sure ( any?+4 ,ev5 cursory read+1 h[ev]1 produces good results "u "o condition2 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( a lively int]e/ 9 ! cont5ts4 #acj4 ,:5 ! ?\ghts ( ! read] ha/5 on 9 advance ( ! words & get hold ( ! g5]al s5se correctly1 ! requir$ app]ception is p]=m$ by means ( spontane\s ideas toge!r ) ! ins]tion ( :atev] 0 n inf]r$4 ,b ?is presupposes a v favorable relation ( ! book to ! read]4 ,h5ce texts us$ 9 ! tea*+ ( a language mu/ be *os5 ) v great c>e1 & _! cont5ts expla9$4 ,su* "w %\ld n be slight$ 9 favor ( gramm>2 on ! o!r h&1 z mu* gramm> mu/ be giv5 z is necess>y4 ,"s ( ! ess5tials w h to prec$e ! read+2 complem5t>y facts w be pres5t$ 9 connection ) ! read+2 o!r portions ( ! grammatical app>atus w be introduc$ at suitable halt+-places4 ,writt5 ex]cises belong else:]e & /& 9 a diff]5t relation to gramm>4 ,! int]e/ 9 an au?or dep5ds v l>gely on hi/orical prep>ation2 "h we _c fail to discov] connection betwe5 philology & ! s-call$ real /udies4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,rem>ks on ! ,plan ( ,in/ruction z a ,:ole #aca4 ,:]e _m div]se means are to cop]ate = ! atta9m5t ( "o end1 :]e _m ob/acles h to be ov]come1 :]e p]sons ( high]1 equal1 & l[] rank ent] z factors requir+ consid]ation1 x is always a difficult matt] to keep ! end itself1 ! "o fix$ goal1 /eadily 9 view4 ,9 in/ruction ! difficulty is increas$ by ! fact t no "o s+le tea*] c imp>t ! :ole1 & t consequ5tly a numb] ( tea*]s are oblig$ to dep5d on "o ano!r4 ,b = ?is v reason1 h[ev] mu* circum/ances may v>y ! c\rses ( /udy1 ! common end1 namely1 _m-sid$1 well-balanc$1 well-connect$ int]e/1 9 ! a*ievem5t ( :i* ! true developm5t ( m5tal p[]s consi/s1 ne$s to be lift$ into prom95ce z ! "o ?+ t[>d :i* all details ( proc$ure %\ld po9t4 #acb4 ,no m "t1 we ne$ to realize at ! outset1 %\ld be dem&$ = in/ruction ?an is consi/5t ) ! proviso t ! pupils reta9 _! natural buoyancy ( spirits4 ,?is mu/ be insi/$ on1 & n m]ely = ! sake ( heal? & physical vigor2 a m direct argum5t = our pres5t purpose lies 9 ! fact t all art & labor employ$ to keep ! att5tion awake w be ?w>t$ by ! dis9cl9ation to /udy caus$ by sitt+ too long1 & ev5 by excessive m5tal application alone4 ,=c$ att5tion does n suffice = in/ruction1 ev5 ?\gh x may be _h ?r\gh discipl9>y measures4 ,x is urg5tly necess>y t e s*ool h n only spaci\s s*oolrooms1 b also a playgr\nd2 x is fur!r necess>y t ea* recitation be foll[$ by an int]mission1 t aft] ! fir/ two p]iods p]mission be grant$ = ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 & t ! same p]mission be giv5 aft] ! ?ird p]iod if !re is a f\r? to foll[4 ,/ill m urg5t is ! dem& t pupils %all n be depriv$ ( _! h\rs ( ne$$ recreation by an excessive am\nt ( s*ool "w to be done at home4 ,! tea*] :o loads pupils d[n ) home tasks 9 ord] to disp5se z mu* z possible ) p]haps unc]ta9 home sup]vision1 sub/itutes a c]ta9 & g5]al evil = a possible & p>tial "o4 ,! neglect ( su* precautions has giv5 rise 9 rec5t times to v bitt] compla9ts1 :i* w cont9ue to be he>d 9 future = simil> reasons4 ,viol5t gymna/ic ex]cise is n ! means to put a /op to !m4 ,!y ?reat5 to lead to ano!r extreme--su* re/rictions ^u in/ruction z w make an inn] unity ( "w impossible4 ,! subjects ( fatigue & s*ool hygi5e h n[ gr[n to unexpect$ dim5sions4 ,_m p]iodicals are devot$ to !m1 :ile ! volume ( lit]ature be>+ ^u !m has pass$ ! /age :]e "o p]son c be expect$ to comm& x all4 ,9 8 8,bibliography ( ,s*ool ,hygi5e10 publi%$ 9 ! 8,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,association = #ahih10 ,pr(essor ,william ,h4 ,burnham enum]ates f\r hundr$ & ?irty-six /&>d works1 articles1 & j\rnals d$icat$ to ?is cause4 ,_m ( ^! books1 l ^? ( ,eul5b]g & ,ba*1 or ,burg]/e9 & ,netolitzky1 comprise hundr$s ( pages1 be+ bas$ on ext5d$ exp]im5t & rese>*4 #acc4 ,! "t prop]ly belong+ to in/ruction mu/ n be scatt]$4 ,! deep-root$ practice ( assign+ two h\rs p] week to "o /udy & two h\rs to ano!r1 ea* lesson sep>at$ f ! next by an int]val ( two or ?ree days1 is absurd1 because incompatible ) cont9uity ( pres5tation4 ,( c\rse1 if ! tea*] c /& ?is arrangem5t1 ! pupils w h to endure x4 ,! subjects ( in/ruction mu/ be tak5 up 9 ord] t ea* may h its %>e ( cont9u\s "t4 ,to give a :ole t]m to ea* is n always practicable2 frequ5tly %ort] p]iods w h to suffice4 ,aga91 "o subject mu/ n be split into sev]al1 accord+ to ! names ( its bran*es4 ,if1 = example1 we %\ld set ap>t sep>ate h\rs = ,greek & ,roman antiquities & aga9 = my?ology 9 addition to ! "t designat$ = ! read+ ( anci5t au?ors1 sep>ate h\rs = ! sy/ematic survey ( ! bran*es ( k besides ^? res]v$ = ,g]man 9 ! highe/ class ( ! gymnasium1 sep>ate h\rs = analytic geometry alongside ( algebra1 we %\ld te> asund] :]e we ought to jo9 toge!r1 & %\ld dissipate ! "t at our disposal4 ,sav+ "t dep5ds on me?ods bett] ?an ^!1--on pr(ici5cy 9 pres5t+ a subject & skill 9 conduct+ recitations4 ,despite ! prote/ "h ent]$1 ,g]man s*ools /ill adh]e to ! plan ( pres5t+ _m subjects simultane\sly1 few h\rs p] week be+ devot$ to ea*4 ,am]ican s*ools are fairly free f ! reproa*1 x be+ an exception to f9d /&>d subjects taught less ?an f\r or five times p] week4 #acd4 ,z boys gr[ old]1 !y may d]ive a great deal ( pr(it f read+ & do+ _m ?+s by !mselves4 ,foll[+ _! own *oice1 !y develop 9 accordance ) _! individual traits4 ,we "q1 h[ev]1 ! wisdom ( call+ = reports on su* outside pursuits4 ,pupils ( ord9>y capacity %\ld n be made ambiti\s to imitate :at !y are n fitt$ =2 ext5sive read+ mu/ n impair feel+ & ?9k+4 ,bread? ( le>n+ is n id5tical ) dep?1 & _c make up = lack ( dep?4 ,in/ead ( read+1 "s engage 9 ! /udy ( a f9e art4 ,o!rs are compell$ at an e>ly age to give lessons 9 ord] to support !mselves4 ,^! le>n :ile tea*+4 ,! ess5tials ( a coh]5t s*eme ( /udies mu/ n be dep5d5t on outside read+2 !y mu/ be embrac$ 9 ! plan ( in/ruction itself4 #ace4 ,f beg9n+ to end ! c\rse ( /udy mu/ be arrang$ s z to provide = ea* ( ! ma9 classes ( int]e/4 ,! empirical int]e/1 to be sure1 is call$ =? ev]y:]e m easily ?an any ( ! o!r k9ds4 ,b religi\s in/ruction always fo/]s sympa!tic int]e/2 9 ?is x mu/ h ! assi/ance ( hi/ory & language /udy4 /hetic culture at fir/ dep5ds on ! "w 9 ! "m-tongue2 x is desirable to h1 9 addition1 in/ruction 9 s++1 :i* at ! same "t promotes ! heal? ( ! pupil4 ,lat] on1 ! anci5t classics contribute _! %>e ( influ5ce4 ,tra9+ 9 ?9k+ is af=d$ by analytic1 grammatical1 & ma!matical in/ruction2 t[>d ! end1 also1 by ! /udy ( hi/ory1 :i* !n becomes a se>* = causes & effects4 ,cop]ation ( ?is sort is to be s\ght ev]y:]e2 ! au?ors to be /udi$ mu/ be select$ ) ?is end 9 view1 & int]pret$ accord+ly4 ,if !re is a defect 9 ,h]b>t's s*eme ( int]e/s z a guide to ! selection ( ! /udies ( ! curriculum1 x lies 9 ! fact t ! int]e/s nam$ are too exclusively appli$ to ! pupil's individual life1 & n en\gh to 8 life z a memb] ( ! social :ole4 ,!re is an important s5se 9 :i* ev5 natural sci5ce1 :i* may be expect$ to cultivate ! speculative int]e/s1 is social2 = sci5ce becomes truly significant only :5 x contributes to ! s]vice ( m54 ,! fact t we n[ live 9 an indu/rial age1 t life is pres]v$ f disease 9 s l>ge a measure1 t ! well-be+ ( e community is advanc+ s rapidly1 t univ]sal education is n[ a fact r ?an a dream1 is due to ! application ( sci5ce to human welf>e4 ,consequ5tly1 we are n re/rict$ to a few humanit>ian topics1 l hi/ory & lit]ature1 = ! developm5t ( our social int]e/s4 ,we f9d t e /udy has its sociological z well z its p]sonal be>+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce all /udies are bo? subjective & objective 9 ! int]e/s !y ar\se1 x w\ld be possible to awak5 all ! six classes ( int]e/ enum]at$ by tea*+ b a fraction ( :at we n[ consid] ne$ful 9 a good curriculum4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! six classes ( int]e/1 at be/1 indicate :at ! quality ( our tea*+ %\ld be1 n ) suffici5t accuracy :at subjects %\ld be taught4 ,! latt] is det]m9$ q z mu* by social z by psy*ological ne$s4 ,,section ,,iii ,,tra9+ ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,relation ( ,tra9+ to ,gov]nm5t & to ,in/ruction #acf4 ,tra9+ looks t[>d ! pupil's future4 ,x is f\nd$ on hope1 & %[s itself1 to beg9 )1 9 pati5ce4 ,x temp]s gov]nm5t1 ! object ( :i* might p]haps be realiz$ m spe$ily by great] rigor4 ,x mod]ates ev5 in/ruction 9 case ! latt] puts too great a /ra9 ^u ! pupil4 ,b x also comb9es ) gov]nm5t z well z in/ruction1 & light5s _! "w4 ,tra9+ consi/s prim>ily 9 a c]ta9 p]sonal attitude1 id5tical if possible ) a k9d way ( treat+ pupils4 ,?is implies read9ess on ! "p ( ! tea*] to li/5 to ! wi%es & utt]ances ( ! pupil1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( /rang]s1 looks to 8 tea*] 7& to ! family 9 *>ge ( 8 education7 = sympa?y & support4 ,b tra9+ becomes active :]e ! pupil ne$s help1 especially help aga9/ 8 own weaknesses & faults1 :i* might fru/rate ! hopes c5tr$ 9 him4 #acg4 ,tra9+ insi/s on becom+ conduct2 x enc\rages *e]fulness ( disposition4 ,9 ei!r case x rema9s )9 limits compatible ) ! occupations connect$ ) gov]nm5t & in/ruction4 ,! pupil is nev] to lose sight ( ! subject on :i* he is engag$2 x w\ld be bad if a desire to %[ (f1 or to amuse himself1 %\ld take possession ( him & cause him to =get 8 "w4 ,! wise tea*] w be glad to make himself p]sonally agreeable to 8 pupil z long z ! conduct ( ! latt] does n call = ! opposite treatm5t4 ,sup]vision gr[s less irksome 9 consequ5ce4 ,g5tle words =e/all1 if any?+ c1 all sev]] measures4 #ach4 ,! tea*] does n look ^u ! progress result+ f 8 tea*+ ) feel+s ( indiff]5ce4 ,8 sympa?y1 ev5 solicitude x may be1 cop]ates p[]fully ) ! great] or less] degree ( int]e/ awak5$ 9 ! le>n]4 ,tra9+1 h[ev]1 c nev] be made a sub/itute :]e !re is no int]e/ or1 worse /ill1 :]e indiff]5ce has become positive dislike4 #aci4 ,9 in/ruction ! pres5ce ( int]e/ _c be simply assum$2 j z little c good int5tions on ! pupil's "p always be presuppos$ 9 tra9+4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 = grant$3 ! pupil mu/ n h come to feel t ! discipl9e is weak & ! in/ruction poor4 ,any defect 9 ei!r direction mu/ !re=e be trac$ to its s\rce & rem$i$4 ,:5 pupils feel free to d z !y please1 :5 !y ?9k !y h good cause to blame ! tea*] = _! failure to make progress1 8 mann] w be ( no avail2 & futile attempts only make matt]s worse4 #adj4 ,9 "s cases tra9+ becomes bl5d$ ) gov]nm5t to su* an ext5t t x c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ! latt]4 ,z an example1 we may m5tion ! l>ge educational in/itutions conduct$ on a milit>y basis1 :]e ! individual pupil is c>ri$ along by ! g5]al sy/em1 r ?an made ! object ( special c>e4 ,9 o!r cases1 tra9+ & gov]nm5t rema9 f>!r ap>t ?an is necess>y2 an in/ance ( ?is is :5 a /rict fa!r keeps himself at a di/ance1 & leaves ! bus9ess ( tra9+1 )9 ! prescrib$ rigid limits1 to ! tutor ( 8 *ildr54 ,at all ev5ts1 a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ! two concepts1 tra9+ & gov]nm5t1 9 ord] t ! tea*] may "k :at he is do+1 & may notice :at is p]haps lack+2 we are ju/ifi$ 9 add+1 9 ord] t he may save himself useless ef=t4 ,= tra9+ is n uni=mly effectual1 reg>dless ( circum/ances2 ! tea*] ne$s to be wat*ful 9 ?is matt] 9 ord] t ! opportune mom5t = do+ :at c be done may n escape him4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,aim ( ,tra9+ #ada4 ,:ile ! aim ( in/ruction 0 r5d]$ suffici5tly det]m9ate1 z we saw above 7#ag1 #fd1 #fe71 by ! injunction1 be p]fect1 ! aim ( tra9+1 :i* supplem5ts educative in/ruction1 compreh5ds virtue z a :ole4 ,n[ virtue is an ideal1 ! approximation t[>d :i* is d5ot$ by ! t]m morality4 ,aga91 s9ce1 g5]ally speak+1 a *ild passes on f m]e capacity = culture to culture itself1 f ! indet]m9ate to fix$ness ( k1 ! approximation to virtue consi/s likewise 9 developm5t t[>d /ability4 ,:]e conduct 9 moral affairs vacillates1 !re is a defici5cy2 :]e some?+ morally hateful becomes confirm$1 !re is a defect4 ,exclud+ bo?1 we def9e ! aim ( tra9+ prop]ly z moral /r5g? ( "*4 8,tra9+0 means su* w-tra9+ z conduces to ! =mation ( good "*2 8gov]nm5t0 means su* tra9+ z conduces to good ord]4 ,! fir/ is = a p]man5t1 ! second = an imm$iate1 purpose4 ,9 gov]nm5t we c appeal bo? to a positive & a negative means4 ,! positive means is int]e/ 9 a /udy & ! affairs ( ! s*oolroom2 ! negative means is inhibition ( di/urb+ impulses4 ,z ,pr(essor ,james1 9 8 8,talks on ,psy*ology10#ac po9ts out1 ?is inhibition may be ( two sorts1--t ( =cible suppression1 & t ( sub/itution4 ,a tea*] :o uses negative means ( inhibit+ mis*ief or inatt5tion1 employs comm& or puni%m5t4 ,?is me?od1 ?\gh sometimes seem+ly unavoidable1 (t5 results 9 m5tal /ra91 if n p]man5t ali5ation betwe5 tea*] & pupil4 ,! me?od ( sub/itution attempts to secure inhibition ( ! undesirable /ate ( m9d by giv+ rise to a set ( favorable ideas /rong en\gh to displace x4 8,if1 )\t say+ any?+ ab\t ! /reet di/urbances10 :i* may be di/ract+ ! att5tion ( y\r pupils1 8y op5 a c\nt] attraction by />t+ "s v int]e/+ talk or demon/ration y\rself1 !y w altoge!r =get ! di/ract+ incid5t1 &1 )\t any ef=t1 foll[ y along40 ,tra9+1 h[ev]1 has a m difficult task4 ,x mu/ succe$ 9 implant+ :at may be call$ regulative pr9ciples 9 ! m9d4 ,x mu/ fur!rmore succe$ 9 e/abli%+ habits ( conduct t w enable ! pupil to become self-gov]n+4 ,t is1 we mu/ e/abli% 9 him habits ( feel+ & action t w enable him to sub/itute ! high] = ! l[] good1 or1 at lea/1 in/antly to inhibit ! temptation to evil4 ,?is is a task n = a day or a ye>1 b = ! :ole s*ool p]iod4 #ac ,james1 8,talks on ,psy*ology10 p4 #aic1 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #adb4 ,9 succe$+ *apt]s "* & moral conduct w ea* h to be diff]5tiat$ m m9utely4 ,= our pres5t purpose we ne$ only to rem9d ourselves t ! det]m9at5ess ( ! w1 :i* is call$ "*1 dep5ds n only on will+1 b also on n will+4 ,! latt] is ei!r a defici5t or a d5y+ will+1 :i* repels or rejects4 ,/]n me?ods ( gov]n+1 :i* b> access to ev]y?+ t might lead a/ray1 are likely to produce a defici5t w r ?an ! p]man5ce ( =m$ /r5g?2 ) ! end ( s*ool days1 ! dread$ opportunities arrive aft] all1 & ! pupil may quickly und]go a *ange beyond recognition4 ,! task ( tra9+ mu/ !re=e be ?\ght ( z embrac+ bo? affirmative will+ & reject+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,diff]5tiation ( ,"* #adc4 ,our w activities result f ideas4 ,diff]5t masses ( ideas give rise to diff]5t w action2 h5ce ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 h>moniz+ & unify+ ! manifold acts ( w4 ,! v>i\s gr\ps ( ideas d n simply succe$ "o ano!r 9 consci\sness2 ! relation ( "o to ! o!r may also be t ( app]ception4 ,app]ceiv+ att5tion is n conf9$ to s5se-p]ception 7#gg72 x embraces inn] p]ception z well4 ,! process ( app]ception1 h[ev]1 consi/s r>ely or nev] 9 m]e p]ceiv+4 ,x involves m3 "o mass ( ideas ex]ts a det]m9+ influ5ce on ! o!r4 ,n[1 s9ce ea* may be ! s\rce ( w action1 x happ5s t (t5 "o act ( w accepts or rejects ano!r4 ,aga91 consci\s ( himself prem95tly z a be+ t wills1 man gives comm&s to himself & decides conc]n+ himself2 he seeks to acquire self-control4 ,9 su* ef=ts he makes himself m & m ! object ( 8 own obs]vation4 ,t "p ( 8 w activity :i* 8 self-obs]vation reveals to be already 9 exi/5ce1 we call ! objective "p ( "*4 ,to ! new w action1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* fir/ spr+s into exi/5ce 9 & ) self-exam9ation1 we give ! "n subjective "p ( "*4 ,! subjective side ( "* c atta9 its full developm5t only dur+ ! ye>s ( maturity4 ,its beg9n+s1 h[ev]1 rea* back into boyhood1 & its normal gr[? dur+ adolesc5ce is noticeably rapid1 due all[ance be+ made = v>iations ( k9d & degree 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,! assumption ( ! unconditional primacy ( ideas c no long] be s]i\sly ent]ta9$4 ,j z !re is an unfold+ ( ideas 9 s5sation1 p]ception1 app]ception1 & rational insight1 s !re is an unfold+ ( our volitional life 9 impulse1 consci\s w action1 & ! control ( conduct 9 accordance ) ! regulative pr9ciples ( moral obligation4 ,k & w d\btless spr+ f a common root1 b !y are n prim>ily s relat$ t volition waits on k4 ,impulse is antec$5t to idea1 :ile 9 ! la/ analysis & 9 ! highe/ realm ( m9d1 ! actual is subord9ate to ! ideal1 ! ought is m p[]ful ?an ! is4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is1 z ,dr4 ,h>ris ma9ta9s1 a s5se 9 :i* ! w is self-det]m9+1 ev5 ?\gh ! ext5t to :i* ?is self-active control obta9s is unc]ta94 ,z ,natorp says1#ad 8,x is folly to call ^u ! weak to be /rong1 to conc5trate consci\sness ^u ! categorical imp]ative1 s t ! inflexible dem&s ( ! ought %all be compli$ )40 ,yet ev5 9 ! weak !re is a b> ( consci\sness or p]haps consci5ce be=e :i* judgm5t mu/ be pron\nc$ z to ! wor?9ess or unwor?9ess ( a giv5 l9e ( conduct4 ,x is ! function ( moral education--& ?is includes all education--to make ! weak /rong1 to /r5g!n ! good impulses1 to cl>ify ! insight1 to accu/om ! m9d to dwell on ! "r set ( ideas1 to cultivate desirable feel+s & int]e/s4 ,9 ?is process ( moral developm5t1 ! _w ( ideas has p]haps all ! validity claim$ = x by ,h]b>t4 ,:at is "h call$ ! 8subjective0 side ( "* p]ta9s to t regulation ( conduct :i* arises f its exam9ation be=e ! b> ( consci\sness z to its agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ! regulative pr9ciples ( moral obligation4 ,x is t advanc$ /age ( developm5t 9 "* 9 :i* ! m9d is consci\sly self-directive4 ,naturally x is lat] ?an ! 8objective0 side1 :]e action is m spontane\s1 m gov]n$ by impulses1 m subject to hypnotic sugge/ion2 9 %ort1 m subord9at$ to 8ideo-motor0 activity & less gov]n$ by reflection4 #ad ,natorp1 8,socialpdagogik10 p4 #i1 tr4 ,fromman1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahii4 #add4 ,9 view ( ! v manifold volitional elem5ts :i* ! objective f\ndations ( "* may obvi\sly conta91 x w facilitate a survey if we di/+ui% 7#a7 t :i* ! pupil does or does n endure will+ly1 7#b7 t :i* he does or does n long to h1 7#c7 t :i* he does or does n l to d4 ,n[ "o1 n[ ! o!r class pr$om9ates1 ! /ronge/ controll+ & re/rict+ ! re/4 ,b ?is re/riction is n always an easy matt]4 ,accord+ly ! objective phase ( "* atta9s at fir/ to inn] h>mony only ) difficulty4 #ade4 ,9 consequ5ce ( frequ5t repetitions ( simil> acts ( w1 g5]al concepts are gradually =m$ 9 ! subjective side ( "*1 concepts compreh5d+ bo? ! simil> w actions already pres5t "u simil> circum/ances1 & ! requirem5ts man sets up = himself ) a view to det]m9+ 8 will+ "o way or ano!r4 ,^! requirem5ts fall l>gely )9 ! prov9ce ( prud5ce2 !y p]ta9 to =e?\ght & cauti\s res]ve1 or1 may be1 to action1 9 ord] t an end may be ga9$ by ! *oice ( suitable means4 ,! boy wants to be wis] ?an ! *ild2 ! y\? wis] ?an ei!r4 ,9 ?is way man seeks to rise above himself4 #adf4 ,moral conduct is n always fur!r$ by man's ef=t to surpass himself1 s t ! tea*]'s task becomes a tw(old "o1--a wat*+ & direct+ n only ( ! objective b also ( ! subjective side ( "*4 ,temp]am5t1 native b5t1 habit1 desire1 & passion fall "u ! =m]2 to ! latt] belong ! frankness or cunn+ display$ by ! pupil1 & 8 habitual me?od ( practical reason+4 #adg4 ,z a rule1 we may consid] x auspici\s = "* build+ if ! pupil1 in/ead ( be+ sway$ by moods & :ims1 is con/ant 9 8 will+4 ,su* uni=mity z requires no ef=t we may designate by ! expression memory ( w4 ,:5 a pupil possesses ?is natural advantage1 ! objective "p ( 8 "* easily arrives at h>mony ) itself4 ,he sees t among 8 _m pref]5ces relative to endur+1 hav+1 do+1 "o imposes re/rictions ^u ! o!r2 t x is (t5 necess>y to submit & endure 9 ord] to h & d t :i* is desir$2 t pursuits ( :i* he is fond d n always yield :at he longs to h1 & s on4 ,:5 ^! tru?s h become suffici5tly cle> to him1 he soon comes to a po9t :]e he decides :i* ?+s he c>es ab\t a great deal1 & :i* less4 ,he *ooses1 & *oice l>gely det]m9es "*1 prim>ily "* 9 its objective aspects4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! subjective "p ( "*1 !re are =m$ 9 succession resolves1 maxims1 & pr9ciples1 a process involv+ subsumptions1 conclusions1 & motives4 ,x w co/ _m a /ruggle be=e ^! motives c ass]t !mselves4 ,! /r5g? ( a "* dep5ds on ! agreem5t betwe5 its two p>ts1 ! objective & ! subjective4 ,:]e !re is want ( accord1 ! "* is weak4 ,b bo? mu/ be morally good2 :]e t is n ! case1 /r5g? ceases to be desirable4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,diff]5tiation ( ,morality #adh4 ,pupils at once active & k9dly are n r>e1 & s f> z ! ideas ( p]fection & good-w are conc]n$1 give rise to no anxiety1 at lea/ n at fir/4 ,) a firm gov]nm5t1 moreov]1 !y are easily induc$ to make ! gold5 rule _! own1 & !y soon become dispos$ to yield 9 cont5tion1 or r1 become m c>eful ab\t pick+ a qu>rel4 ,accord+ly1 ) ref]5ce also to equity & ju/ice1 !y cause little anxiety4 ,9 "t !y ga9 m5tal balance1 ! basis ( g5u9e self-control1 & are n[ on ! road to inn] fre$om4 ,9 %ort1 !y are 9 possession ( t :i*1 9 ! light ( fundam5tal e?ical ideas1 con/itutes morality4 ,b ^! con/itu5ts ( moral conduct are n f\nd toge!r 9 e "o1 nor d !y always rema9 toge!r4 ,side by side ) ! praisewor?y traits m5tion$1 o!rs ( an opposite nature frequ5tly manife/ !mselves2 x becomes evid5t t ! latt] are n exclud$1 & ?us ! =m] d n det]m9e ! "*4 #adi4 ,9 ord] to exclude ! morally evil1 ! praisewor?y traits ( ! objective side ( "* ne$ to be re9=c$ by ! good resolutions ( ! subjective "p4 ,^! resolutions1 to be wor? any?+ morally1 mu/ re/ on t !oretical judgm5t :]eby ! pupil ?r\gh examples comes to di/+ui% betwe5 bett] & worse 9 will+4 ,z long z 8 judg+ lacks cle>ness1 en]gy1 & complet5ess1 8 resolutions are )\t a f\ndation 9 8 m9d & he>t4 ,!y are h>dly m ?an memoriz$ words4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! !oretical judgm5t has become int]wov5 ) ! totality ( int]e/ gr[+ out ( exp]i5ce1 social int]c\rse1 & in/ruction1 x creates a w>m affection = ! good :]ev] f\nd1 an affection :i* influ5ces n only all ( ! pupil's ef=ts ( w1 b also ! mann] 9 :i* he assimilates :at in/ruction & life h5ce=? (f]4 #aej4 ,f9ally1 9 ord] to =tify moral decisions1 we mu/ avail ourselves ( ! assi/ance d]iv$ f ! logical cultivation ( maxims1 f ! sy/ematic unification ( ! same1 & f _! con/ant application 9 life4 ,"h ! organic connection betwe5 "* gr[? & ! =mation ( habits ( reflection becomes app>5t2 tra9+ is1 !re=e1 obvi\sly unable to accompli% its "w except 9 conjunction ) in/ruction4 ,z soon z a pupil gets a cle> notion t a pres5t$ ideal ( conduct promotes ! true realization ( 8 own be+1 he is 9 a position to acquire an int]e/ 9 rea*+ t ideal4 ,an end1 hi!rto remote1 comes ne>]1 s t x beg9s to ex]cise influ5ce ^u ! conduct t leads to x4 ,conv5tion1 appeal1 or ev5 compulsion f )\t1 are n[ re9=c$ by ! good resolutions aris+ f ! pupil's own subjective /ates4 ,"h we see ! int]action ( intellectual & emotional capacities4 ,! intellect p]ceives relations1 ?us br++ into consci\sness a new ideal2 ?is di/ant end is m$iat$ inasmu* z desire or feel+ impels ! pupil to ent] ^u a c\rse ( conduct ^: /ages lead to ! ideal goal4#ae #ae ,see ,dewey1 8,int]e/ z ,relat$ to ,w10 repr9t by ! ,national ,h]b>t ,society = #ahii1 pp4 #ae-af4 ,,*apt] ,v ,helps 9 ,tra9+ #aea4 ,! function ( tra9+ does n consi/1 x is true1 9 always re/ra9+ & m$dl+2 /ill less 9 +raft+ ! practices ( o!rs to take ! place ( ! pupil's self-activity4 ,nev]!less1 refusal & p]mission are s mu* a "p ( tra9+ t ! pupil becomes f> m dep5d5t ?r\gh tra9+ ?an m]e gov]nm5t c\ld make him4 ,9 gov]nm5t a few rules may be en=c$ v /rictly1 :ile 9 o!r respects ! boy is left to himself2 9 tra9+ a simil> relaxation ( vigilance is sc>cely ev] p]missible4 ,only ! /ronge/ gr\nds = confid5ce 9 a pupil w\ld ju/ify su* a c\rse4 ,! wat*ful tea*]1 ev5 )\t aim+ to d s1 always %[s "s degree ( approbation or dissatisfaction4 ,9 _m cases ?is is all t is necess>y2 at times1 ) s5sitive pupils1 ev5 ?is is too mu*4 ,unaccu/om$ c5sure hurts !m m ?an 0 int5d$1 :ile no evid5ce1 h[ev] slight1 ( approval1 escapes _! notice4 ,! tea*] %\ld be consid]ate 9 8 treatm5t ( su* s5sibility4 #aeb4 ,) reg>d to re/ra9t ( fre$om1 ke5ness ( s5sibility is m common4 ,9 ?is connection ano!r po9t also calls = consid]ation4 ,fre$om is ( ! utmo/ direct importance to =mation ( "*1 provid$ x issues 9 well-weigh$ & successful action4 ,= f success spr+s ! confid5ce ( w :]eby desire rip5s into decision4 ,:]e rational action may be look$ =1 fre$om ( action mu/ be grant$2 :]e ! opposite is true1 ! e>ly appe>ance ( a vivid consci\sness ( self-activity is fraught ) dang]4 ,frequ5t c5sure & curtailm5t ( fre$om g5]ally blunt s5sibility1 r m1 h[ev]1 s5sibility to words ?an to re/rictions4 ,accord+ly1 :]e repetition ( c5sure is necess>y1 ! language may & %\ld v>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*]'s practice ) respect to p]mission & prohibition mu/1 :]e possible1 be felt to be p]man5t1 ev5 if x 7 only to conf9e ! grant+ ( ! same p]mission to /at$ times1 9 accordance ) an adopt$ habit4 ,lack ( uni=mity1 except = obvi\s reasons1 impresses pupils z arbitr>9ess & caprice2 fix$ limits are endur$ m easily4 #aec4 ,! s5sibilities are irritat$ lea/ by m]e directions1 by daily rem9d+1 by calls at ! appo9t$ h\r1 )\t words ( reproa*4 ,!re are num]\s details ( daily life :i* mu/ be plac$ "u ! rule ( ord]1 b x w\ld be unwise to make m ( !m ?an !y des]ve4 ,%>p reprim&s ought n to be wa/$ on petty acts ( neglig5ce2 !y are ne$$ = important ?+s4 ,rules mu/ be obey$2 b a light puni%m5t1 "o t does n w\nd ! feel+s1 is m suitable "h ?an h>% words c\ld be4 #aed4 ,closely relat$ to ! =ego+ is ! cultivation ( habits t imply endurance1 or ! be>+ ( deprivation )\t murmur1 or ev5 an inur+ to positive h>d%ips4 ,9 ef=ts t5d+ 9 ?is direction x is n suffici5t m]ely to refra9 f hurt+ ! pupil's feel+s2 y\?ful good humor & love ( fun mu/ be all[$ free expression besides4 #aee4 ,mis*iev\s consequ5ces foll[ if *ildr5 become accu/om$ to frequ5t1 unnecess>y gratification ( desires1 or to a r\nd ( artificial pleasures :i* include nei!r "w nor ex]cise4 ,to m5tion only "o su* consequ5ce1 ! att5dant blunt+ ( ! s5sibilities r5d]s ineffectual num]\s m9or aids ( tra9+ :i* may be employ$ to good advantage ) unspoil$ *ildr54 ,x takes little to give *ildr5 a great v>iety ( pleasures :5 great mod]ation is a matt] ( daily practice1 & = ?is v reason we ne$ to husb&1 z x 71 our res\rces = giv+ enjoym5t1 9 ord] t mu* may be accompli%$ ) little4 ,h>mless games1 p>ticul>ly1 %\ld n be spoil$ = *ildr5 by mak+ !m feel t !y mu/ cultivate ! /aid behavior ( adults4 ,_! own ambition fills !m only too e>ly ) ! desire to appe> no long] z *ildr54 #aef4 ,! good tea*]'s wat*fulness w ext5d ev5 to petty details1 :i* may inde$ prove mom5t\s en\gh 9 8 little _w4 ,^! are n s important1 h[ev]1 z ! mutual relations ( ! cop]at+ factors3-- 7#a7 ,relation betwe5 ,action & ,re/4 ,! p[]s ( ! *ild mu/ be giv5 some?+ to d1 b ex]cise is to fur!r _! gr[? & h5ce mu/ n be c>ri$ to ! po9t ( exhau/ion4 ,n[ & !n a boy mu/ conv9ce himself by exp]i5ce t great ?+s may be a*iev$ by /r5u\s ef=t1 b sev]e te/s ( ?is k9d mu/ nev] be p]mitt$ to become ! rule4 7#b7 ,relation betwe5 t :i* puts d[n & t :i* lifts up4 ,! means ( tra9+ t humble & ^? t enc\rage %\ld balance z ne>ly z possible4 ,t :i* rises ( its own accord requires no rais+ up2 b :5 along ! :ole c\rse ( tra9+ criticism p]ceptibly exce$s enc\ragem5t1 x loses its effectiv5ess & (t5 embitt]s pupils m ?an x b5efits !m4 7#c7 ,relation betwe5 ,re/ra9t & ,fre$om4 ,! *ild's surr\nd+s & companion%ip %\ld af=d protection aga9/ temptation1 b 8 environm5t mu/ be suffici5tly ample & ri* to prev5t mu* long+ = t :i* is outside4 #aeg4 ,! outcome is unc]ta9 9 ! case ( ^? aids to tra9+ ^: effect on ! s5sibilities ( ! pupils _c be =ese54 ,"s ( !m are1 nev]!less1 well wor? try+1 f9al judgm5t be+ susp5d$ until aft] ! result has be5 obs]v$4 ,"u ?is head belong especially ! /rictly p$agogical puni%m5ts & rew>ds :i* are patt]n$ aft] ! natural consequ5ces ( do+ or n do+4 ,! boy :o comes late loses ! anticipat$ enjoym5t2 if he de/roys 8 ?+s1 he mu/ d )\t !m2 ov]-indulg5ce is foll[$ by bitt] m$ic9e2 tattl+ by removal f ! circle 9 :i* matt]s requir+ discretion are discuss$1 etc4 ,su* puni%m5ts d n subs]ve moral improvem5t1 b !y w>n & tea* a lesson4 ,to :at ext5t !y w d s we are (t5 unable to tell be=eh&2 a pr(itable rem9isc5ce may be reta9$ at all ev5ts4 ,! discipl9e ( consequ5ces has be5 mu* emphasiz$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 8,education40 ,its limit$ usefulness 9 moral tra9+ is po9t$ out 9 ! =ego+ section4 ,act+ l a me*anical law1 x t5ds to h ! same effect ^u ! feel+s t a physical law has4 ,h[ c\ld "o's moral s5sibilities be impress$ by ! law ( gravitation8 ,nature makes u prud5t1 b sc>cely good4 #aeh4 ,sometimes ! "q is h[ to set pupils on ! "r track aga94 ,!y h gr[n li/less1 = in/ance1 or pursue _! tasks ) reluctance4 ,"h we may pr(itably resort to a sudd5 int]ruption by a *ange ( employm5t4 ,x happ5s occasionally t pupils1 physically /rong1 are guilty ( v bad behavior t p]si/s 9 spite ( admonitions & puni%m5ts1 or reappe>s 9 ano!r =m1 b :i* is1 aft] all1 at bottom1 only ! result ( a /ate ( ill humor t c easily be correct$4 ,an unexpect$1 trifl+ pres5t1 an unusual act ( att5tion1 w v likely break d[n ! pupil's res]ve1 & :5 ! cause ( ! tr\ble has once be5 asc]ta9$1 x w be possible to discov] a rem$y4 #aei4 ,9 ! case ( ^? t are weak physically1 fur!rance ( heal? comb9$ ) p]sev]+ pati5ce is ! fir/ & *ief duty4 ,b k9dness %\ld n deg5]ate into weak indulg5ce2 on ! o!r h&1 close sup]vision mu/ take ! place ( e =m ( h>% treatm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,tra9+ #afj4 ,! di/9ctions relative to "* & morality 7#adc-aej7 furni% ! ?read ( reflection on ?is subject4 ,concisely /at$1 ! function ( tra9+ is to support1 to det]m9e1 & to regulate2 to keep ! pupil1 on ! :ole1 9 a tranquil & s]5e frame ( m9d2 to ar\se him occasionally by approval & repro(2 to rem9d at ! prop] mom5t1 & to correct faults4 ,a m def9ite significance w be imp>t$ to ?is brief summ>y by a comp>ative /udy & application ( ! ideas analyz$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,:ile we may accept ! /atem5t t ! function ( tra9+ is to support1 to det]m9e1 & to regulate1 we mu/ n =get to ask3 ,to :at end %all x d ^! ?+s8 ,! answ] is1 t ?\gh ! means ( moral tra9+ are always psy*ological1 ! ends are always social4 ,support mu/ hold ! pupil up to social /&>ds1 ! directive p[] ( ! tea*] mu/ be ex]cis$ = social ends1 :ile all regulation ( ! pupil's activities mu/ po9t to ! same result4 ,!re is sc>cely a virtue to be nam$ t does n f9d its ultimate mean+ 9 its application to conduct z affect+ o!rs4 ,?is is true ev5 9 primitive society4 ,9 mod]n urban society x is n only true1 b va/ly important4 ,! discussion 9 ,*apt] ,,vi is psy*ological ?r\gh\t4 ,x mu/ be ! purpose ( ! annotation to po9t out ! social implications4 #afa4 ,fir/1 :at is meant by ! support+ activity ( tra9+ becomes cle>] if we recall ! rem>ks made conc]n+ memory ( ! w 7#adg7 z oppos$ to ! ?\ghtlessness usually ascrib$ to y\?4 ,! ?\ghtless boy does n rememb] pa/ acts ( w4 ,he /&s 9 ne$ ( be+ support$ by tra9+4 ,?is1 fur!r analysis %[s1 is done 9 two ways3 by hold+ him back f ! wrong c\rse1 & by hold+ him up to ! "r c\rse4 ,tra9+ presupposes an effici5t gov]nm5t & ! ob$i5ce consequ5t to x4 ,by implication1 ! pupil w\ld n d>e to disobey a comm& if giv54 ,b comm&s ought to be employ$ sp>+ly1 & only :5 inevitable4 ,impos$ too frequ5tly1 !y w\ld preclude self-developm5t2 if giv5 to adolesc5ts = any b obvi\s & urg5t reasons1 ob$i5ce w\ld n long cont9ue4 ,9 %ort1 gov]nm5t acts at int]vals4 ,b ! pupil _c be p]mitt$ to live 9 a /ate ( lawless lib]ty 9 ! meantime4 ,he mu/ rema9 s5sible1 be x ev] s little1 ( c]ta9 limits :i* he is n all[$ to ov]/ep4 ,?is result is ! aim ( ! support+ function ( tra9+4 ,b ! pupil1 ev5 ?\gh he be g5]ally ob$i5t1 does n obey e "o1 nor "u all circum/ances1 nor always fully1 promptly1 & )\t opposition2 & :5 he once fails to comply ) g5tle words1 he w be /ill less ready to yield to a sev]e mann] t[>d himself4 ,( c\rse1 ! tea*] mu/ "k on :at support he may dep5d2 ! fa!r ne$s to h made up 8 m9d h[ f> he w\ld be will+ to g ) co]cive measures if necess>y2 ! private tutor1 to :at ext5t he may c\nt on ! back+ ( p>5ts2 ! tea*] 9 a public in/itution1 h[ f> 8 c\rse ( action w\ld be upheld by 8 sup]iors4 ,b all ?is involves an appeal f tra9+ to gov]nm5t1 a /ep to be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,mo/ ( ! unpleasant cases ( intractability1 :]e rec\rse to gov]nm5t becomes unavoidable1 are ! gradual result ( cont9u$ weak indulg5ce4 ,( su* cases no acc\nt is tak5 "h1 & ju/ly s1 s9ce1 ap>t f all else1 ev5 defiant ob/9acy1 provid$ re/ra9t has n be5 ca/ (f utt]ly1 soon breaks d[n & gives way to remorse :5 x is met by s]i\s & delib]ate firmness4 ,! mo/ obvi\s ways t ! s*ool has ( secur+ a good 8memory ( w0 are ^? by :i* x en=ces ! well-kn[n s*ool virtues1--regul>ity1 punctuality1 sil5ce1 & indu/ry4 ,x is to ! acquisition ( ^! habits t ! gov]nm5t1 or discipl9e1 ( ! s*ool is *iefly direct$4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,t4 ,h>ris has po9t$ out 9 detail ! significance ( ?is acquisition 9 ! developm5t ( "*4#af ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ! tea*]'s p]sonal au?ority is re9=c$ by social pressure bo? )9 & )\t ! s*ool4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( a city ( ?irte5 ?\s& inhabitants reports t b #adfb cases ( t>d9ess occurr$ dur+ a :ole s*ool ye>4 ,! pupils ( ea* room are giv5 a brief holiday1 f "t to "t1 provid$ nobody 9 t room is t>dy dur+ ! /at$ p]iod4 ,?is br+s an imm5se social pressure )9 ! s*ool to be> 9 secur+ prompt att5dance4 ,happ5+ to visit ! ,sup]9t5d5t's (fice 9 a city ( "s sixty ?\s& p1 ! writ] obs]v$ ! foll[+ sc5e3 ,a "y girl ( p]haps f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 accompani$ by h] fa!r1 :o 0 a =eign]1 unable to speak ,engli% flu5tly1 ent]$ ! (fice4 ,! girl began at once to make excuses = h] bro!r :o 0 a some:at confirm$ truant1 & to beg t he might be excus$ & re9/at$4 ,to objections /at$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 ! fa!r ) mu* emotion repli$1 8,oh1 ,mr4 ,sup]9t5d5t1 won't y give my boy ano!r trial80 ,! boy _h be5 #8tri$ aga9' s _m times t fa!r & daught] 7 ref]r$ to ! judge1 an (fic] hav+ jurisdiction ov] su* cases4 ,! p5alty = p]si/5t truancy 0 att5dance at a /ate re=matory s*ool4 ,?is is a case 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ! tea*] 9 secur+ regul>ity ( att5dance 0 re9=c$ by ! community outside ! s*ool4 ,! con/ant pressure ( s*ool & community t5d to e/abli% habits ( w memory t s]ve z an excell5t f\ndation = lat] moral tra9+4 #af ,?ird ,ye> ,book ( ! ,national ,h]b>t ,society4 #afb4 ,be=e tra9+ c h )9 itself ! p[] to make up defici5cies 9 ob$i5ce1 !re mu/ be awak5$ 9 ! pupil a vivid feel+ t ! approval ( 8 tea*] is a valuable possession1 :i* he w\ld be loa? to lose4 ,?is ! tea*] w br+ ab\t 9 proportion to ! effective & welcome %>e he has 9 ! life ( 8 pupil4 ,he mu/ give be=e he c receive4 ,fur!rmore1 if 9 8 op9ion ! pupil ne$s to be turn$ 9 a diff]5t direction1 he %\ld n und]e/imate ! difficulty ( ! task be=e him2 he mu/ proce$ sl[ly4 ,! initial /eps 9 "* tra9+ are admirably describ$ by ,niemey] 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! tea*]'s fir/ duty is to /udy ! positively good elem5ts 9 ! native "* ( ! be+ to be educat$4 ,to pres]ve ^!1 to /r5g!n !m1 to trans=m !m into virtue1 & to =tify !m aga9/ e dang]1 %\ld be 8 incessant endeavor4 ,!y %\ld con/itute ! keynote1 z x 71 ( 8 :ole me?od ( education4 ,he %\ld look = ! good ev5 9 ! spoilt & vici\s pupil1 & %\ld try to br+ x to light1 no matt] h[ _m we$s may h sprung up alongside ( x4 ,= all subsequ5t moral education mu/ />t f ?is po9t40 ,al?\gh ?is passage belongs 9 /rictness to ! discussion on moral education1 x is pla9ly entitl$ to a place "h also4 ,an appeal to ! pupil's bett] nature promotes ready compliance on 8 "p1 especially :5 x is accompani$ by ^? little c\rtesies t g ) cultivat$ social int]c\rse4 ,x is mo/ effective ) ^? :o possess at ! same "t ! /ronge/ memory ( w1 :i* x w n be difficult = ! support+ activity ( tra9+ to /r5g!n /ill fur!r4 #afc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! task ( tra9+ gr[s ardu\s 9 proportion z ! pupil fails to be> 9 m9d 8 acts ( w4 ,b ev5 "h !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 caprici\s unrul9ess & d[nright flight9ess & levity4 ,cases may arise :]e ! impetuosity ( ! pupil *all5ges ! tea*] to a k9d ( combat4 ,r ?an accept su* a *all5ge1 he w usually f9d x suffici5t at fir/ to reprove calmly1 to look on quietly1 to wait until fatigue sets 94 ,! emb>rass+ situations into :i* su* a pupil gets himself w furni% occasions = mak+ him feel a%am$1 & n[ x rema9s to be se5 :e!r or n he c be made to adopt a m equable behavior4 ,"h & !re tra9+ may 9 ?is way ev5 make good ! lack ( gov]nm5t2 sc>cely1 h[ev]1 = l>ge numb]s1 aft] unrul9ess has once begott5 vici\s habits4 ,combats ( any k9d betwe5 tea*] & pupil are to be deplor$4 ,a good tea*] is always /rong en\gh 9 8 m5tal sup]iority1 8 au?ority1 & 8 influ5ce z an executive to avoid x4 ,su* a conte/ %[s t ! pupil has become self-consci\s 9 a bad s5se4 ,he sets 8 p]sonality ov] aga9/ t ( ! tea*]4 ,if ! tea*] is s weak z to meet him on 8 own gr\nd1 ! pupil has a good *ance = a bad victory--bad = himself1 ! tea*]1 & ! s*ool4 ,x %\ld be a con/ant aim ( ! tea*] to supplant introspection1 :e!r p]ta9+ to feel+s or to wilfulness1 ) motor activity4 ,! pupil %\ld always be do+ some?+ t w promote n only 8 own be/ good1 b t ( ! s*ool also4 ,au?ority %\ld r>ely s ass]t itself z to incite or to p]mit a p]sonal conte/ ) ! pupil4 ,x %\ld be a /rong b almo/ unse5 presupposition ( all s*ool affairs4 ,"h z else:]e idl5ess is ! "m ( mis*ief4 ,lively action is sure to bani% morbid introspection4 #afd4 ,?\ghtlessness 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 :i* manife/s itself 9 =getfulness1 9 neglig5ce1 9 want ( /ead9ess1 & 9 s-call$ y\?ful escapades1 is a defect 9 native capacity1 & does n admit ( a radical cure1 imp]ceptible z x may become ) age1 by reason ( repeat$ w>n+s & dim9i%+ susceptibility to ext]nal impressions4 ,all ! m imp]ative is x 9 su* cases to support by tra9+1 9 ord] t ! evil consequ5ces ( ?is "* weakness may be prev5t$1 or at lea/ r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,= z soon z a ?\ghtlessly impulsive boy comes to take pleasure 9 8 conduct1 he w set himself aga9/ ord] & indu/ry1 & w /rive to discov] ! means :i* promise to secure = him a life )\t re/rictions4 ,?is dang] mu/ be =e/all$ by tra9+4 ,at ! beg9n+1 & be=e an evil w has _h "t to develop1 tra9+ mu/ take ! place ( w4 ,x mu/ br+ home to ! pupil t ( :i* he _h lo/ sight4 ,to 8 fluctuat+ & rov+ impulses x mu/ l5d its own ext]nal firmness & uni=mity1 :i* _c be creat$ at once1 if at all1 )9 ! pupil4 ,"h is ! prop] place = ! injunction1 n to argue ) *ildr54 8,i _c be too emphatic & outspok5 9 my w>n+ aga9/ too mu* argu+10 says ,c>ol9e ,rudolphi2 & ,s*w>z1 :o quotes ?is passage1 adds1 8,once is too (t540 ,niemey]1 aft] speak+ ( ! excesses ( abnormal livel9ess & *>act]iz+ ?\ghtlessness1 :i*1 he says1 8causes inatt5tion1 a disreg>d = consequ5ces1 & ha/y actions10 cont9ues ?us3 8,all ^! are n faults ( ! he>t2 /ill !y are faults t ne$ to be am5d$1 & ab\t ! only sure educational me?od = am5d+ !m is to cultivate "r habits4 ,positive puni%m5ts wisely *os5 may inde$ be employ$ z auxili>y means1 b only :5 !re are evid5ces ( a lack ( good int5tion1 or :5 ^! faults h become om9\sly prom95t40 ,he fur!r advises tea*]s to insi/ on ?is1 t pupils rectify on ! spot :at c be rectifi$1 s9ce vague recollections prove b>r5 ( good results4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 dispose ( ! :ole matt]1 b we are /ill discuss+ tra9+ z a support+ ag5cy1 & f ?is po9t ( view x is true t argum5t %\ld n be sub/itut$ = ! cultivation ( habits4 #afe4 ,to re/ra9 ! lively b ?\ghtless boy is m difficult ?an to keep him prop]ly active1 = ! latt] is comp>atively easy1 9 "s cases at lea/1 if in/ruction excites 8 int]e/4 ,! rev]se holds true = ! sluggi% boy because an attack has to be made on 8 indol5ce4 ,"h ! /imulation to physical ex]tion ?r\gh association ) wide-awake playmates is ! fir/ ?+ to be secur$2 & :]e h>d lessons _c z yet be manag$ successfully1 light] occupations w h to suffice4 ,:]e sluggi%ness is traceable to bodily feebl5ess1 improvem5t may be hop$ = f sanit>y measures & increas+ ye>s4 ,! foll[+ rule is to be obs]v$ ev]y:]e3 ,no ex]cise mu/ exce$ ! pupil's /r5g?1 b t :i* has once be5 begun mu/ be complet$4 ,at ! lea/1 pupils mu/ n be all[$ to drop _! "w z !y *oose2 !y mu/ look ^u x z a :ole1 h[ev] small4 #aff4 ,t ! support+ proc$ure ( tra9+ re/s on ! tea*]'s own be>+--on ! uni=mity ( 8 demeanor--ne$ h>dly be said2 b ?is ev5ness mu/ also /& out cle>ly be=e ! eyes ( ! pupils4 ,! tea*] ought to gu>d p>ticul>ly aga9/ caus+ ! compla9t t no "o kn[s h[ to please him1 t no?+ "o may d is done to 8 satisfaction4 ,:5 matt]s h come to ?is pass1 ! fir/ ?+ pupils d is to wat* 8 moods z !y might ! wea!r1 & to int]*ange obs]vations4 ,8 ugly mood is dread$2 8 pleasant mood is tak5 advantage ( = importunate reque/s4 ,! pupils try to move ! firm c5tre :i* is to support !m1 & ! fa9te/ signs ( success awak5 & fo/] extravagant hopes4 ,gradually ! aft]-effects ( e>li] gov]nm5t die out1 & a r5ewal ( sev]e measures draws ) x a tra9 ( new evils4 ,goldsmi? 9 8 8,des]t$ ,village0 has well portray$ ! 8moody0 tea*]3-- 8,a man sev]e he 01 & /]n to view2 ,i knew him well1 & e truant knew3 ,well _h ! bod+ trembl]s le>n$ to trace ,! day's disa/]s 9 8 morn+ face2 ,full well !y laugh$1 ) c\nt]feit$ glee1 ,at all 8 jokes1 = _m a joke _h he2 ,full well ! busy :isp]1 circl+ r\nd1 ,convey$ ! dismal tid+s :5 he fr[n$40 #afg4 ,second4 ,tra9+ is to ex]t a det]m9+ influ5ce2 x is to induce ! pupil to *oose 7#adg74 ,"u ?is head falls ! discrim9ation spok5 ( above betwe5 v>ieties ( volitional impulse--! w to be>1 to h1 & to d2 h5ce also exp]i5tial k ( ! natural consequ5ces ( do+ or ( failure to d 7#aeg71 = unless ^! are tak5 into consid]ation1 ! manifold ( w _c be r$uc$ to h>mony4 ,n[ ! fir/ po9t to be notic$ 9 connection ) ?is aspect ( tra9+ is t ! tea*] does n *oose = ! pupil4 ,! pupil himself mu/ *oose1 = x is 8 own "* t is to be det]m9$4 ,he mu/ himself exp]i5ce a "p1 al?\gh only ! smalle/ "p1 ( t :i* is desirable or h>mful4 ,t ! flame burns t a p9 pricks1 t a fall or knock hurts1 ?is lesson ev5 ! little *ild mu/ le>n2 & simil> exp]i5ces mu/ be ga9$ lat]1 provid$ !y d n c>ry ! pupil to ! v]ge ( s]i\s dang]4 ,ev]y?+ ess5tial has be5 accompli%$ if1 9 consequ5ce ( actual exp]i5ces confirm+ ! tea*]'s words ( w>n+1 ! pupil believes o!r w>n+s )\t wait+ = confirmation4 ,n second 9 importance to ! act ( *oos+ is ! cont5t ( ! *oice4 ,if conduct mu/ h a social outcome1 all ! activities ( ! s*ool w focus at ?is po9t4 ,9 ord] to h rational *oice !re mu/ be fir/ ( all social intellig5ce4 ,?is x is ! function ( in/ruction to develop4 ,accord+ to a well-kn[n doctr9e ( ,h]b>t1 x is ! *ief duty ( in/ruction to make a progressive revelation to ! pupil ( ! e?ical _w1 9 ord] t 8 puny w may gradually be re9=c$ by race exp]i5ce4 ,! in/rum5ts = ?is revelation are ! /udies on ! "o h&1 & ! conduct ( ! s*ool accord+ to social pr9ciples on ! o!r4 ,9 ! second place1 t ! e?ical *oice may truly express ! pupil's inw>d /ate1 r ?an 8 outw>d con/ra9t1 x mu/ gr[ out ( 8 insight z suffus$ by 8 social responsiv5ess to e?ical ideas4 ,9 o!r words1 8 disposition %\ld confirm 8 intellectual p]ception ( ! "r l9e ( conduct4 ,?is raises ! :ole matt] ( int]e/ z relat$ to w4#ag ,"h aga9 natural1 spontane\s1 almo/ unconsci\s attitude is va/ly sup]ior to morbid introspection1 no matt] h[ #8good' ! pupil's disposition may prove to be4 ,a boy %\ld n h to #8reflect' z to :e!r he w rob a bird's ne/ or n4 #ag ,see ,dr4 ,john ,dewey1 8,int]e/ z ,relat$ to ,w10 ,national ,h]b>t ,society1 repr9t = #ahii4 #afh4 ,pleasure & pa9 arise s l>gely out ( social relations t ! pupil mu/ gr[ up amid/ a social environm5t 9 ord] to become some:at acqua9t$ ) 8 natural place among m54 ,?is requirem5t gives rise accord+ly to solicit\s precautions aga9/ a bad example & rud5ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a boy's companions %\ld n be *os5 ) su* anxi\s c>e z if ! int5tion 7 to sp>e him ! feel+ ( pressure :i* 9 all human society is g5]at$ by ! ef=ts & c\nt]-ef=ts ( m54 ,too great complaisance on ! "p ( playmates causes delusions z to ! actual conditions ( life4 ,aga91 society & seclusion mu/ alt]nate4 ,! social curr5t is n to c>ry ev]y?+ else along ) x1 & to become m p[]ful ?an education4 ,ev5 ! boy1 & mu* m ! y\?1 mu/ le>n to be alone1 & to fill up 8 "t pr(itably4 ,unbrok5 association ( ! *ild ) 8 mates t5ds to br+ him too exclusively "u ! influ5ce ( imitation & ( act+ impulsively ^u ^? =ms ( unreason+ sugge/ion :i* sway ! cr[d1 ! gang1 & ! mob4 ,to quote ,pr(essor ,baldw93#ah 8,! *>act]i/ics ( ! social sugge/ions ^u :i* ! cr[d act %[ !m to be /rictly sugge/ions4 ,!y are n tru?s1 nor argum5ts1 nor insights1 nor inv5tions4444 ,! sugge/ible m9d has v well kn[n m>ks4 ,balzac hit (f "o ( !m 9 #8,eugnie ,gr&et' 9 ! "q1 #8,c x be t collectively man has no memory8' ,we might g ?r\gh ! li/ ( m5tal functions ask+ ! same "q ( !m "o by "o4 ,has man collectively no ?\ght1 no s5se ( values1 no delib]ation1 no self-control1 no responsibility1 no consci5ce1 no w1 no motive1 no purpose8 ,& ! answ] to ea* "q w\ld be ! same1 ,no1 he has none4 ,! sugge/ible consci\sness is ! consci\sness t has no pa/1 no future1 no height1 no dep?1 no developm5t1 no ref]5ce to any?+2 x is only 9 & out4 ,x takes 9 & x acts out--t is all !re is to x40 ,x is "h t we f9d ! s\rce ( ! y\?ful escapade s common to /reet1 s*ool1 & college1 z well z ( ! adult de$s ( diabolism t h s (t5 %ock$ ! moral s5se ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,! *ild ne$s frequ5t opportunities to be alone1 :5 he c 8come to himself0 z a responsible p]son4 ,ev5 :]e ! association ) 8 mates is p]fectly innoc5t1 !re is a gr[+ responsiv5ess to m]e sugge/ion4 ,?is t5d5cy is correct$ by att5tion to individual tasks & responsibilities4 #ah 8,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations10 pp4 #bcf-bcg4 #afi4 ,by liv+ alt]nately ) 8 equals 9 age & ) adults1 ! pupil gr[s famili> ) div]se /&>ds ( honor4 ,to unite ^!1 & to subord9ate "o to ! o!r 9 a prop] mann]1 w prove an easy or a difficult "p ( tra9+1 accord+ to ! small] or great] gap betwe5 ! value set on brute =ce on ! "o h&1 & ! dem& = good-bre$+1 z well z reg>d = tal5t & k1 on ! o!r4 ,! ma9 ?+ is n to fo/] ambition artificially1 ?\gh c>e mu/ be tak5 at ! same "t to refra9 f cru%+ out a natural & true self-e/eem4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ^? int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( a pupil /& 9 ne$ !mselves ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! self-deception due to extravagant hopes4 ,by giv+ !mselves up to ^!1 !y involunt>ily turn flatt]]s1 & pu% ! boy1 & ! "y man /ill m1 beyond ! position he is able to ma9ta94 ,bitt] exp]i5ces foll[4 ,! t5d5cy to an abnormal ov]e/imation ( ! value ( physical excell5ce is se5 9 ! attitude ( ! mod]n college t[>d a?letics4 ,d\btless ! public z a :ole /ill und]e/imates ! importance ( f9e physical developm5t4 ,our mod]n life ) its n]ve-rack+ occupation w %att] ! effici5cy ( l>ge portions ( ! race1 unless ! physical organism is s develop$ z to )/& ! /ra94 ,?is1 if true ( m51 is /ill m true ( wom51 :o are n[ und]tak+ _m new l9es ( exhau/+ labor1 n ! easie/ ( :i* is tea*+4 ,b ! college /ud5t is prone to adore muscle4 ,! successful a?lete is1 = a brief p]iod1 prais$1 pett$1 & adv]tis$ f> m ?an is ! able/ /ud5t or pr(essor 9 ! in/itution4 ,sc>cely d ! noble/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce or philan?ropy receive s mu* notice z a successful full-back on a foot-ball team4 ,! a?lete goes up inde$ l a rocket1 />tl+ ! e> & dazzl+ ! eye = a mom5t--!n oblivion1 or des]v$ obscurity4 ,! tea*] mu/ endeavor to displace ?is false e/imate ( values by "o m true if less excit+4 #agj4 ,! reg>d = ! value ( ?+s 9 _! relation to ! ord9>y necessities ( life develops some:at m sl[ly ?an ! natural s5se ( honor4 ,?is is true especially ( money1 :i* at fir/ boys r>ely "k h[ to use4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ei!r ?is or t1 :i* a fix$ sum w buy1 ! boy falls a victim to ! deception t lurks 9 say+1 ?is & t4 ,9 ?is respect also ! pupil ne$s to ga9 exp]i5ce on a small scale2 he mu/1 moreov]1 come to "k ! value ( objects la/1 n m]ely 9 t]ms ( money1 b also 9 t]ms ( ! inconv5i5ce ( do+ )\t !m4 ,w>n+s aga9/ petty clos5ess are seldom necess>y2 n infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 a boy foll[s common talk1 & x may happ5 t he practises p>simony by imitation1 & squ&]s 9 ob$i5ce to 8 own impulses4 ,:]e faults ( ?is sort are n conqu]$ by ! pupil's own s5se ( honor1 !y fall )9 ! prov9ce ( moral education4 ,a mod]n device = tea*+ *ildr5 ! value ( money1 & especially ! usefulness ( sav+ x1 is ! in/itution ( s*ool sav+s banks4 ,"h ! pupil develops 8 in/9cts = accumulation4 ,at ! same "t he le>ns to inhibit 8 (t5 inord9ate fondness = sp5d+4 ,if indulg5ce to self1 accompani$ by p5uri\sness t[>d o!rs1 is p]mitt$ to gr[ into a habit 9 *ildhood & y\?1 x becomes a s\rce ( mu* unhapp9ess 9 lat] family life4 ,wife & *ildr5 are (t5 victims ( ?is k9d ( selfi%ness4 ,n[ t wom5 are 9 ! ma9 ! tea*]s ( *ildr51 !y %\ld h ! int]e/ ( _! sex suffici5tly at he>t to inculcate suitable ideals & habits respect+ ! ga!r+ & sp5d+ ( money4 ,no =m ( selfi%ness is s obnoxi\s z self-indulg5ce at ! exp5se ( ^? :o h a natural "r to an equitable %>e ( :at is produc$4 ,! #8meanness' ( su* conduct if con/antly unveil$ w effect its own cure4 #aga4 ,:5 exp]i5ce has taught ! pupil to :at ext5t he mu/ endure or ne$ n endure ! pressure ( human society1 & :at honors1 objects1 enjoym5ts1 he c h or mu/ d )\t1 ! "q arises3 ,h[ does he connect all ?is ) ! pursuits :i* attract or repel him8 ,! ?\ghtful pupil soon realizes1 )\t be+ told1 t "o ?+ (t5 makes ano!r possible1 t "o ?+ involves or conditions ano!r4 ,b ^u ! ?\ghtless boy ?is tru? does n impress itself ) suffici5t =ce2 consequ5tly1 ! tea*] has to help him to deep5 t impression1 because a man )\t a settl$ m9d reg>d+ ^! matt]s rema9s devoid ( "*4 ,yet a lack ( fix$ness is (t5 desirable r ?an o!rwise--a /atem5t apply+ to ^? pupils ^: intellectual int]e/s x is ! bus9ess ( in/ruction to awak51 or ^: moral & religi\s culture are z yet 9 a backw>d /ate4 ,! objective "p ( "* 7#adb7 %\ld n become fix$ too soon2 & v (t5 a l>ge "p ( ! value ( tra9+ consi/s 9 ret>d+ ?is process4 ,su* an end is subs]v$ by ! re/ra9t "u :i* ! pupil is kept by ! subord9ate position assign$ to him 9 con=mity ) 8 age1 & p>ticul>ly by ! refusal ( fre$om to act )\t p]mission1 & accord+ to 8 own incl9ation 7#aeb74 ,! !oretical judgm5t ( w relations 7#adi7 is frequ5tly late 9 matur+1 or rema9s weak 9 comp>ison ) ! impression produc$ by ! exp]i5ces m5tion$4 ,9 t case moral ardor is also want+1 & if ! pupil 7 giv5 lib]ty to d z he *ose1 8 "* w\ld be =m$1 to be sure1 b 9 ! wrong way4 ,r w\ld x be bett] to enc\rage juv5ile amusem5ts1 & ev5 boyi% games1 beyond ! usual age limit4 #agb4 ,?ird4 ,regulative tra9+ beg9s its "w ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! subjective "p ( "* 7#adc74 ,= an e>li] p]iod ! rule n to argue ) *ildr5 holds good 7#afd72 t is1 x holds good z long z we c get along ) x4 ,t /age1 h[ev]1 is pass$ :5 ! pupil beg9s to reason = himself2 9 o!r words1 :5 8 ?9k+ has acquir$ su* consecutiv5ess t 8 ?\ghts no long] come & g z mom5t>y fancies1 b atta9 to p]man5cy & coh]5ce4 ,reason+ processes ( ?is sort ought n to be left to !mselves1 nor c !y be repress$ by dictatorial decrees4 ,! educator mu/ n[ ent] into 8 pupil's tra9s ( reflection1 mu/ argue ) him & prev5t fur!r developm5t 9 ! wrong direction4 ,! t5d5cy to set up rules reveals itself e>ly2 = example1 9 ! games ( *ildr54 ,comm&s z to :at to d are giv5 e mom5t1 only ^! imp]atives are imp]fectly obey$ & (t5 *ang$4 ,nei!r is !re lack ( orig9al1 *ildi% resolutions2 b !y c mean little s long z !y d n rema9 ! same4 ,x is v diff]5t :5 !y acquire /ability1 :5 means & ends comb9e into plans1 :5 execution is attempt$ "u difficulties1 & f9ally :5 ^! resolves are ?\ght 9 ! =ms ( g5]al concepts1 !reby lay+ claim to validity 9 possible future in/ances1 & becom+ ?us trans=m$ into maxims4 #agc4 ,! wise =e?\ght ess5tial to regulative tra9+ requires 9 ! fir/ place t ! tea*] %all r tol]ate an inconv5i5t discussion ?an *eck a frank expression ( op9ion1 provid$ ! objections ( ! pupil are indubitably s9c]e1 & 8 vanity1 we w say1 is n flatt]$ too mu* by ! unexpect$ consid]ation accord$ to 8 rem>ks4 ,! same =esight is to be ex]cis$ 9 cases :]e x proves impossible to conv9ce ! pupil at once4 ,"h ! f9al judgm5t1 in/ead ( be+ insi/$ ^u1 %\ld r be po/pon$2 x w always be easy to po9t out to ! pupil 8 lack ( adequate k & to ref] him to future /udies4 ,! positiv5ess t usually *>act]izes ! ass]tions ( boys & "y m51 g5]ally has its roots 9 _! great ignorance4 ,!y h n ! lea/ inkl+ ( h[ _m op9ions h be5 held & disput$4 ,in/ruction w gradually cure !m ( _! excessive self-confid5ce4 ,only 9 a pure despotism w\ld ! en=cem5t ( unque/ion+ ob$i5ce to au?ority be admissible4 ,no c\ntry aspir+ to political lib]ty c\ld tol]ate su* a sy/em4 ,ev5 if all political consid]ations 7 dismiss$1 ! developm5t ( subjective "* alone w\ld dem& a condemnation ( su* a me?od4 ,b 9 a c\ntry l ours1 :]e m5 are bo? p]sonally & politically self-gov]n+1 education to lead]%ip is n second to education to ob$i5ce4 ,!re comes a "t1 !re=e1 :5 argum5t is 9 place1 provid$ its purpose is to cl>ify ! pupil's insight into prud5ce or duty4 ,x w n be too mu* to insi/ ^u ob$i5ce )\t argum5t ) all pupils s f> z ! ord9>y s*ool virtues--regul>ity1 punctuality1 sil5ce1 & indu/ry--are conc]n$4 ,old & "y c see _! necessity4 ,:5 x comes to ! m intricate phases ( conduct1 ! gr\nds = au?ority1 if x is /ill ex]cis$1 may be reveal$ ?r\gh dialogue4 ,x is ! con/ant ef=t ( tra9+ to e/abli% regulative pr9ciples 9 ! m9ds ( ! old] pupils1 s t )9 ! range ( _! capacity !y may become self-gov]n+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! moral plateaus ( ,kant are to be atta9$1 n at a b\nd1 b by a gradual progress 9 moral autonomy4 ,h]e9 we see ! sup]iority ( ,h]b>t's conception ( moral tra9+4 ,:at ,kant gave up z an unsolvable problem1 c be se5 to be only a natural process4 ,says ,kant1 8,h[ a law c ( itself directly det]m9e ! w is = human reason an insoluble problem1 = x is id5tical ) ! problem h[ a free w is possible40#ai ,! difficulty ) ,kant's !ory 0 t he admitt$ no psy*ological means = atta9+ ! free directive p[] ( ! m9d4 ,he c\ld only say to ! *ild3 8,y are free2 be free4 ,y are morally autonom\s2 ex]cise y\r p[]2 be a free1 self-gov]n+ citiz540 ,kant reg>d$ natural impulses1 emotions1 desires1 pleasures1 int]e/s1 z impure1 h5ce to be reject$4 ,!y are inde$ to be reject$ z ! f9al ends ( "*1 b :at ,kant did n recognize is t !y are ! psy*ological means = atta9+ "*4 ,prim>ily ^! feel+s1 f> f be+ radically bad1 z he ?\ght1 are radically good1 s9ce !y help to furni% ! necess>y conditions ( survival1 bo? = ! individual & = ! race4 ,hung]1 fe>1 c\rage1 combativ5ess1 prud5ce1 sexual in/9ct1 inquisitiv5ess1 love ( adornm5t1 frugality1 & a hundr$ o!r elem5tal passions h pres]v$ ! race f de/ruction 9 ! pa/4 ,a new set ( social & intellectual impulses w 9 ! future provide ! in/rum5ts ( survival1 n[ t ! field ( evolution is transport$ f ! jungle to ! city4 ,x is ?r\gh intellectual insights t new ideals are =mulat$2 x is ?r\gh ^! elem5tal feel+s t ! active p[]s ( ! m9d are /irr$ up to motor effici5cy = _! realization4 ,f be+ biological means = physical survival1 ! feel+s ( man h n[ become psy*ological means = civic survival4 ,psy*ologically1 !re=e1 m5 are n born free2 !y become free4 ,to become free !y mu/ h opportunity to ex]cise fre$om2 at fir/ )9 def9ite b wid5+ limits :ile !y are "u ! tuition ( ! s*ool2 lat] )9 ! limits set by civil society2 at la/ absolutely1 :5 !y h recogniz$ t :at is rational law 9 society is ! law ( _! own be+4 #ai 8,selections10 p4 #bhd4 #agd4 ,b ! matt] ( greate/ importance f ! po9t ( view ( tra9+ is consi/5cy or inconsi/5cy ( action4 ,"o :o lightly sets up maxims mu/ be made to feel ! difficulty ( liv+ up to !m4 ,9 ?is way a mirror is held up to ! pupils1 p>tly 9 ord] to put to r\t unt5able maxims1 & p>tly to re9=ce valid pr9ciples4 ,among ! unt5able maxims we include also ^? :i*1 al?\gh 9 accord ) prud5ce1 w\ld (f5d aga9/ morality4 ,if ! pupil does n see already t !y _c be ma9ta9$1 ! application1 by exhibit+ _! objectionable consequ5ces1 mu/ br+ to light _! true "*4 #age4 ,regulative tra9+ (t5 calls = r\s+ words f ! tea*]4 ,he has to rem9d ! pupil ( happ5+s 9 ! pa/ & pr$ict future consequ5ces 9 case 8 faults %\ld cont9ue2 he has to induce him to look )9 himself = ! purpose ( trac+ ! causal connection ( 8 actions to its s\rce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 done e>li]1 ) a view to moral education1 no long spee*es are n[ ne$$4 ,moreov]1 ! tea*]'s rem>ks become calm] & brief] ! m effective !y h be51 ! m he is ju/ifi$ 9 expect+ indep5d5t judgm5t on ! "p ( ! pupil1 & f9ally ! m fully ! latt] has ent]$ ^u t p]iod dur+ :i* he looks ab\t him to obs]ve ! words & actions ( /rang]s4 ,=1 at ! "t :5 he has begun to comp>e ! new ) ! old1 8 receptivity = ! old is v weak1 & soon vani%es completely2 unless1 inde$1 ! old _h be5 deeply impress$ be=eh&4 ,! purpose ( ! 8r\s+ ^w0 is to /imulate ! m9d to ex]cise its dynamic =ce to moral ends4 ,! pupil mu/ n be p]mitt$ to assume ! attitude ( negation1 or to be a m]e passive obs]v]1 or an innoc5t1 devoid alike ( p[] & significance1 b he mu/ be r\s$ into a responsible "*1 an effici5t p>ticipant 9 life's activities4 ,successful appeal may be made to insights already acquir$1 b !oretically held2 to dispositions implant$1 b n yet actively ex]cis$2 to ! application ( old habits to new uses4 ,ev5 :]e appeal mu/ be made aga9/ objectionable conduct1 x is bett] to apply ! 8inhibition ( sub/itution0 to t ( 8negation40#bj ,:ile prote/+ aga9/ ! evil1 po9t ! way to ! "r road4 #bj ,james1 8,talks on ,psy*ology10 p4 #aib4 #agf4 ,f\r?4 ,! pupil is to be kept 9 a quiet frame ( m9d2 8 intellect 9 a /ate suitable = cle> appreh5sion4 ,to outbur/s ( passion ?is applies absolutely2 n s g5]ally to emotions4 ,above all1 tranquillity is ! condition = ! =mation ( !oretical judgm5ts & h5ce also1 al?\gh n exclusively s1 = lay+ ! f\ndation ( morality4 ,e desire may develop into passion1 if ! s\l is s (t5 & s long 9 a desir+ /ate t ?\ghts become focuss$ 9 ! object long$ =1 :]eby plans %ape !mselves1 hopes arise1 & ill-w t[>d o!rs /rikes root4 ,accord+ly1 wat*ful att5tion mu/ be giv5 to all p]si/5t & recurr5t desires4 #agg4 ,! mo/ usual desires are ^? :i* arise f ! physical ne$ ( food & ( bodily activity4 ,n[ ! fir/ /ep to take is1 :ile gu>d+ aga9/ excess1 to satisfy ^! natural impulses 9 ord] to subdue ! unrul9ess spr++ f unsatisfi$ crav+s4 ,we ought n to p]mit hung] to tempt a boy to /eal1 nor enc\rage truancy by mak+ him sit /ill too long4 ,?is w>n+ is n sup]flu\s4 ,su* ?+s happ5 ev5 9 families :]e less irrational practices might be expect$4 ,ov]-indulg5ce1 to be sure1 is ( f> m frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,:5 ! natural wants h lo/ _! /+1 a positive & irrevocable refusal mu/ be oppos$ to fur!r desires4 ,) x %\ld be comb9$ "s occupation capable ( div]t+ ! att5tion4 ,if ! object :i* cont9ues to excite desire c be remov$1 all ! bett]4 ,9 "o's own home ?is is m (t5 practicable1 & m necess>y z well1 ?an 9 t ( /rang]s4 ,if ! object _c be remov$1 gratification may be put (f until "s future "t4 ,! =ego+ /atem5t may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! eat+ ( fruit f ! tree4 ,an unconditional prohibition c>ries ) x a dang]\s temptation to disob$i5ce1 :ile unconditional p]mission w\ld be equally inadmissible on acc\nt ( ! pluck+ ( gre5 fruit1 let alone ! possible injury to ! or*>ds ( o!rs4 ,analogy w sugge/ _m simil> applications ( ! rule giv54 #agh4 ,aga91 *ildr5 mu/ be wat*$ at _! games4 ,! m free play ( ! imag9ation we discov]1 & ! m *ange !re is1 ! less cause = conc]n4 ,b :5 ! same game is frequ5tly repeat$ accord+ to ! same fix$ rules1 :5 a species ( /udy is devot$ to x 9 ord] to atta9 special pr(ici5cy1 passions may be g5]at$1 su*1 = in/ance1 z an excessive fondness = play+ at c>ds1 ev5 :]e no /akes are involv$4 ,gambl+ mu/ be =bidd5 entirely1 & 9 case compliance ) ?is prohibition is d\btful1 ob$i5ce mu/ be secur$ by wat*ful sup]vision4 ,to :at end %all a tea*] wat* ! games ( *ildr58 ,to prev5t ! bully+ ( ! weak by ! /rong1 to see t unfairness does n creep 91 to w>d (f vulg>ity & pr(anity--^! & simil> purposes w be 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*]4 ,"o ( ! *ief functions ( play1 h[ev]1 is to cultivate social effici5cy4 ,?is has two aspects1 will+ness to cop]ate ) a gr\p & ability to lead a gr\p4 ,x is necess>y t !re %\ld be alt]nation ( lead]%ip & cop]ation4 ,if "o *ild is all[$ to lead all ! "t1 he becomes ov]be>+2 if ano!r is always compell$ to foll[1 he becomes subs]vi5t4 ,ea* has a "o-sid$ developm5t4 ,)\t disc\rag+ unduly natural capacity = lead]%ip1 x is well = ! tea*] quietly to see to x t ea* *ild has 8 *ance1 bo? to lead & to foll[4 ,j z ! k9d]g>t5 utilizes play to simulate ! occupations ( m51 ar\s+ sympa?y ) !m & respect = !m1 s ! s*ool may by prop] modification make ! num]\s gr\p games1 9 :i* *ildr5 delight1 a pot5t means = secur+ cop]ative habits & a g5]al aptitude = social activities4 ,n a little att5tion is n[ paid to ! v>i\s =ms ( *ildr5's play4 ,?is is especially true ( su* publications z ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 publi%$ at ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts4 #agi4 ,an excell5t means to av]t ! dang]s connect$ ) passionate t5d5cies is to engage 9 ! acquisition ( "o ( ! f9e arts1 say music or draw+1 ev5 ?\gh !re %\ld be no m ?an a modicum ( tal5t4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be giv5 to und]/&1 h[ev]1 t he is n to take up ! /udy ( sev]al musical in/rum5ts at once1 nor give himself up to di/ract+ attempts 9 sundry bran*es ( pictorial repres5tation4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is to /rive consi/5tly = pr(ici5cy 9 "o def9ite direction4 ,9 ! total abs5ce ( aptitude we may avail ourselves ( pref]5ces ( "o k9d or o!r1 su* z fondness = collect+ plants or %ells1 = "w 9 papi]-ma*1 = jo9]y1 = g>d5+ ev51 etc4 ,poetical tal5t1 highly desirable 9 itself1 nev]!less dem&s a solid c\nt]weight 9 ! %ape ( s]i\s s*ol>ly ef=t2 = ! "y poet sets up claims t are likely to prove dang]\s if he becomes absorb$ 9 !m4 ,! importance ( ?is sugge/ion c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,x is a case ( ! p]man5t inhibition ( a ho/ ( possible evil t5d5cies by sub/itution4 ,! y\? :o c turn ) pleasure to 8 viol9 at e sp>e mom5t1 nev] s]i\sly misses ! companion%ip ( 8 mates4 ,he has1 moreov]1 a nev] fail+ s\rce ( enjoym5t :5 !re is no?+ to int]f]e ) 8 happ9ess1 & an equally inexhau/ible s\rce ( consolation :5 ! waves ( life are r\gh4 #ahj4 ,projects spr++ f passionate impulses1 & betray+ _! exi/5ce by _! int]f]5ce ) ord]1 dilig5ce1 & ! di/ribution ( "t1 mu/ be resolutely ?w>t$4 ,?is /ep is r5d]$ all ! m urg5t :5 sev]al %>e 9 ! same plan1 above all :5 o/5tation1 p>ty _s1 & rivalry ent] z impell+ factors4 ,su* ?+s mu/ n be all[$ to ga9 gr\nd2 !y v quickly vitiate ! soil :i* education has be5 at su* pa9s to prep>e = tillage4 #aha4 ,! passions be+ kept at a di/ance1 ! successful gr\nd+ ( ! pupil 9 morality dep5ds 9 g5]al on ! mann] 9 :i* in/ruction cop]ates ) 8 occupations4 ,! bran* ( in/ruction prim>ily mo/ important 9 ?is respect is religi\s in/ruction4 ,! mo/ imm$iate s\rce1 h[ev]1 ( ! developm5t ( disposition is f\nd 9 ! pupil's social environm5t1 & x becomes ! bus9ess ( tra9+ to cultivate a "r _s or disposition4 ,let u1 !re=e1 take up ! practical ideas "o by "o4 ,engl& & ,g]many are a unit 9 insi/+ ^u ! necessity ( religi\s in/ruction 9 ! s*ools4 ,half ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ! =m] c\ntry are 9 *>ge ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 five p] c5t are controll$ by ,roman ,ca?olics1 ?ree p] c5t by ,wesleyans1 & "s =ty-two p] c5t by public bo>ds ( education4 ,all ( ^! s*ools are subsidiz$ by ! /ate1 yet all1 ) few exceptions1 give religi\s in/ruction4 ,9 ,g]many !re are b two /rong religi\s organizations--! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 mo/ly at ! s\?1 & ! ,lu!ran1 mo/ly at ! nor?4 ,! /ate e/abli%es all s*ools1 furni%+ mo/ ( ! funds = su/a9+ !m & controll+ _! adm9i/ration 9 l>ge measure2 yet ! morn+ h\r ( ! day is devot$ to in/ruction 9 religion4 ,n s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h1 religi\s tea*+ is1 to all appe>ances1 p]man5tly exclud$ f ! public s*ools4 ,9 ?is condition ( affairs !re is b "o res\rce3 we mu/ ! m dilig5tly insi/ ^u ^? ?+s t reflect ! cont5t ( religion4 ,t is1 we mu/ tea* *ildr5 to live 9 close cop]ative union ) _! fell[s4 ,! subjective side ( ?is tra9+ is portray$ 9 ! sections t foll[1 :]e ! trans=mation ( e?ical insights into e?ical habits is discuss$4 #ahb4 ,to speak ( /rife fir/1 :i* _c easily be :olly prev5t$ among *ildr51 & :i* is pres5t to _! m9ds1 at lea/ z a possibility1 self-help aga9/ unexpect$ bodily assaults _c be =bidd54 ,a det]m9$ self-def5ce is r to be recomm5d$1 b self-def5ce pair$ ) a m]ciful treatm5t ( "o's assailant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is necess>y to prohibit absolutely any arbitr>y appropriation ( objects1 ev5 ?\gh ^! objects %\ld consi/ ( own]less or disc>d$ trifles4 ,no "o mu/ imag9e t 8 m]e pleasure is a law unto o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 *ildr5 ought to get us$ to limitations on own]%ip4 ,t :i* has be5 giv5 !m = a c]ta9 purpose is to be us$ = t purpose alone1 & mu/ be tak5 c>e ( ) t purpose 9 view4 ,promises among *ildr5 %\ld n lightly be decl>$ void1 h[ev] fooli% & impossible ( fulfilm5t4 ,! boy :o1 by a ha/y promise1 puts himself 9 an emb>rass+ position mu/ be made consci\s ( ! fact4 ,let 8 p]plexity s]ve z a w>n+ = ! future4 ,b ov]-ha/y promises are to be accept$ z little z !y are to be made2 & "h is :]e we h to beg9 9 unty+ ! knots 9 :i* *ildr5 occasionally entangle !mselves4 ,x is n undesirable t pupils by _! own acts furni% !mselves ) a few ke5ly-felt in/ances ( complicat$ que/ions ( rights4 ,b pleasure 9 wrangl+ mu/ be disc\nt5anc$2 ! pupils %\ld le>n to prev5t & to avoid cont5tion4 ,!y may ga9 en\gh famili>ity ) x to realize t x gives displeasure4 #ahc4 ,at ?is po9t two pa?s op5 to our reflection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 cont5tion pleases *ildr5 because x implies /r5g?2 9 seek+ x !y are1 z a rule1 m]ely giv+ v5t to excess ( animal spirits4 ,! outlet 9 ?is direction we mu/ block1 b we mu/ furni% ano!r else:]e4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises1 too1 are exhibitions ( /r5g?2 emulation1 :i* is n cont5tion1 is a welcome feature ( sport & play4 ,m5tal activity likewise af=ds suitable opportunities = excell+2 x also provides prop] occasions = mak+ comp>isons2 b relative excell5ce1 *ildr5 mu/ und]/& di/9ctly1 is n to be advanc$ by !m z a basis = claims4 ,:]e ! "q is "o ( degree ( atta9m5t1--!re=e "o ( p]fice te1--! pupil is suppli$ ) a practically useful /&>d by 8 own progress & retrogression4 ,to hold up "o pupil z a model = ano!r to foll[ awak5s envy2 x w be mu* bett]1 in/ead1 to make all[ances :]e a weak pupil _c d m ?an he is actually do+4 ,9 all ! ages ( ! pa/ m5 h be5 ! tea*]s ( boys4 ,be+ m51 !y h naturally tak5 ! man's attitude t[>d y\?ful conduct4 ,:5 "o boy is gratuit\sly assault$ by ano!r1 !y h upheld a /urdy self-def5ce z belong+ to self-respect4 ,9 _! eyes an unsuccessful def5ce is bett] ?an a c[>dly retreat4 ,) ! adv5t ( wom5 z ! tea*]s ( boys x is natural t ! doctr9e ( passive non-resi/ance %\ld be emphasiz$4 ,:5 wom5 7 only ! physical mo!rs ( ! race1 !re 0 no dang] ( ! decay ( virility1 b n[ t !y h become ! intellectual mo!rs z well1 !re may be su* a dang]4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! ,engli% boys' s*ools1 l ,eton1 ,h>r[1 & ,rugby1 h be5 ! be/ ,engli% cons]v]s ( indep5d5t manhood1 = !re e boy /ood on 8 own m]its1 hav+ to fight 8 own battles1 be+ responsible = 8 own conduct1 & at ! same "t liv+ "u a high code ( boyi% honor4 ,9 our own public s*ools1 :]e no su* esprit de corps is possible1 & :]e ! doctr9e ( peace at any price is likely to be insi/$ ^u1 x is possible t !re may be a di/9ct decl9e ( virility 9 ! boys4 ,su* a result w\ld be deplorable2 x w\ld "w to ! detrim5t ( public education1 & w\ld decrease 9 public e/imation ! value ( woman's s]vices 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,:ile disc\rag+ /rife1 a tea*] may1 by a ^w ( approval or excuse1 ju/ify an ex]cise ( primitive def5ce ( ! p]son aga9/ unw>rant$ assault4 ,manly social games1 l foot-ball1 basket-ball1 base-ball1 are our be/ res\rces 9 develop+ ^? phases ( "* t are closely associat$ ) motor effici5cy4 ,"h "u prop] guidance1 self-control1 s5se ( p[] & effici5cy1 c\rage1 & almo/ e *>act]i/ic ( virility may be happily develop$4 ,t =e?\ght & sup]vision are ne$$ is mo/ true1 else unlovely traits ( "* may easily get ! upp] h&4 #ahd4 ,! second ( ! two ways allud$ to takes u f ! idea ( rights to t ( equity4 ,/rife is displeas+1 b rev5ge /ill m1 not)/&+ ! tru? ( ! say+3 :at is fair = "o is fair = ano!r4 ,*ildr5 may inde$ ex]cise _! e?ical acum5 by try+ to det]m9e h[ mu* "o des]ves to suff] or to receive at ! h&s ( o!rs = ! lib]ties he has tak5 or ! self-re/ra9t he has practis$1 b !y are n to arrogate to !mselves ! function ( inflict+ puni%m5ts or ( be/[+ rew>ds4 ,)\t surr5d]+ _! own insight1 !y mu/ 9 ?is respect submit will+ly to ! au?ority ( _! sup]iors4 ,a simil> c\rse is to be pursu$ ) ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( pres5ts1 enjoym5ts1 & m>ks ( approval4 ,to avoid giv+ ! appe>ance ( favoritism1 ! tea*] %\ld n1 except = v good reasons1 dep>t f ! pr9ciple ( equal division2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he %\ld refuse to accord to ! pupils a "r to ^! free gifts4 ,:ile p]mitt+ !m to h an op9ion on ! appropriat5ess ( a great] or small] %>e1 he w prop]ly d5y !m any "r to dem& by virtue ( ?is op9ion4 #ahe4 ,9 cases deeply engag+ ! *ildr5's own s5se ( ju/ice & equity1 complaisance & read9ess to yield %\ld n be exact$ on ! spot4 ,*ildr5 mu/ h "t to get to ! end ( _! ?\ghts1 & to we>y ( :at is (t5 v fruitless brood+1 be=e !y realize t to yield is aft] all a necessity1 & h5ce 9 no s5se a matt] ( magnanim\s *oice4 ,at "s future "t !y may be rem9d$ t _! pa? w\ld h be5 smoo!r if ! s5tim5t ( good-w _h be5 9 control f ! beg9n+ & _h arbitrat$ ! dispute1 or r _h prev5t$ x entirely4 ,good-w is to be rev]$ ev]y:]e z high] ?an "r2 /ill ! latt] mu/ be repres5t$ z some?+ t _c be set aside ) impunity1 unless x be by common agreem5t2 t is1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cons5t ( ! hold]s ( rights4 ,!re are two di/9ct aspects to good-w1--! b5evol5t1 & ! cop]ative or social4 ,! well-kn[n /ory ( ! ,j]i*o ,road illu/rates ! fir/4 ,he is ! good neighbor :o rescues ! life ( ! man :o has be5 assault$ by ! way4 ,b social good-w is m ?an b5evol5ce2 x is cop]ation = ! accompli%m5t ( common purposes4 ,among f>m]s x means mutual c>e to prev5t aggression1 because ( unruly /ock or bad f5ces2 x involves comb9$ ef=ts = good s*ools1 good roads1 public libr>ies1 educational ag5cies = promot+ successful f>m+1 associations = promot+ successful pleasures4 ,9 cities social good-w means cop]ation = pav+ & light+ /reets1 = ! suppression ( crime1 = furni%+ good wat] & effici5t sew]age1 = def5ce aga9/ fire1 = rapid transit1 besides ! myriad ag5cies = promot+ ! m5tal1 moral1 & spiritual welf>e ( ! p4 ,a man 9 a city ne$s to be a good neighbor to ev]ybody1 ev5 ?\gh he may "k p]sonally b "o 9 a million4 ,9 o!r words1 ! civic man mu/ be a bro!r1 n only to him :o falls among ?ieves1 b to him :o lives among !m2 n only to 8 bro!r 9 adv]sity1 b also to 8 bro!r 9 prosp]ity4 #ahf4 ,f9ally1 ! degrees ( diff]5ce among old] boys1 & especially among "y m51 ) respect to ! ne>ness ) :i* !y approa* ! /ill di/ant realization ( ! idea ( inn] fre$om1 are1 z a rule1 suffici5tly m>k$ to be pat5t to all4 ,! sup]ior excell5ce ( ^? di/+ui%$ = /eady & rational conduct is usually dwelt on by ! tea*] r too mu* ?an too little2 *ildr5 are !mselves too ke5 9 obs]v+ ea* o!r's %ortcom+s n to see h[ f> beh9d ! be/ "s are4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 r to avoid /imulat+ 9 *ildr5 ! t5d5cy to belittle o!rs1 ?an to turn _! att5tion to t :i* does n escape !m anyway4 #ahg4 ,! bad conduct ( adults ne> to ! pupils w n1 ( c\rse1 be expos$ by ! tea*]2 & if publicly kn[n1 ! example set w repel m ?an allure1 s long z self-int]e/ does n prompt imitation or a se>* = excuses4 ,b we ne$ n ent]ta9 mu* hope ei!r t a wor?y example w be foll[$2 y\? is too prone to reg>d rectitude z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,h5ce x w n be sup]flu\s to call special att5tion to "r conduct1 & to give expression to ! e/eem :i* is its due4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ! "t :5 a gr[+ boy's outlook ov] society wid5s1 & he beg9s to comp>e _m ?+s ^: false glitt] might deceive him4 ,!re are _m aspects ( inn] fre$om4 ,x is possible = a n>r[-m9d$ man to live 9 p]fect tranquillity1 s f> z 8 consci5ce is conc]n$4 ,ev5 if "o liv$ true to ,kant's categorical imp]ative1 :i* says1 8,s act t ! maxims1 or rules1 ( y\r conduct might1 ?r\gh y\r own w1 become univ]sal laws10 x w\ld /ill be possible = "o to h a m9d at peace ) itself :ile do+ ?+s t a high] code ( morality w\ld =bid4 ,= example1 suppose ,i am an ,am]ican ,indian1 & ! "q arises1 ,%all ,i torture my enemies8 ,( c\rse3 d n ! traditions ( my tribe prescribe x8 ,?is simply means t our ideals ( conduct gr[ out ( our environm5t2 !y are social 9 _! g5esis4 ,?is tru? %[s ! inf9ite importance ( mak+ in/ruction reveal cle>ly ! be/ ideals ( religion & civilization1 = !re may be z mu* inw>d fre$om1 or good consci5ce1 9 ! slums z 9 ! weal?y di/ricts ( ! city4 ,subjective peace ( m9d may mean mu* or little4 ,a murd]] may sleep z s\ndly z a mission>y1 b a man ( high ideals is :ipp$ z ) scorpions1 if 8 conduct be base4 ,he feels t 8 high] self is outrag$2 he has no peace except ?r\gh rep5tance1 re/itution1 & re=m4 #ahh4 ,fif?4 ,! pupil's m9d1 we w suppose1 has be5 prop]ly direct$1 p>tly ?r\gh ! social relations obta9+ among *ildr51 p>tly ?r\gh examples & in/ruction1 to ! requirem5ts ( ! v>i\s moral ideas1 & he has le>n$ accord+ly to discrim9ate ) "s ke5ness betwe5 w relations4 ,n[ ! "t has arriv$ = moral education 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,= we _c leave x to *ance :e!r our "y *>ges w1 ( _! own initiative1 syn!size = !mselves noble actions on ! "o h& & base actions on ! o!r1 :e!r !y w take "t to reflect1 & w1 ea* = himself1 apply ! lessons taught4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y all h to be told1 ea* "o individually has to be told1 tru?s t no "o is wont to he> ) pleasure4 ,! m ?or\ghly ! tea*] kn[s 8 pupils1 ! bett]4 ,by %[+ !m t he div9es _! ?\ghts1 he supplies !m ) ! mo/ effectual inc5tive to self-obs]vation4 ,n[ ! basis ( :at is commonly kn[n z moraliz+ is furni%$ by a retrospective view ( ! pupil's conduct = "s "t pa/1 by ref]5ces to influ5ces =m]ly at "w )9 him1 & by an analysis ( 8 good & bad qualities4 ,su* tea*+ is by no means to be condemn$1 nor ev5 to be reg>d$ z sup]flu\s4 ,9 its prop] place x is absolutely ess5tial4 ,_m1 x is true1 gr[ up )\t ev] hav+ he>d a s]i\s ^w ( des]v$ c5sure1 b no "o ought to gr[ up 9 t way4 #ahi4 ,only praise & c5sure are ?\ght ( "h1 n h>% words1 mu* less h>% treatm5t4 ,reprim&s & puni%m5ts foll[+ ^u s+le acts are some?+ diff]5t2 !y1 too1 may lead to moral reflections1 b mu/ fir/ h become ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,moral improvem5t is n br\ght ab\t by ! con/ra9t ( gov]nm5t1 nor is x ! result ( ^? p$agogical puni%m5ts :i* w>n ! pupil & %>p5 8 wits by means ( ! natural consequ5ces ( actions 7#aeg74 ,b x is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! imitation ( ! language ( consci5ce & ( g5u9e honor1 z se5 9 imp>tial spectators4 ,moreov]1 ?is does n exclude consid]ation ( ! excuses :i* e "o readily f9ds 9 8 he>t4 ,b :ile due all[ance is made = mitigat+ circum/ances1 ! pupil is caution$ aga9/ rely+ on !m 9 future4 #aij4 ,ord9>ily y\? des]ves nei!r /rong comm5dation nor sev]e criticism1 & x is well to gu>d c>efully aga9/ exagg]ation 9 ei!r direction1 if = no o!r reason ?an m]ely ?is1 t exagg]ation ei!r detracts f effectiv5ess1 or else causes1 if n timidity1 at lea/ an un=tunate emb>rassm5t4 ,!re is "o species ( magnify+1 h[ev]1 :i* subs]ves a good purpose1 because x enables pupils to see m cle>ly ! importance ( trifles & ! great significance ( _! own actions1 & 9 ?is way helps to c\nt]act ?\ghtlessness4 ,we ref] to view+ ! pres5t 9 ! light ( ! future4 ,! pettie/ faults are liable to gr[ ?r\gh habit2 ! fa9te/ desire1 unless kept "u control1 may turn into passion4 ,!n1 too1 ! future circum/ances ( "o's life are unc]ta92 allurem5ts & temptations may come into x1 or unlook$-= mis=tunes4 ,?is prevision ( ! possibilities ( ! future is1 ( c\rse1 n prophecy1 & no su* claim %\ld be made = x2 nev]!less1 x does good s]vice z a w>n+4 #aia4 ,:5 ! pupil has be5 br\ght to ! po9t :]e he reg>ds 8 moral education z a matt] ( s]i\s import1 in/ruction 9 conjunction ) a gr[+ k ( ! _w may br+ x ab\t t a gl[ ( moral s5tim5t p]meates 8 :ole ?\ght1 & t ! idea ( a moral ord] unites on ! "o h& ) 8 religi\s concepts1 & ) 8 self-obs]vation on ! o!r4 ,h5ce=? ! direct1 emphatic expression ( praise or c5sure w h to be less frequ5t4 ,x w no long] be z easy z =m]ly to give a cle>] acc\nt to ! pupil ( :at goes on )9 him ?an he has already r5d]$ to himself4 ,we may /ill1 h[ev]1 come to 8 assi/ance f ano!r direction1 namely1 t ( g5]al concepts1--a field 9 :i* advanc+ y\?ful reflection is little by little f9d+ its be>+s4 #aib4 ,six?4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( tra9+ to rem9d at ! "r mom5t & to correct faults4 ,we may safely assume t1 ev5 aft] a "y man has rea*$ ! plane ( moral decisions1 he w /ill /& 9 ne$ ( frequ5t rem9d]s1 al?\gh 9 ?is respect individuals exhibit great diff]5ces1 :i* obs]vation alone is able to reveal4 ,b t :i* he is rem9d$ ( consi/s ( resolves :i* lay claim to some?+ l univ]sal validity1 b :i* are n likely to make good t claim :5 incorrectly =mulat$ or conceiv$ 9 ! wrong connection4 ,g5]al consid]ations become pr$om9ant ) only a v few at be/2 b y\? especially sees & exp]i5ces s mu* t is new t ! old is easily slight$ = ! new1 &1 accord+ly1 ! g5]al = ! p>ticul> /ill m4 ,nev]!less1 x is f> easi] = tra9+ to rem9d & to correct ) success :]e a good1 firm f\ndation has be5 laid1 ?an x is to support 7#afa-aff7 :5 9 adolesc5ce no?+ is f\nd by :i* ! pupil might try to /eady himself4 #aic4 ,x is evid5t f ! wide div]g5ce among ! pr9ciples :i* s*ools old & new h accept$ z ! basis ( e?ics & ( sy/ems ( ju/ice1 t _m conflict+1 or at any rate1 "o-sid$ views may arise :5 ! attempt is made to introduce ord]1 def9it5ess1 & consi/5cy into exi/+ e?ical concepts4 ,?is :ole conflict & "o-sid$ness ( op9ion1 toge!r ) ! innum]able fluctuations t may f9d a place "h besides1--all ?is is likely to be reproduc$ 9 y\?ful m9ds1 p>ticul>ly :]e !y make x a po9t ( go+ _! own way4 ,v frequ5tly acquir$ pr9ciples adju/ !mselves to incl9ations2 ! subjective side ( "* adapts itself to ! objective4 ,n[1 :ile x is ! bus9ess ( in/ruction to correct error1 tra9+ mu/ avail itself ( ^? opportunities t reveal a direct+ ( ?\ghts by incl9ation4 #aid4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! pupil has once e/abli%$ confid5ce 9 8 disposition z well z 9 8 pr9ciples1 tra9+ mu/ )draw4 ,unnecess>y judg+ & ov]-anxi\s obs]vation w\ld only impair naturalness1 & give rise to extrane\s motives4 ,:5 once self-culture has be5 assum$1 x %\ld be left alone4 ,,section ,,iv ,,synopsis ,,( ,,g5]al ,,p$agogics ,,f ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,( ,,age ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s #aie4 ,ow+ to ! delicate "* ( ! ?read ( life dur+ ! e>lie/ ye>s1 c>e = ! body1 a subject fall+ outside ! limits ( ! pres5t discussion1 has prec$5ce ( ev]y?+ else4 ,! /ate ( heal?1 accord+ly1 implies great v>iations 9 ! "t available = pr(itable culture ( ! m9d4 ,b %ort z ?is "t may be1 x is extremely important1 because ( ! great receptivity & susceptibility ( ! fir/ p]iod ( life4 ,! l9es ( /udy sugge/$ by ^! few rem>ks ^u infancy h be5 ardu\sly pursu$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ,p]ez1#ba ,prey]1#bb ,baldw91#bc & o!rs4 ,! attempt has be5 made 9 ^! works to %[ h[ ! psy*ical & physical p[]s ( ! "y *ild actually unfold4 ,9 ?is way x has be5 possible to correct _m errone\s d$uctions f adult psy*ology1 ?us mak+ elem5t>y tra9+ m successful4 #ba ,p]ez1 8,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,*ildhood40 #bb ,prey]1 7a7 8,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild10 7b7 8,! ,developm5t ( ! ,intellect10 7c7 8,! ,s5ses & ! ,w40 #bc ,baldw91 7a7 8,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race10 7b7 8,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations40 #aif4 ,^? mom5ts :5 ! *ild is fully awake & free f suff]+ %\ld always be utiliz$ by pres5t+1 b n obtrud+1 some?+ = s5se-p]ception4 ,p[]ful impressions are to be avoid$4 ,! same caution applies to viol5t *anges2 v slight v>iations (t5 suffice to revive wan+ att5tion4 ,x is desirable to secure a c]ta9 complet5ess ( eye- & e>-impressions1 s t ! s5ses may be equally at home ev]y:]e )9 ! fields ( sight & s\nd4 #aig4 ,z f> z safety p]mits1 ! spontane\s activity ( ! *ild %\ld h free play1 prim>ily t he may get practice 9 ! use ( e limb1 b also 9 ord] t by 8 own attempts 8 obs]vations ( objects & _! *angeabl5ess may be enl>g$4 #aih4 ,unpleasant1 repell5t impressions ( p]sons1 :oev] !y are1 mu/ be mo/ c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,no "o c be all[$ to treat a *ild z a play?+4 #aii4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no "o mu/ all[ himself to be rul$ by a *ild1 lea/ ( all :5 ! *ild becomes importunate4 ,o!rwise1 wilfulness w be ! inevitable consequ5ce1 a result almo/ unavoidable ) sickly *ildr51 by reason ( ! att5tion dem&$ by _! suff]+s4 #bjj4 ,a *ild mu/ always feel ! sup]iority ( adults1 & (t5 8 own helplessness4 ,! necess>y ob$i5ce is f\nd$ on ?is feel+4 ,) consi/5t treatm5t1 p]sons con/antly ab\t ! *ild w secure ob$i5ce m readily ?an o!rs :o are r>ely pres5t4 ,outbur/s ( passion mu/ be giv5 "t to subside unless circum/ances urg5tly require a diff]5t c\rse4 #bja4 ,on r>e occasions !re may be an exhibition ( =ce inspir+ en\gh fe> to make a ?reat effective & to *eck an excess ( animal spirits4 ,= if gov]nm5t is to escape ! extremely h>mful necessity ( sev]e discipl9>y measures lat] on1 x mu/ become firmly e/abli%$ dur+ ! e>lie/ ye>s ( *ildhood4 #bjb4 ,! language ( *ildr5 dem&s scrupul\s att5tion f ! beg9n+1 9 ord] to prev5t ! =mation ( incorrect & c>eless habits ( spee*1 :i* at a lat] p]iod x usually requires mu* tr\ble & loss ( "t to eradicate4 ,b lit]>y =ms ( expression t are beyond ! compreh5sion ( *ildr5 are to be /rictly avoid$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,ages f ,f\r to ,eight #bjc4 ,! real b\nd>y l9e is fix$ n by age1 b by t /age ( developm5t :5 ! helplessness ( ! fir/ /age is sup]s$$ by control ( ! limbs & a connect$ use ( language4 ,& ! m]e fact t *ildr5 are n[ able to free !mselves f mu* mom5t>y discom=t c>ries ) x great] calmness & *e]fulness4 #bjd4 ,9 proportion z ! *ild le>ns to help himself1 assi/ance f )\t mu/ be )drawn4 ,at ! same "t gov]nm5t mu/ increase 9 firmness1 & ) _m *ildr5 9 sev]ity1 until ! la/ traces ( t wilfulness vani%1 :i* ! =m] p]iod does n z a rule :olly escape4 ,b ?is presupposes t no "o provoke ! *ild unnecess>ily to any k9d ( resi/ance4 ,! firm] ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s ab\t ! *ild1 ! readi] 8 compliance4 #bje4 ,! *ild mu/ be giv5 z mu* fre$om z circum/ances w p]mit1 "o purpose be+ to induce frank self-expression1 & to obta9 data = a /udy ( 8 individuality4 ,/ill1 ! ma9 ?+ at ?is age is to gu>d aga9/ bad habits1 especially su* z are connect$ ) objectionable t5d5cies ( disposition4 #bjf4 ,two ( ! e?ical ideas conc]n u "h directly1 ea*1 h[ev]1 9 its own way4 ,!y are ! ideas ( good-w & p]fection4 ,"s p>ticul> aspects ( ! latt] a *ild w almo/ always hit ^u himself4 ,! =m] less (t5 spr+s up spontane\sly2 x has to be implant$1 & ?is _c always be done directly4 #bjg4 ,! ill-w1 :i* _m *ildr5 exhibit frequ5tly1 is always a bad sign1--"o t ne$s to be treat$ v s]i\sly4 ,a "* once p]v]t$ 9 ?is respect c no long] be radically *ang$ = ! bett]4 ,& ?is p]v]sion sometimes beg9s v e>ly4 ,! /eps to be tak5 9 ?is connection are det]m9$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- #bjh4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y\ng] *ildr5 are n to be left alone v mu*4 ,_! life %\ld be a social life1 & _! social circle "o subject to /rict ord]4 ,?is requirem5t fulfill$1 all manife/ations ( ill-w are at v>iance ) ! rule2 & z soon z !y appe>1 ! *ild f9ds himself oppos$ by ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s4 ,n[1 ! m he has gr[n accu/om$ to p>ticipation 9 ! common w1 to occupy+ 8 "t1 & be+ happy )9 its pale1 ! less w he be able to be> ! feel+ ( isolation4 ,to puni% a *ild = an exhibition ( ill-w1 leave him alone4 #bji4 ,b su* puni%m5t presupposes ! undim9i%$ s5sitiv5ess ( ! y\ng] *ild1 :o1 on be+ left alone1 beg9s to cry1 & feels utt]ly helpless & weak1 b :o1 on ! o!r h&1 becomes *e]ful aga9 ! mom5t he is readmitt$ into ! social circle4 ,if ?is p]iod has be5 neglect$1 if ! ill-dispos$ *ild has already caus$ av]sion 9 ! circle 9 :i* he c\ld h be5 happy1 "o feel+ ( ill-w begets ano!r 9 return1 & no?+ rema9s b to insi/ on /rict ju/ice4 #baj4 ,! m]e social _s :i* keeps ill-w at a di/ance1 is1 ( c\rse1 v f> f be+ good-w2 *ildr5 are ev5 prone to look ^u descriptive illu/rations ( ! latt]1 9 ! ord9>y run ( books = *ildr51 z fables easily inv5t$4 ,h5ce ! fir/ ?+ to make sure ( is fai? 9 good-w4 ,we h 9 m9d "h especially ! *ild :o ?r\gh =ce ( habit has lo/ 8 appreciation ( ! k9dnesses con/antly %[]$ ^u him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 education4 ,deprive him ( "s ( ! c>e to :i* he is accu/om$2 its r5ewal w !n make him recognize & prize x z a volunt>y act4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 *ildr5 reg>d :at is be+ done = !m z _! "r1 or z ! effect ( "s sort ( me*anism1 ?is blund] ( !irs becomes a fruitful s\rce ( ! mo/ manifold moral evils4 #baa4 ,to ! union ( k9dness ) ! necess>y degree ( sev]ity1 we mu/ add fri5dl9ess1 le/ ! he>t ( ! *ild become *ill$1 & ! g]ms ( good-w p]i%4 ,dur+ ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 ! *ild's frame ( m9d is /ill det]m9$ directly by ! treatm5t he receives4 ,cont9u$ unfri5dl9ess ( mann] produces dull indiff]5ce4 ,! tw(old problem ( lift+ ! idea ( good-w into adequate prom95ce & ( actually awak5+ s5tim5ts ( good-w c1 x is true1 n be solv$ z e>ly z *ildhood4 ,b mu* has be5 ga9$ if sympa?y1 support$ by sociable *e]fulness1 unites ) a belief 9 ! good-w ( ^? on :om ! *ild feels dep5d5t1 z if !y 7 high] be+s4 ,! soil is ready n[ = religi\s culture & its fur!r+ influ5ces4 #bab4 ,! idea ( p]fection 9 its univ]sal aspect is inde$ z =eign to ! *ild's m9d z t ( good-w2 nev]!less1 ! rudim5ts ( :at ?is idea implies c be imp>t$ ) f> great] assurance ( success4 ,z ! *ild gr[s & ?rives1 8 /r5g? & accompli%m5ts increase likewise1 & he takes pleasure 9 8 own progress4 ,b "h innum]able diff]5ces 9 k9d & 9 degree dem& our obs]vation1 p>ticul>ly 9 view ( ! purpose ( l9k+ in/ruction to ! /age ( gr[?4 ,= x is dur+ ?is p]iod t syn!tic z well z analytic in/ruction beg9s1 al?\gh x does n z yet normally con/itute ! *ief occupation ( ! *ild4 #bac4 ,z ! *ild's sph]e ( free activity wid5s & 8 own attempts create a gr[+ /ore ( exp]i5ces1 :i* ! tea*] w (t5 f9d x v necess>y to augm5t by purposely %[+ him ab\t1 ! e>li] fancies are gradually be+ ov]balanc$ by exp]i5tial k1 al?\gh diff]5t individuals may exhibit great v>iations ( ratio4 ,f ?is impulse to appropriate ! new1 spr+ ! num]\s que/ions *ildr5 put to ! tea*]1 on ! tacit assumption t he is omnisci5t4 ,!y are ! outcome ( ! mood ( ! mom5t1 !y are purposeless1 & mo/ ( !m d n recur if n answ]$ !n & !re4 ,_m ( !m conc]n words alone1 & cease on m5tion ( "s suitable designation ( ! object 9 "q4 ,o!rs relate to ! connection ( ev5ts1 especially to motives und]ly+ ! actions ( human be+s1 fictiti\s & real alike4 ,n[1 al?\gh _m que/ions _c1 :ile o!rs mu/ n1 be answ]$1 ! t5d5cy to ask que/ions %\ld1 g5]ally speak+1 receive con/ant enc\ragem5t z a sign ( native int]e/1 ( ! abs5ce ( :i* ! tea*] (t5 becomes pa9fully aw>e lat] on )\t be+ able by any skill on 8 "p to revive x4 ,"h an opportunity is pres5t$ = prep>+ ! gr\nd 9 _m directions = future in/ruction4 ,only1 ! tea*] has to refra91 9 answ]+ que/ions1 f ! prolixity ( untimely ?or\ghness2 :at he ought to d is to sail on ! waves ( *ildi% fancy4 ,& ?is does n usually l5d itself to exp]im5ts2 its movem5ts are1 on ! contr>y1 (t5 inconv5i5tly caprici\s4 #bad4 ,s long z !re c be no fix$ "t = ! analytic lessons wov5 into answ]s to ! que/ions ( *ildr51 analytic in/ruction is co9cid5t ) ! guidance ( ! *ild's att5tion1 ) 8 social int]c\rse1 ) 8 occupations & ! consequ5t cultivation ( habits1 ) h>d5+ ex]cises1 e?ical judgm5ts1 & ! e>lie/ religi\s impressions2 9 "s measure also ) read+ ex]cises4 #bae4 ,to ! latt] portion ( ?is p]iod belong ! fir/ /eps 9 syn!tic in/ruction1 read+1 writ+1 ciph]+1 ! simple/ modes ( arrangem5t1 & ! fir/ obs]vation ex]cises4 ,if ! *ild is z yet incapable ( uni=m att5tion dur+ a :ole h\r1 ! tea*] w be satisfi$ ) small] divisions ( "t2 ! degree ( att5tion is m important ?an its duration4 ,note t ! subjects enum]at$ fall into diff]5t gr\ps4 ,c\nt+1 arrang+1 obs]v+1 are diff]5t phases ( ! natural developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,in/ruction does n create ^! activities2 its bus9ess is m]ely to accel]ate !m4 ,at ! beg9n+1 !re=e1 our mode ( proc$ure mu/ be z mu* z possible analytic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 read+ & writ+ c be taught only syn!tically1 al?\gh on ! basis ( an antec$5t analysis ( spee* s\nds4 7#a7 ,arrang+--commonly neglect$1 ?\gh wrongly s--is an exce$+ly easy ex]cise 9 itself1 & facilitates ! p]=mance ( _m o!r tasks4 ,x is !re=e appropriate = *ildr54 ,t ?ree objects may *ange places f "r to left 7f front to re>1 f above to bel[7 & vice v]sa--?is is ! beg9n+4 ,! next /ep is to %[ t ?ree objects admit ( six p]mutations 9 a /raight l9e4 ,to f9d h[ _m pairs c be =m$ out ( a giv5 numb] ( objects1 is "o ( ! easie/ problems4 ,h[ f> to g1 is a matt] to be det]m9$ by circum/ances4 ,n lett]s1 h[ev]1 b objects1--! *ildr5 !mselves1--%\ld be *ang$ ab\t1 p]mut$1 & v>i$ 9 position4 ,! tea*+ ( a subject l ?is mu/ 9 a measure h ! semblance ( play4 7#b7 ,! fir/ obs]vation ex]cises beg9 ) /raight l9es drawn v]tically or cross-wise4 ,use may be made also ( knitt+ ne$les v>i\sly plac$1 side by side or across ea* o!r1 ( dom9o *ecks1 & ( simil> objects4 ,next comes ! circle1 subdivid$ & pres5t$ 9 manifold ways4 7#c7 ,= ari?metic1 likewise1 concrete objects are ne$$1--co9s1 = example1 :i* are c\nt$ & arrang$ 9 diff]5t gr\ps to illu/rate sums1 diff]5ces1 & products4 ,at fir/ ! highe/ numb] employ$ %\ld n exce$1 say1 twelve or tw5ty4 7#d7 ,= "w 9 read+ we may avail ourselves ( lett]s & numb]s pr9t$ on c>ds1 :i* l5d !mselves to a v>iety ( arrangem5ts4 ,if *ildr5 are sl[ ab\t le>n+ to read1 ! blund] mu/ n be made ( neglect+ _! m5tal culture 9 o!r directions1 z ?\gh read+ 7 its necess>y pr]equisite4 ,read+ (t5 dem&s a l>ge am\nt ( pati5ce1 & %\ld nev] be all[$ to produce a feel+ ( av]sion to tea*]s & books4 7#e7 ,writ+ is u%]$ 9 by ! elem5t>y draw+ t mu/ accompany obs]vation ex]cises4 ,writ+ itself1 :5 once well />t$1 fur!rs read+4 #baf4 ,b already at ?is po9t _m fall beh9d4 ,puzzl$ at fir/ by ! dem& ^u !m = ! dull labor ( le>n+1 !y surr5d] !mselves lat] on to ! feel+ ( incapacity4 ,9 l>ge s*ools1 :]e !re are always "s out/ripp+ ! re/1 & :]e ! majority are try+ to keep up ) ! pace set1 p]=mance c be _h m readily1 al?\gh x is p]=mance by imitation r ?an by an inn] sequ5ce ( ?\ght4 ,& ev5 "h we f9d ?or\ghly di%e>t5$ lagg>ds4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,boyhood #bag4 ,! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 boyhood & e>ly *ildhood is fix$1 s f> z ?is is possible at all1 by ! fact t ! boy1 if all[$ to d s1 w leave ! company ( adults4 ,=m]ly he felt insecure :5 left alone3 n[ he consid]s himself fairly well acqua9t$ ) 8 imm$iate environm5t1 beyond :i* vi/as ( all sorts are op5+4 ,accord+ly1 at ?is /age x becomes incumb5t on ! adult to atta* himself to ! boy1 to re/ra9 him1 to divide ! "t = him1 & to circumscribe ! fancies born ( 8 self-confid5ce1--a c\rse ( action r5d]$ all ! m necess>y by ! circum/ance t ! boy is a /rang] z yet to ! timidity ) :i* ! y\? jo9s ! ranks ( m54 ,= boyhood is m>k$ (f f adolesc5ce by ?is1 t ! boy's aims are /ill unsettl$2 he plays & takes no ?\ght ( to-morr[4 ,moreov]1 8 dream ( manhood is "o ( arbitr>y p[]4 ,! play-impulse rema9s active = a long "t1 unless *eck$ by conv5tionality4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! "w ( l9k+ in/ruction to s5se-impression is by no means to be omitt$ entirely1 n ev5 :]e fair progress has already be5 made 9 s*ol>%ip4 ,we mu/ make sure ( a solid f\ndation4 #bah4 ,our *ief conc]n dur+ ! age ( boyhood mu/ be to prev5t ! premature fixation ( ! circle ( ideas4 ,x is = in/ruction to und]take ! task ( do+ s4 ,true1 by f> ! greate/ "p ( ! process ( le>n+1 h[ev] manifold1 is p]=m$ ?r\gh ! int]pretation ( words1 ! pupil supply+ ! mean+ out ( ! m5tal /ore collect$ previ\sly4 ,b ?is v fact obvi\sly implies t quantitively ! pupil's /ock ( ideas is = ! mo/ "p complete2 in/ruction m]ely works x up into new =ms4 ,accord+ly1 su* %ap+ mu/ take place :ile ! mat]ial is /ill 9 a pla/ic /ate2 = ) increas+ ye>s x gradually assumes a m solid "*4 #bai4 ,boys diff] f girls1 individuals diff] f "o ano!r2 & ! subjects taught1 toge!r ) ! me?ods ( tea*+ !m1 %\ld be diff]5tiat$ accord+ly4 ,b "h ! family int]poses ! int]e/s ( rank or /ation1 & claims ! "r to det]m9e by ^! h[ mu* or h[ little in/ruction a boy ne$s4 ,look$ at p$agogically1 ea* /udy calls = a correspond+ m5tal activity to be suit$ to ! g5]al condition ( ! individual4 ,its success mu/ n involve exhau/ion ( ! pupil's p[]s1 nor make dem&s ^u !m at ! wrong "t4 ,b x w\ld be an error to argue t "o :o is be+ initiat$ into "o subject ought to comb9e ) t subject a second1 ?ird1 or f\r?1 on ! gr\nd t subjects "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r are ess5tially int]relat$4 ,?is conclusion holds = s*ol>s1 :o1 s f> z !y are p]sonally conc]n$1 h long pass$ beyond prelim9>y p$agogical consid]ations1 & ev5 9 _! case x applies only to ^? bran*es :i* are intimately connect$ ) _! specialties2 x has no?+ to d ) ! psy*ological conditions by :i* ! c\rse ( education mu/ be gov]n$4 ,only too frequ5tly d masses ( ideas rema9 isolat$ despite ! fact t ! objects correspond+ to !m are mo/ intimately & necess>ily int]connect$2 & su* isolation c\ld n h be5 prev5t$ by m]ely />t+ "w 9 a l>ge web ( erudition 9 a numb] ( places4 ,! case is diff]5t :]e c]ta9 /udies con/itute ! necess>y prep>ation = ?or\gh k ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,"h we are "r 9 conclud+ t "o :o _c ma/] ! =m] is equally unable to get hold ( ! latt]4#bd #bd ,^! rem>ks ^u correlation are in/ructive 9 view ( lat] developm5ts ( ! ,h]b>tian s*ool 9 ,g]many4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to discussions 9 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,ye>-,books ( ! ,national ,h]b>t ,society4 #bbj4 ,x is difficult to deal ) ! r>e in/ances ( t>dy developm5t unless we f9d t !y are due to neglect$ heal?1 or to lack ( assi/ance 9 enl>g+ ! range ( exp]i5ce1 & to failure to *ange ! mode ( in/ruction4 ,"h an attempt may be made to supply :at is want+4 ,b ev5 :]e ! rate ( progress becomes m rapid at once1 ! tea*]'s ef=ts w h turn$ out favorably only :5 ! boy gives also cle> pro( ( a vigor\s /riv+ = advancem5t4 #bba4 ,to rev]t to fundam5tal e?ical pr9ciples1 p>ticul> m5tion ( ! ideas ( ju/ice & equity ne$s to be made 9 ?is connection4 ,^! ideas issue f reflection on human relations2 !y are consequ5tly less accessible to e>ly *ildhood1 :i* f9ds itself subord9at$ ev]y:]e to ! family4 ,! boy1 on ! o!r h&1 lives m among 8 pe]s1 & ! necess>y corrections are n always adm9i/]$ s promptly z to leave no "t = indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,n infrequ5tly volunt>y association takes place among boys1 p]sonal au?ority plays a "p1 & ev5 usurpation ( p[] is n r>e4 ,n[1 education has to provide = cle> e?ical concepts & = gov]nm5t & tra9+ besides4 ,b n only t2 x mu/ also furni% ! k9d ( in/ruction t w exhibit simil> b remote relations1 = purposes ( unbiass$ contemplation4 ,su* in/ruction mu/ borr[ its mat]ial f poetry & hi/ory4 #bbb4 ,to hi/ory we are ref]r$ by /ill ano!r consid]ation4 ,z has already be5 %[n 7#bjf-baa71 ! idea ( good-w po9ts to ! necessity ( religi\s culture2 & ?is relies = support on /ories1 old /ories at t4 ,! expansion ( ! pupil's p[] ( ?\ght :i* is "h dem&$ mu/ be g5]ally atta9$1 ev5 ?\gh v incompletely1 9 e c\rse ( in/ruction1 t ( ! village s*ool includ$4 #bbc4 ,ano!r fix$ goal1 ! importance ( :i* exce$s ev5 t ( read+ & writ+1 is furni%$ by ari?metic1 :i* gives cle>ness to ! common concepts ( exp]i5ce1 & is indisp5sable 9 ! practical affairs ( life4 #bbd4 ,decimal ari?metic no pupil w\ld be likely to ?9k out by himself2 he w\ld v c]ta9ly n inv5t ,bible hi/ory4 ,bo? mu/ accord+ly be reg>d$ z belong+ prem95tly to ! prov9ce ( syn!tic in/ruction1 :i* always involves ! difficult problem ( h[ to assure its entrance1 z a pot5t factor1 into exi/+ masses ( ideas4 ,z to ?is1 x w\ld be a blund] to conclude t1 s9ce ,bible hi/ory & hi/ory z a :ole1 ari?metic & ma!matics z a :ole1 hang toge!r1 !re is also a correspond+ p$agogical connection 7#bai74 ,b s mu* is c]ta91 t ! effici5cy ( a gr\p ( ideas increases ) expansion & ) multipli$ association4 ,x w be an advantage1 !re=e1 to ,bible hi/ory & to ari?metic1 if z wide a range is giv5 to hi/orical & ma!matical tea*+ z circum/ances & ability p]mit1 ev5 if ! conditions %\ld be su* t a _m-sid$ culture is n to be expect$4 #bbe4 ,! subjects next to be consid]$ 9 ! *oice ( mat]ial = in/ruction are poetry & natural hi/ory1 great c>e be+ tak5 n to disreg>d ! necess>y sequ5ce4 ,! "t = fables & /ories %\ld n be curtail$2 x is important to make sure t boys d n lose ! ta/e = !m too e>ly4 ,! easie/ & safe/ facts ( zology w h be5 pres5t$ already 9 connection ) ! picture-books ( *ildhood4 ,! "r mom5t = introduc+ ! elem5ts ( botany has arriv$ :5 ! boy is collect+ plants4 ,=eign languages w\ld be assign$ ! l[e/ place1 if p>ticul> circum/ances did n 9 _m cases l5d !m a special importance4 ,! anci5t classical languages1 at any rate1 =m to su* an ext5t ! basis ( ! /udy ( !ology1 ( jurisprud5ce1 & ( m$ic9e1 !y are s necess>y to all high] s*ol>%ip1 t !y w always con/itute ! fundam5tal bran*es ( in/ruction 9 academic prep>atory s*ools4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! ext5t ( in/ruction dep5ds too mu* on ext]nal conditions ( rank & means to p]mit a def9ite prescription ( in/ruction-mat]ial = all cases4 ,f> less dep5d5t is ! developm5t ( _m-sid$ int]e/ 9 its relation to bran*es ( /udy4 ,if ! limits set to ! latt] are n>r[1 x is /ill ! bus9ess ( in/ruction to secure an approximation to _m-sid$ culture2 :ile "u highly favorable circum/ances ! v abundance ( educational help mu/ put ! tea*] on 8 gu>d aga9/ los+ sight ( ! real aim ( in/ruction4 #bbf4 ,frequ5tly ! burd5 ( necess>y & useful /udies is made excessively heavy1 a fact :i* ! memb]s ( ! tea*+ pr(ession try to conceal f !mselves1 b :i* attracts ! att5tion ( outsid]s4 ,a few h\rs ( gymna/ics d n suffici5tly c\nt]act su* evil effects4 ,z an (fset we h at be/ ! prev5tion ( ! vices ( idl5ess4 ,f e po9t ( view1 = ! m]e reason t ?is matt] calls = special att5tion & t ! me?od ( proc$ure has to be det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! results ( obs]vation1 ! home mu/ d its "p t[>d reliev+ t natural /ra9 :i* ev5 good in/ruction ex]ts--& ! s*ool mu/ n encroa* on ! "t necess>y = t purpose4 ,9 extreme cases1 to be sure1 x may be expressly dem&$ t ! s*ool engage ! :ole ( a boy's "t4 ,b1 z a rule1 outside s*ool-"w %\ld take up1 n ! l>ge/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! smalle/ am\nt ( "t possible4 ,h[ ! rema9+ h\rs are to be employ$ is = p>5ts & gu>dians to decide accord+ to individual ne$s1 asc]ta9$ by obs]vation2 & x is on !m t ! responsibility = ! consequ5ces re/s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,y\? #bbg4 ,:e!r in/ruction comes to an end or is cont9u$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 all x c accompli% dep5ds n[ on ! fulfilm5t ( ! condition t ! "y man himself reg>d ! ret5tion & increase ( 8 atta9m5ts z some?+ valuable4 ,accord+ly1 ! int]relations ( k1 z well z its connection ) action1 mu/ be br\ght be=e 8 m9d ) ! greate/ possible di/9ctness4 ,he mu/ be furni%$1 also1 ) ! /ronge/ inc5tives to rea* ! goal det]m9$ ^u1 provid$ ! "q is m]ely h[ to ov]come indol5ce & ?\ghtlessness4 ,= x is j at ?is /age t ! tea*] ne$s to fe> & to prev5t ^? wrong motives :i* w\ld issue m]ely 9 an artificial semblance ( tal5t4 #bbh4 ,moreov]1 ! all[ance made = ! *ild & ! boy c no long] be made = ! y\?4 ,8 :ole ability is to be put to ! te/1 & 8 position 9 human society det]m9$ accord+ to ! outcome4 ,he mu/ exp]i5ce some?+ ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ a foo?old among m54 ,positions = :i* he does n seem q prep>$ are conte/$2 he is surr\nd$ by rivals1 & is spurr$ on by expectations1 :i* x is (t5 difficult to mod]ate :5 mo/ necess>y4 #bbi4 ,if n[ ! "y man puts 8 tru/ 9 favorable circum/ances1 &1 9 spite ( all appeals1 gives himself up to ! pursuit ( ease & pleasure1 education is at an end4 ,x only rema9s to conclude ) precepts & repres5tations :i* future exp]i5ces may possibly recall4 #bcj4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! y\? has 8 eyes fix$ on a def9ite goal1 ! =m ( life :i* he is /riv+ to atta91 & ! motives t impel him1 w det]m9e :at else may be done = him4 ,accord+ z ! ideals ( honor t he makes 8 own are direct$ m outw>dly or inw>dly1 !y /& m or less midway betwe5 plans = actions & maxims4 #bca4 ,! y\? is no long] pliant1 except :5 8 failures h made him feel a%am$ ( himself4 ,su* cases mu/ be made use ( = ! purpose ( mak+ good defici5cies4 ,b on ! :ole1 duty requires t ! /]n dem&s ( morality be held up to him )\t disguise4 ,p]fect frankness c h>dly be look$ = any long]1 & to insi/ on x is out ( ! "q entirely4 ,! res]ve ( ! age ( adolesc5ce m>ks ! natural beg9n+ ( self-control4 ,^! brief p>agraphs on ! developm5t ( ! individual ?r\gh infancy1 *ildhood1 boyhood1 & y\?1 m>k an e>ly int]e/ 9 :at is n[ kn[n z *ild-/udy1 ! lit]ature ( :i* has become volum9\s4 ,= a diss]tation on ! exp]im5tal /udy ( *ildr51 & a bibliography ( ! subject1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! monograph by ,ar?ur ,mc,donald1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education1 entitl$ 8,exp]im5tal ,/udy ( ,*ildr540 ,a small] b m useful bibliography has be5 compil$ by ,l4 ,n4 ,wilson4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y = ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,special ,,applications ,,( ,,p$agogics ,,section ,i ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,bran*es ,,( ,,/udy ,,*apt] ,i ,religion #bcb4 ,! cont5t ( religi\s in/ruction is = !ologians to det]m9e1 :ile philosophy be>s witness t no k is able to surpass ! tru/ ( religi\s fai?4 ,b bo? ! beg9n+ & ! end ( religi\s in/ruction call = rem>ks f ! po9t ( view ( p$agogy4 ,religi\s in/ruction culm9ates1 if x does n end1 9 ! rite ( confirmation1 & ! subsequ5t admission to ! ,holy ,communion4 ,! =m] is *>act]i/ic ( a p>ticul> ,*ri/ian d5om9ation2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 ( ! :ole bro!rhood ( ,*ri/ians4 ,n[ ! pr(\nd emotion :i* m>ks ! fir/ ,communion s]vice %\ld imply a conque/ ov] ! feel+ ( sep>ation f o!r d5om9ations1 especially s9ce ! m]e admission to ,communion is condition$ on ! g5]al requirem5t ( e>ne/ e?ical aspiration4 ,x is ?us assum$ t memb]s ( o!r confessions1 provid$ !y are communicants at all1 h fulfill$ ! same condition4 ,prep>atory in/ruction mu/ "w t[>d ?is end all ! m1 s9ce ) _m p]sons ,*ri/ian love = ^? :o diff] f !m 9 important articles ( fai? belongs to ! m difficult duties4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t ?is same in/ruction necess>ily _h to set =? cle>ly fundam5tal d5om9ational diff]5ces1 l5ds additional weight to ! necessity ( inculcat+ ! virtue ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 #bcc4 ,9 academic s*ools1 if ,greek is begun e>ly en\gh1 x is possible to deep5 ! impressions ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ by ! dialogues ( ,plato t be> on ! dea? ( ,socrates1 p>ticul>ly ! 8,crito0 & ! 8,apology40 ,be+ ! weak]1 h[ev]1 impressions ( ?is sort %\ld prec$e ! "t :5 ! solemn initiation into ,*ri/ian fell[%ip produces its :ole p[]ful effect4 #bcd4 ,go+ back 9 ?\ght1 we f9d t ! portion ( religi\s in/ruction :i* deals ) *>act]i/ic d5om9ational di/9ctions1 presupposes t :i* deals ) t5ets common to all ,*ri/ians1 & we f9d t ?is 9 turn has be5 prec$$ by ,bible /ories1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b ! "q arises1 8,mu/ we n g back to some?+ m fundam5tal /ill80 #bce4 ,religion _c possibly be adequately pres5t$ by treat+ ( x m]ely z a p]petuation ( some?+ hi/orical & pa/4 ,! tea*] mu/ ne$s make use also ( ! pres5t te/imony furni%$ by ! adju/m5t ( means to end1 9 nature4 ,b ev5 ?is1 = :i* "s k ( nature is pr]equisite1 & :i* leads up to ! ideas ( wisdom & p[]1 is n ! fir/ /ep4 #bcf4 ,true family feel+ is elevat$ easily & directly to ! idea ( ! ,fa!r1 ( ! fa!r & "m4 ,only :]e su* feel+ is want+ does x become necess>y to make *ur*es & ,sunday obs]vance ! />t+-po9t z indications ( humility & gratitude4 ,an all-p]vad+ love1 provid5ce1 & wat*ful c>e con/itute ! fir/ concept ( ! ,highe/ ,be+1--a concept limit$ by ! m5tal horizon ( ! *ild1 & exp&+ & becom+ m elevat$ only by degrees4 #bcg4 ,! process ( elevat+ religi\s concepts & purify+ !m ( unwor?y admixtures mu/1 h[ev]1 h tak5 place1 & ! true concepts mu/ h be5 deeply impress$1 be=e ! my?ological conceptions ( antiquity become kn[n2 9 :i* case ! latt] w produce ! "r effect by ! contra/ betwe5 ! manife/ly fabul\s & crude1 & ! wor?y & sublime4 ,if manag$ prop]ly1 ?is subject pres5ts no difficulties4 #bch4 ,b !re are o!r difficulties1--difficulties gr[+ out ( individual peculi>ities4 ,:ile "s w\ld be h>m$ by mu* talk ab\t s91 because !y w\ld ?us ei!r become acqua9t$ ) x1 or else be fill$ ) fanta/ic t]ror1 !re are o!rs :om only ! /ronge/ language c move1 & /ill o!rs :o !mselves prea* aga9/ ! s9s ( ! _w1 &1 at ! same "t1 front ! _w 9 pr\d security4 ,!n !re are ^? :o brood ov] e?ical problems1 & :o1 )\t hav+ he>d ( ,sp9oza1 argue t :at ! ,highe/ ,judge has p]mitt$ to happ5 he has approv$ (1 :5ce might is ! practical pro( ( "r4 ,!re are contemn]s ( m]e morality1 :o ?9k t pray]s w consecrate _! evil actions4 ,isolat$ traces ( su* p]v]sions may inde$ be met ) ev5 9 *ildr51 especially if _! glib reproduction ( ! s]mon1 or worse yet1 _! pray+ al\d1 has happ5$ to receive praise4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to obs]ve ! effect ( religi\s in/ruction on ea* individual4 ,ano!r task = home tra9+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,hi/ory #bci4 ,! mo/ common blund] t y\ng] tea*]s ( hi/ory are apt to make is t1 )\t int5d+ x1 !y become increas+ly prolix 9 pres5tation4 ,x is n t int]e/ deep5s1 b t ! network ( ev5ts lures !m1 n[ "o way1 n[ ano!r4 ,?is ( itself ev9ces prep>ation2 b m5tal prep>ation alone does n suffice2 prelim9>y practice1 too1 is necess>y4 ,"y tea*]s ( hi/ory1 l "y tea*]s 9 o!r subjects1 are prone to error4 ,:at ! prevail+ error 9 a giv5 /udy w be1 is likely to dep5d ^u conv5tional me?ods ( pres5t+ x4 ,9 ,g]many x is cu/om>y = ! tea*] himself to be ! hi/orian ?r\gh ^: m9d all hi/orical k passes on its way to ! *ildr54 ,b j z good writ]s ( hi/ory are r>e1 s good tea*]s ( hi/ory are likely to be few1 s9ce 9 an important s5se !y are at once tea*]s & oral hi/orians4 ,:]e ! text-book is dep5d$ ^u = ! n>rative1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a diff]5t difficulty pres5ts itself to ! tea*]4 ,:at %all he d ) ! text1 all ! pupils hav+ read x8 ,p]haps ! commone/ me?od is to call ^u !m "o by "o to reproduce x 9 class4 ,b ?is is a dead5+ process1 s9ce x compels n9ete5 pupils to sit passive :ile ! tw5tie? recites ! words t ! n9ete5 c\ld repeat equally well4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! besett+ fault ( ! tea*] ( hi/ory 9 ,g]man is prolixity1 t ( ! ,am]ican tea*] is t$i\sness4 ,! ,g]man me?od is t ( primitive man1 :]e ! leg5ds ( ! tribe are h&$ d[n f fa!r to son by ^w ( m\?2 ! ,am]ican pres5tation ( hi/ory is mod]n1 :]e all ! res\rces ( s*ol>%ip & ! advantages ( ! pr9t+ press are utiliz$4 ,ea* me?od has peculi> advantages1 ! =m] hav+ ! possible *>m ( fir/-h& n>rative1 ! latt] t ( accuracy & compreh5siv5ess4 ,! n>rative me?od is greatly sup]ior to t ( ! text-book ) *ildr5 ^: p[]s ( read+ are n well develop$2 ! text-book1 toge!r ) its available accessories1 is greatly to be pref]r$ ) old] pupils capable ( l>ge am\nts ( read+4 ,! foll[+ sections give a vivid description ( ! n>rative me?od at its be/2 ! comm5t>y w attempt to %[ h[ ! pr9t$ page may be made equally attractive1 &1 at ! same "t1 mu* m useful4 #bdj4 ,if1 to beg9 )1 a purely *ronological1 b accurate1 outl9e-view ( hi/ory is to be imp>t$1 ! tea*] mu/ be able to trav]se m5tally ! :ole hi/orical field1 go+ ) equal read9ess back1 =w>d1 or across 7syn*roni/ically74 ,! notable names mu/ =m def9ite gr\ps & s]ies2 & ! tea*] mu/ possess facility 9 mak+ ! mo/ notable names /& out cle>ly f ! gr\ps1 & 9 cond5s+ ! mo/ sali5t po9ts ( a long s]ies into a %ort s]ies4 ,if ?is ma/]y ( subject-matt] is important = ! n>rator1 x is equally important = ! tea*] :o dep5ds ^u pr9t = ! n>ration4 ,obs]vation ( curr5t hi/ory tea*+ betrays ! fact t ! tea*] r>ely becomes ma/] ( 8 mat]ial to su* an ext5t t he c ?r[ x into new =ms4 ,z x /&s 9 ! book1 he probably kn[s x2 b to take lib]ties ) ! facts1 to exp& p>ts1 or ?r[ masses into brief outl9e1 to make new gr\p+s1 or to *ange a long s]ies into a %ort "o1 usually lies beyond 8 ability4 ,?is lesson ! ,am]ican tea*] mu/ le>n ?r\gh a bett] ma/]y ( 8 mat]ials4 #bda4 ,aga91 ! tea*] mu/ make himself p]fectly famili> ) g5]al notions t relate to classes ( society--con/itutions1 in/itutions1 religi\s cu/oms1 /ages ( culture--& t s]ve to expla9 ev5ts4 ,b n only ?is2 he mu/ /udy likewise ! conditions "u :i* he c develop !m & keep !m pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( 8 pupils4 ,?is consid]ation alone %uts out mo/ g5]alizations f ! fir/ lessons 9 hi/ory4 ,&1 accord+ly1 anci5t hi/ory1 ^: mov+ causes are simpl] ?an ! m mod]n political factors1 ma9ta9s its place 9 pres5tations ( hi/orical mat]ial to y\ng] pupils4 ,am]ican hi/ory is bett] ?an anci5t hi/ory 9 respect to its ri*ness ( picturesque v>iety4 ,x is1 moreov]1 easi] = *ildr5 to compreh5d1 s9ce our pres5t conditions h em]g$ directly f our pione] /ate4 ,n only are con/itutions1 in/itutions1 & religi\s cu/oms to be /udi$1 b ! economic conditions ( ^? e>ly times are p>ticul>ly wor?y ( /udy1 s9ce !y are bo? important & int]e/+4 ,me?ods ( f>m+1 ( conduct+ h\sehold affairs1 su* z cook+1 mak+ fires1 produc+ clo?+1 secur+ %elt]1 means ( transportation on l& & wat]1 me?ods ( communication1 & _m o!r simil> topics are ( int]e/ to ! "y4 #bdb4 ,fur!rmore1 due att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! difficulty ( n>rat+ well a complex ev5t4 ,! v fir/ condition is cont9uity ( ! ?\ght-curr5t1 9 ord] t ! ?read ( ! /ory may rema9 unbrok51 except :]e !re are int5tional re/s4 ,?is1 9 turn1 presupposes flu5cy ( spee*1 c>eful cultivation ( :i* is indisp5sable to a good pres5tation ( hi/orical ev5ts4 ,b m]e flu5cy does n suffice4 ,!re mu/ also be re/+-places1 because o!rwise alt]nate absorption & reflection _c be secur$2 & because1 )\t su* pauses1 ev5 ! =mation ( ! s]ies fails1 s9ce :at has prec$$ arre/s :at foll[s4 ,x is !re=e n immat]ial :]e a hi/orical lesson beg9s & ends1 & :]e ! reviews are ins]t$4 ,:ile ! n>rator c utt] words 9 succession only1 ! ev5t has1 9 8 m9d1 a v diff]5t =m1 :i* x is 8 bus9ess to convey to 8 he>]s4 ,nor does ! =m ( ! ev5t resemble a level plane2 on ! contr>y1 a manifold int]e/ lifts "s ?+s into prom95ce & lets o!rs s9k4 ,x is ess5tial1 accord+ly1 to di/+ui% h[ f>1 9 a giv5 in/ance1 ! n>ration %\ld foll[ 9 a /raight l9e ! succession ( ev5ts1 & :]e1 on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld deviate to include accessory circum/ances4 ,! v language us$ mu/ possess ! p[] to induce side-glances & retrospective views1 ev5 )\t leav+ ! ma9 road4 ,! n>rator mu/ h skill to introduce descriptions "h & to l+] ov] pictures !re1 b mu/ be able also1 :ile mov+ 8 he>]s1 to reta9 8 own self-control & to keep 8 be>+s4 #bdc4 ,!re rema9s "o o!r requisite ( prime importance1 namely1 ! utmo/ simplicity ( expression4 ,! cond5s$ & ab/ract language ( m rec5t hi/orians is h>dly suit$ ev5 to ! highe/ class ( a second>y s*ool2 a s5tim5tal or witty treatm5t1 su* z t f\nd 9 mod]n noveli/s1 mu/ be avoid$ entirely4 ,! only safe models are ! anci5t classics4 ,! mo/ s]i\s fault ) ! text-book me?od is ! b>r5ness aris+ f cond5sation4 ,to tea* hi/ory solely f a s+le book1 ev5 if ?is be among ! be/1 is to produce an atrophy ( ! hi/orical int]e/4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t successful tea*]s introduce l>ge am\nts ( collat]al read+1 n ( simil>ly cond5s$ books1 :i* w\ld be l rem$y+ ! dr\? ) m dry wea!r1 b ( sections f full] works on ! same subject4 ,9 ,am]ican hi/ory ! pupil is direct$ to read select$ portions ( /&>d works l ^? ( ,fiske1 ,p>kman1 ,mc,master1 ,turn]1 ,tyl]1 or e>li] hi/orians4 ,9 ,engli% hi/ory he is s5t directly to su* m5 z ,g>d9]1 ,gre51 ,freeman1 ,traill1 ,ransome1 ,cunn+ham & ,mc,arthur1 ,h>rison & ,macaulay4 ,! me?od ( copi\s read+s has1 9 turn1 its disadvantages1 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( :i* is diffusiv5ess4 ,x is easy = ! /ud5t to become s absorb$ 9 a mass ( details t he lose ! prop] s5se ( proportion1 or ov]look ! relative importance ( ev5ts1 or fail to fix firmly 9 m9d ! causal s]ies t b9ds all toge!r4 ,9 ! case ( ei!r ( ! me?ods describ$1 x is ! tea*] :o is responsible = ord] & = cle>ness ( detail4 ,9 ! "o case 8 n>rative mu/ h ! arti/ic unity ( ! f9i%$ hi/orian2 9 ! o!r he mu/ s manage a weal? ( giv5 mat]ial t ! gold5 *a9 ( cause & effect %all be se5 b9d+ div]sity into unity4 ,! ability to d ! fir/ is ( a mu* r>] ord] ?an t ( ! second1 = ! art ( tea*+ is n s difficult z ! art ( hi/orical composition4 ,! rem$y = ! specific difficulty :i* mod]n text-book tea*+ ( hi/ory enc\nt]s w be discuss$ "u p>agraph #bdg4 ,! /ories ( ,h]odotus %\ld s]ve ! tea*] z ! basis = practice4 ,9 fact1 !y %\ld actually be memoriz$ 9 an accurate b flu5t translation4 ,! effect on *ildr5 is surpris+4 ,at a lat] /age use may be made ( ,arrian & ,livy4 ,! me?od ( ! anci5ts ( lett+ ! pr9cipal *>act]s utt] _! views & set =? _! motives ) _! own lips1 ! n>rator ab/a9+ f reflections ( 8 own1 %\ld be scrupul\sly imitat$1 & %\ld be dep>t$ f only 9 ! case ( manife/ly artificial rhetorical devices4 #bdd4 ,! c\rse ( prep>ation outl9$ above 7#bdj-bdc7 hav+ gone h&-9-h& ) a ?or\gh1 pragmatic /udy ( hi/ory1 x is fur!r necess>y1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! art acquir$1 to le>n to exp& or contract1 accord+ to circum/ances & ! specific aims ( ea* occasion4 ,conc]n+ ?is po9t no g5]ally applicable rules c be giv51 on acc\nt ( ! great v>iety ( possible cases2 b ! foll[+ sugge/ions %\ld be not$3-- ,9 g5]al1 all helps :]eby hi/orical objects may be repres5t$ to s5se--portraits1 pictures ( build+s1 ( ru9s1 etc4--are desirable2 maps = ! m anci5t times mu/ be reg>d$ z p>ticul>ly indisp5sable4 ,!y %\ld always be at h&1 & _! /udy %\ld n be neglect$4 ,among ^! helps mu/ be includ$ *>ts1 sub/antially l t by ,/rass entitl$ 8,! ,/ream ( ,"t10 :i* places be=e ! eye n only syn*roni/ic ev5ts1 b at ! same "t %[s also ! alt]nate union & division ( c\ntries4 ,! lack ( su* aids causes ! loss ( mu* "t & temp] ov] m]e memory "w4 ,aga91 att5tion is due to ! foll[+ f\r aspects ( ! tea*+ ( hi/ory3-- #bde4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 ! e>lie/ lessons 9 geography give rise to ! "q1 :5ev] ! description ( a c\ntry is f9i%$1 8,h[ did ?+s look 9 ?is c\ntry =m]ly80 ,= x is a "p ( correct appreh5sion t cities & o!r works ( man %\ld n be reg>d$ z ( equal age ) m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & oceans4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! tea*] _c /op1 dur+ ! "t set ap>t = geography deal+ ) ! pres5t1 to %[ & expla9 maps illu/rative ( ! pa/1 x w be useful1 nev]!less1 to add a few rem>ks ab\t ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! c\ntry "u discussion4 ,! art ( n>ration1 h[ev]1 is out ( place "h1 inasmu* z ! "q1 al?\gh rea*+ back 9 "t1 is sugge/$ by ! c\ntry4 ,m5tion ( =m] activity1 su* z migrations & w>s1 is made simply = ! purpose ( add+ life to ! conception ( a /ation>y surface4 ,at ! beg9n+1 ! notes on by-gone p]iods 9 connection ) ! geography ( ,g]many w accord+ly be z brief z possible2 gradually1 h[ev]1 z ,france1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 ,italy1 are be+ /udi$ 9 succession1 ^! hi/orical notes become knit toge!r1 & hi/ory is ?us1 s to speak1 made to loom up 9 ! di/ance4 ,h[ f> to g 9 ?is direction c be det]m9$ m def9itely by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! requirem5ts ( ! fir/1 & ( ! second c\rse 9 geography4 ,9 ! fir/ c\rse ! mo/ g5]al /atem5ts may suffice1 e4g41 t n s v long ago ,g]many 0 split up m ?an n[2 t !re 7 old] times1 :5 cities & neighbor+ pr9ces (t5 made w> ^u ea* o!r2 t ! b>ons us$ to live on m or less inaccessible heights2 b t1 9 ! int]e/ ( bett] ord] & /rict] surveillance1 ,g]many 0 divid$ into t5 di/ricts1 etc4 ,! second c\rse w admit ( m hi/orical facts ?an ! fir/1 al?\gh /ill only v few p]ta9+ to an old] epo*4 ,only ! m rec5t ev5ts c be conv5i5tly connect$ ) geography1 except 9 ! case ( /ill extant hi/orical monum5ts1--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ru9s 9 ,italy1 ! composite language ( ,engl&1 ! peculi> political organization ( ,switz]l& ) its _m subdivisions1 visible on ! map1 & its div]sities ( language4 ,if1 z is sometimes recomm5d$1 ! plan is adopt$ ( prep>+ ! way = ! /udy ( m$ival & mod]n hi/ory by a sep>ate introductory c\rse 9 %ort biographies1 su* a plan1 ?\gh at be/ only fragm5t>y 9 its results1 becomes at lea/ m feasible :]e hi/orical notes ( ! k9d j m5tion$ are incorporat$ ) ! lessons 9 geography4 ,b 9 ?is case x is all ! m ess5tial to h a *ronological *>t ^u ! wall1 to "s dates ( :i* ! tea*] mu/ take e opportunity to ref]1 9 ord] t ! pupils may obta9 at lea/ "s fix$ po9ts4 ,o!rwise scatt]$ biographies are liable to occasion great confusion4 #bdf4 7#b7 ,! *ief basis = ! e>li] /ages ( hi/orical tea*+ w always be ,greek & ,roman hi/ory4 ,x w n be inappropriate to comm5ce ) a few *>m+ /ories f ,hom]ic my?ology1 s9ce !re is a close connection betwe5 ! hi/ory ( a p & _! religion4 ,two wrong ways1 h[ev]1 are to be avoid$3 "o1 t ( giv+ a detail$ !ogony or ( includ+ objectionable my?s1 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 :i* w\ld "h be devoid ( a rational purpose2 ! o!r1 t ( hav+ ! my?ological elem5ts memoriz$4 ,only true hi/ory %\ld be memoriz$ by *ildr54 ,my?ology is a /udy = y\?s or m54 ,p]sian hi/ory mu/ be told approximately 9 ! sequ5ce & sett+ giv5 by ,h]odotus2 to x ! hi/ory ( ,assyria & ( ,egypt may be jo9$ 9 ! =m ( episodes1 ,greece be+ kept well 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! /ories f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 on ! o!r h&1 =m a *a9 ( lessons by !mselves4 ,! hi/ory ( ,rome mu/ at fir/ reta9 its my?ical beg9n+s4 ,:atev] ,g]man op9ion may be reg>d+ ! beg9n+s ( hi/orical in/ruction = _! own *ildr51 ,am]ican hi/ory possesses /rong claims = prec$5ce :5 we come to *ildr5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if we reg>d ! *ief intellectual purpose ( hi/ory = ! /ud5t to be ! und]/&+ ( ! pres5t /atus ?r\gh a k ( ! hi/orical progress t has l$ to x1 !n ! primitive & pione] hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry is inf9itely m valuable ?an any o!r to an ,am]ican *ild1 = 9 x lie enfold$ ! =ces t h develop$ our p2 :]eas ,greece & ,rome are z di/ant 9 influ5ce z !y are 9 "t4 ,x is ! my?ology ( ,greece & ,rome t mo/ attracts *ildr52 b ?is belongs to lit]ature r ?an to hi/ory4 ,acc\nts ( battles are ab\t ! same ! _w ov]1 b x takes m maturity ( m9d to und]/& ! ,greek rage = individuality aft] ! rise ( philosophy1 ?an x does to und]/& a correspond+ feel+ among ! ,am]ican pione]s1 to say no?+ ( ! desirability ( tea*+ ! latt] z a phase ( our own developm5t4 ,= reasons ( simplicity1 !re=e1 z well z = psy*ological ne>ness & national importance1 ,am]ican hi/ory mu/ take prec$5ce ov] t ( ,greece & ,rome = ,am]ican *ildr54 #bdg4 ,suppose1 n[1 t detail$ /ories aft] ! models furni%$ by ! anci5ts h won ! att5tion ( ! pupils2 ! m]e pleasure ( li/5+ to /ories c nev]!less n be all[$ to det]m9e cont9u\sly ! impression to be produc$4 ,cond5s$ surveys mu/ foll[1 & a few ( ! ma9 facts be memoriz$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions w be 9 place "h4 ,! *ief ev5ts are to atta* !mselves 9 ! memory to ! memoriz$ dates 9 su* a way t no confusion c arise4 ,n[1 a s+le date may suffice = ! gr\p ( connect$ incid5ts con/itut+ "o ma9 ev5t2 if x seems necess>y to add ano!r1 or a ?ird1 well & good1 b to keep on multiply+ dates defeats ! v end aim$ at4 ,! m dates ! weak] _! effect1 on acc\nt ( ! gr[+ difficulty ( rememb]+ !m all4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( "o c\ntry dates %\ld r rema9 ap>t z f> z possible1 9 ord] t ! int]v5+ numb]s may be all ! m available = purposes ( syn*roni/ic tabulation1 by :i* ! hi/ories ( diff]5t c\ntries are to be br\ght toge!r & connect$4 ,! same sp>+ use %\ld be made ( ! facts ( anci5t geography1 b ^? t are introduc$ mu/ be le>n$ accurately4 ,grant$ t ! primitive me?od ( hi/orical n>ration by ! tea*] is ! mo/ effective 9 its appeal to ! beg9n]1 x mu/ be ma9ta9$ t ! comb9$ k & lit]>y skill ( mod]n hi/orians inf9itely surpass ! p[]s ( ! ord9>y tea*]4 ,! mod]n problem is1 n h[ to compose hi/ory1 b h[ to utilize t :i* has be5 compos$4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 to gu>d aga9/ ! confusion t comes f diffus5ess4 ,wide hi/orical read+ may be z bad = ! /ud5t z wide read+ ( novels4 ,! m9d may surr5d] itself to ! pass+ panorama z completely 9 ! "o field z 9 ! o!r1 until ! impressions made are l ^? ( a %ip ^u a sea4 ,! rem$y is ! ?or\gh organization 9 ! m9d ( ! /ud5t ( ! k ga9$ 9 div]se fields4 ,?is is secur$ by tea*] or au?or1 or bo?4 ,"s au?ors secure cle>ness ( outl9e by topics1 ref]5ces1 & rese>* que/ions4 ,l>n$'s 8,hi/ory ( ,engl&0 concludes e *apt] 9 ?is way4 ,z an illu/ration we may quote f ,*apt] ,,xvi1 :i* n>rates ! qu>rel betwe5 ,k+ ,*>les & 8 p3-- #bjb4 ,*>les ,i4 ,topic4 #a4 ,*>les's "* & views4 ,ref]5ces4--,bright1 ,,ii1 #fjh1 #fji2 ,gre51 #die2 ,montague1 #aah2 ,ransome1 #ach1 #aci4 #bjc4 ,bad ,fai? 9 ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,reign4 ,topic4 #a4 ,*>les's m>riage & brok5 pl$ges4 ,ref]5ce4--,bright1 ,,ii1 #fjh1 #fad4 #bjd4 ,! ,fir/ ,p>liam5t ( ,k+ ,*>les4 ,topics4 #a4 ,*>les's designs & 8 treatm5t ( ,p>liam5t4 #b4 ,attitude ( ,commons & _! dissolution4 #c4 ,! ,k+'s levies4 ,ref]5ce4--,g>d9]1 ,,ii1 #ejb1 #ejc4 ,rese>* ,que/ions4--7#a7 ,:at 7 ! legal & illegal s\rces ( ! ,k+'s rev5ues8 7,ransome1 #aea1 #aee74 7#b7 ,:at might be said to con/itute ! private prop]ty ( ! cr[n8 7#c7 ,:at contribut$ to make ,*>les's c\rt exp5sive8 7,traill1 ,,iv1 #gf74 7#d7 ,h[ w\ld ?is ne$ = money make = p>liam5t>y greatness8#be ,9 a simil> way ! rema9+ topics ( ?is section ( ,engli% hi/ory are record$1 guid+ ! pupil 9 8 outl9es & 8 read+s4 ,) suitable c>e on ! "p ( ! tea*] to see t ! /ud5t fixes ! outl9e firmly 9 m9d1 !re is no dang] ( becom+ lo/ 9 a wild]ness ( words4 ,at ! same "t ! pupil's m9d is enri*$ f _m noble s\rces1 in/ead ( be+ limit$ by ! presumably meagre res\rces ( a s+le tea*]4 ,by ?is me?od ! *ild may enjoy ! b5efits ( mod]n erudition1 )\t at ! same "t be+ h>m$ by dissipation ( m5tal en]gy4 ,o!r au?ors rea* ! same ends by diff]5t means4 ,fiske's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 = example1 concludes ea* *apt] ) a topical outl9e 9 :i* cause & effect are emphasiz$4 ,at ! close ( ,*apt] ,x1 on ! 8,causes & ,beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution10 we f9d ! foll[+3-- ,topics & ,que/ions #gf4 ,causes ( ,ill ,feel+ betwe5 ,engl& & h] ,colonies4 #a4 ,:at 0 ! ,european idea ( a colony1 & ( its object8 #b4 ,:at errone\s notions ab\t trade exi/$8 #c4 ,:at 0 ! ma9 object ( ! laws regulat+ trade1 etc48 #gg4 ,! ,ne$ ( a ,f$]al ,union4 #a4 ,"o difficulty 9 c>ry+ on ! ,fr5* w>s4 #b4 ,an acc\nt ( ,frankl94 #c4 ,frankl9's plan ( union1 etc4 #gh4 ,! ,/amp ,act ,pass$ & ,repeal$4 #a4 ,! k9d ( gov]nm5t ne$$ by ! colonies4 #b4 ,h[ ,p>liam5t s\ght to e/abli% su* a gov]nm5t4 #c4 ,! nature ( a /amp act1 etc4 #gi4 ,taxation 9 ,engl&4 #a4 ,h[ ,pitt's fri5d%ip = ,am]ica (f5d$ ,george ,,iii4 #b4 ,! repres5tation ( ! ,engli% p 9 ,p>liam5t4 #c4 ,h[ ! repres5tation ( ! p is kept fair 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d4 ,h[ x became unfair 9 ,engl&4 #e4 ,corrupt practices favor$ by ?is unfairness4 #f4 ,! p>ty ( ,old ,:igs4 #g4 ,! ,tories1 or ! p>ty ( ,george ,,iii4 #h4 ,! p>ty ( ,new ,:igs & its aims4 #i4 ,:y ,george ,,iii 0 s bitt] aga9/ ,pitt4 #aj4 ,! attitude ( ! ,k+ t[>d taxation 9 ,am]ica4 #aa4 ,! p ( ,engl& n our enemies1 etc4 ,at ! close ( ^! topics !re foll[s a li/ ( fifte5 8,sugge/ive ,que/ions & ,directions10 ) page ref]5ces to ,fiske's 8,! ,am]ican ,revolution10 ,vol4 ,i1 ! :ole be+ conclud$ by eighte5 topics = collat]al read+ f 8,! ,am]ican ,revolution10 & f ,cooke's 8,virg9ia40#bf ,x is a significant fact t mod]n text-books = *ildr5 are be+ prep>$ by ma/]s 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( k1 n a little ?\ght be+ be/[$ ^u ! highe/ utilization ( all mod]n in/rum5ts = ar\s+ ! intellig5t int]e/ ( ! pupils4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is idle to rely ^u primitive me?ods1 h[ev] pot5t !y may h be5 9 ! pa/1 ) pupils :o h le>n$ to read flu5tly4 #be ,l>n$1 8,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 p4 #cif4 #bf ,fiske1 ,john1 8,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ,s*ools10 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,bo/on1 pp4 #baa-bae4 #bdh4 ,! g5]al surveys t foll[ ! detail$ n>ratives h ?is advantage = ! pupil3 he inf]s ( 8 own accord1 t 9 p]iods ( :i* n mu* is told1 a great deal took place1 nev]!less1 :i* ! hi/ory or ! tea*] passes ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,9 ?is way ! false impressions are prev5t$ t w\ld be produc$ by purely comp5di\s in/ruction1 :i* inde$1 at a lat] /age1 becomes 9 a measure unavoidable4 #bdi4 7#c7 ,m$ival hi/ory d]ives no assi/ance f ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages1 nor is x closely relat$ to pres5t conditions2 !re is difficulty 9 imp>t+ to ! pres5tation ( x m ?an ! cle>ness obta9able ?r\gh geography & *ronology4 ,b m ?an ?is is requisite3 ! burd5 ( m]e memory "w )\t int]e/ w\ld become too great4 ,! fundam5tal factors1 ,islamism1 ,papacy1 ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ,feudalism1 mu/ be expla9$ & giv5 due prom95ce4 ,mo/ ( ! facts d[n to ,*>lemagne may be made to contribute additional t\*es to ! panorama ( ! ,great ,migration4 ,) ,*>lemagne ! *a9 ( ,g]man hi/ory beg9s1 & x w usually be consid]$ advisable to ext5d ?is *a9 to ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ord] to h some?+ to :i* syn*ron\s ev5ts may be l9k$ lat] on4 ,yet "s d\bt arises z to ! value ( su* a plan4 ,to be sure1 ! reigns ( ! ,ottos1 ! ,h5rys1 ! ,hoh5/auf51 toge!r ) int]v5+ occurr5ces1 =m a tol]ably well-connect$ :ole2 b z e>ly z ! int]regnum !re is a sad break1 & al?\gh ! hi/orical n>rative recov]s1 z x 71 ) ! /ories ( ,rudolph ,albre*t & ,ludwig ! ,bav>ian1 !re is no?+ 9 ! names ( succe$+ lead]s1 f ,c>l ,,iv to ,fr$]ick ,,iii1 t w\ld make !m prop] />t+-po9ts & connect+ c5tres = ! syn*ronism ( ! :ole p]iod 9 "q4 ,x might be bett]1 !re=e1 to /op ) ! excommunication ( ,ludwig ! ,bav>ian1 ) ! assembly ( ! electors at ,rh5se1 & ) ! acc\nt ( h[ ! popes came to reside 9 ,avignon4 ,!n--go+ back to ,*>lemagne--,france1 ,italy1 ev5 ,engl&1 may be tak5 up1 & great] complet5ess giv5 to ! hi/ory ( ! crusades4 ,f>!r on1 special att5tion might be call$1 9 a syn*roni/ic way1 to ,burgundy & ,switz]l&1 & to ! *ang+ =tunes ( ! w>s betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,fr5* hi/ory may !n leave (f ) ! reign ( ,*>les ,,viii1 & ,engli% hi/ory ) t ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 :ile ,g]man hi/ory1 f ,maximilian on1 is plac$ aga9 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! ,hussite w>s w be treat$ z =]unn]s ( ! ,re=mation4 ,o!r ev5ts mu/ be skilfully ins]t$4 ,_m modifications ( gr\p+ w h to be res]v$ = subsequ5t repetitions4 #bej4 7#d7 ,9 pres5t+ mod]n hi/ory1 ! tea*] w d well to avail himself ( ! fact t mod]n hi/ory does n cov] s long rea*es ( "t z m$ival hi/ory does1 & t x falls into ?ree %>ply def9$ p]iods1 ! fir/ ( :i* ends ) ! treaty ( ,we/phalia1 ! second ext5ds f ?is date to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & ! ?ird1 to ! pres5t4 ,^! p]iods %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$1 ! lead+ ev5ts ( ea* %\ld be n>rat$ syn*roni/ically1 & a recital ( ! mo/ ess5tial hi/orical facts ab\t ea* c\ntry %\ld foll[4 ,only aft] ea* has be5 h&l$ 9 ?is way1 & ! subject-matt] pres5t$ has be5 ?or\ghly impress$ ^u ! memory by reviews1 w x be well to pass on to a some:at full] e?nographical acc\nt rea*+ back into ! m$ival hi/ory ( ea* c\ntry & ext5d+ =w>d to our own times4 ,no h>m is done by go+ ov] ! same gr\nd aga9 = ! purpose ( amplify+ t :i* be=e appe>$ 9 outl9e only4 ,! *ief po9t is1 t no c\rse ( in/ruction :i* claims at all to give complet5ess ( culture c be reg>d$ z conclud$ be=e x has introduc$ ! pupil to ! pragmatic /udy ( hi/ory1 & has taught him to look = causes & effects4 ,?is applies prem95tly to mod]n hi/ory1 on acc\nt ( its direct connection ) ! pres5t2 b m$ival & anci5t hi/ory1 too1 h to be work$ ov] once m f ?is po9t ( view4 ,hi/ory %\ld be ! tea*] ( mank9d2 if x does n become s1 ! blame re/s l>gely ) ^? :o tea* hi/ory 9 s*ools4 #bea4 ,a well-compil$ & well-proportion$ brief hi/ory ( inv5tions1 arts1 & sci5ces %\ld conclude ! tea*+ ( hi/ory1 n only 9 gymnasia1 b also & especially 9 high] burgh] s*ools1 because _! c\rses ( /udy are n supplem5t$ by ! univ]sity4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole c\rse 9 hi/ory is prop]ly accompani$ by illu/rative poetical selections1 :i*1 al?\gh p]haps n produc$ dur+ ! diff]5t epo*s1 yet /& 9 "s relation to !m2 & :i* 9 "s measure1 ev5 if only by illu/rat+ ages v f> ap>t1 exhibit ! va/ diff]5ces 9 ! free/ activities ( ! human m9d4 ,note4--,national hi/ory is n ! same = ea* l&1 nor ev]y:]e ( equal int]e/1 &1 ow+ to its connection ) l>g] ev5ts1 (t5 un9telligible to "y m9ds :5 torn out ( its place & pres5t$ by itself4 ,if its e>ly introduction is desir$ 9 ord] to k9dle ! he>t1 special pa9s mu/ be tak5 to select t :i* is intelligible & :i* appeals to boyhood4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,ma!matics & ,nature ,/udy #beb4 ,aptitude = ma!matics is n r>] ?an aptitude = o!r /udies4 ,t ! contr>y seems true1 is ow+ to a belat$ & slight$ beg9n+4 ,b t ma!maticians are seldom incl9$ to give z mu* "t to *ildr5 z !y ought is only natural4 ,! elem5t>y lessons 9 comb9ation & geometry are neglect$ 9 favor ( ari?metic1 & demon/ration is attempt$ :]e no ma!matical imag9ation has be5 awak5$4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is att5tion to magnitudes1 & _! *anges1 :]e !y occur4 ,h5ce1 c\nt+1 measur+1 weigh+1 :]e possible2 :]e impossible1 at lea/ ! e/imat+ ( magnitudes to det]m9e1 h[ev] vaguely at fir/1 ! m & ! less1 ! l>g] & ! small]1 ! ne>] & ! f>!r4 ,special consid]ation %\ld be giv51 on ! "o h&1 to ! numb] ( p]mutations1 v>iations1 & comb9ations2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! quadratic & cubic relations1 :]e simil> planes & bodies are det]m9$ by analog\s l9es4 ,note4--,?is is n ! place = say+ mu* t might be said conc]n+ t :i* r5d]s e>ly in/ruction 9 ma!matics unnecess>ily difficult4 ,b x may be rem>k$ 9 brief t "s ( ^! difficulties arise f ! t]m9ology1 "s f ! tea*]'s accu/om$ po9t ( view1 & "s f ! multiplication ( v>y+ requirem5ts4 7#a7 ,! phraseology us$ =ms an ob/acle1 ev5 to ! easie/ /eps 9 fractions4 ,! fraction 1 = example1 is read two-?irds1 &1 accord+ly1 1 two-?irds times f\r-fif?s1 in/ead (1 multiplication by two & by f\r1 & division by ?ree & by five4 ,! fact is ov]look$ t ! ?ird "p ( a :ole includes ! concept ( ?is :ole1 :i* _c be a multipli]1 b only a multiplic&4 ,?is difficulty ! pupils /umble ov]4 ,! same applies to ! my/]i\s ^w squ>e root1 employ$ in/ead ( ! expression3 "o ( ! two equal factors ( a product4 ,matt]s gr[ ev5 worse lat] on :5 !y he> ( roots ( equations4 7#b7 ,/ill m might be said 9 criticism ( ! errone\s view accord+ to :i* numb]s are record$ z sums ( units4 ,?is is true z little z t sums are products2 two does n mean two ?+s1 b d\bl+1 no matt] :e!r t :i* is d\bl$ is "o or _m4 ,! concept ( a doz5 *airs is n made up ( #ab p]cepts ( s+le *airs2 x comprises only two m5tal products1--! g5]al concept *air & ! undivid$ multiplication by #ab4 ,! concept "o hundr$ m5 likewise conta9s only two concepts1--! g5]al concept man & ! undivid$ numb] #ajj4 ,s1 also1 9 su* expression z six foot1 sev5 p\nd1 9 :i* language assi/s correct appreh5sion by ! use ( ! s+ul>4 ,numb] concepts rema9 imp]fect s long z !y are id5tifi$ ) s]ies ( numb]s & rec\rse is _h to successive c\nt+4 7#c7 ,9 ari?metical problems ! difficulty atta*+ to ! appreh5sion ( ! ?+s dealt ) is conf\nd$ ) t ( ! solution itself4 ,pr9cipal & int]e/ & "t1 velocity & di/ance & "t1 etc41 are matt]s :i* mu/ be famili> to ! pupils1 & h5ce mu/ h be5 previ\sly expla9$1 long be=e use c be made ( !m = practice4 ,! pupil to :om ari?metical concepts /ill give tr\ble %\ld be giv5 concrete examples s famili> to him t out ( !m he c create ov] aga9 ! ma!matical notion & n be compell$ to apply x to !m4 #bec4 ,! measur+ ( l9es1 angles1 & arcs 7= :i* _m *ildr5's games1 con/ructive 9 t5d5cy1 may pres5t ! fir/ occasion7 leads ov] to obs]vation ex]cises deal+ ) bo? planes & sph]es4 ,skill 9 ?is direction hav+ be5 atta9$1 frequ5t application mu/ be made ( x1 or else1 l e o!r acquirem5t1 x w be lo/ aga94 ,e plan ( a build+1 e map e a/ronomical *>t1 may af=d opportunities = practice4 ,^! obs]vation ex]cises are to be organiz$ 9 su* a mann] t ^u ! completion ( m5suration ! way is fully prep>$ = trigonometry1 provid$ t besides ! "w 9 pla9 geometry1 algebra has be5 c>ri$ z f> z equations ( ! second degree4 ,ext5d$ discussions z to ! place & value ( ! ratio idea 9 elem5t>y ari?metic are f\nd 9 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,numb]10 by ,mc,lellan ,dewey1#bg & 9 8,! ,new ,ari?metic10 by ,w4 ,w4 ,spe]4#bh ,! =m] "w advocates e>ly practice 9 measur+ ) *angeable units1 claim+ t ! *ild %\ld e>ly acquire ! idea ( numb] z ! expression ( ! relation t a measur$ some:at be>s to a *os5 measur]1 & mak+ c\nt+ a special case ( measur+4 ,mr4 ,spe] makes ! ratio idea /ill m prom95t by furni%+ ! s*ool ) num]\s sets ( blocks ( v>i\s sizes & %apes ) :i* to drill ! pupils into in/antane\s recognition ( numb] z ! ratio betwe5 two quantities4 ,= an ext5d$ exam9ation ( ^! pr9ciples ! read] may well consult ,dr4 ,david ,eug5e ,smi?'s able treatise on ! tea*+ ( elem5t>y ma!matics4#bi ,note4--,x is n[ ne>ly =ty ye>s s9ce ! au?or wrote a little book on ! plan ( ,pe/alozzi's ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( obs]vation1 & he has (t5 _h x us$ by tea*]s s9ce4 ,num]\s sugge/ions h be5 giv5 by o!rs "u ! title1 8,/udy ( ,=ms40 ,! ma9 ?+ is tra9+ ! eye 9 gaug+ di/ances & angles1 & comb9+ su* ex]cises ) v simple computations4 ,! aim is n m]ely to secure ke5ness ( obs]vation = objects ( s5se1 b1 prem95tly1 to awak5 geometrical imag9ation & to connect ari?metical ?9k+ ) x4 ,inde$1 ex]cises ( ?is sort con/itute ! necess>y1 al?\gh commonly neglect$1 prep>ation = ma!matics4 ,! helps made use ( mu/ be concrete objects4 ,v>i\s ?+s h be5 tri$ & ca/ aside aga92 mo/ conv5i5t = ! fir/ /eps are triangles made f ?9 h>d-wood bo>ds4 ,( ^! only sev5te5 pairs are ne$$1 all ( !m "r-angl$ triangles ) "o side equal4 ,to f9d ^! triangles1 draw a circle ) a radius ( f\r in*es1 & trace ! tang5ts & secants at #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 etc41 to #he4 ,! num]\s comb9ations t c be made w easily sugge/ !mselves4 ,! tang5ts & secants mu/ be actually measur$ by ! pupils2 f #de on1 ! correspond+ figures1 at fir/ n c>ri$ out beyond t5?s1 %\ld be not$1 &1 aft] "s repetition1 le>n$ by he>t4 ,on ?is basis v easy ari?metical examples may be devis$ = ! imm$iate purpose ( ga9+ ! la/+ att5tion ( ! pupils to matt]s s simple4 ,obs]vations relat+ to ! sph]e require a m complicat$ app>atus1 namely1 ?ree movable great circles ( a globe4 ,x w\ld be well to h su* means at h& 9 tea*+ sph]ical trigonometry4 ,ne$less to say1 ( c\rse1 obs]vation ex]cises d n take ! place ( geometry1 /ill less ( trigonometry1 b prep>e ! gr\nd = ^! sci5ces4 ,:5 ! pupil rea*es pla9 geometry1 ! wood5 triangles are put aside1 & obs]vation is subord9at$ to geometrical con/ruction4 ,mean:ile ari?metic is pass+ beyond ex]cises t deal m]ely ) proportions1 to p[]s1 roots1 & log>i?ms4 ,9 fact1 )\t ! concept ( ! squ>e root1 n ev5 ! ,py?agorean ,!orem c be fully grasp$4 8,h]b>t's ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( ,s5se ,p]ception10 toge!r ) a numb] ( m9or educational works1 has be5 translat$ into ,engli%4#cj ,x ab\nds 9 %rewd obs]vations & +5i\s devices1 yet z a :ole x repres5ts "o ( ^? side excursions1 :i*1 ?\gh delightful to g5ius1 is n especially useful to ! _w4 ,to drill *ildr5 into ! habit ( resolv+ a l&scape into a s]ies ( triangles1 may inde$ be possible1 b l any o!r s*ematization ( ! univ]se1 is too artificial to be desirable4 ,nev]!less1 a limit$ use ( ! devices m5tion$ 9 ?is section might t5d to quick5 an o!rwise torpid m9d4 #bg ,mc,lellan ,dewey1 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,numb]10 ,int]national ,education ,s]ies1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 #bh ,spe]1 ,w4 ,w41 8,! ,new ,ari?metic10 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 #ahif4 #bi ,smi?1 ,david ,eug5e1 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,elem5t>y ,ma!matics10 ,*4 ,v1 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 #cj ,eck(f1 ,william ,j41 8,h]b>t's ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( ,s5se ,p]ception10 ,int]national ,education ,s]ies1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 #bed4 ,b n[ a subject comes up t1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulties x causes1 calls = special consid]ation1 namely1 t ( log>i?ms4 ,x is easy en\gh to expla9 _! use1 & to r5d] ! und]ly+ concept intelligible z f> z necess>y 9 practice--ari?metical correspond+ to geometrical s]ies1 ! natural numb]s be+ conceiv$ ( z a geometrical s]ies4 ,b sci5tifically consid]$1 log>i?ms involve fractional & negative expon5ts1 z also ! application ( ! ,b9omial ,!orem4 ,! latt]1 to be sure1 is m]ely an easy comb9atory =mula s f> z integral positive expon5ts are conc]n$1 b1 limit$ to ^!1 is "h ( comp>atively little use4 ,n[1 s9ce trigonometry 9 its ma9 !orems is indep5d5t ( log>i?ms1 b is little appli$ )\t _! aid1 ! "q arises :e!r beg9n]s %\ld necess>ily be giv5 a complete & vigor\sly sci5tific c\rse 9 log>i?ms1 ! highly b5eficial in/ruction 9 trigonometry be+ po/pon$ until aft] ! successful completion ( su* a c\rse1 or :e!r ! practical use ( log>i?ms is to be p]mitt$ be=e accurate insight into und]ly+ pr9ciples has be5 ga9$4 ,note4--,! difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 ?is subject--und\bt$ly "o ( ^? difficulties mo/ ke5ly felt 9 tea*+ ma!matics--is aft] all only an illu/ration ( ! injuri\s consequ5ces ( =m] s9s ( omission4 ,if ! geometrical imag9ation 7 n neglect$1 !re w\ld be ample opportunity1 n only = impress+ f> m deeply ! concept ( proportion1 dem&$ ev5 by elem5t>y ari?metic1 b also = develop+ e>ly ! idea ( function4 ,! object lessons m5tion$ above h already illu/rat$ ! dep5d5ce ( tang5ts & secants on angles4 ,:5 ^! relations ( dep5d5ce h become z famili> z may be expect$ aft] a half ye>'s in/ruction1 s9es & cos9es also are tak5 up4 ,b x is n suffici5t to leave ! matt] "h4 ,some:at lat]1 ab\t ! "t :5 m5suration is introduc$1 ! squ>es & cubes ( natural numb]s mu/ be emphasiz$1 & v soon committ$ to memory4 ,next x %\ld be po9t$ out h[ by f9d+ ! diff]5ces ( squ>es & cubes respectively1 & !n add+ ^! diff]5ces1 ! orig9al numb]s may be obta9$ aga94 ,a simil> treatm5t %\ld be accord$ to figurate numb]s4 ,small wood5 disks1 l *eck]-pawns1 comm5d !mselves = ! purpose4 ,by means ( !m v>i\s figures are f\nd4 ,! pupils are ask$ to indicate h[ _m disks !y ne$ to con/ruct "o or ! o!r k9d ( figures4 ,a fur!r /ep w be to %[ ! increase ( squ>es & cubes correspond+ to ! increase ( ! root1 & to make ?is in=mation s]ve z ! prep>ation = ! elem5t>y p>ts ( diff]5tial calculus4 ,n[ ! "t has come = pass+ on to ! consid]ation ( consecutive values ( ! roots1 :i* are f\nd to diff] by quantities ( cont9u\sly decreas+ smallness z "o progresses cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! numb] sy/em4 ,& s1 aft] ! log>i?ms ( #a1 #aj1 #ajj1 #ajjj1 etc41 also ( #a_/aj1 #a_/ajj1 etc41 h be5 gone ov] _m times1 =w>d & backw>d1 ! conception is f9ally rea*$ ( ! int]polation ( log>i?ms4 #bee4 ,9 s*ools :]e practical aims pr$om9ate1 log>i?ms %\ld be expla9$ by a comp>ison ( ! ari?metical ) ! geometrical s]ies1 & ! practical application w imm$iately foll[4 ,b ev5 :]e rec\rse is _h to ,taylor's ,!orem & ! ,b9omial ,!orem1 ! ga9 to ! beg9n] w n usually be v mu* great]4 ,n z ?\gh ^! !orems1 toge!r ) ! elem5ts ( diff]5tial calculus1 c\ld n be made cle>2 ! real tr\ble lies 9 ! fact t mu* ( :at is compreh5d$ is n likely to be reta9$ 9 ! memory4 ,! beg9n]1 :5 he comes to ! application1 /ill has ! recollection ( ! pro( & ( 8 hav+ und]/ood x4 ,inde$1 ) "s assi/ance he w\ld be able1 p]haps1 to aga9 retrace /ep by /ep ! c\rse ( ! demon/ration4 ,b he lacks p]spective2 & 9 8 application ( log>i?ms x is ( no consequ5ce to him by :at me?od !y h be5 calculat$4 ,:at has be5 said "h ( log>i?ms may be appli$ m g5]ally4 ,! value ( rigid demon/rations is fully se5 only :5 "o has made himself at home 9 ! field ( concepts to :i* !y belong4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ,am]ican s*ools to take up elem5t>y algebra & elem5t>y geometry ^u ! completion ( ari?metic1 bo? algebra & geometry be+ anticipat$ to "s ext5t 9 ! lat] /ages ( ari?metic4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs f ! p5 ( ,david ,eug5e ,smi?#ca indicate "s ( ! advance 9 algebra s9ce ,h]b>t's "t3-- 8,! great revival ( le>n+ kn[n z ! ,r5aissance1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 saw algebra take a fre% />t aft] sev]al c5turies ( complete /agnation4 ,t>taglia solv$ ! cubic equation1 & a little lat] ,f]r>i solv$ ! biquadratic4 ,by ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,vieta _h put ! key/one 9 ! ar* ( elem5t>y algebra1 ! only mat]ial improvem5ts = "s "t to come be+ 9 ! way ( symbolism4 ,= ! next two hundr$ ye>s ! /ruggle ( algebrai/s 0 = a solution ( ! qu9tic equation1 or1 m g5]ally1 = a g5]al solution ( an equation ( any degree4 8,! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury saw a few great additions to ! !ory ( algebra4 ,! fir/ 0 ! positive pro( t ! g5]al equation ( ! fif? degree is insoluble by elem5t>y algebra1 a pro( due to ,abel4 ,! second 0 ! ma/]y ( ! numb] sy/ems ( algebra1--! complete und]/&+ ( ! negative1 ! imag9>y1 ! incomm5surable1 ! transc5d5t4 ,o!r additions 7 9 ! l9e ( ! conv]g5cy ( s]ies1 ! approximation ( ! real roots ( num]ical equations1 ! /udy ( det]m9ants--all f9d+ _! way into ! elem5ts1 toge!r ) ! !ories ( =ms & gr\ps1 :i* mu/ soon beg9 to influ5ce ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! subject4 8,?is ha/y glance at ! developm5t ( ! subject is suffici5t to %[ h[ x has be5 revolutioniz$ 9 mod]n times4 ,to-day x is progress+ z nev] be=e4 ,! high] culture is beg9n+ to affect ! l[]2 det]m9ants h f\nd place 9 ! beg9n]'s c\rse2 graphic me?ods1 object$ to z innovations by "s :o are ignorant ( _! prom95ce 9 ! *ildhood ( sci5ce1 are reass]t+ _! rights2 ! #8imag9>y' has become v real2 ! inh]itances ( ! algebra-tea*]s' guild are be+ exam9$ ) critical eyes1 & _m an old problem & rule mu/ soon g by ! bo>d4 ,x is valuable to a tea*] to see :at *anges h be5 wr\ght s t he may jo9 9 ! movem5t to we$ out ! bad1 to cl+ to ! good1 & to rea* up into ! realm ( mod]n ma!matics to see if1 p]*ance1 he _c f9d t :i* is good & usable & light-%$d+ = ! elem5t>y "w40 ,! true ord] ( elem5t>y ma!matics1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,smi?1 is sub/antially z foll[s3-- #a4 ,elem5t>y op]ations ( ari?metic4 #b4 ,simple m5suration1 correlation ) draw+1 ! models 9 h&3-- ,inductive geometry--! primitive =m ( ! sci5ce4 #c4 ,ari?metic ( bus9ess & ( sci5ce1 us+ ! simple equation ) "o unkn[n quantity :]ev] x ?r[s light ^u ! subject4 #d4 ,simple !ory ( numb]s1 ! roots1 s]ies1 log>i?ms4 #e4 ,elem5t>y algebra1 includ+ quadratic & radical equations4 #f4 ,demon/rative plane geometry begun be=e ! algebra is complet$ & correlat$ ) x4 #g4 ,plane trigonometry & its elem5t>y applications4 #h4 ,solid geometry4 ,trigonometry4 ,advanc$ algebra1 ) ! elem5ts ( diff]5tiation & integration4 8,! /ud5t %\ld !n take a rapid review ( 8 elem5t>y ma!matics1 includ+ a c\rse 9 elem5t>y analytic geometry & ! calculus4 ,he w\ld !n be prep>$ to ent] ^u ! /udy ( high] ma!matics40 #ca ,comp>e ,smi?1 ,david ,eug5e1 8,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,ma!matics10 9 ,m]riman ,woodwor?'s 8,high] ,ma!matics10 ,wiley1 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 #bef4 ,demon/rations tak+ a r\ndab\t way ?r\gh remote auxili>y concepts are a grave evil 9 in/ruction1 be !y ev] s elegant4 ,su* modes ( pres5tation are r to be select$ z />t f simple elem5t>y notions4 ,= ) ^! conviction does n dep5d on ! un=tunate condition requir+ a compreh5sive view ( a long s]ies ( prelim9>y propositions4 ,?us ,taylor's ,!orem c be d$uc$ f an int]polation =mula1 & ?is1 9 turn1 f ! consid]ation ( diff]5ces1 = :i* no?+ is ne$$ beyond addition1 subtraction1 & k ( ! p]mutation ( numb]s4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( imag9>y & complex numb]s by ,dr4 ,david ,eug5e ,smi? is s lucid t x is giv5 at l5g?3-- 8,! illu/rations ( ! negative numb] are s num]\s1 s simple1 & s g5]ally kn[n f ! common text-books t x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u !m4#cb ,debt & cr$it1 ! scale on ! !rmomet]1 longitude1 latitude1 ! upw>d pull ( a balloon comp>$ ) ! =ce ( gravity1 & ! graphic illu/ration ( ^! ^u horizontal & v]tical l9es--all ^! are famili>4 8,b ! imag9>y & complex numb]s h be5 left en%r\d$ 9 my/]y 9 mo/ text-books4 ,! books say1 int] l9eas1 #8,"h is #a2 x means no?+2 y c't imag9e x2 ! writ] kn[s no?+ ab\t x2 let u h done ) x1 & g on4' ,su* is ! way 9 :i* ! negative 0 treat$ 9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t$ algebras1 b n[ su* treatm5t w\ld be condemn$ z inexcusable4 ,b !re is really no m reason to-day = treat+ ! imag9>y s un9tellig5tly ?an = pres5t+ ! negative z 0 ! cu/om f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! graphic treatm5t ( ! complex numb] is n to-day s difficult = ! /ud5t ab\t to take up quadratics z is ! pres5tation ( ! negative to "o j beg9n+ algebra4 8,briefly1 ! foll[+ outl9e w suffice to illu/rate ! proc$ure = ! complex numb]3-- #e #d #c #b #a #a #b #c #d #e #j 8#a4 ,negative numb]s may be repres5t$ 9 a direction opposite to t ( positive numb]s1 />t+ f an arbitr>y po9t call$ z]o4 ,h5ce1 :5 we leave ! doma9 ( positive numb]s1 direction ent]s4 ,b !re are inf9itely _m directions 9 a plane besides ^? ( ! positive & negative numb]s1 & h5ce !re may be o!r numb]s ?an ^!4 8#b4 ,:5 we add positive & negative numb]s we f9d "s results :i* seem /range to a beg9n]4 ,= example1 if we add #d & #c we say ! sum is #a1 al?\gh ! l5g? #a is less ?an ! l5g? #d or ! l5g? #c2 yet ?is does n tr\ble u because we h consid]$ some?+ besides l5g?1 namely1 direction2 x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! sum ( #d & #c is less ?an ! absolute value ( ei!r4 ,?is is se5 to be s reasonable1 h[ev]1 f num]\s illu/rations 7z ! comb9$ weight ( a balloon pull+ up #c lbs41 ti$ to a #d-lb4 weight71 t we come n to notice ! /rang5ess ( x2 graphically1 we ?9k ( ! sum z obta9$ by />t+ f #j1 go+ #d 9 a positive direction1 !n #c 9 a negative direction1 ! sum be+ ! di/ance f #j to ! /opp+-place4 ,illu/ration3 ,graph ( #a multipli$ by #a twice 8#c4 ,if we multiply #a by #a1 or by #a #a1 or by #a twice1 we sw+ x c\nt]-clockwise ?r\gh #ahj1 & obta9 #a2 h5ce1 if we multiply x by #a once1 we %\ld sw+ x ?r\gh #ij4 ,h5ce we may graphically repres5t #a z ! unit on ! p]p5dicul> axis ,,yy1 & ?is gives illu/ration to #a1 #ba1 #ca1 #a1 #ba1 #ca1 or1 m briefly1 i1 #b;i1 #c;i1 :]e i /&s = #a4 ,we !re=e see t i is a symbol ( quality 7graphically ( direction71 j z is or 1 & t #c #e;i1 i#e1 etc41 are j z real z #c #e1 #e1 etc4 ,x is impossible to look out ( a w9d[ #c #e times z x is to look out #c #e;i times2 /rictly1 "o numb] is z #8imag9>y' z ! o!r1 al?\gh ! t]m has come by cu/om to apply to "o & n to ! o!r4 8#d4 ,! complex numb] #c #b;i is n[ readily und]/ood4 ,j z #c 7#b7 is graphically repres5t$ by />t+ f an arbitr>y z]o1 pass+ #c units 9 a positive direction 7say to ! "r71 !n #b units 9 ! opposite direction1 call+ ! sum ! di/ance f #j to ! /opp+-po9t1 s #c #b;i may be repres5t$ graphically4 ,/>t+ f #j1 pass 9 ! positive direction 7to ! "r 9 ! figure7 #c units1 !n 9 ! i direction #b units1 call+ ! sum ! di/ance f #j to ! /opp+-place4 ,illu/ration3 ,graphical repres5tation ( #c #b;i z ! hypot5use ( a "r-angl$ triangle ) sides ( #c & #b;i units 8,( c\rse ! "q w arise z to ! hypot5use be+ ! sum ( ! two sides ( ! "r-angl$ triangle4 ,b ! case is p>allel to t m5tion$ 9 p>agraph #b2 x is n ! sum ( ! absolute values1 any m ?an is #a ! sum ( ! absolute values ( #d & #c2 x is ! sum :5 we def9e addition = numb]s involv+ direction z well z l5g?4 8,a simple illu/ration f ! p>allelogram ( =ces is (t5 us$ to advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,p>allelogram ( two =ces #c & #b;i ) resultant ,,op 8,suppose a =ce pull+ #c lbs4 to ! "r 7#c lbs47 & ano!r pull+ #b lbs4 upw>ds 7#b;i lbs472 requir$ ! resultant ( ! two4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is ,,op1 i4e41 ,,op #c #b;i4 8,?is elem5t>y introduction to ! subject ( complex numb]s %[s t ! #8imag9>y' elem5t is easily remov$1 & t /ud5ts ab\t to beg9 quadratics are able to get at lea/ an intimation ( ! subject4 ,?is is n ! place = any adequate treatm5t ( ^! numb]s3 su* treatm5t is easily accessible4 ,x is hop$ t en\gh has be5 pres5t$ to r5d] x impossible = any read] to be cont5t ) ! absolutely mean+less & unju/ifiable treatm5t f\nd 9 _m text-books40#cc #cb ,see ,beman ,smi?'s 8,elem5ts ( ,algebra10 p4 #ag4 #cc ,= an elem5t>y pres5tation ( ! subject1 see ,beman & ,smi?'s 8,elem5ts ( ,algebra10 ,bo/on1 #aijj4 ,= a hi/ory ( ! subject1 see ,beman & ,smi?'s translation ( ,f9k's 8,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics10 ,*icago1 #aijj1 or ,pr(essor ,beman's ,vice-,presid5tial ,address be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahih1 or ! au?or's 8,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,ma!matics10 already m5tion$4 #beg4 ,! p$agogical value ( ma!matical in/ruction1 z a :ole1 dep5ds *iefly on ! ext5t to :i* x ent]s into & acts on ! pupil's :ole field ( ?\ght & k4 ,f ?is tru? x foll[s1 to beg9 )1 t m]e pres5tation does n suffice2 ! aim mu/ be r to enli/ ! self-activity ( ! pupil4 ,ma!matical ex]cises are ess5tial4 ,pupils mu/ realize h[ mu* !y c d by means ( ma!matics4 ,f "t to "t writt5 "w 9 ma!matics %\ld be assign$2 only ! tasks set mu/ be suffici5tly easy4 ,m %\ld n be dem&$ & insi/$ on ?an pupils c com=tably accompli%4 ,"s are attract$ e>ly by pure ma!matics1 especially :]e geometry & ari?metic are prop]ly comb9$4 ,b a sur] road to good results is appli$ ma!matics1 provid$ only ! application is made to an object 9 :i* int]e/ has already be5 ar\s$ 9 o!r ways4 ,b ! pupils ought n to be deta9$ too long ov] a n>r[ r\nd ( ma!matical problems2 !re mu/ also be progress 9 ! pres5tation ( ! !ory4 ,7 ! only requisite to /imulate self-activity1 ! elem5t>y pr9ciples might v easily suffice = c\ntless examples af=d+ ! pupil ! pleasure ( increas+ facility1 & ev5 ! delight aris+ f inv5tions ( 8 own1 )\t giv+ him any conception ( ! greatness ( ! sci5ce4 ,_m problems may be comp>$ to witty conceits1 :i* may be welcome en\gh 9 ! "r place1 b :i* %\ld n encroa* on ! "t = "w4 ,!re ought to be no l+]+ ov] ?+s t ) advanc+ /udy solve !mselves1 m]ely = ! sake ( p]=m+ feats ( +5uity4 ,incomp>ably m important ?an m]e practice examples is famili>ity ) ! facts ( nature1 & su* famili>ity r5d]s all ! bett] s]vice to ma!matics if comb9$ ) te*nical k4 #beh4 ,ev5 "y *ildr5 may v well busy !mselves ) picture books illu/rat+ zology1 & lat] ) analyses ( plants :i* !y h ga!r$4 ,if e>ly accu/om$ to ?is1 !y w1 ) "s guidance1 readily g on by !mselves4 ,at a lat] "t !y are taught to obs]ve ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( m9]als4 ,! cont9uation ( ! /udy ( zology is beset ) "s difficulties on acc\nt ( ! elem5t ( sex4 ,?\gh indu/ri\sly debat$1 !re is no field ( education m undecid$ bo? z to matt] & me?od ?an nature "w 9 ! grades4 ,"s sci5ti/s w\ld tea* l>ge am\nts ( well-classifi$ k2 o!rs are cont5t :5 !y h secur$ a hospitable frame ( m9d t[>d nature4 ,if a love = fl[]s & birds c be cultivat$ 9 *ildr51 ! latt] class are satisfi$ t ! be/ result has be5 atta9$4 ,?us a discussion arises z to :i* is ! m valuable1 attitude or k4 ,x is fe>$ by "s t any attempt to tea* real sci5ce1 ev5 ( an elem5t>y k9d1 w result 9 a p>alysis ( p]man5t sci5tific int]e/4 ,to ?is x is repli$ t a s5tim5tal reg>d = /hetic aspects ( nature insures little or no true sci5tific int]e/4 ,bo? sides are1 9 l>ge measure1 wrong2 =1 ?\gh app>5tly antagoni/ic 9 _! aims1 !y make m]ely a diff]5t application ( a common pr9ciple1 :i*1 if n :olly errone\s1 is at lea/ inadequate4 ,bo? p>ties assume t ! end to be atta9$ 9 nature /udy is some?+ only remotely relat$ to ! pupil's practical life4 ,"o w\ld pres5t nature = its own sake z sci5tific k2 ! o!r w\ld (f] x = its own sake z a s\rce ( /hetic or o!r feel+4 ,! sci5ti/ (t5 assumes t to a pupil a sci5tific fact or law is its own excuse = be+4 ,he ?9ks !re mu/ be a natural1 spontane\s response to su* a fact or law 9 ! brea/ ( e prop]ly con/itut$ *ild1 s t1 to imbue ! m9d ) ! sci5tific _s1 x is only necess>y to expose x to sci5tific fact4 ,p]haps1 un=tunately = ! normal *ild1 ?is view is some:at enc\rag$ by ! biographies ( sci5tific g5iuses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o hold ! poetic view ( nature assume t !re mu/ be a native response to natural beauties 9 e *ild2 s t ! true me?od is to expose him to nature's beauty1 :5 rapture is sure to foll[4 ,un=tunately aga9 = ! pupil1 ?is view is also enc\rag$ by ! influ5ce ( ! nature poets4 ,! result is t natural sci5ce is pres5t$ z an end 9 itself--9 ! "o case z sci5tific k1 9 ! o!r z ! lovable 9 nature4 ,:ile x may be admitt$ t a few *ildr5 w respond n[ to ! "o /imulus1 n[ to ! o!r1 ! great mass are n ?rill$ ) rapture at nature's beauty1 nor are !y fett]$ by sci5tific int]e/ 9 h] laws4 ,to become an object ( gr[+ int]e/ to *ildr51 nature mu/ h a bett] basis ?an natural *ildi% delight 9 ! novel1 or rev]5ce = sci5tific law4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is evanesc5t1 ! second feeble4 ,we may agree ) ! sci5ti/ z ) ! poet1 t bo? sci5ce & poetic appreciation are desirable ends1 b !y _c be imp>t$ to ! *ildi% m9d by didactic fiat4 ,if !re is "o s]vice great] ?an ano!r t ,h]b>t has r5d]$ to education1 x is 9 br++ cle>ly to our consci\sness ! supreme importance ( ! pr9ciple ( app]ception1 or m5tal assimilation1 z a work+ basis = educative processes4 ,s long z a fact or a pr9ciple or sy/em ( k /&s z an end 9 itself1 j s long is x a ?+ ap>t f ! real m5tal life ( ! *ild4 ,ev5 a =mally correct me?od ( pres5tation1 %\ld x ev5 appeal at once to all #8six' classes ( int]e/1 w fail to create m ?an a factiti\s m5tal en?usiasm4 ,x is l conv]sation t is #8made' int]e/+2 x may suffice to light5 a t$i\s h\r1 b x awak5s no vital response4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! natural love ( novelty or inborn response to ! true is re9=c$ by a s5se ( w>m p]sonal relation%ip1 :5 ! facts ( =e/1 or pla91 or m9e1 or animal life flood ! m9d ) unexpect$ & significant revelations conc]n+ ei!r ! pres5t or ! pa/ 9 close p]sonal t\* ) ! le>n]1 !n in/ruction re/s ^u an app]ceptive basis4 ,ab/ractions t be=e 7 pale1 beauties t 7 cold1 n[ receive color & w>m? because !y get a new subjective valuation t be=e 0 impossible4 ,a s$ate %eep nibbl+ grass or re/+ 9 ! %ade1 a skipp+ lamb gamboll+ on ! gre51 are suitable objects ( nature /udy4 ,_! pelts1 _! ho(s1 _! horns1 _! wool1 are wor?y ( note z sci5tific facts4 ,a dilut$ int]e/ may ev5 be add$ by recitation ( ! nurs]y rhymes ab\t 8,little ,bo-,peep0 & 8,m>y _h a ,little ,lamb40 ,b ^! are devices = ! feeble-m9d$4 ,if ! tea*] c reveal to ! pupil ! function ( wool 9 mak+ g>m5ts = ! race1 & c lead him to repeat ! processes by :i*1 f "t immemorial1 ! wool has be5 spun into y>n & wov5 into clo?2 if1 at ! same "t1 ! influ5ce ( ?is indu/ry ^u ! home life1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 c be %[n1 ! /udy ( ! %eep becomes wor?y ! att5tion ev5 ( a boy :o c play foot-ball or ( a girl :o c cook4 ,! lit]ature ( ! %eep is no long] infantile or fatu\s4 ,we h a gamut rea*+ f ,p5elope to ,priscilla4 ,9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,dewey3 8,! *ild :o is int]e/$ 9 ! way 9 :i* m5 liv$1 ! tools !y _h to d )1 ! trans=mation ( life t arose f ! p[] & leisure ?us ga9$1 is eag] to repeat l processes 9 8 own action2 to make ut5sils1 to reproduce processes1 to reh&le mat]ials4 ,s9ce he und]/&s _! problems & _! successes only by see+ :at ob/acles & :at res\rces !y _h f nature1 ! *ild is int]e/$ 9 field & =e/1 ocean & m\nta91 plant & animal4444 ,! int]e/ 9 hi/ory gives a m human color+1 a wid] significance1 to 8 own /udy ( nature40#cd ,! conclusion aris+ f ?is argum5t is t nature /udy z an end 9 itself1 or a ?+ ap>t f ! real or imag9$ exp]i5ces ( ! pupil1 is b a fa9t reflection ( :at x may become "u a m rational treatm5t4 ,9 ord] ( "t1 nature /udy 9 ! e>lie/ grades may inde$ re/ ^u ! m]e delight ( ! *ildi% m9d 9 ! new1 ! /range1 ! beautiful1 & especially 9 ! motion ( live creatures1 & may be re9=c$ by *ildi% lit]ature4 ,:5 boyhood & girlhood beg91 h[ev]1 !n ! indu/rial motive1 fir/ 9 ! home environm5t1 !n ( primitive times1 becomes ! *ief reliance = an abid+ int]e/4 ,9 ! reproduction ( primitive processes1 !re is ( necessity a hi/orical elem5t4 ,:5 nature has atta9$ a firm app]ceptive basis ?r\gh imitation ( primitive indu/rial processes1 & has obta9$ a hi/orical backgr\nd1 !n x may prop]ly be fur!r re9=c$ by lit]>y ref]5ce4 ,! poetic value ( nature w n[ appeal to ! m9d ) a pot5cy t spr+s f inn] life & exp]i5ce2 sci5tific law w n[ h "s *ance ( appeal+ to ! m9d ) some?+ ( ! same rev]5ce t ,kant bes\ght = ! moral law4 ,! true ord] ( appeal 9 nature /udy is !re=e z foll[s3 ,= infancy1 natural curiosity & delight 9 ! movem5ts ( liv+ creatures2 = ! age ( boyhood & girlhood1 imitation1 real or imag9>y1 ( processes dep5d+ ^u natural objects & =ces1 toge!r ) hi/orical & lit]>y ref]5ce2 second>ily1 nature "w may also appeal to y\?ful int]e/ 9 natural law or beauty4 #cd ,dewey1 ,john1 8,! ,aim ( ,hi/ory 9 ,elem5t>y ,education10 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record1 ,novemb]1 #aijj1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press4 #bei4 ,) ! =ego+ %\ld be conjo9$ mu* att5tion to ext]nal nature1 to ! *anges correspond+ to ! seasons1 & to means ( int]communication4 ,"u ?is head belongs1 on ! "o h&1 obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies1--:]e sun & moon rise1 h[ ! latt] waxes & wanes1 :]e ! nor? /> is f\nd1 & :at arcs are describ$ by ! bright] />s & ! mo/ conspicu\s con/ellations4 ,"h belongs1 on ! o!r h&1 te*nological k1 acquir$ p>tly ?r\gh direct obs]vation1 p>tly ?r\gh lessons 9 descriptive physical sci5ce4 ,te*nology ought n to be consid]$ m]ely f ! side ( ! s-call$ mat]ial int]e/s4 ,x furni%es v important connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! appreh5sion ( ! facts ( nature & human purposes4 ,e gr[+ boy & y\? %\ld le>n to h&le ! ord9>y tools ( ! c>p5t] z well z rule & compasses4 ,me*anical skill w\ld (t5 prove f> m useful ?an gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,! =m] b5efits ! m9d1 ! latt] b5efit ! body4 ,) burgh] s*ools %\ld g manual tra9+-s*ools1 :i* does n mean t ! latt] mu/ necess>ily be trade s*ools4 ,f9ally1 e human be+ ought to le>n h[ to use 8 h&s4 ,! h& has a place ( honor beside language 9 elevat+ mank9d above ! brute4 ,! =ego+ /ore ( in=mation also ent]s into ! /udy ( geography2 h[1 w appe> 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! s\ndness ( ! =ego+ rem>ks is witness$ by ! rapid developm5t ( manual tra9+-s*ools 9 ! la/ decade1 & ! almo/ univ]sal desire1 if n practice1 ( provid+ consid]able am\nts ( manual tra9+ = ! pupils ( ! gramm> grades4 ,! girls usually h "s =m ( sew+ & cook+1 :ile ! boys h sloyd or o!r simil> tool "w 9 wood4 ,! rationale ( requir+ girls to d c>p5t] "w in/ead ( ! =ms ( manual ex]cise t especially p]ta9 to _! sex is n yet satisfactorily e/abli%$4 #bfj4 ,on ! obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies is bas$ popul> a/ronomy1 :i* provides a te/ z to :e!r ! ma!matical imag9ation has be5 prop]ly cultivat$4 #bfa4 ,elem5t>y /atics & me*anics w s]ve z an e>ly introduction to physics1 :i* comb9es ) ! easie/ portions ( *emi/ry4 ,long be=e physics is =mally pres5t$1 x mu/ be =e%ad[$ by _m ?+s /imulat+ ! att5tion4 ,notice is direct$ to clocks1 mills1 ! mo/ famili> ph5om5a ( atmosph]ic pressure1 to electrical & magnetic toys1 etc4 ,9 burgh] s*ools1 at lea/1 s mu* mu/ be said ab\t build+s & ma*9es z is necess>y to incite to fur!r /udy 9 ! future4 ,! same holds = ! fundam5tal facts ( physiology4 #bfb4 ,z (t5 z a new topic = /udy is introduc$1 x is important to give prom95ce to "s ( ! sali5t facts1 & ^! mu/ be accurately memoriz$4 ,moreov]1 pupils ne$ to h practice 9 exact description4 ,:]e practicable1 ^! descriptions are correct$ by actually look+ at ! objects !mselves4 ,ha/y & sup]ficial obs]vation ( objects pres5t$ = inspection always calls = sev]e criticism2 else collections & exp]im5ts become valueless4 ,nor %\ld objects be %[n too lavi%ly2 pupils mu/ (t5 be told be=eh& :at !y w h to look =4 ,frequ5tly x may s]ve ! purpose to employ successively good descriptions1 pictures1 & direct obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,geography #bfc4 ,z to geography1 at lea/ two c\rses may be di/+ui%$4 ,"o ( ^! is analytic & beg9s ) ! pupil's imm$iate neighborhood1 ! topography ( ! place1 :ile ! o!r />ts ) ! globe4 ,"h only ! =m] w be discuss$1 z ! latt] c be _h directly f good text-books4 ,note4--,! usual me?od ( tak+ ! globe z ! po9t ( dep>ture w\ld be less op5 to criticism1 if1 9 ord] to r5d] ! conception ( ! e>?'s sph]icity m intelligible1 att5tion 7 direct$ to ! %ape ( ! moon1 ! obs]vation be+ c>ri$ on occasionally ) ! aid ( a telescope4 ,b ev5 if ?is is done1 x /ill rema9s a blund] to sub/itute ! fa9t & vague idea ( a huge ball = direct p]ception4 ,equally injudici\s is ! plan ( beg9n+ ) ,portugal & ,spa94 ,t spot :]e pupils & tea*] are at ! mom5t is ! po9t f :i* ! pupils mu/ take _! be>+s1 & 9 ?\ght ext5d _! horizon4 ,x w nev] d to pass ov] ! natural />t+-po9ts provid$ by s5se-p]ception4 ,_h ! note to ?is section be5 prop]ly he$$1 we %\ld n h _h to wait = fifty ye>s aft] ,h]b>t's dea? be=e witness+ ! pres5t rational me?ods ( apply+ geographical sci5ce to elem5t>y education4 ,x is ! pr\d boa/ ( ! mod]n elem5t>y geography t x beg9s ) a /udy ( ! pupil's actual environm5t4 ,! t]m home geography has n[ become a famili> "o4 ,x signifies t ! pupil is taught to obs]ve ! geographical elem5ts z !y exi/ 9 8 own neighborhood4 ,he /udies hills1 wat]c\rses1 soil1 woods1 lakes1 toge!r ) ! indu/rial ph5om5a t come )9 ! rea* ( 8 inve/igation4 ,^u ?is prim>y s5se-basis he re>s ! /ructure ( 8 geographical k4 #bfd4 ,geography is an associat+ sci5ce1 & use mu/ be made ( ! opportunities x (f]s = b9d+ toge!r a v>iety ( facts1 none ( :i* %\ld be all[$ to rema9 isolat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! le>n]4 ,x is n ! ma!matical portion1 supplem5t$ & made int]e/+ by popul> a/ronomy1 t s]ves z ! fir/ connect+ l9k betwe5 ma!matics & hi/ory 7second c\rse72 ev5 ! rudim5ts ( geography may1 on ! basis ( obs]vation ex]cises1 furni% practice 9 ! det]m9ation ( triangles :i* occur on ! fir/ maps us$1 al?\gh ?is /ep is n always necess>y :5 once "s skill has be5 acquir$ 9 s+l+ out features wor?y ( note4 7,! det]m9ation ( position by latitude & longitude is1 = ! fir/ c\rse1 z irrational z ! action ( a travell] 9 ,g]many or ,france w\ld be if he set ab\t to put toge!r ! picture ( ! places :]e he expects to rema91 ) ! aid ( _! relation to ! equator & ! fir/ m]idian47 ,physical geography presupposes "s k ( nature1 & furni%es ! occasion = enri*+ t k4 ,political geography designates ! mann] 9 :i* man inhabits & uses ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is ! p$agogical aim ( in/ruction 9 geography to associate all ?is4 #bfe4 ,! tea*] mu/ cultivate ! art ( n>ration2 8 acc\nts mu/ resemble ^? ( a travell]4 ,b ! n>rative %\ld conflict ) ! det]m9ation ( ! relative position ( places 7by gr\p+ !m ab\t "o pr9cipal place1 & 9 ! case ( m ?an "o by ! use ( triangles7 z little z1 9 tea*+ hi/ory1 ! /ory ( ev5ts %\ld conflict ) ! s*eme ( *ronology4 ,! two g toge!r4 ,! n>rative is to pres5t a cle> picture1 & to ?is end requires ! support ( a few fix$ po9ts 9 space4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! po9ts %\ld n rema9 isolat$2 !y are to be connect$ by ! l9es ( ! picture4 #bff4 ,x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce h[ _m unfamili> names are m5tion$ 9 "o m9ute or h\r4 ,nor is x immat]ial :e!r !y are utt]$ be=e or aft] p]ception ( ! picture :i* ! map pres5ts4 ,! fir/ requisite is t e map plac$ be=e ! pupils be conceiv$ ( z a c\ntry2 ?ree1 at mo/ f\r1 names ( riv]s1 & ! names ( a few m\nta9s are suffici5t2 complet5ess is out ( place "h4 ,! few names giv5 provide ample opportunity = fix+ ! position ( notable po9ts1 bo? ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r & to ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! c\ntry4 ,due prom95ce hav+ be5 giv5 to ^! geographical features1 !y %\ld !n be connect$1 say ) ! aid ( a blackbo>d1 on :i* !y are r\ghly sket*$ "o by "o1 & prop]ly jo9$ toge!r aft]w>d4 ,9 ! case ( ! s\rces & outlets ( riv]s1 ?is may be done by a l9e to indicate ! c\rse4 ,if n[ ! pupils h made good previ\s use ( _! eyes1 especially if !y h notic$ ! fall ( brooks & riv]s1 & h obs]v$ ! slope ( ! gr\nd 9 a p>ticul> region1--if !y h n1 ! defici5cy mu/ be made good fir/ ( all1--x w n be too e>ly to pass on to a g5]al description ( ! appe>ance :i* ! c\ntry "u consid]ation w\ld pres5t to a travell]4 ,& n[ ! "t has come = a some:at full] m5tion ( ! names ( riv]s & m\nta9s1 b ^! names mu/ at once be gone ov] sev]al times by ! pupils4 ,do+ s w reveal :e!r ! li/ ( new names has be5 made too long2 x is (t5 l>gely due to c>elessness 9 ?is respect1 if ! /udy ( geography proves b>r5 or on]\s4 ,next 9 ord] foll[ detail$ descriptions ( p>ticul> wond]s ( nature1 :]e !re are su*4 ,att5tion is !n giv5 to "s ( ! pr9cipal cities1 m5tion be+ made ( ! numb] ( inhabitants4 ,"h ! det]m9ation ( relative location comes 9 aga91 & = ?is ! self-activity ( ! pupils is indisp5sable4 ,f9ally1 human indu/ry & art1 s f> z !y relate to ! products ( ! c\ntry1 toge!r ) ! little ( political organization t pupils c grasp4 ,! names ( ! prov9ces %\ld ord9>ily be omitt$ f ! fir/ c\rse4 ,?is section is sugge/ive ( ! old geography ( ! la/ half c5tury1--location1 names1 maps1 ! b>r5 details ( ! sci5ce4 ,geography is some?+ ri*] ?an all ?is4 ,! old geography 0 political 9 ! =ego+ s5se4 ,! fir/ break 0 9 mak+ x physiographical1 ! la/ 9 mak+ x social4 ,names z su* are no?+1 & physical facts little m1 b bo? become ( value z soon z !y are br\ght into relation to man1--8 life1 8 "w1 8 recreation4 ,geography is n ess5tially ! location ( places1 nor is x physiography1 b x is a /udy ( ! ess5tial facts conc]n+ ! surface ( ! e>? z !y are relat$ to man himself2 x is1 9 %ort1 human 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,x gives a concrete explanation ( civilization2 x expla9s ! production1 ! ex*ange1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ! consumption ( goods4 ,x contra/s c\ntries1 n s mu* by squ>e miles1 z by ! numb] ( miles ( railroads !y possess4 7,! mo/ mom5t\s fact ( mod]n civilization is ! railroad4 ,twelve billions ( doll>s are inve/$ 9 x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 :at %all be said ( ^? rec5t geographies t keep ! *ildr5 por+ ov] primitive maps = ye>s--maps )\t a sugge/ion ( a railroad 9 !m8 ,?is is an illu/ration ( h[ prone education is to lag beh9d ! progress ( society47 #bfg4 ,! reviews1 :i* %\ld be frequ5t1 mu/ /eadily "w t[>d a gr[+ firmness ( association betwe5 names & places4 ,ea* "n is to be ref]r$ to ! place x designates2 h5ce ! sequ5ce ( names mu/ (t5 be rev]s$1 & ! map look$ ov] 9 all directions & f all po9ts ( view4 ,h[ f> to g is det]m9$ 9 accordance ) individual capacity4 ,f "s1 only :at is absolutely ess5tial c be dem&$2 f o!rs1 mu* m1 9 ord] t !y may ex]t !mselves prop]ly4 #bfh4 ,9 ! mid/ ( o!r /udies on :i* great] /ress is laid1 geography is z a rule slight$ by pupils & sometimes ev5 by tea*]s4 ,?is attitude m]its sev]e criticism4 ,in/ruction 9 geography may be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! fir/ c\rse ev5 requires ?is1 b x %\ld n be disp>ag$4 ,) _m pupils1 geography is ! fir/ /udy :i* gives !m ! consci\sness t !y c le>n z !y are expect$ to le>n4 ,) all pupils1 geography mu/ connect ! rema9+ /udies & mu/ keep !m connect$4 ,)\t x ev]y?+ rema9s un/able4 ,hi/orical ev5ts lack places & di/ances2 products ( nature are )\t ! regions :]e !y are f\nd2 popul> a/ronomy1 :i* is call$ ^u s (t5 to prev5t & dispel errone\s notions1 is depriv$ ( its v basis1 & ! geometrical imag9ation ( "o ( its mo/ important inc5tives4 ,if ! facts ( k are all[$ to fall asund] 9 ?is way1 in/ruction endang]s ! :ole ( education4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,"m-tongue #bfi4 ,!re w\ld be less controv]sy ab\t language tea*+ if exi/+ diff]5ces 9 conditions 7 giv5 prop] att5tion4 ,! mo/ g5]al di/9ction to make is t betwe5 und]/&+ & speak+4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two is a giv5 factor at ! "t :5 regul> in/ruction beg9s4 ,x is v great 9 "s cases1 &1 aga91 slight 9 o!rs1 accord+ to individual aptitude & e>ly surr\nd+s4 #bgj4 ,fir/ ( all1 "o's language 0 acquir$ by he>+ x spok51 by receiv+ x f o!rs1 by imitation2 x 0 ref9$ or vulg>2 x 0 p]ceiv$ accurately or indi/9ctly2 x 0 imitat$ by organs1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,little by little ! imp]fections ( ! e>lie/ /age are outgr[n1 :]e cultur$ p]sons set a daily example & insi/ on correctness ( spee*4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x takes ye>s to br+ ab\t su* a result4 #bga4 ,ano!r factor1 & "o deeply root$ 9 individual temp]am5t1 is ! /rong] or weak] impulse t[>d expression ?r\gh language4 ,?is fact elevates ! language ( ea* "o above m]e imitation2 its improvem5t mu/ />t f ! ?\ghts :i* x seeks to express4 ,/rik+ progress ( ?is k9d (t5 occurs dur+ adolesc5ce4 ,! diff]5ces not$ 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ sections are psy*ological1 h5ce common to ,g]man & ,am]ican *ildr54 ,! problem ( tea*+ ,am]ican *ildr5 _! "m-tongue1 assum$ to be ,engli%1 is bo? h>d] & easi] ?an to tea* ,g]man to ,g]man *ildr54 ,x is easi] 9 t ,engli% is mo/ly un9flect$1 h5ce un5cumb]$ by nice di/9ctions 9 grammatical =m4 ,?is same fact1 on ! o!r h&1 causes didactic difficulties1 s9ce mo/ tea*]s are at a loss z to :at def9ite body ( k !y %\ld or c imp>t t w tra9 ! *ild into a ma/]y ( good ,engli% spee*4 ,! la/ tw5ty ye>s h se5 a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! "p ( au?ors 9 ! ef=t to pres5t a body ( in=mation & ex]cises calculat$ to secure a good tra9+ 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,^! ef=ts h met ) b p>tial success1 ow+ to ! inh]5t difficulties ( ! subject4 ,_m :o c tea* a =eign language1 :]e !re is a movable fulcrum ( difficulties to be ov]come1 su* z ^? f\nd 9 inflection1 or 9 ! mean+ ( =eign words1 fail :5 confront$ by a language t is practically un9flect$1 & 9 :i* ! words are easily und]/ood4 ,! old rec\rse 0 te*nical gramm>4 ,b ?is is an analytical /udy1 calculat$ to lead to appreh5sion ( subtle mean+s1 r ?an to an in/9ct = correct =m4 ,fur!rmore1 ! gramm> _c be successfully /udi$ until aft] ! habits ( spee* are fairly fix$4 ,= ^! reasons1 x be>s mu* ! same relation to liv+ spee* t =mal logic does to real ?9k+4 ,gramm> makes ! m9d ke5 to detect =mal errors ( spee*1 j z logic tra9s "o to detect fallacies 9 reason+4 ,! fir/ important in/rum5t = secur+ good ,engli% 9 ! e>ly prim>y grades is n>ration by ! tea*] & repetition by ! *ildr54 ,?is means1 pot5t en\gh to =m ! spee* ( any *ild :e!r f ! slums or f ! homes ( ^? :o "k no ,engli%1 is r>ely utiliz$ up to ! full measure ( its effici5cy4 ,tea*]s are fill$ ) ! prepossession t !y mu/ enable _! pupils to write good ,engli%1 =gett+ t if ! m9d is habituat$ to ?9k 9 good ,engli% fir/1 ! problem ( writ+ x is well-nigh solv$4 ,! requisites = successful oral tra9+ 9 ! "m-tongue are fir/1 ! selection ( a body ( int]e/+ & appropriate lit]ature1 & second1 skill 9 n>ration by ! tea*]4 ,giv5 ^! two ?+s1 & we h ! fir/ 9 great abundance1 & e *ild w be able 9 a ye> to give ext5d$ & correct spee* )9 ! range ( 8 sph]e ( ?\ght to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t4 ,8 t5aci\s memory = =ms frequ5tly he>d1 toge!r ) 8 delight 9 repeat+ almo/ ^w = ^w /ories told 9 8 pres5ce1 w produce a/oni%+ facility 9 correct spee*4 ,z mu* ( ?is may be writt5 z seems be/1 b x is probable t !re w\ld n be great loss if a *ild 7 n call$ ^u to write a #8composition' be=e he is t5 or twelve ye>s old4 ,c\ld we be sure he w\ld g ?r\gh ! high s*ool1 =mal writ+ might be po/pon$ until he ent]s x4 ,n mu* is ev] ga9$ by attempts to produce fruit be=e its natural p]iod = appe>+4 ,^u ! basis ( ?is tra9+ 9 correct oral spee*1 ! *ildr5 may beg91 :5 n9e or t5 ye>s ( age1 to h sy/ematic language lessons1 :i* %\ld be calculat$ to produce two results3 fir/1 a facile use ( ! p5 9 record+ ?\ght1 special caution be+ giv5 n to we>y ! m9d & body too mu* by unduly ext5d+ ! l5g? ( ! writt5 ex]cises2 second1 an inductive approa*1 ?r\gh brief writt5 ex]cises1 t[>d ! classifications & di/9ctions ( te*nical gramm>4 ,to be ( use1 ?is latt] requirem5t %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,! me?od ( approa* is purely syn!tic4 ,x consi/s 9 devices to enable ! pupil repeat$ly to use a giv5 con/ruction1 say a relative pron\n1 until ! "n & con/ruction seem natural f use alone4#ce ,at ! age ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 ! analytical /udy ( gramm> %\ld be begun4 ,! ess5tial ?+ "h is t ! pupil %\ld connect words ) ! ideas !y express1 & s5t5ces ) ! ?\ghts t give rise to !m4#cf ,see+ m5tal di/9ctions cle>ly1 he has small difficulty 9 _! writt5 or oral expression4 #ce ,= ext5d$ illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 see ! 8,annotator's ,language ,lessons10 ! ,w]n] ,s*ool ,book ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 & ,*icago4 #cf ,?is position is be/ exemplifi$ by ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,br[n 9 8 8,ess5tials ( ,engli% ,gramm>10 ! ,w]n] ,s*ool ,book ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 & ,*icago4 #bgb4 ,n[ su* facts might seem to po9t to ! conclusion t no special p]iods ( in/ruction are ne$$ = ! "m-tongue1 or at lea/ n = language lessons alone4 ,on ! "o h&1 x might be urg$ t cultur$ tea*]s w improve ! language ( _! pupils by _! m]e example1 & by ! occasional corrections :i* w ( c\rse be necess>y2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gradual progress ( m5tal developm5t w %ape ! means ( expression f )91 to ! natural limits ( individual capacity4 ,b be=e accept+ ! view "h giv51 we ne$ to rem9d ourselves1 9 ! fir/ place1 t = a long "t ! educat$ tea*] is only imp]fectly und]/ood by ! un$ucat$ li/5]1 & t in/ruction is v mu* imp$$ if ea* unusual turn ( expression necessitates an inquiry z to :e!r its mean+ is cle>4 #bgc4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,language is also to be read & writt54 ,h5ce1 x becomes a /&+ object = consid]ation1 &1 to "o ^: k ( x is defici5t1 a s\rce ( emb>rassm5t4 ,accord+ly1 ! fir/ ?+ = ! tea*] to d is to %[ analytically1 on ! basis ( :at has be5 read or writt51 h[ ! mean+ w\ld be lo/ or alt]$ if ei!r s+le words 7 int]*ang$1 or ! inflectional end+s 7especially 9 ,g]man7 7 incorrectly *os54 ,t ! syn!sis ( s5t5ces %\ld foll[ next1 advanc+ /ep by /ep t[>d great] complexity1 especially by means ( v>i\s conjunctions1 may be assum$ to be well und]/ood4 #bgd4 ,n[ if all exp]i5c$ equal difficulty 9 _! read+ & writ+1 ! language lessons design$ z a rem$y w\ld comm5d !mselves 9 all cases1 & might fitt+ly be c>ri$ to ! same ext5t ev]y:]e4 ,b "h ! wide/ div]g5ce appe>s4 ,accord+ly1 :]e _m are be+ taught toge!r1 ! tea*] w seek to connect language "w ) o!r subjects4 ,?us1 9 ! c\rse ( ! same recitation1 analytic in/ruction may be direct$ to ! language side = "s pupils1 :ile = o!rs x may be giv5 a f> wid] scope4 ,moreov]1 ! accompany+ writt5 ex]cises may h a correspond+ div]sity4 #bge4 ,! "w ( a recitation p]iod w be fur!r div]sifi$ by ! introduction ( ex]cises 9 read+ al\d1 & 9 oral reproduction4 ,b nev] w x be possible to raise all pupils to ! same plane ( pr(ici5cy4 ,"h1 above all1 ! det]m9+ p[] ( individuality mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 #bgf4 ,= old] boys & "y m51 ! "w 9 ! "m-tongue w consi/ p>tly 9 ! /udy ( excell5t examples ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( poetry & oratory1 p>tly 9 ! writ+ ( essays4 ,su* /udy w prove ! m pr(itable1 ! m p]fect ! models1 ! m suitably !y are adapt$ to ! /age ( culture already atta9$ by ! /ud5t1 & ! m scrupul\sly ! tea*] refra9s f =c+ ^u him a lit]>y ta/e n cong5ial to 8 nature4 ,! lea/ promis+ ( all writt5 ex]cises are ^? 9 lett]-writ+4 ,confid5tial lett]s e "o c write1 ea* 9 8 own way4 ,be/ ( all are writt5 ex]cises ) a def9ite & ri* /ore ( ?\ght to draw f & admitt+ ( v>i\s =ms ( treatm5t4 ,sev]al may !n emulate ea* o!r 9 h&l+ ! same !me1 & ! process ( correct+ w awak5 great] int]e/ 9 consequ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,greek & ,lat9 #bgg4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! exposition ( grammatical di/9ctions & ( ! _m turns ( expression :]eby language may become an adequate symbolization ( ?\ght1 ga9s v mat]ially 9 cle>ness by a comp>ison ( ! "m-tongue ) ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,ev5 ) boys n m ?an eight ye>s old ! attempt may be made to utilize ?is advantage 9 ! tea*+ ( ,engli%1 :e!r x has be5 f9ally decid$1 or n1 t !y are to take ! regul> classical c\rse4 ,"s boys le>n1 )\t mu* tr\ble1 en\gh ( ,lat9 inflections to enable !m soon to translate %ort s5t5ces f ! "m-tongue into ,lat91 & vice v]sa4 ,! pres5t plan 9 ,g]many is to h boys 9 ! gymnasia beg9 ! /udy ( ,lat9 at ! age ( t54 ,! /udy is cont9u$ = a p]iod ( n9e ye>s4 ,greek is begun ?ree ye>s lat] & cont9u$ = six ye>s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! prevail+ plan is to po/pone ! /udy ( ,lat9 until ! pupil ent]s ! high s*ool at ! age ( f\rte5 or fifte54 ,good private s*ools & _m city gramm> s*ools p]mit *ildr5 to beg9 :5 "s two ye>s y\ng] ?an ?is4 ,! ,report on ,college ,entrance ,requirem5ts made be=e ! ,national ,educational ,association 9 #ahii sugge/$ ! propriety ( ext5d+ ! influ5ce ( ! high s*ool ov] ! two highe/ grades ( ! gramm> s*ool1 mak+ 9 effect a six-ye> high s*ool c\rse4 ,= /ud5ts :o expect to ent] college or te*nical s*ools ?is plan (f]s great advantages1 s9ce x p]mits ! desirable prep>ation to be di/ribut$ ov] six ye>s in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ into f\r4 #bgh4 ,?is exp]im5t w n1 h[ev]1 be long cont9u$2 s9ce1 ) ! l>ge majority ( pupils1 ! difficulties accumulate s rapidly z to lead unavoidably to ! admission t ! burd5 _c be assum$ m]ely = ! sake ( incid5tal advantages4 ,moreov]1 ! cu/om>y view1 h&$ d[n f ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 ( ! relation ( ! classical languages to ! sci5ces1 & to ! ne$s ( ! age1 is und]go+ a *ange m & m app>5t f decade to decade4 ,! labor impli$ 9 ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages n[ pays only :]e tal5t comb9es ) ! e>ne/ purpose to a*ieve ! mo/ complete s*ol>%ip4 ,?is rem>k is prophetic ( ! enorm\s increase ( in/ruction 9 ! sci5ces s9ce ,h]b>t's day1 yet ,lat9 has also enjoy$ a ph5om5al increase 9 popul>ity 9 ,am]ican s*ools4 ,accord+ to ! ,report ( ! ,national ,commission] ( ,education ! increase ( enrollm5t 9 high s*ools = ! ye>s betwe5 #ahij & #ahih 0 #hd p] c5t1 :ile ! increase 9 ! numb] ( /ud5ts pursu+ ,lat9 0 #agd p] c5t4#cg ,?is surpris+ gr[? 9 ! numb] pursu+ an anci5t language c h>dly be acc\nt$ = by increas$ /r+5cy 9 college entrance requirem5ts 9 ,lat91 b mu/ r be ascrib$ to a gr[+ conviction among ! p t ! /udy is indisp5sable 9 second>y education4 ,t ?is mu/ be ! case is se5 by ! att5dant circum/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,lat9 has become an elective 9 ne>ly all high s*ools2 9 ! next place1 _m ri* equival5ts are (f]$1 bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 mod]n languages2 & f9ally our sy/em ( univ]sal elem5t>y education has s5t l>ge classes ( p]sons into ! second>y s*ools t h nev] previ\sly be5 !re4 ,yet ! numb] ( /ud5ts elect+ ?is /udy gr[s by leaps & b\nds4 ,note4--7#a7 ,! ass]tion is (t5 he>d t ! anci5t languages supply a p]man5t /&>d by :i* to judge ( ! progress & ! decay ( mod]n languages2 also t ! anci5t classics mu/ be reg>d$ z furni%+ ! models = purity & beauty 9 /yle4 ,^! & simil> cont5tions are und5iably correct1 & c>ry ! greate/ weight1 b !y are unp$agogical4 ,!y embody ! absolute requirem5t1 b n t :i* y\ng] pupils ne$ = _! culture2 & ! l>ge majority ( ^? :o are fitt+ !mselves = (ficial positions _c af=d to make !mselves gu>dians ( language & /yle4 ,!y mu/ take language z x is1 & acquire ! mann] ( expression :i* is adapt$ to ! _w ( affairs4 ,^? high] c>es belong to au?ors1 b no "o is educat$ = au?or%ip4 7#b7 ,x is a famili> notion t ! difficulty w\ld dim9i% if ! anci5t languages 7 begun lat]1 t !n ! ability to le>n w\ld prove great]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! old] ! pupil ! /rong] ! t5d5cy ( 8 ?\ght-mass t[>d exclusion4 ,memory "w mu/ be introduc$ e>ly1 especially :]e its usefulness dep5ds :olly on ! acquisition ( facility4 ,x is ess5tial to beg9 e>ly 9 ord] to make x possible to proce$ sl[ly & to avoid unp$agogical pressure4 ,f\r h\rs a week ( ,lat9 d n hurt a heal?y1 bright boy1 provid$ 8 o!r tasks are arrang$ ) p$agogical correctness4 ,to put mod]n languages fir/ w\ld be to put ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,useful en\gh1 h[ev]1 are s+le ,fr5* & ,engli% expressions relat+ to ev]yday life4 ,!y w be ( s]vice 9 acquir+ ! pronunciation2 b a few phrases d n con/itute ! tea*+ ( a language4 #cg ,b5nett & ,bri/ol1 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek10 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 #bgi4 ,! mann] ( tea*+ ! anci5t languages1 :]e !y are reg>d$ z a matt] ( necessity or conv5tionality1 no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( p$agogical consid]ations1 ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,x mu/ r be admitt$ at once t no p$agogical means :atev] exi/1 :]eby ^? :o live ) _! int]e/s /rictly conf9$ to ! pres5t c\ld be br\ght to acquire1 ) g5u9e sympa?y1 ! cont5t ( ! works ( antiquity4 ,am]ican tea*]s 9 e/imat+ ! value ( ,lat9 = ! high s*ool /ud5t lay m /ress ^u tra9+ 9 ! ma/]y ( ! "m-tongue ?an ^u ! lit]>y cont5ts ( ! classical writ+s4 ,pr(essor ,b5nett 9 8 treatm5t ( 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,lat9 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool10#ch places 9 /rong light ! spl5did l+ui/ic tra9+ a y\? und]goes :5 taught by a good tea*] ( ?is subject4 ,9 ,g]many1 s9ce ,h]b>t's "t1 ,pr(essor ,russell tells u t ! tea*+ ( ,lat9 has fluctuat$ betwe5 two aims--8betwe5 t view :i* makes ! classics a purely =mal discipl9e1 & t o!r view :i* bases ! wor? ( su* a /udy on ! acquisition ( humani/ic culture1 9 contact ) #8! be/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ m5 ( antiquity4' ,9 ! "o case x is consid]$ ( equal value z a means ( prep>ation = all trades & pr(essions dep5d5t on intellectual acum52 9 ! o!r case x is ( wor? only = ^? :o c practically apply ! te*nical k !reby acquir$1 or may h suffici5t leisure to enjoy its /hetic qualities4 ,x is a "q ( mak+ ! anci5t lit]ature a means to an end or an end 9 itself40#ci ,! dogma ( =mal discipl9e z a lead+ aim 9 education has n[h]e be5 m discr$it$ ?an among ,h]b>tian writ]s4 ,a judici\s e/imate ( its tru? & error is made by ,pr(essor ,h9sdale4#dj ,8 ma9 conclusions are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! degree to :i* p[] g5]at$ by education is g5]al dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* x en]gizes ! m9d1 & p>ticul>ly ! ext5t to :i* x ov]fl[s into congru5t *annels4 #b4 ,su* p[] is f> m special ?an g5]al2 x is only 9 a limit$ s5se t we c be said to h a /ore ( mobiliz$ m5tal p[]4 #c4 ,no "o k9d ( m5tal ex]cise--no few k9ds--c develop ! :ole m9d4 #d4 ,no /udy1 no s+le gr\p ( /udies1 conta9s )9 itself ! possibilities ( a :ole education4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,am]ican /ud5ts r>ely /udy classics long en\gh to acquire mu* facility 9 ma/]+ ! lit]>y cont5ts ( ! anci5t writ]s4 ,if1 to consid]able ext5t1 ! idea ( =mal discipl9e is a delusive "o1 & ! idea ( a broad1 humani/ic culture is an illusion ( ! ,am]ican s*oolma/]1 we mu/ ju/ify ! /udy ( ,lat9 ^u o!r gr\nds4 ,! l+ui/ic advantages aris+ f x are obvi\s & decid$4 ,among ^! /&s fir/ ! ma/]y ( ! "m-tongue1 fir/ ?r\gh ! comp>ative /udy r5d]$ necess>y by translation1 !n by /udy ( ! roots ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,engli% vocabul>y1 & m remotely by ! light ?r[n by ,lat9 ^u hi/ory & in/itutional life4 ,!re is an advantage 9 ,lat9 ( great1 ?\gh usually unm5tion$1 importance1 & t is its peculi> usefulness z an educational in/rum5t1 9 t x pres5ts to ! pupil a graduat$ scale ( surm\ntable difficulties4 ,9 ?is respect x is surpass$ only by ma!matics4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a good & a poor educational in/rum5t lies 9 ?is3 a /udy (f]+ few surm\ntable ob/acles is a poor educational in/rum5t1 = ! pupil c f9d no fulcrum ^u :i* to use 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,?us he may />e at a natural object :5 direct$ to obs]ve its *>act]i/ics1 b he f9ds x h>d to ?9k :5 no ?\ght problem is pres5t$ to him4 ,b a /udy t involves ?\ght problems ( a def9ite & solvable k9d is a good educational in/rum5t1 = ! pupil f9ds some?+ to move & a fulcrum ^u :i* he may ex]t 8 p[]4 ,translation f an anci5t language ex]cises ! work+ p[]s ( a /ud5t up to _! highe/ effici5cy1 = ! translation ( t5 s5t5ces may easily provide ! h>de/ k9d ( "w = an h\r2 if t5 l9es d n1 !n m l9es w4 ,:5 a =eign language ceases to (f] su* surm\ntable difficulties1 we leave x = some?+ else t does (f] !m4 #ch ,b5nett & ,bri/ol1 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek10 pp4 #aa-cb1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 #ci ,russell1 8,g]man ,high] ,s*ools10 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #dj ,h9sdale1 8,/udies 9 ,education10 pp4 #df-fa1 ,w]n] ,s*ool ,book ,co41 ,*icago1 #ahif4 #bhj4 ,p$agogically consid]$1 e diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( vivid realization ( antiquity1 9 ! degree ( its correlation ) o!r ma9 dep>tm5ts ( k1 & 9 ! ext5t to :i* a disagreeable aft]ta/e ( s*ool-day drudg]y is prev5t$1 det]m9es ! great] or small] value to be ascrib$ to ! k acquir$4 ,if ! same realization c\ld be secur$ )\t ! anci5t languages & )\t ! pot5cy ( e>ly impressions1 !n ! /udies m5tion$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 :i* outl9e ! "w ( burgh] s*ools1 w\ld leave no?+ fur!r to be desir$2 & ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages 9 gymnasia w\ld be a necess>y evil1 highly z _! incid5tal advantages are usually extoll$4 #bha4 ,b languages alone give to a boy a picture nei!r ( bygone ages nor ( m5 ( ! pa/2 to him !y are solely tr\blesome tasks impos$ by ! tea*]4 ,nor c gold5 maxims1 fables1 & %ort n>ratives *ange 8 attitude4 ,= ev5 if ^! are well suit$ to ! y\?ful m9d1 !y d n mat]ially (fset ! av]sion to ! "w on /ems1 :i* h to be memoriz$2 inflections1 :i* mu/ be practis$2 & conjunctions1 :i* are requir$ = guidance 9 ! /udy ( p]iods4 ,anci5t hi/ory 7#bdc1 #bdf7 is ! only possible gr\ndwork = ! p$agogical treatm5t ( ! anci5t languages4 #bhb4 ,n[ x is true t if ,lat9 is begun fir/1 ,eutropius & ,cornelius ,nepos sugge/ !mselves z suitable au?ors = /udy1 z soon z ! m]e/ rudim5ts ( ,lat9 h be5 le>n$ 9 connection ) in/ruction 9 ! "m-tongue 7#bgg74 ,& _! use is n to be entirely condemn$1 provid$ ! tea*] takes x ^u himself to make ! pa/ pres5t ?r\gh n>ration4 ,b1 z is well kn[n1 ^! au?ors are aft] all v meagre1 &1 besides1 :]e to look = a pa? beyond !m /ill rema9s an op5 "q4 #bhc4 ,! reasons :i* accord to ,hom]'s 8,odyssey0 ! pref]5ce = e>ly use are famili>4#da ,!y are pat5t to e "o :o att5tively reads ! 8,odyssey0 ) con/ant ref]5ce to ! v>i\s ma9 classes ( int]e/ :i* tea*+ is to awak5 7#hc-id74 ,b ! "q involv$ is n m]ely "o ( imm$iate effect1 b also ( f9d+ po9ts ( dep>ture = ! lat] /ages ( in/ruction4 ,!re c be no bett] prep>ation = anci5t hi/ory ?an to e/abli% an int]e/ 9 anci5t ,greece by means ( ! ,hom]ic /ory4 ,at ! same "t1 ! soil is be+ made ready = ! cultivation ( ta/e1 & = language /udy4 ,to reasons ( ?is k9d1 d]iv$ directly f ! *ief aim ( all tea*+ & oppos$ only by tradition 7! conv5tional do+ ( ! classics71 ! philologi/s w h to li/5 "s "t1 if !y are n will+ t1 ) ! gr[+ importance ( hi/ory & ( ! natural sci5ces1 & ) ! increas+ pressure ( mat]ial int]e/s1 ! /udy ( ,greek 9 s*ools %\ld be pu%$ into a corn] & suff] a r$uction simil> to t :i* has already tak5 place 9 ! case ( ,hebrew4 7,a few decades ago ,greek came v ne> be+ remitt$ = all b ^? int5d+ to /udy !ology47 ,( c\rse1 ! 8,odyssey0 possesses no miracul\s p[] to inspire ^? :o h no tal5t :atev] = language /udies or d n take !m s]i\sly2 nev]!less1 z _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce h %[n1 x surpasses e o!r "w ( antiquity t might be select$ 9 def9ite p$agogical effect4 ,moreov]1 its /udy does n preclude an e>ly comm5cem5t ( ,lat9 7nor ev5 ( ,greek1 :]e t seems necess>y72 only ,lat9 _c be pu%$ ) ! cu/om>y rapidity at ! same "t2 = ! 8,odyssey0 requires an h\r daily1 & grammatical & lexicological "w besides4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! grammatical rudim5ts p]ta9+ to decl5sion & conjugation mu/ be work$ ov] v c>efully fir/1 al?\gh r$uc$ to :at is absolutely ess5tial4 ,besides1 ! fir/ lessons 9 ! 8,odyssey0 ought n to exce$ a few l9es ea* "t2 &1 dur+ ! fir/ mon?s1 no accurate memoriz+ ( words is to be dem&$4 ,b f>!r on ! acquisition ( a vocabul>y mu/ be vigor\sly insi/$ on2 9 fact1 x becomes ! pupil's mo/ necess>y collat]al "w4 ,by cont9u$ ef=t 9 ?is direction a consid]able portion ( ! :ole /ock ( words is gradually acquir$2 ! language =ms are suppli$ ) ! cont5t to :i* !y ref]1 & ?r\gh :i* !y become significant4 ,! tea*] mu/ "k exactly1 n only :5 to ha/5 on1 b also :5 to delay2 = e p]ceptible ga9 9 facility is likely to betray pupils into "s c>elessness :i* ne$s to be correct$ at once4 ,) good pupils x is n infeasible to read ! :ole ( ! 8,odyssey10 s9ce facility increases v rapidly t[>d ! end4 ,nev]!less1 su* "w %\ld n ext5d mu* beyond two ye>s2 o!rwise we>9ess sets 91 or "t is tak5 f o!r ?+s4 ,9 s*ools x w be well to assign ! fir/ f\r books to "o class1 p]haps ! class compos$ ( pupils n9e or t5 ye>s old1 ! next class to beg9 ) ,book ,v4 ,to det]m9e exactly h[ _m books ea* class c "w up ?or\ghly is unnecess>y1 z good translations c be us$ to fill 9 ! gaps t occur4 ,! reason = ! division j made w be manife/ at once ^u a clos] inspection ( ! 8,odyssey40 ,"s books m advanc$ pupils may lat] on read by !mselves1 b !y %\ld be expect$ to r5d] an acc\nt ( :at !y are do+4 ,x is n necess>y at ?is /age to expla9 9 detail ! r>] peculi>ities ( ! ,hom]ic dialect4 ,su* ?+s may well be def]r$ until1 lat] 9 ! c\rse1 ! /udy ( ,hom] 7( ! 8,iliad07 is resum$4 ,! tea*] :o is afraid ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ! plan pres5t$ %\ld rem9d himself ( ! fact t progress by any o!r pa? is equally beset ) difficulties4 ,:ile at "w on ,hom]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep pupils f be+ influ5c$ simultane\sly by su* tales z ^? f ! ,arabian ,nights1 because !y blunt ! s5se ( ! wond]ful4 #da ,^! reasons apply 9 no way to ! 8,iliad10 b only to ! 8,odyssey40 ,moreov]1 x is presuppos$ t religi\s feel+ has be5 suffici5tly awak5$ long be=eh&4 ,9 t case ! my?ical elem5ts c d no h>m :atev]1 =1 9 s f> z !y are inconsi/5t ) religi\s feel+1 _! effect is decid$ly repell5t1 & r5d]s an excess ( illusion impossible4 #bhd4 ,only two poets1 two hi/orians1 & two philosoph]s ne$ to be m5tion$ to indicate ! cont9uation ( ! c\rse4 ,hom] & ,virgil2 ,h]odotus & ,cs>2 ,plato & ,cic]o4 ,:at au?ors %\ld prec$e ^!1 or %\ld int]v5e1 or foll[1 may be left = circum/ances to det]m9e4 ,x5ophon1 ,livy1 ,euripides1 ,sophocles1 & ,horace w probably always reta9 a place by ! side ( ^? m5tion$2 ,horace especially (f]s brief maxims1 ! aft]-effect ( :i* ! educator %\ld by no means und]e/imate4 ,x is obvi\s t ,virgil & ,h]odotus are r5d]$ mu* easi] by tak+ up ,hom] fir/2 on ! o!r h&1 ! return to ,hom] 7to ! 8,iliad07 dur+ adolesc5ce1 is z little to be omitt$1 if only on acc\nt ( my?ology1 z ! return to anci5t hi/ory = purposes ( pragmatic /udy 7#bej74 ,aga91 ! syntactical s*eme ( ! anci5t languages1 :i* involves f> great] difficulties ?an d ev5 inflections & vocabul>y1 is m easily ma/]$ by plac+ ! poets be=e ! prose-writ]s1 because !n ! pupils are n compell$ to /ruggle ) all ! difficulties ( s5t5ce /ructure at once4 ,at any rate1 x is desirable t1 j z ! /ud5t's ,greek vocabul>y is built up f ! 8,odyssey10 8 ho>d ( ,lat9 words %\ld be drawn f ! 8neid40 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 w h>dly be read entirely1 because x _c be gone ov] ) ne>ly ! same rapidity z ! latt] books ( ! 8,odyssey10 :5 facility 9 read+ has be5 atta9$4 ,cs>'s 8,bellum ,gallicum0 mu/ be /udi$ ) exceptional c>efulness1 s9ce its /yle comes ne>] to be+ a desirable fir/ model = ! /ud5t ( ,lat9 ?an ! /yle ( ! o!r au?ors 9 use4 ,aft] ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! /rictly sy/ematic tea*+ & memoriz+ ( ,lat9 syntax1 toge!r ) select$ brief examples1 is 9 ord] z "o ( ! ma9 l9es ( "w4 ,9 ,plato sev]al books ( ! 8,republic10 especially ! fir/1 second1 f\r?1 & eigh?1 con/itute a desirable goal4 ,t ,cic]o %\ld be reveal$ to "y m9ds on 8 brilliant side fir/1 namely1 z orator1 ne$ sc>cely be m5tion$4 ,lat] on 8 philosophical writ+s become important2 b _m passages require a full] developm5t ( ! subject-matt] ?an is giv5 by him4 ,cic]o %\ld frequ5tly be read al\d1 or r declaim$1 by ! tea*]4 ,an orator dem&s ! liv+ voice2 ! usual monoton\s read+ by ! pupils fails to d ju/ice to him4 ,z reg>ds ,tacitus = s*ool use1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,g5]ally speak+1 au?ors t say mu* 9 few words are p>ticul>ly welcome1 n m]ely to ! expla9+ tea*]1 b also to ! responsive pupil4 ,! opposite is true ( ,cic]o2 he mu/ be read rapidly 9 ord] to be appreciat$4 ,= a full discussion ( ,lat9 texts to be read1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,pr(essor ,b5nett's *apt]s on 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,lat9 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ools10#db pp4 #aaa-acj4 ,= a discussion ( ! ,greek texts1 see ,pr(essor ,bri/ol's exposition 9 ! same volume4 #db ,b5nett & ,bri/ol1 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek10 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 #bhe4 ,exp]i5ce has long s9ce %[n h[ mu* or h[ little c be done ) /ud5ts 9 ,greek & ,lat9 composition2 & no me?od w ev] be devis$ :i* w\ld induce e>li] ?an at pres5t t degree ( m5tal maturity :i* reveals itself 9 a good ,lat9 /yle4 ,s long z gymnasium pupils are no m select ?an !y n[ are1 ! majority1 s f> z writ+ ,lat9 is conc]n$1 w beg9 some?+ t w nev] lead to successful p]=mance4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 in/ead1 to practise dilig5tly t :i* c be a*iev$1 namely1 composition dur+ ! recitation h\r1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! tea*]1 &1 aft]w>d cop]ative consid]ation ( ! appo9t$ task1 by ! pupils4 ,?is plan secures ! advantage ( set essays )\t ! disadvantage ( innum]able mi/akes1 ! correction ( :i* ! pupil r>ely rememb]s4 ,jo9t labor is int]e/+1 & c be adapt$ to e age4 ,z a sub/itute = essays1 ab/racts 9 ,lat9 ( texts previ\sly int]pret$ are to be recomm5d$1 ^! ab/racts to be made at fir/ ) ! help & aft]w>d )\t ! help ( ! book 9 "q4 ,to ab/ract does n mean to imitate1 & ought n to mean t4 ,to imitate ,cic]o requires ,cic]o's tal5t1 & unless ?is exi/s1 ! attempt to imitate1 x is to be fe>$1 w result 9 cold artificiality4 ,ev5 ,cs> is n s simple t 8 /yle c\ld be taught & le>n$4 ,b _m passages ( ,cs> may be memoriz$2 at fir/ %ort s5t5ces1 !n long] p]iods1 f9ally :ole *apt]s4 ,! usefulness ( ?is practice is atte/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,fur!r ,specification ( ,didactics #bhf4 ,! m precise det]m9ation ( ! !ory ( in/ruction dep5ds on ! nature ( p>ticul> subjects ( in/ruction1 on ! individuality ( ! pupil1 & on ! ext]nal conditions ( e?ical life4 #bhg4 ,:]e ! goal to be rea*$ is te*nical k & multi=mity ( s*ol>%ip1 ea* bran* ( /udy ass]ts its claims to ?or\ghness )\t reg>d to ! re/4 ,su* is ! attitude ( ! /ate1 :i* requires _m m5 ) special tra9+1 toge!r con/itut+ an effici5t :ole4 ,h5ce x dissem9ates k & e/abli%es in/itutions ( le>n+1 )\t inquir+1 save ) ref]5ce to future (ficial appo9tm5ts1 :o ! individuals are t avail !mselves ( ! (f]$ opportunities4 #bhh4 ,! family1 on ! o!r h&1 int]e/$ z x is 9 ! individual1 mu/ take ! p$agogical po9t ( view1 accord+ to :i* e human be+ is to realize ! be/ he is capable (4 ,x is ess5tial t families %\ld grasp ?is di/9ction1 & accord+ly conc]n !mselves1 n ) greatness ( p>ticul> a*ievem5ts1 b ) ! totality ( culture possible = ! individual4 #bhi4 ,closely connect$ ) ! =ego+ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 int]e/ & skill4 ,skill ( v>i\s sorts c be obta9$ by =ce2 b x is ( no value to g5]al culture :5 ! correspond+ int]e/ is lack+4 ,insi/5ce on ?is di/9ction is a suffici5t answ] to mu* uncall$-= criticism & mu* unw>rantable assumption ( sup]ior k conc]n+ ! results ( e>ly /ages ( in/ruction4 ,^! results1 x is *>g$1 are inadequate2 if ?is or t _h be5 conv]t$ e>li] into ability to d1 great] progress w\ld h be5 made4 ,b :5 int]e/ has n be5 ar\s$1 & _c be ar\s$1 compulsory acquisition ( skill is n only wor?less1 lead+ z x does to s\lless me*anical activity1 b positively injuri\s1 because x vitiates ! pupil's m5tal attitude & disposition4 #bij4 ,:e!r ! pupil's individuality w endure )\t injury ! pressure :i* drill 9 skilful p]=mance w\ld necessitate1 is a "q :i* at times _c be decid$ except by trial4 ,read+1 ari?metic1 gramm>1 are famili> in/ances4 #bia4 ,! m p]fect ! in/ruction1 ! great] ! opportunity x af=ds = comp>+ ! excell5ces & faults ( ! individuals receiv+ x simultane\sly4 ,?is po9t is ( importance bo? to ! cont9uation ( in/ruction & to tra9+2 to ! latt]1 because ! tea*]'s insight into ! causes ( ! faults :i* tra9+ has to combat is deep5$4 #bib4 ,! e?ical life may atta* itself to views embrac+ ! univ]se2 x may1 on ! contr>y1 move )9 a v n>r[ range ( ?\ght4 ,n[ :ile x is true t ext]nal circum/ances w usually set limits to in/ruction1 its scope %\ld nev]!less n be n>r[]1 b 9 e way wid] ?an ! realm ( necess>y1 ev]yday prud5ce4 ,o!rwise ! individual w always be 9 dang] ( exagg]at+ 8 own importance & t ( p]sons closely relat$ to him4 #bic4 ,x is m difficult1 z a rule1 to ext5d ! m5tal horizon 9 ! direction ( ! pa/1 ?an )9 ! pres5t4 ,9 tea*+ girls1 !re=e1 & *ildr5 f ! l[] classes1 great] prom95ce is giv5 to geography & :atev] c be gr\p$ ab\t x ?an to hi/orical /udies4 ,aga91 9 cases :]e a %ort5+ ( ! c\rse ( /udy becomes necess>y1 x becomes well-nigh necess>y to take acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 "q4 ,b1 conv]sely1 :]e ! scope ( in/ruction is to be wide1 ! hi/orical side1 because m difficult1 mu/ receive increas$ att5tion4 ,,section ,,ii ,,! ,,faults ,,( ,,pupils ,,& ,,_! ,,treatm5t ,,*apt] ,i ,g5]al ,diff]5tiation #bid4 ,"s faults are inh]5t2 !y are a "p ( ! pupil's individuality4 ,o!rs h sprung up 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 & ( ^!1 aga91 "s h be5 influ5c$ by ! factor ( individuality m ?an o!rs4 ,faults t ! pupil commits are left out ( acc\nt = ! pres5t4 ,) increas+ ye>s "s ( ! inh]5t faults gr[1 o!rs dim9i%4 ,= !re is a cont9ual *ange ( relation betwe5 t :i* man d]ives f exp]i5ce1--betwe5 ^? ideas :i* rise spontane\sly1 & ^? masses ( ideas :i* approa* /ability4 ,!re is1 besides1 an ev] v>y+ succession ( div]se reproductions4 ,all ?is *ange is p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by ! consci\sness ( "o's own body 7! orig9al base ( support = self-consci\sness7 ) respect n m]ely to its ne$s1 b also to its p[]s ( motion & fitness = use4 ,aga91 ! appreh5sion ( ! simil> is be+ multipli$2 ! ideas ( ?+s approximate to g5]al concepts4 ,9 addition1 ! process ( judg+ is %ap+ m & m ! mat]ial pres5t$2 accord+ly ! mann] 9 :i* ! individual analyzes & puts 9 ord] 8 k becomes gradually det]m9$4 ,on ! "o h& !re is a gr[+ confid5ce ( affirmation2 on ! o!r1 que/ions rema91 ! answ] to :i* is giv5 ov] to ! future4 ,9 "p !y become trans=m$ into long+ expectation4 ,^u all t has be5 enum]at$1 ! physical organization ( ! individual ex]ts ret>d+ & fur!r+ influ5ces4 ,! effect ( ! body is se5 9 a c]ta9 physiological resi/ance to psy*ical processes1 & 9 /rong physical impulses f> m complex1 no d\bt1 ?an ord9>y exp]i5ce %[s4 #bie4 ,v frequ5tly ! fact =ces itself ^u u1 t p]sons :o h pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes ( =tune c nev]!less be recogniz$ by individual traits t 7 already noticeable 9 y\?4 ,"h a c]ta9 uni=mity reveals itself 9 ! *>act]i/ic way & mann] 9 :i* su* p]sons involunt>ily seize ^u & "w up v>i\s impressions4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a j e/imate ( 8 pupils1 ! tea*] %\ld obs]ve ?is p]man5t elem5t z e>ly z possible4 ,"s always "k ! "r mom5t & :i!r x calls !m2 !y always p]=m ! ne>e/ duty1 & h _! /ock ( k uni=mly well 9 h&4 ,o!rs bury !mselves 9 ?\ght1 & give !mselves up to hopes & fe>s1 to plans & projects3 !y live 9 ! pa/ or 9 ! future1 res5t be+ di/urb$ by ! pres5t1 & require "t & ef=t to br+ !mselves back to x4 ,betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] are f\nd o!rs1 :o d inde$ note ! giv5 & ! pres5t1 n1 h[ev]1 to take x z x appe>s1 b r to look beyond1 = ! purpose ( spy+ :at lies conceal$ beh9d1 or 9 ord] to move1 displace1 int]f]e1 p]haps to di/ort1 ridicule1 & c>icature4 ,) _m ! t5d5cy describ$ is m]ely sup]ficial4 ,!y play & tease--a common manife/ation ( y\?ful animal spirits4 ,n[ ! "q arises3 h[ mu* s]i\sness lies back ( ! playfulness4 ,h[ mu* dep? b5ea? ! animat$ surface8 ,"h temp]am5t ent]s z a factor4 ,! play ( "o ) a sangu9e temp]am5t comes to an end2 b :]e s\rness ( temp] is habitual1 !re dang] ?reat5s1 if1 z commonly happ5s1 sport turns to e>ne/4 ,self-ass]tion plays a "p also1 manife/+ itself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x assumes "o =m 9 him :o has confid5ce 9 8 /r5g?1 physical or m5tal1 & ano!r =m 9 ^? :o "k _! weakness--) or )\t ! m5tal res]vation z to ! future employm5t ( artifice or cunn+1 & s also ) m or less ackn[l$gm5t ( ! sup]ior p[] or au?ority4 ,passionate play+1 on ! :ole1 implies little s]i\sness2 b may well indicate s5sitiv5ess & a prop5sity to fre$om f re/ra9t4 ,prud5ce 9 sport is a sign ( ability to take ! oppon5t's po9t ( view1 & to =esee 8 plans4 ,love ( play is f> m welcome to ! tea*] ?an indol5ce1 or languid curiosity1 or gloomy s]i\sness2 x is "o ( ! m9or faults1 if n[ & !n "w is =gott5 ov] a game & "t wa/$2 ! situation is m grave1 sometimes v grave inde$1 :]e extravagance1 or gre$ ( ga91 or secretiv5ess1 or bad company is involv$4 ,9 su* cases decid$ int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! tea*] is necess>y4 #bif4 ,s9ce c\rage & rationality gr[ ) increas+ ye>s1 ! faults ( m]e weakness leave room = hope ( improvem5t1 al?\gh !re is ne$ ( an invigorat+ mode ( life1 invigorat+ physically & m5tally1 & ( c\nsel & repro( 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,"u cont9u$ wat*ful c>e weak natures improve mu* m ?an at fir/ ?\ght w\ld seem to be likely4 #big4 ,un/ead9ess1 cont9ual re/lessness1 :]e !y accompany good heal? )\t be+ ! result ( ext]nal /imulation1 are d\btful indications4 ,"h x w be well to look to ! sequ5ce ( ?\ghts4 ,:]e1 9 spite ( v>iabl5ess 9 g5]al1 ?\ghts are s\nd & well connect$1 ?is re/lessness is n a s]i\s matt]4 ,! case is worse :5 ! opposite is true1 especially :5 ! vascul> sy/em appe>s v irritable1 & dreamlike rev]ies occur4 ,"h ! dang] ( insanity is se5 lurk+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,! appropriate treatm5t = su* pupils consi/s 9 hold+ !m /rictly to def9ite tasks1 especially to ^? occupations t compel a close obs]vation ( ! ext]nal _w1 & 9 exact+ ! p]=mance ( ! "w assign$1 )\t fail+ to enc\rage :atev] is und]tak5 f *oice4 #bih4 ,s5sual impulses & viol5ce ( temp] are apt to g f bad to worse z pupils gr[ old]4 ,aga9/ ^!1 c>eful sup]vision1 e>ne/ c5sure1 & ! :ole rigor ( moral pr9ciples mu/ be br\ght to be>4 ,mom5t>y ebullitions ( passion1 h[ev]1 unless p]si/5tly ob/9ate attempts are made to ju/ify !m1 ne$ to be h&l$ g5tly1 t is1 z evils call+ = precaution & vigilance4 #bii4 ,! faults hi!rto not$ lie = ! mo/ "p on ! surface4 ,o!rs h to be /udi$ z occasion (f]s 9 in/ruction4 ,!re are m9ds s dull t ev5 ! attempt m]ely to secure connection ) def9ite portions ( su* ?\ghts z !y h does n succe$4 ,easy que/ions int5d$ to raise _! ideas into consci\sness only increase ! resi/ance to be ov]come4 ,!y are seiz$ ) emb>rassm5t f :i* !y seek to escape1 sometimes by a simple1 8,i don't "k10 sometimes by ! fir/ wrong answ] t comes to h&4 ,m5tal activity has to be en=c$1 yet rema9s feeble at be/1 & x is only 9 aft] ye>s1 "u pressure ( necessity1 t !y acquire "s facility = a limit$ sph]e4 ,o!rs1 :om "o w\ld be incl9$ to call contract$ r ?an g5]ally limit$1 because by !m reproduction is p]=m$ successfully b )9 a n>r[ compass1 exhibit a lively endeavor to le>n1 b !y le>n me*anically1 & :at _c be le>n$ 9 t way !y appreh5d incorrectly4 ,^! und]take1 nev]!less1 to =m & express judgm5ts1 b _! judgm5ts turn out to be errone\s2 h5ce !y become fir/ disc\rag$ & !n ob/9ate4 ,aga91 !re are ^? ^: ideas _c be dislodg$1 & /ill o!rs ^: ideas _c be br\ght to a halt4 ,^! two classes call = a m detail$ consid]ation4 #cjj4 ,among ! v>i\s masses ( ideas 7#bi7 "s necess>ily acquire p]man5t pr$om9ance1 o!rs come & g4 ,b if ?is relation rea*es full developm5t & becomes fix$ too e>ly1 ! controll+ ideas no long] admit ( be+ arre/$ to ! ext5t necess>y = ! reception ( ! new mat]ial (f]$ by in/ruction4 ,?is fact expla9s ! exp]i5ce t clev] boys1 not)/&+ ! be/ int5tions to receive in/ruction1 yet frequ5tly appe> v unreceptive1 & t a c]ta9 rigidity ( m9d1 :i* 9 lat] manhood w\ld n occasion surprise1 seems to h /ray$1 z x 71 into boyhood4 ,no "o %\ld all[ himself to be betray$ into enc\rag+ su* n>r[ness by comm5datory t]ms su* z p]ta9 to /r5g? & en]gy2 j z little1 h[ev]1 %\ld clumsy tea*+ & its sequel1 li/less le>n+1 be left out ( acc\nt1 z hav+ no be>+ on ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,=1 r may x be assum$ t ! fault m5tion$ might h be5 l>gely =e/all$ by v e>ly in/ruction ( all k9ds1 provid$ su* in/ruction _h be5 comb9$ ) a v>iety ( attractive r ?an ( too difficult tasks4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 m5tal n]v\sness has once tak5 root1 x _c be eradicat$ by all ! art & pa9/ak+ ef=t ( a multitude ( tea*]s4 ,:5 ! que/ions ( a *ild1 six ye>s old let u say1 give rise to ! appreh5sion t !y proce$ f a too contract$ m5tal horizon1 !re %\ld be no delay ab\t resort+ to manifold =ms ( /imulation1 especially 9 ! way ( wid5+ ! pupil's exp]i5ce to ! greate/ practicable ext5t4 #cja4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n r>e to f9d boys1 & ev5 "y m51 9 ^: m9ds no "o ?\ght-mass atta9s to any v prom95t activity4 ,su* boys are always op5 to e impression & ready = any *ange ( ?\ght4 ,!y are wont to *at pleasantly1 & to =m ha/y atta*m5ts4 ,"h belong ^? :o le>n easily & =get z quickly4 ,?is defect1 too1 :5 once confirm$1 resi/s all skill & good int5tions2 /r5g? ( purpose1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 is out ( ! "q4 ,! situation v>ies 9 gravity1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! influ5ces ( ! e>lie/ environm5t4 ,if ^! prov$ di/ract+1 ! fault m5tion$ assumes al>m+ proportions ev5 9 m9ds o!rwise well end[$4 ,b :]e "s =m or o!r ( necess>y respect has be5 /eadily at "w1 ! y\? w raise himself to a high] plane ?an ! boy gave promise ( do+4 ,lea/ ( all1 h[ev]1 c ! tea*] all[ himself to be betray$ into hop+ = a future developm5t ( tal5t by sup]ficial al]tness1 comb9$1 x may be1 ) droll fancies1 bold pranks1 & ! l4 ,tal5t reveals itself ?r\gh p]si/5t endeavor1 su/a9$ ev5 "u circum/ances little favorable to x1 & n until su* endeavor cle>ly manife/s itself is ! ?\ght ( giv+ x support to be ent]ta9$4 ,! two faults "u discussion may inde$ come to light only 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 nev]!less1 !y are inh]5t faults1 & c be mitigat$1 to be sure1 b n completely cur$4 #cjb4 ,f> easi] to deal ) are ! erratic movem5ts ( en]getic *>act]s capable ( ard5t en?usiasm4 ,! m]e ?or\ghness & _m-sid$ness ( good in/ruction1 :i* emphasizes & aims to effect rational connection & balance ( m9d1 obvi\sly supply ! corrective4 #cjc4 ,orig9ally x w\ld h be5 easi] to h prev5t$ ^? faults :i* are due to ! mismanagem5t or to ! omission ( e>ly gov]nm5t1 in/ruction1 or tra9+4 ,b ) "t1 ! difficulties ( a cure gr[ 9 a v rapid ratio4 ,9 g5]al1 x is well to note t ! tea*] has e reason to congratulate himself1 if1 aft] e>ly neglect1 !re appe> "u improv$ treatm5t "s belat$ traces ( ^? que/ions :i* belong to ! six? or sev5? ye> ( *ildhood 7#bac74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,s\rces ( ,moral ,weakness #cjd4 ,"u ?is head five ma9 po9ts come up = consid]ation3-- 7#a7 ,t5d5cies ( ! *ild's w impulses4 7#b7 ,e?ical judgm5ts & _! abs5ce4 7#c7 ,=mation ( maxims4 7#d7 ,organization ( maxims4 7#e7 ,application ( organiz$ maxims4 #cje4 7#a7 ,:]e tra9+ has n provid$ = occupation & = ! di/ribution ( "t1 we mu/ always expect to enc\nt] an activity :i* has no aim1 & :i* =gets its own purposes4 ,f su* a /ate ( affairs arise a crav+ = lib]ty av]se to all control1 &1 :]e sev]al pupils are gr\p$ toge!r1 cont5tion1 ei!r = ! possession ( some?+ or = ! sake ( %[+ (f4 ,ea* wants to be fir/2 recognition ( ! j equality ( all is delib]ately refus$4 ,mutual ill-w intr5*es itself & /eal?ily waits = an opportunity to break =?4 ,"h is ! f\nta9 head ( _m passions2 ev5 ^? :i* spr+ f excessive s5su\sness mu/ be class$ "u ?is fir/ head1 9 s f> z !y are promot$ by lack ( regulat$ activity4 ,! havoc caus$ by passions is a p]vad+ elem5t 9 ! discussion ( all ( ! rema9+ topics4 #cjf4 7#b7 ,x is true t education usually c\nt]acts ! t5d5cy to indol5ce & to unrul9ess1 n only by ! use ( ! spur & ! bridle1 b also ?r\gh guidance 9 ! direction ( ! proprieties2 giv+ rise to ! ?\ght 8:at w o!rs say10 x %[s exi/+ conditions z mirror$ 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,b :5 ^! o!rs are compell$ to rema9 sil5t1 or :5 ! pupil is sure ( _! p>tiality1 or is expos$ to _! errors ( judgm5t1 ! effect is to vitiate r ?an to ar\se ! e?ical judgm5t4 ,nev]!less1 call+ att5tion to ! judgm5t ( o!rs1 & n m]ely ( p>ticul> individuals1 is v mu* bett] ?an wait+ = ! spontane\s awak5+ ( e?ical judgm5t4 ,9 mo/ cases ! wait+ w\ld be 9 va94 ,matt]s ( e?ical import are ei!r too close to ! ord9>y human be+1 & s1 ( c\rse1 to ! boy left entirely to himself1 or !y are too remote1 i4e41 ei!r !y h n z yet pass$ outside ! pale ( affection or av]sion1 or else !y are already fad+ f ! field ( vision4 ,9 nei!r case c an e?ical judgm5t be =m$ ) success4 ,at any rate1 x w vani% be=e x c produce an effect4 ,9 ord] to rea* ^? e?ical judgm5ts on :i* morality re/s1 ! *ild mu/ see w images1 see !m )\t ! /irr+ ( 8 own w impulse4 ,^! w images1 moreov]1 mu/ embrace relations1 ! s+le memb]s ( :i* are !mselves wills1 & ! behold] is to keep su* memb]s equally 9 sight1 until ! e/imate ( value rises spontane\sly )9 him4 ,b su* contemplation implies a ke5ness & calmness ( appreh5sion n to be look$ = 9 unruly *ildr54 ,h5ce x may be inf]r$ h[ necess>y tra9+ is--s]i\s1 n to say sev]e1 tra9+4 ,unrul9ess mu/ h be5 tam$ & regul> att5tion secur$4 ,! prelim9>y condition fulfill$1 x is fur!r ess5tial t !re %all be no lack ( suffici5tly di/9ct pres5tations ( ! =ego+ w images4 ,& ev5 !n ! e?ical judgm5t (t5 matures s t>dily t x has to be pron\nc$ 9 ! "n ( o!r p]sons--p]sons high] 9 au?ority4 #cjg4 ,9 ?is connection ! in/ances ( "o-sid$ness ( e?ical judgm5t mu/ n be ov]look$1 su* z occur :5 "o ( ! practical ideas /&s out m prom95tly ?an ano!r1 or :5 t :i* is outw>dly prop] rises above !m all4 #cjh4 7#c7 ,all desires p]si/5tly op]ative & productive ( fluctuat+ /ates ( emotional excitem5t1 !re=e rightly call$ passions1 lead to exp]i5tial k ( ! b5eficial & ! injuri\s4 ,! b5eficial sugge/s frequ5t repetition 9 ! future1 ! injuri\s cont9u$ avoidance4 ,accord+ly rules ( life take %ape1 & ! resolution always to obs]ve !m is made4 ,9 o!r words1 maxims result4 ,f simple resolution to actual obs]vance is /ill1 to be sure1 a f> cry4 ,b ! claim = ! univ]sal validity ( ! rule1 s t ! individual may reg>d x z applicable to o!rs z well z to himself1 ent]s ! m9d f> m directly by way ( desires :i* po9t =w>d to simil> cases 9 ! future1 ?an x does "u ! guidance ( e?ical judgm5ts ^: univ]sal elem5t is ab/ract$ f giv5 s+le in/ances ) difficulty4 ,9 fact1 ?is difficulty is (t5 s great t ! e?ical judgm5t itself may be miss$ 9 ! se>* = ! univ]sal4 #cji4 ,n[1 ! promptness & loyalty ( ob$i5ce to ! sum total ( duties1 once recogniz$ z su* & fix$ ?r\gh ! maxims adopt$1 are pass$ ^u by ! moral judgm5t4 ,correct moral judgm5t1 !re=e1 presupposes true insight into ! value ( w1 :i* insight aga9 c be obta9$ only ?r\gh ! e?ical e/imate z a :ole4 ,b 9 view ( ! circum/ances po9t$ out a mom5t ago1 we mu/ expect to come ^u maxims t are false or at lea/ inaccurate4 ,"u ! latt] head fall po9ts ( honor1 social obligations1 fe> ( ridicule4 #caj4 7#d7 ,maxims ought to =m a unit1 b 9 y\? !y are n fully det]m9$ ev5 s+ly1 mu* less are !y closely unit$ into a def9ite :ole4 ,! proviso ( exceptions /ill cl+s to !m1 s also t ( future te/s ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,! maxims aris+ out ( ! desires & pleasures c nev] be br\ght into p]fect union ) ^? spr++ f e?ical judgm5ts4 ,accord+ly ! wrong subord9ation takes place1 or1 at all ev5ts1 a contam9ation ( ! latt] by ! =m]4 #caa4 7#e7 ,9 ! application ( maxims m or less unifi$1 ! volition ( ! mom5t is apt to prove /rong] ?an ! previ\s resolves4 ,h5ce1 man becomes only too prone to condone & fall 9 ) discrim9ations betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,! consequ5ce is a c]ta9 moral empiricism1 :i*1 if no?+ else w d to ju/ify its disreg>d ( moral law1 falls back ^u pi\s feel+s4 ,plans ( action are =m$ )\t reg>d to maxims1 b ) ! app>5t comp5sation ( ano!r k9d ( morally regul> life4 ,su* contempt ( moral judgm5t ga9s gr\nd & spreads ru9 all ! m1 ! f>!r ! e?ical judgm5ts on :i* morality mu/ re/ fall %ort ( ! cle>ness t ought to m>k !m1 & ! crud] ! pupil's k is ( ! anti!sis betwe5 !m & maxims ( utility or pleasure4 #cab4 ,! natural aid to ! =mation & union ( maxims is ! sy/em ( practical philosophy itself4 ,b ! tea*+ ( x involves difficulties4 ,"o ( !m is t su* m>k$ diff]5ces occur among "y m5 9 ! relation ( sy/ematic exposition to ! grade ( culture :i* !y h atta9$4 ,= obs]vations ( ?is nature1 religi\s in/ruction prior to confirmation provides an e>ly opportunity4 ,h[ su* in/ruction is to be giv51 is1 ( c\rse1 by no means immat]ial1 b1 aft] all1 ! moral s5tim5ts1 :i* x ga!rs toge!r & /r5g!ns1 mu/1 9 sub/ance1 already exi/4 ,aga91 if ! end s\ght 7 m /rictly sci5tific =m = ! moral s5tim5ts1 !re w\ld h to be gr\nd = presum+ t ! /ud5t is able to appreciate t =m & has acquir$ skill 9 ! use ( logical me?ods4 ,! /udy ( logic1 toge!r ) appropriate ex]cises1 w\ld obvi\sly be a necess>y prelim9>y /ep4 ,pr]equisites l ^! ne$ to be borne 9 m9d1 especially 9 ! case ( l[] s*ools & all o!r in/itutions t d n1 z a rule1 lead to ! univ]sity4 #cac4 ,errone\s sy/ems ( e?ics1 moreov]1 might occasion ! adoption ( v absurd measures1 conc]n+ :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ! subject1 at lea/ some?+ has to be said4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld be turn$ upside d[n1 if1 in/ead ( br++ toge!r & unit+ maxims "u ! concept virtue1 ! attempt 7 made to d$uce f "s "o =mula ( ! categorical imp]ative a multiplicity ( maxims & f ^!1 r ?an f ! orig9al e?ical judgm5ts1 ! e/imates ( w values1 ! f9al und]tak+ be+1 p]haps1 to div]t ! w itself by su* op]ations4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! w mu/ e>ly h be5 giv5 su* direction by gov]nm5t & tra9+1 t its l9es ( t5d5cy w ( !mselves co9cide z ne>ly z possible ) ! pa?s disclos$ lat]1 :5 ! pupil is be+ %[n ! way ?r\gh e?ical judgm5ts4 ,^? beg9n+s ( evil not$ above 7#cje7 mu/ n be p]mitt$ to appe> at all1 = _! consequ5ces usually prove in]adicable4 ,b ev5 s1 x is n c]ta9 t a way c be hewn ?r\gh ! errors ( o!rs to tru] judgm5ts4 ,:51 h[ev]1 bo? ends h be5 ga9$1 exp]i5ce & hi/ory & lit]ature mu/ next be call$ 91 9 ord] to %[ cle>ly ! confusion into :i* ! maxims bas$ ^u pleasure & passion plunge human be+s4 ,n until n[ has ! "t come = m or less sy/ematic lectures1 or = ! /udy ( suitable classical writ]s4 ,la/ly1 !re w /ill be ne$ ( frequ5t appeals to moral ob$i5ce1 & x w be f\nd necess>y to re9=ce ^! appeals by reflections ( a religi\s "*4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,effects ( ,tra9+ #cad4 ,a4 ,tra9+ prev5ts passions 9 t x3-- 7#a7 satisfies ne$s1 7#b7 avoids opportunities = viol5t desires1 7#c7 provides employm5t1 7#d7 accu/oms to ord]1 7#e7 dem&s reflection & responsibility4 ,b4 ,tra9+ influ5ces ! emotions 9 t x3-- 7#a7 *ecks viol5t outbreaks1 7#b7 creates o!r emotions1 7#c7 & supplem5ts self-control4 ,c4 ,tra9+ impresses ! c\rtesies ( life 7c\nt]acts bad mann]s71 consequ5tly3-- 7#a7 ! deportm5t ( individuals is made approximately uni=m2 7#b7 ! numb] ( possible po9ts ( social contact becomes mu* great] ?an :]e /rife & cont5tion rule2 7#c7 :ile ! developm5t ( "o or ! o!r individual is *eck$1 ! m important en]gies are n /ifl$1 provid$ excess ( sev]ity be avoid$4 ,d4 ,tra9+ makes cautions1 =3-- 7#a7 ,x re/ricts foolh>d9ess1 7#b7 ,x w>ns aga9/ dang]s1 7#c7 ,x puni%es 9 ord] to make wis]1 7#d7 ,x obs]ves & accu/oms ! human be+ to ! ?\ght ( be+ obs]v$4 #cae4 ,look$ at z a :ole1 ^! obvi\s & famili> effects ( tra9+ %[ at once t1 g5]ally speak+1 its p[] to less5 evil is v great1 & t x is capable ( effectively act+ ^u ! int]relations ( v>i\s masses ( ideas4 ,b !y sugge/ also ! pres5ce ( dang]4 ,tra9+1 by driv+ evil f ! surface1 may give rise to cl&e/9e de$s4 #caf4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! relations betwe5 tea*] & pupils gr[ increas+ly abnormal1 s9ce secret practices become g5]al & conc]t$1 & ! pupils assume a /udi$ behavior 9 ! pres5ce ( ! tea*]4 ,! consequ5ces are well kn[n3--,inexorable sev]ity 9 deal+ ) conceal$ (f5ces :5 discov]$2 great l5i5cy 9 ! case ( op5 transgressions2 rec\rse to ! ma*9]y ( sup]vision1 (t5 ev5 to secret wat*+1 9 ord] t ! sy/em ( concealm5t may n get ! bett] ( education4 #cag4 ,x l[]s ! dignity ( ! tea*] to take "p habitually 9 a competition betwe5 spy & conceal]s4 ,he mu/ n dem& to "k ev]y?+1 al?\gh he ought n to all[ 8 confid5ce to be victimiz$ by clumsy or long-cont9u$ deception4 ,su* difficulties1 h[ev]1 only make x m int5sely necess>y t ! f\ndation ( education be laid dur+ ! e>lie/ ye>s1 :5 sup]vision is /ill easy1 & ! he>t is rea*$ by =mative influ5ces ) great] c]ta9ty ?an ev] aft]w>d1 & t1 if possible1 families %\ld n = any l5g? ( "t lose sight ( _! own memb]s4 ,e?ical & moral judgm5ts c be simulat$2 ! f9e/ maxims & pr9ciples may be le>n$ by rote2 piety may be put on z a cloak4 ,unmask ! hypocrite1 h[ev]1 & turn him out1 &1 =?)1 he plays 8 game ov] aga9 else:]e4 ,no?+ rema9s b rec\rse to sev]ity :i* det]s1 & con/ant occupation "u close sup]vision 9 ano!r qu>t]1 9 ord] t he may get away f ! hid+ places ( 8 misde$s4 ,sometimes bani%m5t is capable ( br++ ab\t improvem5t4 #cah4 ,! w is mo/ directly tractable 9 social relations1 :]e x appe>s z common w4 ,9 infancy1 ! *ild1 :olly devot$ to 8 "m1 is manageable ?r\gh h]2 at a lat] p]iod tra9+ is sure/ ( success :5 x promotes atta*m5ts among ! "y & c>efully fo/]s ! se$s ( goodness4 ,! social ideas1 purifi$ by tea*+1 mu/ gradually be add$4 #cai4 ,b z f> back z boyhood1 factions spr+ up & exclusive sets are =m$1 facts :i* ! tea*] _c p]mit to elude 8 vigilance4 ,:5 a k9d ( au?ority is grant$ to "s old] & tri$ pupils ov] ^? y\ng] & less mature 9 judgm5t1 ! =m] become responsible2 b ! latt] are n on t acc\nt reliev$ ( all reflection on _! own "p1 nor are !y oblig$ to submit to e1 ?\gh pla9ly unreasonable1 dem& ( ! =m]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,special ,faults #cbj4 ,fir/ ( all x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? faults :i* ! pupil commits & ^? :i* he has4 ,n all faults "o commits are direct manife/ations ( ^? he possesses2 b ^? :i* are committ$ repeat$ly may gr[ p]man5t4 ,?is tru? mu/ be made cle>1 & mu/ be impress$ ^u ! m9d ( ! pupil to ! full ext5t ( 8 p[]s ( compreh5sion4 #cba4 ,9 ! case ( false /eps caus$ f )\t by unnotic$ pitfalls1 or made 9 spite ( a firm resolve to ! contr>y1 ! pupil is himself usually fright5$ by :at he has done4 ,if s1 all dep5ds on ! gravity ( 8 (f5ce z comp>$ ) ! degree ( 8 horror4 ,!re is a ho/ ( m9or faults1 blund]s1 & ev5 acts result+ 9 damage1 :i* tax ! pati5ce ( ! tea*] sev]ely2 b x w\ld imply a mi/ak5 conception ( ! difficulty ( moral education1 if he %\ld repel ! frankness ( 8 pupils by h>% treatm5t ( su* (f5ce4 ,frankness is too ess5tial a factor to be sacrific$2 once gone x w h>dly ev] :olly return4 #cbb4 ,b ! fir/ lie utt]$ ) evil int5t1 ! fir/ act ( !ft1 & simil> actions positively detrim5tal to morality or heal?1 h to be dealt ) sev]ely1 & always 9 su* a way t ! pupil :o ?\ght he 0 p]mitt+ himself a slight fault1 is made to exp]i5ce mo/ ?or\ghly bo? fe> & c5sure4 #cbc4 ,s]i\s treatm5t ( a fir/ (f5ce is dem&$ also :]e pupils try to see h[ f> !y may safely disreg>d au?ority & comm&4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 n to ov]e/imate ! int5tion ( ^! attempts2 important also to exhibit /r5g?1 b n ang]4 ,yet !re are cases :]e ! tea*] mu/ seem to act ) "s w>m?1 because ! necess>y treatm5t1 if comb9$ ) coldness1 w\ld only int5sify bitt]ness & cause pa9 an inord9ate l5g? ( "t4 ,b v likely z mu* feel+ z is exp$i5t w %[ itself ^u simply lay+ aside ! assum$ coldness4 #cbd4 ,on ! re/oration ( p]fect ord] aft] a p]iod dur+ :i* gov]nm5t & tra9+ 7 lack+1 a l>ge numb] ( faults w disappe> ( !mselves1 & accord+ly d n require to be combat$ "o by "o4 ,respect = ord]1 & inc5tives suffici5tly /rong to regul> activity1 are ! ma9 ?+s4 #cbe4 ,faults :i* ! pupil seems to possess are (t5 only ! borr[$ maxims ( ! society :i* he hopes to ent]4 ,"h x becomes ! bus9ess ( education to set him "r1 if possible1 & to elevate 8 view ( human relations1 9 ord] t he may disda9 ! false appe>ances he be=e held 9 e/eem4 #cbf4 ,faults :i* an old] pupil actually possesses r>ely occur s+ly4 ,moreov]1 !y are seldom fully disclos$2 _! appe>ance is det]m9$ by a prud5t reg>d = circum/ances4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( education su* faults c1 inde$1 be l>gely prev5t$ f gr[+ worse1 b ! radical improvem5t ( ^? :o are secretive f prud5ce is r>ely to be ?\ght ( be=e !y h become m prud5t /ill1 too pr\d = concealm5t1 & m susceptible to ! true e/imate ( moral values4 ,:]e old] boys & "y m5 are f\nd to possess unus$ tal5ts1 & :]e in/ruction c be s arrang$ z to develop !m1 !re is "s prospect ( supply+ a c\nt]balance to ^? habits :i* h be5 contract$4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ef=ts look+ t[>d a la/+ re=m are successful only :5 made at an e>ly age4 ,at all ev5ts1 :]e !re is mu* to am5d1 ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce on /rict tra9+ mu/ be kept alive = a long "t4 #cbg4 ,m success is likely to att5d ! endeavor to correct ^? faults :i* are n tol]at$ )9 ! social class ( :i* ! pupil reg>ds himself a memb]4 ,two factors det]m9e ! prop] mode ( proc$ure3 ! importance ( mak+ ! pupil acqua9t$ ) ! wor?ie/ side ( 8 social gr\p1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! unavoidable necessity ( caus+ him to see its less noble features 9 case he discov]s 9 x free scope = 8 inh]5t faults4 #cbh4 ,"h ! pupil's capacity = education1 z well z ! limits ( t capacity1 are br\ght home to ! tea*]4 ,z boys approa* manhood1 !y let bir? & ext]nal circum/ances designate = !m t class ( society to :i* !y w belong4 ,! class def9$1 !y seek to acquire its =m ( life1 & to get into its ma9 curr5t4 ,on ! way ?i!r !y accept & take along s mu* ( high] motives1 ( k & insight1 z1 on ! "o h&1 in/ruction (f]s & tra9+ favors1 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! individuality ( ea* "o1 :i* ! e>lie/ impressions h fur!r det]m9$1 is ready to assimilate4 ,^? are r>e exceptions :o1 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( an absorb+ int]e/ ( "s k9d1 9 religion1 or sci5ce1 or art1 h become less susceptible to ! attractive =ce ( _! social class4 ,_! c\rse has be5 m>k$ out by ! in/ruction :i* induc$ ! absorption2 h5ce=? !y are self-actively engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( :atev] accords ) ! end 9 view1 & accept only a small "p ( :at is pres5t$ to !m4 #cbi4 ,specific =ms ( a pupil's attitude t[>d society1 especially ! relative prom95ce 9 8 m9d ( /ate or family relations1 w h to receive due consid]ation 9 m>%all+ motives to c\nt]act p>ticul> faults4 ,inde$1 ! same is true ( ! appeal to ^? motives ?r\gh :i* x is s\ght to e/abli% a prepond]ance ( wor?i] endeavor ov] moral imp]fection 9 g5]al4 ,,section ,,iii ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,education ,,*apt] ,i ,home ,education #ccj4 ,on discov]+ t 8 own ef=ts enc\nt] imp$im5ts1 ! individual tea*] might easily come to ?9k t society c\ld d ev]y?+1 if x only w\ld1 & if x possess$ ! necess>y insight4 ,fur!r reflection1 h[ev]1 reveals ! exi/5ce ( difficulties peculi> bo? to /ate & family4 #cca4 ,! /ate ne$s soldi]s1 f>m]s1 me*anics1 (ficials1 etc41 & is conc]n$ ) _! effici5cy4 ,its attitude t[>d a l>ge numb] ( p]sons1 ^: exi/5ce z individuals has significance only 9 a n>r[ sph]e1 is1 9 g5]al1 f> m t ( sup]vision design$ to prev5t ! h>m !y might d1 ?an "o ( direct helpfulness4 ,he :o is able to r5d] compet5t s]vice receives pref]m5t2 ! weak] has to give way to ! /rong]2 ! %ortcom+s ( "o are made good by ano!r4 #ccb4 ,! /ate applies its te/s to :at c be te/$1 to ! outw>d side ( conduct & ( k4 ,x does n p5etrate to ! inn] life4 ,tea*]s 9 public s*ools _c p5etrate mu* f>!r2 !y1 too1 are m conc]n$ ) ! sum total ( k imp>t$ by !m1 ?an ) ! individual & ! way 9 :i* he relates 8 k to himself4 #ccc4 ,to ! family1 h[ev]1 no /rang] c make up = :at "o ( its memb]s lacks2 to ! family ! inn] condition becomes s manife/1 & is (t5 felt s ke5ly1 t ! m]ely ext]nal does n satisfy4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t moral education w always rema9 ess5tially a home task1 & t ! in/itutions ( ! /ate are to be resort$ to = educative purposes only ) a view to supplem5t+ ! home4 ,b on clos] inspection x is f\nd t family life is v (t5 too busy1 too full ( c>e1 or too noisy1 = t rigor :i* is und5iably requir$ bo? = in/ruction & = morality4 ,luxury & want alike h>bor dang]s = y\?4 ,consequ5tly families lean on ! /ate = support m ?an !y ought4 #ccd4 ,private in/itutions z su* d n possess ! same motive p[] z ei!r /ate or family1 & are seldom able to make !mselves indep5d5t ( ! comp>isons to :i* !y are expos$1 because ( ! fact t !y are expect$ 9 "o case to take ! place ( ! /ate s*ools1 & 9 ano!r t ( ! family4 ,nev]!less1 /urdy m9ds :i* d n require ! emulation obta9+ 9 s*ools c be advanc$ m rapidly1 & in/ruction adapt$ m easily to individual ne$s1 ?an 9 public in/itutions4 ,z = tra9+1 moreov]1 ! evils t may spr+ f environm5t c be prev5t$ m successfully ?an is possible 9 _m families4 ,if ! in/itutions 9 "q c\ld *oose f among _m tea*]s & _m pupils1 !y might1 "u o!rwise favorable circum/ances1 be able to a*ieve great results4 ,b ! fact ( a pick$ set ( pupils alone %[s h[ little ! :ole ne$ ( education w\ld be met4 ,besides1 ev5 ^? t 7 *os5 w\ld br+ ) !m _! e>lie/ impressions2 !y w\ld incl9e t[>d ! social conditions = :i* !y believe !mselves to be de/9$2 ! faults ( individuality 7#bid et seq47 w\ld cl+ to !m1 unless su* faults 7 recogniz$ be=e ! selection1 & 7 avoid$ by exclusion4 #cce4 ,z mu* z possible1 !n1 education mu/ return to ! family4 ,9 _m cases private tutors w be f\nd to be indisp5sable4 ,& ( in/ructors excell5tly equipp$ z to s*ol>%ip1 !re w be ! less lack1 ! bett] ! "w done by ! gymnasia4 ,x mu/ be not$1 also1 t in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ difficult1 ! mo/ advanc$ in/ruction is ! easie/ ( all1 because imp>t$ ) ! lea/ dep>ture f ! way 9 :i* x 0 receiv$4 ,p are !re=e mi/ak5 :5 !y assume t private tutors are capable ( furni%+ an equival5t only = ! l[e/ classes 9 gymnasia4 ,a f> great] difficulty lies 9 ! fact t ev5 ! mo/ skilful & active tutor _c give z _m lessons z a s*ool provides1 & t accord+ly m has to be left to ! pupil's own ef=ts4 ,to be sure1 ?is is exactly ! mode ( in/ruction :i* suits ! bright /ud5t bett] ?an "o t mu/ accommodate itself to ! _m1 & :i* on t acc\nt mu/ progress b sl[ly4 #ccf4 ,b home education presupposes t s\nd p$agogical views h be5 arriv$ at 9 ! home1 & t _! place is n occupi$ by absurd :ims or half k4 7,niemey]'s fam\s "w1 8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,education & ( ,in/ruction10 is intelligible to e educat$ p]son1 & has be5 widely kn[n = _m ye>s47 #ccg4 ,! necessity ( s\nd p$agogical k 9 ! home becomes all ! m urg5t :]e tea*]s1 private or public1 *ange frequ5tly--:]eby inequalities ( in/ruction & treatm5t are introduc$ :i* ne$ to be correct$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,conc]n+ ,s*ools #cch4 ,! s*ool sy/em & its relations to local au?orities1 on ! "o h&1 & to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r1 =m a va/ & difficult subject involv+ n m]ely p$agogical pr9ciples1 b also su* aims z ! ma9t5ance ( high] le>n+1 ! dissem9ation ( useful in=mation1 & ! practice ( indisp5sable arts4 ,9 univ]sity lectures a few words on su* topics suffice1 s9ce "y m5 :o accept a s*ool position assume1 at ! same "t1 obligations :i* = a long "t to come prescribe = !m ! pa? !y mu/ foll[4 #cci4 ,!y mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 consid] ! "* ( ! s*ool 9 :i* !y are to in/ruct4 ,! s*ool programme provides !m ) in=mation conc]n+ ! scope ( ! curriculum1 ! e/abli%$ relations ( ! bran*es ( in/ruction to "o ano!r1 & ! v>i\s /ages 9 ea* subject4 ,! tea*]s' conf]5ce af=ds !m an insight into multiplex relations to au?orities1 p>5ts1 & gu>dians1 & to ! pupils1 also relations lead+ to cop]ation1 m or less p]fect1 on ! "p ( ! tea*]s4 ,! :ole ( ! educational ef=t direct$ ^u y\ng]1 int]m$iate1 & old] pupils is pres5t$ 9 "o view2 x is kn[n also :]e ! pupils come f1 ) :at k9d ( prep>ation1 & :]e z a rule !y g ^u leav+ ! s*ool4 #cdj4 ,x mu/ obvi\sly make a va/ diff]5ce :e!r pupils look =w>d to ! univ]sity1 or :e!r ! gymnasium is fill$ ) boys :o d n int5d to pursue high] /udies2 :e!r a burgh] s*ool sets a f9al exam9ation to m>k ! /age ( g5]al culture to :i* ! s*ool is expect$ to advance ! pupils1 or :e!r ! pupils ent] & leave )\t well-def9$ reasons accord+ to :at seems be/ to _! respective families2 :e!r an elem5t>y s*ool is conduct$ m]ely z an in/itution prep>+ = gymnasia or burgh] s*ools1 or :e!r its c\rse provides = ! suitable education1 dur+ 8 :ole boyhood1 ( ! future artisan1 etc4 ,! ,am]ican s*ool sy/em possesses ?is great advantage ov] t ( ,g]many1--x has an educational ladd] plant$ 9 e elem5t>y s*ool ^u :i* any *ild f any social class may m\nt z high z 8 ambition incites1 or 8 means & ability p]mit4 ,x is ! only suitable sy/em 9 a democracy1 :]e opportunity %\ld be op5 to all4 ,ev5 to obta9 great] p]fection ?an ! ,g]man s*ool sy/em has ev] atta9$1 a democratic nation _c af=d to impair its pres5t organization1 9 s f> z x makes advancem5t possible to e aspir+ s\l4 #cda4 ,9 ea* case ! (ficial activity ent]$ ^u mu/ adju/ itself prop]ly to ! :ole1 ! outl9es ( :i* are giv54 ,^! det]m9e ! proportion & ! subdivision ( ! /ore ( le>n+ to be kept ready = use1 ! degree ( confid5ce to be %[n to pupils z to k already acquir$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are to be address$4 ,x is important t ! tea*] %\ld appe> be=e 8 class adequately prep>$ & ) confid5t self-possession1 t he %\ld look ab\t att5tively at e "o & make ea* pupil feel at once t x w\ld n be easy = him to und]take any?+ )\t be+ notic$4 #cdb4 ,! que/ions to be put to ! pupils ne$ to be =mulat$ cle>ly & concisely1 & !y mu/ foll[ ea* o!r 9 easy sequ5ce4 ,! answ]s mu/ be correct$ &1 :5 necess>y1 repeat$1 9 ord] t all may he> !m4 ,no pause %\ld be unduly prolong$2 no explanation to ! weak] pupil %\ld be all[$ to become oppressively t$i\s to ! m advanc$4 ,^? :o are at "w at ! mom5t mu/ be assi/$1 b ought n to be di/urb$ by mu* int]rupt+ talk4 ,! curr5t ( ?\ght is to be invit$ & accel]at$ 9 all1 b n hurri$1 etc4 ,su* requirem5ts in/ruction w meet ) great] or less difficulty1 accord+ z classes are small or l>ge & ! inequality ( pupils great or slight4 #cdc4 ,9 ! assign+ ( "w ! capacity ( ea* pupil mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt z mu* z possible1 9 ord] t no "o may surr5d] to ill-humor & disc\ragem5t on acc\nt ( excessive dem&s1 nor any "o p]mit himself c>elessly to abuse a task too easy = him4 #cdd4 ,inequalities ( division result+ f re>rangem5ts ( classes1 or o!r *anges1 mu/ be po9t$ out to ! au?orities z cle>ly z possible1 = ! purpose ( urg+ a m ev5 di/ribution & a r$uction ( excessive numb]s4 #cde4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! gradual ext5sion ( su* ef=ts _m a defect w come to light4 ,x may be f\nd1 = in/ance1 t ! s*ool is n a :ole1 because ( ! lack ( a compet5t tea*] = an important subject1 or because ( m>k$ inequalities ( k & culture due to ! prep>atory s*ools1 or because ! s*ool 7su* z ^? 9 small t[ns7 foll[s ! curriculum ( a gymnasium :ile its real aim is suppos$ to be t ( a burgh] s*ool1 etc4 #cdf4 ,reports ( su* s+le defects w z a rule lead only to correspond+ly p>tial improvem5ts 9 ! sy/em & to relief f ! mo/ on]\s p]plexities1 s9ce x is seldom f\nd possible to organize ! sy/em ( a :ole prov9ce at once 9 su* a way z to make "o h>moni\s :ole4 #cdg4 ,b 9 case compreh5sive re=ms ( ! s*ool sy/em 7 und]tak51 x w\ld be necess>y n m]ely to tol]ate great multi=mity1 b ev5 to create x purposely4 ,= division ( labor is 9 all human p]=mance ! "r pa? to bett] ?+s2 & ! prec$+ discussion mu/ h %[n ) suffici5t cle>ness h[ mu* dep5ds on a m discrim9at+ segregation ( pupils4 ,,index ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( ,p]ception1 #bec4 ,absorption & ,reflection1 #ff4 ,action1 cl&e/9e1 #cae4 ,action & ,re/1 #aef4 ,adm9i/rative ,sy/em1 #ae4 ,adolesc5ce1 & ob$i5ce1 #afa2 bibliography =1 #bca4 /hetics1 #ic4 ,affection1 #bd4 ,algebra1 hi/ory (1 #bee4 ,al]tness ( m9d1 sup]ficial1 #cja4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory vs4 t ( ,greece & ,rome1 #bda4 ,analytic in/ruction1 def9ition1 #ajf2 fir/ /ages (1 #aaa2 o!r =ms (1 #aag2 ) *ildr51 #bad4 ,anci5t ,languages1 _! use z employm5t1 #ih2 labor ( ma/]+1 #ajc4 ,app]ceiv+ att5tion1 capacity =1 #abi4 ,application1 #fg2 a /age ( me?od1 #gj4 ,approbation1 #aea4 ,argu+ ) *ildr51 evils (1 #afd4 ,ari?metic1 ) boys1 #bbc-bbd4 ,arrang+ ( objects1 #bae4 ,arre/$ developm5t1 #aga4 ,art ( n>ration1 #gf4 ,arts1 #bea4 ,assi/ance1 gradual )drawal1 #bjd4 ,association1 #fg2 promot$ by conv]sation1 #fi4 ,a?letics1 ov]-valuation (1 #afi4 ,att5tion1 divid$1 #fc2 =c$ & spontane\s1 #gc2 primitive & app]ceiv+1 #gd4 ,au?ority1 #ec-afc2 delegat$1 #cai4 ,av]sion1 #bd4 ,bad conduct ( adults1 #ahg4 ,baldw91 quot$1 #afh1 #aie4 ,b>r5ness ( text-book me?od1 #bdc4 ,b>ri]s to education1 #e4 ,b5nett & ,bri/ol1 8,! tea*+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek10 #bgi4 ,bible /ories1 #bcd4 ,biblical /ories vs4 ,my?ology1 #bcg4 ,b\nd>y betwe5 boyhood & adolesc5ce1 #bag4 ,boyhood1 b\nd>y betwe51 & adolesc5ce1 #bag4 ,br[n1 ,george ,p41 #bga4 ,capacity = education 9 *ildr51 #cc4 ,caprice ( w1 #a1 #c4 ,categorical imp]ative1 n ! true s\rce ( maxims1 #cac4 ,c5sure1 #aea4 ,"*1 developm5t (1 #fd2 objective side (1 #adc2 subjective side (1 #adc2 /r5g? (1 #adg4 ,*e]fulness1 social1 #baa4 ,*ildr51 gov]nm5t (1 #de-ee4 ,*ildhood1 #bjc-baf4 ,*ild /udy1 #cc1 #cd4 ,*oice1 cont5t (1 #afg2 ( subject-matt]1 #ie4 ,*oos+1 #afg4 ,*ronology 9 hi/ory1 #bdj4 ,cl&e/9e action1 #cae4 ,classical vs4 sci5tific education1 #he4 ,classification ( int]e/s1 #hc2 h[ to provide =1 #ace4 ,cle>ness1 #fg4 ,combats betwe5 tea*] & pupils1 #afc4 ,comm&s1 sweep+1 #dh4 ,committ+ to memory1 #ha4 ,communion1 #bcb4 ,comp>ative /udy1 #hi4 ,complication ( ideas1 #cj4 ,composition1 true nature (1 #abc2 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 #bhe4 ,conceal$ (f5ces1 sev]ity =1 #caf4 ,conc]t "w1 #fi4 ,conduct1 becom+1 #acg4 ,conf]5ces1 tea*]s'1 #cci4 ,confirmation1 #bcb4 ,conjunctions1 *ildr5's use (1 #ca4 ,consequ5ces1 discipl9e (1 #aeg4 ,consi/5cy ( action1 #agd4 ,contempt ( moral judgm5t1 #cab4 ,cont5tion1 :y x pleases *ildr51 #ahc4 ,cont9uity ( education1 #g4 ,contra/s 9 pupils1 #bh4 ,control1 re/lessness "u1 #cje4 ,conv]sation1 #fg4 ,corporal puni%m5t1 #ea4 ,correlation ( /udies1 #fe2 limits (1 #bai4 ,c\rage1 #bif4 ,culture1 ,dogma ( ,=mal1 ,h9sdale1 #bgi4 ,cynics1 #hc4 ,cyr5aics1 #hc4 ,dates1 #bdg4 ,delegat$ au?ority1 #cai4 ,demon/rations1 #bef4 ,depression & elevation1 #aef4 ,desire & passion1 #agf2 bodily1 #agg2 gratification (1 #aee4 ,det]m9+ influ5ce ( tra9+1 #afg4 ,dewey1 ,dr4 ,john1 #ch1 #fc1 #gc1 #aej2 & ,mc,lellan1 #bec4 ,diff]5ces1 individual & sex1 #bai4 ,discipl9e1 social basis (1 #ee2 ( consequ5ce1 #aeg4 ,diffusion ( ?\ght1 #ce4 ,disord] z index ( failure1 #ee4 ,disposition1 *e]ful1 #acg4 ,divid$ att5tion1 #fc4 8,dogma ( ,=mal ,culture10 ,h9sdale1 #bgi4 ,drpfeld1 #gj4 ,drudg]y vs4 "w1 #fc4 ,duel1 #ac4 ,dulness1 #bii4 ,ease ( gov]nm5t1 #ed4 ,easy be=e ! difficult1 #abg4 ,eck(f1 ,wm4 ,j41 #bed4 ,educability ( pupils1 #a4 ,education accord+ to age1 #aie-bca2 fir/ ?ree ye>s1 #aie-bjb2 f f\r to eight1 #bjc-baf2 boyhood1 #bag-bbf2 y\?1 #bbg-bca4 ,education z home task1 #ccc4 ,educational bookkeep+1 #ej4 ,educative in/ruction1 #ei1 #ajj2 value 9 fix+ curriculum1 #ajj4 ,election1 basis (1 #fe4 ,electives1 #hi4 ,elevation & depression1 #aef4 ,employm5t1 ! f\ndation ( gov]nm5t1 #df2 = *ildr51 #ef4 ,endurance1 #aed4 ,engli% s*ools1 effect on "* ( boys1 #ahc4 ,environm5t1 influ5ce (1 #e1 #ee2 ( pupils1 #id4 ,equilibrium ( ideas1 #ge4 ,equity1 def9ition1 #ac4 ,erratic m5tal movem5ts1 #cjb4 ,e/rangem5t & its removal1 #ff4 ,e?ical ,basis ( ,p$agogics1 #h-ai4 ,e?ical judgm5t1 #be4 ,e?ical life1 range (1 #bib4 ,e?ics1 ! goal ( education1 #b4 ,exam9ation vs4 review1 #aag4 ,exp]i5ce1 limits (1 #aaj4 ,explication1 #fg4 ,expulsion1 #eb4 ,evil1 exclusion (1 #adi4 ,faculties1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc2 names =1 #bg4 ,family1 its int]e/ 9 ! individual1 #bhh2 its lack ( vigor1 #ccc4 ,fatalism1 #a1 #c4 ,fatigue1 produc$ by in/ruction1 #gj4 ,favoritism1 #ahd4 ,faults ( *ildr5 & _! treatm5t1 #bid-cbi2 g5]al diff]5tiation1 #bid-cjc2 s\rces ( moral weakness1 #cjd-cac2 effects ( tra9+ ^u1 #cad-cai2 special faults1 #cbj-cbi2 habitual1 #cbf2 m9or1 #cba2 committ$ vs4 faults possess$1 #cbj4 ,fau/1 #hc4 ,fir/ (f5ces1 treatm5t (1 #cbc4 ,fiske1 me?od ( us+ text-books ( hi/ory1 #bdg4 8,five w9d[s ( ! ,s\l10 #cg4 ,fixation ( ideas1 premature1 #bah4 ,=mal ,culture1 ,dogma (1 ,h9sdale1 #bgi4 ,=mal /eps1 #fg4 ,frankness1 lack (1 #bf2 ne$ (1 #cbb4 ,fre$om & re/ra9t1 #aef4 ,fri5dl9ess1 ) *ildr51 #baa4 ,games1 ! sup]vision (1 #agh2 cop]ative1 #agh4 ,g5]al notions1 def9ition1 #cj4 ,g5]alizations1 #ib4 ,g5tle measures1 #dc4 ,geography1 #bfc-bfh2 home geography1 #bfc2 an associat+ sci5ce1 #bfd2 n>ration 91 #bfe2 ! old vs4 ! new1 #bff2 reviews 91 #bfg4 ,geographical aspects ( hi/ory1 #bde4 ,geographical vs4 hi/orical /udies1 #bic4 ,geometry1 advantages ( association1 #ajb4 ,good w1 def9ition1 #aa2 9 *ildr51 #bjf2 two aspects (1 #ahe4 ,gold5 rule1 #adh4 ,goldsmi? on ! moody tea*]1 #aff4 ,gov]nm5t ( *ildr51 #de-ee4 ,grad+1 #cdd-cde4 ,gramm>1 am\nt to be giv51 #acj4 ,greek & ,lat91 #bgg-bhe2 "t = beg9n+1 #bgg-bgh2 mann] ( tea*+1 #bgi4 ,greek & ,roman hi/ory1 priority (1 #bdf2 vs4 ,am]ican hi/ory1 #bdf4 ,greek1 au?ors to be us$1 #bhc2 relation (1 to religi\s impressions1 #bcc4 ,gr\ps ( ideas1 #bi4 ,gumpl[icz1 #e4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises1 excessive1 #acb4 ,h>ris1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,t41 #cg1 #adc4 ,h>mony ( insight & volition1 #i4 ,heav5ly bodies1 obs]vation (1 #bei4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 #he1 #aeg4 ,h]odotus1 /ories (1 #bdc4 ,high] education1 ! comp>ative /udy ( bran*es1 #hi4 ,high] vs4 l[] s*ools1 #cdj4 ,high s*ool1 six-ye> c\rse 91 #ajc4 ,h9sdale1 8,dogma ( ,=mal ,culture10 #bgi4 ,hi/ory1 #bci-bea2 prevail+ error ( "y tea*]s (1 #bci2 ,am]ican vs4 ,greek & ,roman1 #bda2 m$ival1 #bdi2 mod]n1 #bej4 ,hi/orical in/ruction1 a bran* ( education1 #cg4 ,home education1 #ccj-ccg4 ,home "w1 n a sav+ ( labor1 #abc4 ,homog5eity ( pupils1 #aab4 ,honor1 /&>ds (1 #afi2 a feel+ (1 #bbc4 ,humaniora vs4 realia1 #ii4 ,ideas1 gr\ps (1 #bi2 _! s\rce1 #cf2 equilibrium (1 #ge2 degree ( /r5g?1 #ajb4 8,iliad0 & 8,odyssey10 #bhc4 ,imag9>y & complex numb]s1 #bef4 ,imag9ation1 #bb4 ,incapacity1 feel+ (1 9 *ildr51 #baf4 ,incl9ations vs4 pr9ciples1 #aic4 ,individuality1 modification (1 #da2 diff]5ces (1 #ed4 ,individual traits1 p]man5cy (1 #bie4 ,indol5ce ( y\?1 #bbg4 ,inequalities1 correction (1 #fj4 ,infancy1 #aie-bjb4 ,inh]5t faults1 #bid4 ,inn] fre$om1 aspects (1 #ahg4 ,in/ability ( ideas1 #cja4 ,in/ruction1 #ef-ace2 relation to gov]nm5t & tra9+1 #ef-fa2 aim (1 #fb-fe2 conditions ( _m-sid$ness 91 #ff-gj2 conditions det]m9+ int]e/ 91 #ga-hb2 z in=mation giv+1 #ce2 & rud5ess1 #ce2 9 relation to pupils' ideas & disposition1 #cf2 bran*es (1 #cf2 its good beg9n+1 #aje4 ,ins]tion vs4 cont9uation1 #abi4 ,insight1 def9ition1 #h2 h>mony ( ) volition1 #i4 ,int]c\rse1 social1 #gh4 ,int]e/1 conditions (1 #ga-hb2 ma9 k9ds (1 #hc-id2 _m-sid$ness (1 #fb2 direct & indirect1 #fc2 vs4 ef=t1 #fc2 be>+ ( on virtue1 #fd2 classification (1 #hc2 n sole guide to selection ( /udies1 #ace2 comp>$ ) skill1 #bhi4 ,inv5tions1 #bea4 ,irritability1 #big4 ,james1 quot$1 #age4 ,judgm5t1 #bc2 ( moral quality ( actions1 #i2 e?ical1 #be4 ,ju/ice & equality ) boys1 #bba4 ,kant1 #c2 8 views on moral ob$i5ce1 #agc4 ,lange's 8,app]ception10 #gd4 ,language lessons vs4 gramm>1 #bga4 ,languages1 difficulties (1 #abi4 ,l>n$1 me?od ( us+ text-books1 #bdg4 ,lat9 & ,greek1 #bgg-bhe2 "t = beg9n+1 #ajc2 composition 91 #bhe4 ,lat91 increase 9 /udy (1 #bgh2 reasons = tea*+1 #bgi2 au?ors to be read1 #bhb4 ,lett] writ+1 #bgf4 ,li/lessness1 #aeh4 ,lit]>y ma/]pieces1 /udy (1 #gf4 ,log>i?ms1 #bed4 ,love1 #ec4 ,magnitudes 9 ma!matics1 #beb4 ,ma9 k9ds ( int]e/1 #hc-id2 mat]ials (1 #ie-ajd2 process (1 #aje-acj2 plan (1 #aca-ace4 ,manly games1 effects ( on boys1 #ahc4 ,manual tra9+1 #bei2 effect ( on discipl9e1 #ef4 ,_m-sid$ness1 #ff-gj2 ( int]e/1 #fb4 ,mat]ials ( in/ruction1 #ie-ajd4 ,ma!matics1 #beb-beg2 l9k$ to nature1 #ci2 correlation (1 #ci2 aptitude =1 #beb4 ,ma!matical tea*+1 ord] (1 #bee4 ,maxims1 orig9 (1 #caj4 ,mc,lellan & ,dewey1 #bec4 ,mc,murray1 #gd4 ,measur+1 #bec4 ,m$ival hi/ory1 #bdi4 ,memoriz+1 #ha1 #ajh4 ,memory ( w1 #afa4 ,m5tal faculties1 names =1 #bg4 ,m5tal in/ability1 #cja4 ,mephi/opheles1 #hc4 ,me?od1 #fg4 ,mob _s1 !1 #afh4 ,mobility ( ideas1 #ce4 ,mod]n hi/ory1 #bej4 ,mod]n languages1 argum5ts = _! /udy1 #ih4 ,mod]n me?ods ( us+ text-books 9 hi/ory1 #bdg4 ,money1 tea*+ ! use (1 #agj4 ,mood9ess 9 ! tea*]1 #aff4 ,moods & :ims1 #adg4 ,moral ecc5tricity1 #cjg4 ,moral fre$om1 possibility (1 #agc4 ,moral education 9 /rict s5se1 #ahh4 ,moral judgm5t1 contempt (1 #cab4 ,moral revelation ( ! _w1 #afg4 ,morality1 dem& ( ^u y\?1 #bca4 ,"m-tongue1 !1 #bfi4 ,motives ( y\?1 #bbi4 ,musical in/rum5ts1 /udy (1 #agi4 ,n>ration1 art (1 #gf2 hi/orical1 #bci-bdc4 ,natorp1 #adc4 ,natural sci5ce1 #beh-bfb4 ,nature /udy1 #beh-bfb2 app]ceptive basis =1 #beh2 & hi/ory1 #beh4 ,niemey]1 #aab1 #aac4 ,ob$i5ce1 #dh2 to au?ority1 #agc2 promptness (1 #cji4 ,object lessons1 h[ to tea*1 #aad-aaf4 ,obs]vation1 ( *ildr51 #cc1 #cd2 ex]cises1 #bae2 :i* does n obs]ve1 #aaa4 ,occupations1 #dg1 #ih2 self-*os51 #acd4 8,odyssey10 #bhc4 ,(f5ces1 conceal$1 #caf4 ,"o-sid$ness1 #hf4 ,ord]1 re/oration (1 #cbd4 ,organization ( pupil's ideas1 #ca1 #cb2 ( education1 #ccj-cdg4 ,outl9es ( g5]al p$agogics1 #de-bca4 ,outside occupations1 #acd4 ,ov]burd5+ ( pupils1 #ig1 #bbf4 ,pamp]+1 #de4 ,passions1 #ahj1 #aha2 prev5tion ( by tra9+1 #cad2 :at !y lead to1 #cjh4 ,pauls51 #c1 #gc4 8,p$agogical ,sem9>y10 #agh4 ,p$agogics1 e?ical basis (1 #h-ai2 psy*ological basis (1 #bj-dd2 outl9es ( g5]al1 #de-bca4 ,p]ez1 #aie4 ,p]fection1 idea (1 def9ition1 #aj2 importance (1 #ag2 false idea (1 #ah2 9 *ildr51 #bjg-baj4 ,p]fice te1 #ag4 ,pe/alozzi1 #aab1 #aad4 ,physical activity1 ne$ (1 #df4 ,physical weakness1 consid]ation =1 #aei4 ,physics1 elem5t>y1 #bfa4 ,plan ( in/ruction1 #aca-ace4 ,play1 love (1 #bie4 ,playgr\nd1 ne$ =1 #acb4 ,pla/icity1 limit$1 #d4 ,pleasure & pa91 s\rces (1 #afh4 ,praise & c5sure1 #ahi-aij4 ,premature fixation ( ideas1 #bah4 ,prep>ation1 #gj4 ,pres5tation1 #gj1 #aai4 ,pres5tative in/ruction1 its pres5t function1 #aji4 ,pres5tative me?od1 mean+ (1 #ajf4 ,prey]1 #aie4 ,primacy ( ideas1 #gc1 #adc2 ( w1 #gc1 #adc4 ,pr9ciples vs4 incl9ations1 #aic4 ,private vs4 public s*ools1 #ccd4 ,process ( in/ruction1 #aje-acj4 ,pr(ici5cy 9 k a late acquirem5t1 #abg4 ,prud5ce1 #ade4 ,psy*ological basis ( p$agogics1 #h-ai4 ,psy*ology z in/rum5t1 #b4 8,psy*ology ( ,numb]10 #bec4 ,public op9ion1 respect =1 #cjf4 ,public vs4 private s*ools1 #ccd4 ,puni%m5t1 #ea-ec4 ,pupil's int]e/1 h[ to measure & secure x1 #aja4 ,quality vs4 quantity1 9 secur+ int]e/1 #aja4 ,que/ions1 *ildi%1 #bac2 "* (1 #cdb4 ,quietude ( m9d1 #agf4 ,rationality1 gr[? (1 #bif4 ,read+1 #bgc-bge4 ,realia1 advantage (1 #aja4 ,recitations1 numb] p] week1 #acc4 ,records1 ( conduct1 #ej4 ,recreations1 #acb4 ,reflection & absorption1 #ff4 ,re=m1 s*ool1 #ajc4 ,regulative pr9ciples1 e/abli%m5t (1 #agc4 ,regulative tra9+1 #agb4 ,religion1 #bcb-bch4 ,religi\s culture ) boys1 #bbb4 ,religi\s feel+1 beg9n+s (1 #bcf4 ,religi\s in/ruction1 #id2 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aha4 ,religi\s tra9+1 ne$ (1 #ai4 ,rem9d]s1 #aib4 ,repetition1 :at x accompli%es1 #aah4 ,reproduction1 #aji4 ,re/ & action1 #aef4 ,re/lessness1 #big2 "u control1 #cje4 ,re/ra9t1 #ee2 & fre$om1 #ahf4 ,revelation ( ! _w1 moral1 #afg4 ,reviews1 conduct (1 #aag4 ,rigidity ( m9d1 #cjj4 ,ros5kranz1 #ff4 8,r\s+ ^w10 !1 #age4 ,rud5ess vs4 in/ruction1 #ce4 ,russell1 8,g]man ,high] ,s*ools10 #bgi4 ,sav+s banks1 #agj4 8,s*ool & ,society10 ,dr4 ,john ,dewey1 #ch4 ,s*ool hygi5e1 lit]ature (1 #acb4 ,s*oolrooms1 ne$ = spaci\s1 #acb4 ,s*ools1 organization (1 #cch-cdg4 ,s*ool sy/em1 #cch4 ,sci5tific in/ruction1 a bran* ( education1 #cg4 ,sci5tific vs4 classical education1 #he4 ,seclusion vs4 society1 #afh4 ,second>y education 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 its brevity1 #ajc4 ,self-activity1 #ga4 ,self-def5ce1 #ahc4 ,self-det]m9ation1 #bf4 ,s5sibility1 k9dness (1 #aeb4 ,s5sual impulses1 #bih4 ,sequ5ce1 common view1 #if2 ( /udies1 #abh4 ,s]ies ( ideas1 #aba4 ,sev]ity = conceal$ (f5ces1 #caf4 ,simulation ( e?ical judgm5ts1 #cag4 ,s91 #cch4 ,six-ye> high s*ool c\rse1 #ajc4 ,skill vs4 int]e/1 #bhi4 ,sluggi%ness ( pupils1 #afe4 ,smi?1 ,david ,eug5e1 #bee1 #bef4 ,social *e]fulness1 #baa4 ,social circle1 relation ( *ild to1 #bjh4 ,social ends ( tra9+1 #afj4 ,social environm5t ( pupils1 #id4 ,social faults1 correction =1 #cbg4 ,social int]c\rse1 #gh4 ,social pressure 9 gov]nm5t1 #afa4 ,social relations ! s\rce ( w1 #cah4 ,social1 !1 9 conduct1 #fb4 ,society vs4 seclusion1 #afh4 ,s\rce ( ideas1 #cf4 ,special applications ( p$agogics1 #bcb-bic2 religion1 #bcb-bch2 hi/ory1 #bci-bea2 ma!matics & natural sci5ce1 #beb-bfb2 geography1 #bfc-bfh2 ! "m-tongue1 #bfi-bge4 ,spe]1 #bec4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #he1 #aeg4 ,sp9oza1 #c4 ,spy1 ! tea*] z1 #cag4 ,/&>ds ( honor1 #afi4 ,/ate1 its attitude t[>d ! individual1 #cca4 ,/rife1 #ahb4 ,/ructure ( gr\ps ( ideas1 #ca4 ,/udies1 social function (1 #fb2 z social in/rum5ts1 #fd2 = boys1 #bbe4 ,/udy ( lit]>y ma/]pieces1 #gf4 ,/yle ( speak+1 #ajh4 ,subjects to be taught1 #ajj4 ,sup]vision1 #dh2 /rictness (1 #di1 #ej4 ,sweetmeats1 educational1 #ii4 ,syntax1 ,lat91 #bhd4 ,syn!tic in/ruction1 def9ition1 #ajf2 nature & c\rse (1 #abe-abf4 ,sy/em1 #fg2 promot$ by connect$ disc\rse1 #fi2 ( laws & rew>ds1 #ad2 ( civilization1 #af4 ,t>d9ess1 #afa4 ,tea*] z spy1 #cag4 ,tea*]s' conf]5ces1 #cci4 ,temp]am5ts1 #bie4 ,temp]1 viol5t1 #bih4 ,te/s by ! /ate1 #ccb4 ,text-book me?ods1 b>r5ness (1 #bdc4 ,text-book vs4 oral pres5tation ( hi/ory1 #bci4 ,!mes = composition1 #abd4 ,! mob _s1 #afh4 ,! "m-tongue1 #bfi-bgf4 ,?\ghtlessness ( pupils1 #afd4 ,"t1 am\nt to be giv5 to in/ruction1 #acb4 ,tra9+1 #acf-aid2 def9ition1 #acf1 #ada2 relation to gov]nm5t & in/ruction1 #acf-adj2 aim (1 #ada-adb2 diff]5tiation ( "*1 #adc-adg2 diff]5tiation 9 morality1 #adh-aej2 helps 91 #aea-aei2 g5]al me?od1 #afj-aid2 bl5d$ ) gov]nm5t1 #adj2 function (1 #aea4 ,transf] ( pupils1 #eb4 ,translation1 difficulty (1 = ,g]man *ildr51 #ajc4 ,trigonometry1 #bed4 ,tutors1 place (1 #cce4 ,unification1 #fe1 #ff4 ,use ( ?+s1 h[ taught1 #aad4 ,v5dettas1 #ac4 ,viol91 value ( use (1 #agi4 ,virility 9 ! s*ool1 #ahc4 ,virtue1 def9ition1 #h1 #fb2 unev5ness ( developm5t1 #h2 its relation to int]e/1 #fd4 ,viva vox docet1 #ajg4 ,volition1 h>mony ) insight1 #i2 ( ! mom5t1 #caa4 ,wiget1 #gj4 ,w1 memory (1 #afa4 ,wom5 tea*]s & fight+ pupils1 #ahc4 ,"w vs4 drudg]y1 #fc4 ,writt5 ex]cises 9 ! "m-tongue1 #bgf4 ,writt5 "w1 t$i\sness (1 #ei2 correction (1 #abc4 ,wundt1 #gd4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,tea*+ ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,fit*1 ,m4,a4 ,,) ,,an ,,introductory ,,preface ,,by ,,?omas ,,hunt]1 ,ph4,d41 ,presid5t ( ! ,normal ,college1 ,new ,york #afmo4 ,clo?4 #a4jj 8,?is is em95tly ! "w ( a man ( wisdom & exp]i5ce4 ,he takes a broad & compreh5sive view ( ! "w ( ! tea*]1 & 8 sugge/ions on all topics are wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation40--,new ,engl& ,j\rnal ( ,education4 8,! lectures w be f\nd mo/ int]e/+1 & des]ve to be c>efully /udi$1 n only by p]sons directly conc]n$ ) in/ruction1 b by p>5ts :o wi% to be able to ex]cise an intellig5t judgm5t 9 ! *oice ( s*ools & tea*]s = _! *ildr54 ,= ourselves1 we c\ld almo/ wi% to be ( s*ool age aga91 to le>n hi/ory & geography f "s "o :o c\ld tea* !m aft] ! patt]n set by ,mr4 ,fit* to 8 audi5ce4 ,b p]haps ,mr4 ,fit*'s obs]vations on ! g5]al conditions ( s*ool "w are ev5 m important ?an :at he says on ?is or t bran* ( /udy40--,saturday ,review4 ,,notes ,,on ,,am]ican ,,s*ools ,,& ,,tra9+ ,,colleges ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or #afmo4 ,clo?4 #fj c5ts 8,mr4 ,fit* is a wise & en?usia/ic /ud5t ( p$agogy1 ! au?or ( "s specially excell5t ,lectures on ,tea*+ deliv]$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & a r>ely good obs]v] ( new facts4444 ,! book is a treasure ( clev] description1 %rewd comm5t1 & in/ructive comp>ison ( ! ,engli% sy/em & our own40--,! ,*ur*man4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,rec5t ,,books ,,on ,,education ,! ,mean+ ( ,education ,& ,o!r ,essays & ,addresses4 ,by ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4jj4 ,social ,phases ( ,education 9 ! ,s*ool & ! ,home ,by ,samuel ,t4 ,dutton1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,brookl9e1 ,mass4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4be4 ,education ( ! ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,sy/em ,a ,/udy ( ,f\ndations1 especially ( ,s5sory & ,motor ,tra9+4 ,by ,reub5 ,po/ ,halleck1 ,au?or ( 8,psy*ology & ,psy*ic ,culture40 #abmo4 ,clo?4 #a4jj4 8,he has succe$$ admirably 9 pres5t+ ! subject 9 a simple1 cle>1 logical way4 ,x is j ! book1 x seems to me1 = ! read+ ( all p]sons int]e/$ 9 #8,*ild ,/udy4'0--,francis ,w4 ,p>k]1 ,*icago ,normal ,s*ool4 ,educational ,aims & ,educational ,values ,by ,paul ,h4 ,hanus1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4be4 8,a v readable book4444 ,8 insight into educational problems is good1 8 exp]i5ce wide1 & 8 p[] ( expression admirable40--,myron ,t4 ,s4 ,scudd] 9 ,! ,educational ,review4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,*ild ,by ,na?an ,opp5heim1 ,m4,d41 ,att5d+ ,physician to ! ,*ildr5's ,dep>tm5t1 ,mt4 ,s9ai ,hospital ,disp5s>y4 ,clo?4 #a4be4 8,int]e/+ & sugge/ive40--,! ,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,physical ,nature ( ! ,*ild & ,h[ to ,/udy ,x ,by ,/u>t ,h4 ,r[e1 ,ph4,d41 ,new ,hav51 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,p$agogy & ,director ( ,practice 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,mankato1 ,m9n4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4jj4 8,! av]age s*ool-tea*] c\ld read no bett] "w on s*ool hygi5e40--,c4 ,h4 ,?urb] 9 ,! ,s*ool ,review4 ,! ,tea*+ & ,/udy ( ,elem5t>y ,ma!matics ,by ,david ,eug5e ,smi?1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,brockport1 ,new ,york4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4jj4 ,! fir/ issue 9 a s]ies to be kn[n z ,! ,tea*]'s ,pr(essional ,libr>y1 edit$ by ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy & ,education 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,! ,/udy ( ,*ildr5 & ,_! ,s*ool ,tra9+ ,by ,dr4 ,francis ,w>n]1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,gr[? & ,means = ,tra9+ ( ! ,m5tal ,faculty40 ,clo?4 #afmo4 #a4jj4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em ( ! ,*ild ,its ,gr[? & ,heal? 9 ,education4 ,a h&book = tea*]s4 ,by ! same au?or4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,rec5t ,books on ,philosophy1 ,etc4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,"* ,"s ,educational ,aspects ( ,e?ics4 ,by ,john ,mac,cunn1 ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool4 ,cambridge ,s]ies4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4be4 ,! subject is divid$ into f\r g5]al p>ts3 ,cong5ital ,end[m5t1 ,educative ,influ5ces1 ,s\nd ,judgm5t1 & ,self-developm5t & ,self-control4 ,ea* ( ^! p>ts conta9s sev]al *apt]s deal+ ) ! v>i\s phases ( "*-build+ & its influ5ce ^u education4 ,tea*]s w f9d mu* t is new & /imulat+ 9 ^! pages4 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual ,gif=d ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,! ,f\r ,hi/orical ,conceptions ( ,be+4 ,by ,josiah ,royce1 ,ph4,d41 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #hvo4 #c4jj4 ,a ,brief ,introduction to ,mod]n ,philosophy ,by ,ar?ur ,k5yon ,rog]s1 ,ph4,d4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4be4 ,me?ods ( ,k ,an ,essay 9 ,epi/emology4 ,by ,walt] ,smi?1 ( ,lake ,=e/ ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #abmo4 #a4be4 ,a def9ition ( k & !ory ( ! me?od by :i* k may be atta9$4 ,an ,outl9e ( ,philosophy ,) ,notes ,hi/orical & ,critical4 ,by ,john ,watson1 ( ,que5's ,univ]sity1 ,k+/on1 ,canada4 ,second ,edition4 ,clo?4 #hvo4 #b4be4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,descriptions ( ! illu/rations 7 add$ by ! transcrib]4 ,all punctuation errors 7 correct$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 0 reta9$4 ,9 ,cont5ts1 ! foll[+ *anges 7 done to mat* *apt] titles 9 ! text3 8(0 aft] 8,conditions0 0 delet$ 7,! ,conditions ,det]m9+ ,int]e/74 8,mat]ial0 0 *ang$ f 8,mat]ials0 7,! ,mat]ial ( ,in/ruction74 8,!0 0 ins]t$ be=e 8,relation0 7,! ,relation ( ,tra9+74 ,9 p>agraph #cf1 8"o-sid$ness0 0 *ang$ f 8"o-sid5ess0 7"o-sid$ness ( in/ruction74 ,9 p>agraph #ch1 8c\nt]act+0 0 *ang$ f 8c\nt]3 act+0 7c\nt]act+ selfi%ness74 ,9 p>agraph #gj1 alt]nate spell+ ( annotator's surname z 8,de,garmo0 0 reta9$4 ,9 ! ,index1 8z0 0 *ang$ f 8an0 7,disord] z index ( failure74 8,humaniora0 0 *ang$ f 8,humanoria0 7,humaniora vs4 realia74