,,sup]/ition ,,9 ,,m$ic9e ,,sup]/ition ,,9 ,,m$ic9e ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,dr4 ,,hugo ,,magnus ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,f ,,! ,,g]man1 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,julius ,l4 ,,sal+] ,late ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e1 ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college2 ,physician to ! ,philadelphia ,g5]al ,hospital1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london #aijh ,,copyright1 #aije1 ,,by ,,funk ,,wagnalls ,,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,publi%$1 ,april1 #aije ,,preface ,! hi/ory ( m$ic9e is closely int]l9k$ ) ! developm5t ( !ology4 ,! errors ( "o are = ! mo/ "p reflect$ 9 ! mi/akes ( ! o!r4 ,no matt] h[ obscure & d>k ! orig9 ( ei!r1 :e!r d]iv$ f ignorance & sup]/ition or n1 ! ultimate a*ievem5t alone mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,we d n reject *emi/ry because x orig9at$ 9 al*emy1 we d n disreg>d a/ronomy because its roots are entw9$ ) ! tea*+s ( a/rology1 & s 9 !ology & m$ic9e we look to ! f9al issue4 ,! /atem5ts set =? 9 ?is book %\ld n be con/ru$ z reflect+ ! developm5t ( !ology or m$ic9e at ! "t1 b z ! belief ( ! p exi/+ 9 ^! p]iods4 ,philosophy may h be5 pure1 b if ! m9d ( man 0 faulty ! responsibility mu/ n be laid at ! door ( sci5ce4 ,x is ! function ( ! hi/orian tru?fully to depict ! ?\ght & _s ( ! "t ( :i* he writes4 ,?is has be5 attempt$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,x is n a criticism ( a sy/em1 b a criticism ( man4 ,!re c be no d\bt t absurd sup]/itions are /ill exi/5t = :i* ! tw5tie? c5tury w be sev]ely criticiz$ 9 "t to come4 ,?us ! words ( our m>tyr$ ,presid5t may well be us$ z a motto = ?is book3 8,) malice t[>ds none1 ) *>ity = all40 ,! la/ *apt] ( ?is book has be5 add$ by ! translator1 z x seem$ necess>y = ! full discussion ( ! subject4 ,,julius ,l4 ,,sal+]4 ,,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition8 #a ,,ii4 ,,!ism ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,9 ,,its ,,/ruggle ,,) ,,! ,,physico-,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,( ,,life #g ,,iii4 ,,religion ,,! ,,support ,,( ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition #bc ,,iv4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,philosophy ,,^u ,,! ,,=m ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition #hi ,v4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ce ,,to ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition #abh ,,vi4 ,,influ5ce ,,ex]t$ ,,^u ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,sup]/ition ,,by ,,m$ic9e ,,itself #ahe ,,vii4 ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition ,,& ,,insanity #aia ,,bibliography #bja ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,circle ,,( ,,petosiris #ada ,,circle ,,( ,,petosiris #adc ,,! ,,table ,,( ,,democritus #ade ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body ,,to ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac #aei ,,v5esection ,,9 ,,its ,,a/ronomical ,,connection #age ,i ,,:at ,,is ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition8 ,fai? & sup]/ition are tw9 bro!rs4 ,al?o ! =m] leads humanity to its sublime/ ideals & ! latt] only pres5ts u ) a c>icature ( human k1 bo? are *ildr5 ( ! same family4 ,bo? orig9ate 9 a s5se ( ! inadequacy ( human sci5ce 9 reg>d to natural ph5om5a4 ,! fact t ! mo/ important processes ( organic life c n be trac$ to _! ultimate orig91 b t _! inve/igation w soon lead to a po9t ( irresi/ible opposition to fur!r analysis1 has always call$ =? a feel+ ( impot5cy & dep5d5ce 9 ! human m9d4 ,?is consci\sness ( be+ dep5d5t ^u factors :i* are entirely beyond human und]/&+ has ?us giv5 rise to ! metaphysical ne$ ( reflect+ ^u ^! my/]i\s factors1 & br++ !m )9 rea* ( human compreh5sion4 ,humanity1 9 attempt+ to satisfy su* a metaphysical requirem5t f an e?ical /&po9t1 creat$ fai?1 :i* subsequ5tly f\nd expression 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( religion4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is essay to consid] h[ f> ,div9e revelations h be5 v\*saf$ on ?is subject4 ,sup]/ition und\bt$ly ent]$ ! sc5e :51 simultane\sly ) ^!1 endeavors 7 made to consid] & to expla9 physical processes f ! /&po9t ( su* metaphysical requirem5ts4 ,x is true t ?is did n1 at fir/1 lead to a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 fai? & sup]/ition2 = a p]iod exi/$ 9 :i* fai? & sup]/ition--i4e41 ! metaphysical consid]ation ( e?ical values & ! metaphysical consid]ation ( ! entire ph5om5a ( life--7 n only equival5t1 b ev5 m]g$ into "o conception4 ,?is occurr$ 9 an age 9 :i* mank9d consid]$ all t]re/rial processes1 :e!r !y 7 ( a psy*ical or ( a mat]ial nature1 z imm$iately caus$ by ! /eady int]f]5ce ( sup]natural p[]s--a p]iod dur+ :i* ! deity 0 held responsible = all t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod fai? became sup]/ition1 & sup]/ition1 fai?4 ,a sep>ation did n take place until "s especially enlight5$ m9ds began to evolve ! idea t x w\ld be m reasonable to expla9 natural ph5om5a--temporal becom+1 be+1 & pass+ away--by natural r ?an by sup]natural causes4 ,! reaction aga9/ ?is bett] int]pretation1 ! t5aci\s adh]5ce to ! orig9al association ( t]re/rial manife/ations ) metaphysical factors1 creat$ ! sup]/ition ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,! bir? ( sup]/ition 9 ! ,greek _w mu/ be plac$ ab\t ! sev5? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ,?ales ( ,miletus came =w>d ) 8 endeavor to expla9 natural processes 9 a natural mann]4 ,?is attempt ( ! ,milesian is ! initiation ( a rational sci5tific conception ( natural manife/ations1 & ! anci5t !i/ic consid]ation ( nature became sup]/ition only 9 opposition to su* a view4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t :at holds good ) reg>d to ! int]pretation ( natural manife/ations 9 g5]al holds good 9 m$ic9e especially4 ,"h1 also1 sup]/ition came into "q only :51 besides ! orig9al !i/ic conception ( ! functions ( ! body & besides ! metaphysical treatm5t ( ! sick1 a valuation ( ! normal z well z ( ! morbid ph5om5a ( ! human organism came into vogue :i* took into acc\nt t]re/rial causes4 ,n until ?is /age 0 rea*$ did !ism & !urgy lose _! title & become sup]/ition2 until !n !y c\ld claim fulle/ acceptance 9 m$ic9e z ?or\ghly logical consequ5ces ( ! prevail+ !ory ( life4 ,?is took place1 s f> z ,greek m$ic9e 0 conc]n$1 at ab\t ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,! ,corpus ,hippocraticum already %[s u ,greek m$ic9e z be+ purifi$ f all !i/ic sophi/ications & only reckon+ ) natural causes4 ,:5 ?is sep>ation mu/ h tak5 place = pre-,greek1 ,indian1 ,assyrian1 & ,egyptian culture c n be at pres5t det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,= ! ,egyptian & ,babylonico-,assyrian manuscripts1 s f> kn[n1 %[ an intimate admixture ( true obs]vation ( nature ) !i/ic speculations--i4e41 a treatm5t ( m$ic9e :i*1 al?o x took acc\nt ( physico-natural manife/ations1 0 /ill deeply t9ctur$ ) sup]/ition4 ,accord+ to :at we h /at$1 m$ical sup]/ition might be def9$ z foll[s3 8,belief t ! normal z well z ! pa?ological manife/ations ( organic life may be expla9$ & ev5tually treat$1 )\t consid]ation ( _! physical nature1 by means ( sup]natural ag5cies40 ,m$ical sup]/ition v>ies accord+ to ! k9d & ! orig9 ( ^! sup]natural causes1 & !re=e appe>s 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( =ms4 ,if ^! causes 7 look$ = 9 cele/ial regions1 m$ical sup]/ition became ve/$ ) ! religi\s g>b1 & its s\rce 0 9 ! religi\s cult2 b if ! belief prevail$ t ,god %>$ ! dom9ation ( ! _w ) o!r my/]i\s elem5ts1 su* z 7 embodi$ 9 diff]5t =ms 9 accordance ) ! v>i\s philosophical sy/ems1 m$ical sup]/ition bore a philosophical & my/ical /amp ^: orig9 is reveal$ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,b if c]ta9 my/]i\s p[]s hidd5 9 ! womb ( nature or active above ! e>? 7 consid]$ to influ5ce human life1 m$ical sup]/ition assum$ a physical "*4 ,h[ev]1 x frequ5tly foll[$ t ! above ?ree factors act$ simultane\sly or 9 v>y+ comb9ations1 or c]ta9 o!r elem5ts :i* 7 inh]5t 9 human nature coop]at$4 ,= ?is reason x is sometimes n q easy to decide z to ! s\rce f :i* ?is or t =m ( m$ical sup]/ition pr9cipally d]iv$ its p]si/5t curr5cy4 ,b1 nev]!less1 x is our int5tion to divide our subject 9 accordance ) ! s\rces f :i* ! sev]al =ms ( m$ical sup]/ition spr+1 z x is absolutely impossible to obta9 a satisfactory view ( ! ext5sive mat]ial )\t fir/ attempt+ a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! data at h&4 ,b be=e attempt+ to inquire :y ! pure/ & mo/ valuable f\nta9s ( all human k--religion1 philosophy1 & natural sci5ce--h at ! same "t become s\rces ( m$ical sup]/ition1 x w be advisable to expla9 ! "* :i* m$ical sci5ce _h assum$ "u ! exclusive dom9ation ( !ism1 & h[ conditions %ap$ !mselves :5 physico-me*anical philosophy appe>$ & began to d battle ) ! !i/ic conception ( life4 ,^! conditions play$ su* a special "p 9 ! developm5t ( m$ico-physical sup]/ition t x becomes necess>y fir/ to exam9e _! p[] & t5d5cy be=e attempt+ to contemplate m$ical sup]/ition prop]4 ,,ii ,,!ism ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,9 ,,its ,,/ruggle ,,) ,,! ,,physico-,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,( ,,life ,z we expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 ! developm5t ( all peoples has pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod dur+ :i* m$ico-physical k f\nd expression exclusively 9 ! tea*+s ( religion4 ,by !ism we mean ! sy/em :i* endeavors to expla9 natural ph5om5a by sup]natural causes4 ,h[ev]1 ?is view ( nature1 ) its t+e ( religion1 did n z yet %[ any trace ( sup]/ition4 ,x 0 r ! only ju/ifiable conception ( nature & ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ! p[] ( compreh5sion ( man1 until x began to dawn ^u ! m9d t natural ph5om5a might be due to natural causes4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( :i* we /at$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is inve/igation1 t fai? became sup]/ition & sup]/ition became fai?4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is "t t ! p[]s above 7 held acc\ntable = all bodily ailm5ts ( mank9d4 ,x 0 _! task mo/ c>efully to obs]ve ! functional processes ( ! human body 9 all its phases1 & to protect _! undi/urb$ cont9uance4 ,b z ! inhabitants ( heav51 l ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 7 subject to :ims1 x happ5$ v (t51 un=tunately1 t !y att5d$ to _! task ( protect+ ! undi/urb$ developm5t ( ! vegetative z well z ! animal functions ( ! body 9 a v unsatisfactory mann]1 sometimes1 9 fact1 ev5 purposely neglect+ x4 ,?us di/urbances occurr$ 9 ! regul> c\rse ( organic life1 & ?is br\ght diseases into ! _w4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! gods 7 directly responsible = ! appe>ance ( disease1 x 0 palpably _! duty to effect its elim9ation4 ,?us x came ab\t t pa?ology & !rapy 7 exclusively att5d$ to by ! gods4 ,b 9 :at light !y reg>d$ ^! m$ical duties ( !irs1 & h[ !y p]=m$ !m1 7 matt]s subject to v v>y+ consid]ations1 z exp\nd$ by ! diff]5t religions ( antiquity4 ,! ,babylonian consid]$ ! great god ,m>duk ! expell] ( all maladies1 :]eas ,urugal1 ,namtor1 & ,n]gal 7 recogniz$ gods ( pe/il5ce4 ,simil> ideas prevail$ among ! ,egyptians4 ,! cat-head$ goddess ,buba/is 0 believ$ to deal out to mo!rs ! bless+s ( f]tility4 ,ibis %[$ an especial int]e/ 9 ^? human be+s :o 7 tr\bl$ ) di/urbances ( dige/ion1 & ?is int]e/ f\nd b5evol5t expression 9 ! inv5tion ( ! cly/]4 ,) ! ,greeks also ! gods r5d]$ s]vices to diseas$ humanity4 ,?us ,apollo inv5t$ ! art ( heal+1 & if 8 "t p]mitt$ he occasionally l5t a h& :5 difficulties beset ! entrance into ?is _w ( a "y mortal4 ,b1 z a rule1 x 0 ! duty ( ,aphrodite to att5d to su* cases1 j z1 9 fact1 %e 0 responsible = ev]y?+ t ref]r$ to love1 no matt] :e!r x 0 a "q ( ! e/hetic or ! pa?ological "p ( t passion4 ,a!ne 0 ! speciali/ 9 oph?almology1 & x seems t %e did n f>e badly ) ?is occupation4 ,a temple 0 d$icat$ to h] by ,lycurgus1 :om1 z x appe>s1 %e heal$ ( a sympa!tic affection ( ! eyes2 &1 besides1 %e won by h] oph?almological activity v>i\s ornam5tal epi!ts1 su*1 = in/ance1 z 1 etc4 ,x 0 q natural1 9 view ( ! exclusively !i/ic conception :i* 9 ^? times preoccupi$ ! human m9d1 t ! prie/s 7 ! sole possessors ( physico-m$ical k2 & naturally s4 ,= :5 we consid] ! !ory ( life t prevail$ at t p]iod1 :o c\ld h be5 bett] qualifi$ to give in=mation to m5 reg>d+ _! own body z well z reg>d+ nature 9 g5]al1 ?an ! prie/1 ! mortal repres5tative ( immortal gods8 ,& :o bett] qualifi$ ?an ! prie/ to invoke ! aid ( ! heav5ly p[]s 9 all bodily ailm5ts8 ,?us x 0 ! unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! !i/ic !ory ( life t ! prie/ 0 ! physician z well z ! repres5tative ( physical k & also ! help] & advis] 9 all mundane exig5cies4 ,:e!r bodily or psy*ic tr\bles afflict$ individuals1 :e!r an entire population groan$ "u heavy *a/isem5ts l pe/il5ce1 aid & deliv]ance 7 always s\ght 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! gods1 f ! infallible prie/4 ,& ! prie/s 7 always equal to ! occasion2 !y h always1 9 a ma/]ly mann]1 kn[n ! art ( satisfy+ ! m$ico-physical ne$s ( _! suppliants4 ,= ! religions ( all civiliz$ peoples--& ,*ri/ianity by no means occupies an exceptional position 9 ?is respect--h always endeavor$ mo/ /r5u\sly to keep physical z well z m$ical ?\ght 9 /ricte/ dep5d5ce ^u _! doctr9es & dogmas4 ,to atta9 ?is end v>i\s c]emonies1 cu/oms1 & dogmas 7 reli$ ^u to keep ! prie/s 9 a position to secure ! assi/ance ( ! gods = humanity h>ass$ by pa9 & affliction4 ,^! sacr$ obs]vances 7 /range1 & v>i$ ) ! v>i\s religi\s sy/ems4 ,accord+ to ! primeval cult ( ,zoroa/]1 all evils1 consequ5tly also all diseases1 7 d]iv$ f ! pr9ciple ( d>kness :i* 0 embodi$ 9 ! p]son ( ,ahriman1 & only ! sac]dotal ca/e ( ! magicians :o sprung f a special ,m$ian tribe 0 able to heal !m4 ,b x 0 by no means easy to become a memb] ( ?is ca/e & to acquire ! magic p[]s p]ta9+ to x alone4 ,x 0 necess>y be=e ga9+ ma/]y ov] ! p[]s ( nature to become initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ,mitra4 ,h[ev]1 aft] prie/ly consecration _h once be5 be/[$1 ! individual ?us honor$ bore ! pr\d title 8,conqu]or ( ,evil10 & 0 able to practise m$ic9e4 ,z ! mo/ ess5tial con/itu5t ( e m$ical treatm5t1 ! div9e ^w 0 appli$ 9 ! =m ( my/]i\s exorcisms1 sacr$ hymns1 & c]ta9 words :i* 7 consid]$ specially curative 9 effect1 p>ticul>ly ! ^w 8,ormuzd10 ! "n ( ! highe/ god1 9 ^: all-embrac+ p[] ( heal+ great confid5ce 0 plac$4 ,! ,sum]ians1 ! precursors ( ,babylonico-,assyrian culture1 ascrib$ a consid]able & important rle to dreams4 ,!y 7 consid]$ to br+ direct m$ical advice f ! gods1 & x became ! (fice ( ! sac]dotal physician to int]pret ! dream 9 su* a way z to alleviate ! suff]+s ( ! dream]4 ,! anci5t ,greek culture also conc$$ a conspicu\s m$ical significance to dreams1 & ev5 arrang$ a sy/em ( its own1 t ( ! temple sleep1 9 ord] always to obta9 prophesy+ dreams f ! gods4 ,! pati5t1 aft] ! obligatory (f]+1 0 requir$ to rema9 a night 9 ! temple1 & 8 dream dur+ ?is night 0 ! m$ical advice ( ! div9ity 9 its mo/ direct =m4 ,b only ! prie/ 0 able to int]pret a dream obta9$ 9 su* a mann]1 & to extract m$ical efficacy f x4 ,b z x occasionally happ5$ t a too prosaic & phlegmatic pati5t did n dream at all1 ! prie/ 0 b5evol5t en\gh to int]c$e4 ,he 0 always promptly favor$ by ! gods ) a sugge/ive dream4 ,! m$ical function ( ! prie/s _h rea*$ a peculi> developm5t dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ,rome4 ,?is 0 manife/ especially 9 ! "t ( public calamities1 su* z pe/il5ce1 w>1 etc4 ,:5 su* ev5ts rea*$ dim5sions :i* ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( ! republic1 attempts 7 made to ga9 ! favor ( ! gods by mo/ curi\s c]emonies4 ,! cele/ials 7 simply invit$ to take "p 9 an opul5t banquet4 ,! fir/ div9e fea/ ( su* a "* 0 celebrat$ 9 ,rome 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 on acc\nt ( a great epidemic4 ,apollo1 ,latona1 ,diana1 ,h]cules1 ,m]cury1 & ,neptune 7 mo/ c]emoni\sly invit$ to take "p 9 a religi\s banquet :i* la/$ = eight days4 ,! images ( ! gods 7 plac$ ^u magnific5tly cu%ion$ c\*es1 & ! tables 7 load$ ) da9ties4 ,n only ! gods1 b ! entire population1 7 invit$2 e "o kept op5 h\se1 & :oev] wi%$ to d s c\ld fea/ at ! ri*ly prep>$ bo>ds ( ! weal?y4 ,ev5 ! pron\nc$ enemies ( ! h\se 7 all[$ to ent] & to enjoy ! da9ties )\t fe> ( ho/ile rem>ks2 inde$1 x 0 deem$ advisable 9 ! int]e/s ( public hygi5e to un*a9 ! prison]s & to lib]ate !m4 ,b if ! gods1 9 spite ( ! mo/ opul5t ent]ta9m5ts1 did n h any consid]ation1 & if pe/il5ce1 milit>y disa/]1 failure ( crops1 or :atev] 0 ! imm$iate cause ( popul> anxiety1 cont9u$ to p]si/ ) unabat$ fury1 endeavors 7 made by !atrical p]=mances to provide z mu* z possible = ! amusem5t ( ! gods4 ,su* plays1 at fir/1 consi/$ only 9 graceful dances1 ) flute accompanim5ts1 & f ^! simple beg9n+s1 accord+ to ,livy1 ,book #g1 ,*apt] ,,ii41 ! drama is said to h develop$ all ^? v>iations :i* *>act]iz$ ! sc5ic art ( antiquity4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ev5 ! /age ( mod]n times is ( religio-sanit>y orig9--a peculi> fact :i* mod]n patrons ( ! !at] sc>cely ev] dream (4 ,an attempt 0 ev5tually made to increase ! delight ( ! gods 9 su* amusem5ts by a numb] ( novel devices4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 /ipulat$ t ! p]=mances in/itut$ to w>d (f ! invasion ( ,hannibal 7 to co/ #ccc1ccc copp] asses4 ,b if1 nev]!less1 ! gods 7 n suffici5tly propitiat$ by banquets1 dances1 & play+ ( ! flute1 & if !y c\ld n be prevail$ ^u by su* pa/imes to remove ! pe/il5ce or o!r calamity1 a dictator 0 nam$ :o1 if possible1 on ,septemb] #ac?1 drove a nail into ! temple ( ,jupit] to appease div9e indignation4 ,x appe>s t ?is 0 a primeval cu/om ( ! ,etruscans2 at lea/1 x is report$ by ! ,roman au?or1 ,c9cius1 t su* nails c\ld be se5 9 ! temple ( ! ,etruscan goddess ,nortia4 ,?is nail !rapy 0 resort$ to by ! ,romans1 = in/ance1 dur+ ! t]rible plague :i* rag$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 & ( :i* ! celebrat$ ,furius ,camillus di$4 ,wond]ful z all ! describ$ proc$ures seem to u1 & closely z !y may con=m to ! mod]n conception ( sup]/ition1 at ! "t !y orig9at$ !y 7 consid]$ z q remov$ f t sup]/ition ) :i* we s closely id5tify !m to-day4 ,= ! p]iod :i* saw ! above ev5ts 0 an era ( exclusive !ism1 & = t reason div9e sleep1 div9e fea/s1 ! sacr$ p]=mances1 & all ! o!r peculi> means :i* 7 employ$ to secure m$ical aid ( ! gods1 7 well-e/abli%$ features ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! /igma ( sup]/ition 0 n set ^u !m z yet4 ,& ?is /ate ( ?+s naturally p]si/$ s long z ! !i/ic !ory ( life /ood un*all5g$4 ,?is absolute reign ( !i/ic !ory dom9at+ human life ?r\gh ! above-describ$ !rapeutic ideas 0 foll[$ by an epo* 9 :i* !ism 0 =c$ to divide its au?ority ) a p[]ful rival--namely1 ! physico-me*anical !ory ( life4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 bo? ^! sy/ems 0 u%]$ 91 = ! ,hell5ic z well z = ! ,occid5tal _w ( civilization1 by ! appe>ance ( ,ionian philosophy4 ,ev5 9 our own day ?is /ruggle is /ill go+ on 9 _m m9ds4 ,?is mu*1 at lea/1 is c]ta93 t sup]/ition has always be5 especially active 9 m$ic9e 9 areas ( civilization :]e ! !i/ic idea has ga9$ ! asc5d5cy4 ,! deadly /ruggle betwe5 !i/ic & physico-me*anical !ories ( life 9 ! realm ( m$ic9e has f\nd no place 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,hell5ic & ,roman antiquity4 ,! *ange 9 op9ion 0 r wr\ght by a gradual recession f ! idea t ! gods int]f]$ ) ! prop] c\rse ( man's bodily functions4 ,?is conviction result$ f a progressive gr[? ( 8 physico-me*anical k1 & became e/abli%$ at lea/ z f> z ! ?\ghts & ! op9ions ( ! physicians 7 conc]n$4 ,t ! o!r classes1 9 p>ticul> ! repres5tatives ( religion1 did n s peaceably acquiesce 9 ?is me*anical conception ( life we %all soon expla9 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,x 0 diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! art ( heal+ itself4 ,ev5 ! ,corpus ,hippocraticum reveals to u a m$ic9e :i* _h be5 purifi$ f all !i/ic admixtures1 & f ! publication ( ?is "w 7i4e41 f ab\t ! fif? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 up to ! ov]?r[ ( ! anci5t p]iod--i4e41 until ab\t ! fif? or six? c5tury1 ,a4,d47 no fur!r attempt to ref] ! cause ( disease & ! treatm5t ( disease to ! gods ( ! anci5t heav5s is notic$ 9 m$ical works4 ,on ! contr>y1 t great ef=ts 7 made to look = ! nature ( disease 9 ! me*anical conditions ( ! body is prov5 by a numb] ( ! mo/ v>i\s m$ical doctr9es4 ,! ext5sive "w ( ,gal51 t antique canon ( m$ic9e1 :i* dates back to ! second c5tury1 ,a4,d41 disav[s all !ism & all !urgy1 & relies solely ^u physico-me*anical me?ods3 obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 dissection4 ,antique religion & antique m$ic9e _h effect$ a reconciliation--a reconciliation1 h[ev]1 9 :i* nei!r p>ty 0 to ackn[l$ge a complete defeat2 b ! result 0 an amicable settlem5t1 9 :i* _! j dues 7 giv5 bo? to ! !i/ic & to ! physico-me*anical !ories ( life4 ,! po9t ( agreem5t ^u :i* ?is settlem5t1 or1 to express x bett]1 compromise1 0 made 0 teleology4 ,by teleology we und]/& ! conception t all e>?ly exi/5ce is creat$ by a supreme p[] 9 accordance ) a preconceiv$ plan1 & t1 accord+ly1 all organic life1 9 =m & action1 is mo/ p]fectly adapt$ to ! task prescrib$ = x by ?is p[]4 ,?is conception 0 absolutely indisp5sable to antique m$ic9e2 = x all[$ ! adh]5ts ( ! !i/ic !ory )\t hesitation to consid] man z a product ( ! creator1 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ 9 all directions & :i* bore witness ( ! wisdom ( ,god1 a position :i* preclud$ ! assumption1 :i* 0 impossible accord+ to ! antec$5t m$ical obs]vations1 t disease came f ,god4 ,= x seem$ q plausible1 accord+ to ! physico-me*anical !ory ( life1 t disease might be a product ( a numb] ( adv]se1 purely e>?ly conditions1 an assumption n involv+ ! slighte/ d\bt ( ! wisdom & creative p[] ( ! gods4 ,?is teleological doctr9e1 :i* runs l a r$ ?read ?r\gh all anci5t philosophy1 becomes conspicu\sly prom95t 9 ,gal54 ,e section ( ! p[]ful "w ( ,gal5--anatomy1 z well z physiology1 pa?ology1 & !rapy--be> witness to ! mo/ confid5t teleological conception1 a conception :i* 9 ! end culm9ates 9 ! v]dict 78,use ( ! ,p>ts10 ,book #aa1 ,*apt] ,,xiv473 8,! creator ( nature has disclos$ 8 b5evol5ce by wise c>e = all 8 creatures1 9 t he has be/[$ ^u ea* "o :at is truly ( s]vice to x40 ,?is teleological idea ( all e>?ly becom+1 be+1 & pass+ away 0 h5ce=? de/9$ to be a p]man5t factor 9 human speculation4 ,*ri/ianity receiv$ x z a possession f antique civilization1 & only ! philosophy & natural sci5ce ( mod]n times h be5 able to ?reat5 its p]man5ce4 ,biology1 z ( mod]n creation1 tea*es u t all natural ph5om5a owe _! exi/5ce to natural causes1 t ! natural _w is subject to natural laws4 ,&1 accord+ly1 teleology1 z we enc\nt] x 9 ! works ( ! hea!n ,gal5 & 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 has turn$ out to be sup]/ition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ by no means be class$ ) ! vag>ies ( m]e m$ico-physical sup]/ition4 ,9 com+ to ?is decision1 h[ev]1 we mu/ bew>e ( ra% g5]alization4 ,9 ?is connection we ref] only to t k9d ( teleology :i* dom9at$ ! _w previ\s to ! tea*+s ( ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza1 & previ\s to ! adv5t ( mod]n natural sci5ce1 ) its biological me?ods4 ,:e!r1 aft] all1 a !ory ( life might be possible :i*1 :ile avoid+ ! reproa* ( sup]/ition1 might be trac$ to teleological prepossessions1 is a "q we c n "h discuss4 ,x is admitt$ly true t ! deep] we p5etrate into ! secrets ( nature ! m en]getically ! exi/5ce ( a m>vel\s1 intellig5t w manife/s itself z p]meat+ all doma9s ( nature4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is fact is n d5i$ on pr9ciple1 z mod]n mat]ialism d5ies x1 & prop] all[ance is made = x1 a rehabilitation ( teleology z a necess>y factor ( our !ory ( life w\ld be ! logical consequ5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ?is teleology w\ld be> a /amp entirely diff]5t f t ( antiquity & ( ! middle ages1 :i* is recogniz$ to be sup]/ition4 ,x %\ld n pret5d to include ! consid]ation ( ! entire organic _w1 b conf9e its conclusions to ! la/ l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( exp]i5ce & argum5t :i* sci5ce has =g$ f natural ph5om5a4 ,n[ ?is c\ld be accompli%$1 9 our op9ion1 ev5 )\t appreh5sion ( int]f]+ ) ! indisp5sable requirem5ts ( mod]n naturali/s3 8,! t]re/rial _w 9 its =ms & processes is gov]n$ solely by t]re/rial laws40 ,:at ! appe>ance ( su* a teleology %\ld be is express$ by ,william ,h>tpole ,lecky 9 ! foll[+3 8,?is conception1 :i* exhibits ! univ]se r z an organism ?an a me*anism1 & reg>ds ! complexities & adaptations x displays r z ! results ( gradual developm5t f )9 ?an ( an int]f]5ce f )\t1 is s novel1 & at fir/ sight s />tl+1 t _m are n[ %r9k+ f x 9 al>m1 "u ! impression t x de/roys ! argum5t f design1 & almo/ am\nts to ! negation ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,b !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little d\bt t su* fe>s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 unf\nd$4 ,t matt] is gov]n$ by m9d1 t ! contrivances & elaborations ( ! univ]se are ! products ( intellig5ce1 are propositions :i* are q un%ak51 :e!r we reg>d ^! contrivances z ! result ( a s+le mom5t>y ex]cise ( w1 or ( a sl[1 consi/5t1 & regulat$ evolution4 ,! pro(s ( a p]vad+ & develop+ intellig5ce1 & ! pro(s ( a coord9at+ & comb9+ intellig5ce1 are bo? unt\*$1 nor c any conceivable progress ( sci5ce 9 ?is direction de/roy !m4 ,if ! fam\s sugge/ion1 t all animal & vegetable life results f a s+le vital g]m1 & t all ! diff]5t animals & plants n[ exi/5t 7 develop$ by a natural process ( evolution f t g]m1 7 a demon/rat$ tru?1 we %\ld /ill be able to po9t to ! evid5ce ( intellig5ce display$ 9 ! measur$ & progressive developm5t1 9 ^? exquisite =ms s diff]5t f :at bl9d *ance c\ld produce1 & 9 ! manife/ adaptation ( surr\nd+ circum/ances to ! liv+ creature1 & ( ! liv+ creature to surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,! argum5t f design w\ld inde$ be *ang$2 x w\ld require to be /at$ 9 a new =m1 b x w\ld be fully z cog5t z be=e4 ,inde$1 x is1 p]haps1 n too mu* to say t ! m fully ?is conception ( univ]sal evolution is grasp$1 ! m firmly a sci5tific doctr9e ( ,provid5ce w be e/abli%$1 & ! /rong] w be ! presumption ( a future progress40#a #a 8,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe10 ,vol4 ,i41 ,*apt] ,,iii41 pages #bid-bie4 ,comp>e also ,magnus1 8,m$ic9e & ,religion10 page #bd1 sqq4 ,9 su* a mann]1 despite ! fact t 9 teleology ! po9t ( agreem5t betwe5 !i/ic & physico-me*anical m$ical ?\ght has be5 n[ f\nd1 !ism1 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( our sci5ce1 cont9ually attempt$ new attacks ^u ! physical t5d5cy 9 m$ic9e2 & ) ea* assault sup]/ition 9 m$ic9e1 z well z 9 ! natural sci5ces1 0 mo/ palpably expos$4 ,aft] hav+ satisfi$ ourselves 9 ?is second *apt] reg>d+ !ism & its attitude ) ref]5ce to ! physico-me*anical !ory ( life1 we %all n[ ent] ^u ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s =ms ( m$ical sup]/ition1 & x is our int5tion1 z /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 s to arrange ! enorm\s mat]ial at h& z to discuss m$ical sup]/ition accord+ to ! s\rces f :i* x has sprung4 ,we %all beg9 by po9t+ out ! intimate relations :i* h prevail$ betwe5 ! tea*+s ( religion & sup]/ition4 ,,iii ,,religion ,,! ,,support ,,( ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition ,religion und\bt$ly plays ! mo/ conspicu\s "p 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ical sup]/ition4 ,religi\s tea*+1 ( :atev] "*1 has fo/]$ m$ical sup]/ition m ?an any o!r factor ( civilization4 ,n only has religion call$ =? & n\ri%$ m$ical sup]/ition1 b x has also def5d$ x ) all ! influ5ce at its disposal4 ,inde$1 x has n infrequ5tly happ5$ t ^? :o 7 reluctant to believe 9 ! bless+s ( a m$ical !ory ridicul\sly p]v]t$ by religion 7 expos$ to p]secution by fire & sword4 ,& ?is n only f "o or o!r religi\s d5om9ation1 = all religi\s believ]s1 )\t exception1 _h prov$ to be ! mo/ assidu\s promotors ( m$ical sup]/ition2 s t we are probably n wrong 9 designat+ prie/hoods 9 g5]al1 :atev] _! cre$1 z ! mo/ prom95t embodim5t ( m$ical sup]/ition dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b ! details w be le>n$ f ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 #a4 ,prie/hood ! ,support ( ,m$ical ,sup]/ition4--,! pr9cipal reason = a n q reputable activity 9 ! *os5 repres5tative ( a deity is probably ! fact t1 ) ! appe>ance ( a physico-me*anical contemplation ( ! _w1 ! !i/ic !ory ( life1 :i* until !n _h exclusive sway1 0 =c$ into a pit*$ battle ) a newly =mulat$ def9ition ( nature4 ,?is /ruggle 0 c>ri$ on pr9cipally by ! prie/hood1 :o1 z a matt] ( fact1 _h mo/ to lose f ! asc5d5cy ( a new !ory ( life :i* only reckon$ ) natural factors4 ,!y inde$ _h be5 ! means1 until !n1 ( procur+ = ! p ! assi/ance ( ! gods 9 all bodily ailm5ts1 z !y _h be5 ! exclusive depositories ( physical k4 ,& x c\ld sc>cely be expect$ t ! prie/hood w\ld at once will+ly rel9qui% ! ext5sive supremacy hi!rto ex]cis$ by x z ! oracle ( div9e guidance 9 all m$ico-physical que/ions2 = humanity has always consid]$ ! possession ( au?ority mu* m delightful ?an submission1 & ! rul] has always object$ mo/ en]getically to any attempt :i* disputes 8 rule4 ,?is 0 precisely :at 0 done by prie/s ( all cre$s :5 ! me*anico-physical !ory ( life began to sup]s$e ! obsolete dreams ( !i/ic m$ic9e4 ,fair-m9d$ p]sons w surely all[ t su* action 0 natural4 ,b !y c n approve ( ! me?ods resort$ to1 unless !y belong to ^? :o feel b\nd always to disc]n no?+ b :at is sacr$ 9 e action ( a s]vant ( heav54 ,9 ord] to wage w> mo/ effectively aga9/ ! physico-me*anical !ory ( life1 ! prie/hood at once claim$ = !mselves ! p[] ( completely controll+ nature4 ,!y made ! p believe t ! cele/ials _h be/[$ ^u !m ! faculty ( dom9at+ nature 9 ! int]e/s ( ! sick1 & t all p[]s ( ! univ]se1 ! obvi\s ones z well z ^? my/]i\sly hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( nature1 7 ob$i5t to sac]dotal sugge/ions4 ,! s]vant ( heav5 pr(ess$ t he c\ld regulate ! et]nal processes ( matt]1 ) its becom+1 be+1 & pass+ away1 q z irresi/ibly z 8 eye 0 able to survey ! c\rse ( "t 9 ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,equipp$ ) ^! ext5sive p[]s1 a prie/ necess>ily appe>$ to ! p n only z physician1 b also z a miracul\s be+ cr[n$ ) ! halo ( ! sup]natural4 ,& ?is 0 ! rle he actually play$ 9 _m anci5t religions4 ,) ! peoples ( ,italy ! prie/ appe>$--at a p]iod1 inde$1 :i* 0 previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ,rome--z physician1 prophet1 int]pret] ( dreams1 rais] ( tempe/s1 etc4 ,he held exactly ! same (fices among ! ,celtic tribes 9 ,gaul & ,brita94 ,8 position 0 ! same 9 ! ,ori5tal _w1 & by ! ,m$ians & ! ,p]sians especially 7 prie/s consid]$ to be p]sons end[$ ) sup]natural p[]s4 ,we may notice t memb]s ( a c]ta9 ,m$ian tribe =m$ ! sac]dotal ca/e1 & bore ! "n ( 8,magi40 ,h[ev]1 ?is "n1 :i* orig9ally 0 conf9$ to ! prie/ly ord]1 obta9$1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 a di/9ctly secul> mean+4 ,v soon _m cunn+ fell[s arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! trade ( a sac]dotal physician & conjur] might br+ a pr(itable livelihood to its pr(essor1 ev5 if ?is pr(essor 7 n a prie/ b a layman4 ,?us !re arose a special pr(ession ( sorc]]s1 miracle work]s1 & m$ic9e-m51 :o prote/$ ) solemn emphasis t !y 7 able to cure all physical z well z psy*ical ailm5ts ( _! fell[ m5 z ?or\ghly z ! prie/s _h done4 ,b 9 ord] to be/[ ! requir$ consecration ^u ?is art1 ^! g5tlem5 usurp$ ! v5]able "n ( ! above-m5tion$ ,m$ian sac]dotal ca/e & call$ !mselves 8,magi40 ,?us x happ5$ t ! "n 8,magus0 7magician71 :i* orig9ally s]v$ to designate a di/9ct sac]dotal ca/e1 det]iorat$ into a designation ( *>latans & sw9dl]s4 ,?is c\ld nev] h occurr$ unless ! prie/s _h pro/itut$ _! sublime pr(ession & degrad$ x to v>i\s k9ds ( discr$itable m$ico-physical deceptions4 ,?is alone is :y prie/hood is responsible = ! rise ( ! magicians1 ( ^! wor?less fakirs4 ,b if ,pl9y 7,book #cj1 ,*apt] ,i41 #b7 attempts to rank magic z an (f%oot ( m$ic9e1 he is ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s only 9 s f> z ! prie/1 dur+ ! !i/ic p]iod1 0 also ! physician1 z is well kn[n4 ,only f ?is po9t ( view is x possible to trace a g5etic relation betwe5 m$ic9e & magic4 ,b m$ic9e 9 itself has n tak5 ! slighte/ "p 9 ! promotion ( magic & ! success ( its unsavory reputation4 ,inde$1 our sci5ce has suff]$ too mu* ?r\gh ! practise ( magic to burd5 itself ) ! pat]nity ( ?is disreputable *ild ( civilization4 ,x appe>s t ! "n ( ! ,celtic prie/s 78druids07 _h become subject to ! same abuse z ! "n ( ! ,m$ian prie/s ( sac]dotal ca/e4 ,?us we le>n ( female =tune-tell]s ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,a4,d41 :o call !mselves 8druidesses40 ,b x seems t ?is application ( ! ^w 8druid0 has rema9$ a local "o & /rictly limit$1 :]eas ! expression 8magician10 q g5]ally employ$1 became1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! designation ( *>latans & m$ical impo/ors4 ,= ^! sw9dl]s1 :o c>ri$ on m$ico-physical hocuspocus1 & :o claim$ to ex]cise sup]natural p[]s1 7 call$ 8magicians0 dur+ ! entire p]iod ( classic antiquity1 & we f9d ! same use ( ! ^w 9 ! middle ages1 & sometimes also 9 m mod]n times4 ,b ?is pr(ession ( magician1 :i* sprang f prie/hood1 has l>gely promot$ sup]/ition 9 m$ic9e1 & 0 p>ticul>ly in/rum5tal 9 br++ x into extraord9>y repute4 ,x is our int5tion to conc]n ourselves a little m m9utely ) magicians & magic4 #b4 ,! ,spread ( ! ,^w 8,magic40--,h[ & :5 magic 0 transplant$ f its ,ori5tal home to ! ,occid5t c n be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty2 = ! ,greeks1 z well z all antique peoples1 probably all nations1 _h a belief 9 gho/s & demons1 9 =tune-tell+1 & 9 sorc]y4 ,b x appe>s1 nev]!less1 t ! anci5t civiliz$ peoples ( ! ,ori5t1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,p]sians1 cultivat$ ! magic arts ) especial devotion1 & x is m ?an probable t x 0 f ! ,ea/ t ! prevail+ cult ( magic _h be5 import$ into ! ,we/4 ,pl9y1 = "o1 tells u 7,book #cj1 ,*apt] ,i41 #h7 t magic 0 br\ght to ,europe by a c]ta9 ,o/hanes1 :o accompani$ ,k+ ,x]xes on 8 milit>y exp$ition aga9/ ,greece4 ,?is man ,o/hanes1 z ,pl9y reports fur!r1 is said to h dissem9at$ ! se$s ( ?is sup]natural art 7velut sem9a artis port5tos insp>sit7 :]ev] he w5t1 & ) su* success t ! ,hell5ic peoples 7 actually mad aft] x1 & prom95t m5 travel$ ?r\gh p>ts ( ! ,ori5t1 !re to acquire p]sonally & ?or\ghly ^! magic arts1 ?us1 z 0 ! case ) ,py?agoras1 ,emp$ocles1 ,democritus1 & ,plato4 ,9 fact1 x is said ( ,democritus t he op5$ ! tomb ( a celebrat$ magician--,d>danus ( ,phnicia--t he might re/ore to publicity ! my/]i\s writ+s ( ! latt]4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 t ,alex&] ! ,great ent]ta9$ an implicit belief 9 magic--at lea/1 ,pl9y reports t dur+ 8 w>s he 0 always accompani$ by a celebrat$ magician4 ,magic arts 7 likewise 9 favor among ! ,romans4 ,ev5 ,n]o attempt$ to ma/] ! secrets ( magic1 al?o unsuccessfully 7,pl9y1 ,book #cj1 ,*apt] ,,ii41 #e74 ,a p>ticul> impetus 0 giv5 to magic t[>d ! end ( ! la/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/ & dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ! rise ( _m fanta/ic philosophical sy/ems greatly promot$ & support$ ! belief 9 ! sup]natural p[]s ( magic4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! middle ages1 magic exp]i5c$ an accept$ & sy/ematic developm5t4 ,^! conditions1 h[ev]1 w be m explicitly ref]r$ to lat] on4 ,! treatm5t ( ! sick ?r\gh sup]natural ag5cies assum$ q a/oni%+ dim5sions "u ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,! belief 9 magicians 0 s g5]ally dissem9at$ t ev5 ! emp]ors !mselves & ! imp]ial au?orities 7 almo/ completely devot$ to x4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! emp]or ,hadrian 7#aag-ach1 ,a4,d47 caus$ himself to be treat$ by physicians :o claim$ miracul\s p[]s1 & he is said to h writt5 a book on !urgy4 ,9 fact1 ,suidas 7#fb ,julianus7 reports t ,hadrian1 on acc\nt ( a sev]e outbreak ( pe/il5ce 9 ,rome1 s5t = ! son ( ! ,*aldean1 ,julian1 :o1 simply by ! p[] ( 8 miracles1 arre/$ ! progress ( ! disease4 ,"u ,anton9us ,pius (ficial proclamations 7 made 9 ! =um1 direct+ ! att5tion ( ! p to ! importance ( magicians 7,philo/ratus1 #dc71 & ! emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius ev5 relates t1 :5 9 ,caieta1 ! gods 9 a dream prescrib$ a rem$y = ! hemorrhagic c\gh & v]tigo f :i* he 0 suff]+ 78,m>cus ,aurelius10 ,*apt] ,i41 #ag1 page #aa74 ,b x appe>s t ! magicians f9ally w5t too f> ) _! tricks1 & endang]$ human life by _! treatm5t2 s t sev]al emp]ors decid$ ^u adopt+ m rigor\s measures aga9/ _! knav]ies4 ,! emp]or ,septimius ,sev]us 7#aic-baa71 al?o himself orig9ally devot$ to magic1 prohibit$1 :5 on a visit 9 ,egypt1 all books :i* taught curi\s arts 7,aelius ,sp>tianus1 8,hadrianus10 ,*apt] ,,xv41 #e1 page #adf74 ,lat] ! emp]or ,diocletian took en]getic /eps t[>d abat+ ! mis*ief done by magical treatm5t ( ! sick1 & ! magicians 7 p]mitt$ to c>ry on su* arts only s f> z w\ld n be detrim5tal to ! heal? ( ! p4 ,h[ev]1 ?is ord] did n *eck ! magicians any m ?an x b5efit$ ^? :o 7 /ill tortur$ & br\ght to ! po9t ( dea? by magic quack]y4 ,nei!r did m$ical sci5ce d]ive any advantage :atev] f ?is well-meant b completely abortive ef=t ( ! emp]or1 = ! magic physicians p]si/$ 9 c>ry+ on _! hocuspocus1 & unconc]n$ly debas$ ! ph>macopia by ! introduction ( nons5sical & loa?some sub/ances4 ,let u exam9e m 9 detail ?is dep>tm5t ( m$ical practise among ! magicians4 #c4 ,! ,m$ical ,practise ( ! ,magicians4--,! magicians adopt$ v>i\s modes ( proc$ure 9 ! treatm5t ( ! sick3 !y ei!r attempt$1 z d our mod]n quacks1 to create ! impression1 by adm9i/]+ m$ic9e1 t !y 7 actually able to direct ! treatm5t ( ! ail+ 9 a rational mann]1 or !y re/rict$ !mselves to v>i\s k9ds ( magical obs]vances4 ,! drug !rapy ( ! magicians actually utiliz$ ev]y?+ "u ! sun z a rem$y4 ,! m out ( ! way & ! less suitable = a rem$y a sub/ance seem$ to be1 ! m likely x 0 to be *os5 by ! magician int5t ^u heal+4 ,= x 0 always ! ma9 object ( ^! practis+ quacks to make _! treatm5t z s5sational z possible4 ,9 ?is !y succe$$ be/ by employ+ ! mo/ extraord9>y sub/ances z rem$ies4 ,?us !y made use ( gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones & pe>ls1 j because ^!1 ow+ to _! value1 7 held 9 great e/eem1 & _! m$ical application1 !re=e1 0 b\nd to create a s5sation4 ,b ! mo/ loa?some sub/ances 7 q z readily employ$1 = "h1 too1 ! mo/ g5]al att5tion 0 b\nd to be attract$ by _! application4 ,human feces1 ur9e1 & m5/rual blood 7 introduc$ into ! mat]ia m$ica 9 su* a mann]4 ,! awe ) :i* p>ts ( corpses usually inspir$ ! non-m$ical "p ( ! public 0 reli$ ^u by ! magicians to adv]tise _! cures4 ,?us ^! quacks adm9i/]$ p[d]s ( human bones to ! ail+4 ,b inasmu* z :at is conspicu\s & unusual has always enjoy$ an especial e/eem ) humanity1 ! incr$ible rem$ies ( ! magicians naturally f\nd ev]y:]e an abundance ( believ]s2 & z p>ticul>ly ! mo/ nons5sical !ory is mo/ t5aci\s ( life1 provid$ x has be5 pres5t$ 9 app>5t comb9ation ) ! miracul\s1 ! m$ical armam5t>ium rapidly took on a v peculi> aspect4 ,until ! pres5t m mod]n times m$ic9e 0 condemn$ to ! encumbrance ( ?is rubbi%1 ?is li/ ( odd & loa?some rem$ies1 ^: admission to ! ph>macopia 0 only due to ! :im ( a human m9d t con/antly hank]s aft] ! extraord9>y & ! miracul\s4 ,f9ally ! magic obs]vances to :i* ! magicians resort$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! sick1 h %[n a rem>kable vitality1 = !y are 9 vogue ev5 9 mod]n times1 & _m sections ( our p ev5 to-day swe> unconditionally by ! curative efficacy ( v>i\s ag5cies :i* demon/ratively h be5 d]iv$ f ! m$ic9e ( ! magicians4 ,b n[ su* ag5cies are no long] ascrib$ to magic or sorc]y1 b !y are call$ 8cures by means ( sympa?y40 ,& z _m mod]n p believe t v>i\s incompreh5sible my/ic p]=mances cause c]ta9 my/]i\s p[]s1 o!rwise absolutely unkn[n1 to ex]t a curative influ5ce ^u c]ta9 diseases1 s did ! anci5ts believe exactly ! same4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( exorcism z a rem$y = disease4 ,exorcism play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! middle ages z a means ( /opp+ hemorrhages1 & ev5 9 ^! mod]n times1 z is well-kn[n1 ?is me?od ( cure f9ds _m adh]5ts4 ,?is magic treatm5t 0 believ$ to be especially efficaci\s if ! exorcisms _h be5 writt5 or engrav$ ^u pap]1 gold1 preci\s /ones1 etc41 9 :i* case !y 7 susp5d$ ar\nd ! neck ( ! pati5t4 ,c\ntless talismans 7f ! ,arabic tilsam1 magic image7 & amulets 7f ! ,arabic hamalet1 tr9ket7 7 ?us manufactur$1 & ev5 to our own "t !re are survivals ( ?is m$ical sup]/ition4 ,al?o ^! my/ic obs]vances are p]=m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & _! modifications are practically innum]able1 yet c]ta9 radical resemblances are cont9ually appe>+ among ! magic rites ( ! mo/ div]se races1 & "s ( ^! practises h ev5 p]si/$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,?us ! rope ( ! hung crim9al plays a conspicu\s "p 9 antique magic z well z 9 mod]n sympa?y treatm5t2 ! same importance is attribut$ to %oot+-/>s1 to ! moon1 to crossroads1 to c]ta9 num]als1 su* z #c1 #g1 #i1 etc4 ,x is a highly int]e/+ fact t su* conceptions1 z rem>kable = _! !rapeutical associations z = _! crass sup]/ition1 are possess$ ( a vitality :i* p]si/s = c5turies4 ,peoples1 religions1 philosophical sy/ems1 political revolutions h ris5 & vani%$1 b ! belief 9 ! curative action ( ! rope ( a hung crim9al or ! !rapeutic significance ( ! crossroad has surviv$4 ,! my/ic influ5ce :i* is ex]t$ by ! num]als #c1 #g1 #i1 & /ill m s by ! dreadful #ac1 ^u ! life & heal? ( man1 haunts ! m9ds ( ! multitude 9 ?is c5tury ( physical enlight5m5t exactly z x did 9 remote antiquity4 ,b we c n "h ent] into ! reason = ^! int]e/+ facts1 & we mu/ ref] ^? :o desire m detail$ in=mation on ?is subject to ! volum9\s lit]ature ( sup]/ition4 ,fur!rmore1 ! belief 9 magic cures 0 n m preval5t among ! anci5t pr(essors ( m$ic9e ?an among ! laity1 & ev5 ! mo/ prom95t practition]s 7 n able to emancipate !mselves f ?is belief4 ,gal51 = in/ance1 :o1 z is well-kn[n1 ma/]$ ! entire lit]ature ( antique m$ic9e z none be=e or aft] him has ev] done1 op5ly av[s 8 belief 9 ! efficacy ( magic cures1 &1 :at is m rem>kable1 ,gal5 9 ?is respect has *ang$ f a ,saul to a ,paul4 ,he ruefully recall$1 lat]1 ! condemnatory decree :i* he _h orig9ally promulgat$ reg>d+ ! magic treatm5t ( ! sick4 ,let u call to m9d h[ he expresses himself 9 8 essay on m$ical treatm5t 9 ,hom]3 8,_m1 z ,i h done = a long "t1 believe t conjurations resemble ! fairy tales ( old wom54 ,b gradually1 & f ! obs]vation ( obvi\s facts1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t p[] is ex]cis$ by !m2 = ,i h le>n$ to "k _! advantages 9 /+s ( scorpions1 & also 9 bones :i* became lodg$ 9 ! ?roat1 & :i* 7 at once c\gh$ up z a result ( conjuration4 ,_m rem$ies are excell5t 9 e respect1 & magic =mul answ] _! purpose0 78,alex&] ( ,tralles10 ,book #aa1 ,*apt] ,i41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #dgg74 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t po/-,gal5ian physicians also1 ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 op5ly av[s1 ) ref]5ce to ?is utt]ance ( ,gal51 t he himself is a believ] 9 magic cures1 & he says3 8,if ! great ,gal51 z well z _m o!r physicians ( anci5t times1 be> witness to ?is fact 7! efficacy ( magic treatm5t ( ! sick71 :y %all we n imp>t to y :at we h le>n$ f our own exp]i5ce & :at we h he>d f tru/wor?y fri5ds80 78,alex&] ( ,tralles10 ibid474 ,accord+ly1 8 0 fill$ ) enum]ations ( ! mo/ v>i\s magical cures4 ,b1 n[1 if ! classics ( antique m$ic9e h prov5 !mselves to be s fri5dly to ! m$ical sci5ce ( magicians1 :at 0 ! condition ( ! m9d1 !n1 ( ! av]age physician ( anci5t times8 ,is x a/oni%+ if "y & old1 high & l[1 )\t di/9ction1 7 bl9d adh]5ts ( magical m$ic9e8 ,?us m$ical lit]ature ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,b4,c41 & especially t ( ! c5turies f ! ,*ri/ian era until late 9 ! middle ages1 0 an actual treasury ( conjuration & o!r mumm]ies4 ,?is description applies specifically to ! 8,mat]ia ,m$ica0 ( ,qu9tus ,s]5us ,samonicus1 writt5 9 hexamet]s4 ,x is true1 ! magical sequel to ?is book entail$ pa9ful consequ5ces on ! writ]1 = ! emp]or ,c>acalla _h ! poor au?or execut$ 7,ael4 ,sp>tian41 8,c>acalla10 ,*apt] ,,iv41 #d7 m]ely1 z x is report$1 because he d>$ to advise 9 8 works z a rem$y aga9/ int]mitt5t fev] ! we>+ ( amulets1 a m$ical exp$i5t :i* _h be5 prohibit$ by ! emp]or himself4 ,! "w ( ,sextus ,placitus ,papyri5sis1 :o liv$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* treats ( rem$ies d]iv$ f ! animal k+dom1 teems ) magic nons5se4 ,b an actually inexhau/ible /ock ( m$ical conjurations 0 conta9$ 9 ! "w ( a layman1 ,m>cellus ,empiricus4 ,?is g5tleman1 :o _h be5 =eign m9i/] "u ! emp]ors ,!odosius ! fir/ & ! second1 _h writt5 a ?ick folio volume on m$icam5ts4 ,?is lit]>y p]=mance1 :i*1 accord+ to our ideas1 appe>s to be v odd = a m9i/] ( /ate1 0 by no means rem>kable 9 ! fif? c5tury1 = ! /udy ( m$ical subjects 01 s to say1 fa%ionable among ! laity ( t p]iod2 9 fact1 ev5 prelates & bi%ops did n ?9k x b5ea? _! dignity to busy !mselves ) v>i\s m$ical que/ions & to write m$ico-physical books4 ,?us ! laurels ( m$ical r5[n haunt$ our good ,m>cellus & w\ld n let him sleep1 s t he abridg$ 8 h\rs ( (ficial duty to su* an ext5t t he 0 able to compile a ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ?irty-six app>5tly nev]-end+ *apt]s4 ,b if ! /atesman%ip ( ,m>cellus 0 on a p> ) 8 m$ical book-mak+1 ! two ,!odosii c\ld n h miss$ ! "t _! cab9et m9i/] /ole f !m1 = 8 m$ical scribbl+ is an utt]ly wor?less compilation4 ,n only did ,m>cellus copy f m$ical au?ors ( ! mo/ discordant op9ion1 b he p>ticul>ly busi$ himself 9 collect+ indiscrim9ately all ! magical nons5se ( ! anci5t times2 9 fact1 x seems t he 0 v eag] to obta9 all ?is magical rigm>ole direct f ! m\? ( ! p1 = he says t he collect$ 8 rem$ies 8ab agre/ibus et plebeiis40 ,accord+ly 8 book is z wor?less & insipid to ! physician z x is valuable to ! hi/orian1 especially ! hi/orian ( civilization4 ,"h are a few examples ( ?is m$ic9e ( ! magicians3 ,rem$y aga9/ w>ts & corns 7,pl9y1 ,book #bh1 ,*apt] ,,iv41 #ab1 page #bfh73 8,lie on y\r back along a b\nd>y l9e on ! tw5tie? day ( ! moon1 & ext5d ! h&s ov] ! head4 ,) :atev] ?+ y grasp :5 s do+1 rub ! w>ts1 & !y w disappe> imm$iately40 8,:oev]1 :5 he sees a %oot+-/>1 soon aft]w>d p\rs a little v9eg> ^u ! h+e ( a door1 is sure to be rid ( 8 corns40 ,rem$y aga9/ heada*e 7,pl9y1 ibid473 8,tie ! rope ( a hung crim9al ar\nd ! =ehead40 ,rem$y aga9/ bellya*e 7,priscian1 physician ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,book #a1 ,*apt] ,,xiv41 & ,spr5gel1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #bdh73 8,if any "o suff] f colicky pa9s he may sit d[n on a *air & say to himself3 #8,p] te dia*olon1 dia*olon1 dia*olon4'0 8,a p]son :o has an attack ( colic may take ! feces ( a wolf1 :i*1 if possible1 %\ld conta9 small p>ticles ( bone1 enclose !m 9 a small tube1 & we> ?is amulet on ! "r arm1 ?igh1 or hip40--,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ,book #h1 ,*apt] ,,ii41 page #cgd4 8,take ! he>t f ! liv+ l>k & we> x z an amulet at ! left ?igh40--,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ibid4 ,rem$y aga9/ epilepsy 7advis$ by ! physician1 ,mos*ion ,dior?otes4 8,alex&] ( ,tralles10 ,book #a1 ,*apt] ,,xv41 page #egj73 8,! =ehead ( an ass is ti$ to ! sk9 ( ! pati5t & worn40 8,ga!r iris1 peonies1 & night%ade :5 ! moon is on ! wane1 pack !m into l95 & we> z an amulet40 ,advis$ by ! magician ,o/hanes4--,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ,book #a1 ,*apt] ,,xv41 page #eff4 8,take a nail f a cross & susp5d x f an arm ( ! pati5t40 ,giv5 by a physician ( ! second c5tury1 ,a4,d41 by ! "n ( ,ar*ig5es4--,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ,book #a1 ,*apt] ,,xv41 page #eff4 8,we> on ! f+] a jasp] ( blui%-gray lu/]40--,advis$ by ,dioscorides1 ,book #e1 #aei4 ,rem$y aga9/ podagra g\t 78,alex&] ( ,tralles10 ,book #ab1 page #ehb73 8,take a gold leaf & write ^u x :5 ! moon is on ! wane3 mei1 ?reu1 mor1 =1 teux1 za1 zon1 !1 lu1 *ri1 ge1 ze1 on4 ,z ! sun becomes firm 9 ?is "n & daily r5ews itself1 s does ?is =mation also make firm z conditions 7 previ\sly4 ,quickly1 quickly1 rapidly1 rapidly4 ,= behold6 ,i call ! great "n 9 :i* becomes firm aga9 :at 0 de/9$ to die3 ,jas1 azyf1 zyon1 ?reux1 da91 *ook4 ,make ?is =mation firm z x has be51 quickly1 quickly1 rapidly1 rapidly4 ,?is docum5t mu/ be cov]$ ) ! t5don ( a crane1 enclos$ 9 a capsule1 & worn by ! pati5t at 8 heel40 ,rem$y aga9/ diseases ( ! eye 7advis$ by ,sextus ,placitus ,papyri5sis4 ,magnus1 8,oph?almology ( ! ,anci5ts10 page #eig73 8,if ! "r eye becomes afflict$ ) glaucoma1 rub x ) ! "r eye ( ! wolf1 &1 simil>ly1 ! left eye ) ! left eye ( ! wolf40 ,9 photophobia 7fe> ( light7 8,we> z an amulet an eye :i* 0 tak5 f a live crab40--,qu9tus ,s]5us ,samonicus4 ,magnus1 8,oph?almology ( ! ,anci5ts10 page #eie4 ,) pa9s ( ! eye ! pati5t mu/1 ) a copp] ne$le1 put out ! eyes ( a gre5 liz>d caught on a ,jupit] day1 dur+ a moon t is on ! wane1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]4 ,! eyes mu/ be worn 9 a gold5 capsule1 z an amulet ar\nd ! neck 7,m>cellus ,empiricus4 ,magnus1 8,oph?almology ( ! ,anci5ts10 page #fjb47 ,! above illu/rations are surely suffici5t to give ! read] an idea ( ! m$ic9e ( ! magicians4 ,at ! same "t !y %[ ! great simil>ity :i* exi/s betwe5 ^! anci5t magic cures & ! sympa!tic cures ( our p at ! pres5t day4 #d4 ,anci5t ,m$ic9e & ,magic4--,b h[ is x possible t ! anci5t physicians1 & ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ m9ds among !m1 %\ld n only h tol]at$ su* a crass m$ical sup]/ition z ! above examples h %[n u1 b %\ld ev5 h incorporat$ !m 9 _! works8 ,incompreh5sible1 h[ev]1 z ?is fact may appe> to ! mod]n practition]1 x becomes conceivable if ! condition ( antique m$ic9e & ( ! m$ical pr(ession ( anci5t times is consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 anci5t m$ical sci5ce adopt$ an entirely diff]5t mode ( diagno/ico-!oretical me?od ?an t employ$ by pr(essors ( m$ic9e 9 mod]n times4 ,anci5t natural sci5ce 7comp>e also ,*apt] ,v4 ( ?is "w71 z well z anci5t m$ic9e1 obta9$ _! sci5tific views exclusively by d$uction--i4e41 !y d$uc$ individual results f g5]al presumptions1 or1 r1 !y con/ru$1 by reason ( "s g5]al presumption1 ! physico-m$ical consequ5ces :i* 7 to foll[ f su* a g5]al supposition4 ,if ?is attempt to obta9 an insight into physical processes is extremely haz>d\s1 x becomes /ill m prec>i\s :5 ! mann] & means 9 :i* ^! g5]al presumptions 7 arriv$ at 7 prim>ily ( an entirely hypo!tical nature4 ,x is true1 no fundam5tal objection c be rais$ to ?is me?od1 z ev5 mod]n natural sci5ce & m$ic9e1 despite ! fact t _! me?ods ( inve/igation 9 a diagno/ico-!oretical respect sc>cely admit ( mat]ial objections1 c n d )\t hypo!sis4 ,b hypo!sis is n always m]e hypo!sis4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are hypo!ses :i*1 ev5 9 ! m9ds ( ! mo/ consci5ti\s inve/igators1 are n inf]ior to t k :i* is obta9$ by exp]im5t & obs]vation1 :]eas o!r hypo!ses aga9 pres5t ! di/9ct /amp ( insuffici5cy & make%ift4 ,! tru/wor?9ess & ! heuri/ic value ( an hypo!sis dep5d ^u ! quality ( ! diagno/ico-!oretical process by means ( :i* x 0 obta9$4 ,if ?is process has be5 su* z physical inve/igation is b\nd to insi/ ^u1 ! hypo!sis ?us arriv$ at is fully ju/ifi$ to supply ! /ill abs5t data ) reg>d to ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be accompli%$ by hypo!sis only :5 ! latt] is n set =? until x pla9ly appe>s t1 9 spite ( a consci5ti\s & ord]ly arrangem5t ( obs]vation aft] obs]vation1 ( exp]im5t ^u exp]im5t1 )\t ! admission ( logical loopholes1 full data 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! ph5om5a is n =?com+4 ,9 su* a case we may consid] z actually prov5 by hypo!sis :at obs]vation & sy/ematic exp]im5t1 cont9u\s & logical1 7 int5d$ to prove1 & fail$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is inductive hypo!sis is alone entitl$ to be consid]$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,naturally1 su* an inductive hypo!sis 0 n ?\ght ( by ! anci5ts1 z ! inductive me?od ( inve/igation 0 g5]ally q unkn[n to !m4 ,! process by :i* anci5t m$ic9e usually attempt$ to f9d its hypo!sis 0 by an argum5t f analogy4 ,ea* & e po9t ( resemblance1 h[ev] sup]ficial1 betwe5 two ph5om5a 0 consid]$ suffici5t by ! anci5t naturali/s to w>rant ! assumption t analog\s ph5om5a 9 ! mo/ v>i\s doma9s 7 mo/ c]ta9ly prov5 to possess simil> po9ts ( resemblance4 ,& ^u ! basis ( su* an insecure me?od ( d$uction--:i*1 moreov]1 0 select$ entirely at ! option ( ! obs]v]--! anci5t inve/igator erect$ ! bolde/ hypo!ses4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! atomic !ory ( ,leucippus & ,democritus is an hypo!sis :i* re/s ^u ! basis ( a conclusion f analogy4 ,! motes :i* appe> 9 ! rays ( ! sun l$ ^! two anci5t inve/igators to ! conception t1 l ! p>ticles ( du/ sport+ 9 ! air1 ! prim>y compon5t p>ts ( ev]y?+ t exi/s 9 ! entire univ]se consi/$ ( simil> p>ticles4#b #b ,lucretius1 ,book #b1 ,v]se #aac1 sqq4 ,x appe>s t ,epicurus arriv$ at 8 !ory ( light 7accord+ to :i*1 z is well kn[n1 images ( ?+s 7 br\ght to ! s5ses by delicate b absolutely objective small pictures :i* 7 deta*$ f ! surface ( ?+s 9 a cont9u\s curr5t7 by ! fact t _m animals--= in/ance1 snakes--%$ _! sk9s4 ,! !ory ( humoral pa?ology1 "o ( ! mo/ important advances 9 m$ical sci5ce1 0 bas$ on a conclusion f analogy & arriv$ at by ! d$uctive me?od4 ,! diagno/ico-!oretical l9es 9 :i* antique m$ic9e mov$ 7 b\nd--& ?is is ! po9t ( importance 9 ?is case--to ex]t a det]m9+ influ5ce ^u m$ical criticism4 ,= m$ico-physical criticism c only appe> 9 close/ connection ) ! prevail+ condition ( ! respective sci5ces1 be+ really no?+ else b a precipitate f !m4 ,?us ! anci5t physicians 7 compell$ to take an entirely diff]5t position t[>d magical m$ic9e ?an we mod]ns1 educat$ 9 ! s*ool ( inductive me?ods1 h always tak54 ,! probable & simil>1 ! supposable & possible1 9 :i* d$uctive m$ic9e f\nd its data1 work+ on ! l9es ( argum5t f analogy1 7 necess>ily b\nd to f9d expression also 9 ! "* ( m$ical critique1 & x 0 impossible1 !re=e1 = ! anci5t physician to detect any?+ absurd or contr>y to exp]i5ce 9 hypo!ses :i* ! practition] ( to-day at once br&s z nons5sical & sup]/iti\s4 ,we are n 9 ! lea/ ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 speak+ disp>ag+ly ( ,gal5 & ,alex&] ( ,tralles because !y believ$ 9 magical m$ic9e & appli$ x 9 _! practise4 ,z no human be+ c jump out ( 8 sk91 s is he unable to get beyond ! intellectual advancem5t ( 8 "t4 ,z ! anci5t physicians 7 also unable to d ?is1 accord+ly !y 7 believ]s 9 ! magical m$ic9e4 ,b !re is /ill a second po9t :i* expla9s ! rem>kable position tak5 by anci5t physicians 9 relation to magical m$ic9e--namely1 ! fact t ! conception ( miracle & magic 7 ess5tially diff]5t 9 ! anci5t _w f :at !y are at pres5t4 ,! belief 9 ! int]f]5ce ( spirits & sup]natural be+s 9 t]re/rial matt]s1 & ! manife/ations ( _! influ5ce ex]t$ 9 manifold ways--sometimes = good1 sometimes = evil--_h be5 widely dissem9at$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & we enc\nt] !m 9 all p]iods ( classic antiquity4 ,?is belief 9 demons _h become incorporat$ 9 ! sy/ems ( _m lead+ philosoph]s ( antiquity4 ,n[ if ! _w 7 fill$ ) demons ! natural consequ5ce 0 t _! activity w\ld manife/ itself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 t man %\ld always be prep>$ to exp]i5ce manife/ations :i* m or less violat$ ! cu/om>y ord] ( t]re/rial happ5+s1 & = ?is reason no?+ t c\ld be /yl$ a miracle really exi/$ = him4 ,a miracle c\ld n be conceiv$ 9 its full mod]n s5se until x 0 realiz$ t ! c\rse ( all natural ph5om5a 0 no?+ b ! expression ( et]nal & *angeless laws4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n until comp>atively late t ?is conception became g5]ally dissem9at$2 ?us1 = in/ance1 x 0 consid]$ z self-evid5t1 ev5 9 ! late/ p]iods ( ! middle ages & dur+ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( mod]n times1 t div9e influ5ce c\ld always1 & actually did always1 cause an alt]ation 9 ! c\rse ( ! functions ( ! body4 ,9 fact1 !re is an amaz+ly l>ge numb] ( p ev5 9 our "t :o believe ?is1 & = :om1 !re=e1 ! conception ( miracles1 especially ( miracul\s heal+1 is to-day on ab\t ! same level z t on :i* x /ood 9 ! "t ( ,gal5 & ,alex&] ( ,tralles4 ,?us we mu/ admit t ! anci5t physicians 7 by no means bel[ ! /&>d ( civilization & culture atta9$ dur+ _! p]iod if !y believ$ 9 ! possibility ( extraord9>y cures effect$ by means extrane\s & unsci5tific 9 _! treatm5t ( ! sick1 &1 accord+ly1 !y support$ su* me?ods4 ,h[ev]1 ?is belief 9 miracul\s m$ic9es on ! "p ( ! anci5t physician 0 always re/rict$ to c]ta9 limits4 ,x is true1 ! conception 0 always adh]$ to t ?is or t magical ag5cy1 or ?is or t magical action1 might ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! disease2 b su* a belief nev] l$ !m to omit any /rictly m$ical measures ( a surgical or gynecological nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! intellig5t physicians ( antiquity firmly insi/$ t ! actions ( ! surgeon & ( ! gynecologi/ 7 n to be hamp]$ by any metaphysical consid]ations2 ?us1 = in/ance1 ,soranus dem&$ mo/ en]getically t ! midwife %\ld be 80 7)\t fe> ( any demon7--i4e41 %e 0 n to be sup]/iti\s1 b free f any imputation :i* w\ld r5d] h] curative int]position objectionable4 ,! pr(ession ( ! magicians1 due to ! p]secutions to :i* !y became subject "u ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors ,val5s1 ,val5t9ian1 & ,!odosius1 became consid]ably less prom95t dur+ ! pr$om9ance ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ! ideas ^u :i* x _h be5 erect$ 9 anci5t times /ill surviv$2 9 fact1 ^! ideas 7 ev5 to a c]ta9 ext5t sy/ematically elaborat$ dur+ ! middle ages1 & at ?is "t a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 high] & l[]1 or :ite & black1 magic4 ,! :ite magic busi$ itself ) good spirits1 ! black magic ) ! bad ones4 ,magicians1 !re=e1 :o op]at$ by ! aid ( ! devil1 & ev5 9 m$ic9e call$ 9 ! assi/ance ( ! devil1 7 call$ 8necromanc]s40 ,= ! fir/ "t magic became amalgamat$ ) c]ta9 philosophical speculations & also ) ,*ri/ian-dogmatic con/itu5ts4 ,! me?ods adopt$ by magic m$ic9e "u ^! conditions are s peculi> & are s close to ! b\nd>y l9es betwe5 philosophy & religion t we are really n q c]ta9 :e!r to relegate x to ! doma9 ( "o or ( ! o!r4 ,b z ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ^! me?ods 7 actually suppli$ by philosophy1 we propose to def] ?is discussion = ! pres5t1 & to take up "h ano!r =m ( m$ical sup]/ition :i* 0 d]iv$ exclusively f religion--namely1 8sleep 9 ! temple40 #e4 ,sleep 9 ! ,temple4--,"o ( ! g5]ally practis$ me?ods ( m$ical sci5ce dur+ ! p]iod ( ,hell5ic civilization :i* 0 /ill fully "u ! influ5ce ( !ism--i4e41 = at lea/ two or ?ree c5turies be=e ! ,hippocratic era--0 :at 0 kn[n z 8temple sleep40 ,9 fact1 ?is me?od mu/ be consid]$ a sign ( a fai? di/9ctly deep & s9c]e1 a fai? naive & *ildlike inde$2 b z a sign ( su* a fai? ?is me?od is actually pa!tic4 ,no ta9t ( sup]/ition c\ld be f\nd 9 x at ! e>ly p]iod ref]r$ to4 ,x 0 /ill ! pure & unadult]at$ expression ( ! g5]ally prevail+ conception t human art is to no purpose 9 any case ( disease1 & aid mu/ be f\nd ) ! gods--) ^? gods :o regulate & p]sonally execute all t]re/rial ph5om5a d[n to ! m9ute/ details4 ,temple sleep 0 n degrad$ into sup]/ition until m$ic9e _h come to ! conclusion t ! ph5om5a ( disease 7 n evid5ce ( an int]f]5ce by sup]natural p[] 9 ! functions ( ! body1 b di/urbances ( ! function ( ! body caus$ exclusively by natural causes4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view1 :i* fir/ f\nd its fulle/ & cle>e/ exposition 9 ! corpus hippocraticum1 x w\ld seem absolutely necess>y = temple sleep to lose all recognition f ! art ( heal+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is n be+ ! case1 x 0 b\nd to det]iorate into an act ( sup]/iti\s mumm]y1 & ! pr9cipal blame = ?is sad decad5ce is to be laid prim>ily ^u ! prie/s4 ,x 0 _! duty especially to lead into ! pa? ( tru? ! pati5ts :o p]si/$ 9 cr[d+ into ! temples 9 ! _s ( naive & *ildlike piety4 ,!y seal$ _! own condemnation z fo/]]s ( sup]/ition :5 !y fail$ to d ?is duty1 & endeavor$ r1 by e means 9 _! p[]1 to confirm ! multitude 9 _! anci5t belief t ! gods 7 practis+ m$ic9e4 ,non-,*ri/ian z well z ,*ri/ian prie/s play$ ?is rle = _m c5turies ) equal ability & equal p]sev]ance1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ brief hi/ory ( temple sleep4 ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( temple sleep _h already be5 ?or\ghly %ak5 dur+ ! "t ( ! great ,hippocrates2 !re=e1 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 ! laugh+ philosoph] ( ,hell5ism1 ,ari/ophanes1 ! satirical contempor>y ( ,hippocrates1 9 ,act ,,ii41 v]ses #fed to #gej1 ( 8 com$y 1 sev]ely criticizes ! mann] & me?od 9 :i* temple sleep 0 employ$4 ,let u li/5 to ! words 9 :i* ! poet describes :at happ5$ 9 ! temple dur+ ! obs]vance ( ?is rite4 ,! god sculapius1 accompani$ by 8 daught] ,panakeia1 appe>s 9 ! temple to exam9e 9 p]son ! pati5ts ga!r$ !re4 ,! fir/ "o he meets is a poor wret*1 ,neokleides1 :o1 be+ ble>-ey$1 expects cure f ! god4 ,! m$ically skill$ sculapius sme>s ^u ! inv]t$ lids ( ?is pati5t a salve :i* causes su* pa9 t ! poor fell[ w probably nev] seek 8 help aga94 ,! second pati5t met by ! god is ! bl9d god1 7i4e41 ,weal? ,p]sonifi$74 ,"h ! conduct ( sculapius is entirely diff]5t f t :i* he adopt$ :5 treat+ poor ,neokleides4 ,n[ he c>efully /rokes ! head ( ! pati5t1 !n produces a l95 clo? & c>efully t\*es ! lids ) x4 ,he !n calls 8 daught] ,panakeia1 :o w9ds a r$ clo? r\nd ! head ( bl9d ,weal?4 ,n[ sculapius :i/les1 & two mighty s]p5ts appe>1 glide "u ! purple clo?1 & lick ! eyes ( ! pati5t4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ! god rega9s 8 sight4 ,?is passage is a cutt+ satire on practises :i* und\bt$ly prevail$ 9 ! ,greek temples z e>ly z ! six? c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,b1 nev]!less1 x took a long "t be=e ! pati5ts lo/ _! belief 9 ! miracul\s efficacy ( temple sleep1 & ! prie/hood cont9ually /rove to revive1 by ! my/]i\s /ories ( v>i\s k9ds !y rec\nt$ to d\bt]s1 ! belief 9 temple sleep4 ,! six? ( ! m>ble votive tablets :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! temple ( sculapius at ,epidaurus %[s ! k9d ( miracul\s reports inv5t$ by ! prie/s4 ,! latt] 7 9 ! habit ( inscrib+ ^u ^! tablets reports ( cures t _h occurr$ 9 _! sanctu>y1 = ! b5efit ( ! visitors ( ! temple & = ! /ill great] b5efit ( ! m$ical hi/orians2 b x is q probable t ! prie/hood1 int5t ^u cur+1 7 enc\rag$ 9 _! m$ico-lit]>y attempts only by ! sil5t hope ( creat+ an abundant supply ( pati5ts by su* miracul\s reports4 ,! above tablet1 ,no4 #f--:i* probably dates f ! ?ird c5tury1 ,b4,c4--tells u t a bl9d man by ! "n ( ,h]mon1 a native ( ,?asos1 _h recov]$ 8 sight by sleep+ 9 ! ,epidaurean temple ( sculapius4 ,h[ev]1 x appe>s t ?is man ,h]mon _h be5 a mis]able wret*1 = he disappe>$ )\t hav+ express$ 8 ?anks 9 h>d ca%4 ,naturally su* +ratitude provok$ ! god1 & summ>ily he bl9d$ ! ?ankless individual aga94 ,x requir$ a second temple sleep be=e ! god condesc5d$ to become helpful once m4 ,b our tablet does n m5tion any?+ ab\t ! am\nt ( ! remun]ation paid by our fri5d ,h]mon :o _h be5 twice cur$ ( bl9dness2 nei!r is ?is at all necess>y4 ,! miracul\s tablet1 ev5 )\t /at+ ! price1 d\btless made suffici5t impression ^u ! m9ds ev5 ( ! mo/ p>simoni\s ( future pati5ts4 ,al?o1 !re=e1 ! m enlight5$ among ! ,greeks recogniz$1 z e>ly z 9 ! six? c5tury1 ,b4,c41 ! futility ( temple sleep z a means ( heal+1 ! anci5t _w nev] rel9qui%$ x entirely4 ,we enc\nt] x aga9 9 ! lat] p]iods ( antiquity4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,suetonius & o!r anci5t au?ors tell u t two pati5ts1 "o bl9d1 ! o!r lame1 "o day approa*$ ! emp]or ,vespasian1 :o happ5$ to be 9 ,alex&ria1 ask+ him to spit into ! eyes ( ! "o & to /roke ! p>alyz$ limbs ( ! o!r2 = !y _h be5 notifi$ 9 temple sleep t !y w\ld be re/or$ to heal? if only ! emp]or w\ld deign to p]=m ! above-m5tion$ manipulations4 ,b ,vespasian 0 an enlight5$ rul] :o1 9 spite ( 8 imp]ial dignity1 did n h mu* confid5ce 9 ! m$ical qualities ( 8 saliva & ( 8 h&s1 & accord+ly unc]emoni\sly dismiss$ bo? supplicants4 ,?is caus$ great t]ror among ! prie/s ( ,s]apis & among ! c\rti]s1 = obvi\sly !y _h int]pret$ ?is affair solely z int5d$ 9 majorem ,vespasiani gloriam4 ,! emp]or 0 importun$1 !re=e1 k9dly to aid ! un=tunate1 b he p]si/$ 9 8 refusal4 ,probably he 0 "r 9 fe>+ ! loss ( 8 pre/ige %\ld ! imp]ial m$ical p[]s prove unequal to ! task ( cur+ disease4 ,n until ! prie/s solemnly v\*$ = ! tru?fulness ( ! dream-s5d+ god ,s]apis1 & decl>$ a failure ( ! imp]ial cure to be impossible1 did ,vespasian's /ubbornness rel5t4 ,n[ he spat1 & rubb$ ! p>alyz$ limbs1 & ! bl9d saw1 & ! p>alytic arose & walk$4 #f4 ,*ur* ,sleep4--,:51 subsequ5tly1 ! anci5t religions di$ out1 & _h left ! _w z an h]itage to ,*ri/ianity1 temple sleep _h by no means di$ out also4 ,on ! contr>y1 aft] ! lapse ( ?ree c5turies1 x aga9 came into favor ) ! ,*ri/ian prie/s4 ,& ! use ( x n[ 0 sc>cely less 9 favor ?an x _h be5 a ?\s& ye>s previ\s 9 ! _w ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,let u m5tion a few examples4 ,! fir/ f\r /ories are tak5 f ! works ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,mummolus1 :o came to ! c\rt ( ,ju/9ian 7#ebg to #efe7 z ! ambassador ( ,k+ ,!udeb]t1 suff]$ greatly f calculi ( ! ur9>y bladd]1 & dur+ ?is j\rney he became subject to an attack ( r5al colic4 ,?+s w5t badly ) poor ,mummolus1 & he 0 9 a great hurry to make 8 w4 ,:]eupon he 0 advis$ to pass "o night sleep+ 9 ,/4 ,&rew's ,*ur*1 at ,pat]as1 = ,/4 ,&rew _h p]=m$ _m miracul\s cures 9 ?is place4 ,no soon] said ?an done4 ,mummolus1 greatly torm5t$ by pa9 & fev]1 & despair+ ( life1 _h himself plac$ ^u ! /one flags ( ! sanctu>y1 & wait$ !re = ! ?+s t 7 to happ54 ,sudd5ly1 t[>d midnight1 ! pati5t awoke ) a viol5t desire to ur9ate1 & dis*>g$ 9 a natural mann] a calculus :i*1 z ,/4 ,gregory assures u1 0 s enorm\s t x fell ) a l\d clatt] into ! vessel4 ,f t h\r ,mummolus 0 hale & he>ty1 & joyfully />t$ on 8 j\rney homew>d4 ,9 ,bri\de1 ! capital ( ! pres5t dep>tm5t ,haute-,loire1 !re 0 a woman nam$ ,f$amia1 :o _h be5 p>alyz$ = ye>s4 ,9 addition to ?is1 %e 0 p5niless1 & h] relatives1 !re=e1 br\ght h] to ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,julian1 :o enjoy$ a great reputation 9 ,bri\de1 9 ord] t1 ev5 if %e did n become cur$1 %e might at lea/ make "s money by begg+ at ! *ur* door4 ,= eighte5 ye>s %e _h liv$ ?us :51 "o ,sunday night1 :ile %e slept 9 ! colonnade adjo9+ ! *ur*1 a man appe>$ :o took h] by ! h& & l$ h] t[>d ! grave ( ,/4 ,julian4 ,on arriv+ !re %e utt]$ a f]v5t pray]1 & 9 a mom5t felt z if a load ( actual *a9s fell f h] limbs4 ,all ?is1 x is true1 happ5$ 9 a dream1 b :5 ! pati5t awoke %e 0 hale & he>ty1 & 0 able1 to ! amazem5t ( ! assembl$ multitude1 to walk1 ) l\d pray]s1 to ! grave ( ! sa9t4 ,a c]ta9 man1 deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,amagildus1 also tri$ ! sleep 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,julian1 at ,bri\de4 ,b x appe>s t ?is sa9t 0 n always q accessible to ! wi%es ( ! sick4 ,x is true1 ,amagildus 0 n oblig$1 l ,f$amia ( ! previ\s n>rative1 to pass eighte5 ye>s 9 ! basilica1 b1 nev]!less1 he _h to sleep = a full ye> 9 ! colonnade ( ! *ur* be=e ! curative p[] ( ! holy m>tyr deliv]$ him f 8 ailm5t4 ,v]anus1 ! slave ( "o ( ! cl]gy "u ,gregory1 0 s viol5tly attack$ by g\t t he 0 absolutely unable to move = an entire ye>4 ,!reupon 8 ma/] pl$g$ himself to advance ! afflict$ slave to ! prie/hood if ,/4 ,m>t9 w\ld be will+ to cure him4 ,to accompli% ?is cure ! slave 0 c>ri$ to ! *ur*1 & !re plac$ at ! feet ( ! sa9t4 ,! poor wret* _h to rema9 !re = five long days1 & x seem$ z ?o ,/4 ,m>t9 _h =gott5 all ab\t him4 ,f9ally1 on ! six? day1 ! pati5t 0 visit$ by a man :o seiz$ 8 foot & drew x out /raight4 ,! slave rose to 8 feet 9 t]ror1 & p]ceiv$ t he 0 cur$4 ,= _m ye>s he s]v$ ,/4 ,m>t9 z a prie/4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful cure 0 t ( ! ,g]man emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii41 call$ 8,! ,sa9t0 7#ajjb to #ajbd74 ,?is emp]or1 :o 0 ( ,bav>ian /ock1 suff]$ greatly f ! /one1 & _h retir$ to ! ,italian cloi/] ,monte ,cass9o1 inasmu* z ?is cloi/] dur+ t p]iod ju/ly enjoy$ an extraord9>y m$ical reputation4 ,b :e!r ! monks ( ,monte ,cass9o1 al?o well v]s$ 9 m$ical art1 did n h suffici5t confid5ce 9 _! ability to treat an emp]or1 or :e!r !y 7 induc$ by "s o!r reason1 is n kn[n2 h[ev]1 in/ead ( submitt+ ! imp]ial pati5t to ! op]ations ( t]re/rial m$ic9e1 !y surr5d]$ him to ! provid5ce ( heav51 & m p>ticul>ly to ! sympa?y ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4 ,?is sa9t fully ju/ifi$ ! confid5ce t 0 plac$ 9 him1 =1 dur+ an acute p]iod 9 ! pati5t's suff]+s1 he appe>$ 9 8 own holy p]son1 & ) 8 own holy h&s he p]=m$ ! necess>y op]ation1 &1 aft] hav+ press$ ! /one t he _h remov$ f ! bladd] into ! h& ( ! sleep+ emp]or1 he retir$ heav5w>d4 ,b he took c>e f 8 heav5ly resid5ce to att5d to ! prompt heal+ ( ! op]ation w\nd1 & ?is 0 surely v good ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4 ,9 fact1 8 entire behavior dur+ ?is case 0 extremely prop] & laudable2 = is x n mu* m fitt+ t ! imp]ial bladd] %\ld be deliv]$ f its disagreeable visitor1 ! /one1 at ! h&s ( a sa9t ?an by ^? ( mortal be+s1 ev5 if ^? mortal be+s 7 ! pi\s & m$ically skill$ monks ( ,monte ,cass9o8#c ,! =m 9 :i* we enc\nt] ! ,*ri/ian temple sleep 9 ! above /ories is z l z two peas to t practis$ 9 ! ,hell5ic temples4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ m]ely by ! fact t ! ,greek gods g5]ally ha/5$ to ! assi/ance ( ! pati5ts aft] ! latt] _h sp5t "o night 9 ! temple1 :]eas ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts (t5 all[$ ye>s to pass be=e ! pati5t1 :o 0 cry+ = aid1 secur$ relief4 #c ,comp>e ,leibnitz1 ,script4 ,brunsvic1 ,vol4 ,i41 page #ebe4 ,spr5gel1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #ia4 ,*ri/ianity has1 h[ev]1 creat$ "o v>iation ( ! temple sleep1 & ?is is ! sleep :i* is tak51 al?o outside ( ! *ur*1 at any place :atev]1 b ) invocation ( ! sa9ts4 ,?is sleep 0 said to be exactly z efficaci\s z t tak5 9 ! *ur* itself1 provid$ ! pati5t _h f]v5tly pray$ be=e fall+ asleep1 & _h p>ticul>ly rememb]$ ! sa9t ^: assi/ance he requir$4 ,! two foll[+ n>ratives1 :i* are also tak5 f ! works ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 may s]ve z significant examples ( ?is v>iety ( temple sleep4 ,alp9us1 ,c\nt ( ,t\rs1 0 s torm5t$ = ye>s by a pa9 9 8 foot t life _h no fur!r joys = him1 s t1 sleepless & )\t appetite1 he took to 8 b$4 ,aga9 & aga9 _h he1 9 secret pray]1 appeal$ to ,/4 ,m>t9 = relief4 ,s "o day ! ,c\nt sudd5ly falls into a deep sleep1 dur+ :i* ,/4 ,m>t9 appe>s to him1 mak+ ! sign ( ! cross ov] ! diseas$ foot4 ,!reupon ! pa9 sudd5ly left him1 & ,alp9us 0 able to leave 8 c\*1 fully cur$4 ,9 ?is case ! sa9t %[$ himself extremely consid]ate t[>d ! sick c\nt1 9 t he 0 attir$ 9 a sm>t uni=m :5 pay+ 8 visit4 ,x 0 8 int5tion1 obvi\sly1 9 *oos+ ?is co/ume to gratify ! m>tial ta/es ( ! nobleman2 = ,/4 ,m>t91 :5 visit+ pati5ts1 by no means always affect$ ?is w>like array1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ /ory4 ,a c]ta9 woman 0 s sev]ely afflict$ ) campsis ( ! f+]s t %e completely lo/ ! use ( h] h&s4 ,ev5 a visit to ! *ur* :i* 0 consecrat$ to ,/4 ,m>t9 9 ,t\rs _h br\ght h] no relief4 ,! pati5t 0 oblig$ to leave ! sanctu>y ) h] f+]s /ill diseas$4 ,b x seems t ?is pati5t 0 actually ( a v cont5t$ disposition2 = :51 ^u h] return1 away f ,t\rs1 %e lay d[n to h] fir/ night's re/1 %e ?ank$ ,god t at lea/ h] life 0 sp>$1 & t %e _h be5 p]mitt$ to see ! grave ( ,/4 ,m>t94 ,affect$ by s mu* mode/y1 ,/4 ,m>t9 appe>$ to h] 9 h] sleep1 &1 l to ,/4 ,b5$ict 9 ! case ( ! emp]or ,h5ry1 ) 8 own holy h&s he p]=m$ some:at ( an op]ation ^u ! pati5t1 9 t he /ret*$ h] b5t f+]s 9 su* a mann] t ! t5se t5dons 7 evid5tly torn2 = ,gregory tells u t1 "u ! treatm5t describ$1 blood fl[$ f ! /raight5$ f+]s ( ! woman4 ,b ,/4 ,m>t9 _h entirely disc>d$ 8 m>tial attire ^u ?is visit4 ,evid5tly su* a g>b did n seem to him appropriate :5 visit+ a female pati5t2 he !re=e appe>$ be=e ! pati5t 9 a purple cloak ) a cross 9 8 h&4 ,h[ev]1 ! m$ical activity ( ! sa9ts 0 by no means re/rict$ to cases ( *ur* slumb]1 b 0 manife/$ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s =ms4 #g4 ,m$ical ,sa9ts4--,"s sa9ts _h a decid$ pr$ilection = m$ical specialties1 & = t reason paid a p>ticul> att5tion to c]ta9 v>ieties ( disease4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,anna esp\s$ oph?almology2 ,/4 ,jude cur$ c\ghs2 ,/4 ,val5t9e1 epilepsy2 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a1 ! plague4 ,n ev5 our dome/ic animals 7 =gott5 by ! sa9ts4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,ro* ( ,montpelli] di/+ui%$ himself especially by 8 skill z a vet]9>ian4 ,v>i\s 7 ! ways ( obta9+ ! m$ical aid ( ?is or t sa9t4 ,! mo/ simple 0 probably t ! pati5t att5d$ mass 9 ! *ur* ( 8 t[n1 &1 at ! same "t1 made an (f]+ to ! sa9ts4 ,m difficult 0 x to und]take a pilgrimage to "o or ! o!r ( ! sa9ts :o enjoy$ a m$ical reputation2 ?is 0 g5]ally done on ! bir?day ( ! cele/ial physician4 ,x seems t ! sa9t 0 especially incl9$ on ?is day to practise m$ic9e2 at lea/1 ! *ronicl]s report t great numb]s ( ! mo/ difficult cases 7 successfully treat$ on su* days4 ,a v efficaci\s me?od ( secur+ m$ical treatm5t f sa9ts 0 consid]$ to be ! plac+ ( ! pati5t 9 ! *ur* dur+ ! day 9 ! space betwe5 ! alt> & ! grave ( ! sa9t4 ,! b$ ( ! mortally sick1 fev]-rack$ pati5t 0 plac$ !re1 & = days 0 compell$ to rema9 "h wre/l+ ) dea?4 ,?is 0 done1 = in/ance1 ) ! dy+ ,c\ntess ,ebor94 ,9 case sev]e epidemics 7 preval5t1 x is likely t ! *ur*es v (t5 resembl$ actual hospitals4 ,!n doz5s ( b$s ) _! pati5ts 7 set up 9 ! *ur*es1 & _m a "o :o 0 9 good heal? :5 he ent]$ ! *ur* to say 8 pray]s probably return$ home ) ! g]m ( a pe/il5ce acquir$ 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,b ! sa9ts1 z we h se51 7 by no means always s anxi\s or 9 su* a hurry to manife/ _! m$ical skill4 ,!y (t5 made ! pati5t wait = ye>s = _! aid4 ,! *ur*1 !re=e1 made practical arrangem5ts to meet e requirem5t4 ,l>g] build+s 7 erect$ close to ! *ur* int5d$ = ! reception ( pati5ts4 ,"h ^? :o 7 hop+ to f9d help c\ld obta9 %elt] & food1 & 71 !re=e1 able to re/ quietly1 & to await ! mom5t :5 heav5ly aid might appe>4 ,?is arrangem5t prov$ to be extremely practical1 especially because a good _m individuals felt !mselves cur$ only s long z !y rema9$ 9 ! proximity ( ! sa9t1 b became reafflict$ z be=e :5 !y return$ to _! homes4 ,b z ! slumb] & ! protract$ soj\rn 9 ! ecclesia/ical ho/elries 01 nev]!less1 r uncom=table1 especially 9 consid]ation ( ! difficulties & dang]s :i* 7 involv$ 9 travel+ dur+ ! middle ages1 x 0 absolutely necess>y to inv5t a means ( adm9i/]+ ! m$ical aid ( ! sa9ts 9 su* a way z 0 always accessible to ! pati5t4 ,?is 0 manag$ by ! use ( relics4 #h4 ,cult ( ,relics4--,x 0 believ$ t ,god _h end[$ ! bodies ( m>tyrs :o di$ = ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 or ( sa9ts di/+ui%$ by extraord9>y piety1 ) a miracul\s p[] ( extraord9>y efficacy1 & n only ! mortal relics ( ! m>tyrs & sa9ts 7 wond]-work+1 b actually all objects :i* _h come 9 contact ) ! p]sons ( sa9ts dur+ _! life z well z aft] _! dea?4 ,all su* objects 7 possess$ ( curative p[]4 ,let u li/5 to :at ,gregory ( ,t\rs says "u ?is head3 8,! miracles :i* our ,"l ,god deign$ to br+ ab\t ?r\gh ,/4 ,m>t91 8 s]vant1 once a pilgrim 9 ! fle%1 he causes to be repeat$ daily1 to /r5g!n ! confid5ce ( ! fai?ful2 = n[ he end[s 8 tomb ) precisely ! same wond]-work+ p[] z 0 exhibit$ by ! sa9t himself :ile /ill among u4 ,:o w n[ p]si/ 9 d\bt+ ! =m] miracles :5 he obs]ves _! cont9uation 9 ! pres5t day1 :5 he sees ! lame walk1 ! bl9d receive _! sight1 devils ca/ out1 & e v>iety ( disease cur$ by ! help ( ! sa9t80 78,b]n\lli10 page #bhg74 ,! /atem5t ( su* a lum9>y ( ! ,*ur* z ,gregory ( ,t\rs has und\bt$ly ga9$ eccle/ia/ical cr$5ce = ! m$ical efficacy n only ( ! tomb ( ,/4 ,m>t91 b ( all ! relics relat+ to t sa9t4 ,x rema9$ only to di/ribute ! sup]ior m$ical p[] :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! holy tombs & relics 9 su* a =m z w\ld enable all pati5ts1 :]ev] !y happ5$ to be1 to make use ( !m4 ,?is task1 app>5tly mo/ difficult1 0 settl$ v easily4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ev]y?+ :i* came 9 contact ) a relic actually absorb$ a sacr$ & miracul\s p[] conta9$ 9 ! same1 & :at _h be5 absorb$ 0 by no means impond]able4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,some?+ ( mat]ial sub/ance1 &1 !re=e1 physically demon/rable1 pass$ f ! relic into ! objects surr\nd+ x4 ,x 0 inde$ a cele/ial fluid1 b1 nev]!less1 ( s t]re/rial a nature t ! prie/s 7 able to demon/rate its transf]5ce by means ( a common pair ( scales4 ,?us x 0 cu/om>y t ! silk %r$s :i* 7 deposit$ by ! pilgrims ^u ! tomb ( ! apo/le ,pet] 7 weigh$ be=e !y 7 plac$ !re & weigh$ aga9 aft] _! removal4 ,?is weigh+ always & )\t exception indicat$ a consid]able increase 9 _! weight4 ,! pilgrim !n c\ld travel homew>d & be ?or\ghly consol$1 z ! scale _h demon/rat$ to him ! am\nt ( miracul\s p[] conta9$ 9 8 silk rag4 ,x 0 really a/oni%+1 "u "s circum/ances1 :at an enorm\s am\nt ( curative fluid c\ld fl[ f su* a holy tomb into a s+le t]re/rial object4 ,?is 0 :at happ5$ to a k+ ( ! ,suavians4 ,he _h a sick son1 = ^: cure e rem$y _h prov$ unavail+4 ,he at la/ s5t an embassy to ,t\rs to obta9 a relic ( ,/4 ,m>t91 b ?is relic 0 de/9$ to be manufactur$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! embassy4 ,! prie/s 7 q will+ to comply ) ! desire ( _! royal petition]1 & ?us a piece ( silk1 duly weigh$ be=eh&1 0 plac$ ^u ! tomb ( ,/4 ,m>t94 ,aft] ?is silk _h rema9$ = "o night ^u ! holy sepul*re1 & ! embassy _h knelt beside pray+ f]v5tly1 ! silk absorb$ s mu* curative p[] t ! regi/] ( ! scale 0 rais$ to its highe/ possible not*4 ,kn[+1 !n1 t any desir$ object c\ld be saturat$ ) ! miracul\s p[] conta9$ 9 a relic1 !y us$ to apply ?is cele/ial p[] ?r\gh m$icam5ts1 & to accompli% ?is a numb] ( me?ods 7 9 use4 ,! mo/ popul> 0 to scrape ! tomb/ones on ! graves ( ! sa9ts z ?or\ghly z possible4 ,! p[d] ?us obta9$ 0 !n put into wat] or w9e1 & ?us a m$ic9e 0 acquir$ :i* possess$ an a/oni%+ curative p[]4 ,x 0 efficaci\s ev5 9 ! sev]e/ ailm5ts ( ! body4 ,let u li/5 to :at ,gregory ( ,t\rs has report$ conc]n+ ! m$ic9al virtues ( su* tomb/one potions4 ,he says3 8,oh1 indescribable mixture1 incomp>able elixir1 antidote beyond all praise6 ,cele/ial purgative 7if ,i may be p]mitt$ to use ! expression71 :i* ?r[s into ! %ade e m$ical prescription1 :i* surpasses 9 fragrance e e>?ly aroma1 & is m p[]ful ?an all ess5ces2 :i* purges ! body l ! juice ( scammony1 cle>s ! lungs l hyssop1 & ! head l sneezewort2 :i* n only cures ! ail+ limbs1 b also1 & ?is is mu* m valuable1 wa%es (f ! /a9s f ! consci5ce60 ,accord+ to ?is ext5sive p[] ( ! tomb/one p[d]1 x is by no means a/oni%+ t ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 :5 travel+1 always c>ri$ a box ( ?is miracul\s p[d] ) him1 s t he 0 able at once to heal ! pati5ts t surr\nd$ him4 ,i 0 n able to obta9 f ! lit]>y s\rces at my disposal any data z to :e!r ! direct lick+ (f ( ! tomb/ones might n h be5 /ill m efficaci\s ?an ! all-heal+ extract4 ,gregory does1 h[ev]1 report t he 0 cur$ ( a tumor ( ! tongue & lips by m]ely lick+ ! rail+ ( ! tomb ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & kiss+ ! curta9 ( ! temple4 ,ano!r v efficaci\s rem$y 0 ! *>r$ wick ( ! wax c&les :i* _h burn$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,?is wick 0 pulv]iz$1 & 9 ?is mann] a v p[]ful curative p[d] 0 obta9$ :i*1 :5 tak51 act$ 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ! wat]y or v9\s tomb/one infusion4 ,! wax :i* dripp$ f c&les t 7 plac$ ne> ! holy sepul*re 0 also cr$it$ ) _m m$ic9al virtues1 b x seems t x 0 employ$ m z an ext]nal ?an an int]nal rem$y4 ,! wat] :i* _h be5 us$ be=e ,ea/] to clean ! alt> ( ! sa9ts 0 also consid]$ to be a fam\s rem$y4 ,if su* wat] 0 employ$ 9 wa%+ a pati5t he recov]$ at once1 & ?is 0 ! happy exp]i5ce ( ,c\ntess ,ebor94 ,?is exhalt$ pati5t 0 suff]+ s sev]ely t %e believ$ h] h\r _h come4 ,%e 0 !n quickly remov$ to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t91 & ?or\ghly wa%$ ) ! wat] t _h be5 us$ 9 wa%+ ! alt>4 ,&1 behold6 ! disease disappe>$1 & let u hope t ! ov]joy$ c\ntess aft]w>d enjoy$ _m ye>s ( life4 ,oil f lamps hung 9 holy places 0 also a favorite rem$y1 b x appe>s t x 0 pr9cipally us$ = ano9t+4 ,h[ev]1 :5 mix$ ) holy wat]1 x furni%$ a rem$y :i* c\ld be adm9i/]$ to diseas$ cattle ) a prospect ( positive cure4 ,wat] :i* 0 obta9$ by boil+ ! cov]s 9 :i* ! relics 7 wrapp$ also yield$ a v efficaci\s m$ic9e4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs caus$ a silk cov]1 9 :i* a piece ( ! cross ( ,*ri/ _h be5 wrapp$1 to be ?or\ghly boil$1 & he !n adm9i/]$ ?is decoction to pati5ts2 ! curta9s :i* 7 us$ z ornam5ts ov] holy graves also display$ an extremely b5efic5t effect ^u ! sick4 ,if an individual suff]+ f heada*e t\*$1 = in/ance1 ! c>pet :i* 0 plac$ ov] ! re/+-place ( ,/4 ,julian1 ! pa9 ceas$4 ,b if a pati5t 0 afflict$ ) abdom9al pa9s1 all t 0 necess>y to relieve him at once 0 to pull a ?read f ?is1 ! above-nam$ c>pet1 & to apply x to 8 rebelli\s dige/ive app>atus4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n necess>y = ! prie/s1 "u "s circum/ances1 p]sonally to take ! tr\ble ( manufactur+ miracul\s m$ic9es f relics4 ,!re exi/$ "s holy graves :i* 7 s accommodat+ t !y furni%$1 ( _! own accord1 ! holy mat]ial t 0 requir$ = ! treatm5t ( ! sick4 ,?us ! *ronicl] records t ! grave ( ! evangeli/ ,john exud$ a sort ( :ite manna1 :i*1 ow+ to its wond]-work+ curative p[]1 0 di/ribut$ all ov] ! _w4 ,a simil> product 0 yield$ by ! grave ( ! ,apo/le ,&rew on ! fe/ival day ( t sa9t4 ,a preci\s oil sc5t$ l nect> also sprang f ! re/+-place ( ?is man ( ,god4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! sacr$ ph>macopia teem$ ) rem$ies1 & t !y 7 q ext5sively employ$ is %[n suffici5tly by ! hi/ory ( ! sa9ts &1 above all1 by ! works ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,! latt]1 9 p>ticul>1 (f] an actually inexhau/ible m9e ( in=mation conc]n+ ! m$ical activity ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> t ?is m$ical activity enjoy$ ! confid5ce ( prie/s or ( laym5 to su* an ext5t t ! s]vices ( a pr(essional physician 7 entirely disc>d$4 ,x is true1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs expresses himself 9 ref]5ce to ! t]re/rial physicians 9 a mann] :i* is by no means complim5t>y1 = he says3 8,:at are !y 7! physicians7 able to accompli% ) _! in/rum5ts8 ,_! (fice is r to cause pa9 ?an to alleviate x2 if !y op5 ! eye & cut into x ) po9t$ lancets1 !y surely cause ! agony ( dea? to come 9 sight be=e assi/+ 9 ! recov]y ( vision1 & if all precaution>y measures are n ?or\ghly c>ri$ out ! p[] ( sight is lo/ =ev]4 ,our belov$ sa9t1 h[ev]1 has only "o in/rum5t ( /eel1 & t is 8 w1 & only "o salve1 & t is 8 curative p[]40 ,b 9 spite ( ?is want ( confid5ce 9 physicians1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs did n hesitate ev5tually to int]f]e q ext5sively ) ! practise ( ! sa9ts by ! employm5t ( ord9>y m$ic9e4 ,at lea/1 he frequ5tly did s :5 he felt sick himself4 ,?us1 "o day1 :5 he 0 afflict$ ) sev]e bellya*e1 he employ$ w>m p\ltices & ba?s1 & only :5 ! refractory abdom5 gave him no re/1 aft] a cont9uance ( ?is treatm5t = six days1 did ,gregory apply to ,/4 ,m>t94 ,:51 at ano!r "t1 ,gregory 0 affect$ ) s sev]e an attack t 8 dea? 0 believ$ to be imm95t1 he caus$ himself at fir/ to be treat$ accord+ to all ! rules ( m$ical sci5ce1 & n until improvem5t fail$ to appe>1 did he ?9k ( ! aid ( ! sa9ts4 ,!n he spoke to 8 physician z foll[s3 8,well1 y h exhau/$ all rem$ies ( y\r art1 y h us$ up all y\r p[]s & juices1 b ! rem$ies ( ?is _w d n help him :o is de/9$ to die4 ,only "o ?+ rema9s = me to d4 ,i %all tell y ! great rem$y3 take "s /one p[d] f ! grave ( ,/4 ,m>t9 & prep>e x = me40 ,! heal+ ( ! sick by ! p[] ( ! sa9ts & ?r\gh relics 0 9 favor ?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 & ev5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 s g5]ally 9 vogue t a physician by ! "n ( ,wy] 7#aeae to #aehh7 consid]$ x exp$i5t to demon/rate ! incr$ibility ( su* heav5ly int]f]5ce4 ,x is by no means my int5tion to hold solely dogmatic ,*ri/5dom ( ! middle ages & ! ,*ri/ian prie/ responsible = ! mon/r\s sup]/ition into :i*1 accord+ to ! above description1 ,*ri/ian religion _h deg5]at$ 9 ! doma9 ( m$ic9e4 ,?is sup]/ition result$ f ! coop]ation ( q incongru\s factors2 b we c by no means exempt ! ,*ri/ian prie/ entirely f blame1 9 t he assi/$ v mat]ially 9 fur!r+ x4 ,= we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! ,*ri/ian cloi/] ( ! middle ages 0 n only ! la/ refuge ( humani/ic culture1 b ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e f\nd an asylum ( preem95t importance )9 its prec9cts4 ,m$ic9e _h tak5 refuge 9 ! cloi/] f ! /orms & tribulations :i* foll[$ ! political collapse ( antiquity & f ! excitem5t ( national migrations1 & _h "h atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,9 fact1 we may cont5d1 )\t exagg]ation1 t at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! middle ages ! ,*ri/ian mona/]y _h ! importance z a m$ical s*ool :i* 0 lat] on claim$ by ! univ]sity2 = ! ,*ri/ian monks n only nurs$ ! sick & practis$ m$ic9e1 b also took an int]e/ 9 its sci5tific developm5t4 ,!y 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! m$ical classics ( anci5t times1 su* z ,hippocrates1 ,h]ophilus1 ,dioscorides1 ,gal51 ,paul ( g9a1 & o!rs1 z well z ) ! anci5t m$ical celebrities ( second & ?ird rank4 ,briefly1 m$ical k 9 its entirety 0 conta9$ 9 ! cloi/]s ( ! middle ages2 ! cloi/]s1 inde$1 furni%$ a consid]ably l>g] quota ( ! m$ical pr(ession ?an ! laity4 ,9 su* a /ate ( affairs x might h be5 expect$ t ! monks & prie/s %\ld h appli$ _! ext5sive m$ical k to combat ! t]rible abuses :i* _h invad$ m$ic9e 9 connection ) ! names & ! bones ( ! sa9ts4 ,b ?is !y nev] did1 nei!r dur+ ! middle ages or lat] on4 ,prie/hood has nev] s]i\sly attempt$ to promote m$ical enlight5m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 pl5ty ( writ+s exi/ 9 :i* ! crasse/ sup]/ition 9 m$ico-physical affairs 0 def5d$ by ! cl]gy1 :o q frequ5tly exhibit ! same _s :ile practis+ m$ic9e4 ,m$ical relief obta9$ by entirely t]re/rial rem$ies !y spe$ily plac$ to ! cr$it ( ! sa9ts1 z 0 done1 = in/ance1 by ! monks ( ,monte ,cass9o1 :5 7z we h se5 above7 !y p]suad$ ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 t n ! temporal h&s ( ! fri> physicians _h p]=m$ an op]ation = /one ^u him1 b t ,/4 ,b5$ict 9 p]son _h1 ) 8 own holy h&s1 extract$ ! /one f ! imp]ial bladd]4 ,by lead+ ! laity1 9 num]\s cases & aga9/ _! bett] k & consci5ce1 to believe t ! aid ( ! sa9ts1 & ( ! relics orig9at+ f !m1 0 f> sup]ior to m$ical s]vices1 ! ,*ri/ian prie/s ( ! middle ages h on _! "p contribut$ q a consid]able %>e to ! horrors ( m$ical sup]/ition4 ,x is true1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t monks & prie/s ( ! middle ages 7 ! product ( _! "t1 9 ! same mann] z we ( mod]n times are ! product ( our p]iod4 ,& z ! middle ages =m$ an era ( miracles1 ( demons1 devils1 & wit*es1 num]\s memb]s ( ! cl]gy1 z *ildr5 ( _! "t1 surely _h an ess5tially diff]5t op9ion ( ! belief 9 miracles & demons f t :i* we h4 ,! conception ( miracles 0 entirely diff]5t dur+ ! middle ages f :at x is 9 mod]n times2 = ! s9c]e & firm belief 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ! "o ,god1 :i* ) ,*ri/ianity _h tak5 possession ( ! _w1 _h firmly fix$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian m9d ( t p]iod ! idea t ,god 0 able at any mom5t to manife/ 8 omnipot5ce by *ang+ ! c\rse ( t]re/rial ph5om5a1 & actually did manife/ x4 ,?us to a ,*ri/ian ( ! middle ages x did n appe> miracul\s t an alt]ation 9 ! c\rse ( natural law %\ld occur4 ,x 0 consid]$ q conceivable t ! same natural ph5om5a %\ld spr+ f "o cause to-day & f a diff]5t "o to-morr[1 accord+ to ! pleasure ( ,god2 x w\ld h be5 j z inconceivable to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & to _! lat] coreligioni/s ( ! middle ages1 t all natural processes are c>ri$ into effect accord+ to et]nally unalt]able laws1 beyond ! int]f]5ce ( div9ity1 z x is incompreh5sible to u to conceive t ,god w\ld at any "t *ange a law ( nature 9 favor ( "o or ! o!r mortal be+4 ,! conception ( miracle dur+ ! fir/ sixte5 c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era 0 entirely diff]5t f t ( ! subsequ5t era4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 gauge ! ideas ( prie/s & laym5 ( ^? c5turies :o believ$ 9 m$ical miracles by ! same /&>d z t by :i* we judge ^? :o to-day /ill p]si/ 9 admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( m$ico-physical wond] or miracle4 ,x is highly probable t1 "u conditions z describ$ above1 _m ,*ri/ian monks & prie/s vacillat$ betwe5 ! requirem5ts ( fai? & ! results ( _! own m$ical k4 ,! m$ieval s*ol>'s feel+ drew him to "o side1 8 intellig5ce to ! o!r1 & ?us he became de/itute ( a firm hold--! intellectual sport ( 8 p]iod & ( 8 environm5t4 ,t prom95t lights ( ! ,*ur* c\ld become subject to su* vacillations we le>n f ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 :o attempt$ to cure bodily ailm5ts at "o "t ) ! m$icam5ts ( pr(essional m$ic9e1 at o!r times ) ! sav+ means ( ! cele/ial drug-/ore2 :o at "o "t deprecat$ ! art ( temporal physicians 9 favor ( m$ically skill$ sa9ts1 at o!r times fl$ to human m$ic9e = refuge4 ,f9ally ! position ( ! m$ically le>n$ monk & prie/ ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al public1 dur+ ! middle ages1 0 by no means an easy or an agreeable "o4 ,! p clung ) inv9cible t5acity to ! belief 9 demons & miracles4 ,anci5t z well z ,*ri/ian philosophy 0 firmly pl$g$ to a belief 9 demons1 ^: exi/5ce 0 support$ by ! sacr$ te/imony ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is n a/oni%+1 !re=e1 t ! p %\ld cl+ to _! belief 9 v>i\s =ms ( sup]natural int]f]5ce ) ! functions ( organic be+s1 & ?us x may frequ5tly h happ5$ t a m$ically enlight5$ prie/1 fe>+ ! opposition ( a p eag] aft] cele/ial m$ic9e1 sacrific$ 8 sci5tific convictions to ! caprices ( a mi/ak5 fai?4 ,un=tunately1 only a few _h 9 !m ! mak+ ( a sci5tific m>tyr1 & ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity tea*es u t x is mu* easi] to be a m>tyr ( fai? ?an a m>tyr ( sci5ce4 ,b :at has be5 /at$ ?us f> w by no means acquit ! ,*ri/ian prie/ ( blame :i* he incurr$ by favor+ m$ical sup]/ition2 su* acquittal w\ld be radically futile4 ,b we mean to %[ t ! conduct ( ! s]vants ( our fai?1 al?o n p>donable1 is q explicable4 ,! hi/orian1 9 ord] to pres5t to 8 read]s ! relation :i* _h gradually =m$ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & m$ical sup]/ition1 mu/ %[ himself prosecutor & def5dant at ! same "t4 ,equally ) dogma & prie/hood1 !i/ic belief also has be5 a p[]ful in/rum5t 9 ! fur!r+ ( m$ical sup]/ition1 & ?is po9t we %all next consid]4 #i4 ,!i/ic ,?\ght z ! ,fo/]] ( ,m$ical ,sup]/ition4--,al?o ! !i/1 by accept+ a physico-me*anical int]pretation ( natural ph5om5a1 ab&on$ 8 ma9 position1 yet ! !i/ic belief by no means became obsolete--i4e41 ! belief t ,god1 unre/rict$ by natural laws1 p]sonally direct$ t]re/rial manife/ations /ill held its gr\nd4 ,?is belief rema9$ dom9ant 9 _m m9ds1 9 spite ( all t philosoph]s & naturali/s said 9 reg>d to ! =ms & life ( organic /ructures4 ,! vitality :i* ?is belief has %[n dur+ ! developm5t ( our race is actually a/oni%+4 ,9 spite ( ! wide acceptance ( ! physico-me*anical !ory ( life1 ! belief t ,god1 )\t reg>d to natural laws1 unceas+ly int]f]$ ) ! c\rse ( natural ev5ts1 &1 consequ5tly1 also ) ! conditions ( ! human body1 has n only rema9$ active1 b has ev5 succe$$ 9 recov]+ an ext5sive "p ( its lo/ gr\nd4 ,we %all soon see t ?is is a repetition ( :at has occurr$ dur+ all p]iods ( human developm5t4 ,ev5 to-day1 :5 ! me*anical !ory ( life has won its greate/ triumphs1 & m ?an tw5ty c5turies h pass$ s9ce ! great ,hippocrates prea*$ a !ory ( m$ic9e1 purifi$ f all !i/ic & !urgic accretions1 individuals are /ill met ) :o presuppose ! !rapeutic activity ( ,god 9 all cases ( disease z a self-evid5t fact4 ,su* a condition ( op9ion1 hi/ory tea*es u1 always prevails at p]iods1 dur+ :i* a crav+ = religi\s excitem5t becomes excessively acute4 ,x is ei!r a new =m ( religion :i* s preoccupies ! public m9d & ! intellig5ce t all ph5om5a are conceiv$ ( z 9 close/ relation%ip ) ,god1 or else "s individual appe>s :o1 c>ri$ away by religi\s en?usiasm1 tea*es t ! exi/5ce ( nature indep5d5t ( ,god is n admissible1 & succe$s 9 enli/+ num]\s foll[]s "u 8 bann]4 ,"u simil> conditions !i/ic belief _h occasionally succe$$ 9 rega9+ its supremacy 9 ! doma9 ( m$ic9e4 ,9 tak+ up ! consid]ation ( "s su* in/ances we c only treat !m briefly1 z an exhau/ive h&l+ ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ mat]ial w\ld c>ry u too f> away f our pres5t subject4 ,! belief t ,god 0 ! be/ physician1 n only ( ! s\l b ( ! body also1 0 deep5$ by ! dissem9ation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! s9c]ity ( fai? among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury 0 s int5se t a great numb] ( !m believ$ t _! bodily welf>e c\ld n be wat*$ ov] m c>efully ?an :5 x 0 comm5d$ exclusively to ! c>e ( ,god 9 all cases ( sickness4 ,accord+ly1 !y entirely neglect$ m$ical aid & treat$ all diseases only by pray]s1 by ano9t+1 & by lay+ on ( h&s4 ,?is mode ( treatm5t corresponds to :at is conta9$ 9 ! epi/le ( ,james v 3 #ad-af-- 8,is any sick among y8 let him call = ! eld]s ( ! *ur*2 & let !m pray ov] him1 ano9t+ him ) oil 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l3 8,& ! pray] ( fai? %all save ! sick1 & ! ,"l %all raise him up2 & if he h committ$ s9s1 !y %all be =giv5 him4 8,confess y\r faults "o to ano!r1 & pray "o = ano!r1 t ye may be heal$4 ,! effectual f]v5t pray] ( a righte\s man availe? mu*40 ,! ext5t ( ?is treatm5t by pray] is %[n by ! fact t ev5 prom95t fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*--= in/ance1 ,/4 ,b5$ict 7di$ #edc7--7 addict$ to x4 ,moreov]1 an attempt 0 made to increase ! !rapeutic value ( pray] by v>i\s accessories & aids4 ,?us ! ,gospel 0 plac$ ^u ! affect$ "p ( ! body1 or clo?+ ( a p>ticul>ly pi\s man 0 spread ov] ! pati5t4 ,x appe>s t ! sud>ium & ! coat ( ! apo/le ,paul 7 held to possess su* heal+ p[]1 & 71 !re=e1 frequ5tly employ$ z in/rum5ts ( heal+4 ,?us we read 9 ! ,act ( ! ,apo/les xix 3 #ab--8,s t f 8 body 7 br\ght unto ! sick h&k]*iefs or aprons1 & ! diseases dep>t$ f !m1 & ! evil spirits w5t out ( !m40 ,9 fact1 m$ical sup]/ition w5t s f> t x div9$ a pot5t curative virtue ev5 9 ! %ad[ ( ! apo/le ,pet]4 ,?us1 ,acts v 3 #ae--8;,insomu* t !y br\ght =? ! sick into ! /reets1 & laid !m on b$s & c\*es1 t at lea/ ! %ad[ ( ,pet] pass+ by might ov]%ad[ "s ( !m40 ,probably we %all n be wrong 9 reg>d+ ?is proc$ure z ! orig9 ( t relic cult :i* 0 de/9$ to atta9 su* a/oni%+ dim5sions 9 m$ical practise4 ,! mode ( treatm5t by means ( pray] 01 p]haps1 intimately connect$ ) ! idea t bodily ailm5ts 7 div9ely orda9$ to make ! wra? ( ,god di/9ctly p]ceptible by man4 ,?is conception ( pa?ological processes 0 a v anci5t "o4 ,we meet ) x among ! ,egyptians1 & we read 9 ! book ( ,exodus t ,god visit$ ^u ,ph>aoh & 8 p v>i\s bodily afflictions1 su* z pe/il5ce1 black smallpox1 dea?1 z 9 ! case ( ! fir/-born4 ,aft]w>d ,*ri/ianity adopt$ ?is view ( sickness z provid5tial1 & ! belief assum$ v peculi> =ms & dim5sions 9 ! middle ages4 ,9 ^? times any disease occurr+ epidemically 0 actually consid]$ to be an act ( retribution on ! "p ( ! div9e be+1 a sc\rge ) :i* ,god puni%$ s9ful ,*ri/ians4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 syphilis1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ,naples 9 #adie1 dur+ ! /ruggle betwe5 ! reign+ h\se ( ,aragon & ! ,fr5*1 0 in/antly decl>$ to be ! *a/isem5t ( ,god4 ,! emp]or ,maximilian decl>es1 9 an edict issu$ ,augu/ #g1 #adie1 at ,worms3 8,quod novus ille et gravissimus hom9um morbus no/ris diebus exortus1 quem vulgo malum ,francicum vocant1 po/ hom9um memoriam inauditus spe grassetur1 qu nos ju/issim ,dei ir m]ita deb5t admon]e0 7,gregorovius ,,vii41 #chf1 foot-note #a74 ,b x is v a/oni%+ to obs]ve ! causes :i* ar\s$ ! wra? ( ,god s mightily t c\ntless numb]s ( m5 7 swept away4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! pi\s ,bi%op ( ,zeel&1 ,pet] ,paladius1 assures u t mili>y fev]1 t t]rible disease :i* deva/at$ ,europe five times f #adhf to #aeea1 0 s5t by ,god1 :o 0 angry at ! excessive passion = f9]y :i* prevail$ at t "t4 ,m$ical sci5ce1 z f\nd$ on !ism1 assum$ m5ac+ =ms1 :]e1 9 ! middle ages1 x associat$ itself ) magic1 b z we %all m exhau/ively enl>ge ^u ?is po9t 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 we ne$ m]ely ref] "h to t "p ( our "w4 ,x is inde$ surpris+ t ! above-m5tion$ manife/ations all occurr$ 9 p]iods 9 :i* m$ic9e _h already ackn[l$g$ ! physico-me*anical int]pretation ( all organic processes2 b ! /rang5ess ( ?is fact is enhanc$ by ! consid]ation t1 ev5 9 rec5t times1 & ev5 at ! pres5t mom5t1 !re h be51 & are1 individuals :o n only prea* ! doctr9e t m$ic9e is b\nd to be subord9ate to ,*ri/ian fai?1 b also f9d adh]5ts to _! dogmas1 & f9d !m 9 surpris+ numb]s4 ,rec5tly we h le>n$ f two exce$+ly in/ructive examples to :at extremes ! s5tim5t ( fanatical religion may lead m5 s soon z !y %ake (f ! /eady+ influ5ce ( physico-me*anical ideas 9 _! !ory ( life4 ,!n ,!ocracy /rives = an exclusive asc5dancy 9 ! doma9 ( m$ic9e1 z is di/9ctly %[n by ! position tak5 by ,mrs4 ,eddy1 ) h] 8,*ri/ian ,sci5ce10 & ,rev4 ,john ,alex&] ,d[ie1 ) 8 8,*ri/ian ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,zion40 ,if we fir/ ( all exam9e ! sy/em ( ,mrs4 ,eddy1 we f9d x an absurd f>rago ( undige/$ philosophical odds & ends1 illogical m$ical aphorisms1 & %all[ inve/igation1 :i* rea*es its pit* ( folly 9 ! belief t disease has no real f\ndation 9 ! mat]ial tissues ( ! body1 b %\ld be expla9$ z aris+ exclusively f c]ta9 conditions ( ! m9d4 ,9 accordance ) ?is conception1 :i* has be5 borr[$ f a natural philosophy long s9ce relegat$ to oblivion1 ! s]vices bo? ( physician & physic are to be reject$1 & ! treatm5t ( ! sick is to be c>ri$ on 9 su* a mann] t ! pati5t1 "u sup]vision ( an individual exp]t 9 su* affairs1 is m]ely to fix 8 m9d on ! spiritual1 or div9e1 pr9ciple inh]5t 9 himself4 ,we are by no means a/oni%$ t a p]son to :om ! laws ( ?\ght are entirely unfamili>1 & :o is n v mu* burd5$ ) k ( any o!r k9d1 %\ld advance su* confus$ & prepo/]\s !ories z ^? ( ,mrs4 ,eddy4 ,hi/ory tea*es u t human be+s h aris5 at all p]iods1 9 all ranks ( life1 & 9 cold blood h giv5 curr5cy to ! wilde/ ( !ories4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ po9t is t at ?is day :51 z we might believe1 ! advances 9 physical sci5ce h enlight5$ to "s ext5t ev5 ! mo/ un9tellectual1 ,mrs4 ,eddy is able to f9d adh]5ts1 especially among ! be/ classes ( society1 & to f9d !m 9 su* numb]s t ! au?orities h be5 compell$ to int]f]e 9 repress+ ! practises ( ?is m$ical sup]/ition4 ,i purposely say int]e/+1 & n 8a/oni%+0 or 8wond]ful10 because ! hi/orian1 :atev] doma9 he und]takes to inve/igate1 w always discov] t /upidity has at all times be5 a p[] sup]ior to all ! influ5ces ( culture & le>n+4 ,mrs4 ,eddy1 ) h] ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 proves to u t ev5 9 ?is era ( sci5tific enlight5m5t1 ?is tru? rema9s incontrov]tible4 ,rev4 ,john ,alex&] ,d[ie1 ) 8 ,*ri/ian ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ,zion1 mu/ be judg$ f an entirely diff]5t view-po9t ?an ,mrs4 ,eddy4 ,x is true1 ?is latt]-day sa9t arrives at exactly ! same end z ,mrs4 ,eddy--namely1 at ! absolute rejection ( pr(essional treatm5t1 m$ical z well z surgical4 ,b he arrives at ?is !ory1 :i* s closely conc]ns bo? 8 own heal? & t ( 8 adh]5ts1 by an entirely diff]5t way f t tak5 by ! ,eddy woman4 ,an unque/ion+ belief1 :i* 9 its navet is almo/ t\*+1 leads him to hold t all utt]ances ( ! ,old z well z ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are direct revelations ( ,god4 ,! fur!r consequ5ce ( ?is con/ancy ( fai? is ! desire to believe & to foll[ ev]y?+ t is conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 to ! wide/ ext5t & ) ! close/ adh]5ce to ! word+ ( ! book4 ,& z ! book ( ,exodus1 xv 3 #bf1 /ates1 8,i am ! ,"l t heale? !e10 & 9 ! ,epi/le to ,james1 v 3 #ad-af1 pray] is recomm5d$ z ! be/ rem$y 9 diseases1 ,d[ie concludes t pray] mu/ be resort$ to z ! sole means ( treat+ & cur+ all =ms ( disease4 ,pray] is decl>$ by him to be mu* m efficaci\s1 9 surgical cases1 ?an ! skill ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ op]ator4 ,d[ie1 !re=e1 occupies exactly ! same /&po9t z ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 :o also believ$ t pray] w\ld r5d] ! be/ assi/ance 9 all ailm5ts ( ! body4 ,tw5ty c5turies1 !re=e1 ) all _! imm5se advance 9 ! tra9+ ( ?\ght & 9 ! recognition ( nature1 h n be5 able to rid humanity ( ! conception t ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 among _m o!r manife/ations1 is to busy itself 9 ! daily regulation ( ! human body ) all its num]\s functions4 ,:]ev] ?is conception obta9s a firm foo?old sup]/ition1 ) its acts ( miracul\s heal+1 nev] fails to foll[4 ,accord+ly1 all hi/oric p]iods ( our cultural developm5t1 9 :i* ! !ocratic belief has be5 on ! asc5dant1 are *>act]iz$ by an excessive developm5t ( m$ical sup]/ition4 ,,iv ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,philosophy ,,^u ,,! ,,=m ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition ,! idea t philosophy has ex]t$ any mat]ial influ5ce ^u sup]/ition 9 m$ic9e may appe> /range to _m4 ,= h[ c x be possible t ! sci5ce :i* tea*es ! laws ( ?\ght1 :i* regulates our entire m5tal activity & guides x 9 ! "r direction1 :i* po9ts out to u ! intricate pa? ( m$ical !ory & diagnosis--h[ is x possible t j ?is sci5ce %\ld ei!r take or h tak5 "p 9 mislead+ or obscur+ our m$ical p]ception8 ,we d n by any means int5d to impute any su* effect to philosophy4 ,q ! contr>y6 ,we are ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! great influ5ce :i* philosophy is entitl$ to claim 9 all sci5ces )\t exception1 & = ?is reason we believe t mod]n repres5tatives ( m$ical sci5ce w\ld be mu* bett] (f if !y 7 a little less at v>iance ) philosophy ?an !y actually are4 ,9 ! wide realm ( philosophy !re are only c]ta9 po9ts :]e we c detect a t5d5cy to promote ! developm5t ( m$ical sup]/ition4 ,?is t5d5cy appe>s 9 all endeavors :i* are made to expla9 natural ph5om5a solely 9 a speculative mann]1 or to build a !ory ( life ^u a base ( pure assumptions4 ,:5ev] su* attempts 7 made manife/1 & impress$ philosophy into _! s]vice "u ! "n ( natural philosophy1 x result$ 9 ! wide pr$om9ance ( m$ical sup]/ition4 ,x is well kn[n t all prae-,socratic philosophy aim$ at ! discov]y ( a s+le pr9ciple z und]ly+ & expla9+ all ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is v app>5t t5d5cy1 x c sc>cely be accus$ ( promot+ m$ical sup]/ition2 = prae-,socratic philosophy busi$ itself 9 speculations conc]n+ t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,e>? & air1 fire & wat]1 cold & heat1 com+ into be+ & pass+ away1 are ! ?+s 9 :i* x endeavor$ to f9d ! elem5tal basis ( nature ) its multi=m ph5om5a4 ,b ^u ! /udy ( m$ic9e ^! endeavors ex]cis$1 = ! "t be+1 a lib]aliz+ influ5ce4 ,!y emancipat$ x f ! repressive grasp ( !ism1 & op5$ up ! way = an exclusively natural explanation ( all processes ( ! body1 9 heal? z well z 9 sickness4 ,un=tunately ! app>atus1 or organon1 :i* philosophy furni%$ to sci5ce 9 its t]re/rial ph5om5a 0 a v que/ionable "o1 inve/igation ( ! conclusion f analogy & ! d$uctive me?od be+ ( extremely little value1 ei!r 9 m$ical diagnosis or ! pursuit ( natural sci5ce4 ,= ?is reason m$ic9e 0 b\nd to be encumb]$ ) c\ntless badly f\nd$ hypo!ses4 ,b o!r mon/r\s guesses at tru? c\ld n fail to become curr5t4 ,let u consid]1 = in/ance1 ! absurd !ory :i* ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus 7#ejj ,b4,c47 has prop\nd$ z to ! relations betwe5 w9e & ! human s\l4 ,z ! s\l1 accord+ to ?is philosoph]1 naturally 0 a fi]y vapor1 & ! dri] & ! m fi]y x rema9$ ! bett]1 ! excessive use ( alcohol w\ld n be advisable1 9 t ! abundant infusion ( fluids causes ! s\l to become wet1 :i* w\ld be h>mful to its fi]y nature1 z fire & moi/ure are always incompatible4 ,:o w v5ture to d5y t x 0 f 8 op9ion reg>d+ ! use ( w9e t ,h]aclitus acquir$ 8 sobriquet ( 8,:9+ ,philosoph]08 ,b curi\s z 7 all ! hypo!ses ) :i* ,hell5ic natural philosophy foi/$ ^u m$ic9e1 !y %\ld by no means be conf\nd$ ) sup]/ition1 = ev5 a baseless hypo!sis is f> remov$ f sup]/ition4 ,o!rwise1 m$ic9e & sup]/ition w\ld be almo/ id5tical conceptions1 = baseless hypo!ses h at no "t be5 want+ 9 our sci5ce4 ,sup]/ition1 s f> z its s\rces are f\nd 9 philosophy1 did n ent] m$ical sci5ce until philosophy s\ght = an explanation ( ! v>i\s processes ( life n only 9 mat]ial b also 9 immat]ial =ces4 ,& z ,indian z well z ,p]sian philosophy1 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its exi/5ce kn[n to u1 _h already f\nd 9 demons ! immat]ial elem5ts :i* to a great ext5t control ! processes ( life 9 man1 x w be se5 t ! relations betwe5 philosophy & m$ical sup]/ition are q old4 ,! ,hell5ic poets & philosoph]s1 ,hom]1 ,hesiod1 ,emp$ocles1 ,democritus1 & ,plato1 elaborat$ ?is immemorial doctr9e ( demons & introduc$ x into ,greece4 ,b ! recognition ( immat]ial1 sup]natural curative factors did n atta9 any consid]able & det]m9+ influ5ce 9 anci5t m$ic9e until ! ye> #aej ,b4,c41 :51 "u ! eag] advocacy ( ,alex&rian ,jews1 ,ori5tal & ,occid5tal doctr9es became amalgamat$ to a coh]5t sy/em ( !osophic & m$ical my/icism4 ,m$ic9e suff]$ greatly = c5turies f ?is my/icism1 :i* prevail$ late 9 ! middle ages & ev5 up to m rec5t times4 ,! c5t] ( all ! v>i\s =ms "u :i* speculations 9 ! philosophical & !osophical doma9 made _! appe>ance 0 ,alex&ria1 ! great c5tral po9t ( culture 9 :i* ! civilization ( ! ,ori5t & ! ,occid5t 7 unit$ 9 ! evolution ( a new !ory ( life4 ,b t ! bir?place ( developm5ts s mom5t\s = ! future ( m$ic9e %\ld be ,alex&ria almo/ sugge/s ! ?\ght t ! writ]s ( hi/ory 7 indulg+ 9 a satire ^u m$ical sci5ce2 = x is well kn[n t ,alex&ria 0 ! v place :]e m$ical enlight5m5t & ! progress ( anci5t m$ic9e won _! greate/ triumphs "u ! r5[n$ anatomi/s1 ,h]ophilus & ,erasi/ratus4 ,su* speculations 9 !osophical & m$ical doma9s at fir/ 7 mo/ eag]ly ent]$ ^u by ! ,jewi% sects ( ! ,ess5ians1 or ,ess5es1 & ,!rapeut4 ,accord+ to ! description :i* ,josephus 7,book #b1 ,*apt] ,,ii41 page #ac7 has left u ( ^! two sects1 !y 7 !osophical communi/s4 ,we1 z physicians1 h[ev]1 are pr9cipally int]e/$ 9 ! position !y took ) reg>d to our pr(ession1 & t 0 "o ( indiff]5ce4 ,!y believ$ t !y %\ld n obta9 _! k ( ! body1 ei!r 9 heal? or 9 disease1 by obs]vation1 on :i* physicians reli$4 ,!y believ$ !y c\ld actually le>n ! art ( heal+ f a /udy ( _! old ,sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,= t reason !y especially appli$ !mselves to make a dilig5t exam9ation ( ^! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,!y believ$ t !y 7 able1 by v>i\s allegorical int]pretations ( diff]5t lett]s & words1 z well z by subtle explanations ( ?is or t s5t5ce1 to acquire ! k necess>y = ! treatm5t ( _! pati5ts4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o _h become imbu$ ) ?is wisdom ( dotage 9 an especial degree1 claim$ ! possession ( num]\s miracul\s p[]s--= in/ance1 t ( pr$iction4 ,b z !y also believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( be+s :o1 :ile !y 7 l[] ?an ,god1 at ! same "t 7 high] ?an man1 !y _h1 ready at h&1 ! r>e/ res\rces to draw ^u = ! practise ( _! juggl+ feats ( miracul\s m$ic9e4 ,! belief 9 ^! my/ical doctr9es took ! mo/ extravagant =ms4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x 0 believ$ t a man by ! evacuation ( feces (f]$ an insult to div9ity 7 1 says ,josephus1 lib4 #b1 ,*apt] ,,viii41 ,no4 #i1 #ae74 ,= t reason nobody might d>e1 on ! ,sabba?1 to comply ) su* dem&s ( nature4 ,b :e!r ! call ( nature always yield$ to ^! r f>-rea*+ requirem5ts ( ! law1 or h[ ! believ] help$ himself :5 ! extremely disagreeable diss5sion betwe5 nature & fai? caus$ too mu* uneas9ess1 is n report$ ei!r by ,josephus or by ,porphyrius4 ,besides1 ! ,ess5ians _h _! tr\bles ev5 on week-days 9 att5d+ to f9al phases ( ! dige/ive process1 9 t x 0 incumb5t ^u !m to conceal ! t]m9ation ( ! act ( dige/ion f ! view ( ! ,supreme ,be+ by cov]+ !mselves ) a cloak4 ,subsequ5tly1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 appe>$ ,neo-,py?agorism1 an attempt to comb9e mono!ism ) ! anci5t fanta/ic cult ( subord9ate gods & demons4 ,!n foll[$ a p]iod ( mom5t\s importance = m$ic9e2 = ! attempt to displace ! physico-me*anical conception ( corporeal ph5om5a by v>i\s ideas ( !osophic caprice1 & to br+ !rapeutics once m "u ! dom9ation ( ! metaphysic me?ods1 preval5t 9 ! days :5 ! !i/ic !ory ( life held undisput$ sway 9 m$ic9e & natural sci5ces1 became m & m app>5t4 ,! ,neo-,py?agoreans act$ ^u ! pr9ciple t ! practise ( m$ic9e 0 absolutely indisp5sable to ! true philosoph]1 & t e "o1 !re=e1 provid$ he _h atta9$ ! requir$ fitness by 8 int]c\rse ) demons1 0 able to act z a physician4 ,x is q obvi\s t su* ideas 7 b\nd to pave ! way = ! mo/ abom9able abuse & sup]/itions1 &1 naturally1 :at ! ,neo-,py?agoreans (f]$ z ! art ( heal+ to ! pati5ts 0 no?+ b a mixture ( my/]i\s cu/oms1 conjurations1 & wit*craft4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[]s ( ?is s*ool ( philosophy did mu* to promote ! bodily welf>e ( _! fell[ m51 9 t !y urg$ !m to lead a pure & temp]ate life1 :ile !y !mselves appe> to h adh]$ /rictly to ?is rgime4 ,! *ief repres5tative ( ,neo-,py?agorism 0 ,apollonius1 ( ,tyana1 9 ,cappodocia1 probably "o ( ! mo/ fanta/ic p]sonages ( all ,greek & ,roman antiquity4 ,v5]at$ z a god by "s ( 8 contempor>ies1 su* z ,damis & ,philo/ratus1 8 biograph]s1 on acc\nt ( 8 wisdom & ( 8 extraord9>y works1 he is consid]$ by o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 z a magician engag$1 l a common *>latan1 9 conjur+ tricks4 ,! op9ions :i* po/]ity1 d[n to mod]n times1 has pass$ on ,apollonius are ( a simil> nature4 ,!re are "s :o consid] ! ,tyanian to be a crafty magician1 :]eas o!rs decl>e t he is an important p]sonality 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,among ^! latt] is ,baur1 :o attempts to expla9 ! life & ! de$s ( ! wond]-work+ ,neo-,py?agorean by cit+ z a p>allel ! impression creat$ by ,*ri/ianity ^u "s enlight5$ m9ds4 ,p]sonally1 ,i consid] ?is high e/imate ( a trick/] to be p]fectly absurd4 ,apollonius1 z we meet him 9 ! celebrat$ description ( ,philo/ratus1 is a purely poetical idealization1 prompt$ by a desire to delay ! d[nfall ( anci5t religion1 po9t+ to ! re=m :i* has be5 in/itut$ 9 its moral t5d5cies 7,gregorovius1 page #dac74 ,apollonius fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1 dur+ ! reigns ( ,n]o & ( ! succe$+ emp]ors up to ,n]va1 :o appe>s to h be5 9 v close relations ) him4 ,! acc\nts ( ,philo/ratus reg>d+ ! adv5tures ( our h]o1 bas$ z !y are ^u ! e>ly au?orities accessible to him1 absolutely create ! impression t hea!n antiquity meant 9 ,apollonius to set a c\nt]p>t ( ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to anci5t reports1 a sup]natural app>ition visit$ 8 "m1 appriz+ h] t %e w\ld be> a god1 & aft] 8 dea? ,apollonius appe>$ to 8 disciples to ann\nce to !m ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! "t betwe5 ! bir? & dea? ( ! ,tyanian 0 sp5t by him 9 re/less w&]+s ov] ! !n kn[n _w4 ,:]ev] he w5t he conv]s$ on ! deepe/ subjects ) prie/s & cultur$ laym51 & ^u reque/ he also p]=m$ miracles ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,naturally1 we are only int]e/$ 9 ! m$ical p]=mances ( ! w&]+ philosoph]1 & ( ^! he is cr$it$ ) a consid]able numb]4 ,he cur$ ! lame simply by /rok+ ! affect$ limbs2 ) equal facility he gave sight to ! bl9d--9 fact1 he ev5 att5d$ to ob/etrical cases )\t fe> & trepidation4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! husb& ( a woman :o _h borne sev5 *ildr51 b always ) ! greate/ difficulty1 came to ,apollonius1 sadly tell+ him t 8 wife 0 aga9 9 labor & nobody 0 able to help h]1 ! man ( miracles told him to be ( good *e]4 ,)\t ev5 exam9+ ! woman = a possible n>r[ pelvis1 or = "s o!r ob/acle to bir?1 he simply advis$ ! husb& to procure1 z soon z possible1 a liv+ h>e1 &1 ) ?is h>e 9 8 arms1 to walk r\nd & r\nd ! woman 9 labor1 & !n all[ ! h>e to run away4 ,?is "o sample ( 8 m$ical activity is suffici5t to *>act]ize ,apollonius z a *>latan ( ! mo/ contemptible class4 ,:5 we le>n1 fur!r1 t he rais$ ! dead )\t any difficulty1 nobody w probably accuse u ( an unju/ op9ion if we pron\nce ?is philosoph]1 :o 0 rev]$ z a god by ! hea!n1 a magician ( ! wor/ k9d4 ,9 ord] duly to enhance 8 au?ority ,apollonius arrogat$ to himself c]ta9 my/]i\s p[]s4 ,?us1 he pret5d$ t he 0 able to speak all languages )\t hav+ ev] le>n$ !m2 9 fact1 ?is philological tal5t ev5 ext5d$ to ! languages ( ! animals1 :i* he und]took to ma/]4 ,we are sc>cely surpris$ to le>n1 :5 we consid] ! p[]s be/[$ ^u him1 t he knew ! future1 & 0 ?or\ghly aw>e ( :at happ5$ at ! same "t at ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he also endeavor$ to be> witness to 8 vocation z a man ( ,god by 8 mann] ( liv+ & ( dress+4 ,?us he 0 always attir$ 9 :ite l95 g>m5ts1 & walk$ ab\t ) long1 fl[+ hair1 foll[$ by 8 disciples4 ,he nev] ate meat1 nev] p>took ( w9e1 & disda9$ love4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! la/ p>ticul> he 0 n q consi/5t--at lea/1 v>i\s erotic adv5tures are relat$ ( him4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,apollonius ca/ out a demon 9 ,india is extremely amus+4 ,a woman came1 lam5t+ & cry+1 to ! m$ical miracle work]1 & ask$ him to deliv] h] sixte5-ye>-old son f an evil _s4 ,apollonius at once gave h] a lett] direct$ to ! evil _s :i* conta9$1 z ,philo/ratus emphasizes p>ticul>ly1 ! mo/ t]rible ?reats aga9/ ! good-=-no?+ torm5tor4 ,b ! biograph] does n tell u :e!r ! read+ ( ?is lett] caus$ ! demon to desi/ f 8 improp] behavior4 ,b z ev5 9 a man ( miracles ! h\r-glass ( life f9ally is empti$1 s also a "t came :5 ,apollonius realiz$ t he mu/ pay 8 la/ debt to nature4 ,b ! ,tyanian knew h[ to surr\nd ev5 ! act ( dy+ ) a halo ( ! extraord9>y4 ,z a matt] or fact1 he did n die2 b "o day--if x is p]missible to employ a trivial expression 9 speak+ ( a demi-god--he evaporat$ )\t anybody kn[+ :at _h become ( him4 ,?is evaporation occurr$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,!re 0 9 ,crete a temple ( ,dictynna s securely gu>d$ by vici\s dogs t no "o d>$ to approa*4 ,?is temple 0 ent]$ by ,apollonius1 :om ! furi\s dogs left unmole/$2 b1 aft] ! doors ( ! sanctu>y _h clos$ beh9d ! ,py?agorean1 sudd5ly !re res\nd$ female voices s++ f ! dep? ( ! temple3 8,leave ! e>?6 ,g heav5w>d60 ,) ^! s\nds & words ,apollonius disappe>$ =ev]4 ,?us 8 la/ m$ical act 0 a sleight-(-h& p]=mance1 9 t he ev5 snapp$ 8 f+]s at dea?4 ,! grateful hea!n _w ( antiquity r5d]$ div9e honors to ,apollonius4 ,9 8 bir?-place1 ,tyana1 a temple 0 erect$ 9 8 honor at imp]ial exp5se1 & ! prie/s ev]y:]e erect$ /atues to a philosoph] :o _h left ?is _w )\t dy+2 9 fact1 ev5 ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us set up an image ( ,apollonius 9 8 l>>ium1 or dome/ic *apel4 ,& ?us to m$ical sup]/ition 0 accord$ a triumph :i* no legitimate practition] ( any age has ev] enjoy$4 ,^! !osophic vag>ies rea*$ _! climax 9 ,neo-,platonism1 :i* 0 f\nd$ t[>d ! end ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era by ! ,alex&rian port]1 ,ammonius 7#age to #bdb71 & 0 fur!r elaborat$ by ,plot9us 7#bjd to #bfi74 ,?is religi\s1 philosophical sy/em is ( v p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 t1 9 ! fir/ place1 x /&s 9 direct opposition to ! physico-me*anical conception ( disease1 &1 expla9+ sickness f a !i/ic /&po9t z a logical consequ5ce1 rejects ! treatm5t ( disease by pr(essional physicians4 ,n[ ?is !i/ic conception ( disease 0 bas$ prim>ily ^u ! assumption t ! univ]se is fill$ ) c\ntless demons1 spirits :i*1 al?o ess5tially sup]ior to man1 are inf]ior to ,god4 ,su* a demon 0 suppos$ to be ! 8spiritus rector0 ( all t]re/rial occurr5ces1 especially all evil ev5ts 7 attribut$ to him4 1 1 1 1 7,porphyrius de ,ab/41 lib4 #b1 #dj74 ,z ! demons play$ havoc ) ! condition ( ! human body1 protection aga9/ !m c\ld n be expect$ f a pr(essional physician1 b only f "s "o well v]s$ 9 all _! tricks & devices1 &1 !re=e1 alone able to puni% !m ?or\ghly = _! mis*iev\s behavior4 ,?is tam+ ( ! demon c\ld be accompli%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,porphyrius enum]ates ?ree me?ods ( ga9+ an influ5ce ov] ! ho/ ( demons4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal me?od 7!osophy7 attempt$ to atta9 ! mo/ intimate union ) ,god4 ,pray]1 ab/raction ( all ?\ght f ?+s e>?ly1 & absorption 9 ,god 7 suppos$ to be ! means ( p>ticipation 9 c]ta9 div9e p[]s4 ,an individual ?us favor$ 0 enabl$ 9 a trice to re/ore heal? to incurable pati5ts1 su* z ! bl9d1 ! deaf1 & ! lame1 & ev5 ! p[] ( rais+ ! dead 0 conf]r$ ^u him4 ,h[ev]1 ! acquisition ( su* extraord9>y p[]s dem&$ c]ta9 qualifications ( a r exact+ & t]re/rial "*4 ,x 0 incumb5t ^u su* an applicant = ^! special gifts to ab/a9 f ! use ( meat1 &1 above all1 f ! society ( wom54 ,h[ _m 7 det]r$ by ^! fa/idi\s requirem5ts f *oos+ ! c>e] ( a fam\s man ( miracles we d n "k4 ,no?+ is report$ on ?is subject by ! pill>s ( ,neo-,platonism 7z1 ,plot9us1 ,porphyrius1 ,damascius1 ,jambli*us71 nor d !y /ate :e!r !y !mselves absolutely ab/a9$ f meat & f ! society ( wom54 ,!urgy 0 ! second me?od ( c\nt]act+ ! evil influ5ce ( demons4 ,9 ?is way good demons 7 urg$ by pray] & (f]+s to w>d (f disease or o!r mis=tune4 ,by ! ?ird me?od 7goety7 attempts 7 made to dispel ! evil demons by conjurations & v>i\s k9ds ( my/ical mumm]y4 ,^! my/]i\s accessories consi/$ mo/ly 9 mutt]+ any numb] ( words z mean+less z possible4 ,! m mean+less & ! m un9telligible 7 ^! words ! m efficaci\s--accord+ to ! assurance ( ,jambli*us--!y w\ld prove1 especially :5 !y 7 tak5 f ,ori5tal languages4 ,=1 z ,jambli*us says1 ! ,ori5tal languages are ! mo/ anci5t--!re=e1 ! mo/ agreeable to ! gods4 ,9 su* a mann] words utt]ly nons5sical 7 drawl$ out at ! b$side1 &1 = great] security1 writt5 on tablets to be hung r\nd ! neck ( ! pati5t4 ,! magic ^w 8abracadabra0 enjoy$ especial respect4 ,to r5d] its p[] c]ta9 x 0 writt5 z _m times z x has lett]s1 omitt+ ! la/ lett] ea* "t until only "o rema9$1 & plac+ ! words 9 su* a succession z to =m an equilat]al triangle4 ,a tablet ?us inscrib$ 0 worn ar\nd ! neck ( ! suff]] z an amulet4 ,x may be t ?is wond]-work+ ^w has aris5 f ! ^w 8abraxas10 ) :i* ! gno/ic ,basilides meant to designate ! aggregate ( ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five =ms ( revelation ( div9ity :i* he assum$ to exi/4 ,num]\s o!r explanations are 9 vogue1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ?is m$ical1 magic t]m 7comp>e ,hs]1 ,vol4 ,i41 page #dcc74 ,v anci5t magic words :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ,hell5ism 7 reviv$4 ,?us1 to bani% disease1 c]ta9 words 7 employ$ :i* 7 said to be d]iv$ f ! temple ( ,artemis 9 ,ephesus1 & :i* read3 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,! mean+ ( ^! words1 accord+ to ! explanation ( ! ,py?agorean1 ,&rocydes1 03 d>kness1 light1 e>?1 air1 sun1 tru?4 ,besides1 ! attempt 0 made to obta9 directly f ! demons su* magic words z 7 end[$ ) curative p[]4 ,= su* purposes small *ildr5 7 employ$1 9 :om x 0 suppos$ t ! demons pref]r$ to be pres5t1 & express$ !mselves ?r\gh _! m\?s4 ,su* *ildr51 !re=e1 play$ a simil> "p z does a m$ium ) mod]n spirituali/s4 ,! s5seless /uff babbl$ by su* a *ild 0 consid]$ ! imm$iate manife/ation ( a demon1 & 0 accord+ly utiliz$ to bani% ! demons :i* br\ght on disease4 ,moreov]1 ! nons5sical practise :i* 0 c>ri$ on by ! ,neo-,platoni/s by lett] & ^w 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t accept$ by pr(essional physicians4 ,x _h become a v common cu/om ) physicians to apply v>i\s k9ds ( bomba/ic names to all _! v>i\s pla/]s & o9tm5ts1 p[d]s1 & pills4 ,x is necess>y only to ca/ a glance ^u ! anci5t ph>macopia to f9d ! mo/ curi\s names4 ,gal5 m5tions disapprov+ly ! fact t ,egyptian & ,babylonian expressions 7 pref]r$ 9 ! nom5clature ( m$ic9e 7,de ,simpl4 ,m$icam5torum ,facult4 ,lib4 ,sic4 ,preface74 ,su* 7 ! me?ods ) :i* ! ,neo-,platoni/s did n hesitate to treat ! sick2 & n only m9or practition]s1 b ev5 ! lead]s ( ! entire movem5t1 pref]r$ bani%+ disease by means ( v>i\s k9ds ( magic =mul to all o!r specially m$ical me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,eunapius ( ,s>dis 7ab\t #djj7 rec\nts h[ ,plot9us1 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ ( ! ,neo-,platonic s*ool1 repeat$ly prov$ himself to be a m$ical miracle-work]1 mo/ conspicu\sly dur+ ! sickness ( ,porphyrius4 ,:5 ! latt]1 a favorite disciple ( ,plot9us1 0 travel+ ?r\gh ,sicily he became dang]\sly ill--9 fact1 accord+ to ! description ( ,eunapius1 he 0 actually brea?+ 8 la/4 ,!n ,plot9us appe>$1 & by magic words cur$ ! dy+ man in/antly4 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 t ,plot9us did n only op]ate ) wond]-work+ words1 b he employ$ /ill o!r ag5cies--z1 = in/ance1 my/]i\s figures 74 ,villoison1 ,anecd4 grca1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #bca74 ,plot9us 0 ev5 said to possess 8 own demon1 :o 0 at 8 disposal alone1 & by ! aid ( :om he p]=m$ o!r wond]s--z1 = in/ance1 t ( prophesy+4 ,porphyrius1 probably ! mo/ notable disciple ( ! ,neo-,platonic s*ool aft] ,plot9us1 claim$ ev5 t ! demons p]sonally taught him to expel1 ) c]ta9ty & despat*1 ^? pa?og5ic demons4 ,x 0 claim$ by him t ,*aldean & ,hebrew words & songs 7 ! prompte/ means ( turn+ out all ^! evil spirits2 9 fact1 ! philosoph]1 ,alex&] ( ,abonotei*os1 9 ,paphlagonia1 0 ( ! op9ion t a pe/il5ce1 :i* 0 deva/at+ ,italy1 c\ld n be *eck$ by any bett] means ?an t ( affix+ to ! doors ( ! infect$ t[ns & villages ! s5t5ce3 8,phbus1 ! hair un%orn1 dispels ! cl\ds ( disease40 ,?us ! la/ great sy/em into :i* ! anci5t philosophy develop$ 0 att5d$ by ! un=tunate result ( a v mat]ial increase ( sup]/ition 9 ! heal+ art4 ,?is recrudesc5ce ( m$ical sup]/ition 0 by no means a transitory "o1 b prov$ exce$+ly p]si/5t2 9 fact1 we may unhesitat+ly ma9ta9 t f t "t sup]/ition nev] aga9 disappe>$ f our sci5ce4 ,?is is pr9cipally ! fault ( ! position :i* ,*ri/ianity took ) reg>d to demonology & ! o!r fanta/ic ideas ( ,neo-,platonism4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 f ! outset1 0 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( anci5t false ideas on ! subject ( demons4 ,)\t mak+ any modifications :atev]1 x _h appropriat$ ?is false doctr9e1 & _h d$uc$ f x ! same m$ical notions z paganism _h done4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t exhibits num]\s examples ( a prevail+ belief t sup]natural be+s--i4e41 demons--7 frequ5tly ! cause ( bodily ailm5ts2 & z ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples _h (t5 cur$ su* pati5ts1 x foll[s t ! belief 9 demons & _! relations to pa?ology mu/ h be5 widely dissem9at$ among ! ,*ri/ians ( t p]iod4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa!rs also be> witness to ?is fact1 z !y1 9 _! writ+s1 ackn[l$ge1 9 pla9 t]ms1 ! belief 9 demons z causes ( disease4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,tatian1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,augu/91 all m5tion demons & _! p[] ov] ! human body 7comp>e ,h>nack1 ,*apt] ,v41 page #fh1 etc41 :]e ^! conditions are mo/ lucidly depict$74 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,/4 ,augu/9e says3 8,accipiunt 7scilicet dmones7 enim spe pote/atem et morbos immitt]e et ipsum a]em viti&o morbidum r$d]e40 ,&1 inde$1 e>ly ,*ri/ianity n only accept$ pagan demonology un*ang$1 x ev5 increas$ ! !rapeutic aspect ( ?is delusion 9 a mo/ regrettable mann]4 ,?is belief 9 demons1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 develop$ into an epidemic ( insanity :i* prevail$ unre/rict$ly = two or ?ree c5turies1 & :i* 0 aga9 awak5$ 9 ! late middle ages1 to gr[ at la/ into "o ( ! mo/ t]rible ab]rations ( ! human m9d--into ! belief 9 wit*es4 ,?is epidemic d]angem5t ( ! m9d1 to :i* ! belief 9 demons t5d$1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 culm9at$ 9 ! pati5t's manife/ idea t he 0 possess$ ( a demon4 ,! m5tal di/urbance set 9 ) wild1 spasmodic attacks ( excitem5t1 &1 z x occurr$ n only 9 individual cases1 b 0 also contagi\s1 we mu/ n hesitate to designate ?is belief ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies 9 demoniac possession an epidemic disease4 ,x 0 an affection1 ! m5tal sub/ratum ( :i* consi/$ 9 a mixture ( ov]heat$ religi\s s5tim5t & unre/ra9$ m$ical sup]/ition4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is belief 9 demoniac possession 0 dissem9at$ dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era is %[n by ! fact t a numb] ( p]sons busi$ !mselves ) ! cure ( ?is affection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 mo/ ,*ri/ian communities own$ an exorci/1 or (ficial ca/]-out ( demons4 ,x seems t ?is pr(ession ( exorci/s =m$ a cl]ical ord] ( its own2 =1 z all pagans1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian conception1 7 9 ! p[] ( evil spirits1 ^! demons 7 to be ?or\ghly driv5 out be=e ea* baptism1 & ?us ! in/itution ( a special *ur* (fic]1 ^: duty x 0 to drive out demons1 became absolutely necess>y1 especially aft] exorcism _h also be5 introduc$1 dur+ ! f\r? c5tury1 9 ! baptism ( *ildr54 ,x may be /at$1 incid5tally1 t ,ca?olic cl]gy ( ! ?ird m9or ord] are ev5 to-day call$ 8exorci/s40 ,! ,*ri/ian exorci/s1 9 conjur+1 only made use ( pray] & ( ! "n ( ,*ri/2 ^! two factors 7 consid]$ suffici5t to cure ! pati5t ( 8 delusions1 & !y actually did s4 ,:y !y accompli%$ a cure has be5 expla9$ v /rik+ly by ,h>nack4 ,he says3 8,x is n ! pray] t cures1 b ! pray+ p]son2 n ! =mula1 b ! _s2 n exorcism1 b ! exorci/4 ,only 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! disease1 z 9 num]\s cases ( ! second c5tury1 _h become epidemic & almo/ common1 did ord9>y & conv5tional means avail4 ,! exorci/ became a mesm]iz]1 possibly a deceiv$ deceiv]4 ,b :5 /rong individuality is deceiv$ conc]n+ its own p]sonality by ! demon ( t]ror1 & ! s\l is actually %ak5 by ! p[] ( d>kness :i* possesses x1 & f :i* x purposes to escape1 a p[]ful & holy w alone c int]f]e f ! outside _w to deliv] ! %ackl$ w4 ,9 "s cases we f9d traces ( a ph5om5on :i* 9 mod]n times1 = want ( "s bett] "n1 has be5 call$ #8sugge/ion'2 b ! prophet sugge/s 9 a diff]5t mann] ?an does ! pr(essional exorci/40 ,besides ^! (ficial ,*ri/ian exorci/s1 a great multitude ( o!r p]sons c>ri$ on ! trade ( conjur] ( demons4 ,! sorc]]s & magicians :o pli$ _! nef>i\s trade = ! cure ( ! possess$ & = ^? suff]+ f o!r diseases1 work$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( my/ic signs & c]emonies1 & !y c]ta9ly did an excell5t bus9ess1 = he :o humors ! sup]/ition & ! /upidity ( man always prosp]s4 ,mod]n quack]y illu/rates ?is mo/ /rik+ly4 ,b1 besides ^! heal]s1 !re exi/$ num]\s o!r conjur]s ( demons & m$ical wond]-work]s :o pli$ _! trade n = ! sake ( contemptible mammon1 b solely = e?ical reasons4 ,^! 7 ! memb]s ( ! v>i\s !osophico-philosophical sects1 :o 7 active dur+ ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies & h be5 exhau/ively describ$ on ! previ\s pages4 ,al?o ,*ri/ians 7 eag] to exalt _! exorci/s1 :o work$ only ) pray] & ! invocation ( ,*ri/1 above all practises ( sorc]y1 !y 7 n able1 9 ! long run1 to prev5t ,*ri/ian dogmas f be+ conf\nd$ ) & corrupt$ by ^? ( philosophy4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,saturn9us1 ,basilides1 & ,c>pocrates1 ! v>i\s philosophical vag>ies conc]n+ accessory1 int]m$i>y1 & inf]ior gods1 & _! influ5ces ^u ! fate ( man1 corrupt$ ! pure & simple tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,t error aga9/ :i* ,paul _h s impressively caution$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian communities 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 ,*apt] ,,ii41 v]se #h 78,bew>e le/ any man spoil y ?r\gh philosophy & va9 deceit1 aft] ! tradition ( m51 aft] ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 & n aft] ,*ri/071 _h1 nev]!less1 made its appe>ance at la/1 & ! adult]ation ( pure ,gospel by philosophical speculations & fanta/ic views began to gr[ m complete f ! ?ird c5tury on4 ,?is 0 ! f\ndation ( ! religio-my/ic sy/em :i*1 dur+ ! middle ages1 & ev5 beyond ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 oppress$ humanity l a suffocat+ nightm>e1 & n only *eck$ progress1 b also fill$ ea* bran* ( human k ) ! mo/ frightful sup]/ition & ! crasse/ my/icism4 ,?is 0 ! case also 9 m$ic9e2 9 fact1 ?is bran* ( sci5ce has probably suff]$ mo/ f ! alliance ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! fanta/ic doctr9es ( philosophical s*ools4 ,! anci5t doctr9e ( demons pass$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian my/icism ?r\gh c]ta9 *anges & transitions1 especially 9 its relation to ! bodily condition ( individuals4 ,! v>iations 9 ?is doctr9e 7 naturally mo/ pla9ly evid5c$ 9 ! m$ical views ( ! day4 ,x 0 believ$ t e human be+ f bir? 0 allott$ a good & an evil demon4 ,! good _s held 8 h& protect+ly ov] 8 human *>ge1 :]eas ! evil demon only wait$ 8 *ance to inflict injury ^u man1 =m+ especially ! det]m9+ pr9ciple 9 ! etiology ( disease4 ,x is true1 ! evil spirits app>5tly 7 no long] all[$ to h su* full sway ov] ! heal? ( humanity z !y =m]ly _h4 ,god n[ utiliz$ !m pr9cipally z executors ( puni%m5ts :i* he int5d$ = mank9d z a retribution = v>i\s =ms ( del9qu5cy4 ,?us ! ,*ur* ,fa!r1 ,ana/asius 7,spr5gel1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #baj71 tells u t ! reason :y s _m lep]s & cripples 7 f\nd among ,*ri/ians 0 t ,god1 enrag$ at ! luxury ( ! memb]s ( ! community1 _h s5t ! evil demon ( disease among !m4 ,! wra? ( ,god f t "t until late 9 mod]n times has be5 consid]$ a fully efficaci\s pr9ciple ( pa?ology2 9 fact1 !re are numb]s ( p ev5 to-day :o believe t n natural1 b sup]natural & une>?ly1 factors are active 9 ! bodily ailm5ts ( mank9d4 ,! idea ( good & evil demons1 h[ev]1 n[ assum$ a specifically ,*ri/ian "* :i*1 x is true1 greatly resembl$ ! anci5t ,babylonian notion1 except+ t ! good demons 7 replac$ by angels & sa9ts1 :]eas ! evil spirits 7 embodi$ 9 ! devil4 ,bo?1 sa9ts z well z devils1 7 !nce=? de/9$ to play a "p 9 ! doma9 ( m$ic9e4 ,x is true1 ! g5]al recognition :i* !y enjoy$ dur+ ! middle ages & a consid]able p]iod ( mod]n times has probably n[ pass$ away1 b !re /ill exi/ num]\s classes ( our p 9 :om ! m$ical rle ( sa9ts z well z devils is mo/ will+ly ackn[l$g$4 ,we h ref]r$ else:]e to ! !rapeutic accompli%m5ts ( ! sa9ts dur+ ! middle ages4 ,we w "h only dwell ^u ! influ5ce :i* ! devil1 ! ,*ri/ian successor ( ! anci5t evil _s1 has ex]t$ ^u ! m$ical views ( all classes ( ! p4 ,?is influ5ce 0 v great4 ,! devil & 8 subord9ate inf]nal spirits 7 consid]$ ! 8di/urb]s ( peace0 9 ! heal? ( humanity4 ,disease 9 its v>i\s =ms 0 _! "w2 !y resolv$ to inflict x ei!r f inh]5t villa9y or z incit$ by v>i\s magical arts ( evil m54 ,x 0 especially ! latt] =m ( diabolical activity t1 dur+ ! entire middle ages & dur+ a consid]able "p ( mod]n times1 0 accept$ z unconte/$ly au!ntic1 & ! imag9ation ( mank9d at t p]iod 0 inexhau/ible 9 inv5t+ ! greate/ v>iety ( infam\s actions :i* ! devil 0 able to p]=m ei!r ( 8 own accord or z summon$ by incantations4 ,any "o desir+ to acqua9t himself ?or\ghly ) ^! delusive ideas %\ld read ! "w ( ! ,fri> ,cs>ius1 :o liv$ ab\t #abbe1 9 ! ,rh5i%-,ci/]cian mona/]y ( ,hei/]ba*4 ,naturally1 we are only int]e/$ 9 ! m$ical acts :i* ! devil 0 always ready to p]=m4 ,accord+ to ! hi/ory ( m$ical sup]/ition1 ! devil1 :o 0 invok$ by v>i\s spells or appe>$ ( 8 own volition1 0 able to influ5ce ea* individual bodily organ 9 a mann] mo/ disagreeable to ! possessor ( ! same4 ,nei!r 7 ! ,pr9ce ( ,hell & 8 ho/s always satisfi$ to tease & to plague an individual be+1 b v frequ5tly !y c>ri$ on ?is bus9ess :olesale4 ,!y ?rew !mselves ^u ! entire population ( a c\ntry1 & caus$ sickness 9 all :o cross$ _! pa?4 ,! great epidemic ( ,/4 ,vitus's dance ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 = in/ance1 0 consid]$ to be ! "w ( ! devil1 & ! cl]gy busi$ !mselves 9 driv+ out ?is devil's pe/ by means ( spr9kl+ holy wat] & by ! utt]ance ( conjur+ =mulas4 ,! sexual life ( m5 z well z ( wom5 (f]$ an especially fruitful field = ! activity ( ! devil & ( 8 inf]nal companions4 ,?us1 x 0 a favorite trick ( ! rul] ( hell & ( 8 subord9ate demons to assume ! %ape ( ! husb& or lov] ( ?is or t female1 &1 "u ?is mask1 to assume rights :i* %\ld be p]mitt$ only to ! husb&4 ,! inf]nal _s t play$ ?is rle 0 call$ ,incubus4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,h9km] tells u ( a nun :o 0 mis*iev\sly claim$ by su* an inf]nal p>am\r1 & :o c\ld be reliev$ ( him only by prie/ly aid4 ,b hell also conta9$ female con/itu5ts :o play$ ! same rle = ! male z did ,incubus = wom54 ,su* a wanton woman ( hell 0 call$ ,/riga or ,lamia 7comp>e ,hans51 pages #ad & #gb74 ,^! amor\s female fri5ds ( hell did n ev5 /op :5 !y met em95t sa9ts4 ,9 ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,b5$etto1 ne> ! ,italian t[n ( ,subiaco1 a rose-bu% is %[n ev5 to-day into :i* ! nak$ ,/4 ,b5$ict ?rew himself 9 ord] to resi/ ! unholy temptation4 ,& e "o is suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! tr\bles :i* ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua _h ) ^! inf]nal wom54 ,h[ev]1 we physicians "k well en\gh ! cause ( ^! temptations4 ,!y may surely & actually h approa*$ ! nun ( :om ,h9km] reports1 also ,/4 ,b5$ict & ,/4 ,an?ony2 h[ev]1 !y 7 n ! devil's pro/itutes1 b ! expressions ( suppress$ & disreg>d$ impulses ( nature :i*1 9 ! =m ( voluptu\s imag9ations1 appe>$ be=e ! eyes ( p]sons remov$ f t]re/rial gratifications2 = nature does n ev5 exempt a sa9t1 & ! anci5t say+1 8,naturam expellas furc1 tam5 usque recurret10 applies to !m z well z to any o!r mortal4 ,f9ally ^! lib]ties :i* ! devil & 8 inf]nal ho/ 7 said to take z reg>ds matt]s p]ta9+ to love1 assum$ g5]al & q s]i\s =ms2 9 fact1 !y gave rise to delicately contriv$ legal que/ions4 ,namely1 ! idea _h sugge/$ itself t ! devil 0 able n only to call =? promiscu\s love betwe5 m5 & wom51 b t sometimes he d]iv$ a p>ticul> enjoym5t if he c\ld manage to prev5t a m>riage t _h already be5 consummat$ by r5d]+ ! husb& impot5t4 ,maleficium 0 ! te*nical t]m = su* an ev5t1 equally sadd5+ to husb& z to wife1 & ! !ologians1 philosoph]s1 & juri/s ( ! middle ages h writt5 ! mo/ le>n$ comm5t>ies reg>d+ ! legal consequ5ces ( ?is impot5tia ex maleficio4 ,x 0 disput$ :e!r or n ?is =m ( impot5ce w\ld con/itute a legal cause = dissolution ( m>riage :i*1 aft] all1 0 a div9e in/itution2 ! reasons also :y ,god p]mitt$ ! devil to play su* a repreh5sible game 7 inve/igat$ 9 a mo/ s]i\s & pr(\nd mann]4 ,any "o int]e/$ 9 ?is "q ( impot5tia ex maleficio may read ! mo/ excell5t description ( ?is subject by ,hans5 7,*apt] ,,iii474 ,?is impot5tia ex maleficio--i4e41 "o ( ! mo/ extravagant outgr[?s ( m$ical sup]/ition--occasionally also gave rise to sc&al\s lawsuits4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! disgraceful divorce suit :i* took place ab\t ! ye> #hfj betwe5 ,k+ ,lo?aire ,,ii4 & 8 sp\se ,teutb]ga4 ,lo?aire 0 said to h lo/ 8 procreative p[] completely1 ow+ to inf]nal artifices ( 8 concub9e1 ,waldrada4 ,! reason :y a concub9e %\ld und]take su* a /ep1 :i*1 aft] all1 0 b\nd to discr$it h] title & (fice 9 ! eyes ( h] lov]1 is n q evid5t4 ,h[ev]1 at t p]iod x 0 n difficult to f9d an explanation = ?is rem>kable fact4 ,x 0 /at$1 e4g41 t ,waldrada 0 in/igat$ to ?is act solely by jeal\sy & selfi%ness1 9 ord] to divorce ! k+ f 8 consort4 ,?is fir/ /ep once tak51 ! c\rtesan1 by remov+ ! spells ca/ by h]1 w\ld take good c>e t ! k+ %\ld soon be deliv]$ f ! odi\s condition ( impot5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ,waldrada _h reckon$ )\t h] ho/--i4e41 9 ?is case1 )\t ,h9km>1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims2 = ?is latt] g5tleman1 exce$+ly well v]s$ 9 all matt]s ecclesia/ic1 politic1 & diabolic1 a g5u9e cl]ical fight+-cock1 v soon closely inve/igat$ ! impot5ce ( 8 royal ma/]4 ,9 an ext5sive memorial he consid]$ ! royal impot5ce accord+ to its legal1 !ologic1 philosophic1 moral1 & v>i\s o!r aspects4 ,m$ical sup]/ition1 accord+ly1 _h acquir$ su* p[] t ! sov]eign ( ! holy ,roman & ,g]man empires _h to submit 8 pote/as 9 v5]e to ! te/ ( public discussion4 ,b conditions 7 to become mu* worse4 ,:51 ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 s*ola/icism _h usurp$ full control ( human reason1 & all sci5ces 7 p]mitt$ to be pursu$ only 9 a s*ola/ic s5se1 m$ic9e 0 entirely divorc$ f ! actual conditions ( life4 ,x 0 completely deta*$ f nature1 its great tea*]1 & irretrievably entangl$ 9 ! subtleties ( an unc]ta9 philosophy4 ,its activity n[ dep5d$ exclusively ^u ! /udy ( ! anci5ts--by no means1 h[ev]1 ^u t /udy 9 :i* an attempt 0 made to ma/] ! intellectual _s ( anci5t m$ic9e1 b :i* consi/$ 9 a slavi% adh]5ce to ! lett]4 ,e decision ( ! anci5ts1 )\t any reg>d to nature1 0 made a dogma1 & he 0 ! be/ physician :o 0 mo/ famili> ) ^! dogmas1 :o und]/ood be/ h[ to int]pret !m mo/ ke5ly4 ,mank9d _h entirely lo/ ! conception t ! anci5ts _h atta9$ wor? & importance only 9 t !y measur$ ?+s by ! /&>d ( unbias$ exp]i5ce1 & te/$ _! conclusions accord+ to ! ph5om5a ( nature z describ$ f accurate obs]vation ( ! sick4 ,x is q obvi\s t sup]/ition met ) a well-prep>$ soil 9 a sy/em ( m$ic9e t 0 ov]burd5$ ) dogmas & degrad$ into utt] subs]vi5cy to a va+lori\s philosophy4 ,! natural result 0 t ! m$ical art ( a p]iod ( ! middle ages1 /eep$ 9 s*ola/icism1 0 no?+ b a *aos ( ! mo/ despicable sup]/ition & folly4 ,! mo/ %ock+ result ( ^! conditions 0 ! belief 9 wit*es1 &1 ) ?is1 m$ical sup]/ition ent]$ ^u a new /age4 ,:]eas until !n x _h possess$ a re/rict$1 m]e local vitality1 & entail$ dang] only ^u ^? :o1 f ?\ghtlessness1 l5t a will+ e> to x1 n[ x deg5]at$ into a m5tal epidemic :i* ?reat5$ equally all classes ( ! p4 ,! unspeakable mis]y :i* ?is v>iety ( m$ical sup]/ition has br\ght to ! ,we/]n _w is well kn[n1 s t we may refra9 f ent]+ into details1 ref]r+ our read]s to ! excell5t "w ( ,hans5 on ?is subject4 ,physico-m$ical ?\ght 0 s ?or\ghly de/roy$ by ! above-describ$ conditions t1 ev5 :5 humanity comm5c$ to %ake (f ! s*ola/ic yoke1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ,r5aissance1 m$ic9e 0 only able1 9 "p1 to foll[ ?is lead4 ,al?o1 "u ! inspiration ( ! anci5ts1 x return$ to nature1 x 0 n able to rid itself ( ! sup]/iti\s idea ( ! cont9u\s int]f]5ce ( sup]natural p[]s ) ! p]=mance ( ! mo/ common functions ( ! body4 ,! ,*ur* /ill p]si/$ 9 ! implicit belief 9 su* views1 & /ill dom9at$ m5's m9ds s ?or\ghly t ev5 _m physicians1 :o 9 o!r respects 7 entirely unbias$1 rema9$ on ?is po9t dutiful *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur*2 9 fact1 ev5 ^? :o 7 fully aw>e ( ! %ortcom+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* unhesitat+ly adh]$ to ! belief 9 demons z develop$ f antique conceptions by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r 0 a /rict believ] 9 ! doctr9e :i* taught m5 to hold ! devil responsible = ! orig9 ( all diseases4 ,he ?us express$ himself1 = in/ance3 8,no disease comes f ,god1 :o is good & does good to ev]ybody2 b x is br\ght on by ! devil1 :o causes & p]=ms all mis*ief1 :o int]f]es ) all play & all arts1 :o br+s into exi/5ce pe/il5ce1 ,fr5*m51 fev]1 etc40 ,he accord+ly believ$ t he himself 0 compell$ to scuffle ) ! devil :5 8 physical condition 0 out ( ord]4 ,?us1 :5 suff]+ f viol5t heada*e1 he wrote to ! ,elector1 ,john ( ,saxony3 8,my head is /ill slightly subject to him :o is ! enemy ( heal? & ( all t is good2 he sometimes rides ?r\gh my bra91 s t ,i am n able to read or to write10 & ^u ano!r occasion he said1 9 reg>d to 8 heal?3 8,i believe t my diseases are by no means due to natural causes1 b t #8,y\nk] ,satan' plays 8 pranks ) me by sorc]y40 ,! devil 0 also held responsible = ! appe>ance ( mon/]s2 x 0 believ$ t ! rul] ( hell help$ "y girls aga9/ _! w to enjoy ! delights ( mo!rhood4 ,h[ev]1 ^! delights 7 said to be ( a peculi> k9d1 9 t int]c\rse ) ! devil 0 always b\nd to be foll[$ by ! bir? ( ! mo/ frightful mon/]s4 ,! devil !n unload$ ^! mo/ rem>kable mon/]s into respectable p's h\ses4 ,ev5 ,lu!r 0 n able to free himself f ?is mo/ a/oni%+ delusion4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 devot$ to x ) su* conviction t1 :5 once 9 ,dessau1 he he>d ( a mon/] 7accord+ to m$ical op9ion1 x 0 a "q ( a rha*itic *ild7 t _h gr[n to be twelve ye>s ( age1 he advis$1 9 all s]i\sness1 t ?is s9ful product ( devili% int]c\rse be ?r[n into ! riv] ,mulde 7comp>e ,mhs51 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #ejf1 etc41 on 8,! ,relations ( ,lu!r to ! ,devil074 ,if x 0 v improp] ( ! devil to visit ev5 cl]ical g5tlem51 he cr[n$ 8 wick$ness1 9 t he v unc]emoni\sly honor$ ev5 m9i/]s 9 ! pulpit ) 8 visit4 ,su* an occurr5ce took place 9 ,fri$eb]g1 ,neum>k1 9 #aeic1 9 :i* o!rwise h>mless t[n ! devil comm5c$ sudd5ly to create an unhe>d-( commotion4 ,he h>ass$ ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty p1 & ev5 9 *ur* he gave s little re/ to ^? he possess$1 t !y rais$ v>i\s k9ds ( mis*ief 9 ?is holy place4 ,:51 !reupon1 ! prea*]1 ,he9ri* ,lemri*1 ?und]$ aga9/ ^! deviltries f ! pulpit1 ! devil became s inc5s$ t imm$iately he prom5ad$ into ! ,rev]5d ,lemri* himself1 s t ! good m9i/] rag$ 9 ! pulpit exactly z did ! memb]s ( 8 congregation d[n bel[ 9 ! nave4 ,h[ev]1 ?is v>iety ( m$ical sup]/ition f9ally spread to su* an ext5t t1 z m$ical aid 0 p[]less aga9/ ! devil1 ! aid ( ,god1 by ord] ( ! consi/ory1 0 invok$ f all pulpits ( ! ,m>gravate aga9/ ! above-describ$ misde$s ( hell's rul]4 ,b ! cl]gy adopt$ /ill ano!r plan to *eckmate ! devil4 ,9 v>i\s publications !y enum]at$ ! villa9ies :i* ,satan might visit on mank9d1 s t ea* & e "o w\ld be enabl$ to protect himself aga9/ ! aggressions ( ! devil1 9 :atev] =m he might make 8 appe>ance4 ,! fir/ publication ( ?is "* 0 issu$ 9 #aeee by ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,electorate ( ,br&5burg1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,frank=t1 ,h]r ,musculus2 x bore ! v appropriate title1 ,! ,pantaloon ,devil4 ,9 fact1 z e>ly z #aege a compilation 0 publi%$ 9 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 9 :i* tw5ty-f\r diff]5t =ms1 :i* ! devil might assume 9 visit+ humanity1 7 discuss$ mo/ consci5ti\sly & ) becom+ diffus5ess ( /yle 7comp>e ,mhs51 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #dbf1 etc474 ,f t "t x 0 impossible = mank9d to %ake (f ! belief 9 devil & demons4 ,! ?\ght ( be+ possess$ play$ a conspicu\s "p ev5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?anks to ! activity ( ,ju/9us ,k]n]1 & ev5 m$ic9e felt call$ ^u to busy itself m ?or\ghly ) ?is newly resurrect$ belief4 ,?is 0 done1 = in/ance1 by ,dr4 ,kl5cke1 :o1 9 #ahdj1 publi%$ a little book exclusively = ! purpose ( disprov+ ! exi/5ce ( spirits4 ,we h s f> %[n ! pot5t influ5ce ex]t$ ^u m$ical sup]/ition by antique z well z by m$ieval philosophy4 ,b ! new] philosophy greatly influ5c$ ! de/9y ( m$ic9e1 ev5 at ! end ( ! eighte5? & at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! natural philosophy bas$ ^u ! doctr9es ( ,s*ell+ once m subm]g$ ! art ( heal+ 9 my/icism1 & ?us necess>ily abett$ sup]/ition4 ,! physician no long] conceiv$ disease z ! effect ( di/urbances 9 ! life ( ! bodily organs1 b held v>i\s =ms ( inconceivable p[]s responsible = ! incid5ce ( a malady4 ,! s\l wrapp$ 9 s9 _h p[] to lead ! life ( ! body f ! normal into ! pa?ological condition1 &1 accord+ly1 pray] & ! belief 9 ,*ri/ian dogmas aga9 became active z curative factors4 ,x 0 especially ! ,muni* cl9ician1 ,nepomuk von ,r+seis1 :o plac$ su* !ories be=e 8 pupils1 & :o1 9 8 8,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e10 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 made !m g5]ally kn[n4 ,r+seis /ates 9 ?is book3 8,z disease is orig9ally ! consequ5ce ( s91 x is1 al?o n always indisp5sable1 yet accord+ to exp]i5ce1 incomp>ably m safe t physician z well z pati5t %\ld obta9 absolution be=e any attempt at heal+ be made40 ,ano!r passage reads3 8,*ri/ is ! all-re/or]1 & z su* ,he coop]ates 9 e corporeal cure40 ,9 ?is s5se ,r+seis calls ! sacram5ts 8! talismans com+ f ! ,physician ( all physicians1 &1 !re=e1 ! mo/ excell5t ( all physical1 /imulat+1 & alt]ative rem$ies40 ,?us1 aft] almo/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 m$ic9e _h return$ to ! /age at :i* x orig9at$--namely1 to ! view t incorporeal1 sup]natural factors 7 to play a det]m9+ "p 9 pa?ology & !rapy4 ,h[ev]1 t !re are pl5ty ( individuals ev5 9 our "t :o are at any mom5t ready aga9 to sacrifice wantonly all enlight5m5t & all progress to ?is v>i$ sup]/ition1 is demon/rat$ by ! cases ( ,mrs4 ,eddy & ! ,rev]5d ,d[ie1 ^? mod]n repres5tatives ( m$ical sup]/ition4 ,!re is only "o protection aga9/ ^! relapses1 aga9/ ^! atavi/ic t5d5cies1 & t is education 9 natural sci5ce4 ,! m x becomes dissem9at$ among ! p ! less dang] !re w be t ! h]esies ( a false philosophy1 or ( an ov]heat$ religi\s s5tim5t1 may aga9 conjure up m$ical sup]/ition to ! detrim5t ( humanity4 ,v ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ce ,,to ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition ,! po9t ( view f :i* man has reg>d$ nature = ?\s&s ( ye>s up to mod]n times has be5 su* z to promote mo/ effectually ! developm5t ( sup]/ition2 = ! idea t a satisfactory insight into ! "* ( natural ph5om5a c be obta9$ only by means ( adequate exp]im5ts1 & ( obs]vation p]fect$ by ! employm5t ( ! inductive reason+ & +5i\s in/rum5ts1 is comp>atively rec5t4 ,natural sci5ce apply+ su* means is sc>cely two hundr$ ye>s old4 ,fit in/rum5ts = ! obs]vation ( nature exi/$ only to a limit$ ext5t up to ! eighte5? c5tury1 &1 besides1 _! complete effici5cy left mu* to be desir$4 ,! attempts to wre/ f ,nature h] secrets by means ( exp]im5t 7 b feeble & unsuccessful4 ,al?o ! anci5ts1 z is %[n by ! writ+s ( ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 & o!rs1 _h "s k ( vivisection1 !y _h practis$ x to a mo/ limit$ ext5t4 ,dur+ ! middle ages & ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance comp>atively few physical exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,:atev] rese>*es 9 natural sci5ce 7 !n und]tak5 7 int5d$ mu* less = ! inve/igation ( nature ?an = fanta/ic & sup]/iti\s purposes--z1 = in/ance1 ! inve/igations ( al*emy & a/rology4 ,x is q obvi\s t1 "u su* circum/ances1 a numb] ( sup]ficial1 imp]fect1 & di/ort$ obs]vations crept into ! !oretic sy/em ( natural sci5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 n all2 ! diagno/ico-!oretical me?od1 by means ( :i* antiquity1 ! middle ages1 & ev5 ! greate/ "p ( m mod]n times1 _h se5 ! natural sci5ces treat$1 0 radically wrong4 ,man did n feel 8 way c>efully f exp]im5t to exp]im5t1 f obs]vation to obs]vation1 until ! g5]al pr9ciple 0 f\nd :i* inductively compris$ a numb] ( ph5om5a "u "o uni=m pr9ciple ( law1 b ! pr9ciple :i* 0 at ! bottom ( ph5om5a 0 fix$ ^u a speculative basis1 & 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple ! ph5om5a 7 int]pret$--z 0 done1 = in/ance1 9 m$ic9e 9 ! case ( humoral pa?ology4 ,& z ?is speculatively con/ruct$ pr9ciple 0 obta9$ exclusively by a me?od dang]\s to ! cognition ( natural sci5ces1 by conclusion f analogy1 naturally ! mo/ fanta/ic & adv5tur\s conceptions soon became accept$ 9 ! realm ( natural philosophy4 ,b natural philosophy once lo/ 9 su* a labyr9?1 an ab]ration ( ! p]ceptive p[]s c n fail to foll[--at lea/1 9 c]ta9 doma9s ( nature4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is fallaci\s p]ception promptly made its appe>ance1 & has prov$ ! /umbl+-block ( sci5ce f its e>lie/ days up to ! pres5t times4 ,occultism1 my/icism1 or :atev] ! names may be ( ! v>i\s =ms ( sup]/ition1 h sprung f ^! errone\s conceptions ( natural sci5ce4 ,x may ev5 be cont5d$ t no v>iety ( sup]/ition exi/s :i* is n someh[ connect$ ) a di/ort$ obs]vation or explanation ( nature4 ,h[ev] int]e/+ ^! consid]ations may be1 we c n "h pursue !m any fur!r4 ,su* inve/igations belong to ! hi/ory ( sup]/ition 9 g5]al1 & any "o :o desires m detail$ in=mation is ref]r$ to ! enorm\s lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,we c "h consid] only ^? relations :i* prevail1 or h prevail$1 betwe5 sup]/ition & natural sci5ce1 & pr9cipally ! influ5ce :i* 0 ?us ex]t$ ^u ! art ( heal+ by a/ronomy4 ,a/ronomy & m$ic9e became mo/ intimately connect$ dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iods ( human civilization4 ,! lit]ature ( cunei=m inscriptions %[s u t ! attempt to br+ ! />s into connection ) human de/9ies is primeval1 & rea*es back to ! anci5t ,babylonian age1 ev5 to ! ,sum]o-,accadic p]iod 7,sudh(f1 ,m$4 ,wo*e4 #aija1 ,no4 #da74 ,h[ primeval peoples came to connect _! de/9ies ) ! heav5ly bodies & _! orbits is expla9$ s lucidly by ,troels-,lund 7page #bh1 etc47 t we %all cite 8 descriptions1 ev5 if !y are r long = quotation4 ,he says3 8,! ,*aldean hi/ory ( creation is inscrib$ ^u sev5 clay tablets4 ,on ! fif? tablet we read3 #8,! sev5? day ,he in/itut$ z a holy day1 & orda9$ t man %\ld re/ f all labor4' ,:y j sev58 ,because ! holy numb] sev5 ( ! planets imp]ceptibly %one ?r\gh ! "w ( creation1 & 0 imp]ceptibly impress$ ^u ! entire ord] ( ?\ght4 ,we are "h at ! decisive epo* at :i* ! planets = ! fir/ "t gave an impetus to human conception1 ! effects ( :i* 7 to p]si/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,?is 0 repeat$ a second "t :5 ,cop]nicus1 9 deal+ especially ) ! orbit ( ! planets1 f\nd$ ! /ill-prevail+ conception ( ! univ]se4 8,= ! !ory ( creation c\ld be reconcil$ ) ! ph5om5on ( sun & moon mov+ 9 _! regul> c\rses4 ,!y 7 9 ?is case no long]1 z _h be5 assum$ until !n1 individual liv+ be+s & div9ities1 b lights k9dl$ by a mighty ,god1 & int5d$ to move day & night1 9 an e/abli%$ ord]1 "u ! dome ( heav54 ,b ! o!r five planets6 ,x 0 unnecess>y to be a ,*aldean on ! ,babylonian ,t[] 9 ord] to feel amazem5t at ^!4 ,e "o :o _h ev] foll[$ ) 8 eye _! c\rses = a few nights dur+ a c>avan j\rney1 e "o :o1 ly+ awake1 _h occasionally attempt$ to read ! "t f ! only clock ( ! night--! />-cov]$ canopy ( heav5--0 b\nd to h notic$ _! peculi>ities z to light & c\rse4 ,!y did n %9e uni=mly1 b sometimes int5sely1 at o!r times fa9tly1 & entirely diff]5t 0 _! radiance f t ( o!r />s--r$di%1 gre5i%1 blui%4 ,& _! c\rse 0 at "o "t rapid1 at o!r times sl[2 !n backw>d or oblique2 sometimes !y disappe>$ entirely4 ,necess>ily !y appe>$ inexplicable n only to ! inexp]i5c$ obs]v]1 b to a /ill high] grade ( intellect--t ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ,*aldean2 =1 al?o _! p]iods c\ld possibly be calculat$1 _! c\rses begg>$ all geometrical figures4 ,^! confus$ pa?s c\ld be expla9$ only 9 "o mann]--namely1 z ! expression ( an arbitr>y w1 ! manife/ations ( an indep5d5t life4 ,! c\rses ( ! planets furni%$ ! a/ronomic pro( t ! heav5ly bodies 7 animat$4 ,! univ]se 0 m ?an creat$1 x 0 godhead itself 9 liv+ activity4 8,h[ ?is po9t ( view broad5$ & cle>$ ev]y?+6 ,! _w assum$ ! %ape ( an enorm\s hall ^u :i* div9e p[]1 div9e w1 cont9u\sly act$ f above4 ,f>!/ d[n 0 ! _w ( ! elem5ts4 ,9 b\ndless di/ances above x mov$ ! moon & ! six o!r planets1 ea* "o 9 its transp>5t heav54 ,9 ! highe/ height1 f9ally1 revolv$ ! canopy ( imp]vi\s heav51 into :i* con/ellations 7 rang$ 9 %apes t resembl$ animals 7,tablet ,v41 v]se #b74 ,app>5tly ^! rotations did n h any?+ 9 common ) ea* o!r2 a p[] :i* pass$ ?r\gh !m f above mov$ ^! elem5tal worlds4 ,did n daily exp]i5ce ( _! ris+ det]m9e w9t]1 /orm1 dr\ght1 etc48 ,?us ! processes on e>? only reflect$ & repeat$ ! c\rse ( ^! div9e & heav5ly bodies2 yea1 div9e w itself4 ,b _! ord] ( movem5t v>i$4 ,sun & moon ) _! regul> c\rses sp91 z x 71 ! firm w>ps & wo(s2 ! o!r five are in/rum5tal 9 produc+ :at is *angeable & app>5tly accid5tal4 ,unit$ly 9 _! c\rse ?r\gh heav5 ! sev5 weave ! ?reads ( fate4 ,sil5tly !y weave ! design ( t]re/rial life4 ,^u !m dep5d n only summ] & w9t]1 ra9 & dr\ght1 b also ! life & dea? ( e liv+ be+2 z det]m9$ by ! con/ellation ( _! bir?1 su* is ea* man1 s w he live4 ,nev] d ! heav5ly bodies repeat precisely ! same relative positions1 &1 !re=e1 nev] are two ye>s1 two days1 two human be+s1 two leaves1 completely id5tical40 ,s f> ,troels-,lund4 ,mu* z we agree ) :at ,troels-,lund says1 yet we believe t ! decisive motive :i* l$ humanity to br+ _! bodily welf>e into close/ connection ) ! />ry canopy ( heav5 0 sugge/$ by ! p[]ful influ5ce :i* ! sun ex]ts ^u ! bodily welf>e ( all life4 ,z ?is life-giv+ p[] ( ! sun _h a conspicu\s %>e 9 ! orig9 ( primeval sabianism1 s also x ex]t$ a simil> influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( a/rology2 = x mu/ h be5 obvi\s to ev5 ! mo/ /upid obs]v] t 8 well-be+ dep5d$ to a great ext5t ^u ! action ( ! sun4 ,f ?is p]ception to ! idea t o!r heav5ly bodies 7 also int5d$ to ex]t a decisive influ5ce ^u ?+s t]re/rial 0 only a %ort /ep = ! anci5t civiliz$ peoples2 = "h ! conclusion f analogy 0 actually s closely & s entic+ly "u e "o's nose t all he _h to d 0 b to pit* ^u ! p[]s :i* rule all e>?ly life & neatly box !m up 9 a well-con/ruct$ sy/em4 ,b z ! conclusion f analogy 0 always consid]$ 9 ! anci5t _w z ! mo/ c]ta91 nev]-fail+ pa? to k1 x 0 readily foll[$ 9 ?is connection also4 ,& ?us a/rology1 l ! great] "p ( m$ico-physical k1 0 bas$1 we ?9k1 ^u ! trea*]\s gr\nd ( a conclusion p] analogiam4 ,besides1 our op9ion t ! w>m+ & vitaliz+ p[] ( ! sun =m$ "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! orig9 ( a/rology is confirm$ by ! utt]ances ( a/rologi/s !mselves4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,ptolemy po9ts to ! sun & moon z ! s\rces ( life to mank9d1 & ,h]mes & ,almansor repeat ! dictum4 ,?is is fur!rmore prov$ by ! unp>allel$ popul>ity :i* a/rology has enjoy$ 9 all phases ( civilization4 ,!re is no civiliz$ p1 ei!r ( anci5t or ( mod]n times1 :i* has n adh]$ to a/rologic doctr9es ) ! fulle/ confid5ce & mo/ unsw]v+ fai?4 ,babylonians1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,g]mans1 ,romanians--9 %ort1 all nations--h pr(ess$ _! belief 9 a/rology4 ,su* a con=mity ( op9ion w\ld1 h[ev]1 be inexplicable amid su* a dissimil>ity ( religi\s & cultural ideas z *>act]iz$ ! diff]5t peoples1 unless a common pr9ciple _h decisively influ5c$ all nations 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 ackn[l$g$ 9 ! influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,e human be+ 0 b\nd to obs]ve ! animat+ p[] ( ! sun on 8 own bodily s5se & f 8 own obs]vation1 & w\ld be at once l$ to ! conclusion t a simil> p[] resid$ also 9 ! o!r cele/ial bodies4 ,?is conception1 :i* to a great ext5t 0 br\ght ab\t by conclusions f analogy1 provid$ a me?od ( inf]5ce conc]n+ v>i\s o!r ph5om5a4 ,man m$itat$1 speculat$1 conclud$1 until ! requir$ sid]eal relation ( ea* organ & ea* function ( ! human body 0 det]m9$4 ,?us a/rology may s]ve z "o ( ! mo/ tell+ examples ( sci5tific delusions to :i* ! anci5t diagno/ico-!oretical me?ods 7 b\nd to lead1 ) _! conclusions f analogy & _! d$uctive modes ( proc$ure4 ,! above survey indicates1 al?o only 9 v g5]al outl9es1 ! orig9 ( a/rology4 ,we %all n[ consid] m 9 detail ! acquisition = :i* ! art ( m$ic9e is especially indebt$ to a/rology4 ,babylonico-,assyrian civilization possess$ 9 its e>lie/ ages a well-develop$ sy/em ( a/rologic m$ic9e1 z is evid5t f writ+s bequea!d to u f antiquity4 ,campbell-,?ompson has rec5tly publi%$1 f ! great /ock ( cunei=m tablets 9 ! collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 #bgf inscriptions ( an a/rological nature belong+ to ! s-call$ ,k\yunjik collection4 ,sudh(f has compil$ !m1 s f> z !y ref] to m$ic9e1 & has subject$ !m to critical analysis4 ,we take ! lib]ty ( repeat+ c]ta9 extracts f ^! cunei=m tablets1 :i* appe> to be ! reports :i* ,assyrian & ,babylonian c\rt a/rologi/s made to ! k+4 ,tablet #fi;a says3 8,if ! w9d comes f ! we/ ^u appe>ance ( ! moon1 disease w prevail dur+ ?is mon?40 ,tablet #bjg3 8,if ,v5us approa*es ! con/ellation ( ,canc]1 ob$i5ce & prosp]ity w be 9 ! l& 444 ! sick ( ! l& w recov]4 ,pregnant wom5 w c>ry _! conf9em5ts to a favorable t]m9ation40 ,tablet #afc3 8,if ,m]cury rises on ! fifte5? day ( ! mon?1 !re w be _m dea?s4 ,if ! con/ellation ( ,canc] becomes obscur$1 a fatal demon w possess ! l& & _m dea?s w occur40 ,tablet #bcb3 8,if ,m]cury comes 9 conjunction ) ,m>s1 !re w foll[ fatalities among horses40 ,tablet #age3 8,if a planet becomes pale 9 opposition to ! moon1 or if x ent]s into conjunction ) x1 _m lions w die40 ,tablet #aie3 8,if ,m>s & ,jupit] come 9 conjunction1 _m cattle w die40 ,tablet #aag3 8,if ! great] halo surr\nds ! moon1 ru9 w be visit$ ^u mank9d40 ,tablet #bfi3 8,if an eclipse ( ! sun occurs on ! tw5ty-n9? day ( ! mon? ( ,jyp>1 !re w be _m dea?s on ! fir/ day40 ,tablet #bga3 8,an eclipse at ! morn+ wat* causes disease4444 ,if an eclipse takes place dur+ ! morn+ wat*1 & la/s ?r\gh\t ! wat*1 :ile ! w9d bl[s f ! nor?1 ! sick 9 ,akkad w recov]40 ,tablet #gi3 8,if a halo surr\nds ! moon & if ,regulus /&s )91 wom5 w be> male *ildr540 ,tablet #id3 8,if sun & moon 444 on ! fifte5? day #8answ] my pray]' %all he say 444 ,let him ne/le close to 8 wife1 %e %all conceive a son40 ,^! few extracts %[ u ! close relations into :i* ,assyrico-,babylonian culture br\ght ! becom+ & pass+ away ( all animal life ) ! /ell> movem5t2 9 fact1 z we note f ,tablet #id1 ! a/rologi/s ( ?is p]iod did n hesitate to intrude into ! mo/ intimate occurr5ces ( m>ri$ life4 ,x is q obvi\s t1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! ,babylonian physician 0 compell$ to consid] v c>efully ! utt]ances ( ! a/rologi/s 9 c>ry+ on 8 practise4 ,x may be possible t we %all obta9 /ill fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ! quality ( sid]eal !rapy f ! num]\sly discov]$ cunei=m tablets4 ,we "k positively t a physician 0 =bidd5 to p]=m any surgical op]ations on c]ta9 days ( ea* mon?4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! #g?1 #ad?1 #ai?1 #ba/1 & #bh? ( ! mon? ,s*all-,elul 7 unfavorable days = su* op]ations 7,oefele74 ,^! directions 7 especially /r+5t 9 reg>d to v5esection1 to :i* act we %all aga9 ref] 9 great] detail4 ,:5 civilization1 lat] on1 cont9u$ to ?rive ^u ! %ores ( ! ,nile1 a/rology /ill f\nd a f]tile soil !re1 & x appe>s t "h also ! "n has orig9at$1 :i*1 subsequ5tly1 0 a favorite designation ( adh]5ts to ! sid]eal art ( heal+4 ,! a/rological prognoses made by ! pr(essional a/rologi/1 ,petosiris1 = ! k+ ,ne*epso ( ,sais are well kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 x appe>s1 accord+ to ! late/ inve/igations 7comp>e ! excell5t "w ( ,sudh(f1 page #d1 etc471 t ^! prognoses h no?+ at all to d ) t k+ ,ne*epso :o reign$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,x seems m probable t "s cunn+ ,alex&rian a/rologi/ ( ! second c5tury1 ,b4,c41 fraudul5tly us$ ! "n ( ! k+ z a cov] = 8 "w4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ^! prognoses ( ,petosiris h consid]able value1 9 t !y give u an insight into ! manufacture ( su* m$ical prophesies4 ,! object ( ^! prognoses 0 prim>ily to discov] ! t]m9ation ( a disease1 :e!r ! pati5t w\ld die or recov]1 ei!r soon or only aft] ! lapse ( a c]ta9 "t--= in/ance1 aft] sev5 days4 ,?is 0 all t ,petosiris und]took to pr$ict4 ,all details reg>d+ treatm5t1 complications1 & diagnosis ( a case are /ill entirely want+4 ,petosiris1 9 mak+ su* a prognosis1 by no means reli$ solely ^u ! conjunction ( c]ta9 cele/ial bodies1 b he employ$ a r intricate me?od1 9 :i* my/ic numb]s1 onomancy1 & a/rology 7 important elem5ts4 ,to progno/icate m$ically accord+ to ?is sy/em a circle ( num]als 0 requir$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,!re exi/$ two diff]5t k9ds ( su* circles--"o simple1 ! o!r m complicat$4 ,b]!lot has furni%$ u ) examples ( bo? z us$ by ,petosiris4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--;,,circle ,,( ,,petosiris 7,aft] ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 p4 #eci7 ,! m simple =mula 7,fig4 #a7 consi/$ ( two conc5tric circles1 ! small] ( :i* 0 divid$ into f\r quadrants4 ,betwe5 bo? conc5tric circles & )9 ! horizontal diamet]s 7 inscrib$ ! words3 2 to ! "r ( ?is3 2 to ! left ( ! v]tical l9e3 4 ,"u ! v]tical l9e 0 inscrib$3 2 to ! "r ( ?is3 2 & to ! left ( ! v]tical l9e3 4 ,only words :i* po9t to ! long] or %ort] duration ( life1 or to ! dea?-/ruggle1 7 !re=e employ$4 ,! f\r quadrants ( ! enclos$ circle1 z well z ! v]tical diamet]1 conta9$ ! num]als f #a to #bi 9 a my/ical ord]1 repres5t+ ! duration ( ! moon's phases4 ,! above 7,fig4 #a7 %[s u ?is a/rological circle ( ,petosiris4 ,! second--ess5tially m complicat$--=mula consi/s ( ?ree conc5tric circles4 ,v>i\s words are inscrib$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second circles1 z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,betwe5 ! second & ?ird circles1 & 9 ! v]ticals1 ! num]als f #a to #cj are dispos$ 9 a my/ical arrangem5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! circles are n1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 divid$ into f\r quadrants1 b into eight equal sections4 ,at ^! po9ts 9 :i* ! radii =m+ ! sectors int]sect ! p]iph]y ( ! out]mo/ ( ! ?ree conc5tric circles1 ar*$ enclosures are rais$ :i* also conta9 v>i\s words4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--;,,circle ,,( ,,petosiris 7,aft] ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 p4 #edj7 ,:5 x 0 s\ght1 by means ( ! above-describ$ figures1 to det]m9e ! m$ical future or ! life & dea? ( an individual1 ?is c\ld be accompli%$ ) ! aid ( ! diagram repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a 9 su* a mann] t ! duration ( ! disease 9 days1 ! num]ical value ( ! "n ( ! pati5t1 & ! phases ( ! moon 7 add$1 & ! sum divid$ by #bi4 ,! result ?us obta9$ 0 int]pret$ by ref]r+ to ! diagram4 ,if ?is figure happ5$ to be1 = in/ance1 9 ! "r upp] quadrant1 ! pati5t1 al?o he w\ld recov] f 8 illness1 w\ld live only = a v %ort p]iod2 if ?is numb] 0 f\nd 9 ! v]tical l9e1 bel[ ! horizontal diamet]1 ! pati5t 0 de/9$ to die aft] a %ort /ruggle4 ,mu* m intricate 0 ! use ( ! a/rological app>atus illu/rat$ 9 ,fig #b4 ,"h ! numb] ( ! moon's day1 & ! num]ical values ( ! "n ( ! pati5t 7 n add$1 b ea* ( ^! figures 0 sep>ately look$ = 9 ! diagram4 ,if ! moon figure 0 f\nd 9 ! l[]1 ! figure = ! "n 9 ! upp]1 ends ( ! v]ticals--i4e41 :]e 1 sett+1 & 1 ris+1 /&--! individual conc]n$1 al?o 9 dang]1 f9ally recov]$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! moon figure 0 discov]$ 9 ! upp]1 & ! figure = ! "n 9 ! l[]1 ends ( ! v]ticals1 no?+ b evil 0 9 /ore = ! que/ion]1 b ! mis=tune appe>$ "u ! guise ( =tune4 ,if bo? numb]s1 h[ev]1 7 at ! upp] ends ( ! v]ticals1 ! prospects 7 favorable1 b bad if bo? figures occurr$ bel[ ! horizontal l9e4 ,a me?od :i* is simil> to ! simple app>atus ( ,petosiris is reveal$ to u 9 ! s-call$ 4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! ,papyrus ,magica ,musei ,lugdun5sis ,batavia1 publi%$ by ,dietri*4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! illu/ration belong+ to ?is me?od1 & also ! ,greek directions = use1 z giv5 9 ! papyrus4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! me?od ( ,democritus rec\rse is made to a table ( num]als divid$ by a cross-l9e into ! upp] & l>g]1 & a l[] & small]1 section4 ,! upp] "p conta9s 9 ?ree v]tical columns #ah1 9 ! l[]1 #ab figures4 ,to use ! table1 ! day :5 ! disease began1 ! num]ical value ( ! "n1 & ! days ( ! moon 7 add$1 & ! sum ?us obta9$ divid$ by #cj4 ,?is quoti5t 0 !n look$ = 9 ! table ( numb]s4 ,if x 0 f\nd above ! cross-l9e1 ! pati5t recov]$2 if bel[1 he succumb$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--,,! ,,table ,,( ,,democritus ,!re exi/$ a great _m o!r me?ods besides ^? describ$ above2 = in/ance1 ! sy/em ( ! #ab places1 ! circle ( ,manilius1 ! me?od ( ! my/]i\s ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 ! circle ( ,ptolemy1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 we c n "h ent] into a m detail$ description ( ^! =ms1 & ref] ^? t wi% m exhau/ive in=mation to ,b]!lot1 &1 above all1 to ,b\*-,lecl]cq4 ,a/rology1 &1 ) x1 sid]eal m$ic9e1 subsequ5tly travel$ f its ,ori5tal home into all civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! !n kn[n _w4 ,z reg>ds ,greek & ,roman antiquity1 a/rology 9 all its =ms won a high reputation bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,ev5 ! mo/ em95t anci5t physicians1 al?o !y did n unres]v$ly adopt sid]eal m$ic9e1 refra9$ f disav[+ x4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! ,corpus ,hippocraticum1 ! *ief "w ( e>ly ,greek m$ic9e1 passages :i* betray m ?an a fri5dly feel+ t[>d ! a/ral art ( heal+4 ,x is true1 expressions are n want+ :i* s\nd l a direct dis[n+ ( a/rology4 ,let u consid] = a few mom5ts ! attitude ( ,hippocratic m$ic9e t[>d a/rology4 ,z to ! rejection ( a/rologic m$ic9e by ! foll[]s ( ,hippocrates1 we read 78,anci5t ,m$ic9e10 ,*apt] ,i42 9 ! translation ( ,fu*s1 ,vol4 ,i41 page #ai73 8,= ?is reason ,i believe t x m$ical art requires no basis ( va9 presumption1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( invisible & d\btful factors1 ! discussion ( :i*1 if x %\ld be attempt$1 necessitates a hypo!tic sci5ce ( sup]natural or ( subt]re/rial nature2 =1 if any "o %\ld cont5d t he knew any?+ ab\t su* a matt]1 nei!r he1 ! lectur]1 nor 8 he>]s w\ld cle>ly und]/& :e!r 8 /atem5ts 7 true or n1 because no?+ exi/s to :i* ref]5ce c\ld be _h = purposes ( v]ification40 ,?is surely is a refutation z def9ite z c be desir$ ( a m$ic9e :i* dep5ds ^u wit*craft or a/rologic vag>ies4 ,h[ev]1 v>i\s o!r passages ( ! ,corpus ,hippocraticum take an exactly contr>y position4 ,= example1 we f9d ! foll[+ /atem5t 7on 8,air1 ,wat]1 & ,locality10 ,*apt] ,,xvii41 9 ! translation ( ,fu*s1 ,vol4 ,i41 page #cij73 8,att5tion mu/ be paid to ! rise ( ! />s1 especially to t ( ,sirius1#d z well z to ! rise ( ,arcturus1 &1 fur!r1 to ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades1 = mo/ diseases rea* a crisis dur+ su* p]iods1 "s ( !m abat+ 9 ^! days1 o!rs ceas+ entirely1 or develop+ into o!r symptoms & diff]5t conditions40 ,^! words indicate a di/9ct int5tion ( br++ prognosis & c\rse ( diseases into ! close/ relations ) ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ! same book simil> expressions occur3 8,he :o kn[s h[ ! *ange ( seasons & ! ris+ & sett+ ( />s take place w also be able to =esee h[ ! ye> is go+ to be4 ,!re=e1 any "o :o inve/igates ^! subjects & pr$icts com+ ev5ts w be ?or\ghly in=m$ z to ea* detail ( ! future2 he w enjoy ! be/ ( heal?1 & take z mu* z possible ! "r road 9 art4 ,h[ev]1 if any "o %\ld be ( ! op9ion t ^! que/ions belong solely 9 ! realm ( a/ronomy1 he w soon *ange 8 op9ion z he le>ns t a/ronomy is n ( slight1 b ( a v ess5tial1 importance 9 m$ical art40 ,/>s & diseases are also br\ght into mutual relations 9 ! lett] to ,k+ ,ptolemy 7,em]9s1 page #bic74 #d ,?is />1 9 p>ticul>1 play$ a rle 9 ! a/rologic prognosis ( ! ,egyptians2 9 fact1 9 v>i\s sy/ems x 0 made ! />t+-po9t ( m$ical pr$ictions2 = in/ance1 9 ! me?od ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us4 ,! above quotations ref] exclusively to ! c\rse ( diseases 9 relation to ! />s1 b we f9d 9 o!r passages also di/9ct ref]5ces are made to !rapeutic me?ods2 = in/ance1 9 8,aphorisms10 #d1 p>agraph #e1 we read3 8,purg+ is v difficult dur+ or be=e ! dog-days40 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be mo/ rem>kable if no a/rologic rem>ks ( any k9d 7 f\nd 9 ! ,corpus ,hippocraticum1 z ! idea ( close relation betwe5 ! cele/ial bodies & matt]s t]re/rial _h common curr5cy dur+ ! ,hippocratic p]iod4 ,! songs ( ,/esi*orus & ( ,p9d> %[1 = in/ance 7z is also /at$ by ,pl9y1 ,book #c1 ,*apt] ,,xii41 ,vol4 ,i41 page #aah71 t eclipses ( c]ta9 />s 7 consid]$ to be pregnant ) mis*ief4 ,?is sup]/iti\s conception has1 9 "s cases1 actually caus$ sev]e g5]al calamities4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,sicilian campaign end$ un=tunately = ! ,a!nians only because _! g5]al1 ,nicias1 "u a sup]/iti\s appreh5sion conc]n+ an eclipse1 fail$ to put to sea4 ,& z ?is campaign 0 ! cause to ,a!ns ( a p>tial loss ( ,greek hegemony1 we may safely say t a/rology _h a decisive %>e 9 ! fall ( ,a!ns 7,pl9y1 ,book #b1 ,*apt] ,,xxiii474 ,! appe>ance ( comets1 l eclipses ( ! sun & ! moon1 7 also reput$ to be om9\s among ! anci5ts4 ,comets 7 consid]$ heav5ly mis*ief-mak]s ( ! wor/ k9d1 & almo/ e sort ( calamity 0 ascrib$ to !m4 ,a calamity 0 suppos$ to assume v>i\s aspects1 accord+ to ! position & =m ( ! comet4 ,"u "s circum/ances1 h[ev]1 !y 7 said to progno/icate _m ev5ts advantage\s to mank9d 7,pl9y1 ,book #b1 ,*apt] ,,xxiv474 ,?us ,augu/us consid]$ a comet1 :i* 0 se5 = an entire week at ! nor!rn qu>t] ( ! heav5s at ! onset ( 8 rule1 dur+ p]=mances :i* 7 giv5 9 honor ( ,v5us g5etrix1 to be 8 lucky />4 ,h[ev]1 n only su* extraord9>y appe>ances 9 ! sky z comets1 eclipses ( ! sun & ! moon1 play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 m$ical sup]/itions ( ! anci5ts4 ,ev5 ^? cele/ial ph5om5a :i* occur ) a regul>ity fix$ by natural law1 su* z ! revolution ( ! sun & ! moon1 7 consid]$ highly important ev5ts 9 !rapeutic art4 ,?us1 affections ( ! eye 9 man & bea/ 7 said to increase & to decrease ) ! moon 7,pl9y1 ,book #b1 ,*apt] ,,xli474 ,all acute diseases 7 believ$ to be controll$ by ! moon1 :]eas *ronic affections 7 ?\ght to be "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,9 fact1 ev]y?+ t happ5$ to man 0 br\ght 9 imm$iate relation%ip ) appe>ances 9 ! canopy ( heav54 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x is /at$ by ,m>cus ,manilius1 ! well-kn[n au?or ( an a/ronomical didactic poem d$icat$ to ! ,emp]or ,augu/us3 8,omnis cum coelo =tun p5deat ordo40 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ! second book ! poet ma9ta9s t ea* "p ( ! human body is subord9ate to a di/9ct sign ( ! zodiac4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! head to ,aries1 etc4 ,al?o ! fur!r developm5t ( ,occid5tal z well z ,ori5tal a/rology drew its res\rces f ! primeval ,assyrian1 ,babylonian1 & ,egyptian doctr9es1 yet f ! second c5tury1 ,a4,d41 ! a/ronomic "w ( ,ptolemy & ! exhau/ive description ( antique m$ic9e by ,gal5 d]ive _! inspiration f ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica4 ,:atev] ^! two great ma/]s 7 able to report ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! functions ( ! body ^u cele/ial bodies 0 f !n on1 )\t fur!r inspection & exam9ation1 ackn[l$g$ to be true by ! great majority ( physicians4 ,only occasionally ?is or t practition] is bold en\gh to oppose ! intrusion ( a/rologic vag>ies into ! art ( heal+2 among ^! radicals 0 ! philosophically tra9$ physician1 ,sextus ,empiricus1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #aic1 ,a4,d4 ,h[ev]1 ?is prote/ ( brave ,sextus1 z well z all subsequ5t ones1 sc>cely _h any influ5ce ^u ! a/rological developm5t ( m$ic9e4 ,a/rology c\ld n be arre/$ on its road to ! dom9ation ( ! _w1 & until ! sev5te5? c5tury x controll$ ! ?\ght ( physicians ) ! same inv9cible sway t x ex]cis$ ov] ! m5tal life ( all o!r pr(essions & classes4 ,m$ico-a/rological sup]/ition _h become legaliz$1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t ,gal5 himself at la/ express$ 8 di/ru/ ( ! ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica1 & at lea/ endeavor$ to ext5uate 8 "p 9 its dissem9ation4 ,let u n[ scrut9ize m m9utely ! condition ( ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica 9 ! second c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,! works ( ,ptolemy1 ! 8,iatroma!matica0 ( ! my/]i\s ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 & ! ?ird book ( ,gal5's writ+ on ! 8critical days0 furni% suffici5t mat]ial = outl9+ ! m$ico-a/rological sy/em ( t p]iod4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! me?od by :i* ! au?ors ( t p]iod in/ill$ _! a/rologic dotage into ! m9ds ( _! contempor>ies v>i$ consid]ably4 ,ei!r a/rological rem>ks 7 "h & !re int]sp]s$ 9 a "w on m$ical or on a/ronomical subjects1 z 0 ! case1 = in/ance1 9 ! 8,opus ,quadrip>titum0 ( ,ptolemy & also 9 ,gal5's book on ! 8critical days10 or a/rology 0 treat$ z a special sci5ce 9 ! =m ( a connect$ sy/em1 z is done1 = in/ance1 9 ! 8,iatroma!matica0 ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us4 ,su* textbooks ( a/rology obta9$ publicity 9 l>ge numb]s f ab\t ! f\rte5? c5tury on4 ,:oev] may be incl9$ to ca/ a glance into ! le>n$ "w ( ,sudh(f w be a/oni%$ to obs]ve ! ext5t to :i* ia?roma!matics fl\ri%$ 9 ! second half ( ! middle ages & at ! turn+-po9t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,/ill ano!r =m 0 to imp>t to ! public _! a/rological doctr9es 9 ! =m ( %ort s5t5ces4 ,we f9d no?+ 9 su* works reg>d+ ! intricate calculations & me?ods by :i* endeavors 7 made to fa?om ! language ( ! />s1 b a/rological results 7 communicat$ 9 concise1 aphori/ic s5t5ces4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! 8,c5tiloquium0 ( ,ptolemy1 a "w :i* 9 a hundr$ brief say+s br+s an epitome ( a/rological wisdom to m>ket4 ,! "w enjoy$ ! highe/ e/eem 9 ! middle ages4 ,su* a book1 !re=e1 w\ld correspond to t =m ( mod]n lit]>y production1 :i*1 "u ! title 8,me?od ( acquir+ ?is or t accompli%m5t )9 a %ort p]iod10 is adv]tis$ to u mod]n p 9 ! daily press4 ,moreov]1 ! 8,c5tiloquium0 ( ,ptolemy _h _m imitators4 ,su* a "w is f\nd1 = in/ance1 9 ,arabic lit]ature1 & conta9s a/rologic wisdom cond5s$ into #aej brief s5t5ces by ! a/rolog] ,almansor1 :o furni%$ ! h&book ^u reque/ ( 8 rul]2 ! ,arabian1 ,be!m1 has produc$ a simil> "w4 ,we f9d analog\s works appe>+ lat] 9 ! middle ages4 ,ev5tually1 ! doctr9es ( a/rology 7 put into neat rhymes2 ?us1 = in/ance1 ,he9ri* von ,rantzau1 :o dep>t$ ?is life #aeih z gov]nor ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 celebrates 9 #ajj well-turn$ v]ses ! significance ( ! planets 9 relation to ! physical & m5tal welf>e ( humanity4 ,we %all aga9 ref] to ?is subject :5 consid]+ a/rology ( ! middle ages4 ,! iatroma!matic passages 9 ! above-m5tion$ writ+s ( ,ptolemy1 ,h]mes1 & ,gal5 furni%$ ! f\ndation = all lat] a/rologico-m$ical !ories4 ,= :at ! middle ages believ$ reg>d+ ! m$ical importance ( ! sid]eal _w1 especially ( ! planets & ! zodiac1 0 no?+ b ! imm$iate cont9uation1 or elaboration1 ( ! a/rologic tea*+s ( ,ptolemy & o!r au?ors ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 e portion ( ! human frame 0 plac$ "u ! influ5ce ( a c]ta9 cele/ial body4 ,! five planets already kn[n to ! anci5ts1 z well z sun & moon1 gov]n$1 accord+ to ,h]mes1 ! foll[+ p>ts ( ! body3 ,! sun1 ! "r eye4 ,! moon1 ! left eye4 ,saturn1 he>+4 ,jupit]1 ! bra94 ,m>s1 ! blood4 ,v5us1 ta/e & smell4 ,m]cury1 tongue & gullet4 ,h[ev]1 ! influ5ce :i* sun1 moon1 & ! planets ex]cis$ ^u ! human body gradually became m intricate4 ,x 0 no long] satisfactory to enum]ate relations betwe5 ! bodies ( heav5 & ! human organs ( su* a g5]al nature z giv5 by ! above table ( ,h]mes4 ,all p>ts & functions ( ! body 7 to be br\ght into ! close/ relations ) ! planets4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! celebrat$ humani/1 ,m>silius ,fic9us1 ! fri5d ( ! ,m$ici 7#adcc to #adii71 depicts mo/ m9utely 9 a book 8,on ,life10 :i* 0 mu* read 9 its "t1 ! relations betwe5 ! body & ! planets4 ,?is 0 also done by ,he9ri* von ,rantzau1 9 8 8,tractus ,a/rologicus10 :i* 9 its "t 0 v celebrat$4 ,!re we read reg>d+ ^! conditions z foll[s3 ,,saturn gov]ns ! sple51 ! bladd]1 ! bones1 ! tee?1 &1 9 "p1 ! circulat+ juices ( ! body2 causes ! color ( ! sk9 ( man to be d>k yell[i%2 imp$es or promotes gr[?2 causes ! eyes to be small1 & prev5ts ! gr[? ( ! be>d4 ,,jupit] gov]ns ! lungs1 ! ribs1 c>tilages1 ! liv]1 art]ies1 ! pulse1 & ! developm5t ( human sem52 causes ! :ite color ( ! sk91 & gives a good figure4 ,,m>s gov]ns ! bile1 kidneys1 ve9s1 & sexual organs1 & ( ^! especially ! te/icles2 makes hair r$ & ! temp] irascible1 & incl9$ to outrages ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,,v5us gov]ns ! ut]us1 ! brea/s1 ! sexual organs1 ! sp]matic tubes1 ! lo9s1 & ! buttocks2 end[s man ) physical beauty1 furni%es him ) long hair1 r\nd eyes1 & a well-=m$ face2 b x is inexcusable on ! "p ( ?is /> t x pres5t$ mank9d ) gonorrhea4 ,,m]cury gov]ns all m5tal processes--memory1 imag9ation1 ! bra9 ) its n]ves1 ! h&s1 feet1 & legs1 ! bones & ! bile2 causes man to be light-f+]$4 ,,! ,,sun gov]ns ! bra91 n]ves1 ur9e1 ! "r eye ( ! male & ! left "o ( ! female1 ! optic n]ves1 & ! entire "r half ( ! body2 gives a good complexion to man4 ,,! ,,moon gov]ns ! bra91 m\?1 belly1 inte/9es1 bladd]1 ta/e1 ! organs ( reproduction1 ! left eye ( ! male1 ! "r eye ( ! female1 & ! fem99e liv]1 & ! entire left half ( ! body4 ,! signs ( ! zodiac1 l ! planets1 ex]t full control ov] ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,hone/ ,b>tis*1 ( ,knigsbrck 7#aece to #afjf71 has giv5 u 9 8 8,eye-,s]vice0 an illu/ration ( ^! relations4 ,fig4 #d is a reproduction ( ?is plate ( ,b>tis*4 ,! sun1 moon1 planets1 & zodiac regulat$ n only ! life ( ! v>i\s limbs ( liv+ man plac$ "u _! special c>e1 b _! activity comm5c$ at t mom5t :5 ! f\ndation 0 j ab\t to be laid = ! future bodily exi/5ce ( a mortal--i4e41 at ! mom5t ( conception4 ,if1 dur+ ?is critical process1 ! respective bodies ( ! heav5s 7 9 an un=tunate conjunction1 ! memb]s ( ! future be+1 ! mo/ primitive =ms ( :i* _h j be5 f\nd$1 7 b\nd to suff]4 ,naturally1 h[ev]1 only ^? p>ts ( ! body 7 affect$ by ?is de/9y :i* 7 9 ! c>e ( />s t happ5$ to be 9 unpropiti\s conjunction at ! "t4 ,if ! act ( conception _h pass$ )\t evil influ5ce on ^? t 7 actively & passively p>ticipat+ 9 x1 ! product ( t h\r c\ld by no means be sure t ?is or t planet w\ld n malici\sly ?w>t ! ease & tranquillity ( its embryonic & fetal life4 ,= sun1 moon1 & ! sev5 planets ea* gov]n$ "o mon? ( intra-ut]9e life1 z is expla9$ by ,jacobus ,=livi5sis4 ,saturn reigns dur+ ! fir/ mon? ( pregnancy1 ,jupit] 9 ! second1 ,m>s 9 ! ?ird1 ! sun 9 ! f\r?1 ,v5us 9 ! fif?1 ,m]cury 9 ! six?1 ! moon 9 ! sev5?2 ! eigh? mon? is rul$ aga9 by ,saturn1 & ?is latt] planet n[ %[s itself to be s malici\s t x imm$iately de/roys all life born 9 ! eigh? mon?4 ,jupit] aga9 takes control dur+ ! n9? mon?1 &1 z ?is /> is fond ( w>m? & humidity1 &1 !re=e1 a fri5d ( life 9 any =m1 no dang] is to be fe>$ = a fetus ent]+ ! _w dur+ ?is mon?4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! n9e mon?s ( pregnancy h pass$ )\t evil int]f]5ce by ! planets1 ,m>s once m is 9 comm&1 & 8 influ5ce helps 9 accompli%+ a normal bir?4 ,aft] ! fetus _h successfully pass$ all dang]s :i* ! planets c\ld cause dur+ ! n9e mon?s ( intra-ut]9e life1 & aft] x _h successfully matur$1 ! h\r ( bir? might1 aft] all1 be accompani$ ) o!r q sev]e sid]eal complications4 ,= if any planet 0 9 an unfavorable sign1 or if ! relations betwe5 ! signs ( ! zodiac & ! sun or ! moon 7 n q 9 _! regul> ord]1 ^? memb]s :i* 7 presid$ ov] by ! respective />s 7 made to suff]4 ,! correct ca/+ ( ! m$ical horoscope1 !re=e1 requir$ ! mo/ accurate k ( ! m9ute ( bir?1 ) simultane\s occurr5ces 9 ! canopy ( heav54 ,provid5t fa!rs1 accord+ly1 7 m9dful ( hav+ an a/rolog]1 dur+ ! h\r ( bir?1 9 ! room 9 :i* ! conf9em5t 0 to take place1 s t he might be able to asc]ta9 z accurately z possible ! cele/ial occurr5ces :i* w\ld det]m9e ! bodily welf>e ( ! new-born1 & to arrange !m = ! horoscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d--,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body ,,to ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac ,aft] ! "y mortal _h safely arriv$1 & if a =tunate de/9y _h plac$ 9 8 cradle a favorable m$ical horoscope1 bo? = ! h\r dur+ :i* ! fir/ mat]ial f\ndation _h be5 laid = 8 life & also = ! h\r ( 8 bir?1 he _h ov]come only a small "p ( ! tr\bles :i* ! />ry _w might be able to inflict on 8 bodily welf>e4 ,if ! v>i\s signs ( heav5 appe>$ 9 unfavorable conjunction1 or if ! moon ent]$ into any fatal relations ) ! signs ( ! zodiac1 memb]s ( ! body :i* 7 "u ! influ5ce ( ! respective cele/ial bodies 7 /ill imp]il$4 ,^! dang]s might ?reat5 n only "o individual1 b !y 7 capable1 ev5tually1 ev5 ( call+ d[n epidemics & pe/il5ce ^u all humanity4 ,aft] any =m ( disease _h tak5 hold ( a p]son its c\rse1 treatm5t1 & t]m9ation c\ld be cle>ly read 9 ! />s ( heav54 ,x 0 necess>y1 above all1 to asc]ta9 ! day1 h\r1 & m9ute :5 ! disease appe>$4 ,un=tunately1 ?is mu/ h be5 q difficult at times2 = _m diseases beg9 s insidi\sly t ! mom5t ( ! attack is completely beyond precise def9ition4 ,9 su* a case "o did ! be/ t c\ld be done1 & probably took z ! mom5t ( attack ! fir/ compla9ts ( ! pati5t reg>d+ 8 disord]4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ! disease 0 dat$ 9 su* a mann]1 ! heav5ly body1 9 ! asc5dant at ?is p]iod1 0 !n asc]ta9$2 ?us1 ! position & ! c\rse & ! phases ( ! moon1 ! relations ( sun & moon to ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac1 & ! planets w\ld be not$4 ,x 0 necess>y to obs]ve :e!r ! moon 0 9 opposition1 quadrature1 or conjunction to ! planets :ile %e /ood 9 ! sign ( ?is or t figure ( ! zodiac4 ,f ^! obs]vations cle> conclusions 7 fir/ drawn reg>d+ ! g5]al condition1 ! "*1 ! duration1 & ! prognosis ( ! affection4 ,^! conclusions1 h[ev]1 7 by no means satisfactory z yet4 ,an attempt 0 !re=e made to obta9 a mu* m detail$ insight into ! causes1 complications1 & !rapy ( ! case 9 "q by means ( a/rology1 & su* in=mation 0 abundantly provid$ 9 ! ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact t sun1 moon1 planets1 & ! signs ( ! zodiac %>$ ! rule ov] ! v>i\s organs ( ! body1 & furni%$ positive intimations reg>d+ ! cause ( ! disease 9 "q1 made x unnecess>y = ! physician to tr\ble himself at all ) an exam9ation ( ! pati5t 9 ord] to asc]ta9 cause & localization ( ! affection4 ,"o glance at ! conjunctions ( ! />s 0 suffici5t to %[ :i* organ ( ! pati5t happ5$ to be endang]$ by ! cele/ial con/ellation4 ,if an individual compla9$1 = in/ance1 ( di/urb$ dige/ion1 & if ! heav5ly body t presid$ ov] ! liv] pres5t$ any rem>kable ph5om5a1 naturally only ! liv] 0 responsible = ! case 9 "q1 & ! diagnosis 0 made4 ,complications 7 to be expect$ if ! />s :i* controll$ ! circulation ( blood & mucus %[$ unfavorable signs4 ,x 0 ev5 possible = ! physician well v]s$ 9 a/rology to det]m9e 9 advance ! p]iod ( "t at :i* ! occurr5ce ( su* humoral complications might be expect$1 z he _h le>n$ t ! v>i\s h\rs ( ! day & ( ! night 7 to ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! juices ( ! body4 ,= in/ance1 ,almanzor expla9s t ! fir/ ?ree h\rs ( day & ( night are 9 close/ relation to ! blood1 :]eas ! second qu>t]s ( day & ( night hold sway ov] ! yell[1 ! ?ird ov] ! black 7bile71 & ! la/ qu>t]s1 f9ally1 ov] ! mucus4 ,h[ev]1 n only 7 ! v>i\s h\rs ( great importance to ! c\rse ( ! disease1 b c]ta9 days ( ! disease--s-call$ critical days--7 ( /ill great] significance4 ,x is true1 ! doctr9e ( ^! critical days 0 by no means ! prop]ty ( ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica1 b ! ,corpus ,hippocraticum already conta9$ a book 4 ,b ! foll[]s ( ,hippocrates _h develop$ ?is !ory only f humoro-pa?ological premises1 & ,gal51 9 8 "w 1 _h only includ$ a/rology 9 ord] to expla9 & to prove ! entire doctr9e ( crises 7comp>e also ,sudh(f74 ,he calculat$ 9 accordance ) moon weeks & mon?s1 & 9 su* a mann] t a week c\nt$ six days & sev5te5 & "o-half h\rs1 & ! mon? ( ! moon only tw5ty-six days & tw5ty-two h\rs4 ,! sev5?1 f\rte5?1 tw5tie?1 & tw5ty-sev5? days 7 to be consid]$ critical days ( ! fir/ ord]4 8,contemplate10 says ,gal51 8! critical days 9 ! c\rse ( ! moon 9 ! angles ( a geometrical figure ( sixte5 sides2 if y f9d ^! angles 9 a favorable con/ellation1 ! pati5t w f>e well2 badly1 h[ev]1 if evil signs prevail40 ,b n only 7 c]ta9 h\rs & c]ta9 days ( ! week said to ex]t an important a/rological influ5ce ^u ! human body1 su* an influ5ce 0 ascrib$ also to c]ta9 ye>s4 ,su* ye>s 7 call$ 8,anni ,scansiles0--t is1 8climact]ic40 ,! expression 8,anni ,climact]ici0 0 also us$1 b ?is designation has no?+ 9 common ) ! mod]n conception ( ! climact]ic4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! condition ( ! body und]w5t a ?or\gh revolution dur+ ^! climact]ic ye>s1 & t a new /age1 z x 71 ( organic life 0 rea*$4 ,he9ri* von ,rantzau1 ! a/ronomic ari/ocrat & /atesman1 accord+ly def9es ! climact]ic ye>s z 8anni1 9 quibus ad sequ5tis temporis con/itutionem sese v]tat tas et inflectat40 ,!re=e1 su* ye>s %\ld 9 !mselves h>bor dang]s = corporeal exi/5ce1 & (f] no favorable prospect = ! c\rse ( diseases4 ,two k9ds ( su* climact]ic ye>s 7 di/+ui%$4 ,"o k9d 0 br\ght ab\t by multiplication ) ! figure #g1 & !y 7 call$ anni hebdomatici1 or climact]ici 7/ricte sic dicta74 ,accord+ly1 ^! 7 ! ye>s #g1 #ad1 #ba1 #bh1 #ce1 #db1 #di1 #ef1 #fc4 ,^! n9e ye>s =m$ ! climact]icus p>vus1 :]eas ! ye>s #gg1 #hd1 #ia1 #ih1 #aje1 #aab1 #aai1 #abf 7 call$ ! climact]icus magnus4 ,a multiplication :i* ext5d$ fur!r1 to #aga1 rea*$ ! climact]icus maximus4 ,! o!r k9d ( climact]ic ye>s 0 obta9$ by multiplication ) #i1 & su* ye>s 7 call$ anni enneatici1 or decretorii4 ,^! 7 ! ye>s #i1 #ah1 #bg1 #cf1 #de1 #ed1 #fc1 #gb1 #ha1 #ij1 #ii1 #ajh1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 ^! climact]ic ye>s did n all pres5t ! same dang]s1 b ! p]il inh]5t 9 !m v>i$ consid]ably4 ,x 0 det]m9$ by ! multiplicator1 & "h especially ! #c & ! #g play$ a v fatal rle4 ,! #ba/ ye> ( life 7#c #g71 & ! #bg? 7#c #i71 7 "o grade high] 9 ! scale ( dang]s ?an ^? obta9$ by o!r multiplicators4 ,/ill m dang]\s 7 ^? ye>s arriv$ at by asc5d+ 9 spaces ( ?ree hebdomads2 !re=e1 ! #ba/ ye> ( life--i4e41 ! p]iod ( ?ree hebdomads--namely1 #c #g2 ! #db;d ye>1 z a p]iod ( #b #c hebdomads--i4e41 #b #ba2 ! #fc;d ye> ( life1 z a p]iod ( #c hebdomads--i4e41 #c #ba2 #hd to #d #ba2 #aje #e #ba1 etc4 ,! #di? ye> ( life & ! #ef? ye> ( life 7 said to be /ill m dang]\s ?an ^! ye>s obta9$ f ! p]iod ( ?ree hebdomads4 ,x is true1 ! cause ( ! dang] is q obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! #di? ye>2 x 0 ! om9\s #g #g :i* "h gave rise to =ebod+s4 ,& x 0 n q compreh5sible :at caus$ ! bad reputation ( innoc5t #ef2 ,rantzau fails to give u a suffici5t explanation4 ,b ! mo/ dang]\s climact]ic ye> 0 ! #fc;d1 = ?is 0 made up ( #g #i4 ,x 01 !re=e1 an annus hebdomaticus &1 at ! same "t1 also an annus enneaticus1 = x belong$ bo? to ! class ( ^? climact]ic ye>s :i* 7 =m$ by ! multipli] #g1 z also to t :i* 7 obta9$ by ! multipli] #i4 ,x 0 mo/ natural1 !re=e1 t a p]iod ( life :i* f two sides 0 fraught ) dang]1 l ! un=tunate #fc;d ye> ( life1 0 b\nd to appe> equally suspici\s to ! heal?y & to ! sick4 ,x is probable t ?is ye> 01 !re=e1 call$ &rodas1 because1 z ,rantzau believes1 x debilitates & breaks vitality4 ,x w\ld appe>1 moreov]1 t ! climact]ic ye>s enjoy$ g5]al consid]ation 9 anci5t times z well z 9 ! middle ages1 = ,rantzau names a numb] ( celebrat$ m5 :o 7 said to h express$ !mselves reg>d+ ! significance ( ^! ye>s1 su* z ,plato1 ,c5sor9us1 ,gellius1 ,philo ,judu1 ,macrobius1 ,cic]o1 ,botius1 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,b$e1 ,georgius ,valla1 & o!rs4 ,n satisfi$ ) ?is /atem5t1 ,rantzau also m5tions 9 8 catalog a multitude ( prom95t m5 :o all dep>t$ ?is life 9 _! #fc;d ye>1 & ?us1 z he believes1 _h e/abli%$ ! dang]\sness ( ?is ye> by _! dea?4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! #fc;d bir?day 0 celebrat$ ) great appreh5sion dur+ ! entire middle ages1 & ! respective individual did n draw an easy brea? until aft] ! om9\s ye> _h be5 successfully pass$4 ,h[ev]1 ! />s knew n only h[ to tell p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! probable c\rse & possible complications ( diseases1 b !y also gave in=mation reg>d+ v special =ms ( affections4 ,x 0 possible1 ?us1 to le>n f !m at :at "t diseases ( ! eye 7 to be fe>$1 :5 m5tal diseases 7 ?reat5+1 :5 hemorrhages 7 to be expect$1 etc4 ,! a/rologically tra9$ physician 0 able to obta9 prompt in=mation f ! />s reg>d+ cont+5t surgical accid5ts2 = !re exi/$ v>i\s conjunctions ( ! cele/ial bodies1 accord+ to ,ptolemy1 :i* surely po9t$ to w\nds1 fractures ( bones1 burns1 concussions1 & o!r lesions4 ,9 fact1 x 0 possible to see 9 advance1 f ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 :at limbs w\ld be expos$ to =cible injury2 ?us1 c]ta9 conjunctions ( ! planets 7 said to progno/icate ) c]ta9ty w\nds ( ! head2 o!rs1 ( ! face2 o!rs1 aga91 ( ! h&s & feet1 ( ! f+]s & toes1 ( ! arms & legs1 ( ! trunk & neck4 ,a/rology1 moreov]1 0 n satisfi$ ) ! progno/ic & diagno/ic activity :i* we h j m5tion$1 b x also int]f]$ 9 !rapy1 int]nal z well z ext]nal4 ,reg>d+1 9 ! fir/ place1 int]nal m$ic9al treatm5t1 ! a/rolog] knew h[ to give positive in=mation ab\t ! same2 = all t]re/rial be+s1 ( an organic z well z ( an inorganic nature1 7 "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 ! moon1 ( ! planets1 & ( ! signs ( ! zodiac4 ,! />s imp>t$ c]ta9 p[]s to ! planets1 to animals1 & to all /ructures ( ! inorganic _w4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 kn[n :at />s happ5$ to appe> 9 ! vault ( heav5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! disease or ( its treatm5t1 x 0 only necess>y s]i\sly to consid] ! organic & inorganic /ructures "u _! sup]vision1 & ! rem$ies requir$ = a successful control ( ! disease 7 pres5tly at h&4 ,b if ! heal] wi%$ to be absolutely c]ta9 :at m$icam5ts to *oose1 ! phases ( ! moon & ! condition ( ! sun 7 also to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,"s rem$ies c\ld be adm9i/]$ only :5 ! moon 0 9 a p>ticul> relation to c]ta9 planets or />s ( ! zodiac4 ,^! rem$ies 7 pr9cipally emetics & purges4 ,simil>ly to ! int]nal cl9ician1 s also 9 surg]y1 ! heal] 0 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! conjunction ( ! />s4 ,! primeval ,babylonian direct$ t ! body mu/ n be t\*$ ) iron dur+ c]ta9 conjunctions ( ! />s1 & ?is 0 also prescrib$ 9 all cases ( ,a/rologica ,m$ica4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ?is direction obta9$ less g5]al surgical recognition1 b ref]r$ pr9cipally to blood-lett+4 ,ev5 to ?is limit$ ext5t x impli$ a high-h&$ int]f]5ce ) ! art ( ! anci5t z well z ( ! m$ieval physician2 = v5esection occupi$ an entirely diff]5t position among !rapeutic measures dur+ t p]iod ?an x does to-day4 ,:]eas mod]n m$ic9e does n consid] blood-lett+ necess>y1 except 9 ! r>e/ cases1 anci5t z well z m$ieval pr(essors ( m$ic9e believ$ t !y c\ld "u no circum/ances disp5se ) x2 9 fact1 x is probable t until ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 0 sc>cely any =m ( disease ! treatm5t ( :i* w\ld h be5 possible )\t )drawal ( blood4 ,an actual sy/em ( blood-lett+ _h be5 elaborat$ "u ! influ5ce ( humoro-pa?ological op9ions4 ,e ve9 t c\ld be rea*$ ) ! lancet 0 act$ ^u1 & ! s*ool ( m$ic9e ( ! p]iod 0 punctili\sly c>eful 9 tea*+ :i* vessel pres5t$ ! mo/ suitable po9t ( attack = ! h& ( ! physician 9 ?is or t =m ( disease4 ,! !rapeutic subtleties :i* 7 ?us br\ght to light are beyond description4 ,?us1 a )drawal ( blood f ve9s on ! "r side ( ! body 0 said to yield an ess5tially diff]5t effect f left-sid$ v5esection1 & ea* individual ve9 ( ! body promis$ a special advantage :i* 0 peculi> to ?is "o ve94 ,! physician ( t p]iod surely _h en\gh to d to be> 9 m9d all ! num]\s !rapeutic effects :i* he 0 to a*ieve by ! op5+ ( ! v>i\s ve9s4 ,to facilitate ?is difficult art to a c]ta9 degree special figures 7 design$--s-call$ v5esection manik9s1 9 :i* ! num]\s po9ts = ble$+ 7 mo/ c>efully annotat$4 ,fig4 #e 7page #age7 %[s su* a picture4 ,x indicates no less ?an #ec diff]5t localities = v5esection1 & z ea* & e "o ( !m aga9 impli$ f\r or five1 or possibly ev5 m1 me?ods ( blood-lett+1 we may consid] t !re 7 _m hundr$s ( diff]5t possibilities = phlebotomy4 ,if x 0 easy to become lo/ 9 ! labyr9? ( ?is blood-?ir/y !rapy1 ! difficulty ( a me?odical application ( v5esection 0 v mat]ially increas$ by a/rology2 = a/rology diff]5tiat$ betwe51 fir/1 favorable1 !n d\btful1 &1 f9ally1 unfavorable days = v5esection1 bas+ ?is op9ion ^u c]ta9 positions betwe5 sun1 moon1 & planets4 ,!n ! v>i\s ages ( life _h also diff]5t days = v5esection2 days1 = in/ance1 :i* promis$ to be exceptionally successful = v5esection 9 ! "y1 (f]$ v unfavorable prospects to ! ag$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! p]iod f ! fir/ quadrature ( ! moon to ! opposition 0 said to be excell5t = ble$+ 9 adolesc5ce1 :]eas ?is p]iod 0 by no means invit+ = phlebotomy 9 ^? :o _h rea*$ ! s5ile p]iod4 ,! *ances = v5esection became r intricate 9 _! diff]5t aspects4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,/ffl] taught3 ! sun prohibits v5esection two days be=e & "o day aft]4 ,conjunction ( ! moon ) prohibits v5esection "o ,saturn day be=e & "o day ,m>s aft]4 ,quadrature ( ,sun prohibits v5esection ! moon ) ,saturn twelve h\rs be=e & ,m>s twelve h\rs aft]4 ,opposition ( ,sun prohibits v5esection "o ! moon ) ,saturn day be=e & "o day ,m>s aft]4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! physician ( t "t 0 compell$ to be well-v]s$ 9 a/ronomy unless he meant to commit grave mi/akes aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica4 ,su* s9s c\ld ev5tually become r dang]\s to ! physician1 = ! code ( ,hammurabi 7ab\t #bbjj1 ,b4,c41 rul] ( ,babylon7 ?reat5s ! op]ator1 = n q unobjectionable surgical proc$ures1 ) ! loss ( 8 h&s 7,w9ckl]1 page #cc1 #bah74 ,9 ord] to satisfy ! a/rological requirem5t ( ! physician mo/ ?or\ghly1 !re arose 9 ! middle ages a v peculi> lit]ature4 ,"u ! "n ( an almanac or cal5d>ium1 ?ick folio volumes appe>$1 :i* enum]at$1 9 long tables1 ! v>i\s positions ( ! planets & ( ! signs ( ! zodiac1 s t ! a/rolog] 0 enabl$ to note ! fate ( mank9d rapidly & easily4 ,! cont5ts ( su* cal5d>ia are beyond description4 ,ap>t f rem>ks :i* ref]r$ to all occurr5ces ( civil life1 0 /at$ ! exact p]iod :5 to h ! hair cut1 :5 v5esection 0 to be p]=m$1 :5 to draw tee?1 :5 to take a ba?1 etc4 ,ev5 ! prop] "t = pray] 0 indicat$ by su* a cal5d>ium4 ,accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ( ,pet] ( ,abano1 ! conjunction ( ! moon ) ,jupit] 9 ! ,dragon 0 sure to effect an answ] to pray]4 ,hi]onymus ,c>danus _h discov]$1 ) ! aid ( a/rology1 t a reque/ 0 sure to be compli$ ) if a pray] 0 (f]$ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y on ! fir/ day ( ,april1 at #h ,a4,m4 7,mhs51 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #dbc74 ,physicians excell$ 9 ! compilation ( su* cal5d>ia1 especially dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,pr(essors1 =5sic physicians1 surgeons--9 fact1 all repres5tatives ( m$ical art--7 equally int5t ^u in/ruct+ ! public by cal5d>ia 9 reg>d to ! mo/ v>i\s bran*es ( ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica2 ?us1 = in/ance1 ,david ,h]liz1 physician at ,pr5zlau1 suppli$ ,pom]ania1 ,meckl5burg1 & ! ,m>gravate ( ,br&5burg ) cal5d>s = fifty ye>s1 f ! ye> #aehd4 ,! ,m>burg pr(essor ( m$ic9e1 ,victor9us ,s*nfeld]1 play$ a simil> rle dur+ ! same p]iod = we/]n ,g]many4 ,! physician1 z almanac-mak]1 is probably "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful results ( m$ical sup]/ition1 & ?is ab]ration ( m$ic9e clung s firmly to ! p t1 ev5 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 c]ta9 days ( ! ye> 7 consid]$ z especially favorable = v5esection1 & ! cal5d>s took p>ticul> pa9s to call ! att5tion ( ! public mo/ emphatically to good days = blood-lett+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e--,,v5esection ,,9 ,,its ,,a/ronomical ,,connection ,explanation ( ,fig4 #e ,a4 ,! a/ronomic signs :i* are not$ on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body indicate ! signs ( ! zodiac1 "u ! special influ5ce ( :i* ! respective memb]s ( ! body are said to be4 ,b4 ,! num]als :i* are f\nd at ! mo/ v>i$ p>ts ( ! body ref] to indications = v5esection1 z /at$ bel[4 ,9 ^! localities1 :i* are *>act]iz$ by figures1 blood 0 drawn = ! mo/ v>i\s affections1 namely 93 #a4 ,pa9s ( ! eyes & head2 affections ( ! face1 includ+ eruptions4 #b4 ,affections ( ! head2 m5tal di/urbances4 #c4 ,affections ( ! eye ( v>i\s k9ds4 #d & #e4 ,pa9s 9 ! e>s2 la*rymation4 #f & #g4 ,t9nitus aurium2 tremor ( ! head4 #h4 ,di/urbances ( he>+4 #i4 ,heav9ess ( ! head2 fl[ f ! eyes4 ,v5esection "h also r5d]s memory m acute1 z well z ! activity ( ! bra9 9 g5]al4 #aj4 ,heav9ess ( ! head4 #aa4 ,ulc]s ( ! lips & ( ! gums4 #ab4 ,! ve9s ( ! palate are to be op5$ 9 eruptions 9 ! face1 9 too?a*e1 9 affections ( ! palate & ( ! m\?1 heav9ess ( ! head4 #ac4 ,neuralgia & too?a*e4 #ad4 ,heada*es1 m5tal di/urbances4 #ae4 ,to r5d] ! memory m acute4 #af4 ,9 all affections ( ! m\? or ( ! *e/4 #ag4 ,fetid brea?4 #ah4 ,pa9s 9 ! jaws2 ftor e naso2 eruptions ( ! face4 #ai4 ,neuralgia ( ! head2 eruptions4 #bj4 ,di/urbances 9 ! *e/ ( v>i\s k9ds4 #ba4 ,fl[ f ! eyes2 heada*e2 epilepsy4 #bb4 ,diseases ( ! *e/ ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ dyspnea2 heada*e2 /it*es 9 ! side4 #bc4 ,diseases ( ! liv]1 injuries to ! "r side ( ! body2 noseble$4 #bd4 ,affections ( ! head & ! eyes2 pa9s 9 ! %\ld]-blades2 coryza4 #be4 ,pa9s 9 ! he>t1 9 ! sides1 & 9 ! m\?4 #bf4 ,spasms 9 ! f+]s2 pa9s 9 ! sple5 & 9 ! limbs2 epi/axis2 /it*es 9 ! liv]4 #bg4 ,pa9s ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! body4 #bh4 ,affections ( ! l[] portions ( ! body4 #bi4 ,he>t-disease4 #cj4 ,to r5d] vision m acute1 & to /r5g!n ! dext]ity ( ! body4 #ca4 ,heada*e1 fev]1 v>i\s k9ds ( cat>act1 glaucoma1 etc42 cl\d9ess ( ! scl]a2 inflammations ( ! tongue & ( ! ph>ynx4 #cb4 ,pa9s ( ! head1 lungs1 sple54 #cc4 ,diseases ( ! blood2 *lorosis2 jaundice2 affections ( ! head2 /it*es 9 ! "r side4 ,blood-lett+ 9 ?is locality purifies liv]1 sple51 brea/4 #cd4 ,same z #cb4 #cf4 ,affections ( ! sple51 m5+eal inflammation2 hemorrhoids2 /it*es 9 ! left side2 r5al affections2 dysm5orrhea4 #cg4 ,affections ( ! sple5 & ( ! bladd]4 #ch4 ,dropsy2 di/urbances ( dige/ion2 ulc]s ( long /&+4 #ci4 ,melan*olia2 v5esection 9 ?is locality /r5g!ns ! kidneys4 #dj4 ,hemorrhoids2 /rangury2 di/urbances ( dige/ion2 affections ( ! bladd] & ( ! sexual organs4 #da4 ,v5esection "h acts ^u ! prop] condition ( ! body 9 g5]al4 #db4 ,diseases ( ! kidney1 bladd]1 /one1 te/icles4 #dc4 ,v5esection "h /r5g!ns ! gait4 #dd4 ,all k9ds ( pa9s ( ! l[] extremities1 su* z ar?ritis1 g\t2 also 9 dysm5orrhea4 #de4 ,affections ( ! sexual organs2 diseases ( ! kidney & bladd]4 #df4 ,diseases ( ! te/icles4 #dg4 ,di/urbances ( m5/ruation2 /]ility ( wom52 affections ( ! bladd] & sple54 #dh4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( diseases ( ! feet4 #di4 ,dysm5orrhea2 eruptions 9 ! face & on ! legs4 #ej4 ,apoplexy2 p>alysis4 #ea4 ,oph?almia2 sk9 diseases2 c\gh2 oppression ( ! *e/4 #eb4 ,dysm5orrhea2 affections ( ! te/icles2 co/al pa9s4 #ec4 ,oph?almia2 dysm5orrhea2 am5orrhea2 sk9 eruptions4 ,su* !rapy1 deta*$ entirely f ! actual requirem5ts ( ! case & bas$ only ^u obs]vation ( ! sky1 0 b\nd to be att5d$ ) ! mo/ un=tunate results4 ,! suff]+ public 0 frequ5tly b little *e]$ by ! assi/ance ( its physicians1 & (t5 felt ! desire to f9d out :at ano!r physician c\ld d4 ,x appe>s t su* a condition occurr$ q frequ5tly1 = ,ptolemy1 9 numb] #eg ( 8 8,c5tiloquium10 gives special directions "u :at a/ral conditions su* a *ange ( physician c\ld take place4 ,he says3 8,cum septimum locum atque ejus dom9um 9 gritud9e afflictum vid]is1 m$icum mutato40 ,x appe>s c]ta91 accord+ly1 t a g5]al *ange ( physicians 0 inaugurat$ by ! public s soon z ! above conjunction 0 not$ 9 ! sky4 ,^? :o desir$ to be v c>eful 9 ! *oice ( _! physician did n *ange only :5 ! conjunction ( ! />s recomm5d$ x z advisable1 b !y also attempt$ to asc]ta9 ! horoscope ( ! newly *os5 m$ical advis]1 = m$ical wisdom 0 f\nd 9 greate/ abundance 9 a man ^: aspects %[$ a c]ta9 =m4 8,p]fectus m$icus erit1 cui ,m>s et ,v5us fu]9t 9 sexta10 says ,almansor4 ,?is condition ( ,a/rologia ,m$ica 0 su* z to weigh l an oppressive nightm>e ^u mank9d1 n only = c5turies b = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & 9 ?is way m$ical sup]/ition has slaught]$ m human be+s ?an ! mo/ bloody w>s ev] did4 ,h[ev]1 a/rology has n always rul$ our k9d ) equal /r5g?4 ,!re 7 p]iods dur+ :i* belief 9 ! fate-det]m9+ p[] ( ! />s 0 m dom9ant1 & o!rs 9 :i* x 0 feebl]4 ,! anci5t _w1 :i* 0 bl9dly devot$ to all k9ds ( sup]/ition1 _h also *]i%$ & fo/]$ a/rology4 ,b :5 ! anci5t !ory ( life 0 demoli%$ lat] on1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,god ( love _h tak5 possession ( ! _w1 ! belief 9 ! fate-det]m9+ p[] ( ! />s 0 %ak51 & c5turies1 foll[$ dur+ :i* ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica1 al?o x did n by any means disappe> entirely1 0 =c$ m or less to ! re>4 ,a/rology did n become resurrect$ until s*ola/icism & dogmatism _h held back ! activity ( ! m9d f indep5d5t inve/igation1 ?us br++ ab\t ! intellectual d>kness :i* = c5turies prevail$4 ,?is use ( a/rology truly =ms "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful pages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( our race1 = an actual furor a/rologicus seiz$ ^u ! _w 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! movem5t orig9at$ at ! c\rt ( ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,! great ,ghibell9e 0 s positive & s en?usia/ic an adh]5t ( all a/rologic doctr9es t he did n decide ^u any und]tak+ until he _h fir/ le>n$ ! op9ion ( ! />s reg>d+ 8 ent]prise4 ,x 0 8 firm belief t ! />s prophesi$ = him a political rle :i* 0 to %ake ! entire _w1 & ( 8 a/rological pr$iction he appris$ 8 adv]s>y1 ! pope1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,fata volunt1 /ellaeque doc5t1 animumque volatus1 ,quod ,frid]icus ego malleus orbis ero4 ,b if a rul] ( high m5tal gifts is always de/9$ to ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce ^u 8 epo*1 h[ mu* m tell+ is ?is influ5ce :5 ! contempor>ies ( su* a mon>* lead a m5tal life1 fett]$ by s _m religi\s1 philosophical1 & physical prejudices z und5iably dom9at$ mank9d dur+ ! reign ( ! great ,hoh5/auf54 ,if ^! conditions 7 ( ! greate/ advantage to a/rology 9 g5]al1 circum/ances %ap$ !mselves mo/ favorably = ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica 9 p>ticul>4 ,v soon aft] ! dea? ( ! />-le>n$ ,hoh5/auf5 emp]or1 two highly tal5t$ physicians b\nd !mselves body & s\l to a/rology--namely1 ,arnald ,ba*uone1 call$ also1 aft] 8 bir?place1 ,villanueva1 ,arnaldus ,villanovanus or ,arnald ( ,villanova 7#abce-acab71 & ,petrus1 call$ also1 aft] 8 bir?place1 ,abano ne> ,padua1 ,petrus de ,apono or ,petrus ,apon5sis 7#abej-acae74 ,f t "t until ! sev5te5? c5tury ! mo/ em95t repres5tatives ( all ! sci5ces & pr(essions devot$ !mselves to ! doctr9es ( a/rology4 ,9 ! excell5t "w ( ,sudh(f is cit$ a notable numb] ( physicians--by no means ! mo/ unskilful ( _! day--:o confess$ !mselves to be iatroma!maticians 7i4e41 m$ici a/rologici74 ,a/rology1 & ) x ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica1 reign$ supreme at mo/ ( ! pr9cely c\rts f ! ?irte5? to ! sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! ,hoh5/auf51 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 01 z we h se51 an implicit adh]5t to a/rologic doctr9es2 likewise ! ,visconti 9 ,milan4 ,! royal c\rt ( ,aragon 9 ,pal]mo (f]$ a %elt]+ asylum to a/ronomy & to a/rology4 ,alfonso ,x4 ( ,ca/ile 0 s en?usia/ic a fri5d ( sci5tific a/ronomy t he ord]$ ! planet-tables ( ,ptolemy to be re/or$1 ) an outlay ( enorm\s co/s1 by fifty a/ronom]s call$ by him to ,tol$o4 ,g]man pr9ces1 su* z ,elector ,joa*im ( ,br&5burg1 ,albre*t1 ,elector ( ,may5ce1 ,l&grave ,william ( ,hesse1 ,duke ,albre*t ( ,prussia1 n only adh]$ to ! pr$ictions ( ! />s1 b !y also subscrib$ to ! /atem5ts ( a/rological m$ic9e4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,?omas ,era/us 7di$ #aehc7 ! well-kn[n oppon5t ( ,p>acelsus1 tells u t1 z body-physician to ! reign+ c\nt ( ,h5neb]g1 he 0 n p]mitt$ to beg9 a c\rse ( treatm5t until he _h consult$ ! />s4 ,! ,g]man emp]or1 ,*>les ,v41 0 q z con/ant a fri5d ( ! a/rologi/s2 he 0 in/ruct$ 9 a/rology by 8 tea*]1 ! subsequ5t pope1 ,hadrian ,,vi4 ,! c\rt ( ,d5m>k 0 ! c5t] ( a/rological tea*+s "u ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 z no less a p]sonage ?an ,ty*o de ,brahe 0 active !re4 ,b n only rul]s favor$ a/rology1 x met ) implicit belief f highly enlight5$ s*ol>s1 /atesm51 & naturali/s4 ,?us1 ,melan*?on 0 s conv9c$ an adh]5t ( all a/rological doctr9es t he 0 incessantly active 9 _! favor by m\? & by p54 ,& :5 fatal disease _h f9ally seiz$ ^u him1 he 0 soon satisfi$ z to ! issue1 9 t ,m>s & ,saturn happ5$ to be 9 conjunction 7,mhs51 ,vol4 ,,ii41 page #daf74 ,h[ev]1 m5 7 n want+ :o c\rage\sly took up ! battle aga9/ a/rological delusions4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! fri5d ( ,lor5zo ( ,m$ici1 ! le>n$ ,c\nt ,pico ( ,mir&ola 7#adfc-adid72 also ,girolamo ,fraca/ori 7#adhc-aeec71 :o is kn[n by 8 didactic poem on syphilis1 oppos$ a/rology4 ,if we n[ ask h[ x 0 possible t a sup]/ition l a/rology c\ld = c5turies dom9ate ,occid5tal m$ic9e1 & 0 ev5 able to influ5ce ! be/ m9ds 9 its favor1 an answ] to ?is "q w n be z difficult z might appe> at fir/ glance4 ,! v be/ & ! mo/ enlight5$ m9ds are always p>ticul>ly affect$ by :at is enigmatical & my/]i\s 9 ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,!y p]ceive ! n>r[ limits set to our cognition ( nature mu* m acutely & deeply ?an ! av]age m9d4 ,?is consci\sness ( ! insuffici5cy ( our own k1 jo9$ ) an ard5t desire aft] a broad5+ ( our und]/&+1 t5ds to turn ! m9d 9 /range directions4 ,! result ( cle>] self-k 9 ?is mod]n epo* ( ours is an adv]s5ess to any =m ( romantic fancy1 & is likely to end 9 a sad resignation t may result 9 pessimism4 ,b ! middle ages1 ) _! exub]ant confid5ce & fai?1 _! belief 9 wond]s1 & _! romantic ideas1 did n suff] to any great ext5t f sci5tific apa?y4 ,a %>ply def9$1 my/ic t5d5cy help$ to ov]come :at 0 inadequate 9 ! cognition ( nature4 ,& = ?is reason d we f9d ?is my/ic t5d5cy prom95t1 especially 9 ^? repres5tatives ( t p]iod :o1 ow+ to _! m5tal capacity1 7 b\nd to p]ceive _! defective insight into ! manife/ations ( life mu* m int5sely ?an ?is 0 felt by ! av]age p]sons ( n>r[] intellect4 ,! conditions ?us describ$1 z well z ! diagno/ico-!oretical pr9ciples on :i* m$ic9e & natural sci5ces 7 bas$ 9 antiquity & 9 ! middle ages1 until late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury l$ _m m5tally gift$ m5 to consid] a/rology r a refuge f ! curr5t defective conception ( natural ph5om5a ?an a false doctr9e4 ,,vi ,,influ5ce ,,ex]t$ ,,^u ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,sup]/ition ,,by ,,m$ic9e ,,itself ,z anci5t1 m$ieval1 & "s m mod]n !ories ( m$ic9e h travel$ ov] ! same diagno/ico-!oretical roads z did ! natural sci5ce ( ^? p]iods1 !y 7 naturally subject to ! same errors & ab]rations4 ,b ! consequ5ces ( _! errors diff]$ mat]ially4 ,:]eas natural sci5ce1 9 ! e>ly & middle ages1 ) its faulty diagno/ico-!oretical me?od1 too frequ5tly _h rec\rse to sup]natural factors to expla9 t]re/rial ph5om5a1 & ?us creat$ sup]/ition in/ead ( elucidation1 ! pa?ology ( anci5t z well z ( m$ieval m$ic9e avoid$ z mu* z possible any rec\rse to miracul\s ag5cies 9 expla9+ ! pa?ological ph5om5a ( ! body4 ,?is x 0 =c$ to d = ! sake ( self-pres]vation4 ,= :at w\ld h become ( ! physicians ) _! art1 :i* 0 ( a purely mat]ial k9d1 work+ z x did ) drug & knife1 if !y !mselves _h trac$ disease to sup]natural causes8 ,no "o1 "u su* conditions1 w\ld h _h any deal+s ) mundane m$ical sci5ce4 ,x is true1 !re h be5 times :5 su* a /ate ( ?+s actually exi/$4 ,! physician1 ) 8 e>?ly appliances1 0 always l$ a/ray z soon z metaphysical ideas _h victori\sly ent]$ pa?ology4 ,hi/ory af=ds num]\s examples ( ?is4 ,! cult ( relics1 ! belief 9 a/rology dur+ half ( ! middle ages1 %[ pla9ly to :at a degrad+ position ! physician 0 r$uc$ z soon z a pa?ology reckon+ ) e>?ly factors 0 replac$ by a metaphysical !ory ( disease4 ,!n ! physician 0 ei!r completely ?ru/ aside--' 1 z says ,plut>* 78,sup]/ition10 ,vol4 ,i41 page #dab7--or he 0 =c$ to submit to a disgraceful int]f]5ce4 ,all s*ools ( m$ic9e1 !re=e1 f ! humoral pa?ology ( ! foll[]s ( ,hippocrates to ! s-call$ p>asitism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h avoid$ z mu* z possible ! ackn[l$gm5t t sup]natural influ5ces 7 active z pa?ological factors4 ,v>i\s z ! pr9ciples ( ! c\ntless m$ical s*ools may h be51 !y 7 all unit$ 9 assum+ z ! />t+-po9t ( _! speculations "s mat]ial process ( ! body itself1 9 accordance ) :i* !y appli$ _! !rapeutic ag5cies4 ,sometimes1 x is true1 x w\ld seem z ?o m$ic9e1 "u "s circum/ances1 _h rec\rse to sup]natural factors 9 expla9+ v>i\s ph5om5a ( physiological z well z pa?ological conditions2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! primeval pneuma-doctr9e1 or 9 ^? conceptions :i* attribute to a m5tal or psy*ical pr9ciple a f>-rea*+ influ5ce ^u ! p]=mance ( all bodily functions4 ,^u clos] inve/igation1 h[ev]1 we %all f9d t ! pneuma1 or _s1 ! s\l1 or :atev] else ! my/]i\s ma9spr+ ( all ph5om5a ( life may be call$1 0 by no means conceiv$ ( by m$ic9e z immat]ial or sup]natural4 ,on ! contr>y6 ,m$ic9e1 z (t5 z x requir$ a spiritual some?+ to expla9 ! manife/ations ( ! body1 has always reg>d$ ?is unkn[n quantity z ?or\ghly sub/antial4 ,x has n1 inde$1 be5 possible to det]m9e m precisely ! mat]ial nature ( ?is great unkn[n1 al?o su* attempts are by no means want+ 9 ,democritus1 ,gal51 & o!rs2 /ill x 0 always consid]$ a corporeal ?+4 ,sup]natural qualities 7 ascrib$ to x only aft] dea?1 b s long z ! s\l animat$ ! body1 unit$ ) ! latt]1 x 0 a t]re/rial be+1 & z su* obey$ ! laws ( t]re/rial sub/ance4 ,x 0 possible = m$ical sci5ce1 !re=e1 to reckon ) x 9 ! explanation ( pa?ological processes )\t necess>ily expect+ a reproa* t sup]natural ag5cies 7 call$ 9 = assi/ance4 ,m$ic9e1 !re=e1 al?o x has travel$ ! same diagno/ico-!oretical road z natural sci5ce1 has n1 l ! latt]1 directly produc$ sup]/ition4 ,x is true1 x has call$ =? innum]able errone\s hypo!ses4 ,b a wrong hypo!sis1 al?o x may be nons5sical to ! utmo/ & give rise to ! mo/ s]i\s practical consequ5ces1 is by no means sup]/ition2 = bo? error & sup]/ition--s f> z x is a "q ( m$ical matt]s--are two radically diff]5t conceptions1 because ! =m] conc]ns itself only ) natural1 ! latt] ) sup]natural factors4 ,yet x is q conceivable t ! dissem9ation ( an intellectual pr9ciple c be fur!r$ & promot$ )\t ov]t advocacy ( ! pr9ciple itself1 & ?is 0 ! relation t exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s betwe5 m$ic9e & sup]/ition2 = we le>n f ?is inve/igation t ! repres5tatives ( m$ic9e 7 too (t5 ready to admit all k9ds ( sup]/iti\s views into m$ic9e4 ,:5ev] religion1 philosophy1 & natural sci5ce h s]i\sly attempt$ to influ5ce m$ic9e 9 a mann] promot+ sup]/ition1 m$ical sci5ce yield$ to ^! attempts1 & ?is is ! only reproa* :i* c be ju/ly laid at ! door ( our sci5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ?is reproa* is mitigat$ if we consid] t m$ic9e did n accord a home to sup]/ition ( its own free w1 or ev5 f a pr$ilection = ! h]esies ( o!r disciples1 b x did s "u compulsion2 = ! religi\s1 ! philosophical1 ! physical views :i* =c$ ! entrance ( sup]/ition into m$ical sci5ce 7 almo/ always ! views ( a =midable p>ty4 ,x is a fact suffici5tly demon/rat$ by hi/ory t p[]ful & f>-rea*+ pr$ilections ( ! popul> m9d resi/lessly hurry along :atev] is 9 _! pa?4 ,su* m5tal curr5ts are ! products ( _! p]iod2 !y are ! imm$iate result ( ! g5]al s5tim5t & feel+ ( _! "t1 & = ?is v reason !y successfully ov]come resi/ance4 ,! op9ion ( a s+le individual may raise a prote/ aga9/ ! _s ( ! age1 b ?is resi/ance is always b\nd to be 9 va94 ,! op9ion ( a s+le individual1 ev5 if x actually repres5ts ! tru?1 is absolutely p[]less to resi/ ! _s ( ! age :i*1 ) elem5tal =ce1 compels ob$i5ce4 ,!re=e1 ! c\rage\s1 tru?-seek+ resi/ance :i* 0 (f]$ to ! h]esies ( ,m$ic9a ,a/rologica by ,pico ( ,mir&ola & ,girolamo ,fraca/ori 0 b\nd to be futile1 because a/rology 0 a g5u9e *ild ( its "t1 & !re=e held irresi/ible sway ov] ?\ght & s5tim5t4 ,if religion & philosophy s (t5 int]f]$ ) ! developm5t ( m$ic9e1 ?is 0 only possible because ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! contempor>y m9d 0 ?or\ghly absorb$ 9 ?is or t religi\s or philosophical idea4 ,= ea* doma9 ( human activity mu/ ne$s be a m]e reflection ( ! t5d5cy :i* guides ! m9d ( its p]iod4 ,?is is a law :i*1 ) iron =ce1 dom9ates ! developm5t ( culture4 ,sup]/ition 9 m$ic9e1 !re=e1 0 b\nd to fl\ri% & ?rive :5ev] x h>moniz$ ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,?is law1 ?o x may h *eck$ ! developm5t ( our sci5ce1 nev]!less holds out ! c]ta9 promise ( a p]iod1 ! intellectual p[] ( :i* w ?or\ghly cle> away all relics ( sup]/ition1 :i*1 /ill p]si/+ 9 ! m9ds ( ! _m1 drives !m to ! fai?-curi/ & to ! quack4 ,,vii ,,m$ical ,,sup]/ition ,,& ,,insanity ,! hi/ory ( m$ic9e is conjo9$ ) ! evolution ( !ology to an ext5t :i* makes !m almo/ insep>able1 & ?is may be/ be se5 f a /udy ( ! managem5t ( ! insane1 :i* is a cont9u\s record ( cruelty bas$ ^u m$ico-!ological sup]/ition4 ,p]haps ! mo/ he>tr5d+ *apt] ( unphilosophical !ology teems ) ! n>ration ( ?\s&s ( un=tunate be+s murd]$1 tortur$1 & mi%&l$ by ! f9esse 9 ! int]pretation ( ,biblical texts4 ,! greate/ triumph ( mod]n m$ic9e has consi/$ 9 unfett]+ ! views ( effete c5turies1 born ( sup]/ition & misconception1 & 9 plac+ ! treatm5t ( ! insane ^u a humane1 (t5 ev5 a curative1 plane4 ,z o!r afflictions ( humanity 7 attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( evil spirits1 ?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case ) insanity2 = if ! evil "o f\nd x an easy task to control ! corporeal acts ( humanity1 8 p[] ov] ! m5tal functions ( ! p]son afflict$ 0 ev5 great]4 ,h5ce1 x 0 n ! p]son :o act$1 b ! evil _s 9 him4 ,?us1 ! devil & 8 m9ions 7 ! specific pa?og5ic ag5ts4 ,?is conception 0 n univ]sal1 = hi/ory %[s u t cle> ?9k]s1 f> 9 advance ( _! times1 _h an almo/ correct view ( ! nature ( insanity--namely1 t x 0 due to an affection ( ! m9d4 ,among su* m5 7 ,hippocrates1 ,aretu1 ,soranus1 ,gal51 ,aurelianus1 etc41 & "s ( ! ,mohamm$an physicians4 ,^! apo/les ( sci5ce taught t insanity 0 a disease ( ! bra91 & ! mo/ effici5t rem$y1 mild1 palliative treatm5t4 ,! belief :i* _h fl\ri%$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,ori5tal religions f remote antiquity1 t ! p[] ( evil demons 0 ! active cause ( disease1 p>ticul>ly t lunacy 0 due to diabolic possession1 became root$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & fl\ri%$ = eighte5 c5turies1 ea* leaf ( ?is malignant plant repres5t+ c\ntless un=tunates sacrific$ to sup]/ition4 ,lat] x 0 ?\ght t ! moon _h a direct influ5ce ^u p]turbation ( ! m9d2 h5ce1 ! t]m 8lunacy0 develop$4 ,^! doctr9es ga9$ special cr$5ce 9 ! fir/ c5turies aft] ,*ri/ by ! dissem9ation "u ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs ( ! /ory ( ! miracles :i* !y claim$ _h be5 p]=m$ by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,did n ! ,savior ca/ out devils8 ,did ,he n cure madness8 ,! v ^w 8epilepsy0 %[s by its d]ivation1 7to seize ^u71 t possession 0 ! presumable nature ( ! malady4 ,! noble "w accompli%$ by ! 8pagan0 pione] ali5i/s 0 discr$it$ or =gott51 & ! ,*ur* orig9at$ a process by :i* ! possess$ 7 to be treat$4 ,?is me?od ( treatm5t 0 d]iv$ purely f !ologic s\rces1 temp]$ ) suffici5t dogma4 ,at fir/ ! treatm5t 0 g5tle1 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! great physicians ( antiquity1 & if ! afflict$ "o 0 n viol5t he 0 p]mitt$ to att5d public wor%ip4 ,sacr$ salves & holy wat]1 ! brea? or ! spittle ( ! (ficiat+ prie/1 ! t\*+ ( relics1 or a visit to holy places1 7 ! pr9cipal !rapeutic ag5ts employ$4 ,^! me?ods1 ev5 if !y did no good 7sometimes m]ely ! consolation ( a k9d ^w f ! prie/ _h a b5eficial effect71 c]ta9ly did no h>m1 ev5 ?o su* practises 7 factors 9 ! spread ( sup]/ition4 ,?is mild =m ( treatm5t did n1 h[ev]1 long cont9ue4 ,soon measures 7 direct$ t[>d driv+ out ! evil _s f ! possess$4 ,?is 0 attempt$ 9 v>i\s ways2 fir/1 by exorcism1 9 ! p]iod ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & cont9u$ up to almo/ rec5t times 7see ,lecky1 8,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals074 8,f ! "t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr = ab\t two c5turies1 !re is1 ,i believe1 n a s+le ,*ri/ian writ] :o does n solemnly & explicitly ass]t ! reality & frequ5t employm5t ( ?is p[]40 ,"o ( ! *ief attributes ( ! devil 0 pride1 !re=e attempts 7 made by exorcism to pi]ce ?is vuln]able po9t 9 ! armor ( ! evil "o1 & ! f\le/1 vile/ epi!ts 7 us$ to atta9 ?is end4 ,x is impossible to-day to pr9t ^! expressions1 ev5 9 a "w ( sci5tific "*1 & x is bett]1 p]haps1 to ref] su* z are especially int]e/$ 9 !m to ! ,manuale ,b5$ictionum1 by ! ,bi%op ( ,passau1 publi%$ 9 #ahdi1 & simil> works4 ,adjuvants to ?is =m ( treatm5t consi/$ 9 8fright5+0 ! devil by long words1 difficult to pron\nce1 commonly d]iv$ f ,ori5tal languages1 by ! adm9i/ration ( malodor\s & fil?y 8drugs10 & simil> practises4 ,x 0 claim$ t _m devils 7 ?us driv5 out1 & ! annals ( ! ,*ur* conta9 num]\s records ( p]sons cur$ 9 ?is mann]4 8,! ,jesuit ,fa!rs at ,vi5na1 9 #aehc1 glorifi$ 9 ! fact t 9 su* a conte/ !y _h ca/ out twelve ?\s&1 six hundr$ & fifty-two liv+ devils0 7,:ite74 ,! preval5ce ( ^! ideas to su* a degree 9 ! m9ds ( ! p may be not$ f ! fact t1 9 ! *ur*es !mselves1 su* sc5es are c>v$ 9 /one & depict$ on canvas4 ,m$ieval drama teem$ ) simil> conceptions1 & ?is condition ( affairs prevail$ = ov] "o ?\s& ye>s1 un=tunately n 9 ?is h>mless mann]1 b supplem5t$ by great cruelty1 :i* =ms1 p]haps1 ! mo/ t]rible *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ical sup]/ition4 ,! subtleties ( !ologic int]pretation soon evolv$ a m compreh5sive me?od ( deal+ ) ! 8possessor0 & ! possess$4 ,z an appeal to pride 0 ineffectual & noxi\s drugs unavail+1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to :ip ! devil out1 or ! un=tunate individuals 7 imprison$1 & z a ref9em5t ( ?is treatm5t !y 7 ev5 tortur$4 ,?us ! jail] = a long "t play$ ! "p ( a speciali/ 9 lunacy1 ) ! cl]gy 9 consultation4 ,places 9 :i* ! insane 7 conf9$ 7 kn[n z 8fool t[]s0 & 8wit* t[]s40 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 n alt]$ ) ! dawn ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! writ+s ( ,lu!r conclusively %[ 8 ideas 9 reg>d to possession & wit*craft1 & ^! views "u ,calv9 rea*$ enorm\s developm5t4 ,ev5 ,cotton ,ma!r1 9 _m respects f> 9 advance ( 8 times1 & :o himself _h kn[n p]secution1 0 n emancipat$ f ^! delusions1 & ,salem has _m a /ory to tell ( possession & wit*-bait+4 ,x is true we may q prop]ly consid] ^! views z ! ?\ght ( ! times1 b1 9 _m o!r respects1 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 & ,ma!r 7 9 advance ( _! p]iod1 &1 !re=e1 a ju/ification = _! actions is n q app>5t4 ,m>cus ,aurelius also 0 mu* sup]ior to 8 age1 yet 0 grateful to 8 tea*]s t !y taught him to disreg>d sup]/ition 9 all its v>i\s =ms4 ,x is n unlikely t conditions ( ?is k9d frequ5tly l$ to epidemics--if n ( actual insanity1 at lea/ to hy/]ia--:i* n r>ely develop$ 9 cities1 nunn]ies1 & mona/]ies2 ?us ! epidemics 9 ,erfurt 9 #abcg1 9 ! ,rh9e c\ntries 9 #acgd1 & _m o!rs 7see ,hirs*74 ,x is r rem>kable t :ile su* views & practises prevail$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ n only held diff]5t views1 b adopt$ a mode ( treatm5t ( ! insane :i* laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n !rapeutics 9 diseases ( ! m9d4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ,bagdad1 a palace call$ ! 8,home ( ,m]cy0 0 built1 9 :i* ! insane 7 conf9$1 exam9$ e mon?1 & releas$ z soon z !y _h recov]$4 ,an asylum 9 ,cairo 0 f\nd$ 9 #acjd1 :ile ! fir/ ,*ri/ian asylum expressly = ! mad is not$ 9 #adji 7,lecky74 ,b sci5ce f\ght its way ?r\gh ! b>ri]s ( ignorance1 misdirect$ zeal1 & sup]/ition4 ,al?o !re 7 physicians & 8magicians10 :o con=m$ to ! views ( ! ,*ur*1 ! se$ s[n by ! e>li] s*ools ( m$ic9e sl[ly b surely began to put =? %oots1 & ! result 0 a tree ( k1 ! fruit ( :i* may be obs]v$ 9 e mod]n insane asylum ( ! _w1 :]e ! un=tunate suff]] is treat$ ) k9dness & skill1 :i*1 =tunately1 (t5 results 9 cure4 ,sci5tific reason frequ5tly rebell$ aga9/ ! 8insane sup]/ition10 at fir/ mildly1 b con/antly increas+ 9 /r5g?1 until an effectual prote/ 0 f9ally rais$ by ,john ,weir1 ( ,cleves1 :o 0 soon foll[$ by ,mi*el de ,montaigne4 ,& n[ a battle royal 0 wag$ betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( !ology & ! disciples ( ! 8resurrect$0 tru?1 & once m 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 demon/rat$ ! correctness ( ! say+1 t 8tru? cru%$ to e>? %all rise aga940 ,all ov] ! _w ! w>f>e 0 c>ri$1 & at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury new *ampions arose--,jean ,bapti/e ,p9el 9 ,france1 & ,william ,tuke 9 ,engl&4 ,_! foll[]s are legion1 & 9 ! book ( life1 9 lett]s ( gold1 _m a "n has be5 writt5 ( ^? :o trod 9 ! foot/eps ( ^! pione]s4 ,!ology no long] int]f]es 9 ! treatm5t ( ! insane2 9 fact1 x w\ld be manife/ly unju/ n to m5tion t _m ,*ri/ian !ologians subsequ5tly jo9$ 9 ! noble "w ( lunacy re=m1 & aid$ progress greatly4 ,h[ great ?is progress 9 ! treatm5t ( ! insane c be/ be appreciat$ by "s ( ! old] physicians 9 practise to-day4 ,:o does n rememb] ! *a9s1 ! /rait-jacket1 ! d>k lock$ cells ( ! insane asylum8 ,^! conditions exi/$ n v _m ye>s ago1 & al?o ! novels ( ,*>les ,reade are no d\bt greatly exagg]at$ 9 reg>d to ! conditions he portray$ 9 insane asylums1 yet m ?an a gra9 ( tru? is probably conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! books did mu* to br+ ab\t re=ms 9 ,engl& & else:]e4 ,mod]n ali5i/s h wr\ght wond]s2 _! successful op]ations are n publi%$ 9 ! daily press1 b any visitor :o kn[s :at an insane asylum 0 fifty ye>s ago1 & :o sp5ds a few h\rs 9 a mod]n hospital = ! treatm5t ( lunatics1 w obs]ve :at appe>s b little %ort ( ! miracul\s4 ,imag9e two ?\s& or m insane p]sons d9+ 9 a l>ge hall1 ^u ! table a tableclo?1 & ! insane us+ knife & =k 9 a decor\s mann]1 & :5 ! visitor is told t ! 8viol5t w>d0 is also pres5t1 & is ask$ to s+le ^! out f among ! _m1 & fails 7z he inv>iably does71 ! results atta9$ by sci5ce1 above all o!r measures1 are /rik+ly app>5t4 ,,bibliography lius ,sp>tianus4 ,de ,vita ,hadriani4 ,c>acalla4 ,9 ,pet]3 ,scriptores ,hi/ori ,augu/4 ,lipsi1 #ahhd4 ,alex&] von ,tralles4 ,orig9al ,text und ,ueb]setzung von ,pus*mann4 ,wi51 #ahgh-gi4 ,almansoris4 ,a/rologi propositiones ad ,s>ac5orum regem4 ,basile1 #aeea4 ,ari/ophanis ,como$i4 ,ed4 ,b]gh4 ,lipsi1 #ahgh-gh4 ,aureli ,augu/9i4 ,de div9atione daemomum4 ,corpus scriptorum ecclesia/icorum lat9orum4 ,ed4 ,zy*a4 ,v9dobon1 #aijj4 ,b>tis*1 4 ,das i/ ,aug5di5/4 ,dresd51 #aehc4 ,baur4 ,apollonius von ,tyana und ,*ri/us4 ,tb+51 #ahcb4 ,b]n\lli4 ,die ,heilig5 d] ,m][+]4 ,tb+51 #aijj4 ,b]!lot4 ,la *emie des anci5s et du moy5 ge4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,be!m4 ,c5tiloquium4 ,basile1 #aeea4 ,b\*-,lecl]cq4 ,l'a/rologie grecque4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,cs>ius ,hei/]bac5sis4 ,dialogus miraculorum4 ,ed4 ,/range4 ,cln1 #ahea4 ,campbell1 ,?ompson4 ,! ,reports ( ! ,magicians & ,a/rolog]s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,delitzs*4 ,babel und ,bibel4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,batavi4 ,jahrb*] fr klassis*e ,philologie4 #af4 ,supplem5tb&4 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,era/us1 ,?omas4 ,de ,a/rologia div9atrice epi/ol4 ,basile1 #aehj4 ,erm]ius4 ,anecdota m$ica graeca4 ,lugd4 ,batovorum1 #ahdj4 ,eunapius ,s>dianus4 ,de vitis philosophorum et sophi/orum4 ,ed4 ,hi]onymus ,cammel94 ,coloni ,allobrogum1 #afaf4 ,fhn]4 ,li?o!rapie4 ,b]l91 #aijb4 ,gal5i ,op]a omnia4 ,ed4 ,gottlieb ,khn4 ,leipzig1 #ahba-cc4 ,gregorii ,turonici hi/ori ,francorum libri decem4 ,p>is1 #aefa4 ,gregorovius4 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom im ,mittelalt]4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhf-if4 ,gregorovius4 ,d] ,kais] ,hadrian4 #c4 ,aufl4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhd4 ,hs]4 ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$ic9 und d] epidemis*5 ,krankheit54 #c4 ,be>beitung4 ,j5a1 #ahge-hb4 ,hans54 ,zaub]wahn1 ,inquisition und ,hex5process im ,mittelalt]4 ,hi/oris*e ,biblio!k4 ,b& ,,xii4 ,mn*5 und ,leipzig1 #aijj4 ,h>nack4 ,m$ic9is*es aus d] lte/5 ,kir*5ges*i*te4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,h]metis ,c5tum aphorismorum lib]4 ,basile1 #aeea4 ,hippocrates4 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke4 ,9's ,deuts*e b]setzt von ,fu*s4 ,mn*51 #ahie1 #aijj4 ,h(fmann4 ,de ,pot5tia diaboli 9 corpore4 ,hal1 #agjc4 ,h(fmann4 ,m$icus politicus4 ,hal1 #agdf4 ,deuts* von ,ansba*4 ,leipzig1 #agec4 ,jacobi ,=livi5sis egregia et subtilis expositio cum qu/ionibus supra aureum capitulum de g5]atione embrionis4 ,v5$ig1 #aejb4 ,josephi ,flavii op]a4 ,ed4 ,de/9on et ,niese4 ,b& ,,vi4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,kl5ke4 ,wie mss5 ,dmon5glaub51 ,besess5se9 und ,k]n]-,es*5may]'s*e ,gesp5/]]s*e9ung5 na* dem heutig5 ,/&punkt d] ,physiologie und ,psy*ologie erklrt w]d58 ,leipzig1 #ahdj4 ,krus*4 ,passiones vitque sanctorum vi ,m]ov+ici et antiquorum aliquot4 ,9 ,monum5ta ,g]mani hi/orica ,tomus ,,iii4 u4 ,,iv4 ,hannov]1 #ahif1 #aijb4 ,lecky4 ,ges*i*te des ,ursprungs und ,e9flusses d] ,aufklrung 9 ,europa4 b]setzt von ,dr4 ,jol[icz4 ,leipzig und ,heidelb]g1 #ahfh4 ,lehman4 ,ab]glaube und ,zaub]ei von d5 lte/5 ,zeit5 an bis 9 die ,geg5w>t4 ,deuts*e autorisi]te ,ausgabe von ,dr4 ,pet]s54 ,/uttg>t1 #ahih4 ,livius4 ,ab urbe condita4 ,ed4 ,weiss5born-,mll]4 ,leipzig1 #ahia ff4 ,lucrez4 ,de r]um natura4 ,ed4 ,brieg]4 ,lipsi1 #ahii4 ,magnus4 ,m$ic9 und ,religion4 ,abh&lung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,m$ic94 ,h]ausg4 von ,magnus1 ,neuburg]1 ,sudh(f4 ,heft ,i4 ,breslau1 #aijb4 ,magnus4 ,die ,aug5heilkunde d] ,alt54 ,breslau1 #aija4 ,magnus4 ,metaphysis*e ,krank5beh&lung4 ,m$ic9-ges*i*tli*e ,/udi5 b] ,gesundbet5 und v]w&te ,be/rebung54 ,breslau1 #aijb4 ,dietri*4 ,papyrus magica musei ,lugdun5sis ,m>ci ,manilii4 ,a/ronomicon4 ,basile1 #aeea4 ,moehs54 ,bes*reibung e9] ,b]l9] ,m$aill5-,sammlung4 ,g$*tnissmnz5 b]hmt] ,a]zte4 ,b]l9 und ,leipzig1 #agha1 ,i4 u4 ,,ii4 v4 ,oefele4 ,v]bot5e ,ad]las/age 9 d] ,keils*riftcultur4 ,wi5] ,m$ic9is*e ,bltt]1 #aijb1 ,no4 #aj4 ,pet]s54 ,hauptmom5te 9 d] ges*i*tli*5 ,entwickelung d] m$ic9is*5 ,!rapie4 ,kop5hag51 #ahgg4 ,philo/ratus4 ,op]a4 ,ed4 ,kays]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgj-ga4 ,c4 ,pl9i secundi ,naturalis hi/ori libri ,,xxxvii4 ,rec5suit ,sillig4 ,hamburgi et ,go?1 #ahea-eh4 ,plut>*i ,*a]on5sis ,moralia4 ,rec4 ,b]n>dakis4 ,lipsi1 #ahhh4 ,porphyrii de ab/95tia4 ,ed4 de ,ro]4 ,trajecti ad ,rh5um1 #agfg4 ,priscianus ,!odorus4 ,eupori/on4 ,ed4 ,rose4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,ptolemu4 ,quadrip>titum4 ,basile1 #aeea4 ,ptolemu4 ,c5tiloquicum4 ,basile1 #aeea4 ,pus*mann4 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$ic94 ,j5a1 #aijb-jc4 ,rantzovius4 ,catalogus ,imp]atorum1 regum ac pr9cipum qui artem a/rologicam am>unt et ex]cu]unt4 ,lipsi1 #aeha4 ,rantzovius4 ,tractatus a/rologicus4 ,franc(urti1 #aecc4 v4 ,r+seis4 ,sy/em d] ,m$ic94 ,reg5sburg1 #ahda4 ,sextus ,empiricus4 4 ,ed4 ,beck]4 ,b]l91 #ahdb4 ,soranus ,ephesius4 ,frau5krankheit5 und ,geburt%lfe4 ,ueb]setzt von ,lneburg und mit m$4 ,not5 v]seh5 von ,*r4 ,hub]4 ,mn*51 #ahid4 ,spr5gel4 ,v]su* e9] pragmatis*5 ,ges*i*te d] ,arzneykunde4 ,halle1 #ahba-ahbh4 ,/i*4 4 ,lipsi1 #ahhb4 ,/ffl]4 ,cal5d>ium romanum magnum4 ,opp5heim1 #aeah4 ,sudh(f4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,lehre von d5 kritis*5 ,tag5 im ,krankheitsv]laufe4 ,wi5] m$4 ,wo*5s*rift1 #aijb1 ,no4 #e ff4 ,sudh(f4 ,m$ic9is*es aus babylonis*-assyris*5 ,a/rolog5-,b]i*t54 ,die m$ic9is*e ,wo*e1 #aija1 ,no4 #da4 ,sudh(f4 ,jatroma!matik]1 vornemli* im #ae4 und #af4 ,jahrhund]t4 ,abh&l4 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,m$ic94 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,magnus1 ,neuburg]1 ,sudh(f4 ,heft ,,ii4 ,breslau1 #aijb4 ,suidas1 ,lexicon4 ,ed4 ,bekk]4 ,b]l91 #ahed4 ,villoison4 ,anecdota grca4 ,v5etiis1 #agha4 ,wi]us4 ,de dmonum pr/igiis et incantationibus libri ,,vi4 ,basile1 #aeff und #aegg4 ,am/elodami1 #affd4 ,w9ckl]4 ,die ,gesetze ,hammurabis1 ,knigs von ,babylon4 ,93 ,d] alte ,ori5t4 ,jahrgang #d1 ,heft #d4 ,leipzig1 #aijb4 ,w9delb&4 ,ges*i*te d] alt5 ,philosophie4 ,h&bu* d] klassis*5 ,alt]?ums-,wiss5s*aft4 ,h]ausg4 von ,j4 von ,mll]4 ,b& ,v41 ,ab?4 #a4 ,mn*51 #ahid4 ,transcrib]'s note ,words 9 italics 7 surr\nd$ ) und]scores & words 9 small capitals ) all capitals4 ,! foll[+ corrections 7 made1 on page #ah 8conspicul\sly0 *ang$ to 8conspicu\sly0 7becomes conspicu\sly prom95t7 #cj 8explicity0 *ang$ to 8explicitly0 7w be m explicitly ref]r$ to7 #eg 8,juli50 *ang$ to 8,julian0 7l$ h] t[>d ! grave ( ,/4 ,julian7 #gg 8guage0 *ang$ to 8gauge0 7gauge ! ideas ( prie/s7 #ia 8,ephesus7#ejj0 *ang$ to 8,ephesus 7#ejj0 7! absurd !ory :i* ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus 7#ejj ,b4,c47 has prop\nd$7 #aaf 8invidual0 *ang$ to 8individual0 7to plague an individual be+7 #aib 8p]son !0 *ang$ to 8! p]son0 7x 0 n ! p]son :o act$7 #aif 8mana/]ies0 *ang$ to 8mona/]ies0 7nunn]ies1 & mona/]ies7 #bjc 8autorisirte0 *ang$ to 8autorisi]te0 7,deuts*e autorisi]te ,ausgabe74 ,o!rwise ! orig9al 0 pres]v$1 includ+ inconsi/5t hyph5ation & possible errors 9 languages o!r ?an ,engli%1 = example ! capitalisation 9 ,greek s5t5ces4