,transcrib]'s ,notes ,?is e-text is bas$ on ! #aiaj edition4 ,! foll[+ errors h be5 correct$4 p4 #fh3 /&/one -- s&/one p4 #ga3 bad pr9t image2 s\? (3 ( re/or$ p4 #aca3 ex5t -- ext5t ,italic text 9 ! orig9al v]sion has be5 plac$ betwe5 und]scores 7text72 bold passages h be5 symbolis$ by ha% m>ks 7text74 ,! c>et symbol 77 indicates a sup]script lett]2 ! symbol oe repres5ts ! respective ligature4 ,illu/ration3 ,physical ,map ( ,devon ,,cambridge ,,c\nty ,,geographies ,g5]al ,editor3 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,guillem>d1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,,devon%ire ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,manag] ,illu/ration ,ed9burgh3 #ajj1 ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,b]l93 ,a4 ,,a%] ,,& ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4 ,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay & ,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,all rights res]v$ ,cambridge ,c\nty ,geographies ,,devon%ire by ,,francis ,a4 ,,knight ,,& ,,l\ie ,m4 7,,knight7 ,,dutton ,) ,maps1 ,diagrams & ,illu/rations ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiaj ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,preface ,9 prep>+ ?is book mu* use has be5 made ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,devon%ire ,association & ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,victoria ,hi/ory ( ,devon4 ,! au?ors also desire to take ?is opportunity ( record+ _! grateful ?anks to ,h] ,graci\s ,maje/y ,que5 ,alex&ra = h] k9dness 9 provid+ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ illu/rations 9 ! volume--! beautiful photograph ( ! ,armada trophy pres]v$ among ! ,royal plate 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 tak5 = ! purpose ( ?is volume by h] comm&4 ,f4 ,a4 ,k4 ,,& ,l4 ,m4 ,d4 ,m>*1 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,page #a4 ,c\nty & ,%ire4 ,! ,"n ,devon%ire #a #b4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics #d #c4 ,size4 ,%ape4 ,b\nd>ies #h #d4 ,surface & ,g5]al ,features #aa #e4 ,wat]%$4 ,riv]s & ! trac+ ( _! c\rses4 ,lakes #bj #f4 ,geology #cj #g4 ,natural ,hi/ory #da #h4 ,a ,p]egr9ation ( ! ,coa/3 #a1 ,! ,bri/ol ,*annel #ee #i4 ,a ,p]egr9ation ( ! ,coa/3 #b1 ,! ,engli% ,*annel #fe #aj4 ,coa/al ,ga9s & ,losses4 ,s&banks4 ,ligh?\ses #gi #aa4 ,climate & ,ra9fall #hh #ab4 ,p--,race4 ,dialects4 ,settlem5ts4 ,population #ig #ac4 ,agriculture--,ma9 ,cultivations4 ,woodl&s4 ,/ock #ajd #ad4 ,indu/ries & ,manufactures #aaa #ae4 ,m9es & ,m9]als #aai #af4 ,fi%]ies & ,fi%+ ,/ations #abd #ag4 ,%ipp+ & ,trade #abi #ah4 ,hi/ory ( ,devon%ire #acf #ai4 ,antiquities #aeb #bj4 ,ar*itecture--7a7 ,ecclesia/ical4 ,ca!dral1 ,*ur*es1 ,abbeys & ,mona/ic ,h\ses #afg #ba4 ,ar*itecture--7b7 ,milit>y4 ,ca/les #ahe #bb4 ,ar*itecture--7c7 ,dome/ic4 ,fam\s ,seats1 ,manor ,h\ses1 ,f>ms1 ,cottages #aib #bc4 ,communications3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t--,roads1 ,railways1 ,canals #bjb #bd4 ,adm9i/ration & ,divisions--,anci5t & ,mod]n #bjh #be4 ,! ,roll ( ,hon\r ( ! ,c\nty #bac #bf4 ,! ,*ief ,t[ns & ,villages ( ,devon%ire #bbe ,,illu/rations ,,page ,devon%ire 9 ! ,exet] ,domesday ,book4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co #c ,k+ ,tor1 ne> ,tavi/ock4 ,phot4 ,fri? #e ,a ,typical ,devon ,/ream--,wat]smeet1 ,lynm\?4 ,phot4 ,coates ,co4 #f ,a ,devon ,valley--,yawl ,bottom1 ,uplyme4 ,phot4 ,fri? #g ,gl5 ,lyn1 ne> ,lynm\?4 ,phot4 ,coates ,co4 #i ,! ,upp] ,d>t1 f ! ,moors4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ab ,tavy ,cleave1 %[+ dis9tegrat$ granite #ad ,on ,lundy #ag ,! ,riv] ,exe at ,tiv]ton4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ba ,on ! ,d>t2 ,%>pham ,woods4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bd ,! ,axe at ,axm9/] ,bridge4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bf ,bide=d & ! ,torridge ,e/u>y4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bh ,geological ,section across ,engl& #cb ,logan ,/one1 ,d>tmoor4 ,phot4 ,fri? #cd ,a smoo?ly-wea!r$ granite ,tor1 ,d>tmoor4 ,phot4 ,fri? #cf ,footpr9ts ( ,*eiro!rium4 ,phot4 ,h4 ,g4 ,h]r+ #ch ,a ,r$ ,de]4 ,phot4 ,h4 ,g4 ,h]r+ #dc ,ott]s4 ,phot4 ,h4 ,g4 ,h]r+ #dd ,spurge ,hawk ,mo?1 ) ,pupa & ,cat]pill>4 ,phot4 ,h4 ,g4 ,h]r+ #ea ,! ,ca/le ,rock1 ,lynton4 ,phot4 ,coates ,co4 #ef ,valley ( ,rocks1 ,lynton4 ,phot4 ,fri? #eg ,ilfracombe1 f ,hillsbor\gh4 ,phot4 ,coates ,co4 #ei ,cliffs ne> ,clovelly4 ,phot4 ,fri? #fc ,clovelly ,h>b\r #fd ,*ur* ,rock1 ,clovelly4 ,phot4 ,fri? #fe ,p9hay ,l&slip4 ,phot4 ,fri? #fg ,:ite ,cliff1 ,seaton4 ,phot4 ,b>rett #fh ,p>son & ,cl]k ,rocks1 ,dawli%4 ,phot4 ,fri? #gj ,an/is ,cove1 ne> ,torquay4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ga ,torquay f ,vane ,hill4 ,phot4 ,fri? #gb ,brixham4 ,phot4 ,fri? #gd ,britannia & ,h9do/an 9 ,d>tm\? ,h>b\r4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ge ,a ,r\gh ,sea at ,ilfracombe4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ha ,! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se4 ,phot4 ,fri? #hd ,! ,/>t ,ligh?\se4 ,phot4 ,fri? #hg ,! ,w9t] ,g>d5 at ,torquay4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ij ,upcott ,lane1 ,bide=d4 ,phot4 ,fri? #id ,a ,cockle ,woman1 ,riv] ,exe4 ,phot4 ,fri? #aja ,a ,honiton ,lace-,work]4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ajb ,old ,=d ,f>m1 ,bide=d4 ,phot4 ,fri? #aje ,exmoor ,ponies4 ,phot4 ,sport & ,g5]al ,illu/rations ,co4 #ajf ,r$ ,devon ,c[ #ajg ,ga!r+ ,cid] ,apples #aji ,a ,wat]-mill at ,uplyme4 ,phot4 ,fri? #aaj ,devon%ire ,lace #aac ,devon%ire ,pott]y f ! ,watcombe ,works #aae ,cid]-mak+ 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury #aaf ,a ,mod]n ,cid] ,press #aag ,%ip-build+ ,y>d1 ,brixham4 ,phot4 ,fri? #aah ,devon ,great ,consols ,m9e4 ,phot4 ,fri? #aba ,/one ,qu>ry1 ,be]4 ,phot4 ,fri? #abc ,fi% ,m>ket at ,brixham4 ,phot4 ,lake #abf ,brixham ,trawl]s4 ,phot4 ,fri? #abh ,teignm\?4 ,phot4 ,coates ,co41 ,bri/ol #acc ,drake's ,isl& f ,mt4 ,edgcumbe4 ,phot4 ,fri? #ace ,p5ny ( ,e!lr$ ,,ii1 /ruck at ,exet]4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co4 #aci ,signatures ( ,drake & ,hawkyns #adc ,flagon tak5 by ,drake f ! ,capitana ( ! ,armada4 ,f a photograph tak5 by ! ,que5's comm& #add ,drake's ,drum4 ,f a photograph pres5t$ by ,lady ,eliott ,drake #ade ,! ,mayfl[] ,/one on ,plym\? ,quay4 ,phot4 ,fri? #adf ,palaeoli?ic ,implem5t f ,k5t's ,cav]n #aeb ,dolm5 ne> ,drew/eignton4 ,phot4 ,mr ,john ,s4 ,am]y #aed ,pal/ave ( ! ,bronze ,age1 f ,exet] ,museum4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co #aee ,f]nwor?y ,circle1 ne> ,*ag=d4 ,phot4 ,fri? #aef ,hur/on ,/one ,alignm5t4 ,phot4 ,mr ,john ,s4 ,am]y #aeg ,triple ,/one ,r[ & ,circle ne> ,headl&s1 ,d>tmoor4 ,phot4 ,mr ,john ,s4 ,am]y #aeh ,bronze ,c5taur =m+ ! ,head ( a ,roman ,/&>d4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co #afb ,saxon ,sword-hilt #afd ,cyclopean ,bridge1 ,d>tmoor4 ,phot4 ,fri? #aff ,norman ,doorway1 ,axm9/] ,*ur*4 ,phot4 ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux #afi ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y ,*ur*4 ,phot4 ,fri? #agj ,decorat$ ,w9d[1 ,exet] ,ca!dral4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co4 #aga ,rood ,scre5 & ,pulpit1 ,h>b]ton ,*ur*4 ,phot4 ,crossley1 ,knuts=d #agd ,! ,seym\r ,tomb1 ,b]ry ,pom]oy ,*ur*4 ,phot4 ,fri?4 #agg ,exet] ,ca!dral1 ,we/ ,front4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co4 #agi ,! ,nave1 ,exet] ,ca!dral4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co4 #aha ,buckl& ,abbey f a photograph pres5t$ by ,lady ,eliott ,drake #ahd ,compton ,ca/le4 ,phot4 ,e4 ,kelly #ahi ,an ,old ,devon ,f>mh\se ,*imney ,corn]4 ,phot4 ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux #aic ,hayes ,b>ton3 ,sir ,walt] ,ralegh's ,h\se4 ,phot4 ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux #aif ,mol's ,c(fee ,h\se1 ,exet]4 ,phot4 ,s4 ,a4 ,moore ( ,exet] #aih ,syd5ham ,h\se #aii ,d>tm\?3 ,old ,h\ses 9 ! ,high ,/reet4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bja ,newton ,village4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bjb ,teignm\?3 ! ,coa/ ,l9e & ,sea-wall4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bjf ,! ,guildhall1 ,exet]4 ,phot4 ,fri? #baa ,sir ,francis ,drake #bad ,sir ,walt] ,ralegh4 ,phot4 ,em]y ,walk]4 ,signature4 ,phot4 ,wor? ,co #baf ,*>les ,k+sley4 ,phot4 ,em]y ,walk] #bbj ,blundell's ,s*ool1 ,tiv]ton4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bbb ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge4 ,phot4 ,em]y ,walk] #bbc ,clovelly4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bbh ,d>tm\?1 f ,w>fleet4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bcj ,*]ry ,bridge1 ne> ,lynm\?4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bcd ,lynm\? ,h>b\r4 ,phot4 ,coates ,co4 #bce ,ogwell ,mill1 ,newton ,abbot4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bcg ,%ute ,manor ,h\se4 ,phot4 ,b>rett #bdj ,tiv]ton ,bridge4 ,phot4 ,fri? #bda ,diagrams #bdc ,,maps ,devon%ire1 ,topographical ,front ,cov] ,devon%ire1 ,geological ,back ,cov] ,engl& & ,wales1 %[+ ,annual ,ra9fall #ib ,! au?ors are indebt$ to ,mr ,john ,s4 ,am]y = leave to reproduce ! pictures on pp4 #aed1 #aeg & #aeh4 #a4 ,c\nty & ,%ire4 ,! ,"n ,devon%ire4 ,! ^w %ire1 :i* is probably d]iv$1 l %e> & %>e1 f an ,anglo-,saxon root mean+ to cut1 0 at "o "t us$ 9 a wid] s5se ?an x is at pres5t1 & 0 =m]ly appli$ to a division ( a c\nty or ev5 ( a t[n4 ,?us1 !re 7 once six small %ires 9 ,cornwall4 ,! ^w %ire 0 9 use at ! "t ( ,k+ ,ina1 & occurs 9 ! code ( laws :i* t mon>* drew up ab\t ! ye> #gji2 b ! actual division ( ,engl& into %ires 0 a gradual process1 & 0 n complete at ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,lanca%ire1 = example1 0 n con/itut$ a %ire until ! twelf? c5tury4 ,alt]ations 9 ! ext5t & limits ( "s ( ! c\nties are1 inde$1 /ill be+ made2 & 9 ! case ( ,devon%ire ! b\nd>ies h be5 *ang$ sev]al times )9 ! memory ( p]sons /ill liv+4 ,! object ( ?us divid+ up ! c\ntry 0 p>tly milit>y & p>tly f9ancial4 ,e %ire 0 b\nd to provide a c]ta9 numb] ( arm$ m5 to fight ! k+'s battles1 & 0 also b\nd to contribute a c]ta9 sum ( money t[>ds 8 income & ! exp5ses ( ! /ate2 & 9 ea* di/rict a %ire-reeve--or %]iff1 z we call ! (fic] n[--0 appo9t$ by ! ,cr[n to see t ! p did _! duty 9 bo? respects4 ,! %ire 0 a ,saxon in/itution4 ,c\nty is a ,norman ^w1 :i* came into use aft] ! ,conque/1 :5 ! gov]nm5t ( ea* %ire 0 entru/$ to "s p[]ful noble1 (t5 a c\nt1 a title :i* orig9ally meant a companion ( ! ,k+4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! reason :y ! names ( "s c\nties end or may end 9 %ire1 :ile 9 o!r cases ?is syllable is nev] us$1 is t ! =m] 7 %orn (f f "s l>g] di/rict1 :ile ! latt] repres5t entire anci5t k+doms or tribal divisions4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,york%ire is a %ire because x orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! k+dom ( ,nor?umbria2 & ,k5t is n a %ire because x practically repres5ts ! anci5t k+dom ( ! ,cantii4 ,! =m ,k5t-%ire is1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 a record ( ! "t ( ,a!l/an4 ,9 ! case ( our own c\nty bo? =ms are 9 use1 & we say ei!r ,devon or ,devon%ire1 al?\gh ! two names are n exactly int]*angeable4 ,?us1 :ile we g5]ally talk ( ,r$ ,devon cattle1 we always speak ( ,devon%ire cream4 ,devon1 :i* is ! old] =m1 may be d]iv$ ei!r f ,dumnonii1 ! "n giv5 by ,ptolemy1 an ,alex&rian geograph] ( ! second c5tury1 to ! inhabitants ( ! s\?-we/ ( ,brita91 p]haps f a ,celtic ^w ,dumnos1 p--or x may come f ! old ,wel% ^w ,dyvna9t or ,dyfne9t1 ! l& ( ! deeps1 t is to say1 ( deep valleys or deep seas4 ,to ! ,saxon settl]s ! p !y f\nd 9 possession ( ! di/rict 7 ,defn-saetan or dwell]s 9 ,devon2 & 9 "t ^! settl]s call$ !mselves ,def5as1 or m5 ( ,devon4 ,9 ! ,exet] ,domesday ,book--! ,norman survey ( ! five s\?-we/]n c\nties1 complet$ probably be=e #ajhf--! "n ( ! c\nty is giv5 z ,dev5esira4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ! ,britons call$ _! prov9ce ,devon1 & t ! ,saxons call$ x ,devon%ire4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! peaceable nature ( ! ,saxon occupation t ! two names1 l ! two nations1 seem to h quietly settl$ d[n side by side4 ,illu/ration3 ,devon%ire 9 ! ,exet] ,domesday ,book ,x is believ$ t x 0 ,alfr$ ! ,great :o m>k$ out ! bord]-l9e betwe5 ,devon & ,som]set2 & x 0 und\bt$ly ,a!l/an :o1 aft] 8 victory ov] ! ,we/ ,wel%1 made ! ,tam> ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,devon & ,cornwall4 #b4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics4 ,devon%ire is a c\nty 9 ! extreme s\?-we/ ( ,engl&1 occupy+ ! great] "p ( ! p59sula betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,bri/ol ,*annels1 & hav+ a coa/-l9e bo? on ! s\? & on ! nor?4 ,situat$ ?us1 on two seas1 & possess+1 especially on its s\!rn sea-bo>d1 a rem>kable numb] ( bays & e/u>ies1 x has always be5 not$ z a m>itime c\nty4 ,& al?\gh _m ( its h>b\rs h1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 become silt$ up ) s& or %+le1 & are n[ ( comp>atively slight importance1 x has "o great sea-port1 :i*1 :ile only ?irtie? 9 rank among ,briti% comm]cial ports1 is ! greate/ naval /ation 9 ! ,empire4 ,! c\nty has 9 ! pa/ be5 fam\s = its clo?-weav+ & = its t9 & copp]-m9+1 b ^! indu/ries are n[ greatly decay$1 & ! ma9 occupation ( ! p is agriculture1 to :i* bo? ! soil & ! climate are p>ticul>ly fav\rable4 ,illu/ration3 ,k+ ,tor1 ne> ,tavi/ock ,a special *>act]i/ic ( ,devon%ire is its sc5]y1 :i* is s /rik+ t x is v g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ beautiful c\nty 9 ,engl&2 :ile !re are probably v _m :o reg>d its mild & g5ial1 equable & heal?-giv+ climate z m notewor?y /ill4 ,x is a rem>kably hilly c\ntry1 & x also possesses n only _m riv]s1 b a great numb] ( broad riv] e/u>ies4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ) :i* e visitor to ! di/rict is /ruck is ! r$ness :i* di/+ui%es its soil1 its s\!rn cliffs1 & its fam\s bre$ ( cattle1 :i* is n less noticeable ?an ! s(t & pleasant dialect1 ) its close s\nd ( ! lett] u s typical bo? ( ,devon & ( ,we/ ,som]set4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,typical ,devon ,/ream--,wat]smeet1 ,lynm\? ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! p has always be5 _! loyalty to _! sov]eign1 to _! c\nty1 & to ea* o!r4 ,devon is prov]bial1 l ,cornwall & ,york%ire1 = ! clanni%ness ( its inhabitants4 ,x is a l&1 too1 :]e sup]/ition dies h>d4 ,belief 9 pixies--fairies1 z !y are call$ else:]e--9 wit*es & wit*-craft1 9 :i%t-h\nds & o!r weird & uncanny creatures1 & 9 port5ts & om5s1 /ill l+]s1 especially on ,d>tmoor4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,devon ,valley--,yawl ,bottom1 ,uplyme ,d>tmoor itself1 ) its wild & picturesque sc5]y1 its unrivall$ weal? ( prehi/oric antiquities1 & its s+ul> geological /ructure1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! c\nty1 & "o to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 ,engl&4 ,! m>9e zoology ( ,devon%ire is m int]e/+ ?an t ( any o!r ,engli% c\nty1 & n[h]e else 9 ! isl& has !re be5 discov]$ cle>] evid5ce ( ! great antiquity ( man ?an 0 f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n & o!r ,devon%ire caves4 ,above all ?+s1 its position has made ,devon%ire a native l& ( h]oes4 ,v few o!r c\nties h produc$ s _m m5 ( m>k1 s _m m5 ( ent]prise & d>+4 ,c]ta9ly no o!r has play$ a great] "p 9 ! expansion ( ,engl&4 ,f ,devon%ire came n only "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ seam5 ( ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,elizabe?1 "s ( ! mo/ skilful & d>+ ( h] naval capta9s1 b "s ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ fam\s ( our explor]s2 ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ ,engli% colony1 ! fir/ ,engli%man to sail ! pol> sea1 ! fir/ ,engli%man to circumnavigate ! globe4 #c4 ,size4 ,%ape4 ,b\nd>ies4 ,devon%ire1 :i* occupies r m ?an "o-tw5ty-second ( ! :ole area ( ,engl& & ,wales1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ c\nties 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 be+ exce$$ 9 size only by ,york%ire & ,l9coln 9 ,engl&1 by ,inv]ness & ,argyll 9 ,scotl&1 & by ,cork 9 ,irel&4 ,its extreme l5g? f ea/ to we/1 measur$ along a horizontal l9e drawn ?r\gh ! middle ( ! c\nty1 />t+ at ! ,dorset%ire bord] half-way betwe5 ,lyme ,cobb & ! ,sev5 ,rocks ,po9t1 pass+ close to ! city ( ,exet]1 & rea*+ to ! po9t :]e ! riv] ,ott]y ent]s ! c\nty1 is #fg miles2 exactly ! same z t ( ! c\nty ( ,som]set4 ,its greate/ bread?1 f ,c\ntisbury ,=el& on ! nor? coa/ to ,prawle ,po9t on ! s\?1 is #ga miles4 ,x may be add$ t a long] ea/ & we/ l9e c be drawn only 9 ,york%ire & ,sussex1 & a long] m]idional l9e only 9 ,york%ire & ,l9coln4 ,! area ( ! ,anci5t or ,geographical c\nty ( ,devon%ire1 accord+ to ! revis$ return furni%$ by ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 is #a1ffg1aed acres1 or #bfje squ>e miles4 ,comp>$ ) ! c\nties t adjo9 x1 x is two-&-a-half times ! size ( ,dorset1 x is r\ghly twice z l>ge z ,cornwall1 & x is m ?an half z l>ge aga9 z ,som]set4 ,x is fifte5 times z l>ge z ,rutl&1 x is ab\t half ! size ( ,york%ire1 & its area is less ?an t ( ,l9coln%ire by only #dh squ>e miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,gl5 ,lyn1 ne> ,lynm\? ,al?\gh usually said to be irregul> 9 =m1 ! outl9e ( ! c\nty has a c]ta9 degree ( symmetry1 be+ r\ghly %ap$ l a life-gu>dsman's cuirass1 ) ne>ly equal sides1 ) a small holl[ at ! top or nor? coa/1 & a mu* l>g] "o at ! bottom or s\? coa/4 ,devon%ire1 l ,k5t & ,cornwall1 is b\nd$ on two sides by ! sea1 hav+ ! ,bri/ol ,*annel on ! nor? & nor?-we/1 & ! ,engli% ,*annel on ! s\?4 ,on its we/]n side ! riv] ,tam>1 ) its tribut>y ! ,ott]y1 =ms almo/ ! :ole ( ! fronti] betwe5 x & ,cornwall4 ,! ea/]n & nor?-ea/]n bord] is less def9ite1 b is r\ghly m>k$ by ,exmoor & ! ,blackd[n ,hills1 :i* p>tly sep>ate ,devon%ire f ,som]set4 ,! %ort l5g? ( fronti] betwe5 ,devon%ire & ,dorset%ire is m>k$ by no natural feature4 ,no "p ( ,devon%ire is n[1 z 0 =m]ly ! case1 :olly surr\nd$ by any o!r c\nty4 ,?ree ( its p>i%es1 h[ev]1 are p>tly 9 ,dorset1 "o is p>tly 9 ,cornwall1 & "o1 a di/rict ( ,exmoor conta9+ no h\ses or inhabitants1 is p>tly 9 ,som]set4 ,culm/ock1 :i* be=e #ahdb 0 consid]$ to belong to ,som]set1 al?\gh completely isl&$ 9 ,devon1 & ,/ockl& & ,dalwood1 :i* 7 reckon$ ) ,dorset1 al?\gh !y 7 entirely inside ! ,devon%ire bord]1 h n[ be5 =mally transf]r$ to ?is c\nty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,?ornecombe & ,=d ,abbey1 :i* belong$ to ,devon%ire al?\gh !y 7 situate 9 ! adjo9+ c\nty1 h be5 h&$ ov] to ,dorset4 ,/ill lat] alt]ations 7 ! transf] ( ,hawk*ur* & ,*ur*/anton f ,dorset to ,devon 9 #ahif4 #d4 ,surface & ,g5]al ,features4 ,devon%ire is *>act]is$ by su* great irregul>ity & unev5ness ( surface t practically ! only level l& 9 x is along ! %ores ( its e/u>ies2 ) ! almo/ inevitable result t x is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque & beautiful c\nties 9 ,engl&4 ,its sc5]y has be5 v greatly affect$ by subt]ranean movem5ts1 :i* h n only r\ghly %ap$ its hills & valleys1 p>tly by upheaval & p>tly by ! %r9kage ( ! e>?'s cru/1 b h be5 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! bread? ( ! riv] e/u>ies :i* are s m>k$ a feature ( its coa/s1 especially ( ! s\?4 ,at _m po9ts along ! %ore ( ,devon%ire !re is evid5ce1 9 rais$ sea-bea*es1 &1 ne> ,torquay1 9 ! bor+s ( m>9e mollusca at a great height above ! pres5t tide-l9e1 ( upheavals t mu/ h rais$ ! :ole coa/1 ev5 if !y did n mat]ially *ange ! cont\r ( ! c\ntry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exi/5ce ( subm]g$ =e/s at _m places ne> ! %ore proves t ! l& has sunk at lea/ =ty feet1 ?us all[+ ! sea to fl[ fur!r inl&2 !reby greatly wid5+ ! already exi/+ valleys1 :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 "p by ! %r9kage ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & 9 "p by ! action ( ! riv]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,upp] ,d>t1 f ! ,moors ,! *ief physical feature ( ,devon%ire1 a feature )\t p>allel 9 any o!r "p ( ,engl&1 is ! ,=e/ ( ,d>tmoor1 ! great upl&1 "s tw5ty miles long & eighte5 miles broad1 :i* occupies s l>ge a "p ( ! s\!rn half ( ! c\nty4 ,x is all granite1 ! l>ge/ mass ( granite 9 ,engl&1 & =ms "p ( a *a9 ( outcrops ( t =mation ext5d+ f ,devon%ire to ! ,scilly ,isles4 ,! ^w =e/1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 orig9ally meant1 n a wood1 b a hunt+-gr\nd4 ,no "p ( ! op5 moor is n[ cov]$ ) trees1 nor is x likely1 consid]+ ! poorness ( ! soil1 t x ev] 0 s cov]$1 al?\gh roots & o!r rema9s ( trees h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( x4 ,9 e>ly days x 0 a royal hunt+-gr\nd1 & mo/ ( x is /ill ,cr[n prop]ty1 =m+ "p ( ! ,du*y ( ,cornwall4 ,! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! moor1 :i* conta9s ! highe/ gr\nd 9 ,engl& s\? ( ,+lebor\gh 9 ,york%ire1 are ! isolat$ rocky heights call$ tors1 "s #agj 9 numb]1 _m ( :i* h be5 wea!r$1 n only into v rugg$ & highly picturesque1 b ev5 into mo/ /range & fanta/ic %apes2 9 _m cases hav+ _! /eep slopes /rewn ) fall5 fragm5ts ( rock1 "s ( !m tons 9 weight1 =m+ :at are kn[n on ! moor z clitt]s or clatt]s4 ,! highe/ po9ts are ,high ,willhays1 #bjci feet2 ,yes ,tor1 #bjbi feet1 only half a mile away f its rival1 ,newlake1 #aihc feet2 ,cu?ill1 #aihj feet2 & ,great ,lynx ,tor1 #aijh feet above sea-level2 & among ! mo/ /rik+ & picturesque are ,great ,lynx ,tor1 ,/aple ,tor1 ,mis ,tor1 & ,vix5 ,tor1 al?\gh _m o!rs are rem>kable = _! /range & "t-worn outl9es4 ,! moor is seam$ by _m valleys & rav9es1 n a few ( :i* are1 9 p>ts1 well-wood$1 ea* ) its swiftly-fl[+ /ream or riv]1 & _m ( !m mo/ picturesque & beautiful4 ,su*1 9 p>ticul>1 are ! ,valley ( ! ,d>t1 especially includ+ ,holne ,*ase & above2 ( ! ,teign ne> ,f+le ,bridge2 ( ! ,tavy at ,tavy ,cleave2 ( ! ,lyd at ,lyd=d1 & ( ! ,plym at ! ,dew]/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,tavy ,cleave1 %[+ dis9tegrat$ granite ,d>tmoor is di/+ui%$ 9 be+ ! colde/ & ra9ie/ "p ( ,devon%ire1 & to ^! two features ( its climate are no d\bt l>gely due ! fogs :i* s frequ5tly envelope x4 ,its great ext5t & its heavy ra9fall make ! moor ! ma9 wat]%$ ( ! c\nty4 ,mo/ ( its riv]s h _! s\rces 9 ! bogs1 :i* are a well-kn[n & some:at dang]\s feature ( ! di/rict1 & ( :i* ! mo/ rem>kable are ,fox ,tor ,mire1 ,cranm]e ,bog1 & ,cu?ill ,bog4 ,its v>i$ & peculi> features1 its va/ expanses ( wild & desolate moorl&1 n[ agl[ ) gold5 gorse1 & n[ /ill m spl5did ) ! magnific5t purple ( its broad %eets ( hea!r or ) ! w>m hues ( dy+ brack51 & beautiful1 z ! seasons *ange1 ) ! v>y+ t9ts ( grass & s$ge1 ( f]ns & ru%es1 ( moss & bog-myrtle & bilb]ry1 ( cotton-grass & asphodel2 ! almo/ unrivall$ beauty ( its riv]-valleys1 its multitud9\s /reams1 its wild life1 its extraord9>y weal? ( prehi/oric antiquities1 its l+]+ sup]/itions ( pixies1 ( wit*-craft1 ( night-fly+ :i%t-h\nds & gho/ly huntsm51 its v solitude & sil5ce1 comb9e to make ,d>tmoor1 to ! antiqu>y & ! arti/1 ! naturali/ & ! angl]1 "o ( ! mo/ attractive spots 9 ,engl&1 & "o ^: *>m poets1 pa9t]s1 & au?ors h /riv5 f e>lie/ days to immortalise4 ,! great] "p ( ,exmoor1 & all its pr9cipal heights1 are 9 ,som]set1 b x ext5ds into ! nor?-ea/]n corn] ( ,devon1 & deta*$ portions ( x1 :i* appe> to be really p>ts ( ! same upl&1 rea* to ! hills above ,combe ,m>t94 ,"p ( ,span ,head1 ^: summit is #afai feet above ! sea1 is 9 our c\nty2 & ! outly+ spurs ( ,bratton ,d[n1 ,k5tisbury ,d[n1 & ! ,great ,hangman are all ov] #ajjj feet high4 ,!re is v beautiful sc5]y on ,exmoor1 especially on ! ,som]set side ( ! bord]1 some:at resembl+ t on ,d>tmoor1 al?\gh less wild & picturesque1 & )\t any ( ! tors :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ! great] upl&4 ,exmoor is ! only "p ( ,engl& :]e r$ de] /ill run wild2 & ! di/rict is visit$ e ye> by /ag-hunt]s f all p>ts ( ! isl& & especially f ,irel&4 ,bo? x & ,d>tmoor are fam\s = a bre$ ( /urdy little ponies1 orig9ally1 no d\bt1 ( ! same /ock4 ,9 ! ,badgewor?y ,valley1 :i* is 9 ,som]set1 al?\gh n f> f ,lynton1 may be se5 :at are said to be ! ru9$ huts ( ! ,doones1 a community ( freeboot]s immortalis$ by ,blackmore1 :o repres5ts !m z hav+ be5 ! t]ror ( ! c\ntry-side t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,o!r ,devon%ire hills are ! ,black ,d[ns1 along ! bord] ( ,som]set1 9 :i* ! highe/ po9t is #hfj feet above ! sea2 ano!r ,black ,d[n1 six miles due s\?1 rea*+ #icj feet2 ! ,great ,haldons1 s\?-we/ ( ,exet]1 #hag feet high2 & ,dumpdon ,hill1 ab\t two miles nor? by ea/ ( ,honiton1 #hef feet above sea-level4 ,devon%ire is 9 p>ts extremely f]tile1 especially t[>ds ! s\?1 & x has be5 call$ 79 common1 x is true1 ) o!r c\nties7 ! ,g>d5 ( ,engl&4 ,two v l>ge & specially productive areas are ! ,vale ( ,exet]1 & ! ,s\? ,hams1--! latt] a "n some:at indef9itely appli$ to ! di/rict s\? ( ,d>tmoor & occupy+ a l>ge "p ( ! region betwe5 ! ,teign & ! ,plym1 ) ,k+sbridge z its *ief c5tre4 ,! great f]tility ( ?is fam\s di/rict is due p>tly to ! nature ( ! soil1 p>tly to ! mildness ( ! climate & ! %elt] af=d$ by ! heights ( ,d>tmoor1 & p>tly to its ne>ness to ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,on ,lundy ,a v rem>kable & int]e/+ feature ( ,devon%ire is ,lundy--an isl& ?ree miles long by "o mile broad1 ly+ out 9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 opposite ,b>n/aple ,bay1 & twelve miles nor?-nor?-we/ ( ,h>tl& ,po9t4 ,its "n1 x is believ$1 is d]iv$ f two ,norse words mean+ ,puff9 ,isle4 ,compos$ entirely ( granite1 except = its s\!rn extremity1 :i* is mill/one grit1 its l(ty cliffs are v wild & rugg$ & picturesque1 & = two miles along its ea/]n side !re is a rem>kable s]ies ( *asms1 f ?ree to tw5ty feet wide & "s ( !m ( great dep?1 kn[n to ! isl&]s z ! ,e>?quakes4 ,! %+le bea* at ! s\?-ea/]n corn]1 9 ! %elt] ( ,rat ,isl&1 is ! only l&+-place1 b _m vessels f9d good an*orage on ! ea/]n side1 well protect$ f we/]ly w9ds4 ,_m %ips1 h[ev]1 h be5 wreck$ among ! t]rible rocks r\nd its base1 includ+ ! battle%ip ,montagu1 lo/ 9 #aijf1 &1 accord+ to tradition1 "o ( ! galleons ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,!re is a ligh?\se at ea* end ( ! isl&1 & ! s\!rn "o is ! mo/ p[]ful 9 ,devon%ire4 ,p]haps ! greate/ *>m ( ,lundy lies1 z w be %[n 9 "s detail 9 a lat] *apt]1 9 its natural hi/ory1 especially 9 ! va/ numb]s ( birds :i* visit x 9 ! bre$+ season4 ,among v r>e /raggl]s t h be5 %ot "h is ! ,icel& falcon1 a species ( :i* v few examples h be5 record$ = ?is c\ntry4 ,a few plants & insects are peculi> to ! spot4 ,!re are n[ few trees1 except ^? plant$ n long ago ne> ! own]'s h\se 9 a cleft at ! s\?-ea/]n end1 b "s %rubs1 su* z fu*sias1 hydrangeas1 & rhodod5drons gr[ to a great size1 & ! mesembryan!mums are p>ticul>ly vigor\s & beautiful4 ,granite = ! ,?ames ,embankm5t 0 obta9$ "h1 b ! qu>ries h long be5 clos$1 & f>m+ is ! *ief indu/ry ( ! few inhabitants4 ,!re are evid5ces ( v anci5t occupation1 9 ! %ape ( ki/va5s1 tumuli1 & ! f\ndations ( primitive dwell+s2 & 9 times m rec5t ! isl& has _h a /irr+ hi/ory4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii x 0 held by ! turbul5t family ( ! ,montmor5cies or ,moriscos1 & ! %ell ( ,morisco ,ca/le1 n[ conv]t$ into cottages1 /ill /&s on ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! isl&4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> x 0 =tifi$ = ! k+1 & only surr5d]$ 9 #afdg4 ,at v>i\s times 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x 0 captur$ by ,fr5*1 ,spani>ds1 & ,alg]9es2 & x 01 moreov]1 sev]al times occupi$ by pirates1 "s ( :om 7 ,engli%m51 :o f\nd x a conv5i5t /ation f :i* to plund] %ips sail+ up ! ,bri/ol ,*annel4 #e4 ,wat]%$4 ,riv]s & ! trac+ ( _! c\rses4 ,lakes4 ,devon%ire is a well-wat]$ c\nty1 a c\nty ( _m riv]s2 & al?\gh n "o ( its multitud9\s /reams is ( real comm]cial importance or ( mu* value z a wat]-way1 by _! m]e abundance & by ! beauty ( _! sc5]y1 especially ( ! magnific5t rav9es :i* _m ( !m 9 ! lapse ( ages h worn deep 9 ! rock1 !y =m "o ( its mo/ /rik+ features4 ,by f> ! mo/ important wat]%$ is ! great upl& ( ,d>tmoor1 :]e1 ) few exceptions1 rise all ! pr9cipal riv]s4 ,! headwat]s ( ! ,tam> & ! ,torridge--:i* rise close toge!r1 b fl[ 9 v diff]5t directions & rea* diff]5t seas--are 9 ! high gr\nd 9 ! nor?-we/1 on ! v bord] ( ,cornwall1 & ! s\rces ( ! ,exe & ( its great tw9 /ream ! ,b>le are on ! moor to :i* ! =m] gives its "n1 j inside ! c\nty ( ,som]set4 ,b ! tribut>ies ( all ^! are drawn f ! bogs ( ,d>tmoor1 & especially f ! morasses r\nd ! n[ insignificant %eet ( wat] kn[n z ,cranm]e ,pool4 ,! :ole ea/]n bord] ( ! c\nty1 f ,exmoor s\?w>d to ! ,blackd[n ,hills1 is a s\rce ( /reams4 ,su* are ! ,lyn1 fl[+ into ! ,bri/ol ,*annel2 ! ,bray1 ! ,yeo1 & ! ,mole1 tribut>ies ( ! ,taw2 ! ,loman1 ! ,culm1 & ! ,cly/1 tribut>ies ( ! ,exe2 ! ,ott]1 fall+ into ! ,engli% ,*annel2 & ! ,y>ty1 a tribut>y ( ! ,axe4 ,x is rem>kable t ( all ! _m /reams ( ,devon%ire1 only two ( any consequ5ce rea* ! e/u>y ( ! ,sev]n4 ,almo/ all fl[ into ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,riv] ,exe at ,tiv]ton ,! longe/ ( ! ,devon%ire riv]s is ! ,exe1 aft] :i* are nam$ ,ex=d & ,exton 9 ,som]set1 & ,exet] & ,exm\? 9 our own c\nty--a /rong & beautiful /ream :i* rises ne> ,simonsba? on ,exmoor1 fl[+ = ! fir/ tw5ty miles ?r\gh ,som]set & cross+ ! ,devon%ire bord] ne> ,dulv]ton /ation1 :]e x is met1 on ! left bank1 by its great tribut>y ! ,b>le4 ,x !n runs ne>ly due s\?1 ?r\gh well-wood$ & f]tile c\ntry1 be+ jo9$ on its left bank1 at ,tiv]ton1 ! t[n ( ! two =ds1 by ! ,loman2 & f>!r d[n on ! same side by ! ,culm1 :i* gives its "n to ,culm/ock4 ,ne> ,exet] x receives on ! "r bank ! ,cre$y1 a pretty & w9d+ /ream t l5ds its "n to ,cr$iton1 & along ^: %ores 9 "s ( ! ri*e/ l& 9 ,devon%ire4 ,a little bel[ ,exet]1 close to ! once fam\s port ( ,top%am1 x is jo9$ on ! left bank by ! ,cly/1 a small & unimportant /ream1 fl[+ ?r\gh mo/ f]tile c\ntry1 & giv+ its "n to no few] ?an sev5 villages4 ,bel[ ,top%am ! ,exe wid5s out to ne>ly a mile1 =m+1 at high tide1 f ?is po9t to ! sea1 a noble e/u>y five miles long1 ) ! popul> wat]+-place ( ,exm\? on ! slope ( ! ea/]n side ( its entrance1 :i* is almo/ clos$ by a long s&bank call$ ! ,w>r51 divid$ into two p>ts by a /ream4 ,until late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,exe 0 navigable f ! sea to ,exet]4 ,b 9 #abij ,isabella de ,=tibus1 ,c\ntess ( ,devon1 hav+ qu>rell$ ) ! citiz5s1 block$ ! riv]-b$ ) /ones1 at a place /ill call$ ! ,c\ntess ,weir1 leav+1 h[ev]1 suffici5t room = %ips to pass4 ,at a lat] p]iod ?is space 0 clos$ by ! ,e>l ( ,devon1 & ! navigation ( ! riv] entirely /opp$4 ,vessels n[ rea* ,exet] by a canal4 ,! second riv] 9 po9t ( l5g? is ! ,tam>1 aft] :i* are nam$ ,nor? ,tam]ton 9 ,cornwall & ,tam]ton ,foliott 9 our own c\nty4 ,ris+ 9 ! extreme nor?-we/1 9 ! high gr\nd t p>ts ,devon%ire f ,cornwall1 x =ms almo/ ! :ole ( ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two c\nties1 & is *>act]is$ ?r\gh\t ! l[] portion ( its c\rse by "s v beautiful sc5]y4 ,x is jo9$ by _m /reams1 "s ris+ 9 ,devon%ire & "s 9 ,cornwall2 "s ( :i*--! ,lyd1 = example--are r5[n$ = _! wildness & beauty4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! we/]n tribut>ies is ! ,lynh]1 entirely a ,corni% riv]1 ^: e/u>y jo9s ! ,hamoaze4 ,! mo/ important ( ^? on ! left bank is ! ,tavy1 a ,d>tmoor-drawn /ream1 giv+ its "n to ! t[n ( ,tavi/ock & to ! villages ( ,pet] ,tavy & ,m>y ,tavy1 & fl[+ ?r\gh "s ( ! mo/ fruitful l& 9 ,devon%ire4 ,a p>ticul>ly f]tile di/rict is t ly+ betwe5 ! ,tavy & ! ,tam>4 ,al?\gh x is a mu* %ort] riv] ?an ! ,exe or ! ,tam>1 ! ,d>t is bett] kn[n ?an ei!r1 & is p]haps ! mo/ famili> by "n ( all ! ,devon%ire /reams4 ,along its banks1 especially ne> ,holne & ,buckl&-9-!-,moor1 & along ! wood$ %ores ( its magnific5t e/u>y1 is "s ( ! mo/ beautiful riv]-sc5]y1 n 9 ?is c\nty only b 9 all ,engl&4 ,! mo/ important ( its _m tribut>ies are ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ ,d>t--bo? ( :i* rise 9 ! great bog r\nd ,cranm]e ,pool1 & jo9 at a picturesque spot call$ ,d>tmeet--& ! ,webburns1 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,bel[ ,totnes ! ,d>t wid5s out into a long & mo/ beautiful e/u>y1 w9d+ among f9ely-wood$ hills4 ,on ! we/ side ( its entrance is ! old port ( ,d>tm\?1 nam$1 l ,d>t+ton1 aft] ! riv]1 & on ! opposite %ore is ! small] b equally picturesque little t[n ( ,k+swe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,on ! ,d>t2 ,%>pham ,woods ,fam\s z ! ,d>t is = ! wildness & beauty ( its sc5]y1 & = ! excell5ce ( its tr\t & salmon fi%+1 x has an evil "n = ! dang]\s nature ( its swiftly-fl[+ wat]s1 :i*1 aft] heavy ra9 on ! moor1 rise ) extraord9>y rapidity1 *ang+ x 9 a few h\rs f a peaceful & easily-=d$ /ream into a rag+ & resi/less torr5t4 ,at ,hexwor?y1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahid1 ! riv] rose t5 & a half feet above ! level ( ! previ\s day4 ,*>act]i/ic ( ?is z ! o!r ( ! moorl& /reams1 is ! /range s\nd x sometimes makes1 especially t[>ds nightfall1 kn[n z its cry1 & believ$ by ! sup]/iti\s to be om9\s ( flood & dang]4 ,to he> ! ,broad/ones cry+--masses ( granite ly+ 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream--is consid]$ by ! moor-folk a sure sign ( com+ ra94 ,! ,d>tmoor riv]s1 9 ! upp] "p ( _! c\rses1 are naturally all swift1 & are all m or less t+$ by ! peat ( _! moorl& bir?-place--lightly1 :5 ! /ream is l[1 & deep5+ 9 flood-"t into ! col\r ( a ri* cairngorm4 ,! ,teign1 ano!r ( ! /reams t rise 9 ! ,cranm]e bog1 is fam\s bo? = ! beauty ( ! sc5]y along its w9d+ %ores & = ! _m prehi/oric antiquities--/one circles & alignm5ts1 m5hirs & tumuli--:i* /& ne> !m4 ,its two ma9 bran*es1 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? ,teign1 meet ab\t a mile to ! we/ ( ,*ag=d4 ,to ! ea/ ( t moorl& village ! riv] fl[s ?r\gh beautifully wood$ valleys1 & is jo9$ on its "r bank1 bel[ ,*udleigh1 by ano!r ,d>tmoor tribut>y1 ! ,bovey1 on :i* /& ,bovey ,tracy1 fam\s = its b$s ( lignite & clay & = its pott]ies1 & ,nor? ,bovey1 ne> :i* are ! rema9s ( ! v rem>kable ,bronze ,age village ( ,grimsp\nd4 ,bel[ ,newton ,abbot ! ,teign becomes a broad e/u>y1 on or ne> ^: %ores are five ( ! t[n%ips t are nam$ aft] ! riv]1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! little port & well-kn[n wat]+-place ( ,teignm\?4 ,! riv] m\? is almo/ block$ by a l[ promontory1 :i*1 al?\gh n[ built ov]1 0 once a m]e s&-bank or dune1 f :i* latt] ^w1 no d\bt1 x takes its "n ( ! ,d54 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,axe at ,axm9/] ,bridge ,o!r s\?-coa/ riv]s are ! ,axe--"o ( ^: two ma9 bran*es rises 9 ,som]set & ! o!r 9 ,dorset--:i* gives its "n to ,axm9/] & ,axm\?2 ! ,ott]1 :i* rises 9 ! ,blackd[n ,hills1 & fl[+ pa/ ,honiton1 ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y1 & ,ott]ton1 rea*es ! sea at ,budleigh ,salt]ton2 ! ,aune or ,avon1 especially fam\s = its salmon1 ! ,erme1 & ! slopes ,yealm1 small b beautiful /reams ris+ on ! s\!rn slopes ( ,d>tmoor1 wid5+ into e/u>ies z !y ne> ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & giv+ names to ,aveton1 ,erm+ton1 & ,yealmpton1 respectively4 ,! ,plym1 aft] :i* are nam$ ,plympton1 ,plym\?1 & ,plym/ock1 is ano!r ,d>tmoor riv]1 fl[+ ?r\gh "s v beautiful c\ntry1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bickleigh1 & at l5g? =m+ a broad & important e/u>y kn[n fir/ z ! ,laira1 & l[] d[n z ! ,catwat] or ,cattewat]1 :i* jo9s ,plym\? ,s\nd4 ,! *ief riv]s on ! nor? coa/ are ! ,torridge & ! ,taw1 ! =m] ( :i*1 ris+ 9 ! extreme nor?-we/1 on ! ,corni% bord]1 ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,tam>1 fl[s s\?-we/ = ne>ly half its c\rse1 & !n sweeps r\nd to run 9 ! opposite direction1 giv+ its "n to ?ree sev]al ,torr+tons1 & hav+ z its *ief tribut>ies ! ,wald51 ! ,lew1 & ! ,okem5t1 all on its "r bank4 ,! la/-nam$ /ream is =m$ ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ ,okem5ts1 :i* meet at ,okehampton1 _! namesake4 ,! l[] wat]s ( ! ,torridge =m a long & n>r[ e/u>y--its %ore only t5 miles di/ant f ! orig9al s\rce ( ! riv]--half-way d[n :i* is ! once important port ( ,bide=d1 built on bo? sides ( ! /ream1 :i* is "h spann$ by a v anci5t bridge4 ,ne> ! entrance ( ! e/u>y1 b nei!r ( !m on ! op5 sea1 are ,appl$ore1 ! port ( ,b>n/aple1 & ,in/[1 a small b gr[+ wat]+-place4 ,! ,taw is a ,d>tmoor-drawn riv]1 ris+1 l s _m /reams1 9 ! ,cranm]e bog1 giv+ its "n to ,taw/ock & to ?ree sev]al ,tawtons1 & receiv+ on its "r bank ! ,yeo1 ! ,little ,d>t1 & ! ,mole4 ,! mo/ consid]able t[n on x is ,b>n/aple1 beyond :i* x becomes a broad tidal e/u>y1 jo9+ t ( ! ,torridge1 & fl[+ out into :at is kn[n bo? z ,b>n/aple & ,bide=d ,bay4 ,illu/ration3 ,bide=d & ! ,torridge ,e/u>y ,_m small /reams fall into ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 among :i* is ! ,lyn1 r5[n$ = its beautiful sc5]y & its good tr\t-fi%+4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ,celtic words 9 our language are f\nd 9 ! names ( natural features1 especially ( hills & riv]s4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly well se5 9 ,devon%ire1 :]e1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! ,saxons came z settl]s r ?an conqu]ors1 adopt+ _m ( ! names :i* !y f\nd already 9 use1 & :]e an unusually l>ge numb] ( t[ns & villages h be5 call$ aft] ! /reams on :i* !y /&4 ,! names ,exe1 ,axe1 & ,okem5t1 f ! ,celtic uisge2 ,avon1 ,aune1 & ,auney1 f afon2 ,d>t1 f dwr2 & ,teign1 f ta91 are all d]iv$ f roots mean+ wat]4 ,o!r names are tak5 f descriptive adjectives1 su* z ,wrey1 f rea1 rapid2 ,lyn1 f llev51 smoo?2 & ,tam>1 ,taw1 & ,tavy1 f tam1 spread+ or /ill4 ,! lakes ( ,devon%ire1 z is ! case 9 ! majority ( ,engli% c\nties1 are little m ?an ponds4 ,cranm]e ,pool1 9 ! great morass :]e _m ,devon%ire riv]s rise1 ly+ 9 a dre>y spot1 z befits ! reput$ place ( puni%m5t ( evil spirits1 has %runk ( late ye>s 9 consequ5ce ( mu* peat-cutt+ 9 its neighb\rhood1 & is n[ an insignificant pond1 r>ely m ?an sev5ty y>ds across1 & 9 hot summ]s sometimes q dry4 ,bradm]e ,pool & ,class5well ,pool1 ! sites ( old m9e-work+s1 are beautiful little lakes1 b !y are only a few acres 9 ext5t4 ,burrator ,res]voir has be5 made 9 ord] to supply wat] to ,plym\?4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! m9iature lakes is ,slapton ,ley1 or ,lea1 a long & n>r[ %eet ( wat]1 two & a qu>t] miles 9 l5g? & measur+ ab\t #bjj acres1 sep>at$ f ! sea1 ) :i* x 0 no d\bt once connect$1 by a bank ( f9e %+le4 ,! re$s ( its nor?-ea/]n end1 :i* are cut & sold = ?at*+1 are ! haunt ( _m wat]-birds2 & ! ,ley is visit$ 9 w9t] by imm5se numb]s ( migratory ducks & wad]s4 #f4 ,geology4 ,?ree ma9 po9ts *>act]ise ! geological features ( ,devon%ire2 ! simplicity ( ! sy/em 9 ! we/1 nor?-c5tre & s\?-we/ ( ! c\nty2 ! comp>ative complexity & v>iety ( ! /rata 9 ! ea/ & s\?2 &1 mo/ rem>kable ( all1 ! extraord9>y numb] ( outcrops ( igne\s rock1 f ! great mass ( ,d>tmoor granite1 :i* has no p>allel 9 ,engl&1 to ! hundr$s ( small dykes or elvans t are scatt]$ *iefly ov] ! s\!rn region1 al?\gh "s occur to ! nor? & ea/ ( ,d>tmoor4 ,! olde/ rocks 9 ,devon%ire are probably n1 z 0 once ?\ght1 ! granites1 b ! highly alt]$ or metamorphic =mations 9 ! extreme s\?2 t is to say1 ! mica & qu>tz s*i/s & ! hornbl5de epidote s*i/s :i* ext5d f ne> ,/>t ,po9t to ,bolt ,tail1 a di/rict :i*1 ow+ 9 great measure to di/ortion by volcanic upheaval1 includes "s ( ! mo/ picturesque sc5]y 9 ,devon4 ,next 9 ord] ( age is ! s]ies call$ ,devonian1 aft] ! "n ( ! c\nty1 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ di/+ui%$ f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 by no means conf9$ to ,devon%ire1 b are v widely di/ribut$1 cov]+ a l>ge "p ( ,cornwall1 & occurr+ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 especially 9 ,russia1 & 9 ,asia & ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,devonian b$s--:i* are f\nd bo? 9 ! nor? & s\?1 occupy+ two di/9ct areas sep>at$ by widespread deposits ( culm or c>bonif]\s measures--71 x is ?\ght1 =m$ 9 op5 wat]1 & probably at ! same "t t ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,som]set & else:]e1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ?is c\nty at all1 0 be+ deposit$ 9 e/u>ies & l&-lock$ seas4 ,,names ,,( ,,subdivisions ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,rocks ,,sy/ems ,metal ,age ,deposits ,rec5t ,neoli?ic ,sup]ficial ,plei/oc5e ,palaeoli?ic ,deposits ,glacial ,t ,e ,crom] ,s]ies ,r ,weyb\rne ,crag ,t,plioc5e ,*illes=d & ,norwi* ,crags ,s&s *iefly ,i ,r$ & ,walton ,crags ,a ,corall9e ,crag ,r ,y,mioc5e ,abs5t f ,brita9 ,fluviom>9e ,b$s ( ,hamp%ire ,bag%ot ,b$s ,eoc5e ,london ,clay ,clays & ,s&s ,oldhav5 ,b$s1 ,woolwi* & ,read+ *iefly ,?anet ,s&s ,gr\ps ,*alk ,upp] ,gre5s& & ,gault ,*alk at top ,cretace\s ,l[] ,gre5s& ,s&/ones1 ,mud ,s ,weald ,clay & ,clays bel[ ,e ,ha/+s ,s&s ,c ,o ,purbeck ,b$s ,n ,portl& ,b$s ,d ,kimm]idge ,clay ,a ,corallian ,b$s ,r,jurassic ,ox=d ,clay & ,kellaways ,rock ,%ales1 ,s&/ones ,y ,cornbra% & ,oolitic ,=e/ ,m>ble ,lime/ones ,great ,oolite ) ,/onesfield ,slate ,inf]ior ,oolite ,lias--,upp]1 ,middle1 & ,l[] ,rhaetic ,keup] ,m>ls ,triassic ,keup] ,s&/one ,r$ ,s&/ones & ,upp] ,bunt] ,s&/one ,m>ls1 ,gypsum & ,bunt] ,pebble ,b$s ,salt ,l[] ,bunt] ,s&/one ,magnesian ,lime/one & ,s&/one ,r$ ,s&/ones ,p]mian ,m>l ,slate & ,magnesian ,l[] ,p]mian ,s&/one ,lime/one ,p ,r ,coal ,measures ,s&/ones1 ,%ales ,i,c>bonif]\s ,mill/one ,grit & ,coals at top ,m ,m\nta9 ,lime/one ,s&/ones 9 ,a ,basal ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks middle ,lime/one ,r & ,%ales bel[ ,y ,upp] ,devonian & old ,r$ ,r$ ,s&/ones1 ,devonian ,mid ,s&/one ,%ales1 ,slates & ,l[] ,lime/ones ,ludl[ ,b$s ,s&/ones1 ,%ales ,silurian ,w5lock ,b$s & ,?9 ,ll&ov]y ,b$s ,lime/ones ,c>adoc ,b$s ,%ales1 ,slates1 ,ordovician ,ll&eilo ,b$s ,s&/ones & ,ar5ig ,b$s ,?9 ,lime/ones ,tremadoc ,slates ,cambrian ,l+ula ,flags ,slates & ,m5evian ,b$s ,s&/ones ,h>le* ,grits & ,llanb]is ,slates ,s&/ones1 ,pre-,cambrian ,no def9ite classification yet made ,slates & ,volcanic ,rocks ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,section ,,f ,,sn[don ,,to ,,h>wi*1 ,,ab\t #bjj ,,miles4 ,?is cross section %[s :at w\ld be se5 9 a deep cutt+ ne>ly ,e4 & ,w4 across ,engl& & ,wales4 ,x %[s also h[1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fold+ ( ! /rata & ! cutt+ (f ( ! uplift$ p>ts1 old rocks :i* %\ld be t5s ( ?\s&s ( feet d[n are f\nd 9 bor+s 9 ,ea/ ,anglia only #ajjj feet or s bel[ ! surface4 ,! ,nor? ,devonian b$s1 :i* ext5d f ! coa/ z f> s\? z ! latitude ( ,b>n/aple1 consi/ ( slates1 grits1 & s&/ones :i*1 x is believ$1 judg+ f ! organic rema9s 9 !m1 7 =m$ 9 %all[ wat] & ne> %ore4 ,_! l[] /rata1 ! ,=el& grits1 ,lynton b$s1 & ,hangman grits1 conta9 "s fossils & v>i\s k9ds ( coral4 ,b ! ,middle b$s1 ! ,ilfracombe & ,morte slates1 are mu* ri*] 9 animal rema9s2 ( :i* p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable are primitive palaeozoic fi%1 su* z ! v curi\s arm\r$ pt]aspis2 :ile corals & bivalve %ells are abundant & *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,upp] ,devonian is less fossilif]\s1 b conta9s "s l>ge trilobites1 v>i\s m>9e %ells1 & "s l&-plants4 ,! ,s\? ,devonian1 :i* cov]s ne>ly all ,s\? ,devon & a l>ge "p ( ,cornwall1 is some:at diff]5t 9 "*1 consi/+ *iefly ( slates1 ) corall9e lime/ones1 v>i$ by volcanic outcrops or elvans--a ^w said to be ( ,corni% orig91 & mean+ :ite rock4 ,to judge f its fossils1 x 0 deposit$ 9 deep] wat] ?an ! contempor>y b$s 9 ! nor? ( ! c\nty4 ,! ,l[] & ,middle b$s are also f> ri*] 9 animal rema9s2 & ! ,middle ,devonian ( ! s\?1 :i* is ! mo/ typical ( ! s]ies & includes ! lime/ones ( ,plym\? & ,torbay1 is cr[d$ ) %ells1 trilobites1 & corals4 ,among ! %ells1 bivalves--su* z ,/r+ocephalus1 :i* occurs only 9 ! ,devonian =mations--spiral univalves1 & corals are v abundant4 ,!re are also _m cr9oids1 di/9ct f ^? ( ! c>bonif]\s lime/one1 :ile p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic =m is ! r>e & curi\s ,caleola s&al9a1 diff]+ f all o!r corals 9 hav+ an op]culum4 ,!re are n _m v>ieties ( trilobite1 b ! l>ge ,brontes flabellif] is n uncommon4 ,illu/ration3 ,logan ,/one1 ,d>tmoor ,! ,l[] b$s ( ?is s]ies conta9 few] organic rema9s1 al?\gh a good _m fossils are f\nd1 includ+ fragm5t>y rema9s ( v>i\s fi%es :i* h n yet be5 id5tifi$4 ,! ,upp] ,devonian is1 on ! :ole1 v poor 9 fossils4 ,betwe5 ! two ,devonian areas1 & occupy+ a l>ge "p ( ! c5tre ( ! c\nty1 are ! c>bonif]\s or coal-be>+ measures1 conta9+1 h[ev]1 n true coal b an?racite1 :i* has m c>bon 9 x ?an is f\nd 9 ord9>y coal2 & ^! b$s are p]haps m (t5 kn[n z ,culm1 f ! ,wel% cwlwm1 a knot1 9 allusion to ! fragm5t>y condition 9 :i* ! m9]al is frequ5tly f\nd4 ,an?racite1 :i* else:]e & especially 9 ,s\? ,wales is a mo/ valuable fuel1 is "h clayey & impure1 & 9 ?9 seams4 ,x is work$ to a small ext5t1 to be gr\nd & made into a pa9t call$ ,bide=d ,black4 ,! ,culm measures consi/ ( grits1 %ales1 & s&/ones1 ) b$s ( *]t & lime/one conta9+ fossil plants & o!r =ms ( m>9e life4 ,fi% are few1 only two species hav+ be5 id5tifi$4 ,! an?racite occurs 9 ! middle ,culm1 & !re are o!r rema9s ( plants 9 bo? ! middle & upp] b$s4 ,! upp] ,culm is well se5 on ! coa/ ne> ,clovelly & by ! riv] ,torridge1 :]e x has be5 b5t by volcanic upheaval into curi\s & beautiful curves4 ,^! measures1 9 g5]al1 are *>act]is$ by _m outcrops ( volcanic rock1 "s ( :i* 7 probably contempor>y1 t is to say1 !y 7 p\r$ out :ile ! culm 0 9 process ( =mation2 :ile o!rs are intrusive1 or 7 =c$ up ?r\gh ! /rata aft] ^! _h be5 solidifi$ into rock4 ,^! igne\s rocks are f\nd 9 great v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,a smoo?ly-wea!r$ granite ,tor1 ,d>tmoor ,by f> ! mo/ important & /rik+ ( ^! volcanic =mations is ! great granite mass ( ,d>tmoor1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t features ( ! c\nty1 measur+ #bbe squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 & con/itut+ ! l>ge/ granitic area 9 ,engl&4 ,granite is a volcanic rock1 =m$1 x has be5 sugge/$1 by fusion at a great dep? & "u great pressure1 & consi/+ 9 ! ma9 ( ?ree m9]als1 qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica4 ,t ( ,d>tmoor is1 on ! :ole1 grey & co>se-gra9$1 b x v>ies a good deal 9 col\r1 f95ess1 & composition4 ,its real orig9 is obscure4 ,x has be5 assign$ by v>i\s exp]ts to v>i\s p]iods1 & x has be5 call$ ! sph9x ( ,devon geology4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt ab\t ! great di/urbance :i* has be5 caus$ 9 ! c\nty by upheaval & by ! intrusion ( melt$ rock1 :i* has b5t1 brok51 & twi/$ previ\sly-exi/+ =mations 9 a mo/ extraord9>y mann]1 ! results ( :i* are well se5 9 ! picturesque sc5]y ( ! ,/>t1 ,prawle ,po9t1 & ,bolt ,head4 ,lundy1 :i* is twelve miles f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ,devon%ire ma9l&1 is all granite1 except = a small "p ( its s\? end1 :i* is ,mill/one ,grit4 ,a long int]val ( "t appe>s to h foll[$ ! lay+ d[n ( ! ,culm measures1 dur+ :i* s va/ an am\nt ( %att]$ rock 0 worn away t :5 ! b$s t come next 9 ord]--! ,new ,r$ ,s&/ones--7 =m$1 !y 71 9 places1 deposit$ directly ^u ! ,devonian1 ! sup]9cumb5t c>bonif]\s or ,culm /rata hav+ entirely disappe>$4 ,! ,new ,r$ ,s&/ones occur *iefly 9 ! ea/ ( ! c\nty1 :]e _! l[] b$s fill up old creeks & valleys 9 ! c>bonif]\s sy/em2 & !y ext5d nor?w>ds f ! coa/ pa/ ,exet] z f> z ,holcombe ,regis1 =m+ broad b&s on ei!r side ( ! ,exe1 *>act]is$ by ! high f]tility ( ! ov]ly+ soil1 & ) "o long spur trav]s+ ! he>t ( ! c\nty1 pa/ ,cr$iton & ,exb\rne1 ) isolat$ pat*es r\nd ,ha!rleigh1 & ) ano!r & less ext5d$ prolongation a few miles we/ ( ,tiv]ton4 ,! ,l[] ,new ,r$ consi/s ( clays1 conglom]ates1 r$ breccias & s&s1 9 :i* occur _m outcrops ( trap1 ! evid5ce1 n only ( num]\s eruptions1 b ( eruptions ext5d+ ov] a long p]iod ( "t4 ,^! b$s conta9 no fossils1 except 9 fragm5ts ( old] rocks4 ,! ,middle ,new ,r$1 9 ! =m ( ?ick b$s ( r$ m>l & r$ & :ite lime/ones1 well se5 on ! s\? coa/1 is cov]$ 9 turn by ! ,upp] ,new ,r$1 ) b$s ( pebbles1 "s ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! ,devonian & ev5 f ! ,silurian4 ,9 ?is =mation1 ne> ,sidm\?1 h be5 f\nd ! rema9s ( two rem>kable reptiles1 ! ,hyp]odap$on1 a /range =m alli$ to ! exi/+ tuat]a liz>d ( ,new ,zeal& & 9 ,engl& only kn[n else:]e 9 ! =mations ( ,w>wick%ire1 & ! ,labyr9?odon1 s nam$ f ! intricate /ructure ( its tee?1 & also call$ ,*eiro!rium1 f ! h&-l impressions ( its feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,footpr9ts ( ,*eiro!rium1 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,! ,rhaetic b$s are n well se5 9 ,devon%ire4 ,!y occur on ! coa/ betwe5 ,lyme ,regis & ! m\? ( ! ,axe1 & 9 ! e/u>y ( t riv]1 b are mu* hidd5 by l&slips ( cretace\s =mations f above4 ,"o lay]1 consi/+ ( black %ale1 ) bivalve %ells su* z ,c>dium & ,pect51 conta9s also a bone-b$1 ) rema9s ( fi%1 su* z ,acrodus & ,hybodus4 ,! =m] is repres5t$ by its blunt tee?1 & ! latt]1 :i* 0 a huge1 %>k-l creature1 by its long & =midable-look+ f9-sp9es4 ,! ,l[] ,lias is expos$ 9 a n>r[ /rip ( coa/ f ! ,devon%ire bord] to ! m\? ( ! ,axe1 & to a great] ext5t 9 ! valley ( ! riv] above ,axm9/]4 ,x has be5 divid$ on ! coa/ into f\r di/9ct zones1 ea* *>act]is$ by its own p>ticul> species ( ammonite4 ,! cretace\s =mations occupy a mu* wid] area1 b !y also are conf9$ to ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\nty4 ,! ,gre5s&s ( ! ,blackd[n & ,haldon ,hills h be5 divid$ by geologi/s into fifte5 lay]s1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to z mu* z ?irty-five feet1 "s ) few fossils1 & "s v ri* 9 animal rema9s4 ,trigonia & ,inoc]amus are f\nd 9 almo/ all ! zones3 o!r =ms less widely di/ribut$ are ,murex & ,turritella4 ,*alk occurs on ! s\? coa/ f ! ,dorset bord] to ,sidm\?2 & 9 isolat$ pat*es x ext5ds inl& z f> z ! ,blackd[n ,hills1 & also fur!r we/1 9 ! ,haldons4 ,! ,l[] ,*alk1 well se5 on ! coa/ & to ! we/ ( ,h9ton1 is made up ( calc>e\s s&/ones1 ) ammonites & pect5s4 ,! ,middle b$s1 compos$ ( :ite *alk ) fl9ts1 ! zone ( ,t]ebratul9a gracilis1 is expos$ at ,be]4 ,! l[] & h>d] lay] is *>act]is$ by ,rhynconella4 ,! ,upp] ,*alk also holds _m fl9ts1 ) e*9i2 ,hola/] 9 ! l[]1 & ,micra/] 9 ! upp] /rata4 ,la/ ( all come ! t]ti>y deposits1 :i*1 h[ev]1 occupy only a small area 9 ! s\?-ea/1 *iefly 9 ! valley ( ! ,teign1 f ,k+/eignton to ,bovey ,tracy2 & !re are a few isolat$ pat*es1 z = example ne> ,bide=d & at ,plym\?4 ,^! b$s consi/ ( clays1 "s ( !m ( mu* value1 ) fl9ts f ! *alk1 & gravels & b$s ( s& d]iv$ f ! we>+ away ( old] rocks4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is =mation is ! lignite ( ,bovey ,tracy1 on ! ea/]n edge ( ,d>tmoor4 ,lignite1 o!rwise kn[n z br[n coal1 consi/s ( ! imp]fectly fossilis$ rema9s ( tropical or sub-tropical vegetation1 su* z ! palm1 c9namon1 & laurel1 among/ :i* are f\nd lumps ( res94 ,by f> ! mo/ abundant rema9s are ^? ( a v l>ge tree alli$ to ! sequoia ( ,cali=nia4 ,x is v rem>kable t 9 ! ,plei/oc5e clay above ! lignite are f\nd /ems & twigs ( ,arctic bir* & will[1 sugge/ive ( a f> cold] climate ?an prevail$ 9 ,t]ti>y times1 :5 ! trees t w5t to =m ! lignite 7 gr[+4 ,to ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod also belong ! gravels & alluvial deposits ( "s ( ! riv] valleys 7^? ( ! ,exe & ! ,teign1 = example71 ! bl[n s&s ( ,braunton ,burr[s & else:]e1 ! rais$ sea-bea*es1 ! subm]g$ =e/s1 & ! cave-deposits :i* are allud$ to 9 o!r *apt]s4 #g4 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ by naturali/s t ! ance/ors ( mo/ ( our fauna & flora rea*$ ?is c\ntry at a "t :5 :at we n[ call ! ,briti% ,isles =m$ "p ( ! ma9l& ( ,europe1 & :5 !re 0 no int]v5+ sea to b> ! way4 ,be=e ?is colonisation 0 complete1 h[ev]--t is1 be=e all ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,european bea/s & birds _h made _! way to ! extreme we/]n di/ricts--communication ) ! cont95t 0 brok5 (f4 ,! l& ( ! nor?-we/]n di/ricts ( ,europe sank4 ,! sea fl[$ 91 =m+ ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ! ,engli% ,*annel & ! ,iri% ,sea1 & ! influx ( animal life 0 /opp$4 ,?is is ! reason :y !re are m ?an twice z _m k9ds ( l& animals 9 ,g]many z !re are 9 ,engl&1 & ne>ly twice z _m 9 ,engl& z !re are 9 ,irel&4 ,?is is ! reason :y !re are no snakes 9 ,irel&1 & :y ! night+ale1 on return+ f ! s\?1 nev] crosses into ! si/] k+dom4 ,on isl&s t h long be5 sep>at$ f a cont95t x is f\nd t =ms ( life t5d to v>y 9 ! lapse ( "t1 & t fre% species are develop$4 ,t x is n long1 z geological p]iods g1 s9ce ,great ,brita9 became an isl&1 is %[n by ! fact t we h no quadrup$ or reptile except ! ,iri% weasel 7,mu/ela hib]nica71 &1 sett+ aside m9or diff]5ces :i* "s writ]s h magnifi$ to ! value ( a species1 only "o bird1 ! r$ gr\se1 :i* is n also to be f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,v diff]5t is ! case 9 ,japan1 :i* 0 sep>at$ f ! ma9l& ( ,asia s long ago t new species h _h "t to develope2 & ! isl&s ( t c\ntry conta9 _m k9ds ( bea/s & birds :i* are unkn[n on ! adjac5t cont95t4 ,"s ( ! animals :i* came f ,europe into ,brita9 h di$ out1 ei!r because ! climate *ang$ & s cut (f _! food supply1 or because !y 7 de/roy$ by ! hunt]s ( ! ,/one ,age4 ,! bones :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n at ,torquay1 & 9 o!r cav]ns1 af=d cle> evid5ce t ! mammo?1 ! lion1 ! be>1 & ! hya5a once roam$ ov] ! hills ( ,devon%ire4 ,al?\gh !re are _m m species ( bea/s & birds on ! cont95t ( ,europe ?an !re are 9 ?is c\ntry1 bo? birds & bea/s are num]ically mu* m common "h4 ,no?+ /rikes a naturali/ m =cibly :5 travell+ 9 ,france or ,italy1 = example1 ?an ! sc>city ( wild life1 & especially ! fewness ( ! birds4 ,x is true t we h few] species1 b we h _m m individuals4 ,to ?is1 sev]al causes h contribut$4 ,engli%m5 d n1 z is ! cu/om 9 _m ,european c\ntries1 %oot or trap = food small birds ( e description4 ,& game pres]v+--al?\gh x has be5 fatal to ! l>g] birds ( prey1 su* z kites1 falcons1 & buzz>ds1 & keeps d[n o!r species1 su* z jays1 magpies1 & c>rion cr[s--provides innum]able sanctu>ies = great numb]s ( ! small] birds1 :i* are safe f h>m dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,! natural features ( ,devon%ire are s v>i$ 9 "*1 includ+ z !y d l>ge areas ( wild & uncultivat$ & ?9ly-inhabit$ c\ntry1 toge!r ) _m well-wood$ & seque/]$ valleys1 & wide /ret*es ( bog1 salt-m>%1 & sea-coa/1 t x is v ri* 9 bo? animal & vegetable life4 ,its m>9e fauna & flora1 9 p>ticul>1 are ( v great int]e/1 & are among ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,r$ ,de] ,ne>ly all ! native mammals ( ! ,briti% ,isles are f\nd or h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 f ! tall r$ de] t has run wild on ,exmoor f "t immemorial1 d[n to ! pygmy %rew1 ! smalle/ b "o ( ,european quadrup$s1 & weigh+ only "o-t5? ( an ounce1 or ab\t =ty-?ree gra9s & a half4 ,illu/ration3 ,ott]s ,among ! eight species ( ,devon%ire bats is ! v r>e p>ticol\r$ bat 7,vesp]ugo discolor71 ( :i* ! only example ev] record$ 9 ,engl& 0 tak5 at ,plym\?1 hav+ p]haps travell$ !re 9 ! rigg+ ( a %ip4 ,x is probably m ?an a hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! la/ g5u9e wild-cat 0 se5 9 ! c\nty1 b bo? ! m>t5 & ! polecat /ill survive 9 seclud$ spots4 ,foxes are common1 & !re are /ill _m badg]s 9 "s ( ! ,d>tmoor valleys1 :]e ! two species h be5 kn[n to inhabit ! same holt4 ,ott]s ab\nd on all ! pr9cipal /reams1 & are z regul>ly hunt$ z ! r$ de] & ! fox4 ,devon%ire is1 inde$1 pre-em95t = its ott]-hunt+1 & ! ,culm/ock pack is believ$ to be ! olde/ 9 ! isl&4 ,h>ve/ mice & dormice1 al?\gh widely di/ribut$1 are n num]\s1 & ! orig9al ,engli% black rat is n[ r>e4 ,among ! _m m>9e mammalia t h be5 record$ = ! c\nty are two k9ds ( seal1 ! sp]m-:ale1 ! common rorqual--( :i* specim5s ne>ly #gj feet long h be5 br\ght into ,plym\?--! r>e bottle-nos$ dolph9 & ! /ill r>] ,risso's grampus4 ,bones ( a :ale call$ ,bala5opt]a robu/us1 :i* 7 once wa%$ a%ore 9 ,torbay1 are said to repres5t a species s r>e t ^! & a few simil> relics /r&$ 9 ,sw$5 are ! only rema9s ( x t h ev] be5 f\nd4 ,situat$ z ,devon%ire is1 betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,bri/ol ,*annels1 & conta9+ widely-diff]5t physical features1 suit$ to ! ne$s ( species ( v diff]5t habits1 ! li/ ( its birds1 includ+ resid5ts1 migrants1 occasional visitors1 & /raggl]s f ! ,atlantic & ev5 f ,am]ica1 is a v long "o4 ,among ! l>g] l&-birds :i* /ill hold _! gr\nd 9 ! c\nty are ! rav5 & buzz>d1 bo? ( :i* are to be se5 on ,exmoor & ,d>tmoor & on ! coa/1 & ! p]egr9e falcon1 :i* has eyries on bo? ! nor!rn & s\!rn seabo>ds4 ,a few pairs ( *\ghs /ill build 9 ! nor!rn cliffs2 :ile su* r>e birds z ,montagu's h>ri]--fir/ id5tifi$ z a ,briti% species 9 ?is c\nty--! hoopoe1 & ! gold5 oriole /ill occasionally bre$ "h1 & might d s regul>ly 7 !y left 9 peace4 ,sev]al birds1 su* z ! kite & ! osprey1 ! latt] ( :i* n[ bre$s n[h]e 9 ,engl&1 & ! =m] only 9 "o solit>y spot1 h long s9ce left ! c\nty4 ,w>bl]s z a family are less abundant ?an 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! night+ale is n[h]e common1 b x occurs e season ne> ,a%burton & 9 ! valley ( ! ,teign4 ,ow+ to ! mildness ( ! climate x is n at all an unusual ?+ = a few *iff*affs & will[-w>bl]s to sp5d ! w9t] 9 %elt]$ valleys on ! s\? coa/1 in/ead ( migrat+ to ,africa 9 ! autumn4 ,! r+-ouzel is a regul> visitor to ! op5 c\ntry ( ,d>tmoor1 :ile ! dipp] haunts _m ( its /reams4 ,two birds :i* h greatly increas$ 9 numb]s ( late ye>s are ! jackdaw & ! />l+4 ,x is ?\ght t ! =m] has done mu* t[>ds ext]m9at+ ! *\gh by de/roy+ its eggs2 & ! latt]1 by tak+ possession ( its holes1 has 9 _m places driv5 away ! gre5 woodpeck]4 ,p>tridges & pheasants are num]\s1 b black-game1 once abundant on ,d>tmoor1 h become s sc>ce t !y are at pres5t protect$ ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,b by f> ! mo/ abundant1 & p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 ( ! birds ( ,devon%ire are ! sea-f[l1 ! wat]-f[l1 & ! wad]s1 ( :i* m ?an #adj diff]5t k9ds h be5 record$ = ! c\nty4 ,n only are its s&y %ores1 its bays & e/u>ies & leys1 haunt$ 9 autumn & w9t] by multitudes ( nor!rn immigrants--swans1 geese1 ducks & a great v>iety ( wad+-birds2 b !re are sev]al spots along ! s\? coa/ & a few on ! nor? :]e sea-birds regul>ly bre$2 :ile ! re$-b$s ( ,slapton ,ley provide sanctu>y = great numb]s ( coots & = _m wild-ducks & teal1 toge!r ) "s r>] species4 ,h]ons are common on ! s\? coa/ & along ! riv] e/u>ies1 & !re are h]onries at ,p[d]ham & else:]e4 ,a great black-head$ gull 7,l>us i*?yaetus7 %ot on ! ,exe 9 #ahei1 is ! only "o kn[n to h be5 se5 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ on ! ma9l& ( ,devon%ire to comp>e 9 orni?ological int]e/ ) ,lundy1 :i* 9 ! summ] "t is a bird-lov]'s p>adise4 ,gannets1 once v num]\s1 h n[ left ! isl&1 b cormorants1 %ags & gulls ( v>i\s species "h build _! untidy ne/s4 ,"h multitudes ( guillemots & razorbills assemble 9 ! spr+ & lay _! great pe>-%ap$ & boldly-m>k$ eggs on ! l$ges ( ! cliffs2 :ile ev5 va/] ho/s ( puff9s come back e ye> to take up _! qu>t]s 9 rabbit-burr[s or 9 holes :i* !y h dug = !mselves 9 ! turf4 ,"h ! rav51 ! buzz>d1 & ! p]egr9e h fa/nesses4 ,"h1 9 *9ks & crannies1 /orm-petrels bre$2 & "h1 :5 d>kness falls1 ! />tl$ li/5] may he> ! weird1 wail+ cry ( ! night-w&]+ %e>wat]s4 ,! few reptiles & batra*ians ( ,devon%ire pres5t no po9ts ( special int]e/4 ,vip]s ab\nd on ,d>tmoor1 :]e !y are common] ?an grass-snakes4 ,x is curi\s t1 :ile ! palmat$ newt is common ?r\gh\t ! c\nty1 ! smoo? newt & ! triton are n[ comp>atively r>e4 ,! fre%wat] fi% diff] little f ^? f\nd 9 ! neighb\r+ c\nties2 b !re are few] k9ds 9 ,devon%ire ?an !re are 9 ! midl&s or 9 ! ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,tr\t ab\nd 9 all ! /reams1 & !re are important salmon-fi%]ies on ! ,exe1 ! ,d>t1 & o!r riv]s4 ,a /urgeon sev5-&-a-half feet long 0 once tak5 9 ! ,exe4 ,eels1 :i* are hat*$ 9 ! ,atlantic1 to ! we/ & nor? ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 at a dep? ( #cjjj feet or m1 come up f ! sea :5 !y are two ye>s old1 & /ill v small1 & asc5d ! riv]s1 especially ,exe1 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,:5 !y are mature1 :i* is n until !y are sev]al ye>s old1 !y g d[n to ! sea to spawn1 & nev] return4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 m>9e zoology1 = :i* few o!r p>ts ( ,engl& af=d s ri* a field1 & = :i* its bays & inlets1 its rock-pools & /ret*es ( s& provide ideal hunt+-gr\nd = ! naturali/1 t ,devon%ire is mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,_m fam\s zoologi/s1 su* z ,lea*1 ,montagu1 ,p>fitt1 ,gosse1 & ,k+sley h won r5[n bo? = !mselves & = ! c\nty by _! rese>*es2 :ile ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory at ,plym\? is con/antly add+ to our k ( ! multitud9\s inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,! subject is s va/ t only a few *ief po9ts c "h be t\*$ ^u4 ,! sea-fi% diff] 9 m>k$ degree f ^? ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,plaice & cod1 = example1 are small] "h ?an ^? caught 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! latt] are sc>ce2 & ! haddock1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ea/ coa/ fi%1 is "h almo/ unkn[n4 ,two *>act]i/ic fi% ( ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon are ! pollack1 :i* rea*es a great size1 & ! pil*>d1 conf9$ to ?is c\nty & to ,cornwall4 ,_m s\!rn & ev5 ,m$it]ranean species f9d _! way to ^! wat]s3 notable examples are ! gigantic tunny1 "o specim5 ( :i* weigh$ #gjj p\nds1 ! beautiful ra9b[ wrasse1 "o ( ! mo/ brilliantly-col\r$ ( all fi%1 & ! bo>-fi%1 :i* is sometimes q common4 ,a numb] ( r>e species1 su* z ,montagu's suck] & ! cry/al goby1 7 fir/ made kn[n z ,briti% ?r\gh be+ tak5 (f ! ,devon%ire coa/4 ,/ray examples ( ! tropical bonito1 ! fly+-fi%1 ! electric torp$o1 & ! sun-fi%1 "o specim5 ( :i* weigh$ #ejj p\nds1 & ! spl5didly-col\r$ opal or k+-fi%1 h be5 record$4 ,sev]al k9ds ( %>ks h be5 caught 9 ^! wat]s1 includ+ ! blue %>k1 ! sp9\s %>k1 cov]$ all ov] ) %>p prickles1 ! r>e & =midable hamm]-head1 ! huge ?re%]1 & ! /ill l>g] bask+-%>k4 ,! latt] is1 inde$1 ! l>ge/ ( ,briti% fi%4 ,specim5s h be5 caught measur+ #cj feet 9 l5g?1 & weigh+ m ?an eight tons4 ,m>ketable m>9e-fi% w be treat$ ( 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,ri* z are ! ,devon%ire seas 9 fi%1 !y are ri*] /ill 9 cru/aceans--crabs1 lob/]s1 prawns1 %rimps & _! allies2 & 9 ?is respect ours is ! premi] c\nty ( ,engl&4 ,among a multitude ( species1 two :i* h occurr$ n[h]e else 9 ,brita9 may be specially s+l$ out4 ,"o ( ^! is ! bury+-%rimp1 ,callionassa subt]ranea1 a little creature some?+ l a v small lob/]1 ) "o claw--sometimes ! "r & sometimes ! left--v mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,x 0 "o ( ,montagu's _m discov]ies1 & 0 f\nd two feet deep "u ! s& ( ! ,k+sbridge e/u>y4 ,! o!r r>e species is ! turtle-crab1 ,planes m9utus1 a few specim5s ( :i* h be5 drift$ a%ore on fronds ( ,s>gasso we$4 ,! small gras%opp]s :i* ,columbus saw float+ 9 ! sea a few days be=e he sight$ ! ,new ,_w1 71 x is believ$1 n gras%opp]s1 b turtle-crabs4 ,o!r & v beautiful =ms ( m>9e life1 su* z />fi%1 anemones1 corals & o!r zoophytes1 & sea-%ells are v abundant4 ,& 9 spite ( ! comp>ative sc>city ( lime 9 ! soil ( ,devon%ire1 ! li/ ( l& & fre%wat] %ells is a long "o4 ,x is rem>kable t ,limnaea /agnalis & ,planorbis corneus1 two wat]-%ells t are common 9 ,som]set1 are unkn[n 9 ,devon4 ,! pe>l-be>+ mussel1 ,unio m>g>itif]1 is f\nd 9 bo? ! ,taw & ! ,teign4 ,! c\nty is ri* 9 insects1 especially z reg>ds butt]flies1 mo?s1 & beetles2 b sev]al ( ! fir/-nam$ :i* h be5 caught 9 ,som]set h n be5 record$ "h4 ,! black-ve9$ :ite 7,pi]is crataegi71 once a common insect1 has disappe>$ )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s1 & ! greasy fritill>y 7,melitaea ,artemis7--ano!r vani%+ species--is n[ almo/ ext9ct4 ,nei!r insect c h be5 hunt$ d[n = ! sake ( its beauty or its r>ity1 & ! reason = ?is disappe>ance is unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,spurge ,hawk ,mo?1 ) ,pupa & ,cat]pill> ,z 9 ! case ( birds1 ! c\nty is1 f its position1 a fav\rite alight+-place = insects com+ f abroad4 ,betwe5 #ahgf & #ahij l>ge numb]s ( a v /rik+ & beautiful ,am]ican butt]fly1 ,danais plexippus1 appe>$ 9 ,engl&1 hav+ app>5tly cross$ ! ,atlantic1 & ?ree specim5s 7 caught 9 ,devon%ire4 ,! ,lulwor? skipp] 7,hesp]ia ,actaeon71 a small butt]fly :i* else:]e is only f\nd 9 ,dorset1 occurs along ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( ?is c\nty4 ,mo?s are v abundant1 & ! fir/ record$ ,briti% examples ( sev]al species 7 tak5 9 ,devon%ire4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 cat]pill>s ( ! spurge hawk-mo? 7,deilephila euphorbiae7 7 v pl5tiful on spurge plants gr[+ among ! s&-hills ne> ,b>n/aple4 ,_m ( ^! cat]pill>s 7 tak5 by naturali/s1 & 7 re>$1 & ultimately turn$ into p]fect insects2 al?\gh nei!r !re nor any:]e else 9 our isl& 0 a wild example ( ?is v beautiful mo? ev] se5 alive4 ,! spurge plants 7 long ago cov]$ up by drift+ s&1 & ! cat]pill>s 7 all de/roy$4 ,no o!r locality = !m has be5 f\nd 9 ,engl&1 & z f> z ?is c\ntry is conc]n$ ! spurge hawk-mo? appe>s to be ext9ct4 ,z might be expect$ 9 a di/rict ( su* v>i$ physical features1 ) s mild a climate & su* an ample ra9fall1 ! fl[]+ plants ( ,devon%ire are v num]\s1 no few] ?an #aaef species hav+ be5 record$4 ,! abundance & beauty ( its wild-fl[]s is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! c\nty4 ,no "o :o has ev] se5 !m w =get ! wond]ful weal? ( primroses 9 "s ( ! riv] valleys--at ,holne1 = example--or ! spl5d\r ( ! l+-empurpl$ sweeps ( ,d>tmoor1 or its %eets ( gold5 gorse2 or ! m>vell\s mi/ ( bluebells ^u woodl& slopes or 9 ! %elt] ( /raggl+ h$g][s4 ,ea* sev]al di/rict1 sea-%ore & salt-m>%1 moor & bog1 wood & valley1 has its own di/9ct & *>act]i/ic flora4 ,"o ,devon%ire plant1 ! ,romulea or gnotte1 ,romulea columnae1 a ,m$it]ranean species ) v small pale blue fl[]s1 is abundant on ! ,w>r5 at ! m\? ( ! ,exe1 b gr[s n[h]e else 9 ,engl&1 al?\gh x is f\nd 9 ,gu]nsey4 ,sev]al plants occur 9 only "o o!r ,engli% c\nty2 su* = in/ance are ! :ite rock-rose1 ,helian!mum polifolium1 & ! ,iri% spurge1 ,euphorbia hib]nica1 :i* are conf9$ to ,devon & ,som]set1 & ! fl[] ( ! ,exe1 ,lobelia ur5s1 :i* gr[s only 9 ,devon & ,cornwall4 ,?ree plants1 :i* are v abundant 9 ,som]set1 ! c[slip1 ! sweet violet1 & ! mi/letoe1 are r>e 9 ?is c\nty1 al?\gh n unkn[n4 ,! fir/ plants ( sea-kale ev] br\ght into cultivation 7 orig9ally dug up on ,slapton s&s2 & ! vegetable came into note 9 ,ba? ab\t #agge4 ,f]ns are *>act]i/ic ( ,devon%ire4 ,n only are mo/ ( ! famili> k9ds abundant1 b r>] species z ! true maid5-hair1 two filmy f]ns1 & ! p>sley f]n 7,cryptogramme crispa7 are to be f\nd4 ,! magnific5t royal f]n1 ,osmunda regalis1 /ill gr[s 9 "s ( ! riv] valleys1 & especially 9 ,holne ,*ase1 b x has suff]$ mu* f ! gre$ ( collectors1 & ! raids ( unscrupul\s deal]s4 ,a great v>iety ( sple5worts has be5 record$ = ! c\nty1 & "o ( ! *>act]i/ic h$g][ f]ns is ! pretty little ,aspl5ium adiantum-nigrum4 ,mosses1 also1 are v abundant1 & !re is "o k9d :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ,brita94 ,9 sea-we$s ,devon%ire is ri*] ?an any o!r c\nty except ,dorset4 ,among its #dfh diff]5t species is ! ,s>gasso or ,gulf-we$1 sprays ( :i* are sometimes ?r[n a%ore aft] r\gh wea!r4 ,except on ! moors ,devon%ire is well timb]$4 ,! elm is p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s tree1 b ! bee* & ! a% are also v abundant4 ,!re is a v f9e wy*-elm1 ) a trunk #af ft4 9 circumf]5ce1 9 ,%>pham ,p>k4 ,! sycamore1 :i* :5 well-develop$ is a v beautiful tree1 "h atta9s to f9e proportions1 & !re are noble examples at ,widecombe-9-!-,moor4 ,! oak1 al?\gh x gr[s freely1 does n1 z a rule1 rea* a great size1 ?\gh !re are "s well-gr[n specim5s at ,taw/ock ,c\rt4 ,!re is an oak at ,flitton1 ne> ,nor? ,molton1 :i* is ?irty-?ree feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & ! ,meavy oak is tw5ty-five feet 9 gir?4 ,an oak-tree ?irte5 & a half feet 9 diamet] 0 cut d[n at ,okehampton 9 #aggf1 & !re is a tradition t two c\ples danc$ ^u its /ump4 ,!re are no v rem>kable yews 9 ,devon%ire4 ,probably ! f9e/ are at ,/oke ,gabriel1 ,k5n1 & ,)ycombe ,raleigh1 b ! fir/ ( ^! is only fifte5 feet 9 gir? at ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,!re is a /ory t1 "u ! yew-tree at ,mamhead1 ,boswell v[$ t he w\ld nev] get drunk aga94 ,at ,b[r+sleigh !re is a magnific5t av5ue ( lime-trees1 & ! av5ue ( arauc>ias at ,bicton1 plant$ 9 #ahdb1 is said to be ! f9e/ 9 ! k+dom4 ,sev]al manor-h\ses possess "o or m noble old mulb]ry-trees plant$ 9 ! "t ( ,james ,i1 ) a view to enc\rage ! cultivation ( silk4 ,at ,buckl& ,abbey1 once ! home ( ,sir ,francis ,drake1 !re are "s beautiful tulip-trees4 ,palms & o!r sub-tropical trees gr[ )\t protection at sev]al places on ! s\? coa/2 & at ,k+sbridge & o!r t[ns pomegranates1 oranges1 lemons1 & citrons w rip5 _! fruit 9 ! op5 air4 ,a good _m places 9 ,devon%ire take _! names f trees4 ,?us ,a%burton is nam$ f ! a%1 ,egg ,buckl& f ! oak1 ,bickleigh f ! bee*1 & ,holne f ! holly4 #h4 ,a ,p]egr9ation ( ! ,coa/3 #a1 ,! ,bri/ol ,*annel4 ,devon%ire1 l ,cornwall & ,k5t1 is rem>kable 9 hav+ bo? a nor!rn & a s\!rn seabo>d2 a peculi>ity %>$ by no o!r ,engli% c\nty4 ,its two %ores pres5t /rik+ po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,! s\? coa/-l9e is brok5 by _m e/u>ies4 ,on ! o!r %ore !re is only "o important riv] m\?4 ,!re are1 x is true1 _m little coves & inlets on ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 "s ( !m ( great beauty2 b !y make little %[ ^u ! map ( ,engl&1 & ! /]n outl9e ( ! ,nor? ,devon coa/ af=ds no h>b\r ( refuge4 ,bo? %ores are rock-b\nd4 ,b :ile ! s\!rn cliffs are1 9 great measure1 ( w>m-hu$ & ev5 brightly-col\r$ /one1 ^? on ! nor? are d>k & gloomy2 & _! tones1 al?\gh 9 "s places v beautiful1 are set 9 quiet] key--9 grey or br[n or ev5 v]g+ ^u black4 ,aga91 ! s\!rn %ore is fr+$ at "s po9ts ) s&y bea*es2 :ile on ! nor? coa/ !re are no s&s at all1 except on ! we/]n side ( ,bide=d ,bay4 ,along ! nor!rn seabo>d ( ,devon !re runs a s]ies ( magnific5t cliffs1 9 p>ts heavily wood$1 ^: d>k walls1 slop+ /eeply to ! %ore & ) project+ bases sugge/ive ( ! ram ( a battle%ip1 are reliev$ at _m po9ts by deep1 rocky clefts1 kn[n v>i\sly z combes or m\?s2 ea* ) its /ream1 ea* gre5 ) f]ns & oak-coppice & ?ickets ( ?orn & hazel1 & ea* ) its butt]fly-haunt$ clumps ( tall hemp-agrimony4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ca/le ,rock1 ,lynton ,d[n su* a holl[1 ! deep & f9ely-wood$ valley ( ,gl5?orne1 runs ! bord]-l9e t divides ,som]set f ,devon4 ,r m ?an ?ree miles we/ ( x !re /&s out into ! ,bri/ol ,*annel ! d>k mass ( ,c\ntisbury ,=el&1 ! mo/ nor!rly po9t 9 ! c\nty1 & "o ( ! highe/ along its coa/1 #aajj feet above sea-level4 ,f\r miles beyond ! ,=el&1 at ! m\? ( a deep & well-wood$ valley1 d[n :i* runs ! beautiful tr\t-/ream f :i* x takes its "n1 is ,lynm\?1 fam\s = its sc5]y1 ( :i* two /rik+ features are ! ,wat]smeet on ! riv]1 & ! ,valley ( ,rocks on ! coa/4 ,a port & fi%+-village up to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 its small tidal h>b\r is visit$ n[ only by a few small coa/+ vessels4 ,ab\t f\r miles we/ ( ,lynm\? is ,h$don's ,m\?1 a little bay at ! foot ( t[]+ cliffs1 ) ano!r tr\t-/ream fl[+ d[n to ! sea ?r\gh "o ( ! lovelie/ combes 9 ,nor? ,devon4 ,five miles ( cliff /ret* f ,h$don's ,m\? to ,combe ,m>t9 ,bay1 a little inlet ly+ 9 ! %elt] ( two conspicu\s heights1 ! ,great ,hangman & ! ,little ,hangman--names associat$ ) no tragic /ory1 b d]iv$1 l _m o!rs r\nd our coa/s1 f ! ,celtic ma51 a /one--& ) its village1 once fam\s = its ri* silv]-m9es1 runn+ a mile inl&4 ,two miles ( rock-b\nd & dang]\s coa/1 swept1 especially (f ,rillage ,po9t1 by a /rong tide-race1 ext5d f ,combe ,m>t9 ,bay to ! anci5t port ( ,ilfracombe1 ^: mild yet brac+ climate & beautiful surr\nd+s h made x ! mo/ popul> seaside resort 9 ,nor? ,devon4 ,its little l&-lock$ h>b\r is almo/ surr\nd$ by l(ty hills & rugg$ cliffs1 ^: beauty is greatly height5$ by ! v>i$ col\r+ ( ! rock & by ! vivid gre5 ( ! abundant vegetation4 ,illu/ration3 ,valley ( ,rocks1 ,lynton ,ilfracombe is a place t has play$ a "p 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury x provid$ six %ips t[>ds ,edw>d ,,iii's exp$ition aga9/ ,calais4 ,x 0 f ?is port t ,que5 ,elizabe? s5t troops to ,irel& dur+ ! rebellion ( ! ,e>l ( ,tyrone4 ,9 ! ,civil ,w> x 0 tak5 alt]nately by ,royali/s & ,p>liam5t>ians4 ,x 0 f ,ilfracombe t ,wade & ,f]guson & o!r ,s$gemoor fugitives tri$ 9 va9 to escape by sea4 ,& x 0 "h1 9 #agif1 t ! ,fr5* squadron :i* aft]w>ds l&$ #ajjj sc\ndrels ( ! ,lgion noire at ,fi%gu>d1 on ! opposite coa/--! la/ ho/ile invasion ( ^! isl&s--burnt ! fi%+-smacks ly+ 9 ! h>b\r4 ,! ,fr5* %ips 7 9 ! end tak5 by ,"l ,bridport4 ,a %ort di/ance we/ ( ,ilfracombe is ,wild]sm\?1 a beautiful bay1 ) a gravelly bea*1 fam\s = its ri*ness 9 ! l[] =ms ( m>9e life1 & ?ree miles f>!r d[n ! coa/ juts out ,bull ,po9t1 a bold headl& gu>d$ by a p[]ful ligh?\se1 m>k+ ! nor?-ea/]n limit ( ! mo/ dang]\s "p ( ! coa/1 :i* "h turns abruptly s\?w>d1 fac+ squ>ely to ! op5 ,atlantic4 ,a little f>!r on is ,morte ,po9t1 ^: "n ! popul> fancy reg>ds1 al?\gh )\t f\ndation1 z h9t+ at ! deadly "* ( its black1 jagg$1 sea-swept rocks4 ,! village ( ,mortehoe1 a few hundr$ y>ds inl&1 0 ! prop]ty 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ( ! de ,traci family1 "o ( :om 0 among ! murd]]s ( ,?omas ,becket4 ,b !re is no gr\nd = ! leg5d t he 0 buri$ "h1 or = ! traditions ( him t are curr5t 9 ! di/rict4 ,a t9y little cove on ! s\? side ( ,morte ,po9t1 call$ ,b>racane ,bea*1 0 once fam\s = its r>e & beautiful %ells2 b x is n[ s widely kn[n1 & its *>m is s completely lo/1 t x has be5 said ( x t !re are m collectors ?an specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,ilfracombe1 f ,hillsbor\gh ,beyond ,morte ,po9t is ,morte ,bay1 mo/ ( ^: %ore lies l[1 & is fr+$ ?r\gh\t almo/ its entire l5g? by ! broad expanse ( ,woollacombe ,s&s1 along ^: m>g91 at heights v>y+ f eight to fifte5 feet above high-wat] m>k1 may be trac$ at int]vals a rais$ sea-bea*4 ,at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,morte ,bay is ! noble headl& ( ,baggy ,po9t1 a magnific5t piece ( cliff1 haunt$ by cr[ds ( sea-birds1 & pi]c$ by _m caves4 ,! %ore ( ,croyde ,bay1 beyond ! ,po9t1 is fam\s = its f]tility2 & f ! cre/ ( ,saunton ,d[n1 ! la/ headl& be=e ! e/u>y =m$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,taw & ! ,torridge1 is a view :i*1 embrac+ sea & coa/-l9e1 ri* expanses ( f>m-l&1 ! di/ant heights ( ,d>tmoor & ! fa9t %ape ( ,lundy on ! f> horizon1 is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 all ,devon4 ,along ! %ore to ! s\? ( ,baggy ,po9t1 :]e ,saunton ,s&s =m ! seaw>d fr+e ( ,braunton ,burr[s1 is ano!r long /ret* ( rais$ sea-bea*1 f two to fifte5 feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,& 9 ?is bea*1 n f> f ,saunton1 is a l>ge b\ld] ( r$ granite1 a rock unkn[n 9 ! di/rict1 :i* may h be5 /r&$ "h by float+ ice4 ,braunton ,burr[s is a long1 wide tract ( s&-hills1 "s eighte5 squ>e miles 9 area1 /ret*+ f> inl&1 & rea*+ to ! e/u>y ( ! ,taw & ! ,torridge1 ) deep holl[s among :i*1 )\t a compass1 x is q possible to get completely lo/4 ,x is a place ( mu* int]e/ to ! naturali/ & ! antiqu>ian4 ,a numb] ( r>e plants are f\nd "h1 great quantities ( primitive fl9t implem5ts h be5 discov]$ 9 ! s&1 & at l[ wat] ! rema9s ( a subm]g$ =e/ are to be se5 along ! %ore4 ,! e/u>y =m$ by ! comb9$ /reams ( ! ,taw & ,torridge1 ! =m] ( :i* is also kn[n z ! ,b>n/aple ,riv]1 fl[s into ,b>n/aple ,bay at ! s\? end ( ,braunton ,burr[s4 ,!re is no port on ! op5 coa/2 b j inside ! e/u>y are ! qua9t old t[n ( ,appl$ore & ! equally anci5t village ( ,in/[1 on ! left & "r banks1 respectively1 ( ! riv] ,torridge4 ,9 ! m\? ( ! same /ream1 a little to ! s\? ( ,appl$ore1 is a long flat rock call$ ! ,hubble/one2 nam$1 accord+ to tradition1 aft] ! vik+ ,hubba1 :o pillag$ ?is coa/ 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 & fell 9 battle at ! m\? ( ! ,p>rett1 9 ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,som]set4 ,block+ up a great "p ( ! riv] m\?1 & /ret*+ d[n ! coa/ pa/ ,we/w>d ,ho6 a di/ance ( ab\t two miles1 is ! ,pebble ,ridge1 a rem>kable bank ( %+le & sea-worn b\ld]s1 "s ( :i* are ( great size1 ?\gh ! majority are n m ?an a few in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! sea has gradually %ift$ x fur!r & fur!r inl&1 & x n[ cov]s :at 0 once a long /ret* ( good pa/ure-gr\nd4 ,on its l&w>d side are ! golf-l9ks ( ,nor?am ,burr[s1 consid]$ to be among ! f9e/ s\? ( ! ,twe$4 ,we/w>d ,ho6 a mod]n wat]+-place nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,k+sley's great romance1 is *iefly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( its subm]g$ =e/1 9 ^: peat & clay1 deeply cov]$ by ! sea at high tide1 h be5 f\nd1 n only ! trunks ( l>ge oak & fir-trees1 & bones ( ! wild bo>1 /ag1 horse1 & dog1 b bones ( man1 toge!r ) *>coal1 pott]y1 & implem5ts ( fl9t4 ,six miles s\?-we/ ( ,we/w>d ,ho6 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! curve t m>ks ! s\!rn %ore ( ,b>n/aple ,bay1 is ! prettily situat$ fi%+-village ( ,buck's ,mill1 ) r$ & wood-cr[n$ cliffs beh9d & beyond x1 & ext5d+ to ,clovelly1 ! fam\s little t[n t may truly be call$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable spots1 n 9 ,devon%ire only1 b 9 all ,engl&4 ,cr[d$ 9 a holl[ 9 ! cliff1 ) woods on ei!r side1 & ) an air ( climb+ up f its little tidal h>b\r %elt]$ by a r\gh /one pi] ( ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii1 x consi/s ( "o long1 w9d+1 pebble-pav$ /reet1 too /eep = :eel$ traffic1 ) qua9t & irregul>ly-built cottages to left & "r1 beautiful ) creep]s & myrtles1 fu*sias & g]aniums4 ,n only is ,clovelly intimately associat$ ) ! memory ( ,*>les ,k+sley1 ^: fa!r 0 rector "h1 b x is ! orig9al village ( ,/eepways1 9 ,dick5s & ,coll9s' ,*ri/mas /ory1 ,a ,message f ! ,sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,cliffs ne> ,clovelly ,a long /ret* ( wild & magnific5t coa/-l9e ext5ds f ,clovelly to ,h>tl& ,po9t1 :]e ! %ore aga9 turns s\?w>d1 & aga9 f ,h>tl& to ! c\nty bord]2 a wall ( precipit\s black cliffs1 reliev$ "h & !re by b&s ( r$ s*i/1 & brok5 at int]vals by gre5 combes su* z are *>act]i/ic ( ! seabord ( ,devon2 a t]rible coa/1 /rewn ) fragm5ts ( wreckage f ill-fat$ %ips4 ,illu/ration3 ,clovelly ,h>b\r ,h>tl& ,po9t1 believ$ to be ! ,promontory ( ,h]cules allud$ to by ! geograph] ,ptolemy1 is a noble headl&1 ^: d>k /eeps rise #cej feet %e] up out ( a dang]\s & ev] re/less sea4 ,p]haps !re is n1 9 any o!r "p ( ,nor? ,devon1 m /rik+ evid5ce ( volcanic upheaval & di/urbance ?an is to be se5 9 ! curv$ & gn>l$ & twi/$ /rata ( ! cliffs t t[] above ,h>tl& ,quay4 ,six miles s\? ( ,h>tl& ! nor!rn seabo>d ( ! c\nty ends1 z x began1 9 a deep holl[ 9 ! cliffs1 ,m>sl& ,m\?1 a beautiful combe1 d[n :i*1 "u /orm-beat5 oaks & ?ickets ( ?orn & hazel1 !re w9ds ! /ream t =ms ! bord]-l9e betwe5 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall4 ,illu/ration3 ,*ur* ,rock1 ,clovelly #i4 ,a ,p]egr9ation ( ! ,coa/3 #b1 ,! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,! po9ts t specially *>act]ise ! s\!rn seabo>d ( ,devon%ire1 & di/+ui% x f ! nor!rn %ore1 are its _m e/u>ies1 its num]\s bays & bold headl&s1 ! /rong1 deep r$1 9 "s places1 ( its rugg$ cliffs1 &1 9 a m9or degree1 ! s&y bea*es :i* l5d an add$ *>m to _m ( its seaside t[ns4 ,no natural feature m>ks ! spot1 half-way betwe5 ,lyme ,cobb & ! ,sev5 ,rocks ,po9t1 :]e ! bord]-l9e betwe5 ,dorset%ire & ,devon%ire beg9s4 ,b all t "p ( ! coa/1 almo/ z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,axe1 %[s signs ( hav+ be5 brok5 away by repeat$ l&slips2 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( :i* happ5$ 9 #ahci1 :5 a va/ mass ( cliff1 ext5d+ all ! way f ,p9hay 7or ,p9n]7 to ,culv]hole ,po9t1 slipp$ bodily d[n "s #cjj feet1 c>ry+ ) x fields & h\ses2 & x n[ lies 9 mo/ picturesque ru9 on ! bea*4 ,! m\? ( ! ,axe1 above ^: ea/]n side rises ! ,hav5 ,cliff1 a f9e mass ( r$ s&/one cr[n$ by :ite *alk1 has long s9ce be5 silt$ up by pebbles1 & no %ips n[ visit ei!r ,axm\? or ,seaton1 ! latt] ( :i* 0 once ( suffici5t importance to contribute two vessels t[>ds ,edw>d ,,iii's exp$ition aga9/ ,calais1 b is n[ only a wat]+-place4 ,beyond ! m\? ( ! ,axe1 sep>at$ f x by a mile ( l[-ly+ %ore1 ! ,:ite ,cliff1 also a sc5e ( _m l&slips1 rises %e] up out ( ! sea2 a f9e piece ( cliff-wall1 ! effect ( ^: b&s ( r$ & :ite1 ( br[n & grey1 is greatly height5$ by ! gre5 ( its abundant vegetation4 ,m /rik+ /ill is ! :ite precipice ( ,be] ,head1 ! mo/ s\!rly outcrop ( *alk 9 ,engl&1 worn above into picturesque & ivy-mantl$ crags1 & holl[$ at its base into _m caves4 ,f its summit1 #dbf feet above ! sea1 is a f>-rea*+ view ( ! coa/1 cov]+ ! #ej miles f ,portl& on ! ea/ to ! ,/>t on ! we/4 ,half-way betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,axe & ,be] ,head is ! qua9t & old-_w village ( ,be]1 fam\s = its labyr9?9e qu>ries tunnell$ deep into ! hill1 = its fi%]ies & lace-mak+1 &1 =m]ly1 z a special haunt ( smuggl]s4 ,f ,be] ,head1 pa/ ! little op5+s ( ,branscombe ,m\?1 ,we/on ,m\?1 & ,salcombe1 to ,sidm\?1 is a range ( magnific5t & picturesquely-col\r$ cliffs1 :ite & grey & yell[1 & at "s po9ts ris+ /raight up f ! sea-l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,p9hay ,l&slip ,illu/ration3 ,:ite ,cliff1 ,seaton ,sidm\?1 ! ,baym\? ( ,?ack]ay's ,p5d5nis1 set among beautiful hills1 & "o ( ! pleasante/ ( we/-c\ntry wat]+-places1 0 once a port1 ) valuable pil*>d fi%]ies4 ,b its h>b\r has be5 de/roy$ by repeat$ falls ( rock f its gr& cliffs ( deep r$ s&/one1 ! ,sid is silt$ up ) s& & %+le1 & ! pil*>ds h left ?is "p ( ! coa/4 ,ab\t a mile we/ ( ,sidm\? is ! beautiful headl& ( ,high ,peak1 ^: summit1 #eaa feet above ! sea1 is ! mo/ l(ty po9t on ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon4 ,j beyond x is ! popul> ba?+-place ( ,ladram ,cove1 ^: firm s&s are fr+$ ) brightly-col\r$ pebbles4 ,r m ?an two miles f>!r on is ! e/u>y ( ! ,ott]1 a h>b\r #ejj ye>s ago1 b n[1 l s _m ( ^! riv] m\?s1 b>r$ ) %+le4 ,close to ! e/u>y lies ! quiet little t[n ( ,budleigh ,salt]ton1 set 9 a beautiful valley1 fam\s = its mild climate & its luxuriant vegetation4 ,"s five miles ( coa/-l9e--brok5 half-way by ,/raight ,po9t1 beyond :i* ! %ore is l[--ext5d f ,budleigh to ! m\? ( ! ,exe1 ! wide/ ( ,devon%ire e/u>ies1 b almo/ clos$ by a long b> ( grass-gr[n s& call$ ! ,w>r51 on :i*1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 /ood a ,royali/ =t m\nt+ sixte5 guns4 ,exm\?1 at ! ea/ side ( ! e/u>y1 =m]ly a fi%+-village1 is n[ a highly popul> wat]+-place4 ,illu/ration3 ,p>son & ,cl]k ,rocks1 ,dawli% ,f\r miles f>!r on1 9 a little bay wall$-9 by l(ty cliffs ( deep r$ s&/one1 is ,dawli%1 not$ = its w>m climate & its good s&s4 ,at ! ea/]n end ( ! bay is a rock call$ ! ,lang/one1 & at ! we/]n end are ! /range-look+ pill>s ( r$ s&/one kn[n z ! ,p>son & ,cl]k4 ,teignm\? lies r m ?an two miles ,s4,s4,w4 ( ,dawli%1 ) picturesque r$ cliffs & firm s&s all ! way1 at ! m\? ( ! e/u>y ( ! riv] ,teign1 ^: swiftly-fl[+ /ream is "h cross$ by "o ( ! longe/ wood5 bridges 9 ,engl&4 ,x is a small port & a v popul> wat]+-place1 ) beautiful inl& sc5]y beh9d x1 & inside ! ,d5--! dune or s&-bank :i* b>s a great "p ( ! riv]'s m\?--is a good h>b\r = vessels ( light draught4 ,teignm\? is "o ( ! t[ns t 9 ! pa/ h suff]$ f ! attacks ( ! ,fr5*1 :o burnt x 9 #acdg & aga9 9 #afij4 ,illu/ration3 ,an/is ,cove1 ne> ,torquay ,f\r miles s\? ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,teign is ,babbacombe ,bay1 9 ^: beautiful cliffs ( r$ & grey is "s ( ! ri*e/ col\r+ on ! :ole coa/4 ,! pal]-ton$ cliffs r\nd ! picturesque little inlet ( ,an/is ,cove are ( lime/one4 ,half a mile f>!r is ! prom95t cape call$ ,hope's ,nose1 ! nor!rn limit ( ,torbay1 & a spot ( mu* int]e/ to ! geologi/ on acc\nt ( ! rais$ sea-bea* :i*1 at a height ( "s ?irty feet above ! pres5t high tide-l9e1 may be trac$ "u ! headl&1 & also1 at a l[] level1 on ! ,?at*] ,rock4 ,among ! m>9e %ells ( ! latt] deposit is ,trophon truncatus1 an arctic species1 ^: pres5ce "h is ano!r pro( t ! climate ( ,devon%ire 0 once f> cold] ?an x is n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,torquay f ,vane ,hill ,torbay1 :i* ext5ds f ,hope's ,nose on ! nor? to ,b]ry ,head on ! s\?--two prom95t headl&s ne>ly five miles ap>t--is "o ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ beautiful bays on ! coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,9 all except ea/]ly w9ds x af=ds an excell5t an*orage :i* 0 mu* us$ by %ips ( ! ,royal ,navy 9 ! old sail+ days1 & x is /ill a great ya*t+ /ation4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ! bay1 occupy+1 x is said1 m gr\nd 9 proportion to its population ?an any o!r t[n 9 ! isl&1 is ! mu* frequ5t$ wat]+-place ( ,torquay1 widely celebrat$ = ! beauty ( its situation & ! mildness ( its w9t] climate4 ,along ! :ole coa/ ( ,torbay1 at a level :i* %[s t ! l& has sunk "s =ty feet1 lies a subm]g$ =e/1 9 :i* h be5 f\nd bones ( ! wild bo>1 r$-de] antl]s1 & mammo?'s tee?4 ,b pro(s ( an elevation on a /ill great] scale are to be f\nd 9 ! bor+s ( sea-%ells 9 ! lime/one cliffs above ,k5t's ,cav]n1 )9 ! limits ( ! t[n1 at a height ( #bjj feet above ! pres5t sea level4 ,half-way along ! %ore ( ,torbay is ,paignton1 ano!r fav\rite seaside resort1 fam\s = its f9e bea*1 & on a /eep slope at ! head ( an inlet r m ?an a mile be=e com+ to ,b]ry ,head /&s ,brixham1 a t[n second only 9 importance to ,plym\? among ! fi%+-/ations ( ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,"h1 on ! #e? ( ,novemb]1 #afhh1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange l&$4 ,& "h1 six weeks aft] ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo1 ! ,bell]ophon an*or$1 ) ,napoleon ,buonap>te a prison] on bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,brixham ,beyond ,b]ry ,head1 :i* =ms ! end ( a broad promontory1 worn at its base into _m caves1 & not$ = its qu>ries1 !re ext5ds = _m miles--all ! way1 9 fact1 to ! m\? ( ! ,d>t--a /ret* ( v beautiful coa/-l9e1 ) l[ b f9ely-col\r$ cliffs ( s&/one & lime/one & slate1 v>y+ 9 t9t f r$ to purple1 & f br[n to grey1 ) a s]ies ( s&y bays & fr+$ by outly+ rocks1 two ( :i* are call$ ,mew/ones4 ,"o ( ^!1 /&+ j :]e ! coa/ sweeps r\nd to ! e/u>y ( ! ,d>t1 is a l(ty p9nacle ( /one m ?an #ajj feet high4 ,well inside ! m\? ( ! ,d>t1 on ! /eep slope ( its left or ea/]n entrance1 is ! qua9t little t[n ( ,k+swe>2 & opposite to x1 on ! we/]n %ore1 lies ,d>tm\?1 once a not$ port1 b n[ only a fav\rite ya*t+ /ation4 ,! old man-(-w>1 ! ,britannia1 an*or$ "h close to l& & long us$ z a tra9+-%ip1 has be5 sup]s$$ by a naval college on %ore1 & is n[ us$ only z a /ore4 ,d>tm\? is a place ( mu* hi/oric int]e/4 ,x 0 f "h t "p ( ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion's crusad+ fleet sail$ = ,pale/9e4 ,! port furni%$ ?irty-"o %ips t[>ds ,edw>d ,,iii's attack on ,calais4 ,twice1 9 ! half c5tury t foll[$1 x 0 plund]$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,x play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 & 0 tak5 fir/ by ,pr9ce ,maurice1 & aft]w>ds by ,fairfax4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,britannia & ,h9do/an 9 ,d>tm\? ,h>b\r ,betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,d>t & ,/>t ,po9t1 n9e miles z ! cr[ flies1 is ,/>t ,bay1 wall$ = ab\t half its l5g? ) l[ & quiet-col\r$ cliffs ( slate1 & fr+$ 9 great "p ) s& & %+le4 ,at ,blackpool1 a picturesque little cove ne> ! nor!rn end ( ! bay1 du ,*a/el ! ,breton l&$1 9 #adjd1 on a pillag+ exp$ition1 = ! plund]+ 0 n all on ! side ( ! ,engli%4 ,b ! ,fr5*man 0 kill$1 ) #djj ( 8 m51 & #bjj m 7 tak5 prison]s4 ,half-way along ! %ore ( ,/>t ,bay are ,slapton ,s&s1 :]e a bea* ( small & brightly-col\r$ pebbles & a bank ( %+le sep>ate ! long & n>r[ lake call$ ,slapton ,ley f ! wat]s ( ! ,*annel4 ,(f ?is spot1 m>k$ by two beacons on ! %ore1 is ! spot1 measur$ mile = te/+ ! spe$ ( /eam%ips4 ,n f> f ,slapton ! coa/ rises aga91 & above ! fi%+ villages ( ,halls&s & ,bees&s1 :i* /& at ! wat]'s edge1 rea*es a height ( "s hundr$s ( feet4 ,! p ( ^! two little hamlets tra9 p[]ful dogs1 :i*1 9 r\gh wea!r1 swim out ?r\gh ! surf1 cat* ! pa9t]s ?r[n to !m & ?us enable ! fi%+-boats to be dragg$ a%ore4 ,/>t ,po9t1 or1 z x is p]haps m (t5 call$1 ! ,/>t1 is "o ( ! fam\s capes ( ,brita91 a bold headl& slop+ /eeply bo? ways1 l ! ro( ( a h\se2 ^: iron base1 fr+$ ) :ite qu>tz pebbles2 has be5 ! sc5e ( _m %ipwrecks1 & ^: d>k cliffs & rugg$ crags are haunt$ by multitudes ( sea-birds4 ,! cliffs ( ?is "p ( ,devon1 f ! ,/>t r\nd ,prawle ,po9t & ,bolt ,head to ,bolt ,tail--cliffs ^: grey rock1 reliev$ by b&s ( :ite qu>tz1 has be5 b5t & twi/$ by volcanic upheaval1 & wea!r$ by ra9 & fro/1 by w9d & sea1 into ! wilde/ & mo/ fanta/ic %apes--are z rem>kable = picturesqu5ess ( =m z o!r p>ts are = ri*ness ( col\r+4 ,?ree miles beyond ! ,/>t is ,prawle ,po9t1 a magnific5t mass ( jagg$ rock1 ! mo/ s\!rly po9t 9 ! c\nty1 & a well-kn[n /e]+-m>k = %ips 9 ! ,*annel4 ,x 0 (f ?is %ore1 9 #agic1 t ! ,engli% %ip ,nymphe captur$ ! ,fr5* man-(-w> ,clopatre2 ! fir/ naval battle 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,betwe5 ,prawle ,po9t & ,bolt ,head is ,salcombe ,m\?1 a creek r ?an an e/u>y2 a long1 w9d+1 & picturesque inlet1 ^: entrance is ob/ruct$ by a bank ( s&4 ,trunks ( oak & o!r trees1 f a subm]g$ =e/ n f> f l&1 are sometimes ?r[n a%ore "h aft] r\gh wea!r4 ,to ! we/ ( ,salcombe /&s ,bolt ,head1 ( no great height1 b a noble mass ( rugg$ & wea!r-worn rock4 ,beyond ! ,head ! coa/ rises into /eep & l(ty cliffs1 culm9at+ 9 ,bolt ,tail1 close "u ^: ea/]n face1 9 #agfj1 ! #gd-;gun %ip ,ramillies 0 lo/1 ) m ?an #gjj ( h] crew4 ,a gun recov]$ f ! wreck lies by ! ,hope signal-/ation1 on ! height above4 ,^! cliffs h be5 mu* brok5 away by l&slips2 & a s]ies ( fissures call$ ! ,pits sugge/ t mu* m gr\nd is /ill to fall4 ,r\nd ,bigbury ,bay1 ( :i* ,bolt ,tail is ! ea/]n limit1 is "s ( ! mo/ beautiful sc5]y ( ?is beautiful coa/4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! bay is a great rock call$ ! ,?urle/one1 an outly+ mass ( r$ s&/one1 conspicu\s aga9/ ! g5]al greyness ( ! cliffs1 & pi]c$ by a l(ty ar*way1 worn by w9d & sea4 ,two e/u>ies1 ! ,avon ,m\? & ! ,erme ,m\?1 break ! coa/-l9e ( ! bay2 & !re is a ?ird1 call$ ,yealm ,m\?1 ne> ! entrance ( ,plym\? ,s\nd1 a c\ple ( miles beyond ! gr& slate headl& ( ,/oke ,po9t4 ,outside ! ,avon ,m\? is ,bor\gh ,isl&1 c>pet$ 9 spr+-"t ) ! beautiful blue ( ! delicate little v]nal squill4 ,! ,erme1 ^: m\? is gu>d$ by rugg$ cliffs ( slate1 is /rewn ) rocks & s&banks2 b ! e/u>y ( ! ,yealm is a f9e %eet ( deep1 navigable wat]4 ,/&+ f> out into ,wembury ,bay1 at ! m\? ( ! ,yealm1 is ! ?ird ( ! ,mew/ones1 a rocky & beautiful little islet1 ne>ly #bjj feet high1 & frequ5t$1 z its "n implies1 by _m sea-gulls4 ,! ,mew/one may be said to m>k ! ea/]n side ( ! entrance ( ,plym\? ,s\nd1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n1 mo/ important1 & mo/ beautiful bays 9 ! k+dom4 ,x is by nature fully expos$ to s\!rly w9ds1 & x has1 9 ! pa/1 be5 ! sc5e ( _m %ipwrecks4 ,b ! breakwat]1 :i* 0 built 9 ! e>ly half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury "r across x1 two miles s\? ( ,plym\? ,hoe1 ) ! special object ( %elt]+ %ips ( ! ,royal ,navy1 n[ af=ds a safe & excell5t an*orage4 ,ne>] ! %ore is ,drake's ,isl&1 n[ /rongly =tifi$1 b 9 ,/u>t times a ,/ate prison1 :]e ,lamb]t1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,p>liam5t>y g5]als1 sp5t ! la/ eighte5 ye>s ( 8 life4 ,at ! head ( ! ,s\nd1 on its ea/]n side1 is ! inlet call$ ! ,catwat]1 ! e/u>y ( ! riv] ,plym1 an important m]cantile an*orage1 protect$ by ,batt5 breakwat]4 ,x 0 "h t ! ,engli% ,fleet wait$ until ! ,spani% ,armada1 on its way up ! ,*annel1 _h pass$ ! entrance ( ! ,s\nd4 ,betwe5 ! ,catwat] & ! ,hamoaze1 ! great naval an*orage :i* ext5ds f ! ,s\nd to ,salta% ,bridge1 are ! ,?ree ,t[ns1 ,plym\?1 ,/oneh\se1 & ,devonport1 n[ jo9$ into "o by cont9u\s build+s1 =m+ ! busie/ & mo/ popul\s "p ( ! c\nty1 & con/itut+1 ) _! docky>ds1 b>racks1 gun-:>ves1 & victuall+ y>ds1 "o ( ! mo/ important /ations ( ! ,royal ,navy4 #aj4 ,coa/al ,ga9s & ,losses4 ,s&banks4 ,ligh?\ses4 ,!re are p>ts ( our isl& :]e1 ev5 )9 hi/oric times1 ! coa/-l9e has be5 greatly *ang$ by ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea1 usually ?r\gh ! we>+ away ( ! cliffs along ! %ore4 ,?is is especially ! case on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,engl&1 :]e1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 villages1 t[ns1 & :ole manors h be5 completely swept away4 ,! old t[n ( ,rav5spur1 = example1 a place t 9 its "t rivall$ ,hull z a sea-port1 is to-day a m]e s&bank f> out f %ore2 & ! sea runs tw5ty feet deep ov] ! once great %ipp+ t[n ( ,dunwi*1 ^: site is n[ two miles f ! l&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are places :]e ! rev]se has happ5$2 :]e ! %ore has ga9$ ^u ! sea4 ,! t[n ( ,y>m\?1 = in/ance1 /&s on gr\nd t fir/ became firm en\gh to build ^u n9e hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,a l>ge tract ( l& on ! coa/ ( ,c>n>von%ire has1 9 times mu* m rec5t1 be5 reclaim$ f ! sea2 & ! day _c be f> di/ant :5 ! mud-flats ( ! ,wa% w be "u ! pl\gh4 ,simil> *anges--*anges result+ bo? f ga9 & loss--h happ5$ & are /ill happ5+ 9 ,devon%ire4 ,braunton ,great ,field1 a ri* tract ( l& "s #cjj acres 9 ext5t1 cut up into hundr$s ( small freeholds1 01 x is believ$1 reclaim$ f ! e/u>y ( ! ,taw4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,pebble ,ridge on ! %ore ( ,b>n/aple ,bay has be5 sl[ly driv5 inl& by ! =ce ( ! sea1 & is said to h advanc$ #bjj y>ds 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 ?us cov]+ a long /ret* ( pa/ure-l& "u heaps ( /ones4 ,attempts h be5 lately made1 by means ( piles & groynes ( timb]1 to /op its fur!r movem5t4 ,mu* m rem>kable1 h[ev]1 & mu* m widely di/ribut$1 are ! alt]ations t h tak5 place on ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon%ire1 ow+ ma9ly to erosion ( ! cliffs & consequ5t l&slips1 & to ! wa%+ up1 by /rong curr5ts1 ( va/ quantities ( s& & %+le4 ,f ! ,dorset bord] we/w>ds1 especially betwe5 ,p9hay ,bay & ,culv]hole ,po9t1 9 ! ,:ite ,cliff ne> ,seaton1 & at ,be] ,head1 long /ret*es ( cliff1 und]m9$ probably by /reams & heavy ra9s1 h fall51 sometimes 9 masses half a mile long4 ,! old t[n ( ,sidm\? is n[ buri$ "u ! %+le1 ! cliffs t protect$ ! h>b\r hav+ be5 entirely wa%$ away4 ,at ,dawli%1 aga91 r m ?an fifty ye>s s9ce1 a mass e/imat$ at #djjj tons fell bodily into ! sea4 ,nor is ! erosion ! "w ( natural =ces alone4 ,9 #ahig imm5se quantities ( f9e %+le 7 tak5 f ! bea* at ,halls&s1 to make concrete = ,keyham docky>d1 ) ! result t ! bea* !re has sunk twelve feet1 t high-wat] m>k is n[ mu* f>!r 9-%ore1 & t _m h\ses 9 ! village h be5 swept away by ! sea1 ^: fur!r inroads h at la/ be5 *eck$ by means ( massive walls ( concrete4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,r\gh ,sea at ,ilfracombe ,mo/ ( ! s\? coa/ e/u>ies1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 h be5 m or less block$ up by banks ( s& or %+le1 "s ( :i* are /ill und]go+ *ange4 ,! ,w>r51 = example1 ! great b> at ! m\? ( ! ,exe1 n[ connect$ ) ! we/]n %ore1 0 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury jo9$ to ! ,exm\? side ( ! riv]1 & 0 /ill rea*$ f !re by /epp+-/ones z late z #agcj4 ,! ,w>r5 is n[ be+ sl[ly wa%$ away1 at ! rate1 x is said1 ( an acre 9 a ye>2 & ! riv] has )9 hi/oric times encroa*$ ^u ! site ( ,new5ham ,abbey4 ,great z has be5 ! loss ( l& on ! s\? coa/1 !re h be5 "s ga9s4 ,m ?an #agj acres ( l&1 = in/ance1 h be5 reclaim$ f ! ,laira ne> ,plym\?2 & ! village ( ,p5ny-come-quick1 l[] d[n1 ^: anglicis$ ,celtic "n means ! h\se at ! head ( ! creek1 is no long] at ! wat]'s edge4 ,9 #ahje "s ?irty acres 7 recov]$ f ! ,*>le/on m>%es1 on ! ,salcombe e/u>y4 ,! ,bri/ol ,*annel is "o ( ! mo/ /ormy & dang]\s p>ts ( ! ,briti% seas1 & is ! sc5e ( ab\t "o-t5? ( all ! %ipp+ disa/]s t happ5 on our coa/s e ye>4 ,9 its upp] rea*es navigation is made difficult by banks ( mud & s& :i* are cont9ually alt]+ 9 %ape & position4 ,on ! nor? coa/ ( ,devon%ire1 h[ev]1 !re are no outly+ s&banks4 ,!re is a small pat* ( s& (f ,lynm\?1 #a-a_/b miles ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,c\ntisbury ,=el&1 & ! e/u>y ( ! ,taw & ,torridge is ob/ruct$ by a dang]\s & %ift+ s&bank kn[n z ,b>n/aple ,b>1 ^u :i* 7! h>b\r b> ( ,k+sley's song71 _m vessels h be5 wreck$4 ,b ! dang]s ( ?is /ormy %ore lie ma9ly 9 ! iron-b\nd coa/ itself1 & 9 ! rocks t /ret* seaw>d f ! bases ( ! cliffs4 ,f ,bull ,po9t to ,baggy ,po9t1 especially (f ,morte ,po9t1 & aga9 f ,clovelly to ! bord] ( ,cornwall1 p>ticul>ly (f ,h>tl& ,po9t1 ! %ore is fr+$ ) reefs & %>p edges ( rock4 ,lundy1 aga91 is a con/ant s\rce ( dang] to sailors2 p>tly because ( ! _m rocks t /ret* out f x1 especially ! ,h5 & ,*ick5s at ! nor? end & ! ,lee ,rocks at ! s\?2 p>tly because ( ! /rong curr5ts t1 (f ! s\? po9t ( ! isl&1 run five knots an h\r2 & p>tly because ( ! fogs t s frequ5tly envelope x4 ,x 0 all ?ree clauses comb9$ t1 9 #aijf1 occasion$ ! loss ( ! fir/-class battle%ip ,montagu1 :i*1 c>ri$ out ( h] c\rse by ! curr5t1 & deceiv$ by ! fog1 became a total wreck on ! ,%utt] ,rock1 ! s\!rn extremity ( ! isl&4 ,(f ,lundy1 too1 are ! only banks ( importance4 ,ov] ! ,/anley ,bank1 :i* lies to ! nor?-ea/1 :]e ! dep? at "o po9t is only f\r & a half fa?oms1 !re run1 9 heavy wea!r1 ! dang]\s tide-rips kn[n z ! ,:ite ,horses4 ,! navigation ( ! s\? %ore ( ,devon%ire is mu* m important ?an t ( ! nor?2 p>tly because ( ! numb] ( ports 9 ! c\nty itself1 & p>tly because ! ,engli% ,*annel is a mu* m cr[d$ wat]way4 ,! pr9cipal dang] to navigation on ! s\? coa/ is ! gr\p ( reefs call$ ! ,eddy/one ,rocks1 f\rte5 miles s\?-s\?-we/ ( ! entrance ( ,plym\? ,s\nd4 ,!y are all cov]$ at high tide1 b ! top ( "o ( !m is n9ete5 feet above l[-wat] m>k4 ,9 ,plym\? ,s\nd itself1 especially ne> ! ea/]n %ore1 !re are _m rocks & %all[ pat*es4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! =m] is ! ,mew/one1 #aid feet high4 ,on ! ,%ag/one1 a little f>!r 91 ! ,p4 & ,o4 /eam%ip ,nepaul 0 lo/4 ,f ?is po9t ea/w>d ! coa/ is fr+$ ) rocks & small islets1 mo/ ( !m close 9-%ore4 ,b f ! ,/>t a *a9 ( s&banks call$ ! ,sk]ries ext5ds out "s miles f ! l&4 ,f ,bigbury ,bay to ! ,/>t is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s p>ts ( ! coa/1 & has be5 ! sc5e ( _m wrecks4 ,"h1 to "n a few ( _m in/ances1 7 lo/ ! ,ramillies1 ( ^: crew #gjh 7 dr[n$2 ! ,*antel\pe1 :5 only "o man 0 sav$2 ! ,m>ana1 f :i* sev5 m5 escap$2 & ! ,dryad1 on :i* e man p]i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se ,f ! m\? ( ! ,d>t to ,hope's ,nose !re are _m outly+ rocks2 b f t headl& to ! ,dorset%ire bord] ! coa/ is comp>atively clean1 t is to say1 free f ob/ructions4 ,all ! riv]s ea/ ( ,plym\? ,s\nd are m or less block$ by b>s1 ) ! exception ( ! ,d>t1 ^: entrance1 h[ev]1 is /rewn ) rocks4 ,to w>n ! sailor aga9/ ^! & o!r dang]s1 buoys1 bells1 beacons1 fog-horns or sir5s1 guns or explosive signals1 & ligh?\ses h be5 provid$ at _m po9ts along ! ,devon%ire coa/s4 ,!re are also num]\s /orm-signall+ /ations1 & !re are no few] ?an ?irte5 lifeboats1 ( :i* eight are on ! s\? coa/4 ,! m5 ( ! ?irty-?ree ,devon%ire ,coa/gu>d /ations h be5 ! means ( sav+ _m lives4 ,on ! two coa/s1 includ+ ,lundy1 !re are 9 all fifty-"o lights ( v>i\s sorts & sizes1 f ! eight fir/-class ligh?\ses ) massive /one t[]s1 ( :i* ! mo/ fam\s al?\gh n ! mo/ p[]ful is ! ,eddy/one1 d[n to ! small b useful lights ( a hundr$ c&le-p[] or less1 mo/ ( :i* are connect$ ) quays & h>b\rs2 :ile o!rs1 l t at ,clovelly1 light$ only 9 ! fi%+-season1 are tempor>y1 a numb] ( !m consi/+ m]ely ( a lant]n on ! top ( a po/4 ,a hut t c>ries ! r$ & :ite lights at ! m\? ( ! ,b>n/aple riv] is on :eels1 & is mov$ z ! b> %ifts its position4 ,! fir/ ,eddy/one ligh?\se1 a fanta/ic /ructure ( wood1 ) six /ages1 begun 9 #afij by ,w9/anley--:o1 :ile engag$ 9 build+ x1 0 c>ri$ (f by a ,fr5* private]1 b promptly releas$ by comm& ( ,l\is ,,xiv--0 swept away1 ) its build] & ?ree o!r m51 9 ! hi/oric /orm ( #agjc4 ,! second ligh?\se1 also ( wood1 built by ,rudy]d 9 #agjf1 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #agee4 ,! ?ird1 :i* 0 ! fir/ real ligh?\se ev] erect$1 0 con/ruct$ by ,smeaton ( /ones dovetail$ toge!r1 ) a %aft eighty-sev5 feet high1 %ap$ l ! trunk ( an oak-tree = ! sake ( /r5g?1 & ) ! idea t x w\ld (f] great] resi/ance to ! waves4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 #agei1 b its woodwork hav+ be5 burnt 9 #aggj 0 !n replac$ by /one4 ,! f\ndations ( ?is t[] hav+ be5 und]m9$ by ! sea1 a f\r? ligh?\se1 ^: top is #acc feet above high-wat] m>k1 0 built by ,d\glas1 betwe5 #ahgh & #ahhb1 on a rock =ty y>ds s\?-s\?-ea/ ( ! orig9al site1 :i* is n9e miles & a qu>t] f ! ne>e/ l&4 ,"p ( ! old t[] 0 tak5 d[n1 & re-erect$ on ,plym\? ,hoe1 9 memory ( ,smeaton4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,devon%ire lights ! ,eddy/one lant]n is ( ! gr\p-fla%+ ord]1 giv+ a light equal to t ( ne>ly #cjj1jjj c&les1 ) two quick fla%es e half-m9ute1 & visible 9 cle> wea!r = sev5te5 miles4 ,a m9or fix$ light1 9 ! same t[]1 %9es on ! ,h& ,deeps1 a bank to ! nor?-we/2 & ! ligh?\se is also provid$ ) an explosive fog-signal1 giv+ two reports e five m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,/>t ,ligh?\se ,o!r v p[]ful lights1 visible = f sev5te5 to tw5ty-"o miles1 are--giv+ !m 9 asc5d+ ord]--^? at ,h>tl&1 ,bull ,po9t1 ,c\ntisbury ,=el&1 ,nor? ,lundy1 ! ,/>t1 & ,s\? ,lundy1 ! la/ nam$ be+ ! mo/ brilliant ( all1 ( #cgd1bbe c&le-p[]4 ,all ^! ligh?\ses h fog-sir5s or explosive fog-signals4 ,mo/ ( ! ,engli% ligh?\ses are "u ! *>ge ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 a corporation f\nd$ 9 #aeab1 & n[ hav+ a ye>ly rev5ue ( #cjj1jjj1 d]iv$ f light-dues levi$ on %ipp+4 ,! exp5se ( keep+ up ! ligh?\ses ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #aiji am\nt$1 h[ev]1 to #dfd1edj4 ,! e>ly beacon-lights 7 simply fires ( coal1 & "o ( ^! 0 9 use at ,/ ,bees ,head z rec5tly z #ahab4 ,!re are n[ r\nd ! coa/s ( ,brita9 m ?an a ?\s& ligh?\ses & lights ( v>i\s degrees ( importance1 f ^? at ! ,liz>d & at ,/ ,ca!r9e's ,po9t1 :i* are ! mo/ brilliant 9 ! _w1 & may be reckon$ 9 millions ( c&les1 d[n to insignificant little /ructures1 ( :i* !re are _m1 l ! #ajj-;c&le-p[] ,jack-9-!-,box on ! riv] ,tees4 #aa4 ,climate & ,ra9fall4 ,! climate ( any c\ntry1 or 9 o!r words1 its av]age wea!r1 by :i*1 aga91 we mean its temp]ature1 ra9fall1 & h\rs ( sun%9e1 z well z ! dryness or o!rwise ( its air1 dep5ds ^u v>i\s circum/ances & conditions1 b especially ^u geographical position1 t is to say1 ^u ! ne>ness ( ! c\ntry to ! equator1 ^u its di/ance f ! sea & its height above sea-level2 p>tly also ^u its soil & vegetation4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ne>] we approa* ! equator ! hott] w be ! climate1 & ! ne>] to ! sea-coa/ ! mild] & m equable x w be4 ,! highe/ temp]ature 9 ! %ade ev] yet record$1 h[ev]--#abg ,fahr4--0 9 ! ,alg]ian ,sah>a1 at a spot n ev5 )9 ! tropics2 & ! greate/ cold ev] exp]i5c$1 #ij bel[ z]o1 ,fahr41 0 at a place 9 ,sib]ia only j )9 ! arctic circle4 ,! climate ( ! ,briti% ,isles is v greatly influ5c$ by ! great ocean curr5t1 (t5 call$ ! ,gulf ,/ream1 f its suppos$ s\rce 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :i*1 impell$ by /eady w9ds1 c>ries a con/ant /ream ( w>m wat] f ! equatorial regions t[>ds ! nor? pole4 ,?is curr5t wa%es ! %ores ( ^! isl&s1 & x is ?is circum/ance :i* makes our w9t]s s mu* mild] ?an ^? ( ,labrador1 :i* is no ne>] to ! pole ?an we are4 ,7 x n = ! ,gulf ,/ream our wea!r w\ld probably be m sev]e ?an t ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! highe/ %ade temp]ature ev] exp]i5c$ 9 ,brita9 0 #aja ,fahr41 at ,alton 9 ,hamp%ire1 9 ,july1 #ahha2 & ! l[e/ 0 #aj bel[ z]o1 ,fahr41 at ,buxton 9 ,d]by%ire1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahie4 ,a temp]ature ( #bc bel[ z]o is said to h be5 measur$ 9 ,b]wick%ire1 9 #ahgi1 b ! correctness ( ! record has be5 que/ion$4 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 ( m importance1 is ! av]age temp]ature = ! ye>1 :i*1 = ! :ole ( ,engl&1 is #dh ,fahr4 ,! sunnie/ "p ( ,engl& lies1 z might be expect$1 along ! s\? coa/1 al?\gh ! s\?-ea/ & s\?-we/ coa/s also get m sun%9e ?an inl& di/ricts 9 ! same latitude4 ,! sun is above ! horizon 9 ?is c\ntry = m ?an #ddej h\rs 9 ! ye>2 b1 ow+ to ! frequ5t pres5ce ( cl\ds1 he is n visible = ev5 half t "t 9 any "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles & ! av]age = ! c\ntry z a :ole is only #acee h\rs4 ,! s\!rn coa/s sometimes enjoy #bjjj h\rs ( bright sun%9e 9 a ye>1 b _! av]age is probably n m ?an #agjj or #ahjj h\rs1 or ab\t five h\rs a day all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! am\nt decreases z we g nor?2 :ile ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( ! midl& c\nties1 ow+ to ! smoke :i* s (t5 obscures ! sky1 get #abjj h\rs or less4 ,at ,man*e/] 9 #aijg only #hid h\rs ( sun%9e 7 record$ = ! ye>'s total4 ,! sunnie/ mon?s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry g5]ally are ,may & ,june1 & ! gloomie/ mon? is ,decemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,w9t] ,g>d5 at ,torquay ,! climate ( a c\ntry1 h[ev]1 dep5ds n only ^u ! sun%9e1 b ^u ! ra9fall4 ,! am\nt ( ra9 t falls 9 any place v>ies accord+ to ! height ( t place above ! sea1 its di/ance f ! coa/1 & ! configuration ( ! gr\nd1 t is to say1 ^u its position ) respect to valleys1 up :i* moi/ure-lad5 air may be driv5 by ! w9d1 to be compress$ & cool$ until its moi/ure falls 9 ra94 ,! ra9fall v>ies v mu* 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 b ! av]age am\nt = ! :ole c\ntry is ab\t #cc in*es 9 a ye>4 ,:5 we speak ( an in* ( ra9 we mean t x w\ld lie an in* deep on a p]fectly level piece ( gr\nd4 ,?us1 if all ! ra9 t fell 9 a ye> /ay$ on ! gr\nd1 & did n evaporate1 or run away1 or s9k into ! e>?1 ! wat] w\ld be #cc in*es deep all ov] ,engl& at ! end ( ! twelve mon?s4 ,an in* ( ra9 all ov] an acre ( gr\nd weighs r m ?an #ajj tons4 ,n only does ! ra9fall v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b x v>ies 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,! wette/ ye> on record 0 #aijc1 :5 ! ra9fall av]ag$ #ej in*es = ! :ole ( ,engl&2 & ! drie/ ye> 0 #ahhg1 :5 x am\nt$ to no m ?an #bd in*es4 ,! heavie/ ra9fall 9 ,great ,brita9 is 9 ! m\nta9s r\nd ,b5 ,nevis & ,sn[don1 9 ! ,engli% ,lake ,di/rict1 & 9 ! upl&s ( ,cornwall & ,devon4 ,& x may fairly accurately be said t1 z we cross ,engl& f we/ to ea/1 ! am\nt ( ! annual fall /eadily decreases1 z is %[n 9 ! accompany+ map4 ,! moi/ure-lad5 cl\ds1 driv5 across ! ,atlantic by ! preval5t ,s4,w4 w9ds1 dis*>ge _! cont5ts on meet+ ! cold high l&s ( we/]n ,engl&1 :i* ?us act z a sort ( umbrella1 ! drie/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry be+ on ! ea/ coa/4 ,:ile ! av]age fall ov] a consid]able "p ( ! we/ side ( x is f #dj to #fj in*es1 t on ! ea/ is no m ?an f #be to #cj2 & r\nd ! ,wa% & 9 p>ts ( ,suffolk & ,essex x is "u #be in*es4 ,?us x sometimes happ5s t :5 ! we/ ( ,engl& has ra9 en\gh & to sp>e1 ! ea/]n di/ricts are suff]+ f ! want ( x4 ,! effect ( ?is diff]5ce is %[n 9 a m>k$ degree 9 ! "* ( ! crops4 ,! f>ms ( ! ra9i] we/ are to a great ext5t laid d[n 9 grass4 ,! dri] di/ricts ( ! ea/ gr[ m corn1 :i* ne$s dry wea!r to rip5 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,engl& ,,wales ,,annual ,,ra9fall 7,! figures give ! approximate annual ra9fall 9 in*es47 ,! drie/ mon? 9 ,engl& g5]ally is ,m>*1 ^: ra9fall av]ages #adf in*es2 & ! wette/ is ,octob]1 9 :i* ! av]age am\nt is #bha in*es4 ,! pleasant climate ( ,devon%ire1 :i* is highly conducive to heal? & to extreme longevity1 & :i*1 especially 9 ! s\?1 fav\rs luxuriant & ev5 sub-tropical vegetation1 owes its "* to five ma9 causes2--! fact t ! c\nty is b\nd$ on two sides by ! sea2 ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream or w>m ocean curr5t1 :i* directly affects bo? coa/s2 ! w>m? & moi/ure ( ! prevail+ w9ds2 ! %elt] af=d$ to ! s\!rn di/ricts by ! high gr\nd ( ,d>tmoor2 & ! l>ge am\nt ( bright sun%9e :i* ! c\nty1 & especially ! s\? ( x1 is fav\r$4 ,x is ow+ to ! ,gulf ,/ream t ! temp]ature ( ! sea 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel is _m degrees high] 9 w9t]1 ev5 z f> ea/ z ! ,goodw9s1 ?an t 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,?us1 ! ea/ w9d1 bl[+ ov] #bjj miles ( w>m$ wat]1 has1 by ! "t x rea*es ,devon%ire1 lo/ mu* ( its prov]bial bitt]ness4 ,on ! o!r h& x is ma9ly ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream t ! climate ( ,ilfracombe is m equable ?an t ( any o!r t[n 9 ,engl& except ,falm\?1 & is1 9 fact1 f half a degree to a degree w>m] 9 w9t] & cool] 9 summ] ?an ,torquay itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,upcott ,lane1 ,bide=d ,x is l>gely ! %elt] giv5 to x by ,d>tmoor & ! ,blackd[n ,hills t makes ! s\? & s\?-ea/ ( ,devon%ire s fam\s = its w>m & pleasant climate4 ,! s\?-we/ also b5efits f ! protection af=d$ by ! spurs ( ,d>tmoor1 b ! ra9fall ( t di/rict is heavi] & ! air m relax+4 ,! prevail+ w9ds 9 ,devon%ire are ! we/ & s\?-we/1 :i*1 bl[+ across ! op5 ,atlantic1 are also ! *ief ra9-c>ry+ w9ds4 ,bo? are comp>atively w>m1 ! latt] foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,b !y are (t5 viol5t1 & vegetation fully expos$ to !m does n fl\ri%4 ,! p59sula ( :i* ,devon%ire =ms a "p conta9s ! w>me/ di/ricts 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! annual av]age temp]ature ( ! :ole c\nty is #di-a_/b ,fahr41 :i* is a degree & a half high] ?an t ( ! :ole ( ,engl&2 :ile ! av]age = ,torquay is #ea4 ,9 ! ?ree w9t] mon?s1 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*1 9 :i* ! av]age temp]ature = ,london is #cig1 t = ,torquay is #dac4 ,! annual am\nt ( bright sun%9e 9 ,devon%ire naturally v>ies 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,9 #aijf x 0 ne>ly #bjjj h\rs on ! s\? coa/1 & n less ?an #ahjj on ! nor?4 ,! av]age am\nt appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be ab\t #agjj 9 ! s\?1 & #aejj on ! nor? coa/1 or betwe5 ?ree & f\r h\rs a day4 ,! actual am\nt w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be mu* m ?an ?is 9 summ]1 & mu* less 9 ! w9t]4 ,! am\nt ( ra9 9 ,devon%ire 9 #aijg1 :i* 0 an av]age ye> ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 0 7tak+ ! mean ( ! #afi /ations nam$ 9 ,dr ,h4 ,r4 ,mill's ,briti% ,ra9fall7 #dabd in*es1 fall+ on #baj days1 or ab\t #g-a_/b in*es & #g days above ! av]age = ! :ole ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,9 ! same ye> #aif4af in*es ( ra9 7 regi/]$ at ! ,llyn ,llydaw ,copp] ,m9e ne> ,sn[don1 & only #aff in*es at ,clacton-on-,sea4 ,! wette/ "p ( ! c\nty is ,d>tmoor1 :i* cat*es ! moi/ure-lad5 cl\ds com+ up f ! ,atlantic4 ,9 #aijg "s #ha in*es ( ra9 fell at ,pr9cet[n1 at a spot #acij feet above ! sea4 ,?is am\nt 01 h[ev]1 mu* exce$$ 9 #aijc1 :5 ! ra9fall at ! same /ation 0 #ajbcb in*es1 & 9 ,c[sic ,valley1 a little l[] d[n1 x 0 half an in* m4 ,! drie/ "p ( ,devon%ire is ! s\?-ea/ coa/4 ,9 #aijg only #bfbg in*es ( ra9 fell at ,exm\?1 = example4 ,heavy z ! ra9fall is1 ! slopes ( ! l& are s /eep & ! soil 9 g5]al s por\s t ! wat] soon runs away1 ) ! result t bo? ! e>? & ! air are dri] ?an might be expect$4 ,a feature ( ,d>tmoor ev5 m /rik+ & *>act]i/ic ?an its heavy ra9fall is ! fog :i* s frequ5tly cov]s x1 & :i* is sometimes s d5se z to cause ! mo/ exp]i5c$ moor-m5 to lose _! way4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! climate ( ,devon%ire may be describ$ z w>m & moi/ & rem>kably equable4 ,! w9t]s are v mild1 & sn[ is r>e1 except on ,d>tmoor4 ,on ! s\? coa/ ( ! c\nty _m plants :i* 9 less fav\r$ p>ts ( ,engl& ne$ protection 9 ! w9t]1 su*1 = in/ance1 z g]aniums1 hydrangeas1 heliotropes1 & camellias1 are left out-(-doors all ! ye>4 ,magnolias rea* to ! tops ( ! h\ses1 myrtles gr[ to a height ( ?irty feet or m1 palms & eucalyptus fl\ri%1 & oranges1 lemons1 & citrons d well 9 ! op5 air4 ,devon%ire seems peculi>ly liable to seismic di/urbances1 & _m slight %ocks ( e>?quake h be5 record$4 #ab4 ,p--,race4 ,dialects4 ,settlem5ts4 ,population4 ,! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,devon%ire1 ! p ( ! ,palaeoli?ic or ,e>ly ,/one ,age1 h left few traces beyond _! weapons & implem5ts ( fl9t4 ,!y liv$ 9 caves or on ! banks ( riv]s4 ,!y 7 hunt]s1 & appe> to h practis$ no craft b t ( hunt+1 :ile _! arts seem to h be5 almo/ if n entirely limit$ to ! use ( fire & to ! mak+ ( rude in/rum5ts ( /one4 ,b dur+ ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod1 z ! ,lat] ,/one ,age is call$1 ! di/rict1 x is believ$1 0 invad$ by an ,ib]ian or ,iv]nian race f s\?-we/]n ,europe1 a race possess+ flocks & h]ds1 ) a k ( _m arts & crafts1 su* z sp9n+ & weav+1 ! mak+ ( pott]y & ( dug-out canoes1 b hav+ at fir/ no acqua9tance ) ! use ( metal4 ,!y 7 ( ! same /ock z ! ,silures ( ,s\? ,wales1 & 7 probably d>k-hair$ & black-ey$1 r\nd-head$ & %ort ( /ature4 ,_! desc5dants may1 p]haps1 /ill be se5 9 ! c\nty1 especially on ! skirts ( ,exmoor1 & x is q possible t _! bre$s ( dome/ic animals may be repres5t$ ^u ,devon%ire f>ms to-day4 ,! ,ib]ians 71 x is ?\ght1 conqu]$ & driv5 we/w>d by ! v diff]5t ,goidels or ,gaels1 a p[]ful ,celtic race1 tall1 fair1 long-head$1 mu* fur!r advanc$ 9 arts & crafts1 & to "s ext5t us]s ( bronze = tools & ornam5ts4 ,x is ?\ght by "s au?orities t x 0 !y :o set up ! /one circles1 av5ues1 & m5hirs1 & :o built ! rude /one huts :i* /ill rema9 on ,d>tmoor4 ,_m ( ! p ( ,scotl& & ,irel& are _! desc5dants1 & _! language is /ill spok5 9 ! ,highl&s & ,we/]n ,isles ( ,scotl&1 9 p>ts ( ,irel&1 & 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,! ,gaels 71 x is believ$1 succe$$ & conqu]$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ by ! ,bry?ons1 ano!r ,celtic race1 :o gave _! "n to our isl&4 ,!y took possession ( ,wales1 & ( ,scotl& z f> z ! ,highl&s1 b !y d n appe> to h cross$ into ,irel&4 ,!y 71 to a great ext5t1 us]s ( bronze1 b !y also work$ 9 iron1 & 7 ! fir/ ( ! ,iron ,age 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is probable t !y built mo/ ( ! hill-=ts ( ,devon%ire1 & t !y made _m ( ! roads1 "s ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds adapt$ & improv$ by ! ,romans4 ,%ortly be=e ! l&+ ( ,julius ,caes>1 ,brita9 0 invad$ by /ill ano!r ,celtic race1 ! ,belgae f ,gaul1 a tall1 d>k-hair$ p1 z may be ga!r$ f ! appe>ance ( _! desc5dants1 ! ,walloons ( ,lige & ! ,ard5nes4 ,! ,roman t5ure ( ,devon%ire 0 ( a v limit$ "*1 & c h _h little effect ^u ! inhabitants4 ,! ,saxon occupation ( ! di/rict 0 m ( ! nature ( colonisation ?an ( conque/4 ,by ! "t !y _h cross$ ,som]set ! ,saxons 71 at lea/ nom9ally1 ,*ri/ians2 & al?\gh _! treatm5t ( ! orig9al occupants 0 none too g5tle1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! expulsion ( ! ,britons f ,exet] by ,a!l/an1 x seems likely t ! two races settl$ quietly d[n toge!r1 ! ,saxons probably becom+ ! l&-own]s1 & ! ,celts ! peasantry4 ,x is ?\ght t ! ma9 population ( ! c\nty is ,celtic1 ( "o or o!r ( ! ?ree waves ( ,celtic invasion4 ,!re are 9 ,devon%ire _m ,celtic place-names1 especially ( hills & riv]s2 & "s ( ! latt]1 ) ! addition ( ,saxon end+s1 su* z ham1 ton1 & /ock1 survive also 9 ! names ( t[ns4 ,9 "s cases1 curi\s ,engli%-look+ names c be trac$ to ,celtic words ( q ano!r mean+4 ,?us1 ,b[]man's ,nose1 ! "n ( a fam\s crag on ,d>tmoor1 is probably a corruption ( ,veor ma51 ! great /one4 ,! dialect ( ,devon%ire1 l ! v simil> spee* ( we/ ,som]set1 is ,saxon1 ) /rong traces ( ,celtic influ5ce 9 its pronunciation4 ,"o ( _m peculi>ities is ! s\nd ( ! diph?ongs oo & ou1 :i* are pron\nc$ l ! ,fr5* u or ! ,g]man 4 ,ano!r peculi>ity is ! great v>iety ( ! v[el s\nds1 & ! indi/9ctness or modification ( "s ( ! consonants4 ,aga91 ? & ev5 v are (t5 s\nd$ l dh4 ,x is also v *>act]i/ic to put d = ? z1 = in/ance1 dat* = ?at*1 or di%le = ?i/le4 ,!re are _m words 9 common use 9 ,devon%ire :i* are almo/ or entirely unkn[n else:]e1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z survivals ( anci5t ,saxon or1 9 "s cases1 ,briti% spee*4 ,su*1 = example1 are3-- :i%t1 weird1 uncanny1 lonely1 ov]look$4 cloam1 e>!nw>e4 clam1 a foot-bridge4 y>k1 lively4 /iv]y1 disord]$4 clunk1 to swall[4 giglets1 "y m5 or wom5 seek+ new situations4 havage1 "*4 zamzoaky1 tepid4 coo*ey1 clumsy4 mawn1 a basket4 frickety1 heavy1 sodd54 pluff1 n well4 spraggetty1 spott$4 dimpety1 dusk4 *icket1 *e]ful4 spilsky1 lean4 fess1 sm>t4 plum1 s(t4 scaml91 irregul>4 ?urdle1 mis]able4 sklum1 to grasp r\ghly4 yaw1 to bite4 %ugg1 %y4 ippet1 a liz>d4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t "s ( ! =ms ( ,devon%ire dialect :i* /rike ! educat$ e> z ungrammatical are really survivals ( pure ,saxon spee*1 su* z 0 9 use at ! c\rts ( ,alfr$ ! ,great & ,a!l/an4 ,engli% 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl& has und]gone great *anges4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,c\ntry x has 9 "s respects kept clos] to ! orig9al =ms4 ,! ,norman ,conque/ left its m>k 9 _m places4 ,d\ble names1 su* z ,b]ry ,pom]oy1 ,samp=d ,c\rt5ay1 & ,we> ,gif=d1 sugge/ ! addition ( a ,norman family title to ! exi/+ ,saxon "n ( a manor4 ,x is q possible t ! common ,devon%ire ^w fay1 z 9 ,yes1 fay & ,no1 fay1 is a survival ( ! ,old ,fr5* fay 7= foi71 fai?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,cockle ,woman1 ,riv] ,exe ,hugu5ots & o!r ,fr5* refugees h also at v>i\s times settl$ 9 ! c\nty1 z1 = in/ance1 at ,exet]1 :]e !y introduc$ ! art ( weav+ tape/ry1 at ,b>n/aple1 :]e !y taught new & bett] me?ods ( mak+ clo?1 & at ,plym\?1 :]e _m took refuge aft] ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes4 ,& x seems likely t ,bratton ,flem+ & ,/oke ,flem+ 7 nam$ aft] ,flemi% immigrants1 _m ( :om settl$ 9 ,devon%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,honiton ,lace-,work] ,! population ( ! ,geographical ,c\nty ( ,devon%ire1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aija1 is #ffa1cad1 & !re are 9 ! c\nty #abc1fjh inhabit$ h\ses4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! population 0 #cdj1cjh2 x has1 !re=e1 n q d\bl$ dur+ ! c5tury4 ,9 ! busi] c\nty ( ,k5t ! population has 9 ! same "t increas$ f #bfh1jig to #a1cdh1hda4 ,9 common ) all except five ( ! c\nties ( ,engl&1 !re are 9 ,devon%ire m wom5 ?an m52 ! excess ( ! female ov] ! male population be+ #cg1jif4 ,! *ief occupation is agriculture1 :i* provides employm5t = #db1jjj p1 or ab\t "o-n9ete5? ( ! inhabitants--a consid]ably l[] proportion ?an 9 ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,som]set4 ,less ?an #cjjj m5 are engag$ 9 m9es & qu>ries2 #bjjj are fi%]m51 & lace-mak+ occupies #cej m5 & #aejj wom54 ,9 common ) _m o!r p>ts ( ,engl& ! small c\ntry p>i%es ( ,devon%ire are mu* less popul\s ?an !y 74 ,9 ! la/ fifty ye>s !re has be5 a decl9e ( #ag1jjj 9 ! rural population4 ,devon%ire is a some:at ?9ly-inhabit$ c\nty4 ,!re are 9 x a little m ?an #b-a_/b acres to e man1 woman1 & *ild1 or #bed p]sons to ! squ>e mile1 comp>$ ) #eeh to ! squ>e mile = ! :ole ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,we/morl&1 ! mo/ sp>sely-populat$ c\nty1 has only #hb p to ! squ>e mile1 or eight acres to ea* inhabitant4 ,lanca%ire1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s m ?an #bcjj p to ! squ>e mile1 or f\r p to e acre2 & 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex !re are #ab1ffi to ! squ>e mile1 :i* gives ab\t tw5ty inhabitants to e acre ( gr\nd4 #ac4 ,agriculture--,ma9 ,cultivations4 ,woodl&s4 ,/ock4 ,! area ( all ! l& 9 ,engl& is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #cb-a_/b millions ( acres1 ( :i* #bd-a_/b millions are "u cultivation2 #aj-c_/d million acres be+ arable1 & ! great] "p ( ! re/ be+ devot$ to p]man5t grass4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ ! area ( cultivation 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s has be5 gradually gr[+ less2 & 9 #aijh ! decrease 9 ,engl& alone 0 m ?an #be1jjj acres1 *iefly 9 ! am\nt ( l& giv5 up to b>ley & oats1 b ext5d+ to almo/ all crops except :eat1 potatoes1 & luc]ne1 :i* %[$ a slight advance4 ,! cultivation ( fruit1 especially ( small fruit1 cont9ues to increase1 b ! total space devot$ to x is n q #cjj1jjj acres4 ,) reg>d to live /ock1 ! ,gov]nm5t returns %[ t ! total numb] ( horses 9 ,engl& 7ab\t a million7 0 #aj1jjj less 9 #aijh ?an 9 #aijg2 b t ! numb] ( cattle 7ab\t five millions71 ( %eep 7ab\t sixte5 millions71 & ( pigs 7ab\t two & a half millions7 _h increas$1 especially 9 ! case ( %eep & pigs4 ,illu/ration3 ,old ,=d ,f>m1 ,bide=d ,devon%ire is em95tly an agricultural c\nty1 hav+ few indu/rial or manufactur+ c5tres1 & /ill few] m9+ int]e/s1 al?\gh 9 ! pa/ x has be5 fam\s = weav+1 & = t9 & copp] m9+4 ,!re is 9 ! c\nty a great v>iety ( soil1 f almo/ b>r5 s& to ! ri* alluvial e>? ( ! _m riv] valleys1 su* z ! vales ( ,honiton & ,exet]1 = example1 & t n v cle>ly def9$ tract ( c\ntry call$ ! ,s\? ,hams1 ly+ s\? ( ,d>tmoor1 includ+ ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,tam> & ! ,teign1 & conta9+ "s ( ! mo/ f]tile l& 9 ,engl&4 ,! climate1 z has be5 %[n1 is mild & equable1 b ! ra9fall is heavy2 & ! f>ms ( ,devon%ire1 l ^? 9 ! adjac5t c\nties1 are ma9ly devot$ to pa/urage1 al?\gh fruit-gr[+ is an important indu/ry4 ,r$ ,devon cattle are well kn[n & highly valu$2 & ! /urdy little ponies ( ,exmoor & ,d>tmoor h be5 fam\s s9ce ,saxon times4 ,illu/ration3 ,exmoor ,ponies ,accord+ to ! late/ returns ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 ,devon%ire conta9s1 exclusive ( wat]1 m ?an a million & a half 7#a1ffg1aed7 acres1 ( :i* ne>ly a million & a qu>t] 7#a1baa1fdh7 are "u cultivation1 includ+ r m ?an #ejj1jjj acres ( arable l&1 & ne>ly #gjj1jjj acres ( p]man5t grass4 ,! latt]1 :i* z w be se5 is m ?an half ! cultivat$ area1 is m ?an twice t 9 ,dorset or ,cornwall1 r m ?an t 9 ,som]set1 & is only exce$$ 9 ! mu* l>g] c\nty ( ,york%ire4 ,x may be add$ t ! arable l& 0 #aa1jjj acres less & ! p]man5t grass #aa1jjj acres m 9 #aijh ?an 9 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ ,devon ,c[ ,corn crops--:i* 9 ! returns are made to include n only :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & rye1 b peas & beans--occupy altoge!r ab\t #bjj1jjj acres1 or "o-six? ( ! cultivat$ area4 ,9 ?is respect ,devon%ire surpasses ! ?ree adjo9+ c\nties1 & is excell$ by only six ,engli% %ires2 ,essex & ,l9coln1 :]e corn crops occupy "o-?ird ( ! area1 ,norfolk1 :]e !y are two-fif?s1 ,cambridge & ,suffolk1 :]e !y take up ne>ly "o-half1 & ,york%ire1 :]e m ?an half ! cultivat$ area is ?us occupi$4 ,) reg>d to :eat alone1 ! av]age yield p] acre 9 ,devon%ire1 = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 is only #bf-a_/d bu%els1 :i* is l[] ?an t ( any o!r c\nty 9 ,engl& except ,monm\?4 ,gre5 crops o!r ?an p]man5t grass1 & roots1 occupy altoge!r ab\t #cjj1jjj acres1 an am\nt exce$$ only 9 ,norfolk & ,york%ire4 ,devon%ire ranks v high z a fruit-gr[+ c\nty1 & ! area ( its apple-or*>ds1 ab\t #bg1jjj acres1 01 9 #aijh1 great] ?an t ( any o!r c\nty 9 ,engl&4 ,apples are gr[n 9 _m di/ricts1 b especially 9 ! ,vale ( ,exet]1 9 ! ,s\? ,hams1 & 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,d>t4 ,mu* ( ! fruit is1 h[ev]1 gr[n only = mak+ cid]1 & is ( little value = ! table4 ,plympton is said to h _h ! fir/ cid]-or*>d 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 pe>s1 plums1 & *]ries are includ$ 9 ! fruit returns1 ,devon%ire takes ?ird place1 be+ surpass$ by ,k5t & ,h]e=d4 ,v9es are gr[n aga9/ _m cottage walls1 z is ! case 9 o!r s\!rn c\nties2 b x is rem>kable1 consid]+ ! mildness ( ! climate1 t no ,devon%ire v9ey>d is m5tion$ 9 ,domesday ,book1 al?\gh sev]al are includ$ 9 ! survey = ,som]set4 ,! space devot$ to small fruits--/rawb]ries1 raspb]ries1 currants1 & gooseb]ries--al?\gh %[+ a l>ge comp>ative increase ov] #aijg1 am\nt$ 9 #aijh to no m ?an #abeb acres4 ,9 ?is respect ,devon%ire is f\rte5? among ! ,engli% c\nties1 produc+ little m ?an "o-tw5tie? z mu* small fruit z ,k5t1 = in/ance4 ,devon%ire has no true =e/s4 ,d>tmoor & ,exmoor 7 s call$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ un5clos$ & uncultivat$4 ,b except on ! moors1 ! c\nty is well-timb]$1 & its f9e trees add greatly to its beauty4 ,its woods1 plantations1 & coppices am\nt altoge!r to ne>ly #ij1jjj acres1 or ab\t "o-eighte5? ( its :ole area2 & x "h ranks fif? among ! %ires ( ,engl&4 ,sussex has ! greate/ proportion ( woodl&1 ab\t "o-sev5? ( its total area2 & ,cambridge%ire1 ) only "o-n9ety-second1 has ! lea/4 ,!re are consid]able woods 9 "s ( ! _m beautiful p>ks2 b probably ! mo/ fam\s is ! ,wi/man's ,wood1 ne> ,two ,bridges1 ! ance/ors ( ^: /unt$ & fanta/ic-look+ oak-trees are m5tion$ 9 ,domesday ,book4 ,illu/ration3 ,ga!r+ ,cid] ,apples ,! total numb] ( agricultural hold+s 9 ,devon%ire1 9 #aijh1 0 ne>ly #ae1jjj1 or ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( ^? 9 all ,engl&4 ,?is is great] ?an t ( any o!r c\nty except ,lanca%ire1 ,l9coln1 & ,york%ire4 ,ne>ly #cjjj hold+s are ( five acres or less1 & !re are only six o!r c\nties :i* h m ( ^! small f>ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,wat]-mill at ,uplyme ,! numb]s ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( live /ock 9 ,devon%ire are l>ge1 & ! c\nty ranks v high "u ! f\r ma9 heads4 ,9 cattle 7#bie1jjj1 or #bjjj less ?an 9 #aijg7 x /&s second 9 all ,engl&1 be+ surpass$ only by ,york%ire2 9 horses 7#ei1jjj1 or #aejj less ?an ! previ\s ye>7 x is f\r?2 9 %eep 7#ijj1jjj1 or #bi1jjj m7 x is fif?2 & 9 pigs 7#ajf1jjj1 or #ejjj m7 x is six?4 ,! av]age price p] /one ( fat ,devon cattle 0 high] 9 #aijh ?an t ( any o!r bre$ 9 ,engl&1 & ! value p] head ( ?ree-ye>-old ,devon /ore cattle 0 only exce$$ by t ( ,h]e=ds4 ,!re is no *eese made 9 ,devon%ire to comp>e ) ! fam\s ,*$d> ( ! neighb\r+ c\nty2 b ,devon%ire cream1 al?\gh closely rivall$ by t ( bo? ,cornwall & ,som]set1 is kn[n all ov] ! k+dom4 #ad4 ,indu/ries & ,manufactures4 ,devon%ire1 al?\gh 9 =m] ages fam\s ev5 on ! cont95t ( ,europe = its clo?-weav+1 no long] ranks z a manufactur+ c\nty4 ,ap>t f agriculture & fi%+1 its indu/ries are n[ ma9ly conf9$ to ! mak+ ( lace & cid]1 to %ip-build+1 & to ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e4 ,! preval5ce 9 ! c\nty ( ! names ( ,webb] & ,tuck] is "s evid5ce ( ! ext5t & antiquity ( ! wooll5 trade1 :i*1 f v e>ly times1 fl\ri%$ all ov] ,devon%ire until ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 greatly *eck$ by ! introduction ( cotton fabrics4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important seats ( ! manufacture 0 ,tiv]ton1 :]e ! indu/ry 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & rea*$ p]haps its greate/ height 9 ! sixte5?4 ,x 0 8 success z a clo?-m]*ant :i* enabl$ ,pet] ,blundell to f\nd "h 8 fam\s s*ool4 ,! *ief wooll5 m>ket ( ! c\nty 0 orig9ally at ,cr$iton1 b x 0 remov$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury to ,exet]1 :i* long rank$ second only to ,le$s1 & 9 its palmy days export$ annually m ?an #cjj1jjj pieces ( clo?4 ,o!r important c5tres ( ! trade 7 ,b>n/aple1 :]e t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury improv$ me?ods ( weav+ 7 introduc$ by ,fr5* refugees2 ,tavi/ock1 ^: k]seym]es _h a ,european reputation2 ,honiton1 ,cullompton1 & ,totnes4 ,n[ ,a%burton & ,buckfa/leigh1 :]e !re are "s manufactures ( blankets & s]ges1 are ! only t[ns :]e ! indu/ry survives4 ,lace-mak+1 :i* has be5 a *>act]i/ic ,devon%ire indu/ry = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 is said to h be5 introduc$ at ,honiton by ,flemi% refugees at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & to h be5 well e/abli%$ by #afcj4 ,! lace 0 a mo/ co/ly product1 *iefly because ! special ?read us$ 9 mak+ x _h to be import$ f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,9 old days ! price ( ,devon%ire lace is said to h be5 reckon$ by ! numb] ( %ill+s :i* w\ld cov] x4 ,b ! *ange ( fa%ion 9 m5's dress less5$ ! dem& = lace2 & ! introduction ( ma*9]y 9 #ahjh greatly dim9i%$ its co/4 ,! piece ( lace :i* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury w\ld h co/ #ae1 c\ld be pur*as$ a few ye>s lat] = #aes41 & c n[ be obta9$1 ma*9e-made1 = #ae;d4 ,!re 0 "s revival ( ! trade aft] ! mak+1 at ,be]1 ( ,que5 ,victoria's w$d+-dress1 at a co/ ( a ?\s& p\nds4 ,s*ools 7 e/abli%$ = ! tra9+ ( lace-work]s2 & by #ahgj ! indu/ry provid$ employm5t = #hjjj p4 ,! manufacture has1 h[ev]1 aga9 greatly decl9$1 & al?\gh !re is a lace-factory at ,tiv]ton1 & al?\gh h&-made or pill[-lace is /ill work$ 9 _m cottages 9 ! s\?-ea/1 especially at ,be]1 ,colyton1 & ,seaton1 ! total numb] ( lace-work]s 9 ! :ole c\nty1 at ! la/ c5sus1 0 less ?an #bjjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,devon%ire ,lace ,c>pets 9 imitation ( ^? ( ,turkey 7 fir/ made at ,axm9/] 9 #agee1 b 9 #ahce ! looms 7 remov$ to ,wilton1 ne> ,salisbury4 ,!re are valuable deposits ( v>i\s k9ds ( pott]'s clay 9 ,devon%ire1 & al?\gh mu* ( ?is is export$1 a good deal is us$ 9 ! c\nty4 ,!re 7 =m]ly _m small1 scatt]$ pott]ies 9 ,nor? ,devon1 b ! *ief seats ( ! indu/ry n[ are at ,bide=d1 :]e a good deal ( r\gh pott]y is made2 at ,ann]y1 not$ = its glaz$ bricks & tiles2 & at ,b>n/aple1 :]e are ext5sive & long-e/abli%$ pott]ies ( :at is call$ ,b>um w>e1 :i* has be5 comp>$ to ! ,italian sgraffito4 ,! pott]ies ( ,bovey ,tracy1 :i* use bo? local & import$ clay1 employ f #bej to #cej h&s4 ,! f9e r$ clay ( ,watcombe is us$ to make t]ra-cotta2 & at ,lee ,moor1 ne> ,plympton1 :5ce mu* kaol9 or f9e *9a clay is export$1 ! silici\s refuse is made up into bricks ( high quality = use 9 metallurgical furnaces4 ,! kaol9 deposits ( ,devon%ire 7 discov]$ by ,cookwor?y1 :o made porcela9 at ,plym\? f #aggb to #aggd1 aft] :i* date ! works 7 remov$ to ,bri/ol4 ,illu/ration3 ,devon%ire ,pott]y f ! ,watcombe ,works ,devon%ire is "o ( ! *ief cid]-produc+ c\nties1 & its apple-or*>ds are ! mo/ ext5sive 9 our isl&4 ,"s ( ! be/ v>ieties ( apples = cid]-mak+--an indu/ry :i* is c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t a v l>ge "p ( ! c\nty ?\gh ,totnes1 ,:imple1 ,cr$iton1 ,exet] & ,tiv]ton are p]haps ! be/ kn[n c5tres--are ,k+/on ,black1 bo? ! sweet & ! s\r ,woodb9es 7kn[n locally z ,slack-me-girdles71 ,sweet ,al=d & ,fair ,maid ( ,devon4 ,illu/ration3 ,cid]-mak+ 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury 7,f an old pr9t7 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,mod]n ,cid] ,press ,x is int]e/+ to note t pr9t+ 0 e>ly introduc$ into ,devon%ire4 ,9 #aebe ! fif? pr9t+-press 9 ,engl& 0 set up 9 ,tavi/ock4 ,!re are pap]-mills at ,cullompton1 iron-works ne> ,k+sbridge1 glove-factories at ,torr+ton1 umb]-works at ,a%burton1 tann]ies & %oe-factories at ,cr$iton1 & agricultural implem5t works at ,exet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ip-build+ ,y>d1 ,brixham ,9 addition to ! v important ,gov]nm5t works at ,devonport & ,keyham docky>ds1 !re is a consid]able am\nt ( %ip & boat-build+1 especially on ! ,d>t & at ,brixham1 & ! indu/ry employs altoge!r ab\t #cejj m54 #ae4 ,m9es & ,m9]als4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 m9+1 especially t9-m9+1 0 ! mo/ important indu/ry ( ,devon%ire4 ,traces left all ov] ,d>tmoor %[ t at a v e>ly p]iod t9 0 obta9$ !re by ! process call$ /ream+1 t is to say by ! wa%+ ( gra9s ( ! metal out ( ! dis9tegrat$ & crumbl+ granite4 ,va/ numb]s ( ab&on$ %afts sunk 9 se>* ( t91 copp]1 iron1 manganese1 & ev5 silv]1 rema91 toge!r ) _! too (t5 ugly build+s1 z evid5ce ( ! =m] magnitude ( ! indu/ry4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 only tw5ty-f\r m9es are 9 active op]ation1 provid+ employm5t = no m ?an #gjj m51 :o1 9 #aijg1 rais$ less ?an #agjj tons ( metal ( all descriptions4 ,! t9-m9]s ( ,devon & ,cornwall 7 e>ly =m$ into a corporate body ^: affairs 7 manag$ by a ,/ann>y p>liam5t t met on ,h+/on ,d[n4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 probably at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! ,devon%ire m5 held _! own p>liam5t1 :i* assembl$ on ,crock]n ,tor4 ,!y 7 gov]n$ by a ,w>d5--,sir ,walt] ,ralegh held ! (fice = "s ye>s--appo9t$ by ! ,du*y ( ,cornwall1 :o collect$ ! ,du*y dues or royalties1 & hav+ asc]ta9$ ! purity ( ea* block ( t9 by co9age1 t is1 by cutt+ (f = analysis a co9 or corn]1 /amp$ x ) ! ,du*y arms4 ,a m9] convict$ ( sell+ impure t9 0 puni%$ by hav+ "s ( ! melt$ metal p\r$ d[n 8 ?roat4 ,lyd=d1 ,tavi/ock1 ,*ag=d1 & ,a%burton 7 call$ ,/ann>y ,t[ns1 s9ce at ea* ( ^? places blocks ( t9 might be te/$2 & ! arbitr>y nature ( ! ,/ann>y ,c\rt is h9t$ at 9 ! prov]bial expression3 ,lyd=d ,law2 hang fir/ & try aft]w>ds4 ,! *ief m9+ di/rict ( ,devon%ire beg9s at ! ,tam> & ext5ds across ,d>tmoor & along its bord]s4 ,! mo/ important c5tre 0 ,tavi/ock1 b !re 7 ri* m9es at ,nor? ,molton1 :]e sev]al k9ds ( metal 7 work$1 ne> ,a%burton1 & else:]e4 ,! pr9cipal ores are ^? ( copp] & t92 "s iron is work$1 & !re are ri* ve9s1 believ$ to be n yet exhau/$ al?\gh n n[ work$1 ( gal5a or silv]-lead4 ,! ,devon%ire m9es =m]ly produc$ m t9 ?an ^? ( ,cornwall2 b s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury ! output ( ! latt] c\nty has be5 ! great]4 ,! quantity n[ rais$ 9 ,devon%ire is inconsid]able1 & 9 #aijg am\nt$ to only #id tons4 ,t9 is v l>gely us$ 9 mak+ :at is call$ t9-plate1 :i* is really %eet-iron dipp$ into ! melt$ metal4 ,x is also mix$ ) copp] to make bronze or ma*9e-brass1 & x 0 = ! manufacture ( bronze t x 0 s mu* s\ght aft] by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! c\ntry4 ,copp]-m9+ 9 ,devon%ire is believ$ to be a comp>atively mod]n indu/ry4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ! anci5t ,britons made _! own bronze f native t9 & copp]1 or :e!r !y import$ x f abroad4 ,! ,devon ,great ,consols ,m9e1 f\r miles f ,tavi/ock1 once by f> ! ri*e/ m9e 9 ,engl&1 & "o ( ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w1 has %ipp$ z mu* z #abjj tons ( copp] 9 a s+le mon?1 & has produc$ altoge!r #c-a_/b million p\nds' wor? ( ore2 b x n[ yields little b ars5ic4 ,9 #aijg only #feb tons 7 rais$ 9 ! :ole c\nty4 ,! ore is n exhau/$1 b ! co/ ( rais+ x f deep m9es is too great to )/& =eign competition4 ,illu/ration3 ,devon ,great ,consols ,m9e ,ores ( iron & z9c are widely di/ribut$1 b are little work$2 & ! annual yield1 bo? ( ^! metals & ( manganese1 ( :i* ?is c\nty 0 once a *ief s\rce ( supply1 is inconsid]able4 ,v ri* silv]-lead ore 0 =m]ly work$ at ,b]e ,al/on & at ,combe ,m>t91 b ! m9es 9 bo? places h be5 ab&on$4 ,a v massive cup1 made ( ,combe ,m>t9 silv]1 giv5 to ! ,corporation ( ,london by ,que5 ,elizabe?1 is /ill us$ at ! inauguration ( ea* ,"l ,mayor4 ,ars5ic & ars5ical pyrites1 o*re1 & umb] are obta9$1 especially f "s m9es ^: m valuable ore is exhau/$4 ,cobalt1 tung/51 & uranium also occur1 & gold has be5 f\nd 9 small quantities1 g5]ally 9 /reams1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,we/ ,webburn & bel[ ,le?itor4 ,al?\gh ! metal m9es ( ,devon%ire h lo/ _! old importance1 !re are o!r m9]als ( great comm]cial value1 ( :i* altoge!r m ?an a million tons are obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,*9a clay1 or kaol91 a product ( ! natural decomposition ( granite1 is work$ at ,lee ,moor1 & m ?an #ge1jjj tons--:i*1 h[ev]1 is only "o-t5? ( t obta9$ f ,cornwall--are annually export$1 especially to ,/af=d%ire1 = ! mak+ ( f9e e>!nw>e4 ,o!r k9ds ( pott]'s clay1 :ite at ,k+/eignton & ,bovey ,tracy1 & r$ at ,watcombe1 are dug 9 /ill l>g] quantities4 ,!re are _m qu>ries 9 ,devon%ire1 ! mo/ important ( !m be+ ( lime/one1 ( :i* m ?an half a million tons are work$ e ye>4 ,heytor granite 0 us$ 9 ,london ,bridge & ,wat]loo ,bridge1 & ,lundy granite 9 ! ,?ames ,embankm5t4 ,b ! /one is n consid]$ equal to t f ,cornwall4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! slate1 ( :i* only #ejjj tons are n[ rais$ annually4 ,!re are old qu>ries ( x ne> ,k+sbridge1 & also at ,tavi/ock & o!r places4 ,colyton slate is us$ = billi>d-tables4 ,m>ble is work$ at ,*udleigh1 & a f9] quality at ,ipplep51 ,torquay1 & ,plym\?4 ,!re are l>ge qu>ries at ,be]4 ,! mat]ial = :et/ones has long be5 dug 9 ! ,blackd[n ,hills1 :]e ! refuse f ! work+s1 l l9es ( railway embankm5t1 is a feature 9 ! l&scape4 ,illu/ration3 ,/one ,qu>ry1 ,be] ,!re is no coal 9 ,devon%ire1 b !re is mu* lignite at ,bovey ,tracy1 :]e1 9 ! b$ ( an anci5t lake1 a deposit ( lay]s ( x occurs1 alt]nat+ ) clay & s&1 to a dep? ( #ajj feet4 ,on acc\nt ( its disagreeable smell :ile burn+ & its l[ heat+-p[] x is n us$ = fuel except = fir+ bricks1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! pott]y-kilns4 ,!re are also ext5sive b$s ( an?racite or culm ne> ,bide=d2 b ?is1 aga91 is n ( a quality to s]ve z fuel1 except = lime-burn+1 & ! product ( ! "o solit>y work+ is gr\nd up to make a pa9t call$ ,bide=d ,black4 ,!re are va/ & valuable deposits ( peat on ,d>tmoor1 9 "s places z mu* z ?irty feet deep4 #af4 ,fi%]ies & ,fi%+ ,/ations4 ,! fi%]ies ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s =m "o ( our mo/ important indu/ries1 provid+ regul> or occasional employm5t = ne>ly #ajj1jjj m5 & boys 9 ! cat*+ ( ! fi%2 = a v great numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 second>y occupations connect$ ) ! indu/ry1 :o probably f> outnumb] ! actual fi%]m52 & = innum]able p ( all grades engag$ 9 di/ribut+ ! eight million p\nds' wor? ( fi% br\ght into ! ports ( ,engl& & ,wales ea* ye> by ,briti% %ips alone4 ,! fi%]ies also furni% an imm5se quantity ( *eap & :olesome food1 :i*1 by rapid me?ods ( transit1 is available 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,by f> ! mo/ productive ( our fi%+-gr\nds1 al?\gh n z pr$om9ant z x 0 "s ye>s ago1 is ! ,nor? ,sea--an area ( m ?an #aej1jjj squ>e miles1 9 :i* are tak5 m ?an half ( all ! ,briti%-caught fi%1 n includ+ %ell-fi%1 :i* are annually l&$ on ! coa/s ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,m fi% are br\ght1 e ye>1 into ,grimsby1 ,hull1 ,l[e/(t1 & ,y>m\? ?an into all ! o!r fi%+-ports ( ,engl& put toge!r4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 :ile accord+ to ! late/ returns !re 7 #agca ,briti% /eam-trawl]s & drift]s1 exclusive ( ord9>y fi%+-boats1 engag$ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea fi%]ies1 !re 7 only #dea simil> craft belong+ to ! ports ( ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,belgium1 & ,france put toge!r4 ,9 o!r words !re are f\r ,briti% /eam-trawl]s 9 ! ,nor? ,sea to e =eign]4 ,mu* fi%+ is also done by ,engli% trawl]s (f ! %ores ( ,icel&1 ,norway1 & ! ,f>os1 & ! boats n[ g z f> ev5 z ! ,:ite ,sea & ! coa/ ( ,morocco4 ,ab\t half ! fi% are tak5 by trawl+1 :i* consi/s 9 dragg+ a beam ( wood1 ) a net atta*$ to x1 along ! bottom ( ! sea1 9 comp>atively %all[ wat]4 ,v _m diff]5t species are caught 9 ?is way1 b haddock1 plaice1 & cod are by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 & make up betwe5 !m ne>ly half ! total am\nt ( all ! fi% l&$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales 9 a ye>4 ,mu* fi%+ is also done ) se9e nets1 or ) drift nets1 bo? ( :i* are long nets1 atta*$ to floats ( cork or to air-bladd]s & let d[n into ! sea )\t reg>d to ! dep?1 & sometimes at a consid]able di/ance f ! %ore4 ,/ake nets1 fa/5$ to poles fix$ 9 %all[ wat] ne> ! l&1 are also mu* us$4 ,h]r+s are ! *ief fi% caught 9 drift nets & se9es1 & m ( !m are l&$ ?an ( any o!r k9d ( fi%4 ,! late/ return gives ! total quantity ( h]r+s annually br\ght into ,engli% ports z r m ?an #bjj1jjj tons1 ( cod z ab\t #ajj1jjj tons1 & ( plaice z ab\t #ej1jjj tons4 ,pil*>ds1 :i* are full-gr[n s>d9es1 & mu* resemble h]r+s 9 appe>ance1 are caught 9 l>ge quantities--:i*1 h[ev]1 seem trifl+ 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! ?ree fi% nam$ above--9 se9e nets (f ! coa/s ( ,cornwall & ,devon1 & n[h]e else 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,_m fi%1 especially halibut1 cod1 & l+ are tak5 ) hook & l9e1 sometimes at great dep?s4 ,crabs & lob/]s are caught 9 wick] traps or baskets call$ pots1 & oy/]s are usually tak5 by dr$g+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fi% ,m>ket at ,brixham ,9 spite ( its two long /ret*es ( seabo>d1 ! fi%]ies ( ,devon%ire are n equal 9 productiv5ess to ^? ( ,cornwall1 & are insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! ea/ coa/2 & ! total value ( ! fi% l&$ at all its ports tak5 toge!r am\nt$1 accord+ to ! late/ return1 to no m ?an #aej1jjj1 or "o-n9ete5? ( :at is l&$ at ,grimsby alone4 ,x 0 f> exce$$ at five o!r ea/-coa/ fi%+ /ations4 ,! fi% ( ! ,engli% ,*annel diff] consid]ably f ^? ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,haddock1 ! mo/ abundant species on ! ea/ coa/1 is v r>e 9 ! s\?1 & practically none are caught at any ( ! ,devon%ire fi%+ /ations4 ,! cod1 aga91 is a nor!rn species1 & is almo/ entirely abs5t f bo? ! ,bri/ol & ! ,engli% ,*annels4 ,:it+ is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( ,engli% ,*annel fi%2 & 9 ?is species1 z well z 9 soles & turbot1 ! s\? coa/ is ( all ! ,briti% fi%+-gr\nds second only 9 productiv5ess to ! ea/ coa/4 ,m cong]-eels are caught 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel ?an any:]e else (f our isl&s1 & !re is also a great abundance ( gurn>ds1 skates1 & dogfi%4 ,! ,devon%ire fi%]m5 cat* great quantities ( :it+1 h]r+1 mack]el1 sprats1 & pil*>ds1 toge!r ) consid]able numb]s ( soles1 turbot1 plaice1 pollack1 skates1 cong]s1 crabs1 lob/]s1 & prawns4 ,h]r+s 7 =m]ly v abundant (f ,lynm\?4 ,! la/ great %oals appe>$ 9 #ahbc4 ,a skate caught (f ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon%ire measur$ n9e feet by six & a half feet1 & weigh$ #efj p\nds4 ,! quantity ( sprats annually caught 9 ,devon%ire wat]s is v great1 b1 z 9 o!r di/ricts1 v>ies v mu* 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,?us ! am\nt br\ght into ,torquay 9 #aije 0 m ?an #ejj tons1 or m ?an 7 l&$ at any o!r port 9 ! k+dom2 b 9 #aijf ! quantity 0 only #ajj tons4 ,pil*>ds1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 are conf9$ to ,cornwall & to ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon2 b by f> ! great] quantity are tak5 at ! fi%+ /ations ( ! =m] c\nty4 ,almo/ all ! pil*>ds caught 9 ,devon%ire wat]s are l&$ at ,plym\?4 ,none are tak5 fur!r ea/ ?an ,dawli%4 ,^! fi%1 :i* are p>ticul>ly oily1 are mo/ly salt$ & export$ to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,dogfi%1 :i* are v abundant & =m]ly ?r[n away z wor?less1 are f9d+ an increas+ m>ket1 especially 9 ,london1 :]e !y are fillet$ & sold z flake4 ,illu/ration3 ,brixham ,trawl]s ,! mo/ important fi%+ /ations are ,plym\?1 ,brixham1 & ,torquay1 ! annual value ( ^: fi%]ies accord+ to ! late/ return is ab\t #ff1jjj1 #fj1jjj & #h1jjj respectively4 ,!re is also a good deal ( fi%+ (f ,exm\?1 ,teignm\?1 ,d>tm\?1 ,torcross1 & ,budleigh ,salt]ton1 :]e ! annual values v>y f #djjj to #gej a ye>4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! figures ) ! annual value ( ! fi% br\ght into ,grimsby1 :i*1 by ! la/ return1 am\nt$ to ne>ly ?ree millions /]l+4 ,!re are valuable salmon fi%]ies at ,exm\?1 ,teignm\?1 & ,babbacombe2 & mo/ ( ! ,devon%ire /reams ab\nd ) tr\t1 al?\gh ! fi% z a rule run small4 ,?irte5 ,devon%ire fi%]ies are nam$ 9 ,domesday ,book4 ,! mo/ valuable 0 t at ,d>t+ton1 = :i* two fi%]m5 paid a ye>ly r5t ( eighty salmon4 #ag4 ,%ipp+ & ,trade4 ,! ports ( ,devon%ire once rank$ among ! fir/ 9 ,engl&1 & h] sailors h = _m c5turies be5 fam\s = _! ent]prise & d>+4 ,x 0 f ?is c\nty t ! fir/ ,engli% trad+-exp$itions sail$ to ,africa1 ,brazil1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y 7 ,devon%ire m51 :o1 by tak+ possession ( ,newf\ndl&1 e/abli%$ ! fir/ ,engli% colony--9 :i* mo/ ( ! old families are ( ,devon%ire desc5t4 ,devon%ire %ips 7 long ! t]ror ( ! ,spani% ,ma94 ,devon%ire m5 7 among ! v =emo/ 9 ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,a ,devon%ire capta9 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man to sail r\nd ! _w2 & al?\gh we rememb] ) regret t 8 fri5d & comrade 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man to engage 9 ! iniquit\s traffic ( ! slave-trade1 we are pr\d to ?9k t few m5 did m ?an he to improve our %ips & ! condition ( our seam54 ,9 _! palmy days1 9 ! c5tury or m foll[+ ! flight ( ! ,armada1 ,bide=d & ,top%am _h ea* ( !m m trade ) ! "y colonies ( ,nor? ,am]ica ?an any o!r ,engli% t[n except ,london4 ,b>n/aple1 ,ilfracombe1 ,d>tm\?1 ,brixham1 & ,appl$ore 7 once important seaports4 ,at ! pres5t day n "o ( ! :ole sev5 has suffici5t trade to be hon\r$ ) a sep>ate entry 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,%ipp+ ,returns4 ,plym\? is n[ ! only m>itime t[n ( comm]cial importance4 ,ev5 its traffic1 l>ge z x seems1 is small 9 comp>ison ) t ( ,london or ,liv]pool1 & z f> z trad+ /ati/ics g1 x /&s no high] ?an ?irtie? among ! ports ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,sev]al causes h contribut$ to ! decay ( ! ,devon%ire ports4 ,mo/ ( !m are situat$ on riv]-e/u>ies :i*1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 h become silt$ up by mud & s& br\ght d[n by ! riv]s1 or ob/ruct$ by %+le wa%$ up by ! waves4 ,! h>b\r ( ,sidm\? 0 de/roy$ by ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea & ! fall ( ! cliffs :i* =m]ly protect$ x4 ,aga91 ! tonnage ( %ips1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt ( wat] !y draw1 h v greatly increas$ s9ce ,tudor & ,/u>t times1 :5 ^! ports 7 9 _! prime2 & x w\ld be impossible = ! l>ge vessels ( to-day to navigate ! %all[ & dang]-/rewn wat]s ( our e/u>ies1 ev5 if !y c\ld cross ! b>s by :i* !y are ob/ruct$4 ,nor is x wor? :ile to improve ! navigation by dr$g+1 z is done to s great an ext5t on ! ,?ames1 ! ,m]sey1 & ! ,clyde4 ,! indu/ries ( ,devon%ire are n[ ( small importance1 & ! c\nty has no great manufactur+ c5tres to supply freights4 ,plym\? ,s\nd is ! only busy wat]way1 & ,plym\? is ! "o popul\s t[n requir+ l>ge quantities ( imports4 ,! only h>b\r 9 ,nor? ,devon giv5 9 ! %ipp+ returns is ,b>n/aple1 ) :i* are associat$ ,ilfracombe1 ,bide=d1 & ,appl$ore4 ,ilfracombe1 ! only port 9 ! long /ret* ( coa/ betwe5 ,bridgwat] & ,pad/[1 _h =m]ly a good deal ( traffic ) ,wales & ,irel&1 b its tidal h>b\r is n[ visit$ only by excursion /eam]s & small coa/+-vessels4 ,! o!r ?ree t[ns are riv]-ports4 ,b>n/aple is eight miles f ! m\? ( ! ,torridge1 ,appl$ore is j inside ! entrance ( ! ,taw1 & ,bide=d is five miles up ! same riv]1 ^: e/u>y is ob/ruct$ by a dang]\s b>1 only to be cross$ at high tide4 ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies all ?ree t[ns _h an active trade ) ,nor? ,am]ica2 & ev5 9 comp>atively rec5t times %ips ( #ajjj tons h be5 moor$ at ,b>n/aple quay4 ,b at ! pres5t day only #cg c>go-c>ry+ vessels sail to & f ! :ole gr\p 9 a ye>1 & ! trade 7*iefly 9 timb] & dye-/uffs7 ( all f\r toge!r1 pr9cipally ) home ports1 b also ) ,sw$5 & ,norway & "s o!r ,european c\ntries1 am\nts to little m ?an #ah1jjj 9 twelve mon?s4 ,d>tm\?1 ,brixham1 & ,salcombe =m ano!r gr\p ( ports1 all ( :i* h play$ a "p 9 hi/ory4 ,_! total trade1 ! import ( timb] & ! export ( %ips & boats1 am\nts to ne>ly #ai1jjj a ye>1 & su* =eign int]c\rse z !y h is *iefly ) ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,russia4 ,exet] & ,exm\?1 ) :i* is associat$ ,lyme ,regis 9 ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,dorset%ire1 rank next 9 importance1 ,top%am1 ! anci5t port ( ,exet]1 hav+ gone entirely to decay4 ,_! annual trade1 ab\t half ( :i* consi/s ( wood1 cur$ fi%1 & sug>1 & :i*1 z reg>ds =eign int]c\rse1 is ma9ly ) ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,sw$51 is ne>ly #ajj1jjj4 ,! trade ( ,teignm\? & ,torquay toge!r1 9 ! importation ( pap]-mak+ mat]ials & timb]1 & 9 ! export ( ,*9a-clay1 *iefly ) ,engli% ports1 b also ) ,france1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ,norway1 am\nts to #aaj1jjj 9 ! twelve-mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,teignm\? ,plym\? :i*1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 is ! only l>ge sea-port 9 ! c\nty1 has f\r times z mu* trade1 & is ent]$ & cle>$ by f\r times z _m vessels z all ! o!r ports ( ,devon%ire put toge!r4 ,its *ief imports are gra9 7#edj1jjj71 timb] 7#bej1jjj71 sug> 7#ace1jjj71 guano & manures 7#aaj1jjj71 & petroleum 7#eb1jjj72 & its pr9cipal export is #eb1jjj wor? ( clay4 ,its imports & exports tak5 toge!r am\nt to #a-c_/d million p\nds /]l+1 & x is ent]$ & cle>$ by #afef %ips 9 a ye>4 ,its *ief =eign trade is ) ,france1 b its comm]ce may truly be said to be _w-wide4 ,?irte5 l9es ( ocean /eam]s sail f or call at ,plym\?1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are ! ,:ite ,/>1 ,am]ican1 ,norddeuts*]-,lloyd1 & ,hamburg-,am]ican = ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! ,ori5t & ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal = ,au/ralia2 ! latt] & ! ,briti% ,india = ,india2 ! ,%aw-,savill & ,new ,zeal& ,,ss4 ,co4 = ,new ,zeal&2 & ! ,briti% & ,african = ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,!re are also regul> sail+s ( /eam]s = ,france1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ! ,*annel ,isles1 & v>i\s home ports4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is sea-traffic ) t ( ,london1 :i* is ent]$ & cle>$ by #ah1dia c>go-c>ry+ %ips 9 ! c\rse ( twelve mon?s1 & has a total annual import & export trade ( #ccc millions ( p\nds /]l+2 :i* are respectively ab\t #aa times1 & ab\t #aij times z l>ge z ! correspond+ figures = ,plym\?4 ,b al?\gh ,plym\? is a place ( consid]able m>itime trade1 a busy fi%+ /ation & a port ( call = ocean-go+ /eam]s1 = ^: accommodation are provid$ spaci\s docks & ample quays1 its greate/ importance & r5[n--rememb]+ t we include ) x its si/] t[ns ( ,/oneh\se & ,devonport--re/ ^u its rank z a naval /ation1 z an ars5al :i* is second only to t ( ,woolwi*1 & z a naval docky>d :i* is ! l>ge/ 9 ! k+dom4 ,! an*orage at ! head ( ! ,s\nd1 once v mu* expos$ & dang]\s 9 s\!rly w9ds1 is n[ protect$ by a /one breakwat] ne>ly a mile long1 design$ to %elt] %ips ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,x 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahab by ,r5nie1 cont9u$ by 8 son1 modifi$ 9 ! slope ( its sides & improv$ 9 /ability by viol5t /orms1 especially 9 #ahag1 & complet$ 9 #ahdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,drake's ,isl& f ,mt4 ,edgcumbe1 ,plym\? ,tak+ all its v>i\s features into acc\nt1 its comm]ce1 its pass5g] traffic by means ( ocean-l9]s & o!r /eam]s1 its fi%]ies1 its docks & docky>ds1 its b>racks1 its factories ( m>9e appliances1 its ars5al1 & la/ly ! va/ numb] ( %ips ( all sizes1 belong+ to ! navy1 to ! m]cantile m>9e1 or to ! fi%+-fleet1 t are con/antly leav+ or ent]+ ! ,s\nd1 ,plym\? is "o ( ! mo/ important sea-ports 9 ! ,briti% ,empire4 #ah4 ,hi/ory ( ,devon%ire4 ,! hi/ory ( our c\ntry beg9s ) ! ,roman occupation4 ,= al?\gh we h ample & /rik+ traces1 9 ! %ape ( e>?works & /one circles1 tools & weapons1 pott]y & ornam5ts1 ( ! successive races ( m5 :o liv$ "h be=e ,julius ,caes> set foot 9 ,brita91 ^? anci5t & primitive p left no writt5 records1 n s mu* z an inscription on a s+le co91 & our k ( !m is 9 ! highe/ degree vague & unc]ta94 ,( _m p>ts ( our isl& ! ,romans took complete possession1 con/ruct+ =tresses1 mak+ roads1 e/abli%+ t[ns1 build+ ba?s & temples & luxuri\sly appo9t$ villas1 & scatt]+1 :]ev] !y w5t1 ! co9s ^: lett]+ & devices h reveal$ to u s mu* conc]n+ ! "s "t ma/]s ( ! _w4 ,9 ,som]set1 = example1 to :i* ! conqu]ors 7 attract$ p>tly by ! hot & heal?-re/or+ spr+s ( ,ba?1 & p>tly by ! silv]-be>+ lead m9es ( ! ,m5dip ,hills1 ! relics ( _! occupation h be5 f\nd f "o end ( ! c\nty to ! o!r4 ,9 ,devon%ire1 on ! o!r h&1 su* relics are s few1 & are conf9$ to s limit$ an area t we are driv5 to ! conclusion t1 except z reg>ds ! city ( ,exet]1 !re 0 no def9ite ,roman occupation at all4 ,!re is probably n "o camp ( ,roman workman%ip 9 ! :ole c\nty4 ,x is d\btful if any ,roman road w5t f>!r ?an ! riv] ,teign4 ,! sites ( only two ,roman villas are kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,& al?\gh ,roman co9s h be5 f\nd 9 _m places1 sometimes 9 ho>ds ( hundr$s1 & 9 "o case ev5 ( ?\s&s1 !y are n absolute pro( ( actual occupation4 ,! names ,*e/] ,moor1 ,scrob*e/]1 & ,wick*e/]1 all ne> ! ,corni% bord]1 may1 p]haps1 be ( ,roman orig94 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t ,exet]1 believ$ to be ! ,isca ,dumniorum ( ,anton9e's ,it9]>y--t wond]ful regi/]1 plann$ by ,julius ,caes> & c>ri$ out by ,augu/us1 ( di/ances & /ations along all ! roads 9 ! ,empire--0 an important ,roman t[n2 & !re is reason to ?9k1 f ! co9s t h be5 f\nd at _m po9ts )9 ! walls1 t ! city 0 held by ! ,romans f ! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era until ! "t :5 ! legions 7 recall$ f ,brita94 ,! site ( ,moridunum1 ! second ,roman /ation m5tion$ 9 ! ,it9]>y1 has n be5 id5tifi$1 b !re is "s gr\nd = ! !ory t x 0 at ,hembury1 f\r miles f ,honiton4 ,a few vague & brief allusions 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 believ$ to ref] to ?is c\nty1 describ+ h[ ,ina f\ght aga9/ ,g]a9t1 h[ ,cynewulf f\ght v _m battles aga9/ ! ,wel%1 & h[ ,egb]t laid wa/e ,we/ ,wales f ea/w>d to we/w>d1 conta9 practically all t we "k ( ! ,saxon conque/ ( ,devon%ire4 ,!re is1 inde$1 s little record ( actual fight+ t x seems probable t ! invad]s settl$ "h r z coloni/s ?an conqu]ors1 al?\gh ,a!l/an appe>s to h f\nd x necess>y to expel f ,exet] ! ,britons :o _h s f> %>$ ! t[n ) ! ,saxons4 ,! *ief ev5ts 9 ,devon%ire betwe5 ! dep>ture ( ! ,romans & ! ,norman ,conque/ 7 ! repeat$ desc5ts1 spread ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s1 ( ! pirates :om we speak ( z ,danes or ,nor?m5 or ,vik+s2 :o pillag$ ! coa/ t[ns1 sack$ ,exet]1 sail$ up ! ,tam>1 & burnt & plund]$ ,tavi/ock & ,lyd=d4 ,victory 0 n always on ! side ( ! m>aud]s4 ,_! fir/ raid1 9 #hea1 0 repuls$ ) great slaught]2 & :51 five & tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,gu?rum seiz$ ,exet]1 ,k+ ,alfr$ promptly drove him out ( x4 ,dur+ ! ,saxon p]iod !re 7 m9ts at ,exet]1 ,b>n/aple1 ,totnes1 & ,lyd=d1 & ?\s&s ( ,devon%ire-/ruck silv] p5nies are 9 exi/5ce4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( !m are 9 ! royal museum at ,/ockholm1 ! mo/ num]\s be+ ^? ( ,e!lr$ ,,ii & ,canute4 ,( ! =m] !re are 9 ,/ockholm #bbed specim5s1 comp>$ ) #add 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! ,sw$i% specim5s probably repres5t p>tly ! plund] c>ri$ (f by ! ,nor?m51 p>tly ! bribes va9ly paid to ! invad]s by ,e!lr$ 7^: surname ( ,unradig1 he :o w n take c\nsel1 or ! head/rong1 has be5 misr5d]$ ! ,unready71 & p>tly ! results ( comm]ce :ile ,canute 0 k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5ny ( ,e!lr$ ,,ii1 /ruck at ,exet] ,! ye> succe$+ ! ,battle ( ,ha/+s f\nd ,william ! ,conqu]or be=e ! gates ( ,exet]1 a place already reg>d$1 z x cont9u$ to be = _m c5turies1 z ! key ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,he took ! city aft] a brief siege & proce$$ to secure 8 hold ^u x by build+ ! ca/le ( ,r\gemont1 :i* 0 h>dly f9i%$ :5 x 0 unsuccessfully attack$ by ! ,saxons4 ,a ye> lat] ! sons ( ,h>old also tri$ 9 va9 to take x4 ,! la/ man ( m>k 9 ,devon%ire to hold out aga9/ ,norman rule 0 ,si?ric1 ! ,saxon abbot ( ,tavi/ock1 :o1 :5 all 0 lo/1 fl$ to ,h]ew>d's camp ( refuge 9 ! ,f5s4 ,a few ,engli%m5 7 left by ! ,conqu]or 9 possession ( _! e/ates2 b ! c\nty1 z a :ole1 0 divid$ among a numb] ( ,norman nobles1 "s ( ^: desc5dants1 ,c\rt5ay1 ,c>ew1 & ,*amp]n[ne1 = example1 /ill survive 9 ,devon%ire4 ,an int]e/+ l9k ) ,norman times & cu/oms is ! r++ ( ! curfew bell1 :i* is /ill kept up at ,exet]1 ,okehampton1 & o!r places4 ,at eight o'clock e ev5+ ?irty /rokes are s\nd$ = ,curfew1 & !n eight m = ! h\r4 ,9 ! /ormy reign ( ,k+ ,/eph5 ,exet] 0 ! la/ place to hold out = ,que5 ,maud4 ,! k+ 0 admitt$ into ! t[n by ! citiz5s1 b ! ca/le ( ,r\gemont co/ him a ?ree mon?s' siege4 ,! importance ( ,devon%ire sea-ports br\ght ! c\nty into great prom95ce 9 m$iaeval times4 ,"p ( ,ri*>d ,coeur-de-,lion's crusad+ fleet1 we are told1 assembl$ at ,d>tm\?--a t[n :i* ,*auc]1 probably reg>d+ x z a typical sea-port1 *ose = ! native place ( ! ,%ipman 9 ! ,cant]bury ,tales4 ,no o!r "p ( ,engl& furni%$ s _m %ips & m5 = ,edw>d ,,iii's exp$ition aga9/ ,calais4 ,aga9 & aga91 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ! ,fr5*1 9 reprisal = :at !y _h suff]$ by ! attacks ( ,engl&1 h>ri$ ! coa/ ( ,devon1 plund]+ & burn+ ,teignm\?1 ,plym\?1 & o!r places on ! coa/4 ,! ,black ,dea?1 ! mo/ t]rible & de/ructive epidemic ( :i* we h any record1 :i* deva/at$ ! :ole ( ,engl& 9 #acdh & #acdi1 0 v sev]e 9 ?is c\nty1 p>alyz+ agriculture & trade1 & /opp+ = a "t ! build+ ( ,exet] ca!dral4 ,fight+ 9 ,devon%ire dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses 0 conf9$ to an unsuccessful & half-he>t$ siege ( ,exet] by ! ,yorki/s1 & to attacks on ! =tifi$ manor-h\ses ( ,%ute & ,upcott4 ,b _m m5 9 ! c\nty took sides 9 ! /ruggle1 & "s ( ! great families suff]$ sev]ely4 ,sir ,william ,bonville 0 behead$ aft] ! second ,battle ( ,/ ,albans4 ,( ! anci5t h\se ( ,c\rt5ay1 ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,devon1 0 execut$ at ,york1 ,sir ,hugh 0 behead$ at ,s>um1 & ,sir ,john 0 kill$ at ,wakefield ,gre54 ,! c\nty z a :ole 0 ,lanca/rian4 ,que5 ,m>g>et h]self 0 !re aft] h] defeat at ,b>net2 & ,fr5* gold co9s f\nd 9 ,blackpool s&s are believ$ to be relics ( ! l&+ !re1 9 #adgj1 ( ,w>wick & ,cl>5ce4 ,b :5 9 ! same ye> ,edw>d ,,iv visit$ ,exet]1 he 0 s well satisfi$ ) 8 reception t he pres5t$ ! corporation ) a sword ( /ate1 :i* is /ill c>ri$ 9 processions be=e ! mayor4 ,! peace ( ,devon%ire 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 fur!r di/urb$ by a ris+1 9 #adhc1 aga9/ ,ri*>d ,,iii2 by ! m>* ?r\gh ! c\nty1 9 #adig1 ( an army ( ,corni%m5 :o _h ris5 9 revolt aga9/ a heavy w>-tax1 & :o 7 ultimately beat5 at ,blackhea?2 & by ! insurrection1 also 9 #adig1 ( ,p]k9 ,w>beck1 :o claim$ to be ! ,ri*>d ,duke ( ,york usually said to h be5 murd]$ 9 ! ,t[]1 & :o made a desp]ate al?\gh va9 attack ^u ,exet]1 :5 "s ( 8 m5 f\ght _! way into ! t[n1 b 7 driv5 out aga9 by ! citiz5s4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s lat]1 9 #aedi1 !re 0 a widespread & det]m9$ & altoge!r mu* m s]i\s rebellion call$ ! ,commotion1 caus$ p>tly by ! suppression ( ! ,mona/]ies1 :i* 0 greatly object$ to by ! poor1 & p>tly by ! introduction ( ! ,pray] ,book4 ,! insurg5ts1 :o _h collect$ f all p>ts ( ! ,we/ ,c\ntry1 & :o 7 l$ by su* m5 ( m>k z ,pom]oy1 ,arundel1 & ,c(f91 laid siege to ,exet] & ,plym\?1 & = a "t held ! k+'s troops helplessly at bay4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ,"l ,russell1 "o ( ! newly-creat$ ,lords ,lieut5ant1 aid$ by ,g]man cavalry & ,italian arquebusi]s1 defeat$ ! rebels ) great slaught] 9 a s]ies ( hotly-conte/$ battles4 ,! vic> ( ,/ ,?omas 9 ,exet]1 :o _h enc\rag$ ! ris+ & :o 0 describ$ z v skill$ bo? ) ! long-b[ & ! h&-gun1 0 hang$ 9 8 ,popi% app>el on ! t[] ( 8 own *ur*1 & 8 body 0 left !re = f\r ye>s4 ,! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? has be5 call$ ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,& among ! h]oic figures ( t /irr+ "t !re are few m /rik+ ?an ! little gr\p ( ,devon%ire m5 :o play$ s gallant a "p 9 mak+ ,engl& great3--,drake & ,hawkyns1 ! sc\rges ( ,spa92 ,ralegh1 c\rti] & soldi]1 sailor & au?or2 ,gilb]t1 ! discov]] ( ,newf\ndl&2 & ,gr5ville1 :o at ,flores1 9 ! ,rev5ge ( immortal memory1 kept at bay a ,spani% fleet ( fifty-?ree sail4 ,illu/ration3 ,signatures ( ,drake & ,hawkyns ,! great ev5t ( ! reign 0 ! defeat ( ! ,armada4 ,& al?\gh ,h[>d ( ,eff+ham1 ! ,"l ,high ,admiral1 %[$ himself a skilful & intrepid sailor1 x is ,drake :om we always ?9k ( fir/ 9 connection ) ! victory4 ,x 0 ,drake ^: buccane]+ exploits on ! coa/s ( ,spa9 & h] colonies did s mu* to height5 ,philip ,,ii's ambition to humiliate ,engl&4 ,x 0 ,drake :o1 9 #aehg1 da%$ into ,cadiz1 :]e ! ,armada 0 prep>+1 & by de/roy+ #ajj %ips & va/ quantities ( /ores1 delay$ = a :ole ye> ! sail+ ( ! exp$ition4 ,& :5 at la/ ! ,armada _h be5 sight$1 x 0 ,drake :o1 accord+ to ! commonly receiv$ tradition1 ?9k+ x wis] to wait until ! enemy's fleet _h pass$ ,plym\? ,s\nd1 & s take !m 9 ! re>1 p]suad$ 8 fell[-capta9s to /ay & f9i% t nev]-to-be-=gott5 game ( b[ls1 be=e ! ,engli% %ips1 ly+ ready 9 ! ,catwat]1 %\ld slip _! moor+s & /& out to sea4 ,x 0 ,drake :o 0 =emo/ 9 ! attack4 ,x 0 ,drake :o took ! ,capitana1 ! flag%ip ( ,p$ro de ,valdez1 & br\ght h]1 ! fir/ prize ( ! great victory1 into ,torbay4 ,& :5 ! ,engli% fire%ips _h scatt]$ ! ho/ile fleet 9 headlong flight1 x 0 ,drake :o 0 =emo/ 9 ! *ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,flagon tak5 by ,drake f ! ,capitana ( ! ,armada 7,9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le7 ,illu/ration3 ,drake's ,drum ,among ! relics ( ,devon%ire's greate/ h]o1 c>efully treasur$ by 8 desc5dants at 8 old home at ,buckl& ,abbey1 are 8 sword & ! fam\s drum t he c>ri$ ) him r\nd ! _w2 :ile at ,nutwell ,c\rt are flags t he flew :ile 9 comm& ( ! ,pelican1 ! m9iature ( h]self giv5 to him by ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & o!r objects ( ! greate/ hi/orical int]e/4 ,& among ! ,royal plate 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le is pres]v$ ! noble w9e-flagon ( bold silv]-gilt rep\ss "w1 /&+ ne>ly a y>d high1 :i* ,drake took f ! ,capitana ( ! ,armada & pres5t$ to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,an illu/ration ( x1 f a photograph tak5 = ?is book by comm& ( ! ,que51 is "h %[n = ! fir/ "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,mayfl[] ,/one on ,plym\? ,quay ,dur+ ! retreat to ,spa9 a second ,armada vessel1 ! hospital-%ip ,/ ,pet] ! ,great1 0 driv5 a%ore 9 ,hope ,cove2 & ! pulpit ( ,/ ,james's *ur*1 ,exet]1 & ! timb] ro( ( ,tiv]ton ,s*ool 71 x is believ$1 made ( wood ei!r f ?is %ip or f ! ,capitana4 ,x 0 n until ?is p]iod t ,plym\? came into prom95ce z a naval /ation4 ,a special tax 0 levi$ on ! pil*>d fi%]y to provide money = ! =tifications1 & a leat or wat]-c\rse 0 con/ruct$ ) ! prim>y object1 x is said1 ( supply+ fre% wat] = ! royal %ips4 ,a memorable ev5t 9 ,james ,i's reign 0 ! sail+ ( ! ,mayfl[]4 ,prec$$ by ano!r %ip call$ ! ,spe$well %e set sail f ,leyd5 9 ! autumn ( #afbj1 hav+ on bo>d a numb] ( ,puritan refugees b5t on f9d+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! religi\s fre$om d5i$ to !m 9 ,engl&4 ,! two vessels hav+ met at ,s\?ampton & put into ,d>tm\?1 7 f9ally driv5 back by /ress ( wea!r into ,plym\?1 :5ce--h] consort hav+ prov$ unseawor?y--! ,mayfl[] alone cont9u$ ! voyage1 ultimately l&+ h] #aja exiles at ,plym\?1 ,massa*usetts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h receiv$ its "n five ye>s be=e4 ,9 ! ,civil ,w> betwe5 ,*>les ,i & ! ,p>liam5t1 few c\nties saw m fight+ ?an ,devon%ire4 ,! fight+ consi/$1 h[ev]1 n ( pit*$ battles1 b ( sieges & attacks on =tifi$ positions2 :i*1 inde$1 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole w>1 9 :atev] "p ( ! c\ntry x 0 wag$4 ,e ,devon%ire t[n ( importance1 a great numb] ( villages1 _m ca/les1 manor-h\ses1 & ev5 *ur*es play$ a "p 9 ! /ruggle4 ,z a :ole1 ! t[ns1 ) ! exception ( ,exet]1 sympa?is$ ) ! ,p>liam5t1 :ile ! rural di/ricts1 enc\rag$ by ! great l&[n]s1 7 ma9ly = ! k+4 ,! royal =ces 71 h[ev]1 num]\s 9 ,devon%ire2 ,gor+'s army1 9 #afdb1 0 #fjjj /rong2 & al?\gh =tune wav]$1 & al?\gh t[ns 7 tak5 & retak51 !re came a "t1 be=e ! arrival ( ,fairfax & ! ,new ,model ,army1 :5 ! royal /&>d flew f ne>ly e important t[n 9 ,devon1 ,som]set1 & ,cornwall4 ,!re 0 "o conspicu\s exception4 ,! p>ty ( ! p nev] lo/ its hold on ,plym\?1 :i*1 at a co/ ( #hjjj lives1 or m ?an ! entire population ( ! t[n1 )/ood a blockade la/+ f #afdb to #afdf1 toge!r ) _m desp]ate attacks by ,hopton1 ,pr9ce ,maurice1 & ! ,k+ himself1 endur+ altoge!r a long] siege ?an any o!r t[n 9 ,engl&4 ,exet] 0 e>ly seiz$ = ! ,p>liam5t1 b ! majority ( ! citiz5s 7 ,royali/s1 & ! city1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! /ronge/ ,cavali] holds 9 ! we/1 0 soon retak5 by ,pr9ce ,maurice4 ,que5 ,h5rietta 0 !re 9 #afdd1 & !re ,k+ ,*>les's y\nge/ daught]1 aft]w>ds ,du*ess ( ,orleans1 0 born4 ,:5 ,fairfax retook ! t[n 9 #afdf he all[$ ! g>rison to m>* out ) all ! hon\rs ( w>4 ,t ye> saw ! f9al ru9 ( ! ,royal cause 9 ! we/1 & ! disp]sal ( ! only army :i*1 al?\gh little bett] ?an a mob1 /ill kept ! field = ! ,k+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important1 & at ! same "t mo/ fi]cely-conte/$ ,p>liam5t>y victories1 0 ! /orm+ ( ! t[n ( ,torr+ton by ,fairfax1 at midnight1 9 ! w9t] ( #afdf4 ,aft] ! battle1 ! *ur*1 :i* _h be5 us$ by ! k+'s troops 7z also 0 ,exet] ca!dral7 z a p[d]-magaz9e1 0 bl[n up1 & #bjj ,royali/ prison]s :o _h be5 conf9$ 9 x & _m ( _! gu>ds 7 kill$4 ,! loss ( ,torr+ton 0 ! dea?-bl[ ( ! ,royal cause 9 ,devon4 ,all t a brave man c\ld d1 ,hopton did4 ,b ! c\nty 0 sick ( ! ,royali/s & _! me?ods4 ,! p _h le>nt t ! well-discipl9$ troops ( ,fairfax 7 n m]e robb]s1 l ! ruffians ( ,gr5ville & ,gor+2 & aft] ,torr+ton ! ,royal army melt$ away4 ,! la/ place 9 ! c\nty to hold out = ! ,k+ except ,lundy1 :]e !re 0 no fight+1 b :i* did n surr5d] until #afdg1 0 ,clifton ,ca/le1 or ,=t ,*>les1 ne> ,salcombe4 ,aft] endur+ a blockade & siege ( f\r mon?s1 ) ! trifl+ loss ( "o man kill$ & "o w\nd$1 ! besieg$ 7 grant$ ! same t]ms z ! g>risons ( ,exet] & ,b>n/aple1 & m>*$ out ) mat*es light$1 drums beat+1 & col\rs fly+4 ,aft] ! ,battle ( ,worce/]1 9 #afea1 ,*>les ,,ii took refuge = a "t 9 ,devon%ire4 ,f\r ye>s lat] !re 0 an attempt at an insurrection 9 8 fav\r1 kn[n z ,p5ruddock's ,ris+1 & ,*>les 0 proclaim$ ,k+ at ,s\? ,molton4 ,! movem5t 0 promptly suppress$1 & its lead]1 ,colonel ,p5ruddock1 0 execut$4 ,x is int]e/+ to rememb] t1 at ! ,re/oration 9 #affj1 ,exet] 0 ! fir/ t[n 9 ,engl& to ackn[l$ge ,*>les ,,ii1 & t he 0 !re proclaim$ ,k+ t5 days be=e he l&$ at ,dov]4 ,sev5 ye>s lat]1 9 #affg1 ! great ,dut* ,admiral ,de ,ruyt] captur$ all ! %ipp+ 9 ,torbay4 ,dur+ ! ,commonweal? & lat]1 :5 !re 0 no copp] co9age 9 ?is c\ntry1 _m tradesm5 all ov] ,engl& /ruck money ( _! own1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( f>?+s4 ,ne>ly #djj v>ieties ( ,devon%ire tok5s1 z !y 7 call$1 issu$ by sixty diff]5t t[ns1 are kn[n4 ,n9ety-"o 7 /ruck at ,exet] alone1 :i* is m ?an 7 issu$ f any o!r prov9cial t[n except ,norwi*4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod %ill+s & sixp5ny tok5s ( lea!r 7 9 circulation at ,h>tl&4 ,aft] ! ,duke ( ,monm\? l&$ at ,lyme 9 ,dorset%ire1 9 #afhe1 ,axm9/] 0 ! fir/ t[n t he occupi$1 & a numb] ( ,colyton m5 are said to h jo9$ 8 army4 ,o!rwise ! rebellion h>dly t\*$ ,devon%ire4 ,yet ,judge ,jeffreys put to dea?1 at v>i\s places 9 ! c\nty1 ?irty-sev5 ( ! ,duke's misguid$ foll[]s4 ,aft] ! ,battle ( ,s$gemoor1 ,wade & o!r fugitives attempt$ to escape by sea f ,ilfracombe1 b !y 7 oblig$ to put back1 & 7 caught 9 ! woods ne> ,lynton4 ,:51 "u v diff]5t auspices1 ,william ( ,orange l&$ at ,brixham on ! #e? ( ,novemb]1 #afhh1 he m>*$ to ,exet]1 z ! *ief city ( ! we/4 ,! citiz5s at fir/ held alo(1 b 9 ! end !y gave to ! ,deliv]] _! he>ty & mo/ valuable support4 ,two ye>s lat] ! ,fr5* admiral ,t\rville1 fre% f 8 victory ov] our fleet (f ,bea*y ,head1 l&$ a /rong =ce at ,teignm\?1 & sack$ & burnt t "p ( ! t[n :i* ev] s9ce has be5 kn[n z ,fr5* ,/reet4 ,bo? 9 #agae & 9 #agde ! c\nty 0 suspect$ ( %[+ sympa?y ) ! exil$ ,/u>ts4 ,b :5 9 ! =m] ye> ! ,duke ( ,ormond1 ) a small p>ty ( ,fr5* soldi]s1 appe>$ 9 a w>-%ip (f ,brixham1 expect+ to be welcom$ by ! ,devon%ire ,jacobites1 he met ) no enc\ragem5t4 ,sev]al episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( ,devon%ire are associat$ ) ! ,fr5* w> ( ! close ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,9 #agig a ,fr5* squadron1 aft]w>ds captur$ by ,admiral ,bridport1 sank ! fi%+-boats 9 ,ilfracombe h>b\r4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #ahji1 ,pr9cet[n 0 built = ! reception ( ! r\gh] class ( ,fr5* prison]s ( w>1 & dur+ ! five ye>s t foll[$ #ab1fgi ,fr5*m5 & ,am]icans 7 conf9$ !re1 :ile _m o!rs 7 billet$ at ,okehampton1 ,a%burton1 ,tavi/ock1 & ,moreton ,hamp/ead4 ,! ,pr9cet[n build+s 7 aft]w>ds disus$--except = a %ort occupation by a naph?a company--until #ahej1 :5 !y 7 conv]t$ into a prison = convicts4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ,torquay came into note1 hav+ become a place ( resid5ce = ! families ( naval (fic]s s]v+ on m5-(-w> an*or$ 9 ,torbay4 ,9 ,torbay1 too1 0 enact$ :at may be call$ ! la/ sc5e ( ! w>4 ,= x 0 "h1 on ! #bd? ( ,july1 #ahae1 t ,napoleon 0 br\ght a prison]4 ,& "h he rema9$1 except = a few days sp5t 9 ,plym\? ,s\nd1 until ! #aa? ( ,augu/1 :5 he 0 tak5 to ,/ ,hel5a4 #ai4 ,antiquities4 ,to ! ar*aeologi/ & ! antiqu>ian ,devon%ire is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ c\nties 9 ,engl&4 ,) ! exception ( ,cornwall no o!r di/rict is s ri* 9 relics ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,brita92 & x 0 f ! caves ( ?is c\nty t ,p5gelly obta9$ t cle> evid5ce ( ! extreme antiquity ( man 9 ?is isl& :i* prov$ t he liv$ "h1 unnumb]$ ages back1 :5 su* animals z ! cave-lion1 ! hya5a1 & ! mammo? ran wild 9 :at we n[ call ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,palaeoli?ic ,fl9t ,implem5t 7,f ,k5t's ,cav]n7 ,! p :o inhabit$ ,brita9 be=e ! com+ ( ! ,romans are said to h belong$ to ! ,/one ,age1 ! ,bronze ,age1 or ! ,iron ,age1 accord+ to ! mat]ial :i* !y us$ = _! tools & weapons2 & ! fir/ ( ^! epo*s is fur!r divid$ into ! ,e>li] & ! ,lat] ,/one ,ages1 or ! ,palaeoli?ic & ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iods4 ,! implem5ts ( ! =m] 7 v r\ghly fa%ion$ ( *ipp$1 unpoli%$ fl9t2 ^? ( ! latt] 7 m skilfully made1 & 7 sometimes v highly f9i%$4 ,relics ( all ^! p]iods h be5 f\nd 9 ,devon%ire1 b x is n always possible to say to :i* age a p>ticul> weapon or implem5t belongs4 ,! use ( fl9t = arr[-heads1 = example1 c]ta9ly cont9u$ long aft] ! inv5tion ( bronze2 & bronze 0 employ$1 especially = ornam5ts1 long aft] iron _h come into regul> use4 ,traces ( ,palaeoli?ic man are n[h]e common1 & !y are r>e 9 ,devon%ire2 b !y h be5 f\nd1 9 ! %ape ( massive tools ( r\ghly *ipp$ fl9t1 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n ne> ,torquay1 9 ! ,catt$[n ,cave1 n[ de/roy$1 ne> ,plym\?1 & 9 ! riv]-drift ne> ,axm9/]4 ,v f9e examples h be5 obta9$ f a balla/-pit at ,broome4 ,rema9s belong+ to ! ,neoli?ic ,age1 on ! o!r h&1 are n only mu* m abundant1 b are ( great] v>iety1 %[+ an advance 9 k ( ! arts ( life1 & !y include n only axe-heads1 spe>-po9ts1 & arr[-tips ( fl9t1 9 "s cases beautifully f9i%$1 b weapons & ornam5ts ( bone & horn1 rude pott]y1 sp9dle-:orls1 & ev5 primitive musical in/rum5ts4 ,no traces ( ! dwell+s ( ! p ( ?is age1 except z reg>ds ! caves t %elt]$ "s ( !m & _! pr$ecessors ( ! e>li] "t1 h yet be5 f\nd1 nor ( _! graves1 if we except ! ,sp9/]'s ,rock1 two miles we/ ( ,drew/eignton4 ,?is is a dolm5 consi/+ ( ?ree huge /ones1 on :i* re/s a /ill l>g] block1 twelve feet long & e/imat$ at sixte5 tons 9 weight2 x d\btless 0 a ,neoli?ic bury+-place4 ,illu/ration3 ,dolm5 ne> ,drew/eignton ,relics ( ! ,bronze ,age are f> m abundant1 & !y =m1 inde$1 ! *ief ar*aeological feature ( ,devon%ire4 ,d>tmoor 9 p>ticul>1 *iefly p]haps because its great upl& wild]ness has nev] be5 brok5 up by ! pl\gh1 is dott$ all ov] ) rema9s ( primitive ,bronze ,age dwell+s1 sometimes /&+ alone1 sometimes gr\p$ 9 villages & surr\nd$ by a wall1 & also ) _m /one circles1 tumuli1 ki/va5s1 m5hirs1 & r[s ( upright /ones4 ,x is1 moreov]1 int]sect$ by a network ( anci5t trackways1 l9k+ settlem5t to settlem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,pal/ave ( ! ,bronze ,age 7,9 ,exet] ,museum7 ,! be/ example ( an e>ly ,bronze ,age village is ,grimsp\nd1 eight miles nor?-ea/ ( ,pr9cet[n4 ,x consi/s ( tw5ty-f\r r\nd huts made ( /one slabs set on end & /&+ ab\t ?ree feet above gr\nd1 scatt]$ ov] a space ( ab\t f\r acres1 surr\nd$ by a ne>ly circul> d\ble wall1 f n9e to f\rte5 feet ?ick1 & ab\t five feet high1 built ( blocks ( granite1 "s ( :i* are tons 9 weight4 ,half ! huts conta9 fire-he>?s1 :i* h be5 mu* us$2 & a good _m h rais$ /one b5*es1 f eight in*es to a foot high4 ,except t ! ro(s1 :i* 7 no d\bt made ( poles & ?at*1 h disappe>$1 ^! primitive dwell+s1 ( :i* !re are hundr$s on ,d>tmoor1 are probably mu* 9 ! same condition z :5 !y 7 inhabit$1 p]haps #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,grimsp\nd1 l _m anci5t camps or hill-=ts1 0 a place ( refuge 9 times ( dang]1 r ?an a p]man5tly occupi$ =tress4 ,illu/ration3 ,f]nwor?y ,circle1 ne> ,*ag=d ,! objects f\nd 9 ^! & simil> dwell+s consi/ ( fl9t implem5ts1 pott]y--"s ( x decorat$--sp9dle-:orls1 & cook+-/ones su* z are /ill 9 use among ! ,eskimo4 ,s f>1 no fragm5t ( metal ( any k9d has be5 discov]$1 f :i* x might1 p]haps1 h be5 inf]r$ t ! huts 7 ! "w ( a race unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( metal4 ,b ! pott]y s closely resembles t f\nd 9 ! burial-m\nds ( ! ,bronze ,age t ar*aeologi/s are satisfi$ t ! dwell+s belong to t p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,hur/on ,/one ,alignm5t ,o!r rem>kable monum5ts are ! /one circles1 or upright1 unhewn blocks ( granite arrang$ 9 r+s1 ( :i* !re are _m on ,d>tmoor1 & ( :i* "s ( ! f9e/ are ! ,grey ,we!rs ne> ,po/ ,bridge1 & simil> /ructures ne> ,*ag=d & on ,lang/one ,moor2 ! av5ues or alignm5ts1 consi/+ ( r[s ( /ones set up 9 /raight l9es1 z at ,m]ivale ,bridge1 ,hur/on1 & ,*allacombe2 & ! m5hirs1 :i* are s+le /ones1 sometimes twelve feet high1 ( :i* ! be/ are at ,drizlecombe1 at ,m]ivale1 & on ,lang/one ,moor4 ,illu/ration3 ,triple ,/one ,r[ & ,circle ne> ,headl&s1 ,d>tmoor ,x is probable t ^! /ructures 7 connect$ ) primitive =ms ( wor%ip1 b ,sir ,norman ,locky] has endeav\r$ to %[1 9 "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ *apt]s ( ar*aeological rese>*1 t ! circles & av5ues1 & ! monoli?s or m5hirs connect$ ) !m1 7 9 all probability set up z r\gh a/ronomical in/rum5ts = obs]v+ ! ris+ ( ! sun or ( p>ticul> />s1 9 ord] to regulate ! true l5g? ( ! ye>4 ,x is ev5 possible1 he cont5ds1 to =m "s idea ( ! date ( _! erection4 ,?us ! two av5ues at ,m]ivale 7 probably laid out at diff]5t times1 "o ab\t #afaj ,b4,c41 & ! o!r ab\t #adbj ,b4,c41 9 ord] to wat* ! sunrise 9 ,may1 :i* 0 !n reg>d$ z ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>2 :ile ! av5ues at ,*allacombe1 among ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! monum5ts1 are probably ( f> old] date1 p]haps #cejj ,b4,c41 & seem to h be5 arrang$ = ! obs]vation ( sunrise 9 ,novemb]1 a mon? long accept$ by "s ,celtic tribes z m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,ki/va5s1 ( :i* ne>ly #ajj h be5 f\nd1 almo/ all ( !m on ,d>tmoor1 are small /one burial *amb]s1 g5]ally us$ = ! reception ( ! burnt a%es ( ! dead1 probably 9 _m in/ances orig9ally cov]$ ) e>?1 & made ( f\r slabs ( granite set on edge1 =m+ a sort ( vault1 ) ano!r & m massive /one laid on ! top4 ,specially good examples h be5 f\nd at ,f]nwor?y1 on ,lakehead ,hill1 & at ,plym\?4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ki/va5--belong+1 h[ev]1 to a lat] p]iod1 :5 burial _h displac$ cremation--0 t discov]$ on ,lundy1 conta9+ a human skeleton eight feet two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,tumuli or burial m\nds1 call$ cairns :5 !y are made ( small /ones1 & b>r[s :5 !y are m]ely piles ( e>?1 are to be se5 9 all p>ts ( ,devon%ire1 especially on high gr\nd1 sometimes alone1 sometimes 9 gr\ps ( f two to t5 or twelve1 & always r\nd4 ,no long b>r[s h be5 discov]$ 9 ! c\nty4 ,! m5 ( ! ,bronze ,age rea*$ a mu* high] /age ( civilisation ?an _! /one-us+ pr$ecessors1 & v f9e examples ( _! bronze swords1 dagg]s1 spe>-heads & axes2 ( _! pott]y1 "s ( x f9ely decorat$2 & ( _! ornam5ts1 includ+ beads ( %ale & clay & amb]1 & an amb] dagg]-hilt ) /uds ( gold1 h be5 f\nd at v>i\s places 9 ,devon%ire4 ,relics t c be attribut$ ) c]ta9ty to ! prehi/oric ,iron ,age are r>e1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 because iron s quickly ru/s away4 ,"s v rem>kable rema9s ( ?is p]iod 7 h[ev] f\nd on ,/am=d ,hill ne> ,plym\?1 dur+ ! con/ruction ( a =t1 :5 ! workm5 dug into an anci5t burial-gr\nd1 9 :i*1 9 addition to human bones1 7 discov]$ r$1 black1 & yell[ pott]y1 mirrors & f+] r+s ( bronze1 fragm5ts ( beautiful amb]-t9t$ glass1 & "s mu*-corrod$ cutt+-in/rum5ts ( iron4 ,9 ! old camp call$ ,holne ,*ase ,ca/le1 a man digg+ out a rabbit came ^u ab\t a doz5 b>s ( ru/y iron1 two feet long1 ne>ly two in*es broad1 & a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 :i* al?\gh at fir/ mi/ak51 z has be5 ! case else:]e1 = unf9i%$ sword-blades1 7 subsequ5tly id5tifi$ z specim5s ( ! iron curr5cy-b>s :i* pass$ z money among ! anci5t ,britons4 ,briti% co9s ( gold1 silv]1 & copp] h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al places1 p>ticul>ly at ,exet] & at ,m\nt ,batt5 ne> ,plym\?4 ,! commone/ are ( :at is kn[n z ! ,*annel ,isl&s type1 be>+ ! effigy ( a horse rudely imitat$ f ! ,mac$onian /at]1 & probably /ruck ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ,a special feature ( ! prehi/oric antiquities ( ,devon%ire is ! great numb] ( camps or hill-=ts1 ( :i* !re are m ?an #adj2 "s 9 ! he>t ( ! c\nty1 "s on ! coa/1 (t5 on prom95t headl&s1 & "s along ! l9es ( division betwe5 ?is & ! adjo9+ %ires2 %[+ 9 _m in/ances great milit>y skill & k bo? 9 con/ruction & 9 ! *oice ( good1 def5sive sites4 ,two ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! _m /rongholds1 bo? ne> ,honiton1 are ! great encampm5t ( ,dumpdon & ! magnific5tly plann$ =tress ( ,hembury--a monum5t ( milit>y skill4 ,ano!r f9e example is ,hawkesd[n1 ! /ronge/ ( ! *a9 ( bord] =ts--( :i* ,membury & ,musbury are two important l9ks--built along ! riv] ,axe z def5ces aga9/ ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,dorset%ire4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ elaborate ( all is ,clovelly ,dykes1 tw5ty acres 9 ext5t1 & def5d$ by f ?ree to five l9es ( intricate e>?works4 ,ano!r rem>kable =t1 & ! l>ge/ 9 ! c\nty1 is ,milb] ,d[n1 two miles s\?-ea/ ( ,newton ,abbot4 ,illu/ration3 ,bronze ,c5taur =m+ ! ,head ( a ,roman ,/&>d 7,f\nd at ,sidm\?7 ,!re is no real clue to ! mak]s ( ^! =tresses4 ,roman co9s h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al ( !m1 b !re is n "o :i* compet5t au?orities attribute to ! ,romans1 & x is probable t !y 7 built by ,briti% tribes dur+ ! ages ( ,bronze & ( ,iron1 b p]haps *iefly by ! ,gaels or ,goidels4 ,a few ( !m h play$ a "p 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,cadbury1 = in/ance1 0 occupi$ by ,fairfax 9 #afde2 & 9 #afhh ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange p>k$ 8 artill]y 9 ! great =t ( ,milb] ,d[n1 a camp :i* x is ?\ght 0 n only occupi$ b adapt$ by ! ,romans4 ,! ,romans1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 left comp>atively few traces 9 ,devon%ire2 & at only twelve spots 9 ! c\nty h ,roman relics o!r ?an co9s be5 discov]$4 ,at ,exet]1 ! only t[n :]e !re seems to h be5 cont9u\s occupation1 !re h be5 f\nd ! f\ndations ( ! city walls1 a ba?1 sev]al tesselat$ pavem5ts--"o ( :i* has be5 relaid 9 ! hall ( ! police-c\rt1 on ! spot :]e x 0 discov]$--/atuettes 9 bronze & 9 /one1 engrav$ gems1 lamps--"o encru/$ ) liz>ds1 toads1 & newts--_m pieces ( f9ely decorat$ ,samian pott]y1 & great numb]s ( co9s4 ,! f9e/ mosaic pavem5t 0 t f\nd at ,uplyme1 on ! site ( "o ( ! only two kn[n ,roman villas 9 ! c\nty4 ,co9s h be5 dug up 9 _m places4 ,consid]able ho>ds h be5 discov]$ at ,compton ,gif=d1 ,holcombe1 ,tiv]ton1 & ,widwor?y4 ,! l>ge/1 h[ev]1 0 at ,k+sk]swell1 :]e #bjjj 7 f\nd toge!r4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ,roman relic 0 a bronze object f\nd on ! bea* at ,sidm\?1 believ$ to be ! head ( a /&>d1 & repres5t+ ,*iron ! ,c5taur c>ry+ ,a*illes4 ,except z reg>ds co9s1 ( :i* great numb]s are 9 exi/5ce1 especially1 z has be5 /at$1 9 ! ,royal ,museum at ,/ockholm1 few antiquities t c be ascrib$ to ! ,saxons h be5 f\nd 9 ,devon%ire4 ,"o rem>kable relic1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 0 a bronze sword-hilt1 dug up 9 ,exet] 9 #ahcc1 f9ely ornam5t$ ) key-patt]n1 & inscrib$ ,,le(ric,,me,,fec7,,x74 ,"p ( ! lett]+ is inv]t$1 a fact :i* at fir/ entirely disguis$ ! real words4 ,"o ( ! treasures ( ,exet] ,ca!dral is an ,old ,engli% manuscript head$ ,a ,mycel ,englisc ,bok1 plac$ 9 ! ,*apt] ,libr>y by ,le(ric1 :o 9 #ajej 0 bi%op ( ! diocese4 ,x conta9s "s ( ! "w ( ,cynewulf & 8 s*ool4 ,"o poem has be5 ?us translat$3 ,to ! ,frisian wife comes a de> welcome gue/2 ! keel is at re/2 8 vessel is come2 h] husb& is home2 h] own *]i%$ "l %e leads to ! bo>d2 8 wet we$s %e wr+s2 dry g>m5ts %e br+s4 ,ah1 happy is he :om1 home f ! sea 8 true love awaits4 ,illu/ration3 ,saxon ,sword-hilt ,a ,norman relic ( ! highe/ int]e/ is ! ,exet] ,domesday ,book1 also pres]v$ 9 ! ,*apt] ,libr>y1 describ+ 9 great] detail ?an is giv5 by ! ,w9*e/] ,survey1 especially z reg>ds live /ock1 ! five c\nties ( ,devon1 ,cornwall1 ,dorset1 ,som]set1 & ,wilt%ire4 ,among _m po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two books is t :]e ! m g5]al survey gives ! lett]s ,t4,r4,e41 = tempore regis ,edw>di1 mean+ t su* 7 ! facts 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ! ,exet] ,book uses ! phrase eadie qa rex,efum = e die qua ,rex ,edw>dus fuit vivus et mortuus1 t is to say1 on ! day :5 ,k+ ,edw>d 0 alive & dead1 mean+ ! day he di$1 :i* 0 ! #f? ( ,janu>y1 #ajff4 ,x is wor?y ( note t1 ) "o exception1 ! ,devon%ire ,hundr$s 7 ! same 9 #ajhf1 ! suppos$ ye> ( ! completion ( ! ,survey1 z !y are 9 our "t4 ,scatt]$ up & d[n ov] ,devon%ire are _m old /one crosses1 "s 9 *ur*y>ds or by ! wayside1 probably int5d$ z prea*+ places1 & "s /&+ on ! op5 moor z m>ks ( b\nd>y or ( l9es ( anci5t roadway1 a few ( !m be>+ brief inscriptions or traces ( decoration4 ,f9e examples are ^? ( ,addiscot1 ,helliton1 ,m>y ,tavy1 & ,s\? ,zeal1 ! la/-nam$ ( :i* has be5 re/or$1 & measures1 ) its /eps1 eighte5 feet 9 height2 ! ,m]*ant's ,cross ne> ,meavy1 ! talle/ on ,d>tmoor2 ! v anci5t ,cople/one ,cross1 once decorat$ ) int]lac$ ,celtic ornam5t1 /&+ :]e ?ree p>i%es meet1 & nam$ 9 an ,anglo-,saxon *>t] ( #igd2 & ! ,nun's or ,siw>d's ,cross1 inscrib$ on "o side 7,,si7,,w>d1 & on ! o!r ,,boc ,,lond1 set up 9 ! twelf? c5tury to m>k ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! royal =e/ & ! prop]ty ( ,buckl& ,abbey4 ,) ^! may be m5tion$ ! inscrib$ /ones ( ,lu/leigh1 ,/[=d1 ,tiv]ton1 & ,f>del--! latt] n[ remov$4 ,! la/-nam$1 & "o ( ! ?ree ,tiv]ton examples1 be> inscriptions 9 ,ogham or ,iri% runic *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,cyclopean ,bridge1 ,d>tmoor ,among ! features ( ,d>tmoor are ! s-call$ clapp] bridges1 made ( great blocks ( unhewn /one4 ,_! date & _! build]s are matt]s ( conjecture4 ,if1 z has be5 said1 !y 7 meant = pack-horse traffic1 !y may be at lea/ z old z ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 = packhorses are m5tion$ 9 ! ,exet] ,domesday4 ,!re are f9e examples at ,d>tmeet1 ,bella=d1 & ne> ,scaurhill ,circle4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ & p]haps ! mo/ anci5t is t at ,po/ ,bridge1 9 :i* two ( ! /ones are fifte5 feet long4 ,! idea has long be5 ab&on$ t ,logan or rock+ /ones 7 ! "w ( man1 or t ! rock bas9s :i* are f\nd on ! top ( "s ( ! ,d>tmoor tors _h any?+ to d ) ,druidical c]emonies4 ,bo? are n[ recognis$ z ( natural orig94 ,b x may "h be not$ t ! l>ge/ ( ! ,devon%ire ,logans is ! ,ruggle/one1 at ,widecombe1 e/imat$ at f #ajj to #aej tons1 b x c no long] be mov$4 ,! l>ge/ t w /ill rock is "o ( ab\t fifty tons weight at ,smallacombe4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! _m rock bas9s1 :i* v>y f a few in*es to five feet or m1 are on ,heltor & ,ke/or4 #bj4 ,ar*itecture--7a7 ,ecclesia/ical4 ,! ecclesia/ical build+s ( ,devon%ire1--its magnific5t ca!dral1 :i* is )\t d\bt ! f9e/ example ( ! ,decorat$ /yle 9 all ,engl&2 its _m noble *ur*es1 "s ( :i*1 specially rem>kable = _! int]e/ & beauty1 are situat$ 9 remote & ?9ly-peopl$ rural p>i%es2 &1 9 a m9or degree1 ! picturesque fragm5ts ( its ru9$ abbeys--=m altoge!r "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! c\nty4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x may be said t ,devon%ire *ur*es1 z a :ole1 are rem>kable = _! int]iors1 v _m ( !m conta9+ beautiful wood-"w1 especially rood-scre5s1 & f9ely-c>v$ /one pulpits1 to :i*1 9 _m in/ances1 ! addition ( gold & col\r has l5t a /ill m /rik+ & ev5 gorge\s effect4 ,"s ( ! ext]iors also are v beautiful2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ( !m1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! intractable nature ( ! /one ( :i* !y 7 built1 are simple & ev5 sev]e 9 "*4 ,z might be expect$1 ! mat]ial v>ies ) ! geological =mation4 ,?us1 _m *ur*es 7 built ( grey lime/one4 ,9 ,ea/ ,devon mu* use 0 made ( fl9ts & ( free/one f ,be]4 ,r\nd ,exet] & ,cr$iton volcanic tufa 0 (t5 employ$1 p>ticul>ly 9 vault+4 ,! use ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ev5 ( granite greatly affect$ ! /yle1 :i* 9 build+s ( ^? difficult mat]ials is pla9 & ) little ornam5t4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! *ur*es ( ,devon%ire 7 m or less rebuilt dur+ ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 t is1 betwe5 #acgg & #aedg2 b _m1 probably ev5 ! majority ( !m1 conta9 features ( e>li] dates1 9 a few cases go+ z f> back z ,saxon times4 ,"s h be5 skilfully re/or$4 ,b 9 too _m cases ! "w ( r5ewal 0 c>ri$ out 9 an age :5 *ur* ar*itecture 0 imp]fectly und]/ood1 & :5 ! value ( old & beautiful1 ev5 if "t-worn1 details 0 n suffici5tly appreciat$2 & x is un=tunately true t1 9 ord] to accompli% ne$less or b>b>\s alt]ations1 _m int]e/+ features 7 ru?lessly swept away4 ,illu/ration3 ,norman ,doorway1 ,axm9/] ,*ur* ,! olde/ exi/+ "w is ! ,saxon masonry 9 ! bases ( "s ( ! c5tral ,norman t[]s--^? ( ,branscombe1 ,axm9/]1 & ,colyton1 = example1 & 9 ! crypt ( ,sidbury4 ,no *ur* is :olly or ev5 l>gely ,norman2 b ! transeptal t[]s ( ,exet] ,ca!dral are ( ?is p]iod1 z are ! t[]s ( ,s\? ,br5t1 ,ilfracombe1 & ,aveton ,gif=d1 9 addition to ^? nam$ above4 ,!re are also f9e ,norman doorways at ,paignton1 ,kelly1 ,axm9/]1 ,h>tl&1 ,bi%op's ,teignton1 & else:]e4 ,9 at lea/ a hundr$ *ur*es1 mo/ ( :i* probably possess no o!r feature ( ! "t1 !re are ,norman fonts1 ( :i* ! mo/ rem>kable are ^? at ,h>tl&1 ,alph+ton1 & ,bradswor?y4 ,! font 9 ,dolton *ur* is believ$ to be ,saxon4 ,illu/ration3 ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y ,*ur* ,p]haps ! be/ examples ( ,e>ly ,engli% ar*itecture are to be se5 9 ! aisles & transeptal t[]s--! latt] imitat$ f ^? ( ,exet] ,ca!dral--( ! v beautiful *ur* ( ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y1 ! f9e/ & mo/ int]e/+ *ur* 9 ,devon4 ,! pla9 little build+ on ,br5t ,tor1 "o ( ! smalle/ ( *ur*es1 measur+ only =ty feet by f\rte51 is probably all ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! *ur*es ( ,samp=d ,pev]ell1 ,haccombe1 & ,aveton ,gif=d are almo/ entirely ( ?is p]iod1 z are ! transepts & c5tral t[] ( ,combe ,m>t9 & ! t[] ( ,buckfa/leigh1 :i* c>ries "o ( ! few spires 9 ! c\nty4 ,illu/ration3 ,decorat$ ,w9d[1 ,exet] ,ca!dral ,! ,decorat$ /yle is n s well repres5t$ z reg>ds ! numb] ( examples4 ,b to ?is p]iod belongs almo/ ! :ole ( ,exet] ,ca!dral1 a great "p ( ! beautiful *ur* ( ,tavi/ock1 & ! nave1 *ancel1 & ,lady-*apel ( ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y4 ,!re is also good "w ( ?is /yle at ,be] ,f]ris1 ,plympton1 & ,d5bury4 ,s _m ,devon%ire *ur*es1 z already rem>k$1 7 rebuilt 9 ,tudor times t ! majority ( ! ecclesia/ical build+s 9 ! c\nty appe> to belong to ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4 ,!re is v beautiful ,p]p5dicul> "w 9 ! *ur* ( ,tiv]ton1 ^: s\? front & *apel 7 decorat$ by _! f\nd]1 a wool-m]*ant nam$ ,gre5way1 ) v elaborate c>v+s1 "s symbolic ( 8 trade1 & "s repres5t+ sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,o!r notable *ur*es ma9ly ( ?is p]iod--to "n a few only out ( a multitude ( examples--are ^? ( ,cr$iton1 ,h>tl&1 ,plymptree1 ,awliscombe1 ,k5ton1 ,h>b]ton1 ,d>tm\?1 & ,buckl& ,mona*orum4 ,to ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod belong ! f9e/ ( ! ,devon%ire t[]s1 :i* z a rule1 h[ev]1 ow+ 9 _m in/ances to ! abs5ce or to ! poorness ( buttresses & p9nacles1 lack ! maje/y ( ^? :i* are s /rik+ a feature ( ! ecclesia/ical ar*itecture ( ,som]set4 ,!re is a gr\p ( ?ree t[]s 9 ne> neighb\rhood1 assign$ by tradition to ! same ar*itect1 & kn[n z ,l5g?1 ,/r5g? & ,beauty1 at ,bi%op's ,nympton1 ,s\? ,molton1 & ,*ittlehampton1 respectively2 & ! la/ ( ^!1 a magnific5t piece ( ar*itecture1 is ! mo/ beautiful specim5 ( an enri*$ t[] 9 ,devon%ire4 ,o!r v f9e t[]s are ^? ( ,cullompton1 ,*umleigh1 ,b]ryn>bor1 ,arl+ton1 ,k5tisbury1 & ,combe ,m>t94 ,! t[] ( ,colyton is unique 9 "*1 be+ cr[n$ by an octagonal lant]n support$ by sl5d] fly+ buttresses4 ,!re are n n[ _m spires 9 ,devon%ire1 b !re are f9e examples at ,modbury--:i* tap]s ! :ole way up--& at ,b>n/aple1 bo? ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & !re are o!rs at ,braunton1 ,bru%=d1 & ,we/ ,worl+ton4 ,"o ( ! t[]s ( ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y c>ries a spire1 ! o!r is )\t4 ,"o ( ! special *>act]i/ics ( ,devon%ire *ur*es is _! woodwork1 _! ro(s & b5*-ends1 _! pulpits--al?\gh "s ( ! be/ ( ^! are ( /one--&1 above all1 _! rood-scre5s4 ,! la/-nam$ are among ! f9e/ 9 ! k+dom1 & are n rivall$ ev5 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 ,!re are good timb] ro(s at ,cullompton1 ,widecombe1 ,s\? ,tawton1 ,h>tl&1 ,a%burton1 ,*ittlehampton1 ,samp=d ,c\rt5ay1 & ,ha!rleigh4 ,! b5*-ends at ,abbot%am1 ,ils+ton1 ,a%ton1 ,mortehoe1 ,taw/ock1 ,braunton1 ,monksleigh1 ,fri!l/ock1 ,ea/ ,budleigh1 & ,combe-9-,teignhead are specially f9e4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury seats at ,cruwys ,mor*>d are inscrib$ ) ! f>m names ( ! p>i%4 ,rood-scre5s1 :i* are "h ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 are v num]\s 9 ,devon%ire4 ,al?\gh _m h disappe>$1 hav+ be5 remov$ or brok5 up1 !re are /ill "s #aej 9 m or less p]fect condition4 ,s _m ( !m1 moreov]1 are ( su* truly exquisite workman%ip t x is difficult to say :i* are ! mo/ beautiful4 ,! mat]ial1 9 ! majority ( cases1 is wood1 p]haps because ( ! sc>city ( tractable /one--elaborately c>v$1 & v (t5 spl5didly decorat$ ) gold & col\r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 magnific5t scre5s ( /one 9 ,exet] ,ca!dral & 9 ! *ur*es ( ,totnes & ,awliscombe4 ,illu/ration3 ,rood ,scre5 & ,pulpit1 ,h>b]ton ,*ur* ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! scre5s 7 ! "w ( native craftsm51 b !re are "s ^: /yle %[s di/9ct signs ( =eign influ5ce4 ,! beautiful scre5 at ,h>b]ton1 = example1 sugge/s ,spani% "w or influ5ce1 t ( ,colebrook ,fr5*1 t ( ,k5ton ,flemi%1 & t ( ,swymbridge ,italian4 ,:ile by f> ! great] numb] are ( ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 t ( ,wa%field is ,jacobean1 & t ( ,cruwys ,mor*>d is ,georgian4 ,x is p]haps g5]ally consid]$ t ! magnific5t scre5 at ,k5ton is ! f9e/ ( all2 b x has a good _m rivals :i* closely approa* x 9 beauty ( design & 9 excell5ce ( workman%ip4 ,o!r spl5did specim5s1 all ( !m ( great beauty1 are ^? at ,k5tisb]e1 ,h>tl&1 ,hemyock1 ,swymbridge1 ,k+snympton1 ,d>tm\?1 ,honiton1 ,holbeton1 ,taw/ock1 ,lu/leigh1 ,lap=d1 ,p9hoe1 & ,uffculme4 ,! la/-nam$1 :i* measures sixty-sev5 feet1 is ! longe/1 & t at ,welcombe is believ$ to be ! olde/1 9 ! c\nty4 ,c>v$ pulpits are ano!r special feature ( ,devon%ire *ur*es4 ,! f9e/ /one pulpit1 :i* is at ,h>b]ton1 conta9s1 l ! beautiful examples at ,s\? ,molton & ,*ittlehampton1 full-l5g? figures 9 panels4 ,o!r good /one pulpits are at ,pilton1 ,totnes1 ,paignton1 ,d>tm\? & else:]e4 ,two p>ticul>ly f9e c>v$ oak5 pulpits are ^? ( ,h>tl& & ,k5ton1 ! latt] ( :i* is v ri*ly decorat$ ) gold & col\r4 ,!re are also good specim5s at ,ea/ ,all+ton1 ,tor ,bryan1 ,ipplep51 & ,holne4 ,anci5t /a9$ glass is v r>e 9 ,devon1 mu* hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ,puritan fanatics4 ,! be/ :i* has surviv$ is at ,doddiscombeleigh1 :]e !re are f\r v beautiful w9d[s4 ,!re is also v good glass at ,*]iton ,bi%op & ,budleigh2 & "s less /rik+ b notewor?y examples may be se5 at ,a%ton1 ,*ri/[1 ,cadbury1 ,manaton1 ,a!r+ton & o!r places4 ,! great ea/ w9d[ 9 ,exet] ,ca!dral conta9s "s v f9e col\r$ glass1 & !re are a few rema9s 9 "s ( ! cl]e/ory w9d[s4 ,among ! v /rik+ recumb5t effigies ( w>riors & *ur*m5 & great ladies to be f\nd 9 our *ur*es !re are "s n to be surpass$ 9 ,engl&2 & ! magnific5t examples 9 ,exet] ,ca!dral1 9 p>ticul>1 af=d mo/ valuable *ronological /udies bo? ( co/ume & ( c>v+4 ,among ! f9e/ ( ^? 9 ! ca!dral are ! spl5did ?irte5? c5tury alaba/] effigy ( ,bi%op ,bronescombe1 ! f\rte5? c5tury mail-clad figures ( ,humphrey de ,bohun & ,sir ,ri*>d ,/apl$on1 & ! sixte5? c5tury effigy ( ,bi%op ,hugh ,oldham4 ,p]haps ! gr&e/ ( ^? 9 p>i% *ur*es1 to "n a few only out ( _m1 are ! f\rte5? c5tury effigies ( ,sir ,o?o ,gr&isson & 8 wife at ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y1 & ! sev5te5? c5tury figures ( ,d5ys ,rolle & 8 wife at ,bicton4 ,o!r f9e effigies are at ,paignton1 ,broadcly/1 ,l&key1 ,taw/ock1 ,haccombe1 & ,horwood & ! ,seym\r tomb at ,b]ry ,pom]oy4 ,our c\nty is ri* also 9 monum5tal brasses1 mo/ ( :i* date f ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,among ! f9e/ are ! spl5did triple-canopi$ fifte5? c5tury brasses 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,savi\r1 ,d>tm\?1 9 memory ( ,sir ,john ,hawley & 8 two wives1 ! fifte5? c5tury brass ( ,sir ,ni*olas ,c>ew 9 ,exet] ,ca!dral1 :i* is a wond]ful repres5tation ( ! milit>y co/ume ( ! p]iod1 & ! f9e sixte5? c5tury brass at ,tiv]ton1 9 memory ( ,john & ,joan ,gre5way4 ,o!r good brasses are 9 ,exet] ,ca!dral & 9 ! *ur*es ( ,/oke-9-,teignhead1 ,/oke ,flem+1 ,clovelly1 ,braunton1 ,haccombe1 & ,cly/ ,/ ,george4 ,_m ( ! *ur*es1 t ( ,pilton1 = example1 h specially musical peals ( bells2 & !re are v old bells at ,ogwell1 ,abbot's ,beck+ton1 ,alv]discott & ,hittesleigh4 ,at ! latt] place is ! mo/ anci5t bell 9 ! c\nty4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,seym\r ,tomb1 ,b]ry ,pom]oy ,*ur* ,by f> ! mo/ important & rem>kable ecclesia/ical build+ 9 ,devon%ire is ,exet] ,ca!dral1 :i*1 al?\gh n "o ( ! l>ge/ or--ext]nally1 at any rate--"o ( ! mo/ maje/ic ca!drals 9 ?is c\ntry1 is )\t d\bt ! mo/ beautiful example 9 all ,engl& ( ! ,decorat$ /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,x is built ( ,be] /one2 a mat]ial :i* :5 fir/ qu>ri$ is :ite & easily work$1 b :i*1 9 ?is case1 is n[ d>k & crumbl+ ) age4 ,! two features :i* specially di/+ui% ?is f all o!r ca!drals are its transeptal t[]s1 ( :i* ! only o!r ,engli% example is at ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y2 & ! great l5g? ( its ro(1 :i* ext5ds unbrok5 ov] nave & *oir4 ,! ext]ior is fur!r rem>kable = ! /atu>y on its we/ front ) its figures ( k+s & knights1 sa9ts & angels2 = its fly+ buttresses & its ri*ly c>v$ p9nacles4 ,& ! int]ior1 :i* has be5 call$ ! f9e/ 9 ,europe1 is di/+ui%$ = ! beautiful trac]y ( its _m ,decorat$ w9d[s1 ! elaborate details ( its side-*apels2 its episcopal ?rone1 m ?an fifty feet high1 a m>vel ( wood-c>v+1 )\t a rival 9 ! isl&2 its noble scre51 "o ( ! be/ 9 a c\nty p>ticul>ly ri* 9 scre5s2 its anci5t & qua9tly-c>v$ mis]]es1 ! e>lie/ 9 ,engl&2 its f\rte5? c5tury m9/rels' gall]y1 ! mo/ ne>ly p]fect kn[n2 its long /ret* ( /one vault$ ro(1 ! longe/ ( ! k9d 9 exi/5ce2 its clu/]$ columns2 its ri*ly yet delicately c>v$ bosses & f9ely sculptur$ corbels2 its _m monum5ts & recumb5t effigies ( knights 9 arm\r & ( bi%ops 9 _! robes ( (fice2 &1 g5]ally1 by ! wond]ful uni=mity & symmetry ( its design4 ,illu/ration3 ,exet] ,ca!dral1 ,we/ ,front ,! ca!dral is ! "w ( _m h&s4 ,h>dly "o ( its long l9e ( bi%ops b has left 8 m>k ^u x4 ,b t x is an ar*itectural ma/]piece is due 9 ! fir/ place to ! g5ius ( "o man1 & 9 ! second place to ! wisdom ( 8 successors 9 fai?fully c>ry+ out 8 orig9al design4 ,! ca!dral /&s on ! site ( a ,saxon *ur*1 ( :i* no trace rema9s2 & ( ! ,norman edifice :i* succe$$ x little is left b ! two transeptal t[]s4 ,^! t[]s1 ! nor!rn ( :i* has be5 mu* alt]$1 & n[ has /rongly-m>k$ ,p]p5dicul> *>act]s1 7 built by ,bi%op ,w>elwa/ 7#aajg-aacf71 ! son ( ,william ! ,conqu]or's si/]2 & ,bi%op ,m>%all 7#aaid-abjf71 bro!r ( t ,e>l ( ,pembroke :o help$ ,h5ry ,,ii 9 ! conque/ ( ,irel&1 f9i%$ ! build+ 9 ! ,norman /yle4 ,b x 0 ,bi%op ,quivil 7#abhj-abia7 :o plann$ ! recon/ruction ( ! :ole ca!dral 9 ! ,decorat$ /yle1 ) ! exception ( ! t[]s1 & himself began ! trans=mation1 rebuild+ ! transepts1 ! ,lady-*apel1 & "p ( ! nave4 ,& al?\gh ! "w ext5d$ ov] m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,quivil's "t1 & 0 cont9u$ f> into ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 ! ar*itecture 0 n alt]$1 & !re are few features 9 ! build+ :i* are n 9 keep+ ) ! bi%op's fir/ design4 ,! magnific5t ,p]p5dicul> ea/]n w9d[ is fill$ ) beautiful glass ( ! previ\s p]iod1 & x is believ$ t its trac]y also 0 orig9ally ( ! ,decorat$ /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,nave1 ,exet] ,ca!dral ,( ! bi%ops :o succe$$ ,quivil1 ,/apl$on 7#acjh-acbf71 a /atesman z well z a prelate & an ar*itect1 murd]$ 9 ,*eapside by ruffian p>tisans ( ! ,%e-,wolf ( ,france1 c>ri$ out "s ( ! f9e/ "w 9 ! build+1 includ+ ! rood-scre51 ! episcopal ?rone1 & ! /one s$ilia4 ,la/ ( ! great build]s 0 ,bi%op ,gr&isson 7#acbg-acfi71 :o1 9 8 long t5ure ( ! see1 complet$ & f9ally consecrat$ ! ca!dral1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 "s details 7 add$ by ^? :o foll[$ him4 ,bi%op ,brantyngham 7#acgj-acid71 = in/ance1 f9i%$ ! we/ front1 ! great ea/ w9d[1 & ! cloi/]s--de/roy$ by ! ,puritans & only rec5tly rebuilt4 ,!re h be5 two ma9 re/orations ( ! ca!dral2 "o 9 #affb1 & "o betwe5 #ahgj & #ahgg1 :5 ! r]$os & o!r features 7 add$4 ,! *apt]-h\se1 :i* is an exception 9 /yle to ! re/ ( ! build+1 its l[] "p be+ ,e>ly ,engli%1 & its upp] "p ,p]p5dicul>1 conta9s "p ( ! ca!dral libr>y4 ,! re/ ( ! #ae1jjj volumes ( books1 toge!r ) "s v valuable manuscripts1 includ+ ! ,exet] ,domesday ,book1 ,le(ric's ,book ( ,saxon ,poetry1 & ! orig9al *>t] sign$ by ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,e>l ,godw91 ,h>old & ,to/ig1 au?oris+ ! removal ( ! see f ,cr$iton to ,exet] are pres]v$ 9 ! ,*apt] ,libr>y4 ,9 ! nor? transept ( ! ca!dral are ! dials ( an anci5t & curi\s clock1 believ$ to h be5 set up e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 al?\gh its movem5t has be5 r5ew$4 ,x s\nds ! h\rs & ! curfew on ,great ,pet]1 a pond]\s bell 9 ! t[] above x4 ,! peal ( t5 bells 9 ! s\!rn t[] is ! heavie/ 9 ,engl&4 ,at _m po9ts 9 ,devon%ire may be se5 ! ru9s ( mona/]ies1 priories1 & nunn]ies :i* 7 clos$ by ord] ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,almo/ all ( !m h suff]$ s sev]ely f decay1 or p]haps ev5 m f hav+ be5 us$ z qu>ries1 t 9 a great _m in/ances only a few fragm5ts ( ru9 rema9 ( :at1 9 _! "t1 7 l>ge & magnific5t build+s4 ,^! mona/ic h\ses 7 orig9ally f\nd$ z places to :i* p might retreat :o wi%$ to retire f ! _w1 & to lead simple lives ( hol9ess1 b5evol5ce1 & pov]ty1 s]v+ ,god & b5efit+ _! fell[s4 ,= a "t ! inmates did all ^! ?+s4 ,z long z !y 7 poor !y 7 a bless+ to ! c\ntries :]e !y liv$4 ,!y prea*$ to ! p1 !y taught 9 s*ools1 t5d$ ! poor & ! sick1 practis$ agriculture & _m useful arts1 su* z ! con/ruction ( clocks1 keep+ alive su* le>n+ z !re 01 & mak+ beautiful manuscript copies ( ! ,bible & ( ! works ( classical writ]s :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,b :5 !y grew ri* !y became idle1 c>eless1 & ignorant1 & _! lives too (t5 a sc&al to ! _w4 ,h5ry ,,viii1 z ! result ( a commission :i* he s5t r\nd to enquire into _! condition1 decid$ to suppress !m4 ,! h\ses 7 clos$1 _! inmates 7 scatt]$1 _! e/ates 7 sold = trifl+ sums or giv5 to ! k+'s fav\rites1 :ile "p ( _! va/ weal? 0 us$ 9 f\nd+ gramm>-s*ools4 ,! ri*e/ mona/ic h\se 9 ! c\nty 0 ! ,ci/]cian ,priory ( ,plympton1 ( :i* little n[ rema9s beyond ! refectory & ! kit*54 ,( ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,tavi/ock1 an e/abli%m5t second 9 weal? only to ,plympton1 ! gateway1 a por*1 & two t[]s alone are left4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,norb]t9e abbey ( ,torre consi/ *iefly ( ! refectory1 a gate-h\se1 & ! f9e build+ kn[n z ! ,spani% ,b>n1 f a tradition t ,spani% prison]s ( w> 7 conf9$ 9 x4 ,! two ,ci/]cian h\ses ( ,buckfa/ & ,buckl& are specially int]e/+4 ,! ru9s ( ! =m]1 :i* 0 a v anci5t & v ri* e/abli%m5t1 ^: la/ abbot atta9$ 8 (fice z a rew>d = hav+ help$ to capture ,tyndale1 7 b\ght 9 #ahhb by a community ( ,fr5* monks1 :o h rebuilt mu* ( ! abbey 9 ! orig9al /yle4 ,"p ( ,buckl& ,abbey1 :i* _h be5 conv]t$ into a dwell+-h\se 9 ,h5ry ,,viii's "t1 0 b\ght & rebuilt by ,sir ,francis ,drake4 ,sev]al relics ( ,drake are pres]v$ "h1 & ! h\se1 ) its f9e c$>s & /ately tulip trees1 is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque build+s 9 ,devon4 ,h>tl& ,abbey1 orig9ally f\nd$1 l ,buckfa/1 9 ,saxon times1 has also be5 conv]t$ into a dwell+-h\se1 into :i* 7 built ! ,e>ly ,engli% cloi/]s4 ,at ,leigh1 ne> ,*ri/[1 are ! v picturesque rema9s--a f9e gate-h\se1 ! refectory1 & ! dormitory--( a small cell connect$ ) ,buckl& ,abbey4 ,illu/ration3 ,buckl& ,abbey ,o!r mona/ic rema9s1 mo/ly 9 a fragm5t>y condition1 are ^? at ,polsloe 7,b5$ict9e nuns71 ,d5bury 7,b5$ict9e cell connect$ ) ,tavi/ock71 ,new5ham & ,dunkeswell 7bo? ,ci/]cian71 ,cornwor?y 7,augu/9ian nuns71 & ,fri!l/ock 7a h\se ( ,augu/9ian canons74 #ba4 ,ar*itecture--7b7 ,milit>y4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 !re 7 9 ,devon%ire a v great numb] ( primitive ca/les or =tresses1 g5]ally on ! tops ( hills1 & consi/+ simply ( enclosures surr\nd$ by ramp>ts ( e>? or ( loose /ones4 ,aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ ca/les ( a v diff]5t type1 /rongly built ( /one1 7 erect$ 9 our c\nty1 z 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 p>tly by ord] ( ! k+ himself1 & p>tly by 8 knights & nobles1 :o f\nd x necess>y to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! ,saxons1 ( ^: l&s !y _h tak5 possession4 ,by ! end ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,/eph51 aft] less ?an n9ety ye>s ( ,norman rule1 !re 7 #aaae su* /rongholds 9 ,engl&4 ,! e>ly ,norman ca/le consi/$1 z a rule1 ( a s+le ?ree-/ori$ t[] ) walls ( great ?ickness4 ,b at a lat] p]iod1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! ,crusades1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( p[]ful eng9es capable ( ?r[+ great /ones aga9/ a besieg$ =tress1 milit>y ar*itecture became mu* m elaborate4 ,! ca/les ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* sometimes occupi$ a space ( _m acres1 7 usually built on high gr\nd1 or close to a riv] or ! sea-%ore1 & 7 almo/ always surr\nd$ by a dit* or moat1 :i*1 if possible1 0 fill$ ) wat]4 ,inside ! moat 0 a high & v ?ick wall1 g5]ally ) t[]s at int]vals1 especially at ! corn]s1 ) a p>apet to %elt] ! m5 fight+ on ! top ( x1 & ) spaces call$ embrasures ?r\gh :i* !y c\ld %oot arr[s at ! enemy4 ,! pr9cipal gate 0 /rongly def5d$ by cov]+ t[]s1 & above x 7 holes ?r\gh :i* melt$ lead1 or boil+ wat]1 or hot pit* or s& c\ld be ?r[n on ! besieg]s4 ,! doorway 0 rea*$ by a drawbridge1 rais$ & l[]$ by *a9s1 & 0 clos$ by a heavy door1 or a /rong grat+ call$ a portcullis4 ,small] gates 7 ! po/]n & ! sally-port4 ,! space inside ! out] wall 0 kn[n z ! out] bailey1 inside :i* 0 ano!r wall1 also ) t[]s & a gate1 )9 :i* 7 dwell+s & /ore-h\ses4 ,?is 0 ! inn] bailey2 & )9 x 0 ! mo/ important "p ( ! =tress1 ! high t[] call$ ! keep--a build+ ( sev]al floors1 ) walls #ae or ev5 #bj feet ?ick--! la/ place ( retreat :5 ! re/ ( ! ca/le 0 tak54 ,on ! gr\nd floor1 :i* _h no w9d[s1 7 ! well1 sometimes ( imm5se dep?1 ! dungeon1 & ! /ore-rooms4 ,on ! next floor1 :i* 0 light$ by n>r[ loop-holes1 7 ! soldi]s' qu>t]s4 ,on upp] floors 7 ! *apel & ! ap>tm5ts ( ! gov]nor & 8 family4 ,!re 7 ne>ly tw5ty ,norman & m$iaeval ca/les 9 ,devon%ire1 few ( !m l>ge or elaborate f ! milit>y po9t ( view1 & "s1 p]haps ev5 ! majority ( !m1 insignificant 9 size & simple 9 /yle4 ,( "s ( ^! tw5ty /rongholds no trace rema9s4 ,almo/ all1 ( :i* any?+ survives1 are ru9\s & un9habitable4 ,& al?\gh a few h be5 p>tially re/or$ & are n[ occupi$ z dwell+-h\ses1 only "o1 t ( ,p[d]ham1 reta9s its anci5t dignity1 aft] cont9u\s occupation t has la/$ = ne>ly six c5turies4 ,comp>atively little is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ^! ca/les2 b _m ( !m h be5 ! sc5es ( fight+1 especially 9 ,norman times1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii & dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s & at ! same "t "o ( ! olde/ ( ,devon%ire ca/les1 is t ( ,exet]1 call$ ,r\gemont f ! col\r ( ! rock on :i* x /&s1 built 9 #ajfg by ,william ! ,conqu]or on ! site ( an e>li] =tress con/ruct$ by ,a!l/an1 de/roy$ by ,sweyn1 & re/or$ by ,cnut & ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,its fir/ ,norman gov]nor 0 ,baldw9 de ,brioniis1 ! ,conqu]or's nephew by m>riage4 ,x1 or ! city r\nd x1 has su/a9$ _m sieges2 by ! ,saxons1 by ! sons ( ,h>old1 by ,k+ ,/eph51 by ! ,yorki/s1 by rebel armies1 by ,royali/s & ,p>liam5t>ians1 b x 0 ru9\s ev5 :5 ,fairfax captur$ ,exet] 9 #afdf4 ,a m]e fragm5t1 consi/+ *iefly ( ! gateway t[]1 is all t n[ rema9s ( x4 ,! picturesque ru9s ( ,okehampton ,ca/le1 built1 x is believ$1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 p>tly ( wat]-worn /ones f ! riv] bel[1 & dismantl$ by ord] ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 /& 9 a /rong position above ! ,we/ ,okem5t1 & include ! rema9s ( _m rooms & ( a great banquet+ hall4 ,a ,fr5* prison] ( w> has left a ,lat9 inscription cut 9 "o ( ! /ones4 ,! rema9s ( ! anci5t ca/le ( ,b]ry ,pom]oy--f\nd$1 z "s ?9k1 9 ! reign ( ,william ,i--! mo/ picturesque ru9 9 ,devon%ire1 /&+ on a rocky em95ce surr\nd$ by d5se woods ?ree miles nor?-ea/ ( ,totnes1 consi/ pr9cipally ( two t[]s1 & ( ! gate-h\se & ! *apel1 ^: f9e masonry1 mu* ( :i* is ?irte5? c5tury "w1 is ov]gr[n ) moss & ivy4 ,inside ! orig9al build+ /&s a v l>ge b unf9i%$ mansion1 ( great magnific5ce1 begun by ,"l ,seym\r1 to :om1 :5 ,sir ,?omas ,pom]oy 0 depriv$ ( 8 e/ates because ( 8 %>e 9 ! ,commotion ( #aedi1 ! ca/le 0 giv54 ,! prop]ty /ill belongs to ! ,duke ( ,som]set1 & has ?us be5 9 ! h&s ( only two families s9ce ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,compton ,ca/le1 ab\t two miles we/ ( ,torquay1 a v /rongly =tifi$ manor-h\se ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury built on ! site ( a ca/le ( ,william ,i's "t1 is specially int]e/+ f its association ) ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t4 ,x is n[ occupi$ z a f>m4 ,ne>ness to ! sea1 & ! consequ5t dang] f ! raids ( =eign invad]s1 l$ to ! /r5g? ( its def5ces4 ,! build+1 :i* is l>ge & picturesque1 includes a numb] ( anci5t features1 especially ! *apel & two gateways4 ,illu/ration3 ,compton ,ca/le ,lyd=d ,ca/le1 n[ little m ?an ! %ell ( a squ>e t[]1 /&s on an artificial m\nd1 & is said to h be5 f\nd$ soon aft] ! ,conque/4 ,x 0 a place ( great importance 9 ! palmy days ( ,devon%ire t9-m9+1 :5 ,lyd=d 0 "o ( ! *ief t[ns 9 ! c\nty4 ,"h1 f a v e>ly p]iod until late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 held ! ,/ann>y ,c\rt1 prov]bial = its arbitr>y me?ods ( proc$ure2 & )9 ! walls 0 a notori\s dungeon1 us$ z ! ,/ann>y prison4 ,plympton ,ca/le1 built by ,ri*>d de ,r$v]s1 fir/ ,e>l ( ,devon1 & ! sc5e ( fight+ 9 ! reigns ( ,/eph51 ,john1 & ,*>les ,i1 is n[ q ru9\s4 ,tiv]ton ,ca/le1 ascrib$ to ! same f\nd]1 b recon/ruct$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury & dismantl$ aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 has be5 p>tly adapt$ z a mod]n h\se4 ,x su/a9$ a brief siege1 ( only a few h\rs' duration1 by ,fairfax 9 #afde4 ,a cannon-%ot cut ! *a9 ( ! drawbridge1 ! bridge fell1 & ! besieg]s1 p\r+ 91 7 quickly ma/]s ( ! =tress4 ,! *ief anci5t features are ! great gate1 a t[]1 & ! rema9s ( ! banquet+ hall & ! *apel4 ,! scanty rema9s ( ,hemyock ,ca/le1 two miles ea/ ( ,culm/ock1 & n f> f ! bord] ( ,som]set1 at fir/ g>rison$ = ! ,p>liam5t1 !n tak5 by ! ,royali/s1 & f9ally dismantl$ by ,cromwell1 consi/ ( little m ?an ! gateway & its cov]+-t[]s1 :i* are ( fl9t4 ,totnes ,ca/le1 ^: ivy-clad walls ( r$ s&/one look d[n ^u ! riv] ,d>t1 0 f\nd$ by ,judhael1 soon aft] ! ,conque/1 b x has be5 a ru9 s9ce ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,( ,d>tm\? ,ca/le1 a v picturesque ru9 at ! end ( a promontory gu>d+ ! h>b\r1 ! *ief rema9s are a squ>e t[] ( ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iv1 & a r\nd t[] ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,! place may /ill be se5 :]e a *a9 0 drawn across ! riv] to ,gom]ock ,ca/le1 a small =t on ! opposite %ore1 to keep ho/ile %ips f sail+ up ! ,d>t4 ,k+swe> ,ca/le1 a small ?irte5? c5tury build+ on ! same riv]1 ! sc5e ( "s fight+ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 has be5 re/or$1 & is n[ a private resid5ce4 ,salcombe or ,clifton ,ca/le1 on ! ,k+sbridge e/u>y1 "o ( ,h5ry ,,viii's coa/ def5ces aga9/ ! long-expect$ attack ( ! ,spani% ,armada1 0 ! la/ place on ! ,devon%ire ma9l& to hold out = ,*>les ,i4 ,! squ>e ,morisco =tress on ,lundy1 ^: pla9 walls n[ %elt] cottages t h be5 built inside x1 is twelf? c5tury "w4 ,! scanty ru9s ( ,colcombe ,ca/le ne> ,colyton1 suppos$ to h be5 de/roy$ by ! ,p>liam5t>ians1 & ! squ>e t[] ( ,gidleigh1 n f> f ,*ag=d1 date1 x is believ$1 f ! c5tury foll[+2 & ! ca/le ( ,ilton1 two miles nor?-we/ ( ,salcombe1 on ! ,k+sbridge e/u>y1 n[ us$ z a f>m1 0 built 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,( ,torr+ton ,ca/le a few fragm5ts only are left4 ,! ca/les ( ,exm\? & ,bampton h entirely disappe>$2 & ( ,b>n/aple ,ca/le1 built1 x is said1 by ,a!l/an1 b ru9\s z f> back z ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 no?+ b ! site rema9s4 ,p[d]ham ,ca/le1 ! only "o ( all ^! =tresses :i* has be5 cont9u\sly inhabit$ s9ce its f\ndation1 /&s--f a milit>y po9t ( view--on a poor site1 on l[ gr\nd close to ! e/u>y ( ! ,exe4 ,its *ief *>m is 9 its sett+1 9 its beautiful p>k & f9e timb]1 especially its magnific5t oak-trees4 ,built 9 #acbe 9 ! =m ( a long p>allelogram1 ) six t[]s1 f\r ( :i* rema9 intact1 :ile two h be5 re/or$1 x has be5 alt]$ & add$ to by _m h&s1 & is n[ a va/1 irregul> pile ( build+s4 ,its pres5t own] is ! l9eal desc5dant ( its orig9al f\nd]1 ! ,sir ,philip ,c\rt5ay :o1 9 #acfg1 0 knight$ by ! ,black ,pr9ce on ! field ( ,nav>ete4 ,successfully held = ! ,k+ 9 ,decemb]1 #afde1 aga9/ ,fairfax himself1 x 0 tak5 by ,colonel ,hammond 9 ! foll[+ ,janu>y aft] "s %>p fight+1 9 :i* ! ,p>liam5t>y troops1 z happ5$ on n a few occasions dur+ ! w>1 seiz$ & =tifi$ ! village *ur*4 #bb4 ,ar*itecture--7c7 ,dome/ic4 ,scatt]$ up & d[n ov] ,devon%ire are _m f9e old manor-h\ses1 "s ( !m1 9 p>ts at lea/1 v anci5t1 "s ) picturesque & /rik+ features1 _m set 9 v beautiful surr\nd+s1 & o!rs ( int]e/ = ! sake ( _! hi/oric associations4 ,su* h\ses are s num]\s t only a few ( !m c "h be ev5 lightly t\*$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,old ,devon ,f>mh\se ,*imney ,corn] ,n "o ( ! fam\s h\ses ( ,devon%ire is entirely1 or ev5 9 great "p1 z old z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 al?\gh !re are sev]al t conta9 features ( t p]iod4 ,su*1 = example1 is ,b[r+sleigh1 ne> ,k+sbridge1 a f9e old build+1 :i* al?\gh ma9ly ,tudor1 & conta9+ details ( lat] eras--beautiful ,jacobean oak scre5s & highly-decorat$ pla/] ceil+s ( ! "t ( ,william & ,m>y--has "s /rik+ ?irte5? c5tury "w 9 x4 ,at ,little ,hemp/one1 ne> ,totnes1 is a v int]e/+ & well-pres]v$ pre-,re=mation p>sonage or prie/'s resid5ce ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & ,ay%=d ,c\rt1 ne> ,burlescombe1 a f9e old h\se n[ us$ l ! ,little ,hemp/one p>sonage z a f>m1 conta9s a f\rte5? c5tury *apel4 ,( ! same p]iod are ! great hall1 n[ dismantl$1 & ! old kit*5 & o!r build+s connect$ ) ! mansion ( ,d>t+ton1 :i* al?\gh z a :ole a noble example ( ,elizabe?an ar*itecture1 0 orig9ally erect$ 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,manor-h\ses ( ! fifte5? c5tury are mu* m num]\s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( !m--inde$1 ! f9e/ ( all ! _m great h\ses 9 ! c\nty1 is ,we> ,gif=d1 on ! ,torridge1 ab\t #b-a_/b miles s\? ( ,bide=d1 a p]fect example ( an old ,engli% manorial resid5ce1 built1 x is believ$1 dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,greatly damag$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ! h\se1 :i* /&s 9 a comm&+ situation ) f9e timb]1 especially oak-trees1 ab\t x1 0 = a long p]iod occupi$ z a f>m1 & hav+ become mu* dilapidat$1 0 re/or$ ab\t eighty ye>s ago4 ,x conta9s _m beautiful & int]e/+ details1 b ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! orig9al features are ! squ>e embattl$ t[] ) ! f9e entrance ar*way b5ea? x1 & ! magnific5t hall1 ris+ to ! :ole height ( ! build+1 ) ri*ly-decorat$ oak5 panell+ & a c>v$1 op51 hamm]-beam ro( :i* is "o ( ! v f9e/ examples ( ,p]p5dicul> woodwork 9 ,engl&4 ,o!r good specim5s ( fifte5? c5tury ar*itecture are ,wor?am1 at ,lifton1 ne> ! bord] ( ,cornwall1 an almo/ p]fect h\se ( ! p]iod2 ,bradley1 ne> ,newton ,abbot1 a v picturesque build+ ) a f9e hall & *apel2 & ! ma9 fabric ( ,exet] ,guildhall1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #adfd ?\gh ! front is ,elizabe?an4 ,! noble/ ,tudor mansion 9 ,devon%ire is ,holcombe ,rogus1 9 ! village ( t "n1 ne> ,burlescombe1 ab\t ?ree miles f ! bord] ( ,som]set4 ,a good deal ( ! build+ is a mod]n re/oration1 b _m details ( ! "t ( its f\ndation1 9 ! reign ei!r ( ,h5ry ,,viii or ( ,edw>d ,,vi1 /ill rema94 ,z 9 ! case ( ,we> ,gif=d1 ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! h\se are ! v picturesque t[] & gate-h\se1 & ! great hall--a magnific5t room1 m ?an =ty feet long1 light$ by two great six-light w9d[s4 ,"s ( ! rooms are f9ely wa9scot$ ) curi\sly c>v$ oak5 panell+4 ,adjo9+ ! build+ is ! orig9al *ur*-h\se1 consi/+ ( kit*51 refectory1 & cell>1 :]e p>i%ion]s c\ld cook _! food & brew _! be]1 :]e ! poor receiv$ _! doles1 & :]e ! ne$s ( casual wayf>]s 7 reliev$4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ ,tudor mansion1 only "p ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n[ habitable1 & is us$ z a f>m1 is ,cadhay1 at ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y4 ,! int]ior ( ! h\se has be5 a good deal alt]$1 b ! ext]ior is mu* z x 0 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,its mo/ rem>kable feature is ! inn] c\rt1 r\nd :i* ! h\se is built1 & 9 ea* ( ^: f\r sides1 ov] an ar*$ ,tudor doorway1 is a highly-decorat$ project+ canopi$ ni*e4 ,9 ^! ni*es are /atues ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,edw>d ,,vi1 ,que5 ,m>y1 & ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,ano!r v f9e sixte5? c5tury h\se1 conta9+ also "s e>li] details1 is ,bradfield1 ne> ,uffculme1 9 :i* are a beautiful music-room1 a f9e banquet+-hall ) good panell+1 a m9/rels' gall]y1 & a ri*ly-c>v$ ro(4 ,altoge!r1 ?is is "o ( ! be/ examples ( dome/ic ar*itecture 9 ,devon%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,hayes ,b>ton3 ,sir ,walt] ,ralegh's ,h\se ,o!r int]e/+ & notewor?y h\ses ( ! p]iod are ,colleton ,b>ton at ,*umleigh1 ,flete ,h\se at ,holbeton1 ,hayes ,b>ton at ,ea/ ,budleigh1 & ,mol's ,c(fee ,h\se 9 ,exet]4 ,flete has be5 rebuilt1 b x is a f9e mansion1 ^: beauty is mu* enhanc$ by its surr\nd+s & its av5ue ( c$>s4 ,hayes ,b>ton1 :]e ,ralegh 0 born--x 0 ?us he always spelt 8 "n--& :]e a table said to h belong$ to him is %[n1 is a r mod]n-look+ h\se1 pla9ly built ( cobb2 b its gables1 its mullion$ w9d[s & its heavy door are *>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,9 ,mol's ,c(fee ,h\se1 :i* is "o ( ! sights ( ,exet]1 is an oak-panell$ room decorat$ ) ! arms ( ,drake1 ,ralegh1 ,monk & o!rs1 9 :i* ! great ,devon%ire soldi]s & sailors ( ,armada days 7 accu/om$ to meet4 ,two p>ticul>ly int]e/+ sev5te5? c5tury mansions are ,syd5ham ,h\se1 n f> f ,tavi/ock1 & ,=de ,h\se1 ne> ,newton ,abbot4 ,9 ! =m]1 :i* is a specially f9e example ( ! "w ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 conta9+ also "s f\rte5? c5tury details1 is "s v good c>v$ & decorat$ woodwork1 especially 9 ! =m ( arti/ic panell+ & /ately /aircases4 ,!re are also secret rooms & passages1 "s ( :i* h be5 contriv$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! walls4 ,! h\se 0 greatly damag$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 x is said to h be5 /orm$ by ! troops ( ! ,p>liam5t4 ,at ,=de ,h\se1 :i* 0 tak5 & retak5 sev]al times 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! ,commons1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange slept on ! fir/ night aft] 8 l&+ at ,brixham4 ,*>les ,i 0 !re twice1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign4 ,illu/ration3 ,mol's ,c(fee ,h\se1 ,exet] ,"s good examples ( m mod]n h\ses are ,k+snympton1 9 ! p>i% ( t "n1 ab\t f\r miles f ,*umleigh1 surr\nd$ by well-wood$ gr\nds1 on a comm&+ em95ce look+ d[n on ! ,taw2 ,ugbrooke1 ne> ,*udleigh1 /&+ 9 a de]-p>k ( r>e beauty1 f9ely timb]$1 & mo/ picturesquely v>i$ by wood & hill & wat]1 & :]e ,dryd5's grove may /ill be se52 ,r\sdon1 ne> ,axm\?1 built ( fl9t fac$ ) ,purbeck /one1 & consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t mod]n mansions 9 ,devon2 ,saltram ,h\se1 ?ree miles ea/-nor?-ea/ ( ,plym\?1 a /ately build+ 9 a l>ge & beautiful p>k2 & ,bicton ,h\se ne> ,budleigh ,salt]ton1 ^: trees1 br\ght f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & includ+ a wond]ful av5ue ( arauc>ias1 =m "o ( ! f9e/ collections ( ! k9d 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,syd5ham ,h\se ,o!r int]e/+ h\ses are ,a%e ,h\se ne> ,axm9/]1 ! home ( ! ,drake family & ! bir?-place ( ! great ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 p>tly burnt d[n dur+ ! ,civil ,w> & repair$ ) /ones f ! ru9s ( ,new5ham ,abbey1 & n[ a f>mh\se2 ,great ,ful=d1 9 ! p>i% ( ,duns=d1 ab\t eight miles we/ ( ,exet]1 own$ by a family :o h held x s9ce ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,i1 /orm$ by ,fairfax 9 #afde2 & ! resid5ce 9 ,exet] ( ! ,abbots ( ,buckfa/1 a good example ( m$iaeval ar*itecture4 ,"s v picturesque old half-timb]$ h\ses are to be se5 9 ,exet]1 especially 9 ,high ,/reet1 ,nor? ,/reet1 & ,s\? ,/reet2 & !re are s _m 9 ,d>tm\? t ! t[n has be5 call$ ! ,*e/] ( ,devon%ire4 ,nor %\ld ! f9e old alm%\ses ( ,tiv]ton & ,exet] be =gott54 ,devon%ire possesses a great v>iety ( build+ /one2 & ! mat]ials employ$ h naturally v>i$1 z a rule1 accord+ to ! geological =mation ( ! di/rict4 ,"s ( ! be/ h\ses are ( ,be] /one4 ,"s1 z has be5 %[n1 are ( fl9t4 ,brick1 :i* :5 ( good col\r & quality is an excell5t mat]ial1 has be5 l>gely employ$4 ,_m cottages1 & ev5 :ole villages1 su* z ,ott]ton & ,ea/ ,budleigh1 are built ( cobb1 :i* is a mixture ( clay & /raw4 ,illu/ration3 ,d>tm\?3 ,old ,h\ses 9 ! ,high ,/reet ,?at*1 :i* is /ill us$ = ro(+1 al?\gh to a less ext5t ?an =m]ly1 has 9 ! pa/ be5 ! cause ( _m disa/r\s fires4 ,z rec5tly z #ahff m ?an #ajj h\ses 7 burnt d[n 9 ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ,*udleigh 0 ?us de/roy$ 9 #ahjg4 ,fires 9 ,cr$iton1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 de/roy$ hundr$s ( h\ses4 ,p]haps ! t[n t has suff]$ mo/ sev]ely 9 ?is way is ,tiv]ton1 :]e !re 7 v de/ructive fires 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"o 9 #afab consum$ almo/ e h\se1 & 9 ano!r1 9 #aeih1 no few] ?an #djj h\ses 7 burnt d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,newton ,village #bc4 ,communications3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,9 prehi/oric times ,devon%ire 0 cross$ by a network ( trackways1 "s ( :i* are to-day broad & well-kept high roads4 ,o!rs =m ^? prov]bially n>r[1 awkw>d1 & frequ5tly muddy ,devon%ire lanes :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( ! c\nty1 hav+ become worn 9 ! lapse ( ages s deep bel[ ! level ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 ow+ p>tly to ! s(tness ( ! gr\nd1 & p>tly to ! heavy ra9fall1 t _! high banks1 al?\gh (t5 v beautiful1 completely %ut out ! view4 ,o!rs1 aga91 t once s]v$ m]ely to connect "o hill-=t ) ano!r1 h fall5 out ( use1 & are n[ h>dly to be trac$4 ,^! roads1 probably begun 9 ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod z footpa?s1 may h be5 made into tracks = packhorses 9 ! ,bronze ,age1 & m or less adapt$ = :eel$ traffic by ! prehi/oric us]s ( iron4 ,packhorses1 h[ev]1 usually or frequ5tly 9 teams ( six1 7 9 common use 9 ! c\nty until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 & al?\gh good roads 7 made across ,d>tmoor 9 #agib !re 7 p>ts ( t wild di/rict :]e1 be=e ! ye> #ahca1 :eel$ vehicles 7 unkn[n4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! total l5g? ( all ! roads 9 ,devon%ire is only exce$$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,york%ire4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t no ,devon%ire road 0 :olly con/ruct$ by ! ,romans1 :o probably rea*$ ! di/rict by ! already exi/+ ,briti% coa/-road f ,dor*e/]4 ,!re are "s1 h[ev]1 :o ?9k t ! ,fosse ,way jo9$ ?is road & pass$ ?r\gh ,exet]1 go+ z f> z ! riv] ,teign4 ,! ,romans made no road beyond ?is po9t1 at any rate2 & "h1 n f> f ,newton ,abbot1 !y built ov] ! riv] a bridge ( free/one1 on ^: f\ndations ! mod]n /ructure--! ?ird s9ce !n--n[ re/s4 ,"s anci5t roads h be5 ab&on$ because ( _! /eepness1 or because !y h be5 sup]s$$ by m conv5i5t ways4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! lane f ,crockam ,bridge ov] ! ,teign to ,tru%am1 & ! ,li*way 7i4e4 ! way ( ! corpse7 along :i*1 be=e #abfj1 ! dead 7 c>ri$ = burial into ,lyd=d1 cross+ ! riv] ov] ,willswor?y ,/eps1 a s]ies ( eighte5 /epp+-/ones4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! old roads 0 ! great c5tral trackway on ,d>tmoor1 lead+ f ,*ag=d to ,tavi/ock1 #aj feet wide1 #b-a_/b feet deep1 & made ( r\gh /ones ) small] /ones above4 ,al?\gh mu* ( x has be5 de/roy$ = ! sake ( its mat]ials1 ab\t #ah miles ( x /ill rema94 ,x 0 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury t ! ,moor-/ones--upright monoli?s ( granite--7 set up to s]ve z guide-po/s = wayf>]s dur+ ! mi/s t s (t5 cov] ! moor4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important highways 9 ,devon%ire is ! great trunk road f ,london1 :i* ent]s ! c\nty ) ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway & accompanies x to ,exet]1 !nce mak+ /raight = ,plym\?1 & pass+ on into ,cornwall4 ,9 common ) o!r ,engli% c\nties ,devon%ire possesses a numb] ( hamlets ^: names end 9 =d1 a syllable :i*1 9 words ( ,saxon orig91 means t an old road !re pass$ ?r\gh ! %all[s ( a /ream or riv]4 ,su*1 to give a few famili> in/ances1 are ,*ag=d1 ,lyd=d1 & ,bide=d4 ,devon%ire canals are %ort & unimportant4 ,! hilly c\ntry is n adapt$ = !m2 & su* traffic z "s ( !m once enjoy$ has be5 absorb$ by ! railways4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( traffic on ! ,exet] ,canal--con/ruct$ 9 #aeff1 & !re=e "o ( ! olde/ %ip canals 9 ,engl& & ! fir/ lock-canal 9 ! k+dom--b x is work$ at a loss4 ,mo/ ( ! ,bude ,canal has be5 ab&on$1 & only two miles ( x are n[ 9 use4 ,! ,gr& ,we/]n ,canal1 runn+ t5-&-a-half miles ea/w>d f ,tiv]ton1 ne>ly to ! ,som]set bord]--all t 0 ev] made ( a wat]way int5d$ to rea* ,taunton--! ,/ov] ,canal1 two miles 9 l5g?1 & ! ,hackney ,canal1 only half-a-mile long1 bo? connect$ ) ! riv] ,teign1 are all "u ! control ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,no ,devon%ire riv] is n[ ( mu* value z a wat]way4 ,!re is "s traffic on "s ( ! e/u>ies1 especially ! ,teign2 & ! ,tam> is navigable to ,gunnislake1 a di/ance ( tw5ty miles4 ,!re are 9 our c\nty "s v old l9es ( /one-tramway = horse-traction2 f ,tavi/ock to ,pr9cet[n1 = example1 & f ! ,heytor qu>ries to ! head ( ! ,/ov] ,canal1 b !y are no long] 9 use4 ,d[n ! =m] 0 br\ght granite to build ,london ,bridge4 ,! railway f ,london to ,bri/ol 0 op5$ by ! ,great ,we/]n ,company 9 #ahda1 0 cont9u$ to ,exet] by ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,company 9 #ahdd1 & to ,plym\? by ! ,s\? ,devon ,company 9 #ahdf4 ,atmosph]ic pressure 0 tri$ = a "t betwe5 ,exet] & ,newton ,abbot1 b x 0 a failure1 & 0 soon sup]s$$ by /eam-traction4 ,brunel's railways 7 made on ! broad-gauge sy/em ) sev5 feet betwe5 ! rails1 9 ord] to give /ability to ! tra9s & to all[ ( a high rate ( spe$2 & ! entire l9e f ,london to ,plym\? 0 broad gauge4 ,mo/ o!r companies1 h[ev]1 adopt$ ! n>r[ gauge1 9 :i* !re is only f\r feet eight-&-a-half in*es betwe5 ! rails2 & ow+ ma9ly to ! inconv5i5ce ( n be+ able to int]*ange roll+-/ock ) o!r l9es1 ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company h conv]t$ _! :ole sy/em to n>r[ gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,teignm\?3 ! ,coa/ ,l9e & ,sea-wall ,! ,devon%ire railways are n[ own$ by two companies only1 ! ,great ,we/]n & ! ,london & ,s\? ,we/]n4 ,! latt]1 :i* ent]s ! c\nty ne> ,axm9/]1 runs to ,plym\?1 especially s]v+ ! s\? coa/ to ! ea/ ( ,exm\?1 ) important bran*es to ,b>n/aple & ,ilfracombe & to ,bude1 & ) a cont9uation into ,cornwall4 ,! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ent]s ,devon%ire at two po9ts2 ne> ,burlescombe1 runn+ !nce to ,plym\? & into ,cornwall1 & ne> ,v5n ,cross1 = ,b>n/aple4 ,! ,corni% ,rivi]a ,express f ,padd+ton1 :i* slips a coa* at ,read+1 &1 pass+ s\? ( ,bri/ol1 slips ano!r at ,exet]1 p]=ms ! j\rney ( #bbe miles to ,plym\?--! longe/ non-/op run ( any tra9 9 ,engl&--9 #g m9utes ov] #d h\rs1 :i* is an av]age spe$ ( #ee miles an h\r4 ,!re are "s fam\s bridges on ! ,devon%ire roads & railways1 ( :i* ! mo/ rem>kable are ! ,salta% ,viaduct1 #bbdj feet long & #ajb feet above high-wat] m>k1 built by ,brunel across ! ,tam>2 ! old /one bridge ( #af ar*es ov] ! ,taw at ,b>n/aple1 orig9ally built 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b s9ce mu* alt]$ & wid5$2 ! fifte5? c5tury /one bridge ( #bd ar*es ov] ! ,torridge at ,bide=d1 also mu* *ang$ f ! days :5 x 0 only wide en\gh = a pack-horse1 b always a valuable s\rce ( rev5ue to ! t[n f ! money t has1 at v>i\s times1 be5 left = its ma9t5ance1 & has be5 us$ to promote education1 municipal improvem5ts1 *>ity & o!r objects2 & ! wood5 bridge ov] ! ,teign at ,teignm\?1 "o ( ! longe/ ( its k9d 9 ,engl&4 ,v diff]5t 9 "* are ! ,lyd=d ,bridge1 ^: s+le ar* ( /one spans ! deep gorge ( ! riv]1 close to ! t[n2 & ! anci5t /one clapp] bridges1 ( :i* p]haps ,po/ ,bridge is ! be/ kn[n1 already describ$ 9 ! *apt] on antiquities4 #bd4 ,adm9i/ration & ,divisions--,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,9 ! days ( our ance/ors ! ,anglo-,saxons1 ,devon%ire 0 gov]n$ mu* 9 ! same way z x is gov]n$ n[4 ,t is to say1 :ile ! p _h to obey ! laws t 7 drawn up "u ! direction ( ! ,k+1 !y _h a great deal ( :at we n[ call self-gov]nm5t4 ,e little gr\p ( h\ses 9 ,devon%ire _h its own tun-moot or village c\ncil1 :i* made its own by-laws 7f ! ,dani% by1 a t[n7 & manag$ its own affairs4 ,! l>ge divisions ( ! c\nty call$ ,hundr$s--gr\ps ( a hundr$ families--_h _! m important hundr$-moot2 :ile ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! :ole %ire 0 conduct$ by ! %ire-moot1 ) its two *ief (fic]s1 ! ealdorman1 or e>l1 = milit>y comm&]1 & ! %ire-reeve = judicial presid5t4 ,! ,devon%ire %ire-moot met twice 9 ! ye>4 ,^! ?ree assemblies may fairly be said to correspond to ! ,p>i% ,c\ncils1 ! ,di/rict ,c\ncils1 & ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil ( ! pres5t "t4 ,our "l-lieut5ant corresponds to ! ealdorman ( o!r days1 & ! pres5t %]iff to ! anci5t %ire-reeve4 ,! division call$ a ,hundr$ may h be5 nam$1 z already sugge/$1 because x conta9$ a hundr$ families4 ,b ! pres5t ,devon%ire ,hundr$s1 ( :i* !re are #cb1 v>y a good deal 9 population4 ,! ,hundr$ ( ,black ,torr+ton1 = example1 conta9s #ch p>i%es1 & ! ,hundr$ ( ,hemyock only ?ree4 ,! ,p>i% is ano!r anci5t in/itution1 & 0 orig9ally a t[n%ip or clu/] ( h\ses1 to :i* a s+le prie/ m9i/]$1 to :om its ti!s & ecclesia/ical dues 7 paid4 ,_m ( ! #eaf ecclesia/ical p>i%es or p>ts ( p>i%es situat$ :olly or p>tly )9 ! ,anci5t ,geographical ,c\nty ( ,devon fairly correspond to ! manors describ$ 9 ,domesday ,book2 b ! :ole c\ntry 0 n divid$ up into p>i%es until ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,! p>i%es1 aga91 v>y mu* 9 size & population4 ,?us1 ! p>i% ( ,lyd=d1 :i* includes a l>ge "p ( ,d>tmoor1 & measures m ?an #ej1jjj acres1 be+ ! l>ge/ p>i% 9 ,engl&1 conta9s #cbe inhabit$ h\ses & a population ( #bhab4 ,! p>i% ( ,haccombe1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s ?ree inhabit$ h\ses & n9e p4 ,que5 ,elizabe? made ! p>i%es areas ( taxation1 p>tly1 at any rate1 to provide funds = ! relief ( ! poor4 ,9 mod]n times1 ) ! idea ( tak+ /ill bett] c>e ( ! poor1 ! p>i%es h be5 gr\p$ toge!r 9 ,poor ,law ,unions1 ( :i* !re are #bj 9 ,devon%ire1 ea* provid$ ) a workh\se1 :i* 0 meant to be a place 9 :i* ! able-bodi$ poor might f9d employm5t4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! workh\se is little m ?an a refuge = ! de/itute1 ! idle1 & ! incapable4 ,! local gov]nm5t ( ,saxon times 0 swept away by ! feudal sy/em ( ! ,normans1 :i* transf]r$ ! p[] ( mak+ & c>ry+ out laws f ! freem5 to ! lords ( ! v>i\s manors1 & 0 only re/or$ z rec5tly z #ahhh & #ahid4 ,! affairs ( ea* p>i%1 s9ce ! latt] date1 h be5 manag$ by a ,p>i% ,c\ncil ( f #e to #ae m5 or wom51 elect$ by ! p>i%ion]s4 ,di/rict ,c\ncils h *>ge ( wide areas1 & h l>g] p[]s4 ,!y are1 9 p>ticul>1 ! sanit>y au?orities1 & are responsible = ! wat]-supply4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ^: v consid]able p[]s ext5d to ! :ole %ire1 is a small p>liam5t1 :i* c levy rates & borr[ money = public works4 ,x manages lunatic asylums & re=matories1 keeps roads & bridges 9 repair1 controls ! police 9 conjunction ) ! ,qu>t] ,sessions1 appo9ts coron]s & (fic]s ( heal?1 & sees t ! ,acts relat+ to local gov]nm5t are c>ri$ out4 ,! ,devon%ire ,c\nty ,c\ncil consi/s ( #ajc memb]s1 ( :om #gg are elect$ e ?ree ye>s by ! ratepay]s ( ! v>i\s electoral di/ricts2 :ile #bf are ald]m51 elect$ or co-opt$ by ! #gg2 ?irte5 ( !m 9 "o tri5nial p]iod1 to s]ve = six ye>s1 & ! o!r ?irte5 9 ! next p]iod1 to s]ve = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! ,c\ncil meets at ,exet]1 f\r times 9 ! ye>4 ,plym\?1 ,devonport1 & ,exet] are call$ ,c\nty ,bor\ghs1 & _! corporations h ! p[]s ( a ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,t5 o!r t[ns1 ,b>n/aple1 ,bide=d1 ,d>tm\?1 ,great ,torr+ton1 ,honiton1 ,okehampton1 ,s\? ,molton1 ,tiv]ton1 ,torquay1 & ,totnes1 are call$ ,municipal ,bor\ghs & are gov]n$ by a mayor & corporation4 ,= ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice ! c\nty1 :i* is 9 ! ,we/]n ,circuit1 has "o c\rt ( ,qu>t] ,sessions1 ! ,assizes be+ held at ,exet]2 :ile ,petty ,sessions1 presid$ ov] by local ju/ices ( ! peace1 are held weekly 9 #bb t[ns1 to try cases & to puni% ^? :o h brok5 ! law4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,guildhall1 ,exet] ,ecclesia/ical affairs are 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bi%op ( ,exet]1 ! ar*deacons ( ,b>n/aple1 ,exet]1 & ,totnes1 toge!r ) num]\s deans & o!r *ur* (ficials1 9 addition to ! p>i% cl]gy4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil appo9ts a numb] ( ,education ,committees1 :o h *>ge ( all ,gov]nm5t elem5t>y & second>y s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\nty4 ,devon%ire is divid$ into elev5 ,con/itu5cies1 ( :i* eight are ,p>liam5t>y ,divisions1 kn[n z ^? ( ,honiton1 ,tiv]ton1 ,s\? ,molton1 ,b>n/aple1 ,tavi/ock1 ,totnes1 ,torquay1 & ,a%burton1 ea* ( :i* returns "o memb]4 ,9 addition to ^! ,plym\? & ,devonport ea* return two memb]s & ,exet] "o1 s t ! c\nty is repres5t$ altoge!r by ?irte5 ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,we may recall ) pride ! fact t1 among ! ,memb]s = ,devon1 h be5 "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 :o h ev] sat 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,?us1 ,sir ,walt] ,ralegh sat = ! c\nty1 ,plym\? has be5 repres5t$ by ,sir ,francis ,drake1 ,sir ,john ,hawkyns1 & ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t1 ,tavi/ock by ,john ,pym & ,"l ,john ,russell1 ,b>n/aple by ,skippon & ,"l ,exm\?1 ,okehampton by ,william ,pitt & ,"l ,rodney1 ,plympton by ,"l ,ca/l]eagh & ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ,d>tm\? by ,"l ,h[e1 & ,tiv]ton by ,"l ,palm]/on4 #be4 ,! ,roll ( ,hon\r ( ! ,c\nty4 ,fam\s z our c\nty is = its beautiful sc5]y1 its weal? ( prehi/oric antiquities1 & ! abundance & v>iety ( its wild life1 x is /ill m r5[n$ = its long ,roll ( ,hon\r1 = ! _m great & di/+ui%$ m5 :o 7 born 9 x1 or :o h be5 m or less closely associat$ ) x by resid5ce )9 its bord]s4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! =emo/ man 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,devon is ,sir ,francis ,drake1 ! greate/ ( ,elizabe?an seam51 ! fir/ ,engli% circumnavigator ( ! globe1 ! t]ror ( e ,spani% %ip1 & ! mo/ conspicu\s figure 9 ! defeat ( ! ,armada4 ,born ne> ,tavi/ock1 ab\t #aedj1 ( humble p>5tage1 he e>ly took to ! sea1 & 0 only sev5te5 :5 he & 8 k9sman ,hawkyns1 9 ! c\rse ( a trad+-voyage to ,guiana1 7 s ill-treat$ at a ,s\? ,am]ican ,spani% port t1 = ! re/ ( 8 life1 ,drake's *ief aim seems to h be5 to av5ge 8 injuries by plund]+ ! t[ns1 de/roy+ ! %ipp+1 & captur+ ! treasure-%ips ( bo? ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,among 8 greate/ exploits 7 8 voyage r\nd ! _w1 betwe5 #aegg & #aehj--;aft] :i*1 on 8 return1 he 0 knight$ by ,que5 ,elizabe? on bo>d 8 %ip ! ,gold5 ,h9d2 ! ravag+ ( ! ,we/ ,indies 9 #aehe & #aehf2 ! de/ruction 9 ! h>b\r ( ,cadiz ( %ips & /ores int5d$ = ! invasion ( ,engl&1 by :i* he delay$ = a :ole ye> ! sail+ ( ! ,armada2 & ! prom95t "p he took 9 ! defeat ( ! ,armada itself1 :5 he captur$ ! flag%ip ( ,admiral ,p$ro de ,valdez4 ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,francis ,drake ,dur+ ! comp>atively few ye>s he sp5t on %ore ,drake con/ruct$ ! /ill-exi/+ leat or wat]-c\rse = br++ dr9k+-wat] into ,plym\?1 & he also repres5t$ t t[n z ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 #aeie he & ,hawkyns set out = ! ,we/ ,indies on :at prov$ to be _! la/ exp$ition4 ,mis=tune dogg$ ! fleet f ! outset4 ,bo? comm&]s di$ at sea1 ,hawkyns (f ,porto ,rico1 late 9 #aeie1 & ,drake (f ,porto ,bello1 e>ly 9 #aeif4 ,a great] man 9 "s ways ?an ev5 ,drake himself 0 ! g5tle1 noble1 lovable1 gallant ,sir ,walt] ,ralegh1 a man :o won r5[n 9 _m fields1 n only z soldi]1 sailor1 & explor]1 z c\rti] & adm9i/rator1 b z hi/orian & poet2 ^: :ole life 0 cr[d$ ) adv5ture & romance1 & :o is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque figures 9 ! entire range ( ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,born 9 #aeeb1 9 a h\se t /ill /&s at ,hayes ,b>ton1 he 0 only #ag :5 he left ,ox=d to fight = ! ,hugu5ots2 & f t "t1 except = brief int]vals at ,c\rt1 & ev5 %ort] p]iods ( quiet enjoym5t ( 8 prop]ty 9 ,irel&1 or ( 8 home at ,%]borne1 or :5 he 0 a prison] 9 ! ,t[]1 ! re/ ( 8 life 0 sp5t 9 action2 n[ fight+ ! rebel ,desmonds 9 ,irel&1 n[ h>ry+ ! %ips & t[ns ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 n[ help+ 9 ! attack on ! ,armada1 n[ engag$ ) 8 half-bro!r ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t 9 p]il\s & fruitless exploration 9 ! f> nor? ( ,am]ica1 n[ attempt+ to colonise ,virg9ia--an ent]prise ^: sole result 0 ! introduction to ?is c\ntry ( tobacco & potatoes--& n[ sail+ up ! ,or9oco 9 ! va9 que/ ( ! fabl$ gold5 city ( ,manoa4 ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,walt] ,ralegh & 8 signature ,elizabe?1 ^: fav\r he won by ! sacrifice ( 8 cloak1 & lo/ aga9 = a "t ow+ to h] jeal\sy ( 8 passion = "o ( h] ,maids ( ,hon\r1 :5 he _h to sp5d f\r ye>s 9 ! ,t[]1 knight$ him1 gave him va/ e/ates 9 ,irel&1 made him capta9 ( ! gu>d1 ,gov]nor ( ,j]sey1 ,"l ,w>d5 ( ! ,/ann>ies & ,vice-,admiral ( ,devon & ,cornwall4 ,l ,drake1 he sat 9 ,p>liam5t2 & x 0 :ile /ill 9 fav\r ) ! ,que5 t he 0 elect$ ,memb] = 8 c\nty4 ,on ! accession ( ,james ,i1 h[ev]1 ,ralegh 0 *>g$ ) jo9+ 9 ! plot on behalf ( ,arabella ,/u>t1 & 0 aga9 s5t to ! ,t[]4 ,dur+ 8 long imprisonm5t !re he wrote 8 mo/ fam\s "w1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 ^: le>n$1 eloqu5t1 & philosophic pages prov$ t 8 skill 0 no less ) 8 p5 ?an ) 8 sword4 ,8 /irr+ description ( ! la/ fight ( ! ,rev5ge inspir$ ,t5nyson's noble ballad4 ,releas$ f prison by ,james 9 ord] t he might once m sail up ! ,or9oco 9 se>* ( ! my?ical treasure-l& rul$ ov] by ,el ,dorado1 he came back f t mo/ disa/r\s exp$ition a brok5 man4 ,aga9 committ$ to ! ,t[] at ! in/igation ( ! ,spani% ,ambassador1 he 0 soon aft]w>ds behead$ on ! old *>ge ( treason1 dy+ z he _h liv$1 dignifi$1 noble1 & fe>less to ! la/4 ,two o!r h]oic figures ( ! ,elizabe?an age1 wor?y to be rank$ 9 ! same company ) ,drake1 are 8 gallant comrade ,hawkyns1 :o 0 born at ,plym\? 9 #aecb1 & ,gr5ville ! indomitable1 ! h]o ( t la/ fight ( ! ,rev5ge4 ,sev]al o!r m5 :o 7 born 9 our c\nty h di/+ui%$ !mselves z explor]s1 or by hav+ help$1 by peaceable means1 to f\nd our ov]-seas empire4 ,su* 7 ,davis1 ! arctic navigator1 :o 0 born ne> ,d>tm\? ab\t #aeej1 :o left 8 "n 9 ,davis's ,/raits1 & :o wrote ,! ,seaman's ,secrets & o!r works2 ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t1 born 9 #aeci at ,d>tm\?1 di/+ui%$ z a soldi] 9 ! ,iri% w>s ( ,elizabe?'s reign1 b /ill m z hav+ tak5 possession ( ,newf\ndl&1 ?us e/abli%+ ! fir/ ,briti% colony2 ,gate1 :o ) ,som]s colonis$ ,b]muda 9 #afaa2 & ,wills1 :o p]i%$ 9 #ahfa ) ,burke 9 cross+ ,au/ralia4 ,devon%ire has be5 ! native l& ( _m soldi]s4 ,two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 bo? ( :om /rongly influ5c$ _! c\ntry's de/9y1 & 7 made dukes z a rew>d = _! s]vices1 7 ,monck & ,m>lbor\gh4 ,george ,monck1 born ne> ,torr+ton 9 #afjh1 di/+ui%$ himself bo? by l& & sea4 ,he twice defeat$ ! great ,dut* admiral ,van ,tromp2 & al?\gh sev]ely beat5 by de ,ruyt] he aft]w>ds ga9$ a great victory ov] him (f ! ,nor? ,=el&4 ,at fir/ a ,royali/1 he jo9$ ! p>liam5t>y army aft] 8 capture by ,fairfax 7foll[$ by two ye>s 9 ! ,t[]7 & ,cromwell made him gov]nor ( ,scotl&4 ,on ! dea? ( ! ,protector he m>*$ to ,london1 & 0 ! *ief in/rum5t 9 ! ,re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii1 :o made him ,duke ( ,albem>le4 ,john ,*ur*ill1 bett] kn[n z ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 born at ,a%e ,h\se 9 #afej1 0 n only ! greate/ g5]al ( 8 "t1 b "o ( ! able/ milit>y comm&]s ! _w has ev] se54 ,8 mo/ memorable successes 7 ! f\r great battles ( ,bl5heim1 ,ramillies1 ,oud5>de1 & ,malplaquet1 9 :i* he defeat$ ! long-victori\s armies ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 !n ! mo/ p[]ful mon>* on ! cont95t4 ,by ?is s]ies ( victories1 foll[$ by ! ,treaty ( ,utre*t 9 #agac1 ! peace ( ,europe 0 secur$ = ?irty ye>s4 ,_m great ,devon%ire m51 includ+ "s ( ! e>lie/ :o became di/+ui%$1 7 *ur*m5 or div9es1 n a few ( :om are also fam\s z au?ors4 ,su*1 = example1 0 ,w9frid1 o!rwise ,sa9t ,boniface1 & kn[n z ! ,apo/le ( ,g]many1 :o1 born probably at ,cr$iton 9 #fhj1 began 8 c>e] z a ,b5$ict9e monk at ,exet]1 & aft] sp5d+ _m ye>s 9 conv]t+ ! wild ,g]man tribes to ,*ri/ianity1 0 appo9t$ ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 & 0 aft]w>ds murd]$ by ! ,frisians 9 #gee4 ,su* 7 ,le(ric1 ! fir/ bi%op ( ,exet]1 ,w>elwa/ ! build] ( ! ,norman ca!dral1 ,quivil ! design] ( ! magnific5t fabric t replac$ x1 ,/apl$on & ,gr&isson 8 able successors1 ,reynolds ! lead+ ,puritan div9e at ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,conf]5ce ( #afjd1 ^: proposal ( a new translation ( ! ,bible l$ to ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( #afaa1 ,trelawney1 "o ( ! ,sev5 ,bi%ops ^: trial & acquittal =m$ "o ( ! mo/ memorable ev5ts ( ! reign ( ,james ,,ii1 ,jewel1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 "o ( ! fa!rs ( ,engli% ,prote/antism1 ! ,judici\s ,hook]1 au?or ( ! ,laws ( ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 ,b>clay1 :o translat$ ,brant's satiric allegory "u ! title ,! ,%yp ( ,folys1 ,pr9ce1 au?or ( ! ,wor?ies ( ,devon1 ,dean ,buckl& ! fam\s geologi/1 au?or ( ,reliquiae ,diluvianae1 :o di$ 9 #ahef1 & ,*>les ,k+sley1 born at ,holne 9 #ahai1 di/+ui%$ z an able & eloqu5t prea*] & z a /r5u\s work] = ! good ( mank9d1 z poet1 noveli/1 & naturali/1 au?or ( _m books1 & especially ( ,we/w>d ,ho6 & ! ,wat] ,babies1 & ( ! words ( _m beautiful songs1 su* z ! ,?ree ,fi%]s4 ,n a native ( ! c\nty1 b ,bi%op ( ,exet] 9 #aeea1 0 ,miles ,cov]dale1 ^: translation ( ! ,bible appe>$ 9 #aece4 ,to him _m ( ! f9e/ phrases 9 our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( #afaa are directly due4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>les ,k+sley ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! _m ,devon%ire m5 ( lett]s is ,col]idge1 poet & dream]1 philosoph] & critic1 :o 0 born at ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y 9 #aggb4 ,t1 h[ev]1 0 8 sole connection ) ! c\nty4 ,x 0 *iefly dur+ 8 ?ree ye>s' resid5ce at ,ne!r ,/[ey1 9 ,som]set1 t ! f9e/ ( 8 few ma/]pieces1 especially ! ,anci5t ,m>9] & "p ( ,*ri/abel1 7 writt54 ,among/ o!r au?ors :o 7 born 9 ,devon may be nam$ ,gay1 writ] ( plays1 fables1 & songs1 among !m ! ,begg>s' ,op]a & ,black-ey$ ,susan2 ,=d ! dramati/2 ,william ,br[ne1 ! au?or ( ,britannia's ,pa/orals2 ,kitto1 ! deaf compil] ( ,biblical lit]ature2 ,m]ivale ! ,roman hi/orian2 ,r[e & ,risdon1 ea* ( :om wrote books on ! c\nty2 & ,fr\de ! hi/orian1 au?or ( _m books1 & especially ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& f ! ,fall ( ,wolsey to ! ,defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,h]rick 0 n ,devon%ire born1 b x 0 :ile he 0 vic> ( ,dean ,prior1 betwe5 #afdg & #afgd1 t he wrote ! ,hesp]ides1 among :i* are "s ( ! be/ lyrics 9 ! language4 ,dryd51 aga91 0 a frequ5t visitor at ,"l ,clif=d's seat at ,ugbrooke1 & !re is a tradition t he !re f9i%$ 8 translation ( ,virgil4 ,x 0 at ,lynton t ,%elley wrote "p ( ,que5 ,mab4 ,keats f9i%$ ,endymion at ,teignm\?4 ,t5nyson 0 (t5 a gue/ ( ,fr\de at ,salcombe1 & x is said t he _h ,salcombe ,b> 9 m9d :5 he wrote 8 la/ v]ses1 ,cross+ ! ,b>4 ,di/+ui%$ 9 o!r ways may be m5tion$ ,blundell1 ! ,tiv]ton clo?-m]*ant1 :o1 dy+ 9 #afja1 left money = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,blundell's ,s*ool2 ,bodley1 born at ,exet] 9 #aede1 f\nd] ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d2 ,john ,b>+1 f\nd] ( ! great bank+-h\se ( ,b>+ ,bro!rs2 ,babbage1 ! inv5tor ( ! calculat+ ma*9e2 ,bidd]1 ! ,calculat+ ,boy1 son ( a /one-mason ( ,moreton ,hamp/ead2 ,cookwor?y1 ! orig9ator ( ,plym\? *9a2 & ,newcom51 a ,d>tm\? ironmong]1 ^: improvem5t on ! atmosph]ic /eam-eng9e ( ,sav]y1 also a ,devon%ire man1 0 us$ e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury = pump+ wat] out ( m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,blundell's ,s*ool1 ,tiv]ton ,devon%ire has be5 specially rem>kable = its arti/s1 ( :om ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 7 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ! great portrait-pa9t]1 born at ,plympton 9 #agbc2 ,cosway1 :o pa9t$ exquisite m9iatures2 ,samuel ,pr\t1 ! fam\s ar*itectural pa9t]1 & ,sk9n] ,pr\t 8 nephew2 ,ea/lake1 ! great pa9t] ( figures1 & ! au?or ( books on art2 & ,hilli>d ! goldsmi? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,illu/ration3 ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge ,two v fam\s ,devon%ire h\ses are ^? ( ,c\rt5ay & ,c>ew4 ,!re is said to be h>dly a p>i% 9 all ,devon 9 :i* a ,c\rt5ay did n hold l&4 ,c\rt5ays foll[$ ! ,k+ to _m w>s4 ,"o tilt$ ) ,francis ,i at ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold4 ,?ree 7 at ,nav>ete ) ! ,black ,pr9ce4 ,?ree di$ dur+ ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 ei!r 9 battle or on ! scaffold4 ,( ! h\se ( ,c>ew1 "o 0 at ,cressy & ano!r at ,ag9c\rt4 ,"o 0 knight$ on ! field ( ,boswor?1 "o 0 at ,flodd51 & "o1 :ile fight+ ! ,fr5*1 0 bl[n up ) ! ,m>y ,rose4 #bf4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,t[ns ,,& ,,villages ,,( ,,devon%ire4 7,! figures 9 brackets aft] ea* "n give ! population ( ! p>i% 9 #aija1 f ! (ficial returns1 & ^? at ! end ( ea* p>agraph are ref]5ces to ! pages 9 ! text47 ,appl$ore 7#bfbe74 ,a small sea-port at ! m\? ( ! ,torridge1 wrongly suppos$1 ?r\gh confusion ) an ,appl$ore 9 ,k5t1 to h be5 ! l&+-place ( ,hubba ! ,dane4 7pp4 #bg1 #fa1 #acj1 #aca47 ,a%burton 7#bfbh74 ,a m>ket-t[n on ! ,yeo1 eight miles s\?-we/ ( ,newton ,abbot1 "o ( ! ,/ann>y ,t[ns1 ) "s manufacture ( clo?4 ,a good c5tre = ,d>tmoor1 & ) a f9e *ur* & o!r old build+s4 ,ne> x are ,holne ,*ase & ! ,buckl& ,woods1 ) v beautiful sc5]y4 7pp4 #df1 #aab1 #aah1 #abj1 #aea1 #agc1 #bab47 ,axm9/] 7#bijf74 ,close to ! bord] ( ,dorset1 high above ! ,axe4 ,int]e/+ = ! hi/ory ( its *ur*1 f\nd$ 9 #gee1 & end[$ by ,a!l/an aft] 8 victory ov] ! ,danes4 ,! manufacture ( ,axm9/] c>pets 0 discont9u$ "h 9 #ahce4 7pp4 #aad1 #aej1 #aec1 #afh1 #agj1 #aii1 #bjf47 ,axm\? 7#fdc74 ,a pretty village 9 a combe 9 rugg$ *alk cliffs1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,axe4 ,! coa/ "h has be5 mu* alt]$ by l&slips4 7pp4 #ff1 #aii47 ,bampton 7#afeg74 ,an old m>ket-t[n1 ne> ! bord] ( ,som]set1 ) a v l>ge annual fair1 especially = ! sale ( %eep & ,exmoor ponies4 ,has also l>ge lime/one qu>ries4 7p4 #aia47 ,b>n/aple 7#aa1iii74 ,! *ief t[n ( ,nor? ,devon1 n9e miles f ! m\? ( ! ,taw1 :]e ! riv] wid5s into a tidal e/u>y4 ,x =m]ly _h mu* trade ) ,am]ica1 b is n[ not$ only = its pott]y1 call$ ,b>um w>e4 ,! riv] is spann$ by a fam\s /one bridge ( #af ar*es1 dat+ f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 7pp4 #hb1 #aja1 #aab1 #aad1 #acj1 #aca1 #aci1 #adi1 #agc1 #aib1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bab47 ,be] 7#aaah74 ,a fi%+-village at ! foot ( a n>r[1 deep valley ne> ! ,dorset bord]1 not$ = lace-mak+1 & = its v ext5sive subt]ranean qu>ries ( f9e build+-/one4 7pp4 #fh1 #aab1 #aad1 #abc1 #afh1 #bjj47 ,b]e ,al/on4 ,a village eight miles nor? ( ,plym\?1 close to ! bord] ( ,cornwall1 0 =m]ly not$ = its ri* silv] m9e1 flood$ by ! ,tam> 9 #ahfj4 7p4 #aba47 ,b]ry ,pom]oy 7#dbc74 ,a village 9 ! valley ( ! ,d>t1 ne> ,totnes1 fam\s = its ru9$ ca/le1 ! mo/ picturesque ru9 9 ,devon%ire4 7pp4 #ajj1 #agf1 #ahh47 ,bide=d 7#hged7 is a m>ket-t[n & riv]-port ne> ! m\? ( ! ,torridge1 "h cross$ by a f9e bridge1 built 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 9 place ( ! dang]\s =d :i* gave its "n to ! t[n4 ,x 0 a v important place 9 ,armada days1 & =m]ly _h great trade ) ,newf\ndl& & o!r ,am]ican colonies4 7pp4 #aad1 #abc1 #acj1 #aca1 #aid1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #baj47 ,bovey ,tracy 7#bfic71 six miles nor?-we/ ( ,newton ,abbot1 is not$ = b$s ( clay & lignite1 & = its pott]ies4 7pp4 #be1 #dj1 #aad1 #abb1 #abc47 ,brixham 7#hjib71 a sea-port ) a good h>b\r1 a m>ket-t[n1 & a v important fi%+-/ation1 ) _m trawl]s1 /&s on ,b]ry ,head1 at ! s\? end ( ,torbay4 ,"h ,william ( ,orange l&$ 9 #afhh4 7pp4 #gc1 #aah1 #abh1 #acj1 #acb1 #aej1 #aed1 #aig47 ,buckfa/leigh 7#bgha7 is a small t[n 9 ! ,d>t valley1 ) wooll5 factories4 ,buckfa/ ,abbey1 a ,saxon f\ndation1 0 re/or$ & re9habit$ by ,fr5* ,b5$ict9e monks 9 #ahhb4 7pp4 #aab1 #aga1 #ahd1 #bjj47 ,buckl& ,abbey1 sev5 miles nor? ( ,plym\?1 0 9 "p conv]t$ into a dwell+-h\se by ,sir ,ri*>d ,gr5ville1 & ?is 0 aft]w>ds alt]$ by ,sir ,francis ,drake1 ( :om int]e/+ relics are "h pres]v$4 7pp4 #ed1 #ade1 #aff1 #ahd47 ,budleigh ,salt]ton 7#ahhc74 ,a small port & fav\rite wat]+-place1 beautifully situat$ five miles ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,exe4 7pp4 #fi1 #abi1 #aii47 ,*ag=d 7#acig74 ,a small m>ket-t[n1 high above ! ,teign valley1 on ! bord]s ( ,d>tmoor1 =m+ a good c5tre = t\ri/s1 naturali/s1 & ar*aeologi/s4 ,!re are _m ,bronze ,age antiquities 9 ! neighb\rhood4 7pp4 #be1 #abj1 #aia1 #bjd47 ,*udleigh 7#ahbj71 sev5 miles inl& f ,dawli%1 conta9s ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ! ,bi%op ( ,exet]1 built 9 #ajhj4 ,ugbrooke1 (t5 visit$ by ,dryd51 is a mile away4 7pp4 #abc1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bba47 ,*umleigh 7#aaeh71 is a village on high gr\nd above ! valley ( ! ,taw1 *iefly int]e/+ = ! hi/ory ( ! ,sev5 ,preb5ds ( its *ur*4 7pp4 #agb1 #aif1 #aig47 ,clovelly 7#fba74 ,a small b extraord9>ily picturesque fi%+-village1 consi/+ ( "o cobble-pav$ /reet1 runn+ /eeply up a n>r[ rav9e ?r\gh a d5sely-wood$ hill-side4 ,ne> x is ! ,hobby ,drive4 ,!re is a f9e camp on ! hill above4 7pp4 #fb1 #fc1 #he1 #afa1 #agf47 ,illu/ration3 ,clovelly ,colyton 7#aidc7 is a small m>ket-t[n1 beautifully situat$ 9 ! ,coly valley1 ne> ! bord] ( ,dorset1 ) a f9e *ur*4 7pp4 #aad1 #abb1 #aej1 #afh1 #aia47 ,combe ,m>t9 7#aeba71 a village on ! coa/ six miles ea/ ( ,ilfracombe1 9 a f]tile valley1 0 =m]ly not$ = its v ri* silv] m9e2 n[ = m>ket-g>d5+4 7pp4 #ae1 #aba1 #aga1 #agb47 ,c\ntisbury 7#bgi7 is a little village on ! we/ side ( ! ,=el&1 close to ! ,som]set bord]4 ,cr$iton 7#cigd71 a m>ket-t[n ) boot & %oe1 & cid] factories1 /&s above ! valley ( ! ,cre$y1 eight miles nor?-we/ ( ,exet]1 :i!r ! see ( ! ,bi%opric 01 = great] safety1 mov$ f "h by ,le(ric1 9 #ajej4 ,! v f9e *ur*1 ( unusual l5g?1 conta9s _m monum5ts4 7pp4 #aab1 #aah1 #afh1 #agb1 #bjj1 #bai47 ,cullompton 7#biai7 is a m>ket-t[n #ab miles nor?-ea/ ( ,exet]1 on ! road f ,bri/ol4 ,! manor belong$ to ,buckl& ,abbey4 ,! ,walronds is a f9e ,elizabe?an mansion4 7pp4 #aab1 #aah1 #agb1 #agc47 ,d>t+ton 7#dgh71 s-nam$ :5 ! tidal e/u>y ( ! ,d>t ran close to x1 is n[ a suburb ( ,totnes4 ,d>t+ton ,hall is a v f9e ,elizabe?an h\se4 7pp4 #abi1 #aid47 ,d>tm\? 7#fegi71 a m>ket-t[n1 & fav\rite resort ( ya*tsm51 & =m]ly a port ( great importance1 at ! n>r[ entrance ( ! ,d>t e/u>y1 is a place ( exceptional beauty & ( great hi/oric int]e/1 built 9 t]races on a /eep1 wood$ hill4 ,9 ! old t[n along ! quay & 9 ! ,butt]-,walk are f9e old ,elizabe?an h\ses4 ,/ ,savi\r's1 "o ( its f\r *ur*es1 dates f #acgb1 & has a spl5did rood-scre5 & a v f9e pulpit4 ,! l&-lock$ h>b\r 0 gu>d$ by two ca/les4 ,on a hill above ! t[n is ! great :ite build+ ( ! naval college1 :i* has sup]s$$ ! old tra9+-%ip ,britannia4 7pp4 #bc1 #gd1 #ge1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb1 #adj1 #adg1 #agb1 #age1 #agf1 #aia1 #bjj1 #baj1 #bab1 #bah1 #bbb47 ,illu/ration3 ,d>tm\?1 f ,w>fleet ,dawli% 7#dbhg7 is a *>m+ & highly popul> wat]+-place ) f9e s&s & beautiful r$ cliffs1 9 a %elt]$ combe1 s\? ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,exe4 ,a pretty pleasure g>d5 call$ ! ,lawn1 ) a /ream ?r\gh x1 divides ! new t[n f ! old4 7pp4 #fi1 #hj1 #abh47 ,devonport 7#gj1dcg7 is a p>liam5t>y1 municipal1 & c\nty bor\gh1 on high gr\nd above ! e/u>y ( ! ,tam>1 two miles we/-nor?-we/ ( ,plym\?1 "o ( ! *ief naval ars5als 9 ,brita91 ) gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts--docky>ds1 b>racks1 magaz9es1 etc4--/ret*+ ne>ly f\r miles along ! ,hamoaze1 a great an*orage = m5-(-w>4 7pp4 #gi1 #aah1 #baj1 #bab47 ,drew/eignton 7#fgc71 a l>ge village ne> ! ,teign1 n f> f :i* is ! ,sp9/]'s ,rock1 ! only cromle* 9 ,devon%ire4 7p4 #aed47 ,exet] 7#dg1ahe71 ! capital ( ,devon%ire1 & long reg>d$ z ! ,key ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 is a picturesque old city1 /&+ on high gr\nd above ! ,exe1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,x is a port1 ) a l>ge bas9 connect$ ) ! e/u>y ( ! ,exe by a canal4 ,a municipal1 c\nty1 & p>liam5t>y bor\gh1 x has factories ( agricultural implem5ts & gloves1 & !re are l>ge nurs]ies r\nd x4 ,( its ca/le ( ,r\gemont1 built by ! ,conqu]or 9 #ajfg1 little n[ rema9s4 ,b its magnific5t ca!dral1 :i* conta9s _m mo/ beautiful & int]e/+ features1 is ! f9e/ example ( ! ,decorat$ /yle ( ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,o!r int]e/+ or important build+s are ! ,dean]y1 ! ,h\se ( ! ,abbots ( ,buckfa/1 ,mol's ,c(fee ,h\se1 ! ,guildhall1 & ! ,alb]t ,memorial ,museum4 ,! hi/ory ( ! t[n is ( ! highe/ int]e/1 & is l9k$ ) e ev5t ( importance connect$ ) ! c\nty4 ,x has be5 besieg$ 9 turn by ,danes & ,normans & ,saxons1 by ,k+ ,/eph51 by ! army ( ,p]k9 ,w>beck1 & ! rebels ( ! ,commotion1 by ! ,yorki/s1 & by ,royali/s & ,p>liam5t>ians4 ,_m di/+ui%$ ,bi%ops h held ! see2 & notewor?y names ( ^? :o h be5 born 9 ! city are ^? ( ! ,judici\s ,hook]1 ,sir ,?omas ,bodley1 & ! ,pr9cess ,h5rietta1 daught] ( ,*>les ,i1 & aft]w>ds ,du*ess ( ,orleans4 7pp4 #bb1 #aja1 #aab1 #aah1 #acb1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #afj1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh1 #agj1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #baj1 #bab1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbb47 ,exm9/] 7#beej71 a village on ! we/ bank ( ! ,exe1 :]e is a l>ge asylum4 ,exm\? 7#aj1dhe71 once a sea-port1 is a rapidly gr[+ & v popul> wat]+-place1 ) docks & brick-works1 at ! entrance ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,exe1 "h n>r[$ to a swift curr5t by ! s&-bank call$ ! ,w>r54 7pp4 #bb1 #hb1 #if1 #abi1 #acb1 #aia1 #bjf47 ,haccombe 7#i71 ! smalle/ p>i% 9 ,engl&1 conta9s ! resid5ce1 n always occupi$1 ( ! ,c>ew family1 & ?ree o!r h\ses4 ,9 ! t9y *ur*1 ! rector ( :i* is an ar*-prie/1 are _m memorials4 7pp4 #aga1 #agf1 #bji47 ,h>tl& 7#afcd71 a small t[n 9 a v l>ge b ?9ly-inhabit$ p>i%1 /&s on ! we/ side ( ,h>tl& ,po9t4 ,9 ! *ur*1 ^: l(ty t[] s]ves z a /e]+-m>k = %ips 9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 is "o ( ! longe/ rood-scre5s 9 ,devon1 & also a good ,norman font & door4 7pp4 #fd1 #aej1 #agj1 #agb1 #agc1 #age1 #ahd47 ,holbeton 7#hej7 /&s on ! ,erme e/u>y1 t5 miles f ,plym\?4 ,its f9e *ur* conta9s a magnific5t rood-scre5 & a ,norman font4 7pp4 #age1 #aif47 ,holcombe ,rogus 7#fjg71 on ! ,som]set bord]1 s\?-we/ ( ,well+ton1 conta9s a *ur* 9 :i* are _m monum5ts ( ! ,bluett family1 :o =m]ly own$ ,holcombe ,rogus ,c\rt1 ! f9e/ ,tudor mansion 9 ! c\nty4 7p4 #aie47 ,holne 7#bgc71 a small village 9 ! beautifully-wood$ valley ( ! ,upp] ,d>t1 0 ! bir?-place ( ,*>les ,k+sley4 ,! *ur* has a f9e scre5 & pulpit4 7pp4 #bc1 #afj1 #age1 #bbj47 ,holswor?y 7#acga71 is an important m>ket ne> ! bord] ( ,cornwall1 t5 miles inl& f ,bude4 ,! v anci5t horse-fair ( ,/ ,pet] is held "h 9 ,july4 ,honiton 7#cbga71 a municipal bor\gh on ! ,london & ,exet] road1 #af miles f ! latt] t[n1 gives its "n to ! lace :i* 0 fir/ made "h by ,flemi% refugees4 ,/ ,m>g>et's ,hospital = ,lep]s has be5 conv]t$ into alm%\ses4 ,f\r miles away is ,hembury =t1 "o ( ! f9e/ camps 9 ,devon4 7pp4 #aab1 #ach1 #afa1 #age1 #baj1 #bab47 ,ilfracombe 7#heeg71 a small sea-port & v popul> wat]+-place on ! nor? coa/1 hav+ a l&-lock$ h>b\r %elt]$ by ! ,cap/one ,hill1 & ) ! ,*apel ( ,/ ,ni*olas1 n[ a ligh?\se1 at ! entrance ( x1 is celebrat$ = ! exceptional mildness ( its climate4 7pp4 #eh1 #id1 #acj1 #aca1 #aej1 #aea1 #agj1 #bjf47 ,in/[ 7#fcd71 a small b v anci5t port1 at ! po9t :]e ! ,taw & ! ,torridge meet1 has weekly communication ) ,lundy4 7pp4 #bg1 #fa47 ,k5ton 7#afab71 a v picturesque village1 inl& f ,/>cross1 ) a f9e *ur* ( r$ s&/one1 ^: rood-scre51 p>tly ,flemi%1 is "o ( ! be/ 9 ,engl&1 & its oak5 pulpit p]haps ! f9e/ 9 ,devon4 7pp4 #agb1 #agd1 #age47 ,k+sbridge 7#cjbe ) ,dodbrooke7 is a small b important m>ket-t[n at ! head ( ! ,k+sbridge e/u>y1 :i* is really a tidal creek )\t a riv]1 9 ! extreme s\? ( ! c\nty4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief places 9 ! f]tile di/rict call$ ! ,s\? ,hams4 7pp4 #af1 #ej1 #ed1 #aah1 #abb1 #aic47 ,k+swe> 7#hda7 is a picturesque village opposite ,d>tm\?1 :i* is rea*$ f x by a /eam-f]ry4 ,ne> ! old ca/le1 n[ mod]nis$1 b said to date f ,john's reign1 are ! rema9s ( a gu>d-h\se f :i* a *a9 0 /ret*$ across ! riv] to ,d>tm\? ,ca/le1 to gu>d ! e/u>y4 7pp4 #gd1 #aia47 ,lyd=d 7#bhab71 a small village 9 ! l>ge/ p>i% 9 ,engl&1 includ+ a great "p ( ,d>tmoor1 0 once second 9 importance to ,exet]1 a ,/ann>y ,t[n1 & ! seat ( ! ,/ann>y prison4 ,!re is a ru9$ ,norman ca/le4 ,lyd=d ,gorge1 spann$ by a s+le-ar*$ /one bridge1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful spots 9 ,devon4 7pp4 #ad1 #abj1 #ach1 #aci1 #aij1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bji47 ,illu/ration3 ,*]ry ,bridge1 ne> ,lynm\? ,lynton 7#afda7 & ,lynm\? 7#djb7 are two villages 9 ! p>i% ( ,lynton1 on ! nor? coa/1 ! latt] on ! %ore1 & ! =m] #dej feet above x1 fam\s = _! v beautiful sc5]y1 especially along ! riv] ,lyn--:]e "o ( ! f9e/ spots is at ! ,wat]smeet--& 9 ! wild rav9e call$ ! ,valley ( ,rocks4 7pp4 #af1 #eg1 #hb1 #abg1 #aej1 #bba47 ,illu/ration3 ,lynm\? ,h>b\r ,modbury 7#abdb7 is a small m>ket-t[n #ab miles s\?-ea/ ( ,plym\?1 once ! pr9cipal resid5ce ( ! ,*amp]n[nes1 :o made x fam\s z a musical c5tre 9 ,tudor times4 ,moreton ,hamp/ead 7#aeda71 a picturesque little t[n on ! ea/]n bord] ( ,d>tmoor1 ) an important cattle-m>ket4 7pp4 #aea1 #bbb47 ,mortehoe 7#ghh71 a small b gr[+ wat]+-place ne> ,ilfracombe1 ) an int]e/+ *ur*1 & n f> f ,woollacombe ,s&s & ! dang]\s headl& ( ,morte ,po9t4 7pp4 #fj1 #agc47 ,newton ,abbot 7#af1iea71 9 v beautiful c\ntry six miles f ,torquay1 has l>ge m>kets = cattle & = dairy-produce1 & :>ves on ! ,teign = trade 9 timb] & coal4 ,! p>i% *ur* has f9e scre5s & _m monum5ts4 ,bo? ,*>les ,i & ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange 7 ent]ta9$ "h at ,=de ,h\se4 7pp4 #bf1 #afa1 #aie1 #aig1 #bjc1 #bje47 ,illu/ration3 ,ogwell ,mill1 ne> ,newton ,abbot ,okehampton 7#befi71 on ! nor?-we/ edge ( ,d>tmoor1 has l>ge m>kets = cattle & agricultural produce4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood are ! v picturesque ru9s ( a ,norman ca/le & o!r attractions bo? = antiqu>ians & naturali/s4 7pp4 #adj1 #aea1 #ahh1 #baj47 ,ott]y ,/ ,m>y 7#cdie71 a m>ket-t[n s\?-ea/ ( ,exet]1 9 ! beautiful valley ( ! ,ott]1 is fam\s = its noble *ur*1 ! f9e/ 9 ,devon%ire1 & conta9+ _m v int]e/+ & beautiful features1 & also z be+ ! bir?-place ( ! poet ,col]idge4 7pp4 #agj1 #aga1 #agc1 #agf1 #agh1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bba47 ,paignton 7#hche71 a rapidly-gr[+ wat]+-place on ,torbay1 ) a f9e situation1 a brac+ climate1 & good s&s 7pp4 #gc1 #age1 #agf47 ,plym\? 7#ajg1fcf71 v f9ely situat$ at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,plym1 at ! head ( ,plym\? ,s\nd1 a p>liam5t>y1 municipal1 & c\nty bor\gh1 ! *ief seat ( trade1 comm]ce1 & manufactures 9 ,devon%ire1 is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s seaports 9 ! k+dom4 ,describ$ 9 ,domesday ,book z ,sutton1 & occasionally kn[n z ,plym\? z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x did n def9itely receive its pres5t "n until ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,its spaci\s docks1 ,millbay1 ! grav+-dock & ! float+ bas91 c accommodate ! l>ge/ m]*ant-%ips4 ,9 ,sutton ,pool & ! ,catwat]1 9 ! ,hamoaze--! e/u>y ( ! ,tam>1 ! ,lynh] & ! ,tavy--& at ! head ( ! ,s\nd1 9 ! %elt] ( ! breakwat]1 a v l>ge numb] ( vessels f9d safe & conv5i5t an*orage4 ,at its num]\s quays1 connect$ ) ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 to :i* company ! docks belong1 are l&$ pass5g]s & mails f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 f ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa & ! ,cape1 f ,india & ! ,ea/1 z well z m]*&ise f all p>ts ( ! _w1 especially f ,france4 ,next to ,newlyn1 x is ! mo/ important fi%+-/ation on ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,fur!r details w be f\nd 9 ! *apt]s on %ipp+ & fi%]ies4 ,two ( its mo/ rem>kable monum5ts1 bo? on ! ,hoe1 are a copy ( ,boehm's f9e /atue ( ,drake1 & "p ( ! old ,eddy/one ligh?\se1 re-erect$ z a memorial to ,smeaton4 ,plym\? has _h a /irr+ hi/ory4 ,9 m$iaeval times1 especially 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 x suff]$ mu* f ! attacks ( ! ,fr5*1 :o1 9 #adjc1 "u du ,*a/el1 are said to h burnt #fjj h\ses4 ,its mo/ important p]iods are ^? connect$ ) ! defeat ( ! ,armada1 ) ! ,civil ,w>1 & ) ! ,fr5* w> t end$ ) ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,x 0 9 ! ,catwat] t ! ,engli% fleet lay at an*or1 :ile ,drake & 8 fell[-capta9s wait$ on ! ,hoe1 ! fam\s ridge betwe5 ,millbay & ,sutton ,pool1 until ! ,spani% %ips _h pass$4 ,m or less closely blockad$ f #afdb to #afdf by ! ,royal =ces1 & _m times desp]ately assail$1 ,plym\? 0 ! "o t[n 9 ! :ole we/ ( ,engl& t 0 nev] lo/ to ! ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ! ,napoleonic w> ! t[n 0 ! sc5e ( great activity1 fitt+ out _m naval exp$itions aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 & receiv+ _m captur$ %ips4 ,_m fam\s names are associat$ ) ! t[n4 ,x 0 f "h t ! ,black ,pr9ce set out = ,france & ! victory ( ,ag9c\rt4 ,"h1 9 #adgj1 l&$ ! ,duke ( ,cl>5ce1 9 ! hope ( enli/+ recruits = ! ,lanca/rian army4 ,"h1 too1 came ,m>g>et h]self1 ) ,pr9ce ,edw>d1 j be=e ! f9al ov]?r[ at ,tewkesbury4 ,x 0 at ,plym\? t ! ,pr9cess ( ,aragon l&$1 on h] way to m>ry ,pr9ce ,ar?ur4 ,f ,plym\? sail$ ,drake & ,hawkyns on _! filibu/]+ exp$itions1 & to ?is port !y came back load$ ) ,spani% gold4 ,"h1 too1 came ,drake1 aft] 8 voyage r\nd ! _w4 ,f "h ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t set out on 8 la/ voyage1 & f "h sail$ ,capta9 ,cook4 ,9 ! /reets & on ! quays ( ,plym\? ,b5b[ & ,rodney1 ,h[e & ,j]vis1 ,coll+wood & ,nelson1 71 9 _! "t1 famili> figures4 7pp4 #dh1 #gh1 #gi1 #hb1 #hc1 #hf1 #aja1 #aad1 #abc1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acd1 #acf1 #adj1 #adb1 #add1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #aea1 #aec1 #aei1 #afj1 #aii1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bab1 #bae1 #bag1 #bbb47 ,plympton 7#died71 a p>i% nor? ( ,plym\?1 compris+ two sep>ate villages :i* grew up r\nd ! ca/le & ! priory4 ,until ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,prior ( ,plympton controll$ ! affairs ( ,plym\?4 7pp4 #ajh1 #aad1 #agb1 #ahc1 #aij1 #bab1 #bbc47 ,plym/ock 7#caie71 a p>i% to ! ea/ ( ,plym\?1 ) l>ge qu>ries1 & ) ext5sive =tifications = ! protection ( ! h>b\r4 ,p[d]ham 7#bcc71 a village on ! we/ side ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,exe1 :]e1 9 a v beautiful p>k1 /&s ,p[d]ham ,ca/le1 *ief seat ( ! ,c\rt5ays1 ,e>ls ( ,devon4 7pp4 #ahg1 #aib47 ,pr9cet[n1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,d>tmoor1 is ! site ( a fam\s convict prison1 orig9ally built1 9 #ahji1 = ! reception ( ,fr5* prison]s ( w>4 ,! convicts h br\ght mu* l& into cultivation1 & !re are also l>ge granite qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood4 7pp4 #if1 #aea1 #aee1 #bje47 ,salcombe 7#agaj71 a small port at ! m\? ( ! ,k+sbridge e/u>y1 ) an exceptionally mild climate1 & ) o!r attractions z a wat]+-place4 7pp4 #hb1 #acb1 #adi1 #aia1 #bbb47 ,seaton 7#acbe71 a pleasant wat]+-place ne> ! m\? ( ! ,axe1 9 ! *alk cliffs1 close to ,dorset4 7pp4 #ff1 #hj1 #aad47 ,%ute 7#dfa71 a scatt]$ p>i%1 conta9+ ! =m] seat ( ! ,de la ,poles1 has _m monum5ts to !m 9 its *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ute ,manor ,h\se ,sidm\? 7#dbja71 a fa%ionable wat]+-place1 v pleasantly situat$ at ! m\? ( ! ,sid1 betwe5 ,exm\? & ! bord] ( ,dorset4 ,its equable climate is p]haps its *ief attraction1 b x 0 an important h>b\r be=e its %elt]+ cliffs 7 de/roy$ by l&slips4 ,que5 ,victoria sp5t "s ye>s ( h] *ildhood "h4 7pp4 #fh1 #hj1 #acj1 #afc47 ,s\? ,molton 7#bhdh71 a v anci5t m>ket-t[n 9 ! s\? ( ,exmoor1 has corn-mills & a v f9e *ur*-t[]4 7pp4 #agb1 #bab47 ,tavi/ock 7#dgbh71 close to ! bord] ( ,cornwall1 ) ! ru9s ( a great abbey1 r\nd :i* ! t[n grew up1 0 =m]ly v fam\s z a m9+-c5tre1 & 0 "o ( ! ,/ann>y ,t[ns4 ,sir ,francis ,drake 0 born "h1 & ! /atue ( him by ,boehm1 ( :i* !re is a copy on ,plym\? ,hoe1 is "o ( t sculptor's f9e/ works4 7pp4 #aab1 #aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #ach1 #aea1 #aga1 #ahc1 #aig1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bab1 #bac47 ,teignm\? 7#gcff71 an anci5t sea-port1 a mod]n & v popul> wat]+-place & a m>ket-t[n at ! m\? ( ! ,teign1 has a good h>b\r1 %elt]$ by ! ,d51 once a m]e s&bank1 b n[ a prom5ade & pleasure-g>d54 ,! wood5 bridge ov] ! riv] is "o ( ! longe/ 9 ,engl&4 7pp4 #bf1 #fi1 #ga1 #abi1 #acb1 #adj1 #aej1 #bjg1 #bba47 ,tiv]ton 7#aj1chb71 an old m>ket-t[n :]e ! ,loman jo9s ! ,exe--h5ce ! "n1 ,two-=d-t[n--0 =m]ly not$ = its wooll5 trade1 b n[ = its lace-factory4 ,! *ur* conta9s _m int]e/+ monum5ts4 7pp4 #aaa1 #aad1 #adf1 #afc1 #aff1 #agb1 #agf1 #aij1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bje1 #baj1 #bab1 #bbb47 ,illu/ration3 ,tiv]ton ,bridge ,top%am 7#bgij71 once a fam\s port1 is n[ a m>ket-t[n & fi%+ /ation on ! e/u>y ( ! ,exe4 7pp4 #bb1 #acj1 #acb47 ,torcross1 a small fi%+-village & wat]+-place at ! s\? end ( ! ,slapton ,s&s4 ,! bay be+ v expos$1 ! fi%]m5 tra9 ,newf\ndl& dogs to swim out to boats 9 r\gh wea!r1 & take ! pa9t] a%ore4 7p4 #abi47 ,torquay 7#cc1fbe71 "o ( ! be/-kn[n t[ns 9 ,devon1 is a l>ge & fa%ionable wat]+-place1 v celebrat$ = its mild & equable climate1 /&+ on ! s\? slopes ( ! nor!rn headl& ( ,torbay4 ,f ! well-%elt]$ little h>b\r ! t[n rises 9 a semicircle1 s protect$ f r\gh w9ds t palms1 myrtles1 aloes1 agaves & o!r sub-tropical trees fl\ri% "h freely 9 ! op5 air4 ,ne> ! t[n is ,k5t's ,cav]n1 9 :i* h be5 discov]$ _m mo/ int]e/+ rema9s ( ext9ct animals & ( pre-hi/oric man4 7pp4 #aa1 #gc1 #id1 #ie1 #abc1 #abg1 #abh1 #acb1 #aea1 #aec1 #ahh1 #baj1 #bab47 ,torr+ton 7#cbda71 a m>ket-t[n on ! ,torridge1 s\? ( ,bide=d1 ) important fairs & cattle-%[s1 & ) factories ( gloves4 ,! /orm+ ( ,torr+ton by ,fairfax 9 ,febru>y1 #afdf1 0 ! dea?-bl[ to ! cause ( ,k+ ,*>les1 & practically end$ ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,devon%ire4 7pp4 #aah1 #adh1 #adi1 #aia1 #baj1 #bah47 ,totnes 7#djce71 "o ( ! olde/ municipal bor\ghs 9 ,engl&1 at ! head ( ! navigable portion ( ! riv] ,d>t1 is "o ( ! *ief m>ket-t[ns ( ! ,s\? ,hams1 ) a ru9$ ca/le & o!r rema9s ( =tification1 "s picturesque old h\ses1 a f9e *ur* ) a specially good /one rood-scre51 & a granite obelisk 9 memory ( ! ,au/ralian explor] ,wills1 :o 0 born "h4 7pp4 #bc1 #aab1 #aci1 #age1 #ahh1 #aia1 #aid1 #baj1 #bab47 ,we/w>d ,ho6 a wat]+-place on ,nor?am ,burr[s on ! %ore ( ,b>n/aple ,bay1 ) a good climate1 & ) _m attractions = ! m>9e zoologi/1 0 nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,k+sley's great romance4 7pp4 #fb47 ,widecombe-9-!-,moor 7#feg71 a village 9 ! c5tre ( ,d>tmoor1 ) an annual fair = ! sale ( %eep & ponies1 ) _m v int]e/+ prehi/oric rema9s 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & a v f9e *ur* t[]4 7pp4 #afg1 #agc47 ,illu/ration3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,engl& ,wales #cg1cbg1dgi acres ------ ,devon ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,area ( ! ,anci5t ,geographical ,c\nty ( ,devon 7#a1ffg1aed acres71 comp>$ ) t ( ,engl& & ,wales ,illu/ration3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,engl& ,wales ,population #cb1ebg1hdc ----- ,devon ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,fig4 #b4 ,! ,population ( ,devon 7#ffa1cad7 comp>$ ) t ( ,engl& & ,wales 79 #aija7 ,illu/ration3 ,lanca%ire #bcdg ,engl& & ,wales #eeh ,devon%ire #bed ,fig4 #c4 ,comp>ative ,d5sity ( ,population to ,squ>e ,mile 9 #aija 7,ea* squ>e repres5ts a squ>e mile7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,proportionate ,area "u ,corn ,crops 9 ,devon 9 #aijh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,proportionate ,area ( *ief ,c]eals 9 ,devon 9 #aijh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,proportion ( ,p]5nial ,pa/ure to o!r ,areas 9 ,devon 9 #aijh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,proportionate numb]s ( *ief ,live-/ock 9 ,devon 9 #aijh ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,illu/ration3 ,geological ,map ( ,devon