,transcriber's ,note3 ,minor typographical errors have been corrected without note4 ,irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed4 ,words printed in italics are noted with underscores3 italics4 ,,handbooks ,,of ,,practical ,,gardening--,v ,,edited ,,by ,,harry ,,roberts ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,bulbs ,illustration3 ,,early ,,tulips ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,bulbs ,,by ,s4 ,,arnott1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,together ,,with ,,an ,,introductory ,,chapter ,,on ,,the ,,botany ,,of ,,bulbs ,,by ,,the ,,editor ,,john ,,lane3 ,,the ,,bodley ,,head ,,london ,,and ,,new ,,york4 ,,mcmi ,printed by ,turnbull ,spears1 ,edinburgh4 ,,contents ,,page ,editor's ,note x ,concerning ,bulbs xi ,introductory #a ,value of ,bulbs--,bulbs in ,grass--,arrangement in ,borders--,bulbs for ,cutting--,propagating ,bulbs--,diseases of ,bulbs4 ,hardy ,bulbs #g ,aconitums--,alliums--,alstrmerias--,ane mones4 ,hardy ,bulbs #ae ,amaryllises--,anthericums--,antholyzas- -,apios--,aris--,arums-- ,asphodelines--,asphodeluses--,belamcand a--,bloomerias--,brodias --,bulbocodiums4 ,hardy ,bulbs #ba ,calochorti and ,cyclobothras--,camassias--,colchicums-- ,convallarias--,forcing ,lily of the ,valley--,corydalises-- ,crinums--,crocosmias and ,montbretias--,crocuses4 ,hardy ,bulbs #bi ,cyclamens--,dicentras--,dieramas--,eran this--,eremuruses-- ,erythroniums--,eucomises4 ,hardy ,bulbs #ce ,fritillarias--,funkias--,galanthuses--, galtonias--,gladioli-- ,hemerocallises4 ,hardy ,bulbs #db ,hyacinths--,hyacinths in ,pots--,scillas--,puschkinias-- ,chionodoxas--,chionoscillas--,muscaris4 ,hardy ,bulbs #dh ,irises--,kniphofias--,lapeyrousias--,le ucojums4 ,hardy ,bulbs #ed ,liliums--,liliums in ,pots--,malvastrum--,merenderas--,millas -- ,narcissi--,narcissi in ,pots4 ,hardy ,bulbs #fj ,ornithogalums--,oxalises--,ponias--,ran unculuses--,romuleas-- ,sanguinarias--,sternbergias--,schizosty lis--,tecophilas-- ,trilliums4 ,hardy ,bulbs #fe ,tulips--,zephyranthes4 ,half-hardy ,bulbs #gb ,acidantheras--,albucas--,alstroemerias- -,androstephiums-- ,besseras--,boussingaultias--,bravoas--, cypellas--,dahlias-- ,galaxias--,geissorhizas and ,hesperanthas4 ,half-hardy ,bulbs #gg ,gladioli--,ixias--,sparaxises--,babiana s--,morphixias--,tritonias4 ,half-hardy ,bulbs #hc ,ixiolirions--,moras--,ornithogalums--,o xalises--,phdranassas --,pancratiums--,tigridias--,zephyranthe s--,cooperias4 ,greenhouse and ,stove ,bulbs #ij ,achimenes--,alocasias--,amorphophalluse s--,arismas--,arums-- ,begonias--,bomareas--,caladiums4 ,greenhouse and ,stove ,bulbs #ig ,clivias--,colocasias--,crinums--,cyclam ens--,cyrtanthuses-- ,eucharises and ,urceocharis--,eurycles4 ,greenhouse and ,stove ,bulbs #ajb ,freesias--,gloxinias--,hmanthuses--,hip peastrums4 ,greenhouse and ,stove ,bulbs #aji ,lachenalias--,nerines and ,lycorises--,pancratiums and ,hymenocallises--,richardias--,sprekelia s--,tuberoses--,vallotas --,watsonias--,zephyranthes4 ,,illustrations ,,page ,,early ,,tulips 7from a drawing by ,ethel ,roskruge7 ,frontispiece ,,snowdrops ,,in ,,grass #c ,,allium ,,triquetrum #i ,,white ,,crocuses ,,in ,,grass #be ,,eremurus ,,robustus #ca ,,gladiolus1 ,,the ,,bride #ci ,,snowflakes #ea ,,tulips ,,carpeted ,,by ,,arabis #fg ,,lilium ,,auratum #he ,,lilium ,,candidum #ic ,,white ,,scillas #ajc ,,editor',s ,,note ,like many another distinguished gardener1 ,mr ,arnott is a ,scotsman1 being a native of ,dumfries1 and now living in the adjoining county of ,kirkcudbright4 ,for the last fourteen years his name has been a familiar one to readers of the leading journals devoted to gardening1 for he has been a very frequent contributor to ,the ,gardener's ,chronicle1 ,the ,gardener's ,magazine1 ,the ,garden1 ,the ,journal of ,horticulture1 and other papers4 ,although not a professional gardener1 ,mr ,arnott is a practical one1 for he manages at least the flower department of his beautiful garden almost without assistance2 and having spent most of his life amongst flowers--his mother being a great gardener--he is a successful plant grower1 as well as an interested one4 ,mr ,arnott takes an active part in the work of encouraging the gardening spirit among his countrymen1 and is a member of the ,scientific ,committee of the ,royal ,caledonian ,horticultural ,society1 as well as a member of other leading associations with similar aims4 ,,concerning ,,bulbs ,,by ,,the ,,editor ,anyone who has observed ever so casually the order of flowering of the plants in garden or hedgerow1 must have noticed that bulbous plants figure prominently amongst those which flower in the early months of the year4 ,winter ,aconite1 ,snowdrop1 ,crocus1 ,scilla1 ,chionodoxa1 ,daffodil1 ,fritillary1 ,anemone1 and ,tulip are among the greatest treasures of the spring garden1 and though these are not all strictly bulbous plants1 they all have either bulbous1 tuberous1 or other enlarged form of root or underground stem which serves a like purpose4 ,even those early flowers1 the primroses1 are borne on plants whose thick1 fleshy1 underground parts are almost tuberous in appearance2 and it will be found that all the earliest blooming plants of spring are furnished with large stores of nutriment in root or stem4 ,only by virtue of these granaries of materialised solar energy1 accumulated during the spring and summer of the previous year1 are plants able to manufacture leaves and beautiful flowers in those early months during which the sun yields little heat and light1 so essential to healthy plant life4 ,in a sense1 we may consider bulbs and tubers as functionally equivalent to seeds1 for they contain within sundry wrappings a dormant plant and stores of food material1 wherewith the young plant may be nourished from the time when growth commences until the plant can fend for itself4 ,it is easy to understand how great an advantage it may be to a plant1 in which cross-fertilisation is essential to racial vigour1 to open its flowers before the great armies of floral rivals expose their baits to the gaze of flying insects whose visits are desired4 ,for a like reason1 it is advantageous to certain flowers to appear late in autumn after the summer flowers have withered and the competition for insect visitors has abated4 ,these also have usually woody stems1 or bulbous or tuberous rhizomes or roots1 in which are stored reserves of starch1 sugar1 and other foods formed in the season of sunlight4 ,fibrous-rooted plants1 on the other hand1 for the most part flower between the months of ,april and ,september1 when the daily hours of sunlight are many4 ,we commonly speak of the bulbs of crocuses as of tulips or of onions1 but morphologically there is a distinction1 although functionally there is little or none4 ,if we examine a tulip bulb1 we find that it is mainly composed of thick succulent scales which closely overlap one another1 in the centre being a flattish axis continuous with the roots below1 and with the leaf and flower-bearing stalk above4 ,this axis is part of the tulip's stem1 the fleshy scales being morphologically but modified leaves whose basal portions have become swollen with stores of nutriment4 ,after the tulip has flowered1 it sets to work to manufacture fresh supplies of food material which is sent down the stem and there accumulated in a new bulb1 formed by the development of a bud contained among the scales of the old and now withered bulb of the previous year4 ,these stores will1 in the following season1 enable the tulip to cut a pretty figure before it or other plant has had time or opportunity for preparing fresh supplies by the aid of the spring-time sun alone4 ,the so-called bulb of the crocus has a somewhat different structure4 ,the crocus bulb does not1 like that of the tulip1 consist of overlapping scales1 but of a more or less homogeneous mass enclosed in a stiff membrane1 within which may sometimes be seen two or three smaller membranes of similar structure4 ,from the lower part of the bulb issue roots1 and from its summit proceed the leaf-bearing and flower-bearing shoots4 ,the crocus bulb is not strictly what botanists call a bulb1 but is a corm 7,greek3 ,kormos a stem71 the expansion being composed of the swollen base of the stem and not1 as with true bulbs1 of the leaves--the latter having degenerated into mere membranous sheaths1 which have no function beyond serving as protective envelopes for the food store and living nucleus within4 ,as in the case of the tulip1 so the crocus1 having flowered in the early days of the year1 proceeds to make and store up fresh supplies of starch and other food in readiness for the following year4 ,the base of the stem enlarges above the old and withering corm1 from which it sucks the remaining nutriment4 ,fresh roots are formed1 some of which1 having penetrated the soil to a varying depth1 contract in length1 and so draw down the new corm to the level of the old4 ,this contractile power of roots has another office of great interest in connection with bulbs and corms4 ,i have said that new bulbs form around the old exhausted ones by the development of buds in the axils of the leaf scales4 ,it is obvious that in this way overcrowding must result1 and that the young bulbs must often fare badly through being obliged to seek nourishment from soil already half exhausted of the elements necessary for the plants' health4 ,but by the development of lateral roots which subsequently contract1 such bulbs are often pulled to an appreciable distance from their parent1 and thus gradually by yearly steps spread over a considerable area4 ,kerner quotes an interesting illustration of this process4 ,some soil containing bulbs of ,tulipa sylvestris was once put in a garden in ,vienna in the middle of a grass plot shaded by maple trees4 ,as the grass was mowed every year before the flowers opened there was no formation of seeds1 and the tulips could only multiply by offshoots4 ,after about twenty years1 the lawn was covered with tulip leaves1 which arose from subterranean bulbs occupying an area ten paces in diameter4 ,thus1 in the time mentioned1 the bulbs had spread for about five paces in all directions in consequence of the pull of the contracting roots4 ,indeed1 the underground life of bulbous plants1 both during their more active stages of growth1 and in those times mistakenly spoken of as the periods of rest1 is full of interest to the careful observer4 ,that curious process of ripening which is essential to the health of nearly all bulbs is itself no merely mechanical change4 ,each plant has its peculiar time for bursting through the surface of earth1 for expanding its first leaves1 and for displaying the glory of its first blooms2 and any material hastening of these processes by the artificial application of heat means1 except in a few species1 subsequent debility to the plant1 and1 as a rule 7though not invariably71 diminished character in the flowers thus forced4 ,there are1 however1 plants1 such as ,lilies of the ,valley1 to which the so-called resting stage seems of less duration and importance1 and it is such flowers which may be forced under carefully arranged conditions with little ill result4 ,among our ,english wild flowering plants1 the principal ones furnished with bulbs or corms are to be found in the orders ,iridace1 ,amaryllidace1 and ,liliace4 ,included in the former are the very rare purplish flower known as ,columna's trichonema1 and the doubtfully native ,crocus sativus1 the autumnal saffron crocus1 referred to by ,hakluyt at the close of the sixteenth century3 ,this commodity of ,saffron groweth fifty miles from ,tripoli1 in ,syria1 on an high hyll1 called in those parts ,gasian1 so as there you may learn at that part of ,tripoli the value of the pound1 the goodnesse of it1 and the places of the vent4 ,but it is said that from that hyll there passeth yerely of that commodity fifteen moiles laden1 and that those regions notwithstanding lacke sufficiency of that commodity4 ,but if a vent might be found1 men would in ,essex 7about ,saffron ,walden71 and in ,cambridgeshire1 revive the trade for the benefit of the setting of the poore on worke4 ,so would they do in ,herefordshire1 by ,wales1 where the best of all ,england is1 in which place the soil yields the wilde ,saffron commonly1 which showeth the natural inclination of the same soile to the bearing of the right ,saffron1 if the soile be manured and that way employed4 ,the ,amaryllis order contains the ,daffodil and the ,snowdrop1 as well as ,leucojum stivum1 which is thought by some to be a native species4 ,it is1 however1 the order of the ,liliace to which belong the majority of ,english bulbous flowering plants4 ,bluebells1 like heavens upbreaking through the earth1 purple ,fritillaries1 yellow ,tulips1 ,stars of ,bethlehem with curious greenish flowers1 ,vernal ,scillas1 the not-so-pretty ,s4 autumnalis1 and the ,broad-leaved ,garlic1 whose white flowers are among the most beautiful of all1 though the scent of the whole plant is very grosse and very unpleasant for fayre ladies and tender lily rose colloured damsels which often time profereth sweet breathes before gentle wordes4 ,there are a few other ,british bulbous and cormous plants scattered among the various orders1 such as the ,meadow-saffron which is still used in pharmacy1 but the greater number are contained in the three orders named4 ,,chapter ,i ,,introductory ,value of ,bulbs--,bulbs in ,grass--,arrangement in ,borders--,bulbs for ,cutting--,propagating ,bulbs--,diseases of ,bulbs ,,bulbous ,,and ,,tuberous ,,plants ,our gardens owe so much of their charm to the free use of plants with bulbous or tuberous roots1 that it is unnecessary to impress their value upon the reader4 ,we have only to cast our thoughts upon the many flowers of this character which bloom from the dawn of the year to its close1 to recognise their almost transcendent claims upon our notice4 ,in the following pages an attempt has been made to assist those who wish to know something more than they have done about these plants4 ,much more could have been said1 but the scope of the work would not permit of exhaustive details4 ,in addition1 however1 to the information given in the chapters dealing with the various plants1 it is desirable that a few general hints should be given regarding the uses of these plants1 and how they may be turned to most account4 ,,bulbs ,,in ,,the ,,grass ,one of the most delightful phases of bulb-growing is that of the cultivation of hardy species in the grass4 ,nowhere do they look so well as against the grass1 whose leafage seems to harmonise so well with the general character of the bulbous plants4 ,in addition to this1 many of these bulbous plants will thrive much better in grass than in a cultivated border1 where there is often too much bare soil1 and where other flowers of encroaching nature can injure them4 ,nearly all hardy bulbs do well in grass if the place is properly prepared for them by removing a portion of the turf1 forking up the earth beneath1 and adding fresh soil when it is too poor1 and then replacing the turf4 ,one thing must be remembered as a sine-qua-non1 and this is1 that on no account must the grass be cut until the plants have ripened their leaves4 ,this will be shown by the foliage becoming yellow4 ,neglect of this has been the cause of much disappointment1 and it is thus advisable that the bulbs should not be planted where a neatly kept grass plot is wanted early in the year4 ,in planting the bulbs1 they ought not to be arranged in regular lines1 but in masses or informal groups4 ,as good a plan as any to follow in planting in masses in the wilder parts of the grounds1 is to throw the bulbs down from the hand1 and to plant them where they fall4 ,a good lesson will be given by a glance at a long-established plantation of ,snowdrops or of the wild ,scilla nutans1 where these will be seen to have formed charming groups and masses of greater beauty than any formal arrangement would give4 ,,arrangement ,,in ,,borders ,it is more difficult to arrange bulbs in borders in pleasing ways1 and in such a manner as to harmonise or contrast in colouring with other flowers in bloom at the same time4 ,one desirable way is not to keep all the early flowering bulbs near the front of the border1 as one would naturally do1 because of their dwarf habit1 but to plant them so as to give balance in the border at the different seasons4 ,bulbous plants1 like most others1 look better in groups than scattered singly in lines1 and it is wiser1 as a rule1 to plant a clump of one kind than a mixed mass4 ,one exception1 at least1 is in the ,montbretias1 which1 when mixed1 look even prettier than in separate groups of one shade4 ,colour arrangement is always a troublesome question in planting these flowers1 and there is more satisfaction1 if harmony instead of sharp contrast is aimed at1 by arranging1 say1 different shades of yellow together1 than in working to secure strong contrasting effects4 ,such a contrast as the white ,galtonia candicans and ,gladiolus brenchleyensis is striking at the time1 but it is not one on which the eye would love to dwell from day to day and from hour to hour4 ,illustration3 ,,snowdrops ,,in ,,grass ,,bulbs ,,for ,,cutting ,these plants afford an almost endless choice for cutting purposes1 although some cannot be cut of great length of stem without destroying the strength of the bulb for another year4 ,the flowers are generally best when cut before quite open1 and such flowers will usually open perfectly in water1 and will last much longer than if pulled when fully expanded4 ,where many flowers are used1 it is better to grow a stock in the reserve garden or in an out-of-the-way border1 to avoid destroying the beauty of the more conspicuous parts of the garden4 ,,propagating ,,bulbs ,the greater number of bulbs are propagated by offsets1 produced from the old bulbs1 and which are best removed when the foliage has died down4 ,named ,hyacinths are increased by cutting across the base of the bulbs1 or scooping out the interior1 afterwards allowing the wounds to callous partially4 ,young bulbs are produced at the wounded parts4 ,raising bulbs from seeds1 although slow1 is very interesting work1 and ought to be more largely followed for the purpose of obtaining new varieties4 ,seeds are sown in the ordinary way in pans1 and the young bulbs grown on until they attain flowering size1 generally from two to five years1 according to the genus and the treatment they receive4 ,liliums are also propagated by scales of the bulbs1 inserted in pots or pans1 with a portion of the base attached4 ,these will eventually form little bulbs1 to be grown on as in the case of seedlings4 ,tuberous-rooted plants1 like the ,anemone1 are propagated by division of the tubers4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,bulbs ,these plants are subject to a variety of diseases1 such as always appear among plants grown in large numbers together4 ,the leading genera1 such as the ,lilium1 the ,iris1 the ,gladiolus1 or the ,hyacinth1 are all affected1 and although many remedies have been tried it is difficult to find a cure4 ,i find ,veltha gives good results1 but where the disease cannot be exterminated by such means it is better to destroy all affected plants1 and to give the others fresh soil4 ,a surface dressing of new soil with a little kainit added is beneficial4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,aconitums--,alliums--,alstroemerias--,a nemones ,,aconitums ,although the effective ,aconitums or ,monkshoods of our gardens are usually classed with ordinary herbaceous plants1 the best of those with tuberous roots can hardly be omitted from this work4 ,they are of much service in the mixed border or the wild garden1 and it is only the poisonous properties of these plants which make one view them with suspicion4 ,they should not be planted where any danger can result to children or to animals4 ,their nomenclature is very confused but the names below are authoritative4 ,the following are some of the best3--,cammarum1 four feet1 purple2 flaccidum1 six feet1 violet2 heterophyllum1 two feet1 yellow and blue2 japonicum1 six feet1 flesh2 ,lycoctonum1 a pretty yellow species1 four to six feet high2 ,napellus1 very poisonous1 in several varieties1 four to six feet2 paniculatum1 three feet2 and variegatum1 three to six feet1 blue1 white1 or blue and white4 ,all of these grow in any soil and can be planted in spring or autumn4 ,,alliums ,the ,alliums can hardly be classed as among the choicest of bulbous plants2 but although not among the lite of our garden flowers1 there are1 however1 among them some pleasing and useful flowers1 and a few remarks upon some of those most easily obtainable may be of service4 ,it may be premised that the ,alliums are most suitable for naturalising in grass or in wild gardens1 as many of them are so prolific that they are apt to become troublesome in the border4 ,they usually seed very freely and some produce offsets in great numbers1 while others1 again1 form little bulbils on their heads which eventually form separate individuals4 ,almost all are of easy cultivation1 although some of the ,central ,asian and ,californian species need a little protection in winter4 ,a4 acuminatum is a pretty dwarf species with deep rose flowers1 and other pretty dwarf forms or species of similar or deeper colour are ,bidwilli1 ,breweri1 falcifolium1 ,fetisowii1 macnabianum1 narcissiflorum1 ostrowskianum1 and pedemontanum4 ,a few blue species exist and are generally very pretty1 though sometimes tender2 of these1 cruleum1 cyaneum1 kansuense1 and violaceum may be mentioned4 ,a great many have white flowers and it is among these that we find the most valued of the species4 ,the greatest favourite is neapolitanum1 so much used for forcing1 and which is grown in pots under the same treatment as other bulbous plants4 ,other pretty white species are triquetrum1 subvillosum1 ,erdelii1 and falciforme4 ,none of the yellow species are equal to the old ,a4 ,moly1 a bright ,june flower1 but others of worth in their own way are flavum1 and the straw-coloured stramineum4 ,good tall species1 some having ornamental foliage1 are karataviense1 giganteum1 sphrocephalum1 nigrum1 ,suworowi1 and nobile4 ,the great drawback of the ,alliums is their odour1 which is1 however1 not always perceptible except when the flowers are cut4 ,illustration3 ,,allium ,,triquetrum ,,alstroemerias ,there are few finer or more useful garden flowers than the ,alstroemerias1 whose brilliant colours and uncommon forms are great attractions4 ,as cut flowers they are highly prized4 ,they like a free root run1 and a rather light1 rich soil4 ,the tubers should be planted in spring1 nearly a foot deep1 but they are easily raised from seeds sown in gentle heat in spring4 ,several of the species are too tender for outdoor cultivation everywhere1 the hardiest being ,a4 aurantiaca1 which has yellow flowers of varying shades4 ,chilensis and peruviana1 or versicolor1 and psittacina of gardens 7syn4 pulchella71 are all fairly hardy1 psittacina possessing a singular combination of crimson and green colouring4 ,a4 pelegrina and its variety alba are exceedingly beautiful1 but require frame treatment except in the south4 ,diazii1 ,ligtu1 and hmantha 7syn4 ,simsii7 are very beautiful and more or less hardy according to the climate and soil4 ,some lime rubbish is often useful mixed with the soil1 together with a little peat or leaf-mould4 ,,anemones ,the tuberous-rooted ,anemones1 which alone come under the scope of this work1 form a section which embraces flowers of surpassing beauty4 ,generally dwarf in stature1 these ,windflowers give us much variety of colouring1 from the pure white of ,a4 nemorosa to the deep scarlet of ,a4 fulgens1 with the blues1 purples1 and other tints of ,a4 coronaria1 and the bright yellow of ,a4 ranunculoides4 ,usually of easy cultivation1 they are among the choicest ornaments of our gardens4 ,a4 apennina1 the ,apennine ,windflower1 is a delightful little plant1 growing about six inches high and having pretty blue flowers4 ,there are white and rose-coloured varieties4 ,it likes a peaty soil1 and prefers shade4 ,it is a charming plant to naturalise in the woods1 where it flowers in ,march and ,april4 ,a4 baldensis1 the ,mount ,baldo ,windflower1 is of erect but dwarf habit1 and grows about six inches high4 ,it has little white flowers tinged with blue or red1 and does well on a rockery in half-shade in sand and peat4 ,a4 blanda1 the ,fair1 or ,greek ,windflower1 is one of the earliest of our flowers in sunny gardens1 and frequently opens soon after ,new ,year's ,day4 ,it needs a well-drained1 warm position1 but flowers better on a stiffish soil4 ,there are several forms of this very beautiful ,windflower4 ,that called cypriana has flowers which vary from white to lilac and pale blue1 and the variety taurica has blooms which embrace an even deeper blue among its shades4 ,the variety scythinica is one of the choicest4 ,the exterior of the flower is blue1 while the inside is pure white4 ,the seeds of ,a4 blanda should be sown as soon as ripe4 ,a4 caroliniana1 a ,north ,american ,anemone1 now referred to heterophylla1 grows about nine inches high1 and has finely cut leaves and white or purplish flowers in ,may4 ,it likes a shady place and peaty soil4 ,a4 coronaria is the well-known ,poppy or ,crown ,anemone1 which is so wonderfully varied in its form and colouring4 ,we have no more effective flower than this in beds or lines in ,may4 ,for cutting1 its blooms are most useful4 ,this ,anemone is best propagated from seed annually4 ,it likes a rich1 light soil1 and cow manure is the best to apply to it4 ,the ,st ,brigid strain is a charming one1 and the flowers it produces are of great beauty4 ,tubers of ,a4 coronaria of excellent quality can be purchased at a very low price1 and should be planted in a sunny position about three inches deep in ,october or ,november4 ,seeds should be sown in ,march or ,april1 and should be mixed with dry soil or sand to separate them4 ,the double ,crown ,anemones are very beautiful1 although not so much grown as when they were favourite florists' flowers4 ,they are of almost every colour but yellow4 ,a good white is named ,the ,bride4 ,a4 fischeriana1 a ,siberian plant1 grows about six inches high1 and has white flowers4 ,a4 intermedia is a new ,anemone with yellowish flowers1 and seems allied to nemorosa4 ,a4 nemorosa1 our native ,windflower1 gives us several lovely forms4 ,the double form1 ,a4 n4 flore-pleno1 is very beautiful1 and there are a few large-flowered forms1 besides the pretty bracteata1 which has ruff-like green bracts round the flower4 ,the variety rosea and its double form have rosy flowers1 and crulea has pretty blue blooms1 but is surpassed by the charming robinsoniana of a brighter blue4 ,alleni is even larger and better coloured than the last-named4 ,all these like shade and peaty soil4 ,a4 palmata is a lovely little plant1 which grows from six to nine inches high1 and has yellow flowers4 ,there is a white variety1 and a very rare double one4 ,it likes a moist1 peaty soil4 ,a4 ranunculoides is a pretty little native species of the nemorosa type1 but with smaller yellow flowers4 ,the variety pallida1 with pale yellow blooms1 is very pretty4 ,a4 stellata1 or hortensis1 is a pretty southern ,anemone which is not so good in cold districts as ,a4 coronaria1 although pretty and varied in its colouring4 ,it likes a warm soil and sunny position4 ,there are pretty ,chrysanthemum-flowered double varieties1 and a double red1 different from fulgens fl4 pl41 which blooms pretty well1 even where the other forms do not succeed4 ,all of these may be grown from seed or by division of the tuber before planting4 ,a4 fulgens is a popular ,anemone1 because of the beauty of its brilliant scarlet flowers4 ,it is1 however1 difficult to induce to flower after the first year1 and it ought to have a warm place1 where the tubers will get well ripened after they flower4 ,there is a double form1 and a recent re-introduction1 bicolor1 has its blooms scarlet and white in stripes4 ,aldboroensis and grca are good forms4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,amaryllises--,anthericums--,antholyzas- -,apios--,arismas--,arums-- ,asphodelines--,asphodeluses--,belamcand a--,bloomerias--,brodias-- ,bulbocodiums ,,amaryllises ,the only really hardy ,amaryllis is ,a4 ,belladonna1 the ,belladonna ,lily1 which is a very effective plant with silvery rose flowers in late summer or early autumn4 ,the leaves appear in spring1 and as the flowers come after these have withered1 the ,belladonna ,lily should have some carpeting plant above the bulbs4 ,it is quite hardy if planted in a warm1 sunny position1 near a wall1 and the tops of the bulbs at least six inches below the surface4 ,it is safer to put some dry leaves or other light material over the bulbs in severe winters1 removing this when the leaves come through4 ,it also makes a good pot plant4 ,the form major is even finer4 ,,anthericums ,some of the hardy plants cultivated in gardens as ,anthericums are now included by botanists in other genera1 but they will be more conveniently dealt with together under their popular names in gardens4 ,several of these are very ornamental plants1 with handsome spikes of beautiful flowers4 ,they grow well in common soil1 not too dry1 and are best planted in autumn or spring1 at which times they may be divided when desired4 ,liliago1 ,st ,bernard's ,lily1 grows about one and a half foot high1 and has pretty white flowers from ,may4 ,there is a larger form1 called major4 ,a4 ,liliastrum1 ,st ,bruno's ,lily1 now ,paradisea ,liliastrum1 and also named ,czackia ,liliastrum1 is a still prettier plant1 with larger fragrant flowers in the beginning of summer4 ,it is taller than the foregoing4 ,there is a fine variety called major4 ,ramosum 7syn4 graminifolium71 is pretty also1 though the flowers are smaller than those of ,a4 ,liliago4 ,it flowers in ,june1 and has white blooms on stems about two feet high1 and narrow leaves4 ,hookeri1 whose proper name is ,bulbinella ,hookeri1 is a good plant for a moist border1 and has nice yellow flowers in summer4 ,,antholyzas ,antholyzas are effective plants allied to the ,gladiolus and ,crocosma1 and look very striking in the border4 ,several are hardy in the greater portion of the ,united ,kingdom if planted about three inches deep and covered the first winter with about two inches of cocoa-nut fibre4 ,one of the best is ,antholyza paniculata1 which has scarlet and yellow flowers and blooms in autumn4 ,it has handsome leaves1 and grows about three feet high1 thiopica1 ,cunonia1 and spicata are all effective1 but paniculata seems the hardiest of all4 ,there is a variety known as major4 ,they can also be grown in pots for the conservatory4 ,,apios ,the only plant of the genus in cultivation is ,a4 tuberosa1 the ,ground ,nut1 a hardy ,north ,american plant of climbing habit1 with sweet-scented purple flowers in ,august4 ,it is hardy in a sunny1 sheltered position1 and should be planted three inches deep in rich soil in late autumn or spring4 ,,aris,,mas ,these singular1 ,arum-like plants grow in rather sandy soil1 and prefer partial shade4 ,the hardy species are ringens 7syns4 prcox and ,sieboldi71 which has green1 white1 and purple flowers in spring2 and triphylla1 which has green and brown spathes in ,june and ,july4 ,they are increased by seeds or division1 and are best planted either early in autumn or in spring4 ,,arums ,the favourite flower which bears the name of ,lily of the ,nile1 or ,arum ,lily1 is not an ,arum1 and will be found spoken of as ,richardia africana1 but there are a few true ,arums which may be grown for their singularity1 if not for the beauties they reveal to those who examine them carefully4 ,the hardy species like a rich1 rather sandy soil1 with plenty of moisture in it4 ,they should not be planted out the first season until spring1 but may afterwards be left in the open ground4 ,dracontium1 the ,green ,dragon2 ,dracunculus1 the ,common ,dragon2 italicum2 maculatum1 our native ,lords and ,ladies2 orientale2 palstinum1 or sanctum 7only hardy in mild places72 proboscideum1 whose true name is ,arisarum proboscideum2 and tenuifolium are all hardy4 ,,asphodelines ,these fine hardy plants are closely allied to the ,asphodeluses1 and may be grown in deep sandy soil with plenty of water during the growing season4 ,the leading species are3--brevicaulis1 yellow and green1 about one foot high2 damascena1 two feet high1 yellow2 liburnica1 wo feet high1 yellow2 and lutea 7syn4 ,asphodelus luteus71 about four feet high1 yellow2 its double form is desirable4 ,taurica 7syn4 ,asphodelus tauricus7 has white flowers on stems about two feet high2 and tenuior1 now cretica 7syn4 ,asphodelus tenuior71 has yellow blooms on a stem about a foot high4 ,the most imposing of all is imperialis1 eight feet1 with reddish white flowers4 ,,asphodeluses ,asphodels are useful and ornamental in borders and in wild gardens4 ,when well-grown1 plants of ,a4 ramosus1 the ,king's ,spear1 are truly handsome4 ,they like a rich1 sandy loam with some manure added1 and should always have plenty of water when growing4 ,the principal species are the following3--acaulis1 pink1 flowering in ,may1 an ,algerian species and a little tender2 fistulosus1 white1 in summer1 and one a half foot high2 and ramosus1 five feet high1 in summer1 with white blooms striped with brown4 ,albus is a form of the last4 ,,belamcanda ,,punctata ,this distinct1 ,iris-like plant is usually known as ,pardanthus sinensis1 and is too seldom met with in gardens4 ,it is a little tender1 but may be cultivated in a sheltered position in light soil4 ,it grows about two feet high1 and has orange flowers spotted with brown1 and ,iris-like leaves4 ,i prefer to plant it in spring4 ,,bloomerias ,bloomerias are pretty1 hardy1 golden-yellow flowered plants1 which are but little grown1 but deserve a place in our gardens4 ,the easiest to obtain is aurea1 which grows about one foot high and has an umbel of pretty flowers1 in ,july4 ,the only other species1 ,clevelandii1 closely resembles it1 but has smaller flowers and more slender stems4 ,they like a warm position in rich1 sandy soil1 and may be planted in early autumn about two inches deep4 ,,brodi,,as ,the ,brodias have of late been deservedly coming to the front1 and their use adds much to the charms of the garden in ,june and ,july1 although growers must make up their minds to lose a few the first winter should the season be a damp one4 ,many are very beautiful1 and well repay the little trouble they give4 ,they vary much in height1 some sending up tall scapes with many-flowered umbels1 while others are quite dwarf4 ,they like a light soil and a sunny position1 and ought to be planted about two or three inches deep4 ,bridgesii and laxa bear some resemblance to each other1 and grow from one to two feet high4 ,they have flowers of a purple-blue4 ,candida resembles these1 but has paler bluish flowers4 ,capitata is another tall grower with blue flowers1 the white variety1 alba1 making a good companion4 ,coccinea1 whose proper name is ,brevoortia ,ida-,mai1 is a fine plant with tall stems and scarlet1 green-tipped flowers4 ,congesta is a tall grower with purple-blue flowers2 and other tall species with dark flowers are multiflora and californica4 ,a pretty section with yellow flowers is made up of ,hendersoni1 with its yellow flowers striped with purple1 crocea1 and ixioides and its varieties erecta and splendens4 ,the latter species is sometimes known as ,calliprora flava or lutea4 ,howelli is a fine species1 with a tall stem and porcelain flowers2 the variety lilacina is pleasing4 ,lactea and pedunculata are both good white species1 and the late-blooming ,orcutti has light blue flowers4 ,a charming set of dwarf forms will be found among grandiflora1 ,purdyi1 rosea1 and stellaris1 with blue or purple flowers2 volubilis is a curious twining species1 which needs support when it makes growth4 ,it grows about five feet high4 ,,bulbocodiums ,the only ,bulbocodium to be met with1 except in a few collections1 is ruthenicum1 almost universally known as vernum1 a pretty early spring flowering plant with rosy purple flowers1 and much resembling a ,crocus in bloom4 ,it thrives in any soil1 but should be protected from slugs4 ,there is a variegated-leaved form4 ,these should be planted about two inches deep4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,calochorti and ,cyclobothras--,camassias--,colchicums-- ,convallarias--,forcing ,lily of the ,valley--,corydalises--,crinums--,crocos mias and ,montbretias--,crocuses ,,calochorti ,,and ,,cyclobothras ,the ,calochortus1 with which is now included the ,cyclobothra1 is one of our most beautiful bulbous plants1 its appearance well justifying the names of ,butterfly ,tulip or ,star ,tulip applied to it4 ,with a little protection in the way of rough litter1 it will thrive outside in mild districts1 but those who have any fear for the safety of their bulbs can grow these flowers in frames4 ,they like a raised bed of light1 dry soil in which they may be planted in ,september or ,october three inches deep1 and protected with dry straw or spruce branches4 ,when danger from severe frost is over1 this may be removed and plenty of water given4 ,if grown in frames1 the lights may be removed at that time4 ,there are now many species and varieties in cultivation1 but the following form a good selection for those who wish to begin their cultivation3--albus1 pulchellus1 cruleus major 7these like a soil largely of leaf-mould1 in half-shade71 ,purdyi1 luteus1 splendens1 and any of the venustus varieties1 especially those of the ,eldorado strain4 ,after the leaves die down1 the bulbs should either be lifted and dried1 or covered with a frame4 ,,camassias ,the ,camassias1 or ,quamashes1 are handsome plants with long leaves and tall spikes of flowers of much beauty1 although rather fugacious4 ,the blooms are generally blue1 but there is a white variety of the pretty ,c4 esculenta and a creamy-white one called ,leichtlinii4 ,fraseri is very pretty1 and ,cusickii and ,engelmanni are also worth growing4 ,they like a rather moist1 peaty soil and a little shade when they bloom in ,may or ,june4 ,,colchicums ,colchicums or ,meadow ,saffrons are of much value in the garden in autumn1 and in large clumps or masses produce a splendid effect4 ,the few spring species are of less merit and are only desirable for those who like collections of uncommon flowers4 ,they like a rather rich soil1 and a sunny position4 ,as the leaves appear in spring1 the ,colchicums should be grown through grass or other herbage where the flowers can have some support4 ,the best time for planting is immediately after the leaves become yellow4 ,the tops of the corms or bulbs should be about three inches below the surface4 ,colchicums are very poisonous and must not be planted where there can be any danger of their being eaten for edible tubers4 ,the finest in cultivation are ,bornmulleri1 ,sibthorpii1 and speciosum1 in several forms1 including maximum1 rubrum1 and the new white album4 ,byzantinum is a good species1 and some of the double forms1 ascribed to autumnale1 are possibly varieties of this4 ,these double varieties are very useful1 the best being album fl4 pl41 roseum fl4 pl41 and striatum fl4 pl4 ,the ordinary autumnale1 of which there are several colours from white to purple1 is rather weak in the flower-tubes and is much injured by bad weather4 ,other good ,meadow ,saffrons are cilicicum1 ,bertoloni1 ,decaisnei1 alpinum1 variegatum1 ,bivoni1 and montanum4 ,the spring-blooming crociflorum1 with white flowers lined with violet1 is small and much affected by slugs4 ,the new hydrophyllum1 which likes a damp spot1 is a neat little spring species2 luteum1 also blooming in spring1 does not appear to be so hardy as any of the others4 ,,convallarias ,the cultivation of the ,lily of the ,valley out of doors calls for no special remarks beyond saying that it likes shade and some moisture4 ,it is also desirable to mention that there are varieties with pink flowers2 with double white flowers2 and with gold-striped leaves4 ,the first of these shows its colouring much better outside than when grown under glass4 ,fortin's variety and prolificans are specially good forms4 ,,forcing ,,lily ,,of ,,the ,,valley ,lily of the ,valley is easily forced1 and this can be done either by lifting large clumps or purchasing crowns1 and growing them in a hot-bed or by planting them in pans or pots4 ,the crowns should be kept above the soil1 and they ought to be kept moist and dark until they have made some growth1 when light should be given4 ,for early bloom at ,christmas1 the crowns ought to be potted in the beginning or middle of ,november4 ,a temperature of from #fe to #gj degrees is suitable for forcing this favourite flower4 ,retarded crowns are coming into favour1 and give good results with careful treatment4 ,it is inadvisable to put these in heat at first4 ,,corydalises ,the tuberous-rooted ,corydalises are pretty plants resembling in bloom those of the genus which have a herbaceous habit4 ,the best known are bulbosa1 known also as solida and tuberosa1 also called cava1 of both of which there are purple or lilac and white forms4 ,halleri is a pretty variety of bulbosa4 ,c4 nobilis1 with yellow flowers1 is a handsome ,may-blooming plant4 ,semenowii and ,sewerzowii are both good yellow species and ,scouleri has pale purple flowers and graceful leaves4 ,they like peaty soil and a little shade4 ,,crinums ,the ,crinums are remarkably effective flowers1 and some are perfectly hardy if given a warm position1 preferably one in front of a greenhouse or a wall4 ,the best known is longifolium1 also called capense1 which has fine fragrant pale rose flowers4 ,the white variety alba is also pretty4 ,moorei is hardy if planted as recommended1 and ,powelli and ,powelli album are equally as hardy as longifolium4 ,yemense is a fine white ,crinum4 ,some patience is often necessary until the plants are strong enough to flower4 ,they need copious supplies of water1 and should have little litter about them in the first few winters4 ,their fine leaves are handsome but require a place sheltered from the wind4 ,,crocosmias ,,and ,,montbretias ,these two flowers go naturally together1 not only because ,crocosmia aurea is understood to be one of the parents of the hybrid ,montbretias1 but also because of the resemblance of their long spikes of bright flowers4 ,the only species of ,crocosmia1 that named above1 is a pretty and showy plant1 though it is scarcely so hardy as some of the ,montbretias and requires protection with dry litter or ashes in some districts when grown in the open4 ,plant about six inches deep in spring4 ,the form ,c4 a4 imperialis is very fine and ,c4 a4 maculata is also worth growing4 ,they all make good pot plants for a cool house4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,crocuses ,,in ,,grass ,the hybrid ,montbretias are now so well known as to need no commendation1 and the constant production of new varieties renders it inexpedient to give a list of varieties4 ,while they are perfectly hardy in some gardens1 in others they must be protected in a similar manner to the ,crocosmias4 ,it is also desirable to lift them and replant a few inches apart when they show signs of flowering unsatisfactorily4 ,otherwise they may be treated like the ,crocosmias4 ,they like a sunny1 but not too dry1 place in the garden4 ,,crocuses ,crocuses are such brilliant and beautiful flowers that one need not occupy space with their praises4 ,their use in beds1 borders1 pots1 or in grass is necessary if we are to enjoy our gardens to the full4 ,while the popular ,dutch varieties1 whose names will be found in any bulb catalogue1 will retain their place in the garden1 they will be largely supplemented by the different species by whose aid the interest in these flowers will be much increased4 ,by their help we can not only extend the ,crocus season1 so as to have flowers in autumn and winter as well as in spring1 but they will also give us new colours and markings of much beauty4 ,the autumn ,crocuses are of much value4 ,the earliest is ,c4 vallicola1 with creamy flowers1 but it is not very hardy and wants a frame4 ,speciosus and its larger form ,aitchisoni are of great service with their blue-purple blooms4 ,zonatus1 pulchellus1 iridiflorus1 and iridiflorus major are all good1 as also are lvigatus1 cancellatus1 with its variety asturicus1 hadriaticus1 medius1 nudiflorus1 ochroleucus1 ,salzmanni1 and ,tournefortii4 ,sativus1 the old ,saffron ,crocus1 is showy1 but is a shy bloomer in most gardens4 ,its forms1 cartwrightianus1 elwesianus1 and ,pallasii are better flowerers4 ,scharojani should have a frame4 ,white varieties of some of these ,croci are highly prized4 ,the winter-flowering ,croci are also very beautiful1 and with the protection of a little glass over them in bad weather will give much pleasure1 especially in ,december or ,january1 when other out-door flowers are scarce4 ,chrysanthus1 which varies much in colour2 ,imperati1 a valuable species2 the charming ,sieberi1 dalmaticus1 etruscus1 ,gaillardotti1 the yellow ,korolkowii1 nevadensis1 the orange suterianus1 and the pretty suaveolens1 might be included and protected by glass covers from the storms4 ,following these come the spring ,croci3 aureus1 said to be the parent of the ,dutch yellow1 giving us shades of some variety2 while biflorus yields some very beautiful forms1 such as argenteus1 estriatus1 ,pestalozzoe1 pusillus1 and ,weldeni4 ,then1 apart from the ,dutch varieties1 vernus gives a number of forms1 ,george ,maw1 ,leedsi1 leucorhynchus1 leucostigma1 and ,petro ,polowsky being among the most distinct of these4 ,alatavicus1 ancyrensis1 banaticus1 ,balans1 corsicus1 ,fleischeri1 gargaricus1 ,malyi1 ,olivieri1 reticulatus1 stellaris1 susianus1 the varied versicolor1 and the charming tommasinianus will give many exquisite pictures4 ,these will give little trouble if planted1 in early autumn1 about three inches deep in rather light1 peaty soil4 ,growing ,crocuses from seed is very interesting work1 and may be productive of excellent results4 ,crocuses in pots should be planted close together1 and the pots plunged outside until growth begins4 ,,chapter ,v ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,cyclamens--,dicentras--,dieramas--,eran this--,eremuruses--,erythroniums --,eucomises ,,cyclamens ,the hardy ,cyclamens or ,sowbreads are charming little flowers which grow well under the shade of trees or in the rock-garden4 ,they like a rich1 but light soil1 with a few stones mixed with it1 and to be planted an inch or two beneath the surface4 ,the earliest and one of the best is ,c4 ,coum1 which has pretty crimson flowers about ,january4 ,there are a pleasing white variety and a few other colours such as rose and lilac4 ,libanoticum is later and has large flowers and leaves4 ,ibericum succeeds these1 and the ,atkinsi varieties are very beautiful1 in various shades from white to purple4 ,cilicicum and alpinum are tiny little species with red or white flowers and small leaves1 and are best suited for the rock-garden4 ,europum1 red or lilac1 in ,august1 is more difficult to grow1 but likes shade and partial covering with a low carpeting plant4 ,the best of the late species is neapolitanum1 or hederfolium1 which has prettily marked leaves succeeding the red or white flowers which come in autumn4 ,these plants can be raised from seeds sown as soon as ripe1 or in spring4 ,,dicentras ,a few of the tuberous-rooted ,dicentras or ,dielytras deserve mention here4 ,among them are ,cucullaria1 white and yellow1 and about three inches high2 and spectabilis1 a well-known and handsome plant1 which needs shelter from cold spring winds4 ,they like a light1 peaty soil and some shade4 ,,dieramas ,the known species of ,dierama1 known in gardens as ,sparaxis1 are pendula and pulcherrimum4 ,both are graceful hardy flowers with long stems1 arching over and bearing many loosely hanging bells of various shades of purple1 and even white4 ,the one mostly seen in ,british gardens is pulcherrimum1 which has stems from four to six feet long2 pendula being a little less robust4 ,they are rather difficult to establish1 and like to be planted under stones4 ,plant in spring about four inches deep4 ,,eranthis1 ,,winter ,,aconite ,the ,eranthis or ,winter ,aconite would receive more attention were it not so cheap1 but it should be largely planted in moist and shady places1 which it brightens up early in the season4 ,either in the border1 rock-garden1 or grass1 it is very effective when in a mass4 ,it may be grown from seed4 ,the species generally grown is ,eranthis hyemalis1 but recently a species1 named ,e4 cilicicus1 which blooms later1 and has deeper coloured flowers1 with a less ornamental ruff1 has been introduced4 ,it is scarcely so hardy as ,e4 hyemalis4 ,the ,winter ,aconite will grow in almost any soil which does not become too dry4 ,it should be as short a time out of the soil as possible4 ,,eremuruses ,the ,eremuri are among the noblest of our hardy flowers with tuberous roots1 and are exceedingly ornamental with their magnificent spikes of flower4 ,they may be planted in autumn or in spring1 though the first is the better time1 unless the plants are in pots4 ,there is much difference of opinion among growers regarding their requirements in the way of sun or shade4 ,much depends upon the gardens1 and the writer has seen plants equally good with a north or north-west aspect1 and in other places with a due south exposure4 ,in the latter case1 however1 there is more danger from spring frosts4 ,the crown should be about two inches beneath the surface1 and the soil should be light and rich1 although it may have a hard bottom4 ,protect with dry litter1 and keep a good lookout for slugs when growth begins4 ,cover if there is danger of frost in spring1 and give plenty of water during the growing period4 ,illustration3 ,,eremurus ,,robustus ,the best blooming species1 and among the most beautiful1 is ,e4 himalaicus1 with white flowers1 and sometimes eight feet high1 but generally less4 ,robustus1 with its variety elwesianus1 grow taller1 and have charming flesh-coloured flowers4 ,olg1 with whitish flowers1 is very beautiful1 and ,bungei is among the best of the yellow species1 though caucasicus and spectabilis are also good yellow ,eremuri4 ,,erythroniums ,the ,erythroniums or ,dog's ,tooth ,violets are delightful little spring flowers1 which are becoming increasingly appreciated4 ,all are very beautiful1 their marbled or mottled foliage adding to their other attractions4 ,some of the ,dutch named sorts1 such as ,blanca1 ,von ,humboldt1 ,rubens1 ,rouge ,trappeuse1 c41 are of a large size1 and are very pleasing4 ,the colours of the common ,dens-canis vary from white to rose and purple or violet1 and all the plants do well in the border1 but better still in grass4 ,in warm gardens they do best in shade1 but in others they require sun4 ,the ,american ,erythroniums are very beautiful1 but should generally have a sunnier place than the others4 ,they like a rather light soil1 but americanum1 which has yellow flowers1 prefers one of a heavier nature1 and1 to induce flowering1 should have its roots in a confined space4 ,albidum has whitish flowers2 giganteum has from one to six whitish flowers with a yellow base and mottled leaves2 grandiflorum has from three to ten yellow flowers on a stem1 and unmottled leaves2 and nuttallianum has a shorter stem with smaller flowers than the last1 of which it is a variety4 ,hartwegi1 ,bolanderi1 montanum1 citrinum1 purpurascens1 and ,howelli have all yellow or whitish flowers4 ,of these1 ,hartwegi is the earliest1 and ,howelli among the most beautiful4 ,revolutum1 ,johnsoni1 and ,hendersoni have all exquisite rose or purple flowers4 ,propullans has small rose-coloured blooms4 ,bolanderi is sometimes sold as ,smithii or grandiflorum var4 ,smithii4 ,japonicum and sibiricum are fine ,asiatic forms of ,dens-canis1 with handsome purple or rosy purple flowers4 ,,eucomises ,the curious looking ,eucomises are hardier than is generally believed1 and may be grown in the border or in front of a greenhouse or stove1 with a little covering of litter in winter4 ,although not showy1 they are worth growing for their long spikes of whitish flowers1 spotted with rose1 and their long mottled foliage4 ,they like a light1 but not poor soil4 ,punctata is probably the hardiest1 but regia and bicolor are also hardy if planted about six inches deep4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,fritillarias--,funkias--,galanthuses--, galtonias--,gladioli--,hemerocallises ,,fritillarias ,although many of the ,fritillarias are more distinguished for their singularity than for the brilliance of their colouring1 there are few more interesting garden plants4 ,the native species1 ,f4 meleagris1 is varied in colour and in depth of markings1 and the ,dutch have raised some pretty named varieties4 ,the white form1 ,f4 m4 alba1 is very beautiful4 ,the varieties of the broad-leaved form of ,meleagris are but little grown in ,great ,britain4 ,there are now many pretty species which are quite as easy to grow1 but which do not need such a damp position as suits ,f4 meleagris best1 although it grows in dry soil as well4 ,recurva has beautiful scarlet and yellow flowers1 but is difficult to establish4 ,aurea1 with yellow flowers and of dwarf habit1 is more easily grown1 and is the brightest of the yellow ,snake's ,head ,lilies4 ,pallidiflora1 with pale yellow flowers1 is distinct2 and the pretty armena gives several varieties with flowers varying from greenish to bright yellow and red4 ,walujewi is very fine2 and ,moggridgei is well worth trying also4 ,acmopetala is a fine1 tall species2 and such species as ,burnati1 citrina1 lanceolata1 lusitanica1 lutea1 oranensis1 pudica1 pyrenaica1 ruthenica1 and ,thunbergii are all of interest to those who care for such flowers4 ,the ,crown ,imperial1 ,f4 imperialis1 is so well known that its noble appearance and its value for the garden need no praise4 ,there are several varieties1 which range in colour from pale yellow to deep red4 ,in addition1 we have a form1 called ,crown upon ,crown1 which has two tiers of flowers2 one with a fasciated stem2 and two with variegated leaves1 one having white and the other yellow margins1 and bands on the leaves4 ,these make fine plants4 ,the smaller ,fritillarias should be planted about two inches1 and the ,crown ,imperials about four inches deep4 ,the latter like a good rich soil1 and all should be as short a time out of the ground as possible4 ,all can be grown in pots4 ,,funkias ,funkias1 or ,plantain ,lilies1 are among the most ornamental of our hardy flowers1 and look exceedingly ornamental in borders or by the margin of water1 where their fine leaves are in keeping with their surroundings4 ,they all like some shade1 but to induce ,f4 subcordata 7syn4 grandiflora7 to flower well it should have a warm1 sunny place4 ,they are best planted in spring4 ,f4 lancifolia has pretty leaves and purple flowers4 ,there are several varieties1 such as undulata1 alba1 variegata1 and albo-marginata4 ,ovata has handsome large leaves and purple flowers1 and the variety aurea-variegata is particularly fine4 ,sieboldiana has ornamental foliage and pale lilac flowers4 ,it and the variety marmorata1 with marbled foliage1 are fine for groups4 ,fortunei and its variety variegata are both splendid plants1 and glauca is another good species4 ,,galanthuses ,the ,galanthus1 or ,snowdrop1 is one of our chastest and most beautiful flowers1 and its pure blossoms are universally appreciated4 ,it is more varied in character and in its time of blooming than many are aware of4 ,the earliest ,snowdrops come into bloom in autumn or early winter1 and lovers of the flower who wish to grow these interesting varieties1 which are forms of ,g4 nivalis1 the common ,snowdrop1 will find that ,g4 corcyrensis and ,g4 octobrensis are those most easily procured4 ,they require a rather light and sandy soil4 ,in their general appearance they closely resemble the common form of ,g4 nivalis1 but are generally recognisable by the light colour of the line which runs up the centre of the leaf4 ,others blooming about the same season are ,g4 ,rachel and ,g4 ,els4 ,these flowers show a tendency to draw nearer to the spring ,snowdrops as they become established4 ,there are too many varieties of the common ,snowdrop in existence to detail1 but one may name ,melvillei1 a splendid flower of great beauty2 poculiformis1 which has the inner and outer segments of almost equal length2 ,scharloki1 which has separated spathes and a green spot at the base of each outer segment2 and stivalis and ,gusmusi1 two late forms1 as representative1 if we exclude a number of named varieties which have been raised by ,mr ,james ,allen and others4 ,the so-called ,yellow ,snowdrops have yellow instead of green markings and ovaries4 ,the best are ,g4 lutescens and ,g4 flavescens4 ,the ,italian sub-species ,imperati gives us some handsome flowers1 larger than those of our native ,snowdrop2 the finest is the variety ,atkinsi1 a noble ,galanthus4 ,the sub-species caucasicus is principally noteworthy as giving us the form virescens1 which has its flowers all flushed with green outside4 ,one of the finest ,snowdrops is ,g4 ,elwesii1 from ,asia ,minor1 of which there are many local and seedling forms4 ,that sold as ochrospeilus1 and the large variety named ,whittalli1 are equal to any other of the wild forms4 ,g4 ,elwesii is not long-lived in many gardens4 ,it seems to prefer a rather moist1 peaty soil4 ,g4 latifolius is a very distinct ,snowdrop with broad1 bright green leaves4 ,unfortunately1 it is rather too delicate for our climate1 and the newer ,g4 ,ikari is preferable4 ,it has handsome bright green leaves1 with arching habit1 and pretty flowers4 ,g4 plicatus1 the ,crimean ,snowdrop1 is troublesome because of the unaccountable way in which it often disappears4 ,it is1 however1 so fine and distinct1 with its revolute leaves1 that it should be tried4 ,hybrids between it and ,g4 ,elwesii are often hardier than either of the parents4 ,g4 byzantinus may be a hybrid of this parentage4 ,it is needless to refer to the cultivation of the ,snowdrop further than to say that it seems to do best planted in the grass1 and that it is much finer in a rather moist1 peaty soil4 ,when grown in pots it should not have much heat4 ,,galtonias ,galtonia1 or ,hyacinthus1 candicans is the best of the three species which constitute the genus4 ,it is a noble plant1 whose white1 drooping bells look remarkably handsome1 especially when associated with such plants as the scarlet ,gladiolus brenchleyensis4 ,it should be planted in spring1 about six inches deep4 ,although hardy in most gardens1 in some it must be lifted and stored in winter1 or well protected with dry ashes or litter4 ,,gladioli ,while the magnificent hybrid ,gladioli are not hardy in the greater number of gardens1 and are therefore referred to along with half-hardy bulbs1 it will be found desirable to attempt their cultivation in warm localities as hardy flowers1 planting deeply and giving them a little protection in the way of a mulch of dry litter in autumn1 and removing it in spring4 ,we have1 however1 a few species which are quite hardy1 although some are the better of a little protection for the first winter4 ,the hardiest of these is ,gladiolus byzantinus1 a species with small1 rosy-purple flowers1 but the following others may also be grown as ordinary border flowers3 communis1 segetum1 serotinus1 illyricus1 and neglectus4 ,then the varieties of the early-flowering ,gladioli named in catalogues may be accounted almost hardy on light dry soils1 especially if protected for a winter after being planted4 ,such forms as ,colvillei1 ,the ,bride1 and almost all the other early bloomers are amenable to this treatment4 ,plant them about six inches deep in a sunny position4 ,illustration3 ,,gladiolus ,,the ,,bride ,,hemerocallises ,the ,day ,lilies are very ornamental plants1 although their usefulness in the garden is reduced by the individual blooms only lasting for the one day4 ,the number available for gardens has been increased by varieties raised by hybridisation and cross-breeding1 and some of these are of much value4 ,auriantiaca major1 a fine plant introduced within the last few years1 is shy in flowering and wants a good soil and a warm1 sunny position4 ,it has rich orange flowers4 ,the others grow in a sunny position in ordinary soil4 ,dumortieri1 orange1 brown outside1 grows about one foot high2 flava has pretty yellow blooms1 on stems about two feet high1 in ,june2 fulva is taller1 and has more coppery flowers4 ,there are double-flowered and variegated-leaved varieties of fulva1 the form fl4-pl4 variegata being very fine4 ,middendorfii has orange flowers1 and is about one foot high2 ,thunbergi resembles flava1 but blooms a month later4 ,minor1 or graminea1 is of dwarf habit1 and has yellow flowers4 ,hybrid1 or seedling forms of merit are ,apricot1 ,dr ,regel1 ,flamid1 ,frances1 luteola1 and ,sovereign4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,hyacinths--,hyacinths in ,pots--,scillas--,puschkinias--,chionodo xas--,chionoscillas--,muscaris ,this group of bulbs is one of the most valuable1 their bright colours and beautiful forms giving the garden much of its attraction in their season4 ,,hyacinths ,the garden ,hyacinths1 the offspring of ,h4 orientalis1 are fine for beds or for groups or lines in borders1 although too stiff for planting in grass4 ,they like a good1 but light1 soil1 well enriched with thoroughly rotted cow-manure1 and may be planted three inches deep in a sunny position in ,october4 ,there are so many good varieties that intending growers would do well to consult the catalogues of dealers and select from them4 ,mixed ,hyacinths are sold at a cheap rate4 ,,hyacinths ,,in ,,pots ,,and ,,glasses ,there need be little difficulty experienced in growing ,hyacinths in pots1 glasses1 or jardinets1 if proper care is exercised and the bulbs have been properly grown and well-matured the previous season4 ,the pretty early varieties1 popularly known as ,roman ,hyacinths1 are very useful1 and may be had in bloom at various times by potting at intervals from ,august onwards1 about six bulbs being required for a forty-eight size pot4 ,they like a light rich compost1 such as may be made of good fibrous loam1 with the addition of well-decayed cow-manure1 leaf-soil1 and sharp sand2 three parts of the first to one each of the second and third being a good proportion4 ,the bulbs should be barely covered1 and the pots plunged in ashes and covered with these until the roots have made free growth1 when the pots may go into a frame or greenhouse4 ,when the buds show1 the pots may be put in bottom heat in a temperature of sixty-five to seventy degrees4 ,the white ,roman is the one generally grown for early work1 but blush1 blue1 and straw-coloured forms are also to be had1 and form a pleasing change4 ,the large ,hyacinths may be grown in a similar compost1 although one lighter and richer gives good results4 ,they are potted with the crown just above the surface1 and plunged in ashes or fibre in a pit1 frame1 or open ground4 ,when the spikes show above the ashes they may be taken in and forced if desired4 ,a temperature of about seventy degrees is the highest which should be allowed4 ,when ,hyacinths are grown in water in glasses good sound bulbs must be selected4 ,the water should almost touch the base of the bulb1 and a little piece of charcoal should be placed in the glass4 ,after putting in the bulbs the glasses ought to be placed in a cool1 dark place1 until the roots make their appearance1 when they may be brought into the light4 ,hyacinths may also be grown in moss1 ,jadoo1 and cocoa-fibre and charcoal1 and even in sand4 ,bulbs which have been grown in pots and glasses can afterwards be planted outside4 ,,other ,,hyacinths ,for early flowering in a sunny place in the rock-garden1 the lovely ,h4 azureus1 or ,muscari azureum1 should be grown4 ,it flowers in ,january or ,february1 and has spikes of small blue flowers4 ,the form freynianum is hardier1 but is a little later4 ,the charming little ,h4 amethystinus1 with blue flowers1 and its white variety albus1 only a few inches high1 are bright ,may-flowering bulbs for the border or rock-garden4 ,they like a light soil4 ,the ,scillas1 or ,squills1 are numerous and important garden flowers4 ,our native ,scilla nutans is pretty in the wild-garden1 but it is surpassed by the larger flowers and spikes of ,s4 campanulata or hispanica1 the ,spanish ,squill1 which is very beautiful in the garden or the grass4 ,like our native ,scilla1 it has sported into several colours1 and these show some diversity of quality4 ,the pink and the white varieties of this called rosea grandiflora1 ,rose ,queen1 and alba compacta1 are all pleasing2 as also are grandiflora1 deep blue2 ,emperor1 porcelain1 striped blue2 and aperta1 blue1 striped white4 ,less showy1 but very delightful1 are the early ,squills1 such as ,s4 bifolia and ,s4 sibirica4 ,these bloom about ,march1 and give some variety of colour4 ,bifolia is the more variable1 and gives us the white variety1 alba2 a flesh-coloured one1 called carnea2 and a pink1 named rubra4 ,some new forms1 such as ,pink ,beauty and ,white ,queen1 are not in commerce4 ,the typical bifolia and the variety taurica1 both blue1 are very pretty4 ,s4 sibirica is of different habit1 though equally dwarf1 and has larger1 drooping flowers of a fine blue4 ,the variety taurica blooms earlier4 ,s4 sibirica alba is one of the greatest acquisitions of recent years1 and has charming pure-white flowers4 ,it is a gem for the borders or for pots4 ,slugs are very fond of ,s4 sibirica4 ,s4 verna is a beautiful native ,squill1 seldom seen in gardens1 but its lilac-blue flowers are most attractive4 ,its white and rose forms are hardly to be met with4 ,s4 italica is a somewhat neglected ,april and ,may blooming species1 with pretty conical heads of light blue flowers4 ,the white variety alba1 though scarce1 is obtainable1 and is a charming plant4 ,scilla autumnalis likes a light soil1 and a warm1 dry place on the rockery4 ,it flowers in autumn1 and is worth some trouble to establish for the sake of its blue flowers4 ,the pink form1 japonica1 is desirable4 ,ciliaris1 hyacinthoides1 and peruviana are highly ornamental in the border1 with their large heads of flowers in summer1 and their broad foliage2 they are1 however1 shy bloomers in some soils after the first year1 and want thorough ripening off after blooming4 ,a ,scilla little seen in gardens is ,lilio-hyacinthus1 which has broad leaves1 large bulbs with scales1 like those of a ,lily1 and pretty bluish flowers4 ,there is a rare white variety1 but the pink form seems to have been lost4 ,puschkinias are pretty bulbous plants allied to the ,scillas1 and producing neat spikes of porcelain-blue or whitish flowers lined with blue4 ,they are easily grown on light soil1 but require protection from slugs when they first appear4 ,they bloom in ,march1 and there is only one species in cultivation--scilloides--the variety compacta having a denser spike4 ,chionodoxas deserve all the praise they have received1 although in our climate they do not come1 as a rule1 when we have snow1 so that the popular name of ,glory of the ,snow is not so appropriate as in their native country4 ,the best known is ,c4 ,lucili1 which has blue flowers with a large white eye4 ,the greater number of the others are distinct enough for garden purposes1 although classed by botanists as varieties of this species4 ,sardensis is a favourite1 with its smaller1 deeper coloured flowers1 with hardly any white in the centre4 ,gigantea and ,alleni are nearly alike1 but the latter has more flowers on the stem1 and is deeper in colour4 ,tmolusii is the latest to bloom of these varieties2 it resembles ,lucili1 but is of a deeper1 more purplish-blue4 ,there are pink1 and also white varieties of all these4 ,cretica is the least effective of the genus1 with the exception of the scarce nana1 which is a charming1 if not showy little flower1 almost white and lined with blue4 ,the ,chionoscillas are hybrids between the ,chionodoxas and ,scillas1 ,s4 bifolia being one of the parents of nearly all the forms in existence4 ,these are interesting and pretty in their varied shades of blue or pink4 ,seedlings from ,chionodoxas do not always come true to the parent1 but may revert to one or other of its ancestors4 ,muscaris are so numerous1 and many resemble each other so closely1 that it is needless to attempt to grow more than a selection4 ,few are prettier than the common ,m4 botryoides1 the ,grape ,hyacinth1 which drew from ,ruskin words of praise familiar to many4 ,it is very beautiful1 and its only fault is its rapid increase4 ,some of its varieties are prized by those who grow them4 ,the larger of the two white varieties1 known as album grandiflorum1 and pallidum grandiflorum1 with pale blue flowers1 are both pretty4 ,m4 racemosum1 the ,starch ,grape ,hyacinth1 is also pretty1 with its large spikes of deep-coloured flowers2 there is a pink form1 and a scarce white one is also met with4 ,a fine ,grape ,hyacinth is ,m4 conicum1 with brilliant blue flowers in large racemes4 ,m4 ,heldreichi is one of the earliest and best1 with its long spike of blue flowers1 each broadly margined with white4 ,m4 szovitzianum is a small1 rather light-blue species of considerable beauty4 ,m4 armeniacum is a good little ,grape ,hyacinth4 ,m4 latifolium is very distinct1 with its broad leaves4 ,m4 comosum1 the ,tufted ,hyacinth1 is an interesting plant1 but it is surpassed for the garden by the form monstrosum1 which has curiously pretty frizzed blooms4 ,it ought to be more grown4 ,the ,musk ,hyacinths are worth growing1 if for nothing but their odour1 although they are pretty as well4 ,they are1 however1 not satisfactory everywhere1 and often fail to bloom after the first season4 ,they should have a warm1 dry border1 where the bulbs will ripen off well4 ,moschatum and macrocarpum are worthy of a trial at least4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,irises--,kniphofias--,lapeyrousias--,le ucojums ,,irises ,as a separate volume of this series to treat fully of the ,iris is contemplated1 only a brief rsum of the genus1 with a few general cultural hints1 are required at the present time4 ,irises1 which supply plants suitable for almost any position in the garden1 are naturally divided into two great groups1 the first having a short rhizomatous root-stock1 and the other one of a bulbous character4 ,each of these is divided into separate sections1 about which it may be said that no common treatment can be dictated4 ,the sub-genus ,apogon1 which comprises the beardless ,flag ,irises1 embraces plants which require totally different treatment4 ,thus1 unguicularis1 or stylosa1 likes a dry1 stony soil1 while sibirica and others prefer a moist one4 ,the plants of the sub-genus ,pardanthopsis have flowers like the ,apogon ,irises1 but are without the crest4 ,they generally prefer a moist1 well-drained soil4 ,the ,oncocyclus1 or ,cushion ,irises1 are much prized for their singular beauty1 but are not easily grown in gardens1 unless in frames1 where they can have a long period of rest before they start into growth in winter1 or lifted and dried4 ,this rest should begin immediately after they flower4 ,they like lime in the soil4 ,the ,regelia ,irises form the link between the last and the ,pogon ,irises1 and should have similar treatment to the ,cushion ,irises4 ,the ,evansea section contains some pretty plants1 which often do well in dry places4 ,they have a pretty crest on the flower4 ,the plant grown by the ,japanese on the roofs of their houses 7,i4 tectorum7 belongs to this group4 ,pseudevansea ,irises have a beard which springs from a rudimentary crest1 and otherwise much resemble the ,evansea section1 but few are in cultivation4 ,the ,pogon ,irises form the most important section of non-bulbous ,irises in gardens1 and are distinguished by the beard down the claw and lower part of the blade4 ,they will thrive almost anywhere1 but should1 as a rule1 have sun4 ,they do well on walls and roofs4 ,the familiar ,german ,irises will give a good idea of the appearance of all the plants of this sub-genus4 ,the bulbous ,irises are very beautiful1 but details as to their treatment cannot be given now4 ,for cutting1 the ,spanish ,iris 7,i4 ,xiphium7 is very useful and it makes a fine bedding or border plant4 ,it prefers a rather dry soil1 but should be lifted and replanted every two years or so4 ,the ,english ,iris 7,i4 ,xiphioides7 prefers a stronger and moister soil1 and is a beautiful plant in the garden4 ,i4 reticulata and its forms belong to this section and are charming in the garden or in pots1 though liable to a troublesome disease1 which is best checked by lifting the bulbs and destroying those which are much affected4 ,the sub-genus ,gynandiris contains only one species1 ,i4 ,sisyrinchium1 which is not absolutely hardy and should be grown in a frame4 ,several of the ,juno section1 such as persica1 alata1 and palstina1 are best in frames1 but ,i4 orchioides is quite hardy and makes a fine border or rockery plant4 ,the ,hermodactylus section consists of ,i4 tuberosus1 which is native to some parts of the ,south of ,england1 and is a curious and interesting species worth a place in gardens4 ,,kniphofias ,the ,kniphofias or ,tritomas are among the most brilliant of our garden flowers and are of gorgeous effect in lines or masses in the garden4 ,the greater number are hardy in most gardens1 particularly if the crowns of the tuberous roots are planted about three inches below the surface of the soil1 and the old leaves fastened together at the top to throw off winter rains4 ,one of the most dependable species is ,aloides 7syn4 ,uvaria7 of which there are many varieties varying in colour from pale yellow to deep red4 ,grandis1 nobilis1 and ,saundersii are all good forms4 ,burchelli1 a dwarf species with red and yellow flowers is pretty2 caulescens1 corallina1 foliosa1 ,nelsoni1 and modesta are also worth growing4 ,macowani and pumila are pleasing dwarf species4 ,there are many hybrid forms1 such as ,autumn ,glory1 ,chloris1 ,clotho1 ,diana1 ,lachesis1 ,obelisque1 ,osiris1 ,pfitzeri1 ,robert ,cannell1 and ,star of ,baden ,baden4 ,rooperi is an almost continuous bloomer2 ,tuckii is a free flowerer2 and ,leichtlini and the variety distachya are distinct ,kniphofias4 ,these noble flowers should be planted in spring4 ,they are easily raised from seeds4 ,they like plenty of moisture in summer4 ,,lapeyrousias ,the ,lapeyrousias or ,anomathecas are brilliant little bulbous plants with blood-red flowers which look remarkably effective in shady places4 ,they are hardy in warm places in light soil1 but in cold localities should be grown in a frame4 ,they ought to be planted two or three inches deep and covered with litter for a winter or two4 ,they produce seeds freely and these should be scattered in suitable places and covered over with a little soil4 ,the one usually seen is ,l4 cruenta1 but there is also one1 called grandiflora1 with larger flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,snowflakes ,,leucojum ,the ,leucojum1 or ,snowflake1 ought to be more largely grown in the flower garden or in grass1 where its white1 drooping bells look charming4 ,the ,spring ,snowflake1 ,l4 vernum1 is among the most beautiful with its large1 handsome white flowers1 each tipped with a green spot on each outer segment4 ,there are several forms1 that sold as carpaticum being early and pretty4 ,there are also yellow-spotted forms which are of much beauty1 and one of these seems to be the true carpaticum4 ,miss ,hope's variety is the latest ,spring ,snowflake4 ,the ,summer ,snowflake is less pleasing because of its habit1 but it is a pretty and useful flower4 ,there are two or three varieties of ,l4 stivum1 one known as ,l4 pulchellum being a little earlier than the other ,l4 stivum and having smaller flowers4 ,the autumn ,snowflake1 ,l4 autumnale or ,acis autumnalis1 is an exquisite little bulb with white blossoms1 tinged with rose4 ,it flowers in ,july or ,august and likes a sandy soil2 the others will grow in any good compost4 ,plant about two inches deep1 and as soon as they can be procured4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,liliums--,liliums in ,pots--,malvastrum--,merenderas--,millas --,narcissi--,narcissi in ,pots ,,liliums ,the ,lily is the noblest of bulbous plants1 and it is to be regretted that its cultivation often presents insuperable difficulties in many gardens4 ,there are a few species which can be grown almost anywhere1 it is true1 but the greater number require special conditions of soil or climate4 ,as this noble plant may form the subject of a separate work in this series1 ,i shall only give a brief summary of the leading species and their requirements for the benefit of the general reader4 ,the easiest to grow in the garden are those which are satisfied with ordinary1 well-dug soil1 with the addition of some leaf-soil1 if it is heavy1 or some loam1 if light4 ,this class comprises the favourite candidum1 the ,madonna ,lily1 of which there are several varieties1 such as one with a golden margin to the leaves2 spicatum1 also known as flore pleno1 which has partly double flowers2 and striatum1 with flowers streaked purple outside4 ,there are also chalcedonicum1 with scarlet ,turk's-cap flowers and its variety ,heldreichii2 the dark-hued hybrid dalhansoni2 bulbiferum2 the pretty concolor1 with its forms ,coridion and pulchellum2 the brilliant croceum2 dauricum1 known as umbellatum in some gardens2 the pretty elegans 7syn4 thunbergianum72 the good yellow ,hansoni2 and that comparatively new ,lily1 ,henryi4 ,in this soil1 also1 can be grown the exquisite longiflorum1 with its trumpet-shaped blooms1 and its varieties giganteum1 eximium 7,wilsoni of some71 foliis albo-marginatus1 ,takesima1 ,harrisii1 and prcox4 ,the hybrid ,marhan thrives in the same soil1 as also do the typical ,martagon2 the pretty pomponium2 the strongly-scented pyrenaicum2 and the ever popular speciosum 7syn4 lancifolium71 of which there are so many good varieties1 such as album ,krtzeri1 album novum1 ,melpomene1 roseum superbum1 cruentum and punctatum4 ,to these may be added the pretty tenuifolium2 the well-known tigrinum1 with its forms splendens1 ,fortunei1 and fl4 ,a selection of varieties of ,l4 elegans would include such as ,alice ,wilson1 alutaceum1 atrosanguineum1 aurantiacum1 ,batemani1 often called ,l4 ,batemanni1 ,horsmanni1 ,flore-pleno1 ,prince of ,orange1 ,van ,houttei1 and ,wilsoni4 ,there are also a number of varieties of umbellatum4 ,the following ,lilies require a deep and well-dug friable loam1 lightened with sand and leaf-soil if of a clayey nature3-- ,alexandr1 a fine new ,lily2 the splendid auratum with its many forms1 of which platyphyllum1 rubrovittatum1 virginale and ,wittei may be named2 ,bolanderi2 ,brownii2 callosum2 columbianum1 giganteum and the allied cordifolium2 the fine ,humboldtii2 the rather unsatisfactory japonicum1 better known as ,krameri2 japonicum ,colchesteri2 ,leichtlinii2 ,lowii1 neilgherrense4 ,martagon album2 ,m4 dalmaticum2 ,m4 catani2 nepalense2 pulchellum2 the pretty new rubellum2 rubescens2 sulphureum2 monadelphum or szovitzianum--a well proved species--,wallacei1 and washingtonianum4 ,although these all do with the compost named1 unfortunately some are almost impossible to grow in ordinary gardens4 ,the following like a moist peaty soil1 although some can be grown without this1 but it is safer to study their likings3--canadense with its varieties2 carniolicum2 ,grayii2 maritimum2 pardalinum1 with its varieties californicum1 ,bourgi1 ,johnsoni1 minor1 and ,michauxii2 ,parryi2 parvum2 philadelphicum2 ,roezlii2 and superbum4 ,in planting ,lilies1 they should have the crowns from four to six inches below the surface1 and should be surrounded with some sharp sand4 ,in heavy soil it is desirable to plant the bulbs on their sides4 ,,lilies ,,in ,,pots ,lilies make beautiful pot plants1 and in pots their cultivation is very simple4 ,fibrous loam1 peat1 and a little decayed manure and sand will grow them well4 ,it is a good practice not to cover the bulbs too deeply at first1 and to add soil afterwards as growth is made and roots formed at the base of the stems4 ,watering must be carefully applied1 so as to give enough without souring the soil4 ,plunge the pots in frames1 and bring them in when growth is so far completed1 or place outside in sheltered positions until they show flower4 ,repotting is best done as soon as the stems are quite withered4 ,,malvastrum ,,gilliesii ,this is a very pretty little trailing rock garden plant1 with tuberous roots1 and only a few inches high4 ,it likes a sunny place1 but must not suffer from drought in summer4 ,the flowers are of a bright crimson-purple4 ,it is hardy in a sheltered rockery4 ,,merenderas ,the ,merenderas are closely related to the ,colchicums1 and are amenable to similar treatment4 ,the species grown in gardens are ,m4 ,bulbocodium1 four inches1 lilac1 blooming in autumn2 caucasica1 blooming in ,may1 and having rosy flowers2 and persica1 which flowers in late autumn and has pale lilac blooms4 ,,milla ,the ,millas are pretty bulbous plants1 but the only one worth growing as a hardy bulb is ,m4 uniflora1 often called ,triteleia uniflora1 which has white flowers1 shaded with blue1 in spring4 ,the form violacea has porcelain-blue flowers striped with a deeper blue4 ,the ,milla can be grown in the border or rock-garden1 but it likes the edge of a gravel path1 where it will soon establish itself4 ,plant in early autumn with the crown about two inches deep4 ,,narcissi ,it is impossible to treat properly of the ,narcissus in the space available in a work of this character1 but as it is proposed to publish a volume devoted entirely to this charming flower1 it will be sufficient to give a chapter dealing generally with the flower and its ways4 ,generally speaking1 the cultivation of the ,narcissus out of doors is without difficulty1 if we can give it a free1 loamy soil1 and a pure air4 ,the exceptions are few1 except that there are some species which are troublesome1 and apparently resent being grown in cultivated ground1 and die off there4 ,some of these will thrive on grass or on rockwork1 while they die in the border4 ,the white trumpet ,narcissi are among the most troublesome in this respect1 and some find it necessary to plant them on grassy banks facing the north4 ,this is not desirable in the north1 and it will be well to try various positions before finally giving up the cultivation of the fascinatingly beautiful white trumpet ,narcissi4 ,the ,hoop-petticoat ,narcissi1 as the forms of ,n4 ,corbularia are called1 are difficult to establish4 ,those who wish to attempt them may begin first with citrina1 the sulphur one4 ,many find them thrive best planted where the roots can reach water1 such as in light1 peaty soil1 above a milk pan sunk in the soil4 ,the writer has1 however1 frequently seen plants established in the border or rock-garden4 ,triandrus albus1 the exquisite ,angel's ,tears1 is troublesome to establish also4 ,it ought to be planted in a crevice of the rockery in gravel1 sand1 and peat4 ,the form ,triandrus pulchellus1 although scarce1 is a much better grower4 ,the beautiful little ,n4 moschatus1 of ,haworth1 is difficult to grow except on grass2 and others which thrive better thus planted than in the ordinary border are named by ,messrs ,barr4 ,their list may be safely followed1 although one's experience of several is that they grow quite well in a border2 much1 however1 depending upon the character of the soil and how it is drained4 ,the varieties are3--,achilles1 ,countess of ,annesley1 ,spurius1 ,thomas ,moore1 ,pseudo-narcissus1 the ,english ,lent ,lily1 variiformis1 and pallidus prcox4 ,few of the ,tazetta ,narcissi are suitable for outdoor culture1 although in the milder districts of ,england and ,ireland they may be grown in the open4 ,as the ,narcissus prefers a soil without animal manure within reach of its roots1 it is better to cultivate it in land manured for a previous crop1 or to add artificial fertilisers1 than cow or horse manure4 ,experienced growers prefer a small quantity of basic slag or bone meal4 ,in light soils a sprinkling of sulphate of potash is applied annually in autumn4 ,planting is best done early in autumn1 ,september being a good month1 but the varieties of ,n4 poeticus should be in earlier if possible4 ,occasional lifting and replanting is advisable4 ,,narcissi ,,in ,,pots ,in cultivating the ,narcissus in pots or boxes a somewhat similar method may be adopted as in the case of ,hyacinths in pots1 but they will generally stand more forcing4 ,the ,tazetta1 or ,bunch-flowered ,narcissi1 such as ,paper ,white1 are largely used1 and can be had very early in bloom4 ,,chapter ,x ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,ornithogalums--,oxalises--,ponias--,ran unculuses--,romuleas--,sanguinarias --,sternbergias--,schizostylis--,tecophi las--,trilliums ,,ornithogalums ,the ,ornithogalums1 or ,stars of ,bethlehem1 are not general favourites in gardens1 because of their seeding propensities1 which make them difficult to keep within bounds4 ,several are very pleasing and deserve some attention1 because of their white and green flowers4 ,umbellatum1 the common species1 is only suitable for the wild-garden1 but the little tenuifolium is pretty1 as also are fimbriatum and montanum4 ,nutans is pretty also1 but increases too rapidly4 ,pyramidale is a fine plant about two feet high4 ,they like a sandy soil and to be planted about two inches deep4 ,none of the yellow ,ornithogalums are hardy4 ,,oxalises ,the ,oxalises1 or ,wood ,sorrels1 are bright little plants1 although their value is reduced by their flowers only opening in sun4 ,there is a pretty lilac variety of ,o4 ,acetosella1 our common ,wood ,sorrel1 and ,bowiei and floribunda1 with rose flowers1 are quite hardy in light soil4 ,lobata1 a beautiful little yellow species1 flowering in ,october1 is also hardy1 as well as the exquisite white enneaphylla4 ,tetraphylla1 lasiandra1 l4 alba1 and violacea may also be tried with every prospect of success4 ,give a sunny position in light soil1 and if planted in autumn cover slightly the first winter4 ,p,,onias ,the herbaceous ,ponias1 which are such brilliant ornaments of our gardens in ,may and ,june1 would require more space to do them justice than we can command4 ,they like a rich1 well-manured soil1 inclining to heaviness and thoroughly trenched before planting in early autumn4 ,after the plants are in position mulch the ground with rotten manure1 and when growth is being made in summer give liberal applications of manure water to induce free growth4 ,the crowns should be a little below the surface1 and plant if possible where the sun does not reach them until a little before noon4 ,the list of superior varieties is extremely extensive1 and those thinking of purchasing ,ponias should either select the plants while they are in bloom1 or from the catalogues of dealers who grow these flowers largely4 ,the single forms are very beautiful also1 though they hardly keep so long in bloom4 ,many of the species are also attractive plants1 and where there is sufficient space a selection of these should be made and grown4 ,the common ,peony of old gardens is ,p4 officinalis4 ,,ranunculuses ,at one time a favourite florist's flower1 the ,ranunculus has fallen greatly out of favour1 and there are now few named sorts grown4 ,it is1 however1 well worth growing for its beauty as a garden flower and also for cutting4 ,a bowl of pure white ,ranunculi with the foliage of ,heuchera ,richardsoni1 or some other dark-leaved plant1 is a charming thing1 and many equal beautiful effects can easily be produced4 ,the florist's ,ranunculus was derived from ,r4 asiaticus1 and there are flowers of almost all colours among the double varieties which have been raised4 ,a good strain of mixed ,ranunculuses will produce many good flowers at a small expense4 ,the principal forms now grown are the ,turban or ,turkish and the ,persian1 which are varied in their colours4 ,those named ,r4 asiaticus superbus are large and showy1 if a little coarse to those accustomed to the more refined flowers of the others4 ,they can be grown in an ordinary border well manured1 and can be planted from ,october to ,february4 ,in planting choose a dry day1 and keep the crowns two inches below the surface4 ,care must be taken to keep the crown up1 and to cover this with a little sand after planting4 ,cover with some litter in winter1 and water freely when coming into bloom4 ,lift when the foliage becomes yellow1 and dry off in a cool and airy place1 storing the tubers in dry sand4 ,there are a few other tuberous-rooted species of ,ranunculus worth growing in the garden4 ,of these the best are the double form of the native ,r4 bulbosa which has yellow flowers2 ,r4 chrophyllus1 yellow2 ,r4 monspeliacus1 yellow2 and ,r4 millefoliatus grandiflorus1 the same colour4 ,these are easily grown in the border in ordinary soil4 ,,romuleas ,romuleas are remarkably pretty little bulbs with ,crocus-like flowers1 from ,march to ,july1 and grassy leaves4 ,they require warm1 sunny spots on rockwork1 and in cold localities should be grown in a frame4 ,they like sandy soil4 ,among the best and hardiest are ,r4 ,bulbocodium1 with blue and yellow flowers4 ,the variety pylium is even prettier4 ,column is pretty with its white flowers4 ,clusii1 lavender1 and speciosa1 rosy violet1 are both pretty4 ,plant in autumn two inches deep1 and protect in winter4 ,,sanguinarias ,s4 canadensis1 the only species1 is a pretty little plant1 known as the ,bloodroot1 ,red ,puccoon1 or ,red ,indian ,paint1 and perfectly hardy4 ,it has white flowers with a yellow centre in ,april1 and the leaves are not fully developed until after the flowers4 ,it likes a rich moist soil1 but can be grown in the border4 ,the best form is grandiflora1 and the one called multipetala has many narrow petals4 ,there is said to be a pinkish form4 ,,sternbergias ,the ,sternbergias are handsome autumn flowers with blooms like a glorified yellow ,crocus1 which appear before the leaves4 ,the best for the open air is ,s4 lutea angustifolia1 a narrow-leaved variety of the common lutea4 ,others of much beauty are fischeriana and macrantha1 the latter having very large flowers4 ,in order to make them flower they need a dry1 sunny position in soil with limestone or lime rubbish4 ,they should be planted in summer about two inches deep4 ,,schizostylis ,,coccinea ,the ,kaffir ,lily is a valuable late blooming plant in a warm1 sunny border1 where it blooms in autumn1 when its bright scarlet flowers in long spikes are much appreciated4 ,although it likes a warm position1 it must not suffer from drought in its growing period4 ,plant in spring about three inches deep4 ,it makes a good pot plant for a cool house4 ,,tecophil,,as ,the beautiful little ,tecophilas are quite hardy in light soils1 but are1 because of their scarcity1 usually grown in frames or in pots in greenhouses4 ,they have pretty ,crocus-like flowers of blue and white1 and should be planted in rich1 light soil in a sunny position1 well-sheltered from wind1 or in a frame4 ,slugs are very partial to them1 and must be carefully guarded against4 ,the leading species are cyano-crocus and violflora4 ,,trilliums ,the ,trilliums1 or ,trinity ,flowers1 are very ornamental plants1 and are so distinct in form that they please everyone4 ,they like shade and a moist peaty soil4 ,grandiflorum is a general favourite1 with its large flowers of pure white4 ,there is also a rose-coloured form named grandiflorum roseum4 ,even finer than grandiflorum is sessile var4 californicum1 which is considerably taller1 and has fine white flowers1 those of the typical sessile being purple4 ,cernuum1 erectum1 erectum album1 nivale1 petiolatum1 recurvatum1 and stylosum are all pretty1 the last being the latest to bloom1 and well worth growing4 ,plant in autumn or spring1 with the crown one or two inches below the surface of the soil4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,hardy ,,bulbs ,tulips--,zephyranthes ,,tulips ,it is a matter for regret that the true beauty of the ,tulip has been so long obscured by the manner of its planting in stiff lines or beds1 where the flowers stood in almost regimental array1 with little but their own foliage to tone down the superfluous brilliancy of the mass of colour4 ,it is emphatically a flower which requires association with other plants to show its true value4 ,grown in bold clumps in the mixed border1 or in irregular groups among the rougher grass1 it gives a much better effect4 ,individually1 the ,tulips are very beautiful1 and their value in pots is of a high degree4 ,of course those who grow the ,english florist's ,tulip ought to continue to grow them in beds and in lines1 so that they can be protected from frost and shaded readily from strong sunshine4 ,for ordinary gardens1 however1 an informal grouping will be the most satisfactory and pleasing4 ,the species are very varied in their character1 and many of the dwarfer are delightful rock-garden plants4 ,a good1 loamy soil is suitable for all classes of ,tulips1 but where it is heavy a little coarse sand may be placed about the bulb4 ,it is well to plant comparatively early1 from the beginning of ,october to the end of ,november being the most suitable time4 ,in gardens subject to late frosts1 it is better to plant in ,november than in the earlier month4 ,three or four inches is the depth generally recommended1 but on light soil an additional inch may be given4 ,six inches apart is a good distance at which to plant the bulbs for ordinary effect4 ,the ,english florist's ,tulip ought to have a good loamy soil1 the bulbs being planted three inches deep and four apart in lines4 ,the end of ,october to the middle of ,november is the best time1 but the bulbs should never be planted unless the soil is in a good working condition4 ,some litter should be put over the beds in severe frosts1 and an awning erected over them at the blooming-time to preserve the flowers from rain and strong sun4 ,there are a number of details connected with the florist's ,tulip and its cultivation which cannot be given in the space of this work1 but ,mr ,bentley's little pamphlet1 entitled ,the ,english ,tulip1 will give all necessary information not to be found here4 ,the florist's ,tulip can be grown in a border1 but its effect there is not so good as that of some of the self-coloured flowers4 ,the early ,tulips are the most prized for pot-culture1 but the others may be used also1 although not generally so amenable to forcing4 ,they should be planted at the rate of from three to five bulbs in a five-inch pot1 according to the size of the bulbs4 ,after planting1 the pots should be plunged in ashes or cocoa-fibre until they have made root-growth1 when they may be brought in as required and subjected to gentle forcing4 ,watering must be carefully attended to at this time4 ,when a number of flowers are required for jardinettes1 etc41 the ,tulips may be grown closely together in boxes4 ,when they show colour1 they may be lifted with roots intact1 and planted in moss in the receptacles in which they are required4 ,illustration3 ,,tulips ,,carpeted ,,by ,,arabis ,the most valuable ,tulips for early work are the early ,dutch varieties1 many of which are very beautiful and embrace much variety of colour4 ,the varieties of ,duc ,van ,thol and ,pottebakker are largely used for early bloom1 but other good varieties are ,bacchus1 ,canary ,bird1 ,keizerskroon1 ,mon ,tresor1 and ,proserpine4 ,following these are the popular ,artus1 ,cottage ,maid1 ,crimson ,king1 and many others4 ,as1 however1 almost all the bulb-dealers give the blooming periods in their lists1 it would only take up space unnecessarily to detail them4 ,a special selection of the best for pot work or for forcing would include such varieties as the ,duc ,van ,thols1 ,couleur de ,cardinal1 ,globe de ,rigaut1 ,keizerskroon1 the ,pottebakkers1 ,royal ,standard1 and ,samson1 all reliable bloomers where they are properly cultivated4 ,double ,tulips last a little longer in bloom1 but they do not lend themselves so well to the decoration of the garden1 and many people do not care for their rather heavy-looking blooms4 ,good varieties for pots and forcing are ,artus1 ,brutus1 ,duchess of ,parma1 ,proserpine1 ,rose tendre1 ,thomas ,moore1 and ,van der ,neer4 ,for bedding there are ,cramoisie superbe1 ,la ,candeur1 ,murillo1 ,rex ,rubrorum1 and ,titian1 besides a number more4 ,variegated leaved ,tulips are pretty in beds1 even before the blooming time1 but they are not much grown in this country4 ,the ,cottage ,garden ,tulips grow yearly in favour1 and they deserve it because of their beauty and their general hardiness1 which enables the greater number to be permanent border flowers4 ,there are a great many of much beauty1 and a brief selection is necessarily incomplete4 ,it includes the curious acuminata1 ,didieri1 elegans1 ,faerie ,queen1 flava1 ,gala ,beauty1 gesneriana1 ,golden ,beauty1 ,golden ,crown1 ixioides1 macrospila1 maculata1 ,picotee1 retroflexa1 sylvestris major1 vitellina1 and ,york and ,lancaster4 ,the beautiful species of wild ,tulips give much variety1 and among the desirable plants may be named ,batalini1 biflora1 clusiana1 ,greigi1 kolpakowskiana1 ,korolkowi bicolor1 ,leichtlini1 linifolia1 ostrowskyana1 persica1 prcox1 ,sprengeri1 and violacea4 ,many of these are capital for the rock-garden4 ,the ,parrot ,tulips are also showy in the rock-garden or for hanging baskets1 where the large1 fantastic flowers droop over and look very curious with their strange colouring and laciniated petals4 ,they are rather unreliable bloomers4 ,the ,darwin ,tulips are very effective and beautiful flowers4 ,they belong to the breeder class of the florist's ,tulips1 but are of a strain with more brilliant self-colours than the ordinary breeders4 ,they are good growers1 and promise to do well as border flowers4 ,the ,english florist's ,tulip1 while very fascinating in its way1 is not of so much value for the garden as the self-coloured forms1 and there are a good many details to be followed by those who wish to cultivate it as it deserves4 ,these will be found in ,mr ,bentley's work1 already mentioned4 ,these ,english ,tulips are divided into three classes with rectified or variegated blooms1 as well as another1 which consists of what are known as ,breeders1 which1 like the others1 have a stainless base1 but have not developed the markings of the other classes4 ,bizarres have a yellow ground and yellow base1 of various shades1 with orange1 scarlet1 crimson1 black1 or brown markings on the ground2 ,bybloemens have a white base and ground1 the latter being marked with black1 violet1 purple1 and lilac to lavender2 while the ,roses1 which have a white base and ground1 have the markings of pink1 rose1 scarlet or crimson4 ,,zephyranthes ,zephyranthes1 or ,amaryllis ,candida is the only really hardy member of this genus in ,british gardens which are not specially favoured with a mild climate1 and it will seldom prove a permanent success unless planted in dry soil in front of a greenhouse or stove and exposed to the sun4 ,it has beautiful white flowers in autumn1 and should be planted about three inches deep in spring4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,half-,,hardy ,,bulbs ,acidantheras--,albucas--,alstroemerias- -,androstephiums--,besseras-- ,boussingaultias--,bravoas--,cypellas--, dahlias--,galaxias--,geissorhizas and ,hesperanthas ,,acidantheras ,the only species of ,acidanthera which has been introduced hardy enough to be classed with half-hardy bulbs is ,a4 bicolor1 a pretty plant with spikes of whitish flowers with the lower segments spotted purple4 ,it may be grown outside in a warm border if treated like a half-hardy ,gladiolus1 or better1 under glass as recommended for the ,ixia4 ,,albucas ,only a few of the ,albucas1 which come near to the ,ornithogalums1 deserve cultivation2 these can be grown outside in warm districts alone1 on a raised bed of rather light soil1 in a sunny position1 protected in winter by a layer of litter4 ,they are1 however1 better in the greenhouse or frame4 ,aurea1 yellow2 fastigiata1 white2 and ,nelsoni1 white1 are the best in cultivation4 ,they bloom in summer1 and may be planted three inches deep in autumn4 ,,alstroemerias ,apart from the hardier ,alstroemerias1 which may also advantageously be grown in frames or in cold greenhouses1 there are several others which are pleasing occupants of frames and cool greenhouses1 from which severe frosts are excluded4 ,the least hardy of all is ,a4 caryophylla1 which should always have a little heat1 and does best in a warm greenhouse or stove4 ,eminently suitable for the frame or the greenhouse without heat are the charming pelegrina1 white or yellow1 striped with rose1 and with a yellow spot on its segments2 and its white variety1 alba1 a lovely thing4 ,then there are ,errembaultii1 a pretty hybrid1 white1 spotted purple2 pulchra1 purple1 white1 and yellow1 with red spots1 and brasiliensis1 with its reddish yellow flowers spotted with brown4 ,at one time these were more grown1 and a renewed demand would bring many other species into cultivation4 ,a light rich soil is suitable for all1 with plenty of water while growing but very little afterwards4 ,,androstephiums ,these are pretty bulbous plants resembling the ,brodias1 and hardy if planted six or seven inches deep1 but better grown in a frame4 ,they like a sunny position and a light soil4 ,the species are breviflorum and violaceum4 ,,besseras ,few people know the ,bessera1 which is a pretty little bulbous plant from ,mexico1 bearing some resemblance to the ,scillas1 but having bright scarlet or scarlet and white flowers4 ,it grows from one and a half to two feet high1 and may be treated similarly to the ,babianas4 ,it is one of the many half-hardy bulbs which might be more widely cultivated with advantage4 ,,boussingaultias ,b4 baselloides is a rather pretty trailing plant which gives clusters of white flowers in late autumn4 ,in a few districts it is hardy1 but it ought usually to have the protection of a frame in winter1 or to have its tuberous roots stored in sand until spring1 when it may be planted about three inches deep4 ,it likes a rich1 but light soil4 ,,bravoas ,bravoa geminiflora1 the only one of the three species in cultivation1 is hardy in warm places in the south1 but for most gardens its proper treatment is that of a frame bulb4 ,it has beautiful orange-red1 drooping flowers in ,july1 on stems from one and a half to two feet high4 ,it likes a light1 sandy soil1 and may be planted about three inches deep in autumn4 ,,cypellas ,these are pretty plants allied to the ,iris1 and well suited for growing in pots in the greenhouse as well as for frame cultivation4 ,they may also be planted out in spring1 and lifted in autumn and potted4 ,they like a light1 sandy soil1 and may be planted two inches deep in pots1 or three inches if in a frame4 ,in the latter it is well to give them a little covering in frosty weather4 ,they may be raised from seeds or increased by offsets4 ,cypellas grow from one to three feet high4 ,the most desirable are ,herberti1 yellow2 peruviana1 yellow1 spotted red-brown2 and plumbea 7syn4 ,pohlia platensis71 lead-coloured1 with a tinge of yellow in the centre4 ,,dahlias ,the ,dahlia is too extensive a subject to permit of its being fully considered in the limits of this work1 but1 without entering upon particulars regarding the various sections and varieties of the flower1 it may be helpful to give a few broad cultural details for the benefit of those who grow the flower to a limited extent4 ,it is a plant which must have generous treatment1 and to give this it is essential that the ground should be deeply prepared by digging1 and thoroughly manured with well-decayed manure4 ,the plants may be put out as soon as danger from severe frost is past1 and they should be allowed plenty of room4 ,for exhibition purposes from five to six feet apart will be found a suitable distance4 ,the plants should be staked immediately1 and covered at nights when there is a prospect of a cold night occurring4 ,pots filled with moss or hay may be placed on the top of the stakes and examined regularly for earwigs4 ,when the plants begin to make growth1 the soil ought to be well mulched with half-rotted manure4 ,watering should never be neglected1 and as the plants grow they must be properly tied to the stakes4 ,thinning and disbudding are necessary to secure the largest possible blooms for exhibition flowers4 ,these may also require to be shaded and protected from bad weather4 ,when the plants are destroyed by frost in autumn1 they may be cut down to within six inches of the surface of the soil1 and1 after leaving them in the ground for a few days1 lifted and stored out of the reach of frost4 ,dahlias are propagated by seeds1 division of the tubers1 and by cuttings1 the two last being the only way of propagating named varieties4 ,seeds are sown in pans or pots in ,march under glass4 ,when the young plants can be handled1 prick them out into small pots and grow under glass until large enough to plant out in the beds4 ,old tubers may be divided if a portion of the crown with an eye or bud is attached to each piece4 ,these must be put into small pots and grown on for a short time4 ,cuttings are easily struck from ,february to ,august4 ,in spring the old tubers are placed in heat with the crowns above the soil1 and the shoots taken off when about three inches long1 and struck in heat in single pots of light soil4 ,cuttings taken off in summer and rooted in small pots1 form good pot roots for planting out in spring4 ,,galaxias ,few people grow these pretty little bulbous plants1 which do well in a frame with some protection in winter1 although1 perhaps1 even better in pots in a cool greenhouse4 ,they bloom in ,may1 the clusters of flowers being almost stemless4 ,graminea has yellow flowers1 and the other species1 ovata1 has purple-violet blooms4 ,they belong to the ,irids4 ,a sandy peat is the soil they prefer4 ,,geissorhizas ,,and ,,hesperanthas ,these are closely related to each other1 and require practically the same cultural treatment4 ,the ,geissorhiza is a pretty little plant1 but both it and the ,hesperantha seem a little more tender than the ,ixia and do best with greenhouse treatment4 ,they may be potted and grown in the way recommended for ,ixias under glass4 ,both have loose spikes of flowers4 ,they bloom in ,may or ,june4 ,practically the only ,geissorhiza grown in ,britain is ,g4 rochensis1 a charming thing1 with ,tyrian blue flowers with crimson blotches1 but alba1 white2 and violacea1 light blue1 are also procurable2 while a demand for them would probably bring out humilis1 yellow2 purpureolutea1 purple-black and yellow2 secunda1 red1 rose1 and white1 with a number of others from ,south ,africa4 ,the ,hesperanthas are even less grown1 but one may meet with graminea and pumila1 white1 and pilosa1 rose1 out of the twenty-six or so species known4 ,their drawback is that they flower in the evening4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,half-,,hardy ,,bulbs ,gladioli--,ixias--,sparaxises--,babiana s--,morphixias--,tritonias ,,gladioli ,although there are some districts in which the greater number of the ,gladioli may be grown as hardy bulbs and left in the same position for years without removal1 in the vast majority of ,british gardens they are more satisfactorily treated as half-hardy1 and are lifted and replanted annually4 ,they are less liable to disease1 and less apt to be injured by frost in severe winters4 ,those1 however1 who wish to establish them permanently1 will do well to plant rather deeper than is usually recommended--say1 eight inches from the crowns to the surface of the soil4 ,the general cultivation of ,gladioli is very simple4 ,they may be grown well in any good loam1 enriched in autumn by a supply of properly rotted animal manure being dug in deeply4 ,in the case of the pretty early-flowering ,gladioli1 which are often satisfactory when permanently planted1 they are put into the ground in late autumn1 and protected with a layer of two inches of dry litter or cocoa-nut fibre4 ,the greater number of the species1 like the exquisite hybrid ,gladioli1 may be planted in ,april or early ,may4 ,the corms should be about six inches deep1 and are best planted by means of a trowel to form the holes1 unless the soil has become too solid1 in which case it ought to be forked over before planting the corms4 ,for exhibition they may be planted about six inches apart1 but for border decoration they look well in groups of three or five at a closer distance4 ,many charming effects may also be produced by planting ,gladioli in beds1 with a groundwork formed by a low plant of contrasting or harmonising colours4 ,other good effects may also be made by arranging them with other tall flowers4 ,gladioli should be staked early1 and it is desirable to put in sticks when the corms are planted1 unless they are in a position where the long stakes will look unsightly4 ,in this case short sticks may be placed where the proper stakes are afterwards to go1 so as to avoid injuring the corms when inserting these4 ,they should be timeously secured with roffia or other soft material4 ,spikes of bloom intended for exhibition ought to be shaded and protected from the weather by a glass fronted box1 with the lower portion of the glass shaded by whitening or canvas as the lower blooms open4 ,when the leaves become yellow the corms may be lifted and1 after drying slightly in a cool airy place1 be stored free from frost until planting time4 ,the leading section of ,gladioli is that formed by the gandavensis varieties1 charming hybrids1 which through a long period have been constantly improved until their almost perfect flowers have been produced4 ,even the best of the present day are being gradually superseded by novelties1 and a selection of a few would only mislead4 ,named varieties procured from reliable firms will all give satisfaction1 and seedlings of great beauty can be bought at a moderate price1 and will often give flowers suitable even for exhibition4 ,the scarlet ,g4 brenchleyensis is indispensable for garden decoration4 ,the ,lemoinei section1 from ,g4 purpureo-auratus and gandavensis varieties1 is also very important1 though it is not so perfect in form as the gandavensis flower4 ,these ,lemoinei varieties are characterised by fine blotches on some of the segments4 ,they are slightly hardier than the preceding4 ,these are still being much improved4 ,the nanceianus section comprises a number of very showy flowers1 particularly suited for garden decoration or for cutting for large vases4 ,the plants are tall1 and the blooms are of great size4 ,the ,childsii varieties are also very effective plants in the garden1 and are of fine colours4 ,several new hybrids are at present in course of improvement and will1 in time1 add much to the beauty of our gardens4 ,the species are not much grown1 but there will be found among them a number of very pretty plants1 which only await a demand to be readily obtainable4 ,i have only space to refer to such as alatus1 cardinalis1 galeatus1 hirsutus1 dracocephalus1 prcox1 ringens1 ,saundersii1 psittacinus1 purpureo-auratus1 and tristis1 as all being interesting and not devoid of beauty of their own4 ,the hybrid ,gladioli1 as well as the species1 make good pot plants which may be treated in a similar way to such bulbs as ,hyacinths4 ,named varieties are propagated by offsets1 by division of the corms1 each portion having an eye attached1 and by spawn1 the cormlets at the base of the corms which are grown on until they reach flowering size4 ,gladioli are also raised from seeds1 sown in pans1 or in the open ground in spring4 ,,ixias1 ,,sparaxises1 ,,babianas1 ,,morphixias1 ,,and ,,tritonias ,for convenience of treatment1 these pretty and useful bulbs may well be grouped together4 ,they are possessed of brilliant colouring1 and few things are prettier or attract more attention than beds of these flowers4 ,they are also lovely pot plants1 and can be well grown in the cool greenhouse or conservatory4 ,in some places they are hardy and may be left without much attention1 but1 as a general rule1 they need the little care now recommended to bring them to perfection4 ,for their cultivation1 a bed with a south aspect1 of rich1 light loam1 raised six inches above the level of the garden1 is to be preferred1 special care being taken that the drainage is perfect4 ,the bulbs should be planted from ,october to ,january1 at a depth of from three to four inches1 and about three inches apart4 ,if the foliage does not appear until spring1 a little dry litter is all the protection required1 but should it pierce through the soil earlier1 a mat or two may be placed over the bed in frosty weather4 ,when the foliage dies down after flowering1 the bulbs may be lifted and dried off4 ,for pot work1 from five to six bulbs are enough for a five-inch pot1 and loam1 leaf-mould1 and silver sand form a good compost4 ,the best time to plant in pots is from ,september to ,december1 and the soil should be slightly moist1 but not so wet as to be adhesive4 ,after making the compost firm about the bulbs1 place the pots1 plunged in cocoa-fibre or ashes1 in a cold frame until the plants appear1 when water may be given very moderately1 and the lights kept off in all favourable weather4 ,when the plants have made some growth1 remove the pots to the greenhouse or conservatory1 keeping them near the glass and giving a sufficiency of water4 ,the ,ixia1 or ,african ,corn ,lily1 is a charming plant1 with long racemes of brilliantly coloured flowers1 whose dark centres add much to their beauty4 ,mixed varieties can be bought very cheaply1 and will give many beautiful flowers4 ,bulb dealers also offer named collections at moderate prices4 ,azurea1 blue2 ,beauty of ,norfolk1 yellow2 ,conqueror1 yellow2 crateroides1 bright scarlet1 and a capital thing2 ,donnatello1 scarlet2 erubescens major1 rose-carmine2 ,excelsior1 crimson-scarlet2 magnificum1 yellow2 nitens1 magenta2 ,queen of ,roses1 rose2 viridiflora1 a charming thing1 with sea-green black-centred flowers2 and ,white ,queen1 pure white1 with crimson centre1 are all desirable4 ,morphixias are now included by botanists with the ,ixia4 ,they bloom rather later4 ,the varieties of paniculata should be grown4 ,sparaxises are equally beautiful1 but are of dwarfer habit4 ,among the most useful is ,s4 tricolor1 which has scarlet flowers with a yellow centre4 ,the others are not so much grown under name as formerly1 as mixed varieties are cheaper1 and give good flowers4 ,fire ,king is bright with its scarlet and black flowers1 with a yellow centre1 and ,angelique1 white2 ,garibaldi1 crimson2 ,lady ,carey1 white1 blotched purple2 maculata1 white1 purple1 and primrose2 ,queen ,victoria1 white1 yellow1 and black1 are all good4 ,babianas are also very beautiful with their dwarf habit1 plaited hirsute leaves1 and their self-coloured or strongly contrasted flowers4 ,apart from the species1 of which there are upwards of twenty1 there are a number of named varieties4 ,atro-cyanea1 purple-blue and white2 and rubro-cyanea1 blue and crimson1 are both varieties of ,b4 stricta4 ,others worth growing are3--,attraction1 blue2 ,general ,scott1 lavender2 ,hellas1 yellow2 ,julia1 white and blue2 speciosa1 mauve2 and villosa1 blue4 ,the plant called ,s4 pulcherrima is ,dierama pulcherrimum1 which is named among hardy bulbs4 ,the ,tritonias now include ,montbretia ,pottsii1 but the plants1 forms of ,t4 crocata1 generally known in gardens by the former name1 more resemble the ,sparaxis in their habit than the popular ,montbretia of modern times4 ,they are grown like the ,ixia1 but are rather more tender1 and do best if kept indoors in winter4 ,they bloom later than the ,sparaxis1 and differ in their leading colours1 these being buff1 rose1 salmon1 and orange4 ,good forms and varieties are amoena1 yellow2 ,bella1 blush2 crocata1 bright orange2 elegans1 orange-cerise2 ,eleonore1 buff2 and speciosa1 orange-scarlet4 ,mixed varieties can be bought cheaply4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,half-,,hardy ,,bulbs ,ixiolirions--,moras--,ornithogalums--,o xalises--,phdranassas--,pancratiums --,tigridias--,zephyranthes--,cooperias ,,ixiolirions ,few people seem to grow the ,ixiolirions1 which are pretty summer blooming bulbs with umbels of lilac or blue flowers on stems about a foot high4 ,this is unfortunate1 as they are of pleasing appearance1 though it is to be regretted that they are among those troublesome bulbs which are almost hardy1 yet not absolutely to be depended upon in our climate4 ,if planted in the open1 this ought to be done in spring1 and the bulbs lifted in autumn1 and stored in dry sand1 but it is more satisfactory to grow them in a frame or cool greenhouse in pots of loam1 leaf-soil1 and sand4 ,there are two species--montanum and kolpakowskianum1 the latter having a smaller bulb and shorter segments4 ,the variety tataricum is considered a separate species by some botanists4 ,,mor,,as ,moras are charming plants resembling the ,irises1 and are of bright colours1 and generally very fragrant4 ,they should either be grown in a frame with some winter protection1 or in a cool greenhouse or conservatory planted out in rather sandy soil or in pots4 ,out of some sixty species1 there are few not worth growing1 but corms of only a limited number are purchasable in the ordinary course1 and the best of these are named as a guide4 ,they are often found about six inches high1 but frequently grow much taller4 ,edulis has bluish-white flowers2 iridioides1 white1 spotted yellow2 papilionacea1 pale-blue1 spotted dark-blue2 spathacea 7syn4 ,dietes ,huttoni71 yellow2 and tricuspis1 greyish yellow and brown4 ,robinsoniana1 also called ,iris robinsoniana1 needs a greenhouse1 and has white flowers and handsome leaves with the habit of ,phormium tenax4 ,the genus now includes the ,vieusseuxias and ,dietes1 which are sub-genera4 ,,ornithogalums ,it is singular that the half-hardy ,ornithogalums are so little grown1 as they are very easily managed in a frame or unheated greenhouse1 and will even do in a warm border in the south4 ,they like a light soil and a sunny position1 and to be well ripened after flowering4 ,the prettiest of the half-hardy species are ,o4 aureum1 yellow2 ,o4 arabicum1 white with almost black centres1 a very effective plant2 and the pure white ,o4 revolutum ,they may be planted about three inches deep4 ,,oxalises ,the tender ,oxalises or ,wood-,sorrels1 are deserving of more attention from those who have sunny frames or unheated greenhouses1 or even a sunny window1 where these flowers can open1 for all are sun-lovers4 ,they like a light1 rather sandy soil and may be planted in autumn or early spring about two inches deep4 ,they are too numerous to detail1 but ,i may name the following as all worth growing1 although the list might be considerably extended4 ,arenaria1 violet-purple2 articulata1 mauve2 ,barrelieri1 yellow2 elegans1 purple2 hirta1 red2 valdiviensis1 yellow2 variabilis1 white or red2 and versicolor1 white and red4 ,those named among the hardy bulbs can also be grown under glass4 ,illustration3 ,,lilium ,,auratum ,,ph,,dranassas ,although generally grown as greenhouse bulbs1 the ,phdranassas1 or ,queen ,lilies1 may be grown in mild districts as frame bulbs1 by cultivating them in rather heavy soil1 keeping them as dry as possible in winter1 and covering the glass of the frame with some canvas or a mat4 ,some succeed with them in the open1 but they there need a position below a south wall and to have some protection in times of severe frost4 ,they are also suitable plants for the greenhouse1 where they can be grown in pots and rested in winter4 ,they have umbels of pretty1 reflexed flowers1 and grow about one and a half feet high4 ,the most suitable for frame cultivation are chloracea1 yellow1 and sweet-scented2 schizantha1 vermilion1 yellow1 and green2 and ventricosa1 yellow4 ,they may be planted in spring about five inches deep in a frame1 or six inches if in the open4 ,,pancratiums ,although the two ,pancratiums named below are hardy in the milder parts of these islands1 it is more prudent to treat them as plants which need frame cultivation throughout the greater portion of ,britain4 ,a warm1 sunny border under a south wall is the place for them in the open garden1 and in frames it is desirable to give them a similar position4 ,they should be planted with the neck about a foot deep in the open and two or three inches less when in a frame4 ,they belong to the ,amaryllis family and have charming white flowers4 ,the hardiest and most easily grown is ,p4 illyricum1 but ,p4 maritimun has finer flowers4 ,they like a light soil1 and plenty of water while in growth4 ,,tigridias ,tigridias are among the most brilliant of summer bulbous plants1 but though they have been established in some southern gardens1 they are not generally hardy in ,britain4 ,the greater number in cultivation are varieties of ,t4 ,pavonia 7syn4 grandiflora7 and these are very beautiful1 their only fault being the short time the flowers last4 ,the type has scarlet petals and a yellow1 crimson-spotted cup1 but there are a number of varieties ranging from white1 through almost rose to lilac1 pale yellow and orange yellow4 ,immaculata alba1 ,immaculata lutea1 and the new ,nankin are among the latest introduced4 ,van ,houttei 7,hydrotnia ,van ,houttei7 has brown and yellow flowers and is rather more delicate1 and should have a frame or greenhouse4 ,violacea and ,pringlei should have similar treatment4 ,all may be potted and grown in a greenhouse if desired4 ,plant in ,april or ,may4 ,,zephyranthes ,reference has already been made to ,z4 ,candida among hardy bulbs4 ,a few others may now be mentioned for frame or cold greenhouse cultivation4 ,these are strangely neglected by amateurs1 as their pretty crocus-like flowers are exquisitely beautiful when open4 ,generally speaking1 ,i should recommend their being grown in pots in the greenhouse1 where they can have a sunny position near the glass4 ,the best of those known for the frame or cold greenhouse are ,andersoni1 which grows about four inches high1 and has yellow or coppery flowers about ,may2 ,atamasco1 white1 tinted pink1 grows about nine inches high1 and blooms about the same time2 carinata1 rose1 about one foot high1 and flowering in ,may2 gracilifolia1 about a foot and a half high and blooming about ,january2 rosea1 six inches high and flowering in ,may2 and versicolor1 rose and white1 about six inches high4 ,these ,zephyranthes like a turfy loam with a little sand and well decayed manure or peat4 ,they are propagated by offsets and should be repotted occasionally4 ,the night-blooming ,cooperias require similar cultivation4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,greenhouse ,,and ,,stove ,,bulbs ,achimenes--,alocasias--,amorphophalluse s--,arismas--,arums--,begonias-- ,bomareas--,caladiums ,,achimenes ,the charming ,achimenes is not so much grown as formerly1 but it might well become more popular among those who have a warm greenhouse or stove in which to start the tubers1 as before coming into bloom they may be taken into the conservatory1 where their bright flowers will be much admired in pots1 pans1 or baskets4 ,they may be planted in equal parts of peat and fibrous loam1 with a small proportion of manure1 from about the beginning of ,february until the end of ,april4 ,they can either be started in the receptacle in which they are to flower or transplanted when an inch or two high1 the latter being preferable4 ,a night temperature of about sixty degrees is required1 and they should have plenty of water and be regularly syringed to keep off red spider4 ,the points may be taken out to make the plants more bushy4 ,when they come into bloom they should be removed to the greenhouse or conservatory2 while in bloom syringing should be suspended4 ,partial shade is also advisable4 ,withhold water gradually after flowering1 and when the leaves are yellow place the pots in a dry place in a moderate temperature1 leaving the tubers undisturbed until they are wanted for starting4 ,there are many varieties1 and mixed sorts can be purchased at a low rate4 ,,alocasias ,these magnificent stove plants are much admired for their handsome1 often variegated1 leaves1 and for their striking appearance4 ,they like a compost of sandy loam and fibrous peat in lumps1 with some sphagnum and small pieces of charcoal1 keeping the soil and bulbs a little above the top of the pots1 with a surfacing of cocoa-fibre or sphagnum4 ,the pots can hardly be over-drained1 and from a half to two-thirds full of broken crocks is a good proportion of drainage4 ,they require a moist atmosphere and plenty of water while growing2 a summer temperature of seventy-five to eighty-five degrees and a winter one of sixty to sixty-five degrees are suitable4 ,a little liquid manure may be given at intervals4 ,they are increased by division of the stem or rhizome1 or by seeds4 ,the following selection comprises some of the finest grown3--,chelsonii1 cuprea1 metallica1 hybrida1 ,jenningsii1 ,johnstoni1 macrorhiza variegata1 scabriuscula1 ,sedenii1 thibautiana1 and zebrina4 ,,amorphophalluses ,these are singular stove plants1 allied to the ,arums1 but of most value for sub-tropical bedding4 ,they must be kept dry and in a warm place in winter1 and started in a moist atmosphere and a temperature of from fifty-five to seventy degrees4 ,they are never likely to become popular for ordinary gardens1 so that details would be unnecessary here4 ,campanulatus1 ,lacouri1 ,rivieri1 and ,titanum are the best known species4 ,,aris,,mas ,these singular1 but not showy plants1 require somewhat similar cultivation to the ,arums1 and may be grown in any heated greenhouse in rather light but rich soil4 ,they should have plenty of water while growing4 ,the best species are concinnum1 about two feet high2 curvatum1 about four feet high1 and both flowering in ,june2 also galeatum1 ,griffithi1 nepenthoides1 and speciosa4 ,,arums ,the greenhouse and stove ,arums thrive in a warm1 moist temperature1 and are curiously interesting as well as worthy of being admired for the beauty of their foliage4 ,rich loam1 a little sand1 and some thoroughly rotted manure will grow them well4 ,after flowering they may have the supply of water restricted so as to keep them at rest until spring1 when they start into growth again4 ,among the most useful of the greenhouse species are sanctum or palstinum1 spectabile 7half-hardy71 and spirale4 ,,begonias ,the great genus ,begonia would1 as regards even the tuberous or rhizotamous-rooted species alone1 take up too much space1 so that this brief reference must principally deal with the cultivation of the hybrid ,begonias1 which are for most gardens the most valuable of all4 ,they are standing witnesses to the powers of the skilful hybridiser1 and the perfection to which they have been brought makes any words of praise superfluous4 ,their value in the garden or under glass is self-evident4 ,illustration3 ,,lilium ,,candidum ,the ,begonia may be readily raised from seeds sown in ,january or ,february in a house with a temperature of about seventy degrees1 and in pots or pans of fine1 light soil4 ,some sow the seeds before watering1 and then water with a fine rose2 while others water before sowing and cover the seeds slightly with fine soil1 covering the pans with a sheet of glass4 ,after germination watering must be carefully attended to1 and many have the best results from plunging the pans in water until it begins to rise through the surface4 ,as soon as possible the young plants must be pricked off in a little heavier1 but still free soil1 and grown on until fit to put into small pots before transferring to larger ones4 ,if properly grown they will bloom well the first year4 ,begonias are also propagated by division of the tubers1 like potatoes2 by cuttings stuck in pots in a bottom heat of about seventy degrees2 and by leaf-cuttings on cocoa-fibre or sand4 ,they like a rich1 but not heavy soil1 either when in pots or when bedded out1 and in the latter position1 they should not have too dry a border or bed1 and should be freely supplied with water in dry weather4 ,the tubers must be lifted when frost cuts down the foliage and stored away in dry sand1 although larger tubers may be stored without the sand if kept free from frost also4 ,they ought to be started in a little heat before planting out1 which may be done when the days and nights are warm1 according to the district in which the garden lies4 ,the growing of named tuberous ,begonias is on the decrease1 as so many excellent single or double flowered plants can be raised from seed of a good strain4 ,,bomareas ,the ,bomareas are among the most ornamental of our greenhouse climbers1 but are less grown than their beauty deserves4 ,they are allied to the ,alstroemerias1 but are of climbing habit4 ,they do best when planted out in the warm greenhouse or stove1 but may also be grown in pots4 ,they should have a compost of peat1 sand1 loam1 and leaf-mould1 and when in growth ought to have plenty of water1 occasionally giving them some liquid manure4 ,they can be grown from seeds or by division of the stems4 ,perhaps the following are as good as any in cultivation3-- ,b4 ,carderi1 which has handsome rose-coloured flowers spotted with brown2 oligantha1 red and yellow2 ,shuttleworthi1 vermilion1 yellow1 red1 and green4 ,edulis has been longest grown1 and has rose flowers tipped with green2 the hardiest species is probably ,b4 salsilla1 with purple and green flowers4 ,this is hardy in a few districts when other conditions are favourable4 ,,caladiums ,caladiums are among the most useful of stove perennial plants1 and their adaptability to growing for table and room decoration adds much to their general value4 ,the beauty of form and the fine colouring of their foliage place them high in the ranks of stove plants4 ,a capital compost is made of turfy loam1 turfy peat1 and leaf-soil in equal parts1 with a little well-rotted manure and some sharp sand4 ,in ,march or earlier1 if they have been long at rest1 the tubers are started into growth in a temperature of not less than #fj degrees2 when they have made growth1 they may be placed in five or six inch pots1 and the supply of water gradually increased until it is given freely1 with alternate waterings of some liquid manure4 ,they should be kept growing in a high temperature1 and then hardened-off in a cooler part of the building preparatory to their removal to the conservatory4 ,when the leaves begin to grow yellow1 gradually decrease the water supply1 and store for the winter in a temperature of not less than sixty degrees4 ,do not allow them to become entirely dry4 ,a large number of hybrid ,caladiums have been raised1 and these1 which will be found in the catalogues of leading nurserymen1 have almost driven the original species out of cultivation4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,greenhouse ,,and ,,stove ,,bulbs ,clivias--,colocasias--,crinums--,cyclam ens--,cyrtanthuses--,eucharises and ,urceocharis--,eurycles ,,clivias 7syn4 ,,imantophyllum7 ,the ,clivias and ,imantophyllums were formerly kept distinct1 but are now combined by botanists1 the name ,imantophyllum being retained as that of a sub-genus4 ,both have long leaves in opposite rows and umbels of flowers1 which are of various shades of yellow1 orange1 or scarlet4 ,c4 nobilis grows about a foot high1 and has bright red-yellow flowers4 ,gardneri has fewer flowers 7twelve to twenty in the umbel74 ,miniata is the only species belonging to the sub-genus ,imantophyllum1 and seedlings1 or hybrids between it and the other species1 have been obtained in considerable numbers4 ,the catalogues of leading bulb dealers may be consulted for the varieties now in commerce4 ,all are ornamental in pots or planted out in beds or borders in airy houses1 with a temperature of from fifty to sixty degrees4 ,in spring and summer they should have plenty of water1 both at the roots and applied by means of the syringe4 ,a rather lower temperature and less water are desirable in spring4 ,they should have a soil composed of good fibry loam and peat in the proportion of about three of the former to one of the latter1 with a little charcoal1 bone-meal1 and silver sand4 ,c4 miniata flowers in spring and summer1 and the other species in winter and spring4 ,,colocasias ,the ,colocasias are very ornamental plants with large handsome leaves1 and are related to and require the same culture as the ,caladiums4 ,there is considerable confusion in the nomenclature of these plants in gardens1 and ,caladiums are sometimes found named ,alocasias or ,colocasias1 and vice versa4 ,the principal species are antiquorum2 its variety1 esculentum 7syn4 ,caladium esculentem71 sometimes used in the south for sub-tropical effect1 being planted out in ,june1 and freely supplied with water2 and odorata4 ,,crinums ,we have already referred to the hardy ,crinums1 but this work would be imperfect without a few details about the stove species1 among which are some plants of the highest types of floral beauty4 ,these should have a good soil of fibrous loam1 peat1 a little sand1 and charcoal to keep the compost sweet1 as the plants require plenty of water while growing1 ,c4 campanulatum and ,c4 purpurascens especially requiring this1 as they do best standing in a pan of water4 ,they are also greatly benefited by syringing overhead4 ,after the flowering period is over water may be reduced4 ,they need large pots or tubs1 as they form fleshy roots which should be as little disturbed as possible4 ,there are so many ,crinums1 that a short selection of well-proved1 good species suitable for the stove is necessary4 ,these are--amabile1 three feet1 red2 asiaticum1 two feet1 white2 campanulatum1 one foot1 red-purple2 giganteum1 three feet1 white2 ,kirkii1 one and a half feet1 white1 striped red2 ,macowani1 two feet1 pink2 purpurascens1 one foot1 claret-red2 and zeylanicum1 three feet1 white1 striped red4 ,,cyclamens ,the varieties of ,cyclamen latifolium1 or persicum1 a plant which has yielded under cultivation so many beautiful flowers1 are general favourites1 and are so easy to cultivate that they are largely grown for the decoration of glass structures and rooms4 ,there are several methods adopted for raising the fine plants so often seen nowadays1 which are generally young specimens grown from seeds4 ,the following plan is followed by many successful growers4 ,the seeds are sown from the beginning of ,august to the end of ,november1 in pans of fibrous loam1 some silver sand1 and a fifth of leaf-soil4 ,they are placed in an intermediate house1 or a temperature of about fifty-five degrees1 and in a little shade until the seedlings have begun to appear1 when they may be placed near the glass and pricked off when they can be handled4 ,they may be grown on in a similar temperature during the winter1 but a little increase may be given immediately after potting off in ,february or ,march into three-inch pots4 ,they should be placed in frames turned towards the north for the summer1 receiving a potting into five-inch pots in ,july1 and being kept close for a few days afterwards4 ,after taking indoors they must be near the glass1 and syringed frequently to keep off red spider4 ,corms which have flowered may be kept1 and with careful treatment will flower again1 although scarcely so freely as young plants4 ,they may either be planted out in frames for the summer or plunged in their pots1 repotting when they show sign of making fresh growth4 ,the large-flowered varieties are very handsome1 and the ,papilio1 or ,butterfly-formed flowers1 and those with crested blooms are also considerably appreciated by those who like new flowers4 ,,cyrtanthuses ,the ,cyrtanthi are among the neglected bulbs in ordinary gardens1 but when bulbous plants once more take their proper place they will be more largely grown4 ,the genus now includes ,monella of ,salisbury and ,gastronema of ,herbert1 and the plants have either pendulous or erect tubular flowers1 those having the latter being formerly called ,gastronema4 ,like many other ,cape ,amaryllide1 the ,cyrtanthus requires to be kept dry in winter1 but to be well supplied with water after starting into growth4 ,carneus and obliquus must not be dried off4 ,loam1 peat1 and sand form a suitable compost4 ,they will grow in a greenhouse in summer1 but should be kept in a stove during the winter months4 ,the fragrant ,c4 ,mackenii1 with white flowers1 is pretty4 ,macowani1 orange-scarlet1 and sanguineus1 bright red1 are both fine species1 and those desiring a larger number may grow albiflorus1 white2 carneus1 bright red2 obliquus1 yellow2 and odorus1 red4 ,others are angustifolius1 ,huttoni1 lutescens1 smithianus1 ,tuckii1 and ventricosus4 ,,eucharises ,,and ,,urceocharis ,the ,eucharis is such a favourite with everyone that it is a matter of much regret that it has suffered in so many gardens from the ravages of what is known as the ,eucharis mite 7,rhizoglyphus ,robini71 which also affects other bulbs of allied character4 ,there seems little doubt that this is brought about by errors in watering1 as the ,eucharis dislikes suffering from either too little or too much water4 ,it should not have a season of rest from water1 as many suppose1 but should not be forced into flower more than twice in a year4 ,clibran's ,eucharis ,mite ,killer1 used as directed on the package1 or a weak preparation of ,kerosene ,emulsion1 are equally effectual1 but the ,emulsion should not touch the actual roots4 ,so beautiful a plant is worth every attention1 as we have nothing among other stove bulbs which can approach its pure white1 elegantly formed flowers and dark-green foliage4 ,the ,eucharis likes a compost of two or three parts of good loam to one of leaf-mould or turfy peat1 and a little charcoal to keep the compost sweet4 ,it requires a temperature of from sixty to seventy degrees in winter1 rising to seventy-five and eighty degrees in summer4 ,syringing overhead on bright days is necessary1 and a little reduction in the temperature is desirable when the leaves are of full size4 ,six or eight bulbs may be placed in a ten-inch pot4 ,the most popular ,eucharis is ,e4 grandiflora 7syn4 amazonica72 there is a fragrant variety of this named ,e4 grandiflora fragrans1 and others are ,e4 g4 ,lowii and ,e4 g4 ,moorei4 ,candida and ,sanderi are also good species1 and hybrid forms1 named burfordensis and ,stevensii1 are also meritorious4 ,the other species are bakeriana1 elmetana 7hybrid71 ,lehmanni1 ,mastersii1 and subedentata4 ,the hybrid ,urceocharis1 from the ,eucharis and ,urceolina1 is cultivated in the same way4 ,,eurycles ,the ,eurycles is little known in private gardens1 but the two species form interesting occupants of the stove or greenhouse1 with their umbels of white flowers1 and broad1 heart-shaped or ovate leaves4 ,e4 amboinensis is a stove species about two feet high1 flowering in ,march4 ,the other1 ,e4 ,cunninghami1 likes a warm greenhouse4 ,it grows about a foot high4 ,one part leaf-soil to three of good loam1 with a little sand1 will grow them satisfactorily4 ,after they have completed their growth water may be diminished1 and finally withheld to allow them to ripen4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,greenhouse ,,and ,,stove ,,bulbs ,freesias--,gloxinias--,hmanthuses--,hip peastrums ,,freesias ,freesias1 whose fragrant flowers are so acceptable1 are so nearly hardy1 that it might1 perhaps1 have been more consistent to include them among the half-hardy bulbs4 ,they are1 however1 of so much more value when grown and flowered under glass that we may be pardoned for including them among greenhouse bulbs4 ,they are very cheap1 and increase so freely that they might be grown in far larger quantities4 ,a five-inch pot will hold about a dozen of good-sized bulbs1 and they may be potted at intervals from the beginning of ,august for a month or two4 ,they like a light1 but rich soil1 with the addition of some leaf-mould and silver sand4 ,a depth of an inch is generally recommended1 but they are none the worse for being a little deeper4 ,after planting1 the pots may be watered and placed in a cold frame1 plunged in cocoa fibre or ashes4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,scillas ,when some growth is made1 they may either be removed to a frame with a moderate bottom heat1 or taken into the place where they are to bloom4 ,in a sunny window they may be brought nicely into flower as well as in a greenhouse4 ,they like air1 however1 when possible4 ,it is essential that they should have plenty of water while in growth4 ,a temperature of about fifty-five degrees is suitable for blooming them in4 ,after flowering1 water should be gradually withheld2 and when the foliage becomes yellow1 the pots with their contents should be thoroughly roasted in the sun4 ,before repotting1 it is desirable to sort them according to size4 ,some grow ,freesias from seed1 but they are so cheap1 and make offsets so freely1 that it is hardly worth the trouble to do so4 ,the seeds are sown when ripe1 and gradually grown on until they attain to flowering size4 ,the best of the ,freesias is ,f4 refracta alba1 but ,f4 refracta1 white and yellow1 and ,f4 refracta ,leichtlini1 with creamy-yellow flowers1 are also grown4 ,,gloxinias ,gloxinias are so beautiful in their colourings1 and are so ornamental1 that it is no matter for surprise to find them in most gardens of importance4 ,nowadays1 however1 they are principally grown from seed instead of cultivating the old bulbs for successive seasons as was formerly practised4 ,they are easily raised in this way1 and the plants produced are more vigorous and floriferous than those produced by old bulbs1 or by cuttings or leaves4 ,they can be flowered in about six months from the time of sowing4 ,fibrous loam or leaf-soil1 mixed with sand and peat1 will answer for the seed pans and for the after compost4 ,seed sown in ,january or ,february will give a succession of flower1 and later sowings may be made for winter bloom4 ,the seed should be thinly sown and covered with a sprinkling of fine soil4 ,the pans ought then to be placed in a temperature of about #gj degrees1 and shaded from strong sun4 ,the young seedlings are very liable to damp off1 and must be pricked out into other pans or pots as soon as possible4 ,they will grow quickly in a moist warm house1 and1 when a fair size1 may be repotted1 giving a forty-eight size pot for the final shift4 ,they can have then a temperature of sixty to sixty-five degrees4 ,a little manure water is beneficial at intervals1 but this1 and a moist atmosphere1 are prejudicial when the plants are in bloom4 ,cuttings of the young shoots taken off when the old bulbs are started are easily struck in a propagating frame1 and are afterwards potted and treated like young seedlings4 ,when the leaves are firm1 they may either be inserted in fine soil like cuttings with a portion of the petiole or footstalk1 or by cutting through the midribs at several places and pegging down the leaves on cocoa fibre or sand in a close frame4 ,old tubers of ,gloxinias should be carefully stored in winter beyond the reach of frost1 and started into growth in ,february in small pots in a temperature of about sixty-five degrees4 ,until they have fairly begun to grow they should have little water4 ,similar treatment is suitable for some of the other ,gesneraceous plants1 such as the ,gesnerias4 ,h,,manthuses ,the ,hmanthus is a handsome and distinct-looking plant1 but it is seldom that one meets with it in private gardens4 ,its usefulness is lessened by its handsome leaves appearing at a different time from the flowers1 but this fault may be partly concealed by an arrangement of other plants about the pots containing the ,hmanthi4 ,a few of the species can be grown in a cool greenhouse1 but the greater number ought to be cultivated in a higher temperature4 ,h4 sanguineus is one of the easiest to grow and the writer has grown and flowered it yearly in a house from which frost was only excluded and where the temperature fell to near freezing point4 ,for the greater number1 however1 a temperature of from fifty to sixty degrees in the growing season is best4 ,after flowering they should have a short period of rest4 ,there are a number of very handsome species1 among the best being abyssinicus1 scarlet2 cinnabarinus1 red2 incarnatus1 flesh2 insignis1 orange-scarlet2 ,kalbreyeri1 crimson2 ,katherin1 deep red2 natalensis1 green1 bracts1 purple2 puniceus1 scarlet2 and sanguineus1 scarlet4 ,albo-maculatus1 hirsutus1 and virescens albiflos are the best whites4 ,,hippeastrums ,under their popular name of ,amaryllises1 the ,hippeastrums have for years been increasingly grown by those who desire to make their glass structures gay with bulbous plants which are distinct from the ordinary forcing bulbs of winter and spring4 ,their deserved popularity has been increased by the wonderful improvements which have been in progress for years among these plants which are naturally beautiful and have such brilliant colouring4 ,some of the original species are very handsome1 but the seedling varieties and hybrids are superior to these4 ,it is generally accepted that these improved ,hippeastrums are largely due to the hybridisation of some of these species1 but there is considerable doubt regarding the parentage of some of these reputed hybrids4 ,however this may be1 there can be no two opinions regarding the value and beauty of the plants themselves1 with which greenhouses and stoves may be made gay for months at a time4 ,the greater number of the ,hippeastrums are easily grown in a temperature of at least sixty degrees1 although some even suggest five degrees less4 ,they can1 however1 take more heat with advantage4 ,this heat is required during the growing season1 from ,february to ,september1 after which they should be kept cooler1 and only moist enough to keep the roots alive4 ,during the growing period full supplies of water are required4 ,they like a rather heavy loam1 with some charcoal and crushed bones4 ,they should be disturbed as little as possible1 so as to avoid injury to their fleshy roots1 and to prevent the necessity of re-potting1 established bulbs may be top-dressed when being started into growth4 ,some manure water is beneficial1 but not when the blooms show colour4 ,hippeastrums are increased by offsets taken off carefully when the plants are at rest1 and also by seeds1 which are sown in pots or pans in a temperature of about sixty-five degrees1 the seeds having only a slight covering of the sandy soil which should form the compost4 ,when old enough to handle1 the seedlings can be placed singly in small pots and grown on in the heat suitable for the larger bulbs4 ,as the newer ,hippeastrums are very high priced where of good quality1 this method of raising from seed is recommended4 ,plants have been flowered in about two years from seed4 ,there are a good many species and it is only worth while to name such as ,ackermanni1 crimson2 ,equestre1 orange2 and vittata1 all of which have given some fine varieties4 ,with regard to the named varieties1 we would recommend intending purchasers to consult the catalogues of the leading bulb-dealers1 where there may be found varieties at all prices4 ,unnamed varieties may be obtained at a lower price1 but it must be remembered that the newest and best named sorts are necessarily very expensive4 ,habranthuses are now included with the ,hippeastrums and ,zephyranthes4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,greenhouse ,,and ,,stove ,,bulbs ,lachenalias--,nerines and ,lycorises--,pancratiums and ,hymenocallises --,richardias--,sprekelias--,tuberoses-- ,vallotas--,watsonias--,zephyranthes ,,lachenalias ,were the beauty and usefulness of the ,lachenalias better known1 they would soon become very popular plants for the amateur's greenhouse and window4 ,they may be said to lie on the border-line between greenhouse and frame plants1 as only sufficient heat is needed to keep out frost4 ,the popular name of ,cape ,cowslips gives some indication of the appearance of the spikes of drooping flowers1 but hardly expresses the singularly pretty colouring1 which lies in the yellow or white grounds and the shadings of green1 red1 or purple1 which make such pretty combinations4 ,the ,lachenalia1 which can be had in bloom from ,february to ,may1 requires a period of rest1 and after flowering the pots should either be placed on a sunny shelf or other dry place1 and water gradually withheld as the leaves become yellow4 ,pot in ,august in loam1 leaf-soil1 or peat1 and a little manure and sand4 ,some grow ,lachenalias in hanging baskets lined with moss and filled with soil4 ,a good selection may be made from the following1 but the newer varieties are well worth having also1 although a little more expensive4 ,a selection3--fragrans1 lilacina1 ,nelsoni 7hybrid71 pendula1 tricolor1 tricolor lutea 7syn4 ,l4 aurea74 ,new varieties are ,aldborough ,beauty1 ,cawston ,gem1 and ,rector of ,cawston4 ,,nerines ,,and ,,lycorises ,the best known of the ,nerines is ,n4 sarniensis1 the ,guernsey ,lily1 which is imported in great numbers in autumn with the flower buds set1 and is potted at once to bloom almost immediately4 ,it has been grown by some as a hardy or half-hardy bulb1 but its true place in most gardens is in a greenhouse in pots4 ,this is advisable so that it may perfect its foliage4 ,it likes a rich1 yet light1 soil and careful watering4 ,it is unfortunate that some of the other ,nerines are not more grown1 as their brilliant flowers possess all the beauty of the better known sarniensis4 ,the handsome scarlet curvifolia1 with its even finer form1 known as ,fothergilli major1 are worth more than the room and care they need4 ,then the rose-coloured flexuosa2 the rosy carmine humilis splendens2 the white and red pudica2 the rosy-purple undulata2 and the hybrid or seedling forms1 amabilis1 carmine rose2 the charming roseo-crispa1 pink2 and excellens1 bright rose1 are all of much beauty4 ,these should have little water from ,may to ,august4 ,the ,lycorises should be cultivated in a similar manner4 ,,pancratiums ,,and ,,hymenocallises ,these closely allied plants require similar treatment1 and may be suitably mentioned together4 ,the connection is so close indeed that several of the species of either bear in gardens the generic name of the other4 ,the stove species should always be kept moist1 while the plants which do with greenhouse temperature need to be kept dry while at rest in winter4 ,the pots must be large and filled with good loam and leaf-mould1 with a dash of silver sand4 ,the bulbs should be just below the surface4 ,a few1 which have been also known as ,ismenes1 are understood to be hardy in favoured places4 ,ordinary stove heat will suit the following3--,hymenocallises3--andreana1 ,choretis1 expansa1 lacera1 ovata1 macrostephana1 maculata1 speciosa2 and ,pancratiums verecundum and zeylanicum4 ,for the greenhouse there are3--,h4 ,amancaes1 calathina1 harrisiana1 littoralis 7syn4 adnata71 macleana 7the hardiest71 tenuifolia4 ,in looking over catalogues to order these1 ,pancratium1 ,hymenocallis1 and ,ismene should all be referred to on account of the uncertainty about the nursery names4 ,,richardias ,these are best known because of the popular ,r4 africana1 often called ,calla thiopica1 the ,arum ,lily1 or ,lily of the ,nile4 ,all the species like a very rich soil1 and a plentiful supply of water while growing4 ,r4 africana can be grown as a hardy aquatic in some warm districts in these islands if the crowns are well below the depth to which the water is frozen4 ,it is1 however1 most grown as a greenhouse or window plant1 especially when white flowers are wanted early4 ,after flowering1 it may either be planted out in trenches in the garden1 or dried off and started in the same pots4 ,potting may be done about ,september1 and the plants grown in ordinary greenhouse temperature4 ,albo-maculata1 hastata1 and melanoleuca are less beautiful4 ,adlami1 elliotiana1 ,pentlandi1 and ,rehmanni are all newer and of much beauty1 the second and third having yellowish flowers4 ,,sprekelias ,although ,sprekelia formosissima1 known also as ,amaryllis formosissima1 the ,jacobea ,lily1 is sometimes recommended as a half-hardy bulb1 this is of doubtful expediency1 and it is better to treat it as a cool greenhouse bulb and to grow it in pots4 ,it is sometimes planted out on a sunny border below a wall in ,april and lifted in ,september1 but we recommend planting it in turfy loam1 well-decayed manure and a little sand1 in pots1 and treating it like the ,hippeastrum1 but in a rather lower temperature4 ,it grows about two feet high1 and has crimson or white flowers about ,june4 ,there is another named ,s4 ,cybister1 which has red flowers about ,april4 ,,tuberoses ,the botanical name of the ,tuberose--,polianthes ,tuberosa--is so little used by those who grow it that it will be more convenient to speak of this most fragrant flower under its popular title4 ,it is everywhere prized1 especially when its pure white flowers are produced in winter1 when few of similar character for buttonholes and bouquets are readily procurable4 ,although a plant which can be flowered in the open border if the bulbs are started and grown on for some time under glass1 it requires a considerable amount of heat to flower it properly at other seasons4 ,the bulbs should be potted three together in a five or six inch pot in a soil composed of loam and manure or some leaf-soil4 ,the soil should be slightly moist1 so as to obviate the necessity of watering before the bulbs begin to make growth4 ,some plunge in a cold frame until growth begins1 but a preferable plan is to plunge in a bottom heat of from sixty to seventy degrees if early bloom is required4 ,plenty of water should be given when growth has fairly begun1 and it can hardly be too strongly emphasised that this and a temperature such as that named for the bottom heat should be maintained for winter-blooming4 ,potting may begin in ,november1 and may be continued at intervals for two or three months4 ,old bulbs are not worth keeping4 ,the double form is the more appreciated1 and the double ,african1 ,american1 and ,italian grown bulbs are all good4 ,the ,pearl is dwarf in habit4 ,,vallotas ,the ,vallota1 or ,scarborough ,lily 7,v4 purpurea71 is a general favourite for its brightly coloured flowers in autumn1 and because of the ease with which it can be grown in a greenhouse or window4 ,it is hardy in a few favoured places1 and in some is grown as a frame bulb1 but for the greater number of ,british gardens it is best when grown in a house from which frost is excluded in winter4 ,it should be repotted as seldom as possible1 and then the roots should be little disturbed and the plants transferred to a larger pot with the ball attached1 only removing some of the soil on the surface to allow of top dressing4 ,the offsets may be removed with a stick4 ,it likes a rich1 light soil1 and may be potted towards the end of spring4 ,the roots should never become dry4 ,some give a little liquid manure during summer1 and when well grown few plants look more ornamental1 with its heads of deep scarlet flowers4 ,there is a larger-flowered variety named major4 ,,watsonias ,although the ,watsonias will do if planted out on a warm south border in favoured places in this country1 and treated as half-hardy bulbs1 intending growers are advised to grow them in pots as greenhouse plants4 ,they have fine branching stems of a height of from two to three feet1 and pretty blooms somewhat resembling those of the ,freesia in form4 ,the corms should be planted in spring1 and treated like ,gladioli in pots4 ,after flowering1 water should be gradually reduced when the leaves begin to turn yellow1 and the corms either kept dry in the pots or taken out and stored like those of the ,gladiolus4 ,the most appreciated of the ,watsonias are the varieties of ,w4 ,meriana1 the type form having rose-red flowers4 ,the white varieties of this1 such as alba1 ,ardernei1 and ,o',brieni are all much admired1 that called ,ardernei1 which some consider the same as ,o',brieni1 being a special favourite4 ,w4 ,m4 iridifolia and ,w4 ,m4 roseo-alba are also good varieties4 ,other desirable species procurable are3--aletroides1 scarlet or pink2 angusta1 scarlet2 coccinea1 crimson2 humilis1 rose-red2 and rosea1 rose-red4 ,,zephyranthes ,all the ,zephyranthes mentioned in the chapters regarding hardy and half-hardy bulbs can be grown in the greenhouse1 and there are also a few which ought to have a little additional heat1 such as that of a stove4 ,citrina1 yellow1 about six inches high1 and blooming in ,august1 is one4 ,others are concolor1 sulphur-yellow and blooming in ,april on stems a foot high2 pumila1 also known as ,habranthus pumilus1 blooming about ,september1 and having rose coloured flowers2 robusta 7syn4 ,habranthus robustus71 about ten inches high and blooming in ,june2 sessilis1 white and red1 with its flowers in ,april2 striata is a striped variety of this2 tubispatha likes stove heat4 ,they grow best in turfy loam1 with the addition of some decayed manure or peat and sand4 ,,turnbull ,,and ,,spears1 ,,printers1 ,,edinburgh4 ,,books ,,for ,,country ,,houses ,the ,natural ,history of ,selborne4 ,by ,,gilbert ,,white4 ,edited1 with ,introduction1 by ,,grant ,,allen4 ,with upwards of #bjj ,illustrations by ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #es4 net4 ,new ,edition4 ,the attraction lies chiefly in finding the masterpiece so admirably illustrated by ,mr ,edmund ,h4 ,new4 ,in black and white line work of this class he has no equal4 7,country ,life47 ,mr ,edmund ,new's drawings are not merely artistic1 but full of the poetry of association4 7,speaker47 ,the ,compleat ,angler4 ,by ,,izaak ,,walton and ,,charles ,,cotton4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 by ,,richard ,,le ,,gallienne4 ,with ,photogravure ,portraits of ,walton and ,cotton1 and over #bej ,illustrations and ,cover-design by ,,edmund ,h4 ,,new4 ,fcap4 #dto4 ,price #aes4 net4 ,a delightful edition1 charmingly illustrated4 7,punch47 ,of ,mr ,edmund ,h4 ,new's illustrations we cannot speak too highly4 ,we have never seen better4 7,spectator47 ,one of the best editions2 one1 we cannot help thinking1 that ,walton himself would have preferred4 7,daily ,chronicle47 ,all ,about ,dogs4 ,a ,book for ,doggy ,people4 ,by ,,charles ,,henry ,,lane4 ,with #he ,full-page ,illustrations 7including nearly #gj champions7 by ,r4 ,h4 ,,moore4 ,gilt top4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,one of the most interesting contributions to the literature of the day4 7,daily ,chronicle47 ,mr ,lane's book is worthy of a place on the shelves of any sporting library4 7,outlook47 ,a most interesting1 indeed1 an entirely fascinating book4 7,st ,james's ,gazette47 ,,order ,,from ,,your ,,bookseller ,flowers of ,parnassus ,a ,series of ,famous ,poems ,illustrated ,under the ,general ,editorship of ,f4 ,b4 ,,money-,,coutts ,demy #afmo 7#e-c_/d #d-a_/b inches74 ,gilt top ,bound in ,cloth ,price #as4 net ,bound in ,leather ,price #as4 #f;d4 net ,vol4 ,i4--,,gray',s ,,elegy ,,and ,,ode ,,on ,a ,,distant ,,prospect ,,of ,,eton ,,college4 ,with ,twelve ,illustrations by ,j4 ,t4 ,,friedenson4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,statue ,,and ,,the ,,bust4 ,by ,,robert ,,browning4 ,with ,nine ,illustrations by ,,philip ,,connard4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,marpessa4 ,by ,,stephen ,,phillips4 ,with ,seven ,illustrations by ,,philip ,,connard4 ,vol4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,blessed ,,damozel4 ,by ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,,percy ,,bulcock4 ,vol4 ,v4--,,the ,,nut-,,brown ,,maid4 ,a ,new ,version by ,f4 ,b4 ,,money-,,coutts4 ,with ,nine ,illustrations by ,,herbert ,,cole4 ,vol4 ,,vi4--,a ,,dream ,,of ,,fair ,,women4 ,by ,,alfred ,,tennyson4 ,with ,nine ,illustrations by ,,percy ,,bulcock4 ,vol4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,day ,,dream4 ,by ,,alfred ,,tennyson4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,,amelia ,,bauerle4 ,vol4 ,,viii4--,a ,,ballade ,,upon ,a ,,wedding4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,suckling4 ,with ,nine ,illustrations by ,,herbert ,,cole4 ,vol4 ,,ix4--,,rub,,iy,t ,,of ,,omar ,,khayy,m4 ,rendered into ,english ,verse by ,,edward ,,fitzgerald4 ,with ,nine ,illustrations by ,,herbert ,,cole4 ,vol4 ,x4--,,the ,,rape ,,of ,,the ,,lock4 ,by ,,alexander ,,pope4 ,with ,nine ,illustrations by ,,aubrey ,,beardsley4 ,vol4 ,,xi4--,,christmas ,,at ,,the ,,mermaid4 ,by ,,theodore ,,watts-,,dunton4 ,with ,nine ,illustrations by ,,herbert ,,cole4 ,vol4 ,,xii4--,,songs ,,of ,,innocence4 ,by ,,william ,,blake4 ,with ,eight ,illustrations by ,,geraldine ,,morris4 ,other ,volumes in ,preparation ,,john ,,lane3 ,,london3 ,,vigo ,,street1 ,w4 ,,new ,,york3 #fg ,,fifth ,,avenue4