,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,book1 ,its ,hi/ory1 ,illu/ration1 & ,adornm5t1 ,,f ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,gut5b]g ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,,by ,,h5ri ,,b\*ot1 ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,libr>y1 ,,p>is4 ,translat$ & ,enl>g$ by ,,edw>d ,c4 ,,bigmore4 ,,) ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,eighte5 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,facsimiles ,,( ,,e>ly ,,typography1 ,,pr9t]s' ,,m>ks1 ,,copies ,,( ,,book ,,illu/rations1 ,,& ,,specim5s ,,( ,,b9d+s ,,( ,,all ,,ages4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,scribn] ,,& ,,wel=d1 #gdc & #gde1 ,,broadway4 #ahhg4 ,,preface4 ,consid]+ t ?is %ort /udy c claim to be no?+ m ?an a rapid & some:at summ>y survey ( ! hi/ory ( ,,! ,,book1 x es*ews all controv]sial matt]1 nor does x pret5d to convey mu* fre% in=mation to ^? already possess+ a special k ( ! subject4 ,x is r a cond5s$1 b at ! same "t1 x may be hop$1 a useful1 comp5dium ( ! ?\s& unkn[n or n[ =gott5 essays1 involv+ endless contradictory /atem5ts1 t h be5 issu$ on ?is !me4 ,! m]e enum]ation ( su* works w\ld simply suffice to fill a volume4 ,we h accord+ly no int5tion to attempt a bibliography1 satisfy+ ourselves ) ! mode/ av[al ( hav+ f\nd s _m docum5ts 9 all languages1 t ! v abundance has be5 at lea/ z emb>rass+ to u z ! lack ( mat]ials may h be5 to o!rs4 ,! ,book appeal+ 9 its pres5t =m to a special public int]e/$ m 9 arti/ic ?an 9 purely typographical topics1 our att5tion has be5 m p>ticul>ly giv5 to ! illu/rators1 ! design]s1 engrav]s1 et*]s1 & s =?4 ,su* graphic embelli%m5t seem$ to u ( m weight ?an ! manufacture ( ! pap]1 ! type-ca/+1 ! pr9t+ prop]ly s call$4 ,?is te*nical aspect ( ! subject has be5 v briefly dealt ) 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 & has also be5 enl>g$ ^u 9 ! e>ly section4 ,to ! b9d+ also we h devot$ only a s+le *apt]1 :ile fully consci\s t a :ole volume w\ld n h suffic$ m]ely to treat ! subject sup]ficially4 ,at ! same "t1 we w\ld n h ! read] conclude f all ?is t our book ab\nds 9 omissions1 or has ov]look$ any important features4 ,! broad l9es1 we tru/1 h be5 adh]$ to1 :ile ea* section has be5 s h&l$ z to give a fair idea ( ! epo* x deals )4 ,?is is ! fir/ attempt to comprise )9 su* n>r[ limits an art & an indu/ry ) a life ( ov] f\r c5turies1 essay+ to describe its beg9n+s & its hi/ory d[n to our days1 )\t omitt+ a glance at ! alli$ arts4 ,! engrav+s select$ = illu/ration h1 z f> z possible1 be5 tak5 f un$it$ mat]ials1 & h be5 directly reproduc$ by me*anical processes1 :ile fifte5 new illu/rations1 hav+ special relation to ! hi/ory ( ! ,book 9 ,engl&1 h be5 add$ to ?is edition1 :i* is also consid]ably enl>g$ 9 ! text on ! same subject4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page #ad44 ,,to #adfb #a ,orig9 ( ! ,book--,engrav]s 9 relief--,! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc--,orig9 ( ! ,xylographs--,! ,xylographs1 ,donatus1 & ,speculum--,! ,laur5t ,co/] leg5d--,f block books to movable *>act]s--,john ,ga5sefleis*1 call$ ,gut5b]g--,! ,/rasb\rg trial--,gut5b]g at ,may5ce--,fu/ & ,s*oeff]--,! lett]s ( indulg5ce--,! ,bible--,! ,ca?olicon--,! ,may5ce ,bible--,causes ( ! disp]sion ( ! fir/ ,may5ce pr9t]s--,g5]al consid]ations4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #adfb ,,to #aejj #cc ,! ,book & ! pr9t]s ( ! second g5]ation--,! ,g]man workm5 disp]s$ ?r\gh ,europe--,caxton & ! introduction ( pr9t+ into ,engl&--,ni*olas ,j5son & 8 suppos$ mission to ,may5ce--,! fir/ pr9t+ 9 ,p>is2 ,william ,fi*et & ,john ,he9le9--,! fir/ ,fr5* pr9t]s2 _! in/allation at ! ,sorbonne & _! publications--,! movem5t 9 ,france--,! illu/ration ( ! ,book comm5c$ 9 ,italy--,! ,book 9 ,italy2 engrav+ 9 relief & metal plates--,! ,book 9 ,g]many3 ,cologne1 ,nuremb]g1 ,basle--,! ,book 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries--,fr5* s*ools ( ornam5t ( ! ,book2 ,books ( ,h\rs2 booksell]s at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury--,lit]>y ta/e 9 titles 9 ,france at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury--,pr9t]s & booksell]s' m>ks--,! appe>ance ( ! portrait 9 ! ,book--,progress 9 ,engl&--,caxton & 8 foll[]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #aejj ,,to #afjj #ih ,fr5* epics & ! ,r5aissance--,v5ice & ,aldus ,manutius--,italian illu/rators--,! ,g]mans2 ,!u]danck1 ,s*ufele9--,! ,book 9 o!r c\ntries--,fr5* books at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 be=e ! accession ( ,francis ,i4--,ge(froy ,tory & 8 works--,francis ,i4 & ! ,book--,rob]t ,e/i5ne--,lyons a c5tre ( booksell+2 ,holbe9's ,dances ( ,dea?--,s*ool ( ,basle--,alciati's emblems & ! illu/rat$ books ( ! middle ( ! c5tury--,! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau & its influ5ce--,solomon ,b]n>d--,cornelis de la ,haye & ! ,promptuaire--,john ,c\s9--,copp] plate engrav+ & metal plates--,woriot--,! portrait 9 ! ,book ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,h[ a book 0 illu/rat$ on wood at ! end ( ! c5tury--,influ5ce ( ,plant9 on ! ,book2 8 s*ool ( engrav]s--,g5]al consid]ations--,progress 9 ,engl&--,cov]dale's ,bible--,engli% pr9t]s & _! "w--,engrav$ plates 9 ,engli% books4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #afjj ,,to #agjj #aea ,t5d5cies ( ! reg5cy ( ,m>ie de ,m$icis--,?omas de ,leu & ,leon>d ,gaulti]--,j4 ,pic>t & ,claude ,mellan--,lyons & ,j4 de ,=naz]is--,! ,book at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,holl&--,crisp9 ,pass 9 ,france--,! ,elzevirs & _! "w 9 ,holl&--,seba/ian ,cramoisy & ! ,imprim]ie ,royale--,illu/ration ) ,callot1 ,della ,bella1 & ,abraham ,bosse--,! publi%]s & ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet--,! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 ,anto9e ,vitr syndic at 8 accession--,8 works & mortifications2 ! ,polyglot ,bible ( ,le ,jay--,art & illu/rators ( ! gr& c5tury--,sba/i5 ,lecl]c1 ,lepautre1 & ,*auveau--,lecl]c prep>+ ! illu/ration & decoration ( ! ,book = ! eighte5? c5tury--,! ,book 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,book ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #ahd ,! reg5cy--,publi%]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,illu/rators 9 ,france2 ,gillot--,! s*ool ( ,watteau & ,b\*]--,c>s--,! y\ng] ,co*92 8 pr9cipal works 9 vignettes--,fr5* art 9 ,engl&2 ,gravelot--,eis5--,*(f>d--,! ,bais]s ( ,dorat2 ! ,contes ( ,la ,fonta9e--,! publi%] ,caz9 & ! special lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,! y\ng] ,moreau & 8 illu/rations--,! ,revolution--,! s*ool ( ,david--,duplessis-,b]taux--,! ,book 9 ,g]many2 ,*od[iecki--,9 ,engl&2 ,boydell & ,fr5* arti/s--,caslon & ,bask]ville--,engli% books ) illu/rations--,wood engrav+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 ! ,papillons--,pr9t+ (fices 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,book ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #bah ,! ,didots & _! improvem5ts--,! folio ,rac9e--,! s*ool ( ,didot--,f9e publications 9 ,engl& & ,g]many--,lit]ature & art ( ! ,re/oration--,romanticism--,wood engrav+--,bewick's pupils1 ,cl5nell1 etc4--,! illu/rators ( romances--,! g5]ation ( #ahdj--,! ,book 9 our days 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,types1 ,,impression1 ,,pap]1 ,,ink #bci ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,bookb9d+ #bec ,! b9d+ ( ! fir/ pr9t$ books--,anci5t ,g]man b9d+s--,b9d+ 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xii4--,italian b9d+s--,aldus--,maioli--,groli]--,franci s ,i4--,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,diane de ,poiti]s--,ca!r9e de ,m$icis--,h5ry ,,iii4--,! ,eves--,! fanf>es--,l\is ,,xiii4--,le ,gascon--,florimond ,badi]--,l\is ,,xiv4--,morocco lea!rs--,cramoisy--,! b9d+s ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4--,! reg5cy--,pasdel\p--,! ,d]omes--,dubuisson--,?\v59--,lesn--,! n9ete5? c5tury--,engli% b9d]s--,rog] ,payne--,francis ,b$=d4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,libr>ies #bij ,,index #cje ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,book4 ,,*apt] ,i4 #ad44 ,,to #adfb4 ,orig9 ( ! ,book--,engrav]s 9 relief--,! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc--,orig9 ( ! ,xylographs--,! ,xylographs1 ,donatus1 & ,speculum--,! ,laur5t ,co/] leg5d--,f block books to movable *>act]s--,john ,ga5sefleis*1 call$ ,gut5b]g--,! ,/rasb\rg trial--,gut5b]g at ,may5ce--,fu/ & ,s*oeff]--,! lett]s ( indulg5ce--,! ,bible--,! ,ca?olicon--,! ,may5ce ,bible--,causes ( ! disp]sion ( ! fir/ ,may5ce pr9t]s--,g5]al consid]ations4 ,l its =]unn]1 ,pa9t+1 ! ,book has ev] be5 ! mo/ fai?ful reflection ( ! times :5 x 0 writt5 & illu/rat$4 ,natural & g5u9e f ! fir/1 & simply embelli%$ ) crude illu/rations1 x assum$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! gr& airs ( ! ,r5aissance1 gay or s]i\s accord+ to circum/ances1 deck$ 9 :at 7 !n call$ hi/oires--t is to say1 wond]ful engrav+s--& da9tily pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic1 ,roman1 or *oice ,italic *>act]s4 ,b at ! close ( ! c5tury x _h already ab&on$ wood = l9e engrav+s1 height5+ its my/icism or its satire at ! :im ( pass+ politics & religi\s wrangl+s4 ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! pa9t]s & c\rti]s ( ! ,gr& ,mon>que1 x becomes completely trans=m$1 donn+ ! p]uke1 s to speak1 indulg+ 9 allegory & conv5tionalities1 pomp\s & %[y1 trick+ itself out 9 columns & pila/]s in/ead ( ! old arabesques & scroll "w ( ! ,r5aissance1 ?us cont9u+ amid ! coquetries ( ! reg5cy1 ! pa/orals & insipidities ( ! foll[+ reigns1 until at la/ x sudd5ly assumes ) ! h]oes ( ! ,revolution ! au/]e mi5 & airs ( classic art4 ,! ,book has always be5 z closely connect$ ) ! mann]s ( our pr$ecessors z art itself4 ,! arti/ submits m ?an he ?9ks to ! t5d5cy ( 8 surr\nd+s2 & if he at times makes 8 ta/e appreciat$1 x is because he has m or less receiv$ 8 fir/ influ5ce f o!rs4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! fa%ion ( emblematic repres5tation plac$ "u ! portrait ( ,ga/on de ,foix a figure ( a "y plant 9 full bloom2 & ! inscription 9 ,lat9 0 ,nasc5do maturus--,mature at bir?4 ,! ,book des]ves ! same device2 f its fir/ day up to n[ x is a m>vel ( simplicity & h>mony4 ,! t5tative ef=ts :i* prec$$ ! discov]y ( pr9t+ 7 b few2 x may be said t f ! mom5t t ,gut5b]g conceiv$ ! idea ( sep>at+ ! *>act]s1 ( arrang+ ! words 9 ! =me1 ( ink+ !m1 & ( tak+ a pro( on pap]1 ! ,book 0 p]fect4 ,at be/ we see 9 foll[+ times "s modifications ( detail2 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 mature1 mature f its bir?4 ,b be=e arriv+ at ! movable type plac$ side by side1 & =m+ phrases1 :i* appe>s to u to-day s simple & s ord9>y1 _m ye>s pass$4 ,x is c]ta9 t long be=e ,gut5b]g a means 0 f\nd ( cutt+ wood & metal 9 relief & reproduc+ by application ! image trac$4 ,signs-manual & seals 7 a k9d ( pr9t+1 inasmu* z ! relief ( _! engrav+ is impress$ ^u a %eet by ! h&4 ,b betwe5 ?is simple /atem5t & ! uncritical hi/ories ( c]ta9 special writ]s1 attribut+ ! inv5tion ( engrav+ to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !re is all ! di/ance ( leg5d>y hi/ory4 ,rememb]+ t ! num]\s guilds ( tailleurs d'images1 or sculptors 9 relief1 _h 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! specialty ( c>v+ ivories & ( plac+ effigies on tombs1 x c be admitt$ )\t mu* difficulty1 t ^! p "o day f\nd a means ( multiply+ ! sket*es ( a figure (t5 ask$ =1 by modell+ its cont\r 9 relief on ivory or wood1 & aft]w>ds tak+ a reproduction on pap] or p>*m5t by means ( pressure4 ,:5 & :]e 0 ?is discov]y produc$8 ,we _c possibly say2 b x is c]ta9 t play+ c>ds 7 produc$ by ?is means1 & t f ! ye> #adbc popul> figures 7 cut 9 wood1 z we "k f ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( t date belong+ to ,"l ,sp5c]4 ,x is n our task to discuss ?is "q at l5g?1 nor to decide if at fir/ ^! reliefs 7 obta9$ on wood or metal4 ,x is a recognis$ fact t ! s+le %eet ) a pr9t$ figure prec$$ ! xylographic book 9 :i* text & illu/ration 7 cut 9 ! same block4 ,?is process did n appe> mu* be=e ! second qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & x 0 employ$ pr9cipally = popul> works :i* 7 !n ! univ]sal ta/e4 ,! engrav+ also 0 no?+ m ?an a k9d ( imposition palm$ (f z a manuscript2 ! vignettes 7 (t5 cov]$ ) brilliant col\rs & gold1 & ! :ole sold z ( ! be/ quality4 ,! fir/ attempts at ^! little figures 9 relief discov]$ by ! image-mak]s & diffus$ by ! mak]s ( play+ c>ds 7 b indiff]5t4 ,! draw+ & ! cutt+ 7 equally unskilful1 z may be se5 9 ! facsimiles giv5 by ,m4 ,h4 ,delaborde 9 8 ,hi/oire de la ,gravure4 ,an attempt _h be5 made to put "s text at ! foot ( ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc1 & ! idea ( giv+ m importance to ! text 0 to ! advantage ( ! booksell]s4 ,at ! m]cy ( ! writ]s :o fleec$ !m1 oblig$ to rec\p !mselves by ! exagg]at$ prices ( ! mo/ ord9>y books1 !y hop$ to turn engrav+ to acc\nt 9 ord] to obta9 on bett] t]ms ! te*nical "w ne$$ = _! trade4 ,at ! epo* ( ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 9 #adbc1 sev]al works 7 9 vogue 9 ! univ]sities1 ! s*ools1 & ) ! public4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! ,lat9 ,syntax ( lius ,donatus on ! eight p>ts ( spee*1 a k9d ( gramm> = ! use ( "y /ud5ts1 z well z ! fam\s ,speculum1 a collection ( precepts address$ to ! fai?ful1 :i* 7 copi$ & recopi$ )\t satisfy+ ! dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,"p ( a ,donatus tak5 f a xylograph1 ! orig9al ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,to f9d a means ( multiply+ ^! treatises at little co/ 0 a =tune to ! inv5tor4 ,x is to be suppos$ t _m artisans ( ! "t attempt$ x2 & )\t d\bt x 0 ! booksell]s !mselves1 mo/ly m]e deal]s1 :o 7 tempt$ to ! adv5ture by ! sculptors & wood-cutt]s4 ,b none _h yet be5 s bold z to cut 9 relief a s]ies ( blocks ) engrav+s & text to compose a complete "w4 ,t po9t 0 rea*$ v quickly :5 "s leg5d 0 engrav$ at ! foot ( a vignette1 & x may be ?\ght t ! ,donatus 0 ! mo/ anci5t ( books s obta9$ among ! ,incunabuli1 z we n[ call !m1 a ^w t signifies orig9 or cradle4 ,! fir/ books !n 7 =m$ ( %eets ( pap] or p>*m5t1 labori\sly pr9t$ f xylographic blocks1 t is to say wood5 blocks on :i* a tailleur d'images _h left 9 relief ! designs & ! lett]s ( ! text4 ,he _h ?us to trace 8 *>act]s 9 rev]se1 s t !y c\ld be reproduc$ z writt52 he _h to avoid faults1 because a phrase once done1 well or ill1 la/$4 ,x 0 d\btless ?is difficulty ( correction t gave ! idea ( movable types4 ,if ! cutt] s]i\sly err$1 x 0 necess>y to cancel altoge!r ! faulty block4 ,?is at lea/ expla9s ! leg5d ( ,laur5t ,co/]1 ( ,ha>lem1 :o1 accord+ to ,hadrian ,junius1 8 compatriot1 discov]$ by accid5t ! secret ( sep>ate types :ile play+ ) 8 *ildr54 ,& if ! leg5d ( :i* we speak conta9s ! lea/ tru?1 x mu/ be f\nd 9 ! s5se above indicat$1 t is 9 ! correction ( faults1 r ?an 9 ! innoc5t game ( a m]*ant ( ,ha>lem4 ,h[ev]1 we %all h occasion to return to ! subject ( ^! rem>ks4 ,x %\ld be well e/abli%$ t engrav+ 9 relief on wood alone gave ! idea ( mak+ xylographic blocks & ( compos+ books4 ,movable type1 ! capital po9t ( pr9t+1 ! pivot ( ! art ( ! ,book1 develop$ itself little by little1 accord+ to ne$s1 :5 !re 0 occasion to correct an errone\s inscription2 b1 9 any case1 its orig9 is unkn[n4 ,d\btless to v>y ! text1 means 7 f\nd to replace entire phrases by o!r phrases1 pres]v+ ! orig9al figures2 & ?us ! light dawn$ ^u ^! craftsm51 occupi$ 9 ! manufacture & sale ( _! books4 ,accord+ to ,hadrian ,junius1 ,laur5t ,janszoon ,co/] 7! latt] "n signify+ ! discov]]7 publi%$ "o ( ! celebrat$ s]ies ( works "u ! g5]al title ( ,speculum :i* 0 !n s popul> 7! my/ic /yle ex]cis+ s great an attraction on ! p ( ! fifte5? c5tury71 ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis4 ,writt5 be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 made popul> by manuscripts1 9 spite ( its fanta/ic ,lat9ity & ( its false quantities1 ?is ascetic & crude poem 0 easy ( access to ! xylographi/s4 ,junius1 z we see1 attributes to ,laur5t ,co/] ! fir/ impression ( ! ,speculum1 no long] ! purely xylographic impression ( ! ,donatus f an engrav$ block1 b t ( ! m advanc$ mann] 9 movable types4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ?is book _h at lea/ f\r editions1 simil> 9 engrav+s & body ( lett]s1 b ( diff]5t text4 ,x mu/ !n be admitt$ t ! f\nt 0 disp]s$1 & typography discov]$1 because ! same ca/ ( lett]s c\ld n be adapt$ to diff]5t languages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vignettes d n *ange1 indicat+ suffici5tly ! mobility ( ! types4 ,9 comp>ison to :at may be se5 9 lat] works1 ! illu/rations ( ! ,speculum are by no means bad2 !y h ! appe>ance1 at once nave & picturesque1 ( ! works ( ,van ,eyck1 & n at all ( ! /yle ( ! ,g]man m9iaturi/s2 prop]ly illum9at$ & gild$1 !y l5t !mselves to ! illusion ( be+ conf\nd$ ) ! hi/oyres1 drawn by ! h&1 & ?is is :at ! publi%] probably s\ght4 ,all ! xylographic works ( ! fifte5? c5tury may be class$ 9 two categories3 ! xylographs1 rightly s call$1 or ! block books1 su* z ! ,donatus1 & ! books ) movable types1 l ! ,speculum1 ( :i* we speak4 ,?is my/ic & simple lit]ature ( pi\s works = ! use ( p ( mode/ res\rces f\nd 9 pr9t+ ! means ( m rapid reproduction4 ,!n appe>$ ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ & ! mo/ (t5 reproduc$1 & ! ,ars ,mori5di1 a k9d ( dialogue betwe5 an angel & a devil at ! b$side ( a dy+ p]son1 :i*1 inspir$ no d\bt by old] manuscripts1 reta9$ = a long "t 9 successive editions ! fir/ tradition ( its designs4 ,on labels display$ among ! figures are f\nd inscrib$ ! dialogue ( ! demons & angels seek+ to atta* to !mselves ! dep>t+ s\l1 ! temptations ( ,satan on ! subject ( fai?1 & ! responses ( ! angel on ! same subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,xylographic figure f ! ,ars ,mori5di1 copi$ 9 rev]se 9 ! ,art au ,mori]4 ,we c see :at developm5ts ?is !me c\ld l5d to ! my/icism ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,compos$ 9 elev5 designs1 ! ,ars ,mori5di ran up to eight diff]5t editions4 ,f ! middle to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! text 0 9 ,lat91 !n 9 ,fr5*1 "u ! title ,l',art au ,mori]4 ,9 ! ,fr5* edition w be f\nd ! blocks t s]v$ = ! second impression ( ! "w4 ,ab\t #adhj1 m ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! fir/ essays1 ! ,ars ,mori5di enjoy$ s mu* vogue t x employ$ all ! res\rces ( typography z mu* z 9 its e>lie/ days4 ,! orig9al subjects1 copi$ 9 a v m$iocre mann]1 adorn$ ! text1 :i* 0 compos$ 9 ,go?ic lett]s1 ) a new & m explicit title3 ,tractatus brevis ac valde utilis de ,arte et ,sci5tia b5e mori5di 7#dto1 s4l4n4d471 b ! ord] is inv]t$1 figure #e ( ! xylograph becom+ ,no4 #c ( ! edition ( #adhj4 ,! ,ars ,memor&i1 ano!r xylographic "w1 ( :i* ! subject1 tak5 f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 0 equally well adapt$ to ! imag9ation ( ! arti/s1 _h also a glori\s de/9y4 ,! "w orig9ally compris$ ?irty blocks1 ! fifte5 blocks ( text fac+ ! fifte5 engrav+s4 ,! designs repres5t$ ! attributes ( ea* ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ) allegories & explanatory leg5ds4 ,?us1 9 t :i* relates to ! ,apo/le ,mat!w1 ,no4 #a repres5ts ! bir? & g5ealogy ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,no4 #b ! (f]+s ( ! ,magi1 ,no4 #c ! baptism ( ,/4 ,john1 ,no4 #d ! ,temptation ( ,*ri/1 ,no4 #e ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,no4 #f ! p>able ( ! birds4 ,! angel t supports ! :ole is ! emblem ( ,/4 ,mat!w ! ,evangeli/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,figure ( ! s*ool ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 tak5 f ! ,ration>ium ,evangeli/>um ( #aeje1 & copi$ f ! correspond+ plate ( ! ,ars ,memor&i4 ,?is mnemonic treatm5t ( ! ,gospels began ) symbols ( :i* we h no means ( f9d+ ! orig91 b :i* )\t d\bt 7 employ$ _m c5turies e>li]4 ,h[ev] t may be1 _! success 0 z great z t ( ! already-quot$ works4 ,9 #aeje a ,g]man publi%] put =? an imitation1 "u ! title ( ,ration>ium ,evangeli/>um2 & ?is "t ! copi] ( ! illu/rations1 reta9+ ! tradition ( ! fir/ xylograph]s1 no less reveals an arti/ ( ! fir/ ord]1 at lea/ a pupil ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]4 ,"s ( ! conceptions ( ! ,ration>ium recall exactly ! engrav+s ( ! great ,g]man ma/]1 among o!rs t ( ! ,infant ,jesus 7plate #ab71 :i* ne>ly approa*es ! /yle ( ! ,infant ,jesus ( ,s*ongau]2 besides1 ! pr9cipal figures leave b little d\bt on ! subject4 ,! same w+s are on ! angels & on ! eagles1 ! same coiffures on ! human *>act]s1 (t5 ! same attitudes4 ,f ! prec$+ c be judg$ ! extraord9>y fav\r ^! productions enjoy$4 ,f _! orig9 !y 7 diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe1 & attract$ ! att5tion ( excell5t arti/s4 ,nev]!less _! beg9n+s 7 difficult4 ,! movable types us$1 cut sep>ately 9 wood1 7 n con/itut$ to give an ideal impression4 ,we c und]/& ! co/ t ! execution ( ^! *>act]s mu/ h occasion$1 made z !y 7 "o by "o )\t ! possibility ( ev] mak+ !m p]fectly uni=m4 ,progress 0 to sub/itute = ?is irregul> process types t 7 simil>1 id5tical1 easily produc$1 & us$ = a long "t )\t break+4 ,foll[+ on ! essays ( ,laur5t ,co/]1 cont9u\s rese>*es bore on ?is po9t2 b z ! inv5tion 0 said to be 81 & x be+ ( importance to him n to divulge x1 s t he %\ld n lose 8 pr(it1 mu* "t 0 lo/ ov] x 9 8 work%op )\t mu* success4 ,"h hi/ory is some:at confus$4 ,hadrian ,junius positively accuses "o ( ,laur5t ,co/]'s workm5 ( hav+ /ol5 ! secrets ( 8 ma/] & tak5 flight to ,may5ce1 :]e he aft]w>ds f\nd$ a pr9t+ (fice4 ,accord+ to ,junius1 ! metal type 0 ! discov]y ( ! ,dut*man1 & ! "n ( ! ?ief 0 ,john4 ,:o 0 ?is ,john8 ,0 x ,john ,ga5sefleis*1 call$ ,gut5b]g1 or possibly ,john ,fu/8 ,b x is n at all app>5t t ,gut5b]g1 a g5tleman ( ,may5ce1 exil$ f 8 c\ntry1 0 ev] 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,dut* inv5tor4 ,z to ,fu/1 we believe 8 only int]v5tion 9 ! association ( pr9t]s ( ,may5ce 0 z a money-l5d]1 f :i* may be compreh5d$ ! unlikelihood ( 8 hav+ be5 ) ,co/]1 ! m s z we f9d ,gut5b]g retir$ to ,/rasb\rg1 :]e he pursu$ 8 rese>*es4 ,!re he 01 z x 71 out ( 8 sph]e1 a ru9$ noble ^: great k 0 b5t entirely on inv5tion4 ,d\btless1 l _m o!rs1 he may h _h 9 8 h&s "o ( ! pr9t$ works ( ,laur5t ,co/]1 & conceiv$ ! idea ( appropriat+ ! infant process4 ,9 #adci he 0 associat$ ) two artisans ( ! city ( ,/rasb\rg1 o/5sibly 9 ! fabrication ( mirrors1 :i* may be o!rwise und]/ood z pr9t+ ( ,speculums1 ! ,lat9 ^w signify+ ! same ?+4 ,^! m5 ne$$ to surr\nd !mselves ) precautions2 pr9t+ 0 z yet only a practical means ( multiply+ manuscripts1 to impose a little on ! innoc5t1 & =tune await$ him :o1 )\t say+ any?+1 made ?is inv5tion s]ve him4 ,! foll[+ w prove ?is1 z well z its t5d5cy4 ,a legal docum5t discov]$ 9 #agfj by ,w5ck] & ,s*oepfl9 9 ! ,pf5nig?urm ( ,/rasb\rg1 & aft]w>ds translat$ into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,leon de ,laborde1 makes u at l5g? acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,gut5b]g & ( 8 associates ,&rew ,dritzeh5 & ,&rew ,heilmann4 ,app>5tly ^! ?ree m5 71 z we h said1 ,spiegelma*]1 t is mak]s ( mirrors4 ,!y _h jo9tly ent]$ into a de$ by ! t]ms ( :i*1 if "o ( ! p>tn]s di$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! rese>*es1 8 heirs w\ld h no rights beyond an indemnity correspond+ to ! am\nt inve/$ by him4 ,x happ5$ t ,&rew ,dritzeh5 did die1 & t "o ( 8 bro!rs aspir$ to occupy 8 place 9 ! p>tn]%ip4 ,! dead man left debts beh9d him2 he _h squ&]$ 8 flor9s by hundr$s 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,gut5b]g hav+ (f]$ to pay ! am\nts exp5d$1 ! heirs ( ,dritzeh51 :o want$ m1 summon$ him be=e ! c\rts to %[ :y he %\ld n make place = !m 9 ! "w ( exp]im5ts & mak+ ( mirrors4 ,! witnesses 9 _! te/imony be=e ! c\rt told :at !y knew ( ! inv5tions ( ! p>tn]%ip4 ,"o among !m depos$ t aft] ! dea? ( ,dritzeh51 ,gut5b]g's s]vant w5t to ! work%op & begg$ ,ni*olas ,dritzeh51 bro!r ( ! deceas$1 to displace & break up f\r =mes plac$ 9 a press4 ,a second te/ifi$ t ! works ( ,&rew _h co/ him at ! lea/ ?ree hundr$ flor9s1 an enorm\s sum = ^? days4 ,o!r witnesses pa9t$ ,gut5b]g 9 a curi\s light3 !y made him out to be a savage1 a h]mit1 :o conceal$ f 8 associates c]ta9 arts ( :i* ! de$ /ipulat$ no?+4 ,"o fact prov$ t ! exp]im5ts ref]r$ to ! manufacture ( metallic *>act]s4 ,a goldsmi?1 nam$ ,dnne1 ma9ta9$ t he _h receiv$ m ?an a hundr$ flor9s = pr9t+ mat]ial das zu dem truck5 gehoret4 ,truck56--,typography6 ,! ^w 0 f\nd1 & f t day usage has consecrat$ x4 ,be=e #adci1 !n1 ,john ,ga5sefleis*1 or ,gut5b]g1 0 devot$ to ! art ( reproduction ( texts1 & _h consecrat$ 8 life & feeble res\rces to x4 ,?ree problems pres5t$ !mselves to him4 ,he want$ types less fragile ?an wood5 types & less co/ly ?an engrav+4 ,he want$ a press by ! aid ( :i* he c\ld obta9 a cle> impression on p>*m5t or pap]4 ,he desir$ also t ! leaves ( 8 books %\ld n be anopi/ograph1 or pr9t$ only on "o side4 ,!re 7 _m unkn[n ?+s to vex 8 s\l1 ( :i* he himself alone c\ld h a pres5tim5t4 ,until !n1 & ev5 long aft]1 ! xylographs 7 pr9t$ au frotton or ) a bru%1 rubb+ ! pap] ^u ! =me coat$ ) ink1 ?ick] ?an ord9>y ink4 ,he dream$ ( some?+ bett]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w ,john ,gut5b]g return$ to ,may5ce4 ,! idea ( publi%+ a ,bible1 ! ,book ( books1 _h tak5 possession ( 8 he>t4 ,! ,spiegelma*] ( ,/rasb\rg 0 on ! road to loss4 ,! cutt+ ( 8 types _h ru9$ him1 & on 8 arrival 9 8 native t[n1 8 /ock 9 trade1 transport$ by him1 0 ( no great weight3 "s boxes ( type1 an inconv5i5t =me1 & p]haps an ord9>y press1 a w9e-mak]'s press1 ) a wood5 screw4 ,! idea ( us+ ?is unwieldy in/rum5t = ! impression ( 8 =mes _h already occurr$ to him2 b w\ld n ! frotton s]ve /ill bett]8 ,! =ce ( ! bl[ f ! b> w\ld break ! mis]able type1 ! rais$ p>ts ( :i* c\ld n resi/ ! repeat$ /rokes4 ,9 ?is unhappy situation1 ,gut5b]g made ! acqua9tance ( a f9anci] ( ,may5ce1 nam$ ,fu/1 :o 0 9 se>* ( a bus9ess1 & :o put a sum ( elev5 hundr$ flor9s at 8 disposal to cont9ue 8 exp]im5ts4 ,un=tunately ?is money disappe>$1 x melt$ away1 & ! results obta9$ 7 absolutely ludicr\s4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,john ,fu/ did n ent] on ! engagem5t )\t protect+ himself4 ,f ! fir/ he b\nd 8 debtor 9 a contract = six p] c5t4 int]e/1 besides a %>e 9 ! pr(its4 ,9 addition he /ipulat$ repaym5t 9 case ( failure4 ,gut5b]g1 improvid5t1 z is ! way ( inv5tors1 _h sign$ away all t he possess$ to procure funds4 ,x is presum$1 besides1 t dur+ ! cont9uance ( 8 inve/igations1 he compos$ "s curr5t books ) ! res\rces at 8 disposal1 t s]v$ a little to light5 8 debts4 ,b ! pr9t+ h\se ( ! ,zum ,jung5 at ,may5ce 0 f> f %9+ 9 ! _w1 because ! association ( ,fu/ conc]n$ itself only ) ! publication ( a ,bible1 & n at all ) ! ,speculums & ,donatuses t 7 s mu* 9 vogue at ?is "t4 ,besides1 ! money-l5d] made a po9t ( press+ 8 debtor1 & did n all[ him any leisure to lab\r outside ! project$ "w4 ,ab\t ?is "t a ?ird actor ent]s on ! sc5e4 ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 ( ,g]n%eim1 a writ]1 introduc$ into ! work%op ( ,gut5b]g to design lett]s1 b5efit$ by ! abortive exp]im5ts1 & tak+ up ! inv5tion at its deadlock1 conduct$ x to success4 ,john ( ,trit5heim1 call$ ,tri!mius1 ! le>n$ abbot ( ,spanheim1 is ! p]son :o relates ^! facts2 b z he got 8 in=mation f ,s*oeff] himself1 too mu* cr$5ce mu/ n be giv5 to 8 /atem5ts4 ,besides1 ,s*oeff] 0 n at all an ord9>y artisan4 ,if we cr$it a ,/rasb\rg manuscript writt5 by 8 h& 9 #addi1 he 0 a /ud5t ( ! mo/ glori\s univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! work%op ( ,gut5b]g1 8 indu/ri\s & inv5tive intellect f\nd a fecund m9e1 & ?is caligraphi/ dreamt ( o!r ?+s ?an %ap+ lett]s = ! use ( wood engrav]s4 ,gut5b]g1 arre/$ 9 8 c>e] by ! wants ( life1 ! worries ( bus9ess1 & p]haps also ! fatigues ( 8 lab\rs1 may h let ! new-com] "k some?+ ( 8 exp]i5ces4 ,"o _c "k1 b x is c]ta9 t1 %ortly aft]1 ,john ,fu/ 0 s fasc9at$ by ,s*oeff]1 s attract$ by 8 y\? & 8 application1 t he resolv$ to put new capital into ! bus9ess4 ,he did m3 to p]man5tly atta* him1 he gave him 8 gr&-daught] 9 m>riage1 n 8 daught]1 z 0 ?\ght until ,m4 ,augu/e ,b]n>d rectifi$ ?is mi/ake4 ,we h n[ come to #adec1 ! ye> prec$+ ! fir/ dat$ monum5t ( pr9t+ 9 movable types3 ! lett]s ( indulg5ce4 ,x may be ackn[l$g$ t ! sudd5 affection ( ,fu/ = 8 workman dep5d$ on "s int]e/$ motive1 & n at all on attraction ( ! he>t4 ,_h ?is =m] /ud5t ( ! univ]sity ( ,p>is f\nd ! means ( rapidly f\nd+ metallic types1 ! se>* = :i* _h co/ ,gut5b]g _m sleepless nights8 ,_h he complet$ x by apply+ to x ! matrix & pun* :i* _h !n & = c5turies s]v$ ! mak]s ( seals & ! money-co9]s8 ,p]haps1 z 0 mo/ probable1 ! two associates _h agre$1 & putt+ _! exp]i5ces toge!r1 _h conqu]$ hi!rto insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,! ye> #aded witness$ ! diffusion ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom ( lett]s ( indulg5ce1 accord$ by ,pope ,ni*olas ,v41 :o wi%$ to aid 9 funds ! ,k+ ( ,cyprus aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,^! circul> lett]s1 scatt]$ by ?\s&s to e corn] ( ! _w1 employ$ num]\s copyi/s4 ,arriv$ at ,may5ce1 ! di/ribut]s f\nd a work%op ready prep>$ to furni% copies 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,!y set to "w & br\ght toge!r all ! type !y possess$1 ca/ or engrav$1 to set up ^! fam\s lett]s4 ,among ! impressions 0 t ( :i* we give a reproduction1 :i* belongs to ! edition call$ t ( ?irty-"o l9es4 ,! orig9al 0 deliv]$ = a consid]ation to ,josse ,ott von ,mospa* on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 #aded4 ,x is n )\t int]e/1 = ! hi/ory ( ! ,book & ( pr9t+1 to note "h t ^! lett]s ( indulg5ce1 ! cl&e/9e traffic 9 :i* 0 l>gely accel]at$ by rapidity ( production & ! small co/ ( ea* copy1 =m$ "o ( ! causes ( ! religi\s re=m ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r4 ,!y af=d$ a means ( rais+ money1 & 7 s g5]ally resort$ to t 9 ! regi/] ( ! ,hotel de ,ville ( ,p>is pres]v$ 9 ! ,ar*ives ,nationales 7,h #aggh7 x may be se5 t ! %]iffs reque/$ ! ,pope to all[ !m to employ !m 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! bridge at ! ,hotel de ,ville4 ,! ice once brok51 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] f\nd x h>d to n\ri% a useless m\?4 ,= !m ,gut5b]g 0 m ( a h9drance ?an a pr(it1 & !y s\ght brutally to rid !mselves ( him4 ,fu/ _h a mo/ easy pretext1 :i* 0 to dem& purely & simply f 8 associate ! sums advanc$ by him1 & :i* _h produc$ s little4 ,gut5b]g _h probably comm5c$ 8 ,bible1 b1 9 face ( ! claims ( ,fu/1 he _h to ab&on x altoge!r1 types1 =mes1 & press4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,lett]s ( indulg5ce1 f ! s-call$ edition ( ?irty-"o l9es1 pr9t$ at ,may5ce 9 ! c\rse ( #aded4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #adee1 he _h retir$ to a little h\se outside ! city1 :]e he tri$ 8 be/1 by ! aid ( =eign help1 to e/abli% a work%op1 & to pres]ve ! mo/ p]fect secrecy4 ,reliev$ ( 8 company1 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] 7 able to take up ! impression ( ! ,bible & to complete x )\t him4 ,if matt]s did s happ51 & ,s*oeff] _h n ! excuse t he _h previ\sly discov]$ ! ca/+ ( type1 !re is b "o ^w to designate 8 conduct3 robb]y1 & moral robb]y1 ! wor/ ( all4 ,b :at c be said to-day ( ^! p8 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 t ! ,bible ( ,s*oeff]1 comm5c$ by ,gut5b]g or n1 put on sale by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] alone ab\t ! end ( #adee or beg9n+ ( #adef1 proves to be ! fir/ complet$ book4 ,retir$ to 8 new qu>t]s1 ,gut5b]g 0 tak+ c\rage1 s z n to appe> too mu* beh9dh&1 b ! recon/itution ( 8 work%op co/ him enorm\s "t4 ,&1 besides1 he miss$ ! lett]-mak] ,s*oeff]1 8 own ,go?ic lett]s1 engrav$ on /eel ) a pun*1 n hav+ ! same elegance4 ,:5 8 "w appe>$1 x c\ld n su/a9 comp>ison4 ,! ,bible ( ,s*oeff] 0 m compact1 ! impression 0 m p]fect1 ! ink bett]1 ! type less irregul>4 ,! orig9al inv5tor1 9 8 bus9ess ) ,fu/1 made an unhappy competition = himself4 ,we give "h a fragm5t ( ?is celebrat$ book1 a k9d ( mute witness ( ! sci5ce & mortifications ( ! fir/ pr9t]4 ,x is n[ call$ ! ,maz>9e ,bible1 f ! fact t ! copy 9 ! ,maz>9 ,libr>y 0 ! fir/ to give evid5ce conc]n+ x4 ,! book 0 put on sale at ! end ( #adee or beg9n+ ( #adef1 = a manuscript note ( a vic> ( ,/4 ,/eph5 at ,may5ce records t he f9i%$ ! b9d+ & illum9at+ ( ! fir/ volume on ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,day1 #adef1 & ! second on ! #ae? ( ,augu/4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,day is ! #ac? ( ,june1 & n ! #bd? ( ,augu/1 z ! catalogue ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale has x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,fragm5t ( ! ,maz>9e ,bible1 pr9t$ 9 two columns4 ,beg9n+ ( ! text 9 ! second column2 orig9al size4 ,all ^! rem>ks %[ t ! pr9t]s did n proclaim !mselves1 & 7 mak+ pseudo-manuscripts4 ,!y did n make kn[n _! names or address4 ,! rubricators sid$ ) !m1 = _m ( ! copies are illum9at$ ) z mu* c>e & beauty z if !y 7 ! f9e/ manuscripts4 ,!re is no record extant ( ! numb] ( copies pr9t$1 b x 0 done on bo? vellum & pap]4 ,copies are by no means uncommon1 mo/ ( ! great libr>ies hav+ "o1 & _m are 9 private collections4 ,"o is %[n among ! typographical monum5ts 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & !re is a f9ely illum9at$ copy 9 ! %[-room ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,f its v great importance z ! fir/ book t is kn[n to h be5 pr9t$1 its value has a con/ant increase4 ,( ! copies rec5tly sold1 "o at ! ,p]k9s sale 9 #ahgc on vellum sold = #c1djj1 ano!r on pap] at ! same sale fet*$ #b1ijj1 :ile "o on pap] 9 ! ,sy/on ,p>k ,libr>y sold 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 = #c1ijj4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! copies on pap] 7 ! fir/ issu$ by ,gut5b]g & 8 p>tn]s1 & ^? on vellum subsequ5tly pr9t$ by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 aft] !y _h obta9$ possession ( ! inv5tor's /ock4 ,b s _m copies absolutely simil> 9 aspect1 & ( s regul> a /yle1 put 9 ! m>ket f day to day by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 gave rise to prote/s f ! caligraphi/s4 ,criticism always att5ds ^u success1 b hav+ obta9$ ! result1 ! two associates did n hesitate to proclaim !mselves ! pr9t]s ( ! ,bible4 ,on ! publication ( ! ,psalt]1 :i* foll[$ ! ,bible at a ye>'s int]val1 !y gave _! names & add$ a date1 #adeg1 ! fir/ in/ance ( a date be+ record$ 9 a book4 ,?is second "w 0 ( s skilful a typography1 t x might h be5 %[n z ! "w ( an exp]t p5man2 ! faults rem>k$ 9 ! lett]s ( indulg5ce are no long] se52 type _h atta9$ p]fection2 9 two ye>s pr9t+ _h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t4 ,9 spite ( 8 disappo9tm5ts1 ,gut5b]g did n re/ idle4 ,if he _h se5 8 two enemies rob him ( 8 claim ( priority 9 ! inv5tion1 he _h to %[ t1 r$uc$ to 8 own ex]tions & to ! re/rict$ means furni%$ him by *>itable p1 he also c\ld pr9t well4 ,two ye>s aft] ! ,bible a dat$ book1 compos$ 9 ,go?ic lett]s1 appe>$ at ,may5ce2 ?is 0 ! ,ca?olicon ( ,john ,balbus1 ( ,g5oa4 ,x _h n yet occurr$ to ^! fir/ pr9t]s to ex]cise _! art o!rwise ?an on religi\s works4 ,x is admitt$ by g5]al op9ion t ! ,ca?olicon issu$ f ! press ( ,gut5b]g2 on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,b]n>d believes t x ought to be attribut$ to a pr9t] ( ,eltvil1 :o publi%$ 9 #adfg a vocabul>y call$ ! ,vocabul>ium ex quo ) ! same types4 ,! =m] !ory may be su/a9$ by ! words ( ! colophon ( ! book1 :i* is a sort ( hymn to ,god & a recognition ( ! city ( ,may5ce )\t any m5tion ( ! "n ( ! pr9t]4 ,n[ 9 ! situation 9 :i* ,gut5b]g f\nd himself1 9 ! face ( 8 rivals1 _h he n "s claim to reg>d ! great discov]y z 8 own8 ,b if ,m4 ,b]n>d is mi/ak51 & if our supposition has no f\ndation1 :at a beautiful act ( humility1 :at a noble idea ( 8 "*1 ,gut5b]g gives u 9 writ+1 ,) ! aid ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ,:o releases ! tongues ( infants & (t5 reveals to babes t :i* is seal$ to le>n$ m51 ?is admirable book ! ,ca?olicon 0 f9i%$ 9 ! ye> ( ! inc>nation ( our ,savi\r ,,mcccclx4 9 ! "m-c\ntry ( ,may5ce1 fam\s city ( ,g]many1 :i* ,god1 9 ,8 clem5cy1 has deign$ to r5d] ! mo/ illu/ri\s & ! fir/ ( cities2 & ?is book 0 p]fect$ )\t ! usual help ( p5 or /yle1 b by ! admirable l9k+ ( =mes & types6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,colophon ( ! ,ca?olicon1 suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g 9 #adfj4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! m51 x is easy to und]/&1 has to be reg>d$ ) caution1 p ( s little consequ5ce !n t ! au!ntic docum5ts relat+ to !m h = ev] disappe>$4 ,if we except t ( ! ,pf5nig?urm ( ,/rasb\rg1 ( :i* we h be=e spok51 & ! de$ ( claim = money f ,fu/ to ,gut5b]g dat$ #adee1 we are =c$ to quote f au?ors liv+ long aft]w>ds1 :o submitt$1 )\t kn[+ bett]1 to ! mis]able errors ( oral tradition4 ,x is ne>ly always ! same ) m5 :o h occupi$ a l>ge place 9 ! hi/ory ( art2 po/]ity only kn[s ( _! g5ius at ! "t :5 no "o kn[s any?+ ( !m4 ,= ,gut5b]g ! situation 0 /ill m t]rible2 a rival1 ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 surviv$ him1 & he did n = 8 own reputation c>e to pres]ve 8 rival's memory2 & if1 z is believ$1 ,gut5b]g left pupils & heirs1 ,h5ry ,be*t]muncze1 ,ulri* ,zell1 & ,weig& ,spyes1 8 mis=tune is cr[n$ by ,be*t]muncze be+ n[ reput$ to be ! pr9t] ( ! ,ca?olicon1 ( :i* we h j giv5 ! hi/ory4 ,ev5 ,alb]t ,pfi/]1 "o ( 8 workm51 dismiss$ at ! end ( 8 "w1 hav+ obta9$ f 8 ma/] "s reject$ types1 0 presum$ lat] to h inv5t$ pr9t+4 ,we f9d ?is artisan e/abli%$ at ,bamb]g ab\t #adfj1 compos+ ,bibles 9 movable types1 ! fir/ kn[n be+ t publi%$ 9 #adfa4 ,b ,alb]t ,pfi/] %[$ t he 0 n at all an inv5tor by ! m$iocrity ( 8 "w1 & m by ! old types t he us$4 ,if he _h kn[n ! secret ( engrav+ ! pun*es1 he w\ld h ca/ new lett]s & h giv5 a bett] aspect to 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,colophon ( ! ,bible pr9t$ 9 #adfb by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 :i* is ! fir/ dat$ ,bible4 ,!re are two diff]5t editions ) ?is signature4 ,! above is f ! second edition4 ,9 ^! /atem5ts all is supposition & contradiction4 ,t :i* is c]ta9--& ! dates are !re to prove x--is ! enorm\s progress 9 ! productions ( ,pet] ,s*oeff]4 ,9 #adei he publi%$ 8 ?ird book1 ,dur&'s ,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum1 9 folio4 ,z 9 ! ,psalt]1 ,s*oeff] employ$ initial lett]s pr9t$ 9 r$1 :i* ! rival work%op c\ld n d 9 ! ,ca?olicon1 ! rubrics ( :i* are pa9t$ by h&1 z 9 manuscripts4 ,9 "t he put =? a second edition ( ! ,psalt]1 always ) ,fu/'s "n jo9$ to 8 own4 ,a great numb] ( types 7 brok5 at ! beg9n+1 b he dream$ ( do+ yet bett]4 ,9 #adfj he gave ! ,con/itutiones ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 ) a gloss & comm5t>ies by ,john ,&r2 "h 0 ! fir/ example ( a process mu* employ$ 9 manuscripts1 b ( :i* ! typographical composition 0 v difficult4 ,aga91 9 #adfb a new ,lat9 ,bible issu$ f _! work%ops 9 two folio volumes4 ,x is ! fir/ dat$ edition4 ,! fir/ volume has two hundr$ & =ty-two folios 9 d\ble columns1 ! second two hundr$ & ?irty-n9e4 ,x comm5ces ) an epi/le ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 & on ! la/ leaf ( ! second volume is ! colophon on ! prec$+ page4 ,?is book1 "o ( ! fir/ wor?y ( ! "n1 & :i* is call$ by pref]5ce ! ,may5ce ,bible1 appe>$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ tr\bl$ epo*s t ! episcopal city _h _h to g ?r\gh4 ,subject to its ar*bi%ops1 :o 7 at ! head ( all ! lay lords & fight+ m51 ! city f\nd itself 9 #adfb ! prey ( two prelates ( equal title :o refus$ to give way to "o ano!r3 ,?i]ry ( ,isemb\rg & ,adolph ( ,nassau-,wiesbad54 ,adolph surpris$ ,may5ce on ! #bg? ,octob]1 #adfb1 pursu+ 8 adv]s>y1 :o scal$ ! walls ) a rope to escape quick]1 & ! city 0 sack$ & pillag$ f its f\ndations4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is turmoil1 :at became ( ! obscure p]sons :o 7 !n ! pr9t]s ( ! ,bible8 ,d\btless _! insignificance sav$ !m f disa/]1 b z x 0 long be=e peace 0 re-e/abli%$1 & ! entire edition ( _! la/ volume c\ld n be kept back1 we incl9e to believe t !y 7 = a "t go+ ab\t ! c\ntry z it9]ant booksell]s4 ,p>is 0 to !m a well-indicat$ po9t ( travel--,p>is1 t[>d :i* all ,g]man comm]ce t5d$4 ,! univ]sity :]e ,pet] ,s*oeff] 0 in/ruct$ 9 lett]s1 & t truly pass$ = ! fir/ 9 ,europe1 appe>$ to !m a m>ket ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,if we may believe ,wal*ius 7,decas fabul>um g5]is humani3 ,/rasb\rg1 #afji1 #dto1 p4 #aha71 ,john ,fu/ himself w5t to t city1 :]e he put books on sale f sixty cr[ns a copy1 !n fifty1 !n =ty1 accord+ to ! prevail+ sy/em 9 matt]s ( disc\nt4 ,fu/ 0 above all ?+s a m]*ant2 he l$ x to be believ$ t he _h ! m>vell\s e/abli%m5t ( a copyi/ beyond ! ,rh9e1 & he _h dispos$ ( _m copies1 :5 ! corporate scribes ( ! univ]sity1 becom+ aw>e ( ! imposition1 cri$ out furi\sly & decl>$ x a diabolical inv5tion4 ,we may n[ take ?is tale ( ,wal*ius z a fable1 z ! regi/]s ( ,p>liam5t1 on be+ consult$1 re/ sil5t on ! proce$+s in/itut$ aga9/ ! magician ( ,may5ce4 ,only we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t ! booksell]s _h _! ma/]s1 _! syndicate1 if we may use ! mod]n ^w1 *>g$ to prohibit fraudul5t publications4 ,!y 7 too mu* int]e/$ 9 ! suppression ( pr9t$ books to judge ! matt] coldly4 ,! ,p>liam5t _h no?+ to see to 9 ?is4 ,! revolution ( ,may5ce _h o!rwise great results1 :i* 7 n affect$ by ^! m9or rev]ses4 ,! pr9t+ work%ops1 or at lea/ ! successors ( ,gut5b]g1 began to be disp]s$1 & ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] hav+ e/abli%$ a s*ool ( pr9t]s 9 ! city1 _! trade 0 no long] secret4 ,depriv$ ( _! lib]ties by ! new ,ar*bi%op1 _m ( !m expatriat$ !mselves4 ,we %all take occasion lat] to "n "s ( ^! exiles1 ?r\gh :om ! art ( pr9t+ spread itself almo/ simultane\sly ?r\gh\t ! _w3 to ,cologne & ,/rasb\rg1 to ,italy & ,spa91 )\t reckon+ ,holl&1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ! c\ntry ar\nd ,may5ce4 ,we h be=e nam$ ! episcopal city ( ,bamb]g2 x _h ! s+ul> =tune to be ! second city to possess a pr9t+ (fice1 b x disappe>$ z quickly z x 0 e/abli%$1 ) ,alb]t ,pfi/]1 )\t leav+ ! lea/ trace2 we d n f9d pr9t+ !re aga9 be=e #adhj1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,gut5b]g 0 dead be=e #adfh4 ,he 0 int]r$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,rcollets ( ,may5ce1 by ! pi\s c>e ( a fri5d1 :o attribut$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ to him on 8 tomb4 ,we may beg9 to compreh5d ! influ5ce ( ?is man ^u ! discov]y ( :i* all ! _w 0 !n talk+1 b ! tr\bles ( ! ar*iepiscopal city hamp]$ ! respective m]it ( ! inv5tors4 ,pet] ,s*oeff] & ,john ,fu/ 7 n mu* affect$ by ! political crisis4 ,aft] two ye>s' susp5sion1 !y reappe>$ ) a ,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 #adfe1 qu>to1 always at "w & always surpass+ !mselves4 ,?is "t !y freely gave up religi\s publications1 &1 /ill m extraord9>y1 !y employ$ ,greek types4 ,su* is1 deta*$ f ! incr$ible contradictions ( writ]s on art1 & sket*$ solely on its ma9 l9es1 ! orig9 ( pr9t+ z x is e/abli%$ at ?is day4 ,fir/ came ! image engrav$ 9 relief1 :i* we h n gone to ,*9a to f9d1 ) "s ( our pr$ecessors4 ,^u ?is image 7 (t5 cut1 by ! same economical process1 leg5ds ( explanation t pres5t$ ! idea ( imitation ( manuscript2 & ! xylographs appe>$ ) or )\t illu/rations4 ,!n f ! correction ( errors 9 ^! books foll[$ ! discov]y ( movable *>act]s4 ,?is wood5 type1 possible :5 x 0 us$ ) a frotton = pr9t+1 w\ld quickly break "u ! press1 ! idea ( :i* 0 ga9$ f ! common press ( ! w9e-mak]s4 ,!n a k9d ( metallic type _h to be f\nd :i* w\ld run 9 a m\ld /ruck by a pun*4 ,?is pun* 0 n inv5t$ = ! purpose2 x s]v$ previ\sly = ! mak]s ( co9s & seals4 ,! fabrication ( type f ! matrix 0 a simple adoption4 ,! lead ?r[n into ! matrix gave ! desir$ type4 ,?us 7 made ! fir/ books1 ( :i* we h briefly relat$ ! composition4 ,z to ! proportion ( glory due to ea* "o ( ! fir/ pr9t]s1 x is necess>y equally1 to gu>d aga9/ error on "o side or ! o!r4 ,we h s\ght to sep>ate f ! heap ( publications probable op9ions or ^? bas$ on c]ta9 docum5ts4 ,t ! orig9 ( ! ,donatus1 ! block books1 0 ,dut* w\ld be pu]ile to d5y1 because1 on "o side1 ! engrav+s on blocks are surely ( ! s*ool ( ,van ,eyck1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ,ulri* ,zell1 :o inspir$ ! ,cologne ,*ronicle ( #adii1 assign$ positively to ,holl& ! cradle ( ! ,donatus4 ,at any rate1 x 0 a pupil ( ,gut5b]g1 a "q we h discuss$4 ,aft] t we w tr\ble ourselves b little ab\t ,laur5t ,co/]4 ,! "n makes no diff]5ce 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d4 ,z to ,gut5b]g1 we h n be5 able to g z f> z ,m4 ,e4 ,dutuit1 :o 9 8 ,manuel a',e/ampes 7vol4 i41 p4 #bcf1 etc47 d\bts ,gut5b]g's "r to ! title ( inv5tor4 ,x is /at$ t 9 a lett] ( ,william ,fi*et1 prior ( ! ,sorbonne1 ( :om we %all h m to say pres5tly1 to ,rob]t ,gagu91 :i* ,m4 ,a4 ,claud9 f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( a "w entitl$ ,gasp>im ,p]gam5sis or?ographi lib]1 publi%$ 9 #adgj1 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft] ! fir/ "w at ,may5ce1 ,gut5b]g is proclaim$ ! inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,)\t any o!r1 ?is te/imony ( a savant :o 0 ! fir/ to br+ ! ,g]man pr9t]s to ,p>is appe>s to u well nigh irrefutable4 ,z to ,john ,fu/ & 8 gr&son by m>riage1 ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 !y are s well def5d$ by _! works1 t !re is no m to say "h2 d\btless grave presumptions arise z to ! delicacy ( _! conduct ) ,gut5b]g1 b we are n s bold z to c5sure !m beyond measure4 ,we "k no?+ precise ei!r ( ! "t or ( ! m54 ,let u n[ imag9e humble workm51 ! mo/ simple ( g5s de me/i]s1 to employ ! ,fr5* expression !n 9 use1 %ut up 9 a k9d ( d>k work%op1 l a c\ntry =ge1 =m$ 9 little gr\ps ( two or ?ree p]sons1 "o design+ & ! o!r cutt+ ! wood1 hav+ ne> !m a table1 on :i* is held ! engrav$ block aft] its reliefs h be5 rubb$ ) sombre ink1 :o aft]w>ds1 by means ( ! frotton1 apply ! damp$ pap] to ! rais$ p>ts ( ! block2 we %all h )\t mu* /ret* ( ?\ght all ! economy ( ! xylographic impression4 ,if we add to ?is primitive work%op ! matrix 9 :i* ! types are ca/1 ! box 9 :i* !y are di/ribut$1 ! =me on :i* !y are arrang$ to compose ! pages1 & a small h&-press1 ) black] ink & pap] damp$ to p]mit ! greasy ink to take bett]1 we h a picture ( ! "w-room ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fu/1 & ,s*oeff]1 & ( ! fir/ pr9t]s ) movable types4 ,?us typography 0 born ( pa9t+1 pass+ 9 its infancy ?r\gh wood-cutt+1 revolutionis+ ideas & some:at ! _w4 ,b ! mighty p[] ( ! new art 0 n conf9$ to itself2 x ext5d$ ! circle ( engrav+1 :i* till !n _h suff]$ f ! enorm\s difficulties ( reproduction4 ,z if ! "t 7 ripe = all ^! ?+s1 ne>ly at ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ pr9t]s 7 di/+ui%+ !mselves by s]i\s works1 a ,flor5t9e goldsmi? accid5tally discov]$ ! cutt+ ( ca/ metal4,a ,:at w\ld h become ( ?is new process if ! presses ( ,gut5b]g _h n br\ght _! p[]ful assi/ance to ! pr9t+ ( engrav+s8 ,x w be f\nd !n t pr9t+ r5d]$ a hundr$fold to engrav+ = t :i* x receiv$ f x & bore x along ) its own rapid advance4 ,!n reappe>$1 foll[+ ! new processes1 ! figures some:at ab&on$ by ! ,may5ce workm5 dur+ ! p]iod ( trans=mation4 ,our object is to speak at l5g? ( ! ,book ornam5t$ & illu/rat$ accord+ to ! means ( relief-cutt+ or ca/+2 to demon/rate ! influ5ce ( pa9t+1 ( sculpture1 ( art1 on ! production ( ! ,book2 & ?us to help ! read] at ! same "t to und]/& ! almo/ sudd5 & irresi/ible developm5t ( typography1 & to m5tion its =emo/ repres5tatives4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! op9ion t ,f9igu]ra 0 ! unconsci\s inv5tor ( ca/+ engrav+s is n[ ab&on$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #adfb ,,to #aejj4 ,! ,book & ! pr9t]s ( ! second g5]ation--,! ,g]man workm5 disp]s$ ?r\gh ,europe--,caxton & ! introduction ( pr9t+ into ,engl&--,ni*olas ,j5son & 8 suppos$ mission to ,may5ce--,! fir/ pr9t+ 9 ,p>is2 ,william ,fi*et & ,john ,he9le9--,! fir/ ,fr5* pr9t]s2 _! in/allation at ! ,sorbonne & _! publications--,! movem5t 9 ,france--,! illu/ration ( ! ,book comm5c$ 9 ,italy--,! ,book 9 ,italy2 engrav+ 9 relief & metal plates--,! ,book 9 ,g]many3 ,cologne1 ,nuremb]g1 ,basle--,! ,book 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries--,fr5* s*ools ( ornam5t ( ! ,book2 ,books ( ,h\rs2 booksell]s at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury--,lit]>y ta/e 9 titles 9 ,france at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury--,pr9t]s & booksell]s' m>ks--,! appe>ance ( ! portrait 9 ! ,book--,progress 9 ,engl&--,caxton & 8 foll[]s4 ,consid]+ ! influ5ce ( pr9t+ on ! book trade ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 z ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! deal]s 9 manuscripts 7 n dispos$ to give way at ! fir/ bl[4 ,an entire class ( workm5 w\ld f9d !mselves f day to day )\t employm5t if ! new art succe$$2 ^! 7 ! copyi/s1 mis]able scribes1 :o = meagre remun]ation frequ5t$ ! %ops ( ! m]*ants1 :]e !y transcrib$ manuscripts by ! ye>4 ,be=e pr9t+ ! publication ( books 0 s effect$1 & ! booksell]s 7 r int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! copyi/ & ! buy]1 ?an direct deal]s hav+ %ops & fitt+s complete4 ,x is evid5t t !y w\ld n provide !mselves ) ^! co/ly books long 9 advance )\t be+ sure ( dispos+ ( !m4 ,small z 0 ! remun]ation ( ! writ]s1 x 0 mu* to !m2 & !y 7 naturally ! fir/ to prote/ aga9/ ! new inv5tion4 ,at ! same "t1 _! opposition & t ( ! booksell]s 0 soon ov]come1 swamp$1 & *ok$ by ! gr[+ cr[d ( pr9t]s4 ,!n1 z always happ5s 9 simil> cases1 9 place ( fight+ aga9/ ! curr5t1 mo/ ( ! =m] work]s 9 manuscript foll[$ x4 ,! writ]s design$ lett]s = engrav+ 9 wood1 ! booksell]s sold ! pr9t$ works1 & "s ( ! illum9ators engrav$ 9 relief or ca/ _! hi/oyres4 ,= a long "t ^! la/ cont9u$ to decorate books ) ! ornam5tal draw+s ) :i* !y _h adorn$ ! manuscripts1 & s contribut$ to =m ! f9e s*ool ( illu/rators :o c>ri$ _! art to s high a po9t f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,impr9t ( ,arnold ,!r ,ho]n51 pr9t]1 ( ,may5ce4 ,z previ\sly relat$1 ! revolution ( ,may5ce caus$ ! flight ( a cr[d ( artisans :o f\nd _! lib]ty sudd5ly compromis$ by ! conqu]or4 ,! want ( money at ?is "t always br\ght a dim9ution ( patronage1 & work+ pr9t]s h be5 at all times t5aci\s ( _! privileges4 ,x s happ5$ t _! guild1 9 place ( rema9+ e/abli%$ at ,may5ce _m ye>s long]1 01 z x 71 turn$ out1 scatt]$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts by ! disp]sion ( its memb]s1 & scatt]$ _m ye>s be=e ! natural "t4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 9 ! common ord] ( ?+s1 a workman "h & !re quits ! pr9cipal work%op to try ! _w4 ,he makes 8 way timidly1 unconsci\s apo/le ( a m>vell\s art4 ,if he succe$s1 he ga!rs "s pupils r\nd him2 if he fails1 no trace ( him rema9s2 9 any case inv5tion propagates itself m gradually4 ,) pr9t+ x 0 a ?und]clap4 ,h>dly _h x made its appe>ance :5 ! exodus comm5c$4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,may5ce m5 w5t to ,italy3 to ,subiaco & to ,rome1 ,arnold ,pann>tz1 ,conrad ,sweynheim1 ,ulri* ,hahn2 to ,v5ice1 ,john ( ,spire1 ,v5del9 ( ,spire1 ,*ri/oph] ,vald>f]1 ,b]n>d ,pictor 7( ,augsburg71 ,erh>dt ,ratdolt1 ,pet] ,losle92 to ,f]r>a1 ,&rew ,bel=t2 to ,foligno1 ,john ,neumei/]2 ,h5ry ,ald+ tri$ ,sicily2 ,&rew ,vyel1 ( ,worms1 pr9t$ at ,pal]mo4 ,lamb]t ,palm>t 0 at ,val5cia1 9 ,spa91 9 #adgg2 ,ni*olas ,sp9del] at ,b>celona2 ,pet] ,hag5ba* at ,tol$o2 n f> f ,may5ce--t is1 at ,cologne--,ulri* ,zell1 a pupil ( ,gut5b]g1 :o dat$ 8 fir/ "w #adff4 ,x 0 ,arnold ,!r ,ho]n5 :o numb]$ a book ) ,arabic figures2 x 0 ,koelh( :o fir/ us$ signatures to indicate to ! b9d] ! ord] ( ! %eets2 x 0 at ,eltvil t ,h5ry ,be*t]muncze1 z we h already said1 pr9t$ 8 ,vocabul>ium 9 ,g]man1 ) ! types ( ! ,ca?olicon2 at ,basle1 ,b]?old ,rppel1 ( ,hanau1 0 ! fir/ e/abli%$ 9 t city :i* aft] ,may5ce did ! mo/ = pr9t+2 at ,nuremb]g1 ,koburg]1 :o took ne>ly ! fir/ rank among 8 contempor>ies1 set z _m z tw5ty-f\r presses to "w1 & 0 nam$ by ,badius ! pr9ce ( pr9t]s4 ,& h[ matt]s w5t on6 ,= in/ance1 ! v ye> t foll[$ ! dea? ( ,gut5b]g1 monks1 ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,common ,life ( ,m>i5?al1 9 ! ,rhe+au1 !mselves publi%$ a copy ( ! indulg5ces accord$ by ,adolph ( ,nassau1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce4 ,be=e #adhj1 presses 7 ev]y:]e 9 ,g]many3 at ,prague1 ,augsburg1 ,ulm1 ,lubeck1 ,essl+1 etc4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! ,may5ce m5 did n turn t[>ds ,holl&4 ,is x t !y f\nd !re ! desc5dants ( ,laur5t ,co/] firmly e/abli%$ 9 _! work%ops8 ,mu/ ! coexi/5ce1 ! simultane\s advance1 ( ! inv5tion 9 ,g]many & 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries be admitt$8 ,x is a secret = u & = _m o!rs1 b we "k = c]ta9 t ,flemi% pr9t]s 7 e/abli%$ at ,utre*t 9 #adgc1 at ,delft1 ,bruges1 ,g\da1 ,zwoll1 ,antw]p1 & ,brussels4 ,at ,l\va9 !re 0 besides ,john ( ,we/phalia1 :o publi%$ 9 #adgd a "w ( ,pet] ,cresc5s1 & sev]al o!r works4 ,col>d ,mansion 0 pr9t+ at ,bruges ab\t #adgc2 & 0 employ$ by ,william ,caxton1 :o _h be5 = "s ye>s trad+ z a m]*ant 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 to pr9t ! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troy1 by ,ra\l ,le ,fevre1 :i* ,caxton _h translat$ into ,engli% at ! comm& ( ,que5 ,m>g>et4 ,?is 0 issu$ 9 #adgd1 & 0 ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,9 #adge or #adgf ,caxton return$ to ,engl& ) a f\nt ( types1 :i* he _h employ$ ,mansion to cut & ca/ = him1 & e/abli%$ himself z a pr9t] 9 ! prec9cts ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,9 #adgg he produc$ ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ,! ,dictes & ,say+s ( ! ,philosoph]s1 foll[$ by a l>ge numb] ( important works1 _m ( !m writt5 or translat$ by ,caxton himself4 ,?us 0 typography firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&2 & ,caxton's imm$iate successors1 ,wynk5 de ,worde1 ,ri*>d ,pynson1 ,william ,ma*l9ia1 h _h a glori\s roll ( foll[]s1 :i* has nev] be5 brok5 to ?is day4 ,f ,we/m9/] ! art spread 9 ,engl& to ,ox=d1 :]e ,!odoricus ,rood1 f ,cologne1 pr9t$ an ,exposicio ,sancti ,j]onimi 9 #adgh2 & to ,/4 ,albans 9 #adhj by a pr9t] :o has nev] be5 id5tifi$1 & :o produc$ ! fam\s ,*ronicle & ,boke ( ,/4 ,albans4 ,! invasion1 we see1 _h be5 mo/ rapid4 ,9 less ?an fifte5 ye>s1 e important city _h foll[$ ! movem5t1 & 0 ready to e/abli% pr9t+ (fices4 ,if we may cr$it a c]ta9 controv]t$ docum5t1 ,*>les ,,vii4 _h on ! #crd ( ,octob]1 #adeh1 s5t to ,may5ce "o ( ! be/ m$al engrav]s ( ! ,m9t ( ,t\rs to /udy ! process ( :i* m>vels 7 spok53 ,! #crd ( ,octob]1 #adeh1 ! ,k+ hav+ le>n$ t ,messire ,gu!nb]g1 liv+ at ,may5ce1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,g]many1 a dext]\s man 9 c>v+ & mak+ lett]s ) a pun*1 _h br\ght to light ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ by pun*es & types1 desir\s ( inquir+ into su* a treasure1 ! ,k+ has comm&$ ! g5]als ( 8 m9ts to nom9ate p]sons well in/ruct$ 9 ! said cutt+ & to s5d !m secretly to ! said place to in=m !mselves ( ! said mode & inv5tion1 to und]/& & le>n ! art ( !m1 9 ord] to satisfy ! said ,"l ,k+2 & x 0 und]tak5 by ,ni*olas ,j5son1 :o took ! said j\rney to br+ intellig5ce ( ! said art & ( ! execution ( x 9 ! said k+dom1 :i* fir/ has made kn[n ! said art ( impression to ! said k+dom ( ,france 7,biblio?que de l',ars5al1 ,hf #dfg1 pp4 #daj1 #daa74 ,ni*olas ,j5son on 8 return met ) a cool reception f ,l\is ,,xi41 :o did n cont9ue ! works ( 8 fa!r4 ,x may be suppos$ t ?is coolness 0 ! cause ( 8 expatriat+ himself & retir+ to a place :]e 8 indu/ry c\ld be bett] ex]cis$4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ! above mission we f9d him e/abli%$ at ,v5ice1 8 art ( engrav] ( lett]s jo9$ to t ( pr9t]4 ,8 ,eusebius1 translat$ by ,trapezuntius1 & 8 ,ju/9ian1 7 compos$ 9 #adgj ) su* m>vell\s & cle> types t f t day ! be/ typograph]s h imitat$ 8 f\nts4 ,9 spite ( its success1 he did n conf9e himself to ^! lett]s1 b he made use also ( ,go?ic1 9 :i* he pr9t$ by pref]5ce pi\s books4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,impr9t ( ,ni*olas ,j5son to a ,ju/9ian1 pr9t$ 9 #adgj at ,v5ice4 ,?is type has prevail$ up to n[4 ,9 spite ( ! attempts ( ,j5son 9 ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,france--t is1 if ^! attempts ev] took place 9 ! mann] indicat$ above--! inv5tion 0 n kn[n to h comm5d$ itself to ! p[]ful univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,9 g5]al1 & especially = ! introduction ( innovations 9 t le>n$ body1 x 0 necess>y to fight1 to /rike )\t mu* *ance ( success1 save 9 case ( hav+ acqua9tance 9 ! place4 ,we h se5 ,john ,fu/1 oblig$ sudd5ly to retake ! road to ,g]many1 9 a fair way to f9d himself tax$ ) sorc]y1 n an inconsid]able matt]4 ,= o!rs ! sale ( unau?oris$ books _h _h mo/ unhappy consequ5ces unless ! ,p>liam5t int]v5$4 ,s t5 ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! j\rney ( ,j5son1 & t5 or twelve s9ce ! fir/ manife/ations ( typography at ,may5ce1 )\t ! diabolical discov]y f9d+ admittance to ! ,sorbonne4 ,a /ill m extraord9>y ?+1 a ,cologne pr9t] issu$ ab\t #adgb a small folio 9 ,go?ic type1 ?irty-"o long l9es to a page1 :i* 0 a "w writt5 9 ,fr5*4 ,! ,hi/oires de ,troyes ( ,ra\l ,le ,fevre1 *apla9 ( ! dukes ( ,burgundy1 fir/ f\nd a publi%] 9 ,g]many1 & soon aft] ano!r 9 ,engl&1 be=e a s+le press 0 def9itely in/all$ at ,p>is4 ,z we h said ( ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 num]\s ,g]man /ud5ts 7 9 ! univ]sity1 :]e !y pursu$ _! /udies1 & frequ5tly rema9$ lat] z ma/]s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t 9 #adeh a =m] /ud5t ( ,leipzig nam$ ,john ,he9le91 a native ( ,/e91 9 ! diocese ( ,spire1 ent]$ z reg5t ( ! college ( ,burgundy1 f :5ce he pass$ to ! ,sorbonne 9 #adfb1 ! ye> ( ! tr\bles 9 ,may5ce4 ,aft] ! mann] ( lat9is+ names s common at t "t1 he call$ himself ,lapidanus1 f ! "n ( 8 native place1 :i* means ,/one 9 ,g]man4 ,he9le9 met 9 ,p>is a ,savoy>d1 ,william ,fi*et1 born 9 #adcc at ,petit ,born&1 :o became an associate ( ! ,sorbonne ab\t #adfa1 & f9ally rector 9 #adfh4 ,^! two m5 7 great fri5ds1 & _! p>ticul> in/9cts attract$ !m to m5 ( elevat$ /udies4 ,!y div9$ at once ! enorm\s help pr9t+ w\ld br+ to _! "w4 ,besides1 x griev$ !m to see ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,france1 especially 9 ,t\ra9e1 ,g]man colporteurs c>ry+ on _! trade "u cov] ( o!r comm]ce1 a practice f :i* ! mo/ grave inconv5i5ces might result4 ,x occurr$ to !m t to prev5t fraud !y w\ld !mselves create a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t2 b if !y delib]at$ on x1 x mu/ h be5 9 secret1 = ! regi/]s ( ! ,sorbonne are sil5t on _! ent]prise4 ,if ,fi*et conceiv$ ! idea1 x may be believ$ t1 f 8 ,g]man orig91 ,he9le9 put x into execution4 ,m4 ,philippe ?9ks t he 0 =m]ly at ,basle4 ,9 all probability x 0 f t city he tri$ to obta9 8 workm54 ,9 #adfh six ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! craftsm5 7 disp]s$ & fl$ f ,may5ce4 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 f ,basle t ,ulri* ,g]+1 ,mi*ael ,freyburg]1 & ,m>t9 ,krantz1 pr9t]s recomm5d$ to ! two ,sorbonni/s1 dep>t$1 & 9 due c\rse arriv$ 9 ,p>is4 ,( ^! ?ree m51 :o 7 ! fir/ to e/abli% a pr9t+ (fice on ! ,fr5* side ( ! ,rh9e1 ,ulri* ,g]+ 0 a /ud5t z well z a pr9t]1 s 0 ,freyburg]1 orig9ally ( ,colm>4 ,krantz 0 a lett]-f\nd]1 & ! only real workman ( ! ?ree companions4 ,we h (t5 regrett$ ) reg>d to ^! m51 z also to ,gut5b]g1 ,fu/1 & ,s*oeff]1 t no really au!ntic portrait has transmitt$ _! features to u4 ,e "o w recall ! fur cap & loose pantaloons ( ! m$iocre /atue at ,may5ce1 b !re is really no portrait ( ,gut5b]g4 ,z to ,g]+1 ,m4 ,philippe1 9 8 ,hi/oire de l',orig9e de l',imprim]ie ,p>is1 publi%es a grotesque figure muffl$ 9 ! ruff ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 aft] a picture pres]v$ at ,luc]ne1 b = :i* mu* _c be said4 ,lacaille1 9 8 ,hi/oire de l',imprim]ie1 gives a full-l5g? portrait ( ,g]+1 said to be tak5 f a pa9t+ 9 ! ,college ,montagu4 ,! work%op ( ! ?ree ,g]mans 0 set up )9 ! walls ( ! ,sorbonne--9 dibus ,sorbonnicis--9 #adfi4 ,!re !y set to "w at once1 _! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t consi/+ simply ( a room1 none too light1 a table1 a press1 & =mes4 ,krantz d\btless /ruck ! types *os5 by ! ,sorbonni/s1 = !re 7 !n 9 use two sorts ( lett]s3 ,g]man ,go?ic & ,roman4 ,!y kept to ! ,roman1 z be+ m r\nd & cle>2 & z soon z !y obta9$ matrices & ca/ _! type1 !y ent]$ on _! task ) ard\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,lett]s ( ,gasp>9 ( ,b]gamo4 ,fir/ page ( ! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,p>is1 9 #adgj4 ,! t5d5cies ( ,fi*et & ,he9le9 7 n t[>ds transc5d5t !ology1 b r t[>ds ! lit]ature ( ! anci5ts & contempor>y rhetorical works4 ,besides1 x may be said1 consid]+ t m5 are f> f p]fect1 ,fi*et c\nt$ on mak+ ! au?oris$ presses s]ve 8 own purpose4 ,we f9d him publi%+ a treatise on rhetoric 9 qu>to 9 #adga2 meantime he sup]vis$ ! "w confid$ to 8 arti/s4 ,!y comm5c$ ) a l>ge volume ( ,lett]s ( ,gasp>9 ( ,b]gamo1 :i* 0 set up 9 qu>to ) ! ,roman type1 ! =m ( :i* _h be5 accept$4 ,at ! end ( ! "w1 ! impression ( :i* co/ mu* "t--possibly a ye>--! ?ree pr9t]s plac$ a quatra9 9 ,lat9 di/i*s1 :i* is at once a /atem5t ( id5tity & a promise = ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,colophon 9 di/i*s 9 ! ,lett]s ( ,gasp>9 ( ,b]gamo1 fir/ book pr9t$ at ,p>is1 at ! (fice ( ! ,sorbonne4 ,if we try to apportion to ea* ( ! ?ree pr9t]s 8 %>e 9 ! mak+ ( ! book1 x may be suppos$ t ! intellectual "p ( ! composition & ! correction fell to ,freyburg] & ,g]+1 :ile ! heavi] "w ( f\nd+1 plac+ 9 =mes1 & press "w fell to ,krantz4 ,?is essay1 satisfactory z x appe>$1 0 f> f p]fection4 ,! fir/ ,p>isian pr9t]s _h multipli$ abbreviations & irregul> contractions1 & enorm\s difficulties & inevitable faults ensu$4 ,fur!r1 ei!r !y _h m ?an "o pun*1 or ! lead5 matrix 0 de=m$1 = ! *>act]s frequ5tly diff]4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ comm5d !m = hav+ us$ ! & oe1 :i* 7 uni=mly writt5 e 9 ! manuscripts1 ?us giv+ rise to errors )\t numb]4 ,_! punctuation 0 ! comma1 semicolon1 & full /op4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,rhetorique ( ,fi*et1 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #adga4 ,! m>g9al ornam5ts are drawn by h&4 ,fi*et & ,he9le9 _h become ! mode/ libr>ians ( ! ,sorbonne1 & ?is new employm5t gave !m great] facilities = surveillance4 ,! pr9t+ (fice did n rema9 inactive4 ,x issu$ successively ! ,or?ography ( ,gasp>9 ( ,b]gamo1 ! ,lett]s ( ,phal>is1 two books ( neas ,sylvius1 ! ,conspiracy ( ,catil9e ( ,sallu/1 ! ,epitome ( ,titus ,livius ( ,florus1 & f9ally ! ,rhetorics ( ,william ,fi*et1 :i*1 if we may cr$it a lett] address$ to ,bess>ion1 0 f9i%$ 9 #adga4 ,foll[+ came ! ,lett]s ( ,bess>ion1 ! ,elegantia ,lat9 ,l+u ( ,valla1 ! fir/ folio volume f ! ,sorbonne presses2 & o!rs1 ?irte5 volumes 9 #adgj-ga & sev5te5 9 #adgb4 ,at ! end ( #adgb ! work%op 0 some:at brok5 up1 ,fi*et hav+ left = ,rome & ,he9le9 prea*+ 9 ,g]many4 ,! ?ree pr9t]s _h %[n by _! works t !y 7 9 e>ne/2 besides1 !y _h f ! fir/ gratuit\sly di/ribut$ copies among ! nobles1 :o1 be+ accu/om$ to pay highly = manuscripts1 did n fail to note ! diff]5ce4 ,! associates !n resolv$ to quit ! ,sorbonne & create an e/abli%m5t = !mselves2 _! patrons be+ no long] !re to su/a9 !m 9 case ( failure1 & 9 giv+ up _! presses & types x may be judg$ t !y 7 n )\t anxiety on t po9t4 ,_! olde/ dat$ book1 ! ,manipulus ,curatorum ( ,montro*et1 0 also ! fir/ t !y pr9t$ 9 _! new qu>t]s1 at ! sign ( ! ,gold5 ,sun 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques4 ,!y rema9$ unit$ up to ! ye> #adgg1 :5 ,g]+ alone pr9t$ at ! ,gold5 ,sun1 b he obta9$ associates1 ,george ,ma9yal 9 #adhj & ,b]?old ,rembold 9 #adid1 :o liv$ ) him 9 ! ,rue de la ,sorbonne1 :]e he e/abli%$ himself on leav+ ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques4 ,ulri* ,g]+ di$ on ! #bcrd ( ,augu/1 #aeaj1 aft] a half-c5tury ( "w4 ,! movem5t inaugurat$ by ! ,sorbonne 0 promptly foll[$4 ,g]man workm5 op5$ _! %ops ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ,france2 !n ! ,fr5* !mselves scatt]$4 ,at ,lyons 9 #adgb a ,fr5*man 0 e/abli%$1 ! same at ,ang]s1 ,ca51 ,metz1 ,troyes1 ,besanon1 & ,sal9s4 ,b 9 ! c5tral prov9ces we f9d ,h5ry ,may] at ,t\l\se1 ,john ,neumei/] at ,albi2 9 ! ea/ ,metl+] at ,dijon2 & ,mi*ael ,w5sl]1 ( ,basle1 at ,macon1 among o!rs1 ab\t #adic4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at an epo* ( great] ef=ts4 ,! ,lyons pr9t]s us$ ornam5tal lett]s1 f :i* 7 develop$ engrav+s 9 ! ,book4 ,s9ce ! block books illu/ration _h be5 neglect$1 z ! means 7 want+ to di/ribute ! plates "h & !re 9 ! =me2 ,s*oeff] /ill employ$ initial lett]s 9 wood v l vignettes4 ,john ,fu/ 0 n[ dead1 b ,pet] ,s*oeff] cont9u$ to pr9t )\t int]mission4 ,if we se>* = ! precise epo* 9 :i* illu/ration appe>$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,book1 we %all p]haps h to g back to ! "t ( ,alb]t ,pfi/]1 pr9t] ( ,bamb]g1 :o issu$ 9 #adfa an edition ( ! ,fables ( ,ulri* ,bohn] ) a hundr$ & "o figures on wood4 ,?is may be said to be ! unconsci\s comb9ation ( xylography ) typography1 a k9d ( trans=mation ( old elem5ts to new ?+s )\t o!r importance2 art _h no place 9 ?is adaptation4 ,up to ?is "t ,g]many _h n1 9 its s*ool ( pa9t]s or m9iaturi/s1 m5 capable ( giv+ a p]sonal impulse to ornam5t4 ,9 ! ,g]man editions ( ! block books ! influ5ce ( ,van ,eyck _h made itself felt v s5sibly1 & ! ,flemi% _h pres]v$ _! supremacy on ?is po9t2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,g]man pr9t]s :o w5t to seek _! =tune 9 ,italy fell into ! middle ( a circle admirably prep>$ to receive !m & to communicate _! ideas to !m4 ,x is believ$ t ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,italy ) woodcuts 9 ! text & ) an asc]ta9$ date is ! "w ( a ,g]man e/abli%$ at ,rome1 ,ulri* ,hahn1 9 #adfg4 ,an acc\nt 9 ! ,annuaire du ,bibliophile1 :i*1 be+ )\t citation ( au?ority1 we quote = :at x is wor?1 relates t ,ulri* ,hahn 0 e/abli%$ z a pr9t] at ,vi5na ab\t #adfb1 b 0 driv5 !nce by ! publication ( a pamphlet aga9/ ! burgoma/] ( ! city1 & 0 attract$ to ,rome by ,torquemada1 :o confid$ to him ! impression ( 8 "w ! ,m$itationes4 ,hahn 0 an engrav]1 z 7 also mo/ ( 8 confrres at t "t--t is1 he cut 9 relief designs to be int]calat$ 9 ! text--& ,passavant relates t ! designs ( ! ,m$itationes 7 f compositions ( ,fra ,angelico1 :o di$ 9 #adee4 ,be t z x may1 ! book1 ! pr9t+ ( :i* 0 f9i%$ on ,/4 ,sylve/]'s ,day1 #adfg1 is ! fir/ kn[n ) engrav+s1 & only ?ree copies ( x exi/3 "o at ,vi5na1 "o at ,nuremb]g1 & "o 9 ,"l ,sp5c]'s libr>y2 x is compos$ 9 ,go?ic type 9 folio4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,wood engrav+ ( ,matteo ,pa/i = ,valturius' ,de ,re ,milit>i3 ,v]ona1 #adgb4 ,illu/ration f\nd a true arti/ at ,v]ona1 ,matteo ,pa/i1 :o furni%$ designs = a volume on milit>y art by ,valturius1 pr9t$ 9 ,roman *>act]s 9 folio1 at ! exp5se ( ,john ( ,v]ona1 & d$icat$ to ,sigismond ,p&olfi4 ,pa/i's eighty-two figures are simple outl9es1 & we "h reproduce "o ( ! pr9cipal--an ar*] %oot+ at a butt4 ,publi%$ 9 #adgb1 ! volume ( ,valturius foll[$ soon aft] ! ,m$itationes1 b ! engrav+s enable u to see h[ ! ,italian process1 consi/+ mo/ly ( l9es )\t %ad[s1 diff]$ f ! ,dut* & ,g]man4 ,"o ?+ to be rem>k$ "h is ! purity ( ! design1 9 spite ( ! r\ghness ( ! engrav+2 we see 9 ^! figures ,italian art at its height1 despite ! some:at co>se translation ( ! wood-cutt]4 ,at ,v5ice ! ,g]man inv5tors _h reap$ _! h>ve/4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 fifty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( typography1 ! pr9t+ (fices & booksell]s' %ops 7 c\nt$ by hundr$s4 ,x 0 9 ?is city t = ! fir/ "t a title ) frontispiece c>ry+ indication ( ! cont5ts1 ! place1 ! date1 & ! "n ( ! pr9t]1 0 giv5 to ! ,book4 ,we give "h ?is ornam5tal title1 plac$ be=e a ,cal5d>io ( ,john de ,mont]egio1 pr9t$ by ,pictor1 ,losle91 & ,ratdolt 9 #adgf1 folio4 ,! ,g]man ,erh>dt ,ratdolt 0 probably ! promot] ( ^! innovations4 ,he soon aft]w>ds publi%$ ! fir/ geometrical book ) figures1 ! ,elem5ts ( ,euclid1 #adhb1 folio2 9 ! same ye> he produc$ ! ,poeticon ,a/ronomicum ( ,hyg9us1 previ\sly pr9t$ at ,f]r>a1 ) illu/rations on wood ( excell5t design1 b labori\sly & unskilfully engrav$4 ,yet ! art ( ! ,book c\ld n rema9 m$iocre 9 ?is city1 :]e ! arti/s 7 creat+ m>vels4 ,john ( ,spire & aft]w>ds ,ni*olas ,j5son1 ! emigrant f ,france1 ( :om we h spok5 above1 _h creat$1 aft] ,italian manuscripts1 t ,roman lett]1 ! primitive type ( :i* has come d[n to our "t v little ret\*$4 ,at ! dea? ( ,j5son 9 #adha1 8 mat]ials pass$ into ! h&s ( ,&rew d',asola1 call$ ,&rea ,torresani1 :o did n all[ ! good traditions ( 8 ma/] to die1 & :o produc$ among o!rs a book be>+ signatures1 cat*words1 & pag+ 7,lett]s ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 #adhh74 ,torresani 0 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,aldus ,manutius1 :o 0 to be = ev] illu/ri\s 9 ! art ( pr9t+ at ,v5ice1 & rais$ 8 art to ! highe/ p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,title-page ( ! ,cal5d>io1 fir/ ornam5tal title kn[n4 ,pr9t$ 9 #adgf at ,v5ice4 ,b if decoration by means ( relief blocks f\nd a fav\rable reception 9 ,italy &1 above all1 a gr\p ( arti/s capable ( c>ry+ x to success1 !re 7 at ! same "t o!r exp]im5ts conceiv$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! discov]y ( ,maso ,f9igu]ra gave to ! art a new process ( reproduction1 & pr9t+ presses _h n[ to r5d] possible & practicable ! work+ ( engrav$ plates4 ,9 ord] to make t :i* foll[s compreh5sible1 we ent] into a few te*nical details1 ! :ole subject hav+ be5 s admirably & fully treat$ by ,,mm4 ,delaborde & ,duplessis4 ,9 ! engrav$ wood block1 z 9 ! pr9t+ type1 x is a projection 9 ! wood or metal :i*1 be+ ink$ & pass$ "u a press1 leaves on pap] its l9es 9 black4 ,naturally !n ! int]calation ( an engrav+ ( ?is k9d 9 typographical composition is made )\t difficulty1 & ! impression ( bo? is tak5 at once4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a l9e engrav+ is obta9$ f incis$ l9es on a plate ( copp]2 t is1 an in/rum5t call$ a bur9 traces ! l9es1 :i* are fill$ ) greasy ink4 ,^! incis$ l9es only are ink$4 ,! surface ( ! plate is clean$ (f to avoid smudg+4 ,! %eet ( pap] de/9$ = ! impression has !n to be made v pliable1 s t at ! /rik+ ( ! press x runs1 s to speak1 to f9d ! ink 9 ! l9es & hold x4 ,x is !re=e impossible to take a text f relief *>act]s at ! same "t z an engrav$ plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,engrav+ on metal by ,baccio ,bald9i = ,el ,monte ,santo di ,dio1 9 #adgg4 ,h[ev]1 ?is k9d ( reproduction1 :i*1 contr>y to t f wood1 all[$ ( half-t9ts or ton+ d[n1 attract$ 9 good "t ! work]s at ! ,book4 ,x appe>$ to !m possible to reconcile ! two pr9t+s by ! successive passage ( ! same %eet ( pap] ?r\gh ! press1 to receive at fir/ ! impression f ! type & aft]w>ds to f9d ! ink deposit$ 9 ! incisions 9 ! copp]4 ,! fir/ manife/ation ( ?is new me?od ( illu/ration 0 made at ,flor5ce1 ! home ( l9e engrav+1 by ,ni*olas di ,lor5zo 9 #adgg1 = ! "w ( ,antonio ,bett9i1 ( ,si5a1 call$ ,el ,monte ,santo di ,dio4 ,"h ! arti/s 7 nev] kn[n4 ,common op9ion has x t ,baccio ,bald9i borr[$ f ,s&ro ,botticelli ! subjects ( 8 plates4 ,italian engrav+ always seeks its s\rce 9 ,pollajuolo1 ,botticelli1 & ,bald9i4 ,x is n ! simple "w ( a nielli/1 b x _h n yet rea*$ p]fection ei!r 9 ! "w or 9 ! impression2 ! illu/rations ( ! ,monte ,santo are pro( ( ?is1 z are also ^? ( ! ,dante1 by ,bald9i1 9 #adha1 = ! same ,ni*olas di ,lor5zo4 ,f ?is we reproduce ! ,mis]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,metal engrav+ by ,baccio ,bald9i f ! ,dante ( #adha4 ,at ?is epo* engrav+s f ! bur9 7 tak5 ) a pale ink1 ! composition ( :i* is v diff]5t f ! f9e black ink ( ,s*oeff] z well z ( ! old ,italian pr9t]s4 ,& besides 9 mo/ cases ! pro(s 7 obta9$ ) ! frotton1 l ! anci5t block books1 an em95tly defective process4 ,! press 0 n yet well adapt$ to ! delicate "w ( l9e engrav+1 & ! workm51 :o did n apply ! plates until aft] ! text 0 pr9t$1 pref]r$ n to risk ! loss ( _! %eets by ! use ( inappropriate presses4 ,^!1 ) ! insignificant attempts made by ! ,g]mans 9 #adgi1;,a are ! beg9n+s ( ! process ( l9e engrav+ 9 ! ornam5tation ( ! ,book4 ,9 fact1 ! process fail$ to take its due position = want ( a m conv5i5t mode ( work+4 ,relief engrav+ _h got ahead2 ) x ! %eets us$ = ! impression did n require work+ m ?an once to regi/] ! figures ) ! text2 9 a ^w1 ! lab\r 0 n s great4 ,a c5tury _h to pass be=e l9e engrav+ completely de?ron$ ! vignette on wood1 a c5tury 9 :i* ! latt] atta9$ its height1 & %[$ :at able artisans c\ld make ( a process app>5tly ! lea/ flexible4 ,footnote ,a3 ,brevi>ium ecclesie ,h]bipol5sis3 ,et4 ,dold41 #adgi1 folio1 copp] plate engrav+s4 ,n to leave ,italy1 :i* _h ! hon\r ( mak+ ! book ) engrav$ illu/rations kn[n to ! _w1 we pass by "s ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,arnold ,buck+ gave at ,rome a ,cosmographia ( ,ptolemy1 #adgh1 ) incis$ plates1 :i* is ! fir/ pr9t$ atlas t 0 produc$1 :il/ z reg>ds ord9>y publications !re appe>$ 9 all p>ts classical & ,italian works1 su* z ,cic]o1 ,virgil1 ,tacitus1 ,pl9y1 ,eusebius1 among ! anci5ts1 & ,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio1 etc41 among mod]ns4 ,among ! editions ( ,dante1 we may cite t ( ,pet] ( ,cremona1 dat$ #ah? ,novemb]1 #adia1 ) "o engrav+ to ea* canto1 ( :i* ! e>li] are aft] ,botticelli1 & p]haps drawn by him directly on ! wood4 ,passavant believes ^! figures to be cut 9 relief 9 ! metal4 ,on "s ( ! plates !re is a signature1 a ,go?ic b1 ! signification ( :i* leaves a free field = conjecture1 & p]haps = error4 ,copies ( ?is book ) ! complete s]ies ( tw5ty plates are extremely r>e2 "o 9 ! ,hamilton ,palace ,libr>y sold 9 ,may1 #ahhd1 = #chj2 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,b]l9 rec5tly agre$ to pay #a1bjj = a pro( set ( ! plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,plate f ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili1 pr9t$ by ,aldus ,manutius1 9 #adii4 ,z we %all see lat] apropos ( ,g]man vignettes ( ! same p]iod1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ,italian engrav+ 0 sobriety1 ! complete abs5ce ( useless "w & ! great simplicity ( ! human figure4 ,?is special mann] w be f\nd 9 ! fam\s edition ( ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili ( ,francis ,colonna1 pr9t$ 9 #adii by ,aldus1 copi$ sixty ye>s lat] by a ,fr5* pr9t]1 & lately reproduc$ 9 r$uc$ size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,plate f ,bon9o de ,bon9i's ,dante1 at ,brescia1 9 #adhg4 ,! ,italian illu/rators1 :e!r !y 7 work+ 9 wood1 or1 z "s writ]s h x1 9 metal1 adroitly br\ght _! figures =w>d by contra/+ "s rudim5t>y "w 9 ! p]sons ) ! m acc5tuat$ & (t5 /ippl$ gr\nd1 :i* =m$ a d>k backgr\nd4 ,?is 0 also ! ord9>y process 9 _! ornam5ts1 among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i* are ! bord]s ( ! plates to an edition ( ,dante by ,bon9o de ,bon9i1 ,brescia1 #adhg1 ( :i* a specim5 is "h reproduc$4 ,if we return f ,italy1 :i* !n took ! lead1 to ,g]many1 a s*ool ( ,=ms*neid]s is f\nd ab\t ! ye> #adgj at ,augsburg1 ^: seclud$ work%ops 7 ( no b5efit to ! booksell]s4 ,^! ill-advis$ artisans w5t /ill fur!r4 ,app>5tly furi\s to see pr9t+ s widely spread z to r5d] _! bad woodcuts difficult to get rid (1 !y unit$ 9 a body to int]dict ,gun!r ,za9] & ,s*ssl] f putt+ engrav+s into _! books4 ,!y mu/ nev]!less h come to an ultimate arrangem5t1 = ,za9] pr9t$ 9 #adgg a book on *ess by ,jacopo da ,cessole1 ) vignettes4 ,he 0 "o ( ! few ,g]man pr9t]s :o employ$ ,roman *>act]s 9 place ( ! ,go?ic ( ,pet] ,s*oeff]4 ,at ,cologne 9 #adgd ,arnold ,!r ,ho]n5 publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,fasciculus ,temporum1 ) small illu/rations engrav$ on wood4 ,a ,bible )\t date conta9s mo/ int]e/+ illu/rations4 ,z to ! celebrat$ ,todt5tantz1 or ,dance ( ,dea?1 publi%$ ab\t #adhe1 x conta9s =ty-"o relief plates ( ! mo/ ord9>y k9d1 ! same z 9 ! ,*ronicle ( ,cologne ( #adii1 ( :i* ! figures1 ?\gh less ,g]man1 less di/ort$1 are wor? little comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,nuremb]g books1 m ,g]man1 b m arti/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,! creation ( woman1 plate f ! ,s*atzbehalt]1 engrav$ aft] ,mi*ael ,wolgemu?4 ,at ,nuremb]g1 ,antony ,koburg]1 call$ by ,badius ! pr9ce ( booksell]s1 direct$ an imm5se e/abli%m5t1 employ+ m ?an a hundr$ workm51 )\t c\nt+ small] h\ses at ,basle & ,lyons4 ,koburg] 0 a capable & a =tunate man4 ,he _h at fir/ put =? a ,bible v indiff]5tly illu/rat$ ) ! cuts ( ! ,cologne ,bible1 b he _h be=e him some?+ bett] ?an copy+ o!rs4 ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu?1 born at ,nuremb]g 9 #adcd1 0 !n 9 ! full vig\r ( 8 tal5t4 ,to 8 s*ool ! "y ,alb]t ,dr] came to /udy2 & z he 0 able to draw on wood z well z to engrave on copp] & pa9t on panel1 ,koburg] 0 attract$ to him1 & engag$ him to make a set ( illu/rations = a book4 ,! project$ "w 0 ! ,s*atzbehalt]1 a sort ( ascetic compilation1 )\t int]e/1 )\t arrangem5t4 ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu? set to "w2 &1 ?anks to ! ability ( 8 engrav]s1 ( :om ,william ,pleyd5wurff 0 probably "o1 ,koburg] 0 able to put ! book on sale 9 ! c\rse ( #adia 9 ?ree hundr$ & fifty-two folios ( two columns4 ,)\t be+ p]fection1 ! designs ( ,wohlgemu?1 v ,g]man1 v /rik+1 pres5t ! vig\r & m]it ( ! future s*ool ( ,nuremb]g4 ,! figure is no long] a simple l9e1 9 ! mann] ( ! block books1 b a comb9ation ( int]lac$ cutt+s1 int5d$ to imitate col\r4 ,^? repres5t+ ! creation ( ,eve & ! daught] ( ,jeph?ah are "h reproduc$4 ,9 ! se>* = h>mony betwe5 ! text & engrav+s ( ?is curi\s "w1 we %all f9d grace & gaiety laid aside1 on ! o!r h& a fre$om & boldness t int]e/ & p]mit u to appreciate at _! value ! ,nuremb]g arti/s & ,koburg]1 ! pr9t]4 ,9 fact1 ! ,g]man arti/s are m individual1 ea* "o tak5 by himself1 ?an ! ,italian illu/rators c\ld be1 condemn$ z !y 7 to ! hi]>*ical commonplace & to a c]ta9 =m ( idealism into :i* ! art ( ,italy ent]$ little by little4 ,! ,g]man pa9t]s1 naturali/s & believ]s1 pres5t$ _! h]oes 9 ! image ( t robu/ nature t 0 be=e _! eyes4 ,x 0 9 ?is rude & unpoli%$ _s t ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu? decorat$ ! ,s*atzbehalt]2 he also compos$ ! designs = ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle ( ,dr4 ,h>tman ,s*$el1 pr9t$ by ,koburg] 9 #adic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,! daught] ( ,jeph?ah1 plate tak5 f ! ,s*atzbehalt]1 engrav$ aft] ,mi*ael ,wolgemu?4 ,) ,dr]1 at ! latt] end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,book 0 no m ?an a pretext = engrav+s4 ,?aus+1 8 biograph]1 says t ! great arti/ felt ! necessity ( design+ an ,apocalypse at ,rome at ! "t t ,lu!r 0 prem$itat+ 8 religi\s revolution 9 face ( ! worldly spl5d\rs ( ! pontifical c\rt4 ,! ,apocalypse1 publi%$ 9 #aeaa 9 ,lat91 ) ,go?ic *>act]s1 0 an album ( fifte5 l>ge wood engrav+s4 ,! ,f\r ,horsem5 is ! be/ ( ^! plates1 & ! bolde/2 b 9 ?is gross fancy1 9 ^! poor halt+ old hacks1 ! fanta/ic & gr& idea :i* ! arti/ meant to convey c h>dly be se54 ,x may be said ! g5ius ( ,dr] 0 little adapt$ to vignettes1 h[ev] l>ge !y 71 & did n easily l5d itself to ! exig5cies ( a spun-out subject4 ,! title ( 8 ,apocalypse is ( its k9d a curi\s example ( ,g]man g5ius1 b1 9 spite ( its vig\r1 x does n please l an ,italian headpiece or l a ,fr5* or ,flemi% frontispiece4 ,! o!r works ( ,dr] publi%$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,! ,life ( ! ,virg9 & ,! ,passion1 7 also sets ( pr9ts t receiv$ a text 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,title ( ! ,apocalypse1 by ,alb]t ,dr]1 pr9t$ 9 #adih4 ,fir/ edition1 )\t text4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,title ( ,seba/ian ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1 pr9t$ 9 #adig at ,basle by ,b]gman de ,olpe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,! ,bibliomaniac4 ,engrav+ f ! ,%ip ( ,fools4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 illu/rations ,dr] belongs to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & we %all h occasion to recur to 8 works4 ,at pres5t x rema9s to speak ( a curi\s "w pr9t$ at ,basle by ,b]gman de ,olpe 9 #adig1 :i* appe>s to be ! fir/ comic conception ( fifte5? c5tury arti/s3 ! ,navis ,/ultif]a1 or ,%ip ( ,fools1 ( ,seba/ian ,br&t4 ,?is "w ( ! s*ool ( ,basle lacks nei!r orig9ality nor vig\r4 ,at ! "t :5 x 0 publi%$ its success 0 imm5se1 f ! /range tricks ( its cl[ns1 ) fools' caps1 ) :i* e page 0 adorn$4 ,alas6 ! be/ ?+s fall "u ! satire ( ^! je/]s1 ev5 ! ,book & ! lov] ( books1 if we may judge by ! s>casms aga9/ useless publications volley$ by ! p]sonage "h reproduc$4 ,i h ! fir/ place among fools4444 ,i possess heaps ( volumes t ,i r>ely op54 ,if ,i read !m1 ,i =get !m1 & ,i am no wis]4 ,brunet sees 9 ^! humor\s c>icatures m art ?an is really to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,_! value is ow+ m to _! _s & hum\r ?an to any o!r arti/ic m]it4 ,ev5 ! engrav+ is s+ul>ly fitt$ to ! subject1 ) its peculi> cutt+1 some:at execut$ 9 hairl9es4 ,! design] 0 c]ta9ly n a ,holbe91 b he is no long] ! primitive artisan ( ! fir/ ,g]man plates1 & 8 fre$om is n displeas+4 ,we h be=e spok51 apropos ( engrav+ by ! bur9 9 ,italy1 ( ! small %>e ( ,g]many 9 ! essay at illu/ration by t means1 & we d n see a real & s]i\s attempt 9 ! two little coats ( arms 9 copp] plate 9 ! ,missale ,h]bipol5se1 pr9t$ 9 #adgi4 ,! ,flemi% _h n tak5 any great flights 9 ! mid/ ( ?is almo/ ,european movem5t4 ,! s*ool ( ,burgundy1 ^: influ5ce 0 felt 9 all ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 _h lo/ its au?ority 9 consequ5ce ( ! progress realiz$ at ,may5ce4 ,)\t d\bt ! great ,flemi% arti/s 7 !re1 b !y 7 hon\r$ pa9t]s1 & _! incl9ation did n desc5d to seek+ ! booksell]s beyond mak+ !m (f]s ( s]vice4 ,besides1 ! fir/ ( ^!1 (ficially e/abli%$ 9 ,fl&]s1 7 two ,g]mans1 ,john ( ,we/phalia & ,john ,veld5]1 ( ,cologne1 :o e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! univ]sity ( ,l\va9 9 #adgc1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/ ,p>is pr9t]s4 ,john ( ,we/phalia1 :o took 8 own portrait = 8 m>k1 edit$ ! ,fasciculus ,temporum1 a book :i* _h enorm\s success 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at ,ha>lem1 9 spite ( ! block books attribut$ to ,laur5t ,co/]1 illu/ration 0 backw>d4 ,ab\t #adhe1 a ,dut* translation ( ! ,malheurs de ,troye ( ,le ,fevre 0 put on sale4 ,?is ,fr5* book 0 publi%$ at ,cologne be=e ,france possess$ ! smalle/ typographical work%op4 ,at ,bruges ,col>d ,mansion illum9at$ ! cuts ( 8 ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid 9 #adhd4 ,simple engrav+ appe>$ to him f> remote f manuscripts ( :i* ! vogue _h n yet pass$ away4 ,at ,zwoll ,pet] van ,os1 ! publi%]1 cut up & us$ ! xylographic plates ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 :ile ! ma/] la navette1 ,john ( ,cologne1 an arti/ 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 0 ornam5t+ c]ta9 popul> publications ) 8 designs4 ,at ,utre*t ,veld5] came f ,l\va9 to e/abli% a work%op4 ,he publi%$ = ! second "t a ,fasciculus 9 #adhj2 he creat$ a /yle ( decoration ) fl[]s & leaves1 :i* %ortly aft] develop$ into ! trade ( ,rahm5s*neid]s4 ,antw]p _h attract$ ,g]>d de ,leeu f ,g\da1 & he produc$ ! romance ( ,belle ,vi5ne4 ,s*i$am _h an inv5tive engrav] :o illu/rat$ an edition ( ! ,*evali] ,delibr ( ,oliv] de la ,m>*e1 9 folio1 ) ,go?ic lett]s1 aft] #adhc1 z we read 9 ! colophon3-- ,cet traitti fut p>fait l'an mil ,quatre c5s quatre v+s et trois ,a9si que sur la f9 d'avril ,que l'yv] e/ en son exil1 ,et que l'e/ fait ses explois4 ,au bi5 soit pris en t\s endrois ,de ceulx qui il e/ (f]t ,p> celui qui ,tant a s\ff]t1 ,la ,m>*e4 ,! ,fr5* language1 bright & h>moni\s1 ?us f\nd hospitality 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,= _m examples ( ,fr5* books publi%$ abroad1 we _c cite "o ,g]man "w pr9t$ 9 ,france4 ,spread+ f ! nor? to ! s\?1 typography _h f #adij its two pr9cipal c5tres at ,p>is & ,lyons4 ,aft] ! success ( ! ?ree ,g]mans at ! ,sorbonne1 ev5ts took _! own c\rse4 ,9 #adgd ,pet] ,cs>is & ,john ,/ol1 two /ud5ts :o _h be5 in/ruct$ by ,g]+ & ,krantz1 f\nd$ ! second e/abli%m5t 9 ,p>is1 at ! sign ( ! ,s\fflet ,v]t2 & !y pr9t$ classical works4 ,t5 ye>s lat] appe>$ ,antony ,vr>d1 ,simon ,vo/re1 & ,pig\*et1 ! fir/ ( :om gave to ,fr5* booksell+ an impulse t x has n s9ce lo/2 b be=e !m ,pasqui]-,bonhomme publi%$ 8 ,gr&es ,*roniques 9 #adgf1 ?ree volumes folio1 ! olde/ 9 date ( books pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 ,fr5*4 ,! ,fr5* s*ool ( illu/ration 0 at its mo/ fl\ri%+ po9t at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b solely 9 m9iature & ornam5tation by ! p5cil4 ,! *>m+ figures ( ! manuscripts _h at ?is "t a ,flemi% & naturali/ic t5d5cy4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! great arti/s 9 manuscripts1 ,john ,f\cquet1 c\ld n d5y ! s\rce ( 8 tal5t nor ! influ5ce ( ! ,van ,eyck s*ool1 yet ! t\* rema9$ di/9ctly p]sonal4 ,he _h travell$1 & 0 n conf9$ to ! art circles ( a s+le city1 z 7 s _m ( ! e>lie/ pa9t]s ( ,fl&]s4 ,he _h gone ?r\gh ,italy1 & f !nce he transport$ ar*itectural subjects = 8 curi\s designs 9 ! ,heures ( ,eti5ne ,*evali]1 n[ at ,frank=t2 a preci\s fragm5t ( x is pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is4 ,side by side ) ?is und\bt$ ma/]1 ^: works are happily kn[n1 liv$ a m mode/ arti/3 ,john ,p]ral1 call$ ,john ( ,p>is1 pa9t] to ,*>les ,,viii41 ,l\is ,,xii41 & ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,9 jo9+ ) ^! two ma/]s1 to s]ve z a transition betwe5 ,f\cquet & ,p]ral1 ,john ,b\rdi*on1 design] to ! k+s ( ,france f ,l\is ,,xi4 to ,francis ,i41 we obta9 already a n despicable assemblage ( liv+ =ces4 ,)\t d\bt ^! m5 7 n comp>able ei!r ) ! admirable s*ool ( ,fl&]s1 or ! ,g]mans ( ,nuremb]g1 or ! ma/]s ( ,italy2 b1 mod]ate z we may deem _! m]it1 !y did _! tasks day by day1 pa9t+ m9iatures1 col\r+ coats ( arms1 r5d]+ to ! k+s1 _! ma/]s1 all ! little duties ( devot$ s]vants )\t conceit1 & prep>+1 accord+ to _! means1 ! great arti/ic movem5t 9 ,france ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,t ^! m51 leav+ ! bru% = ! p5cil1 devot$ !mselves to design figures on wood1 is und5iable4 ,x is said t "o ( !m foll[$ ,*>les ,,viii4 to ! ,italian w>s1 & probably sket*$ ! battles ( ! campaign z !y took place4 ,n[ 9 ! books publi%$ at ?is epo* 9 ,france we meet ) vignettes :i* s v ne>ly approa* m9iatures1 t we c easily recognise 9 !m ,fr5* ta/e & f9i%4 ,su* are1 = example1 ! illu/rations ( ! ,m] des ,hi/oires1 pr9t$ by ,le ,r\ge 9 #adhh1 :]e suppl5ess ( design is bl5d$ 9 "s p>ts ) extraord9>y dext]ity 9 engrav+4 ,nev]!less1 o!rs leave some?+ to be desir$2 !y maim ! be/ subjects by _! unskilful l9e & _! awkw>dness ( h&l+4 ,7 n ^! engrav]s on wood pr9t]s !mselves3 ! ,comm9s1 ,guyot ,m>*ants1 ,pi]re ,lec>rons1 ,jean ,trepp]els1 & o!rs8 ,we are tempt$ to see 9 c]ta9 %apeless "w ! ha/y & light lab\r ( an artisan hurri$ 9 its execution4 ,z m5tion$ above1 ! "p tak5 by ! booksell]s 9 ! mak+ ( ! plates does n make our supposition 9 itself appe> inadmissible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,m>k ( ,philip ,pig\*et1 ,fr5* pr9t] & wood engrav] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,pr9t+ _h be5 e/abli%$ ab\t tw5ty ye>s 9 ,p>is :5 ,philip ,pig\*et1 pr9t] & engrav] on wood1 began to ex]cise 8 trade = himself or on acc\nt ( o!r publi%]s4 ,=m]ly booksell] 9 ! ,univ]sity1 he transport$ 8 presses to ! ,rue de la ,h>pe1 & took = 8 m>k ! curi\s figure "h reproduc$4 ,at ?is mom5t a v]itable m]*ant1 ,simon ,vo/re1 conceiv$ ! idea ( putt+ =? ,books ( ,h\rs1 until !n disda9$ 9 ,france1 & ( publi%+ !m 9 f9e editions ) figures1 bord]s1 ornam5ts1 l>ge sep>ate plates1 & all ! res\rces ( typography4 ,! trials made at ,v5ice & ,naples betwe5 #adgc & #adgf w>rant$ ! ent]prise4 ,ent]+ into p>tn]%ip ) ,pig\*et1 ! two 7 able on ! #ag? ( ,april1 #adhh1 to place on sale ! ,heures l',usaige de ,rome1 octavo1 ) v>i$ ornam5ts & figures4 ,! op]ation hav+ succe$$ beyond _! hopes1 ?anks to ! comb9ation ( ! subjects ( ! bord]s1 subjects t c\ld be turn$ & re-turn$ 9 all ways s z to obta9 ! greate/ v>iety1 ,simon ,vo/re reappli$ himself to ! "w1 & ord]$ new cuts to augm5t ! numb] ( 8 decorations4 ,passavant's idea is commonly receiv$ t ! engrav+ 0 9 relief on metal2 ! l9e 9 x is v f9e1 ! backgr\nd /ippl$1 & ! bord]s )\t scrat*es4 ,wood c\ld n h resi/$ ! =ce ( ! press2 ! reliefs w\ld h be5 cru%$1 ! bord]s rubb$ & brok54 ,9 all ! successive editions h>d "w & we> are n rem>k$1 & we are =c$ to admit ! use ( a h>d] mat]ial ?an ! pe> or box-wood ( ord9>y blocks4 ,accord+ to 8 wants1 ,simon ,vo/re design$ new s]ies ( ornam5ts4 ,among !m 7 hi/ories ( ! sa9ts1 ,biblical figures1 ev5 c>icatures aga9/ ,*ur*m51 aft] ! mann] ( ! old sculptors1 :o ?\ght t s9 0 r5d]$ m horrible 9 ! g>b ( a monk4 ,!n !re 7 ! ,dance ( ,dea? & sibyls1 ally+ sacr$ ) pr(ane1 ev5 ! trades1 all =m+ a m$ley ( little figures 9 ! m>g9s1 9 ! bord]s1 ne/l$ among acan?us leaves1 di/ort$ m51 fanta/ic animals1 & sa9ts pi\sly pray+4 ,! ,middle ,ages live aga9 9 ^! bright & *>m+ books1 ,fr5* 9 _! /yle1 imbu$ ) good s5se & p]fect tol]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,bord] 9 f\r sep>ate blocks 9 ! ,heures l',usaige de ,rome1 by ,pig\*et1 = ,simon ,vo/re1 9 #adhh4 ,small figures f ! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,! ,book rose "u ,simon ,vo/re & ,philip ,pig\*et to ! culm9at+ po9t ( ornam5tation4 ,"h design & engrav+ improve & su/a9 ea* o!r4 ,x is n only ! /ippl$ backgr\nds ( ! bord]s t please ! eye4 ,& :o 0 ?is unkn[n design]1 ?is pa9t] ( bold conceptions1 ^: "w is complete 9 little no?+s8 ,h[ev]1 ! l>ge full-page figures h n always an orig9ality ( _! own1 nor ! ,fr5* t\* ( ! bord]s4 ,?us t ( ! ,passion "h reproduc$ is inspir$ l9e = l9e by ! ,g]man1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]4 ,are we to suppose1 t duplicates ( blocks pass$ betwe5 ,france & ,g]many1 or 0 a copy made by a ,fr5* design]8 ,x is difficult to say4 ,/ill ! co9cid5ce is n common to all ! missals ( ! great ,p>isian booksell]4 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 "h reproduc$ is an evid5t pro( ( x4 ,x =ms "p ( ! #adhh book1 & is a truly ,fr5* "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,plate copi$ f ,s*ongau]'s ,c>ry+ ( ! ,cross1 tak5 f ! ,heures ( ,simon ,vo/re4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 plate tak5 f ! ,heures ( ,simon ,vo/re1 pr9t$ 9 #adhh4 ,! bord] is sep>ate4 ,x may be said t f ! arti/ic association ( ,philip ,pig\*et & ,simon ,vo/re 0 born ! art ( illu/ration ( ! ,book 9 ,france2 !y work$ toge!r = eighte5 ye>s1 9 /eady collaboration1 &1 z f> z we "k1 )\t a cl\d4 ,at ,vo/re's comm5cem5t 9 #adhh he liv$ 9 ! ,rue ,neuve ,notre ,dame1 at ! sign ( ,/4 ,jean l',evangeli/e2 & 9 #aebj he 0 /ill !re1 hav+ publi%$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ editions ( ! ,missal1 accord+ to ! use ( ! sev]al cities4 ,contempor>y ) ,simon ,vo/re1 ano!r publi%] 0 giv+ a s+ul> impulse to ! ,book by 8 extreme en]gy1 true ta/e1 & ! aid ( fir/-class arti/s4 ,antony ,v]>d1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! old ,fr5* booksell]s1 0 a writ]1 pr9t]1 illum9ator1 & deal]4 ,born 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 he e/abli%$ himself 9 ,p>is on ! ,pont ,notre ,dame1 bo? sides ( :i* 7 !n cov]$ ) %ops1 & ab\t #adhe comm5c$ 8 f9e editions ) a ,decam]on 9 ,fr5* by ,laur5t de ,premi]fait4 ,m4 ,r5\vi] rem>ks 9 8 notice ( ,v]>d t 8 fir/ books 7 n good1 ! plates 7 (t5 unskilful1 & 7 probably borr[$ or b\ght f o!rs2 ?is may be v well und]/ood 9 a beg9n] ^: mode/ res\rces did n p]mit bold ent]prises2 ! figures 7 9 mo/ cases gr\ndworks = m9iatures1 outl9es & sket*es r ?an vignettes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,bord] ( ! ,gr&es ,heures ( ,antony ,v]>d3 ,p>is1 #adih 7874 ,antony ,v]>d 0 accu/om$ to take a c]ta9 numb] ( f9e copies on vellum or pap] ( ea* book publi%$ by him1 9 :i* au?oris$ pa9t]s add$ m9iatures & ornam5ts4 ,x is curi\s n[ to f9d :at ! co/ to "o ( ! great lords ( ! c\rt ( ,*>les ,,viii4 0 ( "o ( ^! special copies 9 all ! details ( its impression1 & we f9d x 9 a docum5t publi%$ by ,m4 ,s5emaud 9 a prov9cial j\rnal 7,bullet9 de la ,socit ,ar*ologique de la ,*>5te1 #ahei1 "p #b1 p4 #ia71 :i* enables u at ! same "t to p5etrate into a pr9t+ (fice ( a great ,fr5* publi%] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ?is docum5t1 ,v]>d did n disda9 to put 8 own h& to ! "w1 ev5 to c>ry+ ! book to ! h\se ( 8 patron if he 7 a man ( consequ5ce4 ,x is an acc\nt ( ,*>les de ,valois-,ang\lme1 fa!r ( ,francis ,i4 ,he 0 !n liv+ at ,cognac2 & he ord]$ ,v]>d to pr9t sep>ately = him on vellum ! romance ( ,tri/an1 ! ,book ( ,consolation ( ,boetius1 ! ,ord9aire du ,*rti51 & ,heures en ,franois1 ea* ) illum9ations & b9d+4 ,9 ! detail ( exp5ses ,v]>d omits no?+4 ,he reckons ! p>*m5t at ?ree s\s f\r d5i]s ! %eet1 ! pa9t$ & illum9at$ figures at "o cu ! l>ge & five sols ! small4 ,we give "h ! outl9e ( "o ( ! plates ( ! ,tri/an1 ord]$ by ! ,duc d',ang\lme1 r$uc$ by two-?irds1 & f x x may be judg$ t ! pr(ession ( ! illum9ator1 ev5 = ! "t1 0 by no means brilliant4 ,! b9d+ 0 9 d>k-col\r$ velvet1 ) two clasps ) ! arms ( ! ,duke1 :i* co/ sixty s\s ea*4 ,! "w f9i%$1 ,v]>d took ! r\te = ,cognac1 c>ry+ ! preci\s volumes4 ,he 0 all[$ tw5ty livres = c>riage2 & ?is br+s ! total to #bjg livres #aj s\s1 equival5t to #bjj to #bdj ( pres5t money4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,plate f ! ,tri/an publi%$ by ,antony ,v]>d1 a copy ( :i* 0 illum9at$ = ,*>les ( ,ang\lme4 ,v]>d _h prec$$ ,simon ,vo/re 9 ! publication ( books ( h\rs1 b 8 fir/ volume dat$ #adhg 0 n successful = ! want ( bord]s & frontispieces4 ,at ! mo/ he _h introduc$ figures int5d$ = illum9ation1 :i*1 z well z ! vignettes1 7 cut 9 wood4 ,9 #adhh1 ! same ye> t ,simon ,vo/re comm5c$ 8 publications1 ,v]>d put =?1 by comm& ( ! ,k+ our "l1 ! book call$ ! ,gr&es ,heures1 :i* is 9 qu>to1 ,go?ic lett]1 )\t pag+1 tw5ty l9es to ! full page4 ,?is ,gr&es ,heures conta9$ f\rte5 engrav+s1 l>ge bord]s 9 f\r comp>tm5ts1 small] subjects & initials rubricat$ by h&4 ,he also publi%$ m ?an two hundr$ editions betwe5 #adhg & #aeac1 & among !m ! ,my/re de la ,passion1 ) eighty figures2 ! ,gr&es ,*roniques1 9 ?ree folio volumes1 pr9t$ by ,john ,maur&2 ! ,bataille ,judaque ( ,flavius ,josephus2 ! ,leg5de ,dore ( ,vorag9e1 all books = :i* he call$ to 8 aid rubricators1 illum9ators1 & m9iaturi/s4 ,f ! fir/ he _h two %ops :]e he put 8 productions on sale3 "o on ! ,pont ,notre ,dame1 ! o!r at ! ,palace ( ,ju/ice1 au premi] pili] devant la *apelle o l'on *ante la messe de messeigneurs les prsid5ts4 ,f #adii1 :5 ! ,pont ,notre ,dame 0 burn$1 ,v]>d transport$ 8 books to ! ,c>ref\r ,/4 ,sev]94 ,at 8 dea? 9 #aeac he 0 liv+ 9 ! ,rue ,neuve ,notre ,dame1 devant ,no/re-,dame de ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,page ( ! ,gr&es ,heures ( ,antony ,v]>d3 ,p>is1 fifte5? c5tury4 ,besides ,v]>d1 ,vo/re1 & ,pig\*et1 _m o!rs w be f\nd :o imitat$ !m 9 ! publication ( books ( h\rs4 ,! fir/ 0 ,john du ,pr1 :o publi%$ a ,p>is missal 9 #adha1 & :o 0 at once pr9t] & booksell]4 ,l ,pig\*et1 ,du ,pr pr9t$ books ( h\rs on acc\nt ( prov9cial publi%]s1 )\t dream+ ( ! competition he 0 creat+ = himself4 ,! encroa*m5ts ( ! publi%]s ^u "o ano!r1 ! fri5dly ex*anges1 ! loans ( plates & type1 =m "o ( ! mo/ curi\s p>ts ( ! /udy ( ! ,book4 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 a ,g]man1 also began to put =? books ( h\rs 9 #adig 9 ,p>is1 ornam5t+ !m ) bord]s & figures on wood1 & modell+ 8 "w completely ^u t ( ,simon ,vo/re4 ,b aft] hav+ imitat$ him1 he 0 associat$ ) him 9 ! publication & sale ( ! ,p>is ,missal2 ! competition ( ^! m5 0 evid5tly an hone/ "o1 or ! sale ( pi\s works 0 suffici5t to ma9ta9 all engag$ 9 x4 ,e/abli%$ on ! ,pont ,/4 ,mi*el1 at ! sign ( ! ,unicorn1 he sold 8 /ock to ,gilles ,remacle ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?ielman ,k]v] 9 8 own works %[s himself z ! rival ( ,simon ,vo/re4 ,! ,h>d\9s1 :o foll[$ ! same pr(ession1 d n appe> to h atta9$ ! success ( _! pr$ecessors2 &1 except+ 9 ! ,heures l',usage de ,rome1 publi%$ 9 #aejc by ,gilles ,h>d\9 on ! ,pont au ,*ange1 at ! sign ( ! ,rose1 !y s]vilely imitat$ !m4 ,!re 0 also among ! disciples ( ,vo/re ,william ,eu/a*e1 booksell] to ! ,k+1 t5ant la b\tique d$ans la grant salle du palais du co/ de messeigneurs les prsid5s1 ou sur les grans degrs du co/ de la conci]g]ie l'ymage ,/4 ,jean levangeli/e4 ,eu/a*e made use ( ! "w ( ,pig\*et & ,k]v]1 n to m5tion ! pr9t]s ( ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we h nam$ ! pr9cipal1 ! =tunate ones2 b :at becomes ( ! cr[d ( o!r publi%]s ^: hopes vani%$ be=e ! success ( ,vo/re & ,v]>d8 ,!re 7 ,d5is ,mesli]1 ) 8 qu>to ,heures de ,b\rges1 & ,v9c5t ,comm91 booksell] ( ! ,rue ,neuve ,notre ,dame1 :o ?us appeal$ to 8 cu/om]s3-- ,qui veult en avoir8 ,on en treuve ,a tres gr& m>* et bon pris ,a la ,rose1 dans la rue ,neuve ,de ,no/re-,dame de ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,plate f a book ( h\rs ( ,simon ,vo/re1 repres5t+ ! massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,!re 7 also ,rob9 ,*aillot1 ,laur5t ,philippe1 & a hundr$ o!rs ^: names h di$ ) !m or are only pres]v$ on ! torn pages ( _! works4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,dance ( ,dea?1 said to be by ,v]>d4 ,! ,pope & ! ,emp]or4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,dance ( ,dea? ( ,guyot ,m>*ant 9 #adhf4 ,! ,pope & ! ,emp]or4 ,b if books ( ?is k9d f\nd vogue & a l>ge sale at ?is epo*1 ! deal]s did n keep to pi\s publications only4 ,by a s+ul> mixture ( ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 ! bookm5 put on sale on _! /alls ! ,decam]on ( ,boccaccio z well z ! ,h\rs ( ! ,immaculate ,virg91 & ! pur*as]s ?\ght fit to make ! acqua9tance ( ! "o z well z ! o!r4 ,besides1 ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h its lit]>y pref]5ces1 its allur+ titles1 its attractive frontispieces4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury d\ble titles--,atala2 or1 ,! ,*ild ( ,my/]y2 ,wav]ley2 or1 ,sixty ,ye>s ,s9ce--7 common1 al?\gh n[ out ( fa%ion4 ,s9ce !n came books ( travels--,voyages au ,pays des ,milli>ds1 etc4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ev5 s9ce ! f\rte5?1 a s]ies ( titles 0 9 public fav\r4 ,!re 0 fir/ ! ,dbats1 or ,dialogues3 ,dbat de la ,dame et de l',escuy]1 ,p>is1 #adij1 folio2 ,dialogue ( ,dives & ,paup]1 ,london1 ,ri*>d ,pynson1 #adic2 & _m o!r ecc5tric titles4 ,!re came also ?\s&s ( compla9tes1 a k9d ( lay 9 v]se or prose2 blasons1 light pieces describ+ ?is or t ?+2 doctr9als1 t _h no?+ to d ) doctr9e4 ,& among ! mo/ approv$ subjects1 betwe5 ! piety ( "s & ! gaiety ( o!rs1 ! ,dances ( ,dea? e/abli%$ !mselves firmly1 %[+1 accord+ to ! hi]>*y ( classes !n preval5t1 ,dea? tak+ ! great ones ( ! e>?1 tortur+ equally pope1 emp]or1 con/able1 or m9/rel1 grimac+ be=e y\?1 maje/y1 & love4 ,long be=e pr9t+ appe>$1 ! ,dances ( ,dea? took ! lead2 !y 7 "s consolation = ! wret*$ aga9/ _! p[]ful ma/]s1 ! rev5ge ( ! rabble aga9/ ! k+2 !y may be se5 pa9t$1 sculptur$1 illum9at$1 :5 engrav+ 0 n !re to multiply _! use2 !y may be se5 l>gely display$ on walls1 sombre1 frightful1 at ,dresd51 ,leipzig1 ,erfurt1 ,b]ne1 ,luc]ne1 ,r\51 ,ami5s1 & ,*aise-,dieu4 ,x 0 ! great human equality1 attempt$ fir/ by ! ,fr5*1 !n by ! inimitable ,holbe94 ,we c imag9e ! impression ^! bitt] ironies made on ! oppress$ & disda9$ l[] classes4 ,! fir/ ,dance ( ,dea? 0 produc$ by ,guyot ,m>*ant 9 #adhe1 9 t5 leaves & sev5te5 engrav+s1 9 folio1 ) ,go?ic *>act]s4 ,m>*ant describes himself z demeurant en ,*amp ,gaill>t ,p>is le v+t-huitiesme j\r de septembre mil quatre c5t quatre-v+tz et c9q4 ,! book mu/ h gone (f rapidly1 = x 0 republi%$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ) additions & new engrav+s4 ,fr5* illu/ration 0 already mov+ =w>d1 z may be judg$ by ! reproductions "h giv5 f ! folio edition ( #adhf4 ,pope & emp]or1 glory & p[]1 are l$ & plagu$ by ,dea?1 hide\s ,dea?1 ) op5 body & frightful gr94 ,we c\ld wi% t ! t5d5cies & processes ( :at may be call$ ! second g5]ation ( pr9t]s 7 well und]/ood4 ,9 a few ye>s !y surm\nt$ ! difficulties ( _! art1 & made ! ,book a model ( elegance & simplicity4 ,! smalle/ details 7 c>$ =1 & ?+s app>5tly ! mo/ insignificant 7 /udi$ & r5d]$ practical4 ,speak+ ( titles1 an enorm\s progress 0 "h made 9 ! publications ( ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ,italy ! subjects ( decoration ord9>ily =m$ a framework = ! front page1 :]e9 7 includ$ useful indications4 ,! mo/ anci5t specim5 ( ?is k9d has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,a model ( ?is species is ! ,/4 ,j]ome1 publi%$ at ,f]r>a by ,lor5zo ,rossi1 ( ,val5za1 9 #adig1 folio2 ! title1 mu* adorn$1 is 9 ,go?ic lett]s2 ! engrav$ initial is v adroitly left 9 outl9e1 s z n to burd5 or break ! text4 ,9 ,g]many !re 0 already ! appe>ance ( bad ta/e & prodigality1 ! lett]s cross+ ea* o!r1 ! ,go?ic type cov]$ ) biz>re app5dices1 ! titles intricate2 lat] !y became illegible ev5 = ! ,g]mans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,typographical m>k ( ,?ielman ,k]v]4 ,9 ,france ! fir/ page gave ! mo/ circum/antial indications ( ! cont5ts ( ! "w1 ! "n & abode ( ! pr9t] & booksell]4 ,(t5 ^! titles 7 ornam5t$ ) movable frameworks1 pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic1 sometimes 9 two col\rs1 :i* necessitat$ two pr9t+s1 "o = ! black & "o = ! r$ ink4 ,! m>k ( ! pr9t] or publi%] g5]ally appe>$1 & x 0 ne>ly always a *>m+ "w4 ,^! ,fr5* m>ks 7 all m or less treat$ h]aldically2 t is to say1 ! initials occupy a %ield1 su/a9$ by support]s & cut ) extreme c>e4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] at ,may5ce1 ( admirable simplicity & grace4 ,9 ,france ?is e>ly specim5 ( ! trade m>k took ) ,simon ,vo/re & ,v]>d ! %ape ( delicate illu/rations1 f9ely design$ & c>efully engrav$2 b ! cu/om ( allusive m>ks did n prevail1 z we %all h occasion to see1 until ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! m>k ( ,pig\*et has already be5 giv52 t ( ,?ielman ,k]v] is conceiv$ 9 ! same pr9ciples ( ta/e & art4 ,! sign ( 8 h\se be+ ! ,unicorn1 ,k]v] took z support]s to 8 %ield two unicorns affrontes4 ,9 ^! colophons are f\nd philosophic aphorisms1 satirical rem>ks1 m>vels ( poetry4 ,a c]ta9 booksell] paid c\rt to ! p[]ful univ]sity1 :i* disp5s$ glory & ri*es to ! poor tradesm5 by buy+ _m books4 ,&rew ,boc>d engrav$ on 8 m>k ?is flatt]y z a bord]3-- ,honneur au ,roy et la c\rt1 ,salut l'univ]sit ,dont no/re bi5 procde et s\rt4 ,dieu g>t de ,p>is la cit6 ,! ,g]mans introduc$ into _! colophons "s va+lori\s notices4 ,arnold ,!r ,ho]n51 already m5tion$1 :o pr9t$ ! ,!utoni/a at ,cologne 9 #adgg1 boa/$ 9 x ( hav+ correct$ x all ) 8 own h&s4 ,jean ,tres*el1 e/abli%$ at ,lyons 9 #adic1 proclaims himself a ,g]man1 because ! ,g]mans 7 ! inv5tors ( an art t he himself possess$ to an em95t degree4 ,he prid$ himself on be+ :at we may call a skill$ typograph]2 virum hujus artis sol]tissimum1 he writes )\t false mode/y4 ,at times1 9 ! colophons ( 8 books1 he attempt$ ,lat9 v]se1 ! ,sapphic v]se ( ,horace1 ( a playful turn1 to say t 8 "w 0 p]fect$ 9 #adid4 ,arte et exp5sis vigilique cura ,tres*el explevit opus hoc ,joannes1 ,mille qu+5tos ubi ,*ri/us annos ,sex m9us egit4 ,jamque ,lugduni juv5es1 s5esque1 ,m>tias nonas celebres agebant ,magna ,reg9 quia prepot5ti ,fe/a p>abant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,frontispiece to ,t]5ce1 publi%$ by ,tres*el at ,lyons 9 #adic4 ,! au?or writ+ 8 book4 ,! portrait is ano!r elem5t ( illu/ration1 ! figure ( ! au?or prefix$ to 8 "w4 ,x _h already be5 a cu/om 9 ! manuscripts to pa9t on ! fir/ leaf ( ! "w ! lik5ess ( him :o compos$ x1 frequ5tly 9 ! act ( pres5t+ 8 book to "s noble patron2 & 9 ?is way is (t5 pres]v$ ! only kn[n portrait ( ei!r patron or au?or4 ,pr9t+ & engrav+ r5d]$ ^! effigies m common1 ! portraits ( "o (t5 s]v$ = ano!r1 & ! booksell]s us$ !m )\t v mu* scruple4 ,z we %all see lat]1 ?is became 9 ! sixte5? c5tury a means ( illu/rat+ a book pla9ly1 b only at ! "t :5 ! portrait1 drawn or pa9t$1 comm5c$ to be m widely us$4 ,previ\sly ! cli*s ( :i* we speak w5t ev]y:]e1 f ! ,italians to ! ,fr5*1 f sop to ,accursius2 ^! unc]ta9 physiognomies began ) ! manuscript romances ( *ivalry1 f :5ce !y 7 s]vilely copi$ 9 typography4 ,f ! fir/ ! ,italians mix$ ! anci5t & ! mod]n4 ,?us 9 a ,brevi>ium1 pr9t$ 9 #adgh1 !re is an engrav$ portrait ( ,paul ,flor5t94 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 ! portrait ( ,bur*iello1 an e>ly ,italian poet1 0 lat] reproduc$ 9 ,engl& z a lik5ess ( ,william ,caxton4 ,9 ,france ! au?or is (t5 repres5t$ writ+1 & x 0 s up to ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 an edition ( ,des ,cas des ,nobles ,hommes1 by ,jean ,dupr1 9 #adhc1 ,boccaccio is repres5t$ seat$1 hav+ be=e him 8 ,fr5* translator1 ,laur5t de ,premi]fait4 ,?is plate is "o ( ! olde/ repres5tations ( au?ors 9 ,fr5* books4 ,9 ! ,roman de la ,rose1 fir/ edition ( ,p>is & ,lyons1 9 folio1 probably publi%$ by ,william ,l]oy ab\t #adhe1 ,william de ,lorris1 ! au?or1 is %[n 9 8 b$3-- ,une nuyt comme je songeoye1 ,et de fait dormir me convi5t1 ,en dormant un songe m'adv9t4444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,woodcut f ,caxton's ,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse4 ,!re is also a portrait ( ,ala9 ,*>ti] 9 8 ,faits1 pr9t$ 9 #adhi4 ,9 ! ,t]5ce ( ,tres*el1 ( ,lyons1 9 #adic1 we see a gramm>ian ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 a furni%$ room ( ! "t occupi$ 9 writ+ at a desk2 ?is is ,guy ,j\v5al1 ( ,mans1 ! au?or ( ! comm5t>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,! ,knight1 a woodcut f ,caxton's ,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse4 ,:ile ?is good "w 0 progress+ s nobly 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many1 ! typograph]s ( ,engl& 7 by no means idle1 al?\gh ! illu/ration ( ! ,book 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 n !re s =w>d4 ,william ,caxton _h produc$ ov] sixty works1 ! colophons ( _m ( !m reveal+ mu* ( ! p]sonal life & "* ( ! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]4 ,"s ( !m 7 ornam5t$ ) woodcuts2 we reproduce two f ! ,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse1 pr9t$ 9 folio1 ab\t #adgf4 ,! fir/ repres5ts a k+ & ano!r p]son play+ at *ess2 ! small] cut is a repres5tation ( ! knight1 :o is ?us describ$ 9 ,caxton's own words3 ,! knyght ought to be maad al arm$ ^u an hors 9 su*e wise t he h an helme on 8 he$ & a sp]e 9 8 "r hond1 & cov]id ) 8 %elde1 a sw]de & a mace on 8 left syde1 clad ) an halb]ke & plates t(ore 8 bre/e1 legge h>noys on 8 legges1 spores on 8 heelis1 on hys h&es hys gauntelettes1 hys hors wel brok5 & taught1 & apte to bataylle1 & cov]yd ) hys armes4 ,! o!r ,caxton block :i* we reproduce is a repres5tation ( music f ! ,mirr\r ( ! ,_w1 a ?9 folio volume ( "o hundr$ leaves pr9t$ 9 #adha1 ) ?irty-eight woodcuts4 ,^! specim5s w s]ve to %[ ! rudim5t>y "* ( ,engli% wood engrav+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,no au!ntic portrait ( ,caxton is kn[n1 & ! "o t is g5]ally accept$ is really a portrait ( an ,italian poet1 ,bur*iello1 tak5 f an octavo edition ( 8 "w on ,tuscan poetry1 pr9t$ #aeed2 ?is 0 copi$ by ,fai?orne = ,sir ,hans ,sloane z ! portrait ( ,caxton1 & 0 reproduc$ by ,ames 9 8 ,typographical ,antiquities1 #agdi4 ,lewis prefix$ ! portrait "h giv5 to 8 ,life ( ,may/] ,willyam ,caxton1 #agcg1 :i* is a copy ( ,fai?orne's draw+ ) "s alt]ations4 ,john ,lett\ & ,william ,ma*l9ia issu$ v>i\s /atutes & o!r legal works4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,music1 a woodcut f ,caxton's ,mirr\r ( ! ,_w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,william ,caxton1 f ,rev4 ,j4 ,lewis' ,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,m>k ( ,wynk5 de ,worde4 ,wynk5 de ,worde cont9u$ pr9t+ up to #aecd1 & issu$ ov] f\r hundr$ works4 ,he us$ no less ?an n9e diff]5t m>ks1 all ( !m be>+ ,caxton's initials1 evid5c+ ! reg>d ( ! pupil = 8 ma/]2 ! m>k :i* we reproduce is "o ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,ri*>d ,pynson began 9 #adic1 & cont9u$ well into ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! privileg$ pr9t]s1 au?oris$ to issue ! legal & p>liam5t>y publications4 ,"o ( ! m>ks us$ by him is "h reproduc$4 ,julian ,not>y began 9 #adih4 ,! only /yle ( illu/ration us$ by any ( ^! e>ly pr9t]s 0 ! woodcut1 & ( ?is !re 0 v little beyond ! title-page & pr9t]'s m>k4 ,! arti/ic =m ( ! ,book orig9at$ on ! ,cont95t1 b ,engl& 0 n sl[ to adopt x & fa%ion x to h] own ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,m>k ( ,ri*>d ,pynson4 ,?us 0 pr9t+ spread abroad1 c>ry+ ) x to ! c\ntries :]e x 0 e/abli%$ ! rules ( an un*angeable pr9ciple2 b1 accord+ to its surr\nd+s1 x 0 s trans=m$ 9 a few ye>s t its orig9 0 no long] recognis$4 ,x 0 light 9 ,italy1 heavy 9 ,g]many1 gay 9 ,france4 ,pa9t+1 ( :i* x 0 accid5tally ! issue1 return$ to x "u ! =m ( illu/ration a %ort "t aft] its fir/ & fruitful essays4 ,! ,go?ic "*1 g5]ally us$ 9 ,g]many1 cont9u$ 9 ,france ) ! ,vo/res1 ! ,v]>ds1 & o!rs up to ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 al?\gh ! fir/ artisans be=e ?is us$ ,roman type2 x 0 also ! prevail+ type us$ 9 ,engli% books4 ,9 ,italy x 0 ,j5son1 a ,fr5*man1 :o gave to ! matrix ! alphabet pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t2 & x 0 ! ,v5etians & ,flor5t9es :o le>n$ be=e all o!rs ! art ( judici\s ornam5tation ( ! ,book4 ,! ,fr5* came v ne> p]fection1 ?anks to _! pr9t]s & booksell]s1 at ! end ( ! c5tury2 & ! ,g]mans f\nd illu/ri\s arti/s to scatt] _! compositions 9 _! l>ge1 heavy works4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #aejj ,,to #afjj4 ,fr5* epics & ! ,r5aissance--,v5ice & ,aldus ,manutius--,italian illu/rators--,! ,g]mans3 ,!u]danck1 ,s*ufele9--,! ,book 9 o!r c\ntries--,fr5* books at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 be=e ! accession ( ,francis ,i4--,ge(froy ,tory & 8 works--,francis ,i4 & ! ,book--,rob]t ,e/i5ne--,lyons a c5tre ( booksell+2 ,holbe9's ,dances ( ,dea?--,s*ool ( ,basle--,alciati's emblems & ! illu/rat$ books ( ! middle ( ! c5tury--,! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau & its influ5ce--,solomon ,b]n>d--,cornelis de la ,haye & ! ,promptuaire--,john ,c\s9--,copp] plate engrav+ & metal plates--,woriot--,! portrait 9 ! ,book ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,h[ a book 0 illu/rat$ on wood at ! end ( ! c5tury--,influ5ce ( ,plant9 on ! ,book2 8 s*ool ( engrav]s--,g5]al consid]ations--,progress 9 ,engl&--,cov]dale's ,bible--,engli% pr9t]s & _! "w--,engrav$ plates 9 ,engli% books ,our simple division into *apt]s w be und]/ood )\t difficulty z n correspond+ exactly ) ! mo/ mom5t\s epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,book 9 ,france & abroad4 ,d\btless x w\ld be easy = ,france alone to f9d "s limits & to furni% s*ola/ic =mul by :i* contempor>y publi%]s might be gr\p$4 ,b 9 ord] to pres5t1 z 9 a synoptical table1 an ess5tial & abridg$ sket* ( ! ,book 9 all ,european c\ntries1 x appe>$ to u m conv5i5t to beg9 ) ! confus$ & tangl$ notions by c5turies & to unfold 9 our review ! *>act]i/ic facts ( ea* c\ntry conjo9tly4 ,moreov]1 aft] ! sixte5? c5tury nei!r ,italy nor ,g]many c\ld comp>e ) ,france1 :i*1 less =tunate1 p]haps1 at ! beg9n+ ?an h] neighb\rs1 surpass$ !m 9 all ! pride ( h] g5ius4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury f\nd ! ,fr5* army 9 ,italy1 "u ! comm& ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ,m>*+ f glory to glory1 ! ,fr5* successively saw ,pisa1 ,capua1 & ,naples1 & t :i* has s9ce be5 call$ ! ,r5aissance display$ itself little by little to ! conqu]ors4 ,at ,v5ice 0 liv+ ,aldus ,pius ,manutius1 !n ! greate/ pr9t] ( ! entire _w4 ,aldus 0 proprietor ( ! celebrat$ pr9t+ (fice ( ,ni*olas ,j5son1 ?r\gh 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,&rea ,torresani1 ( ,asola1 :o acquir$ x on ! dea? ( ! ,fr5* pr9t]2 & he _h 9 a few ye>s rea*$ a position 9 :i* he 0 )\t a rival4 ,we h se5 t he compos$1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! admirable volume ,hypn]otoma*ia1 ! r5[n ( :i* became univ]sal4 ,aldus 0 fifty-two ye>s ( age1 hav+ be5 born 9 #addg2 & 8 le>n+ 0 increas$ by daily int]c\rse ) le>n$ ,italians1 among !m ! celebrat$ ,pico de la ,mir&ola4 ,8 e/abli%m5t at ,v5ice 9 #adhh _h = its object ! creation ( a *air 9 ,greek1 9 :i* language he 0 well in/ruct$ f 8 y\?4 ,occupi$ ) ! idea ( issu+ editions ( ! pr9cipal ,greek writ]s1 :i* up to !n rema9$ 9 manuscript1 he engag$ himself 9 ! =mation ( a pr9t+ (fice4 ,he fir/ publi%$ ! ,h]one et ,le&ro ( ,musu 9 #adid1 qu>to1 9 a ,greek "* app>5tly design$ by him1 & p]haps engrav$ by ,francisco da ,bologna2 !n ! ,greek gramm> ( ,con/ant9e ,lasc>is1 ) ! date ( #adid2 & ! works ( ,ari/otle 9 five folio volumes4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,italian w>s ,aldus 0 mak+ a revolution 9 typography1 by produc+ m practical sizes & f9] *>act]s1 :i* w\ld p]mit a volume ( ! smalle/ height to conta9 ! matt] ( a folio pr9t$ ) l>ge type4 ,leg5d says t ! new lett]s 7 copi$ exactly f ! h&writ+ ( ,petr>*1 incl9+ l all cursive writ+2 ! "n ( ,italic 0 giv5 to ?is "*1 :i* 0 also call$ ,ald9e1 f its inv5tor4 ,x 0 engrav$ by ,francisco da ,bologna4 ,aldus publi%$ 9 octavo size1 ) ?is k9d ( lett]1 an edition ( ,virgil 9 #aeja1 !n a ,horace1 a ,juv5al1 a ,m>tial1 & a ,petr>* 9 ! same ye>4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #aejb1 he gave an edition ( ! ,t]ze ,rime ( ,dante1 & = ! fir/ "t took z 8 typographical m>k an an*or encircl$ by a dolph94,a ,footnote ,a3 ,tory 9 8 ,*ampfleury expla9s ?us ! m>k ( ,aldus & 8 device1 :i* 0 9 ,greek ! ,make ha/e sl[ly ( ,boileau3 ,! an*or signifies t>d9ess1 & ! dolph9 ha/e1 :i* is to say t 9 8 bus9ess he 0 mod]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,! an*or & dolph91 m>k ( ,aldus ,manutius1 aft] ! orig9al 9 ! ,t]ze ,rime ( #aejb1 :]e x appe>s = ! fir/ "t4 ,8 m>riage ) ! daught] ( ,&rea ,torresani1 ( ,asola1 br\ght toge!r into 8 possession two pr9t+ h\ses4 ,! burd5 became too heavy = ,manutius to ?9k h5ce=? ( publi%+ by himself4 ,besides1 ! w>s did n all[ him any repose1 ( :i* he bitt]ly compla9$ 9 8 prefaces4 ,he attract$ le>n$ ,greek s*ol>s1 :o sup]vis$1 ea* "o 9 8 specialty1 ! works 9 progress1 & f\nd$ a society1 an ,ald9e academy1 9 :i* ! greate/ names ( ! epo* 7 unit$4 ,aldus conveys ! p]fect idea ( a great pr9t] ( ^? times1 do+ hon\r to celebrat$ m51 9 spite ( bus9ess preoccupations & ( ! annoyance caus$ by ! w>4 ,x is said t ,erasmus1 pass+ ?r\gh ,v5ice1 call$ on him1 & n mak+ himself kn[n1 0 badly receiv$ by ! p[]ful pr9t]4 ,all at once1 at ! "n ( ! di/+ui%$ visitor1 ,aldus1 ov]:elm$ = an in/ant1 rose 9 great ha/e & %[$ him h[ highly he appreciat$ m5 ( lett]s4 ,! w> f9i%$ by ru9+ ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,9 #aeje ,aldus quitt$ ,v5ice to travel1 & on 8 return f\nd x poor] ?an :5 he w5t away4 ,&rea d',asola1 8 fa!r-9-law1 came to 8 aid2 b ! great pr9t] _h receiv$ 8 dea?-bl[2 & 9 spite ( ! activity :i* he br\ght to ! new e/abli%m5t1 he fur!r decl9$ until #aeae1 :5 he expir$1 leav+ an inextricable confusion to 8 son ,paul4 ,he _h e>ly ab&on$ illu/ration = ! sci5tific & useful 9 8 publications2 besides1 ! size ( book *os5 by him did n admit ( plates2 b o!r publi%]s employ$ arti/s 9 ! ornam5tation ( ! ,book4 ,lucantonio ,giunta1 ! mo/ celebrat$ among !m1 0 pr9t] & engrav]1 a /rik+ example ( ! aff9ity ( ! two trades f _! orig94 ,9 #aejh ,lucantonio ,zonta1 z he !n spelt 8 "n1 publi%$ a ,roman brevi>y 9 l>ge qu>to1 ) twelve engrav+s 9 ! ,lomb>do-,v5etian mann]1 sign$ ,l4 ,a41 9 v good /yle4 ,! same arti/-publi%] cut a portrait ( ,virgil = an edition ( t poet ab\t #aeae4 ,fur!rmore1 ,giunta did n alone illu/rate ! book f 8 own (fice4 ,o!r design]s l5t him _! assi/ance4 ,we f9d evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! ,bible pr9t$ by him 9 #aeai 9 small octavo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,m>k ( ,lucantonio ,giunta1 ( ,v5ice4 ,! mo/ m]itori\s ( ! arti/s ( ,v5ice at ?is "t 0 ,john ,&rea1 kn[n z ,guadagn9o4 ,he design$ ! vignettes = ,florus's epitome ( ,livy1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice = ,mel*ior ,sessa & ,pet] ( ,rav5na 7#aebj1 folio72 9 #aeaf he copi$ ! plates ( ,dr]'s ,apocalypse = t ( ,alex&] ,pagan9i1 ( ,v5ice4 ,a ,v5etian "w :i* signalis$ ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 ! ,trionfo di ,=tuna ( ,sigismond ,fanti1 ( ,f]r>a1 pr9t$ by ,ago/9o da ,portese 9 #aebg4 ,v5ice 0 ! home ( ,titian1 & at ! pres5t "t ! great arti/ 0 at ! height ( 8 glory4 ,9 #aeah two bro!rs1 ,ni*olas & ,dom9ic dal ,ges1 publi%$ a translation ( ! celebrat$ ,gold5 ,leg5d ( ,vorag9e4 ,! plates :i* 7 add$ to ! "w 7 manife/ly inspir$ by ! s*ool ( ! ,v5etian ma/]4 ,unhappily ! engrav]s h n always equall$ ! g5ius ( ! draw+s4 ,to resume1 ! city ( ,v5ice 01 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 "o ( ! mo/ prolific 9 publi%]s & arti/s ( tal5t4 ,s9ce ! fir/ e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,g]mans1 typography _h successively employ$ 9 ,v5ice ,ni*olas ,j5son1 a ,fr5*man1 inv5tor ( ! ,roman "*2 ,erh>d ,ratdolt1 ! fir/ to employ illu/ration !re2 & ,aldus ,manutius1 s*ol> & pr9t]1 ^: progress 9 pr9t+ elevat$ t art to ! highe/ rank among human discov]ies2 !re 7 also rem>kable engrav]s & draughtsm51 among o!rs ,guadagn9o & ,giunta1 besides ! anonym\s ma/]s ( ! s*ool ( ,titian4 ,! "p ( ,v5ice 9 ! movem5t1 !n1 0 great1 b x may be expla9$ by ! ri*es ( its citiz5s1 ! ext5t ( its comm]ce1 & ! g5ius x possess$4 ,if we n[ return f ,v5ice to ! nor?1 to ,milan1 ! s*ool ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci w make itself app>5t 9 ! ,book4 ,9 ord] ( date we w m5tion ! ,my/]ii ,ge/a ,beat ,v]onic ,virg9is1 publi%$ by ,got>do de ,ponte #aeah1 small qu>to1 ) figures 9 ! /yle ( ,lu9i1 & ,vitruvius 9 ,italian by ,ces>iano4 ,on ! te/imony ( ! au?or1 ! wood engrav+s 9 a book ( ,fra ,luca ,pacioli1 ,de ,div9a ,proportione1 are attribut$ to ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,m4 ,delaborde does n believe ?is1 b ,m4 ,passavant does4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,title ( ! ,!u]danck4 ,! fl\ri%es ( ! lett]s are pr9t$4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,nuremb]g cont9u$1 ) ,alb]t ,dr] & ! arti/s ( 8 s*ool1 to furni% book illu/rations at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! ma/] repr9t$ 8 valuable engrav+s ( ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 9 #aeaa1 & also ! ,apocalypse4 ,b aft] him ! art comm5c$ to decl9e2 a hundr$ ye>s lat] no?+ rema9$ ( ! hon\r & glory ga9$ by ,g]many 9 ! comm5cem5t4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! ,nuremb]g publications is a *ivalric poem by ,mel*ior ,pf9zf+1 compos$ = ! m>riage ( ,maximilian & ,m>y ( ,burgundy4 ,z ,m4 ,delaborde 9 8 ,dbuts de ,i',imprim]ie well rem>ks1 ?is is n a book de/9$ = sale by a booksell]2 x is a "w ( art de/9$ by an emp]or = 8 fri5ds1 & he saw t x 0 an unapproa*able "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,plate tak5 f ! ,!u]danck1 repres5t+ ,maximilian & ,m>y ( ,burgundy4 ,engrav$ on wood aft] ,s*ufele94 ,bold /rokes1 maje/ic lett]s1 int]tw9$ ornam5ts1 are "h multipli$4 ,?ree p]sons work$ ^u x = five ye>s2 ^! 71 ,peut+] says1 ,hans ,leon>d ,s*ufele91 ! pa9t]1 ,jo/ ,neck]1 ! engrav]1 & ,s*nsp]g]1 ! pr9t] ( ,augsburg1 :o quitt$ 8 native city = ,nuremb]g4 ,:5 !y 7 able to take a pro(1 craftsm5 7 unwill+ to believe x to be a book compos$ 9 movable *>act]s2 !y 7 sure1 on ! contr>y1 t x 0 a true xylograph1 cut 9 wood2 &1 9 fact1 f ! title "h reproduc$1 ! error 0 excusable4 ,?is "w1 :i* is n[ call$ ! ,!u]danck1 f ! "n ( ! h]o ( ! romance1 is ornam5t$ ) a numb] ( wood engrav+s1 numb]$ by ,arabic figures4 ,we reproduce "o ( ! la/ plates1 9 :i* ,!u]danck--,maximilian--is introduc$ to ! ,que5--,m>y ( ,burgundy4 ,! designs ( ,s*ufele9 recall v ne>ly ! "w ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 8 ma/]2 b1 z we said ( him1 ^! works1 heavy & dull1 al?\gh v clev]1 d n always suit z vignettes4 ,aga91 our criticism does n ext5d s mu* to ! ,!u]danck1 ^: lett]s1 excessively ornam5t$ & mu* flatt5$1 furni% a framework m suitable = ! engrav+s ?an w\ld a m sl5d] "*1 :i* w\ld be completely ov]%ad[$ by ! ,g]man plate4 ,:5 we h m5tion$ ! ,passional ,*ri/i ( ,lucas ,crana*1 publi%$ by ,j4 ,grn5b]g at ,wittemb]g 9 #aeba--tw5ty-six m$iocre wood engrav+s--we %all h cit$ ! mo/ important ( ! int]e/+ & r>e volumes publi%$ 9 ,g]many at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 ,spa91 & ,engl& 7 work+1 b )\t great success4 ,9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ,plant9 & 8 gigantic ent]prises may be recall$4 ,9 ,spa9 ! ta/e _h n yet develop$ itself2 & al?\gh ! draw+ ( illu/rations may be c>eful en\gh1 ! wood-cutt+ is pitiable4 ,we w m5tion ! ,s5eca ( ,tol$o 9 #aeaj1 & ! ,*ronicle ( ,aragon 9 #aebc4 ,( ,engl& we w speak lat]4 ,9 ,france1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d an enorm\s comm]ce 9 books at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,all ! publi%]s m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7 /ill liv+1 & !y 7 feel+ ! effects ( ! ,fr5* conque/s 9 ,italy4 ,! di?yrambic lit]ature !n inaugurat$1 & :i* _h its orig9 "u ,l\is ,,xii41 ex]cis$ a bad influ5ce equally ^u ! pr9t]s & decorators ( ! ,book4 ,d\btless ! composition ( ! text & engrav+s 0 done ha/ily1 = ! great p did n l to wait = ?is k9d ( hi/ory4 ,le ,v]gi] d',honneur1 writt5 by ,octavian de ,/4 ,gelais & ,&ry de la ,vigne1 0 ?us publi%$ ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ornam5t$ ) ha/y vignettes1 probably at ! exp5se ( ,anto9e ,v]>d4 ,^u ! accession to ! ?rone ( ,l\is ,,xii41 ,claude de ,seyssel1 8 ma/] ( c\ncil1 compos$ ,les ,l\5ges du ,roy ,l\is ,,xii41 & soon aft] translat$ x f ,lat9 into ,fr5* = ! same ,v]>d1 :o pr9t$ x 9 #aejh4 ,! ta/e = hi/orical works induc$ ! publi%]s to produce ,la ,m] des ,hi/oires1 :i* _h already be5 publi%$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 ,?ielman ,k]v] put =? ! ,comp5dium ( ,rob]t ,gagu9 9 #aejj on acc\nt ( ,dur& ,g]li] & ,john ,petit4 ,! ,fr5* v]sion ( ?is "w 0 giv5 9 #aead by ,galliot du ,pr1 ) vignettes1 & aft]w>ds "u ! "n ( ,mir\] ,hi/orial1 by ,r5aud ,*audire 9 #aebj1 by ,nyv]d1 & o!rs2 ! same ) ! ,rozi] ,hi/orial1 ) figures1 9 #aebb & #aebh4 ,among ! mo/ popul> works 0 ! ,illu/rations de la ,gaule et ,s+ul>itez de ,troye1 by ,john le ,maire de ,belges1 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is & ornam5t$4 ,9 #aeab x 0 publi%$ by ,ge(froy de ,m>nef1 9 #aeae by ,john & ,gilb]t de ,m>nef1 by ,regnault1 by ,philip le ,noir1 & o!rs1 always 9 ! ,go?ic *>act]s :i* prevail$ 9 ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we give f ! curi\s book ( ,john le ,maire an int]e/+ woodcut repres5t+ ,que5 ,anne ( ,brittany z ,juno1 9 :i* we c )\t mu* difficulty see a rem>kable sket* by a ,b\rdi*on or a ,p]ral4 ,! truly ,fr5* /yle ( ?is figure leaves no d\bt z to its orig94 ,at ! same "t1 x may possibly h be5 inspir$ by ! ,virg9 ( a ,g]man ma/]1 say "o ( #adff1 judg+ f ! accessories1 & ev5 f ! pose4 ,?is engrav+ w be f\nd 9 ! edition ( #aeab ( ,gilb]t de ,m>nef1 9 ,go?ic lett]1 qu>to4 ,on ! rev]se are ! arms & device ( ,john le ,maire de ,belges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,vignette tak5 f ! ,illu/rations de la ,gaule et ,s+ul>itez de ,troye4 ,que5 ,anne ( ,brittany z ,juno4 ,! "t t elaps$ f ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xi4 until ! accession ( ,francis ,i4--t is to say1 f #adhc to #aeae--01 to employ an old expression1 ! gold5 age ( ,fr5* pr9t+ & illu/ration4 ,"u ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii4 ! design]s on wood 7 n yet affect$ by ! neighb\r+ s*ools2 nei!r ! acc5tuat$ ,italian influ5ce nor ! ,g]man processes _h rea*$ !m2 !y did 9 _! own way t :i* came to !m1 & !y did x 9 _! own fa%ion & habit1 )\t =eign influ5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! k+s did n ignore !m1 & ,l\is ,,xii4 pres]v$ to ! pr9t]s ( ! univ]sity all _! rights & privileges 9 a magniloqu5t ord9ance1 9 :i* ! art ( typography 0 extoll$ 9 ! highe/ t]ms4 ,x re/ores to !m all ! advantages t !y _h lo/4 ,x recites1 ,9 consid]ation ( ! great b5efit t has come to our k+dom by means ( ! art & sci5ce ( pr9t+1 ! inv5tion ( :i* seems m ,div9e ?an human1 :i*1 ?anks to ,god1 has be5 inv5t$ & f\nd 9 our "t by ! help & indu/ry ( booksell]s1 by :i* our holy ,ca?olic fai? has be5 greatly augm5t$ & /r5g!n$1 ju/ice bett] und]/ood & adm9i/]$1 & ,div9e s]vice m hon\rably & dilig5tly made1 said1 & celebrat$1 444 by means ( :i* our k+dom prec$es all o!rs1 etc41 etc4 7,blois1 #i? ,april1 #aeac74 ,c]ta9ly ,l\is made ! be/ ( himself & 8 k+dom 9 ?is preamble1 b x mu/ be recognis$ t ,france already held a pr$om9ant rank 9 ! new indu/ry1 & t beyond ! ,italians %e _h no fe> ( s]i\s rivalry4 ,! s*ool ( ornam5ti/s made con/ant progress4 ,be=e ! books ( h\rs1 ! booksell]s cont5t$ !mselves ) mis]able blocks1 plac$ side by side1 =m+ a framework ( good & bad toge!r2 b aft] ,simon ,vo/re1 ,v]>d1 & ! o!rs !y 7 s+ul>ly ref9$4 ,! bord]s1 at lea/ 9 ! books ( h\rs1 _h become ! pr9cipal "p ( ! book2 !y _h 9 !m fl[]s1 ar*itectural1 complicat$1 & simple subjects1 all ( p]fect ta/e & extreme elegance2 &1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ,anne ( ,brittany 9 ! ,illu/rations de la ,gaule1 ! figure subjects 7 no long] me*anical1 commonplace1 & tiresome blocks1 b1 on ! contr>y1 m (t5 works specially design$ & engrav$ by arti/s ( m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,title ( ! ,entree d',elonore d',autri*e a ,p>is1 by ,guillaume ,bo*etel4 ,pr9t$ by ,ge(froy ,tory 9 ,may1 #aeca1 qu>to4 ,ge(froy ,tory1 born at ,b\rges 9 #adhj1 cont9u$ aft] ,vo/re & ,v]>d ! onw>d m>* ( illu/ration ( ! ,book4 ,he 0 a sort ( encyclopdi/1 :o knew & =esaw ev]y?+1 b ) a s+ul>ly subtl] & f9] g5ius ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,!re is n[ v little d\bt t at fir/ ,tory 0 an engrav] & pr9t]4 ,moreov]1 he publi%$ ) ,jean ,petit "o ( 8 fir/ volumes1 ! geography ( ,pomponius ,mela1 pr9t$ by ,gilles de ,g\rmont 9 #aejg4 ,tory 0 !n an erudite & diffusive comm5tator4 ,lat] he publi%$ a book ) poor engrav+s 7,val]ii ,probi ,grammatici ,opusculum1 #aeaj71 wait+ until 8 good /> %\ld place him on ! "r road4 ,he _h = 8 m>k1 say ! bibliograph]s1 ! cross ( ,lorra9e ,symbol3 d\ble cross1 small en\gh to be lo/ 9 ! ornam5tation ( 8 plates4 ,really ?is sign is f\nd 9 ,tory's m>k--! ,pot ,cass--! brok5 j>--& also sometimes 9 ! lett] ,g1 :i* 0 8 ord9>y signature4 ,?is op9ion1 :i* we w n try to contradict 9 a popul> "w l ?is1 appe>s to u to err1 z o!rs us$ ?is m>k1 z may be judg$ f ! ess5tially diff]5t t\*es ( engrav+s be>+ ! cross ( ,lorra9e1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,woriot 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,if ,m4 ,a4 ,b]n>d,a may be cr$it$1 ,ge(froy ,tory cultivat$ all ! sci5ces ) equal success4 ,= our purpose1 suffice x to recognise 8 "r to "o ( ! fir/ places 9 ! art ( decoration ( books ( h\rs4 ,d\btless 8 travels 9 ,italy _h contribut$ to modify 8 ta/e & to deta* him a little f ! sob] & simple mann] t !n *>act]is$ ,fr5* engrav+2 b he nev]!less pres]v$ ! indelible traces ( ! orig9 ( 8 art1 9 ! same way z "s p _c correct _! prov9cial acc5t4 ,! ,heures de la ,vi]ge1 :i* he design$1 & :i* he _h engrav$ ab\t #aebj1 on acc\nt ( ,simon de ,col9es1 is m>vell\sly surr\nd$ by ornam5ts1 until !n unkn[n 9 ,france2 at ! same "t1 & 9 spite ( o!r t5d5cies1 x is purely a ,fr5* "w1 & ! specim5 giv5 "h is a conv9c+ pro(4 ,footnote ,a3 ,ge(froy ,tory1 ,pe9tre et ,graveur1 ,premi] ,imprimeur ,royal1 ,r=mateur de l',or?ographe et de la ,typographie3 ,p>is1 #aheg1 #hvo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,full page ( ! ,heures ( ,simon de ,col9es1 by ,tory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,heures ( ,ge(froy ,tory4 ,! ,circumcision4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,heures ( ,simon de ,col9es1 ) ! m>k ( ! ,cross ( ,lorra9e4 ,ge(froy ,tory compos$ a curi\s book1 z poetic z le>n$1 9 :i* he /udi$ at once ! =m ( ! lett] f ! typographic & ! emblematic po9t ( view1 & also ! ,fr5* or?ography ( ! "t4 ,he tells u himself t he 0 br\ght to comm5ce ?is book on ! fte-day ( ! k+s1 #aebc1 :51 aft] a frugal repa/1 he 01 he says1 dream+ on my b$ & revolv+ my memory1 ?9k+ ( a ?\s& little fancies1 s]i\s & mir?ful1 among :i* ,i ?\ght ( "s antique lett]s t ,i _h made = ,monseigneur ! treasur] = w>1 ,ma/] ,jehan ,groli]1 c\ncillor & secret>y ( our "l ! ,k+1 amateur ( f9e lett]s & ( all le>n$ p]sonages4 ,tory call$ 8 book ,*ampfleury1 auquel e/ cont5u l'art et sci5ce de la deue proportion des lettres 444 selon le corps et le visage huma91 & he publi%$ x himself 9 small folio1 putt+ ^u x ! sign ( ,gilles de ,g\rmont1 9 #aebi4 ,at he>t ,tory _h be5 fasc9at$ by ! !ories ( ,dr] on ! proportions ( ! human body2 & he says1 ,! noble ,g]man pa9t] ,alb]t ,dr] is greatly to be prais$ t he has s well br\ght to light 8 art ( pa9t+ 9 design+ geometrical =ms1 ! ramp>ts ( w>1 & ! proportions ( ! human body4 ,he wi%$ to indicate ! true measure ( lett]s to 8 contempor>ies1 ! numb] ( po9ts & turns ( ! compass t ea* "o requires4 ,! mo/ amus+ "p ( ?is curi\s treatise is 8 %ort academical preface1 :]e1 "u a playful =m1 ! great publi%] /udies ! or?ography ( 8 "t1 & exclaims aga9/ ! =g]s ( new words1 ! ,lat9is]s ( ! language1 ! skimm]s ( ,lat91 je/]s & gibb]]s1 444 :o mock n only _! %ad[s1 b !mselves4 ,! entire passage 0 copi$ by ,rabelais1 ne>ly lit]ally1 & x indicates t its au?or 0 possess$ ( good s5se1 :i*1 unhappily1 all 8 contempor>ies 7 n4 ,= ! te*nical "p1 he add$ to 8 !ories a numb] ( designs ( geometrical lett]s1 b he 0 c>ri$ away1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! "t1 by ,greek & ,roman models1 p]haps a little fur!r ?an he meant1 los+ himself 9 ! mid/ ( idle diss]tations4 ,to ^! geometrical engrav+s he add$ small & *>m+ figures1 said to be by ,jean ,p]ral1 z well z emblematical lett]s ( ! nature ( ! ,y :i* is "h giv51 ) explanatory text & comm5t>y4 ,to him ?is ,y _h two bran*es3 "o ( virtue & "o ( vice2 t ( virtue %[s palms1 cr[ns1 a sceptre1 & a book2 t ( vice bir*es1 a gall[s1 & fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,emblematical lett] ,y1 tak5 f ! ,*ampfleury ( ,ge(froy ,tory4 ,) ! importance t _c be d5i$ to 8 works1 ,ge(froy ,tory f\nd$ a s*ool2 & x 0 f 8 work%op t ! plates came = ! book ( ,paulus ,jovius on ! dukes ( ,milan1 publi%$ by ,rob]t ,e/i5ne 9 #aedi1 qu>to4 ,! portraits ( ! dukes 9 ?is "w h be5 attribut$ to ,tory himself1 b he di$ 9 #aecc1 & !re is n ! lea/ indication t he engrav$ ^! sixte5 portraits ) 8 own h& sixte5 ye>s be=e _! publication4 ,besides1 our d\bts z to ! cross ( ,lorra9e be+ ! exclusive signature ( ,tory1 z has be5 believ$1 lead u to ?9k x ! collective m>k ( a work%op1 z we meet x on works long aft] ! dea? ( ! ma/]4 ,z a pro(1 ! m>k is f\nd on ! engrav+s ( ,l',entre du ,roi ,p>is 9 #aedi1 :i* _c be tak5 z a po/hum\s "w ( ,tory1 = ^! engrav+s _h _! orig9 at a c]ta9 & special date4 ,b 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( ! monogram1 ! admirable block f ! ,diodorus ,siculus ( ,anto9e ,macault might1 f its design & engrav+1 be consid]$ z by ,tory himself4 ,holbe91 :o1 ab\t ! same "t1 design$ a some:at simil> sc5e1 ! ,k+ ( ,france seat$ on a ?rone receiv+ poison f ! h&s ( ,dea?1 nev] did any?+ bett]4 ,)9 ! scanty proportions ( ! design1 all ! figures are portraits4 ,duprat1 ,montmor5cy & ! ?ree sons ( ! ,k+ may be recognis$2 ,macault1 on ! left1 is read+ 8 translation to a circle ( nobles & m5 ( lett]s4 ,?is admirable page is "o ( ! true/ & mo/ skilful ( ! monum5ts ( ,fr5* engrav+2 x is equal to ! be/ inv5tions ( ,holbe91 & x m>ks ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! illu/ration ( ! ,book be=e ! exagg]ations ( ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,ge(froy ,tory 0 n ! publi%]4 ,! ,diodorus ,siculus1 d\btless prep>$ two or ?ree ye>s be=e1 0 n publi%$ until #aece1 9 qu>to1 ) 8 ord9>y m>k ( ! ,pot ,cass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,macault read+ to ,francis ,i4 8 translation ( ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,wood engrav+ attribut$ to ,tory4 ,we h n[ arriv$ ?r\gh him at ! reign ( ,francis ,i41 :o 0 call$ ! fa!r ( lett]s1 & :o = v>i\s reasons fav\r$ ! arts4 ,d\btless gr& pa9t+s & ! decoration ( ! royal palaces int]e/$ him m ?an vignettes 9 books & ! ef=ts ( pr9t]s2 b1 at ! same "t1 books occupi$ him4 ,he /udi$ mu*1 & 9 8 travels accumulat$ _m volumes4 ,an acc\nt 9 ! ,fr5* ,national ,ar*ives %[s t ,claude ,*appuis1 8 libr>ian1 pack$ entire cases1 :i* 7 s5t to ,dauph9 at ! "t ( ! w>s ( ,pi$mont1 ! c>riage co/+ tw5ty livres t\rnois4 ,francis _h1 moreov]1 foll[+ sudd5 impulses1 curi\s fits ( wantonness & mis*ief4 ,x 0 p]ceiv$ a little lat] t ! doctr9es ( ,lu!r 7 propagat$ by ! ,book2 & ! ,sorbonne 0 up 9 arms1 on ! pret5ce ( impos+ its own expurgat$ text ( ! ,bible on ! publi%]s & tol]at+ no o!r4 ,!odore ,beza1 enemy ( ! ,sorbonni/s1 said ) reg>d to ?is 7we translate ! antique ,fr5* lit]ally71 ,our great doctors ) *]ubic visage h =bidd5 m5 to see ! ,holy ,bible 9 vulg> language1 ( :i* e "o has k1 because1 !y say1 ! desire ( kn[+ ev]y?+ eng5d]s no?+ b error1 fe>1 & c>e4 ,arguo sic1 if !y s1 = its abuse1 wi% to take away ?is book1 x is cle> also t x is _! duty to put away ! w9e ) :i* ea* ( !m makes himself drunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 aft] ! engrav+ 9 ! ,*ronologie ,colle4 ,?is piece is only cit$ to %[ to :at l5g?s matt]s _h gone1 ?anks to pr9t+4 ,x is v c]ta9 t all ! pamphlets1 plac>ds1 & o!r horrors publi%$ to raise religi\s w>f>e1 did n aid 9 ! progress ( ! ,book4 ,! ,k+ 0 n always dis9t]e/$ on ! te*nical "q2 books m]it$ enc\ragem5t1 at lea/ z mu* z ca/igation1 & besides1 z "t pass$1 !y gradually trans=m$ m5 & ideas4 ,9 spite ( app>5t sev]ities1 0 n ! ,k+ himself a little t\*$ by contact ) ! new religion1 l 8 si/] ,m>gu]ite1 or 8 si/]-9-law1 ,r5e ( ,f]r>a8 ,h[ev] t may be1 he twice %[$ himself a resolute p>tisan ( ! celebrat$ ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 son-9-law & associate ( ,simon de ,col9es1 ^: works 9 po9t ( erudition & typography assum$ day by day m importance4 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne _h ! great hon\r ( be+ *os5 f all 8 contempor>ies by ,k+ ,francis z ! royal pr9t]4 ,?is pr9ce _h ord]$ to be engrav$ = him by ,claude ,g>amond1 aft] ! design ( ,ange ,v]gce1 ! fir/ cutt] ( matrices ( 8 "t1 a special ,greek "* 9 ?ree sizes1 :i* 0 us$ 9 #aedd to compose ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius4 ,^! are ! fam\s royal types--typi regii--z ,e/i5ne did n fail to indicate on ! title-pages ( 8 works4 ,x has be5 said s9ce t ,francis ,i4 f\nd$ ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 b ! tru? is t ,e/i5ne kept ^! *>act]s 9 8 own (fice = use 9 ! royal editions2 !y may n[ be se5 9 ! ,imprim]ie ,nationale at ,p>is4 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,josse ,badius1 ( ,as*--,badius ,asc5cianus1 "o ( ! fir/ ,p>isian typograph]s ( ! "t4 ,we reproduce ! m>k ( ,badius1 repres5t+ ! int]ior ( a pr9t+ h\se1 & %all return 9 a special *apt] to ! functions ( ^! work%ops4 ,meantime x appe>s prop] to pres5t to ! read] a pr9t+ (fice ( ! "t ( ,rob]t ,e/i5ne & ,ge(froy ,tory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,pr9t+ (fice ( ,josse ,badius at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne does n appe> to h conc]n$ himself mu* ab\t ! decoration ( ! ,book4 ,! purity ( ! text & ! *>act]s 7 ess5tials ) him1 erudition1 & n art4 ,he publi%$ _m works 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 among !m ! ,!saurus1 a great ,lat9 diction>y publi%$ 9 #aecb1 also a ,bible1 ) notes by ,vatable1 revis$ by ,leon de ,juda4 ,f t came tr\ble4 ,leon de ,juda 0 a p>tisan ( ,zw+li2 ! ,sorbonne accus$ ! ,bible ( lean+ t[>ds ! ,hugu5ots2 ,francis ,i4 took ! "p ( ,e/i5ne1 b :5 t pr9ce di$ ,e/i5ne fl$ to ,g5eva1 :]e he 0 accus$ ( hav+ import$ ! royal types4 ,! tru? 0 t he simply import$ ! matrices4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,portrait ( ,ni*olas ,b\rbon4 ,wood engrav+ ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,at ?is "t ev]y?+ s]v$ = ! decoration ( ! ,book3 portraits1 blazons1 topographical plates1 co/umes1 & emblems4 ,small portraits engrav$ on wood usually ornam5t$ ! works ( ! poets1 l t ( ,ni*olas ,b\rbon1 = example1 m>vel ( tru? & skill4 ,! blocks ( frontispieces 9 ! folios 7 multipli$2 l>ge initial lett]s1 +5i\sly engrav$ & /ippl$1 l t at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt]1 7 us$4 ,jacques ,k]v] reproduc$ 9 #aede = himself1 & ) plates made = him1 ! fam\s ,songe de ,poliphile1 publi%$ by ,aldus 9 #adii4 ,! wid[ ( ! publi%] ,d5is ,janot1 ,jeanne de ,m>nef1 publi%$ "o ( ! mo/ delightful books ( ! "t1 ,l',am\r de ,cupidon et de ,psy*e ( ,apuleius1 ) delici\s figures 9 wood aft] ,italian engrav+s4 ,_m m c\ld be nam$ 9 ! extraord9>y pr(usion ( *>m+ books4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,k+ & ,dea?4 ,vignette f ! ,dance ( ,dea? by ,holbe94 ,)\t ent]+ into detail1 some?+ mu/ be said ( ,lyons1 !n a mo/ ext5sive & prosp]\s c5tre ( booksell+4 ,lyons _h ! signal hon\r ( publi%+ fir/ 9 ,france ! celebrat$ cuts ( ! ,dance ( ,dea? ( ,holbe91 ! ,basle pa9t]4 ,d\btless ,tres*el1 ! pr9t]1 0 n ! fir/1 z a copy ( a ,g]man edition is kn[n1 because 9 ! ,lyons edition ! cuts are worn & brok54 ,h[ev]1 ! ,cab9et d',e/ampes ( ,p>is has "s ( ! figures ( ! ,dance ) a ,g]man text1 probably pr9t$ by ,frob5 at ,basle4 ,tres*el's title 0 ,les ,simula*res et ,hi/ories ,faces de la ,mort autant elegamm5t p\rtraictes que artificiellem5t imag9es1 & ! volume 9 qu>to 0 pr9t$ by ,frelon4 ,! ,icones vet]is te/am5ti1 :i* prec$$ ! publication ( ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 _h also be5 pr9t$ at ,basle be=e ,lyons4 ,) ,holbe91 z ) ,ge(froy ,tory1 we arrive at ! z5i? ( illu/ration & m>vell\s skill ( ! engrav]4 ,if we 7 to in/itute comp>isons1 x 0 ,hans ,lutzelburg] :o cut ! blocks aft] ! designs ( ! ,basle ma/]1 b1 contr>y to :at g5]ally happ5s1 ! translator rea*es almo/ to ! height ( 8 model2 ! l9e is p]fection itself1 x is precise & intellig5t1 simple1 &1 above all1 explicit4 ,if ! "w ( ,lutzelburg] be admitt$1 x mu/ also be admitt$ t ,holbe9 design$ 8 cuts be=e #aebf1 date ( ! dea? ( ! ,basle engrav]2 b x 0 precisely be=e #aebf t ,holbe9 liv$ 9 ,basle1 & x 0 aft] he _h travell$4 ,we w add no?+ to ! univ]sal praise ( ! book ( ,tres*el1 ( ,lyons2 ev]y?+ has be5 writt5 ( ,holbe91 & repetitions are unnecess>y4 ,we w\ld ask ! read] to comp>e ! ,francis ,i4 ( ,tory & ! ,k+ 9 ,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea?2 !re is a c]ta9 family resemblance betwe5 ! two cuts1 :i* is a s+ul> hon\r = ,tory4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury ,basle _h a s*ool ( ,=ms*neid]s work+ = export4 ,besides ! num]\s products us$ at ,lyons1 x _h also a trade 9 wood blocks1 :i*1 hav+ be5 us$1 7 aft]w>ds sold4 ,among ^! ex*anges ( engrav+s 7 _m plates ( ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1 sold 9 #aebj to ,galliot du ,pr1 publi%]1 ( ,p>is1 :o us$ !m 9 ! ,eloge de la ,folie ( ,erasmus4 ,! reign ( ,francis ,i4 saw a great advance 9 ! national art ( illu/ration4 ,! arrival at ! c\rt ( ,italian arti/s ( ! decad5ce1 su* z ,rosso & ,primaticcio1 produc$ a revolution 9 ta/e4 ,! exagg]at$ slightness ( ! figures br\ght by ^! arti/s f beyond ! ,alps 0 consid]$ z ( supreme di/9ction2 9 _! twi/$ drap]ies & mann]$ poses 0 se5 a preci\s beauty t tempt$ ! ready intellig5ce ( ! c\rt ( ,france4 ,! simple & +5u\s figures ( ! old ,fr5* arti/s 7 rank$ among ! refuse ( ano!r age1 & _! compositions 7 reg>d$ ) contempt1 & deem$ antique4 ,! rage = emblems & = allegories & my?ological figures g5]ally 0 well suit$ to ^! ecc5tric & biz>re inv5tions4 ,f ano!r side1 an entire class ( arti/s or artisans1 book illu/rators fir/1 !n enamell]s & jewell]s1 made use ( ^! ,italian models1 ) :i* ! ,k+ encumb]$ 8 gall]ies1 & :i*1 at great exp5se1 cov]$ ! walls ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,"o c und]/& :at ^! skilful m5 made ( su* a movem5t & ( s ?\ghtless an infatuation4 ,! publi%]s saw ! dem&1 & compos$ works ( :i* ! sale 0 assur$ by ! subjects t !y furni%$ to o!r design]s4 ,?is expla9s ! quantity ( ,alciati's ,emblems & ,ovid's ,metamorphoses publi%$ at ,lyons & ,p>is1 & copi$ & recopi$ a hundr$ times by ! art indu/ries ( ! "t4 ,)\t x ! enorm\s success ( m$iocre productions1 z ! ,emblems1 = example1 9 :i* ! mean+ ( ! enigma or rebus _c always be seiz$1 is ill und]/ood4 ,x 0 ,alciati :o made ?is lit]ature ! fa%ion4 ,he 0 a sort ( ,epicurean & mis]ly jurisconsult1 :o _h z _m lords & ma/]s on e>?1 z ! k+s & pr9ces :o lik$ to bid aga9/ ea* o!r to engage him4 ,he _h quitt$ ,italy1 s$uc$ by ! (f]s ( ,francis ,i41 b :5 ,s=za paid him a l>g] sum1 he return$1 giv+ z reason = 8 vacillation t ! sun _h to travel ! e>? & w>m x by its rays2 ?is 0 an emblematic answ]1 = 8 emblems _h all ! co>se1 sceptical hum\r :i* n a few _h !n already discov]$4 ,at mo/ ^! philosophical aphorisms1 if we take !m s]i\sly1 h _! droll side 9 t _! au?or (t5 practis$ ! rev]se ( 8 tea*+4 ,a mis]1 he abuses ! av>ici\s2 fly+ 8 c\ntry = ! love ( ga91 he blames ^? to :om a bett] condition is (f]$ by /rang]s4 ,yet he is sometimes logical & consi/5t1 z :5 he assures u t pov]ty h9d]s ! success ( intellig5ce1 & :51 f9ally1 lov] ( good *e]1 he di$ ( indige/ion 9 #aeej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,page ( ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid1 by ,petit ,b]n>d4 ,edition ( #aefd4 ,8 book ( ,emblems _h a vogue t la/$ until ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & repetitions 7 inf9itely multipli$3 at ,p>is by ,we*el 9 #aecd2 at ,lyons by ,hans de ,tornes1 ( ,suabia1 "o ( ! greate/ ,lyons publi%]s2 by ,roville1 also "o ( ! fir/ ,lyons publi%]s1 & by ,bonhomme2 at ,v5ice by ! ,alduses2 9 fact1 ev]y:]e1 translat$ into ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,italian4 ,b]n>d ,salomon1 call$ le ,petit ,b]n>d1 born at ,lyons1 0 "o ( ! design]s ( ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau--t is to say1 ( ! ,franco-,italian s*ool ( :i* we h spok5 above--:o furni%$ _m ( ! engrav+s = books pr9t$ at ,lyons4 ,he illu/rat$ ! edition ( ,alciati's ,emblems publi%$ by ,bonhomme 9 #aefj2 & design$ skilful little plates1 :i*1 ) ! text1 7 surr\nd$ by a bord] f ! work%op ( ,ge(froy ,tory1 = ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 publi%$ by ,hans de ,tornes 9 #aefd4 ,b]n>d _h all ! defects & all ! qualities ( ^? ( 8 "t1 f ,john ,c\s9 to ! lea/ ( !m2 he 0 a ,primaticcio on a small scale1 b agreeably s4 ,8 designs = ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 also v c>eful1 b 9 !m m ?an else:]e ! mann] & ! affectation ( ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau are app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,portraits ( ,madele9e1 ,que5 ( ,scotl&1 & ( ,m>gu]ite1 ,du*ess ( ,savoy1 aft] ! orig9als ( ,cornelis ( ,lyons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,portraits ( ,francis1 dauph91 & ( ,*>les1 ,duke ( ,angoleme1 aft] ! orig9als ( ,cornelis ( ,lyons4 ,woodcuts tak5 f ,roville's ,promptuaire des ,mdailles4 ,! work%ops ( ! second city ( ,france1 we see1 _h at ?is "t atta9$ consid]able importance2 b be=e ! books ( :i* we %all speak1 ,roville publi%$ two anonym\s books1 "o ,l',entre du ,roi ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,lyon1 9 #aedi1 ornam5t$ ) v graceful woodcuts1 ! o!r ! ,promptuaire des ,mdailles1 compris+ a s]ies ( *>m+ portraits "u ! pret5ce ( reproductions f ! antique4 ,! designs ( ! ,entre are (t5 attribut$ to ,john ,c\s91 z x is a rule ) c]ta9 amateurs to give a kn[n "n to a "w2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,lyons !n _h celebrat$ arti/s1 ,petit-,b]n>d1 allud$ to above1 & ,cornelis de la ,haye1 ( :om we h m to say2 & x is n necess>y to g to ,p>is or to ,rome to f9d ! au?or ( ^! illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,capta9 ( foot f ! ,entree de ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,lyon 7#aedi74 ,cornelis de la ,haye 0 a pa9t] :o execut$ ne>ly ! same "w z ,francis ,cl\et 9 ,p>is1 portraits on panel1 9 a cle> & h>moni\s tone1 !n mu* ! fa%ion4 ,dur+ a j\rney ( ! ,k+1 he _h1 if ,brantme may be cr$it$1 portray$ ! entire c\rt1 keep+ ! sket*es = himself4 ,t5 or fifte5 ye>s aft]1 ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 pass+ ?r\gh ,lyons1 saw ^! portraits & highly prais$ !m1 recognis+ ! old co/umes1 a/oni%$ at ! c\rti]s ( ! day1 :om %e _h nev] se5 9 su* dress4 ,?is arti/ is n[ kn[n1 ?anks to v>i\s works t h be5 f\nd1 among o!rs two portraits ( ! sons ( ,francis ,i41 pres]v$ by ,gaignires1 :o attribut$ !m resolutely to ,cornelis1 d\btless on ! fai? ( inscriptions t h disappe>$4 ,bo? ( !m 7 engrav$ on wood at ,lyons & publi%$ 9 ,roville's book ! ,promptuaire des ,mdailles1 m5tion$ above1 ) small diff]5ces ( detail altoge!r insignificant4 ,x is n impossible !n t ,cornelis design$ ^! portraits1 & t !y 7 drawn on wood aft] ! cab9et models spok5 ( by ,brantme4 ,! delicate figures ( ! ,promptuaire are ! "w ( a ma/]2 & ! diff]5ces m5tion$ are ^? ( ! arti/1 n ( ! copyi/1 :o w\ld n be p]mitt$ to *ange any?+4 ,x is ! fir/ "t1 we believe1 t ^! comp>isons h be5 made2 !y w p]haps help ! le>n$ ,lyonnais to pi]ce ! my/]y1 b 9 any case our suppositions are m hon\rable to ,cornelis de la ,haye ?an ! fancies ( ,rob]t ,dumesnil 7,pe9tre-graveur ,franais1 tome vi41 p4 #cdc74 ,to judge by ! f\r little m$allions "h reproduc$1 ! art ( engrav+ on wood 0 r>ely m skilful ?an 9 ^! portraits4 ,x w\ld n be a/oni%+ if a man l ,cornelis _h design$ ! figures ( ! ,entre de ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,9 any case1 :y %\ld we *oose ,john ,c\s9 in/ead ( ,petit-,b]n>d8 ,at ?is "t1 we "k1 ! k+s c>ri$ 9 _! suite _! ord9>y pa9t]s2 b we d n "k t ,john ,c\s9 foll[$ ! c\rt to ,lyons 9 #aedi4 ,he did n hold an (ficial position1 l ,cl\et4 ,?is arti/ produc$ well-au!nticat$ works2 "o ( !m is sign$1 & leaves no d\bt3 ! ,livre de ,p]spective de ,jehan ,c\s9 ,s5onois1 ,mai/re ,pa9ctre1 publi%$ 9 #aefj by ,jean le ,roy]1 pr9t] to ! ,k+ = ma!matics4 ,?is pr(ession ( pr9t] = ma!matics _h its difficulties ( engrav+1 = ,le ,roy] tells u 9 8 preface t he _h himself f9i%$ ! plates comm5c$ by ,alb9 ,olivi]4 ,9 ano!r practical treatise1 entitl$ ,livre de ,portraiture1 publi%$ 9 #aeic1 ,john ,c\s9 is /yl$ pe9tre gometri54 ,x is beyond d\bt t ?is ma/] produc$ = _m works figures & ornam5ts1 b :at 7 ! books8 ,! mann] 0 !n to repeat ! engrav$ bord]s ( titles1 ! passe-p>t\t1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* ! text 0 pr9t$4 ,c\s9 design$ _m ( ^! title-pages on wood2 t ( ! ,livre de ,portraiture af=ds a curi\s elem5t ( comp>ison2 b he 0 n by any means ! inv5tor4 ,9 #aeee 0 sold at ,antw]p a book pr9t$ f engrav$ plates aft] ,john ,vri$man1 by ,g]>d ,juif1 :i* is simply a collection ( engrav+s = title-pages = ! use ( publi%]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,title ( ,john ,c\s9's ,livre de ,portraiture1 publi%$ 9 #aeic by ,le ,cl]c4 7,! spot on ! title is 9 ! orig9al1 pres]v$ among ! pr9ts ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale47 ,x is ab\t ?is "t t metal plates may be se5 9 conjunction ) wood engrav+ 9 ! illu/ration ( ! ,book1 & ! be/ arti/s atta*$ _! names to important publications ( ?is k9d4 ,we h expla9$ 9 a =m] *apt] 9 :at ?is process is lea/ conv5i5t 9 ! impression ( a book4 ,9 fact1 two successive pr9t+s1 t ( ! plates & t ( ! text1 7 additional tr\ble & a frequ5t cause ( errors2 b wood-cutt+ 0 some:at ab&on$ 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 especially = sep>ate plates1 & engrav$ plates took a consid]able importance "u diff]5t arti/ic influ5ces4 ,! fir/ 0 ! facility ( engrav+ a metal plate comp>$ to ! difficulty ( cutt+ a wood block4 ,x ?us naturally happ5$ t ! arti/s ( ! bur9 wi%$ to employ _! art 9 illu/ration1 & ta/e 0 soon drawn to ! new process4 ,9 ,france ! fir/ volume ( ?is k9d 0 pr9t$ 9 #adhh by ,topie de ,pymont 9 folio3 ! ,prgr9ations en ,t]re ,sa9te ( ,b]n>d de ,breyd5ba*1 ) figures on engrav$ plates copi$ f ! ,may5ce edition ( #adhf4 ,s9ce ?is mann] 0 ab&on$ until ab\t #aeej1 z mu* = ! reasons giv5 above z = o!rs1 we only meet ) a /ray plate n[ & aga91 :i* rema9s z a bait1 & relates to no?+4 ,"u ! reign ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 ! smallness ( ! volumes did n always admit ( wood engrav+s1 & ! arti/s 9 metal f\nd a foot+ among illu/rators2 !y made attempts1 su* z t ( ! ,hi/oire de ,jason ( ,rn ,boiv9 9 #aefc1 :i* came out "u ,*>les ,,ix4 9 a *>m+ volume ( engrav$ plates by ,p4 ,woriot4 ,! ,emblems ( ,georgette de ,mont5ay 7 also 9 ! burlesque /yle ( ,alciati1 b !y _h an advantage1 z ! au?or assures u3-- ,alciat fi/ des emblmes exquis1 ,lesquels1 voyant de plusieurs requis1 ,dsir me pri/ de comm5c] les mi5s1 ,lesquels je croy e/re premi]s *re/i5s4 ,?is or?odoxy does n make !m m intelligible1 b ! engrav+s ( ,woriot1 unskilful z !y are1 import an elem5t ( int]e/ :i* surpasses ! re/4 ,x 0 always at ,lyons1 ! rival & (t5 ! ma/] ( ,p>is 9 typography1 t ! au?or pr9t$ 8 "w4 ,by ! privilege dat$ #aeff1 five ye>s be=e publication1 we see t x is p]mitt$ to ,pet] ,woriot1 engrav] ( ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 to portray1 engrave1 & cut 9 copp] ! said figures call$ emblems = ! "t & t]m ( five ye>s 7#ah? ,octob]1 #aeff74 ,pet] ,woriot sometimes sign$ 8 pr9ts ) ! small ,lorra9e cross adopt$ by ,ge(froy ,tory's work%op1 z may be se5 9 our engrav+4 ,copp] plate engrav+ _h by ?is "t e/abli%$ itself1 & ! works t 7 s illu/rat$ spread !mselves4 ,du ,c]ceau publi%$ 8 admirable collection ( ,plus ,beaux ,ba/im5ts de ,france 9 folio #aegf-gi1 :i* _h num]\s plans & views ( ! royal & pr9cely ca/les4 ,!vet put =? 8 ,cosmographie ,univ]selle & 8 ,hommes ,illu/res1 ! latt] adorn$ ) skilfully engrav$ portraits4 ,9 ,p>is ! publi%]s ,mam]t ,patisson1 :o m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ,rob]t ,e/i5ne & took 8 m>k1 ,adri5 le ,roy1 & ,rob]t ,ball>d1 publi%$ ! celebrat$ ,ballet ,comique de la ,royne ,faict aux ,nopces de ,monsieur le ,duc de ,joyeuse1 compos$ by ,bal?as> de ,beaujoyeux1 valet de *ambre to ,h5ri ,,iii42 & 9 ?is book1 9 :i* 7 put ha/y et*+s1 ! ,k+ display$ all 8 immode/y & depravity4 ,! ,book has (t5 _h ! unconsci\s mission ( transmitt+ to po/]ity ! unwor?9ess ( its au?or or ( its h]oes4 ,f ?is "t ! ,book has left its gold5 age to ent] into ! boa/+s ( c\rti]s & political ab/ractions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,engrav+ by ,p4 ,woriot = ,georgette de ,mont5ay's ,emblmes4 ,among ! publications oppos$ to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! "t1 ! two associates ,james ,tortorel & ,john ,p]riss91 ( ,lyons1 _h publi%$ a celebrat$ collection ( plates on ! religi\s w>s t /a9$ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ix4 ) blood4 ,at fir/ engrav$ on metal1 ^! plates 7 worn out1 & 7 gradually replac$ by o!rs engrav$ on wood1 on :i* sev]al arti/s work$1 among !m ,james le ,*alleux & also ,john de ,g\rmont1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ wood-cutt]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 a "w compos$ ( s+le leaves 9 folio size1 :i* _h an extraord9>y sale among ! religi\s p ( ! "t4 ,at ! same "t1 illu/ration on wood did n /& /ill4 ,! portraits ( au?ors diffus$ by ! p5cil ( ,cl\et & 8 s*ool 7 commonly put at ! head ( _! works4 ,we _c say :e!r ,cl\et himself design$ ! portraits ( ,tiraqueau & ( ,taillemont 9 #aeec2 ( ,du ,billon1 ! au?or ( ! ,=t ,inexpugnable1 9 #aeee2 ,papon & ,ambroise ,p> 9 #aefa2 ,grev91 ,ramus1 & o!rs2 b ! precision ( ^! physiognomies recalls ! peculi> mann] ( ! ,fr5* arti/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,poems ( ,rons>d 9 #aehf conta9s a s]ies ( v clev] portraits1 among !m t ( ,muret1 8 comm5tator1 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( its k9d4 ,*ri/oph] de ,savigny1 au?or ( ! ,tableaux ,accomplis de ,t\s les ,arts ,lib]aux1 publi%$ by ,john & ,francis de ,g\rmont 9 #aehg1 is repres5t$ at full l5g? 9 ! frontispiece ( 8 "w1 (f]+ ! book to ! ,duc de ,nev]s1 to :om x is d$icat$4 ,?is plate 9 folio1 probably engrav$ by ,john de ,g\rmont1 is ! be/ f9i%$ t we h se54 ,! "w ( ,savigny1 =gott5 z x may be n[1 _h a great reputation 9 its own "t2 & ,bacon took f x ! idea ( 8 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,speak+ ( ! ,duc de ,nev]s1 x w n be )\t int]e/ to our read]s to m5tion "h a manuscript f\nd by u 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 :i* enables u to give an acc\nt ( ! "w !n necess>y = ! publication ( an illu/rat$ book4 ,9 #aegg ! ,duke arrang$ = ! impression ( an apologetic book1 ( :i* no trace rema9s2 & 8 int5dant writes a long lett] to him on ! subject ( composition & b9d+s4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! "w %\ld be produc$ quickly1 b\nd & gilt1 = pres5ts4 ,! int5dant ?9ks calf w be ! mo/ exp$iti\s cov]+4 ,x w\ld be mu* ! be/ to use black or r$ calf1 444 well gilt above1 & n vellum1 :i* is a ?9 p>*m5t t quickly %r9ks4 ,! /atem5ts ( ?is man ( bus9ess %[ t five pro(s ( ea* %eet 7 tak5 = typographical correction1 & t twelve full days 7 want$ = ! b9d+4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ?is memoir is t :i* treats ( ! engrav+ on wood ( ! portrait4 ,! plate 0 design$ by an arti/ :o _h aft]w>ds gone away2 x 0 n satisfactory1 b ! ornam5ts w\ld pass4 ,! int5dant proposes to fix a little piece ( wood 9 ! block t c\ld be drawn ^u4 ,"h we see correction by elim9ation4 ,! pe>-wood on :i* ! orig9al figure 0 engrav$ 0 to be cut out1 & a squ>e ( boxwood sub/itut$1 =asmu* z 9 ?is task ! pe>-wood1 :i* is ! successful1 well-cut block1 is ! wood t is h>d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,portrait ( ,*ri/oph] ,plant91 pr9t] ( ,antw]p4 ,engrav$ by ,wi]ix4 ,! portrait ( ! ,du*esse de ,nev]s 0 bett]1 yet ! pe>-wood _h giv5 way "u ! "w4 ,t ( ,madame is m passable4 ,nev]!less1 !re is /ill some?+ to say to "o eye4 ,! wood _c c>ry ! subtlety ( ! l9e4 ,"h1 9 a few cle> & explicit l9es by a man ( ! "t1 we see ! economy ( a publication ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at a "t :5 wood engrav+ 0 decl9+1 to give place to engrav+ on metal1 :i* 0 soon to reign supreme1 ?r\gh ! mo/ important book h\se ( ! c5tury3 ! ,plant9s ( ,antw]p4 ,*ri/oph] ,plant91 l ,j5son1 came orig9ally f ,t\rs4 ,aft] hav+ le>n$ 8 art ) ,mac at ,ca51 he w5t to ,p>is1 f :i* ! w>s soon drove him4 ,he left = ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & !re ,philip ,,ii4 nom9at$ him z *ief pr9t]--ar*itypographus4 ,e/abli%$ at ,antw]p 9 #aeee1 he surr\nd$ himself1 z _h ! ,e/i5nes & ,alduses1 ) mo/ ( ! le>n$ & lit]>y m5 ( 8 "t1 among !m ,ju/us ,lipsius1 to :om ,balzac attribut$ ! ,lat9 prefaces sign$ by ,plant94 ,x is c]ta9 t he 0 nei!r an ,e/i5ne nor an ,aldus4 ,8 arti/ic probity caus$ him to submit ! pro(s ( 8 works to /rang]s1 ) promise ( recomp5se = faults indicat$2 ! ,e/i5nes employ$ ! same sy/em4 ,plant91 n to be beh9d any ( 8 contempor>ies 9 typographical p]fection1 br\ght f ,france ! celebrat$ type-f\nd] ,william ,leb1 & *>g$ him to furni% a special f\nt4,a ,"u ! ord]s ( ,philip ,,ii41 he pr9t$ ! celebrat$ ,polyglot ,bible1 9 eight folio volumes1 absolutely p]fect 9 its execution2 un=tunately ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 hav+ advanc$ funds 9 ! c\rse ( publication1 prosecut$ him ) ! utmo/ rig\r to obta9 repaym5t4 ,?is v ne>ly %ut up 8 pr9t+ h\se1 b he took c\rage & ov]came 8 difficulties1 until he became1 9 #aehi1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 ! pr9cipal publi%] ( ,fl&]s4 ,8 m>k 0 a h& hold+ a compass1 ) ! motto ,labore et con/antia4 ,footnote ,a3 ,9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale is a copy ( an octavo ,album de ,c>actres1 9 :i* ,leb has writt51 ,?is gloss1 made 9 ,p>is 7#aegd7 by me1 is my f\rte5? lett]1 & ! text is made on ! patt]n ( ! prec$+ "o = size1 b ( a bett] art2 & f ?is 0 pr9t$ ! great ,bible ( ,antw]p by ,plant91 to :om ,i sold a f\nt 7folio #f74 ,on folio #bj he wrote1 ,i d n "k :5ce came ?is small ,hebrew t ,i receiv$ f ,plant9 to make a small] "o = him4 ,he s5t me ?is half-%eet1 & ,i h n se5 at ,v5ice ano!r "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,plant9's m>k4 ,plant9 di$ at ! age ( sev5ty-f\r1 leav+ a prosp]\s bus9ess to be divid$ betwe5 8 ?ree daught]s4 ,8 fir/ h\se at ,antw]p employ$ sev5te5 presses ev5 at ! "t :5 he 0 9 tr\ble1 & he _h bran*es at ,p>is & ,leyd51 ( less consequ5ce4 ,8 second daught] m>ri$ ,moretus1 & to him desc5d$ ! ,antw]p work%op2 he & 8 desc5dants cont9u$ ! pr9t+ h\se until rec5tly2 ! h\se ( ! great pr9t] & publi%] is n[ a typographical museum4 ,! ,plant9 pr9t+ (fice--,(fic9a ,plant9iana--0 z well manag$ by its desc5dants z by himself4 ,! fa%ion ( engrav+ 9 metal spread itself be=e ! dea? ( ! head ( ! h\se1 & 8 successors cont9u$ x4 ,! pr9cipal engrav]s ) ! bur9 ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries 7 employ$ by !m3 ,wi]ix1 ,galle1 ,pass1 ,mall]y1 ,van ,si*]n2 x 0 a real s*ool ( illu/ration1 t creat$ by degrees a preci\s & su/a9$ /yle1 n )\t influ5ce on ! arti/s ( t epo*4 ,x 0 f ?is p>ticul> mann] t came ,?omas de ,leu & ,leon>d ,gaulti] 9 ,france2 & f ,antw]p came ^? small religi\s figures t h la/$ to our "t 9 _! incompreh5sible my/icism4 ,! title-pages ( ! ,plant9 pr9t+ (fice inaugurat$ ! passe-p>t\t engrav$ by ! bur91 ov]load$ & complicat$1 ( :i* ! sev5te5? c5tury took advantage4 ,to tell ! tru?1 ^! elaborate displays1 black5$ by ink1 d n accord well ) ! titles2 & !re is a long di/ance betwe5 ?is decad5ce & ! books ornam5t$ ) wood blocks by ! ,italians & ,fr5* ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury4 ,exception mu/ be made 9 fav\r ( ,rub5s1 :o design$ _m ( ^! titles4 ,! heavy & squat ar*itecture ( ! "t 0 lea/ ( all appropriate to ^! decorations1 :i* want$ grace4 ,x pass$ f ,plant9 into ,france ?r\gh ! engrav]s2 x w5t to ,rome ) ,m>t9 de ,vos & ,john ,sadel]2 x impos$ itself ev]y:]e2 & f t day to ?is x has n ceas$4 ,at ! "t ( :i* we write x _h tak5 its flight 9 ,france1 & spread itself 9 ,europe ) extraord9>y success4 ,engrav+ 9 relief1 hold+ its own until !n1 gave way little by little be=e ?is invasion4 ,:5 ,h5ri ,,iv4 m\nt$ ! ?rone wood engrav+ _h f9i%$ its upw>d movem5t1 x /ill rema9$ 9 ! can>ds1 or popul> pieces sold at l[ prices1 b x is easy to see :at ^! ha/y vignettes are wor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,frontispiece ( a book f ,plant9's pr9t+ (fice4 ,metal engrav+4 ,we h n[ se5 ! hi/ory ( ! ,book & its decoration 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,france3 at fir/ ,fr5* epics 9 ,italy1 books ( h\rs1 romances ( *ivalry2 !n ab\t #aeej1 ) ! reign ( ,h5ri ,,ii41 ! religi\s pamphlets comm5c$1 booksell+ spread itself2 ! /rife betwe5 illu/rations on metal plates & ^? 9 relief assum$ %ape1 x cont9u$ "u ,h5ri ,,iii41 & t]m9at$ abruptly by ! victory ( ! fir/ at ! extreme end ( ! c5tury4 ,) political passions1 pr9t+ _h become a weapon ( w>f>e1 :i* x w nev] cease to be4 ,!y knew 9 ! sixte5? c5tury :at p]fidi\s accusations or excessive praises 7 wor?4 ,! ,book foll[$ ! fate ( its au?or4 ,if ! writ] 0 burn$1 s 0 8 book4 ,witness ! ,*ri/ianismi ,re/itutio ( ! ,ca?olic ,s]vetus1 pr9t$ at ,vi5ne1 9 ,dauph91 & consign$ to ! flames ) its au?or at ,g5eva 9 #aeec4 ,a s+le copy 0 sav$ f ! fire1 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale2 x is ! id5tical copy annotat$ by ,colladon1 ! accus] ( ! unhappy ,s]vetus1 & /ill be>s traces ( fire on its leaves4 ,typography & ! illu/ration ( ! ,book 9 ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury did n make ! same progress z 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,mu* good "w 0 done1 b x 0 mo/ly ) =eign mat]ial4 ,type 0 obta9$ f ,fr5* & ,dut* f\nd]s1 & mo/ ( ! woodcuts _h ! same orig94 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury mo/ ( ! publications 7 translations ( popul> =eign books1 su* z ,vorag9e's ,gold5 ,leg5d1 ,caxton's translations ( ,cic]o1 ,boetius1 etc4 ,too _m re/rictions & privileges obta9$ to enc\rage or all[ ( ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,engli% s*ool1 :i* 0 to come lat] ) ! spread ( weal? & education4 ,books 7 mo/ly pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic type1 or black lett]1 & ! woodcuts 7 ( ! co>se/ k9d4 ,an exception 0 ! beautiful ,pray]-book ( ,john ,day1 #aegh1 kn[n z ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pray]-book1 f ! f9e portrait ( ! ,que51 :i* we reproduce1 on ! previ\s page2 b 9 ?is ! woodcuts 7 design$ by ,alb]t ,dr] & ,hans ,holbe94 ,pynson 0 ! fir/ to use ,roman type 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,oratio 9 pace nup]rim1 #aeah1 qu>to2 & ! fir/ ,engli% ,bible 9 ,roman type 0 pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #aegf4 ,x is ?\ght t until ab\t #afjj pr9t]s 7 _! own type-f\nd]s1 z no record exi/s ( f\nd+ z a sep>ate trade until t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,portrait ( ,que5 ,elizabe? f ! ,book ( ,*ri/ian ,prai]s1 pr9t$ by ,john ,day1 #aegh4 ,! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,engl& 0 ! pr9t+ ( ! fir/ ,engli% ,bible1 9 ,cov]dale's translation1 9 #aece1 folio1 b ev5 ?is 0 pr9t$ abroad1 ! late/ inve/igation giv+ x to ,van ,met]5 at ,antw]p4 ,! woodcuts 9 x are by ,hans ,sebald ,beham2 we reproduce "o repres5t+ ,ca9 kill+ ,abel4 ,tyndall _h previ\sly pr9t$ abroad an ,engli% ,new ,te/am5t4 ,ano!r importation 0 ,br&t's ,%yp ( ,folys1 pr9t$ by ,pynson1 #aeji1 & ,john ,cawood1 #aegj1 ! woodcuts 9 bo? be+ copi$ f ! orig9als be=e ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,woodcut f ,cov]dale's ,bible1 #aece4 ,ca9 kill+ ,abel4 ,folio 0 ! size usually adopt$1 & 9 ?is size ! s]ies ( *ronicles appe>$3 ,arnold1 pr9t$ abroad 9 #aejb2 ,fabian1 9 #aeaf2 ,froiss>t1 by ,pynson1 9 two volumes1 #aebc-e2 ,h>d+1 by ,grafton1 #aedc2 ,hall1 by ! same1 #aedh2 ,hol9%$1 9 two volumes1 #aegg4 ,9 ! same size ,*auc] 0 fir/ giv5 to ! _w entire by ,t4 ,godfrey 9 #aecb1 & _m times repr9t$1 & ,sir ,?omas ,m 9 #aeeg4 ,polemical & religi\s treatises 7 mo/ly pr9t$ 9 qu>to1 z 7 ! poets3 ,sp5s]'s ,fa]ie ,que5e1 9 #aeij2 ,langl&'s ,pi]ce ,pl[man1 9 #aeej2 & ,sidney's ,arcadia1 9 #aeij4 ,plays 7 also pr9t$ 9 qu>to1 9 :i* %ape at ! end ( ! c5tury "s ( ,%akespe>e's s+le plays 7 issu$4 ,f ! great p]fection to :i* ! liturgies1 or books ( h\rs1 _h be5 br\ght by ,vo/re1 ,v]>d1 & o!rs 9 ,france1 x is n p]haps extraord9>y t ! s]vice books = ,engli% use %\ld h be5 mo/ly pr9t$ abroad4 ,^? = ,salisbury & ,york 7 produc$ at ,p>is1 ,r\51 & ,antw]p4 ,a ,salisbury ,prim] 9 ,engli% 0 pr9t$ by ,john ,kyng/on & ,h5ry ,sutton 9 #aeeg1 & ,wynk5 de ,worde pr9t$ a ,york ,manual 9 #aeji4 ,! fir/ ,engli% ,common ,pray] ,book1 kn[n z ,edw>d ,,vi4's1 0 pr9t$ by ,grafton 9 #aedi1 :o also pr9t$ 9 #aede ,h5ry ,,viii4's ,prim] 9 ,lat9 & ,engli%4 ,edw>d's book is curi\s z hav+ on ! la/ page a royal ord] z to ! price at :i* x 0 to be sold3 ,no man] ( p]sone %all sell ! pres5t ,booke vnb\nde ab\e ! price ( two %illynges & two p5ce4 ,& b\nd 9 ,=ell = iis4 xd41 & n ab\e4 ,& ! same b\nd 9 ,%epes ,le!r = iiis4 iiid41 & n ab\e4 ,& ! same b\nde 9 pa/e or 9 boordes1 9 ,calues ,le!r1 n ab\e ! price ( iiiis4 ! pece4 ,cranm]'s ,cate*ism 0 pr9t$ by ,ni*olas ,hill 9 #aedh1 ) tw5ty-n9e woodcuts by ,hans ,holbe91 "o ( :i* we reproduce1 repres5t+ ,*ri/ ca/+ out devils4 ,translations f ! classics 7 popul>1 & 9 ! second half ( ! c5tury arose t passion = voyage & travel :i* has s l>gely contribut$ to ! weal? & ext5sion ( ,engl&4 ,?is 0 begun by ,ed5's translation ( ,pet] ,m>tyr's ,decades ( ! ,new ,_w2 or1 ,we/ ,india1 ,london1 #aeee1 qu>to1 foll[$ by ,hakluyt's ,pr9cipall ,navigations1 ,voyages1 & ,discov]ies1 #aehi1 folio4 ,_m acc\nts ( s+le voyages & discov]ies 7 issu$1 & ! ta/e ?us creat$ culm9at$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! c5tury4 ,! fir/ specim5 ( copp] plate engrav+ = books 9 ,engl& is a frontispiece to ,gal5's ,de ,temp]am5tis1 pr9t$ at ,cambridge #aeba1 & ! numb] ( books conta9+ copp] plates engrav$ be=e #afjj is extremely limit$1 ! mo/ notable be+ portraits ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,"l ,leice/]1 & ,"l ,burleigh 9 ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]'s ,bible ( #aefh2 ,saxton's ,atlas1 #aegi1 ! fir/ atlas 9 ,engl&2 ,h>r+ton's translation ( ,ario/o1 #aeia1 ) =ty-sev5 engrav$ plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,woodcut by ,hans ,holbe9 f ,cranm]'s ,cate*ism1 #aedh4 ,! fir/ pr9t] at ,cambridge 0 ,john ,sib]*1 #aeba4 ,pet] ( ,treves e/abli%$ himself at ,s\?w>k 9 #aead4 ,among 8 productions is a ,higd5's ,poly*ronicon1 #aebg1 folio4 ,john ,osw5 pr9t$ at ,ipswi* #aech1 & among ! ,engli% t[ns 9 :i* pr9t]s e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! c5tury 7 ,york1 ,cant]bury1 ,tavi/ock1 ,norwi*1 & ,worce/]4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 & ! diffusion ( education among ! p :i* foll[$1 creat$ an orig9al ,engli% s*ool ( lit]ature 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ?is gave employm5t & great impetus to typography 9 ,engl&1 s t by ! "t we rea* ! end ( ! c5tury we f9d a great improvem5t 9 ! art ( ! ,book1 to be c>ri$ to /ill great] p]fection 9 ! next4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #afjj ,,to #agjj4 ,t5d5cies ( ! reg5cy ( ,m>ie de ,m$icis--,?omas de ,leu & ,leon>d ,gaulti]--,j4 ,pic>t & ,claude ,mellan--,lyons & ,j4 de ,=naz]is--,! ,book at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,holl&--,crisp9 ,pass 9 ,france--,! ,elzevirs & _! "w 9 ,holl&--,seba/ian ,cramoisy & ! ,imprim]ie ,royale--,illu/ration ) ,callot1 ,della ,bella1 & ,abraham ,bosse--,! publi%]s & ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet--,! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,anto9e ,vitr syndic at 8 accession--,8 works & mortifications2 ! polyglot ,bible ( ,le ,jay--,art & illu/rators ( ! gr& c5tury--,sba/i5 ,lecl]c1 ,lepautre1 & ,*auveau--,lecl]c prep>+ ! illu/ration & decoration ( ! ,book = ! eighte5? c5tury--,! ,book 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,lett] engrav$ by ,a4 ,bosse4 ,n[ we h arriv$ at a critical epo*1 9 :i* ! sci5ce ( ! old pr9t]s trans=m$ itself gradually into comm]ce1 9 :i* ta/e lo/ itself "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s ar*itecture4 ,! title ( ! ,book repres5ts ! portico ( a ca!dral1 ) columns1 mitr$ sa9ts1 & crosses1 ( little decorative aspect4 ,figures on copp] plates replac$ ! foliage & arabesques ( ! old] booksell]s4 ,?r\gh ! ,plant9s & _! imitators1 ! ar*itectural passion 0 f> spread4 ,x inundat$ ,france1 ran ?r\gh ,g]many & ,italy1 & reign$ pre-em95t 9 ,holl&4 ,lit]>y ta/e also und]w5t *ange2 mann]s 7 no long] ^? ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 bold1 free1 & gay2 f ! religi\s w>s a c]ta9 hypocrisy arose2 bomba/ replac$ ! natural2 ! gods 7 prep>+1 z a contempor>y said1 to receive ,l\is & 8 _s4 ,x is n t arti/s 7 want+ at ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :o c\ld1 9 giv+ scope to _! tal5t1 %[ !mselves wor?y successors ( ^? :o w5t be=e !m4 ,unhappily ! booksell]s no long] _h a loose re92 !y _h ! rope1 = !y 7 hung or burn$ at ! lea/ infraction ( political or religi\s propriety4 ,yet ! reign ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 0 relatively an easi] p]iod = ! artisans ( ! ,book1 9 :i* !y 7 less conf9$ to ! /rict t]ms ( excessive regulations2 b aft] ?is pr9ce sev]ity increas$1 & dur+ ! ye> #afbf a new law 0 promulgat$ puni%+ ) dea? ! pr9t]s or di/ribut]s ( prohibit$ books4 ,d\btless ! books t 7 ?us secretly sold1 & prohibit$ 9 def5ce ( good mann]s1 7 nei!r *efs-d'oeuvre ( typography nor art4 ,! au?or ?rew (f ! indec5cies by :i* he hop$ to make pr(it & fame1 reg>dless ( type or illu/ration4 ,b dur+ ! reg5cy ( ,m>ie de ,m$icis1 x 0 n only ! au?ors ( a bad /&>d t 7 9 dang] ( be+ hung2 ! pr9t] or sell] ( ! pamphlet or book ( a reput$ het]odox au?or 0 also hung1 & x became difficult to /e] safely among ! prohibitions4 ,enorm\s numb]s ( works 7 made ) frontispieces decorat$ ) colonnades & mitr$ sa9ts1 & be>+ high-s\nd+ titles ( s\nd or?odoxy4 ,a some:at gross my/icism1 f ! (fice ( ,plant91 =m$ ! mo/ solid /ock ( e respectable deal]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,title ( ! ,metanealogie1 engrav$ by ,leon>d ,gaulti]4 ,"u ,h5ri ,,iv4 & ! m9ority ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 two ,fr5* illu/rators receiv$ f ! s*ool ( ,antw]p _! inspiration = ! ornam5t ( ! ,book4 ,?omas de ,leu1 probably f ,fl&]s1 0 alli$ ) ! old ,p>isian pa9t] & engrav] ( celebrat$ portraits1 ,anto9e ,c>on1 9 furni%+ ! engrav$ plates = ! ,images de ,plate ,pe9ture des ,deux ,philo/rates1 ,sophi/es ,grecs1 ,p>is1 ,claude ,cramoisy1 #afji1 folio2 & ,leon>d ,gaulti]1 8 contempor>y1 collaborat$ ) ,jasp> ,isaac & o!r arti/s 9 ! ,book4 ,leon>d ,gaulti] contribut$ mo/ to spread 9 ,france ! ,plant9ian /yle1 & 8 some:at cold b *>act]i/ic tal5t suit$ ?is art m ?an t ( any "o else !n c\ld4 ,he 0 an engrav] ( portraits1 n[ r>e & valuable1 9 ! /yle ( ,wi]ix or ,?omas de ,leu2 b1 at ! dem& ( publi%]s & booksell]s1 he compos$ o!r plates1 at fir/ hi/orical figures repres5t+ ! royal family & ! nobles = ! publi%] ,lecl]c1 9 a simple & true mann]2 he also design$ pi\s figures1 record+ a miracle or repres5t+ ! c]emonies ( a jubilee & o!r devotional ?+s4 ,b he made 8 great success 9 ! composition ( frontispieces to !ological & pi\s works1 pr9t$ = ne>ly all ! booksell]s4 ,leon>d ,gaulti] _h a fa%ion ( 8 own ) pila/]s & ,grecian columns1 "u :i* he boldly plac$ entire c\ncils ( c>d9als & bi%ops2 witness ! head+ ( ! ,biblio!ca ,vet]um ,patrum1 into :i* he cr[d$ ne>ly =ty figures4 ,he unit$ also ) a c]ta9 grace ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 plac+ among ideal sa9ts ! s9n+ f9e ladies ( ! "t1 ) _! l>ge coll>ettes & jewels fall+ on nak$ brea/s4 ,! "w ( ,&rew ,valladi]1 *apla9 ( ! ,k+1 entitl$ ,mtanalogie ,sacre1 publi%$ by ,pet] ,*evalli] 9 #afji1 0 adorn$ ) a title ( ?is p>ticul> k9d1 9 :i* ,gaulti] _h no rival1 & :i* pres]ves ! precision ( ,flemi% ma/]s 9 ! detail ( ornam5ts ( ! toilet4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to "w = ,seba/ian ,cramoisy1 pr9t] & publi%]1 :o _h e/abli%$ 8 %op 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques at ! sign ( ! ,/ork4 ,we %all h occasion to speak ( him lat] 9 connection ) ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 ( :i* he 0 ! fir/ director2 he is m5tion$ n[ because 9 #afaa ,leon>d ,gaulti] engrav$ = him ! frontispiece ( ,l',aigle ,franais1 a collection ( s]mons by ,?omas ,girault4 ,! publi%] us$ ! same plate 9 #afah = ! s]mons ( ,raymond de ,hzque4 ,besides ! publications ( ,seba/ian ,cramoisy & ,*evalli]1 ,leon>d ,gaulti] adorn$ also ^? ( ,ni*olas ,buon & _m o!r publi%]s ( ! "t 9 ,p>is & ,lyons4 ,) su* a pr(usion ( works emanat+ f a s+le arti/1 )\t reckon+ ^? :i* 7 produc$ 9 great quantity by m5 ( less note1 wood engrav+ 0 dead4 ,at mo/ x d>$ to put a wood block ( a pr9t]'s m>k on a title2 m ord9>ily ?is m>k 0 n alone suffici5t1 & %[$ ! disda9 9 :i* ta/e !n held wood-cutt+4 ,?us goes fa%ion1 he$less ( ! mo/ elem5t>y rules ( art4 ,to put type )9 an engrav$ title1 or to ornam5t a pr9t$ text ) engrav+s1 is a h]esy ( pr9ciple t 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ! /r5g? ( its clev]ness & tal5t4 ,b at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5?1 9 spite ( ,leon>d ,gaulti] or ,?omas de ,leu1 ^! ov]load$ titles1 ov]p[]+ ! op5+ ( ! ,book1 (f5d ! eye by _! excessive blackness1 & inconte/ably make u regret ! admirable frontispiece on wood ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,?is is all ! ornam5t1 prop]ly s call$1 ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,leon>d ,gaulti] compos$ also small vignettes = an edition ( ,hom]1 b !y are m$iocre & unskilful1 & x mu/ be said t !re 7 o!rs foll[+ ! same pa?4 ,john ,pic>t made a frontispiece ) ar*itecture & figures = ! ,hi/oire de la ,maison de ,*tillon-sur-,m>ne = acc\nt ( ,seba/ian ,cramoisy4 ,a cold & h>d arti/ he 01 ! rival ( ,gaulti]1 & "o ( ! mo/ employ$ ( ! vignette engrav]s ( ,p>is4 ,!re 0 also ,jasp> ,isaac1 a m$iocre craftsman1 b :o c\ld design clev] titles1 among !m t ( ! cont9uation ( ! ,annales ( ,b>onius = ! publi%] ,d5is de la ,n\e4 ,!n ,claude ,mellan1 ^: great & clev] tal5t did n disda9 second-rate works1 9 :i* he gave free play to 8 bur94 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t 8 bold t\* did n well accommodate itself to r$uc$ spaces1 & t he 0 n work+ 9 ! field necess>y to 8 inv5tive p[]s4 ,we m5tion 8 portrait ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 at ! head ( ! ,code ,l\is ,,xiv42 ! title ( ! ,p]fection du ,*re/i51 9 :i* is includ$ a portrait ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 ,a4 ,vitr1 #afdg1 folio2 t ( ! ,in/ruction du ,dauph9 = ,cramoisy1 #afdj2 t ( ! works ( ,/4 ,b]n>d = ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se2 &1 p]haps ! be/ ( all1 ! ,posies ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii41 ( :i* we "h give a copy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,title engrav$ by ,claude ,mellan = ,urban ,,viii4's ,posies1 pr9t$ at ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 9 #afdb4 ,lyons did n rema9 f> beh9d 9 ! movem5t1 b h[ *ang$ f its great reputation ( ! sixte5? c5tury6 ,j4 de ,=naz]is engrav$ ! frontispieces to ,ju/us ,lipsius1 publi%$ by ,horace ,c>don 9 #afac4 ,pet] ,favre & ,audran imitat$ !m4 ,c4 ,audran design$ = ,claude ,l&ry ! ,!ologia ,naturalis ( ,!ophilus ,reynaud1 & ! booksell] ,picquet ord]$ f him ! title = ! ,annales ,m9orum 9 #afbh4 ,ev]y:]e ta/e 0 modell$ on ! works ( ! capital1 to "n only ! pr9cipal c5tres1 ,r\51 ,rheims1 ,s5s1 d[n to ,v5es1 a small t[n ( ,t>n1 :]e ,william de ,nautonni] publi%$ 9 #afjc 8 curi\s book ,mcomtrie1 ^: frontispiece 0 bord]$ by views ( cities1 ) an eque/rian portrait ( ,k+ ,h5ry4 ,& if we pass to ,g]many1 we f9d ,may5ce ) m$iocre engrav+s = titles accord+ to ! =mula & process us$ else:]e1 ! title ( ! ,droit ,civil ( ,aym> ,vailius1 t ( ! works ( ,/4 ,bonav5tura 9 #afji = ! booksell] ,anto9e ,hirat1 & t ( ! ,virid>ium ,virtutm1 r clev]ly treat$ by ! bur9 9 #afaj4 ,:at a p]iod _h pass$ s9ce ,gut5b]g1 ,fu/1 & ,s*oeff]6 ,!re 0 /ill "o ,yves ,s*oeff] at ,may5ce1 b only ! "n liv$2 no?+ m rema9$ ( ! old pr9t]s ( ! o!r c5tury4 ,x 0 ! same at ,bamb]g1 ,cologne1 ,nuremb]g1 & ,basle1 9 all ! cities t made ! hon\r ( typography & ! ,book 9 =m] times4 ,cologne 0 nei!r bett] nor worse fav\r$ ?an o!rs4 ,! booksell]s ,boetz]1 ,k9ck1 & ,de ,b+hy _h passable engrav+s = _! titles2 & ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,salm]on may be m5tion$1 ) portraits f ! ,g]man orig9als ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,at ,nuremb]g !re 0 a curi\s specim5 treat+ ( natural hi/ory by ,basil ,besl]1 9 :i* ! arti/ gives ! int]ior ( a zoological cab9et ( ! "t2 b ! blocks & ! typography ( ! city ( ,koburg] are want+4 ,basle held its own lat] 9 relief engrav+4 ,meantime !re 0 a m$iocre set ( ! ,dance ( ,dea? on copp]1 publi%$ by ,mieg51 #afba4 ,at ,j5a & ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9 7 prosp]\s pr9t+ h\ses1 b engrav+s & ornam5tation 7 neglect$4 ,frank=t employ$ ! frontispiece 9 ! ,trait du ,comm]ce ( ,sigismond ,scaccia1 publi%$ by ,zun] 9 #afdh2 x 0 divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 9 :i* ! ,b\rse1 ! ,ex*ange1 & ! port ( ! city 7 repres5t$4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion ! ,italian cities :i* foll[$ ! movem5t4 ,v5ice f ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h us$ engrav$ frontispieces1 among :i* 0 t ( ,dom5ic ,z5oi = ! ,portraits des ,hommes ,illu/res ( ,ni*olas ,valegio4 ,9 ! same city ,james ,picc9i work$ = acc\nt ( ,sgava 9 #afdh1 b he 0 equally at ! s]vice ( ,roman publi%]s1 = :om he design$ a numb] ( titles4 ,along ) him ,fr$]ic ,greut] adorn$ ! publications ( ,alex&] ,zanetti1 n )\t tal5t1 b )\t individuality4 ,bologna1 ,brescia1 ,flor5ce1 & ,naples1 _h no orig9al s5tim5t2 !y foll[$ indiff]5tly ! mann] ( ! day4 ,9 ,holl&1 arti/s 7 r num]\s4 ,! family ( ! ,passes design$ vignettes = books1 & engrav$ frontispieces1 admirably /udi$ & compos$4 ,! cle> & truly p]sonal /yle ( _! works places _! illu/rations 9 ! fir/ rank among ^? ( _! "t4 ,!y _h1 at ! same "t1 ! g5ius t creat$ & ! intellig5t bur9 t fai?fully translat$ an idea4 ,!y imag9$ ) art ! sc5es t !y depict$ )\t at all copy+ _! pr$ecessors4 ,f #aeii1 ! date ( ! publication ( ! ,hortus ,delici>um1 "o ( _! be/ works1 up to ab\t #afbc1 !y 7 9 ,holl&1 at ,arnheim & at ,am/]dam4 ,9 #afbc we f9d "o ( !m1 ! mo/ celebrat$1 ,crisp9 ! y\ng]1 design+ figures = ! ,mange ,royal ( ,pluv9el1 publi%$ by ,angeli] 9 ,p>is1 & = ano!r edition1 ) fold+ plates1 9 #afbd = ,william ,l5oir1 at ! sign ( ! ,:ite ,rose ,cr[n$4 ,?is magnific5t "w1 9 :i* ! ,k+1 ,l\is ,,xiii41 is repres5t$ receiv+ lessons f ! rid] ,pluv9el1 _h a ?ird & m complete reimpression 9 #afbe ) ano!r publi%]1 ,mi*ael ,nivelle4 ,"h we see ! ,dut* accr$it$ 9 ,france1 9 ,p>is1 9 ! city !n ! mo/ ready to und]/& & pay = ! works ( em95t arti/s4 ,9 #afbd ,gombauld publi%$ an ,endymion--,boileau lat] associat$ ,gombauld ) o!r poets to decl>e him a mak] ( pitiable sonnets--,ni*olas ,buon1 ! booksell] nam$ above1 und]took ! publication1 & employ$ ,pass1 ,leon>d ,gaulti]1 & ,j4 ,pic>t to furni% plates 9 octavo size4 ,heavy & black z 7 ^! vignettes1 !y d n ! less make a good appe>ance 9 ! edition ( ! =gott5 poet2 & x is due to tru? to recognise h[ mu* ,pass 0 above 8 collaborators4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #afbe1 he engrav$ ! ,dionysiaques ( ,nonus1 = ,rob]t ,f\et1 & ! ,roman des ,romans ( ,du ,v]di]1 compris+ m ?an t5 engrav+s1 9 a v free & bold mann]4 ,! ,b]g] ,extravagant & ! ,acadmie de l',espe came 9 #afbh1 among num]\s o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,title ( ,pluv9el's ,mange ,royal1 engrav$ by ,crisp9 ,pass 9 #afbd4 ,to speak truly1 ,crisp9 ,pass did n devote himself entirely to ,p>isian publi%]s2 he always pres]v$ int]e/s 9 ,fl&]s s z to return !re f "t to "t2 b he did n f9d 9 8 own c\ntry ! ready & assur$ sales ( ,p>is4 ,/ill ! city ( ,leyd5 _h !n "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ work%ops ( typography2 ! ,elzevirs _h comm5c$ to make a good place = !mselves among ! pr9t]s ( ,europe by ! extreme correctness ( _! editions1 ! di/9ctness ( _! "w1 & _! m>vell\s art 9 ! ta/e & economy ( ! ,book4 ,9 reality1 ! sizes & *>act]s ( _! books 7 v small1 b if ! smallness ( ! page did n all[ room = vignette or ornam5t1 !y bore a c]ta9 practical elegance t 0 n )\t *>m4 ,! orig9 ( ! pr9t+ h\se 0 due to ,l\is ,elzevir1 :o publi%$ 9 #aeib an edition ( ,eutropius at ,leyd54 ,he left sons1 :o associat$ !mselves toge!r1 & f\nd$ a h\se :i* 0 unrivall$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,title ( ! ,imitation ( ! ,elzevirs4 ,bonav5ture ,elzevir1 gr&son ( ,l\is1 0 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ?is family1 s rem>kably devot$ to its art4 ,he took ,abraham z p>tn]1 & toge!r !y put =? ^? little ,lat9 classics 9 duodecimo ( :i* ! value is n[ s great4 ,among o!rs1 ,pl9y issu$ f _! presses 9 ! ye> #afce1 9 ?ree volumes1 ,virgil 9 #afcf1 & ,cic]o 9 #afdb4 ,to-day amateurs1 above all ^? afflict$ ) bibliomania1 hunt = unb\nd ,elzevirs1 because !y h full m>g9s4 ,f ab\t #afcc to #afci ^! volumes 7 compos$ ( pap] ( r small size1 mak+ a page ( a hundr$ & ?irty to a hundr$ & ?irty-?ree millimetres2 f #afci onw>ds ! pap] 0 l>g]1 & ! page f ab\t a hundr$ & ?irty-five to a hundr$ & ?irty-sev54 ,"o mu/ be a book-lov] to und]/& ! int]e/ atta*+ to ^! figures1 & employ 8 entire activity 9 ! discov]y ( ^! undiscov]able books1 :i* are conceal$ z soon z !y are met )4 ,"o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ ( _! works is ! ,de ,imitatione ( ,?omas ,kempis1 pr9t$ by ,john & ,daniel ,elzevir ab\t #afec1 & kn[n z ! edition )\t date4 ,b z ! association ( ,john & ,daniel is kn[n to h la/$ f #afeb to #afed1 ! date #afec appe>s to be v plausible4 ,we reproduce ! entire title ( ?is typographical bij\1 :i* m]it$ a clev]] engrav]4 ,! r>e/ ( all ! num]\s ,elzevirs1 possibly by reason ( ! popul>ity ( its subject1 is ! ,pa/issi] ,franois1 ,l\is & ,daniel ,elzevir1 ,am/]dam1 #afee1 ( :i* ,m4 ,morg& _h an uncut copy1 measur+ a hundr$ & =ty-?ree millimetres1 9 #ahgh4 ,! ,b5zon copy sold 9 #ahge = ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty-five francs4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! ,elzevirs frequ5tly avoid$ dat+ or ev5 sign+ _! books1 = reasons easy to compreh5d4 ,publi%+ num]\s works1 !y 7 afraid ( compromis+ !mselves 9 ! eyes ( ! p[]ful1 & !y let !m g =? )\t any trade m>k4 ,^! arti/s 9 typography 71 besides1 ! mo/ prud5t & subtle ( m54 ,work+ at a "t :5 booksell+ _h become an ackn[l$g$ comm]ce1 & a trade requir+ all ! skill & res\rces ( o!rs1 !y wisely avail$ !mselves ( ^!1 ga!r+ = !mselves hon\r & pr(it )\t hav+ done m ?an seize _! opportunity4 ,employ+ ! *>act]s ( ,claude ,g>amond1 ( ,james ,sanlecques1 & ! pap]s ( ,ang\lme1 ,m4 ,didot !nce claims !m z ,fr5* publi%]s4 ,9 ,france ! ,elzevirs _h no rivals2 b a fa%ion 0 introduc$ f ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ( associat+ toge!r publi%]s 9 ! production ( important & co/ly books4 ,!re 71 among o!rs1 ! company ( ! ,gr& ,navire 9 #afaj1 ( ! ,s\rce 9 #afbb1 & ( ! ,soleil 9 #afbi4 ,9 #afca sev]al publi%]s unit$ & f\nd$ a second company ( ! ,gr& ,navire4 ,^! 7 ! two ,cramoisys1 ,seba/ian & ,gabriel1 ,d5is ,b*et1 ,john ,bran*u1 ,d5is ,moreau1 ,claude ,sonnius1 & ,d5is ,?i]ry4 ,! associates took a %ip z _! m>k1 b )\t putt+ _! names on ! ma/s1 z ! orig9al company ( ! ,gr& ,navire _h done4 ,!y publi%$1 at common exp5se & divid$ pr(its1 great works1 ( :i* ea* "o ( !m _h ! "r ( sale1 b ( c\rse res]v+ to !mselves ! "r to publi% su* o!rs z !y pleas$4 ,seba/ian ,cramoisy passes z ! *ief1 ! moral director ( ano!r company1 =m$ to publi% ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ) ! royal types1 a company affiliat$ to ! ,gr& ,navire & sign$ 9 #afch by ,d5is ,moreau1 ,gille ,morel1 ,/eph5 ,ri*]1 ,claude ,sonnius1 & ,gabriel ,cramoisy4 ,b z reg>ds _! p]sonal works1 if !y _h nei!r ! p]fection nor ! aspect ( ^? ( ,frob51 ,aldus1 ! ,e/i5nes1 or ev5 ( ,plant91 !y at lea/ surpass$ ! ,fr5* books ( ! "t4 ,=m]ly syndic ( ! ,corporation 9 #afjb1 tw5ty-n9e ye>s be=e ! con/itution ( ! ,gr& ,navire1 ,cramoisy 0 besides %]iff ( ,p>is1 & he ex]cis$ 8 trade 9 a %op 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques :i* _h be5 t ( ,fa!r ,nivelle1 ! doy5 ( booksell]s1 :o di$ 9 #afjc at ! age ( eighty ye>s4 ,! position ( ,cramoisy made x natural = ,c>d9al de ,ri*elieu to fix 8 eyes on him = ! direction ( ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se4 ,?is e/abli%m5t1 f\nd$ by ! ,k+ 9 #afdj1 0 in/all$ )9 ! ,l\vre1 9 a long s]ies ( rooms :i* =m$ a work%op )\t rival 9 ! _w4 ,sublet des ,noy]s 0 nam$ sup]9t5d5t1 ,tri*et du ,fresne corrector2 & "u ?is triple direction ! presses comm5c$ to "w4 ,! fir/ book 0 ! ,imitation de ,jsus-,*ri/1 dat$ #afdj1 folio1 a f9e book en\gh1 b n to be comp>$ to ! ,elzevir editions4 ,! types us$ 9 ?is book are attribut$ to ,claude ,g>amond1 f\nd] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to :om are due ! ,greek types ( ,francis ,i4 ,) ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 z (t5 happ5s ) ,/ate ent]prises1 ! co/ 0 great1 & ! return no?+4 ,only a few ye>s aft] its f\ndation x _h swall[$ up ne>ly #djj1jjj livres1 a v heavy sum = a badly balanc$ treasury2 x _h produc$ sixty or sev5ty volumes ( mod]ate value2 & aft] ,cramoisy ! managem5t 0 s little 9 e>ne/ t x turn$ ! work%ops into a /able1 call$ ! little /able ( ! ,k+1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,plate tak5 f ! ,lumire du ,cloi/re4 ,copp] plate by ,callot4 ,to return to ! arti/s ( ! ,book "u ,l\is ,,xiii4 & ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 we mu/ g back a little1 be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 & we %all f9d ! ,fr5* s*ool ( illu/ration at a "t :5 ,callot 0 giv+ x a vigor\s lift & try+ to d away ) its affect$ & h>d /yle4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ,callot 0 n a vignetti/1 a special design]2 8 art aim$ high]1 & ord9>ily succe$$ bett]2 yet he did n disda9 frontispieces1 & made !m = ! ,c\/umi] de ,lorra9e1 ! ,h>palice ( ,bracciol9i1 & = a cr[d ( o!rs ( :i* ! enum]ation w\ld be t$i\s4 ,c]ta9 ( 8 works pass$ into ,italy1 :]e !y rais$ a little ! debas$ level ( ! ,book4 ,!n he adorn$ sev]al works ) et*+s1 among !m ! ,lumire du ,cloi/re1 publi%$ by ,francis ,langlois #afdf4 ,x 0 "o ( ! symbolic & s5t5ti\s works ) :i* ! public ta/e is nev] satiat$1 & a k9d ( guide = ! prie/4 ,at ! bottom ( ! little et*+ "h giv51 repres5t+ birds fall+ f a tree1 we read1-- ,ses petits hors du nid le c\rbeau jette en bas1 ,lorsque p> leur blan*eur ils lui sont dissemblables4 ,le bon prlat de mesme au cloi/re n'admet pas ,ceux qui n'ont ri5 d'esgal ses moeurs vnrables4 ,callot also made ano!r set ( emblems on ! life ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & publi%$ 9 #afbj a s]ies ( pr9ts 9 qu>to = ! trag$y ( ,soliman ( ,bon>elli1 = ! acc\nt ( ,cecconnelli4 ,france impos$ h]self on fall5 ,italy1 %e got h] works disp]s$ !re1 & if an engrav] arose !re1 he did n disda9 to consecrate himself to ,france4 ,witness ,della ,bella1 :o w5t f ,italy to ,france1 :]e he 0 tak5 "u ! protection ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu4 ,x 0 ab\t ! "t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 & x 0 expect$ t employm5t w\ld be f\nd at once = him4 ,callot 0 ! model *os5 by ! "y ,italian arti/1 & ?is *oice might h be5 less happy4 ,della ,bella took f 8 ma/] ! philosophic ve91 ! droll]y ( design1 :i* he ex]cis$ at fir/ 9 humor\s frontispieces1 among o!rs t ( ,sc>ron's works1 :]e n9e fi%-wom51 tak+ ! place ( ! ,muses1 dance ar\nd ! poet4 ,b he pass$ f gay & pleasant to sev]e1 & made l>ge pages ( ar*itecture = s]i\s titles4 ,9 #afdi he design$ ! plates = ! l>ge & undige/$ volume ( ,valdor on ,l\is ,,xiii41 publi%$ by ,anto9e ,e/i5ne at ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se4 ,8 success 0 n !re2 ,della ,bella 0 a pa9t] ( gr\ps1 ( ornam5ts1 ( subjects some:at heavy & ov]drawn1 b :i*1 aft] num]\s trans=mations1 op5$ a new way to ! vignetti/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,title ( ! ,manire ,univ]selle1 by ,des>gues1 9 #afdc1 by ,abraham ,bosse4 ,) ,abraham ,bosse ! decoration ( ! ,book took a consid]able ext5sion4 ,num]\s & *>m+ ornam5t$ lett]s1 heads ( pages1 & tailpieces appe>4 ,!re are few arti/s t h done s mu* z he = graceful illu/ration & h>mony betwe5 ! vignette & ! pr9t$ page4 ,8 prodigi\s fecundity made him attempt e /yle2 & aft] ! gaieties ( ! pr9t 9 :i* he laugh$ ) 8 contempor>ies1 he adopt$ a grave air to trace m sev]e subjects on copp]4 ,h[ev]1 ! book entitl$ ,la ,manire ,univ]selle1 by ,des>gues1 ) num]\s geometrical figures & an agreeable frontispiece1 be>+ ! d$ication to ! ,seigneur de ,noy]s1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 0 a critical "w1 9 :i* ,bosse1 "u a s]i\s /&>d1 did n sp>e an enemy4 ,we d n be> ill-w to ! arti/1 h[ev]1 = ! foll[+ ye> he publi%$ f\rte5 plates = ! ,suetonius pr9t$ at ! ,l\vre4 ,he successively design$ plates = ! ,hi/oire de ,/4 ,l\is1 num]\s vignettes = pi\s books1 figures = ! ,pucelle ( ,*apela9 & = ! ,l>c9s de la ,=tune4 ,he 0 always himself1 ref9$ & +5i\s1 :e!r 9 ! mo/ b>r5 or ! mo/ complicat$ subjects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,pr9t by ,abraham ,bosse repres5t+ ! booksell]s ( ! ,palace "u ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,he has left u 9 a celebrat$ pr9t a repres5tation ( a booksell]'s %op ( 8 "t4 ,x is = u an int]e/+ page1 9 :i* is %[n simply & r navely ! picturesque side ( ^! /ores1 ) ! deal] & 8 wife sell+ new works to _! cu/om]s4 ,! %op is compact1 & v mu* l ! op5-air /alls ( to-day2 po/+-bills above ! %elves indicate ! new books2 & if ! inscriptions giv5 by ,bosse be cr$it$1 ! ,palace deal] (f]$ 8 books ) s+ul> eclecticism3 ,boccaccio1 ,aret91 ! ,a/re ( ,d',urf1 ! ,bible1 & ,ma*iavelli4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! woman is se5 ! romance ,m>ianne3 ,icy les cavali]s les plus adv5tureux ,en lisant les romans s'anim5t combattre2 ,et de leur passion les amants lang\reux ,flatt5t les m\vem5ts p> des v]s de ?tre1 says ! text ( ,bosse4 ,:at 0 commonly done !n is /ill done1 %opp+ & rummag+ ! /alls1 & ^? ( ! ,palace 7 attractive4 ,if we cr$it ,sauval1 ! great numb] ( booksell]s1 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 0 due to ! wits ( ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet4 ,! passion = novelty1 = rec5t works1 _h produc$ t quantity ( publi%]s1 he says1 t we h se5 on ! ,pont ,neuf1 & t we /ill see to-day at ! ,palace & ! ,univ]sity1 b ( :i* ! numb] is s multipli$ 9 all ^! places t 9 ! ,palace !y c\nt m ?an o!r deal]s2 & z to ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,univ]sity1 !y are oblig$1 9 ord] to lodge ! re/1 to ext5d ! anci5t b\nds f ,/4 ,yves to ! riv] 7,sauval1 ,antiquits de ,p>is1 viii41 #ced74 ,9 fact1 ea* ye> saw an increase 9 ! numb] ( publi%]s 9 corporation1 ) syndicate & adjuncts4 ,"u ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 ! s+le ye> #afaj _h fifty to take rank1 & among !m ,anto9e ,vitr1 :o 0 to become ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,b1 z !re 7 no m ?an six pr9t]s1 x may be inf]r$ t all ! re/ 7 booksell]s1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 ( ^? :o encumb]$ aft]w>ds ! great salle ( :i* ,sauval speaks4 ,anto9e ,vitr 0 syndic 9 ,may1 #afdc1 on ! accession ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,he _h f\r adjuncts4 ,) him ! ,book m>k$ ! solemn /yle t ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury _h giv5 to x4 ,royal pr9t] = ! ,ori5tal languages f #afba1 he und]took a ,syriac "w1 ! fir/ t 0 attempt$ 9 ,p>is4 ,! project ( a ,polyglot ,bible gave him ! idea ( acquir+ = ! ,k+ ! ,ori5tal manuscripts & matrices ( ,sav>y de ,brves4 ,! ,k+ left to him ! c>e ( negotiat+ ! bus9ess1 b did n reimburse him )\t num]\s difficulties1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! pr9t] 0 made to lose ! means ( conv5i5tly cont9u+ 8 trade4 ,! advocate ,le ,jay *>g+ himself ) ! enorm\s exp5ses necessitat$ by ! ,polyglot ,bible1 x 0 compos$ 9 ! hope t ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu w\ld pay ! co/4 ,he 0 will+ to d s1 b requir$ t 8 "n %\ld figure on ! book2 & z ,le ,jay1 an indep5d5t man1 =mally oppos$ x1 ,vitr met ) ill-w f ! ,m9i/]1 :i* increas$ f day to day4 ,9 #afde ! impression 0 f9i%$1 b ,le ,jay 0 ru9$1 & if we admire ! pap]1 ! type1 & ! extraord9>y size ( ! n9e volumes ( ! ,polyglot ,bible1 we f9d 9 x s _m faults1 errors1 & mispr9ts t x has fall5 to ne>ly no?+1 h>dly be+ wor? its b9d+4 ,!re 7 t]rible mortifications 9 ! bus9ess1 & ,vitr _h to submit to !m m ?an any "o4 ,nev]!less he did n let 8 presses /& /ill1 & he publi%$ successively ,arabic1 ,turki%1 & ,p]sian works4 ,8 action aga9/ ! ,sav>y heirs1 z repres5t+ ! ,k+1 9 ! acquisition m5tion$ above1 cont9u$ also aft] ! impression ( ! ,bible1 & h9d]$ 8 progress4 ,he /ruggl$ on2 & ! assembly ( cl]gy1 ( :i* he 0 ! pr9t]1 s\ght to help him out ( 8 difficulties4 ,! matt] be+ once t]m9at$1 ! ,c>d9al be+ dead1 & ,vitr hav+ be5 nam$ by ,colb]t director ( ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se 9 place ( ,cramoisy1 he di$ 9 8 turn1 & 0 lat] accus$ ( hav+ de/roy$ ! types & matrices ( ! ,polyglot ,bible1 s t !y %\ld n be us$ aft] him4 ,?is fable1 long accr$it$1 has s9ce be5 asc]ta9$ to be false1 = ! pun*es & matrices pass$ to ! ,royal ,libr>y1 !nce to ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 reorganis$ 9 #afia4 ,anto9e ,vitr1 9 spite ( 8 mis=tunes1 0 a great p]sonage4 ,he 0 pa9t$ by ,*ampagne & engrav$ by ,mor91 z 0 ,ri*elieu himself4 ,! portrait 0 reproduc$ 9 ! book ( ,m4 ,delaborde1 ,la ,gravure 7p4 #ahi74 ,su* 0 ! man :om we meet at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 z syndic ( booksell]s2 & x 0 by no means a s9ecure1 a canonry giv+ hon\r & pr(it1 q ! o!r way4 ,) ! ,draconian rules on ! subject1 ! syndic assum$ a heavy burd5 t[>ds ! ,k+1 z well z t[>ds 8 k9sm54 ,religi\s qu>rels env5om$ que/ions1 & ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes 0 to h = its imm$iate coroll>y new & m sev]e royal ord9ances4 ,! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 saw ! z5i? ( engrav+ ) ! bur91 b n t ( pr9t+ or illu/ration4 ,d\btless x w\ld be pu]ile to pret5d t typography _h n made any mat]ial progress2 x _h done s 9 engrav+ & 9 composition2 "w 0 done m quickly1 because ! presses _h be5 made m p]fect4 ,b ! wise h>mony ( ! old pr9t]s1 _! sure ta/e1 ev5 9 _! old irregul> blocks1 0 no long] !re to =m a graceful & *>m+ :ole1 :i* is to mod]n precision z a picture by ,van ,eyck is to a *romo-li?ograph4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiv41 titles became regul>1 foll[+1 z we h said above1 & modell+ !mselves on1 ! affect$ & p]uk$ p :o read !m4 ,all art ent]$ on ?is pa? ( sublimity & gr&eur4 ,! pa9t] ,le ,brun is ! highe/ expon5t ( ?is false ,olympus1 :]e an h]oic pose became necess>y = ! mo/ humble movem5ts4 ,made popul> by engrav+ by ,pesne1 ,audran1 ,poilly1 ,edel9ck1 & a hundr$ o!rs1 ?is t5d5cy ov]ran ev]y?+3 art & indu/ry1 pa9t+ & tape/ry1 illu/ration & typography itself4 ,all 0 gr&1 9 rev]se ( o!r times1 :5 all 0 small & mean4 ,! embelli%m5ts ( ! ,book 7 full ( gods 9 p]ukes & goddesses 9 arm\r1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 z ,apollo1 z ! sun illum9at+ ! _w4 ,nec pluribus imp> 0 n ! device ( "o man2 x 0 ! mighty & glori\s cry ( a :ole p1 f great to small1 f ! sublime pa9t] to ! mode/ pr9t]4 ,ord9>ily ^! exagg]ations are n useful to ! arts4 ,"h !y 74 ,b1 = ! matt] t specially occupies u1 x does n appe> t ! ,book 0 mu* advanc$4 ,x approa*$ a m>vell\s epo* ( a delicate & graceful art2 b x did n f9d its =m2 x dragg$ pa9fully aft] ! ,plant9ian works1 heavily ?r[+ its et*+s & bur9s 9 ! middle ( texts1 gross & 9 bad ta/e4 ,yet ta/e 9 lit]ature _h an onw>d t5d5cy2 ,molire & ,la ,fonta9e produc$ on _! contempor>ies ! effect t 9 our day ! naturali/s h produc$ on ! romantici/s2 b ?is 0 n = long4 ,maje/y recov]$ its rights ) ,bossuet1 ,boileau1 & ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,tailpiece ( ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c = ! ,prom5ade de ,/4 ,g]ma94 ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c 0 "o ( ! r>e arti/s ( ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :o dream$ ( ! vignette 9 ! mid/ ( ?is invasion ( pomp\s commonplace4 ,successor ( ,callot 9 mann]1 induc$ by ! publi%]s1 he began ?is /yle ) a romance ( ,la ,calpr5de1 & cont9u$ ) ! ,prom5ade de ,/4 ,g]ma9 ( ,l\is le ,lab\reur1 bailie ( ,montmor5cy1 ( :om ,boileau said su* curi\s ?+s4 ,?is is "o ( ! r>e/ books ( ,lecl]c1 & we reproduce "o ( ! pages1 ) a *>m+ tailpiece1 :i* comes v ne> ^? ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 01 moreov]1 a *>m 9 ?is +5i\s design]2 he adorn$ ! works ( 8 contempor>ies ) graceful vignettes & decorations full ( suppl5ess4 ,x may be believ$1 besides1 t he did n rema9 beh9d 8 confrres 9 figure composition or allegorical & ,div9e emblems4 ,8 art did n ?r[ (f ! errors ( ! exi/+ s*ool2 he 0 cont5t n to copy any "o & to make 8 works truly 8 own4 ,su* 71 = example1 ! vignettes ( ! ,hi/oire de ,tur5ne1 :]e ! heads ( ! *apt]s1 ! ornam5t$ lett]s1 & ! tailpieces1 h>moni\sly agree1 & make ! book1 a little heavy 9 impression1 a mo/ agreeable "w4 ,lecl]c !n f\nd himself ready to design vignettes = ! works ( ,rac9e = ! publi%]1 ,claude ,b>b91 ano!r "n frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 ,boileau4 ,! title ( ,vol4 ii4 m]its att5tion4 ,! same ye> ( ?is la/ publication1 #afgf1 ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c illu/rat$ ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid = ,b5s]ade1 ! engrav+ ( :i* co/ ! ,k+ m ?an #aj1jjj livres4 ,?us adorn$1 ! book _h n a bad appe>ance1 b a satiri/ ( ! "t1 ,h>d9 v probably1 made on x ?is quatra93-- ,mais quant moi j'en tr\ve t\t =t beau3 ,papi]1 dorure1 images1 c>actre1 ,hormis les v]s qu'il fallait laiss] faire ,a ,la ,fonta9e4 ,x may be imag9$ :at an engrav] c\ld produce work+ f #afej & dy+ 9 #agae1 t is1 a life ( "w ! longe/ t c\ld be hop$ =4 ,lecl]c 0 ! absolute contempor>y ( ! ,k+4 ,he di$1 l him1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 leav+ "w widely scatt]$ among books1 fun]al orations1 & plac>ds4 ,aft] ! example ( ,callot & ,bosse1 he did n disda9 satire4 ,"o ( 8 prettie/ vignettes s]v$ to illu/rate "s pamphlet ( ,ri*es\rce aga9/ ! j\rnali/s ( 8 "t2 x repres5ts a d&y ( ab\t #afgi (f]+ 8 gazette4 ,by ! side ( ?is unrivall$ antagoni/ x is p]mitt$ to place ,lepautre1 tw5ty ye>s old] ?an ,lecl]c1 b ^: /udies _h be5 pr9cipally on ar*itecture4 ,9 ! mom5ts t he left 8 special "w he devot$ himself to frontispieces & vignettes2 nev]!less1 al?\gh he _h be=e him ! *>m+ designs ( ,lecl]c1 he conf9$ himself to a cold & h>d mann]1 keep+1 besides1 z mu* z possible to titles1 9 :i* 8 p>ticul> tal5t c\ld f9d scope4 ,he design$ also ! ,*>treux ,missal ( #afgi1 ! ,gallia ,*ri/iana aft] ,m>ot1 ! ,dioptrique ,oculaire ( ,p4 ,*rub91 engrav$ by ,edel9ck1 & a ?\s& o!r works ( small repute4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,small figure ( ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c = ,ri*es\rce's pamphlet4 ,v diff]5t 0 ,francis ,*auveau1 :o1 )\t hav+ ! delicacy ( ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c or 8 art ( arrangem5t1 treat$ at lea/ ) grace little figures & illu/rations4 ,c]ta9ly !re is an enorm\s di/ance betwe5 ^! correct & commonplace engrav$ plates & ! delightful wood engrav+s ( ! "t ( ,ge(froy ,tory1 = example4 ,b1 be _! wor? :at x may1 !y suit$ v well2 & ev5 ) ,molire !y did n make su* a bad figure4 ,*auveau 0 associat$ ) _m ( ! works ( ,lecl]c1 :o caus$ him (t5 to be less heavy1 inasmu* z ,lecl]c correct$ 9 engrav+ _m ( 8 compositions4 ,x 0 s ) ,molire1 & /ill m ) ,rac9e 9 ! plate ( ! ,plaideurs1 9 :i* ,*auveau reveal$ himself a precursor ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,unhappily he did n always foll[ ?is mann]4 ,successively1 & ) v>i\s luck1 he illu/rat$ ,al>ic1 ,&romaque1 & ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid = ,b5s]ade1 ) ,lecl]c2 ! ,pucelle ( ,*apela91 & ! ,tragdies ( ,rac9e1 to :i* ,le ,brun did n disda9 to put 8 h&4 ,9 %ort1 ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? & t ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! developm5t ( illu/ration is ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c4 ,he _h kn[n ! arti/s ( ! fir/ p]iod2 he 0 to see at 8 dea? appe> "o ( ! precursors ( ! vignetti/s ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ,claude ,gillot4 ,?anks to him1 ov]burd5$ titles & unskilful vignettes und]w5t a gradual trans=mation4 ,9 ! delicacy & t5uity ( 8 designs may be se5 ! dom9ant note ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 coquetry1 & ,*(f>d is div9$4 ,he 0 ne>ly ! only "o :o did n fall into ! exagg]ations ( ! engrav]s ( ! "t2 he kept beside !m )\t t\*+ !m1 & preci\sly pres]v$ 8 own well-acc5tuat$ p]sonality4 ,by ! smallness & sl5d]ness ( 8 figures1 ,lecl]c recalls some:at ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau2 b he is above all ! reflection ( ,callot1 a ,lorra9] l himself4 ,9 ,holl&1 a ,fr5*man1 ,b]n>d ,pic>t1 son ( ,/eph5 & pupil ( ,lecl]c1 0 mak+ a great "n z an illu/rator4 ,he e/abli%$ himself z a pr9t-sell] at ,am/]dam at ! sign ( ,l',etoile1 & successively design$ vignettes = _m works1 among o!rs ! ,boileau ( #agah4 ,8 vignettes & tailpieces1 )\t possess+ ei!r ! _s ( ,lecl]c or ! grace ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 express an +5i\s & inv5tive art t _h brok5 ) ! /ra9$ traditions ( prec$+ epo*s4 ,f ^! two arti/s ! decoration ( ! ,book rapidly advanc$4 ,! =m is f\nd1 & *>m+ design]s are n want+ to apply x4 ,! tr\bl$ /ate ( ,engl& dur+ ! great] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury no d\bt acc\nts = ! fact t ! art ( ! ,book made b v little progress4 ,!ological controv]sies1 ! p]secutions by ! ,puritans1 &1 above all1 ! great civil w> & its antec$5ts & results1 gave rise to a flood ( publications ( an ephem]al k9d1 :i* f _! nature 7 hurri$ly produc$2 & !re 0 little room = pure lit]ature & art4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 "u ! influ5ce :i* ,elizabe? left1 & :i* ,james fo/]$1 "s important works 7 issu$1 ) f9ely engrav$ illu/rations2 b wood engrav+ decl9$ fur!r & fur!r1 until x 0 arti/ically dead1 to be reviv$ 9 ! next c5tury4 ,! works ( ! num]\s poets & dramati/s 7 pr9t$ 9 qu>to1 & collect$ editions ( !m 9 folio4 ,?us 7 issu$ ! works ( ,%akespe>e1 fir/ collect$ by ,jagg>d & ,bl\nt1 #afbc1 folio1 ) an engrav$ portrait by ,droe%\t1 ! fai?fulness ( :i* 0 v\*$ 9 an opposite page ( v]se sign$ by ,b5 ,jonson4 ,don ,quixote fir/ appe>$ 9 an ,engli% dress 9 #afab-bj1 publi%$ by ,e4 ,bl\nt 9 qu>to2 & ,jagg>d1 ,bl\nt's p>tn] 9 ! ,%akespe>e1 publi%$ ,boccaccio's ,decam]on1 9 two volumes folio1 #afbj4 ,among o!r notable works ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury 7 ,drayton's ,polyolbion1 #afac2 ,*apman's ,hom]1 #afaa-ae1 folio1 ?ree volumes2 ,"l ,bacon1 ^: essays & o!r s+le publications appe>$ 9 ! sev5te5?1 to be collect$ z 8 ,works 9 ! next c5tury2 & ,william ,prynne1 ^: ,hi/rio ,ma/rix1 #afcc1 s (f5d$ ,*>les ,i4 by its ref]5ces to ! ,que5 & ! c\rt ladies1 t ! au?or _h to und]go a sev]e & degrad+ puni%m5t4 ,_m ( ^! works 7 illu/rat$ ) m]itori\s engrav+s on /eel & copp] by ,w4 ,holl>1 ,p4 ,lomb>t1 ,w4 ,m>%all1 ,hole1 ,w4 ,pass1 ,w4 ,fai?orne1 & ,r4 ,vaughan4 ,s t "h 7 all ! mat]ials = ! f\ndation ( an ,engli% s*ool1 to be cruelly brok5 up %ortly aft]w>ds by ! di/ractions ( civil w>f>e4 ,9 #afaa ,rob]t ,b>k] fir/ pr9t$ ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,holy ,bible1 :i* has be5 m (t5 repr9t$ ?an any o!r book1 & :i* exi/s to ?is day z ! great /&>d ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! ta/e = books ( travel :i* arose 9 ! la/ c5tury 0 l>gely increas$ by ! voyages & discov]ies ( ! ,engli% 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ! subsequ5t ,puritan exodus !re4 ,^! e>ly acc\nts ( ,virg9ia & ,new ,engl&1 _m ( :i* are tracts ( a few leaves only1 n[ comm& fabul\s prices4 ,! great collection ( voyages "u ! "n ( ,pur*as3 8 ,pilgrimes1 0 pr9t$ 9 five folio volumes1 #afbe-f1 :ile ,de ,bry1 ,hulsius1 & ,l9s*ot5 7 enri*+ ! _w ) _! collections ( travels1 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,all ( ^! works 7 adorn$ ) f9ely engrav$ plates1 ^? to ,pur*as be+ engrav$ by ,el/rack1 &1 besides1 x _h a fam\s map ( ! _w1 engrav$ by ,hondius4 ,! controv]sial _s eng5d]$ by ! religi\s qu>rels ( ! c5tury & by ! great civil w> gave incessant "w to ! pr9t]s2 & ! _m tracts & pamphlets ?us produc$ 7 frequ5tly illu/rat$ by rude & co>se woodcuts1 ( no value f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 b curi\s f ! indications !y af=d ( ! co/umes & mann]s ( ! "t4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,walton's ,angl] 0 pr9t$ by ,r4 ,m>riott 9 #afec1 #afmo1 ) plates 9 ! text1 engrav$ on /eel by ,lomb>t4 ,butl]'s ,hudibras appe>$ 9 #affc-gh1 & ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ 9 #affg1 qu>to4 ,full]'s ,wor?ies ( ,engl& 0 pr9t$ #affb1 folio4 ,we h r\ghly m5tion$ ! pr9cipal ,engli% books ( ! c5tury1 & next approa* ! revival ( lit]ature & art 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,book ,,9 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! reg5cy--,publi%]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,illu/rators 9 ,france2 ,gillot--,! s*ool ( ,watteau & ,b\*]--,c>s--,! y\ng] ,co*92 8 pr9cipal works 9 vignettes--,fr5* art 9 ,engl&2 ,gravelot--,eis5--,*(f>d--,! ,bais]s ( ,dorat2 ! ,contes ( ,la ,fonta9e--! publi%] ,caz9 & ! special lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,! y\ng] ,moreau & 8 illu/rations--,! ,revolution--,! s*ool ( ,david--,duplessis-,b]taux--,! ,book 9 ,g]many2 ,*od[iecki--,9 ,engl&2 ,boydell & ,fr5* arti/s--,caslon & ,bask]ville--,engli% books ) illu/rations--,wood engrav+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 ! ,papillons--,pr9t+ (fices 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,lett] by ,co*9 = ! ,mmoires d' ,artill]ie ( ,suvirey de ,/4 ,remy4 ,l exp]i5ce has %[n u 9 our "t1 b 9 ano!r mann]1 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury produc$1 9 ! mann]s & ta/es ( ! ,fr5*1 an unconsci\s b t5aci\s reaction4 ,x seem$ z if ! conceptions ( romanticism _h la/$ long en\gh1 & t ! cycle ( ,middle ,age *evali]s _h pass$ away1 & t a return to :at is call$ nature 0 effect$ 9 lit]ature & art4 ,at ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,olympus & its gods1 maje/ic poses & suns1 _h become we>isome4 ,by a little half-op5 door1 gaiety escap$ f its prison & fl$4 ,= ! ,book t door 0 ! h& ( ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c4 ,! anci5t s*ool 0 replac$4 ,con/ra9$ dur+ ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 ,fr5* mann]s began to be joy\s "u ! reg5cy ( ! ,duc d',orleans4 ,if ! repres5tatives ( ano!r age /ill liv$1 if ,rigaud always pa9t$ 8 portraits 9 p]uke1 !re 7 new-com]s1 enliv5$ by ! new fa%ions1 less solemn & m bewit*+4 ,le ,brun 0 !n f> 9 ! pa/1 & z amus+ to ! ladies ( ! reg5cy z are n[ to u ! fa%ions ( ! ,second ,empire4 ,! ,book1 aft] its mann]1 foll[$ ! movem5t1 & gradually f\nd ! elem5ts ( its decoration 9 ! t5d5cies ( ! day4 ,small sizes 7 multipli$1 types %[$ elegance1 & vignettes became m & m agreeable & intellectual4 ,amateurs _h _! ex-libris engrav$4 ,! smalle/ pamphlets 7 cov]$ ) ornam5tal lett]s1 vignettes1 & tailpieces1 already v clev]4 ,co/ume also1 9 its %ort] & light] =m1 gave to design]s a means ( agreeably compos+ a page ( illu/ration & dissem9at+ fancy 9 ! figures4 ,^! revolutions work$ !mselves simply f day to day1 z ta/e became m pron\nc$ & exact+4 ,! comm]ce ( ! ,book 0 /ill ext5d+ f ! end ( ! prec$+ c5tury2 & if ! numb] ( pr9t]s 0 limit$ & arre/$ by c]ta9 some:at h>d laws1 production 9 ,p>is 0 enorm\s4 ,among regulations t weigh$ mo/ heavily on publi%]s figur$ ! obligation put ^u !m by ! ord9ance ( #agac to deposit eight copies ( illu/rat$ books4 ,9 #agbe ! ,k+ issu$ o!r regulations to affirm ! rights ( ! univ]sity aga9/ ! corporation1 =c+ ! ma/]s to assi/ 9 a body at ! processions ( ! ,sorbonne & to (f] on ! ,day ( ! ,purification a c&le to ! rector4 ,9 spite ( ?is ord9ance1 m religi\s ?an useful to comm]ce1 ! fa%ion ( vignettes increas$4 ,! pr9cipal %ops 7 se>*$1 z !y are /ill1 = novelties2 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques & ! ,quai des ,augu/9s1 :]e !y 7 gr\p$1 7 resort$ to4 ,! mo/ important booksell]s 9 #agbg 7 ,coign>d1 ! ,b>b\s--:o essay$ aft]w>ds1 ) ,l5gley ,dufresnoy1 to copy ! ,elzevirs1--,cavali]1 ,robu/el1 ,f\rni]1 ,ball>d1 & ,d',h\ry4 ,( ! two la/1 ,d',h\ry pr9t$ ! cal5d>s1 & ,ball>d _h ! privilege = music4 ,ano!r1 ,leonord1 publi%$ ! books ( ! ,dauph94 ,at ^! & o!r publi%]s'1 rec5t works 7 exam9$1 ^? :o did n buy gave _! advice & took ideas1 & s fa%ion sl[ly =m$ itself4 ,x 0 ?us t ,h\d>t de la ,motte publi%$ ) ,g4 ,dupuis 9 #agai a collection ( fables1 ) illu/rations ( ,claude ,gillot1 :i* 0 ! talk at ! booksell]s'4 ,9 ?is book all 0 orig9al3 ! au?or1 :o _h _h1 five ye>s be=e1 ! ecc5tric idea ( translat+ ! ,iliad )\t kn[+ a ^w ( ,greek2 ! text1 a k9d ( imitation ( ,la ,fonta9e1 )\t salt or sav\r2 ! size1 qu>to1 admirably pr9t$ by ,dupuis1 9 ! ,rue ,/4 ,jacques1 ) plates by ,coypel1 ,mass1 &1 above all1 ! *>m+ vignettes ( ,gillot1 ! mo/ pleas+ & clev] ( all 8 collaborators1 a sort ( ,callot fall5 into ! eighte5? c5tury1 & :o ought to take ! fir/ place by bir?right4 ,gillot has be5 call$1 n )\t reason1 ! la/ pagan ( ! ,r5aissance2 & ?is pagan _h ! hon\r to give u ,watteau4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,vignette by ,gillot = ! ,*i5 et le ,*at1 fable by ,h\d>t de la ,motte1 9 #agai4 ,! ,c\nt de ,caylus tells ! /ory4 ,gillot _h quitt$ ! p5cil = ! et*+ ne$le on see+ ! "w ( 8 pupil4 ,he _h no reason to compla92 8 pictures 7 ( no value1 & 8 pr9ts gave o!r arti/s ! idea ( imitat+ !m4 ,! :ole ,fr5* s*ool ( ! eighte5? c5tury may h _h its orig9 9 ?is =gott5 book1 illu/rat$ by ! ma/] ( ,watteau4 ,9 fact1 9 ! mann] ( ! little et*+ "h giv5 we may easily p]ceive ! coquetry & affectation t 7 lat] ! dom9ant tone ( vignettes4 ,=1 x may well be said1 ! graceful1 fem99e1 & ar* mann] ( :i* we speak 01 above all1 conv5tional & false4 ,9 opposition to ! design]s & engrav]s ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o reproduc$ naturally sc5es ( daily life 9 ideal conceptions1 x came1 ?r\gh ! moral education ( ! arti/s1 t !y put =? ! ideal 9 ! mo/ ord9>y ?+s ( life4 ,%eph]ds 7 no long] ! gross1 ru/ic peasants t we f9d 9 primitive ,flemi% pa9t+s or 9 ! ,h\rs ( ,simon ,vo/re2 !y 7 coxcombs1 pomad$ & adorn$ ) ribbons1 play+ ! bagpipes1 & mak+ love to ! %eph]desses ( ! c\rt4 ,at fir/ x 0 ,watteau :o influ5c$ all ! engrav]s 9 ! pretty & ! sm>t2 ,b\*] did ! re/2 & fatally ! ,book foll[$1 & foll[$ impetu\sly1 surpass+1 if possible1 ! pa9t$ works4 ,if ! sev]e poses1 ! grave t\*1 ( ! prec$+ c5tury are no long] f\nd1 !y (t5 g a little f> 9 ! contr>y s5se4 ,x may be well said "h t ! arts are ord9>ily ! result ( ! mann]s ( an epo*4 ,! sy/em ( ,law 0 n )\t influ5ce on ! entire eighte5? c5tury1 by ! t]rible mann] 9 :i* he upset =tunes1 awoke appetites1 gave re9 to aspirations hi!rto held 9 *eck4 ,claude ,gillot1 ! design]1 0 "o ( ! fir/ victims ( ! ,scot* bank]2 he lo/ 8 =tune on ! ,ex*ange2 b :o may say :at 8 arti/ic ambition dream$ ( 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! disord]s8 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 t ,watteau1 8 pupil1 broke (f v %ort ) ! /yle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,laur5t ,c>s 0 ! engrav] :o multipli$ ! compositions ( ,b\*]1 & made !m ! fa%ion4 ,he engrav$ also1 aft] ! pa9t] ( %eph]ds & nymphs1 illu/rations to ,molire1 ! mo/ agreeable t !re are = /yle & _s4 ,9 engrav+ c]ta9 works ( ,lemoyne1 ,c>s did n completely des]t ! anci5t s*ool4 ,he appe>s at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury z if divid$ betwe5 two mann]s ea* equally possible to him4 ,! "w ( ^! engrav]s 0 almo/ exclusively 9 et*+1 bit+ ) acid a copp] plate cov]$ ) v>ni%1 on :i* ! draw+ 0 made by means ( a po9t4 ,?is process1 always previ\sly us$ = sket*es1 s]v$ also = f9i%+ vignettes1 :i* up to !n _h be5 f9i%$ by ! bur94 ,! suppl5ess ( ! "w 0 great]1 & ! arti/ rema9$ m himself ?an he c\ld be ) ! /iff cutt+ in/rum5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! sizes ( books _h n yet all come to octavo or duodecimo4 ,! works ( ,molire publi%$ by ,prault 9 #agcd 9 six volumes qu>to1 "u ! direction ( ,m>c ,anto9e ,joly1 give ! idea ( an important "w1 n at all ( !atrical pieces4 ,to tell ! tru?1 ^! some:at exagg]at$ dim5sions all[ arti/s m room = illu/ration2 lat]1 :5 small] =ms pr$om9at$1 text & engrav+s 7 s compress$ t !y 7 n always cle> & readable to e eye2 b ! qu>to 0 n graceful1 x 0 n 9 h>mony ) ! f9ik91 ! pa/oral pieces1 !n pres5t$1 & x _h to disappe> z a curr5t size 9 illu/rat$ publications4 ,! class ( artisans employ$ on ! ,book is n id5tical 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ) t ( pr9t]s & publi%]s4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 z we h se51 ! cutt]s ( wood blocks & ! pr9t]s 7 (t5 ! same p1 prep>+ _! *>act]s or _! blocks1 & aft]w>ds putt+ !m "u ! press4 ,l>ge pr9t+ (fices _h v quickly *ang$ t4 ,ea* p>ticul> "w _h its special workman4 ,typography _h its type-f\nd]s1 compositors1 =w>d]s1 ink]s1 & pressm54 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ?is 0 complicat$ by design]s1 engrav]s1 plate-pr9t]s1 & ^! diff]5t pr(essions occupi$ !mselves on ! ,book 9 manipulat+ ! %eets 9 _! turn4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is cr[d1 ! design]s & engrav]s1 e/eem$ z 0 _! collaboration1 7 n ! mo/ hon\r$4 ,_! homes (t5 reflect$ ! effect ( _! life z clev] arti/s1 quick to sp5d ! money e>n$ dur+ ! week2 & we %all h occasion to "n "s ( ! m mis]able among !m4 ,! booksell]s1 on ! contr>y1 _h become great p]sonages4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h se5 ,cramoisy & ,vitr1 to "n only !m1 acquire ! greate/ hon\rs1 ! latt] pa9t$ by ,philip de ,*ampagne1 ) _m o!rs lords ( ! c\rt4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 ,brunet1 ,ball>d1 ,m>iette1 ,*>don1 ,didot1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 dur+ ! "t ( ,watteau1 ,b\*]1 & ,c>s1 ( :i* we %all %ortly speak2 & ^! sev]al publi%]s _h h\ses ( _! own1 & furni%$ %ops & pr9t+ (fices ) ! be/ app>atus4 ,sav$ f fall+ into neglig5ces by royal regulations on pr9t+1 !y compos$ ) admirable *>act]s1 on pap] ( ! fir/ ord]1 imp]i%able works2 &1 usual consequ5ce ( _! high situation1 !y paid ! arti/s badly *>g$ ) _! "w4 ,x w\ld be long & t$i\s to ent] into ?is matt] 9 detail4 ,!y made progress by sl[ degrees1 & 9 good "t !y m>vell\sly unit$ copp] plate engrav+ to pr9t$ text1 s m>vell\sly1 t 9 comp>+ _! works to ! wood blocks ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x may be ask$ :i* ( ! two /yles is sup]ior 9 elegance & good ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,vignette = ,daphnis et ,*loe by ,co*91 = ,c\/eli]'s edition4 ,"o ( ! ance/ors ( ?is gr\p ( vignetti/s 0 ! y\ng] ,co*91 :o _h engrav$ ! plate ( ! monks 9 ! fables ( ,h\d>t1 illu/rat$ by ,gillot4 ,co*91 9 spite ( 8 passion = allegory & 8 v m>k$ ta/e = affectation1 gave1 x may be said1 ) ! design]-engrav] ,/4 ,aub91 an enorm\s impulse to ! art ( adorn+ books4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] he work$ = ! publi%]s1 compos+ frontispieces1 ornam5t$ lett]s1 & tailpieces1 or transf]r+ to copp] ! draw+s ( o!rs4 ,s+ul> type ( arti/1 besides1 educat$1 well br\ght up1 epicurean & sp5d?rift1 fri5d ( great lords1 & protect$ by ,madame de ,pompad\r4 ,:5 he travell$ 9 ,italy ) h] "y bro!r ,abel ,poisson1 ,co*9 did ev]y?+1 0 ready at ! lea/ reque/1 inv5t+ curi\s m5us1 giv+ repres5tations ( ftes1 & yet f9d+ ! "t to decorate books & design vignettes pr(usely4 ,he work$ *iefly = ,jomb]t1 a sort ( le>n$ booksell]1 ,k+'s pr9t] = ! artill]y1 :o dates f ,july1 #agcf4 ,jomb]t 0 visit$ by pa9t]s4 ,he gave little private soires1 :i* ,co*9 att5d$1 & :]e he daily made num]\s fri5ds4 ,x 0 9 ?is h\se1 ( s special a "*1 &1 x may be said1 s little arti/ic at fir/ sight1 t ,co*9 inv5t$ 8 be/ frontispieces1 among !m t ( ! ,calcul ,diffr5tiel1 t ( ! ,a/ronomie ,physique1 & ! plates ( ! ,m?ode de ,dess91 aft] ,b\*]4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to produce engrav$ titles1 ) :i* ! publi%] ,prault ornam5t$ 8 da9ty volumes1 & :i* 7 imitat$1 up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 by all ! illu/rators :o foll[$4 ,9 t to ! works ( ,madame ,de%\lires ! lett] itself is engrav$4 ,s9ce !n ! op5 lett] has be5 copi$ 9 typography4 ,^! vignettes 7 us$ _m times by publi%]s1 sometimes simply effac+ ! inscription1 sometimes reproduc+ ! orig9al design by a diff]5t arti/4 ,! boy ) ! swan _h decorat$ 9 #agdd a ,j]usalem ,deliv]$ 9 ,italian1 by ! same publi%]1 ,prault2 x 0 !n engrav$ by ,avel9e4 ,fess>d engrav$ ! second plate1 :i* is "h reproduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,title-page engrav$ by ,fess>d aft] ,co*9 = ! works ( ,madame ,de%\lires1 #agdg4 ,ne>ly all ! frontispieces ( ! ,book ) vignettes ( ! eighte5? c5tury pres]ve ?is arrangem5t3 an ornam5t$ & drap$ bord]1 ) g>l&s ( roses1 symbols1 & cupids1 9 ! middle ! title1 9 r$ & black1 compos$ 9 op5 lett]1 (t5 a scroll ) ! address ( ! publi%]1 b r>ely a m>k4 ,x 0 ! "t ( little w+$ cupids1 goddesses1 & gods4 ,! goddesses 7 ! fav\rites ( ! k+s1 ,madame de ,pompad\r or ! pr9cesses1 b r>ely ! virtu\s ,m>ie ,lecz9ska1 too homely & too mu* ignor$ to tempt ! arti/s2 ! k+s or ! pr9ces 7 ! gods4 ,aft] ,jomb]t1 ,prault1 & ,c\/elli]1 ,co*9 work$ = ,franois ,didot1 syndic ( ! pr9t]s1 = :om he prep>$ a set ( illu/rations to ,molire4 ,un=tunately ,didot di$ 9 #ageg1 & ! project fell ) him4 ,( ! "w ( ,co*9 !re only rema9s ! set ( ,t>tufe et*+s 9 octavo4 ,9 ! vortex into :i* he 0 plung$1 he successively illu/rat$ ! works ( ,r\sseau1 publi%$ at ,brussels1 qu>to2 ^? ( ,boileau1 publi%$ by ,david & ,dur&1 octavo2 & ,h5ault's ,hi/ory ( ,france1 9 ! same size1 ) num]\s vignettes4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld be not$ 9 a book treat+ ( pr9t+2 x is t 9 :i* ,co*9 pret5ds to %[ to 8 contempor>ies ! int]ior ( a work%op 9 #adgj4 ,)\t d\bt ! sket* ( ?is pr9t 0 tak5 9 "o ( ! h\ses frequ5t$ by him--at ,jomb]t's1 ,didot's1 or ,david & ,dur&'s--= t room 9 :i* compositors are work+ & pr9t$ %eets dry+ 0 n an inv5tion ( ,co*91 & s]v$ to reproduce a pr9t+ (fice ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,vignette tak5 f ,p4 ,corneille's ,?tre1 by ,gravelot4 ,) ,co*9 soon work$ a numb] ( design]s & aqua-=ti/s1 too prud5t to lose ! opportunity4 ,! fa%ion arriv$ = books b]ibbon$1 fe/oon$1 & fl[]$4 ,hub]t ,franois ,gravelot _h c>ri$ to ,london ?is /yle ( new works1 :i* he knew h[ to decorate1 9 8 mann]1 bett] ?an any "o1 ) lett]s1 figures1 & tailpieces4 ,he did n engrave mu* himself1 leav+ ?is "w to less] arti/s1 & cont5t+ himself ) subtle inv5tion & graceful subjects4 ,) ,eis51 ,co*91 & ,moreau1 he is ! ,fr5* arti/ 9 ! s5se ( ! "t1 free1 bold1 & +5i\s1 b p]haps a little out ( place 9 ,engl&4 ,he publi%$ 8 plates to ! ,decam]on 9 #ageg1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( 8 sets ( plates1 & a hundr$ v>i\s vignettes4 ,on 8 return to ,france he design$ ! ,?tre ( ,p4 ,corneille1 f :i* ! ,gal]ie de ,palais is "h reproduc$1 on acc\nt ( ! illu/ration ( booksell+ :i* x gives4 ,9 #agfd ! l>ge salon ( ! ,palace 0 /ill1 z 9 ! "t ( ,abraham ,bosse1 a place :]e %ops 7 fitt$ up & ! new books discuss$4 ,side by side ) ! dressmak]s & m]*ants ( e category1 ! booksell] (f]s to 8 cu/om] ! rec5t products ( ,p>isian presses4 ,c]ta9 works 7 sold "u cov] & n %[n2 !re is "h some?+ to pique ! curiosity ( unoccupi$ "y m5 :o /roll$ ab\t & prolong$ _! /ay 9 ! gall]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--;,bord] design$ by ,*(f>d 9 #ageh4 ,eis5 has a simplicity1 a good ta/e1 & a special & s+ul>ly p]fect economy ( arti/ic effect comb9$ ) typography4 ,x appe>s h>d t ! design] _h no consultative voice 9 ! *oice ( impression & disposition ( ! ,book4 ,! union ( ! two =ces1 ! vignette & ! composition1 is s close t x may be believ$ "o 0 made = ! o!r1 nei!r v5tur+ to ass]t itself4 ,9 ! pretty & elaborate inv5tions ( ! arti/s reign$ a lackadaisical affectation t 0 delightfully becom+2 ! rock-"w1 :i* x /ill _h1 suit$ admirably ! bord]s ( ! fir/ page4 ,! ,lettres d'une ,p]uvi5ne has a v agreeable title1 b little diff]5t1 on ! :ole1 f t ( ,madame ,de%\lires1 by ,co*94 ,x is ! same ) ! ,lettres ,turques1 publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agej1 & g5]ally 9 all ! frontispieces sign$ by him4 ,z to ! o!r decorations ( ! ,book1 !re 7 also a numb] ( +5i\s arti/s1 confus+ cupids & fl[]s1 impos+ blazons1 delight+ 9 play+ ) accumulat$ difficulties4 ,"u ?is assur$ly involunt>y b real direction1 publications atta9$ proportions ( luxury & coquetry until !n unkn[n4 ,! volume ( ,bais]s ( ,dorat w\ld n h liv$ b = ,eis5 & ! delightful fancies ) :i* he adorn$ x4 ,at ! same "t1 we f9d ,*(f>d1 ano!r design] & et*] ( mu* repute1 & s\ght aft] by ! booksell]s4 ,"u 8 p5cil ! vignette became a *ef-d'oeuvre1 ! tailpiece 0 a delightful comp\nd ( judici\s & sportive ornam5t1 ! ta/e = :i* grew m & m4 ,f delicate foliage are susp5d$ roses1 %eph]ds' pipes1 lyres1 & zi!rs4 ,) ! zephyrs scrolls or ribbons float1 c>ri$ by w+$ cupids4 ,! initial lett]s are real pictures1 ( su* f95ess & precision t ! difficulties ( _! reproduction prev5t u f putt+ !m be=e ! read]4 ,:5 ! f]mi]s gnraux1 ^? great amateur f9anci]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 conceiv$ ! idea ( an edition ( ! ,contes ( ,la ,fonta9e at _! exp5se1 _! eyes naturally fell ^u ! arti/s be/ prep>$ to illu/rate ! inimitable fancies ( ! great poet1 ,eis5 & ,*(f>d4 ,! fir/ _h = 8 task ! composition ( ! plates1 ,*(f>d ! g5]al decoration4 ,ficquet 0 add$ = ! portrait ( ! bonhomme ,la ,fonta9e--,ficquet1 ^: specialty 9 ?is g5re 0 dazzl+ 9 its delicacy & _s2 ,did]ot wrote a %ort introduction2 ! composition 0 confid$ to a pr9t] ( ! fir/ ord]1 & x 0 put on sale by ,b>b\4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,vignette by ,eis5 = ! ,quiproquo 9 ! ,contes ( ,la ,fonta9e1 9 ! edition ( ! f]mi]s gnraux4 ,x is n a book to be recomm5d$ f a moral po9t ( view1 b ! typographical art1 jo9$ to t ( design]s & engrav]s1 nev] obta9$ a m complete success3 ! size 9 octavo1 ! impression cle>1 unit$ ) ! dim5sions ( ! plates 9 a h>moni\s elegance1 well calculat$ to please ! ?ree ri* p]sonages & ! joy\s amateurs to :om ! ,contes address !mselves4 ,true1 ,eis5 has dress$ ! great] "p ( ! *>act]s 9 ! co/ume ( 8 "t1 :i* is a little hurtful to "o's feel+s to-day2 x may be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 ,la ,fonta9e :o 0 mi/ak51 s t ^! delicate1 risky tales appe> to be creat$ = ! seigneurs ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,all ! special lit]ature s\ght = !n by ri* p _h n ! value ( ! ,contes4 ,!re 0 at ,rheims a p]son1 :o has to-day become ! mode1 z he 0 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 :o sold "u cov] a quantity ( lic5ti\s books ( ! bett] k9d1 adorn$ ) figures by ,eis51 ,m>illi]1 or ,co*92 ?is 0 ,caz91 an arti/ 9 8 way1 b ^: good "n suff]$ "u a sc&al\s trial4 ,an ord] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate 9 #agfd enjo9$ him to cease 8 trade 9 ! ,place ,royale at ,rheims1 :]e he sold 8 p>ticul> m]*&ise4 ,x appe>s t ! s5t5ce 0 n )\t appeal1 = we f9d ,caz9 at ,p>is ab\t #aghe4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? :o 7 ru9$ by ! ,revolution1 aft] he _h popul>is$ ! editions kn[n z ,petits ,=mats1 pr9t$ by ,valade1 ( ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;,c>d ( ! publi%] ,prault1 uncle by m>riage ( ,moreau le ,jeune4 ,we h come to ! mo/ beautiful illu/rat$ books ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & to ! illu/ri\s arti/s ( :om we %all speak 9 good "t %\ld be add$ ! y\ng] ,moreau & ,/4 ,aub91 ! =m] nephew by m>riage ( ! publi%] ,prault1 & !refrom a decorator ( ! ,book1 ! o!r ?r[n by ,gravelot into full "w1 & rapidly becom+ ! mo/ subtle & adroit ( ! et*]s ( ! "t4 ,moreau did n wait long aft] 8 m>riage be=e sett+ to "w4 ,he began ) ornam5ts de/9$ = ! ,hi/oire de ,france ( ,presid5t ,h5ault2 !n he compos$1 9 8 own p]sonal mann]1 titles & tailpieces = 8 uncle4 ,9 ! ,book he is ! propagator ( g>l&s ( roses1 :i* he gr\p$ ) an ideal grace2 he tw9$ !m 9 ! bord]s ( 8 frontispieces1 & put !m judici\sly 9 8 tailpieces4 ,he excell$ 9 inv5t+ subjects ref]r+ to ! text :i* 7 n commonplace ornam5ts suitable = any?+4 ,! tailpiece on p4 #bjb1 tak5 f ! works ( ,molire1 br+s =cibly to m9d ! ,mdec9 malgre ,lui1 ) its wood-cutt] unm]cifully beat5 ) /icks & muffl$ 9 a sci5tific robe4 ,x is ! same ) o!r illu/rations1 t _c be displac$ f ! position assign$ to !m by ! arti/ )\t disappo9tm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,tailpiece f ! ,mdec9 malgre ,lui1 by ,moreau le ,jeune4 ,! ye> #aggc1 :i* saw ! publication by ,de ,bret ( ! works ( ,molire1 may p]haps be consid]$ z t 9 :i* ! ,fr5* ,book ( ! eighte5? c5tury rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t4 ,m4 de ,laborde1 fir/ valet de *ambre ( ! ,k+ & gov]nor ( ! ,l\vre1 publi%$ ) ,de ,lormel1 pr9t] to ! ,academy ( ,music1 8 celebrat$ collection ( ,*ansons1 d$icat$ to ! "y ,dauph9ess ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 & p>tly illu/rat$ by ! y\ng] ,moreau4 ,! "w is exquisite1 ( p[]ful yet simple grace4 ,! s5tim5tal note ( ! c5tury 0 /ruck 9 x1 ! insipid love ( %eph]desses !re t5d]ly sigh$1 & ! design] has delightfully r5d]$ ?is ar* side ( ! pa/oral song4 ,our task does n p]mit u to l+] ov] ! works ( ?is prodigi\s & *>m+ arti/1 b we mu/ m5tion 8 inimitable plates to ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 ! f9e/ & mo/ agreeable ( 8 compositions & vignettes1 also 8 *ef-d'oeuvre1 ! ,hi/oire du ,co/ume4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,vignette ( ! ,p>don ,obt5u1 design$ by ,moreau le ,jeune1 = ,laborde's ,*ansons1 9 #aggc4 ,z evid5c+ ! activity ( ,fr5* arti/s ( ! ,book 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 we cite ! numb] ( works illu/rat$ by ! respective arti/s enum]at$ 9 ! la/ edition ( ,m4 ,h4 ,coh5's valuable ,guide de l',amateur de ,livres ,gravures du ,,xviiie ,sicle3-- ,aliamet1 #cd4 ,audran1 #af4 ,avel9e1 #cc4 ,baquoy1 #hg4 ,basan1 #i4 ,b9et1 #dh4 ,borel1 #bi4 ,b\*]1 #dg4 ,bov9et1 #cd4 ,c>s1 #ac4 ,*$el1 #ba4 ,*5u1 #ah4 ,*(f>d1 #ej4 ,co*91 #adc4 ,coypel1 #bd4 ,dambrun1 #gg4 ,delaunay1 ,n41 #ie4 ,delignon1 #ej4 ,delvaux1 #ff4 ,duclos1 #di4 ,duflos1 #ef4 ,dunk]1 #ae4 ,duplessis-,b]taux1 #bb4 ,eis51 #ace4 ,ellu91 #ad4 ,fess>d1 ,e41 #fi4 ,ficquet1 #ad4 ,flip>t1 #bd4 ,fokke1 #ad4 ,folkema1 #ag4 ,fragon>d1 #aj4 ,freudeb]g1 #g4 ,gau*]1 #ee4 ,gh5dt1 #gh4 ,godefroy1 #bi4 ,gravelot1 #hf4 ,grignion1 #ac4 ,gut5b]g1 #bj4 ,halb\1 #eh4 ,helman1 #bb4 ,+\f1 #ah4 ,langlois1 #ah4 ,le ,b>bi]1 #ed4 ,le ,bas1 #ci4 ,lebran1 #ba4 ,lecl]c1 #aa4 ,legr&1 #de4 ,lemire1 #gg4 ,lemp]eur1 #fh4 ,leveau1 #ca4 ,longueil1 #ig4 ,m>illi]1 #aaf4 ,m>t9et1 #bg4 ,masqueli]1 #db4 ,mass>d1 #dj4 ,monnet1 #fg4 ,monsiau1 #bb4 ,moreau1 #ach4 ,ne1 #dh4 ,pasqui]1 #ah4 ,patas1 #fe4 ,pauquet1 #bc4 ,petit1 #bc4 ,pic>t1 #fb4 ,ponce1 #fe4 ,prvo/1 #dj4 ,prud'hon1 #ad4 ,quev]do1 #ed4 ,rigaud1 #ah4 ,rog]1 #ag4 ,romanet1 #bf4 ,r\sseau1 #bd4 ,/4 ,aub91 #gj4 ,scot91 #bg4 ,sve1 #bi4 ,simonet1 #hc4 ,t>dieu1 #fd4 ,tilli>d1 #ae4 ,trire1 #ci4 ,d\btless "s ( ^! ascriptions are = frontispieces only1 b z a li/ ( ! pr9cipal book illu/rators ( ! "t1 & z %[+ ! measure ( _! popul>ity1 ?is table is ( mu* int]e/4 ,) ! ,revolution ! decl9e ( ! ,book arrives1 z t ( all ! arts4 ,moreau1 fri5d ( ,david1 _h become affect$ by ! new ideas & ! burlesque r5aissance ( ,greek & ,roman art4 ,he made 8 apology on ! alt> ( ! gods1 & engrav$ portraits on wood to puni% himself = hav+ pa9t$ ! elegancies ( fall5 tyrants4 ,at ?is game1 n]ve1 z well z suppl5ess1 0 lo/2 & if he _h _h only ! arti/ic knack ( ! ,revolution1 8 daught]1 m>ri$ to ,*>les ,v]net1 c\ld n h writt5 ( him1 ,t :i* c be mo/ admir$ is1 at ! same "t1 ! fecundity & flexibility ( ,moreau's tal5t1 t m>vell\s facility ( conceiv+ a picturesque sc5e & dispos+ x 9 an int]e/+ & tru?ful mann] 9 ! lea/ ext5d$ space4 ,?is 0 true be=e1 b aft]8 ,9 spite ( 8 passion = ! ideas & m5 ( ! ,revolution1 ,moreau f\nd himself at ! end ( 8 res\rces4 ,r5\>d1 ! publi%]1 receiv$ him z he _h receiv$ ,/4 ,aub91 to :om he advanc$ sum aft] sum to prev5t him dy+ ( hung]4 ,l mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,moreau1 press$ by want1 took1 quitt$1 & retook ! cuirass & ! hair-%irt4 ,he _h drawn = ev]ybody3 = ,l\is ,,xvi41 = ! ,republic1 = ,napoleon ,i4 ,! wor/ ( x is t aft] 8 designs = ,ovid1 ,molire1 & ,r\sseau1 dat+ f ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 he %\ld h done !m aga9 9 #ahjd1 #ahjf1 & #ahjh4 ,! diff]5ce 0 great1 ev5 probably = 8 publi%]s1 ,r5\>d & ,duprel4 ,x does n appe> t ! pontiff ( ! new s*ool1 ,david1 knew ( 8 di/ress2 & ,moreau succumb$ 9 #ahad to a canc]\s scirrhus ( ! "r arm1 =gott5 & 9 ! greate/ mis]y4 ,we h pass$ a little quickly to ! end ( ! c5tury because x is ( no importance to "n ea* ( ! publi%]s & arti/s1 b only to sket* briefly _! ta/es or _! mann]4 ,we h n dwelt long on ! engrav]s s call$1 because ( _! numb]2 b _! dext]ity rema9s prov]bial2 !y h&l$ et*+ ) extreme suppl5ess1 & (t5 int]pret$ ! draw+s ( illu/rators 9 remitt+ !m to ! ne$le4 ,_m ( ^!1 n to say all1 made use !mselves ( ! et*+ ne$le1 ,/4 ,aub9 = example1 :o knew h[ to give to ! "w ( o!rs 8 p]sonal m>k & di/9ction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,title design$ by ,moreau le ,jeune 9 #agfi = ! publi%] ,prault4 ,! ,revolution pass$ ov] "s among ^? t x ru9$1 &1 z /at$ above1 !y foll[$ ! movem5t1 & lo/ !mselves 9 ! s*ool ( ,david4 ,x 0 ,duplessis-,b]taux :o1 aft] hav+ furni%$ to ,caz91 ! publi%]1 vignettes = 8 ,recueil des ,meilleurs ,contes en ,v]s1 #aggh1 & _m o!r books1 aft] hav+ work$ = ,didot1 devot$ himself to patriotic engrav+ & to ! reproduction ( sc5es ( ! ,revolution4 ,:5 he publi%$ 8 ,tableaux ,hi/oriques1 9 ?ree volumes folio1 adorn$ ) ne>ly two hundr$ l>ge plates1 x 0 "u ! ,consulate1 t is to say f> f ! "t :5 ! "w 0 begun4 ,r5\vi] assures u1 ) 8 exclusive disda9 = ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ,duplessis-,b]taux 0 a my/ifi]1 & t 8 sc5es ( ! ,revolution 7 a hoax1 9 ! k9d ( _s 9 vogue "u ! ,directory4 ,! tru? is t ! arti/1 9 place ( be+ a *e]ful ,callot1 z might be ?\ght f 8 mann] ( engrav+1 s l t ( ! ,lorra9e arti/1 0 imbu$ ) ! emphatic & exagg]at$ impressions ( ! fir/ ,republic1 its sans-culottes 9 ! poses ( ! ,sab9es & its tricoteuses ape+ ,p5elope4 ,! imm5se arti/ic advance made 9 ,france 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! manufacture & illu/ration ( ! ,book made itself felt ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,*od[iecki1 born at ,dantzic ( a family ( apo!c>ies1 develop$ 8 tal5t f ornam5t+ ! boxes ( 8 fa!r1 & f #ageh to #agid he design$ num]\s plates = books & almanacs1 a little heavy 9 engrav+1 b s+ul>ly clev] 9 composition4 ,!re 7 a few o!rs also design+1 & ,kilian1 ,folkema1 & ,rid+] produc$ "s f9e engrav+s1 b ! ,book did n make s mu* progress 9 ,g]many z 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 ,engl& a va/ improvem5t 0 manife/$4 ,f9e types 7 ca/ by ,bask]ville & ,caslon2 pr9t+ ma*9es 7 p]fect$4 ,! illu/ration ( books by engrav$ plates 0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury almo/ entirely done by =eign]s1 b an ,engli% s*ool 0 aris+1 :i* atta9$ p]fection 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? & fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,wood engrav+ also1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( blocks = head & tailpieces1 _h become almo/ a lo/ art1 0 reviv$ by ,bewick1 to become lat] "o ( ! *ief adornm5ts ( ! ,book4 ,be=e #agaf ,engli% pr9t]s obta9$ _! be/ f\nts ( type f ,holl&1 b ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,caslon f\ndry r5d]$ !m indep5d5t4 ,william ,caslon1 ! fir/ great ,engli% type-f\nd]1 0 born #afib1 & di$ #agff4 ,! f\ndry /ill exi/s1 pre-em95t 9 ! beauty ( its *>act]s4 ,bask]ville e/abli%$ a f\ndry ab\t #agej1 & pr9t$ at ,birm+ham ) 8 own types a numb] ( extremely beautiful books4 ,! impetus giv5 to f9e pr9t+ by ^! two m5 rapidly spread itself1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ! p]fection :i* ,engli% book-mak+ rea*$4 ,z m5tion$ above1 ,gravelot illu/rat$ _m ,engli% books 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,he design$ a set ( plates to ,%akespe>e 9 #abmo1 #agdj1 & ano!r 9 qu>to1 #agdd1 besides num]\s frontispieces & o!r plates 9 all k9ds ( books4 ,among o!r =eign]s :o engrav$ = ,engli% publi%]s 7 ,grignion1 ,kip1 ,van d] ,gu*t1 ,h\brak51 & ,b>tolozzi4 ,b>tolozzi1 :o 0 v prolific 9 ! production ( engrav$ plates1 may p]haps be call$ ! f\nd] ( t great ,engli% s*ool ( engrav+ :i* arose ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 #agfi & ! enc\ragem5t giv5 by ,ald]man ,boydell4 ,h\brak5 & ,v]tue engrav$ a set ( f9e portraits 9 folio = ,rap9's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #agcf2 ,william ,hog>? design$ plates = ,butl]'s ,hudibras1 #agdd2 & among o!r curiosities ( ,engli% engrav+ be=e #agej 7 ,/urt's edition ( ! ,common ,pray]1 entirely engrav$ on copp] plates1 #agag1 & an edition ( ,horace entirely engrav$ by ,p9e1 #agcc4 ,t ! ta/e = illu/rat$ books soon grew to be great is evid5c$ by ! publication ( su* exp5sive works z ,boydell's edition ( ,%akespe>e1 9 n9e volumes folio1 comm5c$ 9 #agia1 & adorn$ ) a hundr$ plates f pictures specially commission$ by ! spirit$ publi%]2 ,claude's ,lib] ,v]itatis1 ) ?ree hundr$ engrav+s by ,ri*>d ,e>lom #aggg1 ,sir ,rob]t ,/range's engrav+s ( fifty hi/orical pr9ts ab\t #agej1 collections ( views 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,kip1 ,buck1 & ,boydell2 ,holbe9's ,collection ( ,portraits #agib1 a hundr$ & fifty plates to ,%akespe>e engrav$ by ,s4 & ,e4 ,h>d+ #agic1 all ( :i* co/ great sums to produce1 & greatly contribut$ to ! elevation ( public ta/e4 ,among ! arti/s ( ! latt] half ( ! c5tury :o contribut$ to ! decoration ( ! ,book are ,?omas ,/o?>d1 ^: v beautiful designs1 ext5d+ into ! next c5tury1 excell$ ^? ( all 8 contempor>ies 9 _! grace & _s2 ,rob]t ,smirke1 be/ kn[n by 8 plates = ,%akespe>e1 ,don ,quixote1 & ,gil ,blas2 ,burney2 & ,ri*>d ,we/all4 ,x may be said g5]ally t ! ,engli% books ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 ( a m solid "* ?an ! ,fr5*1 al?\gh ,engli% art1 especially 9 ! decoration ( ! ,book1 owes mu* to ,fr5* initiation4 ,x is curi\s to read n[ ! op9ion ( a contempor>y ,fr5* engrav] on ,engli% art4 ,*(f>d1 9 ! preface to ,basan's ,dictionnaire #agfg1 wrote1 ,!y 7! ,engli%71 hav+ be5 support$ by "s =eign tal5t1 are try+ to create tal5t among !mselves2 b !y h n seiz$ ! flame ( g5ius t vivifies all art 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,tailpiece engrav$ on wood by ,john ,bapti/ ,papillon 7be=e #agff74 ,h[ev]1 :at _h become ( engrav+ by cutt+ 9 rev]se1 ! figure 9 relief1 f :i* pr9t+ c\ld be done8 ,x _h1 we may ?9k1 ne>ly disappe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! cont9u$ invasion ( ! bur9 & et*+4 ,x only appe>$ f "t to "t 9 head & tailpieces1 rema9+ purely typographical & lo/ 9 o!r decorations4 ,!re 7 always wood engrav]s1 n v clev]1 capable only ( work+ simple l9es )\t *>m4 ,"o ( !m resolv$ to resuscitate ! art1 & made v>i\s attempts ab\t ! end ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & beg9n+ ( t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,he 0 nam$ ,john ,papillon1 & 0 born at ,/4 ,qu5t9 9 #affa4 ,8 exp]im5ts did n g beyond a book ( pray]s1 ) ?irty-six figures 9 relief aft] ,sba/i5 ,lecl]c4 ,8 son1 ,john ,bapti/1 succe$$ him1 & cont9u$ to engrave )\t ceas+ subjects ( ornam5t1 lett]s1 (t5 tailpieces1 ( a good /yle ^u ! :ole1 & tak+ an excell5t place 9 an elaborate book4 ,un=tunately1 grace _h fl$2 ! processes t ! practition]s exhibit$ "o aft] ! o!r 7 lo/2 & ! ,papillons recon/itut$1 we may say1 a vani%$ art4 ,john ,bapti/ also publi%$ 9 #agff a !oretical treatise on wood engrav+1 ab\nd+ 9 hi/orical errors1 b 9 :i* some?+ to le>n may be f\nd if tak5 ) disc]nm5t4 ,he says 9 8 preface1 ,n[ t excell5t "w is done on copp]1 wood engrav+ is neglect$1 & ! use lo/ ( design+ & cutt+ ! %ad[s ( ! p5cil on ! wood block2 mo/ ( ^? :o "w 9 x h nei!r design nor ta/e1 & only foll[ _! own ideas2 x is n a/oni%+ t only v m$iocre pieces come f _! h&s1 to say no?+ /rong]2 ! pr(\nd ignorance ( ne>ly all :o m$dle ) x contrives m & m to de/roy ! beauties ( ?is art 9 :i* _m p f9d nei!r pleasure nor grace4 ,to obviate all ?is1 if x be possible to me1 ,i h und]tak5 to give my precepts & obs]vations to ^? :o wi% to apply !mselves to my engrav+4 ,x 0 probably ! essays ( ,papillon t provok$ curi\s exp]im5ts on ! "p ( o!r wood engrav]s4 ,duplat1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 propos$ to prep>e a relief on /one1 & z ?is w\ld be brok5 "u pressure1 he inv5t$ a m\ld2 t is to say1 he took a lead5 matrix f ! /one cutt+1 & ran a resi/ant metal into ?is m\ld1 ?us obta9+ a relief simil> to ! /one4 ,r5\>d1 ! publi%]1 made ! trials2 & ! y\ng] ,moreau made ! designs4 ,moreau become an essay] ( processes 9 #ahaa6 ,"o ( ! plates ( ,la ,fonta9e's ,fables1 publi%$ by ,r5\>d 9 #ahab1 9 two volumes1 #abmo1 is "h reproduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--;,exp]im5t 9 engrav+ 9 relief by ,moreau le ,jeune = ,r5\>d's edition ( ,la ,fonta9e's ,fables4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! publi%] 0 ?w>t$ by bad pr9t+4 ,! pr9t]s ( ,didot or ,mame1 mu* z !y consecrat$ all _! c>e to x1 did n yet "k p]fect workman%ip2 !y put ! mo/ int5se blacks into f9e %eets4 ,! great publi%]s tru/$ t bett] days w\ld leave to m clev] m5 ! task ( p]fect+ ! inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,portrait ( ,?omas ,bewick4 ,wood engrav+ owes its revival & almo/ p]fection 9 ,engl& to ,?omas ,bewick1 :o publi%$ 8 fir/ "w 9 #aggj1 8 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s #agij1 & 8 ,birds #agig4 ,9 ^! works he n only depict$ 8 subjects ) ! mo/ scrupul\s fidelity1 b 9 ! tailpieces ( ! sev]al *apt]s he drew ! mo/ qua9t1 humor\s1 & fai?ful repres5tations ( c\ntry life4 ,he1 ) 8 bro!r1 ,john ,bewick1 & _! pupils1 among :om 0 ,luke ,cl5nell1 _h an influ5ce ^u ,engli% art & ! decoration ( ! ,book 9 ,engl& :i* exi/s to our day4 ,n alone ) u1 = he may be said to h repaid ! debt :i* we ow$ to ,france = h] illu/rat$ books ( ! eighte5? c5tury by /imulat+ ! art ( wood engrav+1 :i* 0 practis$ by ,tony ,johannot & ! o!r illu/rators ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to return to ! eighte5? c5tury1 ) :i* ?is *apt] is specially occupi$1 we h said t ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 aft] v>i\s =tunes1 /ill exi/$2 & 9 #aghh x work$1 = bett] or = worse1 at ! ,l\vre4 ,accord+ to ! budget ( t ye>1 x co/ ! ,k+ #ij1jjj livres1 ( :i* ! director _h #a1djj4 ,!re 71 on ! o!r h&1 a c]ta9 numb] ( (ficial pr9t+ (fices1 t ( w>1 = example1 :i* 0 devot$ entirely to ! "w ( ! ,m9i/ry4 ,x 0 situat$ at ,v]sailles1 & 0 creat$ 9 #agfh4 ,x is told ( ,l\is ,,xv4 t1 be+ "o day 9 ?is work%op1 he f\nd a pair ( spectacles1 left z if 9 inadv]t5ce on a pr9t$ %eet4 ,z 8 sight 0 weak5+1 he took ! spectacles & look$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! %eet 0 a hyp]bolical eulogium compos$1 z if at r&om1 by ! director ,b]ti]1 9 hon\r ( ! ,k+4 ,l\is ,,xv41 hav+ read ! di?yramb1 replac$ ! spectacles1 & quietly said1 ,!y are too /rong2 !y make objects too l>ge4 ,:o w\ld believe t at ! end ( ! c5tury ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau a craftsman w\ld be f\nd desir\s ( lead+ back ! typographical art to its cradle1 & ( mak+ xylographs aga91 "u ! "n ( polytypes8 ,a ,g]man 0 ! orig9al :o conceiv$ ! plan4 ,he obta9$ an ord] ( c\ncil = ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 presses 9 #aghe1 b ! same c\ncil suppress$ !m #a/ ,novemb]1 #aghg4 ,8 process 0 to sub/itute = movable *>act]s a plate ( fix$ lett]s1 & probably engrav$4 ,ano!r ecc5tricity ( typography at ! end ( ! c5tury 0 ! introduction ( logography by ,john ,walt]1 ! proprietor & pr9t] ( ! ,times newspap]1 :i* consi/$ 9 ca/+ :ole ! words 9 mo/ common use1 9 place ( sep>ate lett]s4 ,! sy/em _h soon to be ab&on$1 b ! e>ly numb]s ( ! ,times1 :i* 0 />t$ ,janu>y #a/1 #aghe1 7 pr9t$ on x4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !re 0 a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t = ea* ( ! con/itut$ bodies2 ! ,k+1 ! ,que51 ! pr9ces1 ea* _h _! own4 ,! royal lott]y occupi$ a special pr9t+ h\se4 ,! "y inmates ( ! bl9d asylum work$ "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,cl\si]1 royal pr9t]4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 au?oris$ ! celebrat$ ,hay1 _! ma/]1 to all[ !m to pr9t2 & 9 #aghf !y compos$ an essay on ! education ( ! bl9d4 ,pi]re ,franois ,didot 0 9 #aghe pr9t] to ! ,pr9ce1 aft]w>ds ,l\is ,,xviii42 & he publi%$ ! ,av5tures de ,tlmaque1 9 two qu>to volumes1 f ?is special pr9t+ (fice4 ,! ,engli% colonies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica e>ly e/abli%$ pr9t+ !re1 _! fir/ book1 ! ,book ( ,psalms1 kn[n z ! ,bay ,psalm ,book1 be+ dat$ #afdj4 ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury lit]ature held a /rong position 9 ! colonies1 ! great] "p ( x be+1 z might be expect$1 ,engli%2 b ! revolution & subsequ5t e/abli%m5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates creat$ a national ,am]ican lit]ature1 :i* has fl\ri%$ to ?is day4 ,among ! pr9t]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! mo/ fam\s 0 ! celebrat$ philosoph] ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 :o s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip to ! pr9t+ press 9 ,london4 ,he return$ to ,am]ica 9 #agbf1 & work$ z a pr9t] ) 8 bro!r at ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,book ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,didots & _! improvem5ts--,! folio ,rac9e--,! s*ool ( ,didot--,f9e publications 9 ,engl& & ,g]many--,lit]ature & art ( ! ,re/oration--,romanticism--,wood engrav+--,bewick's pupils1 ,cl5nell1 etc4--,! illu/rators ( romances--,! g5]ation ( #ahdj--,! ,book 9 our days 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,political imitators _h n be5 f\nd = ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 all ! neighb\r+ c\ntries ( ,europe1 b its ,greco-,roman art e/abli%$ itself1 & by degrees 0 introduc$ into ! /udios ( pa9t]s & ! pr9t+ (fices4 ,prud'hon1 ,g]>d1 ,girodet1 & lat] ,des5ne1 )\t c\nt+ ! y\ng] ,moreau & 8 contempor>ies ( ! old] regime1 ralli$ to ! new /udy1 =m+ a s*ool ( illu/rators & vignetti/s ) :i* ! publi%]s c\ld resolutely advance4 ,engl& foll[$ suit ) ,flaxman1 ,we/1 ,fuseli1 ,b>ry1 & a cr[d ( o!rs4 ,among ! publi%]s ! p[]ful family ( ! ,didots took fir/ rank1 & its memb]s1 at once type-f\nd]s1 pr9t]s1 booksell]s1 & savants ( ! fir/ ord]1 7 ! be/ fitt$ to direct an arti/ic & lit]>y movem5t4 ,:5 ,napoleon cr[n$ himself emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 ! eld]s ( ! family _h already br\ght ab\t a numb] ( p]fections & discov]ies 9 _! pr(ession by :i* _! work%ops _h pr(it$4 ,franois ,ambroise1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> ( ! ,empire1 _h giv5 an exact proportion to types1 a free & elegant turn1 b p]haps too regul> & precise to be agreeable4 ,he _h also inv5t$ a press call$ ! presse un c\p1 9 :i* ! impression 0 tak5 by a s+le pull in/ead ( be+ produc$ by a s]ies ( successive /rik+s4 ,8 bro!r1 ,pi]re ,franois1 spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 0 a type-f\nd] & pap]-mak] at ,essones1 & c\nt$ among 8 (ficial titles pr9t] to ! ,comte de ,prov5ce1 z ,franois ,ambroise 0 to ! ,comte d',artois4 ,( ^! two bran*es equally fai?ful to typography1 ,pi]re ,didot1 son ( ,franois ,ambroise1 became ! head on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,born 9 #agfj1 he _h /udi$ 8 art ) passion1 & _h m]it$ ! in/allation ( 8 work%ops 9 ! ,l\vre1 :]e he publi%$ a celebrat$ collection kn[n z ! ,l\vre editions1 ! *ef-d'oeuvre ( :i* 0 ! works ( ,rac9e4 ,! spl5did execution ( ?is book1 9 ?ree l>ge folio volumes1 0 a true typographical revolution4 ,nev] 9 any c\ntry _h scrupul\s p]fection ( detail be5 jo9$ to s ma/]ly a k ( disposition & =m ( *>act]s4 ,! great arti/s ( ! ,davidian s*ool _h ! hon\r ( see+ _! draw+s reproduc$ z illu/rations1 & ^? nam$ above design$ ! fifty-sev5 plates ) :i* ! edition 0 adorn$4 ,pi]re ,didot display$ a great affectation 9 only pr9t+ two hundr$ & fifty copies ( 8 irreproa*able & m>vell\s "w1 ( :i* a hundr$ _h pro(s ( ! plates be=e lett]s4 ,publi%$ by subscription1 ! ord9>y edition 0 issu$ at #a1bjj francs1 & ) pro(s #a1hjj francs4 ,to ^! sup]b works ,firm9 ,didot1 8 bro!r1 add$ +5i\s discov]ies4 ,/ruck ) c]ta9 difficulties ( pr9t+ z well z ( correction1 he imag9$ ! weld+ toge!r ( ! types ( a =me1 :5 once obta9$ )\t faults1 s z to avoid ! tr\ble ( new composition4 ,?is process1 useless = books ( small numb]1 _h a capital importance 9 ! case ( reimpressions ( popul> & successful works4 ,he nam$ ?is me?od /]eotype1 & f #agii he publi%$ a ,rac9e 9 #ahmo by ?is me?od2 b ! orig9ality ( ! me?od1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to call /]eotype1 end$ ) its "n1 = ! process _h already be5 discov]$ by ,william ,g$1 a goldsmi? ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #agbe1 ! fir/ book produc$ 9 ?is mann] be+ an edition ( ,sallu/1 pr9t$ 9 #agdd1 #hvo1 non typis mobilibus ut vulgo fi]i solet1 s$ tabellis seu lam9is fusis1 excudebat4 ,?is admirably direct$ h\se1 we may inde$ say ?is s*ool ( typography1 =m$ ) ,r5\>d1 ,claye1 ,rign\x1 & o!rs1 ! great] numb] ( ! ,fr5* publi%]s ( ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,:5 ! ,cz> ,alex&] w5t to ,p>is1 he wi%$ to d hon\r to ! greate/ ,fr5* practition]s 9 ! sci5ce ( pr9t+1 9 ! p]sons ( ! bro!rs ,pi]re & ,firm9 ,didot4 ,b ^! 7 n ! only ones4 ,! sons ( ,pi]re ,franois1 ,h5ri & ,pi]re ,franois ,,ii4--! latt] specially appli$ himself to pap]-mak+1 "u ! "n ( ,didot ,/4 ,leg]--foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( _! fa!r & uncle4 ,pi]re ,franois made at ,essones an excell5t pap]1 :i* he br\ght to ! p]fection ( mak+ x 9 endless rolls1 su* z are made to-day = rot>y ma*9es4 ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re retir$ to ,essones ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & !re m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,pi]re ,franois ,,ii4 ,x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t ! same village conta9$ at once ! man ^: works at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury _h s extraord9>y a success & ! great family ( pr9t]s :o _h giv5 def9itive impetus to typographical "w4 ,x 0 9 ?is tranquil circle t ! au?or ( ,paul & ,virg9ia1 at ! age ( sixty1 s\ght repose2 t ! publication ( 8 book 0 resolv$ ^u ) all ! luxury due to its success1 ) admirable type & ) plates by ,prud'hon & o!rs4 ,he add$ to x ! ,*aumire ,indi5ne1 writt5 9 #agij1 on ! eve ( ! ,t]ror1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ delicate novels ( ! "t4 ,! homely & sweet lit]ature ( ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re1 ! h]oic inv5tions ( ,girodet1 ,g]>d1 & ,*audet 9 ! ,greek or ,roman /yle1 ! clev] b sev]e typography ( ! ,didots--su* is ! composition ( ! ,book at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & also its av[$ t5d5cy & good ta/e4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xv4 ! nymphs c>ri$ panni]s2 ,polyeucte _h p]uke & sword4 ,x w\ld be unbecom+ n to give ,juno or ,v5us ! head-dress adopt$ 9 pa9t+s & vignettes4 ,at ! "t :i* n[ occupies u fa%ion 9 clo?+ direct$ design]s also4 ,! hair ( goddesses 0 la ,titus2 ! wai/ 0 "u ! arms2 gold5 circles 7 on ! br[4 ,simple mortals walk$ nak$ on ! roads1 ) plum$ casques & sup]b %ields4 ,!re 7 h]oes putt+ =? _! disproportion$ arms1 o!rs rais+ _! eyes to heav5 9 impossible attitudes4 ,su* 7 all ! vignettes1 f ,girodet to ! humble/1 ! la/1 ! mo/ =gott54 ,x happ5s1 by an oddity ( :i* ! cause is va9ly s\ght1 t ?is classic & revolution>y s*ool ( ,david id5tifies itself s well ) ! ,napoleonic epo*1 !n ) ! p ( ! ,re/oration1 t x seems expressly made = !m4 ,at ! same "t1 "u ,l\is ,,xviii4 & ,*>les ,x4 ! ,romans & ,greeks _h n ! bold c>riage ( _! e>ly days2 !y became m citiz5is$1 & assum$ ! air ( ! national gu>ds ( ! k+dom ( :i* lat] an excessive use 0 made4 ,engl& also _h a spl5did s]ies ( publi%]s & pr9t]s4 ,f ,boydell1 ,h>d+1 ! ,murrays1 ,fi%]2 f ,bulm]1 ,b5sley1 ,/rahan1 ! ,:itt+hams1 & ,hans>d1 to our day1 !re has be5 an unbrok5 & con/antly increas+ l9e ( clev]1 practical m51 adorn+ ! pr(essions to :i* !y devot$ _! en]gies1 (t5 realis+ t =tune :i* prop]ly direct$ en]gies comm&4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury a va/ numb] ( spl5didly pr9t$ books 7 issu$1 ornam5t$ 9 ! mo/ lavi% mann] ) beautiful illu/rations1 engrav$ on /eel or copp] plates1 & ) delicate woodcuts4 ,book illu/ration 9 ,engl& may be said n[ to h rea*$ p]fection4 ,:5 ! bank]-poet ,samuel ,rog]s wi%$ to br+ out an illu/rat$ edition ( 8 works1 he employ$ ! two mo/ capable arti/s ( ! "t1 ,?omas ,/o?>d & ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]2 & !y produc$ an admirable s]ies ( designs1 :i* 7 exquisitely engrav$ by ,f9d51 ,goodall1 & ,pye4 ,! "w 0 pr9t$ by ,t4 ,davidson1 9 two volumes1 octavo3 ! ,italy 9 #ahcj & ! ,poems 9 #ahcd2 ^! two volumes1 f ! p]fect h>mony ( ! typography & illu/ration & _! comb9$ beauty1 may be ref]r$ to z ! p]fection ( book-mak+4 ,a v *>m+ s]ies ( volumes is f\nd 9 ! ,annuals1 ,keepsakes1 ,amulets1 & simil> annual publications1 illu/rat$ ) beautiful /eel plates by ! be/ engrav]s4 ,! spl5didly pr9t$ & illu/rat$ bibliographical works ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,f4 ,dibd9 may also be m5tion$4 ,!y ext5d to sev]al volumes1 & 7 pr9t$ by ,bulm] & 8 successors ,nicoll & ,t4 ,b5sley1 illu/rat$ by engrav$ plates & woodcuts by ,f4 ,c4 ,lewis & o!rs4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn1 besides ! f9e s]ies kn[n z ,bohn's ,libr>ies1 numb]+ ov] six hundr$ volumes1 9 e bran* ( lit]ature1 art1 & sci5ce1 publi%$ _m f9ely illu/rat$ books1 & z a booksell] _h ! l>ge/ /ock ( 8 day4 ,*>les ,knight did m>vels 9 popul>is+ lit]ature 9 8 day4 ,william ,pick]+ publi%$ a long s]ies ( v beautiful books1 & 9 conjunction ) ,*>les ,:itt+ham1 pr9t]1 ( ! f>-fam$ ,*iswick ,press1 reviv$ ! ,ald9e or old-fac$ types2 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( 8 publications 0 ,sir ,h>ris ,nicolas's edition ( ,walton's ,angl]1 9 two volumes1 imp]ial octavo1 ) a v f9e set ( /eel plates1 design$ by ,/o?>d & engrav$ by ,augu/us ,fox & ,w4 ,j4 ,cooke1 besides engrav$ vignettes & repres5tations ( fi% drawn by ,inskipp4 ,9 ,g]many p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable a*ievem5t ( ! c5tury is ! extraord9>y s]ies ( volumes ( ,engli% au?ors1 n[ 7#ahhg7 numb]+ #b1ejj1 issu$ by ,b>on ,tau*nitz1 ( ,leipzig1 :i*1 al?\gh em95tly popul> 9 _! "*1 are well & ta/efully pr9t$4 ,among ! mo/ notable ( ! pr9t+ & publi%+ h\ses ( ,g]many1 _m ( !m comb9+ ! two trades1 are ,j4 ,g4 ,cotta1 dat+ f #afdj2 ,breitkopf & ,hrtel1 dat+ f #agai2 ,ju/us ,p]!s1 f\nd$ #agif2 ,t4 ,o4 ,weigel1 #agig2 ,f4 ,a4 ,brockhaus1 #ahje2 ,b4 ,g4 ,teubn]1 #ahaa2 ,w4 ,drugul91 #ahbi2 ,j4 ,j4 ,web]1 #ahcd1 etc4 ,g]many has advanc$ ) ,engl& & ,france 9 f9e typography & illu/ration 9 _! sev]al k9ds4 ,! mod]n s*ool ( book illu/ration 9 ,g]many und\bt$ly has its orig9 9 ! influ5ce giv5 to x by ! designs ( ! arti/ ,adolph ,m5zel1 among/ :i* a s]ies ( two hundr$ illu/rations to ! works ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 engrav$ on wood by ! ,vogels1 ,unzelman & ,mll]1 %[ him to be "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & accurate draughtsm5 ( ! c5tury4 ,to return to ,france1 a new lit]ature arose t 0 to react aga9/ ! ,greek full ( ,gallicisms2 b ! movem5t1 9 rev]s+ ! anci5t /ate ( ?+s1 9 wi%+ to replace antiquity by ! ,middle ,ages1 old ,romans by old ,fr5*1 completely *ang$ ! physiognomy ( ! ,book4 ,! engrav$ vignette & ! copp] plate ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 to lose _! supremacy & to give way to et*+ & wood engrav+1 also a revival ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,wood engrav+ by ,cl5nell aft] ,we/1 = ! diploma ( ! ,highl& ,society4 ,x is n suffici5tly kn[n t wood engrav+1 aft] ! un=tunate attempts ( ,papillon 9 ,france1 0 re/or$ 9 ,engl& by ,?omas ,bewick1 :o f\nd$ a s*ool1 ( :i*1 at ! comm5cem5t ( our c5tury1 ,cl5nell & ! bro!rs ,?ompson 7 memb]s4 ,"o ( ! ,?ompsons w5t to ,france ab\t ! middle ( ! ,re/oration1 d\btless ) ! hope ( pr(it+ by 8 art1 & he (f]$ to ! ,pr9t ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,national ,libr>y ! diploma ( ! ,highl& ,society1 a l>ge folio wood block1 v adroit & v curi\sly cut1 aft] ! draw+ ( ! celebrat$ ,b5jam9 ,we/1 & copi$ f ,cl5nell's orig9al block ( ! same subject4 ,m4 ,du*esne1 !n ,keep] ( ! ,pr9ts1 speaks ( ?is la/ process z ( an app>ition3 ,?is pr9t makes app>5t ! long-neglect$ & (t5 reappe>+ art ( wood engrav+1 :i*1 ?\gh x c\ld nev] equal copp] engrav+1 nev]!less m]its ! att5tion ( amateurs :5 a capable h& is ex]cis$ ^u x4 ,x 01 we see1 a curiosity !n1 ?is relief cutt+1 ( :i* ! resurrection 0 to give an enorm\s impulse to ! ,book f ! facilities ( pr9t+ & ! economies realis$ by ! possibility ( int]calation 9 p]iodicals4 ,9 fact1 metal pr9t+ necessitat$ s mu* tr\ble1 m = engrav+ ?an = ! impression4 ,) wood blocks surr\nd$ by type ! ord9>y press suffic$4 ,! ,magas9 ,pittoresque1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahcc1 & ! success ( :i* f ! fir/ 0 v great1 0 born ( ^! new comb9ations4 ,be=e x ! ,messag] ,boiteux ( ,/rasb\rg & o!r popul> almanacs progress$ v well ) _! illu/rations on wood4 ,a k9d ( firm ( engrav]s1 at ! head ( :i* 7 ,be/ & ,&rew1 und]took ! illu/rations ( ! ,magas9 ,pittoresque4 ,9 a few ye>s progress 0 imm5se1 o!r publications came into exi/5ce1 & a def9itive return 0 made to ! vignette 9 relief4 ,! ,fr5* illu/rat$ pap] prec$$ our ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news by n9e ye>s4 ,lavi% use 0 n[ made ( wood engrav+1 :i* _h ?us be5 sudd5ly reviv$ 9 ! v mid/ ( ! new romantic eff]vesc5ce1 amid a w> ( books1 :i*1 9 ord] to please1 _h above all to captivate ! eye1 react+ at once aga9/ ! _s & ! art ( ! ,re/oration4 ,nev] be=e _h arti/s to su* an ext5t tak5 active "p 9 a purely lit]>y w>f>e4 ,all ! fanta/ic t5d5cies ( "y ,france 7 embodi$ 9 ! lame & halt+ l9es ( ! "t & simil> wret*$ dogg]el4 ,d\btless ! lead]s ( ! s*ool did n g q s f>1 & _! reputation ev5 suff]$ f su* !ories2 b1 z always happ5s 9 su* cases1 ! disciples out/ripp$ _! ma/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,vignette by ,devria = ! ,fianc de la ,tombe4 ,! bro!rs ,johannot 7 ! fir/ to jo9 9 ! fray1 "u ! flag ( ! poets & o!rs ( ! romantic s*ool1 su* z ,victor ,hugo1 ,de ,vigny1 ,paul ,lacroix1 ,george ,s&1 & ,devria1 mo/ ru?less ( illu/rators4 ,! la/-nam$ _h design$ vignettes on wood1 ( all o!rs1 = ,ba\r-,lormian1 t is to say = ! foe ( ! new ideas1 at once ! int]pret] ( ,ossian & ! b\rgeois b>d1 full ( fire & fury aga9/ ev]y?+ 9 turn4 ,! ,lg5des1 ,ballades1 et ,fabliaux1 illu/rat$ by ,devria 9 #ahbi1 al?\gh a sort ( compromise ) ! lovesick swa9s ( m$ival times1 did n escape ! %afts ( ridicule4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is movem5t ! ,book became democratic2 x 0 pr9t$ on sug>-pap] = read+-rooms & scull]y maids4 ,! g5]ation ( romanci/s diffus$ its pap]-cov]$ works1 pr9t+ a ?\s& copies & sell+ five hundr$ ) great difficulty4 ,poets publi%+ five hundr$ 7 happy ) a sale ( two hundr$ & fifty4 ,unhe>d-( titles 7 !n ne$$ to cat* ! eye1 ridicul\s & gha/ly frontispieces to tickle ! fancy ( ! riffraff4 ,paul ,lacroix call$ himself ! ,bibliophile ,jacob1 & inv5t$ surpris+ headpieces & fooli% designs4 ,& !n1 z 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 z 9 ! old times1 c]ta9 signs become popul> ) ! read+ public4 ,9 ! place ( ! ,doctr9als1 ,compla9ts1 & ,disputes1 s common 9 ! titles ( ^? epo*s1 new fancies spr+ up & h _! day4 ,ecc5tric devices recomm5d romantic tra%1 9 :i* ! assass9's dagg]1 blood1 & ! horrors ( ! tomb h replac$ ! insipid fantasies ( ! fall5 regime4 ,ptrus ,borel1 ! w]ewolf1 a sort ( hi/oric gh\l pr[l+ ab\t ! gravey>ds1 enjoy$ a monopoly1 z x 71 ( ! gha/ly titles & cont5ts ( ?is *>nel-h\se lit]ature2 x 0 = 8 ,*ampav]t1 publi%$ 9 #ahcc1 t ,gig\x compos$ a k9d ( ,bluebe>d surr\nd$ by female skeletons1 t op5$ ! eyes ( publi%]s to 8 value z a vignetti/4 ,al?\gh he ?rew himself s\l & body into ! romantic movem5t1 ! "y arti/ did n alone design subjects call$ abracadabrants1 foll[+ ! neologism ( ! "t1 any m ?an ! booksell]s only publi%$ romances4 ,an attempt 0 made1 by publi%+ !m 9 p>ts1 to /ill fur!r popul>ise ! old writ]s at all h>monis+ ) ! curr5t ta/e4 ,! publi%] ,paul9 ?us issu$ ! ,gil ,blas ( ,le ,sage1 ) illu/rations 9 ! text by ! y\ng] ,gig\x1 ( :i* ! be/ 0 hop$4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is celebrat$ ent]prise has be5 writt5 by ! arti/ himself 9 ! curi\s ,caus]ies publi%$ rec5tly by him1 fifty ye>s aft] 8 "w on ,gil ,blas2 & ?is int]e/+ view ( an epo* already f> di/ant gives u 9 a few words ! ord9>y economy ( ^! popul> impressions 9 p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,vignette by ,john ,gig\x = ,gil ,blas4 ,x appe>s t ,paul91 publi%] 9 ! ,rue de ,se9e1 n be+ v well (f1 _h associat$ himself ) a man ( bus9ess nam$ ,dubo*et1 :o _h be=e made an enorm\s =tune ) gas4 ,! two repres5t$ fifte5 ?\s& to tw5ty ?\s& francs1 & !y ord]$ a hundr$ draw+s on wood f ! "y arti/4 ,he set to "w ) precaution1 = ,dubo*et 0 h>d to please1 )\t kn[+ mu* ab\t ! bus9ess1 & f9$ ! engrav]s = ! lea/ faults4 ,gig\x set himself to give 8 compositions 9 simple l9e1 )\t complicat$ %ad[s1 s z to all[ ! wood-cutt]s to pres]ve a free outl9e4 ,x 0 ne>ly ! same ?+ z ! process ( ! old arti/s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ( ,vo/re & ,holbe93 true engrav+ 9 relief4 ,! success ( ! fir/ %eets 0 extraord9>y2 new vignettes 7 ord]$ f ,gig\x2 9 place ( a hundr$ !y want$ ?ree hundr$1 !n f\r hundr$2 !n at ! end ( ! "w !y c\nt$ six hundr$ at lea/4 ,money fill$ ! *e/s ( ! firm1 b :5 ! arti/ claim$ a small %>e ( ! b5efits1 !y laugh$ 9 8 face4 ,prop]ly speak+1 x 0 ! fir/ s]i\s attempt at illu/ration by ! recov]$ me?od ( engrav+ 9 relief1 b x 0 n ! only "o4 ,curm]1 ! publi%] ( ! ,rue ,ri*elieu1 prep>$ a ,bible 9 #ahce & sev]al o!r volumes1 among :i* 7 ! ,paul & ,virg9ia & ! ,*aumire ,indi5ne ( ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,he _h also collect$ ar\nd him a circle ( arti/s t includ$ ,watti]1 ,devria1 & ,meissoni]1 :o 0 ! mo/ p]fect & correct ( ! design]s on wood4 ,meissoni] design$ v sob]ly1 )\t effects ( light1 little sc5es admirably cut by an engrav] nam$ ,lavoignat1 a ma/] 9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,curm] wrote 9 #ahce 9 ! preface to "o ( 8 books1 ,we hope we h rais$ a monum5t to wood engrav+4 ,x is easy to judge ( ! res\rces pres5t$ by ?is art4 ,we are compell$ to h rec\rse to ,engl& to accompli% our "w4 ,peace to will+ publi%]s6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,vignette by ,daumi] = ! ,*ol]a ,p>is4 ,curm] ackn[l$ges ! importance ( ,engli% speciali/s 9 ?is new process = vignettes1 & ! will+ publi%]s 7 n want+2 !y came f all p>ts4 ,he himself did n /op on ! way2 he cont9u$ 8 "w on a l>ge scale2 & ,*>les ,blanc 0 able to say ( him lat]1 z well z ( ,furne1 ,he desir$ to illu/rate books = ev]ybody1 z ! great booksell]s ( ! la/ c5tury _h illu/rat$ _! r>e editions = a small numb] ( privileg$ p]sons4 ,b he did n always conf9e himself to wood engrav+2 he also employ$ et*+ & li?ography4 ,^!1 requir+ sep>ate pr9t+1 did n make int]calation ) ! text any easi] ?an engrav+ ) ! bur92 b !y s]v$ to illu/rate p]iodicals1 ! ,*>iv>i & ,l',arti/e1 z well z "s books1 :]e !y replac$ ! engrav$ plates ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,at ! same "t1 ! latt] process 0 n altoge!r neglect$2 ab\t #ahdj x 0 reviv$1 & /eel 0 us$ 9 place ( copp]1 z x bett] resi/$ repeat$ impressions4 ,! publi%] ,furne1 :ile he employ$ wood engrav+1 adorn$ ) sep>ate plates on /eel 8 bett] publications4 ,= him work$ ,raffet1 "o ( ! romantici/s enam\r$ ( ! ,napoleonic epic1 :i* he _h popul>is$1 ) ,*>let & ,bellang1 by ! p5cil1 wood1 & li?ography4 ,raffet _h transf]r$ ^u wood1 z if 9 play1 ! ?ree hundr$ & fifty-"o vignettes ( ! ,hi/oire de ,napolon1 by ,de ,norv9s1 :i* w\ld to-day suffice = ! glory & reputation ( _m arti/s4 ,9 fact1 ! analytical & inductive _s ( ! arti/ l$ him to leave no?+ to ! *ances ( inspiration & commonplace ( illu/ration4 ,he labori\sly recon/itut$1 fragm5t by fragm5t1 ! physiognomy ( ! old army2 & imbu$ ) ! p]fect sci5ce ( detail1 he all[$ 8 p5cil full play 9 bold & lum9\s inv5tions1 :]e may be se5 aga91 ) _! peculi> appe>ance1 ! h]oes ( o!r days1 ! soldi]s ( ! ,rh9e & ,italy1 ( ,au/]litz & ,wat]loo4 ,a truly lively p]iod 0 t ( #ahdj1 a liv+ & un?9k+ g5]ation4 ,by ! side ( ^? great arti/s ( :om we h spok51 & :o w be m admir$ "s day1 !re 7 ! fantasi/s ,travis & ,daumi]1 :o adorn$ ! illu/rat$ j\rnals ) innum]able sket*es1 & ,gr&ville & ,gav>ni1 "o c>icatur+ animals 9 a celebrat$ book1 ,les ,animaux ,pe9ts p> ,eux-mmes1 :i* is m ?an a *ef-d'oeuvre2 ! o!r coolly /udy+ ! vices & faults ( 8 "t1 ) ! precision ( an anatomi/1 9 ,les ,anglais ,pe9ts p> ,eux-mmes ( ,lab$ollire1 9 ! ,diable ,p>is1 )\t c\nt+ a ?\s& o!r works :i* 8 p5etrat+ imag9ation produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,vignette by ,gav>ni = ,p>is ,m>i4 ,pres5tly photography came1 :i* 0 to rev]se completely ! conditions ( illu/ration ( ! ,book by ! num]\s means ( reproduction to :i* x gave bir?4 ,!n wood engrav+ ent]$ on a new phase1 a complete trans=mation ( its ord9>y t]ms1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,gu/ave ,dor4 ,little by little x _h be5 attempt$ to r5d] 9 relief t :i* engrav$ plates only _h hi!rto done4 ,black1 half-t9ts1 l[]$ tones1 7 tri$ :]e =m]ly a simple l9e1 bold & spirit$1 signifi$ ev]y?+4 ,! h\se ( ,ha*ette1 f\nd$ by "o ( ! normal tea*]s ( ! lib]al movem5t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 01 toge!r ) ,lahure1 ! promot] ( relief s inclusive & practical4 ,! num]\s p]iodicals ( ^! publi%]s spread ! ta/e af>4 ,engl&1 = its "p1 ent]$ on ! road1 foll[$ by ,am]ica & ,g]many4 ,to-day wood engrav+s h rea*$ p]fection1 f9esse1 & suppl5ess2 b !y are n1 prop]ly speak+1 engrav+s on wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,balzac writ+ 8 ,contes ,drlatiques4 ,vignette by ,gu/ave ,dor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,wood block by ,bewick1 f 8 ,fables1 #ahah4 ,! fox & ! goat4 ,we h se5 t ,fr5* publi%]s 7 l>gely indebt$ to ,engli% wood engrav]s = _! blocks4 ,! s*ool t 0 e/abli%$ by ,bewick & 8 pupils made enorm\s progress4 ,f ! ,fables1 publi%$ 9 #ahah1 we reproduce an illu/ration z also a specim5 f ! second volume ( ! ,briti% ,birds4 ,luke ,cl5nell 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,bewick's pupils2 & he made "s excell5t blocks1 among !m ! illu/rations to an edition ( ,rog]s's ,poems 7#ahab71 engrav$ f p5-&-ink draw+s by ,?omas ,/o?>d4 ,x 0 ,/o?>d's op9ion t wood engrav+ be/ reproduc$ p5-&-ink draw+s4 ,o!r pupils ( ,bewick 7 ,j4 ,jackson1 ,john ,?ompson1 :o engrav$ ,h>vey's beautiful illu/rations to ,milton & ,h5d]son's ,hi/ory ( ,w9es1 ,s4 ,williams1 ,orr9 ,smi?1 ,rob]t ,bran/on1 & ,c4 ,nesbit4 ,! mo/ prolific & p]haps ! mo/ popul> book-illu/rator ( ! c5tury 9 ,engl&1 0 ,george ,cruik%ank1 :o engrav$ mo/ ( 8 own designs on wood1 /eel1 or ) ! et*+ ne$le2 ! catalogue ( 8 works by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,reid1 =m]ly keep] ( ! ,pr9ts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 occupies ?ree qu>to volumes4 ,! designs ( ,phiz1 z ,h4 ,k4 ,br[ne call$ himself1 l>gely contribut$ to ! popul>ity ( ! works ( ,*>les ,dick5s2 & ! m]e m5tion ( ,ri*>d ,doyle & ,john ,lee* w recall ! palmy days ( ,pun*1 al?\gh bo? ( ^! arti/s did excell5t "w 9 book illu/ration4 ,f ! days ( ! ,bewicks to ! pres5t wood engrav+ has =m$ ! mo/ widely us$ means ( illu/ration 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its adaptability to ! pr9t+ ma*9e r5d]s x admirably suit$ to ! production ( books 9 l>ge numb]s & at l[ exp5se4 ,)\t x we c\ld n h our ,graphics & ,illu/rat$ ,news1 nor ! floods ( *eap b spl5didly illu/rat$ magaz9es :i* are appe>+ on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,true1 _m ( ^! blocks are due to ! processes :i* photography has made available1 b !y are nev]!less ! outcome ( wood engrav+4 ,we _c leave ?is subject )\t m5tion+ ! admirable ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,*atto1 ) num]\s illu/rations1 publi%$ orig9ally by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn 9 #ahci & s9ce repr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,wood block f ,bewick's ,briti% ,birds4 ,! common duck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,wood engrav+ by ,cl5nell1 aft] ,/o?>d1 = ,rog]s's ,poems1 #ahab4 ,9 our days ! great ,p>is publi%]s h return$ to ! books ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ornam5t$ ) vignettes on copp]2 _m ( !m purely & simply imitate by photographic processes ! pretty editions ( ,eis5 & ,moreau1 b !y d n m]it ! "n :i* !y be>4 ,z to ^? ^: specialty is h&some books ) figures by contempor>y arti/s1 ^? :o always are 9 ! front1 z ! ,mames1 ,quant9s1 ,ha*ettes1 ,plons1 ,j\au/s1 ( ,france2 ! ,longmans1 ,murrays1 ,macmillans1 ,kegan ,pauls1 ,cassells1 & ,*attos ( ,engl&2 ! ,h>p]s1 ,scribn]s1 ,lipp9cotts1 & ,h\ghtons ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y are to u :at ! anci5ts ( :om we h spok5 7 to _! contempor>ies4 ,n[ ! processes ( illu/ration are )\t numb]3 wood1 metal1 heliogravure1 phototype1 & o!rs4 ,& if ! me*anical means1 if ! heliogravures1 h at pres5t ! importance claim$1 !y by no means add to ! intr9sic value ( wood engrav+s1 b to ! rapidity & economy ( _! manufacture4 ,! ,book1 ! true ,book1 has no?+ to d ) all ^! inv5tions1 & may well conf9e itself to ! bur9 or ! relief block4 ,b z reg>ds ! ,book1 prop]ly s call$1 x nev] 0 ! object ( m excessive c>e or ( m un=tunate precipitation4 ,x may be rem>k$ t works lea/ de/9$ to live 9 ! libr>ies1 ^? ?\s&s ( lame pamphlets on que/ions ( small prov9cial erudition or ! cap-&-sword romances1 are ord9>ily ! be/ & mo/ c>efully pr9t$1 9 opposition to o!r m important works compos$ 9 heads ( nails & on worn-out pap]4 ,!re are 9 read+-rooms a good numb] ( pamphlets t w n be f\nd 9 fifty ye>s1 & w be wor? _! weight 9 banknotes1 ev5 if dirty & tatt]$1 on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic value4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,types1 ,,impression1 ,,pap]1 ,,ink4 ,aft] ?is summ>y1 & necess>ily v compress$1 sket* ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,book1 x w n be )\t importance to place "s te*nical in=mation be=e ! read]1 to expla9 z cle>ly z possible ! function ( ! presses1 ! practical side ( typography1 f ! engrav+ ( ! "* & ! f\nd+ ( types up to ! b9d+1 tak+ by ! way composition1 impression1 & collation4 ,_m ( ^! op]ations h be5 already sket*$ 9 ! prec$+ "p ( our "w2 we h spok5 ( engrav+ ( ! pun*1 ( impression1 ( ! ?\s& details t con/itute ! typographic art1 & ! k ( :i* is s little diffus$4 ,we return to x n[1 ) m me?od1 on ! diff]5t subjects1 & %all try to po9t out ! pr9cipal features4 ,we h se5 9 our fir/ *apt] :at pati5t rese>*es ! discov]y necessitat$ = ! ,may5ce pr9t]s 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! "* 9 matrix4 ,true1 ! pun* & ! matrix _h exi/$ f "t immemorial = co9s & seals4 ,to engrave 9 relief a pun* ( mat]ial h>d en\gh to /rike a resi/+ metal1 & to run into ! space obta9$ by ?is bl[ a melt$ alloy1 :i* took at its extremity ! same =m z ! pun* _h giv51 is1 9 a few words1 ! :ole economy ( ! process4 ,= ! engrav+ ( ! pun*es a sort ( bur9 ( temp]$ /eel 0 us$1 :i* scoop$ out ! "p int5d$ to rema9 :ite 9 ! lett]4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! pr9t]s !mselves engrav$ _! own *>act]s4 ,! mo/ anci5t1 ^: con/ant preoccupation 0 ! imitation ( manuscript1 copi$ ! ,go?ic lett] ( ord9>y writ+4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 ,j5son1 ! ,fr5* refugee at ,v5ice1 design$ a r\nd lett]1 l t ( ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz1 ! ,roman publi%]s1 9 #adfg2 & 8 type1 absolutely p]fect1 is us$ to ?is day4 ,9 ,france ! introduc]s ( ! inv5tion 9 ,p>is also imitat$ ! ,roman1 b multipli$ abbreviations until !y became t$i\s4 ,we c imag9e :at ! engrav+ ( a "* c\ld be :]e s few lett]s /ood alone1 :]e l9es abridg$ ! nasals2 ! words pro1 pre1 figur$ z 9 manuscripts2 ! sign #i signifi$ cum or con 9 ,lat9 or ,fr5* words1 )\t reckon+ a ?\s& o!r rigor\s usages4 ,?is truly p]plex+ pr(usion ( signs z well z ! want ( precision & cle>ness 9 ! lett] enables u n[ to recognise ! fir/ ,p>isian incunabula4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,see above1 figs4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]s us$ ,go?ic or black lett]4 ,caxton br\ght 8 fir/ f\nt f ,cologne1 b t :i* he made aft]w>ds = himself 0 ( ! same "*4 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,pynson1 & _! successors us$ ! same /yle2 & = (ficial publications & ,bibles ! black lett] 0 us$ up to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,type-f\nd] 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,engrav+ by ,jo/ ,amman4 ,b ! art ( ! f\nd]-engrav] 0 de/9$ to specialise itself4 ,!re 7 artisans 9 ?is bran*1 & among !m 9 ,france1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,simon de ,coll9es1 :o engrav$ good ,roman *>act]s ab\t #adhj4 ,lat] 0 ,claude ,g>amond1 ( ,p>is1 :o di$ ab\t #aefa1 a pupil ( ,ge(froy ,tory1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ( !m2 ,tory def9itely proscrib$ ! ,go?ic "*1 ( :i* ,vo/re & ,v]>d _h made con/ant use4 ,g>amond work$ 9 ?is way1 produc+ ) microscopical precision new lett]s1 among o!rs ^? ( ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 ! mo/ m>vell\s & ! mo/ di/9ct4 ,x 0 he :o 0 *>g$ by ,francis ,i4 to =m ! celebrat$ royal ,greek types4 ,he assi/$ 9 gett+ up ! ,*ampfleury ( ,ge(froy ,tory4 ,on 8 dea? ,william ,leb succe$$ him1 & inh]it$ 8 pun*es4 ,leb engrav$ by pref]5ce ,hebrew *>act]s1 ( :i* he made a specialty4 ,8 travels to ,rome & ,v5ice _h giv5 him a s+ul> value 9 8 art2 & :5 he di$ ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury1 he 0 inconte/ably ! fir/ cutt] ( ,ori5tal *>act]s 9 ! :ole _w4 ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 _h begg$ him to engrave ! lett]s ( ! ,bible ( :i* ,plant9 _h und]tak5 ! impression1 & ,francis ,i4 _h *>g$ him to make types = ! ,e/i5nes4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d ,james ,sanlecque1 pupil ( ,leb1 & 8 son4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod sev]al wom5 succe$$ _! husb&s z type-f\nd]s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,philip ,gr&jean1 an arti/ :o 0 royal pr9t] to ,l\is ,,xiv41 0 keep] ( ! f\ndry aft]w>ds unit$1 9 #agbe1 to ! ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se2 ,f\rni] succe$$ ! ,lebs1 !n ,p4 ,s4 ,f\rni] ! y\ng]1 :o engrav$ ) great success4 ,9 our days we h se5 above ! ,didots !mselves work+ _! pun*es2 & "o ( !m1 ,h5ri1 f\nd$ microscopical *>act]s = a ,la ,ro*ef\cauld ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we h ref]r$ to ,engli% type-f\nd]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! type1 or "* us$ 9 pr9t+1 is a composition ( lead & pure antimony1 :i*1 melt$1 =m a resi/+ & at ! same "t supple mixture4 ,lead alone w\ld be cru%$1 & ! fir/ pr9t]s (t5 suff]$ 9 mak+ _! exp]im5ts4 ,! proportion ( ! mixture is f\r ( lead to "o ( antimony4 ,! matrix is comb9$ 9 su* mann] t ! eye--t is to say1 ! "p ( ! "* int5d$ to produce ! impression--& also ! %ank int5d$ to hold ! lett] are ca/ toge!r4 ,! lett]s1 once f\nd$ accord+ to _! diff]5t =ms1 are aft]w>ds dispos$ 9 boxes ) comp>tm5ts1 or cases4 ,^! cases s]ve to classify ! "* by lett]s1 italics1 capitals1 l[] case1 punctuations1 acc5ts1 etc4 ,z we h said1 ! relation ( lett]s among !mselves 9 ! composition ( a language is call$ ! f\nt4 ,= example1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,italian employs ! lett] a m ?an b1 ! lett] a appe>+ 9 ne>ly e ^w2 a compositor to compose 9 ?is language %\ld !re=e h m ( a ?an ( b4 ,! relation betwe5 ^! two lett]s & all ! o!rs is ! f\nt4 ,9 ,fr5* ! proportion ( a f\nt is ab\t #e1jjj a = #hjj b1 #c1jjj c1 #c1jjj d1 #aa1jjj e1 etc4 ,! f\nt v>ies ) ! languages4 ,9 ,engli% ! proportion is #h1ejj a to #a1fjj b1 #c1jjj c1 #d1djj d1 etc4 ,be=e #aghi !re 7 9 all tw5ty diff]5t bodies ( lett]s t bore fanta/ic names4 ,! ,p>isi5ne 0 ! smalle/ size1 & ! ,grosse ,nonp>eille ! l>ge/4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury a "* call$ ,civilit 0 inv5t$4 ,x s\ght to imitate f9e cursive writ+4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ?is idea 0 reproduc$1 & ! ,bt>de ,c\le1 :i* did n h great success1 0 made4 ,9 ,engli% types1 ,joseph ,moxon 9 #affi _h elev5 sizes2 ,caslon 9 #agcd _h ?irty-eight4 ,illu/ration3 ,specim5 ( imposition ,:5 a pr9t] wi%es to compose a "w1 he fir/ decides 9 :i* body he w pr9t x4 ,8 *oice made1 he places 9 ! compositors' cases--t is1 9 ! boxes plac$ be=e ea* "o ( 8 workm5--! *os5 "*1 ) its italics1 capitals1 signs1 etc4 ,!n he gives !m ! copy1 t is to say ! manuscript ( ! au?or to be reproduc$4 ,! compositors take a galley accord+ to ! size ( ! book2 &1 lett] by lett]1 by runn+ _! f+]s ?r\gh ! diff]5t cases1 !y place side by side ! words labori\sly compos$1 & necess>ily pres5t+ _! rev]se1 s t !y w %[ _! prop] face :5 pr9t$4 ,! composition t]m9at$1 ! process ( imposition takes place4 ,?is is ! disposition by pages 9 an iron *ase1 9 su* mann] t ! %eet ( pap] %all be pr9t$ on bo? sides1 ! pages exactly foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,x w be se5 by ! specim5 on ! prec$+ page t if ! two %eets be br\ght toge!r1 page #b ( ,,ii4 w fall exactly opposite page #a ( ,i1 page #g opposite page #h1 & s on4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an ?is comb9ation = folio1 qu>to1 or octavo sizes1 b z ! small] sizes are multipli$ ev5 to #abhmo1 tables are necess>y to prev5t error4 ,! imposition is complet$ by build+ up ! composition 9 a *ase by means ( pieces ( metal call$ furniture1 :i* regulate ! m>g9s4 ,:5 ! :ole is 9 prop] place1 x is squeez$ up & adju/$ by means ( sunk reglets4 ,! *ase may n[ be plac$ "u ! press )\t fe> ( ! *>act]s fall+ out or gett+ mix$4 ,a pressman takes a pro( aft] hav+ rubb$ ! relief ( ! *>act]s ) ink1 & on ?is pro( are correct$ ! au?or's or compositor's faults by indications 9 ! m>g9 by und]/ood signs4 ,by ?is am5d$ pro( ! compositor am5ds 8 faults "o by "o3 leaves out sup]flu\s *>act]s1 puts turn$ *>act]s /raight1 spaces or draws clos] ! l9es1 etc4 ,! corrections f9i%$1 ! "t has come to pr9t4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ge(froy ,tory ?is op]ation 0 made z we %all expla92 x 0 ! same be=e & ! same aft]4 ,two pressm5 h temp]$ ) wat] ! tympan1 or m ela/ic "p ( ! c>riage1 aga9/ :i* w be direct$ 9 good "t ! bl[ f ! type2 !y h also damp$ ! pap] int5d$ = ! impression1 s t x may reta9 ! greasy ink ) :i* ! *>act]s are *>g$2 !n ! =mes are wa%$ be=e putt+ !m "u ! press4 ,9 ! figure :i* we reproduce1 :i* dates f ab\t #aecj1 we see ! work%op ( ,jodocus ,badius1 ( ,as*1 fa!r-9-law ( two celebrat$ pr9t]s1 ,vascosan & ,rob]t ,e/i5ne4 ,! press rolls--t is to say1 ! =mes--h be5 plac$ 9 ! c>riage1 or movable *ase1 :i*1 com+ =w>d1 receives ! %eet ( pap] & ! ink1 & returns "u ! press to receive ! bl[ ( ! b>4 ,9 ! room1 light$ by two w9d[s1 ! compositors "w4 ,9 front "o works at ! b>1 :ile 8 comrade di/ributes ! ink on ! balls4 ,^! balls are lea!r pads1 on :i* ! greasy ink1 made ( lampblack & oil1 is spread1 to m easily rub ! =me aft] ea* bl[4 ,ord9>ily ! ink] _h two functions3 he prep>$ ! ink1 di/ribut$ x1 & kept 8 eye on ! pr9t$ %eets to correct faults1 blots1 & diff]5ce ( t9t4 ,"h ! workman is simply occupi$ by ! balls4 ,pr9t$ %eets & prep>$ pap] are on a table by ! side ( ! press4 ,?is press is compos$ ( ! roll+ *ase1 ! tympan1 & ! frisket1 a small] tympan1 :i* "w aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! tympan1 we h said above1 receives directly ! bl[4 ,& x 0 s = ne>ly f\r c5turies2 ! me*anical means ( our days h a little *ang$ ! "w1 b ! pr9ciple is always ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,m>k ( ,jodocus ,badius ( ,as*1 repres5t+ ! int]ior ( a pr9t+ (fice ab\t #aece4 ,engrav+ la croix de ,lorra9e4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a press co/ ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 cr[ns1 ) its div]se ut5sils1 z may be se5 9 an unpubli%$ piece analys$ by ,dr4 ,giraudet1 ( ,t\rs1 9 a v int]e/+ pamphlet3 ,une ,association d',imprimeurs et de ,libraires de ,p>is ,rfugis ,t\rs au ,,xvie ,sicle4 ,! work%op ( ,jamet ,mtay]1 ( ,t\rs1 co/ a r5t ( eighty-?ree cr[ns--ab\t tw5ty p\nds ( curr5t money4 ,workm5 7 !n paid by ! day2 & x came to be "o ( ! expressions !n s mu* us$ 9 manual lab\r1 correspond+ to ! sum ( ! lea/ "w ( a good workman4 ,m4 ,ladevze1 pr9t]1 ?\ght t ! day repres5t$ ! "w ( ab\t tw5ty ?\s& ,roman or ,cic]o lett]s employ$ by a compositor4 ,) u ! day ( compositors & pressm5 is diff]5tly calculat$4 ,! latt] h to take a c]ta9 numb] ( %eets4 ,! %eet1 composition & press "w1 co/ ne>ly sev5 cr[ns1 or ne>ly two p\nds4 ,jamet ,mtay] paid tw5ty cr[ns = f\r %eets 9 ,italics2 he dem&$ ?ree mon?s = ! "w4 ,! primitive presses 7 wood5 screw presses1 & !y s rema9$ until ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 :5 ,"l ,/anhope1 a celebrat$ electrician1 au?or1 & politician1 p]fect$ !m & gave 8 "n to a new ma*9e4 ,8 improvem5t consi/$ 9 t ! b> 0 no long] fix$ to ! vice1 b to a cyl9d] outside4 ,a c\nt]-weight br\ght back ! plat5 at ea* bl[4 ,pi]re ,didot _h previ\sly made metal plat5s4 ,9 #ahbj ! use ( ! ,/anhope press comm5c$ 9 ,france4 ,engl& _h1 besides1 tak5 a prepond]at+ place 9 typographical inv5tion4 ,! pr9t] ( ! ,times1 ,john ,walt]1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 seek+ to publi% 8 j\rnal quick]1 associat$ himself ) craftsm5 :o con/ruct$ me*anical presses = him4 ,! ,didots lo/ no "t1 & !mselves made improvem5ts4 ,9 #ahdh1 ! presses ( ! ,con/itutionnel1 ?anks to ! application ( /eam1 produc$ tw5ty ?\s& pap]s an h\r4 ,9 our "t !re are ma*9es t pr9t only on "o side1 z well z d\ble ma*9es1 pr9t+ bo? sides at once4 ,! rot>y ma*9es1 ) endless pap]1 take ?irty-five ?\s& impressions an h\r4 ,9 ! newspap] ma*9es ( ,m>9oni1 ! great inv5tor1 ! pap] is unroll$1 pr9t$1 cut1 & fold$ )\t leav+ ! ma*9e1 & falls into a place f :i* x is tak5 ready = ! subscrib]4 ,! late/ p]fection ( ! pr9t+ press is ! ,walt] press & ! rot>y ma*9e ( ,r4 ,hoe & ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 ext5sively us$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! elaborate book has little to d ) ^! m>vell\s processes1 al?\gh 9 its turn x l>gely b5efits by ! improvem5t ( ! pr9t+ ma*9e4 ,x is ap>t f our purpose to speak at l5g? on ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,x is c]ta9 t x 0 well made be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 = mo/ ( ! acc\nts ( ! fifte5? c5tury are writt5 on l95 pap]1 v resi/+ & well siz$4 ,lat] on rags 7 us$ 9 ?is manufacture2 & "h1 9 a few words1 is h[ pap] 0 made 9 ! m\ld1 or h&-made be=e ! inv5tion ( ma*9]y = ! purpose3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,pap]-mak+4 ,workman engag$ on ! tub ) ! frame ( wires4 ,engrav+ by ,jo/ ,amman4 ,! rags1 hav+ be5 ?or\ghly cleans$1 7 put into vats1 :]e !y 7 work$ up "u a beat+ press until !y 7 r$uc$ to pulp4 ,?is pulp 0 ?r[n into hot wat] & /irr$ until ! mixture 0 uni=mly made4 ,!n a m\ld ( f9e wire clo?1 fix$ ^u a wood5 frame1 & hav+ a deckle to det]m9e ! size ( ! %eet1 0 tak52 9 ! middle ( ?is frame 0 dispos$1 also 9 brass wire1 a factory m>k1 int5d$ to appe> 9 :ite 9 ! %eet ( pap]1 & call$ ! wat] m>k4 ,?is m\ld 0 dipp$ into ! vat ( pulp & drawn out aga94 ,aft] g5tly %ak+ x to & fro 9 a horizontal position1 ! fibres ( ! pulp became s connect$ z to =m "o uni=m fabric2 & ! wat] escap$ ?r\gh ! wires4 ,! deckle 0 !n remov$ f ! m\ld1 & ! %eet ( pap] turn$ (f ^u a felt1 9 a pile ) _m o!rs1 a felt int]v5+ betwe5 ea* %eet1 & ! :ole subject$ to great pressure1 9 ord] to absorb ! sup]flu\s wat]4 ,aft] be+ dri$ & press$ )\t ! felts1 ! %eets 7 dipp$ into a tub ( size & aga9 press$ to remove surplus size4 ,?is primitive me?od ( pap]-mak+ is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ajd1 & ! same pr9ciple is /ill 9 use = ! production ( h&-made pap]4 ,ma*9]y has effect$ _m improvem5ts & economies 9 ! production ( wov5 pap]4 ,*9a & ,japan h _! special pap] manufacture4 ,9 ,japan ! mat]ial employ$ is ! b>k ( ! morus papif]a sativa4 ,illu/ration3 ,balance us$ by ,j5son1 at ,v5ice4 ,accord+ to _! f95ess1 size1 & weight1 pap]s h receiv$ diff]5t names1 proce$+ f ! wat] m>k4 ,fau/ at ,may5ce us$ pap] m>k$ ) a bull's head4 ,j5son at ,v5ice us$ a balance ( :i* ! =m v>i$4 ,?is latt] came f a mill :i* furni%$ ,vic5za1 ,p]ugia1 & ,rome4 ,j5son us$1 besides a cr[n1 a c>d9al's hat4 ,! bull's head und]w5t trans=mations1 x _h />s & roses1 & 0 special to ,g]many1 & x may sometimes be f\nd 9 ,italy4 ,! wires & bridges s]v$ to det]m9e ! size ( a book4 ,look+ at a folio leaf aga9/ ! light1 ! wires w be se5 to be horizontal1 & ! bridges v]tical4 ,9 qu>to !y w be rev]s$1 ! pap] hav+ be5 fold$ 9 f\r in/ead ( 9 two4 ,! bridges become horizontal4 ,!y return to ! v]tical 9 octavo1 & s on4 ,z = ink1 x 0 f ! beg9n+ a composition ( lampblack & oil ( diff]5t quality & nature1 mix$ ) res9 to obta9 a great] & quick] dryness4 ,ink = engrav+s 0 m c>efully made4 ,= col\r$ inks v>i\s p[d]s are mix$ ) ! oil & res91 & a title 9 r$ & black has to g ?r\gh ! press twice3 once = ! r$ & once = ! black4 ,f ! above x c be und]/ood t illu/rations 9 relief c easily be introduc$ into ! composition1 :e!r 9 comb9ation ) text or 9 sep>ate pages4 ,ano!r "q pres5ts itself3 ,did ! old pr9t]s employ ca/+1 or did !y pr9t directly f ! wood block itself8 ,9 o!r words1 ! block hav+ be5 cut1 did !y make ) x a m\ld into :i* melt$ metal c\ld be p\r$ to obta9 a m resi/ant relief8 ,! fact is difficult to elucidate4 ,x appe>s to-day t ,simon ,vo/re1 ,v]>d1 & o!rs pr9t$ relief engrav+s on metal1 b 7 !y cut directly or obta9$ by ca/+1 z !y are n[8 ,x _c be det]m9$ yet4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,bookb9d+4 ,! b9d+ ( ! fir/ pr9t$ books--,anci5t ,g]man b9d+s--,b9d+ 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xii4--,italian b9d+s--,aldus--,maioli--,groli]--,franci s ,i4--,h5ri ,,ii4 & ,diane de ,poiti]s--,ca!r9e de ,m$icis--,h5ri ,,iii4--,! ,eves--,! fanf>es--,l\is ,,xiii4--,le ,gascon--,florimond ,badi]--,l\is ,,xiv4--,morocco lea!rs--,cramoisy--,! b9d+s ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4--,! reg5cy--,pasdel\p--,! ,d]omes--,dubuisson--,?\v59--,lesn--,! n9ete5? c5tury--,engli% b9d]s--,rog] ,payne--,francis ,b$=d4 ,lead+ ! read] n[ t[>ds ! f9al p]fection ( ! ,book3 pr9t+1 :i* _h /irr$ up & rev]s$ s _m ?+s1 creat$1 s to speak1 ! art ( b9d+4 ,previ\sly ! b9d] 0 simply a workman sew+ toge!r ! leaves ( a manuscript1 ) no sci5ce or device b to clasp ! :ole toge!r solidly ) cord & /r+4 ,z luxury increas$ ! old b9d] 0 no long] ?\ght (4 ,on ! wood5 bo>ds :i* clos$ ! ,book1 jewell]s encru/$ _! w>es1 lavi%+ ivory & preci\s /ones to ! ta/e ( ! amateur or ! booksell]4 ,g5]ally ^! works cov]$ books ( preci\s m9iatures1 ! ,horoe1 or manuscripts t 7 deem$ wor?y ( su* magnific5t clo?+1 r>ely copies )\t importance4 ,pr9t+ at once disord]$ ! tribe ( copyi/s z well z ! b9d]s did jewell]s4 ,! dem& increas+1 ri* b9d+s 7 soon ab&on$1 & ea* booksell] appli$ himself to ! "w1 or at lea/ cov]$ 9 8 own h\se books int5d$ = sale4 ,! fa%ion 0 n !n to expose = sale1 z n[1 unb\nd books4 ,pur*as]s want$ an article easy to h&le1 & :i* !y 7 n oblig$ to return = ult]ior embelli%m5t4 ,s to ! public 7 pres5t$ ! works labori\sly compos$ by ,gut5b]g1 ,s*oeff]1 & ,fu/1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( manuscripts1 :i* !y pret5d$ to imitate1 ) _! solid wood5 bo>ds cov]$ ) pig or calfsk94 ,at ! f\r corn]s1 copp] nails1 ) l>ge heads1 prev5t$ rubb+ aga9/ ! %elves ( ! bookcase1 = at t "t books 7 rang$ on _! sides1 & n z !y are to-day4 ,we mu/ return to ! bibliomaniac ( ! ,%ip ( ,fools to get an idea ( ^! depositories2 be=e him may be se5 rang$ on a desk l>ge folios1 ) nails on _! sides1 9 ! %elves1 s defy+ ! du/1 9 place ( be+ plac$ upright on _! edges1 :i* r5d]$ !m liable to spots & /a9s4 7,see fig4 #bc47 ,unhappily ! wood5 sides _h 9 !mselves a g]m ( de/ruction1 ! worm1 capable fir/ ( r$uc+ ! sides to p[d] & !n ravag+ ! body ( ! "w1 ! ligatures & cords4 ,c]ta9 prep>ations de/roy ! insect1 b ! precaution (t5 has no effect1 & x is ?us t ! disappe>ance ( volumes =m]ly s abundant1 b almo/ impossible to f9d n[1 may be expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,bookb9d]'s %op 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,engrav+ by ,jo/ ,amman4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! op]ations ( ! b9d] 7 :at !y /ill are1 except = improvem5ts4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! collation ( ! %eets ( a book1 fold+ !m1 beat+ !m to br+ !m toge!r & give !m cohesion1 & sew+ !m1 fir/ toge!r1 !n on ! cords or /r+s1 :i* =m ! five or six b&s se5 on ! backs4 ,primitively ^! cords 7 unit$ to ! wood5 bo>ds1 & ov] bo? 0 plac$ a resi/ant sk91 on :i* f relief or metal engrav+s 7 /ruck ! mo/ pleas+ decorative subjects4 ,pigsk91 :ite & f9e1 l5t itself1 especially among ! ,g]mans1 to ^! f9e editions2 & al?\gh !y 7 issu$ 9 great numb]1 ! wood5 bo>ds h n p]mitt$ !m all to exi/ 9 our "t4 ,! mo/ anci5t t we are able to cite are ,g]man works ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xi42 !y are v /rong & co>se4 ,! cords 9 !m =m an enorm\s & massive projection4 ,! inside ( ! bo>d 0 (t5 )\t l9+ ( pap] or /uff4 ,9 ! case ( f9e editions a sombre velvet 0 sometimes us$1 su* z ,v]>d us$ to b9d ! books ( ! fa!r ( ,francis ,i41 z we h be=e said4 ,art did n ent] into ^! works ( pres]vation until ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) arms & emblems4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 "s b9d+s 7 ornam5t$ = ,l\is ,,xii4 & ! ,que51 ,anne de ,bretagne2 b n m ?an five or six specim5s rema94 ,!y are ( co>se aspect4 ,! workman :o tool$ ! b9d+ "h reproduc$ f ! curi\s example ( ,m4 ,dutuit1 ( ,r\51 has ?r[n 8 subjects "o ^u ano!r4 ,arms1 porcup9es1 erm9es1 are treat$ s z to be confus+1 & =m a m$ley t is n pleas+4 ,9 recall+ ! delightful bord]s ( ,vo/re & ,pig\*et1 contempor>ies ( ?is m$iocre "w1 x is a/oni%+ to see ! degree ( inf]iority rea*$ by a pr(ession t %\ld be inspir$ by graceful subjects ( decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--;,b9d+ = ,l\is ,,xii4 ,collection ( ,m4 ,dutuit1 ( ,r\54 ,x happ5$ t ,france aga9 f\nd 9 ,italy ma/]s capable ( reveal+ secrets ( composition & arrangem5t to enable h] to /rike out a new road4 ,! ,italian w>s w\ld n h _h ^! arti/ic results if x _h n be5 = ! enorm\s sums t !y swall[$ up4 ,! curi\s "p ( ! ent]prise 0 t a w> treasur]1 a f9anci]1 employ$ by ! ,fr5* k+s 9 ^! exp$itions1 ?r\gh 8 relations ( ta/e & fri5d%ip ) ! ,alduses ( ,v5ice1 br\ght to ,france ! love ( sumptu\s b9d+s1 ( editions sup]bly clo!d4 ,he 0 nam$ ,jean ,groli]1 t bibliophile ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o 01 above all o!rs1 ev5 ,k+ ,francis1 ! fir/ to appreciate ! art ( b9d+4 ,x is n too mu* to say art1 = if bett] _h n be5 done be=e1 x may safely be said t no?+ bett] has be5 done s9ce2 & ! books ( ,groli] rema9 z ! mo/ p]fect & mo/ admirable types ( ?is k9d ( decoration4 ,born ( an ,italian family e/abli%$ at ,lyons1 :]e mo/ ( 8 relatives did a great bus9ess1 ,jean ,groli] _h ! good =tune to succe$ 8 fa!r1 ,/eph5 ,groli]1 treasur] ( ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,he became 9 8 turn ,m9i/] ( ,f9ances1 & 0 call$ to accompany ! k+s 9 _! exp$itions 9 ,italy4 ,! situation ( ! treasur]s dur+ ^! campaigns 0 important2 !y h&l$ ! p5ce levi$ ) great tr\ble 9 ! cities ( ,france = mak+ w>4 ,_m abus$ _! tru/1 & 7 puni%$1 & among o!rs ! ,lallemants1 :om docum5ts %[ u to h be5 9 connection ) ,groli]1 & :o suff]$1 ) ,semblanay1 ! mo/ t]rible trials ( ! "t4 ,italian art gave !n a free c\rse 9 ! decoration ( books4 ,( ! int]ior we h spok5 9 our fir/ *apt]s on ! wood engrav+s2 = ! ext]ior1 ! cov] ( ! volume1 foliage1 gold5 fl[]s work$ ) a hot iron1 & poly*romatic comp>tm5ts obta9$ by col\r$ pa/es 7 multipli$4 ,?us 0 produc$ on ! outside t :i* x 0 n s\ght to obta9 on ! inside1 ! v>iation ( t9ts s select among ! ,italians1 & s =sak5 s9ce ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! lit]>y m5 0 a lov] ( books & f9e connoisseur :o1 n cont5t ) *oos+ ! be/ editions1 su* z ^? ( ,f]r>a1 ,v5ice1 & ,basle1 b\nd !m sup]bly1 ) comp>tm5ts ( admirable tone1 & _h 8 "n & device inscrib$ on ! sides 9 ! fa%ion ( ! "t4 ,he 0 nam$ ,?omas ,maioli1 & foll[+ ! cu/om ( ! amateurs ( ! "t1 he (f]$ ! enjoym5t ( 8 libr>y to 8 fri5ds4 ,?o4 ,maioli et amicorum1 he inscrib$1 z did lat] ,groli]1 z also did o!rs1 b he some:at modifi$ ! en?usiasm ( 8 fri5d%ip by a sceptical device1 ,+ratis s]vire nephas1 :i* might v well be ! cry ( ! own] ( books betray$ by 8 borr[]s4 ,maioli did n alone use ^! devices2 he _h also a mac>onic phrase ( :i* ! s5se is n v cle>3 ,inimici mei mea mi*i1 non me mi*i4 ,he also sometimes us$ 8 monogram1 :i* 0 compos$ ( all ! lett]s ( 8 "n4 ,! relations ( ,groli] ) ?is unkn[n & my/]i\s bibliophile1 ^: "n is n always f\nd outside 8 volumes1 are n d\btful4 ,brunet possess$ a volume t _h belong$ to ,maioli & _h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,groli]4 ,:at bett] pro( c\ld be wi%$ ( ! communion ( ideas & ta/es betwe5 ! two collectors8 ,b ^! amateurs 7 n alone4 ,beside !m 7 pr9ces & great lords1 lay & ecclesia/ic4 ,f ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury bookb9d+ _h receiv$ an enorm\s impulse f ! ta/es & ! pr$ilections = ^! l(ty fancies4 ,& x _c be ascrib$ to ! simple skill ( ! workm5 exp]im5t+ 9 t l9e4 ,9 ! c5tury t saw ,italian arti/s occupi$ 9 mak+ designs = m\nt$ plates & pa9t+ beautiful ladies1 ! c\rtesans ( ,v5ice c\ld n be al>m$ at f9d+ !m pa9t+ models = b9d+s1 ) comp>tm5ts ( v>i$ tone & /yle4 ,maioli affect$ :ite on a d>k backgr\nd1 t is to say on a backgr\nd ( d>k lea!r4 ,he made scrolls ( foliage 9 :ite or cle> pa/e ) a v happy effect4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ,groli] travell$ 9 ,italy1 9 ! suite ( ! ,fr5*1 & :5 he began 8 collections4 ,he _h adopt$ z 8 h]aldic emblem ! gooseb]ry bu%1 :i* 9 ,fr5* came v ne> to 8 "n--groseilli]2 & 8 motto 0 ,nec h]ba nec arbor 7,nei!r tree nor h]b71 explicative ( ! mod]ation ( 8 weal?4 ,he 0 soon 9 connection ) ! ,alduses1 & ?r\gh !m ) ! pr9cipal le>n$ m5 & b9d]s ( ! "t1 = x 0 n 9 ! (fices ( ! ,manutiuses t c\ld be f\nd workm51 l ^? ( ! ,*amb] ( ,acc\nts 9 ,france1 oblig$ to swe> t !y did n "k h[ to read4 ,! ma/] 0 n h9d]$ by details ( diff]5ce ( language1 & x foll[$ t 8 workm5 und]/ood ,greek & ,lat91 = he (t5 gave !m in/ruction 9 ^? languages4 ,h[ f> (f ^! erudite & consci5ti\s workm5 appe> to-day6 ,foll[+ ! fa%ion1 ,groli] put 8 "n on ! upp] side ( 8 books--,jo4 ,groli]ii et amicorum--9 gold lett]s1 & on ! o!r side a pi\s motto1 ! s5se ( :i* 0 a hope (t5 utt]$ by ! f9anci]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 imprison$ & hung e in/ant3 ,portio mea1 ,dom9e1 sit 9 t]ra viv5tium4 ,g5]ally all ! ,groli] books :i* came f ! ,alduses h ! "n on ! upp] side & ! motto on ! o!r side2 ! title 0 plac$ above ! "n1 & (t5 dispos$ 9 r[s4 ,"s l>ge volumes _h ! cov] ornam5t$ ) an ar*itectural design1 l ! ,jambli*us ( ! ,libri collection1 :i* _h on ! front ! faade ( a temple1 ) ! title 9 r[s on ! door4 ,?is volume 0 pr9t$ by ,aldus 9 #aeaf1 & probably decorat$ by him = ! acc\nt ( ! great ,fr5* amateur4 ,jean ,groli] is said to h himself design$ "s ( ! subjects ( 8 ornam5ts1 & _! p]fection indicates an active & enlight5$ sup]vision4 ,on 8 return to ,france1 :]e he _h a h\se ne> ! ,porte de ,bucy1 he 0 put 9 relation ) ,ge(froy ,tory1 ! arti/ be/ fitt$ to und]/& him1 & :o 0 at once pa9t]1 engrav]1 pr9t]1 & b9d]4 ,x 0 !re t1 9 ! leisure ( 8 f9ancial functions1 betwe5 two projects ( revictuall+ ! =ts ( ,outre ,se9e & ,yonne1 ,groli] inv5t$ comb9ations1 s\ght int]lac+s1 & laid out foliage4 ,tory himself tea*es u ^! works 9 comb9ation4 ,he inv5t$ antique lett]s = ,groli]1 he tells u 9 8 ,*ampfleury4 ,x 0 = him1 too1 t he int]wove s f9ely 8 comp>tm5ts = b9d+1 & t he reproduc$ ! delightful ornam5ts ( 8 books ( h\rs 9 gold5 scrolls4 ,z we h said1 ,groli] plac$ 8 titles on ! sides ( 8 books on acc\nt ( ! arrangem5t ( ! works on ! %elves ( ! libr>y :]e !y 7 laid4 ,= ?is reason also ! back 0 neglect$1 & no ornam5t us$ ^u x2 ?ick & heavy ) its project+ b&s1 )\t decoration betwe5 ! b&s1 ?is "p ( ! b\nd volume 0 a k9d ( wa/e 9 a spl5didly cultivat$ g>d54 ,! pr(usion ( books br\ght ab\t a revolution4 ,!re 0 no long] room to place on _! sides ! innum]able books t 7 produc$2 !y 7 !n plac$ on _! edges1 z n[1 & ! back also 0 decorat$4 ,= ?is ! b&s 7 made to disappe>1 & replac$ by decorative subjects 9 comp>tm5ts l ! sides4 ,!n ) ,groli] ! b&s reappe>$1 & ! title 0 plac$ betwe5 !m1 z x /ill is4 ,! books ( ,groli] h be5 divid$1 accord+ to _! production1 9 f\r or five pr9cipal classes1 9 :i* !y may always be plac$4 ,fir/ 7 ! works ornam5t$ 9 comp>tm5ts1 gilt1 ) scrolls 9 full gold2 !n ! same ) ! scrolls azurs1 t is to say equally gilt1 b hav+ p>allel l9es l ! azure ( h]aldry4 ,foll[+ comes ! s*ool ( ,ge(froy ,tory1 ) gilt comp>tm5ts 9 ! /yle ( ! great ,fr5* decorator2 la/ ! poly*romatic b9d+s1 9 :i*1 by ! aid ( col\r or ma/ic1 ! alt]nat+ tones are mix$4 ,groli] also _h "s mosaic b9d+s1 compos$ ( little pieces ( lea!r connect$ by incru/ation or pa/e1 pure ,italian b9d+s2 b ^! 7 n num]\s1 especially if comp>$ ) ^? conceiv$ 9 ! mann] ( ,ge(froy ,tory4 ,"o ( ^! latt] works is "h reproduc$ f "o ( ! beautiful books 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,dutuit4 ,?is copy has ! back flat1 & ! int]lac+s ( ! decoration are mo/ complicat$ & clev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,b9d+ = ,groli] 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,dutuit4 ,groli] got 8 ,levant moroccos ?r\gh ! deal]s ( ,v5ice1 to make sure ( ! mat]ial he employ$4 ,born 9 #adgi1 ! ,treasur]-g5]al ( ,outre ,se9e liv$ until #aefe4 ,9 #aefc an orig9al manuscript %[s him mu* occupi$ ) f9ance at ov] eighty-f\r ye>s ( age2 b 8 passion = b9d+s _h cool$ d[n1 = few books sign$ ) 8 "n are f\nd ! manufacture ( :i* c\ld desc5d to ! son ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 ,aft] great trials1 aft] hav+ se5 ,semblanay suff] at ,montfaucon1 ,john ,lallem& behead$1 & himself hav+ come ne>ly to los+ life & =tune at "o bl[1 ,groli] pass$ away quietly 9 8 h\se1 hav+ collect$ mo/ ( ! f9e books ( ! "t & _m curi\s m$als4 ,*ri/oph] de ,?\1 8 fri5d & confrre 9 ! love ( books1 _h sav$ 8 reputation be=e ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 libr>y 0 transport$ to ! ,hotel de ,vic1 & f !re disp]s$ 9 #afge1 a hundr$ ye>s aft]4 ,?us f ,italian art came ,fr5* b9d+1 /ill rema9+ orig9al4 ,! k+s did n fail to foll[ ! movem5t1 & ev5 to anticipate x1 ?anks to ! means at _! disposal4 ,we h se5 ,francis ,i4 at "w ) ! en]gy ( an artisan at lea/2 b ,ge(froy ,tory 0 8 pr9cipal inspir]1 & :o kn[s b t he 0 ! *ief op]ative = ! pr9ce1 z = ! great f9anci]8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--;,b9d+ = ,francis ,i41 ) ! arms ( ,france & ! salam&]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--,m>k ( ,guyot ,m>*ant1 pr9t] & bookb9d]4 ,he publi%$ ! ,danse ,macabre ( #adhe4 ,we h said t ,l\is ,,xii4 knew no?+ ( f9e b9d+s4 ,dur+ 8 travels 9 ,italy he _h receiv$ pres5tation copies ( magnific5tly cov]$ books1 & among o!rs t ( ,fau/us ,&rel9us1 t 0 b\nd 9 calf 9 hon\r ( ! ,k+4 ,he1 :o 0 s little exp]t 9 f9e arts1 pur*as$ ! entire libr>y ( ! ,sire de la ,gru?use1 & sub/itut$ 8 own emblems = ^? ( ! high & mighty "l4 ,francis ,i41 ) innate s5tim5t = ma/]pieces & ! p[]ful protection he _h giv5 !m1 did n all[ ! exp]im5ts ( ,groli] to pass unnotic$4 ,! ,k+ did n desire to be beh9d ! treasur]1 & ! workm5 7 put to ! task4 ,he adopt$ ! salam&]1 :i* emblem he us$ on 8 ca/les & furniture & ! liv]ies ( 8 p2 he lavi%$ x also on ! sides ( 8 books4 ,on ! side ! ,f is (t5 se5 cr[n$1 !n ! emblem ( ,france & ! coll> ( ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,9 ! b9d+ ( :i* a facsimile is "h giv51 ,ge(froy ,tory has s+ul>ly inspir$ ! gild]1 if he did n himself make ! design4 ,= x mu/ n be ?\ght t ?is "w is done at a s+le bl[ by means ( an engrav$ plate or a block4 ,on ! contr>y1 e l9e is impress$ by ! hot tool t ! workman applies by h& to ! gold laid on 9 advance1 mak+ x1 s to speak1 ent] into ! sk9 or morocco4 ,!re is ! art2 blocks s]ve only = comm]cial b9d+s1 quickly impress$ & int5d$ = ord9>y pur*as]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,b9d+ = ,h5ri ,,ii41 ) ! ,h & cresc5ts4 ,"u ! reign ( ,francis ,i4 ! b9d]s 7 ! booksell]s1 z ,v]>d & ,vo/re 74 ,! ,k+ 0 ord9>ily s]v$ by a publi%] nam$ ,pi]re ,r(fet1 & he frequ5tly figures 9 acc\nts t h be5 pres]v$4 ,r(fet n only b\nd1 b x appe>s t he reb\nd books to patt]ns :i* ! ,k+ desir$4 ,philip ,l5oir & ,guyot ,m>*ant 7 also royal workm54 ,! latt]1 ^: m>k is "h reproduc$1 frequ5tly add$ to x ! sa9ts ,crisp9 & ,crisp9ian1 patrons ( ! lea!r-dress]s1 :o prep>$ ! lea!r = ! b9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,b9d+ = ,h5ri ,,ii4 7,maz>9e ,libr>y7 ,! discov]ies ( ,groli] did n all[ ! b9d]s mu* "t to be idle4 ,?\s&s ( volumes 7 !n de/roy$ to make ! bo>ds = sides4 ,f ?is _m discov]ies are made 9 our days by pull+ to pieces sixte5? c5tury "w1 unkn[n play+ c>ds1 & e>ly pr9t$ works4 ,to m5tion only "o example1 tw5ty leaves ( ! ,p]spective ( ,viator 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is4 ,! bo>d ?us =m$ 0 cov]$ indiff]5tly ) %eepsk91 p>*m5t1 calf1 morocco1 or goatsk92 ! books 7 sewn on rais$ or sunk b&s1 accord+ to ! own]'s ta/e2 ! edges 7 gilt1 sometimes gauff]$1 & designs (t5 impress$ ^u !m to mat* ^? ( ! sides4 ,9 l>ge folios wood5 bo>ds 7 /ill us$1 m solid1 & protect$ f rubb+ by nails 9 relief4 ,b ! inside ( ! cov] 0 z yet only cov]$ ) pap]4 ,lea!r l9+s 7 v uncommon4 ,! reign ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 increas$ yet m ! importance ( b9d+s2 x 0 ! "t :5 ,groli] collect$1 & clev] arti/s came f all p>ts4 ,ge(froy ,tory _h giv5 ! be/ models = lett]s & int]lac+s4 ,! ,que51 ,ca!r9e1 d]iv$ f h] p>5ts ! ta/e = decoration 9 gold & col\rs1 & patronis$ ! arti/s call$ by h] f ! c\rt ( ,flor5ce2 & ! fav\rite1 ,diane de ,poiti]s1 ,du*ess ( ,val5t9ois1 rivall$ h] 9 luxury & exp5diture4 ,h5ri ,,ii4 9 ! decoration ( 8 ca/les1 z well z 8 books1 introduc$ equivocal emblems1 ( :i* ! signification may be d\btful1 b ^? ( 8 mi/ress may be recognis$1 n ^? ( ! legitimate ,que54 ,he int]lac$ two rev]s$ ,d's by an ,h1 9 ! =m %[n 9 ! bord] on ! prec$+ page4 ,/rictly speak+1 we ought to see !re two ,c's back to back2 b z we f9d ! ,d on all ! b9d+s display+ ! arms ( ,diana1 !re c be no d\bt1 & ,que5 ,ca!r9e d\bt$ less ?an anybody4 ,o!r emblems ( ,diana are to be f\nd 9 ! arcs & cresc5ts t are pl5tifully display$4 ,! libr>y ( ,diana 0 l>ge1 ow+ to ! ,k+ n hesitat+ to take valuable books f ! public collections = h]4 ,two c5turies aft] h] dea? x 0 disp]s$1 & ! great] "p ( ! books belong+ to ! national collections 7 re/or$ on ! dea?s ( ^? :o !n pur*as$ !m4 ,h5ce ! l>ge/ numb] ( ! b9d+s ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 & ,diana ( ,poiti]s w be f\nd 9 ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--;,italian b9d+ = ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 ) ! initials ,c4 ,c4 ,que5 ,ca!r9e also _h special patt]ns ) a monogram id5tical ) ! d\ble ,d m5tion$ above1 b ! bran*es ( ! ,c 7 a little long] ?an ! bran*es ( ! ,h2 %e also us$ a ,k on ! sides ( h] books4 ,! specim5 :i* we reproduce is a purely ,italian "w4 ,f k+s & que5s ! fa%ion pass$ to ! great lords1 x hav+ come to ! k+s & que5s f a private individual4 ,! ,con/able ,anne de ,montmor5cy adorn$ 8 b9d+s ) a cross & spread eagle4 ,among ! amateurs ( b9d+ ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies us+ di/9ctive m>ks1 we may m5tion ,philip ,desportes1 ! poet1 :o us$ two phi enlac$1 z did also ,sup]9t5d5t ,f\quet 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! bro!rs ,dupuy adopt$ ! d\ble delta1 arrang$ z a />4 ,colb]t _h a curl$ snake 7colub] = ,colb]t671 ! ,gondis two masses ( arms1 ,madame de ,pompad\r ?ree t[]s1 etc4 ,f\quet beside ! phi us$ a squirrel on "s ( 8 b9d+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--;,b9d+ ) ! arms ( ,mansfeldt1 ) azure scroll "w1 f ! ,didot collection4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,c\nt ,mansfeldt adopt$ ! ornam5tal /yle ) arms1 ( :i* a specim5 is "h giv52 & ,m>c ,laur9 de ,wat]vliet also decorat$ & d$icat$ 8 books to 8 fri5ds1 us+ ! motto ,virtus 9 arduo4 ,among ! lords ( ! ,fr5* c\rts :o fav\r$ poly*romatic ornam5t & bold compositions 7 ! "y ,valois1 ,l\is de ,sa9te ,maure1 ,m>quis ( ,nesle1 & ,h5ri de ,guise1 call$ ,le balafr4 ,*>les ,,ix4 _h 8 emblems & devices1 ! d\ble ,c cr[n$ ! leg5d ,pietate et ju/itia1 b 8 bro!r1 ,h5ri ,,iii41 lov$ ! decoration ( books m ?an he did4 ,! passion ( ! ,k+ = m9iatures :i* he cut out ( books is kn[n2 ?is passion = gold5 ?+s he repeat$ on b9d+s1 = :i* he *ose special designs4 ,h5ri ,,iii4 0 an amateur ( dances ( dea?2 he visit$ cemet]ies1 att5d$ fun]als1 & took a dea?'s-head = 8 emblem4 ,?is emblem 0 n 8 inv5tion2 long be=e him ,m>ot _h address$ an epigram to a lady 9 :i* he br\ght love & dea? into close conjunction4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! ,k+ *ose skeletons & p5it5ts' te>s to ornam5t 8 books4 ,he also tol]at$ diamonds1 al?\gh he absolutely prohibit$ !m 9 ! clo?+ ( ladies or fix$ ! numb] pro rata ) ! rank ( ! au?oris$ p]son4 ,!re 0 9 ?is pr9ce a s+ul> mixture ( ta/e & arti/ic acut5ess by ! side ( a mania or halluc9ation :i* 0 reflect$ on ! mo/ intimate objects ( 8 app>el or ( 8 furniture4 ,?us if we f9d1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a dea?'s-head on ! sides or ! back ( a volume1 ! b9d+ is ( ! p]iod ( ,h5ri ,,iii4 ,! b9d]s ( 8 "t are kn[n by ! m5tion t is made ( !m 9 ! royal acc\nts2 ! ,eves 7 ! mo/ celebrat$ among all ( !m4 ,ni*olas ,eve 0 *>g$ ) ! b9d+ ( ! ,/atutes ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,esprit1 ) :i* ! ,k+ gratifi$ 8 fri5ds4 ,m5tion ( ?is "w is f\nd 9 ! ,clairambault manuscripts1 :]e we read1 ,to ,ni*olas ,eve1 wa%] & b9d] ( books & booksell] to ! ,k+1 =ty-sev5 & a half escus = wa%+1 gild+1 & squ>+ ! edges ( =ty-two books ( /atutes & ord9ances ( ! ,ord]1 b\nd & cov]$ ) orange ,levant morocco1 enri*$ on "o side ) ! arms ( ! ,k+1 fully gilt1 & on ! o!r ( ,france & ,pol&1 ) monograms at ! f\r corn]s1 & ! re/ flames1 ) orange & blue ribbons1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,sixte5? c5tury b9d+1 call$ la fanf>e4 ,9 ! ,dutuit collection4 ,l\ise de ,lorra9e1 wife ( ,h5ri ,,iii41 c\nt$ = little 9 ! life ( h] husb&2 nev]!less %e _h a c]ta9 numb] ( books decorat$ ) _! unit$ escut*eons4 ,! b9d+s attribut$ to ,eve 7 decorat$ all ov] ! sides & back ) int]lac+ patt]ns ( geometrical "*1 ! spaces betwe5 ! p>allel l9es & 9 ! middle ( ! figures left at fir/ q blank1 b aft]w>ds fill$ 9 ) palm bran*es & wrea?s ( foliage2 to ^! delicate & elaborate yet brilliant tool+s h be5 giv5 ! "n ( b9d+s la fanf>e4 ,?is designation requires explanation1 & is a good example ( ! grotesque /yle adopt$ by mod]n amateurs 9 _! appellations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,le ,gascon b9d+4 ,! f9e "w ( t "t prep>$ = ! com+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury--ab\t #afbj--( ! works ( ,le ,gascon1 or at lea/ = ! arti/ ) :om 9 our days are connect$ ! works ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,"u ,h5ri ,,iv4 ! fleur-de-lys occupi$ mo/ ( ! cov]s ( ! royal books1 f vellum to ,levant morocco2 works 9 ?is class _h no?+ v rem>kable4 ,! fir/ ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 reveal$ a new process1 inspir$ by ! ,eves4 ,le ,gascon embroid]$ delightfully on ! fanf>e ornam5ts2 %[+ ! fibres ( ! leaves1 he made a new k9d ( ornam5t1 consi/+ ( m9ute gold dots elaborat$ into l9es & curves ( s+ul> brilliancy & elegance4 ,( ?is /yle1 call$ po9till1 we give a specim5 f ! collection ( ,m4 ,dutuit4 ,! fa%ion _h arriv$ all at once2 lace1 bani%$ f clo?+ by sev]e edicts1 f\nd a refuge on ! cov]+ ( books4 ,! times 7 h>d !n = b9d]s2 !y 7 con/ra9$ to live 9 ! univ]sity & to employ only its workm54 ,a b9d] 0 nev] 8 own gild]2 he employ$ ! gaufreurs ( %oe-lea!r1 m exp]t & bold]1 to gild 8 lea!r4 ,among ^! artisans 0 "o nam$ ,pigorreau1 :om ! edict f\nd liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( publi%]s & work+ = !m2 he 0 compell$ to *oose ei!r to rema9 bootmak] or become booksell]2 he *ose ! latt]1 aga9/ ! syndics ( ! trade1 aga9/ e "o1 & he made enemies = himself4 ,he rev5g$ himself by turn+ ! ma/]s into ridicule 9 a plac>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,le ,gascon b9d+ = ,c>d9al ,maz>94 ,le ,gascon 0 probably ! assum$ "n ( an arti/ 9 ?is /yle4 ,! ,guirl&e de ,julie1 work$ by him = ,mademoiselle de ,ramb\illet1 gave him great hon\r 9 ! special circle ( ?is little lit]>y c\rt4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion !n = poor au?ors to put a f9e cov]+ on _! works & to (f] !m to ! great = _! own pr(it4 ,tallem5t des ,reaux notably signalises ! poet ,las]re1 :o display$ 8 luxury 9 irreproa*able b9d+s4 ,& !n ! f>m]s ( ! rev5ue1 successors ( ,groli] 9 f9ancial tru/s1 =m$ libr>ies = pure fa%ion1 nev] op5+ ! volumes cov]$ = !m 9 sumptu\s attire4 ,if we may believe ,sauval1 au?or ( ! ,antiquits de ,p>is1 !y w5t fur!r1 & on cov]s )\t books inscrib$ imag9>y titles & fanta/ic squibs to mislead _! visitors4 ,! bookcase be+ c>efully clos$1 x 0 difficult to discov] ! imposition4 ,sauval writes1 ,9 place ( books1 !y are cont5t ) cov]s ( ,levant morocco1 on ! backs ( :i*1 9 gold lett]s1 are inscrib$ ! names ( ! mo/ celebrat$ au?ors4 ,a b9d] ( ! univ]sity assur$ me t n long s9ce he & 8 confrres _h made !m = a s+le f9anci] to ! am\nt ( #aj1jjj cr[ns6 ,! works ( ,le ,gascon w be f\nd m among great p]sonages ?an ) ! s-call$ collectors1 :i* gives value to _! grace & *>m4 ,! ,k+'s bro!r ,ga/on possess$ !m1 !n ,maz>91 an example f ^: libr>y is "h reproduc$4 ,on ?is b9d+ ,le ,gascon work$ gilt comp>tm5ts & elaborate arabesques2 9 ! middle ( ! sides are ! arms ( ! ,c>d9al & 8 pret5ti\s device3 ,arma ,julii ornant ,franciam6--,! arms ( ,jules ! ornam5t ( ,france6 ,9 spite ( ! pr(usion ( subjects1 no?+ c\ld bett] please ! eye or indicate a man ( ta/e4 ,b if ,le ,gascon be a leg5d>y p]sonage1 he _h an imitator or rival1 v ne> to him1 nam$ ,florimond ,badi]1 ^: works _h at lea/ ! advantage ( be+ sign$4 ,at ! bottom ( ! inside cov] ( an inlaid morocco b9d+ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is is ! inscription ,florimond ,badi] fec41 inv4 ,! analogy betwe5 ?is "w & ^? kn[n z ,le ,gascon's is palpable2 inside & outside1 ! cov] is /ippl$ ) small tools 7au petit f]7 9 ! same mann]4 ,florimond ,badi] 0 n appo9t$ booksell] until #afde1 & s c\ld n h compos$ e>li] b9d+s attribut$ to ,le ,gascon1 b ?is resemblance ( /yle evid5ces ! exi/5ce ( a ,p>isian s*ool1 ! adepts ( :i* copi$ "o ano!r1 z !y d n[adays4 ,! "w 0 soon simplifi$2 pallets & :eel-%ap$ tools 7 inv5t$ to produce t :i* 0 improp]ly call$ d5telle2 ?is me*anical "w 0 done by a :eel-%ap$ tool1 previ\sly heat$1 on gold 9 siz$ leaves1 on :i* x impress$ its projections4 ,) ,l\is ,,xiv4 ! passion = gild+ increas$4 ,*>m+ fe/oons 7 design$1 b !y 7 soon abus$1 & inundat$ ! libr>ies4 ,on ! sides 7 se5 ris+ suns1 arms1 & gold5 g>l&s4 ,cramoisy direct$ ! royal b9d+s1 ! ,k+ hav+ devot$ l>ge sums to ! pur*ase ( ,levant lea!rs4 ,9 #afff ! ,director ( ,works ord]$ r$ moroccos2 9 #affg he receiv$ tw5ty-two doz5 sk9s1 am\nt+1 ) ! exp5ses ( transport1 to #a1jbj livres t\rnois4 ,successive supplies 7 made1 & 7 us$ = ! royal libr>y1 sixty-n9e doz5 9 #affg1 =ty-six doz5 9 #affh1 & ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-?ree doz5 9 #afgj1 co/+ ! ,k+ m ?an #ab1jjj livres4 ,on ^! admirably dress$ sk9s1 :i*1 9 spite ( incessant use1 /ill rema9 n[ z 9 _! fir/ days1 ! ,k+ caus$ to be appli$1 accord+ to ! size1 tools ( bord]s1 hav+ 9 ! middle ! arms ( ,france1 ) ! coll> ( ,/4 ,esprit4 ,among ! b9d]s m5tion$ 9 ! v useful "w ( ,m4 ,j4 ,j4 ,guiffrey on ! exp5diture ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 we f9d ,gilles ,dubois1 :o di$ be=e #afgj2 ,levasseur1 b9d] ( ,huet1 ,bi%op ( ,avran*es2 ,la ,t\r1 ,mr9s or ,mrius1 :o di$ be=e #afgf2 & also ,ruette1 ! reput$ inv5tor ( m>bl$ pap] = fly-leaves ( books3 to him ! b9d+s ( ! ,*ancellor de ,sgui]1 ) _! ornam5t ( ! gold5 fleece1 & ( ,madame de ,sgui]1 are attribut$4 ,x 0 probably ^! m5 :o decorat$ ! books ( ! bro!rs ,dupuy1 ,f\quet1 & ,colb]t1 m>vell\s works ( solidity1 if n always ( elegance1 :i* h resi/$ all assaults4 ,unhappily1 9 _m in/ances ! me*anical d5telle ov]burd5$ ! "w1 & gave x a commonplace regul>ity4 ,9 ! ,cond1 ,colb]t1 & p]haps ev5 ,madame de ,longueville's collections1 !re are _m specim5s ( ?is k9d ) two or ?ree fillet$ bord]s4 ,we h come to an epo* :5 ! difficulties result+ f confusion betwe5 ! booksell]s' & b9d]s' trades began to be und]/ood4 ,! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes _h implicitly prep>$ a cr[d ( measures & rules 9 all bran*es ( national indu/ry4 ,x 0 a good occasion to prev5t ! artisans ( b9d+ unduly p>ad+ !mselves z booksell]s & sell+ m]*&ise ( :i* !y und]/ood no?+2 ,l\is ,,xiv4 int]f]$1 & sep>at$ ! two communities4 ,! b9d]s !n became ! relieurs-doreurs ( books2 !y _h _! own organisation1 b rema9$ subject to ! univ]sity2 ! heads ( ! frat]nity 7 call$ ! gu>ds4 ,! pr9cipal arrangem5ts ( ! regulation ( #agdi 73 ! memb]s ( ! corporation _h ! sole "r to b9d books1 f ! elegant volume to regi/]s ( blank pap]4 ,five ye>s ( appr5tice%ip & ?ree ( companion%ip 7 necess>y to obta9 ! brevet ( fre$om & to hold a %op4 ,moreov]1 x 0 indisp5sable to read & write4 ,"o regulation orda9$ t ! workman %\ld be able to b9d & ornam5t ord9>y books or o!rs1 to r5d] !m p]fect & entire1 to sew ! %eets at mo/ two toge!r ) ?read & real b&s1 ) jo9ts ( p>*m5t1 & n pap]1 & 9 case ( infraction ! said books 7 to be remade at ! exp5se ( ! (f5d]1 :o 0 besides condemn$ to a p5alty ( ?irty livres = ea* volume4 ,_! e/abli%m5t 0 conf9$ to ! qu>t] f ! ,rue ,/4 ,&r des ,arts to ! ,place ,maub]t2 !y regulat$ ! sale ( calfsk9 & ( tools2 9 a ^w1 !y 7 surr\nd$ by precautions by :i* ! production rema9$ always "u ! sup]vision ( ! ma/]s & completely satisfi$ ! cli5t4 ,?is calculat+ policy 01 9 fact1 a close imitation ( ! royal ord9ance ( #afhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,mosaic b9d+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury = ! ,spaccio de la ,be/ia ,trionfante4 ,! mosaic b9d+s us$ f ! end ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 7 an application ( p>$ lea!rs ( col\rs diff]5t f ! backgr\nd1 pa/$ on to ! side4 ,! b9d]s ( ! reg5cy compos$ a great numb]1 attribut$ n[ to ,pasdel\p1 z all ! crayons ( ! sixte5? c5tury are call$ ,cl\ets1 & all ! panels on wood ,holbe9s4 ,x is n t !re 0 great orig9ality 9 ^! works1 or a p>ticul> art2 m (t5 ! workman did no m ?an transcribe ,le ,gascon or ,eve or ! old] b9d]s1 & accommodat$ ! processes ( ^! arti/s to ! fa%ion ( 8 "t4 ,9 ?is /yle we may cite ! ,spaccio de la ,be/ia ,trionfante1 pr9t$ at ,p>is #aehd1 = :i* ! b9d] design$ a cov] ( d\btful ta/e &1 above all1 an und5iable want ( proportion4 ,! t5d5cy 0 !n to fl[]s occupy+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! page1 to comp>tm5ts too l>ge1 to op5 pomegranates1 l ! ,spaccio "h reproduc$4 ,if ,pasdel\p _h discov]$ ^! m$iocre comb9ations1 he c\ld n be proclaim$ ! reg5]ator ( a fall5 art4 ,! ba/>d /yle ( ^! works may be comp>$ to _! mosaics1 con/ruct$ ( pieces2 x is a little ( ev]y?+1 & toge!r x is no?+4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! mid/ ( ! quantity ( m$iocre ?+s1 "s pleas+ decoration is f "t to "t met )2 ! design ( a volume ) ! arms ( ! ,reg5t & 8 wife1 ,mademoiselle de ,blois1 wants nei!r elegance nor ta/e2 )\t be+ p]fection1 x has bett] proportion & balance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,mosaic b9d+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ) ! arms ( ! ,reg5t4 ,m4 ,morg&'s collection4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 hesitate to give names to all ^! works4 ,besides ,pasdel\p1 !re 7 ! ,d]omes1 ab&on+ a little ! mosaics1 devis+ fl[]s & d5telles 9 comb9ation1 & no long] ! simple products ( ! fillet4 ,!y =m$ a dyna/y2 & if ! ,pasdel\ps 7 at lea/ twelve1 !re 7 f\rte5 ,d]omes all booksell]s & b9d]s f ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ,james ,an?ony1 :o di$ 9 #agfa4 ,pet] ,paul ,dubuisson 0 n only a b9d]2 he 0 a design]4 ,he inv5t$ h]aldic ornam5ts1 & compos$ models ( gild+ tools1 9 :i* 8 contempor>ies emulat$ him4 ,he 0 intimate ) ! delicate vignetti/ ,eis51 & ! c\nsels ( an arti/ ( ?is value c\ld n b be useful to him4 ,x is an extraord9>y ?+ t 9 ?is _w ( celebrat$ pr9t]s1 amateur f9anci]s1 & notable pa9t]s & engrav]s1 n a s+le man c be met to give a real impulse to ! art ( :i* we speak1 & to prev5t ! dull cont9uance ( exp]im5ts on ! :ole s poor4 ,d\btless ! d5telles ( ,d]ome _h a c]ta9 air ( gaiety1 to :i* ! books ( ! eighte5? c5tury accommodat$ !mselves p]fectly2 ! tools ( ,dubuisson produce mo/ pleas+ designs2 b ! old1 ! great b9d]s1 _h altoge!r disappe>$4 ,besides1 ,d]ome massacr$ )\t pity ! r>e/ works4 ,he lov$ edges v regul>ly cut1 & he did n fail to hew d[n m>g9s oppos$ to 8 ta/e4 ,he saw$ books z well2 t is to say1 9 place ( sew+ ! %eets on to project+ b&s1 he made a groove 9 ! back1 9 :i* ! cord 0 emb$d$4 ,! books h no resi/ance4 ,to ^! celebrat$ names ( ,fr5* b9d]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury we may add ,le ,monni]1 :o work$ = ! ,orleans pr9ces2 ,tessi]1 8 successor2 ,laf]t1 :o decorat$ ! small volumes ( ! ,duc de la ,vallire z ,*amot cov]$ ! l>ge ones2 9 #agff ,*amot 0 royal b9d]4 ,!re 0 also ,pi]re ,eng]r&1 !n ,biziaux1 an orig9al1 :o work$ = ,madame de ,pompad\r & ,beaum>*ais4 ,boyet1 or ,boy]1 work$ 7#afgj-hj7 9 ! /yle ( ,le ,gascon1 ) ! same m9ute tool+1 b simpl] 9 "*4 ,duseuil put v elaborate & delicate tool+ on 8 cov]s f ab\t #agaj to #agbj4 ,! ,revolution effac$ _m ( ! f9e works :i* display$ ! symbols ( a royalty ju/ly dete/$1 & ,m]ci] wrote c]ta9 wick$ little poems aga9/ b9d+4 ,lesn 0 ! poet ( bookb9d+1 & he inv5t$ ! process ( pla9 calf )\t bo>ds4 ,c]ta9ly f ,groli] to ,lesn !re 7 num]\s *anges1 s num]\s t1 9 spite ( ! nude calf1 x may be said t ! art 0 ne>ly dead4 ,9 our days x has a little recov]$4 ,amateurs h f\nd new names1 & (t5 arti/s1 to patronise3 ,trautz-,bauzonnet1 ,cap1 ,duru1 ,lortic1 ,m>ius ,mi*el1 9 ,france2 ,b$=d1 ,rivire1 ,zaehnsdorf1 ,pratt1 9 ,engl&2 ,mat!ws1 ,brad/reet1 ,smi?1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & _m o!rs4 ,unhappily1 =tune does n p]mit e "o to furni% 8 libr>y luxuri\sly2 ! true connoisseur se>*es r = ,groli]s1 ,eves1 & ,le ,gascons1 ?an conc]ns himself ab\t mod]n workman%ip4 ,:atev] may be its value1 x is only fit to clo! ! works ( ! "t4 ,a book publi%$ by ,lem]re & b\nd by ,petit is 9 true "*1 b a fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury book pass$ "u ! h&s ( ,trautz-,bauzonnet himself w be v mu* l an anci5t enamel 9 a mod]n frame newly gilt4 ,bookb9d+ 9 ,engl& has1 ) v few exceptions1 nev] atta9$ ! arti/ic excell5ce rea*$ 9 ,france4 ,f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day s]vile imitations ( =eign "w only are se54 ,! "o purely orig9al ,engli% b9d] is ,rog] ,payne1 :o f ab\t #aggj work$ = ?irty or =ty ye>s 9 ,london1 p]=m+ ) 8 own h&s e /age ( ! "w1 ev5 to cutt+ 8 own tools4 ,! result 0 good1 solid "w1 ) p]fectly orig9al & (t5 v beautiful decoration1 appropriate to ! "* ( ! "w itself4 ,8 fav\rite /yle 0 droop+ l9es ( leaf ornam5ts 9 ! bord]s & geometrical patt]ns 9 small tools4 ,aft] him came ,*>les ,lewis1 :o 0 an arti/ 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 &1 com+ d[n to our own "t1 ,francis ,b$=d1 :o1 nev] pret5d+ to orig9ality1 copi$ ! be/ designs ( ! old ,fr5* & ,italian b9d]s4 ,8 full calf books1 ) h&somely tool$ backs1 are models ( solidity & ta/e2 & 8 decorations on ! sides ( morocco-b\nd books are always 9 good ta/e1 & (t5 ( great elegance4 ,! b9d]s ( ! pres5t day1 p]haps = lack ( patronage1 seem to h ab&on$ orig9ality2 & al?\gh mu* excell5t "w is done1 x is no m ?an a copy ( ! ,eves1 ,le ,gascon1 ,d]ome1 & ! old] arti/s4 ,p>allel ) ! luxuri\s b9d+s ) :i* we h be5 exclusively occupi$1 !re has always be5 ! comm]cial "w1 prep>$ 9 advance4 ,liturgical works1 above all1 are sold 9 ?is =m4 ,books 9 ! ,groli] /yle or o!r gr& p]sonages 7 work$ f a patt]n engrav$ 9 relief1 leav+ no?+ to ! caprice ( ! arti/1 by be+ appli$ to ! side by a press4 ,?is process is t]m$ block+4 ,g]many made use ( ?is process pr9cipally2 also ,vo/re1 ,v]>d1 & ,tory employ$ ! same means4 ,ev5 ! int]lac+s & ! caprici\s arabesques ( ,groli] 7 imitat$ by means ( a fix$ plate1 p>ts ( :i* 7 f9i%$ by h& to make x appe> a complete "w ( imag9ation & h&icraft4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,libr>ies4 ,art1 sci5ce1 & lit]ature took refuge 9 conv5ts be=e ! inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 & libr>ies did n c\nt _m books4 ,accord+ to daily wants1 ! mona/]y scribes copi$ ! treatises l5t by neighb\r+ h\ses1 & ! collection 0 ?us pa9fully made dur+ _m c5turies4 ,two or ?ree hundr$ works con/itut$ ord9>y collections2 ! p[]ful abbeys f\nd 9 _! /aff ! means ( enri*+ _! libr>ies1 z we h said1 b !y 7 ! privileg$ ones4 ,except+ k+s & "s pr9ces1 few p possess$ a libr>y4 ,! great exp5se ( transcription1 ! want ( facility = procur+ orig9als1 & ! enorm\s price ( manuscripts left no hope to bibliophiles ( mod]ate =tune4 ,typography1 on ! contr>y1 hav+ multipli$ books & put at relatively mode/ prices reproductions =m]ly inaccessible1 private collections comm5c$4 ,we h _h occasion to speak be=e ( ,groli] & ,maioli2 !y 7 ! mo/ illu/ri\s1 b n ! only ones4 ,at fir/ a public libr>y 0 an unkn[n ?+4 ,! ri*e/ & ! mo/ easily got toge!r1 t ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 0 private4 ,s9ce ,john ! ,good 9 ,france ! acquisitions 7 num]\s1 & ,gut5b]g's inv5tion contribut$ to augm5t ! /ock ( volumes ev]y:]e4 ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii4 f\nd or took 9 _! exp$itions 9 ,italy1 & 7 able to add to ! orig9al nucleus1 _m r>e editions1 especially f ! ,s=zas at ,pavia1 :o _h m>vels )\t numb]4 ,br\ght toge!r at ,blois1 "u ! c>e ( ,john de ,lab>re1 ! royal libr>y did n yet occupy a v l>ge space1 9 spite ( its increase4 ,"u ,*>les ,v4 ! numb] ( books 0 ab\t a ?\s&2 ab\t #aejj or #aeaj !y 7 ne>ly d\bl$1 & ! pr9t$ books did n numb] m ?an two hundr$4 ,s re/rict$1 ! royal libr>y travell$ ) ! o!r treasures ( ! ,cr[n2 ,francis ,i4 transport$ x f ,blois to ,fonta9ebleau1 & ev5 p>ts ( x to ! ,italian w>s1 z relat$ above4 ,9 its new qu>t]s ! royal collection1 9 spite ( ! successive accessions ( ! books ( ,john d',ang\lme1 gr&fa!r ( ! ,k+1 & ( ^? ( ! dukes ( ,orleans1 c\nt$ b #a1gha manuscripts & a hundr$ & n9e pr9t$ books on ! %elves4 ,! ,k+1 ambiti\s 9 lit]ature no less ?an 9 arts1 nom9at$ an illu/ri\s savant1 ,guillaume ,bud1 to ! (fice ( ma/] ( 8 libr>y2 & ?is qualification 0 ma9ta9$ by 8 successors until ! fall ( ! royal p[]4 ,) ,bud comm5c$ ! sy/em ( cont9u\s acquisitions4 ,! treasury 0 lib]ally op5$ to v5dors ( r>ities4 ,at ?is "t ! books1 plac$ ^u _! sides1 "o ^u ano!r1 gave no idea ( a mod]n libr>y1 ) its volumes rang$ on end1 hav+ _! titles betwe5 ! b&s ( ! back4 ,9 speak+ ( ,groli]1 we rem>k$ t ! sides ( a b9d+ alone _h importance on acc\nt ( _! place on ! %elves2 x 0 ! same ) ,francis ,i4 ,"u ,h5ri ,,ii4 ! ,fonta9ebleau collection 0 some:at pillag$ = ,diana ( ,poiti]s1 b1 z a corrective = ?is dilapidation1 ! ,k+ adopt$ a measure1 s9ce pres]v$1 :i* sub/itut$ = acquisitions a regul> & un9t]rupt$ supply2 ?is 0 ! contribution by publi%]s to ! libr>y ( "o b\nd copy on vellum ( all ! works pr9t$ "u privilege4 ,! ord9ance 0 made 9 #aeef2 ! successors ( ,h5ri ,,ii4 _h only ?is means ( increas+ ! numb] ( _! volumes1 ) ! exception t ,*>les ,,ix4 exp5d$ a l>ge sum 9 ! pur*ase ( ,groli]'s collection ( m$als4 ,su* 0 ! work+ ( ! royal libr>y = ab\t a half-c5tury1 b ! idea ( mak+ x public _h n come4 ,diffus$ z 0 !n ! passion = books1 x _h n yet be5 democratis$ to ! po9t ( be+ und]/ood by ! p4 ,amateurs & lov]s ( read+ =m$ special collections 9 _! h\ses1 at times rivall+ t ( ! ,k+4 ,!n ! fa%ion 0 no m to lay ! books on _! sides1 b !y 7 n[ rang$ to all[ room = new acquisitions4 ,h5ri ,,iv41 :o _h n 8 great-uncle's pr$ilection = ,fonta9ebleau1 comm&$ ! removal to ,p>is ( ! books buri$ 9 ! ca/le4 ,he add$ to !m ^? ( ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis com+ f ,m>%al ,/rozzi2 & z ! college ( ,cl]mont _h become vacant by ! disp]sion ( ! ,jesuits1 he lodg$ ! libr>y 9 #aeii 9 "o ( ! rooms ( t e/abli%m5t1 "u ! c>e ( ,james ,augu/us de ,?\1 ma/] ( ! libr>y4 ,we n[ see ! royal collection br\ght to ,p>is1 :i* x has nev] quitt$2 b be=e its def9itive in/allation1 be=e x 0 made public1 x pass$ ?r\gh a c5tury1 dur+ :i* additions 7 made1 pur*ases increas$1 & ! numb] ( manuscripts & pr9t$ books augm5t$ 9 enorm\s proportions4 ,h5ri ,,iv4 desir$ to place x ne> ! c\rt1 to avoid pillage & to h ! *ief libr>ian ne> to him4 ,! return ( ! ,jesuits 9 #afjd upset ! fir/ e/abli%m5t a little2 ! college ( ,cl]mont 0 evacuat$2 ! books 7 transport$ to ! ,cordeli]s & di/ribut$ 9 rooms on ! gr\nd & fir/ floors1 :5ce ! names ( upp] & l[] libr>ies4 ,!re 0 a mass ( volumes v little us$1 = ! public did n enjoy !m1 & ! ,k+ held !m z 8 own2 b ! "t 0 ne> :5 ! collection 0 to take a v s]i\s /ep "u ! influ5ce ( ! bro!rs ,dupuy 9 #afde1 & aft]w>ds ( ,j]ome ,bignon4 ,always %ut up 9 ! incommodi\s *amb]s ( ! ,cordeli]s1 ! libr>y conta9$ #e1bei volumes1 manuscript & pr9t$1 p]haps less ?an "s private libr>ies2 aft] ! ,dupuys x _h at lea/ #aj1cbi pr9t$ books4 ,maz>9 0 ! fir/ to compreh5d ! natural use ( collections ( books3 publicity4 ,8 private libr>y1 plac$ be=e #afea 9 8 magnific5t h\se 9 ! ,rue ,ri*elieu1 :]e lat] 0 def9itively lodg$ ! royal libr>y1 0 op5$ to read]s e ,tuesday1 f eight to elev5 & two to five4 ,disp]s$ 9 #afea1 at ! fall ( ! ,c>d9al1 x 0 lat] recon/itut$1 & 9 less ?an t5 ye>s aft]w>ds ! =m] m9i/] 0 able to op5 x 9 its new qu>t]s1 ! ,college ( ! ,f\r ,nations1 :]e x is /ill4 ,:ile ! ,maz>9 libr>y 0 adm9i/]+ lib]ally to ! wants ( ! public1 t ( ! ,k+ rema9$ closely %ut up 9 ! rooms ( ! ,cordeli]s4 ,colb]t1 influ5c$ by ?is /ate ( ?+s1 (f]$ two h\ses 9 ! ,rue ,vivi5ne to ! ,k+1 :]e ! books c\ld f9d a m conv5i5t lodg+1 & all[ room = increase4 ,! removal 0 made 9 #afff4 ,! royal collection = fifty-five ye>s 0 lodg$ only a few /eps f its f9al re/+-place1 ! ,hotel de ,nev]s4 ,s 0 call$ at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! spl5did mansion ( ,maz>91 situat$ ne> ! ,porte de ,ri*elieu1 9 ! /reet ( ! same "n1 :5ce 8 books _h be5 previ\sly torn & sold to all ! deal]s4 ,divid$ into two p>ts at ! dea? ( ! ,c>d9al 9 #affa1 ! palace fell1 "o "p to ! ,duc de ,maz>91 ! o!r to ! ,duc de ,nev]s1 8 nephews4 ,at fir/ ! ,k+ dream$1 "u ! advice ( ,l\vais1 ( acquir+ ! l& 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,rue ,vivi5ne & ( elevat+ a monum5t = 8 libr>y1 = ! ?\ght ( putt+ ! ,hotel de ,nev]s to ?is use _h n !n occurr$ to him2 b ! ,duc de ,maz>9 hav+ ali5at$ 8 "p ( ! palace 9 fav\r ( ! ,company ( ! ,indies1 ,abb ,bignon1 !n royal libr>ian1 p]ceiv$ ! "p he c\ld play f t fact4 ,?anks to ! adm9i/ration ( ,colb]t & ! lib]alities ( ! ,k+1 ! collection _h be5 augm5t$ ?reefold4 ,at ! "t ( ! removal to ! ,rue ,vivi5ne1 ,nicolas ,clm5t work$ at ! classify+ & catalogu+ ( #ce1jjj volumes4 ,he di/ribut$ !m into me?odical classes1 & devot$ n9e ye>s--#afge to #afhd--to 8 "w4 ,b ?is fir/ unravell+ 0 soon insuffici5t4 ,less ?an f\r ye>s aft]1 he comm5c$ a new inv5tory 9 tw5ty-"o volumes1 :i* occupi$ ?irty ye>s1 hav+ be5 f9i%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ,m>*1 #agad4 ,?is "t ! numb]s am\nt$ to #dc1jjj pr9t$ volumes2 8 tw5ty-?ree pr9cipal divisions1 conta9+ all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 are v ne>ly pres]v$ up to our day4 ,9 #afig ! "q ( publi%+ ?is enorm\s "w 0 agitat$1 & on ?is po9t ,clm5t _h a curi\s correspond5ce ) a le>n$ ,dane nam$ ,fr$]ick ,bo/ga>d2 he also1 9 a celebrat$ pamphlet1 ,ide d'une ,n\velle ,manire de dress] le ,catalogue d'une ,biblio?que1 indicat$ practical obs]vations2 he resolv$ ?is ardu\s "q = important collections by diff]5ce ( sizes2 b 8 project 0 n execut$1 al?\gh fav\r$ f ! fir/ by ,abb ,bignon4 ,z ! collection 0 n available = work]s1 ! "w ( ,clm5t _h only a relative importance4 ,a c\ncillor ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,waldeck1 a ,g]man ( ! "n ( ,nemeitz1 :o travell$ 9 ,france 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 hav+ se5 x 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,rue ,vivi5ne1 says t ! libr>y occupi$ !n tw5ty-six rooms & conta9$ #ge1jjj volumes 9 all2 x 0 %[n volunt>ily to /rang]s1 b n to ! public4 ,nemeitz gives "s o!r curi\s p>ticul>s z to ! libr>ies ( ,p>is 7,sj\r ,p>is3 ,leyde1 #agbg1 #hvo74 ,! bank ( ,law1 t _h be5 lodg$ = "s "t 9 ! ,hotel de ,nev]s1 ali5at$ by ! heirs ( ,maz>91 soon disappe>$ ) ! ru9 ( 8 sy/em4 ,z we h said above1 ,bignon appreciat$ ! importance ( ! neglect$ palace = commodi\sly lodg+ ! royal collections4 ,?is 0 9 #agba4 ,! collection 0 ab\t to be subdivid$ into f\r sections1 or1 z !y 7 !n call$ 9 ! adm9i/rative /yle1 f\r di/9ct dep>tm5ts3 manuscripts1 pr9t$ books1 titles1 & engrav$ plates4 ,! ma/] ( ! libr>y press$ ! ,reg5t to pr(it by ! occasion1 to :i* he agre$4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] ! removal comm5c$1 & f ! ,rue ,vivi5ne1 ! royal libr>y1 ! fir/ 9 ! _w & ! mo/ valuable1 z ,naud says1 ent]$ ! =m] palace ( ! ,c>d9al1 :i* x 0 nev] to quit aga94 ,we approa* ! epo* :5 ?is great sci5tific e/abli%m5t 0 to quit its private "* & to op5 its doors to ! le>n$ ( all c\ntries4 ,9 #agce x 0 decid$ to pr9t ! catalogue ( "s divisions only3 !ology1 canonical law1 public law1 & belles lettres4 ,?is resolution co9cid$ precisely ) ! op5+ ( ! doors :i* took place 9 #agcg1 9 :i* ye> appe>$ ! fir/ volume ( ! catalogue compris+ ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! royal libr>y 0 f9ally e/abli%$2 ! pr9t$ books !n compris$ ab\t #bjj1jjj volumes1 & access 0 _h by a /aircase lead+ to six gr& saloons1 :i* 7 surr\nd$ by gall]ies4 ,f ?is mom5t ! rooms became too small4 ,at ! ,revolution ! numb] ( books _h increas$ to #cjj1jjj1 & projects ( enl>gem5t comm5c$1 to be cont9u$ to our "t2 b1 9 spite ( ^! proposals1 ! surface occupi$ by ! libr>y has rema9$ ! same s9ce ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,enl>gem5ts & alt]ations h be5 made ye> aft] ye> on ! same gr\nd )\t mu* new con/ruction4 ,b h[ ! treasures h be5 augm5t$ to ?is "t6 ,if ! pr9t$ books at ! ,revolution repres5t$ a little m ?an #cjj1jjj volumes1 to-day !y exce$ two millions2 ! pr9ts numb] two & a half millions2 ! m$als1 #ajj1jjj2 ! manuscripts1 some?+ ov] #ij1jjj4 ,if we h ?us br\ght ! summ>y hi/ory ( ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is to our days1 x 0 to avoid mix+ x ) o!r matt]s4 ,we h ent]$ into su* detail reg>d+ x z is fitt+ = ! mo/ important libr>y 9 ! _w4 ,we n[ return to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,at ! "t :5 ,h5ri ,,iv4 c>ri$ f ,fonta9ebleau to ,p>is ! nucleus ( volumes t 0 to h s brilliant a de/9y1 ! passion = books _h s+ul>ly spread itself 9 ,france4 ,we h already spok5 ( ,maz>92 aft] him ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu design$ to op5 8 private collection to ! public1 & 9 8 w he manife/$ 8 cle>ly held int5tion4 ,he w5t fur!r 9 8 la/ wi%es3 he prescrib$ ! daily sweep+ & du/+ ( ! preci\s collection1 & its augm5tation by a ?\s& livres t\rnois ea* ye>4 ,! great p]sonages ( ! "t 7 n beh9d2 & ,sauval says t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 7 #a1jjj or #a1bjj private libr>ies 9 ,p>is1 numb]+ #a1gjj1jjj volumes4 ,9 ! prov9ces !re 7 few public libr>ies4 ,! communities & le>n$ ,societies1 ! ,jesuits & o!r religi\s h\ses1 & ! univ]sities _h collections ,at ,orleans a libr>y 0 op5$ = ,g]mans1 & ! /ud5ts ( t c\ntry 7 able to "w at _! ease "u ! sup]vision ( two libr>ians4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! numb] ( libr>ies _h increas$ 9 l>ge proportions2 ! amateurs _h made _! influ5ce felt4 ,! ,book 0 n s\ght only = :at x conta9$1 b also = its ext]ior clo?+4 ,only ! great libr>ies op5 to ev]ybody rema9$ eclectic1 & provid$ a little ( ev]y?+4 ,besides ! royal libr>y1 !re 7 9 ,p>is a great numb] ( o!r collections1 :i* ! revolution>y /orm upset & (t5 de/roy$4 ,t ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 des ,prs 0 burnt 9 #agid4 ,t ( ,/4 ,g5evive1 f\nd$ 9 #afbe1 _h b5efit$ by celebrat$ donations1 among o!rs ^? ( ! c>d9als ,de ,b]ulle & ,de la ,ro*ef\cauld2 ! ,ars5al1 creat$ by ! ,m>quis de ,paulmy1 0 successively enri*$ by important acquisitions1 among :i* 0 ! collection ( ! ,duc de la ,vallire4 ,^! collections /ill exi/1 & are op5 to ! public1 z also are ! ,national ,libr>y1 ! ,maz>9e1 ! ,sorbonne1 ! ,museum1 ! ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts1 ! ,city ( ,p>is1 ! ,in/itute1 ! ,l\vre1 & ! sev]al sci5tific faculties4 ,! prov9ces h n be5 beh9d 9 ! movem5t4 ,_m ( ! great cities conta9 a consid]able numb] ( books easily accessible1 among !m ! libr>ies ( ,bordeaux & ,r\51 am\nt+ to #aej1jjj volumes2 ,troyes & ,besanon1 #ajj1jjj1 etc4 ,few important c5tres h less ?an #bj1jjj4 ,^! collections h be5 g5]ally compos$ ( ^? ( ! religi\s e/abli%m5ts1 clos$ by ! ,revolution4 ,9 our "t public libr>ies are augm5t$ by ! legal deposit1 gifts ( ! ,/ate1 legacies ( private p]sons1 & pur*ases4 ,! legal deposit 9 ,france relates almo/ exclusively to ! ,national ,libr>y1 & proce$s f ! measures tak5 by ,h5ri ,,ii4 9 #aeef4 ,ea* ,fr5* pr9t] has n[ to deposit a c]ta9 numb] ( copies ( ! works t he issues1 & ^! volumes g to swell ! numb] ( books 9 ! ,rue de ,ri*elieu4 ,at ! rate ( #cj1jjj a ye>1 ! "t is easily anticipat$ & v ne> :5 ! space w be f\nd insuffici5t4 ,"s measures w h to be tak54 ,g]many1 ! cradle ( pr9t+1 0 n fav\r$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 ,wolf5bttel1 a little t[n 9 ! du*y ( ,brunswick1 a curi\s collection ( books1 9 a deta*$ build+1 ( :i* ! engrav] ,m]ian has pres]v$ = u ! physiognomy2 x conta9$ ne>ly #bjj1jjj volumes1 an enorm\s numb] = ! "t4 ,! r l[ rooms 7 %elv$ all r\nd2 9 ! middle 7 cases ( ! height ( a man1 also fill$ ) books2 ! read]s help$ !mselves1 & 7 seat$ = work+4 ,! ext]ior ( ! build+1 )\t be+ sumptu\s1 0 isolat$ & deta*$4 ,9 our "t ?is collection includes ! ,bible1 glass1 & ink/& ( ,lu!r & 8 portrait by ,lucas ,crana*4 ,ano!r curi\s libr>y1 dat+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is t ( ! city ( ,leyd54 ,an engrav+ by ,w\dan %[s its /ate 9 #afaj1 ) its classifications & divisions4 ,! books 7 rang$ 9 cases provid$ ) brea/-high desks4 ,! books 7 plac$ ) ! edges 9 front1 & n z n[1 & 7 s atta*$ t !y c\ld only be consult$ 9 _! place4 ,ea* body ( %elv+ conta9$ a s]ies ( au?ors3 !ology1 philosophy1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 m$ic9e1 law1 & lit]ature4 ,! room1 ( squ>e %ape1 0 light$ by w9d[s "r & left4 ,betwe5 ! bays 7 portraits1 views ( cities1 & maps4 ,on ! "r1 9 a %r9e1 0 enclos$ ! legacy ( ,joseph ,scalig]4 ,communication 0 less lib]al ?an at ,wolf5bttel2 ! read]s 7 oblig$ to take ! books f ! %elves !mselves & read !m /&+ be=e ! desks4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! celebrat$ ,ox=d ,libr>y %\ld be m5tion$1 augm5t$ & re/or$ 9 #aeig by ,sir ,?omas ,bodley1 ambassador ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,! g5]\s ov]tures ( ?is ri* g5tleman met ) unanim\s approbation4 ,he (f]$ to ! libr>y ( ! univ]sity ! volumes collect$ by him dur+ 8 travels on ! ,cont95t1 ^: value exce$$ #aj1jjj4 ,! fir/ /one ( a new build+ 0 laid 9 #afaj1 b f #afjb ! collection 0 op5 to read]s 9 a provisional locality4 ,david ,loggan1 ! engrav]1 has pres]v$ = u int]ior views ( ! ,bodleian ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! rooms are dispos$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,h1 ) pavilions to ea/ & we/1 unit$ by a gall]y4 ,! books 7 & are /ill 9 ! body ( ! libr>y1 plac$ aga9/ ! walls1 ) tables & immovable seats4 ,! volumes 7 n displac$2 !y 7 consult$ 9 _! own place4 ,ea* room _h two floors1 ) access to ! second by /airs4 ,9 ,london x 0 ,hans ,sloane :o _h ! idea ( f\nd+ a great collection by (f]+ to ! ,/ate = #bj1jjj 8 collection ( books1 :i* 0 valu$ at #ej1jjj4 ,creat$ 9 #agec by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 z x 0 nam$1 0 quickly augm5t$ by _m private libr>ies1 among :i* 0 ! libr>y ( pr9t$ books & manuscripts collect$ by ! k+s ( ,engl& f ,h5ry ,,vii4 to ,william ,,iii41 :i* 0 add$ 9 ! reign ( ,george ,,ii4 ,! v ext5sive & valuable libr>y ( ,george ,,iii41 #bej1jjj volumes1 0 add$ by ,george ,,iv4 ,! ,h>leian collection add$ #g1ejj volumes1 & ,rob]t ,cotton 8 manuscripts4 ,to-day ! pr9t$ books am\nt to #a1cjj1jjj1 & are only surpass$ by ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,france z well 9 numb] ( books z 9 numb] ( read]s4 ,?is imm5se collection increases at a great rate1 "o s\rce be+ ! compulsory deposit ( a copy ( e new book 9 ord] to secure copyright4 ,donations & legacies are con/antly be+ made1 & an annual sum = pur*ases is vot$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,besides ! copy deposit$ by publi%]s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! law ( copyright compels ! deposit ( f\r o!r copies1 :i* g to augm5t ! collections ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y ( ,ox=d1 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,cambridge1 & ! libr>ies ( ,ed9burgh & ,dubl94 ,if we se>* among ! cities ( ,europe :]e e/abli%m5ts ( ?is k9d are mo/ hon\r$1 ,b]l9 w take ! ?ird place ) #ijj1jjj pr9t$ books & #bj1jjj manuscripts1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,! build+1 con/ruct$ betwe5 #agge & #aghj1 owes its special =m to ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 :o desir$ t x %\ld take ! =m ( a *e/ ( draw]s4 ,on ! faade an inscription 9 ! ,lat9 tongue1 b conceiv$ 9 ,g]man _s1 indicates t "h is a spiritual refectory--nutrim5tum spiritus4 ,foll[+ come ,muni*1 ) #hjj1jjj pr9t$ books2 ,vi5na #djj1jjj2 ,dresd51 #cjj1jjj2 !n ! univ]sities3 ,leipzig1 ^: libr>y1 f\nd$ 9 #adji & reorganis$ 9 #ahcj1 conta9s #aej1jjj books & #b1jjj manuscripts2 ,heidelb]g2 ,gtt+51 etc4 ,9 ,italy1 ,flor5ce keeps1 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 #cjj1jjj volumes1 proce$+ f v>i\s amateurs1 & =m$ s9ce #ahfj4 ,! collection ( ! goldsmi? ,magliabec*i1 t 0 op5 to read]s s9ce #agdg1 has be5 transport$ !re4 ,besides ?is libr>y1 ,flor5ce possesses ! celebrat$ ,laur5tian1 creat$ by ,cosmo de ,m$icis 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :]e are unit$ m ?an #h1jjj manuscripts ( an incalculable value4 ,milan has at ! ,br]a a collection ( #bjj1jjj pr9t$ books & #ej1jjj m$als1 & at ! ,ambrosian1 due to ,c>d9al ,fr$]ick ,borromeo1 #afj1jjj pr9t$ books & #h1jjj manuscripts4 ,rome possesses a doz5 collections & celebrat$ deposits4 ,! ,vatican1 n num]\s1 is mo/ *oice2 ! importance ( its manuscripts is kn[n to ! entire _w1 b only a "p ( ! #ej1jjj pr9t$ books are catalogu$4 ,! ,libr>y ( ,victor ,emmanuel1 =m]ly ( ! ,jesuits1 am\nts to ab\t #ff1jjj volumes4 ,at ,v5ice ! spl5did monum5t call$ ! ,antiqua ,libr>ia di ,/4 ,m>co has *ang$ its de/9ation2 con/ruct$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & comm5c$ by ,sansov9o = a libr>y1 x is n[ a royal palace4 ,?is city has lo/ t :i* _h made its glory1 & its collections are v mode/ 9 our days4 ,! magnific5t educational e/abli%m5ts 9 ! =m ( public libr>ies provid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates des]ve special m5tion4 ,ne>ly e city has its public libr>y1 support$ by a small tax2 & _m l>ge libr>ies are :olly support$ by private munific5ce4 ,! fir/ to be e/abli%$ 0 f\nd$ 9 #agcb by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 9 ,philadelphia1 & /ill exi/s z ! ,libr>y ,company2 _m important beque/s h be5 made to x1 ! late/ be+ #bjj1jjj by ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,ru%4 ,! libr>y n[ numb]s #aej1jjj volumes4 ,! ,congressional ,libr>y ( ,wa%+ton1 besides its annual income f ,gov]nm5t1 receives by deposit = copyright a copy ( e "w publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 x n[ has #efe1jjj volumes4 ,! ,a/or ,libr>y & ! ,l5ox ,libr>y ( ,new ,york 7 bo? f\nd$ & end[$ by ! families ^: "n !y be>2 ! =m] has #bbc1bhd volumes1 ! latt] #be1jjj4 ,! city ( ,*icago rec5tly fell heir to ! magnific5t sum ( ov] "o million /]l+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a libr>y ( ref]5ce1 & ,new ,york 0 b5efit$ by ! late ,mr4 ,tild5 to ! ext5t ( #hjj1jjj = a public libr>y4 ,:5 we h nam$ ! libr>ies ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[ = ,russia1 ,/ockholm = ,sw$51 & ! ,escurial = ,spa91 we %all h m5tion$ v ha/ily ! mo/ important e/abli%m5ts 9 ! _w4 ,= m ?an f\r c5turies ! love ( books has pres]v$ & =tifi$ itself1 & increases ea* day4 ,if we 7 to endeav\r to approximately imag9e ! numb] ( pr9t$ books diffus$1 we %\ld be fright5$ at x4 ,x is by miles t to-day are c\nt$ ! %elves ( ! ,national ,libr>y or ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 & ea* ye> ! production is accel]at$1 z is also ! numb] ( read]s4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,albi1 fir/ pr9t] at1 #dg4 ,alciati1 books ( emblems1 #abf4 ,ald+1 ,h5ry1 pr9t] 9 ,sicily1 #ce4 ,aldus ,manutius1 son-9-law ( ,torresani1 #ea2 pr9t] 9 ,v5ice1 #ii1 #ajc1 #abh2 books = ,groli]1 #bfj4 ,am]ica1 ,nor?1 pr9t+ 91 #baf4 ,antw]p1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #fg2 ,plant91 #adj4 ,ars ,memor&i1 block book1 #aj4 ,ars ,mori5di1 block book1 #h4 ,asola1 ,&rew d'1 successor ( ,j5son1 #ej4 ,audran1 ,c41 engrav]1 #aeh4 ,augsburg1 ,=ms*neid]s at1 #eh4 ,badi]1 ,florimond1 bookb9d]1 #bhj4 ,badius1 ,jodocus1 pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 #abb1 #bdf4 ,bald9i1 designs = e>ly ,italian books1 #ed4 ,ball>d1 pr9t] = music1 #ahf4 ,bamb]g1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #be1 #bi4 ,b>celona1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cf4 ,b>tolozzi1 engrav]1 #bji4 ,bask]ville1 pr9t] ( ,birm+ham1 #bjh4 ,basle1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cf2 s*ool ( engrav+1 #abe4 ,beaujoyeux1 ,bal?as> de1 ,ballet ,comique1 #acf4 ,be*t]muncze1 ,h5ry1 pupil ( ,gut5b]g1 #be1 #cf4 ,b$=d1 ,francis1 bookb9d]1 #bhh4 ,bel=t1 ,&rew1 pr9t] at ,f]r>a1 #ce4 ,b]l91 ,imp]ial ,libr>y (1 #cja4 ,b]n>d1 le petit1 design]1 #abh4 ,bewick1 ,?omas1 engrav]1 #bji1 #bac1 #bbe1 #bcd4 ,bible1 ,gut5b]g's1 #ae1 #bj2 ( #adfb1 ! ,may5ce1 #bg2 fir/ ,engli%1 #adf2 ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 #ahb2 ! ,polyglot1 ,plant9's1 #ada2 ,ri*elieu's1 #agc4 ,biblia ,paup]um1 block book1 #h4 ,bignon1 ,j]ome1 royal libr>ian1 #bic4 ,b9d+1 e>ly1 #bec4 ,biziaux1 bookb9d]1 #bhg4 ,bl9d ,asylum1 pr9t]s 9 #aghf1 #baf4 ,boc>d1 ,&rew1 pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 #hh4 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 #cjj4 ,bohn1 ,h4 ,g41 publi%]1 #bbc4 ,bologna1 ,francisco da1 engrav] ( type1 #ajj4 ,bonhomme1 pr9t] 9 ,lyons1 #abh4 ,book1 !1 e>lie/ =ms (1 #a1 #f4 ,books ( ,h\rs1 #gj1 #aab2 = ,engli% use1 #adg4 ,booksell]s ( ,p>is1 #agj1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aif4 ,bosse1 ,abraham1 engrav]1 #agj4 ,botticelli1 plates to ,dante1 #ee4 ,b\*]1 design]1 #ahh4 ,b\rdi*on1 ,john1 arti/1 #fi4 ,boydell1 ,ald]man1 publi%]1 #baj4 ,boyet1 bookb9d]1 #bhg4 ,br&t's ,%ip ( ,fools1 #fe4 ,briti% ,museum1 libr>y1 #cja4 ,bro!rs ( ,common ,life1 pr9t]s1 #adfh1 #cf4 ,br[ne1 ,h4 ,k41 book illu/rator1 #bce4 ,bruges1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #cg1 #fg4 ,buck9ck1 ,arnold1 pr9t] at ,rome1 pr9t$ ! fir/ atlas1 #ee4 ,bud1 ,guillaume1 royal libr>ian1 #bia4 ,cs>is1 ,pet]1 & ,john ,/ol1 second ,p>is pr9t]s1 #fh4 ,callot1 engrav]1 #afg4 ,cambridge1 fir/ pr9t+ at1 #adi4 ,c>s1 ,laur5t1 engrav]1 #ahi4 ,cases = type1 #bdc4 ,caslon1 ,william1 type-f\nd]1 #bjh4 ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 b9d+s =1 #bgj4 ,ca?olicon1 !1 ( #adfj1 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g1 #bc4 ,caxton1 ,william1 fir/ ,engli% pr9t]1 #cg1 #ib1 #bdj4 ,caz91 publi%]1 #bjj4 ,c]ceau1 ,ba/im5ts de ,france1 #aegf1 #ace4 ,*aillot1 ,rob91 publi%] 9 ,p>is1 #hb4 ,*alleux1 ,james le1 wood engrav]1 #acg4 ,*amot1 bookb9d]1 #bhg4 ,*ampfleury1 ,ge(froy ,tory's1 #aaf1 #bfa4 ,*>act]s1 v>iety (1 #bdc4 ,*>les ,,vii4 s5ds ,j5son to ,may5ce1 #ch4 ,*>les ,,viii41 royal libr>y1 #bia4 ,*>les ,,ix41 b9d+s =1 #bgd4 ,*>les ( ,ang\lme1 books specially pr9t$ = him1 #gh4 ,*auveau1 ,francis1 engrav]1 #agi4 ,*ess1 ,caxton's book on1 #ib4 ,*od[iecki1 engrav]1 #bjh4 ,*(f>d1 engrav]1 #aih1 #baa4 ,clem5t ,v41 ,con/itutiones1 #adfj1 pr9t$ by ,s*oeff]1 #bf4 ,clm5t1 ,ni*olas1 royal libr>ian1 #bid4 ,cl5nell1 ,luke1 wood engrav]1 #bae1 #bbe1 #bcd4 ,co*9 ! y\ng]1 engrav]1 #aia4 ,colb]t1 b9d+s =1 #bgb1 #bhb4 ,coll9es1 ,simon de1 type-f\nd]1 #bda4 ,cologne1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cf4 ,cologne ,*ronicle1 #eh4 ,colonna1 ,francis1 ,poliphilus (1 #adii1 #ef2 9 ,fr5*1 #aede1 #abc4 ,colophons1 use (1 by e>ly pr9t]s1 #hh4 ,comm91 ,v9c5t1 booksell] 9 ,p>is1 #hb4 ,companies ( pr9t]s 9 ,france1 #afe4 ,copp] plate engrav+1 #ace2 9 ,engl&1 #adi4 ,co/]1 ,laur5t1 alleg$ inv5tor ( pr9t+1 #f1 #cj4 ,c\s91 ,john1 designs = books1 #acb4 ,cramoisy1 ,seba/ian1 pr9t] ( ,p>is1 #aee1 #afe2 director ( b9d+s = ,l\is ,,xiv41 #bha4 ,crana*1 ,lucas1 8 ,passional ,*ri/i1 #ajf4 ,cranm]'s ,cate*ism1 #aedh1 #adh4 ,cruik%ank1 ,george1 book illu/rator1 #bce4 ,curm]1 publi%] ( ,p>is1 #bcj4 ,dances ( dea?1 #eh1 #gb1 #he1 #abd4 ,dante1 #adha1 ) engrav$ plates1 #ed2 #adia1 ) ,botticelli plates1 #ee2 #adhg1 pr9t$ by ,bonn9i1 #eh4 ,day1 ,john1 pr9t]1 #adf4 ,della ,bella1 engrav]1 #afh4 ,d]omes1 bookb9d]s1 #bhf4 ,desportes1 ,philip1 b9d+s =1 #bgb4 ,devria1 engrav]1 #bbg4 ,dibd91 ,t4 ,f41 bibliographical works1 #bbc4 ,didot1 ,franois1 pr9t] ( ,p>is1 #aid4 ,didot1 ,pi]re ,f41 pr9t] ( ,p>is1 #baf1 #bai4 ,didot family1 #bah1 #bdb4 ,dijon1 fir/ pr9t] at1 #dg4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,ge(froy ,tory's edition1 #aah4 ,donatus1 ! ,lat9 syntax (1 #d1 #cj4 ,dor1 ,gu/ave1 influ5ce on illu/ration1 #bcd4 ,doyle1 ,ri*>d1 book illu/rator1 #bce4 ,dritzeh51 ,&rew1 associate ( ,gut5b]g1 #ac4 ,dubois1 ,gilles1 bookb9d]1 #bha4 ,dubuisson1 ,pet] ,paul1 bookb9d]1 #bhf4 ,du*esne on wood engrav+1 #bbe4 ,duplat1 relief engrav+ on /one1 #bac4 ,duplessis-,b]taux1 engrav]1 #bjf4 ,du ,pr1 ,john1 pr9t] ( ,books ( ,h\rs1 #hj4 ,dupuy bro!rs1 b9d+s =1 #bgb1 #bhb2 royal libr>ians1 #bic4 ,dur&'s ,rationale1 #adei1 pr9t$ by ,s*oeff]1 #bf4 ,dr]1 ,alb]t1 pupil ( ,wohlgemu?1 #fj2 ,apocalypse1 #fb1 #ajd2 influ5ce on ,ge(froy ,tory1 #aaf4 ,duseuil1 bookb9d]1 #bhg4 ,eis51 engrav]1 #aif4 ,eltvil1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cf4 ,elzevirs1 pr9t]s at ,leyd51 #afb4 ,emblems1 books (1 #abf1 #ace4 ,engl&1 bookb9d+ 91 #bhh2 public libr>ies1 #cjj4 ,engli% books1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 #ib2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #add2 sev5te5? c5tury1 #aha2 eighte5? c5tury1 #bjh2 n9ete5? c5tury1 #bbb1 #bcd2 s*ool ( engrav+ eighte5? c5tury1 #bji4 ,engrav$ plates1 fir/ book )1 #eb2 9 ,france1 #acd1 #aij4 ,engrav]s1 employ$ by ,plant91 #adb2 9 relief1 ! fir/1 #c4 ,engrav+1 introduction ( metal plates =1 #cb2 ! process1 #eb2 9 ! ,books ( ,h\rs1 #ga4 ,erasmus1 visit to ,aldus1 #aja4 ,e/i5ne1 ,rob]t1 pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 #aba1 #bdb4 ,et*+1 process (1 #ahi4 ,eu/a*e1 ,william1 pr9t] ( ,books ( ,h\rs1 #hb4 ,eve1 ,ni*olas1 bookb9d]1 #bgd4 ,f]r>a1 fir/ pr9t]1 #ce4 ,fi*et1 ,william1 ascribes inv5tion ( pr9t+ to ,gut5b]g1 #ca4 ,flemi%1 illu/ration1 #ff2 pr9t]s1 e>ly1 #cf1 #ajf4 ,flor5ce1 ,national ,libr>y (1 #cjb4 ,foligno1 fir/ pr9t]1 #ce4 ,fonta9ebleau s*ool ( engrav+1 #abh4 ,=naz]is1 ,j4 de1 engrav]1 #aeh4 ,f\cquet1 ,john1 arti/1 #fi4 ,f\nt ( type1 #bdc4 ,f\quet1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 b9d+s =1 #bgb1 #bhb4 ,f\rni]1 type-engrav]1 #bdb4 ,france1 e>ly pr9t+ 91 #dg4 ,francis ,i41 fa!r ( lett]s1 #abj2 b9d+s =1 #bff2 royal libr>y1 #bia4 ,frank=t1 books ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #aei4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 pr9t] at ,philadelphia1 #bag2 f\nd$ fir/ ,am]ican public libr>y1 #cjc4 ,fr5* book illu/ration1 #fh1 #gf1 #ajf1 #aff1 #bjc2 prov9ces1 public libr>ies (1 #bih4 ,fresne1 ,tri*et du1 corrector ( ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 #aff4 ,furne1 publi%] ( ,p>is1 #bcb4 ,fu/1 ,john1 #ab et seq42 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,gut5b]g1 #ae4 ,g>amond1 ,claude1 type-f\nd]1 #aba1 #aff1 #bda4 ,gaulti]1 ,leon>d1 engrav]1 #adb1 #aed4 ,gav>ni1 design]1 #bcc4 ,g$1 ,william1 inv5tor ( /]eotype1 #bbj4 ,g]+1 ,freyburg]1 & ,crantz1 fir/ pr9t]s 9 ,p>is1 #da4 ,g]man books1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #aeh2 eighte5? c5tury1 #bjh2 n9ete5? c5tury1 #bbd4 ,g]man public libr>ies1 #bii4 ,gig\x1 ,john1 vignetti/1 #bbh4 ,gillot1 ,claude1 engrav]1 #ahj1 #ahf4 ,giunta1 ,lucantonio1 pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #ajb4 ,gondi1 b9d+s =1 #bgb4 ,g\rmont1 ,john de1 wood engrav]1 #acg4 ,gr&jean1 ,philip1 royal pr9t]1 #bdb4 ,gr&ville1 design]1 #bcc4 ,gravelot1 ,hub]t ,francis1 engrav]1 #aif1 #bac4 ,groli]1 ,john1 b9d+s =1 #bef4 ,guadagn9o1 arti/ ( ,v5ice1 #ajb4 ,guise1 ,h5ri de1 ,le ,balafr1 b9d+s =1 #bgd4 ,gut5b]g1 ,john1 #ab et seq42 at ,may5ce1 #ae2 dea? (1 #bi4 ,ha>lem1 book illu/ration at1 #fg4 ,ha*ette1 publi%] ( ,p>is1 #bcd4 ,hag5ba*1 ,pet]1 pr9t] at ,tol$o1 #cf4 ,hahn1 ,ulri*1 pr9t] at ,rome1 #ce2 pr9t$ fir/ illu/rat$ book 9 ,italy1 #dh4 ,h>d\9s1 pr9t]s ( ,books ( ,h\rs1 #hb4 ,haye1 ,cornelis de la1 pa9t]1 #acj4 ,heilmann1 ,&rew1 associate ( ,gut5b]g1 #ac4 ,he9le9 & ,fi*et introduce pr9t+ into ,p>is1 #dj4 ,h5ri ,,ii41 ,entre ,lyon1 #aedi1 #acj2 b9d+s =1 #bgj2 royal libr>y1 #bib4 ,h5ri ,,iii41 b9d+s =1 #bgd4 ,h5ri ,,iv41 royal libr>y1 #bib4 ,hoe pr9t+ ma*9es1 #bdi4 ,holbe91 ,dance ( ,dea?1 #hf1 #abd2 ,cranm]'s ,cate*ism1 #adh4 ,holl&1 arti/s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #afj4 ,illu/rations1 fir/1 9 books1 #dg2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #abc4 ,imposition1 process (1 #bde4 ,ink1 composition (1 #beb4 ,ipswi*1 fir/ pr9t]1 #adi4 ,isaac1 ,jasp]1 engrav]1 #aef4 ,italian1 books 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #aei2 influ5ce on ,fr5* illu/ration1 #abe2 on b9d+s1 #bef4 ,italic type introduc$1 #ajj4 ,italy1 public libr>ies (1 #cjb4 ,j5son1 ,ni*olas1 s5t to ,may5ce to le>n type-f\nd+1 #ch2 pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #ch1 #ajc4 ,johannot bro!rs1 engrav]s1 #bbg4 ,john ( ,cologne1 ma/] la navette1 #fg4 ,jomb]t1 pr9t] ( ,p>is1 #aib4 ,junius1 ,hadrian1 n>rator ( ! ,co/] leg5d1 #f1 #ab4 ,k]v]1 ,?ielman1 pr9t] ( ,books ( ,h\rs1 #hj1 #hh4 ,knight1 ,*>les1 publi%]1 #bbc4 ,koburg]1 fir/ pr9t] at ,nuremb]g1 #cf1 #fj4 ,koelh(1 fir/ pr9t] to use signatures1 #cf4 ,lab>re1 ,john de1 royal libr>ian1 #bia4 ,laborde1 ,*ansons1 #bjb4 ,laf]t1 bookb9d]1 #bhg4 ,la ,fonta9e1 ! ,contes1 #aih4 ,la ,m>*e1 ,oliv] de1 8 ,*evali] ,delibr1 #fg4 ,las]re1 luxury 9 b9d+s =1 #bgh4 ,la ,t\r1 bookb9d]1 #bha4 ,lavoignat1 wood engrav]1 #bcj4 ,leb1 ,william1 type-f\nd]1 #adj1 #bdb4 ,le ,brun1 pa9t]1 #age4 ,lecl]c1 ,sba/i51 engrav]1 #agf4 ,lee*1 ,john1 book illu/rator1 #bce4 ,leeu1 ,g]>d de1 pr9t] at ,antw]p1 #fg4 ,le ,gascon b9d+s1 #bgf4 ,le ,jay & ! ,polyglot ,bible1 #agc4 ,le ,maire1 ,john1 ,illu/rations de la ,gaule1 #ajg4 ,le ,monni]1 bookb9d]1 #bhg4 ,l5oir1 ,philip1 b9d+s = ,francis ,i41 #bfh4 ,lepautre1 engrav]1 #agi4 ,lesn1 poet ( bookb9d+1 #bhg4 ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce1 ! fir/ pr9t$1 #ag4 ,lett\1 ,john1 e>ly ,engli% pr9t]1 #ie4 ,leu1 ,?omas de1 engrav]1 #adb1 #aed4 ,levasseur1 bookb9d]1 #bha4 ,lewis1 ,*>les1 bookb9d]1 #bhh4 ,leyd51 ! ,elzevirs at1 #afb2 public libr>y (1 #bii4 ,libr>ies1 #bij4 ,libr>y1 ,national1 ( ,p>is1 #bia4 ,lipsius1 ,ju/us1 employ$ by ,plant91 #adj4 ,logography1 inv5tion (1 #baf4 ,lor5zo1 ,ni*olas di1 pr9t] ( ,el ,monte ,santo di ,dio1 fir/ book ) engrav$ plates1 #eb4 ,losle91 ,pet]1 pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #ce4 ,l\is ,,xii41 ord9ance on pr9t+1 #ajh2 b9d+s =1 #bef1 #bfd2 royal libr>y1 #bia4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 b9d+s =1 #bha2 regulations = bookb9d]s1 #bhb4 ,l\va91 pr9t] 9 #adgd1 #cg4 ,lutzelburg]1 ,hans1 engrav] ( ,dance ( ,dea?1 #abe4 ,lyons1 fir/ pr9t+ at1 #dg2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #abd2 sev5te5? c5tury1 #aeh4 ,ma*l9ia1 ,william1 e>ly ,engli% pr9t]1 #cg1 #ie4 ,macon1 fir/ pr9t] at1 #dg4 ,magas9 ,pittoresque1 #bbf4 ,ma9yal1 ,george1 associate ( ,g]+1 #dg4 ,maioli1 ,?omas1 b9d+s =1 #bei4 ,mansfeldt1 ,c\nt1 b9d+s =1 #bgb4 ,mansion1 ,col>d1 pr9t] at ,bruges1 #adgc1 #cg4 ,manuscripts1 influ5ce ( pr9t+ ^u1 #cd4 ,manutius4 ,see ,aldus4 ,m>*ant1 ,guyot1 8 ,dance ( ,dea?1 #hf2 b9d+s = ,francis ,i41 #bfh4 ,m>9oni pr9t+ press1 #bdi4 ,m>nef1 ,ge(froy & ,gilb]t1 ,fr5* pr9t]s1 #ajg4 ,may5ce1 revolution at1 9 #adfb1 #bg2 pr9t+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #aeh4 ,may]1 ,h5ry1 pr9t] at ,t\l\se1 #dg4 ,maz>91 ,c>d9al1 b9d+s =1 #bhj2 8 libr>y1 #bic4 ,meissoni]1 design] on wood1 #bcj4 ,mellan1 ,claude1 engrav]1 #aef4 ,m5zel1 ,adolph1 book illu/rator1 #bbd4 ,m] des ,hi/oires1 #adhh1 #gj1 #ajg4 ,mrius1 bookb9d]1 #bha4 ,mesli]1 ,d5is1 publi%] 9 ,p>is1 #hb4 ,metal plates us$ = illu/ration1 #acd4 ,metl+]1 pr9t] at ,dijon1 #dg4 ,milan1 pr9t+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #ajc2 public libr>ies (1 #cjb4 ,mont5ay1 ,georgette de1 8 emblems1 #ace4 ,mont]egio1 ,cal5d>io1 fir/ book ) title-page1 #ej4 ,montmor5cy1 ,anne de1 b9d+s =1 #bgb4 ,moreau ! y\ng]1 engrav]1 #bjj4 ,moretus1 pr9t] ( ,antw]p1 #ada4 ,mosaic b9d+s1 #bhd4 ,motte1 ,h\d>t de la1 8 ,fables1 #ahf4 ,neck]1 ,jo/1 engrav] ( ! ,!u]danck1 #aje4 ,neumei/]1 ,john1 pr9t] at ,albi1 #dg4 ,neumei/]1 ,john1 pr9t] at ,foligno1 #ce4 ,nev]s1 ,duc de1 book publi%$ 9 #aegg1 #ach4 ,not>y1 ,julian1 e>ly ,engli% pr9t]1 #if4 ,noy]s1 ,sublet de1 sup]9t5d5t ( ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se1 #aff4 ,nuremb]g1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cf2 books ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 #ajd2 ,*ronicle1 #adic1 #fb2 books ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #aei4 ,orleans1 public libr>y at1 #bih4 ,os1 ,pet] van1 8 ,biblia ,paup]um1 #fg4 ,osw51 ,john1 fir/ pr9t] at ,ipswi*1 #adi4 ,ox=d1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cg2 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 #cjj4 ,pal]mo1 fir/ pr9t]1 #ce4 ,palm>t1 ,lamb]t1 pr9t] at ,val5cia1 #adgg1 #cf4 ,pann>tz1 ,arnold1 pr9t] at ,rome1 #ce4 ,pap]1 manufacture (1 #bdi4 ,papillons1 wood engrav]s1 #bab4 ,p>is1 ,fu/'s visit to1 #bg2 fir/ book pr9t$ at1 #db2 public libr>ies (1 #bih4 ,pasdel\p1 bookb9d]1 #bhd4 ,pasqui]-,bonhomme1 pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 #fh4 ,pass family1 engrav]s1 #afj4 ,pa/i1 ,matteo1 designs = ,valturius1 #di4 ,paul91 publi%] ( ,p>is1 #bbh4 ,payne1 ,rog]1 bookb9d]1 #bhh4 ,p]ral1 ,john1 arti/1 #fi4 ,pf9zf+1 ,!u]danck1 #ajd4 ,pfi/]1 ,alb]t1 pr9t] ( ,bamb]g1 #be4 ,philippe1 ,laur5t1 publi%] 9 ,p>is1 #hb4 ,photography1 use 9 illu/ration1 #bcc4 ,pic>t1 ,b]n>d1 engrav]1 #ahj4 ,pic>t1 ,john1 engrav]1 #aef4 ,picc9i1 engrav]1 #aei4 ,pick]+1 ,william1 publi%]1 #bbc4 ,pictor1 ,b]n>d1 pr9t] ( ,v5ice1 #ce4 ,pig\*et1 ,philip1 pr9t] ( ,p>is1 #fh1 #gj4 ,plant91 ,*ri/oph]1 pr9t] ( ,antw]p1 #adj4 ,pluv9el1 ,mange ,royal1 #afj4 ,poiti]s1 ,diane de1 b9d+s =1 #bgj4 ,poliphilus1 pr9t$ by ,aldus1 #adii1 #ef2 by ,k]v]1 #aede1 #abc4 ,polytypes1 inv5tion (1 #baf4 ,pompad\r1 ,madame de1 b9d+s =1 #bgb4 ,portraits z illu/rations1 #hi1 #abc1 #acg4 ,prault1 publi%] ( ,p>is1 #aib4 ,pray]-book1 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s1 #adf2 ,edw>d ,,vi's41 #adh4 ,presses1 pr9t+1 #bdh4 ,press "w1 process (1 #bdf4 ,pr9t]s' m>ks1 #hg4 ,prohibitions on pr9t]s1 #aeb1 #ahe4 ,promptuaire des ,mdailles1 pr9t$ by ,roville1 #acj4 ,psalt] ( #adeg1 ! fir/ dat$ book1 #bc4 ,ptolemy1 #adgh1 fir/ pr9t$ atlas1 #ee4 ,pynson1 ,ri*>d1 e>ly ,engli% pr9t]1 #cg1 #ie1 #adf4 ,rac9e1 works1 ! ,l\vre edition1 #bai4 ,raffet1 wood engrav]1 #bcb4 ,ratdolt1 ,erh>dt1 pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #ce2 pr9t$ fir/ title-page1 #ej1 #ajc4 ,rembold1 ,b]?old1 associate ( ,g]+1 #dg4 ,ri*elieu1 ,c>d9al1 8 libr>y1 #big4 ,r(fet1 ,pet]1 b9d+s = ,francis ,i41 #bfg4 ,rog]s1 ,samuel1 8 poetical works1 #bbb4 ,roman "*1 #ch1 #bdj4 ,rome1 fir/ pr9t]s1 #ce2 public libr>ies (1 #cjb4 ,rood1 ,!od41 fir/ pr9t] at ,ox=d1 #cg4 ,roville1 pr9t] ( ,lyons1 #abh1 #acj4 ,royal ,pr9t+ ,h\se 9 ,p>is1 #aff1 #bae4 ,roy]1 ,john le1 pr9t] = ma!matics1 #aefj1 #acb4 ,ruette1 bookb9d]1 #bhb4 ,rppel1 ,b]?old1 fir/ pr9t] at ,basle1 #cf4 ,/4 ,albans1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cg4 ,/4 ,aub91 design] & engrav]1 #aib1 #bjj4 ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,b]n>d9 de1 & ! ,didots1 #bba4 ,salomon1 ,b]n>d1 design]1 #abh4 ,sanlecque1 ,james1 type-f\nd]1 #bdb4 ,s*ufele91 designs = ! ,!u]danck1 #aje4 ,s*i$am1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #fg4 ,s*oeff]1 ,pet]1 associate ( ,gut5b]g & ,fu/1 #af4 ,s*ongau]1 ,m>t91 influ5ce on ,fr5* art1 #gb4 ,s*nsp]g]1 pr9t] ( ,augsburg1 #aje4 ,sgui]1 b9d+s =1 #bhb4 ,sib]*1 ,john1 fir/ pr9t] at ,cambridge1 #adi4 ,sicily1 fir/ pr9t]1 #ce4 ,sizes ( books1 #adg1 #ahi4 ,sloane1 ,sir ,hans1 f\nd] ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 #cjj4 ,smirke1 ,rob]t1 book illu/rator1 #baj4 ,s\?w>k1 fir/ pr9t] at1 #adi4 ,spa91 book illu/ration 91 #ajf4 ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 #g4 ,sp9del]1 ,ni*olas1 pr9t] at ,b>celona1 #cf4 ,spire1 ,john & ,v5del9 (1 pr9t]s at ,v5ice1 #ce4 ,spyes1 ,weig&1 pupil ( ,gut5b]g1 #be4 ,/anhope press1 #bdh4 ,/eel plates = illu/rations1 #bcb4 ,/]eotype1 inv5tion (1 #bbj4 ,/o?>d1 ,?omas1 book illu/rator1 #baj1 #bbb1 #bcd4 ,/rasb\rg1 ,gut5b]g's retreat to1 #ac4 ,sweynheim1 ,conrad1 pr9t] at ,rome1 #ce4 ,tailleurs d'images ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #c4 ,tau*nitz1 ,b>on1 publi%] ( ,leipzig1 #bbd4 ,tessi]1 bookb9d]1 #bhg4 ,!r-,ho551 ,arnold1 fir/ pr9t] us+ ,arabic num]als = pages1 #cf1 #eh1 #hh4 ,!u]danck1 pr9t$ at ,nuremb]g1 #ajd4 ,!vet1 books ) plates1 #ace4 ,?ompson bro!rs1 wood engrav]s1 #bbe4 ,?\1 ,james ,augu/us de1 royal libr>ian1 #bic4 ,titian1 influ5ce on book illu/ration1 #ajc4 ,title-page1 ! fir/1 #ej1 #hf2 illu/rat$1 #acc1 #adb4 ,tol$o1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cf4 ,tornes1 ,hans de1 pr9t] 9 ,lyons1 #abh4 ,torresani1 ,&rea1 succe$$ ,j5son1 #ej4 ,tortorel & ,p]riss91 plates on ! religi\s w>s1 #acg4 ,tory1 ,ge(froy1 pr9t] & engrav]1 #aaj1 #bda1 #bfa4 ,t\l\se1 fir/ pr9t]1 #dg4 ,travel1 books (1 #adh1 #ahb4 ,tres*el1 ,john1 pr9t] at ,lyons1 #hh1 #abd4 ,treves1 ,pet] (1 fir/ pr9t] at ,s\?w>k1 #adi4 ,tri!mius1 acc\nt ( ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 #af4 ,turn]1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w41 designs = ,rog]s' works1 #bbb4 ,type-f\nd+1 #bci1 #bdc4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 pr9t+ 91 #baf2 public libr>ies 91 #cjb4 ,utre*t1 e>ly pr9t]s at1 #cf1 #fg4 ,vald>f]1 ,*ri/oph]1 pr9t] at ,v5ice1 #ce4 ,val5cia1 fir/ pr9t]1 #cf4 ,valladi]1 ,&rew1 ,mtanologie1 #aee4 ,valturius1 ,de ,re ,milit>i1 #adgb1 #di4 ,veld5]1 ,john1 pr9t] at ,l\va91 #fg4 ,v5ice1 fir/ pr9t]s1 #ce2 fir/ title-page pr9t$ at1 #ej2 sixte5? c5tury "w1 #ajb2 sev5te5? c5tury1 #aei2 libr>ies (1 #cjb4 ,v]>d1 ,antony1 pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 #fh1 #gf2 8 ,books ( ,h\rs1 #gh4 ,v]sailles1 pr9t+ (fice ( ! ,m9i/] = ,w>1 #bae4 ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 influ5ce on book illu/ration1 #ajc4 ,vitr1 ,anto9e1 publi%] ( ,p>is1 #agb4 ,vorag9e1 ,gold5 ,leg5d1 ,v5ice1 #aeah1 #ajc4 ,vo/re1 ,simon1 pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 #fh2 8 ,books ( ,h\rs1 #gj4 ,vyel1 ,&rew1 pr9t] at ,pal]mo1 #ce4 ,wal*ius1 /ory ( ,fu/'s visit to ,p>is1 #bh4 ,walt]1 ,john1 pr9t] ( ! ,times1 #baf1 #bdi4 ,wat] m>ks 9 pap]1 #bea4 ,wat]vliet1 ,m>c ,laur9 de1 b9d+s =1 #bgb4 ,watteau1 engrav]1 #ahg4 ,we*el1 pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 #abh4 ,w5sl]1 ,mi*ael1 pr9t] at ,macon1 #dg4 ,we/m9/]1 ,caxton fir/ pr9t] at1 #cg4 ,we/phalia1 ,john (1 pr9t] at ,l\va91 #adgd1 #cg1 #fg4 ,:itt+ham1 ,*>les1 pr9t]1 #bbc4 ,woriot1 ,pet]1 engrav] ( emblems1 #ace4 ,wohlgemu?1 ,mi*ael1 designs = ! ,s*atzbehalt]1 #fj4 ,wolf5bttel1 public libr>y (1 #bii4 ,woodcuts1 fir/ book pr9t$ )1 #dh4 ,wood engrav+1 revival (1 #bji1 #bac1 #bcj4 ,wynk5 de ,worde1 e>ly ,engli% pr9t]1 #cg1 #ie4 ,xylographs ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 #h4 ,za9]1 ,gun!r1 pr9t] at ,augsburg1 #eh4 ,zell1 ,ulri*1 pupil ( ,gut5b]g1 #be1 #cj1 #cf4 ,zwoll1 book illu/ration at1 #fg4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,9 ?is text v]sion1 symbols & ,greek lett]s 9 ! text are replac$ by _! "n1 enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets1 e4g4 phi1 d\ble cross4 ,9 addition1 oe ligatures are replac$ ) ! lett]s oe1 & sup]scripts are introduc$ ) ! c>et "*1 e4g4 ,,xviiie