,,! ,,law ,by ,frdric ,ba/iat ,ludwig von ,mises ,in/itute ,auburn1 ,alabama ,cov]3 ,prise de la ,ba/ille 7,! ,/orm+ ( ! ,ba/ille72 #aghi4 ,pa9t+ by ,jean-,pi]re ,hoiiel 7#agce-ahac74 ,p]mission 0 obta9$ f ! ,biblio?que nationale de ,france = its use4 ,copyright #bjjg by ! ,ludwig von ,mises ,in/itute4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,*9a4 ,publi%$ by ! ,ludwig von ,mises ,in/itute #eah ,we/ ,magnolia ,av5ue1 ,auburn1 ,alabama #cfhcb ,,isbn3 #igh-a-icceej-ad-e ,?is book is lic5s$ "u a ,creative ,commons lic5se4 ,,=eword v ,anyone build+ a p]sonal libr>y ( lib]ty mu/ include 9 x a copy ( ,frdric ,ba/iat's classic essay1 ,! ,law4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahej by ! great ,fr5* economi/ & j\rnali/1 x is z cle> a /atem5t z has ev] be5 made ( ! orig9al ,am]ican ideal ( gov]nm5t1 z proclaim$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 t ! ma9 purpose ( any gov]nm5t is ! protection ( ! lives1 lib]ties1 & prop]ty ( its citiz5s4 ,ba/iat believ$ t all human be+s possess$ ! ,god-giv51 natural rights ( individuality1 lib]ty1 prop]ty4 ,?is is man1 he wrote4 ,^! ?ree gifts f ,god prec$e all human legislation4 ,b ev5 9 8 "t--writ+ 9 ! late #ahdjs--,ba/iat 0 al>m$ ov] h[ ! law _h be5 p]v]t$ into an in/rum5t ( :at he call$ legal plund]4 ,f> f protect+ individual rights1 ! law 0 increas+ly us$ to deprive "o gr\p ( citiz5s ( ^? rights = ! b5efit ( ano!r gr\p1 & especially = ! b5efit ( ! /ate itself4 ,he condemn$ ! legal plund] ( protectioni/ vi t>iffs1 gov]nm5t subsidies ( all k9ds1 progressive taxation1 public s*ools1 gov]nm5t jobs programs1 m9imum wage laws1 welf>e1 usury laws1 & m4 ,ba/iat's w>n+s ( ! dire effects ( legal plund] are z relevant today z !y 7 ! day he fir/ issu$ !m4 ,! sy/em ( legal plund] 7:i* _m n[ celebrate z democracy7 w erase f ev]yone's consci5ce1 he wrote1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,! plund]$ classes w ev5tually figure out h[ to ent] ! political game & plund] _! fell[ man4 ,legislation w nev] be guid$ by any pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 b only by brute political =ce4 ,! great ,fr5* *ampion ( lib]ty also =eca/ ! corruption ( education by ! /ate4 ,^? :o held gov]nm5t-end[$ tea*+ positions1 he wrote1 w\ld r>ely criticize legal plund] le/ _! gov]nm5t end[m5ts be end$4 ,! sy/em ( legal plund] w\ld also greatly exagg]ate ! importance ( politics 9 society4 ,t w\ld be a mo/ unheal?y developm5t z x w\ld enc\rage ev5 m citiz5s to seek to improve _! own well-be+ n by produc+ goods & s]vices = ! m>ketplace b by plund]+ _! fell[ citiz5s ?r\gh politics4 ,ba/iat 0 also wise en\gh to anticipate :at mod]n economi/s call r5t seek+ & r5t avoidance behavior4 ,^! two clumsy phrases ref]1 respectively1 to ! ph5om5a ( lobby+ = political favors 7legal plund]71 & ( engag+ 9 political activity direct$ at protect+ oneself f be+ ! victim ( plund] seek]s4 7,= example1 ! /eel manufactur+ indu/ry lobbies = high t>iffs on /eel1 :]eas /eel-us+ indu/ries1 l ! automobile indu/ry1 c be expect$ to lobby aga9/ high t>iffs on /eel74 vii ,! reason :y modem economi/s are conc]n$ ab\t r5t seek+ is ! opportunity co/ involv$3 ! m "t1 ef=t & money t is sp5t by bus9esses on conniv+ to manipulate politics--m]ely transf]r+ weal?--! less "t is sp5t on produc+ goods & s]vices1 :i* increases weal?4 ,?us1 legal plund] impov]i%es ! entire society despite ! fact t a small 7b politically influ5tial7 "p ( ! society b5efits f x4 ,x is rem>kable1 9 read+ ,! ,law1 h[ p]fectly accurate ,ba/iat 0 9 describ+ ! /ati/s ( 8 day :i*1 x turns out1 7 n mu* diff]5t f ! /ati/s ( today or any o!r day4 ,! ,fr5* sociali/s ( ,ba/iat's day esp\s$ doctr9es t p]v]t$ *>ity1 education1 & morals1 = "o ?+4 ,true *>ity does n beg9 ) ! robb]y ( taxation1 he po9t$ out4 ,gov]nm5t s*ool+ is inevitably an ex]cise 9 /ati/ bra9wa%+1 n g5u9e education2 & x is h>dly moral = a l>ge gang 7gov]nm5t7 to 7legally7 rob "o segm5t ( ! population1 keep mo/ ( ! loot1 & %>e a little ( x ) v>i\s ne$y individuals4 ,sociali/s want to play ,god1 ,ba/iat obs]v$1 anticipat+ all ! future tyrants & despots ( ! _w :o w\ld try to remake ! _w 9 _! image1 :e!r t image w\ld be communism1 fascism1 ! glori\s union1 or global democracy4 ,ba/iat also obs]v$ t sociali/s want$ =c$ con=mity2 rigid regim5tation ( ! population ?r\gh p]vasive regulation2 =c$ equality ( weal?2 & dictator%ip4 ,z su*1 !y 7 ! mortal enemies ( lib]ty4 ,dictator%ip ne$ n involve an actual dictator4 ,all t 0 ne$$1 said ,ba/iat1 0 ! laws1 enact$ viii by a ,congress or a ,p>liam5t1 t w\ld a*ieve ! same effect3 =c$ con=mity4 ,ba/iat 0 also wise to po9t out t ! _w has f> too _m great m51 fa!rs ( _! c\ntries1 etc41 :o 9 reality are usually no?+ b petty tyrants ) a sick & compulsive desire to rule ov] o!rs4 ,! def5d]s ( ! free society %\ld h a heal?y disrespect = all su* m54 ,ba/iat admir$ ,am]ica & po9t$ to ! ,am]ica ( #ahej z be+ z close z any society 9 ! _w to 8 ideal ( a gov]nm5t t protect$ individual rights to life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty4 ,!re 7 two major exeptions1 h[ev]3 ! tw9 evils ( slav]y & protectioni/ t>iffs4 ,frdric ,ba/iat di$ on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 #ahej1 & did n live to obs]ve ! convulsions t ! ,am]ica he admir$ s mu* w\ld g ?r\gh 9 ! next fifte5 ye>s 7& long]74 ,x is unlikely t he w\ld h consid]$ ! ,u4,s4 gov]nm5t's milit>y invasion ( ! ,s\!rn /ates 9 #ahfa1 ! kill+ ( "s #cjj1jjj citiz5s1 & ! bomb+1 burn+1 & plund]+ ( ! region's cities1 t[ns1 f>ms1 & bus9esses z be+ consi/5t 9 any way ) ! protection ( ! lives1 lib]ties & prop]ties ( ^? citiz5s z promis$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,_h he liv$ to see all ( ?is1 he mo/ likely w\ld h add$ legal murd] to legal plund] z "o ( ! two great s9s ( gov]nm5t4 ,he w\ld likely h view$ ! po/-w> ,republican ,p>ty1 ) its #ej p]c5t av]age t>iff rates1 its massive corporate welf>e s*emes1 & its #be-ye> campaign ( g5ocide aga9/ ! ,pla9s ,indians z fir/-rate plund]]s & traitors to ! ,am]ican ideal4 ,9 ! latt] pages ( ,! ,law ,ba/iat (f]s ! sage advice t :at 0 really ne$$ 0 a sci5ce ( ix economics t w\ld expla9 ! h>mony 7or lack !re(7 ( a free society 7z oppos$ to socialism74 ,he made a major contribution to ?is end himself ) ! publication ( 8 book1 ,economic ,h>monies1 :i* c be con/ru$ z a precursor to ! mod]n lit]ature ( ! ,au/rian ,s*ool ( economics4 ,!re is no sub/itute = a solid und]/&+ ( ! m>ket ord] 7& ( ! realities ( politics7 :5 x comes to combat+ ! k9ds ( de/ructive sociali/ic s*emes t plagu$ ,ba/iat's day z well z ours4 ,anyone :o reads ?is great essay along ) o!r free-m>ket classics1 su* z ,h5ry ,hazlitt's ,economics 9 ,"o ,lesson & ,murray ,ro?-b>d's ,p[] & ,m>ket1 w possess en\gh intellectual ammunition to debunk ! sociali/ fantasies ( ?is or any o!r day4 ,?omas ,j4 ,di,lorenzo ,may #bjjg ,?omas ,di,lorenzo is pr(essor ( economics at ,loyola ,college 9 ,m>yl& & a memb] ( ! s5ior faculty ( ! ,mises ,in/itute4 ,,! ,,law #a #a ,! law p]v]t$6 ,! law--&1 9 its wake1 all ! collective =ces ( ! nation--! law1 ,i say1 n only div]t$ f its prop] direction1 b made to pursue "o entirely contr>y6 ,! law become ! tool ( e k9d ( av>ice1 in/ead ( be+ its *eck6 ,! law guilty ( t v iniquity :i* x 0 its mission to puni%6 ,truly1 ?is is a s]i\s fact1 if x exi/s1 & "o to :i* ,i feel b\nd to call ! att5tion ( my fell[ citiz5s4 ,we hold f ,god ! gift t1 z f> z we are conc]n$1 conta9s all o!rs1 ,life--physical1 intellectual1 & moral life4 ,b life _c support itself4 ,he :o has be/[$ x1 has entru/$ u ) ! c>e ( support+ x1 ( develop+ x1 & ( p]fect+ x4 ,to t end1 ,he has provid$ u ) a collection ( wond]ful faculties2 ,he has plung$ u into ! mid/ ( a v>iety ( elem5ts4 ,x is by #b ! application ( our faculties to ^! elem5ts t ! ph5om5a ( assimilation & ( appropriation1 by :i* life pursues ! circle t has be5 assign$ to x are realiz$4 ,exi/5ce1 faculties1 assimilation--9 o!r words1 p]sonality1 lib]ty1 prop]ty--?is is man4 ,x is ( ^! ?ree ?+s t x may be said1 ap>t f all demagogic subtlety1 t !y are ant]ior & sup]ior to all human legislation4 ,x is n because m5 h made laws1 t p]sonality1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty exi/4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is because p]sonality1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty exi/ be=eh&1 t m5 make laws4 ,:at1 !n1 is law8 ,z ,i h said else:]e1 x is ! collective organization ( ! individual "r to lawful def5se4 ,nature1 or r ,god1 has be/[$ ^u e "o ( u ! "r to def5d 8 p]son1 8 lib]ty1 & 8 prop]ty1 s9ce ^! are ! ?ree con/itu5t or pres]v+ elem5ts ( life2 elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* is r5d]$ complete by ! o!rs1 & t _c be und]/ood )\t !m4 ,= :at are our faculties1 b ! ext5sion ( our p]sonality8 & :at is prop]ty1 b an ext5sion ( our faculties8 ,if e man has ! "r ( def5d+1 ev5 by =ce1 8 p]son1 8 lib]ty1 & 8 prop]ty1 a numb] ( m5 h ! "r to comb9e toge!r to ext5d1 to organize a common =ce to provide regul>ly = ?is def5se4 ,collective "r1 !n1 has its pr9ciple1 its reason = exi/+1 its lawfulness1 9 individual "r2 & ! common =ce _c rationally h any o!r end1 or any o!r mission1 ?an t ( ! isolat$ =ces = :i* x is sub/itut$4 ,?us1 z ! =ce ( an individual _c lawfully t\* ! p]son1 ! lib]ty1 or ! prop]ty ( #c ano!r individual--= ! same reason1 ! common =ce _c lawfully be us$ to de/roy ! p]son1 ! lib]ty1 or ! prop]ty ( individuals or ( classes4 ,= ?is p]v]sion ( =ce w\ld be1 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r1 9 contradiction to our premises4 ,= :o w d>e to say t =ce has be5 giv5 to u1 n to def5d our rights1 b to annihilate ! equal rights ( our bre?r58 ,& if ?is be n true ( e individual =ce1 act+ indep5d5tly1 h[ c x be true ( ! collective =ce1 :i* is only ! organiz$ union ( isolat$ =ces8 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m evid5t ?an ?is3 ,! law is ! organization ( ! natural "r ( lawful def5se2 x is ! sub/itution ( collective = individual =ces1 = ! purpose ( act+ 9 ! sph]e 9 :i* !y h a "r to act1 ( do+ :at !y h a "r to d1 to secure p]sons1 lib]ties1 & prop]ties1 & to ma9ta9 ea* 9 its "r1 s z to cause ju/ice to reign ov] all4 ,& if a p e/abli%$ ^u ?is basis 7 to exi/1 x seems to me t ord] w\ld prevail among !m 9 _! acts z well z 9 _! ideas4 ,x seems to me t su* a p w\ld h ! mo/ simple1 ! mo/ economical1 ! lea/ oppressive1 ! lea/ to be felt1 ! mo/ re/ra9$1 ! mo/ j1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! mo/ /able ,gov]nm5t t c\ld be imag9$1 :atev] its political =m might be4 ,= "u su* an adm9i/ration1 ev]yone w\ld feel t he possess$ all ! fullness1 z well z all ! responsibility ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,s long z p]sonal safety 0 ensur$1 s long z labor 0 free1 & ! fruits ( labor secur$ aga9/ all unju/ attacks1 no "o w\ld h any difficulties to cont5d ) 9 ! ,/ate4 ,:5 #d prosp]\s1 we %\ld n1 x is true1 h to ?ank ! ,/ate = our success2 b :5 un=tunate1 we %\ld no m ?9k ( tax+ x ) our disa/]s ?an our peasants ?9k ( attribut+ to x ! arrival ( hail or ( fro/4 ,we %\ld "k x only by ! ine/imable bless+ ( ,safety4 ,x may fur!r be affirm$1 t1 ?anks to ! non9t]v5tion ( ! ,/ate 9 private affairs1 our wants & _! satisfactions w\ld develop !mselves 9 _! natural ord]4 ,we %\ld n see poor families seek+ = lit]>y in/ruction be=e !y 7 suppli$ ) bread4 ,we %\ld n see t[ns peopl$ at ! exp5se ( rural di/ricts1 nor rural di/ricts at ! exp5se ( t[ns4 ,we %\ld n see ^? great displacem5ts ( capital1 ( labor1 & ( population1 t legislative measures occasion2 displacem5ts t r5d] s unc]ta9 & prec>i\s ! v s\rces ( exi/5ce1 & ?us enl>ge to su* an ext5t ! responsibility ( ,gov]nm5ts4 ,unhappily1 law is by no means conf9$ to its own sph]e4 ,nor is x m]ely 9 "s ambigu\s & debatable views t x has left its prop] sph]e4 ,x has done m ?an ?is4 ,x has act$ 9 direct opposition to its prop] end2 x has de/roy$ its own object2 x has be5 employ$ 9 annihilat+ t ju/ice :i* x ought to h e/abli%$1 9 effac+ among/ ,rights1 t limit :i* x 0 its true mission to respect2 x has plac$ ! collective =ce 9 ! s]vice ( ^? :o wi% to traffic1 )\t risk & )\t scruple1 9 ! p]sons1 ! lib]ty1 & ! prop]ty ( o!rs2 x has conv]t$ plund] into a "r1 t x may protect x1 & lawful def5se into a crime1 t x may puni% x4 ,h[ has ?is p]v]sion ( law be5 accompli%$8 ,& :at has result$ f x8 #e ,! law has be5 p]v]t$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( two v diff]5t causes--nak$ gre$ & misconceiv$ philan?ropy4 ,let u speak ( ! =m]4 ,self-pres]vation & developm5t is ! common aspiration ( all m51 9 su* a way t if e "o enjoy$ ! free ex]cise ( 8 faculties & ! free disposition ( _! fruits1 social progress w\ld be incessant1 un9t]rupt$1 inevitable4 ,b !re is also ano!r disposition :i* is common to !m4 ,?is is to live & to develop1 :5 !y c1 at ! exp5se ( "o ano!r4 ,?is is no ra% imputation1 emanat+ f a gloomy1 un*>itable _s4 ,hi/ory be>s witness to ! tru? ( x1 by ! incessant w>s1 ! migrations ( races1 sect>ian oppressions1 ! univ]sality ( slav]y1 ! frauds 9 trade1 & ! monopolies ) :i* its annals ab\nd4 ,?is fatal disposition has its orig9 9 ! v con/itution ( man--9 t primitive1 & univ]sal1 & inv9cible s5tim5t t urges x t[>ds its well-be+1 & makes x seek to escape pa94 ,man c only d]ive life & enjoym5t f a p]petual se>* & appropriation2 t is1 f a p]petual application ( 8 faculties to objects1 or f labor4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( prop]ty4 ,b also he may live & enjoy1 by seiz+ & appropriat+ ! productions ( ! faculties ( 8 fell[ m54 ,?is is ! orig9 ( plund]4 ,n[1 labor be+ 9 itself a pa91 & man be+ naturally incl9$ to avoid pa91 x foll[s1 & hi/ory proves x1 t :]ev] plund] is less burd5some ?an labor1 x prevails2 & nei!r religion nor morality c1 9 ?is case1 prev5t x f prevail+4 ,:5 does plund] cease1 !n8 ,:5 x becomes m burd5some & m dang]\s ?an labor4 ,x is #f v evid5t t ! prop] aim ( law is to oppose ! fatal t5d5cy to plund] ) ! p[]ful ob/acle ( collective =ce2 t all its measures %\ld be 9 favor ( prop]ty1 & aga9/ plund]4 ,b ! law is made1 g5]ally1 by "o man1 or by "o class ( m54 ,& z law _c exi/ )\t ! sanction & ! support ( a prepond]ant =ce1 x mu/ f9ally place ?is =ce 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o legislate4 ,?is inevitable ph5om5on1 comb9$ ) ! fatal t5d5cy t1 we h said1 exi/s 9 ! he>t ( man1 expla9s ! almo/ univ]sal p]v]sion ( law4 ,x is easy to conceive t1 in/ead ( be+ a *eck ^u inju/ice1 x becomes its mo/ inv9cible in/rum5t4 ,x is easy to conceive t1 accord+ to ! p[] ( ! legislator1 x de/roys = its own pr(it1 & 9 diff]5t degrees among/ ! re/ ( ! community1 p]sonal indep5d5ce by slav]y1 lib]ty by oppression1 & prop]ty by plund]4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( m5 to rise aga9/ ! inju/ice ( :i* !y are ! victims4 ,:51 !re=e1 plund] is organiz$ by law1 = ! pr(it ( ^? :o p]petrate x1 all ! plund]$ classes t5d1 ei!r by peaceful or revolution>y means1 to ent] 9 "s way into ! manufactur+ ( laws4 ,^! classes1 accord+ to ! degree ( enlight5m5t at :i* !y h arriv$1 may propose to !mselves two v diff]5t ends1 :5 !y ?us attempt ! atta9m5t ( _! political rights2 ei!r !y may wi% to put an end to lawful plund]1 or !y may desire to take "p 9 x4 ,woe to ! nation :]e ?is latt] ?\ght prevails among/ ! masses1 at ! mom5t :5 !y1 9 _! turn1 seize ^u ! legislative p[]6 #g ,up to t "t1 lawful plund] has be5 ex]cis$ by ! few ^u ! _m1 z is ! case 9 c\ntries :]e ! "r ( legislat+ is conf9$ to a few h&s4 ,b n[ x has become univ]sal1 & ! equilibrium is s\ght 9 univ]sal plund]4 ,! inju/ice t society conta9s1 in/ead ( be+ root$ out ( x1 is g5]aliz$4 ,z soon z ! injur$ classes h recov]$ _! political rights1 _! fir/ ?\ght is n to aboli% plund] 7?is w\ld suppose !m to possess enlight5m5t1 :i* !y _c h71 b to organize aga9/ ! o!r classes1 & to _! own detrim5t1 a sy/em ( reprisals--z if x 0 necess>y1 be=e ! reign ( ju/ice arrives1 t all %\ld und]go a cruel retribution--"s = _! iniquity & "s = _! ignorance4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 !re=e1 to introduce into society a great] *ange & a great] evil ?an ?is--! conv]sion ( ! law into an in/rum5t ( plund]4 ,:at w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( su* a p]v]sion8 ,x w\ld require volumes to describe !m all4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) po9t+ out ! mo/ /rik+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld efface f ev]ybody's consci5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,no society c exi/ unless ! laws are respect$ to a c]ta9 degree1 b ! safe/ way to make !m respect$ is to make !m respectable4 ,:5 law & morality are 9 contradiction to ea* o!r1 ! citiz5 f9ds himself 9 ! cruel alt]native ( ei!r los+ 8 moral s5se1 or ( los+ 8 respect = ! law--two evils ( equal magnitude1 betwe5 :i* x w\ld be difficult to *oose4 ,x is s mu* 9 ! nature ( law to support ju/ice t 9 ! m9ds ( ! masses !y are "o & ! same4 ,!re is 9 all ( u a /rong disposition to reg>d :at is lawful z legitimate1 s mu* s t _m falsely d]ive #h all ju/ice f law4 ,x is suffici5t1 !n1 = ! law to ord] & sanction plund]1 t x may appe> to _m consci5ces j & sacr$4 ,slav]y1 protection1 & monopoly f9d def5d]s1 n only 9 ^? :o pr(it by !m1 b 9 ^? :o suff] by !m4 ,if y sugge/ a d\bt z to ! morality ( ^! in/itutions1 x is said directly--,y are a dang]\s exp]im5t]1 a utopian1 a !ori/1 a despis] ( ! laws2 y w\ld %ake ! basis ^u :i* society re/s4 ,if y lecture ^u morality1 or political economy1 (ficial bodies w be f\nd to make ?is reque/ to ! ,gov]nm5t3 ,t h5ce=? sci5ce be taught n only ) sole ref]5ce to free ex*ange 7to lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & ju/ice71 z has be5 ! case up to ! pres5t "t1 b also1 & especially1 ) ref]5ce to ! facts & legislation 7contr>y to lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & ju/ice7 t regulate ,fr5* indu/ry4 ,t1 9 public lect]ns sal>i$ by ! treasury1 ! pr(essor ab/a9 rigor\sly f endang]+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ! respect due to ! laws n[ 9 =ce4#b ,s t if a law exi/s t sanctions slav]y or monopoly1 oppression or plund]1 9 any =m :atev]1 x mu/ n ev5 be m5tion$--= h[ c x be m5tion$ )\t damag+ ! respect t x inspires8 ,/ill fur!r1 morality & political economy mu/ be taught 9 connection ) ?is law--t is1 "u ! supposition t x mu/ be j1 only because x is law4 #i ,ano!r effect ( ?is deplorable p]v]sion ( ! law is t x gives to human passions & to political /ruggles1 &1 9 g5]al1 to politics1 prop]ly s call$1 an exagg]at$ importance4 ,i c\ld prove ?is ass]tion 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,b ,i %all conf9e myself1 by way ( an illu/ration1 to br++ x to be> ^u a subject :i* has ( late occupi$ ev]ybody's m9d3 univ]sal suffrage4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( x by ! adepts ( ! s*ool ( ,r\sseau1 :i* pr(esses to be v f> advanc$1 b :i* ,i consid] #bj c5turies beh9d1 univ]sal suffrage 7tak+ ! ^w 9 its /ricte/ s5se7 is n "o ( ^? sacr$ dogmas ) respect to :i* exam9ation & d\bt are crimes4 ,s]i\s objections may be made to x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ^w univ]sal conceals a gross sophism4 ,!re are1 9 ,france1 #cf1jjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,to make ! "r ( suffrage univ]sal1 #cf1jjj1jjj electors %\ld be reckon$4 ,! mo/ ext5d$ sy/em reckons only #i1jjj1jjj4 ,?ree p]sons out ( f\r1 !n1 are exclud$2 & m ?an ?is1 !y are exclud$ by ! f\r?4 ,^u :at pr9ciple is ?is exclusion f\nd$8 ,^u ! pr9ciple ( incapacity4 ,univ]sal suffrage1 !n1 means3 univ]sal suffrage ( ^? :o are capable4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :o are ! capable8 ,are age1 sex1 & judicial condemnations ! only conditions to :i* incapacity is to be atta*$8 ,on tak+ a ne>] view ( ! subject1 we may soon p]ceive ! reason :y ! "r ( suffrage dep5ds ^u ! presumption ( incapacity2 ! mo/ ext5d$ sy/em diff]+ f ! mo/ re/rict$ 9 ! conditions on :i* ?is incapacity dep5ds1 & :i* con/itutes n a diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple1 b 9 degree4 #aj ,?is motive is1 t ! elector does n /ipulate = himself1 b = ev]ybody4 ,if1 z ! republicans ( ! ,greek & ,roman tone pret5d1 ! "r ( suffrage _h fall5 to ! lot ( e "o at 8 bir?1 x w\ld be an inju/ice to adults to prev5t wom5 & *ildr5 f vot+4 ,:y are !y prev5t$8 ,because !y are presum$ to be incapable4 ,& :y is incapacity a reason = exclusion8 ,because ! elector does n reap alone ! responsibility ( 8 vote2 because e vote engages & affects ! community at l>ge2 because ! community has a "r to dem& "s assurances1 z reg>ds ! acts ^u :i* its well-be+ & its exi/5ce dep5d4 ,i "k :at might be said 9 answ] to ?is4 ,i "k :at might be object$4 ,b ?is is n ! place to settle a controv]sy ( ?is k9d4 ,:at ,i wi% to obs]ve is ?is1 t ?is same controv]sy 79 common ) ! great] "p ( political que/ions7 t agitates1 excites1 & unsettles ! nations1 w\ld lose almo/ all its importance if ! law _h always be5 :at x ought to be4 ,9 fact1 if law 7 conf9$ to caus+ all p]sons1 all lib]ties1 & all prop]ties to be respect$--if x 7 m]ely ! organization ( individual "r & individual def5se--if x 7 ! ob/acle1 ! *eck1 ! *a/isem5t oppos$ to all oppression1 to all plund]--is x likely t we %\ld dispute mu*1 z citiz5s1 on ! subject ( ! great] or less] univ]sality ( suffrage8 ,is x likely t x w\ld compromise t greate/ ( advantages1 ! public peace8 ,is x likely t ! exclud$ classes w\ld n quietly wait = _! turn8 ,is x likely t ! enfran*is$ classes w\ld be v jeal\s ( _! privilege8 ,& is x n cle>1 t ! int]e/ ( all be+ "o & ! same1 "s w\ld act )\t mu* inconv5i5ce to ! o!rs8 #aa ,b if ! fatal pr9ciple %\ld come to be introduc$1 t1 "u pret5se ( organization1 regulation1 protection1 or enc\ragem5t1 ! law may take f "o p>ty 9 ord] to give to ano!r1 help itself to ! weal? acquir$ by all ! classes t x may increase t ( "o class1 :e!r t ( ! agriculturi/s1 ! manufactur]s1 ! %ip own]s1 or arti/s & com$ians2 !n c]ta9ly1 9 ?is case1 !re is no class :i* may n try1 & ) reason1 to place its h& ^u ! law1 t w\ld n dem& ) fury its "r ( election & eligibility1 & t w\ld ov]turn society r ?an n obta9 x4 ,ev5 begg>s & vagabonds w prove to y t !y h an inconte/able title to x4 ,!y w say3 ,we nev] buy w9e1 tobacco1 or salt1 )\t pay+ ! tax1 & a "p ( ?is tax is giv5 by law 9 p]quisites & gratuities to m5 :o are ri*] ?an we are4 ,o!rs make use ( ! law to create an artificial rise 9 ! price ( bread1 meat1 iron1 or clo?4 ,s9ce ev]ybody traffics 9 law = 8 own pr(it1 we %\ld l to d ! same4 ,we %\ld l to make x produce ! "r to assi/ance1 :i* is ! poor man's plund]4 ,to effect ?is1 we ought to be electors & legislators1 t we may organize1 on a l>ge scale1 alms = our own class1 z y h organiz$1 on a l>ge scale1 protection = y\rs4 ,don't tell u t y w take our cause ^u y\rselves1 & ?r[ to u #fjj1jjj francs to keep u quiet1 l giv+ u a bone to pick4 ,we h o!r claims1 &1 at any rate1 we wi% to /ipulate = ourselves1 z o!r classes h /ipulat$ = !mselves6 ,h[ is ?is argum5t to be answ]$8 ,yes1 z long z x is admitt$ t ! law may be div]t$ f its true mission1 t x may violate prop]ty in/ead ( secur+ x1 #ab ev]ybody w be want+ to manufacture law1 ei!r to def5d himself aga9/ plund]1 or to organize x = 8 own pr(it4 ,! political "q w always be prejudicial1 pr$om9ant1 & absorb+2 9 a ^w1 !re w be fight+ ar\nd ! door ( ! ,legislative ,palace4 ,! /ruggle w be no less furi\s )9 x4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 x is h>dly necess>y to look at :at passes 9 ! ,*amb]s 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&2 x is en\gh to "k h[ ! "q /&s4 ,is !re any ne$ to prove t ?is odi\s p]v]sion ( law is a p]petual s\rce ( hatr$ & discord1 t x ev5 t5ds to social disorganization8 ,look at ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re is no c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e ! law is kept m )9 its prop] doma9--:i* is1 to secure to ev]yone 8 lib]ty & 8 prop]ty4 ,!re=e1 !re is no c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e social ord] appe>s to re/ ^u a m solid basis4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re are two que/ions1 & only two1 t f ! beg9n+ h endang]$ political ord]4 ,& :at are ^! two que/ions8 ,t ( slav]y & t ( t>iffs2 t is1 precisely ! only two que/ions 9 :i*1 contr>y to ! g5]al _s ( ?is republic1 law has tak5 ! "* ( a plund]]4 ,slav]y is a violation1 sanction$ by law1 ( ! rights ( ! p]son4 ,protection is a violation p]petrat$ by ! law ^u ! rights ( prop]ty2 & c]ta9ly x is v rem>kable t1 9 ! mid/ ( s _m o!r debates1 ?is d\ble legal sc\rge1 ! sorr[ful inh]itance ( ! ,old ,_w1 %\ld be ! only "o :i* c1 & p]haps w1 cause ! rupture ( ! ,union4 ,inde$1 a m a/\nd+ fact1 9 ! he>t ( society1 _c be conceiv$ ?an ?is3 ,t law %\ld h become an in/rum5t ( inju/ice4 ,& if ?is fact occasions consequ5ces s =midable to ! ,unit$ #ac ,/ates1 :]e !re is b "o exception1 :at mu/ x be ) u 9 ,europe1 :]e x is a pr9ciple--a sy/em8 ,mr4 ,montalemb]t1 adopt+ ! ?\ght ( a fam\s proclamation ( ,mr4 ,c>li]1 said1 ,we mu/ make w> aga9/ socialism4 ,& by socialism1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,dup91 he meant plund]4 ,b :at plund] did he mean8 ,= !re are two sorts3 extralegal & legal plund]4 ,z to extralegal plund]1 su* z !ft1 or sw9dl+1 :i* is def9$1 =ese51 & puni%$ by ! p5al code1 ,i d n ?9k x c be adorn$ by ! "n ( socialism4 ,x is n ?is t sy/ematically ?reat5s ! f\ndations ( society4 ,besides1 ! w> aga9/ ?is k9d ( plund] has n wait$ = ! signal ( ,mr4 ,montalemb]t or ,mr4 ,c>li]4 ,x has gone on s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w2 ,france 0 c>ry+ x on long be=e ! revolution ( ,febru>y--long be=e ! appe>ance ( socialism--) all ! c]emonies ( magi/racy1 police1 g5d>m]ie1 prisons1 dungeons1 & scaffolds4 ,x is ! law itself t is conduct+ ?is w>1 & x is to be wi%$1 9 my op9ion1 t ! law %\ld always ma9ta9 ?is attitude ) respect to plund]4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,! law sometimes takes its own "p4 ,sometimes x accompli%es x ) its own h&s1 9 ord] to save ! p>ties b5efit$ ! %ame1 ! dang]1 & ! scruple4 ,sometimes x places all ?is c]emony ( magi/racy1 police1 g5d>m]ie1 & prisons1 at ! s]vice ( ! plund]]1 & treats ! plund]$ p>ty1 :5 he def5ds himself1 z ! crim9al4 ,9 a ^w1 !re is a legal plund]1 & x is1 no d\bt1 ?is t is meant by ,mr4 ,montalemb]t4 ,?is plund] may be only an exceptional blemi% 9 ! legislation ( a p1 & 9 ?is case1 ! be/ ?+ #ad t c be done is1 )\t s _m spee*es & lam5tations1 to d away ) x z soon z possible1 not)/&+ ! clamors ( int]e/$ p>ties4 ,b h[ is x to be di/+ui%$8 ,v easily4 ,see :e!r ! law takes f "s p]sons t :i* belongs to !m1 to give to o!rs :at does n belong to !m4 ,see :e!r ! law p]=ms1 = ! pr(it ( "o citiz51 &1 to ! injury ( o!rs1 an act t ?is citiz5 _c p]=m )\t committ+ a crime4 ,aboli% ?is law )\t delay2 x is n m]ely an iniquity--x is a f]tile s\rce ( iniquities1 = x invites reprisals2 & if y d n take c>e1 ! exceptional case w ext5d1 multiply1 & become sy/ematic4 ,no d\bt ! p>ty b5efit$ w exclaim l\dly2 he w ass]t 8 acquir$ rights4 ,he w say t ! ,/ate is b\nd to protect & enc\rage 8 indu/ry2 he w plead t x is a good ?+ = ! ,/ate to be enri*$1 t x may sp5d ! m1 & ?us %[] d[n sal>ies ^u ! poor workm54 ,take c>e n to li/5 to ?is sophi/ry1 = x is j by ! sy/ematiz+ ( ^! argum5ts t legal plund] becomes sy/ematiz$4 ,& ?is is :at has tak5 place4 ,! delusion ( ! day is to enri* all classes at ! exp5se ( ea* o!r2 x is to g5]alize plund] "u pret5se ( organiz+ x4 ,n[1 legal plund] may be ex]cis$ 9 an inf9ite multitude ( ways4 ,h5ce come an inf9ite multitude ( plans = organization2 t>iffs1 protection1 p]quisites1 gratuities1 enc\ragem5ts1 progressive taxation1 free public education1 "r to "w1 "r to pr(it1 "r to wages1 "r to assi/ance1 "r to in/rum5ts ( labor1 gratuity ( cr$it1 etc41 etc4 ,& x is all ^! plans1 tak5 z a :ole1 ) :at !y h 9 common1 legal plund]1 t takes ! "n ( socialism4 ,n[ socialism1 ?us def9$1 & =m+ a doctr9al body1 :at o!r w> w\ld y make aga9/ x ?an a #ae w> ( doctr9e8 ,y f9d ?is doctr9e false1 absurd1 abom9able4 ,refute x4 ,?is w be all ! easi]1 ! m false1 absurd1 & abom9able x is4 ,above all1 if y wi% to be /rong1 beg9 by root+ out ( y\r legislation e p>ticle ( socialism :i* may h crept into x--& ?is w be no light "w4 ,mr4 ,montalemb]t has be5 reproa*$ ) wi%+ to turn brute =ce aga9/ socialism4 ,he ought to be exon]at$ f ?is reproa*1 = he has pla9ly said3 ,! w> t we mu/ make aga9/ socialism mu/ be "o t is compatible ) ! law1 honor1 & ju/ice4 ,b h[ is x t ,mr4 ,montalemb]t does n see t he is plac+ himself 9 a vici\s circle8 ,y w\ld oppose law to socialism4 ,b x is ! law t socialism invokes4 ,x aspires to legal1 n extralegal plund]4 ,x is ( ! law itself1 l monopoli/s ( all k9ds1 t x wants to make an in/rum5t2 & :5 once x has ! law on its side1 h[ w y be able to turn ! law aga9/ x8 ,h[ w y place x "u ! p[] ( y\r tribunals1 y\r g5d>mes1 & ( y\r prisons8 ,:at w y d !n8 ,y wi% to prev5t x f tak+ any "p 9 ! mak+ ( laws4 ,y w\ld keep x outside ! ,legislative ,palace4 ,9 ?is y w n succe$1 ,i v5ture to prophesy1 s long z legal plund] is ! basis ( ! legislation )94 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ?is "q ( legal plund] %\ld be det]m9$1 & !re are only ?ree solutions ( x3 #a4 ,:5 ! few plund] ! _m4 #b4 ,:5 ev]ybody plund]s ev]ybody else4 #c4 ,:5 nobody plund]s anybody4 ,p>tial plund]1 univ]sal plund]1 abs5ce ( plund]1 among/ ^! we h to make our *oice4 ,! law c only produce "o ( ^! results4 #af ,p>tial plund]4 ,?is is ! sy/em t prevail$ s long z ! elective privilege 0 p>tial2 a sy/em t is resort$ to1 to avoid ! invasion ( socialism4 ,univ]sal plund]4 ,we h be5 ?reat5$ by ?is sy/em :5 ! elective privilege has become univ]sal2 ! masses hav+ conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ law1 on ! pr9ciple ( legislators :o _h prec$$ !m4 ,abs5ce ( plund]4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 peace1 ord]1 /ability1 conciliation1 & ( good s5se1 :i* ,i %all proclaim ) all ! =ce ( my lungs 7:i* is v inadequate1 alas67 till ! day ( my dea?4 ,&1 9 all s9c]ity1 c any?+ m be requir$ at ! h&s ( ! law8 ,c ! law1 ^: necess>y sanction is =ce1 be reasonably employ$ ^u any?+ beyond secur+ to e "o 8 "r8 ,i defy anyone to remove x f ?is circle )\t p]v]t+ x1 & consequ5tly turn+ =ce aga9/ "r4 ,& z ?is is ! mo/ fatal1 ! mo/ illogical social p]v]sion t c possibly be imag9$1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! true solution1 s mu* s\ght aft]1 ( ! social problem1 is conta9$ 9 ^! simple words--,,law ,,is ,,organiz$ ,,ju/ice4 ,n[ x is important to rem>k1 t to organize ju/ice by law1 t is to say by =ce1 excludes ! idea ( organiz+ by law1 or by =ce any manife/ation :atev] ( human activity--labor1 *>ity1 agriculture1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 in/ruction1 ! f9e arts1 or religion2 = any "o ( ^! organiz+s w\ld inevitably de/roy ! ess5tial organization4 ,h[1 9 fact1 c we imag9e =ce encroa*+ ^u ! lib]ty ( citiz5s )\t infr++ ^u ju/ice1 & s act+ aga9/ its prop] aim8 ,"h ,i am tak+ on ! mo/ popul> prejudice ( our "t4 ,x is n consid]$ en\gh t law %\ld be j1 #ag x mu/ be philan?ropic4 ,x is n suffici5t t x %\ld gu>antee to e citiz5 ! free & in(f5sive ex]cise ( 8 faculties1 appli$ to 8 physical1 intellectual1 & moral developm5t2 x is requir$ to ext5d well-be+1 in/ruction1 & morality1 directly ov] ! nation4 ,?is is ! fasc9at+ side ( socialism4 ,b1 ,i repeat x1 ^! two missions ( ! law contradict ea* o!r4 ,we h to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,a citiz5 _c at ! same "t be free & n free4 ,mr4 de ,lam>t9e wrote to me "o day ?us3 ,y\r doctr9e is only ! half ( my program2 y h /opp$ at lib]ty1 ,i g on to frat]nity4 ,i answ]$ him3 ,! second "p ( y\r program w de/roy ! fir/4 ,& 9 fact x is impossible = me to sep>ate ! ^w frat]nity f ! ^w volunt>y4 ,i _c possibly conceive frat]nity legally en=c$1 )\t lib]ty be+ legally de/roy$1 & ju/ice legally trampl$ "u foot4 ,legal plund] has two roots3 "o ( !m1 z we h already se51 is 9 human gre$2 ! o!r is 9 misconceiv$ philan?ropy4 ,be=e ,i proce$1 ,i ?9k ,i ought to expla9 myself ^u ! ^w plund]4 ,i d n take x1 z x (t5 is tak51 9 a vague1 undef9$1 relative1 or metaphorical s5se4 ,i use x 9 its sci5tific acceptation1 & z express+ ! opposite idea to prop]ty4 ,:5 a portion ( weal? passes out ( ! h&s ( him :o has acquir$ x1 )\t 8 cons5t1 & )\t comp5sation1 to him :o has n creat$ x1 :e!r by =ce or by artifice1 ,i say t prop]ty is violat$1 t plund] is p]petrat$4 ,i say t ?is is exactly :at ! law ought to repress always & ev]y:]e4 ,if ! law itself p]=ms ! action x ought to repress1 ,i say t plund] is /ill p]petrat$1 & ev51 9 a social po9t ( view1 "u aggravat$ circum/ances4 ,9 ?is case1 #ah h[ev]1 he :o pr(its f ! plund] is n responsible = x2 x is ! law1 ! lawgiv]1 society itself1 & ?is is :]e ! political dang] lies4 ,x is to be regrett$ t !re is some?+ (f5sive 9 ! ^w4 ,i h s\ght 9 va9 = ano!r1 = ,i w\ld n wi% at any "t1 & especially j n[1 to add an irritat+ ^w to our disagreem5ts2 !re=e1 :e!r ,i am believ$ or n1 ,i decl>e t ,i d n mean to impugn ! int5tions nor ! morality ( anybody4 ,i am attack+ an idea t ,i believe to be false--a sy/em t appe>s to me to be unju/2 & ?is is s indep5d5t ( int5tions1 t ea* ( u pr(its by x )\t wi%+ x1 & suff]s f x )\t be+ aw>e ( ! cause4 ,any p]son mu/ write "u ! influ5ce ( p>ty _s or ( fe>1 :o w\ld call into "q ! s9c]ity ( protectionism1 ( socialism1 & ev5 ( communism1 :i* are "o & ! same plant1 9 ?ree diff]5t p]iods ( its gr[?4 ,all t c be said is1 t plund] is m visible by its p>tiality 9 protectionism1 #c & by its univ]sality 9 communism2 :5ce x foll[s t1 ( ! ?ree sy/ems1 socialism is /ill ! mo/ vague1 ! mo/ undef9$1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ s9c]e4 ,be t z x may1 to conclude t legal plund] has "o ( its roots 9 misconceiv$ philan?ropy1 is evid5tly to put int5tions out ( ! "q4 #ai ,) ?is und]/&+1 let u exam9e ! value1 ! orig91 & ! t5d5cy ( ?is popul> aspiration1 :i* pret5ds to realize ! g5]al good by g5]al plund]4 ,! ,sociali/s say1 s9ce ! law organizes ju/ice1 :y %\ld x n organize labor1 in/ruction1 & religion8 ,:y8 ,because x c\ld n organize labor1 in/ruction1 & religion1 )\t disorganiz+ ju/ice4 ,= rememb]1 t law is =ce1 & t consequ5tly ! doma9 ( ! law _c prop]ly ext5d beyond ! doma9 ( =ce4 ,:5 law & =ce keep a man )9 ! b\nds ( ju/ice1 !y impose no?+ ^u him b a m]e negation4 ,!y only oblige him to ab/a9 f do+ h>m4 ,!y violate nei!r 8 p]sonality1 8 lib]ty1 nor 8 prop]ty4 ,!y only gu>d ! p]sonality1 ! lib]ty1 ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,!y hold !mselves on ! def5sive2 !y def5d ! equal "r ( all4 ,!y fulfill a mission ^: h>mlessness is evid5t1 ^: utility is palpable1 & ^: legitimacy is n to be disput$4 ,?is is s true t1 z a fri5d ( m9e once rem>k$ to me1 to say t ! aim ( ! law is to cause ju/ice to reign1 is to use an expression t is n rigor\sly exact4 ,x ought to be said1 ! aim ( ! law is to prev5t inju/ice f reign+4 ,9 fact1 x is n ju/ice t has an exi/5ce ( its own1 x is inju/ice4 ,! "o results f ! abs5ce ( ! o!r4 ,b :5 ! law1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its necess>y ag5t--=ce--imposes a =m ( labor1 a me?od or a subject ( in/ruction1 a cre$1 or a wor%ip1 x is no long] negative2 x acts positively ^u m54 ,x sub/itutes ! w ( ! legislator = _! own w1 ! initiative ( ! legislator = _! own initiative4 ,!y h no ne$ to consult1 to comp>e1 or to =esee2 ! law does all t = !m4 ,! intellect is = !m a useless #bj encumbrance2 !y cease to be m52 !y lose _! p]sonality1 _! lib]ty1 _! prop]ty4 ,try to imag9e a =m ( labor impos$ by =ce1 t is n a violation ( lib]ty2 a transmission ( weal? impos$ by =ce1 t is n a violation ( prop]ty4 ,if y _c succe$ 9 reconcil+ ?is1 y are b\nd to conclude t ! law _c organize labor & indu/ry )\t organiz+ inju/ice4 ,:51 f ! seclusion ( 8 (fice1 a politician takes a view ( society1 he is /ruck ) ! spectacle ( inequality t pres5ts itself4 ,he m\rns ov] ! suff]+s t are ! lot ( s _m ( our bre?r51 suff]+s ^: aspect is r5d]$ yet m sorr[ful by ! contra/ ( luxury & weal?4 ,he ought1 p]haps1 to ask himself :e!r su* a social /ate has n be5 caus$ by ! plund] ( anci5t times1 ex]cis$ 9 ! way ( conque/s2 & by plund] ( m rec5t times1 effect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! laws8 ,he ought to ask himself :e!r1 grant+ ! aspiration ( all m5 to well-be+ & improvem5t1 ! reign ( ju/ice w\ld n suffice to realize ! greate/ activity ( progress1 & ! greate/ am\nt ( equality compatible ) t individual responsibility t ,god has aw>d$ z a j retribution ( virtue & vice8 ,he nev] gives ?is a ?\ght4 ,8 m9d turns t[>ds comb9ations1 arrangem5ts1 legal or factiti\s organizations4 ,he seeks ! rem$y 9 p]petuat+ & exagg]at+ :at has produc$ ! evil4 ,=1 ju/ice ap>t1 :i* we h se5 is only a negation1 is !re any "o ( ^! legal arrangem5ts t does n conta9 ! pr9ciple ( plund]8 ,y say1 ,!re are m5 :o h no money1 & y apply to ! law4 ,b ! law is n a self-suppli$ #ba f\nta91 :5ce e /ream may obta9 supplies indep5d5tly ( society4 ,no?+ c ent] ! public treasury1 9 favor ( "o citiz5 or "o class1 b :at o!r citiz5s & o!r classes h be5 =c$ to s5d to x4 ,if ev]yone draws f x only ! equival5t ( :at he has contribut$ to x1 y\r law1 x is true1 is no plund]]1 b x does no?+ = m5 :o want money--x does n promote equality4 ,x c only be an in/rum5t ( equalization z f> z x takes f "o p>ty to give to ano!r1 & !n x is an in/rum5t ( plund]4 ,exam9e1 9 ?is light1 ! protection ( t>iffs1 subsidies1 "r to pr(it1 "r to labor1 "r to assi/ance1 free public education1 progressive taxation1 gratuit\sness ( cr$it1 social work%ops1 & y w always f9d at ! bottom legal plund]1 organiz$ inju/ice4 ,y say1 ,!re are m5 :o want k1 & y apply to ! law4 ,b ! law is n a tor* t %$s light t orig9ates )9 itself4 ,x ext5ds ov] a society :]e !re are m5 :o h k1 & o!rs :o h n2 citiz5s :o want to le>n1 & o!rs :o are dispos$ to tea*4 ,x c only d "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r all[ a free op]ation to ?is k9d ( transaction1 i4e41 let ?is k9d ( want satisfy itself freely2 or else preempt ! w ( ! p 9 ! matt]1 & take f "s ( !m suffici5t to pay pr(essors commission$ to in/ruct o!rs = free4 ,b1 9 ?is second case !re _c fail to be a violation ( lib]ty & prop]ty--legal plund]4 ,y say1 ,"h are m5 :o are want+ 9 morality or religion1 & y apply to ! law2 b law is =ce1 & ne$ ,i say h[ f> x is a viol5t & absurd ent]prise to introduce =ce 9 ^! matt]s8 #bb ,z ! result ( its sy/ems & ( its ef=ts1 x w\ld seem t socialism1 not)/&+ all its self-complac5cy1 c sc>cely help p]ceiv+ ! mon/] ( legal plund]4 ,b :at does x d8 ,x disguises x clev]ly f o!rs1 & ev5 f itself1 "u ! s$uctive names ( frat]nity1 solid>ity1 organization1 association4 ,& because we d n ask s mu* at ! h&s ( ! law1 because we only ask x = ju/ice1 x alleges t we reject frat]nity1 solid>ity1 organization1 & association2 & !y br& u ) ! "n ( individuali/s4 ,we c assure !m t :at we repudiate is n natural organization1 b =c$ organization4 ,x is n free association1 b ! =ms ( association t !y w\ld impose ^u u4 ,x is n spontane\s frat]nity1 b legal frat]nity4 ,x is n provid5tial solid>ity1 b artificial solid>ity1 :i* is only an unju/ displacem5t ( responsibility4 ,socialism1 l ! old policy f :i* x emanates1 conf\nds ,gov]nm5t & society4 ,& s1 e "t we object to a ?+ be+ done by ,gov]nm5t1 x concludes t we object to its be+ done at all4 ,we disapprove ( education by ! ,/ate--!n we are aga9/ education altoge!r4 ,we object to a ,/ate religion--!n we w\ld h no religion at all4 ,we object to an equality :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! ,/ate !n we are aga9/ equality1 etc41 etc4 ,!y might z well accuse u ( wi%+ m5 n to eat1 because we object to ! cultivation ( corn by ! ,/ate4 ,h[ is x t ! /range idea ( mak+ ! law produce :at x does n conta9--prosp]ity1 9 a positive s5se1 weal?1 sci5ce1 religion--%\ld ev] h ga9$ gr\nd 9 ! political _w8 ,! mod]n politicians1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,sociali/ s*ool1 f\nd _! diff]5t #bc !ories ^u "o common hypo!sis2 & surely a m /range1 a m presumptu\s notion1 c\ld nev] h ent]$ a human bra94 ,!y divide mank9d into two p>ts4 ,m5 9 g5]al1 except "o1 =m ! fir/2 ! politician himself =ms ! second1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ important4 ,9 fact1 !y beg9 by suppos+ t m5 are devoid ( any pr9ciple ( action1 & ( any means ( disc]nm5t 9 !mselves2 t !y h no initiative2 t !y are in]t matt]1 passive p>ticles1 atoms )\t impulse2 at be/ a vegetation indiff]5t to its own mode ( exi/5ce1 susceptible ( assum+1 f an ext]ior w & h& an inf9ite numb] ( =ms1 m or less symmetrical1 arti/ic1 & p]fect$4 ,moreov]1 e "o ( ^! politicians does n hesitate to assume t he himself is1 "u ! names ( organiz]1 discov]]1 legislator1 in/itutor or f\nd]1 ?is w & h&1 ?is univ]sal initiative1 ?is creative p[]1 ^: sublime mission x is to ga!r toge!r ^! scatt]$ mat]ials1 t is1 m51 into society4 ,/>t+ f ^! data1 z a g>d5] accord+ to 8 caprice %apes 8 trees into pyramids1 p>asols1 cubes1 cones1 vases1 espali]s1 di/affs1 or fans2 s ! ,sociali/1 foll[+ 8 *im]a1 %apes poor humanity into gr\ps1 s]ies1 circles1 subcircles1 honeycombs1 or social work%ops1 ) all k9ds ( v>iations4 ,& z ! g>d5]1 to br+ 8 trees into %ape1 ne$s hat*ets1 prun+ hooks1 saws1 & %e>s1 s ! politician1 to br+ society into %ape1 ne$s ! =ces :i* he c only f9d 9 ! laws2 ! law ( t>iffs1 ! law ( taxation1 ! law ( assi/ance1 & ! law ( education4 ,x is s true1 t ! ,sociali/s look ^u mank9d z a subject = social exp]im5ts1 t if1 by *ance1 !y #bd are n q c]ta9 ( ! success ( ^! exp]im5ts1 !y w reque/ a portion ( mank9d1 z a subject to exp]im5t ^u4 ,x is well kn[n h[ popul> ! idea ( try+ all sy/ems is1 & "o ( _! *iefs has be5 kn[n s]i\sly to dem& ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly a p>i%1 ) all its inhabitants1 ^u :i* to make 8 exp]im5ts4 ,x is ?us t an inv5tor w make a small ma*9e be=e he makes "o ( ! regul> size4 ,?us ! *emi/ sacrifices "s sub/ances1 ! agriculturi/ "s se$ & a corn] ( 8 field1 to make trial ( an idea4 ,b ?9k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! g>d5] & 8 trees1 betwe5 ! inv5tor & 8 ma*9e1 betwe5 ! *emi/ & 8 sub/ances1 betwe5 ! agriculturi/ & 8 se$6 ,! ,sociali/ ?9ks1 9 all s9c]ity1 t !re is ! same diff]5ce betwe5 himself & mank9d4 ,no wond] ! politicians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury look ^u society z an artificial production ( ! legislator's g5ius4 ,?is idea1 ! result ( a classical education1 has tak5 possession ( all ! ?9k]s & great writ]s ( our c\ntry4 ,to all ^! p]sons1 ! relations betwe5 mank9d & ! legislator appe> to be ! same z ^? t exi/ betwe5 ! clay & ! pott]4 ,moreov]1 if !y h cons5t$ to recognize 9 ! he>t ( man a capability ( action1 & 9 8 intellect a faculty ( disc]nm5t1 !y h look$ ^u ?is gift ( ,god z a fatal "o1 & ?\ght t mank9d1 "u ^! two impulses1 t5d$ fatally t[>ds ru94 ,!y h tak5 x = grant$ t if ab&on$ to _! own incl9ations1 m5 w\ld only occupy !mselves ) religion to arrive at a!ism1 ) in/ruction to come to ignorance1 & ) labor & ex*ange to be ext+ui%$ 9 mis]y4 #be ,happily1 accord+ to ^! writ]s1 !re are "s m51 t]m$ gov]nors & legislators1 ^u :om ,heav5 has be/[$ opposite t5d5cies1 n = _! own sake only1 b = ! sake ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,:il/ mank9d t5ds to evil1 !y incl9e to good2 :il/ mank9d is advanc+ t[>ds d>kness1 !y are aspir+ to enlight5m5t2 :il/ mank9d is drawn t[>ds vice1 !y are attract$ by virtue4 ,&1 ?is grant$1 !y dem& ! assi/ance ( =ce1 by means ( :i* !y are to sub/itute _! own t5d5cies = ^? ( ! human race4 ,x is only ne$ful to op51 almo/ at r&om1 a book on philosophy1 politics1 or hi/ory1 to see h[ /rongly ?is idea--! *ild ( classical /udies & ! "m ( socialism--is root$ 9 our c\ntry2 t mank9d is m]ely in]t matt]1 receiv+ life1 organization1 morality1 & weal? f p[]2 or1 r1 & /ill worse--t mank9d itself t5ds t[>ds degradation1 & is only arre/$ 9 its t5d5cy by ! my/]i\s h& ( ! legislator4 ,classical conv5tionalism %[s u ev]y:]e1 beh9d passive society1 a hidd5 p[]1 "u ! names ( ,law1 or ,legislator 7or1 by a mode ( expression :i* ref]s to "s p]son or p]sons ( undisput$ weight & au?ority1 b n nam$71 :i* moves1 animates1 enri*es1 & reg5]ates mank9d4 ,we w give a quotation f ,bossuet3 ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* 0 ! mo/ /rongly impress$ 7by :om87 ^u ! m9d ( ! ,egyptians1 0 ! love ( _! c\ntry4444 ,nobody 0 all[$ to be useless to ! ,/ate2 ! law assign$ to e "o 8 employm5t1 :i* desc5d$ f fa!r to son4 ,no "o 0 p]mitt$ to h two pr(essions1 nor to adopt ano!r4 444 ,b !re 0 "o occupation :i* 0 #bf oblig$ to be common to all1 ?is 0 ! /udy ( ! laws & ( wisdom2 ignorance ( religion & ! political regulations ( ! c\ntry 0 excus$ 9 no condition ( life4 ,moreov]1 e pr(ession _h a di/rict assign$ to x 7by :om874444 ,among/ good laws1 "o ( ! be/ ?+s 01 t ev]ybody 0 taught to obs]ve !m 7by :om874 ,egypt ab\nd$ ) wond]ful inv5tions1 & no?+ 0 neglect$ :i* c\ld r5d] life com=table & tranquil4 ,?us m51 accord+ to ,bossuet1 d]ive no?+ f !mselves2 patriotism1 weal?1 inv5tions1 husb&ry1 sci5ce--all come to !m by ! op]ation ( ! laws1 or by k+s4 ,all !y h to d is to be passive4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t ,bossuet takes exception :5 ,diodorus accuses ! ,egyptians ( reject+ wre/l+ & music4 ,h[ is t possible1 says he1 s9ce ^! arts 7 inv5t$ by ,trismegi/us8 ,x is ! same ) ! ,p]sians3 ,"o ( ! fir/ c>es ( ! pr9ce 0 to enc\rage agriculture4444 ,z !re 7 po/s e/abli%$ = ! regulation ( ! armies1 s !re 7 (fices = ! sup]9t5d+ ( rural works4444 ,! respect ) :i* ! ,p]sians 7 inspir$ = royal au?ority 0 excessive4 ,! ,greeks1 al?\gh full ( m9d1 7 no less /rang]s to _! own responsibilities2 s mu* s1 t ( !mselves1 l dogs & horses1 !y w\ld n h v5tur$ ^u ! mo/ simple games4 ,9 a classical s5se1 x is an undisput$ ?+ t ev]y?+ comes to ! p f )\t4 ,! ,greeks1 naturally full ( _s & c\rage1 _h be5 e>ly cultivat$ by k+s & colonies :o _h come f ,egypt4 ,f !m !y _h #bg le>n$ ! ex]cises ( ! body1 foot races1 & horse & *>iot races4444 ,! be/ ?+ t ! ,egyptians _h taught !m 0 to become docile1 & to all[ !mselves to be =m$ by ! laws = ! public good4 ,,f5elon--,re>$ 9 ! /udy & admiration ( antiquity & a witness ( ! p[] ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ,f5elon naturally adopt$ ! idea t mank9d %\ld be passive1 & t its mis=tunes & its prosp]ities1 its virtues & its vices1 are caus$ by ! ext]nal influ5ce t is ex]cis$ ^u x by ! law1 or by ! mak]s ( ! law4 ,?us1 9 8 ,utopia ( ,sal5tum1 he br+s ! m51 ) _! int]e/s1 _! faculties1 _! desires1 & _! possessions1 "u ! absolute direction ( ! legislator4 ,:atev] ! subject may be1 !y !mselves h no voice 9 x--! pr9ce judges = !m4 ,! nation is j a %apeless mass1 ( :i* ! pr9ce is ! s\l4 ,9 him resides ! ?\ght1 ! =esight1 ! pr9ciple ( all organization1 ( all progress2 on him1 !re=e1 re/s all ! responsibility4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 ,i might transcribe ! :ole ( ! t5? book ( ,telema*us4 ,i ref] ! read] to x1 & %all cont5t myself ) quot+ "s passages tak5 at r&om f ?is celebrat$ "w1 to :i*1 9 e o!r respect1 ,i am ! fir/ to r5d] ju/ice4 ,) ! a/oni%+ cr$ulity t *>act]izes ! classics1 ,fnelon1 aga9/ ! au?ority ( reason & ( facts1 admits ! g5]al felicity ( ! ,egyptians1 & attributes x1 n to _! own wisdom1 b to t ( _! k+s3 ,we c\ld n turn our eyes to ! two %ores1 )\t p]ceiv+ ri* t[ns & c\ntry seats1 agreeably situat$2 fields t 7 cov]$ e ye>1 #bh )\t int]mission1 ) gold5 crops2 mead[s full ( flocks2 labor]s b5d+ "u ! weight ( fruits t ! e>? lavi%$ on its cultivators2 & %eph]ds :o made ! e*oes ar\nd repeat ! s(t s\nds ( _! pipes & flutes4 ,happy1 said ,m5tor1 is t p :o is gov]n$ by a wise k+4444 ,m5tor aft]w>ds desir$ me to rem>k ! happ9ess & abundance t 0 spread ov] all ! c\ntry ( ,egypt1 :]e tw5ty-two ?\s& cities might be c\nt$4 ,he admir$ ! excell5t police regulations ( ! cities2 ! ju/ice adm9i/]$ 9 favor ( ! poor aga9/ ! ri*2 ! good education ( ! *ildr51 :o 7 accu/om$ to ob$i5ce1 labor1 & ! love ( arts & lett]s2 ! exactness ) :i* all ! c]emonies ( religion 7 p]=m$2 ! dis9t]e/$ness1 ! desire ( honor1 ! fidelity to m51 & ! fe> ( ! gods1 ) :i* e fa!r inspir$ 8 *ildr54 ,he c\ld n suffici5tly admire ! prosp]\s /ate ( ! c\ntry4 ,happy said he1 is ! p :om a wise k+ rules 9 su* a mann]4 ,fnelon's idyll on ,crete is /ill m fasc9at+4 ,m5tor is made to say3 ,all t y w see 9 ?is wond]ful isl& is ! result ( ! laws ( ,m9os4 ,! education t ! *ildr5 receive r5d]s ! body heal?y & robu/4 ,!y are accu/om$1 f ! fir/1 to a frugal & labori\s life2 x is suppos$ t all ! pleasures ( s5se en]vate ! body & ! m9d2 no o!r pleasure is pres5t$ to !m b t ( be+ inv9cible by virtue1 t ( acquir+ mu* glory444 !re !y puni% ?ree vices t g unpuni%$ among/ o!r p--+ratitude1 dissimulation1 & av>ice4 ,z to pomp & dissipation1 !re is no ne$ to puni% ^!1 = !y are unkn[n 9 ,crete4444 ,no co/ly furniture1 no magnific5t clo?+1 no delici\s fea/s1 no gild$ palaces are all[$4 #bi ,x is ?us t ,m5tor prep>es 8 s*ol> to m\ld & manipulate1 d\btless ) ! mo/ philan?ropic int5tions1 ! p ( ,i?aca1 &1 to confirm him 9 ^! ideas1 he gives him ! example ( ,sal5tum4 ,s we receive our fir/ political notions4 ,we are taught to treat m5 v mu* z ,oliv] de ,s]res tea*es f>m]s to manage & to mix ! soil4 ,,montesquieu-- ,to su/a9 ! _s ( comm]ce1 x is necess>y t all ! laws %\ld favor x2 t ^! same laws1 by _! regulations 9 divid+ ! =tunes 9 proportion z comm]ce enl>ges !m1 %\ld place e poor citiz5 9 suffici5tly easy circum/ances to enable him to "w l ! o!rs1 & e ri* citiz5 9 su* m$iocrity t he mu/ "w1 9 ord] to reta9 or to acquire4 ,?us ! laws are to dispose ( all =tunes4 ,al?\gh 9 a democracy1 real equality be ! s\l ( ! ,/ate1 yet x is s difficult to e/abli% t an extreme exactness 9 ?is matt] w\ld n always be desirable4 ,x is suffici5t t a c5sus be e/abli%$ to r$uce or fix ! diff]5ces to a c]ta9 po9t1 aft] :i*1 x is = p>ticul> laws to equalize1 z x 71 ! inequality by burd5s impos$ ^u ! ri* & reliefs grant$ to ! poor4 ,"h1 aga91 we see ! equalization ( =tunes by law1 t is1 by =ce4 ,!re 71 9 ,greece1 two k9ds ( republics4 ,"o 0 milit>y1 z ,sp>ta2 ! o!r comm]cial1 z ,a!ns4 ,9 ! "o x 0 wi%$ 7by :om87 t ! citiz5s %\ld be idle3 9 ! o!r1 ! love ( labor 0 enc\rag$4 ,x is wor? our :ile to pay a little att5tion to ! ext5t ( g5ius requir$ by ^! legislators1 t #cj we may see h[1 by conf\nd+ all ! virtues1 !y %[$ _! wisdom to ! _w4 ,lycurgus1 bl5d+ !ft ) ! _s ( ju/ice1 ! h>de/ slav]y ) extreme lib]ty1 ! mo/ atroci\s s5tim5ts ) ! greate/ mod]ation1 gave /ability to 8 city4 ,he seem$ to deprive x ( all its res\rces1 arts1 comm]ce1 money1 & walls2 !re 0 ambition )\t ! hope ( ris+2 !re 7 natural s5tim5ts :]e ! individual 0 nei!r *ild1 nor husb&1 nor fa!r4 ,*a/ity ev5 0 depriv$ ( mode/y4 ,by ?is road ,sp>ta 0 l$ on to gr&eur & to glory4 ,! ph5om5on t we obs]ve 9 ! in/itutions ( ,greece has be5 se5 9 ! mid/ ( ! deg5]acy & corruption ( our mod]n times4 ,an hone/ legislator has =m$ a p :]e probity has appe>$ z natural z brav]y among ! ,sp>tans4 ,mr4 ,p5n is a true ,lycurgus1 & al?\gh ! =m] _h peace = 8 object1 & ! latt] w>1 !y resemble ea* o!r 9 ! s+ul> pa? along :i* !y h l$ _! p1 9 _! influ5ce ov] free m51 9 ! prejudices :i* !y h ov]come1 ! passions !y h subdu$4 ,p>aguay furni%es u ) ano!r example4 ,society has be5 accus$ ( ! crime ( reg>d+ ! pleasure ( comm&+ z ! only good ( life2 b x w always be a noble ?+ to gov]n m5 by mak+ !m happy4 ,^? :o desire to =m simil> in/itutions w e/abli% community ( prop]ty1 z 9 ! republic ( ,plato1 ! same rev]5ce z he enjo9$ = ! gods1 sep>ation f /rang]s = ! pres]vation ( morality1 & make ! city & n ! citiz5s create comm]ce3 !y %\ld give our arts )\t our luxury1 our wants )\t our desires4 #ca ,vulg> infatuation may exclaim1 if x likes1 ,x is ,montesquieu6 magnific5t6 sublime6 ,i am n afraid to express my op9ion1 & to say3 ,:at6 ,y h ! gall to call t f9e8 ,x is frightful6 ,x is abom9able6 ,& ^! extracts1 :i* ,i might multiply1 %[ t accord+ to ,montesquieu1 ! p]sons1 ! lib]ties1 ! prop]ty1 mank9d itself1 are no?+ b gri/ = ! mill ( ! sagacity ( lawgiv]s4 ,,r\sseau--,al?\gh ?is politician1 ! p>am\nt au?ority ( ! ,democrats1 makes ! social edifice re/ ^u ! g5]al w1 no "o has s completely admitt$ ! hypo!sis ( ! entire passiv5ess ( human nature 9 ! pres5ce ( ! lawgiv]3 ,if x is true t a great pr9ce is a r>e ?+1 h[ mu* m s mu/ a great lawgiv] be8 ,! =m] has only to foll[ ! patt]n propos$ to him by ! latt]4 ,?is latt] is ! eng9e] :o inv5ts ! ma*9e2 ! =m] is m]ely ! workman :o sets x 9 motion4 ,& :at "p h m5 to act 9 all ?is8 ,t ( ! ma*9e1 :i* is set 9 motion2 or r1 are !y n ! brute matt] ( :i* ! ma*9e is made8 ,?us1 betwe5 ! legislator & ! pr9ce1 betwe5 ! pr9ce & 8 subjects1 !re are ! same relations z ^? t exi/ betwe5 ! agricultural writ] & ! agriculturi/1 ! agriculturi/ & ! clod4 ,at :at a va/ height1 !n1 is ! politician plac$1 :o rules ov] legislators !mselves & tea*es !m _! trade 9 su* imp]ative t]ms z ! foll[+3 ,w\ld y give consi/5cy to ! ,/ate8 ,br+ ! extremes toge!r z mu* z possible4 ,suff] nei!r weal?y p]sons nor begg>s4 #cb ,if ! soil is poor & b>r51 or ! c\ntry too mu* conf9$ = ! inhabitants1 turn to indu/ry & ! arts1 ^: productions y w ex*ange = ! provisions :i* y require4444 ,on a good soil1 if y are %ort ( inhabitants1 give all y\r att5tion to agriculture1 :i* multiplies m51 & bani% ! arts1 :i* only s]ve to depopulate ! c\ntry4444 ,pay att5tion to ext5sive & conv5i5t coa/s4 ,cov] ! sea ) vessels1 & y w h a brilliant & %ort exi/5ce4 ,if y\r seas wa% only inaccessible rocks1 let ! p be b>b>\s1 & eat fi%2 !y w live m quietly1 p]haps bett]1 & mo/ c]ta9ly m happily4 ,9 %ort1 besides ^? maxims :i* are common to all1 e p has its own p>ticul> circum/ances1 :i* dem& a legislation peculi> to itself4 ,x 0 ?us t ! ,hebrews =m]ly1 & ! ,arabs m rec5tly1 _h religion = _! pr9cipal object2 t ( ! ,a!nians 0 lit]ature2 t ( ,c>?age & ,tyre1 comm]ce2 ( ,rhodes1 naval affairs2 ( ,sp>ta1 w>2 & ( ,rome1 virtue4 ,! au?or ( ! ,_s ( ,laws has %[n ! art by :i* ! legislator %\ld frame 8 in/itutions t[>ds ea* ( ^! objects4444 ,b if ! legislator1 mi/ak+ 8 object1 %\ld take up a pr9ciple diff]5t f t :i* arises f ! nature ( ?+s2 if "o %\ld t5d to slav]y1 & ! o!r to lib]ty2 if "o to weal?1 & ! o!r to population2 "o to peace1 & ! o!r to conque/s2 ! laws w ins5sibly become enfeebl$1 ! ,con/itution w be impair$1 & ! ,/ate w be subject to incessant agitations until x is de/roy$1 or becomes *ang$1 & inv9cible ,nature rega9s h] empire4 ,b if ,nature is suffici5tly inv9cible to rega9 its empire1 :y does n ,r\sseau admit t x _h no ne$ ( ! legislator to ga9 its empire f ! beg9n+8 #cc ,:y does he n all[ t by obey+ _! own impulse1 m5 w\ld ( !mselves apply agriculture to a f]tile di/rict1 & comm]ce to ext5sive & commodi\s coa/s )\t ! int]f]5ce ( a ,lycurgus1 a ,solon1 or a ,r\sseau1 :o w\ld und]take x at ! risk ( deceiv+ !mselves8 ,be t z x may1 we see ) :at a t]rible responsibility ,r\sseau inve/s inv5tors1 in/itutors1 conductors1 & manipulators ( societies4 ,he is1 !re=e1 v exact+ ) reg>d to !m4 ,he :o d>es to und]take ! in/itutions ( a p1 ought to feel t he c1 z x 71 trans=m e individual1 :o is by himself a p]fect & solit>y :ole1 receiv+ 8 life & be+ f a l>g] :ole ( :i* he =ms a "p2 he mu/ feel t he c *ange ! con/itution ( man1 to =tify x1 & sub/itute a social & moral exi/5ce = ! physical & indep5d5t "o t we h all receiv$ f nature4 ,9 a ^w1 he mu/ deprive man ( 8 own p[]s1 to give him o!rs t are =eign to him4 ,poor human nature6 ,:at w\ld become ( its dignity if x 7 entru/$ to ! disciples ( ,r\sseau8 ,,raynal-- ,! climate1 t is1 ! air & ! soil1 is ! fir/ elem5t = ! legislator4 ,8 res\rces prescribe to him 8 duties4 ,fir/1 he mu/ consult 8 local position4 ,a population dwell+ ^u m>itime %ores mu/ h laws fitt$ = navigation4444 ,if ! colony is locat$ 9 an inl& region1 a legislator mu/ provide = ! nature ( ! soil1 & = its degree ( f]tility4444 ,x is m especially 9 ! di/ribution ( prop]ty t ! wisdom ( legislation w appe>4 ,z a #cd g5]al rule1 & 9 e c\ntry1 :5 a new colony is f\nd$1 l& %\ld be giv5 to ea* man1 suffici5t = ! support ( 8 family4444 ,9 an uncultivat$ isl&1 :i* y are coloniz+ ) *ildr51 x w only be ne$ful to let ! g]ms ( tru? exp& 9 ! developm5ts ( reason6444 ,b :5 y e/abli% old p 9 a new c\ntry1 ! skill consi/s 9 only all[+ x ^? injuri\s op9ions & cu/oms :i* x is impossible to cure & correct4 ,if y wi% to prev5t !m f be+ p]petuat$1 y w act ^u ! ris+ g5]ation by a g5]al & public education ( ! *ildr54 ,a pr9ce or legislator ought nev] to f\nd a colony )\t previ\sly s5d+ wise m5 !re to in/ruct ! y\?4444 ,9 a new colony1 e facility is op5 to ! precautions ( ! legislator :o desires to purify ! tone & ! mann]s ( ! p4 ,if he has g5ius & virtue1 ! l&s & ! m5 t are at 8 disposal w inspire 8 s\l ) a plan ( society t a writ] c only vaguely trace1 & 9 a way t w\ld be subject to ! in/ability ( all hypo!ses1 :i* are v>i$ & complicat$ by an inf9ity ( circum/ances too difficult to =esee & to comb9e4 ,"o w\ld ?9k x 0 a pr(essor ( agriculture :o 0 say+ to 8 pupils ,! climate is ! only rule = ! agriculturi/4 ,8 res\rces dictate to him 8 duties4 ,! fir/ ?+ he has to consid] is 8 local position4 ,if he is on a clayey soil1 he mu/ d s & s4 ,if he has to cont5d ) s&1 ?is is ! way 9 :i* he mu/ set ab\t x4 ,e facility is op5 to ! agriculturi/ :o wi%es to cle> & improve 8 soil4 ,if he only has ! skill1 ! manure :i* he has at 8 disposal w sugge/ to him a plan ( op]ation1 :i* a pr(essor c only vaguely trace1 & 9 a way t w\ld be subject to ! unc]ta9ty ( all hypo!ses1 :i* v>y & are complicat$ by an #ce inf9ity ( circum/ances too difficult to =esee & to comb9e4 ,b1 oh6 sublime writ]s1 deign to rememb] sometimes t ?is clay1 ?is s&1 ?is manure1 ( :i* y are dispos+ 9 s arbitr>y a mann]1 are m51 y\r equals1 intellig5t & free be+s l y\rselves1 :o h receiv$ f ,god1 z y h1 ! faculty ( see+1 ( =esee+1 ( ?9k+1 & ( judg+ = !mselves6 ,,mably--7,he is suppos+ ! laws to be worn out by "t & by ! neglect ( security1 & cont9ues ?us73 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 we mu/ be conv9c$ t ! bonds ( ,gov]nm5t are slack4 ,give !m a new t5sion 7x is ! read] :o is address$71 & ! evil w be rem$i$4444 ,?9k less ( puni%+ ! faults ?an ( enc\rag+ ! virtues t y want4 ,by ?is me?od y w be/[ ^u y\r republic ! vigor ( y\?4 ,?r\gh ignorance ( ?is1 a free p has lo/ its lib]ty6 ,b if ! evil has made s mu* way t ! ord9>y magi/rates are unable to rem$y x effectually1 h rec\rse to an extraord9>y magi/racy1 ^: "t %\ld be %ort1 & its p[] consid]able4 ,! imag9ation ( ! citiz5s requires to be impress$4 ,9 ?is /yle he goes on ?r\gh tw5ty volumes4 ,!re 0 a "t :51 "u ! influ5ce ( tea*+ l ?is1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( classical education1 ev]yone 0 = plac+ himself beyond & above mank9d1 = ! sake ( arrang+1 organiz+1 & in/itut+ x 9 8 own way4 ,,condillac-- ,take ^u y\rself1 my "l1 ! "* ( ,lycurgus or ( ,solon4 ,be=e y f9i% read+ #cf ?is essay1 amuse y\rself ) giv+ laws to "s wild p 9 ,am]ica or 9 ,africa4 ,e/abli% ^! rov+ m5 9 fix$ dwell+s2 tea* !m to keep flocks4444 ,endeavor to develop ! social qualities t nature has implant$ 9 !m4444 ,make !m beg9 to practice ! duties ( humanity4444 ,cause ! pleasures ( ! passions to become di/a/eful to !m by puni%m5ts1 & y w see ^! b>b>ians1 ) e plan ( y\r legislation1 lose a vice & ga9 a virtue4 ,all ^! p h _h laws4 ,b few among !m h be5 happy4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because legislators h almo/ always be5 ignorant ( ! object ( society1 :i* is to unite families by a common int]e/4 ,imp>tiality 9 law consi/s 9 two ?+s1 9 e/abli%+ equality 9 ! =tunes & 9 ! dignity ( ! citiz5s4444 ,9 proportion to ! degree ( equality e/abli%$ by ! laws1 ! de>] w !y become to e citiz54 ,h[ c av>ice1 ambition1 dissipation1 idl5ess1 slo?1 envy1 hatr$1 or jeal\sy agitate m5 :o are equal 9 =tune & dignity1 & to :om ! laws leave no hope ( di/urb+ _! equality8 ,:at has be5 told y ( ! republic ( ,sp>ta ought to enlight5 y on ?is "q4 ,no o!r ,/ate has _h laws m 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( nature or ( equality4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies %\ld h look$ ^u ! human race z in]t matt]1 ready to receive ev]y?+--=m1 figure1 impulse1 movem5t1 & life1 f a great pr9ce1 or a great legislator1 or a great g5ius4 ,^! ages 7 re>$ 9 ! /udy ( antiquity2 & antiquity pres5ts ev]y:]e--9 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 ! #cg spectacle ( a few m5 mold+ mank9d accord+ to _! fancy1 & mank9d to ?is end enslav$ by =ce or by impo/ure4 ,& :at does ?is prove8 ,t because m5 & society are improvable1 error1 ignorance1 despotism1 slav]y1 & sup]/ition mu/ be m preval5t 9 e>ly times4 ,! mi/ake ( ! writ]s quot$ above is n t !y h ass]t$ ?is fact1 b t !y h propos$ x z a rule = ! admiration & imitation ( future g5]ations4 ,_! mi/ake has be51 ) an inconceivable abs5ce ( disc]nm5t1 & ^u ! fai? ( a pu]ile conv5tionalism1 t !y h admitt$ :at is inadmissible1 viz41 ! gr&eur1 dignity1 morality1 & well-be+ ( ! artificial societies ( ! anci5t _w2 !y h n und]/ood t "t produces & spreads enlight5m5t2 & t 9 proportion to ! increase ( enlight5m5t1 "r ceases to be upheld by =ce1 & society rega9s possession ( h]self4 ,&1 9 fact1 :at is ! political "w t we are endeavor+ to promote8 ,x is no o!r ?an ! in/9ctive ef=t ( e p t[>ds lib]ty4 ,& :at is lib]ty1 ^: "n c make e he>t beat1 & :i* c agitate ! _w1 b ! union ( all lib]ties1 ! lib]ty ( consci5ce1 ( education1 ( association1 ( ! press1 ( movem5t1 ( labor1 & ( ex*ange2 9 o!r words1 ! free ex]cise1 = all1 ( all ! in(f5sive faculties2 & aga91 9 o!r words1 ! de/ruction ( all despotisms1 ev5 ( legal despotism1 & ! r$uction ( law to its only rational sph]e1 :i* is to regulate ! individual "r ( legitimate def5se1 or to repress inju/ice8 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! human race1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is greatly ?w>t$1 p>ticul>ly 9 our c\ntry1 by ! fatal disposition1 result+ f classical tea*+ & common to all politicians1 ( plac+ !mselves beyond #ch mank9d1 to arrange1 organize1 & regulate x1 accord+ to _! fancy4 ,= :il/ society is /ruggl+ to realize lib]ty1 ! great m5 :o place !mselves at its head1 imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ?9k only ( subject+ x to ! philan?ropic despotism ( _! social inv5tions1 & mak+ x be> ) docility1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,r\sseau1 ! yoke ( public felicity z pictur$ 9 _! own imag9ations4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case 9 #aghi4 ,no soon] 0 ! old sy/em de/roy$ ?an society 0 to be submitt$ to o!r artificial arrangem5ts1 always ) ! same />t+ po9t--! omnipot5ce ( ! law4 ,,sa9t-,,j-- ,! legislator comm&s ! future4 ,x is = him to w = ! good ( mank9d4 ,x is = him to make m5 :at he wi%es !m to be4 ,,robespi]re-- ,! function ( ,gov]nm5t is to direct ! physical & moral p[]s ( ! nation t[>ds ! object ( its in/itution4 ,,billaud ,,v>5nes-- ,a p :o are to be re/or$ to lib]ty mu/ be =m$ anew4 ,anci5t prejudices mu/ be de/roy$1 antiquat$ cu/oms *ang$1 deprav$ affections correct$1 invet]ate vices eradicat$4 ,= ?is1 a /rong =ce & a vehem5t impulse w be necess>y4444 ,citiz5s1 ! inflexible au/]ity ( ,lycurgus creat$ ! firm basis ( ! ,sp>tan republic4 ,! feeble & tru/+ disposition ( ,solon plung$ ,a!ns into slav]y4 ,?is p>allel conta9s ! :ole sci5ce ( ,gov]nm5t4 #ci ,,lepelleti]-- ,consid]+ ! ext5t ( human degradation1 ,i am conv9c$--( ! necessity ( effect+ an entire reg5]ation ( ! race1 &1 if ,i may s express myself1 ( creat+ a new p4 ,m51 !re=e1 are no?+ b raw mat]ial4 ,x is n = !m to w _! own improvem5t4 ,!y are n capable ( x2 accord+ to ,sa9t-,j1 x is only ! legislator :o is4 ,m5 are m]ely to be :at he wills t !y %\ld be4 ,accord+ to ,robespi]re1 :o copies ,r\sseau lit]ally1 ! legislator is to beg9 by assign+ ! aim ( ! in/itutions ( ! nation4 ,aft] ?is1 ! ,gov]nm5t has only to direct all its physical & moral =ces t[>ds ?is end4 ,all ?is "t ! nation itself is to rema9 p]fectly passive2 & ,billaud ,v>5nes w\ld tea* u t x ought to h no prejudices1 affections1 nor wants1 b su* z are au?oriz$ by ! legislator4 ,he ev5 goes s f> z to say t ! inflexible au/]ity ( a man is ! basis ( a republic4 ,we h se5 t1 9 cases :]e ! evil is s great t ! ord9>y magi/rates are unable to rem$y x1 ,mably recomm5ds a dictator%ip1 to promote virtue4 ,h rec\rse1 says he1 to an extraord9>y magi/racy1 ^: "t %all be %ort1 & 8 p[] consid]able4 ,! imag9ation ( ! p requires to be impress$4 ,?is doctr9e has n be5 neglect$4 ,li/5 to ,robespi]re3 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,republican ,gov]nm5t is virtue1 & ! means to be adopt$1 dur+ its e/abli%m5t1 is t]ror4 ,we want to sub/itute1 9 our c\ntry1 morality = self-indulg5ce1 probity = honor1 pr9ciples = cu/oms1 duties = decorum1 ! empire ( reason = ! tyranny ( #dj fa%ion1 contempt ( vice = contempt ( mis=tune1 pride = insol5ce1 greatness ( s\l = vanity1 love ( glory = love ( money1 good p = good company1 m]it = intrigue1 g5ius = wit1 tru? = glitt]1 ! *>m ( happ9ess = ! we>9ess ( pleasure1 ! greatness ( man = ! littl5ess ( ! great1 a magnanim\s1 p[]ful1 happy p1 = "o t is easy1 frivol\s1 degrad$2 t is to say1 we w\ld sub/itute all ! virtues & miracles ( a republic = all ! vices & absurdities ( mon>*y4 ,at :at a va/ height above ! re/ ( mank9d does ,robespi]re place himself "h6 ,& obs]ve ! arrogance ) :i* he speaks4 ,he is n cont5t ) express+ a desire = a great r5ovation ( ! human he>t1 he does n ev5 expect su* a result f a regul> ,gov]nm5t4 ,no2 he int5ds to effect x himself1 & by means ( t]ror4 ,! object ( ! disc\rse f :i* ?is pu]ile & labori\s mass ( anti!sis is extract$1 0 to exhibit ! pr9ciples ( morality t ought to direct a revolution>y ,gov]nm5t4 ,moreov]1 :5 ,robespi]re asks = a dictator%ip1 x is n m]ely = ! purpose ( repell+ a =eign enemy1 or ( putt+ d[n factions2 x is t he may e/abli%1 by means ( t]ror & z a prelim9>y to ! op]ation ( ! ,con/itution1 8 own pr9ciples ( morality4 ,he pret5ds to no?+ %ort ( extirpat+ f ! c\ntry by means ( t]ror1 self-int]e/1 honor1 cu/oms1 decorum1 fa%ion1 vanity1 ! love ( money1 good company1 intrigue1 wit1 luxury1 & mis]y4 ,x is n until aft] he1 ,robespi]re1 %all h accompli%$ ^! miracles1 z he rightly calls !m1 t he w all[ ! law to rega9 h] empire4 ,truly x w\ld be well if ^! vision>ies1 :o ?9k s mu* ( !mselves & s little ( mank9d1 :o want to #da r5ew ev]y?+1 w\ld only be cont5t ) try+ to re=m !mselves1 ! task w\ld be ardu\s en\gh = !m4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ^! g5tlem51 ! re=m]s1 legislators1 & politicians1 d n desire to ex]cise an imm$iate despotism ov] mank9d4 ,no1 !y are too mod]ate & too philan?ropic = t4 ,!y only cont5d = ! despotism1 ! absolutism1 ! omnipot5ce ( ! law4 ,!y aspire only to make ! law4 ,to %[ h[ univ]sal ?is /range disposition has be5 9 ,france1 ,i _h ne$ n only to h copi$ ! :ole ( ! works ( ,mably1 ,raynal1 ,r\sseau1 ,f5elon1 & to h made long extracts f ,bossuet & ,montesquieu1 b to h giv5 ! entire transactions ( ! sitt+s ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,i %all d no su* ?+1 h[ev]1 b m]ely ref] ! read] to !m4 ,no wond] ?is idea suit$ ,bonap>te s well4 ,he embrac$ x ) ardor1 & put x 9 practice ) en]gy4 ,play+ ! "p ( a *emi/1 ,europe 0 to him ! mat]ial = 8 exp]im5ts4 ,b ?is mat]ial react$ aga9/ him4 ,m ?an half undeceiv$1 ,bonap>te1 at ,/4 ,hel5a1 seem$ to admit t !re is an initiative 9 e p1 & he became less ho/ile to lib]ty4 ,yet ?is did n prev5t him f giv+ ?is lesson to 8 son 9 8 w--,to gov]n is to diffuse morality1 education1 & well-be+4 ,aft] all ?is1 ,i h>dly ne$ %[1 by fa/idi\s quotations1 ! op9ions ( ,morelly1 ,babeuf1 ,ow51 ,sa9t ,simon1 & ,f\ri]4 ,i %all conf9e myself to a few extracts f ,l\is ,blanc's book on ! organization ( labor4 ,9 our project1 society receives ! impulse ( p[]4 ,9 :at does ! impulse t p[] gives to society consi/8 ,9 impos+ ^u x ! project ( ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc4 #db ,on ! o!r h&1 society is ! human race4 ,! human race1 !n1 is to receive its impulse f ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc4 ,x is at lib]ty to d s or n1 x w be said4 ,( c\rse ! human race is at lib]ty to take advice f anybody1 :oev] x may be4 ,b ?is is n ! way 9 :i* ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc und]/&s ! ?+4 ,he means t 8 project %\ld be conv]t$ into law1 & consequ5tly =cibly impos$ by p[]4 ,9 our project1 ! ,/ate has only to give a legislation to labor1 by means ( :i* ! indu/rial movem5t may & ought to be accompli%$ 9 all lib]ty4 ,x 7! ,/ate7 m]ely places society on an incl9e 7t is all7 t x may desc5d1 :5 once x is plac$ !re1 by ! m]e =ce ( ?+s1 & by ! natural c\rse ( ! e/abli%$ me*anism4 ,b :at is ?is incl9e8 ,"o indicat$ by ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc4 ,does x n lead to an abyss8 ,no1 x leads to happ9ess4 ,:y1 !n1 does n society g !re ( itself8 ,because x does n "k :at x wants1 & x requires an impulse4 ,:at is to give x ?is impulse8 ,p[]4 ,& :o is to give ! impulse to p[]8 ,! inv5tor ( ! ma*9e1 ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc4 ,we %all nev] get out ( ?is circle--mank9d passive1 & a great man mov+ x by ! int]v5tion ( ! law4 ,once on ?is incl9e1 w society enjoy some?+ l lib]ty8 ,)\t a d\bt4 ,& :at is lib]ty8 ,once = all3 lib]ty consi/s n only 9 ! "r grant$1 b 9 ! p[] giv5 to man to ex]cise1 to develop 8 faculties "u ! empire ( ju/ice1 & "u ! protection ( ! law4 ,& ?is is no va9 di/9ction2 !re is a deep mean+ 9 x1 & its consequ5ces are impond]able4 ,= #dc :5 once x is admitt$ t man1 to be truly free1 mu/ h ! p[] to ex]cise & develop 8 faculties1 x foll[s t e memb] ( society has a claim ^u x = su* education z %all enable 8 faculties to display !mselves1 & = ! tools ( labor1 )\t :i* human activity c f9d no scope4 ,n[1 by ^: int]v5tion is society to give to ea* ( its memb]s ! requisite education & ! necess>y tools ( labor1 unless by t ( ! ,/ate8 ,?us1 lib]ty is p[]4 ,9 :at does ?is p[] consi/8 ,9 possess+ education & tools ( labor4 ,:o is to give education & tools ( labor8 ,society1 :o owes !m4 ,by ^: int]v5tion is society to give tools ( labor to ^? :o d n possess !m8 ,by ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate4 ,f :om is ! ,/ate to obta9 !m8 ,x is = ! read] to answ] ?is "q1 & to notice :i!r all ?is t5ds4 ,"o ( ! /range/ ph5om5a ( our "t1 & "o t w probably be a matt] ( a/oni%m5t to our desc5dants1 is ! doctr9e :i* is f\nd$ ^u ?is triple hypo!sis3 ! radical passiv5ess ( mank9d1--! omnipot5ce ( ! law1--! infallibility ( ! legislator3 ?is is ! sacr$ symbol ( ! p>ty t proclaims itself exclusively democratic4 ,x is true t x pr(esses also to be social4 ,s f> z x is democratic1 x has an unlimit$ fai? 9 mank9d4 ,s f> z x is social1 x places mank9d b5ea? ! mud4 ,are political rights "u discussion8 ,is a legislator to be *os58 ,oh1 !n ! p possess sci5ce by in/9ct3 !y are gift$ ) an admirable disc]nm5t2 _! w is always "r2 ! g5]al w _c err4 ,suffrage _c #dd be too univ]sal4 ,nobody is "u any responsibility to society4 ,! w & ! capacity to *oose well are tak5 = grant$4 ,c ! p be mi/ak58 ,are we n liv+ 9 an age ( enlight5m5t8 ,:at6 ,are ! p to be =ev] l$ ab\t by ! nose8 ,h !y n acquir$ _! rights at ! co/ ( ef=t & sacrifice8 ,h !y n giv5 suffici5t pro( ( intellig5ce & wisdom8 ,are !y n arriv$ at maturity8 ,are !y n 9 a /ate to judge = !mselves8 ,d !y n "k _! own int]e/8 ,is !re a man or a class :o w\ld d>e to claim ! "r ( putt+ himself 9 ! place ( ! p1 ( decid+ & ( act+ = !m8 ,no1 no2 ! p w\ld be free1 & !y %all be s4 ,!y wi% to conduct _! own affairs1 & !y %all d s4 ,b :5 once ! legislator is duly elect$1 !n inde$ ! /yle ( 8 spee* alt]s4 ,! nation is s5t back into passiv5ess1 in]tness1 no?+ness1 & ! legislator takes possession ( omnipot5ce4 ,x is = him to inv5t1 = him to direct1 = him to impel1 = him to organize4 ,mank9d has no?+ to d b to submit2 ! h\r ( despotism has /ruck4 ,& we mu/ obs]ve t ?is is decisive2 = ! p1 j be=e s enlight5$1 s moral1 s p]fect1 h no incl9ations at all1 or1 if !y h any1 ^! all lead !m d[nw>ds t[>ds degradation4 ,& yet !y ought to h a little lib]ty6 ,b are we n assur$ by ,mr4 ,consid]ant t lib]ty leads fatally to monopoly8 ,are we n told t lib]ty is competition8 & t competition1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc1 is a sy/em ( ext]m9ation = ! p1 & ( ru9ation = trade8 ,= t reason p are ext]m9at$ & ru9$ 9 proportion z !y are free--take1 = example1 ,switz]l&1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,does n ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc tell u aga9 t competition #de leads to monopoly1 & t1 = ! same reason1 *eapness leads to exorbitant prices8 ,t competition t5ds to dra9 ! s\rces ( consumption1 & div]ts production to a de/ructive activity8 ,t competition =ces production to increase1 & consumption to decrease--:5ce x foll[s t free p produce = ! sake ( n consum+2 t !re is no?+ b oppression & madness among !m2 & t x is absolutely necess>y = ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc to see to x8 ,:at sort ( lib]ty %\ld be all[$ to m58 ,lib]ty ( consci5ce8--,b we %\ld see !m all pr(it+ by ! p]mission to become a!i/s4 ,lib]ty ( education8--,b p>5ts w\ld be pay+ pr(essors to tea* _! sons immorality & error2 besides1 if we are to believe ,mr4 ,?i]s1 education1 if left to ! national lib]ty1 w\ld cease to be national1 & we %\ld be educat+ our *ildr5 9 ! ideas ( ! ,turks or ,h9dus1 in/ead ( :i*1 ?anks to ! legal despotism ( ! univ]sities1 !y h ! good =tune to be educat$ 9 ! noble ideas ( ! ,romans4 ,lib]ty ( labor8 ,b ?is is only competition1 ^: effect is to leave all products unconsum$1 to ext]m9ate ! p1 & to ru9 ! tradesm54 ,! lib]ty ( ex*ange8 ,b x is well kn[n t ! protectioni/s h %[n1 ov] & ov] aga91 t a man w inevitably be ru9$ :5 he ex*anges freely1 & t to become ri* x is necess>y to ex*ange )\t lib]ty4 ,lib]ty ( association8 ,b accord+ to ! sociali/ doctr9e1 lib]ty & association exclude ea* o!r1 = ! lib]ty ( m5 is attack$ j to =ce !m to associate4 ,y mu/ see1 !n1 t ! sociali/ democrats _c 9 consci5ce all[ m5 any lib]ty1 because1 by _! own #df nature1 !y t5d 9 e in/ance to all k9ds ( degradation & demoralization4 ,we are !re=e left to conjecture1 9 ?is case1 ^u :at f\ndation univ]sal suffrage is claim$ = !m ) s mu* importunity4 ,! pret5sions ( organiz]s sugge/ ano!r "q1 :i* ,i h (t5 ask$ !m1 & to :i* ,i am n aw>e t ,i ev] receiv$ an answ]3 ,s9ce ! natural t5d5cies ( mank9d are s bad t x is n safe to all[ !m lib]ty1 h[ comes x to pass t ! t5d5cies ( organiz]s are always good8 ,d n ! legislators & _! ag5ts =m a "p ( ! human race8 ,d !y consid] t !y are compos$ ( diff]5t mat]ials f ! re/ ( mank9d8 ,!y say t society1 :5 left to itself1 ru%es to inevitable de/ruction1 because its in/9cts are p]v]se4 ,!y presume to /op x 9 its d[nw>d c\rse1 & to give x a bett] direction4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 receiv$ f heav51 intellig5ce & virtues t place !m beyond & above mank9d3 let !m %[ _! title to ?is sup]iority4 ,!y w\ld be our %eph]ds1 & we are to be _! flock4 ,?is arrangem5t presupposes 9 !m a natural sup]iority1 ! "r to :i* we are fully ju/ifi$ 9 call+ ^u !m to prove4 ,y mu/ obs]ve t ,i am n cont5d+ aga9/ _! "r to inv5t social comb9ations1 to propagate !m1 to recomm5d !m1 & to try !m ^u !mselves1 at _! own exp5se & risk2 b ,i d dispute _! "r to impose !m ^u u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! law1 t is1 by =ce & by public taxes4 ,i w\ld n insi/ ^u ! ,cabeti/s1 ! ,f\ri]i/s1 ! ,pr\dhonians1 ! ,academics1 & ! ,protectioni/s r5\nc+ _! own p>ticul> ideas2 ,i w\ld only h !m r5\nce ! idea t is common to !m all--viz41 #dg t ( subject+ u by =ce to _! own categories & rank+s to _! social laboratories1 to _! ev]-inflat+ bank1 to _! ,greco-,roman morality1 & to _! comm]cial re/rictions4 ,i w\ld ask !m to all[ u ! faculty ( judg+ ( _! plans1 & n to oblige u to adopt !m if we f9d t !y hurt our int]e/s or are repugnant to our consci5ces4 ,to presume to h rec\rse to p[] & taxation1 besides be+ oppressive & unju/1 implies fur!r1 ! p]nici\s assumption t ! organiz$ is infallible1 & mank9d incompet5t4 ,& if mank9d is n compet5t to judge = itself1 :y d !y talk s mu* ab\t univ]sal suffrage8 ,?is contradiction 9 ideas is unhappily to be f\nd also 9 facts2 & :il/ ! ,fr5* nation has prec$$ all o!rs 9 obta9+ its rights1 or r its political claims1 ?is has by no means prev5t$ x f be+ m gov]n$1 & direct$1 & impos$ ^u1 & fett]$1 & *eat$1 ?an any o!r nation4 ,x is also ! "o1 ( all o!rs1 :]e revolutions are con/antly to be dread$1 & x is p]fectly natural t x %\ld be s4 ,s long z ?is idea is reta9$1 :i* is admitt$ by all our politicians1 & s en]getically express$ by ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc 9 ^! words--,society receives its impulse f p[]1 s long z m5 consid] !mselves z capable ( feel+1 yet passive--incapable ( rais+ !mselves by _! own disc]nm5t & by _! own en]gy to any morality1 or well-be+1 & :ile !y expect ev]y?+ f ! law2 9 a ^w1 :ile !y admit t _! relations ) ! ,/ate are ! same z ^? ( ! flock ) ! %eph]d1 x is cle> t ! responsibility ( p[] is imm5se4 ,=tune & mis=tune1 weal? & de/itution1 equality & inequality all proce$ f x4 ,x is *>g$ #dh ) ev]y?+1 x und]takes ev]y?+1 x does ev]y?+2 !re=e x has to answ] = ev]y?+4 ,if we are happy1 x has a "r to claim our gratitude2 b if we are mis]able1 x alone mu/ be> ! blame4 ,are n our p]sons & prop]ty 9 fact1 at its disposal8 ,is n ! law omnipot5t8 ,9 creat+ ! educational monopoly1 x has und]tak5 to answ] ! expectations ( fa!rs ( families :o h be5 depriv$ ( lib]ty2 & if ^! expectations are disappo9t$1 ^: fault is x8 ,9 regulat+ indu/ry1 x has und]tak5 to make x prosp]1 o!rwise x w\ld h be5 absurd to deprive x ( its lib]ty2 & if x suff]s1 ^: fault is x8 ,9 pret5d+ to adju/ ! balance ( comm]ce by ! game ( t>iffs1 x und]takes to make comm]ce prosp]2 & if1 s f> f prosp]+1 x is de/roy$1 ^: fault is x8 ,9 grant+ its protection to m>itime armam5ts 9 ex*ange = _! lib]ty1 x has und]tak5 to r5d] !m self-suffici5t2 if !y become burd5some1 ^: fault is x8 ,?us1 !re is n a grievance 9 ! nation = :i* ! ,gov]nm5t does n volunt>ily make itself responsible4 ,is x any wond] t e failure ?reat5s to cause a revolution8 ,& :at is ! rem$y propos$8 ,to ext5d indef9itely ! dom9ion ( ! law1 i4e41 ! responsibility ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,b if ! ,gov]nm5t und]takes to raise & to regulate wages1 & is n able to d x2 if x und]takes to assi/ all ^? :o are 9 want1 & is n able to d x2 if x und]takes to provide "w = e labor]1 & is n able to d x2 if x und]takes to (f] to all :o wi% to borr[1 easy cr$it1 & is n able to d x2 if1 9 words t we regret %\ld h escap$ ! p5 ( ,mr4 de ,lam>t9e1 ! ,/ate consid]s t its mission is to enlight51 to #di develop1 to enl>ge1 to /r5g!n1 to spiritualize1 & to sanctify ! s\l ( ! p--if x fails 9 ?is1 is x n obvi\s t aft] e disappo9tm5t1 :i*1 alas6 is m ?an probable1 !re w be a no less inevitable revolution8 ,i %all n[ resume ! subject by rem>k+1 t imm$iately aft] ! economical "p #d ( ! "q1 & be=e ! political "p1 a lead+ "q pres5ts itself4 ,x is ! foll[+3 ,:at is law8 ,:at ought x to be8 ,:at is its doma98 ,:at are its limits8 ,:]e1 9 fact1 does ! pr]ogative ( ! legislator /op8 ,i h no hesitation 9 answ]+1 ,law is common =ce organiz$ to prev5t inju/ice2--9 %ort1 ,law is ,ju/ice4 ,x is n true t ! legislator has absolute p[] ov] our p]sons & prop]ty1 s9ce !y pre-exi/1 & 8 "w is only to secure !m f injury4 ,x is n true t ! mission ( ! law is to regulate our consci5ces1 our ideas1 our w1 our education1 our s5tim5ts1 our works1 our ex*anges1 our gifts1 our enjoym5ts4 ,its mission is to prev5t ! rights ( "o f int]f]+ ) ^? ( ano!r1 9 any "o ( ^! ?+s4 ,law1 because x has =ce = its necess>y sanction1 c only h ! doma9 ( =ce1 :i* is ju/ice4 ,& z e individual has a "r to h rec\rse to =ce only 9 cases ( lawful def5se1 s collective =ce1 s :i* is only ! union #ej ( individual =ces1 _c be rationally us$ = any o!r end4 ,! law1 !n1 is solely ! organization ( individual rights t exi/$ be=e law4 ,law is ju/ice4 ,s f> f be+ able to oppress ! p1 or to plund] _! prop]ty1 ev5 = a philan?ropic end1 its mission is to protect ! p1 & to secure to !m ! possession ( _! prop]ty4 ,x mu/ n be said1 ei!r1 t x may be philan?ropic1 s long z x ab/a9s f all oppression2 = ?is is a contradiction4 ,! law _c avoid act+ ^u our p]sons & prop]ty2 if x does n secure !m1 !n x violates !m if x t\*es !m4 ,! law is ju/ice4 ,no?+ c be m cle> & simple1 m p]fectly def9$ & b\nd$1 or m visible to e eye2 = ju/ice is a giv5 quantity1 immutable & un*angeable1 & :i* admits ( nei!r increase or dim9ution4 ,dep>t f ?is po9t1 make ! law religi\s1 frat]nal1 equaliz+1 indu/rial1 lit]>y1 or arti/ic1 & y w be lo/ 9 vagu5ess & unc]ta9ty2 y w be ^u unkn[n gr\nd1 9 a =c$ ,utopia1 or1 :at is worse1 9 ! mid/ ( a multitude ( cont5d+ ,utopias1 ea* /riv+ to ga9 possession ( ! law1 & to impose x ^u y2 = frat]nity & philan?ropy h no fix$ limits1 z ju/ice has4 ,:]e w y /op8 ,:]e is ! law to /op8 ,"o p]son1 ,mr4 de ,sa9t ,cricq1 w only ext5d 8 philan?ropy to "s ( ! indu/rial classes1 & w require ! law to slight ! consum]s 9 favor ( ! produc]s4 ,ano!r1 l ,mr4 ,considrant1 w take up ! cause ( ! work+ classes1 & claim = !m by means ( ! law1 at a fix$ rate1 clo?+1 lodg+1 food1 & #ea ev]y?+ necess>y = ! support ( life4 ,a ?ird1 ,mr4 ,l\is ,blanc1 w say1 & ) reason1 t ?is w\ld be an incomplete frat]nity1 & t ! law ought to provide !m ) tools ( labor & education4 ,a f\r? w obs]ve t su* an arrangem5t /ill leaves room = inequality1 & t ! law ought to introduce into ! mo/ remote hamlets luxury1 lit]ature1 & ! arts4 ,?is is ! high road to communism2 9 o!r words1 legislation w be--z x n[ is--! battlefield = ev]ybody's dreams & ev]ybody's covet\sness4 ,law is ju/ice4 ,9 ?is proposition we repres5t to ourselves a simple1 immovable ,gov]nm5t4 ,& ,i defy anyone to tell me :5ce ! ?\ght ( a revolution1 an insurrection1 or a simple di/urbance c\ld arise aga9/ a public =ce conf9$ to ! repression ( inju/ice4 ,"u su* a sy/em1 !re w\ld be m well-be+1 & ?is well-be+ w\ld be m equally di/ribut$2 & z to ! suff]+s insep>able f humanity1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( accus+ ! ,gov]nm5t ( !m1 = x w\ld be z innoc5t ( !m z x is ( ! v>iations ( ! temp]ature4 ,h ! p ev] be5 kn[n to rise aga9/ ! c\rt ( appeals1 or assail ! ju/ices ( ! peace1 = ! sake ( claim+ ! rate ( wages1 free cr$it1 tools ( labor1 ! advantages ( ! t>iff1 or ! social work%op8 ,!y "k p]fectly well t ^! matt]s are beyond ! jurisdiction ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace1 & !y w\ld soon le>n t !y are n )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! law q z mu*4 ,b if ! law 7 to be made ^u ! pr9ciple ( frat]nity1 if x 7 to be proclaim$ t f x proce$ all b5efits & all evils--t x is responsible = e individual grievance & = e social inequality--!n #eb y op5 ! door to an endless succession ( compla9ts1 irritations1 tr\bles1 & revolutions4 ,law is ju/ice4 ,& x w\ld be v /range if x c\ld prop]ly be any?+ else6 ,is n ju/ice "r8 ,are n rights equal8 ,) :at %[ ( "r c ! law int]f]e to subject me to ! social plans ( ,messrs4 ,mim]el1 de ,melun1 ,?i]s1 or ,l\is ,blanc1 r ?an to subject ^! g5tlem5 to my plans8 ,is x to be suppos$ t ,nature has n be/[$ ^u me suffici5t imag9ation to inv5t a ,utopia too8 ,is x = ! law to make *oice ( "o among/ s _m fancies1 & to make use ( ! public =ce 9 its s]vice8 ,law is ju/ice4 ,& let x n be said1 z x cont9ually is1 t ! law1 9 ?is s5se1 w\ld be a!i/ic1 individual1 & he>tless1 & t x w\ld mold mank9d 9 its own image4 ,?is is an absurd conclusion1 q wor?y ( ! gov]nm5tal infatuation :i* sees mank9d 9 ! law4 ,:at !n8 ,does x foll[ t if we are free1 we %all cease to act8 ,does x foll[ t if we d n receive an impulse f ! law1 we %all receive no impulse at all8 ,does x foll[ t if ! law conf9es itself to secur+ to u ! free ex]cise ( our faculties1 our faculties w be p>alyz$8 ,does x foll[1 t if ! law does n impose ^u u =ms ( religion1 modes ( association1 me?ods ( education1 rules = labor1 directions = ex*ange1 & plans = *>ity1 we %all plunge headlong into a!ism1 isolation1 ignorance1 mis]y1 & gre$8 ,does x foll[1 t we %all no long] recognize ! p[] & goodness ( ,god2 t we %all cease to associate toge!r1 to help ea* o!r1 to love & assi/ our un=tunate bre?r51 to #ec /udy ! secrets ( nature1 & to aspire aft] p]fection 9 our exi/5ce8 ,law is ju/ice4 ,& x is "u ! law ( ju/ice1 "u ! reign ( "r1 "u ! influ5ce ( lib]ty1 security1 /ability1 & responsibility1 t e man w atta9 to ! fullness ( 8 wor?1 to all ! dignity ( 8 be+1 & t mank9d w accompli% ) ord] & ) calmness--sl[ly1 x is true1 b ) c]ta9ty--! progress orda9$ = x4 ,i believe t my !ory is correct2 = :atev] be ! "q ^u :i* ,i am argu+1 :e!r x be religi\s1 philosophical1 political1 or economical2 :e!r x affects well-be+1 morality1 equality1 "r1 ju/ice1 progress1 responsibility1 prop]ty1 labor1 ex*ange1 capital1 wages1 taxes1 population1 cr$it1 or ,gov]nm5t2 at :atev] po9t ( ! sci5tific horizon ,i />t f1 ,i inv>iably come to ! same ?+--! solution ( ! social problem is 9 lib]ty4 ,& h ,i n exp]i5ce on my side8 ,ca/ y\r eye ov] ! globe4 ,:i* are ! happie/1 ! mo/ moral1 & ! mo/ peaceable nations8 ,^? :]e ! law int]f]es ! lea/ ) private activity2 :]e ! ,gov]nm5t is ! lea/ felt2 :]e individuality has ! mo/ scope1 & public op9ion ! mo/ influ5ce2 :]e ! ma*9]y ( ! adm9i/ration is ! lea/ important & ! lea/ complicat$2 :]e taxation is lighte/ & lea/ unequal1 popul> discont5t ! lea/ excit$ & ! lea/ ju/ifiable2 :]e ! responsibility ( individuals & classes is ! mo/ active1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 if morals are n 9 a p]fect /ate1 at any rate !y t5d incessantly to correct !mselves2 :]e transactions1 meet+s1 & associations are ! lea/ fett]$2 :]e labor1 capital1 & production suff] ! lea/ f artificial #ed displacem5ts2 :]e mank9d foll[s mo/ completely its own natural c\rse2 :]e ! ?\ght ( ,god prevails ! mo/ ov] ! inv5tions ( m52 ^?1 9 %ort1 :o realize ! mo/ ne>ly ?is idea t )9 ! limits ( "r1 all %\ld fl[ f ! free1 p]fectible1 & volunt>y action ( man2 no?+ be attempt$ by ! law or by =ce1 except ! adm9i/ration ( univ]sal ju/ice4 ,i _c avoid com+ to ?is conclusion--t !re are too _m great m5 9 ! _w2 !re are too _m legislators1 organiz]s1 in/itutors ( society1 conductors ( ! p1 fa!rs ( nations1 etc41 etc4 ,too _m p]sons place !mselves above mank9d1 to rule & patronize x2 too _m p]sons make a trade ( look+ aft] x4 ,x w be answ]$--,y y\rself are occupi$ ^u x all ?is "t4 ,v true4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t x is 9 ano!r s5se entirely t ,i am speak+2 & if ,i jo9 ! re=m]s x is solely = ! purpose ( induc+ !m to relax _! hold4 ,i am n do+ z ,vaucauson did ) 8 automaton1 b z a physiologi/ does ) ! human frame2 ,i w\ld /udy & admire x4 ,i am act+ ) reg>d to x 9 ! _s t animat$ a celebrat$ travel]4 ,he f\nd himself 9 ! mid/ ( a savage tribe4 ,a *ild _h j be5 born1 & a cr[d ( soo?say]s1 magicians1 & quacks 7 ar\nd x1 arm$ ) r+s1 hooks1 & b&ages4 ,"o said--,?is *ild w nev] smell ! p]fume ( a calumet1 unless ,i /ret* 8 no/rils4 ,ano!r said--,he w be )\t ! s5se ( he>+1 unless ,i draw 8 e>s d[n to 8 %\ld]s4 ,a ?ird said--,he w nev] see ! light ( ! sun1 unless ,i give 8 eyes an oblique direction4 ,a f\r? said--,he w nev] be upright1 unless ,i b5d 8 legs4 ,a fif? said--,he w n be able to ?9k1 unless ,i press 8 #ee bra94 ,/op6 said ! travel]4 ,:atev] ,god does1 is well done2 d n pret5d to "k m ?an ,he2 & z ,he has giv5 organs to ?is frail creature1 all[ ^? organs to develop !mselves1 to /r5g!n !mselves by ex]cise1 use1 exp]i5ce1 & lib]ty4 ,god has implant$ 9 mank9d also all t is necess>y to enable x to accompli% its de/9ies4 ,!re is a provid5tial social physiology1 z well z a provid5tial human physiology4 ,! social organs are con/itut$ s z to enable !m to develop h>moni\sly 9 ! gr& air ( lib]ty4 ,away1 !n1 ) quacks & organiz]s6 ,away ) _! r+s1 & _! *a9s1 & _! hooks1 & _! p9c]s6 ,away ) _! artificial me?ods6 ,away ) _! social laboratories1 _! gov]nm5tal :ims1 _! c5tralization1 _! t>iffs1 _! univ]sities1 _! ,/ate religions1 _! inflation>y or monopoliz+ banks1 _! limitations1 _! re/rictions1 _! moralizations1 & _! equalization by taxation6 ,& n[1 aft] hav+ va9ly inflict$ ^u ! social body s _m sy/ems1 let !m end :]e !y ought to h begun--reject all sy/ems1 & try lib]ty--lib]ty1 :i* is an act ( fai? 9 ,god & 9 ,8 "w4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahej4 ,footnote #b3 ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,manufactures1 ,agriculture1 & ,comm]ce1 #f? ( ,may1 #ahej4 ,footnote #c3 ,if protection 7 only grant$ 9 ,france to a s+le class1 to ! eng9e]s1 = in/ance1 x w\ld be s absurdly plund]+1 z to be unable to ma9ta9 itself4 ,?us we see all ! protect$ trades comb9e1 make common cause1 & ev5 recruit !mselves 9 su* a way z to appe> to embrace ! mass ( ! national labor4 ,!y feel in/9ctively t plund] is slurr$ ov] by be+ g5]aliz$4 ,footnote #d3 ,political economy prec$es politics3 ! =m] has to discov] :e!r human int]e/s are h>moni\s or antagoni/ic1 a fact :i* mu/ be settl$ be=e ! latt] c det]m9e ! pr]ogatives ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,,index ,action1 human4 ,see ,individualism2 ,mank9d ,agriculture analogy to society1 #ce ,p]sian1 #bf ,antiquity4 ,see ,greece2 ,rome ,au?ority4 ,see ,gov]nm5t ,begg>s1 #aa ,billaud-,v>5nes1 ,jean ,nicolas1 #ch ,blanc1 ,l\is competition1 #de doctr9e1 #db1 #dc =ce ( society1 #dg1 #dh labor1 #db law1 #ej1 #eb ,bonap>te1 ,napoleon1 #da ,bossuet1 ,jacques ,bnigne1 #be1 #bf ,cabeti/s1 #df1 #dg ,capital displacem5t1 #b ,c>li]1 ,pi]re1 #ac ,c>?age1 #cb ,*>ity1 vii1 #e1 #ag ,see also ,weal?1 equality (2 ,welf>e ,classical /udies1 #be1 #bf1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch ,collectivism1 #b1 #c ,see also ,gov]nm5t ,communism1 #ah ,competition mean+1 #de results1 #de ,condillac1 ti5ne ,bonnot de1 #ce1 #ch ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 #bd ,conv5tionality1 #cg ,crete1 #bh ,def5se "r (1 #b1 #c1 #cg1 #di1 #ej ,democracy1 vi1 #dc1 #dd ,democrats1 #dc ,dictator%ip1 vii1 #ci1 #dj ,disposition1 fatal1 #e1 #cg1 #ch ,di/ribution1 #cc1 #cd ,dole1 #aj1 #aa ,see also ,welf>e ,dup91 ,*>les1 #ac ,education classical1 #bf1 #ch controll$1 #cc ,greek1 #bf #eg #eh lib]ty 91 #dd free1 #ba1 #bb gov]nm5t provid$1 #bb1 #dh ,egypt1 #be1 #bf1 #bg ,elections1 #dc1 #dd ,see also ,vot+ ,employm5t assign$1 #bf ,see also ,labor ,equality ( weal?1 #aa1 #bj1 #bi1 #cf ,fnelon1 ,franois de ,salignac de ,la ,mo! antiquity1 #bg1 #bi ,telema*us1 #bg ,=ce common or collective1 #b1 #c individual1 #b1 #c motive1 ( society1 #dj1 #dc ,see also ,gov]nm5t2 ,law ,=c$ con=mity1 viii ,f\ri]1 ,franois ,m>ie ,*>les1 #da ,f\ri]i/s1 #df ,france revolutions1 #dg ,frat]nity legally en=c$1 #af1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb ,fraud1 #ac1 #ad ,fre$om4 ,see ,lib]ty ,fr5* ,revolution1 #ch public s]vices1 #aj1 #aa purpose (1 v relax$1 #ce republican1 #cj1 #ci responsibility &1 #c1 #dg1 #dh1 #ea results1 #bh /ability1 #ca virtue1 #ci ,see also ,communism1 ,socialism ,greece education1 #bf law1 #bf1 #bg republic1 #bi1 #cj ,sp>ta1 #cb1 #cf1 #ch ,gre$1 #e ,happ9ess ( ! gov]n$1 #bh ,hi/ory1 #e ,humanity lo/1 #ai1 #bj ,imports4 ,see ,trade ,individualism1 #c ,indu/ry1 protect$4 ,see ,protectionism ,jobs4 ,see ,employm5t ,ju/ice & inju/ice1 di/9ction betwe51 #g g5]aliz$1 #g immutable1 #di1 #ej int5tions &1 #ag1 #ah law &1 #c1 #f1 #di reign+1 #ai ,g5]al welf>e1 #ai ,gov]nm5t ,am]ican ideal (1 v corrupt+ education by1 vi democratic1 #bi1 #dc1 #dd education1 #bc1 #dh =ce1 #b1 #c function1 #ch monopoly1 #de morality1 #ci motive =ce1 #dj1 #dc p[]1 v1 #dg ,labor displac$1 #d ,l&4 ,see ,prop]ty ,law ,cretan1 #bh def9$1 #b1 #af #ei ,egyptian1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh frat]nity &1 #ag functions1 #af1 #ca1 #cc1 #di1 #ej ,greek1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi ju/ice &1 #c1 #d1 #af1 #ea morality &1 #g1 #ba motive =ce1 #be object (1 #ai omnipot5ce1 #dd1 #di ,p]sian1 #bf p]v]t$1 v1 #a1 #e philan?ropic1 #ag plund] &1 #e1 #ac po/]ior & inf]ior1 #b1 #c respect =1 #g1 #i ,r\sseau's views1 #ca1 #cc1 #ch _s (1 #cb /udy (1 #be ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ab ,see also ,legislation ,lam>t9e1 ,alphonse ,m>ie ,l\is de1 frat]nity1 #ag gov]nm5t p[]1 #dh1 #di ,lawgiv]1 #ch1 #dc ,legislation conflict 91 #cb monopoly on1 #e /ruggle = control (1 #aa1 #ab univ]sal "r (1 #g ,see also ,law ,legislator4 ,see ,lawgiv]2 ,politicians ,lepleti]1 ,l\is ,mi*el de ,sa9t ,f>geau1 #ci ,lib]ty competition &1 #dd1 #de def9$1 #db d5i$1 #dd1 #de describ$1 #ec education &1 #dd1 #de individual1 #c z p[]1 #dc return$ to1 #ee seek+1 #ch ,life1 faculties (1 #a ,l\is ,,xiv #bg ,lycurgus gov]nm5t1 #cj1 #ce1 #cf influ5ce1 #cc1 #dj ,mably1 ,abb ,gabriel ,bonnot de1 #ce1 #ci ,mank9d assimilation1 #b conc]n =1 #ed degrad$1 #be divid$1 #bc in]t1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #ca1 #ce1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg in]tia1 #dd z ma*9e1 #ca nature (1 #cc violation (1 #eb ,melun1 ,arm& de1 #eb ,m5tor1 #bh1 #bi ,mim]el de ,r\baix1 ,pi]re ,augu/e ,remi1 #eb ,monopoly1 #e1 #de ,montalemb]t1 ,*>les1 ,comte de1 #ac1 #ae ,montesquieu1 ,*>les ,l\is de ,secondt1 ,b>on de1 #bi1 #ca ,morality law &1 #ba1 #bb ,morelly1 #da ,napoleon1 #da ,natural rights1 v ,nature1 gifts (1 #a ,oliv] de ,s]res1 ,guillaume ,anto9e1 #bi ,ord]1 #c ,ow51 ,rob]t1 #da ,own]%ip4 ,see ,prop]ty ,p>aguay1 #cj ,p]sia1 #bf #fj ,p]sonality1 #b ,phalan/]ies1 #ee ,philan?ropy4 ,see ,*>ity ,plato republic1 #cj ,plund] abs5ce (1 #af burd5s (1 #e1 #f def9$1 #ag g5]al welf>e &1 #ai extralegal1 #ac k9ds1 #ac legal1 v1 ix1 #f1 #ac1 #bb organiz$1 #ad orig9 (1 #f p>tial1 #ae1 #af sociali/ic1 #ac univ]sal1 #ae1 #af ,politicians dreams (1 #cf g5ius (1 #cj goodness (1 #be importance (1 #bb1 #bc responsibility (1 #bg social eng9e]s1 #bb1 #bd1 #cb1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #de sup]ior1 #df1 #ed ,politics exagg]at$ importance (1 #h & favors1 vi plund] ?r\gh1 vi ,poor relief4 ,see ,*>ity2 ,welf>e ,p[]4 ,see ,gov]nm5t ,prop]ty man &1 #b orig9 (1 #e ,protectionism1 #ah ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ab ,pr\dhonians1 #df ,provid5ce1 #ee ,public relief1 #aj1 #bj1 #bi ,raynal1 ,abb ,guillaume1 #cc1 #ce ,religion1 ,/ate1 #bb ,r5t seek+1 vi1 vii ,republic k9ds (1 #bi virtues (1 #ci ,revolt1 #f ,revolution1 #dg ,fr5*1 #ch ,rhodes1 #cb ,rights individual1 v1 #b1 #c ,rob]spi]re1 ,jean ,jacques gov]nm5t1 #ch lawgiv]1 #dj ,rome virtue1 #cb ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,jacques disciples1 #h1 #i on ! lawgiv]1 #ca1 #cc ,sa9t-,cricq1 ,b>?lmy1 ,pi]re ,laur5t1 ,comte de1 #ej ,sa9t-,j1 ,l\is ,anto9e ,lon de1 #ch ,sa9t-,simon1 ,claude ,h5ri1 ,comte de doctr9e1 #da ,sal5tum1 #bg1 #bi ,security consequ5ces1 #c ,self-def5se1 #b1 #cg1 #di1 #ej ,selfi%ness1 #e ,s]res1 ,oliv] de1 #bi ,slav]y1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 viii1 #ab univ]sality1 #e ,socialism confus$1 ix1 #bb def9$1 #ad1 #ae disguis$1 #bb exp]im5ts1 #bc1 #bd legal plund]1 #ac s9c]ely believ$1 #ah social eng9e]s1 #bb1 #bd refutation (1 #ae ,sociali/s1 vii ,society enlight5$1 #cg #fa exp]im5ts1 #bc motive =ce1 #dj1 #dc object (1 #cf1 #cg p>able ( ! travel]1 #ed1 #ee ,solon1 #cc1 #ce ,sp>ta1 #cb1 #cf ,spoliation4 ,see ,plund] ,/ate4 ,see ,gov]nm5t ,suffrage4 ,see ,univ]sal suffrage ,t>iffs1 vi1 viii ,telema*us1 #bg ,t]ror z means ( republican gov]nm5t1 #ci1 #dj ,!irs1 ,l\is ,adolphe doctr9e1 #eb education1 #de ,tyre1 #cb ,unit$ ,/ates1 viii1 #ab ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 v ,univ]sal suffrage dem& =1 #i1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #dg importance (1 #aj incapacity &1 #i objections1 #i ,vaucanson1 ,jacques de1 #ed ,ve/$ int]e/s1 #ac1 #ad ,virtue & vice1 #bh1 #cj1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj ,vot+ responsibility &1 #i1 #aj "r (1 #aj ,see also ,univ]sal suffrage ,want satisfaction1 #d ,weal? equality (1 #aa1 #ba1 #bi1 #cf transf] (1 vii ,welf>e1 #aj1 #bj1 #bh ,! law p]v]t$6 ,! law--&1 9 its wake1 all ! collective =ces ( ! nation4 ,! law1 ,i say1 n only div]t$ f its prop] direction1 b made to pursue "o entirely contr>y6 ,! law becomes ! tool ( e k9d ( av>ice1 in/ead ( be+ its *eck6 ,! law guilty ( t v inequity :i* x 0 its mission to puni%6 ,truly1 ?is is a s]i\s fact1 if x exi/s1 & "o to :i* ,i feel b\nd to call ! att5tion ( my fell[-citiz5s4 --,frdric ,ba/iat