,p]petual ,motion ,compris+ a ,hi/ory ( ! ,ef=ts to ,atta9 ,self-,motive ,me*anism ) a ,classifi$1 ,,illu/rat$ ,collection & ,explanation ( ! ,devices ,:]eby x ,has ,be5 ,s\ght & ,:y ,!y ,fail$1 & ,compris+ ,also a ,revision & ,re-,arrangem5t ( ! ,in=mation ,af=d$ by ,se>* = ,self-,motive ,p[] ,dur+ ,! #ag?1 #ah? & #ai? ,c5turies1 ,london1 #ahfa1 & ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,se>* = ,self-,motive ,p[] f ! #ac? to ,! #ai? ,c5tury1 ,london1 #ahgj1 by ,h5ry ,dircks1 ,c4 ,e41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,by ,,p]cy ,,v]ance ,copyright #aiaf ,by #bj? ,c5tury ,enlight5m5t ,specialty ,co4 ,,cont5ts ,= ,summ>iz$ ,table ( ,cont5ts1 see page #ceh et seq4 ,page ,introduction #c ,preface #g-aj ,introductory ,essay #aa-ba ,,*apt] ,i4 ,devices by ,means ( ,:eels & ,weights #bb-fg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,devices by ,means ( ,roll+ ,weights & ,incl9$ ,planes #fh-ge ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,hydraulic & ,hydro-,me*anical ,devices #gf-aag ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,pneumatic ,siphon & ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices #aah-afb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,magnetic ,devices #afc-agd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,devices ,utiliz+ ,capill>y ,attraction & ,physical ,aff9ity #age-aid ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,liquid ,air z a ,means ( ,p]petual ,motion #aie-aif ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,radium & ,radio-,active ,sub/ances ,consid]$ z a ,conceiv$ ,s\rce ( ,p]petual ,motion #aig-aii ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,p]petual ,motion ,devices ,attempt+ ,its ,atta9m5t by a ,misconception ( ! ,relation ( ,mom5tum & ,en]gy #bjj-baa ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,alleg$ ,inv5tions ( ,edw>d ,somm]set1 ,six? ,e>l & ,second ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 & ( ,jean ,erne/ ,eli-,bessl] 7,c\ncillor7 ,orffyreus #bab-bee ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,a ,discussion ( ! ,relation ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 & ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion #bef-bfi ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,w ,p]petual ,motion ,ev] ,be ,accompli%$8 ,a ,discussion by ! ,au?or1 ) a ,review ( ! ,op9ions ( ,em95t ,sci5ti/s on ! ,subject #bgj-ceg ,,preface4 ,! au?or has no apology to (f] = ! production ( ?is book4 ,he has sp5t 8 life 9 environm5ts t h br\ght him into con/ant contact ) me*anics1 artisans & labor]s z well z pr(essional m51 eng9e]s1 *emi/s & te*nical exp]ts ( v>i\s types4 ,he kn[s a great _m m5--"y m51 = ! mo/ "p--are con/antly work+ on ! old1 old problem ( ,p]petual ,motion2 t mu* money1 & mu* "t are be+ sp5t 9 se>* ( a solution = t problem :i* all sci5tific & te*nical m5 tell u is impossible ( solution4 ,x is believ$ by ! au?or t a classification & pres5tation ( select$ gr\ps ( ! devices produc$ 9 ! pa/ by :i* x 0 by ! inv5tor believ$1 self-motive p[] _h be5 atta9$1 w save mu* "w 9 fields already ?or\ghly exploit$4 ,s f> z ! au?or kn[s no book on ! subject has appe>$ s9ce #ahgj4 ,! v>i\s encyclop$ias publi%$ conta9 articles on ! subject1 b !y are necess>ily brief1 & n satisfy+ to "y m5 :o h become int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,9 #ahfa1 ,h5ry ,dircks1 a civil eng9e]1 ( ,london1 publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,p]petuum ,mobile2 or1 ,se>* = ,self-,motive ,p[]1 ,dur+ ! ,sev5te5?1 ,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,c5turies4 ,! book conta9s #eii pages1 & 0 foll[$ 9 #ahgj1 by a second s]ies by ! same au?or entitl$ ,p]petuum ,mobile1 or a ,hi/ory ( ! ,se>* = ,self-,motive ,p[] f ! ,?irte5?1 to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ^! two books !re is amass$ a wond]ful am\nt ( mat]ial %[+ on ! "p ( ! au?or dilig5ce1 great pati5ce & wide & ?or\gh se>*4 ,! au?or ( ^! works 0 n enam\r$ ( 8 subject1 & 8 books cle>ly %[ t he 0 n writ+ !m because ( any int]e/ he _h 9 ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y appe> to h be5 writt5 because ( a deep dete/ation ent]ta9$ by ! au?or = ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion1 & a contemptu\s pity = any "o s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,mr4 ,dircks's works may be said to be ! works ( a scold4 ,8 s5tim5ts 7 deep1 & 8 impulses /rong1 :i* acc\nts = ! va/ am\nt ( labor he did 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 books4 ,^? books are n[ out ( pr9t1 & x is believ$ by ! au?or ( ?is book t !y may well rema9 s4 ,!y conta9 mu* mat]ial t no "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 wad+ ?r\gh4 ,! mo/ complicat$ me*anisms devis$ by en?usia/ic dream]s are %[n 9 ! same detail ) :i* ! inv5tors describ$ !m 9 pres5t+ !m to ! public1 or to ! pat5t (fices4 ,little is to be ga9$ by ?is4 ,s complicat$ are _m ( ! devices t only te*nically tra9$ eng9e]s c\ld read !m und]/&+ly1 & few te*nically tra9$ eng9e]s are n[ greatly int]e/$ 9 self-motive p[] devices4 ,we believe t e useful or int]e/+ purpose is s]v$ if en\gh devices are collect$1 classifi$ & pres5t$ to %[ ! v>i\s pr9ciples reli$ ^u by ! inv5tors2 ) an explanation ( :y !y fail$--i4 e41 :]e9 ! pr9ciples reli$ ^u are wrong1 & :ile possibly n out ( h>mony ) any me*anical pr9ciples !n kn[n1 are entirely out ( h>mony ) pr9ciples s9ce discov]$ & n[ well kn[n4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume a va/ am\nt ( ! in=mation furni%$ by ! two works ( ,mr4 ,dircks has be5 re>rang$1 reclassifi$1 & us$4 ,ev]yone :o has to any ext5t1 by environm5t1 associat$ ) ! mass ( p :o are n te*nically educat$1 kn[s t ! p]sons :o are /ill int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion1 & :o /ill seek its atta9m5t1 are n te*nically tra9$ eng9e]s or ma!maticians1 b = ! great] "p untra9$ p ( naturally /rong me*anical s5se1 & ( natural me*anical & ma!matical adaptation4 ,?is book is writt5 = ! p]usal ( t l>ge class ( p4 ,x is n design$ z an argum5t ei!r = or aga9/ ! possibility ( ! atta9m5t ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,! au?or is cont5t to classify & pres5t--cle>ly1 x is hop$--! lead+ endeavors t h be5 kn[n 9 t field ( ef=t1 & to expla9 _! failure4 ,x is believ$ by ! au?or t ! p]usal ( ! pres5t volume by anyone ^: m9d has be5 attract$ by ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion w result 9 an enlight5m5t1 &1 x is also believ$1 w h a t5d5cy to direct 8 m9d f a /ruggle ) !ories long ago explod$1 & may result 9 direct+ 8 ef=ts to ?+s practical1 & n )\t hope ( atta9m5t4 ,?is "w is (f]$ only to m9ds me*anically or ma!matically incl9$4 ,x is n ev5 hop$ t x w int]e/ p :o pref] fiction to fact1 nor p :o read simply = idle ent]ta9m5t4 ,,introductory ,,essay ,p]petual ,motion z us$ 9 ?is book is to be tak5 9 its conv5tional1 & n 9 its /rict lit]al s5se4 ,! /rict lit]al analysis ( ! two words implies unceas+ motion4 ,( ?is we h _m illu/rations--! tides1 ! waves ( ! ocean1 ! c\rse ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun1 & 9 ! movem5ts ( all heav5ly & a/ronomical bodies4 ,9 fact1 x is difficult to conceive 9 a /rictly sci5tific s5se ( any sub/ance hav+ an entire abs5ce ( motion4 ,p]petual ,motion z us$ 9 ?is book means :at x is usually und]/ood to mean--,self-,motive ,p[]--a ma*9e t furni%es ! p[] to keep its p>ts go+ z a ma*9e4 ,9 ?is s5se ,p]petual ,motion has always engag$ ! m9ds ( _m1 _m p--& :at is m natural8 ,z soon z a boy beg9s to take an int]e/ 9 mov+ p>ts ( ma*9]y1 vehicles1 locomotives1 & :at n1 he p]ceives t ! application ( p[] results 9 ! motion ( bodies1 & aga9 t bodies 9 motion are productive ( p[]4 ,a :eel mov$ by muscul>1 or o!r me*anical p[]1 is made by ma*9]y to elevate wat]1 & elevat$ wat] c be made 9 desc5d+ to run ma*9]y4 ,! w9dlass1 or o!r :eel1 turn$ by appli$ =ce1 lifts buckets f wells--raises /one1 & elevates heavy bodies1 if desir$4 ,heavy bodies desc5d+ c be1 & are us$ ?r\gh means ( ma*9]y to make ma*9]y run4 ,a great _m simil> illu/rations c\ld be giv54 ,:at1 !n1 is m natural ?an t a boy ) an active m9d :o is at all me*anically turn$1 z mo/ boys are1 beg9s to wond] :y1 if :eels lift /ones1 & if /ones desc5d+ make :eels run1 _c a ma*9e be made t w lift /ones1 or o!r weights1 & 9 turn be run by ! desc5t ( ! lift$ /ones1 or o!r weights8 ,:y1 if ! turn+ ( :eels lift wat]1 & if desc5d+ wat] makes :eels g1 %\ld n an adaptation be made by :i* ! same ma*9e w elevate wat]1 & be run by ! desc5t ( ! elevat$ wat]8 ,t x _c be done is n[ ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( all te*nically tra9$ me*anics1 b1 t x c n be done1 & :y x c n be done1 is sure n to occur to ! boy1 nor to ! man :o has only a /rong natural me*anical s5se to guide him1 & has n ! advantage ( te*nical tra9+4 ,aga91 x is well kn[n t _m1 _m m5 h sp5t consid]able sums ( money & giv5 h\rs & h\rs1 & days1 & mon?s1 & ye>s ( close & c>eful ?\ght1 & exp]im5t to ! production ( a ma*9e t w accompli% ,p]petual ,motion1 & t _m h ann\nc$ to ! _w t !y _h succe$$ 9 its accompli%m5t1 b t all _! devices s f> h turn$ out failures4 ,x is to no purpose to tell ! ,p]petual ,motion work] t he is seek+ to atta9 ! impossible2 t ! atta9m5t ( self-motive p[] has be5 demon/rat$ to be an impossibility4 ,he w answ]1 or1 at lea/1 he w reason to himself t _m ?+s once pron\nc$ impossibilities & claim$ to be s demon/rat$1 h s9ce be5 atta9$4 ,! ,p]petual ,motion work] is usually a p]son ( active intellig5ce1 & be+ enam\r$ ( me*anical projects is likely to read ext5sively along me*anical l9es1 & kn[s z e well-in=m$ p]son kn[s1 t !re are _m in/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( ! discov]y & developm5t ( ! mo/ important me*anical inv5tions & sci5tific discov]ies :]e ! p]si/5t ef=ts ( s-call$ en?usia/ic dream]s & cranks f9ally triumph$ ov] ! settl$ & conv5tional impossibilities ( dignifi$ sci5ti/s4 ,:51 less ?an a c5tury ago1 x 0 propos$ to propel a %ip across ! ,atlantic ocean by /eamp[]1 ,ignatius ,l>dn]1 a sci5tific tea*]1 lectur] & int]pret] ( real note & m]it wrote a book demon/rat+ ! physical impossibility ( a vessel c>ry+ en\gh fuel to propel itself ?r\gh t di/ance ( wat]4 ,! book 0 actually pr9t$1 b 0 sc>cely (f ! press until ! fir/ /eam%ip _h successfully cross$ ! ,atlantic ) /eamp[]1 & /eam$ triumphantly into port4 ,aft] communication by electric telegraph 0 well e/abli%$ & _h be5 9 successful comm]cial use = decades1 x 0 propos$ to conv]se by long di/ance ov] a wire4 ,! idea 0 hoot$ & decl>$ impossible1 & x did seem s1 & yet today1 !re is sc>cely a f>m h\se 9 ! nation b :at has an in/rum5t by :i* ! occupants c talk ov] wires n only to _! ne>-by neighbors1 b to remote cities4 ,pr(4 ,samuel ,p4 ,langley1 less ?an two decades ago und]took 9 a ?or\ghly sci5tific mann] to accompli% :at is call$ heavi] ?an air flight4 ,8 sci5tific ideas on ! subject 7 entirely correct1 b he did n h ! advantage ( eng9e ref9em5t z x is kn[n today1 by :i* high en]gy developm5t c be atta9$ ) an eng9e or motor ( small weight4 ,nev]!less1 ,pr(4 ,langley succe$$ 9 fly+ a consid]able di/ance1 & 9 fact1 made a numb] ( successful demon/rations ( ! physical possibility ( heavi] ?an air flight4 ,pr(4 ,simon ,newcomb1 :o is to be rank$ z ! greate/ a/ronom]1 ma!matician & sci5ti/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ev] produc$1 & ) ! possible exception ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ! mo/ orig9al ?9k] along sci5tific l9es1 wrote an article :i* 0 publi%$ g5]ally 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 9 :i* he w>n$ ,pr(4 ,langley ( ! folly ( 8 attempts1 n claim+1 h[ev]1 ! sci5tific impossibility ( heavi] ?an air flight1 b claim+ t x c\ld nev] be ( any real practical value2 t ! in/ability ( ! air1 etc41 limit$ flight by man to a d>$evil %[ p]=mance4 ,a *ild !n born w\ld n[ be sc>cely gr[n1 & yet1 a]oplanes are 9 use 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! _w = obs]vation & milit>y purposes1 & ev5 = c>ry+ mail to places n o!rwise easily accessible4 ,?\s&s ( flights are und]tak5 e day ) ! confid5t expectation ( a successful trip & return4 ,h[ _m1 _m boys & me*anics1 prior to ! a*ievem5t ( human flight1 h be5 attract$ by ! problem1 only to h _! ambitions & dreams disc\rag$ & suppress$ by be+ told t ! sci5tific _w kn[s t human flight is impossible--,god made man to walk on ! gr\nd1 & ! birds to fly1 & if ,nature _h int5d$ t we %\ld fly we w\ld h be5 equipp$ ) w+s1 & probably to be dubb$ ,d>ius ,gre51 z a rem9d] ( ! +lori\s fate ( ! pseudo h]o ( t "n 9 ,tr[bridge's clev] & immortal poem ab\t ,d>ius ,gre5 & 8 ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( rays by means ( :i* views may be made & photographs tak5 ?r\gh sub/ances suppos$ly opaque to all light rays 0 sc\t$ z a ridicul\sly vision>y dream2 b ! discov]]s 7 n dismay$ by sc\t & ridicule1 b p]si/$ 9 _! dreams & en?usiasm4 ,!re is n a village ( any consid]able size 9 ! civiliz$ _w b has its ,x-,ray ,ma*9e by :i* =eign sub/ances 9 ! fle% may be view$ & photograph$ & locat$ ) exactitude1 fractures exam9$ & all surgical op]ations aid$ to ! b5efit & heal? & recov]y ( ! sick & w\nd$4 ,mank9d is ! recipi5t ( ! b5efits result+ f ! fact t en?usia/ic cranks 7 n det]r$ by ridicule & suppos$ demon/rations ( _! folly4 ,! above are only a few ( ! _m l in/ances record$ 9 sci5tific progress4 ,:ile n accurately true1 & :ile less true dur+ ! la/ two decades ?an =m]ly1 x is1 nev]!less1 a g5]al tru? t sci5tific progress has be5 made 9 spite (1 & 9 ! face ( disc\ragem5t & ridicule f ! multitudes :o 7 de/9$ to be b5efit$ by ! discov]ies made by ! p]si/5t s-call$ cranks4 ,^! facts are all well kn[n to ! ,p]petual ,motion en?usia/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( no avail to tell him t ! sci5tific _w has pron\nc$ 8 aspirations & attempts b dreams1 & t ,p]petual ,motion work]s are by ! sci5tific _w d5om9at$ cranks4 ,if x be admitt$ t ,p]petual ,motion is1 z sci5tific m5 tell u1 a *im]ical dream1 x is /ill to be v greatly d\bt$ if ! _w at l>ge is to be b5efit$ by dissuad+ m9ds f work+ on ! problem4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m p]sons :o h become m int5sely int]e/$ 9 me*anics by ?9k+ & work+ on ! problem ( ,p]petual ,motion1 h !reby be5 lead to /udy m & m g5]ally into me*anical subjects1 & became n m]ely tyros1 b useful m5 9 v>i\s me*anical pursuits4 ,_m d\btless h foll[$ me*anical subjects to :i* !y 7 introduc$ by labors t[>d ,p]petual ,motion1 to ! mak+ ( useful & valuable inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t a c\ntless numb] ( devices = ! atta9m5t ( ,p]petual ,motion h be5 proclaim$ & exhibit$1 x is to be suppos$ t ^? actually proclaim$ & br\ght to light con/itute b an inf9itesimally small proportion ( ^? actually made4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ! ,p]petual ,motion work] has "s s5se1 & t ! great majority ( !m be=e proclaim+ 8 app>atus w\ld want to "k himself t x 0 n a failure1 & w\ld n1 :5 u%]$ be=e ! public1 br+ ^u him humiliation & je]s4 ,x is to be believ$ t 9 ne>ly e in/ance ! produc$ device 0 te/$ be=e be+ proclaim$ & u%]$ into ! light ( day4 ,x goes )\t say+ t all t 7 s te/$ 7 failures1 & 7 nev] he>d ( except by ! inv5tor & a v few intimate fri5ds or co-labor]s4 ,^? t h be5 h]ald$ to ! _w repres5t only t small proportion :]e ov]-confid5ce 9 ! op]ation1 or a disreg>d = ! tru?1 or "s o!r unexpla9able some?+ caus$ ! inv5tor & 8 fri5ds to make ! ann\ncem5t & disclosure ( ! device be=e ! te/4 ,x is almo/ impossible to conceive ( a p]son ( any intellig5ce expos+ himself to ! ridicule result+ f ! failure ( a pomp\sly h]ald$ device1 :5 a simple te/ w\ld h sav$ ! exposure1 & yet ! civiliz$ _w has be5 fill$ ) ,p]petual ,motion devices proclaim$ & h]ald$ ) trumpet bla/1 :i*1 :5 te/$1 didn't "w4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! purview1 or purpose ( ?is book1 to incite p to "w on ! problem ( ,p]petual ,motion1 nei!r is x its purview or purpose to dissuade !m f x4 ,9 ! works ( ,mr4 ,dircks1 m5tion$ 9 ! preface ( ?is "w1 ! devices = ,p]petual ,motion are classifi$ some:at ) ref]5ce to ! "t ea* 0 produc$4 ,9 "s in/ances ) ref]5ce to :e!r or n pat5ts 7 appli$ = & obta9$1 or z to ! s\rce ( in=mation conc]n+ !m4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! devices pres5t$ 9 ,mr4 ,dirck's two works1 & ( ^?1 in=mation conc]n+ :i* has be5 obta9$ else:]e1 leads ! au?or to believe t no?+ is to be ga9$ by an attempt$ classification along ^? l9es4 ,9 c\ntless in/ances ,p]petual ,motion seek]s ( diff]5t races & liv+ 9 sep>ate c\ntries1 &1 inde$1 on diff]5t cont95ts1 c5turies ap>t1 h s\ght ! atta9m5t ( ,p]petual ,motion by practically ! same devices1 & inv5tor aft] inv5tor has br\ght =? alleg$ inv5tions dep5d+ ^u precisely ! same und]ly+ me*anical pr9ciple4 ,! au?or has attempt$ to classify ! v>i\s devices pres5t$ 9 ?is book accord+ to ! und]ly+ me*anical pr9ciples ^u :i* ! inv5tor *iefly reli$ = ! success ( 8 inv5tion4 ,ev5 ?is classification is extremely difficult & n well di/+ui%$4 ,_m ( !m1 inde$ mo/ ( !m1 dep5d = _! success ^u m ?an "o me*anical pr9ciple1 & ! classifications !reby inevitably int]m+le & ov]lap :at o!rwise w\ld be _! di/+ui%+ b\nd>ies4 ,/ill x is believ$ by ! au?or t x is ! be/ t c\ld be adopt$1 & t no bett] or cle>] classification is possible ?an ! "o "h pres5t$4 ,! v>i\s devices are classifi$ by ! au?or "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,devices by ,means ( ,:eels & ,weights4 ,devices by ,means ( ,roll+ ,weights & ,incl9$ ,planes4 ,hydraulic & ,hydro-,me*anical ,devices4 ,pneumatic ,siphon & ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices4 ,magnetic ,devices4 ,devices ,utiliz+ ,capill>y ,attraction & ,physical ,aff9ity4 ,liquid ,air z a ,means ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,radium & ,radio-,active ,sub/ances ,consid]$ z a ,conceiv$ ,s\rce ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,p]petual ,motion ,devices ,attempt+ ,its ,atta9m5t by a ,misconception ( ! ,relation ( ,mom5tum & ,en]gy4 to :i* is add$-- ,a ,discussion ( ! ,alleg$ ,inv5tions ( ! v em95t ,edw>d ,somm]set1 ,six? ,e>l & ,second ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 & ,jean ,erne/ ,eli-,bessl] ,orffyreus4 ,also-- ,a ,discussion by ! ,au?or ( ! ',doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 & ,its ,relation to ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion4' ,&-- ,a ,discussion by ! ,au?or ( ',w ,p]petual ,motion ,ev] ,be ,accompli%$8' ,,*apt] ,i ,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,:eels ,,& ,,weights ,wil>s de ,honecort ,:ile attempts at ,p]petual ,motion are z old z ! human race1 n _m ( ! m anci5t devices h be5 pres]v$1 ei!r by engrav+ or by explanation4 ,among ! v e>lie/ ( ^! attempts ( :i* we h detail$ in=mation is ! device ( ,wil>s de ,honecort4 ,he 0 an ar*itect1 & liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! in=mation is pres]v$ 9 ,a ,sket* ,book by him :i* 0 deposit$ & rema9s 9 ! ,ecole des ,*>tes at ,p>is4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury comm5ts 7 publi%$ 9 ,france on ?is anci5t device4 ,"s ( ^! 7 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is an extract f a translation made by ,pr(essor ,willis1 ( ,cambridge4 ,_m a "t h skilful workm5 tri$ to contrive a :eel t %all turn ( itself3 "h is a way to make su* a "o1 by means ( an unev5 numb] ( mallets1 or by quicksilv]4 ,wil>s de ,honecort pres5ts to u a device = a p]petual motion2 x is n cle> :e!r he int5ds to claim ! contrivance ( x1 or :e!r he _h met ) x 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels4 ,x diff]s v little f a well-kn[n contrivance = ?is purpose :i* has be5 s (t5 publi%$1 & its fallacy s fully expla9$ 9 popul> books1 t x is unnecess>y to dwell at l5g? ^u ! me*anical pr9ciples :i* x involves4 ,x is extremely curi\s 9 ?is place1 because x %[s ! great antiquity ( ! problem1 ! solution ( :i* has wa/$ ! "t1 ! bra9s1 & ! means ( _m an unhappy artisan or philosoph]4 ,9 ! draw+ we h n[ be=e u1 ! two upright po/s1 :i* are fram$ toge!r & skilfully brac$ s z to ensure _! /ead9ess1 support betwe5 !m a long horizontal axle1 to ! c5t] ( :i* is fix$ a :eel ) f\r spokes4 ,! abs5ce ( p]spective 9 ?is draw+ makes ! :eel appe> z if x 7 p>allel to ! frame1 in/ead ( be+1 z x is1 at "r angles to x4 ,illu/ration ,sev5 mallets1 or arms1 ea* load$ ) a heavy weight at ! end1 are jo9t$ at equal di/ances to ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 s t ^? :i* happ5 to h _! jo9ts bel[ ! diamet] ( ! :eel w hang freely d[n1 b if ! :eel be turn$ r\nd by h& or o!rwise1 ! weights ( ^? :i* are on ! asc5d+ side w1 9 succession1 re/ on its circumf]5ce1 & w1 9 t position1 be c>ri$ ov] ! highe/ "p ( ! :eel & d[nw>ds on ! desc5d+ side1 until ! arms t be> !m are br\ght into a v]tical position & a little beyond x1 & !n ! weight w fall sudd5ly ov] & re/ on ! opposite position on ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 until its fur!r desc5t enables x to dangle freely z be=e4 ,! effect ( ?is me*anism ^u ! position ( ! weights is n truly repres5t$1 = ! upp] mallet has fall5 ov] too soon4 ,9 ! mod]n =m ( ?is contrivance a p91 or /op1 is introduc$1 by :i* ! mallet1 :5 x falls ov]1 is compell$ to re/ s t its arm %all po9t to ! c5t] ( ! :eel1 & ?us ! desc5d+ weight be held at a great] di/ance f ! c5t] ?an :5 asc5d+4 ,x is extremely probable t ?is diff]5ce is a m]e error ( ! arti/1 = ! draw+ has ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 made f a model ( ! :eel at re/2 a condition 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 x w\ld always be f\nd1 unless mov$ by "s ext]nal =ce4 ,! inv5tor seems to h ?\ght t ! action above describ$ w\ld always place f\r weights on ! desc5d+ side1 & leave b ?ree on ! asc5d+ side1 ea* weight z x rises to ! top be+ int5d$ to leap sudd5ly ov] to ! desc5d+ side1 9 ! mann] j expla9$2 or p]haps1 z ,m4 ,lassus sugge/s1 ! contriv] imag9$ t ! bl[s giv5 to ! :eel 9 succession by ! fall+ mallets w\ld help x =w>d4 ,x is surpris+ t al?\gh ! slighte/ model w\ld %[ ! failure ( devices ( ?is class to p]sons incapable ( ma!matical reason+1 yet su* ma*9es h be5 s]i\sly propos$ 9 books1 & are cont9ually recontriv$ by +5i\s workm54 ,! allusion to quicksilv] 9 ! manuscript %[s t ,wil>s 0 acqua9t$ ) ! well-kn[n contrivance describ$ 9 ! books already ref]r$ to1 9 :i* portions ( t metal inclos$ 9 *annels are us$ in/ead ( ! fall+ weights4 ,a ,repetition ( ,wil>s de ,honecort's ,plan ,?is device 0 br\ght =? 9 #ahca 9 ,engl&1 & illu/rates :at we say 9 ! ,introductory ,essay to ! effect ( inv5tors work+ on ! same plan 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? & c5turies ap>t4 ,illu/ration ,we are unable to give ! inv5tor's "n4 ,he 0 a correspond5t to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 & ! description furni%$ by ! inv5tor z publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 is z foll[s3 ,description4--,a ,a ,a is a r+ ( ?9 wood2 ,b ,b ,b1 sev]al spokes1 movable r\nd ! fix$ po9ts ,c ,c ,c1 & only all[$ to move "o way by ! con/ruction ( ! op5+s ,d ,d ,d2 ,e ,e ,e1 heavy weights fix$ to ! ends ( ! spokes4 ,f ! position 9 :i* ! :eel is at pres5t1 x is evid5t t ! weights on ! "r-h& side 7#a & #b7 act+ at a great] di/ance f ! c5t] ?an ^? 7#d & #e7 on ! o!r side1 w cause t side to desc5d until ! spoke #a rea*es ! position #c1 :5 x w ex]t no mov+ influ5ce1 b by :i* "t ! weight #h w h fall5 into ! position #a1 :5 a simil> effect w take place1 & s on ) ! re/4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci ,x is ) a m+l$ feel+ ( sorr[ & exaltation t we note ! ,p]petual ,motion labors ( ! great ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,( all ( ! m5 :o ev] gave ! subject m ?an a pass+ notice he is ! mo/ fam\s4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 an ,italian1 born 9 #adeb1 & di$ 9 #aeai4 ,he 0 ! illegitimate son ( ,flor5t9e1 lawy]4 ,8 "m has be5 v>i\sly describ$ z a peasant1 & z ( g5tle bir?4 ,little ab\t h] is kn[n4 ,! fa!r belong$ to a family ( lawy]s1 & nev] repudiat$ ! son1 b took him1 educat$ him1 & c>$ = him4 ,x is well = ! _w t he did1 = ,leon>do da ,v9ci has p]haps contribut$ m to art & le>n+ 9 ! _w ?an any o!r s+le individual t ev] liv$4 ,he 0 a pa9t]1 a sculptor1 an ar*itect1 a musician1 a me*anician1 eng9e] & natural philosoph]4 ,ea* subject 9 art or sci5ce t he t\*$ he n only ma/]$1 b improv$ & embelli%$4 ,he pa9t$ ! orig9al ( ! well-kn[n picture ( ! ,*ri/ & ,8 twelve ,apo/les1 kn[n z ! ,la/ ,supp]1 or ! ,la/ ,supp] ( ,our ,"l4 ,?is1 & ,mona ,lisa1 are p]haps ! pa9t+s by :i* he is kn[n to ! greate/ numb] ( p1 & are consid]$ by _m connoisseurs ! highe/ p]fection 9 art ev] atta9$ by mortal man4 ,b1 z pa9t] & sculptor1 he is to be reg>d$ z among ! greate/1 if n ! v greate/ t ev] liv$4 ,9 art he ranks beside1 if n ahead ( ,mi*elangelo & ,raffael1 & yet !y are kn[n only z arti/s1 :ile he 0 preem95t 9 bo? art & sci5ce4 ,! "w he did 9 natural sci5ce 0 entirely orig9al & emanat$ f an inh]5t initiative & orig9ality1 & z a sci5ti/1 he is entitl$ to rank bel[ only ,newton1 ,gallileo & ,cop]nicus1 & v few o!rs4 ,9 all ! hi/ory ( ! _w he is ! only man ( :om x c be said t he atta9$ ! apex ( em95ce 9 bo? art & sci5ce4 ,! in=mation conc]n+ ,leon>do da ,v9ci's devices = obta9+ ,p]petual ,motion is extremely meag]4 ,!re does n seem to be extant any detail$ explanation ( j h[ he expect$ 8 diff]5t designs to "w4 ,all t is kn[n conc]n+ 8 ef=ts is suffici5tly illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ cuts & language f ,dircks3 ,fig4 #a may be tak5 z a s*eme belong+ to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x seems to be plac$ at ! head z a simple or elem5t>y design = future improvem5t4 ,x is a *amb]$ drum :eel1 conta9+ balls or weights1 :i*1 be+ always f>!/ f ! c5t] on "o side1 z comp>$ to ! o!r1 are expect$ to keep ! :eel con/antly rotat+4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fail+ 9 ?is s*eme1 ! inv5tor next (f]s "o ) weight$ lev]s1 :i* are to fall outw>ds on "o side1 b to fall inw>ds on ! opposite side1 ! weight at ! same "t slid+ up ! lev] :5 v]tical at ! bottom1 s z to be ne>] ! c5t] ?r\gh\t on ! asc5d+ side4 ,b h[ ! weight is to be made to asc5d at ! bottom rema9s to be %[n4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #c4 ,! difficulty ( elevat+ ! weight w\ld appe> to h sugge/$ its imm]sion 9 a tr\gh ( wat]1 z "h %[n4 ,! weights seem to be atta*$ to "s contrivance to float !m upw>ds2 b we are p]plex$1 & s no d\bt 0 da ,v9ci1 h[ to s9k !m1 or be+ sunk1 h[ to r5d] !m aga9 buoyant by any self-motive process4 ,fig4 #d4 ,x w\ld appe> z ?\gh ! difficulties obs]vable 9 ,fig4 #c 7 attempt$ to be met "h1 9 a plan :i* evid5tly comb9es sev]al views ( ! case1 yet )\t remov+ ! ma9 difficulty2 = al?\gh ! weight at ! end ( ! long arm may be q capable ( s9k+ 9 ! liquid1 we /ill inquire1 ,h[ is x ev] to be rais$ aga98 ,fig4 #e seems to be an incomplete sket*1 & a m]e v>iation on ! prec$+ designs1 ) ! addition ei!r ( ma*9]y bel[ to be work$ by x1 or to give x motion4 ,possibly x 0 propos$ to h a magnet at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,fig4 #f appe>s to be two designs 9 "o sket*4 ,on "o side we h long s+le lev]s1 ) a s+le weight at _! ends1 & a weight betwe5 ea* at ! p]iph]y2 on ! o!r end1 d\ble or =k$ lev]s & d\ble weights4 ,its mix$ "* r5d]s x probable t x 0 m]ely "s prelim9>y sket*4 ,! great value ( ! pres5t exhibition ( ^! e>ly contrivances ( misdirect$ me*anical +5uity consi/s 9 ! conv9c+ evid5ce :i* !y af=d1 t all "y inv5tors :o occupy !mselves 9 ! se>* = self-motive ma*9es1 d little m ?an reproduce ! blund]s ( a pa/ age4 ,aft] a lapse ( five c5turies mod]n inv5tors (t5 become pat5tees ( contrivances :i* are only m complicat$ ?an ! assum$-to-be ov]weight :eel ( ,wil>s de ,honecort1 or ! six simil> ones ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,b su* has hi!rto be5 ! ignorance ( me*anics on ?is subject1 t ,fig4 #a ( ! annex$ diagrams has frequ5tly be5 adduc$ by writ]s on ! subject1 z ! v]itable :eel inv5t$ by ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury6 ,a4 ,capra's ,device ,9 #afgh1 ,a ,capra1 ( ,italy1 reviv$ ! anci5t1 b /ill favorite s*eme t dates back to ! #ac? c5tury4 7,see page #bb ante47 ,he illu/rates 8 idea ) ! foll[+ figure & ! foll[+ comm5t3 ,on ! :eel ,a 7( ! facsimile engrav+ opposite71 :i* mu/ be hung well equipois$ betwe5 two uprights1 are app5d$ c\nt]-weights1 eighte5 9 numb]1 all precisely at ! same di/ance f ea* o!r1 & all exactly ( ! same weight4 ,! c\nt]-weights are provid$ ) a small r+ by :i* !y are hung4 ,illu/ration ,:il/ ! c\nt]-weights ,b are f>!r f ! c5t] ,c ( ! :eel1 !y weigh m ?an ! c\nt]-weights ,i1 because ^! are l[ & ne>] to ! c5t] ,c ( ! :eel1 s t ! c\nt]-weights ,b desc5d & ! weight ,i drops2 & :il/ ! weight ,b is alt]nately desc5d+ & ! weight ,i asc5d+1 ! :eel w revolve cont9ually4 ,b x mu/ be und]/ood t x is necess>y to make ! :eel p]fectly true 9 equilibrium1 s t x d n weigh m on "o side ?an on ! o!r on acc\nt ( ! c\nt]-weights4 ,! ,device ( ,dixon ,vallance4 ,engl&1 #ahbe ,?is inv5tor 0 c]ta9 he _h ov]tak5 & captur$ ! ev]-illusive ,p]petual ,motion4 ,he gives a description ( 8 happ9ess & 8 ma*9e 9 ! foll[+ effusively joy\s language3 ,! annex$ draw+ %[s h[ ,i h at l5g? tak5 ?is entic+ jilt 7p]petual motion71 ?\gh aft] a long & we>y *ase-- ,?r\gh pleasant & delightful fields1 ,?r\gh b>r5 tracts & lonely wilds2 ',mong/ quagmires1 mosses1 muirs & m>%es1 ,:]e deil or spunkie nev] sc>ce is6 ,by *ance ,i happ5$ on h] d51 ,& took h] :5 %e didna k54 ,illu/ration ,w ,w ,w ,w repres5ts a :eel ) twelve holl[ spokes1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is a roll+ weight or ball4 ,c ,c ,c ,c is a *a9 pass+ ov] two pulleys ,p ,p4 ,!re is an op5+ r\nd ! :eel f ! nave to ! circumf]5ce1 s z to all[ ! *a9 to pass freely & to meet ! weights4 ,! weights are met by ! *a9 z ! :eel revolves1 & are rais$ f ! circumf]5ce till !y are at la/ br\ght close to ! nave1 :]e !y rema9 till1 by ! revolution ( ! :eel1 !y are all[$ to roll out to ! circumf]5ce4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! weights are1 on "o side ( ! :eel1 always at ! circumf]5ce1 s t t side is m p[]ful ?an ! o!r1 :i* causes ! :eel cont9ually to revolve4 ,f ,f ,f ,f is ! frame ( ! ma*9e2 ,m ,m ,m ,m ! mortices = jo9+ ! two sides ( ! frame by cross rails4 ,! arr[s po9t out ! direction 9 :i* ! :eel turns4--,i am1 y\rs1 c41 ,dixon ,vallance4 ,lib]ton1 ,lan>k%ire1 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahbe4 ,furman's ,device ,/range z x may seem1 ! pat5t (fice ( ! ,u4 ,s4 gov]nm5t z late z #ahhd & #ahhf1 receiv$ & fil$1 s]i\sly consid]$ & grant$ ,lett]s ,pat5t on ,p]petual ,motion ,devices z appe>s f ! description ( ,furman's ,device foll[+1 & f ,s*irrmei/]'s ,me*anical ,movem5t1 & ,enbom ,&]son's ,improvem5t 9 ,pumps1 appe>+ on pages #ch & #gf respectively1 supra4 ,^! 7 n d5om9at$ ,p]petual ,motion ,devices by ! inv5tors1 b ! specifications %[ !m to be simply t & no?+ m4 ,july #ae1 #ahhd1 ,george ,h4 ,furman1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,ohio1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 0 grant$ ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,no4 #cjaigi1 on ,a ,new & ,improv$ ,motor4 ,! ess5tials are suffici5tly %[n by ! foll[+ exc]pt f ! specifications & ! foll[+ figure4 ,we h omitt$ ,figure #b1 m5tion$ 9 ! specifications3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,pat5t ,,(fice4 ,george ,h4 ,furman1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,ohio4 ,,motor4 ,specification =m+ "p ( ,lett]s ,pat5t ,no4 #cjaigi1 dat$ ,july #ae1 #ahhd4 ,application fil$ ,m>* #f1 #ahhd4 7,no model47 ,! action ( ! motor is z foll[s3 ,a suitable quantity ( ! small weights d be+ plac$ 9 ! out] drum1 ,f1 ?r\gh ! door f1 ! ma*9e be+ at re/1 !y w accumulate at ! l[] "p ( ! drum ,f 9 ! pockets c c4 ,n[1 to run ! ma*9e a p]son w apply 8 h&s to ! rim ,h & revolve ! out] drum1 ,f1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is movem5t ( ! out] drum w cause ! weights d to be c>ri$ 9 ! pockets c c to ! upp] side ( ! drum1 at :i* po9t !y w roll f ! pockets c c into ! pockets b b ( ! inn] drum1 ,g1 :]e _! weight w cause ! drum ,g & %aft ,e to revolve4 ,z ! pockets b ( ! inn] drum pass bel[ ! %aft ,e !y empty ! weights into ! tr\ghs c ( ! out] :eel1 ,f1 to be aga9 c>ri$ above ! %aft & dropp$ into ! pockets b1 s t ! inn] :eel1 ,g1 & %aft ,e w be revolv$ cont9u\sly4 ,illu/ration ,s*irrmei/]s ,me*anical ,movem5t ,july #f1 #ahhf1 ,*>les ,s*irrmei/]1 ( ,brooklyn1 ,k+s ,c\nty1 ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 obta9$ ,lett]s ,pat5t ,no4 #cdejgg1 on a new & useful ,me*anical ,movem5t4 ,! ess5tials ( ! pat5t$ device appe> f ! foll[+ exc]pts f ! specifications1 & ! foll[+ figures accompany+ ! specifications4 7,figs4 #b1 #c & #d we d n %[47 ,illu/ration ,! object ( my inv5tion is to furni% a *eap & simple means = imp>t+ me*anical p[]2 & ,i accompli% ?is by means ( a s]ies ( radial arms plac$ at "r angles to & project+ f ! axis ( motion :]e p[] is fir/ appli$1 & s arrang$ t ea* arm is 9 a diff]5t v]tical plane1 said arms be+ weight$ at ea* end ) a ball ( metal4 ,"s ( ^! arms are also made holl[ & inclose slid+ or roll+ weights1 :i* move back & =? z ! axis revolves1 & ! motion is /ill fur!r re-en=c$ by a s]ies ( spr+s :i* are atta*$ to ! axis by a lev] & ecc5tric4 ,illu/ration ,tak+ ! simple/ =m ( my device1 ,i illu/rate ! same by ! accompany+ draw+s1 9 :i*-- ,figure #a is a side elevation ( ! entire app>atus4 ,fig4 #b is a sectional view %[+ ! holl[ arm ) a roll+ weight4 ,fig4 #c is an end view %[+ ! op]ation ( a re-en=c+ spiral spr+4 ,fig4 #d is a detail$ view %[+ /ill fur!r ! me?od ( re-en=c+ motion by spr+s4 ,fig4 #e is a view ( ! driv+-pulley ) its holl[ arms4 ,simil> lett]s ref] to simil> p>ts 9 ! sev]al views4 ,a is ! axis to :i* ! p[] fir/ imp>t+ motion is appli$4 ,n are ! be>+s support+ ! same4 ,b is ! driv+-pulley atta*$ to said axis1 & f :i* motion is imp>t$ by means ( ! driv+ belt b to any po9t desir$4 ,c are ! holl[ arms ( ! driv+-pulley ,b4 ,d are ! solid arms radiat+ f ! axis ,a4 ,e are ! holl[ arms radiat+ f ! axis ,a4 ,f are ! solid balls or weights secur$ to ! ends ( ! arms ,d & ,e4 a are ! slid+ or roll+ weights1 :i* are inclos$ )9 ! holl[ arms ,c & ,e4 c are ! slots cut into ! holl[ arms ,e1 to relieve ! air-pressure =m$ by ! backw>d & =w>d motion ( ! weights a4 ,g are spr+s s arrang$ z to exp5d _! =ce ^u ! axis ,a by means ( ! connect+ rods ,h1 bo? atta*$ to ! spr+s & "o atta*$ to ! axis ,a by means ( ! ecc5tric ,i & ! o!r to ! :eel ,j at "o end ( ! axis4 ,k is a balanc$ lev]1 ^u :i* ! spr+s ,g may re/1 said lev] be+ support$ at ea* end ^u ! spr+s ,l4 ,m is a crank atta*$ to "o end ( ! axis ,a1 & s]ves to %[ ! place & mann] 9 :i* ! p[] may be appli$4 ,! mann] ( con/ruct+ & op]at+ my inv5tion is z foll[s3 ,! entire app>atus is made ( /eel or iron1 & ! %aft1 be>+s1 arms1 spr+s & connect+-rods are ( ord9>y =m4 ,! ma9 or driv+ pulley is ca/ ) f\r holl[ arms1 9 :i* r\nd weights are inclos$1 :i* move back & =? )9 ! arms :5 ! :eel is set 9 motion4 ,! solid arms1 z well z ! holl[ arms1 :i* are us$ 9 addition to ^? =m+ a "p ( ! driv+-pulley1 are arrang$ by means ( set-screws a suitable di/ance ap>t ^u ! axis & 9 diff]5t p]p5dicul> planes1 s z to give /ead9ess 9 motion4 ,a ?read is cut ^u ea* end ( ^! arms1 & ! fix$ weights are !n screw$ on4 ,:5 ! %aft or axis revolves1 ! weights :i* move t[>d ! ends ( ! arms above ! c5t] accel]ate ! motion1 & ! mom5tum ( ! ma*9e aids 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance caus$ by ! weights1 :i* are bel[ ! c5t]4 ,at ! same "t ! revolution ( ! ecc5tric & crank-p9 ^u ! axis depresses ! connect+-rods1 :i* 9 turn depress ! spr+s1 :i*1 be+ releas$ z soon z ! ecc5tric & crank-p9 h rea*$ _! l[e/ po9t1 contribute a lift+ p[] to ov]come ! resi/ance above m5tion$4 ,z %[n 9 ! draw+s1 ^! spr+s jo9$ to ! connect+-rods may be support$ & assi/$ by o!r spr+s4 ,! p[] is appli$ by h&1 op]at+ ^u a crank at ! end ( ! axis1 or may be imp>t$ by /eam1 hot air1 electricity1 or 9 any o!r kn[n me?od1 & is conduct$ to any desir$ po9t by means ( ! belt b4 ,hav+ fully describ$ my inv5tion1 :at ,i claim z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is3 #a4 ,! comb9ation1 9 app>atus = increas+ me*anical p[]1 ( an axis1 z ,a1 support$ ^u be>+s ,n1 ) a driv+-pulley1 z ,b1 hav+ holl[ arms1 z ,c1 ) movable weights1 z a1 & radial arms1 bo? solid & holl[1 ! latt] hav+ movable weights1 toge!r ) fix$ weights atta*$ to ! end ( ea* arm1 all sub/antially z & = ! purpose describ$4 ,f]guson's ,device ,james ,f]guson 0 an em95t ,scot* me*anician & a/ronom]4 ,he 0 born 9 #agaj1 & di$ 9 #aggf4 ,he 0 re>$ 9 v humble circum/ances1 & is kn[n z ! ,peasant ,boy ,philosoph]4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ /ory ( 8 life 0 writt5 by ,h5ry ,mayhew1 & publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #aheg1 entitl$ ,! ,/ory ( ! ,peasant ,boy ,philosoph]4 ,he prep>$ a/ronomical tables ( great value & lectur$ on a/ronomical & me*anical subjects4 ,8 lectures 7 edit$ by a no less em95t man ?an ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,illu/ration ,:ile ,p]petual ,motion seem$ to h receiv$ consid]able "t & att5tion f him1 & :ile 8 writ+s %[ t he exam9$ a great _m me*anical devices1 he seems all ! "t to h ent]ta9$ s]i\s d\bt ( ! possibility ( a ma*9e hav+ self-motive p[]4 ,h[ev]1 9 #aggj1 he devis$ a ma*9e = ! purpose ( produc+ ,p]petual ,motion4 ,x does n appe> t he ev] (f]$ ! ma*9e to ! public1 or s\ght publicity = x4 ,a description ( x is to be f\nd 9 8 ,common ,place ,book 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,ed9burg4 ,! description !re furni%$ is z foll[s3 ,! axle at ,a is plac$ horizontally1 & ! spokes ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 turn 9 a v]tical position4 ,!y are jo9t$ at s1 t1 u1 etc41 z a common sector is1 & to ea* ( !m is fix$ a frame z ,r1 ,s1 ,t1 etc41 9 :i* ! weights #g1 #h1 #i1 #a1 #b1 etc41 h lib]ty to move4 ,:5 any spoke z ,d is 9 a horizontal position1 ! weight ,i 9 x falls d[n & pulls ! "p b ( ! !n v]tical spoke ,b /raight out1 by means ( a cord go+ ov] ! pulleys ,k & k to ! weight ,i4 ,! spoke ,c c 0 pull$ /raight out be=e1 :5 x 0 v]tical1 by means ( ! weight #b1 belong+ to ! spoke ,e e :i* is 9 ! horizontal position ,d d2 & s ( all ! o!rs on ! "r h&4 ,b :5 ^! spokes come ab\t to ! left h&1 _! weights #d1 #e1 #f fall back1 & cease pull+ ! p>ts f1 g1 h1 i2 s t ! spokes !n b5d at _! jo9ts ,x1 y1 z1 & ! balls at _! ends come ne>] ! c5t] ,a1 all on ! left side4 ,n[1 z ! balls or weights at ! "r h& side are f>!r f ! c5t] ,a ?an !y are on ! left1 x might be suppos$ t ?is ma*9e w\ld turn r\nd p]petually4 ,i h %[n x to _m :o h decl>$ x w\ld2 & yet = all t1 :oev] makes x1 w f9d x to be only a m]e balance4 ,i leave !m to f9d out ! reason4 ,b4 ,belidor's ,device ,?is device 0 incubat$ 9 ! bra9 ( an ,am]ican4 ,8 "n is unkn[n4 ,we h d5om9at$ x ,b4 ,belidor's ,device1 n because ,b4 ,belidor 0 ! inv5tor1 b because ! acc\nt ( ! inv5tion 0 furni%$ by him4 ,?is device seems to ! au?or to h possess$ orig9ality1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x fail$ to "w = reasons cle>ly app>5t4 ,illu/ration ,an acc\nt ( x 0 giv5 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,frankl9's ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahbh4 ,! article contribut$ by ,b4 ,belidor is z foll[s3 ,ev5 ! pursuit aft] p]petual motion1 hopeless z x is1 may n be consid]$ entirely va91 9 occasionally lead+ to useful modifications ( ma*9]y4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 ,i "h submit to y a plan sugge/$ by an +5i\s fri5d ( m9e1 sev]al ye>s ago1 z 9 ! diagrams annex$1 ,fig4 #a1 a p]p5dicul>1 & ,fig4 #b a horizontal view4 ,a ,a1 two v]tical :eels1 plac$ diagonally1 & revolv+ on ! axes ,x ,x4 ,! lev]s ,b ,b & ,c ,c are h+$ at ! p]iph]ies ( ! :eels4 ,by rotation ! arms ,b ,b are project$ f ! c5t] ( motion1 :ile ! arms ,c ,c are drawn 94 ,x is pla9 t a s]ies ( arms z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 w produce an ecc5tric motion1 caus+ ! weights at _! ends app>5tly to prepond]ate on ! side ,b4--,,belidor4 ,desaguli]'s ,proposition on ! ,balance ,?is s-call$ problem is ( d\btful classification4 ,! au?or ( ! problem did n claim t ! discov]y ( ! problem discloses any means = atta9+ ,p]petual ,motion1 &1 yet1 x is app>5t t if ! au?or ( ! problem 0 correct 9 8 solution ( x1 ,p]petual ,motion 0 !reby already )9 8 grasp4 ,! difficulty ab\t x all is t :ile ! problem is q int]e/+1 ! au?or's solution %[s t he 0 n famili> ) ev5 fundam5tal me*anics4 ,! "n ( ! au?or 0 ,j4 ,t4 ,desaguli]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,he 0 a m9i/] ( ! gospel1 b evid5tly gave consid]able att5tion to me*anical que/ions4 ,he is m5tion$ 9 *apt] ,x ( ?is "w4 ,rev4 ,desaguli] pres5t$ two problems ( ! balance4 ,"o he calls ,a ,proposition on ! ,balance1 n tak5 notice ( by ,me*anical ,writ]s1 expla9$ & confirm$ by an ,exp]im5t4 ,! article "u ?is head+ is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,9 ! la/ pap]s ,i publi%$ 9 ,philosophical ,transaction aga9/ ?is p]petual motion1 describ$ 9 ,no4 #agg1 ,i intreat$ ! au?or to p]mit me to say no?+ z to :at alt]ations he might make 9 8 eng9e1 resolv+ to leave x to o!rs to %[ him t ^u t pr9ciple all he c d signifies no?+4 ,b ,i f9d s9ce1 9 ! ,n\velles de la ,republique = ,decemb] la/1 t he /ill p]si/s to urge "s new contrivances1 :i* be+ add$1 he conceives 8 eng9e mu/ succe$4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t ,i und]took only to %ew t 8 fir/ device w\ld faile1 :i* yet ,i %\ld sc>ce h done if ,i _h ?\ght a dispute ( ?is nature c\ld h la/$ s long4 ,to come1 !re=e1 to ! po9t :]e he sai? t ?is eng9e may well succe$ )\t alt]ation1 because he ha? try$ ) liquors put into bell[s imm]s$ 9 wat]2 ,i aga9 say t ,i grant him ! tru? ( ! exp]im5ts1 b d5y ! consequ5ces he w\ld draw f !m4 ,i h already giv5 ! reasons ( my diss5t1 :i* ?is g5tleman is n pleas$ to und]/&4 ,b to end all controv]sies1 he may please to consult ,mr4 ,p]rault1 ,de la ,hire1 or any o!r at ,p>is well kn[n to be skill$ 9 hydraulicks1 & ,i d\bt n b he w f9d !m ( ! same op9ion ) ,mr4 ,boyle1 ,mr4 ,hook1 & o!r kn[+ p]sons "h1 :o all agree t our au?or is 9 ?is matt] "u a mi/ake4 ,a ,proposition on ! ,balance1 n tak5 notice ( by ,me*anical ,writ]s1 expla9$ & confirm$ by an ,exp]im5t4 ,a ,b is a balance1 on :i* is suppos$ to hang at "o end1 ,b1 ! scale ,e1 ) a man 9 x1 :o is c\nt]pois$ by ! weight ,w hang+ at ,a1 ! o!r end ( ! balance4 ,i say1 t if su* a man1 ) a cane or any rigid /raight body1 pu%es upw>ds aga9/ ! beam any:]e betwe5 ! po9ts ,c & ,b 7provid$ he does n pu% directly aga9/ ,b71 he w !reby make himself heavi]1 or ov]poise ! weight ,w1 ?\gh ! /op ,g ,g h9d]s ! scale ,e f be+ ?ru/ outw>ds f ,c t[>ds ,g ,g4 ,i say likewise1 t if ! scale & man %\ld hang f ,d1 ! man1 by pu%+ upw>ds aga9/ ,b1 or any:]e betwe5 ,b & ,d 7provid$ he does n pu% directly aga9/ ,d71 w make himself light]1 or be ov]pois$ by ! weight ,w1 :i* be=e did only c\nt]poise ! weight ( 8 body & ! scale4 ,if ! common c5t] ( gravity ( ! scale ,e1 & ! man suppos$ to /& 9 x1 be at k1 & ! man1 by ?ru/+ aga9/ any "p ( ! beam1 cause ! scale to move outw>ds s z to c>ry ! said common c5t] ( gravity to k x1 !n1 in/ead ( ,b ,e1 ,l l w become ! l9e ( direction ( ! comp\nd weight1 ^: action w be increas$ 9 ! ratio ( ,l ,c to ,b ,c4 ,?is is :at has be5 expla9$ by sev]al writ]s ( me*anics2 b no "o1 t ,i "k (1 has consid]$ ! case :5 ! scale is kept f fly+ out1 z "h by ! po/ ,g ,g1 :i* keeps x 9 its place1 z if ! /r+s ( ! scale 7 become inflexible4 ,n[1 to expla9 ?is case1 let u suppose ! l5g? ,b ,d ( half ( ! bra*ium ,b ,c to be equal to #c feet1 ! l9e ,b ,e to #d feet1 ! l9e ,e ,d ( #e feet to be ! direction 9 :i* ! man pu%es1 ,d ,f & ,f ,e to be respectively equal & p>allel to ,b ,e & ,b ,d1 & ! :ole or absolute =ce ) :i* ! man pu%es equal to 7or able to rise7 #aj /one4 ,let ! oblique =ce ,e ,d 7 #aj /one7 be resolv$ into ! two ,e ,f & ,e ,b 7or its equal ,f ,d7 ^: directions are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & ^: respective quantities 7or int5sities7 are z #f & #h1 because ,e ,f & ,b ,e are 9 t proportion to ea* o!r & to ,e ,d4 ,n[1 s9ce ,e ,f is p>allel to ,b ,d ,c ,a1 ! beam1 x does no way affect ! beam to move x upw>ds2 & !re=e !re is only ! =ce repres5t$ by ,f ,d1 or #h /one1 to pu% ! beam upw>ds at ,d4 ,= ! same reason1 & because action & reaction are equal1 ! scale w be pu%$ d[n at ,e ) ! =ce ( #h /one also4 ,n[1 s9ce ! =ce at ,e pulls ! beam p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>ds f ! po9t ,b1 di/ant f ,c ! :ole l5g? ( ! bra*ium ,b ,c1 its action d[nw>ds w n be dim9i%$1 b may be express$ by #h ,,bc2 :]eas ! action upw>ds aga9/ ,d w be half lo/1 by reason ( ! dim9i%$ di/ance f ! c5t]1 & is only to be express$ by #h ,b ,c_/#b2 & :5 ! action upw>ds to raise ! beam is subtract$ f ! action d[nw>ds to depress x1 !re w /ill rema9 #d /one to pu% d[n ! scale2 because #h ,b ,c - #h ,b ,c_/#b #d;,,bc4 ,consequ5tly1 a weight ( #d /one mu/ be add$ at ! end ,a to re/ore ! quilibrium4 ,!re=e a man1 c41 pu%+ upw>ds "u ! beam betwe5 ,b & ,d1 becomes heavi]4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! scale %\ld hang at ,f1 f ! po9t ,d1 only #c feet f ! c5t] ( motion ,c1 & a po/ ,g ,g h9d]s ! scale f be+ pu%$ inw>ds t[>ds ,c1 !n1 if a man 9 ?is scale ,f pu%es obliquely aga9/ ,b ) ! oblique =ce above m5tion$1 ! :ole =ce1 = ! reasons be=e giv5 79 resolv+ ! oblique =ce into two o!rs act+ 9 l9es p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r7 w be r$uc$ to #h /one1 :i* pu%es ! beam directly upw>ds at ,b1 :ile ! same =ce ( #h /one draws x directly d[n at ,d t[>ds ,f4 ,b z ,c ,d is only equal to half ( ,c ,b1 ! =ce at ,d1 comp>$ ) t at ,b1 loses half its action1 & !re=e c only take (f ! =ce ( #d /one f ! pu% upw>ds at ,b2 & consequ5tly ! weight ,w at ,a w prepond]ate1 unless an additional weight ( #d /one be hang$ at ,b4 ,!re=e1 a man1 c41 pu%+ upw>ds "u ! beam betwe5 ,b & ,d1 becomes light]4 ,! o!r problem pres5t$ by ,rev4 ,desaguli] is d5om9at$ by him ,an ,exp]im5t expla9+ a ,me*anical ,p>adox1 t two bodies ( equal weight susp5d$ on a c]ta9 sort ( balance d n lose _! equilibrium by be+ remov$1 "o f>!r f1 ! o!r ne>] to1 ! c5t]4 ,! article conc]n+ ?is problem is z foll[s3 ,if ! two weights ,p ,w hangs at ! ends ( ! balance ,a ,b1 ^: c5t] ( motion is ,c1 ^? weights w act aga9/ ea* o!r 7because _! directions are contr>y7 ) =ces made up ( ! quantity ( matt] 9 ea* multipli$ by its velocity2 t is1 by ! velocity :i* ! motion ( ! balance turn+ ab\t ,c w give to ! body susp5d$4 ,n[1 ! velocity ( a heavy body is its p]p5dicul> asc5t or desc5t1 z w appe> by mov+ ! balance into ! position a b1 :i* %ews ! velocity ( ,p to be ! p]p5dicul> l9e e a1 & ! velocity ( ,b w be ! p]p5dicul> l9e b g2 = if ! weights ,p & ,w are equal1 & also ! l9es e a & b g1 _! mom5ta1 made up ( e a multipli$ into ,w1 & b g multipli$ into ,p1 w be equal1 z w appe> by _! de/roy+ "o ano!r 9 mak+ an equilibrium4 ,b if ! body ,w 0 remov$ to ,m1 & susp5d$ at ! po9t ,d1 !n1 its velocity be+ only f d1 x w\ld be ov]balanc$ by ! body ,p1 because f d multipli$ into ,m w\ld produce a less mom5tum ?an ,p multipli$ into b g4 ,illu/ration ,z ! arcs ,a a1 ,b b1 & ,d d1 describ$ by ! ends ( ! balance or po9ts ( susp5sion1 are proportionable to _! s9es e a1 g b1 & d f1 z also ! radii or di/ances ,c ,a1 ,c ,b1 & ,c ,d2 9 ! case ( ?is common sort ( balance1 ! arcs describ$ by ! weights1 or _! po9ts ( susp5sion1 or ! di/ances f ! c5t]1 may be tak5 = velocities ( ! weights hang+ at ,a1 ,b1 or ,d1 &1 !re=e1 ! act+ =ce ( ! weights w be reciprocally z _! di/ances f ! c5t]4 ,s*olium4--,! di/ances f ! c5t] are tak5 "h = ! velocities ( ! bodies1 only because !y are proportionable to ! l9es e a1 b g1 & f d1 :i* are ! true velocities2 = !re are a great _m cases :]e9 ! velocities are nei!r proportionable to ! di/ances f ! c5t] ( motion ( a ma*9e1 nor to ! arcs describ$ by ! weights or _! po9ts ( susp5sion4 ,!re=e1 x is n a g5]al rule t weights act 9 proportion to _! di/ances f ! c5t] ( motion2 b a coroll>y ( ! g5]al rule t weights act 9 proportion to _! velocities1 :i* is only true 9 "s cases4 ,!re=e1 we mu/ n take ?is case z a pr9ciple1 :i* mo/ workm5 d1 & all ^? p :o make attempts to f9d ! p]petual motion1 z ,i h m amply %ewn 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans41 ,no4 #cfi4 ,b to make ?is evid5t ev5 9 ! balance1 we ne$ only take notice ( ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,a ,c ,b ,e ,k ,d is a balance 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram pass+ ?r\gh a slit 9 ! upright piece ,n ,o /&+ on ! p$e/al ,m1 s z to be moveable ^u ! c5t] p9s ,c & ,k4 ,to ! upright pieces ,a ,d & ,b ,e ( ?is balance are fix$ at "r angles ! horizontal pieces ,f ,g & ,h ,i4 ,t ! equal weights ,p ,w mu/ keep ea* o!r 9 quilibrio1 is evid5t2 b x does n at fir/ appe> s pla9ly1 t if ,w be remov$ to ,v1 be+ susp5d$ at #f1 yet x %all /ill keep ,p 9 quilibrio1 ?\gh ! exp]im5t %ews x4 ,nay1 if ,w be successively mov$ to any ( ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 ,e1 #d1 #e1 or #f1 ! quilibrium w be cont9u$2 or if1 ,w hang+ at any ( ^? po9ts1 ,p be successively mov$ to ,d1 or any ( ! po9ts ( susp5sion on ! cross-piece ,f ,g1 ,p w at any ( ^? places make an quilibrium ) ,w4 ,n[1 :5 ! weights are at ,p & ,v1 if ! lea/ weight t is capable to ov]come ! friction at ! po9ts ( susp5sion ,c & ,k be add$ to ,v1 z u1 ! weight ,v w ov]p[]1 & t z mu* at ,v z if x 0 at ,w4 ,f :at we h said above1 ! reason ( ?is exp]im5t w be v pla94 ,z ! l9es ,a ,c & ,k ,d1 ,c ,b & ,k ,e1 always cont9ue ( ! same l5g? 9 any position ( ! ma*9e1 ! pieces ,a ,d & ,b ,e w always cont9ue p>allel to "o ano!r1 & p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole ma*9e turns ^u ! po9ts ,c & ,k1 z appe>s by br++ ! balance to any o!r position1 z a b e d2 & !re=e1 z ! weights appli$ to any "p ( ! pieces ,f ,g & ,h ,i c only br+ d[n ! pieces ,a ,d & ,b ,e p]p5dicul>ly1 9 ! same mann] z if !y 7 appli$ to ! hooks ,d & ,e1 or to ,x & ,y1 ! c5t]s ( gravity ( ,a ,d & ,b ,e1 ! =ce ( ! weights 7if _! quantity ( matt] is equal7 w be equal1 because _! velocities w be _! p]p5dicul> asc5t or desc5t1 :i* w always be z ! equal l9es #d l & #d ,l1 :atev] "p ( ! pieces ,f ,g & ,h ,i ! weights are appli$ to4 ,b if to ! weight at ,v be add$ ! little weight u1 ^? two weights w ov]p[]1 because 9 ?is case ! mom5tum is made up ( ! sum ( ,v & u multipli$ by ! common velocity #d ,l4 ,h5ce foll[s1 t x is n ! di/ance ,c #f multipli$ into ! weight ,v :i* makes its mom5tum1 b its p]p5dicul> velocity ,l #d multipli$ into its mass4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,?is is /ill fur!r evid5t by tak+ out ! p9 at ,k2 = !n ! weight ,p w ov]balance ! o!r weight at ,v1 because !n _! p]p5dicul> asc5t & desc5t w n be equal4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,desaguli] 0 evid5tly a man ( sci5tific turn & capacity4 ,x is unusual to f9d m9i/]s deeply int]e/$ 9 sci5tific matt]s1 & yet1 he seems to h be54 ,! net result ( 8 exp]im5ts c be succ9ctly /at$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ problem !re is no *ange 9 ! di/ance ( ! c5t] ( gravity f ! support1 &1 !re=e1 !re c\ld be no di/urbance ( ! equilibrium4 ,9 ! second problem !re is a *ange 9 ! di/ance 9 ! c5t] ( gravity f ! support1 & !re mu/ h be5 a di/urbance ( ! equilibrium4 ,john ,haywood's ,device ,9 #agij1 ,john ,haywood1 ( ,long ,acre1 ,middlesex1 draftsman & me*anic1 obta9$ ,briti% pat5t on3 ,a ma*9e = work+ mills & eng9es )\t ! aid ( fire1 wat]1 or w9d1 or 9 aid ( all or any ( ^? or any o!r p[]s4 ,! specification describes ! device z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,! ma*9e acts on a rotative pr9ciple1 or1 9 o!r words1 has a revolv+ circul> or circulat+ motion r\nd an axis1 c5t]1 or c5t]s4 ,x may be made or con/ruct$ ( any mat]ials or matt] :atsoev]1 s x be ( suffici5t /r5g? to su/a9 ! p[] ( action :5 appli$ to any mill1 eng9e1 or ma*9e to :i* action or motion c or may be communicat$ by a :eel4 ,! size or dim5sions ( ?is ma*9e are by no means conf9$1 b may be v>i$ or alt]$ z circum/ances may require4 ,ref]5ces to ! draw+s ( ! ma*9e h]eunto annex$3--,fig4 #a is ! section ( ! ma*9e4 ,a1 ,a1 ,b1 a crank$ or d\ble c5t]1 fix$ to ! /& or frame ,d by ! bolts ,e4 ,c1 ,c1 ! :eel :i* turns or revolves r\nd t "p ( ! crank$ c5t] m>k ,a4 ,f1 lev]s :i* turn or revolve r\nd ! crank$ c5t] ,b4 ,g1 ,g1 roll]s or weights :i* revolve 9 ! circul> guides or grooves by means ( ! leav]s ,f4 ,h1 ,h1 circul> grooves or guides :i* are affix$ to ! inn] sides ( ! :eel4 ,n4 ,b4--! di/ance f ,a to ,b is ! radius 9 all cases to det]m9e ! space betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! guide or groove ,h & ! c5t] ( ! roll] or weight ,g4 ,! di/ance ( ! two conc5tric circles :i* =m ! guides or grooves ,h mu/ be equal to ! diamet] ( ! roll] or weight ,g4 ,i1 ,i1 spr+s :i* /op ! roll]s or weights ,g f return+ :5 at ! horizontal diamet] ( ! :eel4 ,k1 weights1 :i* may be increas$ or dim9i%$ at pleasure4 ,l1 l$ges :i* connect ! sides ( ! :eel toge!r4 ,n4 ,b4--,by fix+ cogs or tee? on ! rim ( ! :eel1 s z to connect x ) any mill1 ma*9e1 or eng9e to :i* motion c be giv5 by a :eel1 ! p[] ( ?is ma*9e may be communicat$4 ,explanation ( ! ,failure ( ! ,prec$+ ,:eels & ,weights ,devices ,x mu/ n be presum$ t ! prec$+ devices %[n 9 ?is *apt] con/itute any consid]able "p ( ! ,:eels & ,weights ,devices t h be5 con/ruct$ ?r\gh ! hope ( atta9+ ,p]petual ,motion4 ,( all ! means :]eby ,p]petual ,motion has be5 s\ght :eels & weights h be5 by f> ! mo/ prolific4 ,!re is sc>cely a village or a rural community 9 ! civiliz$ _w t _c po9t out its ,p]petual ,motion work]1 & he g5]ally />ts ) :eels & weights1 ?\gh (t51 aft] long labor & f9al failure ) :eels & weights1 he /ill exploits o!r attractive fields ( hopeless endeavor4 ,( ! devices ( t k9d1 acc\nts ( :i* h appe>$ 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 or application = pat5ts ^u :i* h be5 made1 &1 inde$1 pat5ts (t5 grant$1 x w\ld be possible to write a book ( ?\s&s ( pages1 b to d s w\ld be to no purpose4 ,x is believ$ by ! au?or t ! prec$+ devices are suffici5t to illu/rate1 & %[ ! controll+ features ( all ! v>i\s me*anical contrivances = ! utilization ( :eels & weights z a means ( ,self-,motive ,p[]4 ,c\ntless o!rs c\ld be %[n ( m or less complicat$ me*anism1 b an exam9ation w\ld disclose ! fact t ea* gets back to "s comb9ation ( p>ts well illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+4 ,also1 9 endeavor+ to express :y all :eels & weights devices h fail$ to "w1 ea* ess5tial po9t ( weakness is disclos$ 9 ! prec$+4 ,n[1 :y h !y fail$ to "w1 & :]e9 are !y inh]5tly wrong & unsci5tific8 ,a cursory exam9ation ( ! prec$+ devices %[s t ea* dep5ds ultimately on ! supposition3 #a4 ,t a desc5d+ weight elevates an equal weight ?r\gh a di/ance equal to ! desc5t1 & at ! same "t ov]comes ! frictional resi/ance ( me*anism1 bo? asc5t & desc5t be+ measur$ on p]p5dicul> l9es1 or #b4 ,t weights affix$ to an axis & caus$ to h a long] lev]age on ! desc5d+ side ?an on ! asc5d+ side1 & consequ5tly ! d[nw>d pull on ! long lev] side is suppos$ to be great] ?an ! d[nw>d pull or resi/ance on ! %ort lev] side ( ! axis4 ,if ! fallacy ( ^! suppos$ pr9ciples is expla9$ & fully und]/ood1 x disposes1 & disposes effectually1 ( ! possibility ( obta9+ ,p]petual ,motion by means ( :eels1 weights & ! =ce ( gravity4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t a :eel is a lev]1 or r x is a cont9u\s s]ies ( lev]s--no?+ m--no?+ less4 ,illu/ration ,we fir/ ref] to ! figure %[n 9 ,a4 ,capra's device1 page #cc ante4 ,! left side ( ?is :eel is1 ( c\rse1 suppos$ to be ! desc5d+ side on :i* ! weights are f>!/ f ! c5t] ( ! :eel4 ,x is app>5t t only five weights are hav+ any lev]age advantage :atev]1 :ile a mu* great] numb] are be+ made to asc5d4 ,! advantage :i* a few ( ! weights h by virtue ( ! lev]age pull+ d[nw>d is always exactly c\nt]balanc$ by an increas$ numb] ( weights be+ drawn upw>d4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! direction ( ! =ce ( gravity is t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 & n 9 ! direction ( ! motion ( ! :eel1 except at ! extreme left side ( ! :eel4 ,aga91 consid] ! figure appe>+ on page #fc4 ,x is manife/ t ! weights on ! "r h& are fur!r out1 & h a lev]age advantage ( ! weights on ! left h& side1 b x is also manife/ t !re is1 & always mu/ be1 a great] numb] ( weights on ! left h& side4 ,! great] lev]age ( ! weights on "o side is exactly balanc$ by ! great] numb] ( weights on ! o!r side4 ,= a fur!r illu/ration1 take ! figure %[n on %eet #fe1 ante4 ,! weight #a has a di/9ct advantage ov] weight #e4 ,weight #b has a di/9ct advantage ov] weight #f4 ,b "h we h only ?ree weights3 #a1 #b & #h1 t5d+ to pull ! :eel f left to "r1 :]eas !re are five weights1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f & #g1 t5d+ to prev5t its go+ to ! "r4 ,9 o!r words1 if weights #a1 #b & #h 7 remov$1 x is cle> t ! :eel w\ld turn back to ! left by reason ( ! action ( ! weights #c1 #d1 #e1 #f & #g4 ,"h aga9 ! lev]age advantage :i* weights h desc5d+ is c\nt]balanc$ by ! increas$ numb] ( weights on ! opposite side act$ on by ! =ce ( gravity1 t5d+ to prev5t ! desc5t ( ^? hav+ ! great] lev]age4 ,illu/ration ,all ! simpl] devices fail$1 ( c\rse1 to "w4 ,! m complicat$ devices are simply ef=ts to ov]come ! elem5t>y pr9ciples t prev5t$ ! simpl] devices f work+4 ,among ^! t ( ,dixon ,vallance 7see page #cd1 ante71 is be/ adapt$ to illu/rate ! folly & ! fallacy ( ^! v>i\s devices to ov]come elem5t>y pr9ciples4 ,we "h ref] to ! figure appe>+ on page #ce1 ante1 %[n 9 connection ) ,dixon ,vallance's ,device4 ,! obvi\s purpose 0 to keep all ! weights close to ! hub1 except ^? dep5d$ ^u to produce cont9u\s motion by _! great] lev]age4 ,to ! untra9$ & unte*nical p]son x w\ld p]haps n be manife/ at fir/ j :y ! ,vallance ma*9e fail$ to "w4 ,"h is its failure3 ,weight c mu/ be rais$ t[>d ! hub ( ! :eel4 ,to raise t weight requires ! application ( =ce4 ,t =ce mu/ be suppli$4 ,! belt cc w\ld "w m freely if x 7 n elevat+ a weight1 & ! =ce requir$ f w to turn ! :eel s z to elevate ! weight at c is c\nt]balanc$ by ! resi/ance ! weight c (f]s to be+ rais$1 & consequ5tly to ! motion ( ! belt & 9 turn to ! progress ( ! :eel4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$ t1 omitt+ friction1 ! en]gy ex]t$ by a desc5d+ body is ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ( its desc5t multipli$ by its weight4 ,=1 not)/&+ :at its c\rse may be f an elevat$ po9t to a l[] po9t ! en]gy accumulat$ 9 ! desc5t is /ill ! product ( ! p]p5dicul> di/ance & ! mass1 or weight4 ,9 all ( ^! devices x is app>5t t e weight is br\ght back by "s =ce f ! l[e/ po9t x rea*es to ! same elevation f :i* x />t$ to desc5d4 ,x is axiomatic1 !re=e1 t ! p]p5dicul> asc5t is equal to ! p]p5dicul> desc5t4 ,! asc5d+ weight & ! desc5d+ weight are1 ( c\rse1 ! same4 ,!re=e1 ! product ( ! weight & ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ( asc5t is exactly equal to ! product ( ! weight & ! p]p5dicul> di/ance ( desc5t4 ,h5ce1 !re is an exact balanc+ ( en]gies1 & no motion results4 ,any motion imp>t$ by w9d1 wat] or /eam w1 if ! mov+ =ce be )drawn1 soon be ov]come by unavoidable friction1 & a /ate ( re/ foll[s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t any attempt to atta9 ,self-,motive ,p[] by means ( :eels1 weights1 lev]s1 & ! =ce ( gravity mu/ result 9 failure4 ,! ?+ itself is physically impossible4 ,9 addition to :at is above /at$1 read c>efully ,*apt] ,,xi1 on ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy2 also read ,*apt] ,,xiv1 entitl$ ,! ,seem+ ,probability ( ,effect+ a ,cont9ual ,motion by ,solid ,weights 9 a ,holl[ ,:eel or ,sph]e at page #bij ( ?is book4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,roll+ ,,weights ,,& ,,incl9$ ,,planes ,device by ,m]cury 9 ,incl9$ ,glass ,tube & ,heavy ,ball on ,incl9$ ,plane ,nei!r ! inv5tor's "n nor 8 nativity c we give4 ,an acc\nt ( ! inv5tion 0 furni%$ by a correspond5t to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e 9 #ahbi4 ,! acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,to ! curi\s :o delight 9 me*anical intricacies1 to :om +5uity ( contrivance is ! goal = :i* !y run1 no?+ seems to af=d & require su* endless res\rces z t mo/ puzzl+ ?+--p]petual motion4 ,! un=tunate "n p]petual motion1 if *ang$ = me*anical exp]im5t1 w\ld ev5tually1 p]haps1 remove ! real cause ( c5sur+ x1 by ! diff]5t idea ( ! object aim$ at4 ,i n[ beg leave to (f] "s acc\nt ( a comb9ation ( movem5ts1 :i*1 f its orig9ality1 & seem+ to possess e requisite = reta9+ x 9 action1 may possibly be acceptable4 ,illu/ration ,?is diagram %[s a side view4 ,on ! /& ,a are rais$ two supports ,b1 ea* hav+ a c5t] hole at a1 to receive ! axle ( ! balanc$ app>atus1 consi/+ ( ,c1 a glass tube conta9+ a portion ( m]cury ,g2 & ,d1 a groov$ scalebo>d1 9 :i* a ball1 ,e1 c roll backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,f ,f are two jo9t$ lev]s1 :i* are to s]ve1 :5 /ruck by ! ball1 to rev]se ! position ( ! comp\nd balance3 ! :ole c5tr$ at a1 ! tube at b1 & ! groov$ bo>d at c4 ,9 its pres5t position1 ! m]cury 7x is suppos$71 hav+ fl[$ to ! end ,c1 w depress ,d1 & cause ! ball ,e to roll to ,d1 & depress ! end ,g ,f ,d2 & s on cont9ually4 ,s]ies ( ,incl9$ ,planes ,?is s*eme is ( ,engli% orig91 & 0 promulgat$ 9 #ahfd4 ,! "n ( ! inv5tor is unkn[n1 b he describ$ 8 inv5tion 9 a communication to a sci5tific publication 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,! accompany+ diagram repres5ts a s]ies ( incl9$ semi-tubes connect$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a rectangle4 ,illu/ration ,! ball ,a1 is plac$ at ! top ( an incl9e 9 su* a position t x %all desc5d to ,b1 at :i* po9t x w h suffici5t velocity or gravity to c>ry x up ! asc5t to ,c2 & s suppos+ ! incl9es & asc5ts to be endless1 ! repetition ( ! movem5t mu/ be also endless4 ,i ?9k x is n unreasonable to suppose t a p]petual movem5t ( ! ball w take place1 f ! fact t ! velocity imp>t$ to x by its fir/ desc5t is suffici5t to c>ry x f ,a to ,c1 ^? two po9ts be+ at ! same level4 ,i ?9k ! only ?+ to gu>d aga9/ is ! ball ru%+ ov] ! po9t ,c1 & ?us accel]at+ ! velocity at ea* desc5t4 ,! incl9e on road ^u :i* ! ball runs c be made ei!r circul>1 squ>e1 octagonal1 or1 9 fact1 almo/ ( any =m4 ,device by ,oscillat+ ,tr\gh & ,cannon ,balls 7,"n ( inv5tor unkn[n7 ,an adaptation f a ,p]petual ,pump sub/itut+ cannon-balls = wat]4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is inv5tion 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahbe1 9 ! language ( ! inv5tor1 :o says3 ,! description ( ! p]petual pump has sugge/$ to me :e!r ! long-s\ght p]petual motion may n be f\nd by a simple me*anical alt]ation ( t ma*9e1 & sub/itut+ a cannon-ball z a primum mobile1 9 lieu ( ! wat]1 n always obta9able4 ,i w\ld recomm5d t 9 ! bottom ( ! tr\gh be ins]t$ at ea* end two dropp+-bo>ds1 ( a triangul> =m1 mov+ on an axis at "o corn]1 "o ( :i* fall+ bel[ ! level ( ! tr\gh at ! elevat$ end1 ! o!r %all be rais$ by ! /op affix$ to ! /&>d-po/1 :i*1 ?r[+ ! ball aga9 back to ! =m] end1 %all depress t1 until ! same process is repeat$ 9 p]petual activity4 ,,description4--,fig4 #a4 ,a1 ! tr\gh1 sw++ on an axis at ,b4 ,c1 ! cannon-ball1 rais$ by "o ( ! dropp+-bo>ds1 ,d1 :il/ ! o!r falls ?r\gh ! op5+ at ,e1 into ! tr\gh4 ,f1 ! support or /op1 rais+ ! dropp+-bo>d ,d4 ,! c5t] ( ! tr\gh ought to be pi]c$1 leav+ ! sides z a support to ! ball1 :i* ought n to be wid] ?an ! ball may travel freely ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #b4 ,d ,d1 ! dropp+-bo>ds1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! c5t] s z to leave a suffici5cy ( ! tr\gh z a re/+ place = ! ball to give a mom5tum1 & depress ! tr\gh1 previ\sly to its be+ aga9 rais$ by ! dropp+-bo>d4 ,we meekly v5ture to call ! att5tion ( ?is inv5tor1 if he is /ill liv+1 & to any o!rs :o may be work+ along ! same l9e1 t to our c]ta9 k wat] is m g5]ally obta9able ?an cannon-balls4 ,we1 !re=e1 sugge/ ! use ( wat] in/ead ( cannon-balls4 ,unpubli%$ ,incl9e ,plane & ,weights ,devices ,not$ by ! ,au?or ,except ! prec$+ ?ree devices ! au?or does n rememb] ev] to h se5 report$ 9 any book1 pat5t1 application = pat5t1 or report1 ! acc\nt ( a device = obta9+ self-motive p[] by means ( weights & incl9$ planes1 & yet1 x is believ$ by ! au?or f ! use t has be5 made ( incl9$ planes & roll+ weights 9 demon/rat+ me*anical pr9ciples by _m natural philosoph]s1 & also f devices t h f "t to "t be5 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! au?or dur+ ?irty ye>s la/ pa/1 t ! incl9$ plane ) roll+ weights has be5 a f]tile field ( folly among ,p]petual ,motion seek]s4 ,on a numb] ( occasions ! au?or has be5 ask$ to view & inspect me*anical devices ( t k9d1 :i* x 0 claim$ by ! confid5t inv5tor & 8 fri5ds w\ld surely "w :5 j "o little ?+ c\ld be ov]come4 ,! phraseology 0 sometimes v>i$ a little f ! prec$+ quotation1 b ! sub/ance 0 always !re4 ,9 "o in/ance ! device attract$ ! en?usia/ic att5tion & elicit$ brea?less int]e/ f a doctor & surgeon ( mu* m ?an ord9>y skill & intellig5ce 9 8 pr(ession1 & 0 hopefully reg>d$ by a numb] ( o!r p]sons :o _h _h s*ool+ advantages & 7 suppos$ to be v]s$ 9 ! rudim5ts ( me*anics1 &1 x w\ld seem to ! au?or1 ought at fir/ sight to h p]ceiv$ ! fallacy & hopelessness ( ! inv5tor's dreams4 ,all ( ^! claim$ inv5tions rely+ on ! incl9$ plane ) roll+ weights 7 s ne>ly alike 9 ! pr9ciple involv$ t all may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ explanation3 ,illu/ration ,! above figure %[s a v]tical section ( a device t illu/rates ! controll+ pr9ciple 9 all ( ^! devices4 ,x is manife/ t ! balls betwe5 ,a & ,c are hang+ equally betwe5 ,a ,d & ,c ,d1 ! po9ts ( susp5sion ,a & ,c be+ 9 a horizontal l9e4 ,x is also manife/ t !re w be a great] numb] ( balls on ! slop+ incl9e ,a ,b ?an on ! slop+ incl9e ,b ,c4 ,! ,p]petual ,motion seek] has always argu$ to himself t ! f\r balls betwe5 ,a & ,b %\ld pull /rong] to ! left at ,b ?an ! two balls betwe5 ,b & ,c c pull4 ,sometimes ?is device has be5 v>i$ :]eby ! balls w\ld roll freely d[n ! incl9e f ,b to ,a & !n roll back t[>d ,c d[n ano!r incl9e :]e !y w\ld be suppos$ to /rike a lev] & impel a ball f ,c to ,b1 :i* ball w\ld !n roll d[n ! incl9e ,b ,a1 & s on indef9itely4 ,! error ( all ?is lies 9 ! fact t ! f\r balls betwe5 ,b & ,a w n elevate ! two balls betwe5 ,b & ,c = ! reason t !y are on a less incl9$ slope4 ,z we w\ld ord9>ily /ate x1 ,b ,c is a /eep] incl9e4 ,"o ball betwe5 ,b & ,c by =ce ( gravity pulls /rong] t[>d ,c ?an "o ball on ,b ,a w pull t[>d ,a4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t an equilibrium requires a great] numb] ( balls on ,b ,a ?an ,b ,c4 ,b ,a is long] & accommodates a great] numb] ( balls ?an c be accommodat$ on ,b ,c4 ,! numb] ( balls t c be accommodat$ on ! respective sides is always f\nd to be su* t ! small numb] ( balls betwe5 ,b ,c pull 9 ! aggregate t[>d ,c ! same z ! great] numb] ( balls betwe5 ,b & ,a pull t[>d ,a1 & ?us equilibrium is e/abli%$4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ) ! pull f ,b t[>d ,c equal to ! pull f ,b t[>d ,a1 ! me*anism f9ds its balance & motion ceases4 ,?is is true ( all simil> devices4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,hydraulic ,,& ,,hydro-,,me*anical ,,devices ,enbom ,&]son's ,pump ,june #ac1 #ahhb ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t1 ,no4 #beiead 0 grant$ to ,&ro ,enbom & ,john ,a4 ,&]son1 ( ,augu/a1 ,kansas1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 on ,improvem5ts 9 ,pumps4 ,x seems probable t ! inv5tors did n suspect1 & t ! pat5t (fice exam9]s did n discov] t ! device _h 9 ! claim$ ,improvem5t ! ess5tials ( self-motive p[]4 ,an exam9ation ( ! specifications cle>ly %[s1 h[ev]1 t ! claim ( ! inv5tors t ! wat] lift$ by ! pump is caus$ 9 its passage ov] ! :eel ,a to give p[] to ! same & ?us less5 ! labor requir$1 presupposes ! pr9ciple ( self-motive p[]4 ,! foll[+ figure tak5 f ! specifications & ! foll[+ exc]pt f ! specifications illu/rate ! int5d$ op]ation3 ,! op]ation is sub/antially z foll[s3 ,by ! application ( p[] to ! crank a revolution is giv5 to ! ma9 %aft ,a1 & by means ( ?is ! pump-h&le is prop]ly actuat$ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate me*anism describ$4 ,! wat] lift$ by ! pump is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! sp\t e to ! buckets ( ! :eel a1 & by ^! is deliv]$ to ! tr\gh ,f4 ,by means ( ! con/ruction describ$ ! wat] lift$ by ! pump is caus$1 9 its passage ov] ! :eel a1 to give p[] to ! same1 & ?us less5 ! labor requir$ to produce a giv5 result4 ,illu/ration ,we sugge/ to ! inv5tors t if in/ead ( elevat+ ! wat] to ! place ( dis*>ge ,e !y dis*>ge x at ! level ( ! tr\gh ,f !y w less5 ! di/ance ( elevation & w save _m times ! en]gy t c be realiz$ by ! desc5t ( ! wat] f ! level ( ,e to ! level ( ,f4 ,device ( ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis ,9 #ahca ,me*anics' ,magaz9e pr9t$ an article contribut$ by a correspond5t :o sign$ himself ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis4 ,he claim$ to h inv5t$ a v p[]ful ,p]petual ,motion ,ma*9e4 ,8 en?usiasm is z int]e/+ z 8 device is absurd4 ,we give ! article z publi%$ 9 full3 ,illu/ration ,i propose to endeavor to %[ h[ my plan ( p]petual motion c\ld be appli$ to practical & useful purposes4 ,) a view to ?is1 ,i give ! prefix$ sket*1 ) ! foll[+ description ( its con/ruction & use3 ,let ,a repres5t ! side-wall or gable-end ( a h\se1 f #dj to #ej feet 9 elevation2 ,b1 a ci/]n1 fill$ ) wat]1 hav+ an orifice ne> its bottom1 & ano!r op5 at ! top1 = ! ready escape ( wa/e wat]1 z be=e2 ,c1 a res]voir1 s f> fill$ ) wat] z n to come 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! wat]-:eel ,d1 :i*1 be+ an und]%ot :eel1 may1 ( c\rse1 be ( su* radius z is suitable = ! p[] requir$ to raise ! wat]4 ,let ,e be ano!r ci/]n1 fill$ ) wat]1 equal to & provid$ ) orifices z 9 ci/]n ,b1 bo? orifices toge!r dis*>g+ wat] fa/] ?an x escapes f ! l[] orifice ( ! ci/]n ,b2 ,f1 two 7or m1 z ! case may require7 pumps1 or express+-f\nta9s1 support$ aga9/ ! walls by ties d d1 & hav+ _! cyl9d]s ins]t$ 9 ! res]voir ,c1 & _! l[] suck]s fix$ at a little less ?an #cb feet above ! surface ( ! fluid 9 ! res]voir ,c4 ,^! express+-f\nta9s dis*>g+ _! wat] into ! ci/]n ,e a trifle fa/] ?an x escapes f its l[] orifice1 at an elevation ( at lea/ #cc or #cd feet above ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! res]voir ,c1 w af=d space = wat]-:eels1 support$ aga9/ ! wall by ! upright ,k1 say ?ree wat]-:eels1 ,g ,h ,i1 ( at lea/ eight feet 9 diamet] ea*1 or two only ( great] diamet]4 ,! upp] :eel ,g be+ an und]%ot "o1 if n ( great] radius ?an f\r feet1 :i* x might be1 may h its axle fix$ at an altitude ( at lea/ #cj feet1 & all[+ ! space ( a foot betwe5 ea* wat]-:eel = ! tr\ghs a & b1 :i* collect & convey ! wat] f :eel to :eel1 w give a space ( #bb feet1 occupi$ by ! ?ree wat]-:eels1 leav+ #aj feet = ! desc5t ( ! wat] by ! tr\gh c to ! ci/]n ,b 7:i* may be f\r or five feet 9 dep?71 & !nce to ! res]voir ,c1 :i* may be ?ree or f\r feet 9 dep?2 also ! ci/]n ,e may be f\r or five feet 9 dep?1 & all ( o!r correspond+ dim5sions ad libitum4 ,to produce ! motion1 remove ! plugs or /opp]s f ! l[] orifices ( ! ci/]ns ,e & ,b2 ! wat] ru%+ f ! latt] turns ! great wat]-:eel ,d1 :i* works ! express+-f\nta9s into ! upp] ci/]n ,e2 f ! orifices ( :i*1 ! wat] escap+ turns ! und]%ot :eel ,g 7:i* may be ( l>g] diamet]1 if requir$72 :5ce be+ collect$ by ! sp\t a1 x %oots ov] & turns ! :eel ,h2 be+ collect$ by ! sp\t b1 x turns ! ov]%ot :eel ,i2 :5ce be+ collect$ by ! sp\t c1 x is convey$ into ! ci/]n ,b1 f !nce to ! wat] :eel ,d1 &1 f9ally1 into ! res]voir ,c1 f :i* x is rais$ aga9 by ! f\nta9s into ! upp] ci/]n ,e2 & s on z long z y please1 or z long z ! :ole keeps 9 repair & 9 good ord]4 ,! app>atus may1 ) facility1 be /opp$ = conv5i5ce at any "t )\t fe> ( d]angem5t1 because ! f\nta9s c>ry+ wat] fa/] ?an x escapes f ! l[] orifices1 ! ci/]ns w be always full2 & x may be aga9 set 9 motion ) equal facility4 ,) ! above proviso1 x _c /op till ! prevail+ natural causes :i* gave x motion--viz41 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e & ! desc5t ( wat]1 :i* 9 _! nature & t5d5cy are ( !mselves p]petual--%all be div]t$4 ,?us y may h ! p[]1 free & disposable1 ( ?ree wat]-:eels 9 p]petual motion1 to be appli$ to su* useful purposes ( ma*9]y )9 ! build+ z its inmates may require4 ,a supply ( wat]-mills might be ?us provid$ 9 any situation--9 ! c5t] ( ! metropolis or o!r l>ge t[ns--9 places subject to a defici5cy ( rivulets suitable = mills on ! common sy/em4 ,nei!r w\ld !re be any necessity = resort+ to riv]s1 or rais+ imm5se build+s ^u _! banks2 :]ev] !re 0 a conv5i5t h\se1 x might be readily appropriat$ ) little fur!r exp5se ?an ma*9]y4 ,y\rs1 etc41 ,,ed4 ,,vocis ,,rationis4 ,jan4 #aj1 #ahca4 ,bckl]'s ,plates ,9 #affb ,george ,&rew ,bckl] publi%$ a "w on me*anics4 ,! "w is replete ) f9e draw+s4 ,n a great deal ( space is devot$ to ,p]petual ,motion devices1 b ! foll[+ ?ree plates :i* are numb]$ #aej1 #aea & #aeb 9 8 "w are %[n z ,p]petual ,motion devices4 ,^! devices d n appe> to h be5 ! inv5tions ( ,bckl] himself1 b are devices notic$ by him4 ,!y are n expla9$ ) any consid]able detail4 ,illu/ration ,figure #aej is ,a ,wat] ,screw1 & x is /at$ t ! inv5tor int5ds x = a ,p]petual ,motion device1 & x is fur!r /at$ t he has sc>cely work$ out 8 purpose4 ,! au?or /ates t ! excell5ce consi/s 9 ! proportion & di/ribution ( ! :eel1 balls & weights1 & says fur!r t he does n describe x 9 detail1 & t x is 8 int5tion to publi% at a future "t a sep>ate treatise on ,p]petual ,motion 9 :i* ?is & o!r simil> ma*9es w be consid]$4 ,he gives ! fir/ z ,fig4 #aej1 ,a ,wat] ,screw1 ! purpose ( :i* is n q s obvi\s z to be und]/ood at ! fir/ view ( ! figure2 = ! inv5tor intimates t he int5ds x = a p]petuum mobile4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 sc>cely work$ out 8 purpose1 z we may1 nev]!less1 say )\t any prejudice to ! inv5tor4 ,nor w we "h describe h[ ! excell5ce ( ?is "w consi/s 9 ! proportion & di/ribution ( ! :eel1 & ! balls or weights1 because x is our int5tion to publi%1 at a future "t1 a sep>ate treatise on ! p]petuum mobile1 9 :i* we %all consid] ?is & sev]al simil> ma*9es4 ,figure #aea is ,a ,wat] ,screw1 hav+ a gr9d/one = cutl]y4 ,! au?or rem>ks conc]n+ ?is ma*9e z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,?is ma*9e also is int5d$ = a p]petuum mobile4 ,! inv5tor dis*>ges wat] f ! res]voir ,a1 by ! canal ,b1 on ! wat]-:eel ,c1 :i* turns ! op5 screw-cyl9d] ,d1 by means ( ! too!d :eel ,e1 ! cog-:eel ,f1 ! spok$ :eel ,g1 toge!r ) ! cyl9d] ,h1 & ! spok$ :eel ,i1 :il/ ?is spok$ :eel ,i1 cat*+ ! small cog-:eel ,l1 toge!r ) ! cyl9d] ,m1 & ! h&le ,r1 turns ! small spok$ :eel ( ! screw-cyl9d] ,h1 & ! screw-cyl9d] itself1 & ?us draws up aga9 ! wat] dis*>g$ f ! res]voir ,a ?r\gh ! spiral screw ,q4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ?is ma*9e useful1 a c\ple ( gr9d/ones are plac$ on ! cyl9d] ,d4 ,conc]n+ ?is ma*9e1 x is p>ticul>ly to be consid]$1 :e!r a suffici5t am\nt ( wat] c be rais$ aga91 z has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$ be=e ab\t simil> works4 ,figure #aeb is said to repres5t ,a ,d\ble ,wat] ,screw1 ) ,d\ble ,pump1 & ! au?or obs]ves3 ,?is ma*9e is1 on ! :ole1 simil> to ! prec$+ ones4 ,! wat] is dis*>g$ f ! r\nd or squ>e res]voir ,a1 by ,b1 on ! wat]-:eel ,c4 ,a cont9ual supply ( wat] = ! wat]-:eel is provid$ z foll[s3 ,! cr[n :eel ,h is fix$ on ! upright cyl9d] ,m1 & is turn$ by ! revolutions ( ! cyl9d]1 :il/ x turns at ! same "t ! upp] :eel ,l1 :i*1 act+ on ! spokes ( ! d\ble screw ,k1 ,k1 draws up suffici5t wat] by ,i1 ,i1 & !n1 z /at$1 dis*>ges x by ,b1 on ! :eel ,c4 ,! ma*9e may be r5d]$ useful by furni%+ ! cyl9d] ,d ) ! d\ble crank ,e1 to drive ! two pi/ons ( ! tubes ,f1 ,f1 :i* lift ! wat] ?r\gh ! pipes ,g1 ,g1 into ! res]voir ,n1 :5ce x may be c>ri$ (f = s]vice4 ,illu/ration ,john ,l9ley's ,hydraulic ,device4 #ahca ,an acc\nt ( ?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahca 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 & is z foll[s3 #cb4 ,p]petual ,wat]-:eels & ,pumps 7vol4 #ad1 #ahca74--;,a correspond5t gives a description ( a plan :i* he says he believes to be entirely orig9al1 & n )\t consid]able claims to plausibility1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,let a b c d repres5t a wood5 ci/]n1 or tr\gh1 half fill$ ) wat]2 ,e ,f ,g1 ?ree ov]%ot wat]-:eels1 support$ by ! upright piece2 ,k is ano!r ci/]n1 or tr\gh1 fill$ ) wat] up to ! dott$ l9es2 ,p is a syphon to convey wat] f ! l[] to ! upp] ci/]n ,k2 ,r is a beam support$ f ! ci/]n2 ,s ,t ,u are moveable cranks atta*$ to ! horizontal %afts ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! wat]-:eels--ea* crank has a connect+-rod to ! beam ,r2 ,v ,w are two curv$ sp\ts to convey wat] f "o :eel to ano!r4 ,x may be well "h to premise t ea* wat]-:eel has a pump & beam1 z only "o is se5 9 ! section4 ,n[1 9 ord] to put ! ma*9e 9 motion1 x is only necess>y to draw a portion ( wat] f ! syphon ov] ! :eel ,e1 :i* imm$iately revolves1 consequ5tly ! pump ,l ,m draws wat] f ! l[] to ! upp] ci/]n ,k4 ,n[1 ! wat] pass+ ov] ! :eel ,e is collect$ by means ( ! curv$ sp\t ,v1 & is convey$ ^u ! middle :eel ,f1 :i* also gives motion to ano!r pump1 & draws 9 l mann]4 ,aga91 ! wat] pass+ ov] ! middle :eel1 is collect$ z be=e by ano!r curv$ sp\t ,w2 consequ5tly1 ! l[] :eel is put 9 action1 accompani$ ) ano!r pump4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t ?ree wat]-:eels & ?ree pumps are work$ by "o /ream ( wat] f ! syphon4 ,:at m is requir$ to p]petuate its motion8 ,john ,l9ley4 ,wick] ,%effield1 ,may #bh1 #ahcj4 ,device ( ,au?or ( ! ,voice ( ,reason ,9 #ahca a contributor :o sign$ himself ,au?or ( ! ,voice ( ,reason1 furni%$ to ! sci5tific j\rnals ( ,engl& an acc\nt ( :at he claim$ 0 a ,p]petual ,motion ,device inv5t$ by him4 ,x %\ld be said to 8 cr$it t he claim$ no surplus p[] = 8 device--only t x w\ld run itself4 ,he1 9 fact1 /at$ t 8 ma*9e c\ld n p]=m m ?an ! simple op]ation ( pump+ its own wat]4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* he reli$ is suffici5tly %[n by ! foll[+ figure1 & ! foll[+ exc]pt f ! contribut$ article3 ,obs]v+ t p]sons no less di/+ui%$ ?an ,bi%op ,wilk9s1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 etc41 h amus$ !mselves ) su* ?+s z p]petual motion1 x may be "s apology = a humble individual resid+ z ,i d 9 a v retir$ "p ( ! c\ntry--sc>cely )9 rea* ( mu* society--to confess t by way ( a little rational amusem5t & relief to ! m9d1 ,i h at times1 amid a v>iety ( o!r inve/igations & inv5tions1 amus$ myself among/ ! re/1 ) ?is ( p]petual motion4 ,! result ,i w1 ) y\r p]mission1 lay be=e y\r read]s4 ,t ,i trespass ^u y\r pages1 y are indebt$ to y\r correspond5t1 ,mr4 ,l9ley1 ^: inv5tion ,i ?\ght might p>tially lead to an anticipation ( "o ( my own1 a model ( :i* ,i con/ruct$ a %ort "t ago4 ,! sy/em :i* fir/ came to my m9d1 z likely to lead to ! accompli%m5t ( p]petual motion1 0 t ( ! syphon2 exp]im5t+ ) :i*1 op5$ discov]ies t might prove useful 9 hydro/atics4 ,among/ ^! 0 a mode ( equaliz+ ! horizontal surface ( ! wat] 9 two sep>ate vessels ( diff]5t altitudes4 ,! foll[+ sket* w af=d an idea ( my inv5tion4 ,illu/ration ,let ,a be a vessel1 hav+ two orifices1 "o at ! bottom ( x1 a1 & ! o!r op5 at ! top = wa/e wat] b1 fill$ to ! brim4 ,b1 a res]voir1 s f> fill$ ) wat] z n to come 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! great :eel ,c1 ^: axle turns 9 ! wood c1 atta*$ to ! side ( ! res]voir2 d1 a crank fix$ to ! axle ( ! great wat]-:eel1 :i* turn+ moves up & d[n ! rod e1 atta*$ to ! beam ,e1 :i* works ! pump ,d1 hav+ its cyl9d] ins]t$ 9 ! res]voir ,b2 f1 an upright atta*$ to ! upp] vessel ,a1 to =m a support = ! beam ,e2 ! :ole1 toge!r ) ! cyl9d] ( ! pump1 be+ support$ & ti$ toge!r by ! woodwork g g g4 ,to produce ! motion1 draw ! plug f ! orifice a1 f :i* ! wat] gu%+ out ) consid]able =ce w imm$iately turn ! wat]-:eel1 :i* communicat+ motion1 by ! crank d & rod e1 to ! beam ,e1 w cause ! pump ,d to be work$1 ! wat] f ! sp\t pass+ into ! upp] vessel ,a4 ,n[1 ! cyl9d] ( ! pump1 if "o only be us$1 mu/ be ( suitable dim5sions1 or ! velocity ( its movem5t s increas$ by means ( a multiply+-:eel z to enable x to dis*>ge wat] into ! upp] vessel ,a fa/] ?an ! same escapes ?r\gh ! l[] orifice a2 consequ5tly1 ! vessel ,a w soon ov]fl[ f ! capaci\s op5+ at b1 to :i* a tr\gh is atta*$1 :i* collect+ ! wa/e wat]1 causes x to desc5d also ^u ! circumf]5ce ( ! wat]-:eel2 ?us contribut+ to its movem5t1 & at ! same "t t5d+ to pres]ve an uni=m supply ( wat] 9 ! res]voir = ! cont9u$ action ( ! pump4 ,h5ce y h a p]petual motion1 s long z ! :ole keeps 9 repair & 9 good ord]1 :i* is all t c be expect$ ( any p]petual motion1 con/ruct$ z x mu/ be ( p]i%able mat]ials4 ,b ( :at use are all ! p]petual motion ma*9es1 if !y c p]=m no o!r "w ?an t ( keep+ !mselves 9 motion8 ,= x is evid5t1 9 ! case ( my ma*9e1 t if ,i wi% to increase ! p[] ( ! :eel1 fix$ z x is 9 size1 radius1 etc41 ,i mu/ increase ! jet ( wat]1 & consequ5tly ! pumps mu/ be made ( correspond+ dim5sions1 or ex]t a correspond+ increase ( =ce or velocity to replace ! wat]2 s t x is evid5t1 nei!r ,mr4 ,l9ley's ma*9e nor m9e1 9 _! pres5t fix$ /ate1 c p]=m m ?an ! simple op]ation ( pump+ _! own wat]4 ,& ?is is ! case ) all ! p]petual motion ma*9es ,i h ev] obs]v$--!y c ex]t no useful or disposable p[] beyond t ( keep+ up an equilibrium1 or gett+ beyond ! po9t ( equilibrium4 ,y\rs1 etc41 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,voice ,,( ,,reason4 ,an ,italian ,device ,9 #ahbe !re 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e ! acc\nt ( a v anci5t inv5tion by an ,italian4 ,he _h writt5 an acc\nt ( 8 inv5tion 9 ,lat94 ,x _h be5 translat$ & furni%$ to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e by a correspond5t ( t ,magaz9e4 ,! communication s furni%$ z publi%$ is z foll[s3 ,! und]writt5 is translat$ f an anci5t ,lat9 book 99 99 99 7entitl$ ,de ,simia ,natur1 ,autore ,rob]to ,fludd71 :i* treats ( e sci5ce kn[n at ! "t x 0 publi%$1 & l>gely ( ! sci5ce ( me*anics4 ,:at foll[$ ,i h extract$ m]ely to %[ t ! discov]y ( ! p]petual motion 0 z ne>ly atta9$ !n1 p]haps1 z x is n[4--,i am1 c41 ,p4 ,( ano!r useful inv5tion = rais+ wat] easily1 by ! :i* a c]ta9 ,italian v5tur$ to boa/ t he _h discov]$ ! ,p]petual ,motion4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,in/rum5t4--,a is an exhau/]1 or pump4 ,illu/ration ,b1 a little :eel plac$ at ! bottom ( ! exhau/]1 ab\t :i* pe/ils1 or circul> flaps ( prep>$ lea!r1 revolve lightly1 s t !y rise easily3 !y are connect$ by crook$ iron4 ,c ,c ,c1 pe/ils1 or circul> lea!rs1 by means ( :i* ! wat] is rais$ 9 ! pump4 ,d1 a :eel1 by :i* ! said circul> lea!rs are rais$ up4 ,e1 a p9ion1 mov+ ! :eels ,d & ,b4 ,f is a :eel1 cont9u$ f ! :eel ,g1 ^: tee? ! p9ion ,e propels circul>ly4 ,h1 a p9ion mov+ ! :eel ,g4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,in/rum5t4--,?is in/rum5t is class$ ) ^? ( ! fir/ sort1 on :i* acc\nt x is absolutely necess>y = a multitude ( purposes1 because x be>s upw>d a l>ge quantity ( wat] ) ! lea/ labor2 = ! numb] ( :eels is n v>iable2 b ! l5g? ( ! receiv] ,a is ab\t ! proportion ( #ce feet1 & its bread? "o foot & "o-?ird4 ,! concavities ( x %\ld be made exactly r\nd1 t !y may n lose any wat] by contract+ 9 _! asc5sion2 ! concavity ( ! pump1 !re=e1 %\ld be p]fectly r\nd4 ,! great wat]-:eel %\ld be #bd feet diamet]1 & ! :eel ,g #bj feet4 ,! ,italian1 deceiv$ by 8 own ?\ghts1 conceiv$ t z mu* wat] w\ld be rais$ by ?is pump z w\ld keep ! :eel p]petually 9 motion2 because he said t m =ce 0 requir$ at ! extremity ( ?is ma*9e ?an at ! c5tre2 b because he calculat$ ! proportions ( p[] wrong1 he 0 deceiv$ 9 practice4 ,p4 ,val5t9e ,/ansel's ,device4 ,prior to #afeg 7,exact date n kn[n73 ,illu/ration ,a1 ,b1 ,c is a l>ge ci/]n ( wat]1 above :i* is ano!r ci/]n ,d1 ,e1 :i* is suppli$ f ! l[] ci/]n by ! pump ,x1 op]at$ by ! wat]-:eel ,m1 ,n1 ! crank ,l ( :i* is atta*$ by a rod ,k to ! horizontal beam ,h1 ,i1 ,k1 :i* sw+s at ,h1 f ! side ( ! upp] ci/]n1 z %[n at ,f1 ,g1 ,h4 ,! =ce-pump ,x1 on ! depression ( ! plung] ,o1 causes ! wat] to rise up ! v]tical pipe ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 & !nce dis*>ge itself into ! ci/]n ,d1 f :i* a small portion is all[$ to escape ?r\gh ! %ort pipe ,t1 ,v1 :5ce x falls on ! wat]-:eel1 & s on cont9u\sly4 ,vogel's ,device ,9 #ahdg1 ,a4 ,f4 ,vogel1 ( ,leipzig1 inv5t$ :at he call$ ,hydro/atic ,g5]al ,mobile4 ,x 0 describ$ at ! "t 9 a pamphlet1 & its op]ation is suffici5tly illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ annex$ figure & explanation3 ,illu/ration ,a wat]-:eel1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 rais+ ! wat] by means ( :i* x is to be op]at$4 ,?is is effect$1 he supposes1 by ! :eel act+ at ,a1 by ! pressure ( "o ( six p9s ,d1 on a v]tical rod1 atta*$ to a horizontal beam1 work+ on a c5tre1 & its opposite end be+ secur$ to ! pump-rod ( ! b>rel ,m1 ,n4 ,! projector has an idea t by means ( flaps1 :i* close ! cells ( ! :eel z !y pass "u roll]s at ,b1 :ile at ,c !re is a simil> contrivance to op5 ! flaps & let out ! wat]1 & !re=e by its ret5tion on ! desc5d+ side x w become m effective 9 turn+ ! :eel4 ,a ,wat] ,:eel-,driv5 ,pump ,?is device is claim$ by ! writ] to be an adaptation ( ,rangely's ,pat5t ,roll] ,pump4 ,a description by ! writ]1 ^: "n is n giv51 0 publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahbc1 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,i ?9k x possible to produce a self-mov+ p[] by su* a ma*9e z t1 a draw+ ( :i* is n[ prefix$4 ,f its v simple con/ruction1 a v brief description is necess>y4 ,a repres5ts a pump imm]s$ 9 a res]voir ,b2 ! pump is work$ by ! rot>y motion ( ! wat]-:eel ,c1 :i* is f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,on ! %aft ( ! wat]-:eel is ! drum-:eel ,d1 work+ by a small cord ! :eel ,e1 on ! axis ( ! pump dis*>g+ ! wat] by ! pipe ,f into a res]voir ,g ov] ! wat]-:eel4 ,9 ?is res]voir is a cock to regulate ! quantity ( wat] to be dis*>g$ on ! :eel4 ,! :eel on ! %aft ( ! wat]-:eel be+ n9e in*es diamet]1 & ! :eel on ! axis ( ! pump ?ree 9 diamet]1 ! latt] w consequ5tly make ?ree revolutions = "o ( ! wat]-:eel4 ,z ! pump is n requir$ to turn ) great velocity1 ! spe$ might be regulat$ by ! quantity ( wat] ?r[n on ! wat]-:eel1 ! latt] be+ f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & ! :eel on its %aft n9e in*es2 consequ5tly ! radius or arm ( ! :eel has ne> #d p[]s to c\nt]act ! friction ( ! axis ( ! pump & wat]-:eel1 & ( a f9e cord pass$ ov] ! :eels ,d & ,e4 ,if necess>y1 ! friction ( ! ma*9e might be /ill f>!r r$uc$ by ! axes ( ! pump & wat]-:eel be+ made to run 9 gudgeons ) friction roll]s4 ,illu/ration ,! pipe ,h is int5d$ to convey ! surplus wat] f ! res]voir ov] ! :eel to ! res]voir bel[4 ,! pump might easily be turn$ by a cog-:eel2 b ?is is unnecess>y1 z ! cord pass+ ov] ! drum-:eels w d equally well1 & is1 besides1 a m simple me?od4 ,a ,j\rneyman ,me*anic's ,device ,! g5tleman1 ^: real "n is unkn[n1 b :o /yl$ himself ,a ,j\rneyman ,me*anic1 made an inv5tion1 an acc\nt ( :i* appe>$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 9 #ahca4 ,x 0 an attempt$ adaptation ( ! wellkn[n pr9ciples ( ,b>k]'s ,mill4 ,! inv5tor und\bt$ly ?\ght he _h successfully solv$ ! long s\ght problem ( ,self-,motive ,p[]1 & he b5evol5tly & graci\sly (f]$ to contribute 8 valuable inv5tion to ! _w1 hav+ no wi% to pr(it by monopoly4 ,we _c b contra/ ! pl5>y b5evol5ce ( 8 he>t ) ! me*anical paucity ( 8 head4 ,he describes 8 inv5tion ) ! foll[+ language & figure3 ,! inv5tor (f]s ! accompany+ sket*1 ) description ( an ,hydraulic ,mov]1 = communicat+ p[] to ma*9]y1 & rec5tly inv5t$ by him3-- ,a is a holl[ cyl9d] or pipe1 =m+ ! upright %aft ( a mill on ,b>k]'s well-kn[n & effective c5trifugal pr9ciple4 ,b ,b1 ! lat]al pipes f ditto2 a a1 ! jets ( wat]1 ^: c5trifugal =ce gives ! motion4 ,c1 beam to support ! ma*9]y1 built at ea* end into ! wall ,d ,d4 ,e ,e1 two cog-:eels to communicate ! motion to ,p1 ! rod ( a pump 7on ,%ald]'s pr9ciple71 :i* d]ives its supply f ! well into :i* ! wat] f ! pipes is conduct$1 :i* x raises to ,illu/ration ,h1 a ci/]n into :i* "o end ( a syphon1 ,i ,i1 is introduc$1 ! o!r end ( :i* is sold]$ ) an air-tight jo9t into ! top ( pipe ,a1 to :i* x ?us supplies ! wat] :i* is cont9ually runn+ f ! pipes ,b ,b1 produc+ a con/ant motion :i* may be giv5 by c>ry+ ! horizontal rod ,f ?r\gh ! wall ,d1 to ma*9]y = any purpose4 ,&1 if ! /atem5t 9 ! pamphlet on ,hydro/atics1 by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 z to ! effect ( ,b>k]'s ,c5trifugal ,mill1 be correct1 ! p[] ga9$ mu/ be v great4 ,! advantages ( ! inv5tion are obvi\s4 ,! :ole ( ! ma*9]y = a l>ge factory may be conta9$ und]gr\nd1 :i*1 inde$1 w be ! mo/ desirable situation = x1 & valuable room w ?us be sav$2 ! exp5se ( erection w n be great2 & ! sav+ 9 coals1 c41 necess>y = a /eam-eng9e ( ! l p[]s1 w be imm5se4 ,i might1 p]haps1 h secur$ mu* b5efit to myself by tak+ out a pat5t = ! discov]y1 b ,i h no wi% to pr(it by monopoly4 ,all ,i desire is1 t x may be recollect$ t ! ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by "o :o is ,a ,,j\rneyman ,,me*anic4 ,james ,black's ,device ,9 #aheh1 ,james ,black1 ,ma*9e ,mak]1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1 appli$ = a ,briti% pat5t on ,an improv$ mode or means ( obta9+1 apply+1 & transmitt+ motive p[]4 ,! expect$ op]ation is suffici5tly illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ figure & exc]pt f ! specifications3 ,a face plate or disc is fix$ on an axis1 & has =m$ 9 x a numb] ( wip]s1 ecc5trics1 or curv$ pa?s1 :i* receive 79 ! space tak5 out7 a pulley or roll]1 free to revolve on its own axis1 & atta*$ to an adju/able lev] 9 equal balance ) ! desir$ lift or pressure4 ,on rot>y motion be+ communicat$ to ! plate 7by a b& or o!rwise71 ! pulley or roll] moves r\nd ! ecc5trics or pa?s1 imp>t+ a rock+ motion to ! lev] 7simil> to ! action ( a beam71 :]efrom motion may be transmitt$ or appli$1 z desir$1 or conv]t$ by suitable appliances into any description ( motion4 ,illu/ration ,9 connection h]e)1 a pump may be set 9 a tank ( wat]1 & a tank add$ above2 on ! same %aft ) ! face plate is a wat]-:eel driv5 by ! wat] f above2 :5 x passes ! c5tre1 ! wat] falls into ! l[] tank & is pump$ up aga92 :atev] weight ( wat] is 9 ea* /roke is equaliz$ by a balance weight on ! lev]2 ! numb] ( ecc5trics & size ( wat]-:eel may be increas$ to correspond ) ! quantity ( wat] requir$ to secure a desir$ p[]4 ,"o means ( imp>t+ rot>y motion f my arrangem5t is by atta*+ at ! end ( ! lev] a crank & connect+ rod ( same radius z ! lift ( ! lev]1 c>ri$ ov] ! c5tre by a fly :eel4 ,! inv5tion is applicable to ! actuat+ ( pumps1 m9c+ ma*9es1 & o!r ma*9]y1 in/rum5ts1 & app>atus1 & to p>ts !re(2 to propell+ on l& & wat]1 & to v>i\s motive purposes4 ,fig4 #a is an elevation1 %[+ an arrangem5t = obta9+ p[] accord+ to my inv5tion4 ,x is ! g5]al framework ( ! app>atus2 ,a1 a disc or plate1 m\nt$ on a %aft ,e1 & =m$ ) curv$ pa?s ,b2 ! same %aft ,e also c>ries a wat]-:eel ,w1 provid$ ) vanes or blades w w1 z is usual2 ,c is a roll]1 work+ 9 ! pa?s ,b1 & connect$ to a lev] ,d1 atta*$ to rods d d ( pumps ,g ,g4 ,g is a balance weight at ! fur!r end ( ! lev]1 :i* is support$ 9 ! be>+ f2 ,h ,h are tanks fix$ bel[ ! wat]-:eel1 & ,i is a tank set above x2 i i are supply pipes1 = convey+ ! wat] f tanks ,h ,h to ! tank ,i2 j j1 escape wat] pipes4 ,! wat] fall+ f ! tank ,i on ! :eel ,w1 drives t :eel 9 ! usual mann]2 & :5 x passes ! c5tre1 ! wat] falls into ! l[] tanks ,h1 f :i* x is pump$ up aga9 into ! upp] tank ,i by ! pumps ,g1 actuat$ by ! lev]s ,e1 driv5 by ! roll]s ,c1 9 ! pa?ways ,b ( ! face plate ,a1 z ! latt] is caus$ to revolve by ! revolution ( ! wat]-:eel ,w on ! same %aft ) x1 ?us produc+ a cont9u\s motive p[]4 ,ar*im$ean ,screw & ,liquid ,?is device 0 made public by a communication f a correspond5t to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e 9 ,engl&1 9 #ahbc4 ,! device is describ$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,a is ! screw turn+ on its two pivots ,g ,g2 ,b is a ci/]n to be fill$ above ! level ( ! l[] ap]ture ( ! screw ) m]cury 7:i* ,i conceive to be pref]able to wat] on _m acc\nts1 & pr9cipally because x does n adh]e or evaporate l wat]72 ,c is a res]voir1 :i*1 :5 ! screw is turn$ r\nd1 receives ! m]cury :i* falls f ! top2 ,d is a pipe1 :i* by ! =ce ( gravity conveys ! m]cury f ! res]voir ,c on to 7:at1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 may be call$7 ! float-bo>d ,e1 fix$ at "r angles to ! c5tre ( ! screw1 & furni%$ at its circumf]5ce ) ridges or floats to int]cept ! m]cury1 ! mom5t & weight ( :i* w cause ! float-bo>d & screw to revolve1 until1 by ! prop] incl9ation ( ! floats1 ! m]cury falls into ! receiv] ,f1 f :5ce x aga9 falls by its sp\t into ! ci/]n ,g1 :]e ! con/ant revolution ( ! screw takes x up aga9 z be=e4 ,to ov]come ?is 7! p[] ( ! fluid 9 ! screw to turn x backw>ds71 ,i ?\ght ( plac+ a metallic ball1 or "s m]cury1 on ! l$ge above ! floats 7z at ,h 9 ! draw+71 ( j s mu* weight1 & no m1 z w\ld exactly neutralize ?is backw>d endeavor2 :e!r or no ?is w\ld increase ! difficulty ( rais+ ! m]cury 9 ! screw ,i _c say1 hav+ nev] tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,john ,sims's ,problem4 #ahcj ,john ,sims1 a ,wel%man1 furni%$ ! foll[+ sugge/$ device to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e 9 #ahcj3 ,let u suppose an app>atus to be con/ruct$ ( ! description repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ engrav+3 a is a wat] ci/]n1 :5ce wat] is to be rais$ by ! pump b1 to supply ! ci/]n2 c d is a small pipe ) a /op-cock at e1 :i* lets ! wat] f ci/]n c into a /rong wat]-tight bell[s f4 ,! bell[s h no valve1 b a cock g to let out ! wat] into ci/]n a2 h is a weight1 & i a rack on ! top ( ! bell[s :i* works 9 ! cogs on ! axle ( ! l>ge cog-:eel j2 j turns ! little cog-:eel k1 t gives motion to ! arm l1 & works ! pump-h&le m2 n is an upright rod on ! end ( ! lev] o1 :i* rod has a turn at p & q = ! top ( ! bell[s to press aga9/ 9 asc5d+ & desc5d+4 ,! wat] be+ let into ! bell[s f ! pipe d1 w cause ! top ( ! bell[s1 ) ! weight & rack1 to asc5d till ! =m] rea*es & presses p1 :i* w move ! lev] o & ! arm or rod r2 by :i* means ! /op-cock e ( ! pipe w be %ut1 & ! cock g op5$1 & ! wat] let 9 f ! bell[s into ! ci/]n a4 ,! top ( ! bell[s w n[ desc5d till x comes d[n & presses ! turn q1 :i* w aga9 %ut ! cock g & op5 e1 on :i* ! wat] w aga9 fl[ f ! pipe into ! bell[s1 & cause ! top ) ! rack to asc5d4 ,illu/ration ,n[ x is g5]ally kn[n t ! p[] ( an hydro/atic bell[s is ?us calculat$3-- ,z ! area ( ! orifice or section ( ! pipe1 ,to ! area ( ! bell[s3 ,! weight ( wat] 9 ! pipe is1 ,to ! weight ! bell[s w su/a9 on ! top-bo>d4 ,we w suppose1 !re=e1 ! pipe d to be #aj feet high1 ) a bore equal to #a squ>e in*1 :i* w\ld give #abj cubic in*es1 & ab\t #d lbs4 ( wat]4 ,let u suppose1 also1 ! bo>ds ( ! bell[s to be #bj in*es squ>e1 :i* gives #djj squ>e in*es4 ,:5 ! wat] is let f ! pipe into ! bell[s1 !re w be a pressure ( #d lbs4 on e squ>e in*1 :i* on ! :ole w am\nt to #a1gjj lbs4 ,n[ take half ( ?is =ce & place x on ! top ( ! bell[s2 !re w !n be a work+ p[] ( #hej lbs4 up & d[n1 & all[+ ! bell[s to raise "o foot1 x w conta9 ab\t #bj gallons ( wat]4 ,n[ ! "q is1 w n ! ma*9]y1 ) a mov+ p[] ( #b feet & #hej lbs41 raise #bj gallons ( wat] #aj feet1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 cause ! motion to be p]petual8--,,john ,,sims4 ,pwllheli1 ,nor? ,wales1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahbi4 ,! =ego+ device br\ght f ano!r correspond5t ! foll[+3 ,_h ,mr4 ,sims ga9$ ! p[] ex]t$ by ! desc5d+ weight on 8 bell[s1 he w\ld h be5 =tunate inde$2 b x un=tunately happ5s t its return+ p[] 7or an equival5t7 0 exp5d$ 9 rais+ x4 ,) respect to 8 "q1 :e!r a circulation ( wat] w\ld be kept up by ! arrangem5t1 ,i answ]1 no2 z ! velocities w be 9 ! inv]se ratios to ! =ces1 & ! desc5d+ column ( #abj in*es mu/ exp5d itself =ty times to raise ! asc5d+ "o to ! height ( twelve in*es1 z propos$3-- #aj ft4 or #abj 94 #dj #d1hjj1 lift+ =ce or p[]4 #djj 94 #ab #d1hjj1 oppos+ =ce1 resi/ance1 or weight4 ,"h is an equilibrium1 & no?+ ga9$ to ov]come friction or ! weight ( ! atmosph]e on ! pi/on ( ! pump4 ,7 x possible to annihilate bo? friction & atmosph]ic weight1 ev5 !n1 unless ! p[] exce$ ! weight1 ! p[] w\ld n be a mov+ "o4 ,a ,p]petual ,pump1 by an ,unkn[n ,inv5tor ,9 ,volume ,i ( ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahbc1 appe>s an acc\nt by a correspond5t ( a ,p]petual ,motion device :i* is illu/rat$ by ! figure1 & ! quotations foll[+3 a b c d is ! section ( ! res]voir1 c41 %[+ ! :eel1 ! pump1 c4 ,a ,b is an ov]%ot wat]-:eel2 ,c ,d ! work+ beam2 ,e ! pump2 ,f a pipe f ! top ( ! pump1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] 0 to fall ^u ! :eel2 ,c ,g an arm1 communicat+1 by means ( a crank atta*$ to an horizontal %aft ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! :eel1 motion to ! lev] or work+ beam1 & s rais+ wat] f ! res]voir by means ( ! pump2 ,h ,i ! wat]4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! wat] :i* _h fall5 ^u ! :eel into ! res]voir w\ld be rais$ by means ( ! pump1 fall ?r\gh ! horizontal pipe1 & s produce a cont9u$ rot>y motion4 ,illu/ration ,! p]si/5ce ( ,p]petual ,motion work]s is amus+ly illu/rat$ by ! inv5tions ( ,william ,willcocks ,sleigh & ,burr[es ,willcocks ,ar?ur ,sleigh4 ,_! devices 7 s extremely complicat$ & n susceptible ( be+ und]/ood1 & h5ce are m5tion$ r ?an %[n 9 ?is "w4 ,9 #ahde1 ,william ,willcocks ,sleigh1 a doctor ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 ( ,*iswick1 ,middlesex1 ,engl&1 appli$ = & obta9$ ,briti% ,pat5t on :at he call$ ,a ,hydro-me*anic app>atus = produc+ motive p[]4 ,he took out o!r pat5ts on hydro-me*anical devices 9 #ahec1 #ahef1 & #ahfj4 ,!n 9 #ahfd1 8 son1 ,burr[es ,willcocks ,ar?ur ,sleigh took out two pat5ts on simil> devices1 & !n 9 #ahff1 /ill ano!r pat5t4 ,! specifications = ea* ( ! above m5tion$ pat5ts are l5g?y & detail$4 ,! inv5tors evid5tly _h ! greate/ confid5ce 9 _! ef=ts1 ?\gh surely !y nev] put !m to actual te/4 ,!y seem$ to h be5 me*anically /upid1 & incapable ( correct me*anical ?9k+1 b _! ef=ts 7 s tireless & s e>ne/ t we submit t ! ,sleigh family _h done its full1 fair %>e 9 ! ef=ts to accompli% ,self-,motive p[]4 ,equally amus+ are ! ef=ts ( ,james ,smi? ( ,sea=?1 ,liv]pool1 & ,sidney ,ar?ur ,*ease1 ,liv]pool1 g5tlem53 ,^! two co-labor]s appli$ = ,briti% pat5ts on f\r diff]5t ,hydro-me*anical devices--"o 9 #aheh1 two 9 #ahfc1 & "o 9 #ahfe4 ,on ?ree !y obta9$ pat5ts1 & on ! o!r "o prov9cial protection4 ,"o ( !m seems to h be5 a capitali/1 & ! o!r "o a ma*9i/4 ,_! models 7 complicat$ beyond und]/&+1 & app>5tly !y 7 labor+ 9 ! d>k )\t intellig5t plan4 ,!y seem$ to h ?\ght t :5 a complicat$ mess ( ma*9]y p>ts & fluid 7 assembl$ ,p]petual ,motion mu/ someh[ result4 ,no?+ c\ld be ga9$ by sett+ =? _! inv5tions fully1 b _! labors 7 s great1 & _! ef=ts s int5se t we feel l pres]v+ _! names f oblivion1 & h5ce we give !m m5tion "h4 ,:y ,hydraulic & ,hydro-,me*anical ,devices = ,obta9+ ,p]petual ,motion ,fail$ to ,"w ,next to :eels & weights1 ! use ( liquids 9 a hydraulic1 hydro/atic1 or hydro-me*anical mann] h be5 s\ght to be utiliz$ by ,p]petual ,motion seek]s z a means ( obta9+ en]gy f ! ma*9e n suppli$ to ! ma*9e4 ,! =ego+ are only a few ( ! _m devices ( t k9d1 b !y are ! mo/ simple ( ^? t h be5 br\ght to light1 & consequ5tly bett] illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 s\ght to utilize ! int]e/+ prop]ties ( liquid pressure & mobility 9 ! solution ( ! problem4 ,an exam9ation ( ! prec$+ devices discloses t 9 ea* case ! inv5tor s\ght by ! en]gy ( ! desc5t ( a liquid to elevate ?r\gh ! same di/ance ( asc5t ! same or a great] quantity ( ! same liquid1 or 9 "s cases to obta9 f ! pressure ( a liquid a great] =ce ?an is requir$ to exp& a bag1 bell[s or vessel1 subm]g$ ! same di/ance bel[ ! level4 ,! impossibility ( all ( ^! s*emes is app>5t f ! same reason+ t is appli$ to illu/rate & %[ ! impossibility ( obta9+ ,p]petual ,motion by ! use ( :eels1 weights1 lev]s & ! =ce ( gravity4 ,9 ea* case ! basic idea & error 0 9 suppos+ t by "s possibility ! desc5t ( a liquid ?r\gh a giv5 di/ance c\ld be made to deliv] m en]gy ?an w\ld be requir$ to elevate ! same quantity ( liquid ! same di/ance4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! desc5t ( a liquid1 ! same z any o!r weight1 ?r\gh a giv5 di/ance repres5ts exactly ! am\nt ( en]gy necess>y to elevate ! same weight ( liquid ?r\gh ! same di/ance measur$ v]tically4 ,"s loss by friction ( ! liquid 9 ! conta9+ tubes is inevitable z well z f friction 9 ! work+ p>ts ( ! me*anism4 ,!re=e1 z ?is loss cont9ues1 "s outside en]gy mu/ be suppli$4 ,if all friction c\ld be elim9at$ 7:i* is an impossibility7 & if ! liquid 7 />t$ 9 motion1 ! motion w\ld be con/ant1 b no en]gy c\ld be tak5 f x = runn+ o!r ma*9]y )\t r$uc+ ! motion4 ,!re h be5 _m argum5ts on ?is subject4 ,we select "o :i* 0 elicit$ by ! publication 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e ( an acc\nt ( ! device ( ! au?or ( ! ,voice ( ,reason4 ,?is argum5t 0 publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e 9 #ahca1 & is z foll[s3 ,i am induc$ to make an attempt to demon/rate ! utt] impossibility1 "u any circum/ances1 ( mak+ a wat]-:eel t w supply itself in/ead ( hav+ any surplus p[]4 ,! accompany+ draw+ repres5ts "p ( an ov]%ot :eel 9 section1 ! buckets only "p fill$1 by :i* ! :ole ( ! wat] exp5d$ cont9ues to act ?r\gh a great] portion ( ! circumf]5ce ?an x o!rwise w\ld d4 ,! area ( ! v]tical section ( ! complem5t ( wat] to ea* bucket is made #dj in*es2 & tak+ ! bread? ( ! :eel at1 say #bh #b_/c in*es1 gives #dj lbs4 z ! weight ( wat] 9 ea* bucket2 !re=e1 z !re are #ab buckets conta9+ #dj lbs4 ea*1 ,no4 #ac #cj lbs41 & ,no4 #ad only #bj lbs41 altoge!r mak+ a total ( #ecj lbs4 act+ on ! :eel at ! same "t2--to %[ cle>ly all ! effect t c be expect$ f ?is1 ,i h divid$ ! horizontal radius into a scale ( #dj equals p>ts 7!re be+ #dj lbs4 9 ea* bucket72 & f ! gravitat+ c5tre ( ! fluid conta9$ 9 ea* is drawn a p]p5dicul> to ! scale1 :]e ! effective =ce1 or weight 9 ea* bucket1 may be read (f z on ! arm ( a common /eely>d4 ,! weights w be f\nd z foll[s1 viz3-- ,no4 ,lbs4 #a #ba #b #bf #c #cj #d #cc #e #cf #f #ch #g #ci #h #dj #i #ci #aj #ch #aa #ce #ab #cb #ac #ba #ad #ab ,x is !re=e q evid5t t1 al?\gh we h #ecj lbs4 act+ on "o side ( ! :eel1 a column ( wat] weigh+ #ddf lbs4 react+ at ! same di/ance f ! c5tre1 on ! opposite side1 w exactly balance ! :ole #ecj lbs4 conta9$ 9 ! buckets2 s t ab\t a six? ( ! exp5diture re/s on ! axis )\t produc+ any useful effect1 & ! :eel s load$ mu/ rema9 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,n[1 9 spite ( friction & ! vis in]tia ( matt]1 if we suppose ! :eel at "w1 x c raise only #ddf lbs4 at ! exp5se ( #ecj lbs42 b ev5 if x c\ld raise ! :ole #ecj lbs41 we %\ld !n be b little ne>] ! m>k1 = we mu/ rememb] t ! gravitat+ c5tre ( our p[] falls ?r\gh a space ( only #h ft4 #aa 941 :ile ! wat] mu/ be rais$ at lea/ #aa ft4 be=e x c\ld be laid on & deliv]$ cle> ( ! :eel4 ,illu/ration ,z a fur!r means ( com+ at ! end ,i _h 9 view at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is lett]1 ,i w conclude ) a simple rule = calculat+ ! quantity ( wat] a :eel ( ?is k9d w raise3--,multiply ! numb] ( p\nds exp5d$ 9 a m9ute by ! height or diamet] ( ! :eel 9 feet1 divide ! product by ! height 7also 9 feet7 ( ! res]voir to be fill$1 & two-?irds ( ! quoti5t w be ! answ] requir$4 ,example1 = ! :eel above describ$1 mak+ six revolutions p] m9ute3-- #db buckets on :eel4 #f revolutions p] m9ute4 --- #beb buckets fill$ p] m9ute4 #dj ! weight ( wat] 9 ea* bucket4 ----- #ajjhj lbs4 exp5d$ p] m9ute4 #aj feet height ( :eel4 ------ #aa7 #ajjhjj mom5tum1 divid+ by #aa feet z ! height ( res]voir4 ------ #c7 #iafc4fcf divid$ by #c4 -------- #cjed4ede multiply+ by #b4 #b -------- #faji4ji answ] 9 lbs4 ,s t = e #ajjh gallons exp5d$ on ! :eel1 we only ga9 suffici5t p[] to supply #faa ne>ly4 ,see also ,*ap4 ,,xv1 ,bi%op ,wilk9's ,"w1 appe>+ at page #big et seq4 supra4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pneumatic1 ,,siphon ,,& ,,hydro-,,pneumatic ,,devices ,! ,hydro/atical ,p>adox ,next to ! :eel ) lev]s & weights1 we believe ?is simple ,hydro/atical ,p>adox has m frequ5tly occurr$ to me*anical & sci5tific tyros z a means :]eby x 0 hop$ to atta9 ,p]petual ,motion4 ,!re is no record t we "k ( ( ! "n ( anyone :o has ev] attempt$ x1 &1 yet1 ! in/ances are d\btless myriads4 ,! au?or believes he has he>d doz5s ( "y p]sons m5tion x z a means ( obta9+ a cont9u\s fl[ ( wat]4 ,9 #ahbh1 ,niel ,arnott1 ,m4 ,d41 publi%$ ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,elem5ts ( ,physics1 or ,natural ,philosophy4 ,at page #ada "u ! subject ( ,me*anics he comm5ts g5]ally on ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion1 & says3 ,:at an inf9ity ( va9 s*emes--"s ( !m display+ great +5uity--= p]petual motions1 & new me*anical eng9es ( p[]1 etc41 w\ld h be5 *eck$ at once1 _h ! great tru? be5 g5]ally und]/ood1 t no =m or comb9ation ( ma*9]y ev] did or ev] c increase1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 ! quantity ( p[] appli$4 ,ignorance ( ?is is ! h+e on :i* mo/ ( ! dreams ( me*anical projectors h turn$4 ,no ye> passes1 ev5 n[1 9 :i* _m pat5ts are n tak5 out = su* suppos$ discov]ies2 & ! delud$ individuals1 aft] sell+ p]haps ev5 _! h\sehold goods to obta9 ! means ( secur+ ! suppos$ advantages1 (t5 s9k 9 despair1 :5 _! attempts1 in/ead ( br++ ri*es & happ9ess to _! families1 end 9 disappo9tm5t & utt] ru94 ,! frequ5cy & eag]ness & ob/9acy ) :i* ev5 tal5t$ individuals1 ow+ to _! imp]fect k ( ?is "p ( natural philosophy1 h engag$ 9 su* und]tak+s1 is a rem>kable ph5om5on 9 human nature4 ,at page #bgj 9 treat+ on ,hydro/atics1 he says3 ,illu/ration ,a projector ?\ght t ! vessel ( 8 contrivance1 repres5t$ "h1 0 to solve ! r5[n$ problem ( ! p]petual motion4 ,x 0 goblet-%ap$1 less5+ gradually t[>ds ! bottom until x became a tube1 b5t upw>ds at c1 & po9t+ ) an op5 extremity into ! goblet aga94 ,he reason$ ?us3 ,a p9t ( wat] 9 ! goblet a mu/ m ?an c\nt]balance an ounce :i* ! tube b w conta91 & mu/ !re=e be con/antly pu%+ ! ounce =w>d into ! vessel aga9 at a1 & keep+ up a /ream or circulation1 :i* w cease only :5 ! wat] dries up4 ,he 0 conf\nd$ :5 a trial %[$ him ! same level 9 a & 9 b4 ,pick]+'s ,device ,9 #aheh1 ,pet] ,pick]+1 ,l&$ ,proprietor ( ,danzig1 ,prussia1 appli$ = a ,briti% pat5t on ,an ,atmosph]ic ,eng9e4 ,x may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 are cyl9d]s #ah feet long or high & #c feet diamet]1 s t ! surface ( ea* pi/on has #a1bif squ>e in*es act+ ) an atmosph]ic pressure ( #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 causes a pressure ( #ai1ddj lbs4 to ea* cyl9d] 7say+ no?+ ( friction1 :i* w be acc\nt$ = lat]72 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 pi/ons ( ea* cyl9d]1 z !y mu/ be plac$ :5 ! eng9e beg9s to "w2 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 caus+ a vacuum "u ea* pi/on 7z !y h = ! fir/ "t be5 br\ght into _! pres5t situation by ma9 =ce71 aft]w>ds1 :5 ! eng9e is p]mitt$ to />t1 !y w regulate !mselves2 ,no4 #aj lies flat on ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]2 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 pi/on rods act+ on %aft ,no4 #af2 #ag1 :eel to communicate ! eng9e's p[] to ! ma*9]y ( ! eng9e itself2 #ah1 :eel to communicate ! eng9e's p[] to ! :eel or propell+ screw ( a %ip1 manufactory1 locomotive1 etc4 ,/uckey's ,device ,9 #ahdb1 ,william ,h5ry ,/uckey1 ,esquire1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 appli$ = a ,briti% pat5t on ,a ,pneumatic ,eng9e = ,produc+ ,motive ,p[]4 ,8 specifications describe 8 alleg$ inv5tion z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #a is a front view ( my said pneumatic eng9e1 p>tly 9 section4 ,a & ,b two horizontal cyl9d]s1 unit$ at _! inn] extremities a1 a1 :i* rotate on gudgeons t h _! be>+s ,c1 ,c1 9 ! upright /&>ds ,d1 ,d2 ,a & ,b two pi/ons :i* "w to & fro 9 ^! cyl9d]s2 ,e & ,e two holl[ arms or tubes :i* radiate f ! cyl9d] ,a1 & ,e1 ,e1 two simil> arms or tubes :i* radiate 9 opposite directions f ! cyl9d] ,b1 ea* cyl9d] hav+ an op5 communication ) ! arms or tubes atta*$ to x4 ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 & ,f1 f\r o!r cyl9d]s1 affix$ to a circul> r+ ,r1 ,r1 op5 at top to ! atmosph]e1 & op5 at bottom to ! radial tubes ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 connect$ ) !m at _! out] extremities4 ,g1 ,g1 ,g1 ,g1 pi/ons work+ 9 ! cyl9d]s ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 & ,f1 & ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 & ,h1 caps screw$ on to ! flanges ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! diff]5t p>ts describ$ =m a :eel1 :i*1 on be+ set 9 motion1 rotates on ! gudgeons 9 ! be>+ ,c1 ,c4 ,! motion is produc$ z foll[s3--,i adju/ ! :eel s t ! tubes ,e & ,e %all be 9 a v]tical position2 & p\r into ! tube ,e1 ?r\gh ! cyl9d] ,f1 )draw+ ! pi/on ,g1 z mu* m]cury or o!r suitable fluid body 7previ\sly det]m9$ by calculation7 z w fill ! tube f ! po9t ( its connection ) ! inn] cyl9d] ,a up to ! bottom 7a1 a17 ( ! out] cyl9d] ,f4 ,! m]cury ?us introduc$ fl[s into ! cyl9d] ,a at ! back ( ! pi/on ,a1 & presses t pi/on =w>d to ! extremity ( its range1 ! pi/on ,g be+ !n re/or$ to its place 9 ! cyl9d] ,f1 & press$ close d[n on ! m]cury 9 ! tube ,e4 ,i next turn ! :eel till ! tubes ,e & ,e are 9 a v]tical position1 by :i* turn+ ! m]cury !re9 is =c$ into ! tube ,e1 fl[+ d[n :i* x drives ! pi/on ,g ( ! cyl9d] ,f =w>d to ! extremity ( its range1 leav+ a vacuum 9 ! cyl9d] ,a at ,o1 equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! heights f :i* ! m]cury desc5ds 9 ! tubes ,e & ,e4 ,i !n fill ! tube ,e & cyl9d] ,b ) m]cury1 to ! same ext5t & 9 ! same way z ,i previ\sly fill$ ! tube ,e & cyl9d] ,a1 aft] :i* ,i turn ! :eel till ! tubes ,e & ,e are once m 9 a v]tical position1 :]eby ,i produce a vacuum 9 ea* pair ( tubes1 & _! int]m$iate cyl9d]1 to ! degree ( ! diff]5ce be=e expla9$4 ,to ! f\r tubes !re are atta*$ f\r cocks ,k1 ,k1 ,k1 ,k1 :i*1 aft] ! vacua h be5 obta9$1 are clos$2 & to ! f\r rods ( ! pi/ons ( ! out] cyl9d]s ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 !re are atta*$ f\r hang+ or balance weights ,l1 ,l1 ,l1 ,l1 9 su* mann] t !y %all co-op]ate ) ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! said vacua 9 giv+ rotation to ! :eel4 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 are jo9t$ lev]s1 by :i* ^! weights are connect$ at "o end ) ! pi/ons ,g1 ,g1 ,g1 ,g2 & ,n1 ,n1 are cords or b&s1 by :i* !y are susp5d$ at ! o!r end f /&>ds ,p1 ,p1 project+ f ! r+ ,r1 & be>+ pulleys1 ov] :i* ! cords or b&s pass1 ea* cord or b& s]v+ to susp5d ! two weights :i* are opposite to ea* o!r1 = :i* purpose x is pass$ int]nally across ! :eel & ov] ! ext]ior ( "o ( ! cyl9d]s ,a or ,b4 ,! cords or b&s are atta*$ to ! weights at ! l[] ends !re(1 & pass ov] small pulleys close to ! po9ts ( connection1 s t ! cords or b&s1 :5 pull$1 may act ! m effectually on ! weights4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t :5 any two ( ! tubes are 9 a v]tical position1 & ! m]cury or o!r suitable fluid has desc5d$ to ! bottom ( ! l[] tube1 its pressure on ! pi/on ( ! out] cyl9d] ,g1 or ,g1 or ,g1 or ,g1 w cause ! weight connect$ ) t pi/on to turn inw>ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! :eel1 by :i* movem5t a /ra9 is ex]t$ on ! connect+ cord or b& ,n or ,n1 :i* ?r[s up ! opposite weight at top1 & causes x to =ce d[n ! pi/on ( ! top cyl9d]1 or ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! upp] tube1 :]eby any excess ( pressure at ! bottom ( ! l[] tube is transf]r$ to ! top pi/on1 :]e x acts 9 aid ( ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! vacua obta9$ 9 mann] a=esaid4 ,! f\r cocks ,k1 h regulat+ rods connect$ to !m 9 ! way common 9 /eam & o!r eng9es1 s t z ea* tube comes into a v]tical position ! cock atta*$ to x is op5$1 & z x passes f t position t[>ds ! horizontal1 is %ut1 s t ! m]cury always reta9s its prop] position 9 ! tubes or cyl9d]s1 & is act$ on by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ^? po9ts only :]e su* pressure c be ( s]vice4 ,! p[] ( ?is :eel w be1 ( c\rse1 9 proportion to ! vacua produc$ 9 mann] a=esaid1 & to ! altitude ( ! columns ( m]cury employ$4 ,! inn] cyl9d]s might be disp5s$ )1 & ! tubes be made to communicate directly ) ea* o!r1 b ,i pref]1 = mo/ purposes1 ! arrangem5t :i* ,i h be=e describ$1 ) ! two int]m$iate cyl9d]s ,a1 ,b2 :]e ! inn] cyl9d]s are disp5s$ )1 ,i make use ( ecc5trics in/ead ( ! jo9$ lev]s be=e describ$1 to enable ! weights to turn to ! ext5t ( ab\t half a circle4 ,! numb] ( tubes also ne$ n be limit$ to f\r1 b increas$ to any conv5i5t ext5t4 ,pr(4 ,george ,s9clair's ,device ,?is device 0 inv5t$ by ,george ,s9clair1 :o 0 a pr(essor ( philosophy at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,he di$ 9 #afif4 ,9 #affi he publi%$ a "w on ,pneumatics1 & 9 t "w claim$ to h discov]$ ,p]petual ,motion4 ,explanations ( 8 device consum$ eighte5 pages ( a ,lat9 "w on ,pneumatics4 ,x v absurdly dep5d$ = its op]ation ^u ! deliv]y ( wat] f ! %ort leg ( a siphon1 in/ead ( ! long leg4 ,! figure illu/rates ! contemplat$ op]ation4 ,illu/ration ,jacob ,brazill's ,device ,9 #ahci ,jacob ,brazill1 ( ,dept=d1 ,k5t1 ,gov]nor ( ,tr9ity ,gr\nd1 appli$ = a ,briti% pat5t on ,improvem5ts 9 ,obta9+ ,motive ,p[]4 ,9 8 application he describes 8 alleg$ inv5tion z foll[s3 ,my inv5tion consi/s 9 a c]ta9 arrangem5t or comb9ation ( me*anism :]e9 ! atmosph]ic air is employ$ z ! impell+ ag5t1 be+ br\ght to be> 9 su* a mann] z by ex]t+ a con/ant urg+ pressure1 to produce a cont9u\s rot>y motion1 & applies to all ! purposes :]e a prime mov] is requir$4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #a is an end view ( ! app>atus a1 a1 are ! be>+s1 top & bottom1 = ! v]tical %aft b1 :i* be>+s are to be s con/ruct$ z to produce ! lea/ possible am\nt ( friction4 c is a l>ge drum furni%$ ) radial plates or fans1 "s ( ! plates be+ s arrang$ z to slope d[n t[>ds ! bottom plate1 ?us =m+1 z x 71 a s]ies ( boxes decreas+ 9 _! transv]se dim5sions z !y approa* ! boss4 ,?is drum is to be put 9 motion by means ( a curr5t ( air direct$ ?r\gh ! pipes d & e1 f ! two pairs ( d\ble bell[s f & g4 h is a worm fix$ on ! v]tical %aft by means ( a tight5+ screw1 or 9 any o!r conv5i5t way1 tak+ into ! worm :eel i on ! horizontal crank%aft j1 support$ 9 be>+s k1 k4 ,! cranks l1 l1 "w ! bell[s by connect+ rods m1 m2 n is a spur :eel tak+ into a p9ion o1 on ! axle ( :i* is a w9* h&le p1 = />t+ ! app>atus4 ,:at ,i claim z my peculi> "r is1 ! impulsion ( a curr5t ( air aga9/ ! fans ( a drum 7z t at c7 ?r\gh pipes1 z at d & e1 = ! purposes ( a motive p[]1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( me*anism1 by means ( :i* ! action fir/ induc$ %all be kept up4 ,ls]son's ,device ,9 #ahfj ,m>c ,anto9e ,f4 ,m5nons1 ( ,p>is1 appli$ on behalf ( ,l\is ,diodor ,ls]son ( ,mosc[1 ,russia1 =1 & obta9$1 a ,briti% pat5t on ,c]ta9 ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,production ( ,motive ,p[]1 & 9 ! ,app>atus ,connect$ ,!re)4 ,he describ$ ! ess5tials ( 8 device z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,! inv5tion consi/s 9 ! application ( ! asc5sional =ce ( air or gases develop$ "u wat] to ! g5]ation ( motive p[]1 & 9 ! comb9ation ( app>atus1 by means ( :i* ! p[] ?us produc$ is accumulat$1 transmitt$ & appli$4 ,! pr9cipal elem5t ( ?is comb9ation is a :eel or disc 7%[n 9 plan & section1 ,figs4 #a1 #b71 ! dim5sions ( :i* are proportion$ to ! p[] requir$4 ,on ! circumf]5ce ( ?is :eel are fix$ at equal di/ances a giv5 numb] 7say sixte57 ( flexible air res]voirs a1 communicat+ ) an equal numb] ( tubul> passages b1 :i* op5 9 ! nave c4 ,9 ! l5g? ( ! fix$ %aft d1 on :i* ?is :eel is m\nt$1 are =m$ two cyl9drical cells ,e by :i* ! air is admitt$ to & dis*>g$ f ! flexible res]voirs a by ! tubul> passages b1 ) :i* !y correspond4 ,! hydro-atmosph]ic :eel ?us m\nt$ & imm]s$ to ! requir$ dep? 9 a suitable res]voir z 9 f1 is plac$ 9 communication by its holl[ %aft ) an air-compress+ app>atus ( any conv5i5t =m1 :i* 9 its turn is connect$ ) ! %aft ( an ord9>y hydraulic :eel4 ,! latt] be+ set 9 motion acts on ! =c+ app>atus1 by :i* a jet ( compress$ air is ?r[n into ! holl[ %aft ( ! hydro-atmosph]ic :eel by ! entry cell correspond+ ) ! orifices ( ! f\r? quadrant or l[e/ imm]s$ section ( ! latt]4 ,! air inject$ foll[+ ! tubul> passages )9 its range ent]s & inflates ! correspond+ flexible res]voirs1 :i* ?us acquir+ an asc5sional =ce proportion$ to _! displac+ capacity & degree ( imm]sion1 c>ry =w>d ! :eel 9 _! movem5t t[>ds ! surface4 ,on rea*+ ! wat] l9e ! tubul> passage come into communication by ! nave orifices ) ! dis*>ge cell ( ! fix$ %aft1 & give egress to ! air compress$ 9 ! flexible res]voirs1 :i* collapse simultane\sly ) ! inflation ( ! succe$+ s]ies by :i* !y h 9 ! meantime be5 replac$ 9 ! f\r? quadrant4 ,! latt] foll[+ ! asc5sional movem5t ( _! pr$ecessors give place to a ?ird s]ies1 & collapse 9 ! same way on pass+ ! surface1 s t ea* air res]voir on re-ent]+ ! wat] 9 ! cont9u$ revolution ( ! :eel pres5ts comp>atively little resi/ance until x arrives at ! turn+ po9t1 :5 ! communication ) ! entry cell ( ! axle be+ aga9 e/abli%$ ! movem5ts above describ$ are reproduc$4 ,! =ce ?us develop$ by ! hydro-atmosph]ic :eel1 :i* repres5ts ab\t ?ree times t ( ! prime motor1 may be at ?is /age appli$ to ! requir$ transmissions ( movem5t4 ,:5 natural wat]c\rses are n to be _h )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ! locality 9 :i* ! =ce is to be appli$1 x becomes necess>y to replace !m by an artificial fall4 ,von ,ra!n & ,ellis's ,device ,9 #ahff ,an?ony ,b]nh>d ,b>on ,von ,ra!n & ,george ,h5ry ,ellis1 bo? ( ,london1 appli$ = & obta9$ ,briti% pat5t on ,a ,new or ,improv$ ,mode ( ,con/ruct+ a ,motive-p[] ,:eel ,:]eby to ,obta9 ,p]man5t ,motion by ! ,application ( ,compress$ ,air or any o!r ,ela/ic ,fluid4 ,9 ! specifications = pat5t ! ess5tials ( _! inv5tion are describ$ z foll[s3 ,?is inv5tion may be consid]$ supplem5t>y to an inv5tion ( ! ,b>on ,von ,ra!n ( an elem5t>y motive-p[] eng9e1 = :i* a pat5t has be5 grant$ to him1 ,no4 #hah1 & dat$ ,m>* #bc1 #ahfe1 & consi/+ 9 a newly-discov]$ plan = ! con/ruction ( a motive-p[] :eel or eng9e1 on ! pr9ciple t ! motor1 consi/+ ( compress$ air or o!r ela/ic fluid1 is ma9ta9$ 9 p]man5t activity & )\t removal or r5ewal1 & ! useful resi/ance ( ! air 9 ! *amb]s is on ! surface ( a fix$ cyl9d]1 ! motion is regul> & direct1 ! :eel rotat+ on its fix$ c5tral axis4 ,! nature ( our pres5t inv5tion consi/s pr9cipally 9 our provid+1 in/ead ( t a motive-p[] :eel hav+ its axis ^u fix$ be>+s 9 an ecc5tric position & turn+ 9 an oscillat+ cyl9d]4 ,! motor be+ br\ght ?r\gh a holl[ %aft1 or any conv5i5t *annel1 is introduc$ into "o or m clos$ *amb]s =m$ ^u ! longe/ arm ( ! p[] :eel = ! purpose ( driv+ x r\nd2 by ?is means1 accord+ to ! uni=m pressure ( ! ela/ic fluid ^u all surfaces1 we obta9 n only a cont9u\s b an additional degree ( driv+ p[] f ! lev]age giv5 by ! position ( ! :eel4 ,!re is1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a ( ! accompany+ draw+1 a fix$ arm or driv+ rod fix$ ^u ! cyl9d] by :i* to imp>t motion to a crank1 pi/on1 or o!r app>atus4 ,we propose to obta9 ! motor by pumps work$ by or 9 connection ) ! p[] :eel1 & hav+ o!r suitable & necess>y appliances = regulat+1 /or+1 transmitt+1 & manipulat+ ! =ce suppli$ to or communicat$ by ! p[] :eel1 z h be5 describ$1 to be appli$ ) ! plan = work+ ! elem5t>y motive-p[] eng9e h]e9be=e ref]r$ to4 ,fig4 #a is a v]tical section ( ! p[] :eel revolv+ inside & mov+ ! oscillat+ cyl9d]4 ,a & ,a are air-tight *amb]s1 ! =m] be+ ! driv+ *amb] & ! latt] int5d$ to *eck or c\nt]balance its w$g+ or b9d+ effect ^u ! cyl9d]1 ow+ to ! extra lev]age obta9$ & ! pressure ^u ! surface ( ! rod ,b1 ! :eel w revolve 9 t direction by ! action ( ! ela/ic =ce :i* f9ds its useful resi/ance on ! int]nal surface ( ! cyl9d] ,c4 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 are pack+s to r5d] ! two *amb]s air-tight & to af=d be>+s = ! f\r arms ( ! :eel ^u ! cyl9d]2 ,e1 ,e1 are two tubes = conduct+ ! motor into ! *amb]s1 & ,f is ! axle1 ^u :i* ! :eel is firmly fix$ & driv5 r\nd ) x4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #b is a side elevation ( ! p[] :eel4 ,f is ! holl[ %aft or axle ?r\gh :i* ! motor passes f ! pumps or res]voir 9 connection !re)1 & ^u :i* ! :eel rotates2 ,g is ! rod or arm fix$ at "o end to ! cyl9d] ,c1 & atta*$ at ! o!r end by a jo9t or c\pl+ ,h to ! rod ,i1 act+ )9 a cyl9d] to give motion to ! pi/on ,k2 ,l is "o ( ! side cov]s ( ! p[] :eel1 & ,n ! support or framework = ! :eel4 ,ri*>d ,v>ley's ,device ,9 #agig ,ri*>d ,v>ley1 ( ,damside1 ,lanca%ire1 ,engl&1 a m]*ant1 appli$ = & obta9$ a ,briti% pat5t on ,a ,new ,p]petual ,mov+ ,p[]4 ,8 device is expla9$ by ! foll[+ exc]pt f 8 application3 ,my inv5tion consi/s ( a me?od ( apply+ ! weight ( ! atmosph]e ^u a :eel 9 any o!r fluid1 & by t means de/roy+ its spr+ or reaction1 ! mann] ( do+ :i* ,i describe z foll[s1 agreeable to ! draw+ 7,fig4 #f7 annex$3 ,illu/ration ,a is a circul> vessel1 made ( copp] or any o!r sub/ance1 capable ( conta9+ wat]1 & cov]$ ) a top "p s z to be p]fectly air-tight4 ,b is a :eel plac$ 9 ! inside ( ! vessel1 ) its axle p]p5dicul>1 ! upp]mo/ "p ( :i* comes ?r\gh ! top ( ! vessel1 & is made to "w air-tight2 ! l[] end runs 9 a /ep )9 ! vessel1 & no "p ( ! :eel is to t\* ! vessel b its axis4 ,c is a cyl9d] plac$ firmly ^u ! :eel4 ,d is ! pi/on1 susp5d$ by a *a9 to a /rong spr+ fix$ on ! :eel4 ,?is spr+ is to be made ( su* /r5g? z t :5 ! :ole weight ( ! atmosph]e is ^u ! pi/on ! air w only move x ab\t "o in* d[n4 ,e is ! tube lead+ f ! axle1 :i* is holl[ f ! top to ! level ( ! :eel1 s z to admit ! ext]nal air by ?is tube to ! pi/on ,d1 :i* pi/on is a circul> vessel1 made air-tight1 & exactly fits ! cyl9d]4 ,!re is a jo9t 9 ! tube ,e at ,f1 :i* is made air-tight by lea!rs1 s t :5 ! pi/on desc5ds ! tube may give way to x4 ,g is a small tube lead+ f ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] to ! c5t] ( ! axle1 & f !nce br\ght out at ! end ( x1 & by :i* ! air is extract$ f ! cyl9d] by means ( an air pump & a vacuum =m$ 9 x4 ,on ! top "p or any o!r conv5i5t place ( ! vessel1 are fix$ two cyl9d]s or tubes ( a proportional size to ! cyl9d]s on ! :eel1 "o ( :i* is a cond5s+ cyl9d]1 by means ( a screw & pi/on1 & by :i* ! wat] 9 ! vessel may be compress$2 ! o!r has its pi/on susp5d$ at ! bottom1 & ! top "p ( ! cyl9d] be+ fill$ ) air z ! o!r pi/on is screw$ d[n ?is rises1 & cond5ses ! air 9 ! cyl9d]1 ! spr+ ( :i* keeps ! wat] 9 ! vessel press$ to all p>ts alike2 & :5 ! air is extract$ f ! cyl9d] ,c & ! pi/on ,d is =c$ d[n by ! ext]nal atmosph]e into ! cyl9d]1 ?is pressure is cont9u$1 & ! cond5s$ air exp&s 9 proportion & prev5ts any t5d5cy to a vacuum be+ =m$1 :i* w\ld cause a cohesion ( all ! p>ts4 ,by ?is means ! ext]nal air is susp5d$ ^u ! :eel by ! *a91 ! same z a weight1 & ! spr+ ( ! atmosph]e be+ tak5 f ! cyl9d] !re is no?+ to oppose ?is weight1 !re be+ no spr+ 9 wat]2 & ?is p[] may be increas$ 9 proportion to ! size & numb] ( cyl9d]s on ! :eel & its diamet]4 ,siphon & ,funnel ,device ,?is 0 ! "w ( an ,engli%man ^: "n is unkn[n4 ,an acc\nt ( x appe>$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahbh1 9 ! foll[+ language3 a is a circul> glass vessel #a foot #f in*es diamet]2 b b a tube fix$ !reunto2 c c are funnels conta9+ valves2 d1 a float ( holl[ copp]1 or any light sub/ance2 e1 an op5 m\?2 f1 an op5 vessel fill$ ) m]cury z high z ! dott$ l9e4 ,x is well kn[n t sev]al exp]im5ts 7 made by ,m4 ,v5turi1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 etc41 demon/rat+ t a vessel %ap$ ?us-- ,illu/ration w emit wat] ) a mu* great] rapidity ?an a vessel %ap$ ?us-- ,illu/ration say1 ) m ?an a ?ird z mu* spe$4 ,i propose1 !n1 to h ! m\? ( ! vessel a ( ! =m] %ape1 be+ ! natural =m ( fl[+ wat]4 ,! vessel a1 & tube b1 mu/ be completely fill$ ) m]cury1 by means ( ! funnels c c1 :i* w also conta9 m]cury4 ,9 ord] to set ! fluid 9 motion1 ! valve 9 ! l>ge vessel c is to be rais$2 ! m]cury 7:i* 0 hi!rto held up by a great] weight ( atmosph]e7 w in/antly run out ( ! m\? e1 & mu/ be suff]$ to d s till ! m]cury 9 c is level ) ! dott$ l9e2 by ?is "t ! m]cury 9 a w h obta9$ a mom5tum :i* w be m ?an equival5t to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e3 consequ5tly1 ! m]cury w run out ( ! l>ge vessel a1 till x falls z l[ z ! dott$ l9e2 ! float d1 re/+ on ! m]cury1 ( c\rse1 falls ) x1 op5s ! valve1 & admits a proportionable quantity ( m]cury ?r\gh ! tube b1 driv5 by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7! height f ! m]cury 9 f1 to ! top ( ! tube b1 be+ only #bf in*es1 :i* is #b in*es less ?an :at ! atmosph]e w at all times raise m]cury 9 a vacuum74 ,illu/ration ,by ?is means w !re n be a cont9ual circulation ( m]cury8 ,or*>d's ,vacuum ,eng9e ,9 #ahbf !re 0 publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,london1 a communication f a ,mr4 ,or*>d1 conc]n+ an inv5tion he consid]$ himself z hav+ made4 ,! acc\nt is publi%$ 9 8 own words1 & is z foll[s3 ,a is an iron res]voir ne>ly fill$ ) m]cury2 ,b1 a tube tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 hav+ its l[] end ins]t$ 9 t res]voir2 & ,c & ,d1 two cocks = ! conv5i5ce ( fill+ ! tube ,b4 ,f ?is ano!r tube ,m proce$s at "r angles1 to ! vessel ,g4 ,9 ?is latt] tube is ! cock ,f1 to admit (1 or %ut (f1 a communication betwe5 ! tube & ! vessel ,g4 ,?is communication be+ clos$1 ! tube ,b is c>efully fill$ ) m]cury2 aft] :i* ! cock ,d is clos$ & ! cap ,e screw$ on4 ,illu/ration ,! vessel ,g is to be fill$ ) m]cury ?r\gh ! cock ,h1 ! pipe ,i be+ op5 to all[ ( ! escape ( air4 ,:5 ?is vessel has be5 fill$1 ! cock ,h %\ld be clos$ & its cap screw$ on2 & ! pipe ,i be also clos$ by a valve1 :i* is to be press$ tight by ! cap on ! head ( ! pipe4 ,i is a v5t-pipe1 op5 at ! top4 ,! space repres5t$ by ! d\ble l9es is a panel ( ?ick plate glass hav+ two horizontal l9es describ$ on its surface1 :]eby ! att5dant may obs]ve ! quantity ( m]cury )9 ! vessel4 ,! cock ,f be+ clos$1 a quantity ( m]cury mu/ be all[$ to run out ( ! vessel ,g1 equal to ! space #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 :i* space w become a vacuum4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! cock ,l be !n op5$1 to all[ ( ! dis*>ge ( a c]ta9 quantity ( m]cury on ! :eel1 & ! cocks ,c & ,l also op5$1 ! m]cury w cont9ually rise f ! res]voir ,a into ! vessel ,g1 & !nce be dis*>g$ on ! :eel1 :5ce x w aga9 fall into ! vessel ,a1 to keep up ! supply4 ,! cock ,f mu/ be s adju/$ z to admit into ! vessel ,g a quantity ( m]cury equal to t :i* is dis*>g$ by ! cock ,l4 ,?is c be asc]ta9$ & regulat$ by means ( ! panel ( glass above describ$4 ,! specific gravity ( m]cury be+ #g ounces1 x is evid5t t b a small quantity ( x is requir$ to turn ! :eel1 :i* has no friction b t ( ! axis on :i* x turns4 ,rob]t ,copl&'s ,device ,9 #ahai ,rob]t ,copl& appli$ = a ,briti% pat5t on ,a ,new or ,improv$ ,me?od or ,me?ods ( ,ga9+ ,p[] by ,new or ,improv$ ,comb9ations ( ,app>atus1 ,applicable to ,v>i\s ,purposes4 ,8 specifications describe 9 great detail 8 inv5tion 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,illu/ration ,figure #a is a view ( a ma*9e by :i* ,i purpose to d]ive a disposable =ce or p[] f ! action1 weight or pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! column ( wat] or o!r heavy liquid desc5d+ on "o side ( ! enclos$ v]tical :eel1 & f !nce ?r\gh ! c5trifugal :eel1 be+ return$ into ! same res]voir f :i* ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e raises x to be aga9 deliv]$ on ! top ( ! v]tical :eel to supply ! dis*>ge on ! desc5d+ side1 aris+ f ! c5trifugal =ce communicat$ to x by ! rot>y velocity ( ! c5trifugal :eel1 & ! pressure ( ! desc5d+ column ov]balanc+ ! reaction or resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e at ! dis*>g+ ap]tures ( ! c5trifugal :eel4 ,?us a small quantity ( wat] or o!r liquid 7accord+ to ! size ( ! ma*9e requir$7 be+ cont9ually return$ onto ! top ( ! v]tical :eel by ! pressure or action ( ! atmosph]e1 & act+ by its unbalanc$ gravity or impetus 9 its desc5t1 w produce a disposable =ce or p[] ( any requir$ magnitude1 by increas+ ! size or numb] ( ! ma*9es1 provid$ ! height ! fluid is requir$ to be rais$ is n q s high z ! column :i* ! atmosph]e1 :5 lighte/1 w raise ( t fluid1 & all[+ = ! requisite velocity on ! v]tical :eel4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,a is ! fe$+ pipe ?r\gh :i* ! fluid is rais$ by ! pressure or action ( ! atmosph]e on ! fluid 9 ! l[e/ res]voir 9 :i* ! l[] end ( ! pipe is imm]s$1 clos$ by a cock1 slid+ plate1 valve or %utt]1 to all[ ! ma*9e to be fill$ at ! comm5cem5t1 & :i* may be "u ! surface ( ! fluid1 also to keep x air-tight4 ,! o!r end is ins]t$ air-tight into ! top res]voir1 or by a curve1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e a1 jo9$ to pipe ,c1 & deliv]+ ^u ! v]tical :eel1 )\t any top res]voir4 ,9 ?is case1 if wat] is us$1 ! highe/ "p ( ! b5d or curve inside %\ld n exce$ ?irty feet above ! level ( ! wat] 9 l[e/ res]voir4 ,b is ! top res]voir1 ! l[e/ int]nal "p ( :i* %\ld nev] exce$ tw5ty-n9e or ?irty feet above ! wat] 9 l[e/ res]voir1 b x w admit ! top ( ! res]voir1 if wi%$1 to be r high] ?an :5 ! curv$ tube a only is us$4 ,x mu/ be q air-tight1 & support$ z conv5i5t4 ,c is a pipe1 jo9$ air-tight to top res]voir1 or =m+ "p ( ,a1 a1 ,c4 ,c is a movable flap ( /rong lea!r1 or o!r sub/ance1 :i* may be jo9$ to ! l[e/ "p ( ,c1 :]e ! wat] is deliv]$ s high on ! :eel & :]e floats ) h+es are us$ on ! :eel to prev5t its go+ d[n on ! asc5d+ side2 b n necess>y :5 wat] is deliv]$ l[] on ! :eel4 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 is ! fix$ & immovable wat]way1 & ! fix$ case or cov] 7( ! v]tical :eel71 ( :i* x is a "p1 jo9+ also ! /uff+ boxes1 ?r\gh :i* ! axle ( ! v]tical :eel moves air-tight1 ?us entirely enclos+ & surr\nd+ e "p ( ! :eel b ! projections ( ! axle1 & all[+ ! float bo>ds & :eel j to turn freely 9 x )\t t\*+ 9 any "p except ! axle 9 turn+ 9 ! pack+ ( ! /uff+ boxes2 ! float bo>ds are fa/5$ on to ! iron rim or sole ( ! v]tical :eel by v /rong h+es or movable jo9ts j )9 ! fix$ wat]way ,d4 ,e is a pipe or pipes jo9$ air-tight to ! fix$ cov] or case enclos+ ! v]tical :eel :]e ! wat] is to be tak5 (f x1 hav+ _! l[] ends ins]t$ air-tight also into ! bottom ( ! fix$ & immovable top ( ! c5trifugal :eel 9 su* a direction t !y may deliv] ! wat] into ! moveable wat]way ( ! c5trifugal :eel z ne> z possible 9 ! same direction z ! wat] circulates 9 ! :eel4 ,f1 ,f1 is ! c5trifugal :eel1 ( any diamet] conv5i5t1 accord+ to ! size ( ! ma*9e1 plac$ horizontally above ! fluid 9 ! l[e/ res]voir1 s z to move on its axis z ne> z possible to ! surface ( ! fluid )\t t\*+ x1 hav+ an immovable cov] or top1 leav+ a holl[ wat]way r\nd ! rim1 into :i* ! fluid is dis*>g$ f ,e 9 ! direction ( ! :eels' motion4 ,g1 ,g1 are ! dis*>g+ ap]tures ( ! c5trifugal :eel4 ,h1 ,h1 is ! surface ( ! fluid 9 ,i1 ,i1 ! l[e/ res]voir1 conta9+ a suffici5t quantity ( wat] :5 ! ma*9e is put to "w1 to all[ ! bottom ( fe$+ pipe ,a to be imm]s$ 9 x at lea/ two feet bel[ ! surface1 or a great] dep? may be giv5 to t "p ( ! res]voir "u ! m\? ( pipe ,a1 =m+ a sort ( well 9 :i* ,a may be ins]t$ any requir$ dep?1 bett] to exclude any p>ticles ( air or bubbles mix$ ) ! wat] ne>] its surface f asc5d+ 9 pipe ,a4 ,?is res]voir %\ld be l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! :ole ( ! wat] us$ be=e ! ma*9e is fill$4 ,k1 ,k1 are ! ends ( ! axle ( v]tical :eel outside ( ! /uff+ boxes ( ! fix$ case1 & are ! only p>ts ( ! v]tical :eel se51 & turn+ air-tight ?r\gh ! pack+ or /uff+ boxes1 or 9 any o!r mann] ! ext]nal air is entirely exclud$ f ! v]tical :eel :5 at "w2 e is an air-tight cock to dis*>ge ! air out ( ! ma*9e :5 fill+4 ,l is an ap]ture into top res]voir1 or into highe/ "p ( pipe ,a1 a :5 no top res]voir1 clos$ air-tight by a screw cap2 by ?is ! :ole ma*9e is fill$ 9 e "p ) ! fluid us$ be=e x c be set to "w1 ! bottom ( pipe ,a & ap]tures ,g 7z well z cock to bottom ( pipe ,e :5 requir$7 be+ previ\sly clos$4 ,p is "p ( ! axle on :i* ! c5trifugal :eel revolves4 ,be=e ! ma*9e c be put to "w ev]y?+ be+ previ\sly arrang$ z direct$1 ! ap]tures at ,g & bottom ( ,a 7& at ,e if requir$ also71 mu/ be clos$ by slid+ plates1 valves1 cocks1 or o!r me?ods1 z mo/ conv5i5t1 & e "p ( ! ma*9e mu/ be fill$ ) ! wat] or fluid us$ by ! ap]ture ,l1 or any o!r conv5i5t me?od by :i* ! highe/ p>ts may be fill$1 ! air all[$ to dis*>ge by op5+ ,e & ,o1 ! latt] to be %ut z soon z ! c5trifugal :eel is fill$1 & ! cock at ,e clos$ :]e requir$1 :5 ! wat] is above x a little1 e cont9u+ op5 s z to all[ ! air to be entirely dis*>g$ f e "p1 :i* be+ done1 & ! ma*9e entirely fill$ ) wat]1 ?is cock & ap]ture ,l mu/ be c>efully clos$2 hav+ !n fix$ ^u ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od = giv+ ! requir$ assi/ance to set ! ma*9e to "w1 by giv+ ! c5trifugal :eel motion1 & assi/+ x till arriv$ at ! velocity fix$1 x mu/ be put 9 motion & ! ap]tures ,g op5$2 aft] x has got a little into motion1 & z soon z ! velocity ( ! :eel has giv5 a c5trifugal =ce to ! wat] suffici5t to ov]balance ! slight diff]5ce 9 ! height ( ! fe$+ & desc5d+ columns1 ! pipe ,a mu/ be op5$2 a dis*>ge f ! ap]tures ,g w n[ take place1 :i* is suppli$ f top res]voir ,b ov] ! load$ side ( v]tical :eel1 :]e1 by its gravity & impetus act+ on ! float bo>ds1 x causes ! :eel to turn till x desc5ds1 s z to be dis*>g$ ?r\gh ,e1 on ! rim or wat]way ,w1 ( ! c5trifugal :eel1 :i* x /rikes ) ! velocity ( its desc5t 9 ne>ly ! direction ( ! :eel's motion1 & is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ap]tures ,g into ! wat] conta9$ at comm5cem5t 9 l[] res]voir ,i1 f :5ce ?is dis*>ge is aga9 suppli$ by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 return+ x ?r\gh pipe ,a into top res]voir1 or ?r\gh a1 ,c1 & ! "p int5d$ ( ! v]tical :eel4 ,z ! velocity ( ! c5trifugal :eel is accel]at$1 ! velocity ( ! desc5d+ column ov] ! v]tical :eel w also be accel]at$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! v]tical :eels1 :5 hav+ arriv$ at _! respective fix$ velocities1 ! assi/+ =ce be+ no long] necess>y1 may be )drawn1 & ! c5trifugal :eel may n[ receive :at assi/ance is requir$ to support its velocity f ! v]tical :eel ?r\gh ! connect+ %afts & :eelwork1 or 9 any o!r mann]4 ,eaton's ,p]petual ,siphon4 ,london4 #ahej ,! acc\nt ( ?is is tak5 f ,dircks's great "w1 m5tion$ 9 ! preface1 & is z foll[s3 ,?is is a plan propos$ by ,mr4 ,eaton 9 #ahej1 & consi/s 9 provid+ two wat] ci/]ns ,a1 ,b2 ! %ort leg ( a siphon ,c ent]s ! upp] ci/]n1 & t]m9ates 9 ?ree escape pipes1 capable ( be+ rotat$ by ! pulley a1 connect$ by a b& ) ! pulley b1 affix$ to ! v]tical %aft c1 rotat$ by ! inv]t$ ,b>k]'s mill ,d1 con/ruct$ on ! %ort leg ( ! inv]t$ siphon ,e1 suppli$ f ! bottom ( ! upp] wat] ci/]n4 ,by ?is means x 0 expect$ to keep up a cont9ual fl[ d[n ! pipes ,c & up ,e1 z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,illu/ration ,legge's ,hydro-,pneumatic ,p[] ,device4 #ahej ,?is is an ,engli% production1 & ! inv5tor claims t x is ! result ( f\rte5 ye>s' /udy4 ,we take ! description f ,dircks4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,x is a dome-%ap$ vessel2 its upp] "p ,a fill$ ) air1 & ! l[] half ) wat]1 z at ,b4 ,?is vessel conta9s two app>atus = return+ ! wat] :i* is work$ ?r\gh ,c ,d1 app>5tly l pump b>rels4 ,! air is to be at f #bej to #ejj p\nds pressure on ! squ>e in*4 ,:5 once />t$ x w 7x is /at$7 g on z long z x is oil$4 ,! inv5tor e/imates a "o ?irty-second %>e at "o ?\s& p\nds value4 ,illu/ration ,wat]bl[+ ,ma*9e ,9 #ahbg ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,london1 publi%$ an acc\nt ( an inv5tion :i* 0 furni%$ to x by "s correspond5t4 ,! inv5tion1 x seems f ! communication1 _h previ\sly be5 describ$ 9 an app5dix by ,dr4 ,brew/] to a volume ( ,f]guson's lectures1 & x also seems t ! description furni%$ ,me*anics' ,magaz9e 0 copi$ f su* app5dix4 ,! foll[+ is ! article z x appe>$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e3 ,i am enc\rag$ to s5d y ! foll[+ attempt at p]petual motion1 because ,i ?9k x is ^u a pr9ciple t has n yet be5 exam9$ 9 y\r pages4 ,9 ,dr4 ,brew/]'s app5dix to ,f]guson's lectures1 ! foll[+ description is giv5 ( :at is call$ a ,wat] ,bl[+ ,ma*9e3 ,let ,a ,b 7see ,fig47 be a ci/]n ( wat]1 ) ! bottom ( :i* is connect$ ! b5d$ lead5 pipe ,b ,c ,h4 ,! l[] extremity ,h1 ( ! pipe is ins]t$ into ! top ( a cask or vessel1 ,d ,e1 call$ ! cond5s+ vessel1 hav+ ! p$e/al ,p fitt$ to its bottom1 :i* is p]=at$ ) two op5+s1 ,m ,n4 ,:5 ! wat] :i* comes f ! ci/]n ,a is fall+ ?r\gh ! "p1 ,c ,h ( ! pipe1 x is suppli$ by ! op5+s or tubes1 m n o p1 ) a quantity ( air :i* x c>ries along ) x4 ,?is mixture ( air & wat]1 issu+ f ! ap]ture ,h1 & imp++ ^u ! surface ( ! /one p$e/al ,p1 is driv5 back & disp]s$ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,! air be+ ?us sep>at$ f ! wat]1 asc5ds into ! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 & ru%es ?r\gh ! op5+ ,f1 :5ce x is convey$ to ! fire1 :ile ! wat] falls to ! l[] "p ( ! vessel1 & runs out by ! op5+s ,m ,n4 ,! au?or !n goes on to describe ! con/ruction ( ! pipe ,b ,c ,h1 9 ! curve ( :i* "s nicety is requir$1 & to expla9 "s atmosph]ical ph5om5a ^u ! pr9ciple ( ?is ma*9e1 add+ t ,franciscus ,t]tius de ,lanis obs]ves t he has se5 a great] w9d g5]at$ by a bl[+ ma*9e ( ?is k9d ?an c\ld be produc$ by bell[s t5 or twelve feet long4 ,illu/ration ,n[1 if1 in/ead ( ! p$e/al ,p1 a :eel 7 plac$ 9 ! cond5s+ vessel1 z 9 ! figure1 w\ld n ! wat]1 9 fall+ ^u ! :eel1 be suffici5tly disp]s$ to dis5gage ! air at ! same "t t x drove ! :eel1 & w\ld n ! motion ( ! :eel be ret>d$ by ! d5sity ( ! int]nal air8 ,i d n appreh5d t any consid]able resi/ance w\ld be (f]$ by ! int]nal air1 & ! motion ( ! :eel c be regulat$ by its load1 s z to (f] a suffici5t resi/ance to ! desc5d+ /ream ( wat]2 & ,i1 !re=e1 assume t ! wat]1 9 its desc5t1 w\ld produce by means ( ! :eel1 a p[] capable ( rais+ a "p ( ! wat] exp5d$ back aga9 to ! ci/]n2 & ?is is ! ext5t ( ! p[] ( mo/ ( ^? ma*9es :i* h be5 mi/ak5 = p]petual motions by _! projectors4 ,b ,i h a bla/ ( w9d :i* is describ$ z be+ ( great =ce4 ,c ?is bla/ be 9 any way appli$ to raise ! surplus wat]8 ,i ?9k ,i see ! smile :i* ! proposal w produce 9 ^? :o d5y ! possibility ( a p]petual motion4 ,a m]e puff ( w9d6 is d\btless ejaculat$ f all sides4 ,b let me tell ^! g5tlem5 t1 ?\gh ,i may n "k any me?od by :i* su* bla/ c produce t effect1 x does n1 by any means1 foll[ t ! impossibility ( ! ?+ is !nce to be presum$4 ,f> f x2 = su* a conclusion re/s ^u ! supposition t ! p[]s & application ( a bla/ ( w9d are fully kn[n1 & t no rese>* or exp]i5ce c add to our k on t subject--assumptions :i* appe> to me some:at ridicul\s4 ,all[ me1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 to suppose t ?is bla/ in/ead ( w9d1 _h be5 a bla/ ( /eam4 ,"t 0 :5 wise m5 w\ld h smil$ & said1 ,a puff ( /eam--a m]e puff ( /eam6--& _h "s "o1 m sangu9e ?an ! re/1 attempt$ by its application to produce a motion1 he w\ld h appli$ x to ! floatbo>ds ( a :eel1 z 9 ,branca's eng9e1 & h be5 disappo9t$4 ,x is n giv5 to man to "k :5 ! p[]s ( any great ag5t h be5 fully develop$2 & ^? :o act ^u su* presumptions ?r[ ! greate/ ob/acles 9 ! way ( inquiry4 ,b1 to %[ ! anti-p]petuali/s t )9 _! own "t s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 an addition has be5 made to our k ( ! p[]s ( a bla/ ( w9d1 ,i h add$ a tube1 ,g1 to my figure1 ! propos$ use ( :i* ,i %all n[ describe4 ,9 a "p ( ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 publi%$ "s "t ago1 !re 0 describ$ a novel mode ( rais+ wat] 9 a tube by direct+ a /ream ( air ov] its m\?1 !reby de/roy+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,i d n suppose x w rise to ! height ( ! ci/]n z ,i h figur$ x2 b x may /ill be a "q :e!r x may n be accompli%$ by a s]ies ( %ort tubes1 ! bottom ( ! "o be+ plac$ 9 ! ci/]n into :i* ! next bel[ dis*>ges its wat]1 ea* be+ con/ruct$ ) a bla/ & two valves1 9 ! same mann] z ! s+le tube--namely1 ! valves x 7"u wat]7 & y1 work$ 9 su* a mann] by ! arms ,k ,l1 t ! "o may %ut :5 ! o!r op5s4 ,presum+ t ! wat] w rise to ! top ( ! tube :5 ! bla/ is 9 action 7x op5 & y %ut71 ! wat] 9 ! "p ( ! tube betwe5 ! bla/ & y w be dis*>g$ into ! ci/]n at ! next motion ( ! valves--namely1 :5 x is %ut & y op5$1 ! bla/1 at ! same "t1 be+ discont9u$4 ,device by ,means ( ,buoyancy ,?r\gh ,m$ia ( ,diff]5t ,d5sities ,an acc\nt ( ?is appe>$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 #ahbe4 ,! au?or app>5tly _h no great fai? 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ,p]petual ,motion1 & yet x is manife/ t he _h n ab&on$ hope ( accompli%+ x1 & is /ill ?9k+ along "s l9e ( atta9+ x4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! device fail$4 ,! acc\nt furni%$1 h[ev]1 is z foll[s3 ,! unsuccessful 7b f> f fruitless7 se>* made to discov] ! philosoph]'s /one1 & ! elixir vit1 7 productive ( mo/ important & b5eficial results 9 ! k+dom ( *emi/ry2 s1 by a p>ity ( consequ5ce1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t f inquiry aft] ! p]petual motion 7?\gh equally unsuccessful71 a simil> good w result to ! me*anical _w4 99 99 ,i beg leave to (f] ! prefix$ device4 ,! po9t at :i*1 l all ! re/1 x fails1 ,i confess ,i did n 7z ,i d n[7 pla9ly p]ceive at once1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly v obvi\s4 ,! orig9al idea 0 ?is--to enable a body :i* w\ld float 9 a heavy m$ium & s9k 9 a light] "o1 to pass successively ?r\gh ! "o to ! o!r1 ! cont9uation ( :i* w\ld be ! end 9 view4 ,to say t valves _c be made to act z propos$ w n be to %[ ! rationale 7if ,i may s say7 ^u :i* ! idea is fallaci\s4 ,! figure is suppos$ to be tubul>1 & made ( glass1 = ! purpose ( see+ ! action ( ! balls inside1 :i* float or fall z !y travel f air ?r\gh wat] & f wat] ?r\gh air4 ,! foot is suppos$ to be plac$ 9 wat]1 b x w\ld answ] ! same purpose if ! bottom 7 clos$4 ,illu/ration ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,engrav+4--,no4 #a1 ! left leg1 fill$ ) wat] f ,b to ,a4 #b & #c1 valves1 hav+ 9 _! c5t]s v small project+ valves2 !y all op5 upw>ds4 #d1 ! "r leg1 conta9+ air f ,a to ,f4 #e & #f1 valves1 hav+ v small ones 9 _! c5t]s2 !y all op5 d[nw>ds4 ,! :ole app>atus suppos$ to be air- & wat]-tight4 ,! r\nd figures repres5t holl[ balls1 :i* w s9k "o-f\r? ( _! bulk 9 wat] 7( c\rse w fall 9 air72 ! weight1 !re=e1 ( ?ree balls re/+ ^u "o ball 9 wat]1 z at ,e1 w j br+ ?is top ev5 ) ! wat]'s edge2 ! weight ( f\r balls w s9k x "u ! surface until ! ball imm$iately ov] x is "o-f\r? its bulk 9 wat]1 :5 ! "u ball w escape r\nd ! corn] at ,c1 & beg9 to asc5d4 ,! ma*9e is suppos$ 79 ! figure7 to be 9 action1 & ,no4 #h 7"o ( ! balls7 to h j escap$ r\nd ! corn] at ,c1 & to be1 by its buoyancy1 ris+ up to valve ,no4 #c1 /rik+ fir/ ! small project+ valve 9 ! c5t]1 :i*1 :5 op5$1 ! l>ge "o w be rais$ by ! buoyancy ( ! ball2 because ! mom5t ! small valve 9 ! c5t] is op5$ 7al?\gh only ! size ( a p9's head71 ,no4 #b valve w h tak5 ^u itself to su/a9 ! :ole column ( wat] f ,a to ,b4 ,! said ball 7,no4 #h7 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! valve ,no4 #c1 w1 by appropriate weights or spr+s1 close2 ! ball w proce$ upw>ds to ! next valve 7,no4 #b71 & p]=m ! same op]ation !re4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ,a1 x w float ^u ! surface ?ree-f\r?s ( its bulk out ( wat]4 ,^u ano!r ball 9 due c\rse arriv+ "u x1 x w be lift$ q out ( ! wat] & fall ov] ! po9t ,d1 pass into ! "r leg 7conta9+ air71 & fall to valve ,no4 #e1 /rike & op5 ! small valve 9 its c5t]1 !n op5 ! l>ge "o & pass ?r\gh2 ?is valve w !n1 by appropriate weights or spr+s1 close1 ! ball w roll on ?r\gh ! b5t tube 7:i* is made 9 t =m to ga9 "t z well z to exhibit motion7 to ! next valve 7,no4 #f71 :]e x w p]=m ! same op]ation1 & !n1 fall+ ^u ! f\r balls at ,e1 =ce ! bottom "o r\nd ! corn] at ,c4 ,?is ball w proce$ z did ,no4 #h1 & ! re/ 9 ! same mann] successively4 ,device by ,compressible & ,di/5sible ,bags 9 ,liquid ,9 ! ye> #ahbc1 an acc\nt ( a ,p]petual ,motion device 0 s5t to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e by "s correspond5t4 ,?is appe>s to h consid]able claim to +5uity1 ?\gh ! correspond5t /ates t x fail$ f friction4 ,! figure & acc\nt furni%$ are z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,a ,a ,a ,a is a ci/]n ( wat]1 fill$ z high z ,b ,b4 ,c ,c ,c ,c ,c ,c are six bladd]s1 communicat+ by ! tubes ,d ,d ,d ,d ,d ,d ) ! holl[ axle ,e1 :i* axle is connect$ ) ! bell[s ,f by ! pipe ,g4 ,h is a crank connect$ ) ! crank ,i by ! rod ,k4 ,l is a sauc]-:eel1 ,m a p9ion1 ,n its %aft4 ,o is a crank atta*$ to ! bell[s ,f by ! rod ,p4 ,q ,q ,q ,q ,q ,q are valves ) a project+ lev]4 ,r & ,s are two project+ knobs4 ,t is a hole 9 ! axle ,e1 =m+ a communication ) x & ! l[]mo/ bladd]4 ,! axle ,b be+ put 9 motion c>ri$ r\nd ! bladd]s & tables1 & by ! cranks ,h & ,i1 & ! connect+-rod ,k1 caus$ ! :eel ,l to revolve1 :i* communicat+ a simil> b accel]at$ motion to ! p9ion ,m1 %aft ,n1 & crank ,o1 work$ or blew ! bell[s ,f by ! rod ,p2 ! air ent]$ ! axle ,e by ! tube ,g1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! hole 9 x at ,t1 ent]$ ! l[] bladd] ,c by ! tube ,d2 ?is bladd] be+ ?us r5d]$ light] ?an ! space x occupi$1 asc5d$1 br++ ! bladd] beh9d x ov] ! hole 9 ! axle ,t 9 l mann]1 & :i* !reby ga9$ an asc5d+ p[]1 produc+ a simil> effect on ! "o beh9d x4 ,:5 "o ( ! bladd]s arriv$ at ! knob ,s1 ! lev] ( ! valve ,q /ruck aga9/ x & op5$ ! valve2 :5 ! bladd] arriv$ at ,u & began to desc5d1 its pressure on ! wat] drove out ! air & gave x a desc5d+ p[]2 ! knob ,r !n clos$ ! valve ,q & prev5t$ ! entrance ( any wat] into ! bladd]2 by ?is contrivance ?ree ( ! bladd]s 7 full & empty1 accord+ z !y pass$ ov] ! hole ,t or ! knob ,s4 ,george ,cunn+ham's ,m]curial ,pneumatic ,device4 ,irel&4 #agbi ,illu/ration ,among ! pap]s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is "o :i* purports to relate to ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 t ,royal ,society volume x is numb] #cb4 ,x is q amus+4 ,! au?or expla9s t he is )hold+ _m precise details & measurem5ts su* z workm5 %\ld foll[ 9 mak+ ! eng9e4 ,int5d+ no m "h ?an ! endeavor to satisfy "s o!rs z well z myself1 t !re is really su* a ?+ to be f\nd z t long-s\ght = ,p]petual ,motion1 :i* is look$ ^u by e "o to be ! true p>5t ( ! ,longitude4--,description ( ! ,p]petual ,motion3 ,a1 a cup ne>ly full ( m]cury4 ,b1 ! height ! m]cury w rise by its own weight 9-- ,k1 ! ma9 pipe1 :5-- ,c1 ! l[] cock is op54 ,e1 a holl[ globe :i* mu/ be capable ( a great] quantity ?an ! :ole pipe ,k4 ,f1 ! upp] cock by :i* ! m]cury is fill$ into ! eng9e & ab\t #bg in*es high] ?an ! l9e ,b4 ,d1 ! middle cock :i*1 :5 op51 lets ! m]cury fall ^u ! buckets ( ! :eel-- ,g1 & !n pass+ d[n-- ,i1 a funnel :i* contracts itself at ,l1 into a pipe :i* directs ! m]cury into ! cup ,a4 ,h1 a case :i* entirely cov]s ! :eel 7be+ ( ! same metal1 & ( a piece ) ! pipe71 ?r\gh :i* ! axis ( ! :eel passes to set ano!r :eel ago+2 s becom + ! pr9cipal mov] 9 ! clock or eng9e to be contriv$4 ,! ,mann] ( ,sett+ ,x to ,"w ,/op ! cock at ,c & fill m]cury into ! cup ,a1 high] ?an ! l9e ,b2 !n /op ! cock at ,d & turn 9 m]cury at ! cock ,f1 till ,k & ,e are full2 /op ! cock at ,f1 v close1 op5 ,c1 fir/1 & !n ,d1 out ( :i* ! m]cury w fall ^u ! buckets ( ! :eel ,g1 d[n ! funnel ,i1 ,l1 into ! cup ,a1 & be press$ up ,k1 by ! weight ( ! air1 z 9 ! b>omet]4 ,:y ! ,devices ,describ$ 9 ?is ,*apt] ,fail$ to ,"w ,! devices expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] are ( su* complicat$ & ridicul\s /ructure t x is impossible to expla9 any?+ f !m4 ,x is bett] to ab&on !m all & to discuss 9 a g5]al way :y ,p]petual ,motion has n be51 & _c be1 atta9$ by devices con/ruct$ on simil> plans4 ,an exam9ation ( ! prec$+ devices 9 ?is *apt] %[s t !y dep5d$ ultimately ^u ! fact3 #a4 ,t air or "s o!r gas is to be compress$ by "w done ^u x & t ^u exp&+ x w d a great] am\nt ( "w ?an 0 requir$ = ! compression1 or #b4 ,t a bag empty1 or p>tially fill$ ) air1 or o!r gas1 c be easily imm]s$1 & t if bl[n full ( gas :ile imm]s$ x w1 9 its t5d5cy to float1 d m "w ?an 0 requir$ to imm]se x1 or #c4 ,t ! weight ( ! atmosph]e & its consequ5t pressure ^u vacua c be utiliz$ to drive a pi/on1 or compress a bag & by "s sort ( means at ! same "t produce ano!r vacua ready = a simil> op]ation1 ! loss ( ! driv5 pi/on1 or ! compress$ bag be+ utiliz$ to drive ma*9]y1 if desir$4 ,x is n[ believ$ by all sci5tific m5 t none ( ^! ?+s are possible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is well kn[n t compress$ air w d exactly ! same "w 9 rega9+ its =m] volume t 0 exp5d$ ^u x to compress x1 & ?is ) absolute exactness4 ,9 compress+ ! gas ) a pi/on ! =ce ex]t$ ^u ! rod to drive ! pi/on mu/ be suffici5t n only to compress ! gas b also to ov]come ! friction ( ! tight fitt+ pi/on1 & fur!r1 if ! pressure on ! rod be remov$1 ! exp&+ gas w deliv] aga9/ ! face ( ! pi/on exactly ! =ce & en]gy requir$ to drive ! pi/on = ! compression1 b n all ( ?is c be return$ to any ma*9]y driv5 by ! pi/on-rod1 = a "p w be lo/ 9 ! friction ( ! tight-fitt+ p>ts4 ,?us "h1 z else:]e1 !re is an exact equival5t ( en]gy a "p ( :i* is consum$ 9 friction1 & only a "p available = return$ motion4 ,! same ?+ is true 9 compress+ a bag1 except t possibly ! b5d+ ( ! fabric is less resi/ance ?an ! friction ( ! tight-fitt+ pi/on4 ,/ill1 ! b5d+ ( ! fabric is "s resi/ance1 & consequ5tly ! bag s exp&+ _c return all ! en]gy requir$ = its compression1 ! diff]5ce be+ ! loss1 h[ev] slight1 9 ! b5d+ ( ! fabric ( :i* ! bag is made4 ,aga91 let u admit t a dilat$ bag is easily imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & t if inflat$ ) air !re w be consid]able t5d5cy to rise1 b h[ mu* en]gy is requir$ = ! inflation8 ,x is manife/ t if x is imm]s$ ! weight ( ! wat] & its consequ5t pressure w resi/ ! attempt$ inflation1 & mu/ be ov]come be=e ! inflation is complete4 ,! deep] ! imm]sion ! m ! compression1 & consequ5tly ! m "w requir$ = ! inflation4 ,if a bag hav+ a cont5ts ( "o cubic foot 7 imm]s$ a mile 9 fre% wat]1 & if x %\ld be attempt$ to inflate x1 ! read] w p]haps be surpris$ to "k t ! inflation w\ld h to be done aga9/ a pressure ( sub/antially #b1djj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,x is simple t ! deep] ! bag is imm]s$ ! m "w x w d 9 ris+ to ! surface1 b x is equally pla9 t ! deep] x is imm]s$ ! m en]gy is requir$ = its inflation4 ,9 ea* case ! "w ( inflat+ is exactly equal to ! "w return$ 9 ris+ to ! surface1 & !re is n "o :it to sp>e = runn+ ma*9]y ( any k9d4 ,! ?ird classes ( devices above m5tion$ assume atmosph]ic pressure1 & a pi/on driv5 by atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is is easily atta9$1 b 9 ord] = atmosph]ic pressure to drive a pi/on x mu/ only be on "o side ( ! pi/on1 & :5 ! pi/on has be5 driv5 :at =ce & en]gy w be requir$ to put x 9 a position aga9 su* t !re w be atmosph]e on only "o side1 & a vacuum into :i* x c retire1 on ! o!r side8 ,x is easily answ]$4 ,! same "w mu/ be done1 & ! same "w exactly1 to put ! pi/on aga9 9 ! position ) ! vacuum ) equal dim5sions into :i* x c be driv5 by atmosph]ic pressure1 t fir/ drove x to occupy ! vacuum--exactly ! same "w1 & no less & no m1 except t ! am\nt lo/ by friction mu/ be suppli$ 9 addition4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,magnetic ,,devices ,a ,magnetic ,p5dulum ,"h we pres5t a device = ,p]petual ,motion by magnetism1 b we are unable to give ! inv5tor's "n or 8 nativity4 ,x seems to h be5 br\ght =? 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 prior to #ahbh4 ,! description is z foll[s3 ,let ,a ,a1 9 ! prefix$ engrav+1 repres5t two magnets revolv+ on axes4 ,let ,b repres5t a l>g] magnet1 hang+ on an axis1 p5dulum fa%ion1 betwe5 ! two =m]4 ,z ! poles ( ! two small] magnets lie 9 ! same direction1 ! effect w be to draw ! l>g] magnet t[>ds t on ! left h&1 :ile x is at ! same "t repell$ by t on ! "r2 b :ile ?is is go+ on1 ! upp] end ( ! l>ge magnet raises by means ( a guide wire1 ! tumbl] ,d1 :i*1 j be=e ! magnets come 9 contact1 passes ! p]p5dicul> & falls ov]1 c>ry+ ) x ! lev] connect$ ) ! two :eels ,c ,c1 & caus+ !m to p]=m a qu>t] revolution2 ^! :eels are connect$ by l9es ) two small :eels fix$ on ! axles ( ! two magnets ,a ,a4 ,:ile ! =m] make a qu>t] revolution1 ! latt] turn half r\nd2 consequ5tly1 ! position ( ! magnets is rev]s$1 & ! same motions are !n p]=m$ by ! p5dulum magnet be+ attract$ & repell$ 9 ! opposite direction2 & j be=e ! magnets t\* ea* o!r ! arrangem5t is aga9 in/antly rev]s$4 ,illu/ration ,magnetic-,driv5 ,:eel ,ano!r plan = ,p]petual ,motion by magnetism appe>$ 9 ! public j\rnals ( ,engl& 9 #ahbh4 ,! inv5tor /ates 9 effect t he desires to get be=e ! read]s an ,attempt at ,p]petual ,motion by ,means ( ,magnetism1 ,appli$ 9 a ,new ,way4 ,8 attempt z publi%$ is z foll[s3 ,! object ( ! pres5t communication is to lay be=e y\r read]s an attempt at p]petual motion by means ( magnetism appli$ some:at diff]5tly to any t has yet be5 publi%$ 9 y\r ,magaz9e4 ,illu/ration ,! above is a :eel ( light con/ruction1 mov+ on friction :eels 9 vacuo2 ! rim is furni%$ ) slips ( /eel--pieces ( wat*-spr+ w d4 ,n ,n are two magnets1 :i*1 attract+ ! rim ( ! :eel1 w r5d] "o side light] & ! o!r heavi]1 caus+ x to revolve ad inf9itum3 or to r5d] x m p[]ful1 let ! /eel rims be magnetiz$ & fix$ on ! :eel ) _! nor? poles t[>ds its c5t]4 ,let two m magnets be add$1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es3 let ^! two1 ,s ,s1 be plac$ ) _! s\? poles ne>e/ ! rim ( ! :eel2 & ! o!r two1 ,n ,n1 ) _! nor? poles 9 t position4 ,n[1 z simil> poles repel & opposite poles attract1 ! :eel w be driv5 r\nd by attraction & repulsion act+ conjo9tly on f\r po9ts ( its circumf]5ce4 ,b ,b are blocks ( wood to keep (f ! attraction ( ! magnets f t "p ( ! :eel :i* has pass$ !m4 ,mack9to%'s ,exp]im5t ,f4 ,s4 ,mack9to%1 ( ,engl&1 9 #ahbc1 s\ght to accompli% ,p]petual ,motion1 & made ! attempt "h describ$4 ,x 0 n made public until #ahcf1 :5 x 0 publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! inv5tor _h become conv9c$ ( ! impossibility ( p]petual motion1 z 8 comm5ts on 8 own alleg$ inv5tion discloses4 7,! classification 9 ?is book ( ,mack9to%'s inv5tion is some:at d\btful4 ,! article z contribut$ 9 #ahcf w\ld z aptly be classifi$ "u argum5ts aga9/ ,p]petual ,motion1 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,b1 9 view ( ! fact t at ! "t ( ! inv5tion ! inv5tor 0 s]i\sly work+ at a s*eme = ! accompli%m5t ( ,p]petual ,motion1 x has be5 decid$ to classify x "u ,magnetic ,p]petual ,motion ,devices47 ,! publi%$ article 0 9 ! nature ( a contribution f ! inv5tor1 & is z foll[s3 ,i h]e) =w>d y a description ( a ma*9e :i* 0 con/ruct$ by me 9 ! ye> #ahbc1 ) a view to produce a p]petual motion4 ,) ?is ma*9e & ! /udies necess>ily connect$ ) x1 fir/ orig9at$ ! suspicion t ! planets c\ld n cont9ue 9 motion unless !y gradually approa*$ ! c5t] ( ! attraction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u describe ! ma*9e4 ,fig4 #a3 ,a is a sectional view ( ! int]ior ( ! :eel1 :i* is =m$ 9 two halves ^u "o %aft2 ea* half or section is furni%$ ) a project+ l$ge & an op5+ is left betwe5 ! two l$ges suffici5tly wide to admit ( a magnet be+ introduc$ betwe5 !m1 by :i* arrangem5t ! magnet may be br\ght z ne> to ! ball z may be necess>y 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,b is a magnet ^: l9e ( attraction acts at "r angles ) ! l9e ( gravity4 ,c is an iron ball "u ! action ( two =ces4 ,! magnet cont9ually draw+ ! ball up ! incl9$ plane )9 ! :eel1 & gravity cont9ually draw+ x to ! bottom1 by _! unit$ action x 0 suppos$ ! :eel w\ld revolve =ev]1 or till x 0 worn out2 ^u ! same pr9ciple t a :eel revolves by ! animal =ce or muscul> action ( a m\se or squirrel1 :i* c>ries x up ! incl9$ plane1 :il/ x is cont9ually drawn to ! bottom by ! action ( gravity1 !reby caus+ ! :eel to revolve by ! weight ( its body4 ,! model 0 tak5 f ! e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun2 & ! foll[+ process ( reason+ seem$ to ju/ify ! assumption t ! :eel w\ld move on till x 0 worn out3 ,! e>? is c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by ! action ( two =ces1 "o ( :i* is mom5tum1 :i* is n1 9 reality1 a =ce or cause ( motion1 b an effect d]iv$ f an orig9al impulse2 & t impulse or ! mom5tum d]iv$ f x is n de/roy$1 because !re is no resi/ance to ! mov+ body--t is1 !re is no friction4 ,well1 ,i _c make ?is ma*9e )\t hav+ resi/ance to ! motion--t is1 friction2 b to comp5sate = ?is ,i h two real =ces1 two causes ( motion1 ea* ( !m capable ( imp>t+ mom5tum to a body3 !y are bo? con/ant =ces2 & f "o ( !m1 ! magnet1 ,i c obta9 any p[] t may be requir$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,illu/ration ,?is reason+ appe>$ conclusive1 & ! :eel 0 made2 b :5 ! magnet 0 appli$ in/ead ( ! ball roll+ up ! incl9$ plane1 ! :eel mov$ backw>ds ^u its c5t]4 ,x occurr$ to me t by plac+ a small rat*et ^u ! :eel1 z %[n at ,d1 ?is backw>d motion ( ! :eel on its c5t] might be prev5t$1 9 :i* case ! ball mu/ roll up ! incl9$ plane1 & t a p]petual motion might !n ensue2 b ?is rat*et ,i nev] tri$1 hav+ ab\t t "t begun to p]ceive t ! idea ( a p]petual me*anical motion1 ei!r on ! e>? or 9 ! heav5s1 involves an absurdity2 & t1 !re=e1 ! motions ( ! planets mu/ necess>ily c>ry !m cont9ually ne>] & ne>] to ! c5t] ( attraction4 ,! above describ$ device by ,mr4 ,mack9to% br\ght =? ! foll[+ comm5t f ,r4 ,munro1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcf3 ,! result ( ,mr4 ,mack9to%'s essay at p]petual motion might be attribut$ to ! avoidable friction caus$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! iron ball is plac$ 9 ! :eel4 ,curi\s to try ! exp]im5t1 ,i proce$$1 &1 ) ! view ( dim9i%+ ! friction1 ,i plac$ two :eels on ! axis ( ! ball1 b ! result 0 precisely t describ$ by ,mr4 ,mack9to%4 ,i next appli$ ! rat*et1 z sugge/$1 b ) no bett] effect2 ! ball roll$ t[>ds ! magnet1 b did n give ! requir$ motion to ! :eel4 ,x is n unlikely1 !n1 t ! pres5t +5i\s attempt w n be realiz$4 ,sp5ce's ,device ,john ,sp5ce1 ( ,l9li?g[1 ,scotl&1 0 a %oemak]1 b possess$ great me*anical +5uity4 ,he c\ld n keep 8 m9d f ! subject ( me*anics4 ,he devot$ a great deal ( "t to design+ me*anical s*emes = ,p]petual ,motion4 ,an acc\nt ( 8 ef=ts is tak5 f ,p]cy ,anecdotes4 ,! device 0 exhibit$ 9 ,ed9burgh & amaz+ to /ate x attract$ ! att5tion ( "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ orig9al sci5ti/s t ev] liv$1 ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,x is f a lett] writt5 by ,brew/]1 9 #ahah1 to ! ,annales de ,*imie1 t we get a description ( ! ,sp5ce inv5tion4 ,! editor ( ,annales de ,*imie1 0 evid5tly reluctant to publi% any article conc]n+ ,p]petual ,motion1 & only ! great fame ( ,sir ,david induc$ him to give space to ! contribution4 ,! article 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,france1 b x has1 ) an introductory /atem5t by ! editor1 be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 z foll[s3 ,! read] w readily conclude t 9 publi%+ ?is article we are influ5c$ solely by ! great reputation ( ! le>n$ contributor4 ,sir ,david writes f ,ed9burgh3 ,illu/ration ,i am almo/ afraid to in=m y t at ?is mom5t 9 ,ed9burgh may be se5 a ma*9e1 made by a %oemak] at ,l9li?g[1 :i* realizes ! p]petual motion4 ,?is effect is produc$ by two magnets ,a & ,b1 act+ alt]nately ^u a ne$le m n1 ( :i* ! po9t ( atta*m5t n corresponds exactly ) ! axis ar\nd :i* turns ! movable lev] ,c ,d4 ,:5 ! ne$le m n has be5 attract$ into ! position m n by ! action ( ! magnet ,b1 & ,c ,d is 9 consequ5ce f\nd 9 ,c ,d1 a sub/ance connect$ ) m n is int]pos$ by me*anism betwe5 m n & ,b4 ,?is sub/ance has ! prop]ty ( int]cept+1 or r ( modify+ ! action ( ! magnet ,b1 & ?is p]mits ! o!r magnet ,a to draw ! ne$le into ! position m n2 b no soon] has x rea*$ ?is po9t ?an a second plate or lay] ( ! same sub/ance places itself be=e magnet1 & imm$iately ,b attracts anew ! ne$le4 ,illu/ration ,! annex$ figure exhibits a second =m ( ! ma*9e4 ,a & ,b are two horse-%oe magnets1 a & b ! my/]i\s sub/ance1 & m n ! ne$le1 :i* turns con/antly ) great rapidity4 ,mr4 ,playfair & ,capt4 ,kat] h inspect$ bo? ( ^! ma*9es1 & are satisfi$ t !y resolve ! problem ( p]petual motion4 ,joannis ,!isn]i's ,semi-,circle ,an acc\nt ( ?is inv5tion has be5 pres]v$ by ,gasp> ,s*ott 9 a "w entitl$ ,?aumaturgus ,physicus1 sive ,magiae ,univ]salis ,naturae et ,artis1 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 ,x is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ figure3 ,illu/ration ,! inv5tor expect$ ! op]ation ( 8 device to be z foll[s3 ,a is a l>ge magnet1 elevat$ on a %ort pill> at ! foot ( :i* is a /raight incl9$ tube1 ,c ,f ! ends ( :i* are connect$ ) a curv$ or semicircul> tube ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! weight at ! l[] extremity is suppos$ to asc5d ?r\gh ! curv$ tube by ! attraction ( ! magnet ,a & ^u rea*+ ! po9t ,c ! supposition 0 t ^u pass+ ! po9t ,c ! attraction ( ! magnet ,a w\ld be suffici5t to hold x !re 99 99 99 back to ! po9t ,f ?r\gh ! /raight tube1 & !n be drawn by ! magnet ?r\gh ! curv$ tube to ! po9t ,c & s on p]petually4 ,! impracticability ( ! above device is manife/4 ,at a po9t betwe5 ,d & ,e x is pla9 ! ball w\ld h to asc5d p]p5dicul>ly & if ! magnet ex]ts suffici5t attraction to elevate ! weight at t po9t x w\ld surely hold ! weight at ! po9t ,c1 = at ,c ! weight w\ld be mu* ne>] ! magnet & consequ5tly mu* m /rongly attract$4 ,device ( ,dr4 ,jacobus ,9 ! same "w by ,gasp> ,s*ott f :i* an acc\nt ( ! prec$+ device is obta9$ he gives an acc\nt ( ! device ( ,dr4 ,jacobus4 ,dr4 ,jacobus's s*eme is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ figure3 ,illu/ration ,x w be obs]v$ t ! above figure %[s a /r+ ( iron balls ,a susp5d$ on a groov$ :eel ,e on an axle ,c betwe5 two uprights ,,ff4 ,at ,h lies a l>ge lode/one1 :i* is to attract ! balls at ,d & 0 expect$ by ! inv5tor to cause ! :eel to rotate4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,devices ,,utiliz+ ,,capill>y ,,attraction ,,& ,,physical ,,aff9ity ,ludeke & ,wilck5s's ,device ,9 #ahfd1 ,johann ,ern/ ,fri$ri* ,ludeke1 ( ,london1 & ,daniel ,wilck5s1 ( ,surrey1 appli$ = ,briti% pat5t on ,improvem5ts 9 ,motive ,p[] by ,capill>y ,attraction4 ,!y describe _! inv5tion z foll[s3 ,our inv5tion consi/s ( improvem5ts 9 motive p[] by capill>y attraction con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,figure #a ( ! accompany+ draw+s repres5ts 9 horizontal section a squ>e case or ci/]n2 ?is ci/]n is fill$ ) wat] ne>ly to ! top1 & two :eels m>k$ a1 a1 & b1 b1 are plac$ 9 ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n4 ,by capill>y attraction ! wat] rises betwe5 ! two :eels m>k$ x1 x1 to a height above ! level ( ! wat] 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! :eels f ea* o!r at x1 x4 ,z ! wat] rises betwe5 ! :eels m>k$ x1 x1 above its level1 ! weight ( wat] betwe5 ! :eels at x1 x1 w cause ! :eels to cont9ually revolve4 ,figure #b repres5ts ! same z ,figure #a1 b 9 a v]tical section4 ,! said p[] may be obta9$ by :eels mov$ on axis1 or by o!r app>atus by rise & fall 9 ! wat] by v]tical motion4 ,! ,jur9 ,device ,! device :i* we h designat$ ,! ,jur9 ,device1 0 n1 9 fact1 inv5t$ by ,jur94 ,james ,jur9 furni%$ an acc\nt ( ! inv5tion to ,! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 & x appe>s 9 ! reports ( t society publi%$ 9 #agbj4 ,! inv5tion 0 by a fri5d ( ,jur9's ^: "n he does n give 9 ! acc\nt4 ,jur9's acc\nt ( 8 fri5d's inv5tion is z foll[s3 ,"s days ago a me?od 0 propos$ to me by an +5i\s fri5d = mak+ a p]petual motion1 :i* seem$ s plausible1 & inde$ s easily demon/rable f an obs]vation ( ! late ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 said to be gr\nd$ ^u exp]im5t1 t ?\gh ,i am f> f hav+ any op9ion ( attempts ( ?is nature1 yet1 ,i confess1 ,i c\ld n see :y x %\ld n succe$4 ,^u trial inde$ ,i f\nd myself disappo9t$4 ,b z se>*es aft] ?+s impossible 9 !mselves are frequ5tly obs]v$ to produce o!r discov]ies1 unexpect$ by ! ,inv5tor2 s ?is ,proposal has giv5 occasion n only to rectify "s mi/akes into :i* we _h be5 l$1 by t +5i\s & useful memb] ( ! ,royal ,society above nam$1 b likewise to detect ! real pr9ciple1 by :i* wat] is rais$ & susp5d$ 9 capill>y tubes1 above ! level4 ,my fri5d's proposal 0 z foll[s3 ,fig4 #a4 ,let ,a ,b ,c be a capill>y siphon1 compos$ ( two legs ,a ,b1 ,b ,c1 unequal bo? 9 l5g? & diamet]2 ^: long] & n>r[] leg ,a ,b hav+ its orifice ,a imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! wat] w rise above ! level1 till x fills ! :ole tube ,a ,b1 & w !n cont9ue susp5d$4 ,if ! wid] & %ort] leg ,b ,c1 be 9 l mann] imm]s$1 ! wat] w only rise to same height z ,f ,c1 less ?an ! entire height ( ! tube ,b ,c4 ,?is siphon be+ fill$ ) wat] & ! orifice ,a sunk bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] ,d ,e1 my fri5d reasons ?us3 ,s9ce ! two columns ( wat] ,a ,b & ,f ,c1 by ! supposition1 w be susp5d$ by "s p[] act+ )9 ! tubes !y are conta9$ 91 !y _c det]m9e ! wat] to move "o way1 or ! o!r4 ,b ! column ,b ,f1 hav+ no?+ to support x1 mu/ desc5d1 & cause ! wat] to run out at ,c4 ,!n ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e driv+ ! wat] upw>d ?r\gh ! orifice ,a1 to supply ! vacuity1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be left 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube ,b ,c1 ?is mu/ necess>ily produce a p]petual motion1 s9ce ! wat] runs into ! same vessel1 out ( :i* x rises4 ,b ! fallacy ( ?is reason+ appe>s ^u mak+ ! exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration ,exp4 #a4 ,= ! wat]1 in/ead ( runn+ out at ! orifice ,c rises upw>ds t[>ds ,f1 & runn+ all out ( ! leg ,b ,c1 rema9s susp5d$ 9 ! o!r leg to ! height ,a ,b4 ,exp4 #b4 ,! same ?+ succe$s ^u tak+ ! siphon out ( ! wat]1 into :i* its l[] orifice ,a _h be5 imm]s$1 ! wat] !n fall+ 9 drops out ( ! orifice ,a1 & /&+ at la/ at ! height ,a ,b4 ,b 9 mak+ ^! two exp]im5ts x is necess>y t ,a ,g ! diff]5ce ( ! legs exce$ ,f ,c1 o!rwise ! wat] w n run ei!r way4 ,exp4 #c4 ,^u inv]t+ ! siphon full ( wat]1 x cont9ues )\t motion ei!r way4 ,! reason ( all :i* w pla9ly appe>1 :5 we come to discov] ! pr9ciple1 by :i* ! wat] is susp5d$ 9 capill>y tubes4 ,mr4 ,hawksbee's obs]vation is z foll[s3 ,fig4 #b4 ,let ,a ,b ,f ,c be a capill>y siphon1 into :i* ! wat] w rise above ! level to ! height ,c ,f1 & let ,b ,a be ! dep? ( ! orifice ( its long] leg bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] ,d ,e4 ,!n ! siphon be+ fill$ ) wat]1 if ,b ,a be n great] ?an ,c ,f1 ! wat] w n run out at ,a1 b w rema9 susp5d$4 ,?is seems inde$ v plausible at fir/ sight4 ,= s9ce ! column ( wat] ,f ,c w be susp5d$ by "s p[] )9 ! tube1 :y %\ld n ! column ,b ,a1 be+ equal to1 or less ?an ! =m]1 cont9ue susp5d$ by ! same p[]4 ,exp4 #d4 ,9 fact1 if ! orifice ,c be lift$ up out ( ! wat] ,d ,e1 ! wat] 9 ! tube w cont9ue susp5d$1 unless ,b ,a exce$ ,f ,c4 ,exp4 #e4 ,b :5 ,c is nev] s little imm]s$ 9 ! wat] imm$iately ! wat] 9 ! tube runs out 9 drops at ! orifice ,a1 ?\gh ! l5g? ,a ,b be consid]ably less ?an ! height ,c ,f4 ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 9 8 book ( ,exp]im5ts1 has advanc$ ano!r obs]vation1 namely1 t ! %ort] leg ( a capill>y siphon1 z ,a ,b ,f ,c1 mu/ be imm]s$ 9 ! wat] to ! dep? ,f ,c1 :i* is equal to ! height ( ! column1 t w\ld be susp5d$ 9 x1 be=e ! wat] w run out ( ! long] leg4 ,exp4 #f4 ,f :at mi/ake ?is has proce$$1 ,i _c imag9e2 = ! wat] runs out at ! long] leg1 z soon z ! orifice ( ! %ort] leg comes to t\* ! surface ( ! /agnant wat]1 )\t be+ at all imm]s$ !re94 ,jur9's attitude conc]n+ 8 fri5d's discov]y is pleas+4 ,he appe>s to h _h bett] judgm5t ?an to ru% into pr9t1 or h]ald =? t ,p]petual ,motion _h be5 accompli%$4 ,inde$1 ! acc\nt z giv5 to ! ,royal ,society 0 t ( an exp]im5t & a failure4 ,nev]!less1 x pres5ts an int]e/+ po9t4 ,capill>y ,attraction1 h[ev]1 creates no new en]gy4 ,adhesion is a =ce1 & is (t5 q a /rong =ce 9 nature4 ,if a rod or tube be held by ! h& at "o end1 & ! o!r end ins]t$ 9 a liquid1 x w be obs]v$ t 9 "s in/ances1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial ( ! rod or tube1 & ! liquid1 at ! po9t ( contact ! liquid w slightly rise 9 ! tube & on ! outside edges ( ! tube4 ,9 o!r in/ances x w be depress$ slightly at ! same po9t4 ,:e!r x w be elevat$ or depress$ dep5ds on :e!r ! adhesion ( ! liquid to ! mat]ial ( :i* ! tube or rod is compos$ is great] ?an ! cohesion ( ! p>ticles ( ! liquid4 ,if !re be a depression x is manife/ t ! entire surface ( ! liquid w be slightly elevat$ by reason ( ! depression4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! liquid adh]es to & creeps slightly upw>d on ! tube or rod1 !n x is manife/ t ! surface ( ! liquid w come to re/ slightly l[] ?an ?\gh x did n s creep4 ,! net result f9ally gets back to ! pr9ciple ( flotation4 ,! imm]sion or ins]tion is a little m difficult 9 ! case ( depression1 & a little easi] 9 ! case ( elevation4 ,!re is no ga9 or loss ( en]gy4 ,x simply increases 9 "o case1 & dim9i%es 9 ! o!r case ! am\nt ( displacem5t1 ) all ! result+ me*anical ph5om5a4 ,sir ,william ,congreve ,z /at$ 9 ! preface ( ?is "w1 pursuit ( ,p]petual ,motion has by no means be5 conf9$ to me*anics & tradesm54 ,_m m5 em95t1 & ev5 fam\s 9 pr(essions1 art & sci5ce h devot$ mu* "t & ?\ght to ! subject4 ,among su* em95t m5 is to be m5tion$ ,sir ,william ,congreve1 ( ,engl&1 a b>onet4 ,he 0 born #aggb1 & di$ 9 #ahbh4 ,he 0 an artill]i/ & an inv5tor1 & 0 a son ( ,lieut5ant ,g5]al ,sir ,william ,congreve2 0 di/+ui%$ z a milit>y man1 z a memb] ( p>liam5t1 & z a bus9ess man2 0 an inv5tor ( note1 hav+ inv5t$ a w> rocket1 a gun-recoil m\nt+1 a "t-fuse1 a p>a*ute atta*m5t = rockets1 a hydro-pneumatic canal lock sluice1 a process = color pa9t+1 a new =m ( /eam eng9e1 a me?od ( consum+ smoke1 a clock :i* measur$ "t by a ball roll+ d[n an incl9$ plane1 besides o!r inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,he publi%$ a l>ge numb] ( works on sci5tific subjects4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t :atev] ,sir ,william ,congreve said or did conc]n+ any sci5tific or me*anical subject %\ld h attract$ g5]al att5tion4 ,he devis$ & made a ,p]petual ,motion ,ma*9e1 :i*1 l all o!rs1 fail$ to "w4 ,we submit t 8 plan is peculi>ly +5i\s1 & we fail to see h[1 )\t a k ( ! pr9ciples ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 ! ,congreve idea %\ld n h appeal$ to any "o z reasonable1 & its failure puzzl+4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,congreve device & an explanation ( 8 ideas appe>$ 9 ,! ,atlas 9 #ahbg1 & ! foll[+ description is tak5 f ! article appe>+ 9 ,! ,atlas3 ,! celebrat$ ,boyle ent]ta9$ an idea t p]petual motion might be obta9$ by means ( capill>y attraction2 &1 inde$1 !re seems b little d\bt t nature has employ$ ?is =ce 9 _m in/ances to produce ?is effect4 ,!re are _m situations 9 :i* !re is e reason to believe t ! s\rces ( spr+s on ! tops & sides ( m\nta9s dep5d on ! accumulation ( wat] creat$ at c]ta9 elevations by ! op]ation ( capill>y attraction1 act+ 9 l>ge masses ( por\s mat]ial1 or ?r\gh lam9at$ sub/ances4 ,^! masses be+ saturat$1 9 process ( "t become ! s\rces ( spr+s & ! heads ( riv]s2 & ?us1 by an endless r\nd ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ wat]s1 =m1 on ! great scale ( nature1 an incessant cause ( p]petual motion1 9 ! pure/ acceptance ( ! t]m1 & precisely on ! pr9ciple t 0 contemplat$ by ,boyle4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t any imitation ( ?is process on ! limit$ scale practicable by human art w\ld n be ( suffici5t magnitude to be effective4 ,nature1 by ! imm5sity ( h] op]ations1 is able to all[ = a sl[ness ( process :i* w\ld baffle ! attempts ( man 9 any direct & simple imitation ( h] works4 ,work+1 !re=e1 ^u ! same causes1 he f9ds himself oblig$ to take a m complicat$ mode to produce ! same effect4 ,to amuse ! h\rs ( a long conf9em5t f illness1 ,sir ,william ,congreve has rec5tly contriv$ a s*eme ( p]petual motion1 f\nd$ on ?is pr9ciple ( capill>y attraction1 :i*1 x is appreh5d$1 w n be subject to ! g5]al refutation applicable to ^? plans 9 :i* ! p[] is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f gravity only4 ,sir ,william's p]petual motion is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,let ,a ,b ,c be ?ree horizontal roll]s fix$ 9 a frame2 a a a1 etc41 is an endless b& ( sponge1 runn+ r\nd ^! roll]s2 & b b b1 etc41 is an endless *a9 ( weights1 surr\nd+ ! b& ( sponge1 & atta*$ to x1 s t !y mu/ move toge!r2 e "p ( ?is b& & *a9 be+ s accurately uni=m 9 weight t ! p]p5dicul> side ,a ,b w1 9 all positions ( ! b& & *a91 be 9 equilibrium ) ! hypo!nuse ,a ,c1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! incl9$ plane4 ,n[1 if ! frame 9 :i* ^! roll]s are fix$ be plac$ 9 a ci/]n ( wat]1 hav+ its l[] "p imm]s$ !re91 s t ! wat]'s edge cuts ! upp] "p ( ! roll]s ,b ,c1 !n1 if ! weight & quantity ( ! endless *a9 be duly proportion$ to ! ?ickness & bread? ( ! b& ( sponge1 ! b& & *a9 w1 on ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n be+ br\ght to ! prop] level1 beg9 to move r\nd ! roll]s 9 ! direction ,a ,b1 by ! =ce ( capill>y attraction1 & w cont9ue s to move4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,on ! side ,a ,b ( ! triangle1 ! weights b b b1 etc41 hang+ p]p5dicul>ly alongside ! b& ( sponge1 ! b& is n compress$ by !m1 & its pores be+ left op51 ! wat] at ! po9t x1 at :i* ! b& meets its surface1 w rise to a c]ta9 height1 y1 above its level1 & !reby create a load1 :i* load w n exi/ on ! asc5d+ side ,c ,a1 because on ?is side ! *a9 ( weights compresses ! b& at ! wat]'s edge1 & squeezes out any wat] t may h previ\sly accumulat$ 9 x2 s t ! b& rises 9 a dry /ate1 ! weight ( ! *a9 hav+ be5 s proportion$ to ! bread? & ?ickness ( ! b& z to be suffici5t to produce ?is effect4 ,! load1 !re=e1 on ! desc5d+ side ,a ,b1 n be+ oppos$ by any simil> load on ! asc5d+ side1 & ! equilibrium ( ! o!r p>ts n be+ di/urb$ by ! alt]nate expansion & compression ( ! sponge1 ! b& w beg9 to move 9 ! direction ,a ,b2 & z x moves d[nw>ds1 ! accumulation ( wat] w cont9ue to rise1 & !reby c>ry on a con/ant motion1 provid$ ! load at x y be suffici5t to ov]come ! friction on ! roll]s ,a ,b ,c4 ,n[1 to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ?is load 9 any p>ticul> ma*9e1 x mu/ be /at$ t x is f\nd by exp]im5t t ! wat] w rise 9 a f9e sponge ab\t an in* above its level2 if1 !re=e1 ! b& & sponge be "o foot ?ick & six feet broad1 ! area ( its horizontal section 9 contact ) ! wat] w\ld be #hfd squ>e in*es1 & ! weight ( ! accumulation ( wat] rais$ by ! capill>y attraction be+ "o in* rise ^u #hfd squ>e in*es1 w\ld be #cj lbs41 :i*1 x is conceiv$1 w\ld be mu* m ?an equival5t to ! friction ( ! roll]s4 ,! d5i]s ( ?is proposition1 on ! fir/ view ( ! subject1 w say1 x is true ! accumulation ( ! weight on ! desc5d+ side ?us occasion$ by ! capill>y attraction w\ld produce a p]petual motion1 if !re 7 n z mu* p[] lo/ on ! asc5d+ side by ! *ange ( position ( ! weights1 9 press+ ! wat] out ( ! sponge4 ,! po9t n[ to be e/abli%$ is1 t ! *ange 9 ! position ( ! weights w n cause any loss ( p[]4 ,= ?is purpose1 we mu/ ref] to ! foll[+ diagram4 ,illu/ration ,) ref]5ce to ?is diagram1 suppose a a a1 etc41 an endless /rap1 & b b b1 etc41 an endless *a9 runn+ r\nd ! roll]s2 ,a ,b ,c n hav+ any sponge betwe5 !m1 b kept at a c]ta9 di/ance f ea* o!r by small & inflexible props1 p p p1 etc41 !n ! sides ,a ,b & ,c ,a w\ld1 9 all positions ( ?is sy/em1 be precisely an equilibrium1 s z to require only a small increm5t ( weight on ei!r side to produce motion4 ,n[1 we cont5d t ?is equilibrium w\ld /ill rema9 unaffect$1 if small spr+s 7 introduc$ 9 lieu ( ! inflexible props p p p1 s t ! *a9 b b b might approa* ! l[] /rap a a a1 by compress+ ^! small spr+s ) its weight on ! asc5d+ side2 = al?\gh ! c5tre ( gravity ( any portion ( *a9 w\ld move 9 a diff]5t l9e 9 ! latt] case--= in/ance1 9 ! dott$ l9e--/ill ! quantity ( ! actual weight ( e in* ( ! /rap & *a9 w\ld rema9 precisely ! same 9 ! =m] case1 :]e !y are kept at ! same di/ance 9 all positions1 z 9 ! latt] case1 :]e !y approa* on ! asc5d+ side2 & s1 also1 ^! equal portions ( weights1 not)/&+ any *ange ( di/ance betwe5 _! sev]al p>ts :i* may take place 9 "o case & n 9 ! o!r1 w\ld 9 bo? cases rise & fall1 ?\gh ! same p]p5dicul> space1 & consequ5tly ! equilibrium1 w\ld be equally pres]v$ 9 bo? cases1 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ case !y may rise & fall ?r\gh r m ?an 9 ! second4 ,! application ( ?is demon/ration to ! ma*9e describ$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 is obvi\s2 = ! compression ( ! sponge by ! s9k+ ( ! weights on ! asc5d+ side1 9 press+ out ! wat]1 produces precisely ! same effect z to ! position & asc5t ( ! weights1 z ! approa* ( ! *a9 to ! l[] /rap on ! asc5d+ side1 9 ,fig4 #b1 by ! compression ( ! spr+s2 & consequ5tly1 if ! equilibrium is n affect$ 9 "o case--t is1 9 ,fig4 #b1 z above demon/rat$--x w n be affect$ 9 ! o!r case1 ,fig4 #a2 &1 !re=e1 ! wat] w\ld be squeez$ out by ! pressure ( ! *a9 )\t any loss ( p[]4 ,! quantity ( weight necess>y = squeez+ dry any giv5 quantity ( sponge mu/ be asc]ta9$ & duly apportion$ by exp]im5t4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t :e!r "o cubic in* ( sponge requir$ "o1 two1 or f\r ounces = ?is purpose1 x w\ld n affect ! equilibrium1 s9ce1 :atev] 7 ! proportion on ! asc5d+ side1 precisely ! same w\ld ! proportion be on ! desc5d+ side4 ,?is pr9ciple is capable ( application 9 v>i\s ways1 & ) a v>iety ( mat]ials4 ,x may be produc$ by a s+le roll] or :eel4 ,m]cury may also be sub/itut$ = wat]1 by us+ a s]ies ( metallic plates in/ead ( sponges2 &1 z ! m]cury w be f\nd to rise to a mu* great] height betwe5 ^! plates1 ?an wat] w d 9 a sponge1 x w be f\nd t ! p[] to be obta9$ by ! latt] mat]ials w be f #gj to #hj times z great z by ! use ( wat]4 ,?us1 a ma*9e1 ( ! same dim5sions z giv5 above1 w\ld h a con/ant p[] ( #b1jjj lbs4 act+ ^u x4 ,we n[ proce$ to %[ h[ ! pr9ciple ( p]petual motion propos$ by ,sir ,william ,congreve may be appli$ ^u "o c5tre in/ead ( ?ree4 ,9 ! foll[+ figure1 a b c d repres5ts a drum-:eel or cyl9d]1 mov+ on a horizontal axis surr\nd$ ) a b& ( sponge #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h1 & imm]s$ 9 wat]1 s t ! surface ( ! wat] t\*es ! l[] end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,n[ !n1 if1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! wat] on ! desc5d+ side b be all[$ to accumulate 9 ! sponge at x1 :ile1 on ! asc5d+ side ,d1 ! sponge at ! wat]'s edge %all1 by any means n d]ang+ ! equilibrium1 be s compress$ t x %all quit ! wat] 9 a dry /ate1 ! accumulation ( wat] above its level at x1 by ! capill>y attraction1 w be a s\rce ( con/ant rot>y motion2 &1 9 ! pres5t case1 x w be f\nd t ! means ( compress+ ! sponge may be be/ obta9$ by buoyancy1 in/ead ( weight4 ,= ?is purpose1 !re=e1 ! b& ( sponge is suppos$ to be divid$ into eight or m equal p>ts1 #a #b #c #d1 etc41 ea* "p be+ furni%$ ) a float or buoyant vessel1 f #a1 f #b1 etc41 ris+ & fall+ ^u sp9dles1 s s s1 etc41 fix$ 9 ! p]iph]y ( ! drum2 ^! floats be+ ( su* dim5sions t1 :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! buoyancy or pressure upw>ds ( ea* %all be suffici5t to compress t portion ( ! sponge connect$ ) x1 s z to squeeze out any wat] x may h absorb$4 ,^! floats are fur!r arrang$ by means ( lev]s l l l1 etc41 & plates p p p1 etc41 s t1 :5 ! float f ,no4 #a becomes imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 its buoyant pressure upw>ds acts n aga9/ ! portion ( ! sponge ,no4 #a1 imm$iately above x1 b aga9/ ,no4 #b1 next 9 front ( x2 & s1 9 l mann]1 ! buoyancy ( f ,no4 #b float acts on ! portion ( ! sponge ,no4 #c1 & f ,no4 #c float ^u ,no4 #d sponge4 ,n[1 f ?is arrangem5t x foll[s1 t ! portion ( sponge ,no4 #d1 :i* is ab\t to quit ! wat]1 is press$ ^u by t float1 :i*1 f act+ v]tically1 is mo/ effici5t 9 squeez+ ! sponge dry2 :ile t portion ( ! sponge ,no4 #a1 on ! po9t ( ent]+ ! wat]1 is n compress$ at all f its correspond+ float ,no4 #h1 n hav+ yet rea*$ ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,by ^! means1 !re=e1 x w be se5 t ! sponge always rises 9 a dry /ate f ! wat] on ! asc5d+ side1 :ile x approa*es ! wat] on ! desc5d+ side 9 an uncompress$ /ate1 & op5 to ! full action ( absorption by ! capill>y attraction4 ,illu/ration ,! great advantage ( effect+ ?is by ! buoyancy ( light vessels in/ead ( a bur!n ( weights1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 is t1 by a due arrangem5t ( ! dim5sions & buoyancy ( ! floats imm]s$1 ! :ole ma*9e may be made to float on ! surface ( ! wat]1 s z to take (f all friction :atev] f ! c5tre ( susp5sion4 ,?us1 !re=e1 we h a cyl9drical ma*9e revolv+ on a s+le c5tre )\t friction1 & hav+ a collection ( wat] 9 ! sponge on ! desc5d+ side1 :ile ! sponge on ! asc5d+ side is cont9ually dry2 & if ?is cyl9d] be six feet wide1 & ! sponge t surr\nds x "o foot ?ick1 !re w be a con/ant mov+ p[] ( ?irty p\nds on ! desc5d+ side1 )\t any friction to c\nt]act x4 ,x has be5 already /at$1 t to p]petuate ! motion ( ?is ma*9e1 ! means us$ to leave ! sponge op5 on ! desc5d+ side1 & press x dry on ! asc5d+ side1 mu/ be su* z w n d]ange ! equilibrium ( ! ma*9e :5 float+ 9 wat]4 ,z1 !re=e1 9 ?is case ! effect is produc$ by ! asc5t ( ! buoyant floats b1 to demon/rate ! p]petuity ( ! motion1 we mu/ %[ t ! asc5t ( ! floats f ,no4 #a & f ,no4 #c w be equal 9 all correspond+ situations on ea* side ( ! p]p5dicul>2 = ! only circum/ance t c\ld d]ange ! equilibrium on ?is sy/em1 w\ld be t f ,no4 #a & f ,no4 #c %\ld n 9 all su* correspond+ situations approa* ! c5tre ( motion equally2 = x is evid5t t 9 ! position ( ! floats describ$ 9 ! above figure1 if f ,no4 #a float did n approa* ! c5tre z mu* z f ,no4 #c1 ! equilibrium w\ld be de/roy$1 & ! great] di/ance ( f ,no4 #a f ! c5tre ?an t ( f ,no4 #c w\ld create a resi/ance to ! mov+ =ce caus$ by ! accumulation ( ! wat] at x4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! floats f ,no4 #a & f ,no4 #c d reta9 equal di/ances f ! c5tre 9 all correspond+ situations1 = ! resi/ance to _! approa* to ! c5tre by buoyancy is ! ela/icity ( ! sponge at ! extremity ( ! respective lev]s2 & z ?is ela/icity is ! same 9 all situations1 :ile ?is c5trifugal =ce ( ! float f ,no4 #a is equal to t ( ! float f ,no4 #c1 at equal di/ances f ! p]p5dicul>1 ! floats f ,no4 #a & f ,no4 #c w1 9 all correspond+ situations on ei!r side ( ! p]p5dicul>1 be at equal di/ances f ! c5tre4 ,x is true1 t ! =ce by :i* ^! floats approa* ! c5tre ( motion v>ies accord+ to ! obliquity ( ! sp9dles on :i* !y "w1 x be+ greate/ 9 ! p]p5dicul> position2 b1 z ! obliquity ( ^! sp9dles is ! same at all equal di/ances f ! p]p5dicul>1 & z ! resi/ance ( ! asc5t ( ! floats is equal 9 all cases1 ! c5t] ( buoyancy w evid5tly describe a simil> curve on ea* side ( ! p]p5dicul>2 & consequ5tly ! equilibrium w be pres]v$1 s z to leave a con/ant mov+ =ce at x1 equal to ! :ole accumulation ( wat] 9 ! sponge4 ,nor w ?is equilibrium be di/urb$ by any *ange ( position 9 ! floats n imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 s9ce1 be+ duly connect$ ) ! sponge by ! lev]s & plates1 !y w evid5tly arrange !mselves at equal di/ances f ! c5t]1 9 all correspond+ situations on ei!r side4 ,x may be said t ! equilibrium ( ! b& ( sponge may be de/roy$ by its p>tial compression2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! "p compress$1 accord+ to ! con/ruction above describ$1 does approa* ! c5t] ( motion ne>] ?an ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! "p n compress$4 ,! :ole weight ( ! sponge is1 h[ev]1 s inconsid]able1 t ?is diff]5ce w\ld sc>cely produce any s5sible effect2 & if x did1 a v slight alt]ation 9 ! con/ruction1 by :i* ! sponge %\ld be compress$ z mu* outw>ds z inw>ds1 w\ld reta9 ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! compress$ "p at ! same di/ance f ! c5t] ( motion z ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! "p n compress$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,liquid ,air z a ,means ( ,p]petual ,motion ,a few ye>s ago air 0 liquefi$4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by a v high compression accompani$ by a v l[ temp]ature4 ,x is manife/ t :5 liquid air is remov$ f ! extremely l[ temp]ature necess>y = its liquefaction1 & introduc$ into ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]atures1 x w ex]t a mo/ trem5d\s expansive =ce :i* c be utiliz$ = driv+ ma*9]y & !reby produc+ heat or electricity1 or = any o!r purpose = :i* =ce is requir$4 ,b1 by ! law ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 ! liquefi$ air by expansion c yield no m en]gy ?an 0 requir$ to extract ! heat f ! air & compress x into ! liquid /ate4 ,"o en?usia/ic individual :o _h work$ 9 a plant = liquefy+ air ann\nc$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & p]haps ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w1 t he _h a device by :i* ! expansive =ce ( ?ree p\nds ( liquid air c\ld be made to liquefy t5 p\nds1 & t sev5 ( ! t5 c\ld be utiliz$ = driv+ ma*9]y1 or = any o!r purpose = :i* =ce is requir$1 ! rema9+ ?ree be+ utiliz$ 9 ! production ( ano!r t5 p\nds ( liquid air1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,he boldly ann\nc$ t !reby he _h discov]$ an inexhau/ible supply ( en]gy at a nom9al co/1 :]eby we c\ld all be w>m$ & h our ma*9]y ( all k9ds driv5 )\t ! exp5se ( gas1 coal1 fuel ( any k9d1 w9d1 waves1 tides or /reams4 ,?is en?usia/ic individual produc$ consid]able excitem5t = a "t1 & !n ! public ceas$ to he> ab\t ei!r him or 8 device4 ,he dropp$ out ( sight & 8 "n sank into oblivion4 ,8 claims 7 absurd1 & ! absurdity is readily app>5t to anyone v]s$ 9 !rmodynamics or famili> ) ! pr9ciples ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,!re 0 little excuse = 8 ev] hav+ made su* pret5tions or = 8 pret5tions ev] to h be5 s]i\sly li/5$ to by any "o2 = ! pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy _h ye>s be=e be5 fully e/abli%$ & h]ald$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,radium & ,radio-,active ,sub/ances ,consid]$ z a ,conceiv$ ,s\rce ( ,p]petual ,motion ,a few ye>s ago :5 ! rem>kable prop]ties ( radium 7 discov]$ x 0 ?\ght by _m t "h at la/ 0 ! long s\ght solution ( ! problem ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,radium seem$ to h ! p[] ( ma9ta9+ its own temp]ature p]man5tly above t ( surr\nd+ bodies4 ,_m v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( !rmodynamics 7heat p[]7 %ook _! heads 9 d\bt4 ,if1 inde$1 x 7 really true t ! sub/ance1 radium1 or any o!r sub/ance _h ! quality ( rema9+ p]man5tly w>m] ?an surr\nd+ bodies )\t hav+ heat suppli$ to x1 !n1 inde$1 !re 0 an inexhau/ible supply ( heat1 & consequ5tly p[]4 ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,/rutt 7,"l ,rayleigh71 devis$ a radium clock to run on ?is pr9ciple1 consi/+ ( a vacuum vessel 9 :i* 0 susp5d$ a radio-active sub/ance conta9$ 9 a tube4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! tube are two gold leaves z 9 an electroscope4 ,plat9um wires ext5d$ ?r\gh ! glass & t\*$ ! gold leaves4 ,! o!r end ( ! plat9um wires are ext5d$ to connect ) ! e>?4 ,! radio-active sub/ance electrifies ! gold leaves & causes !m to be ext5d$1 & ^u be+ ext5d$ !y come 9 contact ) ! plat9um wires & _! *>ge ( electricity is lo/1 be+ conduct$ ?r\gh ! wires & disp]s$ 9 ! e>?1 & ! leaves los+ _! *>ge fall by ! =ce ( gravity f ! wires back to _! position ne> ! tube conta9+ ! radio-active sub/ance to be aga9 *>g$1 to aga9 move to & t\* ! plat9um wires1 & aga9 lose _! *>ge2 ?is process to g on indef9itely4 ,"h1 inde$1 0 ,p]petual ,motion1 except = ! fact t fur!r & m ref9$ exp]im5ts & inve/igations demon/rat$ t radio-active sub/ances are n p]man5tly radio-active1 b gradually1 ?\gh v sl[ly1 lose _! radio-activity j z a fire w f9ally burn out1 no matt] h[ sl[ly x burns1 or j z an electric batt]y w f9ally lose its *>ge & become exhau/$4 ,?is loss1 h[ev]1 ( radio-active en]gy 9 radio-active sub/ances is s sl[ t x is said ! ,/rutt clock w run = ov] "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ! fact t x w n run p]man5tly1 & t ! motion is ! result ( en]gy suppli$ by ! radio-active sub/ance1 & is n suppli$ by ! me*anism itself1 deprives x ( any "r to be call$ a solution ( ! problem ( self-motive p[]4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,/rutt 7,"l ,rayleigh7 ( ,engl&1 :o devis$ ! radium clock1 above m5tion$1 is n to be class$ ) ! ord9>y ,p]petual ,motion en?usia/4 ,he 01 & is1 9 fact1 a man ( v great sci5tific ability & atta9m5ts1 & has to 8 cr$it _m actual & spl5did a*ievem5ts demon/rat+ him to be a g5ius ( ! r>e/ & mo/ exalt$ type4 ,8 radium clock is f\nd$ on correct pr9ciples1 & surely a clock t w run "o ?\s& ye>s )\t hav+ p[] suppli$ f an outside s\rce is wor? :ile4 ,x %\ld be "h also m5tion$ t ! =ce d]iv$ f radio-activity 9 ! mann] x is appli$ 9 ! ,/rutt clock is v slight1 & ! in/rum5t necess>ily extremely delicate4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,p]petual ,motion ,devices ,attempt+ ,its ,atta9m5t by a ,misconception ( ! ,relation ( ,mom5tum & ,en]gy ,! au?or1 )9 tw5ty ye>s la/ pa/1 has _h 8 att5tion call$ by two diff]5t p]sons1 ea* ignorant ( ! ef=ts ( ! o!r1 :o 7 seek+ to obta9 ,p]petual ,motion by utiliz+ c]ta9 physical facts conc]n+ ,mom5tum & ,en]gy4 ,^! facts & ! pr9ciples out ( :i* !y gr[ are famili> to all :o und]/& ?or\ghly1 ev5 ! rudim5ts ( physics2 b to p]sons :o are incl9$ to me*anics1 b :o h nev] _h ! advantages ( ! pres5tation ( cle> pr9ciples1 !y are confus+1 & x is surpris+ t !y h n become m f]tile fields = ,p]petual ,motion work]s4 ,h[ev]1 we are unable to f9d any writt5 or pr9t$ acc\nt or description ( a plan or device ( t k9d1 & our in=mation is conf9$ to in/ances t h be5 br\ght to our p]sonal obs]vation1 & conc]n+ :i* ! advice & c\nsel ( ! au?or 0 s\ght4 ,! work] 9 ea* case 0 a man ( m ?an ord9>y natural intellig5ce1 & ) a b5t = me*anical pursuits & reflection4 ,ea* _h tak5 a c\rse 9 :at is conv5tionally call$ ,high ,s*ool ,physics4 ,! idea 9 ea* case 0 s novel & int]e/+ t we deem ! pres5tation wor? :ile4 ,!y 7 s ne>ly alike t in/ead ( attempt+ to n>rate :at !y said1 we w endeavor 9 our own way to pres5t ! idea1 & !n to give our explanation1 %[+ :]e9 lay _! error4 ,! foll[+ def9itions & laws ( physics may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$3 ,mom5tum ,mom5tum is ! quantity ( motion ( a mov+ body1 & is ! velocity multipli$ by ! weight4 ,?us1 a body weigh+ two p\nds1 mov+ at f\r feet p] second1 may be repres5t$ z hav+ a mom5tum ( eight4 ,a body weigh+ two p\nds mov+ at ! rate ( six feet p] second may be said to h a mom5tum ( twelve4 ,a body weigh+ t5 p\nds mov+ at ! rate ( t5 feet p] second w h a mom5tum ( "o hundr$--& s on4 ,n[1 a /ep fur!r4 ,a body 9 motion /rik+ ano!r body free to move w lose "p ( its motion1 & w imp>t "s ( its motion to ! body mov$ aga9/4 ,! aggregate mom5tum aft] ! /rik+ is ! same z be=e--t is to say--if a body weigh+ t5 p\nds h a velocity ( tw5ty feet p] second1 its mom5tum we w call two hundr$4 ,n[1 if 9 mov+ x /rike ano!r body ei!r l>g] or small] its motion w be some:at ret>d$1 & ! body /ruck w possess "s motion4 ,multiply ! weight ( ea* by its motion aft] ! /rik+1 & x w be f\nd t ! sum ( ! products is two hundr$4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by sw++ balls l p5dulums to cords ( equal l5g? f a beam1 hav+ ! arrangem5t su* t balls ( diff]5t mat]ials & sizes c be sub/itut$ at lib]ty4 ,if a body be drawn back p>allel to ! beam1 & releas$ s z to sw+ aga9/ ano!r sw++ body1 bo? w h motion4 ,?is motion w1 9 "s cases be a reb\nd+ motion1 z 9 ! case ( a small ela/ic body sw++ aga9/ & /rik+ a l>g] ela/ic body1 b 9 all cases ! sum total ( ! mom5tum aft] ! imp+em5t is ! same z be=e4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! law !n1 is d$ucible3 ,! ,mom5tum ( "o body 9 motion may be made to imp>t mom5tum to ano!r body1 ! am\nt ( mom5tum lo/ by ! =m] be+ exactly equal to t ?us acquir$ by ! latt]4 ,be=e leav+ ^! rem>ks on mom5tum ! read] %\ld obs]ve c>efully :at mom5tum is & be> 9 m9d x is ! quantity ( motion possess$ by a mov+ body1 & has to d only ) mass & velocity--& takes no acc\nt ( di/ance pass$ ?r\gh4 ,en]gy ,en]gy is ! capacity to d "w1 & ! en]gy ( a mov+ body is ! am\nt ( "w x w d1 i4 e41 ! di/ance x w move aga9/ a resi/ance by virtue ( its t5d5cy to move1 be=e be+ br\ght to a /ate ( re/4 ,n[ note1 & note c>efully1 t ! am\nt ( en]gy is proportional to ! mass1 & to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,note ?is c>efully3 ,any body 9 motion has bo? mom5tum & en]gy4 ,its mom5tum is proportional to its velocity2 its en]gy to ! squ>e ( its velocity4 ,if ! velocity be d\bl$1 ! mom5tum w be d\bl$1 b its en]gy quadrupl$4 ,if ! velocity be trebl$1 its mom5tum w be trebl$1 b its en]gy increas$ n9e-fold4 ,x is important t ! /ud5t get cle>ly :at is meant by say+ t ,en]gy is ! capacity to d "w1 & is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,! capacity to d "w means ! capacity to move aga9/ resi/ance1 i4 e41 to ov]come resi/ance4 ,! ^w "w be+ us$ 9 a purely me*anical s5se & 9 t s5se x is us$ :e!r ! result accompli%$ is de/ructive or b5eficial4 ,a revolv+ fly :eel w run ma*9]y = "s "t aft] ! application ( =ce has ceas$4 ,?is is do+ "w1 & repres5ts en]gy4 ,a bullet fir$ f a gun w accompli% de/ruction be=e hav+ its motion arre/$4 ,?is is "w--en]gy4 ,if a boy ?r[ a ball into a sn[ bank1 its motion w s9k x into ! sn[1 b n f>1 ! resi/ance ( ! sn[ w soon br+ ! ball to re/4 ,! ball ov]comes resi/ance 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sn[ until x is br\ght to re/1 & ?us x does ! "w ( =c+ itself ?r\gh ! sn[1 & possesses ! en]gy necess>y to d t "w4 ,! ov]com+ ( ! resi/ance ( ! air by a mov+ body is "w4 ,a /eamboat w move = "s "t 9 wat] aft] ! /eam has be5 turn$ (f4 ,! ov]com+ ( ! resi/ance ( ! wat] is "w1 & by virtue ( ! motion ( ! boat :5 ! /eam 0 turn$ (f x possess$ ! en]gy to d ! "w ( =c+ itself = "s "t ?r\gh ! resi/ance ( ! wat]4 ,! ,p]petual ,motion work] 9 ea* case _h reason$ himself into ?is conclusion3 ,t ! same en]gy w imp>t ! same accel]ation ( velocity1 reg>dless ( ! velocity at ! beg9n+ ( ! application ( en]gy4 ,t ! same am\nt ( en]gy or "w necess>y to imp>t to a body a velocity ( t5 feet p] second w increase t velocity to tw5ty feet p] second1 or f tw5ty feet p] second to ?irty feet p] second4 ,9 o!r words1 t ! same am\nt ( en]gy1 & only ! same am\nt ( en]gy is requir$ = a giv5 increase 9 velocity )\t reg>d to ! initial velocity4 ,?is appe>s plausible1 & almo/ self-evid5t4 ,we believe ! great majority ( p1 o!r ?an me*anical eng9e]s w\ld1 ^u pres5tation ( ! !ory accept x z axiomatic1 & z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! fallacy becomes manife/ only f a critical & te*nical exam9ation ( ! ,laws ( ,mom5tum & ,en]gy4 ,! ,p]petual ,motion work] _h le>n$ f 8 text-books t if ! velocity be d\bl$1 ! en]gy w\ld be multipli$ by f\r4 ,8 idea 0 to s arrange 8 me*anism t he w\ld apply ! am\nt ( en]gy to move a fly :eel free to revolve1 f a position ( re/ to a revolv+ velocity ( t5 revolutions p] second4 ,!n apply aga9 ! same am\nt ( en]gy1 & accel]ate t velocity f t5 revolutions p] second to tw5ty revolutions p] second4 ,?us1 ! en]gy at ! end ( ! second second w\ld be f\r times :at x 0 at ! end ( ! fir/ second4 ,b to make x s1 only d\ble ! am\nt ( en]gy _h be5 appli$ t _h be5 exp5d$ at ! end ( ! fir/ second4 ,?us1 he reason$1 8 ma*9e 0 by virtue ( its /ructure1 accumulat+ en]gy1 & ?is en]gy c\ld be us$ "o-half to cont9ue ! motion ( 8 ma*9e1 & ! o!r half to run o!r ma*9]y1 or = any o!r purpose = :i* en]gy might be desir$4 ,:]e9 lies ! fallacy ( ?is supposition8 ,we w n[ endeavor to expla94 ,& = ! "y /ud5t to get ! explanation fully1 x w be necess>y = him to pay ! close/ att5tion to :at we "h /ate4 ,a =ce1 = in/ance ! pressure ( ! f+] or ! h&1 equal to "o p\nd aga9/ a body free to move1 w1 we w say1 move t body 9 "o second ( "t ?r\gh a space ( t5 feet1 & at ! end ( t second ! body w h a velocity ( tw5ty feet4 ,x is manife/ t at ! end ( ! second ! velocity w be tw5ty feet p] second = its initial velocity is z]o1 & its av]age velocity t5 feet p] second1 ! accel]ation be+1 ( c\rse1 presum$ uni=m4 ,n[1 x is n true z ! ,p]petual ,motion work] _h assum$ t ! same en]gy--i4 e41 ! same "w t is requir$ to increase ! velocity f z]o to t5 feet p] second w increase ! velocity f t5 feet p] second to tw5ty feet p] second1 & 9 t assumption lay ! fallacy ( our fri5ds :o 7 ?us seek+ ,p]petual ,motion4 ,! great] ! velocity1 ! m en]gy is requir$ to imp>t a giv5 accel]ation4 ,to increase ! velocity f t5 feet p] second to tw5ty feet p] second1 ! appli$ =ce mu/ cont9ue ?r\gh "o second ( "t1 & m en]gy is requir$ to foll[ a rapidly mov+ body1 & cont9ue to apply to x a giv5 =ce = "o second ?an w\ld be requir$ to foll[ & ma9ta9 ! application ( ! same =ce to a body mov+ m sl[ly--! di/ance travel$ is great] 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x mu/ be pla9 t if ! mov+ body h a velocity at ! end ( ! fir/ second ( tw5ty feet p] second1 x w1 at ! end ( ! second second1 ) ! same pressure 7=ce7 cont9u$ aga9/ ! same resi/ance1 h a velocity ( =ty feet p] second1 & at ! end ( ?ree seconds h a velocity ( sixty feet1 & at ! end ( f\r seconds a velocity ( eighty feet1 & s on4 ,n[1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second second x _h a velocity ( tw5ty feet1 & at ! end ( t second a velocity ( =ty feet4 ,x !re=e1 travel$ ?r\gh t second ) an av]age velocity ( ?irty feet &1 ( c\rse1 dur+ ! second second travel$ exactly ?irty feet4 ,x travel$ t5 feet ! fir/ second1 & if x travel$ ?irty feet ! second1 !n 9 ! two seconds x travel$ =ty feet--f\r times z f> z x travel$ ! fir/ second4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird second x _h a velocity ( =ty feet1 & at ! end ( ! ?ird second a velocity ( sixty feet4 ,! av]age velocity !n = ! ?ird second w\ld be "o-half ! sum ( =ty feet & plus sixty feet--t is to say1 x w\ld be fifty feet1 & t w\ld be ! di/ance travel$ dur+ ! ?ird second4 ,! fir/ second x travel$ t5 feet1 ! second second ?irty feet1 & ! ?ird second fifty feet1 mak+ a total 9 ?ree seconds ( n9ety feet--t is to say1 9 ?ree seconds x travel$ n9e times z f> z 9 "o second4 ,x w be notic$ f ! above t ! velocity is proportional to ! numb] ( seconds1 b t ! di/ance travel$ is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( seconds1 & also proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,mom5tum is mass multipli$ by velocity2 en]gy is measur$ by ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* a body w move aga9/ a giv5 resi/ance4 ,%\ld y prop up "o :eel ( a c>riage & revolve ! :eel1 !n ) ! pressure ( ! f+] or ! ?umb on ! hub z a brake1 /op x1 x w be f\nd t 7omitt+ ! effect ( atmosph]ic resi/ance71 ! :eel w make f\r times z _m revolutions be=e /opp+ ) a d\bl$ velocity2 n9e times z _m ) a trebl$ velocity4 ,fall+ bodies af=d ! mo/ p]fect illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( ,mom5tum & ,en]gy1 & are s commonly us$ to illu/rate ^? pr9ciples t _m /ud5ts get ! idea t ! application ( ^? pr9ciples is conf9$ to fall+ bodies1 & d n realize t !y ext5d g5]ally ?r\gh ! field ( me*anics4 ,a fall+ body is1 ( c\rse1 act$ ^u by gravity ) uni=m =ce equal to ! weight ( ! fall+ body1 & t =ce cont9ues to foll[ ! fall+ body & to be appli$ uni=mly & equally1 h[ev] sl[ly1 or rapidly ! body may be fall+4 ,&1 omitt+ atmosph]ic resi/ance1 ! body is absolutely free to move except = its natural t5d5cy to rema9 at re/1 or at uni=m velocity4 ,x is well kn[n t a body falls 7almo/ exactly7 sixte5 feet 9 "o second1 & at ! end ( "o second has a velocity ( ?irty-two4 ,dur+ ! second second x falls ?r\gh a di/ance ( =ty-eight feet1 & dur+ ! ?ird second a di/ance ( eighty feet4 ,9 two seconds x falls sixty-f\r feet1 & 9 ?ree seconds "o hundr$ tw5ty-eight feet1 & s on4 ,?us1 x w be obs]v$ t ! velocity is proportional to ! "t dur+ :i* x has fall51 b t ! di/ance fall5 9 any numb] ( seconds is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! "t4 ,?is1 inde$1 is a prop]ty ( numb]s1 & results f ma!matical law4 ,if ! read] w =m a s]ies ( numb]s1 sett+ d[n any numb] = ! fir/ t]m ( ! s]ies1 add+ to x its d\ble = ! second t]m1 & add+ to ! second t]m d\ble ! fir/ t]m = ! ?ird1 & add+ d\ble ! fir/ t]m to ! ?ird t]m = ! f\r?1 & s on--9 o!r words1 =m any increas+ ari?metical s]ies ) d\ble ! fir/ t]m = ! common diff]5ce1 he w discov] t ! sum ( all ! t]ms is equal to ! fir/ t]m multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( t]ms4 ,?us3 #a/ ,t]m #bnd ,t]m #crd ,t]m #d? ,t]m #e? ,t]m #e #ae #be #ce #de ,9 ! above s]ies ! sum ( ! fir/ two t]ms is #bj1 :i* is #d times ! fir/ t]m4 ,! sum ( ! fir/ ?ree t]ms1 i4 e41 #e #ae #be #de-n9e times ! fir/ t]m4 ,! sum ( ! fir/ f\r t]ms1 i4 e41 #e #ae #be #ce #hj1 sixte5 times ! fir/ t]m1 & s on4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ,mom5tum & ,en]gy are entirely diff]5t1 al?\gh co-relat$2 t mom5tum relates to velocity1 :i* includes ! elem5t ( "t1 :]eas en]gy relates to ! am\nt ( "w done1 & may be repres5t$ by a =ce op]at+ aga9/ a c]ta9 resi/ance1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 di/ance1 entirely irrespective ( "t4 ,! en]gy is ! same ) ! same =ce op]at+ aga9/ ! same resi/ance1 ?r\gh ! same di/ance :e!r ! "t consum$ be great or small4 ,x takes z mu* en]gy 9 ! aggregate to w9d up a bucket f ! bottom ( ! well if done sl[ly z if done quickly4 ,x w\ld seem h>dly necess>y to d s1 & yet x is wor? :ile rem>k+ t ! am\nt ( en]gy necess>y to imp>t a giv5 motion is exactly ! am\nt ( ,en]gy t w be requir$ to arre/ t motion1 & repres5ts ! am\nt ( ,en]gy possess$ by ! mov+ body by virtue ( its motion4 ,"w done1 i4 e41 ,en]gy appli$ 9 giv+ motion is !re 9 t motion1 ready to be return$ 9 exactly an equal quantity--no m--no less4 ,9 all ! consid]ations 9 ?is *apt] no notice is tak5 ( loss by friction or atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,we are consid]+ pure me*anics & ! laws gov]n+ !m only4 ,9 actual me*anical devices x is always necess>y to make all[ance = atmosph]ic1 frictional & o!r unavoidable resi/ances4 ,,*apt] ,x ,! ,alleg$ ,inv5tions ( ,edw>d ,somm]set1 ,six? ,e>l & ,second ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 & ( ,jean ,erne/ ,eli-,bessl] 7,c\ncillor7 ,orffyreus ,m int]e/ has be5 tak51 & m has be5 said & writt5 conc]n+ ! claim$ inv5tions ( ! m5 =m+ ! subject ( ?is *apt] ?an ( all o!r ,p]petual ,motion devices kn[n to hi/ory4 ,! reason is n difficult to expla94 ,x 0 ! rank & em95ce ( ! inv5tors & ( o!rs :om !y induc$ to take an int]e/ 9 _! inv5tions1 & to proclaim !m to ! _w4 ,intr9sically1 nei!r _! claims nor _! devices are entitl$ to any m notice ?an are ^? ( ! humble/ me*anic t ev] labor$ to atta9 ,p]petual ,motion4 ,h[ev]1 s mu* has be5 said & writt5 conc]n+ !m t !y h an hi/orical value & int]e/4 ,!n1 too1 ! int]e/ tak5 9 _! inv5tions br\ght =? "s spl5did discussions :i* necess>ily involve 9 a g5]al way1 at lea/1 ! entire "q ( ,self-,motive ,p[]4 ,! hi/orical int]e/ atta*+ to _! inv5tions & ! discussions conc]n+ !m1 entitles !m to m ?an a pass+ notice 9 ?is book4 ,!y 7 n co-labor]s2 !y 7 n ev5 compatriots1 nor contempor>ies4 ,worce/] 0 an ,engli%man & ,orffyreus a ,fr5*man1 ?\gh mo/ ( 8 labors 7 9 :at is n[ ,g]many4 ,! =m] di$ ?irte5 ye>s be=e ! latt] 0 born4 ,edw>d ,somm]set1 ( ,engl&1 ,six? ,e>l & ,second ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 0 born 9 ! ye> #afja1 & di$ 9 #affg4 ,he 0 fam\s n only = 8 noble bir? & family rank1 b = p]sonal atta9m5ts4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( a "w entitl$ ,c5tury ( ,names & ,scantl+s ( ,su* ,inv5tions z at ,pres5t ,i ,c ,call to ,m9d ,h ,tri$ & ,p]fect$ 7#affc71 :i* has (t5 be5 repr9t$1 & is usually ref]r$ to simply z ,c5tury ,inv5tions4 ,he 0 v prom95t 9 public life2 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 me*anical exp]im5ts1 & made valuable sugge/ions1 inv5tions & improvem5ts 9 connection ) ! use ( /eam z a motive p[]4 ,h5ry ,dircks1 :o is s frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ?is book1 wrote a book :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfe1 entitl$ ,life1 ,times & ,sci5tific ,labors ( ! ,second ,m>quis ( ,worce/]4 ,! ,m>quis appe>s to h be5 all 8 life greatly int]e/$ 9 sci5ce1 me*anics & ma!matical contrivances4 ,8 fir/ wife di$ 9 #afce1 & x seems probable t !nce=? he became & rema9$ m ?an ev] devot$ to me*anics1 & sometime aft] t p]iod ann\nc$ a successful ,p]petual ,motion ma*9e1 ! gi/ ( all kn[n in=mation conc]n+ :i* appe>s f ! articles & discussions h]e9aft] set =? 9 ?is *apt]4 ,jean-,erne/ ,eli-,bessl] 7,c\ncillor7 ,orffyreus 0 born 9 #afhj1 ne> ,zittan1 ,alsace1 ,france4 ,he 0 a man ( great ability & atta9$ an em95t place 9 public life4 ,! title ,c\ncillor1 he acquir$ by hav+ be5 select$ ,c\ncillor to ! ,pr9ce ( ,hesse ,ca/le4 ,! be/ in=mation conc]n+ him indicates t he 0 ( v erratic temp]am5t1 giv5 to fits ( melan*oly & extreme ang]4 ,9 e>ly life he 0 a /ud5t ( !ology & m$ic9e1 b 8 p5*ant 0 really = me*anics4 ,he claim$ t 9 8 se>* = :atev] might prove curi\s & valuable he _h discov]$ ,p]petual ,motion1 & t betwe5 ! ye>s #agab & #agai he _h made two successfully work+ ma*9es on 8 sy/em4 ,! foll[+ discussions disclose all t is kn[n ( ! claim$ inv5tions ( ^! two di/+ui%$ ,p]petual ,motion work]s4 ,! alleg$ inv5tions ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] is /at$ by him 9 ! #ef? article ( 8 book entitl$ ,c5tury ( ,names & ,scantl+s ( ,su* ,inv5tions z at ,pres5t ,i ,c ,call to ,m9d to ,h ,tri$ & ,p]fect$1 & translat$ f ! anci5t ,engli% /yle 9 :i* 8 book is writt5 into mod]n /yle ( ,engli%1 reads z foll[s3 ,! inv5tor (f]s ! accompany+ sket*1 ) description ( an ,hydraulic ,mov]1 = communicat+ p[] to ma*9]y1 & rec5tly inv5t$ by him3-- ,to provide & make t all ! weights ( ! desc5d+ side ( a :eel1 %all be p]petually f>!r f ! c5t]1 ?an ^? ( ! m\nt+ side1 & yet equal 9 numb] & heft to ! "o side z ! o!r4 ,a mo/ incr$ible ?+1 if n se52 b tri$ be=e ! late ,k+ 7( bless$ memory7 9 ! ,t[] by my directions1 two extraord9>y ambassadors accompany+ 8 ,maje/y1 & ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 & ,duke ( ,hamilton1 ) mo/ ( ! ,c\rt att5d+ him4 ,! :eel 0 f\rte5 foot ov]1 & _h =ty weights ( fifty p\nds apiece4 ,sir ,william ,bal=e1 !n ,lieut5ant ( ! ,t[]1 c ju/ify x1 ) sev]al o!rs4 ,!y all saw1 t no soon] ^! great weights pass$ ! diamet] l9e ( ! l[] side1 b !y hung a foot f>!r f ! c5t]2 nor no soon] pass$ ! diamet] l9e ( ! upp] side1 b !y hung a foot ne>]4 ,be pleas$ to judge ( ! consequ5ce4 ,9 ,octob] ( #agai1 ,orffyreus publi%$ a small book1 or pamphlet1 bo? 9 ,g]man & ,lat91 entitl$ ,p]petual ,motion ,triumphant1 by ,orffyreus4 ,! book comm5ces3 ,x is a notori\s fact t ,p]petual ,motion has n only be5 s\ght aft] by +5i\s ma!maticians & arti/s ) m or less exp5se1 b _m h aris5 "h & !re pret5d+ t !y h made ! discov]y4 ,nev]!less1 x appe>s t to c>ry out ?is mo/ subtle me*anical idea1 namely1 to make a dead mat]ial n only move itself1 b lift weights & p]=m "w1 ev5 ! mo/ pr(\nd ma!maticians & ! mo/ le>n$ p h cont9ually fall5 into error4 ,x is no less notori\s t ^? :o h s s\ght1 n only refuse _! cons5t1 b h set _! seal on ! discov]y z an unsolvable problem4 ,on a subsequ5t page he proce$s ?us3 ,:5 ,i1 at la/1 an unwor?y man1 0 made an in/rum5t 9 ,god's h&s to solve ?is long-look$-= & valuable secret1 & to give a repres5tation1 proposition & in/ruction on ?is r>e inv5tion2 also to publi% & prop\nd x to all ! _w1 no long] d ,i d\bt1 nay ,i presume1 t z ! discov]] ,i possess x1 aft] _m ye>s ( scrupul\s d\bts1 mu* calumny & exasp]ation f all my enemies4 ,he speaks ( 8 oppon5ts "u f\r divisions3 ,fir/1 ! sci5tific _w2 second1 p]sons 9 high au?ority2 ?ird1 ! public 9 g5]al2 & f\r?1 ! press2--obs]v+-- ,n[ my wi% 0 to conv9ce ! _w t ?is illib]al1 rude & inhuman treatm5t 0 false1 yet ,god's provid5ce has br\ght to my help1 protection & succ\r ! mighty ,pr9ce ,"l ,*>les1 ,l&grave ( ,hesse4 ,on a subsequ5t page he indulges 9 ! foll[+ sycophantic adulation ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,hesse ,ca/le1 & sugge/ion ( ! description ( 8 claim$ device3 ,x has n only pleas$ ?is mighty ,pr9ce to protect me aga9/ my num]\s enemies1 b also to give me h\se-room 9 8 pr9cely ,ca/le ( ,weiss5/e91 ne> ,cassel2 to "n me "o ( 8 mo/ honor$ s]vants1 & re/ore me 9 a measure all ! honor & means t ,i _h lo/ 9 my native c\ntry2 wi%+ no d\bt to give to ,hess9 ,cassel ! high honor :i* belong$ to ,saxony by "r4 ,9 gratitude = all ^! graci\s acts1 ,i cons5t$ to give ano!r example ( my ,p]petuum ,mobile ma*9e4 ,i put all 9 fre% ord]1 & began "w 9 all possible ha/e1 do+ ev]y?+ 9 ! mann] ( ^? ,i _h already made & de/roy$1 ) only a few *anges 9 ! dim5sions ( ! s-nam$ turn+-:eel4 ,= z a gr9d/one may be call$ a :eel1 s may ! pr9cipal "p ( my ma*9e be nam$4 ,! outw>d "p ( ?is :eel is drawn ov] or cov]$ ) wax$ l95 9 ! =m ( a drum4 ,?is cyl9drical basis 0 #ab ,rh5i% feet 9 diamet]1 ! ?ickness f #ae to #ah in*es1 ! middle axle #f feet long & #h in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x is support$ 9 its movem5t on two po9t$ /eel balance-pegs1 ea* #a in* ?ick2 & ! :eel is v]tically susp5d$4 ,! movem5t is modifi$ by two p5dulums1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ at ! end ( ?is book4 ,! inw>d /ructure ( ! :eel is ( a nature accord+ to ! laws ( me*anical p]petual motion1 s arrang$ t by dispos$ weights once 9 rotation !y ga9 =ce f _! own sw++1 & mu/ cont9ue _! movem5t z long z _! /ructure does n lose its position & arrangem5t4 ,unlike all o!r automata1 su* z clocks or spr+s or o!r hang+ weights :i* require w9d+ up or ^: duration dep5ds on ! *a9 :i* atta*es !m1 on ! contr>y1 ^! weights are ! ess5tial p>ts & con/itute p]petuum mobile itself2 z f !m is receiv$ ! univ]sal movem5t :i* !y mu/ ex]cise s long z !y rema9 out ( ! c5t] ( gravity2 & :5 !y come to be plac$ toge!r1 & s arrang$ "o aga9/ ano!r t !y c nev] obta9 equilibrium1 or ! punctum quietus :i* !y unceas+ly seek 9 _! wond]\s spe$y flight1 "o or o!r ( !m mu/ apply its weight v]tically to ! axis1 :i* 9 its turn w also move4 ,! au?or & inv5tor !n sugge/s ! foll[+ uses ( 8 ma*9e3 rais+ weights1 rais+ /amp]s1 wat]1 etc4 ,he criticises all critics ( 8 s*eme & d5\nces !m z cunn+ rogues1 & fools :o are contemptibly endeavor+ to ov]?r[ an inconte/able fact4 ,he makes a quadrupl$ d$ication ( 8 device3 #a4 ,to ,god1 #b4 ,to ! ,public 9 ,g5]al1 #c4 ,to ,m5 ( ,le>n+1 #d4 ,to ,himself z ,discov]]1 & he v mode/ly sugge/s a me?od by :i* he c\ld be approa*$ on ! subject ( sell+ ! secret ( 8 ma*9e = "o hundr$ ?\s& rix-?al]s1 & po9ts out ! great importance to ! public ( su* an acquisition4 ,! book conta9s a cut ( 8 device ) ! foll[+ v brief explanation3 ,illu/ration ,numb] #a %[s ! entire size ( ! :eel2 #b1 a cord w\nd r\nd ! pr9cipal axle2 #c1 ! :eel or pulley to guide ! cord2 #d1 ! cord pass$ ?r\gh a w9d[ & ov] #e1 ano!r pulley2 #f1 ! box ( /ones rais$ or l[]$2 #g1 ! lock to prev5t motion2 #h1 ! p5dulum ) ?ree weights2 #i1 a w9*-h&le act+ on ! p5dulum2 & #aj1 %[s above & bel[ transp>5t1 s t ! ma*9e /&s cle> & c be mov$ ab\t4 ,9 #agbj ! foll[+ article 0 contribut$ to & publi%$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 conc]n+ ! ,orffyrean ,:eel3 ,,mr4 ,,urban3 ,be+ an admir] ( improvem5ts 9 me*anics & desir\s ( see+ ! p]petual motion discov]$1 ,i 0 mu* pleas$ on read+1 "s "t ago1 an acc\nt ( ! automaton con/ruct$ by ,orffyreus 9 two lett]s1 "o f ,pr(essor 's ,graves&e to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ! o!r f ,b>on ,fis*] to ,dr4 ,desaguli]s1 ) ! te/imonial ( ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel 7:o _h se5 ! inside ( x7 9 favor ( its con/ruction4 ,to :i* are add$ "s rem>ks by ,william ,k5rick1 ! writ] ( ! pamphlet1 :o takes t opportunity to propose a subscription = a simil> ma*9e1 :i* he says he has contriv$ & d5om9at$ a ,rotator4 ,x is mu* to be lam5t$ t ! le>n$ did n exam9e m /rictly into ! m]it ( ,orffyreus's :eel2 b1 on ! contr>y1 be+ prepossess$ ) a notion ( ! impracticability ( ! p]petual motion1 suff]$ x to be neglect$1 & at la/ de/roy$ by ! h&s ( a disappo9t$ me*anic1 :o1 ) unwe>i$ application & /eady p]sev]ance1 _h br\ght x to p]fection4 ,i wi% we may n aga9 let slip an opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) an inv5tion1 :i*1 :5 made public1 w reflect honor on ! inv5tor1 & be ( ! utmo/ utility to ! _w4 ,su*1 ,i w\ld hope1 is ! rotator m5tion$ by ,w4 ,k5rick2 =1 unless 8 discov]y 7 real1 ,i _c ?9k t he w\ld h tak5 ! lib]ty to express himself z he does 9 p4 #bf1 etc41 ,! inv5tor flatt]s himself t1 if ! cont5ts ( ! =ego+ pages are s]i\sly att5d$ to1 & x be f>!r consid]$1 t n a p5ny ( ! propos$ premium is requir$1 till ! subscrib]s are fully satisfi$ ( ! reality & utility ( ! inv5tion1 8 proposal w n be treat$ ) s mortify+ a neglect z t ( ,orffyreus4 ,aga9 he says1 ,if x does n supply ! place ( a fir/ mov]1 at ! exp5se only ( ! con/ruction & repair ( a simple :eel subject to v little friction1 & t 9 all su* eng9es & ma*9es1 ev5 f ! slighte/ piece ( clockwork to ! wat]works ( ,m>li or ,london-bridge1 he expects no?+ = 8 discov]y1 b to /& expos$ to ! contempt t w be ju/ly ?r[n on him = hav+ s mis]ably missp5t 8 "t1 & frivol\sly engag$ ! att5tion ( ! public4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k t ,w4 ,k5rick's proposals are v fair2 & %\ld be glad to be in=m$1 :e!r any att5tion has be5 paid to !m1 & :e!r ,sir ,isaac ,newton took any notice ( ! lett] address$ to him by ,pr(essor ,graves&e4 ,i %all consid] x z a favor if any correspond5t w oblige me ) an answ] to ^! p>ticul>s4 ,a ,,con/ant ,,read]4 ,9 #agba ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,desaguli]s1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 contribut$ to an ,engli% p]iodical entitl$ ,philosophical ,transactions1 ! foll[+ article conc]n+ ! device ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 & ! ,orffyrean ,:eel3 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,"s ,,attempts ,,made ,,t[>ds ,a ,,p]petual ,,motion2 ,,by ,,! ,,rev]5d ,,dr4 ,,desaguli]s1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! :eel at ,hesse-,cassel1 made by ,monsieur ,orffyreus1 & by him call$ a p]petual motion1 has1 ( late1 be5 s mu* talk$ ( on acc\nt ( its wond]ful ph5om5a1 t a great _m p h believ$ x to be actually a self-mov+ eng9e2 & accord+ly h attempt$ to imitate x z su*4 ,n[1 z a great deal ( "t & money is sp5t 9 ^? endeav\rs1 ,i 0 will+ 7= ! sake ( ^? t try exp]im5ts ) t view7 to %[ t ! pr9ciple :i* mo/ ( !m g ^u is false1 & c by no means produce a p]petual motion4 ,!y take x = grant$ t if a weight desc5d+ 9 a :eel at a det]m9$ di/ance f ! c5t]1 does1 9 its asc5t1 approa* ne>] to x2 su* a weight 9 its desc5t w always prepond]ate & cause a weight equal to x to rise1 provid$ x comes ne>] ! c5t] 9 its rise2 & accord+ly z itself1 rises1 w be ov]balanc$ by ano!r weight equal to x2 &1 !re=e1 !y endeav\r by v>i\s contrivances to produce t effect z if ! consequ5ce ( x w\ld be a p]petual motion4 ,b ,i %all %[ t !y mi/ake "o p>ticul> case ( a g5]al !orem1 or r a coroll>y ( x1 = ! !orem itself4 ,! !orem is z foll[s3 ,,!or4--,if "o weight 9 its desc5t does1 by means ( any contrivance1 cause ano!r weight to asc5d ) a less mom5tum or quantity ( motion ?an itself1 x w prepond]ate & raise ! o!r weight4 ,,cor4 #a4--,!re=e1 if ! weights be equal1 ! desc5d+ weight mu/ h m velocity ?an ! asc5d+ weight1 because ! mom5tum is made up ( ! weight multipli$ into ! quantity ( matt]4 ,,cor4 #b4--,!re=e1 if a leav] or balance h equal weights fa/5$ or hang+ at its ends1 & ! bra*ia be ev] s little unequal t weight w prepond]ate :i* is f>!/ f ! c5t]4 ,,s*olium4--,?is second coroll>y causes ! mi/ake2 because ^? :o ?9k ! velocity ( ! weight is ! l9e x describes1 expect t t weight %all be ov]pois$1 :i* describes ! %orte/ l9e1 &1 !re=e1 contrive ma*9es to cause ! asc5d+ weight to describe a %ort] l9e ?an ! desc5d+ weight4 ,z = example1 9 ! circle ,a ,d ,b a 7,fig4 #c7 ! weights ,a & ,b be+ suppos$ equal1 !y imag9e t if 7by any contrivance :atev]7 :il/ ! weight ,a describes ! arc ,a a1 ! weight ,b is c>ri$ 9 any arc1 z ,b b1 s z to come ne>] ! c5t] 9 its ris+ ?an if x w5t up ! arc ,b ,d2 ! said weight %all be ov]pois$1 & consequ5tly1 by a numb] ( su* weights a p]petual motion w be produc$4 ,?is is attempt$ by sev]al contrivances1 :i* all dep5d ^u ?is false pr9ciple2 b ,i %all only m5tion "o :i* is repres5t$ by ,fig4 #d1 :]e a :eel hav+ two p>allel circumf]5ces1 has ! space betwe5 !m divid$ into cells1 :i* be+ curv$1 w 7:5 ! :eel goes r\nd7 cause weights plac$ loose 9 ! said cells to desc5d on ! side ,a at ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 & on ! side ,d to asc5d 9 ! l9e ,b b b b1 :i* comes ne>] ! c5t] & t\*es ! inn] circumf]5ce ( ! :eel4 ,9 a ma*9e ( ?is k9d ! weights w inde$ move 9 su* a mann] if ! :eel be turn$ r\nd1 b w nev] be ! cause ( ! :eel's go+ r\nd4 ,su* a ma*9e is m5tion$ by ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] 9 8 ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 9 ! foll[+ words1 ,no4 #ef3 ,illu/ration ,to provide & make t all ! weights ( ! desc5d+ side ( a :eel %all be p]petually f>!r f ! c5t] ?an ^? ( ! m\nt+ side1 & yet equal 9 numb] & heft to ! "o side z ! o!r4 ,a mo/ incr$ible ?+1 if n se52 b tri$ be=e ! late ,k+ 7( bless$ memory7 9 ! ,t[] by my directions1 two extraord9>y ambassadors accompany+ 8 ,maje/y1 & ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 & ,duke ( ,hamilton1 ) mo/ ( ! c\rt att5d+ him4 ,! :eel 0 f\rte5 foot ov] & _h =ty weights ( fifty p\nds a piece4 ,sir ,william ,bal=e1 !n ,lieut5ant ( ! ,t[]1 c ju/ify x ) sev]al o!rs4 ,!y all saw t no soon] ^! great weights pass$ ! diamet] l9e ( ! l[] side1 b !y hung a foot f>!r f ! c5t]2 nor no soon] pass$ ! diamet] l9e ( ! upp] side1 b !y hung a foot ne>]4 ,be pleas$ to judge ( ! consequ5ce4 ,illu/ration ,n[ ! consequ5ce ( ?is & su* l ma*9es1 is no?+ less ?an a p]petual motion2 & ! fallacy is ?is3 ,! velocity ( any weight is n ! l9e :i* x describes 9 g5]al1 b ! height t x rises up to or falls f1 ) respect to its di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,s t :5 ! weight 7,fig4 #c7 describes ! arc ,a a1 its velocity is ! l9e ,a ,c1 :i* %[s ! p]p5dicul> desc5t 7or measures h[ mu* x is come ne>] to ! c5t] ( ! e>?71 & likewise ! l9e ,b ,c d5otes ! velocity ( ! weight ,b1 or ! height t x rises to :5 x asc5ds 9 any ( ! arcs ,b b1 in/ead ( ! arc ,b ,d3 s t 9 ?is case :e!r ! weight ,b 9 its asc5t be br\ght ne>] ! c5t] or n1 x loses no velocity :i* x ought to d 9 ord] to be rais$ up by ! weight ,a4 ,nay1 ! weight 9 ris+ ne>] ! c5t] ( a :eel may n only lose ( its velocity1 b be made to ga9 velocity 9 proportion to ! velocity ( its c\nt]pois+ weights t desc5d 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! opposite side ( ! :eel2 = if we consid] two radii ( ! :eel1 "o ( :i* is horizontal1 & ! o!r 7fa/5$ to & mov+ ) x7 incl9$ "u ! horizon 9 an angle ( #fj degrees 7,fig4 #e7 & by ! desc5t ( ! end ,b ( ! radius ,b ,c1 ! radius ,c ,d by its motion causes ! weight at ,d to rise up ! l9e p ,p1 :i* is 9 a plane t /ops ! said weight f ris+ 9 ! curve ,d ,a1 t weight w ga9 velocity1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( its rise x w h twice ! velocity ( ! weight at ,b2 & consequ5tly1 in/ead ( be+ rais$1 w ov]poise1 if x be equal to ! la/ m5tion$ weight4 ,& ?is velocity w be s mu* ! great] 9 proportion z ! angle ,a ,c ,d is great]1 or z ! plane ,p p 7along :i* ! weight ,d mu/ rise7 is ne>] to ! c5t]4 ,inde$1 if ! weight at ,b 7,fig4 #c7 c\ld1 by any means1 be lift$ up to 1 & move 9 ! arc b1 ! end w\ld be answ]$2 because !n ! velocity w\ld be dim9i%$ & become ,c4 ,illu/ration ,,exp]im5t 7,fig4 #e74--,take ! leav] ,b ,c ,d1 ^: bra*ia are equal 9 l5g?1 b5t 9 an angle ( #abj degrees at ,c & moveable ab\t t po9t z its c5t]3 9 ?is case a weight ( two p\nds hang+ at ! end ( ,b ( ! horizontal "p ( ! leav] w keep 9 equilibrio a weight ( f\r p\nds hang+ at ! end ,d4 ,b if a weight ( "o p\nd be laid ^u ! end ,d ( ! leav]1 s t 9 ! motion ( ,d along ! arc p ,a1 ?is weight is made to rise up aga9/ ! plane ,p p 7:i* divides 9 half ! l9e ,a ,c equal to ,c ,b7 ! said weight w keep 9 equilibrio two p\nds at ,b1 z hav+ twice ! velocity ( x :5 ! leav] beg9s to move4 ,?is w be evid5t1 if y let ! weight #d hang at ,d1 :il/ ! weight #a lies above x3 = if !n y move ! leav] ! weight #a w rise f\r times z fa/ z ! weight #d4 ,illu/ration ,9 #aggj ,dr4 ,william ,k5rick publi%$ ,a ,lecture on ! ,p]petual ,motion4 ,9 x he has ! foll[+ to say conc]n+ ! alleg$ inv5tions ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 & ,c\ncillor ,orffyreus1 & ,p]petual ,motion 9 g5]al4 ,! foll[+ exc]pts ( & comm5ts on ! lecture are tak5 v]batim f ,dircks3 ,! m]e exhibition ( a self-mov+ ma*9e )\t a display ( its me*anism1 or ! pr9ciples on :i* its motion is begun & cont9u$1 c\ld produce no conviction4 ,! fate ( ,orffyreus & 8 ma*9e is a pro( ( ?is4 ,sc>ce fifty ye>s ago t :imsical me*anician exhibit$ a p]petual motion at ,hesse ,cassel1 ! con/ancy ( ^: op]ation 0 exp]i5c$ = _m weeks "u ! mo/ exact caution ( ! ,l&grave ( t ,pr9cipality1 ^: te/imony ( su* op]ation1 z well z 9 favor ( its con/ruction 7to ! secret ( :i* he 0 admitt$71 0 giv5 9 ! mo/ explicit & det]m9ate =m4 ,& yet1 because ,orffyreus c\ld n display ! me*anism )\t ! previ\s assurance ( a premium ( #bjj1jjj flor9s 7ne> tw5ty ?\s& p\nds71 or because he w\ld n or c\ld n discov] ! pr9ciples on :i* x act$1 8 pret5sions 7 neglect$1 8 ma*9e 0 de/roy$ by 8 own h&s1 & 8 life made a sacrifice to ! *agr9 att5d+ 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,tw5ty ye>s _h he rack$ 8 bra9s = inv5tion1 & exp5d$ a patrimonial compet5ce ) p>simony 9 prosecut+ 8 design4 ,& :5 success inspir$ ! hope ( rew>d1 he f\nd 8 +5uity suspect$ ( impo/ure1 & 8 indu/ry rew>d$ ) contempt4 ,:e!r any ( 8 successors 9 ! same pursuit w meet ) a bett] fate is at l5g? to be det]m9$4 ,"o species ( our pr$ecessor's m]it1 h[ev]1 ,i 7adds ,dr4 ,k5rick7 presume myself at lea/ entitl$ to1 t ( p]sev]ance2 x be+ n[ fifte5 ye>s s9ce ,i fir/ engag$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 :i* ,i h s9ce pursu$ ) almo/ unremitt$ assiduity1 & t n only at a consid]able wa/e ( "t & exp5se1 b "u ! con/ant mortification ( he>+ x equally ridicul$ by ^? :o d "k1 & by ^? :o d n "k1 any?+ ( ! matt]4 ,x is1 inde$1 g5]ally suppos$1 & z confid5tly affirm$1 t ! ma!maticians h publi%$ demon/rations ( ! impossibility ( a p]petual motion4 ,b ,i c safely take ^u me to affirm t no su* demon/ration 0 ev] publi%$ by any4 ,)9 ^! twelve ye>s pa/ ! ma!maticians :o d5y ! possibility ( a p]petual motion h be5 repeat$ly & publicly call$ ^u1 bo? 9 ! =eign & ,engli% pr9ts1 to produce a s+le in/ance ( ^! demon/rations4 ,!y h n done x4 ,!y might h produc$1 inde$1 ! demon/rations ( ,huyg5s1 ,de la ,hire1 & o!rs to prove1 z ,desaguli]s v prop]ly expresses x ! fallacy ( ! s*emes ( mo/ ( ! pret5d]s to ! p]petual motion4 ,!y prov$ no?+ m2 & ?is 0 s f> unnecess>y 9 t ! fallacy evid5tly appe>$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple on :i* !y 7 f\nd$4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! la/ c5tury by ! celebrat$ ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+ & 8 ,c\rt1 at ! ,t[]1 by ! exhibition ( a :eel s contriv$ t 9 revolv+ on its axis x c>ri$ up sev]al weights ne>] its c5t] on "o side ?an !y desc5d$ on ! o!r4 ,! s*eme 0 plausible & to appe>ance practicable2 b1 ?\gh ! :eel 0 polite en\gh to turn ab\t :ile 8 ,maje/y 0 pres5t1 x c\ld n be prevail$ ^u to be s complaisant 9 8 abs5ce4 ,! ma!maticians av5g$ !mselves ( ! %ort triumph ( ! mi/ak5 ,m>quis1 b 7 equally mi/ak5 !mselves 9 ?9k+ !y _h r\t$ ! problem or t 9 hunt+ d[n ! jackal !y _h de/roy$ ! lion4 ,! p]petual motion surviv$2 x _h /ill its advocates2 ,pr(essor ,graves&e & ,john ,b]n\ille ma9ta9$ its practicability1 ! =m] giv+ 8 te/imony 9 favor ( ,orffyreus's ma*9e1 aft] a long & scrut9\s exam9ation4 ,x is n twelve ye>s s9ce ?is te/imony 0 republi%$ by ,dr4 ,allaman1 ! pres5t ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy at ,leyd51 ^: own op9ion1 giv5 at ! same "t1 is also greatly 9 favor ( ! discov]y4 ,x is ev5 "s ye>s lat] t a diss]tation /ill m 9 its favor1 writt51 if ,i am n mi/ak51 by ! celebrat$ ,de ,gort] ( ,pet]sburg1 appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ,ha>lem4 ,my end is n to amuse or p]suade1 b1 ) due def]5ce1 to in=m & conv9ce4 ,to remove e cause ( objection1 ,i mu/ beg leave to expatiate some:at at l>ge on ! !ory ( ?is discov]y4 ,x is ) ! m propriety ,i presume on ?is me?od1 z ! discov]y to :i* ,i pret5d has n be5 7z frequ5tly happ5s7 ! effect ( me*anical accid5t1 b ! prem$itat$ result ( ma!matical reason+ & physical exp]im5t4 ,i %all proce$ to elucidate ! pr9cipal argum5ts a priori1 t prove ! practicability ( a p]petual motion to be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! kn[n & e/abli%$ laws ( nature4 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f>1 he op5s 8 lecture at page #g ) ! introduction2 & fir/ ,on ! ,nature ( ,motion 9 ,g5]al1 :i*1 9 f\rte5 pages1 be+ m metaphysical ?an me*anical1 af=ds no extractable matt] = our pres5t object4 ,"p ,i is ,on ! ,cause & ,effect ( ,motion4 ,?is elem5t>y "p is ne$lessly labor$ & elaborat$ ?r\gh #bg pages4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 rem>ks he /ates3 ,! discov]y ( a p]petual motion1 says ,de la ,hire1 w\ld be to discov] a body at once heavi] & light] ?an itself4 ,b ?is is n a fair /ate ( ! "q4 ,x is n necess>y t all ! p>ts ( a p]petually-mov+ ma*9e %\ld be atta*$ to1 & insep>able f ea* o!r2 :i* !y mu/ be1 to con/itute "o gravitat+ body ( a det]m9ate weight4 ,he proce$s to consid] ! nature ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 pneumatic pressure1 ! /eel-y>d1 real & relative weight1 & spiral action4 ,aga91 we h ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,/ew>t1 9 ! same s5t5ce ) su* language z--,i c\ld almo/ z readily impute +5uity to vegetables & fossils--to ! s5sitive plant & ! load/one--z m$iation to muscles1 or cogitabundity to cockles1 p]iw9kles & rock oy/]s6 ,9 conclusions he says3 ,i h endeav\r$ to make x appe> t motion is ! me*anical effect ( ! physical action ( ! prim>y elem5ts2 t ! direction ( motion only comes )9 ! prov9ce ( animal intellect2 t ! vital sy/em is support$ by m]e me*anic motion1 kept up by ! ela/icity ( ! solids & ! gravity ( ! fluids compos+ ! animal body2 t by ! same means a m simple inanimate sy/em or ma*9e may be fram$ :i* may h ! same prop]ty ( cont9u$ action 7or1 z x is call$1 self-motion74 ,& ?is is all t is1 or c be1 expect$ ( a p]petual motion2 ! mom5tum ( :i* may be increas$ to any degree1 accord+ to ! weight ( ! bodies employ$ & ! "w requir$ to be done4 ,! second "p ( ?is lecture comm5ces ) a ,proem ( ?irte5 pages3 ,i am induc$ 7he says7 to trespass f>!r by ext5d+ 9 l mann] ! subsequ5t divisions ( x2 mak+ ! second & ?ird p>ts ( my pr9t$ syllabus ! topics ( ! pres5t read+1 & res]v+ ! la/ "p1 ) ! conclud+ exp]im5t1 to ! ?ird & f9al lecture4 ,i pret5d m]ely to ! inve/igation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( me*anics1 & ev5 to illu/rate ^! s f> only z ,i conceive !y relate to ! imm$iate object ( my lecture1 ! discov]y ( an artificial p]petual motion2 leav+ ! application ( su* pr9ciples1 9 ! solution ( p>ticul> ph5om5a1 or ! con/ruction ( p>ticul> ma*9es1 to su* z make ! diff]5t arts & sci5ces _! peculi> /udy4 ,he v prud5tly ends1 obs]v+3 ,b ,i beg p>don1 g5tlem51 = ! l5g? ( ?is digressive introduction1 & %all proce$ to ! m imm$iate subject ( my lecture4 ,section #a ( ?is lecture is ,on ! ,composition & ,comb9ation ( ,motion4 ,aft] discuss+1 9 8 own peculi> /yle1 me*anical pr9ciples ( motion1 he adds3 ,x w\ld require a volume1 & t n a small "o1 to illu/rate ^! subjects & support !m by ! necess>y demon/rations & exp]im5ts4 ,%\ld ,provid5ce give me life & heal?1 !re=e1 !y 78 auditors7 %all h x4 ,inde$1 ,i h already sp5t "s ye>s 9 prep>+ su* a volume = ! press4 ,he is v prolix on gravity & motion1 !n comm5ces ,section #b ,on ! ,communication & ,dissipation ( ,motion4 ,five pages are occupi$ 9 discuss+ motion1 9 popul> language1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he rem>ks3 ,& z to ! imp]fectly ela/ic bodies1 _! p[] ( reta9+ or communicat+ motion dep5ds entirely on _! vis in]tiae & weight2 nor c !y on any occasion :atev] communicate a great] mom5tum to ano!r body ?an !y !mselves possess4 ,x is suffici5t = ! purpose ( a p]petual motion t !y c d ?is4 ,&1 inde$1 "h all ! difficulty lies1 viz41 9 ! means ( communicat+ ! mom5tum or mov+ =ce ( a heavy body to a light "o4 ,n[1 ! mo/ virul5t oppon5ts to ! practicability ( p]petual motion h nev] pret5d$ to demon/rate ! impracticability ( ?is communication4 ,! quomodo1 or means ( effect+ x1 be+ ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,x is to ?is discov]y t ,i pret5d2 & to %[ t my pret5sions are well gr\nd$1 h tak5 ! lib]ty to invite y to ?is lecture4 ,! lectures appe> to h be5 illu/rat$ by a plate hav+ two figures ( a simple app>atus us$ to demon/rate ! action ( a spr+ & two unequal weights2 also an inflexible rul] susp5d$ betwe5 two unequal balls--) bo? he exp]im5t$ be=e 8 auditors2 b ! engrav+ is want+ 9 ! edition n[ us$4 ,9 conclusion1 he obs]ves3 ,y see1 g5tlem51 ,i am purposely provid$ "h ) a v simple & clumsy app>atus4 ,! p]petual motion does n ne$ ! assi/ance ( friction :eels1 or dep5d on ! niggl+ nicety ( too? & p9ion4 ,if ! practical "p ( my discov]y be n sup]ior to ! manual dext]ity ( a village c>p5t] or c\ntry smi?1 ,i am satisfi$4 ,!re w be no great disc]nm5t requir$ to compreh5d ! design !y are to put 9 execution4 ,y w p]mit me1 h[ev]1 at pres5t1 to def] :at ,i h f>!r to (f] on ! subject to ano!r opportunity4 ,9 #aggj ,dr4 ,k5rick publi%$ a qu>to-pamphlet conc]n+ ! ,orffyrean ,:eel1 & 9 ! pamphlet appe>s ! foll[+ reg>d+ a lett] f ,pr(4 ,graves&e to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & a lett] f ,b>on ,fis*] to ,dr4 ,desaguli]s3 ,a ,lett] f ,pr(essor 's ,graves&e to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,conc]n+ ,orffyreus's ,:eel ,,sir3 ,doctor ,desaguli]s has d\btless %[n y ! lett] t ,b>on ,fis*] wrote to him "s "t ago ab\t ! :eel ( ,orffyreus2 :i* ! inv5tor affirms to be a p]petual motion4 ,! l&grave1 :o is a lov] ( ! sci5ces & f9e arts1 & neglects no opportunity to enc\rage ! sev]al discov]ies & improvem5ts t are pres5t$ him1 0 desir\s ( hav+ ?is ma*9e made kn[n to ! _w1 = ! sake ( public utility4 ,to ?is end he engag$ me to exam9e x2 wi%+ t1 if x %\ld be f\nd to answ] ! pret5sions ( ! inv5tor1 x might be made kn[n to p]sons ( great] abilities1 :o might d$uce f x ^? s]vices :i* are naturally to be expect$ f s s+ul> an inv5tion4 ,y w n be displeas$1 ,i presume1 ) a circum/antial acc\nt ( ?is exam9ation2 ,i transmit y1 !re=e1 a detail ( ! mo/ p>ticul> circum/ances obs]vable on an ext]ior view ( a ma*9e1 conc]n+ :i* ! s5tim5ts ( mo/ p are greatly divid$1 :ile almo/ all ! ma!maticians are aga9/ x4 ,! majority ma9ta9 ! impossibility ( a p]petual motion1 & h5ce x is t s little att5tion has be5 paid to ,orffyreus & 8 inv5tion4 ,= my "p1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ,i confess my abilities inf]ior to ^? ( _m :o h giv5 _! demon/rations ( ?is impossibility2 yet ,i w communicate to y ! real s5tim5ts ) :i* ,i ent]$ on ! exam9ation ( ?is ma*9e4 ,x is n[ m ?an sev5 ye>s s9ce ,i conceiv$ ,i discov]$ ! p>alogism ( ^? demon/rations1 9 t1 ?\gh true 9 !mselves1 !y 7 n applicable to all possible ma*9es2 & h ev] s9ce rema9$ p]fectly p]suad$ x might be demon/rat$ t a p]petual motion involv$ no contradiction2 x appe>+ to me t ,leibnitz 0 wrong 9 lay+ d[n ! impossibility ( ! p]petual motion z an axiom4 ,not)/&+ ?is p]suasion1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 f> f believ+ ,orffyreus capable ( mak+ su* a discov]y1 look+ ^u x z an inv5tion n to be made 7if ev]7 till aft] _m o!r previ\s discov]ies4 ,b s9ce ,i h exam9$ ! ma*9e1 x is impossible = me to express my surprise4 ,! inv5tor has a turn = me*anics1 b is f> f be+ a pr(\nd ma!matician1 & yet 8 ma*9e has some?+ 9 x prodigi\sly a/oni%+1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be an imposition4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 ! inside ( :i* ! inv5tor w n p]mit to be se51 le/ any "o %\ld rob him ( 8 secret4 ,x is a holl[ :eel1 or k9d ( drum1 ab\t f\rte5 in*es ?ick & twelve feet diamet]2 be+ v light1 z x consi/s ( sev]al crosspieces ( wood fram$ toge!r2 ! :ole ( :i* is cov]$ ov] ) canvas1 to prev5t ! inside f be+ se54 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ( ?is :eel or drum runs an axis ( ab\t six in*es diamet]1 t]m9at$ at bo? ends by iron axes ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* diamet] ^u :i* ! ma*9e turns4 ,i h exam9$ ^! axes & am firmly p]suad$ t no?+ f )\t ! :eel 9 ! lea/ contributes to its motion4 ,:5 ,i turn$ x b g5tly1 x always /ood /ill z soon z ,i took away my h&2 b :5 ,i gave x any tol]able degree ( velocity1 ,i 0 always oblig$ to /op x aga9 by =ce2 = :5 ,i let x g1 x acquir$ 9 two or ?ree turns its greate/ velocity1 aft] :i* x revolv$ = tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six times 9 a m9ute4 ,?is motion x pres]v$ "s "t ago = two mon?s1 9 an ap>tm5t ( ! ca/le3 ! door & w9d[s ( :i* 7 lock$ & seal$ s t !re 0 no possibility ( fraud4 ,at ! expiration ( t t]m inde$ 8 s]5e highness ord]$ ! ap>tm5t to be op5$1 & ! ma*9e to be /opp$1 le/1 z x 0 only a model1 ! p>ts might suff] by s mu* agitation4 ,! l&grave be+ himself pres5t on my exam9ation ( ?is ma*9e1 ,i took ! lib]ty to ask him1 z he _h se5 ! inside ( x1 :e!r aft] be+ 9 motion = a c]ta9 "t no alt]ation 0 made 9 ! compon5t p>ts2 or :e!r none ( ^? p>ts might be suspect$ ( conceal+ "s fraud3 on :i* 8 s]5e highness assur$ me to ! contr>y1 & t ! ma*9e 0 v simple4 ,y see1 sir1 ,i h n _h any absolute demon/ration1 t ! pr9ciple ( motion :i* is c]ta9ly )9 ! :eel1 is really a pr9ciple ( p]petual motion2 b at ! same "t x _c be d5i$ me t ,i h receiv$ v good reasons to ?9k s1 :i* is a /rong presumption 9 favor ( ! inv5tor4 ,! l&grave ha? made ,orffyreus a v h&some pres5t1 to be let into ! secret ( ! ma*9e1 "u an engagem5t nev]!less n to discov]1 or to make any use ( x be=e ! inv5tor may procure a suffici5t rew>d = mak+ 8 discov]y public4 ,i am v s5sible1 sir1 t x is 9 ,engl& only ! arts & sci5ces are s g5]ally cultivat$ z to af=d any prospect ( ! inv5tor's acquir+ a rew>d adequate to ?is discov]y4 ,he requires no?+ m ?an ! assurance ( hav+ x paid him 9 case 8 ma*9e is f\nd to be really a p]petual motion2 & z he desires no?+ m ?an ?is assurance till ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e be display$ & fairly exam9$ be=e su* assurance be giv5 him4 ,n[1 sir1 z x w\ld conduce to public utility z well z to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 to discov] ! reality or ! fraud ( ?is inv5tion1 ,i conceive ! relation ( ! above circum/ances c\ld n fail ( be+ acceptable4 ,i am1 etc4 ,9 ! same book appe> ! foll[+ animadv]sions by ,pr(4 ,allaman1 on ! neglect ( ,orffyreus's inv5tion3 ,we see t ! te/imony ( ,m4 's ,graves&e 0 z advantage\s z possible to ,orffyreus1 n hav+ se5 ! int]ior ( ! ma*9e1 he c\ld =m no o!r judgm5t2 h[ev]1 t extraord9>y man 0 n cont5t$1 = 9 consequ5ce ( ! exam9ation ,orffyreus broke ! ma*9e into pieces4 ,by ! acc\nts ( ,m4 's ,graves&e1 ,b>on ,fis*] & ! te/imony ( ! ,l&grave x appe>s cle> t ! :eel 0 n mov$ by any ext]ior ag5t4 ,orffyreus is1 h[ev]1 accus$ ( be+ an impo/or1 ( hav+ impos$ on ! good fai? ( ! pr9ce1 deceiv$ ,m4 's ,graves&e & all ^? :o exam9$ 8 ma*9e4 ,8 own s]vant depos$ aga9/ him & said t %e 0 made to turn ! :eel1 & ?us he has fall5 into contempt2 & ev]yone :o protect$ him1 is a%am$ ( him4 ,m4 de ,cr\saz1 :o 0 at t "t at ! c\rt ( ,cassel1 writes a lett] to ,m4 's ,graves&e dat$ ,febru>y #c1 #agbi1 9 ^! t]ms3--',fir/1 ,orffyreus is a fool2 ,second1 ,x is impossible t a fool c h discov]$ :at su* a numb] ( clev] p h se>*$ = )\t success2 ,?ird1 ,i d n believe 9 impossibilities2 ,f\r?1 ,"o c easily imag9e t p]sons keep a secret f :i* !y are to receive b5efit1 b ?is fell[1 hop+ only to receive reputation1 all[s x to be t>ni%$ by an accusation :i* he has 9 8 p[] to disprove1 if false2 ,fif?1 ,! s]vant :o ran away f 8 h\se1 = fe> ( be+ /rangl$1 has 9 h] possession1 9 writ+1 ! t]rible oa? t ,orffyreus made h] swe>2 ,six?1 ,he only _h to h ask$1 9 ord] to h _h ?is girl imprison$1 until he _h "t to f9i% 8 ma*9e2 ,sev5?1 ,!y publi% t ! ma*9e is go+ to be exhibit$1 :5 sudd5ly ^? :o adv]tise x become sil5t2 ,eigh?1 ,x is true !re is a ma*9e at 8 h\se1 to :i* !y give ! "n ( p]petual motion1 b t _c be remov$2 x is mu* small]1 & diff]s f ! fir/1 inasmu* z x only turns "o way4 ,?is is :at makes ,orffyreus & 8 ma*9e to be suspect$2 c x be t ,m4 's ,graves&e 0 s mi/ak5 z to be 8 dupe8 ,let u read :at he himself says 9 answ] to ,m4 ,cr\saz1 :i* ,i h f\nd among my pap]s1 )\t date3--,i h def]r$ reply+ to y until ,i _h f\nd a pap] :i* ,i wrote ! day aft] ,i exam9$ ,orffyreus' ma*9e1 = al?\gh ,i rememb] well all t pass$1 ,i believe t a pap]1 writt5 ! day aft] ! exam9ation1 & communicat$ to my ,"l & all ^? :o 7 ) him1 mu/ h m weight4 ,?is is :at ,i he>d2 !y say t a s]vant "u oa?1 turn$ ,orffyreus' ma*9e1 be+ plac$ 9 an adjo9+ room4 ,i "k well t ,orffyreus is a fool1 b ,i ignore t he is an impo/or2 ,i h nev] decid$ :e!r 8 ma*9e is an impo/ure or n1 b ?is ,i "k z c]ta9ly z any?+ 9 ! _w1 t if ! s]vant says ! above1 %e tells a great falsehood4 ,my ,"l ! ,l&grave 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,b>on ,fis*]1 ,ar*itect ( ! ,emp]or1 & o!r p]sons at my reque/1 %[$ ! supports ( ! ma*9e2 we saw ! axles uncov]$2 ,i exam9$ ! plates or brasses on :i* ! axles re/$ & 9 t exam9ation !re did n appe> ! slighte/ trace ( communication ) ! adjo9+ room4 ,i rememb] v di/9ctly ! :ole ( ! circum/ances ( t exam9ation1 :i* put ,orffyreus 9 su* a rage ) me1 t ! day aft] he broke 8 ma*9e 9 pieces1 & wrote on ! wall t1 x 0 ! imp]t95t curiosity ( ,pr(essor 's ,graves&e :i* 0 ! cause4 ,i read ?is myself ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! result ( ! exam9ation is cle>ly expla9$ 9 ! pap] ( :i* ,i spoke to y4 ,!y told me sev]al circum/ances on ! te/imony ( ! s]vant1 b ,i pay little att5tion to :at a s]vant c say ab\t ma*9es1 p]haps 9 turn+ h] ma/]'s roa/-jack %e ?\ght %e saw a p]petual motion4 ,if y "k any?+ conc]n+ ?is matt] ,i %all feel mu* pleasure if y w\ld communicate x4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :at to believe ab\t ?is ma*9e4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t on exam9+ m9utely ! = & aga9/ ,orffyreus we c come to ^! conclusions3 #a4 ,t ,orffyreus 0 evid5tly mad1 z ,m4 's ,graves&e & ,m4 de ,cr\saz bo? affirm2 8 ma*9]y brok5 at diff]5t times )\t ei!r reason or necessity prove ?is4 ,b 8 0 a sort ( madness we d n (t5 see3 a folly fix$ only on c]ta9 objects1 & m]its m ! "n ( fanta/icalness or :imsicalness2 ?is k9d ( folly is (t5 accompani$ by mu* g5ius1 & :5 p]sons ( ?is disposition apply !mselves solely to "o subject1 z x appe>s he did1 x is n surpris+ to f9d !m mak+ discov]ies :i* _h escap$ ! sagacity ( wis] p4 ,?us ,i d n wi% to agree ) ,m4 de ,cr\saz1 t x is incr$ible t a madman1 su* z ,orffyreus %\ld h f\nd out some?+ t le>n$ m5 h se>*$ = unsuccessfully4 ,add$ to ?is he is mi/ak5 9 say+ t ,orffyreus c\ld hope = no o!r rew>d = 8 secrets ?an m]e reputation3 = he expect$ a consid]able pr(it see+ t he dem&$ = x #bjj1jjj flor9s4 #b4 ,no ext]ior ag5t mov$ ! ma*9e2 if x 7 a s]vant t mov$ x1 w\ld x n h be5 app>5t to eyes s se>*+ z ^? t made ! exam9ation1 or to ! ,l&grave1 :o _h se5 ! int]ior ( ! ma*9e8 ,besides h[ c any "o imag9e t a :eel ( s great a volume c\ld h be5 mov$ by su* a cause1 a cause :i* w\ld act simply on ! axle 9 cross+ ! supports1 & :i* mu/ h be5 s small z to h escap$ ! mo/ rigor\s exam9ation8 #c4 ,if ! s]vant has n be5 paid to depose aga9/ ,orffyreus1 :at does h] te/imony prove8 ,only t h] ma/] made h] believe t by turn+ a little :eel1 %e mov$ ! :ole ma*9e1 & we c fancy a s+ul> "*1 su* z he 0 might h done ?is to prev5t ! curiosity ( ^? :o s\ght to p5etrate 8 secret2 ,m4 's ,graves&e's op9ion ( ?is /range "* is su* t he d\bts n 8 :imsicalness prev5t$ him f mak+ a new ma*9e4 #d4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ?is :eel 0 a v rem>kable me*anical ph5om5on1 & ?is is all we c say1 n kn[+ m ?an ! prec$+ details2 x 7 too mu* tem]ity to say t ?is inv5tion 0 a p]petual motion1 z mu* z x w\ld be wrong to call x an impo/ure1 see+ t no ext]ior ag5t 0 employ$4 ,dr4 ,k5rick proce$s to /ate t3--,! celebrat$ ,john ,b]n\lli1 speak+ ( ! above demon/ration1 9 a lett] to ! au?or1 rem>ks t x is v j2 ! pr9ciple assum$ necess>ily involv+ an augm5tation ( =ce1 viz41 a p]petual motion4 ,b ?is1 cont9ues he1 is no m ?an ,leibnitz _h long be=e demon/rat$ 9 8 dispute ) ,pap9 & o!rs4 ,hav+ ?us occupi$ tw5ty-?ree pages 9 f5c+ himself ) a scre5 aga9/ ! ridicule he appe>s to h s mu* dread$1 & reasonably anticipat$ f ! _m au?ors he _h himself simil>ly treat$ 9 ! ,london ,review1 we are in=m$ t1--,an accid5tal conv]sation1 _m ye>s ago1 on ! spot :]e ,orffyreus exhibit$ 8 ma*9e1 awak5$ ! au?or's curiosity & direct$ 8 att5tion to an object :i* he has ev] s9ce occasionally pursu$4 ,! exp]im5ts he has made1 ev5 s long s9ce z ! ye> #agfa1 conv9c$ him s f> ( ! reality ( ,orffyreus' discov]y1 t he appli$ = lett]s-pat5t to secure an exclusive "r to ! con/ruction ( a simil> ma*9e2 :i* he _h contriv$ & d5om9at$ ,a ,,rotator4 ,be=e 8 pat5t1 h[ev]1 0 exp$it$1 he reflect$ t1 ?\gh ! model he _h con/ruct$ might s]ve to remove ! prejudices ( ! public1 x 0 n s well calculat$ z x might be1 to answ] ! practical purposes ( s important a discov]y4 ,to ! improvem5t ( ! ,rotator1 !re=e1 has he long s9ce d$icat$ all ! "t & att5tion he c\ld possibly sp>e f 8 o!r1 m imm$iately necess>y1 pursuits4 ,no?+ c be m flimsy ?an ! /atem5t "h made1 & ! next s5t5ce w\ld seem to expla9 ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,he proce$s3 ,n t he believes he has contriv$ q s _m diff]5t ma*9es z ,orffyreus did1 ?\gh he has be5 almo/ z _m ye>s engag$ 9 ! l und]tak+2 he has1 nev]!less1 bo? contriv$ & con/ruct$ a consid]able numb]1 _m ( !m useless z co/ly1 except inde$ z !y s]v$ to assi/ him 9 complet+ 8 inv5tion4 ,8 inv5tion1 h[ev]1 0 n complete2 ! v model ( x 0 unsatisfactory4 ,l ,orffyreus1 he _h sp5t ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 mak+ num]\s1 & "s co/ly1 ma*9es4 ,he no d\bt _h 8 own misgiv+s1 & wi%$ to reimburse himself = ! great outlay he mu/ h incurr$ dur+ t long p]iod1 be=e ! bubble f9ally bur/6 ,h[ev]1 poor man1 he di$ n9e ye>s aft] publi%+ ?is elaborate adv]tis+ prospectus1 :i* concludes3 ,su* bodies corporate1 private companies or individuals1 z are int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction or use ( consid]able me*anical eng9es1 or are dispos$ to enc\rage ! pres5t discov]y1 may receive any fur!r in=mation !y require1 on apply+ to ! inv5tor1 ,,william ,,k5rick1 ,*>les /reet1 ,/4 ,james's ,squ>e1 ,m>* #a1 #aggj4 ,9 #ahjc1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,hutton1 ,,ll4,d41 & ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 contribut$ 9 a brief "w entitl$1 ,recreations 9 ,ma!matics & ,natural ,philosophy1 gave ! foll[+ notice to ! ,orffyrean ,:eel3 ,! p]petual motion has be5 ! quicks& ( me*anicians1 z ! quadrature ( ! circle1 ! trisection ( an angle1 etc41 h be5 t ( geometricians3 & z ^? :o pret5d to h discov]$ ! solution ( ! latt] problems are 9 g5]al p]sons sc>cely acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( geometry1 ^? :o se>* =1 or imag9e !y h f\nd1 ! p]petual motion1 are always m5 to :om ! mo/ c]ta9 & inv>iable tru?s ( me*anics are unkn[n4 ,x may be demon/rat$1 inde$1 to all ^? capable ( reason+ 9 a s\nd mann] on ^? sci5ces1 t a p]petual motion is impossible3 =1 to be possible1 x is necess>y t ! effect %\ld become alt]nately ! cause1 & ! cause ! effect4 ,x w\ld be necess>y1 = example1 t a weight rais$ to a c]ta9 height by ano!r weight1 %\ld 9 its turn raise ! second weight to ! height f :i* x desc5d$4 ,b1 accord+ to ! laws ( motion1 all t a desc5d+ weight c\ld d1 9 ! mo/ p]fect ma*9e :i* ! m9d c conceive1 is to raise ano!r 9 ! same "t to a height reciprocally proportional to its mass4 ,b x is impossible to con/ruct a ma*9e 9 :i* !re %all be nei!r friction nor ! resi/ance ( "s m$ium to be ov]come2 consequ5tly at ea* alt]nation ( asc5t & desc5t1 "s quantity ( motion1 h[ev] small1 w always be lo/3 ea* "t1 !re=e1 ! weight to be rais$ w asc5d to a less height2 & ! motion w gradually slack51 & at l5g? cease entirely4 ,illu/ration ,a mov+ pr9ciple has be5 s\ght =1 b )\t success1 9 ! magnet1 9 ! gravity ( ! atmosph]e1 & 9 ! ela/icity ( bodies4 ,if a magnet be dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z to facilitate ! asc5sion ( a weight1 x w aft]w>ds oppose its desc5t4 ,spr+s1 aft] be+ unb5t1 require to be b5t by a new =ce equal to t :i* !y ex]cise2 & ! gravity ( ! atmosph]e1 aft] =c+ "o side ( ! ma*9e to ! l[e/ po9t1 mu/ be itself rais$ aga91 l any o!r weight1 9 ord] to cont9ue its action4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 give an acc\nt ( v>i\s attempts to obta9 a p]petual motion1 because !y may s]ve to %[ h[ mu* "s p]sons h suff]$ !mselves to be deceiv$ on ?is subject4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #eb1 plate #ab1 repres5ts a l>ge :eel1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is furni%$1 at equal di/ances1 ) lev]s1 ea* be>+ at its extremity a weight1 & movable on a h+e1 s t 9 "o direction !y c re/ ^u ! circumf]5ce1 :ile on ! opposite side1 be+ c>ri$ away by ! weight at ! extremity1 !y are oblig$ to arrange !mselves 9 ! direction ( ! radius cont9u$4 ,?is be+ suppos$1 x is evid5t t :5 ! :eel turns 9 ! direction a b c1 ! weights ,a ,b & ,c w rec$e f ! c5tre2 consequ5tly1 z !y act ) m =ce1 !y w c>ry ! :eel t[>ds t side2 & z a new lev] w be ?r[n out1 9 proportion z ! :eel revolves1 x !nce foll[s1 say !y1 t ! :eel w cont9ue to move 9 ! same direction4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! speci\s appe>ance ( ?is reason+1 exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! ma*9e w n g2 & x may inde$ be demon/rat$ t !re is a c]ta9 position 9 :i* ! c5tre ( gravity ( all ^! weights is 9 ! v]tical plane pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ( susp5sion1 & t !re=e x mu/ /op4 ,! case is ! same ) ! foll[+ ma*9e1 :i* x w\ld appe> ought to move also incessantly4 ,9 a cyl9dric drum1 9 p]fect equilibrium on its axis1 are =m$ *annels z se5 9 ,fig4 #ec1 :i* conta9 balls ( lead1 or a c]ta9 quantity ( quicksilv]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is disposition1 ! balls or quicksilv] mu/1 on ! "o side1 asc5d by approa*+ ! c5tre2 & on ! o!r mu/ roll t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,! ma*9e !n ought to turn incessantly t[>ds t side4 ,a ?ird ma*9e ( ?is k9d is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,x consi/s ( a k9d ( :eel =m$ ( six or eight arms1 proce$+ f a c5tre1 :]e ! axis ( motion is plac$4 ,ea* ( ^! arms is furni%$ ) a receptacle 9 ! =m ( a pair ( bell[s1 b ^? on ! opposite arms /& 9 contr>y directions1 z se5 9 ! figure4 ,! movable top ( ea* receptacle has affix$ to x a weight1 :i* %uts x 9 "o situation & op5s x 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ! bell[s ( ! opposite arms h a communication by means ( a canal1 & "o ( !m is fill$ ) quicksilv]4 ,^! ?+s be+ suppos$1 x is visible1 t ! bell[s on ! "o side mu/ op51 & ^? on ! o!r mu/ %ut2 consequ5tly ! m]cury w pass f ! latt] into ! =m]1 :ile ! contr>y w be ! case on ! opposite side4 ,x might be difficult to po9t out ! defici5cy ( ?is reason+2 b ^? acqua9t$ ) ! true pr9ciples ( me*anics w n hesitate to bet a hundr$ to "o t ! ma*9e1 :5 con/ruct$1 w n answ] ! int5d$ purpose4 ,illu/ration ,! description ( a pret5d$ p]petual motion1 9 :i* bell[s1 to be alt]nately fill$ ) & empti$ ( quicksilv]1 7 employ$1 may be se5 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,savans = #afhe4 ,x 0 refut$ by ,b]n\illi & "s o!rs1 & x gave rise to a long dispute4 ,! be/ me?od :i* ! inv5tor c\ld h employ$ to def5d 8 inv5tion w\ld h be5 to con/ruct x1 & %[ x 9 motion2 b ?is 0 nev] done4 ,we %all "h add ano!r curi\s anecdote on ?is subject4 ,"o ,orffyreus ann\nc$1 at ,leipsic1 9 ! ye> #agag1 a p]petual motion1 consi/+ ( a :eel :i* w\ld cont9ually revolve4 ,?is ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ = ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse ,cassel1 :o caus$ x to be %ut up 9 a place ( safety1 & ! door to be seal$ ) 8 own seal4 ,at ! end ( =ty days1 ! door 0 op5$1 & ! ma*9e 0 f\nd 9 motion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 af=ds no pro( 9 favor ( a p]petual motion2 = z clocks c be made to g a ye> )\t be+ w\nd up1 ,orffyreus's :eel might easily g =ty days1 & ev5 m4 ,! result ( ?is pret5d$ discov]y is n kn[n4 ,we are in=m$ t an ,engli%man (f]$ #hj1jjj cr[ns = ?is ma*9e2 b ,orffyreus refus$ to sell x at t price3 9 ?is he c]ta9ly act$ wrong1 z !re is reason to ?9k he obta9$ by 8 inv5tion1 nei!r money1 nor ev5 ! honor ( hav+ discov]$ ! p]petual motion4 ,! ,academy ( ,pa9t+ at ,p>is possess$ a clock :i* _h no ne$ ( be+ w\nd up1 & :i* might be consid]$ z a p]petual motion1 ?\gh x 0 n s4 ,b ?is requires "s explanation4 ,! +5i\s au?or ( ?is clock employ$ ! v>iations 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e = w9d+ up 8 mov+ weight4 ,v>i\s artifices might be devis$ = ?is purpose2 b ?is is no m a p]petual motion ?an if ! flux & reflux ( ! sea 7 employ$ to keep ! ma*9e cont9ually go+2 = ?is pr9ciple ( motion is ext]ior to ! ma*9e1 & =ms no "p ( x4 ,b en\gh has be5 said on ?is *im]a ( me*anics4 ,we s9c]ely hope t none ( our read]s w ev] lose !mselves 9 ! ridicul\s & un=tunate labyr9? ( su* a rese>*4 ,to conclude1 x is false t any rew>d has be5 promis$ by ! ,european ,p[]s to ! p]son :o %all discov] ! p]petual motion2 & ! case is ! same 9 reg>d to ! quadrature ( ! circle4 ,x is ?is idea1 no d\bt1 t excites s _m to attempt ! solution ( ^! problems2 & x is prop] !y %\ld be undeceiv$4 ,! =ego+1 we believe1 are suffici5t to disclose ! gi/ ( all t is kn[n1 & all t has be5 said conc]n+ ! claim$ inv5tions ( ! di/+ui%$ ,m>quis & ! di/+ui%$ ,c\ncillor4 ,x is manife/ f read+ ! above t ,dircks himself1 z well z ne>ly all ! o!r em95t p]sons quot$ above1 felt an extreme delicacy 9 /at+ _! hone/ belief conc]n+ ! claims ( ! di/+ui%$ inv5tors4 ,t delicacy arose f _! def]5ce to ! rank & prom95ce ( ! ,m>quis & ! ,c\ncillor4 ,! au?or ( ?is book is n ?us encumb]$1 & has no su* reg>d = family or (ficial rank1 & feels at lib]ty to say exactly :at he ?9ks4 ,no "o n[ actually believes t ei!r ! ,m>quis or ! ,c\ncillor ev] made a :eel or ma*9e t actually furni%$ its own motive-p[]4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! impossibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 ( c\rse1 d n admit ! possibility ( su* a ?+4 ,^? :o may /ill believe 9 ! possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion devices admit1 z !y mu/1 t _h ei!r ( ^! discov]ies actually be5 made x w\ld h supplant$ /eam1 electricity1 w9d1 wat] & all o!r =ms ( p[] = driv+ ma*9]y1 &1 inde$1 = furni%+ heat4 ,&1 yet1 ! above articles & comm5ts %[ t ! contempor>ies ( ! ,m>quis & ! ,c\ncillor1 & subsequ5t writ]s on _! claims s\ght to f9d excuses & explanations consi/5t ) _! good fai? & _! claims4 ,we d n accuse ei!r "o ( !m ( vici\s falsehood1 b ! tru? is t :5 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] wrote t all ! weights ( ! desc5d+ side ( a :eel %all be p]petually f>!r f ! c5tre ?an ^? ( ! m\nt+ side1 & yet equal 9 numb] & heft to ! "o side z ! o!r4 ,a mo/ incr$ible ?+1 if n se52 b tri$ be=e ! late ,k+ 7( bless$ memory7 9 ! ,t[] by my directions1 etc41 he meant1 if he meant any?+1 to convey ! idea t he _h con/ruct$ su* a ma*9e1 & _h exhibit$ x be=e ,k+ ,*>les ,i1 & :5 ,orffyreus wrote ,! inw>d /ructure ( ! :eel is ( a nature accord+ to ! laws ( me*anical p]petual motion1 s arrang$ t by dispos$ weights once 9 rotation !y ga9 =ce f _! own sw++ & mu/ cont9ue _! movem5t z long z _! /ructure does n lose its position & arrangem5t1 he meant1 z cle>ly appe>s f ! entire context ( :at he wrote1 to convey ! idea t he _h con/ruct$ a :eel capable ( mov+ p]petually by virtue ( ! arrangem5t ( its own p>ts until x %\ld we> out4 ,nei!r "o spoke ! tru?4 ,ea* knew t he _h done no su* ?+ z he claim$ to h done4 ,he probably ?\ght ! solution s ne> at h& t he c\ld safely ann\nce x to ! _w1 & :5 call$ ^u = a demon/ration c\ld produce ! f9i%$ work+ article4 ,! au?or ( ?is book has kn[n _m ,p]petual ,motion work]s s confid5t & s en?usia/ic t unhamp]$ ) extreme discretion1 !y ann\nc$ t !y 7 ne> en\gh to ! solution ( ?is ages-old puzzle t !y 7 c]ta9 ( success4 ,a little less discretion1 ) ! slighte/ disreg>d or ev5 c>elessness ab\t ! absolute tru? c\ld h easily l$ !m to ann\nce t !y _h su* a work+ ma*9e4 ,! au?or has inde$ kn[n a few su* ann\ncem5ts4 ,x is !re=e1 n surpris+ t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,p]petual ,motion labors1 in/ances c be f\nd :]e ! tireless1 b en?usia/ic work] be+ full ( confid5ce1 & n secretive1 & ) ! lea/ bit ( human c>elessness ab\t ! tru? h ann\nc$ ! actual discov]y & successful op]ation ( ! ma*9e4 ,we w und]take to say t !re h be5 ?\s&s ( j su* in/ances dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r c5turies1 probably t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,x is probable t su* an in/ance c\ld be f\nd 9 e t[n%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t two in/ances c be f\nd 9 p]sons ( suffici5t p]sonal em95ce to give cr$5ce & weight to _! /ories4 ,su* we conceive ! facts ) ref]5ce to ! ,m>quis & ! ,c\ncillor4 ,ea* ?\ght :at he told :5 tell+ x to be a h>mless /ret* ( ! tru?1 & felt sure t he c\ld protect himself by a v little add$ p]fection to 8 device4 ,h[ _m _m ,p]petual ,motion devices h be5 p]fect & ready = successful op]ation except = "o little ?+1 :i* ! inv5tor felt sure ( f9d+4 ,! ,m>quis & ,c\ncillor by _! little indiscretion1 & _! pu]ile c>elessness ab\t ! tru?1 ea* made himself nei!r fam\s1 nor infam\s1 b ridicul\s 9 hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy--,a ,discussion ( ! ,relation ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 & ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy is a doctr9e to ! effect t en]gy1 l matt]1 is inde/ructible1 &1 except by ! inf9ite1 c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$2 t ! sum total ( all ,en]gy 9 ! _w rema9s con/ant2 t x may manife/ itself 9 diff]5t =ms1 z heat1 magnetism1 electricity1 me*anical motion1 vaporization1 b t ! sum total rema9s ! same4 ,no?+ c\ld be m satisfactorily prov$ ?an ?is doctr9e1 &1 yet1 l ,newton's !ory ( univ]sal gravitation ! pro( does n am\nt to a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,ma!matics demon/rates ! con=mity ( ! doctr9e ( univ]sal gravitation1 & ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy ) all kn[n natural processes & obs]v$ ph5om5a2 b ma!matics does n o!rwise prove ! ,univ]sality ( ,gravitation nor ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,writ+ on ?is subject ( pro(1 ) ref]5ce to gravitation1 ! late & em95t ,simon ,newcomb says3 ,x may be inquir$1 is ! induction :i* supposes gravitation univ]sal s complete z to be entirely beyond d\bt8 ,we reply t )9 ! sol> sy/em x c]ta9ly is4 ,! laws ( motion z e/abli%$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t at ! surface ( ! e>? mu/ be consid]$ z ma!matically c]ta94 ,n[1 x is an obs]v$ fact t ! planets 9 _! motion deviate f /raight l9es 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,by ! fir/ law ( motion1 su* deviation c be produc$ only by a =ce2 & ! direction & int5sity ( ?is =ce admit ( be+ calculat$ once t ! motion is det]m9$4 ,:5 ?us calculat$1 x is f\nd to be exactly repres5t$ by "o great =ce con/antly direct$ t[>d ! sun1 & small] subsidi>y =ces direct$ t[>d ! sev]al planets4 ,!re=e1 no fact 9 nature is m firmly e/abli%$ ?an is t ( univ]sal gravitation1 z laid d[n by ,newton1 at lea/ )9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,x w ?us be obs]v$ t ! !ory ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation is n by sci5tific m5 claim$ to h be5 ma!matically demon/rat$1 b its pro( is reg>d$ z re/+ ^u its con=mity ) kn[n natural ph5om5a4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,sci5ti/s & ma!maticians d n claim pro( ( ?is doctr9e o!r ?an by its univ]sal co9cid5ce ) all natural manife/ations1 &1 yet its pro( re/s ^u su* a solid /ructure ( co9cid5ce & con=mity ) all kn[n ?+s 9 nature1 t n[ all sci5tific rese>* beg9s ) its assumption1 & ) ! exclusion ( ! possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,x is n )9 ! purview ( ?is "w to give a hi/ory ( ! orig9 & e/abli%m5t 9 sci5ce ( ! doctr9e4 ,:ile1 z h]et(ore not$ 9 ?is book1 a numb] ( sci5ti/s ( ! pa/ few c5turies are %[n by _! reflections to h _h a measure ( appreciation ( its ultimate effect1 & to h appli$ t effect 9 _! sci5tific rese>*es1 !re is no evid5ce t !y ev] dream$ ( its e/abli%m5t z a basic fact ( sci5ce4 ,! real e/abli%m5t & acceptance ( ! doctr9e dates n mu* ov] a half c5tury back4 ,s9ce t "t _m sci5ti/s h 9 _! rese>*es & writ+s contribut$ to its evolution & =mation4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,j\le1 ( ,engl&1 & ! g5]alizations ( ,helmholtz1 ( ,g]many1 are entitl$ to special m5tion4 ,sci5ti/s are naturally & necess>ily cons]vative4 ,s _m />tl+ pseudo-sci5tific facts are ann\nc$1 t e />tl+ sci5tific !ory1 be=e x is accept$1 is submitt$ to ! mo/ c>eful & crucial te/s4 ,no mod]n sci5ti/ w ann\nce a sci5tific fact z hav+ be5 demon/rat$ until ! demon/ration is complete & =tifi$ ) repeat$ te/s ( ma!matical rigidity1 & z long z !re rema9s a ph5om5on t does n con=m to ! suppos$ !ory1 acceptance & promulgation w be )held4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t ! doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy has be5 ?or\ghly intr5*$ z an e/abli%$ indisputable & accept$ fact ( sci5ce1 less ?an a s+le g5]ation4 ,! /ud5t ( natural sci5ce %\ld be w>n$ aga9/ ! common error ( suppos+ t ! discov]y ( a sci5tific fact or !ory1 means demolition ( ! old !ories4 ,! rule is ! o!r way4 ,new !ories are additional in=mation to ! _w1 & usually con=m to1 & are built ^u :at 0 kn[n be=e4 ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy 0 g5]aliz$ f previ\sly kn[n facts con=m$ to !m & reflexively elucidat$ !m1 & left !m /&+ cle>] ?an be=e4 ,! pro( t ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy con=ms to all o!r kn[n ph5om5a ( nature has be5 aid$1 & ha/5$ by ! ref9em5t ( sci5tific in/rum5ts by :i* =ms ( en]gy su* z heat1 electricity1 & magnetism c be m delicately measur$ & det]m9$ ?an ev] be=e1 & if in/rum5ts = measur+ & det]m9+ ! am\nt ( en]gy 9 its v>i\s =ms 7 z crude z !y 7 ev5 a s+le c5tury ago1 x is probable ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy w\ld /ill be ! undiscov]$ f\ndation ( all natural ph5om5a4 ,let u n[ consid] a few well-kn[n facts :i* x has be5 det]m9$ positively by ! mo/ delicate in/rum5ts1 prove & illu/rate ! doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,resi/ance to motion1 or :i* is ! same ?+1 motion aga9/ resi/ance1 is always accompani$ by heat4 ,?is develop$ heat is n always readily p]ceptible to our s5se ( t\*4 ,a /one1 ball or o!r object ?r[n ?r\gh ! air has its motion gradually arre/$ by ! air4 ,heat is develop$1 b ! heat is di/ribut$ ?r\gh s mu* air & ! object ?r[n is heat$ s little t ?is developm5t ( heat 0 n kn[n until sci5tifically discov]$4 ,:]e ! resi/ance is friction1 ! developm5t ( heat is q p]ceptible1 & has always be5 well kn[n4 ,suppose a co9 be rubb$ on a clo? or blott]4 ,heat is develop$ bo? 9 ! co9 & ! blott]--! m vigor\s ! rubb+--i4 e41 ! m en]gy exp5d$1 ! great] ! heat4 ,sci5ce has det]m9$ t ! develop$ heat is exactly proportional to ! exp5d$ en]gy4 ,e ma*9i/ kn[s t 9 turn+ a tap on a bolt :]e ! ?reads are ru/y s t x turns only ) ! application ( great =ce1 a consid]able am\nt ( heat is readily develop$4 ,! heat develop$ is proportional to ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 turn+ ! tap4 ,a :eel revolv+ on a sp9dle w develop heat exactly proportional to ! resi/ance ! sp9dle (f]s to ! :eel turn+ ^u x4 ,?us1 we (t5 see smoke & a blaze ris+ f ! sp9dles ( ! c> :eels :]e oil is lack+1 & !y turn ) difficulty4 ,e f>m] kn[s t if a buggy :eel turns ) difficulty = want ( lubrication1 or = any o!r reason1 ! sp9dle w heat1 exp& & lock ! :eel1 s t x w (t5 ei!r gr9d out ! box+ or slide on ! gr\nd4 ,:]eas1 if ! p>ts be kept lubricat$ s t less en]gy is requir$ to turn ! :eel on ! sp9dle1 !re is no p]ceptible heat develop$1 b 9 all cases heat is develop$ to "s ext5t1 & ! heat develop$ is exactly proportional to ! en]gy necess>y to =ce ! revolution4 ,) heat we c boil wat] & make /eam "u a pressure1 & ) ! /eam "u a pressure we c run an eng9e1 & ) ! eng9e make heat by friction1 or make electric curr5t t c produce heat4 ,c>ry ?is proposition back to ! fuel box1 & kn[+ ! am\nt ( heat develop$ by ! burn+ ( a c]ta9 quantity ( fuel1 x is f\nd t1 c\nt+ ! heat t rises 9 ! air ?r\gh ! smoke /ack1 ! heat t is radiat$ f ! boil]1 ! heat t is c>ri$ away 9 w>m$ a%es1 ! heat t exi/s 9 ! /eam aft] x is exhau/$ f ! cyl9d]1 & all o!r heat exp5d$ :e!r utiliz$ 9 driv+ ! ma*9]y or go+ to wa/e1 ! sum total is 9 e case equal to ! heat develop$ by ! fuel box combu/ion4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ?+ ab\t all ?is is t :5 ! /eam goes into ! cyl9d] :]e x is cool$ z x exp&s & drives ! pi/ons1 ! heat ?us lo/ by ! exp&+ /eam is ! exact equival5t ( ! me*anical en]gy realiz$ aga9/ ! pi/on head4 ,n all ( ! en]gy t is realiz$ at ! pi/on head is deliv]$ to ! driv+ %aft4 ,"s ( x is lo/ 9 ! friction ( ! pi/on r+s we>+ aga9/ ! cyl9d] l9+2 "s1 ( c\rse1 is lo/ 9 friction at ! j\rnals connect+ ) ! driv+ %aft4 ,x is usual 9 c\nt+ eng9e effici5cy to c\nt ! am\nt ( en]gy deliv]$ to ! belt1 or to ! driv+ %aft1 & because ( ! frictional resi/ance ( ! pi/ons work+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 !re is always f\nd a little discrepancy betwe5 ! en]gy repres5t$ by ! cool+ ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] & ! en]gy deliv]$ to ! belt1 or ! driv+ %aft4 ,x is q surpris+ h[ mu* en]gy a small am\nt ( heat repres5ts if x c\ld all be conv]t$ into ! obvi\s =ms ( en]gy4 ,ow+ to ! great wa/e suff]$ 9 all mod]n ma*9]y1 heat repres5ts mu* m en]gy ?an is ord9>ily suppos$1 9 ! abs5ce ( exact k4 ,"o w\ld h>dly ?9k x possible t ! am\nt ( heat t w raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd 7almo/ exactly "o p9t7 ( wat]1 "o s+le degree 7,fahr5heit7 is ! equival5t ( en]gy requir$ to elevate "o p\nd sev5 hundr$ sev5ty-eight feet high aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity4 ,yet1 su* is ! case4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! demon/rations ( ! immortal ,j\le4 ,x 0 he :o enabl$ u to cross ! bridge ) calculations f me*anical =ce & motion to heat4 ,he /at$ ! equival5t to be sev5 hundr$ sev5ty-two feet1 b m delicate in/rum5ts ?an c\ld be _h 9 8 day h %[n a slight discrepancy 9 8 calculations1 & x is n[ kn[n to be almo/ exactly sev5 hundr$ sev5ty-eight feet4 ,?us1 if ! ,falls ( ,niag>a be consid]$ z be+ "o hundr$ sixty feet high1 ! en]gy develop$ by ! desc5t is only ! equival5t ( ! heat necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ab\t "o-fif? ( "o degree4 ,a mod]n railroad locomotive does well to realize to ! driv+ rod two p] c5t ( ! total en]gy develop$ 9 ! fuel box4 ,an ord9>y ?ra%] eng9e realizes no m ?an "o p] c5t4 ,! v be/ /eam eng9es kn[n 9 l>ge /ation>y plants d n realize z mu* z fifte5 p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( heat necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree is tak5 z a /&>d = heat measurem5t1 & is kn[n z a ,briti% ,!rmal ,unit--ne>ly always 9 sci5tific works abbreviat$ to ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ,! common /&>d ( en]gy is ! am\nt ( en]gy or "w necess>y to elevate "o p\nd "o foot aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity4 ,?is 9 sci5tific works is usually ref]r$ to z ! foot-p\nd4 ,f :at is said above x is manife/ t "o ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 is ! equival5t ( sev5 hundr$ sev5ty-eight foot-p\nds1 & vice v]sa4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy mu/ n be confus$ ) ! rate ( exp5d+ en]gy1 or do+ "w4 ,! horse-p[] is ! common measurem5t ( ! rate ( deliv]y ( en]gy or ( do+ "w & is equival5t to #cc1jjj foot-p\nds p] m9ute4 ,x is :at "o horse c d1 & cont9ue do+ sev]al h\rs ) reasonable ease4 ,= a %ort "t a horse c ex]t sev]al horse-p[]4 ,rememb]1 & rememb] always t heat & electricity are j z mu* =ms ( en]gy z ! motion ( concrete objects4 ,we h introduc$ ! above /atem5t ( equival5ts = ! purpose ( enabl+ u to pres5t a few fundam5tal facts m cle>ly ?an c\ld o!rwise be done4 ,ev]yone kn[s t if paddles be revolv$ rapidly 9 a vessel conta9+ a liquid1 su* z a *urn1 or ! l1 ! liquid w (f] consid]able resi/ance to _! motion1 ! am\nt ( resi/ance dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! liquid1 & ! rapidity ( ! motion4 ,our sci5tific in/rum5ts h det]m9$ ! fact to be t ! ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 develop$ 9 ! liquid & on ! paddles is ! exact equival5t to ! foot-p\nds ( en]gy requir$ to drive ! paddles1 i4 e41 ! numb] ( ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 is #ggh times ! numb] ( foot-p\nds4 ,an eng9e is run ) /eam--! eng9e drives an electric g5]ator4 ,electricity is develop$4 ,?is electricity is conduct$ ov] a wire to a motor4 ,x is always f\nd t n z mu* en]gy c be d]iv$ f ! motor z is suppli$ f ! g5]ator to ! wire4 ,:]e is ! loss8 ,x is f\nd t ! loss is 9 ! resi/ance ( ! wire to ! curr5t1 & t ! wire is w>m$--possibly n suffici5t to be p]ceptible to ! ord9>y s5se ( t\*1 &1 yet1 x is w>m$ to "s ext5t1 & ! ,b4 ,t4 ,u41 develop$ 91 & radiat$ away by ! wire1 am\nts precisely & exactly to ! diff]5ce 9 foot-p\nds betwe5 ! en]gy suppli$ to ! wire at "o end ( ! wire1 & ! en]gy suppli$ by ! wire at its o!r end4 ,capill>y ,attraction is "o =m ( motion by :i* liquids are elevat$ & c>ri$ consid]able di/ance4 ,! moi/ure is tak5 f ! e>? & c>ri$ up ! trunks ( trees1 & out ?r\gh _! limbs to _! leaves4 ,?is _c be done )\t =ce & en]gy1 b :]e is ! heat8 ,x has be5 det]m9$ & prov5 t !re is an exp5diture ( heat 9 do+ t "w1 & t ! exp5diture ( heat is precisely equival5t to ! "w done4 ,x is h>dly believable t !re is a loss ( heat by coal oil or wat]1 or o!r liquid p]=m+ ! "w ( asc5d+ ! wick1 & yet1 sci5ce has det]m9$ t t "w is only done at ! exp5se ( t o!r =m ( en]gy--heat4 ,if an object falls a di/ance ( tw5ty feet1 & x /rikes "o end ( a lev] hav+ two arms ( equal l5g?1 & at ! o!r end ( ! lev] !re be a ball ( equal weight1 ! o!r ball w be ?r[n upw>d tw5ty feet1 less an all[ance = ! resi/ance ( ! air 9 ! desc5t & asc5t1 & = ! frictional resi/ance ( ! motion ( ! lev]4 ,x w\ld ?r[ a ball ( twice ! weight half ! height by adju/+ ! lev]s prop]ly4 ,or1 x w\ld ?r[ a ball ( "o-?ird ! weight ?ree times z high1 & s on4 ,a ball roll+ d[n an incl9$ plane is f\nd to h a velocity1 & consequ5tly a /rik+ =ce1 & an en]gy equal to t acquir$ 9 fall+ ! v]tical di/ance ( its desc5t1 due all[ance be+ made = ! resi/ance (f]$ to its roll+ motion4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! incl9e be great or small1 ! velocity1 ! en]gy are ! same z ?\gh x _h fall5 p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! same v]tical di/ance4 ,in/ances & illu/rations c be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,millions ( te/s h be5 made by sci5tific m51 & ! basic fact ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy is f\nd true ev]y:]e4 ,t fact is t en]gy _c be creat$4 ,s mu* z is giv5 is return$ 9 "s o!r =m1 or else 9 ! =m ( heat1 b 9 "s =m1 precisely ! equival5t is always f\nd to exi/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful exp]im5ts is ) ! p5dulum4 ,imag9e a nail or peg driv5 into a wall & project+ out--say six in*es f ! wall4 ,hang a p5dulum f\r feet long--let ! p5dulum sw+ p>allel to ! wall 9 ! annex$ figure4 ,let ,a repres5t ! po9t f :i* ! p5dulum is susp5d$4 ,draw ! p5dulum back to ,c1 & release x4 ,its l[e/ desc5t 9 ! sw+ w be at ,b4 ,x w sw+ to ,d1 & a l9e connect+ ,d ,c is exactly horizontal1 %[+ t ! en]gy repres5t$ by ! motion ( ! p5dulum at ,b 0 suffici5t to elevate x to ! po9t ,d4 ,n[1 on a l9e on ! wall d[nw>d f :]e ! nail or peg is driv5 into ! wall1 let !re be made holes into :i* a nail or peg c be ins]t$1 & suppose a peg be driv5 at ! po9t ,f4 ,if n[ p5dulum be releas$ at ,c1 x w be f\nd t :5 ! cord /rikes ,f ! p5dulum w sw+ to ! po9t ,j1 :i* is on ! horizontal l9e ,d ,c4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :]e ! int]rupt+ peg or nail be plac$1 ! p5dulum w rise to ! same horizontal f :i* x 0 releas$4 ,x is said t ?is 0 "o ( ,gallileo's exp]im5ts4 ,if s1 x is ano!r example ( ! ma/]ly =ce & orig9ality ( 8 g5ius1 & %[s t he subconsci\sly _h "s appreciation ( ! basic facts ( ! n[ accept$ doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,illu/ration ,we believe x is useless to multiply in/ances fur!r1 to illu/rate ! doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 & %[ ! "* ( pro( ^u :i* x re/s4 ,!re is no fact 9 nature1 b :at 9 ! h&s ( mod]n sci5ce appe>s to con=m to ?is doctr9e4 ,a few ye>s ago :5 radio-active prop]ties 7 fir/ discov]$ x 0 ?\ght t x 0 an exception1 b ev5 t has be5 f\nd to con=m to ?is wond]ful g5]aliz$ doctr9e4 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy be true ab\t :i* !re seems to be no d\bt1 !n all hopes ( ev] atta9+ ,p]petual ,motion mu/ cease1 = ! idea ( ,p]petual ,motion is pr$icat$ & has its f\ndation ^u ! creation ( en]gy4 ,! me*anism mu/ give m en]gy ?an is imp>t$ to x4 ,x mu/ make en]gy1 & ?is 9 ! light ( ! g5]aliz$ tru? ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy is an impossibility4 ,we might z well talk ab\t mak+ sub/ance1 & ! creation ( sub/ance1 or ! creation ( en]gy ei!r "o is n an attribute ( man4 ,x is an attribute to be accr$it$ only to ! inf9ite1 & c n be conceiv$ z an attribute ( ! f9ite4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,w ,p]petual ,motion ,ev] ,be ,accompli%$8 ,! antiquity ( ! problem ( ,p]petual ,motion1 & ! c\ntless attempts by clev] & +5i\s m9ds to accompli% its solution1 & ! uni=m failure ( su* attempts is no pro( at all1 sci5tifically speak+1 t ,p]petual ,motion is an impossibility4 ,if !re be sci5tific pro( t ,p]petual ,motion is unatta9able1 t pro( mu/ be f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ! numb] ( attempts & ! univ]sality ( failures1 or 9 ! numb] or em95ce ( ! p :o believe x to be impossible4 ,dircks 9 8 "w pr9t$ 9 #ahfa1 be+ ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,se>* = ,self-,motive ,p[]1 ,dur+ ! #ag? #ah? & #ai? ,c5turies1 says on ! subject3 ,! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion opposes p>adox to p>adox4 ,x is view$ bo? z be+ mo/ simple & mo/ difficult to f9d4 ,! le>n$ ju/ify bo? its possibility & impossibility4 ,_m me*anics believe x possible 99 99 99 ,its pursuit always comm5ces 9 confid5ce1 only to end 9 d\bt4 99 99 99 ,we ?9k a c>eful p]usal ( all t has be5 ga!r$ respect+ ,p]petual ,motion cle>ly e/abli%es t mu* rema9s to be done to prove ! impossibility ( practically solv+ ?is knotty problem2 & t a full demon/ration ( ! difficulties t environ x is wor?y ( be+ attempt$1 ev5 by ! mo/ exalt$ ma!maticians4 ,x is n requisite t !y %\ld desc5d to ! level ( ! mo/ ord9>y m9ds1 b leave x = o!rs to r$uce _! elaborat$ reason+s on ! subject to "s g5]ally compreh5sible =m4 ,we fe> ! proposal p>takes too mu* ( ! difficulty ( prov+ a negative2 b /ill1 z ! attempt has be5 made by celebrat$ savants1 & is g5]ally consid]$ insuffici5t2 & z data may h be5 want+1 :i* we conceive a collection ( ! *ief kn[n examples w supply2 we recomm5d ! consid]ation ( ?is matt] to all geomet]s4 99 99 99 ,9 a ma!matical po9t ( view1 we ?9k ?is subject is f> f be+ exhau/$2 &1 aft] :at has be5 advanc$1 may v prop]ly be consid]$ z claim+ grave consid]ations4 ,& t1 sci5tifically exam9$1 x is a m>k ( m]e %all[ness & qu]ul\sness to attempt ! sub/itution ( ridicule & satire = ! m difficult1 b consi/5t c\rse ( s\nd1 close reason & argum5t1 su* z ! wont$ sobriety & sev]ity ( sci5tific criticism accords to its inve/igations g5]ally4 ,at ! "t ( ! publication ( ,dircks's "w f :i* ! above quotation is tak5 7#ahfa71 ! doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy _h n be5 ann\nc$ & accept$ z an e/abli%$ g5]alization ( a sci5tific fact1 & x is app>5t 0 n und]/ood by him4 ,dircks's /atem5t z data may h be5 want+1 :i* we conceive a collection ( ! *ief kn[n examples w supply1 %[s t he misconceiv$ ! nature ( ! problem ( prov+ ! impossibility ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy is a true sci5tific fact1 ! impossibility ( self-motive p[] foll[s z an inevitable sci5tific coroll>y1 & ! ignis fatuus hope ( atta9+ ,p]petual ,motion :i* has delud$ s _m bright m9ds is =ev] de/roy$ & demoli%$4 ,a p]usal ( ! argum5ts aga9/ ,p]petual ,motion made by ?9k+ m5 ) sci5tific m9ds ev5 ?\gh long be=e ! ?or\gh e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( transmutation & ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 discloses ! fact t ^? argum5ts 9 fact dep5d f9ally on ! pr9ciple n[ kn[n & designat$ ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,x is amus+ to note 9 read+ ! argum5ts on ! subject by our greate/ philosoph]s1 ,newton1 ,gallileo1 ,huygh5s1 & ,desc>tes1 t :ile !y liv$ & labor$ long be=e ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy 9 its g5]aliz$ =m 0 kn[n1 or ann\nc$1 !y seem$ to h a p]ception t en]gy c\ld n be creat$2 t en]gy mu/ produce an effect comm5surate ) its own activity2 t ! exi/5ce ( en]gy 9 "o body is pro( positive t "s ag5cy furni%$ & lo/ an exact equival5t ( t en]gy4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! m5 9 reason+ on specific problems pres5t$ to !m1 & on ! problem ( ,p]petual ,motion 9 p>ticul>1 appe> to h appreciat$ & appli$ 9 _! reason+s1 ! pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,m5 :o h work$ at ! problem ( ,p]petual ,motion be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 & m5 :o /ill "w at ! problem1 :o1 ?r\gh lack ( opportunity h n become famili> ) t doctr9e1 are n to be blam$ or ?\ght /upid because ( t folly1 b ^? :o kn[+ t pr9ciple1 or be+ 9 a situation to "k x1 mu/ be me*anically & ma!matically /upid n to realize t ,p]petual ,motion & ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy are irreconcilable1 & t bo? _c be possibilities4 ,9 ?is day :5 ! pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy is taught 9 ! ,high ,s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 e o!r civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 x is n surpris+ t few] p "w on ,p]petual ,motion ?an =m]ly1 & t public int]e/ 9 ! subject is wan+1 z wan+ x surely is4 ,a g5]ation ago1 h[ev]1 ?is pr9ciple 0 n kn[n & taught1 & ! /ate ( ! _w's le>n+ 0 at su* a /age t _m ev5 sci5tific m9ds ?\ght ,p]petual ,motion possible1 & work$ = its atta9m5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy z appli$ to all ,p]petual ,motion devices c be /at$ z foll[s3 ,!re c be no me*anical effect )\t an equal me*anical cause4 ,en]gy--i4 e41 ! capacity to d "w1 c only be imp>t$ by an equal am\nt ( "w done4 ,x !re=e foll[s axiomatically t ,p]petual ,motion is possible only if & :5 a ma*9e be produc$ t runs absolutely )\t friction & absolutely )\t atmosph]ic resi/ance1 or ! resi/ance ( b5d+ ( cords1 or o!r l me*anical resi/ance4 ,if !re be su* resi/ance1 !n ! en]gy imp>t$ to ! ma*9e w be dim9i%$ by t resi/ance1 ) ! result t ! ma*9e c only yield ! am\nt ( en]gy imp>t$1 less ! en]gy requir$ to ov]come su* resi/ance4 ,t no ma*9e c be built free ( su* resi/ance is pat5t to ev5 a tyro 9 me*anics4 ,x w be int]e/+ "h1 & p]haps m int]e/+ ?an useful1 to add "s ( ! argum5ts quot$ by ,dircks & reproduc$ 9 8 "w = & aga9/ ! possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,!y h little sci5tific value at ?is "t1 z !y 7 all made by m5 :o 7 unfamili> ) ! decisive pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,nev]!less1 = _! hi/orical int]e/ we (f] a few3 ,! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion ,d5i$ ,rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,pap9 on a ,fr5* ,contrivance ,9 #affe1 ,dr4 ,pap91 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 br\ght be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 a pap] conc]n+ a ,fr5* contrivance = ,p]petual ,motion4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt w illu/rate & expla9 ! contrivance3 ,! pap] pr9t$ 9 ,fr5*1 & conta9+ contrivance = p]petual motion1 be+ set d[n 9 su* a mann] t c h>dly be und]/ood b by ^? t are mu* acqua9t$ ) su* descriptions1 ,i h endeavor$ to expla9 x z foll[s3 ,let ,d ,e ,f be a pair ( bell[s =ty in*es long1 t may be op5$ by remov+ ! "p ,f f ,e2 let !m be exactly %ut ev]y:]e b at ! ap]ture ,e2 & let a pipe ,e ,g1 tw5ty or tw5ty-two in*es long1 be sold]$ to ! said ap]ture ,e1 hav+ its o!r end 9 a vessel ,g1 full ( m]cury1 & plac$ ne> ! middle ( ! bell[s4 ,a is an axis = ! bell[s to turn ^u4 ,b1 a c\nt]poise fa/5$ to ! l[] end ( ! bell[s4 ,c1 a weight ) a clasp to keep ! bell[s upright4 ,illu/ration ,n[1 if we suppose ! bell[s op5$ only to "o-?ird or "o-f\r?1 /&+ upright1 & full ( m]cury1 x is pla9 t ! said m]cury1 be+ =ty in*es high1 mu/ fall1 z 9 ! ,torricellian exp]im5t1 to ! height ( ab\t tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! bell[s mu/ op5 t[>ds ,f1 & leave a vacuity !re4 ,?is vacuity mu/ be fill$ ) ! m]cury asc5d+ f ,g ?r\gh ! pipe ,g ,e1 ! said pipe be+ b tw5ty-two in*es long2 by ?is means ! bell[s mu/ be op5$ m & m1 till ! m]cury cont9u+ to asc5d makes ! upp] "p ( ! bell[s s heavy t ! l[] "p mu/ get loose f ! clasp ,c1 & ! bell[s %\ld turn q upside d[n2 b ! vessel ,g be+ set 9 a conv5i5t place1 keeps !m horizontal1 & ! "p ,f engage? !re 9 ano!r clasp ,c2 !n ! m]cury1 by its weight1 runs out f ! bell[s into ! vessel ,g ?r\gh ! pipe ,e ,g1 & ! bell[s mu/ %ut clos] & clos] until ! "p ,e ,f comes to be s light t ! c\nt]poise ,b is able to make ! "p ,f get loose f ! clasp ,c2 !n ! bell[s come to be upright aga92 ! m]cury left 9 !m falls aga9 to ! height ( tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 &1 consequ5tly1 all ! o!r effects w foll[ z we h already se51 & ! motion w cont9ue =ev]4 ,?us mu* = ! ,fr5* au?or4 ,illu/ration ,^u ?is x is to be obs]v$1 t ! bell[s c nev] be op5$ by ! int]nal pressure1 unless ! said pressure be /rong] !n ! ext]nal2 n[1 9 ?is case1 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e do? freely press up ! outw>d "p ( ! bell[s1 b x _c come at ! inw>d "p b ?r\gh ! pipe ,g ,e1 :i*1 conta9+ tw5ty-two p]p5dicul> in*es ( m]cury1 does c\nt]poise s mu* ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 s t ?is be+ suppos$ to be tw5ty-sev5 in*es ( m]cury1 x _c press ! inw>d "p ( ! bell[s b ) weight equival5t to five p]p5dicul> in*es ( m]cury4 ,f ?is we may conclude1 t ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 be+ weak5$ )9 ! bell[s m !n x c be help$ by ! m]cury conta9$ 9 ! same1 z may easily be comput$1 ! said bell[s /&+ upright mu/ r %ut !n op54 ,?us1 )\t los+ any labor & *>ges 9 try+1 p may be sure t ! ?+ c nev] d4 ,two ,c]ta9 ,plans = 7,n7 ,produc+ ,p]petual ,motion ,9 #ahcd1 ! foll[+ article 0 contribut$ to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e4 ,! contributor 0 v frank1 & pres5ts "s spl5did sugge/ions = ,p]petual ,motion work]s4 ,8 article is z foll[s3 ,v few "y me*anicians escape be+ s$uc$ into an attempt to produce a p]petual movem5t1 by mak+ gravitation c\nt]act itself4 ,!y are n cont5t$ ) be+ told by old] m51 t a cause c nev] be made to exce$ its own p[]2 yet gravitation is expect$ by !m to lift up on "o side m weight ?an s9ks on ! o!r1 ) "s p]c5tage ( friction into ! b>ga94 ,nature1 h[ev]1 is too true to itself to be s tak5 9 by all or any ( ! multitudes ( v>i\s ways ! inv5tive g5ius ( man has contriv$1 & /ill keeps contriv+1 to circumv5t h] immutable laws1 ) no o!r effect ?an to r5d] ! case s complicat$ z to puzzle ! judgm5t ( ! inv5tors1 :i* ends usually 9 _! firm belief t !y h outwitt$ nature in/ead ( !mselves4 ,i ackn[l$ge t 9 my y\? ,i 0 "o ( ?is class1 &1 = ! b5efit ( ! "y1 ,i beg to pres5t y ) two c]ta9 plans = produc+ p]petual motion1 & compell+ gravity to be frolicsome1 & d m "w ?an %e ought4 ,let ,a 7,fig4 #a7 be a ci/]n full ( oil or wat]1 above #d feet deep4 ,let ,b be a :eel2 freely susp5d$ )9 x1 on its axle1 let !re be f\r wide glass tubes1 #dj in*es long1 c c c c1 hav+ l>ge bulbs1 hold+1 say a p9t1 bl[n at ! clos$ end4 ,fill ^! tubes ) m]cury1 fix on an ,indian-rubb] ball or bladd]1 t w hold a p9t1 to ea* ( !m at ! op5 end1 & let !m be atta*$ r\nd ! :eel1 z exhibit$ 9 ! figure4 ,z ! pressure ( #dj in*es ( m]cury w exce$ ! atmosph]ic pressure1 & also t ( ! f\r-foot column ( wat]1 :5 ! ,indian-rubb] bottle is l[e/1 & ! tube erect1 at ,d1 ! m]cury w fill x1 leav+ a vacuum 9 ! glass bulb above4 ,on ! opposite side ! m]cury w fill ! glass bulb1 & ! ,indian-rubb] bottle w be press$ flat1 z w also be ! case 9 ! two horizontal tubes4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t ! two horizontal tubes exactly balance ea* o!r2 b ! tube ,d1 ) its bulb swell$ out1 displaces a p9t ( wat] m ?an its opposite tube1 & h5ce w attempt to rise ) ! =ce ( ab\t "o p\nd2 & ea* tube1 :5 x arrives at ! same position1 mu/ produce ! same result1 ! :eel mu/ h a cont9ual p[]1 equal to ab\t "o p\nd1 ) a radius ( two feet4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,let ,fig4 #b repres5t a light drum ( wood--"o-half ( :i* is ins]t$ into a cleft 9 a wat]-ci/]n ,a1 :i* fits x1 & f :i* ! wat] is prev5t$ f escap+ by a /rip ( lea!r1 :i* ! wat] presses aga9/ ! drum1 & :i* ?us op]ates z a valve1 )\t mu* friction 7especially if oil be sub/itut$ = wat] 9 ! ci/]n74 ,n[1 z ?is drum is mu* light] ?an wat]1 x mu/ ev] attempt to swim1 & ?us1 9 p]petually ris+1 cause ! drum to revolve =cibly r\nd its axle4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,illu/ration ,i tri$ ?is la/ me?od ?irty ye>s ago1 b x 0 s ob/9ate z n to move "o in* at my bidd+1 ?\gh x obvi\sly is prov$1 to demon/ration1 t x ought to h gone on swimm+ly4 ,i h j he>d t an ,italian g5tleman has hit ^u ! same plan2 s x seems t ! mania is n conf9$ to ,engl&4 ,! article above quot$ elicit$ a v>i$ correspond5ce on ! subject ( self-motive p[]4 ,! editor f9ally made ! foll[+ apt & happy rem>k conc]n+ ! two ,c]ta9 plans3 ,we ?9k our correspond5t1 ,s4 ,f41 has entirely misconceiv$ ! scope ( ! playful acc\nt1 giv5 9 our la/ numb]1 ( two plans ( p]petual motion4 ,! object ( ! writ] seems to h be51 to impress on ! m9ds ( "y me*anicians ! folly ( wa/+ _! "t 9 va9 endeavors to r5d] ! effects ( causes great] ?an ! causes !mselves2 or1 9 o!r words1 to ga9 p[] out ( no?+--a process )\t limit or value1 7 x n cut %ort by ! want ( all limit to its folly2 & ?is he c\ld n1 p]haps1 h done 9 any way s well1 z by exhibit+ a c\ple ( infallible p]petual mov]s t w\ld n /ir at all1 ?\gh !y bade z fair = x z any ( _! k9dr$4 ,article by ,rev4 ,john ,wilk9s ,rev4 ,john ,wilk9s ( ,engl&1 born #afad2 di$ #afgb1 publi%$ a "w call$ ,ma!matical ,magic1 9 :i* he disc\rs$ sci5tifically & te*nically on ef=ts t _h be5 made up to t "t to atta9 ,p]petual ,motion4 ,8 "w %[s great s*ol>%ip1 dilig5t se>*1 & a ?or\gh k ( ma!matics & me*anics4 ,consid]+ ! /ate ( sci5tific k at ! "t :5 he liv$ & work$1 8 insight into sci5tific subjects is truly rem>kable4 ,consid]+ ! /ate ( sci5tific le>n+ 9 8 day1 8 obs]vations on ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion %[ him to h possess$ really a great sci5tific & analytical m9d4 ,( all ^? :o wrote or ?\ght ext5sively on ! subject 9 t c5tury we reg>d :at he _h to say z be+ ! mo/ wor?y ( reproduction4 ,! foll[+ exc]pt f ,ma!matical ,magic1 w give ! read] an idea ( 8 c\rse ( reason+ & conclusions on ! subject ( self-motive p[]3 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4--,( a ,p]petual ,motion--,! seem+ facility & real difficulty ( any su* contrivance--,! sev]al ways :]eby x ha? be5 attempt$1 p>ticul>ly by ,*emi/ry4 ,x is ! *ief inconv5i5ce ( all ! automata be=e-m5tion$1 t !y ne$ a frequ5t repair ( new /r5g?1 ! causes :5ce _! motion does proce$ be+ subject to fail1 & come to a p]iod2 &1 !re=e1 x w\ld be wor? our enquiry to exam9e :e!r or no !re may be made any su* artificial contrivance1 :i* might h ! pr9ciple ( mov+ f itself s t ! pres5t motion %\ld con/antly be ! cause ( t :i* succe$s4 ,?is is t great secret 9 art :i*1 l ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 9 ,nature1 has be5 ! bus9ess & /udy ( _m m ref9$ wits = div]s ages toge!r2 & x may well be que/ion$ :e!r ei!r ( !m z yet h ev] be5 f\nd out2 ?\gh if ?is h1 yet l ! o!r1 x is n pla9ly treat$ ( by any au?or4 ,n b !re are sundry disc\rses conc]n+ ?is subject1 b !y are r conjectures ?an exp]im5ts4 ,& ?\gh _m inv5tions 9 ?is k9d may at fir/ view be> a great %[ ( probability1 yet !y w fail1 be+ br\ght to trial1 & w n answ] 9 practice :at !y promis$ 9 speculation4 ,any "o :o has be5 v]s$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge t he has be5 (t5 deceiv$ 9 8 /ronge/ confid5ce2 :5 ! imag9ation has contriv$ ! :ole frame ( su* an in/rum5t1 & conceives t ! ev5t mu/ infallibly answ] its hopes1 yet !n does x /rangely deceive 9 ! pro( & discov]s to u "s defect :i* we did n be=e take notice (4 ,h5ce x is t y %all sc>ce talk ) any "o :o has nev] s little smatt]+ 9 ^! arts1 b he w in/antly promise su* a motion z be+ b an easy a*ievem5t1 till fur!r trial & exp]i5ce has taught him ! difficulty ( x4 ,!re be+ no enquiry t does m entice ) ! probability & deceive ) ! subtilty4 ,i %all briefly recite ! sev]al ways :]eby ?is has be5 attempt$1 or seems mo/ likely to be effect$1 !reby to contract & facilitate ! enquiries ( ^? :o are addict$ to ^! k9d ( exp]im5ts2 = :5 !y "k ! defects ( o!r inv5tions1 !y may ! m easily avoid ! same or ! l 9 _! own4 ,! ways :]eby ?is has be5 attempt$ may be g5]ally r$uc$ to ^! ?ree k9ds3 #a4 ,by ,*emical ,extractions4 #b4 ,by ,magnetical ,virtues4 #c4 ,by ! ,natural ,affection ( ,gravity4 #a4 ,! discov]y ( ?is has be5 attempt$ by *emi/ry4 ,p>acelsus & 8 foll[]s h bragg$ t by _! sep>ations & extractions !y c make a little _w :i* %all h ! same p]petual motions ) ?is microcosm1 ) ! repres5tation ( all meteors1 ?und]1 sn[1 ra91 ! c\rses ( ! sea 9 its ebbs & fl[s1 & ! l4 ,b ^! miracul\s promises w\ld require z great a fai? to believe !m z a p[] to p]=m !m2 & ?\gh !y (t5 talk ( su* great matt]s3 ,at nusquam totos int] qui talia curant1 ,app>et ullus1 qui re miracula tanta ,comprobet-- yet we c nev] see !m confirm$ by any real exp]im5t2 & !n1 besides1 e p>ticul> au?or 9 t art has su* a di/9ct language ( 8 own 7all ( !m be+ s full ( allegories & affect$ obscurities71 t 'tis v h>d = any "o 7unless he be ?or\ghly v]s$ among/ !m7 to f9d out :at !y mean1 mu* m to try x4 ,"o ( ^! ways 7z ,i f9d x set d[n7 is ?is3 ,mix five ounces ( ) an equal weight ( 2 gr9d !m toge!r ) t5 ounces ( sublimate2 dissolve !m 9 a cell> ^u "s m>ble = ! space ( f\r days1 till !y become l oil olive2 di/il ?is ) fire ( *aff1 or driv+ fire1 & x w sublime into a dry sub/ance2 & s1 by repeat+ ( ^! dissolv+s & di/ill+s1 !re w be at l5g? produc$ div]s small atoms1 :i*1 be+ put into a glass well lut$ & kept dry1 w h a p]petual motion4 ,i _c say any?+ f exp]i5ce aga9/ ?is2 b ,i ?9k x does n seem v probable1 because ?+s t are =c$ up to su* vigor\sness & activity z ^! +r$i5ts seem to be by _! frequ5t sublim+s & di/ill+s1 are n likely to be ( any duration4 ,! m any ?+ is /ret*$ beyond its usual nature1 ! less does x la/2 viol5ce & p]petuity be+ no companions4 ,& !n1 besides1 suppose x is true1 yet su* a motion c\ld n well be appli$ to any use1 :i* w ne$s take mu* f ! delight ( x4 ,among/ ! *emical exp]im5ts to ?is purpose may be reckon$ up t fam\s motion inv5t$ by ,cornelius ,dreble1 & made = ,k+ ,james2 :]e9 0 repres5t$ ! con/ant revolutions ( ! sun & moon1 & t )\t ! help ei!r ( spr+s or weights4 ,m>cellus ,vranckhe91 speak+ ( ! means :]eby x 0 p]=m$1 he calls x ,sc9tillula animae magneticae mundi1 seu a/ralis et ins5sibilis spiritus2 be+ t gr& secret = ! discov]y ( :i* ^? dictators ( philosophy1 ,democritus1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 did travel unto ! ,gymnosophi/s & ,indian ,prie/s4 ,! au?or himself1 9 8 disc\rse ^u x1 does n at all reveal ! way h[ x 0 p]=m$4 ,b !re is "o ,?omas ,tymme :o 0 a famili> acqua9tance ( 81 & did (t5 pry into 8 works 7z he pr(esses himself71 :o affirms x to be done ?us3 ,by extract+ a fi]y _s out ( ! m9]al matt]1 jo9+ ! same ) 8 prop] air1 :i* includ$ 9 ! axletree 7( ! fir/ mov+ :eel71 be+ holl[1 c>ri$ ! o!r :eels1 mak+ a cont9ual rotation1 except issue or v5t be giv5 9 ?is holl[ axletree1 :]eby ! imprison$ _s may get =?4 ,:at /range ?+s may be done by su* extractions ,i "k n1 &1 !re=e1 d>e n condemn ?is relation z impossible2 b ,i ?9k x s\nds r l a *emical dream ?an a philosophical tru?4 ,x seems ?is imprison$ _s is n[ set at lib]ty1 or else is gr[n we>y1 = ! in/rum5t 7z ,i h he>d7 has /ood /ill = _m ye>s4 ,x is "h consid]able t any =ce is weake/ ne> ! c5t] ( a :eel2 & !re=e1 ?\gh su* a _s might ( itself h an agitation1 yet 'tis n easily conceivable h[ x %\ld h /r5g? en\gh to c>ry ! :eels ab\t ) x4 ,& !n1 ! absurdity ( ! au?or's cit+ ?is1 w\ld make "o mi/ru/ 8 mi/ake4 ,he urges x z a /rong argum5t aga9/ ,cop]nicus2 z if1 because ,dreble did ?us contrive 9 an eng9e ! revolution ( ! heav5s & ! immovabl5ess ( ! e>?1 !re=e x mu/ ne$s foll[ t 'tis ! heav5s :i* are mov$1 & n ! e>?4 ,if 8 relation 7 no tru] ?an 8 consequ5ce1 x _h n be5 wor? ! cit+4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiii4--,conc]n+ sev]al attempts ( contriv+ a ,p]petual ,motion1 by ,magnetical ,virtues4 ,! second way :]eby ! mak+ ( a p]petual motion has be5 attempt$1 is by ,magnetical ,virtues1 :i* are n )\t "s /rong probabilities ( prov+ effectual to ?is purpose2 especially :5 we consid] t ! heav5ly revolutions 7be+ z ! fir/ patt]n imitat$ & aim$ at 9 ^! attempts7 are all ( !m p]=m$ by ! help ( ^! qualities4 ,?is great orb ( e>?1 & all ! o!r planets1 be+ b z s _m magnetical globes1 end[$ ) su* v>i\s & cont9ual motions z may be mo/ agreeable to ! purposes = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,&1 !re=e1 mo/ ( ! au?ors :o treat conc]n+ ?is inv5tion1 d agree t ! likelie/ way to effect x1 is by ^! k9d ( qualities4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,pet4 ,p]egr9us1 & !re is an example pret5d$ = x 9 ,bett9us 7api>4 #i1 progym4 #e1 pro4 #aa7 t a magnetical globe1 or t]ella1 be+ rightly plac$ ^u its poles1 w\ld ( itself h a con/ant rotation1 l ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?4 ,b ?is is commonly explod$ z be+ aga9/ all exp]i5ce4 ,o!rs ?9k x possible s to contrive sev]al pieces ( /eel & load/one t1 by _! cont9ual attraction & expulsion ( "o ano!r1 !y may cause a p]petual revolution ( a :eel4 ,( ?is op9ion 7 ,taisn]1 ,pet4 ,p]egr9us1 & ,c>dan1 out ( ,antonius de ,fantis4 ,b ,d4 ,gilb]t1 :o 0 m especially v]s$ 9 magnetical exp]im5ts1 concludes x to be a va9 & gr\ndless fancy4 ,b among/ all ^! k9ds ( inv5tions1 t is mo/ likely1 :]e9 a load/one is s dispos$ t x %all draw unto x on a recl9$ plane a bullet ( /eel1 :i* /eel1 z x asc5ds ne> to ! load/one1 may be contriv$ to fall d[n ?r\gh "s hole 9 ! plane1 & s to return unto ! place f :5ce at fir/ x began to move2 &1 be+ !re1 ! load/one w aga9 attract x upw>ds till com+ to ?is hole1 x w fall d[n aga92 & s ! motion %all be p]petual1 z may be m easily conceivable by ?is figure3 ,illu/ration ,suppose ! load/one to be repres5t$ at ,a ,b1 :i*1 ?\gh x h n /r5g? en\gh to attract ! bullet ,c directly f ! gr\nd1 yet may d x by ! help ( ! plane ,e ,f4 ,n[1 :5 ! bullet is come to ! top ( ?is plane1 its own gravity 7:i* is suppos$ to exce$ ! /r5g? ( ! load/one7 w make x fall into t hole at ,e2 & ! =ce x receives 9 ?is fall w c>ry x ) su* a viol5ce unto ! o!r end ( ?is ar*1 t x w op5 ! passage :i* is !re made = x1 & by its return w aga9 %ut x2 s t ! bullet 7z at ! fir/7 is 9 ! same place :5ce x 0 attract$1 &1 consequ5tly1 mu/ move p]petually4 ,b1 h[ev]1 ?is inv5tion may seem to be ( su* /rong probability1 yet !re are sundry p>ticul>s :i* may prove x insuffici5t2 =-- #a4 ,?is bullet ( /eel mu/ fir/ be t\*$1 & h its sev]al poles1 or else !re c be little or no attraction ( x4 ,suppose ,c 9 ! /eel to be answ]able unto ,a 9 ! /one1 & to ,b2 9 ! attraction ,c ,d mu/ always be direct$ answ]able to ,a ,b1 & s ! motion w be m difficult2 by reason !re c be no rotation or turn+ r\nd ( ! bullet1 b x mu/ slide up ) ! l9e ,c ,d1 answ]able to ! axis ,a ,b4 #b4 ,9 its fall f ,e to ,g1 :i* is motus elem5t>is1 & proce$s f its gravity1 !re mu/ ne$s be a rotation ( x2 & s 'tis odds b x happ5s wrong 9 ! rise1 ! poles 9 ! bullet be+ n 9 ! same direction to ^? 9 ! magnet2 & if 9 ?is reflux x %\ld s fall out1 t ,d %\ld be direct$ t[>ds ,b1 !re %\ld be r a flight ?an an attraction1 s9ce ^? two ends d repel1 & n draw "o ano!r4 #c4 ,if ! load/one ,a ,b h s mu* /r5g?1 t x c attract ! bullet 9 ,f1 :5 x is n turn$ r\nd1 b does only slide ^u ! plane1 :]eas its own gravity w\ld r[l x d[nw>ds2 !n x is evid5t ! sph]e ( its activity & /r5g? w\ld be s increas$ :5 x approa*es mu* ne>]1 t x w\ld n ne$ ! assi/ance ( ! plane1 b w\ld draw x imm$iately to itself )\t t help2 & s ! bullet w\ld n fall d[n ?r\gh ! hole1 b asc5d to ! /one1 &1 consequ5tly1 cease its motion3 =1 if ! load/one be ( =ce en\gh to draw ! bullet on ! plane1 at ! di/ance ,f ,b1 !n mu/ ! /r5g? ( x be suffici5t to attract x imm$iately unto itself1 :5 x is s mu* ne>] z ,e ,b4 ,& if ! gravity ( ! bullet be suppos$ s mu* to exce$ ! /r5g? ( ! magnet1 t x _c draw x directly :5 x is s ne>1 !n w x n be able to attract ! bullet up ! plane1 :5 x is s mu* fur!r (f4 ,s t none ( all ^! magnetical exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 z yet discov]$1 are suffici5t = ! effect+ ( a p]petual motion1 ?\gh ^! k9d ( qualities seem mo/ conducible unto x2 & p]haps1 h]eaft]1 x may be contriv$ f !m4 ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4--,! seem+ probability ( effect+ a ,cont9ual ,motion by ,solid ,weights 9 a ,holl[ ,:eel or ,sph]e4 ,! ?ird way :]eby ! mak+ ( a p]petual motion has be5 attempt$ is by ! ,natural ,affection ( ,gravity2 :5 ! heav9ess ( sev]al bodies is s contriv$1 t ! same motion :i* !y give 9 _! desc5t1 may be able to c>ry !m up aga94 ,b 7aga9/ ! possibility ( any su* inv5tion7 x is ?us object$ by ,c>dan3--,all sub-lun>y bodies h a direct motion ei!r ( asc5t or desc5t2 :i*1 because x does n ref] to "s t]m1 !re=e _c be p]petual1 b mu/ ne$s cease :5 x is arriv$ at ! place unto :i* x naturally t5ds4 ,i answ]1 ?\gh ?is may prove t !re is no natural motion ( any p>ticul> heavy body :i* is p]petual1 yet x does n h9d]1 b t x is possible f !m to contrive su* an artificial revolution z %all con/antly be ! cause ( itself4 ,^? bodies :i* may be s]viceable to ?is purpose are di/+ui%able into two k9ds3 #a4 ,solid & consi/5t2 z weights ( metal1 or ! l4 #b4 ,fluid or slid+2 z wat]1 s&1 etc4 ,bo? ^! ways h be5 attempt$ by _m1 ?\gh ) v little or no success4 ,o!r m5's conjectures 9 ?is k9d y may see set d[n by div]s au?ors4 ,x w\ld be too t$i\s to repeat !m ov]1 or set =? _! draughts4 ,i %all only m5tion two new ones1 :i* 7if ,i am n ov]-p>tial7 seem altoge!r z probable z any ( ^! k9ds t h be5 yet inv5t$2 &1 till exp]i5ce _h discov]$ _! defect & insuffici5cy1 ,i did c]ta9ly conclude !m to be infallible4 ,! fir/ ( ^! contrivances 0 by solid weights be+ plac$ 9 "s holl[ :eel or sph]e1 unto :i* !y %\ld give a p]petual revolution2 =1 z ! philosoph] has l>gely prov$1 only a circul> motion c prop]ly be p]petual4 ,b1 = ! bett] conceiv+ ( ?is inv5tion1 x is requisite t we rightly und]/& "s pr9ciples 9 ,tro*ilicks1 or ! art ( :eel in/rum5ts2 z1 *iefly1 ! relation betwixt ! p>ts ( a :eel & ^? ( a balance2 ! sev]al proportions 9 ! semi-diamet] ( a :eel be+ answ]able to ! sides 9 a balance1 :]e ! weight is multipli$ accord+ to its di/ance f ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration ,?us1 suppose ! c5t] to be at ,a1 & ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 ,d ,c1 to be divid$ into equal p>ts 7z is "h express$71 x is evid5t1 accord+ to ! =m] gr\nd1 t "o p\nd at ,c w equipond]ate to five p\nd at ,b1 because !re is su* a proportion betwixt _! sev]al di/ances f ! c5t]4 ,& x is n mat]ial :e!r or no ^! sev]al weights be plac$ horizontally2 = ?\gh ,b d hang l[] ?an ,c1 yet ?is does n at all conc]n ! heav9ess2 or ?\gh ! plummet ,c 7 plac$ mu* high] ?an x is at ,e1 or l[] at ,f1 yet w\ld x /ill reta9 ! same weight :i* x _h at ,c2 because ^! plummets 7z 9 ! nature ( all heavy bodies71 d t5d d[nw>ds by a /raight l9e2 s t _! sev]al gravities are to be measur$ by t "p ( ! horizontal semi-diamet]1 :i* is directly ei!r bel[ or above !m4 ,?us1 :5 ! plummet ,c %all be mov$ ei!r to ,g or ,h1 x w lose "o-?ird ( its =m] heav9ess1 & be equally pond]\s z if x 7 plac$ 9 ! balance at ,no4 #c2 & if we suppose x to be situat$ at ,i or ,k1 !n ! weight ( x w lie :olly ^u ! c5t]1 & n at all conduce to ! motion ( ! :eel on ei!r side2 s t ! /raight l9es :i* pass ?r\gh ! divisions ( ! diamet] may s]ve to measure ! heav9ess ( any weight 9 its sev]al situations4 ,^! ?+s ?or\ghly consid]$1 x seems v possible & easy = a man to contrive ! plummets ( a :eel1 t !y may be always heavi] 9 _! fall1 ?an 9 _! asc5t2 & s1 consequ5tly1 t !y %\ld give a p]petual motion to ! :eel itself2 s9ce x is impossible = t to rema9 unmov$ z long z "o side 9 x is heavi] ?an ! o!r4 ,= ! p]=mance ( ?is1 ! weights mu/ be s ord]$3 #a4 ,t 9 _! desc5t !y may fall f ! c5t]1 & 9 _! asc5t may rise ne>] to x4 #b4 ,t ! fall ( ea* plummet may beg9 ! motion ( t :i* %\ld succe$ x1 z 9 ! foll[+ diagram3 ,:]e !re are sixte5 plummets1 eight 9 ! inw>d circle1 & z _m 9 ! outw>d4 7,! inequality be+ to arise f _! situation1 x is !re=e mo/ conv5i5t t ! numb] ( !m be ev547 ,! eight inw>d plummets are suppos$ to be 9 !mselves s mu* heavi] ?an ! o!r1 t 9 ! :eel !y may be ( equal weight ) ^? above !m1 & !n ! fall ( ^! w be ( suffici5t =ce to br+ d[n ! o!r4 ,= example1 if ! outw>d be ea* ( !m f\r ounces1 !n ! inw>d mu/ be five2 because ! outw>d is di/ant f ! c5t] five ( ^? p>ts :]e( ! inw>d is b f\r4 ,ea* pair ( ^! weights %\ld be jo9$ toge!r by a little /r+ or *a91 :i* mu/ be fa/5$ ab\t ! middle1 betwixt ! bullet & ! c5t] ( t plummet :i* is to fall fir/1 & at ! top ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ^! bullets1 9 _! desc5t1 are at _! f>!/ di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! :eel1 !n %all !y be /opp$1 & re/ on ! p9s plac$ to t purpose2 & s1 9 _! ris+1 !re mu/ be o!r p9s to keep !m 9 a conv5i5t po/ure & di/ance f ! c5t]1 le/1 approa*+ too ne> unto x1 !y !reby become unfit to fall :5 !y %all come to ! top ( ! desc5d+ side4 ,?is may be o!rwise contriv$ ) "s diff]5t circum/ances1 b !y w all r$\nd to ! same effect4 ,by su* an eng9e x seems v probable t a man may produce p]petual motion2 ! di/ance ( ! plummets f ! c5t] increas+ ) weight on "o side1 & _! be+ ti$ to "o ano!r1 caus+ a con/ant succession 9 _! fall+4 ,b n[1 ^u exp]i5ce1 ,i h f\nd ?is to be fallaci\s2 & ! reason may suffici5tly appe> by a calculation ( ! heav9ess ( ea* plummet1 accord+ to its sev]al situation2 :i* may easily be done by ^? p]p5dicul>s t cut ! diamet] 7z 0 be=e expla9$1 & is "h express$ 9 five ( ! plummets on ! desc5d+ side74 ,f su* a calculation x w be evid5t1 t bo? ! sides ( ?is :eel w equipond]ate2 & s consequ5tly1 t ! suppos$ inequality :5ce ! motion %\ld proce$1 is b imag9>y & gr\ndless4 ,on ! desc5d+ side1 ! heav9ess ( ea* plummet may be measur$ accord+ to ^! numb]s 7suppos+ ! diamet] ( ! :eel to be divid$ into tw5ty p>ts1 & ea* ( ^? sub-divid$ into f\r73 ,! ,outw>d ,plummets4 ,! ,inw>d ,plummets4 #g4j #a4j #aj4j ,! sum #bd4 #g4b ,! sum #ai4 #g4j #g4b #c4j ,on ! asc5d+ side1 ! weights are to be reckon$ accord+ to ^! degrees3 ,! ,outw>d4 ,! ,inw>d4 #a4c #d4a #g4b #g4j ,! sum #ai4 #i4j ,! sum #bd4 #e4b #e4c #b4a #j4j ,! sum ( :i* la/ numb]s is equal ) ! =m]1 & !re=e bo? ! sides ( su* a :eel 9 ?is situation w equipond]ate4 ,if x be object$1 t ! plummet ,a %\ld be contriv$ to pull d[n ! o!r at ,b1 & !n ! desc5d+ side w be heavi] ?an ! o!r2 = answ] to ?is1 x is consid]able-- #a4 ,t ^! bullets t[>ds ! top ( ! :eel1 _c desc5d till !y come to a c]ta9 k9d ( incl9ation4 #b4 ,t any l[] bullet hang+ ^u ! o!r above x1 to pull x d[n1 mu/ be conceiv$1 z if ! weight ( x 7 9 t po9t :]e its /r+ t\*es ! upp]2 at :i* po9t ?is bullet w be ( less heav9ess 9 respect ( ! :eel1 ?an if x did re/ 9 its own place2 s t bo? ! sides ( x1 9 any k9d ( situation1 may equipond]ate4 ,,*ap4 ,,xv4--,( compos+1 a ,p]petual ,motion by ,fluid ,weights--,conc]n+ ,ar*im$es 8 ,wat] ,screw--,! great probability ( accompli%+ ?is enquiry by ! help ( t1 ) ! fallibl5ess ( x ^u exp]im5t4 ,t :i* ,i %all m5tion z ! la/ way1 = ! trial ( ?is exp]im5t1 is by contriv+ x 9 "s ,wat] ,in/rum5t2 :i* may seem altoge!r z probable & easy z any ( ! re/2 because t elem5t1 by reason ( its fluid & subtle nature 7:]eby1 ( its own accord1 x se>*es out ! l[] & m n>r[ passages71 may be mo/ pliable to ! m9d ( ! artific]4 ,n[1 ! usual means = ! asc5t ( wat] is ei!r by suck]s or =ces1 or some?+ equival5t !reunto2 nei!r ( :i* may be conv5i5tly appli$ unto su* a "w z ?is1 because !re is requir$ unto ea* ( !m s mu* or m /r5g?1 z may be answ]able to ! full weight ( ! wat] t is to be drawn up2 & !n1 besides1 !y move = ! mo/ "p by fits & snat*es1 s t x is n easily conceivable1 h[ !y %\ld conduce unto su* a motion1 :i*1 by reason ( its p]petuity1 mu/ be regul> & equal4 ,b1 among/ all o!r ways to ?is purpose1 t inv5tion ( ,ar*im$es is incomp>ably ! be/1 :i* is usually call$ ,co*lea1 or ! ,wat] ,screw2 be+ fram$ by ! helical revolution ( a cavity ab\t a cyl9d]4 ,we h n any disc\rse f ! au?or himself conc]n+ x1 nor is x c]ta9 :e!r he ev] writ any?+ to ?is purpose2 b if he did1 yet1 z ! injury ( "t ha? depriv$ u ( _m o!r ( 8 excell5ts works1 s likewise ( ?is among/ ! re/4 ,ne> five pages are occupi$ 9 describ+ ! use ( ?is screw1 & ! =m & mann] ( mak+ x2 !n foll[s3 ,! true incl9ation ( ! screw be+ f\nd1 toge!r ) ! c]ta9 quantity ( wat] :i* e helix does conta92 x is fur!r consid]able1 t ! wat] by ?is in/rum5t does asc5d naturally ( itself1 )\t any viol5ce or labor2 & t ! heav9ess ( x does lie *iefly ^u ! c5t]s or axis ( ! cyl9d]1 bo? its sides be+ ( equal weight 7said ,ubaldus72 s t1 x %\ld seem1 ?\gh we suppose ea* revolution to h an equal quantity ( wat]1 yet ! screw w rema9 ) any "p upw>ds1 accord+ z x %all be set1 )\t turn+ itself ei!r way2 &1 !re=e1 ! lea/ /r5g? be+ add$ to ei!r ( its sides %\ld make x desc5d1 accord+ to t common maxim ( ,ar*im$es--any addition w make t :i* equipond]ates ) ano!r to t5d d[nw>ds4 ,b n[1 because ! weight ( ?is in/rum5t & ! wat] 9 x does lean :olly ^u ! axis1 h5ce is x 7said ,ubaldus7 t ! grat+ & rubb+ ( ^! axes aga9/ ! sockets :]e9 !y are plac$1 w cause "s ineptitude & resi/5cy to t rotation ( ! cyl9d]2 :i* w\ld o!rwise ensue ^u ! addition ( ! lea/ weight to any "o side2 b 7said ! same au?or7 any p[] t is great] ?an ?is resi/5cy :i* does arise f ! axis1 w s]ve = ! turn+ ( x r\nd4 ,^! ?+s consid]$ toge!r1 x w h5ce appe> h[ a p]petual motion may seem easily contrivable4 ,=1 if !re 7 b su* a wat]-:eel made on ?is in/rum5t1 ^u :i* ! /ream t is c>ri$ up may fall 9 its desc5t1 x w\ld turn ! screw r\nd1 & by t means convey z mu* wat] up z is requir$ to move x2 s t ! motion mu/ ne$s be cont9ual1 s9ce ! same weight :i* 9 its fall does turn ! :eel is1 by ! turn+ ( ! :eel1 c>ri$ up aga94 ,or1 if ! wat]1 fall+ ^u "o :eel1 w\ld n be =cible en\gh = ?is effect1 :y !n !re might be two or ?ree1 or m1 accord+ z ! l5g? & elevation ( ! in/rum5t w admit2 by :i* means ! weight ( x may be s multipli$ 9 ! fall t x %all be equival5t to twice or ?rice t quantity ( wat] :i* asc5ds2 z may be m pla9ly disc]n$ by ! foll[+ diagram3 ,illu/ration ,:]e ! figure ,l ,m1 at ! bottom1 does repres5t a wood5 cyl9d] ) helical cavities cut 9 x1 :i* at ,a ,b is suppos$ to be cov]$ ov] ) t9 plates1 & ?ree wat]-:eels ^u x1 ,h ,i ,k2 ! l[] ci/]n1 :i* conta9s ! wat]1 be+ ,c ,d4 ,n[1 ?is cyl9d] be+ turn$ r\nd1 all ! wat] :i* f ! ci/]n asc5ds ?r\gh x1 w fall into ! vessel at ,e1 & f t vessel be+ convey$ ^u ! wat]-:eel ,h1 %all consequ5tly give a circul> motion to ! :ole screw4 ,or1 if ?is alone %\ld be too weak = ! turn+ ( x1 !n ! same wat] :i* falls f ! :eel ,h1 be+ receiv$ into ! o!r vessel ,f1 may f !nce aga9 desc5d on ! :eel ,i1 by :i* means ! =ce ( x w be d\bl$4 ,& if ?is be yet unsuffici5t1 !n may ! wat] :i* falls on ! second :eel ,i1 be receiv$ into ! o!r vessel ,g1 & f !nce aga9 desc5d on ! ?ird :eel at ,k2 & s = z _m o!r :eels z ! in/rum5t is capable (4 ,s t1 besides ! great] di/ance ( ^! ?ree /reams f ! c5t] or axis by :i* !y are made s mu* heavi]1 & besides t ! fall ( ?is outw>d wat] is =cible & viol5t1 :]eas ! asc5t ( t )9 is natural--besides all ?is1 !re is ?rice z mu* wat] to turn ! screw z is c>ri$ up by x4 ,b1 on ! o!r side1 if all ! wat] fall+ ^u "o :eel w\ld be able to turn x r\nd1 !n half ( x w\ld s]ve ) two :eels1 & ! re/ may be s dispos$ ( 9 ! fall z to s]ve unto "s o!r useful delightful ends4 ,:5 ,i fir/ ?\ght ( ?is inv5tion1 ,i c\ld sc>ce =be>1 ) ,ar*im$es1 to cry out 1 heurka1 heurka2 x seem+ s infallible a way = ! effect+ ( a p]petual motion t no?+ c\ld be s mu* z probably object$ aga9/ x2 b1 ^u trial & exp]i5ce1 ,i f9d x altoge!r insuffici5t = any su* purpose1 & t = ^! two reasons3 #a4 ,! wat] t asc5ds w n make any consid]able /ream 9 ! fall4 #b4 ,?is /ream1 ?\gh multipli$1 w n be ( =ce en\gh to turn ab\t ! screw4 #a4 ,! wat] asc5ds g5tly1 & by int]missions2 b x falls cont9ually1 & ) =ce2 ea* ( ! ?ree vessels be+ suppos$ full at ! fir/1 t s ! weight ( ! wat] 9 !m might add ! great] /r5g? & swiftness to ! /reams t desc5d f !m4 ,n[1 ?is swiftness ( motion w cause s great a diff]5ce betwixt !m t "o ( ^! little /reams may sp5d m wat] 9 ! fall ?an a /ream six times bigg] 9 ! asc5t1 ?\gh we %\ld suppose bo? ( !m to be cont9uate2 h[ mu* m1 !n1 :5 z ! asc5d+ wat] is v5t$ by fits & int]missions1 e circumvolution void+ s mu* z is conta9$ 9 "o helix2 &1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 "o t is n v]s$ 9 ^! k9d ( exp]im5ts may be easily deceiv$4 ,b1 secondly1 ?\gh !re 7 s great a disproportion1 yet1 not)/&+1 ! =ce ( ^! outw>d /reams might well en\gh s]ve = ! turn+ ( ! screw1 if x 7 s t bo? its sides w\ld equipond]ate ! wat] be+ 9 !m 7z ,ubaldus _h affirm$74 ,b n[1 ^u f>!r exam9ation1 we %all f9d ?is ass]tion ( 8 to be utt]ly aga9/ bo? reason & exp]i5ce4 ,& h]e9 does consi/ ! *ief mi/ake ( ?is contrivance2 = ! asc5d+ side ( ! screw is made1 by ! wat] conta9$ 9 x1 s mu* heavi] ?an ! desc5d+ side1 t ^! outw>d /reams1 ?us appli$1 w n be ( =ce en\gh to make !m equipond]ate1 mu* less to move ! :ole1 z may be m easily disc]n$ by ?is figure3 ,:]e ,a ,b repres5ts a screw cov]$ ov]1 ,c ,d ,e "o helix or revolution ( x1 ,c ,d ! asc5d+ side1 ,e ,d ! desc5d+ side1 ! po9t ,d ! middle2 ! horizontal l9e ,c ,f %[+ h[ mu* ( ! helix is fill$ ) wat]1 viz41 ( ! asc5d+ side1 f ,c ! beg9n+ ( ! helix1 to ,d ! middle ( x2 & on ! desc5d+ side1 f ,d ! middle1 to ! po9t ,g1 :]e ! horizontal does cut ! helix4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t ?is latt] "p1 ,d ,g1 is no?+ ne> s mu*1 & consequ5tly n s heavy z ! o!r1 ,d ,c2 & ?us is x 9 all ! o!r revolutions1 :i*1 z !y are ei!r m or l>g]1 s w ! difficulty ( ?is motion be increas$4 ,:5ce x w appe> t ! outw>d /reams :i* desc5d mu/ be ( s mu* =ce z to c\nt]vail all t weight :]eby ! asc5d+ side 9 e "o ( ^! revolutions does exce$ ! o!r4 ,& ?\gh ?is may be effect$ by mak+ ! wat]-:eels l>g]1 yet !n ! motion w be s sl[ t ! screw w n be able to supply ! outw>d /reams4 ,illu/ration ,!re is ano!r contrivance to ?is purpose1 m5tion$ by ,kir*] de ,magnete1 #a1 #b1 p4 #d1 dep5d+ ^u ! heat ( ! sun & ! =ce ( w9ds2 b x is liable to su* abundance ( exceptions t x is sc>ce wor? ! m5tion+1 & does by no means des]ve ! confid5ce ( any +5i\s arti/4 ,?us h ,i briefly expla9$ ! probabilities & defects ( ^? subtle contrivances :]eby ! mak+ ( a p]petual motion has be5 attempt$4 ,i w\ld be loa? to disc\rage ! enquiry ( any +5i\s artific] by d5y+ ! possibility ( effect+ x ) any ( ^! me*anical helps2 b yet 7,i conceive7 if ^? pr9ciples :i* conc]n ! sl[ness ( ! p[] 9 comp>ison to ! greatness ( ! weight 7 rightly und]/ood & ?or\ghly consid]$1 !y w\ld make ?is exp]im5t to seem1 if n altoge!r impossible1 yet mu* m difficult ?an o!rwise1 p]haps1 x w appe>4 ,h[ev]1 ! inquir+ aft] x _c b des]ve our endeavors1 z be+ "o ( ! mo/ noble among/ all ^! me*anical subtilties4 ,&1 z x is 9 ! fable ( him :o dug ! v9ey>d = a hidd5 treasure1 ?\gh he did n f9d ! money1 yet he !reby made ! gr\nd m fruitful1 s1 ?\gh we d n atta9 to ! effect+ ( ?is p>ticul>1 yet our se>*+ aft] x may discov] s _m o!r excell5t subtilties z %all abundantly recomp5se ! labor ( our inquiry4 ,& !n1 besides1 x may be ano!r enc\ragem5t to consid] ! pleasure ( su* speculations1 :i* d ravi% & sublime ! ?\ghts ) m cle> angelical cont5tm5ts4 ,ar*im$es 0 g5]ally s tak5 up 9 ! delight ( ^! ma!matical /udies ( ?is famili> sir5 7z ,plut>* /yles !m7 t he =got bo? 8 meat & dr9k1 & o!r necessities ( nature2 nay1 t he neglect$ ! sav+ ( 8 life1 :5 t rude soldi]1 9 ! pride & ha/e ( victory1 w\ld n give him leisure to f9i% 8 demon/ration4 ,:at a ravi%m5t 0 t1 :51 hav+ f\nd out ! way to measure ,hi]o's cr[n1 he leap$ out ( ! ba?1 & 7z if he 7 sudd5ly possess$7 ran nak$ up & d[n1 cry+ 1 ,greek3 heurka1 heurka6 ,x is /ori$ ( ,?ales t1 9 8 joy & gratitude = "o ( ^! ma!matical inv5tions1 he w5t pres5tly to ! ,temple1 & !re (f]$ up a solemn sacrifice2 & ,py?agoras1 ^u ! l occasion1 is relat$ to h sacrific$ a hundr$ ox52 ! ju/ice ( ,provid5ce hav+ s contriv$ x1 t ! pleasure :i* !re is 9 ! success ( su* inv5tions %\ld be proportion$ to ! great difficulty & labor ( _! inquiry4 ,! ,p>adoxical ,hydro/atic ,balance ,! foll[+ 0 contribut$ to an ,engli% sci5tific j\rnal 9 #ahca1 ! "n ( ! au?or ( ! article is unkn[n to u1 b "h is :at he wrote3 ,illu/ration ,?is hydro/atic balance1 l ! comp\nd balance ( ,desaguli]s1 may be introduc$ to illu/rate ! impossibility ( p]petual motion by a weight remov$ f ! c5tre ( a :eel4 ,take ! holl[-rimm$ :eel ,a ,b2 let x be air-tight & half fill$ ) wat]4 ,let ,c be ! axle2 at ,b place a holl[ ball load$ to ne> s9k+4 ,su* a :eel1 h[ev] f9e its axle may be1 or h[ev] well lubricat$1 w n make a s+le revolution1 ?\gh ! weight ,b occupies t "p at :i* e delud$ p]petual-motioni/ is desir\s x %\ld be plac$2 conclud+ t1 by su* an arrangem5t1 ! production ( ano!r ,orffyrean :eel mu/ be inevitable4 ,discussion by ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana 0 pr(essor ( high] ma!matics at ! ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,pavia1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,lomb>dy1 ,italy4 ,9 #aghf he publi%$ :at he designat$ ,exam9ation ( a ,new ,argum5t 9 ,favor ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,9 "p he says3 #a4 ,a v]tical :eel 7,fig4 #b7 divid$ 9 two halves by a v]tical plane :i* passes ?r\gh its diamet] ,f ,o1 has ! half ,f ,p ,o imm]s$ 9 wat] "u ! level ,m ,n1 & ! o!r half :olly out ( ! wat]1 be+ cut (f 9 ,f ,o by a peculi> me*anism f all communication ) ! res]voir1 ! ext]ior half ( ! :eel be+ ,f ,q ,o2 ?is turns freely r\nd on an axle pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ,c4 ,n[ ! :eel be+ specifically light] ?an ! wat]1 ! imm]s$ "p ,f ,p ,o comes ) a cont9ual rotation to ! top ) a =ce equal to ! excess ( ! weight ( a volume ( wat] correspond+ to ! imm]s$ portion1 ov] ! weight ( ! imm]s$ portion2 :i* rotation pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ext]ior "p1 & consequ5tly out ( ! c5tre ,c1 obliges ! :eel to turn ar\nd ,c4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! "q to be ask$ is :e!r ! :eel has itself a p]petual motion1 z may be judg$ at fir/ sight4 ,illu/ration #b4 ,to reply adequately1 x is at fir/ necess>y to "k :at effect is produc$ on ! :eel by ! horizontal pressure :i* ! wat] ex]cises on ! semi-circumf]5ce ,f ,l ,o4 ,hav+ tak5 = ?is purpose1 a "p ,p p1 & hav+ drawn to ! diamet] ! ord9ate ,p4 ,r1 p r1 & m>k$ ! radius ,p ,c1 & f x ,p ,g p]p5dicul> to ! radius ,c ,l1 :i* det]m9es ! quadrant ,o ,l1 ! di/ance ( ! l[e/ po9t ,o f ! level ( ! wat] w be b1 ! semi-diamet] ( ! :eel a1 ,c ,r x1 & ! specific gravity ( ! wat] #a2 ! p]p5dicul> pressure aga9/ ! "p ,p p ,p p 4 ,r ,d1 :i* resolv$ 9 two1 "o horizontal ,p ,r1 ! o!r v]tical ,p ,g1 gives ! proportion ,,pg 3 ,,pr 33 ,pp 4 ,,rd 3 7,pp 4 ,,pr 4 ,,rd7 _/ 7,,pg74 ,!nce ! horizontal pressure aga9/ ,p p1 & 7,p p 4 ,p ,r 4 ,r ,d 47 _/ 7,p ,g71 t is to say ,p p 4 ,p ,r ,r r 4 ,p ,g1 ! giv5 horizontal pressure is f\nd to be ,r r 4 ,r ,d 7b - x7 d x1 & :i*1 multipli$ by ,r ,d1 giv+ b - x1 becomes ! mom5tum ( ! pressure relatively to ,m ,n 7b - x7 d x1 & ! sum ( ! mom5ta ( pressure ex]cis$ ^u ! indef9ite arc1 ,o ,p f 7b - x7 d x -7#a_/c77;b - x7 ! side4 ,& s9ce act+ toge!r su* mom5ta equal x1 !re comes ! side 7#a_/c7;b2 & z ! already-giv5 sum ( ! mom5ta 7#a_/c77;b - 7b - x77 b x - b x 7#a_/c7x4 ,:5ce1 tak+ x #b;a1 ! sum ( all ! mom5ta ( ! horizontal pressure ex]cis$ on ! :ole semi-circumf]5ce ,o ,l ,f ( ! :eel1 w be #b;ba - #d;b a 7#h_/c7;a1 & divid+ t sum by ! :ole horizontal pressure1 t is to say by f7b - x7d x 7#a_/b77;b - 7b - x77 b x - 7#a_/b7x #b;b a - #b;a1 gives x #b;a1 we h ! =mula 7#b;b - #d;b a 7#h_/c7;a7 _/ 7#b;b a - #b;a7 7b - #b;b a 7#d_/c7;a7 _/ 7b - a7 77b - a7 7#a_/c7;a7 _/ 7b - a7 b - a 77#b_/c7;a7 _/ 7b - a71 :i* repres5ts ! di/ance ( ! level ,m ,n f ! result ( all ! horizontal pressure aga9/ ! circumf]5ce1 :i* di/ance exce$s ,d ,c1 & consequ5tly ! direction ( ! result passes f bel[ ! c5tre ,c ( ! :eel to a di/ance f ! said c5tre1 :i* is 77#a_/c7;a7_/7b - a74 ,if ?is di/ance be multipli$ by ! result ( all ! horizontal pressure1 t is1 by #b;a47b - a72 !re is obta9$ 7#b_/c7;a = ! mom5tum ( ! =ce :i* t5ds to make ! :eel revolve f ,l t[>ds ,o4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 x is kn[n t ! =ce :i* causes ! half ( ! :eel ,f ,l ,g to revolve v]tically to ! top 7call+ g ! specific gravity ( ! :eel7 is 7#a - g7 ,f ,c ,o ,l1 & :i* =ce passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( gravity ( ,f ,l ,o4 ,& consequ5tly ! gravity ( any circul> segm5t divid$ by ! half ( ! radius1 is di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! circle by a quantity equal to ! twelf? ( ! cube ( ! *ord divid$ by ! segm5t2 & !re=e ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! semicircle ,f ,c ,o ,l1 w be di/ant f ! c5tre ,c by ! quantity 7#a_/ab7h;a_/7,e ,c ,o ,l7 7#b_/c7;a_/7,e ,c ,o ,l74 ,consequ5tly ! mom5tum ( ?is =ce t5d+ to make ! :eel revolve f ,o t[>ds ,l w be 7#b_/c;a7_/7,e ,c ,o ,l7 4 7#a - g77,e ,c ,o ,l7 #b_/c7a - g7a4 ,b moreov] a c]ta9 mom5tum w be d]iv$ f ! o!r half ,f ,q ,o ( ! :eel1 :i* be+ out ( ! wat]1 t5ds by its own weight d[nw>ds ) a =ce g 4 7,e ,c ,o ,q7 g 4 7,e ,c ,o ,l71 :i* multipli$ by ! di/ance 7#b_/a;a7_/7,e ,c ,o ,l7 ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! semicircle ,f ,q ,o f ! c5tre ( ! :eel gives z a mom5tum ( =ce t5d+ to turn ! :eel f ,o to ,l ! quantity #b_/c;g a4 ,?us ! :ole mom5tum to make ! :eel turn f ,o to ,l1 w be #b_/c7a - g7a1 #b_/c;g a #b_/c;a1 t is to say ! same t is f\nd to turn ! :eel 9 ! opposite direction1 viz41 f ,l to ,o1 & !nce ! :eel rema9s p]fectly motionless4 #c4 ,cor4 ,i4 ,if ! :eel 7 specifically heavi] ?an ! wat]1 "o w\ld n be able to conceive 9 t case any motion f ,l to ,o1 z seem$ probable 9 ! =m] supposition4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! mom5tum ( ! =ce1 :i* turns v]tically d[nw>ds ! portion ( ! :eel ,f ,c ,o ,l1 & t5ds to make x revolve f ,l to ,o is #b_/c7;g - #a7;a to :i* mom5tum %\ld be add$ a c]ta9 portion ( ! horizontal pressure1 t is to say #b_/c1 & ?us is obta9$ ! :ole mom5tum #b_/c;g a1 t5d+ to cause ! :eel to turn f ,l to ,o2 & to :i* mom5tum precisely1 is equal su* ( ! weight ( ! half ,f ,c ,o ,q z t5ds to give to ! :eel a contr>y revolution1 t is1 f ,o to ,l4 #c4 ,cor4 ,,ii4 ,if ! :eel 9 place ( be+ a circul> plane 7 a zone b\nd$ by two conc5tric p]iph]ies 7,fig4 #c71 !n f ! sum ( ! horizontal pressure ( ! wat] aga9/ ! ext]ior p]iph]y %\ld be tak5 ! sum ( ! opposite horizontal pressure aga9/ ! o!r int]ior semi-p]iph]y ( ! zone4 ,s call+ a ! great] radius ( ! zone1 & its bread?1 ! sum ( ! fir/ horizontal pressure is #b;a7b - a7 & ! sum ( ! second #b7;a - 77b - 7 - 7a - 7 #b7;a - 77b - a74 ,!n subtract ! latt] f ! =m] & !re rema9s #b7;b - a7 = ! sum ( ! :ole pressure1 :i* acts ^u ! zone 7sic7 ( ! half ( ! :eel imm]s$ 9 ! fluid 9 a direction t5d+ f ! outside to ! int]ior ( ! :eel4 ,moreov] ! sum ( ! mom5ta ( all ! horizontal pressure on ! ext]ior circumf]5ce relatively to ! level ,m ,n is #b;b a - #d;b a #h_/c;a4 ,& simil>ly ! sum ( ! mom5ta ( ! horizontal pressure opposite1 on ! int]ior semi-circumf]5ce1 relatively to ! giv5 level is #b7;b - 7 - 7a - 7 - #d7;b - 7 7a - 7 #h_/c7;a - 74 ,subtract+ ?is sum f ! prec$+1 !re rema9s ! sum ( ! mom5ta act+ on ! zone ( ! half-:eel f ! ext]ior to ! int]ior #b;b a - #d;b a #h_/c;a - #b7;b - 7 7a - 7 #d7;b - 7 7a - 7 - #h_/c7;a - 7 - #b;b - #d;b a #d;a - #b;a #b_/c #b 7b7b - a7 - b a #b;a - a #a_/c7 #b 77b - a77b - a7 a - a #a_/c7 ,!n divid+ ?is sum ( ! mom5ta by ! sum ( ! pressure !re w be #b777;b - a77b - a7 a - a #a_/c7_/7b7;b - a777 b p 7a7a - a #a_/c7_/7;b - a77 ! di/ance ( ! c5t] ( ! pressure f ! level ( ! fluid1 t is1 to ! di/ance ( ! result ( all ! pressure f t level4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! c5t] ( pressure falls "u ! c5t] ( ! :eel1 ,c1 to ! di/ance 7a - a #a_/c7_/7;b - a7 4 ,:5ce multiply+ ?is di/ance by ! result ( ! pressure1 or by #b7;b - a71 we obta9 #b7;a - a #a_/c7 to express ! mom5tum ( ! horizontal pressure ( ! wat]1 direct$ to make ! :eel turn f ,l to ,o4 ,n[ ! mom5tum ) :i* ! v]tical impulse ( ! fluid t5ds to make ! semicircle ,f ,c ,o ,l turn f ,o to ,l 7suppos+ ! :eel n ) a simple zone1 b ) a circul> plane7 is #b_/c;a4 ,likewise ! mom5tum ( ! impulse ( ! fluid to cause ! int]nal semicircle ,v ,c ,i ,g f ,o to ,l is - #b_/c7;a - 74 ,!n tak+ ?is second mom5tum f ! fir/1 ! mom5tum ( ! zone f ! fluid ,v ,g ,i ,o ,l ,f to give ! :eel an impulse f ,o to ,l w be #b_/c7;a - 7a - 77 #b7;a - a #a_/c7 :i* is precisely ! mom5tum ) :i* ! horizontal pressure ( ! fluid to impress on ! :eel an impulse 9 ! opposite direction1 t is to say f ,l to ,o4 ,consequ5tly f ! pressure ( ! fluid ! :eel _c h any motion ar\nd its c5t]4 ,! weight ( ! :eel itself1 by :i* ! half-zone imm]s$ 9 ! wat] t5ds to make ! :eel turn f ,l to ,o1 & ! half :i* is out ( ! wat]1 to make x turn 9 ! rev]se direction1 su* a weight1 ,i say1 _c induce any motion ( rotation1 & bo? halves rema9 9 equilibrium ar\nd ! c5t] ,c4 ,article by ,william ,ni*olson ,william ,ni*olson 0 born 9 ,london 9 #agec2 di$ 9 #ahae4 ,he 0 a sci5ti/ ( note1 & a writ] ( sci5tific subjects4 ,9 #agig he e/abli%$ 9 ,london & cont9u$ publi%+ until #ahad1 a p]iodical entitl$ ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,philosophy1 ,*emi/ry & ! ,arts1 kn[n1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w z ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal4 ,a ,p]petual ,motion device ( ,dr4 ,conradus ,s*wi]s1 9 #agij1 & ! ,ri*>d ,v>ley device1 9 #agig1 describ$ at page #acb et seq41 ante1 _h attract$ a great deal ( att5tion1 & 7 ! occasion ( mu* discussion4 ,a consequ5t increas$ int]e/ 9 ! subject ( self-mov+ me*anism 0 ?us creat$4 ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 ^: sci5tific atta9m5ts 7 recogniz$ by all1 0 ask$ to publi% an article on ! subject4 ,8 article appe>$ 9 8 publication1 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 & is z foll[s3 ,on ! ,me*anical ,projects = ,af=d+ a ,p]petual ,motion ,9 consequ5ce ( ! notice tak5 ( ,mr4 ,v>ley's attempt to produce a p]petual motion1 ,i h be5 reque/$ by sev]al correspond5ts to /ate h[ f> ! me*anical s*eme = :i* ,dr4 ,conrad ,s*wi]s took out a pat5t 9 ! ye> #agij1 = ! same object may be wor?y ( att5tion4 ,i h1 on t occasion1 m5tion$ ! difficulties :i* h prev5t$ any cle> g5]al demon/ration ( ! absurdity ( ?is pursuit f be+ produc$1 ?\gh x has n be5 difficult to %[ ! fallacy ( ! individual plans4 ,x does n1 inde$1 seem easy to enunciate ! s*eme itself4 ,:at 9 univ]sal t]ms is ! ?+ propos$ to be done8 ,is x to cause a body to act 9 su* a mann] t ! reaction %all be great] ?an ! action itself1 & by t means g5]ate =ce by ! accumulation ( ! surplus8 ,or1 c ! motion communicat$ be great] ?an t lo/ by ! ag5t8 ,s9ce ^! positions are evid5tly contr>y to ! physical axioms call$ ! laws ( nature1 & frictions & resi/ances w\ld spe$ily de/roy all motions ( simple uni=mity1 x may be presum$ t 's ,graves&e1 :o ?\ght t all ! demon/rations ( ! absurdity ( s*emes = p]petual motion conta9$ p>alogism1 w\ld h /at$ ! proposition "u diff]5t t]ms4 ,b )\t ent]+ ^u ?is app>5tly unpr(itable disquisition1 x may be useful1 z well z ent]ta9+1 to make a few obs]vations on ! me*anical contrivances :i* dep5d on a mi/ak5 d$uction f ! g5]al !orem respect+ ! balance1 among :i* t ( ,dr4 ,s*wi]s mu/ be class$4 ,!re is no d\bt b num]\s arrangem5ts h be5 made1 & /ill are labor$ at by v>i\s individuals1 to produce a ma*9e :i* %all possess ! p[] ( mov+ itself p]petually1 not)/&+ ! inevitable loss by friction & resi/ance ( ! air4 ,little1 h[ev]1 ( ^! abortive ex]tions has be5 ent]$ ^u record4 ,! plans ( ,bi%op ,wilk9s1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 & ,m4 ,orffyreus1 are all :i* at ?is "t occur to my recollection4 ,illu/ration ,!re is no d\bt b ! celebrat$ ,wilk9s 0 a man ( le>n+ & ability4 ,8 essay t[>ds a real "* & a philosophical language is suffici5t to r5d] 8 "n immortal4 ,tw5ty ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( t "w he publi%$ 8 ,ma!matical ,magic1 namely1 9 ! ye> #afdh1 conta9+ #bie pages1 small octavo1 :i*1 f ! numb] ( copies /ill 9 be+1 ,i suppose to h be5 a v popul> treatise4 ,x is 9 ?is "w t ,i f9d1 among o!r contrivances = ! same purpose1 a :eel c>ry+ sixte5 load$ arms1 simil> to t del9eat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 plate #ae1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 ,i h drawn b six4 ,ea* lev]1 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f1 is movable ?r\gh an angle ( #de degrees1 by a jo9t ne> ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 & ! inn] end or tail ( ea* is conf9$ by two /uds or p9s1 s t x mu/ ei!r lie 9 ! direction ( a radius1 or else 9 ! requir$ position ( obliquity4 ,if ! :eel be n[ suppos$ to move 9 ! direction ,e ,f1 x is evid5t t ! lev]s ,a ,b ,c ,d1 by hang+ 9 ! oblique position aga9/ ! antec$5t p9s1 w describe a less circle 9 _! asc5t ?an :51 on ! o!r side1 !y come to desc5d 9 ! positions ,e ,f4 ,h5ce1 x 0 expect$ t ! desc5d+ weights1 hav+ ! advantage ( a long] lev]1 w\ld always pr$om9ate4 ,dr4 ,wilk9s1 by ref]r+ ! weights to an horizontal diamet]1 has %[n t 9 8 ma*9e !y w n4 ,a popul> notion ( ?is result may also be ga!r$ f ! figure1 :]e !re are ?ree weights on ! asc5d+ & only two on ! desc5d+ side2 ! obliquity ( position giv+ an advantage 9 po9t ( numb]1 equal to :at ! o!r side may possess 9 int5sity4 ,or1 if ?is contrivance 7 to be /rictly exam9$1 on ! supposition t ! lev]s & weights 7 indef9itely num]\s1 ! "q w\ld be det]m9$ by %[+ t ! circul> arcs ,a ,k1 ,h ,i1 are 9 equilibrio ) ! arcs ,a ,g1 ,g ,l4 ,! simple/ me?od ( exam9+ any s*eme ( ?is k9d ) weights1 consi/s 9 inquir+ :e!r ! p]p5dicul> asc5ts & desc5ts w\ld be p]=m$ ) equal masses 9 equal times4 ,if s1 !re w be no prepond]ance1 &1 consequ5tly1 no motion4 ,?is is cle>ly ! case ) ! contrivance be=e u4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 :o w ev] be rememb]$ z ! inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e1 has describ$ a p]petual motion 9 ! fifty-six? numb] ( 8 ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #afee1 & s9ce repr9t$ 9 #agfg by ! ,f\lis's at ,glasg[4 ,8 words 7 z foll[s3 ,to provide & make1 t all ! weights ( ! desc5d+ side ( a :eel %all be p]petually fur!r f ! c5t] ?an ^? ( ! m\nt+ side1 & yet equal 9 numb] & heft to ! "o side z ! o!r4 ,a mo/ incr$ible ?+ if n se51 b tri$ be=e ! late ,k+ 7( bless$ memory7 9 ! ,t[] by my directions1 two extraord9>y ambassadors accompany+ 8 ,maje/y1 & ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond & ,duke ,hamilton1 ) mo/ ( ! ,c\rt att5d+ him4 ,! :eel 0 f\rte5 feet ov]1 & =ty weights ( fifty p\nds apiece4 ,sir ,william ,balf\r1 !n ,lieut5ant ( ! ,t[]1 c ju/ify x ) sev]al o!rs4 ,!y all saw t no soon] ^! great weights pass$ ! diamet] l9e ( ! l[] side1 b !y hung a foot fur!r f ! c5t]2 nor no soon] pass$ ! diamet] l9e ( ! upp] side1 b !y hung a foot ne>]4 ,be pleas$ to judge ! consequ5ce4 ,illu/ration ,desaguli]s1 9 8 ,c\rse ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ahe1 has quot$ ?is passage1 & giv5 a sket* ( a pret5d$ self-mov+ :eel1 simil> to ,fig4 #e1 plate #ae1 z resembl+ ! contrivance m5tion$ by ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]4 ,! description ( ?is la/ eng9e] agrees1 h[ev]1 some:at bett] ) ! contrivance ,fig4 #d4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be a mi/ake 9 t]ms1 :5 he says ! weight rec$$ f ! c5t] at ! l[] diamet] & approa*$ t[>ds x at ! upp]3 ! contr>y be+1 9 fact1 necess>y to af=d any hope ( success2 & accord+ly 9 ! quotation x is s /at$4 ,i am1 !re=e1 dispos$ to ?9k t ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! :eel ( ,orffyreus at ,hesse ,cassel1 mu* talk$ ( ab\t ! ye> #agbj1 & :i* probably 0 made to revolve1 dur+ ! "t ( exhibition1 by "s conceal$ app>atus4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( cells or p>titions1 di/+ui%$ by ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 :i* are made betwe5 ! int]ior & ext]ior surfaces ( two conc5tric cyl9d]s4 ,! p>titions be+ plac$ obliquely ) respect to ! radius1 a cyl9drical or sph]ical weight plac$ on ea*1 x is se5 f ! figure1 t ^! weights w lie aga9/ ! inn] surface ( ! l>g] cyl9d] :5ev] ! out] end ( ! bottom p>tition ( any cell is l[e/2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :5 t extremity is highe/1 ! weight w re/ on ! surface ( ! int]ior cyl9d]4 ,let ! :eel be made to revolve 9 ! direction ,a ,b ,c2 ! weights 9 ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i be+ close to ! ext]nal circle1 & ! weights ,k ,l ,m ,a ,b close to ! inn]1 = ! reasons la/ m5tion$4 ,z ! cell ,b desc5ds1 its weight w likewise run out1 at ! same "t t ! weight 9 ! cell ,i w run 9 9 consequ5ce ( its p>tition be+ elevat$4 ,by ! cont9uation ( ?is process1 s9ce all ! weights on ! desc5d+ side pass d[n at a great] di/ance f ! c5t]1 :ile ^? ( ! asc5d+ side rise = a consid]able "p ( _! asc5t at a less di/ance f ! same po9t1 x is conclud$ t ! :eel w cont9ue to ma9ta9 its motion4 ,on ?is1 h[ev]1 x is to be rem>k$ t ! p]p5dicul> asc5t & desc5t are alike1 bo? 9 measure & 9 "t ( p]=mance2 & t ! famili> exam9ation1 ev5 to ^? :o "k little ( su* subjects1 is suffici5t to %[ t ! prepond]ance is n q s palpable z at fir/ x appe>s4 ,= ! weights ,g & ,f1 ,h & ,e1 ,i & ,d are evid5tly 9 equilibrio1 because at ! same horizontal di/ance f ! c5t]2 & if ! favorable supposition t ! weight ,b has already run out be admitt$1 x w !n rema9 a "q :e!r ^! two ext]ior weights1 ,b & ,c1 c prepond]ate ov] ! f\r inn] weights1 ,k ,l ,m ,a4 ,! m accurate exam9ation ( ?is p>ticul> contrivance w lead to ! foll[+ !orem3 ,9 two conc5tric circles1 if tang5ts be drawn at ! extreme po9ts ( a diamet] ( ! small]1 & cont9u$ till !y int]sect ! l>g]1 ! common c5t] ( gravity ( ! arc ( ! great] circle includ$ betwe5 ! tang5ts & ( ! half p]iph]y ( ! small] circle on ! opposite side ( ! diamet]1 w be ! common c5t] ( ! circles4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! balls 7 indef9itely num]\s & small1 ! suppos$ effective p>ts ( ! :eel 7,fig4 #e7 w\ld be 9 equilibrio1 z well z ! p>ts b5ea? ! horizontal tang5t ( ! inn] circle4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts ! contrivance ( ,dr4 ,s*wi]s1 :i*1 9 a p]iodical publication1 9 o!r p>ticul>s respectable1 has be5 said to cont9ue 9 motion = weeks & ev5 mon?s toge!r4 ,!re is n ! smalle/ probability t x %\ld cont9ue 9 motion = half a m9ute1 or ne>ly z long z a simple :eel w\ld reta9 "p ( its fir/ impulse4 ,! ext]nal circle d5otes a :eel c>ry+ a numb] ( buckets1 ,a ,b ,i ,l1 etc4 ,c repres5ts a too!d :eel1 on ! same axis :i* drives a p9ion ,d2 & ?is la/ drives ano!r p9ion ,e ^u ! axis ( a lan?orn1 or :eel int5d$ to "w a *a9-pump ) ! same numb] ( buckets z 9 ! l>g] :eel ,a ,b ,i4 ,! lan?orn ,g is made ( su* a size z to receive ! buckets a b i l ) a due velocity4 ,k repres5ts a gutt] ?r\gh :i* a metallic ball1 conta9$ 9 ! bucket m1 may run & lodge itself 9 ! bucket ,a ( ! :eel4 ,ea* ( ! buckets ( ! :eel1 ,b ,i ,l ,m1 :i* are bel[ ! gutt]1 is suppli$ ) a metallic ball1 & s likewise are ! asc5d+ buckets1 a b i l m1 ( ! *a9-pump4 ,z ! pump supplies ! :eel1 x is aga9 suppli$ at ,m1 :]e ! balls fall into its asc5d+ buckets4 ,n[1 x is presum$ t ! balls 9 ! :eel ,i suppose on acc\nt ( _! di/ance f ! c5t] ( motion1 w desc5d ) m ?an suffici5t =ce to raise ^? on ! *a91 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! motion w be p]petual4 ,! deception 9 ?is contrivance has mu* less s$uction ?an 9 ! two =ego+1 because x is m easily ref]r$ to ! simple lev]4 ,?is1 l ! o!rs1 exhibits no prospect ( success1 :5 tri$ by ! simple consid]ation ( ! quality ( ! asc5t & desc5t 9 ! :ole "t ( ! rotation ( a s+le ball4 ,x may also be %[n f ! pr9ciples ( :eel-"w1 :i* are famili> to artisans1 t :atev] is ga9$ by ! excess ( ! diamet] ( ! great :eel beyond t ( ! :eel ,c1 is aga9 lo/ by ! excess ( ! lan?orn ,a beyond ! p9ion ,e4 ,illu/ration ,! fundam5tal proposition ( ! simple lev] or balance1 t equal bodies at an equal di/ance f ! fulcrum w equipond]ate1 b t at unequal di/ances ! mo/ remote w desc5d1 has1 9 ^! & numb]less o!r in/ances1 l$ me*anical workm5 & speculators to pursue ?is fruitless inquiry ) labor & exp5se (t5 ill-af=d$1 & ) a degree ( anxiety & infatuation :i* c h>dly be conceiv$ by ^? :o h nev] suff]$ ! pa9 ( hope long def]r$4 ,= ?is reason *iefly1 x has appe>$ desirable & useful to treat ! subject 9 a famili> way )\t desc5d+ to ^? expressions ( contempt1 :i* ignorance1 h>mless to all b itself1 is surely n entitl$ to4 ,if su* reason]s 7 well conv9c$ t ! p[] ( a ma*9e is to be e/imat$ by ! excess ( motion ref]r$ to ! p]p5dicul>1 )\t any reg>d to ! app>5t c5t] ( ! ma*9e1 & t 9 ma*9es v little comp\nd$ x is possible to produce effects directly contr>y to ! rule :i* is true ( ! simple lev]1 !y w\ld probably r5\nce _m flatt]+ projects1 gr\nd$ only on ! supposition ( its univ]sality4 ,desaguli]s contriv$ an app>atus 9 :i* two equal weights may be plac$ at any di/ance :atev] f ! c5t] ( motion1 & /ill cont9ue 9 equilibrio4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts ?is in/rum5t4 ,a ,d d5otes a balance ) equal arms1 & ,e ,f ano!r ( ! same dim5sions4 ,^! move on ! c5t]s ,b & ,c1 & are connect$ by ! inflexible rods ,a ,e & ,d ,f2 ! motion be+ left free by means ( jo9ts at ! corn]s4 ,across ! rods ,a ,d1 ,e ,f1 are fix$ two b>s1 ,i ,k1 ,l ,m4 ,n[1 x is unnecess>y to %[ t ! weight ,g w describe exactly ! same l9e or circul> arc1 :5 ! lev]s are mov$ into ! position a d f e1 or any o!r position1 z x w\ld h describ$ 9 case x _h be5 susp5d$ at ,a1 or ,k1 or ,e2 & t x is ( no consequ5ce 9 ?is respect at :at "p ( ! l9e ,a ,e or ,i ,k x be fix$4 ,! same obs]vations are true ( ! weight ,h on ! o!r side4 ,& accord+ly x is f\nd t ^! equal weights may be susp5d$ any:]e on ! l9es ,i ,k & ,l ,m )\t alt]+ _! equilibrium4 ,illu/ration ,by ?is contrivance x is mo/ evid5tly prov$ to ^? :o are totally unacqua9t$ ) ! !ory1 t weights d n prepond]ate 9 comp\nd eng9es on acc\nt ( _! di/ance f ! c5t]4 ,sev]al contrivances may be made to ! same effect4 ,! foll[+ comb9ation ( :eel-"w pres5t$ itself to me z "o :i* w\ld mo/ probably be mi/ak5 = a p]petual motion4 7,fig4 #b1 plate #ae47 ,! five circles repres5t ! same numb] ( :eels ( equal diamet] & numb] ( tee?1 act+ toge!r4 ,! middle :eel ,a is fix$ betwe5 two upright pill>s1 s t x _c revolve4 ,! o!r f\r :eels are p9n$ 9 a frame ,h ,i1 9 :i* !y c revolve1 & ?r\gh :i* ! axis ( ,a likewise passes4 ,f ! extremity ( ! axis ( ,d1 & also ( d1 proce$ ! horizontal lev]s ,h ,k & ,i ,l1 :i* are equal1 & po9t 9 ! same direction p>allel to ! plane ( ! :eels4 ,at ! extremity ( ^! arms hang ! equal weights ,p & p4 ,let x n[ be imag9$ t ! end ,i ( ! frame is depress$1 ! :eel ,b w turn r\nd by ! reaction ( ! fix$ :eel ,a 9 ! same direction z ,h ,i1 & x w make "o revolution 9 ! same "t relative to ! frame1 or two ) reg>d to absolute space1 by reason ( its be+ c>ri$ r\nd4 ,! action ( ,b ^u ,d w produce a rotation relative to ! frame 9 ! opposite direction dur+ ! same "t4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( two revolutions l ! :eel ,b1 ?is :eel ,d1 ) reg>d to absolute space1 w n revolve at all1 & 9 e position ( ! app>atus ! arm ,i ,l w cont9ue horizontal1 & po9t ! same way4 ,= simil> reasons ! arm ,h ,k w reta9 its position4 ,consequ5tly1 x is se5 t ! desc5d+ weight w move at a great horizontal di/ance f ! c5t] ,n1 :ile ! asc5d+ weight rises v ne> t c5t]4 ,b !re w1 n on ?is acc\nt1 be a p]petual motion3 = ! action ( ! lev]s ,h ,k & ,i ,l ^u ! frame ,h ,i1 by means ( ! too!d :eels1 w1 9 ! detail1 be f\nd precisely alike1 & 9 ! g5]al consid]ation ( ! motions ( ,p & p1 ! opposite motions 9 ! circle ,e ,f ,g w be accurately ! same4 ,illu/ration ,x has always be5 consid]$ z ess5tial to a p]petual motion t x %\ld be d]iv$ f "s en]gy :i* is n suppos$ to v>y 9 its int5sity4 ,su* are ! in]tia1 ! gravity or magnetism ( bodies4 ,= an occasional or p]iodical v>iation ( int5sity 9 any =ce is evid5tly productive ( motion1 :i* requires only to be accumulat$ or appli$1 & ! app>atus = apply+ x _c be consid]$ z a ma*9e = p]petual motion4 ,nei!r 9 /rictness c any ma*9e ^: motion is d]iv$ f ! rotation ( ! e>?1 & ! consequ5t *ange ( seasons & rotation ( ev5ts1 be s consid]$1 because x does n g5]ate1 b only communicates4 ,! p]petual fl[ ( riv]s2 ! vicissitudes ( ! tides2 ! con/ant1 p]iodical & v>iable w9ds2 ! expansions & contractions ( air1 m]cury1 or o!r fluids1 by daily or o!r *anges ( temp]ature2 ! diff]5ces ( expansions 9 metals1 by ! same *ange2 ! rise & fall ( ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet]2 ! hygrometric *anges 9 ! rema9s ( organiz$ be+s1 & e o!r mutation :i* cont9ually happ5s ar\nd u1 may be appli$ to give motion to mills1 clocks1 & o!r eng9es1 :i* may be contriv$ to endure z long z ! app>atus reta9s its figure4 ,mr4 ,ni*olson's article1 publi%$ above1 %[s1 if no?+ else _h ev] %[n1 ! fact t he 0 end[$ ) a real sci5tific m9d4 ,x also %[s :at is /ill mo/ int]e/+--t 8 m9d anticipat$ & t he _h a subconsci\s conception ( ! pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,9 #ahbd & #ahbe !re 0 publi%$ 9 ,london a me*anical j\rnal call$ ,! ,artisan2 or ,me*anic's ,in/ructor4 ,9 "o ( ! issues ! foll[+ occurr$ on ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion3 ,p]petual motion is a motion :i* is suppli$ & r5ew$ f itself )\t ! int]v5tion ( any ext]nal cause3 to f9d a p]petual motion1 or to con/ruct a ma*9e :i* %all h su* a motion1 is a subject :i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( ma!maticians = m ?an #b1jjj ye>s2 ?\gh none p]haps h prosecut$ x ) s mu* zeal & hopes ( ultimate success z "s ( ! speculative philosoph]s ( ! pres5t age4 ,inf9ite are ! s*emes1 designs1 plans1 eng9es1 :eels1 etc41 to :i* ?is long$-= p]petual motion has giv5 bir?2 & x w\ld n only be endless b ridicul\s to attempt to give a detail ( !m all1 especially z none ( !m des]ve p>ticul> m5tion1 s9ce !y h all equally prov$ abortive2 & x w\ld r p>take ( ! nature ( an affront ?an a complim5t1 to di/+ui% ! pret5d]s ( ?is discov]y1 z ! v attempt+ ( ! ?+ conveys a v unfavorable idea ( ! m5tal p[]s ( ! op]ator4 ,= among all ! laws ( matt] & motion1 we "k ( none :i* seems to af=d any pr9ciple or f\ndation = su* an effect4 ,action & reaction are all[$ to be ev] equal2 & a body :i* gives any quantity ( motion to ano!r1 always loses j s mu* ( its own2 b1 "u ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & ! friction ( ! p>ts ( ma*9es1 necess>ily ret>d e motion4 ,to keep ! motion go+ on1 !re=e1 !re mu/ ei!r be a supply f "s =eign cause1 :i*1 9 a p]petual motion1 is exclud$4 ,or1 all resi/ance f ! friction ( ! p>ts ( matt] mu/ be remov$2 :i* necess>ily implies a *ange 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,= by ! second law ( motion ! *anges made 9 ! motions ( bodies are always proportional to ! impress$ mov+ =ce1 & are produc$ 9 ! same direction ) x2 no motion1 !n1 c be communicat$ to any eng9e1 great] ?an t ( ! fir/ =ce impress$4 ,b1 on our e>?1 all motion is p]=m$ 9 a resi/+ fluid1 namely1 ! atmosph]e1 & mu/1 !re=e1 ( necessity1 be ret>d$2 consequ5tly1 a consid]able quantity ( its motion w be sp5t on ! m$ium4 ,nor is !re any eng9e or ma*9e :]e9 all friction c be avoid$2 !re be+ 9 nature no su* ?+ z exact smoo?ness or p]fect congruity2 ! mann] ( ! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( bodies1 ! small proportion :i* ! solid matt] be>s to ! vacuities betwe5 !m1 & ! nature ( ^? con/itu5t p>ticles n admitt+ x4 ,friction1 !re=e1 w also1 9 "t1 s5sibly dim9i% ! impress$ or communicat$ =ce2 s t a p]petual motion c nev] foll[1 unless ! communicat$ =ce be s mu* great] ?an ! g5]at+ =ce z to supply ! dim9ution occasion$ by all ^! causes2 b ! g5]at+ =ce _c communicate a great] degree ( motion ?an x _h itself4 ,!re=e1 ! :ole affair ( f9d+ a p]petual motion comes to ?is1 viz41 to make a weight heavi] ?an itself1 or an ela/ic =ce great] ?an itself2 or1 !re mu/ be "s me?od ( ga9+ a =ce equival5t to :at is lo/ by ! artful disposition & comb9ation ( ! me*anical p[]s3 to ?is la/ po9t !n1 all endeavors are to be direct$2 b h[1 or by :at means su* a =ce c be ga9$1 is /ill a my/]y6 ,! multiplication ( p[]s or =ces avails no?+2 = :at is ga9$ 9 p[] is lo/ 9 "t2 s t ! quantity ( motion /ill rema9s ! same4 ,! :ole sci5ce ( me*anics _c really make a little p[] equal or sup]ior to a l>g]2 & :]ev] a less p[] is f\nd 9 equilibrio ) a great]--z1 = example1 tw5ty-five p\nds ) "o hundr$--x is a k9d ( deception ( ! s5se2 = ! equilibrium is n /rictly betwe5 "o hundr$ p\nds & tw5ty-five p\nds mov+ 7or dispos$ to move7 f\r times z fa/ z ! "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,a p[] ( t5 p\nds mov+ ) t5 times ! velocity ( "o hundr$ p\nds w\ld h equall$ ! "o hundr$ 9 ! same mann]2 & ! same may be said ( all ! possible products equal to "o hundr$3 b !re mu/ /ill be "o hundr$ p\nds ( p[] on ea* side1 :atev] way !y may be tak51 :e!r 9 matt] or 9 velocity4 ,?is is an inviolable law ( nature2 by :i* no?+ is left to art1 b ! *oice ( ! sev]al comb9ations t may produce ! same effects4 ,! only int]e/ t we c take 9 ! projects :i* h be5 tri$ = procur+ a p]petual motion mu/ arise f ! opportunity t !y af=d ( obs]v+ ! weakness ( human reason4 ,= a bett] in/ance ( ?is c sc>cely be suppli$ ?an to see a man sp5d+ :ole ye>s 9 ! pursuit ( an object1 :i* a s+le week's application to sob] philosophy w\ld h conv9c$ him 0 unatta9able4 ,b = ! satisfaction ( ^? :o may n be conv9c$ ( ! impossibility ( atta9+ ?is gr& object1 we %all add a few obs]vations on ! subject ( a /ill m practical nature ?an ! above4 ,illu/ration ,! mo/ satisfactory confutation ( ! notion ( ! possibility ( a p]petual motion is d]iv$ f ! consid]ation ( ! prop]ties ( ! c5t] ( gravity2 x is only necess>y to exam9e :e!r x w beg9 to desc5d or asc5d :5 ! ma*9e moves1 or :e!r x w rema9 at re/4 ,if x be s plac$ t x mu/ ei!r rema9 at re/ or asc5d1 x is cle>1 f ! laws ( equilibrium1 t no motion d]iv$ f gravitation c take place2 if x may desc5d1 x mu/ ei!r cont9ue to desc5d =ev] ) a f9ite velocity1 :i* is impossible1 or x mu/ fir/ desc5d & !n asc5d ) a vibratory motion1 & !n ! case w be r$ucible to t ( a p5dulum1 :]e x is obvi\s t no new motion is g5]at$1 & t ! friction & resi/ance ( ! air mu/ soon de/roy ! orig9al motion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common fallacies by :i* ! sup]ficial projectors ( ma*9es = obta9+ a p]petual motion h be5 delud$1 has aris5 f imag9+ t any numb] ( weights asc5d+ by a c]ta9 pa? on "o side ( ! c5t] ( motion1 & desc5d+ on ! o!r at a great] di/ance1 mu/ cause a con/ant prepond]ance on ! side ( ! desc5t2 & = ?is purpose weights h be5 made to slide or roll along grooves or planes1 :i* lead !m to a m remote "p ( ! :eel1 f :5ce !y return z !y asc5d1 z repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ figure3 ,or !y h be5 fix$ on h+es :i* all[ !m to fall ov] at a c]ta9 po9t s z to become m di/ant f ! c5t]2 b x w appe> on ! inspection ( su* a ma*9e t al?\gh "s ( ! weights are m di/ant f ! c5t] ?an o!rs1 yet !re is always a proportionally small] numb] ( !m on t side on :i* !y h ! great] p[]2 s t ^! circum/ances precisely c\nt]balance ea* o!r4 ,we h he>d x propos$ to atta* holl[ arms to a :eel by jo9ts or h+es at ! circumf]5ce1 & to fill ^! arms ) quicksilv] or small balls in/ead ( ! plan repres5t$ by ! above figure2 b ?\gh we h nev] he>d ( x hav+ be5 tri$1 we are p]fectly conv9c$ t x w\ld end z all o!r attempts h done2 t is1 9 a total failure4 ,! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion ,ass]t$ ,! en?usia/ic e>ne/ness ) :i* ! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion 0 =m]ly discuss$ is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! ,holy ,scriptures 7 dragg$ 9 to support argum5ts on ! proposition4 ,! foll[+ is a v]batim copy ( an article publi%$ 9 an ,engli% sci5tific magaz9e 9 #ahbi3 ,notice to ,p]petual ,motion ,seek]s4--,! foll[+ is a lit]al copy ( a communication :i* we h receiv$ "u ?is head4 ,we publi% x = ! b5efit ( all conc]n$3 ,p]petual ,motion ,seek]s6 see ,coloss41 *4 ii41 v4 #h--';,bew>e le/ any man spoil y1 ?r\gh philosophy & va9 deceit1 aft] ! tradition ( m51 aft] ! rudim5ts ( ! _w4' ,ye are mak+ ! words ( ,god ( none effect by y\r traditions 9 publi%+ ^! ?+s to ! _w4 ,h[ c su* toys & baubles z ^! be p]petual8 ,see ,mala*i1 *4 iv41 v4 #a--';,= behold ! day come? t %all burn z an ov52 & all ! pr\d1 yea1 all t d wick$ly1 %all be z /ubble4' ,"h is ! end ( !m4 ,i1 ! und]sign$1 h to in=m ! public1 ! model = mak+ p]petual motion is to be f\nd 9 t too mu* neglect$ book ( models1 ! ,bible4 ,i call$ ^u ! ,"l1 & he %[$ x to me4 ,i said1 ',"l1 %all ,i %[ ?is unto !m8 ,?is 0 ! answ] to me3 ,see ,isaiah1 *4 xli41 v4 #bi--';,behold1 !y are all vanity2 _! works are no?+4' ,i said1 ',"l1 be pleas$ to %[ me "s m ab\t x4' ',br+ =? y\r /rong reasons1 sai? ! ,k+ ( ,jacob4'--,isaiah1 *4 xli41 v4 #ba4 ,?is 0 ! answ]3 ,see ,isaiah1 *4 xli41 v4 #ad--';,fe> n1 ?\ worm ,jacob4 99 99 ,behold1 ,i w make !e a new %>p ?re%+ in/rum5t hav+ tee?2 ?\ %alt ?re% ! m\nta9s1 & beat !m small1 & %all make ! hills z *aff4' ,see also ,j]emiah1 *4 vii41 v4 #i--',! wise m5 are a%am$2 !y are dismay$ & tak51' etc4 ,see also ,j]emiah1 *4 ix41 v4 #ab--',:o is ! wise man t may und]/& ?is8' ,if !re is n a wise & le>n$ man :o c %[ ?is1 !re is a deaf & unle>n$ man t w1 by ! bless+ ( ,god1 set x =? to y4 ,i am t deaf & unle>n$ man1 ,george ,lovatt1 ,/af=d4 ,p4 ,s4--,mr4 ,editor3 ,i h told y :at ,i 0 comm&$ to d4 ,see ,ezekiel1 *4 iii41 v4 #d to ! end4 ,n[1 see ?\ =get x n2 let ^? models :i* come f ! ,^w ( ,god h ! fir/ place4--,jo%ua1 *4 xxiv41 v4 #ae4 ,john ,b]n\lli's ,diss]tation on ,p]petual ,motion ,john ,b]n\lli 0 born 9 #affg1 & di$ 9 #agdh4 ,he belong$ to ! fam\s ,belgian family be>+ ! "n4 ,8 family seems to h be5 peculi>ly prolific 9 m5 ( great g5ius = ma!matics & sci5ce4 ,almo/ any encyclop$ia ) any pret5se = ?or\ghness w m5tion & give ! sket* ( ! life ( f five to n9e memb]s ( ! ,b]n\lli family4 ,john ,b]n\lli possess$ p]haps ! greate/ g5ius ( any be>+ ! "n = pure ma!matics & pure me*anics4 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( su* m5 z ,leibnitz1 ,eul] & ,newton1 a co-labor] ) ! two =m]1 b nev] conc$$ ! m]its ( ,newton4 ,he 0 ( a peculi> disposition1 ( int5se likes & dislikes & among 8 peculi>ities x may be m5tion$ t he h>bor$ an unreasonable hatr$ t[>d a wor?y & des]v+ son4 ,9 #agdb he wrote a "w entitl$ ,diss]tation on ,eff]vesc5ce & ,f]m5tation4 ,to ?is "w he add$ an app5dix entitl$ ,conc]n+ ,artificial ,p]petual ,motion4 ,! app5dix translat$ into ,engli% & z publi%$ by ,dircks1 is z foll[s3 ,sc>cely _h ,i f9i%$ ?is diss]tation1 :51 att5tively consid]+ ! nature ( precipitation & secretion1 briefly expla9$ 9 ! la/ pages1 !re accid5tally occurr$ to me a mode ( con/ruct+1 by means ( "s cont9ually fl[+ liquid1 ! mu*-talk$ ( & long-desir$ ,p]petual ,artificial ,motion2 & ?is z a completion to my "w1 on acc\nt ( ! aff9ity ( ! subject1 ,i n[ propose = ! consid]ation ( ! le>n$4 ,no "o ne$ be told h[ eag]ly = a l5g? ( "t ?is same ,p]petual ,motion has be5 s\ght aft] by ! mo/ celebrat$ m51 h[ ard5tly desir$2 :at inde$ h !y n contriv$8 ,to :at exp5se h !y n gone8 ,h[ _m ma*9es h !y n con/ruct$8 ,b all 9 va94 ,! secret desire ( ?is ,p]petual ,motion /ill p]plexes & torm5ts _m1 & excites _! m9ds to su* a degree t we see ! e>s & m9ds ( le>n$ m5 c>ri$ away by x2 yet _m philosoph]s reject ! idea1 unanim\sly ass]t+ t ,p]petual ,motion _c be communicat$ & _c be inv5t$2 :i* op9ion is nev]!less n ( any weight1 see+ t !y ra%ly judge t no "o %\ld be li/5$ to :o boa/s ( hav+ f\nd out su* a ?+2 & _! reasons 7z ,i confess7 d n suffice to conv9ce me2 = ,i d n hesitate to ass]t n only t ,p]petual ,motion may be discov]$1 b t x has n[ actually be5 discov]$1 z w be confess$ by any "o :o reads ^! l9es2 & :at is ?is labor to _m8 does n ,nature h]self 7:o is nev] said n to op]ate by me*anical laws7 indicate ,p]petual ,motion to be possible8 ,to recall b "o in/ance1 :at is ! con/ant flux & reflux ( ! riv]s & seas b ,p]petual ,motion8 ,does x n all belong to ,me*anics8 ,!re=e1 y mu/ confess t x does n exce$ ! limits ( me*anical laws1 & is n impossible2 :at !n h9d]s t foll[+ ,nature 9 ?is1 we %\ld be able p]fectly to imitate h]8 z inde$ ,i %all s conclude1 by decl>+ to ^! ! possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion & ! mann] ( obta9+ x2 & le/ ?\ come to an adv]se conclusion1 or reg>d x z a ,titanic ent]prise1 ,i pray t ?\ maye/ fir/ well weigh ! ?+1 or1 if x s please !e1 put its tru? to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,fir/ ( all ! foll[+ mu/ be premis$3 #a4 ,if !re are two fluids ( diff]5t d5sity1 ! weights ( :i* respectively are 9 ! ratio ,g to ,l2 ! altitudes ( cyl9d]s ( equal weight1 & hav+ ! same base1 w be 9 ! ratio ,l to ,g4 #b4 ,!re=e1 if ! altitude ,a ,c ( "o fluid conta9$ 9 ! vessel ,a ,d to be ! altitude ,e ,f ( ! o!r fluid conta9$ 9 an op5 tube1 z ,l to ,d2 ! fluids s plac$ w rema9 at re/4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,!re=e1 if ,a ,c to ,e ,f be 9 a great] ratio ?an ,l to ,g1 ! fluid 9 ! tube w asc5d2 or if ! tube be n suffici5tly long1 ! fluid w escape by ! orifice ,e4 7,^! are prov$ by ,hydro/atics47 #d4 ,x is possible to h two fluids ( diff]5t gravity1 :i* are capable ( be+ mix$ "o ) ! o!r4 #e4 ,x is possible to h a filt]1 /ra9] or o!r sep>ator1 by means ( :i* ! light] fluid may be sep>at$ f ! heavi]4 ,con/ruction ,^! be+ pre-suppos$1 ,i con/ruct ,p]petual ,motion 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,let two fluids ( diff]5t gravity & capable ( mix+ toge!r 7:i* is possible by ,hyp4 #d7 be tak5 9 any quantities1 9 equal quantities1 if desir$2 let ! ratios ( _! gravities be fir/ det]m9$1 :i* suppose z ,g to ,l1 ! heavi] to ! light]2 & be+ mix$1 let a vessel1 ,a ,d1 be fill$ to ,a4 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 let a tube be tak51 op5 at bo? ends ,e ,f2 & ( su* a l5g? t ,a ,c 3 ,e ,f #b ,l 3 ,g ,l2 & ! orifice ,f /opp$1 or r fill$ ) a filt] or "s sub/ance sep>at+ ! light] fluid f ! heavi] 7z is possible also by ,hyp4 #e72 :5 ! tube fill$ 9 ?is mann] ) fluid is imm]s$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel ,c ,d2 ,i say t ! fluid w cont9ually asc5d by ! orifice ( ! tube ,f1 & by ! orifice ,e w fall into ! fluid bel[4 ,demon/ration ,because ! orifice ( ! tube ,f is occupi$ by a filt] 7by ,con/r47 :i* sep>ates ! light] fluid f ! heavi]2 x foll[s1 t if ! tube be imm]s$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 ! fluid light] by itself1 :i* is mix$ ) ! heavi] fluid1 mu/ asc5d 9 ! tube1 & z x w asc5d above ! surface ( ! surr\nd+ fluid z ,a ,c 3 ,e ,f #b ,l 3 ,g ,l 3 :i* is 7by ,con/47 ,a ,c 3 ,e ,f #b ,l 3 ,g ,l1 x necess>ily foll[s 7by ,hyp4 #c7 t ! light] liquid1 ?r\gh ! orifice ,e1 w fall 9 ! vessel bel[2 !re x aga9 mixes ) ! heavi] 7by ,hyp4 #d72 & !n1 p5etrat+ ! filt]1 asc5ds aga9 into ! tube1 & escapes by ! upp] orifice4 ,s1 !re=e1 ! fl[ is cont9u$ p]petually4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,coroll>y ,h5ce a reason may easily be giv51 :y wat] f ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 asc5d+ into ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 bur/s f !m 9 ! =m ( riv]s & fl[s aga9 into ! ocean2 s does ,nature (f] to u ! spectacle ( p]petual motion4 ,h5ce ,i say1 !y d n well expla9 :o allege t ! wat] asc5ds to ^! heights ?r\gh ! pores ( ! e>?1 z a fluid asc5ds 9 n>r[ tubes above ! surface ( ! fluid surr\nd+2 = if su* 7 ! explanation ( ! ?+1 !y w\ld nev] be able to demon/rate x2 = ! wat] s rais$ to a height f ! bosom ( ! e>?1 falls aga91 :]eas we see t ! fluid 9 ^! n>r[ tubes1 al?\gh slightly elevat$ above ! surr\nd+ surface1 nev] issues f _! orifices & falls into ! fluid bel[4 ,! foll[+ is !n ! m feasible explanation4 ,x is kn[n t wat] 9 :i* mu* salt is held 9 solution is heavi] ?an fre% wat]2 n[ sea-wat]1 z is suffici5tly evid5t f ! ta/e1 conta9s _m sal9e p>ticles2 consequ5tly x is heavi] ?an spr+ or riv] wat]2 s t x is cr$ible t ! e>? acts l a filt] ?r\gh ! pores ( :i* only fre% wat] c pass1 ! sal9e p>ticles be+ left beh9d1 & ?is increases ! weight ( ! wat]2 ! fre% wat] mu/ asc5d mu* high] on acc\nt ( ! imm5se pr(undity ( ! ocean1 z x is =c$ to ! highe/ peaks ( ! m\nta9s by ! pres5ce ( ! sea-wat]2 & !nce1 n be+ able to asc5d any high]1 x falls 9 riv]s4 ,p4 ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9] ,t an e>ne/ belief 9 ! possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion has n be5 conf9$ entirely to sci5tific tyros & en?usia/ic dream]s1 is suffici5tly atte/$ by ! fact t a respectable numb] ( em95t sci5ti/s1 _m ( :om _h done great s]vice 9 _! sci5tific labors1 h believ$ 9 su* possibility4 ,among ^! is to be m5tion$ ,p4 ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]1 a ,g]man1 born #aege1 & di$ #afej4 ,he 0 a me*anic ( note2 9 8 day made valuable additions to :at 0 kn[n ( light & optics1 inv5t$ ! ,pantagraph1 discov]$ sol> spots1 besides b5efit+ mank9d by _m o!r di/+ui%$ fruits ( 8 g5ius4 ,! subject ( ,p]petual ,motion claim$ "s ( 8 att5tion4 ,he wrote 9 def5se ( its possibility4 ,! sub/ance ( :at he said1 translat$ into ,engli%1 is z foll[s3 ,let ! c5tre ( ! univ]se !n1 or ( gravity1 be ,a1 & ! gnomon ,a ,b ,c1 ( :i* ! extremity ,a is pi]c$ & trav]s$ by an axis go+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! _w1 s t x may turn & revolve freely & easily ar\nd ! said c5tre2 to ! o!r extremity ( ! gnomon1 ,c1 let a phial full ( wat] be atta*$4 ,! weight ,c w turn ar\nd ! c5tre ,a & w fir/ come to ,d1 !nce to ,e1 !nce to ,f & ,g2 !n x w return to ,c1 hav+ describ$ a complete circle1 ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g2 !n x w aga9 move to ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 etc41 & s p]petually1 s9ce !re is no reason = its /opp+ 9 any po9t ( ! circle r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,illu/ration ,t inde$ ! weight ,c affix$ to ! gnomon w move f ,c to ,d1 is prov$ by daily exp]i5ce1 by :i* x is e/abli%$ t a gnomon s contriv$ & plac$ erect on any flat space1 w n be able to /&1 b ! arm ,b ,c1 ,c prepond]at+1 w move t[>ds ,d4 ,x may 9 ! second place be prov$1 t if1 on ! o!r h&1 ano!r arm ,b ,g be add$ to ! gnomon1 equal 9 weight & simil> to ! o!r1 ! :ole ,g ,b ,c ,a w rema9 motionless 9 equilibrium2 !re=e ! arm ,b ,g be+ tak5 away & equilibrium be+ de/roy$1 ! arm ,b ,c mu/ move 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! above1 f ,s*e9]1 call$ =? ! foll[+ f ,s*ott1 :o 0 also an em95t ma!matician3 ,:e!r !re c\ld be a p]petual artificial motion ar\nd ! c5tre ( ! e>?8 ,illu/ration ,we h treat$ ?is "q 9 our ,hydraulico-pneumatic ,me*anics1 ,"p #b1 ,class #b1 ,ma*9e #ac1 n h[ev] univ]sally1 b only 9 "o p>ticul> case1 t ( ! ,gnomon ( ,s*e9]4 ,= ,p4 ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]1 9 ,ma!matical ,disquisitions1 9 ,numb] ,,xv41 ,coroll>y #d1 ass]ts ,p]petual ,artificial ,motion n to be repugnant to ,nature1 & attempts to prove x 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,let a gnomon ( a c]ta9 weight ,a ,b ,c be susp5d$ ar\nd ,a1 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & b\nd to ! beam ,d ,f1 :i* is support$ by ! columns ,d ,f & ,e ,g & turns at ! pole ,d or ,e2 or let x be fix$ at ! poles1 b ! gnomon revolv+ at ,a4 ,^! be+ ! conditions1 ,i say t ! gnomon ,a ,b ,c w revolve f ,c to ,h & t[>ds ,i1 !nce w return to ,c1 !nce to ,h z be=e1 & s on p]petually4 ,! cause ( ?is cont9ual motion is ! =cible susp5sion2 = ! :ole gnomon prepond]ates 9 ,c on acc\nt ( ! p]p5dicul> tang5t ,b ,a2 :i* effect becomes m m>k$ if a globe ( iron ,s be suppos$ susp5d$ at ,c4 ,z !re=e ! :ole ( ?is mass1 z well f ! supports ( ! balance z f ! mom5t>y diamet]1 hangs susp5d$ at ,c1 & ! v]tex ,a1 on acc\nt ( ! firm beam ,d ,e1 _c fall f ! c5tre ( ! univ]se2 x comes to pass t all po9ts z well ( ! globe ,s1 z ( ! gnomon ,a ,b ,c1 ) a cont9ual motion turn r\nd ,a2 b because1 by ! l9e ,b ,a 9 ! fix$ po9t ,a1 !y are held f fall+ to ! c5tre2 !re=e ! greate/ =ce ( t t5d5cy is ex]t$ 9 ! l9e ,b1 & induces x to incl9ation2 :i* incl9ation on acc\nt ( ! cont9u\s solidity ( ! gnomon _c be at all abat$1 s t ! :ole impetus is ex]t$ ei!r at ! po9t ,a ab\t ! movable beam or at ! movable poles ( ! beam ,d & ,e2 :i* poles be+ free 9 _! sockets ,d & ,e1 ab&on !mselves to ! motion ( ,nature1 & ?us d n 9 any wise h9d] a p]petual circul> motion4 ,:at inde$ is self-evid5t 9 ?is1 reason confirms1 & daily exp]i5ce 9 /atics manife/s4 ,= if a %ort gnomon /& ei!r on ! t]re/rial sup]ficies ,m ,n1 ,o ,p1 or ,q ,r2 x w always fall t[>ds ! "p ,c1 or ,n1 by ! prepond]at+ portion ,m ,k ,c2 :i* is manife/$ 9 daily exp]im5ts4 ,!nce x is evid5t t if ! gnomon 7 entire1 ! =ce :i* x ex]ts at ,n w\ld pass into ! l9e ,b ,a /ill hang+ ov] ! c5tre4 ,& ?is is "o argum5t4 ,! o!r is f ! contr>y4 ,= if an equal & simil> gnomon 7 atta*$ t[>ds ! "p ,d1 !n ! :ole mass hang+ on its c5tre w\ld rema9 9 equilibrium & !re w\ld be no motion2 consequ5tly ! "o half be+ tak5 away1 ! o!r w\ld necess>ily move accord+ to ! laws & exp]i5ce ( /atics4 ,if ! %ort5$ gnomon ,m ,b ,c ,n 7 b\nd only to ! po9t ,m1 ! re/ be+ left free1 x w\ld c]ta9ly revolve1 & 9 ! same case1 ! po9t ,c w\ld describe almo/ a semicircul> arc till1 com+ d[n to a p]p5dicul> position1 x w\ld !re rema94 ,n[ z ! =ce ( ! entire gnomon falls 9 ! v]tex ,a1 !re w\ld be an entire & p]petual revolution ar\nd ,a4 ,mu* m w\ld ?is be ! case if on ! c5tre ,c /ood ei!r ! small curve ,a ,c ,l ,a or ! l>g] "o ,a ,k ,c1 or f9ally ! globe ,s alone1 hang+ f two iron rods ,a ,b & ,b ,c1 or f "o arc1 ,a ,n ,c4 ,f ?is1 !re=e1 x may be demon/rat$ t a p]petual circul> motion is possible4 ,9 #ahbe1 ! foll[+ 0 contribut$ to & publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e4 ,we are unable to give ! "n ( ! contributor1 b he writes 9 enc\ragem5t ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,! gi/ ( 8 article is z foll[s3 ,we c n[1 h[ev]1 so> above ! cl\ds1 explore ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 & skim ov] its surface4 99 99 99 ,& be x rememb]$ t we owe ^! & _m o!r advantages to a few p]sev]+ individuals :o 71 9 all probability1 /igmatiz$ z *im]ical vision>ies by ^? :o seem to h an unconqu]able prop5sity to condemn ev]y?+ above ! level ( _! own und]/&+4 ,if by p]petual motion no?+ m is meant ?an ! putt+ 9 motion "s ( ! mo/ durable sub/ances ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 9 su* a mann] z to ensure a cont9uance ( motion z long z ^? sub/ances w resi/ ! effects ( "t & friction1 ,i d n despair ( see+ x accompli%$4 99 99 99 ,he ?9ks !re is reasonable gr\nd to hope t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ev5 ?is impossibility mu/ yield to p]sev]+ +5uity4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( public op9ion ) reg>d to its practicability1 x w\ld be look$ ^u z an empty boa/1 7 ,i to ass]t t ! discov]y is already made4 ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley 9 #ahbd1 contribut$ an article to ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ass]t+ ! possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,! foll[+ exc]pts give ! sub/ance ( 8 article3 ,i feel no hesitation 9 /&+ up 9 support ( ?is gr& desid]atum1--?is almo/ =sak5 fri5d ( sci5ce1--:e!r ! ?+ be practicable or n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,p]sev]e %\ld be e "o's advice2 to d s1 or discont9ue1 e "o's own pleasure4 ,& :y %\ld ! impossibility ( any?+ be pron\nc$ unless x be e/abli%$ :]e9 ! limits ( possibility consi/8 ,x is pu]ile 9 ! extreme to be =etell+ defeat :5 s _m o!r objects may be ga9$ by ! highly laudable pursuit1 p]haps ( great] advantage to society at l>ge ?an ! discov]y 9 "q4 99 99 99 ,9 a ^w1 7 ! p]petual motion discov]$ tomorr[1 x w\ld be wise ( all ! gov]nm5ts ( ! _w to (f] a v high rew>d = "s species ( discov]y t w\ld be univ]sally s\ght aft]1 al?\gh x might nev] be f\nd out4 99 99 99 ,! effects ( indu/ry are--enl>gem5t ( ! m9d1 accumulation ( k1 & r5d]+ ourselves ignorant ( ! torm5ts :i* idl5ess & dulness always eng5d]4 99 99 99 ,9 ! next place1 !re are no solid gr\nds = ! ass]tion t ! discov]y ( a p]petual motion is an impossibility4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( human k respect+ ! p[]s ( nature1 x is n demon/rable "o way or ano!r4 99 99 99 ,! /udy ( :at relates to ! p]petual motion has ?is great advantage1 t x directs to ! discov]y ( error z well z ( tru?2 :]eas1 :at are !y :i* are call$ tru?s ( sci5ce at pres5t b vacillat+ human op9ions1 or errone\s assumptions ( :at we call natural causes8 ,:at are !y b su* z consi/ 9 m]e assumption1 sanction$ by "t1 & admitt$ by exi/+ au?orities 9 sci5ce1 & ( c\rse g5]ally acquiesc$ 91 )\t previ\s inve/igation8 ,s f>1 !n1 f be+ guid$ 9 our decision respect+ :at is possible by ! un]r+ laws ( nature1 by ma!matical demon/ration1 & by exp]im5tal pro(s1 we are cont9ually misl$ by an errone\s fai? 9 ! non5tity1 attraction4 ,on su* an imp]fect k ( ! causes ( ph5om5a1 :o %\ld say he kn[s :at c or :at _c be discov]$8 ,article ,f ,pamphlete] ,9 ! ,pamphlete]1 publi%$ 9 ,london1 ! foll[+ by a correspond5t ^: "n we _c give 0 publi%$ 9 ,m>* ( #ahbb3 ,a few words induc+ t[>ds ! discov]y ( ,p]petual ,motion1 p]haps ! actual discov]y !re(3 ,london1 ,m>*1 #ahbb4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m ,p]petual ,motion8 ,is x suppos$ t !re is an undiscov]$ sub/ance 9 ! _w1 t w ( itself p]petually move1 ) z little app>5t cause z t :i* actuates ! ne$le 9 becom+ motionless 9 "o p>ticul> position8 ,or1 is x to be f\nd 9 ! comb9$ reaction ( me*anical p[]s8 ,! fir/ idea is /amp$ ) a degree ( probability1 by ! my/]y ( ! ne$le2 yet ,i imag9e ! latt] is reli$ on ) ! great] confid5ce ( mank9d1 & is ! pi? ( ! foll[+ few words3 ,x is well kn[n t ! weight ( a p5dulum w almo/ rega9 ! level f :i* x desc5d$1 los+ a little space at e vibration1 until x becomes motionless2 if ( itself x c\ld exce$ or ev5 rega9 ! level1 d\btless x w\ld become a p]petual motion4 ,to f9d a p[] t w aid ! motion ( ! p5dulum1 & 9 conjunction r5ew its /r5g?1 is :at is want$ to create p]petual motion4 ,:at ,i %all endeavor to expla9 w at lea/ induce t[>ds ! discov]y ( ?is p[]4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! ma*9]y ab\t to be %[n are 9 numb] ?ree3 ,a vibrat+ p5dulum4 ,a revolv+ p5dulum1 & ,a tubul> lev]4 ,a vibrat+ p5dulum 9 motion describes a segm5t ( a circle1 & returns on ! same segm5t1 & at e vibration its describ$ segm5t decreases4 ,a revolv+ p5dulum is compos$ ( two or m p5dulums1 unit$ at _! light] extremities1 !re revolv+ on an axis1 ! heavi] extremities be+ plac$ at equal di/ances 9 ! out] circle3 ?is1 ,i believe1 is :at is t]m$ a fly-:eel :5 affix$ to h&-mills1 etc4 ,! tubul> lev] is ! *ief in/igator ( ! :ole1 & mu/ conta9 a weight apportion$ to ! weights ( ! two p5dulums4 ,fix ! lev] on a cross axis2 ?us1 on an axis )9 a circle1 ! circle on an axis at opposite angles1 !reby is giv5 to ea* extremity ( ! lev] a revolv+ p[] ( motion2 atta* "o extremity ( ! lev] to ! out] circle ( a revolv+ p5dulum1 ! o!r extremity conf9e )9 ! b> ( ! vibrat+ p5dulum2 ?us comb9$1 ! effect to be produc$ :5 put 9 motion w be ?is3 ,! two p5dulums w guide ! motion ( ! lev]1 :i* !n p>takes ( ! p[] ( a p5dulum1 giv+ fre% impulse at e vibration ( ! p5dulum1 & e half revolution ( ! revolv+ p5dulum2 =1 z ea* extremity ( ! lev] rises1 ! weight )9 falls to ! opposite extremity1 & gives fre% impulse to ! :ole3 ?us 7if my idea is correct7 w be produc$ motion p]petual--t is to say1 p]petual s long z ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made w hold toge!r4 ,i h giv5 ?is %ort description m]ely by way ( example1 z ,i believe !re are sev]al ways ( comb9+ ^! ?ree p[]s1 s z to produce p]petual motion1 if my idea on ! subject is correct4 ,! lev] may conta9 m]cury or a solid orb ( heavy sub/ance2 & if ! tube be exhau/$ ( air ! weight w pass m freely1 & c]ta9ly increase ! p[] ( ! lev]4 ,j4 ,wel* ,9 #ahbe ! foll[+ article 0 publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 hav+ be5 contribut$ by ,j4 ,wel*3 ,^? :o condemn ! notion altoge!r seem to h tak5 b a v conf9$ view ( ! subject4 ,:at !y say ab\t m]e matt] is "r en\gh2 b !y seem to =get t !re are o!r active ag5ts 9 nature :i* possess wond]ful p[]s1 t h no?+ to d ) ei!r bulk1 weight1 or =m4 ,su* are electricity1 magnetic attraction1 capill>y attraction1 & ! irregul> pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! p[]s ( electricity are great1 &1 inde$1 x seems to be ! primum mobile t gives life & motion to ! animat$ "p ( ! creation4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 %[s u h[ to give a circul> coat$ plate1 revolv+ on an axle1 suffici5t p[] to roa/ a *ick51 m]ely by once *ang+ 7*>g+87 x4 ,c\ld n a plate ( ?is k9d be made to turn a small electrical app>atus1 s situat$ z to keep ! *>ge 9 ! plate always at its maximum8 ,! :ole might be kept dry by hav+ x enclos$ 9 a glass case4 ,x has (t5 be5 attempt$ to give motion to a :eel by ! p[] ( a load/one1 b hi!rto )\t effect2 no sub/ance 9 nature be+ f\nd to h ! p[]1 by int]position1 ( cutt+ (f its attractive prop]ty4 ,/ill ,i ?9k x %\ld be fur!r inve/igat$4 ,is a small piece ( /eel 9 ! =m ( a w$ge z /rongly attract$ at ! small] end z at ! ?ick]8 ,& w\ld n tw5ty or ?irty pieces ( /eel1 ( t =m1 plac$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 ! po9t ( "o t[>ds ! head ( ! o!r1 cause a magnet plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 to revolve 9 ! direction 9 :i* _! po9ts lie8 ,i ?9k1 p]haps n2 b /ill su* exp]im5ts %\ld be tri$4 ,9 capill>y attraction we h a p[] t at once raises fluids above _! level4 ,x is ?is :i* c>ries ! oil up ! wick ( a lamp z fa/ z ! flame consumes x4 ,wat] & o!r fluids rise ?r\gh cotton ev5 quick] ?an oil2 & he :o c contrive to collect !m z !y arrive at ! top w discov] p]petual motion4 ,w\ld n wat] run con/antly ?r\gh a siphon1 "o leg ( :i* 0 made ( a collection ( capill>y tubes1 & ! o!r 9 ! usual way8 or w\ld ! wat] above & bel[ ! tubes neutralize & de/roy _! p[]8 ,i n[ come to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 a ?+ easily und]/ood4 99 99 99 ,make a ca/-iron b>ometrical tube1 ) a top suffici5tly l>ge to conta9 #b cwt4 ( m]cury2 inv]t x 9 a bas9 l>ge en\gh to conta9 #b or #c cwt4 m1 & let a piece ( iron ( #aj or #ab /ones weight float on ! m]cury 9 ?is bas91 s z to rise & fall along ) x at e *ange ( ! wea!r4 ,we h "h bo? motion & p[]4 ,! motion1 inde$1 w sometimes /& /ill1 b !n x c easily be regulat$1 & made a con/ant quantity 9 ! ma*9e to be atta*$4 ,i h no d\bt b clocks1 etc41 may be made to d]ive _! *im+ pr9ciple f a contrivance ( ?is nature4 ,article ,f ,me*anics' ,magaz9e ,9 #ahca1 ! foll[+ article 0 contribut$ by an unkn[n correspond5t to1 & publi%$ 9 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e3 ,yes2 we %all conqu]6 ,all ^? dang]s pa/ ,w s]ve to enri* ! future /ory4 ,! application to ! subject1 on my "p1 has be5 accompani$ by cont9ual exp]im5tal elucidations ( ! subjects consid]$1 & comp>isons ( ^! ) ! axioms1 !orems1 & demon/rations ( "o ( ! be/ au?orities1 if ,i may be all[$ s to call my favorite au?or1 ,em]son1 ^: ,i says are g5]ally correct4 ,i disagree ) ,mr4 ,b41 & d tru/ t ev5 a p]petual motion seek] might des]ve enc\ragem5t1 if x be f\nd t su* a "* may exi/ 9 a p]son :o is n s ignorant ( fir/ pr9ciples z ,mr4 ,b4 supposes all are :o h ?is bias2 especially if x be f\nd t ! p]son's rese>*es h be5 connect$ ) subjects ( a m tangible nature1 relat+ to ! improvem5t ( ! useful arts1 & p>ticul>ly to "s mod]n inv5tions ( high importance t are n p]fectly correct 9 _! con/ruction4 ,9 ?is article1 ,mr4 ,b4 advises ^? :o are missp5d+ _! "t 9 ?is pursuit1 to consid] ! "q 9 its mo/ simple =m1 dive/$ ( m complicat$ op]ations1 :i* simple =m is t ( a pulley accurately con/ruct$ s z to r$uce ! resi/ance to motion z mu* z possible4 ,he says1 x w be f\nd1 z long z ! weights are equal1 !re w be no motion produc$1 b :]ev] ! weights are plac$ !y w rema92 & to produce v]tical motion 9 ! smalle/ degree1 x w be necess>y to add a weight to "o ( ! =m] to create a prepond]ancy4 ,?is weight he calls ! me*anical loss1 & an insurm\ntable b> to p]petual motion1 etc4 ,we ne$ n foll[ ,mr4 ,b4 to 8 conclusion1 z ,i ?9k ?is insurm\ntable b> c be easily remov$2 & ,i %all be able to %[ t ?is equilibrium1 = su* x m]ely is1 c be de/roy$ )\t add+ to "o ( ! weights1 or absolutely tak+ f ! o!r2 ?\gh ?is may virtually be consid]$ to be ! case1 inasmu* z we c at lea/ produce an effect on ! sy/em z if ! weight 7 r$uc$4 ,mr4 ,b4 says1 "u ?is arrangem5t1 :]ev] ! weights are plac$ !y w rema91 unless an addition is made to "o ( !m4 ,we w !re=e suppose ! foll[+ diagram to repres5t ! arrangem5t on a small scale1 delicately con/ruct$4 ,illu/ration ,a ,b are ! two weights connect$ to ea* o!r by ! /r+ pass+ ov] ! pulley1 & be+ nicely equaliz$ 9 _! weight1 "h w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be an equilibrium on ! pr9ciple ( ! lev]4 ,b take a flat piece ( wood1 su* z a rul]1 & place x obliquely 9 a way s z n to int]f]e ) ! pulley m 9 ! direction d1 & !n br+ ! weight to imp+e ^u x 9 a way s z n to move ! weight ,a m1 ,c d1 ! lea/1 or alt] its position4 ,:at w be ! consequ5ce8 ,"s w\ld say1 :y1 ! weight ,a w\ld !n desc5d1 & cause ! weight ,b to asc5d4 ,b ,i %\ld r say1 ! reaction ( ! plane :5 act$ on by ! weight ,b1 hav+ de/roy$ ! equilibrium ( ! =ces1 motion takes place4 ,n[1 if we attribute ?is motion to ! reaction ( ! plane on ! weight1 ?\gh we w n g s f> z to say motion is g5]at$1 yet if we say1 by ?is simple arrangem5t ! equilibrium is de/roy$ & motion takes place1 ! lea/ we c admit is1 t motion is communicat$ to ! sy/em1 & t by ! ag5cy ( "p ( ! ma*9e itself1 ! app>atus employ$ be+ consid]$ z su*4 ,!n1 :y s mu* objection to ! t]m self-mov+ ma*9e 9 limit$ s5se8 ,b ,i w n dispute ab\t words1 :i* are b ! images ( ?+s1 & images may be /rangely di/ort$ by ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y are receiv$--( :i* di/ort+ m$iums1 !re is none equal to t ( prejudice 9 favor ( ab/ract notions--:i* notions p]haps1 if rigidly exam9$1 w\ld be f\nd to h no f\ndation 9 facts or 9 common s5se4 ,ano!r demon/rator ( ! impossibility ( p]petual motion1 is ,mr4 ,mack9non 7see ,me*anical ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 #a1 ,page #cfc74 ,z no d\bt ! diff]5t attempts to produce1 or communicate1 cont9u$ & p]petual motion1 at lea/1 su* z are (t5 br\ght =w>d by p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( me*anics1 are g5]ally to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) t sci5ce1 if n absolutely ridicul\s1 yet ( a nature to excite a smile at _! futility3 /ill !re are a few 7p]haps a v few7 :o ent]ta9 an op9ion t su* a ?+ is n impracticable1 & :o h1 f practical exp]i5ce z well z /udy1 acquir$ a tol]able insight into ! laws ( nature 7s f> z relate to ?is subject72 :o 9 _! turn _c help smil+ at ! weak reason+ ( "s o!r w\ld-be philosoph]s1 :o gravely give _! dictum 9 ! case4 ,9 ?is class ,i include ,mr4 ,mack9non1 :o v gravely goes to "w to prove1 etc41 & flatt]s himself he %all1 if rightly und]/ood1 help to prev5t mu* future wa/e ( "t on ! subject4 ,he !n goes on to give u 8 def9ition ( in]tia1 by :i* he in=ms u t a body 9 a /ate ( re/ w rema9 s until x is mov$ 7wond]ful67--t x _c move itself--t x has n t p[]--& t no me*anical contrivance c give x t p[]4 7,h[ pr(\nd67 ,,summ>iz$ ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,introduction #c ,cont5ts #e-f ,preface #g-aj ,introductory ,essay #aa-ba ,,*apt] ,i--,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,:eels ,,& ,,weights-- ,wil>s ,de ,honecort2 ,a ,repetition ( ,wil>s ,honecort's plan2 ,leon>do da ,v9ci2 ,a4 ,capra's ,device2 ,! ,device ( ,dixon ,vallance2 ,furman's ,device2 ,s*irrmei/]'s ,me*anical ,movem5t2 ,james ,f]guson's ,device2 ,b4 ,belidor's ,device2 ,desaguli]'s ,proposition on ! ,balance2 ,john ,haywood's ,device2 ,explanation ( ! ,failure ( ,:eels & ,weights ,devices to ,accompli% ,p]petual ,motion #bb-fg ,,*apt] ,,ii--,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,roll+ ,,weights ,,& ,,incl9$ ,,planes-- ,device by ,m]cury 9 ,incl9$ ,glass ,tube & ,heavy ,ball on ,incl9$ ,plane2 ,s]ies ( ,incl9$ ,planes2 ,devices by ,oscillat+ ,tr\gh & ,cannon ,balls2 ,unpubli%$ ,incl9$ ,plane & ,weights ,devices ,not$ by ! ,au?or #fh-ge ,,*apt] ,,iii--,,hydraulic ,,& ,,hydro-,,me*anical ,,devices-- ,enbon & ,&]son's ,pump2 ,device ( ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis2 ,bckl]'s ,plates2 ,john ,l9ley's ,hydraulic ,device2 ,device ( ,au?or ( ! ,voice ( ,reason2 ,an ,italian ,device2 ,p4 ,val5t9e ,/ansel's ,device2 ,vogel's ,device2 ,a ,wat] ,:eel-,driv5 ,pump2 ,a ,j\rneyman ,me*anic's ,device2 ,james ,black's ,device2 ,ar*im$ean ,screw & ,liquid2 ,john ,sims's ,problem2 ,a ,p]petual ,pump1 by an ,unkn[n ,inv5tor2 ,explanation ( ! ,failure ( ,hydraulic & ,hydro-,me*anical ,devices to ,accompli% ,p]petual ,motion #gf-aag ,,*apt] ,,iv--,,pneumatic1 ,,siphon ,,& ,,hydro-,,pneumatic ,,devices-- ,! ,hydro/atical ,p>adox2 ,pick]+'s ,device2 ,/uckey's ,device2 ,pr(4 ,george ,s9clair's ,device2 ,jacob ,brazill's ,device2 ,ls]son's ,device2 ,von ,ra!n ,ellis' ,device2 ,ri*>d ,v>ley's ,device2 ,siphon & ,funnel ,device2 ,or*>d's ,vacuum ,eng9e2 ,rob]t ,copl&'s ,device2 ,eaton's ,p]petual ,siphon2 ,legge's ,hydro-,pneumatic ,p[] ,device2 ,wat]bl[+ ,ma*9e2 ,device by ,means ( ,buoyancy ,?r\gh ,m$ia ( ,diff]5t ,d5sities2 ,device by ,compressible & ,di/5sible ,bags 9 ,liquid2 ,george ,cunn+ham's ,m]curial ,pneumatic ,device2 ,explanation ( ! ,failure ( ,pneumatic1 ,siphon & ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices to ,accompli% ,p]petual ,motion #aah-afb ,,*apt] ,v--,,magnetic ,,devices-- ,a ,magnetic ,p5dulum2 ,magnetic-,driv5 ,:eel2 ,mack9to%'s ,exp]im5t2 ,sp5ce's ,device2 ,joannis ,!isn]i's ,semi-,circle2 ,device ( ,dr4 ,jacobus #afc-agd ,,*apt] ,,vi--,,devices ,,utiliz+ ,,capill>y ,,attraction ,,& ,,physical ,,aff9ity-- ,ludeke ,wilck5's ,device2 ! ,jur9 ,device2 ,sir ,william ,congreve1 ,notice (2 ,8 ,p]petual ,motion ,devices & ,writ+s #age-aid ,,*apt] ,,vii--,,liquid ,,air ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,p]petual ,,motion-- ,liquefaction ( ,air2 ,explanation ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy ,appli$ to2 ,p]petual ,motion by ,means ( ,liquid ,air ,pomp\sly ,h]ald$2 ,failure ,expla9$ #aie-aif ,,*apt] ,,viii--,,radium ,,& ,,radio-,,active ,,sub/ances ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,conceiv$ ,,s\rce ,,( ,,p]petual ,,motion-- ,p]petual ,emanation ( ,en]gy2 ,radium ,clock by ,"l ,rayleigh 7,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,/rutt72 ,"l ,rayleigh ,n a ,p]petual ,motion ,work] b ,?or\ghly ,sci5tific #aig-aii ,,*apt] ,,ix--,,p]petual ,,motion ,,devices ,,attempt+ ,,its ,,atta9m5t ,,by ,a ,,misconception ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,mom5tum ,,& ,,en]gy-- ,works ( ,tyros ,kn[n to ,au?or2 ,mom5tum ,def9$1 ,diff]5tiat$1 ,measur$ & ,expla9$2 ,en]gy ,def9$1 ,diff]5tiat$1 ,measur$ & ,expla9$2 ,explanation by ,au?or ( ,common ,misconception ( ! ,relation ( ,mom5tum & ,en]gy & ,attempts to ?us ,realize ,p]petual ,motion2 ! ,fallacy ,expla9$ by ,illu/rations ( ,en]gy ,requir$ = & ,repres5t$ by ,accel]ation & ,ret>dation ( ,velocity2 ,prop]ty ( ,numb]s ,relat+ to2 ,ari?metical ,progression ,illu/ration #bjj-baa ,,*apt] ,x--,,! ,,alleg$ ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,edw>d ,,somm]set1 ,,six? ,,e>l ,,& ,,second ,,m>quis ,,( ,,worce/]1 ,,& ,,( ,,jean ,,erne/ ,,eli-,,bessl] 7,,c\ncillor7 ,,orffyreus-- ,int5se ,int]e/ ,caus$ by2 ,notice ( ,m>quis ( ,worce/] & ,c\ncillor ,orffyreus & ,p]iods 9 ,:i* ,!y ,liv$2 ,description by ,m>quis ( ,worce/] ( ! ,ess5tials ( ,8 ,claim$ ,inv5tions2 ,exc]pts ,f ,rem>ks ( ,c\ncillor ,orffyreus on ,8 ,claim$ ,inv5tion2 ,d$ication by ,c\ncillor ,orffyreus to ,god1 ! ,public1 to ,m5 ( ,le>n+ & to ,himself z ! ,discov]]2 ,article ,conc]n+ ! ,orffyrean ,:eel ,publi%$ #agbj 9 ,g5tlem5's ,magaz9e2 ,criticism by ,a ,con/ant ,read] ( ,attitude ( ,w4 ,k5rick ,conc]n+ ! ,orffyrean ,:eel2 ,article by ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,desaguli] ,conc]n+ ! ,device ( ,m>quis ( ,worce/] & ! ,orffyrean ,:eel2 ,exc]pt f ,dr4 ,william ,k5rick's ,lecture on ,p]petual ,motion2 ,de la ,hire's ,rem>ks ,conc]n+ ,p]petual ,motion2 ,lett] f ,pr(4 's ,graves&e to ,sir ,isaac ,newton2 ,animadv]sions ( ,pr(4 ,alliman on ! ,neglect ( ! ,orffyrean inv5tions2 ,dr4 ,*>les ,hutton's ,sci5tific ,works & ,notice ( ! ,orffyrean ,:eel2 ,rem>ks by ! ,au?or on ! ,hi/orical ,celebrity ( ,^! ,inv5tions #bab-bee ,,*apt] ,,xi--,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy1 ,,& ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,p]petual ,,motion-- ,/atem5t ( ,doctr9e ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy2 ,^u ,:at ,pro( ( ,doctr9e ,re/s2 ,n ,ma!matically ,prov$2 ,con=ms to ,natural ,ph5om5a2 ,multipli$ ,illu/rations2 ,int]-*angeability & ,conv]tibility ( ,heat ) ,me*anical & ,o!r ,=ms ( ,en]gy2 ,explanation ( ,heat & ,en]gy ,units1 & ,_! ,relative ,equival5ts2 ,briti% ,!rmal ,unit1 ,foot-,p\nd & ,horse-,p[] & ,_! ,mutual ,relation%ip ,expla9$2 ,fur!r ,illu/rations2 ,galileo's ,fam\s ,p5dulum ,exp]im5t2 ,app>5t ,anticipation ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy #bef-bfi ,,*apt] ,,xii--,,w ,,p]petual ,,motion ,,ev] ,,be ,,accompli%$8-- ,! ,antiquity ( ! ,problem2 ,rem>ks by ,dircks1 ,newton1 ,galileo1 ,huygh5s & ,desc>tes2 ,g5]alizations (2 ,rem>ks by ,au?or ,conc]n+ ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion4 ,comm5ts f ,o!r ,s\rces3 #a ,d5y+ ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1--,article by ,dr4 ,pap92 ,article by ,rev4 ,john ,wilk9s2 ,article ,bas$ on ,p>adoxical ,hydro/atical ,balance2 ,article by ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana2 ,article by ,william ,ni*olson2 ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,artisan2 ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,me*anic's ,magaz9e4 #b ,ass]t+ ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1--,scriptural ,argum5t2 ,article by ,john ,b]n\lli2 ,article by ,p4 ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]2 ,article by ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley2 ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,pamphlete]2 ,article by ,j4 ,wel*2 ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,me*anic's ,magaz9e #bgj-ceg ,,index ,page ,air 7,see ,liquid ,air74 ,a ,j\rneyman ,me*anic's ,device1 #ii ,allaman's ,animadv]sions on ! ,neglect ( ,orffyreus's ,inv5tions1 #bci ,&]son ,enbom's ,pump1 #gf ,ar*im$ean ,screw & ,liquid1 ,device by ,means (1 #ajd ,artisan1 ,!1 ,article ,publi%$ 91 #cbi ,bags 9 ,liquid1 ,compressible & ,di/5sible1 ,device by ,means (1 #aee ,bellidor1 ,b41 ,8 ,acc\nt ( ,p]petual ,motion ,device1 #df ,b]n\lli1 ,john1 ,notice (1 #ccf ,argum5ts ,support+ ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #ccf ,black1 ,james1 ,8 ,device1 #ajb ,bckl]1 ,george ,&rew1 ,8 ,plates1 #ha ,buoyancy ,?r\gh ,m$ia ( ,diff]5t ,d5sities1 #aea ,brew/]1 ,sir ,david1 ,edit$ ,lectures ( ,james ,f]guson1 #dd ,9 ,app5dix to ,f]guson's ,lectures ,gives ,description ( ,wat]-,bl[+ ,ma*9e1 #adh ,is ,attract$ by ,sp5ce's ,device1 & ,writes ,lett] ,af=d+ ,description ( ,same1 #agj ,briti% ,pat5ts1 #eh2 #abj2 #aba2 #abe2 #abg2 #abi2 #acb1 #adj ,briti% ,!rmal ,unit ,def9$ & ,expla9$1 #bfd ,cannon ,balls & ,oscillat+ ,tr\gh1 #ga ,capill>y ,attraction & ,physical ,aff9ity1 ,devices by ,means ( 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,capra1 ,a41 ,8 ,device1 #cb ,compressible & ,di/5sible ,bags 9 ,liquid1 #aee ,congreve1 ,sir ,william1 ,notice (2 ,8 ,p]petual ,motion ,devices1 #ahb ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 ,its ,relation to ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,consid]$ ) ,ref]5ce to ,p]petual ,motion1 #bfi ,pro( & ,illu/ration (1 #bjj ,anticipat$ by ,newton1 ,galileo1 ,huygh5s & ,desc>tes1 #bgb ,copl&1 ,rob]t1 ,8 ,improv$ ,me?od ( ,ga9+ ,p[]1 #adj ,cunn+ham1 ,george1 ,8 ,m]curial ,pneumatic ,device1 #aeg ,d>ius ,gre5 & ,8 ,fly+ ,ma*9e1 #af ,desaguli]1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t41 ,proposition on ! ,balance1 #dg ,article (1 ,conc]n+ ! ,device ( ,m>quis ( ,worce/] & ! ,orffyrean ,:eel1 #bbb ,dircks1 ,h5ry1 ,title ,page ,m5tion1 #c ,8 ,books ,m5tion$1 #g ,comm5ts by ,au?or on ,8 ,works1 #h ,in=mation ,furni%$ by1 ,re>rang$1 #i ,8 ,classification ( ,devices1 #ai ,8 ,life1 ,times & ,sci5tific ,labors ( ! ,second ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 #bac ,exc]pt f1 #bbh ,8 ,/atem5t ,conc]n+ ,argum5ts ,= & ,aga9/ ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #bgj ,argum5ts by ,o!rs ,= & ,aga9/ ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 ,publi%$ by ,dircks1 ,copi$ 9 ,?is ,"w1 #bgd ,eaton's ,p]petual ,siphon1 #ade ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis1 ,8 ,device1 #gh ,ellis1 ,george ,h5ry 7,see ,ra!n ,ellis74 ,en]gy 7,see ,mom5tum & ,en]gy74 ,en]gy1 ,cons]vation ( 7,see ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy74 ,en]gy & ,heat ,conv]tible & ,comm5surable1 #bfb ,en]gy ,def9$1 ,expla9$ & ,di/+ui%$ f ,mom5tum1 #bjc ,enbom & ,&]son's ,pump1 #gf ,explanation by ,au?or ( ,failure ( ,hydraulic & ,hydro-,me*anical ,devices1 #aab ( ! ,failure ( ,pneumatic1 ,siphon & ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices1 #aei ( ! ,failure ( ,mom5tum & ,en]gy ,devices1 #bjf ( ,failure ( ,:eels & ,weights ,devices1 #fa ,failures 7,see ,explanation ( ,failures74 ,f]guson1 ,james2 ,peasant ,boy ,philosoph]1 ,8 ,device1 #dc ,fontana1 ,p4 ,gregorio1 ,notice (2 ,8 ,argum5ts on ! ,impossibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #cjf ,foot-,p\nd1 ,def9$ & ,expla9$1 #bfe ,furman1 ,george ,h41 ,a ,new & ,improv$ ,motor1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t1 #cf ,gallileo1 ,8 ,p5dulum ,exp]im5t1 #bfg ,graves&e1 ,pr(4 ,s41 ,lett] to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 #bcf ,haywood1 ,john1 ,8 ,device1 #eh ,heat & ,en]gy ,conv]tible & ,comm5surable1 #bfa ,helmholtz1 ,notice (1 #beh ,honecort1 ,will>s de1 ,acc\nt ( ,8 ,device1 #bb ,horse-,p[]1 ,def9$ & ,expla9$1 #bfd ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,hydro/atical ,p>adox1 #aah ,hydro/atical ,p>adoxical ,balance1 ,article on1 #cje ,hydraulic & ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,incl9$ ,planes & ,roll+ ,weights 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,incl9$ ,planes & ,weights ,devices1 ,unpubli%$4 ,not$ by ! ,au?or1 #gc ,incl9$ ,planes1 ,s]ies (1 #fi ,italian ,device1 ,an1 #ib ,introductory ,essay1 #aa ,jacobus1 ,dr41 ,8 ,magnetic ,device1 #agc ,j\le1 ,notice (1 #beh ,jur9's ,device1 #agf ,k5rick1 ,dr4 ,william1 ,8 ,rem>ks ,conc]n+ ! ,inv5tions ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] & ,c\ncillor ,orffyreus & ,p]petual ,motion 9 ,g5]al1 #bbh ,langley1 ,pr(4 ,samuel ,p41 ,8 ,attempts & ,labors at ,heavi] ,?an ,air ,flight1 #ad ,l>dn]1 ,ignatius1 ,attempts to ,%[ ,impossibility ( ,cross+ ,ocean ,) ,/eam ,p[]1 #ad ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,see ,v9ci74 ,ls]son1 ,l\is ,diodor1 ,8 ,improvem5ts 9 ,production ( ,motive ,p[]1 #abg ,legge's ,hydro-,pneumatic ,p[] ,device1 #adf ,l9ley1 ,john1 ,8 ,hydraulic ,device1 #hg ,liquid ,air1 z a ,means ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #aie ,"l ,rayleigh 7,see ,rayleigh74 ,mack9to%1 ,f4 ,s41 ,exp]im5t by1 #aff ,magnetic ,devices 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,magnetic-,driv5 ,:eel1 #afd ,magnetic ,p5dulum1 #afc ,magnetic ,semi-,circle1 #agb ,me*anic1 ,a ,j\rneyman 7,see ,a ,j\rneyman ,me*anic74 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,article ,publi%$ 91 #bgh1 #cec ,m$ia ( ,diff]5t ,d5sities1 ,devices by ,means ( ,buoyancy ,?r\gh1 #aea ,m]curial ,pneumatic ,device 7,see ,cunn+ham1 ,george74 ,m]cury1 ,incl9$ ,glass ,tube & ,ball1 #fh ,mom5tum1 ,def9$1 ,expla9$ & ,di/+ui%$ f ,en]gy1 #bja ,mom5tum & ,en]gy1 ,acc\nt & ,explanation ( ,p]petual ,motion ,devices by ,means (1 #bje ,mom5tum & ,en]gy1 ,di/+ui%$ & ,consid]$2 ,attempt$ ,devices = ,p]petual ,motion by ,means ( 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,munro1 ,r41 ,comm5ts on ,mack9to%'s ,exp]im5t1 #afi ,newcomb1 ,simeon1 ,notice (1 #ae ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 ,m5tion (1 #ace1 #bbj ,lett] to f ,pr(4 's ,graves&e1 #bcf ,ni*olson1 ,william1 ,notice (1 #cae ,8 ,article ,aga9/ ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #caf ,or*>d's ,vacuum ,eng9e1 #acg ,orffyreus1 ,jean ,erne/ ,eli ,bessl] 7,c\ncillor71 ,8 ,p]petual ,motion ,labors 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,rem>ks ( ,au?or ,conc]n+ ,claims (1 #beb ,pap91 ,dr41 ,argum5t by ,aga9/ ! ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #bge ,pasley1 ,t4 ,h41 ,article by1 #cdg ,pamphlete]1 ,!1 ,article ,publi%$ 91 #cdi ,p>adox1 ,hydro/atical1 #aah ,pat5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 7,see ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5ts72 ,pat5ts1 ,briti% 7,see ,briti% ,pat5ts74 ,peasant ,boy ,philosoph] 7,see ,f]guson1 ,james74 ,p5dulum1 ,gallileo's ,exp]im5t )1 #bfh ,p]petual ,motion ,def9$1 #aa ,p]petual ,pump1 #aji ,p]petual ,motion1 ,its ,possibility ,consid]$ ) ,ref]5ce to ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 #bfi ,p]petual ,motion1 ,consid]ation ( ,its ,possibility1 #bgj ,argum5ts ,aga9/ ,its ,possibility--,article by ,dr4 ,pap91 #bge ,article by ,rev4 ,john ,wilk9s1 #bha ,article ,bas$ on ,p>adoxical ,hydro/atical ,balance1 #cje ,article by ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana1 #cjf ,article by ,william ,ni*olson1 #caf ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,artisan1 #cbi ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 #bgh ,argum5ts ,ma9ta9+ ,its ,possibility--,scriptural ,argum5ts1 #cce ,article by ,john ,b]n\lli1 #ccf ,article by ,p4 ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]1 #cdb ,article by ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley1 #cdg ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,pamphlete]1 #cdi ,article by ,j4 ,wel*1 #cea ,article ,publi%$ 9 ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 #cec ,physical ,aff9ity & ,capill>y ,attraction1 z a ,means ( ,p]petual ,motion 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,pick]+1 ,pet]1 ,8 ,atmosph]ic ,eng9e1 #abj ,pneumatic ,devices 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,preface1 #g ,proposition on ! ,balance 7,see ,desaguli]1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t47 ,radium & ,radio-,active ,sub/ances z a ,means ( ,p]petual ,motion 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,rayleigh1 ,"l1 ,8 ,radium ,clock1 ,notice (1 #aig1 #aii ,rangley's ,pat5t ,roll] ,pump1 ,adaptation (1 #ig ,ra!n & ,ellis's ,device1 #abi ,rationis1 ,ed4 ,vocis 7,see ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis74 ,roll+ ,weights & ,incl9$ ,planes z a ,means ( ,p]petual ,motion 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,s*e9]1 ,p4 ,*ri/oph]1 ,notice (2 ,argum5t by ,support+ ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #cdb ,s*irrmei/]1 ,*>les1 ,8 ,me*anical ,movem5t1 #ch ,s*ott1 ,gasp>1 ,m5tion ( 9 ,connection ) ,p]petual ,motion1 #agb1 #agc ,scriptural ,argum5t1 #cce ,self-,motive ,p[] ,def9$1 #aa ,semi-,circle1 ,magnetic1 #agb ,siphon ,device = ,p]petual ,motion 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts74 ,sims1 ,john1 ,8 ,p]petual ,motion ,problem1 #ajf ,s9clair1 ,pr(4 ,george1 ,8 ,pneumatic ,device1 #abd ,siphon1 ,eaton's ,p]petual1 #ade ,siphon & ,funnel ,device1 #ace ,sleigh1 ,burr[es1 ,willcocks ,ar?ur1 ,8 ,p]petual ,motion ,labors1 #aaa ,sleigh1 ,william ,willcocks1 ,8 ,p]petual ,motion ,labors1 #aaj ,somm]set1 ,edw>d 7,m>quis ( ,worce/]7 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,sp5ce1 ,john1 ,notice (2 ,8 ,magnetic ,device1 #agj ,/ansel1 ,p4 ,val5t9e1 ,device (1 #ie ,/rutt1 ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 7,see ,rayleigh74 ,/uckey1 ,william ,h5ry1 ,8 ,pneumatic ,eng9e1 #aba ,!isn]i1 ,joannis1 ,8 ,magnetic ,semi-,circle1 #agb ,tr\gh1 ,oscillat+ & ,cannon ,balls1 #ga ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5ts1 #cf1 #ch1 #gf ,vacuum ,eng9e1 ,or*>d's1 #acg ,vallance1 ,dixon1 ,8 ,device1 #cd ,v>ley1 ,ri*>d1 ,8 ,new ,p]petual ,mov+ ,p[]1 #acb ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 ,notice (1 #bg ,8 ,p]petual ,motion ,labors1 #bi1 #cb ,voice ( ,reason1 ,device by ,au?or (1 #hh ,vogel1 ,a4 ,f41 ,8 ,hydro/atic ,g5]al ,mobile1 #if ,wat] ,bl[+ ,ma*9e1 #adg ,wat]-,:eel ,driv5 ,pump1 #ig ,wel*1 ,j41 ,article by1 #cea ,:eel1 ,magnetic ,driv5 7,see ,magnetic-,driv5 ,:eel74 ,:eels & ,weights ,devices 7,see ,table ( ,cont5ts71 #e ,wilck5s 7,see ,ludeke & ,wilck5s74 ,wilk9s1 ,rev4 ,john1 ,argum5t ,d5y+ ,possibility ( ,p]petual ,motion1 #bha ,worce/]1 ,m>quis ( 7,edw>d ,somm]set7 7,see ,somm]set74 ,x-,ray ,ma*9e1 ,notice (1 #af ,transcrib]s' ,notes3 ,9 ,unicode & ,,html v]sions ( ?is e,book1 ,greek words are %[n 9 ,greek & !n 9 ,transcrib]s' ,engli% translit]ations t are enclos$ 9 curly braces4 ,only ! translit]ations are %[n 9 ,lat9-#a & ,,ascii v]sions ( ?is e,book4 ,individual ,greek lett]s us$ 9 equations & li/s are %[n ei!r z actual ,greek lett]s or 9 simil> ,lat9 *>act]s1 dep5d+ on ! v]sion ( ?is e,book4 ,also see lat] note ab\t al*emy symbols4 ,acc5t m>k errors 9 ,greek text h be5 rem$i$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & punctuation h be5 reta9$1 z ?is book quotes _m s\rces4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,! orig9al book copi$ illu/rations f v>i\s s\rces & did n *ange ! ,figure numb]s4 ,?is e,book reta9s ^? orig9al id5tifications1 s !re are duplicate numb]s4 ,text usually spells ,galileo z ,gallileo2 bo? =ms h be5 reta9$ "h4 ,ma!matical equations h be5 express$ "h 9 l9e> =m4 ,accuracy ( _! transcriptions is que/ionable4 ,multiplication 0 indicat$ 9 v>i\s ways & has n be5 *ang$ or /&>diz$4 ,page #gc3 phraseology 0 pr9t$ z praseology4 ,page #gf3 #ahhb 0 pr9t$ z #ahb4 ,page #bbb3 missp5t 0 pr9t$ z misp5t4 ,page #bbi3 p]sev]ance 0 pr9t$ z p]s]v]ance4 ,page #bbj & o!rs3 's ,graves&e 0 ! p]son's "n4 ,page #bda3 ,remov$ unmat*$ d\ble quote m>k foll[+ x only turns "o way4 ,page #beb3 ,remov$ unmat*$ d\ble quote m>k foll[+ %\ld be undeceiv$4 ,page #bfh3 horizontal f :i* 0 pr9t$ z =m4 ,page #bhd3 is ! al*emy symbol = ,m]cury2 is ! al*emy symbol = t9 7& = ,jupit]74 ,page #bhh3 attract$ 0 pr9t$ z attrac$4 ,page #cac3 ,! p ne> ! end ( ! equation %ortly be=e ! di/ance ( ! appe>$ to be only p>tly pr9t$ & may be a diff]5t symbol4 ,page #cbf3 prepond]ate 0 pr9t$ z p]pond]ate4