,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,words 9 italics 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,dep5d+ on ! font1 !re is "o "* t may n be visible4 ,x is a sup]script$ #e4 ,o!r notes foll[ ! text4 ,b>r's ,buffon4 ,buffon's ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,conta9+ ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 ,a ,,g5]al ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man1 ,,( ,,! ,,brute ,,creation1 ,,& ,,( ,,vegetables1 ,,m9]als1 c4 c4 ,,f ,,! ,,fr5*4 ,,) ,,notes ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 ,,9 ,,t5 ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,proprietor1 ,,& ,,sold ,,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,symonds1 ,,pat]no/]-,,r[4 #agig4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,page ,,! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? #a ,pro( ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,article ,i4 ,on ! ,=mation ( ! ,planets #fi ,article ,,ii4 ,f ! ,sy/em ( ,:i/on #aae ,article ,,iii4 ,f ! ,sy/em ( ,burnet #abh ,article ,,iv4 ,f ! ,sy/em ( ,woodw>d #aca ,article ,v4 ,exposition ( "s o!r ,sy/ems #acg ,article ,,vi4 ,geography #aee ,article ,,vii4 ,on ! ,production ( ! ,/rata1 or ,b$s ( ! ,e>? #ahc ,article ,,viii4 ,on ,%ells & o!r ,m>9e ,productions f\nd 9 ! int]ior ,p>ts ( ! ,e>? #bai ,article ,,ix4 ,on ! ,inequalities ( ! ,surface ( ! ,e>? #bfb ,article ,x4 ,( ,riv]s #bih ,,preface4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly be guilty ( a gross absurdity if1 9 an age l ! pres5t1 we 7 to ent] into an elaborate discussion on ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,,natural ,,hi/ory2 ! anci5ts recomm5d$ x z useful1 in/ructive1 & ent]ta9+2 & ! mod]ns h s f> pursu$ & cultivat$ ?is fir/ ( sci5ces1 t x is n[ admitt$ to be ! s\rce ( univ]sal in/ruction & k2 :]e e active m9d may f9d subjects to amuse & delight1 & ! arti/ a nev] fail+ field to enri* 8 gl[+ imag9ation4 ,x w\ld h be5 s+ul> if1 on su* a subject1 a numb] ( au?ors _h n submitt$ ! produce ( _! obs]vations & lab\r2 _m h writt5 ^u ,natural ,philosophy1 b ! ,comte de ,,buffon /&s em95tly di/+ui%$ among !m2 he has ent]$ into a m9ute inve/igation1 & drawn numb]less facts f unwe>i$ obs]vations f> beyond any o!r1 & ?is he has accompli%$ 9 a /yle fully accordant ) ! importance ( 8 subject4 ,ray1 ,l9nu1 ,rheaumur1 & o!r ( 8 cotempor>ies1 des]ve mu* cr$it = _! class+ ( animals1 vegetables1 c4 b x 0 ,,buffon alone :o ent]$ into a description ( _! nature1 habits1 uses1 & prop]ties4 ,9 8 ,!ory ( ! ,e>? he has display$ a wond]ful +5uity1 & %ewn ! g5]al ord] ( ,nature ) a ma/]ly h&1 al?\gh he may be subject to "s objections = pref]r+ physical reason+s on g5]al causes1 r ?an all[+ aught to h aris5 f sup]natural ag5cy1 or ! w ( ! ,almighty4 ,9 ?is he has foll[$ ! example ( all great philosoph]s1 :o seem unwill+ to admit t ! =mation ( any "p ( ! ,univ]se is beyond _! compreh5sion4 ,z ! works ( ?is ,au?or w be/ speak = !mselves1 we %all avoid unnecess>y panegyric1 hop+ !y w h receiv$ no mat]ial injury 9 ! foll[+ translation2 we %all !re=e cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 t 9 our plan we h foll[$ t adopt$ by ! ,comte himself 9 a latt] edition1 f :i* he explod$ 8 long & m9ute treatises on anatomy & m5suration2 ?\gh elegant & highly f9i%$ 9 !mselves1 !y appe>$ to u ( too ab/ruse & conf9$ a nature = g5]al e/imation1 & :i* we c\ld n h gone into )\t almo/ d\bl+ ! exp5ce2 a circum/ance we _h to gu>d aga9/1 = ! advantage ( ^? ( our read]s to :om t "p w\ld h be5 totally un9t]e/+4 ,z to ?is edition1 we presume x is no va9 boa/1 t e ex]tion has be5 made to d ju/ice to a "w ( su* ackn[l$g$ m]it4 ,9 ! lit]>y "p1 x has be5 ! ,proprietor's *ief endeav\r to pres]ve ! _s & accuracy ( ! ,au?or1 z f> z c\ld be done 9 translat+ f "o language into ano!r2 & x is ) gratitude he ackn[l$ges1 t ^? endeav\rs h be5 amply support$ by ! engrav]2 = ! decorative executions ( ,,milton w rema9 a la/+ monum5t ( 8 abilities1 z long z delicacy 9 ! arts is held 9 e/imation4 ,,buffon's ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,nei!r ! figure ( ! e>?1 its motion1 nor its ext]nal connections ) ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 p]ta9 to our pres5t inve/igation4 ,x is ! int]nal /ructure ( ! globe1 its composition1 =m1 & mann] ( exi/5ce :i* we purpose to exam9e4 ,! g5]al hi/ory ( ! e>? %\ld d\btless prec$e t ( its productions1 z a necess>y /udy = ^? :o wi% to be acqua9t$ ) ,nature 9 h] v>iety ( %apes1 & ! detail ( facts relative to ! life & mann]s ( animals1 or to ! culture & vegetation ( plants1 belong n1 p]haps1 s mu* to ,natural ,hi/ory1 z to ! g5]al d$uctions drawn f ! obs]vations t h be5 made ^u ! diff]5t mat]ials :i* compose ! t]re/rial globe3 z ! heights1 dep?s1 & inequalities ( its =m2 ! motion ( ! sea1 ! direction ( m\nta9s1 ! situation ( rocks & qu>ries1 ! rapidity & effects ( curr5ts 9 ! ocean1 c4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( nature 9 its mo/ ample ext5t1 & ^! are ! op]ations by :i* e o!r effect is influ5c$ & produc$4 ,! !ory ( ^! effects con/itutes :at may be t]m$ a prim>y sci5ce1 ^u :i* ! exact k ( p>ticul> appe>ances z well z t]re/rial sub/ances entirely dep5ds4 ,?is description ( sci5ce may fairly be consid]$ z app]ta9+ to physics2 b does n all physical k1 9 :i* no sy/em is admitt$1 =m "p ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,nature8 ,9 a subject ( great magnitude1 ^: relative connections are difficult to trace1 & :]e "s facts are b p>tially kn[n1 & o!rs unc]ta9 & obscure1 x is m easy to =m a vision>y sy/em1 ?an to e/abli% a rational !ory2 ?us x is t ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? has only hi!rto be5 treat$ 9 a vague & hypo!tical mann]2 ,i %all !re=e b slightly m5tion ! s+ul> notions ( "s au?ors :o h writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,! fir/ hypo!sis ,i %all allude to1 des]ves to be m5tion$ m = its +5uity ?an its reasonable solidity2 x is t ( an ,engli% a/ronom]1 7,,:i/on7 v]s$ 9 ! sy/em ( ,,newton1 & an en?usia/ic admir] ( 8 philosophy2 conv9c$ t e ev5t :i* happ5s on ! t]re/rial globe1 dep5ds ^u ! motions ( ! />s1 he endeav\rs to prove1 by ! assi/ance ( ma!matical calculations1 t ! tail ( a comet has produc$ e alt]ation ! e>? has ev] und]gone4 ,! next is ! =mation ( an het]odox !ologician1 7,,burnet7 ^: bra9 0 s heat$ ) poetical visions1 t he imag9$ he _h se5 ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,aft] expla9+ :at ! e>? 0 9 its prim>y /ate1 :5 x sprung f no?+2 :at *anges 7 occasion$ by ! deluge2 :at x has be5 & :at x is1 he !n assumes a prophetic /yle1 & pr$icts :at w be its /ate aft] ! de/ruction ( ! human race4 ,! ?ird comes f a writ] 7,,woodw>d7 c]ta9ly a bett] & m ext5sive obs]v] ( nature ?an ! two =m]1 ?\gh little less irregul> & confus$ 9 8 ideas2 he expla9s ! pr9cipal appe>ances ( ! globe1 by an imm5se abyss 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :i* 9 8 op9ion is no?+ m ?an a ?9 cru/ t s]ves z a cov]+ to ! fluid x incloses4 ,! :ole ( ^! hypo!ses are rais$ on un/able f\ndations2 h giv5 no light ^u ! subject1 ! ideas be+ unconnect$1 ! facts confus$1 & ! :ole conf\nd$ ) a mixture ( physic & fable2 & consequ5tly h be5 adopt$ only by ^? :o implicitly believe op9ions )\t inve/igation1 & :o1 incapable ( di/+ui%+ probability1 are m impress$ ) ! wond]s ( ! m>vell\s ?an ! relation ( tru?4 ,:at we %all say on ?is subject w d\btless be less extraord9>y1 & appe> unimportant1 if put 9 comp>ison ) ! gr& sy/ems j m5tion$1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t x is an hi/orian's bus9ess to describe1 n inv5t2 t no suppositions %\ld be admitt$ ^u subjects t dep5d ^u facts & obs]vation2 t 8 imag9ation ought only to be ex]cis$ = ! purpose ( comb9+ obs]vations1 r5d]+ facts m g5]al1 & =m+ "o connect$ :ole1 s z to pres5t to ! m9d a di/9ct arrangem5t ( cle> ideas & probable conjectures2 ,i say probable1 because we mu/ n expect to give exact demon/ration on ?is subject1 t be+ conf9$ to ma!matical sci5ces1 :ile our k 9 physics & natural hi/ory dep5ds solely ^u exp]i5ce1 & is conf9$ to reason+ ^u inductions4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 we %all !re=e beg9 ) ^? facts t h be5 obta9$ f ! exp]i5ce ( "t1 toge!r ) :at we h collect$ by our own obs]vations4 ,?is imm5se globe exhibits ^u its surface heights1 dep?s1 pla9s1 seas1 lakes1 m>%es1 riv]s1 cav]ns1 gulphs1 & volcanos2 & ^u ! fir/ view ( ^! objects we _c discov] 9 _! dispositions ei!r ord] or regul>ity4 ,if we p5etrate into its int]nal "p1 we %all !re f9d metals1 m9]als1 /ones1 bitum5s1 s&s1 e>?s1 wat]s1 & matt]s ( e k9d1 plac$ z x 7 by *ance1 & )\t ! smalle/ app>5t design4 ,exam9+ ) a m /rict att5tion1 we discov] sunk m\nta9s1 cav]ns fill$1 rocks split & brok51 c\ntries swall[$ up1 & new isl&s ris+ f ! ocean2 we %all also p]ceive heavy sub/ances plac$ above light ones1 h>d bodies surr\nd$ ) s(t2 9 %ort1 we %all !re f9d matt] 9 e =m1 wet & dry1 hot & cold1 solid & brittle1 mix$ 9 su* a sort ( confusion z to leave room to comp>e !m only to a mass ( rubbi% & ! ru9s ( a wreck$ _w4 ,we inhabit ^! ru9s h[ev] ) a p]fect security4 ,! v>i\s g5]ations ( m51 animals1 & plants1 succe$ ea* o!r )\t int]ruption2 ! e>? produces fully suffici5t = _! subsi/5ce2 ! sea has its limits2 its motions & ! curr5ts ( air are regulat$ by fix$ laws3 ! returns ( ! seasons are c]ta9 & regul>2 ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] be+ con/antly succe$$ by ! beauties ( ! spr+3 e ?+ appe>s 9 ord]1 & ! e>?1 =m]ly a ,,*aos1 is n[ a tranquil & delightful abode1 :]e all is animat$1 & regulat$ by su* an amaz+ display ( p[] & intellig5ce z fills u ) admiration1 & elevates our m9ds ) ! mo/ sublime ideas ( an all-pot5t & wond]ful ,creator4 ,let u n !n draw any ha/y conclusions ^u ! irregul>ities ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 nor ! app>5t disord]s 9 ! int]ior p>ts1 = we %all soon discov] ! utility1 & ev5 ! necessity ( !m2 &1 by consid]+ !m ) a little att5tion1 we %all1 p]haps1 f9d an ord] ( :i* we _h no conception1 & a g5]al connection t we c\ld nei!r p]ceive nor compreh5d1 by a slight exam9ation3 b 9 fact1 our k on ?is subject mu/ always be conf9$4 ,!re are _m p>ts ( ! surface ( ! globe ) :i* we are entirely unacqua9t$1 & h b p>tial ideas ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* 9 _m places we h n be5 able to fa?om4 ,we c only p5etrate into ! coat ( ! e>?2 ! greate/ cav]ns & ! deepe/ m9es d n desc5d above ! eight ?\s&? "p ( its diamet]1 we c !re=e judge only ( ! ext]nal & m]e sup]ficial "p2 we "k1 inde$1 t bulk = bulk ! e>? weighs f\r times heavi] ?an ! sun1 & we also "k ! proportion its weight be>s ) o!r planets2 b ?is is m]ely a relative e/imation2 we h no c]ta9 /&>d nor proportion2 we are s entirely ignorant ( ! real weight ( ! mat]ials1 t ! int]nal "p ( ! globe may be a void space1 or compos$ ( matt] a ?\s& times heavi] ?an gold2 nor is !re any me?od to make fur!r discov]ies on ?is subject2 & x is ) ! greate/ difficulty any rational conjectures c be =m$ !reon4 ,we mu/ !re=e conf9e ourselves to a correct exam9ation & description ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 & to ^? trifl+ dep?s to :i* we h be5 enabl$ to p5etrate4 ,! fir/ object :i* pres5ts itself is t imm5se quantity ( wat] :i* cov]s ! greate/ "p ( ! globe2 ?is wat] always occupies ! l[e/ gr\nd1 its surface always level1 & con/antly t5d+ to equilibrium & re/2 nev]!less x is kept 9 p]petual agitation by a p[]ful ag5t1 :i* oppos+ its natural tranquillity1 impresses x ) a regul> p]iodical motion1 alt]nately rais+ & depress+ its waves1 produc+ a vibration 9 ! total mass1 by di/urb+ ! :ole body to ! greate/ dep?s4 ,?is motion we "k has exi/$ f ! comm5cem5t ( "t1 & w cont9ue z long z ! sun & moon1 :i* are ! causes ( x4 ,by an exam9ation ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 we discov] t to be fully z irregul> z ! surface ( ! e>?2 we !re f9d hills & vallies1 pla9s & cavities1 rocks & soils ( e k9d3 we !re p]ceive t isl&s are only ! summits ( va/ m\nta9s1 ^: f\ndations are at ! bottom ( ! ,ocean2 we also f9d o!r m\nta9s ^: tops are ne>ly on a level ) ! surface ( ! wat]1 & rapid curr5ts :i* run contr>y to ! g5]al movem5t3 !y sometimes run 9 ! same direction1 at o!rs1 _! motions are retrograde1 b nev] exce$+ _! b\nds1 :i* appe> to be z fix$ & inv>iable z ^? :i* conf9e ! riv]s ( ! e>?4 ,9 "o "p we meet ) tempe/u\s regions1 :]e ! w9ds bl[ ) irresi/ible fury1 :]e ! sea & ! heav5s equally agitat$1 jo9 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 are mix$ & conf\nd$ 9 ! g5]al %ock3 9 o!rs1 viol5t inte/9e motions1 tumultu\s swell+s1 wat]-sp\ts1 & extraord9>y agitations1 caus$ by volcanos1 ^: m\?s ?\gh a consid]able dep? "u wat]1 yet vomit fire f ! mid/ ( ! waves1 & s5d up to ! cl\ds a ?ick vap\r1 compos$ ( wat]1 sulphur1 & bitum54 ,fur!r we p]ceive dreadful gulphs or :irlpools1 :i* seem to attract vessels1 m]ely to swall[ !m up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we discov] imm5se regions1 totally opposite 9 _! natures1 always calm & tranquil1 yet equally dang]\s2 :]e ! w9ds nev] ex]t _! p[]1 :]e ! art ( ! m>9] becomes useless1 & :]e ! becalm$ voyag] mu/ rema9 until dea? relieves him f ! horrors ( despair4 ,9 conclusion1 if we turn our eyes t[>ds ! nor!rn or s\!rn extremities ( ! globe1 we !re p]ceive enorm\s flakes ( ice sep>at+ !mselves f ! pol> regions1 advanc+ l huge m\nta9s into ! m temp]ate climes1 :]e !y dissolve & are lo/ to ! sight4 ,exclusive ( ^! pr9cipal objects ! va/ empire ( ! sea ab\nds ) animat$ be+s1 almo/ innum]able 9 numb]s & v>iety4 ,"s ( !m1 cov]$ ) light scales1 move ) a/oni%+ cel]ity2 o!rs1 load$ ) ?ick %ells1 drag heavily along1 leav+ _! track 9 ! s&2 on o!rs ,nature has be/[$ f9s1 resembl+ w+s1 ) :i* !y raise & support !mselves 9 ! air1 & fly to consid]able di/ances2 :ile !re are ^? to :om all motion has be5 d5i$1 :o live & die immoveably fix$ to ! same rock3 e species1 h[ev]1 f9d abundance ( food 9 ?is _! native elem5t4 ,! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! %elv+ sides ( ! v>i\s rocks1 produce great abundance ( plants & mosses ( diff]5t k9ds2 its soil is compos$ ( s&1 gravel1 rocks1 & %ells2 9 "s p>ts a f9e clay1 9 o!rs a solid e>?1 & 9 g5]al x has a complete resemblance to ! l& :i* we inhabit4 ,let u n[ take a view ( ! e>?4 ,:at prodigi\s diff]5ces d we f9d 9 diff]5t climates8 ,:at a v>iety ( soils8 ,:at inequalities 9 ! surface8 b ^u a m9ute & att5tive obs]vation we %all f9d ! greate/ *a9 ( m\nta9s are ne>] ! equator ?an ! poles2 t 9 ! ,old ,cont95t _! direction is m f ! ea/ to we/ ?an f ! nor? to s\?2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,new ,_w !y ext5d m f nor? to s\? ?an f ea/ to we/2 b :at is /ill m rem>kable1 ! =m & direction ( ^? m\nta9s1 ^: appe>ance is s v irregul>1 correspond s precisely1 t ! prom95t angles ( "o m\nta9 are always opposite to ! concave angles ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta91 & are ( equal dim5sions1 :e!r !y are sep>at$ by a small valley or an ext5sive pla94 ,i h also obs]v$ t opposite hills are ne>ly ( ! same height1 & t1 9 g5]al1 m\nta9s occupy ! middle ( cont95ts1 isl&s1 & promontories1 :i* !y divide by ! greate/ l5g?s4 ,9 foll[+ ! c\rses ( ! pr9cipal riv]s1 ,i h likewise f\nd t !y are almo/ always p]p5dicul> ) ^? ( ! sea into :i* !y empty !mselves2 & t 9 ! greate/ "p ( _! c\rses !y proce$ ne>ly 9 ! direction ( ! m\nta9s f :i* !y d]ive _! s\rce4 ,! sea %ores are g5]ally b\nd$ ) rocks1 m>ble1 & o!r h>d /ones1 or by e>? & s& :i* has accumulat$ by ! wat]s f ! sea1 or be5 br\ght d[n by ! riv]s2 & ,i obs]ve t opposite coa/s1 sep>at$ only by an arm ( ! sea1 are compos$ ( simil> mat]ials1 & ! b$s ( ! e>? are exactly ! same4 ,volcanos ,i f9d exi/ only 9 ! highe/ m\nta9s2 t _m ( !m are entirely ext9ct2 t "s are connect$ ) o!rs by subt]rane\s passages1 & t _! explosions frequ5tly happ5 at "o & ! same "t4 ,!re are simil> correspond5ces betwe5 c]ta9 lakes & neighb\r+ seas2 "s riv]s sudd5ly disappe>1 & seem to precipitate !mselves into ! e>?4 ,we also f9d int]nal1 or m$it]ranean seas1 con/antly receiv+ an enorm\s quantity ( wat] f a numb] ( riv]s )\t ev] ext5d+ _! b\nds1 mo/ probably dis*>g+ by subt]rane\s passages all _! sup]flu\s supplies4 ,l&s :i* h be5 long inhabit$ are easily di/+ui%$ f ^? new c\ntries :]e ! soil appe>s 9 a rude /ate1 :]e ! riv]s are full ( cat>acts1 :]e ! e>? is ei!r ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 or p>*$ up ) dr\ght1 & :]e e spot ^u :i* a tree w gr[ is cov]$ ) uncultivat$ woods4 ,pursu+ our exam9ation 9 a m ext5sive view1 we f9d t ! upp] /rata t surr\nds ! globe1 is univ]sally ! same4 ,t ?is sub/ance :i* s]ves = ! gr[? & n\ri%m5t ( animals & vegetables1 is no?+ b a composition ( decay$ animal & vegetable bodies r$uc$ into su* small p>ticles1 t _! =m] organization is n di/+ui%able2 or p5etrat+ a little fur!r1 we f9d ! real e>?1 b$s ( s&1 lime-/one1 argol1 %ells1 m>ble1 gravel1 *alk1 c4 ,^! b$s are always p>allel to ea* o!r & ( ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t4 ,9 neighb\r+ hills b$s ( ! same mat]ials are inv>iably f\nd ^u ! same levels1 ?\gh ! hills are sep>at$ by deep & ext5sive int]vals4 ,all b$s ( e>?1 ev5 ! mo/ solid /rata1 z rocks1 qu>ries ( m>ble1 c4 are uni=mly divid$ by p]p5dicul> fissures2 x is ! same 9 ! l>ge/ z well z smalle/ dep?s1 & appe>s a rule :i* nature inv>iably pursues4 ,9 ! v b[els ( ! e>?1 on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 & ev5 ! mo/ remote p>ts f ! sea1 %ells1 skeletons ( fi%1 m>9e plants1 c4 are frequ5tly f\nd1 & ^! %ells1 fi%1 & plants1 are exactly simil> to ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! ,ocean4 ,!re are a prodigi\s quantity ( petrifi$ %ells to be met ) 9 an inf9ity ( places1 n only inclos$ 9 rocks1 masses ( m>ble1 lime-/one1 z well z 9 e>? & clays1 b are actually incorporat$ & fill$ ) ! v sub/ance :i* surr\nds !m4 ,9 %ort1 ,i f9d myself conv9c$1 by repeat$ obs]vations1 t m>bles1 /ones1 *alks1 m>ls1 clay1 s&1 & almo/ all t]re/rial sub/ances1 :]ev] !y may be plac$1 are fill$ ) %ells & o!r sub/ances1 ! productions ( ! sea4 ,^! facts be+ enum]at$1 let u n[ see :at reasonable conclusions are to be drawn f !m4 ,! *anges & alt]ations :i* h happ5$ to ! e>?1 9 ! space ( ! la/ two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 are v inconsid]able inde$1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? important revolutions :i* mu/ h tak5 place 9 ^? ages :i* imm$iately foll[$ ! creation2 = z all t]re/rial sub/ances c\ld only acquire solidity by ! cont9u$ action ( gravity1 x w\ld be easy to demon/rate t ! surface ( ! e>? 0 mu* s(t] at fir/ ?an x is at pres5t1 & consequ5tly ! same causes :i* n[ produce b slight & almo/ imp]ceptible *anges dur+ _m ages1 w\ld !n effect great revolutions 9 a v %ort space4 ,x appe>s to be a c]ta9 fact1 t ! e>? :i* we n[ inhabit1 & ev5 ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) ! sea1 = %ells & o!r m>9e productions are frequ5tly f\nd 9 almo/ e "p2 x appe>s also t ! wat] rema9$ a consid]able "t on ! surface ( ! e>?1 s9ce 9 _m places !re h be5 discov]$ su* prodigi\s banks ( %ells1 t x is impossible s great a multitude ( animals c\ld exi/ at ! same "t3 ?is fact seems likewise to prove1 t al?\gh ! mat]ials :i* compos$ ! surface ( ! e>? 7 !n 9 a /ate ( s(tness1 t r5d]$ !m easy to be disunit$1 mov$ & transport$ by ! wat]s1 yet t ^! removals 7 n made at once2 !y mu/ inde$ h be5 successive1 gradual1 & by degrees1 because ^! k9d ( sea productions are frequ5tly met ) m ?an a ?\s& feet bel[ ! surface1 & su* a consid]able ?ickness ( e>? & /one c\ld n h accumulat$ b by ! l5g? ( "t4 ,if we 7 to suppose t at ! ,deluge all ! %ell-fi% 7 rais$ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & transport$ ov] all ! e>?2 besides ! difficulty ( e/abli%+ ?is supposition1 x is evid5t1 t z we f9d %ells incorporat$ 9 m>ble & 9 ! rocks ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 we mu/ likewise suppose t all ^! m>bles & rocks 7 =m$ at ! same "t1 & t too at ! v in/ant ( ! ,deluge2 & besides1 t previ\s to ?is great revolution !re 7 nei!r m\nta9s1 m>ble1 nor rocks1 nor clays1 nor matt]s ( any k9d simil> to ^? we are at pres5t acqua9t$ )1 z !y almo/ all conta9 %ells & o!r productions ( ! sea4 ,besides1 at ! "t ( ! ,deluge1 ! e>? mu/ h acquir$ a consid]able degree ( solidity1 f ! action ( gravity = m ?an sixte5 c5turies1 & consequ5tly x does n appe> possible t ! wat]s1 dur+ ! %ort "t ! ,deluge la/$1 %\ld h ov]turn$ & dissolv$ its surface to ! greate/ dep?s we h s9ce be5 enabl$ to p5etrate4 ,b )\t dwell+ long] on ?is po9t1 :i* %all h]eaft] be m amply discuss$1 ,i %all conf9e myself to well-kn[n obs]vations & e/abli%$ facts4 ,!re is no d\bt b t ! wat]s ( ! sea at "s p]iod cov]$ & rema9$ = ages ^u t "p ( ! globe :i* is n[ kn[n to be dry l&2 & consequ5tly ! :ole cont95ts ( ,asia1 ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 7 !n ! bottom ( an ocean ab\nd+ ) simil> productions to ^? :i* ! sea at pres5t conta9s3 x is equally c]ta9 t ! diff]5t /rata :i* compose ! e>? are p>allel & horizontal1 & x is evid5t _! be+ 9 ?is situation is ! op]ation ( ! wat]s :i* h collect$ & accumulat$ by degrees ! diff]5t mat]ials1 & giv5 !m ! same position z ! wat] itself always assumes4 ,we obs]ve t ! position ( /rata is almo/ univ]sally horizontal3 9 pla9s x is exactly s1 & x is only 9 ! m\nta9s t !y are incl9$ to ! horizon1 f _! hav+ be5 orig9ally =m$ by a s$im5t deposit$ ^u an incl9$ base4 ,n[ ,i insi/ t ^! /rata mu/ h be5 =m$ by degrees1 & n all at once1 by any revolution :atev]1 because /rata1 compos$ ( heavy mat]ials1 are v frequ5tly f\nd plac$ above light ones1 :i* c\ld n be1 if1 z "s au?ors ass]t1 ! :ole _h be5 mix$ ) ! wat]s at ! "t ( ! ,deluge1 & aft]w>ds precipitat$2 9 t case e ?+ mu/ h _h a v diff]5t appe>ance to t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,! heavie/ bodies w\ld h desc5d$ fir/1 & ea* p>ticul> /ratum w\ld h be5 arrang$ accord+ to its weight & specific gravity1 & we %\ld n see solid rocks or metals plac$ above light s& any m ?an clay "u coal4 ,we %\ld also pay att5tion to ano!r circum/ance2 x confirms :at we h said on ! =mation ( ! /rata2 no o!r cause ?an ! motions & s$im5ts ( wat] c\ld possibly produce s regul> a position ( x1 = ! highe/ m\nta9s are compos$ ( p>allel /rata z well z ! l[e/ pla9s1 & !re=e we _c attribute ! orig9 & =mation ( m\nta9s to ! %ocks ( e>?quakes1 or eruptions ( volcanos4 ,! small em95ces :i* are sometimes rais$ by volcanos1 or convulsive motions ( ! e>?1 are n by any means compos$ ( p>allel /rata1 !y are a m]e disord]$ heap ( matt]s ?r[n confus$ly toge!r2 b ! horizontal & p>allel position ( ! /rata mu/ necess>ily proce$ f ! op]ations ( a con/ant cause & motion1 always regulat$ & direct$ 9 ! same uni=m mann]4 ,f repeat$ obs]vations1 & ^! incontrov]tible facts1 we are conv9c$ t ! dry "p ( ! globe1 :i* is n[ habitable1 has rema9$ = a long "t "u ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & consequ5tly ?is e>? und]w5t ! same fluctuations & *anges :i* ! bottom ( ! ocean is at pres5t actually und]go+4 ,to discov] !re=e :at =m]ly pass$ on ! e>?1 let u exam9e :at n[ passes at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & f !nce we %all soon be enabl$ to draw rational conclusions ) reg>d to ! ext]nal =m & int]nal composition ( t :i* we inhabit4 ,f ! ,creation ! sea has con/antly be5 subject to a regul> flux & reflux3 ?is motion1 :i* raises & falls ! wat]s twice 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 is pr9cipally occasion$ by ! action ( ! moon1 & is mu* great] "u ! equator ?an 9 any o!r climates4 ,! e>? p]=ms a rapid motion on its axis1 & consequ5tly has a c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is also ! greate/ at ! equator2 ?is latt]1 indep5d5t ( actual obs]vation1 proves t ! e>? is n p]fectly sph]ical1 b t x mu/ be m elevat$ "u ! equator !n at ! poles4 ,f ^! comb9$ causes1 ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! tides1 & ! motion ( ! e>?1 we may fairly conclude1 t al?\gh ! e>? 0 a p]fect sph]e 9 its orig9al =m1 yet its diurnal motion1 toge!r ) ! con/ant flux & reflux ( ! sea1 mu/1 by degrees1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h rais$ ! equatorial p>ts1 by c>ry+ mud1 e>?1 s&1 %ells1 c4 f o!r climes1 & !re deposit+ ( !m4 ,agreeable to ?is idea ! greate/ irregul>ities mu/ be f\nd1 &1 9 fact1 are f\nd ne> ! equator4 ,besides1 z ?is motion ( ! tides is made by diurnal alt]natives1 & be5 repeat$1 )\t int]ruption1 f ! comm5cem5t ( "t1 is x n natural to imag9e1 t ea* "t ! tide fl[s ! wat] c>ries a small quantity ( matt] f "o place to ano!r1 :i* may fall to ! bottom l a s$im5t1 & =m ^? p>allel & horizontal /rata :i* are e :]e to be met )8 = ! :ole motion ( ! wat]1 9 ! flux & reflux1 be+ horizontal1 ! matt]s c>ri$ away ) !m w naturally be deposit$ 9 ! same p>allel direction4 ,b to ?is x may be said1 t z ! flux & reflux ( ! wat]s are equal & regul>ly succe$1 two motions w\ld c\nt]poise ea* o!r1 & ! matt]s br\ght by ! flux w\ld be return$ by ! reflux1 & ( c\rse ?is cause = ! =mation ( ! /rata mu/ be *im]ical2 t ! bottom ( ! sea c\ld n exp]i5ce any mat]ial alt]ation by two uni=m motions1 :]e9 ! effects ( ! "o w\ld be regul>ly de/roy$ by ! o!r2 mu* less c\ld !y *ange ! orig9al =m by ! production ( heights & inequalities4 ,to :i* x may be answ]$1 t ! alt]nate motions ( ! wat]s are n equal1 ! sea hav+ a con/ant motion f ! ea/ to ! we/1 besides1 ! agitation1 caus$ by ! w9ds1 opposes & prev5ts ! equality ( ! tides4 ,x w also be admitt$1 t by e motion ( :i* ! sea is susceptible1 p>ticles ( e>? & o!r matt]s w be c>ri$ f "o place & deposit$ 9 ano!r2 & ^! collections w necess>ily assume ! =m ( horizontal & p>allel /rata1 f ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ! motions ( ! sea always t5d+ to move ! e>?1 & to level ^! mat]ials :]ev] !y fall1 9 ! =m ( a s$im5t4 ,b ?is objection is easily obviat$ by ! well-kn[n fact1 t ^u all coa/s1 bord]+ ! sea1 :]e ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! tide is obs]v$1 ! flux con/antly br+s 9 a numb] ( ?+s :i* ! reflux does n c>ry back4 ,!re are _m places ^u :i* ! sea ins5sibly ga9s & gradually cov]s ov]1 :ile !re are o!rs f :i* x rec$es1 n>r[+ z x 7 its limits1 by deposit+ e>?1 s&s1 %ells1 c4 :i* naturally take an horizontal position2 ^! matt]s accumulate by degrees 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & be+ rais$ to a c]ta9 po9t gradually exclude ! wat]1 & s become "p ( ! dry l& = ev] aft]4 ,b n to leave any d\bt ^u ?is important po9t1 let u /rictly exam9e into ! possibility ( a m\nta9's be+ =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea by ! motions & s$im5ts ( ! wat]s4 ,x is c]ta9 t on a coa/ :i* ! sea beats ) viol5ce dur+ ! agitation ( its fl[1 t e wave mu/ c>ry (f "s "p ( ! e>?2 = :]ev] ! sea is b\nd$ by rocks1 x is a pla9 fact t ! wat] by degrees we>s away ^? rocks1 & consequ5tly c>ries away small p>ticles e "t ! waves retire2 ^! p>ticles ( e>? & /one w necess>ily be transport$ to "s di/ance1 & be+ arriv$ :]e ! agitation ( ! wat] is abat$1 & left to _! own weight1 !y precipitate to ! bottom 9 =m ( a s$im5t1 & !re =m a fir/ /ratum1 ei!r horizontal or incl9$1 accord+ to ! position ( ! surface ^u :i* !y fall2 ?is w %ortly be cov]$ by a simil> /ratum produc$ by ! same cause1 & ?us w a consid]able quantity ( matt] be almo/ ins5sibly collect$ toge!r1 & ! /rata ( :i* w be plac$1 p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,?is mass w cont9ue to increase by new s$im5ts1 & by gradually accumulat+1 9 ! c\rse ( "t become a m\nta9 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 exactly simil> to ^? we see on dry l&1 bo? z to outw>d =m & int]nal composition4 ,if !re happ5 to be %ells 9 ?is "p ( ! sea1 :]e we h suppos$ ?is deposit to be made1 !y w be fill$ & cov]$ ) ! s$im5t1 & incorporat$ 9 ! deposit$ matt]1 mak+ a "p ( ! :ole mass1 & !y w be f\nd situat$ 9 ! p>ts ( ! m\nta9 accord+ to ! "t !y _h be5 !re deposit$2 ^? t lay at ! bottom1 previ\s to ! =mation ( ! fir/ /ratum1 w be f\nd 9 ! l[e/1 & s accord+ to ! "t ( _! be+ deposit$1 ! late/ 9 ! mo/ elevat$ p>ts4 ,s likewise1 :5 ! bottom ( ! sea1 at p>ticul> places1 is tr\bl$ by ! agitation ( ! wat]1 !re w necess>ily ensue1 9 ! same mann]1 a removal ( e>?1 %ells1 & o!r matt]s1 f ! tr\bl$ to o!r p>ts2 = we are assum$ by all div]s1 t at ! greate/ dep?s !y desc5d1 i4 e4 tw5ty fa?oms1 ! bottom ( ! sea is s tr\bl$ by ! agitation ( ! wat]s1 t ! mud & %ells are c>ri$ to consid]able di/ances1 consequ5tly transportations ( ?is k9d are made 9 e "p ( ! sea1 & ?is matt] fall+ mu/ =m em95ces1 compos$ l our m\nta9s1 & 9 e respect simil>2 !re=e ! flux & reflux1 by ! w9ds1 ! curr5ts1 & all ! motions ( ! wat]1 mu/ inevitably create inequalities at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,nor mu/ we imag9e t ^! matt]s _c be transport$ to great di/ances1 because we daily see gra91 & o!r productions ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 arriv+ on our own coa/s4#be3;,a ,x is true ^! bodies are specifically light] ?an wat]1 :]eas ! sub/ances ( :i* we h be5 speak+ are specifically heavi]2 b1 h[ev]1 be+ r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 !y may be su/a9$ a long "t 9 ! wat] s z to be convey$ to consid]able di/ances4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! sea is n tr\bl$ at ! bottom1 especially if x is v deep1 by ! agitations produc$ by ! w9ds & tides2 b x %\ld be recollect$ t ! :ole mass1 h[ev] deep1 is put 9 motion by ! tides1 & t 9 a liquid globe ?is motion w\ld be communicat$ to ! v c5tre2 t ! p[] :i* produces ! flux & reflux is a p5etrat+ =ce1 :i* acts proportionably ^u e p>ticle ( its mass1 s t we c det]m9e by calculation ! quantity ( its =ce at diff]5t dep?s2 b1 9 %ort1 ?is po9t is s c]ta91 t x _c be conte/$ b by refus+ ! evid5ce ( reason4 ,!re=e1 we _c possibly h ! lea/ d\bt t ! tides1 ! w9ds1 & e o!r cause :i* agitates ! sea1 mu/ produce em95ces & inequalities at ! bottom1 & ^? heights mu/ ev] be compos$ ( horizontal or equally incl9$ /rata4 ,^! em95ces w gradually encrease until !y become hills1 :i* w rise 9 situations simil> to ! waves t produce !m2 & if !re is a long ext5t ( soil1 !y w cont9ue to augm5t by degrees2 s t 9 c\rse ( "t !y w =m a va/ *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,be+ =m$ into m\nta9s1 !y become an ob/acle to & int]rupt ! common motion ( ! sea1 produc+ at ! same "t o!r motions1 :i* are g5]ally call$ curr5ts4 ,betwe5 two neighb\r+ heights at ! bottom ( ! sea a curr5t w necess>ily be =m$1 :i* w foll[ _! common direction1 &1 l a riv]1 =m a *annel1 ^: angles w be alt]nately opposite dur+ ! :ole ext5t ( its c\rse4 ,^! heights w be cont9ually increas+1 be+ subject only to ! motion ( ! flux1 = ! wat]s dur+ ! fl[ w leave ! common s$im5t ^u _! ridges2 & ^? wat]s :i* are impell$ by ! curr5t w =ce along ) !m1 to great di/ances1 ^? matt]s :i* w\ld be deposit$ betwe5 bo?1 at ! same "t holl[+ out a valley ) correspond+ angles at _! f\ndation4 ,by ! effects ( ^! motions & s$im5ts ! bottom ( ! sea1 al?\gh orig9ally smoo?1 mu/ become unequal1 & ab\nd+ ) hills & *a9s ( m\nta9s1 z we f9d x at pres5t4 ,! s(t mat]ials ( :i* ! em95ces are orig9ally compos$ w h>d5 by degrees ) _! own weight2 "s =m+ p>ts1 purely angul>1 produce hills ( clay2 o!rs1 consi/+ ( s&y & cry/all9e p>ticles1 compose ^? enorm\s masses ( rock & fl9t f :5ce cry/al & o!r preci\s /ones are extract$2 ^? =m$ ) /ony p>ticles1 mix$ ) %ells1 =m ^? ( lime-/one & m>ble1 :]e9 we daily meet ) %ells incorporat$2 & o!rs1 comp\nd$ ( matt] m %elly1 unit$ ) pure e>?1 compose all our b$s ( m>le & *alk4 ,all ^! sub/ances are plac$ 9 regul> b$s1 & all conta9 het]og5e\s matt]2 m>9e productions are f\nd among !m 9 abundance1 & ne>ly accord+ to ! relation ( _! specific weights2 ! lighte/ %ells 9 *alk1 & ! heavie/ 9 clay & lime-/one2 ^! %ells are inv>iably fill$ ) ! matt] 9 :i* !y h be5 inclos$1 :e!r /ones or e>?2 an inconte/ible pro( t !y h be5 transport$ ) ! matt] t fills & surr\nds !m1 & t ?is matt] 0 at t "t 9 an impalpable p[d]4 ,9 %ort1 all ^? sub/ances ^: horizontal situations h be5 e/abli%$ by ! level ( ! wat]s ( ! sea1 w con/antly pres]ve _! orig9al position4 ,b "h x may be obs]v$1 t mo/ hills1 ^: summits consi/ ( solid rocks1 /one1 or m>ble1 are =m$ ^u small em95ces ( mu* light] mat]ials1 su* = in/ance z clay1 or /rata ( s&1 :i* we commonly f9d ext5d$ ov] ! neighb\r+ pla9s1 ^u :i* x may be ask$1 h[1 if ! =ego+ !ory be j1 ?is seem+ly contradictory arrangem5t happ5s8 ,to me ?is ph5om5on appe>s to be v easy & naturally expla9$4 ,! wat] at fir/ acts ^u ! upp] /ratum ( coa/s1 or bottom ( ! sea1 :i* commonly consi/s ( clay or s&1 & hav+ transport$ ?is1 & deposit$ ! s$im5t1 x ( c\rse composes small em95ces1 :i* =m a base = ! m heavy p>ticles to re/ ^u4 ,hav+ remov$ ! light] sub/ances1 x op]ates ^u ! m heavy1 & by con/ant attrition r$uces !m to an impalpable p[d]2 :i* x conveys to ! same spot1 & :]e1 be+ deposit$1 ^! /ony p>ticles1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 =m ^? solid rocks & qu>ries :i* we n[ f9d ^u ! tops ( hills & m\nta9s4 ,x is n unlikely t z ^! p>ticles are mu* heavi] ?an s& or clay1 t !y 7 =m]ly a consid]able dep? "u a /rata ( t k9d1 & n[ owe _! high situations to hav+ be5 la/ rais$ up & transport$ by ! motion ( ! wat]4 ,to confirm :at we "h ass]t1 let u m closely inve/igate ! situation ( ^? mat]ials :i* compose ! sup]ficial out] "p ( ! globe1 inde$ ! only "p ) :i* we h any k4 ,! diff]5t b$s ( /rata 9 /one qu>ries are almo/ all horizontal1 or regul>ly incl9$2 ^? ^: f\ndations are on clays or o!r solid matt]s are cle>ly horizontal1 especially 9 pla9s4 ,! qu>ries :]e9 we f9d fl9t1 or br[ni% grey free-/one1 9 deta*$ portions1 h a less regul> position1 b ev5 9 ^? ! uni=mity ( nature pla9ly appe>s1 = ! horizontal or regul>ly incl9$ /rata are app>5t 9 qu>ries :]e ^! /ones are f\nd 9 great masses4 ,?is position is univ]sal1 except 9 qu>ries :]e fl9t & br[n free-/one are f\nd 9 small deta*$ portions1 ! =mation ( :i* we %all prove to h be5 po/]ior to ^? we h j be5 treat+ (2 = granite1 vitrifiable s&1 argol1 m>ble1 calc>e\s /one1 *alk1 & m>les1 are always deposit$ 9 p>allel /rata1 horizontally or equally incl9$2 ! orig9al =mation ( ^! are easily discov]$1 = ! /rata are exactly horizontal & v ?91 & are arrang$ above ea* o!r l ! leaves ( a book4 ,b$s ( s&1 s(t & h>d clay1 *alk1 & %ells1 are also ei!r horizontal or regul>ly incl9$4 ,/rata ( e k9d pres]ves ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 :i* (t5 occupies ! space ( _m miles1 & may be trac$ /ill f>!r by close & exact obs]vations4 ,9 a ^w1 ! mat]ials ( ! globe1 z f> z mank9d h be5 enabl$ to p5etrate1 are arrang$ 9 an uni=m position1 & are exactly simil>4 ,! /rata ( s& & gravel :i* h be5 wa%$ d[n f m\nta9s mu/ 9 "s measure be except$2 9 vallies !y are sometimes ( a consid]able ext5t1 & are g5]ally plac$ "u ! fir/ /rata ( ! e>?2 9 pla9s1 !y are z ev5 z ! mo/ anci5t & int]ior /rata1 b ne> ! bottom & ^u ! ridges ( hills !y are incl9$1 & foll[ ! incl9ation ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* !y h fl[$4 ,^! be+ =m$ by riv]s & rivulets1 :i* are con/antly 9 vallies *ang+ _! b$s1 & dragg+ ^! s&s & gravel ) !m1 !y are ( c\rse v num]\s4 ,a small rivulet fl[+ f ! neighb\r+ heights1 9 ! c\rse ( "t w be suffici5t to cov] a v spaci\s valley ) a /rata ( s& & gravel1 & ,i h (t5 obs]v$ 9 hilly c\ntries1 ^: base1 z well z ! upp] /ratum1 0 h>d clay1 t above ! s\rce ( ! rivulet ! clay is f\nd imm$iately "u ! vegetable soil1 & bel[ x !re is ! ?ickness ( a foot ( s& ^u ! clay1 & :i* ext5ds itself to a consid]able di/ance4 ,^! /rata =m$ by riv]s are n v anci5t1 & are easily discov]$ by ! inequality ( _! ?ickness1 :i* is con/antly v>y+1 :ile ! anci5t /rata pres]ves ! same dim5sions ?r\gh\t2 !y are also to be kn[n by ! matt] itself1 :i* be>s evid5t m>ks ( hav+ be5 smoo!d & r\nd$ by ! motions ( ! wat]4 ,! same may be said ( ! turf & p]i%$ vegetables :i* are f\nd bel[ ! fir/ /ratum ( e>? 9 m>%y gr\nds2 !y _c be consid]$ z anci5t1 b entirely produc$ by successive heaps ( decay$ trees & o!r plants4 ,nor are ! /rata ( slime & mud1 :i* are f\nd 9 _m c\ntries1 to be consid]$ z anci5t productions1 hav+ be5 =m$ by /agnat$ wat]s or inundations ( riv]s1 & are nei!r s horizontal1 nor equally incl9$1 z ! /rata anci5tly produc$ by ! regul> motions ( ! sea4 ,9 ! /rata =m$ by riv]s we con/antly meet ) riv]1 b sc>cely ev] sea %ells1 & ! few t are f\nd are brok5 & irregul>ly plac$2 :]eas 9 ! anci5t /rata !re are no riv] %ells2 ! sea %ells are 9 great quantities1 well pres]v$1 & all plac$ 9 ! same mann]1 hav+ be5 transport$ at ! same "t & by ! same cause4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ?is a/oni%+ regul>ity8 ,in/ead ( regul> /rata1 :y d we n meet ) ! matt]s t compose ! e>? jumbl$ toge!r1 )\t any k9d ( ord]8 ,:y are n rocks1 m>bles1 clays1 m>les1 c4 v>i\sly disp]s$1 or jo9$ by irregul> or v]tical /rata8 ,:y are n ! heavie/ bodies uni=mly f\nd plac$ b5ea? ! lighte/8 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ?is uni=mity ( nature1 ?is organization ( e>?1 ?is connection ( diff]5t mat]ials1 by p>allel /rata1 )\t respect to _! weights1 c\ld only be produc$ by a cause z p[]ful & con/ant z ! motion ( ! sea1 :e!r occasion$ by ! regul> w9ds or by t ( ! flux & reflux1 c4 ,^! causes act ) great] =ce "u ! equator ?an 9 o!r climates1 = !re ! w9ds are m regul> & ! tides run high]2 ! mo/ ext5sive *a9s ( m\nta9s are also ne> ! equator4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,africa & ,p]u are ! highe/ kn[n1 !y frequ5tly ext5d !mselves ?r\gh :ole prov9ces1 & /ret*1 to consid]able di/ances "u ! ocean4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,europe & ,asia1 :i* ext5d f ,spa9 to ,*9a1 are n s high z ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,nor?1 accord+ to ! relation ( travell]s1 are only hills 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! ,s\!rn c\ntries4 ,besides1 !re are v few isl&s 9 ! ,nor!rn ,seas1 :]eas 9 ! torrid zone !y are almo/ innum]able1 & z isl&s are only ! summits ( m\nta9s1 x is evid5t t ! surface ( ! e>? has _m m inequalities t[>ds ! equator ?an 9 ! nor!rly climes4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! prodigi\s *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* run f ! ,we/ to ! ,ea/ 9 ! old cont95t1 & f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\? 9 ! new1 mu/ h be5 produc$ by ! g5]al motion ( ! tides2 b ! orig9 ( all ! inf]ior m\nta9s mu/ be attribut$ to ! p>ticul> motions ( curr5ts1 occasion$ by ! w9ds & o!r irregul> agitations ( ! sea3 !y may probably h be5 produc$ by a comb9ation ( all ^? motions1 :i* mu/ be capable ( inf9ite v>iations1 s9ce ! w9ds & diff]5t positions ( isl&s & coa/s *ange ! regul> c\rse ( ! tides1 & compel !m to fl[ 9 e possible direction3 x is1 !re=e1 n 9 ! lea/ a/oni%+ t we %\ld see consid]able em95ces1 ^: c\rses h no det]m9$ direction4 ,b x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to h demon/rat$ t m\nta9s are n ! produce ( e>?quakes1 or o!r accid5tal causes1 b t !y are ! effects result+ f ! g5]al ord] ( nature1 bo? z to _! organization & ! position ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,b h[ has x happ5$ t ?is e>? :i* we & our ance/ors h inhabit$ = ages1 :i*1 f "t immemorial1 has be5 an imm5se cont95t1 dry & remov$ f ! rea* ( ! wat]s1 %\ld1 if =m]ly ! bottom ( ! ocean1 be actually l>g] ?an all ! wat]s1 & rais$ to su* a height z to be di/9ctly sep>at$ f !m8 ,hav+ rema9$ s long on ! e>?1 :y h ! wat]s n[ ab&on$ x8 ,:at accid5t1 :at cause c\ld produce s great a *ange8 ,is x possible to conceive "o possess$ ( suffici5t p[] to produce su* an amaz+ effect8 ,^! que/ions are difficult to be resolv$1 b z ! facts are c]ta9 & incontrov]tible1 ! exact mann] 9 :i* !y happ5$ may rema9 unkn[n1 )\t prejudic+ ! conclusions t may be drawn f !m2 nev]!less1 by a little reflection1 we %all f9d at lea/ plausible reasons = ^! *anges4 ,we daily obs]ve ! sea ga9+ gr\nd on "s coa/s & los+ x on o!rs2 we "k t ! ocean has a cont9u$ regul> motion f ,ea/ to ,we/2 t x makes l\d & viol5t ef=ts aga9/ ! l[ l&s & rocks :i* conf9e x2 t !re are :ole prov9ces :i* human indu/ry c h>dly secure f ! rage ( ! sea2 t !re are in/ances ( isl&s ris+ above1 & o!rs be+ sunk "u ! wat]s4 ,hi/ory speaks ( mu* great] deluges & inundations4 ,ought n ?is to incl9e u to believe t ! surface ( ! e>? has und]gone great revolutions1 & t ! sea may h quitt$ ! greate/ "p ( ! e>? :i* x =m]ly cov]$8 ,let u b suppose t ! old & new worlds 7 =m]ly b "o cont95t1 & t ! ,atlantis ( ,plato 0 sunk by a viol5t e>?quake2 ! natural consequ5ce w\ld be1 t ! sea w\ld necess>ily h fl[$ 9 f all sides1 & =m$ :at is n[ call$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 leav+ va/ cont95ts dry1 & possibly ^? :i* we n[ inhabit4 ,?is revolution1 !re=e1 might be made ( a sudd5 by ! op5+ ( "s va/ cav]n 9 ! int]ior "p ( ! globe1 :i* an univ]sal deluge mu/ inevitably succe$2 or possibly ?is *ange 0 n effect$ at once1 b requir$ a l5g? ( "t1 :i* ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k2 h[ev] ^! conjectures may be1 x is c]ta9 ! revolution has occurr$1 & 9 my op9ion v naturally2 = to judge ( ! future1 z well z ! pa/1 we mu/ c>efully att5d to :at daily happ5s be=e our eyes4 ,x is a fact cle>ly e/abli%$ by repeat$ obs]vations ( travell]s1 t ! ocean has a con/ant motion f ! ,ea/ to ,we/2 ?is motion1 l ! trade w9ds1 is n only felt betwe5 ! tropics1 b also ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate climates1 & z ne> ! poles z navigators h gone2 ( c\rse ! ,pacific ,ocean makes a cont9ual ef=t aga9/ ! coa/s ( ,t>t>y1 ,*9a1 & ,india2 ! ,indian ,ocean acts aga9/ ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa2 & ! ,atlantic 9 l mann] aga9/ all ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica2 !re=e ! sea mu/ h always & /ill cont9ues to ga9 l& on ! ea/ & lose x on ! we/2 & ?is alone is suffici5t to prove ! possibility ( ! *ange ,( e>? into sea1 & sea into l&4 ,if1 9 fact1 su* are ! effects ( ! sea's motion f ea/ to we/1 may we n v reasonably suppose t ,asia & ! ea/]n cont95t is ! olde/ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & t ,europe & "p ( ,africa1 especially ! we/]n coa/s ( ^! cont95ts1 z ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,spa91 ,muratania1 c4 are ( a m mod]n date8 ,bo? hi/ory & physics agree 9 confirm+ ?is conjecture4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m o!r causes :i* concur ) ! cont9ual motion ( ! sea f ea/ to we/1 9 produc+ ^! effects4 ,9 _m places !re are l&s l[] ?an ! level ( ! sea1 & :i* are only def5d$ f x by an i/hmus ( rocks1 or by banks & dykes ( /ill weak] mat]ials2 ^! b>ri]s mu/ gradually be de/roy$ by ! con/ant action ( ! sea1 :5 ! l&s w be ov]fl[$1 & con/antly make "p ( ! ocean4 ,besides1 are n m\nta9s daily decreas+ by ! ra9s1 :i* loos5 ! e>?1 & c>ry x d[n into ! vallies8 ,x is also well kn[n t floods wa% ! e>? f ! pla9s & high gr\nds into ! small brooks & riv]s1 :i* 9 _! turn convey x into ! sea4 ,by ^! means ! bottom ( ! sea is fill+ up by degrees1 ! surface ( ! e>? l[]+ to a level1 & no?+ b "t is necess>y = ! sea's successively *ang+ places ) ! e>?4 ,i speak n "h ( ^? remote causes :i* /& above our compreh5sion2 ( ^? convulsions ( nature1 ^: lea/ effects w\ld be fatal to ! _w2 ! ne> approa* ( a comet1 ! abs5ce ( ! moon1 ! introduction ( a new planet1 c4 are suppositions on :i* x is easy to give scope to ! imag9ation4 ,su* causes w\ld produce any effects we *ose1 & f a s+le hypo!sis ( ?is nature1 a ?\s& physical romances might be drawn1 & :i* ! au?ors might t]m1 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,z hi/orians we reject ^! va9 speculations2 !y are m]e possibilities :i* suppose ! de/ruction ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* our globe1 l a p>ticle ( =sak5 matt]1 escapes our obs]vation1 & is no long] an object wor?y reg>d2 b to pres]ve consi/5cy1 we mu/ take ! e>? z x is1 closely obs]v+ e "p1 & by inductions judge ( ! future f :at exi/s at pres5t2 9 o!r respects we ought n to be affect$ by causes :i* seldom happ51 & ^: effects are always sudd5 & viol5t2 !y d n occur 9 ! common c\rse ( nature2 b effects :i* are daily repeat$1 motions :i* succe$ ea* o!r )\t int]ruption1 & op]ations t are con/ant1 ought alone to be ! gr\nd ( our reason+4 ,we w add "s examples !reto2 we w comb9e p>ticul> effects ) g5]al causes1 & give a detail ( facts :i* w r5d] app>5t1 & expla9 ! diff]5t *anges t ! e>? has und]gone1 :e!r by ! eruption ( ! sea ^u ! l&1 or by retir+ f t :i* x _h =m]ly cov]$4 ,! greate/ eruption 0 c]ta9ly t :i* gave rise to ! ,m$it]ranean sea4 ,! ocean fl[s ?r\gh a n>r[ *annel betwe5 two promontories ) great rapidity1 & !n =ms a va/ sea1 :i*1 )\t includ+ ! ,black sea1 is ab\t sev5 times l>g] ?an ! k+dom ( ,france4 ,its motion ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,gibralt> is contr>y to all o!r /raits1 = ! g5]al motion ( ! sea is f ea/ to we/1 b 9 t alone x is f ! we/ to ! ea/1 :i* proves t ! ,m$it]ranean sea is n an anci5t gulph1 b t x has be5 =m$ by an eruption1 produc$ by "s accid5tal cause2 z an e>?quake :i* might swall[ up ! e>? 9 ! /rait1 or by a viol5t ef=t ( ! ocean1 caus$ by ! w9d1 :i* might h =c$ its way ?r\gh ! banks betwe5 ! promontories ( ,gibralt> & ,ceuta4 ,?is op9ion is au?oris$ by ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 :o decl>e 9 _! writ+s1 t ! ,m$it]ranean sea did n =m]ly exi/2 & confirm$ by natural hi/ory & obs]vations made on ! opposite coa/s ( ,spa91 :]e simil> b$s ( /ones & e>? are f\nd ^u ! same levels1 9 l mann] z !y are 9 two m\nta9s1 sep>at$ by a small valley4 ,! ocean hav+ =c$ ?is passage1 x ran at fir/ ?r\gh ! /raits ) mu* great] rapidity ?an at pres5t1 & ov]fl[$ ! cont95t t jo9$ ,europe to ,africa4 ,! wat]s cov]$ all ! l[ c\ntries1 ( :i* we c only n[ p]ceive ! tops ( "s ( ! consid]able m\nta9s1 su* z p>ts ( ,italy1 ! isl&s ( ,sicily1 ,malta1 ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 & ^? ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 ?is eruption ,i h n includ$ ! ,black sea1 because ! quantity ( wat] x receives f ! ,danube1 ,niep]1 ,don1 & v>i\s o!r riv]s1 is fully suffici5t to =m & support x2 & besides1 x fl[s ) great rapidity ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x might also be presum$ t ! ,black & ,caspian seas 7 =m]ly only two l>ge lakes1 jo9$ by a n>r[ communication1 or by a morass1 or small lake1 :i* unit$ ! ,don & ! ,wolga ne> ,tria1 :]e ^! two riv]s fl[ ne> ea* o!r2 nor is x improbable t ^! two seas or lakes 7 !n ( mu* great] ext5t1 = ! imm5se riv]s :i* fall into ! ,black & ,caspian seas may h br\ght d[n a suffici5t quantity ( e>? to %ut up ! communication1 & =m t neck ( l& by :i* !y are n[ sep>at$2 = we "k great riv]s1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 fill up seas & =m new l&1 z ! prov9ce at ! m\? ( ! ,yell[ riv] 9 ,*9a2 ,l\isania at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 & ! nor!rn "p ( ,egypt1 :i* owes its exi/5ce to ! inundations ( ! ,nile2 ! rapidity ( :i* br+s d[n su* quantities ( e>? f ! int]nal p>ts ( ,africa1 z to deposit on ! %ores1 dur+ ! inundations1 a body ( slime & mud ( m ?an fifty feet 9 dep?4 ,! prov9ce ( ! ,yell[ riv] & ,l\isania h1 9 l mann]1 be5 =m$ by ! soil f ! riv]s4 ,! ,caspian sea is actually a real lake2 hav+ no communication ) o!r seas1 n ev5 ) ! lake ,aral1 :i* seems to h be5 a "p ( x1 be+ only sep>at$ f x by a l>ge track ( s&1 9 :i* nei!r riv]s nor canals = communication ! wat]s h z yet be5 f\nd4 ,?is sea1 !re=e1 has no ext]nal communication ) any o!r2 & ,i d n "k t we are au?oris$ to suspect t x has an int]nal "o ) ! ,black sea1 or ) ! ,gulph ( ,p]sia4 ,x is true ! ,caspian sea receives ! ,wolga & _m o!r riv]s1 :i* seem to furni% x ) m wat] ?an is lo/ by evaporation2 b indep5d5t ( ! difficulty ( su* calculation1 if x _h a communication ) any o!r sea1 a con/ant & rapid curr5t t[>ds ! op5+ w\ld h m>k$ its c\rse1 & ,i nev] he>d ( any su* discov]y be+ made2 travell]s ( ! be/ cr$it affirm to ! contr>y1 & consequ5tly ! ,caspian sea mu/ lose by evaporation j z mu* wat] z x receives f ! ,wolga & o!r riv]s4 ,nor is x any improbable conjecture t ! ,black sea w at "s p]iod be sep>at$ f ! ,m$it]ranean2 & t ! ,bosphorus w be %ut up1 :5ev] ! great riv]s %all h accumulat$ a suffici5t quantity ( e>? to answ] t effect2 ?is may be ! case 9 ! c\rse ( "t by ! successive dim9ution ( wat]s 9 riv]s1 9 proportion z ! m\nta9s f :5ce !y draw _! s\rces are l[]$ by ! ra9s1 & ^? o!r causes we h j allud$ to4 ,! ,caspian & ,black seas mu/ !re=e be look$ ^u r z lakes ?an gulphs ( ! ocean1 = !y resemble o!r lakes :i* receive a numb] ( riv]s )\t any app>5t outlet1 su* z ! ,dead sea1 _m lakes 9 ,africa & o!r places4 ,^! two seas are n ne> s salt z ! ,m$it]ranean or ! ocean2 & all voyag]s affirm t ! navigation 9 ! ,black & ,caspian seas1 ^u acc\nt ( its %all[ness & quantity ( rocks & quicks&s1 is s extremely dang]\s1 t only small vessels c be us$ ) safety :i* f>!r proves !y mu/ n be look$ ^u z gulphs ( ! ocean1 b z imm5se bodies ( wat] collect$ f great riv]s4 ,a consid]able eruption ( ! sea w\ld d\btless take place ^u ! e>?1 if ! i/hmus :i* sep>ates ,africa f ,asia 0 divid$1 z ! ,k+s ( ,egypt1 & aft]w>ds ! ,caliphs project$2 & ,i d n "k t ! communication betwe5 ! ,r$ sea & ,m$it]ranean is suffici5tly e/abli%$1 z ! =m] mu/ be high] ?an ! latt]4 ,! ,r$ sea is a n>r[ bran* ( ! ocean1 & does n receive into x a s+le riv] on ! side ( ,egypt1 & v few on ! opposite coa/2 x w n !re=e be subject to dim9ution1 l ^? seas & lakes :i* are con/antly receiv+ slime & s& f ^? riv]s t fl[ into !m4 ,! ocean supplies ! ,r$ sea ) all its wat]1 & ! motion ( ! tides is v evid5t 9 x1 ( c\rse x mu/ be affect$ by e movem5t ( ! ocean4 ,b ! ,m$it]ranean mu/ be l[] ?an ! ocean1 because ! curr5t passes ) great rapidity ?r\gh ! /raits2 besides1 x receives ! ,nile1 :i* fl[s p>allel to ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,r$ sea1 & :i* divides ,egypt1 a v l[ c\ntry2 f all :i* x appe>s probable1 t ! ,r$ sea is high] ?an ! ,m$it]ranean1 & t if ! i/hmus ( ,suez 0 cut ?r\gh1 !re ,w\ld be a great inundation1 & a consid]able augm5tation ( ! ,m$it]ranean w\ld ensue2 at lea/ if ! wat]s 7 n re/ra9$ by dykes & sluices plac$ at prop] di/ances1 & :i* 0 mo/ likely ! case if ! anci5t canal ( communication ev] _h exi/5ce4 ,)\t dwell+ long] ^u conjectures1 :i*1 al?\gh well f\nd$1 may appe> haz>d\s & ra%1 we %all give "s rec5t & c]ta9 examples ( ! *ange ( ! sea into l&1 & ! l& into sea4 ,at ,v5ice ! bottom ( ! ,adriatic is daily ris+1 & if great c>e _h n be5 tak5 to clean & empty ! canals1 ! :ole w\ld long s9ce h =m$ "p ( ! cont95t2 ! same may be said ( mo/ ports1 bays1 & m\?s ( riv]s4 ,9 ,holl& ! bottom ( ! sea has ris5 9 _m places2 ! gulph ( ,zuyd]zee & ! /rait ( ! ,texel _c receive su* l>ge vessels z =m]ly4 ,at ! m\? ( all riv]s we f9d small isl&s1 & banks ( s& & e>? br\ght d[n by ! wat]s1 & x is c]ta9 ! sea w be fill$ up 9 e "p :]e great riv]s empty !mselves4 ,! ,rh9e is lo/ 9 ! s&s :i* itself accumulat$4 ,! ,danube & ! ,nile1 & all great riv]s1 aft] br++ d[n mu* s& & e>?1 no long] come to ! sea by a s+le *annel2 !y divide into diff]5t bran*es1 & ! int]vals are fill$ up by ! mat]ials !y h !mselves br\ght ?i!r4 ,morasses daily dry up2 l&s =sak5 by ! sea are cultivat$2 we navigate c\ntries n[ cov]$ by wat]s2 9 %ort1 we see s _m in/ances ( l& *ang+ into wat]1 & wat] into l&1 t we mu/ be conv9c$ ( ^! alt]ations hav+1 & w cont9ue to take place2 s t 9 "t gulphs w become cont95ts2 i/hmusses1 /raits2 morasses1 dry l&s2 & ! tops ( our m\nta9s1 ! %oals ( ! sea4 ,s9ce !n ! wat]s h cov]$1 & may successively cov]1 e "p ( ! pres5t dry l&1 our surprise mu/ cease at f9d+ e :]e m>9e productions & compositions1 :i* c\ld only be ! works ( ! wat]s4 ,we h already expla9$ h[ ! horizontal /rata ( ! e>? 7 =m$1 b ! p]p5dicul> divisions t are commonly f\nd 9 rocks1 clays1 & all matt]s ( :i* ! globe is compos$1 /ill rema9 to be consid]$4 ,^! p]p5dicul> /ratas are1 9 fact1 plac$ mu* f>!r f ea* o!r ?an ! horizontal1 & ! s(t] ! matt] ! great] ! di/ance2 9 m>ble & h>d e>?s !y are frequ5tly f\nd only a few feet2 b if ! mass ( rock be v ext5sive1 !n ^! fissures are at "s fa?oms di/ant2 sometimes !y desc5d f ! top ( ! rock to ! bottom1 & sometimes t]m9ate at an horizontal fissure4 ,!y are always p]p5dicul> 9 ! /rata ( calc9able matt]s1 z *alk1 m>le1 m>ble1 c4 b are m oblique & irregul>ly plac$ 9 vitrifiable sub/ances1 br[n free/one1 & rocks ( fl9t1 :]e !y are frequ5tly adorn$ ) *ry/als1 & o!r m9]als4 ,9 qu>ries ( m>ble or calc9able /one1 ! divisions are fill$ ) sp>1 gypsum1 gravel1 & an e>?y s&1 :i* conta9s a great quantity ( *alk4 ,9 clay1 m>ls1 & e o!r k9d ( e>?1 except+ turf1 ^! p]p5dicul> divisions are ei!r empty or fill$ ) su* matt]s z ! wat] has transport$ ?i!r4 ,we ne$ seek v little f>!r = ! cause & orig9 ( ^? p]p5dicul> cracks4 ,! mat]ials by :i* ! diff]5t /rata are compos$ be+ c>ri$ by ! wat]1 & deposit$ z a k9d ( s$im5t1 mu/ necess>ily1 at fir/1 conta9 a consid]able %>e ( wat]1 ! :i*1 z !y began to h>d51 !y w\ld "p ) by degrees1 &1 z !y mu/ necess>ily less5 9 ! c\rse ( dry+1 t decrease w\ld occasion !m to split at irregul> di/ances4 ,!y naturally split 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 because 9 t direction ! action ( gravity ( "o p>ticle ^u ano!r has no actual effect1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 x is directly opposite 9 a horizontal situation2 ! dim9ution ( bulk !re=e c\ld h no s5sible effect b 9 a v]tical l9e4 ,i say x is ! dim9ution ( dry+1 & n ! conta9$ wat] =c+ a place to issue1 is ! cause ( ^! p]p5dicul> fissures1 = ,i h (t5 obs]v$ t ! two sides ( ^? fissures answ] ?r\gh\t _! :ole height1 z exactly z two sides ( a split piece ( wood2 _! insides are r\gh & irregul>1 :]eas if !y _h be5 made by ! motion ( ! wat]1 !y w\ld h be5 smoo? & poli%$2 !re=e ^! cracks mu/ be produc$ sudd5ly & at once or by degrees 9 dry+1 l ! flaws 9 wood1 & ! greate/ "p ( ! wat] !y conta9$ evaporat$ ?r\gh ! pores4 ,! divisions ( ^! p]p5dicul> cracks v>y greatly z to ! ext5t ( _! op5+s2 "s ( !m be+ n m ?an half an in*1 o!rs increas+ to "o or two feet2 !re are "s _m fa?oms1 & :i* =m ^? precipices s (t5 met ) 9 ! ,alps & o!r high m\nta9s4 ,! small ones are produc$ by dry+ alone1 b ^? :i* ext5d to sev]al feet are ! effects ( o!r causes2 = in/ance1 ! s9k+ ( ! f\ndation on "o side :ile ! o!r rema9s unmov$2 if ! base s9ks b a l9e or two1 x is suffici5t to produce op5+s ( _m feet 9 a rock ( consid]able height4 ,sometimes rocks1 :i* are f\nd$ on clay or s&1 incl9e to "o side1 by :i* motion ! p]p5dicul> cracks become ext5d$4 ,i h n yet m5tion$ ^? l>ge op5+s :i* are f\nd 9 rocks & m\nta9s2 !y mu/ h be5 produc$ by great s9k+s1 z ( imm5se cav]ns1 unable long] to support ! weight ) :i* !y 7 encumb]$1 b ^! int]vals are v diff]5t f p]p5dicul> fissures2 !y appe> to be vacancies op5$ by ! h& ( ,nature = ! communication ( nations4 ,9 ?is mann] all vacancies 9 l>ge m\nta9s & divisions1 by /raits 9 ! sea1 seem to pres5t !mselves2 su* z ! /raits ( ,!rmopyl1 ! ports ( ,caucasus1 ! ,cordeli]s1 ! extremity ( ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 ! entrance ( ! ,hellespont1 c4 ,^! c\ld n h be5 occasion$ by ! simple sep>ation by dry+ ( matt]1 b by consid]able p>ts ( ! l&s !mselves be+ sunk1 swall[$ up1 or ov]turn$4 ,^! great s9k+s1 ?\gh produc$ by accid5tal causes1 hold a fir/ place 9 ! pr9cipal circum/ances 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 & n a little contribut$ to *ange ! face ( ! ,globe2 ! greate/ "p ( !m h be5 produc$ by subt]rane\s fires1 ^: explosions cause e>?quakes & volcanos2 ! =ce ( ^! inflam$ & conf9$ matt]s 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? is beyond comp>e2 by x cities h be5 swall[$ up1 prov9ces ov]turn$1 & m\nta9s ov]?r[n4 ,b h[ev] great ?is =ce may be1 & prodigi\s z ! effects appe>1 we _c ass5t to ! op9ion ( ^? au?ors :o suppose ^! subt]rane\s fires proce$ f an imm5se abyss ( flame 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 nei!r give we cr$it to ! common notion t !y proce$ f a great dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 air be+ absolutely necess>y = ! support ( inflammation4 ,9 exam9+ ! mat]ials :i* issue f volcanos1 ev5 9 ! mo/ viol5t eruptions1 x appe>s v pla91 t ! furnace ( ! inflam$ matt]s is n at any great dep?1 z !y are simil> to ^? f\nd 9 m\nta9s1 disfigur$ only by ! calc9ation1 & ! melt+ ( ! metallic p>ts :i* !y conta92 & to be conv9c$ t ! matt]s ca/ out by volcanos d n come f any great dep?1 we h only to consid] ( ! height ( ! m\nta91 & judge ( ! imm5se =ce t w\ld be necess>y to ca/ up /ones & m9]als to ! height ( half a league2 = tna1 ,hecla1 & _m o!r volcanos h at lea/ t elevation f ! pla9s4 ,n[ x is p]fectly well kn[n t ! action ( fire is equal 9 e direction2 x _c !re=e act upw>ds1 ) a =ce capable ( ?r[+ l>ge /ones half a league high1 )\t an equal re-action d[nw>ds1 & on ! sides1 & :i* re-action mu/ v soon pi]ce & de/roy ! m\nta9 on e side1 because ! mat]ials :i* compose x are n m d5se & firm ?an ^? ?r[n out2 h[ !n c x be imag9$ t ! cavity1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ z ! type or cannon1 c\ld resi/ s great a =ce z w\ld be necess>y to raise ^? bodies to ! m\? ( ! volcano8 ,besides1 if ?is cavity 0 deep]1 z ! ext]nal orifice is n great1 x w\ld be impossible = s l>ge a quantity ( inflam$ & liquid matt] to issue out at once1 )\t cla%+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & aga9/ ! sides ( ! tube1 & by pass+ ?r\gh s long a space !y w\ld run ! *ance ( be+ ext+ui%$ & h>d5$4 ,we (t5 see riv]s ( bitum5 & melt$ sulphur1 ?r[n out ( ! volcanos ) /ones & m9]als1 fl[ f ! tops ( ! m\nta9s into ! pla9s2 is x natural to imag9e t matt]s s fluid1 & s little able to resi/ viol5t action1 %\ld be elevat$ f any great dep?8 ,all ! obs]vations t c be made on ?is subject w prove t ! fire ( ! volcano is n f> f ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & t x nev] desc5ds to ! level ( ! pla94 ,?is idea ( volcanos does n1 h[ev]1 r5d] x inconsi/5t t !y are ! cause ( e>?quakes1 & t _! %ocks may be felt on ! pla9s to v consid]able di/ances2 nor t "o volcano may n communicate ) ano!r by means ( subt]rane\s passages2 b x is ( ! dep? ( ! fire's conf9em5t t we n[ speak1 & :i* c only be at a small di/ance f ! m\? ( ! volcano4 ,x is n necess>y to produce an e>?quake on a pla91 t ! bottom ( ! volcano %\ld be bel[ ! level ( t pla92 nor t !re %\ld be int]nal cavities fill$ ) ! same combu/ible matt]1 = a viol5t explosion1 su* z g5]ally att5ds an eruption1 may1 l t ( a p[d] magaz9e give s great a %ock by its re-action1 z to produce an e>?quake t might be felt at a consid]able di/ance4 ,i d n mean to say t !re are no e>?quakes produc$ by subt]rane\s fires1 b m]ely t !re are "s :i* proce$ only f ! explosion ( volcanos4 ,9 confirmation ( :at has be5 advanc$ on ?is subject1 x is c]ta9 t volcanos are seldom met ) on pla9s2 on ! contr>y1 !y are con/antly f\nd 9 ! highe/ m\nta9s1 & _! m\?s at ! v summit ( !m4 ,if ! int]nal fires ( ! volcanos ext5d$ bel[ ! pla9s1 w\ld n passages be op5$ 9 !m dur+ viol5t eruptions8 ,9 ! fir/ eruption w\ld n ^! fires r h pi]c$ ! pla9s1 :]e1 by comp>ison1 ! resi/ance mu/ be inf9itely weak]1 ?an =ce _! way ?r\gh a m\nta9 m ?an half a league 9 height4 ,! reason :y volcanos appe> alone 9 m\nta9s1 is1 because mu* great] quantities ( m9]als1 sulphur1 & pyrites1 are conta9$ 9 m\nta9s1 & m expos$ ?an 9 ! pla9s2 besides :i*1 ^? high places are m subject to ! impressions ( air1 & receive great] quantities ( ra9 & damps1 by :i* m9]al sub/ances are capable ( be+ heat$ & f]m5t$ into an absolute /ate ( inflammation4 ,9 %ort1 x has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 t1 aft] viol5t eruptions1 ! m\nta9s h %runk & dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( matt] :i* has be5 ?r[n out2 ano!r pro( t ! volcanos are n situat$ at ! bottom ( ! m\nta91 b r at no great di/ance f ! summit itself4 ,9 _m places e>?quakes h =m$ consid]able holl[s1 & ev5 sep>ations 9 m\nta9s2 all o!r inequalities h be5 produc$ at ! same "t ) ! m\nta9s !mselves by ! curr5ts ( ! sea1 = 9 e place :]e !re has n be5 a viol5t convulsion1 ! /rata ( ! m\nta9s are p>allel1 & _! angles exactly correspond4 ,^? subt]rane\s cav]ns :i* h be5 produc$ by volcanos are easily to be di/+ui%$ f ^? =m$ by wat]2 = ! wat]1 hav+ wa%$ away ! s& & clay ) :i* !y are fill$1 leaves only ! /ones & rocks1 & ?is is ! orig9 ( cav]ns ^u hills2 :ile ^? f\nd ^u ! pla9s are commonly no?+ b anci5t pits & qu>ries1 su* z ! salt qu>ries ( ,mae/ri*t1 ! m9es ( ,pol&1 c4 ,b natural cav]ns belong to m\nta9s3 !y receive ! wat] f ! summit & its environs1 f :5ce x issues ov] ! surface :]ev] x c obta9 a passage2 & ^! are ! s\rces ( spr+s & riv]s1 & :5ev] a cav]n is fill$ by any "p fall+ 91 an inundation g5]ally ensues4 ,f :at we h relat$1 x is easy to be se5 h[ mu* subt]rane\s fires contribute to *ange ! surface & int]nal "p ( ! globe4 ,?is cause is suffici5tly p[]ful to produce v great effects3 b x is difficult to conceive h[ ! w9ds %\ld occasion any s5sible alt]ations ^u ! e>?4 ,! sea appe>s to be _! empire1 & inde$1 except+ ! tides1 no?+ has s p[]ful an influ5ce ^u ! ocean2 ev5 ! flux & reflux move 9 an uni=m mann]1 & _! effects are regul>ly ! same2 b ! action ( ! w9ds is caprici\s & viol5t2 !y sometimes ru% on ) su* impetuosity1 & agitate ! sea ) su* viol5ce1 t f a calm1 smoo?1 & tranquil pla91 x becomes furr[$ ) waves roll+ m\nta9s high1 & da%+ !mselves to pieces aga9/ ! rocks & %ores4 ,! w9ds cause con/ant alt]ations on ! surface ( ! sea1 b ! surface ( ! l&1 :i* has s solid an appe>ance1 we %\ld suppose w\ld n be subject to simil> effects2 by exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 x is kn[n t ! w9ds raise m\nta9s ( s& 9 ,arabia & ,africa2 & t !y cov] pla9s ) x2 !y frequ5tly transport s& to great di/ances1 & _m miles into ! sea1 :]e !y accumulate 9 su* quantities z to =m banks1 d[ns1 & ev5 isl&s4 ,x is also kn[n t hurricanes are ! sc\rge ( ! ,antilles1 ,madagasc>1 & o!r c\ntries1 :]e !y act ) su* fury1 z to sweep away trees1 plants1 & animals1 toge!r ) ! soil :i* gave !m subsi/5ce3 !y cause riv]s to asc5d & desc5d1 & produce new ones2 !y ov]?r[ rocks & m\nta9s2 !y make holes & gulphs on ! e>?1 & entirely *ange ! face ( ^? un=tunate c\ntries :]e !y exi/4 ,happily !re are b few climates expos$ to ! impetuosity ( ^? dreadful agitations ( ! air4 ,b ! greate/ & mo/ g5]al *anges 9 ! surface ( ! e>? are produc$ by ra9s1 floods1 & torr5ts f ! high l&s4 ,_! orig9s proce$ f ! vap\rs :i* ! sun raises above ! surface ( ! ocean1 & :i* ! w9d transports ?r\gh e climate4 ,^! vap\rs1 :i* are su/a9$ 9 ! air1 & convey$ at ! w ( ! w9ds1 are /opp$ 9 _! progress by ! tops ( ! hills :i* !y enc\nt]1 :]e !y accumulate until !y become cl\ds & fall 9 ! =m ( ra91 dew1 or sn[4 ,^! wat]s at fir/ desc5d ^u ! pla9s )\t any fix$ c\rse1 b by degrees holl[ out a b$ = !mselves2 by _! natural b5t !y run to ! bottom ( m\nta9s1 & p5etrat+ or dissolv+ ! l& easie/ to divide1 !y c>ry e>? & s& away ) !m1 cut deep *annels 9 ! pla9s1 =m !mselves into riv]s1 & op5 a passage into ! sea1 :i* con/antly receives z mu* wat] f ! l& riv]s z x loses by evaporation4 ,! w9d+s 9 ! *annels ( riv]s h s9uosities1 ^: angles are correspond5t to ea* o!r1 s t :]e ! waves =m a saliant angle on "o side1 ! o!r has an exactly opposite "o2 & z hills & m\nta9s1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! banks ( ! vallies :i* sep>ate !m1 h also s9uosities 9 correspond+ angles1 x seems to demon/rate t ! vallies h be5 =m$1 by degrees1 by ! curr5ts ( ! sea1 9 ! same mann] z ! riv]s h holl[$ out _! b$s on ! e>?4 ,! wat]s :i* run on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & support its v]dure & f]tility1 are n p]haps "o half ( ^? :i* ! vap\rs produce2 = !re are _m ve9s ( wat] :i* s9k to great dep?s 9 ! int]nal "p ( ! e>?4 ,9 "s places we are c]ta9 to meet ) wat] by digg+2 9 o!rs1 n any c be f\nd4 ,9 almo/ all vallies & l[ gr\nds wat] is c]ta9 to be met ) at mod]ate dep?s2 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 all high places x _c be extract$ f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 b mu/ be collect$ f ! heav5s4 ,!re are c\ntries ( great ext5t :]e a spr+ _c be f\nd1 & :]e all ! wat] :i* supplies ! inhabitants & animals ) dr9k is conta9$ 9 pools & ci/]ns4 ,9 ! ea/1 especially 9 ,arabia1 ,egypt1 & ,p]sia1 wells are extremely sc>ce1 & ! p h be5 oblig$ to make res]voirs ( a consid]able ext5t to collect ! wat]s z x falls f ! heav5s4 ,^! works1 project$ & execut$ f public necessity1 are ! mo/ beautiful & magnific5t monum5ts ( ! ea/]n nations2 "s ( ! res]voirs occupy a space ( two squ>e miles1 & s]ve to f]tilize :ole prov9ces1 by means ( ba?s & small rivulets t let x out on e side4 ,b 9 l[ c\ntries1 :]e ! greate/ riv]s fl[1 we _c dig f> f ! surface1 )\t meet+ ) wat]1 & 9 fields situate 9 ! environs ( riv]s x is (t5 obta9$ by a few /rokes ) a pick-axe4 ,! wat]1 f\nd 9 su* quantities 9 l[ gr\nds1 comes pr9cipally f ! neighb\r+ hills & em95ces2 at ! "t ( great ra9s or sudd5 melt+ ( sn[1 a "p ( ! wat] fl[s on ! surface1 b mo/ ( x p5etrates ?r\gh ! small cracks & crevices x f9ds 9 ! e>? & rocks4 ,?is wat] spr+s up aga9 to ! surface :]ev] x c f9d v5t2 b x (t5 filt]s ?r\gh ! s& until x comes to a bottom ( clay or solid e>?1 :]e x =ms subt]rane\s lakes1 rivulets1 & p]haps riv]s1 ^: c\rses are entirely unkn[n2 !y mu/1 h[ev]1 foll[ ! g5]al laws ( nature1 & con/antly fl[ f ! high] gr\nds to ! l[]1 & consequ5tly ^! subt]rane\s wat]s mu/1 9 ! end1 fall into ! sea1 or collect 9 "s l[ place1 ei!r on ! surface or 9 ! int]ior "p ( ! e>?2 = !re are sev]al lakes into :i* no riv]s ent]1 nor f :i* !re are n any issue2 & a mu* great] numb]1 :i* d n receive any consid]able riv]1 t are ! s\rces ( ! greate/ riv]s on e>?2 su* z ! lake ( ,/4 ,laur5ce2 ! lake ,*iam1 f :5ce spr+ two great riv]s t wat] ! k+doms ( ,asam & ,pegu2 ! lake ( ,ass9iboil 9 ,am]ica2 ^? ( ,oz]a 9 ,muscovy1 t give rise to ! riv] ,irtis1 & a great numb] ( o!rs4 ,^! lakes1 x is evid5t1 mu/ be produc$ by ! wat]s f ! high l&s pass+ ?r\gh subt]rane\s passages1 & collect+ 9 ! l[e/ places4 ,"s inde$ h ass]t$ t lakes are to be f\nd on ! summit ( ! highe/ m\nta9s2 b to ?is no cr$it c be giv51 = ^? f\nd on ! ,alps1 & o!r elevat$ places1 are all surr\nd$ by mu* m l(ty m\nta9s1 & d]ive _! orig9 f ! wat]s :i* run d[n ! sides1 or are filt]$ ?r\gh ^? em95ces 9 ! same mann] z ! lakes 9 ! pla9s obta9 _! s\rces f ! neighb\r+ hills :i* ov]top !m4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t lakes h exi/5ce 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 especially "u l>ge pla9s & ext5sive vallies4 ,m\nta9s1 hills1 & all em95ces h ei!r a p]p5dicul> or incl9$ situation1 & are expos$ on all sides2 ! wat]s :i* fall on _! summits1 aft] hav+ p5etrat$ into ! e>?1 _c fail1 f ! declivity ( ! gr\nd1 ( f9d+ issue 9 _m places1 & break+ 9 =ms out ( spr+s & f\nta9s1 & consequ5tly !re w be little1 if any wat]1 rema9 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 pla9s1 z ! wat] :i* filt]s ?r\gh ! e>? c f9d no v5t1 x mu/ collect 9 subt]rane\s cav]ns1 or be disp]s$ & divid$ among s& & gravel4 ,x is ^! wat]s :i* are s univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh l[ gr\nds4 ,! bottom ( a pit or well is no?+ else b a k9d ( bason into :i* ! wat]s t issue f ! adjo9+ l&s ins9uate !mselves1 at fir/ fall+ drop by drop1 b aft]w>ds1 z ! passages are op5$1 x receives supplies f great] di/ances1 & !n cont9ually runs 9 little /reams or rills2 f :i* circum/ance1 al?\gh we c f9d wat] 9 any "p ( a pla91 yet we c obta9 a supply b = a c]ta9 numb] ( wells1 proportionate to ! quantity ( wat] disp]s$1 or r to ! ext5t ( ! high] l&s f :5ce !y come4 ,x is unnecess>y to dig bel[ ! level ( ! riv] to f9d wat]2 x is g5]ally met ) at mu* less dep?s1 & !re is no appe>ance t wat]s ( riv]s filt] f> ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,! orig9 ( wat]s f\nd 9 ! e>? bel[ ! level ( riv]s is n to be attribut$ to !m2 = 9 riv]s or torr5ts :i* are dri$ up1 or ^: c\rses h be5 turn$1 we f9d no great] quantity ( wat] by digg+ 9 _! b$s ?an 9 ! neighb\r+ l&s at an equal dep?4 ,a piece ( l& ( five or six feet 9 ?ickness is suffici5t to conta9 wat]1 & prev5t x f escap+2 & ,i h (t5 obs]v$ t ! banks ( brooks & pools are n s5sibly wet at six in*es di/ance f ! wat]4 ,x is true t ! ext5t ( ! filtration is 9 proportion z ! soil is m or less p5etrable2 b if we exam9e ! /&+ pools ) s&y bottoms1 we %all p]ceive ! wat] conf9$ 9 ! small compass x _h holl[$ itself1 & ! moi/ure spread b a v few in*es2 ev5 9 vegetable e>? x has no great ext5t1 :i* mu/ be m por\s ?an s& or h>d soil4 ,x is a c]ta9 fact1 t 9 a g>d5 we may almo/ inundate "o b$ )\t ^? ne>ly adjo9+ feel+ any moi/ure f x#fe3;,a4 ,i h exam9$ pieces ( g>d5 gr\nd1 eight or t5 feet ?ick1 :i* _h n be5 /irr$ = _m ye>s1 & ^: surface 0 ne>ly level1 & f\nd t ! ra9 wat] nev] p5etrat$ deep] ?an ?ree or f\r feet2 & on turn+ x up 9 ! spr+1 aft] a wet w9t]1 ,i f\nd x z dry z :5 fir/ heap$ toge!r4 ,i made ! same obs]vation on e>? :i* _h laid 9 ridges two hundr$ ye>s2 bel[ ?ree or f\r feet x 0 z dry z du/2 f :i* x is pla9 t wat] does n ext5d s f> by filtration z has be5 g5]ally imag9$4 ,by ?is means1 !re=e1 ! int]nal "p ( ! e>? c be suppli$ ) a v small "p2 b wat] by its own weight desc5ds f ! surface to ! greate/ dep?s2 x s9ks ?r\gh natural conduits1 or p5etrates small passages = itself2 x foll[s ! roots ( trees1 ! cracks 9 rocks1 ! int]/ices 9 ! e>?1 & divides & ext5ds on all sides into an inf9ity ( small bran*es & rills1 always desc5d+ until its passage is oppos$ by clay or "s solid body1 :]e x cont9ues collect+1 & at l5g? breaks out 9 =m ( spr+s ^u ! surface4 ,x w\ld be v difficult to make an exact calculation ( ! quantity ( subt]rane\s wat]s :i* h no app>5t v5t4 ,_m h pret5d$ t x greatly surpasses all ! wat]s t are on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,)\t m5tion+ ^? :o h advanc$ t ! int]ior "p ( ! globe is entirely fill$ ) wat]1 !re are "s :o believe !re are an inf9ity ( floods1 rivulets1 & lakes 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,b ?is op9ion does n seem to be prop]ly f\nd$1 & x is m probable t ! quantity ( subt]rane\s wat]1 :i* nev] appe>s on ! surface1 is n v consid]able2 = if ^! subt]rane\s riv]s are s v num]\s1 :y d we nev] see any ( _! m\?s =c+ _! way ?r\gh ! surface8 ,besides1 riv]s1 & all runn+ wat]s1 produce great alt]ations on ! surface ( ! e>?2 !y transport ! soil1 we> away ! mo/ solid rocks1 & displace all matt]s :i* oppose _! passage4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be ! same 9 subt]rane\s riv]s2 ! same effects w\ld be produc$2 b no su* alt]ations h ev] z yet be5 obs]v$2 ! diff]5t /rata rema9s p>allel1 & e :]e pres]ves its orig9al position2 & x is b 9 a v few places t any consid]able subt]rane\s ve9s ( wat] h be5 discov]$4 ,?us wat] 9 ! int]nal "p ( ! e>?1 ?\gh great1 acts b 9 a small degree1 z x is divid$ 9 an inf9ity ( little /reams1 & reta9$ by a numb] ( ob/acles2 & be+ s g5]ally disp]s$1 x gives rise to _m sub/ances totally diff]5t f primitive matt]s1 bo? 9 =m & organization4 ,f all ^! obs]vations we may fairly conclude1 t x is ! cont9ual motion ( ! flux & reflux ( ! sea :i* has produc$ m\nta9s1 vallies1 & o!r inequalities on ! surface ( ! e>?2 t x is ! curr5ts ( ! ocean :i* h holl[$ vallies1 rais$ hills1 & giv5 !m correspond+ directions2 t x is ^? wat]s ( ! sea :i*1 by transport+ e>?1 c4 & deposit+ !m 9 horizontal lay]s1 h =m$ ! p>allel /rata2 t x is ! wat]s f heav51 :i* by degrees de/roy ! effects ( ! sea1 by cont9ually l[]+ ! summit ( m\nta9s1 fill+ up vallies1 & /opp+ ! m\?s ( gulphs & riv]s1 & :i*1 by br++ all to a level1 w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 return ?is e>? to ! sea1 :i*1 by its natural op]ations1 w aga9 =m new cont95ts1 conta9+ vallies & m\nta9s exactly simil> to ^? :i* we at pres5t inhabit4 ,,footnotes3 #be3;,a ,p>ticul>ly ,scotl& & ,irel&4 #fe3;,a ,^! facts are s easily demon/rat$1 t ! smalle/ obs]vation w prove _! v]acity4 ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,article ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,planets4 ,our subject be+ ,natural ,hi/ory1 we w\ld will+ly disp5se ) a/ronomical obs]vations2 b z ! nature ( ! e>? is s closely connect$ ) ! heav5ly bodies1 & su* obs]vations be+ calculat$ to illu/rate m fully :at has be5 said1 x is necess>y to give "s g5]al ideas ( ! =mation1 motion1 figure ( ! e>? & o!r planets4 ,! e>? is a globe ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& leagues diamet]2 x is situate "o ?\s& millions ( leagues f ! sun1 ar\nd :i* x makes its revolution 9 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days4 ,?is revolution is ! result ( two =ces2 ! "o may be consid]$ z an impulse f "r to left1 or f left to "r1 & ! o!r an attraction f above d[nw>ds1 or b5ea? upw>ds1 to a common c5tre4 ,! direction ( ^! two =ces1 & _! quantities1 are s nicely comb9$ & proportion$1 t !y produce an almo/ uni=m motion 9 an ellipse1 v ne> to a circle4 ,l ! o!r planets ! e>? is opaque1 x ?r[s out a %ad[2 x receives & reflects ! light ( ! sun1 r\nd :i* x revolves 9 a space ( "t proportion$ to its relative di/ance & d5sity4 ,x also turns r\nd its own axis once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & its axis is incl9$ #ff-a_/d degrees on ! plane ( ! orbit4 ,its figure is sph]oidical1 ! two axes ( :i* diff] ab\t #afj? "p f ea* o!r1 & ! smalle/ axis is t r\nd :i* ! revolution is made4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( ! e>?1 ! result ( discov]ies made by means ( geometry1 a/ronomy1 & navigation4 ,we %all n "h ent] into ! detail ( ! pro(s & obs]vations by :i* ^? facts h be5 asc]ta9$1 b only make a few rem>ks to cle> up :at is /ill d\btful1 & at ! same "t give our ideas respect+ ! =mation ( ! planets1 & ! diff]5t *anges ?ro' :i* x is possible !y h pass$ be=e !y arriv$ at ! /ate we at pres5t see !m4 ,!re h be5 s _m sy/ems & hypo!ses fram$ ^u ! =mation ( ! t]re/rial globe1 & ! *anges :i* x has und]gone1 t we may presume to add our conjectures to ^? :o h writt5 ^u ! subject1 especially z we mean to support !m ) a great] degree ( probability ?an has hi!rto be5 done3 & we are ! m incl9$ to deliv] our op9ion ^u ?is subject1 f ! hope t we %all enable ! read] to pron\nce on ! diff]5ce betwe5 an hypo!sis drawn f possibilities1 & a !ory f\nd$ 9 facts2 betwe5 a sy/em1 su* z we are "h ab\t to pres5t1 on ! =mation & orig9al /ate ( ! e>?1 & a physical hi/ory ( its real condition1 :i* has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ disc\rse4 ,galileo hav+ f\nd ! laws ( fall+ bodies1 & ,kepl] hav+ obs]v$ t ! area describ$ by ! pr9cipal planets 9 mov+ r\nd ! sun1 & ^? ( ! satellites r\nd ! planets to :i* !y belong1 are proportionable to ! "t ( _! revolutions1 & t su* p]iods 7 also 9 proportion to ! squ>e roots ( ! cubes ( _! di/ances f ! sun1 or pr9cipal planets4 ,newton f\nd t ! =ce :i* caus$ heavy bodies to fall on ! surface ( ! e>?1 ext5d$ to ! moon1 & reta9$ x 9 its orbit2 t ?is =ce dim9i%$ 9 ! same proportion z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance increas$1 & consequ5tly t ! moon is attract$ by ! e>?2 t ! e>? & planets are attract$ by ! sun2 & t 9 g5]al all bodies :i* revolve r\nd a c5tre1 & describe areas proportion$ to ! times ( _! revolution1 are attract$ t[>ds t po9t4 ,?is p[]1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,,gravity1 is !re=e diffus$ ?r\gh\t all matt]2 planets1 comets1 ! sun1 ! e>?1 & all nature1 is subject to its laws1 & x s]ves z a basis to ! g5]al h>mony :i* reigns 9 ! univ]se4 ,no?+ is bett] prov$ 9 physics ?an ! actual exi/5ce ( ?is p[] 9 e mat]ial sub/ance4 ,obs]vation has confirm$ ! effects ( ?is p[]1 & geometrical calculations h det]m9$ ! quantity & relations ( x4 ,?is g5]al cause be+ kn[n1 ! effects w\ld easily be d$uc$ f x1 if ! action ( ! p[]s :i* produce x 7 n too complicat$4 ,a s+le mom5t's reflection ^u ! sol> sy/em w fully demon/rate ! difficulties t h att5d$ ?is subject2 ! pr9cipal planets are attract$ by ! sun1 & ! sun by ! planets2 ! satellites are also attract$ by _! pr9cipal planets1 & ea* planet attracts all ! re/1 & is attract$ by !m4 ,all ^! actions & reactions v>y accord+ to ! quantities ( matt] & ! di/ances1 & produce great inequalities & irregul>ities4 ,h[ is s great a numb] ( connections to be comb9$ & e/imat$8 ,x appe>s almo/ impossible 9 su* a cr[d ( objects to foll[ any p>ticul> "o2 nev]!less ^? difficulties h be5 surm\nt$1 & calculation has confirm$ ! suppositions ( !m1 ea* obs]vation is become a new demon/ration1 & ! sy/ematic ord] ( ! univ]se is laid op5 to ! eyes ( all ^? :o c di/+ui% tru? f error4 ,we feel "s little /op1 by ! =ce ( impulsion rema9+ unkn[n2 b ?is1 h[ev]1 does n by any means affect ! g5]al !ory4 ,we evid5tly see ! =ce ( attraction always draws ! planets t[>ds ! sun1 !y w\ld fall 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e1 on t planet1 if !y 7 n repell$ by "s o!r p[] t obliges !m to move 9 a /raight l9e1 & :i* impulsive =ce w\ld compel !m to fly (f ! tang5ts ( _! respective orbits1 if ! =ce ( attraction ceas$ "o mom5t4 ,! =ce ( impulsion 0 c]ta9ly communicat$ to ! planets by ! h& ( ! ,almighty1 :5 he gave motion to ! univ]se2 b we ought z mu* z possible to ab/a9 9 physics f hav+ rec\rse to sup]natural causes2 & x appe>s t a probable reason may be giv5 = ?is impulsive =ce1 p]fectly accordant ) ! law ( me*anics1 & n by any means m a/oni%+ ?an ! *anges & revolutions :i* may & mu/ happ5 9 ! univ]se4 ,! sph]e ( ! sun's attraction does n conf9e itself to ! orbs ( ! planets1 b ext5ds to a remote di/ance1 always decreas+ 9 ! same ratio z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance increases2 x is demon/rat$ t ! comets :i* are lo/ to our sight1 9 ! regions ( ! sky1 obey ?is p[]1 & by x _! motions1 l t ( ! planets1 are regulat$4 ,all ^! />s1 ^: tracts are s diff]5t1 move r\nd ! sun1 & describe areas proportion$ to ! "t2 ! planets 9 ellipses m or less approa*+ a circle1 & ! comets 9 n>r[ ellipses ( a great ext5t4 ,comets & planets move1 !re=e1 by virtue ( ! =ce ( attraction & impulsion1 :i* cont9ually act+ at "o "t obliges !m to describe ^! c\rses2 b x mu/ be rem>k$ t comets pass ov] ! sol> sy/em 9 all directions1 & t ! incl9ations ( _! orbits are v diff]5t1 insomu* t1 al?\gh subject l ! planets to ! =ce ( attraction1 !y h no?+ 9 common ) respect to _! progressive or impulsive motions1 b appe> 9 ?is respect indep5d5t ( ea* o!r3 ! planets1 on ! contr>y1 move r\nd ! sun 9 ! same direction1 & almo/ 9 ! same plane1 nev] exce$+ #g-a_/b degrees ( incl9ation 9 _! planes1 ! mo/ di/ant f _! orbits4 ,?is con=mity ( position & direction 9 ! motion ( ! planets1 necess>ily implies t _! impulsive =ce has be5 communicat$ to !m by "o & ! same cause4 ,may x n be imag9$1 ) "s degree ( probability1 t a comet fall+ into ! body ( ! sun1 w displace & sep>ate "s p>ts f ! surface1 & communicate to !m a motion ( impulsion1 insomu* t ! planets may =m]ly h belong$ to ! body ( ! sun1 & be5 deta*$ !refrom by an impulsive =ce1 & :i* !y /ill pres]ve4 ,?is supposition appe>s to be at lea/ z well f\nd$ z ! op9ion ( ,leibnitz1 :o supposes t ! e>? & planets _h =m]ly be5 suns2 & 8 sy/em1 ( :i* an acc\nt w be giv5 9 ! fif? article1 w\ld h be5 m compreh5sive & m agreeable to probability1 if he _h rais$ himself to ?is idea4 ,we agree ) him 9 ?9k+ t ?is effect 0 produc$ at ! "t :5 ,moses said t ,god divid$ light f d>kness2 =1 accord+ to ,leibnitz1 light 0 divid$ f d>kness :5 ! planets 7 ext+ui%$2 b 9 our supposition !re 0 a real physical sep>ation1 s9ce ! opaque bodies ( ! planets 7 divid$ f ! lum9\s matt] :i* composes ! sun4 ,?is idea ( ! cause ( ! impulsive =ce ( ! planets w be f\nd mu* less objectionable1 :5 an e/imation is made ( ! analogies & degrees ( probability1 by :i* x may be support$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! motion ( ! planets are 9 ! same direction1 f ,we/ to ,ea/1 & !re=e1 accord+ to calculation1 x is sixty-f\r to "o t su* w\ld n h be5 ! case1 if !y _h n be5 indebt$ to ! same cause = _! impulsive =ces4 ,?is1 probably1 w be consid]ably augm5t$ by ! second analogy1 viz4 t ! incl9ation ( ! planes ( ! orbits d n exce$ #g-a_/b degrees2 =1 by comp>+ ! spaces1 we %all f9d !re is tw5ty-f\r to "o1 t two planets are f\nd 9 _! mo/ di/ant places at ! same "t1 & consequ5tly 1 or #g1fib1fbd to "o1 t all six w\ld by *ance be ?us plac$2 or1 :at am\nts to ! same1 !re is a great degree ( probability t ! planets h be5 impress$ ) "o common mov+ =ce1 & :i* has giv5 !m ?is position4 ,b :at c h be/[$ ?is common impulsive motion1 b ! =ce & direction ( ! bodies by :i* x 0 orig9ally communicat$8 ,x may !re=e be conclud$1 ) great probability1 t ! planets receiv$ _! impulsive motion by "o s+le /roke4 ,?is likelihood1 :i* is almo/ equival5t to a c]ta9ty1 be+ e/abli%$1 ,i seek to "k :at mov+ bodies c\ld produce ?is effect1 & ,i f9d no?+ b comets capable ( communicat+ a motion to su* va/ bodies4 ,by exam9+ ! c\rse ( comets1 we %all be easily p]suad$1 t x is almo/ necess>y = "s ( !m occasionally to fall into ! sun4 ,t ( #afhj approa*$ s ne>1 t at its p]ihelium x 0 n m di/ant f ! sun ?an a sixte5? "p ( its diamet]1 & if x returns1 z !re is e appe>ance x w1 9 #bbee1 x may !n possibly fall into ! sun2 t mu/ dep5d on ! r5c\nt]s x w meet ) 9 its road1 & ( ! ret>dm5t x suff]s 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e ( ! sun#gh3;,a4 ,we may1 !re=e1 presume ) ! great ,newton1 t comets sometimes fall into ! sun2 b ?is fall may be made 9 diff]5t directions4 ,if !y fall p]p5dicul>1 or 9 a direction n v oblique1 !y w rema9 9 ! sun1 & s]ve = food to ! fire :i* t lum9>y consumes1 & ! motion ( impulsion :i* !y w h communicat$ to ! sun1 w produce no o!r effect ?an t ( remov+ x m or less1 accord+ z ! mass ( ! comet w be m or less consid]able2 b if ! fall ( ! comet is 9 a v oblique direction1 :i* w mo/ frequ5tly happ51 !n ! comet w only graze ! surface ( ! sun1 or slightly furr[ x2 & 9 ?is case x may drive out "s p>ts ( matt] to :i* x w communicate a common motion ( impulsion1 & ^! p>ts s =c$ out ( ! body ( ! sun1 & ev5 ! comet itself1 may !n become planets1 & turn r\nd ?is lum9>y 9 ! same direction1 & 9 almo/ ! same plane4 ,we might p]haps calculate :at quantity ( matt]1 velocity1 & direction a comet %\ld h1 to impel f ! sun an equal quantity ( matt] to t :i* ! six planets & _! satellites conta92 b x w be suffici5t to obs]ve "h1 t all ! planets1 ) _! satellites1 d n make ! #fej? "p ( ! mass ( ! sun1#gi3;,a because ! d5sity ( ! l>ge planets1 ,saturn & ,jupit]1 is less ?an t ( ! sun2 & al?\gh ! e>? be f\r times1 & ! moon ne> five times m d5se ?an ! sun1 !y are nev]!less b z atoms 9 comp>ison ) 8 ext5sive body4 ,h[ev] inconsid]able ! #fej? "p may be1 yet x c]ta9ly at fir/ appe>s to require a v p[]ful comet to sep>ate ev5 t mu* f ! body ( ! sun2 b if we reflect on ! prodigi\s velocity ( comets 9 _! p]ihelion1 a velocity s mu* ! great] z !y approa* ne>] ! sun2 if1 besides1 we pay att5tion to ! d5sity & solidity ( ! matt] ( :i* !y mu/ be compos$1 to suff]1 )\t be+ de/roy$1 ! inconceivable heat !y endure2 & consid] ! bright & solid light :i* %9es ?r\gh _! d>k & imm5se atmosph]es1 :i* surr\nd1 & mu/ obscure !m1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! comets are compos$ ( extremely solid & d5se matt]s1 & t !y conta9 a great] quantity ( matt] 9 a small compass2 t consequ5tly a comet ( no extraord9>y bulk may h suffici5t weight & velocity to displace ! sun1 & give a projectile motion to a quantity ( matt]1 equal to ! #fej? "p ( ! mass ( ?is lum9>y4 ,?is p]fectly agrees ) :at is kn[n conc]n+ ! d5sity ( planets1 :i* always decreases z _! di/ance f ! sun is increas$1 !y hav+ less heat to support2 s t ,saturn is less d5se ?an ,jupit]1 & ,jupit] mu* less ?an ! e>?2 !re=e if ! d5sity ( ! planets be1 z ,newton ass]ts1 proportionable to ! quantity ( heat :i* !y h to support1 ,m]cury w be sev5 times m d5se ?an ! e>?1 & tw5ty-eight times d5s] ?an ! sun2 & ! comet ( #afhj w\ld be #bh1jjj times d5s] ?an ! e>?1 or #aab1jjj times d5s] ?an ! sun1 & by suppos+ x z l>ge z ! e>?1 x w\ld conta9 ne>ly an equal quantity ( matt] to ! n9? "p ( ! sun1 or by giv+ x only ! #ajj? "p ( ! size ( ! e>?1 its mass w\ld /ill be equal to ! #ijj? "p ( ! sun4 ,f :5ce x is easy to conclude1 t su* a body1 ?\gh x w\ld be b a small comet1 might sep>ate & drive (f f ! sun a #ijj? or a #fej? "p1 p>ticul>ly if we att5d to ! imm5se velocity ) :i* comets move :5 !y pass 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sun4 ,besides ?is1 ! con=mity betwe5 ! d5sity ( ! matt] ( ! planets1 t ( ! sun des]ves "s att5tion4 ,x is well kn[n1 t1 bo? on & ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 !re are "s matt]s #ad or #aejj times d5s] ?an o!rs4 ,! d5sities ( gold & air are ne>ly 9 ?is relation4 ,b ! int]nal p>ts ( ! e>? & planets are compos$ ( a m uni=m matt]1 ^: comp>ative d5sity v>ies mu* less2 & ! con=mity 9 ! d5sity ( ! planets & t ( ! sun is su*1 t ( #fej p>ts :i* compose ! :ole ( ! matt] ( ! planets1 !re are m ?an #fdj ( ! same d5sity z ! matt] ( ! sun1 & only t5 p>ts out ( ^! #fej :i* are ( a great] d5sity1 = ,saturn & ,jupit] are ne>ly ( ! same d5sity z ! sun1 & ! quantity ( matt] :i* ^! planets conta91 is at lea/ #fd times great] ?an t ( ! f\r inf]ior planets1 ,m>s1 ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury4 ,we mu/ !re=e admit1 t ! matt] ( :i* ! planets are g5]ally compos$ is ne>ly ! same z t ( ! sun1 & t consequ5tly ! "o may h be5 sep>at$ f ! o!r4 ,b x may be said1 if ! comet1 by fall+ obliquely on ! sun1 drove (f ! matt] :i* compose ! planets1 !y1 in/ead ( describ+ circles ( :i* ! sun is ! c5tre1 w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 at ea* revolution1 h return$ to ! same po9t f :5ce !y dep>t$1 z e projectile w\ld :i* might be ?r[n (f ) suffici5t =ce f ! surface ( ! e>?1 to oblige x to turn p]petually3 = x is easy to demon/rate t su*1 9 t in/ance1 w\ld be ! case1 & !re=e t ! projection ( ! planets f ! sun _c be attribut$ to ! impulsion ( a comet4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t ! matt] :i* composes ! planets did n come f ! sun1 9 ready =m$ globes1 b 9 ! =m ( torr5ts1 ! motion ( ! ant]ior p>ts ( :i* 7 accel]at$ by t ( ! po/]ior2 & t ! attraction ( ! ant]ior p>ts also accel]at$ ! motion ( ! po/]ior1 & t ?is accel]ation produc$ by "o or o!r ( ^! causes1 or p]haps by bo?1 might be s great z to *ange ! orig9al direction ( ! motion occasion$ by ! impulse ( ! comet1 f :i* cause a motion has result$1 su* z we at pres5t obs]ve 9 ! planets2 especially :5 x is consid]$ ! sun is displac$ f its /ation by ! %ock ( ! comet4 ,an example w r5d] ?is m reasonable2 let u suppose1 t f ! top ( a m\nta9 a musket ball is dis*>g$1 & t ! /r5g? ( ! p[d] 0 suffici5t to s5d x beyond ! semi-diamet] ( ! e>?1 x is c]ta9 t ?is ball w\ld pass r\nd ! e>?1 & at ea* revolution return to ! spot f :5ce x _h be5 dis*>g$3 b1 if in/ead ( a musket-ball1 we suppose a rocket _h be5 dis*>g$1 :]e9 ! action ( ! fire be+ durable1 w\ld greatly accel]ate ! motion ( impulsion2 ?is rocket1 or r ! c>t\* :i* conta9$ x1 w\ld n return to ! same place l ! musket-ball1 b w\ld describe an orbit1 ^: p]igee w\ld be mu* f>!r di/ant f ! e>?1 z ! =ce ( accel]ation w\ld be great]1 & h *ang$ ! fir/ direction4 ,?us1 provid$ !re _h be5 any accel]ation 9 ! motion ( impulsion communicat$ to ! torr5t ( matt] by ! fall ( ! comet1 x is probable t ! planets =m$ 9 ?is torr5t1 acquir$ ! motion :i* we "k !y h 9 ! circles & ellipsis ( :i* ! sun is ! c5tre & focus4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! great eruptions ( volcanos are made1 may af=d u an idea ( ?is accel]ation ( motion4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t :5 ,vesuvius beg9s to ro> & eject ! inflam$ matt] x conta9s1 ! fir/ cl\d has b a small degree ( velocity1 b :i* is soon accel]at$ by ! impulse ( ! second2 ! second by ! action ( a ?ird1 & s on1 until ! heavy mass ( bitum51 sulphur1 c9d]s1 melt$ metal1 & huge /ones1 appe> l massive cl\ds1 & al?\gh !y succe$ ea* o!r ne>ly 9 ! same directions1 yet !y greatly *ange t ( ! fir/1 & drive x f> beyond :at x w\ld h rea*$ ( itself4 ,9 answ] to ?is objection1 x may be fur!r obs]v$1 t ! sun hav+ be5 /ruck by ! comet1 receiv$ a degree ( motion by ! impulse1 :i* displac$ x f its =m] situation2 & t al?\gh ?is motion ( ! sun is at pres5t too little s5sible = ! notice ( a/ronom]s1 nev]!less x may /ill exi/1 & ! sun describe a curve r\nd ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole sy/em & if ?is is s1 z ,i presume x is1 we see p]fectly t ! planets1 in/ead ( return+ ne> ! sun at ea* revolution1 w1 on ! contr>y1 h describ$ orbits1 ! po9ts ( ! p]ihelion ( :i* w be z f> di/ant f ! sun1 z x is itself f ! place x orig9ally occupi$4 ,x may also be said1 t if ?is accel]ation ( motion is made 9 ! same direction1 no *ange 9 ! p]ihelion w be produc$3 b c x be ?\ght t 9 a torr5t1 ! p>ticles ( :i* succe$ ea* o!r1 !re has be5 no *ange ( direction2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 v probable t a consid]able *ange did take place1 suffici5t to cause ! planets to move 9 ! c\rse !y at pres5t occupy4 ,x may be fur!r urg$1 t if ! sun _h be5 displac$ by ! %ock ( a comet1 x w\ld move uni=mly1 & t h5ce ?is motion be+ common to ! :ole sy/em1 no alt]ation 0 necess>y2 b might n ! sun be=e ! %ock h _h a motion r\nd ! c5tre ( ! cometry sy/em1 to :i* primitive motion ! /roke ( ! comet may h add$ or dim9i%$8 & w\ld n t fully acc\nt = ! actual motion ( ! planets8 ,if ^! suppositions are n admitt$1 may x n be presum$1 t 9 ! /roke ( ! comet aga9/ ! sun1 !re 0 an ela/ic =ce :i* rais$ ! torr5t above ! surface ( ! sun1 in/ead ( directly impell+ x8 :i* alone w\ld be suffici5t to remove ! p]ihelion1 & give ! planets ! motion !y h reta9$4 ,?is supposition is n )\t probability1 = ! matt] ( ! sun may possibly be v ela/ic1 s9ce light1 ! only "p ( x we are acqua9t$ )1 seems1 by its effects1 to be p]fectly s4 ,i own t ,i _c say :e!r x is by ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! reasons1 t ! direction ( ! fir/ motion ( ! impulse ( ! planets has *ang$1 b !y suffice to %ew t su* an alt]ation is n only possible b ev5 probable1 & t is suffici5t = my purpose4 ,b1 )\t dwell+ any long] on ! objections :i* might be made1 ,i %all pursue ! subject1 & draw ! fair conclusions on ! pro(s :i* analogies might furni% 9 fav\r ( my hypo!sis3 let u1 !re=e1 fir/ see :at might happ5 :5 ^! planets1 & p>ticul>ly ! e>?1 receiv$ _! impulsive motion1 & 9 :at /ate !y 7 aft] hav+ be5 sep>at$ f ! sun4 ,! comet hav+1 by a s+le /roke1 communicat$ a projectile motion to a quantity ( matt] equal to ! #fej? "p ( ! sun's mass1 ! light p>ticles w\ld ( c\rse sep>ate f ! d5se1 & =m1 by _! mutual attraction1 globes ( diff]5t d5sities3 ,saturn be+ compos$ ( ! mo/ gross & light p>ts1 w\ld be ! mo/ remote f ! sun3 ,jupit] be+ m d5se ?an ,saturn1 w\ld be less di/ant1 & s on4 ,! l>g] & lea/ solid planets are ! mo/ remote1 because !y receiv$ an impulsive motion /rong] ?an ! smalle/1 & m d5se3 =1 ! =ce ( impulsion communicat+ itself accord+ to ! surface1 ! same /roke w\ld h mov$ ! gross] & light] p>ts ( ! matt] ( ! sun ) m velocity ?an ! smalle/ & m weighty2 a sep>ation !re=e w be made ( ! d5se p>ts ( diff]5t degrees1 s t ! d5sity ( ! sun be+ equal to #ajj1 t ( ,saturn w be equal to #fg1 t ( ,jupit] to #id-a_/b1 t ( ,m>s to #bjj1 t ( ! ,e>? to #djj1 t ( ,v5us to #hjj1 & t ( ,m]cury to #bhjj4 ,b ! =ce ( attraction n communicat+ l t ( impulsion1 accord+ to ! surface1 b act+ on ! contr>y on all p>ts ( ! mass1 x w h *eck$ ! d5se/ portions ( matt]2 & x is = ?is reason t ! d5se/ planets are ! nighe/ ! sun1 & turn r\nd t planet ) great] rapidity ?an ! less d5se planets1 :i* are also ! mo/ remote4 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 :i* are ! l>ge/ & pr9cipal planets ( ! sol> sy/em1 h reta9$ ! relation betwe5 _! d5sity & impulsive motions1 9 ! mo/ exact proportions2 ! d5sity ( ,saturn is to t ( ,jupit] z #fg to #id-a_/b & _! velocities are ne>ly z #hh-b_/c to #abj-a_/gb1 or z #fg to #ij-aa_/af2 x is seldom t pure conjectures c draw su* exact relations4 ,x is true1 t by foll[+ ?is relation betwe5 ! velocity & d5sity ( planets1 ! d5sity ( ! e>? ought to be only z #bjf-g_/ah1 & n #djj1 :i* is its real d5sity2 f h5ce x may be conceiv$1 t our globe 0 =m]ly less d5se ?an x is at pres5t4 ,) respect to ! o!r planets1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 z _! d5sities are kn[n only by conjecture1 we _c be c]ta9 :e!r ?is circum/ance w de/roy or confirm our hypo!sis4 ,! op9ion ( ,newton is1 t d5sity is s mu* ! great]1 z ! heat to :i* ! planet is expos$ is ! /rong]2 & x is on ?is idea t we h j said t ,m>s is "o "t less d5se ?an ! ,e>?1 ,v5us "o "t1 ,m]cury sev5 times1 & ! comet 9 #afhj1 #bh1jjj times d5s] ?an ! e>?3 b ?is proportion betwe5 ! d5sity ( ! planets & ! heat :i* !y su/a91 seems n well f\nd$1 :5 we consid] ,saturn & ,jupit]1 :i* are ! pr9cipal objects2 =1 accord+ to ?is relation betwe5 ! d5sity & heat1 ! d5sity ( ,saturn w\ld be ab\t #d-g_/ah1 & t ( ,jupit] z #ad-ag_/bb1 in/ead ( #fg & #id-a_/b1 a diff]5ce too great to be admitt$1 & mu/ de/roy ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x 0 f\nd$4 ,?us1 not)/&+ ! confid5ce :i* ! conjectures ( ,newton m]it1 ,i c b ?9k t ! d5sity ( ! planets has m relation ) _! velocity ?an ) ! degree ( heat to :i* !y are expos$4 ,?is is only a f9al cause1 & ! o!r a physical relation1 ! precis5ess ( :i* is rem>kable 9 ,jupit] & ,saturn3 x is nev]!less true1 t ! d5sity ( ! e>?1 in/ead ( be+ #bjf-g_/h1 is f\nd to be #djj1 & t consequ5tly ! t]re/rial globe mu/ be cond5s$ 9 ?is ratio ( #bjf-g_/h to #djj4 ,b h n ! cond5sations ( ! planets "s relation ) ! quantity ( ! heat ( ! sun :i* !y su/a98 ,if s1 ,saturn1 :i* is ! mo/ di/ant f t lum9>y1 w h suff]$ little or no cond5sation2 & ,jupit] w be cond5s$ f #ij-aa_/af to #id-a_/b4 ,n[ ! heat ( ! sun 9 ,jupit] be+ to t ( ! sun ^u ! e>? z #ad-ag_/bb are to #djj1 ! cond5sations ought to be 9 ! same proportion4 ,= in/ance1 if ,jupit] be cond5s$1 z #ij-aa_/af to #id-a_/b1 & ! e>? _h be5 plac$ 9 8 orbit1 x w\ld h be5 cond5s$ f #bjf-g_/h to #bae-iij_/adea1 b ! e>? be+ ne>] ! sun1 & receiv+ a heat1 ^: relation to t :i* ,jupit] receives is f #djj to #ad-ag_/bb1 ! quantity ( cond5sation x w\ld h exp]i5c$ on ! orbit ( ,jupit] by ! proportion ( #djj to #ad-ag_/bb1 :i* gives ne>ly #bcd-a_/c = ! quantity :i* ! e>? w\ld be cond5s$4 ,its d5sity 0 #bjf-g_/h1 by add+ ! quantity ( its acquir$ cond5sation1 we f9d #djj-g_/h = its actual d5sity1 :i* ne>ly approa*es ! real d5sity #djj1 det]m9$ to be s by ! p>allax ( ! moon4 ,z to o!r planets1 ,i d n "h pret5d to give exact proportions1 b only approximations1 to po9t out t _! d5sities h a /rong relation to _! velocity 9 _! respective orbits4 ,! comet1 !re=e1 by its oblique fall ^u ! surface ( ! sun1 hav+ driv5 !refrom a quantity ( matt] equal to ! #fej? "p ( its :ole mass2 ?is matt]1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 a liquid /ate1 w at fir/ h =m$ a torr5t1 ! gross] & less d5se p>ts ( :i* w h be5 driv5 ! f>!/1 & ! small] & m d5se1 hav+ receiv$ only ! l impulsion1 w rema9 ne>e/ its s\rce2 ! =ce ( ! sun's attraction w\ld inevitably act ^u all ! p>ts deta*$ f him1 & con/ra9 !m to circulate ar\nd 8 body1 & at ! same "t ! mutual attraction ( ! p>ticles ( matt] w\ld =m !mselves into globes at diff]5t di/ances f ! sun1 ! ne>e/ ( :i* necess>ily mov+ ) great] rapidity 9 _! orbits ?an ^? at a di/ance4 ,b ano!r objection may be />t$1 & x may be said1 if ! matt] :i* composes ! planets _h be5 sep>at$ f ! sun1 !y1 l him1 w\ld h be5 burn+ & lum9\s bodies1 n cold & opaque1 = no?+ resembles a globe ( fire less ?an a globe ( e>? & wat]2 & by comp>ison1 ! matt] ( ! e>? & planets is p]fectly diff]5t f t ( ! sun8 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1 t 9 ! sep>ation ! matt] *ang$ its =m1 & ! light or fire 0 ext+ui%$ by ! /roke :i* caus$ ?is motion ( impulsion4 ,besides1 may x n be suppos$ t if ! sun1 or a burn+ />1 mov$ ) su* velocity z ! planet1 t ! fire w\ld soon be ext+ui%$2 & t is ! reason :y all lum9\s />s are fix$1 & t ^? />s :i* are call$ new1 & :i* h probably *ang$ places1 are frequ5tly ext+ui%$ & lo/8 ,?is rem>k is some:at confirm$ by :at has be5 obs]v$ 9 comets2 !y mu/ burn to ! c5tre :5 !y pass to _! p]ihelium3 nev]!less !y d n become lum9\s !mselves1 !y only exhale burn+ vap\rs1 ( :i* !y leave a consid]able "p beh9d !m 9 _! c\rse4 ,i own1 t 9 a m$ium :]e !re is v little or no resi/ance1 fire may subsi/ & suff] a v great motion )\t be+ ext+ui%$3 ,i also own1 t :at ,i h j said ext5ds only to ! />s :i* totally disappe>1 & n to ^? :i* h p]iodical returns1 & appe> & disappe> alt]nately )\t *ang+ place 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ph5om5a ( ^! />s has be5 expla9$ 9 a v satisfactory mann] by ,m4 de ,maup]tuis1 9 8 disc\rse on ! figures ( ! planets4 ,b ! />s :i* appe> & aft]w>ds disappe> entirely1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 ext+ui%$1 ei!r by ! velocity ( _! motion1 or "s o!r cause4 ,we h n a s+le example ( "o lum9\s /> revolv+ r\nd ano!r2 & among ! numb] ( planets :i* compose our sy/em1 & :i* move r\nd ! sun ) m or less rapidity1 !re is n "o lum9\s ( itself4 ,x may also be add$1 t fire _c subsi/ s long 9 ! small z 9 l>ge masses1 & t ! planets mu/ h burnt = "s "t aft] !y 7 sep>at$ f ! sun1 b 7 at l5g? ext+ui%$ = want ( combu/ible matt]1 z probably w\ld be ! sun itself1 & = ! same reason2 b 9 a l5g? ( "t z f> beyond t :i* ext+ui%$ ! planets1 z x exce$s 9 quantity ( matt]4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! matt] ( :i* ! planets are =m$ be+ sep>at$ f ! sun1 by ! /roke ( a comet1 t appe>s a suffici5t reason = ! ext9ction ( _! fires4 ,! e>? & planets at ! "t ( _! quitt+ ! sun1 7 9 a /ate ( total liquid fire2 9 ?is /ate !y rema9$ only z long z ! viol5ce ( ! heat :i* _h produc$ x2 & :i* heat necess>ily und]w5t a gradual decay3 x 0 9 ?is /ate ( fluidity t !y took _! circul> =ms1 & t _! regul> motions rais$ ! p>ts ( _! equators1 & l[]$ _! poles4 ,?is figure1 :i* agrees s p]fectly ) ! laws ( hydro/atics1 ,i am ( op9ion ) ,leibnitz1 necess>ily supposes t ! e>? & planets h be5 9 a /ate ( fluidity1 caus$ by fire1 & t ! int]nal "p ( ! e>? mu/ be a vitrifiable matt]1 ( :i* s&1 granite1 c4 are ! fragm5ts & scoria4 ,x may1 !re=e1 ) "s probability1 be ?\ght t ! planets app]ta9$ to ! sun1 t !y 7 sep>at$ by a s+le /roke1 :i* gave to !m a motion ( impulsion1 & t _! position at diff]5t di/ances f ! sun proce$s only f _! diff]5t d5sities4 ,x n[ only rema9s1 to complete ?is !ory1 to expla9 ! diurnal motion ( ! planets1 & ! =mation or ! satellites2 b ?is1 f> f add+ difficulties to my hypo!sis1 seems1 on ! contr>y1 to confirm x4 ,= ! diurnal motion1 or rotation1 dep5ds solely on ! obliquity ( ! /roke1 an oblique impulse !re=e on ! surface ( a body w necess>ily give x a rotative motion2 ?is motion w be equal & always ! same1 if ! body :i* receives x is homog5e\s1 & x w be unequal if ! body is compos$ ( het]og5e\s p>ts1 or ( diff]5t d5sities2 h5ce we may conclude t 9 all ! planets ! matt] is homog5e\s1 s9ce _! diurnal motions are equal1 & regul>ly p]=m$ 9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,ano!r pro( t ! sep>ation ( ! d5se or less d5se p>ts 7 orig9ally f ! sun4 ,b ! obliquity ( ! /roke might be su*1 z to sep>ate f ! body ( ! pr9cipal planet a small "p ( matt]1 :i* w\ld ( c\rse cont9ue to move 9 ! same direction2 ^! p>ts w\ld be unit$1 accord+ to _! d5sities1 at diff]5t di/ances f ! planet1 by ! =ce ( _! mutual attraction1 & at ! same "t foll[ its c\rse r\nd ! sun1 by revolv+ ab\t ! body ( ! planet1 ne>ly 9 ! plane ( its orbit4 ,x is pla91 t ^? small p>ts s sep>at$ are ! satellites3 ?us ! =mation1 position1 & direction ( ! motions ( ! satellites p]fectly agree ) our !ory2 = !y h all ! same motion 9 conc5trical circles r\nd _! pr9cipal planet2 _! motion is 9 ! same direction1 & t ne>ly 9 ! plane ( _! orbits4 ,all ^! effects1 :i* are common to !m1 & :i* dep5d on an impulsive =ce1 c proce$ only f "o common cause1 :i* is1 impulsive motion1 communicat$ to !m by "o & ! same oblique /roke4 ,:at we h j said on ! cause ( ! motion & =mation ( ! satellites1 w acquire m probability1 if we consid] all ! circum/ances ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! planets :i* turn ! swifte/ on _! axis1 are ^? :i* h satellites4 ,! e>? turns quick] ?an ,m>s 9 ! relation ( ab\t #bd to #ae2 ! e>? has a satellite1 b ,m>s has none4 ,jupit]1 ^: rapidity r\nd its axis is five to six hundr$ times great] ?an t ( ! e>?1 has f\r satellites1 & !re is a great appe>ance t ,saturn1 :i* has five1 & a r+1 turns /ill m quickly ?an ,jupit]4 ,x may ev5 be conjectur$ ) "s f\ndation1 t ! r+ ( ,saturn is p>allel to ! equator ( ! planet1 s t ! plane ( ! equator ( ! r+1 & t ( ,saturn1 are ne>ly ! same2 = by suppos+1 accord+ to ! prec$+ !ory1 t ! obliquity ( ! /roke by :i* ,saturn has be5 set 9 motion 0 v great1 ! velocity ar\nd ! axis w1 at fir/1 h be5 9 proportion z ! c5trifugal =ce exce$s t ( gravity1 & !re w be deta*$ f its equator & neighb\r+ p>ts1 a consid]able quantity ( matt]1 :i* w necess>ily h tak5 ! figure ( a r+1 ^: plane mu/ be ne>ly ! same z t ( ! equator ( ! planet2 & ?is quantity ( matt] hav+ be5 deta*$ f ! vic9ity ( ! equator ( ,saturn1 mu/ h l[]$ ! equator ( t planet1 :i* causes t1 not)/&+ its rapidity1 ! diamet]s ( ,saturn _c be s unequal z ^? ( ,jupit]1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r m ?an an elev5? "p4 ,h[ev] great ! probability ( :at ,i h advanc$ on ! =mation ( ! planets & _! satellites may appe> to me1 yet1 e man has 8 p>ticul> measurem5t1 to e/imate probabilities ( ?is nature2 & z ?is measurem5t dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! und]/&+ to comb9e m or less di/ant relations1 ,i d n pret5d to conv9ce ! incr$ul\s4 ,i h n only ?\ght x my duty to (f] ^! ideas1 because !y appe> to me reasonable1 & calculat$ to cle> up a subject1 on :i*1 h[ev] important1 no?+ has hi!rto be5 writt51 b because ! impulsive motion 9 ! planets ent] at lea/ z "o half ( ! composition ( ! univ]se1 :i* gravity alone _c unfold4 ,i %all only add ! foll[+ que/ions to ^? :o are incl9$ to d5y ! possibility ( my sy/em4 #a4 ,is x n natural to imag9e1 t a body 9 motion has receiv$ t motion by ! /roke ( ano!r body8 #b4 ,is x n v probable1 t :5 _m bodies move 9 ! same direction1 t !y h receiv$ ?is direction by "o s+le /roke1 or by _m /rokes direct$ 9 ! same mann]8 #c4 ,is x n m probable t :5 _m bodies h ! same direction 9 _! motion1 & are plac$ 9 ! same plane1 t !y receiv$ ?is direction & ?is position by "o & ! same /roke1 r ?an by a numb]8 #d4 ,at ! "t a body is put 9 motion by ! =ce ( impulsion1 is x n probable t x receives x obliquely1 &1 consequ5tly1 is oblig$ to turn on its axis s mu* ! quick]1 z ! obliquity ( ! /roke w h be5 great]8 ,if ^! que/ions %\ld n appe> unreasonable1 ! !ory1 ( :i* we h pres5t$ ! outl9es1 w cease to appe> an absurdity4 ,let u n[ pass on to some?+ :i* m ne>ly conc]ns u1 & exam9e ! figure ( ! e>?1 on :i* s _m rese>*es & su* great obs]vations h be5 made4 ,! e>? be+1 z x appe>s by ! equality ( its diurnal motion & ! con/ancy ( ! incl9ation ( its axis1 compos$ ( homog5e\s p>ts1 :i* attract ea* o!r 9 proportion to _! quantity ( matt]1 x w\ld necess>ily h tak5 ! figure ( a globe p]fectly sph]ical1 if ! motion ( impulsation _h be5 giv5 x 9 a p]p5dicul> direction to ! surface2 b ?is /roke hav+ be5 obliquely giv51 ! e>? turn$ on its axis at ! mom5t x took its =m2 & f ! comb9ation ( ?is impulsive =ce1 ! attraction ( ! p>ts1 !re has result$ a sph]oid figure1 m elevat$ "u ! great circle ( rotation1 & l[] at ! two extremities ( ! axis1 & ?is because ! action ( ! c5trifugal =ce proce$+ f ! diurnal rotation mu/ dim9i% ! action ( gravity4 ,?us1 ! e>? be+ homog5e\s1 & hav+ receiv$ a rotative motion1 necess>ily took a sph]oidical figure1 ! two axes ( :i* diff] a #bcj? "p f ea* o!r4 ,?is may be cle>ly demon/rat$1 & does n dep5d on any hypo!sis :atev]4 ,! laws ( gravity are p]fectly kn[n1 & we _c d\bt t bodies attract ea* o!r 9 a direct ratio ( _! masses1 & 9 an inv]t$ ratio1 at ! squ>es ( _! di/ances2 s likewise we _c d\bt1 t ! g5]al action ( any body is n compos$ ( all ! p>ticul> actions ( its p>ts4 ,?us ea* "p ( matt] mutually attracts 9 a direct ratio ( its mass & an inv]t$ ratio ( its di/ance1 & f all ^! attractions !re results a sph]e :5 !re is no rotatory motion1 & a sph]oid :5 !re is "o4 ,?is sph]oid is long] or %ort] at ! two extremities ( ! axis ( rotation1 9 proportion to ! velocity ( its diurnal motion1 & ! e>? has !n1 by virtue ( its rotative velocity1 & ( ! mutual attraction ( all its p>ts1 ! figure ( a sph]oid1 ! two axes ( :i* are z #bbi to #bcj to "o ano!r4 ,?us1 by its orig9al con/itu5t1 by its homog5e\sness1 & indep5d5t ( e hypo!sis f ! direction ( gravity1 ! e>? has tak5 ?is figure ( a sph]oid at its =mation1 & agreeable to me*anical laws3 its equatorial diamet] 0 rais$ ab\t #f-a_/b leagues high] ?an "u ! poles4 ,i %all dwell on ?is article1 because !re are /ill geometricians :o ?9k t ! figure ( ! e>? dep5ds ^u !ory1 & ?is f a sy/em ( philosophy !y h embrac$1 & f a suppos$ direction ( gravity4 ,! fir/ ?+ we h to demon/rate is1 ! mutual attraction ( e "p ( matt]1 & ! second ! homog5e\sness ( ! t]re/rial globe2 if we cle>ly prove1 t ^! two circum/ances are really s1 !re w no long] be any hypo!sis to be made on ! direction ( gravity3 ! e>? w necess>ily h ! figure ,newton decid$ 9 fav\r (1 & e o!r figure giv5 to x by virtue ( vortexes or o!r hypo!ses1 w n be able to subsi/4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 t x is ! =ce ( gravity :i* reta9s ! planets 9 _! orbits2 ! satellites ( ,saturn gravitate t[>ds ,saturn1 ^? ( ,jupit] t[>ds ,jupit]1 ! ,moon gravitates t[>ds ! ,e>?3 & ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 gravitate t[>ds ! ,sun3 s likewise ,saturn & ,jupit] gravitate t[>ds _! satellites1 ! ,e>? gravitates t[>ds ! ,moon1 & ! ,sun t[>ds ! :ole ( ! planets4 ,gravitation is !re=e g5]al & mutual 9 all ! planet>y sy/em1 = action _c be ex]cis$ )\t a re-action2 all ! planets1 !re=e1 act mutually "o on ! o!r4 ,?is mutual attraction s]ves z a f\ndation to ! laws ( _! motion1 & is demon/rat$ to exi/ by its effects4 ,:5 ,saturn & ,jupit] are 9 conjunction1 !y act "o on ! o!r1 & ?is attraction produces an irregul>ity 9 _! motion r\nd ! ,sun4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,e>? & ! ,moon1 !y also mutually attract ea* o!r2 b ! irregul>ities ( ! motion ( ! ,moon1 proce$s f ! attraction ( ! ,sun1 s t ! ,e>?1 ! ,sun1 & ! ,moon1 mutually act "o on ! o!r4 ,n[ ?is mutual attraction ( ! planets1 :5 ! di/ances are equal1 is proportional to _! quantity ( matt]1 & ! same =ce ( gravity :i* causes heavy matt] to fall on ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & :i* ext5ds to ! ,moon1 is also proportional to ! quantity ( matt]2 !re=e ! total gravity ( a planet is compos$ ( ! gravity ( ea* ( its p>ts2 f :5ce all ! p>ts ( ! matt]1 ei!r 9 ! ,e>? or 9 ! planets1 mutually attract ea* o!r & ! ,e>?1 by its rotation r\nd its own axis1 has necess>ily tak5 ! figure ( a sph]oid1 ! axes ( :i* are z #bbi to #bcj4 ,! direction ( ! weight mu/ be p]p5dicul> to ! ,e>?'s surface2 consequ5tly no hypo!sis1 drawn f ! direction ( gravity1 c be su/a9$1 unless ! g5]al attraction ( ! p>ts ( matt] be d5i$2 b ! exi/5ce ( ?is mutual attraction is demon/rat$ by obs]vations1 & ! exp]im5t ( p5dulums prove1 t its ext5sion is g5]al2 !re=e we _c support an hypo!sis on ! direction ( gravity )\t go+ aga9/ exp]i5ce & reason4 ,let u n[ proce$ to exam9e :e!r ! matt] ( :i* ! t]re/rial globe is compos$ be homog5e\s4 ,i admit1 t if x is suppos$ ! globe is m d5se 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs1 ! direction ( gravity mu/ be diff]5t f :at we h j assign$1 & t ! figure ( ! ,e>? w\ld also diff] agreeable to ^? suppositions4 ,b :at reason h we to make ^! suppositions8 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld we suppose t ! p>ts ne> ! c5tre are d5s] ?an ^? :i* are m remote8 ,are n all ! p>ticles :i* compose ! globe collect$ toge!r by _! mutual attraction8 h5ce1 ea* p>ticle is a c5tre1 & !re is no reason to believe1 t ! p>ts :i* surr\nd ! c5tre are d5s] ?an ^? :i* are ab\t any o!r po9t4 ,besides1 if "o consid]able "p ( ! globe 0 d5s] ?an ano!r1 ! axis ( rotation w\ld be f\nd ne> ! d5se p>ts1 & an inequality w\ld ensue 9 ! diurnal revolution2 we %\ld rem>k an inequality 9 ! app>5t motion ( ! fix$ />s2 !y w\ld appe> to move m quick or sl[ 9 ! z5i?1 or horizon1 accord+ z we %\ld be plac$ on ! d5s] or light] p>ts ( ! e>?2 & ! axis ( ! globe no long] pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity1 w\ld also v s5sibly *ange its position3 b no?+ l ?is ev] happ5s2 on ! contr>y1 ! diurnal motion ( ! e>? is equal & uni=m4 ,at all p>ts ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 ! />s appe> to move ) ! same velocity at all heights1 & if !re be any rotation 9 its axis1 x is s trifl+ z to h escap$ obs]vation3 x mu/ !re=e be conclud$1 t ! globe is homog5e\s1 or ne>ly s 9 all its p>ts4 ,if ! e>? 0 a holl[ & void globe1 & ! cru/ ( :i*1 = example1 n m ?an two or ?ree miles ?ick2 x w\ld produce ^! effects4 #a4 ,! m\nta9s w\ld be su* consid]able p>ts ( ! :ole ?ickness ( ! cru/1 t great irregul>ities 9 ! motions ( ! ,e>? w\ld be occasion$ by ! attraction ( ! ,moon & ,sun3 = :5 ! highe/ p>ts ( ! globe1 z ! ,cordeli]s1 %\ld h ! ,moon at noon1 ! attraction w\ld be mu* /rong] on ! :ole globe ?an :5 %e 0 9 ! m]idian ( ! l[e/ p>ts4 #b4 ,! attraction ( m\nta9s w\ld be mu* m consid]able ?an x is 9 comp>ison ) ! attraction ( ! :ole globe1 & exp]im5ts made at ! m\nta9 ( ,*imboraco1 9 ,p]u1 w\ld 9 ?is case give m degrees ?an !y h giv5 seconds = ! deviation ( ! plumb l9e4 #c4 ,! weight ( bodies w\ld be great] on ! tops ( high m\nta9s ?an on ! planes2 s t we %\ld feel ourselves consid]ably heavi]1 & %\ld walk ) m difficulty 9 high ?an 9 l[ places4 ,^! obs]vations1 ) _m o!rs t might be add$1 mu/ conv9ce u1 t ! inn] p>ts ( ! globe is n void1 b fill$ ) a d5se matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if bel[ ! dep? ( two or ?ree miles1 ! e>? 0 fill$ ) a matt] mu* m d5se ?an any kn[n1 x w\ld necess>ily occur1 t e "t we desc5d$ to mod]ate dep?s1 we %\ld weigh mu* m1 & ! motion ( p5dulums w\ld be m accel]at$ ?an 9 fact !y are :5 c>ri$ f an em95ce into a pla93 ?us1 we may presume t ! int]nal "p ( ! ,e>? is fill$ ) a matt] ne>ly simil> to t :i* composes its surface4 ,:at may complete our det]m9ation 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion is1 t 9 ! fir/ =mation ( ! globe1 :5 x took its pres5t sph]oidical figure1 ! matt] :i* compos$ x 0 9 fusion1 &1 consequ5tly1 all its p>ts 7 homog5e\s1 & ne>ly equally d5se4 ,f t "t ! matt] on ! surface1 al?\gh orig9ally ! same ) ! int]ior1 has und]gone a v>iety ( *anges by ext]nal causes1 :i* has produc$ mat]ials ( su* diff]5t d5sities2 b x mu/ be rem>k$1 t ! d5se/ matt]s1 z gold & metals1 are also ^? ! mo/ seldom to be met )1 & consequ5tly ! greate/ "p ( ! matt] at ! surface ( ! globe has n und]gone any v great *anges ) relation to its d5sity2 ! mo/ common mat]ials1 z s& & clay1 diff] v little1 insomu*1 t we may conjecture1 ) great probability1 t ! int]nal "p ( ! e>? is compos$ ( a vitrifi$ matt]1 ! d5sity ( :i* is ne>ly ! same z t ( s&1 & t consequ5tly ! t]re/rial globe 9 g5]al may be reg>d$ z homog5e\s4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 x may be urg$1 t al?\gh ! globe 0 compos$ ( conc5trical /rata ( diff]5t d5sities1 ! diurnal motion might be equally c]ta91 & ! uni=m incl9ation ( ! axis z con/ant & undi/urb$ z x c\ld be1 on ! supposition ( its be+ compos$ ( homog5e\s matt]4 ,i ackn[l$ge x1 b ,i ask at ! same "t1 if !re is any reason to believe t /rata ( diff]5t d5sities d exi/8 ,if ^! conclusions be n r a desire to adju/ ! works ( ,nature to our own ideas8 ,& :e!r 9 physics we ought to admit suppositions :i* are n f\nd$ on obs]vations or analogy8 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! e>?1 by virtue ( ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts & its diurnal motion1 assum$ ! figure ( a sph]oid2 t x necess>ily took t =m f be+ 9 a /ate ( fluidity2 t1 agreeable to ! laws ( gravity & ( a c5trifugal =ce1 x c\ld h no o!r figure3 t 9 ! mom5t ( its =mation z at pres5t1 !re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two diamet]s equal to a #bcj? "p1 & t1 consequ5tly1 e hypo!sis 9 :i* we f9d great] or less diff]5ce are fictions :i* m]it no att5tion4 ,b x may be said1 if ?is !ory is true1 & if #bbi to #bcj is ! j relation ( ! axis1 :y did ! ma!maticians1 s5t to ,lapl& & ,p]u1 agree to ! relation ( #agd to #age8 ,f :5ce does ?is diff]5ce arise betwe5 !ory & practice8 ,& is x n m reasonable to give ! pref]5ce to practice & measures1 especially :5 we h be5 tak5 by ! mo/ able ma!maticians ( ,europe#aji3;,a1 & ) all necess>y app>atus to e/abli% ! result4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t ,i h paid att5tion to ! obs]vations made at ! equator & ne> ! pol> circle2 t ,i h no d\bt ( _! be+ exact1 & t ! e>? may possibly be elevat$ an #age? "p m at ! equator ?an at ! poles4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ,i ma9ta9 my !ory1 & ,i see cle>ly h[ ! two conclusions may be reconcil$4 ,?is diff]5ce is ab\t f\r leagues 9 ! two axes1 s t ! p>ts at ! equator are rais$ two leagues m ?an !y ought to be1 accord+ to my !ory2 ?is height answ]s exactly to ! greate/ inequalities on ! surface ( ! globe1 produc$ by ! motion ( ! sea1 & ! action ( ! fluids4 ,i w expla92 x appe>s t :5 ! e>? 0 =m$1 x mu/ necess>ily h tak51 by virtue ( ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts1 & ! action ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 a sph]oidical figure1 ! axes ( :i* diff] a #bcj? "p3 ! orig9al e>? mu/ h _h ?is figure1 :i* x took :5 x 0 fluid1 or r liquifi$ by ! fire2 b aft] its =mation ! vap\rs :i* 7 ext5d$ & r>efi$1 z 9 ! atmosph]e & tail ( a comet1 became cond5s$1 & fell on ! surface 9 =m ( air & wat]3 & :5 ^! wat]s became agitat$ by ! flux & reflux1 ! matt]s 71 by degrees1 c>ri$ f ! poles t[>ds ! equatorial p>ts2 s t ! poles 7 l[]$ ab\t a league1 & ^? ( ! equator rais$ 9 ! same proportion2 ?is 0 n sudd5ly done1 b by degrees 9 succession ( "t2 ! e>? be+ also expos$ to ! action ( ! w9ds1 air1 & sun2 all ^! irregul> causes concurr$ ) ! flux & reflux to furr[ its surface1 holl[ x into valleys1 & raise x into m\nta9s2 & produc+ o!r inequalities & irregul>ities1 ( :i*1 nev]!less1 ! greate/ ?ickness does n exce$ "o league at ! equator2 ?is inequality ( two leagues1 is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ :i* c be on ! surface ( ! e>?1 = ! highe/ m\nta9s are sc>ce above "o league 9 height1 & !re is mu* probability ( ! sea's n be+ m at its greate/ dep?4 ,! !ory is !re=e true1 & practice may be s likewise2 ! e>? at fir/ c\ld n be rais$ above #f-a_/b leagues m at ! equator ?an ! poles1 b ! *anges :i* h happ5$ to its surface might aft]w>ds raise x /ill m4 ,natural ,hi/ory wond]fully confirms ?is op9ion1 = we h prov$ 9 ! prec$+ disc\rse t ! flux & reflux1 & o!r motions ( ! wat]1 h produc$ m\nta9s & all ! inequalities on ! surface ( ! globe1 t ?is surface has und]gone consid]able *anges1 & t at ! greate/ dep?s1 z well z on ! greate/ heights1 bones1 %ells & o!r wrecks ( animals1 :i* inhabit ! sea & e>?1 are met )4 ,x may be conjectur$1 f :at has be5 said1 t to f9d anci5t e>?1 & matt]s :i* h nev] be5 remov$ f ! spot 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ plac$1 we mu/ dig ne> ! poles1 :]e ! b$ ( ! e>? mu/ be ?9n] ?an 9 ! ,s\!rn climates4 ,on ! :ole1 if we /rictly exam9e ! measures by :i* ! figure ( ! e>? is det]m9$1 we %all p]ceive ?is hypo!sis ent]s into su* det]m9ation2 = x supposes ! e>? to h ! figure ( a regul> curve1 :]eas f ! con/ant *anges ! e>? is cont9ually und]go+ f a v>iety & comb9ation ( causes1 x is almo/ impossible t x %\ld h reta9$ any regul> figure1 & h5ce ! poles might1 orig9ally1 only be flatt5$ a #bcj? "p1 z ,newton says1 & z my !ory requires4 ,besides1 al?\gh we _h exactly ! l5g? ( ! degree at ! pol> circle & equator1 h we n also ! l5g? ( ! degree z exactly 9 ,france8 ,& ! measure ( ,m4 ,pic>d1 has x n be5 v]ifi$8 ,add to ?is t ! augm5tation & dim9ution 9 ! motion ( ! p5dulum1 d n agree ) ! result drawn f measurem5t1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 !y diff] v little f ! !ory ( ,newton4 ,?is is surely m ?an is requisite to conv9ce u t ! poles are n flatt5$ m ?an a #bcj? "p1 & t if !re is any diff]5ce1 x c proce$ only f ! inequalities1 :i* ! wat] & o!r ext]nal causes h produc$ on its surface2 b ^! inequalities be+ m irregul> ?an regul>1 we mu/ n =m any hypo!sis !reon1 nor suppose1 t ! m]idians are ellipses1 or any o!r regul> curves4 ,f :5ce we p]ceive1 t if we %\ld successively measure _m degrees ( ! e>? 9 all directions1 we /ill %\ld n be c]ta9 by t alone1 ( ! exact situation ( ! poles1 nor :e!r !y 7 depress$ m or less ?an ! #bcj? "p4 ,may x n also be conjectur$1 t if ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! e>? has *ang$1 x c only be produc$ by ! *anges :i* h happ5$ to ! surface1 s9ce all ! re/ ( ! globe is homog5e\s2 t consequ5tly ?is v>iation is too little s5sible to be p]ceiv$ by a/ronom]s1 & t if ! e>? is n enc\nt]$ ) a comet1 or d]ang$1 by any o!r ext]nal cause1 its axis w rema9 p]petually incl9$ z x is at pres5t1 & z x has always be58 ,9 ord] n to omit any conjecture :i* appe>s reasonable1 may x n be said1 t z ! m\nta9s & inequalities :i* are on ! surface ( ! e>? h be5 =m$ by ! flux & reflux ( ! sea1 ! m\nta9s & inequalities :i* we rem>k on ! surface ( ! moon1 h be5 produc$ by a simil> cause8 !y c]ta9ly are mu* high] ?an ^? ( ! e>?1 b !n h] tides are also mu* /rong]1 occasion$ by ! e>?'s be+ consid]ably l>g] ?an ! moon1 & consequ5tly produc+ h] tides ) a sup]ior =ce2 & ?is effect w\ld be mu* great] if ! moon _h1 l ! e>?1 a rapid rotation2 b z ! moon pres5ts always ! same surface to ! e>?1 ! tides _c op]ate b 9 proportion to ! motion aris+ f h] libration1 by :i* x alt]natively discov]s to u a segm5t ( its o!r hemisph]e2 ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ produce a k9d ( flux & reflux1 q diff]5t f t ( our sea1 & ! effects ( :i* w be mu* less consid]able ?an if ! moon _h f its c\rse a revolution r\nd its axis1 z quick z ! rotation ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,i %\ld furni% a volume z l>ge z t ( ,burnet or ,:i/on's1 if ,i 7 to enl>ge on ! ideas :i* arise 9 support ( ! above2 by giv+ !m a geometrical air1 9 imitation ( ! la/ au?or1 ,i might add consid]ably to _! weight2 b1 9 my op9ion1 hypo!sis1 h[ev] probable1 ought n to be treat$ ) su* pomposity2 x be+ a dress :i* bord]s s mu* on quack]y4 ,,footnotes3 #gh3;,a ,vide ,newton1 #b;d edit4 page #ebe4 #gi3;,a ,vid4 ,newton1 page #dje4 #aji3;,a ,m4 de ,maup]tuis' ,figure ( ! ,e>?4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,f ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,:i/on#aae3;,a4 ,?is ,au?or comm5ces 8 treatise by a diss]tation on ! creation ( ! _w2 he says t ! acc\nt ( x giv5 by ,moses 9 ! text ( ,g5esis has n be5 rightly und]/ood2 t ! translators h conf9$ !mselves too mu* to ! lett] & sup]ficial views1 )\t att5d+ to nature1 reason1 & philosophy4 ,! common notion ( ! _w be+ made 9 six days1 he says is absolutely false1 & t ! description giv5 by ,moses1 is n an exact & philosophical n>ration ( ! creation & orig9 ( ! univ]se1 b only an hi/orical repres5tation ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,! e>?1 accord+ to him1 exi/$ 9 ! *aos2 &1 at ! "t m5tion$ by ,moses1 receiv$ ! =m1 situation & consi/5cy necess>y to be inhabit$ by ! human race4 ,i %all n ent] into a detail ( 8 pro(s1 nor und]take _! refutation4 ,! exposition we h j made1 is suffici5t to demon/rate ! diff]5ce ( 8 op9ion ) public facts1 its contr>iety ) scripture1 & consequ5tly ! insuffici5cy ( 8 pro(s4 ,on ! :ole1 he treats ?is matt] z a !ological controv]ti/1 r ?an z an enlight5$ philosoph]4 ,leav+ ^! errone\s pr9ciples1 he flies to +5i\s suppositions1 :i*1 al?\gh extraord9>y1 yet h a degree ( probability to ^? :o1 l him1 incl9e to ! en?usiasm ( sy/em4 ,he says1 t ! anci5t *aos1 ! orig9 ( our e>?1 0 ! atmosph]e ( a comet3 t ! annual motion ( ! e>? began at ! "t x took its new =m1 b t its diurnal motion began only :5 ! fir/ man fell4 ,t ! ecliptic cut ! tropic ( canc]1 opposite to ! t]re/rial p>adise1 :i* 0 situat$ on ! nor?-we/ side ( ! fronti]s ( ,assyria3 t be=e ! deluge1 ! ye> began at ! autumnal equ9ox3 t ! orbits ( ! planets1 & ! e>? 7 !n p]fect circles4 ,t ! deluge began ! #ah? ( ,novemb]1 #bcfe ( ! ,julian p]iod1 or #bcdi ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,t ! sol> & lun> ye> 7 !n ! same1 & t !y exactly conta9$ #cfj days4 ,t a comet desc5d+ 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic t[>ds its p]ihelion1 pass$ ne> ! globe ( ! e>? ! same day z ! deluge began3 t !re is a great heat 9 ! int]nal "p ( ! t]re/rial globe1 :i* con/antly diffuses itself f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce2 t ! =m ( ! e>? is l t ( an egg1 ! anci5t emblem ( ! globe2 t m\nta9s are ! lighte/ "p ( ! e>?1 c4 ,he aft]w>ds attributes all ! alt]ations & *anges :i* h happ5$ to ! e>?1 to ! univ]sal deluge2 !n bl9dly adopts ! !ory ( ,woodw>d1 & indiscrim9ately makes use ( all ! obs]vations ( t au?or on ! pres5t /ate ( ! globe2 b assumes orig9ality :5 he speaks ( its future /ate3 accord+ to him x w be consum$ by fire1 & its de/ruction w be prec$$ by t]rible e>?quakes1 ?und]1 & frightful meteors2 ! ,sun & ,moon w h an hide\s aspect1 ! heav5s w appe> to fall1 & ! flames w be g5]al ov] all ! e>?2 b :5 ! fire %all h dev\r$ all ! impurities x conta9s2 :5 x %all be vitrifi$ & r5d]$ transp>5t z cry/al1 ! sa9ts & ! bless$ spirits w return & take possession ( x1 & !re rema9 till ! day ( judgm5t4 ,^! hypo!ses1 at ! fir/ glance1 appe> to be ra% & extravagant ass]tions2 nev]!less ! au?or has manag$ !m ) su* address1 & treat$ !m ) su* /r5g?1 t !y cease to appe> absolutely *im]ical4 ,he supports 8 subjects ) mu* sci5ce1 & x is surpris+ t1 f a mixture ( ideas s v absurd1 a sy/em c\ld be =m$ ) an air ( probability4 ,x has n affect$ vulg> m9ds s mu* z x has dazzl$ ! eyes ( ! le>n$1 because !y are m easily deceiv$ by ! gl>e ( erudition1 & ! p[] ( novel ideas4 ,mr4 ,:i/on 0 a celebrat$ a/ronom]1 9 ! con/ant habit ( consid]+ ! heav5s1 obs]v+ ! />s1 & contemplat+ ! wond]ful c\rse ( nature2 he c\ld nev] p]suade himself t ?is small gra9 ( s&1 ?is ,e>? :i* we inhabit1 occupi$ m ! att5tion ( ! ,creator ?an ! univ]se1 ! va/ ext5t ( :i* conta9s millions ( o!r ,suns & ,e>?s4 ,he pret5ds1 t ,moses has n giv5 u ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ creation ( ?is globe1 b only a detail ( ! new =m t x took :5 ! ,almighty turn$ x f ! mass ( a comet into a planet1 & =m$ x into a prop] habitation = m54 ,comets are1 9 fact1 subject$ to t]rible vicissitudes by reason ( ! ecc5tricity ( _! orbits4 ,sometimes1 l t 9 #afhj1 x is a ?\s& times hott] !re ?an r$-hot iron2 & sometimes a ?\s& times cold] ?an ice2 if !y are1 !re=e1 inhabit$ x mu/ be by /range creatures1 ( :i* we c h no conception4 ,! planets1 on ! contr>y1 are places ( re/1 :]e ! di/ance ( ! sun n v>y+ mu*1 ! temp]ature rema9s ne>ly ! same1 & p]mits diff]5t k9ds ( plants & animals to gr[ & multiply4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! _w2 b1 obs]ves our au?or1 ! e>? 0 !n an un9habitable comet1 suff]+ alt]natively ! excess ( heat & cold1 its liquify+ & freez+ by turns =m$ a *aos1 or an abyss1 surr\nd$ ) ?ick d>kness3 & d>kness cov]$ ! face ( ! deep1 t5ebr erant sup]faciam abissi4 ,?is *aos 0 ! atmosph]e ( ! comet1 a body compos$ ( het]og5e\s matt]s1 ! c5tre occupi$ by sph]ical1 solid1 & hot sub/ances1 ( ab\t two ?\s& leagues 9 diamet]1 r\nd :i* a v great surface ( a ?ick fluid ext5d$1 mix$ ) an un%ap5 & confus$ matt]1 l ! *aos ( ! anci5t rudis indige/aque moles4 ,?is va/ atmosph]e conta9$ b v few dry1 solid1 or t]re/rial p>ticles1 /ill less aque\s or a]ial1 b a great quantity ( fluid1 d5se & heavy matt]s1 mix$1 agitat$ & jumbl$ toge!r 9 ! greate/ disord] & confusion4 ,su* 0 ! e>? be=e ! six days1 b on ! fir/ day ( ! creation1 :5 ! ecc5trical orbit ( ! comet _h be5 *ang$1 e ?+ took its place1 & bodies arrang$ !mselves accord+ to ! law ( gravity1 ! heavy fluid desc5d$ to ! l[e/ places1 & left ! upp] regions to ! t]re/rial1 aque\s & a]ial p>ts2 ^? likewise desc5d$ accord+ to _! ord] ( gravity2 fir/ ! e>?1 !n ! wat]1 & la/ ( all ! air4 ,! imm5se volume ( *aos 0 ?us r$uc$ to a globe ( a mod]ate size1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! solid body t /ill reta9s ! heat :i* ! sun =m]ly communicat$ to x1 :5 x belong$ to a comet4 ,?is heat may possibly endure six ?\s& ye>s1 s9ce ! comet ( #afhj requir$ fifty ?\s& ye>s to cool4 ,ar\nd ?is solid & burn+ matt]1 :i* occupies ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ! d5se & heavy fluid :i* desc5d$ ! fir/ is to be f\nd1 & ?is is ! fluid :i* =ms ! great abyss on :i* ! e>? is borne1 l cork on quicksilv]2 b z ! t]re/rial p>ts 7 orig9ally mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 9 desc5d+ !y h dragg$ ) !m a "p ( ?is wat]1 :i*1 n be+ able to re-asc5d aft] ! e>? 0 consolidat$1 =m$ a conc5trical b$ ) ! heavy fluid :i* surr\nds ?is hot sub/ance1 insomu* t ! great abyss is compos$ ( two conc5trical orbs1 ! mo/ int]nal ( :i* is a heavy fluid1 & ! o!r wat]2 ! la/ ( :i* s]ves = a f\ndation to ! e>?4 ,x is f ?is admirable arrangem5t1 produc$ by ! atmosph]e ( a comet1 t ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 & ! explanation ( all its ph5om5a are to dep5d4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e ( ! comet 0 once disemb>rass$ f all ! solid & t]re/rial matt]s1 !re rema9$ only ! light] air1 ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( ! sun freely pass$ & in/antly produc$ light3 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light4 ,! columns :i* compos$ ! orb ( ! ,e>? be+ =m$ ) su* great precipitation is ! cause ( _! diff]5t d5sities3 consequ5tly ! heavie/ sunk deep] into ?is subt]rane\s fluid ?an ! lighte/2 & x is ?is :i* has produc$ ! vallies & m\nta9s on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! inequalities 71 be=e ! deluge1 disp]s$ & situat$ o!rwise ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,in/ead ( ! va/ valley1 :i* conta9s ! ocean1 !re 7 _m small divid$ cavities on ! surface ( ! globe1 ea* ( :i* conta9$ a "p ( ?is wat]2 ! m\nta9s 7 also m divid$1 & did n =m *a9s z at pres5t3 nev]!less1 ! e>? conta9$ a ?\s& times m p1 & 0 a ?\s& times m f]tile2 & ! life ( man & o!r animals 7 t5 times long]1 all :i* 0 affect$ by ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? t proce$$ f ! c5tre1 & gave bir? to a great numb] ( plants & animals1 be/[+ on !m a degree ( vig\r necess>y = !m to subsi/ a long "t1 & multiply 9 great abundance4 ,b ?is heat1 by increas+ ! /r5g? ( bodies1 un=tunately ext5d$ to ! heads ( m5 & animals2 x augm5t$ _! passions2 x depriv$ man ( 8 innoc5ce1 & ! brute creation ( "p ( _! intellig5ce2 all creatures1 except+ fi%1 :o inhabit$ a cold] elem5t1 felt ! effects ( ?is heat1 became crim9al & m]it$ dea?4 ,x !re=e came1 & ?is univ]sal dea? happ5$ on ,w$nesday ! #bh? ( ,novemb]1 by a t]rible deluge ( =ty days & =ty nights1 & 0 caus$ by ! tail ( ano!r comet :i* enc\nt]$ ! e>? 9 return+ f its p]ihelion4 ,! tail ( a comet is ! lighte/ "p ( its atmosph]e2 x is a transp>5t mi/1 a subtile vap\r1 :i* ! heat ( ! sun exhales f ! body ( ! comet3 ?is vap\r compos$ ( extremely r>efi$ aque\s & a]ial p>ticles1 foll[s ! comet :5 x desc5ds to its p]ihelion1 & prec$es :5 x re-asc5ds1 s t x is always situate opposite to ! sun1 z if x s\ght to be 9 ! %ade1 & avoid ! too great heat ( t lum9>y4 ,! column :i* ?is vap\r =ms is (t5 ( an imm5se l5g?1 & ! m a comet approa*es ! sun1 ! long] & m ext5d$ is its tail1 & z _m comets desc5d bel[ ! annual orb ( ! e>?1 x is n surpris+ t ! e>? is sometimes f\nd surr\nd$ ) ! vap\r ( ?is tail2 ?is is precisely :at happ5$ at ! "t ( ! deluge4 ,9 two h\rs ! tail ( a comet w evacuate a quantity ( wat] equal to :at is conta9$ 9 ! :ole ocean4 ,9 %ort1 ?is tail 0 :at ,moses calls ! cat>acts ( ,heav51 & ! cat>acts ( ,heav5 7 op5$4 ,! t]re/rial globe meet+ ) ! tail ( a comet1 mu/1 9 go+ its c\rse ?r\gh ?is vap\r1 appropriate to itself a "p ( ! matt] :i* x conta9s2 all :i*1 com+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! e>?'s attraction1 mu/ fall on x1 & fall 9 ! =m ( ra91 s9ce ?is tail is p>tly compos$ ( aque\s vap\rs4 ,?us ra9 may come d[n 9 su* abundance z to produce an univ]sal deluge ! wat]s ( :i* might easily surm\nt ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,nev]!less1 our au?or1 cauti\s ( n go+ directly aga9/ ! lett] ( holy writ1 does n say t ?is ra9 0 ! sole cause ( ! univ]sal deluge1 b takes ! wat] f e place he c f9d x4 ,! great abyss z we see conta9s a consid]able quantity4 ,! e>?1 at ! approa* ( ! comet1 w\ld prove ! =ce ( its attraction2 & ! wat]s conta9$ 9 ! great abyss w\ld be agitat$ by s viol5t a k9d ( flux & reflux1 t ! sup]ficial cru/ w\ld n resi/1 b split 9 sev]al places1 & ! int]nal wat]s be disp]s$ ov] ! surface1 ,& ! f\nta9s ( ! abyss 7 op5$4 ,b :at became ( ^! wat]s1 :i* ! tail ( ! comet & great abyss furni%$ s lib]ally8 our au?or is n ! lea/ emb>rass$ !reon4 ,z soon z ! e>?1 cont9u+ its c\rse1 remov$ f ! comet1 ! effects ( its attraction1 ! flux & reflux 9 ! great abyss ceas$ ( c\rse1 & imm$iately ! upp] wat]s precipitat$ back ) viol5ce by ! same roads z !y _h be5 =c$ ^u ! surface4 ,! great abyss absorb$ all ! sup]flu\s wat]s1 & 0 ( a suffici5t capacity n only to receive its own wat]s1 b also all ^? :i* ! tail ( ! comet _h left1 because dur+ its agitation1 & ! rupture ( its cru/1 x _h enl>g$ ! space by driv+ out on all sides ! e>? t surr\nd$ x4 ,x 0 at ?is "t also ! figure ( ! e>?1 :i* till !n 0 sph]ical1 became elliptic4 ,?is effect 0 occasion$ by ! c5trifugal =ce caus$ by its diurnal motion1 & by ! attraction ( ! comet1 = ! e>?1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! tail ( ! comet1 f\nd itself s plac$ t x pres5t$ ! p>ts ( ! equator to t planet2 & ! p[] ( ! attraction ( ! comet1 concurr+ ) ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! e>?1 caus$ ! p>ts ( ! equator to be elevat$1 & t ) ! m facility z ! cru/ 0 brok5 & divid$ 9 an inf9ity ( places1 & because ! flux & reflux ( ! abyss drove aga9/ ! equator m viol5tly ?an else:]e4 ,"h !n is ,mr4 ,:i/on's hi/ory ( ! creation2 ! causes ( ! univ]sal deluge2 ! l5g? ( ! life ( ! fir/ m52 & ! figure ( ! ,e>?2 all :i* seem to h co/ our au?or little or no lab\r2 b ,noah's ark appe>s to h greatly disquiet$ him4 ,9 ! mid/ ( s t]rible a disord] occasion$ by ! conjunction ( ! tail ( a comet ) ! wat]s ( ! great abyss1 9 ! t]rible mom5ts :]e9 n only ! elem5ts ( ! e>? 7 confus$1 b :5 new elem5ts /ill concurr$ to augm5t ! *aos1 h[ c x be imag9$ t ! ark float$ quietly ) its num]\s c>go on ! top ( ! waves8 ,"h our au?or makes great ef=ts to arrive at & give a physical reason = ! pres]vation ( ! ark1 b :i* has always appe>$ to me insuffici5t1 poorly imag9$1 & b little or?odoxical3 ,i w n "h relate x1 b only obs]ve h[ h>d x is = a man :o has expla9$ objects s great & wond]ful1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to a sup]natural p[]1 to be /opt by "o p>ticul> circum/ance2 our au?or1 h[ev]1 *ose r to risk dr[n+ ) ! ark1 ?an to attribute to ! imm$iate b\nty ( ! ,almighty ! pres]vation ( ?is preci\s vessel4 ,i %all only make "o rem>k on ?is sy/em1 ( :i* ,i h made a fai?ful abridgem5t3 :i* is1 :5ev] we are ra% en\gh to attempt to expla9 !ological tru?s by physical reasons1 or int]pret purely by human views1 ! div9e text ( holy writ1 or t we endeav\r to reason on ! w ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & on ! execution ( 8 decrees1 we consequ5tly %all involve ourselves 9 ! d>kness & *aos ( obscurity & confusion1 l ! au?or ( ?is sy/em1 :i*1 9 defiance ( its absurdities1 has be5 receiv$ ) great applause4 ,he nei!r d\bts ! tru? ( ! deluge1 nor ! au!nticity ( ! sacr$ writ2 b z he 0 less employ$ ) x ?an ) physic & a/ronomy1 he has tak5 passages ( ! scripture = physical facts1 & ! results ( a/ronomical obs]vations2 & has s /rangely bl5d$ ! div9e k ) human sci5ce z to give bir? to ! mo/ extraord9>y sy/em t possibly ev] 0 or w be conceiv$4 ,,footnotes3 #aae3;,a ,a ,new ,!ory ( ! ,e>? by ,william ,:i/on1 #agjh4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,f ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,burnet4#abh3;,a ,?is au?or is ! fir/ :o has treat$ ?is subject g5]ally & 9 a sy/ematical matt]4 ,he 0 possess$ ( mu* und]/&+1 & 0 a p]son well acqua9t$ ) ! belles lettres4 ,8 "w acquir$ great reputation1 & 0 criticis$ by _m ( ! le>n$1 among ! re/ by ,mr4 ,keil1 :o has geometrically demon/rat$ ! errors ( ,mr4 ,burnet1 9 a treatise call$ ,exam9ation ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,mr4 ,keil also refut$ ,:i/on's sy/em2 b he treats ! la/ au?or v diff]5t f ! fir/1 & seems ev5 to be ( 8 op9ion 9 sev]al cases1 & looks ^u ! tail ( a comet to be a v probable cause = ! deluge4 ,b1 to return to ,burnet1 8 book is elegantly writt52 he knew h[ to pa9t noble images & magnific5t sc5es4 ,8 plan is great1 b ! execution is defici5t = want ( prop] mat]ials3 8 reason+ is good1 b 8 pro(s are weak2 yet 8 confid5ce 9 8 writ+s is s great1 t he frequ5tly causes 8 read]s to pass ov] 8 errors4 ,he beg9s by tell+ u1 t be=e ! deluge ! e>? _h a v diff]5t =m f t :i* x has at pres5t2 x 0 at fir/1 he says1 a fluid mass1 comp\nd$ ( matt]s ( all k9ds1 & all sorts ( figures1 ! heavie/ desc5d$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 & =m$ a h>d & solid body2 r\nd :i* ! wat]s collect$1 & ! air1 & all ! liquors light] ?an wat]1 surm\nt$ !m4 ,betwe5 ! orb ( air & t ( wat]1 0 an orb ( oily matt]1 b z ! air 0 /ill v impure1 & conta9$ a great quantity ( small p>ticles ( t]re/rial matt]1 !y by degrees desc5d$ on ! coat ( oil1 & =m$ a t]re/rial orb bl5d$ ) e>? & oil2 & ?is 0 ! fir/ habitable e>?1 & ! fir/ abode ( man4 ,?is 0 an excell5t soil1 light1 & calculat$ to yield to ! t5d]ness ( ! fir/ g]ms4 ,! surface ( ! t]re/rial globe 0 at fir/ equal1 uni=m1 )\t m\nta9s1 )\t seas1 & )\t inequalities2 b x rema9$ only ab\t sixte5 c5turies 9 ?is /ate1 = ! heat ( ! sun by degrees dry+ ! cru/1 split x at fir/ on ! surface1 soon aft] ^! cracks p5etrat$ f>!r & increas$ s consid]ably by "t1 t at l5g? !y entirely op5$ ! cru/2 9 an in/ant ! :ole e>? fell into pieces 9 ! abyss ( wat] x surr\nd$2 & ?is 0 ! cause ( ! deluge4 ,b all ^! masses ( e>?1 by fall+ into ! abyss1 dragg$ along ) !m a great quantity ( air2 ^! /ruck aga9/ ea* o!r1 divid$1 & accumulat$ s irregul>ly1 t great cavities fill$ ) air 7 left betwe5 !m4 ,! wat]s by degrees op5$ ^! cavities1 & 9 proportion z !y fill$ !m1 ! surface ( ! e>? discov]$ itself 9 ! highe/ p>ts2 at l5g? wat] alone rema9$ 9 ! l[e/ p>ts2 t is to say1 ! va/ vallies :i* conta9 ! sea4 ,?us our ocean is a "p ( ! anci5t abyss1 ! re/ is ent]$ into ! int]nal cavities ) :i* ! ocean communicates4 ,! isl&s & sea rocks are ! small fragm5ts1 & cont95ts are ! great masses ( ! old cru/4 ,z ! rupture & ! fall ( ?is cru/ are made ( a sudd51 & ) confusion1 x 0 n surpris+ to f9d em95ces1 dep?s1 pla9s1 & inequalities ( all k9ds on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,,footnotes3 #abh3;,a ,?omas ,burnet4 ,telluris !oria sacra1 orbis no/ri orig9em mutationes g5]ales1 quas aut jam subut1 aut olim ,subiturus e/ complect5s4 ,lond9a1 #afha4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,f ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,woodw>d4 ,x may be said ( ?is au?or1 t he attempt$ to raise an imm5se monum5t on a less solid base ?an ! mov+ s&1 & to con/ruct a _w ) du/2 = he pret5ds1 t at ! "t ( ! deluge a total dissolution ( ! e>? 0 made4 ,! fir/ idea :i* pres5ts1 aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh 8 book1#acb3;,a is1 t ?is dissolution 0 made by ! wat]s ( ! great abyss4 ,he ass]ts1 t ! abyss :]e ! wat] 0 includ$ op5$ all at once at ! comm& ( ,god1 & disp]s$ ov] ! surface an enorm\s quantity ( wat] necess>y to cov] ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 & t ,god susp5d$ ! cause ( cohesion :i* r$uc$ all solid bodies into du/1 c4 ,he did n consid] t by ^! suppositions he add$ o!r miracles to t ( ! univ]sal deluge1 or at lea/ physical impossibilities1 :i* agree nei!r ) ! lett] ( ! holy writ1 nor ) ! ma!matical pr9ciples ( natural philosophy4 ,b z ?is au?or has ! m]it ( hav+ collect$ _m important obs]vations1 & z he 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! mat]ials ( :i* ! globe is compos$ ?an ^? :o prec$$ him1 8 sy/em1 al?\gh badly conceiv$1 & worse dige/$1 has nev]!less dazzl$ _m p1 :o1 s$uc$ by ! tru? ( "s p>ticul> circum/ances1 put confid5ce 9 8 g5]al conclusions2 we %all1 !re=e1 give a %ort view ( 8 !ory1 9 :i*1 by do+ ju/ice to ! au?or's m]it1 & ! exactness ( 8 obs]vations1 we %all put ! read] 9 a /ate ( judg+ ( ! insuffici5cy ( 8 sy/em1 & ( ! falsity ( "s ( 8 rem>ks4 ,mr4 ,woodw>d speaks ( hav+ discov]$ by 8 sight t all matt]s :i* compose ! ,engli% e>?1 f ! surface to ! deepe/ places :i* _h be5 dug1 7 dispos$ by b$s ( /rata1 & t 9 a great numb] ( ^! !re 7 %ells & o!r m>9e productions2 he aft]w>ds adds1 t by 8 correspond5ts & fri5ds he 0 assur$1 t 9 o!r c\ntries ! e>? is compos$ ( ! same mat]ials1 & t %ells are f\nd !re1 n only 9 ! pla9s b on ! highe/ m\nta9s1 9 ! deepe/ qu>ries1 & 9 an inf9ity ( diff]5t places4 ,he p]ceiv$ _! /rata to be horizontal & dispos$ "o ov] ! o!r1 z matt]s are :i* are transport$ by ! wat]s1 & deposit$ 9 =m ( s$im5t4 ,^! g5]al rem>ks1 :i* are true1 are foll[$ by p>ticul> obs]vations1 by :i* he evid5tly %ews1 t fossils f\nd incorporat$ 9 ! /rata are real %ells & m>9e productions1 n m9]als & s+ul> bodies1 ! sport ( nature1 c4 ,to ^! obs]vations1 ?\gh p>tly made be=e him1 :i* he has collect$ & prov$1 he adds o!rs less exact4 ,he ass]ts1 t all matt]s ( diff]5t /rata are plac$ "o on ! o!r 9 ! ord] ( _! specific gravity4 ,?is g5]al ass]tion is n true1 = we daily see rocks plac$ above clay1 s&1 coal1 & bitum51 & :i* c]ta9ly are specifically heavi] ?an ei!r ( ^! latt] mat]ials4 ,if1 9 fact1 we f\nd ?r\gh\t ! e>? t ! fir/ /rata 0 bitum51 !n *alk1 !n m>l1 clay1 s&1 /one1 m>ble1 & at la/ metals1 s t ! composition ( ! e>? exactly foll[$ ! law ( gravity1 !re w\ld be an appe>ance t !y might h be5 precipitat$ at ! same "t1 :i* our au?or ass]ts ) confid5ce1 9 spite ( ! evid5ce to ! contr>y2 =1 )\t be+ a naturali/1 we ne$ only h our eye-sight to be conv9c$ t heavy /rata are (t5 f\nd above light]1 & t consequ5tly ^! s$im5ts 7 n precipitat$ all at "o "t1 b h be5 br\ght & deposit$ successively by ! wat]4 ,z ?is is ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em1 & is manife/ly false1 we %all foll[ x no f>!r ?an to %[ h[ f> an errone\s pr9ciple may produce false comb9ations & errone\s conclusions4 ,all ! matt]s1 says our au?or1 :i* compose ! e>?1 f ! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 to ! greate/ dep?s ( m9es1 are dispos$ by /rata1 accord+ to _! specific weights2 !re=e he concludes ! :ole has be5 dissolv$ & precipitat$ at "o "t4 ,b 9 :at mann]1 & at :at "t 0 x dissolv$8 ,9 wat]1 replies he1 & at ! "t ( ! deluge4 ,b !re is n a suffici5t quantity ( wat] on ! globe = ?is to be effect$1 s9ce !re is m l& ?an wat]1 & ! bottom ( ! sea itself is e>?4 ,?is he admits1 b says1 !re is m wat] ?an is requisite at ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 t x 0 only necess>y = x to asc5d1 & possess a p[] ( dissolv+ e sub/ance b %ells1 aft]w>ds to f9d ! means = ?is wat] to re-ent] ! abyss1 & to make all ?is agree ) ! hi/ory ( ! deluge4 ,?is !n is ! sy/em1 ( :i* ! au?or does n ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt2 = :5 x is oppos$ to him t wat] _c dissolve m>ble1 /one1 & metals1 especially 9 =ty days1 ! duration ( ! deluge1 he answ]s simply1 t nev]!less x did happ5 s4 ,:5 he is ask$1 :at ! virtue ( ?is wat] ( ! abyss 01 to dissolve all ! e>?1 & at ! same "t pres]ve ! %ells8 he says1 t he nev] pret5d$ t ?is wat] 0 a dissolv5t2 b t x is cle>1 by facts1 t ! e>? has be5 dissolv$ & ! %ells pres]v$4 ,:5 he 0 evid5tly %[n t if he _h no reason to give1 or facts to support1 = ^! ph5om5a1 8 sy/em 0 useless1 he said1 we h only to imag9e t1 dur+ ! deluge1 ! =ce ( gravity & ! coh]5cy ( matt] ceas$ on a sudd51 & by ?is supposition ! dissolution ( ! old _w w\ld be expla9$ 9 a v easy & satisfactory mann]4 ,b1 x 0 said to him1 if ! p[] :i* holds ! p>ts ( matt] unit$ 0 susp5d$1 :y 7 n ! %ells dissolv$ z well z all ! re/8 ,"h he makes a disc\rse on ! organization ( %ells & bones ( animals1 by :i* he pret5ds to prove t _! texture be+ fibr\s1 & diff]5t f t ( m9]als1 _! p[] ( cohesion 0 diff]5t also2 aft] all1 we h1 says he1 only to suppose t ! p[] ( gravity & cohesion did n entirely cease1 b t x 0 only dim9i%$ suffici5t to disunite all ! p>ts ( m9]als1 & n ^? ( animals4 ,to all ?is we _c be prev5t$ f discov]+1 t our au?or's philosophy 0 n equal to 8 tal5ts = obs]vation2 & ,i d n ?9k x necess>y s]i\sly to refute op9ions :i* h no f\ndation1 especially :5 !y h be5 imag9$ aga9/ ! rules ( probability1 & drawn f consequ5ces contr>y to me*anical laws4 ,,footnotes3 #acb3;,a ,an ,essay t[>ds ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 c4 by ,john ,woodw>d4 ,,article ,v4 ,,exposition ,,( ,,"s ,,o!r ,,sy/ems4 ,x is pla9 t ! ?ree =em5tion$ hypo!ses h mu* 9 common ) ea* o!r4 ,!y all agree 9 ?is po9t1 t dur+ ! deluge ! e>? *ang$ its =m1 z well ext]nally z int]nally2 b ^! speculators h n consid]$ t ! e>? be=e ! deluge 0 inhabit$ by ! same species ( m5 & animals1 & mu/ necess>ily h be5 ne>ly su* z x is at pres5t4 ,! sacr$ writ+s tea* u1 t be=e ! deluge !re 7 riv]s1 seas1 m\nta9s1 & =e/s4 ,t ^! riv]s & m\nta9s 71 = ! mo/ "p1 reta9$ 9 ! same situations2 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates 7 ! riv]s ( ! anci5t p>adise2 t ! m\nta9 ( ,arm5ia1 on :i* ! ark re/$1 0 "o ( ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! _w at ! deluge1 z x is at pres5t3 t ! same plants & animals :i* exi/ n[1 exi/$ !n2 = we read ( ! s]p5t1 ( ! rav51 ( ! cr[1 & ( ! dove1 :i* br\ght ! olive bran* into ! ark4 ,al?\gh ,t\rne=t ass]ts !re are no olive trees = m ?an #djj miles f ,m\nt ,ar>at1 & passes "s absurd jokes !reon#ach3;,a1 x is nev]!less c]ta9 !re 7 olives 9 ?is neighb\rhood at ! "t ( ! deluge1 s9ce holy writ assures u ( x 9 ! mo/ express t]ms2 b x is by no means a/oni%+ t 9 ! space ( #djjj ye>s ! olive trees %\ld h be5 de/roy$ 9 ^? qu>t]s1 & multipli$ 9 o!rs2 x is !re=e contr>y to scripture & reason1 t ^? au?ors h suppos$ ! e>? 0 q diff]5t f its pres5t /ate be=e ! deluge2 & ?is contradiction betwe5 _! hypo!sis & ! sacr$ text1 z well z physical tru?s1 mu/ cause _! sy/ems to be reject$1 if ev5 !y %\ld agree ) "s ph5om5a4 ,burnet gives nei!r obs]vations1 nor any real facts1 = ! support ( 8 sy/em4 ,woodw>d has only giv5 u an essay1 9 :i* he promis$ mu* m ?an he c\ld p]=m3 8 book is a project1 ! execution ( :i* has n be5 se54 ,he has made use ( two g5]al obs]vations2 ! fir/1 t ! e>? is e :]e compos$ ( matt]s :i* =m]ly 7 9 a /ate ( fluidity1 transport$ by ! wat]s1 & deposit$ 9 horizontal /rata4 ,! second1 t !re are abundance ( m>9e productions 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,to give a reason = ^! facts1 he has rec\rse to ! univ]sal deluge1 or r x appe>s t he gives !m z pro(s ( ! deluge2 b1 l ,burnet1 he falls into evid5t contradictions1 = x is n to be suppos$ ) !m t !re 7 no m\nta9s prior to ! deluge1 s9ce x is expressly /at$1 t ! wat]s rose fifte5 cubits above ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n said t ^! wat]s de/roy$ or dissolv$ ^! m\nta9s2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ^! m\nta9s rema9$ 9 _! places1 & ! ark re/$ on t :i* ! wat] fir/ des]t$4 ,besides h[ c x be imag9$ t1 dur+ ! %ort duration ( ! deluge1 ! wat]s 7 able to dissolve ! m\nta9s & ! :ole body ( ! e>?8 ,is x n an absurdity to suppose t 9 =ty days all m>ble1 rocks1 /ones1 & m9]als1 7 dissolv$ by wat]8 ,is x n a manife/ contradiction to admit ?is total dissolution1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9 t %ells1 bones1 & m>9e productions 7 pres]v$ entire1 & resi/$ t :i* _h dissolv$ ! mo/ solid sub/ances8 ,i %all n !re=e hesitate to say1 t ,woodw>d1 ) excell5t facts & obs]vations1 has =m$ b a poor & inconsi/5t sy/em4 ,:i/on1 :o came la/1 greatly enri*$ ! o!r two1 & not)/&+ he gave a va/ scope to 8 imag9ation has n fall5 into contradiction2 he speaks ( matt]s n v cr$ible1 b !y are nei!r absolutely nor evid5tly impossible4 ,z we are ignorant ( ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 he ?\ght he might suppose x 0 a solid matt]1 surr\nd$ ) a r+ ( heavy fluid1 & aft]w>ds ) a r+ ( wat]1 on :i* ! ext]nal cru/ 0 su/a9$2 9 ! latt] ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is cru/ 7 m or less sunk1 9 proportion to _! relative weights1 :i* produc$ m\nta9s & inequalities on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ?is a/ronom] has committ$ a me*anical blund]2 he did n recollect t ! e>?1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 mu/ be an uni=m ar*1 & t consequ5tly x c\ld n be borne on ! wat] x conta9s1 & mu* less sunk !re94 ,i d n "k t !re are any o!r physical errors2 b he has made a great numb] ( errors1 bo? 9 metaphysics & !ology4 ,on ! :ole x _c be d5i$ absolutely t ! e>? meet+ ) ! tail ( a comet might n be inundat$1 especially all[+ ! au?or t ! tail ( a comet may conta9 aque\s vap\rs2 nor c x be d5i$ z an absolute impossibility t ! tail ( a comet1 9 return+ f its p]ihelium1 might n burn ! e>?1 if we suppose1 ) ,mr4 ,:i/on1 t ! comet pass$ v ne> ! sun2 x is ! same ) ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,b ?\gh 8 ideas are n absolutely impossibilities1 !re is s little probability to ea* ?+1 :5 tak5 sep>ately1 t ! result ^u ! :ole tak5 toge!r puts x beyond cr$ibility4 ,! ?ree sy/ems we h spok5 ( are n ! only works :i* h be5 compos$ on ! !ory ( ! e>?2 a ,memoir ( ,m4 ,b\rguet appe>$ 9 #agbi1 pr9t$ at ,am/]dam1 ) 8 ,philosophical ,lett]s on ! ,=mation ( ,salts1 c4 9 :i* he gives a specim5 ( ! sy/em he m$itat$1 b :i* 0 prev5t$ completion by ! dea? ( ! au?or4 ,x is b ju/ice to admit1 t no p]son 0 m indu/ri\s 9 mak+ obs]vations or collect+ facts4 ,to him we owe t great & beautiful obs]vation1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! angles ( m\nta9s4 ,he pres5ts e ?+ :i* he _h collect$ 9 great ord]2 b ) all ^? advantages1 x appe>s t he has succe$$ no bett] ?an ! re/ 9 mak+ a physical & reasonable hi/ory ( ! *anges :i* _h happ5$ to ! globe1 & t he 0 v wide f hav+ f\nd ! real cause ( ^? effects :i* he relates4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is we ne$ only ca/ our eyes on ! propositions :i* he d$uces f ! ph5om5a1 & :i* ought to s]ve = ! basis ( 8 !ory4 ,he says1 t ! :ole globe took its =m at "o "t1 & n successively2 t its =m & disposition prove t x has be5 9 a /ate ( fluidity2 t ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>? is v diff]5t f t 9 :i* x 0 = _m ages aft] its fir/ =mation2 t ! matt] ( ! globe 0 at ! beg9n+ less d5se ?an s9ce x alt]$ its appe>ance2 t ! cond5sation ( its solid p>ts dim9i%$ by degrees ) its velocity1 s t aft] hav+ made a numb] ( revolutions on its axis1 & r\nd ! sun1 x f\nd itself on a sudd5 9 a /ate ( dissolution1 :i* de/roy$ its fir/ /ructure4 ,?is happ5$ ab\t ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,t ! sea-%ells introduc$ !mselves into ! dissolv$ matt]s2 t aft] ?is dissolution ! e>? took ! =m x n[ has1 & t ! fire :i* directly infus$ itself !re9 consum$ x by degrees1 & x w be "o day de/roy$ by a t]rible explosion1 accompani$ ) a g5]al conflagration1 :i* w augm5t ! atmosph]e ( ! globe1 & dim9i% its diamet]1 & t !n ! e>?1 in/ead ( b$s ( s& or e>?1 w h only /rata ( calc9$ metal & m\nta9s compos$ ( amalgamas ( diff]5t metals4 ,?is is suffici5t to %ew ! sy/em ,m4 ,b\rguet m$itat$2 to div9e 9 ?is mann] ! pa/1 & pr$ict ! future1 ne>ly z o!rs h pr$ict$1 does n appe> to me to be an ef=t ( judgm5t3 ?is au?or _h m erudition ?an s\nd & g5]al views3 he appe>s to be defici5t 9 t capaci\sness ( ideas necess>y to foll[ ! ext5t ( ! subject1 & enable him to compreh5d ! *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,9 ! acts ( ,leipsic1 ! fam\s ,leibnitz publi%$ a s*eme ( q a diff]5t sy/em1 "u ! title ( ,protogaea4 ,! e>?1 accord+ to ,b\rguet & o!rs1 mu/ end by fire2 accord+ to ,leibnitz x began by x1 & has suff]$ _m m *anges & revolutions ?an is imag9$4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! t]re/rial matt] 0 surr\nd$ by viol5t flames at ! "t :5 ,moses says light 0 divid$ f d>kness4 ,! planets1 z well z ! e>?1 7 fix$ />s1 lum9\s ( !mselves4 ,aft] hav+ burnt a long "t1 he pret5ds t !y 7 ext+ui%$ = want ( combu/ible matt]1 & are become opaque bodies4 ,! fire1 by melt+ ! matt]1 produc$ a vitrifi$ cru/1 & ! basis ( all ! matt] :i* composes ! globe is glass1 ( :i* s& & gravel are only fragm5ts4 ,! o!r k9ds ( e>? are =m$ f a mixture ( ?is s&1 ) fix$ salts & wat]1 & :5 ! cru/ cool$1 ! humid p>ticles1 :i* 7 rais$ 9 =m ( vap\rs1 refel1 & =m$ ! sea4 ,!y at fir/ cov]$ ! :ole surface1 & ev5 surm\nt$ ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or1 ! %ells1 & o!r wrecks ( ! sea1 :i* are e :]e to be f\nd1 positively prove t ! sea has cov]$ ! :ole e>?2 & ! great quantity ( fix$ salts1 s&1 & o!r melt$ & calc9$ matt]s1 :i* are includ$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 prove t ! conflagration _h be5 g5]al1 & t x prec$$ ! exi/5ce ( ! sea4 ,al?\gh ^! ?\ghts are void ( pro(s1 !y are capital4 ,! ideas h connection1 ! hypo!ses are n impossible1 & ! consequ5ces t may be drawn !refrom are n contradictory3 b ! gr& defect ( ?is !ory is1 t x is n applicable to ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?2 x is ! pa/ :i* x expla9s1 & ?is pa/ is s f> back1 & has left u s few rema9s1 t we may say :at we please ( x1 & ! probability w be 9 proportion z a man has tal5ts to elucidate :at he ass]ts4 ,to affirm z ,:i/on has done1 t ! e>? 0 orig9ally a comet1 or1 ) ,leibnitz1 t x has be5 a sun1 is say+ ?+s equally possible or impossible1 & to :i* x w\ld be ridicul\s to apply ! rules ( probability4 ,to say t ! sea =m]ly cov]$ all ! e>?1 t x surr\nd$ ! :ole globe1 & t x is = ?is reason %ells are e :]e f\nd1 is n pay+ att5tion to a v ess5tial po9t1 ! unity ( ! "t ( ! creation2 = if t 0 s1 x mu/ necess>ily be admitt$1 t %ell-fi%1 & o!r inhabitants ( ! sea1 ( :i* we f9d ! rema9s 9 ! int]nal "p ( ! e>?1 exi/$ long be=e man1 & all t]re/rial animals4 ,n[1 indep5d5t ( ! te/imony ( holy writ1 is x n reasonable to ?9k1 t all animals & vegetables are ne>ly z anci5t z ea* o!r8 ,m4 ,s*eutz]1 9 a ,diss]tation1 address$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #agbh1 attributes1 l ,woodw>d1 ! *ange1 or r ! second =mation ( ! globe1 to ! univ]sal deluge2 to expla9 t ( m\nta9s1 he says1 t aft] ! deluge1 ,god *us+ to return ! wat]s into subt]rane\s res]voirs1 broke & displac$ ) 8 all-p[]ful h& a numb] ( b$s1 be=e horizontal1 & rais$ !m above ! surface ( ! globe1 :i* 0 orig9ally level4 ,! :ole ,diss]tation is compos$ to imply ?is op9ion4 ,z x 0 requisite ^! em95ces %\ld be ( a solid consi/5ce1 ,m4 ,s*eutz] rem>ks1 t ,god only drew !m f places :]e !re 7 _m /ones2 f h5ce1 says he1 x proce$s t ^? c\ntries1 l ,switz]l&1 :i* are v /ony1 are also m\nta9\s2 & on ! contr>y1 ^?1 z ,holl&1 ,fl&]s1 ,hung>y & ,pol&1 h only s& or clay1 ev5 to a v great dep?1 & are almo/ entirely )\t m\nta9s4#adg3;,a ,?is au?or1 m ?an any o!r1 is desir\s ( bl5d+ ,physic ) ,!ology1 & ?\gh he has giv5 "s good obs]vations1 ! sy/ematical "p ( 8 works is /ill weak] ?an ^? :o prec$$ him4 ,on ?is subject he has ev5 made declamations & ridicul\s witticisms1 z may be se5 9 8 ,visciam qurel1 c4 )\t speak+ ( 8 l>ge "w 9 _m folio volumes1 ,physica ,sacra1 a pu]ile "w1 :i* appe>s to be compos$ less = ! in/ruction ( m5 ?an = ! amusem5t ( *ildr54 ,/5o1 & "s o!rs1 h attribut$ ! cause ( ! inequalities ( ! e>? to p>ticul> inundations1 e>?quakes1 c4 b ! effects ( ^! second>y causes h be5 only able to produce "s slight *anges4 ,we admit ( ^! causes aft] ! fir/ cause1 ! motion ( ! flux & reflux1 & ( ! sea f ea/ to we/4 ,nei!r ,/5o1 nor ! re/1 h giv5 !ory1 nor ev5 any g5]al facts on ?is matt]4#adh3;,a ,ray pret5ds t all m\nta9s h be5 produc$ by e>?quakes1 & he has compos$ a treatise to prove x2 we %all %ew "u ! article ( ,volcanos :at little f\ndation 8 op9ion is built ^u4 ,we _c disp5se ) obs]v+ t ,burnet1 ,woodw>d1 ,:i/on1 & mo/ ( ^! o!r au?ors1 h committ$ an error :i* des]ves to be cle>$ up2 :i* is1 to h look$ ^u ! deluge z possible by ! action ( natural causes1 :]eas scripture pres5ts x to u z produc$ by ! imm$iate w ( ,god2 !re is no natural cause :i* c produce on ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 ! quantity ( wat] requir$ to cov] ! highe/ m\nta9s2 & if ev5 we c\ld imag9e a cause proportionate to ?is effect1 x w\ld /ill be impossible to f9d ano!r cause capable ( caus+ ! wat] to disappe>3 all[+ ,:i/on1 t ^! wat]s proce$$ f ! tail ( a comet1 we d5y t any c\ld proce$ f ! great abyss1 or t !y all return$ into x1 s9ce ! great abyss1 accord+ to him1 be+ surr\nd$ on e side by ! cru/1 or t]re/rial orb1 x is impossible t ! attraction ( ! comet c\ld cause any motion to ! fluids x conta9$2 mu* less1 z he says1 a viol5t flux & reflux2 h5ce !re c\ld n be issu$ f1 nor ent]$ into1 ! great abyss1 a s+le drop ( wat]2 & unless x is suppos$ t ! wat]s :i* fell f ! comet h be5 de/roy$ by a miracle1 !y w\ld /ill be on ! surface ( ! e>?1 cov]+ ! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,no?+ bett] *>act]ises a miracle1 ?an ! impossibility ( expla9+ ! effect ( x by natural causes4 ,our au?ors h made va9 ef=ts to give a reason = ! deluge2 _! physical ef=ts1 & ! second>y causes1 :i* !y made use (1 prove ! tru? ( ! fact z report$ 9 ! scriptures1 & demon/rate t x c\ld only h be5 p]=m$ by ! fir/ cause1 ! w ( ! ,almighty4 ,besides1 x is c]ta9 t x 0 nei!r at "o "t1 nor by ! effect ( ! deluge1 t ! sea left dry ^! cont95ts we inhabit3 = x is c]ta9 by ! te/imony ( holy writ1 t ! t]re/rial p>adise 0 9 ,asia1 & t ,asia 0 inhabit$ be=e ! deluge2 consequ5tly ! sea1 at t "t1 did n cov] ?is consid]able "p ( ! globe4 ,! e>?1 be=e ! deluge1 0 ne>ly z x is at pres5t1 & ?is enorm\s quantity ( wat]1 :i* div9e ju/ice caus$ to fall on ! e>? to puni% guilty m51 9 fact1 br\ght dea? on e creature2 b x produc$ no *ange on ! surface ( ! e>?1 x did n ev5 de/roy plants :i* grew ^u x1 s9ce ! dove br\ght an olive bran* to ! ark 9 h] beak4 ,:y1 !re=e1 imag9e1 z _m ( our naturali/s h done1 t ?is wat] totally *ang$ ! surface ( ! globe ev5 to a dep? ( two ?\s& feet8 ,:y d !y desire x to be ! deluge :i* has br\ght ! %ells on ! e>? :i* we meet ) at #g or #hjj feet dep? 9 rocks & m>ble8 ,:y say1 t ! hills & m\nta9s 7 =m$ at t "t8 ,& h[ c we figure to ourselves1 t x is possible = ^! wat]s to h br\ght masses & banks ( %ells #ajj miles long8 ,i see n h[ !y c p]si/ 9 ?is op9ion1 at lea/1 )\t admitt+ a d\ble miracle 9 ! deluge2 ! fir/1 = ! augm5tation ( ! wat]s2 & ! second1 = ! transportation ( ! %ells2 b z !re is only ! fir/ :i* is relat$ 9 ! ,bible1 ,i d n see x necess>y to make ! second an article ( our cre$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! wat]s ( ! deluge _h retir$ all at once1 !y w\ld h c>ri$ s great a quantity ( mud & o!r impurities1 t ! ,e>? w\ld n h be5 capable ( culture till _m ages aft] ?is inundation2 z is kn[n1 by ! deluge :i* happ5$ 9 ,greece1 :]e ! ov]fl[$ c\ntry 0 totally =sak51 & c\ld n receive any cultivation = m ?an ?ree c5turies4#aea3;,a ,we ought also to look on ! univ]sal deluge z a sup]natural means ( :i* ! ,almighty made use = ! *a/isem5t ( mank9d1 & n z an effect ( a natural cause4 ,! univ]sal deluge is a miracle bo? 9 its cause & effects2 we see cle>ly by ! scripture t x 0 design$ = ! de/ruction ( m5 & animals1 & t x did n 9 any mode *ange ! e>?1 s9ce aft] ! retreat ( ! wat]s1 ! m\nta9s1 & ev5 ! trees1 7 9 _! places1 & ! surface ( ! e>? 0 prop] to receive culture & produce v9es & fruits4 ,h[ c\ld all ! race ( fi%1 :i* did n ent] ! ark1 be pres]v$1 if ! e>? _h be5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 or only if ! wat]s _h be5 suffici5tly agitat$ to transport %ells f ,india to ,europe1 c48 ,nev]!less1 ?is supposition1 t x 0 ! deluge :i* transport$ ! %ells ( ! sea into e climate1 is ! op9ion1 or r ! sup]/ition1 ( naturali/s4 ,woodw>d1 ,s*eutz]1 & "s m1 call ^! petrifi$ %ells ! rema9s ( ! deluge2 !y look on !m z ! m$als & monum5ts :i* ,god has left u ( ?is t]rible ev5t1 9 ord] t x nev] %\ld be effac$ f ! human race4 ,9 %ort1 !y h adopt$ ?is hypo!sis ) s mu* en?usiasm1 t !y appe> only desir\s to reconcile holy scripture ) _! op9ion2 & in/ead ( mak+ use ( _! obs]vations1 & d]iv+ light !refrom1 !y envelope !mselves 9 ! cl\ds ( a physical !ology1 ! obscurity ( :i* is d]ogatory to ! simplicity & dignity ( religion1 & only leaves ! absurd to p]ceive a ridicul\s mixture ( human ideas & div9e tru?s4 ,to pret5d to expla9 ! univ]sal ,deluge1 & its physical causes2 to attempt to tea* :at pass$ 9 ! "t ( t great revolution2 to div9e :at 7 ! effects ( x2 to add facts to ^? ( ,holy ,writ1 to draw consequ5ces f su* facts1 is only a presumptu\s attempt to measure ! p[] ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! natural wond]s :i* 8 b5evol5t h& p]=ms 9 an uni=m & regul> mann]1 are incompreh5sible2 & by ! /ronge/ reason1 ^! wond]ful op]ations & miracles ought to hold u 9 awful wond]1 & 9 sil5t adoration4 ,b !y w say1 ! univ]sal ,deluge be+ a c]ta9 fact1 is x n p]mitt$ to reason on its consequ5ces8 ,x may be s2 b x is requisite t y %\ld beg9 by all[+ t ! ,deluge c\ld n be p]=m$ by physical causes2 y ought to consid] x is an imm$iate effect ( ! w ( ! ,almighty2 y ought to conf9e y\rselves to "k only :at ! ,holy ,writ tea*es1 & p>ticul>ly n to bl5d bad philosophy ) ! purity ( div9e tru?4 ,^! precautions1 :i* ! respect we owe to ! ,almighty exacts1 be+ tak51 :at rema9s = exam9ation on ! subject ( ! ,deluge8 ,does ! ,scripture say m\nta9s 7 =m$ by ! ,deluge8 ,no1 x says ! contr>y4 ,is x said t ! agitation ( ! wat]s 0 s great z to raise up %ells f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & transport !m all ov] ! e>?8 ,no2 ! ark float$ quietly on ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,is x said1 t ! e>? suff]$ a total dissolution8 ,none at all3 ! recital ( ! sacr$ hi/orian is simple & true1 t ( ^! naturali/s complex & fabul\s4 ,,footnotes3 #ach3;,a ,voyage du ,levant1 vol4 #b1 page #ccf4 #adg3;,a ,see ! ,hi/4 ( ! ,acad4 #agjh1 page #cb4 #adh3;,a ,see ! ,diss4 de ,solido intra ,solidum1 c4 #aea3;,a ,see ,acta erudit1 ,lepiss1 ,ann4 #afia1 page #ajj4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,geography4 ,! surface ( ! ,e>?1 l t ( ,jupit]1 is n divid$ by b&s alt]native & p>allel to ! equator2 on ! contr>y1 x is divid$ f "o pole to ! o!r1 by two b&s ( e>?1 & two ( sea2 ! fir/ & pr9cipal is ! anci5t cont95t1 ! greate/ l5g? ( :i* is f\nd to be 9 a l9e1 beg9n+ on ! ea/ po9t ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,t>t>y1 & ext5d+ f !nce to ! l& :i* bord]s on ! gulph ( ,l9*idolk91 :]e ! ,muscovites fi% = :ales2 f !nce to ,tobolski1 f ,tobolski to ! ,caspian sea1 f ! ,caspian sea to ,mecca1 & f ,mecca to ! we/]n "p ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ! ,galli1 9 ,africa2 aft]w>ds to ,monoemuci or ,monomotapa1 & at la/ to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 ?is l9e1 :i* is ! greate/ l5g? ( ! old cont95t1 is ab\t #cfjj leagues1 ,p>is measure2 x is only int]rupt$ by ! ,caspian & ,r$ seas1 ! bread?s ( :i* are n v consid]able1 & we mu/ n pay any reg>d to ^! int]ruptions1 :5 x is consid]$1 ! surface ( ! globe is divid$ only 9 f\r p>ts4 ,?is greate/ l5g? is f\nd by measur+ ! old cont95t diagonally2 = if measur$ accord+ to ! m]idians1 we %all f9d t !re are only #bejj leagues f ! nor!rnmo/ ,cape ( ,lapl& to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 & t ! ,baltic & ,m$it]ranean cause a mu* great] int]ruption ?an is met ) 9 ! o!r way4 ,) respect to all ! o!r di/ances t might be measur$ 9 ! old cont95t "u ! same m]idian1 we %all f9d !m to be mu* small] ?an ?is2 hav+1 = example1 only #ahjj leagues f ! mo/ s\!rn po9t ( ! isl& ( ,ceylon to ! nor!rnmo/ coa/ ( ,nova ,zembla4 ,likewise1 if we measure ! cont95t p>allel to ! equator1 we f9d t ! greate/ un9t]rupt$ l5g? is f\nd f ,trefna1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 to ,n9po1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,*9a1 & t x is ab\t #bhjj leagues4 ,ano!r c\rse may be measur$ f ! po9t ( ,brittany ne> ,bre/1 ext5d+ to ! ,*9ese ,t>t>y2 ab\t #bcjj leagues4 ,f ,b]g51 9 ,norway1 to ! coa/ ( ,kams*atka1 is no m ?an #ahjj leagues4 ,all ^! l9es h mu* less l5g? ?an ! fir/1 !re=e ! greate/ ext5t ( ! old cont95t1 is1 9 fact1 f ! ea/]n po9t ( ,t>t>y to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 t is ab\t #cfjj leagues4 ,!re is s great an equality ( surface on ea* side ( ?is l9e1 :i* is also ! longe/1 t !re is e probability to suppose x really divides ! cont5ts ( ! anci5t cont95t2 = 9 measur+ on "o side is f\nd #b1dga1jib-c_/d squ>e leagues1 & on ! o!r #b1dfi1fhg4 ,agreeable to ?is1 ! old cont95t consi/s ( ab\t #d1idj1ghj squ>e leagues1 :i* is ne>ly "o-fif? ( ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 & has an incl9ation t[>ds ! equator ( ab\t #cj degrees4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( ! new cont95t may be tak5 9 a l9e f ! m\? ( ! riv] ,plata to ! lake ( ,ass9iboils4 ,f ! =m] x passes to ! lake ,c>ac>a2 f !nce to ,mataguais1 ,pocona1 ,zongo1 ,m>iana1 ,morua1 ,/4 ,fe1 & ,c>?ag5a2 x !n proce$s ?r\gh ! gulph ( ,mexico1 ,jamaica1 & ,cuba1 passes along ! p59sula ( ,florida1 ?r\gh ,apola*e1 ,*ica*as1 & f !nce to ,/4 ,l\is1 ,=t le ,su]1 & ends on ! bord]s ( lake ,ass9iboils2 ! :ole ext5t ( :i* is /ill unkn[n4 ,?is l9e1 :i* is int]rupt$ only by ! ,mexican gulph 7:i* mu/ be look$ ^u z a m$it]ranean sea7 may be ab\t #bejj leagues long1 & divides ! new cont95t into ne>ly two equal p>ts1 ! left ( :i* conta9s ab\t #a1jfi1bhf-e_/f leagues squ>e1 & t on ! "r ab\t #a1jgj1ibf-a_/ab2 ?is l9e1 :i* =ms ! middle ( ! b& ( ! new cont95t1 is incl9$ to ! equator ab\t #cj degrees1 b 9 an opposite direction1 = t ( ! old cont95t ext5ds f ! nor?-ea/ to ! s\?-we/1 & t ( ! new cont95t f ! nor?-we/ to ! s\?-ea/4 ,all ^? l&s toge!r ( ! old & new cont95t1 make ab\t #g1jhj1iic leagues squ>e1 :i* is n ne> ! ?ird ( ! :ole surface1 :i* conta9s #be millions ( squ>e leagues4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 t ^! two l9es1 :i* divide ! cont95ts into two equal p>ts1 bo? t]m9ate at ! same degree ( s\!rn & nor!rn latitude1 & t ! two cont95ts make opposite projections1 :i* exactly face ea* o!r2 to wit1 ! coa/s ( ,africa1 f ! ,can>y isl&s to ! coa/s ( ,gu9ea1 & ^? ( ,am]ica f ,guiana to ! m\? ( ,rio ,janeiro4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! mo/ anci5t l& ( ! globe1 is on ! two sides ( ^! l9es1 at ! di/ance ( f #b to #bej leagues on ea* side4 ,by foll[+ ?is idea1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! obs]vations be=e relat$1 we %all f9d 9 ! old cont95t t ! mo/ anci5t l&s ( ,africa are ^? :i* ext5d f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ! ,r$ ,sea1 z f> z ,egypt1 ab\t #ejj leagues broad1 & t1 consequ5tly1 all ! we/]n coa/s ( ,africa1 f ,gu9ea to ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 are ! newe/ l&s4 ,s likewise we %all discov] t 9 ,asia1 if we foll[ ! l9e on ! same bread?1 ! mo/ anci5t l&s are ,arabia ,felix & ,des]ta1 ,p]sia1 ,georgia1 ,turcomania1 "p ( ,t>t>y1 ,circassia1 "p ( ,muscovy1 c4 t consequ5tly ,europe1 & p]haps also ,*9a1 & ! ea/]n "p ( ,t>t>y1 are m mod]n4 ,9 ! new cont95t we %all f9d ! ,t]ra ,magellanica1 ! ea/]n "p ( ,brasil1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,amazons1 ,guiana1 & ,canada1 to be ! new l&s1 9 comp>ison ) ,p]u1 ,t]ra ,firma1 ! isl&s 9 ! gulph ( ,mexico1 ,florida1 ! ,mississippi1 & ,mexico4 ,to ^! obs]vations we may add two v rem>kable facts1 ! old & new cont95t are almo/ opposite ea* o!r2 ! old is m ext5sive to ! nor? ( ! equator ?an ! s\?2 ! new is m to ! s\? ?an ! nor?4 ,! c5tre ( ! old cont95t is 9 ! #af? or #ah? degree ( nor? latitude1 & ! c5tre ( ! new is 9 ! #af? or #ah? degree s\? latitude1 s t !y seem to be made to c\nt]balance ea* o!r4 ,!re is also a s+ul> connexion betwe5 ! two cont95ts1 al?\gh x appe>s to be m accid5tal ?an ^? :i* ,i h spok5 (1 :i* is1 t if ! two cont95ts 7 divid$ into two p>ts1 all f\r w\ld be surr\nd$ by ! sea1 if x 7 n = ! two small i/hmuses1 ,suez & ,panama4 ,?is is ! mo/ g5]al idea :i* an att5tive inspection ( ! globe furni%es u )1 on ! division ( ! e>?4 ,we %all ab/a9 f =m+ hypo!ses !reon1 & haz>d+ reason+s :i* might lead into false conclusions2 b no "o z yet hav+ consid]$ ! division ( ! globe "u ?is po9t ( view1 ,i %all submit a few rem>ks4 ,x is v s+ul> t ! l9e :i* =ms ! greate/ l5g? ( ! t]re/rial cont95ts divides !m also into two equal p>ts2 x is no less s t ^! two l9es comm5ce & end at ! same degrees ( latitude1 & are bo? alike incl9$ to ! equator4 ,^! relations may belong to "s g5]al conclusions1 b ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,! inequalities 9 ! figure ( ! two cont95ts we %all h]eaft] exam9e m fully3 x is suffici5t "h to obs]ve1 t ! mo/ anci5t c\ntries are ! ne>e/ to ^! l9es1 & are ! highe/2 t ! m mod]n l&s are ! f>!/1 & also ! l[e/4 ,?us 9 ,am]ica1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,amazons1 ,guiana & ,canada w be ! mo/ mod]n p>ts2 by ca/+ our eyes on ! map ( ?is c\ntry we see ! wat]s on e side1 & t !y are divid$ by numb]less lakes & riv]s1 :i* also indicates t ^! l&s are ( a late =mation2 :ile on ! o!r h& ,p]u & ,mexico are high m\nta9s1 & situate at no great di/ance f ! l9e t divides ! cont95t1 :i* are circum/ances t seem to prove _! antiquity4 ,africa is v m\nta9\s1 & t "p ( ! _w is also v anci5t4 ,!re are only ,egypt1 ,b>b>y1 & ! we/]n coa/s ( ,africa1 z f> z ,s5egal1 9 ?is "p ( ! globe1 :i* c be look$ ^u z mod]n c\ntries4 ,asia is an old l&1 & p]haps ! mo/ anci5t ( all1 p>ticul>ly ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 & ,t>t>y2 b ! inequalities ( ?is va/ "p ( ! globe1 z well z ^? ( ,europe1 we w consid] 9 a sep>ate article4 ,x might be said 9 g5]al1 t ,europe is a new c\ntry1 & su* position w\ld be support$ bo? by ! univ]sal traditions relative to ! emigrations ( diff]5t p1 & ! orig9 ( arts & sci5ces4 ,x is n long s9ce x 0 fill$ ) morasses1 & cov]$ ) =e/s1 :]eas 9 ! l& anci5tly inhabit$1 !re are b few woods1 little wat]1 no morasses1 mu* l&1 & a numb] ( m\nta9s1 ^: summits are dry & b>r52 = m5 de/roy ! woods1 dra9 ! wat]s1 conf9e riv]s1 dry up morasses1 & 9 "t give a diff]5t appe>ance to ! face ( ! e>?1 f t1 ( un9habit$ or newly-peopl$ c\ntries4 ,! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) b a small "p ( ! globe4 ,all ,am]ica1 ! ,magellanic1 & a great "p ( ! int]ior ( ,africa1 0 entirely unkn[n to !m4 ,!y knew n t ! torrid zone 0 inhabit$1 al?\gh !y _h navigat$ ar\nd ,africa1 = x is #bbjj ye>s s9ce ,neco1 k+ ( ,egypt1 gave vessels to ! ,ph5icians1 :o sail$ along ! ,r$ ,sea1 coa/$ r\nd ,africa1 d\bl$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & hav+ employ$ two ye>s 9 ?is voyage1 ! ?ird ye> !y ent]$ ! /raits ( ,gibralt>4#afc3;,a ,! anci5ts 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! prop]ty ( ! load/one1 if turn$ t[>ds ! poles1 al?\gh !y knew t x attract$ iron4 ,!y 7 ignorant ( ! g5]al cause ( ! flux & reflux ( ! sea1 nor 7 !y c]ta9 ! ocean surr\nd$ ! globe2 "s inde$ suspect$ x might be s1 b ) s little f\ndation1 t no "o d>$ to say1 or ev5 conjecture1 x 0 possible to make a voyage r\nd ! _w4 ,magellan 0 ! fir/ :o attempt$ x 9 ! ye> #aeai1 & accompli%$ ! great voyage 9 #aabd days4 ,sir ,francis ,drake 0 ! second 9 #aegg1 & he p]=m$ x 9 #ajef days2 aft]w>ds ,?omas ,cav5di% made ?is great voyage 9 #ggg days1 9 ! ye> #aehf4 ,^! celebrat$ navigators 7 ! fir/ :o demon/rat$ physically ! sph]icity & ! ext5t ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce2 = ! anci5ts _h no conception ( ! ext5t ( ?is circumf]5ce1 al?\gh !y _h travell$ a great deal4 ,! trade w9ds1 s useful 9 long voyages1 7 also unkn[n to !m2 !re=e we mu/ n be surpris$ at ! little progress !y made 9 geography4 ,not)/&+ ! k we h acquir$ by ! aid ( ma!matical sci5ces1 & ! discov]y ( navigators1 _m ?+s rema9 /ill unsettl$1 & va/ c\ntries undiscov]$4 ,almo/ all ! l& on ! side ( ! ,atlantic pole is unkn[n to u2 we only "k t !re is "s1 & t x is sep>at$ f all ! o!r cont95ts by ! ocean4 ,mu* l& also rema9s to be discov]$ on ! side ( ! ,arctic pole1 & x is to be regrett$ t = m ?an a c5tury ! ard\r ( discov]+ new c\ntries is extremely abat$4 ,european gov]nm5ts seem to pref]1 & possibly ) reason1 increas+ ! value ( ^? c\ntries we are acqua9t$ ) to ! glory ( conqu]+ new ones4 ,nev]!less1 ! discov]y ( ! s\!rn cont95t w\ld be a great object ( curiosity1 & might be useful4 ,we h discov]$ only "s few ( its coa/s2 ^? navigators :o h attempt$ ?is discov]y1 h always be5 /opt by ! ice4 ,! ?ick fogs1 :i* are 9 ^? latitudes1 is ano!r ob/acle2 yet1 9 defiance ( ^! inconv5i5cies1 x is probable t by sail+ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope at diff]5t seasons1 we might at la/ discov] a "p ( ^! l&s1 :i* hi!rto make a sep>ate _w4 ,!re is ano!r me?od1 :i* possibly might succe$ bett]4 ,! ice & fogs hav+ hi!rto prev5t$ ! discov]y1 might x n be attempt$ by ! ,pacific ,sea2 sail+ f ,baldivia1 or any o!r port on ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 & trav]s+ ?is sea "u ! #ej? degree s\? latitude8 ,!re is n ! lea/ appe>ance t ?is navigation is p]il\s1 & x is probable w\ld be att5d$ ) ! discov]y ( new c\ntries2 = :at rema9s = u to "k on ! coa/ ( ! s\!rn pole1 is s consid]able1 t we may e/imate x at a f\r? "p ( ! globe1 & ( c\rse may conta9 a cont95t1 z l>ge z ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 all toge!r4 ,z we are n at all acqua9t$ ) ?is "p ( ! globe1 we _c ju/ly "k ! proportion betwe5 ! surface ( ! e>? & t ( ! sea2 only z mu* z may be judg$ by inspection ( :at is kn[n1 !re is m sea ?an l&4 ,if we w\ld h an idea ( ! enorm\s quantity ( wat] :i* ! sea conta9s1 we mu/ suppose a m$ium dep?1 & by comput+ x only at #bjj fa?om1 or ! six? "p ( a league1 we %all f9d t !re is suffici5t to cov] ! :ole globe to ! height ( #fjj feet ( wat]1 & if we w\ld r$uce ?is wat] into "o mass1 x w\ld =m a globe ( m ?an #fj miles diamet]4 ,navigators pret5d1 t ! latitudes ne> ! s\? pole are mu* cold] ?an ^? ( ! nor?1 b !re is no appe>ance t ?is op9ion is f\nd$ on tru?1 & probably has be5 adopt$1 because ice is f\nd 9 latitudes :]e x is sc>cely ev] se5 9 ! s\!rn seas2 b t may proce$ f "s p>ticul> cause4 ,we f9d no ice 9 ,april on ?is side #fg & #fh degrees nor!rn latitude3 & ! savages ( ,arcadia & ,canada say1 :5 x is n all melt$ 9 t mon?1 x is a sign ! re/ ( ! ye> w be cold & ra9y4 ,9 #agbe !re may be said to h be5 no summ]1 x ra9$ almo/ cont9ually2 & ! ice ( ! nor!rn sea 0 n only n melt$ 9 ,april 9 ! #fg? degree1 b ev5 x 0 f\nd ! #ae? ( ,june t[>ds ! #da/ & #db;d degree#afg3;,a4 ,a great quantity ( float+ ice appe>s 9 ! nor!rn sea1 especially at "s di/ance f l&4 ,x comes f ! ,t>t>ian sea into t ( ,nova ,zembla1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,froz5 ,ocean4 ,i h be5 assur$ by p ( cr$it1 t an ,engli% ,capta91 nam$ ,monson1 in/ead ( seek+ a passage betwe5 ! nor!rn l& to g to ,*9a1 direct$ 8 c\rse /rait to ! pole1 & _h approa*$ x )9 two degrees2 t 9 ?is c\rse he _h f\nd an op5 sea1 )\t any ice1 :i* proves t ! ice is =m$ ne> l&1 & nev] 9 op5 sea2 = if we %\ld suppose1 aga9/ all probability1 t x might be cold en\gh at ! pole to freeze ov] ! surface ( ! sea1 x is /ill n conceivable h[ ^! enorm\s float+ m\nta9s ( ice c\ld be =m$1 if !y did n f9d a fix$ po9t aga9/ l&1 f :5ce aft]w>ds !y 7 loos5$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,! two vessels :i* ! ,ea/ ,india ,company s5t1 9 #agci1 to discov] l& 9 ! ,s\? ,seas1 f\nd ice 9 ! latitude ( #dg & #dh degrees1 b ?is ice 0 n f> f %ore1 t be+ 9 sight al?\gh !y 7 unable to l&4 ,?is mu/ h be5 sep>at$ f ! adjo9+ l&s ( ! s\? pole1 & x may be conjectur$ t !y foll[ ! c\rse ( "s great riv]s1 :i* wat] ! unkn[n l&1 ! same z ! ,oby1 ,j5isca1 & o!r great floods1 :i* fall into ! ,nor? ,seas1 c>ry ) !m ! ice1 :i*1 dur+ ! greate/ "p ( ! ye>1 /ops up ! /raits ( ,waigat1 & r5d]s ! ,t>t>ian sea unnavigable by ?is c\rse2 :]eas beyond ,nova ,zembla1 & ne>] ! poles1 :]e !re are few riv]s1 & b little l&1 ice is n s frequ5tly met )1 & ! sea is m navigable2 s t if !y w\ld /ill attempt ! voyage to ,*9a & ,japan by ! ,nor? ,seas1 we %\ld possibly1 to keep cle> f ! l& & ice1 %ape our c\rse to ! pole1 & seek ! op5 seas1 :]e c]ta9ly !re is b little or no ice2 = x is kn[n t salt wat] c1 )\t freez+1 become cold] ?an fre% wat] :5 froz51 & consequ5tly ! excessive cold ( ! pole may possibly r5d] ! sea cold] ?an ! ice1 )\t ! surface be+ froz53 s mu* ! m z at #hj or #hb degrees1 ! surface ( ! sea1 al?\gh mix$ ) mu* sn[ & fre% wat]1 is only froz5 ne> ! %ore4 ,by collect+ ! te/imonies ( travell]s1 on ! passage f ,europe to ,*9a1 x appe>s t "o does exi/ by ! nor? sea2 & ! reason x has be5 s (t5 attempt$ 9 va9 is1 because !y h always fe>$ to g suffici5tly f> f l&1 & approa* ! pole4 ,capta9 ,william ,b>5ts1 :o1 z well z o!rs1 run agr\nd 9 8 voyage1 yet did n d\bt b !re 0 a passage1 & t if he _h gone f>!r f %ore1 he %\ld h f\nd an op5 sea free f ice4 ,! ,russian navigators1 s5t by ! ,cz> to survey ! nor? seas1 relate t ,nova ,zembla is n an isl&1 b belong+ to ! cont95t ( ,t>t>y1 & t to ! nor? ( x is a free & op5 sea4 ,a ,dut* navigator ass]ts1 t ! sea ?r[s up :ales on ! coa/s ( ,corea & ,japan1 :i* h ,engli% & ,dut* h>poons on _! backs4 ,ano!r ,dut*man has pret5d$ to h be5 at ! pole1 & ass]ts x is z w>m !re z x is at ,am/]dam 9 ! middle ( ! summ]4 ,an ,engli%man1 nam$ ,gold+1 :o made m ?an ?irty voyages to ,gre5l&1 relat$ to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 t two ,dut* vessels ) :i* he _h sail$1 hav+ f\nd no :ales on ! coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,edges1 resolv$ to proce$ f>!r nor?1 & t ^u _! return at ! expiration ( fifte5 days1 !y told him t !y _h be5 z f> z #hi degrees latitude 7)9 "o degree ( ! pole71 & t !y f\nd no ice !re1 b an op5 deep sea l t ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 & t !y %ew$ him ! j\rnals ( ! two vessels1 z a pro( ( :at !y affirm$4 ,9 %ort1 x is relat$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions t two navigators1 :o _h und]tak5 ! discov]y ( ?is passage1 %ap$ a c\rse #cjj leagues to ! ea/ ( ,nova ,zembla1 b t ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 :o ?\ght x _! int]e/ ?is passage %\ld n be discov]$1 h9d]$ !m f return+#agj3;,a4 ,b ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company ?\ght1 on ! contr>y1 t x 0 _! int]e/ to f9d ?is passage2 hav+ attempt$ x 9 va9 on ! side ( ,europe1 !y s\ght x by t ( ,japan1 & !y w\ld probably h succe$$1 if ! ,emp]or ( ,japan _h n =bidd5 all /rang]s f navigat+ on ! side ( ! l& ( ,jesso4 ,?is passage1 !re=e1 _c be f\nd b by sail+ to ! pole1 beyond ,spitzb]g51 or by keep+ ! op5 sea betwe5 ,nova ,zembla & ,spitzb]g5 "u ! #gi? degree ( latitude4 ,we ne$ n fe> to f9d x froz5 ev5 "u ! pole itself1 = reasons we h all$g$2 9 fact1 !re is no example ( ! sea be+ froz5 at a consid]able di/ance f ! %ore2 ! only example ( a sea be+ froz5 entirely ov]1 is t ( ! ,black ,sea1 :i* is n>r[1 conta9s b little salt1 & receives a numb] ( riv]s f ! nor!rn c\ntries1 & :i* br+ ice ) !m3 & if we may cr$it hi/orians1 x 0 froz5 9 ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,copronymus1 ?irty cubits deep1 )\t reckon+ tw5ty cubits ( sn[ above ! ice4 ,?is appe>s to be exagg]at$1 b x is c]ta9 t x freezes almo/ e w9t]2 :]eas ! op5 seas1 a ?\s& leagues ne>] ! pole1 d n freeze at all3 ?is c only proce$ f ! saltness1 & ! little ice :i* !y receive1 9 comp>ison ) t transport$ into ! ,black ,sea4 ,?is ice1 :i* is look$ ^u z a b>ri] t opposes ! navigation ne> ! poles1 & ! discov]y ( ! s\!rn cont95t1 proves only t !re are l>ge riv]s adjac5t to ! places :]e x is met )2 & indicates also !re are va/ cont95ts f :5ce ^! riv]s fl[2 nor ought we to be disc\rag$ at ! sight ( ^! ob/acles2 = if we consid]1 we %all easily p]ceive1 ?is ice mu/ be conf9$ to "s p>ticul> places2 t x is almo/ impossible t x %\ld occupy ! :ole circle :i* encompasses1 z we suppose1 ! s\!rn cont95t1 & !re=e we %\ld probably succe$ if we 7 to direct our c\rse t[>ds "s o!r po9t ( ?is circle4 ,! description :i* ,dampi] & "s o!rs h giv5 ( ,new ,holl&1 leads u to suspect t ?is "p ( ! globe is p]haps a "p ( ! s\!rn l&s1 & is a c\ntry less anci5t ?an ! re/ ( ?is unkn[n cont95t4 ,new ,holl& is a l[ c\ntry1 )\t wat] or m\nta9s1 b ?9ly inhabit$1 & ! natives )\t indu/ry2 all ?is concurs to make u ?9k t !y are 9 ?is cont95t ne>ly :at ! savages ( ,amaconia or ,p>aguais are 9 ,am]ica4 ,we h f\nd poli%$ m51 empires1 & k+s1 at ,p]u & ,mexico1 :i* are ! highe/1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ anci5t c\ntries ( ,am]ica4 ,savages1 on ! contr>y1 are f\nd 9 ! l[e/ & mo/ mod]n c\ntries2 !re=e we may presume t we %\ld also f9d m5 unit$ by ! b&s ( society 9 ! upp] c\ntries1 f :5ce ^! great riv]s1 :i* br+ ?is prodigi\s ice to ! sea1 d]ive _! s\rces4 ,! int]ior p>ts ( ,africa are unkn[n to u1 almo/ z mu* z !y 7 to ! anci5ts3 !y _h1 l u1 made ! t\r ( t va/ p59sula1 b !y h left u nei!r *>ts1 nor descriptions ( ! coa/s4 ,pl9y in=ms u1 t ! t\r ( ,africa 0 made 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 t ! wrecks ( "s ,spani% vessels _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,arabian sea1 & t ,hanno1 a ,c>?ag9ian g5]al1 _h made a voyage f ,gades to ! ,arabian sea1 & t he _h writt5 a relation ( x4 ,besides t1 he says ,cornelius ,nepos tells u t 9 8 "t "o ,eudoxus1 p]secut$ by ! k+ ,la?urus1 0 oblig$ to fly f 8 c\ntry2 t dep>t+ f ! ,arabian gulph1 he arriv$ at ,gades1 & t be=e ?is "t !y trad$ f ,spa9 to ,e?iopia by sea#agc3;,a4 ,not)/&+ ^! te/imonies ( ! anci5ts1 we are p]suad$ t !y nev] d\bl$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ! c\rse :i* ! ,portuguese took ! fir/ to g to ! ,ea/-,indies1 0 look$ ^u z a new discov]y2 x w n p]haps1 !re=e1 be deem$ amiss to give ! belief ( ! #i? c5tury on ?is subject4 ,9 our "t an entire new discov]y has be5 made1 :i* 0 :olly unkn[n to ^? :o liv$ be=e u4 ,no "o ?\ght1 or ev5 suspect$1 t ! sea1 :i* ext5ds f ,india to ,*9a1 _h a communication ) ! ,syrian sea4 ,we h f\nd1 accord+ to :at ,i h le>nt1 9 ! sea ,r\m1 or ,m$it]ranean1 ! wreck ( an ,arabian vessel1 %att]$ to pieces by ! tempe/1 "s ( :i* 7 c>ri$ by ! w9d & waves to ! ,coz> sea1 & f !nce to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 0 at l5g? ?r[n on ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,?is proves t ! sea surr\nds ,*9a & ,cila1 ! extremity ( ,turque/on & ! c\ntry ( ! ,coz>s2 t x aft]w>ds fl[s by ! /rait till x has wa%$ ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,! pro( is drawn f ! con/ruction ( ! vessel2 = no o!r vessels b ^? ( ,siraf are built )\t nails1 :i*1 z 0 ! wreck we speak (1 are jo9$ toge!r 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 z if !y 7 sew$4 ,^?1 ( all ! vessels ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ( ! coa/ ( ,syria1 are nail$ & n jo9$ 9 ?is mann]#age3;,a4 ,to ?is ! translator ( ?is anci5t relation adds4-- ,abuziel rem>ks1 z a new & v extraord9>y ?+1 t a vessel 0 c>ri$ f ! ,indian sea1 & ca/ on ! coa/s ( ,syria4 ,to f9d a passage into ! ,m$it]ranean1 he supposes !re is a great ext5t above ,*9a1 :i* has a communication ) ! ,coz> sea1 t is1 ) ,muscovia4 ,! sea :i* is bel[ ,cape ,curr5t1 0 entirely unkn[n to ! ,arabs1 by reason ( ! extreme dang] ( ! navigation1 & f ! cont95t be+ inhabit$ by su* a b>b>\s p1 t x 0 n easy to subject !m1 nor ev5 to civilize !m by comm]ce4 ,f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,s(fala1 ! ,portuguese f\nd no e/abli%$ settlem5t ( ,moors1 l ^? 9 all ! m>itime t[ns z f> z ,*9a1 :i* 0 ! f>!/ place kn[n to geograph]s2 b !y c\ld n tell :e!r ! ,*9ese sea1 by ! extremity ( ,africa1 _h a communication ) ! sea ( ,b>b>y1 & !y cont5t$ !mselves ) describ+ x z f> z ! coa/ ( ,z+1 or ,caffr>ia4 ,?is is ! reason :y we _c d\bt b t ! fir/ discov]y ( ! passage ( ?is sea1 by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 0 made by ! ,europeans1 "u ! conduct ( ,vasco de ,gama1 or at lea/ "s ye>s be=e he d\bl$ ! ,cape1 if x is true !re are m>9e *>ts ( an old] date1 :]e ! ,cape is call$ by ! "n ( ,fronti]a du ,africa4 ,antonio ,galv9 te/ifies1 f ! relation ( ,francisco de ,s\sa ,tav>es1 t1 9 #aebh1 ! ,infant ,don ,f]d9& %ew$ him su* a *>t1 :i* he f\nd 9 ! mona/]y ( ,acoboca1 dat$ #abj ye>s be=e1 copi$ p]haps f t said to be 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k1 at ,v5ice1 :i* also m>ks ! po9t ( ,africa1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,ramusio1 c4 ,! ignorance ( ^? ages1 on ! subject ( ! navigation ar\nd ,africa1 w appe> p]haps less s+ul> ?an ! sil5ce ( ! editor ( ?is anci5t relation on ! subject ( ! passages ( ,h]odotus1 ,pl9y1 c4 :i* we h quot$1 & :i* proves ! anci5ts _h made ! t\r ( ,africa4 ,be x z x may1 ! ,african coa/s are n[ well kn[n2 b :atev] attempts h be5 made to p5etrate into ! inn] p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 we h n be5 able to atta9 suffici5t k ( x to give exact relations#agg3;,a4 ,x might1 nev]!less1 be ( great advantage1 if we 71 by ,s5egal1 or "s o!r riv]1 to get f>!r up ! c\ntry & e/abli% settlem5ts1 z we %\ld f9d1 accord+ to all appe>ances1 a c\ntry z ri* 9 preci\s m9es z ,p]u or ! ,brazils4 ,x is p]fectly kn[n t ! ,african riv]s ab\nd ) gold1 & z ?is c\ntry is v m\nta9\s1 & situat$ "u ! equator1 x is n to be d\bt$ b x conta9s1 z well z ,am]ica1 m9es ( heavy metals1 & ( ! mo/ compact & h>d /ones4 ,! va/ ext5t ( nor? & ea/ ,t>t>y has only be5 discov]$ 9 ^! latt] times4 ,if ! ,muscovite maps are j1 we are at pres5t acqua9t$ ) ! coa/s ( all ?is "p ( ,asia2 & x appe>s t f ! po9t ( ea/]n ,t>t>y to ,nor? ,am]ica1 x is n m ?an f\r or five hundr$ leagues3 x has ev5 be5 pret5d$ t ?is tract 0 mu* %ort]1 = 9 ! ,am/]dam ,gazette1 ( ! #bd? ( ,janu>y1 #agdg1 x is said1 "u ! article ( ,pet]sburgh1 t ,mr4 ,/all]avoit _h discov]$ "o ( ^! ,am]ican isl&s beyond ,kams*atca1 & demon/rat$ t we might g ?i!r f ,russia by a %ort] tract4 ,! ,jesuits1 & o!r mission>ies1 h also pret5d$ to h discov]$ savages 9 ,t>t>y1 :om !y _h cate*is$ 9 ,am]ica1 :i* %\ld 9 fact suppose t passage to be /ill %ort]#agh3;,a4 ,?is au?or ev5 pret5ds1 t ! two cont95ts ( ! old & new _w jo9 by ! nor?1 & says1 t ! la/ navigations ( ! ,japanese af=d room to judge1 t ! tract ( :i* we h spok5 is only a bay1 above :i* we may pass by l& f ,asia to ,am]ica4 ,b ?is requires confirmation1 = hi!rto x has be5 ?\ght t ! cont95t ( ! nor? pole is sep>at$ f ! o!r cont95ts1 z well z t ( ! s\? pole4 ,a/ronomy & ,navigation are c>ri$ to s high a pit* ( p]fection1 t x may reasonably be expect$ we %all soon h an exact k ( ! :ole surface ( ! globe4 ,! anci5ts knew only a small "p ( x1 because !y _h n ! m>9]'s compass4 ,"s p h pret5d$ t ! ,arabs inv5t$ ! compass1 & us$ x a long "t be=e we did1 to trade on ! ,indian sea1 z f> z ,*9a2 b ?is op9ion has always appe>$ de/itute ( all probability2 = !re is no ^w 9 ! ,arab1 ,turki%1 or ,p]sian languages1 :i* signifies ! compass2 !y make use ( ! ,italian ^w ,bossola2 !y d n ev5 at pres5t "k h[ to make a compass1 nor give ! magnetical quality to ! ne$le1 b pur*ase !m f ! ,europeans4 ,fa!r ,m>it9i says1 t ! ,*9ese h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! compass = upw>ds ( #cjjj ye>s2 b if t 0 ! case1 h[ comes x t !y h made s little use ( x8 ,:y did !y1 9 _! voyages to ,co*9*9a1 take a c\rse mu* long] ?an 0 necess>y8 ,& :y did !y always conf9e !mselves to ! same voyages1 ! greate/ ( :i* 7 to ,java & ,sumatra8 ,& :y did n !y discov]1 be=e ! ,europeans1 an inf9ity ( f]tile isl&s1 bord]+ on _! own c\ntry1 if !y _h possess$ ! art ( navigat+ 9 ! op5 seas8 ,= a few ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ?is wond]ful prop]ty ( ! load/one1 ! ,portuguese d\bl$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 trav]s$ ! ,african & ,indian seas1 & ,*ri/oph] ,columbus made 8 voyage to ,am]ica4 ,by a little consid]ation1 x 0 easy to div9e !re 7 imm5se spaces t[>ds ! we/2 =1 by comp>+ ! kn[n "p ( ! globe1 z = example1 ! di/ance ( ,spa9 to ,*9a1 & att5d+ to ! revolution ( ! ,e>? & ,heav5s1 x 0 easy to see t !re rema9$ a mu* great] ext5t t[>ds ! we/ to be discov]$1 ?an :at !y 7 acqua9t$ ) t[>ds ! ea/4 ,x1 !re=e1 0 n f ! defect ( a/ronomical k t ! anci5ts did n f9d ! new _w1 b only = want ( ! compass4 ,! passages ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 :]e !y speak ( c\ntries f> di/ant f ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 seem to indicate t "s navigators _h be5 driv5 by tempe/ z f> z ,am]ica1 f :5ce !y return$ ) mu* difficulty2 & x may be conjectur$1 t if ev5 ! anci5ts _h be5 p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is cont95t1 !y w\ld n h ev5 ?\ght x possible to /rike out ! road1 hav+ no guide nor any k ( ! compass4 ,i own1 t x is n impossible to trav]se ! high seas )\t a compass1 & t v resolute p might h und]tak5 to seek aft] ! new _w by conduct+ !mselves simply by ! />s4 ,! ,a/rolabe be+ kn[n to ! anci5ts1 x might /rike !m !y c\ld leave ,france or ,spa91 & sail to ! we/1 by keep+ ! pol> /> always to ! "r1 & by frequ5t s\nd+s might h kept ne>ly 9 ! same latitude2 )\t d\bt ! ,c>?ag9ians1 ( :om ,ari/otle makes m5tion1 f\nd ! means ( return+ f ^! remote c\ntries by keep+ ! pol> /> to ! left2 b x mu/ be all[$ t a l voyage w\ld be look$ ^u z a ra% ent]prize1 & t consequ5tly we mu/ n be a/oni%$ t ! anci5ts _h n ev5 conceiv$ ! project4 ,previ\s to ,*ri/oph] ,columbus's exp$ition1 ! ,azores1 ! ,can>ies1 & ,madeira 7 discov]$4 ,x 0 rem>k$1 t :5 ! we/ w9ds la/$ a long "t1 ! sea br\ght pieces ( =eign wood on ! coa/ ( ^! isl&s1 canes ( unkn[n species1 & ev5 dead bodies1 :i* by _m m>ks 7 discov]$ to be nei!r ,european nor ,african4 ,columbus himself rem>k$1 t on ! side ( ! we/ c]ta9 w9ds blew only a few days1 & :i* he 0 p]suad$ 7 l& w9ds2 b al?\gh he _h all ^! advantages ov] ! anci5ts1 & ! k ( ! compass1 ! difficulties /ill to conqu] 7 s great1 t !re 0 only ! success he met ) :i* c\ld ju/ify ! ent]prise4 ,suppose1 = a mom5t1 t ! cont95t ( ! new _w _h be5 #ajjj or #aejj miles f>!r ?an x 9 fact is1 a ?+ ) ,columbus c\ld nei!r "k nor =esee1 he w\ld n h arriv$ !re1 & p]haps ?is great c\ntry might /ill h rema9$ unkn[n4 ,?is conjecture is s mu* ! bett] f\nd$1 z ,columbus1 al?\gh ! mo/ able navigator ( 8 "t1 0 seiz$ ) fe> & a/oni%m5t 9 8 second voyage to ! new _w2 = z 9 8 fir/1 he only f\nd "s isl&s1 he direct$ 8 c\rse m to ! s\? to discov] a cont95t1 & 0 /opt by curr5ts1 ! consid]able ext5t & direction ( :i* always oppos$ 8 c\rse1 & oblig$ him to direct 8 se>* to ! we/2 he imag9$ t :at _h h9d]$ him f advanc+ on ! s\!rn side 0 n curr5ts1 b t ! sea fl[$ by rais+ itself t[>ds ! heav5s1 & t p]haps bo? "o & ! o!r t\*$ on ! s\!rn side4 ,true x is1 t 9 great ent]prises ! lea/ un=tunate circum/ance may turn a man's bra91 & abate 8 c\rage4 ,,footnotes3 #afc3;,a ,vide ,h]odotus1 lib4 iv4 #afg3;,a ,see ! ,hi/4 ( ! ,acad4 ,ann4 #agbe4 #agj3;,a ,see ! collection ( ,nor!rn ,voyages1 page #bjj4 #agc3;,a ,vide ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,vol4 ,i4 lib4 #b4 #age3;,a ,see ! anci5t relations ( travels by l& to ,*9a1 page #ec & #ed4 #agg3;,a ,s9ce ?is "t1 h[ev]1 great discov]ies1 h be5 made2 ,mons4 ,vaillant has giv5 a p>ticul> description ( ! c\ntry f ! ,cape to ! bord]s ( ,caffr>ia2 & mu* in=mation has also be5 acquir$ by ! ,society = ,asiatic ,rese>*es4 #agh3;,a ,see ! ,hi/4 ( ,new ,france1 by ! ,p]e ,*>levoix4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #cj & #ca4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,/rata1 ,,or ,,b$s ,,( ,,e>?4 ,we h %ewn1 9 ! fir/ article1 t by virtue ( ! mutual attraction betwe5 ! p>ts ( matt]1 & ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 :i* results f its diurnal rotation1 ! e>? has necess>ily tak5 ! =m ( a sph]oid1 ! diamet]s ( :i* diff] ab\t a #bcj? "p1 & t x c\ld only proce$ f ! *anges on ! surface1 caus$ by ! motion ( ! air & wat]1 t ?is diff]5ce c\ld become great]1 z is pret5d$ to be ! case f ! measures tak5 "u ! equator1 & )9 ! pol> circle4 ,?is figure ( ! e>?1 :i* s well agrees ) hydro/atical laws1 & ) our !ory1 supposes ! globe to h be5 9 a /ate ( liquefaction :5 x assum$ its =m1 & we h prov$ t ! motions ( projection & rotation 7 impr9t$ at ! same "t by a l impulsion4 ,we %all ! m easily believe t ! e>? has be5 9 a /ate ( liquefaction produc$ by fire1 :5 we consid] ! nature ( ! matt]s :i* ! globe incloses1 ! greate/ "p ( :i* are vitrifi$ or vitrifiable2 especially :5 we reflect on ! impossibility !re is t ! e>? %\ld ev] h be5 9 a /ate ( fluidity1 produc$ by ! wat]s2 s9ce !re is inf9itely m e>? ?an wat]1 & t wat] has n ! p[] ( dissolv+ /one1 s&1 & o!r matt]s ( :i* ! e>? is compos$4 ,x is pla9 !n t ! e>? took its figure at ! "t :5 x 0 liquefi$ by fire3 by pursu+ our hypo!sis x appe>s1 t :5 ! sun quitt$ x1 ! e>? _h no o!r =m ?an t ( a torr5t ( melt$ & inflam$ vap\r matt]2 t ?is torr5t collect$ itself by ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts1 & became a globe1 to :i* ! rotative motion gave ! figure ( a sph]oid2 & :5 ! e>? 0 cool$1 ! vap\rs1 :i* 7 fir/ ext5d$ l ! tails ( comets1 by degrees cond5s$ & fell ^u ! surface1 deposit+1 at ! same "t1 a slimy sub/ance mix$ ) sulphur\s & sal9e matt]s1 a "p ( :i*1 by ! motion ( ! wat]s1 0 swept into ! p]p5dicul> cracks1 :]e x produc$ metals1 :ile ! re/ rema9$ on ! surface1 & produc$ t r$di% e>? :i* =ms ! fir/ /rata2 & :i*1 accord+ to diff]5t places1 is m or less bl5d$ ) animal & vegetable p>ticles1 s r$uc$ t ! organization is no long] p]ceptible4 ,!re=e1 9 ! fir/ /ate ( ! e>?1 ! globe 0 int]nally compos$ ( vitrifi$ matt]1 z ,i believe x is at pres5t1 above :i* 7 plac$ ^? bodies ! fire _h mo/ divid$1 z s&1 :i* are only fragm5ts ( glass2 & above ^!1 pumice /ones & ! scoria ( ! vitrifi$ matt]1 :i* =m$ ! v>i\s clays2 ! :ole 0 cov]$ ) wat] #e or #fjj feet deep1 produc$ by ! cond5sation ( ! vap\rs1 :5 ! globe began to cool4 ,?is wat] e :]e deposit$ a muddy b$1 mix$ ) wat]s :i* sublime & exhale by ! fire2 & ! air 0 =m$ ( ! mo/ subtile vap\rs1 :i*1 by _! lightness1 dis5gag$ !mselves f ! wat]s1 & surm\nt$ !m4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! globe :5 ! action ( ! tides1 ! w9ds1 & ! heat ( ! sun1 began to *ange ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! diurnal motion1 & ! flux & reflux1 at fir/ rais$ ! wat]s "u ! s\!rn climate1 :i* c>ri$ ) !m mud1 clay1 & s&1 & by rais+ ! p>ts ( ! equator1 !y by degrees p]haps l[]$ ^? ( ! poles ab\t two leagues1 z we be=e m5tion$2 = ! wat]s soon r$uc$ into p[d] ! pumice /ones & o!r sponge\s p>ts ( ! vitrifi$ matt] t 7 at ! surface1 !y holl[$ "s places1 & rais$ o!rs1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t became cont95ts1 & produc$ all ! inequalities1 & :i* are m consid]able t[>ds ! equator ?an ! poles2 = ! highe/ m\nta9s are betwe5 ! tropics & ! middle ( ! temp]ate zones1 & ! l[e/ are f ! pol> circle to ! poles2 betwe5 ! tropics are ! ,cordeli]s1 & almo/ all ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico & ,brazil1 ! great & little ,atlas1 ! ,moon1 c4 ,beside ! l& :i* is betwe5 ! tropics1 f ! sup]ior numb] ( isl&s f\nd 9 ^? p>ts1 is ! mo/ unequal ( all ! globe1 z evid5tly is ! sea4 ,h[ev] indep5d5t my !ory may be ( t hypo!sis ( :at pass$ at ! "t ( ! fir/ /ate ( ! globe1 ,i ref] to x 9 ?is article1 9 ord] to %ew ! connection & possibility ( ! sy/em :i* ,i endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 9 ! fir/ article4 ,x mu/ only be rem>k$1 t my !ory does n /ray f> f x1 z ,i take ! e>? 9 a /ate ne>ly simil> to :at x appe>s at pres5t1 & z ,i d n make use ( any ( ! suppositions :i* are us$ on reason+ on ! pa/ /ate ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,b z ,i "h pres5t a new idea on ! subject ( ! s$im5t deposit$ by ! wat]1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 has p]=at$ ! upp] b$ ( e>?1 x appe>s to me also necess>y to give ! reason on :i* ,i f\nd ?is op9ion4 ,! vap\rs :i* rise 9 ! air produce ra91 dew1 a]ial fires1 ?und]1 & o!r meteors4 ,^! vap\rs are !re=e bl5d$ ) aque\s1 a]ial1 sulphur\s & t]re/rial p>ticles1 c4 & x is ! solid & e>?y p>ticles :i* =m ! mud or slime we are n[ speak+ (4 ,:5 ra9 wat] is suff]$ to re/1 a s$im5t is =m$ at bottom2 & hav+ collect$ a quantity1 if x is suff]$ to /& & corrupt1 x produces a k9d ( mud :i* falls to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,dew produces mu* m ( ?is mud ?an ra9 wat]1 :i* is greasy1 unctu\s1 & ( a r$di% col\r4 ,! fir/ /rata ( ! e>? is compos$ ( ?is mud1 mix$ ) p]i%$ vegetable or animal p>ts1 or r /ony & s&y p>ticles4 ,we may rem>k t almo/ all l& prop] = cultivation is r$di%1 & m or less mix$ ) ^! diff]5t matt]s2 ! p>ticles ( s& or /one f\nd !re are ( two k9ds1 ! "o co>se & heavy1 ! o!r f9e & sometimes impalpable4 ,! l>ge/ comes f ! l[] /rata loos5$ 9 cultivat+ ! e>?1 or r ! upp] m\ld1 by p5etrat+ into ! l[]1 :i* is ( s& & o!r divid$ matt]s1 & =ms ^? e>?s we call fat & f]tile4 ,! f9] sort proce$s f ! air1 & falls ) dew & ra91 & mixes intimately ) ! soil4 ,?is is prop]ly ! residue ( ! p[d]1 :i* ! w9d cont9ually raises f ! surface ( ! e>?1 & :i* falls aga9 aft] hav+ imbib$ ! humidity ( ! air4 ,:5 ! e>? pr$om9ates1 & ! /ony & s&y p>ts are b few1 ! e>? is !n r$di% & f]tile3 if x is mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( p]i%$ animal or vegetable sub/ances1 x is blacki%1 & (t5 m f]tile ?an ! fir/2 b if ! m\ld is only 9 a small quantity1 z well z ! animal or vegetable p>ts1 ! e>? is :ite & /]ile1 & :5 ! s&y1 /ony1 or cretace\s p>ts :i* compose ^! /]ile l&s1 are mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( p]i%$ animal or vegetable sub/ances1 !y =m ! black & light] e>?s1 b h little f]tility2 s t accord+ to ! diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! ?ree diff]5t matt]s1 ! l& is m or less fecund & diff]5tly col\r$4 ,to fix "s ideas relative to ^! /ratas2 let u take1 = example1 ! e>? ( ,m>ly-la-ville1 :]e ! pits are v deep3 x is a high c\ntry1 b flat & f]tile1 & its /rata lie arrang$ horizontally4 ,i _h samples br\ght me ( all ^! /rata :i* ,m4 ,dalib>d1 an able botani/1 v]s$ 9 diff]5t sci5ces1 _h dug "u 8 inspection2 & aft] hav+ prov$ ! matt]s ( :i* !y consi/$ 9 aqua=tis1 ,i =m$ ! foll[+ table ( !m4 ,! /ate ( ! diff]5t b$s ( e>?1 f\nd at ,m>ly-la-ville1 to ! dep? ( #ajj feet4 ,feet4 ,94 #a4 ,a free r$di% e>?1 mix$ ) mu* mud1 a v small quantity ( vitrifiable s&1 & some:at m ( calc9able s& #ac #j #b4 ,a free e>? mix$ ) gravel1 & a little m vitrifiable s& #b #f #c4 ,mud mix$ ) vitrifiable s& 9 a great quantity1 & :i* made b v little eff]vesc5ce ) aqua=tis #c #j #d4 ,h>d m>l1 :i* made a v great eff]vesc5ce ) aqua=tis #b #j #e4 ,pretty h>d m>l /one #d #j #f4 ,m>l 9 p[d]1 mix$ ) vitrifiable s& #e #j #g4 ,v f9e vitrifi$ s& #a #f #h4 ,m>l v l e>? mix$ ) a v little vitrifiable s& #c #f #i4 ,h>d m>l1 9 :i* 0 real fl9t #c #f #aj4 ,gravel1 or p[d]$ m>l #a #j #aa4 ,eglant9e1 a /one ( ! gra9 & h>dness ( m>ble1 & sonor\s #a #f #ab4 ,m>ly gravel #a #f #ac4 ,m>l 9 h>d /one1 ^: gra9 0 v f9e #a #f #ad4 ,m>l 9 /one1 ^: gra9 0 n s f9e #a #f #ae4 ,m gra9$ & ?ick] m>l #b #f #af4 ,v f9e vitrifiable s&1 mix$ ) fossil sea-%ells1 :i* _h no adh]5ce ) ! s&1 & ^: col\rs 7 p]fect #a #f #ag4 ,v small gravel1 or f9e m>l p[d] #b #j #ah4 ,m>l 9 h>d /one #c #f #ai4 ,v co>se p[d]$ m>l #a #f #bj4 ,h>d & calc9able /one1 l m>ble #a #j #ba4 ,grey vitrifiable s& mix$ ) fossil %ells1 p>ticul>ly oy/]s & muscles :i* h no adh]5ce ) ! s&1 & :i* 7 n petrifi$ #c #j #bb4 ,:ite vitrifiable s& mix$ ) simil> %ells #b #j #bc4 ,s& /reak$ r$ & :ite1 vitrifiable & mix$ ) ! l %ells #a #j #bd4 ,l>g] s&1 b /ill vitrifiable & mix$ ) ! l %ells #a #j #be4 ,f9e & vitrifiable grey s& mix$ ) ! l %ells #h #f #bf4 ,v f9e fat s&1 ) only a few %ells #c #j #bg4 ,br[n free /one #c #j #bh4 ,vitrifiable s&1 /reak$ r$ & :ite #d #j #bi4 ,:ite vitrifiable s& #c #f #cj4 ,r$di% vitrifiable s& #ae #j -------- ,total dep? #aja #j -------- ,i h be=e said t ,i tri$ all ^! matt]s 9 aqua=tis1 because :]e ! inspection & comp>ison ( matt]s ) o!rs t we are acqua9t$ ) is n suffici5t to p]mit u to d5om9ate & range !m 9 ! class :i* !y belong1 !re is no means m ready1 nor p]haps m sure1 ?an to try by aqua=tis ! t]re/rial or lapidific matt]3 ^? :i* acid spirits dissolve imm$iately ) heat & ebullition1 are g5]ally calc9able1 & ^? on :i* !y make no impression are vitrifiable4 ,by ?is enum]ation we p]ceive1 t ! soil ( ,m>ly-la-ville 0 =m]ly ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* has be5 rais$ above #ge feet1 s9ce we f9d %ells at t dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,^? %ells h be5 transport$ by ! motion ( ! wat]1 at ! same "t z ! s& 9 :i* !y are met )1 & ! :ole ( ! upp] /rata1 ev5 to ! fir/1 h be5 transport$ aft] ! same mann] by ! motion ( ! wat]1 & deposit$ 9 =m ( a s$im5t2 :i* we _c d\bt1 z well by reason ( _! horizontal position1 z ( ! diff]5t b$s ( s& mix$ ) %ells & m>l1 ! la/ ( :i* are only ! fragm5ts ( ! %ells4 ,! la/ /ratum itself has be5 =m$ almo/ entirely by ! m\ld we h spok5 (1 mix$ ) a small "p ( ! m>l :i* 0 at ! surface4 ,i h *os5 ?is example1 z ! mo/ disadvantage\s to my !ory1 because x at fir/ appe>s v difficult to conceive t ! du/ ( ! air1 ra9 & dew1 c\ld produce /rata ( free e>? ?irte5 feet ?ick2 b x ought to be obs]v$1 t x is v r>e to f9d1 especially 9 high l&s1 s consid]able a ?ickness ( cultivateable e>?2 x is g5]ally ab\t ?ree or f\r feet1 & (t5 n m ?an "o4 ,9 pla9s surr\nd$ ) hills1 ?is ?ickness ( good e>? is ! greate/1 because ! ra9 loos5s ! e>? ( ! hills1 & c>ries x into ! vallies2 b )\t suppos+ any ?+ ( t k9d1 ,i f9d t ! la/ /rata =m$ by ! wat]s are ?ick b$s ( m>l4 ,x is natural to imag9e t ! upp] /ratum _h1 at ! beg9n+1 a /ill great] ?ickness1 besides ! ?irte5 feet ( m>l1 :5 ! sea quitt$ ! l& & left x nak$4 ,?is m>l1 expos$ to ! air1 melt$ ) ! ra92 ! action ( ! air & heat ( ! sun produc$ flaws1 & r$uc$ x into p[d] on ! surface2 ! sea w\ld n quit ?is l& precipitately1 b sometimes cov] x1 ei!r by ! alt]native motion ( ! tides1 or by ! extraord9>y elevation ( ! wat]s 9 f\l wea!r1 :5 x mix$ ) ?is b$ ( m>l1 mud1 clay1 & o!r matt]s4 ,:5 ! l& 0 rais$ above ! wat]s1 plants w\ld beg9 to gr[1 & x 0 !n t ! du/ 9 ! ra9 or dew by degrees add$ to its sub/ance & gave x a r$di% col\r2 ?is ?ickness & f]tility 0 soon augm5t$ by culture2 by digg+ & divid+ its surface1 & ?us giv+ to ! du/1 9 ! dew or ra91 ! facility ( m deeply p5etrat+ x1 :i* at la/ produc$ t b$ ( free e>? ?irte5 feet ?ick4 ,i %all n "h exam9e :e!r ! r$di% col\r ( vegetable e>? proce$s f ! iron :i* is conta9$ 9 ! e>?s t are deposit$ by ! ra9s & dews1 b be+ ( importance1 %all take notice ( x :5 we come to treat ( m9]als2 x is suffici5t to h expla9$ our conception ( ! =mation ( ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! e>?1 & by o!r examples we %all prove1 t ! =mation ( ! int]ior /rata1 c only be ! "w ( ! wat]s4 ,! surface ( ! globe1 says ,woodw>d1 ?is ext]nal /ratum on :i* m5 & animals walk1 :i* s]ves z a magaz9e = ! =mation ( vegetables & animals1 is1 = ! greate/ "p1 compos$ ( vegetable or animal matt]1 & is 9 cont9ual motion & v>iation4 ,all animals & vegetables :i* h exi/$ f ! creation ( ! _w1 h successively extract$ f ?is /ratum ! matt] :i* composes x1 & h1 aft] _! dea?s1 re/or$ to x ?is borr[$ matt]3 x rema9s !re always ready to be retak51 & to s]ve = ! =mation ( o!r bodies ( ! same species successively1 = ! matt] :i* composes "o body is prop] & natural to =m ano!r body ( ! same k9d4 ,9 un9habit$ c\ntries1 :]e ! woods are nev] cut1 :]e animals d n br\ze on ! plants1 ?is /ratum ( vegetable e>? increases consid]ably4 ,9 all woods1 ev5 9 ^? :i* are sometimes cut1 !re is a b$ ( m\ld1 ( six or eight in*es ?ick1 =m$ entirely by ! leaves1 small bran*es1 & b>ks :i* h p]i%$4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ on ! anci5t ,roman way1 :i* crosses ,burgundy 9 a long ext5t ( soil1 t !re is =m$ a b$ ( black e>? m ?an a foot ?ick ^u ! /ones1 :i* n\ri%es v high trees2 & ?is /ratum c\ld be compos$ only ( a black m\ld =m$ by ! leaves1 b>k1 & p]i%$ wood4 ,z vegetables inhale = _! nutrim5t mu* m f ! air & wat] ?an ! e>?1 x happ5s t :5 !y p]i%1 !y return to ! e>? m ?an !y h tak5 f x4 ,besides1 =e/s collect ! ra9 wat]1 & by /opp+ ! vap\rs increase _! moi/ure2 s 9 a wood :i* is pres]v$ a long "t1 ! /ratum ( e>? :i* s]ves = vegetation increases consid]ably4 ,b animals re/or+ less to ! e>? ?an !y take f x1 & m5 mak+ enorm\s consumption ( wood & plants = fire1 & o!r uses1 x foll[s t ! vegetable soil ( inhabit$ c\ntries mu/ dim9i%1 & become1 9 "t1 l ! soil ( ,arabia ,petrea1 & o!r ea/]n prov9ces1 :i*1 9 fact1 are ! mo/ anci5t inhabit$ c\ntries1 :]e only s& & salt are n[ to be met )2 = ! fix$ salts ( plants & animals rema91 :]eas all ! o!r p>ts volatilise1 & are transport$ by ! air4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! position & =mation ( ! int]ior /rata3 ! e>?1 says ,woodw>d1 appe>s 9 places t h be5 dug1 compos$ ( /rata plac$ "o on ! o!r1 z s _m s$im5ts :i* necess>ily fell to ! bottom ( ! wat]2 ! deepe/ /rata are g5]ally ! ?icke/1 & ^? above ! ?9ne/1 & s gradually less5+ to ! surface4 ,we f9d sea %ells1 tee?1 & bones ( fi% 9 ^! diff]5t b$s1 & n only 9 ^? t are s(t1 z *alk & clay1 b ev5 9 ^? ( h>d /one1 m>ble1 c4 ,^! m>9e productions are incorporat$ ) ! /one1 & :5 sep>at$ f !m1 leave ! impressions ( ! %ells ) ! greate/ exactness4 ,i h be5 mo/ cle>ly & positively assur$1 says ?is au?or1 t 9 ,france1 ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,sw$51 /one1 & o!r t]re/rial sub/ances are dispos$ 9 /rata1 precisely ! same z !y are 9 ,engl&2 t ^! /rata are divid$ by p>allel fissures2 t !re are inclos$ )9 /ones & o!r t]re/rial & compact sub/ances1 a great quantity ( %ells & o!r productions ( ! sea1 dispos$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ?is isl&4 ,i am also in=m$ t ^! /rata are f\nd ! same 9 ,b>b>y1 ,egypt1 ,gu9ea1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa2 9 ,arabia1 ,syria1 ,p]sia1 ,malab>1 ,*9a1 & ! re/ ( ! prov9ces ( ,asia2 9 ,jamaica1 ,b>badoes1 ,virg9ia1 ,new-,engl&1 ,brazil1 & o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica#aih3;,a4 ,?is au?or does n say h[ he le>nt1 or by :om he 0 told1 t ! /rata ( ,p]u conta9$ %ells2 yet z 9 g5]al 8 obs]vations are exact1 ,i d n d\bt b he 0 well in=m$2 & am p]suad$ t %ells may be f\nd 9 ! e>? ( ,p]u1 z well z else:]e4 ,?is rem>k is made f a d\bt hav+ be5 =m$ "s "t s9ce on ! subject1 & :i* ,i %all h]eaft] consid]4 ,9 a tr5* made at ,am/]dam1 to ! dep? ( #bcj feet1 ! /rata 7 f\nd z foll[s3 #g feet ( vegetable e>?1 #i ( turf1 #i ( s(t clay1 #h ( s&1 #d ( e>?1 #aj ( clay1 #d ( e>?1 #aj ( s&1 !n #b feet ( clay1 #d ( :ite s&1 #e ( dry e>?1 #a ( s(t e>?1 #ad ( s&1 #h ( argil1 mix$ ) e>?2 #d ( s&1 mix$ ) %ells2 !n clay #ajb feet ?ick1 & at la/ #ca feet ( s&1 at :i* dep? !y ceas$ digg+#aii3;,a4 ,x is v s+ul> to dig s deep )\t meet+ ) wat]3 & ?is circum/ance is rem>kable 9 _m p>ticul>s4 #a4 ,x %ews1 t ! wat] ( ! sea does n communicate ) ! int]ior "p ( ! e>?1 by means ( filtration4 #b4 ,t %ells are f\nd at ! dep? ( #ajj feet bel[ ! surface1 & t consequ5tly ! soil ( ,holl& has be5 rais$ #ajj feet by ! s$im5t ( ! sea4 #c4 ,we may draw an induction1 t ?is /rata ( ?ick clay ( #ajb feet1 & ! b$ ( s& bel[ x1 9 :i* !y dug to #ca feet1 & ^: entire ?ickness is unkn[n1 are p]haps n v f> di/ant f ! fir/ /rata ( ! orig9al e>?1 su* z x 0 be=e ! motion ( ! wat] _h *ang$ its surface4 ,we h said 9 ! fir/ article1 t if we desir$ to f9d ! anci5t e>?1 we %\ld dig 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries1 r ?an t[>ds ! s\?2 9 pla9s r ?an 9 m\nta9\s regions4 ,! circum/ances 9 ?is in/ance1 appe> to be ne>ly s1 only x is to be wi%$ !y _h cont9u$ ! digg+ to a great] dep?1 & t ! au?or _h in=m$ u1 :e!r !re 7 n %ells & o!r m>9e productions1 9 ! la/ b$ ( clay1 & 9 t ( s& bel[ x4 ,! exp]im5t confirms :at we h already said2 & ! m we dig1 ! great] ?ickness we %all f9d ! /rata4 ,! e>? is compos$ ( p>allel & horizontal b$s1 n only 9 pla9s1 b hills & m\nta9s are 9 g5]al compos$ aft] ! same mann]3 x may be said1 t ! /rata 9 hills & m\nta9s are m app>5t !re ?an 9 ! pla9s1 because ! pla9s are g5]ally cov]$ ) a v consid]able quantity ( s& & e>?1 :i* ! wat] has br\ght f ! high] gr\nds1 & !re=e1 to f9d ! anci5t /rata1 mu/ dig deep] 9 ! pla9s ?an 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$1 t :5 a m\nta9 is level at its summit1 ! /rata :i* compose x are also level2 b if ! summit is n plac$ horizontally1 ! /rata incl9es also 9 ! same direction4 ,i h he>d t1 9 g5]al1 ! b$s ( qu>ries incl9$ a little to ! ea/2 b hav+ myself obs]v$ all ! *a9s ( rocks :i* (f]$1 ,i discov]$ ?is op9ion to be errone\s1 & t ! /rata incl9es to ! same side z ! hill1 :e!r x be ea/1 we/1 nor?1 or s\?4 ,:5 we dig /one & m>ble f ! qu>ry1 we take great c>e to sep>ate !m accord+ to _! natural position1 & we _c ev5 get !m ( a l>ge size1 if we cut !m 9 any o!r direction4 ,:]e !y are made use ( = good masonry1 ! workm5 are p>ticul> 9 plac+ !m z !y /ood 9 ! qu>ry1 = if !y 7 plac$ 9 any o!r direction1 !y w\ld split1 & w\ld n resi/ ! weight ) :i* !y are load$4 ,?is p]fectly confirms t /ones1 are f\nd 9 p>allel & horizontal /rata1 :i* h be5 successively heap$ "o on ! o!r1 & t ^! /rata compos$ masses :]e resi/ance is great] 9 t direction ?an 9 any o!r4 ,e /rata1 :e!r horizontal or incl9$1 has an equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,9 ! qu>ries ab\t ,p>is ! b$ ( good /one is n ?ick1 sc>cely m ?an #ah or #bj feet3 9 ^? ( ,burgundy ! /one is mu* ?ick]4 ,x is ! same ) m>ble2 ! black & :ite m>ble h a ?ick] b$ ?an ! col\r$2 & ,i "k b$s ( v h>d /one1 :i* ! f>m]s 9 ,burgundy make use ( to cov] _! h\ses1 t are n above an in* ?ick4 ,! diff]5t /rata v>y mu* 9 ?ickness1 b ea* b$ pres]ves ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t its ext5t4 ,! ?ickness ( /rata is s greatly v>i$1 t x is f\nd f less ?an a l9e to #a1 #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 or #ajj feet ?ick4 ,! anci5t & mod]n qu>ries1 :i* are horizontally dug1 ! p]p5dicul> & o!r divisions ( m9es1 prove t !re are ext5sive /rata 9 all directions4 ,x is ?or\ghly prov$1 says ! hi/orian ( ! academy1 t all /ones h =m]ly be5 a s(t pa/e1 & z !re are qu>ries almo/ 9 e "p1 ! surface ( ! e>? has !re=e consi/$1 9 all ^! places1 ( mud & slime1 at lea/ to c]ta9 dep?s4 ,! %ells f\nd 9 mo/ qu>ries prove t ?is mud 0 an e>? dilut$ by ! wat] ( ! sea1 & consequ5tly t ! sea cov]$ all ^! places2 & x c\ld n cov] !m )\t also cov]+ all t 0 level ) or l[] ?an x3 & x is pla9 t x c\ld n cov] e place :]e !re 7 qu>ries1 )\t cov]+ ! :ole face ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,we d n "h consid] ! m\nta9s :i* ! sea mu/ also at "o "t h cov]$1 s9ce qu>ries & %ells are (t5 f\nd 9 !m4 ,! sea1 cont9ues he1 !re=e1 cov]$ ! :ole e>?1 & f !nce x proce$s t all ! b$s ( /one 9 ! pla9s are horizontal & p>allel2 fi% mu/ h also be5 ! mo/ anci5t inhabitants ( ! globe1 z !re 0 no su/5ance = ei!r birds or t]re/rial animals4 ,b h[ did ! sea retire into ^! va/ bas9s :i* x at pres5t occupies8 ,:at pres5ts itself ! mo/ natural to ! m9d is1 t ! e>?1 at lea/ at a c]ta9 dep?1 0 n entirely solid1 b int]mix$ ) "s great vacuums1 ^: vaults 7 support$ = a "t1 b at l5g?1 sunk 9 sudd5ly3 !n ! wat]s mu/ h fall5 into ^! vacancies1 fill$ !m1 & left nak$ a "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* became an agreeable abode to t]re/rial animals & birds4 ,! %ells f\nd 9 qu>ries p]fectly agree ) ?is idea1 = only ! bony p>ts ( fi% c\ld be pres]v$ till n[4 ,9 g5]al1 %ells are heap$ up 9 great abundance 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sea1 :]e !y are immovable1 & =m a k9d ( rock1 & c\ld n foll[ ! wat]1 :i* sudd5ly =sook !m3 ?is is ! reason t we f9d m %ells ?an bones ( ! fi%1 & ?is ev5 proves a sudd5 fall ( ! sea into its pres5t bas9s4 ,at ! same "t z our suppos$ vaults gave way1 x is v possible t o!r p>ts ( ! globe 7 rais$ by ! same cause1 & t m\nta9s 7 plac$ on ?is surface ) qu>ries already =m$1 b ! b$s ( ^! qu>ries c\ld n pres]ve ! horizontal direction !y be=e _h1 unless ! m\nta9s 7 rais$ precisely p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* c\ld happ5 b v seldom3 s also1 z we h already obs]v$1 9 #agje1 ! b$s ( /one 9 m\nta9s are always incl9$ to ! horizon1 ?\gh p>allel ) ea* o!r2 = !y h n *ang$ _! position ) respect to ea* o!r1 b only ) respect to ! surface ( ! e>?#bje3;,a4 ,^! p>allel /rata1 ^! b$s ( e>? & /one1 :i* h be5 =m$ by ! s$im5t ( ! sea1 (t5 ext5d to consid]able di/ances1 & we (t5 f9d 9 hills1 sep>at$ by a valley1 ! same b$s & ! same matt]s at ! same level4 ,?is obs]vation agrees p]fectly ) t ( ! height ( ! opposite hills4 ,we may easily be assur$ ( ! tru? ( ^! facts1 = 9 all n>r[ vallies1 :]e rocks are discov]$1 we %all f9d ! same b$s ( /one & m>ble on bo? sides at ! same height4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e ,i frequ5tly reside1 ,i f\nd a qu>ry ( m>ble :i* ext5d$ m ?an #ab leagues 9 l5g?1 & ^: bread? 0 v consid]able1 al?\gh ,i h nev] be5 able precisely to det]m9e x4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ t ?is b$ ( m>ble is ?r\gh\t ( ! same ?ickness1 & 9 hills divid$ f ?is qu>ry by a valley ( #ajj feet dep?1 & a qu>t] ( a mile 9 bread?1 ,i f\nd ! same b$ ( m>ble at ! same height4 ,i am p]suad$ x is ! same 9 e /one & m>ble qu>ry :]e %ells are f\nd2 b ?is obs]vation does n hold good 9 qu>ries ( free/one4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 we %all give reasons = ?is diff]5ce1 & describe :y free/one is n disp]s$1 l o!r matt]s1 9 horizontal b$s1 & :y x is 9 irregul> blocks1 bo? 9 =m & position4 ,we h likewise obs]v$ t ! /rata are ! same on bo? sides ! /raits ( ! sea4 ,?is obs]vation1 :i* is important1 may lead u to discov] ! l&s & isl&s :i* h be5 sep>at$ f ! cont95t2 x proves1 = example1 t ,engl& has be5 divid$ f ,france2 ,spa9 f ,africa2 ,sicily f ,italy2 & x is to be wi%$ t ! same obs]vation _h be5 made 9 all ! /raits4 ,i am p]suad$ t we %\ld f9d x almo/ e :]e true4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! same b$s ( /one are f\nd at ! same height on bo? sides ! /raits ( ,magellan1 :i* is ! longe/2 b we see1 by ! p>ticul> maps & exact *>ts1 t ! two high coa/s :i* conf9e x1 =m ne>ly1 l ! m\nta9s ( ! e>?1 correspond5t angles1 :i* also proves t ! ,t]ra del ,fuega1 mu/ be reg>d$ z "p ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica2 x is ! same ) ,=bi%]'s ,/rait & ! isl& ( ,friesl&1 :i* appe> to h be5 divid$ f ! cont95t ( ,gre5l&4 ,! ,maldivian isl&s are only sep>at$ by small tracts ( ! sea1 on ea* side ( :i* banks & rocks are f\nd compos$ ( ! same mat]ials2 & ^! isl&s1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 are ne> #bjj miles long1 =m$ anci5tly only "o l&2 !y are n[ divid$ into #ac prov9ces1 call$ ,clu/]s4 ,ea* clu/] conta9s a great numb] ( small isl&s1 mo/ ( :i* are sometimes ov]fl[$ & sometimes dry2 b :at is rem>kable1 ^! ?irte5 clu/]s are ea* surr\nd$ ) a *a9 ( rocks ( ! same /one1 & !re are only ?ree or f\r dang]\s inlets by :i* !y c be ent]$4 ,!y are all plac$ "o aft] ! o!r1 & x evid5tly appe>s t ^! isl&s 7 =m]ly a long m\nta9 capp$ ) rocks#baf3;,a4 ,_m au?ors1 z ,v]/egan1 ,tw9e1 ,somn]1 & especially ,campbell1 9 8 ,description ( ,engl&1 9 ! *apt] ( ,k5t1 gives v /rong reasons1 to prove t ,engl& 0 =m]ly jo9$ to ,france1 & has be5 sep>at$ f x by an ef=t ( ! sea1 :i* c>ri$ away ! neck ( l& t jo9$ !m1 op5$ ! *annel1 & left nak$ a great quantity ( l[ & m>%y gr\nd along ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,engl&4 ,dr4 ,wallis1 z a corroboration ( ?is supposition1 %ews ! con=mity ( ! anci5t ,gallic & ,briti% tongues1 & adds _m obs]vations1 :i* we %all relate 9 ! foll[+ articles4 ,if we consid] ! =m ( l&s1 ! position ( m\nta9s1 & ! w9d+s ( riv]s1 we %all p]ceive t g5]ally opposite hills are n only compos$ ( ! same matt]s on ! same level1 b are ne>ly ( an equal height4 ,?is equality ,i h obs]v$ 9 my travels1 & h mo/ly f\nd !m ! same on ! two sides1 especially 9 vallies t 7 n m ?an a qu>t] or a ?ird ( a league broad1 = 9 vallies :i* are v broad1 x is difficult to judge ( ! height & equality ( hills1 because1 by look+ ov] a level pla9 ( any great ext5t1 x appe>s to rise1 & hills at a di/ance appe> to l[]2 b ?is is n ! place to give a ma!matical reason = ?is diff]5ce4 ,x is also v difficult to judge by ! nak$ sight ( ! middle ( a great valley1 at lea/ if !re is no riv] 9 x2 :]eas 9 conf9$ vallies our sight is less equivocal & our judgm5t m c]ta94 ,t "p ( ,burgundy compreh5d$ betwe5 ,aux]re1 ,dijon1 ,autun1 & ,b>-sur-se9e1 a consid]able ext5t ( :i* is call$ la ,bailliage de la ,montagne1 is "o ( ! highe/ p>ts ( ,france2 f "o side ( mo/ ( ^! m\nta9s1 :i* are only ( ! second class1 ! wat] fl[s t[>ds ! ,ocean1 & on ! o!r side t[>ds ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is high c\ntry is divid$ ) _m small vallies1 v conf9$1 & almo/ all wat]$ ) rivulets4 ,i h a ?\s& times obs]v$ ! correspond5ce ( ! angles ( ^! hills & _! equality ( height1 & ,i am c]ta9 t ,i h e :]e f\nd ! saliant angles opposite to ! return+ angles1 & ! heights ne>ly equal on bo? sides4 ,! f>!r we advance into ! high] c\ntry1 :]e ! po9ts ( division are1 ! high] are ! m\nta9s2 b ?is height is always ! same on bo? sides ( ! vallies1 & ! hills are rais$ or l[]$ alike4 ,i h frequ5tly made ! l obs]vations 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ,france4 ,x is ?is equality 9 ! height ( ! hills :i* =ms ! pla9s 9 ! m\nta9s1 & ^! pla9s =m l&s high] ?an o!rs4 ,b high m\nta9s d n appe> s equal 9 height1 mo/ ( !m t]m9ate 9 po9ts & irregul> peaks2 & ,i h se51 9 cross+ ! ,alps1 & ! ,ap5n9e m\nta9s1 t ! angles are1 9 fact1 correspond5t2 b x is almo/ impossible to judge by ! eye ( ! equality or inequality 9 ! height ( opposite m\nta9s1 because _! summits are lo/ 9 mi/s & cl\ds4 ,! diff]5t /rata ( :i* ! e>? is compos$ are n dispos$ accord+ to _! specific weight1 = we (t5 f9d /rata ( heavy matt]s plac$ on ^? ( light]4 ,to be assur$ ( ?is1 we h only to exam9e ! e>? on :i* rocks are plac$1 & we %all f9d t x is g5]ally clay or s&1 :i* is specifically light]4 ,9 hills1 & o!r small elevations1 we easily discov] ?is to be ! case2 b x is n s ) l>ge m\nta9s1 = n only _! summits are rocks1 b ^? rocks are plac$ on o!rs2 !re m\nta9s are plac$ ^u m\nta9s1 & rocks ^u rocks1 to su* a consid]able height1 & ?r\gh s great an ext5t ( c\ntry1 t we c sc>cely be c]ta9 :e!r !re is e>? at bottom1 or ( :at nature x is4 ,i h se5 cavities made 9 rocks to "s hundr$ feet deep1 )\t be+ able to =m an idea :]e !y end$1 = ^! rocks 7 support$ by o!rs2 nev]!less1 may we n comp>e great ) small8 & s9ce ! rocks ( little m\nta9s1 ^: bases are to be se51 re/ on ! e>? less heavy & solid ?an /one1 may we n suppose t e>? is also ! base ( high m\nta9s8 ,all t ,i h "h to prove by ^! argum5ts is1 t1 by ! motion ( ! wat]s1 x may naturally happ5 t ! m pond]\s matt]s accumulat$ on ! light]2 & t1 if ?is 9 fact is f\nd to be s 9 mo/ hills1 x is probable t x happ5$ z expla9$ by my !ory2 b %\ld x be object$ t ,i am n gr\nd$ 9 suppos+1 t be=e ! =mation ( m\nta9s ! heavie/ matt]s 7 bel[ ! light]2 ,i answ]1 t ,i ass]t no?+ g5]al 9 ?is respect1 because ?is effect may h be5 produc$ 9 _m mann]s1 :e!r ! heavie/ matt]s 7 upp]mo/ or und]mo/1 or plac$ indiscrim9ately4 ,to conceive h[ ! sea at fir/ =m$ a m\nta9 ( clay1 & aft]w>ds capt x ) rocks1 x is suffici5t to consid] ! s$im5ts may successively come f diff]5t p>ts1 & t !y might be ( diff]5t mat]ials4 ,9 "s p>ts1 ! sea may at fir/ h deposit$ s$im5ts ( clay1 & ! wat]s aft]w>ds br\ght s$im5t ( /rong matt]1 ei!r because !y _h transport$ all ! clay f ! bottom & sides1 & !n ! waves attack$ ! rocks1 possibly because ! fir/ s$im5t came f "o "p1 & ! second f ano!r4 ,?is p]fectly agrees ) obs]vation1 by :i* we p]ceive t b$s ( e>?1 /one1 gravel1 s&1 c4 foll[$ no rule 9 _! arrangem5t1 b are plac$ indiff]5tly "o on ! o!r z x 7 by *ance4 ,b ?is *ance mu/ h "s rules1 :i* c be kn[n only by e/imat+ ! value ( probabilities1 & ! tru? ( conjectures4 ,accord+ to our hypo!sis1 on ! =mation ( ! globe1 we h se5 t ! int]ior "p ( ! globe mu/ h be5 a vitrifi$ matt]1 simil> to vitrifi$ s&1 :i* is only ! fragm5ts ( glass1 & ( :i* ! clays are p]haps ! scoria2 by ?is supposition1 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & almo/ z f> z ! ext]nal circumf]5ce1 mu/ be glass1 or a vitrifi$ matt]2 & above ?is we %all f9d s&1 clay1 & o!r scoria4 ,?us ! e>?1 9 its fir/ /ate1 0 a nucleus ( glass1 or vitrifi$ matt]2 ei!r massive l glass1 or divid$ l s&1 because t dep5ds on ! degree ( heat x has und]gone4 ,above ?is matt] 0 s&1 & la/ly clay4 ,! soil ( ! wat]s & air produc$ ! ext]nal cru/1 :i* is ?ick] or ?9n]1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! gr\nd2 m or less col\r$1 accord+ to ! diff]5t mixtures ( mud1 s&1 clay1 & ! decay$ p>ts ( animals & vegetables2 & m or less f]tile1 accord+ to ! abundance or want ( ^! p>ts4 ,to %ew t ?is supposition on ! =mation ( s& & clay is n *im]ical1 ,i %all add "s p>ticul> rem>ks4 ,i conceive1 t ! e>?1 9 its fir/ /ate1 0 a globe1 or r a sph]oid ( compact glass1 cov]$ ) a light cru/ ( pumice /one & o!r scoria ( ! matt] 9 fusion4 ,! motion & agitation ( ! wat]s & air soon r$uc$ ?is cru/ into p[d] or s&1 :i*1 by unit+ aft]w>ds1 produc$ fl9ts1 & owe _! h>dness1 col\r1 or transp>5cy & v>iety1 to ! diff]5t degrees ( purity ( ! s& :i* ent]$ into _! composition4 ,^! s&s1 ^: con/itut+ p>ts unite by fire1 assimilate1 & become v d5se1 compact1 & ! m transp>5t z ! s& is m pure2 on ! contr>y1 be+ expos$ a long "t to ! air1 !y disunite & exfoliate1 desc5d 9 ! =m ( e>?1 & x is probable ! diff]5t clays are ?us produc$4 ,?is du/1 sometimes ( a brighti% yell[1 & sometimes l silv]1 is no?+ else b a v pure s& some:at p]i%$1 & almo/ r$uc$ to an elem5t>y /ate4 ,by "t1 p>ticles w be s f> att5uat$ & divid$1 t !y w no long] h p[] to reflect ! light1 & acquire all ! prop]ties ( clay4 ,?is !ory is con=mable to :at e day is se52 let u imm$iately wa% s& ^u its be+ dug1 & ! wat] w be load$ ) a black ductile & fat e>?1 :i* is g5u9e clay4 ,9 /reets pav$ ) free/one1 ! dirt is always black & greasy1 & :5 dri$ appe>s to be an e>? ( ! same nature z clay4 ,let u wa% ! e>? tak5 f a spot :]e !re are nei!r free/one nor fl9ts1 & !re w always precipitate a great quantity ( vitrifiable s&4 ,b :at p]fectly proves t s&1 & ev5 fl9t & glass1 exi/ 9 clay1 is1 t ! action ( fire1 by unit+ ! p>ts1 re/ores x to its orig9al =m4 ,clay1 if heat$ to ! degree ( calc9ation1 w cov] itself ) a v h>d enamel2 if x is n vitrifi$ int]nally1 x nev]!less w h acquir$ a v great h>dness1 s z to resi/ ! file2 x w emit fire "u ! hamm]1 & x has all ! prop]ties ( fl9t2 a great] degree ( heat causes x to fl[1 & conv]ts x into real glass4 ,clay & s& are !re=e matt]s p]fectly analog\s1 & ( ! same class2 if clay1 by cond5s+1 may become fl9t & glass1 :y may n s&1 by dissolution1 become clay8 ,glass appe>s to be true elem5t>y e>?1 & all mix$ sub/ances disguis$ glass4 ,metals1 m9]als1 salts1 c4 are only vitrifiable e>?2 common /one & o!r matt]s analog\s to x1 & te/ace\s & cru/ace\s %ells1 c4 are ! only sub/ances :i* _c be vitrifi$1 & :i* seem to =m a sep>ate class4 ,fire1 by unit+ ! divid$ p>ts ( ! fir/1 =ms an homog5e\s matt]1 h>d & transp>5t1 )\t any dim9ution ( weight1 & to :i* x is n possible to cause any alt]ation2 ^?1 on ! contr>y1 9 :i* a great] quantity ( active & volatile pr9ciples ent]1 & :i* calc9e1 lose m ?an "o-?ird ( _! weight 9 ! fire1 & retake ! =m ( simple e>?1 )\t any o!r alt]ation ?an a disunion ( _! diff]5t p>ts3 ^! bodies except$1 :i* are no great numb]1 & ^: comb9ations produce no great v>ieties 9 nature1 e o!r sub/ance1 & p>ticul>ly clay1 may be conv]t$ into glass1 & are consequ5tly only decompos$ glass4 ,if ! fire sudd5ly causes ! =m ( ^! sub/ances to *ange1 by vitrify+ !m1 glass itself1 :e!r pure1 or 9 ! =m ( s& or fl9t1 naturally1 b by a sl[ & ins5sible progress1 *anges into clay4 ,:]e fl9t is ! pr$om9ant /one1 ! c\ntry is g5]ally /rew$ ) p>ts ( x1 & if ! place is uncultivat$1 & ^! /ones h be5 long expos$ to ! air1 )\t hav+ be5 /irr$1 _! upp] sup]ficies is always :ite1 :]eas ! opposite side1 :i* t\*es ! e>?1 is v br[n1 & pres]ves its natural col\r4 ,if ^! fl9ts are brok51 we %all p]ceive t ! :it5ess is n only ext]nal1 b p5etrates int]nally1 & !re =ms a k9d ( b&1 n v deep 9 "s1 b :i* 9 o!rs occupies almo/ ! :ole fl9t4 ,?is :ite "p is some:at gra9y1 entirely opaque1 z s(t z free/one1 & adh]es to ! tongue l ! boles2 :]eas ! o!r "p is smoo?1 has nei!r ?read nor gra91 & pres]ves its natural col\r1 transp>5cy1 & h>dness4 ,if ?is fl9t is put into a furnace1 its :ite "p becomes ( a brick col\r1 & its br[n "p ( a v f9e :ite4 ,let u n say ) "o ( our mo/ celebrat$ naturali/s1 t ^! /ones are imp]fect fl9ts ( diff]5t ages1 :i* h n acquir$ _! p]fection2 = :y %\ld !y be all imp]fect8 ,:y %\ld !y be imp]fect only on ! side expos$ to ! wea!r8 ,x1 on ! contr>y1 appe>s to me m reasonable t !y are fl9ts *ang$ f _! orig9al /ate1 gradually decompos$1 & assum+ ! =m & prop]ty ( clay or bole4 ,if ?is is ?\ght to be only conjecture1 let ! h>de/ & blacke/ fl9t be expos$ to ! wea!r1 9 less ?an a ye> its surface w *ange col\r2 & if we h pati5ce to pursue ?is exp]im5t1 we %all see x by degrees lose its h>dness1 transp>5cy1 & o!r specific *>act]s1 & approa* e day ne>] & ne>] ! nature ( clay4 ,:at happ5s to fl9t happ5s to s&2 ea* gra9 ( s& may possibly be consid]$ z a small fl9t1 & ea* fl9t z a mass ( extremely f9e gra9s ( s&4 ,! fir/ example ( ! decomposition ( s& is f\nd 9 ! brilliant opaque p[d] call$ ,mica1 9 :i* clay & slate are always diffus$4 ,! entirely transp>5t fl9ts1 ! ,qu>tz1 produce1 by decomposition1 fat & s(t talks1 su* z ^? ( ,v5ice & ,russia1 :i* are z ductile & vitrifiable z clay3 & x appe>s to me1 t talk is a m$iate betwe5 glass1 or transp>5t fl9t1 & clay2 :]eas co>se & impure fl9t1 by decompos+1 passes to clay )\t any int]m$ium4 ,our factiti\s glass und]goes ! same alt]ations3 x decomposes & p]i%es1 z x 71 9 ! air4 ,at fir/1 x assumes a v>iety ( col\rs1 !n exfoliates1 & by work+ x1 we p]ceive brilliant scales fall (f2 b :5 its decomposition is m advanc$1 x crumbles betwe5 ! f+]s1 & is r$uc$ into a v :ite f9e talky p[d]4 ,art has ev5 imitat$ nature 9 ! decomposition ( glass & fl9t4 ,e/ etiam c]ta me?odus solius aqu communis ope1 silices ar5am 9 liquorem viscosum1 eumdemque 9 sal viride conv]t5di1 hoc 9 aleum rubicundum1 c4 ,solius ignis aqua ope1 speciali exp]im5to1 durissimos quosque lapides 9 mucorem resolvo1 qui di/illan subtilem spiritum exhibet oleum nullus laudibus prdicabile#bah3;,a4 ,^! matt]s m p>ticul>ly belong to metals1 & :5 we come to !m1 %all be fully treat$ on1 !re=e we %all cont5t ourselves "h ) add+1 t ! diff]5t /rata :i* cov] ! t]re/rial globe1 be+ mat]ials to be consid]$ z actual vitrifications or analog\s to glass1 & possess+ its mo/ ess5tial qualities2 & z x is evid5t1 t f ! decomposition ( glass & fl9t1 :i* is e day made be=e our eyes1 a g5u9e clay rema9s1 x is n a prec>i\s supposition to advance1 t clays & s&s h be5 =m$ by scoria1 & vitrifi$ drops ( ! t]re/rial globe1 especially :5 we jo9 ! pro(s a priori1 :i* we h giv5 to ev9ce ! e>? has be5 9 a /ate ( liquefaction caus$ by fire4 ,,footnotes3 #aih3;,a ,essay on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 pages #dj1 #da1 #db1 c4 #aii3;,a ,see ,v>5nii1 ,geograph4 ,g5]al1 page #df4 #bje3;,a ,see ! ,mem4 ( ! ,acad4 #agaf1 page #ad4 #baf3;,a ,see ! ,voyages ( ,francis ,piri>d1 vol4 #a1 page #ajh4 #bah3;,a ,see ,be*]4 ,phys4 subt]4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,on ,,%ells1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,m>9e ,,productions ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,int]ior ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,i h (t5 exam9$ qu>ries1 ! banks ( :i* 7 fill$ ) %ells2 ,i h se5 entire hills compos$ ( !m1 & *a9s ( rocks :i* conta9$ !m ?r\gh\t _! :ole ext5t4 ,! quantity ( ^! m>9e productions is a/oni%+1 & ! numb] 9 _m places s prodigi\s1 t x appe>s sc>cely possible t any %\ld n[ rema9 9 ! sea2 x is by consid]+ ?is innum]able multitude ( %ells1 t no d\bt is left ( our e>? hav+ be5 a long "t "u ! wat] ( ! ocean4 ,! quantity f\nd 9 a fossil1 or petrifi$ /ate1 is beyond conception1 & x is only f ! numb] ( ^? t h be5 discov]$ t we c\ld possibly h =m$ an idea ( _! multiplicity4 ,we mu/ imag9e1 l ^? :o reason on matt]s !y nev] saw1 t %ells are only f\nd at r&om1 disp]s$ "h & !re1 or 9 small heaps1 z oy/] %ells ?r[n be=e our doors2 on ! contr>y1 !y =m m\nta9s1 are met ) 9 %oals ( #ajj or #bjj miles l5g?1 nay1 !y may sometimes be trac$ ?r\gh :ole prov9ces 9 masses ( #ej or #fj feet ?ick4 ,x is f ^! circum/ances alone t we c reason on ! subject4 ,we _c give a m /rik+ example on ?is subject ?an ! %ells ( ,t\ra9e4 ,! foll[+ is ! description giv5 ( !m by ! hi/orian ( ! ,academy#bbj3;,a4 ,! numb] ( figur$ /ones & fossil %ells f\nd 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? 7 rem>k$ 9 all ages & nations1 b !y 7 consid]$ m]ely z ! sports ( nature1 & ev5 by philosoph]s !mselves1 z ! productions ( *ance or accid5t2 !y reg>d$ !m ) a degree ( surprise1 b pass$ !m ov] ) a slight att5tion1 & all ?is ph5om5a p]i%$ )\t any fruit = ! progress ( k4 ,a pott] 9 ,p>is1 :o knew nei!r ,lat9 nor ,greek1 t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ man :o d>$ affirm1 9 opposition to ! le>n$1 t ! fossil %ells 7 real %ells =m]ly deposit$ by ! sea 9 ^? places :]e !y 7 f\nd2 t animals1 & p>ticul>ly fi%1 _h giv5 to /ones all ^! diff]5t figures1 c4 & he desir$ ! :ole s*ool ( ,ari/otle to contradict 8 pro(s4 ,?is 0 ,b]n>d ,palissy1 z great a natural g5ius z nature c\ld =m3 8 sy/em slept ne> #ajj ye>s1 & ev5 8 "n 0 almo/ =got4 ,at l5g? ! ideas ( ,palissy 7 reviv$ 9 ! m9d ( sev]al philosoph]s2 & sci5ce has pr(it$ by all ! %ells & figur$ /ones ! e>? furni%es u )2 p]haps !y are at pres5t become only too common1 & ! consequ5ces drawn f !m too inconte/able4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! obs]vations pres5t$ by ,m4 ,reaum] mu/ appe> wond]ful4 ,he discov]$ a mass ( #acj million1 #fhj ?\s& cubical fa?oms ( %ells1 ei!r :ole or 9 fragm5ts1 )\t any mixture ( /one1 e>?1 s&1 or o!r extrane\s matt]3 hi!rto fossil %ells h nev] appe>$ 9 su* an enorm\s quantity1 nor )\t mixture4 ,x is 9 ,t\ra9e ?is prodigi\s mass is f\nd1 m ?an #cf leagues f ! sea2 ?is is p]fectly kn[n !re1 z ! f>m]s ( t prov9ce make use ( ^! %ells1 :i* !y dig up1 z manure = _! l&s1 to f]tilize _! pla9s1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be absolutely /]ile4 ,:at is dug f ! e>?1 & :i* g5]ally is no m ?an eight or n9e feet deep1 are only small fragm5ts ( %ells1 v di/+ui%able z fragm5ts1 = !y reta9 _! orig9al *annels & holl[s1 hav+ only lo/ _! gloss & col\r1 z almo/ all %ells d :i* we f9d 9 ! e>?4 ,! smalle/ pieces1 :i* are only du/1 are /ill di/+ui%able because !y are p]fectly ( ! same matt] z ! re/1 z well z ( ! :ole %ells :i* are sometimes f\nd4 ,we discov] ! species z well 9 ! :ole %ells z 9 ! l>g] fragm5ts4 ,"s ( ^! species are kn[n at ,poict\1 o!rs belong to m remote coa/s4 ,!re are ev5 fragm5ts ( madrepores1 coral1 & o!r productions ( ! sea2 all ?is matt] 9 ! c\ntry is t]m$ ,fallun1 & is f\nd :]ev] ! gr\nd is dug 9 t prov9ce = ! space ( n9e leagues squ>e4 ,! peasants d n dig above tw5ty feet deep1 because !y ?9k x w\ld n repay !m = _! tr\ble1 b !y are c]ta9ly deep]4 ,! calculation ( ! quantity is h[ev] tak5 ^u ! supposition ( only #ah feet & #bbjj fa?oms to ! league4 ,?is mass ( %ells ( c\rse exce$s ! calculation1 & possibly conta9s d\ble ! quantity4 ,9 physical po9ts ! smalle/ circum/ances1 :i* mo/ p d n ?9k wor?y ( rem>k+1 sometimes lead to consequ5ces & af=d great lights4 ,m4 de ,reaum] obs]v$1 t all ^! fragm5ts ( %ells lie horizontally1 & h5ce he has conclud$ t ?is inf9ity ( fragm5ts does n proce$ f ! heap be+ =m$ at "o "t1 or ( :ole %ells1 = ! upp]mo/1 by _! weight1 w\ld h cru%$ ! o!rs1 & ( c\rse _! fall+s w\ld h giv5 an inf9ity ( diff]5t positions4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 br\ght !re by ! sea1 ei!r :ole or brok51 & necess>ily plac$ horizontal2 & al?\gh ! extreme l5g? ( "t 0 ( itself suffici5t to break1 & almo/ calc9e ! greate/ "p1 x c\ld n *ange _! position4 ,by ?is x appe>s1 t !y mu/ h be5 br\ght gradually1 &1 9 fact1 h[ 0 x possible t ! sea c\ld convey at once su* an imm5se quantity ( %ells1 & at ! same "t pres]ve a position p]fectly horizontal8 !y mu/ h collect$ 9 "o spot1 & consequ5tly ?is spot mu/ h be5 ! bottom ( a gulph or bas94 ,all ?is proves1 t al?\gh !re mu/ rema9 ^u ! e>? _m ve/iges ( ! univ]sal deluge1 z record$ 9 scripture1 ! mass ( %ells at ,t\ra9e 0 n produc$ by t deluge2 !re is p]haps n s great a mass 9 any "p ( ! sea2 b ev5 _h ! deluge =c$ !m away1 x w\ld h be5 ) an impetuosity & viol5ce t w\ld n h p]mitt$ !m to reta9 "o uni=m position4 ,!y mu/ h be5 br\ght & deposit$ g5tly & sl[ly1 & consequ5tly _! accumulation requir$ a space ( "t mu* long] ?an a ye>4 ,! surface ( ! e>?1 x is evid5t1 mu/ h be5 be=e or aft] ! deluge v diff]5tly dispos$ to :at x is at pres5t1 t ! sea & cont95t _h ano!r arrangem5t1 & =m]ly !re 0 a great gulph 9 ! middle ( ,t\ra9e4 ,! *anges :i* are kn[n f hi/ory1 or ev5 anci5t fable1 are inconsid]able1 b !y give u room to imag9e ^? :i* a long] "t might br+ ab\t4 ,m4 de ,reaumur supposes t ,t\ra9e 0 a gulph ( ! sea :i* communicat$ ) ! ocean1 & t ! %ells 7 c>ri$ !re by a curr5t2 b ?is is a simple conjecture laid d[n 9 room ( ! real unkn[n fact4 ,to speak ) c]ta9ty on ?is matt]1 we %\ld h geographical maps ( all ! places :]e %ells h be5 dug f ! e>?1 to obta9 :i* w\ld require almo/ an inf9ity ( "t & obs]vation1 yet x is possible t h]eaft] sci5ce may accompli% x4 ,?is quantity ( %ells1 consid]able z x is1 w a/oni% u less if we consid] ! foll[+ circum/ances3 fir/1 %ell fi% multiply prodigi\sly1 & are full gr[n 9 a v %ort "t2 ! abundance ( individuals 9 ea* k9d proves to u _! f]tility4 ,we h a /rong example ( ?is increase 9 oy/]s1 a mass ( _m fa?oms ( :i* are frequ5tly rais$ 9 a s+le day4 ,9 a v %ort "t ! rocks to :i* !y are atta*$ are consid]ably dim9i%$1 & "s banks q exhau/$1 nev]!less ! ensu+ ye> we f9d !m z pl5tiful z be=e1 nor d !y appe> to be 9 ! lea/ dim9i%$2 inde$ ,i "k n :e!r a natural b$ ( oy/]s 0 ev] entirely exhau/$4 ,secondly1 ! sub/ance ( %ells is analog\s to /one2 !y are a long "t pres]v$ 9 s(t matt]s1 & petrify readily 9 h>d2 ^! %ells & m>9e productions !re=e f\nd on ! e>?1 be+ ! wrecks ( _m ages1 mu/ ( c\rse h =m$ v consid]able masses4 ,!re are a prodigi\s quantity ( %ells 9 m>ble1 lime1 /one1 *alk1 m>l1 c4 we f9d !m1 z be=e obs]v$1 9 hills & m\nta9s1 & !y (t5 make m ?an "o half ( ! bodies :i* conta9 !m2 = ! mo/ "p !y appe> well pres]v$1 o!rs are 9 fragm5ts1 b l>ge en\gh to di/+ui% to :at k9d ( %ells !y belong4 ,"h our k on ?is subject1 f obs]vation1 f9ds its limits2 b ,i %all g fur!r & ass]t t %ells are ! int]m$ium :i* ,nature adopts = ! =mation ( mo/ k9d ( /ones2 t *alks1 m>ls1 & lime-/one are compos$ only ( ! p[d] & pieces ( %ells2 t consequ5tly ! quantities ( %ells de/roy$ are inf9itely m consid]able ?an ^? pres]v$4 ,i %all "h cont5t myself ) indicat+ ! po9t ( view 9 :i* we ought to consid] ! /rata ( :i* ! globe is compos$4 ,! fir/ /ratum is compos$ ( ! du/ ( ! air1 ! s$im5t ( ! ra91 dew1 & vegetable or animal p>ts1 r$uc$ to p>ticles2 ! /rata ( *alk1 m>l1 lime1 /one1 & m>ble1 are compos$ ( ! ru9s ( %ells1 & o!r m>9e productions1 mix$ ) fragm5ts or :ole %ells2 b ! vitrifiable s& or clay are ! matt]s ( :i* ! int]nal p>ts ( ! globe are compos$4 ,!y 7 vitrifi$ :5 ! globe receiv$ its =m1 :i* necess>ily supposes t ! matt] 0 9 fusion4 ,! granate1 rock1 fl9t1 c4 owe _! orig9 to s& & clay1 & are likewise dispos$ by /rata2 b tuffa#bbg3;,a1 free-/one1 & fl9ts 7n 9 great masses71 cry/als1 metals1 pyrites1 mo/ m9]als1 sulphurs1 c4 are matt]s ^: =mation is novel1 9 comp>ison ) m>bles1 calc9able /ones1 *alk1 m>l1 & all o!r mat]ials dispos$ 9 horizontal /rata1 & :i* conta9 %ells & o!r productions ( ! sea4 ,z ! d5om9ations ,i make use ( may appe> obscure or equivocal1 x is necess>y to expla9 !m4 ,by ! t]m clay1 ,i mean n only ! :ite & yell[1 b also blue1 s(t1 h>d1 foliat$1 & o!r clays1 :i* ,i look on z ! scoria ( glass1 or z decompos$ glass4 ,by ! ^w s& ,i always und]/& vitrifiable s&2 & n only compreh5d "u ?is d5om9ation ! f9e s& :i* produces free/one1 & :i* ,i look ^u z p[d]$ glass1 or r pumice /one1 b also ! s& :i* proce$s f ! free/one de/roy$ by friction1 & also ! l>g] s&1 z small gravel1 :i* proce$s f ! granate & rock-/one1 & is %>p1 angul>1 r$1 & commonly f\nd 9 ! b$ ( riv]s or rivulets t d]ive _! wat]s imm$iately f ! high] m\nta9s1 or hills compos$ ( /one or granate4 ,! riv] ,armanson conveys a great quantity ( ?is s&2 x is l>ge & brittle1 & 9 fact is only fragm5ts ( rock-/one1 z calc9able gravel is ( free/one4 ,rock-/one & granate are "o & ! same sub/ance1 b ,i h us$ bo? d5om9ations1 because !re are _m p]sons :o make two diff]5t species ( !m4 ,x is ! same ) respect to fl9ts & free-/one 9 l>ge pieces2 ,i look on !m z k9ds ( granate1 & ,i call !m l>ge fl9ts1 because !y are dispos$ l calc9able /one 9 /rata1 & to di/+ui% !m f ! fl9ts & free-/one 9 small masses1 & ! r\nd fl9ts :i* h no regul> qu>ries1 & ^: b$s h a c]ta9 ext5t2 ^! are ( a mod]n =mation1 & h n ! same orig9 z ! fl9ts & free-/one 9 l>ge lumps1 :i* are dispos$ 9 regul> /rata4 ,i und]/& by ! t]m slate1 n only ! blue1 :i* all ! _w kn[s1 b :ite1 grey1 & r$ slate3 ^! bodies are g5]ally met ) bel[ lam9at$ clay1 & h e appe>ance ( be+ no?+ m ?an clay h>d5$ 9 ?is /rata4 ,pit coal & jet are matt]s :i* also belong to clay1 & are commonly "u slate4 ,by ! ^w tuffa1 ,i und]/ood n only ! common pumice :i* appe>s full ( holes1 &1 z ,i may say1 organiz$1 b all ! b$s ( /one made by ! s$im5t ( runn+ wat]s1 all ! /alactites1 incru/ations1 & all k9ds ( /one t dissolve by fire4 ,x is no ways d\btful t ^! matt]s are n mod]n1 & t !y e day gr[4 ,tuffa is only a mass ( lapidific matt] 9 :i* we p]ceive no di/9ct /rata3 ?is matt] is dispos$ g5]ally 9 small holl[ cyl9d]s1 irregul>ly gr\p$ & =m$ by wat]s dropt at ! foot ( m\nta9s1 or on ! slope ( hills1 :i* conta9 b$s ( m>l or s(t & calc>e\s e>?2 ^! cyl9d]s1 :i* make "o ( ! specific *>act]s ( ?is k9d ( tuffa1 is ei!r oblique or v]tical accord+ to ! direction ( ! /reams or wat] :i* =m !m4 ,^! sort ( spuri\s qu>ries h no cont9uation2 _! ext5t is v conf9$1 & proportionate to ! height ( ! m\nta9s :i* furni% !m ) ! matt] ( _! gr[?4 ,! tuffa e day receiv+ lapidific juices1 ^? small cyl9drical columns1 betwe5 :i* int]vals are left1 close at la/1 & ! :ole becomes "o compact body1 b nev] acquires ! h>dness ( /one1 & is :at ,agricola t]ms ,m>ga t(ocea fi/ulosa4 ,9 ?is tuffa are g5]ally f\nd impressions ( leaves1 trees1 & plants1 l ^? :i* gr[ 9 ! environs3 t]re/rial %ells also are (t5 met )1 b nev] any ( ! m>9e k9d4 ,! tuffa is c]ta9ly !re=e a new matt]1 :i* mu/ be rank$ ) /alactites1 incru/ations1 c4 all ^! new matt]s are k9ds ( spuri\s /ones1 =m$ at ! exp5ce ( ! re/1 b :i* nev] arrive at true petrification4 ,cry/al1 preci\s /ones1 & all ^? :i* h a regul> figure1 ev5 small fl9ts =m$ by conc5trical b$s1 :e!r f\nd 9 p]p5dicul> cavities ( rocks1 or else:]e1 are only exudations ( l>ge fl9ts1 or concrete juices ( ! l matt]s1 & are !re=e spuri\s /ones1 & real /alactites ( fl9t or rock4 ,%ells are nev] f\nd ei!r 9 rock1 granate1 or free-/one1 al?\gh !y are (t5 met ) 9 vitrifiable s&1 f :i* ^! matt]s d]ive _! orig92 ?is seems to prove t s& _c unite to =m free-/one or rock b :5 x is pure1 & t if x is mix$ ) %ells or sub/ances ( o!r k9ds1 :i* are het]og5e\s to x1 its union is prev5t$4 ,i h obs]v$ ! little pebbles :i* are (t5 f\nd 9 b$s ( s& mix$ ) %ells1 b nev] f\nd any %ell !re93 ^! pebbles are real concretions ( free-/one =m$ 9 ! s& 9 ! places :]e x is n mix$ ) het]og5e\s matt]s :i* oppose ! =mation ( l>g] masses4 ,we h be=e obs]v$1 t at ,am/]dam1 :i* is a v l[ c\ntry1 sea %ells 7 f\nd at #ajj feet bel[ ! e>?1 & at ,m>ly-la-,ville1 six miles f ,p>is1 at #ge feet2 we likewise meet ) ! same at ! bottom ( m9es1 & 9 banks ( rocks1 b5ea? a height ( /one #ej1 #ajj1 #bjj1 & #ajjj feet ?ick1 z is app>5t 9 ! ,alps & ,pyr5nees1 :]e1 9 ! l[] b$s1 %ells & o!r m>9e productions are con/antly f\nd4 ,b to proce$ 9 ord]1 we f9d %ells on ! m\nta9s ( ,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl&2 9 all ! m>ble qu>ries ( ,fl&]s1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,gueldres1 9 all hills ar\nd ,p>is1 ,burgundy1 & ,*ampagne2 9 "o ^w1 9 e place :]e ! basis ( ! soil is n free-/one or tuffa2 & 9 mo/ ( ^! places !re are m %ells ?an o!r matt]s 9 ! sub/ance ( ! /ones4 ,by %ells1 ,i mean n only ! wrecks ( %ell-fi%1 b ^? ( cru/ace\s animals1 ! bri/les ( sea h$ge-hogs1 & all productions ( ! sea insects1 z coral1 madrepores1 a/roites1 c4 ,we may easily be conv9c$ by inspection1 t 9 mo/ calculable /ones & m>ble1 !re is s great a quantity ( ^! m>9e productions t !y appe> to surpass ! matt] :i* unites !m4 ,b let u proce$2 we meet ) ^! m>9e productions ev5 on ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s2 = example1 on ,m\nt ,c5is1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,g5es1 9 ! ,ap5n9es1 & 9 mo/ ( ! /one & m>ble qu>ries 9 ,italy2 also 9 ! /ones ( ! mo/ anci5t edifices ( ! ,romans2 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,tirol2 9 ! c5tre ( ,italy1 on ! summits ( ,m\nt ,pat]ne1 ne> ,bologna2 9 ! hills ( ,calabria2 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many & ,hung>y1 & g5]ally 9 all ! high p>ts ( ,europe#bcc3;,a4 ,9 ,asia & ,africa1 travell]s h rem>k$ !m 9 sev]al p>ts2 = example1 on ! m\nta9s ( ,ca/ravan1 above ,b>ut1 !re is a b$ ( :ite /one z ?9 z slate1 ea* leaf ( :i* conta9s a great numb] & div]sity ( fi%es2 !y lie = ! mo/ "p v flat & compress$1 z does ! fossil fe>n-plants1 b !y are not)/&+ s well pres]v$1 t ! smalle/ traces ( ! f9s1 scales1 & all ! p>ts :i* di/+ui% ea* k9d ( fi%1 are p]fectly visible4 ,s likewise we f9d _m sea muscles1 & petrifi$ %ells betwe5 ,suez & ,cairo1 & on all ! hills & em95ces ( ,b>b>y2 ! greate/ "p are con=mable to ! k9ds at pres5t caught 9 ! ,r$ ,sea#bcd3;,a4 ,9 ,europe1 we meet ) petrifi$ fi% 9 ,sw$5 & ,g]many1 & 9 ! qu>ry ( ,on+51 c4 ,! long *a9 ( m\nta9s1 says ,b\rguet1 :i* ext5ds f ,portugal to ! mo/ ea/]n p>ts ( ,*9a1 ! m\nta9s ( ,africa & ,am]ica1 & ! vallies ( ,europe1 all inclose /ones fill$ ) %ell-fi%1 & f h5ce1 he says1 we may conclude ! same ( all ! o!r p>ts ( ! _w unkn[n to u4 ,! isl&s 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 :]e m5 h _h occasion to dig1 :e!r 9 m\nta9s or pla9s1 furni% examples ( fossil %ells1 :i* ev9ce t !y h t 9 common ) ! bord]+ cont95ts4 ,"h !n is suffici5t facts to prove t sea %ells1 petrifi$ fi%1 & o!r m>9e productions are to be f\nd 9 almo/ e place we are dispos$ to seek !m4 ,x is c]ta91 says an ,engli% au?or 7,tancr$ ,rob9son71 t !re h be5 sea-%ells disp]s$ on ! e>? by armies1 & ! inhabitants ( t[ns & villages1 & t ,l\b]e relates 9 8 ,voyage to ,siam1 t ! monkies ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 cont9ually amuse !mselves ) c>ry+ %ells f ! sea %ores to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s2 b t _c resolve ! "q1 :y ^! %ells are disp]s$ ov] all ! e>?1 & ev5 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( m\nta9s1 :]e !y are deposit$ 9 b$s l ^? 9 ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,on read+ an ,italian lett] on ! *anges happ5$ to ! t]re/rial globe1 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 ! ye> #agdf1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d ^! s5tim5ts ( ,l\b]e exactly correspond$4 ,petrifi$ fi%1 accord+ to ?is writ]1 are only fi% reject$ f ! ,roman tables1 because !y 7 n e/eem$ :olesome2 & ) respect to fossil-%ells1 he says ! pilgrims ( ,syria br\ght1 dur+ ! times ( ! ,crusades1 ^? ( ! ,levant ,sea1 into ,france1 ,italy1 & o!r ,*ri/ian /ates2 :y has he n add$ t x 0 ! monkies :o transport$ ! %ells to ! tops ( ^! m\nta9s1 :i* 7 nev] inhabit$ by m58 ,?is w\ld n h spoil$ b r5d]$ 8 explanation /ill m probable4 ,h[ comes x t enlight5$ p]sons1 :o pique !mselves on philosophy1 h su* v>i\s ideas on ?is subject8 ,b do+ s1 we %all n cont5t ourselves ) hav+ said t petrifi$ %ells are f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! e>? :i* has be5 dug1 nor ) hav+ relat$ ! te/imonies ( au?ors ( natural hi/ory2 z x might be suspect$1 t ) a view ( "s sy/em1 !y p]ceiv$ %ells :]e !re 7 none2 b quote ! au?ority ( "s au?ors1 :o m]ely rem>k$ !m accid5tally1 & ^: obs]vations w5t no f>!r ?an recognis+ ^? t 7 :ole & 9 ! be/ pres]vation4 ,_! te/imony w p]haps be ( a /ill great] au?ority ) p :o h x n 9 _! p[] to be assur$ ( ! tru? ( ^! facts1 & :o "k n ! diff]5ce betwe5 %ells & petrifications4 ,all ! _w may see ! banks ( %ells 9 ! hills 9 ! environs ( ,pans1 especially 9 ! qu>ries ( /one1 z at ,*ausse1 ne> ,sve1 at ,issy1 ,passy1 & else:]e4 ,we f9d a great quantity ( l5ticul> /ones at ,vill]s-,cott]ets2 ^! rocks are entirely =m$ !re(1 & !y are bl5d$ )\t any ord] ) a k9d ( /ony mort>1 :i* b9ds !m toge!r4 ,at ,*aumont s great a quantity ( petrifi$ %ells are f\nd t ! hills appe> to be compos$ ( no?+ else4 ,x is ! same at ,c\rtagnon1 ne> ,rheims1 :]e !re is a bank ( %ells ne> f\r leagues broad1 & ^: l5g? is consid]ably m4 ,i m5tion ^! places z be+ fam\s & /rik+ ! eye ( e behold]4 ,) respect to =eign c\ntries1 "h foll[s ! obs]vations ( "s travell]s3 ,9 ,syria & ,phnicia1 ! rocks1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,latikea1 are a k9d ( *alky sub/ance1 & x is p]haps f !nce t ! city has tak5 ! "n ( ! :ite promontory4 ,nak\ra1 anci5tly t]m$ ,scala ,tyriorum1 or ! ,tyrians ,ladd]1 is ne>ly ( ! same nature1 & we /ill f9d !re1 by digg+1 quantities ( all sorts ( %ells1 corals1 & o!r rema9s ( ! deluge#bcg3;,a4 ,on m\nt ,s9ai1 we f9d only a few fossil %ells1 & o!r m>ks ( ! deluge1 at lea/ if we d n rank ! fossil ,t>m>9 ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( ,siam among ?is numb]1 p]haps ! fir/ matt] ( :i* _! m>ble is =m$1 _h a corrosive virtue n prop] to pres]ve !m4 ,b at ,corondel1 :]e ! rocks approa* ne>] our free-/one1 ,i f\nd _m %ells1 z also a v s+ul> sea muscle1 ( ! descoid k9d1 b clos] & r\nd]4 ,! ru9s ( ! little village ,a9 le ,m\sa1 & _m canals :i* conduct ! wat] !reto1 furni% numb]s ( fossil %ells4 ,! anci5t walls ( ,suez1 & :at yet rema9s ( its h>b\r1 h be5 con/ruct$ ( ! same mat]ials1 :i* seem to h be5 tak5 f ! same qu>ry4 ,betwe51 z well z on all ! m\nta9s1 em95ces & hills ( ,lybia1 ne> ,egypt1 we meet ) a great quantity ( sea we$1 z well z vivalv\s %ells1 & ( ^! :i* t]m9ate 9 a po9t1 mo/ ( :i* are exactly con=mable to ! k9ds at pres5t caught 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! mov+ s& 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ras ,sem1 9 ! k+dom ( ,b>ca1 cov]s _m palm trees ) petrifications4 ,ras ,sem signifies ! head ( a fi%1 & is :at we t]m ! petrifi$ village1 :]e x is said m51 wom51 & *ildr5 are f\nd1 :o ) _! cattle1 furniture1 c4 h be5 conv]t$ into /one2 b ^!1 says ,%aw1 are va9 tales & fables1 z ,i h n only le>nt f ,m4 le ,maire1 :o at ! "t he 0 ,consul at ,tripoly1 s5t sev]al p]sons ?i!r to take cognizance ( x1 b also f v respectable p]sons :o _h be5 at ^? places4 ,ne> ! pyramids c]ta9 pieces ( /one work$ by ! sculptor1 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,%aw1 & among ^! /ones _m rude ones ( ! figure & size ( l5tils2 "s ev5 resemble b>ley half-peel$2 ^!1 he says1 7 report$ to be ! rema9s ( :at ! workm5 ate1 b :i* does n appe> probable1 c4 ,^! l5tils & b>ley are no?+ b petrifi$ %ells call$ by naturali/s l5til /ones4 ,accord+ to ,misson1 sev]al sorts ( ^! %ell-fi% are f\nd 9 ! environs ( ,mae/ri*t1 especially t[>ds ! village ( ,zick51 or ,ti*51 & at ! little m\nta9 call$ ,huns4 ,9 ! environs ( ,si5na1 ne> ,c]aldo1 are _m m\nta9s ( s& cramm$ ) div]s sorts ( %ells4 ,montem>io1 a mile f ,rome1 is entirely fill$ ) !m2 ,i h se5 !m 9 ! ,alps1 ,france1 & else:]e4 ,ole>ius1 ,/5o1 ,cambd51 ,spe$1 & a numb] ( o!r au?ors1 z well anci5t z mod]n1 relate ! same ph5om5a4 ,! isl& ( ,c]igo1 says ,!v5ot1 0 anci5tly call$ ,porphyris1 f ! quantity ( ,porphyry :i* 0 tak5 out ( x#bdj3;,a4 ,opposite ! village ( ,in*5e1 & on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,nile1 ,i f\nd petrifi$ plants1 :i* gr[ naturally 9 a space ab\t two leagues long1 by a v mod]ate bread?2 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> productions ( nature4 ,^! plants resemble ! :ite coral f\nd 9 ! ,r$ ,sea#bdj3;,b4 ,!re are petrifications ( div]s k9ds on ,m\nt ,libanus1 & among o!rs flat /ones1 :]e ! skeletons ( fi% are f\nd well pres]v$ & entire2 r$ *esnuts & small bran*es ( coral1 ! same z gr[ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 are also f\nd on ?is m\nta94 ,on ,m\nt ,c>mel we f9d a great quantity ( holl[ /ones1 :i* h some?+ ( ! figure ( melons1 pea*es1 & o!r fruits1 :i* are said to be s petrifi$3 !y are commonly sold to pilgrims1 n only z m]e curiosities1 b also z rem$ies aga9/ _m disord]s4 ,! olives :i* are ! lapides jadaici1 are to be met ) at ! druggi/s1 & h always be5 look$ ^u1 :5 dissolv$ 9 ! juice ( lemon1 z a specific = ! /one & gravel4 ,m4 la ,ro*e1 a physician1 gave me "s ( ^! petrifi$ olives1 :i* grew 9 great pl5ty 9 ^! m\nta9s1 :]e ,i am told are f\nd o!r /ones1 ! inside ( :i* p]fectly resemble ! natural p>ts ( m5 & wom54 ,^! are ,hy/]oli!s4 ,9 go+ f ,smyrna to ,tauris1 :5 we 7 at ,tocat1 says ,tav]ni]1 ! heat 0 s great1 z oblig$ u to quit ! common road1 & g by ! m\nta9s1 :]e !re is con/antly %ade & refre%+ air4 ,9 _m places we f\nd sn[ & a quantity ( v f9e sorrel1 & on ! top ( "s ( ^? m\nta9s we f\nd %ells l ^? ^u ! sea %ores1 :i* 0 v extraord9>y4 ,"h foll[s :at ,ole>ius says on ! subject ( petrifi$ %ells1 :i* he rem>k$ 9 ,p]sia1 & 9 ! rocks :]e ! sepul*res are cut out1 ne> to ! village ( ,pyrm>aus3 ,we 7 ?ree 9 company t asc5d$ to ! top ( ! rock by ! mo/ frightful precipices1 mutually assi/+ ea* o!r2 hav+ ga9$ ! summit1 we f\nd f\r l>ge *amb]s1 & )9 _m ni*es cut 9 ! rocks to s]ve = b$s3 b :at ! mo/ surpris$ u 0 to f9d 9 ?is vault1 on ! top ( ! m\nta91 muscle %ells2 & 9 "s places !y 7 9 su* great quantities1 t ! :ole rock appe>$ to be compos$ only ( s& & %ells4 ,return+ to ,p]sia1 we p]ceiv$ _m ( ^! %elly m\nta9s along ! coa/ ( ! ,caspian sea4 ,to ^! ,i c\ld subjo9 _m o!r au?orities :i* ,i suppress1 n will+ to tire ^? :o h no ne$ ( sup]abundant pro(s1 & :o are conv9c$ by _! sight1 z ,i h be51 ( ! exi/5ce ( %ells :]ev] we *use to seek = !m4 ,9 ,france1 we n only f9d ! %ells ( ! ,fr5* coa/1 b also su* z h nev] be5 se5 9 ^? seas4 ,"s philosoph]s ass]t1 t ! quantity ( ^! =eign petrifi$ %ells is mu* great] ?an ^? ( our climate2 b ,i ?9k ?is op9ion unf\nd$2 =1 indep5d5t ( ! %ell-fi% :i* inhabit ! bottom ( ! sea1 & are seldom br\ght up by ! fi%]m51 & :i* consequ5tly may be look$ on z =eign]s1 al?\gh !y exi/ 9 our seas1 ,i see1 by comp>+ ! petrifactions ) ! liv+ analag\s animals1 !re are m ( ^? ( our coa/s ?an ( o!rs3 = example1 mo/ ( ! cockles1 muscles1 oy/]s1 e>-%ells1 limpets1 nautili1 />s1 tubulites1 corals1 madrepores1 c4 f\nd 9 s _m places1 are c]ta9ly ! productions ( our seas2 & ?\gh a great numb] appe> :i* are =eign or unkn[n1 ! cornu ammonis1 ! lapides juduica1 c4 yet ,i am conv9c$1 f repeat$ obs]vations1 t ! numb] ( ^! k9ds is small 9 comp>ison ) ! %ells ( our own coa/s3 besides1 :at composes ! bottom ( almo/ all our m>ble & lime-/one b madrepores1 a/roites1 & all ^? o!r productions :i* are =m$ by sea insects1 & =m]ly call$ m>9e plants8 ,%ells1 h[ev] abundant1 =m only a small "p ( ^! productions1 _m ( :i* orig9ate 9 our seas1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,r$ sea produces corals1 madrepores1 & m>9e plants 9 ! greate/ abundance3 no "p furni%es a great] v>iety ?an ! port ( ,tor2 9 calm wea!r s great a quantity pres5t !mselves1 t ! bottom ( ! sea resembles a =e/2 "s ( ! bran*$ madrepores are eight or t5 feet high4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 at ,m>seilles1 ne> ! coa/s ( ,italy & ,sicily2 9 mo/ ( ! gulphs ( ! ocean1 ar\nd isl&s1 on banks1 & 9 all temp]ate climates1 :]e ! sea is b ( a mod]ate dep?1 !y are v common4 ,m4 ,peyssonel 0 ! fir/ :o discov]$ t corals1 madrepores1 c4 ow$ _! orig9 to animals1 & 7 n plants z _h be5 suppos$4 ,! obs]vation ( ,m4 ,peyssonel 0 a long "t d\bt$2 "s naturali/s1 at fir/1 reject$ x ) a k9d ( disda91 nev]!less !y h be5 oblig$ s9ce to ackn[l$ge its tru?1 & ! :ole _w is at l5g? satisfi$ t ^! =m]ly suppos$ m>9e plants1 are no?+ b hives or cells =m$ by insects1 9 :i* !y live z fi% d 9 _! %ells4 ,^! bodies 71 at fir/1 plac$ 9 ! class ( m9]als1 !n pass$ into t ( vegetables1 & n[ rema9 fix$ 9 t ( animals1 ! g5u9e op]ations ( :i* !y mu/ ev] be consid]$4 ,!re are %ell-fi% :i* live at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & :i* are nev] ca/ on ! %ore2 au?ors call !m ,pelogi1 to di/+ui% !m f ! o!rs :i* !y call ,litt]ales4 ,x is to be suppos$ ! cornu ammonis1 & "s o!r k9ds t are only f\nd 9 a petrifi$ /ate1 belong to ! =m]1 & t !y 7 fill$ ) ! /ony s$im5t 9 ! v places !y are f\nd4 ,!re might also h be5 c]ta9 animals1 ^: species are p]i%$1 & ( :i* numb] ?is %ell-fi% might be rank$4 ,! extraord9>y fossil bones f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 ,canada1 ,irel&1 & _m o!r places1 seem to confirm ?is conjecture1 = no animal has hi!rto be5 discov]$ to :om su* bones c\ld belong1 z !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( an enorm\s size4 ,^! %ells1 accord+ to ,woodw>d1 are met ) f ! top to ! bottom ( qu>ries1 pits1 & at ! bottom ( ! deepe/ m9es ( ,hung>y4 ,& ,mr4 ,ray assures u1 !y are f\nd a ?\s& feet deep 9 ! rocks :i* bord] ! isle ( ,calda1 & 9 ,pembroke%ire 9 ,engl&4 ,%ells are n only f\nd 9 a petrifi$ /ate1 at great dep?s1 & at ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 b !re are "s met ) 9 _! natural condition1 & :i* h ! gloss1 col\rs1 & lightness ( sea-%ells2 & to conv9ce ourselves entirely ( ?is matt]1 we h only to comp>e !m ) ^? f\nd on ! sea %ores4 ,a slight exam9ation w prove t ^! fossil & petrifi$ %ells are ! same z ^? ( ! sea2 !y are m>k$ ) ! same articulations & 9 ! glossopetri1 & o!r tee? ( fi%es1 :i* are sometimes f\nd adh]+ to ! jaw-bone1 ! tee? ( ! fi% are rem>k$ to be smoo? & worn at ! extremities1 & t !y h be5 made use ( :5 ! animals 7 alive4 ,almo/ e :]e on l& we meet ) fossil-%ells1 & ( ^? ( ! same k9d1 "s are small1 o!rs l>ge1 "s "y1 o!rs old2 "s imp]fect1 o!rs extremely p]fect & we likewise sometimes see ! "y ones adh]+ to ! old4 ,! %ell-fi% call$ purpura has a long tongue1 ! extremity ( :i* is bony1 & s %>p1 t x pi]ces ! %ells ( o!r fi%2 by :i* means x draws nutrim5t f !m4 ,%ells pi]c$ 9 ?is mann] are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! e>?1 :i* is an inconte/ible pro( t !y =m]ly inclos$ liv+ fi%1 & exi/$ 9 ^? p>ts :]e !re 7 ! ,purpura4 ,! obelisks ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 accord+ to ,john ( ,latran1 7 said to come f ! pyramids ( ,egypt2 !y are ( r$ granite1 :i* is a k9d ( rock-/one1 &1 z we h obs]v$1 conta9s no %ells2 b ! ,african & ,egyptian m>ble1 & ! porphyry said to h be5 cut f ! temple ( ,solomon1 & ! palaces ( ! k+s ( ,egypt1 & us$ at ,rome 9 diff]5t build+s1 are fill$ ) %ells4 ,r$ porphyry is compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( prickles ( ! species ( e*9us1 or sea *esnut2 !y are plac$ pretty ne> ea* o!r1 & =m all ! small :ite spots :i* are 9 ! porphyry4 ,ea* ( ^! :ite spots has a black "o 9 its c5tre1 :i* is ! section ( ! longitud9al tube ( ! prickles ( ! e*9us4 ,at ,fi*51 ?ree leagues f ,dijon1 9 ,burgundy1 is a r$ /one p]fectly simil> 9 its composition to porphyry1 & :i* diff]s f x only 9 h>dness1 n be+ m s ?an m>ble2 x appe>s almo/ =m$ ( prickles ( ! e*9i1 & its b$s are ( a v great ext5t4 ,_m beautiful pieces ( workman%ip h be5 made ( x 9 ?is prov9ce1 & p>ticul>ly ! /eps ( ! p$e/al ( ! eque/rian /atue ( ,l\is le ,gr&1 at ,dijon4 ,?is species ( /one is also f\nd at ,montb>d1 9 ,burgundy1 :]e !re is an ext5sive qu>ry2 x is n s h>d z m>ble1 conta9s m ( ! e*9i1 & less ( ! r$ matt]4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! anci5t porphyry ( ,egypt diff]s only f t ( ,burgundy 9 ! degree ( h>dness1 & ! numb] ( ! po9ts ( ! e*9i4 ,) respect to :at ! curi\s call gre5 porphyry1 ,i r suppose x to be a granite ?an a porphyry2 x is n compos$ ( spots l ! r$ porphyry1 & its sub/ance appe>s to be simil> to t ( a common granite4 ,9 ,tuscany1 9 ! /one ) :i* ! anci5t walls ( ,volat]a 7 built1 !re are a great quantity ( %ells1 & ?is wall 0 built #bejj ye>s ago4 ,mo/ m>bles1 porphyries1 & o!r /ones ( ! mo/ anci5t build+s1 conta9 %ells & o!r wrecks ( m>9e productions1 z well z ! m>ble we at pres5t take f ! qu>ry2 !re=e x _c be d\bt$1 indep5d5t ev5 ( ! sacr$ te/imony ( holy writ1 t be=e ! deluge ! e>? 0 compos$ ( ! same mat]ials at x is at pres5t4 ,f all ^! facts x is pla9 t petrifi$ %ells are f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & 9 e place :]e ! obs]vations h be5 made2 !y are also f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! ,brasils2 = example1 9 ,tucumama1 9 ,t]ra ,magell9ica1 & 9 su* a great quantity 9 ! ,antilles1 t directly bel[ ! cultivable l&1 ! bottom ( :i* ! inhabitants call lime1 is no?+ b a composition ( %ells1 madrepores1 a/roites1 & o!r productions ( ! sea4 ,^! facts w\ld h made me ?9k t %ells & o!r petrifi$ m>9e productions 7 to be f\nd 9 ! greate/ "p ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 & especially 9 ! m\nta9s1 z ,woodw>d ass]ts2 b ,m4 ,condam9e1 :o liv$ sev]al ye>s at ,p]u1 has assur$ me he c\ld n discov] any 9 ! ,cordeli]s1 al?\gh he _h c>efully s\ght = !m4 ,?is exception w\ld be s+ul>1 & ! consequ5ces t might be drawn f x w\ld be /ill m s2 b ,i own t1 9 spite ( ! te/imony ( ?is celebrat$ naturali/1 ,i am mu* incl9$ to suppose1 t 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p]u1 z well z else:]e1 !re are %ells & o!r m>9e petrifications1 al?\gh !y h n be5 discov]$4 ,x is well kn[n1 t 9 matt] ( te/imonies1 two positive witnesses1 :o ass]t to h se5 a ?+1 is suffici5t to make a complete pro(2 :]eas t5 ?\s& negative witnesses1 & :o c only ass]t n to h se5 a ?+1 c only raise a slight d\bt4 ,?is reason1 unit$ ) ! /r5g? ( analogy1 induces me to p]si/ 9 ?9k+ ! %ells w be f\nd on ! m\nta9s ( ,p]u1 especially if we se>* = !m on ! rise ( ! m\nta91 & n at ! summit4 ,! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s are g5]ally compos$ ( rock1 /one granite1 & o!r vitrifiable matt]s1 :i* conta9 no %ells4 ,all ^! matt]s 7 =m$ out ( ! b$s ( ! s& ( ! sea1 :i* cov]$ ! tops ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,:5 ! sea left !m1 ! s& & o!r light bodies 7 c>ri$ by ! wat]s into ! pla9s1 s t !re rema9$ only rocks on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* _h be5 =m$ "u ^? b$s ( s&4 ,at two1 ?ree1 or f\r hundr$ fa?oms bel[ ! tops ( ^! m\nta9s1 are (t5 f\nd m>ble & o!r calc9able matt]1 :i* are dispos$ 9 p>allel /rata1 & conta9 %ells & o!r m>9e productions2 !re=e x is n surpris+ t ,m4 de la ,condam9e did n f9d any %ells on ^! m\nta9s1 especially if he s\ght = !m 9 ! elevat$ p>ts ( ^? m\nta9s :i* are compos$ ( rock1 free-/one1 or vitrifiable s&2 b _h he exam9$ ! l[] p>ts ( ! ,cordeli]s1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h f\nd /rata ( /one1 m>ble1 e>?1 c4 mix$ ) %ells2 = 9 e c\ntry :]e obs]vations h be5 made1 su* b$s h always be5 met )4 ,b suppose t 9 fact !re are no m>9e productions 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p]u1 all t may be conclud$ f x w no ways affect our !ory2 & x might be possible1 t !re are "s p>ts ( ! globe :i* nev] 7 cov]$ ) wat]1 especially ( su* elevation z ! ,cordeli]s4 ,b 9 ?is case !re might be "s curi\s obs]vations made on ^? m\nta9s1 = !y w\ld n be compos$ ( p>allel /rata1 ! mat]ials also w\ld be v diff]5t f ^? we are acqua9t$ )2 !y w\ld n h p]p5dicul> cracks2 ! composition ( ! rocks & /ones w\ld n at all resemble ^? ( o!r c\ntries2 & la/ly1 9 ^! m\nta9s we %\ld f9d ! anci5t /ructure ( ! e>? su* z x orig9ally 0 be=e x 0 *ang$ by ! motion ( ! wat]s2 we %\ld see ! fir/ /ate ( ! globe1 ! old matt]s ( :i* x 0 compos$1 its =m1 & ! natural arrangem5t ( its p>ts2 b ?is is too mu* to expect1 & on too slight f\ndations2 & x is m con=mable to reason to conclude t fossil-%ells are to be f\nd 9 ^? m\nta9s1 z well z 9 e o!r place4 ,) respect to ! mann] 9 :i* %ells are plac$ 9 ! /rata ( e>? or s&1 ,woodw>d says1 ,all %ells t are met ) 9 an inf9ity ( /rata ( e>?1 & banks ( rocks1 9 ! highe/ m\nta9s1 & 9 ! deepe/ qu>ries & m9es1 9 fl9ts1 c4 c4 9 masses ( sulphur1 m>casites1 & o!r metallic & m9]al bodies1 are fill$ ) simil> sub/ances to t :i* includes !m1 & nev] any het]og5e\s matt]1 c4 ,9 ! s& /ones ( all c\ntries 7! specific weight ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( :i* v>y b little1 be+ g5]ally ) respect to wat] z #b-a_/b or #i_/af to #a71 we f9d only ! con*ae1 & o!r %ells :i* are ne>ly ( ! same weight1 b !y are usually f\nd 9 v great numb]s1 :]eas x is v r>e to meet ) oy/]-%ells 7^: specific weight is b z #b-a_/c to #a71 or sea cockles 7^: weight is b z #b or #b-a_/h to #a71 or o!r sorts ( light] %ells2 b on ! contr>y 9 *alk1 7:i* is light] ?an /one1 be+ to wat] b z #b-a_/aj to #a71 we f9d only cockles & o!r k9ds ( light] %ells1 page #cb1 #cc4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 t :at ,woodw>d says 9 ?is place ) respect to specific gravity1 mu/ n be look$ ^u z a g5]al rule1 = we f9d light] & heavi] %ells 9 ! same matt]s2 = example1 %ells ( cockles1 ( oy/]s1 ( e*9i1 c4 are f\nd 9 ! same /ones & e>?2 & ev5 9 ! royal cab9et may be se5 a petrifi$ cockle 9 a cornelian1 & e*9i petrifi$ 9 an agate1 c4 !re=e ! specific weight ( ! %ells has n influ5c$ s mu* z ,woodw>d supposes _! position 9 ! e>?4 ,! reason :y su* light %ells are f\nd m abundantly 9 *alk is1 t *alk is only ! ru9at$ "p ( %ells1 & t ^? ( ! e*9i be+ light] & ?9n] ?an o!rs1 w\ld h be5 mo/ easily r$uc$ into p[d] or *alk1 s t ! /rata ( *alk are only met ) 9 ! places :]e =m]ly a great abundance ( ^! light %ells 7 collect$1 ! de/ruction ( :i* =m$ t *alk1 9 :i* we f9d ^? %ells1 :i* hav+ resi/$ ! frictions1 are pres]v$ entire1 or at lea/ 9 p>ts l>ge en\gh to discov] _! species4 ,b ?is subject is treat$ m fully 9 our disc\rse on m9]als2 we %all "h cont5t ourselves ) say+1 t a modification mu/ be giv5 to ,woodw>d's expressions3 he seems to say1 t %ells are f\nd 9 fl9ts1 cornelians1 9 ores1 & sulphur1 z (t51 & 9 z great a numb] z 9 o!r matt]s2 :]eas ! tru? is1 t !y are v r>e 9 all vitrifiable or purely inflammable sub/ances2 &1 on ! contr>y1 are 9 prodigi\s abundance 9 *alk1 m>l1 & m>bles1 insomu* t we _c absolutely pret5d to say1 t ! lighte/ & heavie/ %ells are f\nd 9 correspond+ /rata1 b only t 9 g5]al !y are (t5] f\nd s ?an o!rwise4 ,!y are all fill$ ) ! sub/ance :i* surr\nds !m1 :e!r f\nd 9 horizontal /rata or 9 p]p5dicul> fissures1 because bo? h be5 =m$ by ! wat]s1 al?\gh at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t mann]s4 ,^? f\nd 9 horizontal /rata ( /one1 m>ble1 c4 h be5 deposit$ by ! motion ( ! waves ( ! sea1 & ^? 9 fl9ts1 cornelians1 & all matt]s :i* are 9 ! p]p5dicul> fissures1 h be5 produc$ by ! p>ticul> motion ( a small quantity ( wat]1 load$ ) lapidific or metallic sub/ances4 ,9 bo? cases ^! matt]s 7 r$uc$ into a f9e & impalpable p[d]1 :i* has fill$ ! %ells s fully & absolutely1 z n to h left ! lea/ vacuum4 ,!re is !re=e 9 /one1 m>ble1 c4 a great multitude ( %ells :i* are :ole1 beautiful1 & s little *ang$1 t !y may be easily comp>$ ) ! %ells pres]v$ 9 cab9ets1 or f\nd on ! sea %ores4 ,woodw>d1 9 pages #bc & #bd1 proce$s1 ,!re are1 besides ^!1 great multitudes ( %ells conta9$ 9 /ones1 c4 :i* are entire & absolutely free f any su* m9]al mixture2 :i* may be comp>$ ) ^? at ?is "t se5 on our %ores1 & :i* w be f\nd n to h any diff]5ce1 be+ precisely ( ! same figure & size2 ( ! same sub/ance & texture z ! peculi> matt] :i* composes !m is ! same1 & is dispos$ & arrang$ 9 ! same mann]2 ! direction ( _! fibres & spiral l9es are ! same1 ! composition ( ! small lama =m$ by _! fibres is ! same 9 ! "o z ! o!r2 we see 9 ! same "p ve/igia ( t5dons1 by means ( :i* ! animal 0 fa/5$ & jo9$ to its %ell2 we see ! same tub]cles1 /ria & pipes2 9 %ort1 ! :ole is alike1 :e!r )9 or )\t ! %ell1 9 its cavity or on its convexity1 9 its sub/ance or on its sup]ficies4 ,9 o!r respects ^! fossil %ell-fi% are subject to ! same common accid5ts z ^? ( ! sea2 = example1 !y sometimes gr[ to "o ano!r1 ! lea/ are adh]5t to ! l>ge2 !y h v]micul> conduits2 pe>ls are f\nd !re91 & o!r simil> matt]s :i* h be5 produc$ by ! animal :5 x inhabit$ its %ell2 & :at is v consid]able1 _! specific gravity is exactly ! same z t ( _! k9d f\nd actually 9 ! sea2 9 all *ymical exp]im5ts !y answ] exactly ) sea-%ells2 :5 dissolv$ !y h ! same appe>ance1 smell & ta/e2 9 a ^w1 _! resemblance is p]fectly exact4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ ) a/oni%m5t1 z ,i h already said1 :ole m\nta9s1 *a9s ( rocks1 enorm\s banks ( qu>ries1 s full ( %ells & o!r wrecks ( m>9e productions1 t _! bulk surpass$ t ( ! matt] 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$4 ,i h se5 cultivat$ fields s full ( petrifi$ cockles t a man might pick !m up ) 8 eyes %ut1 o!rs cov]$ ) cornu ammonis1 & "s ) c>dites2 & ! m we exam9e ! e>?1 ! m we %all be conv9c$ t ! numb] ( ^! petrifications is inf9ite1 & conclude1 t x is impossible t all ! animals :i* inhabit$ ^! %ells exi/$ at "o "t4 ,i h made an obs]vation1 t 9 all c\ntries :]e we f9d a v great numb] ( petrifi$ %ells 9 ! cultivat$ l&s :i* are :ole1 well pres]v$1 & totally ap>t1 h be5 divid$ by ! action ( ! fro/1 :i* de/roys ! /one & suff]s ! petrifi$ %ells to subsi/ a long] "t4 ,?is imm5se quantity ( m>9e fossils f\nd 9 s _m places1 proves t !y c\ld n h be5 transport$ ?i!r by ! deluge2 = if ^! %ells _h be5 br\ght on ! e>? by a deluge1 ! greate/ "p w\ld h rema9$ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 or at lea/ w\ld n h ent]$ to ! dep? ( sev5 or eight hundr$ feet 9 ! mo/ solid m>ble4 ,9 all qu>ries ^! %ells =m a %>e ( ! int]nal "p ( ! /one1 sometimes ext]nally cov]$ ) /alactites1 :i* is mu* less anci5t matt] ?an /one1 :i* conta9s %ells4 ,ano!r pro( ?is happ5$ n by a deluge is1 t bones1 horns1 claws1 c4 ( l& animals1 are f\nd b v r>ely1 & n at all 9 m>ble & o!r h>d /one :]eas if x 0 ! effect ( a deluge1 :]e all mu/ h p]i%$1 we %\ld meet ) ! rema9s ( l& animals z well z ^? ( ! sea4 ,x is a va9 supposition to pret5d t all ! e>? 0 dissolv$ at ! deluge1 nor c we give any f\ndation to su* idea1 b by suppos+ a second miracle1 to give ! wat] ! prop]ty ( a univ]sal dissolv5t4 ,besides1 :at annihilates ! supposition1 & r5d]s x ev5 contradictory1 is1 t if all matt]s 7 dissolv$ by t wat]1 yet %ells h n be5 s1 s9ce we f9d !m entire & well pres]v$ 9 all ! masses :i* are said to h be5 dissolv$2 ?is evid5tly proves t !re nev] 0 su* dissolution1 & t ! arrangem5t ( ! p>allel /rata 0 n made 9 an in/ant1 b by successive s$im5ts3 = x is evid5t to all :o w take ! tr\ble ( obs]v+1 t ! arrangem5t ( all ! mat]ials :i* compose ! globe1 is ! "w ( ! wat]s4 ,! "q !re=e is only :e!r ?is arrangem5t 0 made at once1 or 9 a l5g? ( "t3 n[ we h %ewn x c\ld n be done all at once1 because ! mat]ials h n kept ! ord] ( specific weight1 & !re has n be5 a g5]al dissolution2 !re=e ?is arrangem5t mu/ h be5 produc$ by s$im5ts deposit$ 9 succession ( "t2 any o!r revolution1 motion1 or cause1 w\ld h produc$ a v diff]5t arrangem5t4 ,besides1 p>ticul> revolutions1 or accid5tal causes1 c\ld n h produc$ a simil> effect on ! :ole globe4 ,let u see :at ! hi/orian ( ! ,academy says on ?is subject anno #agah1 p4 #c4 ,! num]\s rema9s ( ext5sive inundations1 & ! mann] 9 :i* we mu/ conceive m\nta9s to h be5 =m$1 suffici5tly proves t great revolutions h happ5$ to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,z f> z we h be5 able to p5etrate we f9d little else b ru9s1 wrecks1 & va/ bodies heap$ up toge!r & incorporat$ into "o mass1 )\t ! smalle/ appe>ance ( ord] or design4 ,if !re is "s k9d ( regul> organization 9 ! t]re/rial globe x is deep] ?an we h be5 able to exam9e1 & all our rese>*es mu/ t]m9ate 9 digg+ among ! ru9s ( ! ext]nal coat1 b :i* w /ill f9d suffici5t employm5t = our philosoph]s4 ,m4 de ,jussieu f\nd 9 ! environs ( ,/4 ,*aumont a great quantity ( slaty or foliat$ /ones1 e foliage ( :i* 0 m>k$ ) ! impression ( a bran*1 a leaf1 or ! fragm5t ( a leaf ( "s plant3 ! repres5tations ( leaves 7 exactly ext5d$1 z if !y _h be5 c>efully spread on ! /one by ! h&2 ?is proves !y _h be5 br\ght ?i!r by ! wat]1 :i* always keeps leaves 9 t /ate3 !y 7 9 diff]5t situations1 sometimes two or ?ree toge!r4 ,x may easily be suppos$ t a leaf deposit$ by wat] ^u s(t mud1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ ) ano!r lay] ( mud1 impr9ts on ! upp] ! image ( "o ( its two surfaces1 & on ! "u ! image ( ! o!r2 & on be+ h>d5$ & petrifi$ w\ld appe> to h tak5 diff]5t impressions2 b1 h[ev] natural ?is supposition may be1 ! fact is n s1 = ! two lam9 ( /one be> impressions ( ! same side ( ! leaf1 ! "o 9 alto1 ! o!r 9 bas releaf4 ,x 0 ,m4 ,jussieu :o made ^! obs]vations on ! figur$ /ones ( ,/4 ,*aumont2 to him we %all leave ! explication1 & pass to objects :i* are m g5]al & int]e/+4 ,all ! impressions on ! /ones ( ,/4 ,*aumont are ( =eign plants2 !y are n to be f\nd 9 any "p ( ,france1 b only 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies or ! hot climates ( ,am]ica2 !y are = ! mo/ "p capill>y plants1 g5]ally ( ! species ( f]n1 ^: h>d & compact coat r5d]s !m m able to impr9t & pres]ve !mselves4 ,"s leaves ( ,indian plants impr9t$ on ! /ones ( ,g]many appe>$ a/oni%+ to ,m4 ,leibnitz1 b "h we f9d ! same wond]ful affair inf9itely multipli$4 ,!re ev5 seems 9 ?is respect to be an unacc\ntable de/9ation ( nature1 = 9 all ! /ones ( ,/4 ,*aumont n a s+le plant ( ! c\ntry has be5 f\nd4 ,x is c]ta91 by ! numb] ( fossil-%ells 9 ! qu>ries & m\nta9s1 t ?is c\ntry1 z well z _m o!rs1 mu/ h =m]ly be5 cov]$ ) ! sea4 ,b h[ has ! ,am]ican or ,indian sea rea*$ ?i!r8 ,to expla9 ?is1 & _m o!r wond]ful ph5om5a1 x may be suppos$1 ) mu* probability1 t ! sea orig9ally cov]$ ! :ole t]re/rial globe3 b ?is supposition w n hold good1 because h[ 7 t]re/rial plants to exi/8 ,x evid5tly1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 great inundations :i* h convey$ ! plants ( "o c\ntry into ! o!rs4 ,m4 de ,jussieu ?9ks1 t z ! b$ ( ! sea is cont9ually ris+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mud & s& :i* ! riv]s incessantly convey !re1 ! sea1 at fir/ conf9$ betwe5 natural dykes1 surm\nt$ !m1 & 0 disp]s$ ov] ! l&1 & t ! dykes 7 !mselves und]m9$ by ! wat]s & ov]?r[n !re94 ,9 ! e>lie/ "t ( ! =mation ( ! e>?1 :5 no "o ?+ _h tak5 a regul> =m1 prodigi\s & sudd5 revolutions might !n h be5 made1 ( :i* we no long] h examples1 because ! :ole is n[ 9 su* a p]man5t /ate1 t ! *anges mu/ be inconsid]able & by degrees4 ,by "s ( ^! great revolutions ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indian seas may h be5 driv5 to ,europe1 & c>ri$ ) !m =eign plants float+ on its wat]s1 :i* !y tore up 9 _! road1 & deposit$ g5tly 9 places :]e ! wat] 0 b %all[ & w\ld soon evaporate4 ,,footnotes3 #bbj3;,a ,anno #agbj2 page #e4 #bbg3;,a ,a k9d ( s(t gravelly /one4 #bcc3;,a ,on ?is subject see ,/5on1 ,ray1 ,woodw>d1 & o!rs4 #bcd3;,a ,see ,%aw's ,voyages1 ,vol4 ii1 pages #dj & #da4 #bcg3;,a ,see ,%aw's ,travels4 #bdj3;,a ,!v5ot1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #be4 #bdj3;,b ,voyage ( ,paul ,lucus1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #chj4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,inequalities ,,( ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! inequalities :i* are on ! surface ( ! e>?1 & :i* might be reg>d$ z an imp]fection to its figure1 are necess>y to pres]ve vegetation & life on ! t]re/rial globe4 ,to be assur$ ( ?is1 x is only requisite to conceive :at ! e>? w\ld be if x 0 ev5 & regul>4 ,in/ead ( agreeable hills1 f :5ce pure /reams ( wat]s fl[1 to support ! v]dure ( ! e>?2 in/ead ( ^? ri* & fl\ri%+ mead[s1 :]e plants & animals f9d agreeable subsi/5ce2 a dismal sea w\ld cov] ! :ole globe1 & ! e>?1 depriv$ ( all its valuable qualities1 w\ld only rema9 an obscure & =sak5 planet1 at be/ only de/9$ = ! abode ( fi%es4 ,b indep5d5t ( moral consid]ations1 :i* seldom =m a pro( 9 philosophy1 !re is a physical necessity :y ! e>? mu/ be irregul> on its surface2 = suppos+ x 0 p]fectly regul> 9 its orig91 ! motion ( ! wat]s1 ! subt]rane\s fires1 ! w9d1 & o!r ext]nal causes1 w\ld1 9 c\rse ( "t1 h necess>ily produc$ irregul>ities simil> to ^? n[ se54 ,! greate/ inequalities next to ! elevations ( m\nta9s1 are ! dep?s ( ! ocean2 ?is dep? is v diff]5t ev5 at great di/ances f l&2 x is said !re are p>ts above a league deep1 b ^? are few1 & ! mo/ g5]al dep?s are f #fj to #aej fa?oms4 ,! gulphs bord]+ on ! coa/s are mu* less deep1 & ! /raits are g5]ally ! mo/ %all[4 ,to s\nd ! dep?s ( ! sea1 a piece ( lead ( #cj or #djlb4 is made use (1 fa/5$ to a small cord2 ?is is a good me?od = common dep?s1 b is n to be dep5d$ ^u :5 ! dep? is consid]able2 because ! cord be+ specifically light] ?an ! wat]1 aft] x has desc5d$ to a c]ta9 degree1 ! weight ( ! lead & t ( ! cord is no m ?an a l volume ( wat]2 !n ! lead desc5ds no long]1 b moves 9 an oblique l9e1 & floats at ! same dep?3 to s\nd great dep?s1 !re=e1 an iron *a9 is requisite1 or "s sub/ance heavi] ?an wat]4 ,x is v probable t = want ( consid]+ ?is circum/ance1 navigators tell u t ! sea 9 _m places has no bottom4 ,9 g5]al1 ! pr(undities 9 op5 seas increase or dim9i% 9 a pretty uni=m mann]1 & commonly ! f>!r f %ore ! great] ! dep?2 yet ?is is n )\t exception1 !re are places 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea :]e %oals are f\nd1 z at ,abrolhos 9 ! ,atlantic2 & o!rs :]e !re are banks ( a v consid]able ext5t1 z are daily exp]i5c$ by ! navigators to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,s likewise along %ore ! dep?s are v unequal1 nev]!less we may lay x d[n z a c]ta9 rule1 t ! dep? !re is always proportionate to ! height ( t %ore4 ,x is ! same 9 great riv]s1 :]e ! high %ores always ann\nce a great dep?4 ,x is m easy to measure ! heights ( m\nta9s1 :e!r by means ( practical geometry1 or by ! b>omet]4 ,?is in/rum5t gives ! height ( a m\nta9 v exactly1 especially 9 a c\ntry :]e its v>iation is n consid]able1 z at ,p]u1 & "u ! o!r p>ts ( ! equator4 ,by "o or o!r ( ^! me?ods1 ! height ( mo/ em95ces has be5 measur$2 = example1 x has be5 f\nd t ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ,switz]l& are ab\t #afjj fa?oms high] ?an ,canigau1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ elevat$ ( ! ,pyr5nees2 ^? m\nta9s appe> to be ! highe/ 9 ,europe1 s9ce a great quantity ( riv]s fl[ f !m1 :i* c>ry _! wat] into v remote & diff]5t seas1 z ! ,po1 :i* fl[s into ! ,adriatic2 ! ,rh9e1 :i* loses itself 9 ! s&s 9 ,holl&2 ! ,rhone1 :i* falls into ! ,m$it]ranean2 & ! ,danube1 :i* goes to ! ,black ,sea4 ,^! f\r riv]s1 ^: m\?s are s remote f ea* o!r1 all d]ive a "p ( _! wat]s f ,m\nt ,sa9t ,god>d & ! neighb\r+ m\nta91 :i* proves t ?is place is ! highe/ 9 all ,europe4 ,! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ,asia are ,m\nt ,taurus1 ,m\nt ,imaus1 ,caucasus1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,japan1 all :i* are l(ti] ?an ^? ( ,europe2 ! m\nta9s 9 ,africa1 z ! ,great ,atlas1 & ! m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 are at lea/ z high z ^? 9 ,asia1 & ! highe/ ( all are 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,p]u1 :i* are m ?an #cjjj fa?oms above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 g5]al ! m\nta9s betwe5 ! tropics are l(ti] ?an ^? ( ! temp]ate zones1 & ^! m ?an ! frigid zones1 s t ! ne>] we approa* ! equator1 ! great] are ! inequalities ( ! e>?4 ,^! inequalities1 al?\gh v consid]able ) respect to u1 are sc>cely any ?+ :5 consid]$ ) respect to ! :ole globe4 ,?ree ?\s& fa?om diff]5ce to #cjjj leagues diamet]1 is b "o fa?om to a league1 or "o foot to #bbjj feet1 :i* on a globe ( #b-a_/b feet diamet]1 does n make ! #af? "p ( a ,fr5* l9e4 ,?us ! e>?1 :i* appe>s to u cross$ & int]sect$ by ! enorm\s height ( m\nta9s1 & by a frightful dep? ( sea1 is nev]!less1 relative to its size1 b slightly furr[$ ) irregul>ities1 s v trifl+1 t !y c cause no diff]5ce to ! g5]al figure ( ! globe4 ,9 cont95ts ! m\nta9s are cont9u$ & =m *a9s4 ,9 isl&s1 !y are m int]rupt$1 & g5]ally rais$ above ! sea1 9 ! =ms ( cones or pyramids1 & are call$ peaks4 ,! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 9 ! isl& ( ,f]1 is "o ( ! highe/ m\nta9s on ! e>?2 x is ne> a league & a half p]p5dicul> above ! level ( ! sea2 ! peak ( ,/4 ,george1 9 "o ( ! ,azores1 & ! peak ( ,adam1 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 are also v l(ty4 ,^! peaks are compos$ ( rocks1 heap$ "o ^u ! o!r1 & !y vomit f _! summits fire1 c9d]s1 bitum51 m9]als1 & /ones4 ,!re are isl&s :i* are only tops ( m\nta9s1 z ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,asc5sion1 mo/ ( ! ,azores1 & ,can>ies4 ,we mu/ rem>k1 t 9 mo/ ( ! isl&s1 promontories1 & o!r project+ l&s 9 ! sea1 ! middle is always ! highe/2 & !y are g5]ally sep>at$ by *a9s ( m\nta9s1 :i* divide !m 9 _! greate/ l5g?1 z 7,gransba97 ! ,grampian m\nta9s 9 ,scotl&1 :i* ext5d f ea/ to we/1 & divide ,great ,brita9 into two p>ts4 ,x is ! same ) ! isl&s ( ,sumatra1 ,lucca1 ,borneo1 ,celebes1 ,cuba1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ! p59sula ( ,malaya1 c4 & also ,italy1 :i* is trav]s$ ?r\gh its :ole l5g? by ! ,ap5n9e m\nta9s4 ,m\nta9s1 z we f9d1 diff] greatly 9 height2 ! hills are l[e/1 aft] !m come ! m\nta9s ( a mod]ate height1 :i* are foll[$ by a ?ird rank /ill high]1 :i*1 l ! prec$+1 are g5]ally load$ ) trees & plants1 b :i* furni% no spr+s except at _! bottoms4 ,9 ! highe/ m\nta9s we f9d only s&1 /ones1 fl9ts1 & rocks1 ^: summits (t5 rise above ! cl\ds4 ,exactly at ! foot ( ^! rocks !re are small spaces1 pla9s1 holl[s1 & k9ds ( vallies1 :]e ! ra91 sn[1 & ice rema91 & =m ponds1 morasses1 & spr+s1 f :5ce riv]s d]ive _! orig94 ,! =m ( m\nta9s is also v diff]5t3 "s =m *a9s ^: height is ne>ly equal 9 a long ext5t ( soil1 o!rs are divid$ by deep vallies2 "s are regul>1 & o!rs z irregul> z possible2 & sometimes 9 ! middle ( a valley or pla91 we f9d a little m\nta94 ,!re are also two sorts ( pla9s1 ! "o 9 ! l[ l&s1 ! o!r 9 m\nta9s4 ,! fir/ are g5]ally divid$ by "s l>ge riv]3 ! o!rs1 ?\gh ( a v consid]able ext5t1 are dry1 & at f>!/ h only a small rivulet4 ,^! pla9s on m\nta9s are (t5 v high1 & difficult ( access2 !y =m c\ntries above o!r c\ntries1 z 9 ,auv]gne1 ,savoy1 & _m o!r high places3 ! soil is firm1 & produces mu* grass1 & odorif]\s plants1 :i* r5d] ^! pla9s ! be/ pa/ure 9 ! _w4 ,! summits ( high m\nta9s are compos$ ( rocks ( diff]5t heights1 :i* resemble f a di/ance ! waves ( ! sea4 ,x is n on ?is obs]vation alone we c rely t ! m\nta9s h be5 =m$ by ! waves1 ,i only relate x because x accords ) ! re/3 b t :i* evid5tly proves t ! sea once cov]$ & =m$ m\nta9s1 are ! %ells & o!r m>9e productions f\nd ?r\gh\t 9 su* great quantities1 t x is n possible = !m to h be5 transport$ by ! sea into su* remote cont95ts1 & deposit$ to su* consid]able dep?s2 to ?is may be add$1 ! horizontal & p>allel /rata e :]e met )1 & :i* c only h be5 =m$ by ! wat]s4 ,! composition ev5 ( ! h>de/ matt]s1 z /one & m>ble1 prove !y _h be5 r$uc$ into f9e p[d] be=e _! =mation1 & precipitat$ to ! bottom ( ! wat] 9 =m ( a s$im5t3 x is also prov$ by ! exactness ) :i* fossil-%ells are m\ld$ 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 ! inside ( ^! %ells are absolutely fill$ ) ! same matt]s z t 9 :i* !y are enclos$2 ! correspond+ angles ( m\nta9s & hills1 :i* no o!r cause ?an ! curr5ts ( ! sea c\ld h be5 able to =m2 ! equality 9 ! height ( opposite hills1 & b$s ( diff]5t matt]s1 =m$ at ! same levels1 &1 9 %ort1 ! direction ( m\nta9s1 ^: *a9s ext5d 9 l5g? 9 ! same direction z ! waves ( ! sea ext5d1 inconte/ibly demon/rate ! fact4 ,) respect to ! dep?s on ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! greate/1 )\t contradiction1 are ! dep?s ( ! sea2 b z !y d n pres5t !mselves to our sight1 & z we c only judge ( !m by ! plumb l9e1 we %all only speak ( ^? :i* appe> on dry l&1 su* z ! deep vallies betwe5 m\nta9s1 ! precipices betwe5 rocks1 ! abysses p]ceiv$ f ! tops ( m\nta9s1 z ! abyss ( ,m\nt ,ar>at1 ! precipices ( ! ,alps1 ! vallies ( ! ,pyr5nees1 c4 ,^! dep?s are a natural consequ5ce ( ! elevation ( m\nta9s2 !y receive ! wat]s & ! e>? :i* fl[ f ! m\nta9s1 & ! soil is g5]ally v f]tile1 & are fully inhabit$4 ,! precipices :i* are betwe5 rocks are frequ5tly =m$ by ! s9k+ ( "o side1 ! base ( :i* sometimes gives way m on "o side ?an ! o!r1 by ! action ( ! air & fro/1 :i* splits & divides !m1 or by ! impetu\s viol5ce ( torr5ts4 ,b ^! abysses1 or va/ & enorm\s precipices1 f\nd at ! summits ( m\nta9s1 & to ! bottom ( :i* x is n possible sometimes to desc5d1 al?\gh !y are above a mile1 or a mile & a half r\nd1 h be5 =m$ by ! fire4 ,^! 7 =m]ly ! funnels ( volcanos1 & all ! matt] :i* is !re defici5t has be5 eject$ by ! action & explosion ( ^! fires1 :i* are s9ce ext+ui%$ ?r\gh a defect ( combu/ible matt]4 ,! abyss ( ,m\nt ,ar>at1 ( :i* ,m4 ,t\rne=t gives a description 9 8 voyage to ! ,levant1 is surr\nd$ ) black & burnt rocks1 z "o day ! abysses ( ,etna1 ,vesuvius1 & o!r volcanos1 w be1 :5 !y h consum$ all ! combu/ible matt]s !y include4 ,9 ,plots' ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire1 9 ,engl&1 a k9d ( gulph is spok5 ( :i* has be5 s\nd$ to ! dep? ( #bfjj p]p5dicul> feet )\t meet+ ) any wat]1 or ! bottom be+ f\nd1 z ! rope 0 n ( suffici5t l5g? to rea* x4 ,greate/ cavities & deepe/ m9es are g5]ally 9 m\nta9s1 & !y nev] desc5d to a level ) ! pla9s1 !re=e by ^! cavities we are only acqua9t$ ) ! inside ( a m\nta91 & n ) ! int]nal "p ( ! globe itself4 ,besides1 ^! dep?s are n v consid]able4 ,ray ass]ts t ! deepe/ m9es are n above half a mile deep4 ,! m9e ( ,cotteb]g1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,agricola pass$ = ! deepe/ ( all kn[n m9es1 0 only #bejj feet p]p5dicul>4 ,x is evid5t !re are holes 9 c]ta9 places1 z t 9 ,/af=d%ire1 or ,pool's ,hole1 9 ,d]by%ire1 ! dep? ( :i* is p]haps great]2 b all ?is is no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! ?ickness ( ! globe4 ,if ! k+s ( ,egypt1 in/ead ( hav+ erect$ pyramids1 & rais$ su* sumptu\s monum5ts ( _! ri*es & vanity1 _h be5 at ! same exp5ce to s\nd ! e>?1 & make a deep excavation to ! dep? ( a league1 !y1 p]haps1 might h f\nd sub/ances :i* w\ld h amply recomp5s$ ! tr\ble1 lab\r1 & exp5ce1 or at lea/ we %\ld h receiv$ in=mation on ! matt]s ( :i* ! int]nal "p ( ! globe is compos$1 :i* might h be5 v useful1 & :i* we at pres5t h n4 ,b let u return to ! m\nta9s2 ! highe/ are 9 ! s\!rn c\ntries1 & ! ne>] we approa* ! equator1 ! m inequalities we f9d on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,?is is easy to prove1 by a %ort enum]ation ( ! m\nta9s & isl&s4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! *a9 ( ! ,cordeli]s1 ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! e>?1 is exactly "u ! equator1 & ext5ds on ! two sides f> beyond ! tropic circles4 ,9 ,africa1 ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 & ,monomotapa1 ! great & ! little ,atlas1 are "u ! equator1 or n f> f x4 ,9 ,asia1 ,m\nt ,caucasus1 ! *a9 ( :i* ext5ds "u diff]5t names z f> z ! m\nta9s ( ,*9a1 is ne>] ! equator ?an ! poles4 ,9 ,europe1 ! ,pyr5nees1 ! ,alps1 & m\nta9s ( ,greece1 :i* are only ! same *a91 are /ill less di/ant f ! equator ?an ! poles4 ,n[ ^! m\nta9s :i* we h enum]at$1 are all high]1 m consid]able & ext5d$ 9 l5g? & bread? ?an ! m\nta9s ( ! nor!rn c\ntries4 ,) respect to _! direction1 ! ,alps =m a *a9 :i* crosses ! :ole cont95t f ,spa9 to ,*9a4 ,^! m\nta9s beg9 at ! sea coa/ ( ,galicia1 rea* to ! ,pyr5nees1 cross ,france1 by ,viv>es1 & ,auv]gne1 pass ?r\gh ,italy & ext5d into ,g]many1 beyond ,dalmatia1 z f> z ,mac$onia2 f !nce !y jo9 ) ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 ,caucasus1 ,taurus1 ,imaus1 & ext5d z f> z ! ,t>t>ian sea4 ,s likewise ,m\nt ,atlas trav]ses ! :ole cont95t ( ,africa1 f we/ to ea/1 f ! k+dom ( ,fez to ! ,/raits ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 & ! m\nta9s ( ! ,moon h ! same direction4 ,b 9 ,am]ica1 ! direction is q contr>y1 & ! *a9s ( ! ,cordeli]s & o!r m\nta9s ext5d f s\? to nor? m ?an f ea/ to we/4 ,:at we h n[ said on ! great em95ces ( ! e>?1 may also be obs]v$ on ! greate/ dep?s ( ! sea4 ,! va/ & highe/ seas are ne>] ! equator ?an ! poles2 & !re results f ?is obs]vation1 t ! greate/ inequalities ( ! globe are 9 ! s\!rn climate4 ,^! irregul>ities on ! surface ( ! e>?1 are ! causes ( an inf9ity ( extraord9>y effects3 = example1 betwe5 ! ,indus & ! ,ganges1 !re is a l>ge p59sula1 :i* is divid$ ?r\gh its middle1 by a *a9 ( high m\nta9s call$ ! ,gate1 & :i* ext5ds f nor? to s\?1 f ! extremities ( ,m\nt ,caucasus to ,cape ,comor92 on "o is ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 & ! o!r ,corom&el2 on ! side ( ,malab>1 betwe5 ?is *a9 ( m\nta9s & ! sea1 ! summ] season la/s f ,septemb] to ,april1 dur+ :i* ! sky is s]5e & dry2 on ! o!r side ! ,corom&el ! above p]iod is _! w9t]1 & x ra9s e day pl5tifully & f ! mon? ( ,april to ! mon? ( ,septemb] is _! summ]1 :]eas x is w9t] 9 ,malab>2 insomu*1 t 9 _m places1 :i* are sc>cely #bj miles di/ant1 we may1 by cross+ ! m\nta9s1 *ange seasons4 ,x is said t ! same ?+ takes place at ,razalgat 9 ,arabia1 & at ,jamaica1 :i* is divid$ ?r\gh its middle by a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 ^: direction is f ea/ to we/1 & t ! plantations to ! s\? ( ^! m\nta9s feel ! summ] heat1 at ! "t ^? to ! nor? endure ! rigor ( w9t]4 ,p]u1 :i* is situat$ "u ! l9e1 & ext5ds ab\t a ?\s& leagues to ! s\?1 is divid$ into ?ree long & n>r[ p>ts2 ^! ! natives call ,lanos1 ,si]ras1 & ,&es4 ,! ,lanos1 :i* compreh5ds ! pla9s1 ext5ds along ! coa/ ( ! ,s\? ,sea3 ! ,si]ras are hills ) "s vallies1 & ! ,&es are ! fam\s ,cordeli]s1 ! highe/ m\nta9s t are kn[n4 ,! ,lanos is ab\t t5 leagues 9 bread?2 9 _m places ! ,si]ras are tw5ty leagues broad1 & ! ,&es 9 "s places m & 9 "s less4 ,! bread? is f ea/ to we/1 & ! l5g? f nor? to s\?4 ,?is "p ( ! _w is rem>kable = ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 fir/1 9 ! ,lanos ! w9d almo/ con/antly bl[s f ! s\?-we/1 :i* is contr>y to :at happ5s 9 ! torrid zone3 secondly1 x nev] ra9s nor ?und]s 9 ! ,lanos1 al?\gh !re is pl5ty ( dew3 ?irdly1 x almo/ cont9ually ra9s 9 ! ,&es3 f\r?ly1 9 ! ,si]ras1 betwe5 ! ,lanos & ! ,&es1 x ra9s f ,septemb] to ,april4 ,x 0 = a long "t suppos$1 t ! *a9s ( ! high m\nta9s run f we/ to ea/1 till ! contr>y 0 f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,b no p]son be=e ,m4 ,b\rguet discov]$ ! surpris+ regul>ity ( ! /ructure ( ^? great masses3 he f\nd 7aft] hav+ cross$ ! ,alps ?irty times 9 f\rte5 diff]5t p>ts ( x1 twice ov] ! ,ap5n9e m\nta9s1 & made div]s t\rs 9 ! environs ( ^! m\nta9s1 & ( ,m\nt ,jura7 t all m\nta9s are =m$ ne>ly aft] ! mann] ( works ( a =tification4 ,:5 ! body ( ! m\nta9 runs f ea/ to we/1 x =ms prom95ces1 :i* face ! nor? & s\?2 ?is wond]ful regul>ity is s /rik+ 9 vallies1 t we seem to walk 9 a v regul> cov]$ way2 if1 = example1 we travel 9 a valley f nor? to s\?1 we p]ceive t ! m\nta9 on ! "r =ms projections :i* front ! ea/1 & ^? ( ! m\nta9 on ! left front ! we/1 s t ! saliant angles ( "o side reciprocally answ] ! return+ angles ( ! o!r1 :i* are always alt]natively oppos$ to !m4 ,! angles :i* m\nta9s =m 9 great vallies are less acute1 because ! direction is less /eep1 & !y are f>!r di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,9 pla9s !y are n s p]ceptible1 except by ! banks ( riv]s1 :i* are g5]ally 9 ! middle ( !m1 & ^: natural w9d+s answ] ! mo/ advanc$ angles or /rik+ projections ( ! m\nta9s4 ,x is a/oni%+ s visible a ?+ 0 s long unobs]v$1 = :5 9 a valley ! incl9ation ( "o ( ! m\nta9s :i* bord] x is less /eep ?an t ( ! o!r1 ! riv] takes its c\rse mu* ne>] ! /eepe/ m\nta91 & does n fl[ ?r\gh its middle4 ,to ^! obs]vations we may jo9 o!r p>ticul> ones1 :i* confirm !m2 = example1 ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l& are mu* m /eep1 & _! direction mu* great] on ! s\? side ?an on ! nor?1 & on ! we/ side ?an on ! ea/4 ,?is may be p]ceiv$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,gemmi1 ,brisa1 & almo/ e o!r m\nta9 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! highe/ are ^? :i* sep>ate ,valesia & ! ,grisons f ,savoy1 ,pi$mont1 & ,tirol4 ,^! c\ntries are only a cont9uation ( ^! m\nta9s1 ! *a9 ( :i* ext5ds to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & cont9ues ev5 pretty f> "u ! sea4 ,! ,pyr5nees are also only a cont9uation ( t va/ m\nta9 :i* beg9s 9 ,upp] ,valesia1 & ^: bran*es ext5d v f> to ! we/ & s\?1 pres]v+ ?r\gh\t ! same great height2 :]eas on ! side ( ! nor? & ( ! ea/ ^! m\nta9s gr[ l[] by degrees1 till !y become pla9s2 z we see by ! l>ge tract :i* ! ,rh9e & ,danube wat] be=e !y rea* _! m\?s1 :]eas ! ,rhone desc5ds ) rapidity t[>ds ! s\? into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! same obs]vation is f\nd to hold good 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,engl& & ,norway2 b ! "p ( ! _w :]e ?is is mo/ evid5tly se5 is at ,p]u & ,*ili2 ! ,cordeli]s are cut v %>ply on ! we/]n side1 ! l5g? ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :]eas on ! ea/]n side !y l[] by degrees into l>ge pla9s1 wat]$ by ! greate/ riv]s ( ! _w4#bgi3;,a ,m4 ,b\rguet1 to :om we owe ?is great discov]y ( ! correspond5ce ( ! angles ( m\nta9s1 t]ms x ,! ,key ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?2 nev]!less1 x appe>s to me1 t if he _h conceiv$ all ! importance ( x1 he w\ld m successfully h made use ( x1 by connect+ x ) suitable facts1 & w\ld h giv5 a m probable !ory ( ! e>?2 :]eas 9 8 treatise he pres5ts only ! skeleton ( an hypo!tical sy/em1 mo/ ( ! conclusions ( :i* are false or prec>i\s4 ,! !ory we h giv5 turns on f\r pr9cipal facts1 :i* _c be d\bt$1 aft] ! pro(s h be5 exam9$ on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! e>? is e :]e1 & to consid]able dep?s1 compos$ ( p>allel /rata1 & matt]s :i* h =m]ly be5 9 a /ate ( s(tness3 ! second1 t ! sea has = ages cov]$ ! e>? :i* we n[ inhabit2 ! ?ird1 t ! tides & o!r motions ( ! wat]s produce inequalities at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & ! f\r?1 t ! m\nta9s h tak5 _! =m & ! correspond5t direction f ! curr5ts ( ! sea4 ,aft] hav+ read ! pro(s :i* ! foll[+ articles conta91 x may be det]m9$1 :e!r ,i 0 wrong to ass]t1 t ^! circum/ances solidly e/abli%$ also asc]ta9s ! tru? ( ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,:at ,i h said on ! =mation ( m\nta9s has no ne$ ( a m ample explanation2 b z x might be object$ t ,i d n assign a reason = ! =mation ( ! peaks or po9ts ( m\nta9s1 no m ?an = "s o!r p>ticul> circum/ances1 %all add ! obs]vations & reflections :i* ,i h made on ?is subject4 ,i h endeav\r$ to =m a cle> & g5]al idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t matt]s t compose ! e>? are arrang$1 & x appe>s to me !y may be r$uc$ into two g5]al classes2 ! fir/ includes all ! matt]s we f9d plac$ 9 /rata1 or b$s horizontally or regul>ly incl9$2 & ! second compreh5ds all matt]s =m$ 9 masses1 or 9 ve9s1 ei!r p]p5dicul> or irregul>ly incl9$4 ,9 ! fir/ class are includ$ s&s1 clays1 granite1 fl9ts1 free-/one1 coals1 slates1 m>ls1 *alks1 calc9able /ones1 m>bles1 c4 ,9 ! second ,i rank metals1 m9]als1 cry/als1 preci\s /ones & small fl9ts3 ^! two classes g5]ally compreh5d all ! kn[n mat]ials ( ! e>?4 ,! fir/ owe _! orig9 to ! s$im5ts c>ri$ away & deposit$ by ! sea1 & %\ld be di/+ui%$ into ^? :i* be+ assay$ 9 ! fire1 calc9e & are r$uc$ into lime1 & ^? :i* fuse & are conv]tible into glass4 ,! mat]ials ( ! second class are all vitrifiable except+ ^? :i* ! fire entirely consumes by inflammation4 ,9 ! fir/ class we di/+ui% two k9ds ( s&s2 ! "o1 :i* is m abundant ?an any o!r matt] ( ! globe1 is vitrifiable1 or r is only fragm5ts ( actual glass2 ! o!r1 ^: quantity is mu* less1 is calc9able1 & mu/ be look$ ^u z ! p[d] ( /one1 & :i* diff]s only f gravel by ! size ( ! gra9s4 ,! vitrifiable s& is1 9 g5]al1 deposit$ 9 b$s1 :i* are (t5 int]rupt$ by masses ( free-/one1 granite1 & fl9t2 & sometimes ^! matt]s are also 9 banks ( great ext5t4 ,by exam9+ ^! vitrifiable matt]s1 we f9d only a few sea %ells !re1 & ^? n plac$ 9 b$s1 b disp]s$ ab\t z if ?r[n !re by *ance4 ,= example1 ,i h nev] se5 !m 9 free-/one2 t /one :i* is v pl5ty 9 c]ta9 places1 is only compos$ ( s&y p>ts1 :i* are re-unit$1 & are only met ) 9 s&y soils2 & ! qu>ries ( x are g5]ally 9 peak$ hills & 9 divid$ em95ces4 ,we may "w ^! qu>ries 9 all directions1 & if !y are 9 l>ge b$s1 !y are mu* f>!r f ea* o!r ?an 9 qu>ries ( calc9able /one or m>ble4 ,blocks ( free-/one may be cut ( all dim5sions & 9 all directions1 al?\gh x is difficult to "w1 x nev]!less has b a degree ( h>dness suffici5t to resi/ p[]ful /rokes )\t splitt+2 = friction easily r$uces x into s&1 except+ c]ta9 black pieces f\nd !re91 & :i* are s v h>d1 t ! be/ files _c t\* !m4 ,rock is vitrifiable z free-/one1 & ( ! same nature1 only x is h>d] & ! p>ts m connect$4 ,?is also conta9s _m h>d pieces1 z may easily be rem>k$ on ! summits ( high m\nta9s1 :i* cut & te> ! %oes ( travell]s4 ,?is rocky /one1 :i* is f\nd at ! top ( high m\nta9s1 & :i* ,i look ^u z a k9d ( granite1 conta9s a great quantity ( talky leaves1 & is s h>d z n to be work$ b by an inf9ite deal ( lab\r4 ,i h n>r[ly exam9$ ^! %>p pieces :i* are f\nd 9 free-/one & rock1 & h discov]$ x to be a metallic matt]1 melt$ & calc9$ by a v viol5t fire1 & :i* p]fectly resembles c]ta9 sub/ances ?r[n out by ! volcanos1 ( :i* ,i saw a great quantity :5 ,i 0 9 ,italy1 :]e ! p call$ !m ,s*i>ri4 ,!y are v heavy black masses1 on :i* nei!r wat] nor ! file c make any impression1 & ! matt] ( :i* is diff]5t f t ( ! lava2 = ?is is a k9d ( glass1 :]eas ! o!r appe>s to be m metallic ?an vitre\s4 ,! %>p pieces 9 free-/one1 & rock1 resemble greatly ! fir/ matt]1 :i* seems /ill to prove t all ^! matt]s h be5 =m]ly liquifi$ by fire4 ,we sometimes see on ! upp] p>ts ( m\nta9s1 a prodigi\s quantity ( blocks ( ?is mix$ rock2 _! position is s irregul> t !y appe> to h be5 ?r[n !re by *ance1 & x might be ?\ght !y _h fall5 f "s neighb\r+ height1 if ! places :]e !y are f\nd 7 n rais$ above ! o!r p>ts4 ,b _! vitrifiable nature1 & _! angul> & squ>e figures1 l ^? ( free-/one1 discov] !m to be ( "o common orig94 ,?us 9 ! great b$s ( vitrifiable s&1 blocks ( free-/one & rock are =m$1 ^: figures & situations d n exactly foll[ ! horizontal position ( ^! /rata4 ,! ra91 by degrees1 c>ri$ away f ! summits ( ! hills & m\nta9s ! s& :i* at fir/ cov]$ !m1 & !n began to furr[ & cut ^? hills into ! spaces :i* are f\nd betwe5 ! nucleus 9 free-/one1 z ! hills ( ,fonta9bleau are int]sect$4 ,ea* hilly po9t answ]s to a nucleus 9 a qu>ry ( free-/one1 & ea* int]val has be5 excavat$ & loos5$ by ! ra91 :i* has caus$ ! s&1 !y at fir/ conta9$1 to fl[ into ! vallies2 s likewise ! highe/ m\nta9s1 ^: summits are compos$ ( rocks1 & t]m9at$ by ^! angul> blocks ( granite1 h =m]ly be5 cov]$ ) vitrifiable s&1 & ! ra9 hav+ c>ri$ away ! s& :i* cov]$ !m1 !y rema9$ on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! position !y 7 =m$4 ,^! blocks g5]ally pres5t po9ts2 !y increase 9 size 9 proportion z !y desc5d2 "o block (t5 re/s ^u ano!r1 ! second ^u a ?ird1 & s on1 leav+ irregul> int]vals betwe5 !m3 & z 9 "t ! ra9 wa%$ away all ! s& :i* cov]$ ^! diff]5t p>ts on ! top ( ! high m\nta9s1 !y w\ld rema9 nak$1 =m+ l>g] or less] po9ts2 & ?is is ! orig9 ( ! peaks or horns ( m\nta9s4 ,= suppos+1 z x is easy to prove by ! m>9e productions we f9d !re1 t ! *a9 ( ! ,alps 0 =m]ly cov]$ by ! sea1 & t above ?is *a9 !re 0 a great ?ickness ( vitrifiable s&1 :i* r5d]$ ! :ole m\nta9s a flat & level c\ntry4 ,9 ?is dep? ( s&1 !re w\ld necess>ily be =m$ granite1 free-/one1 fl9t1 & all matt]s :i* take _! orig9 & figure 9 s&1 ne>ly 9 a simil> mann] to t ( ! cry/allisation ( salts4 ,^! blocks once =m$ w\ld support _! orig9al positions1 aft] ! ra9s & torr5ts _h c>ri$ away ! s& :i* surr\nd$ !m1 & be+ left b>e =m$ all ^? peaks or po9t$ em95ces we see 9 s _m places4 ,?is is also ! orig9 ( ^? high & deta*$ rocks f\nd 9 ,*9a & o!r c\ntries1 z 9 ,irel&1 :]e !y are call$ ! ,devil's /ones1 & ^: =mation z well z t ( ! peaks ( m\nta9s1 _h hi!rto appe>$ s difficult to expla92 nev]!less ! explanation :i* ,i h giv5 is s natural1 t x directly pres5ts itself to ! m9d ( ^? :o exam9e ^! objects1 & ,i mu/ "h quote :at ,fa!r ,tatre says1 ,f ,yan*u-9-y51 we came to ,hoyt*e\1 & on ! road met ) some?+ p>ticul>1 rocks ( an extraord9>y height1 ( ! %ape ( a l>ge squ>e t[]1 & situate 9 ! mid/ ( va/ pla9s3 ,i _c acc\nt = x1 unless by suppos+ !y 7 =m]ly m\nta9s1 f :i* ! ra9 hav+ wa%$ away ! e>? t surr\nd$ !m1 ?us left ! rocks entirely b>e4 ,:at /r5g!ns ?is conjecture is1 t we saw "s :i*1 t[>ds ! base1 are /ill cov]$ ) e>? to a consid]able height4 ,! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s are compos$ ( rocks1 ( granite1 free-/one1 & o!r h>d & vitrifiable matt]s1 & ?is (t5 z deep z two or ?ree hundr$ fa?oms2 bel[ :i* we (t5 meet ) qu>ries ( m>ble1 or h>d /one1 fill$ ) fossil-%ells1 & ^: matt] is calc9able2 z may be rem>k$ at ,great ,*>treuse1 9 ,dauph9y1 & on ,m\nt ,c5is1 :]e ! /one & m>ble1 :i* conta9s %ells1 are "s hundr$ fa?oms bel[ ! summits1 po9ts & peaks ( high m\nta9s2 al?\gh ^! /ones are m ?an a ?\s& fa?om above ! level ( ! sea4 ,?us m\nta9s1 :]eon we see po9ts or peaks1 are g5]ally vitrifiable rock1 & ^? ^: summits are flat1 mo/ly conta9 m>ble & h>d /ones fill$ ) m>9e productions4 ,x is ! same ) respect to hills1 = ^? conta9+ granite1 or free-/one1 are mo/ly int]sect$ ) po9ts1 em95ces1 cavities1 dep?s1 & small int]m$iate valleys2 on ! contr>y1 ^? :i* are compos$ ( calc9able /one are ne>ly equal 9 height1 & are only int]rupt$ by great] & m regul> vallies1 ^: angles are correspond5t2 & !y are cr[n$ ) rocks ^: position is regul> & level4 ,:atev] diff]5ce may appe> at fir/ betwe5 ^! two species ( m\nta9s1 _! =ms proce$ f ! same cause1 z we h already obs]v$2 only x may be rem>k$1 t ! calc9able /ones h n und]gone any alt]ation nor *ange s9ce ! =mation ( ! horizontal /rata2 :]eas ^? ( vitrifiable s& h be5 *ang$ & int]rupt$ by ! po/]ior production ( rocks & angul> blocks =m$ )9 ?is s&4 ,^! two k9ds ( m\nta9s h cracks :i* are almo/ always p]p5dicul> 9 ^? ( calc9able /ones2 b ^? ( granite & free-/one appe> to be a little m irregul> 9 _! direction4 ,x is 9 ^! cracks metal1 m9]als1 cry/als1 sulphurs1 & all matt]s ( ! second class are f\nd1 & x is bel[ ^! cracks t ! wat] collects to p5etrate ! e>?1 & =m ^? ve9s ( wat] :i* are e :]e f\nd bel[ ! surface4 ,,footnotes3 #bgi3;,a ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 ,abr4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 "p ii4 p4 #aec4 ,,article ,x4 ,,( ,,riv]s4 ,we h be=e said t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! greate/ m\nta9s are 9 isl&s & 9 ! projections 9 ! sea4 ,t 9 ! old cont95t ! greate/ *a9s ( m\nta9s are direct$ f we/ to ea/1 & t ^? :i* incl9e t[>ds ! nor? or s\? are only bran*es ( ^! pr9cipal *a9s2 we %all likewise f9d t ! greate/ riv]s are direct$ z ! greate/ m\nta9s1 & t !re are b few :i* foll[ ! c\rse ( ! bran*es ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,to be assur$ ( ?is1 we h only to look on a common globe1 & trace ! old cont95t f ,spa9 to ,*9a4 ,we %all f9d1 by beg9n+ at ,spa91 t ! ,vigo1 ,d\ro1 ,tagos1 & ,guadiana run f ea/ to we/1 & ! ,ebro f we/ to ea/1 & t !re is n "o rem>kable riv] ^: c\rse is direct$ f s\? to nor?1 or f nor? to s\?1 al?\gh ,spa9 is entirely surr\nd$ by ! sea on ! we/ side1 & almo/ s on ! nor?4 ,?is obs]vation on ! directions ( riv]s 9 ,spa9 n only proves t ! m\nta9s 9 ?is c\ntry are direct$ f we/ to ea/1 b also t ! s\!rn l&s1 :i* bord] on ! /raits1 are high] ?an ! coa/s ( ,portugal2 & on ! nor!rn coa/1 t ! m\nta9s ( ,galicia1 ! ,a/urias1 c4 are only a cont9uation ( ! ,pyr5nees1 & t x is ?is elevation ( ! c\ntry1 z well nor? z s\?1 :i* does n p]mit ! riv]s to run into ! sea t way4 ,x w also be se51 by look+ on ! map ( ,france1 t !re is only ! ,rhone :i* runs f nor? to s\?1 & ne>ly half its c\rse1 f ! m\nta9s to ,lyons1 is direct$ f ! ea/ t[>ds ! we/2 b t on ! contr>y all ! o!r great riv]s1 z ! ,loir1 ! ,*>antee1 ! ,g>onne1 & ev5 ! ,se9e1 h a direction f ea/ to we/4 ,x w be likewise p]ceiv$1 t 9 ,g]many !re is only ! ,rh9e1 :i* l ! ,rhone %apes ! greate/ "p ( its c\rse f nor? to s\?1 b t ! o!rs1 z ! ,danube1 ! ,drave1 & all ! great riv]s :i* fall into !m1 fl[ f ! we/ to ea/ into ! ,black ,sea4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is ,black ,sea1 :i* %\ld r be consid]$ z a great lake1 has almo/ ?ree times m ext5t f ea/ to we/ ?an f nor? to s\?1 & consequ5tly its direction is simil> to ! riv]s 9 g5]al4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,m$it]ranean1 ^: l5g? f ea/ to we/ is ab\t six times great] ?an f nor? to s\?4 ,! ,caspian ,sea1 accord+ to ! *>t drawn by ! ord] ( ,cz> ,pet] ,i4 has m ext5t f ! s\? to ! nor? ?an f ea/ to we/2 :]eas 9 ! anci5t *>ts x appe>s almo/ r\nd1 or r m broad f ea/ to we/ ?an f s\? to nor?2 b if we consid] ! lake ,aral z a "p ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 f :i* x is sep>at$ only by pla9s ( s&1 we %all f9d ! l5g? is f ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea z f> z ! greate/ bord] ( ,lake ,aral4 ,s likewise ! ,euphrates1 ! ,p]sian gulph1 & almo/ all ! riv]s 9 ,*9a run f we/ to ea/2 all ! riv]s 9 ,africa beyond ,b>b>y fl[ f ea/ to we/1 or f we/ to ea/1 & !re are only ! riv]s ( ,b>b>y & ! ,nile :i* fl[ f s\? to nor?4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 great riv]s 9 ,asia :i* p>tly run f nor? to s\?1 z ! ,wolga1 ! ,don1 c4 b by tak+ ! :ole l5g? ( _! c\rse1 we f9d1 t !y only turn f ! s\? to run into ! ,black & ,caspian seas1 :i* are only inl& lakes4 ,x may !re=e 9 g5]al be said1 t 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 ! riv]s1 & o!r m$it]ranean wat]s1 ext5d m f ea/ to we/ ?an f nor? to s\?1 :i* proce$s f ! *a9s ( m\nta9s be+ = ! mo/ "p s direct$1 & t ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe & ,asia is broad] 9 ?is direction ?an ! o!r2 = !re are two modes ( consid]+ ! direction ( m\nta9s4 ,9 a long & n>r[ cont95t l ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 :i* !re is only "o pr9cipal *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* /ret*es f s\? to nor?1 ! riv] n be+ conf9$ by any p>allel range1 necess>ily runs p]p5dicul> to ! c\rse ( ! m\nta9s1 t is f ea/ to we/1 or f we/ to ea/2 9 fact1 x is 9 ?is direction all ! riv]s ( ,am]ica fl[4 ,9 ! old z well z ! new cont95t mo/ ( ! wat]s h _! greate/ ext5t f we/ to ea/1 & mo/ ( ! riv]s fl[ 9 ?is direction2 b yet ?is simil> direction is produc$ by diff]5t causes2 = in/ance1 ^? 9 ! old cont95t fl[ f ea/ to we/1 because !y are b\nd$ by m\nta9s ^: direction is f we/ to ea/2 :]eas ^? 9 ,am]ica pres]ve ! same c\rse f !re be+ only "o *a9 ( m\nta9s t ext5ds f nor? to s\?4 ,9 g5]al1 riv]s run ?r\gh ! c5tre ( vallies1 or r ! l[e/ gr\nd betwixt two opposite hills or m\nta9s2 if ! two hills h ne>ly an equal incl9ation1 ! riv] w be ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! int]m$iate valley1 let ! valley be broad or n>r[4 ,on ! contr>y1 if "o ( ! hills has a m /eep incl9ation ?an ! o!r1 ! riv] w n be 9 ! middle ( ! valley1 b mu* ne>] ! hill ^: incl9ation is greate/1 & t too 9 proportion to ! sup]iority ( its declivity3 9 ?is case1 ! l[e/ gr\nd is n 9 ! middle ( ! valley1 b incl9es t[>ds ! highe/ hill1 & :i* ! riv] mu/ necess>ily occupy4 ,9 all places :]e !re is any consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! height ( ! m\nta9s1 ! riv]s fl[ at ! foot ( ! /eepe/ hills1 & foll[ !m ?r\gh\t all _! directions1 nev] quitt+ _! c\rse :ile !y ma9ta9 ! sup]iority ( height4 ,9 ! l5g? ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! /eepe/ hills are dim9i%$ by ! ra9 act+ ^u !m ) a great] degree ( =ce1 proportionate to _! height1 & consequ5tly c>ry away ! s& & gravel 9 m consid]able quantities1 & ) great] viol5ce2 ! riv] is !n con/ra9$ to *ange its b$1 & seek ! l[e/ "p ( ! valley3 to ?is may be add$1 t z all riv]s ov]fl[ at times1 !y transport & deposit mud & s& 9 diff]5t places1 & t s&s (t5 accumulate 9 _! own b$s1 & cause a swell ( ! wat]1 :i* *anges ! direction ( its c\rse4 ,x is v common to meet 9 vallies ) a great numb] ( old *annels ( ! riv]1 p>ticul>ly if x is subject to frequ5t inundations1 & c>ries (f mu* s& & mud4 ,9 pla9s & l>ge vallies1 :]e !re are great riv]s1 ! b$s are g5]ally ! l[e/ "p ( ! valley1 b ! surface ( ! wat] is v (t5 high] ?an ! gr\nd adjac5t4 ,= example1 :5 a riv] beg9s to ov]fl[1 ! pla9 w pres5tly be inundat$ to a consid]able bread?1 & x w be obs]v$ t ! bord]s ( ! riv] w be cov]$ ! la/2 :i* proves t !y are high] ?an ! re/ ( ! gr\nd1 & t f ! banks to a c]ta9 "p ( ! pla91 !re is an ins5sible incl9ation1 s t ! surface ( ! wat] mu/ be high] ?an ! pla9 :5 ! riv] is full4 ,?is elevation on ! banks ( riv]s proce$s f ! deposit ( ! mud & s& at ! "t ( inundations4 ,! wat] is commonly v muddy 9 ! great swell+s ( riv]s2 :5 x beg9s to ov]fl[1 x runs v g5tly ov] ! banks1 & by deposit+ ! mud & s& purifies itself z x advances into ! pla92 s t all ! soil :i* ! curr5ts ( ! riv] does n c>ry along1 is deposit$ on ! banks1 :i* raises !m by degrees above ! re/ ( ! pla94 ,riv]s are always broade/ at _! m\?s2 9 proportion z we advance 9 ! c\ntry1 & are m remote f ! sea1 _! bread? dim9i%es2 b :at is m rem>kable1 9 ! inl& p>ts !y fl[ 9 a direct l9e1 & 9 proportion z !y approa* _! m\?s ! w9d+s ( _! c\rse increase4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,m4 ,fabry1 a s5sible travell]1 :o w5t sev]al times by l& into ! we/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t travell]s1 & ev5 ! savages1 are seldom deceiv$ 9 ! di/ance !y are f ! sea if !y foll[ ! bank ( a l>ge riv]2 :5 ! direction ( ! riv] is /raight = #ae or #bj leagues1 !y "k !mselves to be a great di/ance f ! coa/2 b1 on ! contr>y1 if ! riv] w9ds1 & (t5 *anges its direction1 !y are c]ta9 ( n be+ f> f ! sea4 ,m4 ,fabry himself v]ifi$ ?is rem>k 9 8 travels ov] t unkn[n & almo/ un9habit$ c\ntry4 ,9 l>ge riv]s !re is a consid]able eddy along ! banks1 :i* is s mu* ! m consid]able z ! riv] is less remote f ! sea1 :i* may also s]ve z a guide to judge :e!r we are at a great or %ort di/ance f ! m\?2 & z ! w9d+s ( riv]s increase 9 proportion z !y approa* ! sea1 x is n surpris+ t "s ( !m %\ld give way to ! wat]1 & be "o reason :y great riv]s g5]ally divide into _m arms be=e !y ga9 ! sea4 ,! motion ( ! wat]s 9 riv]s is q diff]5t f t suppos$ by au?ors :o attempt to give ma!matical !ories on ?is subject2 ! surface ( a riv] 9 motion is n level :5 tak5 f "o bank to ! o!r1 b accord+ to circum/ances ! curr5t 9 ! middle is consid]ably high] or l[] ?an ! wat] close to ! banks2 :5 a riv] swells by a sudd5 melt+ ( sn[1 or :5 by "s o!r cause its rapidity is augm5t$1 if ! direction ( ! riv] is /raight1 ! middle ( ! wat] :]e ! curr5t is rises1 & ! riv] =ms a convex curve1 ( a v s5sible elevation4 ,?is elevation is sometimes v consid]able2 ,m4 ,hupeau1 an able eng9e] ( bridges1 once measur$ ! riv] ,avi]on1 & f\nd ! middle 0 ?ree feet high] ?an ne> ! bank4 ,?is1 9 fact1 mu/ happ5 e "t ! wat] has a v great rapidity2 ! velocity ) :i* x is c>ri$1 dim9i%+ ! action ( its weight 9 ! middle ( ! curr5t1 s t x has n "t to s9k to a level ) t ne> %ore1 & !re=e rema9s high]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ne> ! m\?s1 x (t5 happ5s t ! wat] :i* is ne> ! banks is high] ?an t ( ! middle1 al?\gh ! curr5t be ev] s rapid4 ,?is happ5s :]ev] ! action ( ! tides is felt 9 a riv]1 :i* 9 great ones (t5 s5sibly ext5ds z f> z "o or two hundr$ leagues f ! sea2 x is also a well kn[n fact t ! curr5t ( a riv] pres]ves its motion 9 ! sea to a consid]able di/ance2 !re is1 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 two contr>y motions 9 a riv]2 ! middle1 :i* =ms ! curr5t1 precipitates itself t[>ds ! sea1 & ! action ( ! tide =ms a c\nt]-curr5t1 :i* causes ! wat] ne> ! banks to asc5d1 :ile t 9 ! middle desc5ds1 & z !n all ! wat] mu/ be c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t 9 ! middle1 t ( ! banks cont9ually desc5ds !reto1 & desc5ds s mu* ! m z x is high]1 & c\nt]act$ ) m =ce by ! tide4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ebb+s 9 riv]s2 ! fir/ above-m5tion$ is a /rong p[] occasion$ by ! tide1 :i* n only opposes ! natural motion ( ! riv]1 b ev5 =ces a contr>y & opposite curr5t4 ,! o!r arises f an inactive cause1 su* z a projection ( l&1 an isl&1 c4 ,?is does n commonly occasion a v s5sible c\nt]-curr5t1 yet x is suffici5t to imp$e ! progress ( boats & craft1 & necess>ily produces :at is call$ a dead wat]1 :i* does n fl[ l ! re/ ( ! riv]1 b :irls ab\t 9 su* a mann] t :5 boats are drawn !re9 !y require great /r5g? to get !m out4 ,^! dead wat]s are v p]ceptible at ! ar*es ( bridges 9 rapid riv]s4 ,! velocity ( ! wat] increases 9 proportion z ! diamet] ( ! *annel ?r\gh :i* x passes dim9i%es1 ! impell+ =ce be+ ! same2 ! velocity ( a riv]1 !re=e1 increases at ! passage ( a bridge1 9 an inv]se proportion ( ! bread? ( ! ar*es to ! :ole bread? ( ! riv]2 ! rapidity be+ v consid]able 9 com+ ?r\gh ! ar*1 x =ces ! wat] aga9/ ! banks1 f :5ce x is reflect$ ) su* viol5ce z to =m dang]\s eddies & :irlpools4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh ! bridge ,/4 ,esprit1 ! m5 are =c$ to be c>eful n to lose ! /ream1 ev5 aft] !y are pa/ ! bridge1 = if !y suff] ! boat to g ei!r to ! "r or left1 x might be driv5 aga9/ ! %ore1 or =c$ into ! :irl+ wat]s1 :i* w\ld be att5d$ ) great dang]4 ,:5 ?is eddy is v consid]able1 x =ms a k9d ( small gulph1 ! middle ( :i* appe>s holl[ & to =m a k9d ( cyl9drical cavity1 ar\nd :i* ! wat] :irls ) rapidity3 ?is appe>ance ( a cyl9drical cavity is produc$ by ! c5trifugal =ce1 :i* causes ! wat] to endeav\r to remove itself f ! c5tre ( ! :irlpool4 ,:5 a great swell ( wat] happ5s1 ! wat]m5 "k x by a p>ticul> motion2 !y !n say ! wat] at ! bottom fl[s quick] ?an common3 ?is augm5tation ( rapidity at ! bottom1 accord+ to !m1 always ann\nces a sudd5 rise ( ! wat]4 ,! motion & weight ( ! upp] wat] communicates ?is motion to !m2 = 9 c]ta9 respects we mu/ consid] a riv] z a pill> ( wat] conta9$ 9 a tube1 & ! :ole *annel z a v long canal :]e e motion mu/ be communicat$ f "o end to ! o!r4 ,n[1 indep5d5t ( ! motion ( ! upp] wat]s1 _! weight alone might cause ! rapidity ( ! riv] to increase1 & p]haps move x at bottom2 = x is kn[n1 t by putt+ _m boats at "o "t into ! wat]1 at t in/ant we increase ! rapidity ( ! "u "p ( ! riv]1 z well z ret>d t ( ! upp]4 ,! rapidity ( runn+ wat]s does n exactly1 nor ev5 ne>ly1 foll[ ! proportion ( ! declivity ( _! *annels4 ,"o riv] ^: incl9ation is uni=m & d\ble t ( ano!r1 ought1 accord+ to appe>ance1 to fl[ only z rapid aga91 b 9 fact x fl[s mu* fa/]4 ,its rapidity1 in/ead ( be+ d\bl$1 is sometimes triple1 quadruple1 c4 ,?is rapidity dep5ds mu* m on ! quantity ( wat] & ! weight ( ! upp] wat]s ?an on ! declivity4 ,:5 we are desir\s to holl[ ! b$ ( a riv]1 we ne$ n equally di/ribute ! incl9ation ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 9 ord] to give a great] rapidity1 z x is m easily effect$ by mak+ ! desc5t mu* great] at ! beg9n+1 ?an at ! m\?1 :]e x may almo/ be ins5sible1 z we see x 9 natural riv]s1 & yet !y pres]ve a rapidity s mu* ! great] z ! riv] is full] ( wat]2 9 great riv]s1 :]e ! gr\nd is level1 ! wat] does n cease fl[+1 & ev5 rapidly1 n only ) its orig9al velocity1 b also ) ! addition ( t :i* x has acquir$ by ! action & weight ( ! upp] wat]s4 ,to r5d] ?is fact m conceivable1 let u suppose ! ,se9e betwe5 ! ,pont-neuf & ,pont-royal to be p]fectly level1 & t5 feet deep ?r\gh\t3 let u !n suppose t ! b$ ( ! riv] bel[ ,pont-royal & above ,pont-neuf 7 left entirely dry1 ! wat] w\ld in/antly run up & d[n ! *annel1 & cont9ue to d s until x _h recov]$ an equilibrium2 = ! weight ( ! wat] w\ld keep x 9 motion1 nor w\ld x cease fl[+ until its p>ticles became equally press$ & h sunk to a p]fect level4 ,! weight ( wat] !re=e greatly contributes to its velocity1 & ?is is ! reason t ! greate/ rapidity ( ! curr5t is nei!r ( ! surface nor at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 b ne>ly 9 ! middle ( its dep?1 be+ press$ by ! action ( its weight at its surface1 & by ! re-action f ! bottom4 ,/ill m1 if a riv] has acquir$ a great rapidity1 x w n only pres]ve x 9 pass+ a level c\ntry1 b ev5 surm\nt an em95ce )\t spread+ mu* on ei!r side1 or at lea/ )\t caus+ any great inundation4 ,we might be incl9$ to ?9k t bridges1 locks1 & o!r ob/acles rais$ on riv]s1 consid]ably dim9i%es ! cel]ity ( ! wat]'s c\rse2 nev]!less t occasions b little diff]5ce4 ,wat] rises on meet+ ) any ob/acle1 & hav+ surm\nt$ x1 ! elevation causes x to act ) m rapidity 9 its fall1 s t 9 fact x suff]s little or no dim9ution 9 its cel]ity1 by ^! seem+ ret>dm5ts4 ,s9uosities1 projections1 & isl&s1 also b v little dim9i% ! velocity ( ! c\rse ( riv]s4 ,a consid]able dim9ution is produc$ by ! s9k+ ( ! wat]1 &1 on ! contr>y1 its augm5tation increases its velocity2 ?us if a riv] is %all[ ! /ream passes sl[ly along1 & if deep ) a proportionate rapidity4 ,if riv]s 7 always ne>ly ( an equal fulness1 ! be/ means ( dim9i%+ _! rapidity1 & conf9+ !m )9 _! banks1 w\ld be to enl>ge _! *annel2 b z almo/ all riv]s are subject to increase & dim9i%1 to conf9e !m we mu/ retr5* ! *annel1 because 9 %all[ wat]s1 if ! *annel is v broad1 ! wat] :i* passes 9 ! middle holl[s a w9d+ b$1 & :5 x beg9s to swell foll[s ! direction x took 9 ?is p>ticul> b$1 & /rik+ =cibly aga9/ ! banks ( ! *annel de/roys !m & does great injuries4 ,^! effects ( ! wat]'s fury might be prev5t$ by mak+1 at p>ticul> di/ances1 small gulphs 9 ! e>?2 t is1 by cutt+ ?r\gh "o ( ^! banks to a c]ta9 di/ance 9 ! l&4 ,9 ord] t ^! gulphs might be advantage\sly plac$1 !y %\ld be made 9 ! obtuse angle ( ! riv]1 = !n ! curr5t ( ! wat] 9 turn+ w\ld run into !m1 & ( c\rse its velocity w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,?is mode might be prop] to prev5t ! fall ( bridges 9 places :]e x is n possible to make b>s ne> ! bridge :i* su/a9 ! action ( ! weight ( ! wat]4 ,! mann] 9 :i* inundations are occasion$ m]its peculi> att5tion4 ,:5 a riv] swells1 ! rapidity ( ! wat] always increases till x beg9s to ov]fl[ ! banks2 at t in/ant ! velocity dim9i%es1 :i* causes inundations to cont9ue = sev]al days2 = :5 ev5 a less quantity ( wat] comes aft] ! ov]fl[+ ?an be=e1 ! inundation w /ill be made1 because x dep5ds mu* m on ! velocity ( ! wat] ?an on ! quantity2 if x 0 n s riv]s w\ld ov]fl[ = an h\r or two & !n return to _! b$s1 :i* nev] occurs2 ! inundations always rema9+ = sev]al days2 :e!r ! ra9 ceases1 or a less quantity ( wat] is br\ght1 because ! ov]fl[+ has dim9i%$ ! velocity1 & consequ5tly1 al?\gh ! l quantity ( wat] is no long] c>ri$ 9 ! same "t z be=e1 yet ! effects are ! same z if ! great] quantity _h come !re4 ,x might be rem>k$ on ! occasion ( ?is dim9ution1 t if a con/ant w9d bl[s aga9/ ! curr5t ( ! riv]1 ! inundation w be mu* great] ?an x w\ld h be5 )\t ?is accid5tal cause1 :i* dim9i%es ! cel]ity ( ! wat]2 on ! contr>y1 if ! w9d bl[s 9 ! same directions ) ! curr5t1 ! inundation w be mu* less1 & w m spe$ily decl9e4 ,! swell+ ( ! ,nile1 says ,m4 ,grang]1 & its inundations1 has a long "t employ$ ! le>n$2 mo/ ( !m h look$ ^u x z m>vell\s1 al?\gh no?+ c be m natural1 & is e day to be se5 9 e c\ntry ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x is ! ra9s :i* fall 9 ,abyss9ia & ,e?iopia :i* cause ! swell+ & inundation ( t riv]1 ?\gh ! nor? w9d mu/ be reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal cause4 #a4 ,because ! nor? w9d drives ! cl\ds :i* conta9 ?is ra9 into ,abyss9ia4 #b4 ,because1 bl[+ aga9/ ! m\?s ( ! ,nile1 x causes ! wat]s to return aga9/ ! /ream1 & ?us prev5ts !m f runn+ out 9 any great quantity3 ?is circum/ance may be e season obs]v$1 = :5 ! w9d1 be+ at ! nor?1 sudd5ly ve]s to ! s\?1 ! ,nile loses 9 "o day m ?an x ga!rs 9 f\r4 ,inundations are g5]ally greate/ 9 ! upp] "p ( riv]s1 because ! velocity ( a riv] cont9ues always increas+ until x arrives at ! sea1 = ! reasons we h relat$4 ,fa!r ,co/elli1 :o has writt5 v s5sibly on ?is subject1 rem>ks1 t ! height ( ! banks made to conf9e ! ,po f ov]fl[+ dim9i%es z !y advance t[>ds ! sea2 s t at ,f]r>a1 :i* is #ej or #fj miles f ! sea1 !y are ne> #bj feet high above ! common surface ( ! ,po1 b t at #aj or #ab miles f x !y are n above #ab feet1 al?\gh ! *annel ( ! riv] is z n>r[ !re z at ,f]r>a#cjf3;,a4 ,on ! :ole1 ! !ory ( ! motion ( runn+ wat]s is /ill subject to _m difficulties1 nor is x easy to lay d[n rules :i* might be appli$ to e p>ticul> case4 ,exp]i5ce is "h m useful ?an speculation4 ,we mu/ n only "k ! g5]al effects ( riv]s1 b we mu/ also "k 9 p>ticul> ! riv] we h to d )1 if we w\ld reason ju/ly1 make useful obs]vations1 & draw /able conclusions4 ,! rem>ks ,i h above giv5 are mo/ly new2 x is to be wi%$ t o!rs may be collect$1 & !n1 possibly1 9 "t1 we may obta9 a suffici5t k ( ! subject to lay d[n c]ta9 rules to conf9e & direct riv]s1 & prev5t ! ru9 ( bridges1 banks1 & o!r damages :i* ! viol5t impetuosity ( ! wat] occasions4 ,! greate/ riv]s 9 ,europe are ! ,wolga1 :i* is ab\t #fej leagues 9 its c\rse f ,res*[ to ,a/racan1 on ! ,caspian ,sea2 ! ,danube1 ^: c\rse is ab\t #dej leagues f ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l& to ! ,black ,sea2 ! ,don1 :i* is #djj leagues 9 its c\rse f ! s\rce ( ! ,sosnia1 :i* x receives1 to its m\? 9 ! ,black ,sea2 ! ,dniep]1 ^: c\rse is ab\t #cej leagues1 & :i* also runs into ! ,black ,sea2 ! ,du9e is ab\t #djj leagues 9 its c\rse1 & empties itself into ! ,:ite ,sea1 c4 ,! greate/ riv]s 9 ,asia are ! ,hoanho ( ,*9a1 ^: c\rse is #hej leagues1 tak+ its s\rce at ,raja-,ribron1 & falls into ! sea ( ,*9a1 9 ! middle ( ! gulph ,*angi3 ! ,j5isca ( ,t>t>y1 :i* is ab\t #hjj leagues 9 ext5t1 f ! lake ,seligna to ! nor!rn sea ( ,t>t>y2 ! riv] ,oby1 :i* is ab\t #fjj leagues f ,lake ,kila1 to ! ,nor!rn ,sea1 beyond ! ,/rait ( ,waigats4 ,! riv] ,am\r1 ( ea/]n ,t>t>y1 :i* is ab\t #ege leagues 9 its c\rse1 reckon+ x f ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,k]lon1 to ! sea ( ,kams*atka4 ,! riv] ,m5an1 ^: m\? is at ,p\lo ,condor1 may be measur$ f ! surface ( ! ,longmu :i* falls into x2 ! ,kian1 ^: c\rse is ab\t #eej leagues f ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,k9xa1 :i* x receives1 to its m\? 9 ! ,*9a ,sea2 ! ,ganges is also ab\t #eej leagues1 & ! ,euphrates #ejj1 tak+ x f ! s\rce ( ,irma1 :i* x receives4 ,! ,indus ab\t #djj leagues1 & :i* falls into ! ,arabian ,sea1 on ! ea/ ( ,guz>at4 ,! ,sird]i\s1 :i* is ab\t #djj leagues long1 & falls into ,lake ,aral4 ,! greate/ riv]s 9 ,africa are ,s5egal1 :i* is #aabe leagues long1 compreh5d+ ! ,nig]1 :i* 9 fact is a cont9uation ( x1 & ! s\rce ( ,gomb>\1 :i* falls into ! ,nig]4 ,! ,nile #igj leagues long1 & :i* d]ives its s\rce 9 ,upp] ,e?iopia1 :]e x makes _m w9d+s4 ,!re are also ! ,zaira1 ! ,coanza1 & ! ,c\ma1 :i* are kn[n z f> z #djj leagues1 b ext5d mu* f>!r2 ! ,quilmanci1 ^: c\rse is #djj leagues1 & :i* d]ives its s\rce 9 ! k+dom ( ,g+iro4 ,! greate/ riv]s ( ,am]ica1 & :i* are also ! greate/ 9 ! _w1 are ! riv] ,amazons1 ^: c\rse is #abjj leagues1 if we g up z f> z ! ,lake ne> ,guanuco1 #cj leagues f ,lima1 :]e ! ,m>agnon takes its s\rce2 & ev5 reckon+ f ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,napo1 "s di/ance f ,quito1 ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,amazons is m ?an a ?\s& leagues4 ,x might be said t ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 9 ,canada1 is m ?an #ijj leagues f its m\? to ! lake ,ont>o1 f !nce to lake ,huron1 aft]w>ds to ! lake ,alemipigo1 & to ! lake ,ass9iboils2 ! wat]s ( ^! lakes fall+ "o into ano!r1 & at la/ into ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! riv] ,mississippi m ?an #gjj leagues long f its m\? to any ( its s\rces1 :i* are n remote f ! lake ( ! ,ass9iboils4 ,! riv] de la ,plata is m ?an #hjj leagues long1 f ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,p>ana1 :i* x receives4 ,! riv] ,oroonoko runs m ?an #ege leagues1 reckon+ f ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,caketa1 ne> ,pa/o1 "p ( :i* falls into ! ,oroonoko1 & "p fl[s also t[>ds ! riv] ,amazons4 ,! riv] ,mad]a1 :i* falls into ! ,amazons1 is m ?an #ffj leagues4 ,to "k ne>ly ! quantity ( wat] ! sea receives by all ! riv]s :i* fall into x1 let u suppose t "o half ( ! globe is cov]$ by ! sea1 & t ! o!r half is l&1 :i* is ne>ly ! fact2 let u suppose also1 t ! m$iate dep? ( ! sea is #bcj fa?om4 ,! surface ( all ! e>? be+ #agj1iha1jab squ>e miles2 & t ( ! sea #he1dij1ejf squ>e miles1 :i* be+ multipli$ by #a_/d1 ! dep? ( ! sea gives #ba1cgb1fbf1 cubical miles = ! quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! ocean4 ,n[1 to calculate ! quantity ( wat] :i* ! ocean receives f ! riv]s1 let u take "s great riv]1 ^: rapidity & quantity ( wat]s are kn[n2 = example1 ! ,po1 :i* runs ?r\gh ,lomb>dy1 & wat]s a tract ( l& #chj miles long2 accord+ to ,riccioli1 its bread?1 be=e x divides into _m tr5*es1 is #ajj p]*es ( ,b\logne1 or #ajjj feet1 its dep? #aj feet1 & x runs f\r miles an h\r2 !re=e ! ,po supplies ! sea ) #bjj1jjj cubical p]*es ( wat] 9 an h\r1 or #d millions #hjj ?\s& 9 a day2 b a cubical mile conta9s #abe millions cubical p]*es2 !re=e #bf days is requir$ to convey a cubical mile ( wat] to ! sea3 x rema9s !re=e only to det]m9e ! proportion betwe5 ! riv] ,po & all ! riv]s ( ! e>? tak5 toge!r1 :i* is impossible to d precisely4 ,b to "k x pretty exactly1 let u suppose t ! quantity ( wat] :i* ! sea receives by ! l>ge riv]s 9 all c\ntries is proportional to ! ext5t & surface ( ^! c\ntries1 & t consequ5tly ! c\ntry wat]$ by ! ,po1 & o!r riv]s :i* fall !re91 is 9 ! same proportion on ! surface ( ! :ole e>?1 z ! ,po is to all ! riv]s ( ! e>?4 ,n[ by ! mo/ correct *>ts1 ! ,po1 f its s\rce to its m\?1 trav]ses a tract #chj miles long1 & ! riv]s :i* fall !re91 on ea* side1 proce$ f ! spr+s & riv]s #fj miles di/ant f ! ,po2 !re=e ?is great riv]1 & ! o!rs x receives1 wat]s a tract #chj miles long1 & #abj miles broad1 :i* makes #dej1fjj squ>e miles1 b ! surface ( all ! dry l& is #he1dij1ejf squ>e miles2 consequ5tly all ! wat] :i* ! riv]s c>ry to ! sea1 w be #aigd times great] ?an ! quantity :i* ! ,po furni%es2 b z #bf riv]s equal to ! ,po furni% a cubical mile ( wat] to ! sea 9 a day1 ( c\rse #ahgd riv]s l ! ,po w\ld supply ! sea ) #bf1cjh cubical miles ( wat] 9 a ye>1 & t 9 ! space ( #hab ye>s all ! riv]s w\ld supply ! sea ) #ba1cgb1fbf cubical miles ( wat]2 t is to say1 z mu* z !re is 9 ! ocean1 & !re=e #hab ye>s is only requir$ to fill x4#cab3;,a ,! result ( ?is calculation is1 t ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ f ! sea1 & :i* ! w9ds convey on ! e>?1 is ab\t #bde l9es1 or f #bj to #ba in*es a ye>1 or ab\t two ?irds ( a l9e ea* day3 ?is is a v trifl+ evaporation ev5 :5 trebl$1 9 ord] to e/imate ! wat] :i* refalls 9 ! sea1 & :i* is n convey$ ov] ! e>?4 ,mr4 ,halley1 9 ! ,phil4 ,transactions1 page #aib1 evid5tly %ews1 t ! vap\rs :i* rise above ! sea1 & :i* ! w9ds convey ov] all ! e>?1 are suffici5t to supply all ! riv]s 9 ! _w4 ,next to ! ,nile ! riv] ,jordan is ! mo/ consid]able 9 ! ,levant1 or ev5 9 ,b>b>y2 x supplies ! ,dead ,sea ) ab\t six million tons ( wat] e day2 all ?is wat]1 & m1 is rais$ by evaporation2 =1 accord+ to ,halley's calculation ( #fiad tons evaporat$ f ea* mile1 ! ,dead ,sea1 :i* is #gb miles 9 l5g? by #ah broad1 mu/ e day lose ne> n9e million tons ( wat]1 t is1 n only all ! wat] x receives f ! riv] ,jordan1 b also t ( ! small riv]s :i* come into x f ! m\nta9s ( ,moab & else:]e2 consequ5tly !re is no necessity = its communicat+ ) any o!r sea by subt]rane\s canals4#cac3;,a ,! mo/ rapid riv]s are ! ,tigris1 ! ,indus1 ! ,danube1 ! ,yrtis1 9 ,sib]ia1 ! ,malmi/ra1 9 ,silesia1 c4 b1 z we h already obs]v$1 ! proportion ( ! rapidity ( riv]s dep5ds ^u ! declivity & ^u ! weight & quantity ( wat]2 by exam9+ ! globe1 we %all f9d t ! ,danube is mu* less incl9$ ?an ! ,po1 ! ,rh9e1 or ! ,rhone1 = ! ,danube has a mu* long] c\rse ?an any ( ^! o!r riv]s1 & falls into ! ,black ,sea1 :i* is high] ?an ! ,m$it]ranean1 & p]haps m s ?an ! ocean4 ,all l>ge riv]s receive _m o!rs 9 ! ext5t ( _! c\rse2 = example1 ! ,danube receives m ?an #bjj rivulets & riv]s2 b by reckon+ only su* z are consid]able riv]s1 we %all f9d t ! ,danube receives #ca1 ! ,wolga #cb1 ! ,don #e or #f1 ! ,niep] #ai or #bj1 ! ,du9e #aa or #ab2 s likewise 9 ,asia ! ,hoanho receives #cd or #ce1 ! ,j5isca #fj1 ! ,oby z _m1 ! ,am\r ab\t #dj1 ! ,kian1 or riv] ,nank9 ab\t #cj1 ! ,ganges upw>ds ( #bj1 ! ,euphrates #aj or #aa1 c4 ,9 ,africa1 ! riv] ,s5egal receives upw>ds ( #bj riv]s3 ! ,nile does n receive any riv]s = upw>ds ( #ejj miles f its m\?2 ! la/ :i* falls !re9 is ! ,moraba1 & f ?is place to its s\rce x receives ab\t #ab or #ac riv]s4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! riv] ,amazons receives m ?an #fj1 all ( :i* are v consid]able2 ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce ab\t #dj1 by reckon+ ^? :i* fall into ! lakes2 ! ,mississippi m ?an #dj1 ! ,plata m ?an #ej1 c4 ,!re are high c\ntries on ! e>?1 :i* seem to be po9ts ( division m>k$ by nature = ! di/ribution ( ! wat]s4 ,9 ,europe1 ! environs ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,godd>d are "o ( ^! po9ts2 ano!r is situate betwe5 ! prov9ces ( ,beloz]a & ,wologda1 9 ,muscovy1 f :5ce _m riv]s desc5d1 "s ( :i* g to ! ,:ite ,sea1 o!rs to ! ,black1 & "s to ! ,caspian4 ,9 ,asia !re are sev]al1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,mogul ,t>t>y1 f :5ce riv]s fl[ into ,nova ,zembla1 o!rs to ! ,gulph ,l9*idol91 o!rs to ! sea ( ,corea1 o!rs to t ( ,*9a3 & s likewise ! ,little ,?ibet1 ^: wat]s fl[ t[>ds ! sea ( ,*9a2 ! ,gulph ( ,b5gal1 ! ,gulph ( ,cambay1 & ! ,lake ,aral2 9 ,am]ica1 ! prov9ce ( ,quito2 ^: riv]s run into ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,seas1 & ! ,gulph ( ,mexico4 ,9 ! old cont95t !re are ab\t #dcj riv]s1 :i* fall directly into ! ocean1 or into ! ,m$it]ranean & ,black ,seas2 b 9 ! new cont95t n m ?an #ade riv]s are kn[n1 :i* fall directly into ! sea3 9 ?is numb] ,i h compreh5d$ only ! great riv]s1 l ! ,somme 9 ,pic>dy4 ,all ^! riv]s c>ry to ! sea a great quantity ( m9]al & sal9e p>ticles1 :i* !y h wa%$ f ! diff]5t soils ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$4 ,! p>ticles ( salt1 :i* are easily dissolv$1 are convey$ to ! sea by ! wat]4 ,"s philosoph]s1 & among ! re/ ,halley1 h pret5d$ t ! saltness ( ! sea proce$$ only f ! salts ( ! e>?1 :i* ! riv]s transport !re94 ,o!rs ass]t1 t ! saltness ( ! sea is z anci5t z ! sea itself1 & t ?is salt 0 creat$ t ! wat]s might n corrupt2 b we may ju/ly suppose t ! sea is pres]v$ f corruption by ! agitations produc$ by ! w9ds & tides1 z mu* z by ! salt x conta9s2 = :5 put 9 a b>rel x corrupts 9 a few days2 & ,boyle relates1 t a m>9]1 :o 0 becalm$ = #ac days1 f\nd1 at ! end ( t "t1 ! wat] s infect$1 t if ! calm _h n ceas$1 ! greate/ "p ( 8 p w\ld h p]i%$4 ,! wat] ( ! sea is also mix$ ) a bitum9\s oil1 :i* gives x a disagreeable ta/e1 & r5d]s x v unheal?ful4 ,! quantity ( salt conta9$ 9 sea wat] is ab\t a =tie? "p1 & is ne>ly equally sal9e ?r\gh\t1 at top z well z bottom1 "u ! l9e1 & at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 al?\gh !re are sev]al places1 z (f ! ,mosambique ,coa/1 :]e x is salt] ?an else:]e4#cag3;,a ,x is also ass]t$ n to be s sal9e "u ! ,arctic ,circle1 :i* may proce$ f ! amaz+ quantities ( sn[1 & ! great riv]s :i* fall into ^? seas1 & because ! heat ( ! sun produces b little evaporation 9 hot climates4 ,be ?is z x may1 ,i conceive t ! saltness ( ! sea is n only caus$ by ! banks ( salt at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & along ! coa/s1 b also by ! salts ( ! e>?1 :i* ! riv]s cont9ually convey !re92 & t ,halley _h "s reason to presume t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w ! sea _h b little or no saltness2 t x is become s by degrees1 & 9 proportion z ! riv]s h br\ght salts !re92 t ?is saltness is e day increas+1 & t consequ5tly1 by comput+ ! :ole quantity ( salt br\ght by all ! riv]s1 we might atta9 ! k ( ! age ( ! _w by ! degrees ( ! saltness ( ! sea4 ,div]s & pe>l fi%]s ass]t1 accord+ to ,boyle1 t ! deep] !y desc5d into ! sea1 ! cold] is ! wat]2 & t ! cold is s int5se at consid]able dep?s1 t !y _c rema9 !re s long "u wat]1 b are oblig$ to come up aga9 mu* soon] ?an :5 !y desc5d$ to only a mod]ate "o4 ,x appe>$ to me t ! weight ( ! wat] might be z mu* ! cause ( compell+ !m to %ort5 _! usual "t z ! int5s5ess ( ! cold1 :5 !y desc5d to a dep? ( #c or #djj fa?oms2 b1 9 fact1 div]s sc>cely ev] desc5d above an hundr$ feet4 ,! same au?or relates1 t 9 a voyage to ! ,ea/-,indies1 beyond ! l9e1 at ab\t #ce degrees s\? latitude1 a s\nd+ lead ( #cj or #celb weight 0 sunk to ! dep? ( #djj fa?oms1 & t be+ pull$ up aga91 x _h become z cold z ice4 ,x is also a frequ5t practice ) m>9]s to cool _! w9e at sea by s9k+ _! bottles to ! dep? ( sev]al fa?oms1 & !y affirm ! deep] ! bottles are sunk1 ! cool] is ! w9e4 ,^! circum/ances might induce u to presume t ! sea is salt] at ! bottom ?an at ! surface2 b we h te/imonies :i* prove ! contr>y1 f\nd$ on exp]im5ts made to fill vessels ) sea wat]1 :i* 7 n op5$ till !y 7 sunk to a c]ta9 dep?1 & ! wat] 0 f\nd to be no salt] ?an at ! surface4 ,!re are ev5 "s places :]e ! wat] at ! surface is salt1 & t at ! bottom fre%2 & ?is mu/ always be ! case :]e !re are spr+s at ! bottom ( ! sea1 z ne> ,goo1 ,ormus1 & ev5 9 ! sea ( ,naples1 :]e !re are hot spr+s at ! bottom4 ,!re are o!r places :]e sulphur\s spr+s & b$s ( bitum5 h be5 discov]$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & on l& !re are _m ( ^! spr+s ( bitum5 :i* run into x4 ,at ,b>badoes !re is a pure bitum5 spr+1 :i* fl[s f ! rocks into ! sea3 salt & bitum51 !re=e1 are pr$om9ant matt]s 9 ! sea wat]3 b x is also mix$ ) _m o!r matt]s2 = ! ta/e ( wat] is n ! same 9 e "p ( ! sea2 besides1 ! agitation & ! heat ( ! sun alt]s ! natural ta/e :i* ! sea %\ld h2 & ! diff]5t col\r ( diff]5t seas1 at diff]5t times1 prove t ! wat]s ( ! sea conta9 sev]al k9ds ( matt]s1 ei!r :i* x loos5s f its own bottom1 or are br\ght ?i!r by riv]s4 ,almo/ all c\ntries wat]$ by great riv]s are subject to p]iodical inundations1 ^? :i* are l[1 & d]ive _! s\rces f a great di/ance1 ov]fl[ ! mo/ regul>ly4 ,e p]son almo/ has he>d ( ! inundations ( ! ,nile1 :i* pres]ves ! sweetness & :it5ess ( its wat]s1 ?\gh ext5d$ ov] a va/ tract ( c\ntry1 & into ! sea4 ,/rabo & o!r anci5t au?ors h writt5 t x _h sev5 m\?s1 b !re n[ rema9 only two :i* are navigable2 !re is a ?ird canal :i* desc5ds to ,alex&ria1 & fills ! ci/]ns !re1 & a f\r? :i* is /ill small]2 b z !y h = a long "t neglect$ to clean _! canals1 !y are ne>ly *oak$ up4 ,! anci5ts employ$ a great numb] ( workm5 & soldi]s1 & e ye>1 aft] ! inundation1 !y c>ri$ away ! mud & s& :i* 0 9 ^! canals4 ,! cause ( ! ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile proce$s f ! ra9s :i* fall 9 ,e?iopia4 ,!y beg9 9 ,april & d n cease till ,septemb]2 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree mon?s1 ! days are s]5e & fair1 b z soon z ! sun goes d[n ! ra9s beg91 nor /op till x rises aga91 & are g5]ally accompani$ ) ?und] & lightn+4 ,! inundation beg9s 9 ,egypt ab\t ! #ag? ( ,june2 x g5]ally increases dur+ #dj days1 & dim9i%es 9 ab\t ! same "t2 all ! flat c\ntry ( ,egypt is ov]fl[$2 b ?is inundation is mu* less n[ ?an x 0 =m]ly1 = ,h]odotus tells u1 t ! ,nile 0 #ajj days 9 swell+1 & z _m 9 abat+3 if ?is is true1 we c only attribute ! cause !re( to ! elevation ( ! l&1 :i* ! mud ( ! wat]s has height5$ by degrees1 & to ! dim9ution ( ! m\nta9s 9 ,africa1 f :5ce x d]ives its s\rce4 ,x is v natural to believe t ^! m\nta9s h dim9i%$1 because ! abundant ra9s :i* fall 9 ^! climates dur+ half ! ye> sweep away great quantities ( s& & e>? f ! m\nta9s into ! valleys1 f :5ce ! torr5ts wa% !m into ! ,nile1 :i* c>ries great "p into ,egypt1 :]e x deposits !m 9 its ov]fl[+s4 ,! ,nile is n ! only riv] ^: inundations are regul>2 ! riv] ,pegu is call$ ! ,indian ,nile1 because x ov]fl[s regul>ly e ye>2 x inundates ! c\ntry = m ?an #cj leagues f its banks2 &1 l ! ,nile1 leaves an abundance ( mud1 :i* s greatly f]tilizes ! e>?1 t ! pa/urage is excell5t = cattle1 & rice gr[s 9 su* great abundance1 t e ye> a numb] ( vessels are lad5 ) x1 )\t leav+ a sc>city 9 ! c\ntry4#cba3;,a ,! ,nig]1 or :at am\nts to ! same1 ! upp] "p ( ! ,s5egal1 likewise ov]fl[s & cov]s all ! flat c\ntry ( ,nigritia2 x beg9s ne>ly at ! same "t z ! ,nile1 & increases also = #dj days3 ! riv] de la ,plata1 9 ,brasil1 also ov]fl[s e ye>1 & at ! same "t z ! ,nile4 ,! ,ganges1 ! ,indus1 ! ,euphrates1 & "s o!rs1 ov]fl[ annually2 b all riv]s h n p]iodical ov]fl[+s1 & :5 inundations happ5 x is ! effect ( _m causes1 :i* comb9e to supply a great] quantity ( wat] ?an common1 &1 at ! same "t1 to ret>d its velocity4 ,we h be=e obs]v$1 t 9 almo/ all riv]s ! incl9ation ( _! b$s dim9i%es t[>ds _! m\?s 9 an almo/ ins5sible mann]2 b !re are "s ^: declivity is v sudd5 9 "s places1 & =ms :at is t]m$ a cat>act1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a fall ( wat]1 quick] ?an ! common curr5t ( ! riv]4 ,! ,rh9e1 = example1 has two cat>acts1 ! "o at ,bilefield1 & ! o!r ne> ,s*afh\se3 ! ,nile has _m1 & among ! re/ two :i* are v viol5t1 & fall f a great height betwe5 two m\nta9s2 ! riv] ,wologda1 9 ,muscovy1 has also two ne> ,ladoga2 ! ,zaire1 a riv] ( ,congo1 beg9s by a v l>ge cat>act1 :i* falls f ! top ( a m\nta92 b ! mo/ fam\s is t ( ,niag>a1 9 ,canada1 t falls f a p]p5dicul> height ( #aef feet1 l a prodigi\s torr5t1 & is m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile broad3 ! fog1 or mi/1 :i* ! wat] makes 9 fall+1 is p]ceiv$ at five miles di/ance1 & rises z high z ! cl\ds1 =m+ a v beautiful ra9b[ :5 ! sun %9es !reon4 ,bel[ ?is cat>act !re are su* t]rible :irlpools1 t no?+ c be navigat$ !reon = six miles di/ance1 & above ! cat>act ! riv] is mu* n>r[] ?an x is 9 ! upp] l&s#cbc3;,a4 ,! description giv5 ( x by ,fa!r ,*>levoix is z foll[s3 ,my fir/ c>e1 :5 ,i arriv$1 0 to visit ! mo/ beautiful cascade t is1 p]haps1 9 nature2 b ,i imm$iately discov]$ t ,b>on la ,honta9 0 deceiv$ s greatly1 bo? 9 its height & figure1 t "o might reasonably imag9e he _h nev] se5 x4 ,x is true1 t if we measure its height by ! ?ree m\nta9s y are oblig$ to asc5d 9 go+ to x1 !re is n mu* abatem5t to be made ( ! #fjj feet1 :i* ! map ( ,m4 ,delisse gives x1 :o d\btless advanc$ ?is p>adox only on ! cr$it ( ! ,b>on la ,honta91 & ,fa!r ,honnep92 b aft] ,i arriv$ at ! top ( ! ?ird m\nta91 ,i obs]v$ t 9 ! space ( ?ree leagues1 :i* ,i aft]w>ds _h to g to ?is fall ( wat]1 al?\gh y are =c$ sometimes to asc5d1 y mu/ nev]!less desc5d /ill m1 & ?is is :at travell]s d n appe> to h paid prop] att5tion to4 ,z we c only approa* ! cascade on "o side1 nor see x b 9 ! pr(ile1 x is n easy to measure its height by in/rum5ts3 exp]im5ts h be5 made to d x by a long cord1 ti$ to a pole1 & aft] hav+ (t5 attempt$ ?is mann]1 x 0 f\nd to be only #aae or #abj feet high2 b x is impossible to asc]ta9 :e!r ! pole 0 n /opp$ by "s projection ( ! rock2 = al?\gh :5 drawn up aga9 ! end ( ! cord 0 always wet1 yet t is no pro(1 s9ce ! wat] :i* precipitates f ! m\nta91 flies up aga9 9 foam to a v great height3 = my own "p1 aft] hav+ consid]$ x on e side t ,i c\ld exam9e x to advantage1 ,i ?9k t we _c all[ x to be less ?an #adj or #aej feet4 ,its figure is t ( a horse-%oe1 & its circumf]5ce is ab\t #djj paces2 b exactly 9 its middle1 x is divid$ by a v n>r[ isl&1 ab\t half a qu>t] ( a league long4 ,x is true ^! two p>ts jo9 aga92 t :i* 0 on my side1 & ( :i* ,i c\ld only h a side view1 has sev]al project+ po9ts1 b t :i* ,i beheld 9 front1 appe>$ to be p]fectly ev54 ,! ,b>on has also m5tion$ a torr5t1 :i*1 if n ! (fspr+ ( 8 own inv5tion1 mu/ fall into "s *annel ^u ! melt+ ( ! sn[4 ,!re is ano!r cat>act ?ree miles f ,albany1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,new-,york1 ^: height is #ej feet p]p5dicul>1 & f :i* !re arises a mi/ t occasions a fa9t ra9b[4#cbe3;,a ,9 all c\ntries :]e mank9d are n suffici5tly num]\s to =m poli%$ societies1 ! gr\nd is m irregul>1 & ! b$s ( riv]s m ext5d$1 less equal1 & (t5 ab\nd ) cat>acts4 ,_m ages 7 requir$ to r5d] ! ,rhone & ! ,loire navigable4 ,x is by conf9+ wat]s1 by direct+ _! c\rse1 & by cleans+ ! bottom ( riv]s1 t !y obta9 a fix$ & regul> c\rse2 9 all c\ntries ?9ly inhabit$ ,nature is rude1 & (t5 de=m$4 ,!re are riv]s :i* lose !mselves 9 ! s&s1 & o!rs :i* seem to precipitate into ! b[els ( ! e>?3 ! ,guadalquiv] 9 ,spa91 ! riv] ,gott5burg 9 ,sw$51 & ! ,rh9e itself1 lose !mselves 9 ! e>?4 ,x is ass]t$1 t 9 ! we/ "p ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o !re is a m\nta9 ( a consid]able height1 at ! foot ( :i* are _m cav]ns1 into :i* ! riv]s & rivulets fall ) s mu* noise1 z to be he>d at ! di/ance ( sev5 or eight leagues4#cbf3;,a ,! numb] ( riv]s :i* lose !mselves 9 ! e>? is v few1 & !re is no appe>ance t !y desc5d v l[2 x is m probable t !y lose !mselves1 l ! ,rh9e1 by divid+ among ! quantity ( s&2 ?is is v common to small riv]s t run ?r\gh dry & s&y soils1 ( :i* we h sev]al examples 9 ,africa1 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 c4 ,! riv]s ( ! nor? transport into ! sea prodigi\s quantities ( ice1 :i* accumulat+1 =m ^? enorm\s masses s de/ructive to m>9]s4 ,^! masses are ! mo/ abundant 9 ! ,/rait ( ,waigat1 :i* is entirely froz5 ov] ! greate/ "p ( ! ye>1 & are =m$ by ! great flakes :i* ! riv] ,oby almo/ cont9ually br+s !re2 !y atta* !mselves along ! coa/s1 & heap up to a consid]able height on bo? sides1 b ! middle ( ! /rait is ! la/ "p :i* freezes1 & :]e ! ice is ! l[e/4 ,:5 ! w9d ceases to bl[ f ! ,nor?1 & comes 9 ! direction ( ! ,/rait1 ! ice beg9s to ?aw & break 9 ! middle2 aft]w>ds x loos5s f ! sides 9 great masses1 :i* are c>ri$ into ! high sea4 ,! w9d1 :i* all w9t] bl[s f ! nor? ov] ! froz5 c\ntries ( ,nova ,zembla1 r5d]s ! c\ntry wat]$ by ! ,oby1 & all ,sib]ia1 s cold1 t ev5 at ,tobolski1 :i* is 9 ! #eg? degree1 !re are no fruit trees1 :ile at ,sw$51 ,/ockholm1 & ev5 9 high] latitudes1 !re are bo? fruit trees & pulse4 ,?is diff]5ce does n proce$1 z x has be5 ?\ght1 f ! sea ( ,lapl& be+ w>m] ?an ! ,/raits2 nor f ! l& ( ,nova ,zembla be+ cold] ?an ,lapl&2 b solely f ! ,baltic1 & ! ,gulph ( ,bo?nia1 temp]+ ! rig\r ( ! nor? w9ds1 :]eas 9 ,sib]ia !re is no?+ t c temp]ate ! cold4 ,x is a fact f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 t x is nev] s cold on ! sea coa/s z 9 ! inl& p>ts ( a c\ntry4 ,!re are plants :i* /& ! w9t] 9 ,london expos$ to ! op5 air1 t _c be pres]v$ at ,p>is2 & ,sib]ia1 :i* is a va/ cont95t1 is = ?is reason cold] ?an ,sw$51 :i* is surr\nd$ on all sides by ! sea4 ,! colde/ c\ntry 9 ! _w is ,spitzb]g53 x lies 9 ! #gh? degree ( nor? latitude1 & is entirely =m$ ( small peak$ m\nta9s2 ^! m\nta9s are compos$ ( gravel1 & flat /ones some:at l slate1 heap$ "o on ! o!r2 :i*1 x is affirm$ by navigators1 are rais$ by ! w9d1 & increase s quick1 t new ones are discov]$ e ye>4 ,! re9-de] is ! only animal se5 "h1 :i* fe$s on a %ort grass & moss4 ,on ! top ( ^! little m\nta9s1 & at m ?an a mile f ! sea1 ! ma/ ( a %ip 0 f\nd ) a pully fa/5$ to "o ( its ends1 :i* gives room to suppose t ! sea once cov]$ ! tops ( ^! m\nta9s1 & t ?is c\ntry is b ( mod]n date2 x is un9habit$1 & un9habitable2 ! soil ( ^! small m\nta9s has no consi/5ce1 b is loose1 & s cold & p5etrat+ a vap\r /rikes f x1 t x is impossible to rema9 any l5g? ( "t !reon4 ,! vessels :i* g to ,spitzb]g5 = ! :ale fi%]y1 arrive !re e>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 & take _! dep>ture f x ab\t ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 ! ice prev5t+ !m f ent]+ ! sea e>li]1 or quit+ x aft]4 ,prodigi\s pieces ( ice1 #fj1 #gj1 & #hj fa?oms ?ick are se5 !re1 & !re are "s p>ts ( x :]e ! sea appe>s froz5 to ! v bottom#cbi3;,a3 ?is ice1 :i* is s high above ! level ( ! sea1 is z cle> & transp>5t z glass4 ,!re is also mu* ice 9 ! seas ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 z 9 ,asc5sion ,bay1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,hudson1 ,cumb]l&1 ,davis1 ,=bi%]s1 c4 ,rob]t ,lade ass]ts t ! m\nta9s ( ,friezel& are entirely cov]$ ) sn[1 & its coa/s ) ice1 l a bulw>k1 :i* prev5ts any approa*+ !m4 ,x is1 says he1 v rem>kable1 t 9 ?is sea we meet ) isl&s ( ice m ?an half a mile r\nd1 extremely high1 & #gj or #hj fa?oms deep2 ?is ice1 :i* is sweet1 is p]haps =m$ 9 ! riv]s or /raits ( ! neighb\r+ l&s1 c4 ,^! isl&s or m\nta9s ( ice are s moveable1 t 9 /ormy wea!r !y foll[ ! track ( a %ip1 z if !y 7 drawn along 9 ! same furr[ by a rope4 ,!re are "s ( !m t[] s high above ! wat]1 z to surpass ! tops ( ! ma/s ( ! l>ge/ vessels4#ccj3;,a ,9 ! collection ( voyages made = ! s]vice ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company1 we meet ) ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ice at ,nova ,zembla3--,at ,cape ,troo/ ! wea!r 0 s foggy z to oblige u to moor ! vessel to a m\nta9 ( ice1 :i* 0 #cf fa?oms deep 9 ! wat]1 & ab\t #af fa?oms out ( x4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ ! ice divid+1 x began to float1 & !n we obs]v$ t ! l>ge piece ( ice1 to :i* ! %ip _h be5 moor$1 t\*$ ! bottom1 z all ! o!rs pass+ by /ruck aga9/ )\t mov+ x4 ,we !n began to fe> be+ inclos$ betwe5 ! ice1 t we %\ld ei!r be froz5 9 or cru%$ to pieces1 & !re=e endeav\r$ to avoid ! dang] by attempt+ to get into ano!r latitude1 9 do+ ( :i* ! vessel 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! float+ ice1 :i* made a trem5d\s noise1 & seem+ly to a great di/ance2 at l5g? we moor$ to ano!r m\nta91 = ! purpose ( rema9+ !re t night4 ,dur+ ! fir/ wat* ! ice began to split ) an inexpressible noise1 & ! %ip keep+ to ! curr5t1 9 :i* ! ice 0 n[ float+1 we 7 oblig$ to cut ! cable to avoid x2 we reckon$ m ?an #djj l>ge m\nta9s ( ice1 :i* 7 #aj fa?oms "u & appe>$ m ?an #b fa?oms above wat]4 ,we aft]w>ds moor$ ! vessel to ano!r m\nta9 ( ice1 :i* rea*$ above #f fa?oms "u wat]4 ,z soon z we 7 fix$ we p]ceiv$ ano!r piece beyond u1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 a po9t1 & w5t to ! bottom ( ! sea2 we advanc$ t[>ds x1 & f\nd x #bj fa?oms "u wat]1 & #ab above ! surface4 ,! #aa? we rea*$ ano!r l>ge %elve ( ice1 #ah fa?oms "u wat]1 & #aj above x4 ,! #ba/ ! ,dut* got pretty f> 9 among ! ice1 & rema9$ !re ! :ole night2 ! next morn+ !y moor$ _! vessel to a l>ge bank ( ice1 :i* !y asc5d$1 & consid]$ z a v s+ul> ph5om5on1 t its top 0 cov]$ ) e>?1 & !y f\nd ne> #dj eggs !reon4 ,! col\r 0 n ! common col\r ( ice1 b a f9e sky blue4 ,^? :o 7 on x _h v>i\s conjectures f ?is circum/ance1 "s cont5d+ x 0 an effect ( ! ice1 :ile o!rs ma9ta9$ x to be a mass ( froz5 e>?4 ,x 0 ab\t eighte5 fa?oms "u wat]1 & t5 above4#ccb3;,a ,waf] relates1 t ne> ,t]ra del ,fuega he met ) _m high float+ pieces ( ice1 :i* he at fir/ mi/ook = isl&s4 ,"s appe>$ a mile or two 9 l5g?1 & ! l>ge/ n less ?an #d or #ejj feet above ! wat]4 ,all ?is ice1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! six? article1 0 br\ght ?i!r by ! riv]s2 ! ice 9 ! sea ( ,nova ,zembla1 & ! ,/raits ( ,waigat come f ! ,oby1 & p]haps f ,j5isca1 & o!r great riv]s ( ,sib]ia & ,t>t>y2 t 9 ,hudson's ,/raits1 f ,asc5sion ,bay1 into :i* _m ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican riv]s fall2 t ( ,t]ra del ,fuega1 f ! s\!rn cont95t4 ,if !re are less on ! ,nor? coa/s ( ,lapl&1 ?an on ^? ( ,sib]ia1 & ! ,/raits ( ,waigat1 x is because all ! riv]s ( ,lapl& fall into ! ,gulph ( ,bo?nia1 & none g into ! nor!rn sea4 ,! ice may also be =m$ 9 ! /raits1 :]e ! tides swell mu* high] ?an 9 ! op5 sea1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! ice t is at ! surface may heap up & =m ^? m\nta9s1 :i* are sev]al fa?oms high2 b ) respect to ^? :i* are #d or #ejj feet high1 !y appe> to be =m$ on high coa/s2 & ,i imag9e t :5 ! sn[ :i* cov]s ! tops ( ^! coa/s melts1 ! wat] fl[s on ! flakes ( ice1 & be+ froz5 !reon1 ?us increases ! size ( ! fir/ until x comes to t amaz+ height4 ,t aft]w>ds1 9 a w>m summ]1 ^! hills ( ice loos5 f ! coa/s by ! action ( ! w9d & motion ( ! sea1 or p]haps ev5 by _! own weight1 & are driv5 z ! w9d directs1 s t !y at l5g? may arrive into temp]ate climates be=e !y are entirely melt$4 ,,footnotes3 #cjf3;,a ,see ,racolta d'autori *e trattano del motto dell' acque1 vol4 #a1 page #abc4 #cab3;,a ,see ,keil's ,exam9ation ( ,burnet's ,!ory1 page #abf4 #cac3;,a ,see ,%aw's ,travels1 vol4 ii1 page #ga4 #cag3;,a ,see ,boyle1 vol4 iii4 page #bag4 #cba3;,a ,see ,ov+ton's ,travels1 vol4 ii4 page #bij4 #cbc3;,a ,see ,phil4 ,trans4 ,abr4 vol4 vi4 "p ii4 page #aai4 #cbe3;,a ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 vi4 "p ii4 page #ai4 #cbf3;,a ,see ,v>5ii ,geograph4 g54 page #dh4 #cbi3;,a ,9 contradiction to ?is idea x is n[ a g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 t ! m\nta9s ( ice 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,seas are exactly ! same dep? "u z !y are height above ! surface ( ! wat]4 #ccj3;,a ,see ! ,voyages ( ,lade1 vol4 ii1 page #cje1 4 #ccb3;,a ,voyage ( ! ,dut* to ! ,nor?1 vol4 #a1 #c4 ,page #di4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! orig9al text3 ,page vi3 ,x w\ld h be5 s+ul>orig9al has s+u> ,page #i3 moon1 :i* are ! causes (( miss+ 9 orig9al x ,page #bc3 ^! p>ticlesorig9al has p>ticels ( e>? & /one ,page #ca3 ,9 a ^w1 ! mat]ialsorig9al has matet]ials ( ! globe ,page #cg3 has occurr$1 & 9 my op9ionorig9al has opp9ion v naturally ,page #ea3 ,^!orig9al has ^! c\ld n h be5 occasion$ ,page #gd3 9 ! regions ( ! sky orig9al has fky ,page #id3 t fire _corig9al has connot subsi/ ,page #id3 planets atorig9al has z ! "t ( _! quitt+ ! sun ,page #ig3 !re w be deta*$orig9al has detat*$ f its equator ,page #ajd3 :i* are z #bbi to #bcj4p]iod miss+ 9 orig9al ,page #aee3 ,,article ,,vi4orig9al has ,,vii4 ,page #ahb3 conjecture is s mu* ! bett]orig9al has bettt] f\nd$ ,page #ahi3 :]e ! pits are v deeporig9al has deeep ,page #aib3 #bc4 ,s& /reak$ r$orig9al has read & :ite ,page #aid3 ,9 pla9s surr\nd$orig9al has sur\nd$ ) hills ,page #aih3 9 ,france1 ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 ,spa91comma miss+ 9 orig9al ,italy ,page #aii3 #aj ( s&1 !n #b feet (( miss+ 9 orig9al clay ,page #bjc3 ei!r birds or t]re/rial animals4quotation m>k miss+ 9 orig9al ,page #baj3 ! ,alps1 & ! ,ap5n9eorig9al has ,app59e m\nta9s ,page #bbe3 "t mu* long] ?an a ye>4quotation m>k miss+ 9 orig9al ,page #bbh3 =mation is novel1 9orig9al has n comp>ison ,page #bef3 resemblance is p]fectly exact4quotation m>k miss+ 9 orig9al #gh3;,a ,vide ,newton1 #b;d edit4 page #ebe4p]iod miss+ 9 orig9al #agg3;,a ,footnote lett] miss+ 9 orig9al4 #agh3;,a ,see ! ,hi/4 ( ,new ,france1 by ! ,p]e ,*>levoix4 lett] & p]iod miss+ 9 orig9al4 #bcd3;,a ,see ,%aw's ,voyages1 ,vol4 iiorig9al has #aa1 pages #dj & #da4 #bdj3;,b ,voyage ( ,paul ,lucus1 ,vol4 ,,iiorig9al has #aa1 page #chj4 #cbi3;,a above ! surface ( ! wat]4orig9al has a comma #ccj3;,a ,see ! ,voyages ( ,lade1 vol4 ii4orig9al has #aa page #cje1 4 #ccb3;,a ,voyage ( ! ,dut* to ! ,nor?1 vol4 #a1 #c4orig9al has a comma ,page #di4