,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,woodwork ,by ,edw9 ,w4 ,fo/] ,,electricity ,,& ,,its ,,ev]yday ,,uses ,by ,john ,f4 ,woodhull1 ,ph4,d4 ,,g>d5+ ,,& ,,f>m+ ,by ,ell5 ,eddy ,%aw ,,home ,,decoration ,by ,*>les ,frankl9 ,w>n]1 ,sc4,d4 ,,h\sekeep+ ,by ,elizabe? ,hale ,gilman ,,me*anics1 ,,indoors ,,& ,,out ,by ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson ,,ne$lecraft ,by ,effie ,ar*] ,ar*] ,,outdoor ,,sports1 ,,& ,,games ,by ,claude ,h4 ,mill]1 ,ph4,b4 ,,outdoor ,,"w ,by ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill] ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals ,by ,*>les ,conrad ,sleffel ,illu/ration3 ,,hang+ ,a ,,picture ,! wall space is a "p ( ! fram+ ( a picture ,,home ,,decoration ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,*>les ,f4 ,,w>n]1 ,sc4,d4 ,= eight ye>s ,ma/] ( ! ,r9dge ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,mass4 ,twelve ye>s pr9cipal ( ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool & ,director ( ! ,ev5+ ,s*ool ( ,trades1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,title ,page ,,g>d5 ,,city ,,new ,,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aiaf ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,translation ,,into ,,=eign ,,languages1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company ,,to ,,! ,,boys ,,& ,,girls ,,( ,,am]ica ,,?is ,,book ,,:i* ,,records ,,:at ,,"s ,,( ,,!m ,,h ,,done ,,is ,,hopefully ,,d$icat$ ,"s pure lov]s ( art disc>d ! =mula1 ,art = ,progress1 ! ,beautiful ,useful1 fe>+ le/ ! useful %\ld de=m ! beautiful4 ,!y tremble to see ! drudge's h& atta*$ to ! muse's arm4 ,!y are solicit\s = ! sublime if x desc5ds z f> z to humanity4 ,ah6 !y are 9 error4 ,! useful1 f> f circumscrib+ ! sublime1 enl>ges x4444 ,is ,aurora less spl5did1 clad less 9 purple & em]ald--suff]s %e any dim9ution ( maje/y & ( radiant grace1 because1 =esee+ an insect's ?ir/1 %e c>efully secretes 9 ! fl[] ! dewdrop ne$$ by ! bee8 ,victor ,hugo4 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,?is volume is ! result ( an ef=t to br+ toge!r 9 close relation ) fundam5tal pr9ciples ( design a v>iety ( practical problems :i* are m or less closely connect$ ) ! g5]al problem ( home decoration & suit$ to ! con/ructive ability ( boys & girls f twelve to eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,:ile ! book is ma9ly a record ( ! au?or's exp]i5ce & obs]vation 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( educational "w1 he has receiv$ _m sugge/ions f co-work]s 9 ! same field4 ,x w be impossible to give cr$it to all :o h directly or indirectly assi/$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book3 b special ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,mr4 ,fr$ ,m4 ,watts1 :o furni%$ ! mat]ial = ! *apt] on ,pott]y & sev]al draw+s = o!r p>ts ( ! book2 to ,miss ,grace ,l4 ,bell = ! illu/rations & descriptions embodi$ 9 ! *apt] on ,block ,pr9t+2 to ,mr4 ,burton ,a4 ,adams = ! problems 9 metal "w2 to ,mr4 ,edw9 ,a4 ,f9* & ,mr4 ,lewis ,o4 ,ri*>dson :o contribut$ _m ( ! specifications = ! problems 9 furniture-mak+2 to ,miss ,elizabe? ,m4 ,morton = specific sugge/ions p]ta9+ to ! subject ( dress z relat$ to ! pr9ciples ( decoration2 & to ,mrs4 ,ru? ,b4 ,s4 ,fl[]1 ( ,flor5ce1 ,mass41 :o suppli$ sev]al ( ! photographs & mu* ( ! descriptive matt] = ! *apt] on ,weav+4 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,introductory--,! ,/ory ( a ,h\se #c ,,ii4 ,decorations & ,furniture #cd ,,iii4 ,pictures #fd ,,iv4 ,! ,arrangem5t ( ,fl[]s #ha ,v4 ,decorative ,fabrics #ie ,,vi4 ,dress & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,decoration #aba ,,vii4 ,furniture ,mak+ #abi ,,viii4 ,f9i%+ & ,re-f9i%+ #bab ,,ix4 ,h& ,weav+ #bdd ,x4 ,pott]y #bhj ,,xi4 ,decorative ,"w 9 ,lea!r1 ,copp]1 & ,o!r ,mat]ials #cba ,,xii4 ,conclud+ ,sugge/ions--,c\ntry ,homes #cff ,,illu/rations ,hang+ a ,picture ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,all ! ,r\gh ,c>p5try 0 ,assign$ to ! ,boys ( ! ,woodwork+ ,sections ( ! ,vocational ,s*ool #bb ,! ,boys ( ! ,=g+ ,classes ( ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool 7 n ,ov]look$ 9 ! ,di/ribution ( ! ,"w on ! ,h\se #bd ,a ,table ,runn] ( ,russian ,cra% & ,pill[ ,cov] ) ,geometrical ,design #if ,w9d[ ,drap]ies ) ,/5cill$ ,bord] #ajh ,cro*et$ ,panels1 a ,l95 ,"w ,bag ) ,conv5tional ,l&scape 9 ,d>n+ ,/it*1 a ,cra% ,table ,mat ,embroid]$ 9 ,d>n+ & ,c\*+ ,/it* #aah ,f9i%+ a ,libr>y ,table #bab ,weav+ a ,rug #bdd ,h& ,made ,rugs1 ,h& ,made ,t[els #beb ,an ,alcove ) ,w9d[ ,drap]ies1 ,pill[ ,cov]s1 ,w9d[ ,seat & ,moss ,gre5 ,rug1 ,all ,h& ,wov5 #bfb ,h& ,wov5 ,w9d[ ,drap]ies1 ,c\* ,cov]1 ,slumb] ,rug1 & ,pill[ ,cov]s #bff ,girls at ,"w on ,pott]y #bhj ,b[ls #bid ,vases & ,f]n ,di%es #cab ,tiles #caf ,pott]y3 ,design$ & ,made by ,s*oolgirls #cah ,decorative ,=g+s #cfd ,,home ,,decoration ,illu/ration3 ,a model h\se3 ,design$ by girls & built by boys ,i ,,introductory ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,h\se ,to design1 plan1 & build a h\se is a task t r>ely falls to ! lot ( boys & girls4 ,9 fact1 x is n ! common exp]i5ce ( m5 & wom5 to build h\ses )\t ! aid ( ar*itects1 masons1 & c>p5t]s4 ,su* a task1 h[ev]1 0 rec5tly (f]$ to c]ta9 classes 9 "o ( ! public s*ools ( a well-kn[n ,new ,engl& city4 ,x 01 inde$1 a s*ool problem1 & yet !re 0 some?+ ab\t x t seem$ to sugge/ l>g] & m int]e/+ ?+s ?an are ord9>ily dealt ) 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,x did n seem at all l "s s*ool "w4 ,x 0 m l real life2 = all boys & girls mu/ "s day h homes ( _! own1 & "h 0 a *ance to le>n h[ ! h\se1 :i* is an important "p ( e home1 is plann$ & built4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is "w--or play1 if y l t ^w bett]--0 und]tak5 ) g5u9e en?usiasm4 ,x 0 a task cramm$ full ( ! pleasure ( int]e/ & ( accompli%m5t--full ( ! joy ( do+ some?+ wor? :ile--f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,! ,h\se a ,"w ( ,art4--,"o ( ! fir/ lessons le>n$ by ^! "y build]s--p]haps ! mo/ important "o ( all--0 t a great _m ?+s h to be ?\ght ( 9 plann+ a h\se1 if ! ?+ is to be well done4 ,x is n simply a "q ( decid+ h[ _m rooms "o w h1 arrang+ !m 9 "s conv5tional ord]1 & build+ ! h\se ar\nd !m ) :atev] ext]nal features /yle or fancy may dictate4 ,too _m h\ses1 x is true1 are plann$1 or at lea/ put up1 9 ?is ?\ghtless fa%ion2 & :atev] goes into !m 9 decoration or furniture is g5]ally *os5 ei!r = necess>y use or = display--n ) any ?\ght ( ! real com=t & satisfaction t come f arti/ic surr\nd+s4 ,p :o are satisfi$ ) su* dwell+s seem to %[ less appreciation ( art1 ! highe/ product ( civilization1 ?an ^? unciviliz$ tribes :o decorat$ _! caves or huts ) beautiful rugs ( _! own weav+ & :o ornam5t$ _! pott]y & _! ut5sils & implem5ts ) wond]fully conceiv$ & elaborately wr\ght designs4 ,mod]n cave dwell]s 9 ap>tm5t h\ses ) all ! conv5i5ces ( _! ready-made surr\nd+s1 are 9 dang] ( miss+ t self-expression 9 _! home belong+s t enc\rag$ & delight$ ev5 ! savage4 ,! mo/ extreme example ( ?is =m ( deg5]acy is f\nd 9 ! sugge/ion ( a c]ta9 great inv5tor1 t ! age ( concrete con/ruction1 n[ at h&1 means t we are to h concrete h\ses p\r$ into a /&>d m\ld1 h>d5$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & f9i%$ = occupancy 9 a day or two4 ,! boys & girls ( ?is /ory w\ld n h accept$ a ma*9e-made1 /&>diz$ h\se if "o _h be5 (f]$ !m1 ready = use4 ,!re 0 a special purpose = :i* _! h\se 0 to be plann$ & built1 z !re g5]ally is 9 ! case ( any real h\se4 ,no /yle ,a1 ,b1 or ,c1 *os5 f any s]ies ( patt]n-built or m\ld$ h\ses1 c\ld fulfil su* a purpose2 & ev5 if x c\ld1 w\ld !y will+ly give up all ! fun ( plann+ & build+ & furni%+8 ,w\ld !y =ego ! lessons ( exp]i5ce to be le>n$ f all ?is "w8 ,?is is always a l>ge "p ( ! satisfaction :i* comes to any "o :o builds 8 own h\se4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance x 0 ! *ief motive1 s9ce ! boys & girls :o 7 plann+ ?is h\se 7 n expect+ to make _! home !re4 ,:y ! ,h\se ,0 ,built4--,:at1 !n1 0 ! purpose = :i* ?is h\se 0 to be built2 & :at 7 ! specific problems involv$ 9 realiz+ ?is purpose8 ,x 0 to be a practice h\se = ! girls ( ! h\sehold te*nology c\rse4 ,?is meant t x %\ld be1 s f> z possible1 a model h\se2 b x mu/ ( necessity be a simple "o4 ,economy1 always a safe guide1 0 a mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( ! design4 ,a limit$ appropriation--ab\t #ajjj--;= build+ mat]ial 0 available4 ,economy ( space z well z ( exp5se 0 also important4 ,! only available l& 0 a triangul> lot 9 ! corn] ( ! s*ool y>d1 #ffe squ>e feet 9 area4 ,?is limit$ ! dim5sions ( ! floor plan to #bd by #ce feet4 ,x 0 decid$ to develop ! design )9 ^! dim5sions1 on a rectangul> plan1 ) "o /ory & a hip ro(1 because su* a design w\ld pres5t comp>atively easy problems 9 fram+ & insure a build+ ( pleas+ ext]nal proportions4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,design ,,& ,,! ,,plan ,9 attack+ ! problem ( design ! me?od ( approa* 0 det]m9$ by ! fact t s*ool-girls & s*ool-boys 7 to be ! ar*itects & build]s4 ,h\se plann+1 home decoration1 & h\sehold managem5t 7 important subjects ( /udy on ! "p ( ! girls & v>i\s =ms ( draw+ & con/ructive "w 7 requir$ ( all ! boys ( ?is s*ool2 s !y all felt t !y _h a "r to contribute some?+ out ( _! /udy & exp]i5ce t might be ( value 9 work+ out ?is problem4 ,! design mu/ !re=e be a composite ( ! be/ features ( _m /udies4 ,a ,composite ,design4--,! rooms requir$ = a h\se ( ?is "* 7 ?\ght to be a hall1 a liv+ room1 a d9+-room1 a kit*51 a pantry1 a b$room ) a closet1 a ba? room1 & a l95 closet4 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is outfit ( rooms w\ld satisfy ! dem&s ( a h\se to be us$ to give practical tra9+ 9 all ! ess5tials ( pla9 h\sekeep+ & 9 ! ent]ta9m5t ( gue/s4 ,) ^! requirem5ts 9 m9d & ) full k ( all ! limitations ( ! problem1 ! girls ( ! junior & s5ior classes1 :o 7 tak+ ! c\rse 9 h\sehold te*nology1 ent]$ into a lively b fri5dly competition ) ea* o!r to produce ! mo/ acceptable design & draw ! be/ plan4 ,s _m excell5t plans result$ f ?is competition t x 0 difficult to select ! be/4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to comb9e 9 a new & f9al plan ! be/ features ( sev]al /udies t seem$ to meet ! conditions ( ! problem ) equal success4 ,two ( ^! 7 select$ z hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( good po9ts4 ,f ^! ! f9al floor plan 0 develop$ & ! necess>y modifications made 9 ! orig9al draw+s to make ! g5]al design ( ! build+ fit ! plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,floor plan ( ! model h\se ,! ,hall4--,x may be ( int]e/ to note h[ "s ( ! details ( ! problem ( design 7 work$ out = ! f9al plan4 ,beg9n+ ) ! hall1 x 0 easily se5 t economy ( space requir$ t ! room %\ld h small dim5sions4 ,9 fact1 x did n ne$ to be a sep>ate room at all4 ,x c\ld easily be a space betwe5 ! liv+ room & ! d9+-room1 sep>at$ f bo? by means ( portires & jo9$ ^u occasion ) ei!r room or ) bo?1 ?us mak+ possible a reception room or a d9+-room ( good size1 or "o l>ge room4 ,( c\rse1 ! c5tral idea ( a hall mu/ n be lo/ sight ( 9 provid+ = a desirable ext5sion ( o!r rooms4 ,x %\ld sugge/ a w>m welcome to ! gue/2 & "h is :]e ! fireplace may fulfil ! d\ble function ( giv+ ! *e] ( ! he>?-/one at all times & ! com=t ( fire :5 w>m? is ne$$4 ,! abs5ce ( a /airway1 s9ce none 0 ne$$1 0 a fav\rable circum/ance4 ,appropriate decoration & furni%+ 9 due "t 7 to add a few di/+ui%+ m>ks s t ! h\se c\ld reta91 )\t any appreciable sacrifice ( space1 ! dignity ( an entrance hall4 ,! ,liv+ ,room & ! ,d9+-room4--,! relative positions ( ! liv+ room & ! d9+-room1 z already /at$1 7 det]m9$ by ! location ( ! hall4 ,! purpose ( ea* 0 di/9ct & self-evid5t1 & det]m9$ ! features ( design t l5t !mselves mo/ readily to appropriate decoration4 ,9 ! liv+ room ! floor1 ! wall spaces1 & ! ceil+ ne$$ consid]ation ) reg>d to _! f9al treatm5t1 to give pleas+ proportions & h>moni\s col\r+4 ,! same 0 true ( ! d9+-room1 ?\gh its diff]5t purpose sugge/$ a diff]5t design4 ,an abundance ( light 0 important = bo? rooms1 h5ce ! l>ge1 multiple w9d[s4 ,su* w9d[s w\ld also (f] a good *ance = pleas+ drap]y effects4 ,! ,kit*5 & ,its ,appo9tm5ts4--,no room dem&$ s mu* /udy z ! kit*54 ,9 ! fir/ place x 0 necess>y to make provision = a relatively l>g] kit*5 ?an w\ld ord9>ily be ne$$ 9 a h\se ( ?is size1 because 9 ?is case x 0 design$ to be us$ z a practice kit*5 & mu/ !re=e be l>ge en\gh to accommodate a consid]able numb] ( girls--at lea/ eight--at "o "t4 ,?is po9t assum$ s mu* importance 9 ! m9ds ( ! "y design]s t !y 7 con/antly tempt$ to rob o!r rooms ( ! space t 0 due !m 9 ord] to get a nice1 big kit*54 ,b by clev] adju/m5ts & comb9ations ! necess>y floor dim5sions 7 secur$ )\t unduly cramp+ o!r features ( ! plan4 ,! range1 laundry tubs1 & s9k 7 conv5i5tly locat$ ne> ea* o!r ) ! tubs at su* a height t :5 n 9 use ! cov] 0 flu% ) ! top ( ! range1 =m+ a %elf on :i* kettles & o!r kit*5 ut5sils c\ld be easily plac$ z !y 7 mov$ back & =? f ! range4 ,x 0 ?\ght t x w\ld be v desirable1 if n necess>y1 to h ?is %elf cov]$ ) z9c or "s k9d ( %eet metal4 ,x w be not$ z a possible fault 9 ! plan t ! range is v ne> ! door into ! passageway lead+ to ! b$room1 ! liv+ room1 & ! hall4 ,?is po9t receiv$ due consid]ation2 b 9 view ( ! comp5sat+ advantages ! arrangem5t 0 ?\ght all[able1 inasmu* z ! door into ! passageway w\ld be us$ only occasionally4 ,!re seem$ to be no m conv5i5t location = ! passageway1 :i* 0 design$ to give privacy to b$room & ba? room &1 9 cases ( sickness or any em]g5cy requir+ x1 easy communication betwe5 ! kit*5 & ! b$room4 ,special ,features4--,! pantry 0 locat$ betwe5 ! kit*5 & ! d9+-room = obvi\s reasons--to give easy communication 9 s]v+ & to conf9e kit*5 od\rs to _! prop] place4 ,9 place ( a kit*5 closet a cab9et 0 provid$ = z be+ on ! :ole ! m s]viceable ( ! two4 ,x is always desirable to h an entry or lobby1 ) a conv5i5t "p ( x res]v$ = ! refrig]ator2 b ! ne$ ( provid+ z mu* room z possible 9 ! kit*5 itself seem$ to ju/ify ! omission ( ! lobby4 ,ano!r unusual feature--?is "t n an omission--is to be f\nd 9 ! w9d[ ( ! b$room closet4 ,su* a w9d[1 al?\gh n common1 0 ?\ght to be v desirable on sanit>y gr\nds & z a possible protection aga9/ mo?s4 ,e>ly ,plans = ,decorat+ & ,furni%+4--,^! 7 by no means all ! features ( design t _h to be consid]$4 ,z already sugge/$1 !re 0 mu* /udy giv5 to ! "q ( int]ior decoration & furni%+1 ev5 at ?is e>ly /age4 ,?is 0 simply necess>y =e?\ght2 = mu* ( ! attractiv5ess1 re/fulness1 & homelike atmosph]e ( any h\se is creat$ by ! ar*itect1 :o1 9 8 arrangem5t ( rooms1 door-ways1 & w9d[s1 disposes 8 wall areas s t !y may be divid$ symmetrically & l5d !mselves naturally to col\r ton+1 (f]+ tempt+ spaces = a few *oice pictures & op5+ up beautiful vi/as4 ,su* h\se-plann+1 begun ) cle> vision & foll[$ ) ta/e & delicacy 9 e detail1 may (t5 lead to a h>mony ( effects z pleas+ to p ( arti/ic temp]am5t z a symphony is to ^? :o enjoy a f9e musical composition4 ,9 fact1 ! p>allel betwe5 sympa!tic gradations ( =m & col\r & h>mony ( musical tones is a v close "o1 & ! appreciation ( x is by no means r>e4 ,any intellig5t p]son1 on see+ a suite ( rooms design$ & arrang$ by a real arti/1 ?\gh he may n und]/& :y1 w be impress$ by ! rhy?m ( space divisions1 ! h>mony ( col\rs1 ! lack ( any j>r+ or discordant notes 9 ! decoration1 ! simplicity1 fitness1 & real beauty1 n ( any p>ticul> "p1 p]haps1 b ( ! :ole comb9ation4 ,we (t5 f9d ourselves us+ ! same language :e!r we are describ+ ! "w ( an arti/-ar*itect or ! "w ( a musical compos]4 ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,design ,adaptation to ,purpose4--,our "y ar*itects discov]$ t !re are c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples or laws t mu/ be obs]v$ at ! v beg9n+1 if a really good & true design is to be made4 ,! fir/ ( ^! laws is ! law ( adaptation to purpose4 ,! application ( ?is law 0 illu/rat$ 9 ! location ( ! v>i\s rooms 9 ! plan ( ! h\se1 9 ! dim5sions agre$ ^u = ea*1 & 9 ! details ( arrangem5t1 especially 9 ! kit*5 & o!r rooms connect+ ) x4 ,b ?is law is univ]sal 9 its application4 ,x det]m9es n only ! broad features ( ! plan b ! details z well4 ,x does n p]mit any?+ useless or sup]flu\s to exi/1 = t w\ld mean weakness4 ,x aims at effici5cy & /r5g?4 ,x dictates ! details ( con/ruction all along ! l9e1 f ! fram+ ( ! build+ to its f9i% & its decoration4 ,x ev5 det]m9es ! "* ( ! furniture & ! am\nt ( x4 ,adaptation to purpose is a rul+ pr9ciple4 ,simplicity4--,ano!r great pr9ciple t reveal$ itself z ! plans ( ! h\se develop$ may be call$ ! law ( simplicity4 ,?is is "o ( ! elem5t>y laws ( nature transf]r$ to ! realm ( craftsman%ip4 ,x is an axiom ( geometry t ! /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,n less evid5t is ! fact t :5 ,nature und]takes to d any?+ %e goes ab\t x 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct way4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( all motion is along a /raight l9e--s reads ! fir/ law ( motion4 ,analyze ! mo/ complex =ms & processes ( nature & we %all f9d !m due to ! h>moni\s comb9ation ( ! simple/ elem5t>y l9es & movem5ts4 ,b ! same law ( simplicity :i* inv>iably m>ks ! works ( nature gives /r5g? & beauty also to ! works ( man4 ,?us1 9 discuss+ ! v>i\s problems t develop$ z ! design+ ( ! h\se progress$1 x 0 f\nd--z ( c\rse x %\ld h be5--t ! solution :i* met ! te/ ( simplicity1 :ile satisfy+ ! law ( adaptation to purpose1 0 ! true "o4 ,correlation4--,a ?ird great fundam5tal pr9ciple t f\nd expression 9 ^! /udies ( ! h\se plans 0 ! pr9ciple ( correlation4 ,n only mu/ ea* "p ( ! design be adapt$ to its use 9 ! simple/ possible mann]1 b x mu/ support all o!r p>ts & receive support 9 return4 ,x is l coop]ation or team-"w 9 play or 9 ! practical affairs ( life4 ,e room 9 a h\se be>s "s natural relation to e o!r room1 & ev5 ! objects 9 ! same room or 9 adjo9+ rooms mu/ assi/ ea* o!r1 :e!r _! purpose be utility or decoration or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,only by due att5tion to ! mutual relations ( ! v>i\s elem5ts t mu/ ent] into ! composition1 c ! design] produce ^? pleas+ space effects1 ^? bl5d+s ( col\r tones1 ^? manife/ relations betwe5 ! v>i\s objects1 useful or decorative1 t give ord]1 unity1 & sympa!tic feel+ to a complete design4 ,,! ,,col\r ,,s*eme ,! ,floor ! ,f\ndation4--,almo/ unconsci\sly our "y ar*itects f\nd !mselves "u ! guidance ( ^! ?ree great fundam5tal pr9ciples ( design4 ,:5 !y came to ! problem ( specify+ ! f9i% = ! floors & o!r wood "w ( ! hall1 liv+ room1 & d9+-room1 !y f\nd t ?is problem 0 intimately associat$ ) ! l>g] "q ( ! col\r s*eme z a :ole4 ,! mutual dep5d5ce ( all ! elem5ts conc]n$ c\ld n be ov]look$4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! floor1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! room1 %\ld be d>k] ?an ! walls & ceil+ & ! g5]al tone ( ! furni%+s1 9 ord] to give ! sugge/ion ( suffici5t weight & firmness = ! support ( ! entire room & all x might conta94 ,! effect ( solidity c\ld be produc$ by /a9+ ! floor bo>ds or by provid+ a lib]al supply ( d>k1 ri*-ton$ rugs1 l>ge ones z well z small ones4 ,!re 0 no "q ( c>pets4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are n all[able 9 a model h\se4 ,a few rugs 7 already available1 & o!rs c\ld be procur$ by buy+ !m or by mak+ !m4 ,a prop]ly ton$ floor1 h[ev]1 is desirable1 ev5 ) a mo/ g5]\s cov]+ ( rugs4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ to give ! floor a coat ( /a9 :5 x 0 ready to be f9i%$4 ,importance ( ,col\r ,s*emes4--,b :at 0 ! col\r to be8 ,! design]s 7 ?us br\ght face to face ) t difficult b important problem :i* all :o plan h\ses h to solve be=e !y c hope to br+ _! "w into h>moni\s adju/m5t ) ! v>i\s natural & human conditions t mu/ be satisfi$ 9 ! f9al product1 if x be made a good example ( ! design]'s art4 ,! problem ( ! col\r s*eme is fundam5tal4 ,^u ?is dep5ds n only ! tone ( ! floors1 ! walls1 & ! ceil+s1 b also1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z has already be5 sugge/$1 ! k9d ( woods to be us$ 9 ! int]ior f9i%+1 & :e!r !y are to be pa9t$1 /a9$1 or left 9 _! natural col\rs4 ,x w det]m9e ! mat]ial & ! col\rs ( ! portires1 curta9s1 cu%ions1 lamp %ades1 picture frames1 vases2 9 fact1 x w l>gely settle ! decorative "* ( e article plac$ 9 ! rooms4 ,! consid]ation ( movable objects1 h[ev]1 may be def]r$ till ! m sub/antial & fix$ elem5ts are decid$ ^u4 ,s\!rn ,exposures & ,cool ,col\rs4--,9 settl+ ! all-important "q ( ! col\r s*eme ! fir/ po9t to be consid]$ 0 ! location ( ! rooms ) ref]5ce to light & to ext]nal surr\nd+s4 ,rooms t h a s\!rn exposure & no?+ to int]f]e ) _! be+ flood$ ) sunlight ne$ to be protect$ aga9/ ! gl>e ( too mu* light4 ,= su* rooms dull tones ( col\r are ! be/--dull br[ns1 s(t gray-gre5s1 c]ta9 blue tones1 & ! m$ium grays--light1 cool col\rs t c\nt]act ! ov]brilliancy ( direct sunlight & give a positively temp]$ feel+ to ! atmosph]e ( a room4 ,incid5tally1 too1 p]haps because !y are ! t9ts associat$ ) di/ant views1 ! cool col\rs make a room seem l>g] ?an x really is4 ,nor!rn ,exposures & ,w>m ,col\rs4--,nor!rn rooms1 on ! o!r h&1 d n g5]ally suff] f excess ( sunlight & heat4 ,w>m col\rs are ne$$ 9 su* rooms4 ,deep r$s1 ri* yell[s1 & gold5 br[ns w seem to br+ sunlight into a sunless room4 ,our design]s not$ ! fact t _m ( ! rooms 9 ! h\se !y 7 plann+ mu/ be comp>atively d>k4 ,! h\se 0 to face ! high brick walls ( ! neighb\r+ s*ool build+1 n m ?an tw5ty-five feet di/ant1 & its pr9cipal rooms _h a nor!rn exposure4 ,a w>m col\r treatm5t1 !re=e1 0 unque/ionably ne$$4 ,%\ld r$1 br[n1 or yell[ be ! prevail+ tone8 ,! decid+ po9t 0 ! location ( ! hall & its relations to ! o!r rooms4 ,x 01 fir/ ( all1 ! hall1 ! place ( welcome = ! gue/2 b x 0 d>k4 ,its walls mu/ h ! sunnie/ ( all col\rs--a ri* gold5 yell[4 ,! same w\ld s]ve ! ne$s ( ! liv+ room1 or p]haps a br[n ) yell[ en\gh 9 x to be well 9 tune4 ,! d9+-room c\ld safely be d>k] & m lum9\s1 9 pleas+ contra/ ) ! gold5 yell[ ( ! hall2 b x mu/ n be decid$ly r$4 ,! ceil+s ( ^! ?ree rooms1 :e!r beam$ or n1 s9ce !y mu/ be light] ?an ! walls1 c\ld h ! same or ne>ly ! same t9t4 ,?is might well be a light corn yell[4 ,! col\r+ ( ! walls ( ! b$room1 ba? room1 & kit*5 0 n s important a "q z ! decoration ( ! ?ree front rooms4 ,utility & sanit>y conditions 7 important ?+s to be consid]$4 ,light t9ts 7 decid$ ^u1 :i* 9 ! b$room might be reliev$1 9 ! f9i%+ t\*es1 by delicate /5cil$ figures 9 "s w>m tone4 ,int]ior ,woodwork4--,) ! col\r s*eme settl$ x 0 a comp>atively easy matt] to decide :at %\ld be ! g5]al tone & "* ( ! int]ior woodwork4 ,! floors ( ! ?ree front rooms1 s9ce !y 7 to be closely associat$1 requir$ ! same solid col\r1 :i* c\ld well be a walnut br[n1 d>k] ?an any ( ! walls4 ,fum$ oak trimm+s 7 ?\ght desirable = ! d9+-room & gum wood = ! liv+ room1 ei!r ( :i* c\ld be ext5d$ to ! hall2 b ivory :ite = ! liv+ room & ! hall1 leav+ ! oak = ! d9+-room1 f\nd mu* fav\r4 ,x 0 f9ally decid$1 h[ev]1 to adopt = ! ?ree front rooms ! comb9ation ( natural woods fir/ sugge/$4 ,! b$room & ba? room1 :]e sugge/ions ( cleanl9ess are peculi>ly appropriate1 7 specifi$ to be f9i%$ 9 :ite4 ,yell[ s\!rn p9e 0 decid$ ^u = ! kit*5 & its accessory rooms4 ,,organiz+ ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,con/ruction ,z soon z ! *ief features ( design 7 decid$ ^u1 prep>ations 7 made = c>ry+ !m out 9 ! actual "w ( build+2 = ! h\se 0 n to be a ca/le 9 air4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to put ^! ideas on pap] & "w out ! details ( con/ruction 9 cle>ly execut$ & accurately dim5sion$ draw+s4 ,^! includ$1 z ! fir/ to be us$1 ! work+ draw+s = ! fram+ & o!r r\gh woodwork1 blue pr9t copies ( :i* 7 to be put into ! h&s ( ! boys ( ! elem5t>y vocational s*ool1 :o 7 to c>ry out ?is "p ( ! build+ plans4 ,illu/ration3 ,front or nor? elevation ( ! model h\se ,! ,work+ ,draw+s4--,a consid]able numb] ( detail$ draw+s _h to be made be=e ! "w ( con/ruction c\ld be wisely begun4 ,?is furni%$ an int]e/+ set ( problems = ! me*anical draw+ gr\ps ( ! te*nical high s*ool4 ,! mat]ial = ?is "w consi/$ ( r\gh sket*es 9 p5cil1 b ) ! correct dim5sions z det]m9$ 9 ! plan accept$ z ! result ( ! competition 9 design4 ,^! prelim9>y sket*es requir$ mu* /udy on ! "p ( bo? boys & girls1 "u prop] guidance1 9 ord] to f9d out :at ! elem5ts ( con/ruction %\ld be1 :at dim5sions 7 requir$1 & h[ ! v>i\s p>ts %\ld be put toge!r4 ,x 0 an exp]i5ce ( great value to all1 b especially to ^? boys :o 7 look+ =w>d to ar*itectural draught+ z a possible vocation4 ,!y got an inside view ( ! importance1 on ! "o h&1 ( accurate work+ draw+s z a basis = good con/ruction &1 on ! o!r h&1 a practical illu/ration ( ! necessity ( a ?or\gh k ( con/ructive pr9ciples1 9 ord] to make correct work+ draw+s4 ,!y saw t ! effici5t ar*itect mu/ be a build]1 acqua9t$ ) all ! detail$ processes employ$ by ! c>p5t] or mason1 in=m$ ^u all ! conditions to be met1 & kn[+ ! be/ ways ( meet+ !m4 ,!y ga9$ impressions :i* %\ld help !m1 9 /udy+ ! "w ( great ar*itects1 to look beyond ! ext]ior1 h[ev] pleas+ x may be1 = ^? elem5ts ( /r5g? & beauty t *>act]ize all good workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,all ! ,r\gh ,c>p5try ,0 ,assign$ to ,boys ( ! ,woodwork+ ,section ( ! ,vocational ,s*ool4 ,plate ,i ,h[ ! ,"w ,0 ,di/ribut$4--,x w be recall$ t boys & girls 7 to be c[ork]s 9 ! design+1 plann+1 & build+ ( ! h\se4 ,! boys 7 to be held responsible = ! draw+s1 ! decorat+ aft] designs made by ! girls1 & ! high] grades ( woodwork1 includ+ ! f9i%+ ( ! rooms & ! mak+ ( ! furniture4 ,!y 7 to d ! wir+ = ! electric lights1 ! bells1 & ! int]ior telephones2 & !y 7 to in/all all ! fixtures 9 connection ) ?is wir+4 ,boys f ! metal-work+ sections 7 to d ! necess>y pip+ = gas & wat] & "s ( ! "w ( plumb+2 b1 s9ce ! laws regulat+ plumb+ are /rict & well en=c$1 z !y %\ld be1 x 0 necess>y to keep ?is mo/ ess5tial feature ( ! "w "u *>ge ( lic5s$ plumb]s4 ,b ?is requirem5t did n remove ev5 ! plumb+ ( ! build+ f ! field ( public s*ool "w2 =1 =tunately1 ?is city has a well-equipp$ plumb+ s*ool 9 ! trades s*ool dep>tm5t1 "u ! direction ( lic5s$ plumb]s ( high /&+1 :o 7 glad to h giv5 !m1 z an ex]cise = _! classes1 a practical problem 9 h\se plumb+4 ,! boys 9 ! =g+ classes 7 n ov]look$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! "w on ! h\se4 ,_m ( ! fixtures ne$$ = use or ornam5t 7 design$ to be made 9 ! s*ool =ge %op4 ,! girls design$ & made rugs1 curta9s1 portires1 & cu%ions z a "p ( _! s*ool "w 9 weav+ & /5cill+2 & !y contribut$ _m decorative articles 9 clay1 copp]1 lea!r1 & o!r mat]ials4 ,?us e te*nical dep>tm5t ( ! s*ool 0 br\ght into s]vice2 = 9 ! build+ ( a h\se !re is to be f\nd some?+ to enli/ ! int]e/ ( e boy & girl4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,boys ( ! ,=g+ ,classes ( ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool ,7 ,n ,ov]look$ 9 ! ,di/ribution ( ! ,"w on ! ,h\se4 ,plate ,,ii ,boy ,=em5 9 ,*>ge4--,to br+ ab\t ! "r di/ribution ( ! "w & to m>%al ! work+ =ces effectually requir$ ! ov]sight & managem5t ( an exp]i5c$ in/ructor4 ,b mu* ( ! "w ( direction 0 delegat$ to compet5t boys4 ,! prelim9>y tool "w 9 ! s*ool %ops _h reveal$ ^? :o 7 especially obs]vant & capable z lead]s1 & ^? :o work$ be/ "u specific directions4 ,?us ! tw5ty boys ( ! vocational s*ool :o set ! po/s & fram$ ! h\se work$ sometimes 9 pairs--"o be+ ! *ief =eman & ! o!r ! help]--sometimes 9 gangs ( ?ree or f\r "u a =eman4 ,! plan 0 v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w 9 h&4 ,:5 lead]s ( m te*nical k & skill 7 ne$$1 z 0 ! case 9 sett+ ! w9d[ frames & direct+ ! %+l+1 capable boys f ! te*nical high s*ool 7 plac$ 9 *>ge ( gr\ps ( y\ng] boys f ! vocational s*ool4 ,9 ?is way ! "w 0 advanc$ 9 sev]al directions at ! same "t2 & ! advantage 0 n all 9 ! advancem5t ( ! h\se con/ruction4 ,x 0 a delightful & pr(itable exp]i5ce = all ! boys1 n unlike t :i* "s ( !m w d\btless repeat :5 s*ool days are ov] & !y take _! place 9 ! m s]i\s affairs ( life4 ,9 aft] ye>s !y may look back ^u ! fir/ h\se t !y help$ to build & recall ! "p !y took1 _! companions 9 ! "w1 & ! good "t !y _h )al4 ,,"s ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction ,sett+ ,batt] ,bo>ds1 ,po/s1 & ,sills4--,! fir/ /ep 9 actual con/ruction 0 to m>k (f ! lot & set ! batt] bo>ds4 ,^! 7 made by driv+ ?ree /akes to =m a "r angle ab\t f\r feet f ! po9t :]e ea* ( ! f\r ma9 corn]s ( ! h\se 0 to be locat$4 ,two r\gh bo>ds1 "o = ea* side ( ea* angle1 7 nail$ horizontally to ea* ( ! f\r sets ( /akes1 ) _! upp] edges all br\ght to ! same level4 ,x is v important to set ^! batt] bo>ds ) accuracy1 s9ce _! function is to c>ry ! l9es :i* m>k ! dim5sions & level ( ! gr\nd floor4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance _! fir/ use 0 to locate ! concrete po/s on :i* ! sills ( ! h\se 7 to re/4 ,tw5ty-two ( ^! po/s1 :i* 7 #d feet long & #h in*es squ>e1 7 put 9 position by fir/ sett+ m\lds or boxes1 ! int]ior dim5sions ( :i* 7 ^? ( ! po/s1 #c feet deep 9 ! light soil & fill+ !m ) a mixture ( concrete & cru%$ rock4 ,x 0 n ?\ght necess>y to remove ! m\lds aft] ! h>d5+ ( ! concrete4 ,9 fact1 ! sills 7 fram$ & plac$ 9 position re/+ on ^! boxes be=e suffici5t "t _h be5 giv5 = ! concrete to h>d54 ,! sides ( ! boxes1 h[ev]1 7 scor$ ) a saw cut s t !y c\ld be easily brok5 (f j bel[ ! gr\nd1 expos+ ! project+ ends ( ! concrete po/s = ab\t "o foot4 ,! sills 7 ( #f by #h-;in* fir/ quality spruce4 ,!y 7 set on ! #f-;in* face1 ! two long sills be+ splic$ ov] po/s1 us+ a long halv$ jo9t4 ,mortise & t5on jo9ts1 draw-bor$ & p9n$1 7 us$ at ! corn]s4 ,! floor timb]s ( #b by #h-;in* spruce 7 ga9$ into ! sills ) ! top faces flu% ) ! top ( ! sill & cr[n+ 7i4 e41 b5d+7 upw>d if at all4 ,! spac+ ( ! floor timb]s 0 tak5 (f at ! sill on a /rip ( furr+--spruce1 #g_/h ( an in* ?ick by #b in*es wide--:i* 0 mov$ out to ! c5tre ne> ! l9e ( bridg+ & lightly nail$1 br++ crook$ timb]s into l9e4 ,! bridg+ 0 !n nail$ 91 ! outside la/ to prev5t spr++ ! sills4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ,a4 ,fram+ details ,ref]r+ to ! accompany+ sket* 7,plan ,a7 x w be notic$ t ! corn] po/s & c5tres 7 n mortis$ into ! sills1 b 7 simply butt$ on & heavily nail$ or spik$4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 c>p5t]s w\ld h reg>d$ su* a me?od z altoge!r wrong2 b ^? 7 ! days ( great corn] po/s & heavy /udd+1 plac$ two or ?ree times z f> ap>t z is ! practice n[4 ,x 0 ?\ght t plac+ ! /uds #af in*es on c5tres1 :i* is ! common practice 9 mod]n h\se fram+1 remov$ ! necessity ( mortis+ into ! sill4 ,mortis+ is /ill recogniz$1 h[ev]1 z a good ?+ to d & is sometimes practis$ by fir/-rate c>p5t]s4 ,plan ,a also %[s h[ ! outside walls 7 truss$ ov] op5+s2 & ,plan ,b %[s h[ ! corn]s ( ! build+ 7 ti$ by ! lapp+ ( ! d\ble plate1 & h[ ! ceil+ timb]s & raft]s 7 plac$ on ! top ( ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ,b4 ,details ( cornice1 sill1 & ro( ,a ,,%+les ,b ,,ro( ,,bo>ds ,c ,,raft] #b #f #bj ,o4,c4 ,d ,,plate #d #d ,e ,,r\gh ,,bo>d+ ,f ,,/ud ,g ,,frieze ,h ,,cr[n ,,mold ,i ,,b$ ,,mold ,j ,,ceil+ ,,joi/ #b #f ,k ,,gr\nd ,l ,,la? ,,pla/] ,m ,,base ,n ,,f9i%$ ,,floor ,o ,,l9+ ,,floor ,p ,,furr+ ,q ,,sill ,r ,,concrete ,,po/ #h #h ,s ,,corn] ,,po/ ,t ,,hip ,,raft] #c #h ,u ,,floor ,,joi/ ,! w9d[ frame details are %[n 9 a s]ies ( cuts 7,plan ,c7 :i* = ! sake ( complet5ess are drawn to %[ also ! int]ior f9i%1 n usually repres5t$ 9 ! fram+ draw+s4 ,a detail$ description ( ^! features ( con/ruction is unnecess>y1 s9ce ! dim5sions & relations ( ! v>i\s elem5ts & ! te*nical t]ms by :i* !y are kn[n are all cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ,c4 ,details ( int]ior f9i% ,a ,,outside ,,cas+ ,i ,,head] ,q ,,surbase ,b ,,back ,,b& ,j ,,corn] ,,block ,r ,,sill #a-c_/d ,,?',k ,c ,,head ,k ,,r\gh ,,bo>d+ ,s ,,inside ,,cas+ ,d ,,/op #a_/b ,,?ick ,l ,,%+les ,t ,,s(fit ,e ,,sa% #a-c_/h ditto ,m ,,weight ,u ,,b$ ,,mold ,f ,,la? ,,pla/] ,n ,,pulley ,,/yle ,v ,,f9i%$ ,,floor ,g ,,gr\nd #c_/d ,,?',k ,o ,,p>t+ ,,/rip ,w ,,base ,h ,,/ud #b #d ,p ,,/ool ,,cap ,x ,,l9+ ,,floor ,9 ! same s]ies ( cuts a detail ( ! base is %[n :i* includes ! fram+1 ! base bo>d1 & ! la? & pla/]4 ,x %\ld be /at$1 h[ev]1 t a sub/itute = la? & pla/] 0 recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t ar*itects--a new product 9 pap] bo>d especially design$ = walls & ceil+s1 :i* x 0 decid$ to use4 ,! use ( ?is mat]ial remov$ ! necessity ( ! gr\nds %[n 9 ! draw+s & always ne$$ z a nail+ base = ! wood trim :5 ! walls & ceil+s are la!d & pla/]$4 ,9 ! detail ( ! dado cap1 :i* w be f\nd on ! page ( con/ruction draw+s1 ! dott$ l9es %[ h[ ! cap 0 to be exp&$ into a plate rail1 requir+ ! addition ( brackets ) a b$ m\ld+ betwe51 9 ! f9i%+ ( ! walls ( ! d9+-room4 ,among ^! draw+s w also be f\nd a detail %[+ a section ( ! beam$ ceil+ f9i%4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t none ( ! f9i%+ "w call$ = 9 ! detail$ draw+s 0 begun until ! r\gh c>p5try on ! h\se 0 practically complet$4 ,all ! r\gh "w1 :i* includ$ fram+1 bo>d+1 %+l+1 lay+ ( ! l9+ floors1 & putt+ up p>titions1 0 assign$ to boys ( ! woodwork+ sections ( ! vocational s*ool4 ,?is is an elem5t>y indu/rial or trade s*ool1 admitt+ f ! grades bel[ ! high s*ool boys :o h atta9$ ! age ( f\rte5 ye>s & wi% to le>n "s me*anical trade4 ,x repres5ts a new & promis+ exp]im5t 9 ,am]ican education4 ,! build+ ( ?is h\se furni%$ an excell5t opportunity = ! boys ( ?is s*ool to %[ ! hone/y ( _! purpose 9 enroll+ !mselves to le>n ! fundam5tals ( a trade & ?us prove _! "r to h ! *ance4 ,s ! h\se 0 built by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! boys & girls ( ! public s*ools ( ?is ,new ,engl& city1 unassi/$ by pr(essional ar*itects or paid lab\r]s4 ,h[ !y c>ri$ out ) _! own h&s ! designs = decorat+ & furni%+ ! h\se is told 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ( ?is book1 :i* also sugge/s wid] applications ( ! pr9ciples ( h\sehold decoration z possible to be made 9 ! homes ( clev] boys & girls ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,to c>ry out ^! sugge/ions w mean "w--b "w ( a k9d t gives pleasure to ! work] & to _m o!rs4 ,x 0 "w = ! "y design]s & build]s ( :om ?is /ory tells1 b !y said x 0 great fun1 & !re really is no pleasure q equal to t f\nd 9 do+ ) "o's own h&s an exceptionally good ?+4 ,! true craftsm5 ( all "t h f\nd x s4 ,"o ( ^! ma/] workm51 ,/radiv>ius1 ! viol9 mak]1 s ,george ,eliot tells u1 made 8 confession ?us3 444 ,god be prais$6 ,antonio ,/radiv>i has an eye ,t w9ces at false "w & loves ! true1 ,) h& & arm t play ^u ! tool1 ,z will+ly z any s++ bird ,sets him to s+ 8 morn+ r\ndelay1 ,because he likes to s+ & likes ! song4 ,,ii ,,decorations ,,& ,,furniture ,h no?+ 9 y\r h\ses t y d n "k to be useful1 or believe to be beautiful--,william ,morris ,! decorat+ & furni%+ ( a h\se h _! true beg9n+ 9 good ar*itectural design4 ,x is a mi/ake to proce$ ^u ! !ory t decoration necess>ily implies some?+ add$ = its own sake--some?+ beautiful 9 itself b select$ & appli$ )\t reg>d to ! l9es1 spaces1 & col\rs ( ! room 9 :i* x is to be plac$ & )\t consid]+ ! relation ( ?is room to neighb\r+ rooms & to m remote surr\nd+s4 ,! tru? is1 a decorative object may or may n be intr9sically beautiful2 b h[ev] beautiful x may be 9 itself1 x f9ds its true/ beauty 9 an appropriate sett+4 ,& ! decorator :o is actuat$ by ! true _s looks to ! ar*itect = inspiration & f9ds 8 greate/ successes 9 ackn[l$g+ t lead]%ip4 ,to attempt to lead :5 "o %\ld foll[ is nei!r good art nor good s5se4 ,!re is dang]1 p]haps1 t ?is tru? may be tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,x w\ld also be a mi/ake to run to ! o!r extreme & adopt at ! outset a rigid plan ( decoration & furni%+1 specifi$ l contract "w to be c>ri$ out & complet$ on a c]ta9 date soon aft] ! h\se is built4 ,! problem is "o ( gr[+ int]e/1 especially z reg>ds furniture1 pictures1 & ! small] objects ( use or beauty1 & = its be/ & happie/ solution requires "t & /udy4 ,only ! broad & fundam5tal features c be settl$ 9 advance4 ,! important ?+ is to h ! ma9 l9es1 dim5sions1 space relations1 & col\r s*emes settl$ ) due reg>d to utility & appropriat5ess &1 z ! "w ( con/ruction proce$s1 to keep all details 9 h>mony ) ?is g5]al plan4 ,,! ,,floors1 ,,! ,,walls1 ,,& ,,! ,,ceil+s ,col\r ,h>mony 9 ! ,model ,h\se4--,x w be rememb]$ t ! col\r s*eme ( ! hall1 liv+ room1 & d9+-room ( our model h\se 0 settl$ q e>ly 9 ! developm5t ( ! design4 ,/&+ ne> ! c5tre ( ! liv+ room & look+ ?r\gh ! hall into ! d9+-room1 "o may see at a glance h[ "s ( ! details ( decoration 7 work$ out 9 keep+ ) ! g5]al treatm5t4 ,! walnut br[n /a9 ( ! floors gives a good f\ndation ( col\r4 ,x fl[s easily into ! light] br[ns & yell[s ( all ! l[] wall spaces4 ,! sugge/ion ( olive gre5 9 ! frieze ( ! liv+ room (f]s a pleas+ contra/ ) ! prevail+ br[ns & h>monizes well ) ! woodwork ( ?is room1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 0 design$ to be f9i%$ 9 gum wood4 ,?is beautiful wood1 :5 prop]ly treat$1 pres5ts a surface ( sat9-l texture & s(t col\r tone4 ,9 ! d9+-room a corn] ( :i* is %[n 9 ! frontispiece1 ! frieze l5ds a w>m? ( col\r :]e x is ne$$ & is 9 keep+ ) ! fum$ oak trim4 ,! wide op5+s into ! hall f ! rooms on ea* side ( x1 toge!r ) ! long1 unbrok5 l9es ( ! beam$ ceil+s1 give ! impression ( g5]\s wid?4 ,! pla9 wall spaces1 ?\gh v>i$ 9 tone & reliev$ ( monoton\s spac+s by ! location ( ! necess>y doors & w9d[s1 are ( great assi/ance 9 increas+ ! app>5t size ( ! room4 ,pla9 walls are also ! be/ ( backgr\nds = pictures4 ,r$ecorat+ ,old ,h\ses4--,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ! decorat+ & furni%+ ( a h\se or an ap>tm5t _c always h a new & orig9al ar*itectural design z ! basis = ! solution ( ! problems involv$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 ! h\ses 9 :i* homes are made are already built & h be5 previ\sly occupi$4 ,(t5 !y are v old h\ses1 pres5t+ difficult & ev5 impossible tasks = ! decorator4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 su* h\ses are all ! m desirable if !y be> ! m>ks ( age t sugge/ a pa/ ( dignity & *>m4 ,b ! _s :i* inspires ! arti/ 9 decorat+ & furni%+ a h\se already built is ! same z t :i* controls 8 ?\ght :5 he c beg9 ) ! f\ndation ( a new & orig9al design4 ,8 fir/ ?\ght is to discov] h[ beauty may be enhanc$ & at ! same "t unity ( purpose & h>mony ( treatm5t be pres]v$4 ,8 con/ant c>e is to avoid incongru\s elem5ts1 h[ev] beautiful !y may be 9 !mselves or h[ev] appropriate 9 o!r h\ses4 ,8 g5]al aim is to use 8 art to develop ! design z x is1 if !re be any design at all1 & make ! mo/ ( x4 ,decoration z a ,corrective4--,b ?is does n prev5t him f attempt+ to c\nt]act ! blund]s ( faulty design & bad ar*itecture4 ,su* correction1 inde$1 =ms a l>ge "p ( ! "w ( decorators & furni%]s1 bo? pr(essional & amateur4 ,if ! l9es & space divisions ( a room be n good1 ! decoration mu/ be plann$ ) a view to giv+ ! ne$$ h>mony ( proportions1 or at lea/ ! appe>ance ( x4 ,if ! ceil+ be too high1 x may be made to look l[] by c>ry+ ! ceil+ pap] or t9t+ "o or two feet d[n ! walls ( ! room to meet ! picture m\ld+4 ,! effect ( r$uc$ height is acc5tuat$ by a high base bo>d or by wa9scot+4 ,if ! ceil+ be too l[1 ! depress+ effect may be l>gely ov]come by ext5d+ ! picture m\ld+ along ! top ( ! wall spaces close to ! ceil+4 ,?is is a desirable ?+ to d 9 ! liv+ rooms ( mo/ mod]n h\ses4 ,/rip$ wall pap]s ( prop] tones may be us$ 9 l[ rooms ) good effect 9 increas+ _! app>5t height4 ,bad wall spac+ may also be correct$ by enl>g+ door-ways1 sub/itut+ portires = ! doors1 & by arrang+ ! drap]y ov] w9d[s to give ! effect ei!r ( increas+ or ( dim9i%+ _! height1 z ! conditions may require4 ,wall ,pap]s4--,probably no elem5t ( decoration furni%es s _m pitfalls to ensn>e ! unw>y z wall pap]s d4 ,x is easy to fall a victim to a captivat+ design z x appe>s 9 ! few squ>e feet ( wall pap] display$ on ! deal]'s rack4 ,! same int]e/+ figure1 spread out 9 endless repetition on ! f\r walls ( ! liv+ room1 may create an atmosph]e ( unre/ & positive discom=t ke5ly felt by s5sitive p]sons4 ,a wise *oice _c be made 9 ! abs5ce ( all ! conditions t %\ld really det]m9e x4 ,aft] all1 x is n ! pap] :i* is beautiful 9 ! roll t %\ld be select$1 b only t :i* w become beautiful :5 hung ^u ! walls ( a c]ta9 room4 ,pap]s ) l>ge figures %\ld be avoid$ unless !re is a special reason = us+ !m4 ,!y always h ! effect ( r$uc+ ! app>5t size ( ev]y?+ associat$ ) !m4 ,!y make a small room appe> dw>fi% & a l>ge "o ov] decorat$ unless well reliev$ by pla9 spaces h>moniz+ 9 col\r ) ! l>ge-figur$ patt]ns4 ,/rong contra/s 9 col\r values %\ld also be avoid$1 n only betwe5 ! designs & ! gr\nd col\r ( ! wall pap] itself1 b also betwe5 ! pap] & o!r objects ( importance 9 ! room4 ,! pr9ciple ( gradation 9 col\r values1 :i* does n z a g5]al ?+ all[ ! plac+ toge!r ( light & d>k %ades or t9ts1 is almo/ z important z h>mony ( col\r tones4 ,nature ( ,decorative ,design4--,! "o fact nev] to be lo/ sight ( by ! decorator is ! real nature ( true decorative design4 ,x is nev] a picture4 ,:ile x may sugge/ ! natural =ms ( plants or animals1 x does n aim to repres5t !m 9 a naturali/ic way4 ,"s ( ! be/ decorative designs d n ev5 sugge/ natural =ms2 b1 :e!r !y d or n1 ! c5tral idea is ! repetition ( good comb9ations ( l9e & =m 9 closely relat$ col\rs & values on a flat surface4 ,if natural =ms are us$1 !y %\ld be m or less highly conv5tionaliz$4 ,any?+ t de/roys ! idea ( flat surfaces 9 ! same plane is a false note 9 wall decoration4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case1 a wall c h b "o plane4 ,clu/]s ( fl[]s or patt]ns ( any k9d t seem to hang 9 front ( ?is plane1 or back ( x1 are out ( place & !re=e (f5d ! s5se ( fitness4 ,su* incongruities are sometimes s pron\nc$ t !y positively %ock ! s5sibilities ( ref9$ p4 ,extreme examples h be5 kn[n to give su* pa9 to s5sitive p]sons z to drive !m f ! room4 ,advantage ( ,pla9 ,walls4--,decorative designs1 h[ev]1 are n ess5tial 9 wall pap]s4 ,! ma9 po9t 9 ! treatm5t ( walls is to secure & pres]ve a good backgr\nd4 ,if "o is 9 d\bt z to ! k9d ( figure or patt]n to be us$1 :i* is (t5 a p]plex+ "q1 x is well to leave !m out altoge!r4 ,pla9 walls are always good if ! col\r tone is "r2 = col\r is ! ma9 ?+ 9 wall decoration4 ,! decorative effects ( =m may be br\ght out 9 ! portires & w9d[ drap]ies1 :i* may easily c>ry m elaborate patt]ns :5 associat$ ) pla9 walls ?an is desirable ) figur$ wall decorations4 ,9 fact1 ) figur$ walls pla9 portires & curta9s are mu* to be pref]r$4 ,9 our model h\se1 z has be5 expla9$1 ! wall decorations 7 design$ to (f] a pla9 backgr\nd ( col\r4 ,! figur$ bord]s ( ! portires & curta9s1 comb9$ ) ! c>eful gradation 9 ! col\r+ ( ! floors1 wall spaces1 & ceil+1 gave su* a v>iety ( tone to ?is backgr\nd t no?+ fur!r 0 ne$$ to avoid monotony4 ,trial ,ne$$ 9 ,d\btful ,cases4--,x is1 inde$1 a good rule to omit :atev] is unnecess>y4 ,to obs]ve ?is rule wisely is to escape mu* t is positively bad 9 decoration4 ,ov]wr\ght designs1 too great v>iety 9 decorative mat]ial1 too _m decorative objects1 h[ev] great _! individual beauty1 too _m odd pieces ( furniture1 too _m int]e/+ ?+s 9 :atev] direction "o may turn1 create an oppressive & disquiet+ atmosph]e & a feel+ ( unre/ :i* x %\ld always be ! aim ( home decoration to dispel4 ,& yet x may n always be be/ to set aside our treasures because !y d n seem p]fectly suit$ to ! g5]al s*eme ( decoration or are n app>5tly ne$$ to complete x4 ,x is1 9 fact1 (t5 v difficult to det]m9e :]e ! l9e %\ld be drawn betwe5 :at is ne$$ & :at is n ne$$4 ,! fact t no?+ seems to be lack+ is n a f9al te/ if "o has at h& useful or beautiful ?+s t may be introduc$ into a s*eme ( decoration already well ?\ght out & be giv5 a trial4 ,su* exp]im5t+ w (t5 reveal unsuspect$ ne$s or add a new *>m t at once proves its "r to be reta9$4 ,to take a /ep l ?is1 some:at out ( l9e ) accept$ rules z /rictly int]pret$1 is entirely safe if ?is /ep is dictat$ by good ta/e & does n lead ! "y decorator too f> afield4 ,exceptional treatm5t ( any k9d %\ld %[ prop] re/ra9t1 & su* re/ra9t1 :5 x is pla9ly indicat$ 9 any "w ( art1 is 9 itself an attractive feature4 ,precise ,rules n ,always ,practicable4--,! tru? is1 ! rules ( decoration1 ?\gh f\nd$ ^u fundam5tal pr9ciples ( art1 are n rules ( precision l ^? f\nd$ ^u ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case !y mu/ 9 _! application yield m or less to circum/ances4 ,x is1 = example1 a good g5]al rule to det]m9e ! col\r s*eme & backgr\nd fir/ & accommodate o!r decorative features to ^! z a f\ndation2 & yet x is possible = a situation to be s exceptional z to ju/ify a complete rev]sal ( ?is rule4 ,"h is a concrete case4 ,a "y arti/ 0 ! =tunate possessor ( a consid]able numb] ( ,japanese & ,*9ese embroid]ies & o!r ,ori5tal ornam5ts4 ,he wi%$ to make ^! ! ma9 decorative mat]ials = "o ( 8 rooms4 ,! embroid]$ figures 7 9 yell[ & :ite on a deep1 /rong blue1 ! g5]al effect be+ q d>k4 ,!re 7 9 ! collection sev]al pr9ts1 %[+ ! typical dull r$s1 d>k blues1 & yell[s ( ,japanese art4 ,n[ ! room itself happ5$ to be "o t1 "u ! g5]al pr9ciple ( col\r s*emes z det]m9$ by exposure & o!r fix$ conditions1 w\ld dem& w>m col\rs on its walls4 ,x w\ld easily support a ri* r$ frieze ) appropriate comb9ations 9 floor1 dado1 & ceil+4 ,?is w\ld set (f well ! d>k oak trim & ! mahogany furniture1 b x w\ld rule out ! ,ori5tal decorations4 ,"o or ! o!r mu/ give way2 &1 s9ce ! value ( ^! decorative mat]ials 0 beyond "q1 x 0 decid$ to try !m1 ev5 at ! co/ ( sett+ aside ! g5]al rule4 ,! :ole matt] resolv$ itself into select+ a prop] backgr\nd = ^! beautiful pictures & embroid]ies2 & = ^! ! be/ col\r 0 a gray blue--! colde/ ( col\rs4 ,b :5 ! :ole decorative s*eme 0 c>ri$ out to completion & ! cold backgr\nd 0 fully employ$ 9 sett+ (f ! ri* col\rs & exquisite workman%ip ( ! ,ori5tal pr9ts & drap]ies1 all ! circum/ances t ord9>ily det]m9e ! *oice ( backgr\nds 7 =gott5 9 ! *>m ( orig9ality4 ,no "o ?\ght ( ! exposure z requir+ w>m col\rs1 ! d>k oak trim 0 n notic$1 & ! mahogany furniture 0 /ill 9 keep+4 ,! result 0 s absolutely satisfy+ t no "o :o saw x c\ld "q ! good ta/e display$ 9 ?is v orig9al plan ( decoration4 ,b su* exceptional cases %\ld n %ake our confid5ce 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( decoration4 ,x is true t ^! pr9ciples _c be r$uc$ to =mulas to be appli$ inv>iably 9 all cases1 & x is unreasonable to assume t any =m ( treatm5t is ! only "o possible 9 any giv5 case4 ,modifications 9 ! application ( ^! pr9ciples are always possible1 b ! pr9ciples !mselves are z unalt]able z ! ,mosaic law4 ,"o is1 inde$1 tempt$ to summ>ize !m ?us z ! ,,t5 ,,comm&m5ts ,,( ,,decoration ,?\ %alt h no h\sehold gods except ^? t be beautiful or ^? t be useful4 ,?\ %alt n make unto ?yself any lik5ess t is 9 ! heav5 above or 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 or 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?1 t does n f9d an appropriate sett+ 9 ?9e h\se4 ,?\ %alt n look 9 va9 ^u ! creations ( ! great ma/]s ( decorative art4 ,rememb] ! col\r s*eme & keep a good backgr\nd4 ,hon\r ! orig9al design1 h[ev] old x may be1 & make ! mo/ ( x4 ,?\ %alt n hesitate to correct ! blund]s ( faulty design & bad ar*itecture4 ,?\ %alt n kill ?y neighb\rs or ?y fri5ds ) ov]-decorat$ wall pap]s or oppressive decorations ( any k9d4 ,?\ %alt n br+ toge!r incongru\s articles nor p]mit insane arrangem5ts ( any?+ t is ?9e4 ,?\ %alt n p]mit any false note to m> ! h>mony ( ?y decorations4 ,?\ %alt n imitate ?y neighb\r's h\se or any?+ t is ?y neighb\r's1 = x is ! glory ( ! good decorator to %[ orig9ality b at ! same "t to ackn[l$ge 8 dep5d5ce ^u ^? :o h prec$$ him4 ,,! ,,furniture ,relation ( ,furniture to ,decoration4--,s mu* = ! treatm5t ( floors1 walls1 & ceil+s4 ,we may n[ turn to ! m special consid]ation ( ^? objects ( use or beauty t are to be associat$ ) ^! backgr\nds--furniture1 pictures1 lamp %ades1 & small ornam5ts4 ,t ^! are closely relat$ to decoration has be5 impli$ 9 all t has be5 said4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 9 !mselves elem5ts 9 ! decorative s*eme & z su* mu/ obey ! same laws4 ,_! value1 h[ev]1 dep5ds m or less ^u _! utility1 & = ?is reason !y seem to require consid]ation some:at ap>t f _! m]ely decorative functions4 ,?is is especially true ( furniture1 :i* w\ld h v little reason = be+ if x 7 n = its usefulness4 ,9 design+ ! furniture = ! model h\se ! que/ions t con/antly sugge/$ !mselves 73 ,:at is ?is piece ( furniture "u consid]ation to be us$ =8 ,:at =m1 con/ruction1 & f9i% w enable x to give ! be/ s]vice8 ,:at features ( design are ne$$ to r5d] x suit$ to its surr\nd+s8 ,9 consid]+ ! furniture = ! model h\se x 0 mo/ natural to apply ^! te/s to ! v>i\s rooms 9 ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a libr>y desk 9 fum$ oak ,hall ( ! ,model ,h\se4--,fir/1 !re is ! hall4 ,?is is ! room into :i* a visitor is fir/ admitt$1 & f its atmosph]e he gets 8 fir/ impressions4 ,b 9 ?is h\se x is a v small room & design$ to s]ve n m]ely z a place = ! =malities ( welcome b also z an expansion ( ! rooms on ei!r side4 ,its furniture mu/ consi/ l>gely ( ! fireplace4 ,!re is no room = a hall settle nor ev5 = a *air4 ,a mirror1 simply b ri*ly fram$1 might hang on ! wall ne> ! front door1 balanc$ by a picture on ! opposite wall beh9d ! door4 ,an umbrella rack %\ld /& outside on ! por*4 ,illu/ration3 ,a hall *air ,illu/ration3 ,a hall settle--simplicity1 /r5g?1 dignity ,hall ,furniture 9 ,g5]al4--,! halls ( mod]n h\ses v>y greatly 9 _! relative importance4 ,9 "s ! traditions ( ! old ,engli% manor h\ses seem p>tially to survive4 ,9 m$ival ,engl& ! hall 0 ! pr9cipal room1 if n ! only "o com=tably furni%$4 ,:5 mod]n h\ses comb9e ! liv+ room & libr>y or reception room ) ! hall1 !re is ne$ ( some?+ m ?an hall furniture ( ! =mal k9d4 ,! requirem5ts ( com=t mu/ be met4 ,b1 g5]ally speak+1 hall furniture is ( little real use4 ,odd *airs1 attractive by reason ( _! oddity1 ! ri*ness ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 _! con/ruction1 or "s o!r ass]tive quality1 b n fit to sit 91 are suitable or at lea/ excusable 9 ! hall4 ,! hat & coat rack ( our fa!rs has be5 decl>$ insane & no long] appe>s 9 well-regulat$ h\ses4 ,9 place ( x is f\nd ! hall settle1 :i* is ( real use4 ,x %\ld be design$ on simple l9es & give ! impression ( /r5g? & dignity4 ,if ! hall is to be us$ z a wait+ room = gue/s1 a few good *airs1 conv5i5tly plac$1 w be ne$$ = _! com=t & a *oice picture or two on ! walls w add greatly to _! pleasure4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,morris *airs t invite to solid com=t ,illu/ration3 ,a satisfactory writ+ desk ,liv+ ,room ,furniture4--,9 furni%+ liv+ rooms !re is b\nd to be a wide range = ! ex]cise ( good ta/e because ( ! v>iety ( ne$s to be met & ! l>ge facilities af=d$ 9 ! m>kets = meet+ ^! ne$s ) due reg>d to arti/ic requirem5ts4 ,x w be q impossible to g into detail 9 discuss+ s l>ge a topic4 ,! important ?+ is to keep 9 m9d ! c5tral idea ( a liv+ room--! place ( all places :]e ! fre$om1 com=t1 & protection ( home life are to be enjoy$4 ,! v atmosph]e ( ! room %\ld sugge/ simplicity1 s9c]ity1 & good *e]4 ,e article ( furniture %\ld be !re to s]ve a g5u9e ne$1 & x %\ld be /rong en\gh to d its full duty4 ,spid]-legg$1 top-heavy tables2 light1 weak *airs2 *airs on ca/]s or rock]s2 s(as ) c>v$ backs or c\*es ) none at all1--^! h no place 9 ! liv+ room4 ,! long1 /raight l9es ( ! craftsman or mission /yle ( furniture are 9 ! "r direction2 b if ^! be us$ at all !y mu/ be made q g5]al1 s9ce few o!r /yles h>monize ) !m4 ,wick] or re$ furniture is a notable exception4 ,:5 well design$ x w fit 9 almo/ any:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ample libr>y table ,illu/ration3 ,a pla9 b useful magaz9e /& ,! frequ5t comb9ation ( ! libr>y ) ! liv+ room requires a suitable adju/m5t ( ! furniture to ?is use4 ,a pla91 s]viceable magaz9e rack1 :i* may be easily made1 w relieve ! tables ( an accumulation ( weeklies & mon?lies4 ,mod]ately l[ bookcases1 ) or )\t doors1 are to be pref]r$ to ! m ord9>y high ones because ?is =m h>monizes bett] ) ! l9es ( a room1 :i* are g5]ally long] horizontally ?an v]tically4 ,if doors are us$1 x is well to break up ! gl>e ( ! glass by heavy sa%1 ! spac+ ( :i* may be arrang$ 9 a v pleas+ mann]4 ,good design 9 libr>y tables calls = ample size4 ,firmness & conv5i5ce z well z satisfactory proportions %\ld control ! *oice ( a writ+ desk4 ,illu/ration3 ,a l[ bookcase ) sa% doors ,d9+-room ,furniture4 ,only a few elem5ts ent] into ! design = ! furni%+ ( a d9+-room2 b !y are evid5t & %\ld h a controll+ influ5ce4 ,! table & *airs are = a def9ite purpose & ?is %\ld %[ itself 9 good design4 ,heavy con/ruction is p]missible s9ce ! *airs are to be mov$ b little & ! table is practically /ation>y4 ,moreov]1 weight & g5]\s dim5sions are sugge/ive ( b\nty & good s]vice4 ,! rectangul> ext5sion table is mo/ readily adju/$ to v>i$ dem&s1 b ! r\nd table is pref]able = ! family circle2 & = a company ( twelve or fifte5 a l>ge1 r\nd1 tempor>y table top1 plac$ on an ord9>y ext5sion table1 has be5 f\nd v attractive4 ,illu/ration3 ,a r\nd d9+ table ,illu/ration3 ,a sidebo>d ( good proportions4 ,conv5i5t & g5]\s b n ov]done ,z com=t is ! *ief result to be obta9$ 9 furni%+ a liv+ room1 s ri*ness1 )9 "o's means1 is an appropriate aim 9 furni%+ a d9+-room4 ,! hi/ory ( sidebo>d design might be cit$ 9 pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 if pro( 7 ne$$4 ,probably no s+le article ( furniture has be5 subject$ to great] elaboration2 b ! desirable sugge/ion ( pl5ty ) conv5i5ce may be secur$ )\t ov]do+ x4 ,! unique purpose ( ! sidebo>d makes x an int]e/+ /udy = "o :o wi%es to design & con/ruct 8 own 9 con=mity ) ! ar*itecture ( 8 d9+-room4 ,! buffet or s]v+ table furni%es an equally int]e/+1 ?\gh simpl]1 problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,a buffet ( simple b effective design ,= ! c>e ( ! *9a1 ! built-9 cab9et z a feature ( ! ar*itecture ( ! room is to be pref]r$ to ! movable cab9et design$ = ?is purpose1 because ( its ri*] decorative possibilities4 ,l>ge1 glaz$ doors are desirable 9 ei!r case1 n = ! full display ( *9a & glassw>e b to give a sugge/ive glimpse ( x4 ,z ?is cab9et is = decoration & n = %[1 x is well to avoid pla9 glass doors unbrok5 by sa%4 ,lead$ panes are frequ5tly employ$ ) good effect4 ,! decorative effect ( old & odd pieces ( *9a--n too _m ( !m--is mo/ appropriately employ$ by ! use ( ! plate rail2 b x is bett] to leave ! plate rail b>e ?an to load x ) commonplace crock]y & inappropriate ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a *9a cab9et4 ,a "p ( ! f9i% ( ! room ,*amb] ,furniture4--,! b$room speaks = itself4 ,a da9ty fre%ness 9 all its appo9tm5ts is conducive to sleep & re/1 :i* x is ! di/9ctive purpose ( ?is room to provide4 ,! necess>y articles ( furniture are a b$1 a dress+ table1 a bureau or *iffoni]1 a few *airs1 &1 if !re be no ba? room atta*$1 a commode or wa% /&4 ,a c\* is an appropriate addition2 & "h1 if any:]e1 rock+ *airs are all[able4 ,:5 ! b$room mu/ be us$ m or less z a liv+ room or sew+ room1 z x too (t5 un=tunately is1 furniture to s]ve su* uses mu/ be provid$4 ,9 select+ or design+ all ?is furniture1 lightness1 & simplicity ( design1 comb9$ ) /r5g?1 %\ld be all[$ a controll+ influ5ce4 ,! recognition ( ?is idea has giv5 great popul>ity to ! brass or iron b$s2 b x is possible to design & con/ruct b$s ( oak1 maple1 or o!r woods t h>monize ) ! re/ ( ! furniture1 c>ry out ! idea ( da9t9ess1 & h suffici5t /r5g? = s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,lead$ panes ,_m ( ^! sugge/ions on furniture design are be+ c>ri$ out 9 fitt+ up ! model h\se describ$ 9 our introductory *apt]4 ,a small h\se l ?is1 limit$ to "o /ory1 does n p]mit great v>iety 9 its furni%+s4 ,c]ta9 /&>d conditions1 h[ev]1 7 to be met "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 & ! "y design]s f\nd mu* pleasure & great pr(it 9 work+ out ! furniture problems4 ,"s ( ! con/ruction details w be giv5 9 ! lat] *apt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,duxbury *air ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,furniture ,arrangem5t ,foll[s ,selection4--,! problem ( furni%+ a home is n fully settl$ :5 ! que/ions ( design h be5 answ]$ & ! "r selections made4 ,aft] selection comes arrangem5t1 or1 to speak m accurately1 aft] a c]ta9 am\nt ( selection a c]ta9 am\nt ( arrangem5t2 =1 z has already be5 sugge/$1 !re is consid]able dep5d5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r4 ,x is n wise to drop ! arrangem5t till ! selection is complete1 = ! simple reason t ! happie/ *oices are (t5 ! late ones1 det]m9$ by ! disposition ( ! e>li] ones4 ,& yet 9 ! ma9 ! ord] z /at$ is ! true "o4 ,x %\ld be not$1 too1 t 9 arrangem5t !re is a l>g] field = ! ex]cise ( individuality & ta/e4 ,:ile arti/ic pr9ciples /ill hold sway1 !y yield m readily to exceptional int]pretation by ! rul+ _s ( ! h\sehold1 to ! dem&s ( /yle1 & to ! l>g] numb] ( possibilities = pleas+ effects :5 ! "q is "o ( ! arrangem5t ( ?+s already well *os5 = _! usefulness & = _! arti/ic value4 ,illu/ration3 ,a da9ty b$ 9 :ite maple ,utility ! ,controll+ ,pr9ciple4--,! problems ( arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 are by no means vague & unc]ta94 ,! natural law ( adaptation to purpose is n difficult to foll[4 ,9 "s rooms ob$i5ce to x has become a settl$ cu/om4 ,no "o1 = example1 w\ld ?9k ( plac+ ! d9+ table 9 any o!r place ?an ! c5tre ( ! d9+-room or1 if ! room be a long "o1 9 ! c5tre ( "o end4 ,! sidebo>d1 s]v+ table1 & *9a closet likewise fall into _! natural places4 ,s also ! b$room & ! hall1 ?\gh p]haps to a less degree1 pres5t comp>atively easy problems 9 furniture arrangem5t :5 due reg>d is paid to ! purposes = :i* su* rooms are design$4 ,importance ( ,appropriat5ess4--,b x is 9 ! libr>y & ! liv+ room t we f9d ! mo/ difficult & at ! same "t ! mo/ int]e/+ problems4 ,& ?is is due to ! op]ation ( ! same law ( adaptation to purpose4 ,x is ! v>iety ( uses & ! div]sity ( useful objects t make ! problem some:at complex4 ,h[ev] ref9$ & beautiful ! diff]5t units may be1 !re mu/ be "s arrangem5t ( !m into work+ gr\ps4 ,! important elem5ts %\ld dom9ate & ^? ( less] importance %\ld fall naturally into relat$ b subord9ate places4 ,! easy corn] ) its c\*1 pill[s1 & its l[ seats1 has a def9ite function to p]=m4 ,s also h ! piano & ! music rack1 ! bookcases & libr>y table1 ! ,morris *airs & tab\rettes1 ! w9d[ seats & scre5s1 ! writ+ desk & its prop] light+ by w9d[ or lamp1 ! fireplace & all ! accessories ( com=t t may belong to x4 ,! v>i\s c5tres ( int]e/ %\ld be acc5tuat$ by gr\p+ ar\nd !m ! mo/ appropriate furni%+s & ! mo/ sugge/ive decorative features4 ,x may be well to add "o ^w ( caution1 & t is t a prop] balance %\ld be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! v>i\s c5tres ( arrangem5t 9 ord] t no "p ( ! room may seem neglect$ & b>e4 ,! ,dang] ( ,ov]cr[d+4--,f9ally1 ! "o great dang] to be avoid$ 9 meet+ ! requirem5ts ( good arrangem5t is ! temptation to ov]cr[d+4 ,_m o!rwise excell5tly appo9t$ liv+ rooms suff] f an emb>rassm5t ( ri*es4 ,su* ov]cr[d$ rooms are worse ?an an ov]load$ %ip because !y _c topple ov] & s9k z "o might well wi% !m to4 ,to secure ! "r ?+s & j en\gh ( !m1 arrang$ ) a prop] balance betwe5 utility & beauty1 is ! true aim4 ,x is z true to-day z x ev] 0 9 ! arrangem5t & beautify+ ( ! home1 &1 = t matt]1 9 ev]y?+ t conc]ns e-day life--j z true z x 0 9 anci5t times :5 m5 wrote ^? fam\s inscriptions ov] ! doors ( ! temple at ,delphi3 ov] "o1 ,,"k ,,?yself1 & ov] ! o!r1 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,mean ,,( ,,n ,,too ,,mu*4 ,,iii ,,pictures ,i n[ require ?is ( all pictures1 t !y dome/icate me1 n t !y dazzle me4 ,pictures mu/ n be too picturesque4 ,no?+ a/oni%es m5 s mu* z common s5se & pla9 deal+4 ,all great actions h be5 simple1 & all great pictures are4--,ralph ,waldo ,em]son ,! decoration ( a room is g5]ally n complete )\t pictures4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 great value 9 good pictures entirely aside f _! decorative effect2 & too great c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 _! selection4 ,b our pres5t purpose is to consid] !m z decorative features2 =1 ?\gh a decoration is n a picture1 pictures !mselves are prop]ly reg>d$ z important elem5ts 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( decoration4 ,& ?is is especially true z reg>ds matt+ & fram+1 ! di/ribution ( pictures ^u ! wall spaces1 & ! me?od ( hang+ !m4 ,importance ( ,space ,relations4--,a picture mat & frame are simply elem5ts ( f9i%1 & _! function is to give ! picture a c]ta9 individuality & yet connect x h>moni\sly ) ! space 9 :i* x hangs4 ,9 fact1 ! wall space is a "p ( ! fram+ ( ! picture4 ,! importance ( giv+ "s /udy to ! relations ( all ! spaces involv$ is evid5t4 ,! mat & ! frame %\ld n be ( equal wid?4 ,"h is a f9e opportunity to secure v>iety 9 spac+4 ,no def9ite rules c be giv52 sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r %\ld give way4 ,g5]ally speak+1 tall wall spaces require v]tical pictures1 & spaces long] horizontally dem& horizontal pictures4 ,b v>iation f ?is rule is possible & ev5 necess>y ?r\gh ! gr\p+ ( sev]al pictures4 ,9 gr\p+1 h[ev]1 !re is dang] ( be+ tempt$ to all[ too _m pictures4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! well-to-d1 & ev5 9 ! homes ( ^? ( mod]ate means1 too _m pictures1 r ?an too few1 are (t5 f\nd4 ,! example ( "o ,new ,engl& home1 kn[n to ! au?or1 may be m5tion$4 ,! h\se is new1 ( g5]\s proportions1 & x is ! home ( an arti/4 ,!re are few pictures on ! walls1 b !y are di/ribut$ ) r>e arti/ic effect4 ,!re are _m good pictures /or$ 9 ! attic because !re is no suitable space 9 :i* to hang !m4 ,! ,japanese ,way4--,! ,japanese h taught u _m valuable lessons 9 art1 & 9 ! matt] ( ! numb] ( pictures to be display$ !y h a v int]e/+ lesson to tea*4 ,x is _! practice to hang a s+le *oice picture = a season 9 a space :]e x may be be/ enjoy$1 & !n aft] a "t to replace x ) ano!r picture1 & ?is1 p]haps1 by ano!r if circum/ances p]mit4 ,!re are _m conditions t det]m9e ! selection ( ! picture to be display$4 ,x may be ! pref]5ce ( a gue/1 or x may be ! season ( ! ye>1 or1 9 fact1 any occasion t may give a c]ta9 picture special significance4 ,!re is1 9 ?is s+ul> cu/om1 a v def9ite s]vice :i* ! picture is made to p]=m1 & x is giv5 an individuality :i* p]haps has no p>allel 9 our own practice4 ,gr\p+ ( ,small1 ,simple ,pictures4--,if a consid]able numb] ( pictures are gr\p$ toge!r1 x is q ess5tial t all ! pictures ( ! gr\p %\ld be ( simil> "* & tone & simil>ly fram$4 ,x is h>dly possible = !m to be all ( ! same size1 nor1 inde$1 is su* agreem5t desirable except 9 s f> z is requir$ to give prop] balance to ! gr\p4 ,small pictures 9 light frames are1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ desirable = su* gr\p+1 & if possible !re %\ld be an evid5t reason = ! gr\p+4 ,a s]ies ( photographs ( a c]ta9 locality1 = example1 might =m a gr\p ( f\r or five or ev5 m pictures s t !y c\ld be easily se5 toge!r & s m ?or\ghly enjoy$4 ,a collection ( photographs 9 passe-p>t\t b9d+s1 especially if !y deal ) subjects 9 any way relat$1 may =m an attractive gr\p4 ,b pictures ( any consid]able size or ^? hav+ decid$ individuality are g5]ally n suit$ to any plan ( gr\p+4 ,!y %\ld appe> by !mselves1 9 frames & o!r surr\nd+s :i* acc5tuate _! peculi> m]its4 ,! ,k9d ( ,frame4--,! mat]ial ( ! frame1 its col\r1 & ! col\r ( ! mat are det]m9$ by ! tone ( ! picture4 ,oil pa9t+s easily support gilt frames & %\ld be hung 9 good light4 ,pictures ( light values ) :ite mats are well f9i%$ 9 n>r[ gilt frames4 ,c>bon photographs & o!r pictures ( dull tones1 are appropriately fram$ 9 wood ( d>k or m$ium col\r1 & appe> be/ :5 hung aga9/ a d>k wall4 ,! tru? ( ^! /atem5ts w h>dly be que/ion$ by any "o :o has a good s5se ( col\r h>mony4 ,b !re are _m o!r elem5ts t ent] into a concrete problem ( picture fram+ t _c be br\ght "u g5]al rules or =mulas4 ,x is g5]ally be/ to dep5d l>gely ^u ! te/s ( trial4 ,9 fram+ & hang+ pictures1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 obs]vation & exp]i5ce are ! be/ tea*]s4 ,"s sugge/ions may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ record ( two actual fram+ problems t 7 satisfactorily solv$4 ,,fram+ ,,an ,,old-,,"t ,,int]ior1 ,,drawn ,,9 ,,col\rs ,! conditions :i* _h to be met 9 ?is problem are pla9ly %[n 9 ! fram$ picture z x hangs on ! wall4 ,! picture itself is a small "o1 #h in*es wide & #ac in*es long4 ,x is int]e/+ because ( its repres5tation ( a sew+ room 9 "o ( ! high-class homes ( ! colonial p]iod4 ,! mi/ress & h] two "y daught]s are engag$ 9 sew+ & embroid]y4 ,patt]ns are display$ ^u ! wall2 ! furniture is appropriate & evid5tly an example ( ! be/ ( ! p]iod4 ,all ^! details are sugge/ive ( ! delightful home life ( our gr&mo!rs4 ,su* a picture ne$s a mat to give x dep? & to prop]ly emphasize its details2 & x requires a simple1 n>r[ frame4 ,! mat 0 accord+ly made #b-a_/b in*es wide & ! frame #a in* wide4 ,! tone ( ! mat select$ 0 a light blui% gray1 =m+ a good connect+ l9k betwe5 ! bright col\rs ( ! picture & ! gray ( ! wall aga9/ :i* x 0 to be plac$4 ,s9ce x 0 to hang directly ov] a f9e old mahogany table1 x 0 ?\ght fitt+ to give ! frame a mahogany f9i%1 connect+ ! furniture %[n 9 ! picture ) t ( ! room4 ,! frame 0 made ) mitr$ corn]s ( p]fectly pla91 squ>e-edg$ bir*1 :i* readily takes a mahogany f9i%4 ,! /a9 0 fir/ appli$ ) a bru%1 rubb$ 91 & all[$ to dry4 ,a surfac+ coat ( %ellac1 col\r$ to mat* ! /a91 0 next put on1 all[$ to dry1 & !n c>efully s&-pap]$1 special c>e be+ tak5 to gu>d aga9/ r\nd+ ! edges & corn]s4 ,a coat ( v>ni% 0 next appli$1 :i*1 aft] h>d5+ = "o week1 0 rubb$ fir/ ) pumice /one & oil & f9ally ) rott5 /one & oil4 ,a f9al coat ( ?9 f9i%+ v>ni% 0 !n put on1 :i* 0 lightly rubb$ ) rott5 /one & wat] to give ! half dull effect requir$ to mat* ! antique mahogany table4 ,,fram+ ,a ,,c>bon ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,ma/]piece ,! picture is a copy 9 sepia tones ( ,murillo's ,sa9t ,an?ony1 #af in*es 9 height by #bj in*es horizontally4 ,! frame is made ( qu>t]$ oak #c in*es wide1 slightly convex b smoo?2 & x is well jo9$ ) mitr$ corn]s4 ,a picture ( ?is "* ne$s no mat4 ,inde$1 x w\ld h be5 ! height ( presumption to /rive to acc5tuate a ma/]piece ( su* highly ideali/ic mean+ & treatm5t4 ,x mu/ be left to itself z mu* z possible4 ,! dim5sions ( ! frame are !re=e det]m9$ by ! size ( ! picture itself4 ,! picture hangs aga9/ a light gray wall 9 good light1 some:at ap>t f o!r pictures4 ,x 0 a happy ?\ght ?us to recognize its dignity4 ,x 0 giv5 fur!r di/9ction by f9i%+ ! oak frame s t x %\ld n associate itself ) ! o!r woodwork 9 ! room4 ,s9ce ! room 9 :i* ! picture 0 to hang has a light a% trim & mo/ ( ! furniture a mahogany f9i%1 ?is requirem5t 0 easily met4 ,b !re are _m ways ( f9i%+ a frame to avoid too close association ) ! commonplace t w\ld h be5 any?+ b appropriate to su* a picture z ?is4 ,a gilt surface1 a silv]-gray tone1 or a highly poli%$ gold5 oak are possible blund]s4 ,no?+ %\ld be done to call att5tion to ! frame ( any picture1 lea/ ( all to "o ( su* spiritual feel+ z ?is "o4 ,! frame %\ld seem to be a "p ( ! picture1 repeat+ its prevail+ tones ) a ri*ness 9 keep+ ) ! composition ( ! picture itself4 ,! col\r %\ld be a ri*1 d>k br[n1 b n s d>k z to obscure ! figure ( ! wood4 ,! f9i% %\ld be dull1 b s(t & smoo?4 ,!re are sev]al br[n /a9s :i*1 prop]ly appli$1 w\ld give ! desir$ effect4 ,= ! col\r x 0 ?\ght be/ to rely ^u ,van ,dyke br[n1 :i* may be us$ ei!r ) alcohol or turp5t9e4 ,x is n desirable to use a wat] /a9 9 a case l ?is because x w\ld raise ! gra91 necessitat+ s&-pap]+1 :i* %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible on picture frames 9 ord] to keep ! edges & corn]s intact4 ,ammonia fum+ pres]ves ! figure ( ! wood bett] ?an any o!r =m ( /a9+1 b x 0 ?\ght t ! oak might n take on a tone d>k en\gh to meet ! requirem5ts4 ,x 0 decid$1 h[ev]1 to try ! fum+ me?od & to tone up ) a ?9 coat ( /a9 if ! effect prov$ to be n suffici5tly d>k4 ,! ammonia process result$ 9 a ri*1 s(t surface1 b 9 a col\r too light4 ,a ?9 ,van ,dyke br[n alcohol /a9 0 !re=e appli$ & :5 dry ?is 0 foll[$ by a v ?9 coat ( %ellac--mo/ly alcohol--col\r$ to mat* ! /a94 ,?is 0 to fill p>tially ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,f9ally1 x 0 ?or\ghly coat$ ) wax f9i% & well rubb$ to re/ore ! s(t1 sat9-l surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,a gr\p ( passe-p>t\ts ,,passe-,,p>t\ts ,fram+ pictures 9 passe-p>t\t b9d+ is "o ( ! little arts ( home decoration1 ?\gh x is by no means an unimportant "o4 ,x is easy to le>n & x involves small exp5se 9 "t & money1 b x furni%es a means ( pres]v+ _m pictures ( real wor? 9 !mselves or ( value to _! own]s because ( pleasant associations2 & x is 9 itself a delightful occupation4 ,x (f]s ! same *ances = arti/ic effects 9 col\r h>mony & contra/s1 9 spac+1 & 9 ! arrangem5ts = hang+ t ! m difficult me?ods ( fram+ d1 ) ! add$ advantage t "o ne$ n be det]r$ by ! "q ( exp5se f disc>d+ an unsuccessful result & try+ aga94 ,v>ieties ( ,b9d+4--,passe-p>t\t b9d+ is made 9 a great v>iety ( col\rs4 ,x co/s f t5 to tw5ty c5ts p] roll ( twelve y>ds1 accord+ to col\r & quality1 & x may be pur*as$ ( deal]s 9 arti/s' supplies4 ,= g5]al use ! ord9>y wid? ( b9d+--#g_/h ( an in*--is requir$2 b extra n>r[ wid?s are suppli$ :5 x is desir$ to add a m>g9 ( a contra/+ col\r4 ,= ^! m>g9s ! gold & silv] n>r[ b9d+s are1 ) c]ta9 pictures1 v effective2 b :ite & o!r light col\rs are (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,arti/ic ,col\r ,effects4--,! *oice ( ! col\r = ! pr9cipal b9d+ %\ld be controll$ ma9ly by ! tone ( ! picture1 ) :i*1 z a g5]al ?+1 x %\ld bl5d4 ,if no mat be us$1 m or less ( a contra/ 9 col\r betwe5 ! picture & ! b9d+ is p]missible2 b ! mo/ arti/ic effects are obta9$ :5 mats are us$4 ,^! %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be 9 h>mony ) ! col\r tones & g5]al "* ( ! picture4 ,x may be a h>mony ( agreem5t if !re is a bord] ( light tone betwe5 ! picture & ! mat1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,)\t su* a bord] x w be necess>y to %[ a pleas+ contra/ ( tone4 ,b 9 almo/ all cases :5 a mat is us$ ! out] b9d+ %\ld repeat ! pr$om9ant col\r or "s o!r prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! picture4 ,= example1 if x be a picture ( an ,engli% hunt+ sc5e ) m\nt$ sportsm5 9 r$ coats1 ! mat may be ( a light gre5i% hue & ! b9d+ r$4 ,if x be a l&scape photograph 9 sepia tones1 a :ite or light c(fee-col\r$ mat ) a d>k br[n b9d+ is a good comb9ation4 ,a ,scot* sc5e is appropriately fram$ 9 a plaid b9d+4 ,9 ?is case x is ! subject ( ! picture r ?an ! col\r t sugge/s ! b9d+4 ,b 9 all cases opportunity is (f]$ = c>efully select+ ! col\r comb9ations1 plann+ ! spac+1 & arrang+ ! gr\p+ ( pictures ( l "*4 ,?us "o ( ! simple/ ( decorative processes pres5ts l>ge arti/ic possibilities4 ,an ,actual ,problem4--,! v>i\s /eps 9 ! process ( fram+ a picture 9 passe-p>t\t b9d+ may p]haps be be/ und]/ood by giv+ an example ( x4 ,! actual problem is to frame a silh\ette--an orig9al draw+ 9 black ,india ink on light gray pap]1 #h by #aj in*es 9 size1 ) ! long] dim5sion v]tical4 ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,! mat]ials & tools requir$ are z foll[s3 ,a piece ( glass ! size ( ! picture 7#h by #aj in*es71 s9ce no bord] is ne$$2 two pieces ( ?9 pa/ebo>d1 :i* may be cut f an old box cov]1 ! same size z ! glass2 a g5]\s y>d ( black passe-p>t\t b9d+2 two passe-p>t\t r+s1 :i* co/ five c5ts p] doz52 a little photograph]s' pa/e2 a %>p knife or a pair ( scissors2 & an awl or a po9t$ nail4 ,! ,process4--,) ^! mat]ials 9 h& x w require sc>cely m ?an tw5ty m9utes to complete ! "w4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! sett+ ( ! r+s4 ,?is is accompli%$ by pun*+ two small holes 9 "o ( ! pieces ( pa/ebo>d two in*es f ! edge *os5 = ! top & ab\t "o in* f ea* side4 ,?r\gh ^! holes ! po9ts ( ! r+s are pu%$ until ! r+ is close to ! pa/ebo>d4 ,b5d+ ! po9ts ov] 9 opposite directions fa/5s ! r+ firmly4 ,?is is a comp>atively l>ge picture4 ,_h x be5 small--say #d by #e in*es or small]--only "o r+ 9 ! c5tre1 fa/5$ ab\t #a-a_/b in*es f ! edge1 w\ld h be5 ne$$4 ,! picture is n[ m\nt$ on ! second piece ( pa/ebo>d by fa/5+ x at ! upp] corn]s ) a little pa/e4 ,x is desirable to use z little pa/e z possible4 ,! two pieces ( pa/ebo>d are !n br\ght toge!r1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! r+s are on ! outside1 & ! glass laid ov] ! picture4 ,^! p>ts are n[ ready to be b\nd toge!r4 ,! sides are b\nd fir/4 ,?is is done by cutt+ two pieces ( ! b9d+ #a_/d ( an in* long] ?an ! %ort edges ( ! picture1 wett+ ! gumm$ side & lay+ x along ! edge ( ! glass s t x w lap #a_/d ( an in* ov] ! face ( ! glass4 ,ea* end ( ?is b9d+ w ext5d #a_/h ( an in* beyond ! glass4 ,! re/ ( ! b9d+ is n[ fold$ ov] ^u ! pa/ebo>d back1 tak+ pa9s to draw x d[n close to ! edge ( ! glass & pa/ebo>d be=e x is p]man5tly fa/5$4 ,! #a_/h ( an in* t projects at ea* end is !n fold$ ov] ! corn] & press$ d[n z close z possible to ! edge ( ! glass & pa/ebo>d4 ,! upp] & l[] edges are b\nd 9 ! same way1 except+ t ! pieces ( b9d+ are fir/ cut ! same l5g? z ! edges ov] :i* !y are to be pa/$1 &1 be=e !y are pa/$ on1 ! two corn]s on ! side to be pa/$ to ! glass are cut (f #a_/d ( an in* back at an angle ( #de degrees1 & ! o!r corn]s are also trimm$ back to ab\t #a_/h ( an in*4 ,! accompany+ draw+ %[s m cle>ly h[ ^! b9d+ /rips are trimm$4 ,! purpose ( x is evid5t2 = :5 ! /rips are pa/$ ov] ! top & bottom edges ( ! glass1 x is se5 t !y h be5 cut to give ! appe>ance ( mitr$ corn]s1 & t :5 fold$ ov] ! edges ^u ! back ( ! pa/ebo>d no r\gh edges ( b9d+ are left expos$ at ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,h[ ! b9d+ /rips are trimm$ ,"o ( ! lessons ( exp]i5ce 9 ?is "w is t x is well to take great pa9s 9 c5tr+ ! b9d+ /rips accurately be=e pa/+ !m on1 z !y d n /ick well if ! attempt is made to correct a mi/ake by remov+ ! b9d+ & pa/+ x on aga94 ,! m elaborate passe-p>t\ts1 requir+ mats1 bord]s1 & d\ble b9d+s1 are sc>cely m difficult ?an ! simple example j describ$1 ?\gh !y w require m "t4 ,x is well to beg9 ) ! easi] problems4 ,:5 bord]s & d\ble b9d+s are us$ ! n>r[ passe-p>t\t /rips are pa/$ on fir/1 ) prop] c>e to cut ! mitres correctly & to c5tre ! /rips accurately be=e pa/+ !m d[n ^u ! glass4 ,! edges are b\nd la/4 ,?is p>tly cov]s ! bright]-col\r$ /rips previ\sly pa/$ along ! edge ( ! glass1 & leaves a n>r[ l9e ( col\r expos$ z a bord] j inside ! b9d+4 ,,hang+ ,,pictures ,illu/ration3 ,a correct me?od ( hang+ pictures ,h[ to ,hang ,pictures4--,if wire be us$ = hang+ pictures1 x %\ld be z small & inconspicu\s z possible4 ,9 place ( ! braid$ /eel wire1 :i* may be ne$$ = l>ge pictures1 a s+le brass or copp] wire is mu* to be pref]r$ = ^? ( light] weight4 ,9 all cases :]e ! wire %[s x %\ld appe> z two v]tical l9es aga9/ ! wall & n z a s+le wire b5t ov] a s+le hook 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ ,v1 s commonly se5 & s manife/ly fail+ to con=m ) any l9es ( a room4 ,levell+ ! picture may be easily manag$ by us+ only "o wire1 mak+ x cont9u\s ?r\gh ! screw eyes on ! back ( ! picture4 ,^! screw eyes %\ld be plac$ ne> ! top ( ! frame--ab\t "o six? ! :ole v]tical wid? ( ! picture f ! top--s t ! picture may hang ne>ly flat aga9/ ! wall4 ,:5ev] possible1 h[ev]1 pictures %\ld be hung )\t %[+ ! wire at all4 ,?is may be easily manag$ )\t s]i\sly m>r+ ! f9i% ( "s rooms by driv+ two f9e f9i%+ nails 9 ! "p ( ! l[] wall :i* is to come directly beh9d ! top ( ! picture1 all[+ !m to project ab\t #a_/b ( an in* & b5d+ !m up a little ) a pair ( pli]s s t ! wires w n slip (f4 ,*oice1 small pictures may be hung 9 ?is way on f9e uphol/]y tacks4 ,x is (t5 possible1 :5 ! wire mu/ be expos$1 to /op x j bel[ ! dado cap & ?us avoid %[+ ! wire ov] ! frieze4 ,:5ev] x is necess>y1 z x (t5 is1 to susp5d wires by means ( ! s-call$ picture hooks f a picture m\ld+ or cornice /rip plac$ above ! frieze1 "s att5tion %\ld be paid to ! col\r ( ^! hooks4 ,bright metal hooks %[+ ov] a delicately col\r$ m\ld+ are 9 bad ta/e4 ,"s p pref] to use ! inv]t$ ,v susp5sion 9 ord] to r$uce ! numb] ( ^! picture hooks4 ,b x is f> bett] to reta9 ! /raight1 f9e1 & ne>ly invisible wires & col\r ! hooks to make !m less conspicu\s4 ,9 det]m9+ ! height ( pictures x is only necess>y to rememb] t !y are plac$ ^u ! walls to be enjoy$4 ,:ile monotony 9 height is to be avoid$1 ! av]age eye level %\ld n be disreg>d$4 ,! frontispiece illu/rates an effective plac+ ( a picture 9 ! d9+-room ( ! model h\se4 ,,iv ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,fl[]s ,i "k n :i* ,i love ! mo/1 ,nor :i* ! comelie/ %[s2 ,! timid1 ba%ful violet1 ,or ! royal-he>t$ rose2 ,! pansy 9 h] purple dress1 ,! p9k ) *eek ( r$1 ,or ! fa9t1 fair heliotrope :o hangs1 ,l a ba%ful maid1 h] head4 --,phoebe ,c>y ,=m]ly :5 ! furniture1 pictures1 & drap]ies _h be5 arrang$ 9 our rooms1 ) p]haps a few pieces ( bric--brac1 we consid]$ _! decoration q complete4 ,b we h le>n$ h[ mu* *e]fulness a few simple fl[]s1 prop]ly arrang$1 imp>t to ! same rooms2 & s fl[]s h come to be consid]$ z almo/ ess5tial to ! complete decoration ( ! home4 ,a ,lesson ,f ! ,japanese4--,if we h le>n$ mu* f ! ,japanese 9 reg>d to ! arrangem5t & hang+ ( pictures1 f !m we h le>n$ m ab\t ! arti/ic arrangem5t ( fl[]s4 ,!y h taught u to value ! /em & leaves ( ! fl[] z ess5tial to an arti/ic arrangem5t1 t fl[]s ( ! same k9d %\ld be gr\p$ toge!r1 & t h>mony & bl5d+ ( col\r are necess>y to secure ! mo/ arti/ic effects4 ,fl[]s ( a ,k9d ,gr\p$ ,toge!r4--,we may h be5 9 ! habit ( putt+ sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( fl[]s toge!r & ( be+ satisfi$ ) su* a composition2 b ! ,japanese w\ld tell u t :5 sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( fl[]s are comb9$ 9 "o gr\p+ ! full beauty ( ea* is lo/2 & aft] a few exp]im5ts we %all come to see ! tru? ( ?is4 ,"h is an illu/ration3 ,at a summ] camp ) :i* ,i am famili> x 0 ! daily duty ( "o ( ! y\ng] boys to g = ! wild fl[]s we us$ = keep+ ! camp gay4 ,he (t5 br\ght home snug little bun*es ( ! fl[] ( ! wild convolvulus & ! wild rose1 to be us$ toge!r4 ,no pleas+ arrangem5t c\ld be made f su* a h&ful1 s he 0 ask$ to br+ long pieces ( ! v9e ( ! convolvulus & ga!r bran*es ( ! rose1 especially ^? ) ! buds4 ,! convolvulus we arrang$ 9 a flat di% at "o end ( a gray /one mantel1 lett+ ! v9e hang ov] ! mantel1 & he quickly saw t x look$ pretti]--m z ?\gh x 7 gr[+4 ,:5 a few ( ! /alks ( ! wild rose 7 arrang$ by !mselves 9 a gre5 glass vase he pron\nc$ !m mu* pretti] ?an :5 mix$ up ) o!r fl[]s4 ,! ,way ( ! ,g>d54--,9 our g>d5s we plant ! sun%9y daffodils by !mselves1 ! sweet peas gr[ 9 a mass toge!r1 & we h b$s ( roses4 ,if we foll[ ! same plan 9 ! arrangem5t ( our fl[]s indoors we %all realize _! decorative qualities to ! utmo/4 ,s we may consid] x a safe rule to foll[ 9 arrang+ fl[]s1--to use only "o k9d ( fl[]1 ) its /ems & leaves1 arrang+ !m loosely1 r ?an to h _m 9 a compact gr\p+4 ,"o s+le1 long-/emm$ rose1 ) its beautiful foliage1 9 a tall1 sl5d] glass is m decorative & gives u m pleasure ?an a doz5 roses /ripp$ ( _! foliage & cr[d$ into a small vase4 ,exceptions4--,:ile ! above rule %\ld be g5]ally foll[$1 !re are exceptional in/ances ( ! p]fectly h>moni\s arrangem5t ( fl[]s ( two or m k9ds toge!r4 ,among ^! we may m5tion ! comb9+ ( field daisies & butt]cups1 or butt]cups ) ! grasses among :i* !y gr[4 ,s1 too1 ! lacy fl[] ( ! wild c>rot may sometimes be effectively comb9$ ) "s o!r fl[]4 ,! spikes ( ! c>d9al fl[]1 = example1 are gorge\s 9 col\r1 b v /iff & difficult to arrange2 s ! addition ( a few sprays ( ! wild c>rot s(t5s ! effect & makes x m pleas+4 ,,col\r ,,arrangem5t ,we h j consid]$ ! gr\p+ ( fl[]s by !mselves4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t to be consid]$ be=e we c h arti/ic results1 & t is arrangem5t z to col\r4 ,col\r ,gr\p+4--,we may n all be s5sitive to col\r ourselves1 b 9 arrang+ fl[]s we %\ld always keep 9 m9d ! pleasure t is to be giv5 o!rs1 & s we wi% no?+ 9 our col\r gr\p+ t w (f5d ^? ^: col\r s5se is ke54 ,!re are ?ree col\r s*emes t c be foll[$ ) success & satisfaction to all4 ,9 "o we gr\p toge!r only fl[]s ( ! same col\r1 z r$ roses1 p9k sweet peas1 yell[ iris1 n r$1 p9k1 & :ite roses1 nor all ( ! v>i\s col\rs ( sweet pea4 ,ano!r arrangem5t calls = %ades & t9ts ( ! same col\r4 ,) _m fl[]s x is possible to get exquisite effects by foll[+ ?is s*eme4 ,= in/ance1 pansies rang+ f a pale lav5d] to deep purple are lovely arrang$ 9 a l[ basket ( damp moss4 ,sweet peas h beautiful %ades ( p9k t c be comb9$1 z well z %ades ( r$ & ( lav5d]4 ,na/urtiums are nev] s effective z :5 ! v>i\s %ades ( yell[1 orange & br[n are us$ toge!r4 ,! g>d5 a/] ( to-day is ano!r fl[] t af=ds mu* pleasure 9 col\r arrangem5t2 = x has lav5d]s & purples1 a v>iety ( p9k tones1 beautiful r$s1 & p]fect :ite ones4 ,& ! :ite ones6 ,:at %all we d ) ^!8 ,?ree or f\r pure :ite a/]s ( ! same v>iety may be us$ toge!r2 or two or ?ree :ite ones may be gr\p$ ) a few lav5d] ones1 or p9k ones4 ,:ite may be comb9$ ) any col\r ) good results4 ,nature is a good tea*] "h = %e gives u bo? ! col\r$ & ! :ite 9 almo/ e v>iety ( fl[]4 ,= example !re are crimson cosmos & :ite cosmos1 sc>let g]aniums & :ite g]aniums1 blue violets & :ite violets1 & s on ?r\gh a great _m v>ieties4 ,comb9ation ( ,complem5t>y ,col\rs4--,ano!r col\r gr\p+ t is sometimes desirable makes use ( ! complem5t>y col\rs4 ,! salpiglossis1 a g>d5 fl[] t ought to be bett] kn[n ?an x is1 gives u examples ( ^!1 ) its blue & orange-yell[ fl[]s t are s effective toge!r4 ,! iris also has fl[]s ( complem5t>y col\rs1 yell[ & violet blue be+ common among !m4 ,,! ,,fl[] ,,hold]s ,a ,fl[] ,composition z a ,picture4--,hav+ le>n$ some?+ ab\t ! arti/ic use ( col\r1 we come to ! consid]ation ( ! arrangem5t ( ! fl[]s1 & ?is includes ! vase or o!r receptacle us$ = hold+ !m4 ,an arti/ic fl[] composition is a picture2 & z ! mat & frame give f9i% to a picture hang+ on ! wall1 s ! vessel hold+ fl[]s %\ld give ! requir$ f9i% to ! fl[] picture4 ,l ! frame1 x %\ld be simple 9 design1 h graceful l9es1 & s]ve only z a m$ium to set (f ! fl[]s to ! be/ advantage4 ,!re %\ld be z little decoration z possible1 & :5 j>s or vases ( col\r are us$ !y mu/ bl5d or h>monize ) ! col\r s*emes ( ! fl[]s plac$ 9 !m4 ,receptacles = ,fl[]s4--,x (t5 is a problem to f9d ! mo/ fitt+ ?+ = hold+ fl[]s2 b 9 ! reliable ,japanese %ops "o c always f9d "s simple hold]s1 & !re are v good designs 9 ! cle> & 9 ! gre5 glass t are inexp5sive & appropriate4 ,z a rule ! less exp5sive ! article ! bett] adapt$ x is z a suitable hold] = fl[]s4 ,"o ne$ nev] m\rn t %e _c af=d cut glass vases = fl[]s1 z !y & _! *eap imitations are among ! mo/ unsuitable ( hold]s4 ,f\r ,typical ,fl[] ,hold]s4--,let u suppose our equipm5t includes f\r simple receptacles1--a small1 cle> glass fi% globe su* z may be _h = tw5ty-five c5ts2 a cle> glass vase1 ab\t twelve in*es 9 height1 cyl9drical 9 %ape ?\gh fl>+ a little at ! top1 co/+ tw5ty-five c5ts2 a l>ge cyl9drical ,japanese j> ( a pale gre5 t9t1 eighte5 in*es 9 height & co/+ ab\t "o doll> & a qu>t]2 & a deep gre5 "o1 ab\t eight in*es 9 height1 :i* may be b\ght = sixty or sev5ty c5ts4 ,! fi% globe is v effective :5 na/urtiums & _! leaves are loosely arrang$ 9 x4 ,! /ems %[ ?r\gh ! wat] & glass & =m a "p ( ! composition4 ,%ort /emm$ roses may be mo/ arti/ically gr\p$ 9 x4 ,i h se5 a v *>m+ comb9ation ( mignonette & ba*elor's buttons 9 ! same b[l1 z well z a h>moni\s picture 9 yell[1 compos$ ( ! v>i\s %ades ( ,cali=nia poppies & _! foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,a fi% globe ) daisies ,! tall glass sets (f two or ?ree long /emm$ roses3 & a few yell[ daffodils or ! n>cissus ) _! leaves look equally well 9 x4 ,poppies = a day1 9 ! same vase1 h giv5 pleasure to ! behold]4 ,at ,ea/] x has joy\sly borne a /alk ( two p]fect lilies1 & 9 ! autumn tall spikes ( salvia h be5 equally at home 9 x4 ,our tall ,japanese j> is suit$ to l>g] arrangem5ts1 = we ne$ to rememb] t 9 tall or v]tical compositions ! vase %\ld be ab\t "o ?ird ! height ( ! :ole comb9ation2 s ?is is adapt$ to hold+ bran*es ( apple blossoms or m\nta9 laurel2 or1 if "o is =tunate en\gh to f9d tall lilac bu%es1 ab\t ?ree bran*es f ^! are effective 9 x4 ,tall-gr[+ gold5-rod looks equally well plac$ "h4 ,x furni%es a mode/ sett+ = dahlias & *rysan!mums1 & "o ( its mo/ decorative compositions has be5 two or ?ree bran*es ( p9e be>+ _! br[n cones4 ,! possibilities ( ! small] gre5 j> are num]\s1 & only a few are giv5 z sugge/ions4 ,a loose arrangem5t ( jonquils & _! leaves1 or ( :ite n>cissus1 is effective4 ,! %ort] /emm$ lilacs1 ei!r ! purple ones or ! :ite ones1 may be plac$ 9 x4 ,an arrangem5t ( :ite field daisies1 & "o ( yell[ roses1 h be5 f\nd equally successful4 ,"o soon discov]s ! h>mony & balance t exi/ betwe5 ! fl[] & hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a tall vase ) n>cissus ,,! ,,backgr\nd ,space & ,h>moni\s ,surr\nd+s4--,to obta9 ! l>ge/ decorative effect we mu/ h n only arti/ic gr\p+ & h>moni\s sett+ ( fl[]s1 b space & backgr\nd1 j z are ne$$ = ! hang+ ( pictures4 ,_m a floral composition has lo/ all decorative effect f be+ plac$ 9 too small a space & surr\nd$ by di/ract+ objects4 ,a few days ago ,i /epp$ into a room on an err& & =got my err& 9 ! pleasure ,i d]iv$ f see+ "s beautiful yell[ *rysan!mums1 ?ree or f\r1 ,i ?9k1 9 a yell[i% br[n j> on a l>ge mahogany table1 hav+ = a backgr\nd ! upturn$ leaf ( ! table4 ,x /ood "s little di/ance f any?+ else1 a %aft ( sunlight lay across ! :ole1 & z ,i look$ at x ,i ?\ght3 ,"h is all t con/itutes a decorative arrangem5t ( fl[]s4 ,x 0 ! feature ( ! room t held "o's att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,an arrangem5t = ! tall ,japanese j> ,fl[]s = ! ,d9+ ,table4--,if we c h fl[]s 9 b "o room 9 ! h\se1 x may be difficult to decide :i* "o x %all be4 ,s9ce x (t5 happ5s t ! d9+-room is ! only room :]e a busy family comes toge!r = any l5g? ( "t1 fl[]s %\ld c]ta9ly be introduc$ "h t all may %>e _! beauty & *e]4 ,any arrangem5t = ! home table %\ld be mod]ately l[2 & !re are _m simple fl[]s t c be us$ 9 ?is way to advantage4 ,= in/ance1 "o c ga!r a quantity ( ! innoc5ce or common bluet 7root & all71 to be f\nd 9 any field 9 ! spr+1 & put !m 9 a %all[ glass di%4 ,simple & effective decoration = ! table is ! result4 ,fl[]s ) any degree ( fragrance %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! d9+-room4 ,! fragrance ( "s fl[]s is (f5sive to _m p1 & :5 comb9$ ) ! od\r ( food d\bly s4 ,illu/ration3 ,an arrangem5t ( roses 9 a small j> ,at a lun*eon s]v$ by ! girls 9 ! model h\se ! floral decoration = ! table 0 a half doz5 s+le1 yell[ jonquils ) _! foliage1 plac$ 9 a creamy br[n vase made by "o ( ! girls4 ,_! di%es be+ 9 :ite ) a gold edge & ! walls & furniture 9 br[ns1 no?+ c\ld h be5 m h>moni\s ?an ^! few simple fl[]s4 ,exp5sive ,fl[]s n ,necess>y4--,x is evid5t t = floral decoration nei!r exp5sive nor lavi% displays are necess>y1 t simplicity is ! ?+ to /rive =1 & t a few sprays ( wild fl[]s 9 _! season are m truly arti/ic ?an _m exp5sive hot-h\se fl[]s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we d n1 z ! ,japanese d1 make a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( c]ta9 fl[]s2 b if we rightly appreciate & utilize ! fl[]s ( ea* season1 we may give a t\* ( fe/ivity to ! life ( e day4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ no?+ c be m appropriate ?an an arrangem5t ( pussy will[s or bran*es ( ! ald] ) its tassels1 :ile ! r$ maple :5 9 fl[] gives a t\* ( col\r t w bright5 any room4 ,a clump ( blood root 9 a small j>d9i]e is z decorative z ! exp5sive plants "o may see 9 ! home ( "s fri5d4 ,! fl[]s ( ! field & ! g>d5 (f] s _m possibilities = decorative results t no "o's home ne$ lack ! *e]y t\* :i* !y c give4 ,!re is a p]sonal elem5t 9 fl[]s su* z is n f\nd 9 any o!r means ( decoration1 n ev5 9 pictures1 ) ! s+le exception ( good portraits4 ,!y seem to speak to u4 ,we c almo/ believe t !y feel an int]e/ 9 all t we h said ab\t !m4 ,if !y really c\ld "k1 w\ld !y n approve ! pr9ciples t we h laid d[n8 ,we may fancy t !y w\ld approve & t1 if !y c\ld really speak & we w\ld li/51 !y w\ld tell u s 9 "s su* language z ! foll[+3 ,,:at ,,! ,,fl[]s ,,say ,,ab\t ,,x ,don't mix u2 we are exclusive & pref] our own k9d4 ,don't make a confusion ( col\r ) u4 ,don't arrange u 9 snug1 solid masses4 ,don't neglect to use our /ems & foliage z a "p ( ! decoration4 ,don't tie u ) ribbons1 nor put pap]-lace frills ar\nd u4 ,don't cr[d u 9 ) an assortm5t ( h\sehold goods2 we ne$ space & a backgr\nd4 ,don't arrange u 9 tall1 /iff =ms = ! d9+ table4 ,d love u & use u 9 ! home z mu* z possible4 ,?is is well = y4 ,by s do+ n only w y\r love ( u increase1 b y\r arti/ic p]ception ( ! fitness ( ?+s w con/antly enl>ge4 ,= truly has x be5 said1 ,! poore/ woman 9 ! _w1 if %e has fai? 9 beauty1 w always be able to fill h] home ) light2 %e c always place !re "s fl[]s4 ,v ,,decorative ,,fabrics ,,porti,,res1 ,,w9d[ ,,drap]ies1 ,,cu%ion ,,cov]s1 ,,table ,,mats ,! v ne$ ( ornam5t arises out ( a c]ta9 innate discont5t ) pla91 smoo? surface--,lewis ,f4 ,day ,no k9d ( decorative art (f]s great] possibilities = t\*+ ! "r--or ! wrong--*ord ?an t :i* makes use ( fabrics4 ,portires1 curta9s1 cu%ion cov]s1 table runn]s & mats1 lamp %ades1 & _m o!r furni%+s1 9 :i* fabrics are involv$1 pres5t problems t quickly engage ! int]e/ ( ! amateur decorator :o wi%es to avoid ! commonplace &1 :5 well work$ out1 add greatly to ! attractiv5ess ( arti/ic surr\nd+s4 ,& e h\se becomes a /udio = problems peculi> to itself1 :5 ! possibilities ( developm5t 9 ?is direction are realiz$4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e else1 decorative art is second>y to ar*itectural design & mu/ nev] fail to ackn[l$ge its dep5d5ce4 ,its glory is to foll[4 ,to attempt to lead means mis]able failure4 ,example ( ! ,model ,h\se4--,! wide doorways connect+ ! hall1 ! liv+ room1 & d9+-room ( our model h\se made doors undesirable & porti]es necess>y to assi/ 9 m>k+ ! division betwe5 ! rooms & to s(t5 ! l9es ( ! wood f9i%4 ,!y 7 made to h>monize ) ! col\r s*eme b 7 d>k] & ri*] 9 tone4 ,! multiple w9d[s1 ) ! abs5ce ( direct sun%9e1 sugge/$ ! light /yle ( drap]y2 & ! pref]5ce giv5 to /raight-l9$1 sub/antial furniture1 made 9 ! s*ool %ops1 l$ z a natural consequ5ce to cu%ions & cov]+s ( lea!r or co>se fabric1 9 ord] to be> out ! idea ( simplicity1 directness1 & durability 9 craftsman%ip4 ,velvets & sat9s w\ld h be5 out ( place4 ,utility to be ,reg>d$4--,! highly decorative function ( su* accessories makes x d\bly necess>y to ex]cise c>e 9 select+ mat]ials1 design+ ! ornam5tal features1 & prop]ly plac+ ! complet$ article1 9 ord] t ! requirem5ts ( use be n subord9at$ to ! dem&s ( art4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t utility is ! basis ( all true decoration4 ,porti]es 7 orig9ally a sub/itute = doors--a means ( clos+ an op5+ betwe5 rooms4 ,x mu/ be possible always = !m easily to s]ve ?is purpose4 ,h5ce loops or r+s1 :i* slide easily ov] a pole1 %\ld be us$4 ,portires may prop]ly be made ( heavy clo? & !y may h a l9+ h>moniz+ or 9 pleas+ contra/ ) ! tone ( ! pr9cipal fabric4 ,!y %\ld always be at lea/ opaque4 ,w9d[ drap]ies1 on ! o!r h&1 are n a sub/itute = %ades or curta9s4 ,!y %\ld n %ut out ! light b s(t5 x4 ,!y %\ld1 !re=e1 be made ( light1 wa%able1 & durable mat]ial1 & be hung s t !y c be easily tak5 d[n = clean+4 ,! simple/ /yle ( hang+1 by means ( a brass rod & pla9 brackets1 is ! be/4 ,s9ce !re is no ne$ ( frequ5tly slid+ !m ov] ! rod1 x is well to hang !m by means ( a hem1 /it*$ two or ?ree in*es f ! top ( ! drap]y1 ?r\gh :i* ! rod may be easily pu%$4 ,cu%ion cov]s & table runn]s1 made ( durable mat]ial & decorat$ ) col\rs t are wa%able1 are manife/ly m s]viceable ?an ^? t look fre% only :5 new1 & h5ce are m 9 keep+ ) ! idea ( s9c]ity 9 h\sehold decoration4 ,!re is necessity = hone/y 9 decoration z well z 9 plumb+ if x is to meet ! te/s ) equal success4 ,illu/ration3 ,pill[ ,cov] ,) ,geometrical ,designs ,pr9t$ on ,dy$ ,cotton ,clo?4 ,table ,runn] ( ,russian ,cra% ) ,block ,pr9t$ & ,embroid]$ ,end ,panels4 ,plate ,,iii ,h[ su* decorative features are work$ out f beg9n+ to end1 is told 9 ! foll[+ directions = a few practical problems :i* are kn[n to be practical1 because !y h be5 actually c>ri$ ?r\gh f ! design to ! complet$ article4 ,?is detail$ & complete explanation1 ) ! accompany+ illu/rations1 w sugge/ _m simil> problems :i* e home (f]s4 ,,block ,,pr9t+ ,problem3 ,decorat+ a ,table ,runn]4--,?is problem is easily sep>at$ into f\r di/9ct p>ts--mak+ ! design1 cutt+ ! block1 pr9t+1 & f9i%+4 ,! mat]ials ne$$ are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,mak+ ! design ,ord9>y draw+ pap] ,rice pap] ,*>coal ,p5cil ,japanese or sable bru%1 m$ium size ,wat]-pro( ,india ink 7#b7 ,cutt+ ! block ,gum wood ,small p5knife ,vise ,s&-pap]1 f9e 7#c7 ,pr9t+ ! design ,pr9t+ bo>d ,%eet ( glass ,oil pa9ts ,turp5t9e ,palette knife ,cotton batt+ ,*eese clo? 7#d7 ,f9i%+ ! runn] ,embroid]y silk or m]c]iz$ cotton ,illu/ration3 ,! peacock design ,! ,design4--,to c>ry out ! problem z illu/rat$1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to make ! design4 ,geometry1 nature1 & ! imag9ation are satisfactory s\rces ^u :i* to draw = ! motif4 ,if ! inv5tive faculty is q undevelop$1 "o %\ld /udy = sugge/ions ! figures 9 ,ori5tal rugs1 photographs ( e>ly ,ea/]n art1 & ! f9e old tape/ries 9 museum collections4 ,"s good geometrical designs1 l t us$ on ! pill[ cov] illu/rat$ on page #ajd1 7 made by s*ool-girls aft] draw+ _m figures f\nd 9 rugs2 & int]e/+ bird patt]ns1 aft] /udy+ num]\s reproductions ( ,coptic designs4 ,9 no case 0 ! block patt]n 9 ! lea/ l ! designs /udi$4 ,!y s]v$ only z ideas to />t ) & l$ to ! production ( truly orig9al "w4 ,x is ess5tial to keep a few simple pr9ciples 9 m9d 9 work+ out ! design3 7#a7 ,bo? ! d>k & light %ades 9 ! patt]ns %\ld be v>i$ 9 size & =m to avoid a monoton\s result & %\ld be z beautiful 9 proportion z possible4 7#b7 ,!re %\ld be a c5tre ( int]e/1 "o "p ( ! design dom9ant--m attractive ?an any o!r4 7#c7 ,! design mu/ be a unit--i4 e41 ! p>ts mu/ hold toge!r4 ,all feel+ ( unity is lo/ if ! p>ts ( ! design call att5tion to !mselves to ! exclusion ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,block us$ 9 pr9t+ ! peacock design ,prelim9>y ,sket*es & ! ,draw+4--,x w be f\nd desirable to make _m prelim9>y sket*es 9 *>coal or s(t p5cil1 rubb+ 9 a "p ( ea* sket* ) a tone 9 ord] to secure imm$iately ! d>k & light effect4 ,^! %\ld be comp>$1 keep+ cle>ly 9 m9d ! pr9ciples /at$ above4 ,:5 "o possess+ ! "r qualifications has be5 f\nd1 ! next /ep is to draw on a fre% piece ( pap] an accurate #c-;in* squ>e & copy ^u x ! satisfactory design 9 p5cil outl9e4 ,?is %\ld be done v c>efully1 t ! _s ( ! orig9al *>coal sket* may n be lo/4 ,:5 ! draw+ is complet$ x mu/ be put into %ape to be transf]r$ to ! block4 ,to d ?is we fa/5 a piece ( rice-pap] ov] ! draw+ & trace ) v light p5cil l9es1 fill+ 9 ! d>k spaces ) black ink1 us+ a bru%4 ,?is bru% "w may be done directly )\t ! p5cil l9e if ! draw+ und]nea? %[s v pla9ly ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,:5 ! ink has ?or\ghly dri$1 ! design may be cut out on ! edge ( ! #c-;in* squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,bird patt]n ,lay+ ! ,patt]n & ,cutt+ ! ,block4--,a block #c #c #g_/h in*es w n[ be requir$4 ,?is %\ld be procur$ & s&-pap]$4 ,"o face ( x %\ld !n be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( libr>y pa/e1 ! patt]n laid ^u x1 & rubb$ d[n smoo?4 ,if ! design is symmetrical x %\ld be pa/$ on ! block1 ink side up1 b o!rwise ) ! ink side d[n1 or ! design w be rev]s$ ^u ! clo?4 ,:5 ! pa/e gets q dry "o may !n fa/5 ! block 9 ! vise &1 hold+ ! blade ( ! knife at a slight angle & always away f ! d>k spots1 proce$ to cut ! design along ! outl9es4 ,^! mu/ be kept v smoo? & %>p4 ,all ( ! :ite %apes %\ld be cut out1 leav+ ! black ones 9 relief4 ,usually an eigh? ( an in* w be deep en\gh = ! backgr\nd1 b x w be f\nd aft] practise 9 pr9t+ t ! l>g] spaces %\ld be cut deep] & t1 :5 ! edges or corn]s ( ! block =m a "p ( ! backgr\nd in/ead ( ! d>k patt]n1 !y also ne$ a deep] cut4 ,! pap] t /ill adh]es to ! face ( ! block may n[ be remov$ by rubb+ x ^u a %eet ( s&-pap] laid ^u some?+ h>d & smoo? l glass 9 ord] t ! block may h an absolutely level surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,a fl[] & leaf design ,illu/ration3 ,block us$ 9 pr9t+ ?is design ,! ,padd$ ,bo>d4--,all block pr9t+ %\ld be done ^u a padd$ bo>d4 ,a v conv5i5t "o c be made by lay+ ^u a bread bo>d ?ree or f\r %eets ( blott+ pap]1 & tack+ ov] ^! sev]al ?icknesses ( *eese clo?4 ,9 place ( ^! an iron+ bo>d may be us$4 ,mat]ial ,requir$4--,x is ess5tial to select = ! runn] a piece ( cra% ( f9e texture & ev5 weave4 ,?is is sold "u ! "n ( ,russian cra% & is f #ae to #af in*es wide b v>ies consid]ably 9 quality4 ,x is v difficult to pr9t well ^u ! co>s] grades4 ,illu/ration3 ,alt]nat+ animal & geometrical design ,illu/ration3 ,blocks us$ 9 pr9t+ ?is design ,try+ ! ,col\rs4--,aft] decid+ ^u a col\r :i* w h>monize ) ! g5]al col\r s*eme ( ! room 9 :i* ! table runn] is to be us$1 x is 9 ord] to mix ! pa9t & try ! block ^u a small piece ( cra%4 ,to prep>e ! pa9t1 squeeze a small quantity ( ! true col\rs *os5 ^u a %eet ( glass & bl5d ?or\ghly ) ! palette knife1 ?9n+ ) turp5t9e to ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,x is seldom t a col\r "r f ! tube w prove a pleas+ "o to use4 ,o!r col\rs mix$ ) x w *ange its hue & int5sity2 black or :ite w alt] ! value4 ,tie a little cotton batt+ up 9 a small squ>e ( *eese clo? or old h&k]*ief l951 be+ c>eful to remove f ! raw edges all ravell+s t might drop into ! pa9t4 ,spread out q ?9 ^u ! glass a small portion ( ! prep>$ pa9t & press ! pad into x a numb] ( times until x has absorb$ all x w4 ,n[ *>ge ! block by lightly p\nd+ its surface ) ! pad4 ,press ! block ^u ! clo? ev5ly4 ,only by repeat$ exp]im5t w x be possible to det]m9e j ! "r quantity ( pa9t to mix1 its brilliancy ( tone1 its consi/5cy1 h[ heavily to *>ge ! block1 etc4 ,a good pr9t %[s ! texture ( ! clo? ?r\gh x1 is ev5 9 tone1 & has cle>-cut edges4 ,if ! pr9t looks l a pa9t$ spot1 or if1 :5 q dry1 y f9d x has /iff5$ ! clo?1 ! pa9t us$ 0 too ?ick or else ! block 0 too heavily *>g$4 ,diff]5t mat]ials require diff]5t treatm5t4 ,= a ?9 silk ! block %\ld be v lightly *>g$ & lightly ?\gh ev5ly press$ ^u ! mat]ial4 ,9 pr9t+ ^u cra% x is necess>y to press ! block v firmly ^u ! mat]ial2 & frequ5tly1 to insure gett+ a suffici5tly /rong impression1 x is advisable to tap ! block lightly ) a hamm] or wood5 mallet4 ,if "o has a /eady h&1 ! block c easily be lift$ at "o side to det]m9e j :]e ! extra pressure is ne$$4 ,! block %\ld be ?or\ghly rubb$ ) old clo? aft] ea* impression is made & occasionally s&-pap]$ to remove any pa9t t may adh]e to x4 ,! fir/ pr9t made aft] s&-pap]+ ! block is liable to be a little less di/9ct ?an ! o!rs & %\ld !re=e be made ^u an extra piece ( ! mat]ial4 ,c5tr+ ! ,"w4--,a good way to plan ! plac+ ( ! panel design is to run a ba/+ ?read across ! cra% betwe5 two ( ! wov5 ?reads4 ,m>k ! c5tre ( ! runn] ^u ?is ?read1 &1 us+ ^! guides1 pr9t ! design1 beg9n+ ) "o ( ! c5tral units4 ,additional ,features4--,consid]able *>m c be add$ to ! patt]n by fill+ "s ( ! spaces ) a simple d>n+ or runn+ /it* 9 "s bright col\r4 ,! embroid]y ?read us$ %\ld be r f9e4 ,x is well to f9i% ! ends ( ! runn] by button-hol+ ) ravell+s ( ! cra%4 ,t9y dots ( "s col\r us$ 9 ! panel may be embroid]$ at int]vals j above ! button-hol$ edge4 ,col\rs4--,! foll[+ li/ ( oil col\rs w be f\nd practical3 ivory black1 flake :ite1 burnt si5na1 light r$1 crimson lake1 *rome yell[1 *rome gre51 p]man5t blue4 ,mat]ials4--,l951 cotton1 soisette1 all or "p silk pongee1 crpe de *9e1 *eese clo?1 & unblea*$ musl9 are excell5t mat]ials = block pr9t+4 ,beautiful backgr\nd tones c be obta9$ by dye+ ! two latt] ) easy dyes4 ,9 place ( ! gum wood = ! block1 basswood1 maple1 or holly may be us$4 ,x is possible to get along )\t a vise by fa/5+ ! block betwe5 two cleats nail$ to an old table or heavy bo>d4 ,success is sometimes a*iev$ 9 cutt+ blocks :ile simply held 9 ! h&4 ,laund]+4--,if ! mat]ial us$ = ! f\ndation is wa%able1 block pr9t$ articles c be satisfactorily & easily laund]$ 9 soapy1 lukew>m wat]4 ,! col\rs are n injur$ 9 ! lea/4 ,a liquid call$ /5cil mordant is sometimes us$ 9 place ( turp5t9e1 insur+ /ill great] p]man5cy ( col\r4 ,o!r ,applications ( ,block ,pr9t+4--,o!r articles suitable = decoration by block pr9t+ are curta9s1 pill[ cov]s1 table cov]s1 cu%ion cov]s1 bureau sc>fs1 ,porti]es1 table mats1 bags ( _m sorts1 etc4 ,pr9t+ may also be us$ to ornam5t articles = p]sonal use1 su* z aprons & sc>fs4 ,,/5cill+ ,problem3 ,w9d[ ,drap]ies4--,mak+ ! design1 cutt+ ! /5cil1 pr9t+1 & f9i%+ =m ! divisions ( ! problem to be work$ out4 ,a li/ ( necess>y mat]ials foll[s3 7#a7 ,mak+ ! design ,*>coal ,p5cil ,reflector ,ord9>y draw+ pap] ,trac+ pap] ,c>bon pap] ,/5cil pap] 7#b7 ,cutt+ ! /5cil ,%eet ( glass ,%>p p5knife 7#c7 ,pr9t+ ,l>ge bo>d ,blott+ pap] ,turp5t9e ,oil pa9ts ,bri/le bru%es ,p9s ,! ,design4--,sugge/ions z to ! me?od ( proc$ure 9 mak+ a design h be5 already giv5 9 ! section on block pr9t+4 ,! pr9ciples ( design to be consid]$ are outl9$ !re also4 ,9 work+ out ?is problem1 h[ev]1 sev]al new ?+s come up = explanation3 7#a7 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a design to be /5cil$ & "o to be pr9t$ by means ( a wood block2 7#b7 ! me?od ( jo9+ units to =m a bord]2 7#c7 ! me?od ( turn+ a corn] 9 a bord] design4 ,illu/ration3 ,w9d[ ,drap]ies ,) ,/5cil$ ,bord]4 ,design$ & ,execut$ by a ,s*ool ,girl4 ,plate ,,iv ,! ,/5cil ,b&s4--,by /udy+ ! illu/rations accompany+ ?is section & by exp]im5t+ ) ! *>coal or s(t p5cil1 x w be se5 t 9 a /5cil design ! d>k spots :i* /& = ! color 9 ! f9i%$ "w are completely sep>at$ f "o ano!r by b&s ( v>y+ wid?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a /5cill$ patt]n--portion ( pill[ cov] ,^! b&s1 or bridges1 z !y are call$1 s]ve to hold ! /5cil toge!r & are connect$ ?r\gh\t ! design4 ,?\gh !y may be z wide z "o desires1 x is seldom wise to make !m mu* n>r[] ?an "o eigh? ( an in*1 z !y are easily brok52 &1 unless c>efully p9n$ d[n :5 /5cill+1 ! pa9t is liable to run "u !m & ru9 ! "w4 ,9 a block pr9t design no connection ( ! light or sep>ation ( ! d>k p>ts has to be consid]$4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! /5cil obs]ve t ! d>k & light are rev]s$ z comp>$ ) ! /5cill$ patt]n--i4 e41 ! d>k repres5ts ! /5cil pap]1 ! light ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! pa9t is appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! /5cil = ?is patt]n ,! ,complete ,unit4--,x w be readily und]/ood t a bord] may be made up by repetition ( "o unit :i* is a complete ?+ 9 itself4 ,! unit 9 su* a case may be made v long & n>r[1 s t 9 repeat+ x along ! v]tical edge ( a curta9 x produces a n>r[ b&1 :ile along ! horizontal edge ! b& is broad4 ,a bord] work$ out 9 ?is way1 ) p]fectly /raight & practically cont9u\s m>g9s1 is v /ructural 9 "*1 emphasiz+1 z x does1 ! v]tical & horizontal edges ( ! drap]y4 ,! effect is /rong & dignifi$4 ,! corn] 9 ?is k9d ( bord] pres5ts no difficulty4 ,! ,subord9ate ,unit4--,by /udy+ ! illu/ration 9 ,plate ,,iv x w be se5 t ! unit ( ! bord] 9 ?is case is n complete 9 itself1 b t ! v conv5tional fl[] & /em compos+ x are jo9$ to ! next unit by :at might be call$ a subord9ate unit1 compos$1 9 ?is case1 ( a leaf =m4 ,! units are s closely spac$ t a /ructural effect is fairly well obta9$--i4 e41 ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! bord] are ne>ly /raight1 giv+ a feel+ ( re/fulness to ! design t nev] accompanies "o ) brok5 or wavy edges4 ,design+ ! ,corn]4--,hav+ plann$ a design = ! /raight runn+ bord] ( ! curta9s1 take a reflector & exp]im5t ) ! corn]4 ,! reflector c easily be made by cutt+ f an old disc>d$ look+-glass a small rectangul> piece1 #c-a_/b by #f in*es be+ a conv5i5t size4 ,! edges %\ld be v /raight & ! corn]s squ>e4 ,hold ! reflector at v>i\s po9ts along ! bord] & always at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,/udy ^! possible corn]s :i* w be reflect$ 9 ! glass1 & :5 "o suffici5tly /rong & int]e/+ is f\nd draw a light l9e along ! edge ( ! reflector4 ,?is l9e1 ( c\rse1 exactly bisects ! corn] ( ! bord] to be made4 ,avoid mak+ a bord] ( ?is k9d too deep or1 :5 turn$ = ! v]tical edges1 x w =m a v broad & heavy b&4 ,! ,outl9e ,draw+4--,! d>k & light design hav+ ?us be5 work$ out 9 *>coal1 ! next ?+ to d is to make a v c>eful p5cil-outl9e draw+ ( ! same4 ,x is well to draw ! corn] & "o unit free-h& & trace ! re/4 ,to d ! trac+1 p9 a piece ( v ?9 pap] ov] ! f9i%$ "p1 & trace ) a well %>p5$ & fairly s(t p5cil4 ,turn ! trac+ pap] upside d[n1 fitt+ a "p ( ! trac+ to ! draw+ und]nea?4 ,aft] tack+ x d[n1 trace ! rema9d]1 us+ a firm1 ev5 pressure & be+ c>eful exactly to foll[ ! l9e4 ,/r5g!n ! "p ( ! patt]n ?us transf]r$ by go+ ov] x ) a %>p1 h>d po9t1 & cont9ue z be=e until y h a bord] ( :i* bo? ! v]tical & horizontal sections are f #i to #ab in*es long4 ,transf] to ,/5cil ,pap]4--,n[1 take a piece ( /5cil pap] & squ>e up "o corn]4 ,fa/5 ! p5cil draw+ securely to ! /5cil pap] along "o edge1 slip a piece ( c>bon pap] betwe5 ! two1 & trace ! design4 ,cutt+ ! ,/5cil4--,be=e cutt+ ! /5cil = ! curta9 a beg9n] %\ld d a little practis+ ^u an extra piece ( ! pap]4 ,trace a portion ( ! design ^u ?is piece1 lay x ^u a %eet ( glass or v h>d wood1 & ) a %>p p5knife cut along ! outl9e ( ! patt]n4 ,! knife %\ld be held at a slight angle & ! cut made completely ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,! pieces ( /5cil pap] %\ld nev] be pull$ out b w fall out )\t aid :5 ! cutt+ is complet$4 ,aft] a little practice x w be f\nd a simple matt] to cut ! design ) p]fectly smoo? edges4 ,suitable ,mat]ials = ,/5cill+4--,= ! curta9s f9e *eese clo? or bati/e w be f\nd excell5t4 ,ev5 unblea*$ musl9 w make attractive curta9s :]e exp5se mu/ be c>efully consid]$4 ,unless ! woodwork ( ! room is :ite1 ! pure :ite mat]ials w be f\nd less pleas+ ?an ^? t are q creamy 9 tone4 ,scrim 9 a *>m+1 grayi% tan col\r is obta9able1 &1 if ( good1 s(t quality1 makes mo/ satisfactory curta9s4 ,x is n advisable to hem/it* ?is mat]ial be=e /5cill+ z 9 case ( accid5t or failure s mu* "w is lo/2 b ! hems %\ld be c>efully plann$ & ba/$1 ^? along ! inn] edges ( ! curta9s be+ n>r[] ?an ! bottom hems4 ,! ,col\rs4--,! color s*eme ( ! room %\ld be c>efully consid]$ 9 decid+ ^u ! col\r or col\rs to be us$ 9 /5cill+4 ,if two col\rs are *os51 !y %\ld be ( ! same value--i4 e41 ! two col\rs %\ld =m equally d>k spots 9 ord] t ! patt]n ( ! bord] may appe> 9 ! same d>k & light z ! orig9al *>coal sket*4 ,p9n+ ! ,/5cil4--,:5 ready = ! actual process ( /5cill+1 lay a l>ge %eet ( blott+ pap] ^u a bo>d & ov] ?is place ! corn] ( ! curta94 ,p9 ! /5cil securely to ! curta9 s t ! edge ( ! bord] :5 pr9t$ %all be ab\t half an in* f ! hem & ! edges ( bo? %all be absolutely p>allel4 ,use z few p9s z possible b en\gh to keep ! /5cil close to ! clo?4 ,te/+ ! ,pa9t4--,hav+ mix$ ! oil pa9t ) turp5t9e or /5cil mordant1 us+ an old cup or glass = ea* col\r1 practise /5cill+ ^u a small piece ( clo?4 ,put blott+-pap] "u ! clo? & p9 ! /5cil d[n ) great c>e4 ,use %ort1 /iff bri/le bru%es = ! /5cill+1 "o = ea* col\r4 ,remove almo/ all ! pa9t f ! bru% by press+ x ^u blott+-pap]4 ,:5 x leaves sc>cely a m>k1 proce$ to /5cil ! patt]n by p\nd+ ! bru% ^u ! expos$ portions ( ! clo?1 work+ close to ! edge ( ea* spot4 ,if1 ^u remov+ ! /5cil1 ! edges are blurr$1 ! pa9t 0 too ?9 or ! /5cil n c>efully p9n$ d[n4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! col\r$ spots look ?ick & pa9ty1 s t ^u dry+1 ! clo? is f\nd /iff5$ 9 ^! places1 y may be sure t ! pa9t us$ 0 too ?ick or t ! bru% 0 too wet4 ,! secret ( good /5cill+ is to use ! pa9t z ?9 & ! bru% z dry z possible4 ,hold ! /5cill$ sample up to ! w9d[ & see :e!r1 :5 ! light %9es ?r\gh x1 ! col\r appe>s "r4 ,! ,real ,process4--,:5 confid5t t ! process is und]/ood & t ! col\r is satisfactory1 proce$ to /5cil ! corn] ( ! curta94 ,always h at h& a bottle ( turp5t9e & a clean piece ( clo? to use 9 case ( accid5t4 ,:5 remov+ ! p9s f ! /5cil wipe ea* "o c>efully4 ,clean ! /5cil1 too1 h&l+ x ) c>e t none ( ! sl5d] bridges may be brok54 ,replace ! /5cil1 fitt+ a section ( x to ! f9i%$ "w4 ,put ! p9s 9 ! holes already made1 o!rwise ! pa9t w get into !m & disfigure ! "w4 ,cont9ue ! /5cill+1 a section at a "t1 until ! bord] is complet$4 ,d n fold ! curta9s until ! /5cill+ is ?or\ghly dry4 ,if ! ?reads ( ! mat]ial c be easily pull$1 a hem/it*$ edge w make ! be/ f9i%2 b c>eful h& hemm+ w look well ^u mat]ial l f9e bati/e4 ,! ,valance4--,! curta9s %\ld hang 9 v]tical folds f ! top ( ! w9d[ to a po9t slightly bel[ ! w9d[ sill4 ,!y %\ld be drawn back at ea* side ( ! w9d[ & ! space betwe5 at ! top fill$ by a valance ab\t a foot deep1 p]haps deep] if ! w9d[ is v high4 ,?is valance %\ld h ! bord] /5cill$ ^u x & %\ld be tack$ j und]nea? ! edge ( ! curta9s4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! illu/ration 9 ,plate ,,iv1 a valance runn+ across ! entire wid? ( ! w9d[ is us$4 ,9 ?is case x is run ^u an extra rod 9 front ( ! "o f :i* ! curta9 hangs4 ,d\ble rods = ?is purpose c be b\ght4 ,o!r ,possible ,problems4--,z /5cill+ c be employ$ 9 practically ! same place & ^u ! same mat]ials z block pr9t+1 x is only necess>y to ref] to ! li/s giv5 at ! end ( t section ( ?is *apt] = sugge/ions z to fur!r possibilities 9 ! way ( home decoration by /5cill+4 ,,embroid]y ,problem3 ,table ,mat4--,z 9 ! prec$+ problems1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to plan ! design r\ghly 9 *>coal or s(t p5cil 9 ord] to get ! d>k & light relations & ! be/ proportions possible4 ,if conv5i5t1 ! mat %\ld be made = use ) "s special lamp or vase4 ,by measur+ ! base ( ?is object x is easy to det]m9e ! size ( ! pla9 c5tral space1 :i* may be ei!r circul> or squ>e 9 %ape4 ,! =ms 9 ! decorat$ "p may be made ( v>i\s %apes1 b x is well to keep !m v simple 9 outl9e4 ,/raight l9es alone may be employ$1 z 9 ! mats illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,v1 or a comb9ation ( /raight & curv$ l9es1 z 9 ! "o %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,aft] work+ out ! design v accurately ) a h>d p5cil1 ! next ?+ 9 ord] is to transf] x to a piece ( co>se ,russian cra% or heavy l95 by means ( c>bon pap]1 tak+ great c>e to get ! /raight edges ( ! design ev5 ) ! ?reads ( ! cra%4 ,desirable ,comb9ations ( ,col\r & ,/it*es4--,! simple runn+ or d>n+ /it* %\ld be employ$ 9 embroid]+ ! patt]n4 ,two or m col\rs may be us$4 ,d>n+ 9 dull gre5 & outl9+ ) black 9 ! same /it* makes a v attractive mat4 ,o!r good comb9ations are gre5 & :ite1 blue & :ite1 blue & gre51 s(t dull blue1 & p9ki% orange4 ,?is by no means exhau/s ! pleas+ contra/s t may be f\nd4 ,! bright] col\r %\ld always be employ$ 9 ! small] quantities4 ,! mat illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,v 0 embroid]$ 9 dull gre5 & r$ m]c]iz$ cotton4 ,aft] ! d>n+ 0 complet$ x 0 f\nd t ! r$ us$ 9 ! small circles alone 0 too conspicu\s1 al?\gh x 0 v dull 9 tone4 ,?is defect 0 completely rem$i$ & a p]fect unity giv5 to ! design by outl9+ ! =ms 9 a c\*+ /it*1 us+ bo? col\rs4 ,?is 0 done by lay+ a gre5 ?read along ! edge ( ea* spot & tak+ a /it* ( r$ ov] x at equal int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cro*et$ ,,panels ,a ,l95 ,workbag ,) ,conv5tional ,l&scape 9 ,d>n+ ,/it* ,a ,cra% ,table ,mat ,embroid]$ 9 ,d>n+ & ,c\*+ ,/it* ,design$ & ,execut$ by ,s*ool ,girls4 ,plate ,v ,aft] ! embroid]$ patt]n is done "o may f9i% ! mat ) f9e1 close hem/it*+ or by button-hol+ ! edge ) ravell+s ( ! cra%4 ,! latt] me?od is usually m pleas+4 ,! simple d>n+ /it* c also be us$ to make v attractive bord]s = table runn]s1 s(a pill[s1 decorations = "w bags1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,v1 besides be+ us$ to enri* a great v>iety ( block pr9t$ or /5cill$ articles4 ,! ,sat9 ,/it*4--,ano!r effective & easy embroid]y /it* to be us$ 9 decorat+ articles = ! home is ! ov]-&-ov] or sat9 /it*4 ,:5 plann+ to use ?is /it* ^u co>se l95 9 :i* ! ?reads c be easily c\nt$1 transf] ! design1 aft] hav+ c>efully drawn x 9 p5cil outl9e1 to pap] m>k$ (f into little squ>es4 ,?is c be b\ght :]e k9d]g>t5 supplies are sold4 ,r$raw ! outl9e ( ! design1 foll[+ exactly ! l9es on ! pap]1 & at ! same "t keep z close z possible to ! orig9al =m4 ,let a c]ta9 numb] ( ?reads ( l95 repres5t a squ>e ( ! design & copy ! patt]n 9 ! sat9 /it* or ev5 ! cross /it* if pref]r$4 ,no transf]r+ ( ! patt]n to ! clo? is necess>y4 ,a patt]n work$ out on cross section pap] 9 ?is way c also be cro*et$1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,v1 & set into l95 or "s ( its _m imitations to decorate numb]less articles = home or p]sonal adornm5t4 ,?is cro*et$ "w1 if ev5ly done 9 f9e ?read1 is q sugge/ive ( ! ,italian filet lace4 ,,vi ,,dress ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,decoration ,a fooli% little maid5 _h a fooli% little bonnet ,) a fea!r & a ribbon & a bit ( lace ^u x2 ,& t ! o!r maid5s ( ! little t[n might "k x1 ,%e ?\ght %e'd g to meet+ ( a ,sunday j to %[ x4 ',hallelujah6 hallelujah6' sang ! *oir above h] head4 ',h>dly knew y6 h>dly knew y6' 7 ! words %e ?\ght !y said4 ,9 consid]+ ! dress ( ! p]son z relat$ to home decoration "o is n s f> afield z "o may seem to be at fir/ ?\ght4 ,x is true t dress has a v>iety ( functions to p]=m t h no connection ) ! subject ( decoration2 & yet !re is mu* t is common to bo?4 ,well-dress$ p ( :atev] age or sex1 9 ! design & g5]al make-up ( _! co/umes1 mu/ obs]ve ! same laws t gov]n design :]ev] x is appli$1 z an expression ( ! arti/ic s5se 9 ! affairs ( e-day life4 ,beauty ( l9e & proportion1 h>mony ( col\r1 adaptation to use & to a great v>iety ( special conditions1 simplicity1 symmetry1 re/ra9t1 are all involv$ 9 p]sonal attire1 z !y are 9 ! decoration ( a room2 & 9 mo/ cases success or failure 9 "o field has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! o!r4 ,h we n (t5 rem>k$ ( a h\se or ( a room t x looks j l h] or p]haps j l him2 & d n attractive co/umes give pleasure to o!rs ?an ^? :o we> !m = ! same reasons t prop]ly decorat$ & well-arrang$ rooms af=d simil> enjoym5t to ^? :o live 9 !m8 ,art & ! ,fa%ions4--,9 discuss+ ! p>allel betwe5 art 9 clo?+ & ! m /able art ( home decoration x mu/ be admitt$1 ( c\rse1 t /yle 9 dress introduces "s emb>rass+ que/ions2 = ! /yles1 especially = wom51 suff] wond]ful *anges ) e season4 ,& yet p ( arti/ic feel+ & good ta/e1 succe$ 9 ma9ta9+ a fair degree ( h>mony betwe5 ! *ang+ dem&s ( fa%ion & ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( art z appli$ 9 dress4 ,h[ to ,be ,well ,dress$4--,! well-dress$ woman kn[s h[ to select h] clo!s & h[ to we> !m4 ,%e mu/ /udy h] own figure & "k h] defects z well z h] good po9ts4 ,) ?is k %e c le>n to subdue ! "o & br+ out ! o!r4 ,%e %\ld h a cle> conception ( ! ideal figure & /rive to adapt h]self to x4 ,to acquire ?is tra9+ ! pr9ciples ( ! art ( decoration mu/ be und]/ood & appli$4 ,%e %\ld nev] we> a g>m5t ( a c]ta9 /yle simply because x is ! fa%ion1 b /rive to make x con=m to h] individual type4 ,good ,l9es4--,decorative design 9 dress mu/ foll[ ! con/ruction l9es ( ! figure & n de/roy !m4 ,^! are ! mu* discuss$ good l9es ( :i* we he> & read s mu*4 ,horizontal l9es break ! figure & increase ! bread?1 :ile v]tical l9es give ! appe>ance ( height4 ,x is ! simple l9es1 con=m+ to & foll[+ ! l9es ( ! ideal figure1 :i* are ! be/4 ,! ta/e ( mo/ wom5 leads !m to desire simple clo!s2 b ?r\gh ignorance or inexp]i5ce _m ( ^! wom5 fail to a*ieve t aim4 ,a /\t woman ) a r\nd back is sometimes se5 we>+ a dress ) lapels or ruffles ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,?is only s]ves to acc5tuate h] defect4 ,unity & ,h>mony4--,9 all =ms ( decoration h>mony is ess5tial--i4 e41 all ! p>ts t are to be comb9$ mu/ agree ) "o ano!r & ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,to secure ?is 9 dress is to give unity to ! entire co/ume4 ,a dress hat ) plumes %\ld n be worn ) a tailor$ suit 9 ! morn+2 & yet we (t5 see su* a comb9ation4 ,"h ! lack ( h>mony is betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! co/ume2 b ! entire co/ume mu/ be suit$ to ! peculi>ities ( figure4 ,!re are wom5 :o nev] look well 9 ! /raight l9es ( a tailor$ suit3 ! sev]ity is n becom+ to !m4 ,!y mu/ tone d[n ! effects ( ! l9es by ru*+s1 ruffles1 a s(t /ock1 or "s su* s(t5+ elem5ts ( dress4 ,o!rs d n look well 9 fluffy ?+s4 ,ea* mu/ "k :at is becom+ & dress accord+ly4 ,importance ( ,col\rs4--,e season we he> t c]ta9 col\rs are to be worn4 ,_m wom5 w *oose a col\r because !y l x )\t consid]+ :e!r x is suitable = !m to we>4 ,a little att5tion to a few well-kn[n facts w help !m to avoid failures ( ?is k9d4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ t light col\rs seem to increase ! size4 ,/rip$ mat]ials %\ld n be worn by ! /\t wom5 unless ! /ripes are v indi/9ct4 ,dots are also v dang]\s = h]2 b %e may *oose a patt]n ) p9-po9t dots scatt]$ ov] ! surface at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,%e is always safe 9 a pla91 d>k col\r4 ,col\r & ,complexion4--,9 decid+ on a becom+ col\r "o mu/ take into acc\nt ! col\r ( ! hair & eyes & ! tone ( ! complexion4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t "y girls c we> cle>1 light %ades & t old] wom5 %\ld keep to d>k1 quiet col\rs2 yet !re are old] wom5 :o we> pale gray1 mauve1 & lav5d] *>m+ly & _m "y girls :o _c we> blue or p9k4 ,x is q impossible to make accurate col\r rules1 because x w\ld be h>d to f9d two complexions t require exactly ! same col\r sett+4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to /udy comb9ations ( diff]5t col\rs ) ! idea ( f9d+ ! "r col\r1 to use 9 any co/ume1 ! am\nt ( ea*1 & ! be/ arrangem5t to give a prop] balance4 ,proportion4--,! importance ( ! pr9ciple ( proportion is (t5 ov]look$1 b beauty ( dress is nev] possible if x be neglect$4 ,a well-dress$ woman1 9 select+ h] hat1 mu/ h giv5 consid]ation to ! relation ( ! size & %ape ( ! head to ! l9es ( ! entire figure4 ,/rictly speak+1 a hat is a cov]+ = ! head1 & x %\ld seem to belong to ! head1 to protect x1 &1 ?r\gh h>mony ( col\r & proportion ( l9e & mass1 to improve ! appe>ance ( ! :ole co/ume4 ,! arti/1 :5 draw+ a figure1 uses ! head z ! unit ( measure4 ,!re=e 9 *oos+ a hat "o %\ld select a /yle t is 9 good proportion to ! size ( ! head & to ! height ( ! figure4 ,if ! mass ( ! head is increas$ disproportionately by too l>ge a hat1 ! entire figure is app>5tly %ort5$ & ! natural proportions de/roy$4 ,"o (t5 wond]s :y photographs ( p ) hats on look s old-fa%ion$ & sometimes s ridicul\s4 ,x is because ! hat is n 9 good proportion4 ,! ,ga9sbor\gh & ,reynolds ladies ) hats nev] look que]4 ,_! hats be> ! "r relation to ! head & ! figure4 ,appropriat5ess4--,! g5]al proportions ( a hat or a g[n may be good1 b ! addition ( ! decoration may de/roy all ! good effect obta9$ by secur+ ! "r relation ( l9e & mass4 ,! aim ( all decoration %\ld be to h>monize & /r5g!n ! :ole4 ,beauty ( dress1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u simplicity & appropriat5ess ( ! mat]ial us$ z well z ^u ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,:]ev] ornam5t is us$ x mu/ fulfil ! condition ( fitness to place2 o!rwise x is n really decorative4 ,9 trimm+ a hat1 ! "o :o is to we> x %\ld take h] seat be=e a mirror1 & place ! hat com=tably ^u h] head2 !n ) ! aid ( a h& glass %e %\ld try ! trimm+ 9 diff]5t positions until ! be/ effect is obta9$4 ,! designs 9 trimm+ %\ld be appropriate to ! g>m5t4 ,! size ( ! design & ! k9d ( =m us$ %\ld be consid]$4 ,simple =ms are ! be/ = all decorative art "w4 ,9 fact1 !re is great advantage 9 pla9 mat]ials4 ,!y always "w to great] economy ?an /ripes or plaids4 ,influ5ce ( ,occupation4--,! well-dress$ woman %\ld realize h[ great is ! influ5ce ( occasion & occupation4 ,"s g[ns 7 int5d$ only = aft]noon we> 9 ! h\se2 b we (t5 see !m worn on ! /reet c>s or = %opp+4 ,i h always approv$ ( ! rule 9 _m %ops :i* requires ! cl]ks to we> pla9 black g[ns4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! old f9]y :i* 0 us$ = e-day we>4 ,n[ ! bus9ess woman to be successful has to ex]cise m ?\ght ^u h] clo!s ?an ! woman at home4 ,h] clo!s h h>d] we> & mu/ be appropriate = h] "w4 ,! dress ( s*ool-girls & *ildr5 mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x %\ld be z simple z possible & above all else x %\ld be com=table4 ,x %\ld nev] b9d or p9*2 inde$1 ! clo?+ %\ld n int]f]e ) any function ( ! body4 ,b we (t5 see *ildr5 dress$ ) mu* lace1 ) _m ruffles1 & ev5 ) jewell]y2 & we h se5 s*ool girls we>+ net wai/s1 plum$ hats1 & high-heel$ %oes4 ,:at an infraction is ?is ( ! pr9ciple ( appropriat5ess 9 dress6 ,,vii ,,furniture ,,mak+ ,x is only by lab\r t ?\ght c be made heal?y1 & only by ?\ght t lab\r c be made happy--,john ,rusk9 ,! *ief purpose ( ?is *apt] is to outl9e ! mo/ important g5]al facts ^u :i* good furniture mak+ is bas$ & to give specific directions = work+ out a numb] ( typical problems1 foll[+ designs :i* h be5 prov$ 9 complet$ articles made1 = ! mo/ "p1 by s*ool-boys & te/$ by use4 ,no attempt is made to give ?is great subject complete & sy/ematic treatm5t2 = ?is w\ld involve _m problems 9 con/ructive design & a correspond+ numb] ( work+ draw+s1 ) specifications = ! selection & prep>ation ( mat]ials & = ! "w ( con/ruction--a subject s ext5sive t x w\ld easily ov]run ! limits ( a s+le *apt]4 ,! aim is r to select a few ( ! mo/ sugge/ive lessons ( exp]i5ce 9 con/ructive "w ) special ref]5ce to our ma9 subject ( h\sehold decoration4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! int]e/$ read] is famili> ) ! use ( ! common h& tools = woodwork+ or t he c1 ) "s assi/ance1 p]haps1 easily comm& _! use4 ,x is n ?\ght necess>y1 !re=e1 to describe 9 detail ! prop] me?od ( us+ tools1 b r to (f] practical sugge/ions on ! selection1 prep>ation & con/ructive use ( woodwork+ mat]ials &1 9 ! s]ies ( problems :i* foll[1 to give "s helpful h9ts on ! way woodwork+ tools %\ld be us$4 ,x is also assum$ t 9 mo/ cases ! v great advantage ( woodwork+ ma*9]y may be utiliz$1 especially 9 prep>+ ! mat]ials & br++ !m )9 easy rea* ( ! h&-tool processes4 ,! true art-craft _s1 :i* always hon\rs h&work z ! supreme me?od1 may n hesitate to comm& ! s]vices ( ma*9es s long z x does n become slavi%ly dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,,selection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,/ock ,! fir/ ?+ t %\ld claim ! att5tion ( ! arti/ic woodwork] is ! selection & prep>ation ( 8 mat]ials1 commonly kn[n z ! /ock4 ,! sculptor selects 8 m>bles ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,s %\ld ! cab9et-mak] make sure t 8 woods are tak5 f ! "r p>ts ( select$ timb] & t !y are prop]ly saw$ & well season$4 ,! importance ( ?is _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,h>d wood bo>ds1 cut f ! sides ( a tree1 w 9 dry+1 inv>iably curve across _! gra94 ,x is only ^? t are cut f ! c5tre to ! outside ( ! tree t may be dep5d$ ^u to rema9 approximately true2 =1 aft] ?is cutt+1 ! gra9 runs directly ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d1 or ne>ly s4 ,bo>ds tak5 f timb] 9 ?is way are said to be qu>t] saw$2 ^? cut by saw+ ?r\gh ! logs f side to side1 z is always done ) s(t woods & (t5 ) h>d woods1 are said to be pla9 saw$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+s4 ,qu>t]$ ,oak4--,9 ! case ( oak1 ! qu>t] saw+ n only ma9ta9s a flat surface b greatly improves ! appe>ance ( ! /ock :5 f9i%$4 ,! popul>ity ( qu>t]$ oak = furniture may !re=e be said to be well f\nd$1 = x is ! s9c]e/ ( woods4 ,x is z good z x looks4 ,illu/ration3 ,qu>t] saw$ log ,qu>t] saw+1 h[ev]1 is v l>gely conf9$ to oak because ! appe>ance ( ! gra9 & ! /r5g? ( mo/ woods is f> f be+ improv$ by ?is me?od ( cutt+4 ,?us a% & gum wood & all ! s(t] woods sometimes us$ 9 furniture mak+ are pla9 saw$4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 g5]ally f9d /ock f ^! woods curv$ & twi/$ badly s t x w be necess>y1 9 select+ mat]ial = l>ge surfaces su* z table tops1 to pick out ! /raight p>ts = ^! surfaces & save ! rema9d] to be cut into ! small] pieces :i* w always be ne$$4 ,^! pieces c be easily plan$ )\t mu* loss ( ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,end ( qu>t] saw$ bo>d ,illu/ration3 ,pla9 saw$ log ,illu/ration3 ,end ( pla9 saw$ bo>d ,kiln-dri$ ,lumb]4--,?is b5d+ & twi/+ ( ! bo>ds does n take place z soon z !y are saw$ out ( ! log1 b gradually dur+ ! process ( season+2 &1 unless ! lumb] is kiln-dri$1 ! m gradual ! season+ ! less ! b5d+4 ,lumb] is kiln-dri$ by /ack+ x1 ) air spaces left betwe5 ! bo>ds1 9 /eam-heat$ closets or kilns1 :]e ! process ( dry+ is c>ri$ on ev5ly ?\gh rapidly4 ,kiln-dri$ lumb]1 !re=e1 reta9s its %ape q z well z t :i* is dri$ sl[ly 9 ! lumb] pile4 ,b :e!r kiln-dri$ or n1 x %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 a dry place z long z possible be=e us+ x s t x w h a *ance to *ange all t x is likely to & s less5 ! subsequ5t %r9k+ & w>p+4 ,a good cab9et-mak] nev] und]takes to make furniture f /ock t he does n "k to be p]fectly dry & well season$1 n only because unseason$ lumb] is m likely to %r9k1 w>p1 & crack1 b also because x _c be dep5d$ ^u to hold ! glue1 take v>ni% well1 or respond readily to o!r me?ods ( f9i%+4 ,plan+ ,d[n to a ,flat ,surface4--,s9ce bo>ds are seldom p]fectly flat1 ev5 if "o has tak5 ! greate/ pa9s to select well-season$ /ock1 x w almo/ inv>iably be necess>y to "w !m d[n to a plane surface :5 !y are glu$ up or jo9$ toge!r 9 any way4 ,to accompli% ?is result x is necess>y to plan ! arrangem5t ( ! pieces 9 su* a way t ! concave ( ! b5d %all fall on ! same side1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & ?us provide = ! f9al work+ d[n ) ! lea/ possible removal ( /ock4 ,!y c be arrang$ on a level b5* top or floor ) ! convex side d[n s t !y w lie z flat z possible4 ,! bo>ds %\ld !n be tak5 out "o by "o & _! edges %\ld be c>efully plan$ s t !y w mat* toge!r 9 ! position 9 :i* !y are laid4 ,x w be necess>y to take ea* bo>d f its place & return x sev]al times 9 ord] t ?is mat*+ may be made z p]fect z possible4 ,! object ( all ?is is to prev5t ! entire arrangem5t f spr++--i4 e41 f acquir+ any new b5d or twi/ :5 ! p>ts are glu$ up4 ,9 jo9+ bo>ds to =m l>ge pieces ( glu$-up "w1 l table tops1 x is cu/om>y to /r5g!n ! jo9ts by means ( d[el p9s4 ,small table tops & simil> "w may be safely glu$ up )\t d[ell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,bo>ds plac$ = plan+ to flat surfaces ,fa/5+ ,glu$-up ,"w4 ,x w be readily und]/ood ^u a little reflection t all pla9 glu$-up "w %\ld be all[$ to move slightly ^u ! framework to :i* x is atta*$2 = ev5 aft] x is well season$ & well f9i%$ all woods w swell slightly 9 a damp atmosph]e & %r9k slightly :5 ! air is dry1 ! greate/ movem5t be+ across ! gra94 ,solid table tops1 !re=e1 %\ld nev] be fa/5$ d[n firmly ^u ! framework ) glue or ) screws1 b %\ld be secur$ by means ( buttons screw$ to ! "u side ( ! top :i* travel 9 grooves cut 9 ! framework & ?us all[ = expansion & contraction4 ,a draw+ is %[n to illu/rate ! me?od ( atta*+ ! table-top buttons4 ,mu* ( ! w>p+ & splitt+ ( furniture is due to ! failure ( ! design] or mak] to obs]ve ?is precaution4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( fa/5+ table tops ,9 plan+ up /ock1 :e!r x be a s+le piece or sev]al glu$ toge!r z j describ$1 ! cab9et-mak] planes (f "o side fir/ & !n1 us+ ?is side z ! work+ face1 gauges to ! requir$ ?ickness & planes (f ! o!r side if necess>y4 ,if ! "w be ^u glu$-up /ock1 x is well to plane (f ! project+ edges ( ! concave sides fir/1 z t is g5]ally some:at easi] & may be all ! plan+ t w be necess>y4 ,if x be s+le pieces ( /ock t ne$ to be plan$ up1 ! natural twi/ or w9d is fir/ plan$ out to a flat work+ face on "o side be=e putt+ ! plane to ! opposite side4 ,! ,surface ,plate4--,plan+ to a flat surface requires "s device to guide ! eye4 ,if ! surface be v unev5 at fir/1 a beg9n+ may be made 9 ! plan+ )\t mu* assi/ance2 b a po9t w f9ally be rea*$ :5 nei!r ! unaid$ eye nor ! h& c det]m9e :e!r or n a surface is flat4 ,to det]m9e ?is a surface plate1 z x is call$1 is ne$$4 ,?is consi/s ( a block ( ca/-iron1 ?ick en\gh to prev5t x f be+ b5t--i4 e41 an in* or m--& ) a some:at r\gh b p]fectly flat surface on "o side4 ,?is surface is well *alk$ ov]4 ,:5 ! wood surface :i* is be+ plan$ d[n is laid ^u ?is *alk$ surface & slightly mov$ x is readily se5 t ! highe/ places on ! wood w become m>k$ ) ! *alk & s indicate to ! cab9et-mak] :at p>ts are to be remov$4 ,by mak+ sev]al te/s ( ?is k9d he is able to plane to a good flat surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,w9d+ /icks ,w9d+ ,/icks4--,if ! amateur's work%op is n provid$ ) a surface plate1 a simple means ( te/+ = a flat surface is by means ( two n>r[ /raight edges or w9d+ /icks1 plac+ !m on _! n>r[ edges across ea* end ( ! piece1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & sight+ across _! upp] edges4 ,! slight projections 9 ! surfaces ( ! bo>d c be det]m9$ 9 ?is way & plan$ (f until ! two top edges ( ! /icks are f\nd to be level4 ,^! w9d+ /icks are simply wood5 /rips1 accurately made1 ) opposite faces p>allel4 ,_! dim5sions may be #a #b-a_/b #cj in*es4 ,importance ( ,true ,surfaces4--,x may be well to add t all ?is c>e to produce flat & p>allel surfaces is n m]ely = ! purpose ( giv+ a good appe>ance to ^! surfaces4 ,true surfaces are necess>y = ! good ( ! "w z a :ole1 = !y =m ! basis f :i* o!r surfaces are gaug$ & o!r p>ts tru$ up--i4 e41 made squ>e or o!rwise geometrically correct4 ,:5 ! ma9 surfaces ( a piece ( cab9et "w are prop]ly %ap$1 all ! framework & o!r p>ts may be br\ght into l9e )\t b5d+ or twi/+4 ,all su* /ra9s %\ld be religi\sly avoid$ 9 good cab9et "w4 ,! natural curves1 twi/s1 or projections ( ! /ock us$ %\ld be remov$ by ! use ( ! prop] tools & nev] be /ra9$ to =ce any ( ! p>ts into _! prop] places or %apes4 ,su* ef=ts produce /ra9s :i* are transmitt$ to o!r p>ts1 displac+ !m1 caus+ new defects or a g5]al failure ( ! p>ts to support ea* o!r4 ,a ,sy/ematic ,plan ( ,"w4--,:5 ! cab9et-mak] und]takes to make ei!r a s+le piece ( furniture or sev]al pieces1 he goes ab\t x 9 a v sy/ematic way4 ,consult+ 8 work+ draw+ he makes an accurate li/ ( ! diff]5t pieces t w be requir$4 ,= example1 if he is to make a ,morris *air he notes ! fact t he w ne$ f\r legs or po/s #b-a_/b in*es squ>e by #bb-c_/d in*es long1 a front rail & a back rail ea* #g_/h #b-a_/d #bb in*es1 two side rails #g_/h #b-a_/d #bd in*es1 & s on until ! li/ ( necess>y p>ts is complet$4 ,) ?is li/ 9 h& he makes a c>eful selection ( ! lumb] & prep>es ! pieces 9 ! r\gh1 all[+ economically = ! necess>y work+ wa/e4 ,economy ( "t & lab\r is also secur$ by keep+ toge!r all p>ts on :i* simil> "w is to be done4 ,?us1 if sev]al p>ts are to be saw$ to ! same wid? or fa%ion$ to ! same curves1 x is g5]ally ! be/ plan to "w ^! p>ts out toge!r :ile ! ma*9es & tools are set = ?is purpose4 ,su* a plan n only saves "t b1 p>tially at lea/1 x obviates ! dang] ( mi/akes4 ,x is important also to foll[ a sy/ematic ord] ( "w4 ,all saw+ to r\gh dim5sions %\ld be done be=e ! pieces are dress$ to draw+ dim5sions1 & ! latt] op]ations %\ld g5]ally all be complet$ be=e lay+ out & cutt+ ! jo9ts4 ,z ! "w progresses t[>d completion great sav+ ( "t & mu* com=t w result f keep+ ! complet$ p>ts 9 good condition & s arrang$ t !y c be easily assembl$4 ,,glu+ ,necessity ( ,good ,jo9ts4--,aft] ! selection & prep>ation ( ! mat]ial = ! /ock1 ! next important g5]al process t dem&s att5tion is glu+2 = good cab9et "w implies good glue & a k ( h[ to use x4 ,prep>$ glue1 su* z is sold 9 bottles1 is unsatisfactory = "w ( any consequ5ce4 ,a good woodwork] always has 8 own glue pot & sees to x t x may be made ready = use on %ort notice4 ,! glue %\ld be fre%1 ?91 & hot4 ,x %\ld be appli$ quickly 9 a w>m room & ! p>ts to :i* x is appli$ clamp$ up quickly be=e ! glue *ills4 ,x is ! glue :i* p5etrates ! wood t holds ! p>ts toge!r & n a lay] ( glue betwe5 ! jo9$ edges or surfaces4 ,x is !re=e evid5t n only t jo9ts & surfaces %\ld be well sme>$ ) glue1 hot & ?9 en\gh to be quickly absorb$1 b also t ! p>ts %\ld be clamp$ up quickly :ile ! glue is /ill hot s z to prev5t any surplus f rema9+ 9 ! jo9t4 ,?is is an additional reason = mak+ close fits 9 all jo9ts--9 ^? :i* are to be glu$ up z well z 9 ^? :i* are n4 ,x is a common fault ( beg9n]s to be satisfi$ ) loose mortise & t5on jo9ts1 c\nt+ ^u ! glue to fill up ! spaces4 ,mu* ( ! furniture f\nd 9 ! m>kets falls to pieces = ! same reason4 ,su* "w %\ld nev] be all[$ to pass4 ,x is bas$ ^u an entirely mi/ak5 notion ( ! true (fice ( glue & is no?+ m nor less ?an a falsehood 9 wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( hold+ fram+ p>ts squ>e :ile glue is sett+ ,sy/ematic ,me?ods ,requir$4--,z 9 ! prep>ation ( /ock & work+ x up1 s 9 glu+1 sy/em is all important4 ,! h& screws or clamps %\ld be made ready & adju/$ to ! requir$ wid? s t !y may be quickly plac$ 9 position z soon z ! glue is appli$4 ,! :ole process mu/ be manag$ z quickly z possible because ! jo9ts mu/ be te/$ be=e ! glue has _h "t to set4 ,a c>p5t]'s l>ge squ>e %\ld be us$ = te/+ ! "r angles1 s9ce x is m reliable ?an ! small try squ>es4 ,x w frequ5tly be f\nd necess>y to hold fram+ pieces squ>e :ile ! glue is h>d5+4 ,?is c easily be done by nail+ small /rips ( wa/e /ock across ! p>ts1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,a beg9n] %\ld be caution$ n to attempt to glue up too _m jo9ts at "o "t4 ,two opposite corn]s ( a fram+ piece %\ld be glu$ up sep>ately & left to set be=e ! attempt is made to glue ! :ole rectangle toge!r4 ,! two rema9+ jo9ts1 h[ev]1 %\ld be glu$ & clamp$ toge!r at ! same "t4 ,,picture ,,fram+ ,inexp5sive ,fram+ ,/ock4--,picture-frame /ock c be easily obta9$ ( deal]s 9 arti/s' supplies & 9 furniture /ores 9 a great v>iety ( /yles4 ,mu* ( x is s well prep>$ & s nicely f9i%$ t x leaves little to be desir$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 (t5 be/ to secure ! /ock = frames 9 ?is way4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some:at exp5sive1 s t1 :5 economy is important1 x behooves ! "y woodwork] to prep>e 8 own fram+ /ock4 ,v satisfactory frames #b in*es 9 wid? or less may be made f mat*$ oak floor+1 a section ( :i* is "h illu/rat$1 by plan+ (f ! tongue & cutt+ away "o side ( ! groove to furni% ! inset = ! glass4 ,wid] flat frames ( any ?ickness c1 ( c\rse1 be cut out f ! ord9>y /ock4 ,a special tool = cutt+ ! inset is desirable b n necess>y4 ,a #a_/d-;in* saw cut may be made ) a circul> saw or ev5 ) a h& saw & ! necess>y removal ( ! wood accompli%$ by means ( c>eful *isell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,picture fram+ /ock made f oak floor+ ,illu/ration3 ,! mitre jo9t ,mitres4--,frames may be jo9$ at ! corn]s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,a common way is by ! mitre jo9t illu/rat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,to secure good jo9ts ( ?is k9d x is necess>y t ! mitres be cut on an angle ( exactly #de degrees & t ! pieces = ! correspond+ sides ( ! frame be precisely ( ! same l5g?4 ,h& saw+ is g5]ally n exact en\gh to produce angles ( suffici5t accuracy ev5 :5 an ord9>y mitre box is us$4 ,h&-saw$ mitres1 !re=e1 w require a little tru+ ) a small plane4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ also 9 fitt+ ! corn]s toge!r4 ,! common b5* squ>e is n l>ge en\gh to prove ! "w4 ,a bett] way is to lay a c>p5t]'s fram+ squ>e on ! b5* & fit ! two pieces ( ! frame aga9/ ! sides ( ! squ>e1 te/+ ea* corn] 9 t way4 ,illu/ration3 ,clamp+ mitre jo9ts ,glu+ ! ,jo9ts4--,if ! corn]s are unusually well fitt$1 a good jo9t c be made by fir/ siz+ ! ends ) glue & !n firmly press+ ! pieces toge!r ^u a true surface1 leav+ !m undi/urb$ = f\r or five h\rs until ! glue is h>d4 ,by siz+ ! ends ( ! jo9ts is meant ?or\ghly fill+ ! end pores ) glue1 rubb+ x into ! pores ) ano!r block4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to make use ( a mitre-clamp+ device4 ,if a special clamp+ device is n available1 "o c be easily made by glu+ small s(t wood blocks to ! p>ts ( ! frame ne> ! corn]s1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,9 a half h\r or s ^! blocks w become firmly set s t ! mitre jo9ts may be glu$ toge!r1 clamp+ !m up ) a h& screw4 ,z already expla9$ "u ! g5]al directions on glu+1 x is good practice = a beg9n] to glue up opposite corn]s & n attempt to glue up ! two rema9+ corn]s until ! fir/ two are well set4 ,:5 ! fir/ two corn]s are well set !y %\ld be nail$2 & be=e ! two rema9+ corn]s are glu$ x is well to try ! p>ts toge!r to see if !y d n require a little correct+ be=e glu+4 ,^! jo9ts also %\ld h light nail+ aft] ! glue has be5 set4 ,9 nail+1 small holes %\ld be made ) a brad awl or drill 9 ord] to avoid splitt+ ! corn]s1 & long f9i%+ nails %\ld be us$4 ,! ,defect ( ,%r9k+4--,) prop] tools ! mitre jo9t is ! easie/ "o to make1 b x has "o unavoidable defect1 especially 9 wide frames4 ,x is v difficult to get /ock well season$ & almo/ impossible to get x p]fectly season$1 s t wide frames1 h[ev] well f9i%$1 mu/ be expect$ to %r9k a little aft] !y are jo9$ toge!r4 ,z mo/ ( ?is %r9k+ is across ! wid? ( ! /ock x is evid5t t x w t5d to op5 ! mitre jo9ts on ! inside ( ! corn]s4 ,?is is :at happ5s almo/ inv>iably ) jo9ts made 9 ?is way f wide /ock 9 picture fram+4 ,! same defect is also frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! int]ior f9i%+ ar\nd w9d[s & doors4 ,!re are ?ree o!r me?ods ( jo9+ ! corn]s ( picture frames--viz41 ! halv$ lap jo9t1 ! mortise & t5on jo9t1 & ! d[ell$ jo9t4 ,a draw+ is %[n to illu/rate ^! ?ree k9ds ( corn] jo9ts1 & x is h>dly necess>y to say t no "o ( !m is op5 to ! same objection t atta*es to ! mitre jo9t4 ,all ^! jo9ts require accurate cutt+ & r m ( x ?an ! mitre jo9t requires1 b !y are m easily glu$ up4 ,! halv$ lap jo9t is easily clamp$ up ) a common h& screw1 ev5 :5 ! frame is a v l>ge "o4 ,b ! o!r two require long clamps 9 ord] to pull ! jo9ts up well4 ,illu/ration3 ,halv$ lap jo9t ,illu/ration3 ,mortise & t5on jo9t ,"* ( ! ,frame4--,! k9d ( jo9t requir$ dep5ds ^u ! g5]al "* ( ! frame--:e!r x is to be heavy or light1 wide or n>r[1 & :e!r made ( picture frame m\ld+ or ( ! pla9 fram+ /ock ) r\nd or flat face2 & ! "* ( ! frame is a matt] ( design1 det]m9$ by ! k9d ( picture1 by its sett+1 & by o!r consid]ations discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,h[ ! plan = ! con/ruction ( ! frame = any giv5 picture is influ5c$ by su* consid]ations may be se5 9 ! example :i* foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,d[ell$ jo9t ,,mak+ ,a ,,frame ,,= ,a ,,l>ge ,,photographic ,,reproduction ,?is photograph is #fj in*es long by #af in*es wide4 ,x is a copy 9 br[n tones ( a classic pa9t+ by ,otto ,kneille--,! ,education ( ,a!nian ,y\?1 ! orig9al ( :i* hangs 9 ! ,royal ,gymnasium 9 ,b]l94 ,x repres5ts a spaci\s hall or c\rt %[+ ?ree ( ! l>ge m>ble columns & a massive seat 9 :i* an old man recl9es :ile ano!r old man is exp\nd+ "s doctr9e to him & to a gr\p ( y\ng] m5 ga!r$ ar\nd4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! sc5e a boy lies flat ^u ! pavem5t read+ a manuscript4 ,ne> him sev]al y\?s "u ! direction ( a ma/]1 are cont5d+ 9 feats ( /r5g?4 ,! composition is "o t sugge/s weight & p[]4 ,x may appropriately hang 9 ! hall or 9 ! libr>y ov] a wide1 l[ bookcase4 ,a picture ( ?is "* ne$s no mat & mu/ h a wide1 heavy frame4 ,! /ock *os5 0 oak1 #d in*es wide1 #a-a_/b in*es ?ick1 & flat fac$4 ,! size & weight ( su* a frame1 includ+ ! glass1 dem& firmness ( con/ruction z ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,! /ock is too wide = successful mitr+ because %r9k+ w\ld naturally op5 & weak5 su* jo9ts4 ,x 0 !re=e fram$ toge!r ) mortise & t5on jo9ts1 well glu$4 ,a d[ell$ jo9t might h suffic$1 b x w\ld n h ! same /r5g?4 ,! mortises 7 cut 9 ! v]tical ends & ! t5ons 7 left on ! long horizontal pieces4 ,?is 0 9 con=mity ) ! usual me?od ( jo9+ framework--= example1 door frames1 w9d[ frames1 panel frames1 & o!r int]ior woodwork2 = ! greate/ possible l5g? is inv>iably giv5 to ! v]tical p>ts4 ,! frame 0 giv5 a d>k br[n f9i%1 repeat+ ! d>ke/ tones ( ! picture4 ,long screw eyes 7 fa/5$ to ! back #b in*es f ! top1 s t ! picture might hang ne>ly flat aga9/ ! wall4 ,a /rong braid$ wire ab\t #ge in*es long 0 run ?r\gh ! eyes & securely loop$ at ea* end1 s t a little m ?an an in* ( wire on ea* side pass$ ?r\gh ! eyes4 ,s9ce ! picture 0 to h a prom95t place on a c]ta9 wall1 two nails #ff in*es ap>t all[+ = ! two wid?s ( ! frame z well z = ! l5g? ( ! picture 7 driv5 into ?is wall1 & ! heavy photograph 0 easily hung & balanc$ )\t expos+ ! wire to view4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,knock-,,d[n ,,bookcase ,illu/ration3 ,a knock-d[n bookcase ,! ,design4--,! problem ( design 0 to plan a simple1 inexp5sive bookcase :i* c\ld be easily transport$ & set up 9 a /ud5t's room & :i* w\ld hold approximately two hundr$ books4 ,! draw+s %[ h[ ^! requirem5ts 7 met 9 ! design4 ,:5 9 use x is held toge!r by key$ %elves at ! top & bottom4 ,! necess>y /iffness is giv5 to x by ! base pieces :i* are fa/5$ bo? to ! sides & to ! bottom %elf by screws4 ,additional /iffness is giv5 by draw+ up ! ?ree middle %elves to ! sides by means ( screws4 ,^u remov+ ! screws & ! keys ! bookcase is easily tak5 ap>t s t x may be crat$ 9 compact =m = transportation4 ,x is equally easy to set x up aga94 ,x has no back & may !re=e /& away f ! wall z well z aga9/ x4 ,its cont\r is pla91 ) few curves1 giv+ a simplicity :i* w h>monize ) mode/ surr\nd+s & yet n b> x f keep+ company ) m pret5ti\s furni%+s4 ,! orig9al ( ?is design 0 actually made up 9 :ite wood1 /a9$ & f9i%$ to h>monize ) black walnut furniture2 b x may be made up 9 oak1 a%1 *]ry1 or any ( ! common woods us$ = furniture4 ,= "o bookcase ! /ock requir$ is z foll[s1 ! sizes all[+ = f9i%+ to ! dim5sions z giv5 9 ! draw+3 ,= ! ends1 two pieces #g_/h in* #aj-a_/d in*es #d feet #b-a_/b in*es2 = ! %ort %elves1 ?ree pieces #g_/h in* #aj-a_/d in*es #c feet #a in*2 = ! long %elves1 two pieces1 #g_/h in* #aj-a_/d in*es #c feet #e in*es2 = ! base pieces1 two pieces #g_/h in* #f-c_/d in*es #c feet2 = ! keys1 "o piece #g_/h in* #g_/h in* #a foot4 ,9 addition to ?is !re %\ld be two doz5 ,no4 #aj r\nd-head$ blu$ screws1 & "o half doz5 #a-a_/b in* ,no4 #aj flat head$ blu$ screws4 ,! tools ne$$ are z foll[s3 ,rip saw1 cross cut saw1 back saw1 compass1 jack-plane1 smoo?+ plane1 block plane1 spoke%ave1 try squ>e1 /eel squ>e1 rule1 knife1 hamm]1 mallet1 screw-driv]1 #c_/d1 #a_/b1 & #c_/af in* bits & bit/ock1 & #a_/b & #c_/d in* *isels1 gauges1 & s&-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions = a knock-d[n bookcase ,con/ruction4--,all ! /ock %\ld be jo9t$1 plan$ to wid?1 & smoo!d ) s&-pap]4 ,! two end pieces %\ld be squ>$ to l5g?1 ! top corn]s r\nd$1 & ! curve at ! bottom cut z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 s&-pap]+ n to r\nd ! edges4 ,! correct spac+ = ! %elves %\ld !n be m>k$ (f on ! end pieces & squ>$ across1 c>e be+ tak5 to h bo? ends spac$ alike4 ,to d ?is plane ! ends toge!r1 ) _! edges flu%2 &1 beg9n+ at ! bottom1 measure (f ea* ( ! spaces ) correct all[ance = ! ?ickness ( ! %elf & m>k ^! spaces across ! edge4 ,!n1 sep>ate ! end pieces & ) ! m>ks on ! edges z a guide1 squ>e across ea* ( ! end pieces on ! inside & m>k ) a knife4 ,9 all[+ = ! ?ickness ( ! %elves x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! /ock1 ?\gh orig9ally #g_/h ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 has be5 plan$ & s&-pap]$1 "s ( ! %elves p]haps hav+ be5 f9i%$ d[n m ?an o!rs4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to measure & all[ = ! ?ickness ( ea* %elf sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( ga9+-9 ! %elves ,! ?ree middle %elves are ga9$ 9--i4 e41 set into grooves 9 ! upright ends--#a_/d ( an in* deep1 z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,x w be bett] craftsman%ip if ! grooves are n c>ri$ across ! full wid? ( ! end pieces b /opp$1 say1 "o in* f ! edge1 ! %elves be+ cut to fit1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,if ?is be done1 ! grooves %\ld be cut out c>efully ) a *isel4 ,if ! grooves be c>ri$ across ! full wid? ( ! end1 !y may be cut d[n ) a back saw & !n *isell$ out4 ,to insure a good fit 9 ei!r case c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to cut outside ! knife l9es4 ,*isel ! bottom ( ! grooves c>efully s t !y w be uni=mly #a_/d ( an in* deep4 ,! next /ep is to cut ! mortises = ! top & bottom %elves4 ,! dim5sions = ^! %\ld fir/ be laid (f on ! /ock by means ( a gauge4 ,!y %\ld !n be bor$ well inside ! m>ks & c>efully *isell$ out4 ,be=e ?is *isell+ is done1 h[ev]1 knife l9es %\ld be m>k$ on ! outside ( ! end pieces exactly opposite ! gauge l9es4 ,9 mortis+1 z 9 cutt+ ! grooves1 ! greate/ c>e w ne$ to be ex]cis$ t ! *isel does n cut outside ! knife l9es4 ,9 work+ = a close fit x is bett] to err on ! side ( remov+ too little /ock at fir/1 if "o mu/ err at all1 s9ce x is q easy to remove a little m 9 ! f9al fitt+4 ,x is q impossible to replace /ock once remov$4 ,9 measur+ = ! l5g? ( ! %elves x %\ld n be ov]look$ t ! top & bottom %elves are to c>ry ! t5ons to be key$ ?r\gh ! end pieces4 ,^! t5ons %\ld be cut out accurately ) a rip saw1 & ! /ock betwe5 !m remov$ ) a *isel aft] a deep knife l9e has be5 made4 ,aft] fitt+ ^! t5ons to ! mortises & f9i%+ !m1 ! mortises = ! keys %\ld be cut1 us+ a small *isel4 ,x %\ld n be ov]look$ t ! outside face ( ea* key mortise is cut on an angle1 z illu/rat$4 ,! ?ree middle %elves are !n cut to l5g?1 ! ends squ>$ by means ( a block plane1 & corn]s cut out to fit ! grooves4 ,illu/ration3 ,details ( ! keys ,! p>ts are n[ ready to be put toge!r tempor>ily & squ>$ up 9 ord] to fit 9 ! base pieces m p]fectly ?an c\ld be done by m]e measurem5t4 ,x w add a pleas+ detail to set back ^! base pieces #a_/d ( an in* f ! front & back faces4 ,aft] all ! p>ts are c>efully fitt$ !y %\ld be assembl$ & ! key & screw fa/5+s ins]t$4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ ! bookcase is ready = f9i%+4 ,z ?is is a di/9ct "p ( furniture mak+ x is res]v$ = treatm5t 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,a ,,hang+ ,,book ,,rack ,illu/ration3 ,a hang+ book rack ,! ,design4--,x is design$ to plan a light b /rong book rack1 to be fa/5$ to ! wall ( a *amb]4 ,s9ce x is int5d$ to occupy ! space t might be giv5 to pictures x is prop]ly z simple 9 con/ruction z a picture frame1 dep5d+ ^u good proportions & symmetry to give a pleas+ effect4 ,! /raight l9es ( ! design1 :i* is illu/rat$ above1 meet ^! requirem5ts & also h>monize ) ! g5]al =m & outl9e ( books4 ,bo? %elves may be us$ = books1 if desir$1 b ! design p]mits !m to be conf9$ to ! l[] %elf1 res]v+ ! upp] "o z a suitable place = a bit ( pott]y or two1 or "s o!r *oice bit ( bric--brac4 ,! mortise & t5on jo9ts give ! ess5tial /iffness & /r5g? )\t requir+ ! use ( heavy /ock4 ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,s9ce /r5g? ) lightness is an ess5tial feature to realize 9 ! work+ out ( ?is design1 s(t woods %\ld be avoid$4 ,a% is probably ! /ronge/ ( ! light woods 9 common use4 ,oak is mu* /rong] b heavy & h>d to "w4 ,:ite wood is comp>atively light & v /rong4 ,gum wood is classifi$ ) a% except+ t x is clos] gra9$4 ,s9ce ?is book rack is to be us$ 9 a *amb] 9 :i* ! wood trim is 9 enamell$ :ite & mo/ ( ! furniture ( a mahogany f9i%1 x w be equally appropriate to make x ( :ite wood1 to be f9i%$ 9 enamell$ :ite1 or ( bay wood z a basis = mahogany f9i%4 ,x 0 decid$ to adopt ! latt] c\rse4 ,! /ock requirem5ts = c>ry+ out ?is design are z foll[s3 #b back po/s1 #a-a_/d in* #a-a_/d in* #bd in*es2 #b front po/s1 #a-a_/d in* #a-a_/d #ah in*es2 #b c5tre uprights1 #e_/h #a #ah in*es2 #a back rail1 #e_/h #a-a_/d #cg in*es2 #a end rail1 #a #a-a_/d #dd in*es2 & #b %elves1 #g_/h #g by #cg in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,con/ruction details & dim5sions = hang+ book rack 7front7 ,! tools ne$$ are mu* l ^? requir$ 9 ! previ\s problem--i4 e41 ! same planes1 saws1 bit/ock1 squ>es1 & ! gauge2 b !re w be ne$$ a #c_/h-;in* bit1 #c_/h-;in* & #c_/d-;in* *isels1 a knife rule1 a rabbet plane1 a mitre box1 & a mallet4 ,con/ruction4--,! details ( con/ruction requir$ are z foll[s3 ,dress+ ! /ock pieces1 cutt+ ! po/s to l5g?1 cutt+ ! po9ts on ! po/s1 rabbet+ ! cross rails & cutt+ !m to l5g?1 cutt+ ! mortise & t5ons1 halv+ on ! end rails1 cutt+ & fitt+ ! %elves1 cutt+1 fitt+1 & fa/5+ ! back rail1 arrang+ ! clamps & o!r appliances = glu+ up1 & clean+ (f ! glue aft] h>d5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,con/ruction details & dim5sions = hang+ book rack 7end7 ,illu/ration3 ,h[ ! t5on is appli$ to ! rail ,! /ock pieces %\ld be fir/ dress$ d[n to ! draw+ dim5sions4 ,?is means t !y %\ld be plan$ & s&-pap]$ prep>atory to lay+ out ! cutt+ dim5sions4 ,! front & back po/s %\ld be cut to l5g? 9 ! mitre box1 c>e be+ tak5 to all[ an extra #a_/b in* = ! po9t$ ends at ! top & bottom4 ,^! po9t$ ends are cut 9 ! mitre box by rais+ "o end ( ! po/ & saw+ to l9es squ>$ ar\nd ! po/ #a_/d in* f ! o!r end4 ,! angle ( ! cut is made uni=m by re/+ ! rais$ end ( ! po/ on a block lightly nail$ on ! inside ( ! mitre box1 ?us giv+ ! same elevation = all ! po/s4 ,! #a-;in* by #a-a_/d-;in* piece = rails is rabbet$ out1 us+ ! plane design$ = t purpose1 & aft]w>d cut to l5g? z call$ =4 ,! bl9d mortises %\ld be made n m ?an #g_/h ( an in* deep1 & ! t5ons #a_/af ( an in* %ort] 9 ord] n to /rike ! bottom ( ! mortise4 ,"o ( ^! rails %\ld be accurately laid out ) knife l9es & ! re/ m>k$ f ?is z a patt]n4 ,! draw+ %[s ! location ( ! t5on ) ref]5ce to ! "p ( ! rail on :i* ! %elf re/s4 ,?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t position = cutt+ ! t5on & x also gives great] /r5g?4 ,! c5tre uprights %\ld be halv$ on aft] ! end rails are 9 position1 be+ cut = ?is purpose z illu/rat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,!y may be all[$ to /& out #a_/h ( an in* beyond ! face ( ! end rail1 & 9 mak+ ! jo9t an equal am\nt ( /ock is to be tak5 f ! rail & f ! upright4 ,! %elves are !n easily cut to l5g? & ! ends fitt$ ) ! block plane & dropp$ into place1 be+ lightly glu$ & nail$ ) brads f ! "u side ( ! rabbet4 ,f9ally ! top back rail %\ld be halv$ 91 be+ left to ! la/ 9 ord] t ! m important fitt+ ( ! %elves may be m easily accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,h[ ! c5tre uprights are halv$ on ,9 glu+ up ! mortise & t5on jo9ts c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to set clamps out ready = use be=e ! glue is appli$ s t ! p>ts may be promptly drawn up 9 position4 ,aft] glu+ !y %\ld be all[$ to rema9 ab\t t5 h\rs 9 ord] t ! glue may prop]ly h>d5 be=e ! clamps are tak5 (f4 ,all ! extra glue squeez$ out ( ! jo9ts 9 clamp+ mu/ be scrap$ (f ) a *isel1 aft] ! glue has h>d5$ a little2 & any rema9+ spots ( glue mu/ be c>efully remov$ ) f9e s&-pap] s z n to leave any?+ to int]f]e ) ! fill+ & f9i%+4 ,,an ,,umbrella ,,/& ,! ,design4--,s f> z ! "q ( use is conc]n$1 no problem ( design c\ld be m def9ite ?an ?is "o1 s9ce an umbrella rack c h b "o use4 ,! only elem5ts ( beauty possible are f\nd 9 simplicity1 proportion1 & ! g5]al effectiv5ess ( ! con/ruction = meet+ ! dem&s ( use4 ,! draw+ %[s f\r squ>e1 /raight po/s1 squ>$ at ! ends1 :i* are all[$ to project a little above ! top to avoid a box-l effect4 ,all ! jo9ts are mortis$ except ! division b>s at ! top4 ,! cross pieces at ! base are made wid] n only to conceal ! drip pan b to give a m /able appe>ance to ! :ole rack4 ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,oak is select$ z p]haps ! mo/ appropriate wood2 b o!r woods1 if ! surr\nd+s require x1 may be us$ to good advantage4 ,oak is "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ durable ( ! woods us$ = furniture & takes well a great v>iety ( f9i%4 ,x is also q easily obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,an umbrella /& ,! /ock requirem5ts are z foll[s3 ,f\r corn] po/s #a-a_/d #a-a_/d #bg-a_/b in*es2 f\r top rails #a_/b #a-a_/d #i in*es2 f\r base rails #g_/h #c #i in*es2 two division b>s #a_/d #a-a_/d #i-a_/d in*es2 f\r cleats #a_/b #a_/b #i in*es2 & "o bo>d #a_/b #g-a_/b #g-a_/b in*es to support ! pan4 ,! same tools 9 g5]al w be requir$ z 9 ! previ\s ex]cises1 b x w be necess>y to add a #a_/d-;in* bit1 a #a_/d in* *isel1 a /eel scrap]1 & two %ort clamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions = umbrella rack ,con/ruction4--,all ! /ock %\ld be plan$ to size1 scrap$1 & s&-pap]$ ) ! exception ( ! base bo>d = ! pan1 s9ce t is hidd5 f view4 ,! scrap] corrects all slight unev5ness ( surface & removes scrat*es & o!r blemi%es4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 s&-pap]+ to rub always ) ! gra9 ( ! wood & to avoid r\nd+ ! corn]s4 ,! corn] po/s %\ld fir/ be cut to prop] l5g? & ! tops & bottoms slightly *amf]$4 ,mortises are !n to be locat$1 bor$1 & *isell$ up4 ,! top & bottom rails %\ld be laid (f & ! t5ons gaug$ & cut1 c>e be+ tak5 n to h !m too long4 ,! inside edges ( ! t5ons h to be p>$ (f slightly1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! draw+1 to all[ room = ea* :5 !y come toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,top rail t5ons ,illu/ration3 ,bottom rail t5ons ,! next /ep is to assemble ! p>ts1 clamp !m up1 & te/ !m = accuracy4 ,:ile ^! p>ts are 9 ! clamps1 measurem5ts %\ld be tak5 = ! cross pieces1 :i* may !n be made1 all[+ extra l5g? ( #a_/d ( an in* 9 ea* end = ! t5ons to ent] ! top rails4 ,^! cross pieces are to be halv$ toge!r at ! c5tre1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! base rails are design$ to be ?ick en\gh to take up all ! space on ! inside ( ! po/s s z to hide ! corn]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! sket* %[+ ! bottom con/ruction4 ,! next /ep is to assemble ! p>ts = glu+4 ,x is n necess>y to expla9 ?is process 9 detail1 s9ce x has already be5 ?or\ghly expla9$ 9 ! g5]al section on glu+4 ,x is n necess>y to glue on ! cleats on :i* ! pan re/s2 !y may be nail$ 94 ,:5 ! base is glu$ toge!r measurem5ts may be tak5 = ! pan4 ,a ,,magaz9e ,,/& ,! ,design4--,?is problem calls = an attractive article ( furniture :i* %\ld also be useful z a receptacle = magaz9es & curr5t newspap]s4 ,an enclos$ portion betwe5 two ( ! %elves is desir$ to conceal f view & pres]ve = a "t ! m valuable pap]s1 p>ts ( magaz9es1 or clipp+s1 z may be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,! p]spective sket* on ?is same page %[s h[ ^! simple requirem5ts are met4 ,! ov]hang+ top adds "* & /r5g? to :at might o!rwise seem too light = ! load x is int5d$ to c>ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a magaz9e /& ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,oak is select$ z a suitable wood because ( its /r5g? & durability2 = ?is /& is likely to be 9 almo/ con/ant use4 ,a light wood1 delicately f9i%$1 w\ld soon %[ we>4 ,! /ock li/1 accord+ to ! draw+1 may be itemiz$ z foll[s3 #d corn] po/s #a-c_/d #a-c_/d #cf in*es2 #d upright slats #e_/h #a #cd in*es2 f\r %elves #g_/h #aj-a_/b #ag in*es2 "o piece = ! top #g_/h #ad #ba in*es2 #b top rails #a #a-c_/d #ab in*es2 #a piece = ! door #g_/h #h #ae-a_/b in*es = ! ends & ! back ( ! closet #a piece #e_/h #h #cf in*es2 #a pair #a-a_/d-;in* brass butts ) screws = ! h+es1 & "o brass knob or cat*4 ,! tools ne$$ are a jo9t]1 a block plane1 a smoo?+ plane1 /eel squ>e1 try squ>e1 knife gauge1 f9e cross cut saw1 #a_/b-;in* bit & bit /ock1 key-hole saw1 #a_/b-;in* *isel1 mallet1 nail set1 hamm]1 screw-driv]1 & /eel scrap]4 ,! pr9cipal op]ations are z foll[s3 ,plan+ to size2 scrap+ & s&-pap]+ /ock2 squ>+ ends & smoo?+ !m to ! requir$ l5g?2 lay+ out ga9s at corn] po/s2 mak+ mortises = top rails2 mak+ ! rails2 assembl+ ! ma9 p>ts2 fitt+ ends & sides ( ! closets2 hang+ ! door & putt+ on ! fixtures4 ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions = magaz9e /& ,! ,con/ruction4--,smoo?+ ) ! plane & scrap+ are v important & !y %\ld be complet$ be=e any s&-pap]+ is done because p>ticles ( s& 7silica71 adh]+ to ! wood1 w dull ! /eel tools4 ,all ?ree op]ations are ne$$ to remove ! m>ks ( ! ma*9e tools ( ! factory1 9 ord] to give a good f9i% 9 ! end4 ,! scrap] foll[s ! plane1 remov+ ! unev5ness :i* ! latt] leaves on bo>d surfaces4 ,s&-pap]+ gives ! f9i%+ t\*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( mortis+ ,aft] ! /ock is well smoo!d1 ! top & ! %elves %\ld be squ>$ (f1 cut to l5g?1 & block plan$4 ,! po/s %\ld !n be cut & accurately trimm$ to dim5sions4 ,!y may be m>k$ ) a knife l9e = ! ga9s into :i* ! corn]s ( ! %elves are to be fa/5$4 ,s9ce ! po/s are p]fectly squ>e1 no att5tion w h to be giv5 to _! exact location 9 m>k+ or cutt+ ! ga9s2 b :5 ! mortis+ = ! rails is laid out1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to m>k !m s t ! mortises w come on ! prop] faces = assembl+4 ,9 mortis+ = ! top rail x is well n to "w up to ! end ( ! po/ b to cut back1 say #c_/d ( an in*1 z %[n 9 "o ( ! details4 ,! rails may n[ be laid (f & ! t5ons cut & fitt$4 ,x is exactly #h-a_/b in*es betwe5 ! %\ld]s ( ! rails4 ,s9ce ! %elves are #aj-a_/b in*es wide1 "o in* is ?us left on ea* side to be ga9$ into ! po/s4 ,! p>ts are n[ ready = ! fir/ assembl+4 ,to d ?is x is conv5i5t to h a cle> b5* top on :i* ! po/s may be laid on "o side1 face d[n4 ,! rails & %elves may !n be slipp$ into place1 ! o!r two po/s plac$ on top1 & ! :ole clamp$ firmly toge!r4 ,?is is ! prelim9>y assembl+ = ! purpose ( te/+ ! accuracy ( ! "w4 ,if x be f\nd all "r1 x %\ld be tak5 ap>t aga91 &1 aft] glue has be5 appli$ to ! t5ons & to ! ends ( ! %elves1 ! p>ts %\ld be quickly re-assembl$ & clamp$ up z be=e1 ) ! angles kept true4 ,be=e ! glue h>d5s ! %elves %\ld be nail$ into ! po/s1 z indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,9 ?is case x is ! nail t is ! ma9 /ay4 ,! glue is accessory1 add+ mu* to ! /iffness ( ! con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( fa/5+ %elf ,! top may n[ be set on & fa/5$ by screws or by brads driv5 ?r\gh into ! po/s & well set s t !y may be conceal$ by putty1 col\r$ to mat* ! /a9 us$4 ,! end slats %\ld be fa/5$ on 9 ! same way4 ,! back & ends ( ! closet are next cut to size & bradd$ 94 ,! door is !n fitt$ &1 to break ! surface a little1 an ornam5tal design is cut 9 ! c5tre4 ,/ill fur!r relief is giv5 by sett+ 9 ! door #a_/d ( an in* f ! edge ( ! %elf & ends ( ! closet4 ,! door is n[ hung on brass h+es1 ! /op & cat* add$1 & ! /& is ready = /a9+ & f9i%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( fa/5+ po/s to ! top ,a ,,light ,,libr>y ,,table ,! ,design4--,?is is to be a table design$ on simple l9es & ( good proportions4 ,x is to h no draw] b z mu* %elf room z conv5i5tly possible4 ,! "u %elf is design$ to be cut out to all[ a *air to be drawn up on ei!r side4 ,! end %elves may be reg>d$ z design$ to comb9e a bookcase ) ! table1 ?us add+ mu* to its usefulness4 ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,= a table ( ?is k9d oak is v appropriate4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! /ock requir$ = "o table4 ,! wid?s & ! ?ickness are z call$ = 9 ! draw+1 b ! l5g?s are giv5 a little long to all[ = cutt+4 ,a bo>d n less ?an #i in*es wide & #aj feet long w be ne$$ z /ock = ! top1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are #g_/h #bf #ci in*es4 ,a #aj-;in* bo>d1 #d-a_/b feet 9 l5g?1 w also be requir$ = ! %elves4 ,!re w also be ne$$ f\r legs #a-c_/d #a-c_/d #cj in*es2 eight slats #a_/b #a-a_/b #ah in*es2 two back pieces #a_/b #b #bj-a_/b in*es2 two rails #g_/h #c #cb in*es2 & two rails #g_/h #c #bj in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,a light libr>y table ,! same tools w be requir$ z 9 ! =ego+ problems except+ t a #a_/b-;in* bit & a #a_/b-;in* *isel w be requir$ = mortis+1 & two #c-;foot clamps4 ,con/ruction4--,! fir/ /ep 9 ! con/ruction is to dress ! /ock1 smoo?+1 scrap+1 & s&-pap]+ x1 & work+ ! v>i\s p>ts to size4 ,! l5g?s1 h[ev]1 ( all p>ts except+ ! legs are n cut accurately until1 9 ! process ( con/ruction1 ^! p>ts are ne$$4 ,! legs are at once cut to l5g? & ! mortises laid out1 bor$1 & cut4 ,a ga9 %\ld also be cut 9 ea* leg1 into :i* ! bottom %elf is to be fitt$1 glu$1 & bradd$ f ! "u side4 ,! end & side rails may !n be laid (f = %\ld]s & t5ons1 & cut4 ,9 ?is case ! t5ons %\ld be made #a_/b ( an in* wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,con/ruction details & dim5sions 7a7 front2 7b7 end ,9 glu+ up1 ! top %\ld receive att5tion fir/1 9 ord] to all[ ! longe/ possible "t = te/+ ! "w "u ! inevitable *anges due to cont9u$ season+4 ,great c>e mu/ always be ex]cis$ 9 mak+ ! glu$ jo9ts4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to make !m ov] on acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( cracks4 ,prop] c>e1 h[ev]1 w prev5t ?is4 ,! g5]al directions = glu+1 giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 w be ( s]vice4 ,z soon z ! top has be5 glu$ ! f\r %ort side pieces may be glu$ to ! %elf1 tak+ pa9s to make good jo9ts be=e apply+ ! glue4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! inside ends ( ^! %ort pieces are to be #ae in*es ap>t1 & x is important t ! ends on opposite sides %\ld be exactly squ>$ across1 z indicat$ 9 ! draw+s4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by fir/ locat+ ! c5tre ( ! %elf1 at ! int]section ( l9es1 m>k$ c 9 ! draw+1 & measur+ #g-a_/b in*es ea* way to ! l9e ( ! back pieces1 :i* are to run across ! :ole bottom %elf4 ,z soon z ! glue is h>d5$ ! ends %\ld be squ>$ & made true to set into ! ga9s :5 ! table is assembl$4 ,f9ally1 ! legs1 ! rails1 & ! %elf may be assembl$1 glu$1 squ>$ up1 clamp$1 & set aside to h>d5 be=e ! clamps are remov$4 ,x is a good plan to brad ! %elf 9 f ! "u side be=e ! glue h>d5s4 ,aft] /&+ a few h\rs ! table w be ready = ! #a_/b-;in* /rip :i* =ms ! back ( ! %elf4 ,?is is to be fitt$ & bradd$ 94 ,!n ! slats may be cut to l5g?4 ,!y project slightly bel[ ! %elf1 & are fa/5$ 9 position by screws4 ,! top may be cut to l5g? & its ends smoo!d1 aft] :i* x may be fa/5$ on ! frame by means ( screws & buttons1 z already describ$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,a ,,heavy ,,libr>y ,,table ,! ,design4--,?is table1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 is design$ to be ( simple /yle1 )\t a draw] or side %elves1 & ) ! bottom %elf key$ into ! base rail4 ,heavy1 squ>e legs1 & mortise & t5on jo9ts are call$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,a heavy libr>y table ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,! mission type ( furniture1 to :i* ?is design belongs1 sugge/s oak z ! fitt+ wood4 ,! /ock = ! top1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are to be #g_/h #bh #dd in*es1 may be cut 9 ?ree pieces f a #aj-;in* bo>d1 #ab feet long4 ,= ! %elf a bo>d #g_/h #ab #dc in*es is requir$4 ,!re are ne$$ also f\r legs #b-c_/d #b-c_/d #cj in*es2 two side rails #g_/h #d #cf in*es2 two end top-rails #g_/h #d #bb in*es2 two end bottom rails #a-a_/b #d #bb in*es2 & = keys a /rip #a #b #bh in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,con/ruction details & dim5sions 7front7 ,! same tools are requir$ z 7 ne$$ 9 ! =ego+ problem4 ,con/ruction4--,s9ce ?is table has a l>g] top ?an ! light libr>y table1 ev5 great] pa9s mu/ be tak5 ?an 9 ! case ( ! small] table to jo9 ! bo>ds = glu+ up4 ,all l p>ts %\ld be laid (f toge!r & ! necess>y mortises & t5ons cut & fitt$1 z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,! two end rails may be glu$ into ! legs fir/ & clamp$1 leav+ ! side rails to be put 9 place la/1 :5 ! bottom %elf may also be fa/5$ 9 )\t glu+ by means ( ! t5ons & keys4 ,! latt] %\ld be cut some:at long] ?an is really ne$$ s t !y may appe> to be z effective z !y really are2 & !y %\ld be tap]$ at lea/ #a_/b ( an in* 9 ord] to drive up well4 ,a small brad may be driv5 9 to keep !m f gett+ loose :5 ! "w %r9ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,con/ruction details & dim5sions 7end7 ,a ,,bookcase ,,) ,,glaz$ ,,doors ,! ,design4--,?is is to be an upright bookcase1 ) five %elves & an ov]hang+ top4 ,"s v>iety ( surface is af=d$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! sa%1 z indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,! %elves are made to be adju/able1 & n fix$ z 9 o!r problems4 ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,! /ock requir$ = "o bookcase ( ?is patt]n is z foll[s3 two end pieces #g_/h #aa-a_/b #dh-a_/b in*es2 = ! top & bottom1 two pieces #g_/h #ab #dj in*es2 f\r %elves #g_/h #aa #dj in*es2 = ! sides ( ! doors1 f\r pieces #g_/h #b #de in*es2 = ! top & bottom rails ( ! doors1 f\r pieces #g_/h #b-a_/b #ah in*es2 = ! middle rail1 "o piece #g_/h #b #ah in*es2 = ! sa%1 "o piece #g_/h #a_/b in* #f feet2 = ! back1 en\gh #a_/b in* /ock to cov] ! space #ch #df in*es4 ,9 addition to ?is !re w be requir$ f\r h+es1 two cat*es1 a lock1 & glass = ! sa% z dim5sion$ 9 ! draw+4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to cut ! small lights4 ,"o l>ge pane ( glass may be set 9 ! full wid? ( ! door s t ! small sa% divisions may be app>5t r ?an real4 ,illu/ration3 ,bookcase ) glaz$ doors ,! tools = ?is problem are ! same z ^? us$ 9 previ\s problems ) ! addition ( a #a_/d-;in* bit & #a_/d-;in* *isel1 & a rabbet plane1 or a univ]sal plane = cutt+ out ! rabbet = ! glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions = bookcase ,x is n necess>y to give directions = ! treatm5t ( ! /ock1 s9ce x is practically ! same z t employ$ 9 prec$+ problems4 ,! details = cutt+ dim5sions are giv5 9 ! accompany+ draw+s4 ,x w\ld be well = ! "y woodwork] to /udy ^! c>efully & make out a work+ plan ( proc$ure simil> to t :i* has be5 outl9$ 9 o!r problems4 ,con/ruction4--,! fir/ ?+ to d is to erect ! bookcase--i4e41 to cut ! sides1 ! top1 ! bottom1 & ! back pieces to prop] =m & dim5sions1 br+ !m into position1 & fa/5 !m4 ,x w be notic$ t ! sides & top are rabbet$ out1 z indicat$ 9 "o ( ! small draw+s1 s t ! edge ( ! back w n %[ :5 x is nail$ 9 position4 ,! bottom %elf is also made n>r[ en\gh to all[ ! back bo>ds to be br\ght d[n ov] x & nail$ to ! edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( conceal+ ends ( back bo>ds ,aft] ! case is erect$ ! doors %\ld be laid out accord+ to ! draw+ = mortises & t5ons1 & ! inside edges rabbet$ to give an inset = ! glass4 ,if x is decid$ to use "o l>ge light at ! top ( ! door in/ead ( six small ones1 ! sa% effect = ?is light w h to be made ( pieces ?9 en\gh to all[ ?is arrangem5t4 ,:5 ! doors are ready = sett+ ! glass x may be held 9 place by small #a_/d r\nd /rips1 bradd$ 9 beh9d x4 ,great c>e %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ex]cis$ 9 glu+ up ! doors to avoid /ra9s :i* might give !m su* a twi/ t !y c\ld n be fitt$ to ! case4 ,c>eful fitt+ ( all ! mortises & t5ons & ! usual assembl+ ( ! p>ts ( ea* door be=e glu+ is attempt$ is a wise precaution4 ,x w also be wise to all[ a little /ock = trimm+ (f1 bo? on ! sides & on ! ends1 :5 ! doors are f9ally fitt$ 94 ,a ,,r\nd ,,c5tre ,,table ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions = r\nd c5tre table ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( top mortise ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions = r\nd c5tre table ,! ,design4--,?is problem calls = a table ( mission /yle ) squ>e legs set into ! circumf]5ce ( ! table flu% ) ! top & hav+ t5ons expos$ on ! face ( ! legs4 ,simplicity ( =m comb9$ ) /r5g? *>act]izes ! design4 ,mat]ials & ,tools4--,qu>t]$ oak is recomm5d$ = a table ( ?is design4 ,! /ock requir$ = "o table is z foll[s3 f\r legs #b-c_/d #b-c_/d #bg in*es2 two cross rails #a-a_/d #c #bi in*es2 "o piece ( #c #ab #bj in*es = ! curv$ rails2 & /ock en\gh to make a r\nd top #a-a_/h in*es ?ick & #bg in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! only tools desirable to provide1 9 addition to ^? previ\sly us$1 are a trammel & spoke%ave or a circle plane4 ,con/ruction4--,! fir/ /ep is to jo9 up & glue ! top s t x may h ample "t to h>d5 & dry :ile ! o!r "w is be+ accompli%$4 ,! /ock = ! legs may !n be dress$ & ! bottom mortises m>k$ & cut ?r\gh ! po/s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to transf] ! m>ks to ! opposite side s t ! mortises may be accurately outl9$ on ! face4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 9 cutt+ ! mortises1 9 ord] to make good1 clean jo9ts4 ,a dim5sion$ detail ( ! top mortises1 :i* are to receive ! t5ons ( ! curv$ rail1 %[n on page #ahj1 %\ld be consult$ be=e lay+ out ?is "w4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! legs project #a-a_/d in*es above ! top rail4 ,aft] ! top mortises are cut ! cross bottom rails %\ld be halv$ toge!r & ! t5ons laid (f & cut4 ,x w be notic$ t ! project+ end ( ! t5ons is to be bevell$ (f1 b ?is %\ld n be done until ! fitt+ is complet$4 ,9 lay+ out ! plan ( "w = ! con/ruction ( ! curv$ rails ! trammel comes into use4 ,) ?is1 m>k (f c>efully ! inside & outside curves on a ?9 piece ( bo>d &1 ) a l>ge /eel squ>e1 draw /raight l9es f ! c5tre or pivot po9t1 mak+ an exact qu>t] circle4 ,?is is %[n 9 "o ( ! draw+s on page #ahj4 ,!n1 p>allel ) ea* /raight l9e & on ! inside1 m>k (f o!r l9es "o half ! ?ickness ( ! leg4 ,?is locates ! %\ld] ( ! t5on4 ,! patt]n %\ld !n be c>efully cut out ( ! ?9 bo>d & us$ z a template = m>k+ out on ! /ock ! =m ( ! curv$ rails4 ,aft] ^! rails are b& saw$ & smoo!d1 ! t5ons may be cut4 ,:5 ! fram+ p>ts ( ! table h all be5 cut & fitt$ !y may be assembl$ & glu$4 ,f9ally ! top is plac$ face d[n on a b5* top or on horses1 & ! inv]t$ frame laid ov] x & c5tr$ to give ! correct position ( ! insets = ! legs4 ,^! %\ld be laid (f ) great c>e1 ! outl9e reproduc$ exactly on ! opposite side1 & ! /ock cut out4 ,! top & frame %\ld !n be fa/5$ toge!r f ! "u side4 ,aft] a few f9i%+ t\*es h be5 giv5 to ! project+ ends & expos$ surfaces1 ! table w be ready = ! fill+ & v>ni%+4 ,a ,,libr>y ,,desk ,?is is ! mo/ ambiti\s ( ! special problems 9 furniture mak+ "h sugge/$4 ,details are giv5 9 ! draw+s on ! opposite page4 ,if ! "y woodwork] c give suffici5t "t to x & c comm& ! s]vices ( a few ma*9e tools x w n be an unreasonable task to und]take4 ,mo/ ( ! op]ations requir$ 9 its con/ruction h already be5 c>efully expla9$ & ne$ n be repeat$ z detail$ directions4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "o or two pr9ciples ( cab9et-mak+ call$ = 9 ?is problem :i* 7 n requir$ 9 ! o!rs4 ,!y w !re=e ne$ explanation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a libr>y desk ,panell+4--,to avoid ! difficulties :i* w\ld result f ! swell+1 %r9k+1 & w>p+ ( wide surfaces 9 furniture x is common practice to make use ( ! panel4 ,! design ( ! panel is easily und]/ood4 ,x consi/s ( a framework ( ord9>y ?ickness1 put toge!r usually ) mortise & t5on jo9ts4 ,! inside edges ( ?is framework are groov$1 & into ! groove is fitt$ a piece ( /ock g5]ally ?9n] ?an ! frame :i* fills ! space betwe5 ! sides ( ! frame4 ,! panel bo>d may be 9 "o piece ( wide /ock or x may be glu$ up4 ,x may be ( v ?9 /ock inset on bo? sides ( ! panel1 or x may be ( ?ick] /ock inset only on "o side1 & p]haps n inset on ei!r side1 9 :i* case only ! edges ( ! bo>d are made ?9 en\gh to run 9 ! groove ( ! panel frame4 ,9 ?is problem ! panel bo>d is to be made ( #a_/b-;in* /ock1 flat on ! outside1 & inset #a_/d ( an in*4 ,! back ( ! panel bo>d is flu% ) ! frame & is *amf]$ (f to give ! necess>y tongue all ar\nd to run 9 ! groove4 ,! n>r[ /ock ( ! framework is n likely to swell or %r9k appreciably &1 if well con/ruct$1 _c become w>p$ or twi/$4 ,! panel1 on acc\nt ( its great] wid?1 may & g5]ally does swell & %r9k consid]ably2 b x %\ld be fitt$ to move easily 9 ! grooves s t its *anges may n be noticeable4 ,%\ld x be desir$ to f9i% ! panels ) a m\ld+ ?is %\ld be nail$ to ! rails1 n to ! panel bo>d4 ,dang] 9 ! ,p[] ,saw4--,! panel frame may be con/ruct$ by h&1 b if a circul> saw be available x w be f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,beg9n]s1 h[ev]1 %\ld employ ! s]vices ( an exp]t sawy] & n assume ! great risk involv$ 9 ! use ( a circul> saw or ev5 a b& saw1 especially if ^! saws are )\t gu>ds4 ,! necess>y op]ations %\ld be c>efully laid out on ! p>tially f9i%$ /ock1 ) a good squ>e & gauge4 ,a comb9ation plane is q ess5tial = cutt+ ! grooves2 & ?is c>ries its own gauge4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to make all measurem5ts f ! c5tre ( ! piece1 & gauge & squ>e always f ! face sides & f ! face edges ( ! jo9ts4 ,! cuts t x is necess>y to make = ! jo9ts are indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,9 glu+ up1 ! directions already giv5 9 ! section on glu+ %\ld be foll[$4 ,s&-pap]+4--,!re is a legitimate use = s&-pap] 9 ! f9i%+ /ages ( ! "w on ?is desk1 z !re is1 9 fact1 9 almo/ e k9d ( f9e woodwork4 ,its use has already be5 advis$ 9 ! directions = furniture mak+4 ,9 furniture manufactories s&-pap]+ ma*9es are among ! mo/ exp5sive ma*9es to be f\nd 9 ! %ops2 & _! high co/ is ( c\rse ju/ifi$ by _! productive value4 ,x is q impossible to "w d[n l>ge pieces to a good surface by ! process ( plan+4 ,if a s&-pap]+ ma*9e is )9 easy rea* ( ! amateur cab9et-mak]1 x w be v desirable = him to s5d all l>ge pieces l ! tops ( tables & panel bo>ds to ! factory 9 ord] to h !m run ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,! exp5se is v slight4 ,9 s&-pap]+ by h& consid]able pressure %\ld be appli$ z ev5ly z possible & always along ! gra94 ,any movem5ts directly across ! gra9 or at an angle are sure to %[ ?r\gh ! f9i%4 ,! process is facilitat$ by wrapp+ ! s&-pap] ar\nd a block ( wood ab\t #b #d in*es 9 diamet] or1 bett] /ill1 a block ( cork ( ! same dim5sions4 ,a ,,morris ,,*air ,hi/ory ( ! ,design4--,among furniture designs ! ,morris *air has become a classic4 ,x takes its "n = its orig9ator1 ,william ,morris1 ! great ,engli% design] & re=m]1 to :om1 p]haps m ?an to any o!r p]son1 we are indebt$ = sane & hone/ "w 9 furniture design & 9 all =ms ( h\sehold decoration1 n only 9 ,engl& b 9 o!r ,european c\ntries & 9 ,am]ica4 ,& probably no "o ( 8 creations has done m to tea* ! lesson ( simplicity1 com=t1 & utility 9 furniture ?an ! ,morris *air4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,morris *air ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions ( ,morris *air 7front7 ,illu/ration3 ,details & dim5sions = ,morris *air 7side7 ,x may be well to add1 h[ev]1 t l _m o!r fam\s works ( art1 ! orig9al design ( ,william ,morris has suff]$ mu* 9 c\ntless imitations4 ,! furniture %ops display c>v$ & o!rwise embelli%$ mon/rosities "u ! "n ( ,morris *airs :i* are no?+ less ?an an insult to ! great "n !y be>4 ,b ! life ( all imitations ( orig9al & really great ideas is b\nd to be %ort4 ,only ! good & true1 :i* are ! orig9al1 survive4 ,! really valuable features ( ! orig9al ,morris *air design1 comb9+ beauty ( mat]ial ) simplicity ( =m & con/ruction1 h tak5 a la/+ hold ^u ! he>ts ( all p :o h f\nd solid com=t 9 ^! *airs4 ,! *airs contemplat$ 9 ?is problem are illu/rat$ on page #ej1 *apt] ,,ii4 ,bo? are 9 qu>t]$ oak4 ,! "o on ! "r is /a9$ 9 d>k br[n & has a box cu%ion = ! seat & a pill[ cu%ion = ! back1 9 m$ium br[n lea!r4 ,! "o on ! left is 9 light fum$ oak ) cu%ions ( mahogany vel\r4 ,on acc\nt ( its small] dim5sions x is some:at light] 9 weight ?an ! "o on ! "r1 & ! dim5sions ( ! small] "o w be foll[$ 9 ?is problem4 ,?is *air is an exact copy ( "o 9 a% :i*1 ) a c5tre table & /ool1 7 design$ & made = a college girl's room2 & a l>ge "p ( ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! ?ree pieces ( furniture 0 done by ! girl h]self4 ,by c>eful exam9ation ( ! dim5sion$ draw+ %[n on ! prec$+ page ! "y woodwork] :o und]takes ?is problem %\ld select 8 /ock accord+ to ! foll[+ li/3 #d legs #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #bd in*es2 two arms #c #e-a_/b #ch in*es2 two bottom side rails #a-a_/h #f #bf in*es2 two top side rails #e_/h #b-a_/d #bf in*es2 two bottom rails 7front & back7 #a-a_/h #f #bd in*es2 "o top rail 7back7 #e_/h #b-a_/d #bd in*es2 two back uprights #a-a_/h #a-g_/h #be in*es2 ?ree cross pieces = back 7l[]7 #c_/d #b-e_/h #bj in*es2 "o cross piece = back 7top7 #c_/d #f #bj in*es2 "o bracket #a #c #ah in*es2 f\r p9s #d-a_/b #d-a_/d in*es squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( ,morris *air arm ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( p9s ,9 saw+ up ! /ock1 all[ance %\ld be made ( c\rse1 = necess>y wa/e 9 work+ d[n to ! draw+ dim5sions4 ,! arms are drawn ) a curve & may be fa%ion$ by b& saw+ !m out ( #c-;in* /ock4 ,!re w be a consid]able sav+ 9 mat]ial & lab\r1 ( c\rse1 if ! arms are made flat2 b ! effect ( ! curve is v pleas+4 ,! back slats may be saw$ to a slight curve1 :i* is ano!r attractive feature2 b flat slats are easi] to make & j z s]viceable4 ,! process ( con/ruction does n diff] 9 g5]al f t already describ$ 9 "s ( ! =ego+ problems1 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h 9 detail4 ,! me?od ( f9i%+ ?is & all o!r furniture ref]r$ to 9 ! problems w be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,s9ce ! ,morris *air is a heavy piece ( furniture1 x w be necess>y to provide ca/]s = x4 ,! ,acme ,p9 ca/]1 s-call$1 0 us$ 9 ! *air ref]r$ to 9 ?is problem4 ,x makes use ( a /eel ball turn+ ^u ball be>+s1 & is set up into ! legs s z to leave only ab\t #a_/d ( an in* ( ! ball expos$4 ,a ,,hall ,,clock ,illu/ration3 ,a hall clock ,,note4--,! orig9al ( ! hall clock 0 design$ & made by ,mr4 ,egb]t ,e4 ,mac,nary4 ,design4--,?is clock 0 design$ & built to con=m to ! requirem5ts ( ! space allott$ to x4 ,! l9es ( ! case are all /raight2 !re are no spires or gables or fanta/ic curves on ! top4 ,a hall clock is indoors1 & ! top %\ld be horizontal2 = all ! o!r l9es su* z tops ( w9d[ cas+s1 picture m\ld+1 etc41 are horizontal4 ,if ! clock /ood out ( doors "u ! />s1 !n ! top might be spir$ or po9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,con/ruction detail ( a hall clock ,! con/ruction1 z indicat$ 9 ! sket*es1 is simple & sub/antial4 ,! long sides ext5d ! entire height ( ! clock1 be+ firmly jo9$ into ! base & head4 ,! works are support$ betwe5 ^! sides4 ,! wood is #c_/d-;in* qu>t]$ oak1 h& dress$1 & /a9$ a w>m br[n4 ,! dial1 h+es1 cat*es1 p5dulum1 & weight are ( brass4 ,cutt+ ,glass ) a ,:eel ,cutt]4--,! long door has a panel ( transp>5t lead$ glass4 ,?is lead$ glass "w is a mo/ fasc9at+ process4 ,! lead /rips requir$ = x 7 pur*as$ ( a deal] 9 lead specialties4 ,/a9$ glass w9d[ conc]ns are usually will+ to sell ?is lead4 ,a full-size draw+ 0 made ( ! design = ! glass panel & ! glass cut 9 pieces to mat* ! patt]n4 ,a t5-c5t :eel glass cutt] 0 us$4 ,"o caution1 kept 9 m9d1 w enable "o to use a :eel cutt] ( ?is k9d )\t injur+ x4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ twice 9 ! same cut4 ,"o /roke ( a few in*es ov] a cut previ\sly made w ru9 ! :eel2 b if ! :eel is n abus$ by trac+ ov] a cut1 x w la/ a long "t4 ,! glass %\ld be laid on a level table & ! cutt] us$ ) a firm h&1 mak+ a cont9u\s cut aga9/ a /raight edge4 ,sold]+4--,! long l9es ( ! design are 9 "o piece2 & !re is a /rip ar\nd ! entire outside edge4 ,to sold] ! pieces toge!r1 ! glass & lead /rips are laid 9 position on a bo>d1 & brads 7ab\t #a in* long7 are driv5 "p way into ! bo>d close aga9/ ! outside /rips1 s z to hold ! pieces 9 position4 ,a small bead ( sold]+ pa/e is plac$ on ea* jo9t4 ,a small sold]+ iron 7:i* is really copp]7 & wire sold] are us$4 ,! copp] may be t9n$ by fil+ ! po9t bright1 heat+ x1 dipp+ x 9 ! sold]+ pa/e1 & !n quickly t\*+ x to ! sold] wire4 ,! po9t w become coat$ ) ! sold]1 or1 z we say1 t9n$4 ,! iron w ne$ frequ5t heat+4 ,a quick1 light t\* ( ! iron & sold] wire to ! jo9ts w give ! be/ result4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( hold+ glass & lead /rips = sold]+ ,! two r+s 9 ! brass dial 7 rais$ by driv+ ! brass into a groove 9 a piece ( oak ) a h>d wood w$ge4 ,! piece ( oak 0 revolv$ ar\nd ! dial by means ( a nail driv5 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! dial into ! oak piece4 ,:5 a %ort arc ( ! r+ _h be5 rais$1 ! groov$ piece 0 swung ar\nd ab\t #a in* & ! groove cont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( rais+ ! dial r+s ,! l5g? ( ! p5dulum dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! escape :eel4 ,x 0 necess>y 9 ! case ( ?is clock to take out ! escape :eel1 :i* _h #cb tee?1 & sub/itute "o ( #bb tee? to accommodate ! l5g? ( p5dulum desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,dim5sion$ dial piece ( clock be=e edges are turn$ ,,outdoor ,,furniture ,! greate/ *>m ( home life 9 ! summ] season is r>ely f\nd )9 ! h\se4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! village or 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e nature is at h] be/2 b ev5 9 city homes t are =tunate en\gh to include 9 _! surr\nd+s a small y>d1 a bit ( g>d51 or any means ( connect+ ! home ) ,god's great out-(-doors1 ?\gh x be b a %elt]$ balcony or a w9d[ g>d51 ! t\* ( nature is n lo/4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 = art to assi/ nature2 & 9 _m cases h] assi/ance is v mu* ne$$4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t nature _c be left :olly to h]self 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! village or city home4 ,if !re be a g>d51 z mu* =e?\ght mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 plann+ x & z mu* pa9s tak5 9 develop+ & c>+ = x z is call$ = 9 work+ out any =m ( int]ior decoration4 ,!re are problems ( design & con/ruction sugge/$ by ! ne$ ( suitable *airs & settles = ! piazza1 com=table hammocks & c\*es = ! balcony1 awn+s = ! w9d[s on ! sunny side1 & ! "r furniture1 p]haps1 = an out-door d9+-room4 ,! m decorative features are f\nd 9 ! rose arb\rs1 ! trellises1 ! g>d5 scre5s1 ! lawn t5t1 ! p]gola1 & ! g>d5 gate2 & all ^! (f] problems t easily come )9 ! rea* ( ent]pris+ & capable "y craftsm54 ,g5]al ,types4--,9 ! design+ ( out-door furniture !re are two sugge/ions f nature t may appropriately f9d expression4 ,on ! "o h& l>ge masses1 z se5 9 ! hills & rocks1 sugge/ solidity1 weight1 & p]man5ce4 ,?is idea is embodi$ 9 walls ( masonry1 /one po/s1 iron gates1 /one or concrete p$e/als1 or 9 "s o!r k9d ( heavy con/ruction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ! sugge/ions ( lightness1 delicacy1 & gr[?1 se5 9 ! gr[+ v9es1 %rubb]y1 & small trees1 :i* are c>ri$ out 9 ! s-call$ ru/ic furniture1 trellises1 arb\rs1 & g>d5 scre5s4 ,an ,example ( ,heavy ,furniture 9 ,wood4--,a settle design$ = comp>atively p]man5t use 9 "s cool or retir$ corn] ( ! g>d5 may be made ( native p9e1 :ite wood1 or spruce1 well protect$ by sev]al coats ( pa9t4 ,a sugge/ion is "h giv5 = su* a design1 laid out on sub/antial l9es4 ,ord9>y #d #d spruce1 plan$1 may be us$ = ! po/s1 p9e or :ite wood = ! re/ ( ! con/ruction1 #b-;in* /ock be+ us$ = ! back pieces & arms1 & #g_/h-;in* bo>ds = ! rails & seat4 ,mortise & t5on jo9ts %\ld be us$ 9 ! fram+4 ,! illu/ration %[s also a simple design cut 9 ! back pieces & repeat$ 9 ! two front po/s4 ,x is a decorative feature :i* seems to c\nt]act1 some:at successfully1 ! g5]al sev]ity ( ! l9es on :i* ! settle is design$ to be built4 ,illu/ration3 ,a g>d5 settle ,concrete ,furniture4--,/ill m sub/antial out-door furniture may be made ( concrete cem5t4 ,?is mat]ial has come into use = sidewalks & pavem5ts & z a sub/itute = brick & /one masonry 9 reta9+ walls1 bridge abutm5ts1 & 9 a great v>iety ( heavy build+ con/ruction4 ,concrete is1 9 fact1 an artificial /one1 made by mix+ ,portl& cem5t ) s& or pulv]iz$ rock 9 ! "r proportions1 ?or\ghly wett+ ! mixture ) wat]1 & all[+ x to h>d54 ,x is s commonly associat$ ) heavy1 crude "w t x is n easy to believe t x may be also fa%ion$ into any?+ ( an arti/ic or decorative "*2 & yet x is capable ( a wide range ( out-door decorative uses4 ,gate po/s1 p$e/als1 f\nta9s1 w9d[ boxes1 urns1 & o!r =ms ( g>d5 pott]y 9 great v>iety1 tables1 & g>d5 seats1 h be5 successfully m\ld$ 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,its natural /one gray col\r & surface are well suit$ to _m ( ^! uses2 b x may be giv5 a v>iety ( col\r effects 9 bold design if occasion requires x4 ,9 weight & durability x leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,! ,wire ,=m4--,concrete cem5t _c be modell$ l clay4 ,9 its =mative /ate x is too s(t = su* manipulation4 ,x mu/ be support$ 9 "s way :ile x is be+ work$ into ! desir$ %ape & until x has h>d5$4 ,9 g5]al !re are two me?ods ( giv+ ! necess>y support3 viz41 by employ+ an int]ior framework or skeleton1 g5]ally ( wire la?1 :i* is p]man5tly encas$ 9 ! cem5t2 or by us+ a pla/] or wood5 m\ld into :i* ! mat]ial 9 a s(t & pla/ic /ate is p\r$ & f :i* x is remov$ :5 h>d5$4 ,! latt] me?od has be5 elaborat$ q ext5sively = comm]cial purposes1 because x readily yields an indef9ite numb] ( m>ketable results f ! same m\lds4 ,! simpl] wood5 m\lds may be easily made by a clev] boy2 & aft] a little exp]i5ce he c soon le>n h[ to mix ! cem5t prop]ly & m\ld a =m successfully4 ,= s+le pieces ( concrete "w1 h[ev]1 ! wire =ms are to be pref]r$4 ,a sugge/ive illu/ration ( ?is me?od is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ problem3 ,a ,,cyl9drical ,,g>d5 ,,vase ,! dim5sions call$ = 9 ?is design are a diamet] ( #aj in*es & a height ( #h in*es4 ,! wire =m mu/ !re=e be made to approximate q closely to ^! dim5sions4 ,a good mat]ial = ! =m is galvaniz$ wire la? ( #a_/b-;in* me%4 ,?is problem w require a piece ab\t #h in*es wide & #cd in*es long = ! convex side1 & a piece ab\t #aj in*es squ>e = ! base4 ,f ! squ>e piece a circle #aj in*es 9 diamet] %\ld be cut out4 ,a /rong pair ( t9n]s' %e>s w be ne$$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 b5d+ ! long piece into ! cyl9drical =m x is well to proce$ sl[ly 9 ord] to produce an ev5ly curv$ surface--i4 e41 "o free f angul> b5ds4 ,a good way to accompli% ?is result is to lay ! piece d[n on a b5* top & b5d x up ov] a cyl9drical wood5 block4 ,if no?+ bett] is available a roll+ p9 w s]ve ?is purpose4 ,:5 ! b5d+ is ne>ly complete1 ! two ends ( ! piece %\ld be br\ght toge!r1 lapp$ ov] ab\t an in*1 & b\nd toge!r ) free ends ( ! /r&s ( wire4 ,a pair ( pli]s w be ( great assi/ance4 ,if ?is "p ( ! process has be5 c>efully done1 !re w result a cyl9drical =m #aj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! circul> piece %\ld n[ be atta*$ to "o end ( ?is =m by means ( ! free ends ( ! /r&s f\nd !re1 b5d+ ! project+ wires ov] & cl9*+ !m at conv5i5t po9ts on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circul> piece :]e !re are uncut me%es ( ! wire4 ,! =m is n[ ready = cov]+ ) ! cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a g>d5 vase ,! fir/ /ep is ! mix+ ( ! cem5t = :at is kn[n z ! scrat* coat4 ,?is is made by mix+ ,portl& cem5t ) f9e1 clean s& 9 ! proportion ( "o "p cem5t to two ( s&4 ,^! +r$i5ts %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r 9 ! dry /ate1 & !n !re %\ld be add$ a small quantity ( goats' hair1 well pick$ ap>t4 ,= ! problem at h& ab\t five p\nds ( cem5t w be ne$$ & z mu* goats' hair z c be held 9 ! h&4 ,! :ole %\ld be ?or\ghly wet d[n ) j ! "r am\nt ( wat]4 ,x is important t ! mixture %\ld n be made too s(t4 ,a scrat* coat %\ld be giv5 a consi/5cy t w enable x to be easily spread ov] ! wire =m &1 at ! same "t1 to hang well toge!r4 ,:5 a suffici5t am\nt ( ! "r mixture has be5 obta9$1 x %\ld be spread ^u ! wire =m by means ( a small mason's tr[el or a l>ge knife4 ,x is well to beg9 at ! bottom ( ! convex side ( ! cyl9d]1 work+ upw>d1 tak+ no pa9s to make ?is fir/ coat smoo?1 s9ce r\ghness is desirable1 & pay+ no att5tion :atev] to ! inside ( ! cyl9d]1 except+ to see t ! cem5t is =c$ well ?r\gh ! me%es s t ! :ole mass w be held toge!r firmly :5 dry4 ,! inside is giv5 a smoo? coat z a "p ( ! lat] f9i%+ process4 ,:5 ! convex surface has be5 well cov]$1 ! =m %\ld be turn$ bottom up & ! cem5t spread ^u ! base ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! same way4 ,aft] ! wire has be5 completely cov]$1 ! =m1 :i* is likely to be some:at di/ort$1 %\ld be correct$ by c>eful manipulation till a true cyl9d] has be5 obta9$4 ,?is is all[$ to /& = ab\t five h\rs until ! cem5t has ?or\ghly h>d5$4 ,x is !n ready = ! f9i%+ coat4 ,! next /ep 9 ! process is to make ! cem5t = ! f9i%+ coat4 ,consid]able v>iety is possible "h1 dep5d+ ^u ! col\r & o!r surface effects t are desir$4 ,9 ?is design a light1 sp>kl+ surface :5 f9i%$ is requir$4 ,to produce ?is effect a mixture ( "o "p ,portl& cem5t & two p>ts m>ble du/ w be ne$$4 ,?is %\ld be mix$ )\t hair to a consi/5cy l t us$ = ! scrat* coat4 ,be=e apply+ ! f9i%+ coat ! surfaces %\ld be ?or\ghly moi/5$ by means ( a bru% well fill$ ) wat]4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( apply+ ?is coat4 ,! simple/ is c>efully spread+ x on ) a tr[el & smoo?+ x ) ! moi/5$ h&4 ,:5 ! surface has h>d5$ suffici5tly x is sometimes possible to improve ! f9i% by ! judici\s use ( s&-pap] or a co>se file4 ,x is n possible to produce p]fectly ev5 surfaces 9 ?is way2 & yet ! me?od has ! *>act]i/ic fre$om ( h&work 9 g5]al1 & yields v satisfactory results4 ,illu/ration3 ,a vase ) block$ rim ,! ,decoration4--,a great v>iety ( decorative effects may be obta9$ 9 concrete pott]y & 9 o!r articles made ( ?is mat]ial = out-door use4 ,9 pott]y ^! decorations may take ! =m ( rais$ figures or ornam5ts1 ( bord]s or designs cut 9 ! surface1 & ( inlays 9 col\r4 ,:atev] ! =m ( design1 ! necess>y cutt+ = x is be/ made :5 ! cem5t has become well set b n v h>d--i4 e41 f #f to #aj h\rs aft] ! f9i%+ coat is appli$4 ,a /\t1 %>p1 po9t$ knife blade is all ! tool t w be requir$4 ,a n>r[ *isel1 h[ev]1 may be f\nd desirable = deep5+ ! cuts4 ,! knife %\ld be guid$ by means ( a rul]1 :i* %\ld be flexible if us$ on curv$ surfaces2 & ! dep? ( ! cut w dep5d some:at ^u ! size ( ! piece4 ,9 "w simil> to t describ$ 9 ! problem j giv51 a dep? ( #c_/af or #a_/d ( an in* is suffici5t4 ,?is cutt+1 ( c\rse c be made aft] ! cem5t has h>d5$1 by ! use ( hamm] & *isel2 b x w be mu* m difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,a squ>e =m ,! ,col\rs4--,col\r cem5t = inlaid designs is made by us+ ! be/ quality ( :ite ,portl& cem5t z a base1 col\r+ x ) dry m9]al pigm5ts :i* are sold by deal]s "u ! "n ( lime or cem5t-pro( col\rs4 ,among ! pigm5ts suitable = ?is purpose are r$ oxide ( iron1 :i* produces a r$2 oxide ( cobalt1 :i* gives a good blue2 *romate ( lead1 :i* produces yell[2 c>bonate ( copp]1 :i* gives a good d>k gre52 & burnt umb]1 :i* yields a good br[n4 ,^! come z dry p[d]s & %\ld be mix$ ) ! dry cem5t & m>ble du/1 mak+ a mixture ( uni=m col\r1 be=e ! wat] is appli$4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! "r col\r x is well to exp]im5t ) a small quantity ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts until a satisfactory %ade has be5 f\nd4 ,!n ) ?is z a guide a suffici5tly l>ge quantity %\ld be mix$1 9 ! same proportions1 to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick pa/e1 & appli$ to ! design1 :i* has be5 previ\sly cut 9 ! surface to be decorat$4 ,to insure ?or\gh adhesion ( ! pa/e to ! concrete1 ! cutt+ %\ld be well moi/5$ ) a wet bru%4 ,a numb] ( sugge/ive designs are %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+s4 ,ru/ic ,furniture4--,! light] out-door furniture c be easily made up 9 a great v>iety ( designs4 ,! =m ( ru/ic settles & *airs is det]m9$ l>gely by ! mat]ial :i* is available4 ,v useful & ornam5tal effects are produc$ by us+ /icks cut f ! tops or f bran*es ( small trees4 ,bir* sapl+s1 easily f\nd 9 ! second gr[? ( "s wood lots1 af=d a good supply ( mat]ial4 ,x is n necess>y t ! /icks be /raight2 ! natural crooks & not*es are (t5 v useful 9 brac+ ! framework4 ,*airs1 settles1 tables1 /&>ds = fl[] boxes1 & o!r articles ( furniture may be made out ( ?is r\gh & unf9i%$ mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,a g>d5 scre5 ,lattice ,"w4--,trellises & g>d5 scre5s h be5 made 9 an almo/ endless v>iety ( =ms4 ,among ! mo/ satisfactory is ! pla9 lattice "w 9 squ>es & rectangles4 ,its simplicity & evid5t durability are po9ts 9 its fav\r4 ,exp]i5ce proves also t v9es & o!r plants ne$+ support are readily adju/$ to ?is =m ( trellis4 ,! size ( ! /ock requir$ 9 mak+ ! "r-angl$ lattice "w dep5ds ^u ! uses to be made ( x4 ,= a g>d5 scre5 ! uprights ne$ to be ( #b #b in* /ock & ( any conv5i5t l5g?4 ,end po/s ( #c #c in* /ock w be requir$1 to give necess>y /iffness2 &1 if ! scre5 be a long "o1 int]m$iate po/s ( ! same size %\ld be plac$ at int]vals ( t5 or twelve feet4 ,! horizontal pieces may be /rips ( #g_/h-;in* /ock1 #b in*es wide1 set _! full ?ickness into ! uprights4 ,spruce furr+1 :i* lumb] deal]s supply 9 #b-;in* wid?s1 is suitable = ! small rails2 b if *e/nut be us$ = ! uprights x is well to use ! same wood = ! re/ ( ! con/ruction4 ,! top & bottom rails %\ld be ( heavi] /ock1 n less ?an #b by #c in*es4 ,! be/ f\ndation is a l9e ( concrete po/s1 firmly set into ! gr\nd at int]vals ( #f feet1 to :i* ! bottom rail or ! uprights are fa/5$ by means ( irons set into ! cem5t :5 ! po/s are =m$4 ,two coats ( dull gre5 pa9t w protect ! wood & prop]ly subord9ate ! lattice "w to ! trail+ bran*es :i* x supports4 ,,viii ,,f9i%+ ,,& ,,re-,,f9i%+ ',tis toil's rew>d t sweet5s indu/ry--,eb5ez] ,elliot ,9 ! comm]cial production ( furniture ! cab9et-mak] has no?+ to d ) ! f9i%+ ( 8 "w4 ,?is ess5tial "p ( furniture mak+ is turn$ ov] to artisans :o are f9i%]s by trade4 ,9 a sep>ate "p ( ! factory !y att5d to ! clean+ & fill+ ( ! wood & to :atev] f9i% is appli$ to ! "w ( ! jo9]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t ! f9i%+ ( all k9ds ( woodwork is q z important z any o!r feature 9 its production2 =1 h[ev] good ! l9es ( design may be & h[ev] ?or\ghly ! design may be c>ri$ out 9 ! con/ruction ( any piece ( furniture or o!r woodwork1 x may be & (t5 is spoil$ z a "w ( art 9 ! f9i%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,f9i%+ a ,libr>y ,table4 ,plate ,,vi ,b ! amateur cab9et-mak] %\ld be 8 own f9i%]4 ,he %\ld famili>ize himself ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( f9i% t may be appli$ to ! diff]5t woods4 ,he %\ld "k ! object ( fill+ wood & h[ x is done4 ,he %\ld und]/& ! processes ( fum+1 /a9+1 & v>ni%+ s well t he c produce ) c]ta9ty ! results desir$4 ,,clean+1 ,,surfac+1 ,,& ,,fill+ ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,f9i%+4--,! fir/ /ep 9 f9i%+ woodwork is to clean x up & prep>e x = ! fill]4 ,too great c>e _c be tak5 9 exam9+ all surfaces = slight ov]sights t h occurr$ 9 ! jo9]y "w or = blemi%es t h be5 acquir$ 9 any "p ( ! process ( con/ruction4 ,light plan+1 *isell+1 or scrap+1 & p]haps a little s&-pap]+1 always ) ! gra91 may be ne$$ to remove ^! faults & blemi%es4 ,! mo/ s]i\s ( ^! g5]ally result f glu+4 ,all surplus glue %\ld be c>efully remov$1 ev5 to ! film t soaks into ! surface ( ! wood4 ,! slighte/ spot ( glue rema9+ w keep ! fill] out ( ! wood & %[ ?r\gh any k9d ( f9i%4 ,importance ( ,fill+4--,z soon z ! furniture is ?or\ghly clean$1 if x is to be f9i%$ 9 ! natural color1 ! gra9 ( ! wood mu/ be fill$ ) a light1 transp>5t1 semi-liquid sub/ance1 kn[n z ! fill]1 :i*1 aft] /&+ f five to sev5 m9utes1 %\ld be ?or\ghly rubb$ (f ) a piece ( co>se clo? or a h&ful ( %av+s4 ,?is process1 z its "n indicates1 fills ! pores ( ! wood & protects !m aga9/ ! absorption ( moi/ure & ! consequ5t swell+4 ,b ?is is by no means its *ief purpose4 ,/rictly speak+1 fill+ is ! gr\nd-"w ( all subsequ5t f9i%+ processes &1 = t reason1 x may be said to be ! mo/ important op]ation connect$ ) wood f9i%+4 ,if improp]ly done1 no am\nt ( good "w ) ! v>ni% bru% w remove ! fault4 ,9 fact1 good "w is impossible aft] a bad beg9n+4 ,good v>ni%+ or good f9i%+ ( any k9d requires t1 be=e ! f9al f9i%+ processes beg91 ! surface %\ld be made p]fectly level & smoo?1 free f all unev5ness or r\ghness or m9ute op5+s ( any k9d t might all[ ! v>ni% or o!r f9i%+ mat]ial to p5etrate ! wood4 ,if ! fill+ has n be5 s ?or\gh t no "p ( ! subsequ5t f9i%+ mat]ial c be absorb$ by ! wood1 a r\gh surface w be sure to foll[4 ,?is may1 ( c\rse1 be rubb$ d[n & re-f9i%$1 b nev] ) t p]fection ( result :i* is assur$ by lay+ a good f\ndation 9 correct fill+4 ,x may be set d[n z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( wood f9i%+ t ! be/ result is obta9$ :5 ! fill+ or surfac+ has be5 s ?or\ghly done t ! ?9ne/ ( f9i%+ coats1 few 9 numb]1 are requir$ to produce ! desir$ result4 ,liquid ,fill]s or ,surfaces4--,!re are _m k9ds ( fill]s 9 common use1 b !y may all be consid]$ z belong+ to "o or ! o!r ( two classes4 ,!y are ei!r liquid fill]s or pa/e fill]s4 ,woods diff] greatly 9 ! co>s5ess or f95ess ( _! gra94 ,! co>se or op5-gra9$ woods require a fill] ) body en\gh to close up ! pores ( ! wood & give t p]fectly ev5 surface necess>y z a f\ndation = good f9i%+4 ,! close-gra9$ woods1 on ! o!r h&1 d n pres5t ! same fill+ problem4 ,!y c\ld n absorb a pa/e fill]4 ,9 fact1 x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! f9e1 close-gra9$ woods1 l maple1 gum wood1 & bir*1 d n ne$ a fill] at all2 & !re are "s co>se-gra9$ woods1 l s\!rn or h>d p9e & cypress1 ! pores ( :i* are naturally fill$ ) gummy or res9\s sub/ances & w n absorb an artificial fill]4 ,b all su* woods d ne$ to be giv5 a f9i%+ surface :i* w prev5t ! f9i%+ coats f soak+ into ! fibre ( ! wood4 ,?is is ! (fice ( ! s-call$ liquid fill]s1 :i* are v prop]ly call$ fir/ coat]s or surfac]s4 ,h[ to ,make a ,liquid ,fill]4--,a /&>d =mula = ! prep>ation ( a liquid fill] is z foll[s3 ,mix f\r p>ts by weight ( c>bonate ( soda ) six p>ts ( *9a clay1 & gr9d ?is mixture 9 ab\t eight p>ts ( japan1 ?9n+ ! product ) turp5t9e or b5z9e to ! consi/5cy ( l9se$ oil4 ,laundry />* may be us$ 9 place ( *9a clay1 giv+ a fill] :i* is some:at easi] ( application ?an ! clay fill] because x does n settle4 ,x lacks 9 durability1 h[ev]1 especially if x is n well cov]$4 ,! f9e/ gra9$ woods d n require ! addition ( any mat]ial to ! fill] to give body4 ,a great v>iety ( liquids may be easily obta9$ :i*1 )\t be+ mix$ ) any?+1 w give ! necess>y surface4 ,glue size1 wat] glass1 & ! *eap] grades ( v>ni%1 ?9n$ if necess>y ) b5z9e or turp5t9e1 are (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,b ^! are all inf]ior to ! /&>d surfac]s & nev] %\ld be us$ on ! be/ grades ( woodwork4 ,%ellac is always pref]r$ z a fir/ coat] = h>d p9e1 z x keeps ! res9\s sap 9 ! pores ( ! wood & pres]ves ! natural col\r ( ! gra94 ,if oil is appli$ to h>d p9e )\t fir/ apply+ ?is protect+ coat ( %ellac1 ! wood black5s ) age4 ,%ellac is an excell5t fir/ coat] = o!r woods also4 ,x is commonly us$ 9 h\se f9i%+ z ! surfac] = ! int]ior trims4 ,b x dries rapidly1 & g5]ally ) a r\gh surface4 ,! fir/ coat+ ( %ellac1 !re=e1 requires c>eful s&-pap]+ be=e ! v>ni% is put on4 ,"t ,ne$$ = a ,%ellac ,coat to ,dry4--,x may be well to caution ! amateur f9i%] z to ! "t requir$ = ! ?or\gh dry+ ( %ellac4 ,:ile x may be truly said to dry v rapidly1 ! fir/ dry+ is necess>ily ^u ! out] surface1 =m+ a h>d coat+ :i* delays some:at ! dry+ ?r\gh\t1 s t a %ellac fill+ is n really dry en\gh to s&-pap] a half h\r or s aft] x has be5 appli$1 ?\gh x may appe> to be4 ,x is a good rule to all[ at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs = ?or\gh dry+2 & x may be well to add t all me?ods ( fill+1 rubb+ (f1 etc41 require = ! be/ results m "t ?an en]getic work]s sometimes all[4 ,co/ ( ,surfac+4--,a practical "q t ! amateur f9i%] w ask is1 h[ c "o "k 9 advance h[ mu* fill] is ne$$ = giv5 pieces ( "w1 & :at w be its co/8 ,= a good quality ( liquid fill] x is safe to say t "o p9t w cov] eight squ>e y>ds ) "o coat4 ,! co/ v>ies greatly1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( ! fill] & :e!r x is home-made or obta9$ ( a deal]4 ,a good comm]cial fill] or surfac] c be b\ght = #a4ej p] gallon1 mak+ ! co/ p] squ>e y>d ( "o-coat surfac+ ab\t #b-a_/b c5ts4 ,a small c co/s #ae c5ts4 ,good "w _c be done ) ! *eap] grades ( fill]4 ,%ellac1 :i* is1 all 9 all1 ! be/ ( surfac]s1 c be b\ght = #a4he a gallon1 :i* w\ld make ! co/ ( surfac+ some:at "u #c c5ts a squ>e y>d4 ,h[ to ,make a ,pa/e ,fill]4--,a good pa/e fill]1 su* z is requir$ = ! op5-gra9$ woods l oak1 a%1 baywood1 & popl> or :ite wood1 may be made f pulv]iz$ & float$ silica z a base1 ?or\ghly mix$ ) raw l9se$ oil1 turp5t9e1 & japan 9 equal p>ts1 ) en\gh silica add$ to ! liquid mixture to =m a good pa/e ( a consi/5cy some:at ?ick] ?an pap]-hang]s' pa/e4 ,if ! mixture %\ld prove to be a little too ?ick1 x may easily be ?9n$ ) turp5t9e4 ,! f9al mix+ ( ?is fill] requires gr9d+ 9 a h& mill4 ,unless a consid]able quantity ( x is ne$$ x is q z well to pur*ase a c ( ! pa/e fill] ( a deal] 9 pa9t]s' or f9i%]s' supplies1 ?\gh comm]cial fill]s are n g5]ally q s good z a "o made on ?is =mula4 ,!y (t5 conta9 wax & :it+ & o!r mat]ials z a base :i* are n s satisfactory 9 ! long run z ! float$ silica4 ,h[ a ,pa/e ,fill] is ,appli$4--,pa/e fill]s %\ld be spread on ! surface to be fill$ v lib]ally ) a wide1 /iff bru%1 all[$ to /& f five to sev5 m9utes1 & !n rubb$ (f ) a piece ( burlap or a h&ful ( f9e %av+s or excelsior4 ,b x mu/ n all be rubb$ (f or drawn out ( ! gra94 ,?is is an easy mi/ake = an inexp]i5c$ work] to make4 ,! ?+ to d is to rub x 9 & at ! same "t leave ! surfaces smoo?4 ,! surfaces %\ld !n be all[$ to dry = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e receiv+ ! f9al f9i%+ coats4 ,,v>ni%+ ,! importance ( a good f\ndation surface--ev51 smoo?1 & free f unseal$ pores t w\ld absorb & ?us und]m9e ! fir/ coat ( v>ni%--has be5 expla9$ 9 ! section on fill+ & surfac+4 ,if ?is f\ndation has be5 well laid1 ! amateur f9i%] may ent] ^u ! v>ni%+ /age ( 8 "w ) confid5ce2 b he w soon le>n t !re is mu* call = skill 9 ord] to produce ! desir$ results 9 ?is "p ( ! f9i%+ process4 ,! selection1 prep>ation1 & application ( v>ni% is a special call+1 & great skill comes only z ! result ( exp]i5ce2 b c]ta9 ma9 facts & pr9ciples are easily le>n$4 ,h[ a ,good ,v>ni% is ,recogniz$4--,x is h>dly necess>y to say t a sup]ior v>ni% mu/ be cle>1 transp>5t1 & brilliant4 ,^! qualities are always associat$ ) ?is k9d ( f9i%4 ,b durability is also a necess>y quality4 ,an exp]t w1 ) 8 eyes %ut1 recognize a high-grade v>ni% by its peculi> od\r1 :i* is to him an agreeable "o4 ,he w at once detect inf]ior grades by ! rank1 %>p od\r ( res9 & b5z9e us$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,! range ( quality & co/ 9 v>ni%es is probably great] & m v>i$ ?an 9 any o!r f9i%+ mat]ial4 ,= f9e1 arti/ic "w only ! be/ v>ni% is all[able2 & ?is may be b\ght = #c4jj a gallon4 ,sag & ,h[ ,correct$4--,a good v>ni% fl[s easily f ! bru%1 spreads ev5ly1 & dries sl[ly1 ?us all[+ pl5ty ( "t = its prop] di/ribution ov] ! surface4 ,& "t en\gh %\ld be tak5 to apply an ev5 coat :i* w n dry unequally & lead to crack+ due to irregul> contraction 9 ! process ( h>d5+4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ea* coat be spread ev5ly ov] ! surface :5 fir/ appli$4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to bru% long 9 "o place4 ,re-bru%+ aft] a brief int]val leaves bru% m>ks :i* are objectionable4 ,unequal spread+ on broad surfaces (t5 causes ! v>ni% to run or sag4 ,a t5d5cy to sag may be bru%$ out if att5d$ to promptly4 ,b1 if x is n notic$ until ! v>ni% has begun to set1 ! only way to prev5t a bad blemi% is to absorb ! ?ick5+ p>ts ( ! coat by means ( a p>tly dri$ bru%2 & ?is mu/ n be attempt$ ?ree or f\r m9utes aft] ! v>ni% has be5 put on4 ,by t "t x w h become q well set & a sag w be beyond repair+ by any simple means4 ,"t ,requir$ ,betwe5 ,v>ni% ,coats4--,! be/ v>ni%es1 z has be5 /at$1 dry q sl[ly1 & !y seem to dry & h>d5 n1 z %ellac does1 on ! top fir/1 b f ! "u surface outw>d4 ,?is peculi>ity emphasizes ! ne$ ( all[+ suffici5t "t betwe5 coats4 ,& x %\ld be add$ t m]e dry+ is n all t is requir$4 ,ea* coat mu/ h>d52 & dur+ ! process ( h>d5+ slight movem5ts take place ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! coat until x becomes p]man5tly set or h>d5$4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is p]man5t sett+ or season+1 z x may be call$1 v>ies ) ! "* ( ! "u coat1 ) ! temp]ature ( ! room 9 :i* ! f9i%+ is done1 & ) ! ?ickness ( ! v>ni% coat itself4 ,five days is usually ?\ght to be a %ort season+ p]iod4 ,z _m weeks w\ld n be too long = ! be/ results4 ,x is folly to attempt to hurry up a job ( v>ni%+4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case x _c be hurri$ )\t yield+ disa/r\s results4 ,!re is no o!r k9d ( "w 9 :i* ha/e makes wa/e ) ! c]ta9ty t x does 9 v>ni%+4 ,great pa9s mu/ be tak5 ) ea* coat4 ,lea/ ( all %\ld ! "u coats be slight$1 = solidity & dep? 9 ! appe>ance ( ! f9i%$ surfaces dep5d ^u !re be+ pl5ty ( ev5ly laid & well h>d5$ v>ni% be=e ! f9al or f9i% coat is appli$4 ,all ?is "w %\ld be done 9 a well-light$ room1 free f du/1 & ) a good supply ( fre% air1 kept at an ev5 temp]ature1 ( ab\t #gj degrees--c]ta9ly n cold] ?an ?is1 s9ce a l[] temp]ature prev5ts v>ni% f spread+ ev5ly4 ,numb] ( ,coats ,ne$$4--,! numb] ( coats ( v>ni% requir$ v>y ) ! "* ( ! "w4 ,:at is kn[n z piano f9i% requires f ?ree to sev5 "u coats ( good ela/ic rubb+ v>ni%1 ea* well h>d5$ & rubb$ d[n to give "u surfaces m ev5 ?an ! be/ bru%+ c give4 ,9 addition to ^! "u coats a f9al f9i% coat is ne$$ to give brilliancy & lu/re4 ,h[ to ,rub ,d[n ,v>ni%4--,rubb+ d[n v>ni% is a unique & important "p 9 ! process ( f9i%+4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation consi/s ( long & p]si/5t rubb+ ) pulv]iz$ pumice /one mix$ ) oil or ) wat]1 if ! "w is su* t wat] w\ld h no *ance to soak into ! pores ( ! wood4 ,:i*ev] liquid is us$1 a rubb+ pad w be f\nd necess>y4 ,?is is a block ab\t #d in*es squ>e1 made ( ?ick1 loose clo? l felt or hair clo?4 ,9 use x is fir/ moi/5$ 9 ! oil or wat] & !n dipp$ into a box conta9+ a quantity ( p[d]$ pumice4 ,) ?is ! v>ni%$ surface is rubb$ vigor\sly1 giv+ a circul> movem5t to ! pad 9 rubb+ d[n ! broad surfaces4 ,z ! smoo?+ progresses1 less & less ( ! pumice p[d] is us$4 ,ne> ! end ( ! process en\gh w be f\nd on ! surface or adh]+ to ! rubb+ pad4 ,:at rema9s on ! surface is f9ally all wip$ (f c>efully ) *amois sk91 :5 x w be f\nd t ! surface has be5 levell$ d[n b t x is cov]$ ) f9e scrat*es due to ! gra9s ( ! pumice4 ,^! are remov$ by a second rubb+ 9 rott5 /one & oil or wat]4 ,dull ,f9i% & ,flat ,v>ni%4--,= _m purposes good f9i%+ requires b "o "u coat rubb$ d[n & cov]$ ) a f9i% coat2 & ?is f9i% coat is (t5 n all[$ to reta9 its natural lu/re4 ,= furniture a dull f9i% is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,x is m durable1 x h>monizes bett] ) its surr\nd+s1 & x is m 9 keep+ ) ! idea ( simplicity & usefulness4 ,9 work+ = a dull f9i% x is n s ess5tial to secure dep? & ev5ness ( surface z x is :5 a high lu/re is requir$1 & !re=e few] coats are necess>y4 ,9 fact1 a dull f9i% may be giv5 to furniture )\t any v>ni% at all4 ,two or ?ree coats ( %ellac1 ea* well rubb$ d[n1 give a v satisfactory result4 ,wax f9i%1 to be describ$ lat]1 gives beautiful effects4 ,!re are v>ni%es kn[n z flat v>ni%es :i* give a dull f9i% )\t rubb+4 ,!y are made by dissolv+ beeswax 9 turp5t9e 9 ! proportion ( two ounces ( ! solid to a p9t ( ! liquid1 us+ mod]ate heat & mix+ ! wax solution :ile w>m ) f\r times ! quantity ( w>m v>ni%4 ,:at is kn[n z ! old ,dut* f9i% is obta9$ by us+ ov] ! prop] /a9 "o coat ( wax v>ni%4 ,b !re is no k9d ( dull f9i% s durable z t giv5 by sev]al coats ( high-grade v>ni%1 ea* well rubb$ d[n4 ,,wax ,,f9i% ,h[ to ,prep>e & ,apply ,f9i%+ ,wax4--,! simple/ & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ attractive me?ods ( f9i%+ woodwork is rubb+ x ) f9i%+ wax4 ,?is is "o ( ! old processes :i* has ( late ye>s be5 reviv$ by ! arts & crafts societies & is becom+ des]v$ly popul>4 ,f9i%+ wax may be pur*as$ ready = use or x may be made by dissolv+ yell[ beeswax 9 turp5t9e 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts wax & "o ( turp5t9e4 ,to d ?is ! wax %\ld be cut into small pieces or %av+s1 plac$ 9 a di%1 & cov]$ ) ! liquid4 ,! solution may be ha/5$ by heat+ 9 a wat] ba?2 b1 if a gas flame be us$ = heat+ ! wat]1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to ext+ui% ! flame be=e br++ ! turp5t9e ne>1 on acc\nt ( ! inflammable "* ( turp5t9e vapor4 ,?is mixture1 :i* is too ?ick to spread ) a bru%1 may be appli$ ei!r hot or cold by means ( a piece ( s(t clo?4 ,s(t clo?s1 l clean *eese clo?1 %\ld be us$ also 9 rubb+4 ,! rubb+ %\ld be cont9u$ = a consid]able "t1 b x is by no means s t$i\s a process z ! rubb+ d[n ( ! sev]al coats ( v>ni%4 ,less rubb+ is requir$ if ! wax is appli$ hot4 ,"o ( ! greate/ advantages ( ! wax f9i% is t x may be quickly appli$ & imm$iately rubb$ d[n1 aft] :i* ! furniture is ready = use4 ,fill+ & f9i%+ are accompli%$ toge!r4 ,x is also easy to apply a fre% coat ( wax at any "t4 ,9 fact1 x is desirable to re-f9i% new pieces ( furniture 9 ?is way sev]al times dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( _! use1 & aft] t ab\t once a ye>4 ,,/a9+ ,object ( ,/a9+4--,up to ?is po9t ! processes ( f9i%+ consid]$ h assum$ t ! wood treat$ is to reta9 its natural col\r1 except+ t x may d>k5 ) age4 ,b x is (t5 desirable to give artificial col\rs to woodwork--i4 e41 to dye or /a9 x4 ,?is is done = a v>iety ( purposes--to r$uce to "o tone ! diff]5t %ades ( ! natural col\r (t5 f\nd 9 ! same k9d ( wood1 to br+ out ! natural beauty ( ! gra9 & texture1 to give an entirely new col\r to ! *eap] k9ds ( wood 9 imitation ( ! m exp5sive k9ds1 & to produce tones t w h>monize ) v>i\s col\r s*emes4 ,to accompli% ?is great v>iety ( results1 scores ( diff]5t k9d ( wood dyes or /a9s h be5 put ^u ! m>ket 9 almo/ c\ntless %ades & t9ts1 b !y are all easily classifi$ "u ?ree heads4 ,!y are oil /a9s1 wat] /a9s1 or alcohol /a9s4 ,a ,p]fect ,/a94--,a p]fect /a91 if x c\ld be obta9$1 w\ld be a cle>1 limpid liquid1 free f all solid p>ticles or specks ( col\r+ matt] t might clog ! pores ( ! wood & int]f]e ) ! absorption ( ! fill]--s cle> & transp>5t t x w\ld 9 no way obscure ! gra9 ( ! wood1 :i* 9 _m v>ieties is ! *ief elem5t ( beauty--s limpid t x w\ld easily soak deep into ! pores ( ! wood1 c>ry+ to a consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface an artificial col\r :i* w n fade on exposure4 ,wat]1 ,alcohol1 & ,oil ,/a9s ,comp>$4--,! wat] & alcohol /a9s on ! :ole meet ^! requirem5ts bett] ?an ! oil /a9s d4 ,!y are cle>1 & )\t body1 & !y h great p5etration4 ,b !y are n free f faults4 ,_m ( ! wat] /a9s are made f anil9e dyes :i* are n durable4 ,! alcohol /a9s1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally p]man5t4 ,bo? ! wat] /a9s & ! alcohol /a9s raise ! gra9 ( ! wood & are liable to %[ d>k] 9 corn]s & on end gra9s & to %[ laps f re-bru%+4 ,! oil /a9s1 on ! o!r h&1 are free f ^! faults4 ,!y spread easily & ev5ly1 !y d n raise ! gra91 !y d n d\ble up or %[ laps or /reaks1 & !y d n fade2 b !y h a few defects :i* ov]balance ^! good qualities4 ,!y h consid]able body :i* prev5ts !m f p5etrat+ equally all p>ts ( ! surface1 s t !y d n c>ry 9 ! col\r+ z ei!r ! wat] or ! alcohol /a9s d4 ,_! oily nature causes !m p>tly to close up ! filam5ts ( ! wood & ?us int]f]e ) ! subsequ5t process ( fill+4 ,?is is s bad a defect t oil /a9s are n to be recomm5d$ = op5-gra9$ woods1 ! f9e f9i% ( :i* dep5ds s mu* on correct fill+4 ,!y are m successful ) ! close-gra9$ woods1 :i* ne$ only to be surfac$ ) %ellac or ! ord9>y liquid fill]4 ,h[ ,/a9 is ,appli$4--,if furniture or any k9d ( woodwork is to be artificially col\r$1 /a9+ is ! fir/ ( ! f9i%+ op]ations to be att5d$ to4 ,! /a9 %\ld be spread ^u well-clean$ surfaces by means ( a bru%1 a clo?1 or a sponge1 & all[$ to /& = a few m9utes s t x may p5etrate well into ! wood4 ,! surfaces %\ld !n be c>efully wip$ (f ) clean1 s(t clo?s or cotton wa/e to remove any /a9 t may n h soak$ into ! wood1 & ?us prev5t a /reak$ or pa9t$ effect4 ,aft] ! /a9$ surface is ?or\ghly dry1 a fill]1 col\r$ to mat* ! /a91 %\ld be appli$ & rubb$ well into ! pores1 z already expla9$ 9 ! section on natural f9i%4 ,! beg9n] w ne$ to be caution$ aga9 & aga9 n to rub ! fill] all (f or draw x out ( ! gra91 b to rub x 9 z mu* z possible4 ,he w also ne$ to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! pres5ce ( moi/ure or grease1 :i* w int]f]e ) good results4 ,excell5t prep>$ /a9s 9 great v>iety may be easily obta9$ ( deal]s 9 pa9t]s' supplies4 ,!y w n always produce ! effects claim$ = !m1 b ) a little exp]im5t+ x is possible to f9d prep>$ /a9s t w give almo/ any desir$ result4 ,!y are some:at exp5sive1 h[ev]1 & ! amateur f9i%] may pref] to develop 8 own /a94 ,foll[+ are "s sugge/ions along ?is l9e3 ,asphaltum & ,gold5 ,oak ,/a94--,a good *ocolate br[n /a9 may be produc$ on almo/ any light-col\r$ wood by a v ?9 v>ni% made by col\r+ turp5t9e ) asphaltum & apply+ ) a bru%4 ,a consid]able quantity ( asphaltum %\ld be us$1 b n en\gh to make a /icky liquid4 ,?is w ne$ to be f9i%$ ) %ellac or f9i%+ v>ni%4 ,:5 appli$ to qu>t]$ oak x produces ! beautiful effect kn[n z gold5 oak4 ,x may also be us$ on :ite wood to give an imitation ( black walnut2 & ,georgia p9e "u ?is /a9 takes on a v attractive tone )\t obscur+ ! natural figure ( ! wood4 ,mahogany4--,a clev] imitation ( mahogany may be made by /a9+ bir* ( ! "r gra9 ) logwood /a94 ,! /a9 is made by boil+ toge!r equal p>ts ( logwood *ips & wat] = ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,:ile ! mixture is hot1 *loride ( t9 is add$ gradually until ! "r %ade ( col\r is produc$4 ,! /a9 %\ld be all[$ to cool be=e x is appli$1 & !n sev]al coats may be ne$$ to secure ! "r dep? ( %ade4 ,! fill] us$ %\ld be col\r$ ) burnt umb] & si5na4 ,! f9i% may be a brilliant or a flat v>ni%1 or wax4 ,baywood z ,mahogany4--,mahogany /a9 is also appli$ to baywood1 result+ 9 :at commonly passes = real mahogany4 ,! g5u9e article1 h[ev]1 is an import$ wood com+ f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 & ,africa 9 sev]al v>ieties2 & x is a mu* h>d] wood ?an ! ,am]ican baywood imitation4 ,bo? ! bir* & ! baywood imitations ( mahogany may be s well /a9$ & f9i%$ t x is difficult to di/+ui% !m f ! import$ v>ieties4 ,flemi% ,oak4--,! v>i\s oak /a9s are wor?y ( special m5tion4 ,flemi% oak f9i% is v d>k1 almo/ black4 ,x is prep>$ by fir/ apply+ a /a9 made ( bi*romate ( pota% dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o half p\nd ( bi*romate to a gallon ( wat]4 ,! solution %\ld be /ra9$ & appli$ ) a /iff bru%4 ,aft] dry+1 ! surface is well s&-pap]$ & a coat ( ?9 black /a9 is appli$1 made by dissolv+ japan drop-black 9 turp5t9e4 ,?is is all[$ to /& a few m9utes1 !n wip$ (f1 & :5 ! surface is ?or\ghly dry a coat ( ?9 %ellac is appli$4 ,aft] a ?or\gh dry+ & h>d5+ ! surface is smoo!d d[n ) f9e s&-pap] & f9i%$ ) wax4 ,mission ,oak4--,! s-call$ mission oak f9i% may be 9 sev]al col\rs1 b z a rule x is ( a dull gray ) ! flakes slightly r$di%4 ,! /a9 is made f drop-black 9 oil1 t+$ ) a little rose p9k1 & ?9n$ ) japan & turp5t9e4 ,! mixture %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh *eese clo? & appli$ ) a /a9+ bru%4 ,wax f9i% is inv>iably us$ = mission oak4 ,=e/ ,gre5 ,oak4--,=e/ gre5 oak is among ! be/ ( ! gre5 effects 9 ?is wood4 ,! /a9 is made by mix+ two p>ts ( *rome gre5 ) "o "p ( *rome yell[ = ! col\r+ mat]ial4 ,?is is add$ to a mixture ( ?ree p>ts turp5t9e & "o ( raw l9se$ oil1 ) a little :ite japan4 ,! result+ /a9 %\ld be some:at ?9n] ?an l9se$ oil4 ,aft] ?is has be5 appli$ to ! oak surface1 rubb$ 9 & dri$1 x is giv5 a coat ( ?9 %ellac col\r$ ) tum]ic & a v little gre5 anil9e4 ,?is %\ld h a wax f9i%4 ,gray ,oak4--,a gray /a9 may be giv5 to oak by a solution ( iron sulphate1 made by dissolv+ a small quantity ( *emically pure cry/als 9 wat]1 & giv+ ! solution a /rongly acid quality by add+ a little sulphuric acid4 ,?is solution is mo/ conv5i5tly us$ by plac+ x 9 a box tank l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! pieces ( wood to be /a9$1 z !y mu/ soak 9 ! solution until !y are ?or\ghly saturat$4 ,! pieces may be kept sep>ate by /\t cords ti$ ar\nd !m1 & !y may be held "u ! solution by means ( weights4 ,:5 tak5 out !y %\ld be all[$ to dry be=e !y are rubb$ d[n4 ,wea!r$ ,oak4--,wea!r$ oak /a9 is made by tak+ two ounces ( copp]as & ! same quantity ( dry tann91 dissolv+ !m sep>ately 9 ab\t a qu>t ( wat]1 & :5 ?or\ghly dissolv$ mix+ !m toge!r4 ,:5 appli$ to oak x gives x ! natural wea!r$ tone ) a slight blui% ca/4 ,x may !n be oil$1 %ellac$ & f9i%$ ) a flat v>ni% or wax4 ,fum$ ,oak & ,*e/nut4--,b ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( giv+ a br[n tone to furniture or o!r woodwork1 is )\t "q1 by fum+ ) ammonia1 ?\gh ?is process is limit$ to two woods1 viz41 :ite oak & *e/nut4 ,all o!r woods1 includ+ r$ oak1 are defici5t 9 tannic acid1 ! ess5tial elem5t to comb9e ) ! ammonia gas 9 ! production ( ! /a94 ,?is me?od requires a fum+ box ( suffici5t dim5sions to conta9 ! article ( furniture to be fum$4 ,x mu/ be c>efully con/ruct$ ) all its jo9ts made vap\r pro( by pa/+ ov] !m /rips ( pap] & cov]+ !m ) %ellac4 ,! top or "o side ( ! box %\ld be fa/5$ ) screws1 s t x may be vap\r pro( :5 ! box is 9 use & yet easily remov$4 ,! op]ation ( fum+ consi/s simply 9 plac+ ! furniture 9 ! box ) "o or m %all[ pans fill$ ) ! /ronge/ ammonia--n ! h\sehold ammonia1 :i* is too weak--screw+ ! top or cov] on1 & all[+ ! app>atus to /& f #ab to #bd h\rs1 accord+ to ! %ade desir$4 ,if ! fum+ box be provid$ ) small glass w9d[s 9 its adjac5t corn]s1 a good light w be ?r[n across ! furniture s t ! developm5t ( col\r may be obs]v$ )\t op5+ ! box4 ,:5 ! desir$ %ade has be5 obta9$ & ! furniture remov$1 x is be/ to give x a good wax f9i% :i* w develop a beautiful velvety texture4 ,peculi>ities ( ,fum$ ,f9i%4--,x w be obs]v$ t ! ton+ ( qu>t]$ oak by ! fum+ process develops ! beauty ( ! gra9 f> bett] ?an any o!r process ( /a9+2 & !re %\ld also be not$ ! /ill m rem>kable fact t ! contra/s ( tone are ! rev]se ( ^? giv5 by /a9+2 i4 e41 ! p>ts t appe> light] 9 ! "o case are ! d>k] p>ts 9 ! o!r4 ,?is gives a c]ta9 di/9ction to ! fum$ f9i% & furni%es a means ( detect+ t :i* is n g5u9e4 ,,:ite ,,enamel ,a vivid & v effective f9i% = furniture z well z = ! trim ( "s rooms is :ite enamel4 ,x is us$ on new "w & also 9 re-f9i%+ old furniture & o!r woodwork4 ,9 ! latt] case ! old f9i%1 :atev] x may be1 mu/ be remov$ & ! surfaces ?or\ghly s&-pap]$4 ,b :e!r ! wood be old or n1 a satisfactory enamel f9i% _c be produc$ by us+ ! :ite v>ni% alone1 s9ce1 l all o!r v>ni%es1 x is some:at transp>5t4 ,x is necess>y1 fir/1 to coat ! wood ) flat :ite--a pa9t made ( :ite lead ) "s z9c oxide = h>d5+ & ?9n$ ) turp5t9e4 ,oil %\ld n be us$ 9 any "p ( ! process4 ,?ree coats ( ?is pa9t w g5]ally be ne$$ to produce ! "r surface = ! f9al f9i%4 ,ea* ( ^! coats %\ld be all[$ to dry & become well h>d5$4 ,two or ?ree days1 bett] /ill a week1 %\ld be all[$ = h>d5+ betwe5 coats1 s9ce insuffici5t h>d5+ leads to cracks 9 ! subsequ5t coats & develops a t5d5cy to *ip (f4 ,:5 a surface is ready = ! enamel1 only "o coat ( x %\ld be appli$1 & t %\ld be giv5 n less ?an "o week to h>d5 be=e x is expos$ to we>4 ,enamel is simply a good v>ni% col\r$ ) z9c oxide gr\nd 9 v>ni%4 ,x may be ?9n$1 if necess>y1 ) turp5t9e1 & x is appli$ ) a bru% l any o!r v>ni%4 ,,problems ,problems 9 fill+ & f9i%+ 7 develop$ 9 ! s]ies ( furniture mak+ problems 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,x is only necess>y to br+ =w>d ! unf9i%$ "w !re describ$ & apply to x ! f9i%+ me?ods outl9$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,our problems are1 !re=e1 ! foll[+3 ,! ,knock-d[n ,bookcase4--,if made up 9 :ite wood x may1 l its orig9al1 be /a9$ 9 imitation ( black walnut & wax$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be ( oak1 a%1 or *]ry1 & f9i%$ to h>monize ) ! furniture ) :i* x is to be us$4 ,! ,hang+ ,book ,rack4--,9 ! design = ?is rack x 0 sugge/$ t x might be made ( :ite wood & giv5 a :ite enamel f9i%1 or ( baywood ) a mahogany /a9 & v>ni%4 ,! ,umbrella ,/&4--,oak 0 advis$ = ?is piece ( furniture4 ,x ne$s to be treat$ ) a pa/e fill] & giv5 two coats ( v>ni%1 well rubb$ d[n4 ,! ,magaz9e ,/&4--,oak 0 sugge/$ = ?is /&4 ,! color w dep5d ^u ! surr\nd+s4 ,fill+ & v>ni%+ w be requir$ if x be giv5 a liquid /a91 & wax f9i% if x be fum$4 ,! ,light ,libr>y ,table4--,oak 0 m5tion$ z a v appropriate wood = ?is table1 b "s light] wood l a% may be us$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t all op5-gra9$ woods require treatm5t ) a pa/e fill] be=e !y are f9i%$4 ,! ,heavy ,libr>y ,table4--,z ?is 0 design$ 9 ! mission /yle1 oak 0 *os5 z ! mo/ suitable wood4 ,x may be giv5 ! s-call$ mission oak /a9 & a wax f9i%4 ,! ,r\nd ,c5tre ,table4--,?is may be made 9 any ( ! woods commonly us$ = furniture1 b qu>t]$ oak 0 m5tion$4 ,a gold5 oak f9i% w be f\nd v satisfactory4 ,! ,bookcase ) ,glaz$ ,doors4--,?is may be made up 9 a%1 9 qu>t]$ oak1 or 9 gum wood4 ,! f9i% w dep5d ^u ! k9d ( wood us$ & ! furniture ) :i* x is to be associat$4 ,! ,libr>y ,desk & ! ,morris ,*air4--,! orig9als 7 made 9 qu>t]$ oak1 fum$1 & wax$4 ,! ,hall ,clock4--,?is may be made 9 qu>t]$ oak & giv5 a wea!r$ oak /a9 & wax f9i%4 ,,re-,,f9i%+ ,,old ,,furniture ,!re is no?+ t af=ds m satisfaction to "o look+ = pleas+ effects 9 h\sehold fitt+s ?an ! occasional piece ( g5u9e old furniture repair$ & re-f9i%$4 ,"s ( ! r>e old colonial designs are ( exceptional m]it4 ,?is is prov$ by ! high prices :i* !y (t5 comm&4 ,^! designs orig9at$ 9 ! days ( ! g5u9e h& crafts1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ma*9e-made1 *eap furniture4 ,! "w ( ! old] design]s 0 *>act]iz$ by a c]ta9 individuality :i* gave x arti/ic value2 & ! craftsm5 :o work$ out ^! designs did _! "w ) su* c>e & ?or\ghness t :at !y produc$ has _h a la/+ quality4 ,x is = ^! reasons t we f9d x /ill 9 exi/5ce & s mu* desir$4 ,caution z to ,repairs4--,9 ! "w ( r5ovat+ old furniture1 problems are met :i* are v diff]5t f ^? :i* h to be consid]$ 9 ! production ( new "w4 ,all que/ions ( design are settl$4 ,!re is g5]ally en\gh ( ! orig9al article to %[ :at ! design 04 ,! problem is "o ( re/oration2 we mu/ supply ! miss+ p>ts & re-f9i% ! :ole4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d1 !re=e1 ) any piece ( g5u9e antique furniture is to look x ov] c>efully f ! po9t ( view ( ! cab9et-mak]1 note its defects1 supply ! miss+ or loos5$ p>ts1 & m5d ! breaks4 ,x w be f\nd t ! wood is g5]ally exce$+ly dry & brittle on acc\nt ( its age1 & t x w !re=e ne$ to be h&l$ m c>efully ?an new wood2 &1 9 mat*+ up1 x w (t5 be f\nd desirable to make use ( p>ts ( o!r old pieces r ?an to add new wood to ! old4 ,?is is especially true ( v5e]+1 :i* _c be well mat*$ 9 any o!r way4 ,old bits ( v5e]1 on ! o!r h&1 may be s deftly fitt$ into ! spaces :]e !y are ne$$ t ! graft+ is entirely obscur$ by subsequ5t f9i%+4 ,scrap+4--,aft] ! necess>y repairs h be5 made1 ! next ?+ to be done is to remove ! old f9i%4 ,if ! v>ni% is dry & brittle & some:at crack$1 x may be remov$ by means ( a well-%>p5$ scrap]1 great c>e be+ tak51 h[ev]1 n to injure ! wood surface1 especially at ! corn]s & edges4 ,if ! scrap] does n take (f ! v>ni% well at c]ta9 po9ts1 f9e s&-pap]+ may be resort$ to4 ,x is g5]ally wise1 also1 to give ! entire surface a light s&-pap]+ be=e x is clean$ up = f9i%+4 ,! ,v>ni% ,remov]4--,x (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! scrap] w n accompli% ! desir$ result4 ,9 t case ! liquid v>ni% remov] is necess>y4 ,?is may be f\nd at ! pa9t /ores4 ,! be/ =mulas = produc+ ^! v>ni% & pa9t remov]s are kn[n only to ! manufactur]s4 ,x is !re=e n wise = ! "y f9i%] to attempt to make 8 own remov]4 ,he %\ld provide himself ) a c ( x & a bri/le bru% ) :i* to apply x to ! furniture4 ,aft] putt+ on a good coat he %\ld let x rema9 a few m9utes & !n try to scrape (f ! s(t5$ f9i% ) a putty knife4 ,if x doesn't come (f readily1 x %\ld /& a little long]4 ,! am\nt ( "t requir$ dep5ds entirely ^u ! h>dness ( ! old f9i%4 ,b 9 due "t x w become s(t & c be v quickly & effectually remov$4 ,a putty knife1 h[ev]1 w n remove x all4 ,aft] scrap+ (f z mu* z possible f ! pla9 surfaces & f ! corn]s1 a c>eful wa%+ ) turp5t9e or b5z9e w clean (f :at rema9s4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t none ( ! old v>ni% nor any ( ! v>ni% remov] %\ld be p]mitt$ to rema94 ,ei!r ( !m w %[ ?r\gh ! f9i% z /a9s on ! broad surfaces & collect 9 ! corn]s :5 ! new f9i% is put on4 ,re-f9i%+4--,! re-f9i%+ process is mu* l t describ$ = new "w1 ! *ief exception be+ t !re is g5]ally no ne$ ( fill+ unless x has be5 f\nd necess>y to add new wood 9 mak+ ! repairs4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! re-f9i%+ beg9s ) ! surfac+1 :i* may be done ) ?9 %ellac col\r$ to mat* ! /a9 ( ! furniture4 ,?is is s&-pap]$ lightly be=e receiv+ ! "o or m coats ( f9i%+ v>ni% necess>y to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,v (t5 all t is ne$$ is a well rubb$ d[n wax f9i%4 ,,problem3 ,,re-,,f9i%+ ,,an ,,antique ,,mahogany ,,table ,! table ) :i* ?is problem deals 0 f\nd 9 an old furniture %op among a l>ge numb] ( pieces probably ( equal antiquity b ( poor design2 = all old furniture 0 n conceiv$ on beautiful l9es4 ,mu* ( x 0 q z ugly z "s ( ! mod]n furniture4 ,?is table1 h[ev]1 :5 sep>at$ f ! rubbi% :i* almo/ conceal$ x1 0 f\nd to h good proportions1 ) simple b graceful elem5ts design$ to make x useful z well z attractive4 ,x 0 a drop-leaf table1 ! leaves be+ cut 9 ) a d\ble curve at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s4 ,! legs 7 ( turn$ /ock & flut$1 t]m9at+ 9 brass ?imbles ) ca/]s4 ,"o leg 0 brok5 (f1 "o ( ! leaves _h brok5 away entirely f its h+es & ! o!r 0 p>tly brok51 ! table top _h receiv$ "s h>d knocks1 & ! entire surface 0 s begrim$ ) du/ & dirt t x 0 ) difficulty t "o c\ld tell ! k9d ( wood ( :i* ! table 0 made4 ,x took "s imag9ation to conceive ! possibilities :i* lay 9 ?is mu* abus$ & dilapidat$ old relic4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d 0 to wipe (f ! du/ & dirt z well z possible ) a damp sponge4 ,! "p ( ! top t rema9$ on ! frame 0 !n remov$ s t ! repairs c\ld be easily made4 ,! brok5 leg 0 replac$ by bor+ ea* ( ! brok5 p>ts & sett+ !m toge!r ) a #c_/d-;in* d[el1 glu$ 94 ,! brass tips & ca/]s 7 remov$ & set aside to be burni%$4 ,! miss+ p>ts ( ! top 7 replac$ by new pieces ( baywood1 fitt$ 91 glu$1 & /a9$ to mat* ! orig9al wood4 ,aft] ! necess>y repairs _h be5 made ! entire table 0 treat$ ) v>ni% remov] & ! old f9i% scrap$ (f ) a putty knife4 ,?is "p ( ! process 0 complet$ by wa%+ all ! surfaces ?or\ghly ) turp5t9e1 c>efully pick+ out ) a po9t$ knife f corn]s1 cracks1 & op5+s ( any k9d1 all remnants ( ! old f9i% & ( ! v>ni% remov]4 ,aft] c>efully wip+ (f ! results ( ?is treatm5t ) clean *eese clo? all ! broad surfaces 7 !n smoo!d (f ) f9e s&-pap]4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! wood 0 well fill$1 s t all x n[ ne$$ 0 a f9al f9i%+ ) wax4 ,! trans=mation f ! begrim$ old table f\nd 9 ! %op to a graceful & beautiful article ( antique furniture 0 complete4 ,,ix ,,h& ,,weav+ ,& ,aphrodite came to com=t !m ,) inc5se1 lusci\s honey1 & fragrant w9e2 ,& ,h] gave !m beauty ( face & s\l ,beyond all wom52 pure/ ,artemis ,end[$ !m ) h] /ature & :ite grace2 ,& ,pallas taught _! h&s to fla% along ,h] fam\s looms4 ,! ,daught]s ( ,p&>us 7f ! ,odyssey1 ,lib4 ,,xx74 ,translation by ,mrs4 ,br[n+4 ,among ! home indu/ries :i* ! arts & crafts societies h lately reviv$1 p]haps none invite m int]e/ or des]ve great] hon\r ?an weav+ ) ! h& loom4 ,weav+ is an anci5t art4 ,if we 7 to seek its orig9 we %\ld h to g back to ! "t :5 m5 adopt$ homespun clo?+ 9 place ( rude cov]+s made f ! sk9s ( animals4 ,t 0 a great *ange1 = x meant ! beg9n+ n only ( ! textile indu/ries b ( civilization itself4 ,x is no wond] t ! di/aff & ! loom 7 highly hon\r$ 9 anci5t my?ologies4 ,n less hon\r is due ! sp9n+ :eels & looms ( our gr&mo!rs1 :i* play$ an important "p 9 ! e>ly beg9n+s ( our own hi/ory4 ,! ,new ,engl& coloni/s spoke ) pride ( communities :i* %[$ progress 9 ! weav+ ( clo?2 & ?is 0 !n l>gely a home indu/ry 9 ! h&s ( hon\rable wom54 ,x 0 a "w ( necessity1 b n )\t love & devotion4 ,_m evid5ces rema9 9 beautiful cov]lets or b$spreads1 9 t[els ( homespun flax1 9 durable l95 %eets & table-clo?s--examples ( unfail+ pati5ce1 great +5uity1 & m>vell\s skill--h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation to _! pres5t =tunate & pr\d possessors4 ,illu/ration3 ,weav+ a ,rug4 ,plate ,,vii ,! ,primitive ,loom4--,9 ! ,ori5t1 :]e our *oice/ rugs are made1 two trees gr[+ ne> ea* o!r1 "s /r+s & pieces ( bamboo1 & a few simple accessories1 are all ! work] requires4 ,?is is a primitive loom4 ,! mod]n h& loom is ! same 9 pr9ciple2 & ! looms ( our factories d n diff] f x ess5tially4 ,:ile x is true t _! productive p[] has be5 enorm\sly multipli$1 ?is great improvem5t1 :i* 0 actually "o ( ! *ief causes ( a great indu/rial revolution1 0 due ma9ly to ! inv5tive g5ius ( two m5 :o h>ness$ ! motive p[]s ( nature to ! ,engli% h& looms4 ,illu/ration3 ,%uttle & bobb9 ,w>p & ,wo(4--,! fundam5tal process 9 all weav+ is ess5tially ! same2 & x is exce$+ly simple4 ,x consi/s 9 pass+ "o set ( ?reads betwe5 two o!r sets ( ?reads :i* cross ea* o!r alt]nately & are mov$ fir/ up & !n d[n to all[ ! passage ( ! %uttle ) its bobb9 & ?read4 ,! set ( ?reads :i* cross ea* o!r & :i*1 by be+ mov$ up & d[n1 int]lock ! ?read :i* is pass$ betwe5 !m1 is kn[n z ! w>p4 ,! ?read :i* ! %uttle c>ries across & betwe5 ! w>p ?reads is call$ ! wo(4 ,by c>eful selection ( mat]ials1 by skilful design 9 ! dye+ & arrangem5t ( ^! mat]ials1 & by prop] managem5t ( ! w>p & wo( to express ! design1 ! mo/ beautiful ,ori5tal rugs are fa%ion$2 &1 ?\gh we may n be able to reproduce ^! 9 our homes1 v beautiful & v useful ?+s may be made ^u ! h& loom by ^? :o h ! necess>y en?usiasm & pati5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,! h& loom ,illu/ration3 ,! re$ ,:at ! ,h& ,loom is4--,! h& loom consi/s ( f\r uprights or po/s1 jo9$ on two sides at ! top & bottom by cross pieces4 ,atta*$ to ! l[] cross piece are two o!r uprights1 "o on ea* side ( ! loom1 bolt$ 9 su* a mann] z to give free play back & =?4 ,?is is ! beat]4 ,^! cross pieces are groov$ on _! inn] edges1 & into ?is groove is slipp$ ! re$1 :i* is a frame divid$ into sections by %ort1 /iff wires1 mak+ f #aj to #be or m sections to ! in*4 ,x is call$ a re$ because x 0 =m]ly made f re$s4 ,! sections ( ! re$ are call$ d5ts1 & ?r\gh ea* "o is to be ?read$ a s+le /r& ( ! w>p4 ,f ! upp] cross pieces ext5d two o!r uprights1 "o on ea* side1 to a height ( ab\t two feet above ! g5]al framework4 ,!y are unit$ at ! top by a r\nd piece call$ ! roll1 ov] :i*1 ne> ea* end1 are pass$ cords atta*$ to pulleys :i* 9 turn c>ry o!r cords fa/5$ by means ( screw eyes to in*-wide /icks ext5d+ across ! wid? ( ! loom4 ,^! /icks are 9 pairs & c>ry cords or wires ( uni=m l5g? ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea* ( :i* a ?read ( ! w>p is pass$ by means ( an eye 9 ea* wire1 z ?r\gh ! d5t ( ! re$4 ,?is is call$ ! h>ness4 ,!re mu/ be at lea/ two ( !m1 & !re may be m4 ,two are necess>y = ! simple/ weav+ ( a pla9 surface1 & m ?an two if ! "w is to be m complex1 z is requir$ = sc>fs ) fancy bord]s1 cu%ions1 or any figur$ products ( ! loom4 ,ne> ea* end ( ! loom are two roll]s to :i* ! two ends ( ! w>p ?reads are atta*$ :5 ! loom is set up = weav+4 ,^! roll]s are call$ beams4 ,ov] "o ( !m ! wov5 product passes z ! loom is op]at$1 :ile ! o!r holds ! unwov5 w>p4 ,at ! back ( ! loom is /ill ano!r cross piece1 und]nea? :i* p$als are fa/5$4 ,^! p$als connect by *a9s ) ! h>nesses 9 su* a mann] t :5 ! foot is plac$ on "o ( !m ! cords atta*$ to x play ov] ! pulleys1 ?r[+ ! h>ness & ! w>p ?reads :i* x c>ries bel[ ! level ( ! o!r set or sets ( w>p ?reads4 ,an +5i\s device ( cogs at ! side ( ! loom holds ! "w taut & enables ! work] to let out fre% w>p & also to roll up complet$ "w4 ,,! ,,process ,prep>+ ! ,w>p4--,:5 ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! h& loom & _! uses are und]/ood1 ! amateur weav] is prep>$ to make ready ! w>p & atta* x to ! ma*9e4 ,! ?read or w>p is tak5 f spools or cones1 f\r ?reads at "o "t1 :i* con/itute :at is call$ a b\t4 ,aft] det]m9+ h[ _m ?reads w be requir$1 all[+ s _m ?reads to =m "o in* ( ! wov5 clo?1 ! op]ator mu/ decide h[ wide h] w>p is to be & h[ long4 ,) ! wid?1 ! l5g?1 & ! numb] ( ?reads to ! in* 9 m9d1 %e proce$s to w9d ^u h] w>p+ b>s or frame ! requisite am\nt until %e has x all 9 "o great ske94 ,9 putt+ ?is ^u ! b>s or frames %e %\ld be v c>eful to cross ea* b\t--i4 e41 ea* f\r ?reads--s t "o b\t %all g above & "o bel[1 9 ord] to all[ ! introduction ( a pair ( /icks1 call$ lease-/icks or lea%-/icks4 ,^! atta*m5ts keep ! ord] ( ! ?reads s t !y may be drawn into ! h>ness 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y are w\nd on ! beam4 ,w>p+ ! ,loom4--,to w>p ! loom ! op]ator loos5s "o end ( ! ske9 &1 pass+ x f ! w>p+ b>s to ! loom1 atta*es x to ! roll] or beam at ! back ( ! loom1 aft] c>efully divid+ x s t x may be ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,at ?is po9t an atta*m5t call$ a rake is firmly fa/5$ to ! loom by cords & a c]ta9 numb] ( ?reads plac$ 9 ea* division4 ,by ! aid ( ! lease-/icks1 :i* are ins]t$1 & ) ! assi/ance ( a second p]son to hold ! ske9 firm1 ! ?reads are w\nd ^u ! beam4 ,! rake is n[ remov$ & ! work] proce$s to set up ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,w>p+ hook ,draw+ 9 ! ,w>p4--,z has already be5 expla9$1 two h>nesses only w ne$ to be us$ = simple weav+4 ,tak+ ! fir/ b\t ( f\r ?reads1 ! weav] draws ! fir/ ?read ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! fir/ loop 9 ! fir/ h>ness1 or ! "o to :i* ! "r-h& p$al is atta*$4 ,! next ?read is put ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! fir/ loop ( ! second h>ness1 or ! "o atta*$ to ! left-h& p$al4 ,! ?ird is drawn ?r\gh ! second loop ( ! h>ness connect$ ) ! "r-h& p$al1 & ! f\r?1 9 turn1 ?r\gh ! second loop ( ! h>ness atta*$ to ! left-h& p$al4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t no mi/akes are made2 = a s+le misplac$ ?read means t ! "w ( draw+ 9 mu/ be all done ov] aga94 ,a special k9d ( hook is us$ to assi/ 9 draw+ 9 ! w>p4 ,:5 ! draw+ 9 is complet$ prop]ly1 ! op]ator beg9s at ! "r-h& side ( ! loom &1 measur+ ! re$1 all[s "o half ! wid? ( web f ! c5tre ( ! re$ & draws ea* ?read ?r\gh ea* d5t 9 regul> ord]4 ,:5 ?is is done x is only necess>y to connect ! w>p ?reads to ! canvas ( ! beam by means ( heavi] ?reads :i* hold ! w>p out 9 ! loom1 te/ ! "w1 & proce$ joy\sly ) ! weav+4 ,beat+ ,up ! ,wo(4--,! weav] presses ! "r-h& p$al1 & e alt]nate ?read sep>ates f ! o!r1 leav+ a space betwe5 ! two sets ( w>p ?reads = ! %uttle to be ?r[n f "r to left1 c>ry+ ! wo( ?reads ?r\gh4 ,! op]ator !n draws ?is ?read up at ! side to make a good selv$ge & br+s home ! beat]1 ?us press+ ! wo( into ! w>p4 ,a %e] fabric requires a light /roke ( ! beat]1 :ile firm clo? requires m =ce4 ,releas+ ! "r p$al1 ! op]ator presses ! left1 :i* causes ! w>p ?reads to cross1 hold+ m firmly ! wo( ?reads j ?r[n4 ,! %uttle n[ passes f left to "r1 c>ry+ ?r\gh ano!r wo( ?read :i*1 9 turn1 is beat5 up z be=e4 ,s ! "w goes m]rily on ) ! ?r[s ( ! %uttle alt]nat+ f "r to left & f left to "r1 int]sp]s$ ) ! /rokes ( ! beat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,h&-,made ,t[els4 ,plate ,,viii ,,problem3 ,,mak+ ,a ,,rug ,! ,design4--,?is problem1 l all o!rs 9 h\se decoration1 involves 9 its initial /ages que/ions ( design4 ,be=e plann+ ! rug x is necess>y to "k :at use ! rug is to h--:e!r x is to be = a hall1 a liv+ room1 a d9+-room1 or a *amb]1 & :e!r x is to be us$ ^u h>d wood floors or ) a c>pet4 ,?is is a "q ( col\rs1 & ( mat]ials2 = ! design] mu/ avoid too %>p contra/s 9 col\r1 n only 9 ! rug itself b 9 its relation to ! o!r col\rs ) :i* x %\ld h>monize1 & ! mat]ials us$ mu/ n display gl>+ inconsi/5cies ( texture4 ,unless ! beg9n] has special tal5t z a col\ri/ x is n wise to attempt ! introduction ( too _m col\rs 9 "o piece ( "w4 ,if ! w>p is d>k x is usually bett] to use light or m$ium wo(4 ,if sev]al %ades are us$ 9 ! body ( ! rug1 bett] results are obta9$ by us+ = ! bord] or end decoration "o or m pla9 col\rs :i* mat* or readily bl5d ) ! pr9cipal col\rs ( ! body ( ! rug4 ,illu/ration3 ,h&-,made ,rugs4 ,plate ,,ix ,mat]ials3 ,d5im4--,!re are _m mat]ials suitable = rug mak+4 ,d5im 9 moss or =e/ gre5 makes a rug fit = a que54 ,?is %\ld be wov5 on a blue or gre5 w>p ?read ( c>pet size4 ,9 prep>+ ! wo( x w be necess>y to cut ! d5im on a true bias into /rips f #a_/b to #c_/d ( an in* wide4 ,! latt] wid? is bett]4 ,9 cutt+1 ! be/ me?od is to fold back "o corn] ( a squ>e cut end along ! selv$ge1 =m+ a fold across ! clo? at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,crease ?is fold c>efully & make ! fir/ cut along ! fold4 ,) a y>d/ick or a /raight edge ( "s k9d rule (f lightly ) a piece ( *alk or s(t p5cil /rips ( ! prop] wid? = ! succe$+ cuts1 tak+ great pa9s to ma9ta9 a true bias4 ,:5 a suffici5t am\nt has be5 cut1 ! pieces %\ld be ravell$ or fr+$ on ea* edge by draw+ !m quickly ?r\gh a button hook4 ,!re is a c]ta9 knack 9 ?is1 b x is soon acquir$4 ,! fr+$ /rips %\ld !n be fa/5$ toge!r at ! ends by means ( ov]h& /it*+1 trimm+ (f neatly all project+ corn]s4 ,! moss-l effect :5 wov5 is improv$ if ! wo(1 z soon z x is prep>$1 is n roll$ into balls b left 9 suitable l5g?s = fill+ ! %uttle4 ,a special =m ( %uttle )\t a bobb9 or spool is us$ = c>ry+ ! wo( clo? = rug weav+4 ,its simple con/ruction is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! wo( is w\nd endwise & unw\nd 9 weav+ by turn+ ! %uttle4 ,illu/ration3 ,%uttle = wo( clo? ,ano!r good mat]ial = rug mak+ is f\nd 9 v>i\s k9ds ( wooll5 clo?4 ,w>m1 durable1 & h&some effects may be obta9$ by us+ a gray wool ) catawba or "s o!r w>m %ade ( r$ z ! end decoration1 ) set figures = ! body ( ! rug4 ,geometric designs1 arr[s1 swa/ika1 ! p9e tree1 & _m o!r =ms are possible4 ,v da9ty col\rs also may be comb9$ 9 rugs = *amb] use4 ,mat]ials = ^! may be obta9$ f worn lawn dresses1 disc>d$ silkale5 & mull1 :i* "w up beautifully ) "o or two pla9 col\rs res]v$ = use 9 ! bord]s4 ,comb9ation ( ,blue & ,:ite4--,blue & :ite is always a happy comb9ation2 & exce$+ly da9ty creations may be wov51 to be plac$ p]haps 9 ! gue/ *amb]1 by us+ a wo( ( old blue ) a :ite w>p1 comb9$ ) :ite bord]s & a :ite knott$ fr+e4 ,a v9e-l effect may be obta9$ 9 ! bord] by twi/+ blue & :ite toge!r 9 opposite ways & weav+ 9 a pla9 ?read ( :ite or blue betwe5 ! two4 ,ano!r happy comb9ation ( blue & :ite results f weav+ on a blue w>p a wo( ( :ite out+ flannel1 cut & fr+$ z describ$ = ! moss rug ( d5im1 ) a bord] ( old blue & figures ( ! same col\r4 ,= a *amb] or = a ba? room 9 :ite su* a rug z ?is w leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,a ,weav+ ,design4--,x has j be5 said t design 9 rug mak+ is a "q ( col\rs & ( mat]ials4 ,x is already app>5t t x is m ?an t4 ,x is l>gely a "q ( proc$ure 9 ! process ( weav+4 ,t ?is is s may be %[n 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mak+ ( a blue & :ite rug4 ,! ?\ght 0 to produce a rug ) five /ripes ( blue runn+ l5g?wise1 ) :ite figures at regul> int]vals ?r\gh ! middle ( ! rug4 ,to accompli% ?is result two ?reads ( :ite w>p 7 remov$ f ! re$ & h>ness e two in*es = a space ( t5 in*es on ea* side1 ?us mak+ :at may be call$ a weav+ design2 = ! blue /ripes1 x w be easily se51 _h to appe> to ! numb] ( five on ea* side :5 ! rug 0 wov54 ,! :ite figures 7 =m$ by fir/ ?r[+ ! blue clo? or wo( ?r\gh ! w>p by ! usual ?r[ ( ! %uttle &1 be=e beat+ x up1 ?read+ into ! w>p :ite clo? 9 ! desir$ patt]n1 aft] :i* ! wo( & patt]n 7 beat5 up toge!r4 ,= ! patt]n five ?reads or pieces ( :ite clo? 7 us$1 two ( :i* 7 #f in*es 9 l5g? & ?ree #b in*es1 ! two long] ones be+ plac$ betwe5 ! %ort] ones z illu/rat$4 ,a space ( #g in*es 0 left betwe5 ! :ite figures1 ! location ( :i* 0 c>efully det]m9$ by c\nt+ ! ?reads1 bo? ( w>p & ( wo(1 s t 9 weav+ ! figures %\ld appe> at ! "r place4 ,! result ( ?is weav+ design 0 a v beautiful rug4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite figure 9 blue rug ,ano!r ,example ( ,weav+ ,design4--,?is feature ( rug design+ is capable ( indef9ite expansion4 ,p]haps "o m example may be giv54 ,! object 0 to produce a rug ( m$ium d>k c5tre ) an #h-;in* bord] all ar\nd ( a d>k] col\r4 ,?is effect 0 produc$ by fir/ weav+ #h in*es ( ! d>k end bord]1 :i* 0 ( mix$ goods %[+ sev]al d>k col\rs contra/+ happily4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! place :]e ! m$ium c5tre 0 to beg91 a wo( ?read ( ?is m$ium col\r & ( ! "r l5g? 0 jo9$ ea* "t to %ort pieces ( wo( ( ! bord] col\r s t1 z ! weav+ progress$ along ! l5g? ( ! c5tre1 n only ! c5tre col\r appe>$ 9 its prop] place b #h in*es ( bord] on ea* side4 ,:5 ! prop] l5g? ( ! c5tre _h be5 wov51 ! rug 0 f9i%$ by weav+ ano!r #h in*es ( ! bord] col\r4 ,! result 0 a rug ( individuality & *>m4 ,great ,v>iety ( ,mat]ial4--,endless comb9ations w occur to any "o :o becomes int]e/$ 9 ?is captivat+ art4 ,! field = col\r design is almo/ )\t limit4 ,no mat]ial is s old & useless z to be despis$ by ! clev] rug mak]4 ,old b$ tick+ ) its blue & :ite /ripes cut on ! bias makes a v desirable comb9ation :5 wov5 on a blue w>p ) a pla9 blue bord]4 ,a *>m+ mottl$ effect 9 "o in/ance 0 produc$ by a y>n :i* 0 ravell$ f an old raw silk portire ( a mahogany %ade & w\nd into balls ) f9ely cut /rips ( tan clo?1 ! balls be+ rew\nd sev]al times4 ,?is 0 us$ z ! wo( = ! c5tre ( ! rug4 ,! bord] 0 made ( a weav+ ?read ( ! unravell$ mahogany y>n1 d\bl$ sev]al times to give ?read ( a size equal to t ( ! tan clo?4 ,disc>d$ clo?+ 9 :i* ! prevail+ col\rs are r$1 :5 made up into wo( ?reads & wov5 on a :ite w>p1 gives a *>m+ effect :i* may be /r5g!n$ or ton$ d[n by a bord] comb9ation z desir$4 ,dyes may1 ( c\rse1 be us$ if ! col\rs ( ! weav+ ?reads made up f old clo?s & disc>d$ clo?+ are n suit$ to ! design t is to be work$ out4 ,weav+ ! ,rug4--,:5 ! design = ! rug has be5 ?or\ghly work$ out1 det]m9+ ! col\rs1 mat]ials to be us$1 & ! me?od ( proc$ure1 ! w>p & ! wo( ?reads %\ld be prep>$ & ! w>p atta*$ to ! loom1 z already expla9$ 9 ! discussion ( ! g5]al process ( weav+4 ,fur!r details ( proc$ure are n ne$$ "h4 ,! ?+ to d is to weave a rug z design$4 ,! next ?+ to d is to design & weave ano!r rug1 & !n ano!r & s on4 ,z 9 mo/ crafts s 9 weav+1 exp]i5ce is ! great tea*]--a tea*] :o dem&s fai?ful "w1 :o f9ds lessons ( value 9 e failure & abundant satisfaction 9 e success4 ,"s ( ^! successes 7 f\nd 9 ! rugs illu/rat$ opposite page #beb4 ,rug weav+ is probably ! simple/ ( all weav+ & !re=e a good problem ) :i* to beg94 ,aft] s]v+ a satisfactory appr5tice%ip 9 ?is field ! amateur w h acquir$ suffici5t k ( design & suffici5t skill 9 ! art to pass to m difficult problems4 ,?is w take h] out into a l>ge field ( opportunity4 ,portires1 w9d[ drap]ies1 table sc>fs1 b$spreads1 & cov]s = pill[s & cu%ions 9 endless v>iety w sugge/ !mselves to ! ambiti\s work]4 ,9 all ^!1 z has be5 se5 9 ! case ( rug mak+1 design is all important4 ,! managem5t ( ! loom is mu* ! same 9 all pla9 weav+4 ,:at diff]5ces !re are w be f\nd1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! weav+ designs4 ,9 ! foll[+ problems are describ$ "s ( ! special features involv$ 9 ! o!r =ms ( weav+4 ,,problem3 ,,porti,,res ,,& ,,c\* ,,cov]s ,sugge/ions = ! ,design4--,if ! loom is wide en\gh ^! may be wov5 9 "o piece2 b usually x is necess>y to weave !m 9 sections or bread?s4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 !y mu/ be aft]w>d neatly jo9$4 ,! possibilities 9 col\r design are naturally v>i$4 ,!y may be wov5 ) a wo( ( pla9 col\r contra/+ ) ! col\r ( ! w>p1 9 /ripes1 or ) pla9 c5tres ) /rip$ ends4 ,h>mony ( col\r effects is always to be s\ght4 ,dep? & ri*ness may sometimes be obta9$ to a highly satisfactory degree by a g5]\s use ( black4 ,mat]ials may be y>ns1 bits ( silk or velvet1 or pieces ( f9e1 s(t wooll5 goods4 ,! w>p may be silk or l95 or m]c]iz$ cotton4 ,beautiful portires h be5 wov5 by leav+ out two ?reads ( w>p at regul> int]vals1 giv+ a loose & fluffy effect4 ,silk & wool pieces may be us$ 9 ! wo(1 alt]nat+ ) "o or m ?reads ( wool y>n ( any desir$ %ade2 &1 if ( ! same col\r z ! w>p us$1 !y w imp>t a v decid$ tone to ! :ole product4 ,9 portires1 ! g5]al appe>ance is mu* improv$ if ! wo( is n beat5 up h>d into ! w>p4 ,! s(t beat+ gives a result+ texture t is m pliable & m suitable = hang+ 9 easy folds su* z is dem&$ 9 portires4 ,c\* cov]s1 h[ev]1 :i* w h to resi/ m we> & te>1 %\ld be beat5 up h>d]4 ,9 prep>+ ! silk & wool pieces ! clo? %\ld be cut into v f9e /rips1 jo9$ by c>efully lapp+ ! ends1 &1 by cutt+ away a "p ( ! clo?1 mak+ ! jo9t uni=m 9 size4 ,if ! mat]ial is clo? ( ord9>y ?ickness #a_/b an in* is q wide en\gh = /rips4 ,! l5g? ( ! pieces us$ may v>y greatly1 ?\gh !y may be some:at diff]5t 9 col\r4 ,!y may v>y all ! way f a few in*es to a l5g? long en\gh to weave an in* 9 ! portire or cov]4 ,?is makes x v easy to secure a s\rce ( supply = ! mat]ial 9 sav+ old g>m5ts & %ort pieces ( clo? = ! specific purpose ( mak+ up ! wo( ?reads = ^! products ( ! loom4 ,almo/ any h\sehold w be able to save en\gh 9 a %ort "t to furni% ! mat]ial = a beautiful pair ( portires or a c\* cov] :i* w be durable 9 quality1 easy to clean1 attractive 9 col\r1 & satisfactory f e po9t ( view4 ,,problem3 ,,w9d[ ,,drap]ies ,,& ,,curta9s ,! ,design4--,curta9s ( "o col\r or ( sev]al are wov5 on ! simple loom ) two h>nesses4 ,!y may be ( ! s(t cream t9t1 ! mat]ial = :i* is easily obta9$ & ! effect ( :i*1 9 s(t5+ ! light pass+ ?r\gh !m1 leaves little to be desir$4 ,b if a little col\r be requir$1 ! weav+ design may be easily *ang$ to secure ?is result4 ,"o may1 = example1 weave at fir/ #g in*es ( ! pla9 cream4 ,?is w give wov5 mat]ial en\gh = a #b-;in* hem at ! bottom ( ! curta9 & #e in*es be=e ! beg9n+ ( a col\r$ bord]4 ,! bord] may consi/ ( two ?reads ( col\r alt]nat+ ) two ?reads ( ! cream1 ?us mak+ a /ripe ( ab\t #g in*es 9 wid?4 ,foll[+ ?is may come #h to #aj in*es ( ! pla9 cream1 foll[$ 9 turn by a n>r[ /ripe ( ! same col\r z ! bord]1 #c in*es wide1 9 turn foll[$ by ano!r #aj in*es ( ! pla9 cream & ano!r n>r[ /ripe1 & s on1 alt]nately1 until ! requir$ l5g? ( ! curta9 has be5 wov54 ,if desir$1 a top bord] may be wov5 91 ?\gh x is well to make x some:at n>r[] ?an ! "o at ! bottom--say ab\t #e in*es--& x mu/ be add$ s t x w %[ bel[ ! hem4 ,9 any case ! top ( ! curta9 %\ld be wov5 pla91 all[+ = hemm+1 & also = %irr+ if a rod is to be ins]t$ = hang+ ! curta94 ,v]tical /ripes are (t5 desirable 9 curta9s1 especially if ! room is s l[ /udd$ z to invite ! employm5t ( e possible means = mak+ x seem high]4 ,su* /ripes may be made by us+ two col\rs = ! w>p--z1 = example1 blue & :ite or gre5 & :ite--) "o ( ^! col\rs z wo(4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,alcove ,) ,w9d[ ,drap]ies1 ,pill[ ,cov]s1 ,w9d[ ,seat ,cov]1 ,*air ,seat & ,moss ,gre5 ,rug4 ,all ,h& ,wov5 ,importance ( ,select+ ,good ,w>p4--,! successful work+ out ( ?is problem dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! prop] selection ( mat]ials4 ,:ile _m ?+s may be us$ = w>p ) a c]ta9 degree ( success1 !re are f9e po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 weav+ z 9 all ! art-crafts1 & ! real beauty ( ! result dep5ds ^u giv+ due att5tion to ^! po9ts4 ,x is always well to rememb] t 9 all weav+ ! w>p plays a mo/ important "p4 ,m]c]iz$ cotton w>p works out effectively ) silk or l95 wo( or ) a comb9ation ( bo?1 & reta9s its beauty aft] be+ laund]$ _m times4 ,9 ! s(t cream %ade x has almo/ ! appe>ance ( silk1 at a mu* less co/4 ,b silk may (t5 be obta9$ at a l[ price if ! weav] lives 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a silk mill4 ,b>ga9s 9 small lots ( unsalable col\rs may be secur$ ) :i* ! weav] may d wond]s2 & if ! col\rs are n good ! silk may be dy$ at small exp5se4 ,our gr&mo!rs sav$ _! tea gr\nds = a week or m1 boil$ !m1 & made a dye :i* gave a beautiful gray w>p4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 v p>ticul> ab\t _! w>p+ ?reads4 ,n ev]y?+ w\ld suit !m4 ,!y le>n$ f exp]i5ce t ! we>+ quality ( goods is improv$ by hav+ ! w>p /rong] & h>d] twi/$ ?an ! fill+4 ,x 0 common = !m to sp9 a c]ta9 ?read = ?is purpose4 ,exquisite results foll[ ! use ( a f9e l95 w>p 9 :ite or natural col\r ) l95 or silk = fill+4 ,/rik+ & beautiful also1 9 its way1 is ! v co>se l95 w>p4 ,v>iety 9 ,wo( ,?reads4--,a v pleas+ effect 9 sa% curta9s or 9 full l5g? w9d[ drap]ies is produc$ by weav+ heavy ?reads alt]nately ) f9e ?reads1 us+ two %uttles or bobb9s1 "o hold+ ! heavy ?read & ! o!r ! f9e "o4 ,two or m ?reads may be alt]nat$ 9 ?is way z ! fancy ( ! design] prompts2 & ?is /yle ( weav+ may be conf9$ to bord]s1 leav+ ! body ( ! fabric pla91 or ! bord]s may be wov5 ( ! solid1 heavy ?reads & ! body ( ! curta9s or drap]ies ribb$ ) ! alt]nate co>se & f9e ?reads4 ,su* curta9s are v beautiful 9 cream :ite2 b col\r may be us$ if ! col\rs are fa/ s t ! curta9s may be successfully laund]$4 ,,patt]n ,,weav+ ,be=e und]tak+ m difficult problems 9 weav+ x w be necess>y to expla9 9 g5]al two important processes4 ,! fir/ "o is ! process ( patt]n weav+2 ! second1 dye+4 ,among ! heirlooms treasur$ by _m families are ! beautiful blue & :ite cov]lets or b$spreads & ! h&-wov5 table-clo?s & t[els4 ,no "o ) /rong dome/ic ta/es :o has be5 =tunate en\gh to see ^! products ( home indu/ry c h fail$ to be *>m$ ) ! wond]fully wr\ght designs & ) ! qua9t names by :i* !y 7 once well kn[n2 = our gr&mo!rs designat$ ^! designs by su* names z ,spr+ ,fl[]s1 ,gov]nor's ,g>d51 ! ,pa? ( ! ,roses1 ,fl[]s ( ,lebanon1 ,ladies' ,delight1 ,fairies ,r+1 & d\btless by _m m names :i* h be5 lo/4 ,?is "w 9 patt]n design is wr\ght by ! use n ( two p$als & h>nesses1 "r & left1 z us$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree problems1 b by ! use ( sev]al additional h>nesses4 ,to ,be ,le>n$ by ,exp]im5t+4--,if ! beg9n] 9 weav+ has ma/]$ ! use ( ! simple loom ) two h>nesses x is possible to ext5d h] k & skill to ! successful op]ation ( a patt]n weav+ loom4 ,b ! proc$ure is too te*nical & too v>i$ to be describ$ 9 detail z directions = a practical problem = amateurs4 ,x is f> bett] to exp]im5t ) a loom ( ?is k9d "u ! guidance ( "s p]son compet5t to po9t out ! way /ep by /ep4 ,nor w x be possible1 9 a brief description ( ?is some:at intricate subject1 to sugge/ ideas = orig9al weav+ designs to ambiti\s beg9n]s :o wi% to take up patt]n weav+4 ,copies ( ! traditional designs may be obta9$ z mat]ial = /udy & practice4 ,aft] a little x w be possible to make v>iations & s lead to ! delight ( orig9at+ simple & p]haps m elaborate new patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,h& ,wov5 ,w9d[ ,drap]ies1 ,c\* ,cov]1 ,slumb] ,robe & ,pill[ ,cov]s4 ,plate ,x ,illu/ration3 ,a writt5 patt]n ) a v>iety ( figures wov5 f x ,h[ ,patt]ns ,are ,writt54--,complete work+ directions = patt]n weav+ w !re=e n be attempt$ 9 ?is *apt]2 b x may be possible to po9t out a few lead+ facts & pr9ciples :i* w be ( assi/ance to ! exp]im5t] :o v5tures to take up by h]self ?is int]e/+ application ( ! art ( weav+4 ,patt]ns = ?is "w are pla9ly writt5 out f "r to left on cross section pap]1 z %[n 9 ! upp] "p ( ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ea* horizontal section ( :i* corresponds to "o ( ! h>nesses ( ! loom & ! p$al atta*$ to x4 ,if we h a f\r-h>ness loom1 z w\ld be requir$ = work+ ! patt]n & weav+ ! figures illu/rat$1 ! "r-h& p$al & ! h>ness connect$ ) x1 :i* is ! "o f>!/ f ! op]ator1 are designat$ by ! numb] #a1 & correspond to t h>ness numb] 9 ! patt]n4 ,foll[+ 9 ord]1 ! next ?ree p$als & connect$ h>nesses are numb]$ #b1 #c1 & #d to correspond ) ! same numb]s 9 ! patt]n4 ,turn+ n[ to ! v]tical sections ( ! patt]n1 we %all f9d t ea* "o corresponds to a c]ta9 w>p ?read1 s t :5 ! patt]n is drawn 9--i4 e41 :5 ! w>p = weav+ ! patt]n is atta*$ to ! loom--we %all f9d ! ?read ( ! w>p :i* is to be drawn ?r\gh ! fir/ loop or wire indicat$ by a m>k on ! section ( ! patt]n correspond+ to t w>p ?read & to ! numb] ( ! h>ness ?r\gh :i* x is drawn4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! patt]n %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! fir/ ?read is to be drawn into ! #c;d h>ness1 ! #b;d ?read into ! #d? h>ness1 & #c;d ?read into ! #c;d h>ness1 & s on alt]nately until we rea* ! #h? ?read1 :i* is drawn into ! #b;d h>ness2 ! #h?1 #i?1 #aj?1 #aa?1 & #ab? ?reads are drawn alt]nately into ! #b;d & #c;d h>nesses1 & ! #ac?1 #ad?1 #ae?1 #af?1 & #ag? are drawn alt]nately into ! #a/ & #b;d h>nesses4 ,?is process is n[ cont9u$1 z w be cle>ly und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! patt]n1 up to & includ+ ! #db;d ?read1 :5 "o draw+ 9 ( ! patt]n w h be5 complet$4 ,a fur!r /udy ( ! patt]n %[s t ! m>ks on l9es #c & #d =m a cont9u\sly alt]nat+ s]ies2 & simil>ly t ^? on #b & #c1 #a & #b1 & #a & #d =m also a cont9u\sly alt]nat+ s]ies4 ,b ^! numb]s1 h[ev] pair$1 correspond to ! h>nesses into :i* ! w>p ?reads1 indicat$ by ! numb]s #a to #db1 are drawn4 ,x ?us appe>s t aft] we h drawn 9 z _m w>p ?reads z ! patt]n calls = once ar\nd 9 ! ord] indicat$ 9 ! patt]n1 we h prep>$ ! loom = weav+ "o ( ^! patt]ns4 ,we mu/ !re=e draw 9 ! re/ ( ! w>p ?reads 9 ! same ord] z ^? already drawn 91 ?us repeat+ ! draw+ 9 ( ! patt]n z _m times z requir$ = ! wid? ( ! piece to be wov54 ,! illu/ration %[s two repeats ( ! patt]n4 ,op]ation ( ! ,h>nesses4--,hav+ expla9$ ! me?od ( draw+ 9 ! patt]n1 we may n[ /udy ! movem5t ( ! h>nesses necess>y to guide ! w>p prop]ly = ! weav+ ( ! patt]n4 ,x has be5 not$ t1 ) ! patt]n "u consid]ation1 h>nesses #a & #c hold a cont9u\s l9e ( alt]nat+ w>p ?reads1 leav+ h>nesses #b & #d to take up all ! int]v5+ w>p ?reads4 ,if !n ! op]ator %\ld ?r[ d[n p$als #a & #c toge!r1 & alt]nately #b & #d also toge!r1 ! w>p ?reads w\ld be cross$ exactly z 9 pla9 weav+4 ,br++ out a patt]n 9 weav+ mu/1 ( c\rse1 require a v>iation ( ! p$al movem5t f t us$ 9 pla9 weav+4 ,n[1 ^u ref]5ce to ! illu/ration x w also be not$ t 9 writ+ ! patt]n1 or 9 draw+ x 91 no two ?reads h ev] come toge!r on ! same h>ness4 ,if ! #a/ ?read has be5 drawn into ! #c;d h>ness1 & ! #b;d ?read into ! #d? h>ness1 z %[n 9 ! patt]n illu/rat$1 ! op]ator beg9s ! weav+ ( ! patt]n by ?r[+ d[n ! #c;d & #d? p$als toge!r & ?r[+ ! %uttle :i* c>ries ! patt]n ?read4 ,?is op]ation is :at weav]s call a pick4 ,ea* pick ( ! patt]n ?read is repres5t$ 9 ! diagram 7page #bfh7 by a brok5 black l9e runn+ across ! patt]n4 ,?us ! diagram ( ! fir/ design %[n indicates t !re are #f ?r[s ( ! %uttle alt]nately ov] & back1 or #f picks ( ! patt]n ?read1 = ea* correspond+ section ( ?is design4 ,b betwe5 e two picks ( ! patt]n ?read !re mu/ be a pick ( ! pla9 weave1 requir+1 z has already be5 expla9$1 ! press+ d[n ( ei!r ! #a/ & #c;d pair ( p$als toge!r :5 ! %uttle is ?r[n f ! "r side1 or ( ! #b;d & #d? if ?r[n f ! left side4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t !re mu/ be two %uttles prep>$ = c>ry+ ! wo( ?reads4 ,"o ( ^! is to be us$ = ! pla9 weave & ! o!r = ! patt]n weave4 ,! %uttle us$ = ! pla9 weave is usually ?read$ ) a f9e ?read ( l951 ?\gh ?is1 ( c\rse1 is subject to v>iation accord+ to ! design ( ! weav]4 ,! patt]n weav+ %uttle %\ld c>ry a co>s] ?read1 :i* may be ( silk1 l951 wool1 or m]c]iz$ cotton4 ,v>iations 9 ,patt]n4--,f ! fact t a c>efully writt5 patt]n is necess>y 9 prep>+ a f\r-h>ness loom = patt]n weav+1 "o w\ld naturally inf] t ! patt]n mu/ be closely foll[$ 9 ! weav+ process4 ,& s x mu/ if ! patt]n be wov5 z writt52 b1 aft] ! draw+ 91 x is by no means necess>y to foll[ ! writt5 patt]n4 ,z ! weav+ progresses x is easy to see _m v>iations 9 patt]n :i* may be wov5 ^u "o draw+ 9--patt]ns s v>i$ z to seem to hold v little relation to ea* o!r4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! delights ( weav+ ) a patt]n loom is to devise ways ( modify+ simple patt]ns1 elaborat+ !m into new weav+ designs1 produc+ unique & sometimes v int]e/+ orig9al figures4 ,we h only to rememb] t patt]ns are made by ! ord] & numb] ( ! ov]%ots--i4 e41 ! ?r[s ( ! %uttle c>ry+ ! patt]n ?reads--& t ! ov]%ots 9 ! same horizontal & v]tical l9es are produc$ by ! same pair4 ,9 ! patt]n illu/rat$ ! ov]%ots are made by #b & #c1 by #a & #b1 by #a & #d1 or by #c & #d1 n c\nt+ #a & #c & #b & #d1 :i* are ! pairs = pla9 weaves4 ,we %\ld also rememb] t ! la/ end 9 "o ov]%ot is usually ! fir/ "o 9 ! next4 ,examples ( two v>iations 9 design t may be wov5 f ! orig9al writt5 patt]n1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 are illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram & probably at lea/ a doz5 m v>iations are possible4 ,,problem3 ,a ,,bord]$ ,,table ,,sc>f ,?is problem w require ! use ( ! f\r-h>ness loom4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to procure ! writt5 patt]n = ! bord] & draw x 94 ,:5 ! draw+ 9 is complet$ & ! weav+ is begun1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process is to weave a few in*es ( ! pla9 clo?4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we %all1 ( c\rse1 f9d t ! press+ ( ! "r-h& & left-h& p$als z 9 simple weav+ w n accompli% ! desir$ result2 = x has already be5 expla9$ t ! p$als ( a f\r-h>ness loom mu/ be work$ 9 c]ta9 pairs to produce a pla9 weave4 ,x w be rememb]$ t to d pla9 weav+ ) ! w>p drawn 9 z requir$ by ! patt]n illu/rat$ on page #bfh1 x is necess>y to press p$als #a & #c toge!r alt]nately ) #b & #d--;i4 e41 bo? p$als ( ea* pair mu/ be press$ at ! same "t to produce ! same effect z t produc$ by ! alt]nate movem5ts ( ! "r & left p$als 9 simple weav+4 ,:5 a suffici5t l5g? ( pla9 clo? has be5 wov51 ! writt5 patt]n = ! weav+ ( ! bord] design mu/ be fai?fully consult$ & ! "r pairs ( p$als press$ d[n 9 prop] ord] = ! weav+ ( ! patt]n4 ,! second or weav+ %uttle c>ries ! bobb91 :i* is fill$ ) ! col\r requir$ 9 ! patt]n4 ,any *anges ( col\r requir$ by ! design are easily produc$ by ins]t+ a new bobb9 fill$ ) ! desir$ col\r4 ,! ,design4--,a great v>iety ( design is possible 9 table sc>fs4 ,x is common to weave 9 a n>r[ bead+ ( :atev] col\r may h be5 *os51 foll[+ ?is by a few ?reads ( :ite1 & ?is 9 turn by a n>r[ b& ( ! col\r ( ! bord] ) "s slight sugge/ion ( ! patt]n1 !n m ( ! pla9 :ite & f9ally ! full patt]n ( ! bord]4 ,! c5tre ( ! table sc>f is simply a matt] ( pla9 weav+ 9 :ite or possibly 9 "s solid col\r1 :ile ! o!r end ( ! sc>f mu/ be wov5 ) ! same bord] & b&s z 7 wov5 at fir/1 b 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,v>iations 9 ,design4--,"o pleas+ /yle ( decoration is f\nd 9 repeat+ ! bord] sev]al times ) in*-wide spaces betwe54 ,ano!r v>iety requires a heavy bord] at ! ends1 ) n>r[ ones at %ort int]vals ?r\gh\t ! l5g?4 ,%ad[ bord]s1 s-call$1 are also common1 & may alt]nate ) bord]s ( col\r or may con/itute ! entire decoration4 ,%ad[ bord]s are heavy bord]s wov5 9 ! cream or body col\r ( ! sc>f in/ead ( be+ 9 a contra/+ %ade4 ,9 ord] to make !m /& out well x is necess>y to use a co>s] ?read ?an is requir$ = ! col\r bord]s4 ,a gray l95 pla9 weave is (t5 embelli%$ 9 :ite ) delicate effect4 ,!re is also a heavy l95 ?read :i* is good = sc>f bord]s4 ,x is obta9able 9 da9ty col\rs1 & ! heavy ?read seems to br+ out ! patt]ns 9 great] p]fection4 ,d>n+ silks 9 fa/ col\rs are also employ$1 b ^! %\ld be wov5 d\ble 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ effect4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! m>ket 9 %ort l5g?s & 9 su* attractive col\rs z ,delft blue1 res$a gre51 p9k1 & catawba4 ,! la/ two col\rs1 us$ ) l95 9 ! natural %ade1 make a happy comb9ation4 ,sc>fs %\ld be wov5 f #bj to #bd in*es wide & ab\t #a-a_/b y>ds long1 unless "s special use requires t !y %\ld be ( diff]5t l5g?4 ,n only d !y make pleas+ table cov]s1 b !y are useful z tray clo?s1 & f !m *>m+ sew+ or embroid]y aprons may be fa%ion$ by fold+ "o end ov]1 ty+ x ) ribbons1 & arrang+ pockets to hold ! "w4 ,"o sc>f w make two aprons4 ,fancy bags are also wov5 on ! same g5]al l9es z sc>fs1 b ! wid? ne$s to be only #h or #aj in*es4 ,^! may be wov5 ( ! patt]n ?r\gh\t1 or !y may be /rip$ ) b&s or bord]s4 ,l9$ ) silk & f9i%$ ) ribbons or cords1 !y are v mu* admir$ = embroid]y & o!r fancy "w4 ,,dye+ ,9 ! discussion ( ! problem ( h& weav+1 frequ5t ref]5ce has be5 made to ! use ( col\r$ mat]ials4 ,:ile x is possible to obta9 _m good col\rs 9 ! m>ket1 x is mu* m satisfactory to make ^! col\rs at home by ! use ( ! dye pot4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 h& weav+ 0 g5]al1 !re 0 no o!r way2 &1 9 fact1 dye+ & weav+ may well be consid]$ n[1 z !y 7 !n1 si/] arts4 ,:5 ! wool 0 wa%$1 c>d$ into rolls1 spun into y>n1 & aga9 d\bl$ & twi/$1 x 01 g5]ally speak+1 /ill necess>y to treat ! y>n ) "s p]man5t dye be=e weav+ x into clo?4 ,"o notable exception 0 f\nd 9 ! natural gray homespun1 :i* 0 ( y>n spun f ! wool ( bo? ! black & ! :ite %eep c>d$ toge!r4 ,! mod]n work] ) ! h& loom w f9d almo/ ! same necessity z our gr&mo!rs did = a k ( ! art ( dye+4 ,seldom w %e f9d at h& j ! %ade or col\r requir$ by ! design ( ! piece to be wov54 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial t is work$ up = ! wo( ( rugs1 = example1 w be f\nd to be s fad$ or spott$ t x w\ld poorly repay "o = ! lab\r ( weav+ x up 9 t condition4 ,& ev5 ! new mat]ial1 :i* x is (t5 necess>y to procure = pla9 weav+1 = patt]n weav+1 & = use 9 bord]s1 w (t5 ne$ a ba? 9 ! dye pot 9 ord] to furni% ! tone ( col\r ne$$4 ,"s ,good ,po9ts 9 ,dye+4--,good results 9 dye+ are obta9$ by us+ ! prep>$ dyes ( ! m>kets1 mix+ toge!r m ?an "o col\r (t51 aft] "s exp]im5t+1 9 ord] to produce ! desir$ %ade4 ,in/ead ( mix+ ! dye "o may1 if %e *ooses1 dye fir/ 9 "o col\r & top (f ) ano!r4 ,a f9e p]man5t gre5 is obta9$ by dye+ ?read or clo? a good yell[ & topp+ ) a blue ba?4 ,gre5 & blue dye us$ toge!r give nei!r gre5 nor blue b a bl5d+ ( bo? col\rs1 :i* is exce$+ly pleas+4 ,9 all cases x is bett] to make ! dye ba? weak1 leav+ ! article to be dy$ 9 ! ba? a long "t r ?an to keep x a %ort] "t 9 a /rong] dye4 ,! advantage is n only great] p]man5cy ( col\r b also great] c]ta9ty 9 ! result2 = "o c wat* ! process ( dye+ m easily & gu>d aga9/ ! col\rs becom+ too d>k4 ,! mat]ial :i* rema9s 9 ! dye ba? until x takes practically all ! col\r f x may g5]ally be dep5d$ ^u nei!r to fade nor crock4 ,"s ,common ,dyes4--,! dull1 s(t col\rs1 made g5]ations ago f b>ks & teas ) alum z a mordant1 _h arti/ic qualities & 7 g5]ally p]man5t4 ,x is well wor? :ile to exp]im5t 9 ?is direction4 ,/raw col\r may be made f ! old-fa%ion$ h]b saffron2 orange comes f madd] & fu/ic2 yell[ is obta9$ f p[d]$ dock root2 ru/y nails boil$ 9 v9eg> ) a bit ( copp]as give a good black dye1 useful also 9 fre%5+ black y>ns t h acquir$ a dull or fad$ col\r4 ,:ite maple b>k boil$ 9 wat] makes a f9e m$ium br[n :i* may be made fa/ by fir/ treat+ ! clo? or y>n to be dy$ 9 x ) a solution ( alum4 ,a p]man5t & f9e nanke5 col\r may be made f a pail ( lye ) a piece ( copp]as half ! size ( an egg boil$ 9 x4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly ev]y?+ :i* possesses col\r may be consid]$ a dye4 ,vegetable sub/ances are g5]ally 9 !mselves m p]man5t1 b mo/ dyes ne$ to be fix$ or set by ! use ( "s mordant4 ,all ?is w mean mu* exp]im5t+1 ( c\rse1 unless "o is =tunate en\gh to possess an old receipt book ) its qua9t allusions to mordants1 kettles ( brass1 & vessels ( pewt]4 ,! use ( ! prep>$ dyes1 :i* may be easily obta9$ ) explicit directions1 is g5]ally satisfactory & ( c\rse some:at easi]2 & yet ! int]e/ :i* inspires "o to cultivate ! art ( h& weav+ leads to a desire to ma/] all ( ! arts intimately associat$ ) ?is anci5t & fasc9at+ home indu/ry4 ,x ,,pott]y ,to wat* a pott] ?ump+ 8 wet clay--,rubaiyat ( ,om> ,khayyam ,! boy :o makes 8 mud pie1 bak+ x 9 ! sun1 & ! ,indian :o1 ages ago1 coil$ clay 9 a basket :i* he burn$ away1 are b two widely sep>at$ l9ks 9 a cont9u\s *a92 = m5 ( all "t h f\nd a fasc9ation 9 ! wet clay t is s easily m\ld$ & fa%ion$ into all mann] ( ?+s ( beauty & ( use4 ,&1 beside ! joy ( ex]cis+ ! creative faculty1 !re has also be5 ! spur ( a common ne$ to inspire m5 ( diff]5t races1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 to develop ! primitive h\sehold arts1 l pott]y & rug mak+1 by ! use ( me?ods no less rem>kable = _! simil>ity ?an = _! clev]ness4 ,! impressions t ! primitive man receiv$ f 8 natural surr\nd+s 7 easily express$ 9 ! pla/ic mud1 & x 0 probably n long be=e he discov]$ t fire made !m p]man5t & practically inde/ructible4 ,improvem5t 0 b\nd to come 9 due "t4 ,by wa%+ ! gross] impurities f ! clay mud ?r\gh a process 9 :i* ! heavi] p>ticles settl$1 leav+ ! silt or f9] clay to be p\r$ (f1 "s arti/ ( a v e>ly "t f\nd a mat]ial t became "o ( 8 mo/ valuable helps 9 add+ to ! furni%+s ( 8 tribal h\sehold4 ,fir/ x 0 simply burn$ clay2 b 9 due "t enamel or glaz$ "w f\nd its use 9 tiles = build+ purposes1 9 gra9 j>s1 9 w9e jugs1 9 _m k9ds ( table w>e2 = ! uses ( anci5t t]ra cotta & porcela9 7 num]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,girls at ,"w on ,pott]y4 ,plate ,,xi ,! primitive arts1 h[ev]1 7 n conf9$ to objects ( necess>y use4 ,we f9d1 buri$ ) ! ru9s ( anci5t cities1 _m evid5ces ( ! pott]'s craft1 & among !m articles = decorat+ ! home1 = p]sonal adornm5t1 & = religi\s use1 l ! r+s & sc>abs ( ,egypt4 ,& 9 mod]n decorative art1 z appli$ 9 ! h\sehold1 ! "o f9al t\* :i* gives t indescribable *>m1 :i* x is ! aim ( all art to give1 is p]haps to be f\nd 9 a few--a v few--*oice bits ( pott]y4 ,all ( ?is use ( clay1 f ! rude art ( prehi/oric times to ! f9e/ product ( mod]n skill1 is bas$ on a pla9 sci5tific fact1 viz41 t a small quantity ( wat] 9 ! clay1 n removable by any ord9>y means ( dry+1 c be driv5 out by int5se heat s z to cause a p]man5t *ange 9 ! "* ( ! clay4 ,?is wat] is call$ ! wat] ( comb9ation4 ,if ! clay is n heat$ m ?an en\gh to dry x1 a lat] mix+ ) wat] re/ores x to its =m] pla/ic /ate2 b clay once burn$ has lo/ its wat] ( comb9ation & nev] c return to its orig9al condition4 ,mo/ beg9n]s 9 clay modell+ w expect1 p]haps 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! "w1 to be made acqua9t$ ) ! pott]'s :eel2 = :o has n he>d ( ?is int]e/+ device8 ,x is ( int]e/ *iefly because ( its practical utility 9 ! manufacture ( pott]y2 & yet no "o c =get ! pott]'s song ) :i* ,longfell[ beg9s 8 beautiful poem ,k]amos1 mak+ x a text = a s]mon on ! philosophy ( life3 ,turn1 turn1 my :eel6 ,turn r\nd & r\nd ,)\t a pause1 )\t a s\nd2 ,s sp9s ! fly+ _w away6 ,?is clay1 well mix$ ) m>l & s&1 ,foll[s ! motion ( my h&2 ,= "s mu/ foll[1 & "s comm&1 ,?\gh all are made ( clay6 ,pott]'s ,:eel ,unnecess>y4--,! pott]'s :eel 0 us$ 9 comp>atively e>ly times & has be5 intimately associat$ ) ! art ev] s9ce4 ,b x requires mu* physical /r5g? & consid]able skill to use x effectively2 & its use has be5 by no means univ]sal4 ,we f9d ! ,indians ( our own "t & p ( o!r races1 exp]t 9 build+ pott]y by h&1 us+ ! me?od ( coil+4 ,x seems be/1 !re=e1 to advise beg9n]s to adopt ! simpl] me?od & to =ego ! use ( ! pott]'s :eel4 ,! comp>ative inexp5siv5ess ( ! h& me?od ( build+ is ano!r po9t 9 its fav\r4 ,! tools requir$ are few & simple4 ,inexp5sive & easy me?ods are fav\rable to ! exp]im5tal /age2 & x is well = ! amateur to h e enc\ragem5t to exp]im5t freely bo? ) me?ods = build+ & ) designs = 8 w>e1 keep+ 9 m9d always t ! beautiful is g5]ally ! simple & /rong1 n ! fanta/ic & complicat$4 ,! ,me?od ( ,coil+4--,x w be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t 9 g5]al ! process to be foll[$ consi/s 9 build+ up ! b[l or j> or :atev] ! design may be by us+ coils ( clay ( ! "r consi/5cy1 weld+ & %ap+ !m toge!r1 & scrap+ !m d[n1 if necess>y1 until !y are ready to receive ! fir/ fir+4 ,aft] ?is !y may receive a coat+ ( glaze & be fir$ aga94 ,at fir/ ! beg9n] w f9d 8 *ief int]e/ simply 9 exp]im5t+ ) ! build+ up process4 ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,tools ,! mat]ials & tools ne$$ are z foll[s3 ,clay2 oil-clo?1 #ah in*es squ>e2 cotton clo? or flannelette1 #ah in*es squ>e2 a few simple modell+ tools2 a s(t p5cil2 draw+ pap]2 c>d-bo>d1 #f ply2 a pla/] ( p>is bat1 or a piece ( slate4 ,clays4--,x w be necess>y to add a ^w ( explanation 9 ord] t ^! mat]ials & tools may be well select$4 ,!re is a great v>iety 9 clays1 rang+ f a v co>se r$ clay us$ = fl[] pots to ! f9e/ :ite clay us$ = porcela94 ,! latt] is call$ kaol9 & is v pure4 ,a good modell+ clay may be obta9$ f deal]s 9 s*ool supplies or f pott]ies4 ,9 "s localities1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( brick-y>ds or o!r clay indu/ries1 a satisfactory clay may be easily f\nd4 ,b1 h[ev] obta9$1 "s exp]im5t+ w be necess>y to te/ its suitability4 ,! modell+ clay is probably ! lea/ liable to yield disappo9t+ results4 ,! cotton clo? or flannelette is to be moi/5$ & us$ to wrap up ! clay 9 ord] to keep x f dry+ too rapidly dur+ ! int]vals :5 x is set aside4 ,?is w n be necess>y dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! process1 = !n x is desirable = ! clay to /iff5 z rapidly z possible by natural means4 ,illu/ration3 ,simple tools us$ 9 pott]y ,( ! modell+ tools ne$$ "s c be :ittl$ f h>d wood4 ,!y are n exp5sive1 h[ev]1 & ! beg9n] w p]haps f9d x well to obta9 mo/ ( !m f a deal] 9 arti/s' mat]ials4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s "s ( ^!1 among !m a v useful tool 7,f7 ) brass wire loops :i* are 9 turn w\nd ) f9] wire4 ,f & ,c are especially useful = scrap+ clay too s(t to be easily manag$ ) smoo? edges4 ,! ?umb-l tool ,a is p]haps ! mo/ g5]ally useful ( ^? %[n "h4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to emphasize ! fact t ! greate/ ( all tools is ! human ?umb4 ,cultivate its use4 ,mo/ modell+ & build+ c be manag$ ) ! ?umb1 assi/$ by ! f+]s4 ,! ,bat & ,h[ ,made4--,a pla/] ( p>is bat w be f\nd exce$+ly useful4 ,a %eet ( ?91 unsiz$ pap] s]ves well1 h[ev]1 = a surface on :i* to build2 b ! dry pla/] ( ! bat absorbs ! moi/ure ( ! clay at ! bottom & ha/5s ! /iff5+ process4 ,?is bat c be easily made4 ,take a small quantity ( wat] 7a half p9t or m accord+ to ! size ( ! bat requir$71 sift into ?is f ! h& an equal am\nt ( pla/] ( p>is1 & /ir x 9 until a little dry pla/] appe>s at ! surface4 ,aft] a little m vigor\s /irr+ let x re/ a few m9utes & !n p\r x into t9 pans :i* are #d or #e in*es 9 diamet] by #a in* deep4 ,! pans %\ld be previ\sly coat$ on ! inside ) a ?ick soap solution1 made by dissolv+ soap 9 hot wat] to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick cream4 ,! bats w h>d5 9 #aj or #ae m9utes & may be easily remov$ f ! pan1 ready = use4 ,,problem3 ,a ,,b[l ,,= ,,fl[]s ,?is problem naturally divides itself into six important /eps1 z foll[s3 ,! design or pr(ile2 build+ & %ap+2 decoration1 if any2 fir+ 7bisque72 glaz+2 & fir+ ! glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>iety 9 dim5sions ,! ,design or ,pr(ile4--,z 9 all problems ( decoration ! fir/ /ep is f\nd 9 design4 ,= pres5t purposes we may consid] a b[l z hav+ a diamet] z great z or great] ?an ! height4 ,! b[l w be m int]e/+ f ! /&po9t ( v>iety if !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 its height & its greate/ diamet]1 & also betwe5 its diamet]s at ! top & at ! bottom4 ,! accompany+ draw+ %[s su* diff]5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ive pr(iles ,ano!r example ( ! value ( v>iety is to be f\nd 9 ! curve ( ! pr(ile4 ,a l9e t is simple b con/antly *ang+ 9 its degree ( curvature--z1 = example1 an elliptical curve--is m pleas+ ?an an arc ( a circle1 :i* is sometimes call$ ! curve ( limitation4 ,x %\ld be not$ t a curv$ =m1 9 ord] to be =ceful1 %\ld h "s dom9ant curve 9 comb9ation ) o!rs :i* are subord9ate4 ,! pr(iles illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ draw+s h ?is dom9ant elem5t & are 9 no case compos$ ( arcs ( circles4 ,^! v>i$1 int]e/+1 yet simple l9es--live l9es z !y are sometimes call$--consi/+ 9 ea* case ( only two or ?ree elem5ts1 are giv5 "h m]ely z sugge/ive mat]ial4 ,a little exp]im5t+ w %[ unsuspect$ possibilities 9 /rong1 =ceful curves1 & ! "y /ud5t is advis$ to make _m exp]im5ts 9 ! ef=t to discov] su* possibilities4 ,an example ( pr(iles to be avoid$ is giv5 9 ,problem ,,ii1 on page #cji4 ,t ^! are vase =ms & n b[l cont\rs is immat]ial4 ,a is commonplace because ! two p>ts ( ! curve are too mu* alike4 ,b is unre/ful 9 its ?ree curves ( ne>ly equal size4 ,if ! sugge/ive pr(iles illu/rat$ 9 ! =ego+ draw+ be turn$ upside d[n x w be not$ t v few ( !m seem z pleas+ z be=e4 ,x w be f\nd also t a diff]5t ratio ( height to diamet] w give v diff]5t effects ) ! same pr(ile4 ,a b[l hav+ top & bottom alike may1 s f> z design is conc]n$1 be class$ ) ! pill box4 ,we don't "k :i* is ! top until we h spill$ ! pills4 ,if attractive pieces ( pott]y are f\nd ) ! top & bottom ( equal diamet] & ) curves 9 !mselves objectionable1 x w inv>iably be f\nd t ! attractiv5ess consi/s 9 "s beauty ( glaze1 col\r1 or decoration :i* is prom95t en\gh to conceal ! defects ( =m4 ,natural ,=ms4--,x may be well to add a ^w "h 9 reg>d to ! imitation ( natural =ms 9 design+ ! g5]al %ape ( any piece ( pott]y2 & t ^w is a v brief "o4 ,avoid !m4 ,nature is a great tea*] 9 all bran*es ( art2 b 9 pott]y h] sugge/ions are to be us$ z decorative elem5ts r ?an = fundam5tal %apes4 ,a fi% ) a fl[] 9 its m\? does n seem appropriate2 b a b[l = wat]-lilies1 :ile x may n take ! =m ( a fi%1 might reasonably h a fi% z an elem5t ( its decoration4 ,te/+ ,pr(iles4--,a good way to /udy ! effect ( ! pr(ile ( bo? sides ( ! b[l is to fold ! pap] on :i* ! pr(ile is drawn v]tically ?r\gh ! c5tre & transf] ! l9e rev]s$ by rubb+ ! back ( ! pap]1 ?us giv+ ! o!r half ( ! draw+ 9 exact symmetry4 ,:5 ! g5]al %ape ( ! pr(ile has be5 te/$ 9 ?is way "o side %\ld be r$rawn c>efully2 !n1 ) ! pap] fold$ along ! c5tre l9e1 s t ! p5cil l9e falls outside1 ! :ole =m may be cut out2 & !n x may be unfold$4 ,! next /ep is to beg9 to build up ! design 9 clay4 ,! ,build+4--,roll out a coil ( clay a little ?ick] ?an ! bottom ( ! b[l is to be2 p]haps #c_/h or #a_/b ( an in* w s]ve1 s9ce ! bottom is to be holl[$ slightly by scrap+4 ,! roll %\ld be uni=m 9 diamet] & roll$ z little z possible1 9 ord] t x may n become too dry4 ,^u ! piece ( pap] or ! pla/] bat />t to coil ! roll f ! c5tre until ! desir$ size is rea*$1 !n sme> ! rolls toge!r1 work+ t[>d ! c5tre4 ,turn ! coil ov] & "w ! o!r side toge!r1 tru+ up ! circle & mak+ ! bottom ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,avoid ! use ( wat] 9 smoo?+ ! coils toge!r4 ,x may seem to make ! "w easi]1 b x s(t5s ! clay & invites c>eless "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,manipulat+ ! coil ,) ano!r coil beg9 to build up ! sides1 mak+ a complete circle1 &1 hav+ p9*$ (f ! ends :]e !y meet1 jo9 !m c>efully4 ,lay two or ?ree coils 9 ?is fa%ion1 press+ ea* coil firmly into place z x is laid1 & smoo? !m toge!r z 9 ! base4 ,! process is illu/rat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,if ! clay is v s(t1 ! "w may be set aside to h>d5 a little1 :ile a beg9n+ is made ^u o!r pieces4 ,x is well to h two or ?ree pieces 9 ! process ( con/ruction at ! same "t4 ,te/+ ! ,"w4--,a template or gauge w be ne$$ to te/ ! "w z x progresses f ! fir/ r\gh /ages to ! f9i%4 ,?is is made ( c>d-bo>d by cutt+ out an exact copy ( ! pr(ile1 leav+ at ! bottom suffici5t wid? to insure rigidity :5 ! template is held upright on ! table or bat4 ,illu/ration3 ,a template ,z ! "w goes on1 if ! design requires t ! =m %\ld be br\ght 9 t[>d ! top1 ! coil mu/ be laid a little inside ( ! pr(ile desir$1 z ! smoo?+ t5ds to increase ! diamet] slightly4 ,9 all ! build+1 all[ance %\ld be made = ?is enl>gem5t4 ,:5 ! coil is high en\gh & ( ! %ape desir$1 x %\ld be all[$ to /iff5 until x is rigid en\gh to h&le4 ,) ! v>i\s modell+ tools ! surface %\ld !n be scrap$ :]ev] x is necess>y to remove ! h>d5$ clay 9 ord] to give a symmetrical %ape to ! desir$ pr(ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,scrap+ a squ>e =m ,a draw+ is %[n to illu/rate ! process ( scrap+4 ,! surface %\ld be left smoo? & ev52 & ?is may be accompli%$ )\t wat] or sponge4 ,! flat sides ( ! scrap+ tool may be us$ to poli% ! clay z soon z x becomes lea!r h>d--i4 e41 h>d & /iff1 b be=e x beg9s to :it5 & dry4 ,! lip or top ( ! b[l w require special att5tion4 ,x w probably ne$ to be ?9n$ d[n & h all %>p edges remov$4 ,!n ! b[l %\ld be turn$ upside d[n & ! bottom holl[$ out to a dep? ( #a_/af to #a_/h ( an in*1 leav+ a foot or rim ar\nd ! outside ( ! circle to give x /ead9ess4 ,! ,decoration4--,aft] ! b[l is complete z to its g5]al =m1 ! problem ( its decoration1 if !re is to be any1 mu/ be solv$4 ,?is may be /udi$ dur+ ! int]vals :5 x is necess>y to set ! b[l aside to h>d54 ,if ! =m & col\r are good1 ! b[l may possess a *>m t w n be improv$ by decoration4 ,on ! :ole1 less decoration1 r ?an m1 %\ld be ! aim4 ,! ?ree vases illu/rat$ at ! top ( a foll[+ page are examples ( pott]y )\t decoration4 7,see page #cjh47 ,illu/ration3 ,b[ls4 ,plate ,,xii ,g5]ally speak+1 b[ls l ! "o we are build+ may be decorat$ by "o ( ?ree me?ods3 ,by s9k+ l9es or *annels 9 its surface by means ( a %>p5$1 *isel-l /ick 7,d1 page #bhe72 by modell+ or c>v+ ! surface2 or by pa9t+ ! surface ) col\r$ slip or ) col\r$ glaze4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t slip is a mixture ( clay & wat] ( ! consi/5cy ( cream2 x may be col\r$ or uncol\r$4 ,a comb9ation ( two or m ( ^! me?ods is1 ( c\rse1 possible4 ,examples ( ! fir/ two me?ods are %[n 9 ! illu/rations ( b[ls1 vases1 & tiles4 ,a comb9ation ( ! fir/ & ?ird me?ods 0 us$ 9 decorat+ ! tiles ( ! middle r[ %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiv opposite page #caf4 ,illu/ration3 ,spac+ 9 decoration ,classes ( ,decoration4--,! =m ( ! decoration is simply a matt] ( space division1 z illu/rat$ by two examples %[n bel[4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 t decoration1 s f> z =m is conc]n$1 divides itself naturally into ?ree g5]al classes3 7a7 ,! horizontal b&2 7b7 ! v]tical division2 7c7 a comb9ation ( ^! two4 ,! la/ w prove to be ! mo/ common ( ! ?ree4 ,x %\ld be not$ t an all-ov] patt]n1 :i* has be5 left out ( consid]ation z t5d+ to monotony1 w\ld commonly be a comb9ation ( bo? horizontal & v]tical me?ods ( division4 ,x %\ld be not$ also t ! pres5ce ( o!r ?an v]tical & horizontal l9es 9 pott]y decoration does n affect ! ma9 classification4 ,typical examples ( ^! divisions are illu/rat$ 9 bo? b[ls & vases1 z well z 9 ! cuts ,a & ,b4 ,x w be se5 9 ea* case t "o s*eme or ! o!r pr$om9ates & t !re are possibilities = great v>iation 9 treatm5t4 ,analyz+ ! patt]ns %[n 9 all ^! illu/rations1 we f9d t ! b& or horizontal s*eme (f]s a succession ( l>ge & small spaces1 giv+ v>iety & rhy?m4 ,9 _m ( ^? patt]ns %[+ ! comb9ation type !re is a conc5tration or knott+ ( ! l9e at regul> int]vals1 frequ5tly at ! int]section ( bo? horizontal & v]tical elem5ts4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! left-h& b[l ( ! middle r[ %[n 9 ?is plate opposite page #bid4 ,:5 ! me?od ( pa9t$ decoration is employ$ ! conc5tration po9t is compos$ ( mass in/ead ( l9e4 ,all ?is s]ves to give emphasis & rhy?m4 ,= subject matt] 9 decoration natural =ms may be us$ z %[n 9 ! vase at ! left ( ! top r[ illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xiii1 opposite page #cab4 ,or an ab/ract arrangem5t ( l9es may be employ$1 z %[n 9 its ne>e/ neighb\r1 :i* may or may n h _h its orig9 9 a v mu* conv5tionaliz$ natural motif4 ,! ess5tial ?+ to rememb] is t ! divisions ( spaces mu/ be v>i$ & rhy?mic & ! decoration suit$ to ! me?od ( application4 ,h[ ! ,design is ,appli$ to ! ,clay4--,aft] ! design has be5 /udi$ z mu* z possible on pap] x %\ld be plann$ out on ! b[l ) a s(t p5cil1 all[+ suffici5t space = ! incis$ l9e or *annel to be made4 ,! clay %\ld be lea!r-h>d--i4 e41 /iff b n dry4 ,! spac+ ar\nd ! circumf]5ce %\ld be made exact1 deviat+ some:at1 if necess>y1 f ! spac+ ( ! pap] draw+4 ,a good way to manage ?is important /ep 9 ! process is to measure ! circumf]5ce at ! po9t ( greate/ wid? ) a n>r[ /rip ( pap] & !n to divide ?is circumf]5ce by fold+ ! pap] ev5ly into ! numb] ( units desir$4 ,by wrapp+ ! pap] ar\nd ! b[l aga9 ! po9ts ( division may be transf]r$ to ! clay & !n project$ upw>d or d[nw>d v]tically to ! belt t x is desir$ to meet4 ,x is necess>y to make sure t ! v]tical l9es are true m]idians & d n sw]ve to ! "r or ! left4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! horizontal l9es1 measurem5ts may be made f top or bottom4 ,all ( ?is "w is be/ done free-h&2 =1 aside f ! value ( ! eye tra9+ d]iv$1 h&-built pott]y is seldom exact en\gh to p]mit ( a m me*anical me?od ( plann+ its decoration4 ,! draw+ on ! clay hav+ be5 complet$1 ! next po9t is to *oose ! tool be/ fitt$ = ! "w & c>efully make ! cuts1 deep5+ !m f "t to "t z ! "w progresses4 ,if ! design is to be work$ out 9 l9e1 a *isel1 l t illu/rat$ 9 ,d 7page #bhe71 may be :ittl$ f a p9e /ick4 ,x is held ne>ly upright & us$ z a scrap] to cut out at fir/ a %all[ *annel4 ,res]ve %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 cutt+1 because1 g5]ally speak+1 !re is dang] ( mak+ ! design too insi/5t4 ,"s ( ! be/ designs are v subtle & quiet4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 to all[ = a slight fill+ 9 ( ! holl[ by ! glaze :5 x is appli$4 ,modell+ a ,decoration4--,if ! decoration is to be modell$ x w\ld seem wise to d x1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 z ! "w is built up2 b 9 ?is case great c>e w be ne$$ to keep a firm hold on ! relief & unity ( ! decoration4 ,x w be easy to ov]-model ! "w4 ,h[ ,"u-glaze is ,appli$4--,= decoration ) "u glaze ! col\rs giv5 "u ! head ( glaz+ 7page #cjd7 are mix$ 9 diff]5t proportions ) dry p[d]$ clay & wat] to =m a col\r pa/e4 ,?is is pa9t$ on ! gre5 or moi/ clay1 =m+ a smoo? & ev5 surface4 ,exp]i5ce w tea* ! proportions ( col\r to be mix$ ) ! clay4 ,^! proportions v>y greatly ) diff]5t col\rs4 ,a v /rong col\r l cobalt w give a deep blue if mix$ 9 ! ratio ( "o "p by weight ( cobalt to t5 p>ts ( clay4 ,col\rs l ! oxides ( iron & copp] are ( m$ium /r5g?1 & antimony is q weak4 ,be=e ! "w is left to dry x w\ld be well to make sure t all corn]s & r\gh edges are smoo!d (f z !y w %[ light & r\gh ?r\gh ! glaze4 ,! use ( s&-pap]1 h[ev]1 is n advis$1 ?\gh x may occasionally be us$ 9 ! em]g5cy ( an accid5tal r\ghness rema9+ aft] ! piece is dry4 ,! aim %\ld be to h all clay "w %[ some?+ ( ! pla/ic nature ( ! mat]ial out ( :i* x is made4 ,fir+4--,pott]y mu/ be bone dry be=e x is fir$4 ,a v satisfactory portable kiln = fir+ may be pur*as$ = f #cd to #age1 accord+ to ! size4 ,! smalle/ size1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! next draw+1 w be ample = ! ne$s ( "o or two p]sons4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! amateur does n c>e to g to ! exp5se ( pur*as+ a kiln1 x is g5]ally possible to f9d a pott]y factory 9 ! vic9ity t w und]take ! fir+ & p]haps ! glaz+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a portable kiln ,temp]ature ,requir$4--,pott]y is fir$ at a temp]ature v>y+1 accord+ to ! clay & ! glaze us$1 f approximately #ahjj to #bjjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,modell+ clay fires at #aieh degrees ,fahr5heit1 or :at is call$ cone #jd4 ,?is t]m comes f ! fact t ! heat is gaug$ by pyrometric cones1 :i* c be se5 ?r\gh a spy hole atta*$ to ! kiln4 ,^! cones are grad$ compositions ( v>i\s mat]ials & possess diff]5t degrees ( resi/ance to heat4 ,!y are usually set up 9 clay 9 gr\ps ( ?ree or m4 ,:5 "o ( !m melts x b5ds ov]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+1 :i* %[s cone #je--! mo/ fusible "o--completely d[n1 & #jd at a po9t indicat+ t x is "t to %ut (f ! heat f ! kiln4 ,?is mu/ be done gradually & ! kiln mu/ be all[$ to cool completely be=e x is op5$4 ,?is is especially necess>y :5 fir+ ! glazes describ$ 9 ! foll[+ section1 :i* require ! same temp]ature z modell+ clay4 ,fur!r details ab\t fir+ & c>+ = ! kiln may1 ( c\rse1 be le>n$ f descriptions accompany+ ! app>atus4 ,pott]y comes out ( ! fir/ fir+ 9 ! kiln a dull por\s w>e & 9 col\r ei!r cream1 buff1 or r$1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( iron 9 ! clay4 ,9 ?is /ate x is call$ bisque or biscuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,pyrometric cones ,glaz+4--,x is necess>y to br+ ! pott]y up to ! condition ( bisque be=e x c be glaz$2 or1 to speak m accurately1 be=e x c be ov]-glaz$2 = x has already be5 %[n h[ ! s-call$ "u-glaze is put on be=e ! fir/ fir+4 ,! subject is some:at te*nical1 & x w n be possible 9 a s+le *apt] to take up ! details ext5sively4 ,briefly speak+1 ! glazes mo/ us$ = ?is class ( "w are ! lead glazes--comb9ations ( :ite lead or c>bonate ( lead z a flux ) kaol91 fl9t1 :it+1 feldsp>1 & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,^! are suppli$ 9 p[d]$ =m & are gr\nd toge!r 9 wat] by means ( a mill or a l>ge mort> & pe/le2 a mort> #h in*es 9 diamet] w s]ve4 ,gr9d+ ! ,glaze4--,! gr9d+ %\ld cont9ue ab\t an h\r4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t !re is su* a ?+ z gr9d+ too f9e4 ,aft] ! glaze has be5 prop]ly gr\nd a small quantity ( gum tragacan?1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is to be add$ z a b9d] to prev5t flak+ & rubb+ (f 9 h&l+4 ,x is also a good plan1 ?\gh n always necess>y1 to /ra9 ! glaze1 z soon z x is gr\nd1 ?r\gh f9e musl94 ,! tools & mat]ials ne$$ = ?is "w may be itemiz$ z foll[s3 ,lead c>bonate1 :it+1 ,canadian feldsp>1 ,florida kaol91 ,fr5* fl9t1 :ite oxide ( z9c1 & v>i\s o!r oxides & col\rs not$ 9 ! text2 e>!nw>e b[ls1 #aj or #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 = hold+ ! glaze2 l>ge spoons1 pref]ably alum9um2 agate mort> & pe/le1 #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,example ( ,matt ,glaze & ,bright ,glaze ,mixes4--,two mixes are giv5 bel[ calculat$ to fuse at cone #jd4 ,"o has a matt or dull velvety surface1 & ! o!r has a bright or %9y surface4 ,! matt w be f\nd m desirable = g5]al "w because x h>monizes bett] ) fl[]s & foliage4 ,! figures giv5 bel[ ref] to units ( weight4 ,metric weights 7grams7 are mo/ conv5i5t to use1 b any units w s]ve s long z ! same "o is us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! matt glaze %\ld be ( ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream1 ! bright glaze some:at ?9n]4 ,,matt ,,base ,lead c>bonate #aed ,:it+ #be ,canadian feldsp> #hc ,florida kaol9 #ea ,,bright ,,base ,lead c>bonate #adb ,:it+ #bj ,canadian feldsp> #hd ,florida kaol9 #h ,:ite oxide ( z9c #h ,fr5* fl9t #dd ,! bases itemiz$ above are col\rless & !re mu/ be add$ to !m f #c to #f p] c5t4 ( col\r+ mat]ial t w /& heat4 ,a li/ ( mat]ials ) _! col\rs :5 fir$ is giv5 on page #cjd1 toge!r ) a few typical comb9ations ( col\rs 9 quantity suitable to be add$ to ! glaze bases giv5 above4 ,! foll[+ li/s are by no means complete1 & x is expect$ t ! "y decorator w make use ( ^! col\r mixtures simply z an introduction to q ext5sive exp]im5t+3 ,,col\r ,,mat]ials ,black oxide ( cobalt ,blue ,black oxide ( copp] ,blue gre5 ,gre5 oxide ( *romium ,yell[ gre5 ,:ite oxide ( antimony ,lemon yell[ ,r$ oxide ( iron ,yell[i% br[n ,gre5 oxide ( nickel ,dirty gray 7= neutraliz+7 ,:ite oxide ( t9 ,makes glaze opaque ,black oxide ( manganese ,purpli% br[n ,yell[ o*re ,yell[ ,burnt umb] ,br[n ,,col\r ,,comb9ations ,olive gre5 ,iron oxide #e ,cobalt oxide 4#e ,d>k br[n ,iron oxide #c ,nickel oxide #b ,manganese oxide #e ,light gray-blue ,t9 oxide #e ,cobalt oxide 4#e ,copp] oxide #a4g ,blue-gre5 ,cobalt oxide #a ,copp] oxide #g ,yell[ o*re #d ,d>k gray-blue ,nickel oxide #e ,yell[ o*re #c ,cobalt oxide #b ,copp] oxide #a ,apply+ ! ,glaze4--,be=e apply+ ! glaze to ! piece ( pott]y or bisque1 ! latt] %\ld be soak$ 9 cle> wat] = ab\t five m9utes or until ! air is expell$ f ! pores4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$ x %\ld be remov$ f ! wat] & all moi/ure %\ld be wip$ f its surface4 ,! piece is !n ready to be dipp$ into ! glaze1 or to h ! glaze p\r$ ov] x1 if ! size & %ape ( ! piece make x m conv5i5t to apply ! glaze 9 ?is way4 ,x is usually be/ to glaze ! inside fir/1 %ak+ out all ! sup]flu\s glaze be=e apply+ ! glaze to ! outside4 ,dur+ ?is process ! piece mu/ be held firmly b by z few po9ts ( contact z possible4 ,^! po9ts ( contact w g5]ally ne$ to be t\*$ up be=e x is ready = fir+4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to glaze l>ge pieces ) a bru%1 putt+ on sev]al coats 9 ord] to cov] ! surface ) an ev5 ?ickness4 ,! matt glaze requires a great] ?ickness ?an ! bright glaze 9 ord] to develop its *>act]i/ic velvety texture4 ,! great] ?ickness may be easily secur$1 because x fl[s m sl[ly ?an ! ?9n] bright glaze & is less likely to drip f ! sides ( ! piece to :i* x is be+ appli$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is at a disadvantage 9 t x does n1 9 fl[+ sl[ly1 correct inequalities ( ?ickness s readily z ! m mobile bright glaze does4 ,a c]ta9 ?ickness1 h[ev]1 is ess5tial2 & if1 aft] fir+1 x is f\nd t ! glaze 0 put on too ?91 a second coat may be appli$ & ! article aga9 fir$4 ,fir+ ! ,glaze4--,be=e ! glaz$ piece is fir$ ! glaze %\ld be dri$ & :at runs d[n & collects ab\t ! bottom or foot %\ld be scrap$ (f4 ,x %\ld !n be set 9 ! kiln on a k9d ( po9t$ tripod ( h>d burn$ clay1 call$ ! /ilt1 :i* prev5ts ! glaze f /ick+ to ! floor or %elves ( ! kiln4 ,all glaz$ w>e %\ld be plac$ 9 ! kiln ) at lea/ #a_/b an in* ( space betwe5 ! pieces to prev5t !m f /ick+ toge!r dur+ ! fus+ /ate ( ! glaze1 :5 x is apt to bubble or boil4 ,! fir+ ( glaze is a process v simil> to t employ$ 9 ! production ( bisque1 already describ$4 ,great] c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 9 controll+ ! increase 9 temp]ature s t x %all be ev5 & /eady--free f all sudd5 fla%es ( heat4 ,! cool+ also %\ld be v gradual &1 z 9 bisque fir+1 ! kiln %\ld be all[$ to get cool be=e x is op5$4 ,) ?is second fir+ ! pott]y is f9i%$ unless x %\ld happ5 t a second coat ( glaze is f\nd to be necess>y4 ,if only a few spots ne$ att5tion1 ?is second coat is be/ appli$ ) a bru%4 ,,problem3 ,a ,,vase ,,= ,,long ,,/emm$ ,,fl[]s ,! tools requir$ = mak+ ?is vase are ! same z ^? us$ = ! b[l1 & ! process ( build+ is mu* ! same4 ,! *ief diff]5ce is t x is m difficult to pres]ve ! pr(ile 9 build+ because ! add$ height & ! great] weight t5d to bulge ! l[] "p4 ,to meet ?is difficulty x w be necess>y to set ! "w aside q (t5 9 ord] to let ! l[] "p h>d5 suffici5tly to support ! upp] "p4 ,! ,pr(ile4--,9 prep>+ ! pr(ile ! same rules hold z 7 appli$ 9 work+ up ! problem ( ! b[l4 ,x w be well to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! curves ( a vase mu/ be treat$ ) great] res]ve z to _! lat]al projection ?an 0 necess>y 9 ! case ( ! b[l--i4 e41 ! curve ( a vase %\ld be enclos$ )9 a rectangle n>r[] 9 comp>ison ) its height ?an is ! case ) ! curve ( a b[l4 ,! reason = ?is1 ( c\rse1 is f\nd 9 ! great] height ( a vase 9 comp>ison ) its diamet]4 ,! foll[+ figure %[s ?ree typical vase =ms4 ,if ^! curves be comp>$ ) ^? %[n on page #bhh1 illu/rat+ b[l cont\rs1 x w be obs]v$ h[ ! height ( ! vase is emphasis$ 9 ! great] re/ra9t & subtlety ( its curves4 ,9 ! next illu/ration we h two horrible examples to :i* att5tion has already be5 call$ 9 ! sugge/ions = ! design ( b[ls4 ,! dott$ l9es 9 ! illu/ration %[ h[ ^! curves may be improv$ if1 9 ei!r ,a or ,b1 "o elem5t ( ! comp\nd curve be made dom9ant at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,if at ! same "t ! diamet] be made small] 9 comp>ison ) its height ! attractiv5ess ( ! cont\rs w be /ill m improv$4 ,inde$1 x w be a trans=mation f a pr(ile t is positively bad to "o t is v good4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical vase =ms ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile to be avoid$ ,decoration4--,! problem ( decoration is n v diff]5t f t ( ! b[l4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ! add$ height seems to call = great] acc5t by means ( v]tical or panel divisions4 ,unless ?is be und]/ood !re is "s dang] t ! l>g] v]tical spaces w seem to (f] simply m room = horizontal b&s1 result+ 9 a b>b] pole effect4 ,h&les4--,if h&les or buttresses are desir$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are design$ z an integral "p ( ! vase--i4 e41 t !y cont9ue or re9=ce its l9es4 ,two sugge/ions = ! treatm5t ( ! problem ( h&les are giv5 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,x w be not$ h[ sympa!tically ^! h&les con=m to ! l9es ( ! vases to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,h&les t give ! impression ( be+ made = ano!r vase %\ld be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ions = h&les ,,problem3 ,,! ,,f]n ,,di% ,! process ( build+ ! f]n di% is n ess5tially diff]5t f t employ$ 9 mak+ ! b[l describ$ 9 ! fir/ problem4 ,if ! f]n di% is to be r\nd1 ! coil+ me?od may be us$2 b if ! di% is to be squ>e or rectangul> x is n necess>y to use ?is me?od4 ,9 place ( x ! process ( piec+ on may be employ$--i4 e41 "o piece ( s(t clay may be add$ to ano!r & ! diff]5t pieces weld$ toge!r z ! "w proce$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,developm5t ( ! f]n di% ,! ,l9+4--,! f]n di% requires a sep>ate inn] di% or l9+ ) a hole 9 ! bottom ( x l t 9 ! ord9>y fl[] pot4 ,?is feature =ms ! unique "p ( ! problem4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! pres5ce ( ?is l9+ seems to call = a little clos] approa* to ! v]tical 9 ! sides ( ! out] b[l2 & yet "s latitude is all[able1 z is %[n 9 ! "r h& di% illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xiii foll[+1 :i* is some:at simil> 9 pr(ile to t illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,?is draw+ %[s ! developm5t ( ! problem z appli$ to a r\nd f]n di%4 ,mu* fre$om1 h[ev]1 may be us$ 9 ! plan z ei!r ! r\nd or ! rectangul> f]n di% seems to give satisfaction4 ,! half section 9 ! draw+ %[s a v n>r[ space betwe5 ! inn] & out] b[ls at ! top edges4 ,?is adds greatly to ! good appe>ance ( ! complet$ f]n di%4 ,! sides ( ! inn] di% are made v]tical1 s9ce x is necess>y = x to be easily remov$4 ,decoration4--,! problem ( decoration diff]s v little f t discuss$ "u ! problem ( ! b[l4 ,ei!r ! f]n itself or its woodl& neighb\rs may easily furni% ! motif4 ,sometimes !re is occasion = design+ simil> di%es n = f]ns b = o!r plants4 ,?us ! small] squ>e di%1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xiii opposite1 0 design$ & made = ! famili> bluets1 & ! subject matt] = its design 0 f\nd 9 t fl[]4 ,glaz+4--,! rules already giv5 = glaz+ apply 9 ?is case1 b x w be necess>y to glaze ! outside f]n di% only4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to glaze a n>r[ /rip along ! upp] edge ( ! inn] di%2 b ! re/ ( x %\ld be left unglaz$4 ,x h>dly ne$s to be add$ t 9 fir+ x is necess>y to keep ! inn] & out] di%es sep>ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,vases & ,f]n ,di%es4 ,plate ,,xiii ,,problem3 ,,! ,,c&le/ick ,! ,design4--,?is problem introduces sev]al po9ts 9 design t ne$ to be especially emphasiz$4 ,! c&le/ick %\ld be ( su* size t x w easily support ! av]age c&le )\t putt+ ! us] to great inconv5i5ce 9 fitt+ x by p>+ x (f or melt+ x d[n4 ,x is necess>y to provide a lip to cat* ! /ray drops ( wax t w run d[n ! sides ( ! c&le2 & x w be a conv5i5ce to h ?is supplem5t$ by a slight di%+ ( ! base if ! c&le/ick is to be c>ri$ ab\t4 ,if a h&le is to be add$ x %\ld seem to be a natural outgr[? ( ! c&le/ick itself1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! discussion ( h&les = vases2 & x %\ld1 at ! same "t1 (f] a place = a firm & com=table grasp4 ,! accompany+ draw+ %[s h[ h&les may be design$ really to =m a "p ( ! c&le/ick & at ! same "t1 by means ( a %>p b5d or elb[ at ! top1 to provide a natural place = ! ?umb to assi/ 9 grasp+ ! h&le4 ,:e!r ! c&le/ick is to be high or l[ dep5ds entirely ^u ! use int5d$ = x or ^u ! pref]5ce ( ! us]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a l[ c&le/ick is bett] = c>ry+ ab\t & a high "o m desirable = /&+ 9 a cab9et or on %elf or table4 ,x is well = "s def9ite idea ( utility to manife/ itself 9 ! =m *os54 ,m]ely plann+ a tube & a h&le ^u a base1 )\t c>efully relat+ ^! ?ree diff]5t elem5ts accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( use1 c h>dly be call$ design+ a c&le/ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ive designs = c&le/icks ,! build+ ( ! c&le/ick is />t$1 l ! b[l 9 ! fir/ problem1 by coil+ f ! c5tre1 & ! rim may be add$ 9 ! same way4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 to atta* ! c5tral tube firmly4 ,?is may be coil$ or simply modell$ f a s+le lump ( clay4 ,if !re is to be a h&le x is well to build x at ! "t ! c5tral tube is built1 z x is !n easi] to make a firm atta*m5t4 ,,problem3 ,,tiles ,! v>i$ & ext5sive uses ( tiles make x difficult to limit ! scope ( ?is problem4 ,tiles are us$ = pav+1 wall fac+s1 ceil+s1 cov]+s = /oves1 l9+s & fac+s = fireplaces1 re/s = fl[] pots & teapots1 & = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,tiles figure v prom95tly 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,!y are objects ( int]e/ & /udy 9 _m public build+s & museums ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,b ?is problem w conf9e itself to two ( ! _m v>ieties ( tiles1 viz41 tiles design$ = b[ls or teapots & tiles us$ = ! fac+ ( fireplaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,a tile frame ,! ,tile ,frame4--,9 build+ tiles a frame is us$ measur+ ab\t #f in*es squ>e by #e_/h ( an in* ?ick4 ,! /rips =m+ ! frame may be #a in* wide1 lightly nail$ toge!r at ! corn]s s t1 if necess>y1 ! frame c be easily tak5 ap>t :ile ! clay is moi/4 ,?is frame is plac$ on a pla/] bat or piece ( pap] & ! clay =c$ firmly into its corn]s & sides1 work+ t[>d ! c5tre1 until ! frame is completely fill$4 ,x is !n turn$ ov] 9 ord] to make sure t ! "u side ( ! clay is ?or\ghly weld$ toge!r4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to use suffici5t clay to br+ bo? surfaces well up to ! surface ( ! frame1 scrap+ (f ! surplus clay ) a /raight edge4 ,:ile ! clay is moi/1 "o side is *os5 = ! back1 & ?is is holl[$ out to prev5t w>p+4 ,! holl[+ may take ! =m %[n 9 ! "r-h& tile at ! top ( ,plate ,,xiv1 or x may be 9 ! %ape ( *annels #c_/d ( an in* or m 9 wid?1 sep>at$ by ridges #a_/b ( an in* wide runn+ across ! back ( ! tile4 ,:i*ev] me?od is us$1 ! dep? %\ld be ab\t #c_/af ( an in* & n ov] #a_/d ( an in*4 ,ev5 :5 ! utmo/ precaution is tak51 ! tile is v liable to w>p4 ,x %\ld !re=e be dri$ sl[ly & ) ! greate/ possible ev5ness ( exposure on bo? sides4 ,! greate/ help ( all is f\nd 9 ! use ( ! s-call$ grog4 ,?is is made by gr9d+ to a p[d] clay t has be5 fir$ once & %runk1 b n glaz$4 ,x is us$ by mix+ x ) ! clay be=e x is m\ld$1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p grog to ?ree ( ! clay4 ,x may be add$ "h t grog w be f\nd ( great assi/ance n only 9 mak+ tiles b 9 mak+ o!r w>e4 ,x w n be necess>y1 h[ev]1 to burn clay = ! express purpose ( mak+ grog4 ,! occasional failures :i* develop at ! fir/ fir+ ( e bat* ( pott]y w furni% an adequate supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,tiles4 ,plate ,,xiv ,decoration4--,:5 ! tile is dri$ & %runk a little x may be easily tak5 f ! frame1 b x %\ld be all[$ to get q /iff be=e decoration is appli$4 ,:ile ! h>d5+ process is go+ on ! decoration may be /udi$4 ,! ?ree g5]al me?ods ( decoration consid]$ "u ! fl[] b[l--viz41 ! sunk5 l9e1 ! modell$ surface1 & ! pa9t+ ) "u-glaze or ov]-glaze--are all available = use ) ! tile4 ,if x is to be a tea tile ! modell$ surface mu/ be treat$ ) consid]able caution1 o!rwise !re may result an unev5 surface = ! teapot to re/ ^u4 ,fir+4--,9 giv+ ! tile its fir/ fir+ x is saf] to /& x on "o edge 9 ! kiln1 b n on ! floor ( ! kiln1 z ! int5se heat ( ! floor w\ld be liable to %r9k t side m ?an ! o!rs4 ,x may be support$ on two /ilts or x may be plac$ on "o ( ! %elves4 ,= ! glaze fir+ ! tile %\ld be plac$ flat on ! /ilt4 ,tea ,tiles4--,! tiles illu/rat$ at ! top & bottom ( ,plate ,,xiv 7 design$ & made to s]ve z re/s = a teapot1 a b[l1 or a vase4 ,x w be notic$ t ! c5tre is left free ) "o exception1 :i* is giv5 z an int]e/+ v>iation f ! g5]al rule4 ,! free space is an advantage 9 giv+ relief to ! design & 9 furni%+ an ev5 surface = ! teapot or b[l to re/ ^u4 ,9 ! decoration ( rectangul> tile =ms ! g5]al pr9ciples z to v>iety ( measure or %ape 9 space divisions hold true4 ,emphasis %\ld be conc5trat$ at ! corn]s 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! design4 ,fireplace ,tiles4--,"s ( ! tiles illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xiv w\ld be entirely appropriate = fac+ a bord] ar\nd ! op5+ ( a fireplace4 ,?is is especially true ( ! middle design %[n at ! top ( ! plate1 on acc\nt ( ! l9es :i* project ?r\gh ! corn] design ne>ly to ! edges ( ! tile4 ,?is makes x especially adapt$ to repetition 9 a fac+ or bord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,pott]y1 ,design$ & ,made by ,s*oolgirls4 ,plate ,,xv ,decoration ( ,tiles4--,x is 9 ! field ( pa9t$ decoration1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ attractive possibilities 9 fireplace tile designs are f\nd4 ,! fram$ tile illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xv opposite--an example ( ov]-glaze pa9t+--is int5d$ = use z a col\r acc5t = ! wall4 ,?is tile is pa9t$ 9 matt glaze betwe5 rais$ outl9es4 ,?ree simil> tiles are illu/rat$ 9 ! middle r[ 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,! "r-h& "o1 l ! fram$ tile ( ,plate ,,xv1 is a matt ov]-glaze1 b ! outl9e in/ead ( be+ rais$ 0 slightly depress$4 ,! o!r two are examples ( "u-glaze pa9t+4 ,!y 7 pa9t$ on moi/ clay1 z describ$ 9 ! problem ( ! b[l1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ ) a bright glaze4 ,9 ?is case ! glaze 0 itself col\r$1 ?us add+ ri*ness to ! col\r s*eme4 ,! repetition 9 a tile fac+ ( l&scapes1 design$ to be complete or ne>ly s1 w\ld be tiresome4 ,x is bett] s to design ! entire fac+ t x w be made up ( a s]ies ( v simple l&scape motifs1 ea* fairly complete 9 itself1 b all s relat$ to ea* o!r z to =m1 :5 jo9$1 a l>g]1 some:at conv5tionaliz$1 l&scape4 ,a treatm5t ( ?is k9d l5ds itself to _m o!r decorative s*emes4 ,! fireplace (f]s a great opportunity = design1 n only 9 itself1 b z relat$ to ! decorative s*eme ( ! room 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t x is1 9 a s5se1 ! focal c5tre ( ! room4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) its comp>atively small size1 makes x possible to give x a /rong & ri* note ( col\r1 acc5t+ ! prevail+ col\r s*eme ( ! room4 ,tiles1 prop]ly design$ & appli$1 (f] a ri* & v>i$ field = *>m+ effects 9 col\r & texture4 ,,xi ,,decorative ,,"w ,,9 ,,lea!r1 ,,copp]1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials ,to become an arti/ 9 deal+ ) tools & mat]ials is n a matt] ( *oice or privilege2 x is a moral necessity2 = a man's he>t mu/ be 9 8 skill & a man's s\l 9 8 craftsman%ip--,hamilton ,wright ,mabie ,,lea!r ,,"w ,lea!r "w1 l weav+ & pott]y1 is ( v anci5t orig94 ,! ,new ,te/am5t text conc]n+ new w9e 9 old bottles ref]r$ to bottles ( lea!r1 or w9e sk9s4 ,we read ( lea!r z hav+ be5 us$ 9 /ill e>li] times = %ields1 saddles1 h>nesses1 p>ts ( *>iots1 & z an accessory to clo?+4 ,9 ! middle ages ! g5tle craft ( lea!r 0 n conf9$ to ! %oemak]s' useful productions b includ$ mu* ornam5tal "w4 ,!re 7 wall cov]+s ( lea!r ) designs c>v$1 or modell$1 or /amp$ ) hot tools2 seats 7 uphol/]$ & books 7 cov]$ ) tool$ lea!r4 ,"s ( ?is "w 0 ri*ly adorn$ ) pa9t$ & gilt figures l ! celebrat$ ,spani% lea!r4 ,:y ,lea!r is ,suit$ to ,decoration4--,lea!r seems1 !re=e1 to h won ! "r to a high place among ! mat]ials suit$ to decoration4 ,its beautiful texture1 ! ri* br[n tones ( its natural col\r1 ! ease ) :i* x takes dyes1 & ! read9ess ) :i* "u prop] treatm5t1 x receives & reta9s ! m>ks ( ! modell+ tool1 qualify x to m9i/] to ! arti/ic s5se no less ?an its durability enables x to s]ve ! m common uses4 ,limit$ ,decoration ,desirable4--,! tool+ ( lea!r is bas$ ^u ! fact t1 :5 wet1 ! fibre yields readily to compression & receives impressions t are reta9$ aft] ! lea!r is dry4 ,b ! beauty ( design dep5ds ^u ! col\r & texture ( ! surface q z mu* z ^u ! figur$ impressions ^u x4 ,x is !re=e a good po9t 9 design n to cov] ! surface s completely t ! peculi> beauty ( ! mat]ial itself be lo/4 ,! decorations %\ld be bold & ri*1 b ! tool+ %\ld be conf9$ to a small "p ( ! surface4 ,calf sk9 & c[hide are well suit$ to tool+4 ,!y are suppli$ 9 two g5]al =ms1 viz41 ! smoo?1 g5]ally z ,russia calf1 & ! r\gh or split c[hides1 kn[n z ooze4 ,lea!r may be /a9$ a v>iety ( col\rs by anil9e dyes2 b s9ce ! natural col\r ( lea!r is br[n1 br[ni% tones are m satisfactory ?an ! blues1 gre5s1 violets1 grays1 etc41 because !y seem m s9c]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,lea!r-work+ tools ,tools4--,! simple tools requir$ = tool+ lea!r may be pur*as$ at small co/1 or !y may be made f *eap nut picks by fil+ ^! to %ape1 poli%+ !m1 & buff+ !m4 ,! illu/rations %[ two diff]5t tools1 ea* d\ble po9t$4 ,a & ,b are diff]5t views ( ! fir/ tool2 ,c is ! second tool4 ,! n>r[ po9t$ end ( ! fir/ tool is = outl9+ & work+ into corn]s4 ,! broad1 flat end is = smoo?+ d[n & = g5]al use2 ! broad tool %\ld be us$ :5ev] possible4 ,! r\nd po9t on ! left end ( ,c is us$ = outl9+ & transf]+ ! design to lea!r4 ,! "r h& end ( ,c is kn[n z ! backgr\nd tool4 ,x is cupp$ out l a nail set1 z indicat$ by ! l5g?wise section j above & by ! end view at ! extreme "r2 9 fact1 a nail set may be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! backgr\nd tool1 h[ev]1 is to be us$ sp>+ly4 ,if us$ to excess1 especially on l>ge surfaces1 ! result is likely to h a me*anical & %oppy appe>ance4 ,,problems ,,to ,,design ,,& ,,tool ,a ,,belt ,! sizes giv5 9 ! illu/ration on page #cbe are typical1 b x is expect$ t 9 ?is & o!r problems1 dim5sions w be v>i$ to suit conditions4 ,:5 ! size has be5 det]m9$ ! lea!r %\ld be cut a little long] & wid] ?an ! f9al dim5sions are to be1 to all[ = atta*+ ! belt p9 or buckle4 ,! /rip ( lea!r %\ld be ?or\ghly soak$ 9 cold wat] & !n roll$ 9 dry clo? until ! lea!r is dry en\gh = tool+4 ,x is ess5tial t !re %\ld be absolute uni=mity ( moi/ure4 ,if on apply+ ! tool1 wat] foll[s pressure1 ! lea!r is /ill too wet4 ,if x %\ld get too dry to reta9 ! m>k ( ! tool x may be spong$ on ! back4 ,!re is dang] ( wat] /a9s1 h[ev]1 if ! entire back is n wet4 ,illu/ration3 ,two belt designs ,! ,design4--,! illu/ration %[s two treatm5ts4 ,an int]lac$ patt]n is %[n 9 ,a :i* conc5trates ! int]e/ at ! ends & 9 ! middle ( ! back4 ,! patt]n %[n is tool$ solid & ! backgr\nd is left untool$4 ,if ! patt]n be tool$ 9 outl9e x is well to %ade ^! outl9es out into ! backgr\nd 9 ord] to give relief to ! int]lac$ b&s4 ,modell$ natural =ms are %[n 9 ,b4 ,9 ?is ! backgr\nd is tool$ d[n1 b is heavie/ at ! ends or 9 ! spaces aga9/ ! rais$ =ms4 ,?is gives ! backgr\nd a ri*] appe>ance ?an x has :5 tool$ absolutely flat4 ,bo? patt]ns "h %[n are /raight ) p>allel sides4 ,o!r %apes are possible--= example1 ^? wid] 9 ! middle & tap]+ t[>d ! ends4 ,:5 a satisfactory design has be5 work$ out & drawn x is transf]r$ to ?9 bond pap]4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 n to h any p5cil m>ks on ! back ( ?is pap]1 = !y leave a dirty gray /a9 on ! lea!r :i* is difficult to remove4 ,x may be add$ "h t :5ev] x is desir$ to m>k ! lea!r = any purpose a tool %\ld be us$1 n a p5cil4 ,! ,process4--,z soon z ! lea!r has dri$ j en\gh to reta9 ! m>ks1 ! patt]n %\ld be plac$ ^u x1 p5cill$ side up1 all[ance be+ made = trimm+ to ! desir$ wid?4 ,! pap] may be held 9 position by ?umb tacks1 :i* mu/ n1 h[ev]1 pass ?r\gh ! lea!r inside ! "p t is to be cut (f4 ,! patt]n may n[ be trac$ ?r\gh ! pap]1 ov] ! l9es ( ! draw+1 ) ! r\nd po9t$ tool4 ,c>e w h to be ex]cis$ to make sure t ! patt]n is completely transf]r$ to ! lea!r4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ ! patt]n %\ld be remov$ & ! l9es1 :i* w be f\nd some:at dimly trac$ on ! lea!r1 %\ld be imm$iately deep5$ by go+ ov] !m ) ! same tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( us+ ! broad tool ,! next /ep is to tool d[n ! design2 & 9 do+ ?is ! "w %\ld be turn$ "u ! tool r ?an ! tool itself on ! "w1 9 ord] t ! pressure ( ! tool may be appli$ at ! edge ( ! patt]n f>!/ f ! h&4 ,?is n only insures a correct & conv5i5t position ( ! tool1 b all[s a p]fect view ( ! "w4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! process ! broad tool %\ld be us$1 mov$ sidewise1 z %[n by ! direction ( ! arr[ 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,9 work+ up into corn]s ! n>r[ tool may be us$ if necess>y4 ,! movem5t may be describ$ z iron+ ! lea!r d[n4 ,! surface %\ld n be r\gh$ up or cut up into %\ld]s4 ,x is a process requir+ "t4 ,"o %\ld n try to get ! full dep? ) ! fir/ pressure ( ! tool4 ,"o %\ld coax ! surface & add pressure ) ea* succe$+ /roke1 tak+ c>e t ! tool does n scrape4 ,x %\ld glide2 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 beg9n]s w p]haps ne$ to be caution$ n to we> out ! surface by feeble scrat*+ & patt+4 ,a firm1 ev5 glid+ pressure does ! "w4 ,z ! lea!r dries x w be se5 t ! tool+ has giv5 x a d>k1 glossy surface4 ,:5 ! process is complet$ ! belt may be trimm$ d[n ) a firm1 sure cut ( ! knife1 us+ a /raight edge :]ev] /raight l9es are desir$4 ,,to ,,design ,,& ,,tool ,a ,,mat ,illu/ration3 ,support$ & unsupport$ circles ,! ,design & ! ,process4--,! purpose = :i* a mat is us$ requires z "o condition ( design t !re %\ld be a pla9 surface 9 ! middle4 ,if ! g5]al =m be squ>e ! design at ! corn]s %\ld be /r5g!n$4 ,if circul>1 ! design %\ld be s arrang$ t x w l5d support to ! p]fect curves ( ! circle r ?an weak5 !m4 ,9 ! ?ree outl9es giv5 bel[1 ,c %[s a =m support+ ! circle2 ,d & ,e %[ =ms t5d+ to weak5 ! circle4 ,conditions det]m9+ size are m v>iable 9 ?is problem ?an 9 o!rs1 because ( ! great v>iety ( uses :i* a mat may s]ve4 ,9 a design l t %[n 9 ,a ( ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ! portions left untool$--i4 e41 ! leaves & fruit--may be rais$ /ill m by press+ out ! lea!r f ! back by means ( a tool4 ,to d ?is ! lea!r %\ld be plac$ face d[n 9 ! palm ( ! h& or on modell+ wax1 :i* has be5 cov]$ ) a piece ( *amois or %eepsk94 ,!n by g5tly =c+ ! lea!r d[n ) a r\nd1 blunt tool su* z ! blunt end ( a nut pick ! desir$ relief 9 ! figure may be obta9$4 ,aft] ?is is done x w probably be necess>y to turn ! mat ov] & correct ! modell+4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! high] relief x is well to back x up ) cotton batt+1 soak$ 9 pa/e1 & f9ally to cov] ! entire back ) a l9+ ( silk or lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,two mat designs ,,to ,,design ,,& ,,tool ,a ,,p5 ,,wip] ,a p5 wip] consi/s ( a cov]1 :i* 9 ?is case mu/ be made ( lea!r suitable = tool+1 & sev]al leaves ( s(t mat]ial l %eepsk9 or *amois1 :i* %\ld mat* ! cov] 9 col\r4 ,! process ( tool+ ! p5 wip] does n diff] ess5tially f t already employ$ 9 ! =ego+ problems4 ,x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ ?r\gh to completion be=e ! book is made up4 ,^! p>ts are to be ti$ toge!r ) knots ( %eepsk9 ?ongs ( ! same col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,/eps 9 ty+ a knot ,! s]ies ( cuts giv5 bel[ %[ ! progressive /eps 9 =m+ ! knot1 :i* %\ld f9ally take ! %ape ( ,figure #e4 ,aft] x has be5 =m$ ! ?ongs are pass$ ?r\gh holes pun*$ 9 ! cov] & leaves ( ! p5 wip]1 & secur$ by a second knot =m$ on ! back1 resembl+ ,figure #d ) ! ends cut z close z w leave !m securely ti$4 ,illu/ration3 ,two designs = p5 wip]s ,ano!r illu/ration gives two sugge/ions = ! design3 ,a1 a rectangul> p5 wip] ti$ ) two knots at ! end2 ,b1 a circul> p5 wip] ti$ ) "o knot 9 ! middle4 ,9 ^! designs1 & inde$ 9 all o!rs1 decoration %\ld recognize 7n antagonize67 ! out] =m ( ! article to :i* x is appli$4 ,?is po9t is made 9 ! illu/ration4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,slip ,,cov] ,,= ,a ,,note-,,book ,,fill] ,illu/ration3 ,design = slip cov] ,plann+ ! ,cov]4--,! object 9 ?is problem is to make a p]man5t protection = fill]s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! fill]s !mselves may be pur*as$ = a trifl+ sum & t !y are provid$ ) a back+ ( /iff pap] :i* is design$ to be slipp$ into a pocket 9 ! back ( a lea!r cov] & ?us =m a neat pocket note-book4 ,x is evid5t t ! dim5sions ( ! fill] det]m9e ! size ( ! cov]2 b1 9 plann+ ! cov]1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to all[ suffici5t play = wid?1 l5g?1 & ?ickness aft] all ! cutt+ & sew+ are done4 ,?is means t ! /ock = ! cov] & l9+ %\ld be cut a little l>g] ?an call$ = 9 ! f9al size4 ,! design illu/rat$ %[s bo? ! outside 7,a7 & ! inside 7,b7 ( ! cov]4 ,z x is plann$ ! cov] is to be l9$ ) %eepsk9 ( h>moniz+ col\r2 b ?is may be left out if desir$1 ?\gh x1 ( c\rse1 gives a mu* bett] f9i% to put x 94 ,assembl+ ! ,p>ts4--,! fir/ /ep aft] cutt+ out ! lea!r = ! cov] is to prep>e ! lea!r & tool x1 if x is to h any decoration4 ,a piece ( lea!r %\ld be cut = ! pocket1 & ! edge 7,c7 %ap$4 ,! edges ( ! l9+ & ! pocket %\ld next be lightly pa/$ & press$ on ! cov]4 ,a l9e is !n to be rul$ ) a lea!r tool 7n ) p5cil7 on ! outside to s]ve z a guide = /it*+4 ,a ma*9e /it* may be employ$ or x may be done by h&4 ,if by ! latt] me?od x w be necess>y to pi]ce ! lea!r at equal di/ances along ! tool$ l9e4 ,h& /it*es may safely be a little long] ?an ! ma*9e /it*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,/it*+ ) two ne$les ,/it*+4--,a good way to secure equally spac$ /it*es by h& sew+ is to make use ( b[ spr+s or spac+ divid]s set to ! requir$ di/ance4 ,a m rapid way to accompli% ! same ?+ is possible by mak+ use ( a trac+ :eel1 if "o is available ( suitable size & ( ! "r spac+ betwe5 ! tee?4 ,! h& /it*+ may be done ei!r ) "o ne$le or ) two4 ,if ) "o x is be/ to sew a runn+ /it* once ar\nd ! seam & !n return1 cov]+ ! alt]nate spaces left on ! fir/ r\nd4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to use two ne$les1 "o on ea* end ( "o ?read1 select$ long en\gh to f9i% ! sew+ )\t piec+ x1 & to proce$ z illu/rat$ 9 ,a & ,b1 i4 e41 to draw "o ne$le ) its ?read ?r\gh to ! middle ( ! ?read1 z %[n 9 ,a1 & !n ! o!r ?r\gh ! next hole1 & s on alt]nately f opposite directions1 produc+ a /it* l t illu/rat$ 9 ,b4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t1 9 ! illu/ration1 ! l5g? ( ! /it* is exagg]at$ 9 ord] to %[ ! process pla9ly4 ,trimm+ & ,f9i%+4--,:5 ! sew+ is f9i%$ ! ?read is fa/5$ by d\bl+ ov] "o or two ( ! /it*es & draw+ ! ends inside betwe5 ! cov] & l9+4 ,!n a l9e %\ld be tool$ on ! cov] ab\t #a_/af ( an in* outside ( ! /it*+1 & on ?is l9e ! cov]1 l9+ & pocket are trimm$ toge!r4 ,! raw edges may be treat$ ) wat] col\r to give !m a f9i%4 ,f9ally ! cov] is moi/5$ a little & fold$ back ) firm pressure 9 ord] to e/abli% an ev5 & p]man5t b5d 9 ! lea!r4 ,,to ,,design ,,& ,,make ,a ,,desk ,,pad ,! ,design4--,! problem ( design 9 ?is case is1 fir/ ( all1 to det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ! pad1 :i* dep5d1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! use to be made ( x4 ,!n a dim5sion$ sket* %\ld be drawn 9 outl9e1 includ+ ! spac+ = ! corn]s z illu/rat$ 9 ! draw+ 7,a74 ,! only detail t w ne$ elaboration is ! corn]4 ,! %ape & decoration ( "o ( ! corn]s %\ld be c>efully laid out on ?9 pap]1 f :i* 9 due "t x may be transf]r$ to ! lea!r & tool$ z 9 o!r problems4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( ! lea!r corn] ,illu/ration3 ,outl9e ( desk pad ,mat]ial & ! ,process4--,= mak+ ! pad x w be necess>y to secure a piece ( b9d]s' bo>d--i4 e41 heavy pulp or /raw bo>d--( ! requir$ size4 ,! m$ium weight is ! be/1 & x may g5]ally be obta9$ at ! bookb9d]'s4 ,if ?is _c be obta9$1 two %eets ( #aj-ply c>d-bo>d may be us$ in/ead4 ,! size giv5 9 ! draw+ w c>ry a half %eet ( comm]cial blott+ pap]4 ,! edges ( ! pap] bo>d %\ld be b\nd ) passe-p>t\t b9d+ ( a col\r to h>monize ) ! lea!r t is to be us$2 ! /rips ( b9d+ %\ld be long en\gh to ext5d "u ! lea!r corn]s b !y ne$ n rea* up to ! corn]s ( ! bo>d4 ,aft] ! b9d+ has be5 put on1 ! top ( ! bo>d %\ld be cov]$ ) pap] also h>moniz+ 9 col\r ) ! lea!r1 & ! pap] %\ld be cut ( su* size z to lap ov] ! edge ( ! b9d+ & yet leave a suitable wid? ( ! b9d+4 ,! s-call$ cov] pap]s w be f\nd satisfactory4 ,mak+ ! ,corn]s4--,! next /ep 9 ! process is to lay out & cut ! lea!r corn]s accord+ to ! orig9al design4 ,! =m 9 :i* ! lea!r is to be cut & ! dim5sions are %[n 9 ! illu/ration ,b4 ,! little flap at x %\ld be not$4 ,x is design$ to tuck "u & close ! corn]4 ,! edges ( lea!r at x %\ld be skiv$ or ?9n$ d[n s z to add to ! neat appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,fur!r improvem5t w result f skiv+ d[n ! edges ,s ,r ,s & ,t ,v ,t ( ! l>ge flaps1 :i* are to be fold$ ov] und]nea? & pa/$ d[n to ! back ( ! bo>d4 ,! ord9>y photograph]s' pa/e is satisfactory = ?is "w4 ,:5 ! lea!r corn]s are plac$ 9 position = pa/+1 two or ?ree ?icknesses ( blott+ pap] %\ld be us$ at ea* corn]1 9 ord] to secure ! necess>y space = ! reception ( ! blott]s :5 ! bo>d is 9 use4 ,aft] ! corn]s are pa/$ on1 ! back ( ! bo>d %\ld be cov]$ ) pap] 9 ! same way z ! front1 c>e be+ tak5 to leave a portion ( ! b9d+ & lea!r expos$4 ,f9ally a numb] ( blott]s ( full size %\ld be ins]t$ 9 position "u ! corn]s to keep !m 9 %ape & ! :ole plac$ "u light pressure until dry4 ,,to ,,design ,,& ,,make ,a ,,c>d-,,case ,! ,design4--,9 ! illu/ration 7,a71 %[+ a c>d-case unfold$1 ! dim5sions give ! f9i%$ size4 ,! same c>d-case is illu/rat$ 9 ,b some:at r$uc$ 9 scale & ) ! flaps turn$ 94 ,! design on ,a is a rectangle brok5 at ! corn]s4 ,9 ?is case1 z x may be ) all simil> =ms1 ! design is treat$ z a sort ( b9d+1 ext5d+ across ! middle fold4 ,c %[s an alt]native design :i* is treat$ z a panel & may be plac$ on "o or on bo? sides ( ! c>d-case4 ,! "q ( :i* is ! top & bottom 9 su* a design z t 9 ,c c be det]m9$ only by ! own]'s habit ( hold+ a case4 ,sometimes a monogram is plac$ 9 "o ( ! inn] flaps1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,a1 or on "o ( ! out] surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,design = a c>d-case ,! ,process4--,9 cutt+ ! lea!r = a c>d-case x is necess>y to provide a piece a little l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ dim5sions 9 ord] to all[ = trimm+4 ,! design %\ld be transf]r$1 ! l9e ( /it*+ det]m9$1 & ! tool+ done1 accord+ to ! description already giv5 = ! o!r problems4 ,! ,l9+4--,a c>d-case may be l9$ ei!r ) silk or ) %eepsk91 9 a col\r to h>monize ) ! outside4 ,if l9$ ) silk x mu/ be trimm$ d[n to size accurately aft] tool+1 great c>e be+ ex]cis$ to h ! sides p>allel & ! corn]s true & squ>e4 ,!n ! silk is to be turn$ 9 at ! edges & lightly pa/$ along ! edges to a wid? ( #a_/h ( an in*1 c>e be+ tak51 h[ev]1 n to pa/e ^? portions ( ! edges t w be visible :5 ! flaps ( ! cov] are turn$ 91 i4 e41 ! middle ( ! fold ,b4 ,?is precaution %\ld be tak5 because ! pa/e may /rike ?r\gh & spot ! l9+4 ,! flaps %\ld !n be moi/5$ a little & fold$ d[n ) firm pressure2 b be=e /it*+ !y %\ld be fa/5$ d[n ) a little pa/e to =m pockets4 ,?is takes ! place ( ba/+ & is foll[$ by /it*+ z describ$ 9 ! problem ( ! note-book4 ,if l9$ ) %eepsk91 ! ooze side %[+1 ! cov] ne$ n be trimm$ d[n until aft] ! /it*+2 !n bo? may be trimm$ at once4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,lea!r ,,purse ,! ,design4--,! details ( design & con/ruction are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,9 ,a ! out] flap is %[n tool$4 ,x w be notic$ t ! cap ( ! snap fa/5] is tak5 z ! c5tral po9t 9 design4 ,! tool+ is done z direct$ 9 ! o!r examples ( ?is class ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,design = a purse ,! purse is l9$ ?r\gh\t ) lea!r4 ,x has bell[s ends1 z %[n 9 ! p]spective at ,c & 9 ! end view at ,b4 ,! patt]n ( ! bell[s end %[n 9 ,d is int5d$ to fold 9 ! middle1 br++ bo? ends ( ! lea!r toge!r & ?us giv+ an end ( d\ble ?ickness4 ,) ?9 lea!r1 su* z is us$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ?is patt]n is practicable4 ,if ?ick] lea!r be us$ ! bell[s mu/ be made ( s+le ?ickness4 ,9 ?is case ! patt]n w\ld simply be l t %[n 9 ! l[] half ( ,d4 ,! ,process4--,aft] ! l9+ is pa/$ to ! cov] a snap fa/5] %\ld be atta*$4 ,prop] c>e1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be tak5 to see t ! fa/5] comes 9 ! "r place s t ! purse w fold prop]ly4 ,! cov] & l9+ %\ld !n be trimm$ & ! lea!r surface rul$ = /it*+4 ,x is well to fold ! inn] flap ( ! purse :ile x is moi/ f pa/+4 ,f9ally a little pa/e is appli$ along ! edges ( ! bell[s ends & !y are plac$ 9 position4 ,/it*+ is />t$ at ! po9t ,e %[n 9 ! p]spective4 ,h& /it*+ is ! mo/ practicable4 ,! direction is d[n "o side1 up ! o!r1 & ar\nd ! outside flap to ! o!r bell[s end1 /opp+ at ! po9t ,f4 ,:5 ! /it*+ is complet$ ! inside flap %\ld be fold$ d[n4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,limp ,,lea!r ,,book ,,cov] ,! ,design4--,! fir/ /ep is to *oose ! book to be b\nd4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 z p]haps ! fir/ piece ( bookb9d+ und]tak51 x %\ld be a folio or section4 ,& x %\ld be wor? b9d+ 9 lea!r4 ,! subject1 ! pap]1 & ! typography %\ld be wor?y ( ! di/9ction4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical arrangem5ts suitable = tool$ lea!r cov]s ( books4 ,details ( tool+1 relief1 etc41 work$ out z 9 o!r problems4 ,! ,process4--,if ! book select$ is already b\nd or cas$ x is necess>y fir/ to remove ! b9d+ or cas+4 ,!n at lea/ ?ree fly leaves %\ld be add$1 made up to mat* ! o!r leaves ( ! folio4 ,a piece ( bookb9d]s' l95 or buckram is n[ cut to ! size ( ! op5 folio1 plac$ ^u x l a cov]1 &1 ) ! fly leaves & ! folio itself1 /it*$ ?r\gh ! back ) silk ( a col\r to h>monize ) ! lea!r4 ,! next /ep is to prep>e ! lea!r cov]4 ,to d ?is1 fir/ place ! lea!r 9 position on ! clos$ folio &1 all[+ #a_/d ( an in* at ! top & bottom & #c_/h ( an in* at ! =e edge1 m>k & cut out ! /ock = ! cov]4 ,! decoration1 if !re is to be any1 may n[ be tool$ on4 ,if ! design is heavy en\gh 9 relief to ne$ a back+1 x may be at once fill$ ) cotton batt+1 pa/$ 9 z direct$ 9 ! problem ( ! mat1 & cov]$ ) ?9 pap]4 ,/ock = ! end pap]s is n[ select$4 ,!y may be ( cov] pap]1 or ( silk1 & !y %\ld h>monize 9 col\r ) ! lea!r4 ,!y are =m$ ( two ?icknesses ( ! mat]ial *os51 by fold+ x ov] to fit into ! "p betwe5 ! l95 & ! fir/ fly leaf4 ,if ( pap] !y are to be cut to ! l5g? ( ! folio leaves1 b ! wid? is to be left ) an all[ance = adju/m5t aft] ! l95 is pa/$ 94 ,if ! end leaves are to be ( silk1 an all[ance ( #a_/d ( an in* mu/ be left = turn+ 9 at ! top1 ! bottom & ! =e edge4 ,we are n[ ready to pa/e ! l95 to ! lea!r4 ,/rong pa/e1 ) p]haps a little ?9 glue add$1 is ne$$ = ?is "p ( ! process4 ,n[ pa/e ! outside end leaves to ! l95 on ! inside ( ! cov]2 &1 if silk has be5 us$ = ^! leaves1 pa/e ! o!r two to ! out] fly leaves4 ,f9ally1 ! book %\ld be plac$ "u v g5tle pressure & kept 9 ?is condition until dry4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to adju/ ?is pressure to ! "* ( ! tool+1 if !re is any1 s z n to cru% x4 ,,copp] ,,"w ,!re is a limit$ field = metal "w 9 home decoration2 b !re are "s ?+s ( metal t comb9e beauty & utility to a rem>kable degree &1 9 _! mak+1 introduce u to mo/ int]e/+ op]ations4 ,beg9n+ ) ! gate1 :i* may be ( wr\ght iron1 or ) ! door knock]1 :i* may be ( antique brass1 we may f9d 9 e home problems ( design involv+ "w 9 metals4 ,ornam5tal h+es1 key escut*eons1 fa/5+s ( v>i\s k9ds1 &irons1 & o!r accessories ( ! he>?1 lamp hold]s1 c>d trays1 crumb trays1 bon bon di%es1 & _m o!r useful ?+s t may be made 9 attractive =ms readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,h[ "s ( ^! may be made is sugge/$ 9 ! foll[+ simple problems3 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,lett] ,,rack ,?is is an easy problem4 ,only f\r con/ructive op]ations are requir$1 viz41 cutt+ out ! /ock1 saw+ ! design1 b5d+1 & f9i%+4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! =m & ! dim5sions & sugge/s a simple design4 ,! mat]ial requir$ is #ah-;gauge s(t copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,design = a lett] rack ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process is to cut out a /rip ( copp] #h in*es long & #d in*es wide4 ,if necess>y ! edges may be trimm$ ev5 & !n ! r\nd corn]s %\ld be cut4 ,! design is trac$ on /rong1 ?9 pap] & securely pa/$ on ! copp] 9 ! prop] position by us+ cold liquid glue4 ,a hole is drill$ ?r\gh ea* unit ( ! design by means ( a h& drill1 a jewell]s' saw ins]t$1 & ! design cut4 ,"t & pati5ce w be requir$ = ?is op]ation4 ,saws are easily brok51 & new ones mu/ be atta*$ to ! saw frame & aga9 appli$ to ! "w4 ,aft] saw+ ! design x is necess>y to give ! edges a smoo? f9i%4 ,?is is done ) a file4 ,! surface :i* is to =m ! inside ( ! rack is !n ?or\ghly clean$ & poli%$ ) wat] & pumice4 ,! copp] is n[ ready to be b5t to ! requir$ %ape4 ,to d ?is prep>e a block ( h>d wood #h in*es long & #b in*es wide1 grip x 9 a b5* vise1 & clamp ! /rip ( copp] squ>ely across ! block 9 su* a position t ! sides may be b5t ov] ! edges ( ! block4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done x only rema9s to clean ! outside surface & f9i% x on ! felt buff+ :eel4 ,if a f9e poli% is desir$1 ! buff+ %\ld be prec$$ by c>eful gr9d+ ) a ,scot* wat] /one & wat]4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,lett] ,,op5] ,?is requires ! same k9d ( mat]ial z ! lett] rack & ! same op]ations1 ) ! addition ( rivet+4 ,aft] ! /ock is cut out1 trimm$ & tru$ up at ! edges1 an outl9e ( ! design is pa/$ on1 z 9 ! previ\s problem1 & ! design cut out4 ,! top is !n b5t ov] & rivet$ ) a copp] tack1 hav+ %ap$ ! head ( ! tack 9 ! vise be=e ins]t+ x4 ,:ile ! tack is be+ rivet$ ! f9i%$ head %\ld be protect$ by plac+ x on a lead block4 ,f9ally ! edge %\ld be fil$ to ! %ape %[n 9 ! cross section1 & ! :ole clean$ & poli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,design = a lett] op5] ,,to ,,make ,a ,,hat ,,p9 ,= ?is problem #ab-;gauge copp] w be ne$$4 ,! op]ations requir$ are cutt+ out1 saw+1 & s(t sold]+4 ,aft] ! necess>y /ock has be5 cut to ! requir$ %ape & ! edges fil$1 ! design is outl9$1 pa/$ on1 saw$1 & f9i%$ z be=e4 ,x is desirable to gr9d ) ! ,scot* /one & wat] to a good poli%4 ,! head w !n be ready to be atta*$ to ! p94 ,illu/ration3 ,! hat p9 ,c>efully scrape ) a knife ! portions ( ! surface :]e ! p9 is to be atta*$ 7%[n 9 ! draw+71 select a /eel p9 ( desir$ l5g?1 scrape ! surface ( ! little disk atta*$ to "o end ( x1 apply to ?is disk a little sold]+ pa/e by means ( a small /ick1 & !n1 ) a gas 7or alcohol7 bl[pipe1 melt on a bit ( s(t sold]1 :i* %\ld cov] ! :ole disk4 ,n[ place ! copp]1 outside face d[n1 on an asbe/os pad1 apply+ ! sold]+ pa/e to ! c5tral portion1 place ! disk ) its bit ( sold] on ?is portion ( ! copp]1 & fuse z be=e4 ,:5 ! copp] has cool$1 clean (f ! oxide1 :i* w h =m$1 by dipp+ 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 & poli% on ! buff+ :eel4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,belt ,,p9 ,illu/ration3 ,! belt p9 ,eighte5-gauge copp] is requir$ = ?is problem4 ,! op]ations are l ^? = ! hat p9 except t h>d sold]+ is necess>y4 ,! slight b5d+ ( ! copp]1 requir$ 9 ?is case1 is done by means ( a horn mallet & a s& pad4 ,= h>d sold]+1 ! surface mu/ be scrap$ z be=e & cov]$ ) a little borax gr\nd 9 wat] & appli$ ) a small bru%4 ,! belt plate %\ld !n be plac$ on ! asbe/os pad1 ) its convex face d[n1 & block$ up s t ! end :]e ! sold]+ is to be done is horizontal4 ,! cat* %\ld !n be plac$ 9 position ) a small piece ( silv] sold] at ! base4 ,! sold] %\ld be melt$ z be=e by means ( a m\? bl[pipe & gas or alcohol flame4 ,! h+e is sold]$ on 9 ! same way1 & f9ally ! p9 is clean$ & poli%$ = use4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,set ,,( ,,book ,,ends ,?is problem is mu* l ! fir/ "o describ$ "u metal "w4 ,sixte5-gauge copp] is requir$4 ,x may be b5t by plac+ x betwe5 two h>d wood blocks 9 a vise & hamm]+ x ) a ra:ide mallet4 ,illu/ration3 ,design = book ends ,,to ,,make ,a ,,teapot ,,/& ,illu/ration3 ,design = a teapot /& ,tw5ty-gauge copp] is requir$ = ?is problem4 ,! op]ations are simil> to ^? already describ$2 b ! cutt+ & b5d+ are mu* m difficult4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! design x w be necess>y to make a draw+ %[+ fully develop$ surfaces1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! detail ( ! corn]4 ,! f\r corn]s mu/ be m>k$ & cut exactly z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,a piece ( h>d wood is !n cut to ! size ( ! top1 #e in*es squ>e 9 ?is case1 to be us$ z a =m on :i* to b5d d[n ! sides & turn ! flanges4 ,if ! corn]s are correctly cut ! p>ts w fall naturally into place1 to be bor$ & rivet$1 z ! draw+ pla9ly %[s4 ,9 ord] to protect ! tableclo?1 ! "u side ( ! rivet holes %\ld be c\nt]sunk s t ! ends ( ! rivets may be f9i%$ smoo? & flu% ) ! "u surface4 ,z an additional protection1 a felt mat may be glu$ on ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( a corn] ,,to ,,make ,a ,,wat* ,,fob ,?is problem introduces engrav+ & enamell+1 two int]e/+ b some:at difficult op]ations4 ,! process to be c>ri$ out is z foll[s3 ,us+ #ab-;gauge copp]1 saw ! outl9e1 & apply ! design = ! "p to be enamell$ to ! copp] by sket*+ x ) a p5cil or transf]r+ x by means ( c>bon pap]4 ,!n /r5g!n ! p5cil or c>bon l9es by scrat*+ lightly ) a scrat* awl4 ,imb$ ?is fob 9 pit*1 ei!r 9 a pit* b[l or 9 a small quantity ( pit* plac$ on a piece ( bo>d clamp$ to ! b5* or table4 ,us+ an engrav+ tool1 remove ! copp] f ! spot to be enamell$ to ! dep? ( #a_/cb ( an in*4 ,x is well to h ! bottom ( ! spot reasonably level b n necess>ily smoo? & ! sides slightly und]cut4 ,be=e apply+ ! flux1 clean1 by p\r+ a small quantity ( conc5trat$ nitric acid ov] ! cut & imm$iately r9s+ x (f "u ! wat] tap4 ,flux %\ld be kept 9 a clos$ j> "u wat] aft] gr9d+1 & tak5 out z ne$$ on ! tip ( a small /rip ( copp] previ\sly clean$ ) acid4 ,en\gh flux %\ld be appli$ to cov] ! bottom ( ! spot to be enamell$2 b ! dep? ( ! spot mu/ n be fill$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,design = a wat* fob ,n[ place ! fob on a piece ( wire gauze on an iron tripod1 & apply ! flame ( ! bl[pipe to ! "u side4 ,heat v sl[ly until all ! wat] is driv5 (f1 !n =ce ! heat until ! flux is fus$4 ,all[ x to cool sl[ly1 !n remove any flux t may h adh]$ to ! surface ( ! fob by gr9d+ ) ,scot* /one4 ,clean ) acid z be=e1 fill ! spot ) enamel 9 ! same mann] z ! flux 0 appli$1 & fuse aga94 ,aft] fus+1 ! surface %\ld be /on$ aga9 to remove inequalities & aga9 fus$1 clean$ ) wat] & buff$ on ! :eel4 ,if x is desir$ to apply enamel to /]l+ silv] ! flux may be omitt$ & ! enamel appli$ directly1 b ! silv] %\ld be clean$ ) sulphuric acid in/ead ( nitric acid1 & great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 heat+ z ! fus+ po9t ( silv] is b little above t ( enamel4 ,! dep? ( ! engrav+ on ! silv] ne$ n be z great z on ! copp]4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,c>d ,,tray ,eighte5-gauge copp] %\ld be us$ = ?is problem1 & two new op]ations1 viz41 rais+ & *as+1 are introduc$4 ,aft] cutt+ out a circul> piece ( copp] to ! diamet] indicat$1 all[+ "o half an in* extra = rais+1 x is anneal$ by heat+ x to r$ heat "u ! bl[pipe flame & cool+ by dipp+ 9 a sulphuric acid pickle ba?4 ,a circle indicat+ ! inn] edge ( ! rim is lightly scrat*$1 & a h>d wood block is cut on ! end gra9 to ! %ape indicat$ 9 ! sket*1 & plac$ 9 a vise4 ,n[ hold+ ! copp] on ! block1 x is rais$ to %ape ) ! r\nd end ( ! r\gh+ hamm]4 ,x is well to anneal frequ5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,design = a c>d tray ,aft] %ap+1 ! design may be appli$ by means ( transf] pap] & ! l9es lightly scrat*$ on ! surface4 ,!n imb$ ! tray 9 pit* & outl9e ! design by foll[+ ! l9es ) a n>r[ *as+ tool4 ,rev]se ! tray on ! pit* &1 ) a *as+ tool ( suitable %ape1 raise ! body ( ! design to ! height desir$4 ,rev]se on ! pit* aga9 & ) a flat tool true ! outl9es & smoo? ! backgr\nd4 ,remove f ! pit*1 trim ! edge ( ! tray if x is =c$ out ( l9e1 clean ) pumice /one & buff4 ,illu/ration3 ,me?od ( %ap+ ) ! hamm] ,all ! =ego+ articles may be agreeably col\r$ by pa9t+ !m )1 or imm]s+ !m 91 a weak solution 7boil+7 ( liv] ( sulphur4 ,if s(t sold] has n be5 us$1 ano!r pleas+ f9i% may be secur$ by apply+ a ?9 coat ( lubricat+ oil & heat+ g5tly until ! oil is volatiliz$4 ,an antique gre5 or v]digris f9i% may be obta9$ by pa9t+ ) a mixture ( acetic acid & copp] c>bonate4 ,sev]al coats may be necess>y2 & x is desirable to lacqu] ! surface to ensure p]man5cy4 ,,"w ,,9 ,,o!r ,,mat]ials ,a ,,c&le ,,%ade ,! mat]ials & tools = ?is problem are six ply c>d-bo>d 9 dull %ades ( gray1 br[n or gre51 & ) mat surface2 ,japanese pap] ( av]age ?ickness2 passe-p>t\t b9d+ a little d>k] ?an ! c>d-bo>d & ( h>moniz+ col\r2 pa/e2 a p5knife ) a ?9 blade2 & a wat] col\r outfit4 ,( ! draw+s includ$ 9 ! gr\p on ! opposite page "o %[s a developm5t ( ! surface ( ! c&le %ade :i* is ! subject ( ?is problem4 ,ref]r+ to ! elevation x w be se5 t if ! edges ,,ae & ,,dh be cont9u$ until !y meet at ,o1 ,,oe & ,,oh are really equal to ! radii ( ! out] arc ( ! developm5t %[n 9 ! upp] "p ( ! gr\p1 & ,,oa & ,,od1 to ! radii ( ! inn] arc4 ,?is upp] develop$ surface really =ms ! patt]n ( ! c&le %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,details ( c&le %ade ,! decoration consi/s ( op5+s cut ?r\gh ! c>d-bo>d segm5ts4 ,^! are cov]$ ) ,japanese pap]1 ?us all[+ light to pass ?r\gh1 b add+ ! effect ( col\r4 ,a m>g9 ( #c_/h ( an in* is all[$ along ! op5+s1 ! rema9+ spaces be+ divid$ by p>titions ( c>d-bo>d1 z %[n 9 ! diff]5t typical designs at ! "r ( ! illu/ration4 ,x w be notic$ t ! gr\p ( op5+s =m+ ! decoration ( "o side con=ms 9 ! ma9 to ! %ape ( t side4 ,x w also be notic$ t !re is a v>iety ( size & %ape 9 ! op5+s1 b t !y all %[ a c]ta9 unity & h>mony ( space division4 ,! op5+s are cut ) a p5knife1 c>e be+ tak5 to make z clean a cut z possible4 ,japanese pap]1 ( pale gre51 orange1 or "s suitable light col\r1 is pa/$ "u ! op5+s4 ,! process ( pa/+ is "o t requires "s c>e4 ,x is well to pa/e only a portion ( ! pa/ebo>d at a "t tak+ c>e n to use m pa/e ?an necess>y & n to let any get ov] ! edges ( ! op5+s4 ,! pap] %\ld be press$ on :ile ! pa/e is /ill moi/1 & ! pap] itself %\ld1 ( c\rse1 n be pa/$ at all4 ,x %\ld be plac$ ) col\r side next to ! op5+s4 ,:5 ! pa/e is dry ! c>d-bo>d %\ld be lightly scor$ on ! l9es ,,ae1 ,,bf1 etc41 & b5t on ^! l9es1 br++ ! sectors toge!r into ! =m ( ! %ade & fa/5+ !m at ! top & bottom tempor>ily ) a bit ( passe-p>t\t b9d+4 ,if ! b9d+ is ( ! ord9>y wid? 7#g_/h ( an in*71 x %\ld be cut l5g?wise into two /rips ( equal wid?1 to be us$ = m\nt+ ! edges4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to run ! b9d+ along m ?an "o edge4 ,! sep>at$ /rips %\ld !n be cut ! exact l5g? = ea* top & bottom edge & appli$ "o at a "t4 ,!n ! side edges are b\nd1 ) ! apex ( ! angle at ! middle ( ! b9d+4 ,:5 ! b9d+ is firmly fa/5$ x is c>efully trimm$ (f at ! top & bottom4 ,,electric ,,light ,,p5dants ,illu/ration3 ,a sev5-light fixture ,two designs = su* p5dants are illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+s4 ,!y 7 d]iv$ f sugge/ions 9 ! ,craftsman1 & 7 successfully work$ out 9 remodell+ a h\se4 ,! sev5-light fixture consi/s ( a circul> p5dant-bo>d ab\t #cj in*es 9 diamet]1 made f #b-;in* pla9 oak /ock1 cut into #fj-;degree segm5ts &1 ) spl9$ jo9ts1 glu$ up to =m a circul> piece :i* 0 turn$ up on a l>ge la!4 ,an op5 space #g in*es 9 diamet] 0 left 9 ! l>g] circle1 :i* 0 cov]$ by a cup-%ap$ cap turn$ f pla9 oak /ock & atta*$ to ! l>g] circle by screws4 ,! consid]able op5+ cov]$ by ?is cap conta9$ ! cut out & ! wir+ necess>y = connect+ ) ea* ( ! sev5 lights4 ,sev5 m$ium-siz$ hooks ( composition metal 7 procur$ :i* _h l>ge1 co>se ?read$ screws4 ,a #c_/af-;in* hole 0 drill$ l5g?wise ?r\gh ! %anks ( ^! hooks4 ,holes 7 bor$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! arc ( ea* segm5t 9 ! bo>d circle to receive ^! hooks4 ,:5 ! fixture 0 assembl$ ! wires = ea* light 7 c>ri$ f ! cut out across a *annel made = t purpose on ! upp] surface ( ! bo>d1 pass$ d[n ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! %ank ( ! hook1 wov5 into ! l9ks ( ! *a9 p5dant & connect$ ) ! correspond+ bulb socket aft] pass+ ?r\gh ano!r hook1 l ^? describ$ above1 :i* l9k$ ! socket to ! *a94 ,z a f9i% ar\nd ! hooks %all[ cups ( beat5 copp] 7 fa%ion$ ov] a wood5 =m1 turn$ = ! purpose1 & oxidiz$ to a tone some:at d>k] ?an ! br[n ( ! oak bo>d4 ,copp] cups 9 a conv5tional petal design 7 made to place ov] ea* ( ! bulbs4 ,! *a9s 7 also oxidiz$ to con=m ) ! o!r metal "w4 ,! entire comb9ation 0 satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,a five-light fixture ,ano!r design = ! d9+-room ( ! same h\se & mu* easi] to con/ruct is also illu/rat$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! squ>e =m in/ead ( ! circle is c>ri$ out consi/5tly 9 ! woodwork & metal caps4 ,^! caps & ! *a9s are 9 natural brass ( a dull f9i%4 ,! %ades are ( gr\nd glass1 decorat$ ) a fl[] design 9 heavy black l9es4 ,! c5tral light has a l>g] %ade ?an ! o!rs1 :olly enclos$4 ,9 ?is "o is plac$ a r$ inc&esc5t bulb = use :5ev] su* decorative effect is desir$4 ,,decorative ,,=g+s ,9 ! /ory ( ! design+ & build+ ( ! model h\se ref]5ce 0 made to contributions f ! =ge %op4 ,among ^! 7 ! &irons1 door knock]1 lant]n bracket1 & o!r articles %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t all wr\ght iron "w t has any reality 9 x requires an equipm5t especially adapt$ to its production4 ,!re mu/ be a good =ge & fire1 an anvil1 & prop] tools1 all 9 ! h&s ( a workman ( "s exp]i5ce & skill4 ,successful =ge "w c h>dly be consid]$ among ! h&icrafts easily adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! amateur work+ )\t in/ruction & ) poor equipm5t4 ,b ) good tools1 prop] equipm5t1 & a little exp]i5ce any clev] boy w be able to design & fa%ion _m useful articles = ! home :i* h real arti/ic m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,decorative ,=g+s4 ,plate ,,xvi ,= ! fireplace1 9 addition to &irons1 !re may be made ! %ovel1 pok]1 & tongs1 & possibly ! old-fa%ion$ crane & pot hooks4 ,o!r fixtures t may be made are ceil+ hooks1 lant]n brackets = ! wall or = lant]n po/s1 /&>ds = ! newel po/1 ! hall lant]n or ! por* lant]n1 ! lat* & ! knock] = ! door1 &1 if ! ar*itectural design p]mits1 h+es1 plates1 & bolts = ! door4 ,?is li/ by no means exhau/s ! uses ( wr\ght iron 9 h\se decoration4 ,x may be ext5d$ to include draw pulls1 key escut*eons1 furniture h&les & h+es ( great v>iety1 nails ) ornam5tal heads = use ) heavy con/ruction1 & _m small articles su* z trivets = /eam kettles1 toa/+ =ks1 c&le hold]s1 & _m o!r useful articles :i* h also decorative value4 ,,xii ,,conclud+ ,,sugge/ions ,,c\ntry ,,homes ,to "k :at y pref]1 in/ead ( humbly say+ am5 to :at ! _w tells y y ought to pref]1 is to h kept y\r s\l alive4--,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son ,ke5 obs]v]s ( ,am]ican cu/oms1 :o h /udi$ ! developm5t ( our ta/e 9 h\se design+ & furni%+1 tell u t ! be/ expression ( our art 9 ar*itecture & home decoration is to be f\nd 9 our c\ntry homes4 ,!y d n ov]look1 ( c\rse1 a beautiful public build+ 9 ?is city or t1 p]haps t5 altoge!r1 or an occasional private resid5ce on ,millionaire ,av5ue1 :i* are monum5ts to ! g5ius ( ! m5 :o creat$ !m & ( :i* any c\ntry may be pr\d4 ,:at !y mean is t z a p we seek & secure ! "r comb9ation ( utility & beauty 9 our homes m frequ5tly 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city4 ,at fir/ ?\ght su* a criticism may seem to be an exagg]ation4 ,is x reasonable1 we ask1 t p ( good s5se1 su* z mo/ ,am]icans are1 really succe$ bett] 9 plann+1 build+1 & decorat+ ! h\ses :i* !y are to occupy b a few weeks 9 ! summ] ?an !y d 9 develop+ _! city homes8 ,we are told t x is true & t !re are good reasons = x4 ,simplicity ( ,c\ntry ,life4--,x is ! life 9 ! c\ntry & at ! sea%ore t is ! simple life1 ! natural life1 ! life t sets u free f ! accumulat$ burd5 ( m]e ?+s4 ,"h we come to =get = a "t ! _m & f9d pleasure 9 ! few4 ,"h we are to feel ! joy ( liv+4 ,nature is all ab\t u1 & %e gives ( h] b\nty freely4 ,our wants are few because we are s well satisfi$ ) ! free gifts4 ,:at wants we h keep /ep ) our ne$s "h z !y d n[h]e else4 ,we c>e less = :at o!rs h2 we are m individual1 m rational4 ,"h we g5]ally dem& :at we really ne$ & we m frequ5tly obta9 x4 ,& ?is is true :e!r x be some?+ t appeals to ! /hetic side ( our natures or :e!r x be t :i* m9i/]s to our mat]ial ne$s4 ,9 seek+ ! beautiful = ! simple home 9 ! c\ntry we d n s (t5 =get ! useful2 = "h1 away f ! _w ( museums & /udios & collections1 we le>n t art is possible )\t pa9t+s & /atu>y4 ,9 ! ext]ior =m & col\r+ ( ! %+l$ cottage1 set l a gem on ! hillside or by ! sea1 9 ! h>moni\s arrangem5t ( its int]iors1 ) e article ( furniture *os5 only = use & com=t & plac$ :]e ne$$1 & ) decorations1 *e]ful b re/ra9$ & subord9ate1 sugge/ive ( m glori\s col\rs & m int]e/+ ?+s 9 ! _w )\t--9 su* surr\nd+s we h beauty & utility comb9$4 ,"h we h ! "t & ! opportunity to realize ! tru? t all art is "o & t x may f9d 9 ! problems ( decoration 9 ! c\ntry home1 if n its highe/ mission1 its mo/ op5 field = giv+ to appreciative p ! pleasure ( see+ & enjoy+ ! beautiful4 ,opportunities = ,con/ructive ,art4--,if x be true t !re is a m univ]sal recognition ( ! true pr9ciples ( art 9 ! bett] class ( our c\ntry homes ?an 9 our city homes1 x is pro(1 if pro( be ne$$1 t ! elem5ts ( art expression are f\nd 9 ! simple1 natural mat]ials ( e-day life4 ,x may be t 9 ! developm5t ( art amid simple surr\nd+s necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion1 & t1 m or less naturally1 simplicity is ?ru/ ^u u4 ,! g5]al habit ( our "t is to ext5d ! vacation p]iod 9 ! c\ntry or at ! sea%ore to ! po9t ( mak+ a home !re = e summ] season4 ,b only a few c c>ry weal? & elegance ) !m4 ,a great majority mu/ be satisfi$ ) simple & inexp5sive homes4 ,at fir/ we accept !m z ! only ?+ possible1 & !n we discov] t 9 _! v simplicity !y (f] ! be/ ( opportunities = true /hetic expression4 ,& ?is opportunity is l>gely = ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! family--= ! boys & girls ^: vacation p]iod is m ext5d$1 ^: int]e/ 9 ! summ] home is p]haps ! m vital & ^: imag9ation is ! m susceptible to ! art sugge/ions ( nature4 ,we h se5 t x is possible = boys & girls to build & furni% a h\se "u ! exact+ requirem5ts ( city life4 ,h[ mu* easi] x mu/ be to build a cottage = ! summ] season1 decorat+ & furni%+ x 9 h>mony ) ! simple ne$s ( a vacation home4 ,if su* a sugge/ion meet ) acceptance1 ^? :o und]take ! "w w f9d mu* practical help 9 ! problems outl9$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,x is n expect$1 ( c\rse1 t ! directions !re giv5 w always be exactly foll[$4 ,9 ! furniture problems1 = example1 s(t woods l p9e & spruce may be sub/itut$ = ! h>d] woods specifi$4 ,v attractive z well z v useful simple furniture has be5 made 9 ?is way at a m]ely nom9al exp5se4 ,/a9+ & f9i%+ may easily br+ x into h>mony ) col\r s*emes2 b ! bright1 fre% col\r ( new p9e & spruce is 9 itself by no means unattractive4 ,! smoo?1 expos$ beams ( ! ceil+s & walls1 if ( well *os5 /ock1 may be /a9$ a beautiful gray gre5 or a s(t br[n4 ,a good col\r sugge/ion may be f\nd 9 ! wea!r$ gray ( ! hewn timb]s ( v old build+s4 ,! effect ( a ceil$-up wall or ( a dado may be easily obta9$ by /ret*+ burlap or d5im ov] ! /udd+ or ov] a back+ ( inexp5sive %ea?+4 ,^! mat]ials are v durable & inexp5sive1 & !y may be f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( beautiful %ades4 ,!y make excell5t portires4 ,a light]1 ?9n] mat]ial l scrim is bett] = w9d[ drap]ies4 ,all ^! fabrics af=d good surfaces = decoration by /5cill+4 ,/a9$ or pa9t$ s(t wood floors1 cov]$ ) grass clo? rugs or ! m da9ty h& wov5 rugs l ^? describ$ 9 ! *apt] on weav+1 ) simple1 useful furniture1 a picture or two1 & a few *oice pieces ( pott]y1 complete ! equipm5t = a *>m+ liv+ room4 ,if x all be ! product ( home indu/ry1 ! ca% outlay = ! mat]ial ne$ n be ov] =ty doll>s1 ?\gh an outlay ( t5 times t am\nt = bett] mat]ials w\ld n 9 ! lea/ int]f]e ) su* a room be+ decorat$ & furni%$ by ! unaid$ lab\rs ( ! amateur arti/s & craftsm5 ( ! family4 ,illu/ration3 ,a fireplace 9 field rock ,! *ief exp5se w\ld naturally be = ! liv+ room1 d9+-room1 & kit*54 ,! d9+-room1 h[ev]1 may well be simply a corn] or alcove ( a l>ge liv+ room4 ,su* an arrangem5t greatly increases ! value ( a s+le fireplace1 :i* w be requir$ to give ! summ] home ! s5se ( p]fect com=t4 ,?is may be ( r\gh field rock & %\ld be l>ge en\gh to take "o-cut fireplace wood4 ,! *amb] furni%+s may be v simple inde$4 ,furniture deal]s make a po9t ( supply+ b$s1 bureaus1 *airs1 & cab9ets ( simple design1 unf9i%$1 s t ! pur*as] may /a9 !m to h>monize ) any desir$ col\r s*eme4 ,b su* furniture1 or good sub/itutes = x1 c be made v inexp5sively4 ,= example1 ! /ock = a good b$ w n co/ ov] sev5ty-five c5ts4 ,cases provid$ ) %elves & curta9s 9 place ( draw]s1 made at a ca% outlay possibly ( "o doll>1 w s]ve = bureaus4 ,! co/ ( mat]ials = build+ an eight-room cottage 9 e way satisfactory ne$ n exce$ five hundr$ doll>s2 & su* a cottage c\ld be beautifully furni%$ by clev] boys & girls at an exp5se = mat]ials ( "o hundr$ & fifty or p]haps two hundr$ doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,an inexp5sive b$ ,9 ! ext]ior f9i%+ ( summ] cottages nature g5]ally ne$s v little assi/ance4 ,no col\rs h>monize s well ) ! gray rocks1 s]e fields & m>%es1 & ! ev]gre5 trees by ! sea%ore1 z ! wea!r$ grays ( ! %+l$ cottage4 ,! w9d[ frames1 door frames & fac+s1 pa9t$ to pres]ve !m1 may be ( ! same col\r or 9 dull gre5 or br[n1 pla9ly m>k+ ! outl9es ( ! h\se b )\t unpleasant contra/s4 ,a /a9$ ro( 9 slate gray or creosote br[n is also 9 keep+4 ,! und]p9n+ & outside *imneys 9 ! field rock ( ! locality are em95tly fitt+4 ,! h\se among ! hills w /& m col\r because ! col\rs ( nature are ri*]1 especially 9 ! autumn season4 ,b :]ev] ! h\se may be1 x %\ld repeat 9 its l>g] surfaces ! prevail+ col\r tones ( its natural sett+4 ,x %\ld seem to fit into its surr\nd+s z if x belong$ !re & w\ld always rema9 !re1 a "p ( ! simple1 natural beauty all ar\nd x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a c\ntry h\se ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,press1 ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,spell+ is ! same mix ( ,,u_/,,uk z o!rs 9 s]ies 7eg color_/col\r7 ,correct$ obvi\s typos3 tell - tells arrrangem5t - arrangem5t ,,crohet$ - ,,cro*et$ ,,/5cil+ - ,,/5cill+ on acc\nt - on acc\nt ( w be be - w be reta9 - & reta9s expecially - especially ,portires_/,porti]es f\nd ) & w_/o acc5t 9 equal p>ts 7left z 9 text 9 ea* case7 ,hyph5ation made consi/5t3 wood-"w - woodwork outdoor - out-door