,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,lv ,,may ,,to ,,octob]1 #ahii ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahii ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,p5gelly4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,may1 #ahii4 ,,alaska ,,& ,,! ,,klondike4 ,a ,,j\rney ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,eldorado4 ,,by ,,angelo ,,heilpr91 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geology ,,at ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,philadelphia1 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,geographical ,,society ,,( ,,london4 ,i4--,,9 ,,by ,,! ,,:ite ,,pass ,,& ,,out ,,by ,,! ,,*ilkoot4 ,h>dly two ye>s ago ! names ,dawson & ,klondike 7 entirely unkn[n to ! outside _w1 & geograph]s 7 z ignorant ( _! exi/5ce z 0 at t "t ! less le>n$ laity4 ,to-day x may be que/ion$ if any two localities ( =eign & unciviliz$ l&s are z well kn[n1 by "n at lea/1 z ^! t m>k ! approa* to ! arctic realm 9 ! nor?we/ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,"o ( ^? p]iodic movem5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( peoples :i* m>k epo*s 9 ! progress ( ! _w1 & h _! s\rce 9 a sudd5 or unlook$-= discov]y1 direct$ att5tion to ?is new qu>t] ( ! globe1 & to x /ream & w cont9ue to /ream ?\s&s ( ! _w's inhabitants4 ,probably n less ?an f ?irty-five ?\s& to =ty ?\s& p1 possibly ev5 consid]ably m1 h 9 ! %ort p]iod foll[+ ! discov]y ( gold 9 ! ,klondike region already pass$ to or beyond ! portals ( :at has n inaptly be5 designat$ ! ,new ,eldorado4 ,to "s ( ^! a =tune has be5 born2 to _m m a hope has be5 %att]$ 9 disappo9tm5t2 & to /ill m ! arbit] ( fate1 :e!r = good or = bad1 has = a :ile )held ! issue4 ,9 its simple/ geographical sett+ ,dawson1 ?is ,mecca ( ! nor?1 is a settlem5t ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory ( ,canada1 situat$ at a po9t ?irte5 hundr$ miles z ! cr[ flies nor?we/ ( ,seattle4 ,x is close to1 if n q on1 ! ,arctic ,circle1 & x lies ! bett] "p ( ?ree hundr$ miles ne>] to ! pole ?an does ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 ,russia4 ,by its side "o ( ! mighty riv]s ( ! globe hurries its c\rse to ! ocean1 b n too swiftly to p]mit ( sixte5 hundr$ miles ( its l[] wat]s be+ navigat$ by craft ( ! size ( ne>ly ! l>ge/ ( ! ,mississippi /eam]s1 & five hundr$ miles above by craft ( ab\t half ?is size4 ,9 its own p>ticul> _w1 ! longe/ day ( ! ye> drawls itself out to tw5ty-two h\rs ( sunlight1 :ile ! %orte/ contracts to ! same l5g? ( sun abs5ce4 ,dur+ ! w>m] days ( summ] ! heat feels almo/ tropical2 ! w9t] cold is1 on ! o!r h&1 ( almo/ ! extreme ,sib]ian rigor4 ,yet a beautiful vegetation smiles n only ov] ! valleys1 b on ! hilltops1 ! birds gambol 9 ! ?ickets1 & ! t9y mosquito1 ei!r "h or ne> by1 pipes out its daily su/5ance to ! wra? ( man4 ,! hungry =e/ /ret*es out its gn>l$ & ragg$ arms = /ill ano!r hundr$ or ev5 ?ree hundr$ miles f>!r to ! nor?4 ,up to )9 a few ye>s ! :ite man 0 a /rang] 9 ! l&1 & ! ,indian roam$ ! woods & pa/ures z /ill d ! moose & c>ib\4 ,to-day ?is has l>gely *ang$4 ,! banks ( ! once sil5t riv] n[ give out ! hum ( ! sawmill1 ! click ( ! hamm]1 & ! bla/ ( ! "t-:i/le1 comm&+ ei!r to re/ or to "w4 ,a busy front ( humanity has settl$ :]e =m]ly ! grizzly be> lapp$ ! /r&$ salmon f ! %ore1 & :]e at a /ill e>li] p]iod--al?\gh p]haps n easily associat$ ) ! hi/ory ( man--! mammo?1 ! musk ox1 & ! bison 7 ma/]s ( ! l&4 ,! r$ man is /ill !re 9 l+]+ numb]s1 b 8 _s is no long] t :i* dom9ates1 & 8 c\rage n t ( ! untutor$ savage4 ,! mod]n hi/ory ( ,dawson beg9s ) ab\t ! middle ( #ahif1 %ortly aft] ! public discov]y ( gold 9 ! ,klondike tract4 ,?ree or f\r mon?s previ\s !re 0 h>dly a habitation1 :e!r t5t or ( logs1 to deface ! l&scape1 & ! voice ( animate ,nature 0 hu%$ only 9 ! s\nd ( _m wat]s4 ,at ! close ( ! pa/ ye>1 z ne>ly z e/imate c make x1 !re 7 probably n less ?an f f\rte5 ?\s& to fifte5 ?\s& m51 wom51 & *ildr51 settl$ on ! /rip ( l& t bord]s ! ,yukon1 bo? z l[l& & highl&1 = ab\t two miles ( its c\rse ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,klondike4 ,_m ( ^! h locat$ = a p]man5ce1 o!rs only to give way to successors m =tunate ?an !mselves4 ,"s ( ! ri*e/ claims ( ! ,bonanza1 n[ a fam$ gold creek ( ! _w1 are locat$ h>dly twelve miles di/ant1 & ! weal? ( ! ,eldorado is dis*>g$ )9 a radius ( less ?an tw5ty miles4 ,ov] ! m\nta9s t closely limit ! head spr+s ( ,bonanza & ,eldorado1 ,hunk]1 ,dom9ion1 & ,sulphur ,creeks ?read _! own valleys ( gold 9 deep holl[s ( beautiful woodl&--fasc9at+ ev5 to-day1 b already badly sc>r$ by ! "w t man has s assidu\sly press$ 9 ! region4 ,?is is ! ,klondike1 a l& full ( promise & ( equal disappo9tm5t1 br\ght to public notice 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahig1 :5 intellig5ce 0 receiv$ by ! outside _w reg>d+ ! fir/ important gold location on ,bonanza ,creek 9 ,augu/ ( ! ye> previ\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,look+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,lynn ,,canal--,,skaguay ,,riv]1 ,,) ,,skaguay ,,on ,,! ,,left4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,july ( ! pa/ ye> ,i f\nd myself on ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>e ( ,skaguay1 ! ubiquit\s ,broadway1 contemplat+ a j\rney to ! new nor?4 ,! r\te ( travel _h be5 det]m9$ = me 9 "p by ! non-arrival at ,seattle ( ! expect$ /eam]s f ! m\? ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 & by t woeful lack ( k reg>d+ conditions :i* s frequ5tly di/+ui%es /eam%ip companies4 ,x 0 to be1 !re=e1 ! ov]l& r\te1 & f ,skaguay x 0 m]ely ! alt]native betwe5 ! ,:ite ,pass & ! ,*ilkoot ,pass or ,dyea trails4 ,! two />t f po9ts b>ely f\r miles ap>t1 cross _! summits at v ne>ly ! same di/ance f "o ano!r1 & virtually t]m9ate at ! same body ( inl& wat]1 ,lake ,l9deman1 ! navigable head ( ! great ,yukon ,riv]4 ,a m ?an g5]\s supply ( summ] heat gave little w>n+ ( t bleak & sev]e int]ior ) :i* ! _w _h be5 made s well famili> dur+ ! la/ twelvemon?1 & f :i* we 7 b>ely six hundr$ miles di/ant2 nor did ! "* ( ! surr\nd+s betray mu* ( an approa* to ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,m\nta9s ( aspir+ elevations1 six ?\s& to sev5 ?\s& feet1 mo/ symmetrically sep>at$ (f into p9nacles & knobs1 & support+ "h & !re en\gh ( sn[ to =m goodly glaci]s1 look d[n ^u ! n>r[ tr\gh :i* to-day is ! valley ( ! ,skaguay ,riv]4 ,at ! foot ( ?is anci5t fiord lies ! boom t[n ( ,skaguay4 ,*>m+ =e/s1 except :]e ! h& ( man has level$ ! "w ( ,nature to suit ! requirem5ts ( a con/ruct+ railway1 yet clo! ! m\nta9 slopes & fill 9 ! gap t lies betwe5 !m1 %ad[+ ! d5se h]bage & moss :i* almo/ ev]y:]e =m an exquisite c>pet+ to ! und]ly+ rock4 ,! e> may cat* ! /ra9s ( a few mosquitoes1 or ! mell[ notes ( ! rob9 or ?ru%1 b ris+ f> above ^! 9 ! maje/y ( tone & acc5t is ! swi% ( ! tumbl+ cat>acts :i* br+ ! l&scape ( ,norway to ,am]ica4 ,man1 x is claim$1 is mu* ! same ! _w ov]2 b !re is a limitation4 ,! second habitation ( :ite man 9 ,skaguay 0 e/abli%$ less ?an a ye> be=e my visit2 yet at t "t1 presumably to meet ! dem&s ( a resid5t population ( ne>ly five ?\s&1 & ( ! w&]+ hordes press+ to ! int]ior1 ! de/ructive h& ( ! adv]tis] _h already inscrib$ on ! walls ( rock1 9 *>act]s tw5ty feet or m 9 height1 & suffici5tly elevat$ to make !m ne>ly ! mo/ conspicu\s elem5ts ( ! l&scape1 ! glories ( cig>s1 ! value ( m5tal & physical specifics1 & ( o!r abom9ations :i* 7 contriv$ to fatt5 ! ,yankee pocket4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,summ] ,,day ,,on ,,! ,,skaguay4 ,_h x n be5 = ! k9dly advice ( "o :o _h j return$ f ! ,klondike1 & :o claim$ to h cross$ bo? passes fifty times1 ,i %\ld almo/ unhesitat+ly h tak5 ! ,:ite ,pass trail2 b ! repres5tation t beyond ! summit ! mud w\ld be neck-deep & virtually imp5etrable = a di/ance ( tw5ty miles or m1 ca/ ! decision 9 favor ( ! ,*ilkoot4 ,! =tunate or un=tunate circum/ance t a bill[y sea made a l&+ ( pass5g]s at ,dyea impossible on t day ?rew me back ^u my fir/ res\rce1 & ab\t two h\rs be=e midday ( ! #cj? ,i 0 m\nt$ on a horse foll[+ out ! ,skaguay trail4 ,by sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ( ! foll[+ day ,i _h rea*$ ,lake ,l9deman1 & ab\t a half h\r lat] ,lake ,b5nett1 ! />t+ po9t ( ! l9es ( ,upp] ,yukon /eam]s :i* _h j rec5tly be5 e/abli%$4 ,we _h made ! =ty miles ( ! dread$ ,:ite ,pass trail )\t s]i\s h9drance or delay1 up ov] ! summit ( #b1hfj feet elevation1 & d[n ov] a c\rse :i* 0 depict$ 9 colors ( h>d%ip t w\ld h done m tru?ful s]vice 9 describ+ a pass 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,!re 0 no mud1 n a trace ( sn[ or ice except on ! m\nta9 declivities1 & _h x n be5 = a horse t 0 bo? /iff & lame1 & requir$ my att5tion z p$e/rian to an ext5t t _h n be5 b>ga9$ =1 ! j\rney w\ld h be5 an exceptionally delightful "o4 ,x is true t an un=tunate fall at "o "t almo/ depriv$ me ( my animal1 b ! s]vice ( tackle soon put him to rights & to 8 feet1 & b few blood m>ks 7 left on ! rocks to tell ( ! /ruggle4 ,! mo/ disagreeable incid5t ( ! j\rney 0 a d5se & %ift+ fog1 :i* s block$ out ! l&scape ( e>ly ev5+ z to necessitate feel+ ! brok5ness ( a glaciat$ c\ntry 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :]e9 lay ! trail4 ,b beyond ?is !re 0 a p]petual delight 9 ! l&scape--9 ! n>r[ rocky defile1 ! bur/+ torr5t1 ! op5 mead[s1 ) _! c>pet ( gre5 & v>iegat$ ) firewe$1 g5tian1 rose1 & =get-me-n1 :i* m ?an comp5sat$ = ! little vexations t alli$ !mselves ) ! j\rney4 ,illu/ration3 ,,com+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,:ite ,,pass--,,w9t]4 ,x is n (t5 t ! selection ( a r\te ( travel is det]m9$ by ! odor\s or malodor\s qualities :i* app]ta9 !reto4 ,su* a case 01 h[ev]1 pres5t$ "h4 ,x 0 n ! dep? ( mud alone :i* 0 to det] "o f essay+ ! ,:ite ,pass r\te2 /urdy pione]s :o _h toil$ long & h>d 9 op5+ up "o or m new regions1 laid emphasis ^u ! /5* ( decay+ horse-fle% z a factor ( fir/ consid]ation 9 ! *oice ( r\te4 ,s f> z /5* & decay+ horse-fle% 7 conc]n$1 !y 7 9 /rong evid5ce4 ,! ,des]t ( ,sah>a1 ) its l9es ( skeletons1 c boa/ ( no su* exhibition ( c>casses4 ,long be=e ,b5nett 0 rea*$ ,i _h tak5 c\nt ( m ?an a ?\s& un=tunates ^: bodies n[ made "p ( ! trail2 frequ5tly we 7 oblig$ to pass directly ov] ^! gha/ly figures ( hide1 & sometimes1 inde$1 broke into !m4 ,m5 ^: v]acity ne$ n be que/ion$ assur$ me t :at ,i saw 0 9 no way ! full picture ( ! life ( ! trail2 ! c>casses ( t "t 7 less ?an "o ?ird ( ! full numb] :i* 9 ,april & ,may gave grim "* to ! r\te to ! new ,eldorado4 ,equally spread out1 ?is numb] w\ld mean "o dead animal = e sixty feet ( di/ance6 ,! poor bea/s succumb$ n s mu* to ! h>d%ips ( ! trail z to ! inhuman treatm5t1 or lack ( c>e & assi/ance1 :i* !y receiv$ on ! "p ( _! own]s4 ,once out ( ! l9e ( ! mad ru%1 p]haps unable to extricate !mselves f ! hold+ me%es ( s(t sn[ & ( quagmires1 !y 7 all[$ to rema9 :]e !y 71 a food (f]+ to ! army ( c>rion eat]s :i* 7 hov]+ ab\t1 only too c]ta9 ( ! meal :i* 0 be+ prep>$ = !m4 ,(t5times pack saddles1 & sometimes ev5 ! packs1 7 all[$ to rema9 ) ! /ruggl+ or sunk5 animal--su* 0 ! mad race :i* ! gre$ ( gold inspir$4 ,on ,octob] #i? ,i 0 aga9 at ,b5nett1 ?is "t return+ f my j\rney into ! int]ior1 & full ( exp]i5ce ( :at /eam navigation on ! upp] six hundr$ miles ( ,yukon wat]s might mean4 ,!re 0 n[ a *ange 9 ! s5tim5t reg>d+ ! quality ( ! two passes4 ,! ,pacific & ,arctic ,railway1 ! pione] ( ,alaska /eam railways1 0 op]at+ twelve miles ( track1 & _h ?us mat]ially r$uc$ ! h>d%ips ( ! ,skaguay trail2 ! ,*ilkoot1 on ! o!r h&1 0 repres5t$ to be 9 ! wor/ ( mood1 & prep>$ to put ! pass+ travel] into ! same condition4 ,x 0 m ?an late 9 ! season1 b ! w9t]'s bla/s _h be5 /ay$ (f by a full mon?1 & !re 7 /ill no signs ( _! com+4 ,a little ice _h begun to =m along ! riv]'s m>g9 & ov] %elt]$ pools1 & an occasional cool night made dem&s = mod]ately w>m clo?+ prop]2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! temp]ature 0 mild & balmy1 & to its influ5ce respond$ a vegetation :i* 9 its full glory might easily h call$ to m9d ! region ( ! ,juniata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,grade ,,= ,,! ,,pacific ,,& ,,arctic ,,railway--,,tunnel ,,m\nta91 ,,:ite ,,pass ,,r\te4 ,al?\gh /rongly w>n$ aga9/ tak+ ! ,*ilkoot ,pass s late 9 ! season1 _m ( ! outgo]s1 ^: recollections ( ev5ts 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> 7 /ill vividly fre%1 & :o c\ld n be p]suad$ t ! p]iod ( a few mon?s _h s effac$ ! conditions ( ! pa/ z to p]mit a /eam railway to ent] = twelve miles into ! region1 *ose x 9 pref]5ce to ! ,:ite ,pass4 ,my own m9d _h be5 ca/ 9 ! same direction2 n1 h[ev]1 f a po9t ( judici\s pref]5ce1 b m]ely because ,i 0 anxi\s to see = myself t :i* _h become hi/oric 9 ! movem5t ( #ahih1 & ( in/itut+ a direct comp>ison ( ! physical features & g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! two r\tes4 ,) no s]i\s h9drance1 ! j\rney f ,b5nett out 0 t ( a full day only1 & !re 0 no p>ticul> reason to suspect t !re w\ld be delay4 ,sn[ _h fall5 on ! summit & :it5$ all ! high] po9ts1 b seem+ly x hung 9 only a measurably ?9 cru/1 & ) n en\gh to necessitate break+ a trail4 ,a crude /eam f]ry across ,lake ,l9deman cuts (f ab\t six miles f ! fir/ "p ( ! trail1 aft] :i* a rapidly ris+ pa?1 suffici5tly di/9ct to p]mit x to be easily foll[$1 w9ds ov] ! rocks & among rock dbris to ,long ,lake1 situat$ at an elevation ( "s tw5ty-six hundr$ feet1 :]e night %elt] is f\nd 9 a fairly com=table t5t4 ,up to ?is po9t we _h enc\nt]$ b little sn[1 & ! condition ( ! trail 0 su* z to all[ ( rapid travel4 ,a wise caution deta9$ u "h = ! night1 & ! incom+ ( a solit>y travel] w>n$ u t a blizz>d _h /ruck ! summit ( ! pass1 & buri$ x b5ea? a heavy mantle ( sn[4 ,_h we be5 a day e>li] we might h cross$ dry %od1 a v exceptional condition at ?is "t ( ! ye>1 b n[ ! possibilities ( a /ruggle gravely pres5t$ !mselves4 ,a light fro/ ( ! night _h fairly congeal$ ! soil1 b ! lake did n c>ry en\gh surface ice to int]f]e ) ! progress ( a sc[1 & we rea*$ ! f>!r end )\t difficulty4 ,! two-mile portage to ,crat] ,lake 0 l>gely a sn[ trav]se1 b an easy "o2 at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 x began to sn[ heavily1 & ! imm$iate prospect 0 any?+ b *e]ful4 ,a l[ fog hung ov] ! wat]s1 b n s l[ or s d5se z to prev5t u f occasionally cat*+ glimpses ( ! rocks :i* project$ ) disagreeable frequ5cy f an assum$ bottomless pit or crat]4 ,! asc5t f ,crat] ,lake to ! summit1 some:at less ?an ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet1 0 made 9 ab\t half an h\r1 & !n began ! /eep & sudd5 plunge :i* m>ks ! s\!rn declivity ( ?is fam\s m\nta9 pass4 ,"s little caution 0 "h requir$ to keep a foo?old1 & a too sudd5 break might h l$ to an exhil>at+1 ev5 if n anxi\sly s\ght aft]1 glissade2 b 9 tru?1 to any "o only mod]ately practic$ 9 m\nta9e]+1 ev5 ?is /eep face1 :i* desc5ds = a ?\s& feet or m f a summit elevation ( ?irty-f\r hundr$ feet1 pres5ts little difficulty & h>dly m dang]4 ,:at !re is ( a trail zigzags 9 wild & rapid c\rses ov] an almo/ illimitable mass ( rock dbris1 at times )9 %elt]$ or conf9$ holl[s1 b m g5]ally on ! op5 face ( ! declivity4 ,?is x is m p>ticul>ly t c>ries to _m a c]ta9 am\nt ( fe> 9 ! mak+ ( ! passage1 b1 ) prop] caution & ! "r k9d ( boots1 no?+ ( dang] ne$ be appreh5d$4 ,un=tunately = ! enjoym5t ( ! sc5]y ( ! pass1 ,i c\ld see b a mode/ "p ( x4 ,al?\gh sn[ 0 no long] fall+1 & ! atmosph]e _h settl$ d[n to a condition ( almo/ passive inactivity--mu* to ! surprise1 if n disappo9tm5t1 ( a few :o _h prophesi$ a /iff & bit+ w9d ! mom5t we pass$ ! divide--heavy cl\d banks hov]$ ab\t ! summits1 & only at int]vals did !y af=d glimpses ( ! maje/ic m\nta9 peaks by :i* we 7 surr\nd$4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 c\ld be se5 to ju/ify = ! pass ! claims ( mo/ impos+ sc5]y1 & its sup]iority 9 ?is respect ov] ! ,:ite ,pass4 ,! temp]ature at ! "t ( our cross+ 0 a few degrees bel[ freez+1 p]haps #be or #bg ,f41 b our rapid walk br\ght on pr(use p]spiration1 & x w\ld h be5 a pleasure1 if a s5se ( prop] caution _h p]mitt$1 to dive/ ourselves ( mack9aws & travel 9 summ] fa%ion4 ,we made ,%eep ,camp1 ) its surr\nd+s ( beautiful woodl&1 %ortly aft] noon1 & ,caon ,city1 :i*1 z ! t]m9us ( a good coa* road to ,dyea1 virtually m>ks ! end or beg9n+ ( ! ,*ilkoot trail1 at two o'clock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f9al ,,asc5t ,,to ,,*ilkoot ,,summit--,,w9t]4 ,to a m\nta9e] or travel] ( ord9>y res\rce nei!r ! ,:ite ,pass nor ! ,*ilkoot ,pass w appe> o!r ?an x actually is--i4 e41 a m\nta9 pass1 suffici5tly r\gh & precipit\s 9 places1 & pres5t+ no s]i\s ob/acle to ! passage ( man1 woman1 or *ild4 ,true1 ,i did n see !m at _! wor/1 b !y 7 bo? repres5t$ to be frightfully bad ev5 at ! "t ( my cross+4 ,! seasonal effects1 d\btless1 d mu* to modify ! "* ( ! trails1 & ev5 local conditions mu/ mold !m to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,x is n difficult to conceive ( miry spots along ! ,:ite ,pass trail1 or ( sn[-swept areas on ! ,*ilkoot1 & !re c]ta9ly mu/ be times :5 bo? trails are 9 a measure or way impassable4 ,all trails are1 h[ev]1 subject to modifications 9 "*1 & ev5 ! be/ is at times suffici5tly bad4 ,tra9s ( pack animals cross ! ,:ite ,pass bo? w9t] & summ]1 &1 ev5 ) ! great loss to _! =efa!rs1 _! te/imony ( /eady "w is a recomm5dation ( ! class ( s]vice 9 :i* !y are engag$4 ,a limit$ numb] ( cattle & horses h also f\nd _! way ov] ! summit ( ! ,*ilkoot ,pass--"s cross+ imm$iately aft] u--b ! trail is too /eep on ! ocean side to fit x = animal s]vice1 al?\gh ,i /rongly suspect t 7 ! location 9 ,mexico in/ead ( 9 ,alaska1 !re w\ld be a goodly numb] ( caball]os & arri]os to smile at ! proposition ( pres5t$ difficulties4 ,indian wom5 seem to consid] x no h>d%ip to pack a fifty-p\nd sack ( fl\r & m ov] ! summit1 & !re are _m m5 :o d n hesitate to take d\ble ?is load1 & make sev]al j\rneys dur+ ! same day4 ,x is ! load t kills1 & x 01 d\btless1 ?is influ5ce1 unit$ to a cruel me?od1 :i* s /rongly impress$ ! pione]s ) ! notion ( extreme h>d%ip4 ,! mo/ level & p]fect road1 to "o c>ry+ = miles a pack ( f sixty to eighty p\nds1 soon beg9s to loom up a /eep incl9e4 ,bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn slopes ( ! ,*ilkoot ,pass are l>gely surfac$ ) %att]$ rocks1 ov] :i*1 ) occasional deflections across m pleasant sn[ banks1 a fairly well-def9$ trail m\nts on ei!r side to ! summit4 ,9 its grim l&scape effects1 m p>ticul>ly on ! inn] face1 :]e a numb] ( rock-b\nd t>ns--,crat] ,lake1 ,long ,lake1 ,deep ,lake--af=d a c]ta9 relief to ! degree ( desolation :i* ! sc5e c>ries1 x rem9d$ me mu* ( ! fam\s ,grimsel ,pass1 & "h z well z !re ! model+ ( ! surface ?r\gh glacial action 0 /rongly 9 evid5ce4 ,! va/ly t[]+ ,alp9e peaks 71 h[ev]1 want+1 & ! glaci]s t /ill appe>$ %[$ t !y _h long s9ce pass$ _! bett] days4 ,! actual summit is tr5*$ by a n>r[ rocky gap1 r\ghly worn ?r\gh walls ( granite1 & by x h pass$ ! ?\s&s :o h press$ to ! int]ior4 ,!re is no timb] gr[? at or ne> ?is summit1 nor is !re soil suffici5t to give support to an arboreal vegetation4 ,ne>e/ to ! top l9e a pro/rate =m ( scrubby hemlock 7,tsuga ,pattoniana7 alone makes pret5se to be+ a tree1 b bel[ x ( itself gr[s to maje/ic proportions1 & ab\t ,%eep ,camp1 ) ,m5zie's spruce1 a bir*1 & cottonwood 7,populus balsamif]a71 =ms "p ( ! beautiful woodl&1 :i* ) ev]-increas+ fre%ness desc5ds to ! l[] levels4 ,le/ ,i be accus$ ( too freely see+ ! beauties ( ! nor!rn l&scape1 ,i v5ture 9 my def5se ! foll[+ graphic description ( ! ,dyea ,valley f ! p5 ( ano!r travel] & geologi/1 ,pr(4 ,israel ,russell3 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,taiya ! timb] l9e is %>ply drawn along ! bord]+ cliffs at an elevation ( ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ feet4 ,above t height ! m\nta9 sides are /]n & rugg$2 bel[ is a d5se =e/ ( gigantic hemlocks1 fe/oon$ ) long /ream]s ( moss1 :i* gr[s ev5 m luxuriantly ?an on ! oaks ( ,florida4 ,! gr\nd b5ea? ! trees & ! fall5 mon>*s ( ! =e/ are d5sely cov]$ ) a s(t1 fea!ry c>pet ( mosses1 li*5s1 & f]ns ( all possible t9ts ( br[n & gre54 ,! day ,i trav]s$ ?is en*ant$ valley 0 bright & sunny 9 ! upp] regions1 b ! valley 0 fill$ ) drift+ vapors4 ,at "o m9ute no?+ w\ld be visible b ! somb] =e/ ?r\gh :i* ! :ite mi/ 0 hurry+2 & ! next ! veil w\ld be swept aside1 reveal+ ) />tl+ di/9ctness ! t[]+ m\nta9 spires1 sn[y p9nacles1 & turquoise cliffs ( ice t[]+ heav5w>d4 ,^! views ?r\gh ! cl\d rifts seem$ glimpses ( ano!r _w4 ,bel[ 0 a sea ( surg+ bran*es t fill$ all ! valley bottom & da%$ high on ! bord]+ cliffs4 ,mu* space c\ld be occupi$ ) descriptions ( ! magnific5t sc5]y ab\t ,lynn ,canal1 & ( ! wond]ful atmosph]ic effects to be se5 !re1 b ! poetry ( travel is =eign to ^! pages1 & mu/ be left = m facile p5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ilkoot ,,trail--,,p[] ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,a,,rial ,,tramway4 ,9 its pres5t condition ! ,*ilkoot trail has ! advantage ov] ! ,skaguay 9 its %ort] l5g?1 ! di/ance f ,dyea to ! head ( ,lake ,l9deman1 ! virtual head ( riv] navigation1 be+ ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles2 f ,skaguay to ,b5nett1 along ! usual ,:ite ,pass trail1 ! di/ance is fully t5 or twelve miles long]1 al?\gh a cut-(f by way ( ! summit lakes r$uces ! trav]se consid]ably4 ,at int]vals along bo? r\tes fairly good accommodation c n[ be _h4 ,"o condition ( ! ,*ilkoot ,pass1 & t a n altoge!r light "o1 places x dur+ c]ta9 mon?s at a disadvantage z comp>$ ) ! ,:ite ,pass4 ,i ref] to ! dang]s f avalan*es4 ,^! are ( ! true ,alp9e type1 hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! heavy b$s ( sn[ :i* cl+ ) b>e support to ! /eeply pit*+ m\nta9 walls1 9 places along "s ( ! n>r[e/ p>ts ( ! pass4 ,! appall+ cata/rophe ( ,april1 #ahih1 :i* caus$ ! loss ( sixty-?ree lives1 & foll[$ closely ^u an e>li] ev5t ( l nature1 _h its seat 9 ! /eep1 rocky l$ges ( ! ea/ wall betwe5 ,%eep ,camp & ! ,scales4 ,x is claim$ t ! ,indians along ! trail cle>ly =esaw ! imp5d+ ev5t1 & ann\nc$ x 9 unmi/akable language1 b _! w>n+s 7 all[$ to g unhe$$4 ,!y !mselves did n make ! trav]se on t day4 ,! m9or disa/] ( ! foll[+ ,decemb] 7#i?71 :5 b six lives 7 sacrific$1 took place on ! /eep declivity :i* faces ,crat] ,lake1 n f> f ! s]vice h\se ( ! ,*ilkoot ,pass ,arial ,tramway ,company4 ,"h ! m\nta9 face is v precipit\s & gives b insecure lodgm5t to ! sn[4 ,! ,indians c>efully wat* all natural signals & urge a rapid j\rney4 ,h[ev] useful ^! trails may h be5 9 ! pa/1 h[ well or h[ indiff]5tly !y may h met ! wants ( ! pione]s ( #ahig & #ahih1 !y are de/9$ be=e long to be ?r[n into t same obscurity :i* !y held :5 ! ,indians & a few adv5tur\s trapp]s & trad]s alone made use ( !m z av5ues ( communication betwe5 ! inn] & out] worlds4 ,! advance ( ! iron horse is n[ an assur$ fact1 & ! ,pacific & ,arctic ,railway1 ^: con/ruction is eng9e]$ by "s ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ me*anical tal5t ( ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 w m9i/] be=e _m mon?s n alone to ! pr(essional int]lop]s 9 ! new l&1 b to ho/s ( t\ri/s z well4 ,! road1 :i* 9 rea*+ ,:ite ,pass summit w h a maximum gradi5t ( a little m ?an five p] c5t1 is ( n>r[-gauge con/ruction1 solidly support$ on dress$ ties br\ght f ! =e/s ( ,oregon4 ,no t]m9al appe>s to h be5 z yet def9itely det]m9$ ^u1 al?\gh ! *>t] act recites ,=t ,selkirk on ! ,yukon1 ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty miles above ,dawson1 z su*4 ,op]at+ z x n[ does sixte5 miles or m ( road1 x is already an ext5sive freight c>ri]2 b until its completion to ,b5nett or to "s po9t close to a navigable "p ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 ! ,*ilkoot ,pass tramway1 a rem>kable con/ruction :i* crosses ov] ! summit & deposits at ,crat] ,lake1 mu/ cont9ue to h&le a l>ge "p ( ! bus9ess int5d$ = ! int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,*ilkoot ,,pass1 ,,) ,,imp$im5ta ,,( ,,prospectors1 ,,april1 #ahih4 ,x is safe to say t ! /irr+ sc5es :i* 7 enact$ on ! passes dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahig-'ih1 :5 ! imp$im5ta ( travel & occupation 7 pack$ toge!r 9 ! mann] ( an army camp1 w n be repeat$ aga94 ,! pa/ hi/ory 0 a %ort "o1 & x gives way to "o ( great] promise4 ,,note4--,= mo/ ( ! photographic illu/rations ! au?or is indebt$ to ! "w ( ,curtis1 ,b>ley1 & ,e4 ,a4 ,hegg2 especially to ! la/-nam$ g5tleman1 ( ,skaguay & ,dawson1 is he "u obligations = p]mission to use sev]al ( ! copyright$ views4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,european ,,culture4,a ,,by ,,william ,z4 ,,ripley1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,assi/ant ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sociology1 ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology1 ,,bo/on1 ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,an?ropology ,,at ,,columbia ,,univ]sity1 ,,new ,,york4 ,prehi/oric ar*ology is possess$ ( a di/9ct advantage ov] l+ui/ics 9 ! inve/igation ( racial problems2 = human rema9s are (t5 discov]$ 9 connection ) ! implem5ts1 ut5sils1 or tr9kets by :i* ! civilization ( an ext9ct p is ar*ologically det]m9$4 ,to attempt ev5 an outl9e ( ! cultural hi/ory ( ,europe w\ld be obvi\sly impossible 9 ?is place4 ,x w\ld fill a complete volume by itself alone4 ,fur!rmore1 ! %ort span ( =ty ye>s s9ce ! inception ( ar*ological sci5ce has n suffic$ to produce complete unanimity ( op9ion among ! lead+ au?orities4 ,_m important que/ions1 especially conc]n+ ea/]n ,europe1 are /ill await+ settlem5t4 ,all t we c hope to d is to describe :at may be t]m$ a few fix$ po9ts 9 ,european cultural hi/ory4 ,?is1 z 9 our discussion ( physical orig9s1,b we %all attempt to d by means ( def9ite propositions1 conc]n+ :i* !re is n[ sub/antial agreem5t4 ,i4 ,9 we/]n & s\!rn ,europe an entirely indig5\s culture gradually evolv$ dur+ ! lat] /one age4 ,?is 0 *>act]iz$ by great te*nical advance 9 fa%ion+ implem5ts1 c>v+s1 & designs 9 /one1 bone1 ivory1 & copp]2 by ! con/ruction ( dolm5s & habitations ( /one2 by pott]y-mak+2 & possibly ev5 by a primitive sy/em ( writ+4 ,a m>k$ reaction has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s among ar*ologi/s respect+ ! c\rse ( cultural developm5t 9 ,france4 ,x 0 long believ$ t aft] ! fir/ crude attempts ( ! paloli?ic epo* an ext5d$ hiatus ensu$1 foll[$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a m highly develop$ civilization1 br\ght by an immigrant broad-head$ race f ! ,ea/4 ,two waves ( invasion 7 describ$3 ! fir/ br++ poli%$ /one1 a lat] "o introduc+ bronze1 c]eals1 agriculture1 & ! dome/ication ( animals4 ,n ev5 cr$it = ! con/ruction ( ! great /one dolm5 tombs 0 grant$ to ! natives 9 ,gaul1 = ^! 7 all ascrib$ to an invasion f ! ,nor?4 ,! und\bt$ subm]g5ce ( ! primitive long-head$ population ( ,france by a bra*ycephalic type f ! ,ea/1 to :i* we h already adv]t$1 0 held acc\ntable = a radical advance 9 civilization4 ,ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a bronze age 0 d5i$ to ?is c\ntry1 x be+ ma9ta9$ t ! introduction ( bronze 0 ret>d$ until bo? metals came 9 toge!r f ! ,ori5t 9 ! h&s ( ! cultural deliv]]s ( ! l&4 ,! abs5ce ( a di/9ct bronze age 0 spe$ily disprov$2 b ! view t ,france & we/]n ,europe 7 sav$ f b>b>ism only by a new race f ! ,ea/ /ill held sway4 ,x is repres5t$ by ! classical s*ool ( ,g4 de ,mortillet1 ,b]tr&1 ,top9>d1 & a ho/ ( m9or disciples4 ,! new s*ool1 hold+ t a /eady & un9t]rupt$ developm5t ( culture 9 situ 0 tak+ place1 is repres5t$ notably by ,re9a*,c 9 ,france & by ,s]gi,d 9 ,italy4 ,_! pro( ( ?is seems to be unansw]able4 ,grant+ t x is easi] to borr[ culture ?an to evolve x1 a proposition und]ly+ ! old] view1 x seems nev]!less t ! ,we/ has too long be5 d5i$ its rightful %>e 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,neoli?ic ,,ivory ,,c>v+4 ,mas d',azil4 7,by special p]mission4 ,fur!r reproduction prohibit$47 ,a notable advance 9 ! l9e ( culture entirely indig5\s to s\?we/]n ,europe has be5 lately reveal$ ?r\gh ! int]e/+ discov]ies by ,piette at ! /ation ( ,brassempuoy & 9 ! grotto ( ,mas d',azil4 ,c>v+s 9 ivory1 designs ^u bone1 evid5ce ( a num]ical sy/em1 ( settl$ habitations1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 ( a dome/ication ( ! re9de]1 ( ! horse1 & ! ox 9 ! pure /one age h be5 f\nd2 & t1 too1 9 ! utt]mo/ s\?we/]n corn] ( ,europe4 ,9 ! lake dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 z also 9 ,sc&9avia1 a k ( agriculture1 pott]y1 & ! dome/ication ( animals is ev9c$1 likewise z a native discov]y4 ,f o!r qu>t]s ( ! cont95t 9 ! /one age comes simil> te/imony to a m>k$ advance ( man culturally4 ,! ju/ly celebrat$ c>v+ ( a re9de] f ,?ayng51 almo/ wor?y ( a mod]n craftsman1 betrays no mean arti/ic ability4 ,! man :o drew x 0 f> f be+ a savage1 ev5 if he knew no metals1 & buri$ 8 dead in/ead ( cremat+ !m4 ,! evid5ce z to e>ly dome/ication ( animals is p]haps ! mo/ />tl+4 ,c>v$ horses' heads1 ) halt]s & rude bridles1 h be5 surely id5tifi$ by ,piette & o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bone ,,c>v+4 ,?ayng54 7,aft] ,b]tr&1 #ahia47 ,a sy/em ( writ+ seems also to h be5 inv5t$ 9 we/]n ,europe z f> back z ! /one age4,e ,let\rneau & ,bordi] h advanc$ good evid5ce to ?is effect1 al?\gh x is n yet inconte/ably prov$4 ,! ,pho5icians 7 p]haps ant$at$ 9 _! not$ inv5tion by ! dolm5 build]s1 by ! lake dwell]s ( ! e>lie/ times1 &1 accord+ to ,s]gi1 also by ! p ( ! ,villanova pre-,etruscan culture 9 ,italy4 ,9 an e>li] "t /ill 9 ! ,po ,valley1 z f> back z ! /one-age ,t]ram>e p]iod1 pott]y 0 made1 & t1 too1 ( a v dec5t sort4 ,& all ?is "t !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( contact ) or k ( ! ,ea/4 ,z ,re9a* says1 9 no dolm51 no lake /ation1 no excavation ( ! /one age is !re any trace ( an ,assyrian or ,babylonian cyl9d]1 or ev5 an ,egyptian amulet4 ,ev5 ! jade & nephrite f\nd 9 we/]n ,europe f ,switz]l& to ,norway1 :i* has s long be5 reg>d$ z evid5ce ( e>ly comm]ce ) ! ,ea/1 he d5ies z pro( ( su* contact4 ,! case ?us put may p]haps be ov]-/r5u\sly /at$1 yet "o c n b realize f x t we/]n ,europe has too long be5 libel$ 9 respect ( its native aptitude = civilization4 ,?is is n con/itut$ ( bronze alone1 nor is its trade-m>k cremation4 ,?us1 :ile an int5sive outbreak ( culture ( a high ord] may n h aris5 we/ ( ! ,alps1 x c no long] be d5i$ t ! g5]al /&>d ( intellig5ce 0 surely ris+ ( its own native volition4 ,,ii4 ,?r\gh\t ! ea/]n ,alp9e highl&s1 a culture f> m highly evolv$ ?an ! neoli?ic "o 9 ! ,we/1 & betray+ c]ta9 ,ori5tal aff9ities1 appe>s at a v e>ly "t1 a ?\s& ye>s or m be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is prehi/oric civilization repres5ts a transitional /age betwe5 bronze & iron4 ,9 a seclud$ valley 9 upp] ,au/ria1 close to ! bord] l9e ( ,salzburg1 by ! little ,alp9e hamlet ( ,hall/att1 a rem>kable necropolis 0 discov]$ m ?an a half c5tury ago1 :i* m>k$ an epo* 9 ar*ological rese>*4 ,excavations at ?is place alone1 f> f any pres5t consid]able seat ( population1 h already reveal$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& graves4 ,! primitive culture "h une>!d1 repres5t$ by all k9ds ( weapons1 implem5ts1 & ornam5ts1 bore no resemblance to any ( ! !n kn[n classical ones ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,its graves conta9$ no ,roman co9s or relics4 ,!re 0 no?+ ,greek ab\t x4 ,x conta9$ no trace ei!r ( writ+ or *ronology4 ,x 0 obvi\sly prehi/oric2 !re 0 no sugge/ion ( a lik5ess to ! e>ly civilizations 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,x 0 ev5 m primitive ?an ! ,etruscan1 & entirely diff]5t f x1 especially 9 its lack ( ! beautiful pott]y kn[n to ^! pr$ecessors ( ! ,romans4 ,little wond] t von ,sack51 :o fir/ adequately describ$ x 9 #ahfh1 & ,ho*/ett]1 :o wor?ily c>ri$ on 8 rese>*es1 believ$ t ,hall/att repres5t$ an entirely indig5\s & ext9ct ,alp9e civilization4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s exce$+ly ri* & v>i$ 7 ! f9ds 9 ?is out-(-!-way corn] ( ,europe1 t ano!r & q diff]5t view seem$ ju/ifiable4 ,might ?is n be an entirely exotic culture8 products ga9$ by trade f all p>ts ( ! _w1 be+ "h deposit$ ) _! dead by a p :o controll$ ! great & v anci5t salt m9es h]eab\ts8 ,nei!r ( ^! int]pretations ( ?is f9d at ,hall/att h be5 exactly v]ifi$ by lat] rese>*es1 & yet its importance has n less5$ 9 ! lea/4 ,by lat] discov]ies all ov] ea/]n ,europe s\? ( ! ,danube1 f ! ,tyrol ov] to ! ,balkan p59sula1 z well z ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,italy1 ,wrtemb]g1 & ev5 ov] into nor!a/]n ,france1 ! wide ext5sion ( ?is civilization,f proves t x mu/ 9 a l>ge measure h develop$ ^u ! spot1 & n come z an importation f abroad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its aff9ity 9 _m details ) ! cultures bo? ( ,italy & ,greece prov$ t x _h made heavy drafts ^u ea* ( ^!1 pr(it+ greatly !reby4 ,! be/ op9ion to-day is1 t x con/itutes a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( culture betwe5 ea/]n & we/]n ,europe4 ,z su* x is ( prim>y importance 9 any /udy ( ,european orig9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronze ,,situla4 ,wats*1 ,au/rian ,tyrol4 ,! primitive /age ( ,european civilization1 to :i* ! t]m ,hall/att is specifically appli$ by ar*ologi/s1 is *>act]iz$ by a k bo? ( bronze & iron1 al?\gh ! latt] is relatively insignificant4 ,its r>ity indicates t we h to d ) ! v beg9n+s ( its use4 ,9 ?is e>ly comb9ation ( bronze & iron ! ,hall/att culture is 9 /rong contra/ ) ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e else1 z 9 ,hung>y = example1 a pure bronze age--sometimes "o ev5 ( copp] also--int]v5es betwe5 ! use ( /one & iron4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! two metals1 bronze & iron1 appe> simultane\sly4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( a use ( bronze alone4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 :at we %all subsequ5tly emphasize 9 ! case ( ,sc&9avia1 t 9 t remote "p ( ,europe man _h to put up ) ! inf]ior metal = close ^u a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! acquisition ( a bett] sub/itute1 x w be se5 t at ,hall/att a rem>kable =e%ort5+ ( cultural evolution _h ensu$4 ,iron1 z we h said1 0 /ill comp>atively r>e4 ,only 9 ! case ( small objects1 less (t5 9 ! blades ( bronze-h&l$ swords1 does ?is m preci\s metal appe>4 ,b x is f> m common ?an 9 ! e>lie/ ,greek civilizations made kn[n to u by ,s*liemann & o!rs4 ,pages ( description w\ld n give s cle> an idea ( ?is e>ly civilization z ! pictures ( _! lives1 :i* ! ,hall/att p h =tunately left to u4 ,^! are f\nd 9 rep\ss ^u _! bronzes1 & p>ticul>ly ^u _! little situl1 or metallic pails4 ,^! situl are1 9 fact1 ! mo/ di/9ctive feature among all ! objects :i* !y h left to u4 ,by means ( !m _! civilization has be5 mo/ accurately trac$ & id5tifi$ geographically4 ,on ! opposite page we h reproduc$ ! design ^u ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! situl1 discov]$ by ,des*mann 9 #ahhb1 at ,wats* 9 ! ,tyrol4 ,ano!r f ,bologna1 typical ( ! pre-,etruscan ,italian "t1 w be f\nd ^u a lat] page4 ,^u ea* ( ^!1 ! skill manife/$ 9 ! repres5tation ( m5 & animals is no less rem>kable ?an ! civilization :i* x depicts4 ,! upp] zone ( ?is situla f ,wats* app>5tly %[s a fe/al procession1 possibly a w$d+1 = a lady rides 9 ! second *>iot4 ,! grooms & outrid]s betok5 a p>ty ( di/9ction4 ,z = ! second zone1 d\bt z to its exact int]pretation prevails4 ,ho*/ett] decl>es x to be a banquet1 food & ent]ta9m5t be+ (f]$ to ! p]sonages seat$ ^u *airs at ! left4 ,b]tr& is dispos$ to give x m ( a religi\s int]pretation4 ,z = ! conte/ betwe5 gladiators arm$ ) ! ce/us1 all is pla94 ,! spectators1 judges1 ev5 ! ram & ! helmet = rew>d ( ! victor1 are all %[n 9 detail4 ,x is n necess>y = u to cite m evid5ce4 ,a civilization already f> f primitive is surely depict$4 ,z = its date1 all are agre$ t x is at lea/ z e>ly z t5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/2,g n f>1 t is to say1 f ! suppos$ ,hom]ic epo* 9 ,greece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronze ,,brea/plate ,,f ,,olympia4 7,aft] ,furtwa5gl]'s ,olympia1 #ahib47 ,! ,hall/att civilizations betray unmi/akable aff9ities ) ?ree o!r prehi/oric ,european cultures1 widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,x conta9s _m e>ly ,greek elem5ts2 x is v simil> to a notable prehi/oric culture 9 ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s2 & x resembles mo/ ne>ly ( all p]haps ! pre-,etruscan civilization 9 ,italy4 ,) ! ?ird ( ^!--! ,italian--x seems to h be5 mo/ ne>ly ^u t]ms ( equality1 ea* borr[+ f ! o!r1 aft] a fa%ion ( :i* we %all h occasion to speak %ortly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! relation ( ! ,hall/att culture to t ( ,greece & ,caucasia seems to be some:at m filial r ?an frat]nal4 ,9 describ+ ! area ( ?is civilization1 we h se5 h[ firmly x is intr5*$ all ?r\gh ! s\!rn "p ( ,au/ria-,hung>y & well ov] into ! nor? ( ! ,balkan p59sula4 ,a comp>ison ( ,furtwa5gl]'s magnific5t collection ( objects f ,olympia ) ^? ( ,hall/att in/antly reveals _! simil>ities4 ,to make ?is cle>1 we h reproduc$ "o ( ! ,olympian brea/plates1 ornam5t$ ) figures1 :i* at once sugge/ ^? ^u ! situla f ,wats* above describ$4 ,?is design is d\bly int]e/+4 ,x %[s u a slightly high] /age ( ! art ( figural repres5tation1 z well z ( conv5tional design4 ,n only ! m5 & horses1 b ! bord]s1 are f> bett] drawn4 ,m ?an ?is1 we beg9 to detect a di/9ctly ,ori5tal motive 9 o!r details4 ,! bulls & ! lions--lions are n indig5\s to ,europe n[adays--at once rem9d u ( _! ,babylonian & ,assyrian prototypes4 ,we h ent]$ ! sph]e ( ,asiatic arti/ic influ5ce1 albeit v indi/9ctly4 ,?is design "h repres5t$1 x %\ld be said1 is r above ! av]age ( ! ,olympian f9ds ( ! e>li] epo*4 ,_m ( ! o!r objects1 especially ! little votive figures ( bea/s & m51 are mu* m crude1 al?\gh always *>act]i/ic & rudely arti/ic 9 _m ways4 ,?r\gh ?is ,olympian /age ( culture we pass transitionally on to ! ,myc5an1 :i* br+s u into ! full bloom ( ! classic ,greek4 ,! ,ori5tal aff9ities ( ! ,hall/att culture h be5 especially emphasiz$ by rec5t ar*ological discov]ies at ,koban1 9 ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,a /age ( culture transitional betwe5 bronze & iron1 almo/ exactly equival5t to t ( ! ea/]n ,alps1 is reveal$4 ,simil>ities 9 little objects1 l fibul1 might easily be acc\nt$ = z hav+ pass$ 9 trade1 b ! relation%ip is too intimate to be ?us expla9$4 ,hung>y =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two4 ,9 _m respects its bronze age is diff]5t f t ( ,hall/att1 notably 9 t ! latt] seems to h acquir$ ! k ( iron & ( bronze at ab\t ! same "t4 ,9 ,hung>y ! pure bronze age la/$ a long "t1 & atta9$ a full maturity4 ,a *>act]i/ic piece is repres5t$ h]e)4 ,9 respect ( ! repres5tation ( figures ( animals su* z ^!1 ,hall/att1 ,hung>y1 & ,koban are q alike4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hung>ian ,,bronze ,,vessel4 7,aft] ,hampel1 #ahgf47 ,h we prov$ t bronze culture came f ,asia by reason ( ^! rec5t f9ds 9 ! ,caucasus8 ,great /ress has be5 laid ^u !m 9 ! discussion ( ,european orig9s4 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 agree+ ) ,*antre t two curr5ts ( culture h swept f ,asia into ,europe--"o by ! ,caucasus nor? ( ! ,black ,sea & up ! ,danube2 ! o!r across ,asia ,m9or & into ! ,balkan p59sula1 !nce jo9+ ! fir/ 9 ! ma9 c5t] ( ,hall/att civilization1 ea/ ( ! ,alps8 ,! po9t seems by no means e/abli%$4 ,relation%ip does n prove p>5tage4 ,f> m likely does x appe> t ! ,koban culture is a relic or an (f%oot r ?an a cradle ( bronze civilization4 ,& ev5 ,*antre1 ard5t advocate z he is ( ,ori5tal d]ivations1 seems to feel ! =ce ( ?is 9 8 lat] writ+s1 = he confesses t ,koban is r f ,m$it]ranean ,european s\rces ?an t ,europe is f ,koban4 ,mo/ probable ( all is x1 t bo? ,hall/att & ,koban are alike d]iv$ f a common root 9 ! neighborhood ( ,*aldea4 ,,iii4 ,! ,hall/att 7or ,celtic87 civilization ( bronze & iron r\ghly ov]lies ! pres5t area occupi$ by ! broad-head$ ,alp9e race2 yet ?is type is n always id5tifi$ ) ! ,ori5tal culture4 ,x seems to h appe>$ 9 ,europe 9 a f> l[] /age ( civilization1 & to h subsequ5tly made progress culturally ^u ! spot4 ,to trace any def9ite connection betwe5 race & civilization 9 ,europe is r5d]$ extremely haz>d\s sci5tifically by reason ( ! appe>ance along ) bronze ( ! cu/om ( burn+ in/ead ( bury+ ! dead1 _! a%es be+ dispos$ 9 c9]>y urns1 j>s1 or o!r receptacles4 ,by ?is proc$ure all possible clew to ! physical type ( ! p is1 ( c\rse1 annihilat$ at once4 ,x has become almo/ an axiom among ar*ologi/s t bronze culture & inc9]ation are con/ant companions4 ,:]ev] "o appe>s1 ! o!r may confid5tly be look$ =4 ,toge!r !y h long be5 suppos$ to be ! special & peculi> attributes ( a new broad-head$ immigrant race f ! ,ea/4 ,to prove ?is conclusively is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely impossible = ! above-m5tion$ reason4 ,( ! two1 x seems z if inc9]ation w\ld be a m reliable te/ ( race ?an a k ( bronze2 = burial cu/oms1 involv+ z !y d ! mo/ sacr$ in/9cts & traditions ( a p1 w\ld be mo/ p]si/5tly ma9ta9$1 ev5 ?r\gh\t long-cont9u$ migrations4 ,! use ( bronze1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ a matt] ( obvi\s utility1 & capable ( widespread dissem9ation comm]cially1 is seem+ly ( f> less e?nic significance4 ,to indicate ! unc]ta9ty ( pro( 9 ^! matt]s1 let u suppose t ! ,hall/att civilization1 = example1 is ! result ( an immigration ( a bra*ycephalic ,ori5tal civiliz$ race ov]ly+ a primitive native long-head$ "o4 ,t seems be/ to con=m to ! data1 :i* nor!rn ,italy at lea/ af=ds4 ,suppose ! new p--call !m ,celts ) ! be/ au?orities1 if y please--br\ght n only bronze & iron1 b ! cu/om ( inc9]ation4 ,prior to _! appe>ance inhumation 0 ! rule4 ,:at w\ld be ! result if "o attempt$ to det]m9e ! physical "* ( t p f a /udy ( ! rema9s 9 _! necropoli8 ,all ! crania to be f\nd 9 ! graves ) ! preci\s objects ( bronze w\ld 9 no wise repres5t ! p :o br\ght t bronze4 ,!y burn$ _! bridges beh9d !m at dea?1 & disappe>$ = good & all4 ,& ! rema9s left to ! ar*ologi/ w\ld repres5t precisely t class 9 ! population :i* _h no?+ to d ) ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( its civilization4 ,& !n1 aga91 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! int]m5ts 9 ^! necropoli z a :ole1 bo? ) burn$ or buri$ dead1 con/itute a select$ type4 ,nei!r ,hall/att1 ,wats*1 nor any ( ! burial places ( _! type 7 op5 to ! great mass ( ! common p4 ,!y 7 sacr$ spots1 f> remov$ among ! m\nta9s f any c5t]s ( population4 ,only ! ri* or p[]ful presumably _h access to !m4 ,!y are no m typical ( ! ,hall/att p1 !re=e1 ?an int]m5ts 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey are repres5tative ( ! ,engli% masses4 ,all our data are necess>ily drawn f a class )9 a class4 ,inductions f !m mu/ be v g+]ly h&l$4 ,! situation above describ$ seems to prevail almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,hall/att cultural area4 ,two di/9ct burial cu/oms d5ote possibly two sep>ate peoples1 ! inhum]s be+ c]ta9ly ! old]4 ,9 ! ,hall/att necropolis1 = example1 ab\t "o ?ird ( ! graves once conta9$ human rema9s1 all ! o!rs conta9+ m]e a%es4 ,s anci5t are ^! graves t only eight crania f ! hundr$s ( int]m5ts ( ! fir/ class are available = /udy4 ,^! are ( a pron\nc$ long-head$ type4,h ,! mod]n populations ( ?is "p ( ,europe are1 z we h se51 among ! broade/-head$ p 9 ! _w1 z are also all ! mod]n ,illyrians4 ,yet f ! great necropolis at ,glas9ac 9 ,bosnia1 ) its tw5ty ?\s& tumuli1 ! meag] ,hall/att returns are amply corroborat$4,i ,! anci5t inhabitants 7 z long-head$ z !y are pron\nc$ly ( ! opposite type to-day4 ,up 9 ,bohemia & ,moravia also1 accord+ to ,ni$]le1 ! fir/ bronze-age p1 su* z we "k !m1 7 /ill doli*ocephalic q l _! pr$ecessors 9 ! pure /one age4 ,& "h also is inc9]ation j ab\t frequ5t en\gh to make x unc]ta9 :e!r ! human rema9s are typical or n4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ?ree suppositions are op5 to u4 ,we may hold t ^! long-head$ crania ( ! ,hall/att p are wor?less = any an?ropological purposes :atev]4 ,?is "o w\ld c]ta9ly be tempt$ to d 7 ! te/imony1 su* z x is1 n s unanim\s4 ,or1 secondly1 we may assume t ^! long-head$ ,hall/att p belong$ to a p]iod subsequ5t to ! appe>ance ( ! bra*ycephalic type 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,if we d s1 we place !m 9 ! same class ) ! ,teutonic race :i* s c]ta9ly appe>s to ov]lie ?is "o 9 ! lat] iron age 9 ,switz]l& & ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,g]many2 = ! ,helvetians & ! ,reih5grb] conqu]ors f ! nor? surely impos$ a novel culture1 albeit a militant "o1 ^u ! long-settl$ ,alp9e p1 racially speak+4 ,! ,hall/att civilization is immeasurably too e>ly to p]mit ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,at ?is "t ! long-head$ ,teutonic peoples ab\t ,sc&9avia 7 c]ta9ly va/ly inf]ior 9 culture1 z we %all attempt to prove %ortly4 ,?us we are =c$ to ! ?ird conclusion if we admit ! compet5cy ( our cranial evid5ce--namely1 t ! ,hall/att p 9 ?is e>ly bloom ( civilization 9 ,europe 7 alli$ to ! ,m$it]ranean type ( ! s\?4 ,no o!r s\rce = su* a doli*ocephalic population is possible4 ,our /ock ( types ( ?is k9d is exhau/$4 ,x does n require a great cr$ulity to admit ( ?is hypo!sis1 t ! ,hall/att p 7 ( ,m$it]ranean type4 ,7 n ! ,greeks1 ! ,pho5icians1 & ! ,egyptians all memb]s ( ?is same race8 ,"o s+le difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,ov] 9 ,italy1 ?r\gh\t ! valley ( ! ,po1 an entirely analog\s civilization to t ( ! ea/]n ,alps occurs4 ,hall/att & ,villanova1 ,wats* & ,bologna1 are almo/ id5tical culturally4 ,& yet ov] "h 9 ,italy ! new culture ( bronze & ( inc9]ation seems to be borne by a broad-head$ p ( ! same type z ! mod]n "o4 ,?us1 = example1 at ,novil>a s long z ! bodies 7 all inhum$1 ! p 7 ( ! long-head$ ,m$it]ranean type once indig5\s to ! :ole ( ,italy1 n[ surviv+1 z we h se51 only 9 ! s\!rn half4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 inc9]ation beg9s to appe> 9 ?is place1 ! human rema9s /ill left to u are ( a mix$ & f> m broad-head$ type4 ,x w\ld seem admissible to assume t :5 ! mod]n bra*ycephalic ,alp9e race subm]g$ ! native "o x br\ght new elem5ts ( civilization ) x4 ,_m ,italian au?orities1 at all ev5ts1 agree 9 ascrib+ ! new culture--call x ,umbrian ) ,s]gi1 or proto-,etruscan ) ,helbig--to a new race ( ,v5eto-,illyrian or ,alp9e physical proclivities4 ,:at !y h n def9itely prov$1 h[ev]1 is t any necess>y connection betwe5 race & culture exi/s4 ,!re is mu* to %[ t ! broad-head$ race came 9 "s "t be=e ! introduction ( ! new arts4 ,ev5 9 ! lat] ,t]ram>e p]iod1 prec$+ ! ,italian ,hall/att culture1 :5 /one & copp] only are 9 evid5ce1 a *ange ( physical type 9 ! p app>5tly beg9s1 j z also 9 ,france 9 ! neoli?ic p]iod4 ,! mo/ indubitable te/imony t ! ,alp9e race did n appe> 9 we/]n ,europe1 arm$ cap--pie ) bronze & o!r attributes ( culture1 is af=d$ by ! lake dwell+s ( ,switz]l&4 ,"h 9 ! pile-built villages ( ! ,swiss lakes we c trace an un9t]rupt$ developm5t ( civilization f ! pure /one age ?r\gh bronze & into iron4 ,beg9n+ at a /age ( civilization ab\t equal to t ( ! anci5t ,aryan-speak+ peoples1 judg$ by ! root words kn[n to u2 n only k ( ! metals1 b ( agriculture1 ( ! dome/ication ( animals1 & ( ! f9] arts ( dome/ic life1 h little by little be5 acquir$4 ,equally c]ta9 is x t no *ange ( physical type has occurr$ among ^! primitive ,swiss1 at lea/ until ! irruptions ( ! ,teutonic ,helvetians & o!rs at ! op5+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,f ! v e>lie/ times 9 ! /one age a broad-head$ness no less pron\nc$ ?an t ( ! mod]n ,swiss prevail$ among ^! p4,j ,"h w\ld seem to be pretty conclusive pro( t ! ,alp9e race ent]$ ,europe long be=e ! culture ) :i* its "n has be5 all too intimately associat$4 ,9 ! outly+ p>ts ( ,europe1 p]haps ev5 9 ,gaul1 x is extremely d\btful :e!r any clos] connection betwe5 race & culture exi/s ?an 9 ! ,alps4 ,x has long be5 ma9ta9$ t ! bra*ycephalic p ( ! ,r\nd ,b>r[s introduc$ bronze into ,brita94 ,surely1 z we h already %[n1 ?+s po9t to t conclusion4,k ,b$doe1 ,dawk9s1 & o!r au?orities ma9ta9 x at all ev5ts4 ,yet ,canon ,taylor makes x pretty evid5t t ! new race arriv$ 9 ,brita91 z x c]ta9ly did 9 ,gaul1 consid]ably 9 advance ( any k ( ! metals4 ,z = ,sc&9avia1 mu* ! same relation holds true4 ,bo? race & culture1 z we %all see1 came f ! s\?1 b x is by no means cle> t !y arriv$ at ! same "t or t "o br\ght ! o!r4 ,9 ,spa91 ,siret has ass]t$ t bronze came 9 ! h&s ( a new immigrant broad-head$ race1 b ! au?oritative op9ion ( ,c>tailhac discov]s no direct evid5ce to ?is effect4 ,! f9al conclusions :i* w\ld seem to foll[ f our t$i\s summ>y is ?is3 ,t ! ne>ly contemporane\s appe>ance ( a bra*ycephalic race & ! fir/ k ( metals indicative ( ,ori5tal cultural influ5ces 9 we/]n ,europe1 is m or less a co9cid5ce4 ,! fir/ civiliz$ peoples ( ! ,hall/att p]iod seem to h be5 closely alli$1 bo? 9 physical type & culture1 ) ! ,greeks & o!r peoples ( ! classic ,ea/4 ,among !m1 p]haps ov] !m1 swept ! repres5tatives ( our broad-head$ ,alp9e type :o came f ! direction ( ,asia4 ,^! invad]s may h be5 ! ,scy?ians1 al?\gh ! matt] is incapable ( pro(4 ,pressure f ?is direction set bo? culture & population 9 motion t[>d ! we/1 9 mu* ! same way t ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ! fifte5? c5tury induc$ ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy4 ,,iv4 ,! rem>kable prehi/oric civilization ( ,italy is due to ! union ( two cultures3 "o f ! ,hall/att region hav+ ent]$ ,europe by way ( ! ,danube1 ! o!r com+ f ! s\!a/ by sea be+ di/9ctly ,m$it]ranean4 ,f ^! evolv$ ! ,umbrian & ! ,etruscan civilizations1 foll[$ 9 ! hi/oric p]iod by ! e>ly ,lat94 ,! e>lie/ culture 9 ,italy wor?y ! "n is f\nd 9 ! palafitte or pile dwell+s1 9 ! nor!rn lakes1 & 9 ! s-call$ t]ram>e settlem5ts 9 ! valley ( ! ,po4 ,! =m] are n di/+ui%able f simil> /ructures 9 ! ,swiss lake dwell+s1 b ! t]ram>e are entirely peculi> to ,italy4 ,_! l is n f\nd any:]e else 9 ,europe4 ,briefly describ$1 !y are villages built ^u rais$ plat=ms ( e>?1 encircl$ by a moat1 & g5]ally hav+ a dit* or small pond 9 ! middle1 9 :i* an alt> is erect$4 ,^! complicat$ /ructures are built ^u ! l[1 m>%y1 alluvial pla9s along ! ,po1 b %[ _m po9ts ( simil>ity ) ! true pile dwell+s4 ,! p ( ?is e>ly p]iod 7 9 ! pure /one age1 ) few arts save t ( mak+ ! co>s] k9ds ( pott]y4 ,f _! osse\s rema9s1 !y seem to h be5 ( a long-head$ type1 q l _! pr$ecessors1 :o 7 cave dwell]s4 ,aft] a "t1 )\t any modification ( ! modes ( con/ruction ( _! settlem5ts1 new elem5ts appe> among ^! t]ram>e p1 br++ bronze & introduc+ cremation4 ,at ab\t ! same p]iod1 z we h said1 ! ,alp9e broad-head$ race began its subm]g5ce ( ! primitive ,ligurian type1 lead+ to ! =mation ( ! nor? ,italian population z we see x to-day4 ,?is type surely invad$ ,italy f ! nor? & nor!a/4 ,f ! =ego+ consid]ations x w appe> t !re 7 two con/itu5t /reams ( culture & also ( m5 "h unit+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,po & on ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,possibly1 z ,*antre affirms1 ^! two /reams 7 f a common ,ori5tal s\rce1 "h be+ reunit$ aft] long & indep5d5t migrations4 ,at all ev5ts1 a rem>kable advance 9 culture spe$ily ensu$1 sup]ior to ei!r ( ^? f :i* its elem5ts 7 d]iv$4 ,= ! civilization une>!d at ,villanova1 9 ! ,c]tosa at ,bologna1 at ,e/e1 & else:]e1 :ile 9 mu* ( its bronze "w simil> to ! ,hall/att types1 conta9$ a numb] ( add$ features1 obvi\sly ei!r indig5\s or br\ght directly f ! s\?4 ,! ,hall/att aff9ities are especially reveal$ 9 ! situl to :i* we h already call$ att5tion4 ,t ( ,arnoaldi1 discov]$ at ,bologna1 betrays mu* ! same grade ( skill 9 manufacture z ! "o f ,wats*4 ,its flat developm5t is %[n by ! accompany+ cut4 ,! sc5es repres5t$ are n dissimil>4 ,! box]s arm$ ) ! ce/us1 ! *>iots1 & horses closely resemble "o ano!r4 ,no d\bt ( a close int]c\rse betwe5 ! two regions ( ,bologna & ,au/ria c possibly exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arnoaldi ,,situla1 ,,bologna4 7,f ,revue ,ar*ologique1 #ahhe1 vol4 ii1 ,plate ,,xxv47 ,! influ5ce ( ! second or native elem5t 9 prehi/oric ,italian civilization appe>s mo/ cle>ly 9 ! ,etruscan p]iod4 ,etruria1 ly+ s\? ( ! ,ap5n9es1 0 m ess5tially ,italian1 z we might expect1 ?an ! region ab\t ,bologna1 :]e ! ,umbro-,hall/att or cont95tal culture fl\ri%$4 ,x is easy to note ! sup]iority 9 ! =m] case4 ,x is mo/ cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! pott]y4 ,"h we f9d an art :i* is truly indig5\s to ! climate & soil ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,popul>ly1 ! ^w ,etruscan at once sugge/s ! c]amic art2 ! progress effect$ 9 a %ort "t 0 c]ta9ly />tl+4 ,to give an idea ( ! sudd5 *ange1 we h reproduc$ ^u page #cj illu/rations ( typical bits ( ,italian pott]y4,l ,! fir/ vase1 prior to ! full ,etruscan culture1 %[s its crudity at once1 bo? 9 its defects ( =m & ! pla9ness & simplicity ( its ornam5tation4 ,su* a vessel might h be5 made 9 ,mexico or ev5 by our own ,pueblo ,indians4 ,9 a c5tury or two "s tea*] made x possible to produce ! sample depict$ 9 ! next cut4 ,p]fect 9 =m1 sup]b 9 grace ( outl9e1 its decoration is mo/ effective2 yet x betrays great] skill 9 geometrical design ?an 9 ! repres5tation ( animate life4 ,! dog drawn on ! girdle is /ill f> f lifelike4 ,!n come--probably aft] inspiration f ,greek art--! possibilities 9 complex ornam5tation repres5t$ by our ?ird specim54 ,n m pleas+ 9 =m1 p]haps less truly arti/ic because ( its ornat5ess1 x manife/s mu* skill 9 ! del9eation ( human & animal =ms4 ,! culture culm9ates at ?is po9t4 ,f pr(usion ( ornam5t & ov]load$ decoration1 deg5]acy beg9s4 ,x is ! old /ory ( ! life & decay ( s*ools ( art1 "t 9 & "t out1 ! _w ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,etruscan4 ,,lat] ,,etruscan4 ,,greek ,,etruscan4 ,! advance 9 culture typifi$ by our vases 0 equal$ 9 all ! details ( life4 ,! p built /rongly wall$ cities2 !y con/ruct$ roads & bridges2 _! ar*itecture1 true pr$ecessor ( ! ,roman1 0 unique & highly evolv$4 ,all ! pla9 & good ?+s ( life 7 kn[n to ^! p1 & _! civilization 0 ri* 9 its luxury1 its culture & art z well4 ,9 co/umes1 jewelry1 ! p>aph]nalia ( w>1 9 pa9t+ & /atu>y !y 7 alike di/+ui%$4 ,_! my?ology 0 v complex1 mu* ( ! ,roman be+ d]iv$ f x4 ,mo/ ( our k ( !m is d]iv$ f ! ri* discov]ies 9 _! *amb]$ tombs1 scatt]$ all ov] ,italy f ,rome to ,bologna4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( a v high type ( civilization atta9$ long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,roman hi/ory is m]g$ 9 ! obscurity ( "t1 five or six hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ?is4 ,! high antiquity ( ! ,etruscan is !re=e beyond "q4 ,b its highly evolv$ art & culture %[ t we h no long] to d ) ,european orig9s2 to discuss x fur!r w\ld lead u to tr5* ^u ! field ( classical r ?an prehi/oric ar*ology4 ,v4 ,! nor?we/]n corn] ( ,europe1 includ+ ,sc&9avia1 ,d5m>k1 & ! ,baltic pla9 ( ,g]many1 ?r\gh\t ! prehi/oric p]iod has be5 *>act]iz$ by backw>dness ( culture z comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,x 0 populat$ f ! s\?1 d]iv+ a l>ge "p ( su* primitive civilization z x possess$ f ! s\? & ! s\!a/ z well4 ,t ?is region 0 necess>ily un9habit$ dur+ ! ,glacial epo*1 long aft] ! adv5t ( man 9 s\!rn ,europe1 is indubitable4 ,x is prov$ by ! ext5t ( ! glaciat$ area1 :i* ext5ds on ! ma9l& z f> s\? z ,hamburg1 ,b]l91 & ,pos51 & ov] ! entire ,briti% ,isles at ! same "t4,m ,x 0 by ! melt+ ( ?is va/ %eet ( ice t ^? high level riv] t]races 9 ,france & ,belgium 7 =m$1 9 :i* ! mo/ anci5t & primitive implem5ts ( human manufacture occur4 ,9 ! area b5ea? ?is ice %eet no trace ( human occupation until long aft] ?is "t occurs4 ,?is fact ( itself1 is n absolutely conclusive1 = glaciation w\ld h oblit]at$ all traces ( ant]ior habitation or activity4 ,z to ! possibility ( a t]ti>y population be=e ! ,glacial epo*1 x pres5ts too remote a cont+5cy = u to consid]1 al?\gh we d n d5y its possibility4 ,x too f> ant$ates prehi/ory1 s to speak4 ,at ! notable ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology & ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology at ,/ockholm 9 #ahgd a l&m>k 9 ^! sci5ces 0 e/abli%$ by sub/antial agreem5t among ! lead+ au?orities f all ov] ,europe ^u ! proposition n[ be=e u4,n ,fir/ ( all1 e "o subscrib$ to ! view t ! paloli?ic or olde/ /one age 0 entirely unrepres5t$ 9 ,sw$54 ,! e>lie/ & simple/ /one implem5ts discov]$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( t c\ntry betray a degree ( skill & culture f> above t s long preval5t 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,/one is n only rubb$ & poli%$ into %ape1 b ! complicat$ art ( bor+ holes 9 x has be5 le>n$4 ,norway also seems to be lack+ 9 simil> evid5ce ( a human population 9 ! v l[e/ /age ( civilization4 ,/one implem5ts ant]ior to ! discov]y ( ! art ( rubb+ or poli%+ are almo/ unkn[n4 ,only ab\t ,*ri/iania h any f9ds at all be5 made4 ,9 ,d5m>k "s few v rude implem5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,!y are s sc>ce z to sugge/ t !y are m]e rejects or half-f9i%$ ones ( a lat] type4 ,! kit*5 midd5s1 or %ell heaps1 ( ,jutl&1 = :i* ! region is mo/ notable1 z describ$ by ,/e5/rup1 ab\nd 9 /one implem5ts4 ,!y all repres5t man 9 ! neoli?ic age4 ,poli%$ /ones are z abundant z ! rudely hamm]$ ones are r>e4 ,f ! abs5ce ( all ! v e>ly /one implem5ts1 & f ! sudd5 appe>ance ( o!rs ( a f> m f9i%$ type1 ! possibility ( a gradual evolution ( culture ab\t ,sc&9avia 9 situ is d5i$ on all h&s4 ,! art ( work+ /one has surely be5 introduc$ f "s m favor$ region4 ,! only place to look = ! s\rce ( ?is culture is to ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl9t ,,dagg]4 7,f ,montelius1 #ahie b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,axe4 7,f ,montelius1 #ahie b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronze ,,axe4 7,f ,montelius1 #ahie b47 ,t>dy 9 its human occupation & its /one culture1 ,sc&9avia 0 /ill m backw>d1 z comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ,europe1 9 its transition to ! age ( bronze4 ,?is is all ! m rem>kable 9 view ( ! ri* /ore ( raw mat]ials on e h&4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,europe does ! pure /one age seem to h be5 s unduly protract$4 ,a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t /one-work+ rea*$ a high] /age ( evolution "h ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w save 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe ! discov]y ( metal-work+1 ( c\rse1 imm$iately put an end to all progress 9 ?is direction4 ,! ultimate degree ( skill to :i* !y atta9$ is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ cuts4 ,! fir/1 a fl9t poni>d1 %[s ! possibilities1 bo? 9 ! l9e ( =m & f9i%1 ( manufacture by ! *ipp+ process4 ,to equal ?is example "o mu/ look to ! mo/ skillful ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 z 9 ,t5nessee1 :]e !y 7 too remote f m9es ( native copp] to make use ( a ready sub/itute = /one4 ,our second implem5t is an axe hamm]1 made ( diorite4 ,to %ape1 %>p51 bore1 & poli% a piece ( /one l ?is c]ta9ly requir$ a long appr5tice%ip 9 ! art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bronze ,,bracelet3 #fej-ejj ,b4 ,c4 7,f ,montelius1 #ahie b47 ,bronze culture1 :5 x did at la/ appe> 9 ?is remote "p ( ,europe1 came ^u ! sc5e sudd5ly & 9 full maturity4 ,:e!r ?is 0 z e>ly z ! eigh? to ! t5? c5tury1 z ,montelius av]s1 is disput$ by _m4 ,all are nev]!less agre$ t evid5ce is absolutely lack+ t ! art 0 ( indig5\s orig94 ,f :at "p ( ! _w ?is k ( bronze ultimately came we leave an op5 "q1 z also :e!r x came ) ,pho5ician trad]s or direct f ,greece1 z ,worsaae affirms4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly introduc$ into ,sw$51 mak+ its way into ,norway ab\t ! same "t directly f ! p59sula ( ,jutl&4 ,its fir/ appe>ance is 9 a highly evolv$ /ate4 ,su* crude attempts at manufacture z ,*antre f9ds s long preval5t along ! ,rhone ,valley1 = example1 are entirely abs5t4 ,bo? 9 =m & ornam5tation ! h& ( ! ma/] is app>5t4 ,?is bronze age1 l t ( /one1 la/$ a v long "t--f> long] ?an any:]e else on ! cont95t4 ,c5tral ,europe pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages ( metallic progress :ile ,sc&9avia 0 evolv+ two4 ,n until ! second or ?ird c5tury ( our era--n until ! "t ( ! ,romans1 x w\ld appe>--did iron beg9 to supplant bronze4 ,hi/ory repeats itself4 ,! excessive duration ( ! bronze age1 z 9 ! case ( /one antec$5tly1 l$ to ! atta9m5t ( a rem>kable skill4 ,! two accompany+ cuts are typical ( ! be/ "w ( ?is "t4 ,9 ! "o case1 m]ely sup]ficial ornam5t1 especially ! skillful use ( ! spiral2 9 ! o!r1 real beauty ( =m 9 ! bracelet1 are cle>ly app>5t4 ,possess$ ( su* skill 9 ! work+ ( bronze1 x is small wond] t ! ne$ ( a bett] metal 0 n felt4 ,only :5 fa%ion$ into weapons ( w> does iron reveal its supremacy ov] bronze4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 ) ! campaigns ( hi/orical times1 br+s u to ! end ( our *ronicle4 ,! prehi/oric exp]i5ce ( metal-work+ 9 ,sc&9avia is typical ( ! o!r details ( its cultural evolution4 ,9 its e>lie/ epo* no trace ( dome/ic animals is pres5t4 ,x is r a rem>kable fact t ev5 ! re9de] seems to h be5 unkn[n4,o ,:at c ,p5ka say to ?is 9 8 positive affirmation t ! orig9al ,aryans got up into ,sc&9avia1 hav+ foll[$ ! re9de] f c5tral ,europe nor? aft] ! retreat ( ! ice %eet8 ,! fact is1 ar*ologically speak+1 f ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! kit*5 midd5s1 t if !y ev] did ?is !y left a f9e c\ntry1 :]e de] 7 pl5ty1 to subsi/ ^u %ellfi% on ! foggy coa/s ( ,d5m>k4,p ,! entire abs5ce ( economic motive = su* a migration is at once app>5t4 ,m5 seldom travel f> "u su* conditions4 ,q e>ly1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! /one age1 d evid5ces ( dome/ic animals occur1 to ! dog be+ add$ ! ox1 horse1 sw9e1 & %eep4 ,pott]y 9 a rude =m also foll[s4 ,f9ally1 & 9 app>5t co9cid5ce ) ! bronze culture1 comes a new cu/om ( inc9]ation4 ,! dead are no long] buri$1 b burn$4 ,a pr(\nd modification ( religi\s ideas is h]eby impli$4 ,x seems to h be5 at ab\t ?is "t also t our ,alp9e racial type ent]$ ,sc&9avia f ,d5m>k1 al?\gh1 z we h already obs]v$1 x is yet f> f c]ta9 t ! new race 0 ! active ag5t 9 introduc+ ! new elem5ts ( culture4 ,all t we "k is t !y bo? came f ! s\?1 & rea*$ ?is remote region at ab\t ! same "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! orig9s ( culture 9 ,europe are c]ta9ly mix$ w\ld seem to be ab\t ! ma9 conclusion to be drawn f our ext5d$ discussion4 ,x has an iconocla/ic tone4 ,yet we w\ld n leave ! matt] entirely 9 ! air1 nor w\ld we agree ) ,mantegazza 7#ahhd7 9 8 conclusion t ,ignoramus sums up our entire k ( ! subject4 ,!re is "s com=t to be drawn ev5 f ?is mass ( conflict+ op9ions4 ,our f9al de/ructive aim has be5 a*iev$ if we h emphasiz$ ! dang] ( correlat+ data drawn f sev]al di/9ct sci5ces1 ^: only bond ( unity is t !y are all conc]n$ ) ! same object--man4 ,! positive contribution :i* we w\ld seek to make is t ! :ole matt] ( ,european orig9s is by no means s simple z x has too (t5 be5 made to appe>4 ,x is n imp]ative t conclusions f all ! contributory sci5ces ( physical an?ropology1 philology1 & cultural hi/ory %\ld be susceptible ( int]weav+ into a simple s*eme ( common orig9s = all4 ,! ord] ( races1 = example1 ne$ mean no?+ z respects priority ( culture4 ,nor d ! two sci5ces1 philology & ar*ology1 involve "o ano!r's conclusions s f> z civilization is conc]n$4 ,language & indu/rial culture may h _h v diff]5t s\rces2 _! migrations ne$ /& 9 no relation to "o ano!r 9 ! lea/4 ,ea* sci5ce is fully ju/ifi$ 9 its own d$uctions1 b mu/ be cont5t to leave ! results ( o!rs 9 peace4 ,su* is ! ultimate conclusion to :i* all ! late/ au?ority is t5d+4 ,only by a c>eful comp>ison ( data f ea* sph]e ( inve/igation may we f9ally hope to comb9e !m all 9 a composite :ole1 z _m-sid$ & complex z ! life & nature ( man itself4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,advance %eets f ,! ,races ( ,europe1 n[ 9 ! press ( ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 to appe> 9 ,may4 ,footnotes & ref]5ces are h]e9 l>gely omitt$4 ,b ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,janu>y1 #ahih1 pp4 #cjd-cbb4 ,c ,le ,mirage ,ori5tale1 #ahic a2 & 9 8 admirable outl9e ( sculptural orig9s 9 ,europe 7#ahid-'if74 ,d ,arii e ,italici1 ,tor9o1 #ahih1 especially pp4 #aii-bbj4 ,e ,re9a*1 #ahic a1 pp4 #edc-edh4 ,g4 de ,mortillet1 #ahig1 d5ies ! claim4 ,f ,*antre1 #ahhd2 ,ho]nes1 #ahib2 ,b]tr& & ,re9a*1 #ahid a2 ,s]gi1 #ahih a2 & ,orsi 7,bull4 ,paletnologia ,italiana1 xi1 #ahhe1 p4 #a et seq47 are be/ au?orities4 ,see also ,hall/att 9 ! subject index ( our ,bibliography1 soon to be publi%$ z a ,special ,bullet9 ( ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y4 ,g ,ho]nes1 #ahib1 p4 #ebi2 ,b]tr&1 #ahgf a1 second edition1 pp4 #bjg-baf1 fixes ab\t #hjj ,b4 ,c42 b #ahid a1 p4 #hj1 c>ries x back to #abjj-acjj ,b4 ,c4 ,h ,zuck]k&l1 #ahhc1 p4 #if4 ,i ,weisba*1 #ahig b4 ,j ,?is fact has be5 e/abli%$ beyond d\bt by ! rec5t great "w ( ,/ud] & ,bannw>?1 ,crania ,helvetica ,antiqua1 #ahid4 ,vide p4 #ac4 ,s]gi's attempt to int]pret ! data o!rwise 7#ahih a1 p4 #fg7 is entirely errone\s4 ,gross's data app>5tly ref] entirely to ! lat] p]iod ( ,teutonic invasions 9 ! iron age 7#ahhc1 p4 #ajf74 ,cf4 ,munro1 pp4 #ecg & #eda4 ,k ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #ahig1 p4 #aea4 ,l ,f ,montelius1 #ahig4 ,m ,cf4 maps & data 9 ,j4 ,geikie1 #ahid2 ,p5ck1 #ahhd2 & ,ni$]le1 #ahic1 p4 #be4 ,n ,b]tr&1 #ahgf a & #ahgf b1 gives a full acc\nt ( x4 ,! be/ rec5t au?orities ^u ,sc&9avian culture are ,sophus ,muell]1 #ahig1 & ,montelius1 #ahie b4 ,o!r works ( ref]5ce are ^? ( ,worsaae1 ,nilsson1 ,hildebr&1 ,mads5 & ,rygh1 full titles be+ giv5 9 our supplem5t>y ,bibliography ( ! ,an?ropology & ,e?nology ( ,europe4 ,compris+ ne>ly two ?\s& titles1 x w be provid$ ) a detail$ subject index4 ,o ,b]tr&1 #ahgf b1 p4 #dj4 ,p ,re9a*1 #ahib1 pp4 #gb-gh1 = sev]e criticism ( ,p5ka's hypo!ses4 ,,liquid ,,air4 ,,by ,,ira ,,rems51 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,univ]sity4 ,wat]1 ! sub/ance mo/ famili> to u1 is kn[n 9 ! liquid1 9 ! solid1 & 9 ! gase\s /ate4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t by heat+ ! solid x passes into ! liquid /ate1 & t by heat+ ! liquid x passes into ! =m ( gas or vapor4 ,s also ev]ybody kn[s t :5 ! vapor ( wat] is cool$ x is liquefi$1 & t by cool+ liquid wat] suffici5tly x becomes solid or turns to ice4 ,9 ! same way _m ( ! sub/ances t are kn[n to u z liquids1 su* z alcohol & e!r1 c be conv]t$ into ! =m ( gas or vapor by heat4 ,9 fact1 ?is is true ( mo/ liquids4 ,! temp]ature at :i* a solid passes into ! liquid /ate is call$ its melt+ po9t1 & ! temp]ature at :i* a liquid passes into ! gase\s /ate is call$ its boil+ po9t4 ,! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 = example1 is #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 9 ! op5 air4 ,b ! boil+ po9t v>ies ) ! pressure ex]t$ ^u ! surface4 ,! pressure t we ord9>ily h to deal ) is t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if ! pressure is increas$ ! boil+ po9t is rais$1 & if ! pressure is decreas$ ! boil+ po9t is l[]$4 ,9 deal+1 !n1 ) ! conv]sion ( a gas into a liquid1 or t ( a liquid into a gas1 bo? ! temp]ature & ! pressure h to be consid]$4 ,j z wat] is mo/ famili> to u 9 ! liquid =m1 s !re are sub/ances t are mo/ famili> to u 9 ! gase\s =m4 ,9 fact1 ! only gase\s sub/ances t c be said to be famili> to ev]ybody are ! gases conta9$ 9 ! air4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! air are nitrog5 & oxyg51 :i* =m respectively ab\t f\r fif?s & "o fif? ( its bulk4 ,besides ^! gases1 h[ev]1 ! air conta9s wat] vapor1 c>bonic-acid gas1 ammonia1 argon 9 small quantities1 & _m o!r sub/ances 9 /ill small] quantities4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is article x is only necess>y to h 9 m9d ! nitrog51 oxyg51 wat] vapor1 & c>bonic acid4 ,( ^!1 ! wat] vapor is easily conv]t$ into liquid1 z1 = example1 9 ! =mation ( ra91 :ile ! o!r con/itu5ts are liquefi$ ) difficulty4 ,! "n liquid air is appli$ to ! sub/ance t is obta9$ by conv]t+ ! air z a :ole into a liquid2 b 9 ?is process ! wat] & ! c>bonic acid become solid & c be filt]$ f ! liquid s t ! latt] consi/s almo/ :olly ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,a few ye>s ago ?is liquid 0 obta9able 9 only v small quantities4 ,to-day1 ?anks especially to ! ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,tripl]1 ( ,new ,york1 x c be produc$ 9 any desir$ quantity1 & at mod]ate co/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 x has come to be talk$ ab\t 9 a famili> way1 & _m p]sons h _h ! privilege ( see+ & feel+ x1 & ( le>n+ some?+ ab\t its wond]ful prop]ties4 ,! object ( ?is article is to expla9 ! me?od employ$ 9 ! production ( liquid air1 to give an acc\nt ( "s ( its prop]ties1 & to indicate "s ( ! uses to :i* x may possibly be put4 ,9 ! old] text-books ( physics & ( *emi/ry c]ta9 gases 7 class$ z p]man5t1 "u ! impression t ^! c\ld n be liquefi$1 & ?is impression 0 bas$ ^u ! fact t all ef=ts to liquefy !m _h fail$4 ,a brief acc\nt ( ^! ef=ts w be helpful4 ,among ! s-call$ p]man5t gases 0 *lor9e4 ,an ,engli% *emi/1 ,nor?more1 fir/ succe$$1 e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 9 liquefy+ *lor9e4 ,8 "w 01 h[ev]1 lo/ sight (1 & 9 #ahbc ,f>aday at ! ,royal ,in/itution %[$ indep5d5tly t ?is trans=mation ( gase\s *lor9e into ! liquid c be effect$ comp>atively easily4 ,! me?od us$ by him is ?is3 ,:5 *lor9e gas is pass$ into cold wat] x =ms ) ! wat] a solid product kn[n z *lor9e hydrate4 ,if kept well cool$ ?is hydrate c be dri$4 ,if !n its temp]ature is rais$ ev5 to ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! room1 ! solid hydrate is decompos$ into liquid wat] & gase\s *lor9e4 ,f>aday put "s ( ! solid hydrate into a /\t glass tube seal$ at "o end & b5t at ! middle4 ,! o!r end ( ! tube 0 !n clos$4 ,! tube 0 !n susp5d$ s t ! two ends 7 turn$ d[nw>d4 ,on g5tly w>m+ ! end 9 :i* 0 ! solid hydrate1 ?is 0 decompos$ into *lor9e & wat]4 ,b ! gas giv5 (f w\ld "u ord9>y conditions h occupi$ a mu* l>g] space ?an ! solid hydrate4 ,be+ prev5t$ f exp&+ by ! tube 9 :i* x 0 inclos$1 x 0 "u v consid]able pressure4 ,! end ( ! tube t 0 n w>m$ 0 cool$1 & 9 ?is end1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pressure & ! comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 *lor9e1 :i* is gase\s "u ! ord9>y pressure ( ! air1 appe>$ z a liquid4 ,! g5]al me?od made use ( by ,f>aday 9 ?is classical exp]im5t is t :i* is always made use ( = ! purpose ( liquefy+ gases1 b = "s gases pressures v mu* high] & temp]atures v mu* l[] are requir$4 ,f>aday himself succe$$ 9 liquefy+ all ! gases !n kn[n except oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 nitric oxide1 & m>% gas4 ,he subject$ oxyg5 to a pressure ( ab\t "o ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 or ne>ly sev5ty atmosph]es1 b x %[$ no signs ( liquefaction4 ,lat] exp]im5t]s increas$ ! pressure to f\r ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 ) no bett] results1 s t x is n surpris+ t x came to be held t "s gases are p]man5t4 ,)9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s sev]al gases h be5 liquefi$ on ! l>ge scale by means ( pressure4 ,^! are ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 nitr\s oxide1 & *lor9e4 ,ammonia is us$ = produc+ l[ temp]atures1 z 9 brew]ies & 9 cold-/orage plants & 9 ! manufacture ( ice2 c>bonic acid1 = fire ext+ui%]s & = *>g+ be] ) ! gas2 nitr\s oxide1 = produc+ an/hesia2 & *lor9e 9 connection ) sev]al bran*es ( *emical manufacture4 ,! production ( l[ temp]atures by means ( liquid ammonia & ( liquid c>bonic acid w be m fully dealt ) fur!r on1 :5 ! pr9ciples involv$ w be briefly pres5t$4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ^! sub/ances are liquefi$ by means ( pressure alone1 at temp]atures t are easily rea*$1 s t x appe>s t by me*anical pressure x is possible to produce l[ temp]atures4 ,9 #ahfi an important fact 0 discov]$ by ,&rews4 ,x 0 t = e gas !re is a temp]ature above :i* x is impossible to liquefy x by pressure4 ,?us1 if *lor9e is at any temp]ature above #adf ,c4 7#bid ,f47 x c n be liquefi$4 ,?is temp]ature is call$ ! critical temp]ature ( *lor9e4 ,! pressure to :i* ! gas mu/ be subject$ at ! critical temp]ature 9 ord] t ! gas may be liquefi$ is call$ ! critical pressure4 ,9 ! case ( *lor9e ?is is #ic4e atmosph]es4 ,n[1 ! critical temp]ature ( ! gases t 7 call$ p]man5t gases are v l[--l[] ?an c\ld be rea*$ by ! means at ! comm& ( e>li] exp]im5t]s4 ,! critical temp]ature ( oxyg51 = example1 is -#aah4h ,c4 7-#ahb ,f471 :ile t ( nitrog5 is -#adf ,c4 7-#bcj ,f474 ,! critical pressures are #ej4h & #ce atmosph]es respectively4 ,z !re is no difficulty 9 obta9+ ^! pressures1 ! problem ( liquefy+ oxyg5 & nitrog5 & air resolves itself into f9d+ a me?od ( produc+ temp]atures bel[ ! critical temp]atures ( ^! gases4 ,x is well kn[n t a temp]ature some:at bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat] c be produc$ artificially by mix+ ice & salt4 ,! ord9>y ice-cream freez] is a famili> application ( ?is me?od ( produc+ cold4 ,o!r freez+ mixtures t are sometimes us$ consi/ ( calcium *loride & sn[1 t gives ! temp]ature -#dh ,c4 7-#ed4d ,f471 & solid c>bonic acid & e!r1 t is capable ( l[]+ ! temp]ature to -#ajj ,c4 7-#adh ,f474 ,b ev5 ) ! latt] mixture x is n possible to rea* ! critical temp]ature ( oxyg5 or t ( nitrog54 ,h[1 !n1 is x possible to rea* ^! extremely l[ temp]atures8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q x w be necess>y to take into consid]ation c]ta9 temp]ature *anges t are obs]v$ :5 solids are melt$ & liquids are boil$1 z well z :5 gases are liquefi$ & liquids are froz54 ,:5 heat is appli$ to a mass ( ice at its melt+ po9t x melts & =ms a mass ( wat] hav+ ! same temp]ature4 ,heat disappe>s 9 ! op]ation4 ,x is /or$ up 9 ! wat]4 ,?is disappe>ance ( heat t accompanies ! melt+ ( ice c be %[n 9 a v /rik+ way by mix+ a c]ta9 weight ( ice ) ! same weight ( wat] t has be5 heat$ to #hj ,c4 7#agf ,f474 ,! ice w melt & all ! wat] obta9$ w be f\nd to h ! temp]ature ( ! melt+ ice--t is1 #j ,c4 7#cb ,f474 ,! wat] ( #hj ,c4 is ?us cool$ d[n to #j by ! melt+ ( ! ice4 ,aga91 :5 heat is appli$ to wat] its temp]ature rises until ! boil+ po9t is rea*$4 ,!n x is conv]t$ into vapor1 b ?is vapor has ! temp]ature ( ! boil+ wat]4 ,dur+ ! process ( boil+ !re is no rise 9 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] or ( ! vapor4 ,heat disappe>s1 !re=e1 or is us$ up 9 ! process ( vaporization4 ,simil> ph5om5a are obs]v$ :5ev] a solid is melt$ or a liquid is boil$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a gas is liquefi$ x gives up aga9 ! heat t is absorb$ by x :5 x is =m$ f a liquid2 & s also :5 a liquid solidifies x gives up ! heat x absorbs :5 x is =m$ f a solid4 ,b x is n necess>y t a gas %\ld be conv]t$ into a liquid 9 ord] t x %\ld give up heat4 ,:5ev] x is compress$ x becomes w>m]4 ,"s ( ! heat /or$ up 9 x is1 z x 71 squeez$ out ( x4 ,conv]sely1 :5ev] a gas exp&s1 x takes up heat &1 ( c\rse1 surr\nd+ objects f :i* ! heat is tak5 become cold]4 ,n[1 x is a comp>atively simple matt] to compress air4 ,e :eelman kn[s t1 & he also kn[s t ! process causes a rise 9 temp]ature2 at lea/ he kn[s x if he uses a small h& pump4 ,) l>ge pumps run by /eam any desir$ pressure c be rea*$4 ,?is is simply a "q ( secur+ ! prop] eng9es1 & vessels suffici5tly /rong to /& ! pressure4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t sev]al gases are n[ liquefi$ on ! l>ge scale by means ( pressure4 ,x is to be not$ t l[ temp]atures c be produc$ by conv]t+ c]ta9 gases1 su* z ammonia & c>bonic acid1 into liquids1 & by compress+ c]ta9 gases1 z1 = example1 air4 ,:5 liquefi$ gases are us$ x is only necess>y to all[ !m to pass rapidly into ! gase\s /ate1 :5 m or less heat is absorb$4 ,?is is ! basis = ! use ( liquid ammonia 9 ! manufacture ( ice4 ,a vessel conta9+ ! liquid ammonia is plac$ 9 ano!r conta9+ wat]4 ,! inn] vessel be+ op5$1 ! liquid ammonia is rapidly conv]t$ into ! gas2 heat is absorb$ f ! wat]2 x freezes4 ,:5 a vessel conta9+ liquid c>bonic acid is op5$ s t ! gas t is =m$ escapes ?r\gh a small valve1 s mu* heat is absorb$ t a "p ( ! liquid c>bonic acid is itself froz54 ,9 ?is case ! sub/ance is pres5t 9 all ?ree /ates ( aggregation--! solid1 ! liquid1 & ! gase\s4 ,! use ( a mixture ( e!r & solid c>bonic acid z a freez+ mixture has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,its value dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 pr9cipally ^u ! fact t solid c>bonic acid is liquefi$1 & ! liquid !n conv]t$ into gas1 bo? ( :i* op]ations involve absorption ( heat4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to und]/& ! important exp]im5ts ( ,cailletet & ( ,pictet1 ! results ( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #ahgg4 ,x %\ld be said t !y work$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r--,cailletet 9 ,p>is & ,pictet 9 ,g5eva4 ,pictet liquefi$ c>bonic acid & sulphur dioxide by pressure4 ,! liquid c>bonic acid 0 pass$ ?r\gh a tube t 0 surr\nd$ by liquid sulphur dioxide boil+ 9 a p>tial vacuum4 ,! liquid c>bonic acid ?us cool$ 0 !n boil$ "u dim9i%$ pressure 9 a jacket surr\nd+ a tube 9 :i* ! gas to be liquefi$ 0 conta9$ "u high pressure4 ,:5 ?is gas 0 all[$ to escape f a small op5+ its temp]ature 0 s r$uc$ by ! expansion t a "p ( x 0 liquefi$ 9 ! tube & pass$ (f z a liquid4 ,cailletet work$ 9 ess5tially ! same way1 b on a small] scale4 ,nei!r ( ^! exp]im5t]s liquefi$ oxyg5 or nitrog5 on ! l>ge scale1 b !y po9t$ out ! way t mu/ be foll[$ 9 ord] t success may be atta9$4 ,!y de/roy$ ! belief 9 p]man5t gases4 ,lat] exp]im5t]s 9 ?is field are ,wroblewski1 ,olszewski1 & ,dew>1 :o h be5 int]e/$ ma9ly 9 ! purely sci5tific side ( ! problem1 :ile ,l9de 9 ,g]many1 ,hampson 9 ,engl&1 & ,tripl] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h _! m9ds on ! practical side4 ,not)/&+ ! l[ temp]atures involv$ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 a numb] ( heat$ discussions h be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! sci5tific j\rnals t\*+ ! "q ( priority4 ,to ! unprejudic$ obs]v] x appe>s t all ( ^? nam$ above are entitl$ to cr$it4 ,!y h all help$ ! cause along1 b j h[ to apportion ! cr$it no "o kn[s4 ,9 a g5]al way1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! results obta9$ by ea* 9 turn %\ld be giv54 ,wroblewski & ,olszewski h c>ri$ on ! "w begun by ,cailletet & ,pictet1 & h produc$ l[] temp]atures4 ,9 ! late/ =m ( app>atus us$ by ,olszewski1 liquid e?yl5e is us$ z ! cool+ ag5t4 ,its boil+ po9t is -#ajb ,c4 7-#aea4f ,f474 ,by caus+ x to boil rapidly "u dim9i%$ pressure a temp]ature bel[ ! critical temp]ature ( oxyg5 c be rea*$4 ,z e>ly z #ahia ,olszewski obta9$ z mu* z two hundr$ cubic c5timetres ( liquid air by ?is me?od4 ,dew> has also made use ( liquid e?yl5e4 ,?is 0 pass$ ?r\gh a spiral copp] tube surr\nd$ by solid c>bonic acid & e!r4 ,x 0 !n pass$ into a cyl9d] surr\nd$ by ano!r cyl9d] conta9+ solid c>bonic acid & e!r4 ,a spiral copp] tube1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! out] cyl9d] & also ?r\gh ! inn] cyl9d] 9 :i* ! e?yl5e 0 boil+ "u dim9i%$ pressure1 c>ri$ ! air4 ,?is 0 liquefi$ & !n collect$ 9 a vacuum vessel bel[4 ,lat] he f\nd t air c be liquefi$ by us+ liquid c>bonic acid alone z ! cool+ ag5t4 ,a sectional draw+ ( 8 app>atus describ$ 9 #ahif is giv5 h]e)4 ,z he rem>ks3 ,) ?is simple ma*9e1 "o hundr$ cubic c5timetres ( liquid oxyg5 c readily be obta9$1 ! cool+ ag5t be+ c>bon dioxide1 at ! temp]ature ( -#gi4 ,if liquid air has to be made by ?is app>atus1 !n ! c>bonic acid mu/ be kept "u exhau/ion ( ab\t "o in* ( m]cury pressure1 s z to beg9 ) a temp]ature ( -#aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,laboratory ,,liquefaction ,,app>atus ,,( ,,dew> ,,= ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,liquid ,,oxyg51 ,,etc4 ,a1 air or oxyg5 inlet2 ,b1 c>bon-dioxide inlet2 ,c1 c>bon-dioxide valve2 ,d1 reg5]ator coils2 ,f1 air or oxyg5 expansion valve2 ,g1 vacuum vessel ) liquid oxyg52 ,h1 c>bon-dioxide & air outlet2 o1 air coil2 1 c>bon-dioxide coil4 ,! introduction ( ! vacuum vessel by ,dew> has be5 ( great s]vice 9 all ! "w on liquefi$ gases4 ,a vacuum vessel is a d\ble-wall$ glass vessel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,g4 ,! space betwe5 ! inn] & out] walls ( ! vessel is exhau/$ by means ( an air pump be=e x is clos$4 ,! vessel is !re=e surr\nd$ by a vacuum4 ,z heat is n conduct$ by a vacuum1 x is possible to keep specim5s ( liquefi$ gases 9 su* vessels = a surpris+ly long "t4 ,heat en\gh c n pass ?r\gh ! vacuum to vaporize ! liquid rapidly4 ,! mo/ common =m ( ^! vessels is t ( a globe4 ,su* a vessel is kn[n z a ,dew> globe or bulb4 ,x has be5 f\nd t liquid air c be kept v well by putt+ x 9 a t9 or galvaniz$ iron vessel1 :i* 9 turn is plac$ 9 a l>g] "o1 & !n fill+ ! space betwe5 ! two ) felt4 ,"u ^! conditions vaporization takes place q sl[ly1 & x is possible to transport ! liquid comp>atively long di/ances4 ,x has1 = example1 be5 transport$ f ,new ,york to ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton4 ,9 "o case ) :i* ! writ] is famili> two cans 7 tak5 f ,mr4 ,tripl]'s laboratory 9 ! morn+1 deliv]$ at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity 9 ! aft]noon1 & us$ to illu/rate a lecture 9 ! ev5+4 ,aft] ! lecture !re 0 en\gh left = c]ta9 exp]im5ts t 7 c>ri$ on dur+ ! re/ ( ! night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,work+ ,,( ,,compression ,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,liquid ,,air4 ,tripl]1 ,l9de1 & ,hampson h all succe$$ 9 devis+ =ms ( app>atus by means ( :i* air c be liquefi$ )\t ! aid ( o!r cool+ ag5ts ?an ! exp&+ air4 ,9 pr9ciple ! me?ods employ$ by ^! ?ree work]s are ess5tially ! same4 ,x appe>s f ! publi%$ /atem5ts t at ! pres5t "t ,tripl]'s plant is ! mo/ effici5t4 ,:ile a few ye>s ago a half p9t or s ( liquid air is said to h co/ five hundr$ doll>s1 n[ five gallons c be made = ab\t tw5ty doll>s1 & probably mu* less4 ,! g5]al work+ ( ,tripl]'s app>atus c be made cle> by ! aid ( ! accompany+ draw+1 ,fig4 #b4 ,a#a1 ,a#b1 ,a#c repres5t /eam compression pumps4 ,air is tak5 ?r\gh ,i f above ! ro( ( ! laboratory4 ,9 ! fir/ pump x is compress$ to sixty-five p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,x1 ( c\rse1 becomes heat$ z x is compress$4 ,9 ord] to cool x d[n aga9 x is pass$ ?r\gh a coil1 ,b#a1 :i* is surr\nd$ by wat] ( ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,?is compress$ & cool$ air is !n fur!r compress$ 9 ! second pump1 ,a#b1 to f\r hundr$ p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,aga9 x is cool$ 9 ! same way z be=e by means ( wat] :i* circulates ar\nd ! coil ,b#b4 ,once m ! air is compress$1 ?is "t 9 ! cyl9d] ,a#c1 9 :i* x is subject$ to a pressure ( two ?\s& to tw5ty-five hundr$ p\nds to ! squ>e in*2 & !n ?is compress$ air is br\ght d[n to ! ord9>y temp]ature 9 ! cool] ,b#c4 ,! air "u ?is great pressure is n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! purifi] ,c1 :]e x is fre$ f p>ticles ( du/ & to a great ext5t f moi/ure4 ,f ,c ! air passes into ! inn] b5t tube1 ab\t ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 until x rea*es ,d4 ,?is may be call$ ! critical po9t ( ! app>atus4 ,"h is situat$ a ne$le valve f :i* ! air is all[$ to escape4 ,x1 ( c\rse1 exp&s enorm\sly1 & is correspond+ly cool$4 ,?is v cold air passes into ! space betwe5 ! inn] & out] tubes1 & f9ally escapes at ,f4 ,! result ( ?is is t ! compress$ air 9 ! inn] tube is soon cool$ d[n s f> t a consid]able "p ( ! air t escapes at ,d appe>s 9 ! liquid =m4 ,?is collects 9 ! l[] "p ( ! jacket1 & on op5+ ! /opcock at ,e ! liquid escapes 9 a /ream ! size ( "o's f+]4 ,9 ,mr4 ,tripl]'s laboratory ! liquid is collect$ 9 ! cans already ref]r$ to4 ,al?\gh = ! reasons m5tion$ ! evaporation ( ! liquid is comp>atively sl[1 x is con/antly go+ on1 & z ! gas =m$ occupies a v mu* l>g] volume "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ?an ! liquid f :i* x is =m$1 x is necess>y to leave ! cans loosely cov]$4 ,o!rwise ! pressure w\ld increase to su* an ext5t z to bur/ any b ! /ronge/ vessels4 ,"o cubic foot ( liquid air gives at atmosph]ic pressure eight hundr$ cubic feet ( gase\s air4 ,liquid air obta9$ z describ$ is a turbid1 colorless liquid4 ,! turbidity is due to ! pres5ce ( solid wat] & solid c>bonic acid4 ,by pass+ ! liquid ?r\gh a pap] filt] ! solids are remov$1 & a transp>5t liquid is ?us obta9$4 ,?is1 z already /at$1 consi/s mo/ly ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( ab\t f\r fif?s ( ! =m] to "o fif? ( ! latt]4 ,?\gh x %\ld n be =gott5 t ?is liquid conta9s argon 9 small quantity1 besides ?ree or f\r o!r sub/ances 9 /ill small] quantities1 z has rec5tly be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 we may disreg>d ev]y?+ except ! nitrog5 & oxyg54 ,liquid air is a mixture ( ^! two sub/ances4 ,!y are n *emically comb9$ z hydrog5 & oxyg5 are1 = example1 9 wat]4 ,?is mixture boils at -#aia ,c4 7-#cab ,f471 :i* is ! temp]ature ( ! liquid z x is 9 ! cans4 ,z ! nitrog5 boils at a l[] temp]ature 7-#aid ,c4 or #cah ,f47 ?an oxyg5 7-#ahc ,c4 or #big ,f471 m nitrog5 is conv]t$ into gas 9 a giv5 "t ?an oxyg51 & aft] a "t ! liquid t is left is mu* ri*] 9 oxyg5 ?an ord9>y air4 ,:5 liquid air is p\r$ ^u wat] x1 be+ a little light] ?an ! wat]1 floats1 n quietly1 to be sure1 b 9 a v tr\bl$ way4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! liquid s9ks to ! bottom because ! nitrog51 :i* is ! light] con/itu5t1 passes into ! gase\s /ate1 & ! liquid oxyg5 :i* is left is a little heavi] ?an wat]4 ,! exp]im5t is a v beautiful "o4 ,a sci5tific poet c\ld alone d ju/ice to x4 ,! beauty is enhanc$ by ! fact t :ile liquid air is colorless1 or practically s1 liquid oxyg5 is di/9ctly blue4 ,al?\gh liquid air has ! temp]ature -#aia ,c4 7-#cab ,f471 "o c )\t dang] pass ! h& ?r\gh x rapidly4 ,! s5sation is a new "o1 b x is evanesc5t4 ,v s]i\s results w\ld foll[ if ! h& 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! liquid ev5 = a %ort "t4 ,! tissues w\ld be kill$4 ,s also1 x is possible to pass ! h& rapidly ?r\gh molt5 lead )\t injury4 ,9 ! latt] case ! moi/ure on ! h& is conv]t$ into vapor :i* =ms a protect+ cu%ion betwe5 ! h& & ! hot liquid2 :ile1 9 ! =m] case1 ! heat ( ! h& conv]ts ! liquid air imm$iately surr\nd+ x into gas :i* prev5ts ! liquid f com+ 9 contact ) ! h&4 ,:5 ! liquid is p\r$ out ( a vessel 9 ! air x is rapidly conv]t$ into gas4 ,! great l[]+ 9 ! temp]ature causes a cond5sation ( ! moi/ure ( ! air 9 ! =m ( a cl\d4 ,! same ?+ is se5 :5 ! cov] is remov$ f a c conta9+ ! liquid4 ,( c\rse1 ?is liquid does n wet ?+s z wat] does4 ,:51 h[ev]1 z happ5$ 9 ,new ,york1 ! lectur] delib]ately p\rs a dipp]ful ( ! liquid ^u a priceless ,wor? g[n1 he may expect to he> expressions ( horror f ! own]4 ,?is exp]im5t pass$ (f mo/ successfully4 ,e trace ( ! liquid air 0 conv]t$ into invisible gases be=e ! fleet+ agony ( ! sympa!tic audi5ce _h pass$ away4 ,! effects ( v l[ temp]ature ^u a numb] ( sub/ances h be5 /udi$1 & "s ( !m c easily be %[n4 ,p>aff91 res91 & rubb] imm]s$ 9 liquid air soon become v brittle1 & ! color ( ! res9 is completely *ang$4 ,a beef/eak or an onion also becomes brittle1 & c be brok5 into small fragm5ts by ! bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,a simil> effect is produc$ 9 ! case ( "s metals4 ,t9 & iron1 = example1 become brittle1 & ! t5acity ( ! iron is greatly increas$4 ,a copp] wire1 h[ev]1 reta9s its flexibility4 ,at l[ temp]atures ! electric conductivity ( all metals is increas$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! l[] ! temp]ature ! great] ! conductivity4 ,if a copp] wire c\ld by any means be kept cold en\gh1 electrical en]gy c\ld be transmitt$ by x ) b little loss--p]haps none4 ,m]cury is easily froz5 by surr\nd+ x ) liquid air1 & ! solid ?us =m$ is v h>d1 ?\gh if x is cool$ d[n suffici5tly x becomes brittle4 ,alcohol c be froz5 )\t difficulty by means ( liquid air4 ,by ! aid ( ! l[e/ temp]atures hi!rto atta9able x has only be5 possible to conv]t alcohol into a pa/y mass4 ,! froz5 alcohol is z h>d z ice4 ,:5 alcohol is dropp$ into liquid air ! drops reta9 ! globul> =m4 ,:5 tak5 out on a plat9um loop ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn] does n set fire to x4 ,phosphoresc5ce is greatly increas$ by cool+ sub/ances d[n to ! temp]ature ( liquid air4 ,?is has be5 %[n by means ( wat]1 milk1 pap]1 eggs1 & fea!rs4 ,an egg & a fea!r c\ld be di/9ctly se5 9 a d>k room4 ,sc>let iodide ( m]cury is conv]t$ into ! yell[ v>iety :5 x is subject$ to ! temp]ature ( liquid air4 ,"s o!r colors are *ang$ "u ! same circum/ances1 b n en\gh is kn[n ( ?is subject to w>rant a g5]al /atem5t4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! fact t liquid air loses its nitrog5 m rapidly ?an x does its oxyg51 & t1 aft] a "t1 ! residue conta9s a l>ge proportion ( oxyg54 ,z combu/ion is comb9ation ) oxyg51 combu/ion or burn+ takes place m readily 9 contact ) ?is liquid oxyg5 ?an x does 9 ! air4 ,if a light$ mat* is atta*$ to ! end ( a /eel wat* spr+1 & ?is !n plung$ b5ea? ! surface ( liquid air1 ! spr+ w soon take fire & burn brilliantly1 ! sp>ks fly+ (f = "s di/ance 9 beautiful coruscations4 ,hair felt1 :i* does n burn 9 ! air1 burns 9 a fla% :5 soak$ ) liquid air4 ,f9ally1 :5 liquid air is conf9$ 9 any vessel n capable ( su/a9+ an enorm\s pressure1 say ab\t t5 ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 ! vaporization goes on until ! vessel bur/s or ! /opp] is =c$ out4 ,x might !re=e be us$ z an explosive )\t any addition1 b its manipulation is n altoge!r simple4 ,n[ = ! inevitable "q3 ,( :at use is liquid air likely to be8 ,?is is a p]fectly prop] "q1 & yet1 if sci5tific work]s always /opp$ to ask x1 & w\ld n "w unless !y c\ld f9d a favorable answ]1 progress w\ld1 to say ! lea/1 be mu* sl[] ?an x is4 ,mo/ great practical discov]ies h necess>ily pass$ ?r\gh ! play?+ /age4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important discov]ies h n ev5 furni%$ play?+s1 & h f\nd no practical applications z ?is expression is commonly und]/ood4 ,b ! production ( liquid air1 :ile furni%+ mank9d ) a beautiful & in/ructive play?+1 seems likely to f9d practical applications4 ,we may look = ^! 9 f\r directions1 to ea* ( :i* a %ort p>agraph may be devot$3 ,fir/1 z a cool+ ag5t4 ,l[ temp]ature is m>ketable4 ,to be sure1 ! dem& = ! extremely l[ temp]ature t c be produc$ by liquid air does n exi/ to-day1 b ?is conc5trat$ l[ temp]ature c be dilut$ to suit conditions4 ,! only "q to be answ]$ 9 ?is connection is1 !n1 ,:at is ! co/ ( cold produc$ by liquid air8 ,x is impossible = any "o to answ] ?is "q at all satisfactorily at pres5t4 ,x c only be said t ?is is :at exp]im5t]s are try+ to f9d out4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !y are on ! way to *eap liquid air1 & t z ! processes are improv$ ! price w become l[] & l[]4 ,second1 = ! con/ruction ( motors4 ,!re is no d\bt t liquid air ) its enorm\s p[] ( expansion c be us$ z a s\rce ( motive p[] j z compress$ air is4 ,9 ! case ( /eam x is necess>y to heat ! wat] 9 ord] to conv]t x into /eam1 & to heat ! /eam to give x ! p[] ( expansion4 ,! co/ is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t ( ! fuel4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w is obta9$4 ,if liquid air is us$1 ! problem is mu* ! same4 ,eng9es mu/ be run 9 ord] to compress ! air :i* is to be liquefi$4 ,e gallon ( liquid air has be5 produc$ at ! exp5se ( "w ( "s k9d4 ,n[1 ! "q arises at once1 ,:at proportion ( ! "w t 0 put 9 t gallon ( liquid air 9 ! c\rse ( its production c be got out ( x aga98 ,x is c]ta9 t all ( x c n be got out unless all t we h ev] le>n$ ab\t su* matt]s goes = no?+4 ,9 deal+ ) ! problem ( ! application ( liquid air z a s\rce ( motive p[] we are !re=e d\bly h&icapp$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we d n "k ! co/ ( ! liquid :5 produc$ on ! l>ge scale2 &1 9 ! second place1 we d n "k ! probable effici5cy ( a liquid-air motor4 ,i say we d n "k4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,tripl] & ! o!rs engag$ 9 ! exp]im5ts on ?is subject d "k approximately4 ,we c]ta9ly c n blame !m = n tell+ u all !y "k at ?is /age ( ! "w4 ,x is un=tunate1 h[ev]1 t su* a /atem5t z 0 rec5tly publi%$ 9 a popul> magaz9e %\ld be all[$ to ga9 curr5cy--app>5tly ) ! sanction ( ,mr4 ,tripl]4 ,! /atem5t ref]r$ to is to ! effect t t5 gallons ( liquid air h be5 made by ! use ( ?ree gallons ( liquid air 9 ! eng9e4 ,if t means t ! t5 gallons ( liquid air are made f air at ! ord9>y pressure1 ! /atem5t is 9 direct conflict ) well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples4 ,if x means t ! t5 gallons ( liquid air are made f air t has already be5 p>tly compress$1 we mu/ "k h[ mu* "w has be5 done be=e ! liquid-air eng9e began4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! "q ( co/1 x may be po9t$ out t liquid-air eng9es w\ld h ! advantage ( compactness1 ?\gh !y w\ld necess>ily be heavy1 z !y w\ld h to be /rong en\gh to /& ! great pressure to :i* !y w\ld be subject$4 ,! ?ird application ( liquid air t has be5 sugge/$ is 9 ! prep>ation ( an explosive4 ,9 fact1 an explosive has be5 made & us$ = "s "t 9 :i* liquid air is "o ( ! con/itu5ts4 ,:5 ! liquid f :i* a "p ( ! nitrog5 has boil$ (f is mix$ ) p[d]$ *>coal1 ! mixture burns ) great rapidity & great explosive =ce4 ,to make ?is explosive1 ,dr4 ,l9de p\rs ! liquid conta9+ ab\t =ty or fifty p] c5t ( oxyg5 on fragm5ts ( wood *>coal1 two or f\r cubic millimetres 9 size4 ,^! are kept f scatt]+ "u ! ebullition ( ! liquid by mix+ !m into a sort ( sponge ) ab\t "o ?ird ( _! weight ( cotton wool4 ,( c\rse1 ?is explosive mu/ be made at or ne> ! place :]e x is us$4 ,x has be5 9 use 9 ! way ( a practical te/ 9 a coal m9e at ,p5sb]g1 ne> ,muni*4 ,x is claim$ t ! results 7 satisfactory4 ,! *ief advantage ( ! explosive is its *eapness1 & ! fact t x soon loses its p[] ( explod+4 ,f9ally1 ! f\r? application ( liquid air is = ! purpose ( gett+ oxyg5 f ! air4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by *emical means1 b ! *emical me?od is some:at exp5sive4 ,oxyg5 has comm]cial value1 & *eap oxyg5 w\ld be a decid$ advantage 9 a numb] ( bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,x w be obs]v$ t x is ! liquid oxyg5 t makes possible ! prep>ation ( ! explosive describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,oxyg5 z su* 9 ! =m ( gas is ( value 9 ,deacon's process = ! manufacture ( *lor9e4 ,9 ?is process air & hydro*loric acid are caus$ to act ^u ea* o!r s z to =m wat] & *lor9e4 ,! nitrog5 takes no "p 9 ! act1 & x w\ld be an advantage if x c\ld be left out4 ,x is only ! oxyg5 t is want$4 ,!re are _m o!r possible uses = oxyg5 ei!r 9 ! liquid or 9 ! gase\s =m1 b ^! ne$ no m5tion "h4 ,9 conclusion x may safely be said t x is highly probable t liquid air w be f\nd to be a useful sub/ance1 b x is impossible at pres5t to speak ) any confid5ce ( ! p>ticul> uses t w be made ( x4 ,z "w ) x is be+ c>ri$ on en]getically 9 at lea/ ?ree c\ntries1 we may confid5tly expect important developm5ts 9 ! ne> future4 ,,! ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies4 ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,oswald4 ,,ii4--,,birds4 ,! abundance ( birds on ! f\r l>ge/ isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indian ar*ipelago1 :]e indig5\s mammals are almo/ limit$ to rod5ts & bats1 has (t5 sugge/$ ! conjecture t ! ance/ors ( ^? isl&]s mu/ h be5 immigrants f ! ea/ coa/s ( ! ,am]ican ma9l&2 & t !ory seems to be confirm$ by two facts3 ! id5tity1 or simil>ity1 ( num]\s ,mexican & ,we/ ,indian species1 & ! circum/ance t ^? analogies include s _m swift-w+$ birds4 ,!re are no woodpeck]s 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,antilles1 & only two species ( l>ge gall9ace\s birds1 b a prodigi\s v>iety ( pigeons1 swall[s1 f9*es1 & cr[s4 ,! alc$os 7k+fi%]s7 are sc>ce1 b ! blackbirds s num]\s t "s ( ! c\ntless species seem to claim a ,s\? ,am]ican & ev5 transatlantic ance/ry4 ,! re/less e/orn9o ( ! ,cuban highl& =e/s1 = in/ance1 might be mi/ak5 = a v>ni%$ />l+1 resembl+ ! ,/urnus vulg>is ( we/]n ,europe 9 ev]y?+ b ! m brilliant lu/] ( its plumage4 ,! curi\s codornilla1 or dove quail1 too1 has its ne>e/ relatives on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 9 ,syria1 ,arabia1 & ! foo?ills ( ! ,atlas4 ,x builds its ne/ on ! gr\nd &1 judg+ f its appe>ance1 w\ld seem to =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! doves & small gall92 b its w+s are ^? ( a pigeon1 & ) ! assi/ance ( a nor!a/ gale may possibly h c>ri$ x across ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cr[n ,,pigeon4 ,9 /udy+ ! geographical di/ribution ( animals1 we may e/imate ! preval5ce ( special g5]a by ! numb] ( _! v>ieties1 or by ! aggregate sum ( individuals1 & 9 ! latt] s5se ! migratory pigeons ( our =e/ ,/ates once ne>ly outnumb]$ all ! o!r birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?\gh ! family is limit$ to five or six species4 ,b 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! ,columbid pr$om9ate 9 bo? respects4 ,cuba is a c\ntry ( wild pigeons z pre-em95tly z ,s\? ,africa is a l& ( pa*yd]ms & ,madagasc> ( night monkeys4 ,! ,columba leucocephala 7a cong5] ( our r+dove7 inhabits ! m\nta9 =e/s 9 c\ntless sw>ms1 & at ! end ( ! ra9y season visits gra9fields 9 su* numb]s t hundr$s are sometimes captur$ 9 nets1 by means ( corn scatt]$ along ! furr[s4 ,a closely alli$ v>iety is f\nd 9 ,san ,dom+o1 :]e 9 _m upl& regions a d>key1 equipp$ ) a %otgun & a supply ( gunp[d]1 c disp5se ) agriculture & raise a family ( an?ropoids on pigeon pies & tortillas1 comp\nd$ f ! gra9 f\nd 9 ! crops ( 8 victims4 ,b ! tittyblang 7tte-blanc7 has scores ( small] & l>g] c\s9s1 culm9at+ 9 ! ,cuban primate ( ! family1 ! spl5did paloma real1 ) its coronet ( pe>l-gray plumes & d>k-blue w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cre/$ ,,curass[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,porto ,,rico ,,p>rakeet4 ,ducks1 too1 mu/ numb] "s tw5ty ,we/ ,indian species1 & "o k9d ( wild geese (t5 oblig$ ! rice plant]s to employ m\nt$ %>p%oot]s1 :o gallop$ up & d[n ! long dikes1 yell+ blasphemies1 & e n[ & !n en=c+ _! quotations ) a h&ful ( buck%ot4 ,b1 = all t1 ! plant] c\ld ?9k himself lucky to ga!r a sixty-p]-c5t h>ve/ ( ! total produce1 = exp]i5ce soon enabl$ ! long-neck$ depr$ators to e/imate ! t>get range ( ! cazador )9 a doz5 y>ds & take w+ 9 ! nick ( "t1 only to resume _! fea/ at ! o!r end ( ! plantation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]va9 ,,humm+ ,,bird ,,& ,,ne/4 ,a long-cont9u$ process ( natural selection has also modifi$ ! habits ( num]\s species ( ,we/ ,indian p>rots4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ,f]nan ,ovi$o sup]9t5d$ ! plac] m9es ( ,hayti1 loris 7 s abundant & tame t 8 assi/ants (t5 amus$ !mselves pr[l+ ab\t a ?icket ( b]ry bu%es & captur+ ! *att]+ visitors by means ( a common r+ net4 ,ne/l+s c\ld be tak5 f e holl[ tree1 & (t5 f ! ?at*work ( des]t$ ,indian cab9s2 b ! ov]confid5t specim5s came to grief1 & ! survivors h le>n$ to give ! ,caucasian v>ieties ( ! ,simia de/ructor a wide b]?4 ,!y raise _! "y 9 ! cavities ( ! talle/ =e/ trees1 & approa* human habitations only at dawn ( day & sometimes dur+ ! noonday heat1 :5 creoles c be reli$ ^u to indulge 9 a sie/a nap4 ,9 reliance on _! protective colors1 gray p>rakeets frequ5t ! dead timb] ( ! c(fee plantations1 :ile ! leaf-gre5 ,amazon p>rot /icks to leaf trees4 ,:5 !y alight on a dry bran*1 says ,capta9 ,gosse1 9 8 ,jamaica *ronicle1 _! em]ald hue is conspicu\s & af=ds a fair m>k = ! gunn]1 b 9 a tree ( full foliage _! color proves an excell5t concealm5t4 ,!y seem aw>e ( ?is1 & _! sagacity prompts !m to rely on x = protection4 ,(t5 we he> _! voices proce$+ f a c]ta9 tree1 or h m>k$ ! desc5t ( a flock1 b on proce$+ to ! spot1 ?\gh ! eye has n w&]$ f x1 we c n discov] an individual2 we g close to ! tree1 b all is sil5t2 we in/itute a c>eful survey ( e "p ) ! eye1 to detect ! slighte/ motion1 or ! =m ( a bird among ! leaves1 b 9 va91 & we beg9 to ?9k t !y h /ol5 (f unp]ceiv$1 b on ?r[+ a /one into ! tree a doz5 voices bur/ =? into cry1 & z _m gre5 birds d>t =? ^u ! w+4 ,! gorge\s macaws1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to owe _! color contra/s to sexual selection4 ,ya son v5cidos los pavos de ,india--,t does beat a ,h9do/an peacock--exclaim$ ,k+ ,f]d9&1 :5 ,columbus introduc$ ^? mo/ spl5did products ( ! ,am]ican tropics4 ,nor c ! exig5cies ( protection h evolv$ ! gl>+ colors ( ! ,we/ ,indian hornbill4 ,! toco 7t\can71 z ! ,cubans call ! yell[-bill$ species1 c be descri$ f a di/ance ( two hundr$ y>ds1 & is1 inde$1 n anxi\s to be admir$ at close range4 ,old specim5s get z w>y z m\nta9 rav5s1 b1 l cr[s1 become ridicul\sly tame 9 captivity1 & w foll[ _! proprietors ) l\d croaks1 e n[ & !n op5+ _! lun*-trap to indicate _! desire = refre%m5t4 ,!y are1 on ! :ole1 ! h>die/ ( all tropical birds1 & c wea!r ! w9t]s ( our coa/ t[ns z f> nor? z ,wilm+ton1 9 op5-air cages1 ow+ p]haps to _! habit ( ext5d+ _! excursions to ! high m\nta9 ranges ( _! native l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,smalle/ ,,bird4 ,economical ,nature r>ely wa/es ! gift ( song on a bird ( bright plumage1 b x is less easy to und]/& :y s _m fea!r$ beauties %\ld h be5 afflict$ ) h>% & positively repulsive voices4 ,! horrid screams ( ! peacocks1 gu9ea h5s1 & macaws c h>dly be suppos$ to *>m _! mates1 & are too easily recogniz$ to det] _! natural enemies4 ,b ! ro>s 7!re is no m adequate ^w7 ( "s species ( hornbills w\ld almo/ seem int5d$ to s]ve ! latt] purpose4 ,! voice ( ! ,buc]os bicornis1 says ,wallace1 c be pla9ly he>d at a di/ance ( a mile1 s t ! amazem5t ( travel]s visit+ its haunts seems explicable en\gh4 ,its screams may be describ$ z some?+ betwe5 ! bray ( a jackass & ! %riek ( a locomotive1 & are n surpass$ 9 p[] by any s\nd t an animal is capable ( mak+4 ,!y re-e*o ?r\gh ! hills to su* a degree t x is difficult to assign ! noise to a bird1 & are sometimes kept up s cont9u\sly z to become absolutely unbe>able4 ,! condor & ! h>py eagle h n f\nd _! way across ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 b ! ,we/ ,indies boa/ ?ree v>ieties ( fi% eagles1 sev]al species ( m\nta9 falcons1 & a curi\s s++ owl1 ! oriya1 t *ants its s]5ades 9 ! pla9tive /ra9 ( ! :ip-poor-w1 & is dread$ by ! ,porto ,rico d>keys z a bird ( ill-om53 ,grita l'oriya3 ,v5ga amigo1 ,v5ga conmigo a mi patria1 ,v5ga te-digo6 ,small hoot+ owls ab\nd1 & !re are f\r species ( sp>r[ hawks1 "o ( !m n mu* l>g] ?an a f9*4 ,x is probably ! smalle/ bird ( prey1 & !re is no d\bt t "o species ( ,we/ ,indian humm+ bird is ! smalle/ bird on e>?1 ! ,v]va9 colibri1 ( ,jamaica1 t hides its ne/ "u an orange leaf1 &1 ?\gh an insect-eat]1 c\ld be easily ov]p[]$ by an able-bodi$ bumblebee4 ,9 beauty "s ( ! s\? ,cuban species rival ^? ( ! ,amazon ,valley1 & frequ5t e fl[]+ %rub f ! jungles ( ! coa/ l&s to ! highl& mead[s ( ! ,si]ra ,mae/ra4 ,9 ,hayti !re are p>klike plateaus :]e !y (t5 appe> 9 sw>ms at a "t ( ! ye> :5 ! =e/s ( ! foo?ills are dr5*$ by ! aft]noon cl\dbur/s ( ! ra9y season1 & on "s ( ! small] ,antilles !y are se5 only dur+ ! fl[]+ p]iod ( special plants4 ,9 ! solitudes ( ! ,morne ,range 7,san ,dom+o7 m\nta9 rav5s re> _! brood 9 ! crevices ( /eep rocks1 & fi]cely attack birds ( prey1 n except+ ! black-cre/$ eagle1 t n[ & !n visits ! si]ras 9 que/ ( conies4 ,b ! w+$ con/ables ( ! highl&s r>ely leave _! m\nta9 res]vation4 ,( ,abd-el-,wahab1 ! ,arabian h]etic1 x us$ to be said t ,mohamm$an zealots %rank 9 affright f 8 sup]ior fanaticism1 & on ! midway t]races ( ! ,dom9ican si]ras ! p]secution mania ( ! giant cr[ yields to t ( ! great %rike1 ! ,lanius rufus1 t op]ates pairwise & assails all w+$ com]s ) absolutely reckless c\rage4 ,! rav5 ( ! ,mornes seems to be id5tical ) ! cosmopolitan =ag] t is f\nd 9 ! upl&s ( ! ea/]n cont95t f ! bleak summit regions ( ! ,h9du-,ku% to ! si]ras ( ,portugal1 & f ! ,atlas to ! ,norwegian ,alps2 b !re are sev]al exclusively ,we/ ,indian species ( ! g5us ,corvus1 includ+ a /eel-blue rook t flits ab\t ! ,cuban c(fee plantations & has a curi\s habit ( p]*+ on a /ump & talk+ to itself 9 a sort ( croak+ *uckle = half h\rs toge!r4 ,! gall91 z might be expect$ f _! limit$ w+-p[]1 are well repres5t$ 9 ! numb] ( individuals1 r ?an ( species4 ,turkeys1 ?\gh abundant 9 ! coa/ =e/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 are n f\nd wild 9 any "p ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e ! p]5nial pres5ce ( b]ries w\ld be z invit+ z ! abs5ce ( foxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c>ibbean ,,albatross4 ,9 ! m\nta9s "s species ( curass[ h1 h[ev]1 develop$ into a /ately game bird1 ! ,oreophasis nig]1 or highl& pheasant1 t lays a doz5 l>ge eggs1 & 9 its c\rt%ip season becomes s infatuat$ t x c be approa*$ & kill$ ) a common walk+-/ick4 ,! consequ5t p]secution has made x r sc>ce 9 fam9e-/rick5 ,cuba1 b 9 ,hayti x c /ill be se5 9 troops ( a doz5 or m1 scrat*+ up ! dry leaves ( ! si]ra =e/s1 or peck+ at insect-haunt$ %rubs1 exactly l a flock ( ,t5nessee turkeys4 ,!re are also sev]al v>ieties ( true pheasants1 & two species ( quail 7besides ! above-m5tion$ codornilla71 & 9 ea/]n ,cuba num]\s b>ny>d *ick5s h tak5 to ! woods & become s %y t x seems a puzzle h[ _! ance/ors 9 ! coa/ range ( ,burmah c\ld ev] be captur$ & dome/icat$4 ,!y /ill practice polygamy1 comb9$ ) a sy/em ( co-op]ative h\sekeep+1 to judge f ! numb] ( eggs t are (t5 f\nd 9 "o ne/4 ,at ! approa* ( an unfea!r$ bip$ ! h5 bird takes w+ ) a scree*1 & is apt to vani% = ! re/ ( t day4 ,! roo/]s are r>ely se51 _! gl>+ colors hav+ fad$ into m protective %ades ( olive & br[n1 b at dawn ( day _! %rill reveille c be he>d f af> 9 ! he>t ( ! pa?less jungle woods4 ,to be cont9u$4 ,,insane ,,*>act]s ,,9 ,,fiction ,,& ,,! ,,drama4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,ces>e ,,lombroso4 ,"o ( ! ?+s t mo/ /rikes "o :o comp>es ! anci5t !at]1 & ev5 ! !at] ( a few ye>s ago1 ) ! mod]n !at]1 is ! enorm\s diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! p]sonages1 & p>ticul>ly ! curi\s frequ5cy ( insane z pr9cipal p]sonages 9 ! mod]n !at]4 ,we h come to su* a po9t t "o may be almo/ sure t 9 read+ ov] a new play1 by ,ibs51 = example1 he w f9d ?ree or f\r insane p]sonages 9 x1 if1 ! *>act]s are n all s4 ,^! madm5 h *>act]i/ics s p>ticul>iz$ z to seem z if !y might h be5 depict$ by an ali5i/4 ,if ! protagoni/s are n mad1 !y are agitat$ by su* viol5t & /range passions z ! ord9>y _w nev] meets 9 life2 :i* x !re=e refuses to accept :5 !y are describ$ 9 a sci5tific book1 b nev]!less receives !m :5 x sees !m 9 ! sc5es or meets !m 9 ! romances ( ! great mod]n noveli/s4 ,ibs51 = example1 has made a mo/ exact picture ( ! progressive g5]al p>alysis :i* arises1 precisely z he depicts x1 9 m5 ( g5ius1 ( great m5tal activity1 :o h wa/$ _! h]$it>y p[] 9 pleasures or excessive "w2 & !re is 9 !m bo? impulsiv5ess & want ( w p[]1 complete p]v]sion ( all ! in/9cts1 & m5tal confusion1 alt]nat+ "h & !re ) g5ial fla%es2 b he is wrong 9 accumulat+ 9 a s+le subject ! maladies ( a l>ge numb] ( diseas$1 & !re=e exagg]at+ _! ecc5tricities--z he exagg]ates atavism & h]$ity ( disease :5 he makes ! morbid son repeat ! same incoh]5t phrases z ! fa!r f :om he inh]its 8 disord] us$4 ,j & true1 h[ev]1 is t o!r =m ( h]$ity "u :i* f a fa!r corrupt$ by lic5ti\s indulg5ce & by alcohol1 & crim9ally vici\s1 is born1 besides a p>esic son1 a lascivi\s & crim9al daught]1 :o ?r[s h]self into pro/itution at ! fir/ opportunity )\t any special cause4 ,s1 too1 t love ( art exi/+ n[ z only a dream1 & t egoti/ic good nature :i* enjoys ! advantages ( a "m's c>e )\t gratitude1 ^? %ort accesses ( g5ial eloqu5ce foll[$ by fury :i* bur/ out f ! mid/ ( apa?y1 & :i* are dr[n$ 9 ! intoxication ( alcohol ) a complete1 imm$iate =getfulness ( ev]y?+1 are specific traits ( p>alytic dem5tia4 ,ibs51 9 ,h$da ,gabl]1 describes to u a neurotic woman :o1 be+ pregnant1 & !re=e suff]+ m acute attacks1 av5ges h]self1 ?\gh m>ri$1 ^u h] =m] lov]1 :o _h left h]1 by burn+ ! manuscripts :i* he expect$ to make him fam\s4 ,virile1 l all crim9als1 %e nurs$ h] res5tm5t f y\?4 ,9 ! ,pill>s ( ,society ! great political *>act]s are rogues & neurotics4 ,9 ,b]kmann ! true crim9al bank] comes into play4 ,he does n kill or ravi%1 b appropriates ! money belong+ to 8 bank "u ! illusion t he w be able to make great ga9s ) x ?r\gh ! accompli%m5t ( wond]ful ?+s t w secure to him 8 s+le joy--p[]2 & t he c !n re/ore ! sum ) r$\bl$ int]e/4 ,?is case is ( a k9d ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1 & %[s a complete abs5ce 9 ! bank] ( affection & ( moral s5se4 ,he sacrifices ! woman :o loves him to fur!r ! desires ( an accomplice4 ,he has a fai?ful fri5d :o1 robb$ by him1 cont9ues to visit him e day & give him ! solace ( admiration ev5 :5 all despise him2 & he repels him :5 he fails to absolve him & to believe 9 ! possibility ( 8 return to p[]4 ,lat] ! default] pret5ds t he has /udi$ 8 own case1 & has prob$ x 9 e way1 ) ! result ( a complete acquittal ( himself4 ,& :y all ?is8 ,because he has us$ ! money ( o!rs = great purposes3 to connect seas1 to excavate ! millions t are %ut up 9 ! bosom ( ! e>? & are cry+ out to be br\ght into ! light4 ,?us x is t ) ! comb9$ g5ius & delirium ( megalomaniacs he he>s ! call ( ! m9]als & ! groan+ ( ! %ips long+ to be set free4 ,consci5ce1 duty1 & probity d n exi/ = him4 ,he believes t 8 quality z a man ( g5ius p]mits him ev]y?+2 !re=e he sacrifices to 8 *im]as ! be+s :o love him mo/4 ,i am1 he says1 l a ,napoleon disabl$ by a %ot 9 8 fir/ battle2 & he does n p]ceive t he has gr[n old1 t he has a mortal he>t disease2 & he dreams ( return+ to p[] & ( he>+ m5 ask ! b5efit ( 8 advice1 & no long] talks ) anybody1 because !re is nobody b 8 old lov] :o does n believe him guilty4 ,f9ally1 repuls$ by all1 he plunges into ! :irl ( life & ! torm5t ( ! m\nta91 & dies at la/ ( syncope2 :ile 8 equally egoti/ical son des]ts ! "m :o adores him to g to ! s\? ) ! weal?y ,amasia1 daught] ( 8 fa!r's enemy4 ,9 ,do/oievski1 madm51 especially epileptics1 con/itute ! absolute majority ( ! *>act]s2 or else !y are born crim9als1 su* z my s*ool has attempt$ to id5tify by ! figures on ! h&4 ,?is /range family1 he writes 9 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,dead1 _h an air :i* attract$ notice at ! fir/ glance4 ,all ! prison]s 7 melan*oly1 envi\s1 t]ribly va91 presumptu\s1 susceptible1 & =mal 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,vanity rul$ always1 )\t ! lea/ sign ( %ame or rep5tance or ! lea/ sorr[ ov] ! commission ( an (f5se4 ,ne>ly all ! convicts dream$ al\d or rav$ dur+ sleep4 ,mo/ usually !y spoke words ( abuse & slang1 talk$ ( knife & axe4 ,we are a ru9$ p1 !y said2 we h no b[els2 !re=e we cry out 9 ! night4 ,?is impossibility ( feel+ remorse or p5it5ce1 along ) vanity & exagg]at$ love ( pomp1 are *>act]i/ics well kn[n to all obs]v]s4 ,b o!r traits 7 manife/$ p]haps m conspicu\s1 & su* z are common to *ildr54 ,on fea/ days ! m elegant ones dress$ gorge\sly1 & c\ld be se5 p>ad+ !mselves ?r\gh ! b>racks4 ,pleasure 9 be+ well dress$ am\nt$ to *ildi%ness 9 !m4 ,reason+ has no p[] ^u m5 l ,petr(f1 because !y h n any decisive w4 ,if !y h1 !re are no long] ob/acles to x4 ,su* p]sons are born ) an idea t moves !m unconsci\sly all _! lives hi!r & ?i!r4 ,!y are quiet till !y h f\nd "s object t /rongly ar\ses _! desire2 !n !y no long] sp>e ev5 _! heads4 ,m ?an once h ,i wond]$ to see h[ ,petr(f robb$ me 9 spite ( ! affection he _h = me4 ,?is happ5$ to him at int]vals1 :5 he _h a /rong desire to dr9k4 ,a p]son l him is capable ( assass9at+ a man = tw5ty-five soldi1 only to dr9k a litre2 on o!r occasions he w\ld scorn ?\s&s ( rubles4 ,he (t5 confess$ 8 !fts to me1 lam5t+ t ,i no long] _h ! objects1 b %[$ no p5it5ce = hav+ /ol5 !m2 bore repro(s because he ?\ght !y 7 inevitable1 or because he des]v$ to receive !m2 because ,i ought to puni% him to comp5sate myself = ! ?+s ,i _h lo/1 b ?\ght )9 himself t !y 7 trifles t "o ought to be above speak+ (4 ,fur!r on ! noveli/ speaks ( ! smuggl] by pr(ession1 a pleasant fell[1 condemn$ = life = 8 (f5ses1 :o c\ld n lose ! in/9ct = smuggl+ br&y into ! prison4 ,he receiv$ only a ridicul\s pr(it1 0 greatly afraid ( ! rod1 al?\gh he _h r>ely pass$ "u x1 wept1 swore t he w\ld n (f5d any m1 & !n fell d[n4 ,zola also reproduces my epileptic moral madman 9 ,la ,bte ,huma9e1 9 ! alcoholic 9 ,l',assommoir1 ! p>anoiac 9 ,"w1 & himself confesses to hav+ tak5 ! brief ( 8 immortal *a9 ( romances1 ,r\gon1 f a /udy made by ,aubry 9 a prov9cial family celebrat$ = its ri*ness 9 deg5]ates1 crim9als1 & insane1 all d]iv$ f a dull1 neurotic ,k]atry4 ,daudet depicts 9 ,jack a s]ies ( mattoidi1 t p>ticul> species ( insane :i* ,i fir/ discov]$1 t occupies a position betwe5 p>anoiacs1 g5iuses1 & imbeciles4 ,,anci5t ,,romance ,,& ,,!at]4--,we turn n[ to ! anci5t !at] & romance4 ,all ! ,roman novels ( ,petronius & ,apuleius are ri* 9 obsc5e1 my?ological1 & magical adv5tures1 mo/ improbable & satirical1 )\t ev] def9+ a "* or includ+ a real madman4 ,9 ! anci5t ,greek !at]1 :ile ! idea ( h]$ity is disc]nible "u ! =m ( fate1 :ile viol5t passion is e n[ & !n depict$ "u m>vel\s =ms1 :ile anomalies /rike u1 & furies ( ,ajax & ,dejanira1 ( ,ore/es & ,o$ipus1 & ! melan*oly ( ,philoctetes1 !y all /ill h a common type1 :i* is n p]ceiv$ 9 ord9>y life4 ,!y are madm5 :o d n exi/ 9 any asylum1 :o seem symbolical1 & h little correspond5ce ) ! m5 ( ! my?ological & h]oic epo* to :i* !y all belong$2 !y nev]1 except 9 ,euripides1 pres5t a specific p]sonage1 nor ev]1 unless ) r>e exceptions--z 9 ! ,p]sians ( s*ylus & a few o!r lo/ works1 l ! ,siege ( ,miletus--deal ) contempor>y hi/orical facts4 ,^! poets 7 conc]n$ ) ! symbol1 ! moral1 ! tradition1 &1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ ! t]m1 ! blasphemy1 ! declamation1 r ?an ) depict+ ! p]son4 ,?is is fur!r se5 9 ! com$y ( ! ,greek decad5ce1 & /ill fur!r 9 t ( ! ,romans1 9 :i*1 except 9 ! political squibs1 ! same p]sonages ne>ly always appe>1 z well z %[+ out ( ! masks int5d$ = ! common p--& ^! figures h come d[n to u4 ,!re are ne>ly always ! old mis] or rake1 ! g-betwe5 slave1 ! bragg>t soldi]4 ,! plots 7 likewise ! same3 *ang$ *ildr51 reconcil$ lov]s1 except 9 ! ,greek political satires1 9 :i* ! dem]its ( ! adv]s>y 7 exagg]at$ into ! mo/ atroci\s c>icature1 & :i* became l real humor\s j\rnals ( ! political trifles ( ! day4 ,yet ^! highly cultivat$ peoples1 agitat$ by gr& public passions1 _h absorb+1 mov+ controv]sies--! /ruggles ( ! ,grac*i1 ! bani%m5t ( ,!mi/ocles & ,ari/ides1 & ! v>y+ =tunes ( ,m>ius1 ( :i* no trace is f\nd4 ,nor1 = ! re/1 did ! ,lat9s1 :o 7 our ma/]s1 & 71 z we are aft] !m1 copyi/s1 foll[]s 9 ! foot/eps ( _! ,greek pr$ecessors1 readapt contempor>y ev5ts to _! dramatic l9es4 ,we 9 our turn1 d[n to ,goldoni & ,molire1 & ev5 to ?is v c5tury1 h copi$ ^? anci5t comic & tragic writ]s1 w>m+ !m up afre% f ,ore/es & ,clytemne/ra1 & f ev5ts :i* _h n ! lea/ e*o among u4 ,triss91 ,maffei1 & ,alfi]i del9eat$ m or less1 on "o side tyrants1 on ! o!r tyrannicides1 :i* h little to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r4 ,s 9 ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 all ! passions are ( ! sc5e r ?an ( p]sonages4 ,?us ,fau/1 = example1 & ,m>g>et1 are n p]sons :o h a special "*4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 p]sonages :o cov] a symbol1 :o w\ld tell ! /ory ( lit]ature1 ! /ory ( ! beautiful1 ! skepticism ( k1 b !y tell x ) a numb] ( int]e/+1 mov+ facts1 )\t del9eat+ an individuality4 ,fau/ is nei!r v good nor v bad1 s9ce he ) 8 easy way ( speak+ commits rogu]ies ( e k9d till f9ally he is r$eem$4 ,he is a sci5tific /ud5t ) a passion = inve/igation1 b 9 8 en?usiasm1 in/igat$ by ! devil or by d\bt1 he too (t5 des]ts ! se>* = ! tru? = t ( pleasure1 too (t5 =sakes ! /udies t _h ennobl$ 8 life f y\?1 & z a man to enjoy ! nights ( ! ,brock51 & worse1 ! favors ( ,m>g>et1 ( ,hel51 till ! mom5t :5 he r$eems himself by sav+ a p2 b he does ?is at ! la/ in/ant1 :5 he is ab\t to die1 & has no?+ m to enjoy4 ,m>g>et1 too1 is a *ild l o!r *ildr51 :o1 l s _m o!rs1 suff]s h]self to be beguil$ by manly beauty1 & has no good qualities except t ( be+ able to die ) =titude1 hop+ ) ! p5alty to expiate ! s91 :i* is1 9 fact1 m ! devil's ?an h]s4 ,! eld] ,dumas inv5t$ an imm5se div]t+ confusion ( facts1 b 8 p]sonages are always ! same1 & are ! occasion1 ! in/rum5t1 ! sett+ ( ! adv5tures4 ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,?is ,,abs5ce4--,! inquiry into ! reasons ( ?is abs5ce ( insane p]sons 9 ! old] romances & dramas is a curi\s "o4 ,! fir/ cause lies evid5tly 9 ! law ( proce$+ 9 e organism z 9 e "w f ! simple to ! complex4 ,z 9 p5al law1 n ! crim9al b ! crime 0 /udi$ at fir/1 :ile n[ bo? are /udi$ toge!r2 z 9 primordial m$ic9e only ! disease 0 /udi$1 :ile n[ ! pati5t is /udi$ fir/ ( all2 s 9 ! drama & 9 com$y1 9 ! measure t ! ?\ght has become discrim9at+1 x has sub/itut$ or r associat$ ) obs]vation ( ! fact p] se1 t ( ! au?or ( ! fact4 ,! /udy1 ( c\rse1 exacts m acum51 b x also bett] satisfies our re9vigorat$ culture & op5s broad] horizons to u4 ,we h ?us done m ?an ab&on ! p$antesque scale ( ! old "t & ! m]e /udy ( ! fact2 we h introduc$ *>act]s into ! p]sonages1 :i*1 :ile !y correspond to liv+ & real *>act]s t we h "u our eyes1 attempt to resolve a problem & tea* u a moral1 & g s f> z to repres5t to u a symbolical idea :i* is a pure ab/raction ( ! au?or's1 rea*+ !nce ! maximum ( complication4 ,naturally1 su* sali5t *>act]s z madm51 ecc5trics1 & crim9als w\ld n be likely to escape ! notice ( ! dramati/1 :o f9ds 9 !m motives = great effects )\t dep>t+ f tru? & probability4 ,b !re is ano!r m mat]ial reason = ! rec5t introduction ( insane *>act]s into ! !at]1 & = _! great] frequ5cy & p>ticipation 9 real life4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t insane p]sons h multipli$ a hundr$fold ) civilization1 to su* an ext5t t :]e a few ye>s ago "o madh\se 0 en\gh1 n[ five hundr$ & six are ne$$4 ,tak+1 = example1 ! /ati/ics ( ! mo/ progressive c\ntry 9 ! _w1 ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 furni%$ by its invaluable c5sus report1,a we see t ! numb] ( insane p]sons1 :i* 0 #ae1faj 9 #ahej1 #bd1jdb 9 #ahfj1 & #cg1dcb 9 #ahgj1 rose 9 #ahhj to #ia1iid2 :ile ! population1 f #bc1aia1hgf 9 #ahej1 increas$ to #ch1eeh1cga 9 #ahgj1 to #ej1aee1ghc 9 #ahhj--t is1 :ile ! population d\bl$ 9 a little m ?an ?irty ye>s1 ! insane increas$ sixfold2 s1 9 ! la/ decade ! increase 9 population 0 ?irty p] c5t1 & t ( insane "o hundr$ & fifty-five p] c5t4 ,9 ,france,b !re 7 #aca4a insane p] #ajj1jjj inhabitants 9 #ahhc1 #acc 9 #ahhd1 #acf 9 #ahhh4 ,^! figures indicate t ! numb] ( insane is l>g] 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 & is increas+ e ye>4 ,x may inde$ be said t _m ( ^! insane are n produc$ b are only reveal$ by civilization1 & t ! op5+ ( ! l>ge asylums has caus$ a consid]able numb] to be br\ght into ! light :o 7 n kn[n ( be=e4 ,x is true t ! great] c>e we give n[ to ! insane1 z well z to consumptives1 makes !m long]-liv$4 ,& x is true t z ! m9d gr[s enlight5$ crim9als come to be reg>d$ z insane & ?us increase ! app>5t numb] ( su*4 ,b all ?is is n suffici5t to expla9 a d\bl+ 9 a decade1 a t5fold increase 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,we "k1 too1 t civilization has br\ght on ! developm5t ( new =ms ( disease1 :i* h>dly exi/$ be=e4 ,= example1 g5]al progressive p>alysis 0 =m]ly s r>e t no special "n 0 giv5 to x till our "t1 :ile n[ x =ms ! l>g] quota ( ! maladies ( ! weal?y1 ( ?9k]s1 & ( milit>y m54 ,epilepsy has greatly increas$ 9 its psy*ical =m1 s t :at are call$ psy*ical & obscure epilepsy are a revelation ( our times1 & t its close association ) crime 7:i* ,i believe to be "o ( ! sure facts ( mod]n psy*iatry7 is /ill accept$ by only a v few ali5i/s1 n to say t x is reject$ ) indignation1 &1 ,i w rem>k1 ) pr(\nd ignorance1 by mo/ mod]n juri/s4 ,alcoholism1 too1 has tak5 on enorm\s proportions4 ,n t ! anci5ts did n dr9k1 b r t pure alcohol _h n yet be5 introduc$2 :ile 9 ! middle ages x pass$ = "o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s rem$ies--aqua vita1 liv+ wat]4 ,dr4 ,be>d has made a mo/ judici\s obs]vation 9 ,am]ica :i* ,i h be5 able to v]ify 9 ,sicily--t !re mu/ be a v advanc$ degree ( civilization1 or r ( deg5]acy produc$ by civilization1 = inebriety to be trans=m$ into t aggregation ( disa/]s1 especially ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* is call$ alcoholism4 ,n[ we h n alcoholism only1 b morph9ism1 coca9ism1 all /imuli ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* are us$ by b>b>ians z pot5t excitants1 b n to ! po9t ( produc+ /able alt]ations except 9 r>e cases1 l ! amuck ( ! ,malays4 ,& n[1 we all ( u1 at lea/ 9 ! capitals & ! great c5t]s1 f9d ourselves consum$ by a fev]i% activity :i* makes ! m9d labor mu* m ?an ,nature int5d$ x %\ld1 "u :i* is produc$ all ?is mass ( neura/h5ics1 hy/]icals1 besides ! multitudes ( moral insane1 pr(\ndly egoti/ical p]sons1 )\t affection & :olly direct$ by a p[]ful passion = gold1 = :i* !y sacrifice ev]y?+1 ev5 salvation6 ,&1 f9ally1 we h t gr\p ( semi-insane1 :i* ,i call mattoidi1 & :o are kn[n z dtraqus 9 ,france & cranks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica--t is1 ^? :o h ! liv]y ( g5ius ) a sub/ratum ( weakness & ! practical cunn+ ( ! av]age man1 :o betray _! errors only :5 !y write1 :o h>dly exi/ save among males 7) a few exceptions1 l ,mi*el7 & 9 ! great c5t]s4 ,i h nev] se5 !m 9 ! c\ntry4 ,civilization is n[ depopulat+ ! c\ntry & build+ up ! cities1 z x is also augm5t+ physical excitants ) alcoholism1 morph9ism1 etc4 ,civilization emblazons ! baton ( ! m>%al1 & n only ( ! m>%al b ( ! presid5t ( ! republic1 9 ! eyes ( ev]ybody :o c read & write4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we n suppose t civilization c fur!r d]ange ! equilibrium ( m5tal labor &1 indirectly1 !re=e cause an increase ( insanity8 ,n only has ! numb] ( insane increas$1 b _! importance 9 society has multipli$ f\rfold2 = :i* reason we c n fail to give !m att5tion4 ,! morally insane 9 politics & ! megalomaniac insane 9 ! bank :o inspir$ ,ibs5 are to be f\nd walk+ ar\nd 9 e c\ntry4 ,! blood-crim9al1 transmut$ into ! =g] & ! bankrupt1 p5etrates into our h\ses1 & we suff] f him e day2 :ile ! insane man at fir/ 0 n reg>d$1 or 0 ador$ "u ! =m ( a sa9t or hat$ z a wiz>d1 possess$ ( ! devil always1 or seem$ a ph5om5on /range to society1 a species ( extraplanet>y meteor4 ,if we add t ! deg5]ation provok$ by ! abuses ( civilization has begott5 a multitude ( =ms ak9 to madness :i* af=d a field = comb9ations n[ tragic1 n[ /rangely comic--l ! phobia by :i* "o is afraid to cross a room1 or avoids a c]ta9 gr\p ( words1 or refuses to "k h[ _m doors & w9d[s !re are on ! /reet1 or c n be at ease )\t say+ sexual pacify+ =mulas2 a class :o ) _! p]v]t$ ta/es =m a real new _w ap>t2 & !y all may inspire new dramatic sett+s =?4 ,z a ?ird cause we add t 9 our age psy*ology has p5etrat$ into all dep>tm5ts4 ,!re are psy*ologies ( ! s5ses1 ( ! s5tim5ts1 ( ! w1 ! psy*ology ( ! cr[d1 ( ! insane1 ( crim9als1 & f9ally ! psy*ology ( ! cell1 or at lea/ ( ! infusoria 7,b9et74 ,!re=e1 z /ati/ics is appli$ to hi/ory1 to politics1 to religion1 9 ! same way psy*ology has at la/ ent]$ into romance & ! drama1 & has tak5 ! lion's %>e4 ,&1 f> f be+ repell$ by ! public1 ! au?ors :o use x or abuse x1 l ,euripides & to a c]ta9 po9t ,%akespe>e1 w9 ! admiration ( ! public2 & we are pr\d to see ,zola tak+ f ,l',uomo del9qu5te ! ,jacques ( 8 ,bte huma9e to make an immortal figure ( him1 & ,do/oiewski depict+ innate crim9als 9 8 ,h\se ( ! ,dead1 & ! crim9aloid 9 8 ,crime & ,puni%m5t2 & we d n despise ,b\rget :51 mak+ m a c>icature ( psy*ology ?an a psy*ology1 he assumes to apply x to ! toilets ( wom5 & ! ,p>isian cocottes "u ! =m ( a psy*ology ( love4 ,x may at fir/ sight seem a contradiction t we h %[n t !re 7 also f\nd 9 antiquity at great int]vals dramatic poets & romanc]s l ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 & ,euripides :o1 l$ by ! obs]v+ & creative in/9ct1 did n conf9e !mselves to ev5ts1 b /udi$ *>act]s too1 &1 ke5ly p]ceiv+ ! dramatic pot5cies 9 ! "* ( insanity1 treasur$ x up 9 _! works4 ,?us ,euripides depicts ,hel5a1 va9 ev5 into h] old age1 sav+ a "p ( ! hair %e 0 (f]+ at ! tomb ( h] si/] s z n to lose :at rema9$ ( h] =m] beauty2 & ,ore/es has n ! simple be/ial fury depict$ by s*ylus1 b has *oreic movem5ts1 g5ial int]vals1 & a t5d5cy to suicide1 :i* %[ t ! au?or _h atta9$ a true conception ( ! maniac4 ,9 ! ,mahabh>ata ! maid5 ,damaianti is describ$ z made insane by love 7,book ,,ii1 /4 iii7 & ,nalo1 :o1 possess$ by ! demon ,kali1 /akes 8 k+dom on ! dice1 &1 d5y+ 8 wife1 ab&ons h] 9 ! wood3 ,& ) s\l slave to ! ?\ght1 discolor$ face1 & all absorb$ 9 sighs1 n[ lift+ up ! head1 n[ mus+1 b]eft ( s5se1 y w\ld say2 a sudd5 pallor came on4 ,) m9d occupi$ ) "o desire1 nor sleep1 nor ! table1 nor ! sight ( famili> fri5ds af=d$ pleasure1 nor day nor night gave repose4 ,ah6 poor mis]able "o6 ?us exclaim+ & bur/+ into te>s1 by t lam5t1 by ^? s\l-sick acts1 %e 0 recogniz$ by h] fri5ds4 ,nice=us has %[n h[ ,dante 9 8 ,inf]no has del9eat$ 9 ! damn$ ! *>act]i/ics :i* my s*ool gives to ! born crim9al4 ,%akespe>e has done bett]1 & has div9$ _m crim9al *>act]i/ics ?r\gh ! great] int5sity ( ! crime 9 ! crim9al woman4 ,virile ev5 :5 comp>$ ) ! crim9al man1 ,lady ,macbe? is cruel] ?an h] husb&1 &1 m ?an t1 has _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( m53 ,br+ =? m5-*ildr5 only1 ,= ?y undaunt$ mettle %\ld compose ,no?+ b males4 ,& ,macbe?1 z cool 9 ! crime z ! artful contriv] ( x1 is hy/]ical & hypnotic1 & 9 ! accesses reproduces ! acts & words ( ! trag$y1 %[+ t ! au?or knew t hy/]ics & somnambuli/s (t5 repeat ! acts & ! emotions :i* m>k ! climax ( _! malady4 ,hamlet has ! folly ( d\bts & halluc9ations1 simulates ! rav+s ( a madman1 b 9 8 suspici\s cunn+ discov]s & anticipates :at is contemplat$ to 8 h>m1 is homicidal ?r\gh fe>1 & is yet (t5 discreet1 & a good lov]1 save t 8 love vani%es be=e ! fix$ idea4 ,9 ,ophelia1 disappo9t$ love1 ! contact ) a madman or a pret5d$ "o1 ! dea? ( h] fa!r almo/ "u h] v eyes1 provoke a species ( madness :i* w\ld n[ be call$ m5tal confusion1 ) vague ideas ( p]secution1 dim recollections ( love betray$ & ( h] fa!r1 incoh]5t & confus$ expressions end+ 9 automatic suicide4 ,?is confirms our conclusions4 ,g5ius has also anticipat$ an epo* 9 ! use & abuse ( lunatics1 j because "t is cancel$ = g5ius1 because g5ius anticipates ! future "w ( c5turies4 ,b on ?is subject ! inquiry is p]t95t :y1 :ile 9 ! complaisant lit]>y _w su* creations z ! ,arg5son ( ,daudet1 ! ,jack ( ,zola1 & ! ,eliza ( ,gonc\rt f9d1 if n an imm$iate1 a k9dly & ready acceptance--:ile all ! great arti/s1 ev5 ! mo/ anci5t ones1 h giv5 ! type :i* ,i assign to ! born del9qu5ts to execution]s & crim9als--! _w has refus$ to accept ! exi/5ce ( ! crim9al type ( insanity 9 g5ius1 & ! relations 9 crim9als betwe5 epilepsy & crime :i* are nev]!less receiv$ 9 romance & ! drama4 ,x is because :5 we are 9 ! pres5ce ( true figures1 made to move be=e u "u a /rong light by ! great arti/s1 ! consci\sness ( ! tru? :i* lies dormant 9 all ( u1 smo!r$ & brok5 "u di/ortion by ! s*ools1 reawak5s1 & rebels aga9/ ! conv5tional =ms :i* !y h impos$2 all ! m s because ! *>m ( art has va/ly magnifi$ ! l9es ( ! tru?1 has r5d]$ !m m evid5t1 & has ?us mu* dim9i%$ ! ef=t requir$ to ma/] !m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we base our conclusion ^u cold /ati/ics & :at ,i %\ld call a skeleton /udy ( ! facts1 we f9d ! old views ris+ 9 confusion ) ^? ( s5tim5t & ! arti/ic s5se1 & we arrive at no?+4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,comp5dium ( ! ,t5? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #afei4 ,see docum5ts 9 ! new /ati/ical laboratory1 ! only "o 9 ,italy1 ( ,pr(essor ,cognetti1 rec5tly publi%$ at ,tur94 ,b ,bodio4 ,bullet9 de l',in/itut int]national de ,/ati/ique1 #ahhi1 pp4 #aab & #abh4 ,see "s ,sanit>y ,/ati/ics 9 ,italy & o!r ,european ,/ates1 by ,dr4 ,rasori4 ,,colonial ,,expansion ,,& ,,=eign ,,trade4 ,,by ,,jacob ,,s*o5h(4 ,fifty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! adoption ( free trade by ,engl&4 ,x 0 hop$ t ! free entrance ( commodities ext5d$ to all ! _w w\ld pave ! way to an era ( mutual peace & good w4 ,b1 judg+ by ! political situation1 & tak+ ! armam5ts z an outw>d sign ( good int5tions1 ! era ( peace & good w among nations is c]ta9ly f> (f4 ,to get a trad+ advantage "h & a concession f a semib>b>\s c\ntry !re is /ill ! ambiti\s /riv+ ( ! cab9ets & ! diplomacy ( ,europe4 ,to give ! /riv+ emphasis1 indu/ry is tax$ to ! break+ po9t & labor to ! />v+ po9t4 ,russia exhau/s h] res\rces 9 a railroad ?r\gh ! ,sib]ian wa/e 9 h] endeavor to obta9 an outlet to ! sea1 :i* is jeal\sly clos$ to h] at ! s\?we/]n end ( h] dom9ions by ,engl&4 ,! trad] ( ,man*e/]1 fe>+ = 8 m>kets1 gr[s frantic at ! prospect ( ,russian cotton goods be+ br\ght to ,*9a or to ,india4 ,! m]e acquisition ( a port 9 ,man*uria by ,russia ?reat5s to seal 8 doom4 ,b he might look on ) complac5cy4 ,russia's labor is v de>1 capital is de>1 wages are on ! ,asiatic level1 fam9e /ill /alks ?r\gh ! l&1 int]communication is made difficult by ! lack ( roads1 & h] wond]ful natural res\rces lie unimprov$ because ! eyes ( gre$1 l ^? ( ! dog cross+ ! /ream1 are turn$ on ! covet$ piece ( meat he sees reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 & to grasp :i* he drops ! "o he holds 9 8 m\?4 ,france bri/les ) bayonets1 & is con/antly at pa9s to increase h] naval armam5ts1 ab\t ^: seawor?9ess h] own m9i/] ( m>9e expresses suspicions1 9 ob$i5ce to a n]v\s re/lessness = =eign acquisition4 ,engl&1 aft] h] feat 9 civiliz+ savages & b>b>ians 9 ! cu/om>y fa%ion1 %[n aga9 at ,omdurman1 is ready to turn h] w> dogs on ,france1 because ! latt] has ! tem]ity to dem& a slice ( ,s\danese t]ritory4 ,well might %e h giv5 z hu%-money1 or = ! m]e grace ( ! action1 a few ?\s& squ>e miles ( a c\ntry clos$ to access except by ! p]mission ( ,great ,brita91 :i* has successfully pre-empt$ e desirable bit ( l& 9 sight4 ,g]many1 in/ead ( us+ h] newly lib]at$ en]gies at home 9 an endeavor to elevate ! mis]able condition ( h] work+ classes1 taxes _! bread & meat1 nev] too freely suppli$1 to increase ! size ( h] armies & ! numb] ( h] battle %ips4 ,! def5se & expansion ( h] colonial empire is h] lead+ ?\ght4 ,a /range p>adox3 ,! work+man & ! peasant are ov]burd5$ ) taxes on ! necess>ies ( life1 s z to procure m>kets = a limit$ quantity ( factory products outside ( ! field secur$ 9 op5 competition4 ,:ile pr(ess+ fri5d%ip & bro!rly love1 !y all h _! eyes on _! neighbor's ?roat1 fe>ful only le/ ! o!r might clut* fir/4 ,z we are 9 dang] ( be+ drawn into ?is vortex1 x is well to exam9e ! range ( possibilities & see :at ! trade am\nts to1 to obta9 :i* ! sci5tific intellect ( ,europe & ,am]ica has be5 /ra9$ to its limits to discov] new means ( de/ruction = attack & def5se unkn[n to ! o!r bro!rs 9 ! common bond ( civilization4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t trade among ,european nations does n come )9 ?is circle1 nor ( ,european nations ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x does n dep5d on battle %ips4 ,9 ! annex$ tables ,i h classifi$ ! c\ntries 9 ?ree classes3 7#a7 ,indep5d5t /ates2 7#b7 colonies ( ,european c\ntries1 populat$ by p ( ,european /ock2 & 7#c7 colonies & dep5d5cies ( ,european c\ntries1 b ( non-,european /ock4 ,i h r$uc$ ! values ( imports & exports ( ! diff]5t c\ntries1 publi%$ 9 _! own curr5cies1 to ,am]ican doll>s4 ,z ! values are pap] curr5cies1 silv] curr5cies1 or conv5tional values1 & ( fluctuat+ rates1 ,i h 9 su* in/ances tak5 a ye>ly av]age1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! footnotes ( ! tables4 ,i4 ,trade ( ,indep5d5t ,c\ntries o!r ?an ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,key3 7,a7 ,numb] ( inhabitants4 7,b7 ,importations4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,c7 ,exportations4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,d7 ,imports p] capita4 ,doll>s4 7,e7 ,exports p] capita4 ,doll>s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,names ,,( ,,c\ntries4 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,asia 7#ahie74 ,*9a,a #chc1bec #abh1ggb #ajg1dii 4#cd 4#bh ,japan,b #db1bgj #ij1fha #fb1ddc #b4ad #a4dg ,all o!r /ates #bg1jjj #cj1jjj #hb1jjj #a4aj #a4ah ,am]ica4 ,arg5t9a,c #d1jjj #ajc1jeh #ajh1fga #bf4ej #bg4ag ,brazil,d #af1jjj #if1jjj #ig1jjj #f4jj #f4jf ,*ile,e #b1gjj #fi1bjj #gb1ijj #be4fb #bg4jj ,p]u,f #b1fjj #g1efj #i1jjj #b4ij #c4cj ,mexico,g #ab1fjj #db1jjj #bb1jjj #c4cb #a4gf ,uruguay,h #hjj #be1jjj #cj1jjj #ca4be #cg4ej ,v5ezuela,i #b1cjj #ag1jjj #bb1jjj #g4dj #i4ef ,all o!r /ates #aa1cjj #cd1jjj #df1hjj #c4jj #d4ad ,s\? ,africa ,indep5d5t /ates #a1jjj #ge1jjj #ab1jjj #ge4jj #ab4jj --------------------------- ,total indep5d5t /ates #eje1hjj #gah1bga #fbb1cac ,asiatic /ates #deb1ejj #bdi1dec #bja1idb ,am]ican & ,s\? ,african #ec1cjj #dfh1hah #dbj1cga ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,footnotes3 ,a ,haikwan tael1 #gd4i c5ts4 ,b ,y51 #eb4i c5ts4 ,c ,peso1 gold1 #if4e c5ts4 ,d ,milreis1 pap] 7#ahif71 #bj-a_/b c5ts4 ,e ,peso1 gold4 ,f ,sol]1 #dc c5ts4 ,g ,doll> 7#dg c5ts7 = exports1 gold doll> = imports4 ,h ,peso1 #a4 ,i ,boliv>1 #ai4c c5ts4 ,! ye> is #ahif1 & :]e a diff]5t "o is tak5 x is s m>k$ aga9/ ! c\ntry 9 ! table4 ,! figures only repres5t ! direct m]*&ise trade4 ,all specie & bullion %ipm5ts are elim9at$ f ! acc\nt4 ,,ii4 ,trade ( ,india & ,dep5d5cies & ( ,colonies & o!r ,possessions ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7,ye> end+ ,m>*1 #ahig74 ,key3 7,a7 ,numb] ( inhabitants4 7,b7 ,importations4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,c7 ,exportations4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,d7 ,imports p] capita4 ,doll>s4 7,e7 ,exports p] capita4 ,doll>s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,names ,,( ,,colonies ,,& ,,o!r ,,possessions4 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,india & its dep5d5cies,a #bij1fij #bhd1jbf #cgh1gcb 4#ig #a4cj ,colonies4 ,cape ,colony #a1hbj #ia1hjj #ci1jjj #ej4jd #bj4ae ,natal #ggh #ah1jjj #f1ejj #bc4ae #h4bj ,gold ,coa/ & o!r ,c5tral ,african possessions #cf1gjj #ai1jjj #ag1jjj 4#eb 4#df ,canada #e1abe #aah1jjj #aba1jjj #bc4je #bd4jd ,we/ ,indies #c1fad #cj1jjj #be1jjj #h4cc #f4id ,au/ralasia & ,oceanica #d1gic #bjd1ejj #baj1jjj #db4fe #dc4ge --------------------------- ,trade ( all c\ntries "u ,briti% flag #cdc1ebj #gfe1cbf #gig1bcb ,trade ( colonies ) :ite population #af1acj #dfa1cbj #daa1ehd ,trade ( ,asiatic dep5d5cies #bij1fij #bhd1jbf #cgh1gcb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,footnote3 ,a ,rupee1 #cb c5ts4 ,= ,/raits ,settlem5t & ,ceylon1 ,mexican doll>s #dg c5ts4 ,,iii4 ,trade ( ,=eign ,possessions ( all o!r ,c\ntries ?an ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,key3 7,a7 ,numb] ( inhabitants 9 ?\s&s4 7,b7 ,importations 9 ?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,c7 ,exportations 9 ?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,d7 ,imports p] capita4 ,doll>s4 7,e7 ,exports p] capita4 ,doll>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,c\ntries ,,& ,,_! 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 ,,colonial ,,possessions4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,a4 ,france 7#ahid74 ,asia #ba1hba #af1jjj #be1jjj 4#gc #a4ad ,africa1 outside ( ,alg]ia & ,tunis #bd1ejj #ac1jjj #bb1jjj 4#ec 4#ej ,am]ica & ,oceanica #dfj #ad1ejj #ab1fjj #ca4ej #bg4dj ,b4 ,g]many 7#ahig74 ,africa #aj1bjj #b1ahi #a1jgh 4#ba 4#aj ,new ,gu9ea #djj #gb #ej 4#ah 4#ab ,c4 ,italy4 ,africa #djj #e1fjj #c1jjj ,d4 ,ne!rl&s 7#ahie74 ,ea/ ,india #cd1jjj #fa1jjj #hi1fjj #a4hj #b4fc ,e4 ,philipp9es #g1fjj #aa1jjj #bj1jjj #a4ej #b4fc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,summ>y ( ,/ati/ical ,tables ( ! ,trade ( ,colonies & ,dep5d5cies ( ,european ,/ates & ( ,indep5d5t ,/ates o!r ?an ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,key3 7,a7 ,numb] ( inhabitants 9 ?\s&s4 7,b7 ,importations4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,c7 ,exportations4 ,?\s&s ( doll>s4 7,d7 ,inhabitants4 ,p] c5t to total4 7,e7 ,imports4 ,p] c5t to total4 7,f7 ,exports4 ,p] c5t to total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,names ,,( ,,divisions ,,by ,,c\ntries1 ,,colonies1 7,a7 7,b7 7,c7 7,d7 7,e7 7,f7 ,,& ,,races4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,totals ( tabulations ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,iii #a1ehd1jii #a1ehg1geha1edj1hehajj #ajj #ajj4j ,"u ,briti% flag #cdc1ebj #gfe1cbj #gig1bcb #cf #dh4c #ej4j ,"u all o!r flags #fje1ahj #hah1ggi #gij1ebg #fd #ea4g #di4h ,peoples ( ,european desc5t #fi1dcj #iji1jbj #hca1ihd #g4c #eg4d #eb4d ,peoples ( o!r races #hgi1bga #fge1jgi #gee1ggd #ib4g #db4f #dg4f ,anglo-,saxon #ag1acj #eai1cjj #djg1ehd #a4h #cb4h #be4g ,lat9-,am]ican #eb1cjj #chi1gjj #dbd1djj #e4e #bd4f #bf4g ,asiatic races #hjf1faa #fah1jgi #gjf1bgd #he4j #ci4j #dd4j ,african races #gb1ejj #eg1jjj #di1ejj #g4g #c4f #c4f ,/ates & colonies1 wool *ief export #aa1ajj #dda1cjj #cid1ejj #a4b #bg4h #bd4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 exam9+ ^! tables c>efully ! read] c =m an idea z to h[ ! _w's trade is divid$1 & see :at ! _w is arm+ to its tee? ab\t4 ,! only ,asiatic c\ntry ab\t ^: trade ! possibilities ( w> may be ent]ta9$ is ,*9a4 ,japan has %[n h] tee? & claws4 ,! hi/ory ( ,pol&1 ,port ,ar?ur1 or ,kiao-t*[ is n likely to f9d repetition on h] t]ritory4 ,only ! def5seless tempt ! avidity ( ! civiliz+ nations4 ,! import trade ( ,*9a1 an empire ) "o f\r? ! population ( ! entire _w1 is b half z mu* aga9 z t ( ,japan1 ) b "o n9? ( ! population ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,japan's trade has trebl$ )9 ! la/ doz5 ye>s4 ,h] imports ( m]*&ise are ov] two doll>s p] capita4 ,^? ( ,*9a are ?irty-f\r c5ts4 ,x w be said t ,*9a p>cel$ out to mod]n nations w va/ly ext5d 9 trad+ opportunities4 ,s x may4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 national disposition to take into consid]ation4 ,engl& has devot$ h] be/ ef=ts to ,india4 ,aft] a c5tury sp5t 9 br++ ! v>i\s races to submission1 ! process ( b5evol5t assimilation is help$ along by a nev]-end+ fl[ ( capital f ,engl&4 ,%e has become ! tea*] & adm9i/rator ( ! p ( ,hi!r & ,f>!r ,india4 ,x is d\btful :e!r "u exi/+ conditions any bett] gov]nm5t = _! ?ree hundr$ millions c\ld be devis$ by any out] =ce4 ,?\gh ,engl& does h] utmo/1 z %e und]/&s x1 to make ! p "u h] dom9ion happy & prosp]\s1 al?\gh ! rule ( law & a degree ( local indep5d5ce are e/abli%$1 yet %e f9ds small ?anks f h] w>ds4 ,!y h _! own notions ( happ9ess1 & seem to pref] mis]y ( _! selection to ! advantages ( ! :ite man's ord]+4 ,! fact is1 ! br[n man & ! yell[ man h diff]5t notions & desires f ! :ite man4 ,no am\nt ( jo/l+1 pu%+1 & urg+ w make !m take up our views1 our ta/es1 our work+ me?ods1 except 9 ! due developm5t ( "t4 ,our ideas z to necess>ies ( life & !irs are widely diff]5t4 ,_! simple ne$s are easily suppli$ f native h&s1 :o und]/& f> bett] ?an our pott]s d ! clay !y h to deal )4 ,! progress 9 trade w n be rapid1 & w c]ta9ly be disappo9t+ to ^? :o expect to see x ext5d into g5]al l9es ( m]*&ise4 ,! import trade ( ,india & its dep5d5cies 7#ahig7 is #bhd1jjj1jjj1 inclusive ( ,ceylon & ! net trade ( ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts4 ,?is am\nt1 directly cat]+ to ! wants ( fully ?ree hundr$ millions ( p1 is b ab\t "o ?ird m ?an ! net import trade ( ,au/ralasia1 ) a population ( less ?an five millions ( p4 ,! p]-capita consumption ( import$ m]*&ise ( ! ,asiatic possessions ( ,engl& is n9ety-sev5 c5ts2 ( ,au/ralasia1 #da4ff4 ,i mu/ say "h 9 explanation t ! values ( importations ( m]*&ise1 z publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% returns & lately reproduc$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 ,colonial ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 is #cje1jjj1jjj1 :i* w\ld make a %[+ ( #fc4cc p] capita4 ,b 9 ! ,engli% returns ! int]colonial trade figures are includ$4 ,! ,treasury ,bureau did n m5tion ?is 9 its publication1 & gave !reby a basis = errone\s d$uctions4 ,i h d$uct$ all ! int]colonial trade figures ( imports & exports f ! returns ( ea* ( ! ,au/ralian colonies1 s z to br+ ! figures to a basis ( p>ity ) ! acc\nts ( ,canada1 & o!r colonies & dep5d5cies :]e no duplications ( ?is k9d are possible4 ,! figures ( importations rema9+ ov] are r$uc$ by ?is process to #dj1ejj1jjj1 or ab\t #bjj1jjj1jjj--da4ff p] capita4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,anglo-,saxon colonies ( ! _w numb] b sev5te5 million4 ,_! net imports ( m]*&ise are #dfj1jjj1jjj4 ,! sev5 hundr$ & ?irty millions ( ,h9du & ,mongolian populations import #ecj1jjj1jjj4 ,^! are ! l&s ( fabl$ weal?4 ,antiquity & ! middle ages dream$ ( ri*es inexhau/ible 9 connection ) _! names4 ,to-day /ill ! popul> belief is t ! weal? ( nations is dep5d5t on ! conduct ( direct trade ) ! f> ,ea/4 ,! c\ntry c n be ri* ^: millions f9d happ9ess 9 a suffici5t supply ( millet or rice1 :atev] ! weal? ( a small favor$ class may be4 ,b ^! nations 7 ! tea*]s ( ! b>b>ians ^: desc5dants n[ populate ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,! disciples h improv$ on ! ma/]s4 ,we h improv$ ! tools :i* !y inv5t$ & appli$ new =ces ( production4 ,we h *eap5$ ! processes ( production4 ,we h qu9tupl$1 we h decupl$ "t4 ,b :atev] our improvem5ts 9 ! tools1 !y are /ill our ma/]s 9 ! "w4 ,any "o :o w\ld endeavor to sub/itute ! product ( our mills 9 cotton1 9 silk1 9 wool1 9 wood1 iron1 clay1 9 lacqu]1 cloisonn1 or enamel1 = !irs1 & n see at a glance ! hopelessness1 w\ld inde$ prove 8 incapacity = grasp+ ! situation4 ,our be/ produc]s /udy ) pr(it ! "w ( ,*9a &1 *iefly1 ( ,japan1 & are grateful = ! inspiration !y d]ive f x4 ,b !y d n attempt to copy4 ,nei!r 9 color effect nor design c\ld !y /& ! te/ ( comp>ison4 ,five ?\s& ye>s h be5 recov]$ f ! sepul*] "u :i* !y _h be5 sleep+4 ,b ! olde/ traces une>!d 9 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates /ill take u back to ! f>!/ ,ea/ z ! orig9ator ( :at we cov] by ! t]m civilization4 ,! ,mongolian %>es ! lot ( all :o h b5efit$ ! race4 ,if we c n expect great op5+s = our mill products 9 ,asia1 ,africa is a new field = ! civiliz+ ef=ts ( ,europe1 & w repay cultivat+1 p]haps4 ,! negro has nei!r factories nor work%ops4 ,!re at lea/ is an unlimit$ field = trade expansion4 ,g]many1 ! late/ com]1 ) ! zeal ( all fre% mission>ies1 is eag]ly tak+ up h] coloniz+ mission4 ,! result is n v enc\rag+4 ,!re is a f9e set ( build+s ) g>d5 spots & h>bor improvem5ts 9 ! settlem5t at ,cam]oon1 & a well-/ock$ gravey>d ( :at 7 once good ,g]man boys1 victims ( ! deadly climate & ( ! expansion fev]4 ,s f> ?is is ! only net %[+ to ! cr$it side ( ! l$g]4 ,! t]ritory 9 ,africa cov]s ne>ly "o million squ>e miles4 ,! possession ( su* an empire is wor? a sacrifice1 app>5tly1 & ,g]many is n p>simoni\s 9 ?is direction4 ,! contribution ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t to ! adm9i/ration fund ( ! ,african colonies 0 #b1aid1jjj 9 #ahif-'ig4 ,?is does n include ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ ! milit>y & naval =ces /ation$ 9 ! ,african settlem5ts4 ,! annual importations ( all ! colonies am\nt$ 79 #ahig7 to #b1bfa1jjj1 inclusive ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,s x co/s ! ,gov]nm5t m ?an "o doll> to enable its citiz5s to d a doll>'s wor? ( trade4 ,! population is e/imat$ at #aj1bjj1jjj4 ,:at possibilities /ret* out be=e u1 if !y c\ld be made to we> %irts or uni=ms l ! native police =ce1 :i* has be5 organiz$ at ,cam]oon6 ,! ext5t ( ! t]ritory1 h[ev]1 precludes ! possibility ( successfully conduct+ ! mission>y ef=t to induce !m to we> clo!s4 ,! "q also rema9s op5 :at return c\ld be made1 ev5 if ! recipi5ts c\ld be br\ght to appreciate ! advantage ( a full] cov]+ ( _! nak$ness ?an ! traditional "o4 ,france is 9 possession ( t]ritories 9 ,africa1 ! population ( :i* is on a m advanc$ /atus4 ,! t]ritories ( ! ,s5egal h be5 "u ,fr5* dom9ion = a p]iod ( two hundr$ ye>s & m1 & trade relations ) ! ,s5egal & ,s\dan h be5 assidu\sly cultivat$4 ,9 ,asia1 ,tonqu9 & ,annam 7 to op5 ! road to a v active trade ) ,*9a4 ,%e has held undisput$ lodgm5t s9ce #ahad 9 ,pondi*]ry & o!r t[ns 9 ,india t rema9$ ov] to h] f h] ,ea/ ,indian empire conqu]$ by ,dupleix & ab&on$ by ,l\is ,,xv's weak policy4 ,/ill1 ) all ! t5d] c>e & an exp5diture = ! colonial s]vice1 z p] budget ( #ahih1 ( ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj francs1 & n c\nt+ ! colonial exp5se tat ( ! m9i/ry ( w> & ( ! navy1 ! entire export trade ( ,france to h] ,asiatic possessions is #ce1jjj1jjj francs2 to h] ,african dom9ions1 outside ( ,algi]s1 #bb1jjj1jjj francs2 & to h] ,am]ican possessions1 ) b>ely five hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 #ce1jjj1jjj francs4 ,! t]ritories to :i* ?is trade cat]s h a population ( ab\t tw5ty-two million 9 ,asia & tw5ty-five million 9 ,africa4 ,if we include ! ,fr5* isl&s 9 ,am]ica & ,fr5* ,guiana1 ! exports ( ,fr5* m]*&ise to all h] colonies am\nt to ab\t #ie1jjj1jjj francs4 ,if we include ! all[ance = colonial s]vice f ! naval & milit>y budget1 ,france has an exp5se t exce$s ! am\nt ( h] colonial export trade4 ,h[ mu* bett] (f ,france w\ld be if %e w\ld drop ?is burd56 ,%e c\ld d ! same trad+ & save h] money1 annually wa/$1 & h] m5 annually slaught]$ to ! mania ( colonial expansion4 ,! =ty-five millions peopl+ ! ,fr5* possessions 9 ,asia & tropical ,africa consume altoge!r ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj wor? ( =eign imports4 ,! ,fr5* %>e ( ?is is ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj1 or a little ov] "o ?ird--elev5 millions ( trade aga9/ f\rte5 millions ( direct exp5se4 ,! contributions to ! ,am]ican colonies are b #b1jjj1jjj1 inclusive ( ab\t #a1jjj1jjj to ! p5al e/abli%m5t at ,cay5ne4 ,italy's demon/ration ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is madness c c>ry o!rwise sane /atesm5 is fre% 9 ev]ybody's memory4 ,outside ( ,russia1 ! poor--mean+ ! work+ classes--are 9 no c\ntry ( ,europe z poor z 9 ,italy4 ,if we take ! production p] acre 9 all ! c]eals z a gauge ( int]ior developm5t1 !n no ,european c\ntry we/ ( ,russia1 n except+ ,spa91 is 9 a m backw>d /ate4 ,wise /atesman%ip w\ld h f\nd "h a field = cultivation suffici5tly l>ge to tax all its en]gies4 ,! peaceful acquisitions ( indu/ry did n satisfy ! ambition ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,conque/s 9 equatorial ,africa 7 deem$ m ess5tial to ! k+dom's mat]ial welf>e1 b lately fre$ f ! dead5+ grasp ( cl]icalism & absolutism1 ?an ! improvem5t ( opportunities lavi%ly pres5t at home4 ,:at %e has cultivat$ at an enorm\s exp5se ( blood & treasure has borne ! ord9>y h>ve/ ( failure & disa/]4 ,! entire import trade ( ,mass[ah1 to :i* ! :ole _w contribut$1 & :i* is l>gely a transit trade1 am\nts to ab\t #e1jjj1jjj4 ,! exp5diture on acc\nt ( h] ,r$ ,sea possessions = ! ye> #ahie-'if is giv5 9 ! ,/atesman's ,ye> ,book z #abc1gch1jfd lires 7#bd1jjj1jjj74 ,! contribution to ! ma9t5ance ( ?is h] :ite man's burd51 f #ahhb to #ahie1 0 #cjc1ije1ibf lires4 ,at pres5t 7#ahig-'ih71 aft] ! sob]+ lesson receiv$ 9 #ahif1 ! net exp5se is ab\t #c1ejj1jjj 7#ag1jjj1jjj lires74 ,! ?ree p[]s--,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many--po9t a lesson ( unmi/akable significance4 ,! figures speak = !mselves4 ,no am\nt ( exp5se c make ! ,african & ! ,asiatic consume an appreciable am\nt ( ,european m]*&ise4 ,no am\nt ( cultivation c make ! tropics endurable to ! nor!rn man4 ,labor & ex]tion on 8 "p "u ! rays ( a deadly sun & a miasma-bre$+ soil are entirely out ( ! "q4 ,^? :o w\ld make ! endeavor 9 ! mann] ( ! temp]ate zone w\ld only succe$ ! soon] 9 rea*+ ! end ( :ite man's settlem5t 9 ! tropics1 disease & dea?4 ,_m po9t to ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india settlem5ts z a successful comm]cial ent]prise4 ,b1 tak+ ! be/ con/ruction giv5 to ! /ory f ! trad]'s po9t ( view1 ! pres5t satisfactory conditions h be5 rea*$ aft] a great deal ( disappo9tm5t1 loss1 & blood%$4 ,a l>ge rev5ue is acquir$ f ,gov]nm5t sales ( colonial produce2 /ill1 ) all ?is add$ to ! o!r rev5ues f l& tax1 excise1 & o!r duties1 ! ,gov]nm5t has a defici5cy ( ov] #aj1jjj1jjj flor9s a ye> 9 h] ,ea/ ,india possessions4 ,! budget = #ahih %[s an exp5se tat ( #adf1aej1afd flor9s1 :i* is met by a rev5ue f all s\rces ( b #ace1bjd1bjc flor9s4 ,?is is ! ri*e/ "p ( ! ,malay _w1 & = c5turies has be5 9 ! possession ( ,europe's mo/ enlight5$ p4 ,! results1 if ! p]-capita unit ( imports & exports is tak5 z a crit]ion1 are n diff]5t f ^? %[n 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,philipp9es1 gov]n$ = c5turies by ,spa94 ,! loss ( _! colonies is ascrib$ to ! oppressive rule :i* ! ,spani>ds ex]cis$4 ,! ,ne!rl&s1 devot+ all _! ef=ts to ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ( ! isl&s1 at lea/ dur+ ! great] "p ( ?is c5tury1 d n %[ mu* bett] results4 ,! imports p] capita ( ! ,dut* possessions are #a4hj1 & ! exports #b4fc4 ,! imports ( ! ,philipp9es are #a4ej & ! exports #b4fc p] capita4 ,f ?is we may be p]mitt$ to d$uce t ! ,malay ,isl&s are n likely to prove a m ?ankful field = cultivation by our trad]s ?an to ! ext5t indicat$ 9 ! trade reports set =? above4 ,"u ! conditions "h del9eat$1 x w\ld be invit+ all ! risks & dang]s connect$ ) expansion & colonization1 :ile no?+ is to be ga9$ 9 a comm]cial s5se t c n be realiz$ by ! means n[ 9 our h&s4 ,all ! ends ( trade c be atta9$ )\t t]ritorial expansion4 ,! trade 9 ! h&s ( peoples "u ,engli% sov]eignty is op5 to all comm]ce on equal t]ms4 ,n ev5 ! sov]eign c\ntry1 except 9 ! rec5t concessions by ,canada1 receives a pref]5ce4 ,! protection ( ! ,briti% flag is t5d]$ gratis to ! colonies & dep5d5cies4 ,! imports ( ^! c\ntries cov] ab\t "o half ( ! trade ( all ! _w1 outside ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?\gh !y h b #d4fg p] c5t ( ! population1 ! ,anglo-,saxon colonies d sixty-n9e p] c5t ( ! trade ( all ! colonies & dep5d5cies ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica absorb ab\t "o f\r?--#bd4f p] c5t ( imports & #bf4g p] c5t ( exports--( ! _w's trade "h summ>iz$4 ,! colonies peopl$ by ,anglo-,saxon population & ! ,lat9-,am]ican /ates toge!r1 ?\gh b #g4c p] c5t ( ! inhabitants1 d an import+ trade ( #eg4d p] c5t ( ! trade ( ! _w "h review$4 ,! c\ntries trad+ "u ! protection ( ! ,briti% flag & ! ,lat9-,am]ican /ates comb9$ h ab\t sev5ty-?ree p] c5t ( t trade among !m4 ,all ?is trade1 z well z by f> ! greate/ "p ( ! re/1 is inconte/ably accessible to-day on an equal basis to all ! _w4 ,! key to x lies 9 ! be/ t]ms1 ! be/ value4 ,! trad] & n ! admiral gov]ns ! field4 ,pr9ce ,he9ri* w n succe$ bett] ?an ,admiral von ,di$]i*s 9 conv9c+ ,*9a ( ! advantages ,g]many c (f] if ,mr4 ,c>negie's rails are *eap] ?an ,mr4 ,krupp's4 ,a :ole fleet ( ,am]ican battle %ips w n conv9ce ! ,asiatics t our cotton goods are z desirable z ! ,engli% s long z ! latt] make goods suitable to _! m>kets1 & ! ,am]icans (f] only products calculat$ to cov] ! home dem&s4 ,! gold5 rule is a m effective trade op5] ?an ! cannon's m\?4 ,fair & squ>e deal+ among nations does n entail exp5se1 b br+s 9 good returns4 ,our national policy1 h[ev]1 has be5 "o /udi\sly calculat$ to array ! _w aga9/ u4 ,l e policy 9 behalf ( a selfi% int]e/1 x injures ! =eign p aga9/ :i* x is direct$ f> less ?an ! nation :i* devises x4 ,! trade ( ,au/ralasia1 ,arg5t9a1 & ,uruguay1 & ! ,cape is bas$ *iefly on wool & hides4 ,! imports ( ^! c\ntries1 numb]+ b elev5 million inhabitants1 am\nt to #ddj1jjj1jjj1 equal+ 9 am\nt ! trade ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,p]sia1 & ,india1 ) _! sev5 hundr$ & fifty million inhabitants4 ,?\gh b #a4b p] c5t ( ! population ( ! _w 7outside ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 _! imports are #bg4h p] c5t ( ! totals ( ! figures 9 ! tables4 ,9 exports !y d ab\t #djj1jjj1jjj1 or #bd4i p] c5t ( ! total sum ( exports "h giv54 ,x w\ld be wor? cultivat+ fri5dly relations ) !m4 ,!y are inhabit$ by p ( ,european /ock1 & come ne>] to ! /&>d ( life ( ,am]icans ?an any ( ! o!r nations ( ! globe4 ,our late/ ef=t to draw !m clos] to u 0 ! ,d+ley t>iff1 ) its duty ( elev5 c5ts a p\nd on greasy wool & ( fifte5 p] c5t on raw hides4 ,! action c n be con/ru$ z a v fri5dly "o4 ,b nei!r is ! effect z calculat$ by ! wise heads :o insi/$ on ! provisions ( ! wool t>iff1 ! wool5 & wor/$ manufactur]s ( ! ,ea/1 & ! wool rais]s ( ! ,we/4 ,! wool & wool5 trade ( ,am]ica has suff]$ _m vicissitudes dur+ ! ?irty-five ye>s ( high t>iffs4 ,x has gone ?r\gh _m p]iods ( depression4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r at any "t m disa/r\s conditions exi/$ ?an h m>k$ ! twelve mon?s end+ at ?is writ+ 7,m>*1 #ahii74 ,! situation c be appreciat$ f ! fact t wool1 import$ prior to ! pass+ ( ! ,d+ley t>iff1 is be+ re%ipp$ to ,engl&1 :]e x is br++ bett] prices ?an c be obta9$ "h "u ! gis ( ! protective duty ( elev5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,?ree & a half million p\nds 7 %ipp$ 9 ! sev5 mon?s end+ ,janu>y #ca/4 ,we %\ld pr(it by ?is exp]i5ce1 try to cultivate fri5dly relations 9 p>ts ( ! _w :]e advantage\s trade connections c be e/abli%$1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! ignis fatuus ( ,asiatic expansion4 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,nature4 ,,by ,,edmund ,,noble4 ,x is an int]e/+ & sugge/ive fact 9 ,nature /udy t at ! outset man 0 ?r[n utt]ly ^u himself = ! v vocabul>y ( ! _w-puzzle :i* pres5t$ itself to him = solution4 ,he _h n only to unriddle 8 inscription 9 an unkn[n tongue1 b to evolve ev5 ! possibility ( an explanation out ( 8 inn] consci\sness4 ,8 fir/ !ories ( ! univ]se 7 bas$1 n on any?+ :i* ! cosmos 01 indep5d5tly ( him1 b ^u 8 own nature & activities z a liv+ animal4 ,?is resort to himself z 8 *ief means ( int]pretation result$ f ! v nature ( ! kn[+ process2 = k ( ?+s is nev] 9 any absolute s5se :at ?+s are1 b is r :at !y are l4 ,:5 we cognize an object we d x by ref]r+ t object to ! class ( objects :i* 9 "o or m respects x resembles4 ,& z 9 ?is process we draw f ! objects mo/ famili> to u ! pr9ciple ( explanation :i* we ne$ = ! less famili> ?+s t h n yet become "p ( our m5tal possessions1 mu* dep5ds ^u priority 9 ! sett+ up ( m5tal classes1 z well z on ! /r5g? ( ! impression :i* !y make ^u ! m9d4 ,! e>lie/ & deepe/ class impressions are necess>ily ^? :i* arise out ( man's k ( himself--( 8 body & ! p>ts !re(1 ( 8 corporeal activities1 & ( 8 feel+s & ?\ghts2 next1 ( ! bodies ( o!r m5 & ( _! movem5ts2 f9ally1 9 ! ord] ( vividness1 ( ! animate & inanimate objects mo/ ne>ly relat$ to 8 life4 ,x is ^! classes :i*1 by virtue ( _! priority & /r5g?1 naturally acquire dom9at+ influ5ce ov] all lat] acquirem5ts1 & x is to !m t ! m9d ref]s ! impressions ga9$ f ! m remote inorganic _w4 ,among ! simpl] illu/rations ( ! ef=t man makes to assimilate ! ext]nal sy/em to himself are ^? ) :i* we are m or less famili> 9 ! doma9 ( language4 ,we f9d !m fir/ 9 ! =ms = g5d] by :i*1 9 all inflectional tongues1 inanimate objects are to ?is ext5t lik5$ to liv+ animals4 ,a simil> t5d5cy is at "w 9 ! widespread l+ual habit ( nam+ ?+s aft] p>ts ( ! body1 z 9 ! case ( door1 call$ ! eye ( ! h\se by ! native ( ,banks' ,isl&2 ( son-tree1 ! t]m appli$ by ! ,siamese to fruit2 ( ! ,malay's use ( ! n\n *ild = lock2 ( h\se-belly1 ! ,african ,m&+o's equival5t = 9 ! h\se2 & ( hair1 (t5 us$ = leaf or fea!r 9 _m ,melanesian languages4,a ,9 m mod]n =ms ( spee* ! process is sugge/$ by su* expressions z ! head ( a bridge1 ! eye ( a ne$le1 ! m\? ( a riv]1 ! neck ( an e/u>y1 ! trunk & arms ( a tree1 ! lungs ( a bell[s1 ! bones ( an umbrella1 ! nose ( a promontory1 ! e>s ( a book1 ! f+]s ( a clock1 ! legs ( a table1 ! ve9s ( m>ble1 ! foot ( a m\nta94 ,!n !re are analogies bas$ on ! activities ( ! human body1 = :5 we describe ?+s z /&+1 sitt+1 or ly+2 z ris+1 fall+1 runn+1 or climb+--:5 we use expressions l /rik+ clock1 danc+ light1 sleep+ lake1 yawn+ precipice1 laugh+ skies1 babbl+ brooks1 rag+ bill[s1 we are apply+ to ! objects nam$ t]ms orig9ally us$ to describe our own acts4 ,! s5se ( he>+1 aga91 is utiliz$ 9 su* expressions z taube ,nuss 7) no?+ 9 ! %ell7 & taube ,kohl5 7^? :i* h burn$ out74 ,s ! defect ( bl9dness is objectifi$ 9 ! ccum vallum ( ,roman spee*1 9 ciego1 said 9 ,spani% ( *eese t has no eyes1 & 9 ! bl9d] ,s*uss ( ! ,g]mans1 ^: m famili> ,aug5blick ev]ybody recalls4 ,n less sugge/ive are ! num]\s expressions :i* project conceptions ( life & dea? into ! environm5t1 su* z ! caput mortuum 7tte morte7 ( *emi/ry1 eau vive 7,quellwass]71 dead wat] 7turn ( ! tide71 todte ,f>be & lebhafte ,f>be1 vivus lapis 7fire/one71 quicks& & quicksilv]1 ! dead ( night1 dead weight1 a dead level1 & todtes ,kapital4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ! read+ ( vitality into inorganic objects1 common en\gh among savages1 has by no means disappe>$ f civiliz$ races4 ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall's inquiries h %[n t out ( =ty-eight *ildr5 j atta9+ s*ool age1 tw5ty believ$ ! moon & />s to be alive1 fifte5 ?\ght a doll & sixte5 ?\ght fl[]s w\ld suff] pa9 if burn$4 ,"o pupil describ$ ! cresc5t moon z half /uck or half button$ into ! sky2 ! splutt]+ ( coals 9 a fire 0 call$ b>k+ by a girl f\r ye>s & a half old4 ,miss ,+el[ says t :5 ov] two ye>s old1 & = ab\t a ye> aft]1 %e _h ! habit ( attribut+ intellig5ce n only to all liv+ creatures1 b ev5 to /ones & manufactur$ articles4 ,?is projection ( words orig9ally descriptive ( ! human body or ( its activities into ! objective _w ( ,nature f9ds its ri*e/ illu/rations 9 poetry1,b :]e x may be held to repres5t less ! elaborate artifice ( a cultur$ m9d ?an "o ( ! mo/ primitive t5d5cies ( t m9d p[]fully sway$ by emotion4 ,yet ! process belongs equally to ! m prosaic ef=ts :i* man puts =? to utilize ! objects ( 8 environm5t 9 ! int]e/s ( self-ma9t5ance4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! is se5 9 ! use ( words describ+ p>ts ( ! body to facilitate ! description ( ! ext]nal _w 9 its num]ical aspects4 ,?us ! ,*9ese use = two c]ta9 syllables 7ny & ceul7 :i* orig9ally mean e>s1 ! ,hott5tots employ+ ! ^w = h& 9 ! same s5se4 ,9 middle high ,g]man ! ^w = %eaf 7,s*ock7 signifies sixty1 & is appli$ 9 t s5se to all k9ds ( objects4 ,! ,letts1 ow+ to _! habit ( ?r[+ fi% ?ree at a "t1 employ ! ^w mett5s1 a ?r[1 9 ! s5se ( ?ree4 ,among ! same p fl\nd]s are ti$ 9 lots ( ?irty1 :5ce has aris5 ! practice ( designat+ ?irty by ! ^w kahlis1 mean+ cord4 ,! ,qui*uas atta* ! significance ( t5 to ! ^w *uncu1 heap4 ,! ,gallas ^w = half has be5 trac$ to ! v]b *aba1 to break1 & is ! equival5t ( our own ^w fraction4 ,s 9 a l>ge numb] ( languages ! t]m = h& signifies five1 two h&s mean+ t51 & man 7two h&s & two feet7 tw5ty4 ,a l orig9 mu/ be claim$ = ! measures ( space & weight ne$$ by man 9 8 indu/rial & comm]cial activities4 ,! f+]1 ! ?umb1 ! h&1 ! palm1 ! =e>m1 ! foot--! ext5d$ arms1 z 9 ! anci5t orgya1 & ! ext5d$ legs1 z 9 ! mod]n y>d--h all play$ a fundam5tal "p 9 det]m9+ ! /&>d measures ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,to ! same class belong ! ,greek3 gy1 ! ext5t ( field t c\ld be work$ by a labor] 9 "o day2 ! /ade1 ! di/ance :i* a good runn] c\ld trav]se )\t /opp+ to take re/2 also measures ( "t1 su* z ! old division ( ! day bas$ on ! l5g? ( a man's %ad[4 ,! human body 0 ?us ( prim>y importance z a means ( compreh5d+ & com+ into relations ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,b m5 also s\ght to make ! environm5t intelligible to !m by project+ into x ! images ga9$ f ! m g5]al aspects ( _! life4 ,su* phrases z pig ( iron1 monkey wr5*1 batt]+ ram1 lift+ crane1 rem9d u ( a p]iod 9 :i* objects 7 actually %ap$ s z to enable ! m9d to accommodate itself m completely to ! ?\ght ( _! vitality4 ,! ,greek sail+ vessel1 = example1 0 s con/ruct$--) ! body ( a bird1 ) *eeks1 eyes1 & project+ e>s--z to make x seem to ! navigators ( ! "t z almo/ alive4 ,& ! dolph9s1 eagles1 rav5s1 & dragons :i* ?reat5$ ,engl& f ! pr[s ( ! invad+ ,dani% fleet h _h _! prototypes 9 almo/ e nation t has betak5 itself to ! sea4 ,n less sugge/ive are ! m g5]al aspects ( ! process4 ,our ance/or call$ ! e>?'s satellite ! moon1 or measur]1 because x s]v$ him z a divid] ( "t4 ,! famili> gra9s ( :eat & b>ley :i* he h>ve/$ became ! units ( 8 measures4 ,s ! names ( 8 seasons 7 bas$ on ! fall ( ! leaves1 ! reappe>ance ( p>ticul> />s1 or ! p]iodical inundations ^u :i* he dep5d$ = 8 food4 ,! mo/ primitive me?od 9 *ronology is t :i* enables man to ori5t himself 9 ! _w ( "t by associat+ p>ticul> lunations ) vicissitudes ( wea!r1 ) seasonal aspects ( vegetation1 & ) ! con/antly *ang+ sights & s\nds ( ! animal _w4 ,9 ! cal5d> ( ! ,crees1,c = example1 we f9d su* designations z duck-mon?1 frog-moon1 leaf-moon1 b]ries-ripe-mon?1 buffalo-rutt+ moon1 leaves-entirely-*ang$1 leaves-9-!-trees1 fi%-cat*+-moon1 moon-t-/rikes-!-e>? cold1 colde/-moon1 ice-?aw+-moon1 eagles-se5-moon4 ,s 9 ! cal5d>s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1,d ! mon?s are nam$ v>i\sly aft] ! arrival ( birds1 ! blossom+ ( fl[]s1 ! bl[+ ( w9ds1 ! return ( mosquitoes1 & ! appe>ance ( fi%es4 ,! ,greeks con/antly us$ ! movem5ts ( birds to m>k ! seasons2 ! arrival ( ! swall[ & kite 7 ?us not$4 ,hesiod tells u h[ ! cry ( ! crane signal$ ! dep>ture ( w9t]1 :ile ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades gave notice to ! pl[man :5 to beg9 8 "w4 ,! ,incas,e call$ ,v5us ! hairy1 on acc\nt ( ! brightness ( h] rays1 j z ! ,p]uvians nam$ h] ! eight-h\r tor*1 or ! twilight lamp1 f ! "t ( h] %9+4 ,"o at lea/ ( ! ?ree portions into :i* ! ,greeks divid$ _! night receiv$ its "n--,greek3 p]i ly*nn haphas--f ! social cu/om ( light+ ! lamps at dusk4 ,= :ole races ! dep>ture ( ! sun made night a "t ( dang]1 & man did 8 be/ to less5 ! my/]y ( ! heav5s by fill+ _! obscure dep?s ) ! figures ( animals & h]oes1 or by lik5+ _! %9+ l9es ( cosmic cl\d to a road or highway = ! m>* ( be+s cele/ial & t]re/rial4 ,?us1 = ! speak]s ( ,sanskrit ! ,milky ,way 0 ,! ,pa? ( ! ,gods2 ! ,li?uanians dubb$ x ,! ,bird ,road2 9 ,l[ ,g]man x is kn[n z ,! ,way ( ,c[s2 ! ,cymris associat$ x ) ! c\rse ( ! w9d2 = ,sc&9avians x 0 ,! ,road ( ,w9t]2 ! ,p]sians view$ x z ! r\te along :i* ! /raw c>ri] drew 8 burd52 to ?is day ! ,w9nebagoes call x ,! ,way ( ! ,*iefs4,f ,sci5ce itself is indebt$ to t]ms & phrases 9 :i* out] realities are assimilat$ to ! circum/ances ( ! life liv$ by man & by ! societies :i* he =ms4 ,su* words z attraction1 repulsion1 resi/ance1 nature1 body1 atom1 curr5t1 conta9 obvi\sly an?ropomorphic elem5ts4 ,! human orig9 ( ! idea convey$ by ! t]m in]tia may be m or less veil$ by unfamili> ,lat9 elem5ts1 yet x is recov]$ = u aga9 9 ,trgheit1 idl5ess1 ! ,g]man =m ( ! ^w4 ,! phrase natural selection conta9s a teleological elem5t :i* has m ?an once be5 us$ to ?r[ discr$it on ! process :i* x describes4 ,& :5 "o obs]ves h[ p]si/5tly su* an an?ropopa?ic expression z aff9ity is /ill appli$ to *emical reaction1 or ) :at navet ! t]m law is transf]r$ f ! realm ( human jurisprud5ce into ! doma9 ( natural processes1 "o ceases to wond] at ! con/ant confusions ( out] ) inn] 9 :i* s mu* ( ! psy*omorphism ( ! "t has _h its orig94 ,x w\ld be /range1 !n1 if1 se5 9 s _m ( man's ef=ts to int]pret ! inanimate ?+s ar\nd him1 ?is process ( self-projection %\ld n also be valid = ! l>g] relations ( 8 m5tal activity to ! univ]se4 ,x is b a /ep1 9 fact1 f ! application ( an?ropomorphic words to ! objects & processes ( ,nature1 to ! employm5t reg>d+ su* processes ( an?ropomorphic ?\ght4 ,z ! *ild f9ds ! satisfaction ( its fancy 9 ! discov]y ( "s /range face z sugge/$ to him 9 ! decorations ( ! wall pap] :i* surr\nds 8 sick-b$1 or 9 trac+ out f ! cont\rs ( clo!s hung up )9 range ( 8 vision ! prepo/]\s outl9e or figure ( "s human lik5ess or c>icature1 s ! savage1 ) a deep] purpose born ( necessity1 traces out f ! l>g] patt]ns ( ! mov+ _w ab\t him ! organic %apes1 embody+ w & p]sonality1 t are to s]ve him z explanations ( ! ext]nal p[] :i* t\*es 8 exi/5ce = good or = evil1 & :i*1 ?us s]v+ him1 enable him to come into relations ) t p[]4 ,x is ! deepe/ int]e/s ( human life :i* make ?is process necess>y1 & x is ( ! v nature ( ! process t ! *>act]s ?us project$ into ! environm5t mu/ always--?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( human asc5t1 & at e p>ticul> /age ( x--be closely & def9itely correlat$ ) ! degree & k9d ( ! self-k :i* is its s\rce4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! animal *>act]s display+ ?is correlation1 & us$ z a means ( und]/&+ ! environm5t1 c\ld n well h be5 o!r ?an t ( motion4 ,t by ! high] mammals1 at any rate1 mov+ ?+s1 ev5 :5 inorganic1 are g5]ally reg>d$ z alive1 is a view r5d]$ probable by a l>ge body ( evid5ce4,g ,b :5 man f9ally appe>$ on ! sc5e1 a new elem5t came 9 to complicate ! m]ely animal attitude 9 :i* vitality 0 attribut$ to inanimate objects 9 motion4 ,by contemplat+ ! ph5om5a ( 8 subjective life1 & obs]v+ analog\s ph5om5a 9 8 fell[-be+s--?r\gh ! consid]ation ( dreams1 swoons1 ev5 dea? itself--our ance/or discov]$ 9 himself a "* deep] ?an t ( vitality2 came to recognize t ! liv+ creature1 animal & human1 possesses an inn] pr9ciple or ess5ce und]ly+ its activities2 is n only alive1 b also animat$4 ,at fir/ ! conception ( vitality 0 "o ) ! conception ( bodily activity2 at la/ man le>n$ to diff]5tiate ! movem5ts ( ! body f an inn] ess5ce to :i* he believ$ !m to be due--le>n$1 9 a ^w1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! corporeal exi/5ce & ! s\l4 ,& hav+ effect$ ?is fir/ rude division ( ! *>act]s ( s\l f ! m]ely physical attributes ( life1 our ance/or soon project$ ! new view :i* he _h rea*$ ( himself into ! objects ( 8 environm5t4 ,! b5efic5t influ5ces ( ,nature1 s necess>y to 8 life1 he n[ inve/$ ) ! good purposes ( ! bett] nature )9 him2 9 ! malefic5t =ces ( ! cosmos he read ! malignant w ( 8 own angry passions4 ,b x is n z m]e ph5om5a t ^! p[]s1 ?us f9ally ens\l$ & reg>d$ z p]sonal1 c be ?\ght ab\t4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! human m9d c>ries on its m5tal processes l>gely ) ! aid ( images--recov]$ images ( some?+ se51 he>d1 felt1 or ta/$--& is yet f> (f f ! /age ( sci5tific ?\ght 9 :i* ab/ract concepts take ! place ( ! recov]$ m5tal pictures :i* h be5 yield$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,man ?us ne$$ concrete images ) :i* to ?9k ab\t ! p]sonal p[]s ( ! ext]nal _w1 & he naturally f\nd !m 9 ! animal & human %apes already famili> to him4 ,discov]+ "s lik5ess betwe5 a ,nature =ce & "s animal1 he h5ce=? associat$ ! two1 & recall$ ! image ( ! animal z ! m concrete means ( m5tal recov]y :5 he wi%$ to ?9k ( ! ab/ract ,nature p[]4 ,or1 associat+ "s dep>t$ ance/or1 relative1 h]o1 or k+ ) ! ,nature =ce--an association :i* w\ld be greatly /r5g!n$ by belief 9 ! survival ( ! s\l aft] dea?--he gradually conf\nd$ ! disembodi$ human p[] ) ! s\l ( ! ,nature p[]1 & ?r\gh ! law ( lea/ ef=t1 us$ ! concrete image ( ! dep>t$ human be+ to /& 9 8 m5tal processes = ! mu* m difficult ?\ght ( ! ,nature =ce4 ,b1 :atev] ! process1 animal %apes 7 obvi\sly ne$$ to r$uce ! ,nature p[]s to su* a degree ( concret5ess z w\ld make x possible = primitive man to deal ) !m z objects ( ?\ght4 ,& x is n less c]ta9 t :ile1 = "s races1 ! e>lie/ %apes ?us utiliz$ 7 ^? ( ! l[] animals1 ! f9al =m = all races 0 t ( man himself4 ,9 ! an?ropomorphic /age1 !n1 !re is ! same ef=t to und]/& ! ext]nal sy/em by assimilat+ x to some?+ ) :i* man is already famili>4 ,! wor%ip$ deities may be _m or few1 numb]less z ! ,nature =ces1 poly!i/ic z among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 or "o z 9 ! mono!ism ( ! ,semite4 ,man lik5s !m to himself1 attributes to !m n only 8 outw>d %ape1 b also 8 fail+s & virtues1 mak+ 8 ,pan!on resemble n only ! social ord]1 b also ! political sy/em "u :i* he happ5s to live4 ,x is ! complet5ess ( ?is assimilation :i* made an?ropomorphism ! mo/ p]si/5t aspect ( man's intellectual gr[? ! _w has kn[n4 ,yet ! view c\ld l+] only z ! possession ( ! intellectually slo?ful & immature4 ,! inadequacy1 ! crud5ess1 ( ! conception 9 :i* ,deity 0 imag$ z a gigantic man gradually =c$ itself ^u ! att5tion ( ! m ?\ghtful4 ,increas$ m5tal activity1 a bett] acqua9tance ) natural processes1 br\ght ! idea ( a p[] above ,nature r ?an m]ely sup]ior to man2 & z ! human m9d pass$ f ! conception ( ! sup]human to t ( ! sup]natural--z1 moreov]1 ! ?\ght ( m]ely local gods gave way to ! idea ( gods n limit$ 9 _! functions to p>ticul> areas--! an?ropomorphic %apes naturally fell away f ! p[]s !y c\ld no long] adequately repres5t4 ,!n o!r *anges1 /rictly correlat$ ) man's advanc+ k ( himself1 u%]$ 9 ! late/ /age ( 8 attitude t[>d ! ext]nal sy/em4 ,= 9 ! same m9d :i* _h be5 compell$ to reject crude an?ropomorphism1 !re _h be5 gr[+ ! consci\sness ( man z some?+ m ?an a m]e comp\nd ( vitality1 consci\sness1 & w--some?+ m ?an a set ( bodily & m5tal capacities ess5tial to ! "w ( self-ma9t5ance--! ?\ght t man 0 ! sum ( 8 high]1 n ( 8 l[] qualities1 t h5ce=? he mu/ be measur$ by ! activities :i* he c>ri$ on 9 ! doma9 ( pure ?\ght4 ,& ?is recognition ( m5tal attributes z ! mo/ wor?y1 ! mo/ exalt$ *>act]s ( human p]sonality1 c\ld n fail to impress itself ^u ! conception ( deity already und]go+ dean?ropomorphization4 ,m & m1 !re=e1 9 ! high] m9d ( ! race1 ! ,div9e ,be+1 n only los+ 8 =m] bodily =m1 b yield+ ev5 ! gross] attributes ( p]sonality ) :i* he has be5 inve/$1 becomes = ! ?\ght ( man a psy*ical be+ 9 ! deepe/ s5se ( t t]m4 ,an?ropomorphism1 or man-lik5+1 passes away1 & 9 its place comes psy*omorphism1 or m9d-lik5+4 ,two aspects are ?us recognizable 9 ! m5tal int]pretation ( ! environm5t3 on ! "o h& an aspect :i* may be call$ causal1 s9ce x seeks ! s\rce ( ! p[] ex]t$ by ,nature =ces & objects2 on ! o!r1 an aspect :i* is obvi\sly =mal1 its ma9 significance be+ t x cond5ses1 s to speak1 gr\ps ( qualities into a s+le m5tal sign4 ,! causal aspect yields1 9 h[soev] simple or complex a =m1 a !ory ( ! cosmos or ( its p>ts2 ! =mal aspect is no m ?an a means1 ready at h&1 9 ! visible bodies ( animals & m5 = facilitat+ ! use ( t !ory 9 processes ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce we may reg>d vitalism1 animism1 psy*omorphism z s _m /ages ( man's attitude t[>d ! ext]nal sy/em1 correspond+ ) ! degree ( 8 p[] to appreh5d ! m ab/ract z di/+ui%$ f ! m p>ticul> & sup]ficial *>act]s ( ?+s t come )9 ! range ( 8 k4 ,9 ! fir/1 he explicitly recognizes vitality1 ! mo/ obvi\s "* ( ,nature =ce2 9 ! second1 subsum+ vitalism1 he raises ! s\l life to ! place ( honor2 9 ! ?ird1 subsum+ bo? vitalism & animism1 he emphasizes 9 psy*omorphism ! highe/ human qualities :i* 8 m9d enables him to recognize4 ,! passage f ! idea ( multiplicity to t ( unity is itself an insep>able "p ( ! total process4 ,z at ! beg9n+ man reads vitality into ! sep>ate objects & =ces ( ,nature1 )\t any ?\ght ( _! und]ly+ unity1 s he reg>ds z discrete1 unconnect$1 objectively unrelat$1 ! multif>i\s s\ls ) :i*1 9 8 ?\ght1 ^! v>i\s p[]s ( ! environm5t h come to be animat$4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t1 by an inn] necessity ( intellectual gr[?1 relations come to be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! =ces ( ,nature1 lik5esses are recogniz$ betwe5 ! functions ( spirits & deities--betwe5 ! p[]s put =? & ! results a*iev$4 ,! result is a process ( coalesc5ce :i*1 to describe x 9 ! briefe/ way1 fir/ m]ges a l>ge numb] ( _s-evolv$ gods into a small] numb] ( relatively indep5d5t div9ities1 =ms ^! into pan!ons ( gods ea* subord9at$ to a sup]ior1 & f9ally unites all be+s reg>d$ z div9e 9 ! s+le1 all-compreh5d+1 omnisci5t & omnipot5t ,deity ( mono!ism4 ,9 all ?is advance1 moreov]1 we f9d t ! process illu/rat$ by ! *ang+ phases ( man's m5tal attitude t[>d ,nature also holds good ( ! multif>i\s acts by :i*1 9 :at is kn[n z religion1 man has s\ght to realize t attitude 9 conduct4 ,=1 9 seek+ to adju/ himself to ! sy/em ( ,p[]1 man has be5 =c$ to conceive ( 8 ,pan!on 9 t]ms z well ( 8 social arrangem5ts z ( ! political sy/em "u :i* he happ5$ to be liv+4 ,! _s _w ( a horde ( savages c\ld only reflect ! indef9it5ess & disunion ( ! nomads ^: imag9ation x satisfi$4 ,b z ! h\sehold made its appe>ance1 z a def9ite social /ructure arose1 & ! /raggl+ tribes began to be unit$ into nations1 ! gods !mselves took on ! *>act]s ( an analog\s trans=mation4 ,! div9e selfi%ness--! remota ab no/ris rebus--long ago satiriz$ by ! poet ,lucretius1 obvi\sly correlat$ ) ! attitude ( man t[>d man1 j z naturally gave way1 ) ! gr[? ( ! social sympa?ies1 to ! ?\ght ( t m active conc]n 9 human affairs :i* is "o ( ! sali5t *>act]s ( ! lat] phases ( mono!ism4 ,! orig9al indiff]5ce ( ,deity t[>d e?ical issues--a widespread feature ( ! e>li] religi\s conceptions--c\ld n b pass away ) ! moral /agnation ( ! anci5t communities out ( :i* x _h aris54 ,s ! comp>atively new ?\ght ( a ,god def9itely id5tifi$ 9 8 aims & activities ) ! cause ( moral re=m is no less obvi\sly a result ( ! new attitude ( man himself t[>d problems ( social improvem5t2 :ile ! p]si/5ce ) :i*1 9 human ?\ght1 morals rema9 associat$ ) religion suffici5tly illu/rates ! ext5t to :i* man's view ( ea* has be5 det]m9$ by ! self-k :i* und]lies 8 attitude t[>d bo?4 ,note also1 f9ally1 ! manife/ relation 9 :i* our human ?\ght reg>d+ m9d & body has always /ood t[>d conceptions ( a _w-s\l1 & !n ! dep5d5ce ( man's view ( ! relation ( ,god to ! _w ^u ! k ( 8 own planet & ( its place 9 ! univ]se4 ,= z long z our ance/or held ! old geoc5tric !ory ( ! cosmos--reg>d$ ! heav5s z a set ( sph]es revolv+ ar\nd a flat e>?--! ?\ght ( a deity outside ! _w relat$ to x z a me*anician might be to a cunn+ly devis$ piece ( clockwork :i* he _h br\ght into exi/5ce1 0 inevitable4 ,b :5 ! geographical discov]ies ( ! fifte5? c5tury co-op]at$ ) ! revelations ( ,galilei to secure ! f9al triumph ( ! ,cop]nican ov] ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( ! _w-ord]1 ! anci5t view ( ,deity z ext]nal to 8 creation gave place to ! ess5tially mod]n conception ( 8 imman5ce4 ,if n[ we att5tively exam9e ! progress above describ$1 we %all f9d t ! e>lie/ attitude ( ! human m9d t[>d ! ext]nal sy/em t5ds 9 ! late/ to repeat itself on a high] plane & ) a ri*] cont5t4 ,?us vitalism1 by ! process ( unification & int5sification1 culm9ates 9 an?ropomorphic mono!ism1 :ile animism1 ?r\gh ! coalesc5ce ( objects & =ces at fir/ believ$ to be sep>ately animat$1 f9ally develops into pan!ism4 ,^! two l9es ( ?\ght1 moreov]1 t5d !mselves to conv]ge1 or1 at any rate1 to become int]*angeable1 s9ce mono!ism1 by dean?ropomorphiz+ itself1 approximates to pan!ism1 z is well se5 9 ! ,*ri/ian !ologies & e?ical religions ( ! _w2 :ile pan!ism1 by emphasiz+ ! *>act]s ( intellig5ce & w1 is sometimes h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ^? mod]n =ms ( mono!ism :i* tea* ! doctr9e ( imman5ce4 ,! intellectual outcome ( ! :ole movem5t1 embody+ ! mod]n attitude 9 ,nature philosophy1 is ?us no long] an?ropomorphism1 b psy*omorphism1 s9ce x reads into ! univ]se1 n ! *>act]s :i* di/+ui% human be+s f ! l[] animals1 b ! highe/ manife/ation ( ! *>act]s recogniz$ to be common to bo?1 namely1 psy*ic *>act]s--! *>act]s1 9 a ^w1 ( m9d4 ,= ! deepe/ rea*es ( human ?\ght1 ! process ( man-lik5+ has ?us giv5 way to ! process ( m9d-lik5+4 ,on ! subjective side ( m5tal inquiry we get psy*omorphic mono!ism1 or :at may be call$ !ological pan!ism2 :ile on ! objective side we rea* sci5tific pan!ism1 or monism4 ,x is true t ! psy*omorphism ( sci5tific monism is rea*$ by a process diff]5t f t :i* has culm9at$ 9 ! m9d-lik5+ ( !ological pan!ism4 ,yet 9 bo? cases !re is ! same projection ( intellig5ce into ! ext]nal sy/em z a means ( compreh5d+ x4 ,& z ! intellig5ce ( atoms implies _! vitality1 we really return 9 sci5tific monism to ! vitali/ic attitude ( ! primitive obs]v] ( ,nature4 ,! sali5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! two views is ?is3 t :ile e>ly man subsum$ "u 8 concept ( vitality only ! rude/ *>act]s !re(1 ! t]ms 9 ! m9d ( ! moni/ connotes 9 all _! ri*ness ! ideas associat$ ) m9d4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ ! basis on :i* re/s ! :ole sup]/ructure1 ( man's m5tal attitude t[>d ! cosmos4 ,despite all unc]ta9ties reg>d+ ! details ( ! process1 we may be assur$ ( its fundam5tal nature1 & are ?us compell$ to recognize ! dep5d5ce ( ! =ms ( man's m5tal attitude t[>d ! univ]se ^u 8 k ( himself4 ,x is because 8 own actions h _! s\rce 9 a p]sonal w t he ref]s ext]nal movem5ts to w4 ,he is consci\s ( 8 own acts1 & ! _w ar\nd him c n be devoid ( a l illum9ation4 ,does he himself plan8 ,nature mu/ also be intellig5t4 ,& ! highe/ qualities :i* he c discov] 9 himself he reads unhesitat+ly into ! cosmos4 ,at fir/ sight1 !n1 k may seem inextricably involv$ 9 ! process "h describ$4 ,if man c n "k ! ext]nal sy/em to :i* he mu/ adapt himself save by assimilat+ x to himself--save by int]pret+ x on ! basis ( analogies :i* he discov]s betwe5 8 own body & its activities1 & ! _w ) its activities--are we n committ$ by our v nature z organisms to all ! errors :i* t nature imposes ^u u8 ,if1 9 o!r words1 e ef=t to view ! univ]se z x is1 indep5d5tly ( u1 be r5d]$ impossible by ! v nature ( ! kn[+ process1 ) :at *ance ( success %all we seek to elim9ate ^? vitali/ic & psy*omorphic *>act]s :i* seem to belong to t process z its v w>p & wo(8 ,9 reality our k inflicts ^u u no su* dilemma4 ,man is ! helpless measure ( ! univ]se only to ! ext5t t 8 reason+ processes are undevelop$4 ,t k mu/ always h a subjective elem5t is und\bt$1 b t man mu/ always mi/ake ! subjective ve/ure ) :i* ?+s are clo!d by ! s5ses = ! ?+s !mselves is an inf]5ce :i* ! :ole hi/ory ( ?\ght negatives4 ,:ile 8 life rema9$ simple1 primitive man c\ld reg>d appe>ances z realities )\t prejudic+ ! ov]plus ( utility br\ght to him by 8 k4 ,yet z 8 relation to ! natural surr\nd+s grew 9 complexity1 ! importance ( ! reason+ process1 ) its veto p[] ov] ! deliv]ances ( ! s5ses1 began to ass]t itself4 ,at fir/ accept$ ) little or no demur1 ^! deliv]ances came m & m to be *all5g$ 9 ! int]e/ ( self-ma9t5ance2 & f9ally1 by expansion ( a g]m possess$ by ! m9d 9 ! beg9n+1 !re 0 develop$ t way ( deal+ ) ! te/imony ( appe>ances :i* we call ! objective me?od4 ,! evid5ce previ\sly accept$ _h be51 ?\gh on ! :ole useful1 9 l>ge measure mislead+4 ,= 9 appe>ances m5 saw & felt ma9ly :at ,nature 0 = !m1 & only to a m9or degree :at ! ext]nal _w 0 = & 9 itself4 ,! great ne$ ( ! inve/igator ( ,nature is to "k :at ?+s are indep5d5tly ( man1 9 ord] to "k h[ !y act on "o ano!r1 z a means ( kn[+ h[ !y w act on ! human organism1 & h[ t organism may react on !m 9 ! int]e/ ( its own life4 ,! prejudice done by implicit reliance on s5se te/imony arose out ( ! fact t x pres5t$ objects z l>gely unrelat$ to ea* o!r--z s mu* be+1 r ?an z s mu* do+1 act+ & int]act+1 det]m9+ & int]det]m9+4 ,x became ! function ( reason to develop1 out ( ! mat]ial furni%$ by ! s5ses1 a k ( ! true nature ( ! sy/em ext]nal to man & involv+ him 9 its scope :i* we call univ]se4 ,9 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is function ! analogical process has rema9$1 b ! analogies utiliz$1 f be+ lik5esses betwe5 :at ?+s seem to be to ! s5ses1 h m & m become analogies betwe5 propositions made reg>d+ :at ?+s d1 reg>d+ h[ ?+s act ^u1 are relat$ to & det]m9e ea* o!r4 ,our k ( ,nature1 !re=e1 illu/rates progress f a /age 9 :i* ext]nal objects are view$ z s mu* do+--f a /age 9 :i* !y seem m or less isolat$1 m or less indep5d5t ( ea* o!r--to a /age 9 :i* we "k !m z act+ & int]act+1 & !re=e1 by virtue ( ?is action & int]action1 z int]relat$ & int]dep5d5t4 ,x 0 because man _h to beg9 ) ! ?\ght ( ! _w ar\nd him z a s]ies ( unconnect$ aspects t he fell into ! error ( reg>d+ e object z conta9+ )9 itself ! p[]s :i* x put =?2 x 0 by gradually progress+ to ! k ( ! ext]nal sy/em z a process t he discov]$ h[ inextricably ! smalle/ fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall is l9k$ to its va/e/ environm5t1 & h[ dep5d5t mu/ be ! me*anism ( ! molecule1 z well z ( ! sol> sy/em1 ^u ! :ole univ]se ,p[] :i* we call cosmos4 ,?us also is x ) man's me?od ( int]pret+ ! ext]nal _w sy/em4 ,at fir/ unable to fully p]ceive 8 own relation to t sy/em1 z "p ( 8 inability to p]ceive g5]al cosmic relations1 & !re=e view+ himself z m or less indep5d5t ( ,nature--z some?+ impos$ ^u x r ?an z some?+ aris+ out ( x--he naturally s\ght to =ce x = purposes ( explanation into ! n>r[ limits ( 8 k ( himself1 ( 8 feel+s1 8 ?\ghts1 8 in/itutions4 ,b z he grew 9 ! p[] to compreh5d 8 place 9 ! sy/em ( ?+s--to und]/& ! way 9 :i* ! objects & =ces ( ! _w 7 relat$ to ea* o!r1 toge!r ) ! way 9 :i* he1 z kn[+ organism1 0 relat$ to ! univ]se--he gradually ceas$ f 8 va9 /riv+ to subject ! cosmos to himself1 & at la/ le>n$ n only to subord9ate himself to ! cosmos1 b to trace to x unres]v$ly ! :ole me?od & mean+ ( 8 orig9 z a liv+1 ?9k+ organism4 ,man 9 ! beg9n+ c\ld be no m ?an ! measure ( ! univ]se4 ,t he has come at la/1 wield+ ! objective me?od1 to be its measur]1 is ! culm9ation ( a /ruggle betwe5 false & true ways ( int]pret+ ,nature :i* has _h ! :ole hi/ory ( human ?\ght = its ar5a1 & = its f9al triumph ! e/abli%m5t ( ! objective or sci5tific me?od ( inve/igation ^u impregnable f\ndations4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,codr+ton4 ,! ,melanesian ,languages4 ,b ,see ,h5le4 ,poetis*e ,p]sonification4 ,c ,contributions to ! ,e?nology & ,philology ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,miss\ri ,valley4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,v4 ,hayd51 #ahfb4 ,d ,! ,native ,cal5d>s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton4 ,e ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xlv1 article ,a/ronomy ( ! ,incas4 ,f ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes4 ,pictet1 p4 #efh4 ,g ,see a pap] by ,g4 ,k4 ,s*neid] 9 vol4 ii ( ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosophie4 ,,f ,,s]fdom ,,to ,,fre$om4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,bicknell4 ,h[ev] ke5 our int]e/ 9 ! problems aris+ out ( ! rec5t ,spani% w>1 & h[ev] e>ne/ our /udy ( ! policy to be pursu$ t[>d our new dep5d5cies1 we %\ld n =get t ! problems press+ = a solution be=e ! w> are /ill ) u4 ,! labor "q1 :i* !n comm&$ s mu* ( our ?\ght1 is /ill unsettl$1 & is by no means dw>f$ by ! subjects n[ ^u e lip4 ,r1 z has be5 %[n 9 an article 9 a rec5t numb] ( ?is magaz9e1 ?is "q really =ms "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( ! pres5t situation1 & %\ld n be lo/ sight ( 9 %ap+ public policy4 ,we are ent]+ ^u an untill$ field z f> z our in/itutions are conc]n$1 & we h ! opportunity to />t on a high] level 9 treat+ ! relations ( capital & labor 9 our new possessions1 if we h ! wisdom to "k h[1 & ! c\rage to d z well z we "k4 ,x w help u 9 a consid]ation ( ! pres5t /atus ( ! labor] & ( 8 future if we /udy 8 pa/1 beg9n+1 if n ) ,adam1 at lea/ ) ! labor]'s entrance into ,engli% hi/ory z a di/9ct class4 ,any "o at all famili> ) ,gre5's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p w see h[ mu* use ,i h made ( t in/ructive & fasc9at+ "w4 ,& if ,i tell only an old /ory1 x may /ill be ( value to _m ( u 9 recall+ facts almo/ =gott51 & a help to o!rs ^: vision into ! pa/ is limit$4 ,bru%+ away ! cobwebs 9 ! old attic ( our fa!r's h\se usually br+s to light treasures ! recollection ( :i* _h slipp$ f our m9ds4 ,! free labor]1 ! man :o works = wages1 = :om & :]e he *ooses1 did n exi/ z a class until )9 ab\t six hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! labor] 0 ti$ to ! soil :]e he 0 born4 ,su* a ?+ z a labor] go+ ab\t to seek "w :]e he w\ld1 or hav+ mu* to say ab\t 8 ma/] or 8 wages1 0 usually out ( ! "q4 ,at a v e>ly day ! t[ns or bor\ghs ( ,engl& _h pres]v$ old rights1 or rega9$ !m1 :i* ! rural "p ( ,engl& _h lo/1 & 9 g5]al s]fage c\ld n exi/ !re z x did 9 ! c\ntry r\nd !m4 ,trade & manufacture1 su* z !y 7 9 t day1 did n make ! dem& = labor :i* 0 made by ! agricultural pursuits ( ! c\ntry or 9 ! ca/les ( ! nobility4 ,s we d n f9d 9 ! t[ns ( ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury ! l>ge labor class we d to-day4 ,9 g5]al we may fairly say t ! labor class began 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! manorial sy/em _h divid$ ! rural "p ( ,engl& = cultivation & g5]al ord] into l>ge e/ates4 ,! "l ( ! manor occupi$ a "p ( ! e/ate = 8 own demesne & divid$ ! re/ among 8 ville9s or s]fs1 :o 9 return 7 oblig$ to r5d] s]vices to him4 ,x is n necess>y = my purpose to ent] into any long description or discussion ( ! diff]5t relations exi/+ betwe5 diff]5t t5ants & _! ov]lord1 or ! diff]5ces exi/+ "u ,saxon or ,norman rule4 ,! g5]al relation ( "l ( ! manor & 8 t5ants or ville9s or s]fs is ! ma9 po9t to be obs]v$4 ,! ville9s or s]fs ( ! manor cultivat$ ! "l's home f>m or demesne1 fill$ 8 b>n1 cut 8 wood1 & did all 8 "w4 ,^! s]vices 7 ! labor r5t by :i* !y held _! l&s4 ,"s ( ^! t5ants1 ! ville9s1 7 oblig$ to "w on ! "l's demesne at h>ve/ only & to help pl[ & s[1 :ile ! o!rs1 ! s]fs1 to speak 9 g5]al t]ms1 7 oblig$ to help on ! home f>m or 9 ! ca/le ! ye> r\nd4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! use ( a c]ta9 p>cel ( l& by ! t5ant & a "r to pa/urage & s =? on ! "o h&1 & ! am\nt & k9d ( s]vice requir$ on ! o!r1 became def9itely regulat$ by cu/om2 & in/ead ( ! use ( ! l& be+ a m]e indulg5ce giv5 to ! t5ant to be tak5 away f him on any :im ( 8 "l1 x became a def9ite "r 9 ! l& :i* mu/ be respect$ & c\ld be plead$ at law4 ,! numb] ( teams1 & s =?1 ! s]vices t a "l c\ld claim1 at fir/ m]e matt] ( oral tradition1 came to be ent]$ on ! c\rt roll ( ! manor1 a copy ( :i* became ! title de$ ( ! ville94 ,s aft] a :ile in/ead ( ville9 he became a copyhold]4 ,z "t w5t on x grew to be cu/om>y1 in/ead ( r5d]+ s]vices = ! use ( ! l& held by copyhold1 to pay a money r5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sy/em ( leas+ ! little f>ms came into use1 & f t came ! t5ant f>m]4 ,?is left ! o!r labor]s ab\t ! "l's demesne or 8 ca/le z be=e4 ,:ile ! class ( ville9s1 :o did only occasional s]vices1 al?\gh def9ite z to am\nt & "t1 gradually commut$ ^! s]vices into money paym5ts1 & became f>m]s1 ! o!r s]fs /ill rema9$ on ! manor1 liable to d _! "w :5 & :]e x 0 cu/om>y4 ,?is rise ( ! weal?i] t5ants made a new class betwe5 ! l>ge proprietors1 ! lords ( ! manor1 & ! t5ants or s]fs /ill b\nd by cu/om to "w = _! lords4 ,b ! same process :i* fre$ ! f>m] f p]sonal s]vice 9 "t became ! *ief way ( free+ ! s]f also4 ,until ?is came ab\t ! s]f or labor]1 :atev] o!r rights he might h1 & he 0 n a slave1 0 born to 8 hold+ & 8 "l4 ,he c\ld *oose nei!r ma/] nor place ( "w4 ,he paid head money = lic5se to remove f ! e/ate 9 se>* ( trade or hire1 & a refusal to return on recall by 8 own] w\ld h end$ 9 8 pursuit z a fugitive outlaw4 ,b ! advance ( society sil5tly work$ to free ! labor] f ?is local bondage4 ,! runaway s]f ga9$ fre$om by resid5ce 9 a *>t]$ t[n = a ye> & a day4 ,! influ5ce ( ! *ur* 0 direct$ t[>d 8 emancipation1 at lea/ on all e/ates outside ( its own1 b ! ma9 cause 0 ! gr[+ t5d5cy to commute labor s]vices = money paym5ts4 ,z ,mr4 ,gre5 says3 ,! luxury ( ! ca/le hall1 ! spl5dor & pomp ( *ivalry1 ! co/ ( campaigns1 dra9$ ! purses ( knight & b>on1 & ! sale ( fre$om to a s]f or exemption f s]vices to a ville9 af=d$ an easy & tempt+ mode ( refill+ !m4 ,9 ?is process ev5 k+s took "p4 ,edw>d ,,iii s5t commission]s to royal e/ates = ! especial purpose ( sell+ manumissions to ! k+'s s]fs1 & we /ill possess ! names ( ^? :o 7 enfran*is$ ) _! families by a paym5t ( h>d ca% 9 aid ( ! exhau/$ ex*equ]4 ,! ,crusades1 :atev] else !y may h accompli%$1 aid$ 9 ?is fre$om = ! s]f4 ,^? co/ly exp$itions dissipat$ ! e/ates ( ! b>ons1 &1 to use ,hume's some:at /ra9$ expression1 ,_! pov]ty extort$ f _! pride ^? *>t]s ( fre$om :i* unlock$ ! fett]s ( ! slave4 ,& s1 foll[+ ! rise ( ! f>m]1 came ?is new class--! free labor]4 ,by ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury labor 0 no long]1 z a rule1 b\nd to "o spot or "o ma/]2 x 0 free to hire itself to :at employ] & to *oose :at field ( employm5t x w\ld4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! labor class z we "k x4 ,9 ^? times labor 0 abundant & !re=e *eap4 ,! l&[n]s 9 ! c\ntry & ! craftsm5 9 ! t[n f\nd pl5ty ( help1 & ! new class !n com+ ^u ! /age c\ld g :]e x 0 ne$$4 ,f a s]f ! common labor] _h become 8 own ma/] z f> z *oos+ 8 own employ] & ! place ( 8 employm5t4 ,b j at ?is "t a condition ( affairs arose :i* put an end to ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,9 #acdh came ! ,great ,plague4 ,t swept away m ?an half ( ! ?ree or f\r millions :o !n made up ! population ( ,engl&4 ,! plague & ! sudd5 rise ( wages :i* foll[$1 al?\gh c\pl$ ) an increase 9 ! co/ ( liv+1 q naturally br\ght on an outbur/ ( lawless self-indulg5ce :i* told especially ^u ! labor] look+ = "w4 ,he easily became ! /urdy begg> or b&it ( ! woods4 ,:ile h>ve/s rott$ to ! gr\nd f lack ( h&s1 9 ! t[ns labor 0 j z sc>ce & equally z indep5d5t4 ,! l&[n]s & weal?i] craftsm5 7 />tl$ & t]rifi$ by :at seem$ 9 _! age ! extravagant dem&s ( ! new labor classes4 ,"h we h ! labor problem at once & at ! beg9n+4 ,& f t "t to ?is t problem has be5 ) u4 ,) ! capitali/ "o p]son & ! labor] ano!r !re has be5 always m or less discord4 ,z ,ri*>d ,t4 ,ely has some:]e said1 al?\gh 9 !ory capital & labor %\ld be allies & n enemies1 ! int]e/s ( ^? furni%+ capital or labor are n precisely id5tical4 ,b five hundr$ ye>s ago ! labor class ( to-day _h j come into exi/5ce4 ,x _h no organization !n1 & its memb]s few political rights4 ,! l&[n]s & craftsm5 c\ld appeal effectively to ! cr[n & ,p>liam5t ?r\gh _! weal?1 _! political p[]1 & ! craftsm51 especially1 ?r\gh _! organizations4 ,! labor] _h only himself & brute =ce4 ,z a result1 ! legislation ( t day reflects ! dem&s ( ! upp] & middle classes only4 ,! labor+ class 0 consid]$ only z x affect$ ! l&[n]s & craftsm54 ,s ! labor tr\bles ( t day 7 met ) ! ,/atute ( ,labor]s4 ,e man or woman1 runs ?is fam\s provision1 ( :atsoev] condition1 free or bond1 able 9 body1 & )9 ! age ( ?reescore ye>s1 444 & n hav+ ( 8 own ab\t ! tillage ( :i* he may occupy himself1 & n s]v+ any o!r1 %all be b\nd to s]ve ! employ] :o %all require him to d s1 & %all take only ! wages :i* 7 accu/om$ to be tak5 9 ! neighborhood :]e he is b\nd to s]ve two ye>s be=e ! plague began4 ,a refusal to obey 0 puni%$ by imprisonm5t4 ,"h 0 an attempt to fix ! rate ( wages by /atute1 & to fix !m v mu* l[] ?an a fair m>ket rate2 &1 fur!r1 to =ce ! unemploy$ labor] to s]ve any man :o fir/ dem&$ x4 ,! /atute fail$ 9 its object1 naturally1 & s /]n] measures 7 adopt$4 ,n only 0 ! price ( labor fix$ by ,p>liam5t 9 ! next /atute ( #acea1 b ! labor class 0 once m ti$ to ! soil4 ,x 0 made ! s]vant n ( "o ma/] b ( a class--! employ]s4 ,! labor] 0 =bidd5 to quit ! p>i% :]e he liv$ 9 se>* ( bett]-paid employm5t2 if he disobey$1 he became a 'fugitive1' & subject to imprisonm5t at ! h&s ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,provisions _h ris5 s t a day's "w at ! legal wages w\ld n pur*ase en\gh = a man's support1 & !re=e no su* law c\ld be en=c$ lit]ally4 ,/ill1 ! l&[n]s p]si/$ 9 try+1 & at la/ ! runaway labor]1 ! man look+ = bett] wages1 0 br&$ on ! =ehead ) a hot iron1 :ile ! h>bor+ ( s]fs 9 t[ns 0 rigor\sly put d[n4 ,z ! l&[n]s want$ all ! labor !y c\ld get1 ! commutation ( labor s]vice = money paym5ts ceas$1 & e ef=t 0 made & e quibble tak5 advantage ( to annul manumissions previ\sly made4 ,9 ! t[ns1 "u ! pressure ( ! craftsm51 ! sy/em ( =c$ labor 0 appli$ ) ev5 m rigor ?an 9 ! c\ntry1 & /rikes & comb9ations became frequ5t4 ,t is ! /ate ( ?+s 9 free ,engl& at a "t :5 labor 0 n /rong en\gh to protect itself--call$ ^u by ! law ( ! l& to "w = less ?an liv+ wages or be br&$ z cattle6 ,! irrepressible conflict betwe5 capital & labor began ) ! v beg9n+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! labor class4 ,9 su* a condition ( ?+s z "h indicat$1 is x any wond] t !re 7 labor di/urbances 9 ^? days--t !re 0 a peasant revolt8 ,already ! doctr9e ( ! equality ( man & social inequality 0 be+ prea*$ to ! l[] classes4 ,9 #acfj ,john ,ball--a mad prie/ 9 ,k5t1 z ,froiss>t calls him--prea*$ su* a communi/ic s]mon z ?is to ! /urdy yeom5 ( t day3 ,good p1 ?+s w nev] g well 9 ,engl& s long z goods be n 9 common1 & s long z !re be ville9s & g5tlem54 ,by :at "r are !y :om we call lords great] folk ?an we8 ,on :at gr\nds h !y des]v$ x8 ,:y d !y hold u 9 s]fage8 ,if we all came ( ! same fa!r & "m1 ( ,adam & ,eve1 h[ c !y say or prove t !y are bett] ?an we1 if x be n t !y make u ga9 = !m by our toil :at !y sp5d 9 _! pride8 ,!y are clo!d 9 velvet1 & w>m 9 _! furs & _! erm9es1 :ile we are cov]$ ) rags4 ,!y h w9e & spices & fair bread2 & we oatcake & /raw1 & wat] to dr9k4 ,!y h leisure & f9e h\ses2 we h pa9 & labor1 ! ra9 & w9d 9 ! fields4 ,& yet x is ( u & ( our toil t ^! m5 hold _! /ate4 ,t is ! same cry aga9/ ! inequality ( prop]ty & social condition :i* we he> to-day4 ,& we may ?ank him1 & m5 l him & ) 8 inspiration1 t ! conditions ( five hundr$ ye>s ago h *ang$1 & t ! dawn ( a bett] & high] humanity has brok5 ^u u4 ,fill$ ) socialism & communism z ! words are1 !y /ill h a tru? :i* appeals to e sympa!tic & ?\ghtful man4 ,& x 0 9 ^? e>ly days t ! old rhyme 0 he>d all ov] ! l&3 ,:5 ,adam delv$ & ,eve span4 ,:o 0 !n ! g5tleman8 ,! s]mon 0 prea*$ aga9/ ! tyranny ( prop]ty1 ! rhyme 0 full ( ! democracy ( ! com+ ye>s4 ,i d n imag9e t ! in/igators ( su* laws z ! ,/atute ( ,labor]s 7 h>d m5 z m5 g4 ,!y c\ld see only _! side ( ! case4 ,! labor] _h become a necessity = !m1 & !y r believ$ t ! ,almighty _h put him on e>? = _! advantage4 ,i am afraid t some?+ ( t _s /ill is left among u4 ,! feel+ /ill exi/s t ! employ] & capitali/ c take c>e ( & provide = ! employees bett] ?an !y c !mselves2 t !y %\ld be v ?ankful :5 out ( 8 abundance ! employ] builds !m a libr>y or p]mits !m to live 9 "s f9ely ord]$ village z he directs4 ,b someh[ ! feel+ is gr[+ n[ t if ! wage-e>n] _h a l>g] & fair] %>e 9 ! pr(its he c\ld take c>e ( himself bett] 9 ! end & gr[ fa/]1 because he w\ld be m 8 own ma/]2 & t ! good ?+s n[ & !n giv5 him ) m or less o/5tation z gifts are b\ght ) ! money he really ought to h & 9 ! future hopes to h himself4 ,well1 ! result ( su* laws & ! g5]al social discont5t & ! levy ( new taxes ^u ev5 ! l[] classes br\ght ab\t ! ,peasant ,revolt 9 #acha4 ,( c\rse1 ! p[] ( ! upp] classes1 aid$ by ! c\rage ( ,ri*>d ,,ii1 !n only a boy1 put d[n ! revolt1 b n until ! k+ _h promis$ amne/y & emancipation to ! s]fs4 ,dea? on ! scaffold & 9 ! field soon %[$ ! p>ticipants h[ little su* promises 7 wor?4 ,! s]fs 7 subdu$1 b /rife betwe5 ! labor]s & employ]s 0 n end$4 ,! legislation /ill reflects ! t]ror & gre$ ( ! l&[n]s1 =1 9 spite ( all1 labor 0 9 dem& & _h ! m>ket at its feet4 ,legislation =bade ! *ild ( any till] ( ! soil to be appr5tic$ 9 a t[n1 & ! l&[n]s pray$ ,ri*>d to orda9 't no bondman or bondwoman %all place _! *ildr5 at s*ool1 z has be5 done1 s z to advance _! *ildr5 9 ! _w by _! go+ into ! *ur*4' ,b ville9age cont9u$ to disappe>1 & )9 ! next hundr$ & fifty ye>s x _h become an antiquat$ ?+4 ,! failure ( ! l&[n]s to aga9 fa/5 labor to ! soil & to fix l[ wages drove _! en]gies 9 a new direction4 ,%eep f>m+ requir$ few] h&s ?an tillage1 & ! sc>city & high price ( labor t5d$ to ?r[ m & m l& into %eep f>ms4 ,z p]sonal s]vice di$ away x became ! int]e/ ( ! "l to unite ! small hold+s on 8 e/ate into l>g] ones4 ,! evictions consequ5t ^u ?is c\rse ?rew _m labor]s ^u ! m>ket1 & ! %eep f>ms dim9i%$ ! numb] requir$1 :ile ! small] am\nt ( hold+s devot$ to agriculture increas$ ! price ( food4 ,& s x is n surpris+ t )9 ! c\rse ( a comp>atively few ye>s1 in/ead ( a sc>city !re 0 a glut ( labor2 t paup]ism increas$1 & social discont5t cont9u$2 t vagabondage ) its dang]s to society at l>ge became a difficult problem4 ,inde$1 ! poor h always be5 ) u1 b ^? ( u :o f9d s mu* to depress u 9 ^! mod]n days c get new c\rage by look+ back to ^? old days & c see ! real progress :i* has be5 made4 ,! :ole l[] class 9 ,engl& d[n to ! "t ( ,elizabe? /ood look+ into ! face ( want4 ,h5ry ,,viii confiscat$ ! mona/]ies1 b put no?+ 9 _! place1 & 9 a measure by s do+ depriv$ ! poor ( "s relief f ! weal? ( ! *ur*4 ,b ,elizabe? inaugurat$ a sy/em ( poor-laws :i*1 al?\gh crude & some:at h>d1 /ill s]v$ to w>d (f "s ( ! social dang]4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts1 h[ev]1 & ! rise ( new indu/ries did m to make life = ! labor]1 ! l&less man1 less bitt]4 ,) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ! op5+ ( fi%]ies 9 ^! we/]n wat]s1 & ! adv5tur\s & buccane]+ voyages ( ,drake & 8 compe]s1 came ! gradual developm5t ( manufacture1 & a m c>eful & con/ant cultivation ( ! l&4 ,all ^! 7 new & l>g] av5ues = ! employm5t ( labor4 ,by ?is "t ! labor] _h gr[n entirely away f s]fage1 _h be5 fre$ f ! t]rible grasp ( a hopeless future1 & ! possibility ( a degree ( com=t & indep5d5ce _h come into exi/5ce4 ,we ne$ n l+] long] ov] 8 e>ly days4 ,! labor] /ill _h 8 peculi> trials & h>d%ips1 b he _h a future4 ,f a subject class1 ! t]ror z well z necessity ( its employ]s1 he has gr[n to be _! equal be=e ! law1 & ?is by 8 own ef=ts1 aid$1 ( c\rse1 by ! advance ( society & ! broad] humanity ( mank9d4 ,! increase ( manufacture br\ght ) x a new dang] to ! work+ class z we rea* our times1 & br\ght ab\t a /ate ( ?+s :i* gave rise to trades unions4 ,manufacture naturally 9 ! beg9n+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 a small way1 b 9 mod]n times1 especially z we get into ?is c5tury1 ! small conc]ns grew into l>ge ones4 ,in/ead ( "o man or p>tn]%ip ) a comp>atively small am\nt ( capital1 ! corporation or jo9t-/ock company ) its l>ge aggregation ( capital c>ries on ! bus9ess ( manufacture & trade4 ,?is aggregation ( capital has made an entire *ange 9 ! relation betwe5 employ] & employee4 ,! corporation came 9 ! l9e ( progress4 ,consolidation ( capital has come to /ay1 & prop]ly s1 b x br\ght ) x dang]s1 j z e /ep 9 advance has done4 ,x 0 to meet ! new dang]s to ! wage-e>n]s t trades unions came into be+1 = trades unions & labor unions are really only organizations ( labor z corporations are aggregations ( capital4 ,:5 indu/rial e/abli%m5ts 7 small1 ! own]1 :e!r 9 trade or manufacture1 _h practically absolute direction ( 8 bus9ess4 ,9 ! indu/rial _w :at corresponds to an unlimit$ mon>*y 9 ! political _w has be5 ! sy/em4 ,z e/abli%m5ts grew l>g]1 ! autocratic p[] ( ! own] pass$ to ! manag] act+ = ! own]s4 ,z "o writ] puts x3 ,huge indu/rial e/abli%m5ts are "u ! unre/ra9$ control ( a s+le man4 ,at 8 w !y are set 9 motion2 at 8 w !y /& /ill2 at 8 w capital & labor unite & are fruitful2 at 8 w !y are p>t$ & rema9 b>r54 ,m5 come & g at 8 bidd+4 ,he kn[s no sup]ior & recognizes no limitations4 ,he calls an attempt at control 'dictation' & res5ts x ) ang]4 ,t is ! extreme case1 & is indu/rial despotism4 ,:ile ! results d\btless are good 9 _m cases1 & ! labor] receives fair & dec5t treatm5t 9 mo/ cases1 t is ow+ to ! temp]am5t or prud5ce & good judgm5t ( ! ma/] & n to ! sy/em4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s is becom+ m & m modifi$4 ,we h rea*$ 9 _m cases a condition :i* may be said to correspond to a mon>*y ) con/itutional limitations--! ma/] is re/ra9$ 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 p[] by public op9ion1 ! /r5g? ( ! work+m51 & 9 "s cases by legal limitations4 ,! organization ( bo>ds ( arbitration1 & ! recognition ( ! "r ( ! employee to a %>e 9 ! pr(its1 are daily ext5d+4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d giv+ ! wage-e>n]s a %>e 9 ! bus9ess1 "s modifi$ =m ( co-op]ation1 is daily ext5d+4 ,! tr5d is t[>d :at may be call$ indu/rial democracy1 j z 9 ! political _w real democracy is fa/ becom+ ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 :atev] ! /yle ( ! gov]nm5t may be4 ,?is advance 9 ! indu/rial _w has come ab\t ?r\gh ! agitation & p[] ( labor organizations1 ( :i*1 z !y exi/ n[1 trades unions 7 ! e>ly manife/ation4 ,! employ]1 z a rule1 look$ aft] 8 own int]e/s ma9ly1 & ! employee alone by himself _h to take :at he c\ld get & d z he 0 told4 ,j z ! p1 aft] !y sunk into subjection 9 ! e>li] days1 _h little political p[] z aga9/ ! nobility until !y 7 /rong en\gh to take x1 s ! labor] /ill w\ld be ( little acc\nt except z a m or less intellig5t ma*9e unless he _h prov$ himself a man1 ) a man's aspirations & a man's en]gy4 ,labor organizations or trades unions came into exi/5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,! democratic _s1 ! _s ( lib]ty1 ! ,saxon _s ( indep5d5ce1 :i* wre/$ f k+s & ! nobility all ! rights :i* ! common p enjoy1 has be5 do+ 9 ! indu/rial _w only :at x did 9 ! political _w ye>s be=e4 ,we may say t trades unions f9d _! prototype 9 ! fri? guilds or peace guilds ( ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,a few words 9 g5]al ab\t !m & _! successors & ! _s p]vad+ !m1 ! causes ( _! exi/5ce & decay1 w h a be>+ on labor organizations1 :i* are l !m 9 be+ f\nd$ on simil> m5tal faculties & desires & z contemplat+ simil> purposes4 ,^! fri? guilds seem to h be5 associations ( neighbors = mutual help & protection4 ,!y replac$ ! old] bro!rhood ( k9sfolk1 :i* _h exi/$ among ! ,g]man races1 by a volunt>y association ( neighbors = ! same purposes ( ord] & self-def5se4 ,an isolat$ exi/5ce = a man1 ev5 a freeman1 0 "o ( dang]1 especially :5 ! feudal temp] ( ! nobles increas$ & ! ,dani% incursions broke ov] ,engl&4 ,! ties ( k9dr$ _h become weak5$1 & ! fri? guild took ! place ( ! family4 ,a mutual oa? b\nd ! memb]s toge!r1 & ! mon?ly guild fea/ became ! sub/itute = ! old ga!r+ r\nd ! family he>?4 ,a memb] c\ld call ^u ! guild 9 case ( viol5ce or wrong2 :5 *>g$ ) crime1 ! guild answ]$ = him1 & :5 guilty1 puni%$ him2 :5 poor1 x support$ him2 & :5 dead1 buri$ him4 ,:5 ^! guilds 7 locat$ 9 t[ns r ?an 9 ! c\ntry1 !y inevitably t5d$ 9 "t to comb9e1 & ev5tually ! t[n pass$ f a collection ( guilds into "o l>ge guild1 & we h ! t[n guild4 ,! ^w t[n is us$ 9 contradi/9ction f ! ^w c\ntry1 j z we say t[n & c\ntry1 go+ to t[n1 & s on4 ,! _s ( indep5d5ce & fre$om1 kept alive 9 our t[n meet+s "h1 & 9 our local self-gov]nm5t1 has come d[n to u ?r\gh ^? old t[n guilds & ! bor\ghs ( ,engl&4 ,x is to ! t[ns ( ,engl& & n to ! c\ntry t we owe mu* ( our lib]ty to-day4 ,s ^! guilds 9 t[ns1 by jo9+ toge!r & mak+ a t[n guild1 became q /rong communities4 ,!y made dem&s ^u ! cr[n itself1 & took ^u !mselves ! gov]nm5t ( ! t[ns :]e !y 7 locat$4 ,_! memb]s 7 ! l&[n]s ( ! t[n1 & ! o!r p :o came !re to settle1 no matt] h[ num]\s1 _h no "p 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,f be+ democratic 9 ! beg9n+1 z ! fri? guilds 71 ! t[ns became olig>*ies4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! diff]5ces betwe5 t[n & c\ntry became m m>k$4 ,! t[n guilds began to h less & less to d ) agriculture1 al?\gh at fir/ !y 7 int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! weal? 9 ! t[n is turn$ to trade & manufacture1 su* z !re 0 9 ^? days4 ,s1 by ! "t ( ! ,norman conque/1 9 #ajff1 we he> little ( t[n guilds1 b 9 almo/ e case m]*ant guilds4 ,! t[n guild has become a m]*ant guild1 al?\gh compos$ ( ! same con/itu5cy4 ,! comm]cial _s has become ! rul+ _s ( ! t[n4 ,z "t w5t on & life & prop]ty became saf] & trade increas$1 ! consequ5t accumulation ( weal? 9 t[ns produc$ important results 9 ! "* ( ^! municipal in/itutions4 ,9 becom+ a m]*ant guild ! body ( citiz5s :o =m$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! t[n enl>g$ _! p[]s ( civic legislation by apply+ !m to ! control ( _! int]nal trade4 ,no long] conf9+ !mselves to provid+ = public ord] or protection f unju/ oppression or dang]s f )\t1 !y began to legislate = _! own imm$iate advancem5t & = _! own pockets4 ,x became _! especial bus9ess to obta9 f ! cr[n or f _! lords wid] comm]cial privileges1 rights ( co9age1 grants ( fairs1 & exemptions f tolls2 :ile )9 ! t[n itself !y fram$ regulations z to ! sale & quality ( goods1 ! control ( m>kets1 & ! recov]y ( debts4 ,& fur!r1 ! memb]s ( ! guild )drew f ! humbl] trades to conf9e !mselves to ! l>g] bus9ess ( comm]ce or trades requir+ l>ge capital1 leav+ ! trades & traffic giv5 up to _! poor] neighbors4 ,?is rul+ class compris$ only a "p ( ! inhabitants1 only ! memb]s ( ! m]*ant guild4 ,! great mass ( ! p1 ! artisans & ! poor1 ! m5 )\t l&1 ! s]fs escap$ f ! c\ntry & ga9+ _! fre$om 9 ! t[n1 all _h no voice 9 ! gov]nm5t :atev]4 ,!y liv$ & work$ & e>n$ _! daily bread practically by p]mission or at lea/ "u ! direct control ( ! m]*ant guild4 ,f a simple association1 ! guilds 9 t[ns _h become ! gov]n+ body1 & a gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( a few at t4 ,f ! ne$ ( protection on acc\nt ( individual weakness1 ! memb]s ( ! guilds _h gr[n to be 9 ne$ ( repression2 & ) ! dem& = repression came ! in/rum5t ( repression--! craft guild4 ,aga9/ ! autocratic p[] ( ! m]*ant guild arose ! craft guilds1 or associations ( work]s 9 ! v>i\s trades1 ^? trades ab&on$ by ! m]*ants1 & ^! guilds soon rose into dang]\s rivalry ) ! orig9al m]*ant guild ( ! t[n4 ,^! craft guilds 9 ! old ,engli% t[ns1 9 ord] to atta9 _! objects1 consid]$ x necess>y to compel ! :ole body ( craftsm5 belong+ to ! trade to jo9 ! guild ( t craft or trade2 & fur!r1 t ! guild %\ld h legal control ov] ! trade itself--:o %\ld be admitt$ to x1 & s =?4 ,a royal *>t] 0 indisp5sable = ^! purposes1 & ov] ! grant ( ^! *>t]s took place ! fir/ /ruggle ) ! m]*ant guild1 :i* _h till !n solely ex]cis$ jurisdiction ov] trade )9 ! bor\gh4 ,! /ruggle 0 a fi]ce "o & long cont9u$1 b ! spread ( ! craft guilds w5t /eadily on1 & ! control ( trade pass$ into _! h&s4 ,!n ! next /ep--a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! bor\gh itself--0 tak51 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! t[ns pass$ f an olig>*y into ! h&s ( ! middle classes4 ,! craft guild came into be+ j z its pr$ecessor _h1 f ! necessity ( association = protection1 & l x 0 democratic at fir/2 &1 aga9 l x1 became 9 "t an olig>*y z n>r[ z t :i* x _h depos$4 ,! craft guild arose because ! artisans & tradesm5 _h gr[n to a position :]e !y c\ld recognize ! inju/ice & oppression ( ! m]*ant guild1 & 7 /rong en\gh & p]si/5t en\gh to ass]t !mselves1 & z long z ! craft guilds 7 democratic 9 _s & 7 true to ! ne$s = :i* !y 7 organiz$ !y fl\ri%$4 ,b ) age & success came n>r[ness & bigotry & opposition to progress4 ,!y became monopolies ( employm5t & societies ( gre$y capitali/s1 & 9 ,engl& )]$ away be=e ! gr[? ( ! mod]n va/ indu/rial e/abli%m5t4 ,i h v5tur$ to give ?is g5]al sket* ( ^! guilds because ! same _s & necessities :i* inspir$ !m br\ght ! trades union into be+4 ,! trades union or labor organization 0 creat$ to protect ! labor] & ga9 = him a bett] position 9 life1 to raise 8 /&>d ( liv+4 ,x is l ! old guilds 9 be+ subject to ! same dang]s z !y 71 & :5 x proves false to its true objects x w pass away z did ! old guilds4 ,x w la/ only s long z !re is a necessity = its exi/5ce1 z long z x does ! "w x is born to d4 ,& :5 x has come to d5y fre$om1 to refuse ano!r's rights1 & to repress indu/ry1 ! se$s ( dissolution are already s[n4 ,trades unions or labor unions arose f ! necessity ( organization among ! labor]s or wage-e>n]s if !y 7 to hold _! own aga9/ ! aggregation ( capital4 ,! craft guild arose at a "t :5 trad+ & manufactur+ conc]ns 7 small1 :5 ! int]e/ ( bo? ma/] & workman 9 a bus9ess 7 alike jo9$ 9 opposition to ! exactions ( a sup]ior class--! m]*ant guild2 :ile ! trades union came ^u ! field to protect ! labor] aga9/ 8 employ]4 ,:atev] o!r objects & aims x may h _h d n ent] into my purposes 9 ?is pap]4 ,! p]sonal relation :i* _h exi/$ betwe5 ! ma/] & s]vant1 ! employ] & 8 few employees1 ! manufactur] & 8 half doz5 workm5 or appr5tices1 no long] exi/$ :5 ! work]s became scores & hundr$s1 & ! own] ( ! bus9ess 0 replac$ by ! manag] or sup]9t5d5t4 ,t p]sonal relation 0 9 "s measure a protection = bo?1 b :5 t disappe>$ ! temptation to gratify own]s & /ockhold]s ) big divid5ds became too /rong to be ov]come4 ,aga9/ organiz$ capital !re 0 absolute ne$ ( organiz$ labor1 & trades unions & labor unions & su* organizations came into exi/5ce4 ,!re 0 no possibility ( _! exi/5ce until ! labor] _h become intellectually & socially capable ( organization1 & until ! div9e _s ( discont5t drove him to association ) 8 bro!r work]4 ,dur+ all ! ye>s f ! "t ( 8 s]fdom up to ! "t ^! organizations began he _h be5 sl[ly gr[+ 9 developm5t & ga9+ some?+ 9 political position1 b x 0 n until political p[] came ne>] & ne>] to him t he ga9$ ! /r5g? to raise 8 /&>d ( liv+1 to make a /& = himself4 ,he knew ! /ruggle w\ld be a h>d "o1 = ev]y?+ he ga9$ seem$ to be some?+ tak5 away f ^? :o held !mselves above him & bett] ?an he4 ,z a rule1 we are v well cont5t to let ?+s alone if we ourselves are fairly com=table1 & especially are we bl9d to ano!r's ills if ! rem$y = !m is f\nd 9 a r5unciation ( "p ( t :i* we h always consid]$ our own4 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul>ly new 9 ?is4 ,we easily c imag9e "s wor?y burgh] 9 ! old5 "t expo/ulat+ at ! dem& ( ! craft guild ev5 to be all[$ to exi/1 & ,i d n imag9e 8 language v>i$ mu* 9 _s f ! indignant disgu/ %[n by "s l>ge employ] ( labor to-day :5 he talks ( labor unions4 ,d\btless ^! unions to-day seem to him to h ! same dang]\s t5d5cies :i* ! craft guilds 7 talk$ ( z hav+ eight hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,if !re 7 no wrongs to "r1 if selfi%ness did n exi/1 if !re 7 a real belief 9 ! bro!rhood ( man1 & life 7 9 accordance ) t belief1 su* organizations might n be necess>y1 or if !y exi/$ h o!r aims2 b until all m5 h an equal *ance = self-developm5t1 & a *ance = some?+ m ?an a m]e exi/5ce1 labor unions or some?+ to take _! place mu/ exi/4 ,& s we /& to-day ) labor unions & ! labor problem1 s call$1 ) u4 ,! labor+ class is discont5t$4 ,m5 claim z rights :at _! fa!rs w\ld h be5 glad to get z favors4 ,!re are viol5ce & bad blood & wa/e1 & s !re h be5 f ! beg9n+4 ,b !re h be5 also inju/ice & oppression & gre$ f ! beg9n+4 ,:ile we may condemn /rongly mu* ( ! viol5ce & wrongdo+ ( labor organizations1 we c f9d _m ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,! same _s ( indep5d5ce1 ! same desire = equal ju/ice :i* animat$ ! old guilds ( ,engl&1 & :i* h made ! ,engli%man & ^? :o h sprung f him ! free/ z well z mo/ law-abid+ p on ! e>?1 are f\nd )9 ! organizations ( labor4 ,we 9 ?is c\ntry h>dly c f9d only dang] 9 ! _s :i* impels ! work+man to resi/ e encroa*m5t ^u 8 rights1 to /rive = t bett] future to :i* he believes he is entitl$4 ,!re 7 _m ?+s done 9 ! y\? ( our hi/ory :i* 9 our manhood we regret1 & ,i h>dly ?9k1 z a nation1 our own robe is s unspott$ t we mu/ draw x r\nd u le/ x be soil$ by ! viol5ce ( a p]haps un$ucat$ & inadvisable b /ill e>ne/ ef=t aft] high] & bett] conditions ( life4 ,let u read & pond] ov] our hi/ories anew1 & ) humble he>ts try to f9d a bett] way bo? = ! labor] & ourselves4 ,i h said t x 0 ?r\gh 8 organization t ! labor] has made ! indu/rial & social advance he c]ta9ly has made 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! trades unions1 l ! guilds be=e !m1 _h to /ruggle = a legal exi/5ce1 & _! e>ly days 7 full ( viol5ce4 ,dr4 ,br5tano1 9 8 "w on ,trades ,unions1 says3 ,!y h f\ght conte/s q z fi]ce z ^? ( ! old craftsm5 aga9/ ! patricians1 if n fi]c]4 ,! hi/ory ( _! suff]+s s9ce ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ( ! privations endur$ = _! indep5d5ce1 is a real record ( h]oism4 ,may n we hope ) him t n[ !y may cease us+ ! arms ( viol5ce :i* belong to =m] times & use ! legal means :i* belong to our days8 ,we c n approve ( _! viol5ce1 b let u n be unduly al>m$ by x4 ,if society becomes s ossifi$ 9 its usages & habits & ?9k+ t a new] & bett] ?\ght c n get 91 a nobl] way ( liv+ = all be ent]$ ^u1 x sometimes seems z if 9 ! v nature ( ?+s viol5ce mu/ come to r5d away ! ob/ructions4 ,i believe t labor organizations are z mu* ! in/rum5ts ( progress z ! t[n guilds & craft guilds ( old4 ,!y w d _! "w1 & ! _w w be ! bett] = x4 ,!y t5d to make society m democratic indu/rially z well z politically1 z _! pr$ecessors did1 & !re=e bett]4 ,= :at is democracy b a practical recognition ( ! bro!rhood ( man8 ,if ,*ri/ianity am\nts to any?+1 :at high] aim %\ld we h ?an t8 ,_m /ud5ts ( ! problems involv$ /ate t 9 ! long run labor /ill does n receive its full %>e ( ! pr(its2 t 9 ord] to keep up ! /&>d ( liv+ :i* ! wage-e>n] already has rea*$ he mu/ h a l>g] res]ve fund4 ,9 o!r words1 he mu/ be able to save m4 ,to d t & /ill live z he claims he ought1 8 %>e 9 ! pr(its1 8 wages1 mu/ be l>g] ?an n[4 ,we c n claim t ! /&>d is too high because admitt$ly x is high] ?an ev] be=e4 ,hon4 ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright1 9 a rec5t address1 says3 ,"u ! iron law ( wages z ann\nc$ by ,ric>do1 x ! labor "q is a /ruggle simply to secure b>ely en\gh ( food & raim5t & %elt] to pres]ve ! work+ physical ma*9e1 ! rule be+ t wages ought n to be paid ov] ! b>e necessities4 ,to-day ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! ord9>y wage receiv] involves m>g9s above ! iron law ( f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t1 out ( :i* m>g9 is to be f\nd :at are n[ call$ spiritual necessities1 means ( leisure1 read+1 music1 recreation1 etc41 s t ! dem& ( ! work] 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries is = ! expansion ( ?is m>g94 ,he feels entitl$ to ?is because society has insi/$ ^u educat+ him1 giv+ him a ta/e = high] ?+s1 mak+ him a social & political factor2 9 fact1 fitt+ him = memb]%ip 9 a democratic community4 ,labor organizations1 9 spite ( mu* extravagant language & _m ill-advis$ acts1 c]ta9ly aim at a bett] condition = ! wage-e>n]4 ,we fail to see ! intellig5ce und]ly+ indu/rial controv]sies because progress has be5 s rapid4 ,"s ( ! me?ods ( labor organizations are viol5t & ! weapons us$ are 9 a great measure /rikes & boycotts4 ,t is indu/rial w>f>e & is z co/ly & wa/eful & cruel 9 _m ways z any w>f>e is1 b v (t5 ^! organizations seem to h no o!r me?od ( mak+ _! p[] felt2 no o!r way ( br++ ab\t a ne$$ re=m4 ,& we c n say t all /rikes h be5 or are necess>ily wrong1 except 9 ! same way t all w>f>e is an evil4 ,! v read9ess to /rike w effect a re=m :i* a kn[n weakness or lack ( c\rage on ! "p ( ! organization w\ld h prev5t$4 ,su* an au?ority z ,john ,/u>t ,mill says t /rikes1 !re=e1 & ! trade societies :i* r5d] /rikes possible1 are = ^! v>i\s reasons n a mis*iev\s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a valuable "p ( ! exi/+ ma*9]y ( society4 ,:e!r 9 a p>ticul> case a /rike or boycott is "r or wrong dep5ds ^u ! facts ( t case1 & :e!r we h rea*$ a po9t :]e /rikes are no long] "r1 no matt] :at may h be5 ! case 9 ! pa/1 is ano!r "q4 ,let u hope we are ne>] t "t1 at any rate4 ,x w dep5d ^u ! attitude ( employ]s z well z employees4 ,out ( /rikes !mselves comes a rem$y4 ,daniel ,j4 ,ryan1 9 8 article on ,arbitration1 records t = sixte5 ye>s ! disputes ( labor & capital 9 ! roll+ mills ( ,engl& h be5 settl$ by arbitration1 & x has be5 an era rem>kably free f /rikes4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,arbitration = ! nor? ( ,engl& iron bus9ess 01 z all ef=ts ( ?is k9d usually are1 ! outgr[? ( a /rike4 ,n[1 9 ?is "p ( ,engl& be=e ! =mation ( ?is bo>d1 /rikes 7 *ronic4 ,! works 9 t section rec5tly _h #a1iac puddl+ furnaces--m ?an 9 all ,p5nsylvania1 & half z _m z 9 ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! limits ( ?is article w n all[ a discussion ( volunt>y or involunt>y arbitration1 b let me say t 9 ! above case we see t a simple arrangem5t betwe5 ! p>ties *ang$ all ! /rife to peace4 ,w society long tol]ate a cont9uance ( indu/rial w>f>e :5 x has 9 its own h&s a prev5tive8 ,= its own protection w x n tell employ] & labor]1 ,y mu/ settle y\r diff]5ces quietly by mutual agreem5t1 or1 if y c n1 ,i w settle !m = y8 ,x says ?is n[ to ! individual4 ,m5 & wom5 are n all[$ 9 ^! days to settle _! rights & wrongs by brute =ce4 ,t me?od pass$ away long ye>s ago 9 civiliz$ communities4 ,& society mu/ cont9ue to suff] f ! viol5ce & wa/e ( /rikes until x tea*es employ]s & work+m5 & itself a high] & bett] way4 ,may n x be possible t ! outcome w be t associations ( wage-e>n]s are to be treat$ z ! equals ( ! employ]8 ,w n ! democratic _s ( ! age to come s p]meate ! indu/rial z well z ! political _w t ! labor] & ! employ] w ea* h a %>e 9 ! bus9ess !y toge!r c>ry on8 ,i h tri$ to make a v broad sket* ( ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! condition ( ! labor]1 ) a consid]ation ( "s ( ! means by :i* t has come ab\t4 ,no long] is he a s]f--no long] ev5 ! s]vant ( a rul+ class4 ,he at l5g? has ris5 to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( 8 t[n & c\ntry4 ,no long] are laws pass$ aga9/ him specially1 b 9 8 favor4 ,! labor] has become free--free to foll[ along ! pa? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 to ga9 full ju/ice1 b n to oppress o!rs4 ,be=e ! law at lea/ he is ! equal ( 8 employ]4 ,i h impli$ at lea/ t he has b foll[$ ! _s :i* l$ 8 old] bro!r ( ! middle class up f practical subjection to p[]4 ,! craft guilds ( ! "o1 ! labor unions ( ! o!r1 are 9 ! same l9e z ! old t[n guilds4 ,!y all are manife/ations ( t democratic indep5d5ce :i* seems necess>y = political fre$om4 ,!y all imply ! capacity = organization z !y all h %[n its p[]4 ,let u believe t1 l ! old guilds1 ^! labor organizations are helpful p>ts ( ! ma*9]y ( human progress4 ,!y =ce ^u u ! fact t !re h be5 & are inju/ices :i* mu/ be right$4 ,we are beg9n+ to le>n t we c n dep5d ^u "o side alone = our political economy or our facts2 t we ne$ an organization /rong en\gh to compel respect 9 ord] to protect ^? :o )\t x w\ld be1 z !y h be51 helpless4 ,all ! smoke & cla% ( indu/rial w>f>e seem t]rify+2 ! innoc5t victims %ock our s5se ( ju/ice1 b x is lead+ to ! p]fect peace4 ,! true democracy--! bro!rhood ( man--is =c+ itself ^u mank9d4 ,if we 9 our prejudice1 our selfi%ness1 our ignorance1 defy ! signs ( its com+1 try to prev5t its gr[?1 or f9d only lic5se 9 lib]ty1 we %all cont9ue to suff] all ! ills :i* an ob/ruction ( progress or a violation ( its laws always br+s ) x4 ,is x n true t nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has !re be5 an agr>ian ris+1 a peasant revolt1 a labor w>1 t back ( x we d n f9d z a ma9 cause ! inju/ice1 ! oppression1 ! selfi%ness ( a m p[]ful class8 ,& w !re be p]fect peace1 p]fect prosp]ity1 until ! div9e h>mony--! real bro!rhood ( man--is ! rule ( life8 ,wrong always bre$s viol5ce4 ,b out ( t viol5ce1 :5 ! wrong is made "r1 comes peace4 ,massa*usetts 9 h] motto decl>es t by ! sword %e seeks peace1 &1 to use ,ri*>d ,t4 ,ely's words1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace proclaim$1 ',?9k n t ,i am come to s5d peace on e>?2 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b a sword'2 & yet truly 0 he call$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,(t5 is w> ! price ( peace4 ,& no "o1 no class ( m51 des]ve _! fre$om unless1 :5 all o!r means fail1 !y h ! c\rage & en]gy to pay ! price4 ,!re=e1 we w n be al>m$ at /ruggles :i* 9 ! end w br+ ab\t a bett] condition ( life = all4 ,r let u try to end ^? /ruggles by pu%+ bravely on t[>d ! end mank9d is /riv+ =4 ,we1 ) su* a pa/ z ours1 mu/ n be false to ! ideal :i* is our bir?right2 we %\ld n be incapable ( f9d+ ! true way4 ,if we w =get our m]ely p>tisan /rife1 our petty jeal\sies1 our class di/9ctions1 & h only "o aim1 ju/ice = all1 an equal *ance = self-developm5t = all1 :e!r he be born ri* or poor1 ! rul+ _s ( ! next c5tury w keep ,am]ica /ill true to h] high call+1 & mank9d /ill w f9d 9 h] ! inspiration to raise ! di%e>t5$ & l[ly ( o!r l&s4 ,! true/ patriotism is broad en\gh to help ! un=tunate ev]y:]e1 & ) c\rage1 intellig5ce1 & a fai? 9 true democracy we %all n fail4 ,,! ,,b]+ ,,sea ,,controv]sy ,,once ,,m4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,m5d5hall4 ,mr4 ,cl>k's int]e/+ &1 on ! :ole1 fair review ( my article on ,exp]t ,te/imony 9 ! ,b]+ ,sea ,controv]sy1 pr9t$ 9 ?is j\rnal 9 #ahig1 might be all[$ to /&1 )\t comm5t1 z ! be/ possible v9dication ( ! "w ( ! ,b]+ ,sea ,commission ( #ahia-'ib1 & z /rong corroborative evid5ce ( ! s\ndness ( ! position tak5 9 ! article ref]r$ to4 ,"o or two quotations :i* he makes1 h[ev]1 are plac$ 9 su* relation to o!r p>ts ( ! pap] z to imply mean+s :i* a read+ ( ! article z a :ole w %[ 7 nev] int5d$4 ,?is is notably true ( ! description ( ! frame ( m9d 9 :i* a sci5tific man %\ld approa* or conduct any inve/igation1 :i* ,mr4 ,cl>k quotes1 & ! fur!r /atem5t t1 un=tunately1 he (t5 fails to come up to ! /&>d set1 & especially :5 8 own int]e/s are involv$4 ,x might easily be inf]r$ t ^! rem>ks 7 meant to h special application to ! memb]s ( "o or bo? ,b]+ ,sea commissions1 :ile z a matt] ( fact !y 7 a "p ( ! g5]al introduction1 occurr+ "s "t be=e any ref]5ce is made to ! commissions4 ,i %\ld greatly regret hav+ any "o und]/& t !re 0 ! slighte/ intimation ( ! exi/5ce ( a h&some reta9]1 or any?+ ( ! sort1 9 connection ) any or all ( ! ,b]+ ,sea inve/igations4 ,z f> z ! ,am]ican repres5tatives on ! fir/ commission are conc]n$1 x is no h>m to say t ! pecuni>y residual 0 un=tunately affect$ by ! wrong sign1 & ?is 0 d\btless ! case z well ) ,dr4 ,jordan & 8 colleagues4 ,z to ! tru? ( ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! sci5tific exp]t1 no evid5ce ne$ be (f]$ "h1 = x is furni%$ by e c\rt 9 ! l&1 & n a day passes t does n witness a /ruggle betwe5 exp]ts :o h ne>ly always />t$ f ! same premises1 b ^: conclusions are diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,:at ,i d want to say is t ?is is q consi/5t ) ! p]fect hone/y & good int5t ( ! exp]ts !mselves4 ,x is ! result ( ! limitations to :i* ! op]ations ( ! human intellect are /ill subject$1 & x is a fact always to be reckon$ ) 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d4 ,!re %\ld be no skepticism z to ! hone/y & frankness ( ,sir ,george ,bad5-,p[ell & ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,dawson 9 assum+ an attitude s oppos$ to t ( ! ,am]ican commission]s 9 #ahib4 ,mr4 ,cl>k reg>ds my article ( #ahig z a pr$iction ( failure = ! new commission1 an assumption q unju/ifi$ & unsu/a9$ by ! article itself1 9 :i* ! fulle/ recognition is %[n ( ! great value ( ! "w ( ,dr4 ,jordan & 8 colleagues4 ,inde$1 ! article 0 purposely prep>$ & publi%$ be=e ! meet+ ( ! second commission1 t x might n seem to be 9 any way a criticism ^u its "w4 ,n[ t bo? commissions h made public _! f9d+s1 ! :ole matt] is easily accessible1 b ,mr4 ,cl>k is h>dly j to ! fir/ commission]s on ei!r side1 by ! slight ref]5ce he makes to _! sep>ate reports to _! respective gov]nm5ts4 ,a m c>eful /udy ( bo? might h l$ to "s modification ( 8 views1 ev5 conc]n+ ! p>tition ( au?or%ip :i* he has v5tur$ to make4 ,x is no mean complim5t1 h[ev]1 to f9d him admitt+1 9 reg>d to ! report ( ! ,am]ican commission]s1 t n a s+le /atem5t ( fact 9 x has prov$ fallaci\s1 & ! m exhau/ive inve/igations ( #ahif & #ahig corroborate its conclusions 9 e p>ticul>4 ,& ?is admission lies adjac5t to 8 ass]tion t ! inve/igations conduct$ by ! two commissions ( #ahia 71 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 ( ! nature ( a f>ce4 ,! fact is1 ,mr4 ,cl>k seems to h /rangely misund]/ood ! "* ( ! inve/igations :i* 7 contemplat$ & desir$4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ! fur seal 0 n ! "q submitt$ to ! jo9t commission1 except 9 s f> z x specially affect$ seal life 9 ,b]+ ,sea & ! measures necess>y = its prop] protection & pres]vation4 ,facts1 causes1 & rem$ies 7 ! subjects to be consid]$4 ,!re is an old say+ t ! flavor ( ! pudd+ may (t5 be reveal$ by *ew+ ! /r+1 & no long & exhau/ive inve/igation 0 necess>y to enable ! ,am]ican commission]s to arrive at :at ,mr4 ,cl>k admits to be ! facts1 causes1 & rem$ies = ! ,b]+ ,sea problem4 ,n _m weeks 7 occupi$ 9 ! field1 x is true1 = ! commission 0 delay$ 9 its appo9tm5t & notification1 & ! season 0 ne>ly ov] :5 x rea*$ ! isl&s4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,cl>k ju/ly rem>ks1 "o memb] ( ! commission1 ,dr4 ,m]riam1 0 already exceptionally well in=m$ conc]n+ ! habits ( ! fur seal1 & "s ?+s may be s 9 evid5ce t ev5 a physici/ c see !m4 ,x is true t ! jo9t report ( ! commission ( #ahia-'ib 0 meag]1 & ! explanation lies close at h& 9 ! unwill+ness ( ! ,am]ican commission]s to sw]ve f :at !y 7 conv9c$ 0 absolutely true4 ,mr4 ,cl>k w look 9 va9 = ! h&writ+ ( diplomacy m+l$ ) t ( sci5ce1 = ! appe>ance ( :i* 9 ! report ( ! commission ( #ahig he (f]s apologies1 except1 inde$1 x be ! diplomacy ( go+ /raight at ! facts )\t concealm5t or evasion1 on :i* ,am]icans h sometimes prid$ !mselves4 ,! jo9t report 0 limit$ to t1 & only t1 on :i* ! commission]s 7 actually agre$1 & ! ,am]ican commission]s h expla9$ 9 _! sep>ate report t _h !y be5 will+ to conc$e c]ta9 po9ts ! jo9t report w\ld h be5 greatly augm5t$ 9 volume4 ,mr4 ,cl>k has review$ ! conclusions ( ! commission ( #ahig1 :i* he ju/ly consid]s a mo/ important & valuable docum5t4 ,x has n escap$ 8 att5tion t 9 a numb] ( ! p>agraphs ( ?is report ! ,am]ican commission]s h committ$ !mselves to ! approval ( sev]al d\btful /atem5ts1 su* z t ! pelagic indu/ry is conduct$ 9 an ord]ly mann]1 & 9 a _s ( acquiesc5ce 9 ! limitations impos$ by law2 t a c]ta9 numb] ( females may be kill$ )\t involv+ ! actual dim9ution ( ! h]d2 ! t5d5cy t[>d equilibrium !ory2 t ! h]d is /ill f> f a /age t ?reat5s ext]m9ation1 & o!rs4 ,^! /atem5ts he excuses z balm = ! w\nd$ feel+s ( ! pelagic seal]2 a concession to diplomacy2 a diplomatic concession to take ! /+ out ( ! real admission2 ano!r concession to diplomacy1 etc4 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z que/ion+ ! necessity or wisdom ( ins]t+ ^! p>agraphs 9 ! jo9t report1 b is x n a little /range t ) !m 91 & apologiz+ = !m z he does1 ,mr4 ,cl>k %\ld h select$ ?is z a model ( :at ! report ( a sci5tific commission ought to be & suffici5t ( itself to =ev] fix ! value ( ! sci5tific exp]t 9 ! settlem5t ( gov]nm5t disputes8 ,z ,i h already intimat$1 no "o appreciates m highly ?an ,i ! great "w done by ,dr4 ,jordan & 8 associates 9 ! /udy ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! seal4 ,may n ! "w ( ! two commissions1 z be>+ on ! problem ( ! fur-seal indu/ry1 be summ$ up ab\t z foll[s8--,! report ( ! ,am]ican memb]s ( ! fir/ commission relat$ facts1 decl>$ causes1 & propos$ rem$ies4 ,! ,am]ican case at ! ,p>is arbitration re/$ on ^!4 ,z almo/ univ]sally happ5s1 arbitration result$ 9 compromise1 unsatisfactory to bo? p>ties1 &1 z has s9ce turn$ out1 decid$ly unfavorable to "o4 ,! commission ( #ahig has made a jo9t report ( consid]able l5g? & mu* importance1 9 :i* ! facts1 causes1 & rem$ies ( ! report ( #ahib are 9 a s5se confirm$1 b ) a numb] ( concessions t d n /r5g!n ! ,am]ican cont5tion reg>d+ pelagic seal+1 ! ju/ice ( :i* seems to be admitt$ by ,mr4 ,cl>k4 ,b ! practical "q is1 ,:at has be5 ! effect ( ei!r or bo? ( ^! commissions ^u ! fur-seal indu/ry8 ,x w\ld be unk9d to press ?is "q ^u "o :o *>act]izes ! "w ( ! fir/ commission z above quot$1 & :o speaks ( ! second z hav+1 aft] be+ 9 jo9t session "o week1 conclud$ its labors1 rea*+ a full & satisfactory agreem5t4 ,if he really wi%es to "k :at progress is be+ made "u su* an agreeable /ate ( affairs1 let him inquire ( ! ,int]national ,jo9t ,commission1 :i* is endeavor+ to arrange all out/&+ diff]5ces betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,canada4 ,,causes ,,& ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,insanity4 ,,by ,,smi? ,,bak]1 ,m4 ,d4 ,x is be+ f\nd out t cases ( insanity may ( !mselves fall naturally into two classes3 ! fir/ compris+ ^? :o get well1 & ! second ^? :o d n4 ,to ! fir/ class belong ! deliriums ( fev]s & o!r l diseases1 & also c]ta9 acute manias & melan*olias & ! s-call$ g5]aliz$ insanities4 ,9 ! second class are includ$ ! insanities :i* la/ indef9itely1 or1 if seem+ly cur$1 :i*1 9 ! proportion ( f twelve to f\rte5 p] c5t1 come back aga9 "o or m times1 & f9ally d n recov]4 ,says ,regis3 ,out ( all =ms ( m5tal ali5ation or insanity only ! g5]aliz$ types--i4 e41 mania & melan*olia--are curable4 ,! sy/ematiz$ insanities are ess5tially *ronic & recov] only exceptionally 7,practical ,manual ( ,m5tal ,m$ic9e1 page #ed74 ,! latt] are kn[n by su* specific names z p>anoia1 *ronic mania1 *ronic melan*olia1 insanity ( d\bt1 circul> insanity1 h]$it>y insanity1 & ! l4 ,:at makes su* a division ( insanities into ^! two classes significant is n only t ^? ( ! fir/ class get well & ! o!rs d n1 b t1 g5]ally speak+1 ^! latt] are s f\nd$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! individual t !y c n recov]1 let ev]y?+ z yet possible be done = !m z x may4 ,probably !re are exceptions to ?is2 b1 if s1 !y are n v (t5 met )4 ,all ^! cases seem to be doom$ f ! v fir/ ei!r to foll[ a sl[ly d[nw>d grade to ! v end1 or else to manife/ a s]ies ( alt]nate bett] & worse /ages1 :i*1 :ile giv+ rise to bright hopes ( ultimate recov]y1 nev]!less j z surely t5d m or less rapidly d[nw>d1 9 pretty /rict accordance ) ! rule4 ,9 pass+1 x may be not$ t n only ! trag$y ( su* alt]nations ( emphatic despair & delusive hope con/itutes n ! lea/ ( ! wret*$ness involv$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! cases1 b t x is by no means ! easie/ ?+ ab\t !m to manage2 =1 9 ! e>li] /ages1 x is almo/ impossible to make associates or relatives und]/& ! full mean+ ( ! disease1 or to take a correct view ( its probable outcome4 ,ev5 mu* lat] on !y cl+ to ! possibility ( recov]y1 :i* is z delusive z x is pa9ful1 = ! disease goes on1 nev]!less1 ) v>y+ /ride & manife/ation1 until x f9ally becomes evid5t t hope is almo/ absolutely )\t any real f\ndation4 ,n[1 :5 a case ( p]si/5t or recurr5t b really irrecov]able insanity is /udi$1 ) respect n only to ! life ( ! individual affect$ b to ! lives ( 8 ance/ors1 bo? remote & ne>1 & 9 suffici5t detail1 x is se5 t ! causes ( ! pres5t breakd[n h be5 long & surely op]ative 9 ^? f :om he has inh]it$ c]ta9 unfavorable *>act]i/ics1 & at ^: h&s he has _h 8 br++ up & education2 & ?is ev5 mu* m weightily ?an 9 himself or ! life :i* he has liv$4 ,s f> z ! pati5t's own responsible life is conc]n$1 ! common causes1 su* z accid5t1 infection1 ov]work1 m5tal & moral /ra9--9 fact1 all ! usual =ms ( /ress--h1 ( c\rse1 be5 j z v>i\sly to blame1 & 9 j ! same way z !y h be5 9 ! production ( insanities 9 o!r individuals :o f9ally recov]4 ,b ev5 9 respect to ^! latt]1 x probably may be mo/ frequ5tly discov]$ t ! h>mful effects ( c]ta9 s-call$ excit+ causes h be5 exp]i5c$1 n because ( ! common em]g5cies & exig5cies ( life s mu* z because ( "s peculi> b unreveal$ *>act]i/ics :i* h produc$ & ma9ta9$ a sort ( vici\s mael/rom into :i* h be5 attract$ all ! detrim5tal influ5ces t h accid5tally or int5tionally come )9 rea*4 ,= in/ance1 su* p]sons are almo/ always pr$et]m9$ to gr[ up into h>mful bodily & m5tal habits4 ,says ,pet]son3 ,among all deg5]ates !re is a ta/e or appetite = c]ta9 foods or drugs :i* t5d to favor _! dissolution 7alcohol1 morph9e1 coca9e1 & ! l7 7,/ate ,hospitals ,bullet91 vol4 i1 p4 #cgb74 ,s also are !y apt to be wrongly educat$1 or to draw ar\nd !m h>mful associates2 to develop ! mo/ we>y+ & exhau/+ en?usiasms1 or to *oose a bus9ess & place ( resid5ce to :i* !y are n adapt$2 to m>ry "s "o :o w *iefly we> & burd5 !m2 to assume responsibilities & positions out ( keep+ ) _! native /r5g? & endurance2 9 fact1 to get entangl$ 9 all ! affairs ( life 9 j ! v way calculat$ to br+ ab\t ! "o ?+ :i* %\ld h be51 by e kn[n means1 s\ght to be avoid$4 ,x is 9 ?is way t physiological fate unconsci\sly sp9s ! web :i* ultimately fa/5s its own doom4 ,t su* a p]nici\s c\rse %\ld ev5tually result 9 disa/] is no wond] at all2 = :5 inve/igat$ deeply & compreh5sively en\gh1 x is se5 t ( all possible p]sons1 su* are1 by bir?1 ! v lea/ calculat$ to endure ! we> & te> ?us eng5d]$ & ma9ta9$2 :ile1 z sc>cely a ^w is ev] he>d & sc>cely an ef=t is ev] made z to ! necessity = s tra9+ & educat+ & inspir+ ^! p t ! defects ( h]$ity w be rem$i$1 x foll[s t ! mo/ ord9>y v5tures ( commonplace life are by f> m dang]\s to !m ?an to _! bett]-end[$ fell[s4,a ,:5 prop]ly end[$ by h]$ity1 & adequately br$ & educat$1 x is almo/ beyond wond]1 ! am\nt & "* ( p]si/5t /ress :i* human nature c triumphantly endure4 ,:5 o!rwise1 h[ev]1 x is no wond] at all t soon] or lat] s]i\s breakd[n comes to pass4 ,! importance ( say+ ?is is obvi\s :5 we consid] t z a rule active life is all[$ to be ent]$ ^u )\t adequate prep>ation & intellig5t adaptation ( ei!r bodily or m5tal /r5g? to ! /ress t is likely to be enc\nt]$4 ,always x is ask$1 if any?+ is ask$ at all1 ,has he ! skill to make 8 way8 in/ead (1 ,has he ! prospective endurance requir$ by :at he purposes und]tak+8 :ile1 if ! latt] *ances to be consid]$ at all1 ! conclusion is mo/ usually bas$ ^u pres5t appe>ances r ?an ^u pa/ t5d5cies or actual developm5ts4 ,else:]e ,i h said3 ,9 almo/ e in/ance 7( breakd[n7 ,i h come across ! result ( "s big educational blund]1 ow+ ei!r to ! sy/em 9 vogue or else to ^? :o execute x4 7,see ,/eps t[>d ,insanity1 ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahig47 ,!re is "o fact ab\t h]$ity :i* seems n to be commonly consid]$--namely1 t ea* individual is really ! desc5dant ( n only 8 imm$iate p>5ts1 b ( ! two l9es ( ance/ry indef9itely f> back & widespread4 ,?us1 9 _m in/ances1 ! dom9at+ *>act]i/ics are n ^? ( fa!r & "m1 b ( gr&p>5ts1 or ( "s o!r antec$5t or collat]al relatives in/ead4 ,9 fact1 ea* individual 9 its developm5t f ! g]m to adul?ood passes ?r\gh n only _m animal =ms1 b ?r\gh _m ance/ral phases ( "* z well4 ,&1 z 9 ! fir/ case1 ! size & /r5g? ( adult physical features dep5d on ! /age at :i* gr[? becomes abnormally ext5d$1 p]v]t$1 or arre/$1 s1 ) reg>d to m5tal & moral qualities & _! p]si/5ce "u /ress1 ! outcome mo/ly if n entirely dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* !y are all[$ or con/ra9$ to develop1 or ! rev]se4 ,"h we (t5 see ! absolutely limit+ influ5ce ( atavism1 or :at is *>act]iz$ z rev]sion1 to g5]ations fur!r remov$ ?an ! p>5tal1 b :i* really is ! result ( an exagg]ation or a /oppage1 or a p]v]sion ( developm5t be=e ! /age ( p>5tal dom9ance is f9ally rea*$4 ,9 ?is way ! featural & m5tal *>act]i/ics ( relatives z f> remov$ z great-gr&p>5ts or great-gr&uncles1 z well z gr&p>5ts & uncles1 are se5 to appe> 9 *ildr5 ev5 :5 "y1 to be f9ally ei!r acc5tuat$ & made prom95t1 or else possibly outgr[n or o!rwise ov]come z ! ye>s g by1 & z ! lat] p>5tal det]m9+ p[]s & ! correspond+ environm5t come to manife/ _! influ5ce4 ,) ?is view ( h]$ity 9 m9d1 x is easy to see h[ ! real basis ( e m5tal breakd[n may be & probably is simply an ov]do+ or p]v]sion or o!r irregul>ity at "s premature or atavi/ic /age ( developm5t2 & t any?+ & ev]y?+ :i* may h _h to d 9 caus+ ?is %\ld be consid]$ z a prim>y /ep t[>d ! insanity itself4 ,b easy z x is to see ?is !oretically1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t x is easy to get hold ( ! real facts or to help ! matt] 9 any giv5 case4 ,_m times families are loa? to reveal ?+s :i* might indicate su* a basis ( ! dread$ disease4 ,_m times !y d n recognize ! necessity ( tell+ :at !y w\ld o!rwise be will+ en\gh to reveal4 ,_m ?+s are absolutely =gott5 or h be5 at be/ only vaguely compreh5d$4 ,sometimes consci\s deception is practic$2 at o!rs1 ! p>ty :o really has kn[n ! facts is dead or is o!rwise inaccessible4 ,b m (t51 & m int]f]+ /ill1 is ! unconsci\s p]v]sion ( facts1 ei!r f ! false mean+s :i*1 ow+ to specific views & pr$ilections & fe>s1 are read into !m1 n only by ! laity1 b (t5 by ! pr(ession1 or else f ! wrong d$uctions d]iv$ f actual facts cle>ly und]/ood4 ,try z "o may1 x is (t5 mo/ difficult to get a suffici5t numb] ( cle>ly def9$ facts to enable ev5 ! mo/ exp]t to =m a true & compreh5sive idea ( ! case 9 h&4,b ,?is leads to ! rem>k t :at is n[ absolutely ne$$ is "s =m ( record-keep+ :i* %all become a g5]al practice on ! "p ( heads ( families & _! physicians1 & :i* may be h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation2 & n only ?is1 b t ^! %all be s accurately & fully kept t !y may be wor?y ( consid]ation z ! be/ & 9 fact ! only basis ( a sci5tific g5]alization 9 case ( m5tal or moral em]g5cy4 ,t p z a rule w\ld probably res5t ?is1 z con/itut+ an undue int]f]5ce ) ! sanctity ( p]sonal & family rights1 :ile und\bt$ly r5d]+ x practically nugatory = ! "t be+1 does n 9 any good s5se militate aga9/ ei!r ! sci5tific ne$ or ! great good :i* w\ld accrue f ! use ( su* family records fai?fully & intellig5tly kept4 ,x is enc\rag+ to note t already ! way = su* records is be+ op5$ 9 ! dem&s made by ! v>i\s que/ionnaires s5t out by ,dr4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall & o!rs :o are int]e/$ 9 ! sci5tific /udy ( *ildr54 7,see v>i\s issues ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 & ( ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 = p]t95t sugge/ions & results4 ,also an article by ,dr4 ,william ,h4 ,?omson1 9 ! ,yale ,m$ical ,j\rnal = ,april1 #ahih47 ,mu* m useful & 9 g5]al satisfactory w\ld ?is be ?an ! bl9d /agg]+ aft] elusory causation n[ s univ]sally & yet s futilely pursu$4 ,& ! same may be said ) ref]5ce to /ati/ics z commonly tabulat$4 ,^! hav+ ref]5ce b to ! surface %[+s1 ! aft]-!-mis*ief-is-done results1 & s (t5 obta9$ "u mislead+ con/ra9t or o!r unfavorable influ5ces1 are sc>cely capable ( ev5 h9t+ ! significance ( real conditions1 & especially ( t5d5cies t h exi/$ antec$5t to ! individual breakd[n4 ,= in/ance1 su* /ati/ics z ^? compil$ by ,dr4 ,wise 7see ,/ate ,hospitals ,bullet91 vol4 i1 page #aeg71 :5 subject$ to ! requirem5ts ( an accurate causative consid]ation1 easily l5d !mselves to ! criticism made by ! au?or himself1 :o says1 ,! c>eful inquir] c receive no reliable in=mation f ! /udy ( insane hospital /ati/ics except ! b>e fact ( ! numb] ( insane p]sons "u c>e & treatm5t4 ,yet a glance at 8 tables %[s t =ty-two p] c5t ( ! cases admitt$ to ! ,new ,york ,/ate hospitals = ! ye> end+ ,septemb] #cj1 #ahie1 are to be not$ z suff]+ f con/itutional deg5]acies1 & s presumably to be incurable4 ,! m ?an tw5ty p] c5t ( cases ( insanity report$ to h _h h]$it>y antec$5ts1 al?\gh und\bt$ly z accurate z possible "u ! circum/ances1 m]ely *ronicle ! m obvi\s matt]s1 & mu/ necess>ily h left out ( acc\nt all ! less obvi\s b 9 _m respects ev5 m important ones4 ,& s ) all ! o!r s]ies ?us f> publi%$4 ,!y are good z indicat+ :]e we are to look = "s ( ! /eps t[>d insanity1 b = ! mo/ "p !y are q inadequate = a basis ( compreh5sive discussion or any?+ l accurate conclusion4 ,! press+ ne$1 !n1 is t !re %all be obta9$ a s]ies ( /ati/ics :i* %all be f\nd$ ^u ! mo/ def9ite1 p5etrat+1 & f>-rea*+ /udies ( cases t x is possible = ! tra9$ sci5ti/1 ) ! help ( an intellig5t1 will+ laity1 to make4 ,9 ?is respect x may be said t ! assi/ance ( ! latt] is j z ess5tial z ! pa9/ak+ devotion ( ! =m]2 = x is ^u ! facts :i* an intellig5t laity c obs]ve & report t ! sci5ti/ c br+ 8 tra9+ to be> 9 su* a way z to arrive ev5tually at accurate & !re=e mo/ useful g5]alizations4 ,b su* concurr5t obs]vation & /udy w nev] be until ! public %all h come to look ^u insanity z m]ely an un=tunate disease in/ead ( a /igmatiz$ disgrace1 :i*1 ) c]ta9 exceptions1 x %\ld n be consid]$ to be4 ,nor w ?is be ! case until pr(essional exam9]s 9 lunacy %all regul>ly ask = su* family records1 & ?us create a ne$ = _! be+ made4 ,:5 bo? ! public z well z ! pr(ession lay aside entirely ! common notions ( a transc5d5tal orig9 ( insanity1 & set to "w to /udy ! p]fectly natural /eps ?r\gh :i* deg5]ation & breakd[n ev5tually come to be1 all w see ! desirability ( su* heal? records be+ accurately & fully kept1 n only z a help t[>d det]m9+ ! nature & prospects ( any giv5 case1 b also t[>d prev5t+ ! developm5t ( ^? con/itutional t5d5cies :i* lead to tr\ble1 z well z 9 help+ on ^? t provide aga9/ x4 ,:5 we come to /udy ! causes ( insanity ) a view to successfully prev5t+ x1 we are l$ to ! supposition t ! ne>] to v fir/ /eps we c pu% our inve/igations ! great] w be our s]vice4 ,rememb]+ t ! well-born1 well-br$ p]sonality g5]ally be>s almo/ e sort ( /ress ) comp>ative impunity1 x becomes u to ask j h[ does ! opposite--! ill-born1 ill-br$--con/itution come s to be1 & h5ce to break d[n s easily4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! weak1 easily break+ /ra9s mu/ h _! orig9 & gr[? j z def9itely z ! m endur+ ones1 & if we c get an accurate notion ( su* orig9 & ! conditions ( subsequ5t gr[?1 x seems probable t useful k w ?us be atta9$4 ,) ?is object 9 view an inve/igation 0 und]tak5 :i* %\ld cov] ! life hi/ories ( a s]ies ( families ) suffici5t detail & ext5sion to w>rant at lea/ t5tative conclusions z well z also to indicate probable l9es = future "w4 ,s f> z possible1 inquiries 7 pu%$ along collat]al z well z direct l9es ( ance/ry2 & n only ill heal? b common habits & exp]i5ces 71 s f> z possible1 giv5 ! consid]ation /rictly _! due4 ,9 e way ! attempt 0 made to prop]ly e/imate ! factors app]ta9+ to ! m intimate p]sonal life z well z ^? t 7 m obvi\s & imp]sonal4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! complet$ record prov$ to be m or less brok52 m (t5 /ill1 important items--! mo/ important ( all1 9 fact--c\ld only be obta9$ "u promise ( absolute secrecy z to future use4 ,s1 z matt]s ( absolute sci5ce1 ! foll[+ conclusions mu/ /& *iefly z *all5ges = future confirmation or *ange4 ,b1 s f> z !y c be all[$ to g1 !y may be accept$ z pretty ?or\ghly bas$ 9 asc]ta9$ fact & legitimate g5]alization4 ,! v fir/ conclusion1 s f> z ! natural hi/ory ( ! /eps t[>d insanity is conc]n$1 is t ! weak con/itutional /r&s & t5d5cies h _! beg9n+s 9 ^? ance/ral m>riages :i*1 *iefly = educational reasons1 ,i h *os5 to call unphysiological4,c ,by an unphysiological m>riage "o ne$ n mean a m>riage betwe5 p obvi\sly de=m$ or imbecile or insane1 or o!rwise p]man5tly unfitt$1 b r betwe5 p :o are f\nd to be n well adapt$ to ea* o!r 9 "s important s5se4 ,?us1 too great physical disproportion2 too great disp>ity ( age1 or ( temp]am5t1 or ( family or ( natural t5d5cies2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 too ne> a sam5ess1 ei!r ?r\gh consangu9ity or o!r s\rces2 or too fix$ con/itutional *>act]i/ics2 or ev5 too great diff]5ces ( education1 religion1 ta/e1 or ambition4 ,9 fact1 x seems probable t any?+ & ev]y?+ :i* difficultly amalgamates 9 m>riage1 & z surely fails to bl5d 9 prog5y1 may be consid]$ z unphysiological 9 ?is connection4 ,z ,i h said else:]e3 ,! p>ties ent]+ into su* an unphysiological m>riage may bo? be normal individually1 b yet n physiologically m>riageable1 because !y are ei!r too di/antly or too ne>ly1 or 9 fact too unphysiologically1 relat$1 ei!r physically or psy*ically4 ,9 su* cases ! ultimate outcome is almo/ absolutely c]ta91 & is not$ *iefly by a def9ite class ( t5sions & reactions ( bo? m9d & body :i* inv>iably impress !mselves ^u prog5y1 & :i* = ! mo/ "p are made obvi\s 9 ?is p>ticul> way4 ,no matt] h[ unphysiological su* m>riages may be1 h[ev]1 !y d n necess>ily or v (t5 result 9 ! evolution ( insanity 9 ! p>ties contract+ !m1 b r !y d lay ! f\ndation ( deg5]ative t5d5cies :i* almo/ inv>iably pr$et]m9e ! developm5t ( ?is affection 9 m or less remote succe$+ g5]ations4 ,nor d ! *ildr5 ( su* m>riages necess>ily or g5]ally become insane1 al?\gh !y sometimes d2 b1 impress$ z ^! are by ! deg5]ative malnutritions & t5sions & reactions ( _! p>5ts1 !y t5d to exhibit arre/s & ecc5tricities ( developm5t1 :i* 9 turn become int5sifi$ 9 ! next1 & aga91 9 turn1 9 all ! g5]ations foll[+1 until ! in/ability becomes s m>k$ t explosion occurs4 ,9 pass+1 x may be said t ! mo/ frequ5t s\rce ( ! initiatory t5sions & reactions result+ f unphysiological m>riage is und\bt$ly f\nd 9 abnormal cohabitation1 & ! unre/ & unsatisfaction & exhau/ion result+ !refrom4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s begets 9 p]fectly normal p an irritat+1 nagg+1 exhau/+1 p]si/5t ere?ism1 :i* 9 "t involves ! :ole organism & deflects x f its norm4 ,two p enme%$ 9 su* a bond always g to excesses & irregul>ities1 ei!r 9 ab/95ce or indulg5ce2 or1 if n ?is1 !n ! :ole matt] becomes av]sional1 ) /ra9+ antipa?y1 p]v]t+ practices1 & ideational di/ru/s & loa?+s m & m pr$om9at+4 ,no wond] t su* p pr$et]m9e succe$+ g5]ations to abnormal s5sitiv5ess1 irregul> gr[?1 & erratic manife/ations 9 bo? m5tal & physical sph]es4 7,see ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal = ,augu/ #ad1 #ahig2 also ,j\rnal ( ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,diseases1 vol4 xvii1 page #ffi47 ,n[1 ! outcome ( su* m>riages seems to be a vitiat$ /ream ( t5d5cy1 :i* c>ries ) x 9 its progress f g5]ation to g5]ation c]ta9 elem5ts :i* pr$et]m9e to /ill full] vitiation1 ev5 ) incurable insanity1 z not$ above4 ,?us1 p end[$ ) su* natural *>act]i/ics1 be+ altoge!r too prone to gravitate t[>d ea* o!r1 ev5tually m>ry1 & ?us emphasize 9 prog5y ! vitiation already d\bly initiat$4 ,nature's c\rse dem&s t su* p m>ry1 if at all1 into ! heal?ie/1 mo/ corrective /ock possible4 ,b "h imm$iately !re arises n only a sci5tific prohibition1 b an e?ical "q :i* %\ld be he$$3 ,%\ld su* p really m>ry ev5 ! be/ ( /ock1 ) ! probability ( ?us vitiat+ a /ream :i* until ?is "t has evid5tly be5 becom+ cle>] & /rong]8 ,aga91 p :o are con/itutionally t5d+ to m5tal breakd[n are v apt to load !mselves d[n ) duties & get !mselves into situations :i* mu/ necess>ily prove to be too on]\s & too p]plex+ = _! poorly develop$ /r5g? & skill4 ,( c\rse1 circum/ances (t5 require ?is4 ,_m times1 h[ev]1 !re is a k9d ( impulsive re/lessness c\pl$ ) a %ort-sight$ optimism1 bo? con/itutional1 :i*1 altoge!r m ?an ord9>y circum/ances1 are to blame = undue assumption ( "w or c>e1 & ^: effect is1 p]haps1 be/ se5 9 ! p]si/5t t5d5cy ( su* p to orig9ate & p]petuate exhau/+ habits1 bo? ( m9d & body4 ,?us1 ! habit ( self-poison+ f poorly dige/$ & poorly assimilat$ food is easily acquir$ by su* p1 & always becomes a s\rce ( progressive bra9 />vation & (t5 ( consequ5t m5tal breakd[n4 ,says ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,?ay] 7,j\rnal ( ,m$ic9e & ,sci5ce1 vol4 iii1 page #agc71 ,!re is gr\nd = belief t exhau/ion--fatigue--is dep5d5t ^u poison+ ( ! cells ( ! bra91 muscles1 & o!r tissues by ! wa/e products ( functional activity4,d ,aga91 z already not$1 p]v]sions ( ! natural in/9cts--( appetite = food1 ( desire = ga91 ( social or o!r ambitions1 & especially ( ! sexual impulse & its habitual indulg5ce--fa/5 !mselves ^u su* individuals ) a p]man5ce & de/ructiv5ess t mu/ almo/ ( necessity lead to disa/]4,e ,& s we may see t z a mo/ natural1 al?\gh (t5 a f>-remov$1 result ( unphysiological m>riages1 proce$+ ?r\gh g5]ations :i* h be5 ?us pr$e/9at$ to weak5+ *oices & practices1 insanity f9ally appe>s to m>k ! ultimate ext5t bo? ( ! m5tal disorganization & bodily ineffici5cy1 :i* ext5t is ow+ n only to ! orig9al initiat+ /eps1 b also to subsequ5t /ages ( causation1 progressively develop$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,ano!r great s\rce ( vitiation ( ! /ream ( t5d5cy is f\nd 9 two p :o m>ry 9 a truly en\gh physiological s5se1 b :o f9d or =ce !mselves 9 lives ( we> & te> :i* progressively unfit !m = *ildbe>+ & *ild nurture4 ,poorly calculat$ ambitions1 unexpect$ difficulties to be surm\nt$1 depress+ oppositions1 ) p]haps m or less actual disease or accid5t1 l>gely acc\nt = ?is 9 a g5]al way4 ,obvi\sly1 dur+ ! *ild-re>+ age1 ! effect ( :at p>5ts are oblig$ to endure & execute ^u ! =tunes ( prog5y becomes a matt] ( f>-rea*+ importance4 ,t any?+ :i* p]si/5tly exhau/s or ov]/ra9s ! p>5ts mu/ tell 9 ! lat] dynamic t5d5cy & developm5t is premis$ at lea/ by c]ta9 rec5t /udies1 especially ^? ( ,hodge on ! influ5ce ( fatigue1 & ( ,van ,gieson on ! effects ( exhau/ion & intoxication ^u ! n]v\s elem5ts4 7,see also ,pet]son1 op4 cit47 ,9 no s5se c p>5ts be said to live = !mselves *iefly4 ,always ! influ5ce ( _! own heal?1 happ9ess1 & prosp]ity ^u _! *ildr5 %\ld be rememb]$1 & %\ld be made z con/ructive z possible4 ,t ?is c be consci\sly attempt$ ) comm5surate results is m or less evid5c$ n only by common obs]vation b by inve/igation4 ,n1 h[ev]1 9 ! s5se t p>5ts are always able to end[ *ildr5 ) "s p>ticul>1 mu*-wi%$-= *>act]i/ic1 z s _m suppose--= x mu/ be rememb]$ t p]haps pretty fix$ t5d5cies = sev]al g5]ations may h to be ov]come & rev]s$ be=e su* special results c be obta9$1 b 9 ! mu* bett] s5se ( giv+ su* an impetus heal?w>d & /r5g?w>d & lifew>d z may lat] on be ! beg9n+ ( a con/itutional f\ndation t %all support _m g5]ations ( full heal? & longevity4 ,if1 !n1 ! fir/ /eps--&1 g5]ally speak+1 ! mo/ important /eps--are discov]$ 9 ! unphysiological m>riage & its influ5ce ^u ! be>+ & re>+ ( prog5y1 !n x is obvi\s en\gh t prev5tion ( incurable insanity %\ld beg9 ) giv+ adequate att5tion to ?is phase ( ! subject1 & ?is fir/ & emphatically4 ,already ! law says t c]ta9 peculi>ly afflict$ individuals c n m>ry2 & probably ?is is ab\t z f> z ! law c helpfully g until1 at lea/1 public intellig5ce z well z private s5tim5t w su/a9 x 9 go+ fur!r4 ,s we mu/ look to ^! latt]--a widespread intellig5ce & a correspond+ e>ne/ s5tim5t f\nd$ ^u su* intellig5ce--= ! means ( mak+ progress t[>d ! prev5tion ( insanity4 ,b h[ c ?is ne$$ k & helpful s5tim5t come to be8 ,c]ta9ly n by p]petuat+ ! pres5t notions ( s-call$ mode/y & purity1 :i*1 z n[ held1 mu/ always int]f]e ) ! /udy & practice necess>y = asc]ta9+ ! tru?1 & = apply+ x to ! ne$s ( race-build+4 ,! "t ought to come soon1 v soon1 :5 matt]s ( su* s]i\s cont5t %all n be s absolutely subject to ! dom9ance ( conv5tionality & guesswork & recklessness z n[1 b %all in/ead be subject to ! sway ( accurate sci5ce & its c>eful adaptation to human conditions4 ,e m>riage n[ is at be/ b an exp]im5t--bl9d & *ance-tak+ (t51 9 a mo/ wa/eful & dang]\s s5se4 ,let x rema91 if x mu/1 an exp]im5t /ill1 b "o :i* %all be h5ce=? conduct$ ) su* =esight & skill1 & )al ) su* intellig5t purpose1 z %all c]ta9ly po9t to improv$ results f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t x is comp>atively easy to asc]ta9 :at m>riages1 g5]ally speak+1 are prone to result 9 obvi\sly vitiat$ prog5y2 or if n 9 ^!1 !n1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 9 ! prog5y :i*1 be+ unnaturally con/itut$1 are prone to develop _! weak] /r&s ( p]sonality1 & s to break d[n 9 ! end4 ,b to ?is c\rse nei!r prud]y nor sup]/ition nor selfi%ness w ev] ass5t2 x mu/ be pursu$ 9 spite ( ^!1 & by ! only me?od :i* sci5ce n[ recognizes--namely1 accurate obs]vation1 c>eful record1 & ! mo/ compreh5sive1 skillful comp>ison1 all 9 ord] t tru?ful inductions may be f9ally secur$4 ,t p>5ts %\ld tra9 up _! *ildr5 to look =w>d to m>riage n z ! acme ( p]sonal indulg5ce & satisfaction1 b z a mo/ responsible p>tn]%ip = ! developm5tal keep+ ( unborn =tunes1 & ! prop] nurtur+ ( ! *ildr5 t may come to !m1 is no long] speculation1 b a sci5ce-f\nd$ fact4 ,und\bt$ly ! highe/ /ate ( adult satisfaction w always be closely associat$ ) :at may be *>act]iz$ z *ild completion4 ,moreov]1 t an educational sy/em :i* s ?or\ghly ignores ?is mo/ important ( all educational subjects mu/1 9 "t1 be subject$ to ! criticism :i* sci5ce may ju/ly develop1 is amply borne out by ! cases /udi$4 ,(t51 inde$1 has x appe>$ t _h a modicum ( real k be5 at h&1 mo/ disa/r\s results w\ld naturally h be5 obviat$4 ,educators lead ! day2 :y n !y lead 9 directions :i* %all mo/ truly correct ! results ( physiological ignorance & d>+8 ,t no man or woman %\ld g =? f college ) su* vital k unle>n$ is probably ! fir/ & mo/ important means ( prev5t+ incurable insanity conceivable2 & t ^! 9 turn %\ld nev] hesitate to diffuse popul>ly t :i* !y h be5 s favor$ 9 ! le>n+1 implies a duty :i* ! intellig5ce itself makes cle>4 ,s1 too1 if p]si/5t ov]/ra9 & exhau/ion ( p>5ts1 ei!r prospective or actual1 leads directly to />vation ( _! own /ructural elem5ts1 h[ probable t ! initiat+ & be>+ & nurtur+ ( *ildr5 is to a l ext5t detrim5tally int]f]$ ) 9 any giv5 case ?r\gh ! developm5t ( an erratic cell gr[?4 ,c]ta9 x is t complet5ess ( developm5t dep5ds on two ?+s--namely1 nutrition & ex]cise4 ,9 a biological s5se bo? ^! are dep5d5t ^u a "r adju/m5t ( supply to dem&4 ,h5ce />vation or engorgem5t1 inactivity or ov]work1 ea* may lead to ! same dynamic result--t is to say1 to an int]f]5ce ) ! prop] gr[? ( ! organism4 ,t due he$1 !n1 %\ld always be giv5 to ! necess>y heal? pres]vation ( ^? :o essay to become p>5ts1 n only 9 prep>ation = b dur+ ! :ole s-call$ *ildbe>+ p]iod1 is s sci5tifically d$ucible t x may be = all practical purposes consid]$ z axiomatic4 ,! way to h heal?y1 long-liv$1 & happy *ildr5 is = p>5ts to be heal?ful & intellig5tly c>eful !mselves2 :ile ! :ole sci5ce ( heal? mu/ ev5tually consi/ 9 ! sci5ce ( su* symmetrical & high developm5t z w enable individuals to endure necess>y /ra91 resi/ disease1 & rapidly & fully recov] f accid5t & infection4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,x is p]fectly c]ta9 t two 9 e ?ree *ildr5 are irretrievably damag$ or h9d]$ 9 _! m5tal & moral developm5t 9 ! s*ools2 b ,i am n sure t !y w\ld f>e bett] if !y /ay$ at home4--,baldw91 9 ,m5tal ,developm5t1 p4 #ch4 ,b ,see an in/ance cle>ly elucidative ( ?is 9 an acc\nt ( ! ,kelly murd] trial1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,walt] ,*ann+ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,insanity = ,janu>y1 #ahih1 page #che4 ,c ,see ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal = ,augu/ #ad1 #ahig4 ,d ,see also ,dr4 ,edw>d ,c[les4 ,%attuck ,lecture on ,neura/h5ia4 ,e ,see ,pet]son4 ,! ,/igmata ( ,deg5]ation4 ,/ate ,hospitals ,bullet91 vol4 i1 p4 #cbg4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,william ,,p5gelly4 ,! "n ( ,william ,p5gelly is mo/ closely associat$ ) ! explorations ( caves 9 ,engl& conta9+ relics ( m5 toge!r ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 ! results ( :i*1 confirm+ simil> conclusions t _h be5 rea*$ 9 ,france1 conv9c$ ,engli% geologi/s ( man's extreme antiquity4 ,speak+ ( him at ! "t ( 8 dea? z "o ( ! la/ survivors ( ! h]oes :o laid ! f\ndation ( geological sci5ce1 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney said1 ,he has left beh9d an example ( :at "o man c d 9 advanc+ k by en]gy & p]sev]ance4 ,,william ,,p5gelly 0 born at ,ea/ ,looe1 a fi%+ village 9 ,cornwall1 ,engl&1 ,janu>y #ab1 #ahab1 & di$ 9 ,torquay1 ,m>* #af1 #ahid4 ,! "n ( ,p5gelly is n uncommon 9 ,cornwall1 & has figur$ 9 ,engli% hi/ory--among o!rs1 9 ! p]son ( ,sir ,?omas ,p5gelly1 :o 0 *ief b>on ( ! ex*equ]1 & left c]ta9 sums = ! dis*>ge ( debtors f ! jails ( ,bodm9 & ,launce/on4 ,8 fa!r 0 capta9 ( a small coa/+ vessel1 & he acquir$ a /rong atta*m5t to ! sea4 ,he 0 s5t to ! ,dame's ,s*ool 9 8 native village :5 v "y1 & be=e he 0 five ye>s old _h made s rapid progress t 8 "m appli$ to ! ma/] ( a s*ool = l>g] boys to receive him z a pupil4 ,! ma/] decl9$ to take him1 b1 he>+ him read+ z he pass$ ! door ( ! h\se n long aft]w>d1 conclud$ to grant ! "m's reque/4 ,at s*ool he soon ga9$ su* a reputation = s*ol>%ip t ! boys made him sp5d all 8 play h\rs help+ !m 9 _! lessons4 ,8 s*ool days end$ :5 he 0 twelve ye>s old1 & he accompani$ 8 fa!r to sea1 mak+1 h[ev]1 voyages t 7 seldom m ?an ?ree days long1 mo/ ( ! "w ( :i* consi/$ 9 tak+ 9 & tak+ out c>go4 ,! sailors soon discov]$ 8 cl]kly gifts & employ$ him to write _! lett]s1 b did n s well appreciate 8 excell5t conv]sational p[]s4 ,on tailor+ days x 0 und]/ood t 8 clo!s %\ld be repair$ = him1 :ile he read al\d = ! g5]al b5efit1 & ! sailors w\ld amuse !mselves by f9d+ solutions to que/ions 9 ,walk+ham's ,ari?metic4 ,8 seaf>+ life clos$ 9 8 sixte5? ye>1 :5 ! dea? ( a bro!r made x desirable t he %\ld rema9 at home4 ,?\gh work+ h>d all ! day = a m]e support1 "y ,p5gelly manag$ to sp5d sev]al h\rs e night 9 /udy1 seek+ to ma/] ma!matics4 ,he _h no tutor & no really good text-books1 b made su* progress 9 8 /udies t 9 a comp>atively %ort "t he became a ma!matical tutor ( no mean ord]4 ,he b\ght 8 fir/ ,euclid ( a p$dl] :o occasionally visit$ ! place2 !n1 hav+ sav$ up a little money = ! purpose1 x 0 a happy day = him :5 he walk$ ?irty miles to ,devonport & back1 be>+1 on 8 return1 tw5ty volumes 9 a bundle ov] 8 %\ld]2 among !m 7 ! works ( "s ( ! /&>d au?ors1 = he cultivat$ a lit]>y z well z a ma!matical ta/e4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ lesson 9 geology :ile he 0 /ill a sailor boy1 at ,lyme ,regis--a spot exce$+ly ri* 9 fossils4 ,a labor] :om he 0 obs]v+ broke a /one1 ! op5+ ( :i* disclos$ a f9e ammonite4 ,to 8 "q z to :at ! fossil 01 ! labor] repli$ t if he _h read 8 ,bible he w\ld h kn[n2 t !re 0 once a flood t cov]$ all ! _w2 ! ?+s t 7 dr[n$ 7 buri$ 9 ! mud1 & ?is 0 a snake :i* _h suff]$ t fate4 ,a snake6 b :]e's 8 head8 ,he 0 aga9 ref]r$ to ! ,bible1 :i* w\ld tell him :y ! snakes 9 ! rocks _h no heads4 ,we're told !re t ! se$ ( ! woman %all bruise ! s]p5t's head4 ,t's h[ 'tis4 ,! second lesson came a few ye>s lat]1 9 a read+ club ( :i* ,p5gelly 0 a memb]4 ,!y 7 read+ ,dick's ,*ri/ian ,philosoph]1 & came to a geological section1 :5 ! read] rem>k$ t z geology 0 v likely to be extremely dry1 & z _m good p ?\ght x dang]\s if n decid$ly infidel 9 its tea*+s1 he w\ld propose t ! selection %\ld n be read4 ,?is 0 pass$ by acclamation1 & ! read] pass$ on to a/ronomy4 ,:ile /ill "y1 ,p5gelly remov$ to ,torquay1 :]e he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,%ortly aft] arriv+ !re1 he op5$ a small day s*ool on ! ,pe/alozzian sy/em1 into :i* he introduc$ ! novelty ( ! use ( *alk & ! blackbo>d 9 giv+ in/ruction4 ,beg9n+ ) six pupils1 ! s*ool grew rapidly4 ,he _h private pupils1 too1 & 9 #ahdf ^! _h become s num]\s t he gave up 8 s*ool1 & z a special tutor 9 ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces f\nd 8 life occupation4 ,"s ( 8 pupils became di/+ui%$ 9 aft] life2 :ile o!rs1 l ! two ,russian pr9ces1 nephews ( ! ,cz> ,alex&] ,,ii1 & ,pr9cess ,m>y1 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 all ( :om became mu* atta*$ to him1 7 fam\s by reason ( _! position4 ,8 att5tion 0 br\ght = a ?ird "t to geology :ile look+ ov] "s books :i* he ?\ght might be useful to 8 pupils1 :5 he f\nd "o publi%$ by ! bro!rs ,*amb]s1 :i* conta9$ a *apt] on t sci5ce4 ,?is 0 n mu*1 b x 0 en\gh to in=m him h[ mu* _h already be5 done 9 geology1 &1 p]haps1 to give him a h9t ( "s ( ! possibilities t lay 9 x4 ,f ?is "t on1 he 0 ard5tly int]e/$ 9 geology4 ,! j\rnal ( 8 fir/ visit to ,london & ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 #ahdc1 atte/s h[ he 0 becom+ absorb$ 9 x4 ,he sp5t 8 holidays 9 geological explorations & 9 excursions :i* gradually grew l>g]1 until 8 position z a geologi/ 0 recogniz$1 & he became an au?ority respect+ all po9ts & ph5om5a :i* _h come "u 8 p]sonal k4 ,a h9t dropp$ to him by ,pr(essor ,jameson z he 0 ab\t to visit ! ,isle ( ,arran taught him to make 8 notes ( obs]vations on ! spot1 & greatly help$1 8 daught] ,he/] obs]ves 9 ! biography on :i* we h drawn v l>gely1 to =m ^? habits ( extreme accuracy :i* *>act]iz$ all 8 sci5tific "w4 ,9 #ahcg ,mr4 ,p5gelly assi/$ 9 ! reorganization ( ! ,torquay ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 ) :i* he ma9ta9$ a connection = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & be=e :i* he deliv]$ _m lectures4 ,9 #ahdd he p>ticipat$ 9 ! organization ( ! ,torquay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ( :i* he became1 9 #ahea1 honor>y secret>y1 & rema9$ s = m ?an ?irty-n9e ye>s4 ,"u 8 guidance x became a sci5tific p[] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ye> aft] ye> he lectur$ !re1 t9ctur+ ! locality ) 8 own en?usiasm2 & f ! society !re ultimately sprang ! museum 9 ,babbacombe ,road1 ) its admirable collections4 ,8 lectures1 deliv]$ gratuit\sly at ,torquay1 7 v popul>1 & 7 att5d$ by l>ge audi5ces4 ,! fame ( !m spread1 & he 0 call$ to o!r places--,exet]1 ,exm\?1 & l>g] t[ns & f>!r (f1 & to ! great le>n$ societies--:]e he lectur$1 always ) success1 & to ! satisfaction & delight ( 8 audi5ces4 ,^? p]sons liv+1 & !y are _m1 says ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,ellis 9 ! preface to ,he/] ,p5gelly's biography ( h] fa!r1 :o _h ! good =tune to he> ,p5gelly lecture w be> ready witness to ! complete ma/]y he always _h ( 8 subject1 & ( ! faculty ( imp>t+ 8 k4 ,ev5 :5 speak+ ^u ab/ruse subjects to a mix$ audi5ce1 he w\ld make ! matt] p]fectly cle> )\t 9 any degree appe>+ to talk d[n to ! capacity ( ^? he 0 address+4444 ,8 mann] 0 no less pleas+ & attractive ?an ! language 9 :i* he clo!d 8 ideas 0 grateful to ! e>4 ,geology & a/ronomy furni%$ ! subjects ( ! lectures4 ,x w\ld be impracticable 9 a brief sket* to foll[ ! detail ( ,p5gelly's geological inve/igations previ\s to 8 engag+ 9 sy/ematic cave exploration4 ,!y embrac$ fields *iefly 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 & af=d$ subjects = correspond5ce & discussion ) _m ( ! mo/ em95t ,briti% geologi/s1 & "s ( o!r c\ntries ?an ,engl&4 ,a /udy ( "s fossil fi%1 fir/ obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,w4 ,pea* 9 ,cornwall1 furni%$ ! occasion = "o ( 8 fir/ record$ pap]s1 ,on ! ,i*?yolites ( ,ea/ ,cornwall1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society ( ,ea/ ,cornwall1 #ahdi-'ej2 & a s+le volume--! sev5?--( ^! ,transactions conta9s n9e ( 8 pap]s4 ,ano!r subject ( int]e/ 0 ! beekites1 curi\s =mations ( *alc$onic silica on ! lime/one fragm5ts 9 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,devon%ire1 fir/ obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,beek1 ( ,bri/ol1 conc]n+ :i* he read a pap] at ! ,*elt5ham meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ! fir/ :i* he att5d$1 9 #ahef4 ,9 #ahfj he complet$ ! =mation ( a collection ( ,devonian fossils f ,devon & ,cornwall1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ! ,b>oness ,burdett-,c\tts to ! new museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 9 connection ) ! f\ndation ( a geological s*ol>%ip1 & 0 nam$ ! ,p5gelly ,collection4 ,! fir/ ( ! m important geological rese>*es ) :i* ,p5gelly's "n is intimately associat$ 0 ! exploration ( ! peculi> =mation at ,bovey ,tracey1 = ! id5tification ( its fossils & ! det]m9ation ( its age4 ,! pla9 9 :i* ! =mation lay _h an aspect sugge/+ ! bas9 ( an anci5t lake1 & its deposits1 v diff]5t f ! solid rocks ( ! surr\nd+ hills1 confirm$ ! sugge/ion4 ,!y consi/$ ( gravels1 s&s1 & clays1 di/9ctly /ratifi$1 ) seams ( lignite1 = :i* !y _h be5 work$4 ,! pits _h already attract$ "s notice1 & ! deposits _h be5 m5tion$ 9 sci5tific lit]ature1 b v little _h be5 le>n$ conc]n+ _! age4 ,9 #ahfj ! subject 0 m5tion$ by ! late ,dr4 ,falcon]1 an em95t paleontologi/1 to ,miss ,burdett-,c\tts z "o ! inve/igation ( :i* w\ld be a boon to sci5ce4 ,miss ,c\tts suppli$ ! money t 0 ne$$1 & ! direction ( ! sy/ematic inve/igation 0 intru/$ to ,p5gelly2 on le>n+ :i*1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell wrote to him3 ,i am v glad ( ! prospect ( our kn[+ some?+ ( ! ,bovey coal plants4 ,x is almo/ a reproa* to ,engli% geology t !y h be5 s little explor$1 z !y are p]haps ! only fossils ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod to :i* !y belong4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e accurately ! nature1 ?ickness1 & ord] ( ! successive b$s1 & to make a satisfactory collection ( fossils1 a new section ( ! deposit 0 made1 measur+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet1 d[n to ! bottom ( a seam ( lignite f\r feet 9 ?ickness1 ! la/ b$ ( ! workm51 b n at ! actual base ( ! deposit4 ,?irte5 ( ! ?irty-"o b$s ( lignite :i* 7 cut ?r\gh1 & two ( ! b$s ( clay1 yield$ di/+ui%able plant rema9s4 ,^! 7 s5t to ,dr4 ,oswald ,he]1 ( ,switz]l&1 = exam9ation2 & he det]m9$ f ! collection fifty species1 includ+ f]ns1 conif]s1 figs1 c9namon trees1 an oak1 a laurel1 v9es1 &rom$as1 a bilb]ry1 a g>d5ia1 a wat] lily1 & "s legum9\s plants4 ,he] ref]r$ ! gr\p to ! ,l[] ,mioc5e p]iod1 b "s modification 0 aft]w>d made 9 ?is det]m9ation 9 ! light ( a full] k ( ! ,t]ti>y flora4 ,! deposits & "w at ,bovey ,tracey 7 ! subject ( a memoir to ! ,royal ,society by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell2 & ,dr4 ,he]'s acc\nt ( 8 "w--,! ,fossil ,flora ( ,bovey ,tracey--0 publi%$ 9 #ahfc4 ,:ile ?is inve/igation 0 go+ on1 ,lyell 0 prep>+ ! fif? edition ( 8 ,manual ( ,geology4 ,he invit$ ,p5gelly to sugge/ corrections to ! text1 say+ t1 besides positive mi/akes1 he w\ld be glad ( any h9ts & sugge/ions made freely1 :i* y\r k ( ! mann] 9 :i* beg9n]s are /ruck may enable y to s5d u4 ,! criticisms suppli$ by ,mr4 ,p5gelly 7 adopt$ by ,lyell except :]e !y _h already be5 made unnecess>y4 ,on ! accid5tal discov]y by workm51 9 #aheh1 ( a cav]n 9 ,w9dmill ,hill1 ov]hang+ ! t[n ( ,brixham1 ,p5gelly at once ?\ght ( f9d+ :at 0 9 x1 & :at /ory x might h to tell4 ,he visit$ ! place & appli$ to ! own] = p]mission to explore x 9 behalf ( ! ,torquay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society4 ,b on consultation ) ,dr4 ,hugh ,falcon] x 0 decid$ t z t society probably _h n means suffici5t to be> ! exp5se ( ! exploration1 ! ,royal & ,geographical ,societies %\ld be appli$ to = a grant4 ,?is 0 obta9$1 & ! "w 0 c>ri$ on "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,pr(essor ,pre/wi* & ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 on :om1 z a resid5t ( ! place1 ! burd5 sub/antially fell4 ,! decision to explore ! cave 0 br\ght ab\t l>gely by ! fact t x 0 a virg9 cave :i* _h be5 inaccessibly clos$ dur+ an incalculably long p]iod1 ! la/ previ\s ev5t 9 its hi/ory hav+ be5 ! introduction ( a re9de] antl]1 :i* 0 f\nd atta*$ to ! upp] surface ( ! /alagmitic floor4 ,x 0 !re=e free f ! objection urg$ aga9/ ,k5t's ,cav]n t1 hav+ be5 long kn[n & op51 x _h probably be5 ransack$ aga9 & aga94 ,a ?or\gh me?od ( exploration 0 det]m9$ ^u1 beg9n+ ) ! exam9ation & removal ( ! /alagmitic floor2 aft] :i* ! upp] b$ %\ld be dealt ) 9 a simil> mann] horizontally ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! cav]n1 or s f> z practicable2 !n ! next l[] b$1 & s on1 till all ! deposits _h be5 remov$4 ,by ?is me?od ! g5]al /ratigraphical ord] ( ! deposits & _! *>act]i/ics c\ld be le>n$1 all _! fossils secur$1 & ! highe/ possible exactness atta9$4 ,! excavations 7 cont9u$ ?r\gh twelve mon?s1 at ! end ( :i* ! cave _h be5 practically empti$4 ,besides furni%+ int]e/+ indications relative to its physical hi/ory1 ! cave yield$ sixte5 hundr$ & tw5ty-"o bones & ?irty-six fl9ts4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! fl9ts 7 flakes1 "s ( :i* possibly might n be artificial1 ?ree 7 fairly well made implem5ts ( paleoli?ic type2 & x 0 !re=e conclud$ t man ei!r frequ5t$ or at any rate sometimes ent]$ ! ,brixham ,cave :ile ,devon%ire 0 inhabit$ by v>i\s mammals :i* are n[ ext9ct4 ,previ\s to ! execution ( ?is "w1 all geological evid5ce z to ! antiquity ( man _h be5 receiv$1 ev5 by ,engli% geologi/s ( ! fir/ rank1 ) :at ,p5gelly call$ apa?y & skepticism4 ,aft] ! "w x soon became evid5t1 ,p5gelly said 9 an address to ! ,section ( ,an?ropology ( ! ,briti% ,association1 9 #ahhc1 t ?is geological apa?y _h be5 m app>5t ?an real4 ,9 fact1 geologi/s 7 f\nd to h be5 n s mu* dis9cl9$ to ent]ta9 ! "q ( human antiquity1 z to d\bt ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! evid5ce :i* _h previ\sly be5 (f]$ to !m on ! subject4 ,! discov]ies are ?\ght to h _h a consid]able %>e 9 dispos+ ,mr4 ,pre/wi* to und]take ! inve/igation ( ! rema9s at ,ami5s & ,abbeville 9 ,france & ,hoxne 9 ,engl&1 :i* add$ to 8 own great reputation & rescu$ ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s f undes]v$ neglect4 ,pr(4 ,boyd ,dawk9s says t !y e/abli%$ beyond all d\bt ! exi/5ce ( paleoli?ic man 9 ! ,plei/oc5e age1 & caus$ ! :ole ( ! sci5tific _w to awake to ! fact ( ! va/ antiquity ( ! human race4 ,( c\rse1 !y ar\s$ a !ological controv]sy :i* 0 long & bitt]1 & has only rec5tly di$ out4 ,p5gelly _h no tr\ble ?r\gh x all4 ,geologi/s1 he said1 see no mode ( reconcil+ ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation ) geological sci5ce4444 ,= myself1 ,i am satisfi$ t sci5ce c d no?+ = ! salvation ( ! s\l1 & t ! ,bible is able1 ?r\gh ,god's grace1 to make u wise unto salvation4 ,no d\bts or difficulties c\ld ev] und]m9e 8 fai? z a ,*ri/ian4 ,! evid5ce accumulat$ at ,brixham sugge/$ ! propriety ( a re-exam9ation ( o!r evid5ces ( man's antiquity1 & p>ticul>ly1 9 ,engl&1 ( ^? f ,k5t's ,hole1 or ,cav]n1 at ,torquay4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is cave _h be5 kn[n f "t immemorial1 b ! fir/ record$ exploration ( x 0 made 9 #ahbd by ,mr4 ,nor?more1 ( ,cleve1 look+ = organic rema9s & an anci5t temple ( ,mi?ras4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,trevelyan foll[$ him1 & fir/ obta9$ results ( value to sci5ce4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery1 a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/1 began a f\r ye>s' exploration ( ! cave 9 #ahbe1 & prep>$ a n>rative ( 8 "w1 :i* 0 n publi%$ = sev]al ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 hav+ be5 lo/1 & f\nd by ,p5gelly aft] a long se>*4 ,he %[$ t ! cave _h be5 inhabit$1 practically at ! same "t1 by man & v>i\s ext9ct animals2 b ! antiquity ( man n be+ yet a live subject1 little reg>d 0 paid to 8 evid5ces4 ,) a grant ( a hundr$ p\nds f ! ,briti% ,association1 ! "w 0 begun "u ! direction ( a committee ( :i* ,p5gelly 0 ! lead+ _s & ! work+ memb]4 ,x op5$ a new *apt] 9 8 life1 8 daught] says1 = he n only sup]9t5d$ ! exploration ( ! cav]n1 b und]took its entire managem5t1 ?r[+ himself1 he>t & s\l1 into ! num]\s duties :i* x entail$4 ,! labor 0 ardu\s1 & sev]ely tax$ 8 en]gies = fifte5 ye>s2 b x 0 a cong5ial employm5t1 & mo/ fai?fully p]=m$4444 ,aft] und]tak+ ! exploration1 ,p5gelly became su* an en?usia/ 9 ! progress made t1 :5 9 ,torquay1 he nev] 7unless prev5t$ by illness7 fail$ on a s+le week day to visit ! cav]n1 :ile he devot$ _m h\rs at home 9 ! exam9ation ( ! specim5s exhum$4 ,he ev5 abridg$ 8 %ort holidays1 & all idea ( liv+ 9 ,london 0 ab&on$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,9 ! inve/igation1 ! surface accumulations hav+ be5 remov$ & pres]v$ = exam9ation1 ! floor ( granul> /alagmite 0 /ripp$ (f1 s z to lay b>e ! cave e>?1 & ?is 0 dug out ultimately to a dep? ( f\r feet 9 a s]ies ( prismatic blocks1 a y>d long & a foot squ>e 9 section1 lay] by lay]4 ,?is mat]ial 0 exam9$ 9 ! cave by c&lelight1 !n at ! door by daylight4 ,a box 0 appropriat$ to ea* y>d1 9 :i* all ! objects ( int]e/ f\nd 9 t p>ticul> e>? 7 put4 ,! boxes1 ) ! record ( :at !y conta9$1 7 s5t daily to ,p5gelly1 :o clean$ ! articles & repack$ !m1 & kept regul> records ( 8 day's works4 ,o!r mat]ials 7 dealt ) ) simil> ?or\ghness 9 ways accord+ to _! nature4 ,:atev] 0 discov]$ b5ea? ! /alagmite floor+ mu/ h be5 seal$ up by x =1 at ! v lea/1 two ?\s& ye>s1 probably = a mu* long] "t4 ,! exploration 0 complet$ ,june #ai1 #ahhj4 ,! m ?an sev5ty-?ree hundr$ prisms ( mat]ial :i* prov$ productive yield$1 besides fifty ?\s& bones exam9$ by ,pr(4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 num]\s implem5ts1 includ+ ^? ( bone1 ! "w ( man4 ,two deposits 7 evid5t1 "o ( cave e>?1 & "o ( breccia b5ea? x4 ,a glance at ! implem5ts f !m %[$ t !y 7 v dissimil>4 ,^? f ! breccia 7 m massive & rud] 9 e way ?an ! o!rs1 & none ( !m 7 ( bone4 ,9 %ort1 ! /one tools1 ?\gh bo? sets 7 unpoli%$ & coeval ) ext9ct mammals1 repres5t two di/9ct civilizations4 ,x is equally cle> t ! rud] m5 7 ! m anci5t1 = _! tools 7 lodg$ 9 a deposit :i*1 :5ev] ! two occurr$ 9 ! same v]tical section1 0 inv>iably ! und]mo/4 ,v>i\s conditions 9 ! deposits unit$ 9 indicat+ t ! int]val betwe5 !m mu/ h be5 v consid]able4 ,o!r caves 7 exam9$ by ,p5gelly1 b 8 mo/ important discov]ies 7 made 9 ^? ( ,brixham & ,k5t4 ,a ?ird section ( ,p5gelly's sci5tific "w review$ by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,g4 ,bonney 9 ! summ>y he has add$ to ,miss ,p5gelly's biography1 f :i* we h quot$ freely1 includes miscellane\s pap]s on geology & k9dr$ subjects1 relat+ almo/ exclusively to ! s\?we/ ( ,engl&4 ,z a rule1 ! pap]s are comp>atively %ort1 be+ ! fruits ( rese>*es :i* ei!r did n dem& a long "t1 or c\ld be c>ri$ on at int]vals z circum/ances all[$1 & appe>$ mo/ly 9 ! transactions ( local societies4 ,p5gelly 0 "o ( ! prime mov]s & a lead+ _s 9 ! organization1 9 #ahfb1 ( ! ,devon%ire ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,lit]ature1 & ,art1 at ,plym\?1 & 0 its presid5t 9 #ahfg-'fh4 ,! objects ( ! association 7 to give a /rong] impulse & a m sy/ematic direction to sci5tific inquiry 9 ,devon%ire1 & to promote ! int]c\rse ( ^? :o cultivate sci5ce1 lit]ature1 or art 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x work$ accord+ to ! me?ods ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ) lit]ature & art add$ to its objects1 besides giv+ "s att5tion to hi/ory & ar*ology4 ,! fir/ meet+ 0 held "u ! presid5cy ( ,sir ,john ,b[r+4 ,9 #ahgb ! presid5t 0 ! bi%op ( ! diocese1 ,dr4 ,temple1 n[ ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,9 #ahfc ,p5gelly 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,f #ahef1 :5 he read a pap] at ! ,*elt5ham meet+1 ,mr4 ,p5gelly 0 almo/ a con/ant att5dant ^u ! meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & ga9$1 z ! ye>s advanc$1 a prom95t position among its lead+ memb]s4 ,he 0 presid5t ( ! ,geological ,section at ! ,plym\? meet+1 #ahgg4 ,at ! jubilee meet+ ( ! association1 held at ,york 9 #ahhj1 he made ! acqua9tance ( ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray1 :i* rip5$ into a fri5d%ip & result$ 9 a visit ( ,pr(essor ,gray & ,mrs4 ,gray to ,torquay4 ,he met ano!r di/+ui%$ ,am]ican man ( sci5ce1 ,pr(4 ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 rec5tly deceas$1 at ! ,int]national ,geological ,congress 9 ,london1 9 #ahhh4 ,9 #ahja he receiv$ a visit f ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright4 ,he oppos$ ! transf]5ce ( ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association to ,montreal 9 #ahhd1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5se & ! sacrifice ( "t :i* he ?\ght _m :o w\ld l to att5d c\ld n af=d1 & did n g himself4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahgd1 he 0 visit$ at ,torquay by ,pr(essor ,phillips & o!rs 9 behalf ( a numb] ( memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & pres5t$ ) an illum9at$ p>*m5t conta9+ ! signatures ( ! contributors & a *eck1 z a te/imonial 9 recognition ( 8 long & valu$ s]vices to sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & m especially = ! exploration ( ,k5t's ,cav]n4 ,reply+ to ! addresses1 he said he _h done ! "w 9 connection ) ,k5t's ,cav]n simply because he lik$ x4444 ,he _h exp]i5c$ int5se pleasure 9 x1 & he c\ld assure !m t1 on 8 f9d+ a ,ma*airodus latidus1 aft] sev5 ye>s & a half exploration1 ! discov]y ( t "o too?1 9 8 op9ion1 0 wor? all ! money t _h be5 sp5t 9 ! exploration ( ! cav]n4 ,besides geology1 ,mr4 ,p5gelly _h a liv+ conc]n ) a/ronomy1 on subjects ( :i* he lectur$ & read pap]s1 & 9 folklore1 & 0 extremely int]e/$ 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,cornwall4 ,he became a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds ab\t #ahec1 & m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,lydia ,spriggs1 9 t body4 ,%e assi/$ him 9 8 sci5tific "w1 prep>+ diagrams4 ,( ,p5gelly's "* z a man1 ,pr(essor ,bonney speaks ( ! great *>m 9 8 p]sonality1 & ! union 9 him ( su* /rong m5tal p[]s1 & no less /rong s5se ( :at 0 j1 true1 & "r1 to su* g5u9e humor & he>ty enjoym5t ( wit4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie speaks ( 8 g5ial1 k9dly1 & helpful nature1 & 8 inv>iably bright1 *e]y1 & witty talk4 ,pr(4 ,rup]t ,jones *>act]izes him z a good example ( a religi\s man--e>ne/1 p]sev]+1 & exact 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,h>dy says1 ,he did n obtrude 8 !ological op9ions1 b x 0 easy to p]ceive t he 0 a man ( true religi\s "*4 ,sir ,joseph ,li/]1 look+ back to ! times ( 8 acqua9tance ) him1 recall$ vividly ! impression ( 8 great intellectual p[]s1 8 g5ial b5evol5ce1 & 8 sp>kl+ humor4 ,z a lectur] 8 /yle is describ$ z hav+ be5 mo/ attractive4 ,x is incisive1 cle>1 & at times !re are t\*es ( humor4 ,8 p]fect k ( ! subject1 comb9$ ) int5se e>ne/ness1 clo!d 8 lecture ) g5u9e eloqu5ce4 ,miss ,p5gelly's biography ab\nds ) illu/rations ( h] fa!r's r>e faculty ( attract+ & int]e/+ work+m54 ,a lett] f "o su* man expresses gratitude1 m+l$ ) great pleasure1 = ! la/+ happ9ess he 0 s anxi\s & con/ant to imp>t to u "y m5 dur+ ! ,"y ,m5's ,society & aft]w>d at ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 444 & ,i h (t5 felt & said ,i owe m gratitude = ! small am\nt ( k ,i possess1 to ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 ( ,torquay1 ?an to any liv+ man1 & ,i ?9k !re are a few n[ 9 ,torquay :o might truly say s too4 ,editor's ,table4 ,,k9d]g>t5iz$ ,,*ildr54 ,we d n "k :e!r ! v]b to k9d]g>t5ize has yet crept into ! language1 b1 aft] read+ ! article ( ,miss ,m>ion ,hamilton ,c>t] 9 ! ,m>* ,atlantic on ,! ,k9d]g>t5 ,*ild--aft] ! k9d]g>t51 "o is dispos$ to ?9k t su* a v]b is a pres5t necessity4 ,! "q z to :e!r ! k9d]g>t5 on ! :ole is a good in/itution is too wide = discussion )9 ! re/rict$ limits ( ! ,table2 b no "o c read ,miss ,c>t]'s article )\t be+ =c$ to ! conclusion t1 9 "s ( its aspects1 k9d]g>t5 "w is ( v d\btful utility4 ,t lady f\nd by actual exp]i5ce ) two or ?ree successive levies ( k9d]g>t5 *ildr5 t !y seem$ to h an impair$ r ?an an improv$ faculty ( acquir+ k1 t _! infancy seem$ to h be5 artificially prolong$1 t !y _h become accu/om$ to a nauseat+ am\nt ( ende>m5t 9 ! language address$ to !m by _! in/ructors1 t !y seem$ to expect to be cont9ually amus$1 & t a c]ta9 drill ?r\gh :i* !y _h be5 put = ! alleg$ purpose ( develop+ _! p[]s ( imag9ation _h gone a long way t[>d mak+ !m incapable ( speak+ ( ?+s simply z !y f\nd !m4 ,all ?is is set =? 9 ,miss ,c>t]'s article 9 a mann] :i* leaves little d\bt t %e has describ$ ?+s sub/antially z !y fell "u h] obs]vation4 ,!re is "o important pr9ciple 9 education :i* x seems to u ! k9d]g>t5 sy/em too mu* ignores1 if x does n completely set x at defiance1 & t is t v "y *ildr5 require a great deal ( lett+ alone4 ,! spontane\s activity ( ! little ones--& !y are sure to be active if !y get ! *ance--is wor? m = _! education ?an any am\nt ( direct$ activity4 ,_! imag9ations1 too1 w take c>e ( !mselves mu* bett] ?an we c take c>e ( !m4 ,no?+ is less favorable to ! developm5t ( imag9ation 9 a *ild ?an con/ant int]c\rse ) gr[n p :o h pass$ ! imag9ative /age1 & ^: daily duty x is to lay out ord]$ k = assimilation by ^! babes4 ,x is no wond] t "p ( ! sy/em %\ld consi/ ( special ex]cises = ! cultivation ( ! v faculty :i* ! sy/em z a :ole is s adapt$ to dull & to weak54 ,any?+ mu* m silly1 h[ev]1 ?an ! me?od describ$ by ,miss ,c>t] x w\ld be difficult to imag9e4 ,! great popul>ity ( ! k9d]g>t5 is due 9 l>ge measure to ! fact t x relieves mo!rs dur+ "p ( ! day ( ! c>e ( _! small *ildr54 ,t x does ?is 9 v _m cases at ! exp5se ( weak5+ ! tie betwe5 "m & *ild !re is too mu* reason to fe>4 ,! ,/ate has be5 /epp+ 9 m & m betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 until n[ x lays its h& almo/ ^u ! cradle4 ,! mo!rs ( ! republic are giv+ way1 s f> z influ5ce ov] ! ris+ g5]ation is conc]n$1 to ! s*oolm>ms2 b x is idle to expect t ! latt] c take ! place ( ! mo!rs we us$ to "k4 ,! k9d]g>t5 con/itutes a va/ ext5sion ( ! educational ma*9]y previ\sly 9 op]ation1 & ma*9]y is always impressive1 especially to ^? :o d n und]/& x4 ,:at p see is t ! sy/em works v smoo?ly & uni=mly & rhy?mically1 & t x saves1 or seems to save1 !m a great deal ( tr\ble2 & t x is en\gh to make !m ?9k x some?+ v f9e4 ,:e!r x is really sav+ tr\ble 9 ! end is a "q :i* we consid] q op5 to discussion4 ,!re is room1 9 our op9ion1 to inquire :e!r ! /imulus ( society is n too e>ly & too sy/ematically br\ght to be> on ! infants :o ?rong ! educational nurs]y--:e!r x is well = *ildr5 ( ?ree & f\r to be br\ght e day "u ! eye (1 & m or less into competition )1 a l>ge numb] ( companions ( _! own age4 ,we d\bt mu* :e!r x t5ds to simplicity ( "*1 & we c n b reg>d x z di/9ctly unfavorable to ! developm5t ( individuality4 ,! rule ( fa%ion beg9s at once to op]ate ) great int5sity1 & ! *ild loses ! p[] ( conceiv+ life except 9 ! h]d4 ,z to :e!r tr\ble on ! :ole is be+ sav$ to p>5ts by ! new sy/em1 ! "q c\ld be/ be answ]$ by asc]ta9+ :e!r1 9 ! long run1 p>5ts h m or less tr\ble ) _! *ildr5 n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,we %\ld be surpris$ to he> any "o ma9ta9+ t !y _h less4 ,we are aw>e t p>5ts1 = ! mo/ "p1 en?usia/ically te/ify t _! *ildr5 enjoy ! k9d]g>t5 v mu*2 b may x n be possible = *ildr51 z well z _! eld]s1 to l :at is n altoge!r = _! good8 ,we d n consid] t we c safely foll[ all a *ild's likes & dislikes 9 ! matt] ( diet1 or companion%ip1 or h\rs = go+ to b$ & ris+4 ,s5sible p d n ?9k t ev]y?+ *ildr5 crave %\ld be giv5 to !m1 or t m ?an a limit$ numb] ( excitem5ts %\ld be ?r[n 9 _! way4 ,x is "o ( ! drawbacks to weal? t ! possessors ( x c h>dly refra9 f half bury+ _! *ildr5 b5ea? a pr(usion ( toys1 & cr[d+ ^u !m su* a multitude ( di/ractions1 9 ! way ( travel1 %[s ( all k9ds1 & society1 t all *ance ( developm5t f )9 is well-nigh de/roy$4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by _m t ! *ildr5 ( to-day :o r>ely read a /ory t is n illu/rat$1 h mu* less imag9ation ?an ! *ildr5 ( =m] days1 :o 9 read+ _h to make & did make _! own m5tal pictures4 ,yet :at pamp]$ *ild ev] said he or %e 0 pamp]$ too mu*8 ,:at ov]flatt]$ *ild ev] ask$ = a surcease ( flatt]y8 ,:at *ild suff]+ f an excessive am\nt ( social excitem5t ev] reque/$ t x might h less ( su* unheal?y /imulation8 ,! inf]5ce we draw is t x does n settle ! "q f9ally 9 favor ( ! k9d]g>t5 to say t *ildr5 enjoy x4 ,if ,miss ,c>t]'s exp]i5ce is to be dep5d$ on1 ! result at lea/ ( "s k9d]g>t5 tra9+ is to /imulate ! vanity ( ! little ones & give !m a q undue s5se ( _! self-importance4 ,!y w\ld enjoy t :ile x la/$1 poor little ?+s6 b x w\ld be a bad prep>ation = ! subsequ5t "w ( education4 ,"o broad fact />es ! educational _w 9 ! face1 & t is t ! av]age *ild has to-day1 at a giv5 age1 a less capacity = le>n+ ?an ! av]age *ild ( tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s ago4 ,:at %>e ! k9d]g>t5 may h _h 9 ?is ret>dm5t ( intellectual developm5t is a "q :i* des]ves inve/igation4 ,messrs4 ,mc,lellan & ,dewey1 9 _! "w on ,! ,psy*ology ( ,numb] 7,int]national ,education ,s]ies71 say 7page #aed73 ,we h kn[n ! sev5-ye>-old 'head boy' ( a k9d]g>t51 conduct$ by a not$ k9d]g>t5 tea*]1 :o c\ld n recognize a quantity ( ?ree ?+s )\t c\nt+ !m by ones4444 ,!re is surely some?+ lack+ ei!r 9 ! k9d]g>t5 z a prep>ation = ! prim>y s*ool1 or 9 ! prim>y s*ool z a cont9uation ( ! k9d]g>t51 :5 a *ild1 aft] full tra9+ 9 ! k9d]g>t51 toge!r ) two ye>s' "w 9 ! prim>y s*ool1 is consid]$ able to und]take no?+ 79 ari?metic7 beyond ! numb] tw5ty4 ,^! au?ors ent] into a v elaborate analysis ( ! numb] concept1 & lay d[n ) extreme c>e :at !y conceive to be ! be/ l9es ( approa* to ! y\?ful m9d 9 ! tea*+ ( ari?metic4 ,x seems to u1 h[ev]1 t ! numb] concept w dawn ^u ! y\?ful m9d )\t mu* ef=t on ! "p ( tea*]s :5 ! "t arrives = x to be ( use4 ,9 mo/ *ildi% games ! elem5t ( numb] is involv$4 ,! smalle/ girl ) a skipp+ rope w get into ! way ( c\nt+ h] skips ) a m or less di/9ct conception ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o numb] & ano!r4 ,s 9 ! matt] ( turns 9 any game 9 :i* two or m are engag$3 if "o *ild wants to h m turns ?an x is entitl$ to1 ! o!rs h to be v "y inde$ n to prote/4 ,9 a tug-(-w> )1 say1 f\r on ea* side1 ! addition ( a fif? to "o side )\t p]mission w\ld make tr\ble 9 ! camp4 ,:5 c&ies are be+ di/ribut$ ! ari?metical s5se is g5]ally ke5ly alive4 ,we conclude by comm5d+ ,miss ,c>t]'s article to ! c>eful consid]ation ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 educational problems4 ,%e writes ) a c]ta9 t+e ( vexation1 &1 )\t mean+ x1 may h some:at =c$ ! case aga9/ h] k9d]g>t5 *ildr54 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly des]ves cr$it1 we mu/ add1 = ! _m able & timely articles :i* x has lately be5 publi%+ on educational topics--articles /amp$ by ! bread? ( ?\ght & high culture :i* are *>act]i/ic ( our contempor>y1 & em95tly adapt$ to assi/ 9 deliv]+ our educational me?ods f bondage to a me*anical r\t9e1 & br++ !m ne>] to ! simplicity & fre$om ( ,nature4 ,,is ,,fre$om ,,limit$ ,,by ,,climate8 ,s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates turn$ its ambition t[>d ! tropics1 ! "q z to :e!r its political in/itutions c be ext5d$ to ! inhabitants !re has be5 widely discuss$4 ,z might be expect$1 ! philan?ropic advocates ( expansion h insi/$ t ! bless+s ( fre$om & civilization are n limit$ by latitude or longitude4 ,any o!r position w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h involv$ !m 9 ! *>ge ( inconsi/5cy & hypocrisy4 ,b c]ta9 philosophic expansioni/s1 z !y may be politely call$1 h tak5 ! opposite view4 ,x is a c>d9al fact1 !y say1 quot+ ! language ( a rec5t essay ( ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,kidd1 t 9 ! tropics ! :ite man lives & works only z a div] lives & works "u wat]4444 ,nei!r physically1 morally1 nor politically c he be acclimatiz$ 9 ! tropics4 ,/ill quot+ 8 language1 !y say aga9 t a cle>] insight into ! laws t h %ap$ ! c\rse ( human evolution mu/ br+ u to see t ! process :i* has gradually develop$ ! en]gy1 ent]prise1 & social effici5cy ( ! race nor?w>d1 & :i* has left less ri*ly end[$ 9 ?is respect ! p inhabit+ ! regions :]e ! conditions ( life are easie/1 is no pass+ accid5t1 nor ! result ( circum/ances *angeable at w1 b "p ( ! cosmic ord] ( ?+s :i* we h no p[] to alt]4 ,:e!r ,mr4 ,kidd recognizes ! odi\s significance ( 8 captivat+ speculation or n1 x is c]ta9ly a plea & an apology = slav]y & political despotism 9 ! tropics4 ,mo/ welcome w x be to all ^? nations & p ( easy consci5ce & measureless gre$ t n[ hold 9 bondage ( great] or less int5sity millions ( ! inhabitants ( t ri* & spl5did region4 ,b !re is reason to believe t x mu/ be relegat$ to ! limbo ( a k9dr$ & popul> sup]/ition4 ,)9 ! pa/ ye> mu* has be5 said ab\t ! g5ius ( ! ,anglo-,saxon = fre$om & ! e?nic incapacity ( ! ,lat9s = t boon ( civilization4 ,ev5 s great a s*ol> z ,guizot enc\rages ?is extraord9>y !ory4 ,aga9 & aga9 does he po9t out 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization h[ ! _s ( fre$om may be trac$ to ! ,teutonic hordes t sw>m$ ! =e/s ( ,g]many4 ,he does s despite ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce aga9/ him to be f\nd 9 8 own pages ev54 ,9 apology = 8 mis9t]pretation ( social ph5om5a !re c be urg$ 8 ignorance ( ! law ( evolution & ( ! h>dly less important law ( ! militant orig9 ( despotism & ! pacific orig9 ( fre$om4 ,no su* apology c1 h[ev]1 be made 9 behalf ( ,mr4 ,kidd1 or ( any o!r apo/le ( imp]ialism4 ,n only h !y at comm& all ! g5]alizations ( social sci5ce1 b all ! facts ^u :i* ^? g5]alizations are bas$1 to prove t nei!r climate nor race is a limitation ^u fre$om4 ,if climate det]m9$ ! "* ( ! political in/itutions ( a p1 _m que/ions w\ld be sugge/$ at once t w\ld be beyond solution4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 %\ld a c]ta9 fre$om h exi/$ 9 ,a!ns1 & ! mo/ intol]able despotism 9 ,sp>ta8 ,aga91 :y %\ld !re be despotism 9 ,russia & ,g]many z well z 9 ,morocco & ,egypt8 ,ano!r s]ies ( que/ions equally p]plex+ c be rais$4 ,:y %\ld !re be m fre$om 9 ,engl& to-day ?an six hundr$ or ev5 "o hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,! climate has n *ang$ 9 ! int]val4 ,:y %\ld ! in/itutions ( ,spa9 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury h be5 m lib]al ?an 9 ! sev5te5?8 ,:y 0 x t ! fre$om t exi/$ 9 ,g]many be=e ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> _h virtually ceas$ to exi/ at ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia8 ,"h also ! climate _h n *ang$4 ,:y1 f9ally1 0 !re a reaction t[>d despotism 9 ,france aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 ,g]many aft] ! di/urbances ( #ahdh1 9 ,engl& aft] ! ,crimean ,w>1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates aft] ! rebellion8 ,! only satisfactory answ] to ^! que/ions is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t militant activities always lead to despotism1 & pacific activities always to fre$om4 ,:5 p get into w>1 ! c5tral p[] mu/ ex]cise all ! au?ority ov] life & prop]ty ess5tial to success 9 battle4 ,! impulse ?us giv5 to despotism spreads to e "p ( ! social fabric4 ,:5 p are devot$ to ! pursuits ( peace1 ! =ces t make = fre$om trans=m _! ideas1 feel+s1 morals1 & in/itutions1 political1 indu/rial1 & social4 ,:e!r despotism exi/s1 z ,mr4 ,kidd & 8 foll[]s assume1 among all ! indig5\s populations ( ! tropics1 only a c>eful inve/igation ( ! subject w\ld p]mit "o to say4 ,b t x mu/1 z !y cont5d1 always exi/ !re1 none ( ! laws ( social evolution gives ! slighte/ w>rant4 ,:]ev] x does exi/1 x _h ! same orig9 t x _h 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ! same =ces ( peace & indu/ry t op]at$ aga9/ x 9 t c\ntry1 x mu/ pass away4 ,! /ruggles betwe5 clans & tribes = ! possession ( desirable t]ritory1 or = ! capture ( food or slaves1 or = ! gratification ( pr$atory & bellig]5t in/9cts1 gave rise to ! p]man5t *ief1 to ! rul+ hi]>*y1 & to all ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( a militant society4 ,! degree ( heat or humidity or ! luxuriant vegetation ( ! tropics _h no m to d ) ?is political organization ?an ! degree ( cold1 or ! dryness ( ! atmosph]e1 or ! comp>ative pov]ty ( ! soil ( "s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates ) ! simil> political organization ( ! ,indians t roam$ ov] !m4 ,none ( ^! physical *>act]i/ics c prev5t ! play ( ^? =ces t drive p ev5tually to ! adoption ( t =m ( social organization t w be/ promote _! happ9ess4 ,z ! social philosophy ( evolution %[s1 ! social organization be/ fitt$ = ?is purpose is ! "o :]e ! l>ge/ individual fre$om prevails4 ,s9ce ! abolition ( slav]y & s]fdom & _m o!r =ms ( despotism has be5 f\nd necess>y = ! be/ int]e/s ( society 9 ,europe1 we h a "r to believe t ! abolition ( ! same =ms ( despotism w be f\nd necess>y = ! be/ int]e/s ( society 9 ! tropics4 ,x is true t 9 ! tropics ! :ite man has f\nd x uncom=table to "w1 & has (t5 r$uc$ ! indig5es to a k9d ( slav]y4 ,b t ei!r is inevitable & unavoidable because ( ! laws ( social evolution1 or any m ?an a tempor>y rev]sion1 !re is no reason = hold+4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 :o sp5t twelve ye>s 9 ! tropics1 says 9 a rec5t article t ! :ite man c & does "w 9 e "p ( !m4 ,if he does n "w1 x is simply = ! same reason t he does n "w 9 ,europe or ! ,unit$ ,/ates--namely1 because he does n h to4 ,:51 h[ev]1 necessity lays its heavy h&s on him1 driv+ him to e>n 8 liv+ by ! sweat ( 8 br[1 he does x 9 ! tropical region q z well z he does 9 ! temp]ate4 ,t is %[n p>ticul>ly 9 ,que5sl&4 ,b :5 natives c be r$uc$ to slav]y ! crime is committ$ ) slight compunction1 & def5d$ on ! same gr\nd t x 0 def5d$ 9 ! ,s\? & else:]e4 ,! "t mu/ come1 h[ev]1 z x came 9 ,brazil & 9 o!r c\ntries :]e slave labor 0 f\nd too wa/eful & demoraliz+1 :5 x w be displac$ ) free labor4 ,! "t mu/ come1 too1 :5 free in/itutions w be f\nd z ess5tial "u ! equator z f>!r nor?4 ,)\t !m social evolution c n rea* its highe/ po9t1 nor man atta9 to 8 greate/ happ9ess1 a /ate t he is always seek+1 no matt] :]e he lives4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature4 ,,special ,,books4 ,! fam\s discov]y 9 ,java1 by ,dubois1 ( ! skullcap1 femur1 & two tee? 9 ! upp] ,t]ti>y rocks has l$ to _m int]e/+ discussions1 among :i* 0 a pap] read by ,ern/ ,haeckel be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,zologi/s1 held 9 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 la/ ye>4 ,9 ?is pap] ,haeckel cont5d$ t 9 ^! rema9s we _h at la/ ! long-s\ght-= miss+ l9k4,a ,?is pap] excit$ mu* int]e/1 :i* l$ to a reque/ = its publication4 ,! intellig5t public1 )\t kn[+ mu* ab\t ! value ( ! o/eological po9ts "u discussion1 7 ready to grant t "h inde$ 0 ! miss+ l9k1 s9ce ! highe/ au?orities 9 sci5ce 7 divid$ 9 op9ion z to :e!r ! rema9s belong$ to a v l[ memb] ( ! human race or a v high memb] ( ! manlike apes4 ,! conclusion w\ld naturally foll[ t x made b little diff]5ce :e!r ! rema9s prov$ to be ^? ( man or monkey1 z "h 0 a creature s int]m$iate 9 /ructure t x /ood on ! divid+ l9e1 s to speak4 ,9 ?is little book ,haeckel pres5ts ! old evid5ces z to ! /ructural simil>ities betwe5 man & ! high] apes1 & places ! ,java rema9s 7,pi?ican?ropus erectus7 z ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( desc5t4 ,he also traces ! ance/ors ( ! apes ?r\gh ! mammalian s]ies d[n1 /ep by /ep1 to ! l[e/ v]tebrates1 & on ?r\gh ! inv]tebrates to ! l[e/ =ms ( life4 ,! sugge/ions are 9 _m cases hypo!tical yet in/ructive1 z %[+ ! possible l9es ( desc5t4 ,! unacc\ntable attitude ( ! di/+ui%$ ,vir*[ 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! rema9s is 9 h>mony ) 8 uncompromis+ &1 "o might say1 unreason+ attitude 9 reg>d to ! d]ivative !ory4 ,haeckel %[s ?is up v cle>ly 9 ! foll[+1 :i* we quote3 ,vir*[ w5t to ! ,leyd5 ,congress ) ! set purpose ( disprov+ t ! bones f\nd by ,dubois belong$ to a creature :i* l9k$ toge!r apes & man4 ,fir/1 he ma9ta9$ t ! skull 0 t ( an ape1 :ile ! ?igh belong$ to man4 ,?is ins9uation 0 at once refut$ by ! exp]t paleontologi/s1 :o decl>$ t )\t ! slighte/ d\bt ! bones belong$ to "o & ! same individual4 ,next1 ,vir*[ expla9$ t c]ta9 exo/oses or gr[?s obs]vable on ! ?igh prov$ its human nature1 s9ce only "u c>eful treatm5t ! pati5t c\ld h heal$ ! orig9al injury4 ,!reupon ,pr(essor ,m>%1 ! celebrat$ paleontologi/1 exhibit$ a numb] ( ?igh bones ( wild monkeys :i* %[$ simil> exo/oses1 & _h heal$ )\t hospital treatm5t4 ,z a la/ argum5t ! ,b]l9 pa?ologi/ decl>$ t ! deep con/riction beh9d ! upp] m>g9 ( ! orbits prov$ t ! skull 0 t ( an ape1 z su* nev] occurr$ 9 man4 ,x s happ5$ t a few weeks lat] ,pr(essor ,nehr+1 ( ,b]l91 demon/rat$ exactly ! same =mation on a human prehi/oric skull receiv$ by him f ,santos1 9 ,brazil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,russell expresses a hope t ! review ( "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( riv]s giv5 9 "o ( ! *apt]s ( 8 ,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica,b may /imulate a desire 9 ,am]ican /ud5ts to "k m ( ! _m & v>i$ *>ms ( _! native l&4 ,! /udy ( riv]s is an allur+ "o1 :e!r pursu$ ^u ! little local /ream ( "o's neighborhood or ^u ! gr& riv]s t =m sy/ems & det]m9e geographical di/ricts2 :e!r made ) ! assi/ance ( a fi%+-rod or ( a /eamboat4 ,x c n fail to be promot$ by ,mr4 ,russell's in/ructive book1 :i* ! local /ud5t or ! excursioni/ may consult ) pr(it1 :ile ! geograph] & geologi/ w f9d x a conv5i5t manual4 ,a riv]1 :5 we come to ?9k ( x1 means a great deal4 ,economically1 x is ! mo/ valuable topographical feature a c\ntry c possess2 geologically & geographically1 x is a result ( prom95t features ( ! e>?'s /ructure1 & is ! cause ( modifications 9 its surface :i* 9 "t may revolutionize ! topographical conditions & produce climatic & physical *anges4 ,all ^! *>act]i/ics ( riv]s are sy/ematically & compreh5sively set =? 9 ,mr4 ,russell's book1 :]e ! life-hi/ory ( ! /ream is pres5t$1 f its beg9n+ 9 a little m\nta9 torr5t or hillside rill1 ?r\gh its c\rse z x desc5ds to ! pla91 we>+ & te>+ & deep5+ its *annel4 ,9 ! pla9 its "* & action are modifi$ "u ! new conditions 9 :i* x f9ds itself1 & gradually1 z x approa*es its m\?1 x deposits1 :]eas x _h torn away at its beg9n+1 & %[s contra/s q z m>k$ z ^? betwe5 y\? & old age4 ,riv]s h _! gr[? 9 "t1 too1 & a /ream t has be5 c>ry+ on its "w = long ages pres5ts diff]5t *>act]i/ics ?r\gh\t its c\rse f "o t comes fre% to its task1 & ^! diff]5ces are po9t$ out4 ,we are told1 too1 h[ riv]s gr[1 draw+ new afflu5ts to !mselves & ext5d+ _! s\rces backw>d1 & h[ :5 ! s\rces ( /reams on diff]5t sides ( a wat]%$ approa* on ! summit1 !re is a /ruggle = ! ma/]y4 ,^! are only a few ( ! new sugge/ions :i* ! book (f]s u4 ,com+ to ! m matt]-(-fact details1 ! laws gov]n+ /reams & _! c\rse2 ! influ5ce ( inequalities & ! h>dness ( rocks1 especially on riv]side sc5]y2 & ! (fice ( riv]s z c>ri]s ( mat]ial 9 susp5sion & 9 solution1 are consid]$2 !n _! deposits1 "u v>i\s heads & aspects1 & ! effects ( *anges 9 ! elevation ( ! l&1 ( v>iations 9 ! load ( mat]ial & ( *anges ( climate ^u !m2 ! orig9 & *>act]i/ics ( /ream t]races & /ream developm5t1 ! topics conc]n+ :i* are too _m & v>i$ to be> m ?an a pass+ ref]5ce4 ,! m sali5t *>act]i/ics ( ,am]ican riv]s are discuss$ z to ! n9e dra9age slopes--! ,atlantic1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,hudson ,bay1 ,arctic1 ,b]+1 ,pacific1 ,great ,bas91 ,gulf1 & ,c>ibbean--ea* slope pres5t+ its own g5]al *>act]i/ics1 ) v>ieties 9 detail almo/ z num]\s z ! riv]s4 ,! :ole is briefly summ>iz$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,! ,life ,hi/ory ( a ,riv]4 ,we h giv5 m]ely ! tame/ inv5tory ( only a "p ( ! topics ( ,mr4 ,russell's book4 ,z ! subject is treat$ by ! au?or ) c>eful att5tion to specific features1 z ! magnitude ( our riv] sy/ems is indicat$1 & z riv]s ) diff]5t or contra/+ *>act]i/ics--! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,colorado1 = example--are comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 ! subject takes on an aspect t is really gr&4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! ,la/ ,l9k4 ,our ,pres5t ,k ( ! ,desc5t ( ,kan4 ,by ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,adam & ,*>les ,black4 #ahih4 ,b ,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a ,read+ ,lesson = ,/ud5ts ( ,geography & ,geology4 ,by ,israel ,c4 ,russell4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,pp4 #cbg4 ,price1 #b4 ,,g5]al ,,notices4 ,an unfulfill$ int5tion ent]ta9$ by two successive prosectors ( ! ,london ,zological ,society--! late ,pr(essor ,g>rod & ! late ,w4 ,a4 ,=bes--( writ+ a treatise on bird anatomy1 is c>ri$ out 9 ! pres5t "w,a by _! successor1 ,frank ,e4 ,b$d>d4 ,pr(essor ,g>rod _h ne>ly complet$ an acc\nt ( ! ,anatomy ( ! ,f[l1 :i* 0 to be foll[$ by a pres5tation ( ! anatomical *>act]s ( ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,pr(essor ,=bes di$ be=e he 0 able to add any?+ to ! manuscripts left by ,pr(essor ,g>rod4 ,9 ! in/ance ( ! pres5t "w ! detail$ acc\nt ( ,gallus1 ) :i* ,pr(essor ,g>rod int5d$ to preface 8 book1 has be5 r5d]$ unnecess>y by ,dr4 ,%ufeldt's monograph on ! ,rav51 deal+ ) "o p>ticul> bird type4 ,accept+ ?is z a suffici5t pres5tation ( t feature ( ! subject1 ,mr4 ,b$d>d beg9s ) a g5]al sket* ( bird /ructure1 purposely avoid+ hi/ological detail & ! elaborate description ( anatomical facts1 :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k are n ( great use 9 classification4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! book is ! acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( birds1 :i* is treat$ ( to a consid]able ext5t2 & a l>ge numb] ( facts1 "s ( :i* are record$ = ! fir/ "t1 are incorporat$ 9 ! sy/ematic "p ( ! book4 ,:ile all ! pr9cipal facts p]ta9+ to ! subject are believ$ to h be5 giv51 & no?+ ( importance to h be5 left out1 ref]5ces are made 9 ea* section to mo/ ( ! memoirs already publi%$4 ,! majority ( ! facts ( bird /ructure h be5 v]ifi$ by ! au?or1 especially ^? relat+ to o/eology & anatomy1 & he has drawn lib]ally on ! notebooks ( 8 two pr$ecessors4 ,! book gives fir/ an acc\nt ( ! g5]al /ructure ( birds2 next ( ! reproductive & r5al organs1 ! circulatory1 respiratory1 & muscul> sy/ems1 o/eology1 bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 & aff9ities ( birds1 &1 f9ally1 ! classification4 ,bu% ,fruits,b is ! fir/ ( a propos$ s]ies ( monographs on ! v>i\s types ( ,am]ican fruits1 to be publi%$ "u ! editorial direction ( ,pr(4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,its purpose is to pres5t bo? ! practical & ! te*nical phases ( all ! important que/ions conc]n$ 9 ! cultivation & dome/ication ( ! fruits t gr[ on bu%es2 & ! attempt is made to pres5t ^! two sides sep>ate f ! details ( hi/ory1 botany1 & entomology1 s t ! practical read] may be introduc$ at once to ! in=mation he is seek+4 ,! aim is made to treat g5]al tru?s & pr9ciples r ?an m]e details ( practice1 leav+ ! read] to ?9k out & solve ! local problems = himself4 ,! au?or1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,c>d1 :o pres5t$ ! "w orig9ally z a ,cornell ,univ]sity !sis1 0 fir/ a bu%-gr[]1 & !n a /ud5t & tea*]1 acquir+ fir/ ! practice & !n ! !ory4 ,! fruits treat$ ( are raspb]ries1 blackb]ries1 dewb]ries1 currants1 gooseb]ries1 buffalo b]ry1 g\nie1 huckleb]ries1 ,juneb]ries1 ! cranb]ry1 b>b]ry1 & s& *]ry--all1 z to _! important types1 except ! currants1 evolutions f ! species ( our own woods4 ,a useful li/ ( ,am]ican books on bu% fruits is giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,hi/orical ,"t to ! ,ye> #ahih1;,c is ! late/ addition to ! ,concise ,k ,libr>y1 a s]ies ( volumes on great subjects1 conta9+ 9 an abridg$ =m a weal? ( exact in=mation :i* c be ?or\ghly reli$ ^u by ! /ud5t1 & yet ( su* a popul> "* z to meet ! ne$s ( ! g5]al read]4 ,?is compact volume ( #gij pages pres5ts a complete survey ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,aft] a brief introduction describ+ ! v>i\s races t h fur!r$ civilization1 anci5t hi/ory prop] beg9s ) ! ,egyptians1 ! p ( :om we possess ! e>lie/ records1 & :o 7 ! fir/ to em]ge out ( ! d>kness ( prehi/oric times4 ,closely connect$ ) !m1 bo? by racial aff9ities & political ties1 7 ! o!r great empires 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,asia t "o aft] ! o!r rose1 fl\ri%$1 & fell into decay4 ,! int]e/+ "p ( ! book "h is ! con/ant ref]5ce to ! famili> facts ( ! ,bible1 ! connection ( ! kn[n ) ! unkn[n4 ,! rise & developm5t ( ,greece & ,rome1 foll[+ 9 due c\rse1 br+ u d[n to ! middle ages4 ,m$ival hi/ory has = its /age ,europe1 & = its argum5t ! upbuild+ ( ! /ates on :i* our mod]n political in/itutions re/4 ,mod]n hi/ory1 dat+ f ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 !n turns ! eyes ( ! nations we/w>d1 to f\nd empires beyond ! sea4 ,nor is ! ,ea/ =gott54 ,asia1 ! cradle ( man1 & ,africa1 :]e he fir/ rose into consci\sness ( himself & record$ 8 de$s1 aga9 claim ! hi/orian's att5tion4 ,b n[ x is ,*9a & ,japan on ! "o cont95t1 & ! conque/s & colonies ( ! ,europeans on ! o!r4 ,nei!r is ! c\ntry y\nge/ 9 civilization1 ,au/ralasia1 pass$ by4 ,& ! hi/ory ( all ^! c\ntries1 :e!r ea/ or we/1 is br\ght d[n to date4 ,ev5 our rec5t w> ) ,spa9 is briefly told4 ,inde$1 ! value ( ! book z a "w ( ref]5ce lies 9 ! fact t x encompasses all ! _w's hi/ory1 giv+ 9 compact1 h&y =m ! *ief data 9 ! progress ( ! human race1 t o!rwise mu/ be s\ght = 9 a doz5 diff]5t places4 ,ano!r valuable feature ( ! book1 atta9able only on ! plan ( rigid selection ( sali5t po9ts1 is ! connection betwe5 ! diff]5t peoples4 ,_! int]dep5d5ce1 ! sequ5ce ( _! appe>ance on ! /age ( action1 & _! decl9e1 are mo/ vividly realiz$ 9 su* a bird's-eye view4 ,! book has maps & a full index4 ,! essays compris$ 9 ,mr4 ,william ,m4 ,bryant's volume entitl$ ,life1 ,dea?1 & ,immortality1 & ,k9dr$ ,essays,d h develop$1 z he expresses x1 "o by "o dur+ a numb] ( ye>s pa/4 ,! t]m develop$ is a happy "o1 = ! pap]s 7 c]ta9ly n made to ord]1 b read l results ( sy/ematic1 cont9u\s ?9k+4 ,!y conc]n ! religi\s aspect ( human nature4 ,! au?or ?9ks t negative criticism has = ! "t be+ exhau/$ its res\rces1 & ! "t has come = fur!r positive int]pretation ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e z to man's nature & de/9y4 ,a ref]5ce to a few ( ! po9ts 9 ! fir/ essay1 :i* gives ! title to ! book1 w af=d a view ( ! au?or's me?od4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are con/antly insi/+ t ! total quantity ( en]gy is *angeless1 & no?+ c be add$ to x & no?+ tak5 away4 ,:at are ! total quantity ( en]gy & ! great fir/ cause b ! same1 to ! activity ( :i* is due e phase ( reality8 ,?is be+ *angeless1 x c\ld n at "s p]iod h creat$ a _w & aft]w>d left x to sp9 on ( its own accord ')\t int]f]5ce4' ,m9d is a =m ( en]gy1 consequ5tly inde/ructible & undy+1 & ! "q ( immortality is r$uc$ to ! =m :e!r 9 respect ( man's ess5tial nature z a ?9k+ unit1 dea? c ev] be m ?an transition f "o to ano!r grade ( life4 ,o!r essays are on ,ori5tal ,religions1 ,*ur* ,organization1 ,! ,h]esy ( ,non-,progressive ,or?odoxy1 ,*ri/ian ,e?ics & ^? ( o!r religions1 & ,et]nity4 ,pr(essor ,m]riman's ,elem5ts ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+,e is a ?or\ghly practical treatise sett+ =? ! pr9cipal rules & laws relat+ to sanitation1 bo? individual & municipal1 z x is practic$ to-day4 ,a brief hi/orical introduction is foll[$ by a classification ( diseases1 & a g5]al consid]ation ( su* que/ions z fil? & disease1 impure air & disease1 dr9k+ wat] & disease1 etc4 ,! second *apt] takes up ! "q ( ! purification ( wat]4 ,*apt] ,,iii discusses ! practical aspects1 = a municipality1 ( wat]-supply sy/ems4 ,consumption ( wat]1 capacity ( /orage res]voirs1 pipe l9es1 pump+ eng9es1 tanks & /& pipes & /reet ma9s are among ! special head+s4 ,sew]age sy/ems are next dealt )4 ,a discussion ( que/ions connect$ ) ! disposal ( g>bage & sewage =ms ! fif? & la/ *apt] ( ! book4 ,an item :i* adds value to ! volume is ! s]ies ( ex]cises & problems1 practically apply+ ! laws set =?1 :i* foll[s ea* *apt]4 ,an ,epitome ( ,human ,hi/ology,f has be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,weysse to meet ! difficulty 9 :i* ! consci5ti\s /ud5t ( microscopic anatomy is plac$ :o f9ds himself 9 possession ( a great _m isolat$ facts ab\t ! m9ute /ructure ( ! body1 b ) r an indef9ite conception ( ! relation ( ^? facts to "o ano!r & ( ! subject z a :ole4 ,9 ! writ+ ! au?or has s\ght to pres5t all ! facts t are ( real importance to ! /ud5t2 to express !m 9 ! briefe/ & cle>e/ language1 omitt+ :atev] is n /rictly requir$2 & to arrange !m 9 su* a way t ! read]1 9 consid]+ any organ1 may1 if he w1 actually sket* ea* "p z he proce$s1 & ?us make a diagrammatic plan or picture ( ! entire /ructure4 ,! book is n = idle /ud5ts1 b = s]i\s ones1 & x is n a text-book or int5d$ to take ! place ( "o2 & x c s]ve its true purpose only :5 us$ by /ud5ts :o h _h laboratory practice z well z lectures 9 hi/ology1 & h ?us exam9$ ! actual /ructures4 ,9 8 "w on ,elem5t>y ,botany1,g ,pr(essor ,atk9son introduces ! me?od :i* he has f\nd successful 9 tea*+ beg9n]s4 ,_m ( ! new] botanical text-books1 9 react+ aga9/ ! plan ( pres5t+ fir/ ! high] types ( plant life1 ov]:elm ! /ud5t n only ) a multitude ( unfamili> =ms1 b dem& f him p[]s ( comp>ison & analysis t are g5]ally ! result ( mu* sci5tific discipl9e4 ,9 ?is book ! pupil receives "s prelim9>y guidance 9 habits ( correct induction4 ,by /udy+ ! processes ( transpiration1 nutrition1 gr[?1 & irritability 9 plants belong+ to high] z well z l[] gr\ps1 he le>ns ! univ]sality ( ^! life pr9ciples1 & is l$ to see ! f\ndations = s\nd g5]alization4 ,?is ! au?or consid]s va/ly m important ?an ! k ( individual plants4 ,! /ud5t1 h[ev]1 9 ?is inve/igation becomes acqua9t$ ) special =ms among ! l[] plants1 & is ?us prep>$ to take up morphology sy/ematically4 ,?is topic beg9s ) ! /udy ( ,spirogyra1 & ends ) an outl9e ( tw5ty lessons 9 ! angiosp]ms4 ,! f9al ?ird ( ! book is devot$ to ecology1 ! /udy ( plants 9 _! natural surr\nd+s & ( _! modify+ factors--climate1 soil1 topography1 etc4 ,! illu/rations1 :i* are above ! av]age ?r\gh\t ! "w1 are 9 ?is division exce$+ly good4 ,! descriptive text ( ! same section is ent]ta9+ en\gh to be us$ z a class read]1 & w\ld int]e/ ^? unfamili> ) botany4 ,!re are sev]al slight errors to be correct$ 9 a future edition4 ,9 ! table ( measures a kilometre is made to equal "o hundr$ in/ead ( "o ?\s& metres1 & ! ref]5ces to plates are occasionally wrong4 ,on page #cde ! ref]5ce %\ld be #ddi1 & on page #cdi %\ld be #deh 9 place ( #deg4 ,9 describ+ poll9ation ( ! skunk cabbage1 ! words rub (f are ambigu\s4 ,! un9itiat$ might suppose t ! insect obta9$ poll5 f ! /igmas in/ead ( deposit+ x !re4 ,! book is n int5d$ = recitation1 b = ref]5ce & z a guide 9 /udy4 ,x is suppli$ ) an app5dix ^u ! collection & pres]vation ( mat]ial1 & an index4 ,a notice ( a book,h ( ?is nature is ju/ifi$ 9 ?is column1 s9ce x conta9s mu* t w be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( e?nology1 folklore1 & cognate subjects4 ,x is int]e/+ to get a glimpse ( matt]s p]ta9+ to social cu/oms1 ways ( ?9k+1 & ! occurr5ces :i* animat$ ^! ways among ! ,japanese a ?\s& & m ye>s ago4 ,! au?or says1 ,x is a rem>kable &1 ,i believe1 an unexampl$ fact t a v l>ge & important "p ( ! be/ lit]ature :i* ,japan has produc$ 0 writt5 by wom54 ,! prep>ation ( 8 ,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,botany,i 0 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,v9es to meet a dem& :i* appe>$ to exi/ = a less bulky & exp5sive volume ?an 8 ,/ud5ts' ,text-,book4 ,a m important feature ?an ! dim9ution ( ! bulk is claim$ 9 ! simplification :i* ! cont5ts h und]gone f ! omission ( c]ta9 difficult & /ill debatable topics4 ,! usual divisions into morphology1 anatomy1 physiology1 & sy/ematic botany are foll[$2 b ! caution is app5d$ t x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! are all p>ts ( "o subject1 diff]5t me?ods ( /udy+ "o object--! plant4 ,h5ce !y mu/ be pursu$ toge!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! morphology ( ! leaf c n be pr(itably /udi$ )\t a k ( its /ructure & functions2 & x is also important to "k :at is ! sy/ematic position ( ea* ( ! v>i\s plants ^: leaves af=d ! mat]ial = /udy4 ,9 a ^w1 ! /ud5t %\ld n attempt to read ! book /raight ?r\gh f ! beg9n+ z if x 7 a novel4 ,on ! contr>y1 he may beg9 ) any "o ( ! f\r p>ts z 8 ma9 subject2 b t "p mu/ be /udi$ 9 close relation ) ! o!r ?ree p>ts2 & ?is me?od ( proce$+ is facilitat$ by ! ins]tion ( a l>ge numb] ( cross-ref]5ces 9 ! text4 ,a satisfactory acc\nt is giv5 by ,c4 ,francis ,j5k9s 9 ,animat$ ,pictures,j ( ! developm5t & pres5t /ate ( *ronophotography1 or ! art ( convey+ by p]si/5ce ( vision a c\nt]feit impression ( objects 9 motion ?r\gh ! display 9 rapid succession ( a s]ies ( relat$ pictures4 ,! /ory %[s v cle>ly t ?is1 l mo/ o!r inv5tions ( consequ5ce1 is no sudd5 discov]y1 b is ! culm9ation ( a v long s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,! pr9ciple ( x is embodi$ 9 ! toy1 ! zoetrope1 ! orig9 ( :i* is n kn[n1 ?\gh a citation f ,lucretius indicates t some?+ ( ! k9d exi/$ 9 8 "t4 ,) ! discov]y ( in/antane\s photography1 a new application ( ! pr9ciple ( ! zoetrope 0 f\nd4 ,muybridge & ,m>ey 7 pione]s 9 ?is developm5t ) _! photographs ( ! motions ( animals valuable 9 sci5ces4 ,s9ce _! "w 0 begun ! photographic processes & app>atus h be5 greatly improv$4 ,mr4 ,j5k9s =eca/s a brilliant & useful future = ! art1 :i* he hopes w be prosecut$ along ! l9e ( o!r ?an its pres5t mo/ popul> uses4 ,! book is practical z well z hi/orical & prophetic1 & conta9s an acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,j5k9s's phantoscope z ! fir/ successful mov+ picture project+ app>atus1 = :i* he receiv$ ! ,elliott ,cresson m$al f ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,! ,metric ,sy/em ( ,weights & ,measures1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,ri/e51 & publi%$ by ! ,h>t=d ,/eam-,boil] ,inspection ,company1 ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut 7price1 #a4be71 gives :at has long be5 want$--a neat volume1 conv5i5t = ! pocket & durably b\nd1 furni%+ tables = in/antly conv]t+ all ! metrical units up to "o hundr$ ( ea* into ^? ( ! ,engli% weights & measures1 & vice v]sa4 ,calculation1 be+ ne$$ only = ! numb]s above "o hundr$1 = :i* !re are already %ort devices1 is r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible limit4 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism1 an int]national qu>t]ly j\rnal1 edit$ by ,l4 ,a4 ,bau] & ,?omas ,fr5*1 ,jr41 & publi%$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati1 is ! recogniz$ organ ( ! ,int]national ,conf]5ce on ,t]re/rial ,magnetism & ,atmosph]ic ,electricity4 ,! ,septemb] numb]1 #ahih1 conta9s ! proce$+s ( ! conf]5ce1 :i* met 9 connection ) ! la/ ,bri/ol meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,x conta9s 9 full ! welcom+ address ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton1 ! op5+ address ( ,a4 ,w4 ,rck]1 presid5t ( ! conf]5ce1 & t5 ( ! pap]s read at ! meet+4 ,! "n ( ,pr(4 ,john ,tr[bridge z au?or ( su* a book z ,philip's ,exp]im5ts2 or1 ,physical ,sci5ce at ,home 7,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 #a7 is a sure gu>antee ( its sci5tific value4 ,! au?or has giv5 a *apt] sub/antially out ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 = he says 8 ta/e = sci5ce & = draw+ 7 /imulat$ by 8 fa!r 9 ! mann] "h describ$4 ,8 object 9 publi%+ x is to %[ t a few mom5ts devot$ ea* day at home to simple inve/igations c result 9 habits ( self-reliance 9 ! acquirem5t ( a mod]n language & 9 ! /udy ( ! art ( draw+4 ,he endeavors also to %[ h[ to cultivate a ta/e = ma!matics by /udy+ practical problems 9 survey+ & 9 sail+ a boat2 & h[ mu* a p>5t c accompli% 9 ! =mation ( a son's ta/es )\t special k1 & )\t ! exp5diture ( mu* "t & money4 ,! acc\nt is 9 ! =m ( lett]s f ! fa!r to a fri5d1 describ+ 8 exp]im5ts ) 8 son ,philip 9 ?is me?od ( tea*+4 ,he has always cultivat$ fell[%ip ) ! boy2 &1 f9d+ him incl9$ to improve & add to ! designs on ! wall-pap]1 puts objects to be drawn & copi$ 9 8 way1 & induces him to g out & draw f ,nature4 ,s ! boy le>ns to /udy =ms & obs]ve4 ,to tea* language he gives him regul>ly ! daily ,g]man newspap]1 to pick out :at he c f x1 & jo9s him 9 ! sport4 ,9 a simil> way he introduces ,philip to survey+ & physics1 & o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,! plan is a success2 ,philip attracts att5tion by ! +5uity :i* 8 tra9+ has enabl$ him to develop1 & go+ to college is graduat$ ) cr$it & 9 possession ( a live z well z a book k ( :at he has /udi$4 ,9 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,engli% 7,am]ican ,book ,company7 ! m prom95t facts ( ,engli% hi/ory f ! beg9n+ to ! pres5t "t are relat$ by ,h4 ,a4 ,gu]b] 9 simple1 brief n>ratives4 ,a comm5dable feature ( ! book is ! insi/5ce 9 ! preface ( ! ess5tial on5ess ( ! ,engli% & ,am]ican p--an idea t c h>dly be too s$ul\sly cultivat$4 ,! au?or's pr9cipal object has be5 to r5d] pupils s famili> ) ! prom95t *>act]s ( ,engli% hi/ory t !y %all h5ce=? seem l old acqua9tances1 &1 9 addition1 to make ! /ory attractive2 b x is a fact to be regrett$ t he has reg>d$ ! gr[? ( ,engli% law & lib]ty & ! *anges 9 religion z too un9telligible & un9t]e/+ to be m ?an t\*$ ^u v briefly & 9 ! mo/ simple way4 ,! gr[? ( law & lib]ty are ! v ?+s t x is mo/ important to fix ! att5tion ( *ildr5 ^u1 & x is only because !y h suff]$ comp>ative neglect 9 ! education ( tea*]s 9 favor ( /ories ( w> & intrigue t !y are n ! mo/ intelligible & int]e/+ bran* ( ! subject4 ,pr(4 ,francis ,e4 ,niph]1 ( ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 hav+ be5 call$ ^u to pres5t a pap] to an educational conv5tion on ! ,great] ,effici5cy ( ,sci5ce ,in/ruction1 und]took to %[ h[ su* *anges z 7 adapt$ to promote t end might be accompli%$ )\t radical dep>tures f pres5t me?ods2 & ! ,introduction to ,graphical ,algebra 7,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 #fj c5ts7 is ! result ( t ef=t4 ,! au?or believes t ! /udy ( algebra & geometry z di/9ct subjects hav+ no relation to ea* o!r gives ! pupil a false idea ( ! intellectual situation ( to-day2 t by inject+ "h & !re into ! ord9>y in/ruction 9 algebra su* mat]ial z is f\nd 9 8 book1 new mean+ w be giv5 to ! op]ations involv$ 9 ! solution ( equations1 & new int]e/ 9 ! subject may be ar\s$2 & t z sci5tific inve/igators are mak+ mu* use ( o!r me?ods ?an ,euclid's1 :ile ! /udy ( 8 geometry %\ld n be bani%$ f our s*ools1 "s ( ! "t giv5 to x might be usefully sp5t 9 elem5t>y analytical geometry or graphical algebra4 ,! treatise is brief & conv5i5t 9 size & compos$ 9 cle> language4 ,! ,new ,man1 a ,*ronicle ( ! ,mod]n ,"t 7,philadelphia3 ,! ,levytype ,company71 is a /ory writt5 by ,ellis ,paxson ,ob]holz] ) ref]5ce to t expansion ( wom5's education & sph]e ( action :i* is sugge/$ by ! phrase ! new woman4 ,9 x ! new woman is develop$ to h] logical conclusion1 & ! new man z he mu/ ne$s become "u ! reaction ( h] influ5ce1 & x deals ) m5 & wom5 imbu$ ) ! mod]n univ]sity _s1 ^: emotional natures are develop$ "u ! sci5tific impulse ( our "t1 & ^: ?\ghts & actions reflect t impulse 9 ! mid/ ( all ! v>i$ realities ( our mod]n life4 ,armag$don 7,r&1 ,mc,nally ,co471 to ! plot ( :i* ! au?or's "n ( ,/anley ,wat]loo seems curi\sly appropriate1 is possibly a specim5 ( a class ( lit]ature to :i* we are likely to be treat$ 9 abundance = a few ye>s to come4 ,! spoliation ( ! ,spani% ,egyptians by ! ,am]icans hav+ come to a halt ) ! ga9 ( ,pu]to ,rico & ! ,philipp9es1 ! great ,anglo-,am]ican alliance ent]s ^u ! view & is made a fact1 ?\gh in=mally4 ,! two nations toge!r build ! ,nic>agua ,canal1 & are ab\t to celebrate its completion1 :5 !y are anticipat$ by ! precipitation ( ! w> ( ! nations ?r\gh ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( a numb] ( slight int]national qu>rels 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ! ,sc&9avians1 & ! ,lat9s are pitt$ on "o side1 & ! ,briti% & ,am]icans1 assi/$ by ! ,briti% colonies & ! ,japanese1 on ! o!r2 & ! battle ( ! comb9$ fleets occurs ne> ! ,can>ies4 ,! h]o ( ! /ory has inv5t$ an air %ip :i* c>ries t]rible explosives to be dropp$ f a great height into ! mid/ ( ! enemy4 ,?is eng9e does its "w at ! decisive mom5t1 & !n foll[s ! grab game ( negotiations1 9 :i* might rules1 & ,g]many jo9s ! ,anglo-,saxon alliance aga9/ ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,f9ally1 ! air-%ip eng9e ( de/ruction has r5d]$ w> h5ce=? =ev] impossible4 ,mr4 ,james ,reid ,cole1 presid5t ( a classical & milit>y s*ool at ,dallas1 ,texas1 has publi%$ "u ! title ( ,miscellany :at is sub/antially a picture or transcript ( 8 own life4 ,x conta9s a v>iety ( articles--lit]>y essays1 s*ool addresses1 & ev5 s*oolboy compositions--! *ief int]e/ ( :i* is to ! au?or & 8 close fri5ds4 ,o!r pap]s1 su* z ,a ,bird's-eye ,view ( ,john/on's ,surr5d]1 ! sket*es ( ! ,life ( ,lieut5ant ,c4 ,c4 ,cole1 ! ,look+ ,backw>d ov] ! c\rse ( ! au?or's own life1 & political & legislative spee*es may h a m g5]al value z p>tial reflections ( ! times to :i* !y relate1 m intimate ?an are usually to be d]iv$ f ord9>y sket*es & hi/ories4 ,! publications ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces n[ consi/ ( two s]ies--! ,annals 7#hvo7 & ! ,memoirs 7#dto74 ,! ,transactions1 9 :i* ! %ort] pap]s & bus9ess reports h hi!rto appe>$1 are aboli%$1 & ! matt] appe>s 9 ! ,annals4 ,?is publication1 :i* 0 begun 9 #ahbd1 conta9s ! sci5tific contributions & reports ( rese>*es1 toge!r ) ! reports ( meet+s4 ,! complete volumes w h]eaft] co9cide ) ! cal5d> ye>4 ,vol4 ,x1 ,nos4 #a to #ab1 conta9s ?ree pap]s by ,h4 ,s4 ,davis & "o by ,frank ,s*es+] bas$ on ! ,ru!rfurd photographs ( ! />s2 ,! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,/ipules1 by ,a4 ,a4 ,tyl]1 & an exam9ation ( ! ,ascidian ,half-,embryo1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,crampton1 ,jr4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,"p ,,ii1 conta9s ! annual address ( retir+ ,presid5t ,j4 ,j4 ,/ev5son1 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahih1 on ! ,debt ( ! ,_w to ,pure ,sci5ce1 & six articles on special subjects 9 biology4 ,! ,commission] ( ,labor 0 au?oriz$ by ,congress 9 #ahie to make an inve/igation1 s f> z x c\ld be done )9 ! limits ( ! regul> appropriations to 8 dep>tm5t1 relative to ! economic aspects ( ! liquor traffic4 ,he int]pret$ su* an inve/igation to include ! consid]ation ( monet>y conditions2 ( ! agricultural & o!r products us$ 9 ! production ( liquors2 ( ! manufacture ( liquors z a di/9ct indu/ry2 ( transportation1 consumption1 & ! traffic 9 !m2 ( ! rev5ue d]iv$ f !m & ! laws regulat+ its collection2 & ( ! exp]i5ce & practice ( employ]s 9 relation to ! use ( intoxicants4 ,9 "s ( ^! phases ( ! subject ! facts 7 n sep>able f ^? relat+ to o!r matt]s2 9 o!rs1 !y 7 to be f\nd 9 ! reports ( o!r dep>tm5ts2 & orig9al inquiry 0 necess>y only ) ref]5ce to ! la/ ?ree items ( ! category4 ,! results ( ?is inquiry are giv5 9 ! ,twelf? ,annual ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor1 #ahig1 "u ! head+ ( ,economic ,aspects ( ! ,liquor ,problem4 ,a ,new ,/ory ( ! ,/>s is an essay 9 :i* ,a4 ,w4 ,bick]ton1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry & physics 9 ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,college1 ,new ,zeal&1 sets =? a !ory ( ! orig9 ( univ]ses or ( p>ts ( univ]ses by impact4 ,nebul already exi/+--b h[ exi/+ we are n in=m$--c>e]+ ?r\gh space1 are suppos$ to collide1 :]eby heat & light are develop$4 ,!y may meet 9 face1 & w\ld !n probably coalesce1 b m likely ! impact w\ld be a graz+ "o1 :5 ?ree bodies w\ld be produc$2 a portion1 or slice1 z ! au?or calls x1 ( ea* ( ! collid+ bodies w\ld be %e>$ (f1 =m+ an int5sely hot & bright new />1 :ile ! orig9al masses w\ld g on _! c\rse1 hav+ ! p>ts t _h be5 9 contact heat$ & made brilliant1 s z to pres5t 9 _! revolutions ! aspect ( v>iable />s4 ,! au?or's att5tion 0 drawn to ?is subject by ! appe>ance ( a new /> 9 ,cygnus 9 #ahgg4 ,a little :ile aft]w>d ,nova ,aurig appe>$1 pres5t+ exactly ! ph5om5a he _h pr$ict$4 ,pr(essor ,bick]ton writes z "o :o und]/&s 8 subject2 !re is no?+ 9 8 speculations1 s f> z we h obs]v$1 t grates h>%ly ) kn[n facts1 & x c be read1 z he reads x1 to acc\nt plausibly = "s ( ! facts--j z c sev]al o!r !ories ( ! =mation ( ! univ]se :i* are /ill only speculations4 ,! problem is yet f> f compreh5sion1 & is "o ( ! legacies :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury is de/9$ to bequea? to ! tw5tie?4 7,publi%$ at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,new ,zeal&47 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! ,/ructure & ,classification ( ,birds4 ,by ,frank ,e4 ,b$d>d4 ,london & ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,pp4 #edh4 ,b ,bu% ,fruits4 ,a ,horticultural ,monograph ( ,raspb]ries1 ,blackb]ries1 ,dewb]ries1 ,currants1 ,gooseb]ries1 & o!r ,%rublike ,fruits4 ,by ,fr$ ,w4 ,c>d4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ecg4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,c ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,hi/orical ,"t to ! ,ye> #ahih4 ,by ,edg> ,s&]son4 ,) ,maps4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 #ahih4 ,d ,life1 ,dea?1 & ,immortality1 & ,k9dr$ ,essays4 ,by ,william ,m4 ,bryant4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,bak] ,taylor ,company4 ,e ,elem5ts ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4 ,by ,mansfield ,m]riman4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,london3 ,*apman ,hall1 ,limit$4 ,pp4 #baf4 #b4 ,f ,an ,epitome ( ,human ,hi/ology4 ,by ,ar?ur ,w4 ,weysse4 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,pp4 #ij4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,g ,elem5t>y ,botany4 ,by ,george ,francis ,atk9son1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,pp4 #ddd4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,h3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,lit]ature4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,late ,japanese ,secret>y to ,h4 ,m4 ,legation1 ,tokyo4 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,i ,an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,botany4 ,by ,sydney ,h4 ,v9es4 ,london3 ,swan1 ,sonn5s*e9 ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #faa4 ,price1 #b4be4 ,j ,animat$ ,pictures4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,hi/orical ,developm5t ( ,*ronophotography1 its ,pres5t ,sci5tific ,application & ,future ,possibilities1 & ( ! ,me?ods & ,app>atus employ$ 9 ! ,ent]ta9m5t ( ,l>ge ,audi5ces by ,means ( ,project+ ,lant]ns to give ! ,appe>ance ( ,objects 9 ,motion4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43 ,c4 ,francis ,j5k9s4 ,pp4 #aah1 ) plates4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,connecticut3 ,tw5ty-second ,annual ,report1 = #ahih1 ,"p ,i1 ,f]tiliz]s4 ,pp4 #aja4--;,cornell ,univ]sity3 ,no4 #afc4 ,?ree ,important ,fung\s ,diseases ( ! ,sug> ,beet4 ,by ,b4 ,m4 ,dugg>4 ,pp4 #cj2 ,no4 #afd4 ,pea*-,leaf ,cure1 etc4 ,by ,b4 ,m4 ,dugg>4 ,pp4 #bj4--,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college 7,hat* ,/ation73 ,no4 #eh4 ,manurial ,requirem5ts ( ,crops4 ,pp #af4--,new ,j]sey3 ,no4 #ace4 ,poison\s ,plants4 ,by ,byron ,d4 ,hal/$4 ,pp4 #bh4--,nor? ,dakota ,wea!r & ,crop ,s]vice1 ,fif? ,annual ,report4 ,b4 ,h4 ,bronson1 section director4 ,pp4 #gh2 ,mon?ly ,reports = ,octob] & ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #h ea*4--,ohio3 ,no4 #if4 ,! ,army ,worm & ,o!r ,insects4 ,by ,p4 ,m4 ,web/] & ,c4 ,w4 ,mally4 ,pp4 #bf2 ,no4 #ig4 ,"s ,diseases ( ,:eat & ,oats4 ,by ,a4 ,d4 ,selby4 ,pp4 #cb2 ,no4 #ih4 ,small ,fruits4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,gre54 ,pp4 #adf4--,we/ ,virg9ia3 ,no4 #ec4 ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,/ew>t & ,b4 ,h4 ,hite4 ,pp4 #cf4 ,am]ican ,asiatic ,association1 ,j\rnal ( !4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #e4 ,john ,foord1 editor4 ,pp4 #af4 ,ay]1 ,n4 ,w41 & ,son4 ,am]ican ,newspap] ,annual1 #ahii4 ,philadelphia4 ,pp4 #adjj4 ,b]ea ,qu>t]ly1 ,febru>y1 #ahii4 ,b]ea ,college1 ,k5tucky4 ,pp4 #bh4 #cj c5ts4 #a a ye>4 ,b]ry1 ,ar?ur4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons 7,univ]sity ,s]ies74 ,pp4 #ddj4 #a4ej4 ,brad=d1 ,gamaliel4 ,! ,lesson ( ,popul> ,gov]nm5t4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 #b vols4 ,pp4 #ebj & #eij4 #d4 ,br[n1 ,william ,h>vey4 ,on ! ,s\? ,african ,fronti]4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #dcj1 ) map4 #c4 ,buckley1 ,arabella ,b4 ,! ,fairy-,l& ( ,sci5ce4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,clayton1 ,c4 ,helm4 ,/udies ( ,cyclonic & ,anti-,cyclonic ,ph5om5a ) ,kites4 ,blue ,hill 7,massa*usetts7 ,meteorological ,obs]vatory4 ,pp4 #ae1 ) plates4 ,=ce1 ,g5]al ,mann+ ,f4 ,g5]al ,%]man4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company 7,great ,comm&]s ,s]ies74 ,pp4 #cec4 ,guignet1 ,e41 & ,gami]1 ,ed\>d4 ,la ,cramique1 ,anci5ne et ,mod]n 7,c]amics1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n74 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 7,biblio?que ,sci5tifique ,int]nationale47 ,pp4 #caa4 #f francs4 ,gell1 ,le ,dr4 ,m4 ,e4 ,l',audition et ses ,organes 7,he>+ & ,its ,organs74 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 7,biblio?que ,sci5tifique ,int]nationale47 ,pp4 #cbf4 #f francs4 ,hancock1 ,james ,d5ton4 ,! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase treat$ 9 its ,relations to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,pp4 #h4 ,h]zb]g1 ,h5ry4 ,true v]sus ,false ,education4 ,pp4 #bj4 ,h9sdale1 ,guy1 ,m4 ,d4 ,acromegaly4 ,detroit3 ,william ,m4 ,w>r54 ,pp4 #hh4 #a4ej4 ,int]national ,correspond5ce ,s*ool1 ,scranton1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,%ort ,c\rses 9 ,engli% ,bran*es1 ,bookkeep+1 ,/5ography1 & ,me*anical & ,ornam5tal ,draw+4 ,pp4 #af4 ,jacobs1 ,joseph4 ,! ,/ory ( ,geographical ,discov]y4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,libr>y ( ,useful ,/ories47 ,pp4 #bjj4 #dj c5ts4 ,k+sley1 ,m>y ,h4 ,we/ ,african ,/udies4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #fcc1 ) maps4 #e4 ,libr>y ,notes1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #af4 ,edit$ by ,melvil ,dewey4 ,simplifi$ ,libr>y ,s*ool ,rules4 ,pp4 #gb4 ,qu>t]ly4 #ej c5ts4 #a a ye>4 ,lille1 ,socit ,photographique de4 ,le ,nord ,photographie4 ,janu>y1 #ahii4 7,six? ye>47 ,lille1 ,france4 ,pp4 #bj4 ,mason1 ,william ,p4 ,exam9ation ( ,wat] 7,*emical & ,bact]iological74 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,pp4 #ace4 #a4be4 ,macala/]1 ,!4 ,mon?ly4 ,febru>y1 #ahii4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 ,macala/] ,college4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ae c5ts4 #a a ye>4 ,p>sons1 ,frances ,!odora4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,f]ns4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #bae4 #a4ej4 ,raf9esque1 ,c4 ,s4 ,i*?yologia ,ohio5sis2 or1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,fi%es inhabit+ ! ,riv] ,ohio & its ,tribut>y ,/reams4 ,a repr9t ( ! orig9al1 ) life1 etc4 ,by ,r4 ,ellswor? ,call4 ,clevel&1 ,ohio3 ,! ,burr[s ,bro!rs ,company4 ,pp4 #age4 #d4 ,repr9ts4 ,a%mead1 ,alb]t ,s41 ,m4 ,d4 ,no ,evid5ce 9 ,am]ica ( ,pre-,columbian ,leprosy4 ,pp4 #aj4--;,grant1 ,sir ,james4 ,! ,alim5t>y ,canal & ,human ,decay ,9 ,relation to ! ,neurons4 ,pp4 #h4--;,hopk9s1 ,?omas ,c4 ,clays & ,clay ,indu/ries ( ,p5nsylvania2 ,i1 ,clays ( ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania 79 "p74 ,pp4 #ahc4--;,h[>d1 ,l4 ,o4 ,! ,economic ,/atus ( ,insects z a ,class4 ,pp4 #cc4--;,jackman1 ,wilbur ,s4 ,con/ructive ,"w 9 ! ,common ,s*ools4 ,pp4 #ah4 ,russell1 ,frank4 ,explorations 9 ! ,f> ,nor?4 ,univ]sity ( ,i[a4 ,pp4 #bij4 ,s*iavone1 ,m>io4 ,il ,pr9cipio della dirigibilita orizzontalie degli a]o/ate ed ,b9a]o/ato 7,! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,horizontal ,dirigibility ( ,aro/ats & ! ,b9aro/at74 ,pot5za1 ,italy4 ,pp4 #dh4 ,s*ub]t1 ,h]mann4 ,ma!matical ,essays & ,recreations4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,j4 ,mc,cormack4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company4 ,pp4 #adi4 #ge c5ts4 ,scrutt51 ,p]cy ,e4 ,electricity 9 ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,h\ses4 ,second edition4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #adh4 #a4 ,sloyd ,bullet9 ,no4 #b1 ,m>*1 #ahii4 ,bo/on3 ,sloyd ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 ,pp4 #ba4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution publications3 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts to ,july1 #ahif4 ,pp4 #gbg2 d4 to ,july1 #ahig4 ,pp4 #fhf4--;,bolton1 ,h4 ,c4 ,a ,select ,bibliography ( ,*emi/ry1 #adib to #ahig4 ,fir/ ,supplem5t4 ,pp4 #dhi4--;,cook1 ,o4 ,f4 ,african ,diplopoda ( ! ,g5us ,pa*ybolus4 ,pp4 #aj1 ) plates4 ,society ( ,am]ican ,au?ors4 ,mon?ly ,bullet94 ,m>*1 #ahii4 ,pp4 #af4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education 7,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris74 ,report = #ahif-'ig1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pp4 #abde4 ,vebl51 ,?or/e94 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #djj4 #b4 ,waddell1 ,john4 ,! ,ari?metic ( ,*emi/ry4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #acg4 #ij c5ts4 ,wick]%am1 ,james4 ,major ,p[ell's ,inquiry1 ,:5ce came ! ,am]ican ,indians8 ,an ,answ]4 ,tacoma1 ,wa%+ton3 ,all5 & ,lamborn ,pr9t+ ,company4 ,pp4 #bh4 ,writt1 ,h5ry4 ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,nature4 ,*icago3 ,p4 ,o41 ,/ation ,n4 ,pp4 #cb4 #be c5ts4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,dea? ( ,pr(essor ,m>%4--,o?niel ,c4 ,m>%1 pr(essor ( paleontology 9 ,yale ,univ]sity1 & curator ( ! geological collection ( t in/itution1 di$ ( pneumonia at 8 home 9 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 ,m>* #ah?4 ,he _h n be5 9 good heal? = sev]al ye>s1 & succumb$ to ! effects ( a cold :i* he _h caught be=e :olly recov]+ f a previ\s cold4 ,a sket* ( 8 life up to t "t1 embrac+ ! mo/ active p>ts ( 8 c>e] z a geological explor]1 9 :i* he ga9$ great r5[n1 0 giv51 ) a portrait1 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,septemb]1 #ahgh4 ,dur+ ! p]iod t has int]v5$ he made /udies ( ! results ( 8 explorations & o!r geological "w1 & publi%$ pap]s ( v high sci5tific value4 ,ab\t a ye> ago he transf]r$ 8 ext5sive & fam\s collections at ! ,peabody ,museum to ! univ]sity4 ,^! collections 7 among ! f9e/ ( _! k9d 9 ! _w1 & 7 especially rem>kable = _! fossils ( imm5se animals exhum$ f ! ,we/]n pla9s4 ,!y 7 greatly admir$ by ,pr(essor ,gaudry1 ! em95t ,fr5* geologi/1 :o spoke ( !m 9 t]ms ( high praise 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes ( ,octob] #ae1 #ahih4 ,x 0 ?r\gh 8 ef=ts t ! funds 7 obta9$ f ,george ,peabody1 8 uncle1 = ! con/ruction ( ! ,peabody ,museum1 a "p ( :i* has be5 built4 ,8 heal? hav+ app>5tly improv$ = a few mon?s previ\s to 8 dea?1 he _h be5 work+ ) r5ew$ activity at ! museum1 & _h rec5tly writt5 articles on paleontological subjects4 ,hav+ consid]able means ( 8 own1 he s]v$ ! univ]sity )\t sal>y1 & c>ri$ on 8 explorations mo/ly at 8 own co/1 pay+ l>ge sums to assi/ants & = o!r items 9 ! "w4 ,he left t5 ?\s& doll>s to ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s & 0 = sev]al ye>s presid5t1 & all ( ! re/ ( 8 e/ate1 e/imat$ to be wor? ne>ly "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 to ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,popul> ,co-op]ation 9 ,heal? ,"w4--,9 a review ( ,a ,qu>t] ,c5tury ( ,public ,heal? ,"w 9 ,mi*igan1 ,mr4 ,!odore ,r4 ,mac,clure1 *ief cl]k ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? (fice1 says t exp]i5ce 9 ! ,/ate has indicat$ t x is necess>y to h ! co-op]ation ( ! p if ! dang]\s communicable diseases are to be re/rict$ & prev5t$4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is result1 ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? has publi%$ leaflets relat+ to ! modes ( spread+ & ! be/ me?ods = ! re/riction & prev5tion ( su* diseases4 ,^! leaflets h be5 pr9t$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 & :5ev] a dang]\s disease is report$ to ! c5tral (fice sev]al copies ( ! leaflet relat+ to ! disease 9 "q are usually s5t to ! local heal? (fic]4 ,he is reque/$ to place "o ( ^! in/ructive publications ) ! family :]e ! disease exi/s1 & a copy ) ea* neighbor ( ! infect$ premises4 ,! in/ruction comes at a "t :5 p are int]e/$ to "k ab\t ! disease 9 "q1 & 9 ?is way _! g5]al co-op]ation is s\ght & secur$4 ,citiz5s are ?us educat$ & become famili> ) _! duties 9 ! premises1 are taught :]e9 ! dang]s lie & h[ to avoid !m1 & are prompt$ by ! /ronge/ consid]ations to d _! "p 9 ! matt]4 ,dea? ( ,pr(4 ,oliv] ,m>cy4--,dr4 ,oliv] ,m>cy1 pr(essor ( natural sci5ce 9 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 :o di$ ,febru>y #ai?1 9 ! eightie? ye> ( 8 age1 0 a native ( ,col]a9e1 ,massa*usetts2 0 graduat$ f ,wesleyan ,univ]sity 9 #ahdf1 became tea*] ( ma!matics 9 ,wilbraham ,academy1 ,massa*usetts1 & lat] pr(essor ( geology1 etc41 9 t in/itution4 ,9 #ahfb he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( geology 9 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 ,evan/on1 ,ill9ois1 b taught 9 addition1 at times1 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce & ev5 "s bran*es 9 o!r l9es4 ,he 0 twice act+ presid5t ( ! univ]sity4 ,9 conjunction ) ,pr(4 ,alex&] ,w9*ell1 he prep>$ a monograph on ,fossils f ! ,niag>a ,lime/one ( ,*icago1 :i* 0 read to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,9 #ahff he 0 naturali/ to a ,gov]nm5t exp$ition to ! ,bitt] ,root ,m\nta9s 9 ,idaho & ,montana1 9 :i* he collect$ sci5tific mat]ial1 & ( :i* he publi%$ an acc\nt 9 #ahfg4 ,he wrote pap]s conc]n+ ! geology ( ! %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan & ( ! region ab\t ,*icago2 br\ght two fossil trees f\nd 9 ! univ]sity gr\nds to sci5tific notice2 & contribut$ consid]ably to geological publications4 ,he 0 curator to ! natural hi/ory collection ( 8 univ]sity = ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,two fossil species & a m\nta9 9 ,montana h be5 nam$ aft] him4 ,:i* is ! ,fitte/ to ,survive8--,pr(4 ,a4 ,w4 ,rck] spoke 9 8 op5+ address at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,int]national ,magnetic ,conf]5ce 9 ,bri/ol1 ,engl&1 ( :at seems to be a law ( ,nature1 t ! products ( an organism are fatal to itself2 9 accordance ) :i*1 he said1 pure sci5ce is ?reat5$ by ! v success ( its practical applications4 ,! smoke ( our cities blots ! />s f ! vision ( ! a/ronom]1 & n[ ! sci5ce ( t]re/rial magnetism is ?reat5$ by ! artificial e>? curr5ts ( ! electric railway4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton1 9 8 welcom+ address1 took ano!r view ( ! subject & answ]$ ! ref]5ce ! electrical eng9e]s make to ! pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ :5 !y are told ( ! ru9 _! wires are br++ ^u magnetic obs]vatories--,s mu* ! worse = ! obs]vatories--,c ! sy/em ( electric traction t has already de/roy$ ! two mo/ important magnetic obs]vatories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica be ! be/ & fitte/ to survive8 ,aga91 d we take su* c>e & sp5d su* va/ sums 9 t5d+ ! weak & nurs+ ! sick because we are conv9c$ t !y are ! fitte/ to survive8 ,may x n be p]haps because we h an inh]5t d\bt ab\t ! ju/ice ( ! survival ( ! /ronge/1 or p]haps because ev5 ! /ronge/ ( u feels compell$ mode/ly to confess 8 inability to pick out ! fitte/1 t mod]n civilization enc\rages1 n ! de/ruction b ! pres]vation ( :at has obvi\s weakness1 on ! *ance t x may h unse5 /r5g?8 ,:5 ! electrical eng9e] feels himself full ( pride at ! greatness1 ! importance1 & ! p[] ( 8 indu/ry1 & :5 he is incl9$ to ?9k slight+ly ( ! deflection ( a little magnet comp>$ ) ! :irl ( 8 "o-?\s&-horse-p[] dynamo1 let him g & visit a c]ta9 d>k /or]oom ne> ! entrance hall ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & :ile he looks at "s little coils !re1 pond] on ! blaze ( light t has be5 %$ ov] ! :ole _w f ! dimly light$ cupbo>d 9 :i* ^! coils n[ lie4 ,!n he may realize t :ile ! e>? z a magnet has endur$ = all "t1 ! e>? z a tramway conductor may at no di/ant date be relegat$ to ! class ( tempor>y make%ifts1 & t ! raids ( ! feudal b>on into ! agricultural fields ( 8 neighbors 7 n m b>b>\s ?an ! al>ms & excursions ( ! tramway eng9e] into ! magnetic fields ( 8 fri5ds4 ,tea*+ ! ,tea*]s4--,! foll[+ sugge/ive p>agraph is tak5 f ! inaugural address ( ,william ,h5ry ,preece1 presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s3 ,our educational me?ods h begun at ! wrong end4 ,we ought to tea* ! ma/]s fir/ & !n ! m54 ,moreov]1 we h to tea* ! tea*]s & ^? :o h control ( ! purse-/r+s4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncils ( ,engl& are sc>cely qualifi$ z yet to dis*>ge ! v s]i\s duty ( prop]ly deal+ ) a "q s few ( !m und]/&--?\gh _m ( !m h tackl$ ! matt] manfully1 especially ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ?r\gh its ,te*nical ,education ,bo>d1 on :i* a l>ge proportion ( co-opt$ exp]ts h seats1 :o1 by support+ exi/+ in/itutions1 h contribut$ t[>d ! supply ( tea*]s4 ,b h[ are we to approa* ! ma/]s8 ,a fault once discov]$ is halfway to repair4 ,x is difficult to remove ! scales f ! eyes ( ! man :o has be5 successful 9 bus9ess & kn[s n ( 8 bl9dness2 b ! com+ g5]ation w be m enlight5$1 & ! future ma/]s bett] educat$4 ,we are suff]+ f a lack ( compet5t tea*]s4 ,a tea*] :o has _h no tra9+ 9 ! practical _w is worse ?an useless1 = he imp>ts ideas d]iv$ f 8 inn] consci\sness or f ! false tea*+ ( 8 own ab/ract pr(essor1 :i* lead to mis*ief4 ,9 my own exp]i5ce ,i h met ) v s]i\s inconv5i5ces f ?is cause4 ,! ideal pr(essor ( pure ab/ract sci5ce is a v *>m+ p]sonage1 b he is a v arrogant & dogmatic individual1 &1 be+ a sort ( little mon>* 9 8 own laboratory & lecture room1 surr\nd$ by devot$ subjects1 8 ^w is law1 & he reg>ds ! _w at l>ge1 especially ! practical _w1 z outside 8 doma9 & b5ea? 8 notice4 ,he is g5]ally beh9d ! age4 ,^! are n ! m5 = te*nical in/itutes4 ,su* tea*]s %\ld possess ! diploma ( ?is in/itution4 ,! ,p ( ,india & ! ,mission>ies4--,9 ! light ( ?ree mon?s' special obs]vation1 ,j4 ,t4 ,sund]l& has review$ 9 ! ,new ,_w ,magaz9e ! prospects ( ! success ( ,*ri/ian missions 9 ,india4 ,!re are sev]al causes t h9d] _! progress1 among :i* ! au?or m5tions z m important ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian sects & d5om9ations2 ! "* ( ! doctr9es prea*$1 9 t 9 _m aspects !y d n appeal to ,h9du or ,mohamm$an fai? or modes ( ?\ght1 & 9 "s contradict !m1 & z to ^? po9ts are a s]i\s h9drance to ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! vices ( _m ,europeans1 creat+ a prejudice aga9/ _! pr(ess$ religion t is n :olly contradict$ by ! te/imonies & examples ( ! mission>ies & m5 ( nobl] /amp4 ,to ! la/ objection ! answ] is easy1 ?\gh x may n always be conv9c+1 t ^! wick$ m5 s9 n because !y are natural products ( ,*ri/ianity1 b because !y disobey x4 ,a /rong factor 9 dis>m+ prejudice aga9/ ,*ri/ianity & w9n+ favor = x is ! fact t ?r\gh x1 directly or indirectly1 c]ta9 v important k9ds ( good are com+ to ,india--education1 s*ools1 books1 sci5ce1 inv5tion4 ,! contact ( ,india ) ,*ri/ian l&s1 civilization1 ?\ght1 & life1 is /eadily tell+ ^u ,indian ?\ght4 ,fur!r1 x is to be said to ! honor ( all ! ,prote/ant missions ( ,india1 at lea/1 ( :atev] "n1 t !y are help+1 in/ruct+1 & lift+ up ! l[] classes1 & (f]+ !m hopes & prospects su* z !y c\ld n h _h "u _! old fai?s4 ,?is is mu*1 v mu*4 ,! v pres5ce ( ! mission>y 9 a community is likely to be an enlight5+ influ5ce4 ,he is a man ( m ?an common education1 & has br\ght ) him to ,india some?+ ( ! ?\ght1 ! culture1 ! ideals ( life1 ! habits & cu/oms ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,he introduces high] /&>ds ( liv+4 ,he gives 8 influ5ce 9 favor ( bett] public sanitation1 bett] homes = ! p1 bett] /reets & public build+s1 bett] public improvem5ts g5]ally4 ,8 home & family life1 9 :i* ! wife receives ! same consid]ation z h] husb&1 & ! daught]s are educat$ ) ! same c>e z ! sons1 becomes a valuable object lesson 9 ! community :]e he dwells4 ,! missions z a :ole are reg>d$ by ! au?or z an important factor 9 a great religi\s evolution4 ,! precise =m & direction :i* ?is evolution w take seem to be a matt] yet to be det]m9$4 ,we$s "u ,cultivation4--,= sev]al ye>s pa/ ! botanical dep>tm5t ( ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college has ma9ta9$ a we$ g>d51 & has gr[n a hundr$ or m species ( ! mo/ tr\blesome we$s 9 plots4 ,"s curi\s results f ! exp]im5ts are record$ by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,beal 9 a pap] read at ! meet+1 #ahig1 ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce4 ,! mo/ vigor\s & aggressive we$s seem to take on "u cultivation ! weakness & caprici\sness ( delicate cultivat$ plants4 ,x is v in/ructive1 ,pr(essor ,beal says1 to note h[ mu* bett] _m ( ^! plants ?rive :5 !y get away f ! spot :]e !y h be5 conf9$ = f two to sev]al ye>s4 ,se$l+s ( ,jame/[n we$ 7 l>g] 9 ! planta9 b$ ?an 9 _! own4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ! planta9 ne>ly ran out & ,am>an?us albus entirely disappe>$4 ,"o species ( pigwe$ grew f9ely = two ye>s1 b aft]w>d made a small display2 & ano!r v>iety did n seem v p]si/5t = a plant t rank$ among ! we$s1 b %i$ (f f its home gr\nd 'z if se>*+ = fre% fields4' ,b>ny>d grass 7,panicum crusgalli7 behav$ l pigwe$1 & 'ne$$ consid]able att5tion4' ,! little r\nd-leav$ mall[1 :i* roots deeply ab\t rubbi% piles 9 mell[ soil1 0 gr[n ( respectable proportions 9 ! g>d5 ) consid]able difficulty1 & ) no m ease 9 ! bottom l&s ( o!r p>ts ( ! botanic g>d54 ,consid]able pa9s is requir$ e ye> to keep on h& ev5 fairly well-gr[n specim5s ( mulle94 ,knotgrass1 :i* ?rives ) abuse & seems to enjoy trampl+ by feet1 0 gr[n ) difficulty 9 ! plots4 ',insects prey ^u x2 ru/ causes x to dw9dle & disappe>4' ',mo!rwort gr[s rank f\r feet high ne> ! b>ny>d f5ce1 & ! fl[]s are cov]$ ) bees1 b :5 kept sev]al ye>s 9 ! same b$ x goes (f into ! sulks z ?\gh neglect$4' ,%eph]d's purse is (t5 di/urb$ by a p>asitic fungus1 & x is difficult to gr[ nice plants long 9 ! same place4 ,cocklebur1 if f\nd long 9 ! same spot1 is tr\bl$ sadly ) a mildew1 & m rec5tly also ) a ru/4 ,op]ations aga9/ ,wood*ucks4--,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4 ,/or] records 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,bussey ,in/itution1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! de/ruction ( wood*ucks1 :i*1 besides be+ v injuri\s to l&s he _h "u cultivation1 appe>$ to be increas+4 ,smo!r+ by a volatile liquid driv5 into ! burr[ has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,hilg>d1 :o recomm5ds bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,pr(essor ,bussey f9ds t liquid n :olly satisfactory & liable to objections1 & pref]s a prep>ation ( naph?a or o!r volatile liquid4 ,9 any ev5t1 "s device seems to be ne$$ = =c+ a consid]able quantity ( ! vapor into ! v end ( ! burr[4 ,poisons are dang]\s because ( ! probability t ! animal w\ld br+ ! food on :i* !y are plac$ to ! m\? ( ! burr[ = eat+1 :]e *ildr5 or useful animals might get x4 ,:ile exp]im5t+ ) burn+ ,cay5ne pepp] or sulphur on t\* pap]1 9 ord] to smoke out ! burr[s1 ! au?or became acqua9t$ ) ! wood*uck tor*es ( ,mr4 ,b4 ,m4 ,w$g]1 ( ,rosl9dale1 ,massa*usetts4 ,^! consi/ ( nitrate ( soda1 sulphur1 meal$ gunp[d]1 & sulphide ( antimony1 s pack$ into a tube l a ,roman c&le t on burn+ ! fuse ! vapors w\ld be =c$ by great pressure to ! f>!/ recesses ( ! burr[4 ,!y prov$ effectual1 & x 0 inde$ r>e t any wood*uck to :i* !y 7 appli$ ev] report$ himself aga94 ,pr(essor ,/or] also describes "s exp]im5ts he made 9 burn+ sulphur 9 ! burr[s1 ) special exp$i5ts = insur+ m rapid & p]fect combu/ion ( ! sulphur2 ^! promis$ fairly well4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,/ew>t has describ$ 9 ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman an effectual me?od ( de/roy+ wood*ucks ) bla/+ p[d] or dynamite4 ,evolution 9 ,lamps4--,! /ory ( lamps f ,h]odotus d[n to #ahcj1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,m]c] says1 9 an in/ructive /udy on ,light & ,light ,mak+ 9 ! contributions ( ! ,bucks ,c\nty 7,pa47 ,hi/orical ,society1 is n "o ( developm5t4 ,9 pr9ciple & =m !y rema9 ! same1 :e!r z ! t9 cyl9drical or boat-%ap$ cups on c&le/ick p$e/als & ! r\nd t9 cups ) hemisph]ical lids1 or ! lidless cups re/+ on wood5 /&s su* z 7 rec5tly rescu$ by ! au?or f ! g>ret rubbi% ( old ,bucks ,c\nty4 ,& be=e ,h]odotus1 z we foll[ ! lamp back into ! tombs ( ! ,old ,_w1 we f9d ! boat-%ap$ =m ( e>!nw>e prec$+ ! boat-%ap$ =m ( iron & possibly ev5 t ( bronze4 ,! *alk-cup lamp f\nd by ,canon ,gre5well 9 ! neoli?ic fl9t m9es at ,grimes ,graves1 ,engl&1 p]haps ! olde/ wick-float+ lamp 9 ! _w1 is n ess5tially diff]5t f ! oy/] %ell fill$ ) l>d & provid$ ) wicks t may be f\nd among ,virg9ia negroes to-day4 ,! ,egyptian1 ,grecian1 ,pho5ician1 & ,roman lamps1 z !y h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs & z we see !m 9 ! museums1 are n unlike ! l>d lamps t 7 mo/ 9 use e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!n crude grease gave way to sp]m oil & l>d oil1 ) especial adaptations ( ! lamps t made !m m conv5i5t & improv$ ! light2 & burn+ fluids t 7 conv5i5t & clean & gave a brilliant light1 b 7 dang]\s2 & k]os5e1 ) o!r improvem5ts 9 ! lamps & ref9em5ts 9 ! oil t enabl$ x to give ! mo/ p]fect artificial light yet f\nd & to keep up ! fight = quality ) gas & electricity--all ^! hav+ come 9 )9 ! life-"t ( m5 /ill among u4 ,besides ! old lamps1 our ance/ors _h c&les1 mold$ :5 ! price ( t91 ! mat]ial = ! molds1 did n =bid ! luxury1 & be=e !m tall[ dips2 a susp5d$ wick 0 dipp$ into a pot ( hot tall[1 on a cold day1 & ! op]ation 0 repeat$ till lay] aft] lay] ( grease h>d5$1 & ! c&le 0 ?ick en\gh4 ,^! c&les 71 h[ev]1 tr\blesome 9 hot wea!r1 on acc\nt ( _! prop5sity to yield to ! temp]ature & fall ov]4 ,:o %all say1 h[ev]1 t c&le-dipp+ is old] ?an mold+1 :5 we "k 444 t !y mold$ c&les 9 ,c\nty ,galway1 ,irel&1 9 late ye>s by pun*+ holes 9 peat & p\r+ 9 tall[ on ! d[n-hung wick ( twi/$ flax fib]8 ,! ,iri% _h1 too1 z _h ! negroes1 ! ru% light1 a greas$ ru% set 9 a hole 9 a wood5 block s]v+ z a c&le/ick2 or ru%es jo9$ 9 a triple twi/ :i* flies ap>t :5 light$1 increas+ ! blaze4 ,f ?is ,mr4 ,m]c] passes to =ms ( c&le/icks & tor*es & cressets & me?ods ( produc+ fire1 :i!r we c n foll[ him1 = ! multitude ( details he notices1 :i* w n be> ab/ract+4 ,inconsi/5t ,philozoi/s4--,9 8 address at ! op5+ ( ! physiological & pa?ological laboratories at ,belfa/1 ,irel&1 ,"l ,li/] took occasion to give "s illu/rations1 drawn f practice1 ( ! value ( pa?ological rese>*4 ,!re are p1 he said1 :o d n object to eat+ a mutton *op--p :o d n ev5 object to %oot+ a pheasant ) a consid]able *ance t x may be only w\nd$ & may h to die aft] l+]+ 9 pa91 unable to obta9 its prop] nutrim5t--& yet :o consid] x some?+ mon/r\s to introduce "u ! sk9 ( a gu9ea-pig a little inoculation ( "s microbe to asc]ta9 its action4 ,^! seem to me to be mo/ inconsi/5t views4 ,if ^! exp]im5ts ^u ! l[] animals 7 made = ! m]e sport ( ! ?+1 !y w\ld be inde$ to be deprecat$ & decri$2 b if !y are made ) ! :olly noble object ( n only increas+ human k1 b also ( dim9i%+ human suff]+1 !n ,i hold t su* inve/igations are des]v+ ( all praise4 ,^? little "k :o lightly speak on ^! matt]s h[ mu* self-d5ial is requir$ 9 ! prosecution ( su* rese>*es :5 !y are conduct$1 z inde$ !y always are1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ) ! object ( e/abli%+ new tru?4 ,! ,ru9s ( ,xki*mook1 ,yucatan4--,! gr\p ( ru9s 9 ,yucatan call$ ,xki*mook 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,h4 ,?ompson 9 #ahhh1 :5 he read a pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society embody+ 8 fir/ impressions ( x4 ,he has s9ce made /udies ( x ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s4 ,! gr\p is ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty miles s\? ( ,m]ida & =ty or fifty miles ea/ ( ,campe*e1 situat$ 9 a n>r[ valley betwe5 a s]ies ( rocky hills1 & has to be approa*$ by precipit\s pa?s ov] ! hillsides1 & !nce d[n ! b$s ( dry arroyos ^: ye>ly fre%ets wa% away all vegetation4 ,t5 build+s1 includ+ "o call$ ! ,palace1 & two m\nds 7 explor$1 & "s miscellane\s excavations 7 made--all ( :i* are describ$ 9 ! au?or's pap] 7,field ,columbian ,museum71 ) figures ( ! build+s & objects4 ,pott]y & flak$ /one implem5ts 7 pl5tiful1 b poli%$ implem5ts & specim5s ( sculpture 7 exce$+ly r>e4 ,! flat "u surfaces ( ! ceil+ /ones ( ! vault$ *amb]s seem to h conta9$ v elaborate designs2 9 ano!r *amb] portions ( a pa9t+ 7 /ill p>tly pres]v$2 9 ano!r1 curi\s draw+s or glyphs 9 /rong black l9es once exi/$2 9 ano!r 0 a pa9t$ human figure1 ( :i* only ! fl[+ headdress1 a portion ( ! face1 & c]ta9 devices issu+ f ! m\? & probably indicat+ spee*1 n[ rema94 ,! my/]i\s r$ h& 0 f\nd pa9t$ 9 v>i\s places1 & 9 "o a human h& 9 blue pigm5t 0 f\nd1 ! impression ( :i* 0 s fre% & p]fect 9 places t ev5 ! m9ute l9es ( ! sk9 7 visible4 ,9 t5 ye>s ( inve/igation among ! ru9s ( ,yucatan & ,campe*e n z _m specim5s ( work$ obsidian 7 f\nd z c\ld be pick$ up 9 half an h\r among c]ta9 ,mexican ru9s2 b traces ( anci5t fabrication ( fl9t implem5ts 7 m pl5tiful ?an any:]e else4 ,! ,sev5te5-,ye> & ! ,?irte5-,ye> ,locu/s4--,! p]iodical cicada1 or sev5te5-ye> locu/1 z x is call$1 is di/9ctly ,am]ican1 & has ! longe/ life p]iod ( any kn[n insect4 ,x is especially rem>kable1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>latt obs]ves 9 8 memoir ^u x1 9 its adolesc5t p]iod1 ! features ( p>ticul> div]g5ce f o!r insects be+ its long subt]ranean life ( ?irte5 or sev5te5 ye>s1 & ! p]fect regul>ity ) :i* at ! end ( ^! p]iods e g5]ation1 ?\gh numb]+ millions ( individuals1 atta9s maturity almo/ at ! same mom5t4 ,at ?is mom5t ! brood issue f ! gr\nd1 leav+ innum]able exit holes1 & sw>m ov] trees & %rubs1 fill+ ! air ) _! /rid5t calls1 & lay+ _! eggs 9 slits :i* !y cut 9 ! trees4 ,! l>v1 :5 hat*$1 fall to ! gr\nd1 & quickly burr[ out ( sight1 ea* =m+ = itself a little subt]ranean *amb] ov] "s rootlet1 :]e x rema9s ?r\gh w9t] & summ]1 buri$ f sun1 light1 & air1 & protect$ 9 a mann] f cold & fro/4444 ,x lives ?us alone 9 its moi/ e>!n *amb]1 r>ely *ang+ its position unless "s accid5t to ! n\ri%+ rootlet may necessitate its seek+ ano!r1 pass+ ! ?irte5 or sev5te5 ye>s ( its hypogeal exi/5ce 9 sl[ gr[? & prep>ation = a few weeks only ( w+$ life 9 ! air & light4 ,o!r cicadas appe> e ye>1 usually 9 comp>atively small numb]s4 ,!y are probably equally long 9 matur+1 b ! p]iods ( _! lives h f "s cause or ano!r be5 ca/ 9 (f ye>s4 ,! ?irte5-ye> broods are s\!rn1 & ! %ort5+ ( _! p]iods ( developm5t may possibly be acc\nt$ = by ! long] season ( w>m? 9 ! s\!rn ye> giv+ !m ! numb] ( h\rs or ( aggregate degrees ( w>m? 9 ?irte5 ye>s t ! m nor!rn broods c n receive 9 less ?an sev5te5 ye>s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only speculation1 & !re are difficulties 9 apply+ ! supposition to make x fit all ! facts2 & _m believe t ! two races are specifically diff]5t4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,*>les ,v4 ,riley di/+ui%$ tw5ty-two diff]5t broods ( cicadas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sev5 ( :i* app]ta9 to ! ?irte5-ye> p]iod 7,cicada tr$ecem74 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,! ,bureau ( ,nature ,/udy ( ,cornell ,univ]sity is mak+ a praisewor?y ef=t to int]e/ *ildr5 9 c>+ = birds1 or1 z its circul> has x1 treat+ !m z summ] bo>d]s4 ,x publi%es a leaflet entitl$ ,! ,birds & ,i1 :i* x s5ds free to tea*]s :o ask = x & :o w give x to _! pupils4 ,x has pictures ( v>i\s /yles ( bird h\ses1 :i* may s]ve z patt]ns = ! con/ruction ( homes = ! summ] gue/s4 ,! k9d ( birds1 ! int]e/+ circul> ( ! bureau says1 t w set up h\sekeep+ 9 ! homes t y provide w h>m no "o4 ,!y are nev] cross1 nev] ?r[ /ones or rob u1 b are always happy & h *e]ful songs4 ,we are always k9d to p hav+ su* dispositions1 & :y %\ld we n be s to birds z well8 ,! bureau invites correspond5ce f boys & girls dispos$ to ent]ta9 birds4 ,! ,national ,geographic ,society (f]s prizes ( "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s & sev5ty-five doll>s sev]ally = ! fir/ & second be/ essays relat+ to pre-,columbian discov]ies & settlem5ts ( ! ,norsem5 on ! ma9l& ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! location ( ! l&s m5tion$ 9 ! ,icel&ic ,sagas1 ! competition to close ,decemb] #ca1 #ahii4 ,! essays s5t 9 %\ld be typewritt5 9 ! ,engli% language1 n exce$+ six ?\s& words 9 l5g?1 & may be accompani$ by maps & illu/rations = explanation ( ! text1 b n = embelli%m5t4 ,! committee ( aw>ds consi/s ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,gannett1 ,pr(4 ,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t1 ,mrs4 ,anita ,newcomb ,mc,gee1 ,pr(4 ,john ,ba* ,mc,master1 & ,coa/ ,survey ,sup]9t5d5t ,h5ry ,s4 ,prit*et4 ,exp]im5ts by a ,g]man naturali/1 ,h]r ,albre*t ,be!1 summ>iz$ 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique1 ^u recognition ( "o ano!r by ants1 confirm ! op9ions ( ,lubbock1 ,mc,cook1 ,=el1 & o!rs t !y are guid$ by ! s5se ( smell4 ,h]r ,be! f\nd t an ant :itewa%$ ) liquid ( ants ( its own ne/ 0 well receiv$ by its fell[s :5 x w5t among !m2 b :5 ! liquid ( ants ( a diff]5t ne/ 0 appli$ x 0 attack$ at once4 ,an ant wa%$ ) alcohol1 next ) wat]1 & !n ) ! liquid ( a /range species 0 well receiv$ 9 a ne/ ( t species1 al?\gh x 0 mu* small] ?an any ( ! individuals compos+ x4 ,ano!r ant wa%$ ) alcohol & wat]1 dri$1 & imm$iately return$ to its fell[s ( its own ne/1 0 attack$ by !m2 b :5 kept = tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] dry+1 or long en\gh to recruit itself1 0 receiv$ by !m4 ,! foll[+ tables are tak5 f a pap] by ,dr4 ,j4 ,ri*>dson ,arm/rong 9 a rec5t ,lancet1 describ+ 8 exp]i5ce ) diph!ria antitox9e 9 private practice 9 treat+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two cases ( diph!ria3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,recov]$4 ,di$4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a4 ,total numb] ( cases treat$ f ,june #ba to ,dec4 #ag1 #ahig #db #cf #f ,sev]e cases2 antitox9e inject$ #bb #bj #b ,mild cases2 antitox9e n inject$ #bj #af #d #b4 ,total numb] ( cases treat$1 ,janu>y #a to ,decemb] #ca1 #ahih #hj #gg #c ,sev]e cases1 inject$ #ee #ed #a ,mild cases1 non-inject$ #be #bc #b ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 answ] to ! "q1 ,%\ld e case ( diph!ria be treat$ ) antitox9e1 ,dr4 ,arm/rong says3 ,"s ( ! cases are suffici5tly mild n to ne$ x1 s ,i w n g s f> z to say t x is absolutely ess5tial to inject 9 e case1 al?\gh ,i w\ld call x an excell5t practice to d s1 & ! pati5ts w\ld make mu* m rapid recov]ies4 ,i ?9k t injection ought to be insi/$ ^u z e>ly z possible 9 e case t is at all sev]e or likely to prove s1 & ,i ?9k t ! m$ical man :o does n employ antitox9e & :o loses a l>ge proportion ( 8 cases is incurr+ a responsibility :i* is almo/ crim9al4 ,! e>li] a pati5t is inject$ ! great] is ! *ance ( recov]y1 & ! m rapid is ! recov]y4 ,among ! lead+ pr9ciples ( =e/ry1 z def9$ by ! *ief fire w>d5 ( ,m9nesota1 are t ! be/ agricultural l& %\ld n be devot$ to =e/ :ile wood & timb] c be pr(itably gr[n on soil t is unfit = f>m+ purposes2 t ! managem5t %\ld be cont9u\s1 & no m timb] %\ld be tak5 out ( ! =e/ 9 "o ye>1 or 9 a s]ies ( t5 or tw5ty ye>s1 ?an gr[s 9 ! entire =e/ 9 ! same p]iod2 t ! cutt+ ( timb] %\ld be 9 blocks or /rips1 s z to facilitate reproduction on ! cle> areas by se$s fall+ f ! trees left /&+2 & t ! =e/1 :5 "y1 mu/ h 9 numb]s va/ly m trees ?an :5 x is mature4 ,to make good timb]1 ! =e/1 :5 "y1 mu/ be cr[d$ s z to secure height gr[?4 ,mix$ wood1 manag$ on =e/ry pr9ciples 9 ! ,black ,=e/ ( ,g]many1 has p] acre1 at ! age ( tw5ty ye>s1 #c1ifj trees2 at ! age ( "o hundr$ ye>s1 #bfb trees4 ,a new process = ! production ( a textile mat]ial is ?us describ$ 9 ,indu/ries & ,iron3 ,x consi/s ( 'squirt+1' 9 a fa%ion simil> to t ( mak+ electric inc&esc5t c>bons1 pure gelat9 9 ?reads ( ab\t "o ?\s&? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! ?read be+ tak5 away on revolv+ tapes4 ,! ?reads are w\nd ^u reels & expos$ to =mal9 vapor1 :i* ex]cises a mo/ rem>kable effect on ! gelat91 r5d]+ x insoluble 9 any m$ium yet appli$ to x4 ,! t5sile qualities ( ! ?read are also increas$1 :ile1 9 opposition to t produc$ "u ! ,lehn] process 7:i* is simply =m+ nitrat$ cellulose into ?reads = weav+71 x is capable ( tak+ up any dye desir$2 & x is1 ( c\rse1 imp]vi\s to any hygroscopic influ5ce4 ,,notes4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,c4 ,pick]+1 ( ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 ann\nces ! discov]y by ,mrs4 ,flem+ ( a new v>iable /> 9 ,sagitt>ius4 ,x 0 f\nd on eight ( ! photographs 9 h] l>ge collection4 ,on ,m>* #h1 #ahih1 x 0 ( ! fif? magnitude1 & on ,april #bi1 #ahih1 ( ! eigh? magnitude4 ,a plate tak5 on ,m>* #i1 #ahii1 %[s x /ill visible & ( ! t5? magnitude4 ,its spectrum resembles t ( o!r new />s4 ,! entire numb] ( new />s discov]$ s9ce #ahhe is six1 ( :i* five h be5 f\nd by ,mrs4 ,flem+4 ,because ( ! great loss by fire :i* occurs e ye> 9 ! ,russian villages1 ! gov]nm5t is mak+ ef=ts to induce ! peasantry1 says ! ,saturday ,review1 to employ "s less dang]\s mat]ial ?an /raw ?at* = ! ro(+ ( _! izbas4 ,!re has already be5 a l>ge increase 9 ! use ( %+le1 & ?is has l$ to a consid]able importation f ,belgium & ,g]many1 & also f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( simple & inexp5sive %+le mak+ ma*9es1 = use 9 rural di/ricts4 ,g]man manufactur]s1 ^: comm]cial intellig5ce dep>tm5t is rem>kably well in=m$1 are n[ mak+ r$\bl$ ef=ts to meet ! imm5se dem& anticipat$4 ,an improv$ & inexp5sive h& fire eng9e is also be+ provid$4 ,ro(+ felt or pap] is v g5]ally us$ "u ! %+le1 & ! dem& = ?is is also increas+4 ,a f\r? specim5 ( ! ,notornis ,mantelli1 a bird ( ,new ,zeal& suppos$ to h become ext9ct1 0 captur$ 9 ,augu/ la/1 & has be5 prep>$ = ! museum by ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,b5ham4 ,! fir/ specim5 0 obta9$1 rec5tly sla91 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,mantell1 9 #ahdi1 & is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ! second 0 kill$ by ,maoris 9 #ahea1 & is 9 ! ,colonial ,collection2 & ! ?ird1 n[ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum1 0 tak5 9 #ahgi4 ,all ^! birds 7 f\nd 9 a s+le d5ud$ region ( ! c\ntry4 ,! pres5t specim5 0 caught by a dog 9 ! bu%es ne> ,lake ,te ,anan1 /ill 9 ! same region1 & is a v f9e "y female4 ,a plant gr[+ 9 ! d5se jungles ( ,langsuam1 ,siam1 0 describ$ by ,h4 ,w>+ton ,smy?1 9 an address to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 z hav+ ! prop]ty ( sett+ up a great irritation 9 ! sk9 ( any p]son com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,x has a l>ge1 broad leaf1 & ! ,siamese decl>e t1 aft] be+ badly /ung by x1 ! only rem$y is ! heat ( a fire2 to ba! 9 a /ream1 :i* is ! natural impulse1 is consid]$ absolutely fatal4 ,a spot on ! ,kra-,*ampawn trail is kn[n z ,burmatai1 f ! fact t a p>ty ( ,burmese1 com+ across to h>ry _! neighbors 9 ! old fight+ days1 are said to h got into a ?ick gr[? ( ?is plant1 & to h ba!d 9 ! /ream to allay ! agony1 ) ! result t !y all di$ !re4 ,! ,siamese call ! plant kalang-ton *ang4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ,belgium ! dog has be5 employ$ z a bea/ ( burd5 f "t immemorial4 ,! ,belgian dog 7kn[n only by ?is "n7 is a l>ge1 compactly built animal1 measur+ f tw5ty to ?irty in*es 9 height2 ! hair is smoo? & %ort1 g5]ally tan or d>k br[n 9 color4 ,x is ! cu/om to crop bo? e>s & tail4 ,! dogs are usually driv5 be=e c>ts weigh+ f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds1 9 teams ( f two to six abrea/4 ,a h>ness v simil> 9 arrangem5t to t ( ! horse is us$4 ,six ( ^! animals w draw f six to eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,!y are put to "w :5 ab\t a ye> old4 ,!y v>y 9 price f tw5ty-five to sixty %ill+s4 ,!re are ov] two ?\s& dogs 9 ,gh5t lic5s$ z draught animals4 ,a plant describ$ by ,m4 ,h5ri ,*antrey z mo/ probably answ]+ to ! manna f\nd by ! ,hebrews 9 ! des]t is ! ?allophyte ,canona escul5ta1 or edible li*51 :i* gr[s 9 ! des]ts ( ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,sah>a4 ,x is a grayi% cryptogam ( ab\t ! size ( a pea1 be>+ %ort bracteate app5dages on its top2 :5 cut1 x resembles a mass ( dull :ite fl\r pa/e4 ,x is an ephem]al sub/ance1 & mu/ be collect$ ! morn+ x appe>s1 z x w soon dry up2 b :5 prop]ly prep>$ x c be kept 9 a close vessel4 ,x is highly appreciat$ by ! w&]+ ,arabs1 :o h (t5 be5 sav$ by x f />vation1 & !y lay up /ores ( x :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,x is easily collect$1 = x nev] adh]es to any =eign body1 &1 s f> z appe>ance goes1 seems z if x might h be5 ?r[n on ! gr\nd4 ,!re is b little sugge/ion ( ! mu%room 9 its ta/e1 :i* is r />*y1 ) a slight flavor ( sug>4 ,cattle are v fond ( x4 ,! ,arabs boil x into a gelat9\s pa/e1 :i* !y s]ve 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!y pres]ve x by dry+ x 9 ! %ade & pack x 9 bladd]s or sk9s4 ,x is n a complete fir/-class food1 b is v good = a few days till some?+ bett] c be got4 ,! ,j]nkontoret ( ,sw$5 is an ironma/]s' ex*ange at ,/ockholm1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #agdg = ! f9ancial conv5i5ce ( ! subscrib]s1 & n[ possesses a res]ve fund ( ab\t #a1ejj1jjj4 ,! functions ( ! society h be5 consid]ably enl>g$ s9ce its in/itution4 ,x has organiz$ a corps ( m9+ eng9e]s & metallurgi/s1 :o receive sal>ies f x1 & fur!r f manufactur]s :om !y may s]ve4 ,!y are (t5 commission$ to g abroad & obta9 in=mation & practical h9ts be>+ ^u _! pr(ession4 ,! in/itution is support$ by a light assessm5t on ! production ( its con/itu5cy4 ,x has a f9e build+1 & publi%es an annual volume 9 ,j]nkontorets ,annal51 conta9+ orig9al memoirs & reports f te*nical ag5ts1 :i* is s5t gratuit\sly to all ! ma/]s ( =ges 9 ,sw$51 & is sold abroad4 ,9 a numb] ( glass mirrors ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 exam9$ by ,m4 ,b]!lot1 ! glass 0 coat$ ) a metallic sub/ance & ) a lay] ( :iti% mat]ial4 ,! metal prov$ to be lead1 ) no trace ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 t91 antimony1 or m]cury1 & no sign ( organic sub/ance 0 pres5t4 ,x 0 ?us %[n t no extrane\s mat]ial 0 us$ to cem5t ! lead to ! glass4 ,! mirrors appe>$ to h be5 cut f holl[ bl[n glass globes1 & x is possible t be=e ! globe 0 cut ! molt5 lead _h be5 p\r$ into ! int]ior1 & _h adh]$ to ! previ\sly w>m$ glass4 ,! :iti% lay] consi/$ ( lead c>bonate & lead oxide =m$ by ! oxidation ( ! lead coat+ & calcium c>bonate1 :i* _h be5 deposit$ f ! wat] ( ! di/rict 9 :i* ! mirrors 7 f\nd4 ,! li/ ( rec5t dea?s among m5 kn[n 9 connection ) sci5ce & its applications includes ! names ( ,pr(4 ,k>l ,mll]1 botani/1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,g]man sci5tific weekly1 ,die ,natur1 ,febru>y #i?1 ag$ eighty-"o ye>s2 ,sir ,john ,/ru!rs1 em]itus pr(essor ( anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 9 8 sixty-sev5? ye>2 ,john ,kreusi1 me*anical eng9e] & inv5tor1 at ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y41 ,janu>y #bb;d1 ag$ fifty-six ye>s2 ,?omas ,cook1 tea*] ( anatomy & au?or ( works on ! subject1 9 ,london1 ,febru>y #h?2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,veitmey]1 civil eng9e]1 9 ,b]l92 ,dr4 ,c>l ,s*o5le91 ( ! ,zological ,/ation at ,naples1 ag$ =ty ye>s2 ,major-,g5]al ,joseph ,j4 ,reynolds1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 =m]ly pr(essor ( me*anics & eng9e]+ at ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,febru>y #bf?1 ag$ sev5ty-sev5 ye>s2 ,dr4 ,alex&re ,lab\lbne1 pr(essor ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & au?or ( a treatise on pa?ological anatomy & a book on ,fr5* entomological fauna1 ag$ sev5ty-?ree ye>s2 ,dr4 ,philipp ,j4 ,j4 ,val5t9i1 ,am]icani/ & /ud5t ( anci5t ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican monum5ts & codices1 9 ,new ,york1 ,m>* #af?1 9 8 sev5ty-fir/ ye>2 ,gu/ave ,wi$mann1 pr(essor ( physics & *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipsic1 & writ] on electricity & magnetism2 & ,major ,j4 ,evans1 pr(essor ( pa?ology 9 ! ,calcutta ,m$ical ,college1 ,m>* #ac?4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,words surr\nd$ by are italiciz$4 ,words surr\nd$ by are bold4 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 repair$1 o!r inconsi/5t spell+s h be5 kept1 includ+ inconsi/5t use ( hyph5 7e4g4 air %ip & air-%ip71 diacritical m>ks 7e4g4 tat & tat71 & prop] names 7e4g4 ,do/oievski & ,do/oiewski74 ,captions add$ to captionless illu/rations4 ,"s illu/rations 7 relocat$ to correspond to _! ref]5ces 9 ! text4