,perpetual ,motion ,comprising a ,history of the ,efforts to ,attain ,self-,motive ,mechanism with a ,classified1 ,,illustrated ,collection and ,explanation of the ,devices ,whereby it ,has ,been ,sought and ,why ,they ,failed1 and ,comprising ,also a ,revision and ,re-,arrangement of the ,information ,afforded by ,search for ,self-,motive ,power ,during ,the #agth1 #ahth and #aith ,centuries1 ,london1 #ahfa1 and ,a ,history of the ,search for ,self-,motive ,power from the #acth to ,the #aith ,century1 ,london1 #ahgj1 by ,henry ,dircks1 ,c4 ,e41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,etc4 ,illustration ,,by ,,percy ,,verance ,copyright #aiaf ,by #bjth ,century ,enlightenment ,specialty ,co4 ,,contents ,for ,summarized ,table of ,contents1 see page #ceh et seq4 ,page ,introduction #c ,preface #g-aj ,introductory ,essay #aa-ba ,,chapter ,i4 ,devices by ,means of ,wheels and ,weights #bb-fg ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,devices by ,means of ,rolling ,weights and ,inclined ,planes #fh-ge ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,hydraulic and ,hydro-,mechanical ,devices #gf-aag ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,pneumatic ,siphon and ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices #aah-afb ,,chapter ,v4 ,magnetic ,devices #afc-agd ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,devices ,utilizing ,capillary ,attraction and ,physical ,affinity #age-aid ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,liquid ,air as a ,means of ,perpetual ,motion #aie-aif ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,radium and ,radio-,active ,substances ,considered as a ,conceived ,source of ,perpetual ,motion #aig-aii ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,perpetual ,motion ,devices ,attempting ,its ,attainment by a ,misconception of the ,relation of ,momentum and ,energy #bjj-baa ,,chapter ,x4 ,the ,alleged ,inventions of ,edward ,sommerset1 ,sixth ,earl and ,second ,marquis of ,worcester1 and of ,jean ,ernest ,eli-,bessler 7,councillor7 ,orffyreus #bab-bee ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,conservation of ,energy4 ,a ,discussion of the ,relation of the ,doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy1 and the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion #bef-bfi ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,will ,perpetual ,motion ,ever ,be ,accomplished8 ,a ,discussion by the ,author1 with a ,review of the ,opinions of ,eminent ,scientists on the ,subject #bgj-ceg ,,preface4 ,the author has no apology to offer for the production of this book4 ,he has spent his life in environments that have brought him into constant contact with mechanics1 artisans and laborers as well as professional men1 engineers1 chemists and technical experts of various types4 ,he knows a great many men--young men1 for the most part--are constantly working on the old1 old problem of ,perpetual ,motion2 that much money1 and much time are being spent in search of a solution for that problem which all scientific and technical men tell us is impossible of solution4 ,it is believed by the author that a classification and presentation of selected groups of the devices produced in the past by which it was by the inventor believed1 self-motive power had been attained1 will save much work in fields already thoroughly exploited4 ,so far as the author knows no book on the subject has appeared since #ahgj4 ,the various encyclopedias published contain articles on the subject1 but they are necessarily brief1 and not satisfying to young men who have become interested in the subject4 ,in #ahfa1 ,henry ,dircks1 a civil engineer1 of ,london1 published a work entitled ,perpetuum ,mobile2 or1 ,search for ,self-,motive ,power1 ,during the ,seventeenth1 ,eighteenth and ,nineteenth ,centuries4 ,the book contains #eii pages1 and was followed in #ahgj1 by a second series by the same author entitled ,perpetuum ,mobile1 or a ,history of the ,search for ,self-,motive ,power from the ,thirteenth1 to the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,in these two books there is amassed a wonderful amount of material showing on the part of the author diligence1 great patience and wide and thorough search4 ,the author of these works was not enamoured of his subject1 and his books clearly show that he was not writing them because of any interest he had in the subject of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,on the contrary1 they appear to have been written because of a deep detestation entertained by the author for the subject of ,perpetual ,motion1 and a contemptuous pity for any one seriously interested in the subject4 ,mr4 ,dircks's works may be said to be the works of a scold4 ,his sentiments were deep1 and his impulses strong1 which accounts for the vast amount of labor he did in the preparation of his books4 ,those books are now out of print1 and it is believed by the author of this book that they may well remain so4 ,they contain much material that no one would be justified in wading through4 ,the most complicated mechanisms devised by enthusiastic dreamers are shown in the same detail with which the inventors described them in presenting them to the public1 or to the patent offices4 ,little is to be gained by this4 ,so complicated are many of the devices that only technically trained engineers could read them understandingly1 and few technically trained engineers are now greatly interested in self-motive power devices4 ,we believe that every useful or interesting purpose is served if enough devices are collected1 classified and presented to show the various principles relied upon by the inventors2 with an explanation of why they failed--i4 e41 wherein the principles relied upon are wrong1 and while possibly not out of harmony with any mechanical principles then known1 are entirely out of harmony with principles since discovered and now well known4 ,in the preparation of this volume a vast amount of the information furnished by the two works of ,mr4 ,dircks has been rearranged1 reclassified1 and used4 ,everyone who has to any extent1 by environment1 associated with the mass of people who are not technically educated1 knows that the persons who are still interested in the subject of ,perpetual ,motion1 and who still seek its attainment1 are not technically trained engineers or mathematicians1 but for the greater part untrained people of naturally strong mechanical sense1 and of natural mechanical and mathematical adaptation4 ,this book is written for the perusal of that large class of people4 ,it is not designed as an argument either for or against the possibility of the attainment of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,the author is content to classify and present--clearly1 it is hoped--the leading endeavors that have been known in that field of effort1 and to explain their failure4 ,it is believed by the author that the perusal of the present volume by anyone whose mind has been attracted by the subject of ,perpetual ,motion will result in an enlightenment1 and1 it is also believed1 will have a tendency to direct his mind from a struggle with theories long ago exploded1 and may result in directing his efforts to things practical1 and not without hope of attainment4 ,this work is offered only to minds mechanically or mathematically inclined4 ,it is not even hoped that it will interest people who prefer fiction to fact1 nor people who read simply for idle entertainment4 ,,introductory ,,essay ,perpetual ,motion as used in this book is to be taken in its conventional1 and not in its strict literal sense4 ,the strict literal analysis of the two words implies unceasing motion4 ,of this we have many illustrations--the tides1 the waves of the ocean1 the course of the earth around the sun1 and in the movements of all heavenly and astronomical bodies4 ,in fact1 it is difficult to conceive in a strictly scientific sense of any substance having an entire absence of motion4 ,perpetual ,motion as used in this book means what it is usually understood to mean--,self-,motive ,power--a machine that furnishes the power to keep its parts going as a machine4 ,in this sense ,perpetual ,motion has always engaged the minds of many1 many people--and what is more natural8 ,as soon as a boy begins to take an interest in moving parts of machinery1 vehicles1 locomotives1 and what not1 he perceives that the application of power results in the motion of bodies1 and again that bodies in motion are productive of power4 ,a wheel moved by muscular1 or other mechanical power1 is made by machinery to elevate water1 and elevated water can be made in descending to run machinery4 ,the windlass1 or other wheel1 turned by applied force1 lifts buckets from wells--raises stone1 and elevates heavy bodies1 if desired4 ,heavy bodies descending can be1 and are used through means of machinery to make machinery run4 ,a great many similar illustrations could be given4 ,what1 then1 is more natural than that a boy with an active mind who is at all mechanically turned1 as most boys are1 begins to wonder why1 if wheels lift stones1 and if stones descending make wheels run1 cannot a machine be made that will lift stones1 or other weights1 and in turn be run by the descent of the lifted stones1 or other weights8 ,why1 if the turning of wheels lift water1 and if descending water makes wheels go1 should not an adaptation be made by which the same machine will elevate water1 and be run by the descent of the elevated water8 ,that it cannot be done is now the consensus of opinion of all technically trained mechanics1 but1 that it can not be done1 and why it can not be done1 is sure not to occur to the boy1 nor to the man who has only a strong natural mechanical sense to guide him1 and has not the advantage of technical training4 ,again1 it is well known that many1 many men have spent considerable sums of money and given hours and hours1 and days1 and months1 and years of close and careful thought1 and experiment to the production of a machine that will accomplish ,perpetual ,motion1 and that many have announced to the world that they had succeeded in its accomplishment1 but that all their devices so far have turned out failures4 ,it is to no purpose to tell the ,perpetual ,motion worker that he is seeking to attain the impossible2 that the attainment of self-motive power has been demonstrated to be an impossibility4 ,he will answer1 or1 at least1 he will reason to himself that many things once pronounced impossibilities and claimed to be so demonstrated1 have since been attained4 ,the ,perpetual ,motion worker is usually a person of active intelligence1 and being enamoured of mechanical projects is likely to read extensively along mechanical lines1 and knows as every well-informed person knows1 that there are many instances in the history of the discovery and development of the most important mechanical inventions and scientific discoveries where the persistent efforts of so-called enthusiastic dreamers and cranks finally triumphed over the settled and conventional impossibilities of dignified scientists4 ,when1 less than a century ago1 it was proposed to propel a ship across the ,atlantic ocean by steampower1 ,ignatius ,lardner1 a scientific teacher1 lecturer and interpreter of real note and merit wrote a book demonstrating the physical impossibility of a vessel carrying enough fuel to propel itself through that distance of water4 ,the book was actually printed1 but was scarcely off the press until the first steamship had successfully crossed the ,atlantic with steampower1 and steamed triumphantly into port4 ,after communication by electric telegraph was well established and had been in successful commercial use for decades1 it was proposed to converse by long distance over a wire4 ,the idea was hooted and declared impossible1 and it did seem so1 and yet today1 there is scarcely a farm house in the nation but what has an instrument by which the occupants can talk over wires not only to their near-by neighbors1 but to remote cities4 ,prof4 ,samuel ,p4 ,langley1 less than two decades ago undertook in a thoroughly scientific manner to accomplish what is called heavier than air flight4 ,his scientific ideas on the subject were entirely correct1 but he did not have the advantage of engine refinement as it is known today1 by which high energy development can be attained with an engine or motor of small weight4 ,nevertheless1 ,prof4 ,langley succeeded in flying a considerable distance1 and in fact1 made a number of successful demonstrations of the physical possibility of heavier than air flight4 ,prof4 ,simon ,newcomb1 who is to be ranked as the greatest astronomer1 mathematician and scientist the ,united ,states has ever produced1 and with the possible exception of ,benjamin ,franklin1 the most original thinker along scientific lines1 wrote an article which was published generally in scientific journals1 in which he warned ,prof4 ,langley of the folly of his attempts1 not claiming1 however1 the scientific impossibility of heavier than air flight1 but claiming that it could never be of any real practical value2 that the instability of the air1 etc41 limited flight by man to a daredevil show performance4 ,a child then born would now be scarcely grown1 and yet1 aeroplanes are in use in every civilized country in the world for observation and military purposes1 and even for carrying mail to places not otherwise easily accessible4 ,thousands of flights are undertaken every day with the confident expectation of a successful trip and return4 ,how many1 many boys and mechanics1 prior to the achievement of human flight1 have been attracted by the problem1 only to have their ambitions and dreams discouraged and suppressed by being told that the scientific world knows that human flight is impossible--,god made man to walk on the ground1 and the birds to fly1 and if ,nature had intended that we should fly we would have been equipped with wings1 and probably to be dubbed ,darius ,green1 as a reminder of the inglorious fate of the pseudo hero of that name in ,trowbridge's clever and immortal poem about ,darius ,green and his ,flying ,machine4 ,the announcement of the discovery of rays by means of which views may be made and photographs taken through substances supposedly opaque to all light rays was scouted as a ridiculously visionary dream2 but the discoverers were not dismayed by scout and ridicule1 but persisted in their dreams and enthusiasm4 ,there is not a village of any considerable size in the civilized world but has its ,x-,ray ,machine by which foreign substances in the flesh may be viewed and photographed and located with exactitude1 fractures examined and all surgical operations aided to the benefit and health and recovery of the sick and wounded4 ,mankind is the recipient of the benefits resulting from the fact that enthusiastic cranks were not deterred by ridicule and supposed demonstrations of their folly4 ,the above are only a few of the many like instances recorded in scientific progress4 ,while not accurately true1 and while less true during the last two decades than formerly1 it is1 nevertheless1 a general truth that scientific progress has been made in spite of1 and in the face of discouragement and ridicule from the multitudes who were destined to be benefited by the discoveries made by the persistent so-called cranks4 ,these facts are all well known to the ,perpetual ,motion enthusiast4 ,it is1 therefore1 of no avail to tell him that the scientific world has pronounced his aspirations and attempts but dreams1 and that ,perpetual ,motion workers are by the scientific world denominated cranks4 ,if it be admitted that ,perpetual ,motion is1 as scientific men tell us1 a chimerical dream1 it is still to be very greatly doubted if the world at large is to be benefited by dissuading minds from working on the problem4 ,there is no doubt that many persons who have become more intensely interested in mechanics by thinking and working on the problem of ,perpetual ,motion1 have thereby been lead to study more and more generally into mechanical subjects1 and became not merely tyros1 but useful men in various mechanical pursuits4 ,many doubtless have followed mechanical subjects to which they were introduced by labors toward ,perpetual ,motion1 to the making of useful and valuable inventions and discoveries4 ,notwithstanding the fact that a countless number of devices for the attainment of ,perpetual ,motion have been proclaimed and exhibited1 it is to be supposed that those actually proclaimed and brought to light constitute but an infinitesimally small proportion of those actually made4 ,it is to be supposed that the ,perpetual ,motion worker has some sense1 and that the great majority of them before proclaiming his apparatus would want to know himself that it was not a failure1 and would not1 when ushered before the public1 bring upon him humiliation and jeers4 ,it is to be believed that in nearly every instance the produced device was tested before being proclaimed and ushered into the light of day4 ,it goes without saying that all that were so tested were failures1 and were never heard of except by the inventor and a very few intimate friends or co-laborers4 ,those that have been heralded to the world represent only that small proportion where over-confidence in the operation1 or a disregard for the truth1 or some other unexplainable something caused the inventor and his friends to make the announcement and disclosure of the device before the test4 ,it is almost impossible to conceive of a person of any intelligence exposing himself to the ridicule resulting from the failure of a pompously heralded device1 when a simple test would have saved the exposure1 and yet the civilized world has been filled with ,perpetual ,motion devices proclaimed and heralded with trumpet blast1 which1 when tested1 didn't work4 ,it is not1 however1 the purview1 or purpose of this book1 to incite people to work on the problem of ,perpetual ,motion1 neither is it its purview or purpose to dissuade them from it4 ,in the works of ,mr4 ,dircks1 mentioned in the preface of this work1 the devices for ,perpetual ,motion are classified somewhat with reference to the time each was produced4 ,in some instances with reference to whether or not patents were applied for and obtained1 or as to the source of information concerning them4 ,a careful examination of the devices presented in ,mr4 ,dirck's two works1 and of those1 information concerning which has been obtained elsewhere1 leads the author to believe that nothing is to be gained by an attempted classification along those lines4 ,in countless instances ,perpetual ,motion seekers of different races and living in separate countries1 and1 indeed1 on different continents1 centuries apart1 have sought the attainment of ,perpetual ,motion by practically the same devices1 and inventor after inventor has brought forth alleged inventions depending upon precisely the same underlying mechanical principle4 ,the author has attempted to classify the various devices presented in this book according to the underlying mechanical principles upon which the inventor chiefly relied for the success of his invention4 ,even this classification is extremely difficult and not well distinguished4 ,many of them1 indeed most of them1 depend for their success upon more than one mechanical principle1 and the classifications thereby inevitably intermingle and overlap what otherwise would be their distinguishing boundaries4 ,still it is believed by the author that it is the best that could be adopted1 and that no better or clearer classification is possible than the one here presented4 ,the various devices are classified by the author under the following heads3 ,devices by ,means of ,wheels and ,weights4 ,devices by ,means of ,rolling ,weights and ,inclined ,planes4 ,hydraulic and ,hydro-,mechanical ,devices4 ,pneumatic ,siphon and ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices4 ,magnetic ,devices4 ,devices ,utilizing ,capillary ,attraction and ,physical ,affinity4 ,liquid ,air as a ,means of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,radium and ,radio-,active ,substances ,considered as a ,conceived ,source of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,perpetual ,motion ,devices ,attempting ,its ,attainment by a ,misconception of the ,relation of ,momentum and ,energy4 to which is added-- ,a ,discussion of the ,alleged ,inventions of the very eminent ,edward ,sommerset1 ,sixth ,earl and ,second ,marquis of ,worcester1 and ,jean ,ernest ,eli-,bessler ,orffyreus4 ,also-- ,a ,discussion by the ,author of the ',doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy1 and ,its ,relation to the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion4' ,and-- ,a ,discussion by the ,author of ',will ,perpetual ,motion ,ever ,be ,accomplished8' ,,chapter ,i ,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,wheels ,,and ,,weights ,wilars de ,honecort ,while attempts at ,perpetual ,motion are as old as the human race1 not many of the more ancient devices have been preserved1 either by engraving or by explanation4 ,among the very earliest of these attempts of which we have detailed information is the device of ,wilars de ,honecort4 ,he was an architect1 and lived in the thirteenth century4 ,the information is preserved in ,a ,sketch ,book by him which was deposited and remains in the ,ecole des ,chartes at ,paris4 ,about the middle of the nineteenth century comments were published in ,france on this ancient device4 ,some of these were translated into ,english4 ,the following account is an extract from a translation made by ,professor ,willis1 of ,cambridge4 ,many a time have skilful workmen tried to contrive a wheel that shall turn of itself3 here is a way to make such a one1 by means of an uneven number of mallets1 or by quicksilver4 ,wilars de ,honecort presents to us a device for a perpetual motion2 it is not clear whether he intends to claim the contrivance of it1 or whether he had met with it in the course of his travels4 ,it differs very little from a well-known contrivance for this purpose which has been so often published1 and its fallacy so fully explained in popular books1 that it is unnecessary to dwell at length upon the mechanical principles which it involves4 ,it is extremely curious in this place1 because it shows the great antiquity of the problem1 the solution of which has wasted the time1 the brains1 and the means of many an unhappy artisan or philosopher4 ,in the drawing we have now before us1 the two upright posts1 which are framed together and skilfully braced so as to ensure their steadiness1 support between them a long horizontal axle1 to the center of which is fixed a wheel with four spokes4 ,the absence of perspective in this drawing makes the wheel appear as if it were parallel to the frame1 instead of being1 as it is1 at right angles to it4 ,illustration ,seven mallets1 or arms1 each loaded with a heavy weight at the end1 are jointed at equal distances to the circumference of the wheel1 so that those which happen to have their joints below the diameter of the wheel will hang freely down1 but if the wheel be turned round by hand or otherwise1 the weights of those which are on the ascending side will1 in succession1 rest on its circumference1 and will1 in that position1 be carried over the highest part of the wheel and downwards on the descending side1 until the arms that bear them are brought into a vertical position and a little beyond it1 and then the weight will fall suddenly over and rest on the opposite position on the circumference of the wheel1 until its further descent enables it to dangle freely as before4 ,the effect of this mechanism upon the position of the weights is not truly represented1 for the upper mallet has fallen over too soon4 ,in the modern form of this contrivance a pin1 or stop1 is introduced1 by which the mallet1 when it falls over1 is compelled to rest so that its arm shall point to the center of the wheel1 and thus the descending weight be held at a greater distance from the center than when ascending4 ,it is extremely probable that this difference is a mere error of the artist1 for the drawing has the appearance of having been made from a model of the wheel at rest2 a condition in which1 of course1 it would always be found1 unless moved by some external force4 ,the inventor seems to have thought that the action above described would always place four weights on the descending side1 and leave but three on the ascending side1 each weight as it rises to the top being intended to leap suddenly over to the descending side1 in the manner just explained2 or perhaps1 as ,m4 ,lassus suggests1 the contriver imagined that the blows given to the wheel in succession by the falling mallets would help it forward4 ,it is surprising that although the slightest model would show the failure of devices of this class to persons incapable of mathematical reasoning1 yet such machines have been seriously proposed in books1 and are continually recontrived by ingenious workmen4 ,the allusion to quicksilver in the manuscript shows that ,wilars was acquainted with the well-known contrivance described in the books already referred to1 in which portions of that metal inclosed in channels are used instead of the falling weights4 ,a ,repetition of ,wilars de ,honecort's ,plan ,this device was brought forth in #ahca in ,england1 and illustrates what we say in the ,introductory ,essay to the effect of inventors working on the same plan in different parts of the earth and centuries apart4 ,illustration ,we are unable to give the inventor's name4 ,he was a correspondent to ,mechanics' ,magazine1 and the description furnished by the inventor as published in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 is as follows3 ,description4--,a ,a ,a is a ring of thin wood2 ,b ,b ,b1 several spokes1 movable round the fixed points ,c ,c ,c1 and only allowed to move one way by the construction of the openings ,d ,d ,d2 ,e ,e ,e1 heavy weights fixed to the ends of the spokes4 ,from the position in which the wheel is at present1 it is evident that the weights on the right-hand side 7#a and #b7 acting at a greater distance from the center than those 7#d and #e7 on the other side1 will cause that side to descend until the spoke #a reaches the position #c1 when it will exert no moving influence1 but by which time the weight #h will have fallen into the position #a1 when a similar effect will take place1 and so on with the rest4 ,leonardo da ,vinci ,it is with a mingled feeling of sorrow and exaltation that we note the ,perpetual ,motion labors of the great ,leonardo da ,vinci4 ,of all of the men who ever gave the subject more than a passing notice he is the most famous4 ,leonardo da ,vinci was an ,italian1 born in #adeb1 and died in #aeai4 ,he was the illegitimate son of ,florentine1 lawyer4 ,his mother has been variously described as a peasant1 and as of gentle birth4 ,little about her is known4 ,the father belonged to a family of lawyers1 and never repudiated the son1 but took him1 educated him1 and cared for him4 ,it is well for the world that he did1 for ,leonardo da ,vinci has perhaps contributed more to art and learning in the world than any other single individual that ever lived4 ,he was a painter1 a sculptor1 an architect1 a musician1 a mechanician1 engineer and natural philosopher4 ,each subject in art or science that he touched he not only mastered1 but improved and embellished4 ,he painted the original of the well-known picture of the ,christ and ,his twelve ,apostles1 known as the ,last ,supper1 or the ,last ,supper of ,our ,lord4 ,this1 and ,mona ,lisa1 are perhaps the paintings by which he is known to the greatest number of people1 and are considered by many connoisseurs the highest perfection in art ever attained by mortal man4 ,but1 as painter and sculptor1 he is to be regarded as among the greatest1 if not the very greatest that ever lived4 ,in art he ranks beside1 if not ahead of ,michelangelo and ,raffael1 and yet they are known only as artists1 while he was preeminent in both art and science4 ,the work he did in natural science was entirely original and emanated from an inherent initiative and originality1 and as a scientist1 he is entitled to rank below only ,newton1 ,gallileo and ,copernicus1 and very few others4 ,in all the history of the world he is the only man of whom it can be said that he attained the apex of eminence in both art and science4 ,the information concerning ,leonardo da ,vinci's devices for obtaining ,perpetual ,motion is extremely meager4 ,there does not seem to be extant any detailed explanation of just how he expected his different designs to work4 ,all that is known concerning his efforts is sufficiently illustrated by the following cuts and language from ,dircks3 ,fig4 #a may be taken as a scheme belonging to the fifteenth century4 ,it seems to be placed at the head as a simple or elementary design for future improvement4 ,it is a chambered drum wheel1 containing balls or weights1 which1 being always farthest from the center on one side1 as compared to the other1 are expected to keep the wheel constantly rotating4 ,fig4 #b4 ,failing in this scheme1 the inventor next offers one with weighted levers1 which are to fall outwards on one side1 but to fall inwards on the opposite side1 the weight at the same time sliding up the lever when vertical at the bottom1 so as to be nearer the center throughout on the ascending side4 ,but how the weight is to be made to ascend at the bottom remains to be shown4 ,illustration ,fig4 #c4 ,the difficulty of elevating the weight would appear to have suggested its immersion in a trough of water1 as here shown4 ,the weights seem to be attached to some contrivance to float them upwards2 but we are perplexed1 and so no doubt was da ,vinci1 how to sink them1 or being sunk1 how to render them again buoyant by any self-motive process4 ,fig4 #d4 ,it would appear as though the difficulties observable in ,fig4 #c were attempted to be met here1 in a plan which evidently combines several views of the case1 yet without removing the main difficulty2 for although the weight at the end of the long arm may be quite capable of sinking in the liquid1 we still inquire1 ,how is it ever to be raised again8 ,fig4 #e seems to be an incomplete sketch1 and a mere variation on the preceding designs1 with the addition either of machinery below to be worked by it1 or to give it motion4 ,possibly it was proposed to have a magnet at the bottom of the vessel4 ,fig4 #f appears to be two designs in one sketch4 ,on one side we have long single levers1 with a single weight at their ends1 and a weight between each at the periphery2 on the other end1 double or forked levers and double weights4 ,its mixed character renders it probable that it was merely some preliminary sketch4 ,the great value of the present exhibition of these early contrivances of misdirected mechanical ingenuity consists in the convincing evidence which they afford1 that all young inventors who occupy themselves in the search for self-motive machines1 do little more than reproduce the blunders of a past age4 ,after a lapse of five centuries modern inventors often become patentees of contrivances which are only more complicated than the assumed-to-be overweight wheel of ,wilars de ,honecort1 or the six similar ones of ,leonardo da ,vinci4 ,but such has hitherto been the ignorance of mechanics on this subject1 that ,fig4 #a of the annexed diagrams has frequently been adduced by writers on the subject1 as the veritable wheel invented by the ,marquis of ,worcester1 in the seventeenth century6 ,a4 ,capra's ,device ,in #afgh1 ,a ,capra1 of ,italy1 revived the ancient1 but still favorite scheme that dates back to the #acth century4 7,see page #bb ante47 ,he illustrates his idea with the following figure and the following comment3 ,on the wheel ,a 7of the facsimile engraving opposite71 which must be hung well equipoised between two uprights1 are appended counter-weights1 eighteen in number1 all precisely at the same distance from each other1 and all exactly of the same weight4 ,the counter-weights are provided with a small ring by which they are hung4 ,illustration ,whilst the counter-weights ,b are farther from the center ,c of the wheel1 they weigh more than the counter-weights ,i1 because these are low and nearer to the center ,c of the wheel1 so that the counter-weights ,b descend and the weight ,i drops2 and whilst the weight ,b is alternately descending and the weight ,i ascending1 the wheel will revolve continually4 ,but it must be understood that it is necessary to make the wheel perfectly true in equilibrium1 so that it do not weigh more on one side than on the other on account of the counter-weights4 ,the ,device of ,dixon ,vallance4 ,england1 #ahbe ,this inventor was certain he had overtaken and captured the ever-illusive ,perpetual ,motion4 ,he gives a description of his happiness and his machine in the following effusively joyous language3 ,the annexed drawing shows how ,i have at length taken this enticing jilt 7perpetual motion71 though after a long and weary chase-- ,through pleasant and delightful fields1 ,through barren tracts and lonely wilds2 ',mongst quagmires1 mosses1 muirs and marshes1 ,where deil or spunkie never scarce is6 ,by chance ,i happened on her den1 ,and took her when she didna ken4 ,illustration ,w ,w ,w ,w represents a wheel with twelve hollow spokes1 in each of which there is a rolling weight or ball4 ,c ,c ,c ,c is a chain passing over two pulleys ,p ,p4 ,there is an opening round the wheel from the nave to the circumference1 so as to allow the chain to pass freely and to meet the weights4 ,the weights are met by the chain as the wheel revolves1 and are raised from the circumference till they are at last brought close to the nave1 where they remain till1 by the revolution of the wheel1 they are allowed to roll out to the circumference4 ,by this arrangement the weights are1 on one side of the wheel1 always at the circumference1 so that that side is more powerful than the other1 which causes the wheel continually to revolve4 ,f ,f ,f ,f is the frame of the machine2 ,m ,m ,m ,m the mortices for joining the two sides of the frame by cross rails4 ,the arrows point out the direction in which the wheel turns4--,i am1 yours1 c41 ,dixon ,vallance4 ,liberton1 ,lanarkshire1 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahbe4 ,furman's ,device ,strange as it may seem1 the patent office of the ,u4 ,s4 government as late as #ahhd and #ahhf1 received and filed1 seriously considered and granted ,letters ,patent on ,perpetual ,motion ,devices as appears from the description of ,furman's ,device following1 and from ,schirrmeister's ,mechanical ,movement1 and ,enbom ,anderson's ,improvement in ,pumps1 appearing on pages #ch and #gf respectively1 supra4 ,these were not denominated ,perpetual ,motion ,devices by the inventors1 but the specifications show them to be simply that and nothing more4 ,july #ae1 #ahhd1 ,george ,h4 ,furman1 of ,rochester1 ,ohio1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 was granted ,u4 ,s4 ,patent ,no4 #cjaigi1 on ,a ,new and ,improved ,motor4 ,the essentials are sufficiently shown by the following excerpt from the specifications and the following figure4 ,we have omitted ,figure #b1 mentioned in the specifications3 ,,united ,,states ,,patent ,,office4 ,george ,h4 ,furman1 of ,rochester1 ,ohio4 ,,motor4 ,specification forming part of ,letters ,patent ,no4 #cjaigi1 dated ,july #ae1 #ahhd4 ,application filed ,march #f1 #ahhd4 7,no model47 ,the action of the motor is as follows3 ,a suitable quantity of the small weights d being placed in the outer drum1 ,f1 through the door f1 the machine being at rest1 they will accumulate at the lower part of the drum ,f in the pockets c c4 ,now1 to run the machine a person will apply his hands to the rim ,h and revolve the outer drum1 ,f1 in the direction of the arrow shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,this movement of the outer drum will cause the weights d to be carried in the pockets c c to the upper side of the drum1 at which point they will roll from the pockets c c into the pockets b b of the inner drum1 ,g1 where their weight will cause the drum ,g and shaft ,e to revolve4 ,as the pockets b of the inner drum pass below the shaft ,e they empty the weights into the troughs c of the outer wheel1 ,f1 to be again carried above the shaft and dropped into the pockets b1 so that the inner wheel1 ,g1 and shaft ,e will be revolved continuously4 ,illustration ,schirrmeisters ,mechanical ,movement ,july #f1 #ahhf1 ,charles ,schirrmeister1 of ,brooklyn1 ,kings ,county1 ,state of ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 obtained ,letters ,patent ,no4 #cdejgg1 on a new and useful ,mechanical ,movement4 ,the essentials of the patented device appear from the following excerpts from the specifications1 and the following figures accompanying the specifications4 7,figs4 #b1 #c and #d we do not show47 ,illustration ,the object of my invention is to furnish a cheap and simple means for imparting mechanical power2 and ,i accomplish this by means of a series of radial arms placed at right angles to and projecting from the axis of motion where power is first applied1 and so arranged that each arm is in a different vertical plane1 said arms being weighted at each end with a ball of metal4 ,some of these arms are also made hollow and inclose sliding or rolling weights1 which move back and forth as the axis revolves1 and the motion is still further re-enforced by a series of springs which are attached to the axis by a lever and eccentric4 ,illustration ,taking the simplest form of my device1 ,i illustrate the same by the accompanying drawings1 in which-- ,figure #a is a side elevation of the entire apparatus4 ,fig4 #b is a sectional view showing the hollow arm with a rolling weight4 ,fig4 #c is an end view showing the operation of a re-enforcing spiral spring4 ,fig4 #d is a detailed view showing still further the method of re-enforcing motion by springs4 ,fig4 #e is a view of the driving-pulley with its hollow arms4 ,similar letters refer to similar parts in the several views4 ,a is the axis to which the power first imparting motion is applied4 ,n are the bearings supporting the same4 ,b is the driving-pulley attached to said axis1 and from which motion is imparted by means of the driving belt b to any point desired4 ,c are the hollow arms of the driving-pulley ,b4 ,d are the solid arms radiating from the axis ,a4 ,e are the hollow arms radiating from the axis ,a4 ,f are the solid balls or weights secured to the ends of the arms ,d and ,e4 a are the sliding or rolling weights1 which are inclosed within the hollow arms ,c and ,e4 c are the slots cut into the hollow arms ,e1 to relieve the air-pressure formed by the backward and forward motion of the weights a4 ,g are springs so arranged as to expend their force upon the axis ,a by means of the connecting rods ,h1 both attached to the springs and one attached to the axis ,a by means of the eccentric ,i and the other to the wheel ,j at one end of the axis4 ,k is a balanced lever1 upon which the springs ,g may rest1 said lever being supported at each end upon the springs ,l4 ,m is a crank attached to one end of the axis ,a1 and serves to show the place and manner in which the power may be applied4 ,the manner of constructing and operating my invention is as follows3 ,the entire apparatus is made of steel or iron1 and the shaft1 bearings1 arms1 springs and connecting-rods are of ordinary form4 ,the main or driving pulley is cast with four hollow arms1 in which round weights are inclosed1 which move back and forth within the arms when the wheel is set in motion4 ,the solid arms1 as well as the hollow arms1 which are used in addition to those forming a part of the driving-pulley1 are arranged by means of set-screws a suitable distance apart upon the axis and in different perpendicular planes1 so as to give steadiness in motion4 ,a thread is cut upon each end of these arms1 and the fixed weights are then screwed on4 ,when the shaft or axis revolves1 the weights which move toward the ends of the arms above the center accelerate the motion1 and the momentum of the machine aids in overcoming the resistance caused by the weights1 which are below the center4 ,at the same time the revolution of the eccentric and crank-pin upon the axis depresses the connecting-rods1 which in turn depress the springs1 which1 being released as soon as the eccentric and crank-pin have reached their lowest point1 contribute a lifting power to overcome the resistance above mentioned4 ,as shown in the drawings1 these springs joined to the connecting-rods may be supported and assisted by other springs4 ,the power is applied by hand1 operating upon a crank at the end of the axis1 or may be imparted by steam1 hot air1 electricity1 or in any other known method1 and is conducted to any desired point by means of the belt b4 ,having fully described my invention1 what ,i claim as new1 and desire to secure by ,letters ,patent1 is3 #a4 ,the combination1 in apparatus for increasing mechanical power1 of an axis1 as ,a1 supported upon bearings ,n1 with a driving-pulley1 as ,b1 having hollow arms1 as ,c1 with movable weights1 as a1 and radial arms1 both solid and hollow1 the latter having movable weights1 together with fixed weights attached to the end of each arm1 all substantially as and for the purpose described4 ,ferguson's ,device ,james ,ferguson was an eminent ,scotch mechanician and astronomer4 ,he was born in #agaj1 and died in #aggf4 ,he was reared in very humble circumstances1 and is known as the ,peasant ,boy ,philosopher4 ,a most interesting story of his life was written by ,henry ,mayhew1 and published in ,england in #aheg1 entitled ,the ,story of the ,peasant ,boy ,philosopher4 ,he prepared astronomical tables of great value and lectured on astronomical and mechanical subjects4 ,his lectures were edited by a no less eminent man than ,sir ,david ,brewster4 ,illustration ,while ,perpetual ,motion seemed to have received considerable time and attention from him1 and while his writings show that he examined a great many mechanical devices1 he seems all the time to have entertained serious doubt of the possibility of a machine having self-motive power4 ,however1 in #aggj1 he devised a machine for the purpose of producing ,perpetual ,motion4 ,it does not appear that he ever offered the machine to the public1 or sought publicity for it4 ,a description of it is to be found in his ,common ,place ,book in the ,university ,library1 ,edinburg4 ,the description there furnished is as follows3 ,the axle at ,a is placed horizontally1 and the spokes ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 turn in a vertical position4 ,they are jointed at s1 t1 u1 etc41 as a common sector is1 and to each of them is fixed a frame as ,r1 ,s1 ,t1 etc41 in which the weights #g1 #h1 #i1 #a1 #b1 etc41 have liberty to move4 ,when any spoke as ,d is in a horizontal position1 the weight ,i in it falls down and pulls the part b of the then vertical spoke ,b straight out1 by means of a cord going over the pulleys ,k and k to the weight ,i4 ,the spoke ,c c was pulled straight out before1 when it was vertical1 by means of the weight #b1 belonging to the spoke ,e e which is in the horizontal position ,d d2 and so of all the others on the right hand4 ,but when these spokes come about to the left hand1 their weights #d1 #e1 #f fall back1 and cease pulling the parts f1 g1 h1 i2 so that the spokes then bend at their joints ,x1 y1 z1 and the balls at their ends come nearer the center ,a1 all on the left side4 ,now1 as the balls or weights at the right hand side are farther from the center ,a than they are on the left1 it might be supposed that this machine would turn round perpetually4 ,i have shown it to many who have declared it would2 and yet for all that1 whoever makes it1 will find it to be only a mere balance4 ,i leave them to find out the reason4 ,b4 ,belidor's ,device ,this device was incubated in the brain of an ,american4 ,his name is unknown4 ,we have denominated it ,b4 ,belidor's ,device1 not because ,b4 ,belidor was the inventor1 but because the account of the invention was furnished by him4 ,this device seems to the author to have possessed originality1 though1 of course1 it failed to work for reasons clearly apparent4 ,illustration ,an account of it was given in the ,journal of ,franklin's ,institute1 ,philadelphia1 in #ahbh4 ,the article contributed by ,b4 ,belidor is as follows3 ,even the pursuit after perpetual motion1 hopeless as it is1 may not be considered entirely vain1 in occasionally leading to useful modifications of machinery4 ,as an instance of this1 ,i here submit to you a plan suggested by an ingenious friend of mine1 several years ago1 as in the diagrams annexed1 ,fig4 #a1 a perpendicular1 and ,fig4 #b a horizontal view4 ,a ,a1 two vertical wheels1 placed diagonally1 and revolving on the axes ,x ,x4 ,the levers ,b ,b and ,c ,c are hinged at the peripheries of the wheels4 ,by rotation the arms ,b ,b are projected from the center of motion1 while the arms ,c ,c are drawn in4 ,it is plain that a series of arms as shown in ,fig4 #b1 will produce an eccentric motion1 causing the weights at their ends apparently to preponderate on the side ,b4--,,belidor4 ,desagulier's ,proposition on the ,balance ,this so-called problem is of doubtful classification4 ,the author of the problem did not claim that the discovery of the problem discloses any means for attaining ,perpetual ,motion1 and1 yet1 it is apparent that if the author of the problem was correct in his solution of it1 ,perpetual ,motion was thereby already within his grasp4 ,the difficulty about it all is that while the problem is quite interesting1 the author's solution shows that he was not familiar with even fundamental mechanics4 ,the name of the author was ,j4 ,t4 ,desagulier1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,he was a minister of the gospel1 but evidently gave considerable attention to mechanical questions4 ,he is mentioned in chapter ,x of this work4 ,rev4 ,desagulier presented two problems of the balance4 ,one he calls ,a ,proposition on the ,balance1 not taken notice of by ,mechanical ,writers1 explained and confirmed by an ,experiment4 ,the article under this heading is as follows3 ,illustration ,in the last papers ,i published in ,philosophical ,transaction against this perpetual motion1 described in ,no4 #agg1 ,i intreated the author to permit me to say nothing as to what alterations he might make in his engine1 resolving to leave it to others to show him that upon that principle all he can do signifies nothing4 ,but ,i find since1 in the ,nouvelles de la ,republique for ,december last1 that he still persists to urge some new contrivances1 which being added1 he conceives his engine must succeed4 ,to this ,i answer1 that ,i undertook only to shew that his first device would faile1 which yet ,i should scarce have done if ,i had thought a dispute of this nature could have lasted so long4 ,to come1 therefore1 to the point where he saith that this engine may well succeed without alteration1 because he hath tryed with liquors put into bellows immersed in water2 ,i again say that ,i grant him the truth of the experiments1 but deny the consequences he would draw from them4 ,i have already given the reasons of my dissent1 which this gentleman is not pleased to understand4 ,but to end all controversies1 he may please to consult ,mr4 ,perrault1 ,de la ,hire1 or any other at ,paris well known to be skilled in hydraulicks1 and ,i doubt not but he will find them of the same opinion with ,mr4 ,boyle1 ,mr4 ,hook1 and other knowing persons here1 who all agree that our author is in this matter under a mistake4 ,a ,proposition on the ,balance1 not taken notice of by ,mechanical ,writers1 explained and confirmed by an ,experiment4 ,a ,b is a balance1 on which is supposed to hang at one end1 ,b1 the scale ,e1 with a man in it1 who is counterpoised by the weight ,w hanging at ,a1 the other end of the balance4 ,i say1 that if such a man1 with a cane or any rigid straight body1 pushes upwards against the beam anywhere between the points ,c and ,b 7provided he does not push directly against ,b71 he will thereby make himself heavier1 or overpoise the weight ,w1 though the stop ,g ,g hinders the scale ,e from being thrust outwards from ,c towards ,g ,g4 ,i say likewise1 that if the scale and man should hang from ,d1 the man1 by pushing upwards against ,b1 or anywhere between ,b and ,d 7provided he does not push directly against ,d71 will make himself lighter1 or be overpoised by the weight ,w1 which before did only counterpoise the weight of his body and the scale4 ,if the common center of gravity of the scale ,e1 and the man supposed to stand in it1 be at k1 and the man1 by thrusting against any part of the beam1 cause the scale to move outwards so as to carry the said common center of gravity to k x1 then1 instead of ,b ,e1 ,l l will become the line of direction of the compound weight1 whose action will be increased in the ratio of ,l ,c to ,b ,c4 ,this is what has been explained by several writers of mechanics2 but no one1 that ,i know of1 has considered the case when the scale is kept from flying out1 as here by the post ,g ,g1 which keeps it in its place1 as if the strings of the scale were become inflexible4 ,now1 to explain this case1 let us suppose the length ,b ,d of half of the brachium ,b ,c to be equal to #c feet1 the line ,b ,e to #d feet1 the line ,e ,d of #e feet to be the direction in which the man pushes1 ,d ,f and ,f ,e to be respectively equal and parallel to ,b ,e and ,b ,d1 and the whole or absolute force with which the man pushes equal to 7or able to rise7 #aj stone4 ,let the oblique force ,e ,d 7 #aj stone7 be resolved into the two ,e ,f and ,e ,b 7or its equal ,f ,d7 whose directions are at right angles to each other1 and whose respective quantities 7or intensities7 are as #f and #h1 because ,e ,f and ,b ,e are in that proportion to each other and to ,e ,d4 ,now1 since ,e ,f is parallel to ,b ,d ,c ,a1 the beam1 it does no way affect the beam to move it upwards2 and therefore there is only the force represented by ,f ,d1 or #h stone1 to push the beam upwards at ,d4 ,for the same reason1 and because action and reaction are equal1 the scale will be pushed down at ,e with the force of #h stone also4 ,now1 since the force at ,e pulls the beam perpendicularly downwards from the point ,b1 distant from ,c the whole length of the brachium ,b ,c1 its action downwards will not be diminished1 but may be expressed by #h ,,bc2 whereas the action upwards against ,d will be half lost1 by reason of the diminished distance from the center1 and is only to be expressed by #h ,b ,c_/#b2 and when the action upwards to raise the beam is subtracted from the action downwards to depress it1 there will still remain #d stone to push down the scale2 because #h ,b ,c - #h ,b ,c_/#b #d;,,bc4 ,consequently1 a weight of #d stone must be added at the end ,a to restore the quilibrium4 ,therefore a man1 c41 pushing upwards under the beam between ,b and ,d1 becomes heavier4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,on the contrary1 if the scale should hang at ,f1 from the point ,d1 only #c feet from the center of motion ,c1 and a post ,g ,g hinders the scale from being pushed inwards towards ,c1 then1 if a man in this scale ,f pushes obliquely against ,b with the oblique force above mentioned1 the whole force1 for the reasons before given 7in resolving the oblique force into two others acting in lines perpendicular to each other7 will be reduced to #h stone1 which pushes the beam directly upwards at ,b1 while the same force of #h stone draws it directly down at ,d towards ,f4 ,but as ,c ,d is only equal to half of ,c ,b1 the force at ,d1 compared with that at ,b1 loses half its action1 and therefore can only take off the force of #d stone from the push upwards at ,b2 and consequently the weight ,w at ,a will preponderate1 unless an additional weight of #d stone be hanged at ,b4 ,therefore1 a man1 c41 pushing upwards under the beam between ,b and ,d1 becomes lighter4 ,the other problem presented by ,rev4 ,desagulier is denominated by him ,an ,experiment explaining a ,mechanical ,paradox1 that two bodies of equal weight suspended on a certain sort of balance do not lose their equilibrium by being removed1 one farther from1 the other nearer to1 the center4 ,the article concerning this problem is as follows3 ,if the two weights ,p ,w hangs at the ends of the balance ,a ,b1 whose center of motion is ,c1 those weights will act against each other 7because their directions are contrary7 with forces made up of the quantity of matter in each multiplied by its velocity2 that is1 by the velocity which the motion of the balance turning about ,c will give to the body suspended4 ,now1 the velocity of a heavy body is its perpendicular ascent or descent1 as will appear by moving the balance into the position a b1 which shews the velocity of ,p to be the perpendicular line e a1 and the velocity of ,b will be the perpendicular line b g2 for if the weights ,p and ,w are equal1 and also the lines e a and b g1 their momenta1 made up of e a multiplied into ,w1 and b g multiplied into ,p1 will be equal1 as will appear by their destroying one another in making an equilibrium4 ,but if the body ,w was removed to ,m1 and suspended at the point ,d1 then1 its velocity being only f d1 it would be overbalanced by the body ,p1 because f d multiplied into ,m would produce a less momentum than ,p multiplied into b g4 ,illustration ,as the arcs ,a a1 ,b b1 and ,d d1 described by the ends of the balance or points of suspension1 are proportionable to their sines e a1 g b1 and d f1 as also the radii or distances ,c ,a1 ,c ,b1 and ,c ,d2 in the case of this common sort of balance1 the arcs described by the weights1 or their points of suspension1 or the distances from the center1 may be taken for velocities of the weights hanging at ,a1 ,b1 or ,d1 and1 therefore1 the acting force of the weights will be reciprocally as their distances from the center4 ,scholium4--,the distances from the center are taken here for the velocities of the bodies1 only because they are proportionable to the lines e a1 b g1 and f d1 which are the true velocities2 for there are a great many cases wherein the velocities are neither proportionable to the distances from the center of motion of a machine1 nor to the arcs described by the weights or their points of suspension4 ,therefore1 it is not a general rule that weights act in proportion to their distances from the center of motion2 but a corollary of the general rule that weights act in proportion to their velocities1 which is only true in some cases4 ,therefore1 we must not take this case as a principle1 which most workmen do1 and all those people who make attempts to find the perpetual motion1 as ,i have more amply shewn in the ,phil4 ,trans41 ,no4 #cfi4 ,but to make this evident even in the balance1 we need only take notice of the following experiment3--,a ,c ,b ,e ,k ,d is a balance in the form of a parallelogram passing through a slit in the upright piece ,n ,o standing on the pedestal ,m1 so as to be moveable upon the center pins ,c and ,k4 ,to the upright pieces ,a ,d and ,b ,e of this balance are fixed at right angles the horizontal pieces ,f ,g and ,h ,i4 ,that the equal weights ,p ,w must keep each other in quilibrio1 is evident2 but it does not at first appear so plainly1 that if ,w be removed to ,v1 being suspended at #f1 yet it shall still keep ,p in quilibrio1 though the experiment shews it4 ,nay1 if ,w be successively moved to any of the points #a1 #b1 #c1 ,e1 #d1 #e1 or #f1 the quilibrium will be continued2 or if1 ,w hanging at any of those points1 ,p be successively moved to ,d1 or any of the points of suspension on the cross-piece ,f ,g1 ,p will at any of those places make an quilibrium with ,w4 ,now1 when the weights are at ,p and ,v1 if the least weight that is capable to overcome the friction at the points of suspension ,c and ,k be added to ,v1 as u1 the weight ,v will overpower1 and that as much at ,v as if it was at ,w4 ,from what we have said above1 the reason of this experiment will be very plain4 ,as the lines ,a ,c and ,k ,d1 ,c ,b and ,k ,e1 always continue of the same length in any position of the machine1 the pieces ,a ,d and ,b ,e will always continue parallel to one another1 and perpendicular to the horizon4 ,however1 the whole machine turns upon the points ,c and ,k1 as appears by bringing the balance to any other position1 as a b e d2 and therefore1 as the weights applied to any part of the pieces ,f ,g and ,h ,i can only bring down the pieces ,a ,d and ,b ,e perpendicularly1 in the same manner as if they were applied to the hooks ,d and ,e1 or to ,x and ,y1 the centers of gravity of ,a ,d and ,b ,e1 the force of the weights 7if their quantity of matter is equal7 will be equal1 because their velocities will be their perpendicular ascent or descent1 which will always be as the equal lines #d l and #d ,l1 whatever part of the pieces ,f ,g and ,h ,i the weights are applied to4 ,but if to the weight at ,v be added the little weight u1 those two weights will overpower1 because in this case the momentum is made up of the sum of ,v and u multiplied by the common velocity #d ,l4 ,hence follows1 that it is not the distance ,c #f multiplied into the weight ,v which makes its momentum1 but its perpendicular velocity ,l #d multiplied into its mass4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,this is still further evident by taking out the pin at ,k2 for then the weight ,p will overbalance the other weight at ,v1 because then their perpendicular ascent and descent will not be equal4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,desagulier was evidently a man of scientific turn and capacity4 ,it is unusual to find ministers deeply interested in scientific matters1 and yet1 he seems to have been4 ,the net result of his experiments can be succinctly stated as follows3 ,in the first problem there is no change in the distance of the center of gravity from the support1 and1 therefore1 there could be no disturbance of the equilibrium4 ,in the second problem there is a change in the distance in the center of gravity from the support1 and there must have been a disturbance of the equilibrium4 ,john ,haywood's ,device ,in #agij1 ,john ,haywood1 of ,long ,acre1 ,middlesex1 draftsman and mechanic1 obtained ,british patent on3 ,a machine for working mills and engines without the aid of fire1 water1 or wind1 or in aid of all or any of those or any other powers4 ,the specification describes the device as follows3 ,illustration ,the machine acts on a rotative principle1 or1 in other words1 has a revolving circular or circulating motion round an axis1 center1 or centers4 ,it may be made or constructed of any materials or matter whatsoever1 so it be of sufficient strength to sustain the power of action when applied to any mill1 engine1 or machine to which action or motion can or may be communicated by a wheel4 ,the size or dimensions of this machine are by no means confined1 but may be varied or altered as circumstances may require4 ,references to the drawings of the machine hereunto annexed3--,fig4 #a is the section of the machine4 ,a1 ,a1 ,b1 a cranked or double center1 fixed to the stand or frame ,d by the bolts ,e4 ,c1 ,c1 the wheel which turns or revolves round that part of the cranked center mark ,a4 ,f1 levers which turn or revolve round the cranked center ,b4 ,g1 ,g1 rollers or weights which revolve in the circular guides or grooves by means of the leavers ,f4 ,h1 ,h1 circular grooves or guides which are affixed to the inner sides of the wheel4 ,n4 ,b4--the distance from ,a to ,b is the radius in all cases to determine the space between the center of the guide or groove ,h and the center of the roller or weight ,g4 ,the distance of the two concentric circles which form the guides or grooves ,h must be equal to the diameter of the roller or weight ,g4 ,i1 ,i1 springs which stop the rollers or weights ,g from returning when at the horizontal diameter of the wheel4 ,k1 weights1 which may be increased or diminished at pleasure4 ,l1 ledges which connect the sides of the wheel together4 ,n4 ,b4--,by fixing cogs or teeth on the rim of the wheel1 so as to connect it with any mill1 machine1 or engine to which motion can be given by a wheel1 the power of this machine may be communicated4 ,explanation of the ,failure of the ,preceding ,wheels and ,weights ,devices ,it must not be presumed that the preceding devices shown in this chapter constitute any considerable part of the ,wheels and ,weights ,devices that have been constructed through the hope of attaining ,perpetual ,motion4 ,of all the means whereby ,perpetual ,motion has been sought wheels and weights have been by far the most prolific4 ,there is scarcely a village or a rural community in the civilized world that cannot point out its ,perpetual ,motion worker1 and he generally starts with wheels and weights1 though often1 after long labor and final failure with wheels and weights1 he still exploits other attractive fields of hopeless endeavor4 ,of the devices of that kind1 accounts of which have appeared in scientific journals1 or application for patents upon which have been made1 and1 indeed1 patents often granted1 it would be possible to write a book of thousands of pages1 but to do so would be to no purpose4 ,it is believed by the author that the preceding devices are sufficient to illustrate1 and show the controlling features of all the various mechanical contrivances for the utilization of wheels and weights as a means of ,self-,motive ,power4 ,countless others could be shown of more or less complicated mechanism1 but an examination would disclose the fact that each gets back to some combination of parts well illustrated in the preceding4 ,also1 in endeavoring to express why all wheels and weights devices have failed to work1 each essential point of weakness is disclosed in the preceding4 ,now1 why have they failed to work1 and wherein are they inherently wrong and unscientific8 ,a cursory examination of the preceding devices shows that each depends ultimately on the supposition3 #a4 ,that a descending weight elevates an equal weight through a distance equal to the descent1 and at the same time overcomes the frictional resistance of mechanism1 both ascent and descent being measured on perpendicular lines1 or #b4 ,that weights affixed to an axis and caused to have a longer leverage on the descending side than on the ascending side1 and consequently the downward pull on the long lever side is supposed to be greater than the downward pull or resistance on the short lever side of the axis4 ,if the fallacy of these supposed principles is explained and fully understood1 it disposes1 and disposes effectually1 of the possibility of obtaining ,perpetual ,motion by means of wheels1 weights and the force of gravity4 ,it should be remembered that a wheel is a lever1 or rather it is a continuous series of levers--nothing more--nothing less4 ,illustration ,we first refer to the figure shown in ,a4 ,capra's device1 page #cc ante4 ,the left side of this wheel is1 of course1 supposed to be the descending side on which the weights are farthest from the center of the wheel4 ,it is apparent that only five weights are having any leverage advantage whatever1 while a much greater number are being made to ascend4 ,the advantage which a few of the weights have by virtue of the leverage pulling downward is always exactly counterbalanced by an increased number of weights being drawn upward4 ,it should be borne in mind that the direction of the force of gravity is toward the center of the earth1 and not in the direction of the motion of the wheel1 except at the extreme left side of the wheel4 ,again1 consider the figure appearing on page #fc4 ,it is manifest that the weights on the right hand are further out1 and have a leverage advantage of the weights on the left hand side1 but it is also manifest that there is1 and always must be1 a greater number of weights on the left hand side4 ,the greater leverage of the weights on one side is exactly balanced by the greater number of weights on the other side4 ,for a further illustration1 take the figure shown on sheet #fe1 ante4 ,the weight #a has a distinct advantage over weight #e4 ,weight #b has a distinct advantage over weight #f4 ,but here we have only three weights3 #a1 #b and #h1 tending to pull the wheel from left to right1 whereas there are five weights1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f and #g1 tending to prevent its going to the right4 ,in other words1 if weights #a1 #b and #h were removed1 it is clear that the wheel would turn back to the left by reason of the action of the weights #c1 #d1 #e1 #f and #g4 ,here again the leverage advantage which weights have descending is counterbalanced by the increased number of weights on the opposite side acted on by the force of gravity1 tending to prevent the descent of those having the greater leverage4 ,illustration ,all the simpler devices failed1 of course1 to work4 ,the more complicated devices are simply efforts to overcome the elementary principles that prevented the simpler devices from working4 ,among these that of ,dixon ,vallance 7see page #cd1 ante71 is best adapted to illustrate the folly and the fallacy of these various devices to overcome elementary principles4 ,we here refer to the figure appearing on page #ce1 ante1 shown in connection with ,dixon ,vallance's ,device4 ,the obvious purpose was to keep all the weights close to the hub1 except those depended upon to produce continuous motion by their greater leverage4 ,to the untrained and untechnical person it would perhaps not be manifest at first just why the ,vallance machine failed to work4 ,here is its failure3 ,weight c must be raised toward the hub of the wheel4 ,to raise that weight requires the application of force4 ,that force must be supplied4 ,the belt cc would work more freely if it were not elevating a weight1 and the force required from w to turn the wheel so as to elevate the weight at c is counterbalanced by the resistance the weight c offers to being raised1 and consequently to the motion of the belt and in turn to the progress of the wheel4 ,it should always be remembered that1 omitting friction1 the energy exerted by a descending body is the perpendicular distance of its descent multiplied by its weight4 ,for1 notwithstanding what its course may be from an elevated point to a lower point the energy accumulated in the descent is still the product of the perpendicular distance and the mass1 or weight4 ,in all of these devices it is apparent that every weight is brought back by some force from the lowest point it reaches to the same elevation from which it started to descend4 ,it is axiomatic1 therefore1 that the perpendicular ascent is equal to the perpendicular descent4 ,the ascending weight and the descending weight are1 of course1 the same4 ,therefore1 the product of the weight and the perpendicular distance of ascent is exactly equal to the product of the weight and the perpendicular distance of descent4 ,hence1 there is an exact balancing of energies1 and no motion results4 ,any motion imparted by wind1 water or steam will1 if the moving force be withdrawn1 soon be overcome by unavoidable friction1 and a state of rest follows4 ,there can be no doubt that any attempt to attain ,self-,motive ,power by means of wheels1 weights1 levers1 and the force of gravity must result in failure4 ,the thing itself is physically impossible4 ,in addition to what is above stated1 read carefully ,chapter ,,xi1 on ,conservation of ,energy2 also read ,chapter ,,xiv1 entitled ,the ,seeming ,probability of ,effecting a ,continual ,motion by ,solid ,weights in a ,hollow ,wheel or ,sphere at page #bij of this book4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,rolling ,,weights ,,and ,,inclined ,,planes ,device by ,mercury in ,inclined ,glass ,tube and ,heavy ,ball on ,inclined ,plane ,neither the inventor's name nor his nativity can we give4 ,an account of the invention was furnished by a correspondent to ,mechanics' ,magazine in #ahbi4 ,the account is as follows3 ,to the curious who delight in mechanical intricacies1 to whom ingenuity of contrivance is the goal for which they run1 nothing seems to afford and require such endless resources as that most puzzling thing--perpetual motion4 ,the unfortunate name perpetual motion1 if changed for mechanical experiment1 would eventually1 perhaps1 remove the real cause of censuring it1 by the different idea of the object aimed at4 ,i now beg leave to offer some account of a combination of movements1 which1 from its originality1 and seeming to possess every requisite for retaining it in action1 may possibly be acceptable4 ,illustration ,this diagram shows a side view4 ,on the stand ,a are raised two supports ,b1 each having a center hole at a1 to receive the axle of the balanced apparatus1 consisting of ,c1 a glass tube containing a portion of mercury ,g2 and ,d1 a grooved scaleboard1 in which a ball1 ,e1 can roll backwards and forwards4 ,f ,f are two jointed levers1 which are to serve1 when struck by the ball1 to reverse the position of the compound balance3 the whole centred at a1 the tube at b1 and the grooved board at c4 ,in its present position1 the mercury 7it is supposed71 having flowed to the end ,c1 will depress ,d1 and cause the ball ,e to roll to ,d1 and depress the end ,g ,f ,d2 and so on continually4 ,series of ,inclined ,planes ,this scheme is of ,english origin1 and was promulgated in #ahfd4 ,the name of the inventor is unknown1 but he described his invention in a communication to a scientific publication in the following language3 ,the accompanying diagram represents a series of inclined semi-tubes connected together in the form of a rectangle4 ,illustration ,the ball ,a1 is placed at the top of an incline in such a position that it shall descend to ,b1 at which point it will have sufficient velocity or gravity to carry it up the ascent to ,c2 and so supposing the inclines and ascents to be endless1 the repetition of the movement must be also endless4 ,i think it is not unreasonable to suppose that a perpetual movement of the ball will take place1 from the fact that the velocity imparted to it by its first descent is sufficient to carry it from ,a to ,c1 those two points being at the same level4 ,i think the only thing to guard against is the ball rushing over the point ,c1 and thus accelerating the velocity at each descent4 ,the incline on road upon which the ball runs can be made either circular1 square1 octagonal1 or1 in fact1 almost of any form4 ,device by ,oscillating ,trough and ,cannon ,balls 7,name of inventor unknown7 ,an adaptation from a ,perpetual ,pump substituting cannon-balls for water4 ,an account of this invention was published in ,london in #ahbe1 in the language of the inventor1 who says3 ,the description of the perpetual pump has suggested to me whether the long-sought perpetual motion may not be found by a simple mechanical alteration of that machine1 and substituting a cannon-ball as a primum mobile1 in lieu of the water1 not always obtainable4 ,i would recommend that in the bottom of the trough be inserted at each end two dropping-boards1 of a triangular form1 moving on an axis at one corner1 one of which falling below the level of the trough at the elevated end1 the other shall be raised by the stop affixed to the standard-post1 which1 throwing the ball again back to the former end1 shall depress that1 until the same process is repeated in perpetual activity4 ,,description4--,fig4 #a4 ,a1 the trough1 swinging on an axis at ,b4 ,c1 the cannon-ball1 raised by one of the dropping-boards1 ,d1 whilst the other falls through the opening at ,e1 into the trough4 ,f1 the support or stop1 raising the dropping-board ,d4 ,the center of the trough ought to be pierced1 leaving the sides as a support to the ball1 which ought not to be wider than the ball may travel freely through4 ,illustration ,fig4 #b4 ,d ,d1 the dropping-boards1 which pass through the center so as to leave a sufficiency of the trough as a resting place for the ball to give a momentum1 and depress the trough1 previously to its being again raised by the dropping-board4 ,we meekly venture to call the attention of this inventor1 if he is still living1 and to any others who may be working along the same line1 that to our certain knowledge water is more generally obtainable than cannon-balls4 ,we1 therefore1 suggest the use of water instead of cannon-balls4 ,unpublished ,incline ,plane and ,weights ,devices ,noted by the ,author ,except the preceding three devices the author does not remember ever to have seen reported in any book1 patent1 application for patent1 or report1 the account of a device for obtaining self-motive power by means of weights and inclined planes1 and yet1 it is believed by the author from the use that has been made of inclined planes and rolling weights in demonstrating mechanical principles by many natural philosophers1 and also from devices that have from time to time been brought to the attention of the author during thirty years last past1 that the inclined plane with rolling weights has been a fertile field of folly among ,perpetual ,motion seekers4 ,on a number of occasions the author has been asked to view and inspect mechanical devices of that kind1 which it was claimed by the confident inventor and his friends would surely work when just one little thing could be overcome4 ,the phraseology was sometimes varied a little from the preceding quotation1 but the substance was always there4 ,in one instance the device attracted the enthusiastic attention and elicited breathless interest from a doctor and surgeon of much more than ordinary skill and intelligence in his profession1 and was hopefully regarded by a number of other persons who had had schooling advantages and were supposed to be versed in the rudiments of mechanics1 and1 it would seem to the author1 ought at first sight to have perceived the fallacy and hopelessness of the inventor's dreams4 ,all of these claimed inventions relying on the inclined plane with rolling weights were so nearly alike in the principle involved that all may be illustrated by the following explanation3 ,illustration ,the above figure shows a vertical section of a device that illustrates the controlling principle in all of these devices4 ,it is manifest that the balls between ,a and ,c are hanging equally between ,a ,d and ,c ,d1 the points of suspension ,a and ,c being in a horizontal line4 ,it is also manifest that there will be a greater number of balls on the sloping incline ,a ,b than on the sloping incline ,b ,c4 ,the ,perpetual ,motion seeker has always argued to himself that the four balls between ,a and ,b should pull stronger to the left at ,b than the two balls between ,b and ,c can pull4 ,sometimes this device has been varied whereby the balls would roll freely down the incline from ,b to ,a and then roll back toward ,c down another incline where they would be supposed to strike a lever and impel a ball from ,c to ,b1 which ball would then roll down the incline ,b ,a1 and so on indefinitely4 ,the error of all this lies in the fact that the four balls between ,b and ,a will not elevate the two balls between ,b and ,c for the reason that they are on a less inclined slope4 ,as we would ordinarily state it1 ,b ,c is a steeper incline4 ,one ball between ,b and ,c by force of gravity pulls stronger toward ,c than one ball on ,b ,a will pull toward ,a4 ,it is manifest1 therefore1 that an equilibrium requires a greater number of balls on ,b ,a than ,b ,c4 ,b ,a is longer and accommodates a greater number of balls than can be accommodated on ,b ,c4 ,the number of balls that can be accommodated on the respective sides is always found to be such that the small number of balls between ,b ,c pull in the aggregate toward ,c the same as the greater number of balls between ,b and ,a pull toward ,a1 and thus equilibrium is established4 ,it is manifest1 therefore1 that with the pull from ,b toward ,c equal to the pull from ,b toward ,a1 the mechanism finds its balance and motion ceases4 ,this is true of all similar devices4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,hydraulic ,,and ,,hydro-,,mechanical ,,devices ,enbom ,anderson's ,pump ,june #ac1 #ahhb ,u4 ,s4 ,patent1 ,no4 #beiead was granted to ,andro ,enbom and ,john ,a4 ,anderson1 of ,augusta1 ,kansas1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 on ,improvements in ,pumps4 ,it seems probable that the inventors did not suspect1 and that the patent office examiners did not discover that the device had in the claimed ,improvement the essentials of self-motive power4 ,an examination of the specifications clearly shows1 however1 that the claim of the inventors that the water lifted by the pump is caused in its passage over the wheel ,a to give power to the same and thus lessen the labor required1 presupposes the principle of self-motive power4 ,the following figure taken from the specifications and the following excerpt from the specifications illustrate the intended operation3 ,the operation is substantially as follows3 ,by the application of power to the crank a revolution is given to the main shaft ,a1 and by means of this the pump-handle is properly actuated through the intermediate mechanism described4 ,the water lifted by the pump is discharged through the spout e to the buckets of the wheel a1 and by these is delivered to the trough ,f4 ,by means of the construction described the water lifted by the pump is caused1 in its passage over the wheel a1 to give power to the same1 and thus lessen the labor required to produce a given result4 ,illustration ,we suggest to the inventors that if instead of elevating the water to the place of discharge ,e they discharge it at the level of the trough ,f they will lessen the distance of elevation and will save many times the energy that can be realized by the descent of the water from the level of ,e to the level of ,f4 ,device of ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis ,in #ahca ,mechanics' ,magazine printed an article contributed by a correspondent who signed himself ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis4 ,he claimed to have invented a very powerful ,perpetual ,motion ,machine4 ,his enthusiasm is as interesting as his device is absurd4 ,we give the article as published in full3 ,illustration ,i propose to endeavor to show how my plan of perpetual motion could be applied to practical and useful purposes4 ,with a view to this1 ,i give the prefixed sketch1 with the following description of its construction and use3 ,let ,a represent the side-wall or gable-end of a house1 from #dj to #ej feet in elevation2 ,b1 a cistern1 filled with water1 having an orifice near its bottom1 and another open at the top1 for the ready escape of waste water1 as before2 ,c1 a reservoir1 so far filled with water as not to come in contact with the bottom of the water-wheel ,d1 which1 being an undershot wheel1 may1 of course1 be of such radius as is suitable for the power required to raise the water4 ,let ,e be another cistern1 filled with water1 equal to and provided with orifices as in cistern ,b1 both orifices together discharging water faster than it escapes from the lower orifice of the cistern ,b2 ,f1 two 7or more1 as the case may require7 pumps1 or expressing-fountains1 supported against the walls by ties d d1 and having their cylinders inserted in the reservoir ,c1 and their lower suckers fixed at a little less than #cb feet above the surface of the fluid in the reservoir ,c4 ,these expressing-fountains discharging their water into the cistern ,e a trifle faster than it escapes from its lower orifice1 at an elevation of at least #cc or #cd feet above the surface of the water in the reservoir ,c1 will afford space for water-wheels1 supported against the wall by the upright ,k1 say three water-wheels1 ,g ,h ,i1 of at least eight feet in diameter each1 or two only of greater diameter4 ,the upper wheel ,g being an undershot one1 if not of greater radius than four feet1 which it might be1 may have its axle fixed at an altitude of at least #cj feet1 and allowing the space of a foot between each water-wheel for the troughs a and b1 which collect and convey the water from wheel to wheel1 will give a space of #bb feet1 occupied by the three water-wheels1 leaving #aj feet for the descent of the water by the trough c to the cistern ,b 7which may be four or five feet in depth71 and thence to the reservoir ,c1 which may be three or four feet in depth2 also the cistern ,e may be four or five feet in depth1 and all of other corresponding dimensions ad libitum4 ,to produce the motion1 remove the plugs or stoppers from the lower orifices of the cisterns ,e and ,b2 the water rushing from the latter turns the great water-wheel ,d1 which works the expressing-fountains into the upper cistern ,e2 from the orifices of which1 the water escaping turns the undershot wheel ,g 7which may be of larger diameter1 if required72 whence being collected by the spout a1 it shoots over and turns the wheel ,h2 being collected by the spout b1 it turns the overshot wheel ,i2 whence being collected by the spout c1 it is conveyed into the cistern ,b1 from thence to the water wheel ,d1 and1 finally1 into the reservoir ,c1 from which it is raised again by the fountains into the upper cistern ,e2 and so on as long as you please1 or as long as the whole keeps in repair and in good order4 ,the apparatus may1 with facility1 be stopped for convenience at any time without fear of derangement1 because the fountains carrying water faster than it escapes from the lower orifices1 the cisterns will be always full2 and it may be again set in motion with equal facility4 ,with the above proviso1 it cannot stop till the prevailing natural causes which gave it motion--viz41 the pressure of the atmosphere and the descent of water1 which in their nature and tendency are of themselves perpetual--shall be diverted4 ,thus you may have the power1 free and disposable1 of three water-wheels in perpetual motion1 to be applied to such useful purposes of machinery within the building as its inmates may require4 ,a supply of water-mills might be thus provided in any situation--in the center of the metropolis or other large towns--in places subject to a deficiency of rivulets suitable for mills on the common system4 ,neither would there be any necessity for resorting to rivers1 or raising immense buildings upon their banks2 wherever there was a convenient house1 it might be readily appropriated with little further expense than machinery4 ,yours1 etc41 ,,ed4 ,,vocis ,,rationis4 ,jan4 #aj1 #ahca4 ,bckler's ,plates ,in #affb ,george ,andrew ,bckler published a work on mechanics4 ,the work is replete with fine drawings4 ,not a great deal of space is devoted to ,perpetual ,motion devices1 but the following three plates which are numbered #aej1 #aea and #aeb in his work are shown as ,perpetual ,motion devices4 ,these devices do not appear to have been the inventions of ,bckler himself1 but are devices noticed by him4 ,they are not explained with any considerable detail4 ,illustration ,figure #aej is ,a ,water ,screw1 and it is stated that the inventor intends it for a ,perpetual ,motion device1 and it is further stated that he has scarcely worked out his purpose4 ,the author states that the excellence consists in the proportion and distribution of the wheel1 balls and weights1 and says further that he does not describe it in detail1 and that it is his intention to publish at a future time a separate treatise on ,perpetual ,motion in which this and other similar machines will be considered4 ,he gives the first as ,fig4 #aej1 ,a ,water ,screw1 the purpose of which is not quite so obvious as to be understood at the first view of the figure2 for the inventor intimates that he intends it for a perpetuum mobile4 ,he has1 however1 scarcely worked out his purpose1 as we may1 nevertheless1 say without any prejudice to the inventor4 ,nor will we here describe how the excellence of this work consists in the proportion and distribution of the wheel1 and the balls or weights1 because it is our intention to publish1 at a future time1 a separate treatise on the perpetuum mobile1 in which we shall consider this and several similar machines4 ,figure #aea is ,a ,water ,screw1 having a grindstone for cutlery4 ,the author remarks concerning this machine as follows3 ,illustration ,this machine also is intended for a perpetuum mobile4 ,the inventor discharges water from the reservoir ,a1 by the canal ,b1 on the water-wheel ,c1 which turns the open screw-cylinder ,d1 by means of the toothed wheel ,e1 the cog-wheel ,f1 the spoked wheel ,g1 together with the cylinder ,h1 and the spoked wheel ,i1 whilst this spoked wheel ,i1 catching the small cog-wheel ,l1 together with the cylinder ,m1 and the handle ,r1 turns the small spoked wheel of the screw-cylinder ,h1 and the screw-cylinder itself1 and thus draws up again the water discharged from the reservoir ,a through the spiral screw ,q4 ,in order to render this machine useful1 a couple of grindstones are placed on the cylinder ,d4 ,concerning this machine1 it is particularly to be considered1 whether a sufficient amount of water can be raised again1 as has been frequently remarked before about similar works4 ,figure #aeb is said to represent ,a ,double ,water ,screw1 with ,double ,pump1 and the author observes3 ,this machine is1 on the whole1 similar to the preceding ones4 ,the water is discharged from the round or square reservoir ,a1 by ,b1 on the water-wheel ,c4 ,a continual supply of water for the water-wheel is provided as follows3 ,the crown wheel ,h is fixed on the upright cylinder ,m1 and is turned by the revolutions of the cylinder1 whilst it turns at the same time the upper wheel ,l1 which1 acting on the spokes of the double screw ,k1 ,k1 draws up sufficient water by ,i1 ,i1 and then1 as stated1 discharges it by ,b1 on the wheel ,c4 ,the machine may be rendered useful by furnishing the cylinder ,d with the double crank ,e1 to drive the two pistons of the tubes ,f1 ,f1 which lift the water through the pipes ,g1 ,g1 into the reservoir ,n1 whence it may be carried off for service4 ,illustration ,john ,linley's ,hydraulic ,device4 #ahca ,an account of this was published in #ahca in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 and is as follows3 #cb4 ,perpetual ,water-wheels and ,pumps 7vol4 #ad1 #ahca74--;,a correspondent gives a description of a plan which he says he believes to be entirely original1 and not without considerable claims to plausibility1 thus3 ,illustration ,let a b c d represent a wooden cistern1 or trough1 half filled with water2 ,e ,f ,g1 three overshot water-wheels1 supported by the upright piece2 ,k is another cistern1 or trough1 filled with water up to the dotted lines2 ,p is a syphon to convey water from the lower to the upper cistern ,k2 ,r is a beam supported from the cistern2 ,s ,t ,u are moveable cranks attached to the horizontal shafts through the center of the water-wheels--each crank has a connecting-rod to the beam ,r2 ,v ,w are two curved spouts to convey water from one wheel to another4 ,it may be well here to premise that each water-wheel has a pump and beam1 as only one is seen in the section4 ,now1 in order to put the machine in motion1 it is only necessary to draw a portion of water from the syphon over the wheel ,e1 which immediately revolves1 consequently the pump ,l ,m draws water from the lower to the upper cistern ,k4 ,now1 the water passing over the wheel ,e is collected by means of the curved spout ,v1 and is conveyed upon the middle wheel ,f1 which also gives motion to another pump1 and draws in like manner4 ,again1 the water passing over the middle wheel1 is collected as before by another curved spout ,w2 consequently1 the lower wheel is put in action1 accompanied with another pump4 ,hence it is obvious that three water-wheels and three pumps are worked by one stream of water from the syphon4 ,what more is required to perpetuate its motion8 ,john ,linley4 ,wicker ,sheffield1 ,may #bh1 #ahcj4 ,device of ,author of the ,voice of ,reason ,in #ahca a contributor who signed himself ,author of the ,voice of ,reason1 furnished to the scientific journals of ,england an account of what he claimed was a ,perpetual ,motion ,device invented by him4 ,it should be said to his credit that he claimed no surplus power for his device--only that it would run itself4 ,he1 in fact1 stated that his machine could not perform more than the simple operation of pumping its own water4 ,the principle upon which he relied is sufficiently shown by the following figure1 and the following excerpt from the contributed article3 ,observing that persons no less distinguished than ,bishop ,wilkins1 the ,marquis of ,worcester1 etc41 have amused themselves with such things as perpetual motion1 it may be some apology for a humble individual residing as ,i do in a very retired part of the country--scarcely within reach of much society--to confess that by way of a little rational amusement and relief to the mind1 ,i have at times1 amid a variety of other investigations and inventions1 amused myself amongst the rest1 with this of perpetual motion4 ,the result ,i will1 with your permission1 lay before your readers4 ,that ,i trespass upon your pages1 you are indebted to your correspondent1 ,mr4 ,linley1 whose invention ,i thought might partially lead to an anticipation of one of my own1 a model of which ,i constructed a short time ago4 ,the system which first came to my mind1 as likely to lead to the accomplishment of perpetual motion1 was that of the syphon2 experimenting with which1 opened discoveries that might prove useful in hydrostatics4 ,amongst these was a mode of equalizing the horizontal surface of the water in two separate vessels of different altitudes4 ,the following sketch will afford an idea of my invention4 ,illustration ,let ,a be a vessel1 having two orifices1 one at the bottom of it1 a1 and the other open at the top for waste water b1 filled to the brim4 ,b1 a reservoir1 so far filled with water as not to come in contact with the bottom of the great wheel ,c1 whose axle turns in the wood c1 attached to the side of the reservoir2 d1 a crank fixed to the axle of the great water-wheel1 which turning moves up and down the rod e1 attached to the beam ,e1 which works the pump ,d1 having its cylinder inserted in the reservoir ,b2 f1 an upright attached to the upper vessel ,a1 to form a support for the beam ,e2 the whole1 together with the cylinder of the pump1 being supported and tied together by the woodwork g g g4 ,to produce the motion1 draw the plug from the orifice a1 from which the water gushing out with considerable force will immediately turn the water-wheel1 which communicating motion1 by the crank d and rod e1 to the beam ,e1 will cause the pump ,d to be worked1 the water from the spout passing into the upper vessel ,a4 ,now1 the cylinder of the pump1 if one only be used1 must be of suitable dimensions1 or the velocity of its movement so increased by means of a multiplying-wheel as to enable it to discharge water into the upper vessel ,a faster than the same escapes through the lower orifice a2 consequently1 the vessel ,a will soon overflow from the capacious opening at b1 to which a trough is attached1 which collecting the waste water1 causes it to descend also upon the circumference of the water-wheel2 thus contributing to its movement1 and at the same time tending to preserve an uniform supply of water in the reservoir for the continued action of the pump4 ,hence you have a perpetual motion1 so long as the whole keeps in repair and in good order1 which is all that can be expected of any perpetual motion1 constructed as it must be of perishable materials4 ,but of what use are all the perpetual motion machines1 if they can perform no other work than that of keeping themselves in motion8 ,for it is evident1 in the case of my machine1 that if ,i wish to increase the power of the wheel1 fixed as it is in size1 radius1 etc41 ,i must increase the jet of water1 and consequently the pumps must be made of corresponding dimensions1 or exert a corresponding increase of force or velocity to replace the water2 so that it is evident1 neither ,mr4 ,linley's machine nor mine1 in their present fixed state1 can perform more than the simple operation of pumping their own water4 ,and this is the case with all the perpetual motion machines ,i have ever observed--they can exert no useful or disposable power beyond that of keeping up an equilibrium1 or getting beyond the point of equilibrium4 ,yours1 etc41 ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,voice ,,of ,,reason4 ,an ,italian ,device ,in #ahbe there was published in ,london in ,mechanics' ,magazine the account of a very ancient invention by an ,italian4 ,he had written an account of his invention in ,latin4 ,it had been translated and furnished to ,mechanics' ,magazine by a correspondent of that ,magazine4 ,the communication so furnished as published is as follows3 ,the underwritten is translated from an ancient ,latin book 99 99 99 7entitled ,de ,simia ,natur1 ,autore ,roberto ,fludd71 which treats of every science known at the time it was published1 and largely of the science of mechanics4 ,what followed ,i have extracted merely to show that the discovery of the perpetual motion was as nearly attained then1 perhaps1 as it is now4--,i am1 c41 ,p4 ,of another useful invention for raising water easily1 by the which a certain ,italian ventured to boast that he had discovered the ,perpetual ,motion4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,instrument4--,a is an exhauster1 or pump4 ,illustration ,b1 a little wheel placed at the bottom of the exhauster1 about which pestils1 or circular flaps of prepared leather1 revolve lightly1 so that they rise easily3 they are connected by crooked iron4 ,c ,c ,c1 pestils1 or circular leathers1 by means of which the water is raised in the pump4 ,d1 a wheel1 by which the said circular leathers are raised up4 ,e1 a pinion1 moving the wheels ,d and ,b4 ,f is a wheel1 continued from the wheel ,g1 whose teeth the pinion ,e propels circularly4 ,h1 a pinion moving the wheel ,g4 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,instrument4--,this instrument is classed with those of the first sort1 on which account it is absolutely necessary for a multitude of purposes1 because it bears upward a large quantity of water with the least labor2 for the number of wheels is not variable2 but the length of the receiver ,a is about the proportion of #ce feet1 and its breadth one foot and one-third4 ,the concavities of it should be made exactly round1 that they may not lose any water by contracting in their ascension2 the concavity of the pump1 therefore1 should be perfectly round4 ,the great water-wheel should be #bd feet diameter1 and the wheel ,g #bj feet4 ,the ,italian1 deceived by his own thoughts1 conceived that as much water would be raised by this pump as would keep the wheel perpetually in motion2 because he said that more force was required at the extremity of this machine than at the centre2 but because he calculated the proportions of power wrong1 he was deceived in practice4 ,p4 ,valentine ,stansel's ,device4 ,prior to #afeg 7,exact date not known73 ,illustration ,a1 ,b1 ,c is a large cistern of water1 above which is another cistern ,d1 ,e1 which is supplied from the lower cistern by the pump ,x1 operated by the water-wheel ,m1 ,n1 the crank ,l of which is attached by a rod ,k to the horizontal beam ,h1 ,i1 ,k1 which swings at ,h1 from the side of the upper cistern1 as shown at ,f1 ,g1 ,h4 ,the force-pump ,x1 on the depression of the plunger ,o1 causes the water to rise up the vertical pipe ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 and thence discharge itself into the cistern ,d1 from which a small portion is allowed to escape through the short pipe ,t1 ,v1 whence it falls on the water-wheel1 and so on continuously4 ,vogel's ,device ,in #ahdg1 ,a4 ,f4 ,vogel1 of ,leipzig1 invented what he called ,hydrostatic ,general ,mobile4 ,it was described at the time in a pamphlet1 and its operation is sufficiently illustrated by the following annexed figure and explanation3 ,illustration ,a water-wheel1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 raising the water by means of which it is to be operated4 ,this is effected1 he supposes1 by the wheel acting at ,a1 by the pressure of one of six pins ,d1 on a vertical rod1 attached to a horizontal beam1 working on a centre1 and its opposite end being secured to the pump-rod of the barrel ,m1 ,n4 ,the projector has an idea that by means of flaps1 which close the cells of the wheel as they pass under rollers at ,b1 while at ,c there is a similar contrivance to open the flaps and let out the water1 and therefore by its retention on the descending side it will become more effective in turning the wheel4 ,a ,water ,wheel-,driven ,pump ,this device is claimed by the writer to be an adaptation of ,rangely's ,patent ,roller ,pump4 ,a description by the writer1 whose name is not given1 was published in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 #ahbc1 in the following language3 ,i think it possible to produce a self-moving power by such a machine as that1 a drawing of which is now prefixed4 ,from its very simple construction1 a very brief description is necessary4 ,a represents a pump immersed in a reservoir ,b2 the pump is worked by the rotary motion of the water-wheel ,c1 which is four feet in diameter4 ,on the shaft of the water-wheel is the drum-wheel ,d1 working by a small cord the wheel ,e1 on the axis of the pump discharging the water by the pipe ,f into a reservoir ,g over the water-wheel4 ,in this reservoir is a cock to regulate the quantity of water to be discharged on the wheel4 ,the wheel on the shaft of the water-wheel being nine inches diameter1 and the wheel on the axis of the pump three in diameter1 the latter will consequently make three revolutions for one of the water-wheel4 ,as the pump is not required to turn with great velocity1 the speed might be regulated by the quantity of water thrown on the water-wheel1 the latter being four feet in diameter1 and the wheel on its shaft nine inches2 consequently the radius or arm of the wheel has near #d powers to counteract the friction of the axis of the pump and water-wheel1 and of a fine cord passed over the wheels ,d and ,e4 ,if necessary1 the friction of the machine might be still farther reduced by the axes of the pump and water-wheel being made to run in gudgeons with friction rollers4 ,illustration ,the pipe ,h is intended to convey the surplus water from the reservoir over the wheel to the reservoir below4 ,the pump might easily be turned by a cog-wheel2 but this is unnecessary1 as the cord passing over the drum-wheels will do equally well1 and is1 besides1 a more simple method4 ,a ,journeyman ,mechanic's ,device ,the gentleman1 whose real name is unknown1 but who styled himself ,a ,journeyman ,mechanic1 made an invention1 an account of which appeared in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 in #ahca4 ,it was an attempted adaptation of the wellknown principles of ,barker's ,mill4 ,the inventor undoubtedly thought he had successfully solved the long sought problem of ,self-,motive ,power1 and he benevolently and graciously offered to contribute his valuable invention to the world1 having no wish to profit by monopoly4 ,we cannot but contrast the plenary benevolence of his heart with the mechanical paucity of his head4 ,he describes his invention with the following language and figure3 ,the inventor offers the accompanying sketch1 with description of an ,hydraulic ,mover1 for communicating power to machinery1 and recently invented by him3-- ,a is a hollow cylinder or pipe1 forming the upright shaft of a mill on ,barker's well-known and effective centrifugal principle4 ,b ,b1 the lateral pipes from ditto2 a a1 the jets of water1 whose centrifugal force gives the motion4 ,c1 beam to support the machinery1 built at each end into the wall ,d ,d4 ,e ,e1 two cog-wheels to communicate the motion to ,p1 the rod of a pump 7on ,shalder's principle71 which derives its supply from the well into which the water from the pipes is conducted1 which it raises to ,illustration ,h1 a cistern into which one end of a syphon1 ,i ,i1 is introduced1 the other end of which is soldered with an air-tight joint into the top of pipe ,a1 to which it thus supplies the water which is continually running from the pipes ,b ,b1 producing a constant motion which may be given by carrying the horizontal rod ,f through the wall ,d1 to machinery for any purpose4 ,and1 if the statement in the pamphlet on ,hydrostatics1 by the ,society for the ,diffusion of ,useful ,knowledge1 as to the effect of ,barker's ,centrifugal ,mill1 be correct1 the power gained must be very great4 ,the advantages of the invention are obvious4 ,the whole of the machinery for a large factory may be contained underground1 which1 indeed1 will be the most desirable situation for it1 and valuable room will thus be saved2 the expense of erection will not be great2 and the saving in coals1 c41 necessary for a steam-engine of the like powers1 will be immense4 ,i might1 perhaps1 have secured much benefit to myself by taking out a patent for the discovery1 but ,i have no wish to profit by monopoly4 ,all ,i desire is1 that it may be recollected that the machine was invented by one who is ,a ,,journeyman ,,mechanic4 ,james ,black's ,device ,in #aheh1 ,james ,black1 ,machine ,maker1 of ,edinburgh1 ,scotland1 applied for a ,british patent on ,an improved mode or means of obtaining1 applying1 and transmitting motive power4 ,the expected operation is sufficiently illustrated by the following figure and excerpt from the specifications3 ,a face plate or disc is fixed on an axis1 and has formed in it a number of wipers1 eccentrics1 or curved paths1 which receive 7in the space taken out7 a pulley or roller1 free to revolve on its own axis1 and attached to an adjustable lever in equal balance with the desired lift or pressure4 ,on rotary motion being communicated to the plate 7by a band or otherwise71 the pulley or roller moves round the eccentrics or paths1 imparting a rocking motion to the lever 7similar to the action of a beam71 wherefrom motion may be transmitted or applied1 as desired1 or converted by suitable appliances into any description of motion4 ,illustration ,in connection herewith1 a pump may be set in a tank of water1 and a tank added above2 on the same shaft with the face plate is a water-wheel driven by the water from above2 when it passes the centre1 the water falls into the lower tank and is pumped up again2 whatever weight of water is in each stroke is equalized by a balance weight on the lever2 the number of eccentrics and size of water-wheel may be increased to correspond with the quantity of water required to secure a desired power4 ,one means of imparting rotary motion from my arrangement is by attaching at the end of the lever a crank and connecting rod of same radius as the lift of the lever1 carried over the centre by a fly wheel4 ,the invention is applicable to the actuating of pumps1 mincing machines1 and other machinery1 instruments1 and apparatus1 and to parts thereof2 to propelling on land and water1 and to various motive purposes4 ,fig4 #a is an elevation1 showing an arrangement for obtaining power according to my invention4 ,x is the general framework of the apparatus2 ,a1 a disc or plate1 mounted on a shaft ,e1 and formed with curved paths ,b2 the same shaft ,e also carries a water-wheel ,w1 provided with vanes or blades w w1 as is usual2 ,c is a roller1 working in the paths ,b1 and connected to a lever ,d1 attached to rods d d of pumps ,g ,g4 ,g is a balance weight at the further end of the lever1 which is supported in the bearing f2 ,h ,h are tanks fixed below the water-wheel1 and ,i is a tank set above it2 i i are supply pipes1 for conveying the water from tanks ,h ,h to the tank ,i2 j j1 escape water pipes4 ,the water falling from the tank ,i on the wheel ,w1 drives that wheel in the usual manner2 and when it passes the centre1 the water falls into the lower tanks ,h1 from which it is pumped up again into the upper tank ,i by the pumps ,g1 actuated by the levers ,e1 driven by the rollers ,c1 in the pathways ,b of the face plate ,a1 as the latter is caused to revolve by the revolution of the water-wheel ,w on the same shaft with it1 thus producing a continuous motive power4 ,archimedean ,screw and ,liquid ,this device was made public by a communication from a correspondent to ,mechanics' ,magazine in ,england1 in #ahbc4 ,the device is described as follows3 ,illustration ,a is the screw turning on its two pivots ,g ,g2 ,b is a cistern to be filled above the level of the lower aperture of the screw with mercury 7which ,i conceive to be preferable to water on many accounts1 and principally because it does not adhere or evaporate like water72 ,c is a reservoir1 which1 when the screw is turned round1 receives the mercury which falls from the top2 ,d is a pipe1 which by the force of gravity conveys the mercury from the reservoir ,c on to 7what1 for want of a better term1 may be called7 the float-board ,e1 fixed at right angles to the centre of the screw1 and furnished at its circumference with ridges or floats to intercept the mercury1 the moment and weight of which will cause the float-board and screw to revolve1 until1 by the proper inclination of the floats1 the mercury falls into the receiver ,f1 from whence it again falls by its spout into the cistern ,g1 where the constant revolution of the screw takes it up again as before4 ,to overcome this 7the power of the fluid in the screw to turn it backwards71 ,i thought of placing a metallic ball1 or some mercury1 on the ledge above the floats 7as at ,h in the drawing71 of just so much weight1 and no more1 as would exactly neutralize this backward endeavor2 whether or no this would increase the difficulty of raising the mercury in the screw ,i cannot say1 having never tried the experiment4 ,john ,sims's ,problem4 #ahcj ,john ,sims1 a ,welshman1 furnished the following suggested device to ,mechanics' ,magazine in #ahcj3 ,let us suppose an apparatus to be constructed of the description represented in the annexed engraving3 a is a water cistern1 whence water is to be raised by the pump b1 to supply the cistern2 c d is a small pipe with a stop-cock at e1 which lets the water from cistern c into a strong water-tight bellows f4 ,the bellows have no valve1 but a cock g to let out the water into cistern a2 h is a weight1 and i a rack on the top of the bellows which works in the cogs on the axle of the large cog-wheel j2 j turns the little cog-wheel k1 that gives motion to the arm l1 and works the pump-handle m2 n is an upright rod on the end of the lever o1 which rod has a turn at p and q for the top of the bellows to press against in ascending and descending4 ,the water being let into the bellows from the pipe d1 will cause the top of the bellows1 with the weight and rack1 to ascend till the former reaches and presses p1 which will move the lever o and the arm or rod r2 by which means the stop-cock e of the pipe will be shut1 and the cock g opened1 and the water let in from the bellows into the cistern a4 ,the top of the bellows will now descend till it comes down and presses the turn q1 which will again shut the cock g and open e1 on which the water will again flow from the pipe into the bellows1 and cause the top with the rack to ascend4 ,illustration ,now it is generally known that the power of an hydrostatic bellows is thus calculated3-- ,as the area of the orifice or section of the pipe1 ,to the area of the bellows3 ,the weight of water in the pipe is1 ,to the weight the bellows will sustain on the top-board4 ,we will suppose1 therefore1 the pipe d to be #aj feet high1 with a bore equal to #a square inch1 which would give #abj cubic inches1 and about #d lbs4 of water4 ,let us suppose1 also1 the boards of the bellows to be #bj inches square1 which gives #djj square inches4 ,when the water is let from the pipe into the bellows1 there will be a pressure of #d lbs4 on every square inch1 which on the whole will amount to #a1gjj lbs4 ,now take half of this force and place it on the top of the bellows2 there will then be a working power of #hej lbs4 up and down1 and allowing the bellows to raise one foot1 it will contain about #bj gallons of water4 ,now the question is1 will not the machinery1 with a moving power of #b feet and #hej lbs41 raise #bj gallons of water #aj feet1 which would1 of course1 cause the motion to be perpetual8--,,john ,,sims4 ,pwllheli1 ,north ,wales1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahbi4 ,the foregoing device brought from another correspondent the following3 ,had ,mr4 ,sims gained the power exerted by the descending weight on his bellows1 he would have been fortunate indeed2 but it unfortunately happens that its returning power 7or an equivalent7 was expended in raising it4 ,with respect to his question1 whether a circulation of water would be kept up by the arrangement1 ,i answer1 no2 as the velocities will be in the inverse ratios to the forces1 and the descending column of #abj inches must expend itself forty times to raise the ascending one to the height of twelve inches1 as proposed3-- #aj ft4 or #abj in4 #dj #d1hjj1 lifting force or power4 #djj in4 #ab #d1hjj1 opposing force1 resistance1 or weight4 ,here is an equilibrium1 and nothing gained to overcome friction or the weight of the atmosphere on the piston of the pump4 ,were it possible to annihilate both friction and atmospheric weight1 even then1 unless the power exceed the weight1 the power would not be a moving one4 ,a ,perpetual ,pump1 by an ,unknown ,inventor ,in ,volume ,i of ,mechanics' ,magazine1 #ahbc1 appears an account by a correspondent of a ,perpetual ,motion device which is illustrated by the figure1 and the quotations following3 a b c d is the section of the reservoir1 c41 showing the wheel1 the pump1 c4 ,a ,b is an overshot water-wheel2 ,c ,d the working beam2 ,e the pump2 ,f a pipe from the top of the pump1 through which the water was to fall upon the wheel2 ,c ,g an arm1 communicating1 by means of a crank attached to an horizontal shaft through the centre of the wheel1 motion to the lever or working beam1 and so raising water from the reservoir by means of the pump2 ,h ,i the water4 ,it was supposed that the water which had fallen upon the wheel into the reservoir would be raised by means of the pump1 fall through the horizontal pipe1 and so produce a continued rotary motion4 ,illustration ,the persistence of ,perpetual ,motion workers is amusingly illustrated by the inventions of ,william ,willcocks ,sleigh and ,burrowes ,willcocks ,arthur ,sleigh4 ,their devices were so extremely complicated and not susceptible of being understood1 and hence are mentioned rather than shown in this work4 ,in #ahde1 ,william ,willcocks ,sleigh1 a doctor of medicine and surgery1 of ,chiswick1 ,middlesex1 ,england1 applied for and obtained ,british ,patent on what he called ,a ,hydro-mechanic apparatus for producing motive power4 ,he took out other patents on hydro-mechanical devices in #ahec1 #ahef1 and #ahfj4 ,then in #ahfd1 his son1 ,burrowes ,willcocks ,arthur ,sleigh took out two patents on similar devices1 and then in #ahff1 still another patent4 ,the specifications for each of the above mentioned patents are lengthy and detailed4 ,the inventors evidently had the greatest confidence in their efforts1 though surely they never put them to actual test4 ,they seemed to have been mechanically stupid1 and incapable of correct mechanical thinking1 but their efforts were so tireless and so earnest that we submit that the ,sleigh family had done its full1 fair share in the efforts to accomplish ,self-,motive power4 ,equally amusing are the efforts of ,james ,smith of ,seaforth1 ,liverpool1 and ,sidney ,arthur ,chease1 ,liverpool1 gentlemen3 ,these two co-laborers applied for ,british patents on four different ,hydro-mechanical devices--one in #aheh1 two in #ahfc1 and one in #ahfe4 ,on three they obtained patents1 and on the other one provincial protection4 ,one of them seems to have been a capitalist1 and the other one a machinist4 ,their models were complicated beyond understanding1 and apparently they were laboring in the dark without intelligent plan4 ,they seemed to have thought that when a complicated mess of machinery parts and fluid were assembled ,perpetual ,motion must somehow result4 ,nothing could be gained by setting forth their inventions fully1 but their labors were so great1 and their efforts so intense that we feel like preserving their names from oblivion1 and hence we give them mention here4 ,why ,hydraulic and ,hydro-,mechanical ,devices for ,obtaining ,perpetual ,motion ,failed to ,work ,next to wheels and weights1 the use of liquids in a hydraulic1 hydrostatic1 or hydro-mechanical manner have been sought to be utilized by ,perpetual ,motion seekers as a means of obtaining energy from the machine not supplied to the machine4 ,the foregoing are only a few of the many devices of that kind1 but they are the most simple of those that have been brought to light1 and consequently better illustrate the manner in which it has been sought to utilize the interesting properties of liquid pressure and mobility in the solution of the problem4 ,an examination of the preceding devices discloses that in each case the inventor sought by the energy of the descent of a liquid to elevate through the same distance of ascent the same or a greater quantity of the same liquid1 or in some cases to obtain from the pressure of a liquid a greater force than is required to expand a bag1 bellows or vessel1 submerged the same distance below the level4 ,the impossibility of all of these schemes is apparent from the same reasoning that is applied to illustrate and show the impossibility of obtaining ,perpetual ,motion by the use of wheels1 weights1 levers and the force of gravity4 ,in each case the basic idea and error was in supposing that by some possibility the descent of a liquid through a given distance could be made to deliver more energy than would be required to elevate the same quantity of liquid the same distance4 ,as a matter of fact1 the descent of a liquid1 the same as any other weight1 through a given distance represents exactly the amount of energy necessary to elevate the same weight of liquid through the same distance measured vertically4 ,some loss by friction of the liquid in the containing tubes is inevitable as well as from friction in the working parts of the mechanism4 ,therefore1 as this loss continues1 some outside energy must be supplied4 ,if all friction could be eliminated 7which is an impossibility7 and if the liquid were started in motion1 the motion would be constant1 but no energy could be taken from it for running other machinery without reducing the motion4 ,there have been many arguments on this subject4 ,we select one which was elicited by the publication in ,mechanics' ,magazine of an account of the device of the author of the ,voice of ,reason4 ,this argument was published in ,mechanics' ,magazine in #ahca1 and is as follows3 ,i am induced to make an attempt to demonstrate the utter impossibility1 under any circumstances1 of making a water-wheel that will supply itself instead of having any surplus power4 ,the accompanying drawing represents part of an overshot wheel in section1 the buckets only part filled1 by which the whole of the water expended continues to act through a greater portion of the circumference than it otherwise would do4 ,the area of the vertical section of the complement of water to each bucket is made #dj inches2 and taking the breadth of the wheel at1 say #bh #b_/c inches1 gives #dj lbs4 as the weight of water in each bucket2 therefore1 as there are #ab buckets containing #dj lbs4 each1 ,no4 #ac #cj lbs41 and ,no4 #ad only #bj lbs41 altogether making a total of #ecj lbs4 acting on the wheel at the same time2--to show clearly all the effect that can be expected from this1 ,i have divided the horizontal radius into a scale of #dj equals parts 7there being #dj lbs4 in each bucket72 and from the gravitating centre of the fluid contained in each is drawn a perpendicular to the scale1 where the effective force1 or weight in each bucket1 may be read off as on the arm of a common steelyard4 ,the weights will be found as follows1 viz3-- ,no4 ,lbs4 #a #ba #b #bf #c #cj #d #cc #e #cf #f #ch #g #ci #h #dj #i #ci #aj #ch #aa #ce #ab #cb #ac #ba #ad #ab ,it is therefore quite evident that1 although we have #ecj lbs4 acting on one side of the wheel1 a column of water weighing #ddf lbs4 reacting at the same distance from the centre1 on the opposite side1 will exactly balance the whole #ecj lbs4 contained in the buckets2 so that about a sixth of the expenditure rests on the axis without producing any useful effect1 and the wheel so loaded must remain in a state of rest4 ,now1 in spite of friction and the vis inertia of matter1 if we suppose the wheel at work1 it can raise only #ddf lbs4 at the expense of #ecj lbs42 but even if it could raise the whole #ecj lbs41 we should then be but little nearer the mark1 for we must remember that the gravitating centre of our power falls through a space of only #h ft4 #aa in41 while the water must be raised at least #aa ft4 before it could be laid on and delivered clear of the wheel4 ,illustration ,as a further means of coming at the end ,i had in view at the commencement of this letter1 ,i will conclude with a simple rule for calculating the quantity of water a wheel of this kind will raise3--,multiply the number of pounds expended in a minute by the height or diameter of the wheel in feet1 divide the product by the height 7also in feet7 of the reservoir to be filled1 and two-thirds of the quotient will be the answer required4 ,example1 for the wheel above described1 making six revolutions per minute3-- #db buckets on wheel4 #f revolutions per minute4 --- #beb buckets filled per minute4 #dj the weight of water in each bucket4 ----- #ajjhj lbs4 expended per minute4 #aj feet height of wheel4 ------ #aa7 #ajjhjj momentum1 dividing by #aa feet as the height of reservoir4 ------ #c7 #iafc4fcf divided by #c4 -------- #cjed4ede multiplying by #b4 #b -------- #faji4ji answer in lbs4 ,so that for every #ajjh gallons expended on the wheel1 we only gain sufficient power to supply #faa nearly4 ,see also ,chap4 ,,xv1 ,bishop ,wilkin's ,work1 appearing at page #big et seq4 supra4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,pneumatic1 ,,siphon ,,and ,,hydro-,,pneumatic ,,devices ,the ,hydrostatical ,paradox ,next to the wheel with levers and weights1 we believe this simple ,hydrostatical ,paradox has more frequently occurred to mechanical and scientific tyros as a means whereby it was hoped to attain ,perpetual ,motion4 ,there is no record that we know of of the name of anyone who has ever attempted it1 and1 yet1 the instances are doubtless myriads4 ,the author believes he has heard dozens of young persons mention it as a means of obtaining a continuous flow of water4 ,in #ahbh1 ,niel ,arnott1 ,m4 ,d41 published the third edition of his ,elements of ,physics1 or ,natural ,philosophy4 ,at page #ada under the subject of ,mechanics he comments generally on the subject of ,perpetual ,motion1 and says3 ,what an infinity of vain schemes--some of them displaying great ingenuity--for perpetual motions1 and new mechanical engines of power1 etc41 would have been checked at once1 had the great truth been generally understood1 that no form or combination of machinery ever did or ever can increase1 in the slightest degree1 the quantity of power applied4 ,ignorance of this is the hinge on which most of the dreams of mechanical projectors have turned4 ,no year passes1 even now1 in which many patents are not taken out for such supposed discoveries2 and the deluded individuals1 after selling perhaps even their household goods to obtain the means of securing the supposed advantages1 often sink in despair1 when their attempts1 instead of bringing riches and happiness to their families1 end in disappointment and utter ruin4 ,the frequency and eagerness and obstinacy with which even talented individuals1 owing to their imperfect knowledge of this part of natural philosophy1 have engaged in such undertakings1 is a remarkable phenomenon in human nature4 ,at page #bgj in treating on ,hydrostatics1 he says3 ,illustration ,a projector thought that the vessel of his contrivance1 represented here1 was to solve the renowned problem of the perpetual motion4 ,it was goblet-shaped1 lessening gradually towards the bottom until it became a tube1 bent upwards at c1 and pointing with an open extremity into the goblet again4 ,he reasoned thus3 ,a pint of water in the goblet a must more than counterbalance an ounce which the tube b will contain1 and must therefore be constantly pushing the ounce forward into the vessel again at a1 and keeping up a stream or circulation1 which will cease only when the water dries up4 ,he was confounded when a trial showed him the same level in a and in b4 ,pickering's ,device ,in #aheh1 ,peter ,pickering1 ,landed ,proprietor of ,danzig1 ,prussia1 applied for a ,british patent on ,an ,atmospheric ,engine4 ,it may be described as follows3 ,illustration #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 are cylinders #ah feet long or high and #c feet diameter1 so that the surface of each piston has #a1bif square inches acting with an atmospheric pressure of #ae lbs4 to the square inch1 causes a pressure of #ai1ddj lbs4 to each cylinder 7saying nothing of friction1 which will be accounted for later72 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 pistons of each cylinder1 as they must be placed when the engine begins to work2 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 causing a vacuum under each piston 7as they have for the first time been brought into their present situation by main force71 afterwards1 when the engine is permitted to start1 they will regulate themselves2 ,no4 #aj lies flat on the bottom of the cylinder2 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 piston rods acting on shaft ,no4 #af2 #ag1 wheel to communicate the engine's power to the machinery of the engine itself2 #ah1 wheel to communicate the engine's power to the wheel or propelling screw of a ship1 manufactory1 locomotive1 etc4 ,stuckey's ,device ,in #ahdb1 ,william ,henry ,stuckey1 ,esquire1 of ,st4 ,petersburgh1 applied for a ,british patent on ,a ,pneumatic ,engine for ,producing ,motive ,power4 ,his specifications describe his alleged invention as follows3 ,illustration ,fig4 #a is a front view of my said pneumatic engine1 partly in section4 ,a and ,b two horizontal cylinders1 united at their inner extremities a1 a1 which rotate on gudgeons that have their bearings ,c1 ,c1 in the upright standards ,d1 ,d2 ,a and ,b two pistons which work to and fro in these cylinders2 ,e and ,e two hollow arms or tubes which radiate from the cylinder ,a1 and ,e1 ,e1 two similar arms or tubes which radiate in opposite directions from the cylinder ,b1 each cylinder having an open communication with the arms or tubes attached to it4 ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 and ,f1 four other cylinders1 affixed to a circular ring ,r1 ,r1 open at top to the atmosphere1 and open at bottom to the radial tubes ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 connected with them at their outer extremities4 ,g1 ,g1 ,g1 ,g1 pistons working in the cylinders ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 and ,f1 and ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 and ,h1 caps screwed on to the flanges of the cylinders4 ,the different parts described form a wheel1 which1 on being set in motion1 rotates on the gudgeons in the bearing ,c1 ,c4 ,the motion is produced as follows3--,i adjust the wheel so that the tubes ,e and ,e shall be in a vertical position2 and pour into the tube ,e1 through the cylinder ,f1 withdrawing the piston ,g1 as much mercury or other suitable fluid body 7previously determined by calculation7 as will fill the tube from the point of its connection with the inner cylinder ,a up to the bottom 7a1 a17 of the outer cylinder ,f4 ,the mercury thus introduced flows into the cylinder ,a at the back of the piston ,a1 and presses that piston forward to the extremity of its range1 the piston ,g being then restored to its place in the cylinder ,f1 and pressed close down on the mercury in the tube ,e4 ,i next turn the wheel till the tubes ,e and ,e are in a vertical position1 by which turning the mercury therein is forced into the tube ,e1 flowing down which it drives the piston ,g of the cylinder ,f forward to the extremity of its range1 leaving a vacuum in the cylinder ,a at ,o1 equal to the difference between the heights from which the mercury descends in the tubes ,e and ,e4 ,i then fill the tube ,e and cylinder ,b with mercury1 to the same extent and in the same way as ,i previously filled the tube ,e and cylinder ,a1 after which ,i turn the wheel till the tubes ,e and ,e are once more in a vertical position1 whereby ,i produce a vacuum in each pair of tubes1 and their intermediate cylinder1 to the degree of the difference before explained4 ,to the four tubes there are attached four cocks ,k1 ,k1 ,k1 ,k1 which1 after the vacua have been obtained1 are closed2 and to the four rods of the pistons of the outer cylinders ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 ,f1 there are attached four hanging or balance weights ,l1 ,l1 ,l1 ,l1 in such manner that they shall co-operate with the atmospheric pressure on the said vacua in giving rotation to the wheel4 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 are jointed levers1 by which these weights are connected at one end with the pistons ,g1 ,g1 ,g1 ,g2 and ,n1 ,n1 are cords or bands1 by which they are suspended at the other end from standards ,p1 ,p1 projecting from the ring ,r1 and bearing pulleys1 over which the cords or bands pass1 each cord or band serving to suspend the two weights which are opposite to each other1 for which purpose it is passed internally across the wheel and over the exterior of one of the cylinders ,a or ,b4 ,the cords or bands are attached to the weights at the lower ends thereof1 and pass over small pulleys close to the points of connection1 so that the cords or bands1 when pulled1 may act the more effectually on the weights4 ,it will be readily understood that when any two of the tubes are in a vertical position1 and the mercury or other suitable fluid has descended to the bottom of the lower tube1 its pressure on the piston of the outer cylinder ,g1 or ,g1 or ,g1 or ,g1 will cause the weight connected with that piston to turn inwards towards the centre of the wheel1 by which movement a strain is exerted on the connecting cord or band ,n or ,n1 which throws up the opposite weight at top1 and causes it to force down the piston of the top cylinder1 or the surface of the mercury in the upper tube1 whereby any excess of pressure at the bottom of the lower tube is transferred to the top piston1 where it acts in aid of the atmospheric pressure on the vacua obtained in manner aforesaid4 ,the four cocks ,k1 have regulating rods connected to them in the way common in steam and other engines1 so that as each tube comes into a vertical position the cock attached to it is opened1 and as it passes from that position towards the horizontal1 is shut1 so that the mercury always retains its proper position in the tubes or cylinders1 and is acted on by the pressure of the atmosphere at those points only where such pressure can be of service4 ,the power of this wheel will be1 of course1 in proportion to the vacua produced in manner aforesaid1 and to the altitude of the columns of mercury employed4 ,the inner cylinders might be dispensed with1 and the tubes be made to communicate directly with each other1 but ,i prefer1 for most purposes1 the arrangement which ,i have before described1 with the two intermediate cylinders ,a1 ,b2 where the inner cylinders are dispensed with1 ,i make use of eccentrics instead of the joined levers before described1 to enable the weights to turn to the extent of about half a circle4 ,the number of tubes also need not be limited to four1 but increased to any convenient extent4 ,prof4 ,george ,sinclair's ,device ,this device was invented by ,george ,sinclair1 who was a professor of philosophy at ,glasgow ,university4 ,he died in #afif4 ,in #affi he published a work on ,pneumatics1 and in that work claimed to have discovered ,perpetual ,motion4 ,explanations of his device consumed eighteen pages of a ,latin work on ,pneumatics4 ,it very absurdly depended for its operation upon the delivery of water from the short leg of a siphon1 instead of the long leg4 ,the figure illustrates the contemplated operation4 ,illustration ,jacob ,brazill's ,device ,in #ahci ,jacob ,brazill1 of ,deptford1 ,kent1 ,governor of ,trinity ,ground1 applied for a ,british patent on ,improvements in ,obtaining ,motive ,power4 ,in his application he describes his alleged invention as follows3 ,my invention consists in a certain arrangement or combination of mechanism wherein the atmospheric air is employed as the impelling agent1 being brought to bear in such a manner as by exerting a constant urging pressure1 to produce a continuous rotary motion1 and applies to all the purposes where a prime mover is required4 ,illustration ,fig4 #a is an end view of the apparatus a1 a1 are the bearings1 top and bottom1 for the vertical shaft b1 which bearings are to be so constructed as to produce the least possible amount of friction4 c is a large drum furnished with radial plates or fans1 some of the plates being so arranged as to slope down towards the bottom plate1 thus forming1 as it were1 a series of boxes decreasing in their transverse dimensions as they approach the boss4 ,this drum is to be put in motion by means of a current of air directed through the pipes d and e1 from the two pairs of double bellows f and g4 h is a worm fixed on the vertical shaft by means of a tightening screw1 or in any other convenient way1 taking into the worm wheel i on the horizontal crankshaft j1 supported in bearings k1 k4 ,the cranks l1 l1 work the bellows by connecting rods m1 m2 n is a spur wheel taking into a pinion o1 on the axle of which is a winch handle p1 for starting the apparatus4 ,what ,i claim as my peculiar right is1 the impulsion of a current of air against the fans of a drum 7as that at c7 through pipes1 as at d and e1 for the purposes of a motive power1 together with a certain arrangement of mechanism1 by means of which the action first induced shall be kept up4 ,lserson's ,device ,in #ahfj ,marc ,antoine ,f4 ,mennons1 of ,paris1 applied on behalf of ,louis ,diodor ,lserson of ,moscow1 ,russia1 for1 and obtained1 a ,british patent on ,certain ,improvements in the ,production of ,motive ,power1 and in the ,apparatus ,connected ,therewith4 ,he described the essentials of his device as follows3 ,illustration ,the invention consists in the application of the ascensional force of air or gases developed under water to the generation of motive power1 and in the combination of apparatus1 by means of which the power thus produced is accumulated1 transmitted and applied4 ,the principal element of this combination is a wheel or disc 7shown in plan and section1 ,figs4 #a1 #b71 the dimensions of which are proportioned to the power required4 ,on the circumference of this wheel are fixed at equal distances a given number 7say sixteen7 of flexible air reservoirs a1 communicating with an equal number of tubular passages b1 which open in the nave c4 ,in the length of the fixed shaft d1 on which this wheel is mounted1 are formed two cylindrical cells ,e by which the air is admitted to and discharged from the flexible reservoirs a by the tubular passages b1 with which they correspond4 ,the hydro-atmospheric wheel thus mounted and immersed to the required depth in a suitable reservoir as in f1 is placed in communication by its hollow shaft with an air-compressing apparatus of any convenient form1 which in its turn is connected with the shaft of an ordinary hydraulic wheel4 ,the latter being set in motion acts on the forcing apparatus1 by which a jet of compressed air is thrown into the hollow shaft of the hydro-atmospheric wheel by the entry cell corresponding with the orifices of the fourth quadrant or lowest immersed section of the latter4 ,the air injected following the tubular passages within its range enters and inflates the corresponding flexible reservoirs1 which thus acquiring an ascensional force proportioned to their displacing capacity and degree of immersion1 carry forward the wheel in their movement towards the surface4 ,on reaching the water line the tubular passage come into communication by the nave orifices with the discharge cell of the fixed shaft1 and give egress to the air compressed in the flexible reservoirs1 which collapse simultaneously with the inflation of the succeeding series by which they have in the meantime been replaced in the fourth quadrant4 ,the latter following the ascensional movement of their predecessors give place to a third series1 and collapse in the same way on passing the surface1 so that each air reservoir on re-entering the water in the continued revolution of the wheel presents comparatively little resistance until it arrives at the turning point1 when the communication with the entry cell of the axle being again established the movements above described are reproduced4 ,the force thus developed by the hydro-atmospheric wheel1 which represents about three times that of the prime motor1 may be at this stage applied to the required transmissions of movement4 ,when natural watercourses are not to be had within a reasonable distance of the locality in which the force is to be applied1 it becomes necessary to replace them by an artificial fall4 ,von ,rathen and ,ellis's ,device ,in #ahff ,anthony ,bernhard ,baron ,von ,rathen and ,george ,henry ,ellis1 both of ,london1 applied for and obtained ,british patent on ,a ,new or ,improved ,mode of ,constructing a ,motive-power ,wheel ,whereby to ,obtain ,permanent ,motion by the ,application of ,compressed ,air or any other ,elastic ,fluid4 ,in the specifications for patent the essentials of their invention are described as follows3 ,this invention may be considered supplementary to an invention of the ,baron ,von ,rathen of an elementary motive-power engine1 for which a patent has been granted to him1 ,no4 #hah1 and dated ,march #bc1 #ahfe1 and consisting in a newly-discovered plan for the construction of a motive-power wheel or engine1 on the principle that the motor1 consisting of compressed air or other elastic fluid1 is maintained in permanent activity and without removal or renewal1 and the useful resistance of the air in the chambers is on the surface of a fixed cylinder1 the motion is regular and direct1 the wheel rotating on its fixed central axis4 ,the nature of our present invention consists principally in our providing1 instead of that a motive-power wheel having its axis upon fixed bearings in an eccentric position and turning in an oscillating cylinder4 ,the motor being brought through a hollow shaft1 or any convenient channel1 is introduced into one or more closed chambers formed upon the longest arm of the power wheel for the purpose of driving it round2 by this means1 according to the uniform pressure of the elastic fluid upon all surfaces1 we obtain not only a continuous but an additional degree of driving power from the leverage given by the position of the wheel4 ,there is1 as shown in ,fig4 #a of the accompanying drawing1 a fixed arm or driving rod fixed upon the cylinder by which to impart motion to a crank1 piston1 or other apparatus4 ,we propose to obtain the motor by pumps worked by or in connection with the power wheel1 and having other suitable and necessary appliances for regulating1 storing1 transmitting1 and manipulating the force supplied to or communicated by the power wheel1 as have been described1 to be applied with the plan for working the elementary motive-power engine hereinbefore referred to4 ,fig4 #a is a vertical section of the power wheel revolving inside and moving the oscillating cylinder4 ,a and ,a are air-tight chambers1 the former being the driving chamber and the latter intended to check or counterbalance its wedging or binding effect upon the cylinder1 owing to the extra leverage obtained and the pressure upon the surface of the rod ,b1 the wheel will revolve in that direction by the action of the elastic force which finds its useful resistance on the internal surface of the cylinder ,c4 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 are packings to render the two chambers air-tight and to afford bearings for the four arms of the wheel upon the cylinder2 ,e1 ,e1 are two tubes for conducting the motor into the chambers1 and ,f is the axle1 upon which the wheel is firmly fixed and driven round with it4 ,illustration ,fig4 #b is a side elevation of the power wheel4 ,f is the hollow shaft or axle through which the motor passes from the pumps or reservoir in connection therewith1 and upon which the wheel rotates2 ,g is the rod or arm fixed at one end to the cylinder ,c1 and attached at the other end by a joint or coupling ,h to the rod ,i1 acting within a cylinder to give motion to the piston ,k2 ,l is one of the side covers of the power wheel1 and ,n the support or framework for the wheel4 ,richard ,varley's ,device ,in #agig ,richard ,varley1 of ,damside1 ,lancashire1 ,england1 a merchant1 applied for and obtained a ,british patent on ,a ,new ,perpetual ,moving ,power4 ,his device is explained by the following excerpt from his application3 ,my invention consists of a method of applying the weight of the atmosphere upon a wheel in any other fluid1 and by that means destroying its spring or reaction1 the manner of doing which ,i describe as follows1 agreeable to the drawing 7,fig4 #f7 annexed3 ,illustration ,a is a circular vessel1 made of copper or any other substance1 capable of containing water1 and covered with a top part so as to be perfectly air-tight4 ,b is a wheel placed in the inside of the vessel1 with its axle perpendicular1 the uppermost part of which comes through the top of the vessel1 and is made to work air-tight2 the lower end runs in a step within the vessel1 and no part of the wheel is to touch the vessel but its axis4 ,c is a cylinder placed firmly upon the wheel4 ,d is the piston1 suspended by a chain to a strong spring fixed on the wheel4 ,this spring is to be made of such strength as that when the whole weight of the atmosphere is upon the piston the air will only move it about one inch down4 ,e is the tube leading from the axle1 which is hollow from the top to the level of the wheel1 so as to admit the external air by this tube to the piston ,d1 which piston is a circular vessel1 made air-tight1 and exactly fits the cylinder4 ,there is a joint in the tube ,e at ,f1 which is made air-tight by leathers1 so that when the piston descends the tube may give way to it4 ,g is a small tube leading from the bottom of the cylinder to the center of the axle1 and from thence brought out at the end of it1 and by which the air is extracted from the cylinder by means of an air pump and a vacuum formed in it4 ,on the top part or any other convenient place of the vessel1 are fixed two cylinders or tubes of a proportional size to the cylinders on the wheel1 one of which is a condensing cylinder1 by means of a screw and piston1 and by which the water in the vessel may be compressed2 the other has its piston suspended at the bottom1 and the top part of the cylinder being filled with air as the other piston is screwed down this rises1 and condenses the air in the cylinder1 the spring of which keeps the water in the vessel pressed to all parts alike2 and when the air is extracted from the cylinder ,c and the piston ,d is forced down by the external atmosphere into the cylinder1 this pressure is continued1 and the condensed air expands in proportion and prevents any tendency to a vacuum being formed1 which would cause a cohesion of all the parts4 ,by this means the external air is suspended upon the wheel by the chain1 the same as a weight1 and the spring of the atmosphere being taken from the cylinder there is nothing to oppose this weight1 there being no spring in water2 and this power may be increased in proportion to the size and number of cylinders on the wheel and its diameter4 ,siphon and ,funnel ,device ,this was the work of an ,englishman whose name is unknown4 ,an account of it appeared in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 #ahbh1 in the following language3 a is a circular glass vessel #a foot #f inches diameter2 b b a tube fixed thereunto2 c c are funnels containing valves2 d1 a float of hollow copper1 or any light substance2 e1 an open mouth2 f1 an open vessel filled with mercury as high as the dotted line4 ,it is well known that several experiments were made by ,m4 ,venturi1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 etc41 demonstrating that a vessel shaped thus-- ,illustration will emit water with a much greater rapidity than a vessel shaped thus-- ,illustration say1 with more than a third as much speed4 ,i propose1 then1 to have the mouth of the vessel a of the former shape1 being the natural form of flowing water4 ,the vessel a1 and tube b1 must be completely filled with mercury1 by means of the funnels c c1 which will also contain mercury4 ,in order to set the fluid in motion1 the valve in the large vessel c is to be raised2 the mercury 7which was hitherto held up by a greater weight of atmosphere7 will instantly run out of the mouth e1 and must be suffered to do so till the mercury in c is level with the dotted line2 by this time the mercury in a will have obtained a momentum which will be more than equivalent to the pressure of the atmosphere3 consequently1 the mercury will run out of the large vessel a1 till it falls as low as the dotted line2 the float d1 resting on the mercury1 of course1 falls with it1 opens the valve1 and admits a proportionable quantity of mercury through the tube b1 driven by the pressure of the atmosphere 7the height from the mercury in f1 to the top of the tube b1 being only #bf inches1 which is #b inches less than what the atmosphere will at all times raise mercury in a vacuum74 ,illustration ,by this means will there not be a continual circulation of mercury8 ,orchard's ,vacuum ,engine ,in #ahbf there was published in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 ,london1 a communication from a ,mr4 ,orchard1 concerning an invention he considered himself as having made4 ,the account is published in his own words1 and is as follows3 ,a is an iron reservoir nearly filled with mercury2 ,b1 a tube twenty-four inches long1 having its lower end inserted in that reservoir2 and ,c and ,d1 two cocks for the convenience of filling the tube ,b4 ,from this another tube ,m proceeds at right angles1 to the vessel ,g4 ,in this latter tube is the cock ,f1 to admit of1 or shut off1 a communication between the tube and the vessel ,g4 ,this communication being closed1 the tube ,b is carefully filled with mercury2 after which the cock ,d is closed and the cap ,e screwed on4 ,illustration ,the vessel ,g is to be filled with mercury through the cock ,h1 the pipe ,i being open to allow of the escape of air4 ,when this vessel has been filled1 the cock ,h should be closed and its cap screwed on2 and the pipe ,i be also closed by a valve1 which is to be pressed tight by the cap on the head of the pipe4 ,i is a vent-pipe1 open at the top4 ,the space represented by the double lines is a panel of thick plate glass having two horizontal lines described on its surface1 whereby the attendant may observe the quantity of mercury within the vessel4 ,the cock ,f being closed1 a quantity of mercury must be allowed to run out of the vessel ,g1 equal to the space #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 which space will become a vacuum4 ,if1 therefore1 the cock ,l be then opened1 to allow of the discharge of a certain quantity of mercury on the wheel1 and the cocks ,c and ,l also opened1 the mercury will continually rise from the reservoir ,a into the vessel ,g1 and thence be discharged on the wheel1 whence it will again fall into the vessel ,a1 to keep up the supply4 ,the cock ,f must be so adjusted as to admit into the vessel ,g a quantity of mercury equal to that which is discharged by the cock ,l4 ,this can be ascertained and regulated by means of the panel of glass above described4 ,the specific gravity of mercury being #g ounces1 it is evident that but a small quantity of it is required to turn the wheel1 which has no friction but that of the axis on which it turns4 ,robert ,copland's ,device ,in #ahai ,robert ,copland applied for a ,british patent on ,a ,new or ,improved ,method or ,methods of ,gaining ,power by ,new or ,improved ,combinations of ,apparatus1 ,applicable to ,various ,purposes4 ,his specifications describe in great detail his invention in the following language3 ,illustration ,figure #a is a view of a machine by which ,i purpose to derive a disposable force or power from the action1 weight or pressure of the atmosphere1 through the medium of the column of water or other heavy liquid descending on one side of the enclosed vertical wheel1 and from thence through the centrifugal wheel1 being returned into the same reservoir from which the pressure of the atmosphere raises it to be again delivered on the top of the vertical wheel to supply the discharge on the descending side1 arising from the centrifugal force communicated to it by the rotary velocity of the centrifugal wheel1 and the pressure of the descending column overbalancing the reaction or resistance of the atmosphere at the discharging apertures of the centrifugal wheel4 ,thus a small quantity of water or other liquid 7according to the size of the machine required7 being continually returned onto the top of the vertical wheel by the pressure or action of the atmosphere1 and acting by its unbalanced gravity or impetus in its descent1 will produce a disposable force or power of any required magnitude1 by increasing the size or number of the machines1 provided the height the fluid is required to be raised is not quite so high as the column which the atmosphere1 when lightest1 will raise of that fluid1 and allowing for the requisite velocity on the vertical wheel4 ,in ,fig4 #a1 ,a is the feeding pipe through which the fluid is raised by the pressure or action of the atmosphere on the fluid in the lowest reservoir in which the lower end of the pipe is immersed1 closed by a cock1 sliding plate1 valve or shutter1 to allow the machine to be filled at the commencement1 and which may be under the surface of the fluid1 also to keep it air-tight4 ,the other end is inserted air-tight into the top reservoir1 or by a curve1 as shown by the dotted line a1 joined to pipe ,c1 and delivering upon the vertical wheel1 without any top reservoir4 ,in this case1 if water is used1 the highest part of the bend or curve inside should not exceed thirty feet above the level of the water in lowest reservoir4 ,b is the top reservoir1 the lowest internal part of which should never exceed twenty-nine or thirty feet above the water in lowest reservoir1 but it will admit the top of the reservoir1 if wished1 to be rather higher than when the curved tube a only is used4 ,it must be quite air-tight1 and supported as convenient4 ,c is a pipe1 joined air-tight to top reservoir1 or forming part of ,a1 a1 ,c4 ,c is a movable flap of strong leather1 or other substance1 which may be joined to the lowest part of ,c1 where the water is delivered so high on the wheel and where floats with hinges are used on the wheel to prevent its going down on the ascending side2 but not necessary when water is delivered lower on the wheel4 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 is the fixed and immovable waterway1 and the fixed case or cover 7of the vertical wheel71 of which it is a part1 joining also the stuffing boxes1 through which the axle of the vertical wheel moves air-tight1 thus entirely enclosing and surrounding every part of the wheel but the projections of the axle1 and allowing the float boards and wheel just to turn freely in it without touching in any part except the axle in turning in the packing of the stuffing boxes2 the float boards are fastened on to the iron rim or sole of the vertical wheel by very strong hinges or movable joints just within the fixed waterway ,d4 ,e is a pipe or pipes joined air-tight to the fixed cover or case enclosing the vertical wheel where the water is to be taken off it1 having their lower ends inserted air-tight also into the bottom of the fixed and immovable top of the centrifugal wheel in such a direction that they may deliver the water into the moveable waterway of the centrifugal wheel as near as possible in the same direction as the water circulates in the wheel4 ,f1 ,f1 is the centrifugal wheel1 of any diameter convenient1 according to the size of the machine1 placed horizontally above the fluid in the lowest reservoir1 so as to move on its axis as near as possible to the surface of the fluid without touching it1 having an immovable cover or top1 leaving a hollow waterway round the rim1 into which the fluid is discharged from ,e in the direction of the wheels' motion4 ,g1 ,g1 are the discharging apertures of the centrifugal wheel4 ,h1 ,h1 is the surface of the fluid in ,i1 ,i1 the lowest reservoir1 containing a sufficient quantity of water when the machine is put to work1 to allow the bottom of feeding pipe ,a to be immersed in it at least two feet below the surface1 or a greater depth may be given to that part of the reservoir under the mouth of pipe ,a1 forming a sort of well in which ,a may be inserted any required depth1 better to exclude any particles of air or bubbles mixed with the water nearer its surface from ascending in pipe ,a4 ,this reservoir should be large enough to contain the whole of the water used before the machine is filled4 ,k1 ,k1 are the ends of the axle of vertical wheel outside of the stuffing boxes of the fixed case1 and are the only parts of the vertical wheel seen1 and turning air-tight through the packing or stuffing boxes1 or in any other manner the external air is entirely excluded from the vertical wheel when at work2 e is an air-tight cock to discharge the air out of the machine when filling4 ,l is an aperture into top reservoir1 or into highest part of pipe ,a1 a when no top reservoir1 closed air-tight by a screw cap2 by this the whole machine is filled in every part with the fluid used before it can be set to work1 the bottom of pipe ,a and apertures ,g 7as well as cock to bottom of pipe ,e when required7 being previously closed4 ,p is part of the axle on which the centrifugal wheel revolves4 ,before the machine can be put to work everything being previously arranged as directed1 the apertures at ,g and bottom of ,a 7and at ,e if required also71 must be closed by sliding plates1 valves1 cocks1 or other methods1 as most convenient1 and every part of the machine must be filled with the water or fluid used by the aperture ,l1 or any other convenient method by which the highest parts may be filled1 the air allowed to discharge by opening ,e and ,o1 the latter to be shut as soon as the centrifugal wheel is filled1 and the cock at ,e closed where required1 when the water is above it a little1 e continuing open so as to allow the air to be entirely discharged from every part1 which being done1 and the machine entirely filled with water1 this cock and aperture ,l must be carefully closed2 having then fixed upon the most convenient method for giving the required assistance to set the machine to work1 by giving the centrifugal wheel motion1 and assisting it till arrived at the velocity fixed1 it must be put in motion and the apertures ,g opened2 after it has got a little into motion1 and as soon as the velocity of the wheel has given a centrifugal force to the water sufficient to overbalance the slight difference in the height of the feeding and descending columns1 the pipe ,a must be opened2 a discharge from the apertures ,g will now take place1 which is supplied from top reservoir ,b over the loaded side of vertical wheel1 where1 by its gravity and impetus acting on the float boards1 it causes the wheel to turn till it descends1 so as to be discharged through ,e1 on the rim or waterway ,w1 of the centrifugal wheel1 which it strikes with the velocity of its descent in nearly the direction of the wheel's motion1 and is discharged through apertures ,g into the water contained at commencement in lower reservoir ,i1 from whence this discharge is again supplied by the pressure of the atmosphere1 returning it through pipe ,a into top reservoir1 or through a1 ,c1 and the part intended of the vertical wheel4 ,as the velocity of the centrifugal wheel is accelerated1 the velocity of the descending column over the vertical wheel will also be accelerated1 and1 consequently1 the vertical wheels1 when having arrived at their respective fixed velocities1 the assisting force being no longer necessary1 may be withdrawn1 and the centrifugal wheel may now receive what assistance is required to support its velocity from the vertical wheel through the connecting shafts and wheelwork1 or in any other manner4 ,eaton's ,perpetual ,siphon4 ,london4 #ahej ,the account of this is taken from ,dircks's great work1 mentioned in the preface1 and is as follows3 ,this is a plan proposed by ,mr4 ,eaton in #ahej1 and consists in providing two water cisterns ,a1 ,b2 the short leg of a siphon ,c enters the upper cistern1 and terminates in three escape pipes1 capable of being rotated by the pulley a1 connected by a band with the pulley b1 affixed to the vertical shaft c1 rotated by the inverted ,barker's mill ,d1 constructed on the short leg of the inverted siphon ,e1 supplied from the bottom of the upper water cistern4 ,by this means it was expected to keep up a continual flow down the pipes ,c and up ,e1 as shown by the arrows4 ,illustration ,legge's ,hydro-,pneumatic ,power ,device4 #ahej ,this is an ,english production1 and the inventor claims that it is the result of fourteen years' study4 ,we take the description from ,dircks4 ,it is as follows3 ,it is a dome-shaped vessel2 its upper part ,a filled with air1 and the lower half with water1 as at ,b4 ,this vessel contains two apparatus for returning the water which is worked through ,c ,d1 apparently like pump barrels4 ,the air is to be at from #bej to #ejj pounds pressure on the square inch4 ,when once started it will 7it is stated7 go on as long as it is oiled4 ,the inventor estimates a one thirty-second share at one thousand pounds value4 ,illustration ,waterblowing ,machine ,in #ahbg ,mechanics' ,magazine1 ,london1 published an account of an invention which was furnished to it by some correspondent4 ,the invention1 it seems from the communication1 had previously been described in an appendix by ,dr4 ,brewster to a volume of ,ferguson's lectures1 and it also seems that the description furnished ,mechanics' ,magazine was copied from such appendix4 ,the following is the article as it appeared in ,mechanics' ,magazine3 ,i am encouraged to send you the following attempt at perpetual motion1 because ,i think it is upon a principle that has not yet been examined in your pages4 ,in ,dr4 ,brewster's appendix to ,ferguson's lectures1 the following description is given of what is called a ,water ,blowing ,machine3 ,let ,a ,b 7see ,fig47 be a cistern of water1 with the bottom of which is connected the bended leaden pipe ,b ,c ,h4 ,the lower extremity ,h1 of the pipe is inserted into the top of a cask or vessel1 ,d ,e1 called the condensing vessel1 having the pedestal ,p fitted to its bottom1 which is perforated with two openings1 ,m ,n4 ,when the water which comes from the cistern ,a is falling through the part1 ,c ,h of the pipe1 it is supplied by the openings or tubes1 m n o p1 with a quantity of air which it carries along with it4 ,this mixture of air and water1 issuing from the aperture ,h1 and impinging upon the surface of the stone pedestal ,p1 is driven back and dispersed in various directions4 ,the air being thus separated from the water1 ascends into the upper part of the vessel1 and rushes through the opening ,f1 whence it is conveyed to the fire1 while the water falls to the lower part of the vessel1 and runs out by the openings ,m ,n4 ,the author then goes on to describe the construction of the pipe ,b ,c ,h1 in the curve of which some nicety is required1 and to explain some atmospherical phenomena upon the principle of this machine1 adding that ,franciscus ,tertius de ,lanis observes that he has seen a greater wind generated by a blowing machine of this kind than could be produced by bellows ten or twelve feet long4 ,illustration ,now1 if1 instead of the pedestal ,p1 a wheel were placed in the condensing vessel1 as in the figure1 would not the water1 in falling upon the wheel1 be sufficiently dispersed to disengage the air at the same time that it drove the wheel1 and would not the motion of the wheel be retarded by the density of the internal air8 ,i do not apprehend that any considerable resistance would be offered by the internal air1 and the motion of the wheel can be regulated by its load1 so as to offer a sufficient resistance to the descending stream of water2 and ,i1 therefore1 assume that the water1 in its descent1 would produce by means of the wheel1 a power capable of raising a part of the water expended back again to the cistern2 and this is the extent of the power of most of those machines which have been mistaken for perpetual motions by their projectors4 ,but ,i have a blast of wind which is described as being of great force4 ,can this blast be in any way applied to raise the surplus water8 ,i think ,i see the smile which the proposal will produce in those who deny the possibility of a perpetual motion4 ,a mere puff of wind6 is doubtless ejaculated from all sides4 ,but let me tell these gentlemen that1 though ,i may not know any method by which such blast can produce that effect1 it does not1 by any means1 follow that the impossibility of the thing is thence to be presumed4 ,far from it2 for such a conclusion rests upon the supposition that the powers and application of a blast of wind are fully known1 and that no research or experience can add to our knowledge on that subject--assumptions which appear to me somewhat ridiculous4 ,allow me1 for the sake of argument1 to suppose that this blast instead of wind1 had been a blast of steam4 ,time was when wise men would have smiled and said1 ,a puff of steam--a mere puff of steam6--and had some one1 more sanguine than the rest1 attempted by its application to produce a motion1 he would have applied it to the floatboards of a wheel1 as in ,branca's engine1 and have been disappointed4 ,it is not given to man to know when the powers of any great agent have been fully developed2 and those who act upon such presumptions throw the greatest obstacles in the way of inquiry4 ,but1 to show the anti-perpetualists that within their own time since the commencement of the ,mechanics' ,magazine1 an addition has been made to our knowledge of the powers of a blast of wind1 ,i have added a tube1 ,g1 to my figure1 the proposed use of which ,i shall now describe4 ,in a part of the ,mechanics' ,magazine1 published some time ago1 there was described a novel mode of raising water in a tube by directing a stream of air over its mouth1 thereby destroying the pressure of the atmosphere4 ,i do not suppose it will rise to the height of the cistern as ,i have figured it2 but it may still be a question whether it may not be accomplished by a series of short tubes1 the bottom of the one being placed in the cistern into which the next below discharges its water1 each being constructed with a blast and two valves1 in the same manner as the single tube--namely1 the valves x 7under water7 and y1 worked in such a manner by the arms ,k ,l1 that the one may shut when the other opens4 ,presuming that the water will rise to the top of the tube when the blast is in action 7x open and y shut71 the water in the part of the tube between the blast and y will be discharged into the cistern at the next motion of the valves--namely1 when x is shut and y opened1 the blast1 at the same time1 being discontinued4 ,device by ,means of ,buoyancy ,through ,media of ,different ,densities ,an account of this appeared in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 #ahbe4 ,the author apparently had no great faith in the accomplishment of ,perpetual ,motion1 and yet it is manifest that he had not abandoned hope of accomplishing it1 and is still thinking along some line of attaining it4 ,it goes without saying that the device failed4 ,the account furnished1 however1 is as follows3 ,the unsuccessful 7but far from fruitless7 search made to discover the philosopher's stone1 and the elixir vit1 were productive of most important and beneficial results in the kingdom of chemistry2 so1 by a parity of consequence1 ,i am disposed to believe that from inquiry after the perpetual motion 7though equally unsuccessful71 a similar good will result to the mechanical world4 99 99 ,i beg leave to offer the prefixed device4 ,the point at which1 like all the rest1 it fails1 ,i confess ,i did not 7as ,i do now7 plainly perceive at once1 although it is certainly very obvious4 ,the original idea was this--to enable a body which would float in a heavy medium and sink in a lighter one1 to pass successively through the one to the other1 the continuation of which would be the end in view4 ,to say that valves cannot be made to act as proposed will not be to show the rationale 7if ,i may so say7 upon which the idea is fallacious4 ,the figure is supposed to be tubular1 and made of glass1 for the purpose of seeing the action of the balls inside1 which float or fall as they travel from air through water and from water through air4 ,the foot is supposed to be placed in water1 but it would answer the same purpose if the bottom were closed4 ,illustration ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,engraving4--,no4 #a1 the left leg1 filled with water from ,b to ,a4 #b and #c1 valves1 having in their centers very small projecting valves2 they all open upwards4 #d1 the right leg1 containing air from ,a to ,f4 #e and #f1 valves1 having very small ones in their centers2 they all open downwards4 ,the whole apparatus supposed to be air- and water-tight4 ,the round figures represent hollow balls1 which will sink one-fourth of their bulk in water 7of course will fall in air72 the weight1 therefore1 of three balls resting upon one ball in water1 as at ,e1 will just bring this top even with the water's edge2 the weight of four balls will sink it under the surface until the ball immediately over it is one-fourth its bulk in water1 when the under ball will escape round the corner at ,c1 and begin to ascend4 ,the machine is supposed 7in the figure7 to be in action1 and ,no4 #h 7one of the balls7 to have just escaped round the corner at ,c1 and to be1 by its buoyancy1 rising up to valve ,no4 #c1 striking first the small projecting valve in the center1 which1 when opened1 the large one will be raised by the buoyancy of the ball2 because the moment the small valve in the center is opened 7although only the size of a pin's head71 ,no4 #b valve will have taken upon itself to sustain the whole column of water from ,a to ,b4 ,the said ball 7,no4 #h7 having passed through the valve ,no4 #c1 will1 by appropriate weights or springs1 close2 the ball will proceed upwards to the next valve 7,no4 #b71 and perform the same operation there4 ,having arrived at ,a1 it will float upon the surface three-fourths of its bulk out of water4 ,upon another ball in due course arriving under it1 it will be lifted quite out of the water and fall over the point ,d1 pass into the right leg 7containing air71 and fall to valve ,no4 #e1 strike and open the small valve in its center1 then open the large one and pass through2 this valve will then1 by appropriate weights or springs1 close1 the ball will roll on through the bent tube 7which is made in that form to gain time as well as to exhibit motion7 to the next valve 7,no4 #f71 where it will perform the same operation1 and then1 falling upon the four balls at ,e1 force the bottom one round the corner at ,c4 ,this ball will proceed as did ,no4 #h1 and the rest in the same manner successively4 ,device by ,compressible and ,distensible ,bags in ,liquid ,in the year #ahbc1 an account of a ,perpetual ,motion device was sent to ,mechanics' ,magazine by some correspondent4 ,this appears to have considerable claim to ingenuity1 though the correspondent states that it failed from friction4 ,the figure and account furnished are as follows3 ,illustration ,a ,a ,a ,a is a cistern of water1 filled as high as ,b ,b4 ,c ,c ,c ,c ,c ,c are six bladders1 communicating by the tubes ,d ,d ,d ,d ,d ,d with the hollow axle ,e1 which axle is connected with the bellows ,f by the pipe ,g4 ,h is a crank connected with the crank ,i by the rod ,k4 ,l is a saucer-wheel1 ,m a pinion1 ,n its shaft4 ,o is a crank attached to the bellows ,f by the rod ,p4 ,q ,q ,q ,q ,q ,q are valves with a projecting lever4 ,r and ,s are two projecting knobs4 ,t is a hole in the axle ,e1 forming a communication with it and the lowermost bladder4 ,the axle ,b being put in motion carried round the bladders and tables1 and by the cranks ,h and ,i1 and the connecting-rod ,k1 caused the wheel ,l to revolve1 which communicating a similar but accelerated motion to the pinion ,m1 shaft ,n1 and crank ,o1 worked or blew the bellows ,f by the rod ,p2 the air entered the axle ,e by the tube ,g1 and passing through the hole in it at ,t1 entered the lower bladder ,c by the tube ,d2 this bladder being thus rendered lighter than the space it occupied1 ascended1 bringing the bladder behind it over the hole in the axle ,t in like manner1 and which thereby gained an ascending power1 producing a similar effect on the one behind it4 ,when one of the bladders arrived at the knob ,s1 the lever of the valve ,q struck against it and opened the valve2 when the bladder arrived at ,u and began to descend1 its pressure on the water drove out the air and gave it a descending power2 the knob ,r then closed the valve ,q and prevented the entrance of any water into the bladder2 by this contrivance three of the bladders were full and empty1 according as they passed over the hole ,t or the knob ,s4 ,george ,cunningham's ,mercurial ,pneumatic ,device4 ,ireland4 #agbi ,illustration ,among the papers in the ,british ,museum is one which purports to relate to the ,royal ,society1 and in that ,royal ,society volume it is number #cb4 ,it is quite amusing4 ,the author explains that he is withholding many precise details and measurements such as workmen should follow in making the engine4 ,intending no more here than the endeavor to satisfy some others as well as myself1 that there is really such a thing to be found as that long-sought for ,perpetual ,motion1 which is looked upon by every one to be the true parent of the ,longitude4--,description of the ,perpetual ,motion3 ,a1 a cup nearly full of mercury4 ,b1 the height the mercury will rise by its own weight in-- ,k1 the main pipe1 when-- ,c1 the lower cock is open4 ,e1 a hollow globe which must be capable of a greater quantity than the whole pipe ,k4 ,f1 the upper cock by which the mercury is filled into the engine and about #bg inches higher than the line ,b4 ,d1 the middle cock which1 when open1 lets the mercury fall upon the buckets of the wheel-- ,g1 and then passing down-- ,i1 a funnel which contracts itself at ,l1 into a pipe which directs the mercury into the cup ,a4 ,h1 a case which entirely covers the wheel 7being of the same metal1 and of a piece with the pipe71 through which the axis of the wheel passes to set another wheel agoing2 so becom ing the principal mover in the clock or engine to be contrived4 ,the ,manner of ,setting ,it to ,work ,stop the cock at ,c and fill mercury into the cup ,a1 higher than the line ,b2 then stop the cock at ,d and turn in mercury at the cock ,f1 till ,k and ,e are full2 stop the cock at ,f1 very close1 open ,c1 first1 and then ,d1 out of which the mercury will fall upon the buckets of the wheel ,g1 down the funnel ,i1 ,l1 into the cup ,a1 and be pressed up ,k1 by the weight of the air1 as in the barometer4 ,why the ,devices ,described in this ,chapter ,failed to ,work ,the devices explained in the preceding chapter are of such complicated and ridiculous structure that it is impossible to explain anything from them4 ,it is better to abandon them all and to discuss in a general way why ,perpetual ,motion has not been1 and cannot be1 attained by devices constructed on similar plans4 ,an examination of the preceding devices in this chapter shows that they depended ultimately upon the fact3 #a4 ,that air or some other gas is to be compressed by work done upon it and that upon expanding it will do a greater amount of work than was required for the compression1 or #b4 ,that a bag empty1 or partially filled with air1 or other gas1 can be easily immersed1 and that if blown full of gas while immersed it will1 in its tendency to float1 do more work than was required to immerse it1 or #c4 ,that the weight of the atmosphere and its consequent pressure upon vacua can be utilized to drive a piston1 or compress a bag and by some sort of means at the same time produce another vacua ready for a similar operation1 the loss of the driven piston1 or the compressed bag being utilized to drive machinery1 if desired4 ,it is now believed by all scientific men that none of these things are possible4 ,in the first place1 it is well known that compressed air will do exactly the same work in regaining its former volume that was expended upon it to compress it1 and this with absolute exactness4 ,in compressing the gas with a piston the force exerted upon the rod to drive the piston must be sufficient not only to compress the gas but also to overcome the friction of the tight fitting piston1 and further1 if the pressure on the rod be removed1 the expanding gas will deliver against the face of the piston exactly the force and energy required to drive the piston for the compression1 but not all of this can be returned to any machinery driven by the piston-rod1 for a part will be lost in the friction of the tight-fitting parts4 ,thus here1 as elsewhere1 there is an exact equivalent of energy a part of which is consumed in friction1 and only a part available for returned motion4 ,the same thing is true in compressing a bag1 except that possibly the bending of the fabric is less resistance than the friction of the tight-fitting piston4 ,still1 the bending of the fabric is some resistance1 and consequently the bag so expanding cannot return all the energy required for its compression1 the difference being the loss1 however slight1 in the bending of the fabric of which the bag is made4 ,again1 let us admit that a dilated bag is easily immersed in water1 and that if inflated with air there will be considerable tendency to rise1 but how much energy is required for the inflation8 ,it is manifest that if it is immersed the weight of the water and its consequent pressure will resist the attempted inflation1 and must be overcome before the inflation is complete4 ,the deeper the immersion the more the compression1 and consequently the more work required for the inflation4 ,if a bag having a contents of one cubic foot were immersed a mile in fresh water1 and if it should be attempted to inflate it1 the reader will perhaps be surprised to know that the inflation would have to be done against a pressure of substantially #b1djj pounds to the square inch4 ,it is simple that the deeper the bag is immersed the more work it will do in rising to the surface1 but it is equally plain that the deeper it is immersed the more energy is required for its inflation4 ,in each case the work of inflating is exactly equal to the work returned in rising to the surface1 and there is not one whit to spare for running machinery of any kind4 ,the third classes of devices above mentioned assume atmospheric pressure1 and a piston driven by atmospheric pressure4 ,this is easily attained1 but in order for atmospheric pressure to drive a piston it must only be on one side of the piston1 and when the piston has been driven what force and energy will be required to put it in a position again such that there will be atmosphere on only one side1 and a vacuum into which it can retire1 on the other side8 ,it is easily answered4 ,the same work must be done1 and the same work exactly1 to put the piston again in the position with the vacuum with equal dimensions into which it can be driven by atmospheric pressure1 that first drove it to occupy the vacuum--exactly the same work1 and no less and no more1 except that the amount lost by friction must be supplied in addition4 ,,chapter ,v ,,magnetic ,,devices ,a ,magnetic ,pendulum ,here we present a device for ,perpetual ,motion by magnetism1 but we are unable to give the inventor's name or his nativity4 ,it seems to have been brought forth in the early part of the nineteenth century1 prior to #ahbh4 ,the description is as follows3 ,let ,a ,a1 in the prefixed engraving1 represent two magnets revolving on axes4 ,let ,b represent a larger magnet1 hanging on an axis1 pendulum fashion1 between the two former4 ,as the poles of the two smaller magnets lie in the same direction1 the effect will be to draw the larger magnet towards that on the left hand1 while it is at the same time repelled by that on the right2 but while this is going on1 the upper end of the large magnet raises by means of a guide wire1 the tumbler ,d1 which1 just before the magnets come in contact1 passes the perpendicular and falls over1 carrying with it the lever connected with the two wheels ,c ,c1 and causing them to perform a quarter revolution2 these wheels are connected by lines with two small wheels fixed on the axles of the two magnets ,a ,a4 ,while the former make a quarter revolution1 the latter turn half round2 consequently1 the position of the magnets is reversed1 and the same motions are then performed by the pendulum magnet being attracted and repelled in the opposite direction2 and just before the magnets touch each other the arrangement is again instantly reversed4 ,illustration ,magnetic-,driven ,wheel ,another plan for ,perpetual ,motion by magnetism appeared in the public journals of ,england in #ahbh4 ,the inventor states in effect that he desires to get before the readers an ,attempt at ,perpetual ,motion by ,means of ,magnetism1 ,applied in a ,new ,way4 ,his attempt as published is as follows3 ,the object of the present communication is to lay before your readers an attempt at perpetual motion by means of magnetism applied somewhat differently to any that has yet been published in your ,magazine4 ,illustration ,the above is a wheel of light construction1 moving on friction wheels in vacuo2 the rim is furnished with slips of steel--pieces of watch-spring will do4 ,n ,n are two magnets1 which1 attracting the rim of the wheel1 will render one side lighter and the other heavier1 causing it to revolve ad infinitum3 or to render it more powerful1 let the steel rims be magnetized and fixed on the wheel with their north poles towards its center4 ,let two more magnets be added1 as shown by the dotted lines3 let these two1 ,s ,s1 be placed with their south poles nearest the rim of the wheel2 and the other two1 ,n ,n1 with their north poles in that position4 ,now1 as similar poles repel and opposite poles attract1 the wheel will be driven round by attraction and repulsion acting conjointly on four points of its circumference4 ,b ,b are blocks of wood to keep off the attraction of the magnets from that part of the wheel which has passed them4 ,mackintosh's ,experiment ,f4 ,s4 ,mackintosh1 of ,england1 in #ahbc1 sought to accomplish ,perpetual ,motion1 and made the attempt here described4 ,it was not made public until #ahcf1 when it was published in ,mechanics' ,magazine4 ,in the meantime1 the inventor had become convinced of the impossibility of perpetual motion1 as his comments on his own alleged invention discloses4 7,the classification in this book of ,mackintosh's invention is somewhat doubtful4 ,the article as contributed in #ahcf would as aptly be classified under arguments against ,perpetual ,motion1 ,chapter ,,xii4 ,but1 in view of the fact that at the time of the invention the inventor was seriously working at a scheme for the accomplishment of ,perpetual ,motion1 it has been decided to classify it under ,magnetic ,perpetual ,motion ,devices47 ,the published article was in the nature of a contribution from the inventor1 and is as follows3 ,i herewith forward you a description of a machine which was constructed by me in the year #ahbc1 with a view to produce a perpetual motion4 ,with this machine and the studies necessarily connected with it1 first originated the suspicion that the planets could not continue in motion unless they gradually approached the center of the attraction4 ,in the first place1 let us describe the machine4 ,fig4 #a3 ,a is a sectional view of the interior of the wheel1 which is formed in two halves upon one shaft2 each half or section is furnished with a projecting ledge and an opening is left between the two ledges sufficiently wide to admit of a magnet being introduced between them1 by which arrangement the magnet may be brought as near to the ball as may be necessary 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,b is a magnet whose line of attraction acts at right angles with the line of gravity4 ,c is an iron ball under the action of two forces4 ,the magnet continually drawing the ball up the inclined plane within the wheel1 and gravity continually drawing it to the bottom1 by their united action it was supposed the wheel would revolve forever1 or till it was worn out2 upon the same principle that a wheel revolves by the animal force or muscular action of a mouse or squirrel1 which carries it up the inclined plane1 whilst it is continually drawn to the bottom by the action of gravity1 thereby causing the wheel to revolve by the weight of its body4 ,the model was taken from the earth's motion round the sun2 and the following process of reasoning seemed to justify the assumption that the wheel would move on till it was worn out3 ,the earth is carried round the sun by the action of two forces1 one of which is momentum1 which is not1 in reality1 a force or cause of motion1 but an effect derived from an original impulse2 and that impulse or the momentum derived from it is not destroyed1 because there is no resistance to the moving body--that is1 there is no friction4 ,well1 ,i cannot make this machine without having resistance to the motion--that is1 friction2 but to compensate for this ,i have two real forces1 two causes of motion1 each of them capable of imparting momentum to a body3 they are both constant forces2 and from one of them1 the magnet1 ,i can obtain any power that may be required within certain limits4 ,illustration ,this reasoning appeared conclusive1 and the wheel was made2 but when the magnet was applied instead of the ball rolling up the inclined plane1 the wheel moved backwards upon its center4 ,it occurred to me that by placing a small ratchet upon the wheel1 as shown at ,d1 this backward motion of the wheel on its center might be prevented1 in which case the ball must roll up the inclined plane1 and that a perpetual motion might then ensue2 but this ratchet ,i never tried1 having about that time begun to perceive that the idea of a perpetual mechanical motion1 either on the earth or in the heavens1 involves an absurdity2 and that1 therefore1 the motions of the planets must necessarily carry them continually nearer and nearer to the center of attraction4 ,the above described device by ,mr4 ,mackintosh brought forth the following comment from ,r4 ,munro1 which was published in #ahcf3 ,the result of ,mr4 ,mackintosh's essay at perpetual motion might be attributed to the avoidable friction caused by the manner in which the iron ball is placed in the wheel4 ,curious to try the experiment1 ,i proceeded1 and1 with the view of diminishing the friction1 ,i placed two wheels on the axis of the ball1 but the result was precisely that described by ,mr4 ,mackintosh4 ,i next applied the ratchet1 as suggested1 but with no better effect2 the ball rolled towards the magnet1 but did not give the required motion to the wheel4 ,it is not unlikely1 then1 that the present ingenious attempt will not be realized4 ,spence's ,device ,john ,spence1 of ,linlithgow1 ,scotland1 was a shoemaker1 but possessed great mechanical ingenuity4 ,he could not keep his mind from the subject of mechanics4 ,he devoted a great deal of time to designing mechanical schemes for ,perpetual ,motion4 ,an account of his efforts is taken from ,percy ,anecdotes4 ,the device was exhibited in ,edinburgh and amazing to state it attracted the attention of one of the greatest and most original scientists that ever lived1 ,sir ,david ,brewster4 ,it is from a letter written by ,brewster1 in #ahah1 to the ,annales de ,chimie1 that we get a description of the ,spence invention4 ,the editor of ,annales de ,chimie1 was evidently reluctant to publish any article concerning ,perpetual ,motion1 and only the great fame of ,sir ,david induced him to give space to the contribution4 ,the article was first published in ,france1 but it has1 with an introductory statement by the editor1 been translated into ,english1 as follows3 ,the reader will readily conclude that in publishing this article we are influenced solely by the great reputation of the learned contributor4 ,sir ,david writes from ,edinburgh3 ,illustration ,i am almost afraid to inform you that at this moment in ,edinburgh may be seen a machine1 made by a shoemaker at ,linlithgow1 which realizes the perpetual motion4 ,this effect is produced by two magnets ,a and ,b1 acting alternately upon a needle m n1 of which the point of attachment n corresponds exactly with the axis around which turns the movable lever ,c ,d4 ,when the needle m n has been attracted into the position m n by the action of the magnet ,b1 and ,c ,d is in consequence found in ,c ,d1 a substance connected with m n is interposed by mechanism between m n and ,b4 ,this substance has the property of intercepting1 or rather of modifying the action of the magnet ,b1 and this permits the other magnet ,a to draw the needle into the position m n2 but no sooner has it reached this point than a second plate or layer of the same substance places itself before magnet1 and immediately ,b attracts anew the needle4 ,illustration ,the annexed figure exhibits a second form of the machine4 ,a and ,b are two horse-shoe magnets1 a and b the mysterious substance1 and m n the needle1 which turns constantly with great rapidity4 ,mr4 ,playfair and ,capt4 ,kater have inspected both of these machines1 and are satisfied that they resolve the problem of perpetual motion4 ,joannis ,theisneri's ,semi-,circle ,an account of this invention has been preserved by ,gaspar ,schott in a work entitled ,thaumaturgus ,physicus1 sive ,magiae ,universalis ,naturae et ,artis1 published in #ahei4 ,it is illustrated by the following figure3 ,illustration ,the inventor expected the operation of his device to be as follows3 ,a is a large magnet1 elevated on a short pillar at the foot of which is a straight inclined tube1 ,c ,f the ends of which are connected with a curved or semicircular tube ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 as shown in the figure4 ,the weight at the lower extremity is supposed to ascend through the curved tube by the attraction of the magnet ,a and upon reaching the point ,c the supposition was that upon passing the point ,c the attraction of the magnet ,a would be sufficient to hold it there 99 99 99 back to the point ,f through the straight tube1 and then be drawn by the magnet through the curved tube to the point ,c and so on perpetually4 ,the impracticability of the above device is manifest4 ,at a point between ,d and ,e it is plain the ball would have to ascend perpendicularly and if the magnet exerts sufficient attraction to elevate the weight at that point it would surely hold the weight at the point ,c1 for at ,c the weight would be much nearer the magnet and consequently much more strongly attracted4 ,device of ,dr4 ,jacobus ,in the same work by ,gaspar ,schott from which an account of the preceding device is obtained he gives an account of the device of ,dr4 ,jacobus4 ,dr4 ,jacobus's scheme is illustrated by the following figure3 ,illustration ,it will be observed that the above figure shows a string of iron balls ,a suspended on a grooved wheel ,e on an axle ,c between two uprights ,,ff4 ,at ,h lies a large lodestone1 which is to attract the balls at ,d and was expected by the inventor to cause the wheel to rotate4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,devices ,,utilizing ,,capillary ,,attraction ,,and ,,physical ,,affinity ,ludeke and ,wilckens's ,device ,in #ahfd1 ,johann ,ernst ,friedrich ,ludeke1 of ,london1 and ,daniel ,wilckens1 of ,surrey1 applied for ,british patent on ,improvements in ,motive ,power by ,capillary ,attraction4 ,they describe their invention as follows3 ,our invention consists of improvements in motive power by capillary attraction constructed as follows3 ,illustration ,figure #a of the accompanying drawings represents in horizontal section a square case or cistern2 this cistern is filled with water nearly to the top1 and two wheels marked a1 a1 and b1 b1 are placed in the water in the cistern4 ,by capillary attraction the water rises between the two wheels marked x1 x1 to a height above the level of the water in proportion to the distance of the wheels from each other at x1 x4 ,as the water rises between the wheels marked x1 x1 above its level1 the weight of water between the wheels at x1 x1 will cause the wheels to continually revolve4 ,figure #b represents the same as ,figure #a1 but in a vertical section4 ,the said power may be obtained by wheels moved on axis1 or by other apparatus by rise and fall in the water by vertical motion4 ,the ,jurin ,device ,the device which we have designated ,the ,jurin ,device1 was not1 in fact1 invented by ,jurin4 ,james ,jurin furnished an account of the invention to ,the ,royal ,society of ,london1 and it appears in the reports of that society published in #agbj4 ,the invention was by a friend of ,jurin's whose name he does not give in the account4 ,jurin's account of his friend's invention is as follows3 ,some days ago a method was proposed to me by an ingenious friend for making a perpetual motion1 which seemed so plausible1 and indeed so easily demonstrable from an observation of the late ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 said to be grounded upon experiment1 that though ,i am far from having any opinion of attempts of this nature1 yet1 ,i confess1 ,i could not see why it should not succeed4 ,upon trial indeed ,i found myself disappointed4 ,but as searches after things impossible in themselves are frequently observed to produce other discoveries1 unexpected by the ,inventor2 so this ,proposal has given occasion not only to rectify some mistakes into which we had been led1 by that ingenious and useful member of the ,royal ,society above named1 but likewise to detect the real principle1 by which water is raised and suspended in capillary tubes1 above the level4 ,my friend's proposal was as follows3 ,fig4 #a4 ,let ,a ,b ,c be a capillary siphon1 composed of two legs ,a ,b1 ,b ,c1 unequal both in length and diameter2 whose longer and narrower leg ,a ,b having its orifice ,a immersed in water1 the water will rise above the level1 till it fills the whole tube ,a ,b1 and will then continue suspended4 ,if the wider and shorter leg ,b ,c1 be in like manner immersed1 the water will only rise to same height as ,f ,c1 less than the entire height of the tube ,b ,c4 ,this siphon being filled with water and the orifice ,a sunk below the surface of the water ,d ,e1 my friend reasons thus3 ,since the two columns of water ,a ,b and ,f ,c1 by the supposition1 will be suspended by some power acting within the tubes they are contained in1 they cannot determine the water to move one way1 or the other4 ,but the column ,b ,f1 having nothing to support it1 must descend1 and cause the water to run out at ,c4 ,then the pressure of the atmosphere driving the water upward through the orifice ,a1 to supply the vacuity1 which would otherwise be left in the upper part of the tube ,b ,c1 this must necessarily produce a perpetual motion1 since the water runs into the same vessel1 out of which it rises4 ,but the fallacy of this reasoning appears upon making the experiment4 ,illustration ,exp4 #a4 ,for the water1 instead of running out at the orifice ,c rises upwards towards ,f1 and running all out of the leg ,b ,c1 remains suspended in the other leg to the height ,a ,b4 ,exp4 #b4 ,the same thing succeeds upon taking the siphon out of the water1 into which its lower orifice ,a had been immersed1 the water then falling in drops out of the orifice ,a1 and standing at last at the height ,a ,b4 ,but in making these two experiments it is necessary that ,a ,g the difference of the legs exceed ,f ,c1 otherwise the water will not run either way4 ,exp4 #c4 ,upon inverting the siphon full of water1 it continues without motion either way4 ,the reason of all which will plainly appear1 when we come to discover the principle1 by which the water is suspended in capillary tubes4 ,mr4 ,hawksbee's observation is as follows3 ,fig4 #b4 ,let ,a ,b ,f ,c be a capillary siphon1 into which the water will rise above the level to the height ,c ,f1 and let ,b ,a be the depth of the orifice of its longer leg below the surface of the water ,d ,e4 ,then the siphon being filled with water1 if ,b ,a be not greater than ,c ,f1 the water will not run out at ,a1 but will remain suspended4 ,this seems indeed very plausible at first sight4 ,for since the column of water ,f ,c will be suspended by some power within the tube1 why should not the column ,b ,a1 being equal to1 or less than the former1 continue suspended by the same power4 ,exp4 #d4 ,in fact1 if the orifice ,c be lifted up out of the water ,d ,e1 the water in the tube will continue suspended1 unless ,b ,a exceed ,f ,c4 ,exp4 #e4 ,but when ,c is never so little immersed in the water immediately the water in the tube runs out in drops at the orifice ,a1 though the length ,a ,b be considerably less than the height ,c ,f4 ,mr4 ,hawksbee1 in his book of ,experiments1 has advanced another observation1 namely1 that the shorter leg of a capillary siphon1 as ,a ,b ,f ,c1 must be immersed in the water to the depth ,f ,c1 which is equal to the height of the column1 that would be suspended in it1 before the water will run out of the longer leg4 ,exp4 #f4 ,from what mistake this has proceeded1 ,i cannot imagine2 for the water runs out at the longer leg1 as soon as the orifice of the shorter leg comes to touch the surface of the stagnant water1 without being at all immersed therein4 ,jurin's attitude concerning his friend's discovery is pleasing4 ,he appears to have had better judgment than to rush into print1 or herald forth that ,perpetual ,motion had been accomplished4 ,indeed1 the account as given to the ,royal ,society was that of an experiment and a failure4 ,nevertheless1 it presents an interesting point4 ,capillary ,attraction1 however1 creates no new energy4 ,adhesion is a force1 and is often quite a strong force in nature4 ,if a rod or tube be held by the hand at one end1 and the other end inserted in a liquid1 it will be observed that in some instances1 depending upon the nature of the material of the rod or tube1 and the liquid1 at the point of contact the liquid will slightly rise in the tube and on the outside edges of the tube4 ,in other instances it will be depressed slightly at the same point4 ,whether it will be elevated or depressed depends on whether the adhesion of the liquid to the material of which the tube or rod is composed is greater than the cohesion of the particles of the liquid4 ,if there be a depression it is manifest that the entire surface of the liquid will be slightly elevated by reason of the depression4 ,on the contrary1 if the liquid adheres to and creeps slightly upward on the tube or rod1 then it is manifest that the surface of the liquid will come to rest slightly lower than though it did not so creep4 ,the net result finally gets back to the principle of flotation4 ,the immersion or insertion is a little more difficult in the case of depression1 and a little easier in the case of elevation4 ,there is no gain or loss of energy4 ,it simply increases in one case1 and diminishes in the other case the amount of displacement1 with all the resulting mechanical phenomena4 ,sir ,william ,congreve ,as stated in the preface of this work1 pursuit of ,perpetual ,motion has by no means been confined to mechanics and tradesmen4 ,many men eminent1 and even famous in professions1 art and science have devoted much time and thought to the subject4 ,among such eminent men is to be mentioned ,sir ,william ,congreve1 of ,england1 a baronet4 ,he was born #aggb1 and died in #ahbh4 ,he was an artillerist and an inventor1 and was a son of ,lieutenant ,general ,sir ,william ,congreve2 was distinguished as a military man1 as a member of parliament1 and as a business man2 was an inventor of note1 having invented a war rocket1 a gun-recoil mounting1 a time-fuse1 a parachute attachment for rockets1 a hydro-pneumatic canal lock sluice1 a process for color painting1 a new form of steam engine1 a method of consuming smoke1 a clock which measured time by a ball rolling down an inclined plane1 besides other inventions and discoveries4 ,he published a large number of works on scientific subjects4 ,it is not1 therefore1 surprising that whatever ,sir ,william ,congreve said or did concerning any scientific or mechanical subject should have attracted general attention4 ,he devised and made a ,perpetual ,motion ,machine1 which1 like all others1 failed to work4 ,we submit that his plan is peculiarly ingenious1 and we fail to see how1 without a knowledge of the principles of ,conservation of ,energy1 the ,congreve idea should not have appealed to any one as reasonable1 and its failure puzzling4 ,an account of the ,congreve device and an explanation of his ideas appeared in ,the ,atlas in #ahbg1 and the following description is taken from the article appearing in ,the ,atlas3 ,the celebrated ,boyle entertained an idea that perpetual motion might be obtained by means of capillary attraction2 and1 indeed1 there seems but little doubt that nature has employed this force in many instances to produce this effect4 ,there are many situations in which there is every reason to believe that the sources of springs on the tops and sides of mountains depend on the accumulation of water created at certain elevations by the operation of capillary attraction1 acting in large masses of porous material1 or through laminated substances4 ,these masses being saturated1 in process of time become the sources of springs and the heads of rivers2 and thus1 by an endless round of ascending and descending waters1 form1 on the great scale of nature1 an incessant cause of perpetual motion1 in the purest acceptance of the term1 and precisely on the principle that was contemplated by ,boyle4 ,it is probable1 however1 that any imitation of this process on the limited scale practicable by human art would not be of sufficient magnitude to be effective4 ,nature1 by the immensity of her operations1 is able to allow for a slowness of process which would baffle the attempts of man in any direct and simple imitation of her works4 ,working1 therefore1 upon the same causes1 he finds himself obliged to take a more complicated mode to produce the same effect4 ,to amuse the hours of a long confinement from illness1 ,sir ,william ,congreve has recently contrived a scheme of perpetual motion1 founded on this principle of capillary attraction1 which1 it is apprehended1 will not be subject to the general refutation applicable to those plans in which the power is supposed to be derived from gravity only4 ,sir ,william's perpetual motion is as follows3 ,illustration ,let ,a ,b ,c be three horizontal rollers fixed in a frame2 a a a1 etc41 is an endless band of sponge1 running round these rollers2 and b b b1 etc41 is an endless chain of weights1 surrounding the band of sponge1 and attached to it1 so that they must move together2 every part of this band and chain being so accurately uniform in weight that the perpendicular side ,a ,b will1 in all positions of the band and chain1 be in equilibrium with the hypothenuse ,a ,c1 on the principle of the inclined plane4 ,now1 if the frame in which these rollers are fixed be placed in a cistern of water1 having its lower part immersed therein1 so that the water's edge cuts the upper part of the rollers ,b ,c1 then1 if the weight and quantity of the endless chain be duly proportioned to the thickness and breadth of the band of sponge1 the band and chain will1 on the water in the cistern being brought to the proper level1 begin to move round the rollers in the direction ,a ,b1 by the force of capillary attraction1 and will continue so to move4 ,the process is as follows3 ,on the side ,a ,b of the triangle1 the weights b b b1 etc41 hanging perpendicularly alongside the band of sponge1 the band is not compressed by them1 and its pores being left open1 the water at the point x1 at which the band meets its surface1 will rise to a certain height1 y1 above its level1 and thereby create a load1 which load will not exist on the ascending side ,c ,a1 because on this side the chain of weights compresses the band at the water's edge1 and squeezes out any water that may have previously accumulated in it2 so that the band rises in a dry state1 the weight of the chain having been so proportioned to the breadth and thickness of the band as to be sufficient to produce this effect4 ,the load1 therefore1 on the descending side ,a ,b1 not being opposed by any similar load on the ascending side1 and the equilibrium of the other parts not being disturbed by the alternate expansion and compression of the sponge1 the band will begin to move in the direction ,a ,b2 and as it moves downwards1 the accumulation of water will continue to rise1 and thereby carry on a constant motion1 provided the load at x y be sufficient to overcome the friction on the rollers ,a ,b ,c4 ,now1 to ascertain the quantity of this load in any particular machine1 it must be stated that it is found by experiment that the water will rise in a fine sponge about an inch above its level2 if1 therefore1 the band and sponge be one foot thick and six feet broad1 the area of its horizontal section in contact with the water would be #hfd square inches1 and the weight of the accumulation of water raised by the capillary attraction being one inch rise upon #hfd square inches1 would be #cj lbs41 which1 it is conceived1 would be much more than equivalent to the friction of the rollers4 ,the deniers of this proposition1 on the first view of the subject1 will say1 it is true the accumulation of the weight on the descending side thus occasioned by the capillary attraction would produce a perpetual motion1 if there were not as much power lost on the ascending side by the change of position of the weights1 in pressing the water out of the sponge4 ,the point now to be established is1 that the change in the position of the weights will not cause any loss of power4 ,for this purpose1 we must refer to the following diagram4 ,illustration ,with reference to this diagram1 suppose a a a1 etc41 an endless strap1 and b b b1 etc41 an endless chain running round the rollers2 ,a ,b ,c not having any sponge between them1 but kept at a certain distance from each other by small and inflexible props1 p p p1 etc41 then the sides ,a ,b and ,c ,a would1 in all positions of this system1 be precisely an equilibrium1 so as to require only a small increment of weight on either side to produce motion4 ,now1 we contend that this equilibrium would still remain unaffected1 if small springs were introduced in lieu of the inflexible props p p p1 so that the chain b b b might approach the lower strap a a a1 by compressing these small springs with its weight on the ascending side2 for although the centre of gravity of any portion of chain would move in a different line in the latter case--for instance1 in the dotted line--still the quantity of the actual weight of every inch of the strap and chain would remain precisely the same in the former case1 where they are kept at the same distance in all positions1 as in the latter case1 where they approach on the ascending side2 and so1 also1 these equal portions of weights1 notwithstanding any change of distance between their several parts which may take place in one case and not in the other1 would in both cases rise and fall1 though the same perpendicular space1 and consequently the equilibrium1 would be equally preserved in both cases1 though in the first case they may rise and fall through rather more than in the second4 ,the application of this demonstration to the machine described in ,fig4 #a1 is obvious2 for the compression of the sponge by the sinking of the weights on the ascending side1 in pressing out the water1 produces precisely the same effect as to the position and ascent of the weights1 as the approach of the chain to the lower strap on the ascending side1 in ,fig4 #b1 by the compression of the springs2 and consequently1 if the equilibrium is not affected in one case--that is1 in ,fig4 #b1 as above demonstrated--it will not be affected in the other case1 ,fig4 #a2 and1 therefore1 the water would be squeezed out by the pressure of the chain without any loss of power4 ,the quantity of weight necessary for squeezing dry any given quantity of sponge must be ascertained and duly apportioned by experiment4 ,it is obvious1 however1 that whether one cubic inch of sponge required one1 two1 or four ounces for this purpose1 it would not affect the equilibrium1 since1 whatever were the proportion on the ascending side1 precisely the same would the proportion be on the descending side4 ,this principle is capable of application in various ways1 and with a variety of materials4 ,it may be produced by a single roller or wheel4 ,mercury may also be substituted for water1 by using a series of metallic plates instead of sponges2 and1 as the mercury will be found to rise to a much greater height between these plates1 than water will do in a sponge1 it will be found that the power to be obtained by the latter materials will be from #gj to #hj times as great as by the use of water4 ,thus1 a machine1 of the same dimensions as given above1 would have a constant power of #b1jjj lbs4 acting upon it4 ,we now proceed to show how the principle of perpetual motion proposed by ,sir ,william ,congreve may be applied upon one centre instead of three4 ,in the following figure1 a b c d represents a drum-wheel or cylinder1 moving on a horizontal axis surrounded with a band of sponge #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h1 and immersed in water1 so that the surface of the water touches the lower end of the cylinder4 ,now then1 if1 as in ,fig4 #b1 the water on the descending side b be allowed to accumulate in the sponge at x1 while1 on the ascending side ,d1 the sponge at the water's edge shall1 by any means not deranging the equilibrium1 be so compressed that it shall quit the water in a dry state1 the accumulation of water above its level at x1 by the capillary attraction1 will be a source of constant rotary motion2 and1 in the present case1 it will be found that the means of compressing the sponge may be best obtained by buoyancy1 instead of weight4 ,for this purpose1 therefore1 the band of sponge is supposed to be divided into eight or more equal parts1 #a #b #c #d1 etc41 each part being furnished with a float or buoyant vessel1 f #a1 f #b1 etc41 rising and falling upon spindles1 s s s1 etc41 fixed in the periphery of the drum2 these floats being of such dimensions that1 when immersed in water1 the buoyancy or pressure upwards of each shall be sufficient to compress that portion of the sponge connected with it1 so as to squeeze out any water it may have absorbed4 ,these floats are further arranged by means of levers l l l1 etc41 and plates p p p1 etc41 so that1 when the float f ,no4 #a becomes immersed in the water1 its buoyant pressure upwards acts not against the portion of the sponge ,no4 #a1 immediately above it1 but against ,no4 #b1 next in front of it2 and so1 in like manner1 the buoyancy of f ,no4 #b float acts on the portion of the sponge ,no4 #c1 and f ,no4 #c float upon ,no4 #d sponge4 ,now1 from this arrangement it follows1 that the portion of sponge ,no4 #d1 which is about to quit the water1 is pressed upon by that float1 which1 from acting vertically1 is most efficient in squeezing the sponge dry2 while that portion of the sponge ,no4 #a1 on the point of entering the water1 is not compressed at all from its corresponding float ,no4 #h1 not having yet reached the edge of the water4 ,by these means1 therefore1 it will be seen that the sponge always rises in a dry state from the water on the ascending side1 while it approaches the water on the descending side in an uncompressed state1 and open to the full action of absorption by the capillary attraction4 ,illustration ,the great advantage of effecting this by the buoyancy of light vessels instead of a burthen of weights1 as in ,fig4 #b1 is that1 by a due arrangement of the dimensions and buoyancy of the floats immersed1 the whole machine may be made to float on the surface of the water1 so as to take off all friction whatever from the centre of suspension4 ,thus1 therefore1 we have a cylindrical machine revolving on a single centre without friction1 and having a collection of water in the sponge on the descending side1 while the sponge on the ascending side is continually dry2 and if this cylinder be six feet wide1 and the sponge that surrounds it one foot thick1 there will be a constant moving power of thirty pounds on the descending side1 without any friction to counteract it4 ,it has been already stated1 that to perpetuate the motion of this machine1 the means used to leave the sponge open on the descending side1 and press it dry on the ascending side1 must be such as will not derange the equilibrium of the machine when floating in water4 ,as1 therefore1 in this case the effect is produced by the ascent of the buoyant floats b1 to demonstrate the perpetuity of the motion1 we must show that the ascent of the floats f ,no4 #a and f ,no4 #c will be equal in all corresponding situations on each side of the perpendicular2 for the only circumstance that could derange the equilibrium on this system1 would be that f ,no4 #a and f ,no4 #c should not in all such corresponding situations approach the centre of motion equally2 for it is evident that in the position of the floats described in the above figure1 if f ,no4 #a float did not approach the centre as much as f ,no4 #c1 the equilibrium would be destroyed1 and the greater distance of f ,no4 #a from the centre than that of f ,no4 #c would create a resistance to the moving force caused by the accumulation of the water at x4 ,it will be found1 however1 that the floats f ,no4 #a and f ,no4 #c do retain equal distances from the centre in all corresponding situations1 for the resistance to their approach to the centre by buoyancy is the elasticity of the sponge at the extremity of the respective levers2 and as this elasticity is the same in all situations1 while this centrifugal force of the float f ,no4 #a is equal to that of the float f ,no4 #c1 at equal distances from the perpendicular1 the floats f ,no4 #a and f ,no4 #c will1 in all corresponding situations on either side of the perpendicular1 be at equal distances from the centre4 ,it is true1 that the force by which these floats approach the centre of motion varies according to the obliquity of the spindles on which they work1 it being greatest in the perpendicular position2 but1 as the obliquity of these spindles is the same at all equal distances from the perpendicular1 and as the resistance of the ascent of the floats is equal in all cases1 the center of buoyancy will evidently describe a similar curve on each side of the perpendicular2 and consequently the equilibrium will be preserved1 so as to leave a constant moving force at x1 equal to the whole accumulation of water in the sponge4 ,nor will this equilibrium be disturbed by any change of position in the floats not immersed in the water1 since1 being duly connected with the sponge by the levers and plates1 they will evidently arrange themselves at equal distances from the center1 in all corresponding situations on either side4 ,it may be said that the equilibrium of the band of sponge may be destroyed by its partial compression2 and it must be admitted that the centre of gravity of the part compressed1 according to the construction above described1 does approach the center of motion nearer than the center of gravity of the part not compressed4 ,the whole weight of the sponge is1 however1 so inconsiderable1 that this difference would scarcely produce any sensible effect2 and if it did1 a very slight alteration in the construction1 by which the sponge should be compressed as much outwards as inwards1 would retain the center of gravity of the compressed part at the same distance from the center of motion as the center of gravity of the part not compressed4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,liquid ,air as a ,means of ,perpetual ,motion ,a few years ago air was liquefied4 ,this was accomplished by a very high compression accompanied by a very low temperature4 ,it is manifest that when liquid air is removed from the extremely low temperature necessary for its liquefaction1 and introduced into ordinary atmospheric temperatures1 it will exert a most tremendous expansive force which can be utilized for driving machinery and thereby producing heat or electricity1 or for any other purpose for which force is required4 ,but1 by the law of ,conservation of ,energy1 the liquefied air by expansion can yield no more energy than was required to extract the heat from the air and compress it into the liquid state4 ,one enthusiastic individual who had worked in a plant for liquefying air announced throughout the ,united ,states of ,america1 and perhaps throughout the civilized world1 that he had a device by which the expansive force of three pounds of liquid air could be made to liquefy ten pounds1 and that seven of the ten could be utilized for driving machinery1 or for any other purpose for which force is required1 the remaining three being utilized in the production of another ten pounds of liquid air1 and so on ad infinitum4 ,he boldly announced that thereby he had discovered an inexhaustible supply of energy at a nominal cost1 whereby we could all be warmed and have our machinery of all kinds driven without the expense of gas1 coal1 fuel of any kind1 wind1 waves1 tides or streams4 ,this enthusiastic individual produced considerable excitement for a time1 and then the public ceased to hear about either him or his device4 ,he dropped out of sight and his name sank into oblivion4 ,his claims were absurd1 and the absurdity is readily apparent to anyone versed in thermodynamics or familiar with the principles of ,conservation of ,energy4 ,there was little excuse for his ever having made such pretentions or for his pretentions ever to have been seriously listened to by any one2 for the principle of ,conservation of ,energy had years before been fully established and heralded throughout the world4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,radium and ,radio-,active ,substances ,considered as a ,conceived ,source of ,perpetual ,motion ,a few years ago when the remarkable properties of radium were discovered it was thought by many that here at last was the long sought solution of the problem of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,radium seemed to have the power of maintaining its own temperature permanently above that of surrounding bodies4 ,many versed in the science of thermodynamics 7heat power7 shook their heads in doubt4 ,if1 indeed1 it were really true that the substance1 radium1 or any other substance had the quality of remaining permanently warmer than surrounding bodies without having heat supplied to it1 then1 indeed1 there was an inexhaustible supply of heat1 and consequently power4 ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,strutt 7,lord ,rayleigh71 devised a radium clock to run on this principle1 consisting of a vacuum vessel in which was suspended a radio-active substance contained in a tube4 ,at the lower end of the tube are two gold leaves as in an electroscope4 ,platinum wires extended through the glass and touched the gold leaves4 ,the other end of the platinum wires are extended to connect with the earth4 ,the radio-active substance electrifies the gold leaves and causes them to be extended1 and upon being extended they come in contact with the platinum wires and their charge of electricity is lost1 being conducted through the wires and dispersed in the earth1 and the leaves losing their charge fall by the force of gravity from the wires back to their position near the tube containing the radio-active substance to be again charged1 to again move to and touch the platinum wires1 and again lose their charge2 this process to go on indefinitely4 ,here1 indeed1 was ,perpetual ,motion1 except for the fact that further and more refined experiments and investigations demonstrated that radio-active substances are not permanently radio-active1 but gradually1 though very slowly1 lose their radio-activity just as a fire will finally burn out1 no matter how slowly it burns1 or just as an electric battery will finally lose its charge and become exhausted4 ,this loss1 however1 of radio-active energy in radio-active substances is so slow that it is said the ,strutt clock will run for over one thousand years4 ,but the fact that it will not run permanently1 and that the motion is the result of energy supplied by the radio-active substance1 and is not supplied by the mechanism itself1 deprives it of any right to be called a solution of the problem of self-motive power4 ,it should be noted that ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,strutt 7,lord ,rayleigh7 of ,england1 who devised the radium clock1 above mentioned1 is not to be classed with the ordinary ,perpetual ,motion enthusiast4 ,he was1 and is1 in fact1 a man of very great scientific ability and attainments1 and has to his credit many actual and splendid achievements demonstrating him to be a genius of the rarest and most exalted type4 ,his radium clock is founded on correct principles1 and surely a clock that will run one thousand years without having power supplied from an outside source is worth while4 ,it should be here also mentioned that the force derived from radio-activity in the manner it is applied in the ,strutt clock is very slight1 and the instrument necessarily extremely delicate4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,perpetual ,motion ,devices ,attempting ,its ,attainment by a ,misconception of the ,relation of ,momentum and ,energy ,the author1 within twenty years last past1 has had his attention called by two different persons1 each ignorant of the efforts of the other1 who were seeking to obtain ,perpetual ,motion by utilizing certain physical facts concerning ,momentum and ,energy4 ,these facts and the principles out of which they grow are familiar to all who understand thoroughly1 even the rudiments of physics2 but to persons who are inclined to mechanics1 but who have never had the advantages of the presentation of clear principles1 they are confusing1 and it is surprising that they have not become more fertile fields for ,perpetual ,motion workers4 ,however1 we are unable to find any written or printed account or description of a plan or device of that kind1 and our information is confined to instances that have been brought to our personal observation1 and concerning which the advice and counsel of the author was sought4 ,the worker in each case was a man of more than ordinary natural intelligence1 and with a bent for mechanical pursuits and reflection4 ,each had taken a course in what is conventionally called ,high ,school ,physics4 ,the idea in each case was so novel and interesting that we deem the presentation worth while4 ,they were so nearly alike that instead of attempting to narrate what they said1 we will endeavor in our own way to present the idea1 and then to give our explanation1 showing wherein lay their error4 ,the following definitions and laws of physics may be regarded as established3 ,momentum ,momentum is the quantity of motion of a moving body1 and is the velocity multiplied by the weight4 ,thus1 a body weighing two pounds1 moving at four feet per second1 may be represented as having a momentum of eight4 ,a body weighing two pounds moving at the rate of six feet per second may be said to have a momentum of twelve4 ,a body weighing ten pounds moving at the rate of ten feet per second will have a momentum of one hundred--and so on4 ,now1 a step further4 ,a body in motion striking another body free to move will lose part of its motion1 and will impart some of its motion to the body moved against4 ,the aggregate momentum after the striking is the same as before--that is to say--if a body weighing ten pounds have a velocity of twenty feet per second1 its momentum we will call two hundred4 ,now1 if in moving it strike another body either larger or smaller its motion will be somewhat retarded1 and the body struck will possess some motion4 ,multiply the weight of each by its motion after the striking1 and it will be found that the sum of the products is two hundred4 ,this may be illustrated by swinging balls like pendulums to cords of equal length from a beam1 having the arrangement such that balls of different materials and sizes can be substituted at liberty4 ,if a body be drawn back parallel to the beam1 and released so as to swing against another swinging body1 both will have motion4 ,this motion will1 in some cases be a rebounding motion1 as in the case of a small elastic body swinging against and striking a larger elastic body1 but in all cases the sum total of the momentum after the impingement is the same as before4 ,the following statement of the law then1 is deducible3 ,the ,momentum of one body in motion may be made to impart momentum to another body1 the amount of momentum lost by the former being exactly equal to that thus acquired by the latter4 ,before leaving these remarks on momentum the reader should observe carefully what momentum is and bear in mind it is the quantity of motion possessed by a moving body1 and has to do only with mass and velocity--and takes no account of distance passed through4 ,energy ,energy is the capacity to do work1 and the energy of a moving body is the amount of work it will do1 i4 e41 the distance it will move against a resistance by virtue of its tendency to move1 before being brought to a state of rest4 ,now note1 and note carefully1 that the amount of energy is proportional to the mass1 and to the square of the velocity4 ,note this carefully3 ,any body in motion has both momentum and energy4 ,its momentum is proportional to its velocity2 its energy to the square of its velocity4 ,if the velocity be doubled1 the momentum will be doubled1 but its energy quadrupled4 ,if the velocity be trebled1 its momentum will be trebled1 but its energy increased nine-fold4 ,it is important that the student get clearly what is meant by saying that ,energy is the capacity to do work1 and is proportional to the square of the velocity4 ,the capacity to do work means the capacity to move against resistance1 i4 e41 to overcome resistance4 ,the word work being used in a purely mechanical sense and in that sense it is used whether the result accomplished is destructive or beneficial4 ,a revolving fly wheel will run machinery for some time after the application of force has ceased4 ,this is doing work1 and represents energy4 ,a bullet fired from a gun will accomplish destruction before having its motion arrested4 ,this is work--energy4 ,if a boy throw a ball into a snow bank1 its motion will sink it into the snow1 but not far1 the resistance of the snow will soon bring the ball to rest4 ,the ball overcomes resistance in passing through the snow until it is brought to rest1 and thus it does the work of forcing itself through the snow1 and possesses the energy necessary to do that work4 ,the overcoming of the resistance of the air by a moving body is work4 ,a steamboat will move for some time in water after the steam has been turned off4 ,the overcoming of the resistance of the water is work1 and by virtue of the motion of the boat when the steam was turned off it possessed the energy to do the work of forcing itself for some time through the resistance of the water4 ,the ,perpetual ,motion worker in each case had reasoned himself into this conclusion3 ,that the same energy will impart the same acceleration of velocity1 regardless of the velocity at the beginning of the application of energy4 ,that the same amount of energy or work necessary to impart to a body a velocity of ten feet per second will increase that velocity to twenty feet per second1 or from twenty feet per second to thirty feet per second4 ,in other words1 that the same amount of energy1 and only the same amount of energy is required for a given increase in velocity without regard to the initial velocity4 ,this appears plausible1 and almost self-evident4 ,we believe the great majority of people1 other than mechanical engineers would1 upon presentation of the theory accept it as axiomatic1 and as a matter of course4 ,the fallacy becomes manifest only from a critical and technical examination of the ,laws of ,momentum and ,energy4 ,the ,perpetual ,motion worker had learned from his text-books that if the velocity be doubled1 the energy would be multiplied by four4 ,his idea was to so arrange his mechanism that he would apply the amount of energy to move a fly wheel free to revolve1 from a position of rest to a revolving velocity of ten revolutions per second4 ,then apply again the same amount of energy1 and accelerate that velocity from ten revolutions per second to twenty revolutions per second4 ,thus1 the energy at the end of the second second would be four times what it was at the end of the first second4 ,but to make it so1 only double the amount of energy had been applied that had been expended at the end of the first second4 ,thus1 he reasoned1 his machine was by virtue of its structure1 accumulating energy1 and this energy could be used one-half to continue the motion of his machine1 and the other half to run other machinery1 or for any other purpose for which energy might be desired4 ,wherein lies the fallacy of this supposition8 ,we will now endeavor to explain4 ,and for the young student to get the explanation fully1 it will be necessary for him to pay the closest attention to what we here state4 ,a force1 for instance the pressure of the finger or the hand1 equal to one pound against a body free to move1 will1 we will say1 move that body in one second of time through a space of ten feet1 and at the end of that second the body will have a velocity of twenty feet4 ,it is manifest that at the end of the second the velocity will be twenty feet per second for its initial velocity is zero1 and its average velocity ten feet per second1 the acceleration being1 of course1 presumed uniform4 ,now1 it is not true as the ,perpetual ,motion worker had assumed that the same energy--i4 e41 the same work that is required to increase the velocity from zero to ten feet per second will increase the velocity from ten feet per second to twenty feet per second1 and in that assumption lay the fallacy of our friends who were thus seeking ,perpetual ,motion4 ,the greater the velocity1 the more energy is required to impart a given acceleration4 ,to increase the velocity from ten feet per second to twenty feet per second1 the applied force must continue through one second of time1 and more energy is required to follow a rapidly moving body1 and continue to apply to it a given force for one second than would be required to follow and maintain the application of the same force to a body moving more slowly--the distance traveled is greater in one case than in the other4 ,it must be plain that if the moving body have a velocity at the end of the first second of twenty feet per second1 it will1 at the end of the second second1 with the same pressure 7force7 continued against the same resistance1 have a velocity of forty feet per second1 and at the end of three seconds have a velocity of sixty feet1 and at the end of four seconds a velocity of eighty feet1 and so on4 ,now1 at the beginning of the second second it had a velocity of twenty feet1 and at the end of that second a velocity of forty feet4 ,it therefore1 traveled through that second with an average velocity of thirty feet and1 of course1 during the second second traveled exactly thirty feet4 ,it traveled ten feet the first second1 and if it traveled thirty feet the second1 then in the two seconds it traveled forty feet--four times as far as it traveled the first second4 ,at the beginning of the third second it had a velocity of forty feet1 and at the end of the third second a velocity of sixty feet4 ,the average velocity then for the third second would be one-half the sum of forty feet and plus sixty feet--that is to say1 it would be fifty feet1 and that would be the distance traveled during the third second4 ,the first second it traveled ten feet1 the second second thirty feet1 and the third second fifty feet1 making a total in three seconds of ninety feet--that is to say1 in three seconds it traveled nine times as far as in one second4 ,it will be noticed from the above that the velocity is proportional to the number of seconds1 but that the distance traveled is proportional to the square of the number of seconds1 and also proportional to the square of the velocity4 ,momentum is mass multiplied by velocity2 energy is measured by the distance through which a body will move against a given resistance4 ,should you prop up one wheel of a carriage and revolve the wheel1 then with the pressure of the finger or the thumb on the hub as a brake1 stop it1 it will be found that 7omitting the effect of atmospheric resistance71 the wheel will make four times as many revolutions before stopping with a doubled velocity2 nine times as many with a trebled velocity4 ,falling bodies afford the most perfect illustration of the principle of ,momentum and ,energy1 and are so commonly used to illustrate those principles that many students get the idea that the application of those principles is confined to falling bodies1 and do not realize that they extend generally through the field of mechanics4 ,a falling body is1 of course1 acted upon by gravity with uniform force equal to the weight of the falling body1 and that force continues to follow the falling body and to be applied uniformly and equally1 however slowly1 or rapidly the body may be falling4 ,and1 omitting atmospheric resistance1 the body is absolutely free to move except for its natural tendency to remain at rest1 or at uniform velocity4 ,it is well known that a body falls 7almost exactly7 sixteen feet in one second1 and at the end of one second has a velocity of thirty-two4 ,during the second second it falls through a distance of forty-eight feet1 and during the third second a distance of eighty feet4 ,in two seconds it falls sixty-four feet1 and in three seconds one hundred twenty-eight feet1 and so on4 ,thus1 it will be observed that the velocity is proportional to the time during which it has fallen1 but that the distance fallen in any number of seconds is proportional to the square of the time4 ,this1 indeed1 is a property of numbers1 and results from mathematical law4 ,if the reader will form a series of numbers1 setting down any number for the first term of the series1 adding to it its double for the second term1 and adding to the second term double the first term for the third1 and adding double the first term to the third term for the fourth1 and so on--in other words1 form any increasing arithmetical series with double the first term for the common difference1 he will discover that the sum of all the terms is equal to the first term multiplied by the square of the number of terms4 ,thus3 #ast ,term #bnd ,term #crd ,term #dth ,term #eth ,term #e #ae #be #ce #de ,in the above series the sum of the first two terms is #bj1 which is #d times the first term4 ,the sum of the first three terms1 i4 e41 #e #ae #be #de-nine times the first term4 ,the sum of the first four terms1 i4 e41 #e #ae #be #ce #hj1 sixteen times the first term1 and so on4 ,it will thus be seen that ,momentum and ,energy are entirely different1 although co-related2 that momentum relates to velocity1 which includes the element of time1 whereas energy relates to the amount of work done1 and may be represented by a force operating against a certain resistance1 through a certain distance1 entirely irrespective of time4 ,the energy is the same with the same force operating against the same resistance1 through the same distance whether the time consumed be great or small4 ,it takes as much energy in the aggregate to wind up a bucket from the bottom of the well if done slowly as if done quickly4 ,it would seem hardly necessary to do so1 and yet it is worth while remarking that the amount of energy necessary to impart a given motion is exactly the amount of ,energy that will be required to arrest that motion1 and represents the amount of ,energy possessed by the moving body by virtue of its motion4 ,work done1 i4 e41 ,energy applied in giving motion is there in that motion1 ready to be returned in exactly an equal quantity--no more--no less4 ,in all the considerations in this chapter no notice is taken of loss by friction or atmospheric resistance4 ,we are considering pure mechanics and the laws governing them only4 ,in actual mechanical devices it is always necessary to make allowance for atmospheric1 frictional and other unavoidable resistances4 ,,chapter ,x ,the ,alleged ,inventions of ,edward ,sommerset1 ,sixth ,earl and ,second ,marquis of ,worcester1 and of ,jean ,ernest ,eli-,bessler 7,councillor7 ,orffyreus ,more interest has been taken1 and more has been said and written concerning the claimed inventions of the men forming the subject of this chapter than of all other ,perpetual ,motion devices known to history4 ,the reason is not difficult to explain4 ,it was the rank and eminence of the inventors and of others whom they induced to take an interest in their inventions1 and to proclaim them to the world4 ,intrinsically1 neither their claims nor their devices are entitled to any more notice than are those of the humblest mechanic that ever labored to attain ,perpetual ,motion4 ,however1 so much has been said and written concerning them that they have an historical value and interest4 ,then1 too1 the interest taken in their inventions brought forth some splendid discussions which necessarily involve in a general way1 at least1 the entire question of ,self-,motive ,power4 ,the historical interest attaching to their inventions and the discussions concerning them1 entitles them to more than a passing notice in this book4 ,they were not co-laborers2 they were not even compatriots1 nor contemporaries4 ,worcester was an ,englishman and ,orffyreus a ,frenchman1 though most of his labors were in what is now ,germany4 ,the former died thirteen years before the latter was born4 ,edward ,sommerset1 of ,england1 ,sixth ,earl and ,second ,marquis of ,worcester1 was born in the year #afja1 and died in #affg4 ,he was famous not only for his noble birth and family rank1 but for personal attainments4 ,he was the author of a work entitled ,century of ,names and ,scantlings of ,such ,inventions as at ,present ,i ,can ,call to ,mind ,have ,tried and ,perfected 7#affc71 which has often been reprinted1 and is usually referred to simply as ,century ,inventions4 ,he was very prominent in public life2 was greatly interested in mechanical experiments1 and made valuable suggestions1 inventions and improvements in connection with the use of steam as a motive power4 ,henry ,dircks1 who is so frequently mentioned in this book1 wrote a book which was published in #ahfe1 entitled ,life1 ,times and ,scientific ,labors of the ,second ,marquis of ,worcester4 ,the ,marquis appears to have been all his life greatly interested in science1 mechanics and mathematical contrivances4 ,his first wife died in #afce1 and it seems probable that thenceforth he became and remained more than ever devoted to mechanics1 and sometime after that period announced a successful ,perpetual ,motion machine1 the gist of all known information concerning which appears from the articles and discussions hereinafter set forth in this chapter4 ,jean-,ernest ,eli-,bessler 7,councillor7 ,orffyreus was born in #afhj1 near ,zittan1 ,alsace1 ,france4 ,he was a man of great ability and attained an eminent place in public life4 ,the title ,councillor1 he acquired by having been selected ,councillor to the ,prince of ,hesse ,castle4 ,the best information concerning him indicates that he was of very erratic temperament1 given to fits of melancholy and extreme anger4 ,in early life he was a student of theology and medicine1 but his penchant was really for mechanics4 ,he claimed that in his search for whatever might prove curious and valuable he had discovered ,perpetual ,motion1 and that between the years #agab and #agai he had made two successfully working machines on his system4 ,the following discussions disclose all that is known of the claimed inventions of these two distinguished ,perpetual ,motion workers4 ,the alleged inventions of the ,marquis of ,worcester is stated by him in the #efth article of his book entitled ,century of ,names and ,scantlings of ,such ,inventions as at ,present ,i ,can ,call to ,mind to ,have ,tried and ,perfected1 and translated from the ancient ,english style in which his book is written into modern style of ,english1 reads as follows3 ,the inventor offers the accompanying sketch1 with description of an ,hydraulic ,mover1 for communicating power to machinery1 and recently invented by him3-- ,to provide and make that all the weights of the descending side of a wheel1 shall be perpetually farther from the center1 than those of the mounting side1 and yet equal in number and heft to the one side as the other4 ,a most incredible thing1 if not seen2 but tried before the late ,king 7of blessed memory7 in the ,tower by my directions1 two extraordinary ambassadors accompanying his ,majesty1 and the ,duke of ,richmond1 and ,duke of ,hamilton1 with most of the ,court attending him4 ,the wheel was fourteen foot over1 and had forty weights of fifty pounds apiece4 ,sir ,william ,balfore1 then ,lieutenant of the ,tower1 can justify it1 with several others4 ,they all saw1 that no sooner these great weights passed the diameter line of the lower side1 but they hung a foot farther from the center2 nor no sooner passed the diameter line of the upper side1 but they hung a foot nearer4 ,be pleased to judge of the consequence4 ,in ,october of #agai1 ,orffyreus published a small book1 or pamphlet1 both in ,german and ,latin1 entitled ,perpetual ,motion ,triumphant1 by ,orffyreus4 ,the book commences3 ,it is a notorious fact that ,perpetual ,motion has not only been sought after by ingenious mathematicians and artists with more or less expense1 but many have arisen here and there pretending that they have made the discovery4 ,nevertheless1 it appears that to carry out this most subtle mechanical idea1 namely1 to make a dead material not only move itself1 but lift weights and perform work1 even the most profound mathematicians and the most learned people have continually fallen into error4 ,it is no less notorious that those who have so sought1 not only refuse their consent1 but have set their seal on the discovery as an unsolvable problem4 ,on a subsequent page he proceeds thus3 ,when ,i1 at last1 an unworthy man1 was made an instrument in ,god's hands to solve this long-looked-for and valuable secret1 and to give a representation1 proposition and instruction on this rare invention2 also to publish and propound it to all the world1 no longer do ,i doubt1 nay ,i presume1 that as the discoverer ,i possess it1 after many years of scrupulous doubts1 much calumny and exasperation from all my enemies4 ,he speaks of his opponents under four divisions3 ,first1 the scientific world2 second1 persons in high authority2 third1 the public in general2 and fourth1 the press2--observing-- ,now my wish was to convince the world that this illiberal1 rude and inhuman treatment was false1 yet ,god's providence has brought to my help1 protection and succour the mighty ,prince ,lord ,charles1 ,landgrave of ,hesse4 ,on a subsequent page he indulges in the following sycophantic adulation of the ,prince of ,hesse ,castle1 and suggestion of the description of his claimed device3 ,it has not only pleased this mighty ,prince to protect me against my numerous enemies1 but also to give me house-room in his princely ,castle of ,weissenstein1 near ,cassel2 to name me one of his most honored servants1 and restore me in a measure all the honor and means that ,i had lost in my native country2 wishing no doubt to give to ,hessin ,cassel the high honor which belonged to ,saxony by right4 ,in gratitude for all these gracious acts1 ,i consented to give another example of my ,perpetuum ,mobile machine4 ,i put all in fresh order1 and began work in all possible haste1 doing everything in the manner of those ,i had already made and destroyed1 with only a few changes in the dimensions of the so-named turning-wheel4 ,for as a grindstone may be called a wheel1 so may the principal part of my machine be named4 ,the outward part of this wheel is drawn over or covered with waxed linen in the form of a drum4 ,this cylindrical basis was #ab ,rhenish feet in diameter1 the thickness from #ae to #ah inches1 the middle axle #f feet long and #h inches in thickness4 ,it is supported in its movement on two pointed steel balance-pegs1 each #a inch thick2 and the wheel is vertically suspended4 ,the movement is modified by two pendulums1 as shown in the engraving at the end of this book4 ,the inward structure of the wheel is of a nature according to the laws of mechanical perpetual motion1 so arranged that by disposed weights once in rotation they gain force from their own swinging1 and must continue their movement as long as their structure does not lose its position and arrangement4 ,unlike all other automata1 such as clocks or springs or other hanging weights which require winding up or whose duration depends on the chain which attaches them1 on the contrary1 these weights are the essential parts and constitute perpetuum mobile itself2 as from them is received the universal movement which they must exercise so long as they remain out of the center of gravity2 and when they come to be placed together1 and so arranged one against another that they can never obtain equilibrium1 or the punctum quietus which they unceasingly seek in their wonderous speedy flight1 one or other of them must apply its weight vertically to the axis1 which in its turn will also move4 ,the author and inventor then suggests the following uses of his machine3 raising weights1 raising stampers1 water1 etc4 ,he criticises all critics of his scheme and denounces them as cunning rogues1 and fools who are contemptibly endeavoring to overthrow an incontestable fact4 ,he makes a quadrupled dedication of his device3 #a4 ,to ,god1 #b4 ,to the ,public in ,general1 #c4 ,to ,men of ,learning1 #d4 ,to ,himself as ,discoverer1 and he very modestly suggests a method by which he could be approached on the subject of selling the secret of his machine for one hundred thousand rix-thalers1 and points out the great importance to the public of such an acquisition4 ,the book contains a cut of his device with the following very brief explanation3 ,illustration ,number #a shows the entire size of the wheel2 #b1 a cord wound round the principal axle2 #c1 the wheel or pulley to guide the cord2 #d1 the cord passed through a window and over #e1 another pulley2 #f1 the box of stones raised or lowered2 #g1 the lock to prevent motion2 #h1 the pendulum with three weights2 #i1 a winch-handle acting on the pendulum2 and #aj1 shows above and below transparent1 so that the machine stands clear and can be moved about4 ,in #agbj the following article was contributed to and published in the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 concerning the ,orffyrean ,wheel3 ,,mr4 ,,urban3 ,being an admirer of improvements in mechanics and desirous of seeing the perpetual motion discovered1 ,i was much pleased on reading1 some time ago1 an account of the automaton constructed by ,orffyreus in two letters1 one from ,professor 's ,gravesande to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 the other from ,baron ,fischer to ,dr4 ,desaguliers1 with the testimonial of the ,landgrave of ,hesse-,cassel 7who had seen the inside of it7 in favor of its construction4 ,to which are added some remarks by ,william ,kenrick1 the writer of the pamphlet1 who takes that opportunity to propose a subscription for a similar machine1 which he says he has contrived and denominated a ,rotator4 ,it is much to be lamented that the learned did not examine more strictly into the merit of ,orffyreus's wheel2 but1 on the contrary1 being prepossessed with a notion of the impracticability of the perpetual motion1 suffered it to be neglected1 and at last destroyed by the hands of a disappointed mechanic1 who1 with unwearied application and steady perseverance1 had brought it to perfection4 ,i wish we may not again let slip an opportunity of becoming acquainted with an invention1 which1 when made public1 will reflect honor on the inventor1 and be of the utmost utility to the world4 ,such1 ,i would hope1 is the rotator mentioned by ,w4 ,kenrick2 for1 unless his discovery were real1 ,i cannot think that he would have taken the liberty to express himself as he does in p4 #bf1 etc41 ,the inventor flatters himself that1 if the contents of the foregoing pages are seriously attended to1 and it be farther considered1 that not a penny of the proposed premium is required1 till the subscribers are fully satisfied of the reality and utility of the invention1 his proposal will not be treated with so mortifying a neglect as that of ,orffyreus4 ,again he says1 ,if it does not supply the place of a first mover1 at the expense only of the construction and repair of a simple wheel subject to very little friction1 and that in all such engines and machines1 even from the slightest piece of clockwork to the waterworks of ,marli or ,london-bridge1 he expects nothing for his discovery1 but to stand exposed to the contempt that will be justly thrown on him for having so miserably misspent his time1 and frivolously engaged the attention of the public4 ,now1 ,i think that ,w4 ,kenrick's proposals are very fair2 and should be glad to be informed1 whether any attention has been paid to them1 and whether ,sir ,isaac ,newton took any notice of the letter addressed to him by ,professor ,gravesande4 ,i shall consider it as a favor if any correspondent will oblige me with an answer to these particulars4 ,a ,,constant ,,reader4 ,in #agba ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,desaguliers1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 contributed to an ,english periodical entitled ,philosophical ,transactions1 the following article concerning the device of the ,marquis of ,worcester1 and the ,orffyrean ,wheel3 ,,remarks ,,on ,,some ,,attempts ,,made ,,towards ,a ,,perpetual ,,motion2 ,,by ,,the ,,reverend ,,dr4 ,,desaguliers1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,the wheel at ,hesse-,cassel1 made by ,monsieur ,orffyreus1 and by him called a perpetual motion1 has1 of late1 been so much talked of on account of its wonderful phenomena1 that a great many people have believed it to be actually a self-moving engine2 and accordingly have attempted to imitate it as such4 ,now1 as a great deal of time and money is spent in those endeavours1 ,i was willing 7for the sake of those that try experiments with that view7 to show that the principle which most of them go upon is false1 and can by no means produce a perpetual motion4 ,they take it for granted that if a weight descending in a wheel at a determined distance from the center1 does1 in its ascent1 approach nearer to it2 such a weight in its descent will always preponderate and cause a weight equal to it to rise1 provided it comes nearer the center in its rise2 and accordingly as itself1 rises1 will be overbalanced by another weight equal to it2 and1 therefore1 they endeavour by various contrivances to produce that effect as if the consequence of it would be a perpetual motion4 ,but ,i shall show that they mistake one particular case of a general theorem1 or rather a corollary of it1 for the theorem itself4 ,the theorem is as follows3 ,,theor4--,if one weight in its descent does1 by means of any contrivance1 cause another weight to ascend with a less momentum or quantity of motion than itself1 it will preponderate and raise the other weight4 ,,cor4 #a4--,therefore1 if the weights be equal1 the descending weight must have more velocity than the ascending weight1 because the momentum is made up of the weight multiplied into the quantity of matter4 ,,cor4 #b4--,therefore1 if a leaver or balance have equal weights fastened or hanging at its ends1 and the brachia be ever so little unequal that weight will preponderate which is farthest from the center4 ,,scholium4--,this second corollary causes the mistake2 because those who think the velocity of the weight is the line it describes1 expect that that weight shall be overpoised1 which describes the shortest line1 and1 therefore1 contrive machines to cause the ascending weight to describe a shorter line than the descending weight4 ,as for example1 in the circle ,a ,d ,b a 7,fig4 #c7 the weights ,a and ,b being supposed equal1 they imagine that if 7by any contrivance whatever7 whilst the weight ,a describes the arc ,a a1 the weight ,b is carried in any arc1 as ,b b1 so as to come nearer the center in its rising than if it went up the arc ,b ,d2 the said weight shall be overpoised1 and consequently1 by a number of such weights a perpetual motion will be produced4 ,this is attempted by several contrivances1 which all depend upon this false principle2 but ,i shall only mention one which is represented by ,fig4 #d1 where a wheel having two parallel circumferences1 has the space between them divided into cells1 which being curved1 will 7when the wheel goes round7 cause weights placed loose in the said cells to descend on the side ,a at the outer circumference of the wheel1 and on the side ,d to ascend in the line ,b b b b1 which comes nearer the center and touches the inner circumference of the wheel4 ,in a machine of this kind the weights will indeed move in such a manner if the wheel be turned round1 but will never be the cause of the wheel's going round4 ,such a machine is mentioned by the ,marquis of ,worcester in his ,century of ,inventions1 in the following words1 ,no4 #ef3 ,illustration ,to provide and make that all the weights of the descending side of a wheel shall be perpetually farther from the center than those of the mounting side1 and yet equal in number and heft to the one side as the other4 ,a most incredible thing1 if not seen2 but tried before the late ,king 7of blessed memory7 in the ,tower by my directions1 two extraordinary ambassadors accompanying his ,majesty1 and the ,duke of ,richmond1 and ,duke of ,hamilton1 with most of the court attending him4 ,the wheel was fourteen foot over and had forty weights of fifty pounds a piece4 ,sir ,william ,balfore1 then ,lieutenant of the ,tower1 can justify it with several others4 ,they all saw that no sooner these great weights passed the diameter line of the lower side1 but they hung a foot farther from the center2 nor no sooner passed the diameter line of the upper side1 but they hung a foot nearer4 ,be pleased to judge of the consequence4 ,illustration ,now the consequence of this and such like machines1 is nothing less than a perpetual motion2 and the fallacy is this3 ,the velocity of any weight is not the line which it describes in general1 but the height that it rises up to or falls from1 with respect to its distance from the center of the earth4 ,so that when the weight 7,fig4 #c7 describes the arc ,a a1 its velocity is the line ,a ,c1 which shows the perpendicular descent 7or measures how much it is come nearer to the center of the earth71 and likewise the line ,b ,c denotes the velocity of the weight ,b1 or the height that it rises to when it ascends in any of the arcs ,b b1 instead of the arc ,b ,d3 so that in this case whether the weight ,b in its ascent be brought nearer the center or not1 it loses no velocity which it ought to do in order to be raised up by the weight ,a4 ,nay1 the weight in rising nearer the center of a wheel may not only lose of its velocity1 but be made to gain velocity in proportion to the velocity of its counterpoising weights that descend in the circumference of the opposite side of the wheel2 for if we consider two radii of the wheel1 one of which is horizontal1 and the other 7fastened to and moving with it7 inclined under the horizon in an angle of #fj degrees 7,fig4 #e7 and by the descent of the end ,b of the radius ,b ,c1 the radius ,c ,d by its motion causes the weight at ,d to rise up the line p ,p1 which is in a plane that stops the said weight from rising in the curve ,d ,a1 that weight will gain velocity1 and in the beginning of its rise it will have twice the velocity of the weight at ,b2 and consequently1 instead of being raised1 will overpoise1 if it be equal to the last mentioned weight4 ,and this velocity will be so much the greater in proportion as the angle ,a ,c ,d is greater1 or as the plane ,p p 7along which the weight ,d must rise7 is nearer to the center4 ,indeed1 if the weight at ,b 7,fig4 #c7 could1 by any means1 be lifted up to 1 and move in the arc b1 the end would be answered2 because then the velocity would be diminished and become ,c4 ,illustration ,,experiment 7,fig4 #e74--,take the leaver ,b ,c ,d1 whose brachia are equal in length1 bent in an angle of #abj degrees at ,c and moveable about that point as its center3 in this case a weight of two pounds hanging at the end of ,b of the horizontal part of the leaver will keep in equilibrio a weight of four pounds hanging at the end ,d4 ,but if a weight of one pound be laid upon the end ,d of the leaver1 so that in the motion of ,d along the arc p ,a1 this weight is made to rise up against the plane ,p p 7which divides in half the line ,a ,c equal to ,c ,b7 the said weight will keep in equilibrio two pounds at ,b1 as having twice the velocity of it when the leaver begins to move4 ,this will be evident1 if you let the weight #d hang at ,d1 whilst the weight #a lies above it3 for if then you move the leaver the weight #a will rise four times as fast as the weight #d4 ,illustration ,in #aggj ,dr4 ,william ,kenrick published ,a ,lecture on the ,perpetual ,motion4 ,in it he has the following to say concerning the alleged inventions of the ,marquis of ,worcester1 and ,councillor ,orffyreus1 and ,perpetual ,motion in general4 ,the following excerpts of and comments on the lecture are taken verbatim from ,dircks3 ,the mere exhibition of a self-moving machine without a display of its mechanism1 or the principles on which its motion is begun and continued1 could produce no conviction4 ,the fate of ,orffyreus and his machine is a proof of this4 ,scarce fifty years ago that whimsical mechanician exhibited a perpetual motion at ,hesse ,cassel1 the constancy of whose operation was experienced for many weeks under the most exact caution of the ,landgrave of that ,principality1 whose testimony of such operation1 as well as in favor of its construction 7to the secret of which he was admitted71 was given in the most explicit and determinate form4 ,and yet1 because ,orffyreus could not display the mechanism without the previous assurance of a premium of #bjj1jjj florins 7near twenty thousand pounds71 or because he would not or could not discover the principles on which it acted1 his pretensions were neglected1 his machine was destroyed by his own hands1 and his life made a sacrifice to the chagrin attending his disappointment4 ,twenty years had he racked his brains for invention1 and expended a patrimonial competence with parsimony in prosecuting his design4 ,and when success inspired the hope of reward1 he found his ingenuity suspected of imposture1 and his industry rewarded with contempt4 ,whether any of his successors in the same pursuit will meet with a better fate is at length to be determined4 ,one species of our predecessor's merit1 however1 ,i 7adds ,dr4 ,kenrick7 presume myself at least entitled to1 that of perseverance2 it being now fifteen years since ,i first engaged in this undertaking1 which ,i have since pursued with almost unremitted assiduity1 and that not only at a considerable waste of time and expense1 but under the constant mortification of hearing it equally ridiculed by those who do know1 and by those who do not know1 anything of the matter4 ,it is1 indeed1 generally supposed1 and as confidently affirmed1 that the mathematicians have published demonstrations of the impossibility of a perpetual motion4 ,but ,i can safely take upon me to affirm that no such demonstration was ever published by any4 ,within these twelve years past the mathematicians who deny the possibility of a perpetual motion have been repeatedly and publicly called upon1 both in the foreign and ,english prints1 to produce a single instance of these demonstrations4 ,they have not done it4 ,they might have produced1 indeed1 the demonstrations of ,huygens1 ,de la ,hire1 and others to prove1 as ,desaguliers very properly expresses it the fallacy of the schemes of most of the pretenders to the perpetual motion4 ,they proved nothing more2 and this was so far unnecessary in that the fallacy evidently appeared in the discovery of the principle on which they were founded4 ,this was done in the last century by the celebrated ,marquis of ,worcester1 in the presence of the ,king and his ,court1 at the ,tower1 by the exhibition of a wheel so contrived that in revolving on its axis it carried up several weights nearer its center on one side than they descended on the other4 ,the scheme was plausible and to appearance practicable2 but1 though the wheel was polite enough to turn about while his ,majesty was present1 it could not be prevailed upon to be so complaisant in his absence4 ,the mathematicians avenged themselves of the short triumph of the mistaken ,marquis1 but were equally mistaken themselves in thinking they had routed the problem or that in hunting down the jackal they had destroyed the lion4 ,the perpetual motion survived2 it had still its advocates2 ,professor ,gravesande and ,john ,bernouille maintained its practicability1 the former giving his testimony in favor of ,orffyreus's machine1 after a long and scrutinous examination4 ,it is not twelve years since this testimony was republished by ,dr4 ,allaman1 the present ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy at ,leyden1 whose own opinion1 given at the same time1 is also greatly in favor of the discovery4 ,it is even some years later that a dissertation still more in its favor1 written1 if ,i am not mistaken1 by the celebrated ,de ,gorter of ,petersburg1 appeared in the ,philosophical ,transactions of ,haarlem4 ,my end is not to amuse or persuade1 but1 with due deference1 to inform and convince4 ,to remove every cause of objection1 ,i must beg leave to expatiate somewhat at large on the theory of this discovery4 ,it is with the more propriety ,i presume on this method1 as the discovery to which ,i pretend has not been 7as frequently happens7 the effect of mechanical accident1 but the premeditated result of mathematical reasoning and physical experiment4 ,i shall proceed to elucidate the principal arguments a priori1 that prove the practicability of a perpetual motion to be the necessary consequence of the known and established laws of nature4 ,having proceeded thus far1 he opens his lecture at page #g with the introduction2 and first ,on the ,nature of ,motion in ,general1 which1 in fourteen pages1 being more metaphysical than mechanical1 affords no extractable matter for our present object4 ,part ,i is ,on the ,cause and ,effect of ,motion4 ,this elementary part is needlessly labored and elaborated through #bg pages4 ,in the course of his remarks he states3 ,the discovery of a perpetual motion1 says ,de la ,hire1 would be to discover a body at once heavier and lighter than itself4 ,but this is not a fair state of the question4 ,it is not necessary that all the parts of a perpetually-moving machine should be attached to1 and inseparable from each other2 which they must be1 to constitute one gravitating body of a determinate weight4 ,he proceeds to consider the nature of the circulation of the blood1 pneumatic pressure1 the steel-yard1 real and relative weight1 and spiral action4 ,again1 we have ,hobbes1 ,locke1 and ,stewart1 in the same sentence with such language as--,i could almost as readily impute ingenuity to vegetables and fossils--to the sensitive plant and the loadstone--as mediation to muscles1 or cogitabundity to cockles1 periwinkles and rock oysters6 ,in conclusions he says3 ,i have endeavoured to make it appear that motion is the mechanical effect of the physical action of the primary elements2 that the direction of motion only comes within the province of animal intellect2 that the vital system is supported by mere mechanic motion1 kept up by the elasticity of the solids and the gravity of the fluids composing the animal body2 that by the same means a more simple inanimate system or machine may be framed which may have the same property of continued action 7or1 as it is called1 self-motion74 ,and this is all that is1 or can be1 expected of a perpetual motion2 the momentum of which may be increased to any degree1 according to the weight of the bodies employed and the work required to be done4 ,the second part of this lecture commences with a ,proem of thirteen pages3 ,i am induced 7he says7 to trespass farther by extending in like manner the subsequent divisions of it2 making the second and third parts of my printed syllabus the topics of the present reading1 and reserving the last part1 with the concluding experiment1 to the third and final lecture4 ,i pretend merely to the investigation of the general principles of mechanics1 and even to illustrate these so far only as ,i conceive they relate to the immediate object of my lecture1 the discovery of an artificial perpetual motion2 leaving the application of such principles1 in the solution of particular phenomena1 or the construction of particular machines1 to such as make the different arts and sciences their peculiar study4 ,he very prudently ends1 observing3 ,but ,i beg pardon1 gentlemen1 for the length of this digressive introduction1 and shall proceed to the more immediate subject of my lecture4 ,section #a of this lecture is ,on the ,composition and ,combination of ,motion4 ,after discussing1 in his own peculiar style1 mechanical principles of motion1 he adds3 ,it would require a volume1 and that not a small one1 to illustrate these subjects and support them by the necessary demonstrations and experiments4 ,should ,providence give me life and health1 therefore1 they 7his auditors7 shall have it4 ,indeed1 ,i have already spent some years in preparing such a volume for the press4 ,he is very prolix on gravity and motion1 then commences ,section #b ,on the ,communication and ,dissipation of ,motion4 ,five pages are occupied in discussing motion1 in popular language1 in the course of which he remarks3 ,and as to the imperfectly elastic bodies1 their power of retaining or communicating motion depends entirely on their vis inertiae and weight2 nor can they on any occasion whatever communicate a greater momentum to another body than they themselves possess4 ,it is sufficient for the purpose of a perpetual motion that they can do this4 ,and1 indeed1 here all the difficulty lies1 viz41 in the means of communicating the momentum or moving force of a heavy body to a light one4 ,now1 the most virulent opponents to the practicability of perpetual motion have never pretended to demonstrate the impracticability of this communication4 ,the quomodo1 or means of effecting it1 being the point in dispute4 ,it is to this discovery that ,i pretend2 and to show that my pretensions are well grounded1 have taken the liberty to invite you to this lecture4 ,the lectures appear to have been illustrated by a plate having two figures of a simple apparatus used to demonstrate the action of a spring and two unequal weights2 also an inflexible ruler suspended between two unequal balls--with both he experimented before his auditors2 but the engraving is wanting in the edition now used4 ,in conclusion1 he observes3 ,you see1 gentlemen1 ,i am purposely provided here with a very simple and clumsy apparatus4 ,the perpetual motion does not need the assistance of friction wheels1 or depend on the niggling nicety of tooth and pinion4 ,if the practical part of my discovery be not superior to the manual dexterity of a village carpenter or country smith1 ,i am satisfied4 ,there will be no great discernment required to comprehend the design they are to put in execution4 ,you will permit me1 however1 at present1 to defer what ,i have farther to offer on the subject to another opportunity4 ,in #aggj ,dr4 ,kenrick published a quarto-pamphlet concerning the ,orffyrean ,wheel1 and in the pamphlet appears the following regarding a letter from ,prof4 ,gravesande to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 and a letter from ,baron ,fischer to ,dr4 ,desaguliers3 ,a ,letter from ,professor 's ,gravesande to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,concerning ,orffyreus's ,wheel ,,sir3 ,doctor ,desaguliers has doubtless shown you the letter that ,baron ,fischer wrote to him some time ago about the wheel of ,orffyreus2 which the inventor affirms to be a perpetual motion4 ,the landgrave1 who is a lover of the sciences and fine arts1 and neglects no opportunity to encourage the several discoveries and improvements that are presented him1 was desirous of having this machine made known to the world1 for the sake of public utility4 ,to this end he engaged me to examine it2 wishing that1 if it should be found to answer the pretensions of the inventor1 it might be made known to persons of greater abilities1 who might deduce from it those services which are naturally to be expected from so singular an invention4 ,you will not be displeased1 ,i presume1 with a circumstantial account of this examination2 ,i transmit you1 therefore1 a detail of the most particular circumstances observable on an exterior view of a machine1 concerning which the sentiments of most people are greatly divided1 while almost all the mathematicians are against it4 ,the majority maintain the impossibility of a perpetual motion1 and hence it is that so little attention has been paid to ,orffyreus and his invention4 ,for my part1 however1 though ,i confess my abilities inferior to those of many who have given their demonstrations of this impossibility2 yet ,i will communicate to you the real sentiments with which ,i entered on the examination of this machine4 ,it is now more than seven years since ,i conceived ,i discovered the paralogism of those demonstrations1 in that1 though true in themselves1 they were not applicable to all possible machines2 and have ever since remained perfectly persuaded it might be demonstrated that a perpetual motion involved no contradiction2 it appearing to me that ,leibnitz was wrong in laying down the impossibility of the perpetual motion as an axiom4 ,notwithstanding this persuasion1 however1 ,i was far from believing ,orffyreus capable of making such a discovery1 looking upon it as an invention not to be made 7if ever7 till after many other previous discoveries4 ,but since ,i have examined the machine1 it is impossible for me to express my surprise4 ,the inventor has a turn for mechanics1 but is far from being a profound mathematician1 and yet his machine has something in it prodigiously astonishing1 even though it should be an imposition4 ,the following is a description of the external parts of the machine1 the inside of which the inventor will not permit to be seen1 lest any one should rob him of his secret4 ,it is a hollow wheel1 or kind of drum1 about fourteen inches thick and twelve feet diameter2 being very light1 as it consists of several crosspieces of wood framed together2 the whole of which is covered over with canvas1 to prevent the inside from being seen4 ,through the center of this wheel or drum runs an axis of about six inches diameter1 terminated at both ends by iron axes of about three-quarters of an inch diameter upon which the machine turns4 ,i have examined these axes and am firmly persuaded that nothing from without the wheel in the least contributes to its motion4 ,when ,i turned it but gently1 it always stood still as soon as ,i took away my hand2 but when ,i gave it any tolerable degree of velocity1 ,i was always obliged to stop it again by force2 for when ,i let it go1 it acquired in two or three turns its greatest velocity1 after which it revolved for twenty-five or twenty-six times in a minute4 ,this motion it preserved some time ago for two months1 in an apartment of the castle3 the door and windows of which were locked and sealed so that there was no possibility of fraud4 ,at the expiration of that term indeed his serene highness ordered the apartment to be opened1 and the machine to be stopped1 lest1 as it was only a model1 the parts might suffer by so much agitation4 ,the landgrave being himself present on my examination of this machine1 ,i took the liberty to ask him1 as he had seen the inside of it1 whether after being in motion for a certain time no alteration was made in the component parts2 or whether none of those parts might be suspected of concealing some fraud3 on which his serene highness assured me to the contrary1 and that the machine was very simple4 ,you see1 sir1 ,i have not had any absolute demonstration1 that the principle of motion which is certainly within the wheel1 is really a principle of perpetual motion2 but at the same time it cannot be denied me that ,i have received very good reasons to think so1 which is a strong presumption in favor of the inventor4 ,the landgrave hath made ,orffyreus a very handsome present1 to be let into the secret of the machine1 under an engagement nevertheless not to discover1 or to make any use of it before the inventor may procure a sufficient reward for making his discovery public4 ,i am very sensible1 sir1 that it is in ,england only the arts and sciences are so generally cultivated as to afford any prospect of the inventor's acquiring a reward adequate to this discovery4 ,he requires nothing more than the assurance of having it paid him in case his machine is found to be really a perpetual motion2 and as he desires nothing more than this assurance till the construction of the machine be displayed and fairly examined before such assurance be given him4 ,now1 sir1 as it would conduce to public utility as well as to the advancement of science1 to discover the reality or the fraud of this invention1 ,i conceive the relation of the above circumstances could not fail of being acceptable4 ,i am1 etc4 ,in the same book appear the following animadversions by ,prof4 ,allaman1 on the neglect of ,orffyreus's invention3 ,we see that the testimony of ,m4 's ,gravesande was as advantageous as possible to ,orffyreus1 not having seen the interior of the machine1 he could form no other judgment2 however1 that extraordinary man was not contented1 for in consequence of the examination ,orffyreus broke the machine into pieces4 ,by the accounts of ,m4 's ,gravesande1 ,baron ,fischer and the testimony of the ,landgrave it appears clear that the wheel was not moved by any exterior agent4 ,orffyreus is1 however1 accused of being an impostor1 of having imposed on the good faith of the prince1 deceived ,m4 's ,gravesande and all those who examined his machine4 ,his own servant deposed against him and said that she was made to turn the wheel1 and thus he has fallen into contempt2 and everyone who protected him1 is ashamed of him4 ,m4 de ,crousaz1 who was at that time at the court of ,cassel1 writes a letter to ,m4 's ,gravesande dated ,february #c1 #agbi1 in these terms3--',first1 ,orffyreus is a fool2 ,second1 ,it is impossible that a fool can have discovered what such a number of clever people have searched for without success2 ,third1 ,i do not believe in impossibilities2 ,fourth1 ,one can easily imagine that persons keep a secret from which they are to receive benefit1 but this fellow1 hoping only to receive reputation1 allows it to be tarnished by an accusation which he has in his power to disprove1 if false2 ,fifth1 ,the servant who ran away from his house1 for fear of being strangled1 has in her possession1 in writing1 the terrible oath that ,orffyreus made her swear2 ,sixth1 ,he only had to have asked1 in order to have had this girl imprisoned1 until he had time to finish his machine2 ,seventh1 ,they publish that the machine is going to be exhibited1 when suddenly those who advertise it become silent2 ,eighth1 ,it is true there is a machine at his house1 to which they give the name of perpetual motion1 but that cannot be removed2 it is much smaller1 and differs from the first1 inasmuch as it only turns one way4 ,this is what makes ,orffyreus and his machine to be suspected2 can it be that ,m4 's ,gravesande was so mistaken as to be his dupe8 ,let us read what he himself says in answer to ,m4 ,crousaz1 which ,i have found among my papers1 without date3--,i have deferred replying to you until ,i had found a paper which ,i wrote the day after ,i examined ,orffyreus' machine1 for although ,i remember well all that passed1 ,i believe that a paper1 written the day after the examination1 and communicated to my ,lord and all those who were with him1 must have more weight4 ,this is what ,i heard2 they say that a servant under oath1 turned ,orffyreus' machine1 being placed in an adjoining room4 ,i know well that ,orffyreus is a fool1 but ,i ignore that he is an impostor2 ,i have never decided whether his machine is an imposture or not1 but this ,i know as certainly as anything in the world1 that if the servant says the above1 she tells a great falsehood4 ,my ,lord the ,landgrave in the presence of the ,baron ,fischer1 ,architect of the ,emperor1 and other persons at my request1 showed the supports of the machine2 we saw the axles uncovered2 ,i examined the plates or brasses on which the axles rested and in that examination there did not appear the slightest trace of communication with the adjoining room4 ,i remember very distinctly the whole of the circumstances of that examination1 which put ,orffyreus in such a rage with me1 that the day after he broke his machine in pieces1 and wrote on the wall that1 it was the impertinent curiosity of ,professor 's ,gravesande which was the cause4 ,i read this myself the following year1 and the result of the examination is clearly explained in the paper of which ,i spoke to you4 ,they told me several circumstances on the testimony of the servant1 but ,i pay little attention to what a servant can say about machines1 perhaps in turning her master's roast-jack she thought she saw a perpetual motion4 ,if you know anything concerning this matter ,i shall feel much pleasure if you would communicate it4 ,it is difficult to determine what to believe about this machine4 ,it seems to me1 however1 that on examining minutely the for and against ,orffyreus we can come to these conclusions3 #a4 ,that ,orffyreus was evidently mad1 as ,m4 's ,gravesande and ,m4 de ,crousaz both affirm2 his machinery broken at different times without either reason or necessity prove this4 ,but his was a sort of madness we do not often see3 a folly fixed only on certain objects1 and merits more the name of fantasticalness or whimsicalness2 this kind of folly is often accompanied by much genius1 and when persons of this disposition apply themselves solely to one subject1 as it appears he did1 it is not surprising to find them making discoveries which had escaped the sagacity of wiser people4 ,thus ,i do not wish to agree with ,m4 de ,crousaz1 that it is incredible that a madman1 such as ,orffyreus should have found out something that learned men have searched for unsuccessfully4 ,added to this he is mistaken in saying that ,orffyreus could hope for no other reward for his secrets than mere reputation3 for he expected a considerable profit seeing that he demanded for it #bjj1jjj florins4 #b4 ,no exterior agent moved the machine2 if it were a servant that moved it1 would it not have been apparent to eyes so searching as those that made the examination1 or to the ,landgrave1 who had seen the interior of the machine8 ,besides how can any one imagine that a wheel of so great a volume could have been moved by such a cause1 a cause which would act simply on the axle in crossing the supports1 and which must have been so small as to have escaped the most rigorous examination8 #c4 ,if the servant has not been paid to depose against ,orffyreus1 what does her testimony prove8 ,only that her master made her believe that by turning a little wheel1 she moved the whole machine1 and we can fancy a singular character1 such as he was might have done this to prevent the curiosity of those who sought to penetrate his secret2 ,m4 's ,gravesande's opinion of this strange character is such that he doubts not his whimsicalness prevented him from making a new machine4 #d4 ,it must be confessed that this wheel was a very remarkable mechanical phenomenon1 and this is all we can say1 not knowing more than the preceding details2 it were too much temerity to say that this invention was a perpetual motion1 as much as it would be wrong to call it an imposture1 seeing that no exterior agent was employed4 ,dr4 ,kenrick proceeds to state that3--,the celebrated ,john ,bernoulli1 speaking of the above demonstration1 in a letter to the author1 remarks that it is very just2 the principle assumed necessarily involving an augmentation of force1 viz41 a perpetual motion4 ,but this1 continues he1 is no more than ,leibnitz had long before demonstrated in his dispute with ,papin and others4 ,having thus occupied twenty-three pages in fencing himself with a screen against the ridicule he appears to have so much dreaded1 and reasonably anticipated from the many authors he had himself similarly treated in the ,london ,review1 we are informed that1--,an accidental conversation1 many years ago1 on the spot where ,orffyreus exhibited his machine1 awakened the author's curiosity and directed his attention to an object which he has ever since occasionally pursued4 ,the experiments he has made1 even so long since as the year #agfa1 convinced him so far of the reality of ,orffyreus' discovery1 that he applied for letters-patent to secure an exclusive right to the construction of a similar machine2 which he had contrived and denominated ,a ,,rotator4 ,before his patent1 however1 was expedited1 he reflected that1 though the model he had constructed might serve to remove the prejudices of the public1 it was not so well calculated as it might be1 to answer the practical purposes of so important a discovery4 ,to the improvement of the ,rotator1 therefore1 has he long since dedicated all the time and attention he could possibly spare from his other1 more immediately necessary1 pursuits4 ,nothing can be more flimsy than the statement here made1 and the next sentence would seem to explain the true state of the case4 ,he proceeds3 ,not that he believes he has contrived quite so many different machines as ,orffyreus did1 though he has been almost as many years engaged in the like undertaking2 he has1 nevertheless1 both contrived and constructed a considerable number1 many of them useless as costly1 except indeed as they served to assist him in completing his invention4 ,his invention1 however1 was not complete2 the very model of it was unsatisfactory4 ,like ,orffyreus1 he had spent nearly twenty years1 making numerous1 and some costly1 machines4 ,he no doubt had his own misgivings1 and wished to reimburse himself for the great outlay he must have incurred during that long period1 before the bubble finally burst6 ,however1 poor man1 he died nine years after publishing this elaborate advertising prospectus1 which concludes3 ,such bodies corporate1 private companies or individuals1 as are interested in the construction or use of considerable mechanical engines1 or are disposed to encourage the present discovery1 may receive any further information they require1 on applying to the inventor1 ,,william ,,kenrick1 ,charles street1 ,st4 ,james's ,square1 ,march #a1 #aggj4 ,in #ahjc1 ,dr4 ,charles ,hutton1 ,,ll4,d41 and ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 contributed in a brief work entitled1 ,recreations in ,mathematics and ,natural ,philosophy1 gave the following notice to the ,orffyrean ,wheel3 ,the perpetual motion has been the quicksand of mechanicians1 as the quadrature of the circle1 the trisection of an angle1 etc41 have been that of geometricians3 and as those who pretend to have discovered the solution of the latter problems are in general persons scarcely acquainted with the principles of geometry1 those who search for1 or imagine they have found1 the perpetual motion1 are always men to whom the most certain and invariable truths of mechanics are unknown4 ,it may be demonstrated1 indeed1 to all those capable of reasoning in a sound manner on those sciences1 that a perpetual motion is impossible3 for1 to be possible1 it is necessary that the effect should become alternately the cause1 and the cause the effect4 ,it would be necessary1 for example1 that a weight raised to a certain height by another weight1 should in its turn raise the second weight to the height from which it descended4 ,but1 according to the laws of motion1 all that a descending weight could do1 in the most perfect machine which the mind can conceive1 is to raise another in the same time to a height reciprocally proportional to its mass4 ,but it is impossible to construct a machine in which there shall be neither friction nor the resistance of some medium to be overcome2 consequently at each alternation of ascent and descent1 some quantity of motion1 however small1 will always be lost3 each time1 therefore1 the weight to be raised will ascend to a less height2 and the motion will gradually slacken1 and at length cease entirely4 ,illustration ,a moving principle has been sought for1 but without success1 in the magnet1 in the gravity of the atmosphere1 and in the elasticity of bodies4 ,if a magnet be disposed in such a manner as to facilitate the ascension of a weight1 it will afterwards oppose its descent4 ,springs1 after being unbent1 require to be bent by a new force equal to that which they exercise2 and the gravity of the atmosphere1 after forcing one side of the machine to the lowest point1 must be itself raised again1 like any other weight1 in order to continue its action4 ,we shall1 however1 give an account of various attempts to obtain a perpetual motion1 because they may serve to show how much some persons have suffered themselves to be deceived on this subject4 ,illustration ,fig4 #eb1 plate #ab1 represents a large wheel1 the circumference of which is furnished1 at equal distances1 with levers1 each bearing at its extremity a weight1 and movable on a hinge1 so that in one direction they can rest upon the circumference1 while on the opposite side1 being carried away by the weight at the extremity1 they are obliged to arrange themselves in the direction of the radius continued4 ,this being supposed1 it is evident that when the wheel turns in the direction a b c1 the weights ,a ,b and ,c will recede from the centre2 consequently1 as they act with more force1 they will carry the wheel towards that side2 and as a new lever will be thrown out1 in proportion as the wheel revolves1 it thence follows1 say they1 that the wheel will continue to move in the same direction4 ,but1 notwithstanding the specious appearance of this reasoning1 experience has proved that the machine will not go2 and it may indeed be demonstrated that there is a certain position in which the centre of gravity of all these weights is in the vertical plane passing through the point of suspension1 and that therefore it must stop4 ,the case is the same with the following machine1 which it would appear ought to move also incessantly4 ,in a cylindric drum1 in perfect equilibrium on its axis1 are formed channels as seen in ,fig4 #ec1 which contain balls of lead1 or a certain quantity of quicksilver4 ,in consequence of this disposition1 the balls or quicksilver must1 on the one side1 ascend by approaching the centre2 and on the other must roll towards the circumference4 ,the machine then ought to turn incessantly towards that side4 ,a third machine of this kind is represented in ,fig4 #ed4 ,it consists of a kind of wheel formed of six or eight arms1 proceeding from a centre1 where the axis of motion is placed4 ,each of these arms is furnished with a receptacle in the form of a pair of bellows1 but those on the opposite arms stand in contrary directions1 as seen in the figure4 ,the movable top of each receptacle has affixed to it a weight1 which shuts it in one situation and opens it in the other4 ,in the last place1 the bellows of the opposite arms have a communication by means of a canal1 and one of them is filled with quicksilver4 ,these things being supposed1 it is visible1 that the bellows on the one side must open1 and those on the other must shut2 consequently the mercury will pass from the latter into the former1 while the contrary will be the case on the opposite side4 ,it might be difficult to point out the deficiency of this reasoning2 but those acquainted with the true principles of mechanics will not hesitate to bet a hundred to one that the machine1 when constructed1 will not answer the intended purpose4 ,illustration ,the description of a pretended perpetual motion1 in which bellows1 to be alternately filled with and emptied of quicksilver1 were employed1 may be seen in the ,journal des ,savans for #afhe4 ,it was refuted by ,bernouilli and some others1 and it gave rise to a long dispute4 ,the best method which the inventor could have employed to defend his invention would have been to construct it1 and show it in motion2 but this was never done4 ,we shall here add another curious anecdote on this subject4 ,one ,orffyreus announced1 at ,leipsic1 in the year #agag1 a perpetual motion1 consisting of a wheel which would continually revolve4 ,this machine was constructed for the ,landgrave of ,hesse ,cassel1 who caused it to be shut up in a place of safety1 and the door to be sealed with his own seal4 ,at the end of forty days1 the door was opened1 and the machine was found in motion4 ,this1 however1 affords no proof in favor of a perpetual motion2 for as clocks can be made to go a year without being wound up1 ,orffyreus's wheel might easily go forty days1 and even more4 ,the result of this pretended discovery is not known4 ,we are informed that an ,englishman offered #hj1jjj crowns for this machine2 but ,orffyreus refused to sell it at that price3 in this he certainly acted wrong1 as there is reason to think he obtained by his invention1 neither money1 nor even the honor of having discovered the perpetual motion4 ,the ,academy of ,painting at ,paris possessed a clock which had no need of being wound up1 and which might be considered as a perpetual motion1 though it was not so4 ,but this requires some explanation4 ,the ingenious author of this clock employed the variations in the state of the atmosphere for winding up his moving weight4 ,various artifices might be devised for this purpose2 but this is no more a perpetual motion than if the flux and reflux of the sea were employed to keep the machine continually going2 for this principle of motion is exterior to the machine1 and forms no part of it4 ,but enough has been said on this chimera of mechanics4 ,we sincerely hope that none of our readers will ever lose themselves in the ridiculous and unfortunate labyrinth of such a research4 ,to conclude1 it is false that any reward has been promised by the ,european ,powers to the person who shall discover the perpetual motion2 and the case is the same in regard to the quadrature of the circle4 ,it is this idea1 no doubt1 that excites so many to attempt the solution of these problems2 and it is proper they should be undeceived4 ,the foregoing1 we believe1 are sufficient to disclose the gist of all that is known1 and all that has been said concerning the claimed inventions of the distinguished ,marquis and the distinguished ,councillor4 ,it is manifest from reading the above that ,dircks himself1 as well as nearly all the other eminent persons quoted above1 felt an extreme delicacy in stating their honest belief concerning the claims of the distinguished inventors4 ,that delicacy arose from their deference to the rank and prominence of the ,marquis and the ,councillor4 ,the author of this book is not thus encumbered1 and has no such regard for family or official rank1 and feels at liberty to say exactly what he thinks4 ,no one now actually believes that either the ,marquis or the ,councillor ever made a wheel or machine that actually furnished its own motive-power4 ,those who believe in the impossibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 of course1 do not admit the possibility of such a thing4 ,those who may still believe in the possibility of ,perpetual ,motion devices admit1 as they must1 that had either of these discoveries actually been made it would have supplanted steam1 electricity1 wind1 water and all other forms of power for driving machinery1 and1 indeed1 for furnishing heat4 ,and1 yet1 the above articles and comments show that the contemporaries of the ,marquis and the ,councillor1 and subsequent writers on their claims sought to find excuses and explanations consistent with their good faith and their claims4 ,we do not accuse either one of them of vicious falsehood1 but the truth is that when the ,marquis of ,worcester wrote that all the weights of the descending side of a wheel shall be perpetually farther from the centre than those of the mounting side1 and yet equal in number and heft to the one side as the other4 ,a most incredible thing1 if not seen2 but tried before the late ,king 7of blessed memory7 in the ,tower by my directions1 etc41 he meant1 if he meant anything1 to convey the idea that he had constructed such a machine1 and had exhibited it before ,king ,charles ,i1 and when ,orffyreus wrote ,the inward structure of the wheel is of a nature according to the laws of mechanical perpetual motion1 so arranged that by disposed weights once in rotation they gain force from their own swinging and must continue their movement as long as their structure does not lose its position and arrangement1 he meant1 as clearly appears from the entire context of what he wrote1 to convey the idea that he had constructed a wheel capable of moving perpetually by virtue of the arrangement of its own parts until it should wear out4 ,neither one spoke the truth4 ,each knew that he had done no such thing as he claimed to have done4 ,he probably thought the solution so near at hand that he could safely announce it to the world1 and when called upon for a demonstration could produce the finished working article4 ,the author of this book has known many ,perpetual ,motion workers so confident and so enthusiastic that unhampered with extreme discretion1 they announced that they were near enough to the solution of this ages-old puzzle that they were certain of success4 ,a little less discretion1 with the slightest disregard or even carelessness about the absolute truth could have easily led them to announce that they had such a working machine4 ,the author has indeed known a few such announcements4 ,it is therefore1 not surprising that in the history of ,perpetual ,motion labors1 instances can be found where the tireless1 but enthusiastic worker being full of confidence1 and not secretive1 and with the least bit of human carelessness about the truth have announced the actual discovery and successful operation of the machine4 ,we will undertake to say that there have been thousands of just such instances during the last three or four centuries1 probably tens of thousands4 ,it is probable that such an instance could be found in every township in the ,united ,states4 ,it is not1 therefore1 surprising that two instances can be found in persons of sufficient personal eminence to give credence and weight to their stories4 ,such we conceive the facts with reference to the ,marquis and the ,councillor4 ,each thought what he told when telling it to be a harmless stretch of the truth1 and felt sure that he could protect himself by a very little added perfection to his device4 ,how many many ,perpetual ,motion devices have been perfect and ready for successful operation except for one little thing1 which the inventor felt sure of finding4 ,the ,marquis and ,councillor by their little indiscretion1 and their puerile carelessness about the truth1 each made himself neither famous1 nor infamous1 but ridiculous in history4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,conservation of ,energy--,a ,discussion of the ,relation of the ,doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy1 and the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion ,conservation of ,energy is a doctrine to the effect that energy1 like matter1 is indestructible1 and1 except by the infinite1 can neither be created nor destroyed2 that the sum total of all ,energy in the world remains constant2 that it may manifest itself in different forms1 as heat1 magnetism1 electricity1 mechanical motion1 vaporization1 but that the sum total remains the same4 ,nothing could be more satisfactorily proved than this doctrine1 and1 yet1 like ,newton's theory of universal gravitation the proof does not amount to a mathematical demonstration4 ,mathematics demonstrates the conformity of the doctrine of universal gravitation1 and of ,conservation of ,energy with all known natural processes and observed phenomena2 but mathematics does not otherwise prove the ,universality of ,gravitation nor ,conservation of ,energy4 ,writing on this subject of proof1 with reference to gravitation1 the late and eminent ,simon ,newcomb says3 ,it may be inquired1 is the induction which supposes gravitation universal so complete as to be entirely beyond doubt8 ,we reply that within the solar system it certainly is4 ,the laws of motion as established by observation and experiment at the surface of the earth must be considered as mathematically certain4 ,now1 it is an observed fact that the planets in their motion deviate from straight lines in a certain way4 ,by the first law of motion1 such deviation can be produced only by a force2 and the direction and intensity of this force admit of being calculated once that the motion is determined4 ,when thus calculated1 it is found to be exactly represented by one great force constantly directed toward the sun1 and smaller subsidiary forces directed toward the several planets4 ,therefore1 no fact in nature is more firmly established than is that of universal gravitation1 as laid down by ,newton1 at least within the solar system4 ,it will thus be observed that the theory of ,universal ,gravitation is not by scientific men claimed to have been mathematically demonstrated1 but its proof is regarded as resting upon its conformity with known natural phenomena4 ,the same thing is true of ,conservation of ,energy4 ,scientists and mathematicians do not claim proof of this doctrine other than by its universal coincidence with all natural manifestations1 and1 yet its proof rests upon such a solid structure of coincidence and conformity with all known things in nature1 that now all scientific research begins with its assumption1 and with the exclusion of the possibility of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,it is not within the purview of this work to give a history of the origin and establishment in science of the doctrine4 ,while1 as heretofore noted in this book1 a number of scientists of the past few centuries are shown by their reflections to have had a measure of appreciation of its ultimate effect1 and to have applied that effect in their scientific researches1 there is no evidence that they ever dreamed of its establishment as a basic fact of science4 ,the real establishment and acceptance of the doctrine dates not much over a half century back4 ,since that time many scientists have in their researches and writings contributed to its evolution and formation4 ,the experiments of ,joule1 of ,england1 and the generalizations of ,helmholtz1 of ,germany1 are entitled to special mention4 ,scientists are naturally and necessarily conservative4 ,so many startling pseudo-scientific facts are announced1 that every startling scientific theory1 before it is accepted1 is submitted to the most careful and crucial tests4 ,no modern scientist will announce a scientific fact as having been demonstrated until the demonstration is complete and fortified with repeated tests of mathematical rigidity1 and as long as there remains a phenomenon that does not conform to the supposed theory1 acceptance and promulgation will be withheld4 ,it is1 therefore1 not surprising that the doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy has been thoroughly intrenched as an established indisputable and accepted fact of science1 less than a single generation4 ,the student of natural science should be warned against the common error of supposing that the discovery of a scientific fact or theory1 means demolition of the old theories4 ,the rule is the other way4 ,new theories are additional information to the world1 and usually conform to1 and are built upon what was known before4 ,conservation of ,energy was generalized from previously known facts conformed to them and reflexively elucidated them1 and left them standing clearer than before4 ,the proof that ,conservation of ,energy conforms to all other known phenomena of nature has been aided1 and hastened by the refinement of scientific instruments by which forms of energy such as heat1 electricity1 and magnetism can be more delicately measured and determined than ever before1 and if instruments for measuring and determining the amount of energy in its various forms were as crude as they were even a single century ago1 it is probable ,conservation of ,energy would still be the undiscovered foundation of all natural phenomena4 ,let us now consider a few well-known facts which it has been determined positively by the most delicate instruments1 prove and illustrate the doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy4 ,resistance to motion1 or which is the same thing1 motion against resistance1 is always accompanied by heat4 ,this developed heat is not always readily perceptible to our sense of touch4 ,a stone1 ball or other object thrown through the air has its motion gradually arrested by the air4 ,heat is developed1 but the heat is distributed through so much air and the object thrown is heated so little that this development of heat was not known until scientifically discovered4 ,where the resistance is friction1 the development of heat is quite perceptible1 and has always been well known4 ,suppose a coin be rubbed on a cloth or blotter4 ,heat is developed both in the coin and the blotter--the more vigorous the rubbing--i4 e41 the more energy expended1 the greater the heat4 ,science has determined that the developed heat is exactly proportional to the expended energy4 ,every machinist knows that in turning a tap on a bolt where the threads are rusty so that it turns only with the application of great force1 a considerable amount of heat is readily developed4 ,the heat developed is proportional to the energy expended in turning the tap4 ,a wheel revolving on a spindle will develop heat exactly proportional to the resistance the spindle offers to the wheel turning upon it4 ,thus1 we often see smoke and a blaze rising from the spindles of the car wheels where oil is lacking1 and they turn with difficulty4 ,every farmer knows that if a buggy wheel turns with difficulty for want of lubrication1 or for any other reason1 the spindle will heat1 expand and lock the wheel1 so that it will often either grind out the boxing or slide on the ground4 ,whereas1 if the parts be kept lubricated so that less energy is required to turn the wheel on the spindle1 there is no perceptible heat developed1 but in all cases heat is developed to some extent1 and the heat developed is exactly proportional to the energy necessary to force the revolution4 ,with heat we can boil water and make steam under a pressure1 and with the steam under a pressure we can run an engine1 and with the engine make heat by friction1 or make electric current that can produce heat4 ,carry this proposition back to the fuel box1 and knowing the amount of heat developed by the burning of a certain quantity of fuel1 it is found that1 counting the heat that rises in the air through the smoke stack1 the heat that is radiated from the boiler1 the heat that is carried away in warmed ashes1 the heat that exists in the steam after it is exhausted from the cylinder1 and all other heat expended whether utilized in driving the machinery or going to waste1 the sum total is in every case equal to the heat developed by the fuel box combustion4 ,the most striking thing about all this is that when the steam goes into the cylinder where it is cooled as it expands and drives the pistons1 the heat thus lost by the expanding steam is the exact equivalent of the mechanical energy realized against the piston head4 ,not all of the energy that is realized at the piston head is delivered to the driving shaft4 ,some of it is lost in the friction of the piston rings wearing against the cylinder lining2 some1 of course1 is lost in friction at the journals connecting with the driving shaft4 ,it is usual in counting engine efficiency to count the amount of energy delivered to the belt1 or to the driving shaft1 and because of the frictional resistance of the pistons working in the cylinder1 there is always found a little discrepancy between the energy represented by the cooling of the steam in the cylinder and the energy delivered to the belt1 or the driving shaft4 ,it is quite surprising how much energy a small amount of heat represents if it could all be converted into the obvious forms of energy4 ,owing to the great waste suffered in all modern machinery1 heat represents much more energy than is ordinarily supposed1 in the absence of exact knowledge4 ,one would hardly think it possible that the amount of heat that will raise the temperature of one pound 7almost exactly one pint7 of water1 one single degree 7,fahrenheit7 is the equivalent of energy required to elevate one pound seven hundred seventy-eight feet high against the force of gravity4 ,yet1 such is the case4 ,this was one of the demonstrations of the immortal ,joule4 ,it was he who enabled us to cross the bridge with calculations from mechanical force and motion to heat4 ,he stated the equivalent to be seven hundred seventy-two feet1 but more delicate instruments than could be had in his day have shown a slight discrepancy in his calculations1 and it is now known to be almost exactly seven hundred seventy-eight feet4 ,thus1 if the ,falls of ,niagara be considered as being one hundred sixty feet high1 the energy developed by the descent is only the equivalent of the heat necessary to raise the temperature of the water about one-fifth of one degree4 ,a modern railroad locomotive does well to realize to the driving rod two per cent of the total energy developed in the fuel box4 ,an ordinary thrasher engine realizes no more than one per cent4 ,the very best steam engines known in large stationary plants do not realize as much as fifteen per cent4 ,the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree is taken as a standard for heat measurement1 and is known as a ,british ,thermal ,unit--nearly always in scientific works abbreviated to ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 ,the common standard of energy is the amount of energy or work necessary to elevate one pound one foot against the force of gravity4 ,this in scientific works is usually referred to as the foot-pound4 ,from what is said above it is manifest that one ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 is the equivalent of seven hundred seventy-eight foot-pounds1 and vice versa4 ,the amount of energy must not be confused with the rate of expending energy1 or doing work4 ,the horse-power is the common measurement of the rate of delivery of energy or of doing work and is equivalent to #cc1jjj foot-pounds per minute4 ,it is what one horse can do1 and continue doing several hours with reasonable ease4 ,for a short time a horse can exert several horse-power4 ,remember1 and remember always that heat and electricity are just as much forms of energy as the motion of concrete objects4 ,we have introduced the above statement of equivalents for the purpose of enabling us to present a few fundamental facts more clearly than could otherwise be done4 ,everyone knows that if paddles be revolved rapidly in a vessel containing a liquid1 such as a churn1 or the like1 the liquid will offer considerable resistance to their motion1 the amount of resistance depending upon the nature of the liquid1 and the rapidity of the motion4 ,our scientific instruments have determined the fact to be that the ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 developed in the liquid and on the paddles is the exact equivalent to the foot-pounds of energy required to drive the paddles1 i4 e41 the number of ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 is #ggh times the number of foot-pounds4 ,an engine is run with steam--the engine drives an electric generator4 ,electricity is developed4 ,this electricity is conducted over a wire to a motor4 ,it is always found that not as much energy can be derived from the motor as is supplied from the generator to the wire4 ,where is the loss8 ,it is found that the loss is in the resistance of the wire to the current1 and that the wire is warmed--possibly not sufficient to be perceptible to the ordinary sense of touch1 and1 yet1 it is warmed to some extent1 and the ,b4 ,t4 ,u41 developed in1 and radiated away by the wire1 amounts precisely and exactly to the difference in foot-pounds between the energy supplied to the wire at one end of the wire1 and the energy supplied by the wire at its other end4 ,capillary ,attraction is one form of motion by which liquids are elevated and carried considerable distance4 ,the moisture is taken from the earth and carried up the trunks of trees1 and out through their limbs to their leaves4 ,this cannot be done without force and energy1 but where is the heat8 ,it has been determined and proven that there is an expenditure of heat in doing that work1 and that the expenditure of heat is precisely equivalent to the work done4 ,it is hardly believable that there is a loss of heat by coal oil or water1 or other liquid performing the work of ascending the wick1 and yet1 science has determined that that work is only done at the expense of that other form of energy--heat4 ,if an object falls a distance of twenty feet1 and it strikes one end of a lever having two arms of equal length1 and at the other end of the lever there be a ball of equal weight1 the other ball will be thrown upward twenty feet1 less an allowance for the resistance of the air in the descent and ascent1 and for the frictional resistance of the motion of the lever4 ,it would throw a ball of twice the weight half the height by adjusting the levers properly4 ,or1 it would throw a ball of one-third the weight three times as high1 and so on4 ,a ball rolling down an inclined plane is found to have a velocity1 and consequently a striking force1 and an energy equal to that acquired in falling the vertical distance of its descent1 due allowance being made for the resistance offered to its rolling motion4 ,it makes no difference whether the incline be great or small1 the velocity1 the energy are the same as though it had fallen perpendicularly through the same vertical distance4 ,instances and illustrations can be multiplied indefinitely4 ,millions of tests have been made by scientific men1 and the basic fact of ,conservation of ,energy is found true everywhere4 ,that fact is that energy cannot be created4 ,so much as is given is returned in some other form1 or else in the form of heat1 but in some form1 precisely the equivalent is always found to exist4 ,one of the most beautiful experiments is with the pendulum4 ,imagine a nail or peg driven into a wall and projecting out--say six inches from the wall4 ,hang a pendulum four feet long--let the pendulum swing parallel to the wall in the annexed figure4 ,let ,a represent the point from which the pendulum is suspended4 ,draw the pendulum back to ,c1 and release it4 ,its lowest descent in the swing will be at ,b4 ,it will swing to ,d1 and a line connecting ,d ,c is exactly horizontal1 showing that the energy represented by the motion of the pendulum at ,b was sufficient to elevate it to the point ,d4 ,now1 on a line on the wall downward from where the nail or peg is driven into the wall1 let there be made holes into which a nail or peg can be inserted1 and suppose a peg be driven at the point ,f4 ,if now pendulum be released at ,c1 it will be found that when the cord strikes ,f the pendulum will swing to the point ,j1 which is on the horizontal line ,d ,c4 ,it makes no difference where the interrupting peg or nail be placed1 the pendulum will rise to the same horizontal from which it was released4 ,it is said that this was one of ,gallileo's experiments4 ,if so1 it is another example of the masterly force and originality of his genius1 and shows that he subconsciously had some appreciation of the basic facts of the now accepted doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy4 ,illustration ,we believe it is useless to multiply instances further1 to illustrate the doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy1 and show the character of proof upon which it rests4 ,there is no fact in nature1 but what in the hands of modern science appears to conform to this doctrine4 ,a few years ago when radio-active properties were first discovered it was thought that it was an exception1 but even that has been found to conform to this wonderful generalized doctrine4 ,if the doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy be true about which there seems to be no doubt1 then all hopes of ever attaining ,perpetual ,motion must cease1 for the idea of ,perpetual ,motion is predicated and has its foundation upon the creation of energy4 ,the mechanism must give more energy than is imparted to it4 ,it must make energy1 and this in the light of the generalized truth of ,conservation of ,energy is an impossibility4 ,we might as well talk about making substance1 and the creation of substance1 or the creation of energy either one is not an attribute of man4 ,it is an attribute to be accredited only to the infinite1 and can not be conceived as an attribute of the finite4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,will ,perpetual ,motion ,ever ,be ,accomplished8 ,the antiquity of the problem of ,perpetual ,motion1 and the countless attempts by clever and ingenious minds to accomplish its solution1 and the uniform failure of such attempts is no proof at all1 scientifically speaking1 that ,perpetual ,motion is an impossibility4 ,if there be scientific proof that ,perpetual ,motion is unattainable1 that proof must be found elsewhere than in the number of attempts and the universality of failures1 or in the number or eminence of the people who believe it to be impossible4 ,dircks in his work printed in #ahfa1 being ,a ,history of the ,search for ,self-,motive ,power1 ,during the #agth #ahth and #aith ,centuries1 says on the subject3 ,the subject of ,perpetual ,motion opposes paradox to paradox4 ,it is viewed both as being most simple and most difficult to find4 ,the learned justify both its possibility and impossibility4 ,many mechanics believe it possible 99 99 99 ,its pursuit always commences in confidence1 only to end in doubt4 99 99 99 ,we think a careful perusal of all that has been gathered respecting ,perpetual ,motion clearly establishes that much remains to be done to prove the impossibility of practically solving this knotty problem2 and that a full demonstration of the difficulties that environ it is worthy of being attempted1 even by the most exalted mathematicians4 ,it is not requisite that they should descend to the level of the most ordinary minds1 but leave it for others to reduce their elaborated reasonings on the subject to some generally comprehensible form4 ,we fear the proposal partakes too much of the difficulty of proving a negative2 but still1 as the attempt has been made by celebrated savants1 and is generally considered insufficient2 and as data may have been wanting1 which we conceive a collection of the chief known examples will supply2 we recommend the consideration of this matter to all geometers4 99 99 99 ,in a mathematical point of view1 we think this subject is far from being exhausted2 and1 after what has been advanced1 may very properly be considered as claiming grave considerations4 ,and that1 scientifically examined1 it is a mark of mere shallowness and querulousness to attempt the substitution of ridicule and satire for the more difficult1 but consistent course of sound1 close reason and argument1 such as the wonted sobriety and severity of scientific criticism accords to its investigations generally4 ,at the time of the publication of ,dircks's work from which the above quotation is taken 7#ahfa71 the doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy had not been announced and accepted as an established generalization of a scientific fact1 and it is apparent was not understood by him4 ,dircks's statement as data may have been wanting1 which we conceive a collection of the chief known examples will supply1 shows that he misconceived the nature of the problem of proving the impossibility of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,if1 however1 the principle of ,conservation of ,energy is a true scientific fact1 the impossibility of self-motive power follows as an inevitable scientific corollary1 and the ignis fatuus hope of attaining ,perpetual ,motion which has deluded so many bright minds is forever destroyed and demolished4 ,a perusal of the arguments against ,perpetual ,motion made by thinking men with scientific minds even though long before the thorough establishment of the doctrine of transmutation and ,conservation of ,energy1 discloses the fact that those arguments in fact depend finally on the principle now known and designated ,conservation of ,energy4 ,it is amusing to note in reading the arguments on the subject by our greatest philosophers1 ,newton1 ,gallileo1 ,huyghens1 and ,descartes1 that while they lived and labored long before ,conservation of ,energy in its generalized form was known1 or announced1 they seemed to have a perception that energy could not be created2 that energy must produce an effect commensurate with its own activity2 that the existence of energy in one body is proof positive that some agency furnished and lost an exact equivalent of that energy4 ,in other words1 these men in reasoning on specific problems presented to them1 and on the problem of ,perpetual ,motion in particular1 appear to have appreciated and applied in their reasonings1 the principle of ,conservation of ,energy4 ,men who have worked at the problem of ,perpetual ,motion before the establishment of the doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy1 and men who still work at the problem1 who1 through lack of opportunity have not become familiar with that doctrine1 are not to be blamed or thought stupid because of that folly1 but those who knowing that principle1 or being in a situation to know it1 must be mechanically and mathematically stupid not to realize that ,perpetual ,motion and ,conservation of ,energy are irreconcilable1 and that both cannot be possibilities4 ,in this day when the principle of ,conservation of ,energy is taught in the ,high ,schools of the ,united ,states1 and in every other civilized country in the world1 it is not surprising that fewer people work on ,perpetual ,motion than formerly1 and that public interest in the subject is waning1 as waning it surely is4 ,a generation ago1 however1 this principle was not known and taught1 and the state of the world's learning was at such a stage that many even scientific minds thought ,perpetual ,motion possible1 and worked for its attainment4 ,the principle of ,conservation of ,energy as applied to all ,perpetual ,motion devices can be stated as follows3 ,there can be no mechanical effect without an equal mechanical cause4 ,energy--i4 e41 the capacity to do work1 can only be imparted by an equal amount of work done4 ,it therefore follows axiomatically that ,perpetual ,motion is possible only if and when a machine be produced that runs absolutely without friction and absolutely without atmospheric resistance1 or the resistance of bending of cords1 or other like mechanical resistance4 ,if there be such resistance1 then the energy imparted to the machine will be diminished by that resistance1 with the result that the machine can only yield the amount of energy imparted1 less the energy required to overcome such resistance4 ,that no machine can be built free of such resistance is patent to even a tyro in mechanics4 ,it will be interesting here1 and perhaps more interesting than useful1 to add some of the arguments quoted by ,dircks and reproduced in his work for and against the possibility of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,they have little scientific value at this time1 as they were all made by men who were unfamiliar with the decisive principle of ,conservation of ,energy4 ,nevertheless1 for their historical interest we offer a few3 ,the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion ,denied ,remarks of ,dr4 ,papin on a ,french ,contrivance ,in #affe1 ,dr4 ,papin1 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 brought before the ,royal ,society of ,london1 a paper concerning a ,french contrivance for ,perpetual ,motion4 ,the following excerpt will illustrate and explain the contrivance3 ,the paper printed in ,french1 and containing contrivance for perpetual motion1 being set down in such a manner that can hardly be understood but by those that are much acquainted with such descriptions1 ,i have endeavored to explain it as follows3 ,let ,d ,e ,f be a pair of bellows forty inches long1 that may be opened by removing the part ,f from ,e2 let them be exactly shut everywhere but at the aperture ,e2 and let a pipe ,e ,g1 twenty or twenty-two inches long1 be soldered to the said aperture ,e1 having its other end in a vessel ,g1 full of mercury1 and placed near the middle of the bellows4 ,a is an axis for the bellows to turn upon4 ,b1 a counterpoise fastened to the lower end of the bellows4 ,c1 a weight with a clasp to keep the bellows upright4 ,illustration ,now1 if we suppose the bellows opened only to one-third or one-fourth1 standing upright1 and full of mercury1 it is plain that the said mercury1 being forty inches high1 must fall1 as in the ,torricellian experiment1 to the height of about twenty-seven inches1 and1 consequently1 the bellows must open towards ,f1 and leave a vacuity there4 ,this vacuity must be filled with the mercury ascending from ,g through the pipe ,g ,e1 the said pipe being but twenty-two inches long2 by this means the bellows must be opened more and more1 till the mercury continuing to ascend makes the upper part of the bellows so heavy that the lower part must get loose from the clasp ,c1 and the bellows should turn quite upside down2 but the vessel ,g being set in a convenient place1 keeps them horizontal1 and the part ,f engageth there in another clasp ,c2 then the mercury1 by its weight1 runs out from the bellows into the vessel ,g through the pipe ,e ,g1 and the bellows must shut closer and closer until the part ,e ,f comes to be so light that the counterpoise ,b is able to make the part ,f get loose from the clasp ,c2 then the bellows come to be upright again2 the mercury left in them falls again to the height of twenty-seven inches1 and1 consequently1 all the other effects will follow as we have already seen1 and the motion will continue forever4 ,thus much for the ,french author4 ,illustration ,upon this it is to be observed1 that the bellows can never be opened by the internal pressure1 unless the said pressure be stronger then the external2 now1 in this case1 the weight of the atmosphere doth freely press up the outward part of the bellows1 but it cannot come at the inward part but through the pipe ,g ,e1 which1 containing twenty-two perpendicular inches of mercury1 does counterpoise so much of the weight of the atmosphere1 so that this being supposed to be twenty-seven inches of mercury1 it cannot press the inward part of the bellows but with weight equivalent to five perpendicular inches of mercury4 ,from this we may conclude1 that the pressure of the atmosphere1 being weakened within the bellows more then it can be helped by the mercury contained in the same1 as may easily be computed1 the said bellows standing upright must rather shut then open4 ,thus1 without losing any labor and charges in trying1 people may be sure that the thing can never do4 ,two ,certain ,plans for 7,not7 ,producing ,perpetual ,motion ,in #ahcd1 the following article was contributed to ,mechanics' ,magazine4 ,the contributor was very frank1 and presents some splendid suggestions for ,perpetual ,motion workers4 ,his article is as follows3 ,very few young mechanicians escape being seduced into an attempt to produce a perpetual movement1 by making gravitation counteract itself4 ,they are not contented with being told by older men1 that a cause can never be made to exceed its own power2 yet gravitation is expected by them to lift up on one side more weight than sinks on the other1 with some percentage of friction into the bargain4 ,nature1 however1 is too true to itself to be so taken in by all or any of the multitudes of various ways the inventive genius of man has contrived1 and still keeps contriving1 to circumvent her immutable laws1 with no other effect than to render the case so complicated as to puzzle the judgment of the inventors1 which ends usually in their firm belief that they have outwitted nature instead of themselves4 ,i acknowledge that in my youth ,i was one of this class1 and1 for the benefit of the young1 ,i beg to present you with two certain plans for producing perpetual motion1 and compelling gravity to be frolicsome1 and do more work than she ought4 ,let ,a 7,fig4 #a7 be a cistern full of oil or water1 above #d feet deep4 ,let ,b be a wheel2 freely suspended within it1 on its axle1 let there be four wide glass tubes1 #dj inches long1 c c c c1 having large bulbs1 holding1 say a pint1 blown at the closed end4 ,fill these tubes with mercury1 fix on an ,indian-rubber ball or bladder1 that will hold a pint1 to each of them at the open end1 and let them be attached round the wheel1 as exhibited in the figure4 ,as the pressure of #dj inches of mercury will exceed the atmospheric pressure1 and also that of the four-foot column of water1 when the ,indian-rubber bottle is lowest1 and the tube erect1 at ,d1 the mercury will fill it1 leaving a vacuum in the glass bulb above4 ,on the opposite side the mercury will fill the glass bulb1 and the ,indian-rubber bottle will be pressed flat1 as will also be the case in the two horizontal tubes4 ,now1 it is evident that the two horizontal tubes exactly balance each other2 but the tube ,d1 with its bulb swelled out1 displaces a pint of water more than its opposite tube1 and hence will attempt to rise with the force of about one pound2 and each tube1 when it arrives at the same position1 must produce the same result1 the wheel must have a continual power1 equal to about one pound1 with a radius of two feet4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,let ,fig4 #b represent a light drum of wood--one-half of which is inserted into a cleft in a water-cistern ,a1 which fits it1 and from which the water is prevented from escaping by a strip of leather1 which the water presses against the drum1 and which thus operates as a valve1 without much friction 7especially if oil be substituted for water in the cistern74 ,now1 as this drum is much lighter than water1 it must ever attempt to swim1 and thus1 in perpetually rising1 cause the drum to revolve forcibly round its axle4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,illustration ,i tried this last method thirty years ago1 but it was so obstinate as not to move one inch at my bidding1 though it obviously is proved1 to demonstration1 that it ought to have gone on swimmingly4 ,i have just heard that an ,italian gentleman has hit upon the same plan2 so it seems that the mania is not confined to ,england4 ,the article above quoted elicited a varied correspondence on the subject of self-motive power4 ,the editor finally made the following apt and happy remark concerning the two ,certain plans3 ,we think our correspondent1 ,s4 ,f41 has entirely misconceived the scope of the playful account1 given in our last number1 of two plans of perpetual motion4 ,the object of the writer seems to have been1 to impress on the minds of young mechanicians the folly of wasting their time in vain endeavors to render the effects of causes greater than the causes themselves2 or1 in other words1 to gain power out of nothing--a process without limit or value1 were it not cut short by the want of all limit to its folly2 and this he could not1 perhaps1 have done in any way so well1 as by exhibiting a couple of infallible perpetual movers that would not stir at all1 though they bade as fair for it as any of their kindred4 ,article by ,rev4 ,john ,wilkins ,rev4 ,john ,wilkins of ,england1 born #afad2 died #afgb1 published a work called ,mathematical ,magic1 in which he discoursed scientifically and technically on efforts that had been made up to that time to attain ,perpetual ,motion4 ,his work shows great scholarship1 diligent search1 and a thorough knowledge of mathematics and mechanics4 ,considering the state of scientific knowledge at the time when he lived and worked1 his insight into scientific subjects is truly remarkable4 ,considering the state of scientific learning in his day1 his observations on the subject of ,perpetual ,motion show him to have possessed really a great scientific and analytical mind4 ,of all those who wrote or thought extensively on the subject in that century we regard what he had to say as being the most worthy of reproduction4 ,the following excerpt from ,mathematical ,magic1 will give the reader an idea of his course of reasoning and conclusions on the subject of self-motive power3 ,,chap4 ,,ix4--,of a ,perpetual ,motion--,the seeming facility and real difficulty of any such contrivance--,the several ways whereby it hath been attempted1 particularly by ,chemistry4 ,it is the chief inconvenience of all the automata before-mentioned1 that they need a frequent repair of new strength1 the causes whence their motion does proceed being subject to fail1 and come to a period2 and1 therefore1 it would be worth our enquiry to examine whether or no there may be made any such artificial contrivance1 which might have the principle of moving from itself so that the present motion should constantly be the cause of that which succeeds4 ,this is that great secret in art which1 like the ,philosopher's ,stone in ,nature1 has been the business and study of many more refined wits for divers ages together2 and it may well be questioned whether either of them as yet have ever been found out2 though if this have1 yet like the other1 it is not plainly treated of by any author4 ,not but there are sundry discourses concerning this subject1 but they are rather conjectures than experiments4 ,and though many inventions in this kind may at first view bear a great show of probability1 yet they will fail1 being brought to trial1 and will not answer in practice what they promised in speculation4 ,any one who has been versed in these experiments must needs acknowledge that he has been often deceived in his strongest confidence2 when the imagination has contrived the whole frame of such an instrument1 and conceives that the event must infallibly answer its hopes1 yet then does it strangely deceive in the proof and discovers to us some defect which we did not before take notice of4 ,hence it is that you shall scarce talk with any one who has never so little smattering in these arts1 but he will instantly promise such a motion as being but an easy achievement1 till further trial and experience has taught him the difficulty of it4 ,there being no enquiry that does more entice with the probability and deceive with the subtilty4 ,i shall briefly recite the several ways whereby this has been attempted1 or seems most likely to be effected1 thereby to contract and facilitate the enquiries of those who are addicted to these kind of experiments2 for when they know the defects of other inventions1 they may the more easily avoid the same or the like in their own4 ,the ways whereby this has been attempted may be generally reduced to these three kinds3 #a4 ,by ,chemical ,extractions4 #b4 ,by ,magnetical ,virtues4 #c4 ,by the ,natural ,affection of ,gravity4 #a4 ,the discovery of this has been attempted by chemistry4 ,paracelsus and his followers have bragged that by their separations and extractions they can make a little world which shall have the same perpetual motions with this microcosm1 with the representation of all meteors1 thunder1 snow1 rain1 the courses of the sea in its ebbs and flows1 and the like4 ,but these miraculous promises would require as great a faith to believe them as a power to perform them2 and though they often talk of such great matters3 ,at nusquam totos inter qui talia curant1 ,apparet ullus1 qui re miracula tanta ,comprobet-- yet we can never see them confirmed by any real experiment2 and then1 besides1 every particular author in that art has such a distinct language of his own 7all of them being so full of allegories and affected obscurities71 that 'tis very hard for any one 7unless he be thoroughly versed amongst them7 to find out what they mean1 much more to try it4 ,one of these ways 7as ,i find it set down7 is this3 ,mix five ounces of with an equal weight of 2 grind them together with ten ounces of sublimate2 dissolve them in a cellar upon some marble for the space of four days1 till they become like oil olive2 distil this with fire of chaff1 or driving fire1 and it will sublime into a dry substance2 and so1 by repeating of these dissolvings and distillings1 there will be at length produced divers small atoms1 which1 being put into a glass well luted and kept dry1 will have a perpetual motion4 ,i cannot say anything from experience against this2 but ,i think it does not seem very probable1 because things that are forced up to such vigorousness and activity as these ingredients seem to be by their frequent sublimings and distillings1 are not likely to be of any duration4 ,the more any thing is stretched beyond its usual nature1 the less does it last2 violence and perpetuity being no companions4 ,and then1 besides1 suppose it is true1 yet such a motion could not well be applied to any use1 which will needs take much from the delight of it4 ,amongst the chemical experiments to this purpose may be reckoned up that famous motion invented by ,cornelius ,dreble1 and made for ,king ,james2 wherein was represented the constant revolutions of the sun and moon1 and that without the help either of springs or weights4 ,marcellus ,vranckhein1 speaking of the means whereby it was performed1 he calls it ,scintillula animae magneticae mundi1 seu astralis et insensibilis spiritus2 being that grand secret for the discovery of which those dictators of philosophy1 ,democritus1 ,pythagoras1 ,plato1 did travel unto the ,gymnosophists and ,indian ,priests4 ,the author himself1 in his discourse upon it1 does not at all reveal the way how it was performed4 ,but there is one ,thomas ,tymme who was a familiar acquaintance of his1 and did often pry into his works 7as he professes himself71 who affirms it to be done thus3 ,by extracting a fiery spirit out of the mineral matter1 joining the same with his proper air1 which included in the axletree 7of the first moving wheel71 being hollow1 carried the other wheels1 making a continual rotation1 except issue or vent be given in this hollow axletree1 whereby the imprisoned spirit may get forth4 ,what strange things may be done by such extractions ,i know not1 and1 therefore1 dare not condemn this relation as impossible2 but ,i think it sounds rather like a chemical dream than a philosophical truth4 ,it seems this imprisoned spirit is now set at liberty1 or else is grown weary1 for the instrument 7as ,i have heard7 has stood still for many years4 ,it is here considerable that any force is weakest near the center of a wheel2 and therefore1 though such a spirit might of itself have an agitation1 yet 'tis not easily conceivable how it should have strength enough to carry the wheels about with it4 ,and then1 the absurdity of the author's citing this1 would make one mistrust his mistake4 ,he urges it as a strong argument against ,copernicus2 as if1 because ,dreble did thus contrive in an engine the revolution of the heavens and the immovableness of the earth1 therefore it must needs follow that 'tis the heavens which are moved1 and not the earth4 ,if his relation were no truer than his consequence1 it had not been worth the citing4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4--,concerning several attempts of contriving a ,perpetual ,motion1 by ,magnetical ,virtues4 ,the second way whereby the making of a perpetual motion has been attempted1 is by ,magnetical ,virtues1 which are not without some strong probabilities of proving effectual to this purpose2 especially when we consider that the heavenly revolutions 7being as the first pattern imitated and aimed at in these attempts7 are all of them performed by the help of these qualities4 ,this great orb of earth1 and all the other planets1 being but as so many magnetical globes1 endowed with such various and continual motions as may be most agreeable to the purposes for which they were intended4 ,and1 therefore1 most of the authors who treat concerning this invention1 do agree that the likeliest way to effect it1 is by these kind of qualities4 ,it was the opinion of ,pet4 ,peregrinus1 and there is an example pretended for it in ,bettinus 7apiar4 #i1 progym4 #e1 pro4 #aa7 that a magnetical globe1 or terella1 being rightly placed upon its poles1 would of itself have a constant rotation1 like the diurnal motion of the earth4 ,but this is commonly exploded as being against all experience4 ,others think it possible so to contrive several pieces of steel and loadstone that1 by their continual attraction and expulsion of one another1 they may cause a perpetual revolution of a wheel4 ,of this opinion were ,taisner1 ,pet4 ,peregrinus1 and ,cardan1 out of ,antonius de ,fantis4 ,but ,d4 ,gilbert1 who was more especially versed in magnetical experiments1 concludes it to be a vain and groundless fancy4 ,but amongst all these kinds of inventions1 that is most likely1 wherein a loadstone is so disposed that it shall draw unto it on a reclined plane a bullet of steel1 which steel1 as it ascends near to the loadstone1 may be contrived to fall down through some hole in the plane1 and so to return unto the place from whence at first it began to move2 and1 being there1 the loadstone will again attract it upwards till coming to this hole1 it will fall down again2 and so the motion shall be perpetual1 as may be more easily conceivable by this figure3 ,illustration ,suppose the loadstone to be represented at ,a ,b1 which1 though it have not strength enough to attract the bullet ,c directly from the ground1 yet may do it by the help of the plane ,e ,f4 ,now1 when the bullet is come to the top of this plane1 its own gravity 7which is supposed to exceed the strength of the loadstone7 will make it fall into that hole at ,e2 and the force it receives in this fall will carry it with such a violence unto the other end of this arch1 that it will open the passage which is there made for it1 and by its return will again shut it2 so that the bullet 7as at the first7 is in the same place whence it was attracted1 and1 consequently1 must move perpetually4 ,but1 however1 this invention may seem to be of such strong probability1 yet there are sundry particulars which may prove it insufficient2 for-- #a4 ,this bullet of steel must first be touched1 and have its several poles1 or else there can be little or no attraction of it4 ,suppose ,c in the steel to be answerable unto ,a in the stone1 and to ,b2 in the attraction ,c ,d must always be directed answerable to ,a ,b1 and so the motion will be more difficult2 by reason there can be no rotation or turning round of the bullet1 but it must slide up with the line ,c ,d1 answerable to the axis ,a ,b4 #b4 ,in its fall from ,e to ,g1 which is motus elementaris1 and proceeds from its gravity1 there must needs be a rotation of it2 and so 'tis odds but it happens wrong in the rise1 the poles in the bullet being not in the same direction to those in the magnet2 and if in this reflux it should so fall out1 that ,d should be directed towards ,b1 there should be rather a flight than an attraction1 since those two ends do repel1 and not draw one another4 #c4 ,if the loadstone ,a ,b have so much strength1 that it can attract the bullet in ,f1 when it is not turned round1 but does only slide upon the plane1 whereas its own gravity would rowl it downwards2 then it is evident the sphere of its activity and strength would be so increased when it approaches much nearer1 that it would not need the assistance of the plane1 but would draw it immediately to itself without that help2 and so the bullet would not fall down through the hole1 but ascend to the stone1 and1 consequently1 cease its motion3 for1 if the loadstone be of force enough to draw the bullet on the plane1 at the distance ,f ,b1 then must the strength of it be sufficient to attract it immediately unto itself1 when it is so much nearer as ,e ,b4 ,and if the gravity of the bullet be supposed so much to exceed the strength of the magnet1 that it cannot draw it directly when it is so near1 then will it not be able to attract the bullet up the plane1 when it is so much further off4 ,so that none of all these magnetical experiments1 which have been as yet discovered1 are sufficient for the effecting of a perpetual motion1 though these kind of qualities seem most conducible unto it2 and perhaps1 hereafter1 it may be contrived from them4 ,,chap4 ,,xiv4--,the seeming probability of effecting a ,continual ,motion by ,solid ,weights in a ,hollow ,wheel or ,sphere4 ,the third way whereby the making of a perpetual motion has been attempted is by the ,natural ,affection of ,gravity2 when the heaviness of several bodies is so contrived1 that the same motion which they give in their descent1 may be able to carry them up again4 ,but 7against the possibility of any such invention7 it is thus objected by ,cardan3--,all sub-lunary bodies have a direct motion either of ascent or descent2 which1 because it does not refer to some term1 therefore cannot be perpetual1 but must needs cease when it is arrived at the place unto which it naturally tends4 ,i answer1 though this may prove that there is no natural motion of any particular heavy body which is perpetual1 yet it does not hinder1 but that it is possible from them to contrive such an artificial revolution as shall constantly be the cause of itself4 ,those bodies which may be serviceable to this purpose are distinguishable into two kinds3 #a4 ,solid and consistent2 as weights of metal1 or the like4 #b4 ,fluid or sliding2 as water1 sand1 etc4 ,both these ways have been attempted by many1 though with very little or no success4 ,other men's conjectures in this kind you may see set down by divers authors4 ,it would be too tedious to repeat them over1 or set forth their draughts4 ,i shall only mention two new ones1 which 7if ,i am not over-partial7 seem altogether as probable as any of these kinds that have been yet invented2 and1 till experience had discovered their defect and insufficiency1 ,i did certainly conclude them to be infallible4 ,the first of these contrivances was by solid weights being placed in some hollow wheel or sphere1 unto which they should give a perpetual revolution2 for1 as the philosopher has largely proved1 only a circular motion can properly be perpetual4 ,but1 for the better conceiving of this invention1 it is requisite that we rightly understand some principles in ,trochilicks1 or the art of wheel instruments2 as1 chiefly1 the relation betwixt the parts of a wheel and those of a balance2 the several proportions in the semi-diameter of a wheel being answerable to the sides in a balance1 where the weight is multiplied according to its distance from the center4 ,illustration ,thus1 suppose the center to be at ,a1 and the diameter of the wheel1 ,d ,c1 to be divided into equal parts 7as is here expressed71 it is evident1 according to the former ground1 that one pound at ,c will equiponderate to five pound at ,b1 because there is such a proportion betwixt their several distances from the center4 ,and it is not material whether or no these several weights be placed horizontally2 for though ,b do hang lower than ,c1 yet this does not at all concern the heaviness2 or though the plummet ,c were placed much higher than it is at ,e1 or lower at ,f1 yet would it still retain the same weight which it had at ,c2 because these plummets 7as in the nature of all heavy bodies71 do tend downwards by a straight line2 so that their several gravities are to be measured by that part of the horizontal semi-diameter1 which is directly either below or above them4 ,thus1 when the plummet ,c shall be moved either to ,g or ,h1 it will lose one-third of its former heaviness1 and be equally ponderous as if it were placed in the balance at ,no4 #c2 and if we suppose it to be situated at ,i or ,k1 then the weight of it will lie wholly upon the center1 and not at all conduce to the motion of the wheel on either side2 so that the straight lines which pass through the divisions of the diameter may serve to measure the heaviness of any weight in its several situations4 ,these things thoroughly considered1 it seems very possible and easy for a man to contrive the plummets of a wheel1 that they may be always heavier in their fall1 than in their ascent2 and so1 consequently1 that they should give a perpetual motion to the wheel itself2 since it is impossible for that to remain unmoved as long as one side in it is heavier than the other4 ,for the performance of this1 the weights must be so ordered3 #a4 ,that in their descent they may fall from the center1 and in their ascent may rise nearer to it4 #b4 ,that the fall of each plummet may begin the motion of that which should succeed it1 as in the following diagram3 ,where there are sixteen plummets1 eight in the inward circle1 and as many in the outward4 7,the inequality being to arise from their situation1 it is therefore most convenient that the number of them be even47 ,the eight inward plummets are supposed to be in themselves so much heavier than the other1 that in the wheel they may be of equal weight with those above them1 and then the fall of these will be of sufficient force to bring down the other4 ,for example1 if the outward be each of them four ounces1 then the inward must be five2 because the outward is distant from the center five of those parts whereof the inward is but four4 ,each pair of these weights should be joined together by a little string or chain1 which must be fastened about the middle1 betwixt the bullet and the center of that plummet which is to fall first1 and at the top of the other4 ,illustration ,when these bullets1 in their descent1 are at their farthest distance from the center of the wheel1 then shall they be stopped1 and rest on the pins placed to that purpose2 and so1 in their rising1 there must be other pins to keep them in a convenient posture and distance from the center1 lest1 approaching too near unto it1 they thereby become unfit to fall when they shall come to the top of the descending side4 ,this may be otherwise contrived with some different circumstances1 but they will all redound to the same effect4 ,by such an engine it seems very probable that a man may produce perpetual motion2 the distance of the plummets from the center increasing with weight on one side1 and their being tied to one another1 causing a constant succession in their falling4 ,but now1 upon experience1 ,i have found this to be fallacious2 and the reason may sufficiently appear by a calculation of the heaviness of each plummet1 according to its several situation2 which may easily be done by those perpendiculars that cut the diameter 7as was before explained1 and is here expressed in five of the plummets on the descending side74 ,from such a calculation it will be evident1 that both the sides of this wheel will equiponderate2 and so consequently1 that the supposed inequality whence the motion should proceed1 is but imaginary and groundless4 ,on the descending side1 the heaviness of each plummet may be measured according to these numbers 7supposing the diameter of the wheel to be divided into twenty parts1 and each of those sub-divided into four73 ,the ,outward ,plummets4 ,the ,inward ,plummets4 #g4j #a4j #aj4j ,the sum #bd4 #g4b ,the sum #ai4 #g4j #g4b #c4j ,on the ascending side1 the weights are to be reckoned according to these degrees3 ,the ,outward4 ,the ,inward4 #a4c #d4a #g4b #g4j ,the sum #ai4 #i4j ,the sum #bd4 #e4b #e4c #b4a #j4j ,the sum of which last numbers is equal with the former1 and therefore both the sides of such a wheel in this situation will equiponderate4 ,if it be objected1 that the plummet ,a should be contrived to pull down the other at ,b1 and then the descending side will be heavier than the other2 for answer to this1 it is considerable-- #a4 ,that these bullets towards the top of the wheel1 cannot descend till they come to a certain kind of inclination4 #b4 ,that any lower bullet hanging upon the other above it1 to pull it down1 must be conceived1 as if the weight of it were in that point where its string touches the upper2 at which point this bullet will be of less heaviness in respect of the wheel1 than if it did rest in its own place2 so that both the sides of it1 in any kind of situation1 may equiponderate4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4--,of composing1 a ,perpetual ,motion by ,fluid ,weights--,concerning ,archimedes his ,water ,screw--,the great probability of accomplishing this enquiry by the help of that1 with the fallibleness of it upon experiment4 ,that which ,i shall mention as the last way1 for the trial of this experiment1 is by contriving it in some ,water ,instrument2 which may seem altogether as probable and easy as any of the rest2 because that element1 by reason of its fluid and subtle nature 7whereby1 of its own accord1 it searches out the lower and more narrow passages71 may be most pliable to the mind of the artificer4 ,now1 the usual means for the ascent of water is either by suckers or forces1 or something equivalent thereunto2 neither of which may be conveniently applied unto such a work as this1 because there is required unto each of them so much or more strength1 as may be answerable to the full weight of the water that is to be drawn up2 and then1 besides1 they move for the most part by fits and snatches1 so that it is not easily conceivable1 how they should conduce unto such a motion1 which1 by reason of its perpetuity1 must be regular and equal4 ,but1 amongst all other ways to this purpose1 that invention of ,archimedes is incomparably the best1 which is usually called ,cochlea1 or the ,water ,screw2 being framed by the helical revolution of a cavity about a cylinder4 ,we have not any discourse from the author himself concerning it1 nor is it certain whether he ever writ anything to this purpose2 but if he did1 yet1 as the injury of time hath deprived us of many other of his excellents works1 so likewise of this amongst the rest4 ,near five pages are occupied in describing the use of this screw1 and the form and manner of making it2 then follows3 ,the true inclination of the screw being found1 together with the certain quantity of water which every helix does contain2 it is further considerable1 that the water by this instrument does ascend naturally of itself1 without any violence or labor2 and that the heaviness of it does lie chiefly upon the centers or axis of the cylinder1 both its sides being of equal weight 7said ,ubaldus72 so that1 it should seem1 though we suppose each revolution to have an equal quantity of water1 yet the screw will remain with any part upwards1 according as it shall be set1 without turning itself either way2 and1 therefore1 the least strength being added to either of its sides should make it descend1 according to that common maxim of ,archimedes--any addition will make that which equiponderates with another to tend downwards4 ,but now1 because the weight of this instrument and the water in it does lean wholly upon the axis1 hence is it 7said ,ubaldus7 that the grating and rubbing of these axes against the sockets wherein they are placed1 will cause some ineptitude and resistency to that rotation of the cylinder2 which would otherwise ensue upon the addition of the least weight to any one side2 but 7said the same author7 any power that is greater than this resistency which does arise from the axis1 will serve for the turning of it round4 ,these things considered together1 it will hence appear how a perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable4 ,for1 if there were but such a water-wheel made on this instrument1 upon which the stream that is carried up may fall in its descent1 it would turn the screw round1 and by that means convey as much water up as is required to move it2 so that the motion must needs be continual1 since the same weight which in its fall does turn the wheel is1 by the turning of the wheel1 carried up again4 ,or1 if the water1 falling upon one wheel1 would not be forcible enough for this effect1 why then there might be two or three1 or more1 according as the length and elevation of the instrument will admit2 by which means the weight of it may be so multiplied in the fall that it shall be equivalent to twice or thrice that quantity of water which ascends2 as may be more plainly discerned by the following diagram3 ,illustration ,where the figure ,l ,m1 at the bottom1 does represent a wooden cylinder with helical cavities cut in it1 which at ,a ,b is supposed to be covered over with tin plates1 and three water-wheels upon it1 ,h ,i ,k2 the lower cistern1 which contains the water1 being ,c ,d4 ,now1 this cylinder being turned round1 all the water which from the cistern ascends through it1 will fall into the vessel at ,e1 and from that vessel being conveyed upon the water-wheel ,h1 shall consequently give a circular motion to the whole screw4 ,or1 if this alone should be too weak for the turning of it1 then the same water which falls from the wheel ,h1 being received into the other vessel ,f1 may from thence again descend on the wheel ,i1 by which means the force of it will be doubled4 ,and if this be yet unsufficient1 then may the water which falls on the second wheel ,i1 be received into the other vessel ,g1 and from thence again descend on the third wheel at ,k2 and so for as many other wheels as the instrument is capable of4 ,so that1 besides the greater distance of these three streams from the center or axis by which they are made so much heavier1 and besides that the fall of this outward water is forcible and violent1 whereas the ascent of that within is natural--besides all this1 there is thrice as much water to turn the screw as is carried up by it4 ,but1 on the other side1 if all the water falling upon one wheel would be able to turn it round1 then half of it would serve with two wheels1 and the rest may be so disposed of in the fall as to serve unto some other useful delightful ends4 ,when ,i first thought of this invention1 ,i could scarce forbear1 with ,archimedes1 to cry out 1 heurka1 heurka2 it seeming so infallible a way for the effecting of a perpetual motion that nothing could be so much as probably objected against it2 but1 upon trial and experience1 ,i find it altogether insufficient for any such purpose1 and that for these two reasons3 #a4 ,the water that ascends will not make any considerable stream in the fall4 #b4 ,this stream1 though multiplied1 will not be of force enough to turn about the screw4 #a4 ,the water ascends gently1 and by intermissions2 but it falls continually1 and with force2 each of the three vessels being supposed full at the first1 that so the weight of the water in them might add the greater strength and swiftness to the streams that descend from them4 ,now1 this swiftness of motion will cause so great a difference betwixt them that one of these little streams may spend more water in the fall than a stream six times bigger in the ascent1 though we should suppose both of them to be continuate2 how much more1 then1 when as the ascending water is vented by fits and intermissions1 every circumvolution voiding so much as is contained in one helix2 and1 in this particular1 one that is not versed in these kind of experiments may be easily deceived4 ,but1 secondly1 though there were so great a disproportion1 yet1 notwithstanding1 the force of these outward streams might well enough serve for the turning of the screw1 if it were so that both its sides would equiponderate the water being in them 7as ,ubaldus had affirmed74 ,but now1 upon farther examination1 we shall find this assertion of his to be utterly against both reason and experience4 ,and herein does consist the chief mistake of this contrivance2 for the ascending side of the screw is made1 by the water contained in it1 so much heavier than the descending side1 that these outward streams1 thus applied1 will not be of force enough to make them equiponderate1 much less to move the whole1 as may be more easily discerned by this figure3 ,where ,a ,b represents a screw covered over1 ,c ,d ,e one helix or revolution of it1 ,c ,d the ascending side1 ,e ,d the descending side1 the point ,d the middle2 the horizontal line ,c ,f showing how much of the helix is filled with water1 viz41 of the ascending side1 from ,c the beginning of the helix1 to ,d the middle of it2 and on the descending side1 from ,d the middle1 to the point ,g1 where the horizontal does cut the helix4 ,now1 it is evident that this latter part1 ,d ,g1 is nothing near so much1 and consequently not so heavy as the other1 ,d ,c2 and thus is it in all the other revolutions1 which1 as they are either more or larger1 so will the difficulty of this motion be increased4 ,whence it will appear that the outward streams which descend must be of so much force as to countervail all that weight whereby the ascending side in every one of these revolutions does exceed the other4 ,and though this may be effected by making the water-wheels larger1 yet then the motion will be so slow that the screw will not be able to supply the outward streams4 ,illustration ,there is another contrivance to this purpose1 mentioned by ,kircher de ,magnete1 #a1 #b1 p4 #d1 depending upon the heat of the sun and the force of winds2 but it is liable to such abundance of exceptions that it is scarce worth the mentioning1 and does by no means deserve the confidence of any ingenious artist4 ,thus have ,i briefly explained the probabilities and defects of those subtle contrivances whereby the making of a perpetual motion has been attempted4 ,i would be loath to discourage the enquiry of any ingenious artificer by denying the possibility of effecting it with any of these mechanical helps2 but yet 7,i conceive7 if those principles which concern the slowness of the power in comparison to the greatness of the weight were rightly understood and thoroughly considered1 they would make this experiment to seem1 if not altogether impossible1 yet much more difficult than otherwise1 perhaps1 it will appear4 ,however1 the inquiring after it cannot but deserve our endeavors1 as being one of the most noble amongst all these mechanical subtilties4 ,and1 as it is in the fable of him who dug the vineyard for a hidden treasure1 though he did not find the money1 yet he thereby made the ground more fruitful1 so1 though we do not attain to the effecting of this particular1 yet our searching after it may discover so many other excellent subtilties as shall abundantly recompense the labor of our inquiry4 ,and then1 besides1 it may be another encouragement to consider the pleasure of such speculations1 which do ravish and sublime the thoughts with more clear angelical contentments4 ,archimedes was generally so taken up in the delight of these mathematical studies of this familiar siren 7as ,plutarch styles them7 that he forgot both his meat and drink1 and other necessities of nature2 nay1 that he neglected the saving of his life1 when that rude soldier1 in the pride and haste of victory1 would not give him leisure to finish his demonstration4 ,what a ravishment was that1 when1 having found out the way to measure ,hiero's crown1 he leaped out of the bath1 and 7as if he were suddenly possessed7 ran naked up and down1 crying 1 ,greek3 heurka1 heurka6 ,it is storied of ,thales that1 in his joy and gratitude for one of these mathematical inventions1 he went presently to the ,temple1 and there offered up a solemn sacrifice2 and ,pythagoras1 upon the like occasion1 is related to have sacrificed a hundred oxen2 the justice of ,providence having so contrived it1 that the pleasure which there is in the success of such inventions should be proportioned to the great difficulty and labor of their inquiry4 ,the ,paradoxical ,hydrostatic ,balance ,the following was contributed to an ,english scientific journal in #ahca1 the name of the author of the article is unknown to us1 but here is what he wrote3 ,illustration ,this hydrostatic balance1 like the compound balance of ,desaguliers1 may be introduced to illustrate the impossibility of perpetual motion by a weight removed from the centre of a wheel4 ,take the hollow-rimmed wheel ,a ,b2 let it be air-tight and half filled with water4 ,let ,c be the axle2 at ,b place a hollow ball loaded to near sinking4 ,such a wheel1 however fine its axle may be1 or however well lubricated1 will not make a single revolution1 though the weight ,b occupies that part at which every deluded perpetual-motionist is desirous it should be placed2 concluding that1 by such an arrangement1 the production of another ,orffyrean wheel must be inevitable4 ,discussion by ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana was professor of higher mathematics at the ,royal ,university of ,pavia1 in the ,province of ,lombardy1 ,italy4 ,in #aghf he published what he designated ,examination of a ,new ,argument in ,favor of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,in part he says3 #a4 ,a vertical wheel 7,fig4 #b7 divided in two halves by a vertical plane which passes through its diameter ,f ,o1 has the half ,f ,p ,o immersed in water under the level ,m ,n1 and the other half wholly out of the water1 being cut off in ,f ,o by a peculiar mechanism from all communication with the reservoir1 the exterior half of the wheel being ,f ,q ,o2 this turns freely round on an axle passing through the centre ,c4 ,now the wheel being specifically lighter than the water1 the immersed part ,f ,p ,o comes with a continual rotation to the top with a force equal to the excess of the weight of a volume of water corresponding to the immersed portion1 over the weight of the immersed portion2 which rotation passing through the centre of gravity of the exterior part1 and consequently out of the centre ,c1 obliges the wheel to turn around ,c4 ,such being the case1 the question to be asked is whether the wheel has itself a perpetual motion1 as may be judged at first sight4 ,illustration #b4 ,to reply adequately1 it is at first necessary to know what effect is produced on the wheel by the horizontal pressure which the water exercises on the semi-circumference ,f ,l ,o4 ,having taken for this purpose1 a part ,p p1 and having drawn to the diameter the ordinate ,p4 ,r1 p r1 and marked the radius ,p ,c1 and from it ,p ,g perpendicular to the radius ,c ,l1 which determines the quadrant ,o ,l1 the distance of the lowest point ,o from the level of the water will be b1 the semi-diameter of the wheel a1 ,c ,r x1 and the specific gravity of the water #a2 the perpendicular pressure against the part ,p p ,p p 4 ,r ,d1 which resolved in two1 one horizontal ,p ,r1 the other vertical ,p ,g1 gives the proportion ,,pg 3 ,,pr 33 ,pp 4 ,,rd 3 7,pp 4 ,,pr 4 ,,rd7 _/ 7,,pg74 ,thence the horizontal pressure against ,p p1 and 7,p p 4 ,p ,r 4 ,r ,d 47 _/ 7,p ,g71 that is to say ,p p 4 ,p ,r ,r r 4 ,p ,g1 the given horizontal pressure is found to be ,r r 4 ,r ,d 7b - x7 d x1 and which1 multiplied by ,r ,d1 giving b - x1 becomes the momentum of the pressure relatively to ,m ,n 7b - x7 d x1 and the sum of the momenta of pressure exercised upon the indefinite arc1 ,o ,p f 7b - x7 d x -7#a_/c77;b - x7 the side4 ,and since acting together such momenta equal x1 there comes the side 7#a_/c7;b2 and as the already-given sum of the momenta 7#a_/c77;b - 7b - x77 b x - b x 7#a_/c7x4 ,whence1 taking x #b;a1 the sum of all the momenta of the horizontal pressure exercised on the whole semi-circumference ,o ,l ,f of the wheel1 will be #b;ba - #d;b a 7#h_/c7;a1 and dividing that sum by the whole horizontal pressure1 that is to say by f7b - x7d x 7#a_/b77;b - 7b - x77 b x - 7#a_/b7x #b;b a - #b;a1 gives x #b;a1 we have the formula 7#b;b - #d;b a 7#h_/c7;a7 _/ 7#b;b a - #b;a7 7b - #b;b a 7#d_/c7;a7 _/ 7b - a7 77b - a7 7#a_/c7;a7 _/ 7b - a7 b - a 77#b_/c7;a7 _/ 7b - a71 which represents the distance of the level ,m ,n from the result of all the horizontal pressure against the circumference1 which distance exceeds ,d ,c1 and consequently the direction of the result passes from below the centre ,c of the wheel to a distance from the said centre1 which is 77#a_/c7;a7_/7b - a74 ,if this distance be multiplied by the result of all the horizontal pressure1 that is1 by #b;a47b - a72 there is obtained 7#b_/c7;a for the momentum of the force which tends to make the wheel revolve from ,l towards ,o4 ,this being established1 it is known that the force which causes the half of the wheel ,f ,l ,g to revolve vertically to the top 7calling g the specific gravity of the wheel7 is 7#a - g7 ,f ,c ,o ,l1 and which force passes through the center of gravity of ,f ,l ,o4 ,and consequently the gravity of any circular segment divided by the half of the radius1 is distant from the centre of the circle by a quantity equal to the twelfth of the cube of the chord divided by the segment2 and therefore the centre of gravity of the semicircle ,f ,c ,o ,l1 will be distant from the centre ,c by the quantity 7#a_/ab7h;a_/7,e ,c ,o ,l7 7#b_/c7;a_/7,e ,c ,o ,l74 ,consequently the momentum of this force tending to make the wheel revolve from ,o towards ,l will be 7#b_/c;a7_/7,e ,c ,o ,l7 4 7#a - g77,e ,c ,o ,l7 #b_/c7a - g7a4 ,but moreover a certain momentum will be derived from the other half ,f ,q ,o of the wheel1 which being out of the water1 tends by its own weight downwards with a force g 4 7,e ,c ,o ,q7 g 4 7,e ,c ,o ,l71 which multiplied by the distance 7#b_/a;a7_/7,e ,c ,o ,l7 of the centre of gravity of the semicircle ,f ,q ,o from the centre of the wheel gives as a momentum of force tending to turn the wheel from ,o to ,l the quantity #b_/c;g a4 ,thus the whole momentum to make the wheel turn from ,o to ,l1 will be #b_/c7a - g7a1 #b_/c;g a #b_/c;a1 that is to say the same that is found to turn the wheel in the opposite direction1 viz41 from ,l to ,o1 and thence the wheel remains perfectly motionless4 #c4 ,cor4 ,i4 ,if the wheel were specifically heavier than the water1 one would not be able to conceive in that case any motion from ,l to ,o1 as seemed probable in the former supposition4 ,since1 then1 the momentum of the force1 which turns vertically downwards the portion of the wheel ,f ,c ,o ,l1 and tends to make it revolve from ,l to ,o is #b_/c7;g - #a7;a to which momentum should be added a certain portion of the horizontal pressure1 that is to say #b_/c1 and thus is obtained the whole momentum #b_/c;g a1 tending to cause the wheel to turn from ,l to ,o2 and to which momentum precisely1 is equal such of the weight of the half ,f ,c ,o ,q as tends to give to the wheel a contrary revolution1 that is1 from ,o to ,l4 #c4 ,cor4 ,,ii4 ,if the wheel in place of being a circular plane were a zone bounded by two concentric peripheries 7,fig4 #c71 then from the sum of the horizontal pressure of the water against the exterior periphery should be taken the sum of the opposite horizontal pressure against the other interior semi-periphery of the zone4 ,so calling a the greater radius of the zone1 and its breadth1 the sum of the first horizontal pressure is #b;a7b - a7 and the sum of the second #b7;a - 77b - 7 - 7a - 7 #b7;a - 77b - a74 ,then subtract the latter from the former and there remains #b7;b - a7 for the sum of the whole pressure1 which acts upon the zone 7sic7 of the half of the wheel immersed in the fluid in a direction tending from the outside to the interior of the wheel4 ,moreover the sum of the momenta of all the horizontal pressure on the exterior circumference relatively to the level ,m ,n is #b;b a - #d;b a #h_/c;a4 ,and similarly the sum of the momenta of the horizontal pressure opposite1 on the interior semi-circumference1 relatively to the given level is #b7;b - 7 - 7a - 7 - #d7;b - 7 7a - 7 #h_/c7;a - 74 ,subtracting this sum from the preceding1 there remains the sum of the momenta acting on the zone of the half-wheel from the exterior to the interior #b;b a - #d;b a #h_/c;a - #b7;b - 7 7a - 7 #d7;b - 7 7a - 7 - #h_/c7;a - 7 - #b;b - #d;b a #d;a - #b;a #b_/c #b 7b7b - a7 - b a #b;a - a #a_/c7 #b 77b - a77b - a7 a - a #a_/c7 ,then dividing this sum of the momenta by the sum of the pressure there will be #b777;b - a77b - a7 a - a #a_/c7_/7b7;b - a777 b p 7a7a - a #a_/c7_/7;b - a77 the distance of the center of the pressure from the level of the fluid1 that is1 to the distance of the result of all the pressure from that level4 ,from this it is evident that the center of pressure falls under the center of the wheel1 ,c1 to the distance 7a - a #a_/c7_/7;b - a7 4 ,whence multiplying this distance by the result of the pressure1 or by #b7;b - a71 we obtain #b7;a - a #a_/c7 to express the momentum of the horizontal pressure of the water1 directed to make the wheel turn from ,l to ,o4 ,now the momentum with which the vertical impulse of the fluid tends to make the semicircle ,f ,c ,o ,l turn from ,o to ,l 7supposing the wheel not with a simple zone1 but with a circular plane7 is #b_/c;a4 ,likewise the momentum of the impulse of the fluid to cause the internal semicircle ,v ,c ,i ,g from ,o to ,l is - #b_/c7;a - 74 ,then taking this second momentum from the first1 the momentum of the zone from the fluid ,v ,g ,i ,o ,l ,f to give the wheel an impulse from ,o to ,l will be #b_/c7;a - 7a - 77 #b7;a - a #a_/c7 which is precisely the momentum with which the horizontal pressure of the fluid to impress on the wheel an impulse in the opposite direction1 that is to say from ,l to ,o4 ,consequently from the pressure of the fluid the wheel cannot have any motion around its center4 ,the weight of the wheel itself1 by which the half-zone immersed in the water tends to make the wheel turn from ,l to ,o1 and the half which is out of the water1 to make it turn in the reverse direction1 such a weight1 ,i say1 cannot induce any motion of rotation1 and both halves remain in equilibrium around the center ,c4 ,article by ,william ,nicholson ,william ,nicholson was born in ,london in #agec2 died in #ahae4 ,he was a scientist of note1 and a writer of scientific subjects4 ,in #agig he established in ,london and continued publishing until #ahad1 a periodical entitled ,journal of ,natural ,philosophy1 ,chemistry and the ,arts1 known1 however1 throughout the civilized world as ,nicholson's ,journal4 ,a ,perpetual ,motion device of ,dr4 ,conradus ,schwiers1 in #agij1 and the ,richard ,varley device1 in #agig1 described at page #acb et seq41 ante1 had attracted a great deal of attention1 and were the occasion of much discussion4 ,a consequent increased interest in the subject of self-moving mechanism was thus created4 ,mr4 ,nicholson1 whose scientific attainments were recognized by all1 was asked to publish an article on the subject4 ,his article appeared in his publication1 ,nicholson's ,journal1 and is as follows3 ,on the ,mechanical ,projects for ,affording a ,perpetual ,motion ,in consequence of the notice taken of ,mr4 ,varley's attempt to produce a perpetual motion1 ,i have been requested by several correspondents to state how far the mechanical scheme for which ,dr4 ,conrad ,schwiers took out a patent in the year #agij1 for the same object may be worthy of attention4 ,i have1 on that occasion1 mentioned the difficulties which have prevented any clear general demonstration of the absurdity of this pursuit from being produced1 though it has not been difficult to show the fallacy of the individual plans4 ,it does not1 indeed1 seem easy to enunciate the scheme itself4 ,what in universal terms is the thing proposed to be done8 ,is it to cause a body to act in such a manner that the reaction shall be greater than the action itself1 and by that means generate force by the accumulation of the surplus8 ,or1 can the motion communicated be greater than that lost by the agent8 ,since these positions are evidently contrary to the physical axioms called the laws of nature1 and frictions and resistances would speedily destroy all motions of simple uniformity1 it may be presumed that 's ,gravesande1 who thought that all the demonstrations of the absurdity of schemes for perpetual motion contained paralogism1 would have stated the proposition under different terms4 ,but without entering upon this apparently unprofitable disquisition1 it may be useful1 as well as entertaining1 to make a few observations on the mechanical contrivances which depend on a mistaken deduction from the general theorem respecting the balance1 among which that of ,dr4 ,schwiers must be classed4 ,there is no doubt but numerous arrangements have been made1 and still are labored at by various individuals1 to produce a machine which shall possess the power of moving itself perpetually1 notwithstanding the inevitable loss by friction and resistance of the air4 ,little1 however1 of these abortive exertions has been entered upon record4 ,the plans of ,bishop ,wilkins1 the ,marquis of ,worcester1 and ,m4 ,orffyreus1 are all which at this time occur to my recollection4 ,illustration ,there is no doubt but the celebrated ,wilkins was a man of learning and ability4 ,his essay towards a real character and a philosophical language is sufficient to render his name immortal4 ,twenty years before the appearance of that work he published his ,mathematical ,magic1 namely1 in the year #afdh1 containing #bie pages1 small octavo1 which1 from the number of copies still in being1 ,i suppose to have been a very popular treatise4 ,it is in this work that ,i find1 among other contrivances for the same purpose1 a wheel carrying sixteen loaded arms1 similar to that delineated in ,fig4 #d1 plate #ae1 in which1 however1 for the sake of simplicity1 ,i have drawn but six4 ,each lever1 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f1 is movable through an angle of #de degrees1 by a joint near the circumference of the wheel1 and the inner end or tail of each is confined by two studs or pins1 so that it must either lie in the direction of a radius1 or else in the required position of obliquity4 ,if the wheel be now supposed to move in the direction ,e ,f1 it is evident that the levers ,a ,b ,c ,d1 by hanging in the oblique position against the antecedent pins1 will describe a less circle in their ascent than when1 on the other side1 they come to descend in the positions ,e ,f4 ,hence1 it was expected that the descending weights1 having the advantage of a longer lever1 would always predominate4 ,dr4 ,wilkins1 by referring the weights to an horizontal diameter1 has shown that in his machine they will not4 ,a popular notion of this result may also be gathered from the figure1 where there are three weights on the ascending and only two on the descending side2 the obliquity of position giving an advantage in point of number1 equal to what the other side may possess in intensity4 ,or1 if this contrivance were to be strictly examined1 on the supposition that the levers and weights were indefinitely numerous1 the question would be determined by showing that the circular arcs ,a ,k1 ,h ,i1 are in equilibrio with the arcs ,a ,g1 ,g ,l4 ,the simplest method of examining any scheme of this kind with weights1 consists in inquiring whether the perpendicular ascents and descents would be performed with equal masses in equal times4 ,if so1 there will be no preponderance1 and1 consequently1 no motion4 ,this is clearly the case with the contrivance before us4 ,the ,marquis of ,worcester1 who will ever be remembered as the inventor of the steam engine1 has described a perpetual motion in the fifty-sixth number of his ,century of ,inventions1 published in the year #afee1 and since reprinted in #agfg by the ,foulis's at ,glasgow4 ,his words were as follows3 ,to provide and make1 that all the weights of the descending side of a wheel shall be perpetually further from the center than those of the mounting side1 and yet equal in number and heft to the one side as the other4 ,a most incredible thing if not seen1 but tried before the late ,king 7of blessed memory7 in the ,tower by my directions1 two extraordinary ambassadors accompanying his ,majesty1 and the ,duke of ,richmond and ,duke ,hamilton1 with most of the ,court attending him4 ,the wheel was fourteen feet over1 and forty weights of fifty pounds apiece4 ,sir ,william ,balfour1 then ,lieutenant of the ,tower1 can justify it with several others4 ,they all saw that no sooner these great weights passed the diameter line of the lower side1 but they hung a foot further from the center2 nor no sooner passed the diameter line of the upper side1 but they hung a foot nearer4 ,be pleased to judge the consequence4 ,illustration ,desaguliers1 in his ,course of ,experimental ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ahe1 has quoted this passage1 and given a sketch of a pretended self-moving wheel1 similar to ,fig4 #e1 plate #ae1 as resembling the contrivance mentioned by the ,marquis of ,worcester4 ,the description of this last engineer agrees1 however1 somewhat better with the contrivance ,fig4 #d4 ,it must1 of course1 be a mistake in terms1 when he says the weight receded from the center at the lower diameter and approached towards it at the upper3 the contrary being1 in fact1 necessary to afford any hope of success2 and accordingly in the quotation it is so stated4 ,i am1 therefore1 disposed to think that ,fig4 #e represents the wheel of ,orffyreus at ,hesse ,cassel1 much talked of about the year #agbj1 and which probably was made to revolve1 during the time of exhibition1 by some concealed apparatus4 ,it consists of a number of cells or partitions1 distinguished by the letters of the alphabet1 which are made between the interior and exterior surfaces of two concentric cylinders4 ,the partitions being placed obliquely with respect to the radius1 a cylindrical or spherical weight placed on each1 it is seen from the figure1 that these weights will lie against the inner surface of the larger cylinder whenever the outer end of the bottom partition of any cell is lowest2 and1 on the contrary1 when that extremity is highest1 the weight will rest on the surface of the interior cylinder4 ,let the wheel be made to revolve in the direction ,a ,b ,c2 the weights in ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i being close to the external circle1 and the weights ,k ,l ,m ,a ,b close to the inner1 for the reasons last mentioned4 ,as the cell ,b descends1 its weight will likewise run out1 at the same time that the weight in the cell ,i will run in in consequence of its partition being elevated4 ,by the continuation of this process1 since all the weights on the descending side pass down at a greater distance from the center1 while those of the ascending side rise for a considerable part of their ascent at a less distance from the same point1 it is concluded that the wheel will continue to maintain its motion4 ,on this1 however1 it is to be remarked that the perpendicular ascent and descent are alike1 both in measure and in time of performance2 and that the familiar examination1 even to those who know little of such subjects1 is sufficient to show that the preponderance is not quite so palpable as at first it appears4 ,for the weights ,g and ,f1 ,h and ,e1 ,i and ,d are evidently in equilibrio1 because at the same horizontal distance from the center2 and if the favorable supposition that the weight ,b has already run out be admitted1 it will then remain a question whether these two exterior weights1 ,b and ,c1 can preponderate over the four inner weights1 ,k ,l ,m ,a4 ,the more accurate examination of this particular contrivance will lead to the following theorem3 ,in two concentric circles1 if tangents be drawn at the extreme points of a diameter of the smaller1 and continued till they intersect the larger1 the common center of gravity of the arc of the greater circle included between the tangents and of the half periphery of the smaller circle on the opposite side of the diameter1 will be the common center of the circles4 ,if1 therefore1 the balls were indefinitely numerous and small1 the supposed effective parts of the wheel 7,fig4 #e7 would be in equilibrio1 as well as the parts beneath the horizontal tangent of the inner circle4 ,fig4 #f represents the contrivance of ,dr4 ,schwiers1 which1 in a periodical publication1 in other particulars respectable1 has been said to continue in motion for weeks and even months together4 ,there is not the smallest probability that it should continue in motion for half a minute1 or nearly as long as a simple wheel would retain part of its first impulse4 ,the external circle denotes a wheel carrying a number of buckets1 ,a ,b ,i ,l1 etc4 ,c represents a toothed wheel1 on the same axis which drives a pinion ,d2 and this last drives another pinion ,e upon the axis of a lanthorn1 or wheel intended to work a chain-pump with the same number of buckets as in the larger wheel ,a ,b ,i4 ,the lanthorn ,g is made of such a size as to receive the buckets a b i l with a due velocity4 ,k represents a gutter through which a metallic ball1 contained in the bucket m1 may run and lodge itself in the bucket ,a of the wheel4 ,each of the buckets of the wheel1 ,b ,i ,l ,m1 which are below the gutter1 is supplied with a metallic ball1 and so likewise are the ascending buckets1 a b i l m1 of the chain-pump4 ,as the pump supplies the wheel1 it is again supplied at ,m1 where the balls fall into its ascending buckets4 ,now1 it is presumed that the balls in the wheel ,i suppose on account of their distance from the center of motion1 will descend with more than sufficient force to raise those on the chain1 and1 consequently1 that the motion will be perpetual4 ,the deception in this contrivance has much less seduction than in the two foregoing1 because it is more easily referred to the simple lever4 ,this1 like the others1 exhibits no prospect of success1 when tried by the simple consideration of the quality of the ascent and descent in the whole time of the rotation of a single ball4 ,it may also be shown from the principles of wheel-work1 which are familiar to artisans1 that whatever is gained by the excess of the diameter of the great wheel beyond that of the wheel ,c1 is again lost by the excess of the lanthorn ,a beyond the pinion ,e4 ,illustration ,the fundamental proposition of the simple lever or balance1 that equal bodies at an equal distance from the fulcrum will equiponderate1 but that at unequal distances the most remote will descend1 has1 in these and numberless other instances1 led mechanical workmen and speculators to pursue this fruitless inquiry with labor and expense often ill-afforded1 and with a degree of anxiety and infatuation which can hardly be conceived by those who have never suffered the pain of hope long deferred4 ,for this reason chiefly1 it has appeared desirable and useful to treat the subject in a familiar way without descending to those expressions of contempt1 which ignorance1 harmless to all but itself1 is surely not entitled to4 ,if such reasoners were well convinced that the power of a machine is to be estimated by the excess of motion referred to the perpendicular1 without any regard to the apparent center of the machine1 and that in machines very little compounded it is possible to produce effects directly contrary to the rule which is true of the simple lever1 they would probably renounce many flattering projects1 grounded only on the supposition of its universality4 ,desaguliers contrived an apparatus in which two equal weights may be placed at any distance whatever from the center of motion1 and still continue in equilibrio4 ,fig4 #c represents this instrument4 ,a ,d denotes a balance with equal arms1 and ,e ,f another of the same dimensions4 ,these move on the centers ,b and ,c1 and are connected by the inflexible rods ,a ,e and ,d ,f2 the motion being left free by means of joints at the corners4 ,across the rods ,a ,d1 ,e ,f1 are fixed two bars1 ,i ,k1 ,l ,m4 ,now1 it is unnecessary to show that the weight ,g will describe exactly the same line or circular arc1 when the levers are moved into the position a d f e1 or any other position1 as it would have described in case it had been suspended at ,a1 or ,k1 or ,e2 and that it is of no consequence in this respect at what part of the line ,a ,e or ,i ,k it be fixed4 ,the same observations are true of the weight ,h on the other side4 ,and accordingly it is found that these equal weights may be suspended anywhere on the lines ,i ,k and ,l ,m without altering their equilibrium4 ,illustration ,by this contrivance it is most evidently proved to those who are totally unacquainted with the theory1 that weights do not preponderate in compound engines on account of their distance from the center4 ,several contrivances may be made to the same effect4 ,the following combination of wheel-work presented itself to me as one which would most probably be mistaken for a perpetual motion4 7,fig4 #b1 plate #ae47 ,the five circles represent the same number of wheels of equal diameter and number of teeth1 acting together4 ,the middle wheel ,a is fixed between two upright pillars1 so that it cannot revolve4 ,the other four wheels are pinned in a frame ,h ,i1 in which they can revolve1 and through which the axis of ,a likewise passes4 ,from the extremity of the axis of ,d1 and also of d1 proceed the horizontal levers ,h ,k and ,i ,l1 which are equal1 and point in the same direction parallel to the plane of the wheels4 ,at the extremity of these arms hang the equal weights ,p and p4 ,let it now be imagined that the end ,i of the frame is depressed1 the wheel ,b will turn round by the reaction of the fixed wheel ,a in the same direction as ,h ,i1 and it will make one revolution in the same time relative to the frame1 or two with regard to absolute space1 by reason of its being carried round4 ,the action of ,b upon ,d will produce a rotation relative to the frame in the opposite direction during the same time4 ,instead1 therefore1 of two revolutions like the wheel ,b1 this wheel ,d1 with regard to absolute space1 will not revolve at all1 and in every position of the apparatus the arm ,i ,l will continue horizontal1 and point the same way4 ,for similar reasons the arm ,h ,k will retain its position4 ,consequently1 it is seen that the descending weight will move at a great horizontal distance from the center ,n1 while the ascending weight rises very near that center4 ,but there will1 not on this account1 be a perpetual motion3 for the action of the levers ,h ,k and ,i ,l upon the frame ,h ,i1 by means of the toothed wheels1 will1 in the detail1 be found precisely alike1 and in the general consideration of the motions of ,p and p1 the opposite motions in the circle ,e ,f ,g will be accurately the same4 ,illustration ,it has always been considered as essential to a perpetual motion that it should be derived from some energy which is not supposed to vary in its intensity4 ,such are the inertia1 the gravity or magnetism of bodies4 ,for an occasional or periodical variation of intensity in any force is evidently productive of motion1 which requires only to be accumulated or applied1 and the apparatus for applying it cannot be considered as a machine for perpetual motion4 ,neither in strictness can any machine whose motion is derived from the rotation of the earth1 and the consequent change of seasons and rotation of events1 be so considered1 because it does not generate1 but only communicates4 ,the perpetual flow of rivers2 the vicissitudes of the tides2 the constant1 periodical and variable winds2 the expansions and contractions of air1 mercury1 or other fluids1 by daily or other changes of temperature2 the differences of expansions in metals1 by the same change2 the rise and fall of the mercury in the barometer2 the hygrometric changes in the remains of organized beings1 and every other mutation which continually happens around us1 may be applied to give motion to mills1 clocks1 and other engines1 which may be contrived to endure as long as the apparatus retains its figure4 ,mr4 ,nicholson's article1 published above1 shows1 if nothing else had ever shown1 the fact that he was endowed with a real scientific mind4 ,it also shows what is still most interesting--that his mind anticipated and that he had a subconscious conception of the principle of ,conservation of ,energy4 ,in #ahbd and #ahbe there was published in ,london a mechanical journal called ,the ,artisan2 or ,mechanic's ,instructor4 ,in one of the issues the following occurred on the subject of ,perpetual ,motion3 ,perpetual motion is a motion which is supplied and renewed from itself without the intervention of any external cause3 to find a perpetual motion1 or to construct a machine which shall have such a motion1 is a subject which has engaged the attention of mathematicians for more than #b1jjj years2 though none perhaps have prosecuted it with so much zeal and hopes of ultimate success as some of the speculative philosophers of the present age4 ,infinite are the schemes1 designs1 plans1 engines1 wheels1 etc41 to which this longed-for perpetual motion has given birth2 and it would not only be endless but ridiculous to attempt to give a detail of them all1 especially as none of them deserve particular mention1 since they have all equally proved abortive2 and it would rather partake of the nature of an affront than a compliment1 to distinguish the pretenders of this discovery1 as the very attempting of the thing conveys a very unfavorable idea of the mental powers of the operator4 ,for among all the laws of matter and motion1 we know of none which seems to afford any principle or foundation for such an effect4 ,action and reaction are allowed to be ever equal2 and a body which gives any quantity of motion to another1 always loses just so much of its own2 but1 under the present state of things1 the resistance of the air1 and the friction of the parts of machines1 necessarily retard every motion4 ,to keep the motion going on1 therefore1 there must either be a supply from some foreign cause1 which1 in a perpetual motion1 is excluded4 ,or1 all resistance from the friction of the parts of matter must be removed2 which necessarily implies a change in the nature of things4 ,for by the second law of motion the changes made in the motions of bodies are always proportional to the impressed moving force1 and are produced in the same direction with it2 no motion1 then1 can be communicated to any engine1 greater than that of the first force impressed4 ,but1 on our earth1 all motion is performed in a resisting fluid1 namely1 the atmosphere1 and must1 therefore1 of necessity1 be retarded2 consequently1 a considerable quantity of its motion will be spent on the medium4 ,nor is there any engine or machine wherein all friction can be avoided2 there being in nature no such thing as exact smoothness or perfect congruity2 the manner of the cohesion of the parts of bodies1 the small proportion which the solid matter bears to the vacuities between them1 and the nature of those constituent particles not admitting it4 ,friction1 therefore1 will also1 in time1 sensibly diminish the impressed or communicated force2 so that a perpetual motion can never follow1 unless the communicated force be so much greater than the generating force as to supply the diminution occasioned by all these causes2 but the generating force cannot communicate a greater degree of motion than it had itself4 ,therefore1 the whole affair of finding a perpetual motion comes to this1 viz41 to make a weight heavier than itself1 or an elastic force greater than itself2 or1 there must be some method of gaining a force equivalent to what is lost by the artful disposition and combination of the mechanical powers3 to this last point then1 all endeavors are to be directed2 but how1 or by what means such a force can be gained1 is still a mystery6 ,the multiplication of powers or forces avails nothing2 for what is gained in power is lost in time2 so that the quantity of motion still remains the same4 ,the whole science of mechanics cannot really make a little power equal or superior to a larger2 and wherever a less power is found in equilibrio with a greater--as1 for example1 twenty-five pounds with one hundred--it is a kind of deception of the sense2 for the equilibrium is not strictly between one hundred pounds and twenty-five pounds moving 7or disposed to move7 four times as fast as the one hundred pounds4 ,a power of ten pounds moving with ten times the velocity of one hundred pounds would have equalled the one hundred in the same manner2 and the same may be said of all the possible products equal to one hundred3 but there must still be one hundred pounds of power on each side1 whatever way they may be taken1 whether in matter or in velocity4 ,this is an inviolable law of nature2 by which nothing is left to art1 but the choice of the several combinations that may produce the same effects4 ,the only interest that we can take in the projects which have been tried for procuring a perpetual motion must arise from the opportunity that they afford of observing the weakness of human reason4 ,for a better instance of this can scarcely be supplied than to see a man spending whole years in the pursuit of an object1 which a single week's application to sober philosophy would have convinced him was unattainable4 ,but for the satisfaction of those who may not be convinced of the impossibility of attaining this grand object1 we shall add a few observations on the subject of a still more practical nature than the above4 ,illustration ,the most satisfactory confutation of the notion of the possibility of a perpetual motion is derived from the consideration of the properties of the center of gravity2 it is only necessary to examine whether it will begin to descend or ascend when the machine moves1 or whether it will remain at rest4 ,if it be so placed that it must either remain at rest or ascend1 it is clear1 from the laws of equilibrium1 that no motion derived from gravitation can take place2 if it may descend1 it must either continue to descend forever with a finite velocity1 which is impossible1 or it must first descend and then ascend with a vibratory motion1 and then the case will be reducible to that of a pendulum1 where it is obvious that no new motion is generated1 and that the friction and resistance of the air must soon destroy the original motion4 ,one of the most common fallacies by which the superficial projectors of machines for obtaining a perpetual motion have been deluded1 has arisen from imagining that any number of weights ascending by a certain path on one side of the center of motion1 and descending on the other at a greater distance1 must cause a constant preponderance on the side of the descent2 and for this purpose weights have been made to slide or roll along grooves or planes1 which lead them to a more remote part of the wheel1 from whence they return as they ascend1 as represented in the following figure3 ,or they have been fixed on hinges which allow them to fall over at a certain point so as to become more distant from the center2 but it will appear on the inspection of such a machine that although some of the weights are more distant from the center than others1 yet there is always a proportionally smaller number of them on that side on which they have the greater power2 so that these circumstances precisely counterbalance each other4 ,we have heard it proposed to attach hollow arms to a wheel by joints or hinges at the circumference1 and to fill these arms with quicksilver or small balls instead of the plan represented by the above figure2 but though we have never heard of it having been tried1 we are perfectly convinced that it would end as all other attempts have done2 that is1 in a total failure4 ,the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion ,asserted ,the enthusiastic earnestness with which the subject of ,perpetual ,motion was formerly discussed is illustrated by the fact that the ,holy ,scriptures were dragged in to support arguments on the proposition4 ,the following is a verbatim copy of an article published in an ,english scientific magazine in #ahbi3 ,notice to ,perpetual ,motion ,seekers4--,the following is a literal copy of a communication which we have received under this head4 ,we publish it for the benefit of all concerned3 ,perpetual ,motion ,seekers6 see ,coloss41 ch4 ii41 v4 #h--';,beware lest any man spoil you1 through philosophy and vain deceit1 after the tradition of men1 after the rudiments of the world4' ,ye are making the words of ,god of none effect by your traditions in publishing these things to the world4 ,how can such toys and baubles as these be perpetual8 ,see ,malachi1 ch4 iv41 v4 #a--';,for behold the day cometh that shall burn as an oven2 and all the proud1 yea1 all that do wickedly1 shall be as stubble4' ,here is the end of them4 ,i1 the undersigned1 have to inform the public1 the model for making perpetual motion is to be found in that too much neglected book of models1 the ,bible4 ,i called upon the ,lord1 and he showed it to me4 ,i said1 ',lord1 shall ,i show this unto them8 ,this was the answer to me3 ,see ,isaiah1 ch4 xli41 v4 #bi--';,behold1 they are all vanity2 their works are nothing4' ,i said1 ',lord1 be pleased to show me some more about it4' ',bring forth your strong reasons1 saith the ,king of ,jacob4'--,isaiah1 ch4 xli41 v4 #ba4 ,this was the answer3 ,see ,isaiah1 ch4 xli41 v4 #ad--';,fear not1 thou worm ,jacob4 99 99 ,behold1 ,i will make thee a new sharp threshing instrument having teeth2 thou shalt thresh the mountains1 and beat them small1 and shall make the hills as chaff4' ,see also ,jeremiah1 ch4 vii41 v4 #i--',the wise men are ashamed2 they are dismayed and taken1' etc4 ,see also ,jeremiah1 ch4 ix41 v4 #ab--',who is the wise man that may understand this8' ,if there is not a wise and learned man who can show this1 there is a deaf and unlearned man that will1 by the blessing of ,god1 set it forth to you4 ,i am that deaf and unlearned man1 ,george ,lovatt1 ,stafford4 ,p4 ,s4--,mr4 ,editor3 ,i have told you what ,i was commanded to do4 ,see ,ezekiel1 ch4 iii41 v4 #d to the end4 ,now1 see thou forget it not2 let those models which come from the ,word of ,god have the first place4--,joshua1 ch4 xxiv41 v4 #ae4 ,john ,bernoulli's ,dissertation on ,perpetual ,motion ,john ,bernoulli was born in #affg1 and died in #agdh4 ,he belonged to the famous ,belgian family bearing the name4 ,his family seems to have been peculiarly prolific in men of great genius for mathematics and science4 ,almost any encyclopedia with any pretense for thoroughness will mention and give the sketch of the life of from five to nine members of the ,bernoulli family4 ,john ,bernoulli possessed perhaps the greatest genius of any bearing the name for pure mathematics and pure mechanics4 ,he was a contemporary of such men as ,leibnitz1 ,euler and ,newton1 a co-laborer with the two former1 but never conceded the merits of ,newton4 ,he was of a peculiar disposition1 of intense likes and dislikes and among his peculiarities it may be mentioned that he harbored an unreasonable hatred toward a worthy and deserving son4 ,in #agdb he wrote a work entitled ,dissertation on ,effervescence and ,fermentation4 ,to this work he added an appendix entitled ,concerning ,artificial ,perpetual ,motion4 ,the appendix translated into ,english and as published by ,dircks1 is as follows3 ,scarcely had ,i finished this dissertation1 when1 attentively considering the nature of precipitation and secretion1 briefly explained in the last pages1 there accidentally occurred to me a mode of constructing1 by means of some continually flowing liquid1 the much-talked of and long-desired ,perpetual ,artificial ,motion2 and this as a completion to my work1 on account of the affinity of the subject1 ,i now propose for the consideration of the learned4 ,no one need be told how eagerly for a length of time this same ,perpetual ,motion has been sought after by the most celebrated men1 how ardently desired2 what indeed have they not contrived8 ,to what expense have they not gone8 ,how many machines have they not constructed8 ,but all in vain4 ,the secret desire of this ,perpetual ,motion still perplexes and torments many1 and excites their minds to such a degree that we see the ears and minds of learned men carried away by it2 yet many philosophers reject the idea1 unanimously asserting that ,perpetual ,motion cannot be communicated and cannot be invented2 which opinion is nevertheless not of any weight1 seeing that they rashly judge that no one should be listened to who boasts of having found out such a thing2 and their reasons 7as ,i confess7 do not suffice to convince me2 for ,i do not hesitate to assert not only that ,perpetual ,motion may be discovered1 but that it has now actually been discovered1 as will be confessed by any one who reads these lines2 and what is this labor to many8 does not ,nature herself 7who is never said not to operate by mechanical laws7 indicate ,perpetual ,motion to be possible8 ,to recall but one instance1 what is the constant flux and reflux of the rivers and seas but ,perpetual ,motion8 ,does it not all belong to ,mechanics8 ,therefore1 you must confess that it does not exceed the limits of mechanical laws1 and is not impossible2 what then hinders that following ,nature in this1 we should be able perfectly to imitate her8 as indeed ,i shall so conclude1 by declaring to these the possibility of ,perpetual ,motion and the manner of obtaining it2 and lest thou come to an adverse conclusion1 or regard it as a ,titanic enterprise1 ,i pray that thou mayest first well weigh the thing1 or1 if it so please thee1 put its truth to the test of experience4 ,first of all the following must be premised3 #a4 ,if there are two fluids of different density1 the weights of which respectively are in the ratio ,g to ,l2 the altitudes of cylinders of equal weight1 and having the same base1 will be in the ratio ,l to ,g4 #b4 ,therefore1 if the altitude ,a ,c of one fluid contained in the vessel ,a ,d to be the altitude ,e ,f of the other fluid contained in an open tube1 as ,l to ,d2 the fluids so placed will remain at rest4 ,illustration #c4 ,therefore1 if ,a ,c to ,e ,f be in a greater ratio than ,l to ,g1 the fluid in the tube will ascend2 or if the tube be not sufficiently long1 the fluid will escape by the orifice ,e4 7,these are proved by ,hydrostatics47 #d4 ,it is possible to have two fluids of different gravity1 which are capable of being mixed one with the other4 #e4 ,it is possible to have a filter1 strainer or other separator1 by means of which the lighter fluid may be separated from the heavier4 ,construction ,these being pre-supposed1 ,i construct ,perpetual ,motion in the following manner3 ,let two fluids of different gravity and capable of mixing together 7which is possible by ,hyp4 #d7 be taken in any quantities1 in equal quantities1 if desired2 let the ratios of their gravities be first determined1 which suppose as ,g to ,l1 the heavier to the lighter2 and being mixed1 let a vessel1 ,a ,d1 be filled to ,a4 ,this having been done1 let a tube be taken1 open at both ends ,e ,f2 and of such a length that ,a ,c 3 ,e ,f #b ,l 3 ,g ,l2 and the orifice ,f stopped1 or rather filled with a filter or some substance separating the lighter fluid from the heavier 7as is possible also by ,hyp4 #e72 when the tube filled in this manner with fluid is immersed to the bottom of the vessel ,c ,d2 ,i say that the fluid will continually ascend by the orifice of the tube ,f1 and by the orifice ,e will fall into the fluid below4 ,demonstration ,because the orifice of the tube ,f is occupied by a filter 7by ,constr47 which separates the lighter fluid from the heavier2 it follows1 that if the tube be immersed to the bottom of the vessel1 the fluid lighter by itself1 which is mixed with the heavier fluid1 must ascend in the tube1 and as it will ascend above the surface of the surrounding fluid as ,a ,c 3 ,e ,f #b ,l 3 ,g ,l 3 which is 7by ,const47 ,a ,c 3 ,e ,f #b ,l 3 ,g ,l1 it necessarily follows 7by ,hyp4 #c7 that the lighter liquid1 through the orifice ,e1 will fall in the vessel below2 there it again mixes with the heavier 7by ,hyp4 #d72 and then1 penetrating the filter1 ascends again into the tube1 and escapes by the upper orifice4 ,so1 therefore1 the flow is continued perpetually4--,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,corollary ,hence a reason may easily be given1 why water from the depths of the ocean1 ascending into the summits of the mountains1 bursts from them in the form of rivers and flows again into the ocean2 so does ,nature offer to us the spectacle of perpetual motion4 ,hence ,i say1 they do not well explain who allege that the water ascends to these heights through the pores of the earth1 as a fluid ascends in narrow tubes above the surface of the fluid surrounding2 for if such were the explanation of the thing1 they would never be able to demonstrate it2 for the water so raised to a height from the bosom of the earth1 falls again1 whereas we see that the fluid in these narrow tubes1 although slightly elevated above the surrounding surface1 never issues from their orifices and falls into the fluid below4 ,the following is then the more feasible explanation4 ,it is known that water in which much salt is held in solution is heavier than fresh water2 now sea-water1 as is sufficiently evident from the taste1 contains many saline particles2 consequently it is heavier than spring or river water2 so that it is credible that the earth acts like a filter through the pores of which only fresh water can pass1 the saline particles being left behind1 and this increases the weight of the water2 the fresh water must ascend much higher on account of the immense profundity of the ocean1 as it is forced to the highest peaks of the mountains by the presence of the sea-water2 and thence1 not being able to ascend any higher1 it falls in rivers4 ,p4 ,christopher ,scheiner ,that an earnest belief in the possibility of ,perpetual ,motion has not been confined entirely to scientific tyros and enthusiastic dreamers1 is sufficiently attested by the fact that a respectable number of eminent scientists1 many of whom had done great service in their scientific labors1 have believed in such possibility4 ,among these is to be mentioned ,p4 ,christopher ,scheiner1 a ,german1 born #aege1 and died #afej4 ,he was a mechanic of note2 in his day made valuable additions to what was known of light and optics1 invented the ,pantagraph1 discovered solar spots1 besides benefiting mankind by many other distinguished fruits of his genius4 ,the subject of ,perpetual ,motion claimed some of his attention4 ,he wrote in defense of its possibility4 ,the substance of what he said1 translated into ,english1 is as follows3 ,let the centre of the universe then1 or of gravity1 be ,a1 and the gnomon ,a ,b ,c1 of which the extremity ,a is pierced and traversed by an axis going through the centre of the world1 so that it may turn and revolve freely and easily around the said centre2 to the other extremity of the gnomon1 ,c1 let a phial full of water be attached4 ,the weight ,c will turn around the centre ,a and will first come to ,d1 thence to ,e1 thence to ,f and ,g2 then it will return to ,c1 having described a complete circle1 ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g2 then it will again move to ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 etc41 and so perpetually1 since there is no reason for its stopping in any point of the circle rather than in another4 ,illustration ,that indeed the weight ,c affixed to the gnomon will move from ,c to ,d1 is proved by daily experience1 by which it is established that a gnomon so contrived and placed erect on any flat space1 will not be able to stand1 but the arm ,b ,c1 ,c preponderating1 will move towards ,d4 ,it may in the second place be proved1 that if1 on the other hand1 another arm ,b ,g be added to the gnomon1 equal in weight and similar to the other1 the whole ,g ,b ,c ,a will remain motionless in equilibrium2 therefore the arm ,b ,g being taken away and equilibrium being destroyed1 the arm ,b ,c must move in the opposite direction4 ,the above1 from ,scheiner1 called forth the following from ,schott1 who was also an eminent mathematician3 ,whether there could be a perpetual artificial motion around the centre of the earth8 ,illustration ,we have treated this question in our ,hydraulico-pneumatic ,mechanics1 ,part #b1 ,class #b1 ,machine #ac1 not however universally1 but only in one particular case1 that of the ,gnomon of ,scheiner4 ,for ,p4 ,christopher ,scheiner1 in ,mathematical ,disquisitions1 in ,number ,,xv41 ,corollary #d1 asserts ,perpetual ,artificial ,motion not to be repugnant to ,nature1 and attempts to prove it in the following manner4 ,let a gnomon of a certain weight ,a ,b ,c be suspended around ,a1 the centre of the universe1 and bound to the beam ,d ,f1 which is supported by the columns ,d ,f and ,e ,g and turns at the pole ,d or ,e2 or let it be fixed at the poles1 but the gnomon revolving at ,a4 ,these being the conditions1 ,i say that the gnomon ,a ,b ,c will revolve from ,c to ,h and towards ,i1 thence will return to ,c1 thence to ,h as before1 and so on perpetually4 ,the cause of this continual motion is the forcible suspension2 for the whole gnomon preponderates in ,c on account of the perpendicular tangent ,b ,a2 which effect becomes more marked if a globe of iron ,s be supposed suspended at ,c4 ,as therefore the whole of this mass1 as well from the supports of the balance as from the momentary diameter1 hangs suspended at ,c1 and the vertex ,a1 on account of the firm beam ,d ,e1 cannot fall from the centre of the universe2 it comes to pass that all points as well of the globe ,s1 as of the gnomon ,a ,b ,c1 with a continual motion turn round ,a2 but because1 by the line ,b ,a in the fixed point ,a1 they are held from falling to the centre2 therefore the greatest force of that tendency is exerted in the line ,b1 and induces it to inclination2 which inclination on account of the continuous solidity of the gnomon cannot be at all abated1 so that the whole impetus is exerted either at the point ,a about the movable beam or at the movable poles of the beam ,d and ,e2 which poles being free in their sockets ,d and ,e1 abandon themselves to the motion of ,nature1 and thus do not in any wise hinder a perpetual circular motion4 ,what indeed is self-evident in this1 reason confirms1 and daily experience in statics manifests4 ,for if a short gnomon stand either on the terrestrial superficies ,m ,n1 ,o ,p1 or ,q ,r2 it will always fall towards the part ,c1 or ,n1 by the preponderating portion ,m ,k ,c2 which is manifested in daily experiments4 ,thence it is evident that if the gnomon were entire1 the force which it exerts at ,n would pass into the line ,b ,a still hanging over the centre4 ,and this is one argument4 ,the other is from the contrary4 ,for if an equal and similar gnomon were attached towards the part ,d1 then the whole mass hanging on its centre would remain in equilibrium and there would be no motion2 consequently the one half being taken away1 the other would necessarily move according to the laws and experience of statics4 ,if the shortened gnomon ,m ,b ,c ,n were bound only to the point ,m1 the rest being left free1 it would certainly revolve1 and in the same case1 the point ,c would describe almost a semicircular arc till1 coming down to a perpendicular position1 it would there remain4 ,now as the force of the entire gnomon falls in the vertex ,a1 there would be an entire and perpetual revolution around ,a4 ,much more would this be the case if on the centre ,c stood either the small curve ,a ,c ,l ,a or the larger one ,a ,k ,c1 or finally the globe ,s alone1 hanging from two iron rods ,a ,b and ,b ,c1 or from one arc1 ,a ,n ,c4 ,from this1 therefore1 it may be demonstrated that a perpetual circular motion is possible4 ,in #ahbe1 the following was contributed to and published in ,mechanics' ,magazine4 ,we are unable to give the name of the contributor1 but he writes in encouragement of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,the gist of his article is as follows3 ,we can now1 however1 soar above the clouds1 explore the depths of the ocean1 and skim over its surface4 99 99 99 ,and be it remembered that we owe these and many other advantages to a few persevering individuals who were1 in all probability1 stigmatized as chimerical visionaries by those who seem to have an unconquerable propensity to condemn everything above the level of their own understanding4 ,if by perpetual motion nothing more is meant than the putting in motion some of the most durable substances with which we are acquainted1 in such a manner as to ensure a continuance of motion as long as those substances will resist the effects of time and friction1 ,i do not despair of seeing it accomplished4 99 99 99 ,he thinks there is reasonable ground to hope that the time is not far distant when even this impossibility must yield to persevering ingenuity4 ,in the present state of public opinion with regard to its practicability1 it would be looked upon as an empty boast1 were ,i to assert that the discovery is already made4 ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley in #ahbd1 contributed an article to ,mechanics' ,magazine1 asserting the possibility of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,the following excerpts give the substance of his article3 ,i feel no hesitation in standing up in support of this grand desideratum1--this almost forsaken friend of science1--whether the thing be practicable or not4 ,on the contrary1 ,persevere should be every one's advice2 to do so1 or discontinue1 every one's own pleasure4 ,and why should the impossibility of anything be pronounced unless it be established wherein the limits of possibility consist8 ,it is puerile in the extreme to be foretelling defeat when so many other objects may be gained by the highly laudable pursuit1 perhaps of greater advantage to society at large than the discovery in question4 99 99 99 ,in a word1 were the perpetual motion discovered tomorrow1 it would be wise of all the governments of the world to offer a very high reward for some species of discovery that would be universally sought after1 although it might never be found out4 99 99 99 ,the effects of industry are--enlargement of the mind1 accumulation of knowledge1 and rendering ourselves ignorant of the torments which idleness and dulness always engender4 99 99 99 ,in the next place1 there are no solid grounds for the assertion that the discovery of a perpetual motion is an impossibility4 ,in the present state of human knowledge respecting the powers of nature1 it is not demonstrable one way or another4 99 99 99 ,the study of what relates to the perpetual motion has this great advantage1 that it directs to the discovery of error as well as of truth2 whereas1 what are they which are called truths of science at present but vacillating human opinions1 or erroneous assumptions of what we call natural causes8 ,what are they but such as consist in mere assumption1 sanctioned by time1 and admitted by existing authorities in science1 and of course generally acquiesced in1 without previous investigation8 ,so far1 then1 from being guided in our decision respecting what is possible by the unerring laws of nature1 by mathematical demonstration1 and by experimental proofs1 we are continually misled by an erroneous faith in the nonentity1 attraction4 ,on such an imperfect knowledge of the causes of phenomena1 who should say he knows what can or what cannot be discovered8 ,article ,from ,pamphleteer ,in the ,pamphleteer1 published in ,london1 the following by a correspondent whose name we cannot give was published in ,march of #ahbb3 ,a few words inducing towards the discovery of ,perpetual ,motion1 perhaps the actual discovery thereof3 ,london1 ,march1 #ahbb4 ,what is meant by the term ,perpetual ,motion8 ,is it supposed that there is an undiscovered substance in the world1 that will of itself perpetually move1 with as little apparent cause as that which actuates the needle in becoming motionless in one particular position8 ,or1 is it to be found in the combined reaction of mechanical powers8 ,the first idea is stamped with a degree of probability1 by the mystery of the needle2 yet ,i imagine the latter is relied on with the greater confidence of mankind1 and is the pith of the following few words3 ,it is well known that the weight of a pendulum will almost regain the level from which it descended1 losing a little space at every vibration1 until it becomes motionless2 if of itself it could exceed or even regain the level1 doubtless it would become a perpetual motion4 ,to find a power that will aid the motion of the pendulum1 and in conjunction renew its strength1 is what is wanted to create perpetual motion4 ,what ,i shall endeavor to explain will at least induce towards the discovery of this power4 ,the principal parts of the machinery about to be shown are in number three3 ,a vibrating pendulum4 ,a revolving pendulum1 and ,a tubular lever4 ,a vibrating pendulum in motion describes a segment of a circle1 and returns on the same segment1 and at every vibration its described segment decreases4 ,a revolving pendulum is composed of two or more pendulums1 united at their lighter extremities1 there revolving on an axis1 the heavier extremities being placed at equal distances in the outer circle3 this1 ,i believe1 is what is termed a fly-wheel when affixed to hand-mills1 etc4 ,the tubular lever is the chief instigator of the whole1 and must contain a weight apportioned to the weights of the two pendulums4 ,fix the lever on a cross axis2 thus1 on an axis within a circle1 the circle on an axis at opposite angles1 thereby is given to each extremity of the lever a revolving power of motion2 attach one extremity of the lever to the outer circle of a revolving pendulum1 the other extremity confine within the bar of the vibrating pendulum2 thus combined1 the effect to be produced when put in motion will be this3 ,the two pendulums will guide the motion of the lever1 which then partakes of the power of a pendulum1 giving fresh impulse at every vibration of the pendulum1 and every half revolution of the revolving pendulum2 for1 as each extremity of the lever rises1 the weight within falls to the opposite extremity1 and gives fresh impulse to the whole3 thus 7if my idea is correct7 will be produced motion perpetual--that is to say1 perpetual so long as the materials of which it is made will hold together4 ,i have given this short description merely by way of example1 as ,i believe there are several ways of combining these three powers1 so as to produce perpetual motion1 if my idea on the subject is correct4 ,the lever may contain mercury or a solid orb of heavy substance2 and if the tube be exhausted of air the weight will pass more freely1 and certainly increase the power of the lever4 ,j4 ,welch ,in #ahbe the following article was published in ,mechanics' ,magazine1 having been contributed by ,j4 ,welch3 ,those who condemn the notion altogether seem to have taken but a very confined view of the subject4 ,what they say about mere matter is right enough2 but they seem to forget that there are other active agents in nature which possess wonderful powers1 that have nothing to do with either bulk1 weight1 or form4 ,such are electricity1 magnetic attraction1 capillary attraction1 and the irregular pressure of the atmosphere4 ,the powers of electricity are great1 and1 indeed1 it seems to be the primum mobile that gives life and motion to the animated part of the creation4 ,dr4 ,franklin shows us how to give a circular coated plate1 revolving on an axle1 sufficient power to roast a chicken1 merely by once changing 7charging87 it4 ,could not a plate of this kind be made to turn a small electrical apparatus1 so situated as to keep the charge in the plate always at its maximum8 ,the whole might be kept dry by having it enclosed in a glass case4 ,it has often been attempted to give motion to a wheel by the power of a loadstone1 but hitherto without effect2 no substance in nature being found to have the power1 by interposition1 of cutting off its attractive property4 ,still ,i think it should be further investigated4 ,is a small piece of steel in the form of a wedge as strongly attracted at the smaller end as at the thicker8 ,and would not twenty or thirty pieces of steel1 of that form1 placed round the circumference of a circle1 the point of one towards the head of the other1 cause a magnet placed in the centre1 to revolve in the direction in which their points lie8 ,i think1 perhaps not2 but still such experiments should be tried4 ,in capillary attraction we have a power that at once raises fluids above their level4 ,it is this which carries the oil up the wick of a lamp as fast as the flame consumes it4 ,water and other fluids rise through cotton even quicker than oil2 and he who can contrive to collect them as they arrive at the top will discover perpetual motion4 ,would not water run constantly through a siphon1 one leg of which was made of a collection of capillary tubes1 and the other in the usual way8 or would the water above and below the tubes neutralize and destroy their power8 ,i now come to the pressure of the atmosphere1 a thing easily understood4 99 99 99 ,make a cast-iron barometrical tube1 with a top sufficiently large to contain #b cwt4 of mercury2 invert it in a basin large enough to contain #b or #c cwt4 more1 and let a piece of iron of #aj or #ab stones weight float on the mercury in this basin1 so as to rise and fall along with it at every change of the weather4 ,we have here both motion and power4 ,the motion1 indeed1 will sometimes stand still1 but then it can easily be regulated1 and made a constant quantity in the machine to be attached4 ,i have no doubt but clocks1 etc41 may be made to derive their chiming principle from a contrivance of this nature4 ,article ,from ,mechanics' ,magazine ,in #ahca1 the following article was contributed by an unknown correspondent to1 and published in ,mechanics' ,magazine3 ,yes2 we shall conquer6 ,all those dangers past ,will serve to enrich the future story4 ,the application to the subject1 on my part1 has been accompanied by continual experimental elucidations of the subjects considered1 and comparisons of these with the axioms1 theorems1 and demonstrations of one of the best authorities1 if ,i may be allowed so to call my favorite author1 ,emerson1 whose ,i says are generally correct4 ,i disagree with ,mr4 ,b41 and do trust that even a perpetual motion seeker might deserve encouragement1 if it be found that such a character may exist in a person who is not so ignorant of first principles as ,mr4 ,b4 supposes all are who have this bias2 especially if it be found that the person's researches have been connected with subjects of a more tangible nature1 relating to the improvement of the useful arts1 and particularly to some modern inventions of high importance that are not perfectly correct in their construction4 ,in this article1 ,mr4 ,b4 advises those who are misspending their time in this pursuit1 to consider the question in its most simple form1 divested of more complicated operations1 which simple form is that of a pulley accurately constructed so as to reduce the resistance to motion as much as possible4 ,he says1 it will be found1 as long as the weights are equal1 there will be no motion produced1 but wherever the weights are placed they will remain2 and to produce vertical motion in the smallest degree1 it will be necessary to add a weight to one of the former to create a preponderancy4 ,this weight he calls the mechanical loss1 and an insurmountable bar to perpetual motion1 etc4 ,we need not follow ,mr4 ,b4 to his conclusion1 as ,i think this insurmountable bar can be easily removed2 and ,i shall be able to show that this equilibrium1 for such it merely is1 can be destroyed without adding to one of the weights1 or absolutely taking from the other2 though this may virtually be considered to be the case1 inasmuch as we can at least produce an effect on the system as if the weight were reduced4 ,mr4 ,b4 says1 under this arrangement1 wherever the weights are placed they will remain1 unless an addition is made to one of them4 ,we will therefore suppose the following diagram to represent the arrangement on a small scale1 delicately constructed4 ,illustration ,a ,b are the two weights connected to each other by the string passing over the pulley1 and being nicely equalized in their weight1 here would1 of course1 be an equilibrium on the principle of the lever4 ,but take a flat piece of wood1 such as a ruler1 and place it obliquely in a way so as not to interfere with the pulley m in the direction d1 and then bring the weight to impinge upon it in a way so as not to move the weight ,a m1 ,c d1 the least1 or alter its position4 ,what will be the consequence8 ,some would say1 why1 the weight ,a would then descend1 and cause the weight ,b to ascend4 ,but ,i should rather say1 the reaction of the plane when acted on by the weight ,b1 having destroyed the equilibrium of the forces1 motion takes place4 ,now1 if we attribute this motion to the reaction of the plane on the weight1 though we will not go so far as to say motion is generated1 yet if we say1 by this simple arrangement the equilibrium is destroyed and motion takes place1 the least we can admit is1 that motion is communicated to the system1 and that by the agency of part of the machine itself1 the apparatus employed being considered as such4 ,then1 why so much objection to the term self-moving machine in limited sense8 ,but ,i will not dispute about words1 which are but the images of things1 and images may be strangely distorted by the medium through which they are received--of which distorting mediums1 there is none equal to that of prejudice in favor of abstract notions--which notions perhaps1 if rigidly examined1 would be found to have no foundation in facts or in common sense4 ,another demonstrator of the impossibility of perpetual motion1 is ,mr4 ,mackinnon 7see ,mechanical ,magazine1 ,vol4 #a1 ,page #cfc74 ,as no doubt the different attempts to produce1 or communicate1 continued and perpetual motion1 at least1 such as are often brought forward by persons unacquainted with the science of mechanics1 are generally to those who are acquainted with that science1 if not absolutely ridiculous1 yet of a nature to excite a smile at their futility3 still there are a few 7perhaps a very few7 who entertain an opinion that such a thing is not impracticable1 and who have1 from practical experience as well as study1 acquired a tolerable insight into the laws of nature 7so far as relate to this subject72 who in their turn cannot help smiling at the weak reasoning of some other would-be philosophers1 who gravely give their dictum in the case4 ,in this class ,i include ,mr4 ,mackinnon1 who very gravely goes to work to prove1 etc41 and flatters himself he shall1 if rightly understood1 help to prevent much future waste of time on the subject4 ,he then goes on to give us his definition of inertia1 by which he informs us that a body in a state of rest will remain so until it is moved 7wonderful67--that it cannot move itself--that it has not that power--and that no mechanical contrivance can give it that power4 7,how profound67 ,,summarized ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,page ,introduction #c ,contents #e-f ,preface #g-aj ,introductory ,essay #aa-ba ,,chapter ,i--,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,wheels ,,and ,,weights-- ,wilars ,de ,honecort2 ,a ,repetition of ,wilars ,honecort's plan2 ,leonardo da ,vinci2 ,a4 ,capra's ,device2 ,the ,device of ,dixon ,vallance2 ,furman's ,device2 ,schirrmeister's ,mechanical ,movement2 ,james ,ferguson's ,device2 ,b4 ,belidor's ,device2 ,desagulier's ,proposition on the ,balance2 ,john ,haywood's ,device2 ,explanation of the ,failure of ,wheels and ,weights ,devices to ,accomplish ,perpetual ,motion #bb-fg ,,chapter ,,ii--,,devices ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,rolling ,,weights ,,and ,,inclined ,,planes-- ,device by ,mercury in ,inclined ,glass ,tube and ,heavy ,ball on ,inclined ,plane2 ,series of ,inclined ,planes2 ,devices by ,oscillating ,trough and ,cannon ,balls2 ,unpublished ,inclined ,plane and ,weights ,devices ,noted by the ,author #fh-ge ,,chapter ,,iii--,,hydraulic ,,and ,,hydro-,,mechanical ,,devices-- ,enbon and ,anderson's ,pump2 ,device of ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis2 ,bckler's ,plates2 ,john ,linley's ,hydraulic ,device2 ,device of ,author of the ,voice of ,reason2 ,an ,italian ,device2 ,p4 ,valentine ,stansel's ,device2 ,vogel's ,device2 ,a ,water ,wheel-,driven ,pump2 ,a ,journeyman ,mechanic's ,device2 ,james ,black's ,device2 ,archimedean ,screw and ,liquid2 ,john ,sims's ,problem2 ,a ,perpetual ,pump1 by an ,unknown ,inventor2 ,explanation of the ,failure of ,hydraulic and ,hydro-,mechanical ,devices to ,accomplish ,perpetual ,motion #gf-aag ,,chapter ,,iv--,,pneumatic1 ,,siphon ,,and ,,hydro-,,pneumatic ,,devices-- ,the ,hydrostatical ,paradox2 ,pickering's ,device2 ,stuckey's ,device2 ,prof4 ,george ,sinclair's ,device2 ,jacob ,brazill's ,device2 ,lserson's ,device2 ,von ,rathen ,ellis' ,device2 ,richard ,varley's ,device2 ,siphon and ,funnel ,device2 ,orchard's ,vacuum ,engine2 ,robert ,copland's ,device2 ,eaton's ,perpetual ,siphon2 ,legge's ,hydro-,pneumatic ,power ,device2 ,waterblowing ,machine2 ,device by ,means of ,buoyancy ,through ,media of ,different ,densities2 ,device by ,compressible and ,distensible ,bags in ,liquid2 ,george ,cunningham's ,mercurial ,pneumatic ,device2 ,explanation of the ,failure of ,pneumatic1 ,siphon and ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices to ,accomplish ,perpetual ,motion #aah-afb ,,chapter ,v--,,magnetic ,,devices-- ,a ,magnetic ,pendulum2 ,magnetic-,driven ,wheel2 ,mackintosh's ,experiment2 ,spence's ,device2 ,joannis ,theisneri's ,semi-,circle2 ,device of ,dr4 ,jacobus #afc-agd ,,chapter ,,vi--,,devices ,,utilizing ,,capillary ,,attraction ,,and ,,physical ,,affinity-- ,ludeke ,wilcken's ,device2 the ,jurin ,device2 ,sir ,william ,congreve1 ,notice of2 ,his ,perpetual ,motion ,devices and ,writings #age-aid ,,chapter ,,vii--,,liquid ,,air ,,as ,a ,,means ,,of ,,perpetual ,,motion-- ,liquefaction of ,air2 ,explanation of ,conservation of ,energy ,applied to2 ,perpetual ,motion by ,means of ,liquid ,air ,pompously ,heralded2 ,failure ,explained #aie-aif ,,chapter ,,viii--,,radium ,,and ,,radio-,,active ,,substances ,,considered ,,as ,a ,,conceived ,,source ,,of ,,perpetual ,,motion-- ,perpetual ,emanation of ,energy2 ,radium ,clock by ,lord ,rayleigh 7,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,strutt72 ,lord ,rayleigh ,not a ,perpetual ,motion ,worker but ,thoroughly ,scientific #aig-aii ,,chapter ,,ix--,,perpetual ,,motion ,,devices ,,attempting ,,its ,,attainment ,,by ,a ,,misconception ,,of ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,momentum ,,and ,,energy-- ,works of ,tyros ,known to ,author2 ,momentum ,defined1 ,differentiated1 ,measured and ,explained2 ,energy ,defined1 ,differentiated1 ,measured and ,explained2 ,explanation by ,author of ,common ,misconception of the ,relation of ,momentum and ,energy and ,attempts to thus ,realize ,perpetual ,motion2 the ,fallacy ,explained by ,illustrations of ,energy ,required for and ,represented by ,acceleration and ,retardation of ,velocity2 ,property of ,numbers ,relating to2 ,arithmetical ,progression ,illustration #bjj-baa ,,chapter ,x--,,the ,,alleged ,,inventions ,,of ,,edward ,,sommerset1 ,,sixth ,,earl ,,and ,,second ,,marquis ,,of ,,worcester1 ,,and ,,of ,,jean ,,ernest ,,eli-,,bessler 7,,councillor7 ,,orffyreus-- ,intense ,interest ,caused by2 ,notice of ,marquis of ,worcester and ,councillor ,orffyreus and ,periods in ,which ,they ,lived2 ,description by ,marquis of ,worcester of the ,essentials of ,his ,claimed ,inventions2 ,excerpts ,from ,remarks of ,councillor ,orffyreus on ,his ,claimed ,invention2 ,dedication by ,councillor ,orffyreus to ,god1 the ,public1 to ,men of ,learning and to ,himself as the ,discoverer2 ,article ,concerning the ,orffyrean ,wheel ,published #agbj in ,gentlemen's ,magazine2 ,criticism by ,a ,constant ,reader of ,attitude of ,w4 ,kenrick ,concerning the ,orffyrean ,wheel2 ,article by ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,desagulier ,concerning the ,device of ,marquis of ,worcester and the ,orffyrean ,wheel2 ,excerpt from ,dr4 ,william ,kenrick's ,lecture on ,perpetual ,motion2 ,de la ,hire's ,remarks ,concerning ,perpetual ,motion2 ,letter from ,prof4 's ,gravesande to ,sir ,isaac ,newton2 ,animadversions of ,prof4 ,alliman on the ,neglect of the ,orffyrean inventions2 ,dr4 ,charles ,hutton's ,scientific ,works and ,notice of the ,orffyrean ,wheel2 ,remarks by the ,author on the ,historical ,celebrity of ,these ,inventions #bab-bee ,,chapter ,,xi--,,conservation ,,of ,,energy4 ,a ,,discussion ,,of ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of ,,conservation ,,of ,,energy1 ,,and ,,the ,,possibility ,,of ,,perpetual ,,motion-- ,statement of ,doctrine of ,conservation of ,energy2 ,upon ,what ,proof of ,doctrine ,rests2 ,not ,mathematically ,proved2 ,conforms to ,natural ,phenomena2 ,multiplied ,illustrations2 ,inter-changeability and ,convertibility of ,heat with ,mechanical and ,other ,forms of ,energy2 ,explanation of ,heat and ,energy ,units1 and ,their ,relative ,equivalents2 ,british ,thermal ,unit1 ,foot-,pound and ,horse-,power and ,their ,mutual ,relationship ,explained2 ,further ,illustrations2 ,galileo's ,famous ,pendulum ,experiment2 ,apparent ,anticipation of the ,principle of ,conservation of ,energy #bef-bfi ,,chapter ,,xii--,,will ,,perpetual ,,motion ,,ever ,,be ,,accomplished8-- ,the ,antiquity of the ,problem2 ,remarks by ,dircks1 ,newton1 ,galileo1 ,huyghens and ,descartes2 ,generalizations of2 ,remarks by ,author ,concerning the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion4 ,comments from ,other ,sources3 #a ,denying the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1--,article by ,dr4 ,papin2 ,article by ,rev4 ,john ,wilkins2 ,article ,based on ,paradoxical ,hydrostatical ,balance2 ,article by ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana2 ,article by ,william ,nicholson2 ,article ,published in ,the ,artisan2 ,article ,published in ,mechanic's ,magazine4 #b ,asserting the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1--,scriptural ,argument2 ,article by ,john ,bernoulli2 ,article by ,p4 ,christopher ,scheiner2 ,article by ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley2 ,article ,published in ,the ,pamphleteer2 ,article by ,j4 ,welch2 ,article ,published in ,mechanic's ,magazine #bgj-ceg ,,index ,page ,air 7,see ,liquid ,air74 ,a ,journeyman ,mechanic's ,device1 #ii ,allaman's ,animadversions on the ,neglect of ,orffyreus's ,inventions1 #bci ,anderson ,enbom's ,pump1 #gf ,archimedean ,screw and ,liquid1 ,device by ,means of1 #ajd ,artisan1 ,the1 ,article ,published in1 #cbi ,bags in ,liquid1 ,compressible and ,distensible1 ,device by ,means of1 #aee ,bellidor1 ,b41 ,his ,account of ,perpetual ,motion ,device1 #df ,bernoulli1 ,john1 ,notice of1 #ccf ,arguments ,supporting ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 #ccf ,black1 ,james1 ,his ,device1 #ajb ,bckler1 ,george ,andrew1 ,his ,plates1 #ha ,buoyancy ,through ,media of ,different ,densities1 #aea ,brewster1 ,sir ,david1 ,edited ,lectures of ,james ,ferguson1 #dd ,in ,appendix to ,ferguson's ,lectures ,gives ,description of ,water-,blowing ,machine1 #adh ,is ,attracted by ,spence's ,device1 and ,writes ,letter ,affording ,description of ,same1 #agj ,british ,patents1 #eh2 #abj2 #aba2 #abe2 #abg2 #abi2 #acb1 #adj ,british ,thermal ,unit ,defined and ,explained1 #bfd ,cannon ,balls and ,oscillating ,trough1 #ga ,capillary ,attraction and ,physical ,affinity1 ,devices by ,means of 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,capra1 ,a41 ,his ,device1 #cb ,compressible and ,distensible ,bags in ,liquid1 #aee ,congreve1 ,sir ,william1 ,notice of2 ,his ,perpetual ,motion ,devices1 #ahb ,conservation of ,energy1 ,its ,relation to ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,considered with ,reference to ,perpetual ,motion1 #bfi ,proof and ,illustration of1 #bjj ,anticipated by ,newton1 ,galileo1 ,huyghens and ,descartes1 #bgb ,copland1 ,robert1 ,his ,improved ,method of ,gaining ,power1 #adj ,cunningham1 ,george1 ,his ,mercurial ,pneumatic ,device1 #aeg ,darius ,green and ,his ,flying ,machine1 #af ,desagulier1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t41 ,proposition on the ,balance1 #dg ,article of1 ,concerning the ,device of ,marquis of ,worcester and the ,orffyrean ,wheel1 #bbb ,dircks1 ,henry1 ,title ,page ,mention1 #c ,his ,books ,mentioned1 #g ,comments by ,author on ,his ,works1 #h ,information ,furnished by1 ,rearranged1 #i ,his ,classification of ,devices1 #ai ,his ,life1 ,times and ,scientific ,labors of the ,second ,marquis of ,worcester1 #bac ,excerpt from1 #bbh ,his ,statement ,concerning ,arguments ,for and ,against the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 #bgj ,arguments by ,others ,for and ,against the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 ,published by ,dircks1 ,copied in ,this ,work1 #bgd ,eaton's ,perpetual ,siphon1 #ade ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis1 ,his ,device1 #gh ,ellis1 ,george ,henry 7,see ,rathen ,ellis74 ,energy 7,see ,momentum and ,energy74 ,energy1 ,conservation of 7,see ,conservation of ,energy74 ,energy and ,heat ,convertible and ,commensurable1 #bfb ,energy ,defined1 ,explained and ,distinguished from ,momentum1 #bjc ,enbom and ,anderson's ,pump1 #gf ,explanation by ,author of ,failure of ,hydraulic and ,hydro-,mechanical ,devices1 #aab of the ,failure of ,pneumatic1 ,siphon and ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices1 #aei of the ,failure of ,momentum and ,energy ,devices1 #bjf of ,failure of ,wheels and ,weights ,devices1 #fa ,failures 7,see ,explanation of ,failures74 ,ferguson1 ,james2 ,peasant ,boy ,philosopher1 ,his ,device1 #dc ,fontana1 ,p4 ,gregorio1 ,notice of2 ,his ,arguments on the ,impossibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 #cjf ,foot-,pound1 ,defined and ,explained1 #bfe ,furman1 ,george ,h41 ,a ,new and ,improved ,motor1 ,u4 ,s4 ,patent1 #cf ,gallileo1 ,his ,pendulum ,experiment1 #bfg ,gravesande1 ,prof4 ,s41 ,letter to ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 #bcf ,haywood1 ,john1 ,his ,device1 #eh ,heat and ,energy ,convertible and ,commensurable1 #bfa ,helmholtz1 ,notice of1 #beh ,honecort1 ,willars de1 ,account of ,his ,device1 #bb ,horse-,power1 ,defined and ,explained1 #bfd ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,hydrostatical ,paradox1 #aah ,hydrostatical ,paradoxical ,balance1 ,article on1 #cje ,hydraulic and ,hydro-,pneumatic ,devices 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,inclined ,planes and ,rolling ,weights 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,inclined ,planes and ,weights ,devices1 ,unpublished4 ,noted by the ,author1 #gc ,inclined ,planes1 ,series of1 #fi ,italian ,device1 ,an1 #ib ,introductory ,essay1 #aa ,jacobus1 ,dr41 ,his ,magnetic ,device1 #agc ,joule1 ,notice of1 #beh ,jurin's ,device1 #agf ,kenrick1 ,dr4 ,william1 ,his ,remarks ,concerning the ,inventions of the ,marquis of ,worcester and ,councillor ,orffyreus and ,perpetual ,motion in ,general1 #bbh ,langley1 ,prof4 ,samuel ,p41 ,his ,attempts and ,labors at ,heavier ,than ,air ,flight1 #ad ,lardner1 ,ignatius1 ,attempts to ,show ,impossibility of ,crossing ,ocean ,with ,steam ,power1 #ad ,leonardo da ,vinci 7,see ,vinci74 ,lserson1 ,louis ,diodor1 ,his ,improvements in ,production of ,motive ,power1 #abg ,legge's ,hydro-,pneumatic ,power ,device1 #adf ,linley1 ,john1 ,his ,hydraulic ,device1 #hg ,liquid ,air1 as a ,means of ,perpetual ,motion1 #aie ,lord ,rayleigh 7,see ,rayleigh74 ,mackintosh1 ,f4 ,s41 ,experiment by1 #aff ,magnetic ,devices 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,magnetic-,driven ,wheel1 #afd ,magnetic ,pendulum1 #afc ,magnetic ,semi-,circle1 #agb ,mechanic1 ,a ,journeyman 7,see ,a ,journeyman ,mechanic74 ,mechanics' ,magazine1 ,article ,published in1 #bgh1 #cec ,media of ,different ,densities1 ,devices by ,means of ,buoyancy ,through1 #aea ,mercurial ,pneumatic ,device 7,see ,cunningham1 ,george74 ,mercury1 ,inclined ,glass ,tube and ,ball1 #fh ,momentum1 ,defined1 ,explained and ,distinguished from ,energy1 #bja ,momentum and ,energy1 ,account and ,explanation of ,perpetual ,motion ,devices by ,means of1 #bje ,momentum and ,energy1 ,distinguished and ,considered2 ,attempted ,devices for ,perpetual ,motion by ,means of 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,munro1 ,r41 ,comments on ,mackintosh's ,experiment1 #afi ,newcomb1 ,simeon1 ,notice of1 #ae ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 ,mention of1 #ace1 #bbj ,letter to from ,prof4 's ,gravesande1 #bcf ,nicholson1 ,william1 ,notice of1 #cae ,his ,article ,against the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 #caf ,orchard's ,vacuum ,engine1 #acg ,orffyreus1 ,jean ,ernest ,eli ,bessler 7,councillor71 ,his ,perpetual ,motion ,labors 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,remarks of ,author ,concerning ,claims of1 #beb ,papin1 ,dr41 ,argument by ,against the ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 #bge ,pasley1 ,t4 ,h41 ,article by1 #cdg ,pamphleteer1 ,the1 ,article ,published in1 #cdi ,paradox1 ,hydrostatical1 #aah ,patents1 ,u4 ,s4 7,see ,u4 ,s4 ,patents72 ,patents1 ,british 7,see ,british ,patents74 ,peasant ,boy ,philosopher 7,see ,ferguson1 ,james74 ,pendulum1 ,gallileo's ,experiment with1 #bfh ,perpetual ,motion ,defined1 #aa ,perpetual ,pump1 #aji ,perpetual ,motion1 ,its ,possibility ,considered with ,reference to ,conservation of ,energy1 #bfi ,perpetual ,motion1 ,consideration of ,its ,possibility1 #bgj ,arguments ,against ,its ,possibility--,article by ,dr4 ,papin1 #bge ,article by ,rev4 ,john ,wilkins1 #bha ,article ,based on ,paradoxical ,hydrostatical ,balance1 #cje ,article by ,p4 ,gregorio ,fontana1 #cjf ,article by ,william ,nicholson1 #caf ,article ,published in ,the ,artisan1 #cbi ,article ,published in ,mechanic's ,magazine1 #bgh ,arguments ,maintaining ,its ,possibility--,scriptural ,arguments1 #cce ,article by ,john ,bernoulli1 #ccf ,article by ,p4 ,christopher ,scheiner1 #cdb ,article by ,t4 ,h4 ,pasley1 #cdg ,article ,published in ,the ,pamphleteer1 #cdi ,article by ,j4 ,welch1 #cea ,article ,published in ,mechanic's ,magazine1 #cec ,physical ,affinity and ,capillary ,attraction1 as a ,means of ,perpetual ,motion 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,pickering1 ,peter1 ,his ,atmospheric ,engine1 #abj ,pneumatic ,devices 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,preface1 #g ,proposition on the ,balance 7,see ,desagulier1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t47 ,radium and ,radio-,active ,substances as a ,means of ,perpetual ,motion 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,rayleigh1 ,lord1 ,his ,radium ,clock1 ,notice of1 #aig1 #aii ,rangley's ,patent ,roller ,pump1 ,adaptation of1 #ig ,rathen and ,ellis's ,device1 #abi ,rationis1 ,ed4 ,vocis 7,see ,ed4 ,vocis ,rationis74 ,rolling ,weights and ,inclined ,planes as a ,means of ,perpetual ,motion 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,scheiner1 ,p4 ,christopher1 ,notice of2 ,argument by ,supporting ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 #cdb ,schirrmeister1 ,charles1 ,his ,mechanical ,movement1 #ch ,schott1 ,gaspar1 ,mention of in ,connection with ,perpetual ,motion1 #agb1 #agc ,scriptural ,argument1 #cce ,self-,motive ,power ,defined1 #aa ,semi-,circle1 ,magnetic1 #agb ,siphon ,device for ,perpetual ,motion 7,see ,table of ,contents74 ,sims1 ,john1 ,his ,perpetual ,motion ,problem1 #ajf ,sinclair1 ,prof4 ,george1 ,his ,pneumatic ,device1 #abd ,siphon1 ,eaton's ,perpetual1 #ade ,siphon and ,funnel ,device1 #ace ,sleigh1 ,burrowes1 ,willcocks ,arthur1 ,his ,perpetual ,motion ,labors1 #aaa ,sleigh1 ,william ,willcocks1 ,his ,perpetual ,motion ,labors1 #aaj ,sommerset1 ,edward 7,marquis of ,worcester7 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,spence1 ,john1 ,notice of2 ,his ,magnetic ,device1 #agj ,stansel1 ,p4 ,valentine1 ,device of1 #ie ,strutt1 ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 7,see ,rayleigh74 ,stuckey1 ,william ,henry1 ,his ,pneumatic ,engine1 #aba ,theisneri1 ,joannis1 ,his ,magnetic ,semi-,circle1 #agb ,trough1 ,oscillating and ,cannon ,balls1 #ga ,u4 ,s4 ,patents1 #cf1 #ch1 #gf ,vacuum ,engine1 ,orchard's1 #acg ,vallance1 ,dixon1 ,his ,device1 #cd ,varley1 ,richard1 ,his ,new ,perpetual ,moving ,power1 #acb ,vinci1 ,leonardo da1 ,notice of1 #bg ,his ,perpetual ,motion ,labors1 #bi1 #cb ,voice of ,reason1 ,device by ,author of1 #hh ,vogel1 ,a4 ,f41 ,his ,hydrostatic ,general ,mobile1 #if ,water ,blowing ,machine1 #adg ,water-,wheel ,driven ,pump1 #ig ,welch1 ,j41 ,article by1 #cea ,wheel1 ,magnetic ,driven 7,see ,magnetic-,driven ,wheel74 ,wheels and ,weights ,devices 7,see ,table of ,contents71 #e ,wilckens 7,see ,ludeke and ,wilckens74 ,wilkins1 ,rev4 ,john1 ,argument ,denying ,possibility of ,perpetual ,motion1 #bha ,worcester1 ,marquis of 7,edward ,sommerset7 7,see ,sommerset74 ,x-,ray ,machine1 ,notice of1 #af ,transcribers' ,notes3 ,in ,unicode and ,,html versions of this e,book1 ,greek words are shown in ,greek and then in ,transcribers' ,english transliterations that are enclosed in curly braces4 ,only the transliterations are shown in ,latin-#a and ,,ascii versions of this e,book4 ,individual ,greek letters used in equations and lists are shown either as actual ,greek letters or in similar ,latin characters1 depending on the version of this e,book4 ,also see later note about alchemy symbols4 ,accent mark errors in ,greek text have been remedied4 ,inconsistent spelling and punctuation have been retained1 as this book quotes many sources4 ,simple typographical errors were corrected4 ,ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained4 ,the original book copied illustrations from various sources and did not change the ,figure numbers4 ,this e,book retains those original identifications1 so there are duplicate numbers4 ,text usually spells ,galileo as ,gallileo2 both forms have been retained here4 ,mathematical equations have been expressed here in linear form4 ,accuracy of their transcriptions is questionable4 ,multiplication was indicated in various ways and has not been changed or standardized4 ,page #gc3 phraseology was printed as praseology4 ,page #gf3 #ahhb was printed as #ahb4 ,page #bbb3 misspent was printed as mispent4 ,page #bbi3 perseverance was printed as perserverance4 ,page #bbj and others3 's ,gravesande was the person's name4 ,page #bda3 ,removed unmatched double quote mark following it only turns one way4 ,page #beb3 ,removed unmatched double quote mark following should be undeceived4 ,page #bfh3 horizontal from which was printed as form4 ,page #bhd3 is the alchemy symbol for ,mercury2 is the alchemy symbol for tin 7and for ,jupiter74 ,page #bhh3 attracted was printed as attraced4 ,page #cac3 ,the p near the end of the equation shortly before the distance of the appeared to be only partly printed and may be a different symbol4 ,page #cbf3 preponderate was printed as perponderate4