file :i* includes ! num]\s orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ddhch-;h4htm or #ddhch-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ddhch_/pg#ddhch-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ddhc h_/ddhch-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/timeitsme asureme#jj;ar? ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,! notation n means t n is a subscript4 ,small capital text has be5 conv]t$ to all upp]case4 ,,"t ,,& ,,its ,,measurem5t by ,,james ,,ar?ur ,repr9t$ f ,popul> ,me*anics ,magaz9e ,copyright1 #aiji1 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,w9dsor ,*icago1 #aiji ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/oric ,,outl9e ,"t z an ab/raction4 -- ,anci5t divisions ( day & night4 -- ,night wat*es ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 -- ,qu>t] days & h\rs ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 -- ,%ad[1 or sun "t4 -- ,noon m>k dials4 -- ,anci5t dials ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 -- ,mod]n dials4 -- ,equation ( "t4 -- ,?ree hi/oric me?ods ( measur+ "t4 -- ,"t-boy ( ,india4 -- ,*9ese clepsydra4 -- ,anci5t wea!r & "t /ations4 -- ,t[] ( ! w9ds1 ,a!ns1 ,greece ,page #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,japanese ,,clocks ,*9ese & ,japanese divisions ( ! day4 -- ,h\rs ( v>y+ l5g?4 -- ,sett+ clocks to l5g? ( daylight4 -- ,curv$ l9e dials4 -- ,numb]+ h\rs backw>ds & /range reasons = same4 -- ,daily names = sixty day p]iod4 -- ,japanese clock movem5ts practically ,dut*4 -- ,japanese a/ronomical clock4 -- ,decimal numb]s v old ,*9ese4 -- ,orig9al v]tical dials f\nd$ on bamboo /ick ( ,*9ese clepsydra4 -- ,ma!matics & sup]/ition4 -- ,my/]i\s disappe>ance ( h\rs #a1 #b1 #c4 -- ,ea/]n m5tal attitude t[>ds "t4 -- ,japanese me?ods ( /rik+ h\rs & half h\rs ,page #be ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,mod]n ,,clocks ,de ,vick's clock ( #acfd4 -- ,orig9al v]ge escapem5t4 -- ,an*or & dead beat escapem5ts4 -- ,remontoir clock4 -- ,! p5dulum4 -- ,jewel+ pallets4 -- ,antique clock ) e>lie/ application ( p5dulum4 -- ,turki% wat*es4 -- ,correct designs = public clock faces4 -- ,art "w on old wat*es4 -- #bd-;h\r wat*4 -- ,syrian & ,hebrew h\r num]als4 -- ,correct me?od ( /rik+ h\rs & qu>t]s4 -- ,design = #bd-;h\r dial & h&s4 -- ,curi\s clocks4 -- ,inv5tions ( ! old clock-mak]s ,page #cg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,a/ronomical ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,"t ,a/ronomical motions on :i* our "t is f\nd$4 -- ,reasons = select+ ! sid]eal day z a basis = our #bd-;h\r day4 -- ,ye> ( ! seasons %ort] ?an ! zodiacal ye>4 -- ,precession ( ! equ9oxes4 -- ,e>?'s rotation mo/ uni=m motion kn[n to u4 -- ,"t />s & transits4 -- ,local "t4 -- ,! date l9e4 -- ,/&>d "t4 -- ,beg9n+ & end+ ( a day4 -- ,propos$ univ]sal "t4 -- ,clock dial = univ]sal "t & its application to bus9ess4 -- ,next great improvem5t 9 clocks & wat*es indicat$4 -- ,automatic record+ ( ! e>?'s rotation4 -- ,ye> ( ! seasons z a unit = a/ronom]s4 -- ,g5]al conclusions ,page #ec ,,illu/rations ,page ,portrait ( ,james ,ar?ur #h ,int]pretation ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ,me?ods ( ,"t ,keep+ #ae ,portable ,bronze ,sundial f ! ,ru9s ( ,h]culaneum #af ,noon-,m>k ,sundials #ag ,mod]n ,horizontal ,sundial = ,latitude #dj-dc #ah ,! ,e>?1 ,%[+ ,relation ( ,dial ,/yles to ,axis #ah ,mod]n ,sundial ,set ,up 9 ,g>d5 #ah ,"t-,boy ( ,india #ai ,hon-woo-et-l[1 or ,copp] ,j>s ,dropp+ ,wat]--,canton1 ,*9a #ai ,mod]n ,s& ,glass or ,h\r ,glass #bj ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 ,a!ns1 ,greece #bj ,key to ,japanese ,figures #be ,japanese ,dials ,set = ,long & ,%ort ,days #be ,japanese ,/rik+ ,clock ) ,weight & ,%ort ,p5dulum #bf ,japanese ,/rik+ ,clock ) ,spr+1 ,fusee & ,balance #bf ,japanese ,clock ) ,v]tical ,dial1 ,weight & ,balance #bg ,japanese ,clock ) ,v]tical ,dial ,hav+ ,curv$ ,l9es1 ,weight & ,balance #bg ,japanese ,v]tical ,dials #bh ,japanese ,/rik+ ,clock ) ,two ,balances & ,two ,escapem5ts #bi ,twelve ,hor>y ,bran*es & #aj ,cele/ial ,/ems z ,us$ 9 ,clocks #cj ,key to #ab ,hor>y ,bran*es & #aj ,cele/ial ,/ems #cj ,dial ( ,japanese ,a/ronomical ,clock #ca ,use ( ,y5g ,numb] & ,animal ,names ( ,h\rs #cb ,public ,dial by ,james ,ar?ur #cg ,dial ( ,philadelphia ,city ,hall ,clock #cg ,v]ge ,escapem5t #cg ,de ,vick's ,clock ( #acfd #ch ,an*or ,escapem5t #ch ,am]ican ,an*or ,escapem5t #ci ,dead ,beat ,escapem5t #ci ,remontoir ,clock by ,james ,ar?ur #dj ,remontoir ,clock ,movem5t #dj ,antique ,clock1 ,entirely ,h&-,made #da1 #db ,d\ble-,case ,wat* ( ,rep\ss ,"w #db ,triple-,case ,turki% ,wat*es #dc ,wat* ,%[+ ,dut* ,art ,"w #dc ,triple-,case ,turki% ,wat* #dd ,wat*es ,%[+ ,art ,"w #de ,antique ,wat* ,cock #df ,*9ese ,wat* #df ,musical ,wat*1 ,repeat+ ,h\rs & ,qu>t]s #dg ,syrian ,dial #dg ,hebrew ,num]als #dh ,tw5ty-f\r ,h\r ,wat* #dh ,dome/ic ,dial by ,james ,ar?ur #di ,local ,"t--,/&>d ,"t--,beg9n+ & ,end+ ( ! ,day #eg ,univ]sal ,"t ,dial ,set = ,f\r ,places #fa ,illu/ration3 ,james ,ar?ur ,mr4 ,ar?ur is an en?usia/ic sci5ti/1 a successful inv5tor & ext5sive travel]1 :o has = ye>s be5 mak+ a /udy ( clocks1 wat*es1 & "t-measur+ devices4 ,he is n only a great au?ority on ?is subject1 b 8 collection ( ov] #aejj timepieces ga!r$ f all p>ts ( ! globe has be5 pron\nc$ ! f9e/ collection 9 ! _w4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur is a pleas+ exception to ! av]age bus9ess man1 = he has f\nd "t to d a l>ge am\nt ( /udy & rese>* along v>i\s sci5tific l9es 9 addition to conduct+ an important manufactur+ bus9ess 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ( :i* he is presid5t4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur is #fg ye>s ( age4--,h4 ,h4 ,w9dsor4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/oric ,,outl9e ,"t z an ab/raction4 -- ,anci5t divisions ( day & night4 -- ,night wat*es ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 -- ,qu>t] days & h\rs ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 -- ,%ad[ or sun "t4 -- ,noon m>k dials4 -- ,anci5t dials ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 -- ,mod]n ,dials4 -- ,equation ( "t4 -- ,?ree hi/oric me?ods ( measur+ "t4 -- ,"t-boy ( ,india4 -- ,*9ese clepsydra4 -- ,anci5t wea!r & "t /ations4 -- ,t[] ( ! w9ds1 ,a!ns1 ,greece4 ,"t1 z a sep>ate entity1 has n yet be5 def9$ 9 language4 ,def9itions w be f\nd to be m]ely explanations ( ! s5se 9 :i* we use ! ^w 9 matt]s ( practical life4 ,no human be+ c tell h[ long a m9ute is2 only t x is long] ?an a second & %ort] ?an an h\r4 ,9 "s s5se we c ?9k ( a long] or %ort] p]iod ( "t1 b ?is is m]ely comp>ative4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 #ej & #ge /eps a m9ute 9 m>*+ is cle> to u1 b note t we introduce motion & space be=e we c get a conception ( "t z a succession ( ev5ts1 b "t1 9 itself1 rema9s elusive4 ,9 "t measures we /rive = a uni=m motion ( some?+ & ?is implies equal spaces 9 equal times2 s we "h assume j :at we _c expla91 = space is z difficult to def9e z "t4 ,"t _c be squ>$ or us$ z a multipli] or divisor4 ,only numb]s c be s us$2 s :5 we speak ( ! squ>e ( ! "t we mean "s numb] :i* we h arbitr>ily assum$ to repres5t x4 ,?is becomes pla9 :5 we /ate t 9 calculations relat+ to p5dulums1 = example1 we may use seconds & in*es--m9utes & feet--or seconds & met]s & ! answ] w come out "r 9 ! units :i* we h assum$4 ,/ill m1 numb]s !mselves h no mean+ till !y are appli$ to some?+1 & "h we are apply+ !m to "t1 space & motion2 s we are try+ to expla9 ?ree ab/ractions by a f\r?6 ,b1 happily1 ! results ( ^! assumptions & calculations are borne out 9 practical human life1 & we are n compell$ to settle ! deep "q z to :e!r fundam5tal k is possible to ! human m9d4 ,^? desir+ a few heada*es on ^! que/ions c easily get !m f ,kant & ,sp5c]--b t is all !y w get on ^! f\r necess>y assumptions4 ,evid5tly1 man began by consid]+ ! day z a unit & did n include ! night 9 8 "t keep+ = a long p]iod4 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day ,g54 #a1 #e2 ,ev5+ & morn+ & at noonday1 ,ps4 ,,lv1 #ag1 divides ! day 7sun up7 9 two p>ts4 ,f\r? "p ( a day1 ,neh4 ,,ix1 #c1 %[s ano!r advance4 ,!n comes1 are !re n twelve h\rs 9 a day1 ,john ,,xi1 #i4 ,! elev5? h\r1 ,matt4 ,,xx1 #a to #ab1 %[s cle>ly t sunset 0 #ab o'clock4 ,a mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is #ab-;h\r day1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is t ! writ]s g5]ally speak ( ! ?ird1 six? & n9? h\rs1 ,acts ,,ii1 #ae2 ,,iii1 #a2 ,x1 #i4 ,?is is extremely int]e/+1 z x %[s t ! writ]s /ill ?\ght 9 qu>t] days 7,neh4 ,,ix1 #c7 & _h n yet acquir$ ! #ab-;h\r conception giv5 to !m by ! ,romans4 ,!y ?\ght 9 qu>t] days ev5 :5 us+ ! #ab-;h\r num]als6 ,note fur!r t ref]5ces are to h\rs2 s x is evid5t t 9 ,new ,te/am5t times !y did n ne$ small] subdivisions4 ,ab\t ! ?ird h\r1 %[s ! m5tal attitude4 ,t !y _h no conception ( our m9utes1 seconds & fif? seconds becomes q pla9 :5 we notice t !y jump$ d[n f ! h\r to n[h]e1 9 su* expressions z 9 an in/ant--9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,be=e ?is1 ! night _h be5 divid$ into ?ree wat*es1 ,judges ,,vii1 #ai4 ,poetry to ?is day uses ! h\rs & ! wat*es z symbols4 ,?is #ab h\rs ( daylight gave v v>iable h\rs 9 latitudes "s di/ance f ! equator1 be+ long 9 summ] & %ort 9 w9t]4 ,! am\nt ( human +5uity exp5d$ on "t measures s z to divide ! "t f sunrise to sunset into #ab equal p>ts is almo/ beyond belief4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople1 to-day1 ?is is us$1 b 9 a r imp]fect mann]1 = ! clocks are mod]n & run #bd h\rs uni=mly2 s ! be/ !y c d is to set !m to m>k twelve at sunset4 ,?is necessitates sett+ to ! v>y+ l5g? ( ! days1 s t ! clocks appe> to be sometimes m & sometimes less ?an six h\rs ahead ( ours4 ,a clock on ! t[] at ! ,sultan's private mosque gives ! impression ( be+ out ( ord] & ab\t six h\rs ahead1 b x is runn+ correctly to _! sy/em4 ,hotels (t5 %[ two clocks1 "o ( !m to our twelve o'clock noon sy/em4 ,evid5tly ! ,jewi% me?od ( end+ a day at sunset is ! same & expla9s ! comm&1 let n ! sun g d[n ^u ?y wra?1 :i* we might read1 d n c>ry y\r ang] ov] to ano!r day4 ,i v5ture to say t we /ill ne$ t advice4 ,?is simple l9e ( /eps 9 divid+ ! day & night is tak5 pr9cipally f ! ,bible because ev]yone c easily look up ! passages quot$ & _m m1 :ile quotations f books n 9 g5]al use w\ld n be s cle>4 ,fur!r1 ! neglect ( ! ,bible is su* a common compla9t 9 ?is c\ntry t if ,i induce a few to look into x a little "s good may result1 q ap>t f ! matt] ( religi\s belief4 ,"s ,*9ese & ,japanese me?ods ( divid+ ! day & night are indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! old ,japanese me?od divides ! day into six h\rs & ! night also into six1 ea* h\r av]ag+ twice z long z ours4 ,9 "s cases !y did ?is by *ang+ ! rate ( ! clock1 & 9 o!rs by lett+ ! clock run uni=mly & *ang+ ! h\r m>ks on ! dial1 b ?is w come lat] :5 we rea* ,japanese clocks4 ,x is rem>kable t at ! pres5t "t 9 ,engl& ! sav+ daylight agitation is virtually an attempt to g back to ?is disc>d$ sy/em4 ,john ,bull1 = a long p]iod ! "t-keep] ( ! _w ) headqu>t]s at ,gre5wi*1 & dur+ t "t ! mo/ pret5ti\s clock-mak]1 n[ proposes to move 8 clocks backw>d & =w>d sev]al times a ye> s z to fool 8 workm5 out ( _! b$s 9 ! morn+s6 ,:y n comm5ce "w a few m9utes e>li] ea* =tnight :ile days are l5g!n+ & ! rev]se :5 !y are %ort5+8 ,?is rem9ds me ( a habit :i* 0 common 9 ,scotl&1--keep+ ! clock half an h\r =w>d4 ,9 ^? days "w comm5c$ at six o'clock1 s ! husb& left 8 h\se at six & aft] a good walk arriv$ at ! factory at six6 ,don't y see t if 8 clock _h be5 set "r he w\ld h f\nd x necess>y to leave at half pa/ five8 ,b1 y say he 0 simply deceiv+ himself & act+ 9 an unreasonable mann]4 ,c]ta9ly1 b ! av]age man is n a reasonable be+1 & ,john ,bull kn[s ?is & is try+ to fool ! av]age ,engli%man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--;,int]pretation ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ,me?ods ( ,"t ,keep+ ,n[1 z to ! me?ods ( measur+ "t1 we mu/ use circum/antial evid5ce = ! pre-hi/oric p]iod4 ,! ris+ & ! go+ d[n ( ! sun--! l5g!n+ %ad[s1 etc41 mu/ come fir/1 & we are on safe gr\nd "h1 = savages /ill use primitive me?ods l sett+ up a /ick & m>k+ its %ad[ s t a p>ty trail+ beh9d c e/imate ! di/ance ! lead]s are ahead by ! *ang$ position ( ! %ad[4 ,m5 notice _! %ort5+ & l5g!n+ %ad[s to ?is day4 ,:5 ! %ad[ ( a man %ort5s m & m sl[ly till x appe>s to be fix$1 ! obs]v] kn[s x is noon1 & :5 x %[s ! lea/ obs]vable l5g!n+ !n x is j pa/ noon4 ,n[1 x is a rem>kable fact t ?is crude me?od ( det]m9+ noon is j ! same z tak+ ! sun to det]m9e noon at sea4 ,noon is ! "t at :i* ! sun rea*es 8 highe/ po9t on any giv5 day4 ,at sea ?is is det]m9$ g5]ally by a sextant1 :i* simply measures ! angle betwe5 ! horizon & ! sun4 ,! in/rum5t is appli$ a little be=e noon & ! obs]v] sees ! sun creep+ upw>d sl[] & sl[] till a little tremor or hesitation appe>s indicat+ t ! sun has rea*$ 8 height1--noon4 ,oh6 y wi% to "k if ! obs]v] is likely to make a mi/ake8 ,yes1 & :5 accurate local "t is important1 sev]al (fic]s on a l>ge %ip w take ! m]idian passage at ! same "t & av]age _! read+s1 s z to r$uce ! p]sonal error4 ,all ( :i* is m]ely a great] degree ( accuracy ?an t ( ! man :o obs]ves 8 %ad[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b--,portable ,bronze ,sundial f ! ,ru9s ( ,h]culaneum ,! gradual developm5t ( ! primitive %ad[ me?ods culm9at$ 9 ! mod]n sundial4 ,! dial ( ,ahas1 ,isa4 ,,xxxviii1 #h1 on :i* ! sun w5t back #aj degrees is (t5 ref]r$ to1 b 9 "o ( ! revis$ editions ( ! un*angeable ^w ! sun w5t back #aj /eps4 ,?is becomes extremely int]e/+ :5 we f9d t 9 ,india !re /ill rema9s an imm5se dial built ) /eps in/ead ( h\r l9es4 ,figure #b %[s a pocket1 or portable sundial tak5 f ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum & n[ 9 ! ,museo ,national1 ,naples4 ,x is bronze1 0 silv] plat$ & is 9 ! =m ( a ham susp5d$ f ! hock jo9t4 ,f ! tail1 evid5tly b5t f its orig9al position1 :i* =ms ! gnomon1 l9es radiate & across ^! wavy l9es are trac$4 ,x is ab\t #e 94 long & #c 94 wide4 ,be+ 9 ! corn] ( a glass case ,i 0 unable to get small details1 b museum au?orities /ate t names ( mon?s are engrav$ on x1 s x w\ld be a good guess t ^! wavy l9es _h some?+ to d ) ! long & %ort days4 ,9 a re/or$ fl[] g>d51 )9 "o ( ! l>ge h\ses 9 ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 may be se5 a sundial ( ! ,armill>y type1 presumably 9 its orig9al position4 ,i c\ld n get close to x1 z ! re/or$ g>d5 is rail$ 91 b x looks z if ! plane ( ! equator & ! position ( ! e>?'s axis mu/ h be5 kn[n to ! mak]4 ,bo? ^! dials 7 9 use ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era & 7 cov]$ by ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #gi ,a4,d41 :i* de/roy$ ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,mod]n sundials diff] only 9 be+ m accurately made & a few curiosity dials add$4 ,! necessity = "t dur+ ! night1 z man's life became a little m complicat$1 necessitat$ ! inv5tion ( "t ma*9es4 ,! clepsydra1 or wat] clock1 0 probably ! fir/4 ,a ,fr5* writ] has dug up "s old records putt+ x back to ,hoang-ti #bfgi ,b4,c41 b x appe>s to h be5 c]ta9ly 9 use 9 ,*9a 9 #aajj ,b4,c41 s we w be satisfi$ ) t date4 ,9 pres5t+ a subject to ! "y /ud5t x is sometimes advisable to use r\nd numb]s to give a simple compreh5sion & !n leave him to f9d ! ov]lapp+ ( dates & me?ods z he advances4 ,keep+ ?is 9 m9d1 ! foll[+ table may be us$ to give an elem5t>y h9t ( ! ?ree great /eps 9 "t measur+3 ,%ad[ "t1 #bjjj to #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 ,dials & ,wat] ,clocks1 #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 to #ajjj ,a4 ,d4 ,clocks & wat*es1 #ajjj to #bjjj ,a4 ,d4 ,i h pu%$ ! ge> :eel clocks & wat*es =w>d to #bjjj ,a4,d41 z !y may la/ to t "t1 b ,i h no d\bt we w sup]s$e !m4 ,at ! pres5t "t sci5ce is j ab\t ready to say t a "t measur] consi/+ ( :eels & p9ions--a driv+ p[] & a regulator 9 ! =m ( a p5dulum or balance1 is a clumsy contrivance & t we ought to d bett] v soon2 b m on ?is hop$-=1 f\r? me?od :5 we rea* ! consid]ation ( ! motion on :i* we base all our "t keep+4 ,x is rem>kable h[ few are aw>e t ! simple/ =m ( sundial is ! be/1 & t1 z a regulator ( our pres5t clocks1 x is good )9 "o or two m9utes4 ,no "o ne$ be )\t a noon-m>k sundial2 t is1 e "o may h ! be/ ( all dials4 ,take a po/ or any /raight object /&+ plumb1 or be/ ( all ! corn] ( a build+ z 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,9 ! case ( ! po/1 or tree trunk1 a /one 7%[n 9 solid black7 may be set 9 ! gr\nd2 b = ! build+ a l9e may (t5 be cut across a flag/one ( ! footpa?4 ,_m me?ods may be employ$ to get ?is noon m>k1 :i* is simply a nor? & s\? l9e4 ,view+ ! pole />1 us+ a compass 7if ! local v>iation is kn[n7 or ! old me?od ( f9d+ ! "t at :i* ! %ad[ ( a pole is %orte/4 ,b ! be/ practical way 9 ?is day is to use a wat* set to local "t & make ! m>k at #ab o'clock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c--,noon-,m>k ,sundials ,on f\r days ( ! ye> ! sun is "r & y\r m>k may be set at #ab on ^! days1 b y may use an almanac & look 9 ! column m>k$ mean "t at noon or sun on m]idian4 ,= example1 suppose on ! bright day :5 y are ready to place y\r noon m>k y read 9 ?is column #aa3ej1 !n :5 y\r wat* %[s #aa3ej make y\r noon m>k to ! %ad[ & x w be "r = all "t to come4 ,ow+ to ! fact t !re are n an ev5 numb] ( days 9 a ye>1 x foll[s t on any giv5 ye>ly date at noon ! e>? is n at ! same place 9 its elliptical orbit & ! correction ( ?is by ! leap ye>s causes ! equation table to v>y 9 p]iods ( f\r ye>s4 ,! c5t5nial leap ye>s cause ano!r v>iation ( #djj ye>s1 etc41 b ^! v>iations are less ?an ! error 9 read+ a dial4 ,,sun ,,on ,,noon ,,m>k1 #aiji ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,clock ,clock ,clock ,date ,"t ,date ,"t ,date ,"t ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,jan4 #b #ab3jd ,may #a #aa3eg ,sep4 #cj #aa3ej #d #ab3je #ae #aa3ef ,oct4 #c #aa3di #g #ab3jf #bh #aa3eg #f #aa3dh #i #ab3jg ,june #d #aa3eh #aj #aa3dg #aa #ab3jh #aj #aa3ei #ad #aa3df #ad #ab3ji #ad #ab3jj #ai #aa3de #ag #ab3aj #ai #ab3ja #bf #aa3dd #bj #ab3aa #bd #ab3jb ,nov4 #ag #aa3de #bc #ab3ab #bi #ab3jc #bb #aa3df #bh #ab3ac ,july #d #ab3jd #be #aa3dg ,feb4 #c #ab3ad #aj #ab3je #bi #aa3dh #bf #ab3ac #ai #ab3jf ,dec4 #a #aa3di ,m>4 #c #ab3ab ,aug4 #aa #ab3je #d #aa3ej #h #ab3aa #af #ab3jd #f #aa3ea #aa #ab3aj #ba #ab3jc #i #aa3eb #ae #ab3ji #be #ab3jb #aa #aa3ec #ah #ab3jh #bh #ab3ja #ac #aa3ed #bb #ab3jg #ca #ab3jj #ae #aa3ee #be #ab3jf ,sep4 #d #aa3ei #ag #aa3ef #bh #ab3je #g #aa3eh #ai #aa3eg ,apr4 #a #ab3jd #aj #aa3eg #ba #aa3eh #d #ab3jc #ab #aa3ef #bc #aa3ei #g #ab3jb #ae #aa3ee #be #ab3jj #aa #ab3ja #ah #aa3ed #bg #ab3ja #ae #ab3jj #ba #aa3ec #bi #ab3jb #ai #aa3ei #bd #aa3eb #ca #ab3jc #bd #aa3eh #bg #aa3ea ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! above table %[s ! v>iation ( ! sun f mean or clock "t1 by ev5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d--ab-;,in* ,mod]n ,horizontal ,sundial = ,latitude #dj-dc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e--,! ,e>?1 ,%[+ ,relation ( ,dial ,/yles to ,axis ,! reason t ! table giv5 "h is conv5i5t = sett+ clocks to mean "t is t a m9ute is z close z a dial c be read1 b if y wi% = great] accuracy1 !n ! almanac1 :i* gives ! equation ( "t to a second = ea* day1 w be bett]4 ,! reason t ^! noon-m>k dials are bett] ?an ord9>y comm]cial dials is t !y are l>g]1 & /ill fur!r1 noon is ! only "t t any dial is accurate to sun "t4 ,?is is because ! sun's rays are refract$ 9 a v>iable mann] by our atmosph]e1 b at noon ?is refraction takes place on a nor? & s\? l9e1 & z t is our noon-m>k l9e ! dial reads correctly4 ,s1 = sett+ clocks1 ! corn] ( y\r h\se is f> ahead ( ! mo/ pret5ti\s & exp5sive dial4 ,9 ,fig4 #d is %[n a mod]n horizontal dial )\t ! usual confus+ ornam5tation1 & 9 ,fig4 #e x is %[n set up on ! latitude ( ,new ,york ,city = :i* x is calculat$4 ,?is %[s cle>ly :y ! edge ,,fg ( ! /yle :i* ca/s ! %ad[ mu/ be p>allel to ! e>?'s axis & :y a horizontal dial mu/ be made = ! latitude ( ! place :]e x is set up4 ,figure #f is ! same dial only ! l9es are laid out on a squ>e dial plate1 & x w give y\r "y sci5tific read]s a h9t ( h[ to set up a dial 9 ! g>d54 ,9 sett+ up a horizontal dial1 consid] only noon & set ! /yle1 or #ab o'clock l9e1 nor? & s\? z describ$ above = noon-m>k dials4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f--,mod]n ,sundial ,set ,up 9 ,g>d5 ,a :ole issue ( ,popul> ,me*anics c\ld be fill$ on ! subject ( dials & ev5 !n only give a g5]al outl9e4 ,a/ronomy1 geography1 geometry1 ma!matics1 me*anics1 z well z ar*itecture & art1 come 9 to make dial+ a mo/ *>m+ sci5tific & intellectual avocation4 ,dur+ ! night & also 9 cl\dy wea!r ! sundial 0 useless & we read t ! prie/s ( ! temples & monks ( m mod]n times w5t out to obs]ve ! />s to make a guess at ! "t ( night4 ,! mo/ prom95t type aft] ! %ad[ devices 0 ! wat] clock or clepsydra1 b _m o!r me?ods 7 us$1 su* z c&les1 oil lamps & 9 comp>atively late times1 ! s& glass4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all wat] clocks is ! escape ( wat] f a vessel ?r\gh a small hole4 ,x is evid5t t su* a vessel w\ld empty itself ea* "t x is fill$ 9 v ne>ly ! same "t4 ,! rev]se ( ?is has be5 us$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 :i* repres5ts ! "t-boy ( ,india4 ,he sits 9 front ( a l>ge vessel ( wat] & floats a bronze cup hav+ a small hole 9 its bottom 9 ?is l>ge vessel1 & ! leakage gradually l[]s ?is cup till x s9ks1 aft] :i* he fi%es x up & /rikes "o or m bl[s on x z a gong4 ,?is he cont9ues & a rude division ( "t is obta9$1--:ile he keeps awake6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g--,"t-,boy ( ,india ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h--;,hon-woo-et-l[ or ,copp] ,j>s ,dropp+ ,wat]--,canton1 ,*9a ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( all wat] clocks is und\bt$ly ! copp] j>s dropp+ wat]1 9 ,canton1 ,*9a1 :]e ,i saw x 9 #ahig4 ,ref]r+ to ! simple l9e sket*1 :i* ,i make f memory1 ,fig4 #h1 & read+ f\r ,*9ese *>act]s d[nw>ds ! translation is ,canton ,city4 ,to ! left & /ill d[nw>ds1--,hon-woo-et-l[1 :i* is1--,copp] j>s dropp+ wat]4 ,educat$ ,*9am5 in=m me t x is ov] #c1jjj ye>s old & _h a wea!r vane4 ,z !y speak ( x z ! clock ( ! /reet ar* ?is w\ld look q probable2 s9ce ! little op5 build+1 or t[] 9 :i* x /&s is high] ?an surr\nd+ build+s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 reasonably safe to /ate t ! ,*9ese _h a wea!r & "t /ation ov] #a1jjj ye>s be=e our era4 ,x consi/s ( f\r copp] j>s p>tially built 9 masonry =m+ a /air-l /ructure4 ,comm5c+ at ! top j> ea* "o drops into ! next d[nw>d till ! wat] rea*es ! solid bottom j>4 ,9 ?is l[e/ "o a float1 ! bamboo /ick1 is plac$ & indicates ! height ( ! wat] & ?us 9 a rude way gives ! "t4 ,x is said to be set morn+ & ev5+ by dipp+ ! wat] f j> #d to j> #a1 s x runs #ab h\rs ( our "t4 ,:at are ! uses ( j>s #b & #c1 s9ce ! wat] simply ent]s !m & drips out aga98 ,no in=mation c\ld be obta9$1 b ,i v5ture an explanation & hope ! read] c d bett]1 z we are all ( a family & !re is no jeal\sy4 ,:5 ! top j> is fill$ = a #ab-;h\r run x w\ld drip out too fa/ dur+ ! fir/ six h\rs & too sl[ dur+ ! second six h\rs1 on acc\nt ( ! v>y+ head ( wat]4 ,n[1 ! spigot ( j> #b c\ld be set s t x w\ld ga9 wat] dur+ ! fir/ six h\rs1 & lose dur+ ! second six h\rs & ?us equalize a little by splitt+ ! error ( j> #a 9 two p>ts4 ,simil>ly1 ^! two errors ( j> #b c\ld be aga9 split by j> #c mak+ f\r small v>iations 9 l[e/ j>1 in/ead ( "o l>ge error 9 ! fl[ ( j> #a4 ,?is c\ld be ext5d$ to a great] numb] ( j>s1 ano!r j> mak+ eight small] errors1 etc41 etc4 ,b ,i am incl9$ to cr$it our anci5t ,*9ese inv5tor ) ! s\nd reason+ t a human att5dant1 be+ v fallible & limit$ 9 8 capacity1 w\ld h all he c\ld prop]ly d to adju/ f\r j>s1 & t 8 record w\ld av]age bett] ?an x w\ld ) a great] numb]4 ,rememb]1 ?is man liv$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! mod]n ma!matician :o con/ruct$ a bell-%ap$ vessel ) a small hole 9 ! bottom1 & proportion$ ! v>y+ diamet] 9 su* a mann] t 9 empty+ itself ! surface ( ! wat] sank equal di/ances 9 equal times4 ,! s& glass1 ,fig4 #i1 poetically call$ ! h\r glass1 belongs to ! wat]-clock class & ! s& fl[s f "o bulb into ! o!r1 b x gives no subdivisions ( its p]iod1 s if y are us+ "o runn+ an h\r x does n give y ! half h\r4 ,! s& glass is /ill 9 use by *airm51 & :5 ! olde/ inhabitant gets on 8 feet1 ,i always advise sett+ a #bj-m9ute glass on him4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i--,mod]n ,s& ,glass or ,h\r ,glass ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj--,t[] ( ! ,w9ds--,a!ns1 ,greece ,9 ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds at ,a!ns1 ,greece 7,fig4 #aj71 we h a lat] wea!r bureau /ation4 ,x is attribut$ to ! a/ronom] ,&ronicos1 & 0 built ab\t #ej ,b4 ,c4 ,x is octagonal 9 plan & al?\gh #bg ft4 9 diamet] & #dd ft4 high1 x looks l a s5try box :5 se5 f "o ( ! hills ( ,a!ns4 ,x _h a bronze wea!r vane & 9 lat] times sundials on its eight sides1 b all ^! are gone & ! t[] itself is only a dilapidat$ ru94 ,9 mak+ ! draw+ = ?is cut1 f a photograph ( ! t[]1 ,i h %>p5$ ! wea!r$ & *ipp$ corn]s ( ! /ones s z to give a view ne>ly l ! /ructure z orig9ally built2 b no?+ is add$4 ,"u ! eaves x has eight allegorical sculptures1 repres5t+ w9d & wea!r4 ,arti/s /ate t ^! sculptures are inf]ior z comp>$ ) ,grecian art ( an old] p]iod4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ "p is inside1 & "h we f9d curi\s passages cut 9 solid /one1 & sockets :i* look z if !y _h conta9$ metal be>+s = mov+ ma*9]y4 ,circum/antial evid5ce is /rong t x conta9$ a complicat$ wat] clock :i* c\ld h be5 kept runn+ ) tol]able accuracy by sett+ x daily to ! dials on ! outside4 ,probably dur+ a few days ( cl\dy wea!r ! clock w\ld get (f q a little1 b bus9ess 0 n press+ 9 ^? days4 ,besides1 ! timekeep] w\ld swe> by 8 little wat] :eel1 anyway1 & feel safe1 z !re 0 no high] au?ority we>+ an ,am]ican wat*4 ,"s v int]e/+ engrav+s ( ,japanese clocks & a g5]al explanation ( !m1 z well z a pres5tation ( ! ,japanese m5tal attitude t[>ds h\rs & _! /range me?od ( numb]+ !m may be expect$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,japanese ,,clocks ,*9ese & ,japanese divisions ( ! day4 -- ,h\rs ( v>y+ l5g?4 -- ,sett+ clocks to l5g? ( daylight4 -- ,curv$ l9e dials4 -- ,numb]+ h\rs backw>ds & /range reasons = same4 -- ,daily names = sixty day p]iod4 -- ,japanese clock movem5ts practically ,dut*4 -- ,japanese a/ronomical clock4 -- ,decimal numb]s v old ,*9ese4 -- ,orig9al v]tical dials f\nd$ on bamboo /ick ( ,*9ese clepsydra4 -- ,ma!matics & sup]/ition4 -- ,my/]i\s disappe>ance ( h\rs #a1 #b1 #c4 -- ,ea/]n m5tal attitude t[>ds "t4 -- ,japanese me?ods ( /rik+ h\rs & half h\rs4 ,! anci5t me?ods ( divid+ day & night 9 ,*9a & ,japan become m hazy z we g backw>ds & ! complications gr[4 ,! ?ree circles 9 ,fig4 #a 7,*apt] ,i7 are all tak5 f ,japanese clocks1 b ! int]pretation has be5 obta9$ f ,*9ese & ,japanese s*ol>s4 ,! ,japanese obta9$ a great deal f ! ,*9ese1 9 fact ne>ly ev]y?+ relat+ to ! anci5t me?ods ( "t keep+ & ! compil+ ( cal5d>s4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d any ,*9ese clocks con/ruct$ ( :eels & p9ions1 b h a numb] ( ,japanese4 ,^! h a di/9ct resemblance to ! e>li] ,dut* movem5ts1 & :ile made 9 ,japan1 !y are practically ,dut*1 s f> z ! works are conc]n$1 b x is easy to see f ! illu/rations t !y are v ,japanese 9 /yle & ornam5tation4 ,! ,dut* 7 ! lead]s 9 op5+ ,japan to ! ,european nations & introduc$ mod]n ma!matics & clocks f ab\t #aeij ,a4 ,d4 ,! anci5t ma!matics ( ,japan came l>gely f ,*9a ?r\gh ,corea4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa are giv5 ! ,japanese figures beside ours1 = ! read]'s use z a key4 ,! complete day 9 ,japan 0 divid$ into twice six h\rs2 t is1 six = daylight & six = night1 & ! clocks are set1 z ! days v>y 9 l5g?1 s t six o'clock is sunrise & sunset4 ,! h\r num]als on ,fig4 #ab are on little plates :i* are movable1 & are %[n set = a long day & a %ort night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,fig4 #ac4 ,japanese ,dials ,set = ,long & ,%ort ,days ,9 ,fig4 #ac !y are set = %ort days & long nights4 ,! n>r[ plates %[n 9 solid black are ! half-h\r m>ks4 ,9 ?is type ! h& is /ation>y & always po9ts /raight upw>d4 ,! dial rotates1 z p] arr[1 once 9 a full day4 ,?is /yle ( dial is %[n on complete clocks1 ,fig4 #ad be+ a weight clock & ,fig4 #ae a spr+ clock ) *a9 & fusee4 ,! h\rs are #i to #d & ! dials rotate to make !m read backw>ds4 ,! six h\rs ( daylight are #f1 #e1 #d1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f & ! same = night1 s ^! h\rs av]age twice z long z ours4 ,note t n9e is mid-day & mid-night1 & z ^! d n *ange by long & %ort days !y are /ation>y on ! dial1 z y c easily see by comp>+ ,figs4 #ab & #ac1 :i* are ! same dial set = diff]5t seasons4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes ! dial h\rs are set z (t5 z ! own] wi%es2 s if he happ5s to correspond ) our "t crank he w set !m (t5 & dispute ) 8 neighbors ab\t ! "t4 ,figure #af %[s a clock ) ! h\r num]als on a v]tical s]ies ( movable plates & x is set = uni=m h\rs :5 day & night are equal at ! equ9ox4 ,! ornam5tal po9t] is fa/5$ to ! weight ?r\gh ! v]tical slit1 pla9ly visible 9 illu/ration1 & indicates ! "t z x desc5ds4 ,?is clock is w\nd up at sunset1 s ! six on ! top ( ! dial is sunset ! same z ! six on ! bottom4 ,figure #ag %[s h[ ?is type ( dial is set = long & %ort days & expla9s itself1 b w become pla9] z we proce$4 ,?is dial is virtually a cont9uation ( ! old me?od ( m>k+ "t by ! d[nw>d motion ( ! wat] 9 ! clepsydras & w be notic$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad--;,japanese ,/rik+ ,clock ) ,weight & ,%ort ,p5dulum ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae--;,japanese ,/rik+ ,clock ) ,spr+1 ,fusee & ,balance ,figure #ah repres5ts a clock :i* is a "w ( art & %[s great ref9em5t ( design 9 provid+ = ! v>y+ l5g?s ( days4 ,! b> ly+ across ! dial is fa/5$ to ! weight ?r\gh ! two slits runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! dial4 ,on ?is cross b> is a small po9t]1 :i* is movable by ! f+]s1 & may be set to any "o ( ! ?irte5 v]tical l9es4 ,! num]\s *>act]s on ! top space ( dial indicate ! dates on :i* ! po9t] is to be set4 ,?is clock is w\nd up at sunset1 & x is easy to see t z ! little po9t] is set t[>ds ! "r1 ! night h\rs at ! top ( ! dial become %ort] & ! day h\rs long] on ! l[] "p4 ,! left edge ( ! dial gives ! h\rs1 read+ d[nw>ds1 & z ! po9t] t\*es any "o ( ! curv$ l9es ! h\r is read at ! left-h& end4 ,! curv$ l9es =m$ ( dots are ! half-h\rs4 ,! "r-h& edge ( ! dial has ! twelve hor>y *>act]s :i* w be expla9$ lat]4 ,= divid+ ! v>y+ days into six h\rs' sun%9e x w\ld be difficult to ?9k ( a m arti/ic & beautiful inv5tion ?an ?is4 ,x is a f9e example ( great +5uity & con/ant tr\ble to op]ate a sy/em :i* is fundam5tally wrong accord+ to our me?od ( uni=m h\rs at all seasons4 ,clocks hav+ ^! curv$ l9es = ! v>y+ l5g?s ( days--& we %all f9d !m on circul> dials z we g on--mu/ be made = a c]ta9 latitude1 s9ce ! days v>y m & m z y g f>!r f ! equator4 ,?is w become pla9 :5 y are rem9d$ t a ,japanese clock at ! equator w\ld n ne$ any adju/m5t ( h\r num]als1 because ! days & nights are equal !re all ! ye>4 ,s aft] su* inf9ite pa9s 9 =m+ ^! curv$ l9es ! clock is only good 9 ! latitude = :i* x 0 made & mu/ n be c>ri$ nor? or s\?6 ,our clocks are correct f pole to pole1 b all clocks mu/ be set to local "t if !y are c>ri$ ea/ or we/4 ,z ?is is a r fasc9at+ phase ( ! subject x might be wor? po9t+ out t if y g nor? till y h ! sun up = a mon? 9 ! middle ( summ]--& !re are p liv+ z f> up z t--! ,japanese sy/em w\ld become absurd & break d[n2 s !re is no dang] ( any ( our pol> exp$itions c>ry+ ,japanese clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af--;,japanese ,clock ) ,v]tical ,dial1 ,weight & ,balance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag--;,japanese ,v]tical ,dials ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah--;,japanese ,clock ) ,v]tical ,dial ,hav+ ,curv$ ,l9es1 ,weight & ,balance4 ,figure #ai %[s a v f9e clock 9 :i* ! dial is /ation>y & ! h& moves j z on our dials4 ,?is h\r h& corresponds to ! s+le h& ( ! old ,dut* clocks4 ,:5 ! ,japanese rea*$ ! po9t ( consid]+ ! application ( m9ute & second h&s to _! clocks !y f\nd t ^! ref9em5ts w\ld n fit _! old me?od & !y 7 compell$ to lay aside _! clocks & take ours4 ,on ?is dial1 ,fig4 #ai1 n9e is noon1 z usual1 & is on top side ( dial4 ,h& po9ts to ?ree qu>t]s pa/ sev51 t is1 a qu>t] to six1 ne> sunset4 ,betwe5 ! bell & ! top ( ! clock body two horizontal balances1 hav+ small weights hung on !m1 are pla9ly %[n1 & ! clock has two v]ge escapem5ts--"o connect$ ) ea* balance1 or foliot4 ,let u suppose a long day com+ to a close at sunset1 j z ! h& indicates4 ,! upp] balance1 :i* is ! sl[ "o1 has be5 sw++ backw>ds & =w>ds measur+ ! long h\rs ( ! day4 ,:5 ! clock /rikes six1 at sunset1 ! top balance is ?r[n out ( action & ! l[] "o1 :i* is ! fa/ "o1 is ?r[n into action & measures ! %ort night h\rs4 ,at sunrise ?is is ?r[n out & ! top "o 9 aga9 to measure ! next day's long h\rs4 ,z ! days v>y 9 l5g?1 ! balances1 or foliots1 c be made to sw+ fa/] or sl[] by mov+ ! weights inw>ds or outw>ds a not* or two4 ,! balance ) small weights = regulation is ! olde/ kn[n & 0 us$ 9 connection ) ! v]ge escapem5t1 j z 9 ?is clock1 by ! ,dut* ab\t #acfd4 ,all ! evid5ce ,i c f9d indicates t ! ,japanese clocks are lat] ?an ?is date4 ,9 design1 ornam5tation & me?ods = m>k+ v>y+ days1 h[ev]1 ! ,japanese h %[n great arti/ic ta/e & inv5tiv5ess4 ,x is se5 t ?is dial 9 addition to ! usual six h\rs1 twice ov]1 has on ! outside circle ( dial1 ! twelve hor>y bran*es call$ by ! ,japanese ! twelve honor>y bran*es1 ?us indicat+ ! :ole day ( twelve ,japanese h\rs1 six ( !m = day & six = night4 ,by ?is means !y avoid$ repeat+ ! same h\rs = day & night4 ,:5 x is po9t$ out t ^! twelve hor>y bran*es are v old ,*9ese1 we are n 9 a position to boa/ ab\t our tw5ty-f\r h\r sy/em1 because ^! bran*es indicate positively :e!r any giv5 h\r is day or night4 ,:5 we pr9t a "t table 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\r sy/em s z to get rid ( our clumsy ,a4 ,m4 & ,p4 ,m41 we are ?\s&s ( ye>s beh9d ! ,*9ese4 ,m ?an t1 = !y got ! matt] "r )\t any su* pressure z our close runn+ tra9s h br\ght to be> on u4 ,^! bran*es h "o syllable names & ! t5 cele/ial /ems h also "o syllable names1 all z %[n on ,fig4 #bj4 ,ref] n[ to ,fig4 #ba :]e two disks are %[n1 "o hav+ ! twelve hor>y bran*es & ! o!r ! t5 cele/ial /ems4 ,^! disks are usually put beh9d ! dial s t "o bran* & "o /em c be se5 at ! same "t ?r\gh two op5+s4 ,! clock moves ^! disks "o /ep ea* night1 s t a new pair %[s ea* day4 ,runn+ 9 ?is mann]1 /ep by /ep1 y w f9d t x takes sixty moves1 t is sixty days1 to br+ ! same pair ar\nd aga94 ,ea* has a s+le syllable "n1 z %[n on ,fig4 #bj1 & we ?us get sixty names ( two syllables by read+ !m toge!r to ! left4 ,! two op5+s may be se5 9 ! dials ( ,figs4 #ae & #ai4 ,s ! ,japanese "k exactly :at day x is 9 a p]iod ( sixty :i* !y us$ 9 _! old cal5d>s4 ,^! 7 us$ by ! ,*9ese ov] f\r ?\s& ye>s ago z ! names ( a cycle ( sixty ye>s1 call$ ! sexag5>y4 ,! pres5t ,*9ese ye> #dfjf is ,,yu-,,ki :i* means ! ye> #df ( ! #gf? sexag5>y4 ,t is1 #gffjdf #d1fjf4 ,9 ,fig4 #bj1 we read ,,tsu-,,kiah1 or ! fir/ ye>4 ,if y w make two disks l ,fig4 #ba & comm5ce ) ,,tsu-,,kiah & move ! two toge!r y w come to ,,yu-,,ki on ! #df? move4 ,b !re is ano!r way :i* y might l bett]1 ?us3 ,write ! twelve bran*es1 or syllables1 /raight d[nw>ds1 cont9u\sly five times2 close to ! "r1 write ! t5 /ems six times4 ,n[ y h sixty words ( two syllables & ! #df?1 c\nt+ d[nw>ds1 w be ,,yu-,,ki4 ,besides1 ?is me?od gives y ! :ole sixty names ( ! sexag5>y at "o view4 ,always read left1 t is1 pron\nce ! /em syllable fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai--;,japanese ,/rik+ ,clock ) ,two ,balances & ,two ,escapem5ts2 ,dial ,/ation>y1 ,h& ,moves ,cal5d>s con/itute a mo/ int]e/+ & bewild]+ "p ( "t measur+4 ,we feel t we h settl$ ! matt] by det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! ye> to )9 a second ( "t1 & keep+ ! dates correctly to ! ne>e/ day by a leap ye> e f\r? & e f\r? c5tury1 e/abli%$ by ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii 9 #aehb1 & kn[n z ! ,gregorian ,cal5d>4 ,9 simple words1 our almanac is ! ,gregorian4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( say+ glibly t any ye> divisible by f\r is a leap ye>1 b ?is is f> f correct4 ,any ye> leav+ out ! ev5 hundr$s1 :i* is divisible by f\r is a leap ye>4 ,ev5 hundr$s are leap :5 divisible by f\r4 ,?is expla9s :y #aijj 0 a common ye>1 because #ai hundr$s is n divisible by f\r2 #bjjj w be a leap because #bj hundr$s is divisible by f\r2 !re=e #bajj1 #bbjj & #bcjj w be common ye>s & #bdjj a leap1 etc41 to #djjj :i* mu/ be made common1 to keep ?+s /raight1 9 spite ( ! fact t x is divisible by f\r bo? 9 its hundr$s & ?\s&s4 ,b = practical purposes1 dur+ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s to come1 we may simplify ! rule to3 ,ye>s & ev5 hundr$s divisible by f\r are leaps4 ,b great confusion /ill exi/s z a result ( sev]al c\ntries hold+ to _! own old me?ods4 ,! pres5t ,*9ese ye> has #chd days1 #ac mon?s & #ac full moons4 ,comp>$ ) our #aiji x beg9s on ,janu>y #ba/ & w end on ,febru>y #h1 #aiaj4 ,la/ ye> ! ,*9a-,japan cal5d> _h #ab mon?s1 or moons1 b z t is too %ort !y mu/ put 9 an extra e ?irtie? mon?4 ,we only all[ ! error to rea* "o day & correct x ) our leap ye>s1 b !y are n s p>ticul> & let ! error gr[ till !y require ano!r moon4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t is full ( moons1 & ev5 ) all our mod]nity our fea/s & holy days are (t5 v>iable on acc\nt ( be+ mix$ up ) moons4 ,9 ,japan ! pres5t ye> is ! #dbnd ( ,meiji1 t is1 ! #dbnd ( ! pres5t ,emp]or's reign4 ,! pres5t is ! ,jewi% #effi4 ,^! & o!rs ( v>y+ l5g?s ov]lap our ye> 9 diff]5t degrees1 s t 9 trade matt]s great confusion exi/s4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese publi% a trade almanac 9 p>allel columns ) ours to avoid ?is4 ,x is easy to say t we ought to h a uni=m cal5d> all ov] ! _w1 b ! same rem>k applies j z mu* to money1 weights1 measures1 & ev5 to language itself4 ,f9ally1 ! difficulty consi/s 9 ! facts t !re are n an ev5 numb] ( days 9 a ye>--or 9 a moon--or moons 9 a ye>4 ,^! _m moons is a survival 9 our daily spee* ( ?is old me?od ( measur+ by moons4 ,j a little h9t z to ! am\nt ( sup]/ition /ill connect$ ) new moon w be en\gh to make cle> ! fact t we are n yet q s enlight5$ z we say we are4 ,:ile our cal5d>1 or almanac1 may be consid]$ z f9al1 we mu/ rememb] t cu/om & religion are s mix$ up ) ! matt] 9 ! old] c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ t !y w *ange v sl[ly4 ,/rictly1 our era is arbitr>y & ,*ri/ian2 s we mu/ n expect nations :i* _h "s a/ronomical k & a work+ cal5d>1 ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e u1 to *ange sudd5ly to our up/>t me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj--,key to #ab ,hor>y ,bran*es & #aj ,cele/ial ,/ems ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba--ab ,hor>y ,bran*es & #aj ,cele/ial ,/ems z ,us$ 9 ,clocks ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb--;,dial ( ,japanese ,a/ronomical ,clock ,9 ,fig4 #bb we h ! dial ( a v complicat$ a/ronomical clock4 ,?is old engrav$ brass dial did n photograph well1 s ,i made a copy by h& to get clean l9es4 ,comm5c+ at ! c5tre1 !re is a small disk1 ,b1 numb]$ f #a to #cj1 giv+ days ( ! moon's age4 ,! moon rises at ,a & sets at ,,aa1 lat] ea* day1 ( c\rse4 ,h] age is %[n by ! numb] %e t\*es on disk ,b1 z ?is disk advances on ! moon "o numb] ea* day4 ,h] phases are %[n by ! motion ( a black disk ov] h] face2 s we h "h ?ree motions = ! moon1 s diff]5tiat$ z to %[ phase1 asc5sion & age4 ,/ill fur!r1 z %e is repres5t$ on ! dial :5 bel[ ! horizon1 x c be se5 :5 %e w rise1 & moonlight p>ties may be plann$4 ,j outside ! moon's c\rse is an annulus hav+ ,japanese numb]s #a to #ab1 indicat+ mon?s4 ,note ! recurr+ "* divid+ ! mon?s 9 halves1 :i* means middle1 & is mu* us$4 ,if y w c>efully read ^! numb]s y w f9d a "* :]e "o w\ld come2 ?is means beg9n+ or prim>y & is (t5 us$ in/ead ( "o4 ,! clock h& is ! heavy arr[ & sweeps ! dial once 9 a :ole day1 same direction z our clocks4 ,?is circle ( ! mon?s moves along ) ! h&1 b a little fa/]1 s z to ga9 "o numb] 9 a mon?4 ,z %[n on ! figure x is ab\t "o week into ! six? mon?4 ,next outw>d is ! broad b& hav+ twelve curv$ l9es = ! h\rs end+ outw>dly 9 a r+ divid$ into #ajj p>ts1 m>k$ (f 9 t5s by dots4 ,^! curv$ l9es are numb]$ ) ! ,japanese num]als = h\rs :i* y mu/ n[ be able to read easily4 ,^! h\r l9es1 & ! dott$ l9es = half h\rs1 are really ! same z ! simil> l9es on ,fig4 #ah :i* y n[ und]/&4 ,z ! h& sweeps ! dial daily x automatically moves outw>d a little ea* day1 s x %ort5s ! nights & l5g!ns ! days1 j z previ\sly expla9$ = ,fig4 #ah4 ,b !re is "o diff]5ce1 = y w notice t ! la/ night h\r1 on :i* ! arr[ h& n[ /&s1 is long] ?an ! o!r night h\rs be=e x1 & t x is divid$ into ?ree by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! la/ day h\r1 on ! left ( dial1 is also long & divid$ into ?ree4 ,t is1 :ile all ! dials previ\sly describ$ h equal h\rs = any giv5 day1 or night1 ?is dial has a la/ long h\r 9 ea* case1 divid$ into ?ree in/ead ( ! usual half-h\rs4 ,?is is a curi\s & int]e/+ po9t hav+ its orig9 long be=e clocks4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! clepsydra 9 ,*9a1 a c]ta9 "t 0 all[$ to dip up ! wat] f ! l[e/ j>1 ea* morn+ & ev5+ ab\t five o'clock ( our "t1 see ,fig4 #h 7,*apt] #a74 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! clepsydra 0 n m>k+ "t1 & ! ori5tal m9d evid5tly consid]$ x 9 "s s5se outside ( ! regul> h\rs1 & l _m o!r ?+s 0 reta9$ till x appe>$ absurdly on ! e>li] clocks4 ,?is wond]ful feat ( putt+ an int]val betwe5 two consecutive h\rs has always be5 impossible to mod]n sci5ce2 yet ,presid5t ,roosevelt p]=m$ x easily 9 8 con/ructive int]regnum6 ,ref]r+ to ! ,canton clepsydra1 ,fig4 #h1 we f9d t ! float1 or bamboo /ick1 0 divid$ into #ajj p>ts4 ,at "o season #fj p>ts = ! day & #dj p>ts = ! night1 gradually be+ *ang$ to ! opposite = %ort days4 ,! day h\rs 7 beat5 on a drum & ! night h\rs bl[n on a trumpet4 ,lat] ! h\r num]als 7 made movable on ! bamboo /ick4 ,?is is virtually a v]tical dial ) movable h\r plates1 s _! idea ( "t measur+ at t date1 0 ( some?+ mov+ up or d[n4 ,?is 0 put on ! fir/ clocks by ! ,japanese2 s t ! dial ( ,fig4 #af is sub/antially ! float ( ! ,*9ese clepsydra4 ,fur!r1 9 ?is bamboo /ick ( #ajj p>ts1 we h our pres5t sy/em ( decimal numb]s1 s we c af=d to be a little mode/ "h too4 ,be=e leav+ ,fig4 #bb note ! b&1 or annulus1 ( />s :i* moves ) ! mon? circle4 ,i _c make ^! />s mat* our twelve signs ( ! ,zodiac1 b z ,i h copi$ !m c>efully ! read] c try & make ord] out ( !m4 ,! extreme out] edge ( ! dial is divid$ into #cfj p>ts1 ! t5s be+ emphasiz$1 z 9 our decimal scales4 ,z we are gett+ a little tir$ ( ^! complicat$ descriptions1 let u bran* (f = a few rem>ks on "s curiosities ( ,ea/]n "t keep+4 ,!y evid5tly ?9k ( an h\r z a p]iod ( "t m specifically ?an we d4 ,:5 we say #f o'clock we mean a po9t ( "t m>k$ by ! /rik+ ( ! clock4 ,we h no names = ! h\r p]iods4 ,we mu/ say f #e to #f or betwe5 #e & #f = an h\r p]iod4 ,! twelf? h\r ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i und]/& to mean a :ole h\r end+ at sunset2 s we are deal+ ) an ori5tal attitude ( m9d t[>ds "t4 ,i ?9k we get t conception ne>ly correct :5 we read ( ! middle wat* & und]/& x to mean dur+ ! middle ?ird ( ! night4 ,secondly1 :y d ! ,japanese use no #a1 #b1 #c on _! dials8 ,^! numb]s 7 sacr$ 9 ! temples & mu/ n be pr(an$ by use on clocks1 & !y m5tally d$uct$ ^! f ! clock h\rs1 b ultimately became accu/om$ to #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d4 ,?irdly1 :y ?is read+ ( ! h\rs backw>ds8 ,let u suppose a toil] comm5c+ at sunrise1 or six4 ,:5 he toil$ "o h\r he felt t !re 0 "o less to come & he call$ x five4 ,?is looks q logical1 = ! dim9i%+ numb]s indicat$ to him h[ mu* ( 8 day's toil 0 to come4 ,ano!r explanation :i* is probably ! f\ndation ( secondly & ?irdly above1 is ! fact t ma!matics & sup]/ition 7 closely alli$ 9 ! old days ( ,japan4 ,if y take ! numb]s #a to #f1 ,fig4 #bc1 & multiply !m ea* into ! uncanny y5g numb]1 or n9e1 y w f9d t ! la/ digits1 read+ d[nw>ds1 give #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d4 ,/at$ 9 o!r words3 ,:5 #a to #f are multipli$ into ?ree times ?ree ! la/ figures are #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d1 & #a1 #b1 #c1 h disappe>$2 s ! common p 7 fill$ ) fe> & awe4 ,"s ( ! educat$1 ev5 n[1 are my/ifi$ by ! /range results produc$ by us+ ?ree & n9e z factors1 & sci5tific j\rnals (t5 give space to ! matt]4 ,we "k t ^! results are produc$ by ! simple fact t n9e is "o less ?an ! radix ( our decimal scale ( numb]s4 ,n9e is sometimes call$ ! inde/ructible numb]1 s9ce add+ ! digits ( any ( its p[]s gives an ev5 numb] ( n9es4 ,b 9 ^? days x 0 a my/]y & ! common p fe>$ ! ma!maticians1 & ,i h no d\bt ! %rewd old fell[s took full advantage ( _! p[] ov] ! plebeians4 ,9 ,japan1 ma!matics 0 n cle>$ ( ?is rubbi% till ab\t #gjj ,a4 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc--,use ( ,y5g ,numb] & ,animal ,names ( ,h\rs ,on ! "r-h& side ( ,fig4 #bc are giv5 ! animal names ( ! h\rs1 s ! day & night h\rs c\ld n be mi/ak54 ,9 select+ ! rat = night & ! horse = day !y %[$ good ta/e4 ,_! =5oon 0 be=e horse & _! aft]noon aft] horse4 ,japanese clocks are rem>kable = v>iety4 ,x looks z if !y 7 always made to ord] & t ! mak]s1 probably urg$ by _! patrons1 made extreme ef=ts to get 9 wond]ful motions & symbols relat+ to a/ronomy & a/rology4 ,anyone exam9+ ab\t fifty ( !m w\ld be likely to conclude t x 0 almo/ hopeless to und]/& !m all4 ,rememb]1 ?is is ! old ,japanese me?od4 ,ne>ly all ! clocks & wat*es ,i saw 9 ,japan 7 ,am]ican4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to close ?is *apt] ) a few po9ts on ! curi\s /rik+ ( ,japanese clocks4 ,9 ^? l ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #ai1 ! bell & hamm] c be se54 ,9 ! type ( ,fig4 #af1 ! :ole /rik+ me*anism is 9 ! weight4 ,9 fact1 ! /rik+ "p ( ! clock is ! weight4 ,on ea* ( ! plates1 hav+ ! h\r num]als1 ,fig4 #af1 a p9 projects inw>ds & z ! weight conta9+ ! /rik+ me*anism1 desc5ds1 a little lev] t\*es ^! & lets (f ! /rik+ j :5 ! po9t] is on ! h\r num]al4 ,keep+ ?is 9 m9d1 x is easy to see t ! clock w /rike correctly :5 ! h\r is indicat$ by ! po9t]1 no matt] h[ ! h\r plates are set = long or %ort days4 ,simil> p9s project inw>ds f movable plates on ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 s !y /rike correctly z ea* h\r plate comes to ! top j "u ! po9t ( ! fix$ h&4 ,9 ,fig4 #ai1 ! /rik+ is let (f by a /> :eel j z 9 old ,dut* clocks4 ,clocks l ,figs4 #ah-bb d n /rike4 ,9 all cases ! h\rs are /ruck backw>ds1 b ! half-h\rs add ano!r /range feature4 ,! odd numb]$ h\rs1 #i1 #g1 #e1 are foll[$ by "o bl[ at ! half h\r2 & ! ev5 h\rs1 #h1 #f1 #d by two bl[s1 or /at$ altoge!r-- #ia #hb #ga #fb #ea #db4 ,"h ! l>ge figures are ! h\rs & ! small ones ! half-h\rs4 ,only "o bell is us$1 because !re be+ no "o & two among ! h\rs1 ! half-h\rs _c be mi/ak54 ,?is is n all1 = y c tell :at half h\r x is )9 two h\rs4 ,= example1 suppose y "k approximately t x is some:]e betwe5 #i & #g & y he> ! clock /rike #b1 !n y "k x is half pa/ #h4 ,see ! l>ge & small figures above4 ,?is is f> sup]ior to our me?od ( "o at ea* half-h\r4 ,by our me?od ! clock /rikes "o ?ree times consecutively1 betwe5 #ab & #b o'clock & ?us mixes up ! half h\rs ) "o o'clock4 ,"s int]e/+ me?ods ( /rik+ w be expla9$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] :5 we deal ) mod]n "t keep+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,mod]n ,,clocks ,de,vick's clock ( #acfd4 -- ,orig9al v]ge escapem5t4 -- ,an*or & dead beat escapem5ts4 -- ,remontoir clock4 -- ,! p5dulum4 -- ,jewel+ pallets4 -- ,antique clock ) e>lie/ application ( p5dulum4 -- ,turki% wat*es4 -- ,correct designs = public clock faces4 -- ,art "w on old wat*es4 -- ,tw5ty-f\r h\r wat*4 -- ,syrian & ,hebrew h\r num]als4 -- ,correct me?od ( /rik+ h\rs & qu>t]s4 -- ,design = tw5ty-f\r h\r dial & h&s4 -- ,curi\s clocks4 -- ,inv5tions ( ! old clockmak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,public ,dial by ,james ,ar?ur ,dial ( ,philadelphia ,city ,hall ,clock ,fig4 #bd ,mod]n clocks comm5ce ) ,de ,vick's ( #acfd :i* is ! fir/ unque/ion$ clock consi/+ ( too!d :eels & conta9+ ! fundam5tal features ( our pres5t clocks4 ,ref]5ces are (t5 quot$ back to ab\t #ajjj ,a4 ,d41 b ! words translat$ clocks 7 us$ = bells & dials at t date2 s we are =c$ to consid] ! ,de ,vick clock z ! fir/ till m evid5ce is obta9$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ?is clock c\ld h>dly h be5 inv5t$ all at once2 & !re=e x is probable t _m inv5tions lead+ up to x h be5 lo/ to hi/ory4 ,! "p ( a clock :i* does ! tick+ is call$ ! escapem5t & ! olde/ =m kn[n is ! v]ge1 ,fig4 #be1 ! date ( :i* is unkn[n1 b safely #cjj ye>s be=e ,de ,vick4 ,! foliot is on ! v]tical v]ge1 or sp9dle1 :i* has ! pallets ,a ,b4 ,z ! foliot sw+s horizontally1 f re/ to re/1 we he> "o tick1 b x requires two ( ^! s+le sw+s1 or two ticks1 to lib]ate "o too? ( ! escape :eel2 s !re are twice z _m ticks 9 "o turn ( ! escape :eel z x has tee?4 ,we ?us see t an escapem5t is a device 9 :i* some?+ moves back & =? & all[s ! tee? ( an escape :eel to escape4 ,:ile ?is escapem5t is1 9 "s respects1 ! simple/ "o1 x has always be5 difficult to make x pla9 9 a draw+1 s ,i h made an ef=t to expla9 x by mak+ ! side ( ! :eel & its pallet ,b1 :i* is ne>e/ ! eye1 solid black1 & f>!r side & its pallet ,a1 %ad$ z 9 ! figure4 ,! :eel moves 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 & too? ,d is v ne> escap+ f pallet ,b4 ,! too? ,c on ! f>!r side ( :eel is mov+ left1 s x w fall on pallet ,a1 to be 9 its turn lib]at$ z ! pallets & foliot sw+ back & =?4 ,x is easy to see t ea* too? ( ! :eel w give a little pu% to ! pallet z x escapes1 & ?us keep ! balance sw++4 ,?is escapem5t is a v poor "t-keep]1 b x 0 "o ( ! great inv5tions & held ! field = ab\t #fjj ye>s1 t is1 f ! days :5 x regulat$ bells up to ! onion wat*es ( our gr&fa!rs4 ,scatt]$ ref]5ces 9 old writ+s make x reasonably c]ta9 t f ab\t #a1jjj to #a1cjj bells 7 /ruck by ma*9es regulat$ ) ?is v]ge escapem5t1 ?us %[+ t ! /rik+ "p ( a clock is old] ?an ! clock itself4 ,x seems /range to u to say t _m ( ! e>li] clocks 7 /rik]s1 only1 & _h no dials or h&s1 j z if y turn$ ! face ( y\r clock to ! wall & dep5d$ on ! /rik+ = ! "t4 ,keep+ ?is action ( ! v]ge escapem5t 9 m9d we c easily und]/& its application1 z made by ,de ,vick1 9 ,fig4 #bf1 :]e ,i h m>k$ ! same pallets ,a ,b4 ,a too? is j escap+ f pallet ,b & !n "o on ! o!r side ( ! :eel w fall on pallet ,a4 ,foliot1 v]ge & pallets =m "o solid piece :i* is susp5d$ by a cord1 s z to enable x to sw+ ) little friction4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ ! motions v pla9 ,i h left out ! dial & framework f ! draw+4 ,! :eel m>k$ twelve h\rs1 & ! p9ion :i* drives x1 are bo? outside ! frame1 j "u ! dial1 & are drawn 9 da% & dot4 ,! axle ( ?is twelve-h\r :eel goes ?r\gh ! dial & c>ries ! h&1 :i* m>ks h\rs only4 ,! w9d+ p9ion & :eel1 9 dott$ l9es1 are inside ! frame4 ,n[ foll[ ! great :eel--int]m$iate--escape :eel & ! two p9ions1 all 9 solid l9es1 & y h ! tra9 :i* is ! pr9cipal "p ( all clocks4 ,?is clock has an escapem5t1 :eels1 p9ions1 dial1 h&1 weight1 & w9d+ squ>e4 ,we h only add$ ! p5dulum1 a bett] escapem5t1 ! m9ute & second h&s 9 ov] #ejj ye>s6 ,! an*or escapem5t1 ,fig4 #bg1 came ab\t #afhj & is attribut$ to ,dr4 ,hooke1 an ,engli%man4 ,x gets its "n f ! resemblance ( ! pallets to ! flukes ( an an*or4 ,?is an*or is connect$ to ! p5dulum & z x sw+s "r & left1 ! tee? ( ! escape :eel are lib]at$1 "o too? = ea* two sw+s f re/ to re/1 ! little pu% on ! pallets ,a ,b1 z ! tee? escape1 keep+ ! p5dulum go+4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m1 ev5 among ! educat$1 ?9k t ! p5dulum drives ! clock6 ,! p5dulum mu/ always be driv5 by "s p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be--,v]ge ,escapem5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf--;,de ,vick's ,clock ( #acfd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg--;,an*or ,escapem5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh--;,am]ican ,an*or ,escapem5t ,?is escapem5t w be f\nd 9 ne>ly all ! gr&fa!r clocks 9 connection ) a seconds p5dulum4 ,x is a good "t-keep]1 runs well1 we>s well1 /&s "s r\gh h&l+ & w keep go+ ev5 :5 pretty well cov]$ ) du/ & cobwebs2 s x is us$ m ?an all ! num]\s types ev] inv5t$4 ,figure #bh gives ! g5]al ,am]ican =m ( ! an*or :i* is made by b5d+ a /rip ( /eel2 b x is n ! be/ =m1 z ! act+ surfaces ( ! pallets are /raight4 ,x is1 !re=e1 inf]ior to ,fig4 #bg :]e ! act+ surfaces are curv$1 s9ce ^! curves give an easi] recoil4 ,?is recoil is ! slight motion backw>ds :i* ! escape :eel makes at ea* tick4 ,! dead beat escapem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 & is us$ 9 clocks ( a high grade1 g5]ally ) a seconds p5dulum4 ,x has no recoil z y c easily see t ! surfaces ,o ,o on :i* ! tee? fall1 are portions ( a circle ar\nd ! c5t] ,p4 ,! bevel$ ends ( ^! pallets are call$ ! impulse surfaces1 & a too? is j giv+ ! little pu% on ! "r-h& pallet4 ,x is f\nd 9 good railroad clocks1 wat*-mak]s' regulators & 9 _m a/ronomical clocks4 ,^! t]ms are m]ely comp>ative1 a regulator be+ a good clock & an a/ronomical1 an extra good "o4 ,figure #cj gives ! movem5t ( a remontoir clock 9 :i* ! dead beat %[n is us$4 ,! upp] "o ( ! ?ree dials indicates seconds1 & ! lev] :i* crosses its c5t] c>ries ! l>ge :eel on ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi--;,dead ,beat ,escapem5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca--,remontoir ,clock by ,james ,ar?ur ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj--,remontoir ,clock ,movem5t ,?is :eel makes ! left end ( ! lev] heavi] ?an ! "r1 & 9 s9k+ x drives ! clock = "o m9ute1 b at ! sixtie? second x rem\nts by ! action ( ! clock weight2 h5ce ! "n1 remontoir4 ,note "h t ! big weight does n directly drive ! clock2 x only rew9ds x e m9ute4 ,! m9utes are %[n on ! dial to ! "r & its h& jumps =w>d "o m9ute at ea* sixtie? second z ! lev] rem\nts2 s if y wi% to set y\r wat* to ?is clock ! prop] way is to set x to ! ev5 m9ute on ! jump4 ,! h\r h& is on ! dial to ! left4 ,by ?is rem\nt+1 or rew9d+1 ! clock receives ! same am\nt ( driv+ =ce ea* m9ute4 ,! complete clock is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 ! l>ge weight :i* does ! rew9d+ ea* m9ute be+ pla9ly visible4 ,! p5dulum is comp5sat$ ) /eel & alum9um1 s t ! rate ( ! clock may n be influ5c$ by hot & cold wea!r4 ,0 built 9 #aija & is ! only "o ,i c f9d room = "h4 ,x is fully describ$ 9 ,ma*9]y1 ,new ,york1 = ,nov41 #aija4 ,i h built a consid]able numb]1 all = exp]im5tal purposes1 sev]al ( !m mu* m complicat$ ?an ?is "o1 b all diff]+ f clocks = comm]cial purposes4 ,pallets l ,o ,o 9 ,fig4 #bi are (t5 made ( jewels2 9 "o clock ,i us$ agates & 9 ano!r1 runn+ ?irte5 mon?s ) "o w9d+1 ,i us$ pallets jewel$ ) diamonds4 ,?is is done to avoid friction & we>4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( clocks are con/antly /riv+ aft] light action & small driv+ weights4 ,conv]sely1 ! inf]ior clock has a heavy weight & ticks l\d4 ,! gravity escapem5t & o!rs giv+ a free p5dulum action w\ld require too mu* space "h1 s we mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! few successful ones %[n out ( hundr$s ( inv5tions1 doz5s ( !m pat5t$4 ,! p5dulum /&s at ! top z a "t measur] & 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts = measur+ %ort p]iods ( "t j z musicians n[ use ! metronome to get regul> beats4 ,galileo is cr$it$ ) notic+ its regul> beats1 b did n apply x to clocks1 al?\gh 8 son made a p>tially successful attempt4 ,! fir/ ma!matical inve/igation ( ! p5dulum 0 made by ,huygh5s ab\t #afgj1 & he is g5]ally cr$it$ ) apply+ x to clocks1 s !re is a ,huygh5s clock ) a p5dulum in/ead ( ! foliot ( ,de ,vick's4 ,ma!matically1 ! long] & heavi] ! p5dulum ! bett] is ! "t-keep+1 b nature does n p]mit u to c>ry any?+ to ! extreme2 s ! difficulty ( f9d+ a t[] high en\gh & /eady en\gh1 ! cumb]som5ess ( weight1 ! ela/icity ( ! rod1 & _m o!r difficulties r5d] v long & heavy p5dulums impracticable beyond ab\t #ac ft4 :i* beats once 9 two seconds4 ,big ,b5 ( ,we/m9/]1 ,london1 has "o ( ?is l5g? weigh+ #gjj lb4 & measur+1 ov] all1 #ae ft4 ,x runs ) an error "u "o second a week4 ,?is is surpass$ only by "s ( ! a/ronomical clocks :i* run sometimes two mon?s )9 a second4 ,?is wond]ful timekeep+ is done ) seconds p5dulums ( ab\t #ci 941 s ! !oretical advantage ( long p5dulums is lo/ 9 ! difficulties ( con/ruct+ !m4 ,fractions are left out ( ^! l5g?s z !y w\ld only confuse ! explanations4 ,at ! ,naval obs]vatory 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ! /&>d clocks h seconds p5dulums1 ! rods ( :i* are nickel /eel1 call$ ,inv>1 :i* is little influ5c$ by *anges ( temp]ature4 ,^! clocks are kept 9 a special basem5t1 s !y /& on ! solid e>?4 ,! clock room is kept at a ne>ly uni=m temp]ature & ea* clock is 9 a glass cyl9d] exhau/$ to ab\t half an atmosph]e4 ,!y are electric remontoirs1 s no w9d+ is necess>y & !y c be kept seal$ up tight 9 _! glass cyl9d]s4 ,nor is any adju/m5t ( _! p5dulums necess>y1 or sett+ ( ! h&s1 z ! correction ( _! small v>iations is effect$ by slight *anges 9 ! air pressure )9 ! glass cyl9d]s4 ,:5 a clock runs fa/ !y let a little air into its cyl9d] to raise ! resi/ance to ! p5dulum & sl[ x d[n1 & ! rev]se = sl[4 ,don't =get t we are n[ consid]+ v>iations ( less ?an a second a week4 ,! clock room has d\ble doors1 s ! out] "o c be %ut be=e ! inn] "o is op5$1 to avoid air curr5ts4 ,visitors are n p]mitt$ to see ^! clocks because ! less ! doors are op5$ ! bett]2 b ! ,comm&] w sometimes issue a special p]mit & detail a responsible assi/ant to %[ !m1 s if y wi% to see !m y mu/ prove to him t y h a head above y\r %\ld]s & are wor?y ( su* a great favor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb--;,antique ,clock1 ,entirely ,h&-,made ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc--;,antique ,clock1 ,entirely ,h&-,made ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd--,triple-,case ,turki% ,wat*es ,! be/ ?+ ! "y /ud5t c\ld d at ?is po9t w\ld be to grasp ! rem>kable fact t ! clock is n an old ma*9e1 s9ce x cov]s only ! comp>atively %ort p]iod f #acfd to ! pres5t day4 ,comp>$ ) ! p]iod ( man's hi/ory & inv5tions x is ( ye/]day4 ,/rictly speak+1 z we use ! ^w clock1 its age f ,de ,vick to ! mod]n a/ronomical is only ab\t #edj ye>s4 ,if we take ! ye> #affj1 we f9d t x repres5ts ! c5t] ( mod]n improvem5ts 9 clocks1 a few ye>s be=e & aft] t date includes ! p5dulum1 ! an*or & dead beat escapem5ts1 ! m9ute & second h&s1 ! circul> balance & ! hair spr+1 along ) m9or improvem5ts4 ,s9ce ! end ( t p]iod1 :i* we may make #agjj1 no fundam5tal inv5tion has be5 add$ to clocks & wat*es4 ,?is becomes impressive :5 we rememb] t ! la/ #bjj ye>s h produc$ m inv5tions ?an all previ\s kn[n hi/ory--b only m9or improvem5ts 9 clocks6 ,! application ( electricity = w9d+1 driv+1 or regulat+ clocks is n fundam5tal1 = ! timekeep+ is done by ! ma/] clock ) its p5dulum & :eels1 j z by any gr&fa!r's clock #bjj ye>s old4 ,?is broad survey ( "t measur+ does n p]mit u to g into m9ute me*anical details4 ,^? wi%+ to foll[ up ! subject w\ld require a l>ge horological libr>y--& ,dr4 ,eliot's five-foot %elf w\ld be altoge!r too %ort to hold ! books4 ,a good idea ( ! old *ur* clocks may be obta9$ f ,fig4 #cb :i* is "o ( my valu$ antiques4 ,tradition has foll[$ x d[n z ! ,engli% ,blacksmi?'s ,clock4 ,x has ! v e>lie/ application ( ! p5dulum4 ,! p5dulum1 :i* ,i h m>k$ by a /> to enable ! read] to f9d x1 is less ?an #c 94 long & is hung on ! v]ge1 or pallet axle1 & beats #bbb p] m9ute4 ,?is clock may be safely put at #bej ye>s old1 & conta9s no?+ inv5t$ s9ce t date4 ,:eels are ca/ brass & all tee? labori\sly fil$ out by h&4 ,p9ions are solid ) ! axles1 or /affs1 & also fil$ out by h&4 ,x is put toge!r1 g5]ally by mortise1 t5on & cott]1 b x has f\r orig9al screws all made by h& ) ! file4 ,h[ did he ?read ! holes = ^! screws8 ,probably made a tap by h& z he made ! screws4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable feature is ! fact t no la! 0 us$ 9 =m+ any "p--all /affs1 p9ions & pivots be+ fil$ by h&4 ,?is is simply extraord9>y :5 x is po9t$ out t a little dead c5t] la! is ! simple/ ma*9e 9 ! _w1 & he c\ld h made "o 9 less ?an a day & sav$ himself weeks ( h>d labor4 ,x is probable t he _h great skill 9 h& "w & t le>n+ to use a la! w\ld h be5 a great & t$i\s ef=t = him4 ,s we h a complete /rik+ clock made by a man s poor t he _h only 8 anvil1 hamm] & file4 ,! weights are hung on cords z ?ick z an ord9>y lead p5cil & pass ov] pulleys hav+ spikes set ar\nd !m to prev5t ! cords f slipp+4 ,! weights desc5d #g ft4 9 #ab h\rs1 s !y mu/ be pull$ up--n w\nd up--twice a day4 ,! s+le h\r h& is a "w ( art & is cut ?r\gh l lace4 ,public clocks may /ill be se5 9 ,europe ) only "o h&4 ,_m h be5 puzzl$ by f9d+ t old1 rudely made clocks (t5 h f9e dials1 b ?is is n rem>kable :5 we /ate t art & engrav+ _h rea*$ a high level be=e ! days ( clocks4 ,x is wor?y ( note t clocks 9 ! e>ly days 7 g5]ally built 9 ! =m ( a *ur* t[] ) ! bell "u ! dome & ,figs4 #cb1 #cc %[ a good example4 ,x is highly probable t ! mak] ( ?is clock _h access to "s old *ur* clock--a wond]ful ma*9e 9 ^? days--& t he labori\sly copi$ x4 ,x /rikes ! h\rs1 only1 by ! old c\nt :eel or lock+ plate me?od4 ,betwe5 ?is & our mod]n clocks appe>$ a type %[+ qu>t] h\rs on a small dial "u ! h\r dial4 ,no d\bt ?is 0 at t "t a great advance & look$ l cutt+ "t up pretty f9e4 ,z ! h& on ! qu>t] dial made ! circuit 9 an h\r ! next /ep 0 easy1 by simply divid+ ! circle ( qu>t]s into sixty m9utes4 ,! old fell[s :o ?\ght 9 h\rs mu/ h giv5 x up at ?is po9t1 s ! seconds & fif?s seconds came easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce--,triple-,case ,turki% ,wat* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf--;,d\ble-,case ,wat* ( ,rep\ss ,"w ,! fir/ wat*es1 ab\t #aejj1 _h ! foliot & v]ge escapem5t1 & 9 "s e>ly attempts to gov]n ! foliot a hog's bri/le 0 us$ z a spr+4 ,by putt+ a r+ ar\nd ! ends ( ! foliot & add+ ! hair spr+ ( ,dr4 ,hooke1 ab\t #afdj1 we h ! v]ge wat*es ( our gr&fa!rs4 ,?is balance :eel & hair spr+ /& today1 b ! lev] escapem5t has tak5 ! place ( ! v]ge4 ,x is a modification ( ! dead beat1 ,fig4 #bi1 by add+ a lev] to ! an*or1 & ?is lev] is act$ on by ! balance1 h5ce ! "n lev] wat*4 ,all ?is y c see by op5+ y\r wat*1 s no detail$ explanation is necess>y4 ,figure #cd %[s two triple-cas$ ,turki% wat*es ) v]ge escapem5ts1 ! "o to ! left be+ %[n p>tly op5$ 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! wat* ) its inn] case1 includ+ ! glass1 is %[n to ! "r4 ,?is inn] case is complete ) two h+es & has a w9d+ hole 9 ! back4 ,! upp] case1 ( *as$ "w1 goes on next1 & !n ! ?ird1 or out] case1 cov]$ ) tortoise %ell fa/5$ ) silv] rivets1 goes on outside ! o!r two4 ,:5 all ?ree cases are op5$ & laid on ! table1 !y look l a heap ( oy/] %ells1 b !y g easily toge!r1 =m+ ! gr& & dignifi$ wat* %[n to ! left 9 ,fig4 #cd4 ,oliv] ,cromwell wore an imm5se triple-case wat* ( ?is k9d1 & ! poor plebeians :o 7 p]mitt$ to exam9e su* a magnific5t in/rum5t 7 favor$6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg--,wat*es ,%[+ ,art ,"w ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch--,wat* ,%[+ ,dut* ,art ,"w ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci--;,antique ,wat* ,cock ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj--;,*9ese ,wat* ,our boys' wat*es co/+ "o doll> keep mu* bett] "t ?an ?is type ( wat*4 ,comp>+ ! ,syrian dial1 ,fig4 #db1 ) t on ,fig4 #ce1 x is evid5t t ! /range h\r num]als on bo? are a v>iation ( ! same *>act]s4 ,^!1 s-call$1 ,turki% wat*es 7 made 9 ,europe = ! ,ea/]n trade4 ,fir/-class samples ( ?is triple-case type are gett+ sc>ce1 b ,i h f\nd f\r1 two ( !m 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,figure #cf %[s ! d\ble-case /yle1 call$ pair cases1 ! out] case ?9 silv]1 ! figures & ornam5ts be+ hamm]$ & pun*$ up f ! inside & call$ rep\ss4 ,be=e we leave ! old wat*es1 ! "q ( art "w des]ves notice1 = x looks z if ornam5tation & "t-keep+ v>i$ inv]sely 9 ^? days--! m art ! worse ! wat*4 ,i presume1 z !y c\ld n make a good "t-keep] at t date1 ! wat*-mak] decid$ to give ! buy] some?+ ( great size & /yle = 8 money4 ,9 ,fig4 #cg f\r old movem5ts are %[n1 & !re is no d\bt ab\t ! art1 s9ce ! "w is purely individual & no dies or templates us$4 ,9 exam9+ a l>ge numb] ( ^! wat*es1 ,i h nev] f\nd ! art "w on any two ( !m alike4 ,note ! grotesque faces 9 ^!1 & 9 ,fig4 #ci :i* is a f9e example ( pi]c$1 engrav$ "w4 ,figure #ch is a f9e example ( pi]c$ "w ) animals & fl[]s c>v$ 9 relief4 ,figure #dj is a ,*9ese wat* b made 9 ,europe = ! ,*9ese m>ket4 ,9 ,fig4 #da we h :at rema9s ( a qu>t] repeat] ) musical atta*m5t4 ,ea* ( ! #bd /raight gongs1 comm5c+ ) ! longe/ "o1 goes a little ne>] ! c5t] ( ! l>ge :eel1 s a circle ( p9s is set 9 ! :eel = ea* gong1 or note1 & !re is pl5ty ( room = sev]al tunes :i* ! we>] c set (f at pleasure4 ,figure #dc is a mod]n wat* ) ,hebrew h\r num]als4 ,figure #dd is a mod]n #bd-;h\r wat* us$ on "s railroads & /eam%ip l9es4 ,i h a pretty clean-cut recollection ( "o ev5t 9 connection ) ! #bd-;h\r sy/em1 z ,i left ,mess9a betwe5 #ah & #ai o'clock on ! night ( ! e>?quake6 ,dials & h&s con/itute an important bran* ( ! subject4 ,! g5]al fault ( h&s is t !y are too mu* alike2 9 _m in/ances !y are ! same1 except+ t ! m9ute h& is a little long] ?an ! h\r4 ,! dial %[n on ! left ( ,fig4 #bd 0 design$ by me = a public clock & c be read twice z f> away z ! usual dial4 ,j :y we %\ld make ! wor/ dials & h&s = public clocks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is m ?an ,i c f9d out1 = !re is no possible excuse1 s9ce ! spade & po9t] h&s h be5 kn[n = g5]ations4 ,figure #de is (f]$ z a prop]ly design$ dial = wat*es & dome/ic clocks1 hav+ flat-fac$ ,go?ic figures ( mod]ate height1 leav+ a cle> c5t] 9 ! dial1 & ! heavy spade h\r h& rea*+ only to ! inn] edges ( ! figures4 ,= public clocks ! ,arabic num]als are ! wor/1 = at a di/ance !y look l twelve ?umb m>ks on ! dial2 :ile ! flat-fac$ ,roman rema9 di/9ct z twelve cle> m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da--,musical ,wat*1 ,repeat+ ,h\rs & ,qu>t]s ,d y "k t y d n read a public clock by ! figures1 b by ! position ( ! h&s8 ,?is 0 discov]$ long ago4 ,"l ,grim?orp _h "o ) twelve solid m>ks on ! dial & also speaks ( "o at ! ,a!num ,club1 bo? be=e #ahfj4 ,! ,philadelphia ,city ,hall clock has dials ( ?is k9d z %[n on "r side ( ,fig4 #bd4 ,x has also good h&s & c be read at a great di/ance4 ,v few p]sons1 ev5 9 ,philadelphia1 "k t x has no h\r num]als on its dials4 ,/ill fur!r1 !re is no clock 9 ! t[]1 ! great h&s be+ mov$ e m9ute by air pressure :i* is regulat$ by a ma/] clock set 9 a clock room d[n bel[ :]e ! walls are #aj ft4 ?ick4 ,call & see ?is clock & y w f9d t ! ,city ,hall (ficials su/a9 ! good "n ( ,philadelphia = polit5ess4 ,g5]ally1 we give no att5tion to ! h\r num]als1 ev5 ( our wat*es1 z ! foll[+ proves4 ,:5 y h tak5 out y\r wat* & look$ at ! "t1 = y\rself1 & put x back 9 y\r pocket1 & :5 a fri5d asks ! "t y take x out aga9 to f9d ! "t = him6 ,:y8 ,because1 = y\rself1 y did n read h\rs & m9utes1 b only got a m5tal impression f ! position ( ! h&s2 s we only read h\rs & m9utes :5 we are call$ on to proclaim ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db--,syrian ,dial ,we mu/ f9d a little space = /rik+ clocks4 ,! simple/ is "o bl[ at ea* h\r j to draw att5tion to ! clock4 ,/rik+ ! h\rs & also "o bl[ at ea* half h\r z well z ! qu>t] d\ble bl[1 call$ t+ tong qu>t]s1 are too well kn[n to ne$ description4 ,! next /age aft] ?is is *im+ qu>t]s ) ?ree or m musical gongs1 or bells4 ,"o ( ! be/ /rik]s ,i h has ?ree tra9s1 ?ree weights & f\r bells4 ,x /rikes ! h\r on a l>ge bell & two m9utes aft] ! h\r x /rikes x aga91 s z to give y ano!r *ance to c\nt correctly4 ,at ! fir/ qu>t] x repeats ! la/ h\r foll[$ by a musical *ord ( ?ree bells1 :i* we w call "o triple bl[3 at ! second qu>t] ! h\r aga9 & two triple bl[s & at ! ?ird qu>t]1 ! h\r aga9 & ?ree triple bl[s4 ,suppose a sample h\r's /rik+ f f\r o'clock1 ?is is :at y he>1 & !re c be no mi/ake4 ,f\r & 9 two m9utes f\r--f\r & "o qu>t]--f\r & two qu>t]s--f\r & ?ree qu>t]s1 & ! same = all o!r h\rs4 ,?is is def9ite1 = ! clock proclaims ! h\r1 or ! h\r & s mu* pa/4 ,x c be set sil5t1 b t only /ops x f /rik+ automatically1 & :e!r s set or n1 x w repeat by pull+ a cord4 ,y awake 9 ! night & pull ! cord1 & !n 9 mell[ musical tones1 almo/ z if ! clock 7 speak+1 y he>--f\r & two qu>t]s4 ,?is ,i consid] a p]fect /rik+ clock4 ,x is a l>ge movem5t ( f9e workman%ip & 0 made 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,jura1 ,france4 ,:5 a clock or wat* only repeats1 ,i consid] ! old five-m9ute repeat] ! be/4 ,i us$ ?is me?od 9 a clock :i*1 on pull+ ! cord1 /rikes ! h\r on a l>ge bell & if t is all x /rikes1 !n x is less ?an five m9utes pa/4 ,if m ?an five m9utes pa/ x foll[s ! h\r by "o bl[ on a small bell = e five m9utes4 ,?is gives ! "t )9 five m9utes4 ,x is fully describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,ma*9]y1 ,new ,york1 = ,m>*1 #aije4 ,j "o m4 ,an old ,dut* clock :i* ,i re/or$ /rikes ! h\r on a l>ge bell2 at ! fir/ qu>t] x /rikes "o bl[ on a small bell2 at ! half h\r x /rikes ! la/ h\r ov] aga9 on ! small bell2 at ! ?ird qu>t] x /rikes "o bl[ on ! l>ge bell4 ,b ?is 9 spite ( its great +5uity1 only gives def9ite in=mation at ! h\r & half h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc--;,hebrew ,num]als ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd--bd-;,h\r ,wat* ,( curi\s clocks !re is no end1 s ,i %all j ref] to "o inv5t$ by ,william ,congreve1 an ,engli%man1 ov] "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 & (t5 com+ up s9ce z some?+ new4 ,a plate ab\t #h 94 long & #d 94 wide has a long zigzag groove crosswise4 ,?is plate is pivot$ at its c5t] s ei!r end c be tipp$ up a little4 ,a ball small] ?an a boy's m>ble w roll back & =? across ?is plate till x rea*es ! l[] end1 at :i* po9t x /rikes a click & ! ma9spr+ ( ! clock tips ! plate ! o!r way & ! ball comes sl[ly back aga9 till x /rikes ! disk at ! o!r end ( ! plate1 etc4 ,e "t ! plate tips1 ! h&s are mov$ a little j l ! remontoir clock already describ$4 ,clocks ( ?is k9d are (t5 us$ = deceptive purposes & ^? ignorant ( me*anics are deceiv$ into ! belief t !y see p]petual motion4 ,! ext5t to :i* mod]n ma*9e build]s are indebt$ to ! inv5tions ( ! anci5t clock-mak]1 ,i ?9k1 has nev] be5 appreciat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de--;,dome/ic ,dial by ,james ,ar?ur ,9 its e>li] /ages ! clock 0 almo/ ! only ma*9e conta9+ too!d ge>+1 & ! clock too? is /ill necess>y 9 our delicate ma*9es4 ,x is entirely diff]5t f our /&>d ge> too? z us$ 9 heavy ma*9es4 ,! clock-mak]s l$ = a long "t 9 work+ /eel = tools1 spr+s & we>+ surfaces4 ,!y also made inve/igations 9 friction1 be>+s1 oils1 etc41 etc4 ,any "o re/or+ old clocks = amusem5t & pleasure w be a/oni%$ at ! high-class me*anics display$ 9 !m--ne>ly always by unkn[n inv5tors4 ,"h is an example3 ,! old clock-mak] f\nd t :5 he wi%$ to drill a hole 9 a piece ( ?ick wire s z to make a %ort tube ( x1 he c\ld only get ! hole c5tral & /raight by rotat+ ! piece & hold+ ! drill /ation>y4 ,by ?is me?od ! drill t5ds to foll[ ! c5t] l9e ( rotation2 & our great guns z well z our small rifles are bor$ j t way to get bores :i* w %oot /raight4 ,! f\r? & la/ *apt] w deal ) ! a/ronomical motions on :i* our "t-keep+ is f\nd$1 our pres5t h\r zones ( "t1 & close ) sugge/ions = a univ]sal "t sy/em ov] ! :ole _w4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,a/ronomical ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,"t ,a/ronomical motions on :i* our "t is f\nd$4 -- ,reasons = select+ ! sid]eal day z a basis = our #bd-;h\r day4 -- ,ye> ( ! seasons %ort] ?an ! zodiacal ye>4 -- ,precession ( ! equ9oxes4 -- ,e>?'s rotation mo/ uni=m motion kn[n to u4 -- ,"t ,/>s & ,transits4 -- ,local "t4 -- ,! date l9e4 -- ,/&>d "t4 -- ,beg9n+ & end+ ( a day4 -- ,propos$ univ]sal "t4 -- ,clock dial = univ]sal "t & its application to bus9ess4 -- ,next great improvem5t 9 clocks & wat*es indicat$4 -- ,automatic record+ ( ! e>?'s rotation4 -- ,ye> ( ! seasons z a unit = a/ronom]s4 -- ,g5]al conclusions4 ,! my/]y ( "t encloses all ?+s 9 its folds1 & our grasp ( its inf9ite be>+s is measur$ by our limitations4 ,z !re are no isolat$ facts 9 ! ,univ]se1 we c nev] get to ! end ( our subject2 s we "k only :at we h capacity to absorb4 ,9 consid]+ ! f\ndation on :i* all our "t measur+ is bas$1 we are l$ into ! fr+e ( t ,elysian field ( sci5ce--a/ronomy4 ,a sci5ce m poetical ?an poetry--m *>m+ ?an ! optimi/ic phantasies ( y\?4 ,t sci5ce :i* leaves our imag9ation helpless2 = its facts are m wond]ful ?an our extreme/ m5tal flights4 ,! sci5ce ( va/ness & int]m9able di/ances :i* our puny figures fail to express4 ,! />s sang toge!r = joy1 might almo/ be plac$ 9 ! category ( facts2 :ile ! music ( ! sph]es may n[ be consid]$ a ma!matical reality4 ,our "t keep+ is inevitably associat$ ) ^! motions1 & we mu/ select "o :i* has p]iods n too long4 ,t is1 no cont9u\s motion c\ld be us$1 unless x pass$ "s species ( mile/ones :i* we c\ld obs]ve4 ,consequ5tly1 our clocks d n--9 ! /rict s5se--measure "t2 b are adju/$ to divide p]iods :i* !y d n det]m9e4 ,we are con/antly correct+ _! errors & nev] entirely succe$ 9 gett+ !m to run accurately to p]iods ( "t :i* exi/ entirely outside ( su* little ?+s z m5 & clocks4 ,s a clock is bett] z x approximates or be>s a regul> relation to "s motion 9 nature4 ,! sid]eal clock ( ! a/ronom] does run to a regul> motion2 b our #bd-;h\r clocks d n1 z we %all see lat]4 ,n[ consid] ! ye>1 or ! sun's app>5t motion 9 ! ,zodiac1 f any giv5 /> ar\nd to ! same "o aga94 ,?is is altoge!r too long to be divid$ by clocks1 z we _c make a clock :i* c\ld be dep5d$ on = any:]e ne> a ye>4 ,! next %ort] p]iod is t ( a moon4 ,?is is also a little too long1 is n easily obs]v$1 & requires all sorts ( corrections4 ,obs]vations ( ! moon at sea are s difficult & subject to error t m>9]s use !m only z a la/ resort4 ,if a little fre$om ( language is p]missible1 ,i w\ld say t ! moon has a bad "* all ar\nd1 l>gely on acc\nt ( h] long association ) sup]/ition1 false !ology & hea!n fea/s4 ,%e has n purg$ h]self ev5 to ?is day6 ,! anci5ts 7 probably "r :5 !y call$ erratic & ill-balanc$ p]sons luny4 ,n[ we come to ! day & f9d t x is ab\t ! "r practical l5g?--b :at k9d ( a day8 ,z !re are five k9ds we ought to be able to select "o good en\gh4 ,!y are3-- #a/4 ,! sol> day1 or noon to noon by ! sun4 #bnd4 ,an imag9>y sun mov+ uni=mly 9 ! ecliptic4 #crd4 ,a second imag9>y sun mov+ uni=mly p>allel to ! equator at all seasons ( ! ye>4 #d?4 ,"o absolute rotation ( ! e>?4 #e?4 ,"o rotation ( ! e>? measur$ f ! node1 or po9t1 ( ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 #a/ & #bnd is t "p ( ! sun's error due to ! elliptical orbit ( ! e>?4 ,! o!r "p ( ! sun's error--& ! l>g]--betwe5 #bnd & #crd is t due to ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic to ! equator4 ,! :ole error betwe5 #a/ & #crd is ! equation ( "t z %[n = ev5 m9utes 9 ! fir/ *apt] "u ! head+1 ,sun on ,noon ,m>k #aiji4 ,/at$ simply1 = our pres5t purpose1 #a/ is sundial "t1 & #crd our #bd-;h\r clock "t4 ,?is #bnd day is !re=e a ref9em5t ( ! a/ronom]s to sep>ate ! two pr9cipal causes ( ! sun's error1 & ,i ?9k we ought to h&le x cauti\sly1 or my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,todd1 might rap u ov] ! knuckles = be+ presumptu\s4 ,?is #e? day is ! sid]eal day ( ! a/ronom]s & is ! basis ( our "t1 s x is entitl$ to a little att5tion4 ,i %all conf9e sid]eal day to ?is #e? to avoid confusion ) #d?4 ,if y w ext5d ! plane ( ! equator into ! /> sph]e1 y h ! cele/ial equator4 ,:5 ! c5t] ( ! sun passes ?r\gh ?is plane on 8 j\rney nor?1 9 ! ,spr+1 we say1 ! sun has cross$ ! l9e4 ,?is is a di/ant po9t 9 ! ,zodiac :i* c be det]m9$ = any giv5 ye> by ref]5ce to ! fix$ />s4 ,to avoid te*nicalities z mu* z possible we w call x ! po9t ( ! ,spr+ equ9ox4 ,?is is really ! po9t :i* det]m9es ! common ye>1 or ye> ( ! seasons4 ,us+ popul> language1 ! seasons are m>k$ by f\r po9ts1--,spr+ equ9ox--longe/ day--2 ,autumnal equ9ox--%orte/ day4 ,?is w\ld be v simple if ! equ9octial po9ts w\ld /ay 9 ! same places 9 ! /> sph]e2 b we f9d t !y creep we/w>d ea* ye> to ! ext5t ( #ej seconds ( arc 9 ! great cele/ial circle ( ! ,zodiac4 ,?is is call$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,! ye> is measur$ f ,spr+ equ9ox to ,spr+ equ9ox aga92 b ea* ye> x comes #ej seconds ( arc less ?an a full revolution ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun4 ,!re=e if we measur$ our ye> by a full revolution we w\ld displace ! mon?s ) ref]5ce to ! seasons till ! hot wea!r w\ld come 9 ,janu>y & ! cold wea!r 9 ,july 9 ab\t #ac1jjj ye>s2 or a complete revolution ( ! seasons back to :]e we are1 9 #bf1jjj ye>s4 ,leav+ out fractions to make ! illu/ration pla91 we h3-- 7#a7 #cfj degrees ( ,zodiac --------------------- #bf1jjj ye>s #ej seconds ( arc 7#b7 #a day ( "t ------------- #bf1jjj ye>s #c-a_/c seconds ,all ,approximate 7#c7 #a ye> ( "t -------------- #bf1jjj ye>s #bj-a_/c m9utes 7#d7 #c-a_/c seconds ------------- #a_/aaj ( a second days 9 a ye> ,9 7#a7 we see t a precession ( #ej seconds ( arc w br+ ! ,spr+ equ9ox ar\nd 9 #bf1jjj ye>s4 ,9 7#b7 we see1 z #ej seconds ( arc repres5ts ! di/ance ! e>? w rotate 9 #c-a_/c seconds1 a diff]5ce ( "o day w result 9 #bf1jjj ye>s4 ,t is s9ce ! clock regulat$ by ! />s1 or absolute rotations ( ! e>?1 w\ld get beh9d #c-a_/c seconds p] ye>1 x w\ld be beh9d a day 9 #bf1jjj ye>s1 z comp>$ ) a sid]eal clock regulat$ by ! ,spr+ equ9octial po9t4 ,9 7#c7 we see t z #ej seconds ( arc is trav]s$ by ! e>?1 9 its annual revolution1 9 #bj-a_/c m9utes1 a complete circle ( ! ,zodiac w be made 9 #bf1jjj ye>s4 ,9 7#d7 we see t z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ye> ( ! seasons & ! ,zodiacal ye> is #c-a_/c seconds ( ! e>?'s rotation1 x foll[s t if ?is is divid$ by ! numb] ( days 9 a ye> we h ! am\nt :i* a sid]eal day is less ?an #d?1 or an absolute rotation ( ! e>?4 ,t is1 any m]idian passes ! ,spr+ equ9octial po9t #a_/aaj ( a second soon] ?an ! "t ( "o absolute rotation4 ,^! f\r equations are all f\nd$ on ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & are simply diff]5t me?ods ( /at+ x4 ,absolutely & f9ally1 our "t is regulat$ by ! e>?'s rotation2 b /range z x may appe>1 we d n take "o rotation z a unit4 ,z %[n above1 we take a rotation to a movable po9t :i* creeps ! #a_/aaj ( a second daily4 ,b aft] all1 x is ! uni=m rotation :i* gov]ns4 ,?is is ! "o dep5dable motion :i* has n be5 f\nd v>iable1 & is ! mo/ easily obs]v$4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! e>? is n f> f be+ z heavy z a ball ( iron1 & t its surface velocity at ! equator is ab\t #ag miles p] m9ute1 x is easy to =m a conception ( its uni=m motion4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 we may place ! friction ( ! tides1 =c+ up ( m\nta9 ranges1 z well z m9+ & build+ skyscrap]s--all t5d+ to sl[ x4 ,ma!maticians mov+ 9 ! e!real regions ( a/ronomy lead u to conclude t x mu/ become gradually sl[]1 & t x is sl[+2 b ! am\nt may be consid]$ a vani%+ quantity ev5 comp>$ ) ! smalle/ errors ( our f9e/ clocks2 s = unc\nt$ g5]ations pa/--& to come--we may consid] ! e>?'s rotation uni=m4 ,hav+ n[ f\nd a uni=m motion easily obs]v$ & ( conv5i5t p]iod1 :y n adopt x z our "t unit8 ,! answ] has be5 p>tially giv5 above 9 ! fact t we are compell$ to use a ye>1 measur$ f ! ,spr+ equ9octial po9t1 s z to keep our seasons 9 ord]2 & !re=e z we mu/ h "s po9t :]e ! sid]eal clocks & ! meantime clocks co9cide1 we take ! same po9t1 & t po9t is ! ,spr+ equ9ox4 ,n[ we h ?ree days3-- #a/4 ,a sid]eal day #a_/aaj ( a second less ?an "o rotation ( ! e>?4 #bnd4 ,"o rotation ( ! e>? 9 #bc h\rs1 #ef m9utes & #d seconds1 ne>ly1 ( clock "t4 #crd4 ,"o mean "t clock day ( #bd h\rs1 :i* has be5 expla9$ previ\sly4 ,n[1 isn't x rem>kable t our #bd-;h\r day is purely artificial1 & t no?+ 9 nature corresponds to x8 ,our real day ( #bd h\rs is a !oretical day4 ,/ill m rem>kable1 ?is !oretical day is ! unit by :i* we express motions 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,a lun> mon? is days--h\rs--m9utes--& seconds ( ?is !oretical day1 & s = planet>y motions4 ,& /ill m rem>kable1 ! e>?'s rotation :i* is itself ! f\ndation is express$ 9 ?is imag9>y "t6 ,?is looks l involution involv$1 yet our #bd-;h\r day is z real z reality2 & ! man has n yet spok5 :o c tell :e!r a ma!matical conception1 su/a9$ 9 practical life1 is less real ?an a physical fact4 ,our legal day ( practical life is !re=e d$uc$ f ! day ( a fraction less ?an "o e>? rotation4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! small diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & a rotation is (t5 ignor$1 because z ! t5? ( a second is ab\t z ne> z obs]vations c be made x is evid5t t = s+le obs]vations #a_/aaj ( a second does n c\nt1 b = a :ole ye> x does1 & am\nts to #c-a_/c seconds4 ,n[ z to ! sett+ ( our clocks4 ,:ile ! "t measur$ by ! po9t ( ! ,spr+ equ9ox is :at we mu/ f9d x is f\nd by not+ ! transits ( fix$ />s1 because ! relation ( /> "t to equ9octial "t is kn[n & tabulat$4 ,rememb] we _c take a transit ( ! equ9octial po9t1 because !re is no?+ to see1 & t no?+ is mov+6 ,b x c be obs]v$ ye>ly & a/ronom]s c tell :]e x is1 at any "t ( ! ye>1 by calculation4 ,! />s :i* are pref]r$ = obs]vation are call$ "t />s & are select$ z ne> ! cele/ial equator z possible4 ,! e>?'s axis has a little wabbl+ motion call$ nutation :i* influ5ces ! app>5t motion ( ! />s ne> ! pole2 b ?is motion almo/ disappe>s z !y come ne> ! equator1 because nutation gives ! plane ( ! equator only a little swa%plate motion4 ,! positions ( a numb] ( "t />s ) ref]5ce to ! equ9octial po9t1 are kn[n1 & ^! are obs]v$ & ! obs]vations av]ag$4 ,! di/ance ( any "t /> f ! equ9octial po9t1 9 "t1 is call$ its "r asc5sion4 ,a/ronom]s claim an accuracy to ! tw5tie? "p ( a second :5 su* transits are c>efully tak51 b ov] a long p]iod1 great] exactness is obta9$4 ,really1 ! "t at :i* any giv5 /> passes ! m]idian is tak51 9 practical life1 f a/ronomical tables 9 ! ,nautical ,almanacs4 ,^? tables are ! result ( ! labors ( g5]ations ( ma!maticians1 are con/antly subject to correction1 & _c be made simple4 ,rememb]1 ! ,e>?'s rotation is ! only uni=m motion1 all ! o!rs be+ subject to v>iations & ev5 comp\nd v>iations4 ,?is v subject is ! be/ example ( ! broad fact t sci5ce is a con/ant s]ies ( approximations2 !re=e1 no?+ is exact1 & no?+ is p]man5t b *ange4 ,b y say t ma!matics is an exact sci5ce4 ,yes1 b x is a logical ab/raction1 & is !re=e only ! univ]sal solv5t 9 physical sci5ce4 ,) our imag9>y--b real--"t unit ( #bd h\rs we are n[ ready to consid] local "t4 ,keep+ ! above explanation 9 m9d1 we may use ! usual language & speak ( ! e>? rotat+ 9 #bd h\rs clock "t2 & s9ce motion is relative1 x is p]missible to speak ( ! motion ( ! sun4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! sun's app>5t motion we are compell$ to speak ( 8 ris+1 sett+1 etc41 because language to express ! motion 9 t]ms ( ! e>?'s rotation has n be5 inv5t$ yet4 ,= ^! reasons we w assume t 9 ,fig4 #dg ! sun is mov+ z p] l>ge arr[ & also t ! annulus1 half black & half :ite1 giv+ ! #bd h\rs1 is fa/5$ to ! sun by a rigid b>1 z %[n1 & moves ar\nd ! e>? along ) him4 ,9 su* illu/rations ! sun mu/ always be made small 9 proportion1 b ?is r t5ds to pla9ness4 ,= simplicity1 we assume t ! illu/ration repres5ts an equ9ox :5 ! sun is on ! cele/ial equator4 ,imag9e y\r eye 9 ! c5t] ( ! sun's face at ,a1 & y w\ld be look+ on ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* at #ab noon2 !n 9 "o h\r y w\ld be look+ on #ae we/ at #ab noon2 b ?is w\ld br+ #ac o'clock to ,gre5wi*4 ,cont9ue till y look d[n on ,new ,york at #ab noon1 !n x is #ag o'clock at ,gre5wi* 7leav+ out fractions = simplicity7 etc4 ,if y w make a simple draw+ l ,fig4 #dg & cut ! e>? sep>ate1 j ar\nd ! inside ( ! annulus1 & /ick a p9 at ! ,nor? ,pole = a c5t]1 y may rotate ! e>? z p] small arr[ & get ! actual motion1 b ! result w be j ! same z if y w5t by ! big arr[4 ,we ?us see t e in/ant ( ! #bd h\rs is repres5t$1 at "s po9t1 on ! e>?4 ,t is1 ! e>? has an inf9ity ( local times2 s x has e conceivable in/ant ( ! #bd h\rs at "s place on ! circle4 ,suppose we set up #a1daj clocks at uni=m di/ances on ! equator1 !n !y w\ld be ab\t #ag miles ap>t & diff] by m9utes4 ,n[ make x #hf1djj clocks1 !y w\ld be #a1ejj feet ap>t & diff] by seconds4 ,) #hfd1jjj clocks !y w\ld be #aej feet ap>t & v>y by t5?s ( seconds4 ,x is useless to ext5d ?is1 s9ce y c\ld always imag9e m clocks 9 ! circle2 ?us e/abli%+ ! fact t !re are an inf9ity ( times at an inf9ity ( places always on ! e>?4 ,x is necess>y to ask a little pati5ce "h z ,i %all use ?is local "t & its failure lat] 9 our talk4 ,/rictly1 local "t has nev] be5 us$1 because x has be5 f\nd impracticable 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,?is w be pla9 :5 we draw att5tion to ! uni=m "t ( ,london1 :i* is ,gre5wi* "t2 yet ! ,briti% ,museum is #cj seconds sl[ ( ,gre5wi*1 & o!r places 9 ,london ev5 m4 ,?is is railroad "t = ,great ,brita92 b x is #bj m9utes too fa/ = ! we/ ( ,engl&4 ,?is l$ to no end ( confusion & clocks 7 (t5 se5 ) two m9ute h&s1 "o to local & ! o!r to railroad "t4 ,?is mix$ up me?od 0 foll[$ by /&>d "t1 ) :i* we are all pretty well acqua9t$4 ,simply1 /&>d "t consi/s 9 a uni=m "t = ea* #ae ( longitude1 b ?is is !oretical to ! extreme1 & is n ev5 approa*$ 9 practice4 ,! fir/ zone comm5ces at ,gre5wi* & z t is ne> ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 _! s+le zone "t is fa/ at ne>ly all places1 especially ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,:5 we foll[ ^! zones ov] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates we f9d an attempt to make ! middle ( ea* zone correct to local "t1 s at ! h\r jump+ po9ts1 we pass f half an h\r sl[ to half an h\r fa/1 or ! rev]se4 ,we ?us see t t[ns ab\t ! middle ( ^! f\r ,unit$ ,/ates zones h sunrise & sunset & _! local day correct1 b ^? at ! ea/]n & we/]n edges av]age half an h\r wrong4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is di/urbance ( ! work+ h\rs dep5d+ on ! light ( ! day1 _m places keep two sets ( clocks & great confusion results4 ,ev5 ?is is compreh5sible2 b x is a m]e fraction ( ! tr\ble & complication1 because ! h\r zones are n sep>at$ by m]idians 9 practice1 b by zig-zag l9es ( great irregul>ity4 ,look at a "t map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & y w see ! zones divid$ by l9es ( ! wilde/ irregul>ity4 ,n[ "q "o ( ! brighte/ sci5tific *aps y c f9d 9 "o ( ! great railroad (fices ^: l9es t\*1 or ent]1 ,canada & ,mexico4 ,please d n tell me :at he said to y6 ,s great is ! confusion t no man und]/&s x all4 ,! am\nt ( weal? de/roy$ 9 pr9t+ "t tables1 & fail+ to expla9 !m1 is imm5se4 ,! am\nt ( human life de/roy$ by premature dea?1 z a result ( we> & te> ( bra9 cells is too sad to contemplate4 ,& all by attempt+ ! impossible2 = local "t1 ev5 if x 0 r$uc$ to h\rly p]iods is n compatible ) any cont95tal sy/em ( "t & matt]s c only get worse :ile ! attempt cont9ues4 ,= ! pres5t1 bani% ?is zone sy/em f y\r m9d & let u consid] ! beg9n+ & end+ ( a day1 us+ /rictly local "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg--,local ,"t--,/&>d ,"t--,beg9n+ & ,end+ ( ! ,day ,a civil1 or legal1 day ends at ! in/ant ( #bd o'clock1 midnight1 & ! next day comm5ces4 ,! "t is cont9u\s1 ! la/ in/ant ( a day t\*+ ! fir/ in/ant ( ! next4 ,?is is true = all p>ts ( ! e>?2 b some?+ 9 addition to ?is happ5s at a c]ta9 m]idian call$ ! date l9e4 ,ref] aga9 to ,fig4 #dg :i* is drawn ) #bd m]idians repres5t+ h\rs4 ,z we are tak+ ,gre5wi* = our "t1 ! m]idians are numb]$ f #j1 on :i* ! obs]vatory ( ,gre5wi* /&s4 ,:5 y visit ,gre5wi* y c h ! pleasure ( putt+ y\r foot on ! fir/ m]idian1 z x is cut pla9ly across ! pavem5t4 ,degrees ( longitude are numb]$ ea/ & we/1 meet+ j opposite at #ahj1 :i* is ! date l9e4 ,our day beg9s at ?is l9e1 s f> z dates are conc]n$2 b ! local day beg9s ev]y:]e at midnight4 ,let u />t to g ar\nd ! _w f ! date l9e1 we/w>d4 ,:5 we arrive at #ij we are "o qu>t] ar\nd & x takes ! sun #f h\rs long] to rea* u4 ,at #j 7,gre5wi*7 we are half ar\nd & #ab h\rs ahead ( ! sun motion4 ,at #ij we/1 ?ree qu>t]s1 or #ah h\rs1 & :5 back to #ahj we h add$ to ! l5g? ( all days ( our j\rney en\gh to make "o day2 !re=e our date mu/ be "o day beh9d4 ,try ?is example to *ange ! word+3--,let u />t f an isl& ,b1 j we/ ( ! date l9e4 ,^! isl&]s h _! #bd-;h\r days1 comm5c+ at midnight1 l all o!r places4 ,z we move we/w>d our day comm5ces lat] & lat] ?an !irs1 z %[n above4 ,suppose we arrive at ! ea/]n edge ( ! #ahj l9e on ,saturday at #ab o'clock1 b be=e we cross x we call ov] to ! isl&]s1--:at day is x8 ,we w\ld get answ]1 ,sunday2 because all our days h be5 long]1 totall+ "o day 9 ! circuit ( ! globe4 ,s if we /ep ov] ! l9e at #ab o clock ,saturday1 pre/o1 x is #ab o'clock ,sunday4 ,x looks l ?r[+ out #bd h\rs1 b ?is is n s1 s9ce we h liv$ exactly ! same numb] ( h\rs & seconds z ! isl&]s4 ,9 ?is supposition we h all ! dates1 h[ev]1 b h jump$ half ( ,saturday & half ( ,sunday1 :i* equals "o day4 ,9 practice ?is w\ld n h be5 ! me?od1 = if ! %ip 0 to call at ! isl&1 ! capta9 w\ld h *ang$ date on ,friday night & ?r[n ,saturday out1 all 9 "o piece1 & w\ld h arriv$ on _! ,sunday2 s 8 log = t week w\ld h conta9$ only #f days4 ,x is n necess>y to g ov] ! same gr\nd = a circuit ( ! globe ea/w>d1 b if y d s y w f9d t y %ort5 y\r days & on arriv+ at ! date l9e w\ld h a day too mu*2 s 9 ?is case y w\ld d\ble a date & h #h days 9 t week4 ,9 bo? cases ?is is caus$ by comp\nd+ y\r motion ) t ( ! sun2 go+ ) him we/w>d & l5g!n+ y\r days1 or ea/w>d meet+ him & %ort5+ !m4 ,figure #dg %[s ,gre5wi* noon1 we w say on ,monday1 & at t in/ant1 ,monday only1 exi/s f #j to #bd o'clock on ! e>?2 b ! next in/ant1 ,tuesday beg9s at #ahj ,b4 ,9 "o h\r x is noon ( ,monday at #ae ,we/1 & midnight at #afe ,ea/2 s ,tuesday is "o h\r old & !re is left #bc h\rs ( ,monday4 ,monday /eadily decl9es to #j z ,tuesday /eadily gr[s to #bd h\rs2 s t1 except at ! in/ant ( ,gre5wi* noon1 !re are always two days on ! _w at once4 ,if we said t !re are always two days on ! _w at once1 we c\ld n be contradict$2 s9ce !re is no conceivable "t betwe5 ,monday & ,tuesday2 x is an in/antane\s *ange4 ,z we _c conceive ( no "t1 ! /atem5t t !re is only "o day on ! e>? at ,gre5wi* noon is n /rictly p]missible4 ,s9ce !re are always two days on ! _w at once let u suppose t ^! two are ,decemb] #ca/ & ,janu>y #a/2 !n we h two ye>s on ! _w at once = a p]iod ( #bd h\rs4 ,n9e ye>s ago we _h ! #ai? & #bj? c5turies on ! _w at once1 etc4 ,z a m5tal ex]cise1 y may c>ry ?is z f> z y please4 ,suppose !re 0 an impassable sea wall built on ! #ahj m]idian1 !n !re w\ld be two days on ! _w1 j z expla9$ above2 b1 practically1 !re w\ld be no date l9e1 s9ce 9 sail+ we/ to ?is wall we w\ld l5g!n our days1 & !n %ort5 !m ! same am\nt com+ ar\nd ea/ to ! o!r side ( ! wall1 b w\ld nev] jump or d\ble a date4 ,?is explanation is f\nd$1 z x ought to be1 on uni=m local "t1 & is ! simple/ ,i c give4 ,! date l9e is fundam5tally simple1 b is difficult to expla94 ,:5 x is complicat$ by ! /&>d "t--or jump+ h\r sy/em--& also ) ! fact t "s isl&s c\nt _! dates f ! wrong side ( ! l9e = _! longitudes1 sci5tific p>adoxes arise1 su* z hav+ ?ree dates on ! _w at once1 etc42 b z ^! ?+s are ( no m value ?an wa/+ "t solv+ ,*9ese puzzles1 !y are left out4 ,%ips *ange date on ! ne>e/ night to ! date l9e2 b if !y are to call at "s isl& port 9 ! ,pacific1 !y may *ange ei!r soon] or lat] to correspond ) its date4 ,"h is a little ,iri% date l9e wit pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t1--,i 0 tell+ my bright fri5d ab\t turn+ 9 on ,saturday night & gett+ up = breakfa/ on ,monday morn+4 ,oh1 said he1 ,i h kn[n g5tlem5 to d z good z t )\t leav+ ,new ,york ,city6 ,z :at is to foll[ relates to ! gr[+ difficulties ( local "t & a propos$ me?od ( ov]com+ !m1 let u recapitulate3-- #a/4 ,local "t has nev] be5 kept1 & ! difficulties ( us+ x h increas$ z man advanc$1 rea*+ a climax ( absurdity on ! adv5t ( ! railroad2 s x broke d[n & became impractical4 #bnd4 ,to make ! irregul> disord] ( local "t an ord]ly confusion1 ! /&>d "t--jump+ by h\rs--has help$ a little1 b only because we c tell h[ mu* x is wrong at any giv5 place4 ,?is is its only advantage ov] ! fir/ me?od1 :]e we _h no means ( kn[+ :at to expect on ent]+ any new t]ritory4 ,t is1 we h improv$ ?+s by ?r[+ out local "t to ! ext5t ( an h\r4 ,my proposal is to ?r[ local "t out totally & e/abli% "o1 inv>iable1 univ]sal "t4 ,gre5wi* "t be+ mo/ 9 use n[1 & m]idians numb]$ f x1 may be tak5 9 pref]5ce to any o!r4 ,/ill ano!r reason is t ! mo/ important timekeep]s 9 mod]n life--%ip's *ronomet]s--are set to ,gre5wi* "t4 ,univ]sal "t--no local "t--only local day & night4 ,our #bd-;h\r sy/em is all "r1 s d n di/urb x1 z x gets rid ( ,a4,m4 & ,p4,m4 & makes ! day our unit ( "t4 ,our railroad "t n[ ?r[s out local "t to ! ext5t ( "o h\r2 b ,i propose to ?r[ x out entirely & nev] *ange ! clock h&s f ,gre5wi* "t4 ,! *ronomet]s d t n[1 s let u conduct all bus9ess to t "t4 ,n[ ref] to ,fig4 #df1 9 :i* ,gre5wi* is tak5 z univ]sal "t4 ,! annulus1 half :ite & half black1 indicates ! av]age day & night1 & is a sep>ate r+ 9 ! dial :i* c be set s t noon is on ! m]idian ( ! place1 z %[n = f\r places 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x is ! same dial 9 all f\r cases set to local day & night4 ,/rictly1 ! local "t conception is dropp$ & ! local day left = regulat+ work+ & sleep+ "t4 ,all bus9ess w\ld h ! same "t4 ,9 travel+ ea/ we w\ld n h ! %ort h\rs2 or we/1 ! long h\rs4 ,all clocks & wat*es w\ld %[ ! same "t z %ip's *ronomet]s d n[4 ,! only *ange w\ld be ! names ( ! h\rs = ! p>ts ( ! local day4 ,?is is j ! difficulty1 = we are s accu/om$ to associate a c]ta9 numb]1 z sev51 ) ! morn+ & breakfa/ "t4 ,suppose breakfa/ "t 9 ,london is #g o'clock1 !n accord+ to ! local day x w\ld be #ab o'clock breakfa/ "t 9 ,new ,york2 b 9 bo? cases x w\ld be ! same "t ) ref]5ce to ! local daylight4 ,let x be di/9ctly und]/ood t our association ( #ab o'clock ) noon is n necess>y4 ,! ,japanese call$ x horse & n9e--! anci5t ,romans1 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 & ! ,turks call$ x ! six? h\r--! a/ronom]s n[ call x #bd o'clock1 & ! ,*9ese repres5t x by sev]al *>act]s2 b1 9 all cases1 x is simply ! middle ( ! day at any place4 ,by ! propos$ univ]sal "t1 morn+1 noon1 & ev5+ w\ld be--at any giv5 place--! same h\rs4 ,!re w\ld be no necessity ( e/abli%+ legal noon ) exactness to ! m]idian1 because t w\ld only regulate labor1 meals1 etc41 & w\ld n t\* univ]sal "t4 ,?is is an important "p ( ! proposal & is wor? elaborat+ a little4 ,sections 9 manufactur+ di/ricts c\ld make _! work+ h\rs correspond at pleasure & no confusion w\ld result4 ,t is1 local work+ h\rs to conv5i5ce b by ! same univ]sal "t4 ,note h[ p]fectly ?is w\ld "w 9 travel+1--y arrive 9 ,*icago f ! effete ea/ & y\r wat* corresponds all along ) ! railroad clocks4 ,z y leave ! /ation y glance up at ! clock & see t ,*icago noon is #ag4cj1 s y set ! day & night r+ ( y\r wat* to mat* ! same r+ on ! clock1 b no di/urbance ( ! h&s4 ,z y regi/] at ! hotel y ask1--d9n]8 & get answ]1 #bd4cj--!n breakfa/1 #ab4cj4 ,^! que/ions are necess>y n[1 s ,i d n add complication "h4 ,:5 y arrive 9 a /range city y mu/ ask ab\t meals1 bus9ess h\rs1 !at] h\rs1 doors op5 h\rs1 etc41 etc42 s all ?is rema9s ! same4 ,let u put ! matt] =cibly1--:ile we c\nt days1 or dates1 some?+ mu/ v>y ) ea/ & we/2 ,i propose ! fix+ ( h\rs = bus9ess & sleep to suit ea* locality1 b an inv>iable "t4 ,get rid ( ! idea t a c]ta9 numb]1 z #g o'clock1 repres5ts ! age ( ! day at all places4 ,see h[ ?is w\ld wipe out ! silly proposal to save daylight by sett+ ! clock back & =w>d4 ,suppose workm5 comm5c$ at #ab4cj 9 ,new ,york2 = ! long summ] days make x #aa4cj1 b no *ange 9 univ]sal "t4 ,z ?is is ! only diff]5ce f our pres5t "t sy/em1 keep ! c5tral conception1 firmly1--univ]sal "t--local day & night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df--,univ]sal ,"t ,dial ,set = ,f\r ,places ,suppose ,*icago decid$ t e>ly to b$ & e>ly to rise 0 desirable2 !n x c\ld e/abli% its legal noon z #ag4cj1 :i* w\ld be ab\t #bj m9utes e>ly = its m]idian4 ,y c\ld d bus9ess ) ,*icago = a lifetime & n f9d ?is out1 unless y look$ up ! m]idian ( ,*icago & f\nd t x 0 #ag4ej o'clock4 ,none ( ! railroads or /eam%ip l9es ( ! city w\ld ne$ to "k ?is1 except z a matt] ( sci5tific curiosity1 = ! "t tables w\ld all be pr9t$ 9 univ]sal "t4 ,= hir+ labor1 receiv+ & deliv]+ goods1 etc41 !y w\ld only ne$ to "k ,*icago bus9ess h\rs4 ,to /ate ! matt] 9 diff]5t words1--,*icago w\ld only ne$ to decide :at portion ( ! univ]sal #bd h\rs w\ld suit x be/ = its day & :i* = its night1 & if x decid$1 z suppos$ above1 to place its work+ day =w>d a little to give "s daylight aft] labor1 no?+ w\ld be di/urb$ & only ! sci5tific w\ld ev] "k4 ,c]ta9ly1 save daylight1 b d n make a fool ( ! clock6 ,hav+ %[n ! great lib]ty :i* localities c\ld take )\t t\*+ ! work+ ( ! sy/em1 ! same rem>ks apply to ultra-sci5tific localities4 ,a city might e/abli% its noon to ! in/ant2 s x is possible--ev5 if a little improbable--t ! brilliant & sci5tific ald]m5 ( ,new ,york might appo9t a commission ) prop] campfoll[]s & in/rum5t be>]s to det]m9e ! longitude ( ! city to ! ,n? ( a second & tell u :]e we are at4 ,! glory ( ?is a*ievem5t--& especially its total co/--w\ld be all our own & incorruptible "t w\ld be unt\*$6 ,we ?us see t great local fre$om & great accuracy are alike possible4 ,) our pres5t sy/em1 accuracy 9 local "t is impracticable & has nev] ev5 be5 attempt$1 & is confusion confus$ s9ce we add$ ! railroad h\r jumps4 ,:y did we nurse ?is confusion till x has become almo/ intol]able8 ,because man has always be5 a slave to m5tal associations1 & habits4 ,primitive man divid$ ! local day into p>ts & gave !m names & ?is m5tal attitude /icks to u aft] x has s]v$ its day4 ,! advantages ( univ]sal "t c\ld h>dly be enum]at$1 yet we c h !m all by dropp+ our *ildi% association ( #g o'clock ) breakfa/ "t6 ,ano!r example1--y visit a fri5d = a few days & on retir+ ! fir/ night y ask :at is y\r breakfa/ h\r--#h o'clock4 ,y h to ask ?is "q & recollect ! answ]4 ,n[ tell me :at diff]5ce x w\ld make if ! answ] _h be5 #ac o'clock8 ,none :atev]1 unless1 p]haps1 t is1 y d n l ?irte56 ,y ask1 h[ ab\t %ips8 ,%ips n[ c>ry univ]sal "t & only *ange ! clock on deck to please ! simple m9d$ pass5g]s4 ,h[ ab\t ! date l9e8 ,no *ange :atev]1 s long z we use dates :i* means numb]+ local days4 ,x is useless multiply+ examples2 all difficulties disappe>1 z if by magic1 ! mom5t we c free our m9ds ( local "t & ! association ( ! same h\r ) ! same portion ( ! day at all places4 ,! great int]e/ at pres5t manife/$ 9 ! attempts to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole calls = "s consid]ation ( univ]sal "t 9 ! extreme nor?4 ,comm5c+ at ! equator1 x is easy to see t ! day & night r+1 ,fig4 #df1 w\ld repres5t ! days & nights ( #ab h\rs at all seasons4 ,z we g nor?1 h[ev]1 ?is r+ repres5ts ! av]age day & night4 ,:5 we rea* ! ,pol> ,circle1 /ill go+ nor?1 ! daily ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun gradually ceases till we rea* ! great "o-ye> day at ! ,pole1 consi/+ ( six mon?s d>kness & six mon?s light4 ,let u n[ assume t an a/ronomical obs]vatory is e/abli%$ "h & ! great equatorial plac$ precisely on ! pole4 ,at ?is po9t1 local "t1 day & night1 & ! date l9e1 almo/ cease to h a mean+4 ,= ?is v reason univ]sal "t w\ld be ! only practical me?od2 !re=e1 x m ?an /&s ! te/ ( be+ c>ri$ to ! extreme4 ,univ]sal "t w\ld regulate work+ & sleep+ "h ! same z at all o!r places4 ,/rictly local "t 9 ?is obs]vatory w\ld be an absurdity1 because 9 walk+ ar\nd ! telescope 7pole7 y w\ld be 9 all in/ants ( ! #bd h\rs )9 five seconds6 ,at ! pole ! day w\ld comm5ce at ! same in/ant z at "s assum$ place1 & ! day & night r+ w\ld repres5t work+ & sleep+ z at t place4 ,suppose ?is obs]vatory to be 9 telegraphic communication ) ,new ,york1 !n x w\ld be be/ = ! att5dants to set _! day & night to ,new ,york1 s z to correspond ) its bus9ess h\rs4 ,_m curi\s suppositions might be made ab\t ?is pol> obs]vatory ) its great night & equally great day4 ,x is evid5t t to keep c\nt ( itself x w\ld be compell$ to note dates & #bd-;h\r days to keep 9 t\* ) u2 s x w\ld be =c$ to adopt ! local day ( "s place l ,new ,york4 ,?is *oice w\ld be free1 because a pol> obs]vatory w\ld /& on all ! m]idians ( ! e>? at once4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to consid] ! next possible--& ev5 probable--improvem5t 9 our clocks & wat*es4 ,to m9imize ! next /ep x might be well to see :at we c d n[4 ,clocks are (t5 regulat$ by electric impulses ov] wires4 ,electricians in=m me t !y c d ?is by wireless2 b t ow+ to ! rapid att5uation ( ! impulses x _c be done comm]cially1 ov] great di/ances4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tion ! fir/ /ep 0 to d some?+ & !n f9d a way ( do+ x *eaply en\gh = g5]al use4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! wat* 9 ! we>]'s pocket has n yet be5 regulat$ by wireless2 b ,i am will+ to risk ! /atem5t t ! editor ( ,popul> ,me*anics c "n m ?an "o electrician :o c d ?is4 ,a wat* to take ^! impulses might be l>g] ?an our pres5t wat*es1 b x w\ld n /ay l>g] & w\ld ultimately become mu* small]4 ,y "k :at has happ5$ s9ce ! days ( ! big onions describ$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 ,fig4 #cd2 s get y\r electric wat* & make x small] at y\r leisure4 ,we h made _m ?+s comm]cially practicable1 :i* look$ m revolution>y ?an ?is4 ,n[ ?r[ out ! ma9spr+1 :eels1 p9ions1 etc41 ( our wat*es & r$uce ! ma*9]y "p to little m ?an dial & h&s & d ! driv+ by wireless1 say1 once e m9ute4 ,i feel c]ta9 t ,i am re/ra9+ ! sci5tific imag9ation 9 say+ t ! man lives among u :o c d ?is4 ,i repeat1 t we n[ possess ! elem5t>y k--:i* if collat$ & appli$--w\ld produce su* a wat*4 ,n[ ,i h a big "q to ask--! c5tral note ( int]rogation 9 ?is little sci5tific conv]sation ) y1--does ! man live :o c make ! e>? automatically record its rotation8 ,d n be al>m$1 = ,i am prep>$ to make a guess z to ?is possibility4 ,a direct me*anical record ( ! e>?'s rotation seems hopeless1 b let u see :at c be done4 ,y are aw>e t "s ( ! fix$ />s h a di/9ct spectrum4 ,x is n unreasonable to suppose t an in/rum5t c\ld be made to record ! passage ( su* a /> ov] ! m]idian4 ,ah1 b y say1 !re is no me*anical =ce 9 ?is4 ,d n hurry1 = we h long be5 acqua9t$ ) ! fact t ?+s :i*1 app>5tly1 h no =ce c be made to lib]ate some?+ :i* manife/s me*anical =ce4 ,we c\ld n[ />t or /op ! greate/ /eam eng9e by a gleam ( sunlight1 & "s day we might be able to d z mu* by ! lately discov]$ pressure ( light4 ,t is1 we c n[ lib]ate ! greate/ =ces by ! mo/ inf9itesimal1 by /eps2 ! little =ce lib]at+ "o great] ?an itself1 & t "o ano!r /ill great]4 ,a good example is ! /opp+ ( an electric tra91 f a di/ance1 by wireless4 ,! /&>d clock 9 ,philadelphia1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 is a delicate in/rum5t & its mo/ delicate "p1 hav+ ! lea/ =ce1 moves a little valve e m9ute1 & by sev]al /eps lib]ates ! air pressure1 #bjj feet high] 9 ! t[]1 to move ! f\r sets ( great h&s4 ,i am n travel+ beyond ! record :5 ,i say t ! invisible act9ic rays c\ld be us$ to lib]ate a great =ce2 !re=e :at is !re unreasonable 9 ! supposition t ! displacem5t ( ! sodium l9e 9 ! spectrum ( a /> might be made to record ! e>?'s rotation8 ,s ,i say to ! electrician--! optician--! photograph]--! *emi/ & ! me*anic4--get toge!r & produce ?is wat*4 ,p]mit me1 ) conv5tional & int5tional mode/y1 to "n ! new timepiece ,*roncosmic4 ,= pocket use1 x w\ld be ,cosmic wat*4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ,i all[$ to ! ye> #b1jjj = ! production ( ?is wat*1 b x is likely we w n ne$ to wait s long4 ,hav+ /at$ my proposal = univ]sal "t z fully z space w p]mit & giv5 my guess z to ! com+ cosmic wat*1 let u 9 ?is clos+ p>agraph indulge 9 a little m5tal ex]cise4 ,suppose we copy ! old "t lectur] on a/ronomy & all[ our m9ds to p5etrate into space4 ,bless$ be 8 memory1 he 0 a do] ( good4 ,h[ impressive z he repeat$ly dropp$ 8 wood5 po9t]1 & lo6 ,x always mov$ /raight to ! floor2 ?us triumphantly v9dicat+ univ]sal gravitation666 ,we c ?9k ( a "t sy/em :i* w\ld disc>d mon?s1 weeks & days4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! f9ancial almanac 9 :i* ! days are numb]$ f #a to #cfe or #cff8 ,simply a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 away f ! mon?s & weeks1 s t ! di/ance betwe5 any two dates may be se5 at a glance4 ,we w\ld really be bett] )\t mon?s & weeks4 ,n[ let u consid] ! ye> ( ! seasons z a unit--long s9ce propos$ by ! a/ronom]s--& divide x into #c1jjj *rons4 ,clocks regulat$ by /> transits1 z at pres5t1 w\ld divide ?is decimally1 ! f\r? place be+ ne> en\gh to make ! new p5dulums ( conv5i5t l5g?4 ,?is w\ld ?r[ out mon?s1 weeks & days1 local "t & ! date l9e4 ,ea* ( ^! *rons w\ld repres5t ! same "t 9 ! ye>1 p]man5tly4 ,= example1 #dfd4fgca w\ld m>k to a dixmillieme*ron 7a little m ?an "o second7 ! po9t rea*$ 9 ! ye>2 :ile ! date does n1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,b y /ill object t ?is is a great numb] ( figures to use 9 fix+ a po9t 9 ! ye>4 ,let u see :at x takes to fix a po9t 9 ! ye> n[1 ,augu/ #bd?1 #aa-af-cb ,p4 ,m41 ,new ,york /&>d "t4 ,a pretty long /ory1 b x does n fix ! po9t ( ! ye> ev5 !n2 = x w\ld require ! assi/ance ( an a/ronom] to fix su* a po9t 9 any giv5 ye>1 say #aiji4 ,b #dfd4fgca w\ld be et]nally "r 9 absolute "t ( ! seasons1 & has only "o mean+1 ) no qualifications = any ye> :atev]4 ,i believe ! a/ronom]s %\ld use a me?od some?+ l ?is4 ,ah1 b !re is a difficulty 9 apply+ ?is to ! affairs ( daily life :i* looks insurm\ntable4 ,?is is caus$ by ! fact t ! day & ye> are incommeasurable4 ,"o ( !m _c be exactly express$ 9 t]ms ( ! o!r4 ,!y are l ! diagonal & side ( a squ>e4 ,! day is n[ ! unit & !re=e ! ye> has an int]m9able fraction2 conv]sely1 if we make ! ye> ! unit1 !n ! day becomes an endless fraction4 ,?is br+s u face to face ) ! local day :i* we ignor$ 9 our sci5tific ye> unit4 ,we mu/ regulate our labors1 9 ?is _w1 to day & night &1 ) ! ye> unit1 ! *rons w\ld be> no fix$ relation to day & night1 ev5 = two days 9 succession4 ,s ! ye> unit & absolute "t mu/ be left to ! a/ronom]s2 b ! day unit & ! uni=m _w day ( univ]sal "t z expla9$ 9 connection ) ,fig4 #df ,i (f] z a practical sy/em4 ,i am satisfi$ t all attempts to measure ! ye> & ! day by ! same "t y>d /ick mu/ fail & keep u 9 our pres5t confusion4 ,!re=e sep>ate !m once = all "t4 ,br\ght d[n to its l[e/ t]ms my f9al proposal is3-- #a/4 ,an equ9octial ye> unit = ! a/ronom]s1 divid$ some:at z sugge/$1 b no attempt to make ! divisions ev5 approximate to days & h\rs4 ,?is w\ld fix all a/ronomical ev5ts1 absolutely4 ,a v>iation 9 ! l5g? ( ! ye> w\ld n di/urb ?is sy/em1 s9ce ! ye> itself w\ld be ! unit4 ,9 translat+ ?is a/ronomical1 or ye> unit "t1 into clock "t1 no difficulties w\ld be add$1 z comp>$ ) our pres5t translation ( sid]eal "t into clock "t4 ,deal ) ! ye> unit & day unit sep>ately & conv]t !m mutually :5 necess>y4 #bnd4 ,a univ]sal mean "t day ( #bd h\rs1 z n[ kept at ,gre5wi*1 all human bus9ess be+ regulat$ by ?is "t4 ,dates & ! date l9e z well z leap ye>s all be+ reta9$ z at pres5t4 #crd4 ,weight & spr+ clocks & wat*es to be sup]s$$ by ! cosmic clocks & wat*es regulat$ by wireless impulses f c5tral "t /ations1 all impulses giv+ ! same inv>iable "t = all places4 #d?4 ,automatic record+ ( ! e>?'s rotations to det]m9e ?is "t4 ,to avoid any possibility ( misund]/&+1 ,i w\ld advise nev] c\nt+ a unit till x is complet$4 ,we d ?is correctly ) our h\rs1 z we und]/& #bd o'clock to be ! same z #j o'clock4 ,b we d n c>ry ?is out logically1 = we say #bd4cj4 ,h[ c ?is be s1 s9ce !re is no?+ m ?an #bd o'clock8 ,x ought to be simply #cj m9utes1 or #j h\r #cj m9utes4 ,h[ c !re be any h\r :5 a new day is only #cj m9utes old8 ,?is br+s up ! acrimoni\s controv]sy1 ( "s ye>s ago1 z to :e!r !re 0 any ye> "o4 ,"o side insi/$ t till "o ye> 0 complet$ !re c\ld only be mon?s & days4 ,! o!r side argu$ t ! ye> "o comm5c$ at #j & t ! mon? & date %[$ h[ mu* ( x _h pass$4 ,te/ y\rself1--is ?is ! ye> #aiji1 ( :i* only #h mon?s h pass$2 or is x #aiji & #h mon?s m8 ,reg>d+ ! c5turies !re appe>s to be no diff]5ce ( op9ion t #aijj is complet$1 & t we are 9 ! #bj? c5tury4 ,b c y tell :e!r we are #h ye>s & #h mon?s into ! #bj? c5tury or #i ye>s & #h mon?s8 ,x ought to be1 logically #aiji ye>s complete & #h mon?s ( ! next ye>1 :i* we mu/ n c\nt till x is complet$4 ,take a c>p5t]'s rule1 we say #a_/d 94--#a_/b 94--#c_/d 941 b d n c\nt an in* till we complete x4 ,:5 ! anci5ts are quot$1--ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird h\r !re is no mi/ake1 because t means #b-a_/b h\rs s9ce sunrise4 ,if we said ! #aiji? ye> t w\ld be def9ite too1 & mean "s di/ance into t ye>4 ,popul> language /ates t ,gre5wi* is on ! fir/ m]idian2 /rictly1 x is on ! z]o m]idian1 or #j4 ,^! matt]s are l>gely academic & ,i d n look on !m z s]i\s subjects ( discussion2 b !y are good ?\ght produc]s4 ,bidd+ y good-bye1 = ! pres5t1 x might be p]missible to /ate t ?is conv]sational article on ,"t 0 int5d$ to be readable & some:at in/ructive2 b especially to indicate ! inf9ity ( ! subject1 t ?\ght & inve/igation might be enc\rag$4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h mo/ly be5 reta9$4 ,h[ev]1 on page #ca1 clepsydral 0 *ang$ to clepsydra4 ,figures 7 mov$ f )9 p>agraphs to betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,9 addition1 "s figures 7 orig9ally out ( num]ical sequ5ce2 !y are n[ 9 sequ5ce4